v. gociriZe, a.

godabreliZe

mevenaxeoba

`teqnikuri universiteti”
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

v. gociriZe, a. godabreliZe

mevenaxeoba

damtkicebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier

Tbilisi
2009
 saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia saxelobo profesiuli swavlebis stu-
dentebisTvis. igi Sedgeba 14 Tavisagan da masSi warmodgenilia praqtikuli
da Teoriuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi: mevenaxeobis istoria da ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebi, vazis nergis warmoeba, venaxis proeqtireba, vazis jiSebis
rekomendebuli sortimenti, niadagis damuSavebisa da ganoyierebis wesebi da
sxva. am sferoSi pirvelad Seiqmna msgavsi tipis saxelmZRvanelo. igi xels
Seuwyobs ara marto studentebis, aramed fermerebisa da mevenaxeobiT
dainteresebuli yvela piris codnis amaRlebasa da maTi moRvaweobis
efeqturobis zrdas.

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-776-0
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi
formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis
werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.

saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

 sarCevi

Tavi 1. mevenaxeobis zogadi sameurneo-biologiuri safuZvlebi 5

mevenaxeobis mokle istoria, arsebuli mdgomareoba da
ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi 5
mevenaxeobis biologiuri Taviseburebani 8
vazis agebuleba da biologiur - morfologiuri
Taviseburebani 17
zrda-ganviTarebisa da msxmoiarobis kanonzomierebebi 26
gamravlebis Taviseburebebi 34
mevenaxeobis ZiriTadi zonebi da maTi daxasiaTeba 34

Tavi 2. vazis sargavi masalis warmoeba 41

amerikuli saZire vazis jiSebi ama Tu im zonisaTvis
da maTi agrobiologiuri maCveneblebi 41
sanamyene vazis sakvirte masalis warmoeba, misi damzadeba
da Senaxvis wesebi da vadebi 43
vazis mynobis ZiriTadi wesebi, namyenis stratifikacia 44
sanergeSi namyenis rgvisa da movlis wesebi, mavnebel
daavadebebTan brZolis Taviseburebebi 46
namyenis amoReba - daxarisxeba da Senaxva 47

Tavi 3. venaxis daproqtebis safuZvlebi 50

venaxis proeqtis mniSvneloba, ZiriTadi Semadgeneli
nawilebi, ganxorcielebis formebi 50
venaxis daproeqtebis Taviseburebebi zonebis mixedviT 51
venaxis daproeqtebis marketinguli safuZvlebi 51
vazis jiSebis SerCevisa da venaxSi ganlagebis principebi 52
gzebisa da qarsafarebis mowyoba 53
venaxis qarsafarisa da wylis maregulirebeli
buCqnaris mowyoba 53
nakveTis kvartlebad dayofis da konfiguraciis
SerCevis meTodebi 54
rigebis mimarTulebis dadgenis midgomebi 54

Tavi 4. venaxis gaSeneba 55

farTobis SerCevis mTavari principebi 55
venaxis ZiriTadi tipebi da gaSenebis sqemebi 59
savenaxe farTobis SerCeva, momzadeba da vazis dargva 60
axalSeni venaxis movla 63

Tavi 5. vazis rekomendebuli sortimenti 64

TeTryurZniani saRvine jiSebi 64
feradyurZniani saRvine jiSebi 78
sasufre yurZnis jiSebi 94

Tavi 6. vazis seleqcia 97

masobrivi da klonuri seleqcia 97
adgilobivi vazis jiSebis Seswavla 98
vazis jiSebis hibridizacia 99

3
 introduqcia 99

Tavi 7. vazis sxvla-formireba 100

vazis formirebis ZiriTadi sistemebi da maTi SerCeva
jiSebisa da ekologiuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT 100
vazis sxvla 102
vazis sayrdeni saxeebi da sayrdeni sistemis mowyoba 105
mwvane operaciebi venaxSi 109

Tavi 8. venaxis niadagis damuSavebisa da ganoyierebis wesebi 112

niadagis movlis sistemebi venaxSi 112
venaxis ganoyierebis zogadi principebi 114
organuli sasuqebi da maTi gamoyeneba 121
mineraluri sasuqebi da maTi gamoyeneba 122
ganoyierebis sistema vazis sanergeSi 125

Tavi 9. vazis mavnebel-daavadebebTan, sarevelebTan brZola

da stresuli faqtorebis marTvis meTodebi 125
vazis mcenareTa dacvis meqanikuri, biologiuri
da qimiuri meTodebi 125
mavnebel-daavadebebi da brZolis RonisZiebebi 128
vazis integrirebuli dacvis sistema 134
stresuli faqtorebi da mis winaaRmdeg brZolis
RonisZiebebi 136

Tavi 10. samuSaoebis meqanizacia venaxebSi 139

venaxebSi gamoyenebuli manqana-iaraRebi da xelsawyoebi 139
savenaxe farTobis momzadebis meqanizacia 140
savenaxe farTobis niadagis dasamuSavebeli manqana-iaraRebi 141

Tavi 11. irigacia 146

sarwyavi sistemebi da morwyvis wesebi 146
morwyvis vadebisa da normebis gansazRvra 147
venaxis morwyva 148

Tavi 12. mosavlis aReba da sasaqonlo damuSaveba 149

vazis mosavlis krefis drois dadgena 149
yurZnis krefis organizacia 150
sasufre yurZnis daxarisxeba da sasaqonlo damuSaveba 151

Tavi 13. yurZnis Senaxva 152

yurZnis Senaxvaze moqmedi ZiriTadi faqtorebi 152
yurZnis winaswari gacivebis mniSvneloba–mowyobilobebi
da meTodebi 153

Tavi 14. Sromis usafrTxoeba 157

venaxSi gamoyenebuli manqana iaraRebTan Sromis
usafrTxoebis wesebi 157
Sromis usafrTxoebis wesebi mcenareTa dacvis
preparatebis dasawyobebisa da samuSao nazavis momzadebis dros 159

4
Tavi 1. mevenaxeobis zogadi sameurneo-biologiuri safuZvlebi

mevenaxeobis mokle istoria, arsebuli mdgomareoba da ganviTarebis

perspeqtivebi
saqarTvelo kulturuli vazis formaTa warmoqmnis erT-erT ZiriTad
keradaa aRiarebuli, rac mravali, rogorc samamulo, aseve ucxoeli
mkvlevarebis arqeologiuri, istoriuli, eTnografiuli, lingvisturi Tu
sxva wyaroebiT dasturdeba. arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas aRmoCenilia
kulturuli vazis sxvadasxva jiSis yurZnis wipwebi (ix. suraTi #1),
romlebic Cvens eramde 6-5 aTasi wlis wina periodiT TariRdeba.

suraTi #1 suraTi # 2

saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenil iqna ZvelisZveli marani -

rTuli mowyobilobiT, Rvinis Sesanaxad gamoyenebuli uzarmazari Tixis
qvevrebiT, oqros, vercxlis, brinjaos fialebiT da sxva. gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia alaznis velis samarovnebi (Zv.w.aR. I aTasw). gaTxrebis
Sedegad, mcxeTis raionis maxloblad (bagineTSi) aRmoCenilia sxvadasxva
keramikuli WurWeli, romelic TariRdeba Zv.w.aR. IV-III aTaswleuliT.
borjomSi napovnia 11, varZiaSi ki 100-mde qvevri (suraTi #2), romelTa
Soris erT-erTi iyo ormagkedliani, Termosis msgavsi.
kulturuli mevenaxeobisa da meRvineobis arsebobis damadasturebel
aRmoCenebs Soris, saqarTveloSi mopovebuli masalebi yvelaze adreul
periods ganekuTvneba, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom saqarTvelo
aRiarebul iqnas mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis samSoblod.
did interess iwvevs aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi arqeologiuri
wipwebis aRmoCena. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros, qvemo qarTlis sofel
SulaverSi aRmoCenil iqna yurZnis wipwebi, romelic Cv. w. aRricxvamde 7-6
aTasi wliT TariRdeba. daaxloebiT imave asakisaa anakliis dixa-guZubaSi
aRmoCenili wipwebi. amrigad, irkveva, rom eneoliTur periodSi, anu Cveni
droidan daaxloebiT 8 000 wlis win, aRmosavleT da dasavleT
saqarTveloSi misdevdnen vazis kulturas. aseve napovnia kulturuli vazis
uSualo winapari – gareuli vazi-krikina (usurvazi).
mecnieri hug jonsoni arqeologiuri masalis analizis safuZvelze
eTanxmeba qarTveli da ucxoeli mecnierebis azrs, rom vazis kulturaSi
Semotana da vazis jiSebis xalxuri seleqciis dasawyisi yurZnis xarisxis
gaumjobesebis mizniT saqarTveloSi dawyebulia 5-6 000 wlis winaT Cvens
eramde.

5
 kulturul mcenareTa warmoSobisa da sadaurobis Sesaxeb metad
sayuradRebo cnobebs iZleva cnobili mecnieri a. vavilovi, romelmac
moiara 60-mde qveyana. mis mier mocemuli masalebidan irkveva, rom `vazis
kultura dasabams iRebs erTaderTi centridan, e.w. mcire aziuri keridan".
am striqonebis avtors winaaziur keraSi umTavresad nagulisxmebi hqonda
amierkavkasia, gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTvelo.
cnobilia, rom qarTvelTa `ganmanaTlebelma" kabadokielma qalma
wminda ninom, qristianuli religiis simbolo - jvari vazisagan gaakeTa.
amis Semdeg kidev ufro mkafiod gamoixata qarTveli xalxis yuradReba da
pativiscema Rvinisa da vazis mimarT. kerZod, Zveli qarTuli eklesiebis
karebi xSirad vazis ficrebisagan keTdeboda da xandaxan `wmindaTa"
gvirgvinebs vazis foTlebisagan konavdnen. Cans, rom qarTveli xalxi im
Soreul warsulSi vazs `wminda" mcenared Tvlida da amitomac, sruliad
bunebrivia, rom am mcenaris movla-gaSenebas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
aqcevda.
saqarTveloSi mevenaxeobisa da meRvineobis Sesaxeb istoriuli
cnobebi ZiriTadad daculia Zvel berZen mweralTa da saqarTveloSi
mogzaurTa Canawerebsa da TxzulebebSi. am istoriuli wyaroebidan irkveva,
rom qarTveli tomebis Rvino Soreul warsulSi maRalxarisxovani iyo.
qsenofontes cnobiT, daaxloebiT 430-335 wels kolxebi Rvinos svamdnen,
magram wyalnarevs, aqauri Rvino uwylod mwklate iyo, wyalnarevi ki –
`surnelovani da saamo". strabonis mier gadmocemuli cnobebidan irkveva,
rom vazi farTod yofila gavrcelebuli albaneT-kaxeTis (iberia)
teritoriaze, xolo yurZnis imdenad uxvi mosavali modioda, rom mas
mosaxleoba ver iTvisebda da amitomac mis erT nawils daukrefavad
tovebda.
mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis ekonomikuri efeqtianoba warsulSic maRali
iyo, rasac adasturebs araerTi da ori cnoba Rvinis eqsportis Sesaxeb.
magaliTad iranis Sah-sefi (1627-1641) saqarTvelos kaTolikoss specialuri
firmaniT atyobinebda, rom `samyaros TavSesafris sasaxleSi" miRebulia
ramdenime sapalne `edemis Rvino", riTac Tqven amtkicebT Cvendami
`gulwrfel da uryev erTgulebas". sxva cnobebis mixedviT, saqarTvelodan
Rvino gahqondaT rogorc somxeTsa da midiaSi, ise iranSic (ispahanSi Sahis
sasaxle qarTuli RvinoebiT maragdeboda).
saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobaSi Rvinis eqsports warsulSi didi
mniSvneloba hqonda, es faqti saqarTvelos Zvelma mezobelma da metoqe
saxelmwifoebmac icodnen. swored amitom iyo, rom Temur-lengi XIV
saukunis damlevs, xolo Sah-abasi XVII saukunis damdegs, qveynis
ekonomikurad dasustebis mizniT TavianT laSqars saqarTveloSi venaxis
gakafva-amoZirkvis brZanebas aZlevdnen.
swored qarTveli kacis gonivruli da dauzareli Sromis Sedegia am
mcire teritoriaze mravalferovani aborigenuli jiSebis Seqmna (500
dasaxelebaze meti), romlebic ZiriTadad lokalizebulia calkeul
endemur, izolirebul istoriul-geografiul jgufebSi. aTaswleulebis
manZilze mevenaxeoba da meRvineoba saqarTvelos kulturuli
miwaTmoqmedebis wamyvan dargad, eris materialuri da sulieri cxovrebis
wyarod iTvleboda.

6
 cxrili #1

venaxebis farTobebi saqarTveloSi, 2004

venaxebi
saqarTvelo 35 147.0
aWara 42
guria 256
imereTi 8 572
kaxeTi 20 551
mcxeTa-TianeTi 637
raWa-leCxumi 1 309
samegrelo 770
samcxe-javaxeTi 6
qvemo qarTli 1 517
Sida qarTli 1 488

cxrili #2

yurZnis warmoeba saqarTveloSi 1999 -2007 ww.

rogorc #1 da #2 cxrilebidan Cans, dReisaTvis venaxis farTobi da

warmoebuli produqcia imaze mcirea, vidre saqarTvelos amis potenciali
gaaCnia. faqtia, rom me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi venaxis
farTobi 142 aTas heqtars Seadgenda, xolo yurZnis wliuri mosavali 500-
700 aTas tonas aRwevda. venaxis farTobis Semcireba daiwyo sabWoTa
kavSiris daSlis Semdeg da aseve 2005 wels ruseTis mxridan embargos
gamocxadebis gamo. saqarTvelos potenciali mevenaxeobis ganviTarebis
TvalsazrisiT ganuzomlad didia. prof. d. tabiZis gamokvlevebiT
dadasturebulia, rom mevenaxeobis gafarToveba saqarTveloSi
SesaZlebelia vertikalur zonebSi misi gavrcobis gziT, kerZod aseTi
regionebia samcxe-javaxeTi, zemo aWara, qvemo svaneTi, mTiani aWara,
afxazeTi, zemo imereTi da sxva. saqarTvelos farTobebi, sadac
mevenaxeobis ganviTarebis agroekologiuri resursebi arsebobs - 600-700

7
aTas heqtars Seadgens. sabazro ekonomikis principebis Sesabamisad unda
moxdes aRniSnuli farTobebis mevenaxeobis ganviTarebis gziT aTviseba.
saqarTvelos bunebrivi pirobebi saSualebas iZleva warmoebuli iqnas
mevenaxeobis TiTqmis yvela produqcia, rac ki iwarmoeba msoflioSi. aqedan
gamomdinare, garda tradiciuli maRalxarisxovani Rvinoebisa, SeiZleba
warmoebul iqnas portveinis, xeresis, malagas tipis sasmelebi
saerTaSoriso bazris moTxovnilebebidan gamomdinare. aucilebelia meti
yuradReba daeTmos sasufre yurZnis warmoebas, risTvisac gamoyenebuli
unda iqnas, rogorc adgilobrivi, ise Semotanili maRalxarisxovani vazis
jiSebi.

mevenaxeobis biologiuri Taviseburebani

mcenare da misi agebuleba

mcenareebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs Cveni planetisaTvis.
adamianebisa da cxovelebis arseboba SeuZlebelia mcenareebis gareSe,
radgan mxolod maT SeuZliaT, mzis energiis xarjze, araorganulidan
organuli nivTierebebis Seqmna, romelsac adamiani da cxoveluri samyaro
moixmars sakvebad. Yyvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom mcenareebi atmosferodan
iTviseben naxSirorJangs da gamoyofen Jangbads, risi saSualebiTac haeri
inarCunebs yvela cocxali organizmis sunTqvisTvis xelsayrel pirobebs.
zogadad, mcenare is organizmia, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia mzis
energiis xarjze damoukidebeli (avtotrofuli) kveba. mcenareTa samyaro
Seicavs 350 aTasze met saxeobas, romelTagan mxolod umaRlesi
mcenareebis klass aqvs sasoflo-sameurneo mniSvnelobis datvirTva.
mcenares axasiaTebs erTi saerTo Tavisebureba - fotosinTezis
procesi, romlis drosac STanTqavs naxSirorJangs da gamohyofs Jangbads.
aRniSnuli procesi mimdinareobs mwvane pigmentis - qlorofilis
daxmarebiT, swored misi Seferiloba ganapirobebs mcenareebis foTlebis
mwvane fers.
mcenaris kvebis Taviseburebam -
atmosferodan airis, xolo niadagidan
wylisa da wyalSi gaxsnili mineraluri
nivTierebebis STanTqma - ganapiroba
mcenaris organoebis mkveTri
danawevreba (diferencireba), anu
iseTi specializebuli organoebis
warmoSoba, rogoricaa fesvi, Rero da
foToli.
am organoebis mTavari amocanaa,
uzrunvelyos mcenarisaTvis
sasicocxlod aucilebeli funqciebis
(kveba, sunTqva, aorTqleba da sxva)
gamarTulad Sesruleba. am organoebs
zrdis anu vegetatiuri nawilebi
ewodeba.
fesvis mTavari funqciaa moamaragos mcenare niadagidan wyliT,
mineraluri sakvebiT da daamagros igi niadagSi. ZiriTadad ganasxvaveben
mTavar, gverdiT da damatebiT fesvebs. mTavari fesvi Canasaxovani fesvis

8
zrda-ganviTarebiT warmoiqmneba, xolo gverdiTi fesvebi warmoadgenen
mTavari fesvis gantotvas. arsebobs pirveli, meore, mesame da Semdegi rigis
gverdiTi fesvebi. damatebiTi fesvebi warmoiqmneba Reroebidan da xandaxan -
mcenaris foTlebidanac ki.
formis mixedviT arsebobs fesvis ZiriTadi tipebi: mTavarRerZiani,
funja da Zafnairi.
niadagSi fesvis ganviTarebis simZlavre mniSvnelovnad aris
damokidebuli mcenaris saxeobaze. arseboben mcenareebi, romelTa fesvi
niadagSi 20 metr siRrmemde aRwevs da mcenareebi, romelTa fesvis
gavrcelebis zona 30-40 sm-s ar AaRemateba.
zrdis xasiaTis da niadagSi misi siRrmiT zrdis intensivobis
mixedviT irCeva: (1) Rrmad mzardi fesvi, rodesac mTavari da gverdiTi
fesvebi niadagSi siRrmiT izrdeba, (2) horizontalurad mzardi fesvi, roca
mTavari fesvi kvdeba, xolo gverdiTi da damatebiTi fesvebi
horizontalurad izrdeba da (3) Sualeduri tipis fesvi, romelsac
Sualeduri mdgomareoba ukavia zemoT aRniSnul tipebs Soris.
fesvi Sedgeba Semdegi ZiriTadi zonebisgan: fesvebis wveri - fari anu
SaliTa, romelic gamoyofs lorwos da aadvilebs fesvis moZraobas
niadagSi. fari saTiTesaviT aris wamocmuli meore zonaze, romelsac
Canasaxovani zona ewodeba. aq moTavsebulia pirveladi warmomSobi qsovili
- meristema. fesvis mesame zonas zrdis zona ewodeba. meristemis mier
warmoqmnili ujredebis gaWimva-zrda swored am zonaSi xorcieldeba.
zrdis zonis zemoT meoTxe, fesvis Semwovi zonaa. am zonaSi
ganlagebuli bewvebi niadagidan wyalxsnars iwoven da mcenares amarageben.
es zona sakvebis Sewovis garda niadagis nawilakebs Soris fesvebis
damagrebasac emsaxureba.
mexuTe zonas Seadgens fesvis gamtari anu meqanikuri zona, romlis
funqciaa wylis, sakvebi nivTierebis gatareba da niadagSi mcenaris
damagreba.
Rero mcenaris miwiszeda ZiriTadi organoa, romelzec viTardeba
foTlebi, yvavilebi da nayofi. misi ZiriTadi funqciebia: 1) niadagidan
fesvebis mier Sewovili wyali da wyalSi gaxsnili mineraluri nivTierebi
gaataros da gadasces foTlebs; 2) foTlebis mier gadamuSavebuli da
fotosinTezis Sedegad miRebuli produqtebi mTel mcenareSi
gadaanawilos. iseve, rogorc fesvebSi, ReroSic mimdinareobs sasicocxlo
procesebi: sunTqva, aorTqleba da sxva. Rero winaaRmdegobas uwevs qars,
igi sivrceSi totebis, foTlebis, yvavilebisa da nayofis mTeli masis
simZimis Zalis Semkavebelia.
mravalwlovan mcenareebs Reros zrdis adreul periodSi totebi ar
aqvs, am dros isini ZiriTadad gverdebze ganlagebul foTlebs iviTareben,
xolo zrda-ganviTarebis Semdeg periodebSi maTze isaxeba da viTardeba
totebi.

9
 xexilis varjis sxvadasxva formebi

foToli mcenaris is organoa, romelic Rerozea ganlagebuli. misi

ZiriTadi funqciebia fotosinTezisa da aorTqlebis procesebis
ganxorcieleba. mcenaris sxva nawilebTan erTad foTols daJangvis
(sunTqvis) procesic axasiaTebs. foTlebis warmoqmna kvirtSi Casaxul
zrdis konusSi xdeba.
Tu foTlebis xnovaneba erTi savegetacio periodiT ganisazRvreba da
es foTlebi cviva, aseTi ciklis mqone mcenareebs foTolmcven mcenareebs
uwodeben, aseTebia: vazi, vaSli, msxali, atami da a.S. xolo Tu maTi
xnovaneba erT savegetacio periods aWarbebs, aseTi mcenareebi maradmwvane
mcenareebis rigs ganekuTvneba, rogoricaa mandarini, forToxali, Cai da
a.S.
foTlis mTavari nawili firfitaa, romelSic mcenarisaTvis
mniSvnelovani sasicocxlo procesebi mimdinareobs. foTlebi umetes
SemTxvevaSi Reroze an totze damagrebulia yunwiT, romelic xels uwyobs
mzis mimarT foTlebis ukeT ganlagebas. firfita metad mravalferovania
rogorc formiT, zomiT, xnovanebiT, aseve simetriiT da sxva niSnebis
mixedviT.
vegetatiuri nawilebis garda mcenareebs aqvs reproduqciuli
nawilebi - yvavili, romlis daniSnulebaa mcenaris gamravleba, rac Teslis
ganviTarebis gziT xorcieldeba. yvavili
warmoadgens damoklebul da
zrdaSezRudul ylorts, romelzec erTi
wyeba saxeSecvlili foTlebi sqesobrivi
gamravlebis nawilebadaa qceuli, xolo
meore wyeba - yvavilis safar foTlebadaa
gardaqmnili. yvavilis
Semoklebul gamsxvilebul Reros ewodeba
yvavilsajdomi, xolo yvavilsajdomis

10
qvemoT mdebare Reros nawils - yvavilis yunwi.
yvavilsajdomze ganlagebulia yvavilsafari - jamisa da gvirgvinis
saxiT da generaciuli nawilebi - mtvrianebi da butko.
ujredi. mcenaris yvela organo Sedgeba uxilavi, patara nawilakebis
– ujredebisgan. ujredi Seadgens nebismieri organizmis struqturis
safuZvels. ujredi pirvelad r. Hhukma aRmoaCina XVII saukuneSi da
futkris fiWasTan msgavsebis gamo mas ujredi daarqva. ujredebi iqmneba
erTi da imave embrionuli formiT, viTardeba da Semdgomi ganviTarebis
safuZvelze, organizmis daniSnulebis mixedviT, iRebs sxvadasxva formas
da zomas.
arsebobs ujredis sxvadasxva forma: sferuli, kubisebri,
mravalwaxnagovani an prizmuli, romelTa diametri 0,01 mm-dan 0,1 mm-mde
meryeobs. cxoveluri ujredisgan gansxvavebiT, mcenareuli ujredi
SemosazRvrulia garsiT. yoveli ujredi Sedgeba (1) ujredis membranisagan,
romelic ujredis SigTavss gamoyofs sxva ujredebisgan, aregulirebs
nivTierebaTa cvlis process garemosa da ujreds Soris da (2) misi
SigTavsisagan (protoplastisagan). protoplasti warmoadgens ujredis
cocxal nawils, romelSic mimdinareobs yvela sasicocxlo procesi.
ujredis membrana gansazRvravs ujredis formas, advilad atarebs
wyals da wyalSi xsnad nivTierebebs, igi Sedgeba celulozis, peqtinisa da
sxva nivTierebebisagan, romlebic akavSirebs ujredebs sxva ujredebTan.
zogierTi mcenareuli kedeli agrovebs lignins, ris gamoc garsi xdeba
ufro mtkice.
ujredis SigTavsi savsea siTxiT anu citoplazmiT, romelic
uzrunvelyofs ujredis formis SenarCunebas da ujredis Sida nawilebis
moZraobas. citoplazmis 80%-s wyali Seadgens, sxva danarCeni ki
warmoadgens rTul sistemas, romelSic mravali nivTiereba Sedis: cilebi
(proteinebi), cilovani nivTierebani (proteidebi), naxSirwylebi, cximovani
nivTierebebi, fermentebi, romlebic aregulireben nivTierebaTa cvlas da
araorganuli nivTierebebi.
ujredi Seicavs birTvs Tavisi birTvakiT, romelSic memkvidreobiTi
informaciis matarebeli qromosomebi da genebia moTavsebuli. aqvea
ganlagebuli mitoqondiebi da plastidebi, romlebic ujreds amarageben
energiiT. Tu plastidebi Seicaven qlorofils, maT ewodeba
qloroplastebi, romlebic aZleven mcenares mwvane fers da asruleben
ZiriTad rols nivTierebaTa asimilaciaSi. plastidebs, romlebic
Seferilia yviTlad, yavisfrad, narinjisfrad uwodeben qromoplastebs,
xolo uferulebs - leikoplastebs.
ujredSi moTavsebulia aseve endoplazmuri bade, romelic
sinTezirebuli nivTierebebis satransporto sistemas warmoadgens.
ribosomebSi xdeba cilebis sinTezi, xolo vakuolebi ujredis sawyobebia,
sadac inaxeba sakvebi nivTierebebi - wyali da narCenebi. vakuolebi
erTmaneTTan SeerTebulia ujredis wveniT. es aris wyliani, xSirad ufero
xsnari, romelSic gaxsnilia mravali organuli da araorganuli
nivTiereba. mwife xilisa da yurZnis ujredebSi ujredul wvens yvelaze
didi adgili uWiravs. igi ZiriTadad ujredis wvenis gamonawuria. masSi
gaxsnilia agreTve sxvadasxva saxis mRebavi nivTiereba – anTocianebi,
romlebic nayofs aZlevs wiTel Sefervas, karotinebi, romlebic nayofs
(gargari, atami da sxva) yviTel Sefervas aZlevs. vazis jiSebi - saferavi

11
da franguli jiSi tenturie ara marto kanis, aramed wvenis intensiuri
SeferviT gamoirCeva.

(1) birTvaki, (2) birTvi, (3) ribosoma (5) granulirebuli endoplazmuri bade, (7) membrana,
(8) gluvi endoplazmuri bade, (9) mitoqondria, (11) citoplazma, (12) lizosoma;

yvela ujredi Seicavs dezoqsiribonukleinis mJavas (dnm) da

ribonukleinis mJavas (rnm), romlebic uzrunvelyofen fermentebis da sxva
cilebis sinTezs.
mcenareuli ujredi Sedgeba sxvadasxva elementebisagan. igi yvelaze
didi raodenobiT Seicavs Jangbads - 70%, naxSirbads - 16% da wyalbads -
9%. ujredi aseve Seicavs sxva elementebsac – wyalbads, azots, kalciums,
fosfors, kaliums, iods da a.S.
qsovili. erTgvari funqciis Semsrulebeli ujredebi erTiandebian
qsovilSi. ganasxvaveben dayofad anu warmomqnel qsovils da mudmiv anu
aradayofad qsovils. dayofadi qsovilia meristema, romelic Sedgeba
embrionaluri ujredebisgan, romelTac dayofa da zrda SeuZliaT.
garda amisa, arCeven agreTve safar, ZiriTad, meqanikur da gamtar
qsovilebs.
safari qsovili acalkevebs mcenares garemosgan, icavs mcenaris Sida
qsovilebs dazianebisa da gamoSrobisagan. foTlebis, ylortebisa da
fesvebis damcavi qsovili Sedgeba brtyeli, firfitisebri epidermuli
ujredebisgan. foTlebsa da mwvane ylortebs gareTa zedapirze
uviTardebaT cvilisebri fifqi, romelic qmnis Txel kans anu kutikulas,
romelic mcenares ifaravs wylisgan, amcirebs aorTqlebas da TiTqmis ar
atarebs airebs.
yurZnis marcvlebze warmoqmnili fifqi TiTqmis igive Semadgenlobis
aris, rogorc kutikulis fifqia.
mwvane organoebis safar qsovilSi wyvilad ganlagebulia bageebis
Camketi ujredebi, romelTac naxevarmTvaris forma aqvT. isini Sezrdilia
boloebiT, magram maT Soris rCeba nasvreti, anu bage, romelic emsaxureba
haeris cvlas ujredSi da romelic asrulebs gaReba-daketvis funqcias.
bageebi emsaxureba haeris cvlas ujredSi. isini ZiriTadad foTlis qveda
mxarezea, zeda mxareze ki Zalian mcire raodenobiTaa. maTi ricxvi
zrdasrul foTolze 4 milions aRwevs.
fesvis epidermisis ujredebs araviTari bageebi ar gaaCniaT, xolo
nayofs ki zrdis damTavrebamde gaaCniaT isini. magaliTad, yurZnis
marcvlebs vegetaciis adreul fazebSi aqvT bageebi, romlebic Cveulebriv

12
asruleben Tavis movaleobas, magram Semdeg isini magrdeba da ixureba,
riTac xels uSlis sokovani daavadebebis (mag. Wraqis) sporebis SeWras
marcvalSi.
mcenaris mraval nawils epidermisis nacvlad uviTardeba yavisferi
safevi qsovili, romelic TiTqmis ar atarebs wyals. isini aorTqlebis
sawinaaRmdego saukeTeso saSualebaa, gansakuTrebiT zamTarSi, radganac
mosvenebis periodSi gaZnelebulia an Sewyvetilia niadagTan wylis
miwodeba. safevi qsovilis garsSi aris sasunTqi xvrelebi, anu meWeWebi,
romelTa saSualebiT haeri miewodeba qsovilis SigniT. Zveli fesvebic
aseve mTlianad dafarulia safevi qsoviliT. pirveladi safevi kambiumi
xSirad adre wyvets moqmedebas da gadadis axal ufro Rrma fenebSi. am
dros qerqis gareTa fenebi kvdeba. es procesi meordeba xSirad da
mivyavarT qerqis warmoqmnamdec, rac kargad emCneva vazs da komSs, roca
Stambze da mxarze qerqi Zvreba boWkosebur zolebad. Zvel Stambze da
safev qsovilze is warmoSobs ufro efeqtur, damcav qsovils, vidre
pirveladi safevi qsovilia.
ZiriTadi qsovili anu parenqima aris mcenaris sxeulis Semavsebeli
qsovili. igi qmnis ylortebis, foTlebis, nayofebis da fesvebis masas.
parenqimisgan Sedgeba Reros guli da kani, fesvis kani, foTlis mezofili,
nayofebis rbilobi. parenqimaSi mimdinareobs umniSvnelovanesi procesebi:
sakvebi nivTierebebis sinTezi, maTi gadaqmna, saTadarigo maragis dagroveba
da sunTqva. parenqimas gaaCnia sxvadasxva forma: kubisebri, prizmuli anu
mravalwaxnagovani, sferuli, zogjer ki wagrZelebuli an Zabrisebri.
qsovils, romelic samarago nivTierebebs Seicavs, samarago qsovili
ewodeba. igi Seicavs sxvadasxva saxis nivTierebas: Saqars, saxamebels,
cilovan nivTierebebs an cximebs.
qlorofilis marcvlebiT mdidar qsovils asimilaciuri qsovili
ewodeba. es qsovili gansakuTrebiT saWiroebs airebis cvlas. amitom
foTlebSi didi raodenobiT aris asimilaciuri qsovili – Rrublisebri
parenqima SedarebiT didi ujredSorisi sivrceebiT.
meqanikuri qsovili warmoSobs mcenaris ConCxs. is aZlevs mcenares
meqanikuri zemoqmedebis winaaRmdeg gamZleobas (wneva, gaWimva da gaRunva).
Sesabamisad meqanikuri qsovilebi Sedgeba Zlier gasqelebuli, xSirad
gamerqnebuli ujredebisagan.

mcenaris qsovilis agebuleba:

1 - gulguli
2 pirveladi qsilema
3. meoradi qsilema
4 - floema
5 - sqlerenqima
6 - kani (safevi qsovili)
7 - epidermisi

meqanikur qsovilSi gamerqnebuli nawilebis saxiT Warbobs ori tipis

ujredi: kolenqimis da sklerenqimis. kolenqimis ujredebi cocxalia da

13
Sedgeba celulozisa da peqtinisagan, xolo Tu ujredi mkvdaria da
yovelmxriv gasqelebulia, mas sklerenqima ewodeba. magaliTad,
sklerenqimisagan Sedgeba zogierTi msxlis da komSis jiSebis nayofebSi
arsebuli gamerqnebuli qsovilebi.
gamtari qsovilis saSualebiT xorcieldeba wylis da masSi
gaxsnili nivTierebebis swrafad gatareba mcenaris erTi organodan
meoreSi. gamtari qsovili Sedgeba WurWel-boWkovan konebisgan. yovel
WurWel-boWkovan konaSi gaerTianebulia ori gamtari sistema: qsilema,
WurWlovani nawili, romelTa saSualebiT zemoT miedineba wyali da masSi
gaxsnili nivTierebebi da floema, sacrisebri nawili, romelic
asimilaciis produqtebs awvdis maTi moxmarebis da dagrovebis adgilze.
StambSi, ylortebsa da fesvebSi orive gamtar sistemas Soris
moTavsebulia kambiumi, romelic centrisken qmnis traqeebs anu grZel
milebs, romlebic mkvdari ujredebisagan aris Semdgari da traqeidebs,
romlebic Sedgeba wvrili, milisebri calkeuli ujredebisagan, romelTa
boloebi dasvretilia.

mcenareTa zrda-ganviTarebis mTavari fazebi

Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze mcenare gadis ganviTarebis grZel da
mokle ciklebs. individualuri ganviTarebis grZeli cikli moicavs
mcenaris sicocxlis mTel periods. igi Sedgeba ganviTarebis oTxi
etapisgan: pirveli etapi (embriologiuri), romelic iwyeba TeslSi
cxovelmyofelobis dawyebidan da grZeldeba 6 Tvidan 2 wlamde.
meore etapi (iuveniluri) grZeldeba aRmocenebidan mcenaris
Camoyalibebamde. am etapis xangrZlivoba 2-4 welia. mesame etapi -
produqtiuli, rodesac iwyeba mosavlis miReba. meoTxe etapze (moberebis)
procesebi sustdeba, mcenaris mravalwlovani nawilebi berdeba da xmeba.
mcenaris sicocxlis grZeli cikli Sedgeba sicocxlis mokle
ciklebisgan. sicocxlis mokle cikli gulisxmobs sicocxlis process
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. xis aqtiur mdgomareobas uwodeben vegetaciis
periods, xolo mis pasiur mdgomareobas - mosvenebis periods.
vegetaciis periodis ganmavlobaSi mcenare gadis misi zrda-
ganviTarebis Semdeg fazebs, rogoricaa: sayvavile kvirtebis daberva,
kvirtebis gaSla, kokrebis gancalkeveba, yvaviloba, gamonaskva, naskvebis
cvena, nayofis damsxvileba, simwife da foTolcvena. mosvenebis periodis
manZilze ganasxvaveben: mosvenebis dawyebis, Rrma mosvenebis da mosvenebidan
gamosvlis periodebs. mcenaris ganviTarebis am fazebs fenofazebs
uwodeben.

mcenareebis moTxovna garemo faqtorebisadmi

mcenaris ganviTarebis sxvadasxva periodis yvela cvlileba misi
biologiuri Tvisebebisa da fizikur-geografiuli pirobebis mudmivi
urTierTqmedebiTaa gamowveuli. es garemo pirobebi cnobilia ekologiuri
faqtorebis saxelwodebiT. ekologiuri faqtorebi Semdeg jgufebad iyofa:
I jgufi: sinaTle, temperatura, wyali, haeri, mineraluri sakvebi
nivTierebebi (pirdapir moqmedi faqtorebi) da II jgufi: adgilmdebareoba,
niadagi, reliefi, qarebi (arapirdapir moqmedi faqtorebi). aRsaniSnavia, rom
am faqtorebs Soris mkveTri gamijvna ar arsebobs, radgan erTi da igive
faqtori SeiZleba moqmedebdes rogorcUpirdapir, aseve arapirdapir.

14
magaliTad, siTbo mcenareze uSualod moqmedebs, amave dros igi niadagidan
wylis aorTqlebas aZlierebs da wylis reJimis Secvlas iwvevs.
yvela calkeuli faqtoris moqmedeba ganixileba kompleqsSi sxva
faqtorebTan erTad. uSualod moqmedi zogierTi faqtoris Secvla sxva
faqtoriT SeuZlebelia, magaliTad: siTbo – ganaTebiT, gamokveba –
morwyviT da a.S.
xandaxan calkeuli faqtoris siWarbes SeuZlia mcenaris erTi
moTxovnileba Secvalos meoreTi. magaliTad, saqarTvelos civ regionebSi
(axalqalaqi, walka, stefanwminda) mcenarisaTvis meti sinaTlea saWiro,
vidre Tbil regionebSi (gardabani, marneuli da a.S).
sinaTlis reJimi. sinaTle mcenaris mier organuli nivTierebis
SeqmnisaTvis aucilebeli faqtoria, radgan fotosinTezis procesi
mxolod mzis energiis xarjze mimdinareobs. mcenaris foTlebze dacemuli
sinaTlis siZliere damokidebulia geografiul ganedsa da grZedze, zRvis
donidan simaRleze, weliwadis droze, dRe-Rameze. am TvalsazrisiT, vazisa
da xexilovani kulturebisTvis mniSvnelovania jiSis biologiuri
Tavisebureba, varjis formireba, nargavis sixSire da a.S.
xe-mcenareebis SemTxvevaSi ganasxvaveben ganaTebis Semdegi saxeebs:
zeda ganaTeba, rodesac sinaTle centraluri gamagrZeleblis an Spaleris
vertikalurad ecema. igi mTavari pirobaa mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis,
amitom xexilis gaSenebis dros SerCeuli unda iqnas Sesabamisi sxvla-
formirebis tipebi. qveda ganaTeba ewodeba niadagidan, gzebidan,
balaxebidan areklil sinaTles. qveda ganaTebis Zala mniSvnelovnad aris
damokidebuli niadagis Sefervasa da damuSavebis sistemaze. cnobilia, rom
venaxebsa da baRebSi, sadac rigTaSorisebi balaxis naTesiT aris
dakavebuli - ukeTesad Seferili produqcia miiReba.
rodesac sinaTle vertikaluri sibrtyis mimarT garkveuli kuTxiT
miemarTeba, mas wina ganaTeba ewodeba. am sinaTlis intensivoba
damokidebulia mxareebis mimarT vazis an xexilis mwkrivebis
mimarTulebaze - saqarTvelos pirobebSi samxreTidan ufro meti sinaTle
ecema, vidre CrdiloeTidan.
arCeven aseve ukana ganaTebas, romelsac mcenare Rebulobs mezoblad
mdgari xeebis, an Tavisi totebis, Senobis da Robis mier areklili
sxivebisgan. mravalwlovan kulturebSi varjis Sida gaSuqeba Cveulebriv
ukana ganaTebiT xdeba.
vazi da xexili sinaTlis moyvaruli mcenareebia, amitom arasakmarisi
ganaTebis pirobebSi zrdisa da ganviTarebis procesi ferxdeba da
mosavlianoba mcirdeba. sinaTlis faqtori gasaTvaliswinebelia
agroteqnikis sxvadasxva RonisZiebis sworad dagegmvisa da
gamoyenebisaTvis.
temperaturuli reJimi. mcenarisaTvis siTbos reJims udidesi
mniSvneloba aqvs. yvela sasicocxlo procesi: zrda, mineraluri xsnarebis
SeTviseba, sunTqva da sxva mxolod siTbos garkveuli reJimis dros
mimdinareobs.
ama Tu im kulturis mcenare Tavisi ganviTarebisa da zrdis periodSi
siTbos mimarT sxvadasxva momTxovnelobiT gamoirCeva. vegetaciis periodSi
mcenaris mier fenofazebis gavla dakavSirebulia temperaturaTa jamze da
dRe-Ramur temperaturaTa amplitudaze.
arasasurveli temperaturuli pirobebi - Zlieri yinvebi, zamTris
droebiTi daTboba, gazafxulis wayinva, xSirad did zarals ayenebs

15
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebs. amitom, zaralis Semcirebis mizniT,
saWiroa siTbos mimarT konkretuli mcenaris saxeobis moTxovnis Seswavla,
codna da misi marTva.
wylis reJimi. wyali warmoadgens mcenaris sicocxlis aucilebel
pirobas, romlis mTavari daniSnulebaa: mineraluri nivTierebaTa gaxsna da
niadagidan mcenareSi gadatana, mcenaris SigniT plastikuri nivTierebis
gaxsna da gadatana, ujredis SigniT qimiuri gardaqmnebisaTvis aucilebeli
pirobebis Seqmna, ujredSi birTvis, protoplazmisa da sxva nawilebis
warmoqmnaSi monawileoba. mcenaris sxvadasxva nawilebSi wylis raodenoba
erTnairi ar aris, Tu fesvebsa da ylortebSi wyali 50-75%-s Seadgens,
fesvebSi - 60-85%, xolo nayofebSi 85%-sac aWarbebs.
rogorc wylis siWarbe, aseve nakleboba, mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebis
darRvevas iwvevs. wylis nakleboba ganisazRvreba foTlebiTa da sxva
nawilebiT mis aorTqlebasa da niadagidan miRebuli wylis raodenobis
sxvaobiT. wylis naklebobis faqtoris moqmedeba damokidebulia
konkretuli mcenaris gvalvaamtanobaze, vegetaciis fazaze, niadagSi wylis
raodenobaze da sxva.
gazafxulis periodSi wylis nakleboba iwvevs nazardis Sesustebas,
foTlebis sustad ganviTarebas, naskvebis cvenas da sxva.
zafxulis periodis wylis naklebobisas nayofi Wkneba, adre mwifdeba
da cviva, irRveva foTlebis asimilacia, mcirdeba plastikur nivTierebaTa
dagroveba, mcenaris zamTris mimarT gamZleoba ecema.
niadagSi wylis didi siWarbisas irRveva fesvis sistemis moqmedeba.
wyali gamodenis niadagidan haers da fesvi aranormalurad sunTqavs. am
dros mcirdeba mineraluri nivTierebebis SeTviseba, mcenare ganicdis
sakvebi nivTierebebis naklebobas, rac sxva mizezebTan erTad, sabolood
fesvis daRupvas iwvevs. amitom, xilisa da yurZnis maRali mosavlis
misaRebad, wylis reJimis regulireba erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia.
wylis naklebobis regulireba niadagis gafxvierebiT da morwyviT miiRweva,
xolo misi siWarbisgan Tavis asarideblad mimarTaven sadrenaJo arxebisa
da SemaRlebuli, sferuli kvlebis mowyobas.
sakvebi nivTierebebis reJimi. mcenaris normaluri zrda-ganviTareba
mimdinareobs mxolod maSin, rodesac sakvebi nivTierebebi sakmarisi
raodenobiT miewodeba. mcenaris srulfasovani kvebisaTvis saWiroa
makroelementebi: naxSirbadi, azoti, gogirdi, fosfori, rkina, magniumi,
kaliumi, kalciumi da mikroelementebi: bori, TuTia, manganumi da spilenZi.
sakvebi nivTierebebis umetesoba niadagSi moipoveba xsnarebis saxiT da
mcenare SeiTvisebs fesvebis saSualebiT.
ZiriTadad sakvebi elementebis maragi (azoti, fosfori, kaliumi,
magniumi), rogorc wesi, niadagSi ar aris sakmarisi raodenobiT, amitom
saWiroa maTi Setana sasuqis saxiT. yvela nivTierebas Tavisi roli aqvs
mcenaris cxovrebaSi, amitom, erTi nivTierebis meoreTi Secvla
SeuZlebelia. niadagSi maTi garkveuli Sefardeba unda iyos.
niadagSi mineraluri nivTierebebis xsnadobaze did gavlenas axdens:
temperatura, wylis raodenoba, qimiuri Sedgeniloba da TviT mcenaris
fesvebis ganviTareba.
sakvebi nivTierebebis rogorc siWarbe, aseve danaklisi mcenaris
sasicocxlo funqciebisa da nivTierebaTa cvlis moSlas iwvevs. magaliTad,
azotis naklebobisas, mcenaris foTlebi moyviTalo Sefervas iRebs,
berdeba da cviva (qlorozi), xolo misi siWarbisas ki foTlebi Zlier

16
viTardeba, mosvenebis periodSi gvian Sedis, rac amcirebs mcenaris
yinvagamZleobas. am dros uaresdeba nayofis Seferva da Senaxvisunarianoba.
gansxvavebul Tvisebebs amJRavnebs niadagSi kaliumis, kalciumis,
rkinis siWarbe, Tu nakleboba. amitom, aucilebelia xexilisa da vazis
movlis agroteqnika ise warimarTos, rom yvela es elementi niadagSi
sakmarisi raodenobiT iyos, raTa mcenares normaluri kvebis pirobebi
Seeqmnas.
mcenaris sunTqva. mcenaris sunTqva Sinagani wvis procesia (daJangva).
yoveli cocxali ujredi sunTqavs, risTvisac mas sWirdeba Jangbadi da
naxSirorJangi. rac swrafad izrdeba vazi Tu xexili, miT ufro
intensiuria misi sunTqva.
sunTqvis intensivoba damokidebulia temperaturaze. temperaturis
aweviT Zlierdeba sunTqvac. sunTqva sustdeba, an mTlianad wydeba, roca
protoplazma iwyebs dazianebas maRali temperaturiT. sunTqvis procesi
Sedgeba 24-ze meti rTuli procesisagan, romelSic fosformJava da
mravali fermenti monawileobs.

vazis agebuleba da biologiur - morfologiuri Taviseburebani

vazis ZiriTadi saxeobebis aRwera, klasifikacia da warmoSobis

kerebi
vazi ekuTvnis vazisebrTa ojaxs (Vitacea lindl.), romelic 600 saxeobas
moiTvlis. am saxeobebis umetesoba aris velurad mozardi da
gavrcelebulia zomier, Tbil da tropikuli klimatis qveynebSi. am
saxeobebidan mxolod ramdenime aris Semotanili kulturaSi da gamoiyeneba
dekoratiuli an sameurneo mizniT. vazisebrTa ojaxSi Sedis 11 gvari,
romelTa Soris yvelze cnobilia vitisi (vitis). am gvars ekuTvnis yvela
saxeoba, romelic gamoiyeneba kulturaSi.
vazisebrTa ojaxidan mxolod 20 saxeoba gamoiyeneba kulturaSi,
rogorc nayofis momcemad, aseve saZireebad. maT Soris umniSvnelovanesia
vitis vinifera (evraziuli saxeoba). TiTqmis yvela jiSi, romelic iZleva
sufris yurZnad Tu saRvine masalad gamosayenebel mosavals, ekuTvnis
vitis viniferas saxeobas. am saxeobis vazis jiSebi amJamad gavrcelebulia
msoflios yvela qveyanaSi, sadac ki misdeven mevenaxeobas. magram
arqeologiuri, istoriuli da lingvisturi gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom
am saxeobis pirveladi samSoblo aris saqarTvelo da misi mimdebare
teritoria. axlo aRmosavleTSi misi Semdgomi gavrcelebis uZvelesi
arealebia: Sua azia, xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiro, Crdilo
afrika da sxva.
dReisaTvis, mecnierebis mier kulturuli da veluri vazi ganixileba
rogorc erTi saxeoba ori qvesaxeobiT: veluri vazi silvestris (ssp.
silvestris Gmel) da kulturuli – sativa (ssp. sativa d. C.).
evroaziuri saxeoba xasiaTdeba foTlis, mtevnis, marcvlis didi
cvalebadobiT. isini ver uZleben filoqseras da sokovan daavadebebs.
Tumca zogierTi jiSi gamoirCeva SedarebiT gamZleobiT.
gansxvaveba velur da kulturul formebs Soris Semdegia: veluri
vazi sakmaod erTgvarovania, gansakuTrebiT mtevnebisa da marcvlebis
mixedviT, xolo kulturuli vazi metad cvalebadia. kulturul vazs aqvs

17
orsqesiani an funqcionalurad mdedrobiTi yvavili. velur vazs ki -
mamrobiTi an funqcionalurad mdedrobiTi yvavilebi. veluri vazi farTod
aris gavrcelebuli rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos
raionebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi, mdinareTa
xeobebSi da Walis tyeebSi. gavrcelebis zemo sazRvari zRvis donidan 1200
metria.
vazis kulturuli jiSebis klasifikacia Caatara prof. negrulma. misi
klasifikaciiT, vazis jiSebi sam jgufad gaiyo: aRmosavleTis vazis
jiSebis jgufi (Orientalis Negr), Savi zRvis auzis (Pontika Negr) da dasavleT
evropuli (Ocidentalis Negr).
aRmosavleTis jgufis jiSebi gavrcelebulia Sua aziaSi, somxeTSi,
azerbaijanSi, nawilobriv aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, aseve iranSi,
avRaneTsa da axlo aRmosavleTSi. es jiSebi xasiaTdeba Semdegi niSnebiT:
foToli SiSvelia an jagriseburad Sebusuli, mtevani didi, xSirad
datotvili, marcvali saSualo an msxvili, ovaluri, kvercxisebri,
Sebrunebuli kvercxisebri, mogrZo, xorcianwvniani, an knatuna rbilobiT,
umetesi marcvali TeTria an vardisferi, wipwa msxvilia, mogrZo niskartiT.
Savi zRvis auzis jiSTa jgufi gavrcelebulia dasavleT
saqarTveloSi, moldaveTSi, rumineTSi, bulgareTSi, saberZneTsa da
TurqeTSi. am jgufs axasiaTebs Semdegi niSnebi: foTlis qveda mxares aqvs
Sereuli ablabudisebri da jagrisebri Sebusva. mtevani saSualo zomisaa,
mkvrivia, iSviaTad meCxeri, marcvali mrgvali, iSviaTad ovaluri, saSualo
zomis, wvniani rbilobiT, Savi an TeTri SeferviT, iSviaTad vardisferi,
wipwa saSualo.
es jiSebi warmoiSvnen adgilobrivi veluri formebisagan xelovnuri
SerCevis gziT.
am jiSebis umravlesoba saRvine mimarTulebisaa. gvxvdeba saRvine-
sasufre da iSviaTad, sasufre yurZnis mimarTulebac.
dasavleT evropis jgufis jiSebi gavrcelebulia safrangeTSi,
espaneTsa da portugaliaSi. TiToeul am regionSi aris adgilobrivi
jiSebi. bevri maTgani gavrcelebulia sxva qveynebSic. es jiSebi xasiaTdeba
Semdegi niSnebiT: foToli qveda mxares Sebusulia ablabudisebrad.
foTlis napirebi daxrilia qvemoT. mtevani pataraa, mkvrivia, cilidruli
an konusuri wipwa (marcvlebi), wvrili, mokle niskartiT.
es jiSebi warmoiSvnen adgilobrivi veluri vazisagan. morfologiuri
niSnebiT isini Zlier axlos arian masTan.
yvela es jiSi saRvine mimarTulebisaa. ukanasknel periodSi
genetikuri kvlevis upirvelesi meTodebis gamoyenebam, akad. T. beriZis,
prof. v. tabiZis da sxvaTa gamokvlevebma daadgines dasavleT evropis
jiSebis axlo genetikuri msgavseba qarTul jiSebTan, rac imas niSnavs, rom
dasavleT evropaSi jiSebs safuZvlad qarTuli vazis genofondi udevs.

vazis jiSebis sameurneo klasifikacia

sabazro ekonomikis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, vazis jiSebi SeiZleba
5 jgufad daiyos:
1. sasufre yurZnis jiSebi; 2. saRvine jiSebi; 3. saqiSmiSe jiSebi; 4. jiSebi
wvenebis warmoebisaTvis; 5. sakonservo jiSebi.
sasufre yurZnis jiSebi – gankuTvnilia nedli xilis saxiT
moxmarebis mizniT. marcvlebs unda hqondes lamazi garegnoba, kargi gemuri
Tvisebebi, unda iyos transportabeluri da Senaxvisunariani. sufris

18
yurZnis sasaqonlo saxeSi ganmsazRvrelia marcvlebis simsxo, forma, feri.
sufris yurZnis jiSebis umravlesobas axasiaTebs msxvili marcvlebi,
magram maTi popularoba aixsneba iseTi saukeTeso TvisebebiTac, rogoric
aris uwipwoba an gansakuTrebuli aromati. aseT SemTxvevaSic ki mevenaxe
cdilobs miiRos rac SeiZleba msxvilmarcvliani mosavali.
yurZens aqvs mravali gemuri Tviseba, magram gamoyofen sam kategorias:
neitralurs, muskaturs da momJavos.
sabazro ekonomikis moTxovnebi gvkarnaxobs, rom sufris yurZeni unda
vawarmooT momxmareblis umetesobis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad.
saqarTveloSi arsebobs sufris yurZnis warmoebis didi
agroekologiuri potenciali. saqarTvelo tradiciulad aris
maRalxarisxovani sufris Rvinis mwarmoebeli qveyana. miuxedavad amisa,
garkveul regionebSi arsebobs didi SesaZlebloba da moTxovna sufris
yurZnis warmoebis gansaviTareblad. aseTi regionebia: marneulis, bolnisis,
gardabnis raionebi; dedofliswyaro da sagarejos raionis ivris zegani,
xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSi - zRvis donidan 0-600 m simaRlis sanapiro
zoli baTumidan gagramde. saqarTveloSi warmoebuli sufris yurZeni arc
erTi sasaqonlo maCvenebliT ar CamorCeba mezobel respublikaSi
warmoebul sufris yurZens, qimiuri SemadgenlobiT ki ufro mdidaria
maTze.
saRvine jiSebi. msoflioSi warmoebuli yurZnis ZiriTadi raodenoba
gamoiyeneba Rvinoebis dasamzadeblad. saRvine jiSebi ewodeba im jiSebs,
romlebisganac msoflios nebismier regionSi miiReba garkveuli xarisxis
Rvino. qarTuli vazis jiSebis teqnologiuri potenciali imdenad didia,
rom saqarTveloSi maTgan SeiZleba TiTqmis yvela tipis Rvino iwarmoos,
rac ki arsebobs msoflioSi. garda jiSuri mravalgvarobisa, amas xels
uwyobs saqarTvelos niadagur-klimaturi pirobebis mravalferovneba.
magaliTad, kaxuri vazis jiSis rqawiTelisgan SeiZleba warmoebul iqnas
maRalxarisxovani kaxuri tipis, evropuli tipis, sufris (Rvino)
Semagrebuli da aseve sadeserto Rvinoebi: portveini, malaga, madera da
sxva. didi teqnologiuri potenciali gaaCnia: saferavs, mwvanes, xixvs,
Cxavers, ojaleSs da sxva jiSebs.
jiSebi yurZnis wvenebisaTvis. yurZnis wvenis warmoeba sakmaod
gavrcelebulia msoflioSi. pasterizaciis an sxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT
SeiZleba miRebul iqnas tkbili wveni, misaRebi gemuri TvisebebiT.
am kategoriis jiSebi unda gamoirCeodnen wvenis siuxviT da didxans
unda inarCunebdnen axali yurZnis bunebriv gemos. pasterizaciis Sedegad,
muskaturi jiSebi kargaven misTvis damaxasiaTebel aromats, amitom maT
wvenebis warmoebisaTvis ar gamoiyeneben. amerikaSi farTod aris
gavrcelebuli amerikuli jiSi konkordi, romlis wvenebis warmoeba
tradiciuli gaxda. saqarTveloSi wvenebis warmoebisaTvis SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnas saRvine vazis rekomendebuli jiSebi.
jiSebi mSrali yurZnisa da qiSmiSis warmoebisaTvis. gamSrali
yurZnis Tvisebebi arsebiTad damokidebulia jiSur Taviseburebebze da
Srobis meTodze.
qiSmiSsa da Cveulebriv gamSral yurZens Soris aris sxvaoba.
saqiSmiSe jiSebis marcvlebi xasiaTdeba rbili struqturiT, uwipwobiT,
sasiamovno aromatiT, marcvlebis saSualo an msxvili zomiT. struqtura
damokidebulia jiSsa da Saqrianobaze. gamomSrali yurZeni kargad inaxeba,

19
Tu misi tenSemcveloba ar aRemateba 17%-s. rac met Saqars Seicavs qiSmiSi,
miT ufro rbilia da metia misi xvedriTi wona.
saqarTveloSi mSrali yurZnis an qiSmiSis warmoebis tradicia ar
arsebobs, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT saRvine yurZnis jiSisagan
girliandebis asxmas da mzeze gamoSrobas (saojaxo moxmarebisaTvis).
amisaTvis gamoiyeneba rqawiTeli, colikouri, buera da zogierTi sxva jiSi.
am mizniT, farTo sabazro moTxovnebs akmayofileben Semdegi jiSebi: 1.
qiSmiSi TeTri, ovaluri; 2. korinka Savi, anu panariti, 3. aleqsandriis
muskati, 4. sulTanina uwipwo, 5. wiTeli korinka, 6. Savi qiSmiSi.
aRniSnuli jiSebi gavrcelebulia sufris yurZnis da qiSmiSis
warmobis yvela qveyanaSi. saqarTveloSi es dargi SeiZleba SezRuduli
odenobiT ganviTardes, gansakuTrebiT ivris zeganze da iormuRanlos
mikroraionSi.
sakonservo vazis jiSebi. yurZeni, rogorc wesi, konservdeba sxva
sakonservo xilTan erTad. gamoiyeneba umetesad uwipwo jiSebi: TeTri
qiSmiSi, kaneri da sxva. bolo wlebSi sxvadasxva qveynis mecnierebis mier
miRebulia axali seleqciuri saqiSmiSe jiSebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba
pirdapir, Serevis gareSe, sakonservo warmoebaSi. aseTi jiSebi gamoyvanilia
kaliforniaSi, moldaveTsa da ungreTSi.

vazis organografia, anatomia da fiziologia

ganviTarebis, zrdis, sicocxlisa da sxva morfologiuri
Taviseburebebis mixedviT vazi, xexilovani da kenkrovani kulturebi iyofa
Semdeg jgufebad:
Stambianebi - damaxasiaTebelia erTi, mZlavrad ganviTarebuli
centraluri Rero da Zlieri zrdis tempi (msxali, bali, wabli, kakali,
pekani) am jgufs miekuTvneba is mcenareebic, romlebsac axasiaTebT
naklebi zrdis siZliere da sustad gamoxatuli Rero (vaSli, qliavi,
xurma da sxva).
buCqebi - am jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia dabali buCqis warmoqmna,
romlis Reroebs aqvT ganaxlebis unari, mosavals iZleva adreul asakSi da
cocxlobs mcire xans (mocxari, xurtkmeli)
buCqismagvarebi iviTareben ramdenime an erT sustad gamoxatul
Reros (alublis buCqismagvari formebi, Txili, broweuli, leRvi, Sindi,
fSati)
lianebi - mravalwliani merqniani mcenareebia, romlebsac aqvT
mcocavi an dakiduli Rero (vazi, aqtinidia, limnura).
mravalwlian balaxovan mcenareebs ar gaaCniaT gaxevebuli miwiszeda
Reroebi da garTxmulni arian miwaze. marwyvi, xendro, rac Seexeba Jolosa
da mayvals, isini gardamavali formebia.
miwisqveda nawilebis morfologia
warmoSobis mixedviT, vazis, xexilovani da kenkrovani mcenareebis
miwisqveda, anu fesvTa sistema SeiZleba Semdegnairi iyos:
1. generatiuli, romelsac iviTareben Teslidan aRmocenebuli an
Teslnergebze damynil mcenareebi. xexilovani kulturebidan aseTi tipis
fesvTa sistema SeiZleba hqondes naTesarze damynil atams, qliavs, gargars,
vaSls, msxals, kakals, xurmas.
2. vegetatiuri, romelic axasiaTebs miwiszeda organos dafesvianebiT.
vegetatiuri fesvTa sistema SeiZleba hqondes vegetatiur saZireebze
damynil vazs, vaSls, msxals, bals, leRvs, broweuls, mocxars, xurtkmels.

20
 3. deda mcenaris fesvebidan warmoSobili fesvTa sistema aqvs fesvis
amonayridan miRebul mcenareebs: alublisa da qliavis zogierT jiSs,
Jolos, Txils.

vazis organografia
vazis mTavari organoebia: fesvi, Stambi, toti (rqa), romlebic qmnian
mcenaris ConCxs. foToli, yvavili, mtevani da a.S. warmoiqmneba
yovelwliurad. TiToeul am organos gaaCnia Tavisi funqcia da amitom
Sesabamisad aris agebuli da formirebuli.
fesvi. vazis fesvi mcenares amagrebs miwaSi, STanTqavs wyals, aseve
warmoadgens sakvebi da samarago nivTierebaTa sacavs. Cveulebrivi
vegetatiuri gamravlebis dros vazis mravalwlian nawilebzec warmoiqmneba
fesvebi. maT sahaero fesvebi ewodeba. naTesaris fesvisagan gansxvavebiT,
romlis fesvi warmoiqmneba Teslis Canasaxisagan, sahaero fesvebi
warmoadgenen damatebiT fesvebs. fesvebi, romlebic warmoiqmneba namyen
adgilze, unda Seecalos.
vazis Zlieri, grZeli fesvi, romelsac yavisferi aqvs, emsaxureba
wylisa da masSi gaxsnili nivTierebebis transportirebas. wvrili fesvebi
STanTqavs wyals da sakveb nivTierebebs. fesvis wveroebSi axalgazrda,
moTeTro fesvebi warmoadgens Semwov zonas, sadac xdeba wylisa da
nivTierebebis STanTqma. fesvTa sistemis zedapiris gazrdis mizniT,
STanmTqav zonaSi warmoiqmneba wvrili, nazi, Zafisebri fesvebi, romlebic
mWidrod ekvris niadagis uwvriles struqturul nawilebs da Seiwovs
wyalsa da sakveb nivTierebebs. SedarebiT Zveli, bususa fesvebi, zrdis
kvalobaze kvdebian da fesvis wverosken warmoiSoba axali bususebi,
romlebic agrZeleben siTxis Sewovas.
Stambi. miwis zemoT mravalwlian nawils vazis Stambi ewodeba.
formirebis mixedviT Stambi iqmneba grZeli an mokle. mxari warmoadgens
Stambis gagrZelebas. Stambi da mxrebi dafarulia qerqiT. Zveli merqani
aris sakveb nivTierebaTa sacavi. rqa, romelic viTardeba Zvel merqanze,
SeiZleba iyos orwliani da erTwliani. erTwliani rqis kvirtebidan
gazafxulze viTardeba msxmoiare sazafxulo ylortebi.
sazafxulo ylortebi anu mwvane ylorti viTardeba mozamTre
kvirtebisagan. masze warmoiqmneba foTlebi, mtevnebi, pwkali, kvirtebi da
namxrebi.
ylortis RerZi, anu rqa gayofilia muxlebiT. muxlebi es rqis
gamsxvilebuli adgilia, sadac foTlebia amozrdili. muxlebi
gamoyofilia qsovilis tixriT anu diafragmiT, rac amagrebs rqas. rqis
ufoTlo nawils hqvia muxlTaSorisi. foTlebi ganlagebulia or mwkrivad,
urTierTsawinaaRmdegod, marjvniv da marcxniv. ylortis sawyis me-4, me-5
muxlze viTardeba mxolod foTlebi, Semdeg muxlebSi ki foTlis
sawinaaRmdego mxares yvaviledi, Semdeg muxlebSi yvaviledebis nacvlad –
pwkalebi, dablidan maRla yovel or foTols, romlis mopirdapire mxares
yvaviledia an pwkali, yovelTvis mosdevs erTi foToli, pwkalis gareSe an
yvaviledis gareSe.
namxari. namxari warmoadgens Reros mokle an gverdiT ylortebs.
sazafxulo ylortebi Tavidan mwvane, balaxovani da rbilia. Semdgom
xevdeba da epidermisis nacvlad warmoiSoba yavisferi safevi qsovili.
erTdoulad xdeba samarago nivTierebebis dagroveba. ylortebi
momwifdebian da unari aqvT gadaitanon zamTari.

21
 momwifebul merqans axasiaTebs kargad Camoyalibebuli mozamTre
kvirtebi. am dros gulgulis diametri ylortis diametrTan
TanafardobaSia da rqaSi sakvebi nivTierebebis garkveuli maragia
Tavmoyrili.
kvirtebi. vazis kvirtebia: mozamTre kvirti anu ZiriTadi, romelic
mais-ivnisSi yalibdeba foTlis iRliaSi da mZinare kvirti, romelic
StambSi da sxva mravalwlovan nawilebSia Casaxuli da mxolod garkveul
pirobebSi xdeba misi gaRviZeba da ylortebis warmoqmna, romelTa didi
umetesoba umosavloa.
kvirtebi warmoadgenen axalgazrda ylortis Canasaxs. isini
mimagrebulia erTwliani rqis qsovilis muxlze, garedan daculia
tyavisebri qercliT da Signidan Sebusulia. kvirtSi Cveulebriv
moTavsebulia ylortis sami Canasaxi, romelTagan Suaze mdebare aris
mTavari Dda masSi SeiZleba gavarCioT momavali foTlebi, yvaviledebi da
pwkali. ori danarCeni kvirti, romelTac Semcvlel kvirtebsac uwodeben,
naklebnayofiani da Camouyalibebelia. isini ganviTarebas iwyeben ZiriTadi
kvirtis dazianebis SemTxvevaSi. amitom, Semcvleli kvirtebi xSirad
iRviZeben setyviT an wayinvebiT, mTavari kvirtis an ylortis dazianebis
dros. amis gamoyeneba ki SeiZleba dakarguli mosavlis sakompensaciod,
Tumca Semcvleli kvirtebidan miRebuli mosavali verc xarisxiT, verc
raodenobiT ver Seedreba ZiriTadi kvirtebidan miRebul mosavals.
momavali wlis mosavali rogorc wesi, Caisaxeba wina wels, amitom,
kvirtebSi mosavlis Casaxvis momentSi, venaxis sasuqiT da wyliT
uzrunvelyofa didad ganapirobebs mosavlis Casaxvis process. kvirtis
vargisianobis dasadgenad akeTeben mis sigrZiv ganaWers samarTebliT. Tu
kvirti saRia, misi ganaWeri iqneba mwvane, xolo yinvebis an wayinvebis
SemTxvevaSi, ganaWeri yavisferia, rac misi daRupvis maCvenebelia.
foToli. vazis foTolze ganasaxvaveben foTlis fuZes, yunws da
foTlis firfitas. foTlis fuZe moTavsebulia ylortis muxlze. yunwSi
mTavrdeba foTlis firfitis yunwis amonakveTi. iqve mTavrdeba foTlis
daZarRvis 5 mTavari ZarRvi. isini itotebian da qmnian wvrili ZarRvebis
qsels.
foTlis firfita xuTnakvTiania da mTlianad momrgvalo. zeda
foTolakebi ufro Sebusulia da Tavidan ufro gansxvavebuli Seferva aqvs,
vidre zrdasrul foTlebs. foTlebis amonaskvis formasTan erTad (Ria,
daxuruli, naxevrad Ria) Sebusva da foTlis dakbilva (kbilebi maxvili,
blagvi, msxvili an wvrili) warmoadgens jiSur Tvisebas da isini
gamoiyeneba ampelografiuli aRweris meTodebSi.
Semodgomaze wiTeli vazis jiSis foTlebi wiTldeba, xolo TeTrisa
- yviTldeba. erTdroulad rqaSi gadaadgildeba samarago sakvebi
nivTierebebi. bunebriv foTolcvenas win uswrebs foTlis yunwis fuZeze
safevi qsovilis warmoqmna.
yvaviledi da yvavili. vazis yvavilebi Sekrebilia yvaviledSi,
romelic botanikurad warmoadgens rTul mtevans. vazis yvavili SeiZleba
iyos orsqesiani, an funqcionalurad mdedrobiTi. orsqesiani yvavili
TviTon nayofierdeba, xolo calsqesiani mdedrobiTi yvavili moiTxovs
sxva jiSebisagan ganayofierebas mweris, qaris an sxva saSualebiT. veluri
formebi gayofilsqesiania.
nayofi. vazis nayofi warmoadgens marcvals. igi Sedgeba kanis,
rbilobisa da gulisagan, romelSic moTavsebulia Tesli. kani dafarulia

22
cvilisebri fifqiT. yvela jiSis vazis nayofi Tavidan mwvanea, Semdgom,
simwifis kvalobaze, isini rbildebian da TeTri nayofi iZens moyviTalo
fers, wiTlebi ki mowiTalo, wiTel ferebs. maTSi grovdeba Saqari da
sxvadasxva organuli da mineraluri nivTiereba, am periodSi klebulobs
mJavianoba. wiTeli pigmentebi umetes jiSebs kanSi aqvs moTavsebuli,
rbilobi ki maT ar Seicavs, Tumca aris iseTi jiSebic, romelTa kanic da
rbilobic didi raodenobiT Seicavs wiTel pigmentebs. aseTebia qarTuli
jiSi saferavi da franguli jiSi tenturie.
marcvalSi, rogorc wesi, 3-5 wipwaa moTavsebuli. maTi zomebi da
formebi sxvadasxvaa da jiSur Taviseburebas Seadgens. wipwaSi
moTavsebulia axali mcenaris Canasaxi, Tumca praqtikuli miznebisaTvis
vazs wipwiT ar amravleben, radganac yoveli wipwidan aRmocenebuli
mcenare calke individia da deda mcenaris yvela Tvisebas ar imeorebs.
amitom wipwebis Tesva da axali mcenareebis miReba mxolod samecniero
miznebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. axali, gamomSrali wipwebisagan iReben zeTs.
sakmaod aromatuli zeTis gamosavlianoba 15-20% Seadgens.
pwkali. pwkali aris ylortis metamorfozi, romelic xels uwyobs
vazs moeWidos sxvadasxva sayrden saSualebas (Wigos, sars, mavTuls, xis
tots.) pwkali zogjer itoteba 2, 3, 4 nawilad. myar nawilebTan Sexebis
dros isini ixrebian da exvevian mas. pwkali viTardeba im muxlebis zemoT,
romlidanac yvaviledi gamodis. ori muxlidan zedized viTardeba pwkali,
mesame muxli ki upwkloa.
pwkalis gansxvavebuli Tanmimdevroba axasiaTebs vazis amerikul
saxeobebs.

vazis fiziologiuri Taviseburebebi

zrda. vazis zrda garegnulad SesamCnevia biomasis matebiT. zrda
mimdinareobs ujredebis zrdisa da dayofis Sedegad. ujredis dayofa
iwyeba arapirdapiri dayofiT. maTi dayofis kanonzomierebas SeiZleba
daakvirdeT mikroskopis saSualebiT saTanadod damuSavebul preparatebze.
ujredis dayofis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yoveli Svilobili
birTvi Seicavs qromosomebis imave ricxvs, rac mSobel ujreds hqonda.
amave dros Tvisebrivi memkvidreobis matarebeli birTvebi igivea, rac
dedaujredis birTvi. zrdis procesebi regulirdeba Sinagani ZalebiT,
magram masze did gavlenas axdens temperatura, ganaTeba, wylis Semcveloba
niadagSi da haerSi, niadaguri sakvebi elementebis raodenoba da
urTierTSefardeba. yovelwliuri zrda iwyeba zamTris Sesvenebis
damTavrebis Semdeg, kvirtebis gaRviZebiTa da intensiuri zrdis dawyebiT.
zogjer zrdaze gavlenas axdens sxva organoebis mdgomareoba. zrdis
procesebze did gavlenas axdens fitohormonebi, rogoric aris auqsinebi,
giberelini da sxva.
nivTierebaTa cvla. am cnebis qveS igulisxmeba sakvebi elementebis
STanTqma da maTi gardaqmna sakuTari organizmisaTvis saWiro
nivTierebebad, amave dros xdeba zedmeti nivTierebebis gamoyofa garemoSi.
vazis organoebi saSualod 50%-mde wyals Seicavs. wyali aris rogorc
sakvebi nivTierebebis gamxsneli, aseve maTi gadamtani da mimwodebeli vazis
organoebisTvis. garda wylisa, vazis organoebi Seicaven mSral organul
da mineralur nivTierebebs. organuli nivTierebebia: naxSirwyalbadis
SenaerTebi, cilebi, cximebi, lipidebi, pigmentebi, mTrimlavi nivTierebebi,
organuli mJavebi da sxva mravali.

23
 mSrali nivTierebebis danacrebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba mravali
mqrolavi nivTiereba: naxSirorJangi, wyali, azoti; dauwvavi nivTierebebi ki
rCeba nacarSi. nacari Seadgens mcenaris wonis 10%-s. nacris ZiriTadi
elementebia: kalciumi, siliciumi, qlori, alumini, marganeci, spilenZi,
cinki da bori. zogierTi maTgani: alumini, natriumi, qlori warmoadgenen
sabalasto nivTierebebs da isini ar arian aucilebeli vazisaTvis. zogi
maTgani (bori), mcire raodenobiT aris nacarSi, magram aucilebelia
mcenarisaTvis, amitom, isini vazis nargaobas mikrosasuqebis saxiT eZleva.
CamoTvlil nivTierebaTa Soris, garda naxSirorJangisa da nawilobriv
Jangbadisa, yvela nivTiereba mcenareSi xvdeba fesvTa sistemis Semwovi
funqciis Sedegad. fesvis Semwov zonas (bususebi) aqvs SerCevis unari da ar
atarebs yvela nivTierebas, rac niadagis xsnarSia gaxsnili.
vazis organuli nivTierebebi Sedgeba ZiriTadad naxSirbadis
SenaerTebisgan, romlis umniSvnelovanesi jgufebia naxSirwyalbadebi da
cilebi. naxSirwyalbadebs, romlis molekulaSi mxolod naxSirbadi,
Jangbadi da wyalbadi Sedian, miekuTvneba Saqrebi, saxamebeli da
celuloza. naxSirbadi, romelic gamoiyeneba maTi SeqmnisaTvis, miiReba
naxSirmJava gazisgan. igi didi raodenobiT aris haerSi. process, romlis
Sedegad bunebaSi arsebuli naxSirmJava gazis gardaqmna xdeba reaqciis
pirvel produqtad, Saqrad, ewodeba fotosinTezi.
fotosinTezis dros naxSirorJangis gazi adsorbirdeba qlorofilis
molekulasTan da mzis sinaTlis energiis gamoyenebiT gardaiqmneba Saqrad
heqsozis saxiT (C6H12O6). amasTanave, rogorc wesi, gamoiyofa Jangbadi.
fotosinTezis process xels uwyobs wylis normaluri miwodeba,
temperatura da ganaTebuloba. niadagidan sakvebi elementebis sakmao
raodenobiT miwodeba aZlierebs asimilacias. erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtoria
mzis sinaTle. foTlebze mzis naTebis uzrunvelsayofad tardeba sxvla-
formirebis da mwvane operaciebis samuSaoebi. mevenaxeobis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi amocanaa dacul iqnas foTlebi, raTa isini ar daavaddes da ar
daziandes. foTolzea damokidebuli zrda, biomasis Seqmna, merqnis
momwifeba da simtkice, Semdgom ki nayofis formireba da damwifeba.

yurZnis produqtebis kvebiTi da samkurnalo dieturi mniSvneloba

mevenaxeobis produqtTa Soris sufris yurZeni erT-erTi yvelaze
masobrivi moxmarebis produqtia. ZvelTaganve cnobilia sufris yurZnis
kvebiTi da samkurnalo-dieturi Tvisebebi.
Seicavs qimiur SenaerTTa Semdeg jgufebs: naxSirwylebs, peqtinovan
nivTierebebs, glukozidebs, organul mJavebsa da maT marilebs, mineralur
nivTierebebs, uazoto nivTierebebs (mTrimlav, saRebav da aromatul
nivTierebebs, cximebs, cvils da sxv.), azotovan nivTierebebs (cilebi,
peptidebi, aminomJavebi, amidebi, organuli fuZeebi, amoniumis marilebi,
nitratebi), fermentebs da vitaminebs (A, C, P, B1, B2).
yurZeni Seicavs 16-32%-mde Saqrebs wvenSi. Saqris Semcvelobis
mixedviT erTi kg yurZeni organizms aZlevs 440-840 kalorias. yurZnis
Saqari – glukoza mTliani Saqris Semcvelobis 50%-s Seadgens, daaxloebiT
amave donezea fruqtoza.
martivi qimiuri Sedgenilobisa da advilad xsnadobis gamo glukozas
organizmi swrafad iTvisebs, xdeba misi gardaqmna ufro rTul naerTad -
glikogenad, romelic grovdeba RviZlsa da kunTebSi.

24
 yurZnis Cveulebrivi samkurnalo doza 2 kg-ia. 1,5 litri yurZnis wveni
20%-iani SaqrianobiT Seicavs 300 g Saqars, 10 g organul mJavebs, 8-12 g
organizmisaTvis asaTvisebel koloidebs (cilebs, aminomJavebs,
fosforSemcevl organul mJavebs da sxv.), rac daaxloebiT 1250 kaloria
energias iZleva. es aris mozrdili adamianis mier dRis ganmavlobaSi
moxmarebuli energiis mesamedi.
yurZeni da yurZnis wveni gamoirCeva organizmze Tavisi mravalmxrivi
zemoqmedebis unariT, ris gamoc is farTod gamoiyeneba rogorc
samkurnalo, ise sakveb produqtad. yurZnis Saqris dadebiTi gavlena
nervul sistemaze aixsneba am produqtis mier ZarRvebis gafarToebis
unariT. garda amisa, cnobilia yurZnis Saqris dadebiTi gavlena gulis
muSaobaze. yurZniT mkurnaloba aumjobesebs gulis kunTis muSaobas misi
kvebis gaumjobesebis gziT, awesrigebs sisxlis mimoqcevas da aumjobesebs
saWmlis momnelebeli traqtis moqmedebas.
sasicocxlod aucilebeli mniSvneloba aqvs organul mJavebs. maT
Soris mTavaria Rvinisa da vaSlis mJaveebi, romlebic aumjobeseben kuWis
mikrofloras, aregulireben kuW-nawlavis mJavianobas da diuretul
moqmedebas.
sainteresoa, rom organuli mJavebis marilebi, organizmSi wvis
Sedegad, warmoSoben karbonatebs. amis gamo yurZnis wveni, miuxedavad misi
mJave reaqciisa da mJave gemosi, fiziologiurad tute reaqciisa. erTi
litri yurZnis wveni zemoqmedebis ZaliT utoldeba 6 g sodas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom istoriuli tradiciiT, saqarTvelo
orientirebulia maRalxarisxovani sufris Rvinis warmoebaze, amave dros
igi flobs did agroekologiur resursebs sufris yurZnis warmoebis
gasafarToeblad. xarisxovani meRvineobis mravalsaukunovani tradicia ar
unda gaxdes Semaferxebeli faqtori sufris yurZnisa da yurZnis wvenis
warmoebisaTvis. amosavali wertili unda iyos bazris moTxovnileba da im
agroekologiuri resursebis racionaluri gamoyeneba, romelic
uzrunvelyofs warmoebis rentabelobas.
yurZnisgan damzadebuli Rvinis samkurnalo Tvisebebi da adamianis
janmrTelobaze dadebiTi gavlena uxsovari droidanaa cnobili. RviniT
adamianis daavadebebis mkurnalobas medicinis calke mimarTuleba -
enoTerapia Seiswavlis.
amerikelebisagan gansxvavebiT, frangebis mier Rvinis farTo
moxmareba, miuxedavad maTi gansakuTrebuli dietisa, ganapirobebs gulis
infarqtiT adamianTa nakleb sikvdilianobas.
metad sainteresoa sxvadasxva mecnierTa azri am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT: doqtori kurt elisoni (bostonis universitetis
epidemiologis kaTedris Tavmjdomare) _ `Tu Tqven sami boTlis nacvlad
miiRebT naxevar boTl Rvinos saWmelTan erTad ramdenime saaTis
ganmavlobaSi, SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom Tqven icavT Tqvens guls. 3-dan 5
Wiqamde Rvinis miReba yoveldRiurad, mniSvnelovnad amcirebs adamianTa
sikvdilianobas”. wiTeli Rvino Seicavs 500-mde samkurnalo nivTierebas.
amave dros, aRsaniSnavia arteriebis damcveli antioqsidantebi.
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva wiTeli RvinoebSi Semaval
flavinoidebs, romlebic maRali antioqsidanturi aqtivobiT gamoirCevian
da icaven lipoproteinebs daJangvisagan. es ukanaskneli ki warmoadgens
sisxlZarRvebis dazianebis da Trombis warmoqmnis ZiriTad mizezs.

25
 yurZnis Rvinis efeqti – Seamciros adamianebSi infarqtis riski da
Trombis warmoqmnisaken sisxlis midrekileba, mniSvnelovnad
ganpirobebulia stilbenuri tipis monomeruli nivTierebis rezveratrolis
biologiuri aqtivobiT, romelic zrdis fibrinolizs, rac Tavis mxriv
amcirebs Trombis sacobis warmoqmnis albaTobas da xels uwyobs am
sacobis gaxsnas koronalur arteriebSi. amasTanave, wiTeli Rvino amcirebs
stresis dros koronaluri arteriebis spazms da zrdis sisxlis miwodebas
am arteriebSi. zomierad gamoyenebisas wiTeli Rvino amcirebs sisxlis
wnevas da insulinis dones.
mkvlevarebi amtkiceben, rom rogorc wiTeli, aseve TeTri Rvino
aqtiurad anadgurebs baqteriebs, romlebic xSirad iwveven diaTezs da
sakvebiT gamowveul sxva daavadebebs. gamokvleul iqna wiTeli Rvinis
baqteriociduli moqmedeba. eqsperimentis mizans warmoadgenda aexsnaT
Rvinis, rogorc saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis momwesrigebeli saSualebis
legendaruli reputacia. mavne organizmebidan dakvirveba Catarda
salmonelas, Sigelas da nawlavis Cxiris (eSericia kolis) suspenziebze.
eqsperimentiT damtkicda, rom Rvinos gaaCnia mniSvnelovani da Zlieri
baqteriociduli Tvisebebi.
harvardis universitetis mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines, rom Rvinis
moxmareba 39%-iT amcirebs TirkmelSi kenWis warmoqmnis risks. is sxva
sasmelebTan SedarebiT, saukeTeso monacems warmoadgens. gamokvlevebiT
dadginda, rom mamakacebi, romlebic zomierad moixmaren Rvinos, gacilebiT
naklebad avaddebian diabetiT, vidre aramsmelebi. Rvino dadebiTad
moqmedebs adamianTa saxsrebis funqciaze. dakvirvebis Sedegad gamovlinda,
rom msmeli adamianis saxsrebi saukeTeso mineraluri gamtarobiT
xasiaTdeba, rac potenciurad amcirebs osteoqondrozis risks. italieli
mkvlevarebis mier dadginda, rom Rvinis zomieri moxmareba 20%-iT amcirebs
Sardis buStis daavadebebis risks.
Catarda mevenaxeobis produqtebiT (qiSmiSi, yurZnis wveni, mSrali
wiTeli Rvino) pacientebis mkurnaloba Cveulebriv, tradiciul sakurorto
procedurebTan erTad. aRmoCnda, rom yvela sakvlev jgufs gaumjobesda
fsiqikur-fizikuri mdgomareoba. saukeTeso fsiqikur-fizikuri mdgomareoba
miRweul iqna wiTeli Rvinoebis gamoyenebisas. asakis faqtors gavlena ar
mouxdenia aRniSnul efeqtze.
Crdilo kaliforniaSi Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad dadginda
wiTeli Rvinis upiratesoba gulis koronaluri daavadebebis riskis
Semcirebis mimarTulebiT orive sqesis warmomadgenlebSi.

zrda-ganviTarebisa da msxmoiarobis kanonzomierebebi

vazis ganviTarebis mTavari fazebi

mevenaxeobis ganviTarebis ZiriTad qveynebSi, e.i. zonaSi, sadac
gabatonebulia zomieri da Tbili klimati, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, vazis
ganviTarebis wliuri cikli or periodad iyofa: 1) savegetacio periodi da
2) mosvenebis periodi. tropikul qveynebSi ki, sadac mevenaxeobas ar
misdeven da yurZeni mxolod xilad gamoiyeneba, vazi remontatiuli
mcenarea da mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad izrdeba da msxmoiarobs.
saqarTvelos pirobebSi vegetaciis dasawyisi dgeba gazafxulze,
rodesac fesvTa sistema amoqmeddeba da kvirtebi gaiSleba da roca haeris
saSualo dReRamuri temperatura 100-s aRwevs; vegetacia mTavrdeba

26
Semodgomaze, rodesac saSualo dReRamuri temperatura 100-ze dabla iwevs.
maSin zemoqmedebis ZaliT ylortebi wyveten zrdas da iwyeba foTolcvena.
vazis savegetacio periodi Sedgeba Semdegi fazebisgan.
1. faza - wvenis moZraoba (vazis tirili) – iwyeba `vazis tiriliT”
kvirtis gaSlis dasawyisamde;
2. faza - kvirtebis gaSla da ylortebis zrda, iwyeba kvirtebis
gaSlidan da mTavrdeba yvavilobis dasawyisSi;
3. faza - yvaviloba, yvavilobis dawyebidan damTavrebamde;
4. faza - marcvlebis zrda;
5. faza - marcvlebis momwifeba – yurZnis SeTvalebidan maT srul
simwifemde;
6. faza - yurZnis sruli simwifidan foTolcvenamde.

wvenis moZraobis dasawyisi anu vazis tirili

faza iwyeba gamWvirvale siTxis Warbad gamoyofiT rqis gadanaWer
adgilze. vazis tirili aixsneba fesvTa sistemis Semwovi funqciis
amoqmedebiT. fesvuri wneviT siTxe gadadis WurWelboWkovan konebSi da
iRvreba sxvlis dros miyenebuli Wrilobis adgilze.
vazis tirilis dawyeba damokidebulia niadagis temperaturasa da
tenianobaze. vitis viniferas (v. vinifera) saxeobis jiSebs, maT Soris qarTul
jiSebs, tirilis faza ewyebaT, roca niadagis 40-60 sm siRrmeze
temperatura aRwevs 7-90–s. es faza, klimaturi pirobebidan gamomdinare,
iwyeba martis bolos da mTavrdeba aprilis Sua ricxvebSi. tirilis faza
SeiZleba gagrZeldes 9-50 dRemde. wvenis gamonadeni erT Zir vazze
saSualod Seadgens 1,5-3 litrs.
vazis wveni (cremli) warmoadgens TiTqmis sufTa wyals. erT litr
wvenSi aris mxolod 1-2 g mSrali nivTiereba, romelTa Soris aris
organuli naerTebi (Saqrebi, azoti) da mineraluri nivTierebebi (kaliumi,
kalciumi, fosforis mJava). wvenTa moZraoba wydeba kvirtis gaSlis Semdeg,
roca axalgazrda foTlebi daiwyeben wylis aorTqlebas. tenis simciris
gamo SeiZleba vazis tirili Semcirdes, an saerTod ar Catardes (gvalvis
pirobebSi).
kvirtis gaSla da ylortebis zrda
gazafxulis dasawyisSi, roca haeris sadReRamiso temperatura 100
miaRwevs, iwyeba wylisa da sakvebi nivTierebebis miwodeba zrdis
wertilebSi. zrdis wertilebi iwyeben aqtiur dayofas da amiT iwyeba
Semodgomaze Sewyvetili kvirtebis Camoyalibebis procesis ganaxleba -
Tavidan ibereba kvirtebi, Semdgom kvirtis safari qertli skdeba da
gamoCndeba ylortis wveri, Semdgom ki - mTliani ylorti Tavisi nawilebiT.
mravalgvar ekologiur pirobebSi kvirtebis gaSla sxvadasxva dros
xdeba. es procesi, garda klimaturi pirobebisa, damokidebulia jiSis
biologiur Taviseburebebze. saadreo simwifis periodis jiSebi kvirtis
gaSlas adre iwyeben.
umravlesi jiSis kvirti aprilSi iSleba, xolo dasavleT
saqarTvelos zRvispira zonaSi - martis bolosac mimdinareobs.
kvirtebis daberva da gaSla aris erT-erTi yvelaze kritikuli
periodi vazis ganviTarebaSi, radgan am periodSi mimdinareobs yvaviledis
diferenciacia, xdeba klertis nawilebis swrafi warmoSoba, ris gamoc
yvaviledebi izrdeba ufro Cqara, vidre ylortis wveri. arasakmarisi kvebis

27
dros yvaviledis Canasaxi nela diferencirdeba, warmoiSoba pwkaliani,
daumTavrebeli yvaviledi da zogjer sul iRupeba.
kvirtis gaSlidan yvavilobis dawyebamde periodSi mimdinareobs
ylortebis swrafi zrda, foTlis iRliaSi ki warmoiSoba namxris kvirtebi,
romlisganac warmoiqmneba namxari, aqtiuri zrdis periodSi ylorti
dReRameSi 10 sm-mde izrdeba.
ylortebi da fesvebi izrdebian StambSi Zvel fesvebSi arsebuli
samarago nivTierebebis xarjze, xolo foTlebis Camoyalibebis da mwvane
biomasis zrdis kvalobaze, zrda xdeba fotosinTezis Sedegad Seqmnili
nivTierebebis gamoyenebiT. foTlebSi mimdinareobs transpiraciis, sunTqvis
da asimilaciis procesebi. organuli nivTierebebis mTeli raodenoba,
romlebic iqmneba am periodSi, mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi ixarjeba axali
qsovilebis Sesaqmnelad, e. i. zrdaze.
ylortebi zrdis procesSi wvniania da Seicavs 70-80% wyals.
kvirtebis gaSla da ylortebis aqtiuri zrdis faza grZeldeba 25-55 dRe.
zRvis donidan simaRlis matebasTan erTad, e.i., rac ufro maRla
miviwevT mTebisken, es faza mokldeba.

yvaviloba
es faza iwyeba yvavilis CaCis moxsniT da CamocveniT. pirvelad
ayvavildeba saSualo mdebareobis yvaviledi da yvaviledis yunwTan
axlomdebare yvavilebi. erT rqaze arsebuli ori yvaviledidan qveda
muxlze arsebuli ufro adre yvavilobs.
yvavilobis faza grZeldeba 5-14 dRemde. TiToeul jiSs yvavilobis
periodi gansxvavebuli aqvs. yvavilobis periodis Tanxvedras
ganskuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, roca funqcionalurad mdedrobiTi
jiSebisaTvis (Tavkveri, asureTuli Savi) gamanayofierebeli jiSebis SerCeva
xdeba.
yvaviledis yvela naskvi rodi viTardeba. yvela jiSs gamonaskvis
Tavisi maCvenebeli aqvs. amis mixedviT mtevani SeiZleba iyos meCxeri, kumSi,
Zlier kumSi.
naskvebis maqsimaluri cvena iwyeba ganayofierebis me-9 dRes. dabal
temperaturaze, gril, xangrZliv wvimian amindSi SeiZleba Camocvivdes
mTliani naskvebi da mosavali ganadgurdes.
40-60% yvavilTcvena vazisaTvis iTvleba noramlur movlenad. vazis
yvaviloba saqarTvelos pirobebSi mimdinareobs 20-25 maisidan 10-12
ivnisamde.

marcvlis zrdis faza

naskvebis Camocvenis Semdeg darCenili marcvlebi iwyeben swraf
zrdas. isini iReben muq mwvane fers. maTSi mimdinareobs asimilaciis
procesi, Tumca am periodSi gamomuSavebuli organuli nivTierebebi
akmayofilebs maTze moTxovnis mxolod 1/5 nawils. danarCeni nivTierebebi
mtevanSi aRwevs klertis saSualebiT foTlebidan, mravalwliani
nawilebidan da fesvebidan. bageebi marcvlebis 4-7 mm-is miRwevisas
deformirdeba meWeWebad. am periodSi marcvlebis mier asimilatebis Seqmna
mcirdeba, ris gamoc mcirdeba masSi saxameblis da qlorofilis
Semcveloba. es aris marcvlebis zrdis pirveli periodi. Semdeg
marcvlebis zrda mcirdeba, meore periodSi ki kvlav izrdeba. marcvlebis
zrdis procesSi mcenareebi ganicdian Semdgom cvlilebebs: 1. mcirdeba

28
ylortebis dRiuri zrda; 2. ylortebi izrdeba siganeSi; 3. xdeba mozamTre
anu ZiriTadi kvirtebis Casaxva; 4. grZeldeba foTlebis zrda; 5. iwyeba
ylortebis momwifeba, e. i. saxameblis dagroveba, marcvlebis zrda iwyeba
ivnisSi da grZeldeba 1-2 Tve.

marcvlebis momwifeba
marcvlebis simwifis dasawyisi dakavSirebulia maTSi mimdinare
qimiur cvlilebebTan. garegnulad es SeimCneva imiT, rom marcvlebi xdeba
rbili da ufro Ria feris; TeTri jiSebis kani iRebs elastiurobas da
gamWvirvalobas. Sav jiSebSi ki SeTvalebisas iwyeba saRebavi nivTierebebis
dagroveba. simwifis kvalobaze Saqrianoba ujredis wvenSi Cqara matulobs.
amasTan erTad, dasawyisSi glukoza metia, vidre fruqtoza. sruli
simwifis dros maTi Sefardeba Tanabrdeba. saerTo simJave mkveTrad
mcirdeba. mcirdeba agreTve mTrimlavi nivTierebebis raodenoba. am
periodSi fotosinTezis produqtiuloba maqsimaluria. organuli
nivTierebebi gamoiyeneba ylortebis (rqebis) mosamwifeblad, fesvebSi da
StambSi maragis Sesaqmnelad, marcvalSi Saqrianobis gazrdisa da TeslSi
sakvebi nivTierebebis maragis Sesaqmnelad.
sruli simwifis, anu fiziologiuri simwifis dadgomis dros: 1)
marcvlebi xdeba Txeli, elastiuri da ifareba cvilis fifqiT, 2)
marcvlebSi grovdeba Saqrebis maqsimumi, 3) epidermisis ujredebi agroveben
saRebav nivTierebebs da iZenen jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Sefervas. 4)
wipwa (Tesli) mTlianad momwifebulia.
maTi garsi iRebs yavisfers. fiziologiuri simwifis Semdgom
marcvlebSi Saqrianobam SeiZleba kvlav moimatos, magram es xdeba ara
sinTezis safuZvelze, aramed wylis aorTqlebiT da marcvlebis zomis
SemcirebiT.
sruli simwife SeiZleba zustad dadgindes Saqar-mJavianobis
dagrovebis dinamikis SeswavliT. amasTan erTad, unda ganisazRvros
marcvlebis moculoba. garda sruli anu fiziologiuri simwifisa, vazs
axasiaTebs teqnikuri simwife, rac Rvinis tipis moTxovnilebebiT
ganisazRvreba. sasufre yurZnis teqnikuri simwife ganisazRvreba misi
samomxmareblo simwifiT, romelic dgeba maSin, roca yurZeni iRebs karg
gemur Tvisebebs.
sufris yurZeni transportirebisaTvis ikrifeba odnav daumwifebel
mdgomareobaSi. gadamwifebuli yurZeni transportirebisaTvis
gamousadegaria.
saqiSmiSe jiSebs krefen srul simwifeSi, an gadamwifebis stadiaSi,
roca igi Seicavs didi odenobiT Saqars.
meRvineobisaTvis yurZnis krefa xdeba teqnologiuri moTxovnebis
doneze, ama Tu im tipis Rvinis Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT. mSrali
RvinoebisTvis Saqrianoba unda iyos 18-20%, bunebrivad naxevradtkbili
RvinoebisTvis - 22-24%, cqriala RvinoebisTvis ki - 18-19%.

rqebis momwifeba, foTolcvena

sruli simwifis dadgomis Semdeg marcvlebTan sakvebi nivTierebebis
midineba wydeba. marcvlebi iwyeben gadamwifebas, e.i. Saqris koncentracia
matulobs aorTqlebis xarjze. mosavlis mokrefis Semdeg grZeldeba
asimilacia - plastikur nivTierebaTa gadadena zemo nawilebidan qvemoT.
organuli nivTierebebi grovdeba buCqis Zvel nawilebSi - ylortebsa da

29
gansakuTrebiT muxlebSi. ylortebis momwifeba iwyeba zrdis procesebis
mniSvnelovnad Semcirebis Semdeg.
imis Semdeg, rac qerqi gayavisferdeba, ylortis momwifeba
mimdinareobs nel-nela, 1-3 muxlTaSorisi 3-7 dReSi. ylortebis momwifebis
periodi ar emTxveva nayofis damwifebis periods. ekologiuri pirobebis
mixedviT, ylortebi momwifdeba an mTlianad an nawilobriv. zRvis donidan
simaRlis matebasTan erTad ylortebis simwifis xarisxi klebulobs da
yvelaze mcirea mevenaxeobis ganviTarebis zRvarze (1200 m z. d.).
Semodgomaze, acivebis dros, foTlebi wyveten fotosinTezs. yunwis
momagrebis adgilze warmoiqmneba sakorpe fena. qloroplastebis daSlis
kvalobaze ki foTlebi iReben saSemodgomo Sefervas da cvivian. amiT
Tavdeba vegetaciis bolo faza.

mosvenebis periodi
mosvenebis periodi aris ori _ fiziologiuri mosveneba da zamTris
mosveneba. zamTris mosvenebis periodi iwyeba foTolcvenis Semdeg da
Tavdeba gazafxulze, kvirtebis gamosvlis dros.
am periodSi vazs ara aqvs foToli da ar xdeba ylortis zrda.
xolo fiziologiuri (organuli) mosveneba ganisazRvreba mozamTre
kvirtebis mdgomareobiT. agvistos bolos, ylortis qveda kvirtebTan
dawyebuli da zemoT, TiTqmis erTdroulad, misi momwifebis mixedviT,
maRali temperaturis da Sesabamisi tenianobis miuxedavad, kvirtebi ar
gaiSleba da inarCunebs mosvenebis mdgomareobas. kvirtebis fiziologiur
mosvenebaSi Sesvla evoluciis Sedegad gamomuSavebuli Tvisebaa, romelic
ewinaaRmdegeba mozamTre kvirtebis gaSlas Semodgomaze, magram amave dros
grZeldeba fesvTa sistemis moqmedeba, radganac niadagis temperatura da
tenianoba xels uwyobs mis moqmedebas. mozamTre kvirtebi Cveulebriv
pirobebSi ar iRviZebs, magram Tu vazs Seecvala yvela foToli da zrdis
wertili, an mwvane dakalmebis meTodis gamoyenebis dros, mozamTre
kvirtebi SeiZleba gaRivdes da nazardi mogvces. Semdeg dgeba
fiziologiuri mosvenebis periodi, roca sxvlis Catarebac ki ver aiZulebs
mozamTre kvirtebs gaRivebas, sanam saTanado faza ar daiwyeba
(gazafxulamde).
yvelaze Rrma mosvenebis drosac ki mcenareSi mimdinareobs rTuli
fiziologiuri procesebi: sunTqva, transpiracia, qimiuri gardaqmnebi da
sxva.
fenologia
vazis kulturis ganviTarebis wliuri cikli ukavSirdeba garemo
pirobebs. amitom calkeuli fazebis dadgomis vadebi mniSvnlovnad meryeobs
wlebis mixedviT. gansxvavebulia es vadebi aramarto adgilmdebarobis,
aramed jiSebis mixedviTac. vazis kulturis mTian regionSi gaadgilebisas,
erTi da igive jiSebis vegetaciis periodi ramdenadme grZeldeba, rac
ganpirobebulia temperaturis SemcirebiT.
savegetacio periodi wvenis moZraobis dawyebidan foTolcvenis
damTavrebamde saqarTveloSi 200-240 dRes Seadgens da gansxvavebulia
rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi - maTi raionebis zRvis
donidan simaRleebis mixedviT.
savegetacio periodi iwyeba kvirtebis gaSliT da mTavrdeba yurZnis
sruli simwifiT. aqedan gamomdinare, metad saadreo simwifis periodis

30
jiSebis savegetacio periodi 95-120 dRea, xolo metad sagviano jiSebisa
(ojaleSi, Cxaveri) - 210-220 dRe.
jiSebis biologiuri Taviseburebebis dasadgenad aucilebelia Catardes
fenologiuri dakvirvebebi, e.i. aRiniSnos kvirtis gaSlis, yvavilobis,
SeTvalebis, sruli simwifis dadgomis fazebi. fenologiuri dakvirvebebi
unda Catardes yvela fermaSi. dakvirvebebis dros fenologiuri fazebis
dadgomasTan erTad, aRricxaven mosul naleqebs, saSualo dRiur
temperaturas, mavneblebisa da sokovan daavadebaTa gamoCenas da sxva.
SesaZlebelia, visargebloT axlomdebare meteosadguris monacemebiT.

fenologiuri fazebi

mozamTre kvirti Sebusuli kvirti

kvirtis daberva; mwvane foTlis gamoCena (kvirtis gaxsna)

nawilebis gamoCena

31
foTlebis gaSlis dasawyisi pirveli ori foToli

yvaviledis Canasaxis gamoCena; yvaviledis Canasaxi;

4-6 gaSlili foToli

yvavilis diferenciacia yvavilobis 25%

32
yvavilobis 50% yvavilobis 80%

gamoxorbvla mozardi marcvali

yurZnis SeTvaleba yureZnis SeTvaleba

33
yurZnis simwife

gamravlebis Taviseburebebi

mcenareTa gamravleba miznad isaxavs or ZiriTad amocanas - mcenareTa

raodenobis gazrdas da maTSi Zvirfasi niSan-Tvisebebis SenarCunebas.
arsebobs xexilisa da vazis gamravlebis ori gansxvavebuli wesi:
sqesobrivi da usqeso.
xexilisa da vazis gamravleba xdeba rogorc vegetatiurad, aseve
sqesobrivad. vegetatiuri gamravlebis erT-erTi wesi mynobaa. rac Seexeba
sqesobriv gamravlebas, igi gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad mecnieruli kvlevisa
da axali jiSebis seleqciis procesSi. xexilisa da vazis sqesobrivi
gamravlebis gziT, rogorc Sidasaxeobrivi, ise saxeobaTaSorisi Sejvarebis
gziT miRebulia uamravi axali jiSi.
aqve ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos mecnierebis mier bolo aTwleulebSi
SemuSavebuli qsovilis kulturiT (in vitro) gamravlebis meTodi, romelic
Zlier aCqarebs saseleqcio procesebs da xels uwyobs vazisa da xexilis
uswrafes gamravlebas.

mevenaxeobis ZiriTadi zonebi maTi daxasiaTeba

saqarTvelos ekologiuri pirobebi sxvadasxva kuTxis mixedviT,

metad mravalferovania. saqarTvelos regionebi da municipalitetebi
niadagobrivi, klimaturi da ekonomikuri pirobebis Sesabamisad dayofilia
mevenaxeobis Semdeg zonebad:

saqarTvelos mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis zonebi

mevenaxeobis mixedviT saqarTvelo dayofilia Semdeg ZiriTad
zonebad, qvezonebad da mikrozonebad:

34
 aRmosavleT saqarTvelo
I zona: kaxeTi
qvezonebi: Sida kaxeTi da gare kaxeTi
mikrozonebi: winandali, Teliani, nafareuli, vazisubani, mukuzani,
axaSeni, gurjaani, kardenaxi, tibaani, qinZmarauli, manavi, eniseli da gremi.
kaxeTi saqarTvelos meRvineoba-mevenaxeobis ZiriTadi zonaa, romelic
mdebareobs saqarTvelos Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, md. alaznisa da
ivris xeobebSi, didi kavkasionisa da gomboris qedis kalTebze. mas
esazRvreba: Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT – kavkasionis qedi, dasavleTidan –
qarTlis qedi, samxreTiT – garejis maRlobi da Siraqis zegani,
aRmosavleTiT – azerbaijani. kaxeTis administraciuli municipalitetebia:
axmeta, Telavi, yvareli, gurjaani, lagodexi, dedofliswyaro, siRnaRi da
sagarejo.
saukeTeso xarisxis Rvinoebis momcemi samrewvelo venaxebi kaxeTSi
ZiriTadad ganlagebulia zRvis donidan 500–700 m. simaRleze. erTeuli
venaxebi 800-900 metramde vrceldeba.
klimati
haeris saSualo wliuri temperatura 11,0-13,5 C –s farglebSi
cvalebadobs. aqtiur temperaturaTa jami (-10 C-ze zeviT) 3500-4250C –s
farglebSi meryeobs. absoluturi minimaluri temperatura (-13-15 C)
iSviaTad – 15-20 weliwadSi erTxel SeiZleba ganmeordes. mzis naTebis
xangrZlivoba weliwadSi saSualod 2000-2200 saaTs Seadgens. savegetacio
periodSi (aprilidan ianvramde) 1500-1600 saaTia.
atmosferuli naleqebis wliuri jami Sida kaxeTSi 550-800 mm
farglebSia. samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi 350-400 mm ar aRemateba, ris gamoc
xexilis morwyva aucilebelia. morwyva SesaZlebelia md. alaznisa da md.
ioris sarwyavi sistemiT.
niadagebi
xexilis baRebi da venaxebi ZiriTadad gaSenebulia: yavisfer, mdelos
yavisfer, rux yavisfer (wabla), neSompala-karbonatuli Savmiwa, mdelos
Savmiwisebr da aluviur niadagebze. aRniSnuli niadagebi xasiaTdebian

35
kargi fizikuri da Tburi TvisebebiT. karbonatebis Semcveloba am
niadagebSi 5-30% darglebSi cvalebadobs. niadagis zeda fenebSi humusi 2-
5% farglebSia.
sameurneo mimarTulebebi
kaxeTSi Tavmoyrilia saqarTvelos venaxebis 65-68%. warmoebuli
Rvinis 75-80% swored kaxeTze modis. am regionSi gavrcelebulia Semdegi
daraionebuli standartuli jiSebi: TeTryurZniani jiSebi: rqawiTeli,
rqawiTeli-kloni #48 qisi, mwvane kaxuri, mwvane kaxuri-kloni #12, xixvi,
muskaturi rqawiTeli, aligote, Cinuri; wiTelyurZniani jiSebi: saferavi,
saferavi budeSurisebri, saferavi-kloni #359, kaberne sovinioni, Tavkveri,
Savi pino; sufris yurZnis jiSebi: ganjuri, Tbilisuri, xalili, qarTuli
saadreo, aleqsandriuli muskati, muskaturi rqawiTeli
kaxeTis mevenaxeobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa maRalxarisxovani
wiTeli da TeTri, mSrali, bunebrivad motkbo da sadeserto Rvinoebis
warmoeba. zogierT mikrozonaSi saukeTeso Rvinomasala iwarmoeba cqriala
Rvinoebisa da Rvinis brendisaTvis.
kaxeTSi gamoyofilia 25-ze meti mikrozona, sadac tradiciulad
iwarmoeba warmoSobis adgilis dasaxelebis iseTi aRiarebuli Rvinoebi,
rogoricaa: winandali, nafareuli, Teliani, axaSeni, mukuzani, qinZmarauli,
gurjaani, kardanaxuli, tibaani, manavis mwvane, xaSmis saferavi da sxv.
evropuli tipis maRalxarisxovani, saukeTeso sagemovno Tvisebebis
TeTri Rvinoebi mzaddeba winandlis, nafareulis, gurjaanis, manavis
mikrozonebSi adgilobrivi unikaluri vazis jiSebisagan: rqawiTelis,
mwvane kaxuris, xixvis da maTi klonebis, agreTve qisisagan.
maRalxarisxovani mSrali wiTeli Rvinoebi miiReba aborigenuli
jiSis saferavis, misi klonebisa da variaciebisagan: saferavi
budeSuriseburis, mrgvalmarcvala saferavis, saferavi kloni 359-is da
franguli kaberne sovinionisagan, qinZmaraulis, Telianis, axaSenis,
mukuzanis, xaSmis mikrozonebSi da sxvagan.
kaxeTi gamoirCeva originaluri, mSrali da naxevradtkbili
RvinoebiT, romlebic miiReba ZiriTadad saferavisagan axaSenis,
qinZmaraulis, mukuznis raionebSi, rasac ganapirobebs aqauri niadagebi,
mikroklimati da jiSis (saferavis) mier Saqris dagrovebis maRali unari.
aRniSnul pirobebSi, saferavis da misi klonebis yurZenSi Saqrianoba 23-
25%-s aRemateba, ris Sedegadac, specialuri teqnologiebis meSveobiT mza
RvinoSi rCeba bunebrivi Saqari 2,5-5%-is odenobiT, 6-7% mJavianobiT, rac
Rvinos sixalises da maRal sagemovno Tvisebebs unarCunebs.
msoflioSi erTaderTia Rvinis dayenebis kaxuri teqnologia, romlis
arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs - rqawiTlis, mwvane kaxuris, xixvis kargad
momwifebuli yurZeni, romlis Saqrianoba aranakleb 20-22%-ia, daWyletis
Semdeg WaWasTan da sxva magar nawilebTan (klerta, wipwa) erTad Tavsdeba
qvevrSi, sadac mimdinareobs sruli daduReba. daduRebuli Rvino magar
nawilebTan erTad rCeba qvevrSi 3-4 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg igi moixsneba
leqisagan da gadaitaneba muxis kasrebSi, romlis Semdgomi damuSaveba
warmoebs saerTo teqnologiuri sqemiT.
kaxuri wesiT miRebuli Rvino gamoirCeva maRali eqstraqtulobiT,
taninis maRali SemcvelobiT, originaluri buketiT, jiSuri aromatiT,
gemoTi da rac mTavaria, mdidaria adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis
sasargeblo biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebiT. mecnieruli
gamokvlevebiT dadasturebulia (akad. s. durmiSiZe, m. burzeqsi da sxv.), rom

36
kaxuri teqnologiiT damzadebuli Rvinoebi gacilebiT didi raodenobiT
Seicaven im polifenolebs, romlebic gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemis muSaobis
mowesrigebas uwyobs xels.

II zona: qarTli
qvezonebi: qvemo qarTli, Sida qarTli da mesxeTi
aRniSnuli zona mdebareobs qveynis centralur nawilSi, md. mtkvrisa
da misi Senakadebis (liaxvis, qsnis) vrcel auzSi. venaxebi ganlagebulia
zRvis donidan 450-700 m. simaRleze.
klimati
zafxuli mSrali da cxeli haviT xasiaTdeba. zamTari sakmaod civi,
kontinenturia. aqtiur temperturaTa jami 30300C (mesxeTi)–3700 C (Sida
qarTli) cvalebadobs, qvemo qarTlSi ki 41000C-s aRemateba. wliuri
saSualo temperatura Sida qarTlSi 9,6-11,40C sazRvrebSia. qvemo qarTlSi
10,3-12,9C-s farglebSi icvleba. zamTarSi haeris temperaturis absoluturi
minimumebi saSualod 17-190C-de ecema, magram mcire xangrZlivobis gamo,
vazis Zlier dazianebas iSviaTad iwvevs.
zamTris yinvebi vazisaTvis ufro saSiSia mesxeTSi. aq haeris
temperaturis absoluturi minimumebi 18-120C-s aRwevs. amitom aq
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba savenaxe adgilebisa da jiSebis
agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebis SerCevas.
atmosferuli naleqebis wliuri jami qvemo da Sida qarTlSi 370-700
mm-s Seadgens, savegetacio periodSi 300-500 mm-ze meti ar modis, rac
venaxebis morwyvis aucileblobas iwvevs. morwyva xorcieldeba tirifonis,
qsnis, aragvis sarwyavi arxebiT.
niadagebi
venaxebis umetesi nawili gaSenebulia: mdelos yavisfer, mdelos
aluviur, rux-yavisfer (wabla), neSompala-karbonatul niadagebze.
aRniSnuli niadagebis agrosawarmoo Tvisebebi damakmayofilebelia vazis
kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis. kalciumis karbonatebis Semcveloba mdelos
aluviur niadagebSi 25-30%-is farglebSia, xolo neSompala-karbonatul
niadagebSi 60%-s aRwevs. humusis Semcveloba 1,5-7.0%-de cvalebadobs.
sameurneo mimarTulebebi
warmoebuli mravalferovani Rvinoebis Taviseburebebis mixedviT,
qarTli ganekuTvneba klasikuri evropuli tipis xarisxovani sufris
Rvinoebisa da maRalxarisxovani cqriala (Sampanuris klasis) Rvinoebis
zonas. uZvelesi droidan aris cnobili Sua qarTlSi - atenis xeobaSi
tradiciuli teqnologiiT, adgilobrivi aborigenuli vazis jiSebiT
(goruli mwvane, Cinuri, budeSuri, Tavkveri) originaluri cqriala Rvinis
damzadeba “atenuris" saxelwodebiT.
zemo qarTlis, mesxeTis teritoriaze mevenaxeoba–meRvineobas dRes
ara aqvs samrewvelo xasiaTi, magram saocrad mdidaria dargis istoria am
uZveles qarTul miwaze. aq ganumeorebeli Rvinomasala miiReba cqriala
RvinoebisTvis: qarTuli – goruli mwvane, Cinuri; da franguli jiSebisagan
– pino, aligote. SesaniSnavi maRalxarisxovani sufris jiSuri Rvino
miiReba kaxuri jiSis – xixvisagan.
Sida qarTlSi, md. qsnis xeobaSi, muxranis velis samxreT ferdobebze,
agreTve axalgoris da cxinvalis mikroraionebi unikaluria
maRalxarisxovani evropuli tipis sufrisa da cqriala Rvinoebis
warmoebisaTvis, romlebic miiReba adgilobrivi goruli mwvanis, Cinuris,

37
Savkapitos, Tavkveris da franguli warmoSobis jiSebis: pino Savisa da
aligotesgan.
saguramo-biwmendis mikrozonas akad. s. ColoyaSvilma `patara kaxeTi"
uwoda, rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom aq adgilobrivi jiSebis, agreTve kaxuri
saferavisa da rqawiTelisagan umaRlesi xarisxis harmoniuli wiTeli,
vardisferi da TeTri Rvinoebi miiReba. qarTlSi miiReba agreTve
maRalxarisxovani, bunebrivad vardisferi Rvinoebi Semdegi jiSebisagan:
Tavkveri da Savkapito. qvemo qarTli saukeTeso zonaa sasufre yurZnisa da
qiSmiSebis warmoebisaTvis.

dasavleT saqarTvelo

III zona: imereTi

qvezonebi: zemo imereTi, Sua imereTi da qvemo imereTi
mikrozonebi: varcixe

imereTi mdebareobs dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleT nawilSi,

mdinareebis rionis, yvirilas da maTi Senakadebis auzsa da xeobebSi, zRvis
donidan 50–500 metramde.
imereTi qarTuli xarisxovani mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis erT-erTi
msxvili regionia, romelic gamoirCeva meRvineobis sanedleulo resursebis
mravalferovnebiT. calkeul mikrozonebSi, gansakuTrebiT Sua da zemo
imereTSi, aborigenuli uZvelesi jiSebi: colikouri, cicqa, kraxuna,
ocxanuri safere, ZelSavi, kabistoni TeTri da wiTeli iZlevian umaRlesi
xarisxis evropul da originaluri imeruli tipis maRali sagemovno
Tvisebebis mqone mSral TeTr, vardisfer da wiTel Rvinoebs. amave zonaSi,
adgilobrivi jiSis cicqas, franguli warmoSobis pino Savisa da
Sardonesgan miiReba maRalxarisxovani cqriala da SuSxuna Rvinoebi.
klimati
hava xasiaTdeba sakmaod notio, zomierad civi, Tovliani zamTriTa
da mSrali, zogjer gvalviani, cxeli zafxuliT. aqtiuri siTbos jami 32000
– 41000C sazRvrebSia. haeris saSualo wliuri temperatura 13,90 – 14,60C
farglebSi meryeobs. minimaluri temperatura zemo imereTSi (saCxeris
qvaburi) iSviaTad 180C-mde ecema, rac iwvevs vazis kvirtebis nawilobriv
dazianebas. mzis naTebis xangrZlivoba (Sua imereTSi) wliurad 1200–2100 sT-
s Seadgens, savegetacio periodSi 1450–1550 sT-is sazRvrebSia. naleqebis
wliuri jami 1200–1500 mm-s, xolo savegetacio periodSi 550–750 mm-s
Seadgens.
niadagi
imereTis zonaSi sakmaod farTo teritoriaze gavrcelebulia
neSompala–karbonatuli, yomrali, yviTelmiwa da eweri niadagebi. gvxvdeba
agreTve mdelos aluviuri niadagebi.
sameurneo mimarTulebebi
imereTis mevenaxeoba–meRvineoba xasiaTdeba vazis aborigenuli
jiSebisa da warmoebuli Rvinoebis mravalferovnebiT. calkeul
mikrozonebSi aborigenuli uZvelesi jiSebi: colikouri, cicqa, kraxuna,
ocxanuri safere, ZelSavi, kapistoni TeTri da wiTeli, aladasturi da sxv.
iZlevian umaRlesi xarisxis originalur TeTr, vardisfer da wiTel
Rvinoebs. Sua da zemo imereTSi adgilobrivi jiSis cicqasa, franguli

38
warmoSobis pino Savisa da Sardonesagan miiReba maRalxarisxovani cqriala
(Sampanuris klasis) Rvinoebi.
didi SesaZleblobebia warmoSobis adgilis dasaxelebis
maRalxarisxovani Rvinoebis warmoebisaTvis, mag: sviris, obCis, dimis,
vaWevis, ilemis, savanes (saCxereSi) mikrozonebSi (colikourisa da
cicqasagan), argveTis mikrozonaSi (ocxanuri saferisagan) da sxv.
imereTSi mravalsaukunovani xalxuri tradiciebis safuZvelze
SemuSavebulia imeruli Rvinis dayenebis originaluri teqnologia, romlis
Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs rom, yurZnis tkbilis daduReba
mimdinareobs miwaSi Camarxul WurSi (qvevrSi), romelsac emateba mxolod
WaWa (kaxuri teqnologiisagan gansxvavebiT, klertis gareSe), romelic
maduRari masis 4-6%-s Seadgens da romlis imave WurWelSi davargeba 1,5 – 2
Tve grZeldeba. Rvino Semdeg gadaaqvT kasrebSi da misi movla–damuSaveba
grZeldeba standartuli teqnologiiT.
am wesiT damzadebul RvinoSi ufro sagrZnobia jiSobrivi dadebiTi
Tvisebebi – ufro eqstraqtulia, moyviTalo Calis elferiT, sxeuliania,
amave dros msubuqi, harmoniuli, gemo sasiamovnoa. igi SeiZleba gavrceldes
amave geografiuli dasaxelebiT, `imeruli Rvino", ise rogorc “kaxuri
Rvino".

IV zona: raWa-leCxumi
qvezonebi: qvemo raWa, leCxumi
mikrozonebi: xvanWkara, tviSi
raWa-leCxumis zona mdebareobs imereTis CrdiloeTiT, mdinareebis
rionisa da cxeniswylis orive sanapiroze. teritoria warmoadgens erTgvar
qvabuls, romelic yoveli mxridan Semofarglulia da daculia kldovani
qedebiT, romlebic qmnian gansakuTrebul siTbur reJims – mikroklimats,
romelic ganmsazRvrelia aqauri Rvinoebis originaluri Tvisebebis da
Rirsebebisa. venaxebi gaSenebulia zRvis donidan 600–800 metrze.
klimati
venaxebis gavrcelebis ZiriTad zonaSi (zRvis donidan 800m-de) aqtiur
temperaturaTa jami 30000-36500C-s farglebSia. haeris saSualo wliuri
temperatura 9,5–11,40C farglebSi cvalebadobs. mdinare rionis sanapiro
zolSi haeris minimaluri temperatura 16-170C-s aRwevs (drois mcire
xangrZlivobisTvis). amrigad, dabal adgilebSi uSualod mdinaris piras
venaxebis gaSeneba ar aris rekomendebuli. atmosferuli naleqebis wliuri
jami 950–1250 mm-s Seadgens, saidanac savegetacio periodze 600–700 mm modis.
niadagi
didi gavrceleba aqvs neSompala-karbonatul niadagebs. isini
umetesad ganviTarebuli arian kirqvebze, gergelebsa da karbonatul
qviSaqvebze. niadagi SedarebiT mcire sisqisaa, humusis didi SemcvelobiT
(gergelebze humusis Semcveloba 4%-de aRwevs). swored am niadagebzea
ganlagebuli unikaluri mikrozonebi aborigenuli jiSebiT: xvanWkara,
sadmeli, tolia, orbeli da sxv.
sameurneo mimarTulebebi
kldovani qedebiT Semofargluli, mziT uxvad ganaTebuli, samxreTis
eqspoziciaze ganlagebuli, ConCxian-xirxitian niadagebze gaSenebuli
aqauri adgilobrivi vazis jiSebi, romlebic Saqris dagrovebis maRali (28-
30%-de) unariT xasiaTdeba, ganapirobeben im faqtorebs, ris Sedegadac

39
miiReba originaluri, maRalxarisxovani wiTeli da TeTri, bunebrivad
naxevradtkbili da mSrali Rvinoebi.
saqveynod aris aRiarebuli warmoSobis adgilis dasaxelebis
naxevradtkbili Rvino `xvanWkara", amave saxelwodebis xvanWkara–sadmelis
mikrozonidan, jiSebis – aleqsandroulisa da mujureTulisagan.
`xvanWkara", anu istoriulad cnobili “yifianis Rvino" miRebulia
adgilobrivi teqnologiiT: yurZnis tkbilis daduReba mimdinareobs qvevrSi
WaWasTan erTad, romelsac xelovnurad wyveten temperaturis dawevis
xarjze. maRalSaqriani (23%-ze meti) yurZnis tkbilis nawilobriv
daduRebis Semdeg RvinoSi rCeba 3-5% bunebrivi Saqari, rac Rvinos
unarCunebs sasiamovno sitkbosa da jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
maRalsagemovno originalur Tvisebebs.
tviSis mikroraionSi, imeruli jiSis colikourisagan miiReba
bunebrivad naxevradtkbili TeTri Rvino, amave adgilis `tviSis"
saxelwodebiT.
leCxumSi, zubi–oyureSis mikrozonaSi adgilobivi jiSis -
usaxelourisagan mzaddeba bunebrivad naxevradtkbili, wiTeli Rvino
`usaxelouri", xolo orbelis mikrozonaSi, orbeluri ojaleSisgan miiReba
bunebrivad naxevradtkbili wiTeli Rvino `orbeluri ojaleSi".

V zona: Savi zRvis sanapiro zona

qvezonebi: guria, aWara, samegrelo, afxazeTi
mevenaxeoba–meRvineobis es zona moqceulia uSualod Savi zRvis axlo
sanapiro zolSi. venaxebi (afxazeTi) uSualod zRvis donidan an 2–4
metridan iwyeba da 500 m-is simaRlemde vrceldeba (zemo aWara).
klimati
hava subtropikuli, teniani, adgilebSi Warbtenianic, romelic
xasiaTdeba xangrZlivi savegetacio periodiT (noembris bolomde). aqtiur
temperaturaTa jami 3800 – 4200C-s aRwevs. haeris saSualo wliuri
temperatura 12 – 14 C Seadgens. naleqebi uxvad modis, baTumis zonaSi
2500mm-sac aRwevs, magram xexilis ZiriTadi gavrcelebis adgilebSi
wliuri maCvenebeli 1500 – 1800 mm-s farglebSia, xolo savegetacio
periodSi 800 – 900 mm-s Seadgens.
niadagebi
dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva regionebis msgsavsad Savi zRvispireTSic
gavrcelebulia neSompala-karbonatuli, yomrali, yviTelmiwa, wiTelmiwa da
eweri niadagebi. gvxvdeba agreTve mdelos aluviuri da aliviuri niadagebi,
xolo ferdobebze – nawilobrivad erozirebuli, xirxatiani niadagebi,
sameurneo mimarTulebebi
Warbi tenianobis miuxedavad, calkeul adgilebSi adgilobrivi
jiSebisagan miiReba maRalxarisxovani mSrali, motkbo da cqriala
Rvinoebi. guriis (baxvi–askana), aWaris (qedi), afxazeTis (gudauTa)
mikrozonebSi guruli aborigenuli jiSis – Cxaverisagan miiReba unikaluri
sagemovno Tvisebebis jiSuri dasaxelebis cqriala da bunebrivad
naxevradtkbili Rvino `Cxaveri".
samegreloSi, salxino–Tamakonis da banZis mikrozonebSi aborigenuli
wiTelyurZniani vazis jiSis – ojaleSisgan mzaddeba intensiurad
Seferili, bunebrivad naxevradtkbili da mSrali jiSuri dasaxelebis
Rvino `ojaleSi". cnobilia, rom samegrelos mTavris siZes, frang a.miurats
salxinoSi damzadebuli `ojaleSi" gaugzavnia saerTaSoriso degustacia–

40
konkursze safrangeTSi, sadac igi umaRlesi jildoTi – `granpriT"
daujildovebiaT. afxazeTSi, adgilobrivi jiSebis – avasirxvas da
kaWiWisagan, da guriidan Setanili Cxaverisagan miiReba bunebrivad
naxevradtbili Rvinoebi, romelTac mopovebuli aqvT saerTaSoriso
aRiareba.

Psaprezentacio Temebi:

1. saqarTvelo vazisa da Rvinis samSoblo

2. vazis miwiszeda da miwisqveda nawilebi da maTi funqciebi
3. vazis ganviTarebis fazebi

Tavi 2. vazis sargavi masalis warmoeba

amerikuli saZire vazis jiSebi ama Tu im zonisaTvis da maTi

agrobiologiuri maCveneblebi

saqarTveloSi sawarmoo venaxebi Sendeba mxolod namyeni nergiT, rac

ganpirobebulia vazis mavneblis - filoqseras parazituli moqmedebiT
qarTuli vazis jiSebis (da ara marto qarTuli) fesvTa sistemaze. am
mavneblis uaryofiTi moqmedebis gasaneitraleblad, 1890-iani wlebidan
saqarTveloSi mimarTaven sawarmoo vazis jiSebis damynobas amerikuli
saZire vazis jiSebze, rac uzrunvelyofs sanamyeno vazis normalur zrda-
ganviTarebas. TviT amerikuli saZireebi Zlier gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan,
rogorc filoqseragamZleobiT, ise niadagur pirobebTan adaptaciiT
(Seguebis) da sanamyenosTan Sexorcebis (SeTavsebadobis) anu afinitetis
unariT. amitom dauSvebelia im saZireebis gamoyeneba, romlebic winaswar
gamocdili da daraionebuli ar aris saqarTvelosa da mis calkeul
regionebSi. vazis saZireebis SerCevis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani moTxovnaa
maTi gamZleoba niadagSi aqtiuri kiris Semcvelobis mimarT. saZire riparia
X rupestris 101-14 unda gamoviyenoT iseT niadagebSi, sadac moZravi
karbonatebi 9%-s ar aRemateba, berlandieri X riparia CO4 17% -
karbonatobis pirobebSi gamoiyeneba, xolo berlandieri X riparia koberi
5bb – 20%-ze. Sasla X berlandieri 41б ki gamoiyeneba 40% karbonatobis
dros.
saqarTvelos pirobebisaTvis amJamad daraionebulia Semdegi saZire
hibridebi:
1. berlandieri X riparia koberi 5bb – gamoyvanilia ungreTSi koberis mier.
xasiaTdeba Zlieri zrdiT, lerwis myari, uxvi gamosavlianobiT da fesvis
filoqseris mimarT praqtikuli gamZleobiT. kargad itans niadagSi 20%-
mde aqtiuri kiris Semcvelobas. gamoiyeneba rogorc dasavleT, ise
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, vazis qlorozis sustad ganviTarebis
pirobebSi.

41
2. berlandieri X riparia 420a. gamoyvanilia safrangeTSi. filoqseras
mimarT praqtikulad gamZlea. gvalvisamtania, egueba niadagSi 20%-mde
aqtiuri kiris Semcvelobas. axasiaTebs lerwis didi gamosavlianoba,
rogorc qlorozgamZle saZire, misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos raionebSi. axali monacemebiT misi gamoyeneba dasavleT
saqarTveloSic SeiZleba.
3. Sasla X berlandieri 41б. gamoyvanilia safrangeTSi. kargad itans kiris
did raodenobas (40%), axasiaTebs kargi adaptacia, afinitetis unari.
gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos raionebSi, vazis
qlorozis gavrcelebis zonebSi.
4. riparia X rupestris 3309. gamoyvanilia safrangeTSi. farTod aris
gavrcelebuli saqarTveloSi, somxeTSi, ukrainasa da moldaveTSi, gamZlea
fesvisa da foTlis filoqserisadmi, gvalvagamZlea, qvian da mJave
niadagebze kargad viTardeba, uZlebs mxolod 11%-mde aqtiur karbonatebs.
es saZire ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba dasavleT saqarTvelos raionebSi -
xirxatian mSral, fxvier da Rrma niadagebze. misi gamoyeneba SeiZleba
agreTve kaxeTSi, md. alaznis marcxena mxris dablob da vake,
arakarbonatuli niadagebisaTvis.
5. riparia X rupestris 10114. gamoyvanilia safrangeTSi, praqtikulad
gamZlea fesvis filoqseras mimarT. uaryofiTi mxarea qvian gvalvian
adgilebSi susti zrda-ganviTareba, qlorozisadmi susti gamZleoba. es
saZire SesaZlebelia gamoviyvanoT dasavleT saqarTvelos raionebSi
aluviur, neSompala-karbonatul, yomral da wiTelmiwa niadagebze.
6. riparia X rupestris 3306. gamoyvanilia safrangeTSi kuderkis mier.
niadagis aqtiuri kirisadmi gamZleoba udris 11%-s. gvalvian, mSral
adgilebSi kargad viTardeba. axasiaTebs kargi afiniteti, gamoiyeneba
dasavleT saqarTvelos raionebSi.
7. rupestris dulo – miRebulia rupestris dulos Teslnergidan klonuri
gamorCevis gziT. misi gamoyeneba SeiZleba dasavleT saqarTvelos
raionebSi, sadac aqtiuri kiris Semcveloba ar aRemateba 14%-s.
8. berlandieri X riparia CO4. gamoyvanilia klonuri seleqciis gziT
germaniaSi, es saZire xasiaTdeba maRali filoqseragamZleobiT. kargad
viTardeba 17%-mde aqtiuri karbonatebis Semcvel niadagebze. misi
gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia dasavleT saqarTvelos raionebSi.
9. berlandieri X riparia kreCuneli – 2. es saZire gamoyvanilia rumineTSi,
kreCunelis sacdel sadgurSi, 5bb-dan klonuri seleqciis gziT.
filoqserisadmi pratikulad gamZlea, itans 20%-mde aqtiur karbonatobas.
es saZire perspeqtiulia, rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT
saqarTvelosTvis.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos yavisfer niadagebze da maT Soris iseTi
maRalxarisxovani Rvinis produqtis momcem mikrozonebSi, rogoric aris -
winandali, gurjaani, tibaani, mukuzani, Teliani, manavi, axaSeni da sxva,
rekomendebulia karbonatebis amtani saZireebi, rogoric aris berlandieri
X riparia 420a, Sasla X berlandieri 41б da berlandieri X riparia 5bb.
neSompala-karbonatul niadagebze, romlebic ZiriTadad dasavleT
saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli (aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mcire
raodenobiT gvxvdeba), iyeneben berlandieri X riparias saZireebs. im
regionebSi, sadac gavrcelebulia ruxi-yavisferi (bolnisis, marneulis,
gardabnis, sagarejos, siRnaRis, dedofliswyaros da axalcixis raionebSi)
da mdelos yavisferi niadagebi (axmetis, Telavis, gurjaanis raionebSi, md.

42
alaznis marjvena mxares, marneulis vakeze, skra-qarelisa da does-
grakalis midamoebSi), vazis saZireebad rekomendebulia berlandieris
hibridebi.
Savmiwa da Savmiwisebur niadagebSi, romlebic gavrcelebulia
kaxeTSi, qarTlSi, mcxeTaSi) unda gamoviyenoT berlandieri X riparia 420a,
Sasla X berlandieri 41б da berlandieri X riparia 5bb, rogorc SedarebiT
qlorozgamZle saZireebi.
tyis yomral niadagebze gamoiyeneba yvela standartuli saZire.
aluviur ConCxian niadagebze gaSenebuli venaxebidan miiReba saqveynod
cnobili qinZmaraulisa da nafareulis Rvinoebi.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aluviur-karbonatuli, susti tute reaqciis
mqone niadagebze unda gamoviyenoT berlandieris hibridebi, xolo aluviur,
ukarbonato niadagebze ki - yvela standartuli saZire.

sanamyene vazis sakvirte masalis warmoeba, misi damzadeba da Senaxvis

wesebi da vadebi

vazis nergis mwarmoebels, romlis sanergis farTobi 1-2 heqtars ar

aRemateba, SeiZleba ar hqondes vazis saZireTa sadede, magram SeZenis dros
unda gaiTvaliswinos is garemoeba, rom mis mier warmoebuli nergi, romeli
zonis mewarmisaTvis aris gansazRvruli da romel saZireze amynobs.
meurneobis Sida moxmarebis mizniT warmoebuli nergi am regionisaTvis
kanoniT gansazRvruli saZirisa da sanamyenis jiSebisagan unda iyos
Sedgenili. sxva regionis momxmareblisTvis gankuTvnili nergi ki im
regionis moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes, sadac misi realizacia moxdeba.
nergis mwarmoebel msxvil sawarmos ki aucileblad unda hqondes saZireTa
da sanamyeneTa sadede. saZireebis gasaSeneblad nakveTis SerCeva, misi
gawmenda, mosworeba, damuSaveba, dagegmva da gaSeneba, pirvel or wels
movla, igive wesiT xdeba, rogorc Cveulebrivi venaxis gaSeneba da movla.
gansxvaveba mxolod imaSia, rom saZireTa sadedis gaSeneba xdeba erTwliani,
dafesvianebuli rqiT.
saZireTa sadedis formireba. formireba, datvirTvis zusti
gansazRvra da sxvlis sistema uSualod ganapirobebs sadedeebidan rqebis
mosavals.
saqarTveloSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli sayrdeni saSualeba saZireTa
sadedeSi aris vertikaluri Spaleri. vertikaluri, mavTuliani Spaleri
keTdeba 2 m simaRlis, 4 wveri horizontalurad gaWimuli mavTuliT.
mavTulebi erTmaneTisgan dacilebulia 50 sm-iT. ylortebi Spalers ekvris
daxrilad - 3-4 erTad. aseTi Spaleruli forma aadvilebs mwvane
operaciebis warmoebas da rqis damzadebas.
saZire rqebis damzadebisa da Senaxvis vadebi. saqarTveloSi saZire
rqebis damzadebis vadebia: noemberi, dekemberi, ianvari da Tebervali.
unda damzaddes mxolod jansaRi, kargad momwifebuli rqebi, romlis
diametria 7.0-13.0 mm, xolo dafesvianebisaTvis saZireTa sadedis nergis
sawarmoeblad amzadeben 5,0-6,5 mm rqebs. 5 mm-ze naklebi diametris rqebi ar
mzaddeba, damzadebuli rqebi aikoneba - mokle rqebi erT konaSi 100 calis
raodenobiT, xolo grZeli rqebi 200 c erT konaSi, rqis sigrZe - 4 an 2 m.
imave dRes rqebi unda Caiwyos Sesanaxad. ar unda moxdes misi gamoSroba,

43
radgan es uaryofiTad moqmedebs namyenis gaxarebaze. wylis Semcveloba
Senaxvis win unda iyos aranakleb 46%.
saZire rqebis Senaxva ukeTesia macivris kamerebSi 00C-dan 2-30C-ze.
SefardebiTi tenianoba am dros unda iyos 80-85%. roca macivrebi ar aris,
maSin saZiris Senaxva SeiZleba sardafSi, specialur sacavSi, arxSi.
sardafSi Senaxva. sardafSi saZiris konebi ewyoba mWidrod, erTi
meoreze, Stabelebad, xolo zemodan da gverdebze eyreba naxerxis fena 15-
20 sm sisqis, Stabels exureba sinTetikuri afski.
rqebis arxebSi Senaxva. arxs aqvs siRrme - 1 metri, sigane - 1,5-20 m,
sigrZe ki - moTxovnilebis mixedviT. arxis Zirze yrian 15 sm-is sisqis
naxerxis fenas. Semdeg masze mWidrod ewyoba konebi da ixureba sinTezuri
afskiT. afskis zemoT eyreba naxerxi an notio qviSa. arxis gaswvriv, 2-3
metrSi toveben sahaeros.
rqebis Senaxva fardulSi. aSeneben farduls, sadac saZireTa konebs
awyoben 20 sm sisqis naxerxis fenaze. grovebs zemodan da gverdidan ayrian
naxerxis 30-40 fenas. naxerxis fenis qarisagan dasacavad afareben Salafis
an sxva mcenaris konebs. Senaxvis periodSi saWiroa Senaxvis reJimis
sistematuri Semowmeba.
jiSuri siwmindis dacvis, maRalmosavliani klonebis gasamravleblad,
nergis mwarmoebeli Tavis teritoriaze aSenebs sanamyenoTa sadedes -
sanamyenos kvirtis warmoebis mizniT. gaSenebis da movlis teqnologia
igivea, rac Cveulebriv venaxSi, Tumca ufro meti yuradReba eqceva ara
mtevnebs, maRali mosavlis miRebas, aramed standartuli samynobi masalis
sakvirtis miRebas. ase magaliTad, erTi Ziris datvirTva kvirtebiT
mcirdeba 12-25%-iT sakvirte masalis mwarmoebel venaxSi, vidre Cveulebriv
mosavlian venaxSi.
sanamyeno masala SeiZleba damzaddes foTolcvenis damTavrebidan
mTeli zamTris ganmavlobaSi, martis dadgomamde. intensiuri tipis
sanamyeneTa sadede venaxSi rqebs amzadeben im nazardisagan, romelic
akmayofilebs standartis moTxovnebs. standartis mixedviT rqis sisqe unda
iyos mis zeda nawilSi 7,0-13,0 mm. mas unda hqondes aranakleb 6 kargad
ganviTarebuli kvirti. rqa unda iyos kargad momwifebuli. damzadebuli
rqa pwkalisa da moumwifebeli nawilisgan unda iqnes gaTavisuflebuli.
rqebi unda daewyos 100-200 calis odenobiT da Seikras sakonaviT. TiToeul
konas unda miekras etiketi, sadac aRniSnuli iqneba jiSi, rqebis
raodenoba, damzadebis dro da adgili. imave dRes sakvirte masala unda
Caewyos Sesanaxad.
samynobi masalis Senaxva. kvirti Senaxuli unda iyos samacivro
kamerebSi. 0-dan +4 +50-ze da 80% SefardebiTi tenianobis pirobebSi. aseT
kamerebSi konebi lagdeba Stabelebad, 1,5-2,0 metr simaRleze da zemodan
efineba polieTilenis afski an eyreba naxerxis Txeli fena.

vazis mynobis ZiriTadi wesebi, namyenis stratifikacia

mynobis dawyebis win amowmeben saZire da sanamyene kvirtebis xarisxs

standartis mixedviT. saZire unda iyos kargad momwifebuli, raime
dazianebis gareSe. samynobad gamosadeg rqas Wrian 38-40 sm sigrZeze. qveda
gadanaWeri unda iyos 0,5 sm-iT dabla muxlTan, xolo zeda gadanaWeri -
rqis zomis mixedviT. daWrili rqebi daxarisxdeba rqis zeda muxlTan
diametris mixedviT: 8,1 da 10 mm, 7,0-8,0 mm; Tu saZiris daWra xdeba mynobis

44
dawyebamde didi xniT adre, maSin daWrili da dakalibrebuli saZire ewyoba
100-200 calad konebSi da inaxeba naxerxSi, xolo Tu mynoba amave dros
iwyeba, saZiris konebs alboben sufTa wyalSi, 48 saaTis ganmavlobaSi,
Semdeg amoiReben da miaqvT samynobad magidaze.
sanamyeno rqebs Wrian TiTo kvirtis saxiT ise, rom kvirtis zeviT
darCes rqis nawili 1,0-1,5 sm. samanqano mynobisaTvis kvirtis zemoT toveben
muxlTaSorisis 1 sm, xolo kvirtis qvemoT 2-2,5 sm sakvirtes da Wra unda
moxdes mynobis wina dRes, raTa igi ar gamoSres.
saZiris da sanamyenis dalboba xdeba sufTa wyalSi 18-200
temperaturaze. samynob masalas dalbobis Semdeg tenianoba unda hqondes
55-57%. amisaTvis sanamyeno unda dalbes 12-24 saaTs, xolo saZire 48 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi.
mynoba SeiZleba warmoebdes zamTarSic da adre gazafxulze. mynobis
vadebi damokidebulia namyeni nergis warmoebis masStabze. Tu sanerge
meurneoba did dakveTebs asrulebs, mynoba SeiZleba martSi daiwyos da
aprilis bolomde gagrZeldes.
mynoba SeiZleba Catardes xeliT da samynobi manqanebiT.
xeliT mynoba. xeliT mynobis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saZirisa da
sanamyenos rqebze keTdeba iribi Wrilobebi, maTze keTdeba enaki, romlis
saSualebiTac mtkiced erTdeba samynobi komponentebi. iribi Wrilis sigrZe
erTnaxevarjer unda aRematebodes kvirtis diametrs. saZire da sanamyeno
unda iqnes SerCeuli imgvarad, rom saZiris da sanamyenos kambialuri
qsovili mTlianad daemTxves erTmaneTs. sanamyenoze Wrils akeTeben
kvirtis mxares an gverdiT da uSualod muxlis qveS. saZireze aseTive
Wrili keTdeba gverdiT an kvirtis mxareze. enaki unda aiWras ise, rom
iwyebodes gulgulis odnav maRla da sigrZiT utoldebodes mTliani iribi
Wrilis erT mesameds. enaki iWreba TiTqmis iribi Wrilis zedapiris
paralelurad. namyens unda hqondes dauzianebeli kvirti. saZire mtkiced
unda SeuerTdes sanamyenos ise, rom namyeni ar atarebdes Suqs. mTliani
anaTali (Wrili) aucilebelia Catardes samynobi danis erTxel mosmiT,
ramac unda uzrunvelyos swori zedapiri.
mynobis dros SenobaSi unda iyos sisufTave, magida yoveli dRis
bolos unda gairecxos cxeli wyliT da sodiT. danebi periodulad unda
damuSavdes 0,5%-iani xinozolis xsnariT.
meqanizebuli mynoba. mynobis operaciis Casatareblad msoflios
mevenaxeobis qveynebi uSveben sxvadasxva sistemis samynob manqanebs da
samynob makratlebs. ufro metad gavrcelebulia figuruli (omegasebri)
Wrilobis mkeTebeli manqanebi. Wrilis gakeTebis Semdeg mynobeli xeliT
aerTebs komponentebs.
xeliT da manqanebiT Sesrulebuli mynobis Semdeg namyenebi unda
daxarisxdes. dawunebuli unda iqnes is namyenebi, romelTac Semdegi nakli
gaaCniaT:
1. diametris mixedviT arasworad SerCeuli saZire da sanamyeno.
2. araswori Wrilis gakeTebis Sedegad, saZirisa da sanamyenos
SeerTebis adgilas didi RreCoa datovebuli.
3. aramtkiced SeerTebuli komponentebi (daqnevis Sedegad Tavi
Zvreba).
4. sanamyenos kvirti dazianebulia.
5. iribi Wrilebis araTanabari sidide, ris gamoc saZirisa da
sanamyenos merqani erTmaneTs ar emTxveva.

45
 6. saZiris an sanamyenos meqanikuri dazaineba.
7. saZire da sanamyeno arastandartuli zomisaa.
namyenebis stratifikacia. arsebobs namyenebis stratifikaciis
ramdenime wesi: stratifikacia kamerebis gaTbobiT, eleqtrostratifikacia,
stratifikacia naxerxis gareSe.
stratifikacia kamerebis gaTbobiT. es wesi emyareba imas, rom
daxarisxebuli namyeni ewyoba stratifikaciis yuTebSi, romelsac fenebis
mixedviT zemodan ayrian notio naxerxis fenas da winaswar orTqliT
amuSaveben. naxerxi unda iyos rbili jiSis xeebisagan. yuTis Zirze da
gverdze namyens ayrian 5 sm-is naxerxis fenas. namyeni vazis kidura
egzemplarebi dacilebuli unda iyos kedlidan 5-6 sm-iT. namyenis Tavebi
aucileblad unda iyos erT doneze. namyenis gverdebze, yuTis kedlebTan
da namyenebis fenebis zemoT unda daefinos naxerxis fena, savse yuTi
idgmeba Zirze da zemodan namyenis Tavebze eyreba naxerxis fena, yuTs
Seabamen etikets saTanado aRniSvnebiT (jiSis saZiris da sanamyenos,
namyenis raodenoba, Cawyobis dro da sxva). amis Semdeg yuTi gadaaqvT
sastratifikacio kameraSi. yuTis TavSi sastratifikacio temperatura unda
iyos 26-270, yuTis ZirTan ki +15 +180C. kamera unda daitvirTos 2-3 dReSi.
kameraSi SefardebiTi tenianoba unda iyos 85-90%, risTvisac kameris iataki
da kedlebi unda irwyvebodes. aseve unda dasveldes yuTis Ziri.
stratifikacia grZeldeba 12-14 dRe.
eleqtrostratifikacia. eleqtrostratifikacia iTvaliswinebs
namyenebis Cawyobis imave wess, rac kamerebSi stratifikaciis dros. magram
am wesiT gaTvaliswinebulia garkveuli sistemiT eleqtrogamaTbobeli
mavTulebis Cawyoba. eleqtrogamaTboblis gamoyenebiT temperatura
Sexorcebis zonaSi avtomaturad daculia 24-25 C. stratifikaciis procesi
0
18-22 dRes grZeldeba. stratifikaciis damTavrebis Semdeg gamaTbobel
sistemas gamorTaven da gakaJeba xdeba adgilze.
stratifikacia naxerxis gareSe. damzadebis Semdeg namyens
aparafinireben. mis zeda nawils 18-20 sm sigrZeze uSveben parafinSi.
stratifikaciis yuTs Zirze amokruli aqvs polieTilenis afski, raTa
daiWiros wyali 8-10 sm-is siRrmeze. parafinirebul namyens aTavseben yuTSi.
yuTebi gadaaqvT kamerebSi da asxamen wyals im angariSiT, rom namyenis
Ziris nawili 3-5 sm-is wyalSi moTavsdes. temperatura aseT kamerebSi unda
iyos 28-300C.

sanergeSi namyenis rgvisa da movlis wesebi, mavnebel daavadebebTan

brZolis Taviseburebebi

sanergisaTvis arCeven noyier niadags, romelic moTavsebulia swor

adgilze an mcire daqanebis ferdobze. sanergisaTvis kargi pirobebi iqmneba
qviSnar niadagze. plantaJi sanergisaTvis keTdeba agvisto-seqtemberSi, 50
sm-is siRrmeze. 1 heqtarze SeaqvT sasuqebi: 50-60 tona nakeli, 120-150 kg
fosforiani da 150-200 kg kaliumiani sasuqi. noember-dekemberSi mzaddeba
baZoebi. namyeni irgveba april-maisSi (10 maisamde). im angariSiT, rom
namyenis Tavze iyos 4-5 sm miwa, xolo daparafinebuli nergis dargvisas,
saZirisa da sanamyenos SeerTebis adgili unda iyos miwis piridan 5-7 sm-iT
maRla. saSemodgomo baZoebi manqana-iaraRebiTYmzaddeba. baZoebis RerZebs
Soris manZili unda iyos 1,2-1,3 m, simaRle ki 50-60 sm.

46
 sanergis teritoriis organizacia pirvel rigSi unda pasuxobdes
rwyvis moTxovnebs (sarwyav zonebSi). sanergis nakveTs unda hqondes
marTkuTxedis forma. es uzrunvelyofs teqnikis maqsimalur gamoyenebas.
mTeli farTobi iyofa kvartlebad, romelTa farTobi 1-2 heqtaria,
rigebis sigrZe 100 metria, ferdobze ki 50-75 m SeiZleba iyos. kvartlebs
Soris gzebi 5 m siganis unda iyos, xolo nakveTis irgvliv toveben
teqnikis sabrunav farTobs.
sanergeSi nergis rgva iwyeba maSin, roca niadagis temperatura 25-30
sm-is siRrmeze 11-120 aRwevs. aprilsa da maisis dasawyisSi, nergis miwaSi
Cargva xdeba xeliT an specialuri, meqanizebuli saSualebebiT
(agregatebiT), romlebic uzrunvelyofen morwyvasac da baZoebis
gakeTebasac.
sanergis movla. nergis gamosavlianobis maRali maCveneblis
uzrunvelsayofad umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria sanergis niadagis da
mcenareTa movla, niadagi unda iyos Savadxnulis saxiT.
dargvisTanave atareben mwkrivTaSorisebis Rrma gafxvierebas. es
samuSao rogorc wesi 20-25 sm-is siRrmeze tardeba. dargvidan Tvenaxevris
ganmavlobaSi baZoebis da mwkrivTaSorisebis gafxviereba mimdinareobs
sistematurad, yoveli rwyvis an wvimis Semdeg. mTlianad, savegetacio
periodSi tardeba 7-8 kultivacia. mizanSewonilia dawvimebis morwyva 2-3-
jer, vegetaciis pirvel naxevarSi. Semdgom morwyva sasurvelia kvlebSi
miSvebiT. sanergeSi niadagis tenianoba unda iyos sruli wyaltevadobis 85-
90%. pirvel sam morwyvasTan erTad tardeba gamokveba 15 kg NPK-s sufTa
nivTierebis saxiT. sanergeSi vazis movlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
RonisZiebaa sanamyenodan gamotanili fesvebis SeWra. fesvebis pirveli
SeWra unda Catardes, roca umetes vazebze warmoiqmneba fwkali. fwkalis
arseboba mianiSnebs, rom saZiris quslze warmoSobilia fesvTa sistema.
sanamyenoze fesvebis SeWra tardeba diliT adre, saRamos an
Rrublian amindSi. fesvis SesaWrelad, baZoebis gaxsnis dros SeaqvT
Sxamqimikatebi mavTula Wiebis, xvatarebis da sxva mavneblebis winaaRmdeg,
Semdgom isev ayrian miwas da faraven namyen adgils. meored fesvebis SeWra
tardeba 25-35 dRis Semdeg. sabolood baZoebis moxsna xdeba agvistos Sua
ricxvebSi, amave periodSi unda Catardes aprobacia SerCeuli jiSebis
gamosavlenad da gasawmendad.
savegetacio periodSi, sanergeSi Wraqis winaaRmdeg tardeba qimiuri
brZolis RonisZiebebi. Sesxureba xdeba Sabiamnis, kuproqsatis,
kuprokaforis da sxva preparatebis saSualebiT. wamlobis jeradoba
damokidebulia sanergis mdebareobaze. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi sanergeSi
12-15 wamloba tardeba, xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSi 15-22-mde.

namyenis amoReba - daxarisxeba da Senaxva

saqarTvelos pirobebSi namyeni nergis amoReba SeiZleba
foTolcvenidan mTeli zamTris ganmavlobaSi, Tu amis saSualebas amindis
mdgomareoba iZleva (xelSemSlelia Tovlis safari, yinva, wvima). namyenis
amoReba xdeba specialuri agregatebiT. namyeni rom ar daziandes, agregatis
mWreli dana unda CaRrmavdes 18-20 sm-iT dabla, vazis quslze.
amoRebisTanave namyeni unda gadaizidos mis droebiT sacavSi da
daxarisxdes. nergs unda hqondes irgvliv Sexorceba, quslze sami fesvi,
irgvliv gamosuli aranakleb 2 mm-is sisqiT da 12 sm-is sigrZiT. saZirec da

47
sanamyenoc unda iyos saRi. daxarisxebis Semdeg nergi ikvreba konebad - 50-
100 calis odenobiT. sakonavi ukeTdeba sam adgilas namyenis qvemoT,
namyenis zemoT da quslidan zemoT, yovel konas ukeTdeba etiketi jiSis,
saZiris CvenebiT da raodenobis aRniSvniT. axlo manZilze nergebi gadaaqvT
satvirTo avtomanqaniT, risTvisac Zaris Zirze ufenen naxerxs an namjas.
konebi ewyoba fesvebis SigniT, zemodan da gverdebze ki isev efineba namja.
amis Semdeg gadaafareben brezents an polieTilenis afsks.
nergi inaxeba sardafSi Stabelebad dawyobili saxiT, fesvebis
erTimeoreze miwyobiT. Stabelis simaRle 1,7 metria. nergis fesvebis da
saZiris 1/3-s eyreba axali qviSa. Tu qviSa arasakmaod teniania, mas
atenianeben da niCbiT ureven. xelis moWeris dros qviSa unda inarCunebdes
formas, magram wyali ar unda gamoiyofodes. sacavSi temperatura unda
iyos 2-40C.
bolo wlebSi gamoiyeneba nergis Senaxvis ufro progresuli
teqnologia. SemodgomiT amoRebul namyen vazs nazards umokleben 3-4
kvirtze, acileben gverdiT fesvebs, amokleben quslis fesvebs 8-10 sm-ze,
amuSaveben xinozoliT da aparafineben. Tu nergi inaxeba sardafSi, sadac
regulirdeba temperatura da tenianoba, maT aparafineben fesvianad - 70-750C
temperaturaze. Tu aRniSnuli pirobebi ar aris, maSin aparafineben mxolod
zeda nawils. daparafinebis Semdeg awyoben 50-100 cals konaSi da Sesanaxad
alageben Stabelebad. mTliani parafinirebis dros Stabelebs efineba
sinTetikuri afski.
nawilobrivi parafinirebis dros fesvTa sistemas faraven notio
qviSiT. gazafxulze nergi damatebiTi momzadebis gareSe irgveba mudmiv
adgilze (venaxSi).

namyeni nergis warmoebis procesi

kvirtsaWreli daWrili kvirti daWrili saZire

48
saZiris da sanamyenos dalboba namyeni vazi

parafinatori daparafinebuli nergi

namyenis Cawyoba yuTebSi Cawyobili namyeni

49
sastratifikacio stratificirebuli namyenis rgva sanergeSi
kamera namyeni

saprezentacio Temebi:

1. saZire vazis jiSebi, maTi warmoeba da SerCeva niadagis tipebis

mixedviT
2. sanamyene kvirtebis damzadeba, Senaxva da gamoyeneba
3. vazis mynobis wesebi da vadebi
4. sanergis agroteqnologia

Tavi 3. venaxis daproqtebis safuZvlebi

venaxis proeqtis mniSvneloba, ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilebi,

ganxorcielebis formebi

mcire farTobis venaxis (2 heqtari da naklebi) dagegmva xdeba

adgilobrivi mevenaxe-specialistis mier. msxvili samrewvelo venaxis
daproeqteba saqarTvelos pirobebSi mizanSewonilia Catardes specialuri
saproeqto samsaxuris mier. saqarTvelos niadagur-klimaturi da
reliefuri mravalgvaroba moiTxovs gasaSenebeli farTobis detalur
Seswavlas. proeqtis Sedgena moicavs or etaps: 1) saZiebo-saproeqto
samuSao; 2) teqnikuri proeqtis damuSaveba.

saZiebo-saproeqto samuSaoebi
specialistebis jgufi dasawyisSi swavloben teritorias, romelic
unda dakavebuli iqnas venaxebiT. niadagebis agrosameurneo Sefasebis,
teritoriis organizaciisa da jiSebis ganlagebisaTvis aucilebel pirobas

50
warmoadgens topografiuli gadaReba. topografiuli gadaReba xdeba
msxvili masStabiT - 1:5000 an 1:2000 im ferdobebisTvis, romlebic
eqvemdebareba daterasebas.
reliefi unda gamoixatos horizontalebiT, rac uzrunvelyofs maRal
sizustes, gansakuTrebiT ferdobi adgilebis gadaRebis dros da
saSualebas iZleva ufro zustad dalagdes sarwyavi sistema an eroziis
sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi.

venaxis daproeqtebis Taviseburebebi zonebis mixedviT

saqarTveloSi vazi xarobs TiTqmis yvela raionSi. mas sawarmoo
mniSvneloba gaaCnia 0-dan 1200 m simaRlemde zRvis donidan. istoriulad
cnobilia maRalxarisxovani produqciis momcemi mikrozonebi kaxeTSi -
kardanaxi, winandali, nafareuli, qinZmarauli, axaSeni da sxva; qarTlSi -
atenuri, muxranuli da sxva; raWa-leCxumSi - xvanWkara, tola; guriaSi -
baxvi, askana; imereTSi - sviri, obCa; samegreloSi - martvili, Tamkoni da
sxva; afxazeTSi - lixni da sxva. yvela es mikroraioni saqarTvelos
mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis xangrZlivi istoriuli ganviTarebis progresis
Sedegia, magram sul ukanasknel dromde igi aris iuridiuli ZaliT
ganmtkicebuli. mikrozonebis agroekologiuri maCveneblebis Seswavla da
misi iuridiuli safuZvlebis SemuSaveba daiwyo mebaReoba, mevenaxebisa da
meRvineobis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis, vazis agroekologiis
ganyofilebam gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, romelic Sewyda 90-iani
wlebis politikur-ekonomikuri krizisis gamo.
amJamad, evrokavSiris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, adgilmdebareobis
saxelwodebis matarebeli Rvinoebis warmoebas didi yuradReba eqceva da
saqarTvelos meRvineobis mikroraionebis kartografirebas da sanedleulo
bazis gansazRvras didi mniSvneloba eZleva. aqedan gamomdinare,
mikroraionebSi venaxebis dagegmvis dros, aucilebelia proeqtiT im jiSis
gaSeneba iyos gaTvaliswinebuli, romlis warmoebiTac cnobilia es
mikroraioni. magaliTad, qinZmaraulSi – saferavi; xvanWkaraSi -
aleqsandrouli da mujureTuli. ar SeiZleba unikaluri produqciis
mwarmoebel mikroraionSi indmewarmis an msxvili firmis SemoTavazebiT
daproeqtdes im jiSis gaSeneba, romelic kanonmdeblobiT ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli.

venaxis daproeqtebis marketinguli safuZvlebi

venaxis gaSenebis dros gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes sabazro
moTxovnebi. saqarTveloSi erT muSaxels SeuZlia erTi heqtari venaxis
arasameqanizacio samuSaos Sesruleba. normalur pirobebSi erT heqtar
venaxs SeuZlia erTi ojaxis gamokveba. germaniaSi, mozelSi 0,8-1,0 heqtari
venaxi uzrunvelyofs ojaxis gamokvebas. aq yvela samuSao xeliT
sruldeba, vazi mcire mosavals iZleva, magram igi Zvirad fasobs.
msoflios bevr sxva regionSi, calkeuli samrewvelo venaxebs uWiravT
didi farTobi. kaliforniaSi, sadac venaxSi xeliT samuSao minimumamdea
dayvanili, magram sacxovrebeli minimumi maRalia, ojaxis uzrunvelsayofad
mevenaxes unda hqondes 20-32 heqtari venaxi. venaxis minimaluri farTobis
dros mevenaxem da misma ojaxma TviTon unda Seasrulos TiTqmis yvela
samuSao. mosavlis asaRebad da sxvlisaTvis Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba
traqtori da sxva manqana-iaraRebi. venaxis farTobis zrdis zRvari

51
damokidebulia fuladi saxsrebis arsebobaze, muSa xelze da mflobelis
administraciul unarze. erTi heqtari venaxis gaSenebis Rirebuleba 4
wlamde movliT saqarTveloSi 20-30 aTasi laria. saqarTvelos pirobebSi
venaxi mesame wlidan iZleva mosavals, xolo me-4-5 wels srul
msxmoiarobaSi Sedis. aqedan gamomdinare, miwis nakveTis SeZenis, vazis
dargvis, Spaleris mowyobis xarjebis garda, mevenaxes unda hqondes sakmao
kapitali imisaTvis, rom 2-3 wlis ganmavlobaSi mouaros venaxs, romelic ar
iZleva mosavals. axalSen venaxSi SesaZlebelia erTwliani kulturebis
warmoeba. saqarTvelos samrewvelo qalaqebisa da kurortebis mimdebare
teritoriaze mevenaxem SeiZleba awarmoos sxvadasxva simwifis periodis
sufris yurZeni.

vazis jiSebis SerCevisa da venaxSi ganlagebis principebi

vazis jiSebis SerCeva ama Tu im regionis an mikrozonisTvis xdeba
saqarTvelos parlamentis mier miRebuli `vazis da Rvinis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanoniT dadgenili jiSebis CamonaTvalidan. didi farTobebis
venaxis gaSenebis dros sasurvelia gaSendes erTi da igive teqnologiuri
mimarTulebis, sxvadasxva simwifis periodis ramdenime jiSi, rac
uzrunvelyofs gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis Tanabar datvirTvas da
yurZnis movla-moyvanaze dasaqmebuli muSaxelis racionalur gamoyenebas.
sufris yurZnis warmoebis mizniT venaxebis daproeqtebis dros, jiSebis
SerCeva gansakuTrebiT samrewvelo qalaqebsa da sakurorto zonaSi
mizanSewonilia moxdes konveieris principiT, rac gulisxmobs yurZnis
sruli simwifis periodebis TanmimdevrobiT sasufre vazis jiSebis
gaSenebas. mebaReobis, mevenaxeobisa da meRvineobis s/k institutis ufrosi
mecnieris akademiuri doqtoris v. gociriZis mier SemuSavebulia sufris
yurZnis warmoebis jiSuri konveieris meTodi saqarTvelosaTvis. es meTodi
saSualebas iZleva rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi
gaSendes 30-35 jiSi, romelTa simwifis periodebi erTmaneTs dacilebulia
mxolod 5-10 dRiT. am principiT gaSenebuli venaxi saSualebas iZleva
movamaragoT momxmarebeli samacivro danadgarebis gareSe, axali yurZniT,
20-25 ivnisidan 10-15 dekembramde, e. i. 4,5-5 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. jiSuri
konveieris principiT sufris yurZnis warmoeba uTuod aamaRlebs dargis
rentabelobas.
kulturuli jiSebis SerCevasTan erTad unda moxdes saZireebis
SerCeva. niadagis aqtiuri karbonatobis sxvadasxva sidide ganapirobebs
qlorozis gaCenas da mis mier miyenebuli zaralis sidides. amitom:
saZire riparia X gluari gamoyenebuli unda iqnas niadagebSi, sadac
aqtiuri karbonatoba 6,0% udris
riparia X rupestris 101-14 8%-ze.
`---------------`-------------` 3309 – 10,5%-ze
berlandieri X riparia koberi 5bb – 20%-ze
Sasla X berlandieri 41б – 26%-ze.
saZire jiSebis swor SerCevas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs venaxis
nayofierebisa da sicocxlis xangrZlivobisaTvis.

52
gzebisa da qarsafarebis mowyoba
venaxis sagzao sistemis daniSnulebaa xeli Seuwyos yvela
teritoriul-sawarmoo erTeulis ufro racionalurad gamoyenebas.
Tavisi daniSnulebis mixedviT gzebi iyofa Semdeg kategoriad:
magistraluri gzebi, romlebic emsaxureba ramodenime masivis erTmaneTTan,
produqciis gadamuSavebis punqtebis da sxva sameurneo centrebis
dakavSirebas. calkeul SemTxvevaSi, venaxis magistraluri gzebi SeiZleba
gaxdes traqtoris agregatebis mosabrunebeli adgili. magistraluri
gzebis savali nawili gaangariSebulia ormxrivi moZraobisTvis. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, savali nawilis sigane Seadgens 6-7 m-s. magistraluri gzebis
gaswvriv, gverdebze rgaven alvis xeebs, an alublis, blis, an Txilis
buCqebs.
Cveulebrivi gruntis gzebi adre gazafxulze an mosavlis aRebis win
saWiroeben sistemur mowesrigebas greideriT. Tu magistraluri gzebi
gamoiyeneba satraqtoro agregatebis mosabrunebladac, maSin maTi sigane
unda daigegmos 8 metramde. kvartalSorisi gzebi emsaxureba sxvadasxva
tvirTis Semozidvas erT an ramodenime kvartalSi. kvartalSorisi gzebi
aris ori saxis: ganivi da grZivi.
ganivi kvartalSorisi gza ewyoba kvartlis grZeli mxareebis
gaswvriv teritoriis saerTo qanobis gardigardmo.
misi daniSnulebaa avto-traqtorTa moZraobis uzrunvelyofa ori
mimarTulebiT. aseTi gzebis sigane Seadgens 6 metrs. Tu adgilis specifika
moiTxovs calmxriv moZraobas, maSin am gzis sigane 4 metri iqneba.
ferdobze eroziis Sesamcireblad an Tavidan asacileblad, araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba gza daigegmos mTeli ferdobis sigrZeze. Tanabari
daqanebis did ferdobebze gzebi igegmeba Sereulad, 30-40 m-ze didi qanebis
ferdobebze ki gzebs texili forma aqvs (zig-zagi). gzis savali nawilis
daxriloba ar unda aWarbebdes 8-100-s. TargTaSorisi gzebi warmoadgenen
damxmare gzebs, romlebic aerTeben or mezobel Targs. isini gaTvlilia
erTi mimarTulebiT avtomobilebisa da satvirTo manqanebis moZraobisTvis.
aseTi gzebis sigane - 4-5 m-ia. isini ufro xSirad ferdobis gaswvriv ewyoba,
amitom did ferdobze maTi gamarTva unda moxdes monacvleobiT, Zlier
qanobian ferdobze ki - zigzagiseburad. garda aRniSnulisa, daterasebul
ferdobze ewyoba fexiT mosiaruleTa bilikebi mosavlisa da sxva tvirTis
erTi terasidan meoreSi gadasatanad. aseTi gzebis sigane 1,8-2,0 metria,
kibisebri gamagrilebeli safexurebis msgavsad.
sagzao sistemis movlis moTxovnaa gzis profilis SenarCuneba mTel
saval nawilze. amisTvis, wliuri wvimebis Semdeg, mTeli savegetacio
periodis manZilze, gza unda moswordes greideriT.

venaxis qarsafarisa da wylis maregulirebeli buCqnaris mowyoba

tyis zolebi venaxSi asrulebs wylis eroziisagan dacvis rols.

amitom mis struqturaSi unda Warbobdes tyis jiSebi, romelTa simaRle 1,5-
2,0 metrze metiT ar aRemateba venaxis simaRles. mxolod qarian adgilebSi
rekomendebulia Seiqmnas wylis maregulirebeli maRali tyis zolebi
(qarsafari), romelic aseve unda Sedgebodes maRali xeebisa da buCqnaris
saxeobebisa da jiSebisagan.

53
 tyis zolebis ganlageba xdeba teritoriis organizaciis Sesabamisad.
wylis maregulirebeli tyis zoli venaxSi igegmeba kvartlebis grZeli
mxris gaswvriv, ferdobis gardigardmo. tyis zolis gaSeneba ferdobis
daxris mimarTulebiT SeuZlebelia, radgan es gamoiwvevs wvimisa da sxva
zedapiruli wylebis dinebis koncentracias erT an or zolSi, rac
provocirebas ukeTebs eroziul procesebs.
struqturisa da venaxebSi ganlagebis principis mixedviT gamoiyofa
ramdenime saxis tyis zoli.
wylis nakadis maregulirebeli buCqnari zolebi ewyoba kvartlis
grZel mxareze. aseTi tyis zolebi aris ferdobis mxridan kvartalSoris
an gare gzebze. isini igegmeba 5-7 metri siganis. kargi Sedegi moitana tyis
zolma, sadac 4-5 rigi Jolo an mocxari gaSenda 2,0-2,25X0,52 m kvebis arze.
kargi wyalmaregulirebeli unari gaaCnia tyis zols, romelic
Sedgeba 10-12 rigis, sxvadasxva saxeobis buCqebisgan. kvebis are aseT
buCqebSi 0,75X0,5 m2-ia. aseT tyis zolebSi movla xorcieldeba 3-4 wlis
ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg ki movla gamoixateba mxolod sanitaruli
RonisZiebebis gatarebaSi. qarsafar da wylis maregulirebel
antikoroziul tyis zols SeiZleba hqondes Semdegi struqtura: 2 rigi
buCqnari, romelic ar saWiroebs intensiur movlas da 4 rigi xe-mcenareebi
2,5X1,5 m kvebis ariT.
masivis mxridan aseve irgveba 2 rigi buCqnari. 1,0X0,5 m kvebis areze. xe-
mcenareebidan SeiZleba qarsafarSi gamoviyenoT: alvis xe, akacia, cacxvi da
tyis sxva jiSebi.

nakveTis kvartlebad dayofis da konfiguraciis SerCevis meTodebi

vake da mcired daxril ferdobebze, kvartlebis da Targebis
saukeTeso formas warmoadgens sworkuTxovani forma. ufro daxrili da
rTuli reliefis ferdobebze ki iyeneben trapeciis formas. kvartlis
optimaluri sigrZe aris 600-800 m, rTuli reliefis ferdobebze ki - 150-dan
700 metramde. kvartlis sigane swor adgilze unda iyos 400-500 metri,
ferdob adgilebze ki, sadac daxriloba 60-mdea - 250-300 m, 6-120-mde daxril
ferdobze – 180-200 m, xolo 120 ufro daqanebul adgilebSi - 80-120 m. aqedan
gamomdinare, kvartlis farTobi Zlier meryeobs reliefis mixedviT, magram
optimaluria 10-25 heqtari.

rigebis mimarTulebis dadgenis midgomebi

teritoriis organizaciis dros gadamwyvetia rigebis mimarTulebis
gansazRvra. rigebis mimarTulebis gansazRvris dros mxedvelobaSi unda
miviRoT manqana-traqtorTa agregatebis moZraobis mimarTuleba rigebSi
agroteqnikur RonisZiebaTa Sesrulebis dros, qarebis mimarTuleba, sarwyav
adgilebSi ki - rwyvis wesebi.
swor, vake adgilebSi rigebi umjobesia ganlagdes CrdiloeTidan
samxreTisaken. am dros garantirebulia mcenaris saukeTeso ganaTeba mTeli
dRis ganmavlobaSi. 20-ze meti daxrilobis ferdobze rigebi unda
ganlagdes ferdobis gardigardmo, rac gamoricxavs niadagis Camorecxvas,
aCerebs tens da aadvilebs venaxis damuSavebas. Tu kvartali ganlagebulia
sxvadasxva eqspoziciaze, maSin rigebi ewyoba horizontalebis gaswvriv.

54
 qarian adgilebSi rigebis mimarTuleba unda kveTdes qaris
mimarTulebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi niadagis gamoSrobis riski Semcirebuli
iqneba.

niadagis analizi: gamokvlevis meTodebi, Sedegebis interpretacia

saqarTvelo gamoirCeva niadaguri mravalferovnebiT. vazis warmoeba
SeiZleba yvela tipis niadagze, garda Waobiani da mlaSe niadagebisa. Tu
advilad xsnadi marilebi niadagis gamonawurSi 0,3%-s aRemateba, aseTi
niadagi vazisaTvis gamouyenebelia. mineralizebuli gruntis wylebi ar
unda iyos 2,5-3 metr simaRleze axlos, xolo gazafxulze gruntis wylebi
ar unda aRwevdes 1,5 metrze axlos miwis zedapiridan. gamousadegaria miwis
nakveTebi, sadac moqmedeben mewyerebi. mkvrivi danaleqi qanebi, rogoric
aris konglomerati, kirqva, mergeli da sxva, unda iyos aranakleb 1,5-2
metris siRrmeze miwis piridan. savenaxe adgilis SesarCevad atareben
adgilis topografiul agegmvas, Seiswavlian niadagis safars da grunts
(qveniadags), swavloben niadagwarmomqmnel qanebs, maT meqanikur da qimiur
Semadgenlobas, amis safuZvelze ki adgenen teqnikur samuSao proeqts.
niadagebis laboratoriulma, qimiurma analizma unda mogvces safuZveli
organul-mineraluri sasuqebiT, plantaJiswina ganoyierebis gegmis
Sesadgenad da konkretul kvartlebSi da masivebSi sasuqebis Sesatani
dozebis gasaangariSeblad.

saprezentacio Temebi:

1. venaxis daproeqtebis saZiebo samuSaoebi

2. venaxis daproeqtebis marketinguli safuZvlebi
3. gzebisa da qarsafarebis mowyobis principebi

Tavi 4. venaxis gaSeneba

venaxis farTobis SerCevis mTavari principebi

savenaxe farTobis SerCevisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas Semdegi

faqtorebi:
adgilmdebareobis mikroklimati
venaxis mikroklimatze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens adgilis
orientacia mzis mimarT. energiis didi nawili, romelic venaxSi modis mzis
pirdapiri da areklili sxivebiT, miwis zedapirze da foTlebze
gardaiqmneba siTbod, nawili sxivebisa ki airekleba haerSi. mzis sxivuri
energia miT ufro metad akumulirdeba adgilSi, ramdenadac naklebad
aireklavs mas niadagi, amitom niadagis gaTbobisaTvis didi mniSvneloba
aqvs mis fers.

55
 mzis sxivuri energiis akumulaciaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs adgilis
daqanebas, mis orientacias. saqarTvelos pirobebSi siTboTi yvelaze kargad
uzrunvelyofili aris samxreTi ferdobi. samxreT-dasavleT da dasavleT
ferdobebze temperaturuli dRis maqsimumi miiRweva dRis meore naxevarSi
da emTxveva ferdobis maqsimaluri intensivobiT ganaTebas. amis gamo,
samxreT-dasavleT da dasavleT ferdobebs aqvT dReRamuri temperaturebis
maRali maqsimumi – amitom, mikroklimaturad isini ukeTesia, vidre samxreT-
aRmosavleTi da aRmosavleTi ferdobebi. potenciurad siTbos SesaZlo
modineba ferdobze ferxdeba, Tu dRis garkveul dros zedapiri iCrdileba
SemaRlebuli tyis napiriT an Senobebis CrdiliT. xeobis Zirze daCrdilva
SeiZleba ufro mniSvnelovani iyos, rac mxedvelobaSia misaRebi savenaxe
adgilis SerCevis dros.
adgilis simaRle zRvis donidan
saqarTvelos mTagoriani reliefi qmnis vertikalur zonalobas.
amitom, savenaxe adgilis SerCevis dros, erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
faqtoria nakveTis simaRle zRvis donidan. mevenaxeobis TvalsazrisiT
saqarTvelo dayofilia 5 vertikalur zonad:
I. dablobborcviani zona 0-300 m
II. mTiswina-amaRlebuli 300-600 m z. d.
III. dabalmTiani 600-900 m
IV. saSualomTiani 900-1200 m
V. maRalmTiani 1200-1500 m
venaxebi umetesad Tavmoyrilia I, II da III zonebSi, sadac
moTavsebulia xarisxovani mevenaxeobis ZiriTadi mikrozonebi. saSualo
Rirsebis da adgilobrivi moxmarebis Rvinoebis warmoeba SeiZleba me-IV
zonaSic.
zRvis donidan simaRlis matebiT, saSualo wliuri temperatura
yovel 100 metrze 0,5-0,6oC-iT klebulobs, rac gaTvaliswinebeli unda iyos
jiSebis SerCevisa da venaxis sawarmoo mimarTulebis gansazRvris dros.
zRvis donidan simaRlis matebiT dReRamuri amplituda izrdeba,
igvianebs vazis sagazafxulo ganviTareba, zrdis dasawyisi da yvaviloba,
xolo vazis savegetacio periodi mcirdeba.

qarebi
Zlieri qarebi meqanikurad azianebs vazs. meore mxriv, wvimebisa da
cvaris dros qari swrafad aSrobs foTlebs da amiT anelebs sokovan
daavadebaTa gavrcelebas. venaxis Tbur reJimze qari uaryofiTad moqmedebs.
venaxis gaSenebis dros aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia gabatonebuli
qaris mimarTuleba, siCqare da misi gavlena niadagis siTbur reJimze.

wayinvebisa da SemoWrili civi masebis zemoqmedeba

uRrublo Ramis ganmavlobaSi miwis zedapiri sivrceSi gamoscems
siTbos da TviTon civdeba. niadagis zedapirze warmoiqmneba civi haeri,
romelic uqaro amindSi, Tavisi mZime xvedriTi wonis gamo, Camodindeba
yvelaze dabal adgilebSi. amitom uqaro da uRrublo amindSi
0
temperaturaTa sxvaoba SeiZleba 5-10 C aRwevdes. ferdobebidan Camosuli
civi haeri grovdeba xeobis fskerze. Ramis gamosxivebis Sedegad, ufro
maRal adgilmdebareobas, axasiaTebs dRisa da Ramis temperaturaTa didi
amplituda. venaxs met safrTxes uqmnis wayinvebi gazafxulze da yinvebi

56
Semodgoma-zamTris periodSi. gviani sagazafxulo wayinvebi anadgurebs
axalgazrda ylortebs da azianebs mosavals. naadrevi saSemodgomo
wayinvebi vegetaciis damTavrebamde anadgurebs foTlebs da amiT xels
uSlis rqis da mosavlis momwifebas. dazianebis xarisxi xSirad
mniSvnelovnad icvleba simaRlis umniSvnelo sxvaobasTan erTad.

venaxis niadagebi da maTi Tvisebebi

vazi kargad xarobs sxvadasxva tipis niadagze, magram Waobian, Zlier
datenianebul da mlaSe niadagebs is ver itans.
niadagis tipi da misi warmoSobis geologiuri masala ayalibebs
Rvinis gemur Tvisebebs jiSis farglebSi. niadagi, romelic Seqmnilia mTis
qanebis gamofitvis Sedegad da Seicavs bevr qva-RorRs, umetes SemTxvevaSi
iZleva naz, maRalmJavian Rvinoebs, romlebic xasiaTdeba Taviseburi gemuri
TvisebebiT. mdidari da mZime Tixnari niadagebidan miRebuli Rvinoebi nela
Zveldeba. gvalvian adgilebSi mZime Tixamiwebs aqvs upiratesoba
wyaldamWerobis ukeTesi unaris gamo.
vazis karg zrda-ganviTarebas xels uwyobs niadagis Semdegi Tvisebebi:
meqanikuri Semadgenloba, simkvrive, sisqe, Seferva, kiris Semcveloba,
humusi, sakvebi elementebis Semcveloba da niadagis reaqcia. yovelive es
ganapirobebs niadagis Tbur Tvisebebs, wyaldamWerobas, sakvebi elementebis
Semcvelobas.
a) niadagis Tburi Tvisebebi
siTburi energiis raodenoba, romelsac niadagi iRebs mzis
gamosxivebidan, damokidebulia ferdobis daqanebaze da mis mimarTulebaze.
zedapirze mosuli mzis energiis nawili STainTqmeba niadagis mier, xolo
nawili airekleba.
muqi feris niadagi met siTbos STanTqavs da am siTbos vazi iyenebs,
maSin, rodesac Ria feris niadagi mzis sxivTa energias aireklavs. niadagis
Tviseba damokidebulia aseve mis siTbogamtarobasa da siTbos damWerobaze.
imis gamo, rom wyali atarebs siTbos 30-jer ukeT, vidre haeri, amitom,
teniani da mkvrivi niadagi ufro metadaa siTbos gamtari. is swrafad
atarebs siTbos niadagis zedapiridan siRrmisken. mSrali, fxvieri niadagi
(uamravi sahaero foriT) xasiaTdeba naklebi siTbos gamtarobiT. misi
zedapiri Zlier xurdeba mzis sxivebiT, radgan siRrmeSi siTbos Znelad
atarebs. niadagis zedapiri am siTbos masze arsebul nargaobas gadascems.
yvelaze saukeTeso Tburi pirobebi iqmneba ConCxian niadagebze,
romlebic warmoSobilia mTis qanebis gamofitvis Sedegad da
gavrcelebulia tipur savenaxe zonebSi. isini agroveben met siTbos, maTSi
didi raodenobis qvisa da RorRis Semcvelobis gamo da advilad Tbebian
wylis naklebi Semcvelobis pirobebSi.
b) niadagis wyali da haeri
niadagis wyali da haeri mtkiced aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan.
wylis Semcvelobis zrda amcirebs haeris Semcvelobas, Zlier, mSral
niadagSi ki piriqiT - yvela fori Sevsebulia haeriT.
wyliT gajerebul, martiv niadagSi fesvis sunTqvisaTvis saWiro
Jangbadi naklebia.
qviSnar niadags SeuZlia daakavos 10 g wyali 100 sm niadagSi, Tixnars
ki 50 g igive moculobis niadagSi.
vazs aqvs Zlier didi unari gamoiyenos niadagis wyali. wylis da
sakvebi nivTierebebis ZebnaSi vazis fesvebi 5 metrze met siRrmeSi midis.

57
vazis mier niadagidan wylis Semwovi Zala, Seesabameba 16 atmosferos.
wylis is maragi, rasac vazi aseTi Semwovi ZaliT ver amoiRebs, aris
miuwvdomeli maragi.

adgilmdebareobis Sefaseba da kartografireba

venaxis gasaSenebamde gasarkvevia varga Tu ara esa Tu is adgili
savenaxed.
amis dasadgenad mopovebuli unda iqnes Semdegi masalebi:
1. nakveTis mikroklimati;
2. niadagis tipi da sakvebi elementebis Semcveloba;
3. kanoniT daSvebuli vazis jiSebi;
nakveTis mikroklimatze cnobebis aReba SeiZleba axlomdebare
agrometeorologiuri sadguridan. niadagis tipi SeiZleba dadgindes
niadagis im rukebis saSualebiT, romlebic damuSavebulia da Sedgenilia
samecniero-kvleviTi dawesebulebebis mier. niadagis qimiuri Semadgenloba
dadgindeba saTanado laboratoriis specialistebis mowveviT da
analizebis CatarebiT.
adgilmdebareobis Sesaferisi jiSebis SerCeva
mevenaxeobis produqtiulobis safuZvelia maRalmosavliani da
maRalxarisxovani jiSis, saZiris da savenaxe adgilis sworad SerCeva.
a) samrewvelo miznebisaTvis unda SeirCes is jiSi, romelic dakanonebulia
mocemuli regionisTvis `vazis da Rvinis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanoniT.
gamonaklisi daiSveba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu venaxi Sendeba Sida
moxmarebisaTvis an samecniero-kvleviTi miznebisaTvis.
b) saqarTvelos agroekologiur pirobebSi, zRvis donidan 0-600 metr
simaRleze, SeiZleba gaSendes simwifis yvela periodis jiSi. Tumca
teqnikuri miznebisaTvis rekomendebulia sagviano da Zlier sagviano
vazis jiSebi.
yinvasaSiS zonebSi unda gavaSenoT yinvagamZle jiSebi, romlebic
kvirtis gaSlas adre ar iwyeben da SedarebiT kargad msxmoiaroben
Semcvlel kvirtebze.
keTilSobili sidampliT adviladlpobadi jiSebi unda gaSendes
kargad ganiavebul teritoriaze da ara uqaro, tenian qvabulebSi. unda
gaviTvaliswinoT jiSis momTxovneloba niadagis mimarT. saqarTvelos
yvela regions gaaCnia mravali adgilobrivi jiSi, romelic umaRlesi
xarisxis produqcias iZleva warmoSobis adgilze gaSenebis dros.
kaxeTisTvis unda SeirCes ZiriTadad kaxuri jiSebi, rqawiTeli,
saferavi, mwvane, xixvi, qisi. qarTlisTvis - Tavkveri, Savkapito, Cinuri,
goruli mwvane da sxv.
dasavleT saqarTvelos mJave, gaewerebul niadagebs ukeT egueba da
ufro xarisxovan mosavals iZleva: Cxaveri, ojaleSi, colikouri, cicqa,
kaWiWi, aTviWi da sxv.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos vazis yvela jiSi, garda iSviaTi
gamonaklisisa (goruli mwvane), dasavleT saqarTvelos Warbtenian pirobebs
da mJave tipis ewer niadagebs ver egueba da dabali xarisxis mosavals
iZleva.
yvela regionSi saZired gamoyenebuli unda iqnas is jiSi, romelic
mocemuli regionisTvis aris rekomendebuli. Seuswavleli da adgilze
gamocdagauvleli saZire ar unda iqnas gamoyenebuli. saZiris SerCevaSi

58
daSvebuli Secdoma mniSvnelovnad azianebs venaxis eqspluataciis
xangrZlivobas, produqciis raodenobasa da xarisxs.
adgilwarmoSobis dasaxelebis Rvinoebis warmoebis Tavisebureba
adgilwarmoSobis dasaxelebis Rvino kanonmdeblobiT gaTanabrebulia
inteleqtualur sakuTrebasTan da aseTi Rvinis warmoeba marto im 94
mikroraionSia SesaZlebeli, romlis saxelsac Rvino atarebs: qinZmarauli,
xvanWkara, axaSeni, nafareuli da sxva. adgilwarmoSobis dasaxelebis Rvinis
warmoebas ganapirobebs oTxi makrofaqtori: vazis jiSi, niadagis pirobebi,
mikroklimati da teqnologia. TiToeuli es faqtori Seicavs uamravs
mikrofaqtors. uamrav faqtorTa garkveuli Tanafardoba qmnis ama Tu im
Rvinos. Tu jiSis genetikuri buneba ar iZleva saSualebas,
maRalxarisxovani Rvino arcerT niadagur klimatur pirobebSi ar dadgeba.
magaliTad, izabelas jiSi (odesa), romelic msoflios mevenaxeobis yvela
qveyanaSia gavrcelebuli, maRalxarisxovan Rvinos arsad ar iZleva. aseve
iTqmis sxva saxeobaTa Soris hibridebze: noa, frangula, qiwnura, SaniZe,
vaqirula da sxv. qarTuli vazis jiSebi – rqawiTeli da saferavi farTod
aris gavrcelebuli yofili ssrk-is da aRmosavleT evropis rig qveynebSi
da iZleva saukeTeso produqcias. miuxedavad amisa, es cnobili jiSebi
dasavleT saqarTvelos pirobebs ver egueba da maTi gaSeneba ar aris
rekomendebuli am regionSi.
adgilwarmoSobis dasaxelebis Rvinoebis warmoebis uflebas kanoni
icavs. amJamad mimdinareobs unikaluri Rvinoebis momcemi mikrozonebis
kartografireba, saTanado dokumentaciis momzadeba da gacema.

venaxis ZiriTadi tipebi da gaSenebis sqemebi

venaxi SeiZleba iyos samrewvelo, sakoleqcio da samoyvarulo.

samrewvelo venaxi unda gaSendes mevenaxeobis zonebSi, sadac
agroteqnologiuri pirobebi uzrunvelyofs xarisxiani produqciis miRebas.
saqarTveloSi samrewvelo venaxis gaSeneba rekomendebulia zRvis
donidan 1200 metr simaRlemde. samrewvelo venaxebi unda gaSendes am
regionisTvis kanoniT daSvebuli jiSebiT. magaliTad, kaxeTisTvis:
rqawiTeli, saferavi, qisi, xixvi, mwvane; qarTlisaTvis: goruli mwvane,
Cinuri, Tavkveri, Savkapito, pino, aliogte; afxazeTisaTvis: ojaleSi,
Cxaveri, cicqa, colikouri, kaWiWi, aTviJi, avasixva.
dauSvebelia samrewvelo miznebisaTvis saxeobaTaSorisi hibridebis
gaSeneba, rogoric aris: izabela, vaqirula, qiwnisura anu dirbula, bakos,
zeibelis, kuderkis hibridebi.
aRniSnuli hibridebi iZleva dabali xarisxis Rvinoebs, romlebic ar
eqvemdebareba daZvelebas. maTi produqcia uxarisxoa da amitom samrewvelo
mizniT maTi gamoyeneba akrZalulia.
samoyvarulo venaxSi nebadarTulia nebismieri jiSis gaSeneba,
rogorc adgilobrivi, ise introducirebuli.
sakoleqcio vazis jiSebis nargaoba warmoadgens venaxs, sadac
Tavmoyrilia ama Tu im regionis, saxelmwifos an kontinentis vazis jiSebi.
regionuli koleqcia SeiZleba Sedgebodes kaxeTis, qarTlis, imereTis da
sxva regionis jiSebis nargaobisagan. saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis koleqciaSi
Tavmoyrili unda iyos yvela regionis jiSebi (qarTli, kaxeTi, imereTi,

59
raWa-leCxumi, guria-samegrelo, aWara-afxazeTi). koleqcia SeiZleba iyos
saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis, roca gaSenebulia mevenaxeobis qveynis
aborigenuli, seleqciuri jiSebi da maTi klonebi.
saWiroa sakoleqcio daniSnulebis vazis genofondis dacva da
kvlavwarmoeba, jiSTa botanikuri da agrobiologiuri, sameurneo-
teqnologiuri Seswavla, maTgan ukeTesebis gamovlenis mizniT.
garda amisa, sakoleqcio nargaoba gamoiyeneba rogorc saseleqcio
sawyisi masala, hibridizaciis gziT, axali jiSebis misaRebad. koleqciebis
gaSenebis sistema gamomdinareobs misi masStabisa da daniSnulebisagan.
koleqciaSi xdeba jiSebis dajgufeba warmoSobis regionebis, yurZnis
Sefervis, sameurneo daniSnulebis (sasufre-saRvine) mixedviT.
TiToeuli jiSi SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos 5, 10 an 20 Ziris
raodenobiT. gaSenebis da movlis teqnologia igivea, rac samrewvelo
venaxSi.

savenaxe farTobis SerCeva, momzadeba da vazis dargva

savenaxe adgilis SerCevis dros gasaTvaliswinebelia havis pirobebi,
ferdobebis daqaneba, mxareebis mimarT ganwyoba, simaRle zRvis donidan.
niadagis da qveniadagis Tvisebebi havis mxriv unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg
moTxovnebs:
1) aqtiur temperaturaTa (+10c-ze meti) jami ar unda iyos 22000C-ze naklebi.
2) yvelaze Tbili Tvis saSualo Tviuri temperatura ar unda iyos 160C-
ze naklebi.
3) vazis jiSebi SerCeuli unda iqnes `vazisa da Rvinis Sesaxeb”
saqarTvelos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli siidan, mewarmis moTxovnilebis
da sawarmoo mimarTulebidan gamomdinare - saRvine, sasufre, sabrende da
sxva.

niadagis momzadeba venaxis gasaSeneblad

vazis dargvamde, saWiroebis mixedviT unda Catardes Semdegi
kulteqnikuri da agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebi:
1. nakveTis gawmenda buCqis, msxvili qvebisa da sarevelebisgan; 2. niadagis
zedapiris mosworeba; 3. sarwyavi qselis dagegmva; 4. sadrenaJo qselis
mowyoba; 5. niadagis agrosawarmoo Tvisebebis gaumjobeseba; 6. plantaJis
Catareba; 7. qarsafari zolis mowyoba.

savenaxe nakveTis gawmenda

savenaxed gamoyofili nakveTi unda gaiwmindos jagnarisa da xis
Zirkvebisagan. unda gaikafos da amoiZirkvos yvela didi xe ise, rom
niadagSi ar darCes didi fesvebi. Tu savenaxe farTobze gavrcelebulia
sarevelebi, rogoricaa: glerta, Salafa, Wanga da sxva, maT winaaRmdeg unda
gamoviyenoT Zliermoqmedi herbicidebi. navenaxari adgilis axali venaxiT
gaSenebis gansazRvris SemTxvevaSi, Zveli vazi unda gaikafos da
fesvebisagan gaiwmindos, xolo Semdeg 2-3 weli unda vTesoT sideratebi
niadagSi CaxvniT, raTa niadagis agrosawarmoo maCveneblebi gaumjobesdes.
nakveTi unda gavasufTavoT didi qvebisa da lodebisagan. plantaJis
win unda moswordes niadagi, rac xels Seuwyobs venaxSi sameqanizacio
rigTaSorisebis warmoebas da sarwyav regionebSi morwyvis normalur

60
warmoebas. niadagis zedapiris mosworeba xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu savenaxe
farTobze gvxvdeba uswormasworo adgilebi, xevebi, ormoebi, borcvebi da
sxva.
adgilis mosworeba xdeba buldozeriT, greideriT da zogjer
eqskavatoriTac. aRniSnuli samuSao tardeba plantaJis win.

sarwyavi qselis mowyoba

sarwyav regionebSi venaxis gaSenebisas, winaswar unda Sedges venaxis
sarwyavi sistemis proeqti, romlis ganxorcielebis Sedegadac gaiyvaneba
mTavari da damxmare sarwyavi arxebi. wveTuri morwyvis sistemis
daproeqtebis SemTxvevaSi, gasaTvaliswinebelia adgilis reliefi.

sadrenaJo qselis mowyoba

sadrenaJo qselis mowyoba aucilebelia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
regionebSi, roca venaxi Sendeba mdinareTa xeobebSi - mtkvris, ivris,
alaznis xeobebSi da sxvagan. dasavleT saqarTveloSi sadrenaJo qselis
mowyoba aucilebelia dablob adgilebSi venaxebis gaSenebis dros.
sadrenaJo qselis aucilebloba unda dadgindes savenaxe farTobis
hidrologiuri gamokvlevis Semdeg, imis mixedviT, Tu ra saxis
WarbtenianobasTan gvaqvs saqme. Sroba warmoebs Ria da daxuruli arxebiT.
Ria arxebi gamoiyeneba umTavresad niaRvrebisa da saerTod, niadagis
zedapiruli wylebis asarideblad. Tumca, aseTi arxebis arseboba xSirad
xels uSlis manqana-iaraRebis gamoyenebas, amcirebs gamosayenebel farTobs,
xels uwyobs sarevela balaxebisa da mavnebel-daavadebaTa gavrcelebas.
gruntis wylis dasawretad keTdeba daxuruli drenaJi. drenaJi unda
moewyos zafxulSi, niadagis Rrma moxvnamde da Semodgomis dasawyisSi,
roca gruntis wylis done daweulia.
venaxebis gasaSenebeli adgilis SerCevis Semdeg tardeba niadagis
plantaJi anu niadagis Rrmad damuSaveba. niadagis fenaTa gadaadgilebiT.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi plantaJis siRrme unda iyos 50-60 sm, xolo
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi – 60-70 sm. plantaJi tardeba vazis dargvamde 3-5
TviT adre. vazis dargvamde 20-25 dRiT adre plantaJirebuli niadagi unda
gadaixnas gardigardmo 25 sm-is siRrmeze da daifarcxos.
plantaJis win niadagSi SeaqvT organuli mineraluri sasuqebi.
sasuqebis dozebs adgenen niadagis nayofierebis donis mixedviT.
niadagis fosforiTa da kaliumiT dakmayofilebis dabali donis
SemTxvevaSi (rac qimiuri analiziT dgindeba), niadagSi SeaqvT 450-550 kg
fosforisa da 350-450 kg kaliumis sufTa nivTiereba, xolo nakeli an
komposti 100-120 tona heqtarze.
niadagis fosforiTa da kaliumiT saSualo donis dakmayofilebis
SemTxvevaSi, niadagSi SeaqvT 400-500 kg fosforisa da 300-400 kg kaliumis
sufTa nivTiereba heqtarze, xolo nakeli 80-100 tona heqtarze.
niadagSi am elementebis maRali Semcvelobis dros SeaqvT 350-400 kg
fosforisa da 250-300 kg kaliumis sufTa nivTiereba, xolo nakeli 60-80
tona heqtarze.
sasuqebi moifanteba niadagis zedapirze da Caixvneba plantaJis
guTniT Rrma fenebSi.
farTobis dagegmareba da kvebis aris SerCeva
saWiroa damuSavdes wylisa da qarismieri eroziisagan niadagis
dacvis sakiTxi, Seiqmnas meqanizaciis farTod gamoyenebis pirobebi. amis

61
misaRwevad, reliefisa da niadaguri pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, teritoria
unda daiyos kvartlebad, Targebad, TargebSi ki rigebis mimarTulebebad. am
dros saWiroa daigegmos sagzao qseli, qarsafari tyis zolebi da sarwyavi
sistema sarwyav regionebSi; unda SeirCes sasuqebis, Sxamqimikatebisa da
sxva saTavsoebis mosawyobi adgilebi.
teritoriis organizaciis dros gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eqceva
rigebis mimarTulebis SerCevas. rigebis mimarTuleba unda uzrunvelyofdes
meqanizaciis Seuferxebel gamoyenebas, agreTve teritoriis dacvas
qarismieri da wylismieri eroziisagan. aqedan gamomdinare, vake adgilebSi
mwkrivebi umjobesia ganlagdes CrdiloeTidan samxreTis mimarTulebiT,
rac uzrunvelyofs mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi mcenareTa karg ganaTebas.
aucilebelia sarwyav niadagebze rigebi ganlagdes sarwyavi qselis
mimarTulebiT, xolo urwyavSi - gabatonebuli qarebis mimarTulebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
venaxis pirvel teritoriul erTeulad miRebulia 3-6 heqtriani Targi
– siganiT 100 da sigrZiT 300-600 metri, romelic yoveli mxridan ifargleba
TargTaSorisi saplantaJo gzebiTa da traqtoris mosabrunebeli zoliT.
TargTaSorisi da saplantaJo gzebis sigane 6 metria, xolo traqtoris
mosabrunebeli ki 8 metri. rTul reliefur situaciaSi aRniSnuli
manZilebi SeiZleba Seicvalos adgilmdebareobis pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT da rigebis sigrZe daigegmos ara 100-metriani, aramed 50-
metriani an 150-metriani manZilebiT. dasavleT saqarTvelos mTagorian
reliefSi (raWa-leCxumi, zemo imereTi, afxazeTi) aseTi gamonaklisebis
daSveba xSirad aris SesaZlebeli.
kvebis are, anu vazis dargvis sixSire ganisazRvreba mwkrivTaSorissa da
mwkrivSi vazebs Soris manZiliT. kvebis are damokidebulia bunebriv
pirobebze, movla-damuSavebis wesebze, jiSis zrdis siZliereze, mis
biologiuri Tvisebebze. noyier da tenian niadagebze vazi SedarebiT didi
kvebis areze Sendeba, Rarib da mwir niadagebze ki - ufro mcire kvebis
areze. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi miRebulia heqtarze 1666 Ziridan
(2X3) m2 3817 Ziramde (2,1X1,25) m2 vazis dargva.
niadagis ganoyiereba rgvis dros
venaxis gaSenebisas sasuqi unda SevitanoT dasargavi ormos fskerze,
zemodan daeyreba 6-8 sm miwa, e. w. gamyofi fena da Semdeg dairgveba vazi.
organuli sasuqebi (nakeli, komposti) pirdapir Seereva ormodan amoRebul
miwaSi da dargvis Semdeg moeyreba mTlianad. Sesatani sasuqebis raodenoba
(erT ormoSi) da sasuqis saxeoba unda dadgindes saqarTvelos mevenaxeobis
agrowesebis Tanaxmad.

namyeni vazis momzadeba dasargavad

dargvis win namyeni nergis momzadeba iTvaliswinebs zeda da saSualo
fesvebis SeWras, quslis fesvebi mokldeba 10-12 sm-mde, xolo nazardi - 1-2
kvirtamde; unda darCes erTi rqa. dargvis win namyeni amoevleba 700-800c-ian
parafinSi. Tu parafini gaukeTda, maSin kokolebis gakeTeba saWiro aRar
aris. dargvis win, ori dRiT adre, namyeni vazis fesvebi Calbeba wyalSi.
nergis dargvis adgilze misatanad fesvebze gadaefareba celofani an
brezenti, raTa fesvebi ar gamoSres. Riad transportireba dauSvebelia.
fesvebi unda iyos dafaruli rgvis drosac. dauSvebelia nergis Camotareba
Ria fesvebiT. nergi Cawyobili unda iyos vedroSi, raTa fesvi ar gamoSres.

62
 nergi irgveba ormos centrSi, namyeni adgili 2-3 sm-iT maRla unda
iyos miwis zedapiridan. dauparafinebel namyens ukeTdeba miwis kokola ise,
rom zeda kvirti 3-4 sm miwis feniT daifaros. dargva SeiZleba Semodgoma-
zamTris periodSi, Tbil dReebSi. axaldargul vazs edgmeba Wigo.

axalSeni venaxis movla

venaxis gaSenebis pirvel wels tardeba kokolebis gafxviereba,

sarevelebis winaaRmdeg brZola, vazis dacva sokovan daavadebaTa da
mavneblebisagan. adre gazafxulze saWiroa mwkrivTaSorisebSi niadagis
kultivatoriT gafxviereba 10-12 sm-is sigrZeze, xolo mwkrivebSi, kokolebs
Soris darCenili adgili damuSavdeba Toxis saSualebiT. wvimis Semdeg,
saWiroebis mixedviT, kokolebi unda gafxvierdes da Seswordes. tardeba
sanamyenedan gamotanili fesvebis SeWra da saZireze amonayari ylortebis
mocileba (ivnisis II naxevridan). namyens isev unda mieyaros fxvieri miwa
iseTi raodenobiT, rom kokolis simaRle pirvandelTan SedarebiT
Semcirdes. am RonisZiebas imeoreben 25-30 dRis Semdeg. kokolis mesamed
gaxsnis dros miwa aRar mieyreba, radgan saWiroa rqis bazaluri nawilebi
momwifdes.
saWiroa axaSen venaxebSi niadagi yovelTvis fxvier mdgomareobaSi
iyos, risTvisac savegetacio periodSi 5-8-jer tardeba kultivacia,
amdenjerve saWiroa mwkrivebis gaToxna.
mavnebel-daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg brZola warmoebs Sxam-qimikatebiT,
traqtoris an zurgsakidi aparatis saSualebiT.
saTanado vegetatiuri nazardis ganviTarebis Semdeg saWiroa
ylortebis 2-3-jer akvra Wigoze.
a) axaSen venaxSi formirebis dasaCqareblad saWiroa dargvis I wels
Catardes vazze ylortebis danormeba erTi-ori ukeTesi ylortis
datovebiT da maTi sayrdenze aRzrdiT. zrda-ganviTarebis siZlieris
mixedviT, II wels vazi gaisxvleba Stambis simaRleze an Stambisa da
sanayofis gamoyvana moxdeba erTdroulad, Stambis zonaSi ylortebis
SecvliT, xolo SedarebiT susti ganviTarebis vazi dainekeba, e. i.
gaisxvleba fuZis 2-3 kvirtze. momdevno wels saWiro iqneba Stambis da
mxaris daCqarebiTi wesiT gamoyvana. niadagis damuSaveba, daavadebis da
mavneblebis winaaRmdeg brZola, mwvane operaciebis Catarebis wesebi,
gasxvla-formireba Spalerze gadayvanis Semdeg iseTivea, rogorc
srulmosavliani venaxisa. axaSen venaxSi I-II wels tardeba meCxerianobis
likvidacia. Sesavsebad gamoiyeneba mwvane nergi an erTwliani
parafinirebuli nergi.
b) Spaleri unda moewyos vazis gaSenebis I da II wels. mogvianebiT
Spaleris mowyoba agvianebs vazis formirebasa da msxmoiarobaSi Sesvlas.
Spaleris mosawyobad saWiroa: mavTuli, boZebi, Ruzis qva, manWvali (xis
boZebisaTvis). sayrdenad gamoiyeneba rogorc xis, ise liTonis da rkina-
betonis boZebi. rigSi boZebs Soris manZili SeiZleba iyos 5-6-7 metramde.
vazis zrdis siZlieris mixedviT ewyoba saSualo da maRali Spaleri.
rogorc wesi, saSualo simaRlis Spaleri Sedgeba sami wveri
mavTulisagan.

63
saprezentacio Temebi:

1. savenaxe adgilis SerCevisaTvis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi

2. vazis jiSebis SerCevis faqtorebi. Aa.d. Rvinoebis warmoebisaTvis
jiSebis SerCeva
3. venaxis gaSenebis win Sesasrulebeli samuSaoebi da venaxis gaSeneba

Tavi 5. vazis rekomendebuli sortimenti

TeTryurZniani saRvine jiSebi

avasirxva

warmoSoba: avasirxva afxazuri, mcired gavrcelebuli jiSia. misi

sinonimebia – avasarxva, aosirxvaJi, aJiSi, auasirxva, avasirxvaJiSi.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis aRweriT avasirxvas 7 heqtari farTobi uWiravs.
mokle aRwera: axalazrda mozardi ylortis wveroebi gvirgviniTa da
pirveli ori foTolakiTurT Sebusvilia orive mxridan susti,
ablabudisebri bususiT, ufro intensiurad ki foTlis qveda mxridan da
moruxo-mwvane ferisaa.
Sua iarusis foToli saSualo zomisaa (17-18sm). foToli momrgvaloa,
iSviaTad ovalisebria, gvxvdeba samnakvTiani foTlebi, iSviaTad mTliani da
xuTnakvTiani.
yunwis amonakveTis forma mcired cvalebadobs. mas Ria
elifsismagvari forma da maxvili fuZe aqvs.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevnebis zoma saSualoa, forma – cilindrul – konusisebri, xSirad
mxriani. mtevnebi saSualo simkvrivisaa. mtevnebi xasiaTdeba mcireodeni
wvrilmrcvlianobiT.
marcvlebis forma ufro xSirad ovaluria, magram iSviaTad
momrgvalo formis marcvlebic gvxvdeba. feriT momwvano-yviTeli ferisaa.
marcvlis kani Txeli, magram sakmaod mkvrivia. rbilobi wvniania da
advilad scildeba kans. marcvals sasiamovno gemo da sustad gamosaxuli
aromati aqvs. marcvali sakmaod sqeli cvilisebri fifqiTaa dafaruli.
fenologia: kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 18-20 aprils, yvavilobas iwyebs 4-7
ivniss, SeTvalebas – 19-25 agvistos, srul simwifeSi Sedis 12-17 oqtombers.
jiSuri argoteqnologia: rekomendebulia maRali datvirTvis
kordonuli formirebebi.
mosavlianoba: avasirxva saSualo mosavlianobiT xasiaTdeba.
saSualod heqtarze 6-7 tonas iZleva.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: avasirxvas sokovan avadmyofobaTa
mimarT (Wraqi, nacari) gamZleoba SedarebiT kargi aqvs.
teqnologiuri potenciali: avasirxva iZleva xarisxovan sufris
Rvinos. Rvino xasiaTdeba sasiamovno jiSuri aromatiTa da bunebrivi
cqrialiT.

64
 klonuri seleqcia: mcire farTobze gavrcelebis gamo misi klonuri
seleqcia ar aris Catarebuli.

aligote

warmoSoba: aligote franguli TeTryurZniani vazis saRvine jiSia.

saqarTveloSi aligote Semotanilia XX saukunis dasawyisSi. saqarTveloSi
aRmosavleT raionebSi, kerZod mcxeTis raionis muxranis mevenaxeobis
zonaSi am jiSma kargi Sedegebi mogvca, rogorc mosavlianobiT aseve
maRali xarisxiT.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis aRweriT alogotes 97 heqtari farTobi
uWiravs.
mokle aRwera: zrdis konusi moTeTroa, mowiTalo elferiT da
dafarulia mooqrosfro bususiT. pirveli da meore axlad gaSlili
foTlebi zemodan Ria momwvano-moyviTalo elferiT. firfitis kidurebs da
kbilebs emCnevaT mowiTalo Rvinisferi. qvemo mxridan dafarulia sqli
moTeTro-nacrisferi bususiT.
zrdadamTavrebuli foToli Ria mwvanea, moyviTalo elferiT da
ramdenimed brWyvialaa. formiT momrgvaloa da odnav danakvTuli. misi
sigrZe aRwevs 16.8-17.4 sm, xolo sigane 17.1-17.7 sm. foTlis yunwis amonakveTi
Riaa, xSirad Cangisebri formisaa-maxvili fuZiT. misi zemo mxare gluvia an
badisebr danaoWebuli. firfitis zedapiri brtyelia, zogjer napirebiT
qvemoT aris Camoweuli. qvemo mxridan ufro Ria ferisaa da mcired aris
Sebusvilimonacrisfro bewvisebri bususiT.
yvavili orsqesiania, normalurad ganviTarebuli butkoTi da
mtvrianebiT.
mtevani saSualo sididis an saSualoze mcirea, formiT cilindruli
an cilindrul-konusuria, zogjer frTiani.
marcvali sakmaod mtkiced aris mimagrebuli sajdom baliSze. feriT
TeTri-momwvanoa. formiT momrgvaloa, Sua welSi ganieria, bolo
momrgvalebuli aqvs, simetriulia da Txelkaniani, mcire xorciani da
mometebul wvniania. marcvlis kani cviliT mcired aris dafaruli.
fenologia: kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 18 – 25 aprils. yvavilobas iwyebs
1-7 ivniss, SeTvalebas 15-20 agvistos, xolo srul simwifeSi Sedis 17-25
seqtembers.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: aligotesTvis, gasxvlis formebidan
saukeTeso efeqtis momcemia qarTuli ormxrivi Spaleri gaorebuli
StambiT, sadac vazis saerTo datvirTva 16-18 kvirts ar aRemateba.
mosavlianoba: xelSemwyob ekologiur pirobebSi aligote uxvi
mosavlianobiT xasiaTdeba. saSualod misi mosavlianoba heqtarze 7-8 tonas
arwevs.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: muxranis mevenaxeobis zonaSi, aligote
masobrivad avaddeba qloroziT. igi sokovan avadmyofobaTa mimarT sakmao
gamZleobiT xasiaTdeba. Wraqi mas naklebad aavadebs, kidev ufro kargad
uZlebs nacars.
teqnologiuri potenciali: alogotes jiSidan mzaddeba sufris
Rvino, mas gamoiyeneben aseve cqriala da SuSxuna Rvinomasalebis
dasamzadeblad.

65
KLON klonuri seleqcia: safrangeTSi gamovlenilia aligotes mravali
kloni, romlebic gamoiyeneba warmoebaSi.

goruli mwvane

warmoSoba: mwvanes saxelwodebiT jiSebi gvrcelebulia kaxeTSi,

qarTlSi, imereTSi, raWaSi, mesxeTSi da sxv. yvela es jiSi erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebulia ampelografiuli da sameurneo niSnebiT.
goruli mwvanes sinonimebia – mwvane, suramula, TeTrfoTola,
jiSiani mwvane da lurji mwvane. dasavleT saqarTveloSi (imereTSi) mas
`qviSxeTurasac” uwodeben, rac misi imereTSi qviSxeTidan Setanaze
miuTiTebs, xolo raWaSi am jiSs aseve `Tbilisurs” uwodeben, rac
Tbilisis gareubnebidan mis Setanas gulisxmobs.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis aRweriT goruli mwvane 224 heqtari farTobzea
gavrcelebuli.
mokle aRwera: zrdis konusi mTlianad dafarulia qeCiseburi bususiT
da gadahkravs intensiuri movardisfro feri. pirveli axalgaSlili
foToli, rogorc zeda ise qveda mxaridan dafarulia qeCisebri TeTri
bususiT, xolo napirebs gadahkravs movardisfro feri. axalgazrda
foTols zeda mxridan axasiaTebs brinjaosebri Seferva.
zrdadasrulebuli foToli muqi mwvanea da saSualoze didi, sigrZe
13,5-20,6 sm, xolo sigane 13-19,4 sm. formiT TiTqmis momrgvaloa an ganier-
ovaluri. Rrmad danakvTulia, axasiaTebs meoradi nakvTebic. foTlis
yunwis amonakveTi Ria Cangisebria, momrgvalo an maxvili fuZiT.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani didi an saSualoa, ganier-konusuri, gantotvili, iSviaTad
cilindrul konusuri moyvanilobisaa. mtevani Txelia an saSualod kumsi..
marcvali sajdom baliSze sakmaod mtkiced aris mimagrebuli. srul
simwifeSi yviTel-momwvanod aris Seferili, odnav movardisfro elferiT.
marcvali saSualo zomisaa, formiT momrgvaloa an ganier-ovaluri. Sua
welSi ufro ganieria. marcvlis kani sakmaod sqeli da uxeSia. rbilibi
sakmaod mkvrivi da xorciania.
fenologia: kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 22-25 aprils. yvavilobas iwyebs 3-6-
ivniss, SeTvalebas 19-23 agvistos, xolo srul simwifeSi Sedis 5-12
oqtombers.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: goruli mwvane advilad egueba, rogorc
grZel ise saSuao da mokle sxvlas maRali agroteqnologiis fonze, misi
datvirTva – SeiZleba Seadgendes 30-40 kvirts erT Zirze. efeqturia
yvavilobis win ylortebis wverebis wawyveta, rac zrdis gamonaskvis
procents.
mosavlianoba: goruli mwvane heqtarze daaxloebiT 8 tona mosavals
iZleva.
daavadebis mimarT gamZleoba: jiSi mimRebiania Wraqis mimarT,
SedarebiT gaZlea nacris mimarT. agrowesebiT gaTvaliswinebuli qimiuri
dacvis RonisZiebebi uzrunvelyofs jansaRi mosavlis miRebas.
teqnologiuri potenciali: qarTlis mevenaxeobis raionebSi goruli
mwvane iZleva maRalxarisxovan evropuli tipis sufris Rvinos da
bunebrivad cqriala Rvinos.

66
 gorul mwvanes gamravlebis perspeqtivebi aqvs qarTlis yvela raionSi
maT Soris mesxeTSi, xolo dasavleT saqarTvelos raionebidan zestafonsa
da saCxereSi.
klonuri seleqcia: goruli mwvane seleqciurad dasaxvewia. mis
nargaobaSi xSirad gvxvdeba dabalmosavliani meCxermtevniani formebi,
romelTac mosaxleoba `ujiSos”, `avrexs” da sxva saxelebs uwodebs.
sakvirte masalis SerCevisas swored am mdgoamrebas unda gaewios angariSi
da masala aRebuli unda iqnas aprobirebuli venaxebidan.

kraxuna

warmoSoba: kraxuna adgilobrivi TeTryurZniani vazis jiSia,

gavrcelebulia imereTSi, ZiriTadad Sua imereTis soflebSi: sviri,
kvaliTi, obCa, dimi da sxva. ivane javaxiSvilis ganmartebiT: ”kraxuna”
marcvlis Tvisebis gamomxatveli imeruli warmoSobis sityvaa. dasavleT
saqarTveloSi amboben: ”marcvali pirSi skdeba, kraxunobs, xolo
aRmosvleT saqarTveloSi kraxuna - knata-knuts, knatuns” niSnavso.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis aRweriT kraxunas 36 heqtari farTobi uWiravs.
mokle aRwera: axalgazrda mozardi ylortis gvirgvini da pirveli
ori jer kidev gauSleli foTolaki Sebusvilia sqeli qeCisebri bususiT,
momwvano TeTri ferisaa, romlebsac Ria movardisfro arSia akravs
gvirgvinisa da foTolakebis irgvliv. ylortis Sebusva zevidan qveviT
mcirdeba.
Sua iarusis kargad ganviTarebuli foToli saSualo sididisaa.
foTlis firfita momrgvaloa, ufro xSirad igi ganier-ovaluria, vidre
mogrZo, foTlis sigrZe saSualod 17-18 sm, xolo gani 18-19 sm udris.
foToli muqi mwvane ferisaa, ufro xSirad igi xuTnakvTiania,
iSviaTad samnakvTianebic gvxvdeba. foTlis qveda mxare Sebusvilia sakmaod
sqeli, ablabudisebri SebusviT.
yunwis amonakveTi umravles foTlebze Riaa, igi Cangismagvaria,
Seviwroebuli fuZiT.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualo sididisaa, ganier konusisebri formisa, xSirad
mxriani. mtevani mkvrivia, iSviaTad saSualo simkvrivis. mtevnis yunwi
balaxisebria, yurZnis sruli simwifis periodisaTvis igi xevdeba rqis
fers iRebs.
marcvali saSualoze ufro msxvilia, forma ovaluri aqvs, iSviaTad
momrgvalo formis marcvlebic gvxvdeba. feriT momwvano-yviTelia.
marcvali dafarulia sakmaod sqeli cvilisebri fifqiT. kani Txelia,
magram sakmaod mkvrivi, igi advilad ar scildeba rbilobs. rbilobi
mkvrivi knatunaa, wveni uferuli. jiSuri aromati marcvalSi sustad aris
gamoxatuli.
fenologia: kraxuna kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 9-15 aprils. yvavilobas
iwyebs 28 maisidan 4 ivnisamde, srul siwifeSi Sedis 16 seqtemberi – 3
oqtomberi.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: naklebad aris Seswavlili.

67
 mosavlianoba: kraxuna saSualoze maRali mosavlianobiT xasiaTdeba.
mikroraionebis mixedviT misi mosavlianoba saSualod 8-10 tonamde
meryeobs.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: kraxuna Wraqis mimarT naklebad
gamZlea, xolo nacris mimarT saSualod gamZle. igi filoqseras mimarTac
nakleb gamZleobiT gamoirCeva.
teqnologiuri potenciali: kraxunas ZiriTadad iyeneben, imeruli da
evropuli tipis sufris Rvinis dasayeneblad. maRalxarisxovani Rvinos
iZleva Sua imereTidan, gansakuTrebiT zestafonisa da maiakovskis
raionebidan.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

mwvane kaxuri

warmoSoba: mwvane kaxeTis samrewvelo jiSia. iZleva evropuli tipis

maRalxarisxovan TeTr sufris Rvinos. saxelwodeba miRebuli aqvs mwife
marcvlebis moyviTalo-momwvano feris gamo. Zvelad, sokovani daavadebebis
gavrcelebamde mwvane farTod yofila gavrcelebuli mTel kaxeTSi. am
daavadebaTa gavrcelebis gamo misi gaSeneba SeizRuda da minimumamde
davida.
gavrceleba: 2004 wels monacemebiT mwvane kaxuris nargaoba 249
heqtars Seadgens.
mokle aRwera: mozardi ylortis wveri da gauSleli foTolakebi
Sebusulia sqeli qeCisebri SebusviT, Seferilia TeTrad da susti
vardisferi arSia akravs foTolakebis irgvliv da yunwis gaswvriv.
foToli saSualo zomisaa da muqi mwvane feris. momrgvalo, iSviaTad
ovaluri formis. foTlis zedapiri badisebr danaoWebulia, iSviaTAd igi
wvrilburTulebiania. foTlebi xuTnakvTiani, iSviaTad samnakvTiani.
foTlis qveda mxaris Sebusva ablabudisebria.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualo zomisaa, ganier konusisebri formis da mxriani.
mtevnebi Cveulebriv saSualo simkvrivisaa, magram iSviaTad meCxeri
mtevnebic gvxvdeba.
marcvlebi saSualo zomisaa, forma ovaluri aqvs, Sua welSi
ganieria, xolo bolo momrgvalebuli aqvs. kani Txelia da advilad
scildeba rbilobs. rbilobi wvniania, wveni uferuli, nazi, jiSuri
aromatiT.
fenologia: kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 10-22 aprils. yvavilobas 20
maisidan 6 ivlisamde, srul simwifeSi Sedis oqtombris bolos.
jiSuari agroteqnologia: ar aris Seswavlili.
mosavlianoba: mwvane xasiaTdeba SedarebiT maRali mosavlianobiT da
produqciis maRali xarisxiT. kaxeTis sxvadasxva raionSi misi saheqtaro
mosavlianoba meryeobs 5,6 tonidan 11 tonamde.
daavadebis mimarT gamZleoba: mwvane sxva kaxur jiSebTan SedarebiT
advilad avaddeba nacriT. Wraqis mimarT gansakuTrebuli mgrZnobeloba ar
axasiaTebs Tumca rqawiTelTan SedarebiT ufro mimRebiania. SedarebiT
gamZlea filoqseras mimarT.

68
 jiSuari agroteqnologia: mwvane saWiroebs erT Zirze 30-40 kvirtiT
datvirTvas. isxvleba Tavisufali wesiT an formdeba ormxrivi mokle
kordonis wesiT. mwvanis jiSuri Tvisebaa, rom Stambze amonayrebis umetesi
nawili mosavliania da misi gamoyeneba SeiZleba setyvis an wayinvebis
uaryofiTi Sedegebis Sesamcireblad.
teqnologiuri potenciali: jiSi xasiaTdeba Saqris dagrovebis kargi
unariT. sxvadasxva regionebSi misi Saqrianoba 24%-dan 28%-mde meryeobs.
mJavianoba ki 5,7‰-dan 11‰-mde. mwvane ZvelTaganve SerCeulia TeTri sufris
Rvinis warmoebisaTvis da igi saukeTesoa kaxur jiSTa Soris. amitom mas
iyeneben sxvadasxva jiSebTan Sesarevad maTi gakeTilSobilebis mizniT.
mwvanes teqnologiuri potenciali arc saqarTveloSi da arc mis sazRvrebs
gareT saTanadod gamoyenebuli ar aris. mwvanesagan iwarmoeba umaRlesi
xarisxis kaxuri da evropuli tipis Rvinoebi. Mwvanesgan mzaddeba a.d. Rvino
manavi.
mwvane maRalxarisxovan produqcias iZleva Telavis, sagarejos,
axmetis, gurjaanis da siRnaRis raionebSi mTebis wina SemaRlebul ferdob
adgilebze.
gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva da farTod aris cnobili axmetis, manavis,
iyalTos, ruispiris, nafareulis, saniores, winandlis, vazisubnis da sxva
adgilebis mwvane.
klonuri seleqcia: gamovlenilia 5 sxvadasxva variacia, maT Soris
yviTeli mwvane da mwvane 12 pespeqtiuli formebia da unda gavrceldes
samrewvelo miznebisaTvis. mTlian foTliani mwvane, mokle mtevana mwvane,
yvavilTmcveni mwvane ki uaryofiTi variaciebia da saWiroa maTi
nargaobidan gamoTiSva. mokle mtevana mwvane warmoadgens iseT iSviaT
variacias romlis qromosomebis ricxvi 76. e.i. warmoadgens
avtopoliploidur formas da sayuradReboa rogorc saseleqcio masala.

pino TeTri

warmoSoba: saadreo simwifis periodis franguli teqnikuri vazis

jiSia. ekuTvnis dasavleT evropis ekologiur-geografiul jgufs.
msoflioSi es jiSi farTod aris gavrcelebuli.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis monacemebiT rqawiTels 19 741 heqtari farTobi
uWiravs. rqawiTeli wamyvani jiSia ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed
ukrainaSi, ruseTSi, moldaveTSi, bulgareTSi, rumineTSi da sxv.
gaSenebulia aseve CineTSic. yofil ssrk-s teritoriaze rqawiTels 700 000
heqtari farTobi eWira.
mokle aRwera: foTlebi saSualo zomisaa, TiTqmis mrgvali,
samnakvTiani, talRisebri zedapiriT, Zirs daxrili napirebiT. foTlis
qveda mxare sustad aris Sebusuli.
yunwis amonakvTi Riaa Cangismagvari, maxvili fuZiT.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualo zomisaa, cilindruli formisa, kumsi an Zlier kumsi.
marcvlebis umetesoba saSualo zomisaa, momrgvalo an moovalo,
mooqrosfro-yviTeli an momwvano-TeTri feris. kani Txeli, rbilobi
wvniani.
fenologia: savegetacio periodi 140 dRea.

69
 jiSuri agroteqnologia: saqarTveloSi ar aris Seswavlili.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: Wraqis da nacris mimarT mimRebiania.
teqnologiuri potenciali: safrangeTSi am jiSidan mzaddeba rogorc
wynari Rvinoebi aseve Sampanuri.
klonuri seleqcia: saqarTveloSi ar aris Seswavlili.

rqawiTeli

warmoSoba: rqawiTeli farTod gavrcelebli jiSia. saqarTveloSi mas

yvelaze didi farTobi kaxeTSi uWiravs. misi sinonimebia: mamali, dedali,
wiTeli da yviTeli rqawiTeli. saingiloSi – kukura, ruseTSi –
gruzinskis, budaSuras saxelwodebebiT da mravali sxva.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis monacemebiT rqawiTels 19 741 heqtari farTobi
uWiravs. rqawiTeli wamyvani jiSia ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed
ukrainaSi, ruseTSi, moldaveTSi, bulgareTSi, rumineTSi da sxv.
gaSenebulia aseve CineTSic. yofil ssrk-s teritoriaze rqawiTels 700 000
heqtari farTobi eWira.
mokle aRwera: axalgazrda, mozardi ylortis wveri gvirgviniTa da
jer kidev gauSleli pirveli ori foTolakiTurT Sebulsvilia saSualo
sisqis ablabudisebri bewviT, moruxo TeTri ferisaa da odnav
movardisfro arSia dayveba gvirgvinisa da foTolakebis irgvliv.
foTlebi muqi mwvanea, momrgvalo da saSualo zomis (19 – 18sm).
metwilad samnakvTiania, iSviaTad xuTnakvTiani da ufro iSviaTad
daunakvTavi. fotlis firfita badisebr danaoWebulia an
wvrilburTulebiani. foTlis qveda mxaris Sebusva ablabudisebria.
yunwis amonakvTi Cveulebriv Rrmaa, formiT igi Ria Cangismagvari an
gaSlili mSvildisebria.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualo zomisaa, sigrZe – 12 – 24 sm, sigane ki 5 – 12 sm.
ufro xSirad mtevnebi mxriania, cilindrul-konusisebri da cilindruli
formisaa. iSviaTad ki konusisebri formis mtevnebic gvxvdeba. zogjer
mxari iwyeba mtevnis yunwis fuZidan, ris gamoc mtevani ormagi,
akidosmagvaria. ufro xSirad mtevnebi saSualo simkvrivisaa, iSviaTAd kumsi
da meCxeri mtevnebic gvxvdeba.
marcvlebis umetesoba saSualo zomisaa, ovaluri, mooqrosfro-
yviTeli. marcvlis kani Txelia da mkvrivi, dafarulia saSualo sisqis
cvilisebri fifqiT.
fenologia: rqawiTeli kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 10-25 aprils,
yvavilobas iwyebs 20-25 maiss, SeTvalebas iwyebs 19 agviistodan, srul
simwifeSi Sedis 23 seqtembridan.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: jiSuri agroteqnologia gavrcelebis
zonebis mixedviT aris gamoyenebuli.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: kaxeTSi rqawiTeli sokovan
avadmyofobaTa mimarT damakmayofilebeli gamZleobiT xasiaTdeba. igi
Wraqis mimarT ufro gamZlea vidre nacris mimarT. dasavleT saqarTveloSi,
iqaur jiSebTan SedarebiT rqawiTeli Wraqis mimarT naklebad gamZlea da
saWiroebs damatebiT wamlobas. zamTris yinvebs rqawiTeli kargad itans.
gvalvis mimarT misi gamZleoba saSualoa.

70
 teqnologiuri potenciali: rqawiTeli iZleva maRali xarisxis a.d.
Rvinoebs, rogorebicaa vazisubani, gurjaani, winandali, kaxuri. aseve
sufrisa da sadeserto Rvinoebs. kaxeTis zogierT raionSi SesaZlebelia
rqawiTelisgan xeresisa da maderas tipis Rvinoebis damzadeba. agreTve igi
gamoiyeneba sufris yurZnad da iZleva maRali xarisxis yurZnis wvens.
klonuri seleqcia: klonuri seleqciis gziT gamovlenilia
maRalmosavliani kloni rqawiTeli - 48, romelic xarisxobrivi
maCveneblebiT ar Camouvardeba rqawiTels.

qisi

warmoSoba: qisi naklebad gavrcelebuli kaxuri vazis jiSia.

sinonimebi cnobili ar aris. igi Tavisi botanikuri da sameurneo
maCveneblebiT axlos dgas rqawiTelTan da mwvanesTan. amitom igi
adgilobriv jiSTa warmoqmnis keraSi unda iyos warmoSobili.
gavrceleba: 2004 wels aRweriT qisis 20 heqtari farTobi uWiravs.
dResdReisobiT qisis gaSeneba intensiurad izrdeba.
mokle aRwera: mozardi ylortis gvirgvini da pirveli ori jer kidev
gauSleli foTolaki Sebusvilia yovelmxridan sqeli ablabudisebri
bewviT da Seferilia TeTrad, baci vardisferi arSiis SemovlebiT
foTolakebisa da gvirgvinis irgvliv, yunwis gaswvriv. foToli saSualo
zomisaa, momrgvalo, odnav ovaluri formis, muqi mwvane ferisaa, ufro
xSirad samnakvTiania, iSviaTad xuTianic gvxvdeba. zedapiri badisebr
danaoWebulia, iSviaTad wvrilburTulebianicaa. firfita (uTavresad zeda
iarusis foTlebisa) qveda nakvTebis zeviT awevis gamo, formiT Zabrisebria.
yunwis amonakveTis forma SedarebiT naklebad cvalebadobs, ufro
xSirad igi Cangisebri formisaa, wamaxvilebuli fuZiT, iSviaTad gvxvdeba
agreTve TaRisebri formis amonakvTebic, zogjer yunwis amonakveTi cal an
ordeziania.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualo zomisaa. misi sigrZe meryeobs 12-24 sm-mde, xolo gani
5-12 sm-mde. mtevnis forma umniSvnelod cvalebadobs. ufro xSirad mtevnebs
konusisebri forma aqvs, iSviaTad cilindrul-konusisebri, zogjer mtevani
mxriania.
marcvali saSualo zomisaa. forma ovaluria, iSviaTAd gvxvdeba
momrgvalo formis marcvlebic. marcvali SuaSi ufro ganieria, misi bolo
momrgvalebulia. Seferva momwvano yviTelia monacrisfro ieriT. marcvali
dafarulia sakmaod sqeli cvilisebri fifqiT. kani Txeli aqvs, rbilobi
sakmaod wvniani, gemo sasiamovno, aromati kargad aqvs gamoxatuli.
fenologia: kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 16-24 aprils, yvavilobas 20-28
maiss, simwifeSi Sedis 16-20 seqtembers.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: ar aris Seswavlili.
mosavlianoba: qisi adre iwyebs mosavlis mocemas (II-III wels). sruli
mosavali 7-8 tonas aRemateba, xolo zog mikroraionSi 10 tonas aRwevs.
daavadebaTa mimarT gamZleoba: qisi SedarebiT gamZlea Wraqis mimarT
da ufro mgrZnobiarea nacris mimarT. amitom damatebiT wamlobas
saWiroebs, qisi SeadrebiT kargi yinvagamZlea.

71
 teqnologiuri potenciali: qisi xelsayrel garemo pirobebSi 20-24%
Saqars agrovebs 6,6-10,8‰ mJavianobis dros. qisisagan maRalxarisxovani
kaxuri da evropuli tipis Rvino mzaddeba. saWiroa qisi gamoicados
kaxeTisa da qarTlis yvela zonaSi.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

Sardone

warmoSoba: Sardone franguli TeTryurZniani vazis jiSia,

gavrcelebulia burgundiasa da SampanSi. safrangeTis garda Sardone
gavrcelebulia aseve germaniaSi, avstriaSi, ungreTSi... saqarTveloSi am
jiSis gavrceleba iwyeba 1936 wlidan sxvadasxva raionebSi: mcxeTa, kaspi,
gori, zestafoni, Terjola....
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis monacemebiT Sardone 1 heqtarzea gaSenebuli.
mokle aRwera: zrdis konusi mcired Sebusvilia monacrifro
ablabudisebri bususiT, napirebze mowiTalo-movardisfro elferiT.
pirveli da meore axladgaSlili foTlebi Ria mwvanea movardifro
elferiT da mcired Sebusvilia ablabudisebri bususiT.
yvavili orsqesiania.
zrdadamTavrebuli foToli saSualo an saSualoze mcirea, odnav
ovaluri. misi saSualo sigrZe 13.7-17,5 sm, xolo sigane 13,5-17.1 sm aRwevs.
ufro xSirad mTliania, iSviaTad Rrmad danakvTuli da talRisebri.
foTlis yunwis amonakvTi Ria da Cangisebria, momrgvalo an brtyeli fuZiT.
mtevani cilindrul-konusisebri an cilindrulia, gvxvdeba frTiani
mtevnebic.
marcvali saSualo an saSualoze mcirea, mrgvali, Txelkaniani,
wvniani da naklebxorciani.
fenologia: Sardone kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 7 - 11 aprils, yvavilobas
iwyebs 25 maisi – 1 ivniss, SeTvalebas iwyebs 20 ivlisi – 3 agviistodan,
srul simwifeSi Sedis 23-30 agvistodan.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: Sardone advilad egueba rogorc mokle ise
grZel gasxvlas. vazis mcired datvirTvis SemTxvevaSi mis formirebas
axdenen calmxrivi qarTuli wesiT, xolo ormxrivi qarTuli wesiT
formirebisas Tu Ziri 16-18 kvirtiTaa datvirTuli mosavli matulobs.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: aRmosavleT raionebSi Sardone WraqiT
Zlier ar ziandeba. araxelsayrel amindSi Wraqisgan ufro avaddeba misi
mwvane nawilebi, ufro naklebad yurZeni. nacris mimarT ufro susti
gamZleobiT xasiaTdeba. aseve avaddeba qloroziT da filoqseraTi,
aucilebelia misi namyenebis saxiT gaSeneba.
teqnologiuri potenciali: msoflioSi cnobilia Tavisi xarisxiT
Sablis Rvino Sardone, Sardone miekuTvneba aseve maRalxarisxian
saSampanure vazis jiSTa jgufs. dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi Sardone
umniSvnelo raodenobiT iwarmoeba.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

72
 Cinuri

warmoSoba: Cinuri qarTlis vazis jiSebs ganekuTvneba. misi

sinonimebia ”kaspuri” da ”kaspuri TeTri”. iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT ”misi
saxeli yurZnis am jiSis marcvlebis feris mauwyebeli unda iyos”, sruli
simwifis periodSi yurZeni momwvano-moqarvisfro Sefervas iRebs da waagavs
”zeTis xilis foTlis fers” romelic Zvel qarTlSi ”Cinis” saxelwodebiT
iyo cnobili. mas aseve ”Cinebulsac” uwodeben.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis monacemebiT Cinurs 955 heqtari farTobi
uWiravs.
mokle aRwera: zrdis konusi Ria mwvanea, odnav Sebusvilia moTeTro-
monacrisfro bewvisebri bususiT. pirveli da meore axladgaSlili
foTlebi zeda da qveda mxridan umTavresad ZarRvebs Soris areebSi mcired
aris Sebusvili zeda mxridan. es foTlebi Ria mwvanea mowiTalo an
moyavisfro-brinjaosferi elferiT.
zrdadamTavrebuli momrgvalo foTolo saSualo sididisaa. misi
saSualo sigrZe 16,5-17,8 am, sigane 16,4-17,5 sm. sruli ganviTarebis periodSi
foTols Ria mwvane-moyviTalo Seferva axasiaTebs. foTlis yunwis
amonakveTi Riaa da ufro xSirad TaRiseburia kvadratuli fuZiT. foToli
samnakvTiania, iSviaTad gvxvdeba xuTnakvTiani.
yvavili orsqesiania normalurad ganviTarebuli butkoTi da
mtvrianebiT.
mtevnis sigrZe 3-505 sm aRwevs, ufro xSirad cilindrulia; zogjer
cilindrul-konusuri da frTianic gvxvdeba. jiSs axasiaTebs saSualo
sikumsis mtevnebi, xolo zogjer kumsi da Txeli aRnagobis mtevnebic
gvxvdeba.
marcvali formiT ganieri konusisebria, sajdom baliSze sakmaod
mtkiced aris mimagrebuli.. sruli simwifis periodSi momwvano moyviTalo
an Ria qarvisferia. marcvali saSualo sididisaa, formiT momrgvalo an
odnav ovaluri. igi xorciania da sakmaod wvniani. kani rbilobs advilad
scildeba da igi sakmaod aris dafaruli cviliT.
fenologia: Cinuri kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 7 - 24 aprils, yvavilobas
iwyebs 20-25 maiss, SeTvalebas iwyebs 14 – 30 agvistodan, srul simwifeSi
Sedis 27 seqtemberi – 20 oqtombramde.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: naklebad aris Seswavlili.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: qarTlis raionebSi es jiSi sokovan
avadmyofobaTa da gansakuTrebiT nacris mimarT karg gamZleobas iCens.
Wraqis mimarT ufro mgrZnobiarea, gansakuTrebiT dablob da tenian
adgilebSi.
teqnologiuri potenciali: es jiSi iZleva sufris Rvinos da aseve
Rvinomasalas cqriala RvinoebisaTvis.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

73
 cicqa

warmoSoba: cicqa adgilobrivi jiSia. zemo da Sua imereTSi mas

iyeneben ZiriTadad cqriala Rvinis dasayeneblad. misi sinonimebia: SanTi,
cicqo, “mamal cicqa”. iv. javaxiSvils cicqas warmoSobis adgilisa da
saxelwodebis gamosarkvevad mohyavs msgavsi saxelwodebis soflebi: cicxe,
cicqiuri da Tvlis rom jiSis saxeli am soflebTan unda iyos
dakavSirebuli.
jiSis gavrceleba: saqarTveloSi 2004 wlis monacemebiT cicqas 2839
heqtari farTobi uWiravs.
mokle botanikuri aRwera: axalgazrda mozardi 15-20sm sigrZis
ylortebis gvirgvini da pirveli ori foTolaki Sebusvilia orive mxridan
sakmaod sqeli ablabudisebri bususiT da moTeTro ferisaa, susti
movardisfro arSiiT foTolakebisa da yunwis gaswvriv.
foTlebi saSualo zomisaa, romelTa sigrZe meryeobs 16-dan 20 sm-mde,
xolo gani 15-19 sm. foToli xSirad xuTnakvTiania, aseve
samnakvTiani.foTlis firfita momrgvalo an ufro xSirad odnav
wagrZelebulia. zedapiri badisebr danaoWebulia, an wvril burTulebiania,
muqi mwvane feris.
yunwis amonakveTis forma SedarebiT mcired meryeobs. ufro xSirad
gvxvdeba maxvilfuZiani Cangismagvari an Cangismagvari amonakvTebi.
yvavili orsqesiania.
cicqas mtevani saSualo zomisaa, misi ZiriTadi forma konusisebri an
cilindrul konusisebria, iSviaTad cilindruli formisac gvxvdeba.
xSirad mtevnebi mxriania. mtevnebi Zlier mkvrivia, aseve gvxvdeba mkvrivi da
saSualo simkvrivis mtevnebic.
marcvali saSualo zomisaa, ZiriTadad momrgvaloa, iSviaTad odnav
ovaluri formis da simetriuli. marcvali momwvano-yviTelia, kani
dafarulia sakmaod sqeli cvilisebri fifqiT, igi Txelia, magram sakmaod
mkvrivi. rbilobi wvniania, wveni uferuli. jiSuri aromati sustad aris
gamoxatuli.
fenologia – kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 13-27 aprils. yvavilobas iwyebs
29 maisidan, simwifeSi Sedis 21 agvistodan 25 seqtembris CaTvliT.
jiSuria agroteqnologia: ar aris Seswavlili.
daavadebis mimarT gamZleoba: cicqa mgrZnobiarea nacris mimarT da
misgan advilad ziandeba, gansakuTrebiT misTvis Seuferebel dablob da
tenian adgilebSi. Wraqis mimarT igi kargi gamZleobiT xasiTdeba.
teqnologiuri potenciali: cicqa sufris TeTr Rvinos da
cqrialasaTvis karg masalas iZleva.

colikauri

warmoSoba: colikauri adgilobrivi jiSia. es jiSi dasavleT

saqarTveloSi cnobilia obCuri colikaurisa da melqos colikauris
saxelwodebiT, xolo dasavleT bazaleTuri colikauris saxelwodebiT
zemo imereTSi gavrcelebuli jiSi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba namdvili
colikauridan da damoukidebel jiSs warmoadgens. colikauri

74
universaluri jiSia dasavleT saqarTvelos mSrali da teniani raionis
TiTqmis yvela adgilisaTvis.
gavrceleba: saqarTveloSi 2004 wlis monacemebiT colikaurs 6161
heqtari farTobi uWiravs.
mokle aRwera: axalgazrda mozardi ylortis wverebi dawyebuli
gvirgvinidan, meore zogjer mesame, jer kidev gauSleli foTolakis
CaTvliT Sebusvilia sqeli qeCisebri ablabudiT da aqvs moruxo-TeTri
feri susti movardisfro ieriT.
foTolo saSualoze didi zomisaa momrgvalo formiT. foTlis
sigrZe meryeobs 18-22 am-mde, xolo sigane 17-21 sm-mde. firfita ufroxSirad
samnakvTiania, mTliani an TiTqmis daunakvTavi, iSviaTad gvxvdeba agreTve
xuTnakvTiani foTlebic. zedapiri gluvia, iSviaTad igi badisebr
danaoWebulia, qveda nakvTebis boloebi odnav daxrilia Zirs. foToli muqi
mwvane ferisaa, xSirad misi zedapiri sworia, rac damaxasiaTebelia
jiSsaTvis.
yunwis amonakveTi Riaa, maxvilfuZiani, formiT Svildisebri an
Seviwroebulyeliani Cangsmagvari.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualo zomisaa. sigrZe meryeobs 14-16 sm-mde, xolo sigane 14-
16 sm. forma konusisebri an ganier-konusisebria, xSirad mxriani.
marcvali saSualo zomisaa, momrgvalo da simetriuli. marcvlis kani
sqeli da uxeSia, romelic dafarulia saSualo sisqis cvilisebri fifqiT.
rbilobi mkvrivi, wvniani. jiSuri aromati Zlier sustadaa gamoxatuli.
fenologia – kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 4-28 aprils, yvavilobas 20-25
maisidan, simwifeSi Sedis oqtrombridan.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: gamoiyeneba Tavisufali sxvlis wesi
vertikalur Spalerze formirebiT.
daavadebis mimarT gamZleoba: colikauri Wraqis memarT maRali
gamZleobiT xasiaTdeba, igi naklebad ziandeba agreTve antraqnozisagan da
saSualo gamZleobas iCens nacris mimarT.
teqnologiuri potenciali: colikaurisgan mzaddeba a.d. naxevrad
tkbili TeTri Rvino tviSi da sufrisRvino colikauri.

wulukiZis TeTra

warmoSoba: wulukiZis TeTra adgilobrivi TeTri vazis jiSia. igi

gavrcelebulia raWa-leCxumSi. is agreTve cnobilia raWuli TeTras
saxeliT. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris mevenaxeobis sxvadasxva raionebSi,
gansakuTrebiT yirimSi es jiSi sxvadasxva saxeliTaa cnobili: ”albilo
kastelano”, ”albilo yirimuli”, ”pedro qimenesi”, ”qimenes zenboni”.
gavrceleba: saqarTveloSi bolo monacemebiT wulukiZis TeTra
gavrcelebulia daaxloebiT 70 heqtarze.
mokle aRwera: mozardi 15-20 sm sigrZis ylortebis gvirgvini da
pirveli ori jer kidev gauSleli foTolaki Sebusvilia sakmaod sqeli
qeCisebri SebusviT, gansakuTrebiT foTolakebis qveda mxridan da moTeTro-
mowiTalo Rvinisferi arSiis SemovlebiT foTolakebisa da gvirgvinis
irgvliv.

75
 kargad ganviTarebuli foTlebi saSualo zomisaa, momrgvaloa, ufro
xSirad odnav wagrZelebuli. foTlebis didi umetesoba samnakvTiania,
iSviaTad xuTnakvTiani. maTi zedapiri swori, iSviaTad Zabrismagvari,
nakvTebis boloebis odnav amowevis gamo. firfitis zedapiri gluvi an
iSviaTad badisebr danaoWebulia. foTlis qveda mxare erTi SexedviT
TiTqmis SiSvelia, Txeli ablabudismagvari bewvebiT.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualo sididisaa, formiT xSirad cilindruli an viwro
konusisebria. xSirad mtevnebi mxriania, xSirad saSualo simkvrivis,
iSviaTad Txeli an kumsi mtevnebic gvxvdeba.
marcvali saSualo da saSualoze didia, formiT ovaluri. kani
Txelia da nazi, advilad ar scildeba rbilobs. zemodan igi dafarulia
Txeli cvilisebri fifqiT. rbilobi mdnaria, wipwebi advilad scildeba
mas, wveni uferulia, sasiamovno da tkbili, gadamwifebisas uxaliso.
fenologia: wulukiZis TeTra kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 2-27 aprils,
yvavilobas iwyebs 28 maisidan – 27 ivliss, SeTvalebas iwyebs 27 ivlisidan
14 agvistomde, srul simwifeSi Sedis 6 seqtembridan 5 oqtombramde.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: ar aris Seswavlili.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: sokovan daavadebaTa mimarT es jiSi
kargi gamZleobiT xasiaTdeba. misi gamZleoba Wraqisa nacris mimarT
saSualoze metia. jiSis ZiriTad nakls marcvlebis lpobisadmi
midrekileba Seadgens, gansakuTrebad wvimian amindSi. yvelaze metad am
midrekilebas es jiSi raWa-leCxumSi da imereTSi amJRavnebs, umetesad
dablob adgilebSi.
teqnologiuri potenciali: wulukiZis TeTrasgan mzaddeba sufri
mSrali da naxevradtkbili TeTri Rvinoebi.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

xixvi

warmoSoba: xixvi adgilobrivi mcired gavrcelebuli vazis jiSia.

Telavisa da axmetis raionebSi jiSi atarebs ”jananuras” saxelwodebas,
romelic miRebuli aqvs mas axmetis raionis sofel janaanidan, xolo
gurjaanisa da sirnaRis raionebSi is cnobilia xixvis saxeliT.
aRsaniSnavia rom xixvisa da misi msgavsi saxelwodebiT saqarTveloSi
ramdenime jiSia cnobili. kaxeTSi-xixvi, raWaSi –xixva, leCxumSi –xixvi,
samegreloSi – xemxu da guriaSi-xemxo, es jiSebi erTmaneTisgan
damoukidebeli, gansxvavebuli jiSebia.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis monacemebiT xixvs 1 heqtari farTobi uWiravs.
mokle aRwera: axalgazrda mozardi ylortis wveri gvirgviniTa da
pirveli 2-3 gauSleli foTolakiT qeCiebri Sebusvilia orive mxridan da
Seferilia TeTrad, moruxo ieris gadakvriT.
zrdadamTavrebuli foTlebi Tavisi formiT momrgvaloa, didi an
saSualoze ufro didi zomisaa. foToli sami, iSviaTad xuTnakvTiania,
meoradi danakvTva ar axasiaTebs. foTlis zedapiri wvrilburTulebiania,
iSviaTad badisebr danaoWebulicaa. qveda mxare Sebusvilia sakmaod sqeli,
ablabudisebri bewviT. Sebusvis intensivoba matulobs zemodan qveviT.

76
 yunwis amonakveTis forma meryeobs viwrofuZian Cangisebri
amonakveTidan isrismagvar Rrma amonakveTamde. ufro xSirad yunwis
amonakveTi Cangismagvari, an Rrma TaRisebria, iSviaTad igi daxurulia, aqvs
viwro elifsisebri Tvali erTi an ori deziT, zogjer sworgverdebiani da
Svildisebri amonakveTic gvxvdeba.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevnebi saSualo da saSualoze mcirea. formiT cilindruli, an
cilindrul-konusisebria, zogjer mxriani.
marcvali saSualo zomisaa, xSirad momrgvalo, iSviaTad ovaluri.
kani Txelia da advilad scildeba rbilobs. rbilobi wvniania, wveni
uferuli, gemo sasiamovno aqvs jiSuri aromatiT gamoxatuli. marcvlebi
cvilisebri fifqiT sustad aris dafaruli.
fenologia: xixvi kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 6 aprilidan, yvavilobas
iwyebs pirveli ivnisidan, SeTvalebas iwyebs 9-14 agvistodan, srul
simwifeSi Sedis seqtemberSi.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mcire zomis
mtevani da maRali msxmoiarobis koeficienti, amitom misi formireba unda
moxdes maRali datvirTvis kordonul formebze.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: kaxeTis vazis jiSebTan SedarebiT
xixvis nacris mimarT gamZleoba sustia. Wraqis mimarT misi gamZleoba
saSualoa.
teqnologiuri potenciali: dResdReobiT Rvino xixvi mcire
raodenobiT iwarmoeba. am jiSidan mzaddeba rogorc kaxuri ise evropuli
tipis Rvinoebi. rogorc xarisxovani Rvinis momcemi jiSi saWiroa xeli
Seewyos mis gamravlebas sxvadasxva zonaSi.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

kapistoni TeTri

warmoSoba: kapistoni TeTri adgilobrivi saRvine jiSia.

gavrcelebulia zemo imereTSi. literaturul wyaroebSi es jiSi cnobilia
”kapistonas” saxeliT. iv. javaxiSvili sxvadasxva mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT
Tvlis rom es saqarTvelos erTerTi uZvelesi jiSia.
gavrceleba: ar aris monacemebi.
mokle aRwera: mozardi ylortis wveri, gvirgvini da pirveli ori
jer kidev gauSleli foTolaki Sebusvilia orive mxridan qeCisebri
bususiT da moruxo TeTria, mkveTri movardisfro arSiiT gvirgvinisa da
foTolakebis irgvliv.
kargad ganviTarebuli foTlebi saSualo zomisaa, maTi sigrZe
meryeobs 18-20 sm-mde, xolo sigane 16-19 sm-de. igi momrgvalo an odnav
ovaluri formisaa, xSirad sami, iSviaTad xuTnakvTiani. zedapiri badisebr
danaoWebulia, iSviaTad gvxvdeba sworic. igi muqi mwvane ferisaa.
yunwis amonakveTi Cveulebriv Riaa, igi Rrma da ganieria. ufro
xSirad misi forma kvadratuli an TaRismagvaria, momrgvalo an maxvili
fuZiT. yunwi mowiTalo feria.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualo zomisaa. ufro xSirad mxriani, konusiseburi
formisaa.

77
 marcvali sSualo sididisaa. momrgvalo, iSviaTad ovaluri. marcvlis
kani Txeli da sakmaod mkvrivia, igi dafarulia Txeli cvilisebri fifqiT.
rbilobi odnav mkvrivi da mdnaria, wveni uferuli. jiSuri aromati sustad
aris gamoxatuli.
fenologia: kapistoni TeTri kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 7 - 30 aprils,
yvavilobas iwyebs 13 maisidan – 11 ivnisis CaTvliT, SeTvalebas iwyebs 1 –
30 agvistodan, srul simwifeSi Sedis 12 seqtemberidan – 10 oqtombramde.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: ar aris Seswavlili.
mosavlianoba: saSualo mosavliani vazis jiSia. misi mosavlianoba
heqtarze 6-8 tonas Seadgens.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: sokovan avadmyofobaTa mimarT es jiSi
kargi gamZleobiT xasiaTdeba. advilad ziandeba mildiumisagan. SedarebiT
ukeT uZlebs nacars.
teqnologiuri potenciali: kapistone TeTri maRalxarisxovani Rvinis
momcemi jiSia. mizanSewonilia misi nargaobebis gafarToeba.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

feradyurZniani saRvine jiSebi

aladasturi

warmoSoba: aladasturi guriaSi gavrcelebuli wiTelyurZniani vazis

jiSia, igi kolxeTis vazis keris tipiuri warmomadgenelia. amis
damadasturebelia vazis Zlieri zrda da maRal xeebze acocebis unari,
foTlis danakvTuloba da Sebusvis intensivoba, marcvlis kanis sisqe da
konsistencia, yurZnis gviani damwifeba da savegetacio periodis
xangrZlivoba.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis monacemebiT aladasturs 46 heqtari farTobi
uWiravs.
mokle aRwera: kvirtebi gaSlis periodSi moTeTro-moJangisfroa.
zrdis konusi TeTria, mowiTalo elferiT. dafarulia qeCisebri
bewvismagvari TeTri bususiT. axlad gaSlili pirveli foToli zemo
mxridan Ria mwvanea, aqvs moyviTalo elferi da sakmaod sqladaa dafaruli
moTeTro monacrisfro bususiT. qvemoTa mxridan qeCisebri bususiTaa
dafaruli, romelsac firfitaze wiTeli elferi dahkravs.
zrdadamTavrebuli foToli saSualoze didia, momrgvalo an odnav
ovaluri. sigrZe 16,6-20,3 sm, xolo sigane 16,6-16,2 sm. foTlis yunwis
amonakveTi Cangisebria da kidurebi oTxi an sami ZarRvisaganaa Semdgari.
yunwis amonakveTi maxvilfuZiania. foTlis qveda mxare qeCisebria, zeda ki
gluvi.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevnis forma cilindrul-konusisebri an cilindrulia. sakmaod
kumsia. mtevani rqas Znelad scildeba.

78
 marcvali Savia, saSualo an saSualoze msxvili. formiT ovaluri an
mogrZo. kani advilad scildeba rbilobs. rbilobi sakmaod xorciani da
wvniania. marcvlis kani mcired aris dafaruli cviliT.
fenologia: aladasturi kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 6-18 aprils,
yvavilobas iwyebs 30 maisidan – 1 ivnisamde, SeTvalebas iwyebs 28
agvistodan – 2 seqtembris CaTvliT, srul simwifeSi Sedis 25-29 oqtombers.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: ar aris Seswavlili. dasavleT saqarTvelos
umetes raionebSi mas talaverze awarmoeben da sasufre yurZnadac iyeneben.
mosavlianoba: misi mosavlianoba erT heqtarze 9-40 toniT
ganisazRvreba.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: es jiSi sakmaod kargad uZlebs Wraqs,
magram advilad ziandeba nacrisgan.
teqnologiuri potenciali: am jiSisgan mzaddeba sufris Rvino da
gamoiyeneba sasufre yurZnadac.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

aleqsandrouli

warmoSoba: aleqsandrouli wiTel yurZniani jiSia. adgilobriv

mevenaxeTa Soris da literaturul wyaroebSi is cnobilia kabistonis da
kabistonas saxelwodebiT. igi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia qvemo raWis
soflebSi: pirvelsa da meore tolaSi, xvanWkaraSi, WrebaloSi, sadmelSi,
zeda da qveda qviSarSi, RviaraSi, ZirageulSi da sxvagan.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis monacemebiT aleqsandrouls 161 heqtari
farTobi uWiravs.
mokle aRwera: axalgazrda mozardi ylortis wveroebi gvirgvinis da
pirveli ori jer kidev gauSleli foTolakebis CaTvliT Sebusvilia
yovelmxridan sqeli ablabudisebri bususiT da Seferilia moruxo TeTr
ferad, susti movardisfro arSiis gayolebiT gvirgvinisa da pirveli ori
foTolakis irgvliv.
foToli saSualo zomisaa, formiT momrgvalo, iSviaTAd ovaluri.
Ria mqvanea, samnakvTiani, iSviaTad xuTiani, an TiTqmis daunakvTavia. yunwis
amonakvTebis forma sagrZnoblad cvalebadobs. gvxvdeba rogorc Ria
Cangismagvari formis, ise elifsurTvliani daxuruli. foTlis qveda mxare
Sebusvilia ablabudisebri bewviT.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani sSualo zomisaa, forma konusisebri, iSviaTad cilindrul-
konusisebri an datotvili. mtevani saSualo simkvrivisaa, gvxvdeba Txeli
mtevnebic.
marcvlis yunwi xSirad Seferilia wiTlad. marcvali saSualo
sididisaa, formiT mrgvali an odnav ovaluri. marcvlebis Seferva muqi
lurji, TiTqmis Savia. kani Txelia magram mkvrivia, rbilobi wvniani odnav
knatuna. wipwebTan rbilobi odnav Sesqelebulia da advilad ar scildeba
maT. marcvlis kani dafarulia sakmaod sqeli cvilisebri fifqiT. jiSuri
aromati sustad aris gamoxatuli.
fenologia: aleqsandrouli kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 6-18 aprils,
yvavilobas iwyebs 30 maisidan – 1 ivnisamde, SeTvalebas iwyebs 28

79
agvistodan – 2 seqtembris CaTvliT, srul simwifeSi Sedis 25-29
seqtemberis.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: ar aris Seswavlili.
mosavlianoba: aleqsandrouli saSualo mosavlian jiSad iTvleba,
misi mosavlianoba heqtarze saSualod 4-6 tonamde meryeobs.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: raWa-leCxumSi gavrcelebul
avadmyofobaTagan yvelaze metad venaxs Wraqi azianebs. aleqsandrouli
adgilobriv jiSebTan SedarebiT am daavadebis mimarT saSualo gamZleobiT
xasiaTdeba. kaxeTSi am jiSs nacris mimarT maRali gamZleoba aqvs, aseve
SedarebiT naklebad ziandeba mtevnebi yurZnis Wiisagan.
teqnologiuri potenciali: tola-xvanWkaris zonaSi aleqsandrouli
iZneva naxevrad tkbil a.d. Rvino xvanWkaras, danarCen adgilebSi ki sufris
Rvinos.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

Tavkveri

warmoSoba: Tavkveri saqarTvelos aborigenuli jiSia, igi ZiriTadad

gavrcelebulia qarTlSi. misi warmoSobis dro dadgenili ar aris. kaxeTis
da qarTlis raionebSi gavrcelebulia jiSebi, romelTa saxelwodebaa Savi
Tavkveri, TeTri Tavkveri, saferavisebri Tavkveri, didmarcvala Tavkveri,
patalaanTeuli Tavkveri da sxva. yvela es forma damoukidebeli jiSebia,
romelsac TavkverTan garda ubralo msgavsebisa araferi saerTo ara aqvs.
Tavkveri warmoSobilia vazis jiSTa warmoqmnis alaznis keraSi.
gavrceleba: es jiSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia qarTlSi da
azerbaijanSi sadac es jiSi SeutaniaT germanel kolonistebs 1852 wels.
2004wlis aRweriT mas saqarTveloSi 29 heqtari uWiravs.
mokle aRwera: axalgazrda ylortis zrdis konusi mwvane
monacrisferoa da gadahkravs mowiTalo elferi. axalgaSlili pirveli
foToli mwvanea mowiTalo elferiT. zeda da qveda mxridan mcired
dafarulia moTero-monacrisfro bewvisebri bususiT.
zrdasruli foToli saSualo an saSualoze didia. sigrZe 21,4, sigane
19,6 sm. formiT ovaluria da Rrmad danakvTuli. yunwis amonakveTi Riaa
formiT Cangisebri. foToli xuTnaskviania, firfita Seubusavi.
yvavili funqcionalurad mdedrobiTia, amitom saWiroebs
gamanayofiereblis SerCevas.
mtevani cilindrul-konusuria. yunwi simwifeSi xevdeba da magrdeba,
ris gamoc mtevnis mowyveta Zneldeba.
marcvali muqi lurjia, saSualo sigrZe 15,6-17,5 mm, sigane 15,1-17,9 mm,
Sua welSi ganieri, bolo gabrtyelebuli aqvs da sqelkaniania. marcvlis
kani uxvad aris dafaruli cviliT. kani rbilobs advilad scildeba.
rbilobi sakmaod xorciania da wvniani. marcvali yunwze mtkiced aris
mimagrebuli.
fenologia: kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 19-23 aprils. yvavilobas 26
maisidan 6 ivnisamde, yurZnis simwife 2 oqtombridan 15 oqtombramde.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: vinaidan jiSs axasiaTebs mdedrobiTi
yvavilebi igi saWiroebs damamtverianebeli jiSis SerCevas da gaSenebas.

80
 jiSi Zlier mozardia amitom SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT maRali
datvirTvis formebi 30-35 kv Zirze, rac uzrunvelyofs 10-12 tona mosavals
heqtarze.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: Wraqisa da nacris mimarT Tavkveri
gamZleobiT ar gamoirCeva. agrowesebis gaTvaliswinebuli brZolis
RonisZiebebi uzrunvelyofs stabiluri mosavlis miRebas.
teqnologiuri potenciali: Tavkveri ar gamoirCeva Saqris dagrovebis
unariT. qarTlSi igi 17-19% Saqars agrovebs. misgan saSualo Rirsebis
wiTeli Rvino dgeba.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris, mizanSewonilia misi
orsqesiani da maRali Saqris dagrovebis unaris mqone klonebis gamorCeva
da gamravleba.
mebaReobis, mevenaxeobis da meRvineobis institutis mecnier muSakis v.
gociriZis mier Tavkveris saferavTan Sejvarebis gziT miRebulia
orsqesiani maRalmosavliani da maRali Saqris dagrovebis unariani
seleqciuri formebi, romlebic icdeba warmoebaSi.

kaberne sovinioni

warmoSoba: franguli vazis jiSia. saqarTveloSi daraionebulia da

xarisxovan produqcias iZleva kaxeTSi, kerZod ki TelavSi, telianis
zonaSi.

jiSis gavrceleba: saqarTveloSi 2004wlis monacemebiT 223 heqtari

farTobi uWiravs.
jiSis mokle aRwera: mozardi ylortis gvirgvini da pirveli ori
foToli Sebusulia sqeli ablabudisebri bususebiT da TeTri ferisaa,
movardisfro arSiiT gvirgvinisa da foTolakebis irgvliv.
foToli saSualo sididisaa, formiT momrgvalo da xuTnakvTiani.
firfita Zlier Rrmad aris danakvTuli, TaTebs axasiaTebs meoradi
danakvTac. foTlis zedapiri sworia an odnav talRisebri, muqi mwvanea,
odnav brWyviala. yvavili orsqesiania. yunwis amonakveTi Rrmaa, ufro
xSirad elifsurTvliania da daxuruli.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualo zomisaa, igi sakmaod mkvrivia, konusisebri an
cilindrul-konusisebri, xandaxan erTi an ori patara frTiT.
marcvali xSirad saSualoze wvrilia, formiT mrgvali, iSviaTAd
gvxvdeba Sezneqili an ovaluri. marcvlis Seferva muqi wiTelia, magram
sqeli moruxo cvilisebri fifqis gavleniT igi muq iisfers iRebs, kani
sqelia, magari da elastiuri, xorci mkvrivi, wvniani, wveni uferuli,
specifikuri aromati axasiaTebs.
fenologia: kvirti gaSlas iwyebs 25-28 aprils. yvavilobas 3-11 ivniss,
simwifeSi Sedis 6-20 oqtombers.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: kaberne sovinioni male berdeba misi venaxi
saqarTveloSi 30-35 wels Zlebs. ver egueba mokle gasxvlas amitom igi
grZlad unda gaisxlas. marcvlebi araTanabrad mwifdeba amitom yurZeni
unda daikrifos srul simwifeSi.

81
 mosavlianoba: kaberne sovinioni saSualo mosavlianobiT xasiaTdeba.
Rvinoze gadaangariSebiT misi mosavlianoba heqtarze 55-60 heqtolitrs
aRwevs.
daavadebis mimarT gamZleoba: kaberne sovinioni kargi gamZleobiT
xasiaTdeba Wraqisa da Savi sidamplis mimarT xolo mgrZnobiarea nacris
mimarT.
teqnologiuri potenciali: jiSi xasiaTdeba Saqris dagrovebis kargi
undariT da harmoniuli mJavianobiT.
misgan mzaddeba maRalxarisxovani adgilwarmoSobis dasaxelebis
Rvino Teliani.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

merlo

warmoSoba: merlos warmoSoba ucnobia, is ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia

safrangeTSi, kerZod bordoSi. XIX saukunemde moiazreboda damxmare jiSad.
1789 wlamde iyo luqsemburgis baRis koleqciaSi merlos ada binei wiTelis
(Bigney rouge) saxeliT. aseve misi sinonimebia: vitrai (Vitraille), krabute Savi
(Crabutet noir) da sxva.
jiSis gavrceleba: es jiSi safrangeTis garda gavrcelebulia mraval
qveyanaSi: italia, Sveicaria, bulgareTi da sxva. saqarTveloSi merlo 2009
wlis monacemebiT daaxloebiT 33 heqtaria.
mokle aRwera: axalgazrda foTlebi TeTri feria, Sebusvilia
qeCisebri bususiT.
zrdasrulebuli foTlebi saSualo zomisaa, formiT konusuri, feri
muqi mwvane da wvrilburTulebiani. Semodgomaze foTlebi iReben wiTel
Sefervas.
Ramos mowiTalo moyavisfro Seferiloba aqvs an mwvane yavisferi
wiTeli sigrZivi zolebiT. ulvaSebi xorciania, saSualo zomis.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani cilindruli formisaa zogjer mxriani, saSualo sikumsisa da
zomis 10-15 sm.
marcvali momrgvaloa, patara an saSualo zomis. marcvali muqi
lurji, TiTqmis Savi ferisaa. kani saSualo sisqisaa, rbilobi wvniania
sasiamovno gemoTi. merlo meore periodis simwifis jiSia.
sameurneo maCveneblebi: merlos iseTi niadagi uyvars romelic
zafxulis ganmavlobaSic inarCunebs tens. mSrali niadagi masze
uaryofiTad moqmedebs, radganac mtevni mtevani cudad vitardeba da
marcvlebi patara rCeba. es jiSi mgrZnobiare zamTris yinvebze. Tu
klimaturi pirobebi yvavilobis periodSi aradamakmayofilebelia, aseT
SemTxvevaSi mosavlis raodenoba dabalia: heqtarze 2-3 tona, zogjer
naklebic. normalur pirobebSi bordoSi misi mosavlis raodenoba heqtarze
aRwevs 4-6 tonas. safrangeTis samxreTSi misi saSualo mosavlianoba 8
tonis irgvliv meryeobs. 10 tonaze metis SemTxvevaSi xarisxi maleve
klebulobs.
daavadebaTa mimarT gamZleoba: merlo iSviaTad avaddeba oidiumiT,
Tumca is mgrZnobiarea mildiumisa da sidamplis mimarT.

82
 teqnologiuri potenciali: merlos jiSisgan damzadebuli Rvino
umaRlesi xarisxisaa. misi moxmareba sasurvelia maqsimum 2-3 wlis
davargebis Semdeg. kabernesTan misi kupaJi Rvinos aZlevs sirbiles da
msubuq, sasiamovno dasalevs xdis.

Mmalbeki

warmoSoba: saSualo simwifis periodis franguli teqnikuri jiSia.

ekuTvnis dasavleT evropis ekologiur-geografiul jgufs. Misi
sinonimebia: kot, kagor, nuar de presak.
jiSis gavrceleba: gavrcelebulia safrangeTSi da msoflios bevr
qveyanaSi. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia 4 heqtarze.
jiSis mokle aRwera: foToli saSualo sididisaa, Zabrisebri formis
da TiTqmis brtyeli, Zirs daxrili boloebiT. foTolo sami-xuT
nakvTiania, zogjer daunakvTavi. foToli qvemodan Sebusvilia susti
obobasebri SebusviT. Yunwis amonakveTi Riaa, TaRisebria an Cangisebri.
yunwis amonakveTi Rrmaa, ufro xSirad elifsurTvliania da
daxuruli.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani patara an saSualo zomisaa, formiT konusuri, meCxeri an
saSualo sikumsis.
marcvali saSualoa, momrgvalo, muqi lurji SeferviT, TiTqmis Savia,
dafarulia sqeli cvilis feniT. kani saSualo sisqisaa, rbilobi wvniani.
fenologia: savegetacio periodi 141-156 dRea.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: saqarTveloSi ar aris dadgenili.
mosavlianoba: mosavlianoba aramyaria. yvavilcvenisken midrekilebis
gamo.
daavadebis mimarT gamZleoba: daavadebebis mimarT nakleb gamZlea.
teqnologiuri potenciali:safrangeTSi da sxva qveynebSic mzaddeba
Rvino malbeki.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

Oorbeluri ojaleSi

warmoSoba: saSualo simwifis periodis teqnikuri jiSia., miekuTvneba

dasavleT evropis ekologiur-geografiul jgufs. misi sinonimia orbeluri,
ojaleSi.
gavrceleba: gavrcelebulia raWa-leCxumSi.
mokle aRwera: foTlebi saSualo zomisaa, momrgvalo zogjer
moovalo, sami, iSviaTad xuTnakvTiani, saSualod an sustad danakvTuli,
badisebr danaoWebuli,. Yunwis amonakveTi Riaa, Cangiseburi, zogjer
TaRiseburi momrgvalo fuZiT.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualo zomisaa. mtevnebis forma konusisebria, xSirad
mxriani, iSviaTad cilindruli an cilindrul-kinusuri, kumsi an saSualo
sikumsis.

83
 marcvali saSualo zomisaa. Momrgvalo, muqi lurji feris. Kani
Txeli cviliTaa dafaruli, rbilobi wvnianiafenologia: kvirtis gaSlas
iwyebs 9-25 aprils, yvavilobas iwyebs 27 maisidan 9 ivnisamde. srul
simwifeSi Sedis 9 seqtembridan 20 oqtombramde.
fenologia: savegetacio periodi 160 dRea.
mosavlianoba: saSualo an saSualoze meti zrdis mosavali -heqtarze
8-12 tona.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: ar aris Seswavlili.
daavadebis mimarT gamZleoba: naklebad avaddeba nacriT.
teqnologiuri potenciali: am jiSidan mzaddeba naxevrad tkbili
sufris Rvinoebi.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

mujureTuli

warmoSoba: mujureTuli wiTelyurZniani vazis jiSia, gavrcelebulia

raWa-leCxumis regionSi, ekuTvnis jiSTa warmoqmnis kolxeTis keras.
gavrceleba: mujureTuli ZiriTadad aleqsandroulis nargaobebSi
gvxvdeba 2004 wels aRweriT mas 58 heqtari farTobi uWiravs.
mokle aRwera: axalgazrda ylortis gvirgvini da pirveli ori
foToli Sebusulia sqeli ablabudiseburi SebusviT. Seferilia TeTrad da
aqvs mkrTali vardisferi Seferva.
Sua iarusis foTlebi saSualo zomisaa, momrgvalo an ovaluri
formis, samnakveTiania, iSviaTad gvxvdeba agreTve TiTqmis mTliani
foTlebic. zedapiri badisebr danaoWebuli an wvrilburTulebiania,
firfitis boloebi mixril moxrilia. foTlis zedapiri mqrqali mwvanea.
yunwis amonakveTis forma sakmaod cvalebadobs. ufro xSirad gvxvdeba Ria
Cangismagvari da elifsurTvliani daxuruli amonakvTebi erTimeoreze
gadasuli boloebiT.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualo an saSualoze patara zomisaa. mtevnebis forma
cilindrul-konusisebria, xSirad mxriani, iSviaTad datotvili. mtevnebi
saSualo simkvrivisaa da Txeli.
marcvali saSualo an saSualoze didi zomis. ovaluri, xSirad
mogrZo formis marcvlebic gvxvdeba. igi muqi iisferia, TiTqmis Savi. kani
dafarulia sqeli cvilisebri fifqiT, rac simwifeSi muq iisfer Sefervas
aZlevs mas. kani Txelia, magram sakmaod mkvrivi. rbilobi mkvrivi da wvniani.
sustad gamoxatuli jiSuri aromatiT.
fenologia: kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 9-25 aprils, yvavilobas iwyebs 27
maisidan 9 ivnisamde. srul simwifeSi Sedis 9 seqtembridan 20 oqtombramde.
mosavlianoba: saSualo an saSualoze meti aqvs. heqtarze 8-10 tonas
Seadgens.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: ar aris Seswavlili.
daavadebis mimarT gamZleoba: Wraqis da nacris winaaRmdeg gamZleoba
saSualoa, xolo filoqseras winaaRmdeg gamZleoba SedarebiT kargi aqvs,
radgan axlac gxvdeba sakarmidamo nakveTebze sakuTar Zirze gaSenebuli
venaxebi.

84
 teqnologiuri potenciali: jiSi Saqris dagrovebis kargi unariT
xasiaTdeba wvenis Saqrianoba 23-dan 28%-mde aRwevs. 5,5-10,5‰ mJavianobis
dros. igi gamoiyeneba `xvanWkaras” tipis Rvinoebis dasayeneblad. ayeneben
msral wiTel sufris Rvinosac. ufro xSirad igi nargaobaSi
aleqsadroulTan erTad Sendeba.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

ocxanuri safere

warmoSoba: ocxanuri safere sakmaod gavrcelebuli imeruli vazis

jiSia, iZleva sufris xarisxovan wiTel Rvinos. morfologiuri niSnebiT
ekuTvnis jiSTa warmoqmnis kolxur keras.
jiSis gavrceleba: 2004 wlisaTvis jiSs uWiravs 5 heqtari farTobi.
mokle aRwera: axalgazrda ylortebis gvirgvini da pirveli ori
foTolaki Sebusulia sqeli qeCisebri bususiT da Seferilia TeTrad
mkrTali vardisferi arSiis SemovlebiT.
meore iarusis foTlebis Sebusva zemo mxridan sagrZnoblad mcirdeba
da iRebs momwvano-yviTel fers, brinjaos ieriT, xolo foTlebis qveda
mxares Zlieri Sebusvis gamo moruxo TeTri rCeba. Sua iarusis foTlebi
saSualo an saSualoze mcire zomisaa (16 X 15 sm). muqi mwvanea, momrgvaloa,
foTlis qveda mxaris Sebusva qeCiseburia.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualoze pataraa (8-13 sm sigrZiT). misi ZiriTadi forma
konusisebri an cilindrul-konusisebria, iSviaTad cilindruli. mtevani
mkvrivia, mxriani.
marcvali wvrilia., morfologiurad normaluri aRnagobis Tumca
mtevans axasiaTebs wvrilmarcvlianoba, rac misi ganayofierebis
problemebiT unda aixsnas. igi mrgvali an mimrgvaloa, muqi iisferi an
TiTkmis Savia. kanze cvilisebri fifqi sakmaod sqelia. kani sqeli da
mkvrivia, advilad scildeba rbilobs. rbilobi mkvrivi da wvniania. wveni
uferuli an movardisfro. jiSuri aromati sustad igrZnoba.
fenologia – kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 9-16 aprils, yvavilobis dawyeba
16 maisidan 2 ivnisamde. sruli simwife dgeba 15-30 oqtombers.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: ar aris Seswavlili.
mosavlianoba: saSualo mosavliani jiSia. misi optimaluri datvirTva
Zirze Seadgens 40-50 kvirts. am dros mosavali 8-10 tonas aRwevs. mtevnis
saSualo wona 100-120 gramia.
daavadebaTa mimarT gamZleoba: ocxanuri safere sokovan daavadebaTa
mimarT SedarebiT gamZlea.
niadagis mimarT gansakuTrebul moTxovnebs jiSi ar ayenebs. imereTis
pirobebSi gavrcelebul TiTqmis yvela niadagze ocxanuri kargad
viTardeba, magram maRali Rirsebis produqcias igi neSompala-karbonatul,
tyis karbonatul da xirxatian yomral niadagebze iZleva.
teqnologiuri potenciali: ocxanuri safere Tavisi teqnologiuri
potencialiT mxolod sufris wiTeli Rvinoebis warmoebisaTvis
gamosayenebeli jiSia, misi Saqrianoba Sua imereTSi wlebis mixedviT 19,5-
23,3%-s, xolo zemo imereTSi 18,5-21%-s. am dros mJavianoba 7,7-10,4‰ Seadgens.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

85
 ojaleSi

warmoSoba: ojaleSi wiTelyurZniani vazis aborigenuli jiSia. is

gavrcelebulia umTavresad samegrelos mTian raionebSi. es jiSi cnobilia
agreTve Sonurisa da svanuris saxelwodebiT. iv. javaxivilis ganmartebiT
ojaleSi vazis maRlarobis gamomxatveli megruli terminia. ”ja” niSnavs
xes, xolo ”oja-leSi” xeze asaSveb vazs anu saxeivnos. arsebobs aseTi
versiac, er. nakaSiZis mixedviT ”ojaleSi” nawarmoebi unda iyos venaxis
adgilmdebareobis aRmniSvneli megruli sityvisagan ”bJa” (mze). aqedan
”obJaleSi” anu samzeuri adgilmdebareoba, mzvare adgili. leCxumsa da
aRmosavleT guriaSi sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli jiSi ojaleSis
saxelwodebiT. aRniSnuli jiSis Seswavlis Sedegad dadasturda, rom
guriaSi gavrcelebul ojaleSs araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs megrul
ojaleSTan.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis monacemebiT ojaleSs 141 heqtari farTobi
uWiravs. am jiSs perspeqtivebi gaaCnia guria-aWarasa da afxazeTSi
gasaSeneblad.
mokle aRwera: kvirti gaSlis periodSi moTeTroa da odnav mowiTalo
elferi dakravs. axlad gaSlili pirveli norCi foToli zemodan Ria
mwvanea, moyviTalo an muqi mowiTalo elferi axlavs da sqlad aris
dafaruli TeTri bewvisebri bususiT.
zrda damTavrebuli foToli saSualo sididisaa, sigrZiT 15,2 da
siganiT 16,6 sm. odnav ganiv-ovaluria da TiTqmis momrgvalo, mcired
danakvTuli. firfitis zeda mxare wvrili buStisebria an badisebr
danaoWebuli. foTlis qveda mxare qeCisebr dafarulia monacrisfro
bususiT. foTlis yunwis amonakveTi yovelTvis Ria da ucvlelia. foToli
samnakvTiania.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualoze mcirea, forma cilindrul-konusisebria da xSirad
frTiani.
marcvali muqi lurjia (TiTqmis Savi), saSualo sididis an
saSualoze mcire. Sua welSi ganiera, bolo momrgavebuli aqvs da
simetriulia, sajdom baliSze mtkiced aris mimagrebuli. kani sakmaod
sqelkaniania da rbilobs advilad scildeba. sakmaod wvniania. mtevanSi
marcvlebi araTanabrad mwifdeba, rac ojaleSis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-
Tvisebaa. marcvali sakmaod aris dafaruli cviliT.
fenologia: ojaleSi kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 5-23 aprils, yvavilobas
iwyebs 28 maisidan – 13 ivnisamde, SeTvalebas iwyebs 8 - 10 seqtembridan,
srul simwifeSi Sedis 13 oqtombidan 10 dekembris CaTvliT.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: vazis formirebis erT-erT safuZvels misi
jiSis specifikuri niSnebi warmoadgens - zrdis siZliere, axoxebis unari
da simaRleze an siganeze ganviTarebis midrekileba. samegreloSi dablad
formirebuli ojaleSis vazi ver aRwevs jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mZlavr
zrda-ganviTarebas. amave pirobebSi amaRlebuli formiT an olixnarad
formirebuli ki viTardeba damaxasiaTebeli simZlavriT. vazi isxvleba
Tavisufali sxvlis wesiT 70 sm simaRlis StambiT da vazis 27-30 kvirtamde
datvirTviT. mizanSewonilia agreTve vazis kordoniseburi wesiT formireba
masze ori mudmivi mxris SeqmniT da TiToeul mxarze or-ori sasxlavi
safirmo rgolis gamoyvaniT.

86
 yvavilcvenas jiSi ganicdis mxolod mcire odenobiT. araxelsayreli
amindis dros yvavilcvena Zlierdeba, rasac Tan sdevs mtevnis
mniSvnelovnad gameCxereba. amitom mizanSewonilad migvaCnia sanayofeze
ganviTarebuli ylortebis wverebis yvavilobis dasawyisSive wawyveta.
mosavlianoba: heqtarze ojaleSis mosavali 7-8 tonas aRwevs.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: samegrelos Tbil da tenian
ekologiur pirobebSi sokovan avadmyofobaTa moqmedeba vazze Zlieria.
gansakuTrebiT avaddeba maRlari vazebi, romelTa movla vazebis maRla
azrdis gamo TiTqmis SeuZlebeli xdeba. ojaleSis gamZleoba sokovan
daavadebaTa mimarT sustia. gansakuTrebiT advilad avaddeba nacriT.
teqnologiuri potenciali: ojaleSisgan mzaddeba maRalxarisxovani
wiTeli mSrali an naxevrad tkbili sufris Rvino.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

pino Savi

warmoSoba: pino Savi franguli wiTelyurZniani saRvine vazis jiSia.

es jiSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia burgundiaSi da aseve SampanSi -
Sampanuris dasamzadeblad. pini Savi mevenaxeobis TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSia
gavrcelebuli. saqarTveloSi es jiSi Semotanili iyo XX saukunis
dasawyisSi saufliwulo uwyebis mier da dainerga mcire nargavebis saxiT –
kaxeTSi, qarTlsa da imereTis raionebSi.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis monacemebiT pino Savs 171 heqtari farTobi
uWiravs.
mokle aRwera: zrdis konusi brtyelia da mTlianad mofenilia
ablabudisebri moTeTro feris bususiT, zedapirze emCneva movardisfro
laqebi. pirveli da misi momdevno meore da mesame foTlebi rogorc zeda,
ise qveda mxridan Sebusvilia moTeTro bewvisebri bususiT. es Sebusva
ufro Zlieria foTlebis qveda mxridan.
zrda damTavrebuli foToli muqi mwvanea, sSualo sididis, misi
sigrZe 14,5-17,7 sm da sigane 14,6-17,3 sm udris. formiT momrgvalo an odnav
ovaluri, sam, iSviaTad xuTnakvTiania. zeda mxridan foToli
wvrilbuStisebria, xolo qveda mxridan dafarulia Txeli ablabudisebri
bususiT. foTlis yunwis amonakvTi bunebriv mdgomareobaSi xSirad
daxurulia urTierTze miaxloebuli an mcired gadadebuli nakvTebiT da
momrgvalo fuZiT an Ria Cangisebria maxvili fuZiT.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani mcirea, sigrZiT 8-12 sm da siganiT 6-8,5 sm. formiT xSirad
cilindrulia an cilindrul-konusisebri. agebulebiT kumsi da zogJer
metad kumsi.
marcvali muqi lurjia, sakmaod kargad aris sajdomze mimagrebuli,
saSualo an saSualoze mcire sididiT. formiT momrgvaloa. Txelkaniania
da naklebxorciani da metad wvniani. marcvlis kani sakmaod sqlad aris
dafaruli cvilisebri fifqiT.
fenologia: ojaleSi kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 6-16 aprils, yvavilobas
iwyebs 27 maisidan – 6 ivnisamde, SeTvalebas iwyebs 2 - 10 agvistos, srul
simwifeSi Sedis seqtemberSi.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: ar aris Seswavlili.

87
 mosavlianoba: pino Savi saSualoze mcire mosavlianobiT xasiaTdeba.
igi meryeobs heqtarze 4,5-7 tonamde.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: qarTlSi Wraqis moqmedeba Sav pinoze
ufro metad aris SesamCnevi wvimiani da Tbili amondis dros. am dros
vazis mwvane masa ufro advilad avaddeba vidre yurZeni. nakleb
intensiuria nacris moqmedeba. imereTis raionSi es jiSi ufro metad
ganicdis Wraqisa da nacris moqmedebas.
teqnologiuri potenciali: saqarTveloSi, amJamad am jiSidan Rvino -
pino Savi ar iwarmoeba. es jiSi gamoiyeneba kupaJSi.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

saferavi

warmoSoba: saferavi saqarTvelos erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili,

farTod gavrcelebuli jiSia, is erT-erTi saukeTeso warmomadgenelia
vazis wiTeli jiSebis msoflio asortimentisa. saferavi ZiriTadad
gavrcelebulia kaxeTSi. saqarTvelos garda saferavi samrewvelo jiSia
moldaveTSi, ukrainaSi, ruseTSi, azerbaijanSi, somxeTSi da sxva qveynebSi.
mevenaxeobis specialur literaturul wyaroebSi da adgilobriv
mevenaxeTa Soris saferavi cnobilia bevri sxvadasxva saxeliT. es imiT
aixsneba, rom saferavi Zalian Zveli jiSia, ris gamoc is mdidaria
saxeSecvlili formebiT – variaciebiT. ansxvaveben namdvil saferavs, mamal
saferavs, dedal saferavs, budeSurismagvar saferavs, msxvilmarcvalasa da
wvrilmarcvala saferavs. saferavis garda variaciebis aseTi simdidre arc
erT qarTul jiSs ar axasiaTebs.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis monacemebiT saferavs 3 704 heqtari farTobi
uWiravs.
mokle aRwera: axalgazrda, mozardi ylortis wveri gvirgviniTa da
pirveli ori jer kidev gauSleli foTolakiTurT dafarulia sqeli
qeCisebri bususiT, Seferilia TeTrad da Ria vardisferi arSia aqvs
foTolakebis irgvliv.
zrda damTavrebuli foToli saSualo zomisaa. foTlis firfita
momrgvaloa, iSviaTad kvercxisebri, Ria mwvane ferisa da sakmaod
uxeSi.ufro xSirad foTlebi samnakvTiania, iSviaTad xuTiani an odnav
danakvTuli. zedapiri badisebr danaoWebulia, iSviaTad
wvrilburTulebiani. amonakvTebi xSirad viwroyeliani Cangisbria an
daxuruli ovalurTvliani.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevnebi saSualo zomisaa. misi forma didad ar cvalebadobs.
Cveulebriv ganier konusisebria da fuZesTan datotvili. mtwilad
saferavis mtevani meCxeria, iSviaTad ki saSualo simkvrivisac gvxvdeba.
marcvali saSualo zomisaa, ovaluri, muqi lurji, TiTqmis Savi.
cvilisebri fifqi marcvalze sakmaod sqelia, marcvlis kani Txeli magram
mkvrivi. rbilobi wvniani da mdnaria, odnav mkvrivi wipwebis irgvliv.
fenologia: ojaleSi kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 13-19 aprils, yvavilobas
iwyebs 10-31 maiss, SeTvalebas iwyebs 10-20 agvistos, srul simwifeSi Sedis
17 seqtemberi 2 oqtomberi.

88
 jiSuri agroteqnologia: yvavilcvena Cveulebriv vazis yvela jiSs
axasiaTebs, magram zogirTma jiSma normalurze meti yvavilcvena icis.
saferavic aseT jiSebs miekuTvneba. aqdan gamomdinare es jiSi saWiroebs
wverebis wawyvetas yvavilobis dawyebamde 2-3 dRiT adre, rac
uzrunvelyofs yvavilcvenis Semcirebas.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: Wraqsa da nacars saferavi SedarebiT
kargad uZlebs, gansakuTrebiT nacars. SedarebiT sustad uzlebsWraqs
dasavleT saqarTveloSi. yinvis mimarTac es jiSi kargi gamZleobiT
xasiaTdeba.
teqnologiuri potenciali: saferavisgan mzaddeba rogorc sufris
aseve a.d. Rvinoebi: mukuzani, nafareuli, yvareli, qinZmarauli, axaSeni.
klonuri seleqcia: gamovlenilia klonebi: saferavi budeSurisebri,
saferavi 359 da saferavi msxvilmarcvala. aqedan warmoebisaTvis I-II
klonebia saintereso.

usaxelouri

warmoSoba: adgilobrivi vazis jiSia. gavrcelebulia cageris

raionSi, zemo-oyureSis mikroraionSi iZleva maRali xarisxis bunebrivad
naxevradtkbil da sufris wiTel Rvinos.
usaxelours oyureSulsac uwodeben.
usaxelouri kulturuli vazis jiSebis formaTa warmoqmnis kolxur
keras miekuTvneba.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlisaTvis mas eWira 57 heqtari farTobi da
ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia cageris raionSi.
mokle aRwera: axalgazrda ylortis gvirgvini da pirveli ori
gauSleli foToli orive mxridan Sebusulia Txeli da ablabudisebri
bewviT, akravs susti movardisfro arSia, gvirvinsa da foTolakebs
irgvliv. me-3 - 4 foTolaki zeda mxridan Seubususavia da moyviTalo mwvane
ferisaa Ria brinjaos ieriT.
Sua iarusis foTlebi saSualo da saSualoze mcire zomisaa.
samnakvTiania, iSviaTad xuTnakvTiani. foTlis qveda mxare dafarulia
Txeli ablabudiT.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualo zomis cilindrul-konusuria, xSirad mxriani.
Cveulebriv mtevnebi mkvrivia.
marcvlebi saSualo sididisaa. momrgvaloa an iSviaTad Sezneqili,
marcvlebi araTanabari sididisaa. mwife marcvali Savi ferisaa, dafarulia
sqeli cvilisebri fifqiT, ris gamoc igi muqi iisferi xdeba. rbilobi
wvniania da wipwebTan Semkvrivebuli, sasiamovno gemoTi.
fenologia: kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 4-12 aprils, yvavilobas 24-29 maiss,
srul simwifeSi Sedis 25-30 oqtombers.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: usaxelouris jiSuri agroteqnologia
Seswavlili ar aris. jiSis zogierTi biologiuri dakvirveba
gvafiqrebinebs rom kordonis formebi uzrunvelyofs usaxelouridan ufro
maRali mosavlis miReba.
mosavlianoba: usaxelouri saSualo mosavliani jiSia. gavrcelebis
ZiriTad raionebSi heqtarze 5-7 tona mosavals iZleva.

89
 daavadebaTa mimarT gamZleoba: usaxelouris SedarebiT gamZleoba
sokovan daavadebaTa mimarT aradamakmayofilebelia wvimian wlebSi
moiTxovs 1-2 met wamlobas vidre sxva jiSebi.
teqnologiuri potenciali: usaxelouri saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
regionebSi advilad agrovebs 22-24% Saqars 6,4-8,7‰ mJavianobis dros.
gansakuTrebiT maRali Rirsebis Rvinos usaxelouri iZleva misi
gavrcelebis ZiriTad raionebSi: cageris raionis samxreT nawilSi,
cxeniswylis orive napirze ganlagebul soflebSi. srul simwifeSi
dakrefili yurZnidan ayeneben maRalxarisxovan naxevrad tkbil da mSral
Rvinos.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

Savkapito

warmoSoba: Savkapito qarTlis wiTelyurZniani vazis aborigenuli

jiSia. ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia qarTlSi.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis aRweriT mas saqarTveloSi sul 10 heqtari
farTobi uWiravs da ZiriTadad nargaoba Tavmoyrilia cxinvalisa da
mcxeTis raionebSi.
mokle aRwera: axalgazrda ylortis wveri qeCiseburad Sebusvilia.
TeTri ferisaa da gadahkravs movardisfro elferi. pirveli axalgaSlili
foToli, rogorc zeda ise qveda mxridan dafarulia TeTri qeCisebri
bususiT.
foToli momrgvalo formisaa, saSualo sididisa an saSualoze
mcire. sigrZe 14-16 sm, xolo sigane 13-15 sm. foToli Rrmad danakvTulia, 3-5
nakvTiania da muqi mwvane Seferva axlavs. yunwis amonakveTi Riaa.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualo sididis an saSualoze mcirea. formiT cilindrul-
konusisebria an konusisebri. agebulebiT sakmaod kumsi.
marcvali saSualo an saSualoze mcirea. formiT ovaluria, feriT
Savi. Txeli magram sakmaod mkvrivi kani aqvs. marcvali sakmaod xorciani da
wvniania.
fenologia: kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 16-23 aprils, yvavilobas 25
maisidan, SeTvalebas 13-18 agvistos, xolo srul simwifeSi Sedis 12-20
oqtombers.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: ar aris Seswavlili.
daavadebaTa mimarT gamZleoba: sokovan daavadebaTa mimarT Savkapito
SedarebiT gamZlea, magram garantirebuli mosavlis misaRebad aucilebelia
agrowesebis gaTvaliswinebuli brZolis RonisZiebebis gatareba.
mosavlianoba: saTanado movlis pirobebSi Savkapito uxvmosavliania.
cxinvalis, eredvis da TamaraSenis zonaSi Savkapitos mosavali 12-13 tonas
aRwevs, cdebma gviCvena, rom maRali datvirTvis kordonuli formebis
gamoyenebiT mosavlianoba kidev SeiZleba gaizardos.
teqnologiuri potenciali. goris raionSi Savkapitos Saqrianoba 20%-
s Seadgens, xolo mJavianoba 6,7‰.
misi gavrcelebis ZiriTad mikroraionebSi Savkapito iZleva
harmoniuli, maRalxarisxovan sufris wiTel Rvinos. sabazro ekonomikaze

90
gadasvla dRis wesrigSi ayenebs qarTlSi, samaCabloSi, mesxeT-javaxeTSi am
jiSis farTod gavrcelebis sakiTxs.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

Cxaveri

warmoSoba: Cxaveri aborigenuli vazis jiSia. is gavrcelebulia

ZiriTadad guriaSi da aWaraSi. aRmosavleT guriis zogierT sofelSi
Cxaveri cnobilia agreTve ”Cxavelis” saxelwodebiT.
iv. javaxiSvili ”Cxa”-s adarebs qarTul sityvas ”grjRa”-s da Tvlis
mas am ukanasknelis fonetikur saxesxvaobad. es sityva Zvel qarTulSi
zogadi mniSvnelobis matarebeli yofila, grjRa - msxvil, gantotvil xes
niSnavda, dasaSvebad miaCnia Cxaveri vazis formirebis wesis aRmniSvneli
saxeli iyos. ”Cxa” ewodeba agreTve vazze aWril ramdenimemtevnian rqas,
vinaidan Cxaveris yurZens mosaxleoba amgvarad aWrili rqebis saxiT
inaxavda, jiSmac saxelwodebac aqedan miiRo.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis monacemebiT Cxavers 20 heqtari farTobi
uWiravs. am jiSis gavrceleba mizanSewonilia guria-aWarasa da afxazeTSi.
aseve samegrelos mevenaxeobis zonaSi.
mokle aRwera: kvirtebi gaSlis periodSi moTeTroa mowiTalo
elferiT. zrdis konusi moTeTro mowiTaloa da sqladaa dafaruli
bewvisebri TeTri bususiT, romelic xSirad mowiTalo Rvinisferi xdeba.
pirveli, axladgaSlili foToli zeda mxridan sqlad aris dafaruli
bewvisebri TeTri bususiT.
zrda damtavrebuli foToli Ria mwvanea, formiT momrgvalo da
mcired danakvTuli, igi saSualo sididisaa. foTlis amonakveTi ufro
xSirad Cangisebria, fuZe ki momrgvalo an odnav CaWrili. foToli
samnakvTiania. foTlis qveda mxaris Sebusva qeCisebria, xolo zeda mxare
gluvia an badisebr danaoWebuli.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualo an saSualoze mcire zomisaa, forma xSirad
cilindrul-konusisebria; zog SemTxvevaSi mtevani calfrTiania.
agebulebiT meCxeria, gvxvdeba saSualo sikumsis mtevnebic.
marcvali muqi wiTeli vardis feria, igi saSualo sididis an
saSualoze mcirea. marcvali sajdom baliSze sakmaod mtkicedaa
mimagrebuli. kani Txelia da cviliT sakmaod dafaruli. rbilobi sakmaod
xorciania da wvniani.
fenologia: Cxaveri kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 6-13 aprils, yvavilobas
iwyebs 28 maisidan 2 ivnisis CTvliT, SeTvalebas iwyebs 28 agvistos, srul
simwifeSi Sedis 9 seqtemberidan.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: Cxaveris jiSuri agroteqnika Seiswavla
mebaRe, mevenaxeobisa da meRvineobis mec. muSakma a. iobiZem. misi monacemebiT
Cxaveris sxvla formireba xdeba maRali datvirTvis kordonuli formebiT.
kvebis are 2.20-1.5 m. datvirTva 40-50 kvirti erT Zir vazze mosavlianoba am
dros aRwevs 15-18 tonas heqtarze, Saqriqnoba 20-25 %, mJavianoba 7-10 mg/l.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: Cxaveri advilad avaddeba WraqiTa da
nacriT, gansakuTrebiT WraqiT. swored amiT aixsneba am jiSiT
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis naklebi daintereseba. Wraqisagan gansakuTrebiT

91
advilad avaddeba axalSeni vazebi da namyenebi sanergeSi. Tanamedrove
qimiuri saSualebebis racionaluri gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs am jiSisgan
saRi, maRalxarisxovani produqciis miRebas.
teqnologiuri potenciali: Cxaverisagan mzaddeba sufris mSrali da
naxevradtkbili Rvinoebi, rogorc vardisferi ise TeTri. Cxaveri agreTve
iZleva Rvinomasalas TeTri da wiTeli cqriala RvinoebisTvis.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

ZelSavi

warmoSoba: ZelSavi aborogenuli vazis jiSia. is gavrcelebulia

dasavleT saqarTveloSi. specialur literaturul wyaroebSi da
adgilobriv mevenaxeTa Soris ZelSavi cnobilia agreTve ZvelSavisa da
obCuri ZelSavis saxelwodebiT. am jiSs adgilobrivma mevenaxeebma Tavisi
saxelwodeba erTwliani rqebis moyavisfro Sefervis gamo Searqves.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis monacemebiT ZelSavs 685 heqtari farTobi
uWiravs.
mokle aRwera: axalgazrda ylortebis gvirgvini da pirveli ori jer
kidev gauSleli foTolakebi orive mxridan Sebusvilia sqeli
ablabudasebri bewvebiT, moruxo TeTri ferisaa da baci vardisferi arSia
akravs gvirgvinisa da foTolakebis irgvliv.
zrdasruli foTlebis zoma saklmaod didia, formiT ovaluri,
iSviaTad momrgvalo foTlebic gvxvdeba. xSirad samnakvTiania, iSviaTad
xuTnakvTiani. zedapiri badisebr danaoWebulia, iSviaTad
msxvilburTulebiani. qveda mxare Sebusvilia sakmaod sqeli ablabudisebri
bewvebiT da dafarulia sqeli jagrisebri bususiT, rac erTad qmnis
saSualo sisqis qeCisebr Sebusvas.
yunwis amonakveTi xSirad Cangisebri an TaRisebri formisaa maxvili
an momrgvalo fuZiT.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualoze didi zomisaa, ganieri konusisebri, xSirad
datotvili, iSviaTad cilindrul-konusisebric gvxvdeba.
marcvali saSualo da saSualoze msxvilia, momrgvaloa. mtevanSi
marcvlebi araTanabaria da mcireodeni wvrilmarcvlianoba axasiaTebs.
marcvlis kani uxeSia, advilad Sordeba marcvlis rbilobs. rbilobi
wvniani, wipwebTan odnav Sesqelebulia. wveni uferulia, jiSuri aromati
sustad aris gamoxatuli. marcvali muqi wiTeli, TiTqmis Savi ferisaa da
dafarulia sakmaod sqeli cvilisebri fifqiT, romelic mas iisfer iers
aZlevs.
fenologia: ZelSavi kvirtis gaSlas iwyebs 12 aprilidan, yvavilobas
iwyebs maisis bolos, SeTvalebas iwyebs 6-14 agvistodan, srul simwifeSi
Sedis 17 seqtemberidan.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: ar aris Seswavlili
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: imereTis havis pirobebSi didi
mniSvneloba aqvs jiSis sokovan avadmyofobaTa mimarT gamZleobas. ZelSavi
SedarebiT kargad uZlebs nacars, magram advilad ziandeba Wraqisagan. vake
da dablob-tenian adgilebSi ZelSavis marcvali advilad lpeba,

92
gansakuTrebiT wvimian amindSi. lpobas xels uwyobs mtevnis simkvrive da
Txeli kani, romelic advilad ziandeba mwerebisagan.
teqnologiuri potenciali: sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi am jiSs
iyenebdnen cqriala RvinomasalaSi sakupaJed.
klonuri seleqcia: Catarebuli ar aris.

kaWiWi

warmoSoba: afxazeTis aborigenuli vazis jiSia. gavrcelebulia

afxazeTisa da samegrelos regionebSi. es jiSi adre ufro farTod unda
yofiliyo gavrcelebuli, radgan am jiSis maRalxarisxovani produqcia
axsovT guriaSi, aWaraSi, samegreloSi da imereTSic.
jiSi pirvelad napovni iqna gudauTis raionis s. abgaraSi, aqedan igi
gavrcelda dasavleT saqarTvelos regionebSi. botanikuri,
agrobiologiuri da sameurneo-teqnologiuri maCveneblebiT es jiSi
miekuTvneba jiSTa warmoqmnis kolxeTis keras.
gavrceleba: 2004 wlis monacemebiT am jiSs 9 heqtari farTobi
uWiravs. jiSis gavrceleba mizanSewonilia samegrelosa da afxazeTis
regionebSi.
mokle aRwera: axalgazrda ylortebis wveroebi gvirgvinisa da
pirveli ori foTlis CaTvliT Sebusulia sqeli qeCisebri SebusviT.
foTlebisa da gvirgvinis irgvliv susti, moRvinisfro wiTeli arSia aqvs.
meore iarusis foTlebi zeda mxridan brinjaos ferisaa.
zrdasruli foToli didi zomisaa, muqi mwvane feris, foToli ufro
xSirad samnakvTiania, iSviaTad xuTnakvTiani da daunakvTavi. danakvTva
sustia, foTlis zeda mxare ubususoa, xolo qveda mxare dafarulia
ablabudisebri bewviT. foTlis yunwi Rvinisferia.
yvavili orsqesiania.
mtevani saSualo an saSualoze didia, grZeli yunwiT, konusisebri
formisaa da mxriani.
marcvali saSualo zomisaa. ufro xSirad Sezneqili forma aqvs,
iSviaTad momrgvaloa. marcvali muqi lurji, TiTqmis Savi ferisaa. kani
Txeli, magram sakmaod mkvrivia da dafarulia cvilis feniT. rbilobi
mkvrivia, sakmaod wvniani. wipwa Tavisuflad ar scildeba rbilobs. wveni
baci vardisferia. jiSuri aromati sustad aris gamoxatuli.
fenologia: kvirtis gaSla 16-20 aprils, yvavilobis dawyeba 20-26
aprili, sruli simwife 25 oqtomberi – 10-15 noemberi.
daavadebaTa mimarT gamZleoba: ufro mgrZnobiarea Wraqis mimarT
vidre nacris mimarT. ufro metad gamZleobiT gamoirCeva sidamplis mimarT.
nayofi TiTqmis ar ziandeba botritisiT.
jiSuri agroteqnologia: kaWiWi Zlieri zrdis jiSia. amitom
moiTxovs Zlier datvirTvas. formireba xdeba olixnaris, kordonisa da
Tavisufali sxvlis wesebiT, misTvis rekomendebuli saZireebia riparia X
rupestris 3309, 3306, riparia X berlandieris 5bb, xolo Zlier kirian
niadagebSi unda gamoviyenoT Sasla X berlandieri 41 b.
mosavlianoba: kaWiWis mosavlianoba saSualod 6-8 tonas udris
heqtarze. cxadia, calkeuli nakveTebis mixedviT misi mosavlianoba Zalian
cvalebadobs.

93
 teqnologiuri potenciali: jiSs axasiaTebs Saqris dagrovebis kargi
unari. eqspoziciis da mikroraionis mixedviT agrovebs 19-20% Saqars vake
adgilebze da 20-22%-s ferdob da SemaRlebul adgilebze. amave dros
inarCunebs maRal mJavianobas 7,5-8,8‰, misgan ayeneben intensiur wiTel
Rvinos, maRali sagemovno TvisebebiT.
klonuri seleqcia: jiSis mcired gavrcelebis gamo misi klonebi
gamovlenili ar aris.

sasufre yurZnis jiSebi

qarTuli saadreo

axali seleqciuri, saadreo simwifis peridis sasufre yurZnis jiSi,

miRebulia profesor d. tabiZis mier 1940w. romelic daraionebulia
rogorc aRmosavleT ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi. heqtarze misi mosavali 6-
7 tonas Seadgens.

xalili

warmoSobiT mcire aziis, metad saadreo simwifis TeTryurZniani

sufris jiSia. misi sinonimebia: xalili TeTri, zinoSviliseuli, adreula
novrati.
yvavili orsqesiania. mtevani saSualo zomis, sigrZe-15-17 sm, sigane-10-14
sm. formiT cilindruli, an cilindrul-konusisebria. marcvali saSualoze
didia, sigrZiT-16-18 siganiT 12-14 mm. ovaluri formis, momwvano, moyviTalo-
qarvisferi SeferviT. rbilobi mkvrivi da sasiamovnoa. erT Zirze mosavali
formirebis tipisa da agroekologiuri pirobebis gavleniT meryeobs 4-8 kg-
mde. yurZnis wvenis Saqrianoba 14-16% ia, xolo mJavianoba 3-4 g/l , rac
pasuxobs sasufre yurZnis moTxovnebs.

Sasla TeTri

TeTr yurZniani saadreo sasufre jiSia, farTod gavrcelebulia

evraziis kontinentze. misi warmoSobis adgilad egviptes varaudoben. am
jiSs mravali sinonimi gaaCnia: Sasla vardisferi, iisferi da sxva.
yvavili orsqesiania. mtevani saSualo zomis – sigrZe 12-16 sm da
sigane 7-11 sm. formiT cilindruli, an cilindrul-konusisebria. marcvali
saSualo zomisaa.erT Zirze mosavali 3-4 kg-ia. Saqrianoba 15-18% ia,
mJavianoba ki 4 g/l.

wiTeli budeSuri

adgilobrivi (kaxuri) mcired gavrcelebuli wiTelyurZniani sasufre

jiSia. gavrcelebulia Telavis, gurjaanisa da Tbilisis sagareubno
zonaSi. axasiaTebs saSualoze didi zomis mtevani. saSualo an saSualoze

94
didi zomis vardisferi marcvali. mosavlianoba maRali aqvs – 8-12 tona
heqtarze. Saqris Semcveloba 18-20 %.

ganjuri

TeTr yurZniani saSualo simwifis periodis sasufre jiSia. farTod

aris gavrcelebuli azerbaijanSi, sparseTSi, sasomxeTSi da saqarTveloSi.
misi warmoSoba dadgenili ar aris, Tumca rigi mecnierebi Tvlian rom
anjuri sparseTidan gavrcelda kavkasiaSi.
mtevani garegnuli SesaxedaobiT mimzidvelia. es jiSi advilad itans
transportirebas. mcired gavrcelebulia rogorc aRmosavleT ise
dasavleT saqarTveloSi. maRalmosavliani jiSia, heqtarze saSualod 8-10
tona mosavals iZleva. Saqrianoba 17-19%, xolo mJavianoba 4-5 g/l,

kolxuri

TeTr yurZniani saSualo simwifis periodis sasufre jiSia.

gamoyvanili hibridizaciis gziT prof. ramiSvilisa da r. ramiSvilis mier
1961 wels. misi mosavlianoba heqtarze Seadgens 6,5-7,5 tonas.

gorula

qarTlis aborigenuli saSualo simwifis periodis sasufre jiSi. misi

sinonimebia: sufris gorula, gldanura, sabatono da sxva. yurZeni kargad
inaxeba da transportabeluria. maRalmosavliani jiSia, kargad viTardeba
talaverze, olixnarze.

Tbilisuri

TeTr yurZniani, saSualo simwifis periodis jiSia, miRebulia

hibridizaciis gziT prof. qanTarias da doc. CaxnaSvilis mier. jiSi
xasiaTdeba lamazi garegnobiT, kargi gemovnuri TvisebebiT da maRali
mosavlianobiT – 10-12t heqtarze. daraionebulia aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi.

yaraburnu

bulgareTidan introducirebuli saSualo simwifis periodis TeTri

sasufre yurZnis jiSia. misi sinonimebia rejina bianka, bolgari, afuzali.
msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli vazis jiSia, xasiTdeba
lamazi garegnuli SesaxedaobiT da kargi gemovnuri TvisebebiT,
mosavlianoba regionebis mixedviT 8-12t heqtarze. daraionebulia rogorc
aRmosavleT ise dasavleT saqarTvelos mevenaxeobis raionebSi.

saxalxo TeTri

95
 miRebulia hibridizaciis gziT prof. tabiZis mier. saadreo simwifis
sasufre TeTryurZniani vazis jiSia, xasiaTdeba maRali mosavliT heqtarze
10-12t.

aleqsandriuli muskati

maRalxarisxovani sagviano simwifis sasufre yurZnis jiSia.

axasiaTebs msxvili mtevnebi da marcvlebi simwifeSi oqrosferia.
xasiaTdeba gamoxatuli muskaturi gemoTi. es jiSi maRalmosavliania,
kargad itans transportirebas da eqvemdebareba Senaxvis reJims.

cxenis ZuZu afxazuri

afxazeTis aborigenuli sagviano simwifis sasufre wiTelyurZniani

vazis jiSia. misi sinonimebia aCkikiJ, aCeik. vardisfer yurZniani, metad
sagviane periodis jiSia. axasiaTebs kargi gemovnuri Tvisebebi, maRAli
mosavlianoba da kargi transportabeluroba.

muskaturi rqawiTeli

sasufre mimarTulebis seleqciuri jiSia, miRebulia v. lolaZis mier

1966 wels. mosavlianoba 6-8 tonaa heqtarze, xolo Saqrianoba 20% - s
aRwevs 3-4 g/l mJavianobis dros.

saprezentacio Temebi:

1. saqarTvelos TeTryurZniani vazis jiSebis samrewvelo sortimenti

2. saqarTvelos wiTelyurZniani vazis jiSebis samrewvelo sortimenti
3. introducirebuli vazis jiSebi

96
Tavi 6. vazis seleqcia

seleqcia laTinuri sityvaa da SerCevas niSnavs. xalxuri seleqcia

kacobriobis ganviTarebis im etapze iwyeba, roca adamianis kvebis ZiriTad
wyaros Semgrovebeli saqmianoba warmoadgenda. adamiani krefda tyis
mcenareebis nayofs, agrovebda da iyenebda, moxmarebuli nayofis narCenebs
ki sadgomebis axlos sanagveze yrida, sadac TavisTavad CaTesili Teslebi
Tu dafesvianebuli rqebi axal Taobas iZleoda da msxmoiarobda. aqedan ki
adamiani kvlav arCevda axal, misTvis mosawon individebs da Semdgom etapze
mis sasurvel adgilze gaSeneba, gakulturebac iswavla. ase iqmneboda
yvela kulturuli mcenaris xalxuri jiSebi. qarTveli xalxis sameurneo
saqmianobis Sedegad uxsovari droidan dRemde xalxuri seleqciis
meTodebiT Seqmnilia vazis, xexilis, xorbleulis, bostneuli kulturebis
uamravi jiSi, romelTagan ukanaskneli 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi ukve
mecnieruli seleqciis gziT gamoirCa saukeTesoebi, rac safuZvlad daedo
am kulturebis samrewvelo sortimentis Seqmnas. ramdenime maRal
xarisxovani produqciis momcemi jiSi ki, rogoric aris rqawiTeli,
saferavi, mwvane da sxva farTod gavrcelda saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT
da wamyvani adgili uWiravT ruseTis, federaciis, moldaveTis, ukrainis,
azerbaijanis, somxeTis, rumineTis da sxva saxelmwifoebis samrewvelo
sortimentSi.
xalxuri seleqciis gziT Seqmnili vazis adgilobrivi (aborigenuli)
jiSebi qmnian qarTuli vazis genofonds, romelic gamoiyeneba mTeli
msoflios dainteresebuli qveynebis mier, rogorc saseleqcio sawyisi
masala axali jiSebis misaRebad. qarTuli vazis genofondi e.i. jiSTa
mravalferovneba (500-ze meti jiSi) warmoadgens unikalur erovnul da
amave dros saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis saunjes, romelsac saxelmwifo
icavs. qarTuli vazis jiSebi msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba
saseleqcio miznebisaTvis axali ama Tu im regionis ekologiur pirobebs
Seguebuli da maRalxarisxovani jiSebis misaRebad. yofil sabWoTa da
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi seleqcionerebis mier gamoyvanili da
daraionebulia aTobiT axali jiSi, seleqcia mimdinareobs intensiurad.
amJamad vazis asortimentis gaumjobeseba xdeba seleqciis meTodebiT.
vazis seleqciis meTodebia:
1. aborigenuli (adgilobrivi) vazis jiSebis Seswavla maTgan
saukeTesoebis gamosavlenad da sawarmoo asortimentis gasamdidreblad.
2. miznobrivi seleqcia hibridizaciis meTodis gamoyenebiT.
3. masobrivi da klonuri seleqcia.
4. introduqcia.

masobrivi da klonuri seleqcia

aprobacia
aprobaciis mizania: jiSis saxelwodebis sisworis Semowmeba,
ZiriTadad jiSSi gamoreuli jiSebis aRricxva, venaxis arasasurveli
gamoreuli jiSebisgan gasufTaveba.
aprobacia tardeba rTvelis dawyebamde, roca jiSi simwifeSia Sesuli
da foTlis, rqis mtevnis tipiuri botanikuri niSnebi gamokveTilia.

97
aprobaciis Catarebis dros iniSneba gamoreuli jiSebi specialuri
etiketebiT da specialur JurnalSi iwereba maTi adgilmdebareoba,
nakveTis, rigis da Ziris nomrebi. aprobacia tardeba filoqseragmZle
saZireebze da vazis sanergeSic.

vazis masobrivi seleqciis miznebi da Sesrulebis wesebi

masobrivi seleqciis mizania venaxSi SeirCes, erTis mxriv, umosavlo,
mciremosavliani, avadmyofi vazebi, raTa isini amoiZirkvos da meores mxriv,
yvela uxvmosavliani, Zlierad mozardi, saRi vazi gasamravleblad. vazis
masobrivi seleqciis amocanaa samrewvelo jiSis maRalmosavliani, jansaRi,
gamZle Zirebis SerCeva, maTgan samynobi masalis dagrovebisa da Semdgom
seleqciuri sadedeebis mosawyobad da arsebuli venaxebis mosavlianobis
gadideba mciremosavliani vazis uxvmosavlianiT Secvlis gziT.
vazis masobrivi seleqcia sruldeba ori meTodiT: 1) vazebis SerCeva
uaryofiTi niSnebis mixedviT; 2) vazebis SerCeva dadebiTi niSan-Tvisebebis
mixedviT. seleqcia, rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi niSnebis mixedviT
venaxebis mosavlianobis gazrdas emsaxureba. es xdeba, erTis mxriv,
umosavlo da mciremosavliani vazebis amoZirkviT da maT adgilas
mosavlianis dargviT, xolo meores mxriv, uxvmosavliani vazidan aRebuli
sakvirte masaliT sadede venaxis gaSenebiT.
vazebis SerCeva erTsa da imave venaxSi sami wlis manZilze unda
warmoebdes Semdegi sqemiT:
pirvel wels venaxSi arCeven uaryofiTi niSan-Tvisebis matarebel
Zirebs, niSnaven umosavlo, mciremosavlian, Zlier daavadebul Zirebs.
meore wels mowmdeba wina wlis muSaoba da Zirebi, romelmac I da II
wels uaryofiTi niSani miiRes da uvargisia sakvirte masalis
dasamzadeblad. anasxlavi unda gavitanoT venaxidan masobrivad kvirtis
damzadebamde. gamoreuli sxvadasxva Sefervis vazebi unda Seicvalos an
gadaimynos samrewvelo jiSiT.
mesame wels dakvirvebebi grZeldeba. sami wlis dakvirvebebis Sedegad
dadebiTi niSniT Sefasebuli Zirebisgan aiReba sakvirte masala. uaryofiTi
niSniT gamorCeuli vazebi unda amoiZirkvos da Seivsos saTanado jiSiT an
gadaimynos.

klonuri seleqcia
klonuri seleqciis mizania vazis jiSis populaciidan axali
maRalxarisxovani da maRalmosavliani klonebis gamorCeva. klonis
gamorCevis mizani SeiZleba iyos mosavlianoba, xarisxi, sokovan
daavadebaTa mimarT gamZleoba da sxva. klonuri seleqciis safuZvelia
vazis mudmivi bunebrivi cvalebadoba mutaciebis gziT. venaxi warmoadgens
jiSis klonTa narevs, amitom dadebiTi niSnebiT klonebis SerCeva zigjer
axali jiSis klonis SeqmniT mTavrdeba. klonuri seleqcia aris
mecnieruli meTodi, amitom igi ZiriTadad samecniero organizaciis
xelmZRvanelobiT tardeba.

adgilobivi vazis jiSebis Seswavla

adgilobrivi vazis jiSebis pirveladi Seswavla tardeba vazis

koleqciaSi, romelic gaSenebuli unda iyos im regionis tipiur niadagur-
klimatur pirobebSi, romlisTvisac tardeba kvleva. Tu jiSebis gamorCeva

98
xdeba kaxeTisTvis koleqcia unda mdebareobdes kaxeTis regionSi. Tu
jiSebis SerCeva xdeba imereTisTvis maSin koleqcia unda mdebareobdes
imereTSi. aseve iTqmis sxva regionebze. sakoleqcio Seswavlis Sedegad
gamorCeuli perspeqtiuli aborigenuli jiSebi icdeba jiSTa sakonkurso
Seswavlis meTodikiT saqarTvelos sxvadsxva regionebSi: kaxeTi, imereTi,
raWa-leCxumi, afxazeTi da sxva. sakonkurso jiSTa gamocdis Sedegad
gamovlindeba saukeTeso aborigenuli jiSebi regionebisaTvis. gamocdis
gareSe TviTneburad amaTuim kargi jiSis masobrivi gavrceleba
mizanSewonili ar aris. jiSTa sakoleqcio Seswavla sxvadasxva wlebSi
Catarebulia staroselskis, ColoyaSvilis, tabiZis, ramiSvilis, mirotaZis
da sxvaTa mier, ris Sedegadac saqarTvelos mevenaxeobis regionebisaTvis
gamovlenilia 30-ze meti adgilobrivi maRal xarisxovani produqciis
momcemi vazis jiSi. koleqciebis Seswavla tardeba sxvadasxva meTodebiT.
es aris genetikuri, bioqimiuri, imunologiuri da sxva meTodebi, romelTa
Sedegebi safuZvlad edeba axali jiSebis miRebas hibridizaciis meTodiT.

vazis jiSebis hibridizacia

axali jiSebis miReba xdeba sxvadasxva jiSebis sqesobrivi Sejvarebis

gziT. winaswar gamokvleuli saseleqcio sawyisi masalis analizis
safuZvelze gamovlindeba jiSebis esaTuis nakli (mcire mosavlianoba,
SedarebiT dabali xarisxi, naklebi gamZleoba da sxva). am naklis
gamosasworeblad arCeven wyvilebs romlebic genetikuri rekombinaciis
gziT Sejvarebis Sedegad warmoSoben maRali sameurneo-teqnologiuri
potencialis matarebel individebs, romelTa gamorCeva xdeba
seleqcioneris mier miRebul hibridul Teslnergebidan.

introduqcia

seleqciis am meTodis gamoyenebiT xdeba msoflios mevenaxeobis erTi

regionidan sxva regionSi vazis jiSebis Setana da kultivireba.
introduqciis meTodi swored rom iyos gamoyenebuli saWiroa Seswavlil
iqnas jiSis agroekologiuri moTxovnebi. mag.: savegetacio periodis
xangrZlivoba, yinva gamZleoba, sokovan daavadebaTa mimarT gamZleoba,
teqnologiuri monacemebi da sxva. am monacemebiT daraionda rqawiTeli,
saferavi, mwvane da sxva yofil sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebSi, xolo ver
daraionda iseTi maRali sameurneo Tvisebebis jiSebi, rogoric aris
Cxaveri, ojaleSi, colikauri da sxva. am jiSebis daraioneba aRniSnul
regionebSi SeuZlebeli gaxda maTi grZeli savegetacio periodis gamo.
grZeli savegetacio periodis jiSebi SeiZleba daraiondes samxreTis
qveynebSi, rogoric aris axali zelandia, avstralia, CineTi da sxva.
amJamad es procesi mimdinareobs. saqarTvelos introduqciis gziT Seemata
sawarmoo jiSebi: pino, aligote, kaberne da sxva, xolo sasufre yurZnis
jiSebidan aleqsandriis muskati, hamburgis muskati, bolgari, CauSi, Sasla
TeTri da sxva.
mevenaxeobis Zvel da axal qveynebs Soris genofondis gacvla
amJamadac intensiurad mimdinareobs.

99
saprezentacio Temebi:

1. vazis seleqciis etapebi

2. vazis seleqciis meTodebi

Tavi 7. vazis sxvla-formireba

vazis formirebis ZiriTadi sistemebi da maTi SerCeva jiSebisa da

ekologiuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT

vazis mcenare warmoadgens lianas, romelsac bunebriv pirobebSi

SeuZlia did zomebs miaRwios. msoflioSi cnobilia magaliTebi, roca
vazis erTi mcenare erT heqtar farTobs ikavebs.
Tavisuflad gaSenebuli vazis rqa Zlier izrdeba, itoteba, magram
marcvlebi wvrili aqvs, mwifdeba araTanabrad da mosavalic aramyari aqvs,
e. i. icvleba yovelwliurad.
vazis gakulturebis kvalobaze adamianma SeimuSava vazis zrdisa da
mosavlianobis regulirebis wesebi.
vazis sxvla warmoadgens calkeuli organoebis nawilobriv an
mTlianad mocilebas. es tardeba mosavlianobis gaZlierebis, regulirebisa
da misi xarisxis gaumjobesebis mizniT. sxvlis mravali wesi arsebobs,
romlebic gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva regionSi. isini SeiZleba dajgufdes sam
mTavar wesad: mokle sxvla, grZeli sxvla da Sereuli sxvla.
mokle sxvla _ ewodeba iseT sxvlas, roca rqebi isxvleba 2-3-
ZiriTad kvirtze, yovel buCqze toveben garkveuli raodenobis rqas,
romelic damokidebulia zrdis Roneze da jiSze.
grZeli sxvla – ewodeba iseT sxvlas, roca rqebze rCeba 3-4 kvirtze
meti. aseTi wesiT rqebs SeiZleba sxvadasxva sigrZe hqondes da vazze
ganawilebuli iyos sxvlis wesis Sesabamisad.
Sereuli sxvlis dros buCqze erTdroulad toveben mokle da grZel
rqebs.
mokle sxvlis dros erTi kvirti iZleva saSualod erT ylorts, ori
mtevniT. grZeli sxvlis dros ki fuZidan ufro metad daSorebuli erTi
kvirti xSirad iZleva 2-3 ylorts. erTi da imave datvirTvis dros, grZeli
sxvla saSualebas iZleva miviRoT meti msxmoiare ylorti, vidre mokle
sxvlis dros, magram mudmivma grZelma sxvlam SeiZleba gamoiwvios buCqis
dasusteba. amitom saqarTveloSi odiTganve SemuSavebulia da gamoiyeneba
erTdroulad, grZeli da mokle sxvlis kombinacia.
qarTuli wesi gulisxmobs mosavlis misaRebad grZeli, 8-10 kvirtiani
rqebis datovebas da 2-3 kvirtze e. w. mokle sxvlas, rasac qarTuli
terminologiiT samamule rqa hqvia. samamule rqis daniSnulebaa
samomavlod Zlieri sanayofe da samamule rqebis gamozrda.
msxvlis sistemis SerCeva. sxvlis sistemis SerCeva unda moxdes jiSis
biologiuri Tvisebebis Sesabamisad. zogi jiSi rqis ZirSi ganviTarebuli
kvirtebidanac msxmoiarobs. amitom maTze iyeneben mokle sxvlas. aseTebia

100
franguli jiSebi: game, aramoni da sxva, xolo sxva jiSebis, rogoric aris:
sira, kaberne da sxva, fuZesTan axlomdebare qveda kvirtebi ar
msxmoiarobs. ufro metad msxmoiarea me-4-5 da amitom am jiSebze grZeli
sxvlis sistema gamoiyeneba.
niadagis nayofierebis, ganoyierebis da vazis zrdis siZlieris
gavlena. niadagis nayofiereba gavlenas axdens vazis zrdis siZliereze da
aqedan gamomdinare, sxvlis sistemis SerCevaze. ramdenadac Zlieria vazis
zrda, miT ufro misaRebia grZeli sxvla.
amrigad, sxvlis wesis SerCevas ganapirobebs TiToeuli buCqis
mdgomareoba. Tu buCqis nazardi dasustebulia, mis gasaZliereblad unda
Semcirdes dasatovebeli rqebis raodenoba da damokldes rqis sigrZe. Tu
buCqis nazardi dasustebuli ar aris da iZleva zomier mosavals, aseTi
buCqis datvirTva SeiZleba gagrZeldes wina wlis msgavsad.
Tu vazis buCqi Zlierad izrdeba da amis gamo yvavilTcvenac ki
SeimCneva, aseTi buCqi unda daitvirTos meti kvirtebiT, rogorc grZeli
sxvlis, ise mokle sxvlis SemTxvevaSi.
vazis sxvlis formebi. vazis sxvlis formebi mravalgvaria da
icvleba regionebis mixedviT. miuxedavad amisa, sxvlis formebi iyofa or
jgufad: Zlieri zrdis da susti zrdis formebi. formirebebi SeiZleba
ganvasxvavoT Stambis simaRlis mixedviT: dabalStambiani, roca vazis rqebi
TiTqmis niadagzea dawyobili, saSualo, roca buCqi miwis piridan 40-50 sm-
zea aweuli da maRali, roca msxmoiare rqebi 50 sm-ze maRlaa gawyobili.
formirebis SerCeva. formirebis SerCeva damokidebulia jiSur
Taviseburebebsa da niadagur-klimatur pirobebze.
1) jiSuri Taviseburebebis gavlena. Tu vazis jiSi, romelic genetikurad
Zlieri zrdiT xasiaTdeba, gaSendeba mcire kvebis areze da CaxSirdeba,
aseTi jiSi ver gamoavlens Tavis biologiur SesaZleblobas da iqneba
mciremosavliani. aseve, Tu jiSi sustad mozardia, gaSenda didi kvebis
areze da Zlier daitvirTa rqebiT, aseTi buCqi Seamcirebs mosavlianobas.
2) niadagis gavlena. yoveli buCqis ganviTarebis maCveneblebi icvleba
niadagis nayofierebis mixedviT. nayofier an nayamiral niadagze
gaSenebul venaxebSi SeiZleba Zlieri datvirTvis formireba Catardes.
Rarib niadagebze ki unda SeirCes naklebi datvirTvis formebi,
magaliTad, erTi da igive jiSi - rqawiTeli bakurcixis ferdobebze,
warafebSi, SeiZleba sustad daitvirTos, iormuRanlos teritoriaze,
mdinare ivris xeobaSi gaSenebul venaxebSi ki Zlier. aseve SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom saferavi qinZmaraulis mikrozonaSi naklebad daitvirTos
Rvinis tipisa da niadagis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, xolo igive
jiSi ivris xeobaSi Zlier daitvirTos.
klimaturi pirobebis gavlena. cxeli klimatis pirobebSi, sadac
sagazafxulo wayinvebis saSiSroeba ar arsebobs, SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnas buCqis dabali formireba, roca rqebi miwazea garTxmuli. es icavs
niadagis zedapirs swrafi gamoSrobisa da marcvlebs mzis mcxunvarebiT
gamowveuli damwvrobisagan (Sua aziis regioni). saqarTveloSi aseTi
mikroraionebi SeiZleba dedofliswyaroSi gamoikveTos.
teniani klimatis pirobebSi rqebi unda aiwios miwis zedapiridan da
iseTi formireba SeirCes, romelic xels uwyobs niadagisa da mtevnebis
gaTbobas da agreTve aeracias.

101
 civ adgilebSi upiratesoba eZleva dabal formebs. rogorc wesi
dabali formirebebi gamoiyeneba iq, sadac ar aris mosalodneli
sagazafxulo wayinvebi.
wayinvebis saSiS zonaSi gamoiyeneba saSualo an maRali formebi,
radgan SemoWrili civi haeris masebi simZimis gamo niadagis zedapirs
ekvris da kvirtebi, rac ufro maRlaa aweuli miwis piridan, miT advilad
gadarCeba.

vazis sxvla

vazis sxvlis vadebi. vazis sxvla SeiZleba daiwyos Semodgomaze,

foTolcvenis Semdeg. sxvlis warmoeba SeiZleba mTeli zamTris
ganmavlobaSi da gazafxulze - kvirtebis gaSlamde. sxvla ar unda
warmoebdes Zlier yinvian dReebSi, radgan rqebi myifea da advilad tydeba,
xolo gadaWris adgili metad mgrZnobiarea yinvisadmi. msxvil samrewvelo
venaxebSi sxvla mTeli zamTris ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs, raTa muSaxeli
droze gamoTavisufldes venaxis sxva samuSaoebis Casatareblad. Tu aseTi
problema ar aris, vazis sxvla SeiZleba Catardes kvirtebis dabervis win,
radgan vazis gviani sxvla ramdenime dRiT agvianebs kvirtebis gamosvlas,
es ki xels uwyobs sagazafxulo wayinvebisagan vazis dacvas.
sxvlis teqnika. sxvlis dros aucileblad unda gamoviyenoT
Tanamedrove savenaxe sasxlavi makrateli(ix. suraTi # 1). makrateli unda
iyos galesili, msubuqi da moxerxebuli. datvirTva sasxlav makratelze
didia, amitom aucilebelia sistematuri Semowmeba vargisianobaze da misi
movla (galesva, SezeTva, daregulireba).
kargi makrateli unda iyos maRalmwarmoebluri, ar unda moiTxovdes
did Zalas da rqaze tovebdes sufTa Wrils.
mizanSewonilia, msxvleli atarebdes sxvlis dros patara xelis xerxs,
gansakuTrebiT Zvel venaxebSi muSaobis dros, Zveli gamxmari, mravalwliani
totebis mosacileblad. es aadvilebs muSis Sromas da msxvili totebis
moWris dros icavs makratels gafuWebisgan. Zveli nawilebis sxvlis dros
Wriloba unda gakeTdes swori kuTxiT, Wrilis naklebi farTis
uzrunvelsayofad, Wriloba ar unda iyos Zlier axlos rqis fuZesTan anu
mxarTan. erTwliani rqebi iWreba mkacrad, bolo kvirtidan 1-3 sm-ze.

suraTi #1 venaxis sasxlavi iaraRebi

102
 aseve arsebobs manqana-iaraRebi meqanizirebuli sxvlisaTvis (suraTi
#2).

suraTi #2. sasxlavi agregatebi

vazis sxvlis formebi

vazis sxvlis mizania yurZnis regularuli da maRalxarisxovani
mosavlis miReba. gasxvlis saSualebiT myardeba sasurveli Sefardeba vazis
zrda-ganviTarebasa da mosavlianobas Soris.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli vazis formirebis wesebidan
aRsaniSnavia: qarTuli calmxrivi, qarTuli ormxrivi, ormxrivi mokle
kordoni, calmxrivi kordoni, orsarTuliani mravalsakavebliani
Tavisufali forma. samoyvarulo mevenaxeobaSi gamoyenebulia olixnari,
xeivani da sxva. yvela am formas axasiaTebs vertikaluri swormdgomi
Stambi, gansxvavebiT im formebisagan, romlebic gavrcelebulia yinvasaSiS
regionebSi (ruseTi, ukraina da sxv.). saqarTvelos mevenaxeobis raionebis
agroekologiuri pirobebis mravalferovneba (niadagis tipi, eqspozicia,
klimati, mikroklimati da sxv.) vazis jiSis genetikuri potencialis
sxvadasxva doziT gamovlinebas ganapirobebs. amitom, erTi da igive jiSi
SeiZleba gansxvavebul agroekologiur pirobebSi gansxvavebul formirebas
moiTxovdes.

calmxrivi Spaleri
es forma gamoiyeneba mcire kvebis aris venaxebSi an ferdob
adgilebze.
sxvlis pirvel wels vazze SeirCeva erTi rqa da gaisxvleba Stambis
simaRleze. masze unda aRizardos 3-4 ylorti, danarCeni ecleba. meore
wels xdeba Stambis gamoyvana. gasxvlis dros SeirCeva 2 rqa, romelTagan
qveda gaisxvleba samamuled, xolo zeda – sanayofed, 6-8 kvirtze. mesame da
Semdgom wlebSi wina wlis sanayofe iWreba, samamuleze ki qveda rqa
isxvleba 2-3 kvirtze, xolo zeda sanayofe rqa, siZlieris mixedviT 7-10
kvirtze.

103
 qarTuli ormxrivi Spaleri
aRniSnuli formis vazze toveben or samamule da or sanayofe rqas.
samamule isxvleba 2-3 kvirtze, sanayofe ki jiSisa da rqis siZlieris
mixedviT - 7-12 kvirtze.
gasxvlis pirvel wels Zlier vazze SeirCeva erTmaneTis
mopirdapired gawyobili ori rqa, romlebic Stambis simaRleze gaisxvleba
da vertikalurad aikvreba Spaleris pirvel mavTulze. mwvane operaciebis
dros, maisis pirvel naxevarSi, TiToeul Stambze SeirCeva 2-4 zeda ylorti
pirveli mavTulis doneze an mis qvemoT, danarCenebi ki moecleba. Semdeg
wels TiToeul Stambze qveda rqa gaisxvleba 2-3 kvirtze, zeda ki –
sanayofed, zrdis siZlieris mixedviT - 8-12 kvirtze. vazs sabolood unda
hqondes ori samamule da 2 sanayofe, TiToeuli 8-12 kvirtze nasxlavi.

ormxrivi mokle kordoni

es forma gamoiyeneba Zlieri zrdis jiSebze, romlebic didi kvebis
areze Sendeba. mravalwliani mxrebi, romlebic horizontalurad pirvel
mavTulze arian damagrebuli, Seicavs oTxidan eqvsamde sasxlav rgols,
amdenive samamule da sanayofe rqas. ormxrivi mokle kordonis misaRebad,
iseve rogorc ormxrivi Spaleris SemTxvevaSi, gamoiyeneba ori mxare.
TiToeul mxareze SearCeven da zeda mxareze arsebuli kvirtebidan
datoveben or-or ylorts. mxari unda miwvdes gverdiT vazs. gasxvlis
mesame wels, TiToeul mxarze rCeba ori sasxlavi rgoli 20-25 sm-is
dacilebiT, yovel rgolze rCeba erTi rqa, romelic 2-3 kvirtze isxvleba
sasxlavi rgolebis Sesaqmnelad. ganviTarebuli 2-3 rqidan qveda gaisxvleba
samamuled, xolo zeda ukeTesi rqa ki - sanayofed. erTic moiWreba Semdgom
wlebSi da sxvlas amave wesiT Caatareben. garda aRniSnulisa, kordonis
formebia: calmxrivi orsarTuliani, ormxrivi orsarTuliani, calmxrivi
grZeli kordoni da sxva. maTi formirebis sistema erTi da igivea,
gansxvaveba mxolod sasxlavi rgolebis raodenobaSia. amave dros unda
gvaxsovdes, rom mezobeli vazis kordonis mxareebi erTmaneTs unda
Seexos, magram ar gadafaros, radgan moxdeba CaxSireba da daCrdilva.

Tavisufali forma
Tavisufali forma gulisxmobs msxvlelis personalur midgomas
TiToeuli vazisadmi, misi zrdis siZlieris mixedviT sxvlas da
datvirTvas. es forma gamoiyeneba vazis didi kvebis areze, Zlieri zrdis
jiSebis SemTxvevaSi. axalSen venaxebSi Tavisufali formis misaRebad,
gasxvlis pirvel wels, vazze SeirCeva 2-3 rqa, romelTagan zogi gaisxvleba
pirveli mavTulis simaRleze, zogi ufro dabla. ylortebis danormebis
dros, TiToeul rqaze toveben 2-3 zeda ylorts. gasxvlis meore wels,
vazze SeiZleba 4-6 rqis datoveba. maTgan ganviTarebisa da mdebareobis
mixedviT nawili gaisxvleba sanayofed, nawili ki - samamuled. datovebuli
rqebisa da kvirtebis raodenoba regulirdeba vazis nazardis mdgomareobis
safuZvelze da SeiZleba moimatos an moiklos.

Tavisufali dakiduli forma

ukanasknel wlebSi, evropisa da amerikis kontinentze gavrcelebulia
Tavisufali sxvlis axali nairsaxeoba, romelic Cveulebrivi, Tavisufali
sxvlis formisagan gansxvavdeba Stambis simaRliT da Spaleris mowyobis
TaviseburebiT. mas ewodeba Tavisufali dakiduli forma. Spaleris

104
mowyobis Taviseburebebze saTanado TavSi gveqneba saubari. aq ki mokled
aRvwerT am formis Taviseburebebs. individualur sayrdenze gamohyavT
Stambi, romlis simaRle 1.50 metria. Stambis simaRle SeiZleba iyos 1,80-2,00
metri.
Tavisufali sxvlis wesis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, vazis zrdis
siZlieris mixedviT, ganisazRvreba msxmoiare rqebis da samamuleebis
raodenoba. xSirad datvirTva Zirze Seadgens 35-40 an met kvirts.
sxvlis Semdeg arcerT mwvane operacias an Seyelvas vazze ar
asruleben. Tavisuflad gaSenebuli erTwliani rqebi polarobis principiT
ganviTarebuli ylortebis simZimiT moixreba wverSi da ewyoba mavTulze
TavisTavad, an gadmoekideba mavTulis gareT, an erT mxares an meore
mxares. rogorc zemoT iTqva, ylortebi viTardeba da eSveba miwisaken
yovelgvari mwvane operaciebisa da akvris gareSe, rac Zlier aiafebs
produqcias. kargi ganaTebis da siTbos pirobebSi, mtevnebi miSverilia
mzisken. moxerxebulia mosavlis aRebac, Cveni azriT am formirebas aqvs
perspeqtiva, pirvel rigSi saqarTvelos naklebtenian regionebSi, rogoric
aris qarTli, kaxeTis zogierTi raioni da samcxe-javaxeTi.

vazis sayrdeni saxeebi da sayrdeni sistemis mowyoba

vazis sayrdeni saxeebi

Spaleris mosawyobi masala mravalgvaria. dRemde gamoyenebuli
ZiriTadi masala aris xe, liToni, betoni da mas emateba amJamad
warmoebuli xelovnuri masalebi.
momzadebis wesi did gavlenas axdens Spaleris saimedoobasa da
gamZleobaze. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos tradiciulad
sust adgilebs - Spaleris Ruzas da mavTulis mimagrebas.
xis boZebi – saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba akaciisa da muxis
boZebi(ix.suraTE#2 da #3), romlebic didxans Zlebs da SedarebiT iafic
aris. igi amave dros msubuqia.
evropis qveynebSi iyeneben wiwvovnebisa da sxva rbili xeebis boZebsac,
romlebsac specialurad amuSaveben qimiur xsnarebSi.
boZebis sakmao gamZleobis uzrunvelsayofad, romelic 15-20 wels
utoldeba, saWiroa venaxSi Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatareba:
1. xis masalis gadarCeva da damuSaveba;
2. morebis sworad SerCeva, damuSaveba da daStabeleba, qerqis gacla
mTlianad da kargad gamoSroba, rac mniSvnelovnad amaRlebs boZebis
gamZleobas;
3. boZebis gaJRenTa sxvadasxva nivTierebebiT. TeTr akacias, muxas an
wabls aqvs mtkice merqani, romelsac kidev ufro amtkicebs 1-2 wlis
ganmalobaSi haerze Sroba. qvemoT saubari gveqneba gaJRenTis wesebze;

105
 suraTi #2 suraTi #3
daumuSavebeli akaciis boZebi venaxSi gamarTuli Spaleri

boZebis qimiuri da meqanikuri damuSaveba

boZebis mwarmoebeli dawesebulebebi xSirad mimarTaven damuSavebis
cnobil meTodebs: boZebis boloebis cecxlSi gamowva, an 5%-iani Sabiamnis
xsnariT gaJRenTa.
arsebobs ufro Tanamedrove da saimedo meTodebi:
boZebis kreazotiT damuSaveba _ tardeba wnevis qveS qvabSi an 800C
temperaturaze. kreazotiT boZebis gaJRenTa xerxdeba, Tu boZebi kargad
gamomSralia. kreazotiT (qvanaxSiris kupriT) SesaZlebelia boZebis
gaJRenTa 80-90 sm-is sigrZeze, amiT Tavidan iqneba acilebuli iseTi
arasasurveli movlenebi, rogoric aris zeTis suni da mwvane ylortebis
damwvroba, romelsac kupri iwvevs.
sadReRamiso damuSaveba – es meTodi SemuSavebulia ingliseli
gamomgoneblis i.x.kianas mier da ukve 100 welia gamoiyeneba mevenaxeobaSi. am
meTodiT SeiZleba damuSavebul iqnas kargad gamomSrali boZebi, sulemis
SeRweviT 5-15 mm fenaSi. sulema Zlier momwamlavia da sakmaod Zviri.
wyalSi xsnadi damcveli marilebiT damuSaveba - saqme exeba
araorganuli marilebis nazavs: qromi–ftori–dariSxani; qromi–spilenZi–
dariSxani; qromi–spilenZi–bori; qromi-ftori–spilenZi. am marilebis
sxvadasxva narevis xsnarebi gansxvavdeba calkeuli jgufis sokoebis
winaaRmdeg efeqturobiT. amJamad upiratesad gamoiyeneba marilTa narevi -
bazaliti (qlori–ftori–spilenZi), romelic gamoirCeva kargad damcavi
TvisebebiT ruxi da TeTri sidamplis, agreTve obis sokos da mwerebis
winaaRmdeg.
marilebiT gaJRenTa xdeba ori wesiT:
1. gaJRenTa varclSi. am dros boZebis gaJRenTa saTanado marilxsnarebiT
xdeba difuziis Sedegad;
2. gaJRenTa wnevis qveS qvabSi. am wesiT gaJRenTa xdeba vakuumiT da wnevis
qveS monacvleobiT (110 wneva 8-9 atmosfero), riTac miiRweva marilebis
SeRweva 3 sm-mde siRrmeSi. boZebis damuSavebis xarisxs ganapirobebs
maTSi tenis Semcveloba. boZebi ar unda Seicavdes 20%-ze met tens. 2 sm-
is siRrmeze marilebis boZebSi damagrebisaTvis, saWiroa maTi Srobis
dro, roca boZis feri Seicvleba yviTlidan – Ria mwvanemde, rasac
ramdenime kvira sWirdeba.
3. Tanamedrove venaxebSi gamoiyeneba xis boZebi - Tavis boZebad 2,75 metri
sigrZisa da 7-8 sm diametriT zeda boloSi, xolo vazTa Soris boZebad
- sarebi unda iyos 2,50 m sigrZis 5-7 sm zemo bolos diametriT).

106
 liTonis boZebi - liTonis boZebi mzaddeba 2,00; 2,25; 2,50 m sigrZiT,
romlis wona Sesabamisad 2,80; 3,15; 3,50 kilogramia. amJamad ixmareba
moTuTiebuli boZebi, romelic ar iJangeba, boZebs garkveul simaRleze aqvs
naWdevebi, sadac Camagrdeba mavTulebi.

suraTi #3 liTonis boZebis mavTulis damWerebi.

rkina-betonis boZebi - betonis boZebis simaRle damokidebulia

armaturis simtkiceze da cementis xarisxze. cementis boZebs garkveuli
sixSiriTa da garkveul simaRleze aqvs naxvretebi, sadac magrdeba
plastmasis milisi (tulka), raTa gatarebuli mavTuli ar gaixexos.
betonis boZebi amJamad gamodis wamaxvilebuli wveriT, amitom maTi
dasoba SeiZleba iseve, rogorc xis boZebisa. betonis boZebis uaryofiTi
mxarea mZime wona. sxvadasxva formiT gamoSvebuli betonis boZebis sigrZe
udris 2,00; 2,25; 2,50; 2,270 m. wona ki Sesabamisad 16, 18, 20, 22 kg; ganivi kveTi
ki Seadgens 6X6 sm an 6X8 sm.
plastmasis boZebi - amJamad farTod vrceldeba boZebi, romlebic
damzadebulia sinTetikuri nivTierebis – poliqlorvinilisagan.
plastmasis boZebis diametria 6 sm. boZs aqvs ori gverdiTi amonaWeri
maryuJiT, mavTulis Casadebad, kedlis sisqe 5 sm-ia. aseTi boZebi unda
gamoicados saqarTveloSi maTi gamZleobis da momsaxurebis vadis
dasadgenad.

mavTulis saxeebi
moTuTiebuli rkinis mavTuli 20-25 wels Zlebs venaxSi. gamoiyeneba 2,5
mm da 2,8 mm ganivkveTis mavTuli.
rkinis mavTuli plastmasis garsiT. ukve ramdenime aTeuli welia
evropaSi iyideba venaxis mavTuli, romlis zedapiri dafarulia
poliqlorvinilis garsiT, romelic mdgradia atmosferuli
zemoqmedebisagan.
poliamiduri mavTuli. es aris bolo miRweva mavTulis warmoebaSi. es
sufTa, sinTetikuri, plastmasuri mavTulia. am poliamiduri mavTulis
upiratesoba sakmaod didia: ar eqvemdebareba korozias, zedapiri yovelTvis
rCeba gluvi, aqvs mcire wona, maRali datvirTvis amtanoba da
elastikuroba. amJamad warmoebaSi aris 2,5; 3,0; 4,0 mm ganivkveTis
sinTetikuri mavTuli.
Tavis boZebis damagreba
vazis sayrdenis mowyobis dros Tavis boZebis damagrebis simtkices
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. Tavis boZebis samagrebi Sedgeba miwis zeda da
qveda nawilebisagan. niadagSi dasamagreblad gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad qvis an

107
betonis Ruza, agreTve spiraluri Ruza. qvis Ruza es klasikuri Ruzaa.
qvas an qvis filas Semoaxveven 2,8-3,0 mm kveTis mavTuls. am mavTulis zeda
mxares ki ukeTeben maryuJs. mniSvneloba aqvs ara qvis wonas, aramed mis
farTobs da miwaSi CaSvebis siRrmes (0,6-1,0 m). Ruzaze dayrili miwis fena
unda daitkepnos. boZi esoba iribad ise, rom Ruzis mavTulis moWimvisas,
boZis Tavi iyos Ruzis Tavze. manZili Ruzidan boZis Ziramde unda iyos 1
metri.

mavTulis gasaWimi mowyobiloba

mavTuli, romelic gaiWimeba sarebze, droTa ganmavlobaSi, mosavlis
an vazis mTliani biomasis gavleniT moeSveba da daekideba sarebs Soris.
imisaTvis, rom xSirad ar dasWirdeT Tavis boZebze moxveuli mavTulis
Sexsna da xelaxla gaWimva, iyeneben mavTulis damWimav saSualebebs:
A – mowyobiloba magrdeba mavTulis boloebze;
B – mowyobiloba magrdeba ukve daWimul mavTulze;
C – mowyobiloba, romelic mavTuls Wimavs, masze maryuJebis gakeTebiT. es
mowyobiloba mavTulze ar rCeba.
A tipis mowyobiloba klasikuri, gamarTuli mowyobilobaa, romelic
xraxnis saSualebiT Wimavs mavTuls. is mudmivad magrdeba mavTulis bolos
da saWiro momentSi, xraxnis datrialebiT, iWimeba mavTuli. Tumca igi
sakmaod Zviria da amis gamo xSirad ver iyeneben.
B tipis damWimavi martivia, igi ramdenime saxisaa: ormagi da martivi.
RerZiT - Spanifaqsi (orRerZa) da Spanifaini (erTRerZa). B tipis damWimavi
ukeTdeba mavTulze, mis RerZze brunvis Sedegad masze exveva mavTuli. amave
RerZze momagrebuli kauWiT, naxvreti brunvisTanave magrdeba mavTulze da
amiT uzrunvelyofs did sizustes.
C tipis damWimavi mowyobiloba ufro Zviria da met sizustes da
Zalas moiTxovs, amitom mokle rigebSi ferdobebze misi gamoyeneba Znelia.

Spaleris mowyoba
samrewvelo venaxSi vazis ZiriTad sayrdens sxvadasxa tipis Spaleri
warmoadgens. Spaleri iZleva vazis formirebisa da meqanizaciis farTod
gamoyenebis saSualebas. gaadvilebulia vazis mavnebel-daavadebebTan
brZolis RonisZiebebis gatareba da vazis organoebis sivrceSi ganlageba,
ris Sedegadac mcenare Tanabrad sargeblobs siTboTi, haeriT da ganaTebiT,
yovelive amas ki gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs vazis sasicocxlo
procesebis normaluri warmarTvisaTvis, misi zrda-ganviTarebisa da
produqciis xarisxis gaumjobesebisaTvis. Spaleri unda moewyos venaxis
gaSenebis pirvel wels. ukidures SemTxvevaSi ki meore wels. mogvianebiT,
Spaleris mowyoba xels uSlis vazis formirebebs da msxmoiarobaSi
droulad Sesvlas, aZnelebs vazis movlas.
Spaleris mosawyobad saWiroa mavTuli, boZebi, Ruzis qvebi, manWvali
(xis boZebisaTvis). rigSi boZebs Soris manZili SeiZleba vazis
datvirTvisas Semcirdes 5-6-7 metramde. vazis zrdis siZlieris mixedviT
ewyoba saSualo da maRali Spaleri.
saSualo simaRlis Spaleri Sedgeba sami wveri mavTulisagan. pirveli
qveda mavTuli niadagis zedapiridan daSorebulia am raionSi miRebuli
Stambis simaRlis Sesabamisad, meore mavTuli pirvelisagan 35-40 sm-iT aris
daSorebuli, mesame meorisagan ki 50-60 sm-iT. maRali Spaleris mowyobis

108
principi igivea – mxolod, zrdis siZlieris mixedviT, emateba meoTxe
mavTuli, romelic mesamisgan daSorebulia 50-60 sm-iT.
Spaleris mosawyobad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva zomis boZi. kidura
boZebis sigrZec da diametric metia, vidre Sua boZebisa. Tavis boZis sigrZe
230-250 sm-ia, xolo diametri 6x8sm. kidura boZebi Tavsdeba ormoSi mwkrivis
bolos, vazidan 35-40 sm-is daSorebiT, gzisken. igi daxrilad magrdeba
Ruzaze, romlisTvisac iTxreba 60-70 sm siRrmis ormo gzis mxares. amJamad
xSirad iyeneben kidura boZebiT gamagrebas, rigis Signidan, daxrilad
(midgmuli) mibjenili boZebiT. SeerTebis adgili magrdeba mavTuliT.
Sualedi boZebis sigrZe unda iyos 220-230 sm, diametri ki 6X6 sm.
ylortis axvevis Tavidan acilebisa da SromiTi danaxarjebis
ekonomiis mizniT, mavTuls boZebze amagreben orive mxares, morigeobiT,
erTmaneTisagan 15-20 sm-is dacilebiT. es wesi ukeTesia, vidre dawyvilebiT
mavTulebis gabma, radgan mavTulis dawyvilebis dros xdeba misi gadaxveva
da pwklebiT Sekvrac ki, rac arTulebs Spaleris remonts.
venaxSi sammavTuliani Spaleris mosawyobad saWiro masalebis
raodenoba mocemulia #1 cxrilSi.
cxrili 1
manZili mwkrivebs Soris metrebSi
# saWiro masalis dasaxeleba
2,0 2,5 3,0
1 Spaleris mwkrivTa raodenoba 50 40 33
2 kidura boZebis raodenoba 100 80 66
3 Sualedi boZebis raodenoba 6
850 680 560
metriT daSorebis SemTxvevaSi
4 mavTulis sigrZe metrobiT 15200 12200 10000
5 mavTulis wona kg-iT (2,4 mm,
527 517 357
sisqiT)
6 Ruzis mavTulis (2,8 mm
400 320 264
sisqiT) sigrZe metrobiT
7 Ruzis mavTulis wona kg-iT 30 24 20
8 manWveri Sua sarebisaTvis, xis
2550 2,040 1680
masalis gamoyenebiT
9 RuzisTvis qvebi calobiT 100 80 66

gamoangariSebis dros unda gaviTvaliswinoT saTadarigo masala 10%-s

odenobiT.

mwvane operaciebi venaxSi

mwvane nawilebis operaciebi miznad isaxavs vazis zrda-ganviTarebis

regulirebas, amitom mas mwvane sxvlasac uwodeben. mwvane operaciebis
CatarebiT SeiZleba daCqardes msxmoiaroba da miRweul iqnas
maRalxarisxovani mosavlis miReba.
mwvane operaciebis Catareba damokidebulia vazis zrdis siZlieresa
da formirebis wesze. mwvane operaciebis Catarebis vadebisa da wesebis
ugulebelyofam SesaZlebelia uaryofiT Sedegebamde migviyvanos.

109
 venaxSi tardeba Semdegi saxis mwvane operaciebi: ylortebis
danormeba, vazis furCqna, ylortebis wveris wawyveta, namxrevebis Secla,
cis gaxsna.
zedmeti ylortebis Secvla anu ylortebis danormeba – warmoadgens
sxvlis operaciis gagrZelebas, ris saSualebiTac swordeba sxvlaSi
daSvebuli Secdomebi, xolo zedmeti ylortebis mocliT vazis savegetacio
Zala warimarTeba darCenili msxmoiare da samamule ylortebis zrda-
ganviTarebaze.
amrigad, mcirdeba organul-mineraluri nivTierebebis usargeblo
xarjva.
vazis furCqna anu zedmeti ylortebis Secla warmoebs or etapad:
pirvel etapze axalganviTarebuli ylorti unda Seecalos mravalwlian
nawilebs: Stambs, kordonis mxars (mZinare kvirtebidan ganviTarebuli
ylortebi) ar unda Seecalos is ylortebi, romelTac Sesaferisi
mdebareoba aqvT samamules Camosayalibeblad an mxaris gasagrZeleblad,
Stambis gasaaxalgazrdaveblad an axali Stambis gamosayvanad.
meore etapze zedmeti ylortebis Secla xorcieldeba yvaviledebis
gamoCenis dros, roca SesaZlebeli xdeba yvavilovani da umosavlo
ylortebis garCeva, wyvilad amosuli ylortebidan cildeba umosavlo
ylortebi, Tumca, vazis zrdis siZlieris mixedviT SeiZleba zogierTi
umosavlo ylortic darCes.
ylortis wveris wawyveta. am operaciis mizania, SeaCeros vazis
intensiuri zrda, romelic yvavilobis periodSi axasiaTebs vazs da zrdaze
mimarTuli sakvebi nivTierebebi warmarTos yvavilobis uzrunvelsayofad.
es operacia pirvel rigSi tardeba im jiSebze, romlebic zedmeti
yvavilTcveniT xasiaTdeba. wveris wawyvetis wesi aseTia: yvavilobis
dawyebis win, 2-3 dRiT adre, vazis ylortebs acileben, garda samamuleze
ganviTarebuli ylortebisa. 3-4 sm sigrZis wveris wawyvetis nacvlad,
ylortebis gadaWra sasxlavi makratliT an sxva iaraRiT ar SeiZleba.
ylortebis gadaWra aZlierebs namxrevebis intensiur zrdas da vazisTvis
moaqvs uaryofiTi Sedegebi.
namxaris Secla. es operacia SeiZleba 3-4-jer Catardes vazis zrdis
siZlieris mixedviT. operacia tardeba ylortebis axvevasTan erTad.
namxaris Secla unda moxdes, roca igi 3-4 foTols ganiviTarebs, xolo
misi rqa rbilia da jer ar aris momwifebaSi Sesuli. Tu rqa gaxevebulia
da igi advilad ar Zvreba ZiriTad rqas, maSin misi ZaliT Seclas SeiZleba
uaryofiTi Sedegebi mohyves, rogoric aris - foTlis iRliaSi mdebare
kvirtis dazianeba, rqis dazianeba da sxva. ese igi, Tu namxari momwifebis
stadiaSia da misi bazaluri nawili gamerqnebas iwyebs, maSin namxars unda
waewyvitos wveri, raTa SeCerdes misi zrda, xolo namxaris darCenili
foTlebi imuSaveben deda-mcenaris mosavlis gamokvebaze.
cis gaxsna. cis gaxsna qarTuli terminia, romelic qarTvel
mevenaxeTa erudiciaze metyvelebs. rusuli termini `Cekanka”-sgan
gansxvavebiT, igi gulisxmobs ylortebis im doneze gadaWras, rom
mosavals, e.i. vazs xvdebodes mzis pirdapiri sxivi. `cis gaxsnas~ atareben
ivlisis bolos - agvistos dasawyisSi, roca vazi aCerebs zrdas.
dauSvebelia vazis Tavebis gadaWra savegetacio periodSi (2-3-jer, rogorc
xSirad xdeba xolme praqtikaSi). mwvane operaciebis Catarebam vadebis da
wesebis darRveviT, SeiZleba uaryofiTi Sedegebi moutanos mevenaxeebs.

110
 arsebobs mwvane operaciebis Casatarebeli meqanikuri saSualebebi
(suraTi # 4).

4. mwvane operaciebis Casatarebeli agregatebi

mwvane operaciebis warmoebis araswori praqtika

kaxeTSi, sadac glexi uxsovari droidan misdevda mevenaxeoba-
meRvineobas da sadac vazis movla-moyvanis mravali originaluri wesia
SemuSavebuli, samwuxarod, gasuli saukunis bolos, fexi moikida ramdenime
arasworma wesma - vazis biologiisaTvis mavne mwvane operaciam; aseTia
magaliTad, vazze foTlebis Secla da 3-4-jer Tavebis gadaWra. vazebis
foTlis Seclis danergvas Tavisi istoria aqvs: ocdaaTian wlebSi kaxeTSi
gavrcelda vazis mavneblebi: ablabudiani tkipa da crufariana. am dros,
qimiuri brZolis saSualebebi SezRuduli iyo. amitom, mecnierebma
SeimuSaves tkipebTan brZolis agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebi, rac imaSi
mdgomareobda, rom vazis crufarianebi da tkipebi, romlebic Cveulebriv
StambSi (mravalwliani nawilebis qerqSi) izamTreben, vazis kvirtebis
gaSlisTanave iwyeben axalgaSlil foTlebze gadasvlas, am foTlebis
wveniT intensiur kvebas da Sesabamisad gamravlebas. brZolis RonisZieba ki
mdgomareobda vazis 1-2 axlad gaSlili foTolakis mocilebaSi,
Segrovebasa da mis dawvaSi, rac mkveTrad amcirebda crufarianebisa da
tkipebis gamravlebis Sanss da maT mier miyenebul zarals.
amJamad am RonisZiebam kaxeTis mTel rig raionebSi miiRo
damaxinjebuli saxe. aramarto glexur meurneobaSi, aramed seriozul
samrewvelo venaxebSic ki atareben foTlis Seclas damaxinjebuli wesiT:
nacvlad 1-2 axladgaSlili foTlisa, aclian mTlian foTolTa sistemas
pirvelidan 5-6 muxlis CaTvliT da toveben marto yvaviledebs, mis zemoT
ki mxolod axalgazrda foTlebs. es ki iwvevs vazis fotosinTezis
Sesustebas, Semdgom yvavilTcvenas, vazis dasustebas da sxva. amJamad
moqmed mavneblebTan brZolis Zlieri saSualebebi gamoricxavs 1-2 foTlis
Seclis efeqturobas, mis saWiroebas. aseTi araefeqturi ZviradRirebuli
samuSao, rogoric aris foTlebis Secla, unda mieces daviwyebas da
gamoiricxos mwvane operaciebis siidan. vazi foTlebi Seclas ar
saWiroebs.
foTlebis Secla dasaSvebia mxolod yurZnis simwifis fazaSi,
mokrefamde 1-2 kviriT adre. mtevnebis zonaSi gadaberebuli foTlebis
Secla xdeba aeraciisa da mzis sxivebis SeRwevis uzrunvelsayofad.
dauSvebelia Tavebis gadaWra - `cis gaxsna” 2-3-jer weliwadSi. cis gaxsna

111
unda Catardes mxolod erTxel, vazis zrdis SeCerebis fazaSi, SeTvalebis
dawyebisas. sxva dros am operaciebis Catarebas uaryofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs.

saprezentacio Temebi:

1. vazis formirebis ZiriTadi sistemebi

2. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli sxvla formirebis ZiriTadi wesebi
3. Spaleris mowyoba

Tavi 8. venaxis niadagis damuSavebisa da ganoyierebis wesebi

niadagis movlis sistemebi venaxSi

niadagis moxvna
xvnis mizania niadagis gafxviereba garkveul siRrmeze, niadagis
aeraciis gaumjobeseba, mosuli naleqebis da yinvebis SeRwevadobis gazrda
saxnavi fenis qvemoT, nitrofikaciis procesis gaumjobeseba, sarevelebis
mospoba, zamTris ganmavlobaSi niadagSi tenis dagroveba, organul-
mineraluri sasuqebis niadagis siRrmeSi CakeTebis uzrunvelyofa da sxva.
ganasxvaveben niadagis saSemodgomo da sagazafxulo damuSavebas.
niadagis damuSavebis sistemebi ukavSirdeba regionebis agroklimatur
pirobebs, niadagis tipebs, mosuli naleqebis raodenobas da mosvlis
vadebs, adgilis reliefs da sxva. aRniSnuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
yovel gansxvavebul regionSi niadagis damuSavebis Sesabamisi sistema unda
iqnes gamoyenebuli. ase magaliTad, agroekologiuri monacemebiT,
saqarTvelo or did regionad SeiZleba daiyos: aRmosavleT da dasavleT
saqarTvelod. dasavleTi saqarTvelo mTlianad ganekuTvneba naleqebiT
uzrunvelyofil regions, amitom aq tenis damWeri agroteqnikuri
RonisZiebebi Semodgoma-gazafxulis periodSi saWiro ar aris. niadagis
damuSavebis sistema miznad unda isaxavdes ZiriTadad sarevelebis
winaaRmdeg brZolas da zafxulis periodSi tenis ekonomiur xarjvas.
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi teniT uzrunvelyofa ar aris erTgvarovani. aq
aris sarwyavi da urwyavi regionebi, sadac aucilebelia Semodgoma-zamTris
periodSi tenis damgrovebeli miwis samuSaoebis warmoeba, xolo gazafxul-
zafxulis periodSi tenis racionaluri xarjvis sistemis gamoyeneba.

venaxis niadagis saSemodgomi damuSaveba

am wesis daniSnulebaa gaafxvieros zafxulis periodSi gamyarebuli
niadagis fena, gaaumjobesos aeracia, xeli Seuwyos saSemodgomo naleqebis
SeRwevas da dagrovebas fesvTa sistemis gavrcelebis areSi. xvna tardeba
20-22 sm-is siRrmeze naRarad, e.i. guTnis frTebi isea gawyobili, rom
beltebs agorebs vazis mwkrivebisaken, Suaze ki tovebs kvals (Rars),

112
romelic miwis siRrmeSi atarebs mosul naleqs. amasTan erTad, yinvebi da
naleqi, erToblivi moqmedebiT, Slian niadagis samuSao fenaze manqana-
iaraRebis da muSebis mier datkepnil niadags. naRarad xvnis warmoeba
rekomendebulia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mevenaxeobis yvela raionSi,
xolo saSemodgomo xvna mizanSewonilia Catardes vazis foTolcvenis
damTavrebisTanave.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi Warbteniani klimatisa da daqanebuli
reliefis gamo, venaxis niadagis saSemodgomo xvna rekomendebuli ar aris -
amiT Tavidan iqneba acilebuli niadagis erozia. CrdiloeTis qveynebSi
(ruseTi, ukraina) saSemodgomo xvnas iyeneben yinvasaSiS zonebSi vazis
mimarxvis uzrunvelsayofad. jer xnaven niadags, afxviereben miwas, xolo
Semdeg specialuri manqana-iaraRebiT vazs marxaven, raTa igi ar daazianos
zamTris yinvebma. saqarTveloSi zamTris yinvebi imdenad iSviaTi movlenaa,
rom mis winaaRmdeg brZolis RonisZiebis Catareba ar aris rekomendebuli.

venaxis niadagis sagazafxulo xvna

adre gazafxulze (mart-aprilSi) venaxSi niadagis xvna tardeba,
rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi - e. w. nazurgad, xolo
Semdeg (2-3 dRis vadaSi) tardeba moxnulis farcxva an kultivacia, rac
iwvevs niadagis mosworebas da gafxvierebas, es ki xels uwyobs tenis
aorTqlebis Semcirebas.
niadagis sagazafxulo damuSaveba miznad isaxavs:
1. wylis aorTqlebis Semcirebas niadagis kapilarebis moSlis Sedegad;
2. niadagis aeraciis gaumjobesebas. es aucilebelia xangrZlivi wvimebis an
mwkrivSi samuSaoTa meqanizaciis warmoebis dros niadagis gamkvrivebis
mosaSlelad.

venaxis niadagis sazafxulo damuSaveba

es gulisxmobs rigebs Soris niadagis gafxvierebas kultivatoriT,
Toxnas an barvas vazebs Soris da sarevelebis mocilebas. sarevelebs
moaqvT miwidan tenisa da sakvebi elementebis mniSvnelovani nawili, riTac
xels uSlian vazis mcenaris normalur ganviTarebas. sarevelebi aseve
warmoadgenen mavnebel-daavadebaTa TavSesafars, riTac xels uwyoben maT
Semdgom gavrcelebas. Semodgoma-zamTris periodSi niadagSi dagrovili
wylis aorTqlebis Semcireba miiRweva kapilarebis moSliT. isini niadagis
qveda fenebidan wylis gatarebas da maT aorTqlebas uwyoben xels.
naTqvamia, niadagis orjer gafxviereba erT morwyvas utoldebao.
dadgenilia, rom venaxi niadagi xSiri gafxvierebis dros ukeT itans
gvalvas.
niadagis gafxvierebiT Zlierdeba nitrofikaciis procesi, rac
gamoixateba organuli azotis formebis nitratul formebSi gadasvlasa da
mcenaris bioturi kvebis gaZlierebaSi. niadagis sazafxulo damuSavebis
siRrme unda iyos 5-7 sm. damuSavebis jeradoba ganisazRvreba savegetacio
periodis xangrZlivobiT da agroekologiuri pirobebiT. safrangeTis
CrdiloeT regionebSi am RonisZiebas 2-jer atareben yvavilobis win da
yvavilobis Semdeg. ufro samxreTis qveynebSi es agroRonisZieba 8-10-jer
tardeba. saqarTvelos pirobebSi venaxis niadagis kultivacia 5-6-jer
tardeba.
niadagis sazafxulo samuSaoebi tardeba mkveTrad daqanebul
ferdobze. mcirekonturian glexur venaxebSi samuSaos atareben xeliT

113
(iyeneben Toxs da bars). amasTan erTad, evropis rig regionebSi kvlav
gamoyenebulia cxenis guTnebi, kultivatorebi da sxva. maRalganviTarebuli
qveynebis msxvil samrewvelo venaxebSi gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva
simZlavrisa da modebis ganis manqana-iaraRebi, romlis Sesaxeb saubari
gveqneba saTanado TavSi.

venaxSi niadagis dakordebis sistema

venaxSi sarevelebis gavrcelebis uaryofiT rolze zemoT iyo
saubari. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi SeimCneva mevenaxeobis eqstensiuri
warmoebis tendencia, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom aravin cdilobs mTlianad
gaasufTavos venaxi sarevelebisagan, piriqiT, sarevelebis winaaRmdeg
brZola mimarTulia imisken, rom SeizRudos maTi zrda im zomamde, rom maT
xeli ar SeuSalon vazis ganviTarebas. es dadebiTi midgoma
sarevelebisadmi ganpirobebulia ara marto meurneobis eqstensiuri
gaZRolis tendenciiT, aramed im TvalsaCino upiratesobiT, rac sarevelebs
gaaCnia niadagis dacvis saqmeSi. sarevelebis dadebiTi gavlena venaxSi
SeiZleba iyos: humusis dagroveba, eroziis acileba, qveniadagis
struqturis aRdgena, daCrdilvis gamo niadagis sirbilis SenarCuneba.
uaryofiTi Tvisebebia: sakvebi elementebis gamotana, wylis maragis
Semcireba niadagSi, mavnebel-daavadebaTa gamravlebis xelSewyoba. is
uaryofiTi Tvisebebi, romlebic sarevelebs gaaCnia, zogierT pirobebSi,
SeiZleba dadebiT Tvisebad iqces. magaliTad, naleqian, Warbtenian
regionebSi - tenis aorTqleba, vazis Zlieri zrdis pirobebSi - zrdis
Seferxeba da sxva. sarevelebis rolis erTmniSvnelovnad Sefaseba
SeuZlebelia. mas, ama Tu im agroekologiur pirobebSi, SeuZlia dadebiTi
an uaryofiTi roli Seasrulos. sarevelebis garkveuli dadebiTi rolis
gamovlena moxda mas Semdeg, rac mevenaxeobaSi dainerga maRalStambiani
formebi, didi kvebis areebi da mavnebel-daavadebaTa mimarT efeqturi
brZolis RonisZiebebi.

venaxis ganoyierebis zogadi principebi

ama Tu im kulturis ganoyiereba gulisxmobs misi kvebis pirobebis

gaumjobesebas.
mcenaris kvebaSi igulisxmeba masze sakvebi elementebis miwodeba da
STanTqma. ufro zustad ki mcenaris sakvebia is elementebi, romlebic
aucilebelia (Seucvlelia) misi zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis. aqedan
gamomdinare, Tu romelime elementi mcenares aklia, an ver STainTqmeba
mcenaris mier, maSin iwyeba darRvevebi vegetatiur an generaciul
sistemebSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela sxva elementi sakmao raodenobiT
moipoveba. ama Tu im elementis naklebobiT gamowveuli darRvevis niSnebi
mcenares SeiZleba mxolod am elementis miwodebiT gamouswordes. am
debulebis Tanaxmad aucilebeli sakvebi elementebia: naxSirbadi, wyalbadi,
Jangbadi, azoti, fosfori, kaliumi, kalciumi, gogirdi, magniumi, rkina,
TuTia, bori, manganumi, spilenZi, molibdeni da qlori. garda am Seucvleli
elementebisa, arsebobs e.w. `sasargeblo elementebi”. isini ar iTvlebian
sakveb elementebad, Tumca STainTqmebian fesvebis mier da Tavisi
SemcvelobiT xels uwyoben mcenaris zrdas da nivTierebebis warmoqmnas,
magram maTi aryofna ar aisaxeba vegetatiur ganviTarebaze. es sasargeblo
Tanadgoma imaSi gamoixateba, rom erT romelime elements SeuZlia

114
nawilobriv an mTlianad Secvalos meore aucilebeli elementi da
Seasrulos misi funqcia. magaliTad, natriumi mniSvnelovnad amcirebs
kaliumis ukmarisobiT gamowveul simptomebs.
sasargeblo elementebs pirvel rigSi miekuTvneba - siliciumi,
natriumi, alumini, kobalti da sxva elementebi. vazis organizmSi aris
elementebi, romelTa sargeblobaze jer ar gvaqvs gamokvlevebi, aseTebia -
qromi, iodi, seleniumi da rubidiumi.

ZiriTadi sakvebi elementebi da mikroelementebi

mcenareSi Semcvelobis raodenobis mixedviT sakvebi elementebi iyofa:
ZiriTad sakveb elementebad da mikroelementebad. ZiriTad sakveb
elementebs makroelementebsac uwodeben. makroelementebis roli mcenaris
vegetatiuri da generaciul organoebis aRnagobaSi Zlier didia,
mikroelementebi ki mcire raodenobiT aris warmodgenili. vazis mcenareSi
Semcvelobis mixedviT sakvebi elementebi Semdegnairad iyofa:
ZiriTadi sakvebi elementebi:
naxSirbadi (C) Jangbadi (O)
wyalbadi (H) kalciumi (Ca)
azoti (N) kaliumi (K)
magniumi (Mg) fosfori (P)
gogirdi (S)
mikroelementebia:
rkina (Fe) TuTia (Zn)
manganumi (Mn) bori (b)
spilenZi (Cu) molibdeni (Mo) qlori (Cl)

vazis buCqis kveba

vazi, iseve rogorc sxva mcenareebi, moiTxovs sakveb elementebs,
romlebic zemoT iyo ganxiluli, maT Soris umniSvnelovanesia azoti,
fosfori da kaliumi. sxva elementebi niadagSi sakmao raodenobiT aris. es
sami ZiriTadi elementi vazisTvis imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom, Tu
romelime elementi sakmao raodenobiT ar aris niadagSi, mcenare ver
viTardeba. roca niadags aklia romelime aucilebeli elementi, mevenaxem
sasuqis saxiT unda Seitanos es elementi niadagSi, mcenaris normaluri
zrda-ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad. niadagSi elementebi Sedis azotis,
fosforis, kaliumis sasuqebis saxiT. niadagSi arsebuli sakvebi elementebi
mcenareSi Sedis mineraluri marilebis saxiT, romelic fesvTa sistemis
mier STainTqmeba maTi wyalxsnaris saxiT. mineralur marilTa xsnari
TavisTavad ar warmoadgens mcenaris sakvebs. igi unda gadamuSavdes
foTolSi, romelic warmoadgens erTgvar laboratorias. mineralur
marilTa wyalxsnari miewodeba foTlebs WurWel-boWkovani konebiT. pirvel
rigSi mcenare Tavisufldeba zedmeti wylisagan transpiraciis gziT.
foTlis mier wylis aorTqleba xdeba bageebis saSualebiT. amave
dros, igive foTlebi mwvane pigmentebis (qlorofilis) saSualebiT, mzis
sinaTlis gamoyenebiT STanTqaven naxSirbads, naxSirorJangis daSlis
Sedegad ki gamoyofen Jangbads. foToli sunTqvis Sedegad STanTqavs haeris
Jangbads.
yvela im nivTierebidan, romlebic miewodeba foTlebs fesvebidan,
wyalxsnaris saxiT gamomuSavdeba is nivTierebebi, romlebic Sedis yurZnis
marcvalSi, esenia: Saqrebi, organuli mJavebi, saRebavi nivTierebebi da sxva.

115
 sakvebi nivTierebebi, romlebic warmoiSoba foTlebSi gadamuSavebuli
wvenis saxiT, miewodeba fesvebs gamtari milebiT da nawildeba mTlianad
mcenareSi.

vazis sakveb elementebze moTxovnis gansazRvra

mecnierebis gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom erT heqtarze arsebuli
vazis nargaoba STanTqavs erT weliwadSi: 39 kg azots, 11 kg fosformJavas,
42 kg kaliums. aqedan gamomdinare, erT wil fosformJavaze modis 3-4 wili
azoti da kaliumi. am raodenobidan RvinoSi gadadis araumetes 1/10 wili,
WaWaSi 1/10-dan 3/10-mde, danarCeni Tavs iyris foTlebsa da rqebSi.
vazis buCqis mier wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoyenebuli sakvebi
elementebis 50% Tavs iyris mtevanSi, rasac im daskvnamde mivyavarT, rom
vazis foTlebi da anasxlavi rqebi gadamuSavebuli saxiT unda daubrundes
niadags, raTa yovelwliurad 50%-iT Semcirdes venaxebidan sakvebi
elementebis gamotana da niadagis gaRaribeba.
vazis buCqis mier vegetaciis periodSi, yovelwliurad gamoyenebuli
nivTierebis raodenobidan gamomdinare, saWiroa am nivTierebaTa dabruneba
venaxSi, magram ucnobia, ixarjeba Tu ara yvela sakvebi elementi, romelic
Cven davubruneT vazs gamotanili biomasis asanazRaureblad. am sasuqis
erTi nawili SeiZleba gamoirecxos wvimebis mier da fesvTa sistemisaTvis
miuwvdomeli gaxdes, meore nawili ki SeiZleba gadavides uxsnad
mdgomareobaSi da sxva.
meore mxriv, vazis fesvebi Zlier farTod vrceldeba niadagSi da
umetes SemTxvevaSi iq poulobs nivTierebebs, romlebic esaWiroeba mcenares
normaluri zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis xangrZlivi periodis manZilze.
dadgenilia, rom Raribi niadagebi 0-30 sm-is saxnav fenaSi, 1 heqtar
farTobze Seicaven 1800 kg azots, 1800 kg fosfors da 2500 kg kaliums.
sakvebi elementebis es raodenoba sakmaod didxans daakmayofilebs vazis
moTxovnebs.
vazis sakvebiT uzrunvelyofis sistemis srulyofis mizniT atareben
niadagis da TviT mcenaris qimiur analizs.

niadagis analizi
niadagSi arsebuli sakvebi elementebis saerTo raodenobis
gansazRvriT, mcenaris biomasiT maTi gamotanis da danakargebis (sasuqebis
Carecxva Rrma fenebSi, uxsnad formebSi gadasvla) SefasebiT, SeiZleba
davadginoT sasuqebis raodenoba, romelic unda SevitanoT venaxSi. aseTi
analizi iZleva damatebiT monacemebs Sesatani sasuqis odenobaze, magram
esec ar aris sakmarisi.
sakvebi elementebis saerTo raodenobis gansazRvra sakmarisi ar aris
niadagis nayofierebis dasadgenad. saWiroa mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli im
nivTierebebis raodenoba, romlebic misawvdomia mcenarisaTvis, e.i. unda
ganisazRvros is nivTierebebi, romlebsac vazis fesvebi uSualod iTviseben.
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs wylis faqtors, Tu niadagi gamoSra, vazis
kveba aradamakmayofileblad xdeba (cxrili 1).
#1 cxrilSi mocemulia savenaxe niadagze ZiriTadi sakvebi
elementebis uzrunvelyofis doneebi.

116
 cxrili 1
venaxis niadagis azotiT, fosforiT, kaliumiT da TuTiiT uzrunvelyofis
cxrili (mg 100 g niadagSi).
niadagis hidrolizuri nitrifikaciis fosfori (P2O5) kaliumi (K2O) TuTia
uzrunvely azoti unari meTodiT meTodiT mg/kg
ofa (kravkovis Cirkovi maCiga oniani Cirkov aCigani oniani
pH pH
sakvebi meTodi) ni
elementebi 5-6 >6
Zlier 3,0 3,0 0,5 5,0 1,5 15 4,0 10,0 8,0 0,3
dabali
dabali 3,1-4,0 3,1- 0,51-0,80 5,1-10 1,6- 15,1 4,1-8 10,1 8,1-13 0,3-
4,0 3,0 0,9
saSualo 4,1- 4,1- 0,81-1,50 10,1- 3,1 30,1 8,1 20 20 -
6,0 5,0 15,0
amaRlebuli 6,1-8,0 5,1- 0,51-3,0 15,1- 4,6 40,1 12,1 30,1 201 -
7,0 20,0
maRali 8,1- 7,1- 3,10-6,00 20,1- 6,1 50,1 18,1 40,1 25,1 1,5
12,0 10,0 30,1
Zlier >12,0 >10,0 >6,0 >10,0 >8,0 >70,0 >25,0 >60,0 >35 -
maRali

venaxis gaSenebis dros aucilebelia Catardes niadagis analizi

specialur laboratoriaSi.
sruli analizi moicavs:
a) fizikur an meqanikur analizs, romliTac ganisazRvreba niadagis
struqtura;
b) qimiuri analizi – gviCvenebs azotis saerTo Semcvelobas da kaliumis
da fosforis SesaTvisebeli formebis raodenobas;
g) moZravi kalciumis gansazRvras, kiris mimarT gamZle saZiris
SesarCevad.

mcenaris analizi
profesorebma lagatium da momma SeimuSaves vazis foTlis analizis
meTodi, romelic saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros da areguliros vazis
kveba savegetacio periodSi.
mcenareTa analizi moicavs: vazis merqnisa da foTlis analizs.
a) vazis merqnis analizs atareben sxvlis dros, zamTris periodSi. am
periodSi xdeba aWrili rqebis sawyisi muxlebis merqanSi, ZiriTadi
sakvebi nivTierebebis - azotis, fosforis da kaliumis Semcvelobis
gansazRvra. miRebuli maCveneblebi kargad axasiaTebs vazis sakvebi
elementebiT uzrunvelyofis mdgomareobas, magram es meTodebi mainc
naklebad gamoiyeneba praqtikaSi, mecnierul kvlevebSi ki mas dRemde
iyeneben.
b) mecnierebis mier SemuSavebulia foTlis analizis meTodi, romelic
saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros da areguliros vazis buCqis kveba
vegetaciis periodSi.
foTlis analizisaTvis iReben 1-2 foTols msxmoiare rqaze. foTlebi
ikrifeba ramdenime buCqis 2-3 rqaze. saanalizo foTlebi 20-30-s Seadgens.
foTlebs aSroben da laboratoriaSi utareben analizs. isazRvreba N, P2O5,
K2O-s procentuli Semcveloba mSral masaSi, saidanac ganisazRvreba:
1) kvebis intensioba calkeuli elementisaTvis da yvela elementisTvis.
cdebiT dadgenilia, rom venaxSi, sadac mcenare uzrunvelyofilia
sakvebi elementebiT, yoveli elementisTvis azotis Semcveloba klebulobs

117
3,2%-dan 1,75%-mde, kaliumis – 3%-dan 2%-mde, fosformJavas Semcveloba
yovelTvis 1%-ze dabalia da misi Semcveloba wlis ganmavlobaSi 0,6%-dan
0,4%-mde mcirdeba. yvela elementi (azoti, fosfori, kaliumi) vegetaciis
ganmavlobaSi 7%-dan 4%-mde mcirdeba.
2) sakvebi elementebis balansi.
yoveli elementis Semcveloba gamoixateba procentebSi elementebis
saerTo Semcvelobidan. venaxisaTvis dadgenilia ZiriTadi sakvebi
elementebis Semdegi Sefardeba:
N – 41%
P2O5 – 8% 100%
K2O – 51%
es Tanafardoba meryeobs garkveul farglebSi.
safrangeTSi karg venaxad iTvleba im zonis venaxebi, sadac sakvebi
elementebi aseTi raodenobiT aris warmodgenili: N – 2,5, P2O5 – 0,5, K2O –
2,5.
Tanafardoba sakveb elementebs Soris ki aseTia:
N – 45,5%, P2O5 – 9%, K2O – 45,5%.
savegetacio periodSi foTlis analizi keTdeba oTxjer, romelic
gadaaqvT grafikze. oTxi wertilis SeerTebiT iReben texil xazs, romelic
asaxavs wlis ganmavlobaSi vazis sakvebiT uzrunvelyofis mdgomareobas.
foTlis analizis praqtikuli gamoyenebisaTvis sakmarisia grafiki
SevadaroT sakontrolos, romelic Sedgenilia kargad ganoyierebuli
venaxis Seswavlis Sedegebze. aseT rekomendaciebs iZleva qimiuri
laboratoria.

sakvebi elementebis roli

1. azoti. azoti asrulebs umniSvnelovanes rols mcenaris kvebaSi.
mcenaris yvela qsovili azots Seicavs, magram misi Semcveloba
gansakuTrebiT didia mozard nawilebSi. saerTod azoti xels uwyobs
vegetatiur zrdas, kerZod, foTlebis warmoqmnas. azotis siWarbis dros
foTlebi muq-mwvane Sefervas iReben.
azotis siWarbe uaryofiTad moqmedebs Rvinis xarisxze. amitom
xarisxovani Rvinis momcem raionebSi Tavs arideben mineraluri azotis
gamoyenebas da niadagis gasanoyiereblad iyeneben organul sasuqebs
(kompostebi, nakeli), romlebic moqmedeben Tanabrad da xangrZlivad.
ar SeiZleba Warbi azoti gamoviyenoT kaliumis da fosforis
damatebis gareSe, aseT SemTxvevaSi azotis siWarbe iwvevs foTlisa da
saerTod vazis merqnis Zlier zrdas, yvavilebi midrekilia cvenisken, xolo
rqebi naklebad momwifdeba.
2. fosforis mJava. fosforis mJava, iseve, rogorc azoti, warmoadgens
erT-erT ZiriTad sakveb nivTierebas, Tumca igi SedarebiT mcire
raodenobiT Sedis vazSi. fosfori aucilebelia naxSirwylebisa da
cilovani nivTierebebis sinTezisaTvis. is aregulirebs mcenaris zrdas.
fosforis miwodeba xels uwyobs vazis mosavlianobis zrdas. aumjobesebs
Rvinis xarisxs.
3. kaliumi. kaliumi didi raodenobiT Sedis mcenareul ujredebSi,
amcirebs transpiracias (aorTqlebas), zrdis ujredis turgors (wyliT
gajerebas), aZlierebs ujredebis asimilaciur moqmedebas da aZlierebs
azotis gamoyenebas mcenareuli cilebis warmoqmnaSi. kaliumisa da azotis
moqmedebas Soris arsebobs metad mtkice urTierTkavSiri: erT-erTi

118
maTganis nakleboba meoresTan SedarebiT iwvevs mosavlis Semcirebas.
kalciumis miwodeba moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad xels uwyobs vazis buCqis
saerTo ganviTarebas, zrdis foTlis farTobs. kaliumi aseve xels uwyobs
mtevnebis masis zrdasa da maTSi Saqrebis dagrovebas.
4. kalciumi, magniumi, natriumi. vazi kargad izrdeba niadagebze,
romlebic warmoSobilia granituli qanebisgan. saerTod ar SeaqvT savenaxe
niadagSi kiri, magniumi da natriumi. zogierTi tipis niadagSi
mizanSewonilia kalciumis Setana iq, sadac kiri sul ar aris, aseTia
dasavleT saqarTvelos eweri niadagebi. kiris Setana aumjobesebs niadagis
struqturas. zedmeti kirianoba niadagSi SeiZleba gaxdes qlorozis mizezi,
kalciumisa da kaliums Soris arsebobs antagonizmi: niadagis kaliumiT
gamdidreba amcirebs kalciumis STanTqmas da piriqiT mokirianeba
aZlierebs niadagis STanTqmis unars da amcirebs mcenaris mier kaliumis
SeTvisebas.
natriumis marilebi vazisaTvis mavnea. mxolod ramdenime saZire da
evropuli saxeobis jiSi itans natriumis mcire Semcvelobas.
kaliumis marilebi amcireben natriumis da magniumis STanTqmas, es
procesi imis msgavsia, rac aRiniSna kalciumis mimarT.
magniumi aucilebelia mcenaris kvebisaTvis, is Sedis qlorofilis
SemadgenlobaSi, magram saWiroa mcire raodenobiT.
5. sxva elementebi. gogirdi, rkina, manganumi, bori, spilenZi,
vazisaTvis saWiro raodenobiTaa niadagSi. Tumca dadgenilia mevenaxeobis
zogierT regionSi TuTiis (avstralia, kalifornia), manganumis
(portugalia) da boris (portugalia, germania, safrangeTi) nakleboba.
TuTiis ukmarisoba (wvrilfoTlianoba) vlindeba foTlis deformaciiT
rqis saSualo da maRal zonaSi. boris nakleboba iwvevs mokle
muxlSorisebis ganviTarebas. amis Tavidan asacileblad, miRebulia
niadagSi boris Setana 100-150 kg 1 heqtarze. garda amisa, mecnierebi urCeven
boris mJavis 0,1%-iani xsnaris Sesxurebas yvavilobis periodSi, rac xels
uwyobs yvavilebis ukeTes gamonaskvas.
spilenZi. spilenZi sakmaod raodenobiT gvxvdeba niadagSi
spilenZSemcveli preparatebis gamoyenebis gamo. mJave niadagebSi maT
SeuZliaT uaryofiTad imoqmedon mcenareze. Tumca aseTi uaryofiTi
gavlena iSviaTad SeimCneva, radgan igi rCeba saxnav fenaSi (25 sm-ze
naklebi) da ar gadainacvlebs fesvTa sistemis areSi, amitom spilenZs
praqtikulad Sexeba ara aqvs fesvebTan.
gogirdi. roca gogirdi cviva niadagis zedapirze, mas SeuZlia mJave
gaxados are, ris gamoc Zlierdeba spilenZis toqsikuri moqmedeba. am
procesis uaryofiTi gavlena SeiZleba gaZlierdes plantaJis Catarebis
Semdeg, roca navenaxar farTobze, sadac gamoyenebuli iyo spilenZi, zeda
fenebidan gadainacvlebs fesvTa sistemis areSi. amitom aucilebelia
navenaxar adgilze, axali venaxis gasaSeneblad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi,
vazis dargvamde, niadagis mTel siRrmeze ganisazRvros spilenZis
raodenoba da dadgindes niadagis pH. rkinis marilebis Setana xels uwyobs
qlorozis Tavidan acilebas.

119
 sasuqebis gamoyenebis safuZvlebi
ganvixileT ra vazis mcenaris moTxovnebi sakveb elementebze,
sasuqebis saxeebis ganxilvamde, gavixsenoT mniSvnelovani miTiTebebi
organuli da mineraluri sasuqebis gamoyenebaze.

libixis kanoni anu minimumis kanoni

mosavali proporciulia mcenarisaTvis misawvdomi im sakvebi
elementebis raodenobisa, romlebic aris minimaluri raodenobiT niadagSi.
aqedan gamomdinareobs mniSvnelovani daskvna:
erT-erTi sakvebi nivTierebis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, yvela
danarCeni nivTierebis arsebobis pirobebSi, mosavali ar miiReba. minimumis
kanoni vrceldeba meorexarisxovan elementebzec (gogirdi, magniumi, rkina,
bori) da sxva.

anazRaurebis kanoni
aucilebelia niadags daubrundes yvela elementi, romelic
yovelwliurad, mosavlis saxiT gadis farTobidan.
es kanoni saWiroebs damatebebs da dazustebas Tanamedrove doneze.
sinamdvileSi ar aris aucilebloba niadags daubrundes yvela elementi,
romelic gadis biomasasTan erTad. Tu ZiriTadi elementebi niadagSi aris
Warbi raodenobiT, maSin ar aris aucilebeli isini SevitanoT sasuqis
saxiT. niadagSi unda SevitanoT is nivTierebebi, romlebic aklia niadags.
amasTan erTad, sasuqebis ara marto is raodenoba unda SevitanoT, romelic
gamovitaneT mosavlis saxiT, aramed meti, raTa miviRoT maRali mosavali.

avansirebis kanoni
es kanoni gulisxmobs niadagSi sasuqebis garkveuli maragis Seqmnas,
magram gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi: sxvdasxva niadags gaaCnia STanTqmis
gansxvavebuli unari. ase, magaliTad, Tixa miwebi da humusiani miwebi
maRali STanTqmis unariT xasiaTdeba, romlebsac Semdgom mcenare ver
iyenebs. aseTi tipis niadagze saWiroa meti raodenobiT sasuqebis Setana,
garda azotiani sasuqebisa.
niadagebze, romlebic susti STanTqmis unariT xasiaTdeba (qviSnari)
da Znelad akaveben sakveb elementebs, sasuqebi unda SevitanoT naklebi
maragiT.
sxvadasxva saxis elementi niadagSi sxvadasxvagvarad iqceva: kaliumi
fiqsirdeba niadagis STanTqmis kompleqsSi. kaliumiani sasuqebi SeiZleba
Setanil iqnas Semodgomaze didi maragiT da mimoifantos venaxSi,
gansakuTrebiT Tixnar da humusian niadagebSi. qviSnar niadagebSi
kaliumiani sasuqebi SeiZleba ianvarSi, TebervalSi SevitanoT.
Warbnaleqian regionebSi, rogoric aris dasavleT saqarTvelo,
mizanSewonilia kaliumiani sasuqebi ianvar-TebervalSi SevitanoT, raTa
naklebad gamoirecxos da naklebad gadaadgildes Rrma fenebSi. meores
mxriv, kaliumiani sasuqebi, romlebic STainTqmeba niadagis kompleqsis mier
kirian niadagebSi, naklebad gamosayenebelia mcenarisaTvis Setanis wels,
magram Semdgom wlebSi, STanTqmiTi kompleqsidan igi gamoiyofa da vazi mas
iyenebs.
fosformJavac aseve Zlier fiqsirdeba kirian niadagebSi, magram igi
gamoiyeneba mcenaris mier. fosformJava Zlier nela gadaadgildeba
niadagSi, amitom misi ufro efeqturi gamoyenebisaTvis saWiroa Rrmad

120
Setana, fesvebis aresTan miaxloeba. kalciumisagan gansxvavebiT, rkinis
Jangeuls fosformJava gadahyavs uxsnad formaSi, ris gamoc, mas ver iyenebs
mcenare, Tumca kalciumis da neSompalas Setanam SeiZleba nawilobriv
Secvalos fosformJavis mdgomareoba da gamosayenebeli gaxados
mcenarisaTvis. cxadia, rom rkiniT mdidar niadagebSi Setanili
fosformJava Zalian mcire gavlenas moaxdens vazis nayofierebaze, Tu ar
iqna Setanili fosforiani sasuqebi Zalian didi raodenobiT. fosfor-
kaliumiani sasuqebi Setanili unda iqnes venaxSi, Rrmad, plantaJis dros,
magram SeaqvT agreTve Rrma xvnis wesiT msxmoiare venaxSic Semodgoma-
zamTris periodSi.

organuli sasuqebi da maTi gamoyeneba

organuli sasuqebi Zlier sasargebloa venaxis ganoyierebisaTvis,

radgan isini amdidreben niadags ara marto sakvebi elementebiT _ azotiT,
kaliumiT da fosforiT, aramed humusiTac, romelic aumjobesebs niadagis
struqturas. niadagis gasanoyiereblad gamoiyeneba Semdegi organuli
sasuqebi:
nakeli. nakeli Seicavs yvela sakveb elements, romelic esaWiroeba
vazs. garda amisa, aumjobesebs niadagis struqturas. cxenis da cxvris
nakeli rekomendebulia mZime Tixnar niadagebSi, xolo Zroxis da Roris
nakeli – msubuq, qveTixnar niadagebSi, romlebic ufro mdidaria
kalciumiT.
Zroxis da Roris nakeli nakleb sakveb elementebs Seicavs, vidre
cxenis da cxvris. nakeli Seicavs saSualod: azots 0,5%; fosformJavas 0,2%
da kaliumis orJangs 0,6%-s. nakelis zemoqmedeba grZeldeba ramdenime wels,
amitom igi SeaqvT 2-3 weliwadSi erTxel. venaxis gasanoyiereblad saWiroa
SevitanoT 30-40 tona Zroxis nakeli an 5 tona cxvris nakeli 1 heqtarze.
kompostebi _ warmoadgenen meurneobis sxvadasxva organul anarCenebs.
Segrovili organuli narCenebi gaiSleba garkveuli kompostis
dasamzadebel adgilze - 20-25 sm-is feniT. Semdeg emateba nakeli, Semdeg
isev organul-mineraluri anarCenebi, bolos ayrian kirs da asveleben
wyliT, zemodan da gverdebze ayrian niadags an torfs, 6-8 Tvis Semdeg
komposti mzadaa gamosayeneblad.
WaWis komposti. mis dasamzadeblad iyeneben meRvineobis narCenebs,
romlisganac mzaddeba komposti Semdegi wesiT: niadagze gaSlian WaWis
fenas 20-25 sm-is simaRleze, masze mofantaven kirs 25%, Tomas widas 4% da
2% gogirdmJava kaliums (WaWis masis procenti).
kasrSi amzadeben xsnars Semdegi SemadgenlobiT: 1 kg dauSleli kiri da
2,5 kg gogirdmJava amoniumi 100 litr wyalze. xsnars kargad ureven, sanam
nivTierebebi mTlianad ar gaixsneba. WaWis yovel 1 m2-ze moasxamen 30-50
litr xsnars, zemodan ki ayrian niadags. Semdeg aseve amzadeben Semdeg
fenas, sanam kompostis fena 1 metrs ar miaRwevs. sigane unda iyos 1,5-2,0 m.
WaWis sul zeda fenas 10 sm miwa eyreba, sami kviris Semdeg grovas gaSlian,
niCbiT gadaureven da isev Seagroveben. niadagSi Setanis win aucilebelia
xelaxla areva, aseTi komposti Seicavs 1,5% sakveb nivTierebebs. venaxSi
SeaqvT 3 kg erT Zirze.
qaTmis nakeli – didi raodenobiT Seicavs sakveb elementebs, amitom
igi venaxisaTvis saukeTeso sasuqs warmoadgens. mas iyeneben gamokvebis
mizniT - 1,5-2,5 tona heqtarze. qaTmis nakels ganazaveben wyliT da toveben

121
duRilisaTvis 10-15 dRe. niadagSi Setanis win meored ganazaveben wyliT 1:5
(pirveli ganzavebac aseTivea) da Setana xdeba vazis ZirebSi.
wunwuxi – mzaddeba nakelsacavebTan dagrovili wunwuxisagan.
agroveben specialur ormoebSi da ganazaveben 1:2 TanafardobiT Semdeg
daaduReben 10-15 dRis ganmavlobaSi da isev ganazaveben 1:2 SefardebiT da
SeaqvT vazis ZirebSi 5 litris raodenobiT Zirze.
fekalebi – saukeTeso sasuqia, rogorc venaxis, aseve sanergisaTvis.
igi Seicavs bevr azots, fosfors da naklebi raodenobiT kaliums. axali
fekalebi Seicaven azots 0,5-dan 0,7%-mde, fosfors 0,2-dan 0,3%-mde, kaliums
0,2%. erT heqtarze SeaqvT 10-20 tona fekalebi, rogorc ZiriTadi sakvebi da
5 tona - gamokvebis saxiT. sanitaruli normebis dacvis mizniT, fekalebi
venaxSi SeaqvT yurZnis mokrefis Semdeg da adre gazafxulze. fekalebis
masas ganazaveben 1:1-ze wyalTan, toveben dasaduReblad 10-5 dRes, Setanis
dros kvlav ganazaveben wyliT.
mwvane sasuqebi - ganoyierebis es forma gulisxmobs mcenareebis
niadagSi Caxvnas. mwvane mcenareebi SeiZleba gazardo iqve venaxSi
specialuri kulturebis saxiT an moitano mwvane masa.
kulturebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba mwvane saxiT Casaxnavad, is
kulturebia, romelTac aqvT biologiuri unari SeiTvison haeridan azoti
da Seqmnan SenaerTebi, romelTac mineralizaciis gziT aiTvisebs vazi.
aseTi mcenareebia parkosnebi: cercvela, ionja, samyura da sxva. isini unda
Caixnas yvavilobis dros, raTa niadagma miiRos maT mier sinTezirebuli
azotovani nivTierebebi da daubrunos niadags misgan amoRebuli
mineraluri nivTierebebi. sideratebi amdidreben niadags haeriT.
sideratebi iTeseba venaxis mosavlis aRebisTanave da Caxvna xdeba
mart-aprilis TveebSi.

mineraluri sasuqebi da maTi gamoyeneba

azotovani sasuqebi. azots Seicaven amiakur an nitritul

mdgomareobaSi.
amiakuri azotis Semcveli yvelaze cnobili sasuqia amoniumis
sulfati.
amoniumis sulfati - kristaluri fxvnili, romelic ixsneba wyalSi,
Seicavs 20-21% azots. es sasuqi ar unda gamoviyenoT karbonatebis dabali
Semcvelobis an mJave niadagebSi, radgan igi aqveiTebs kalciumis
Semcvelobas niadagSi, rac aisaxeba Rvinis xarisxze.
kalciumis cianamidi gamodis fxvnilis saxiT. Seicavs 19% azots. igi
ukeTesia mJave niadagebSi, vidre amoniumis sulfati, radgan igi Seicavs
kirs.
Sardovana TeTri kristaluri marilia, Seicavs 46% azots. iZleva
saukeTeso Sedegebs foTolze Sesxurebis dros, roca vazis zrda midis
nela, an mosalodnelia yvavilcvena. Sesxurebuli xsnari unda Seicavdes
350-600 g Sardovanas 100 litr wyalze. Sesxureba SeiZleba gavimeoroT 10-15
dRis Semdeg.
sasuqebi, romlebic Seicaven nitratul azots
kalciumis nitrati Seicavs 13-15,5% azots, miiReba sinTezuri gziT
TeTri kristalebis saxiT.
Ciles gvarjila Seicavs 16% azots, bunebrivi produqcia TeTri-
moruxo SeferviT.

122
 es nivTierebebi kargad ixsneba wyalSi da uSualod SeiTviseba
mcenaris mier. maTi Setana xdeba gazafxulze.
amiakur-nitraturi sasuqebi
amoniumis sulfat-nitrati arsebobs granulebis saxiT azotis
SemcvelobiT 20%, 32,5%, 33,5%.
amoniumis sulfati gamoiyeneba rTuli sasuqebis misaRebad. mas
axasiaTebs, rogorc amiakuri, ise nitratuli Tvisebebi, amitom venaxSi
SeaqvT gazafxulze.
fosforiani sasuqebi
ZiriTadad oTxi formis saxiT gamodis - fosforitis fqvili,
superfosfati, Tomas Slaki da precipitati (dikalcium fosfati).
fosforitis fqvili warmoSobis mixedviT Seicavs 26-dan 33%-mde
P2O5-s.
fosfatebi mzaddeba Zvlebisagan, igi Seicavs 24-30% P2O5-is araxsnad
fxvnils.
superfosfati mzaddeba fosforitis fqvilis (Zvlis fqvilis)
gogirdmJaviT damuSavebis gziT. gamodis 14%, 16%, 18% Semcvelobis
superfosfati, romelic kargad ixsneba amoniumis nitratSi, fosformJavasa
da wyalSi.
Rrmad xvnis dros umetesad gamoiyeneba fosforitis fqvili an
superfosfati. niadagis tipis mixedviT, axlad moxnul an kirian
niadagebze, xolo mJave niadagebSi unda SevitanoT dikalifosfati da
Slakebi (Tomas wida).
kaliumiani sasuqebi
ZiriTadi kaliumiani sasuqebia _ silviniti, kaliumis sulfati da
kaliumis marili, garda amisa farTod gamoiyeneba: kaliumis nitrati,
naxSirmJava kaliumi da xis nacari.
silviniti – nedli kaliumis marili moipoveba wiaRiseulis saxiT.
advilad xsnadia wyalSi. silviniti gamodis ori formiT, kerZod,
silviniti, romelic Seicavs 18% K2O-s da kalciumis marili anu ormagi
silviniti.
kaliumis sulfati – miiReba silvinitisagan, TeTri ferisaa, Seicavs
48% kaliums, ixsneba wyalSi.
qloriani kaliumi – miiReba silvinitisagan, qlorkaliumisa da
qlornatriumis gamoyofiT. is Seicavs 49% K2O-s.
kaliumis nitrati – warmoadgens marils, romelic 44% wyalSi xsnad
kaliums Seicavs da 13% nitratul azots.
naxSirmJava kaliumi (anu potaSi) _ Seicavs 52-63% kaliums da
advilad STanTqavs haeris tens, kargad ixsneba wyalSi. mJave reaqciis gamo,
misi gamoyeneba moiTxovs sifrTxiles. foTlebze an mwvane nawilebze am
sasuqis moxvedra iwvevs damwvrobas. igi naklebad gamoiyeneba.
kaliumi - kaliumiani sasuqebidan kargad fiqsirdeba niadagSi. maTi
Setana niadagSi xdeba SemodgomiT (siloviniti da qlorovani naerTebi).
venaxSi ufro xSirad iyeneben qlorkaliums an 40%-ian silvinits, garda
damlaSebuli niadagebisa, sadac ukeTesia gamoiyeno kaliumis sulfati.
rTuli sasuqebi - rTuli sasuqebi sul ufro met gavrcelebas
poulobs. is mza saxiT iyideba. isini Seicaven or (ormagi sasuqi) an sam
(sammagi sasuqi) sakveb elements. azoti aseT sasuqebSi Sedis an mxolod
mineraluri marilis an mineraluri da organuli saxiT. rTuli sasuqebi

123
miiReba sasuqebis ubralo SereviT. erTmaneTSi ureven azotian, fosforian
da kaliumiani sasuqis granulebs an fxvnilebs.
sasuqebis gaazrebuli mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebze damyarebuli
wesebiT Setana xels uwyobs vazis mosavlisa da xarisxis zrdas, fermeris
ekonomikuri danaxarjebis Semcirebas, garemos dacvas.
venaxSi Sesatani sasuqebis gansazRvra
venaxSi Sesatani sasuqebis raodenobis gansazRvras safuZvlad udevs
farTobidan vazis biomasiT gamotanili sakvebi elementebis raodenobis
aRdgena - nakveTisaTvis dabruneba. garda amisa, azotis danakargebi da
fosfor-kaliumis niadagis kompleqsiT SeboWili raodenobac unda iqnes
anazRaurebuli farTobisaTvis. venaxis ganoyiereba xdeba organuli da
mineraluri sasuqebiT.
organuli sasuqebi metad mravalgvaria, magram ufro xSirad
gamoiyeneba kompostebi da nakeli. organuli sasuqebi aumjobeseben niadagis
struqturas, mikroorganizmebis cxovelmoqmedebis biotur produqtebs da
aucilebel sakveb elementebs. kompostebi moqmedeben nela da Zlier
efeqturi sasuqebia, Tumca misi damzadeba Sromatevadia. saqarTveloSi
kompostebs naklebad iyeneben, magram Tanamedrove etapze saWiroa misi
warmoebis da gamoyenebis gafarToeba. kompostebi SeaqvT heqtarze 100-dan
200 m3-mde 3-4 weliwadSi erTxel.
nakeli, romelic moqmedebs ufro aqtiurad, vidre komposti, igi unda
iqnas gamoyenebuli zomierad, gansakuTrebiT im regionebSi, sadac
maRalxarisxovani Rvinoebi iwarmoeba, nakeli SeaqvT 4-5 weliwadSi erTxel
15-20 tona heqtarze. maRalmosavlian, ordinaluri sufris Rvinis warmoebis
regionebSi SeiZleba Setanil iqnas cxvris nakeli, 8-10 tona heqtarze, 3-5
weliwadSi erTxel.
mineraluri sasuqebi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva raodenobiT, niadagis
tipisa da venaxis mosavlianobis gaTvaliswinebiT. msxmoiare venaxebSi
rekomendebulia Semdegi diferencirebuli dozebi:
a) aRmosavleT saqarTvelos urwyavi venaxebisTvis (kaxeTis raionebi): azoti
_ 50-60-90, fosfori – 60-90, kaliumi – 50-70 kilogrami sufTa nivTierebis
saxiT;
b) kaxeTisa da qarTlis sarwyavi raionebis venaxebSi: azoti – 60-90-120,
fosfori – 60-90-120, kaliumi – 50-70 kg;
g) dasavleT saqarTvelos zomiernaleqiani raionebis venaxebSi: azoti _ 90-
120-150, fosfori – 90-120, kaliumi _ 60-90 kg heqtarze, sufTa nivTierebaze
gaangariSebiT.
Warbtenian raionebSi, sadac vazi Zlieri zrdiT xasiaTdeba, azotiani
sasuqebis doza unda gaizardos 25%-iT. axalgazrda, 4 wlamde xnovanebis
venaxSi mineraluri sasuqebi unda SevitanoT srulmsxmoiare venaxisaTvis
rekomendebuli dozis 1/3 an 1/3 odenobiT.
mecnieruli kvlevebis safuZvelze rekomendebulia vazis sadedeebsa
da sanergeSi mineraluri sasuqebis Semdegi dozebi - aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos filoqseragamZle sadedeSi: azotiani sasuqi – 120-150-160,
fosforiani – 90-100 120, kaliumiani – 60-90; dasavleT saqarTvelos
sadedeebSi: azoti – 120-160, fosfori 100-220, kaliumi 90-100; vazis sanergeSi:
azoti – 120-150, fosfori – 100-120, kaliumi – 90kg/ha sufTa nivTierebis
saxiT.

124
ganoyierebis sistema vazis sanergeSi

vazis sanergeSi mcenareebi mxolod 7 Tves arian moTavsebuli.

namyenis Sexorcebisa da erTdrouli dafesvianebis procesSi, vazi
maqsimalurad unda iqnes dakmayofilebuli sakvebi elementebiT da wyliT.
roca sanergis gasanoyiereblad iyeneben nakels, igi SeaqvT plantaJis
win da Semdeg atareben plantaJs. amave dros SeaqvT 400-500 kg
superfosfati. zafxulis ganmavlobaSi atareben mineraluri sakvebi
nivTierebebiT 2-3 gamokvebas. boZebs Soris mofantaven 30-45 kg amoniumis
gvarjilas da 50-100 kg superfosfats, 30-60 kg kaliums erT heqtar
sanergeSi. karg Sedegebs iZleva sanergis gamokveba 10-15 tona nakeliT
(heqtarze), gamokveba unda moxdes rwyvis warmoebiT.

saprezentacio Temebi:

1. niadagis damuSavebis sistemebi

2. venaxis ganoyierebis principebi
3. venaxSi gamosayenebeli sasuqebi

Tavi 9. vazis mavnebel-daavadebebTan, sarevelebTan brZola da

stresuli faqtorebis marTvis meTodebi

vazis mcenareTa dacvis meqanikuri, biologiuri da qimiuri meTodebi

vazis mcenareTa dacvis agroteqnikuri meTodebis, yinvebis, wayinvebis,

setyvis, gvalvis mimarT gasatarebeli RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb saTanado
adgilze iyo saubari, amitom aq aRar gavimeorebT. marto SevCerdeT im
RonisZiebebze, romlebic ar iyo ganxiluli.

zedapiruli fesvebis ganviTarebis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi

vazis gaSenebis Semdeg fesvTa sistemis zedapirulad ganviTareba vazs
uqmnis wyliT da sakvebi elementebiT momaragebis problemas, magram
yvelaze saSiSia sanamyenes gadasvla sakuTar fesvze da saZiris izolireba,
rac iwvevs saZiris fesvebis Sesustebas da sanamyenes izolacias
saZirisagan. zedapiruli fesvebis ganviTarebis Tavidan acilebisaTvis
axdenen kokolebis gaSlas da gamotanili, zedapiruli fesvebis SeWras,
Semdeg ki kokolebis xelaxla gakeTebas. agvistos bolos meored xsnian
kokolebs da fesvebs aWrian, ris Sedegadac kokolebi aRar ukeTdeba.
axalSen venaxSi, samuSaos gamartivebis mizniT, fesvebis SeWris
nacvlad gamoiyeneba nergis dargva damcvel elastiur milebSi – anu
SaliTaSi, romelic mzaddeba polieTilenis afskiT 100-150 mkm. am dros,
miwisqveda Stambi polieTilenis afskiT izolirdeba, aRar aqvs kontaqti
miwasTan, rac gamoricxavs fesvebis ganviTarebas am zonaSi.

125
 Stambis dacva meqanikuri dazianebisagan
niadagis damuSavebis dros xSirad iWreba vazis Zirebi an meqanikurad
ziandeba, rac iwvevs merqnis nekrozs. amis Tavidan asacileblad vazis
Ziridan garkveul manZilze asoben damcav paloebs, Tan Tavis boZze wiTeli
saRebaviT aRniSnaven meqanizmebis moZraobis mimarTulebas. ufro efeqturi
saSualebaa vazis TiToeul Zirze individualuri sayrdenis mowyoba da
Stambis sworad aRzrda, rac gamoricxavs meqanizmebisagan mis dazianebas.

niadagis damuSaveba mcenareTa dacvis sistemaSi

amJamad es agroRonisZieba erT-erTi ZiriTadi meTodia mcenareTa
dacvis sistemaSi, rac sarevela balaxebis Rrmad Caxvnas gulisxmobs. amave
dros Rrma fenebSi Caixvneba Camocvenili foTlebi da marcvlebi,
romlebic Seicaven mravali daavadebis mozamTre infeqciebs. aseve xvniT
uaresdeba gamozamTrebis pirobebi mravali mavneblisaTvis, ris gamoc
nawili iRupeba da amiT maTi sagazafxulo Taoba mniSvnelovnad
klebulobs.

biologiuri meTodebi
feromonebis gamoyeneba. vazis foTlis milmxvevebis winaaRmdeg
gamoiyeneba feromonuli satyuarebi. venaxSi garkveuli sixSiriT
Camokideben muyaos firfitebisagan damzadebul saWerebs, romelsac
wasmuli aqvs milmxvevis mdedris mier gamoyofili hormoni, romelsac
suniT agnebs mamali pepela. damWers ki wasmuli aqvs webo, romelic iWers
pepelas, amitom mdedri aRar nayofierdeba, mamri ki iRupeba damWerebze,
rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs parazitebis ricxvs da gvacilebs zarals.
mtacebeli mweris kriptolemusis gamoyeneba. vazis fqvilisebri
crufarianas mimarT gamoiyeneba kriptolemusi, romelsac amravleben
specialurad da garkveuli odenobiT uSveben crufarianiT daavadebul
venaxSi. kriptolemusi mniSvnelovnad amcirebs crufarianiT miyenebul
zarals. mecnierebi awarmoeben gamokvlevebs akarifagebis gamosayeneblad
ablabudisebri tkipebis winaaRmdeg.

mavnebel-daavadebaTa da sarevelebis winaaRmdeg brZolis qimiuri

meTodebi
pesticidebi – qimiuri nivTierebebia, romlebic gamoiyeneba mavne
floris da faunis gasanadgureblad. amJamad, gamoyenebulia 250-ze meti
nivTiereba, romlisagan awarmoeben 5000-ze met preparatuli formis
pesticids. pesticidebi daniSnulebis mixedviT iyofa Semdeg saxeebad:
inseqticidebi – mavne mwerebTan sabrZolvelad;
akaricidebi – mcenareuli tkipebis winaaRmdeg;
nematodebi – mrgvali Wiebis (nematodebis) winaaRmdeg;
fungicidebi – sokovan daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg;
ovocidebi – preparatebi, romlebic spobes tkipebs da mwerebis
kvercxebs;
herbicidebi – sarevela balaxebis winaaRmdeg;
defoliandebi – foTlis mosacileblad.
pesticidebis higienuri klasifikacia. adamianis da Tbilsisxlian
cxovelTa mimarT mavneobis donis mixedviT pesticidebi iyofa jgufebad
Semdegi monacemebis mixedviT - toqsikuroba mucelSi moxvedris

126
SemTxvevaSi, organizmSi moxvedra kanis saSualebiT, agreTve aqroladobis
xarisxi.
dagrovebis unari da mdgradoba. toqsikuri niSnis mixedviT
klasifikacia Semdeg suraTs iZleva:
I jgufis Zliermoqmedi momwamvleli ld (letaluri doza) - 50 mg/kg;
II jgufi – maRaltoqsikuri ld - 200 mg/kg-ze;
III jgufi – saSualotoqsikuri ld - 200-1000 mg/kg;
IV jgufi – mcire toqsikuri ld – 1000-ze meti mg/kg.
amJamad gamoyenebuli pesticidebis umetesoba ekuTvnis III-IV jgufs.
mdgradobis mixedviT klasifikacia aseTia:
I jgufi _ mdgradia umniSvnelo aqroladobiT da qimiurad ar icvleba
atmosferos gavleniT. aseTebia: keltani, mineraluri zeTebi, yvela saxis
gogirdi, spilenZis Sabiamani, kaptani, ftalani, spilenZis qlorJangi,
dalaponi, monuroni, simazini da sxva.
II jgufi – SezRuduli mdgradobiT, dabali aqroladobiT da
atmosferos gavleniT neli cvalebadobiT: karbofosi, metafosi,
qlorofosi, cinebi, rkinis Sabiamani.
III jgufi – naklebad mdgradi pesticidebia (rogorc fizikurad, ise
qimiurad). isini iSlebian wylis, an naxSirmJava gazis, Jangbadis
zemoqmedebiT. amaT ekuTvnis yvela fungicidi – formalini, dauSleli kiri
da sxva.
vazis mavnebel-daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli preparatebi.
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mavnebel-daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg
preparatebis damzadebaze mravali qveynis sxvadsxva firmaa dasaqmebuli.
gamoSvebuli preparatebi saqarTveloSic iyideba. qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi
warmodgenilia is ZiriTadi preparatebi, romelTa gamoyeneba damkvidrda
saqarTveloSi, magram fermerulma da glexurma meurneobebma unda icodnen,
rom pesticidebis industria swrafad viTardeba da saWiroa Tvalyuris
devneba im siaxleebze, romlebic iqmneba am dargSi.

cxrili #1
vazis mavnebel-daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli preparatebi

davadebebi da xarjvis norma, lodinis

# preparati
mavneblebi koncentracia periodi
2,0-2,5 kg/ha-ze 4 dRe
antrakoli 1000 l wyalze
0,2-0,25%
2,5 kg/ha-ze
melodiduo 1000 l wyalze 50 dRe
0,25%
28 dRe
1 Wraqi klipi 80g 100 l wyalze damuSaveba
4-jer
3-6- l/ha 1000 l Serevadia mr.
kuproqsati
wyalze pr.
kosaidi 2000 1,75-2,5 kg 100 l
ridomil 2,5 kg/ha 600-800 l 20 dRe
goldi wyalze jerad. 4 jer
akrobati 2,0 kg/ha 800100 l 40 dRe

127
 wyalze
3,0-4,0 kg/ha
Wraqi
2 mikali 1000 l wyalze 30 dRe
Savi sidample
0,3-0,4%
panCi 40 EC 3 ml 100 l wyalze 30 dRe
12-15 ml
olimpi we 100 l wyalze 30 dRe
3 nacari
20 dRe
topazi 0,15-0,25
jeradoba 3
4 tkipebi
1,1-2,8 l/ha
foTlismxvevia bi-58 20 dRe
1000 l wyalze
crufarianebi
5 tkipebi erTjer 45
neoroni 1,2-1,8 400-800 l/ha
dRe
6 foTlismxvevia
karate 0,4 ha 100 l wyalze
tkipebi

mavnebel-daavadebebi da brZolis RonisZiebebi

vazis ZiriTadi mavneblebi. maTi biologiuri Taviseburebebi
a) bukna anu kvirtis Wia – sxvadasxva asakis matlis saxiT zamTrobs
vazis Stambze, vazis rqis gulSi, amskdari qerqis qveS da kvirtis fuZesTan.
gazafxulze matli jer daberili kvirtiT ikvebeba, iWreba Sig da
gamoWams SigTavss, Semdeg ki foTols azianebs. dazianebuli kvirti
garegnulad saRs hgavs, xelis moWeriT ki advilad ifSvneba.
brZola: gamoiyeneba preparati bazudini, karate.
b) vazis milmxvevi – vazis milmxvevi xoWos fazaSi niadagSi zamTrobs.
gamozamTrebuli xoWo vazis kvirts azianebs. Sewyvilebis Semdeg xoWo
foTols axvevs miliseburad, Sig Tavsdeba da debs kvercxs. daxveuli
foToli damWknaria da yunwiTaa Camokidebuli mcenareze.
brZola: daxveuli foTlebis Segroveba da dawva, xolo qimiuri
preparati gamoiyeneba igive, rac buknas winaaRmdeg.
g) yurZnis Wia – zamTrobs Wupris fazaSi, Stambze, qerqis qveS. igi
weliwadSi sam Taobas iZleva. pirveli Taobis matli yvavileds azianebs,
meore da mesame Taobis ki – yurZnis marcvals. matli marcvalSi Zvreba.
mesame Taobis matli simwifeSi Sesul marcvals azianebs. am periodSi
dazianebul marcvals sidamplec azianebs. mis winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneba
rogorc agroteqnikuri, ise qimiuri brZolis RonisZiebebi.
qimiuri brZola: bazudinisa da karates preparatebis Sesxureba.
d) vazis fqvilisebri crufariana _ zamTrobs Stambze. wuwniT azianebs
foTols, ylorts da mtevans. crufarianas tkbil gamonayofze saxldeba
siSavis gamomwvevi soko kapnodiumi romelic Savi ferisaa da vazi muriT
ifareba. gaSavebuli mtevani kargavs sasaqonlo da sameurneo Rirebulebas
mavnebeli weliwadSi 3-4 Taobas iZleva.
brZolis meTodebi. vazis fqvilisebri crufarianas, baliSa da
imeruli crufarianas winaaRmdeg erTi da igivea - agroteqnikuri brZola
(venaxidan anasxlavis gamotana da dawva). unda Segrovdes sakvercxeebi da
daiwvas. biologiuri brZolis meTodia yurZnis simwifis dasawyisSi xoWo –
kriptolemusis gaSveba (heqtarze 20 000 cali).

128
 qimiuri preparatebidan gamoiyeneba bazudini da karates Sesxureba.
filoqsera. filoqsera mweria, romelic azianebs vazis fesvebs. igi
pirvelad gamoavlina piuJelma safrangeTSi 1865 wels. misi mavneoba imdenad
didia, rom saWiro gaxda mTeli msoflios mevenaxeobis axal sistemaze
gadasvla. filoqsera Semosulia amerikidan, sadac amerikuli saxeobis
vazis jiSebze da formebze saxldeba, magram xangrZlivi evoluciuri
procesis ganmavlobaSi am saxeobebs gamoumuSavdaT gamZleobis meqanizmi da
amJamad igi amerikul saxeobebs veRar azianebs. samagierod filoqsera
azianebs kulturuli vazis TiTqmis yvela jiSs (vitis vinifera).
gamovlenilia filoqseris mimarT SedarebiT gamZle jiSebi, maT Soris
qarTuli (rqawiTeli, mwvane, Cinuri), magram SedarebiT gamZleobis is done,
romelic gaaCnia vitis viniferas saxeobis jiSebs, sakmarisi ar aris maTi
samrewvelo warmoebisaTvis.
mecnierebis mier SemuSavebulia evropuli vazis jiSebis
filoqseragamZle amerikuli saxeobebis saZireebze mynoba, romelic
radikaluri meTodi aRmoCnda da gadaarCina msoflio mevenaxeoba
daRupvisagan.
sxvadasxva mizezma (kiris mimarT mgrZnobeloba, tenis mimarT,
Sexorcebis unari, dafesvianebis unari da sxva) aiZula mecnierebi
CaetarebinaT amerikul saxeobebis erTmaneTSi Sejvarebebi da Semdeg
evropul jiSebTan imisaTvis, rom mieRoT filoqseragamZle kargi
adaptacia-afinitetis mqone saZireebi. am gziT miRebulia saZire jiSebi,
romlebsac xmaroben amJamad da romelic akmayofilebs ZiriTad moTxovnebs.
amrigad, filoqserasTan brZola gadawyvetilia biologiuri meTodiT.
saZireebis SerCevisa da gamoyenebis sakiTxebs SevexebiT sanerge
meurneobis ganxilvis dros.

tkipebi
vazs azianebs mravali saxeobis tkipa, romelTagan gamoiyofa ramdenime
saxeoba.
ablabudisebri tkipa (Epitetran Ycgus sp.). mcire zomis, sxvadasxva
Sefervis ablabudisebri tkipebi azianeben mcenareTa mraval saxeobas.
venaxSi maTi mavneoba pirvelad SeamCnia safrangeTSi baudiuvalma 1867
wels.
vazis dazianebis xasiaTi. vazis TeTri jiSebis foTlebi, romlebic
dazianebulia tkipebiT, nela izrdeba. isini deformirdeba, maTze Cndeba
talaxisferi, araswori formis yviTeli laqebi, romlebic nawilobriv
xmebian, foTlis qveda mxareze SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT mravalricxovani
mowiTalo an moyviTalo wertilebi. vazi viTardeba nela da
muxlTSorisebi rCeba mokle.
wiTelyurZnian jiSebze SeimCneva mozrdili foTlebis gayviTleba da
Semdeg maTi cvena, ZarRvebi wiTel foTlebze qmnian mwvane bades. dazianeba
SeiZleba daiwyos kerebiT da moedos mTel venaxs. vazis buCqze
araTanabrad saxldebian tkipebi. daavadebis adreul SemTxvevaSi foTlebi
cviva, gvian daavadebis SemTxvevaSi SeimCneva ganviTarebis Sesusteba. orive
SemTxvevaSi vazis mosavali mniSvnelovnad klebulobs. ablabudisebri
tkipebi miekuTvnebian tkipebis did jgufs. am mavneblebs axasiaTebT
sferosebri sxeuli, tanis segmentacia SeumCnevelia, piris aparati
momarjvebulia kbenis an wovis procesisaTvis. zrdasruli tkipebi 0,2-0,4 mm-
s aRweven. feris mixedviT tkipebi SeiZleba iyos TeTri, moyviTalo,

129
momwvano-yviTeli da wiTel-narinjisferi. Seferva icvleba ara marto
tkipebis saxeobis mixedviT, aramed wlis drois, ganviTarebis stadiis,
mcenaris saxeobis (romelzec saxlobs) da sakvebis mixedviT.
tkipebi gamoyofen siTxes, romelic magrdeba haerze da iqmneba
ablabudis qseli. ablabudis qseli gamoiyeneba misive kvercxebis da
axalgamoCekili tkipebis dasafarad. am mavneblebis ganviTareba xdeba
Zlier swrafad. xelsayrel garemo pirobebSi, rogoric aris cxeli da
mSrali wlebi. tkipebis erTi Taobis srul cikls 15 dReze naklebi
sWirdeba. ase, rom weliwadSi igi mraval generacias iZleva, erT
mdedrobiT tkipas SeuZlian 10 dReSi 100-ze meti kvercxi dados.
saxeobis mixedviT tkipebi izamTreben an kvercxis saxiT, an mozrdili
individebis saxiT. mcire zomis da wonis gamo, mozrdili tkipebi advilad
gadaaqvs qars, rac xels uwyobs maT gavrcelebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom es
tkipebi ganicdian mwerebis Tavdasxmas (Wiamaia, baRlinjo da sxva). isini
didi raodenobiT Wamen tkipebs da amiT xels uSlian maT gamravlebas.
venaxSi ДДТ-s, paraTionis, diTio karbamatis, organul-gogirdovani
fungicidebis gamoyeneba anadgurebs ablabudisebri tkipebis bunebriv
mavneblebs da xels uwyobs maT gamravlebas.
brZolis RonisZiebebi. brZolis RonisZiebebi gaZnelebulia imiT, rom
vazis tkipebi Tavs afareben ablabudas, iZlevian mraval Taobas, erTsa da
imave periodSi foTolze aris kvercxi, gamoCekili mozardi tkipebi da
zrdasruli formebi. dedali tkipebis didi nayofiereba xels uwyobs im
kerebis swraf aRdgenas, sadac isini ganadgurebuli iyvnen.
tkipebis winaaRmdeg warmatebuli brZolisaTvis unda gamoviyenoT
iseTi preparatebi, romelTac Zlieri dasvelebis unari gaaCnia, raTa
kargad SeaRwios vazis bususebSi da tkipebis ablabudaSi. Sesxureba unda
moxdes maRali wneviT da qvemodan zemoT, raTa inseqticidma dafaros
foTlis qveda mxare. tkipebis winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli inseqticidebi da
maTi gamoyenebis dozebi mocemulia #1 cxrilSi.
vazis daavadebebi, maT winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli qimiuri saSualebebi
da teqnika
vazis ZiriTadi daavadebebia: Wraqi, nacari, ruxi sidample, romelTa
winaaRmdeg brZolis Catareba yovel wels aris aucilebeli. aris iseTi
daavadebebi, romlebic zogierT adgilas da zogierT wlebSi iCenen Tavs.
maT winaaRmdeg brZola tardeba gamovlenis mixedviT, magaliTad
anTraqnozi.
a) vazis Wraqi – es daavadeba gavrcelebulia saqarTvelos yvela
regionSi. azianebs vazis yvela mwvane nawils: foTols, axalgazrda
ylorts, yvavileds, pwkals da mwvane nayofs. daavadebis gavrcelebas xels
uwyobs teniani pirobebi, xSiri wvimebi, nami da sxva. daavadeba
gamovlindeba foTolze moyviTalo laqebis saxiT. foTlis qveda mxareze
ki Cndeba TeTri fifqi, romlidanac sporebi gadaiTeseba sxva organoebze
da mcenareebze. daavadebis gavrcelebam SeiZleba mTlianad (100%-iT)
gaanadguros mosavali (suraTi# 1).
Wraqis winaaRmdeg brZolis RonisZiebebi da teqnikuri saSualebebi:
vazis Wraqis winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneba preparatebi: iterali, klipi,
ridomilgoldi, qvadrizi, kurzati, sistemuri preparati - akrobati,
spilenZis orJangi da sxva. preparatebis SerCeva SeiZleba Semomtan
kompaniebTan SeTanxmebiT.

130
 venaxSi qimiuri brZolis RonisZiebebis Casatareblad gamoiyeneba `on-
400-5” Semsxurebuli ikideba `t-54-3” traqtorze. aparatis mwarmoebloba 5-7
ha/sT-Si.
`on-400” Semsxurebuli ikideba `t-54 a” an `t-54-3” traqtorze. misi
mwarmoebloba 4,8 ha/sT-Si.
`omb-400” Semsxurebuli ikideba `t-54” an `belorusis” yvela
modifikaciis traqtorze. misi mwarmoebloba 2,2 ha/sT-Si.
Semfrqvevi universaluri preparati `oSu-50a” agregatdeba traqtorze `t-
25”, `t-54” mwarmoebloba 5 ha/sT-Si.
arsebobs ucxouri Tanamedrove meqanizmebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi
SemoaqvT Sesabamis kompaniebs.

WraqiT daavadeba yvavilobis fazaSi Wraqi foTolze

Wraqis laqebi Wraqisagan

nekrozirebuli foToli
suraTi #1

b) vazis nacari farTod gavrcelebuli sokovani daavadebaa. igi erT-

erTi yvelaze meti zaralis momtani sokovani daavadebaa, radgan iwvevs
mosavlis did danakargs, auaresebs produqciis xarisxs, azianebs vazis
miwiszeda nawilebs. daavadebis pirveli niSnebi Cndeba gazafxulze (maisSi),
magram masobrivi gavrceleba da dazianeba xdeba maSin, roca haeris
temperatura miaRwevs 20-250-s, xolo tenianoba 60-80%-is farglebSia.
foTlis zedapirze Cndeba TeTri-moruxo laqebi, Semdeg laqebi erTdeba da
moicavs mTel foTols. daavadebuli foTlebi exveva da TandaTanobiT
xmeba. axalgazrda ylortebi nela izrdeba, ar mwifdeba, dazianebuli
yvavilebi da butonebi ifareba fqvilisebri fifqiT da cviva. daavadebis
Semdeg marcvlebi aRar viTardeba da xmeba. daavadeba vrceldeba mTeli
vegetaciis periodSi (suraTi #2).

131
 vazis nacriT daavadebuli mtevnebi

vazis nacriT daavadebuli foTlebi

suraTi #2

brZolis RonisZiebebi: vazis nacris winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneba dafquli

gogirdis Sefrqveva (20-205 kg heqtarze) an 1%-iani koloiduri gogirdis
Sesxureba 4-5 foTliani ylortebis fazaSi anu yvavilobis win da
yvavilobis damTavrebisTanave. sxva fungicidebidan gamoiyeneba karatani,
bailetoni, olimpi, Tiovitjeti. amJamad saqarTveloSi Semodis TiToeuli
daavadebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolveli aTobiT axali Tanamedrove preparati.
gamoyenebis instruqcia Tan axlavs preparats da saWiroa misi kargad
gacnoba.
Sesasxurebeli da Sesafrqvevi manqana-iaraRebi - igivea, rac Wraqis
SemTxvevaSi.
ruxi sidample – erT-erTi Zlier gavrcelebuli da saSiSi daavadebaa.
vazis buCqze ruxi sidample azianebs yvela mwvane nawils. dazianebuli
foTlebi yviTldeba, mtevnebze Cndeba ruxi laqebi, romlebic iwvevs
marcvlis kanis daskdomas da lpobas. masobrivi gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi
mas Zlieri zianis motana SeuZlia (suraTi #3).

132
 suraTi #3 ruxi sidample

brZolis RonisZiebebi: gamoiyeneba bailetoni, mikali, sumipleqsi,

tompsini, euparini da sxva. Sesxurebis vadebi unda dadgindes adgilze
daavadebis gamovlenis mixedviT da unda Sewydes krefamde 30 dRiT adre.
Sesasxurebeli manqana-iaraRebi - igivea, rac Wraqis SemTxvevaSi.
winaswar unda dadgindes gamoyenebuli preparatis Serevis unari sxva
preparatebTan.
garda zemoT CamoTvlili daavadebebisa, zogierT wlebSi Tavs iCens
iseTi sokovani daavadeba rogoric aris anTraqnozi da Savi sidample (sur.
#4 da #5). anTraqnozi azianebs rogorc nayofs ise foTolsa da rqas.
brZolis RonisZiebebi iseTivea rogorc Wraqis winaaRmdeg.

suraTi #4 anTraqnozis simptomebi vazis organoebze

133
suraTi #5 Savi sidamplis simptomebi vazis organoebze

vazis virusuli daavadebebi

msoflioSi Zlier gavrcelebulia vazis virusuli daavadeba,
romelsac pirsis daavadeba Searqves. garda amisa, cnobilia iseTi
virusuli daavadebebi, rogoric aris: mokle muxlTSorisobis gamomwvevi,
yviTeli mozaika, ZarRvebis siyviTle, foTlebis sixuWuWe, varskvlavuri
mozaika da sxva. virusebi TandaTan asusteben vazis buCqs, amcireben
mosavals, auareseben xarisxs da amcireben buCqis sicocxlis
xangrZlivobas. muxlTSorisis simoklisa da yviTeli mozaikis gamomwvevi
virusebi saxldebian niadagSi da amitom ramdenime wels niadagi
gamouyenebelia venaxisaTvis. gamonaklisia pirsis daavadeba, romlis
gadatana xdeba mwerebiT.
vazis virusuli daavadebebi umetesad vrceldeba mynobis Sedegad,
virusebTan brZolis meTodebia sargavi masalis mkacri SerCeva. venaxSi
kvirtis aWra unda moxdes winaswar moniSnuli saRi Zirebidan, raTa kvirti
ar aiWras virusebiT dazianebuli vazidan. buCqebi unda Semowmdes
yvavilobis win, roca daavadebis niSnebi kargad etyoba da yurZnis krefis
win, roca SeiZleba Sefasdes mosavlis raodenoba da nazardis siWrele. am
virusis Semcvelobaze unda Semowmdes saZireTa sadedes vazebi iseve,
rogorc sakvirte vazis sadede. mTel rig qveynebSi SemoRebulia namyeni
nergis warmoebis serTifikacia, rac gulisxmobs, uviruso sargavi
masalebis garantirebul warmoebas.
virusul daavadebebs miekuTvneba: pirsis daavadeba, mokle
muxlTSorisianoba, foTlebis yviTeli mozaika, foTlebis daxveva,
ZarRvebis siyviTle, ZarRvebis arSianoba, varskvlavisebri mozaika.
pirsis daavadeba – es daavadeba naklebad vrceldeba rqebiT, radgan
daavadebuli rqebi saerTod ar fesviandeba. magram daavadebis gadatana
SeuZlia rqebs mynobis Sedegad maSinac ki, roca namyeni ar ixarebs. pirsis
daavadebis niSnebia - foTlebis gaxmoba da sidamwvre, Tumca foToli
mwvane rCeba, nawili misi xmeba da yavisfers iRebs. aseve emarTeba
marcvlebs.
rqa mwifdeba araTanabrad. maTze rCeba mwvane laqebi. miwis zeda
nawilebis daTrgunva iwvevs miwisqveda nawilebis daTrgunvas.
mokle muxlTSorisianoba _ vrceldeba rqebiT da kvirtebiT
daavadebuli vazisagan sargavi masalis warmoebs dros. am daavadebis
ZiriTadi niSnebia: ylortebis zrdis naadrevi SeCereba, ylortebis da
foTlebis deformacia, yvaviledebis Sexmoba da buCqis zrdis Sesusteba.
vegetaciis Sua periodidan foTlebi wvrilia. mTavari ZarRvis gaswvriv
ixreba da navis formas iRebs. bevri foToli asimetriuli xdeba. zog

134
SemTxvevaSi viTardeba foTlis winwklianoba firfitaze da warmoiqmneba
sxvadasxva formis Ria-mwvane laqebi, xolo foToli emsgavseba maraos.
daavadeba gadaaqvs nematodebs. amitom am daavadebian venaxSi vazis
amoZirkvis Semdegac ki ramodenime wels venaxs ar aSeneben.
foTlebis yviTeli mozaika. yviTel mozaikas iwvevs virusi, romelic
advilad gadaecema daavadebuli buCqebidan mynobis gziT.
daavadebuli sargavi masala - saZire, sanamyene da rqebi daavadebis
ZiriTadi gadamtania. virusi inaxeba niadagSi. infeqcia rCeba niadagSi
darCenil fesvebSi venaxis aRebis Semdegac.
daavadebis niSnebia: yviTeli rqebi (yviTldeba ara marto foToli,
aramed yvaviledi da mtevnis klertic), yvavileds axasiaTebs cvena, amitom
mosavali Zlier mcirdeba.
ZarRvis arSiuloba – meore daavadeba, romelic gamowveulia niadagis
virusiT, iwvevs ZarRvebis gaswvriv Ria-mwvane an yviTel arSiebs. es niSnebi
Cndeba zafxulis meore naxevarSi da ufro SesamCnevi xdeba Semodgomis
dasawyisSi.
foTlis daxveva - es daavadeba xasiaTdeba foTlis napirebis dabla
daxriT da daxveviT, Sefervis gauaresebiT da rTvelis dros Saqrianobis
SemcirebiT. virusi vrceldeba mynobis warmoebis procesSi, daavadebuli
vazi nakleb Saqars agrovebs da wvenic naklebad Seferilia.
ZarRvebis siyviTle - es virusic gadadis mynobis gziT. sxva gzebi
gamovlenili ar aris, foTlis siyviTlec sxvadasxvagvarad vlindeba -
foTlis firfitis yviTeli dawinwkvlidan kargad gasarCev yviTel
arSiamde ZarRvebis gaswvriv.
varskvlavisebri mozaika _ esec vrceldeba mynobiT. foTols uCndeba
wvrili, gamWvirvale ZarRvebi, romlebic SeerTebisas xSirad gadadian
varskvlavisebr laqaSi. daavadebuli buCqebis zrda sustdeba da isini
iZlevian dabal mosavals.
yvela saxis virusis winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneba erTi meTodi – uviruso
sargavi masalis warmoeba, rac miiRweva rqebis Termuli damuSavebis gziT
ylortebis zrdis wertilSi, meristemuli ujredebis qsovilis kulturis
(invitro) meTodebiT virusebisgan Tavisufali sakvirte da sanamyene elituri
masalis warmoebiT.

vazis integrirebuli dacvis sistema

es sistema warmoadgens vazis mavne organizmebis winaaRmdeg brZolis

yvela arsebuli meTodis racionalur SeTanxmebas (agroteqnikuri,
bioqimiuri, seleqciur-genetikuri, qimiuri) konkretul agrobiocenozSi.
sistema iTvaliswinebs mavne organizmebis saxeobebis ara mTlian
ganadgurebas, aramed Tanamedrove brZolis meTodebis gonivrul Serwymas
ise, rom xangrZlivi droiT iqnes SeCerebuli mavneblebisa da daavadebebis
moqmedeba - garkveul doneze, vazis da garemos (niadagi, sasargeblo fauna,
flora da adamiani) mimarT minimaluri uaryofiTi SedegebiT.
vazi ziandeba sokovani daavadebebiT, mavneblebiT da virusebiT,
agreTve baqteriebiT. integrirebul dacvis sistemaSi SeerTebulia Semdegi
meTodebi:
1) fitosanitaruli kontroli calkeuli mcenareebis daavadebis kerebis
gamovlenis mizniT, raodenobriobis gansazRvra da nawilobriv brZolis
qimiuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba;

135
2) fitosanitaruli seleqcia, iTvaliswinebs sargavi masalis gajansaRebas
iseTi nargaobis Seqmnis mizniT, romelic Tavisufali iqneba qronikuli
daavadebebisagan (virusuli daavadebebi, baqteriuli kibo da sxv.).
3) seleqciur-genetikuri samuSaoebi iTvaliswinebs gamZleobis meqanizmis
Seswavlas, gamZleobis memkvidreobiT gadacemis kanonzomierebis
gamovlenas, masalis imunologiur Sefasebas, donorebis gamovlenas da
seleqciis warmoebas mavnebel-daavadebaTa mimarT gamZle jiSebis
misaRebad.
4) brZolis biologiuri meTodebis gamoyeneba mavneblebisa da daavadebebis
winaaRmdeg, ekonomikurad efeqturi zRvrebis dadgena bunebriv pirobebSi,
akaro da entomofagebis arsebobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac saSualebas
mogvcems mTlianad an nawilobriv gamovricxoT qimiuri dacva da is
CavataroT mxolod calkeul ubnebze, sadac akaro da entomofagebi
naklebadaa, xolo paraziti organizmebi ki gavrcelebul zRvarze metia.
5) agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebi (sarevelebis mospoba, mwvane operaciebis
gamoyeneba, sayrdeni saSualebebis Tavis droze dayeneba, ylortebis
akvra da sxv.) rac xels uSlis mavnebel daavadebaTa gavrcelebas.
6) qimiuri brZolis RonisZiebebis racionaluri (mizanSewonili) gamoyeneba
gamoixateba axali, ufro efeqturi preparatebis gamoyenebaSi (sistemuri
da seleqciuri moqmedebis), mavne organizmebis kerobrivi SesxurebaSi,
jiSebis gamZleobis donis, ekologiuri da mikroklimaturi maCveneblebis
gamoyenebiT.

stresuli faqtorebi da mis winaaRmdeg brZolis RonisZiebebi

stresul faqtorebs ganekuTvneba: wayinvebi, yinva, setyva, gvalva,

Zlieri qarebi da sxva. arsebobs agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebi, romlebic
Seasustebs an Tavidan aicilebs am faqtorebis uaryofiT gavlenas.

sagazafxuli wayinvebi
vazis mwvane ylortebi da yvaviledebi SeiZleba daiRupon
gazafxulze _0,60C temperaturis dros. Tu wayinvebs win uZRoda Tbili
amindi da ylortebi izrdeboda swrafad, maSin temperaturis _1,10-mde
dacema anadgurebs mwvane nazards. Tu wayinvebi mohyva civ aminds, maSin _1,10
temperaturam SeiZleba umniSvnelod daazianos vazis mwvane nawilebi.
temperaturis daweva _3,30-iT, mokle drois ganmavlobaSi (ramdenime saaTiT),
iwvevs yvela mwvane ylortis daRupvas. _3,30 da _1,10 Soris temperaturis
dacemis dros, dazianebis xarisxs ganapirobebs drois xangrZlivoba,
ylortebis zrdis siCqare, vazis jiSi.
mosavlis Semcireba damokidebulia msxmoiare ylortebis
raodenobaze, romlebmac zrda daiwyes wayinvebis periodSi da jiSis
msxmoiarobis Taviseburebebze.
pirvelad iwyeben gaSlas maRla, kenweroSi arsebuli kvirtebi. dabla
mdebare kvirtebi ki gvian an sul ar iSlebian. gvian gasxluli buCqebis
kvirtebi gvian iwyeben zrdas, amitom isini naklebad an sul ar ziandebian.
gvian wayinvebs ufro didi ziani moaqvs, vidre adreul wayinvebs,
radgan gviani wayinvebis dros yvela kvirti gamosulia da ylorti aqtiur
zrdaSia. vazis jiSuri Tavisebureba mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs wayinvebis
Sedegebs. vazis is jiSebi, romlebsac kargi msxmoiaroba axasiaTebs ara
marto ZiriTad kvirtebze, aramed Semcvlel da mZinare kvirtebzec ki -

136
sagazafxulo wayinvebis dros mainc iZlevian garkveuli donis mosavals,
xolo is jiSebi, romlebsac mosavlis Canasaxi marto ZiriTad kvirtebSi
aqvs moTavsebuli - sagazafxulo gviani wayinvebis dros mTlianad ziandeba
da venaxi umosavlod rCeba. qarTuli vazis jiSebs Soris Semcvleli da
mZinare kvirtebi mosavliani aqvs saferavs, Tavkvers, Cxavers da ojaleSs,
xolo ganjuri, buera da sxva mxolod ZiriTad kvirtebze msxmoiaroben,
ris gamoc sagazafxulo wayinvebiT Zlier ziandebian.
meteorologiuri sadgurebi iZlevian xolme wayinvebis prognozs.
venaxis wayinvebisagan dasacavad iyeneben safenebs, gaTbobas, dawvimebas an
zedapirul morwyvas, gvian gasxvlas da sxva.
gaTbobis sistema, romelic emyareba saTbilarebis sistemis awyobas,
metad Zviri Rirebulebisaa da saqarTveloSi misi gamoyeneba ar aris
praqtikulad danergili, xolo naxmari rezinis saburavis an venaxis
anarCenebis dawva da farTobis daboleba ufro iafi da miRebulia.
mosalodneli wayinvis Rames venaxis morwyva uzrunvelyofs buCqebis
dacvas wayinvebisagan. wyali gamoyofs siTbos gacivebis dros, rac
amcirebs wayinvebis uaryofiT Sedegebs. evropis qveynebSi ufro xSirad
gamoiyeneba dawvimebiT morwyva, rac icavs venaxs wayinvebisagan, radgan
rogorc ukve iTqva wyali gacivebis dros gamoyofs siTbos.
Zlier nagvianevi sxvla agvianebs datovebul rqebze kvirtebis gaSlas
7-10 dRiT. amitom wayinvebis winaaRmdeg xSirad iyeneben ormag sxvlas, rac
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adre gazafxulze rqebs sxlaven 50 sm-iT ufro
grZlad, vidre saWiroa da droebiT vertikalurad akraven. roca wveris
ylortebi 5-6 sm-is simaRles miaRwevs, rqas aWrian zedmetad datovebul
sigrZes da akraven horizontalurad.
saqarTveloSi sagazafxulo wayinvebi arc ise xSiria, magram
garkveul wlebSi sakmaod didi zarali moaqvs. wayinvebis mizezi xdeba
CrdiloeTidan haeris civi masebis SemoWra, romelic avsebs dabal
adgilebs, qvabulebs da iwvevs temperaturis dawevas _1-dan _40-mde.
wayinvebisagan dazianebuli vazis movla gulisxmobs: Tu
wayinvebisagan dazianebulia ylortis wvero da yvaviledi dauzianebelia -
unda SevacaloT dazianebuli rqis nawili. ylorti ganiviTarebs axal
zrdis wertils namxaris kvirtebis saSualebiT da uzrunvelyofs mosavlis
formirebas. Tu saqme gvaqvs vazis jiSebTan, romlebic msxmoiaroben ara
marto ZiriTad kvirtze, aramed Semcvlel kvirtebzec, maSin dazianebuli
ZiriTadi ylorti mTlianad unda SevacaloT da saSualeba mivceT
Semcvlel kvirtebs, raTa ganviTardnen da gamoavlinon TavianTi
msxmoiarobis potenciuri SesaZlebloba.
Tu dazianebulia ZiriTadi da Semcvleli kvirtebi, maSin xeli unda
SevuwyoT Stambze arsebuli mZinare kvirtebis gaRivebas da maT sasxlav
elementebad formirebas momavali wlisTvis. amitom, unda SevarCioT
saukeTeso mdebareobis ylortebi da movaxdinoT maTi formireba sasxlav
rgolebad, xolo zedmeti amonayrebi unda Seecalos.
yinvebiT dazianeba. saqarTveloSi zamTris yinvebiT dazianeba sakmaod
iSviaTia. ruseTSi, ukrainis zogierT regionebSi yinvebisagan vazis
dasacavad mimarTaven vazis mcenaris miwaSi mimarxvas. Cvens pirobebSi,
vazis zamTris yinvebiT dazianeba xdeba, roca yinva _150-ze dabla iwevs.
saqarTveloSi, mevenaxeobis klasikur regionebSi, yinvebis albaToba
Zlier mcirea. dafiqsirebulia zamTris yinvebis SemTxvevebi ara marto
kaxeTis da qarTlis regionebSi, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos

137
subtropikul zonaSi. rogorc wesi _150-ze dabla temperaturis dacema
iwvevs mozamTre kvirtebis srul ganadgurebas da Stambis mTlian an
nawilobriv moyinvas. Tu Stambi gadarCenilia, vazs eWreba erTwliani
nazardi da Stambidan gamotanili ylortebis normireba xdeba, raTa maTgan
sasxlavi elementebi iqnes formirebuli. zogierT SemTxvevaSi miwiszeda
nawilebi mTlianad iyineba. am dros unda gamoviyenoT saZiridan amonayrebi
da venaxis aRsadgenad unda gadavamynoT SerCeuli jiSiT.
setyviT dazianeba. saqarTveloSi setyvis saSiSroeba da garkveuli
sixSire arsebobs kaxeTsa da qarTlSi. dafiqsirebulia sakmaod Zlieri
setyva dasavleT saqarTvelos calkeul regionebSi. setyvis faqtorisa da
misgan gamowveuli zaralis sakompensaciod mTeli rigi RonisZiebebia
gaTvaliswinebuli.
sagazafxulo Zlier setyvas SeuZlia gaafuWos mTeli mosavali,
mospos foTlebi da amiT mniSvnelovnad Seamciros mosavlis raodenoba.
setyvis mier gamowveuli zarali damokidebulia setyvis siZliereze da
misi mosvlis droze. setyvis sawinaaRmdego brZolis efeqturi RonisZiebebi
jerjerobiT SemuSavebuli ar aris. saqarTveloSi mebaReobis, mevenaveobisa
da meRvineobis s/k institutis TanamSromelTa mier SemuSavebul iqna
brZolis RonisZieba, romelic SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: Rrublebis Tbil
nawilSi gaifrqveva marili (NaCl), romliTac cdiloben xelovnurad
gamoiwvion Txevadi naleqebi da ar miscen Tbil wveTebs saSualeba
gadainacvlon Rrublis civ nawilSi, amiT unda Seamciron setyvis
marcvlis zrdis SesaZlebloba. amave mizniT xdeba RrubelSi tyviis
iodidis (PeI2) gafrqveva specialuri daniSnulebis raketa `gradis”
saSualebiT. am RonisZiebebma gamoiwvia garemos dabinZureba tyviis
marilebiT, rac janmrTelobisTvis saziano aRmoCnda.
kaxeTis regionebSi gamoicada meore efeqturi RonisZieba, romelic
iTvaliswinebs venaxebis setyvis sawinaaRmdego badeebiT gadafarvas. es
RonisZieba sakmaod ZviradRirebulia da amitom misi danergva gaZnelebulia,
Tumca mizanSewonilia sistemis srulyofaze kvleva kvlav gagrZeldes.
dasetyvili vazis movla. dasetyvisagan gamowveuli zarali ori
faqtoriT ganisazRvreba: setyvis siZliere da dasetyvis dro. aqedan
gamomdinare, ganisazRvreba is RonisZiebebi, romlebiTac SenarCunebuli
iqneba setyvas gadarCenili mosavali da samomavlo sasxlavi rgolebi.
1. setyvis Semdeg uaxles periodSi unda Catardes dazianebuli rqebisa da
foTlebis Secla.
2. unda Catardes Wraqisa da nacris winaaRmdeg qimiuri brZolis
RonisZiebebi.
3. Tu vazi yvavilobamde daisetyva ise, rom mwvane masa ar SerCa, gasxvlis
mizani iqneba samomavlod kargi mosavlis da nazardis miReba. am
SemTxvevaSi vazis sanayofe rqebi unda Semokldes 2-3 kvirtze. es
gamoiwvevs mZinare kvirtebis ganviTarebas da sagaiso saforme
elementebis Camoyalibebas. mZinare kvirtebidan gamotanil ylortebSi
momavali wlis mosavali normalurad Caisaxeba.
4. yvavilobis dasasrulidan, an mis Semdeg, vazis Zlieri dasetyvis
SemTxvevaSi, sanayofe rqebi mokldeba 2-3 kvirtze, xolo masze
ganviTarebul mwvane ylortebs, zeda yvavilebis zemoT, etoveba erTi
muxli, anarCeni ki eWreba. es xels uwyobs momavali saforme elementebis
gamozrdas.

138
5. SedarebiT naklebi dazianebisas, roca vazs SerCenili aqvs foTlebi,
ylortebi mTlianad ar aris dabegvili da fuZis kvirtebic
gadarCenilia, maSin samamuleze da sanayofeze yvela dazianebuli
ylorti gaisxvleba 3-4 muxlze, rac uzrunvelyofs zeda muxlze
namxaris ganviTarebas da momavali wlis saforme elementebis
formirebas. am SemTxvevaSi sxva rqebi xeluxlebeli rCeba.
dasetyvil vazs axasiaTebs mZinare kvirtebidan mravali amonayari
ylortis ganviTareba, amitom saWiroa 2-3 furCqnis Catareba. dasetyvil
venaxSi unda Catardes mavnebel-daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg intensiuri brZolis
RonisZiebebi.
sxva stresul faqtorebs Soris aRsaniSnavia haeris maRali
temperaturiT gamowveuli sidamwvre, rac vazis ylortebsa da zogjer
mtevnebs an yvaviledebs emuqreba. es movlenebi saqarTveloSi ar aris ise
xSiri da masStaburi, rogorc kaliforniaSi, avstraliaSi an Sua aziaSi.
amitom mas farTod ar ganvixilavT.

saprezentacio Temebi:

1. mavnebel-daavadebebi da maTi integrirebuli dacvis RonisZiebebi

2. mcenareTa dacvis meqanikuri, biologiuri da qimiuri meTodebis
arsi
3. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli vazis daavadebebi da mavneblebi
5. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli vazis virusuli daavadebebi

Tavi 10. samuSaoebis meqanizacia venaxebSi

venaxebSi gamoyenebuli manqana-iaraRebi da xelsawyoebi

vazis movla sxva kulturebTan SedarebiT gamoirCeva agroteqno-

logiur RonisZiebaTa simravliT da maTi Sesrulebis sirTuliT. es imiT
aixsneba, rom mevenaxeobaSi, garda Cveulebrivi agroteqnikuri
RonisZiebebisa (niadagis damuSaveba, sasuqebis Setana da mosavlis aReba),
sruldeba iseTi mniSvnelovani da aucilebeli operaciebi, rogoric aris:
rigTaSorisebis Rrma gafxviereba plantaJis gasaaxleblad, yinvasaSiS
zonebSi vazis mimarxva, vazis gaxsna gazafxulze da a. S.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs agroRonisZiebebs vazis buCqis mosavlelad:
sxvla, Seyelva, mwvane operaciebi, rac gulisxmobs vazis zrda-ganviTarebis
marTvas da mosavlianobis zrdisTvis optimaluri pirobebis Seqmnas.
mavnebel-daavadebaTagan mosavlis dacvisa da yurZnis xarisxis
asamaRleblad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs venaxis damuSavebas
pesticidebiT.
aranakleb rTuli da Sromatevadia axali venaxis gaSeneba. sirTule
matulobs, Tu venaxi Sendeba ferdobebze. aseve did danaxarjebs moiTxovs
namyeni nergis warmoeba. venaxis gaSenebidan mosavlis aRebiT damTavrebuli,

139
aucilebeli xdeba 60 sxvadasxva operaciis warmoeba. garda amisa, namyeni
nergis warmoebisaTvis saWiroa Sesruldes kidev 40 saxis samuSao. es
rTuli teqnologia iyofa oTx sawarmoo procesad: sargavi masalis
warmoeba, axali venaxis gaSeneba, msxmoiare venaxis movla, mosavlis aReba
(rTveli), romelSic Sedis trasportirebis, sasaqonlo damuSavebis da
yurZnis realizaciis samuSaoebi.
ramodenime ZiriTadi da damxmare, urTierTdakavSirebuli
teqnologiuri procesis gaerTianeba saSualebas iZleva ufro swored
SevarCioT manqanaTa kompleqsi da uzrunvelvyoT maTi nakaduri muSaoba.
mevenaxeobis samuSaoTa saerTo klasifikaciis mixedviT, ganvixilavT maTi
meqanizaciis arsebul saSualebebs, radgan meqanizacia calke specialobaa
da moiTxovs specialur ganaTlebas. aq Cven ganvixilavT mevenaxeobaSi
gamoyenebul manqana-iaraRebs da agroteqnikuri moTxovnilebis safuZvlebs.
Sesasrulebeli samuSaos mixedviT mevenaxeobaSi gamoyenebuli manqana-
iaraRebi Semdegnairad jgufdeba:
1. venaxis gasaSenebli farTobis mosamzadebeli manqana-iaraRebi;
2. vazis sargavi manqanebi;
3. Spaleruli sayrdenis momwyobi manqanebi;
4. manqanebi da mowyobiloba sasuqebis Sesatanad da mcenaris
gamosakvebad;
5. manqanebi vazebis sasxlavad da anasxlavis gamosatanad;
6. manqanebi pesticidebis Sesatanad venaxSi;
7. mosavlis asaRebi manqanebi.
axali venaxis gaSenebis teqnologia iTvaliswinebs: farTobis momzadebas
xvnisTvis, plantaJis Catarebasa da mis mosworebas, farTobis dayofas
nakveTebad, kvartlebad da Targebad, nergis dargvis adgilis moniSvnas,
nergis dargvas, Spaleris mowyobas da axalSeni venaxis movlas. am TavSi
ganxiluli iqneba Casatarebeli samuSaoebis meqanizaciis saSualebebi.

savenaxe farTobis momzadebis meqanizacia

buCqnaris da xeebis amoZirkva, maTi gakafva sasurvelia moxdes
plantaJis Catarebamde 1-2 wliT adre. amoZirkvis dros farTobi aseve unda
gaTavisufldes fesvebisganac, gansakuTrebiT fesvis amonayaris momcemi xis
saxeobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (akacia, alubali, askili). isini
xangrZlivi drois manZilze iviTareben amonayars, rac xels uSlis
darguli vazis ganviTarebas.
fesvebis sruli ganadgureba SeiZleba Sesabamisi pesticidebis
(arboricidebis) SesxurebiT, amoZirkvamde 1-2 TviT adre. Zveli vazebis
amosaZirkvad gamoiyeneba agregatuli ДТ-5АА traqtori ПРВН-2,5 manqaniT,
romelic Rrmad gafxvierebis sqemiT ewyoba. farTobi unda gaiwmindos didi
qvenisagan ara marto zedapirulad arsebuli, aramed 60-80 sm-ze, e.i.
saplantaJo siRrmeze. amisaTvis iyeneben Rrma gamafxvierebel agregats.
farTobis winaswari Rrma gafxviereba aadvilebs plantaJis warmoebas.
fesvebis, qvebis da wvrili buCqnaris akrefva SeiZleba Rrmad
gamafxviereblebiT, xolo msxvili xeebisa da qvebis - amomZirkvavi–Semkrebi
manqanebiT an buldozerebiT.
arasarwyav zonebSi savenaxed farTobis momzadebis dros Wrian
borcvebs, avseben Txrilebs, xevebs, ormoebs, romlebic arTuleben

140
teqnologiis gamoyenebas da Seicaven eroziul safrTxes. samuSaoebi
tardeba buldozeriT da skreperebiT.
sarwyav raionebSi saWiroa Catardes zedapiris ufro zusti
mosworeba adgilis topografiuli agegmvis gamoyenebiT. farTobis
mosworeba am SeTxvevaSi or etapad sruldeba. pirveli gulisxmobs msxvili
uswor-masworobis aRmofxvras, rac win uswrebs plantaJs. meore mosworeba
keTdeba plantaJis Semdeg, morwyvis win farTobze SeaqvT organuli da
mineraluri sasuqebi, am samuSaoebis Casatareblad gamoiyeneba Semdegi
manqana iaraRebi:
buCqebis sakafi agregati. es aris misabmeli mowyobiloba, romelic
ekideba muxluxebian traqtorze, romlis modebis gani aris 3,6-2,8 metri,
saSualo mwarmoebloba 0,5-0,3 heqtari saaTSi.
amomZirkvavi-Semkrebi da amomZirkvavi manqanebis daniSnulebaa
farTobis gawmenda waqceuli xeebisa da qvebisagan buCqsakafis muSaobis
Semdeg. amave dros xdeba fesvebis amoyra da calkeuli msxvili xeebis
amoZirkva. amomZirkvavi warmoadgens Sesacvlel samuSao organos, romelic
ekideba muxluxian traqtors.
traqtori amomZirkvav organos miabjens amosaZirkv xes da moryevis
wesiT amoaZrobs miwidan, Semdeg ki miitans Segrovebis adgilze da iwyebs
axlis amoZirkvas.
gamafxviereblebi. gamafxviereblebis daniSnulebaa mZime Tixnari da
qviani niadagebis winasaplantaJo damuSaveba. gamafxvierebeli - P-80
mosabmelia, kargad afxvierebs fenas 80 sm-is siRrmeze da zedapirze
amoaqvs msxvili qvebi da fesvebi. arsebobs sakidi gamafxviereblebi - PH-80,
romelic traqtor T-100-Tan qmnis agregats.
qvis amkrefi manqanebi gamoiyeneba farTobis zedapiris qvebisgan
gasaTavisufleblad. es manqanebi uzurnvelyofen qvis gadatanas nakveTidan
300 metrze. agregirdeba Tvlian da muxlian traqtorze. arsebobs mravali
saxis qvis amkrefi manqanebi.
buldozeri gamoiyeneba gruntis fenis aWrisa da 100 metramde
manZilze horizontalurad gadaadgilebisaTvis, borcvebis moWris,
Txrilebis da ormoebis amovsebis, aseve farTobis mosworebis mizniT da
farTobis momzadebis dros saplantaJo xvnis Casatareblad.

savenaxe farTobis niadagis dasamuSavebeli manqana-iaraRebi

plantaJis Casatareblad gamoiyeneba guTnebi ПП-50пг, ППУ-50А da ППН-
50. es guTnebi agregirdeba traqtorebTan T-100 M, T-100 MГС. gaZlierebuli
guTnis (ППУ-50А) daniSnulebaa plantaJis Catareba mravalwliani
nargaobebisTvis mZime niadaguri pirobebis dros.
saplantaJe guTnebis mwarmoebloba aris 0,14-0,16 heqtari saaTSi.
niadagis mosworebisaTvis gamoiyeneba momsworebel–damgegmavi ПР-5В
agregati, romlis daniSnulebaa zedapiris mosworeba da amave dros
farcxvis Catareba. is agregirdeba traqtor ДТ-54 an T-74-Tan. arsebobs
misabmeli gamasworebeli П-28, romelic asworebs sarwyav miwebs, misi
sigrZea 12 m.
misabmeli, grZelfuZiani gamasworebeli ПC-2,75 M asworebs sarwyav
miwebs, gamoiyeneba gzebis plantaJirebis, sarwyavi arxebis da mravalwliani
kulturebis gasaSeneblad farTobis dagegmvisaTvis.

141
 avtomaturi mgegmavi ПA-3 (misabmeli) sxvebisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom
mas aqvs 4-seqciani CarCo, romliTac miiRweva maqsimaluri sizuste miwis
mosworebis dros.
mwarmoebloba miwis momsworebeli agregatebisa aris - 3-4-dan 1,22
heqtramde saaTSi.

sasuqebis gamozidva da gafantva

nakelis CasatvirTad misabmelSi ukeTesia gamoviyenoT mtvirTavi ПБ-
35. nakelis mofantvis dros unda gamoviyenoT saqcevisebri an maqosebri
moZraoba, raTa naklebi iyos Tavisufali svla. nakelis grovebi ise unda
ganawildes gasanoyierebel nakveTSi, rom traqtors rac SeiZleba naklebi
carieli svla mouwios. rac metia saqcevis sigrZe, miT ufro axlo-axlo
iqneba nakelis grovebi, saidanac nakelis momfantveli itvirTeba.
mizanSewonilia erT traqtorze miemagros sasuqis ori gamfantavi. sanam
erTi gamfantavi sasuqs fantavs, amasobaSi meore itvirTeba. amis gamo
traqtoris uqmi svla an mocdena minimumamdea dayvanili. erT cvlaSi
nakelis momfantvelis mwarmoebloba unda SeuTanxmdes plantaJis
mwarmoebel agregats, raTa mofantuli sasuqi imave dRes Caixnas.
organul-mineraluri sasuqebis nazavis Setanis dros mizanSewonilia
gamoviyenoT mtvirTav–Semrevi agregati (СПУ-40 м tipis) an sxva firmebis
warmoebuli misi analogi.

plantaJi da niadagis mosworeba

plantaJis Taviseburebaa mikroreliefis nawilobriv Secvla. plantaJis
Semdgom warmoiqmneba beltebis nazurgi, zogan naRari, mosabrunebel
zolze ki - Rrmulebi, romlebic arTulebs da aZvirebs niadagis
mosworebis xarjebs. zurgebis warmoqmna SesaZlebelia Tavidan aviciloT,
Tu xvna iwarmoebs erTi mimarTulebiT, e. i. traqtori kvalis gatanis
Semdeg dabrundeba carieli svliT.
muSaobis dawyebis win saxnavi farTobi unda daiyos saqcevebad, gatardes
pirveli kvalis gasatarebeli xazebi, radgan agregatis muSaoba winaswari
dagegmarebis gareSe migviyvans xarvezebis da mosabrunebel adgilebSi
soliseburad daumuSavebeli farTobis darCenamde, romlis gamosworebas
bevri dro dasWirdeba.
saqcevebis ricxvi unda iyos minimaluri. rac ufro metia saqcevebis
raodenoba, miT ufro meti warmoiqmneba nazurgebi da Rarebi, romlebic
saWiroeben mosworebas. saqcevis sigane unda iyos aranakleb 100 m. mTian
reliefSi yovelTvis ver xerxdeba sakmao siganis saqcevis gamoyofa. am
dros farTobi unda iyos reliefis pirobebidan gamomdinare da dacul
iqnes xvnis eroziasawinaaRmdego wesebi.
saxnavi agregati unda dakompleqtdes mZime, kbilebiani farcxiT. es
nawilobriv Tavidan agvacilebs msxvilbeltianobas da zurgis warmoqmnas.

vazis rgvis meqanizacia

sargavad gamoiyeneba xelis hidroburRebis agregati. hidroburRebi
niadags xvreten wylis WavliT, romelic wneviT miewodeba rezervuaridan.
wylis WavliT gakeTebul ormoSi xeliT irgveba vazis nergi, Semdeg
ukeTdeba kokolebi. hidroburRiT vazis rgva zrdis gaxarebis procents da
xeliT ormoebSi rgvis meTodTan SedarebiT 7-8-jer ufro iafia.

142
 arsebobs meqanikuri hidroburRebi, romlebic konstruqciulad ar
gansxvavdeba xelis hidroburRebisgan.

Spaleris gamarTvis meqanizacia

A arsebobs mowyobiloba, romelic miemagreba saTanado simZlavris
traqtors da moZraobs axalSeni venaxis vazebis Tavze (suraTi #1). igi
moniSnul adgilze asobs cementis sarebs. meore tipis mowyobiloba sarebs
asobs erTdroulad or mwkrivSi. saris adgili winaswar moniSnulia,
agregats miewodeba sarebi, romlebic saTanado zewoliT efloba niadagSi,
gansazRvrul siRrmeze. sxvadasxva markis manqanebis boZebis Casmis
mwarmoebloba 90-dan 183 cals Seadgens saaTSi.
arsebobs venaxis mavTulis gamSleli agregatebi. am manqana-
agregatebis mwarmoebloba 0,25 heqtaria saaTSi.

suraTi#1. venaxis boZebis Casasmeli

venaxis movlis meqanizacia

agroRonisZiebani, romlebic tardeba mosavlian venaxSi SeiZleba
daiyos sam jgufad: pirvel jgufs ekuTvnis agroRonisZiebebi, romlebic
qmnian mcenaris niadaguri kvebis pirobebs: niadagis damuSaveba, sasuqebis
Setana, morwyva.
meore jgufis agroRonisZiebebi moqmedeben uSualod mcenareze da
marTaven mis zrda-ganviTarebas. es aris formireba, sxvla, akonva,
ylortebis danormeba, wverebis wawyveta, cis gaxsna da sxva. mesame jgufi
agroRonisZiebebisa aris venaxis qimiuri damuSaveba, yinvebisa da
wayinvebisagan dacva.

venaxis niadagis dasamuSavebeli manqanebi

niadagis damuSavebis agroteqnikur RonisZiebebs asruleben niadagis
dammuSavebeli universaluri manqanebi. es manqanebi atareben xvnas

143
mwkrivTaSorisebSi nazurgad da naRarad. awarmoeben kultivacias. miwis
gafxvierebas – Cizelirebas. am manqanebs SeuZliaT Caataron vazebs Soris
niadagis damuSaveba, sasuqebis Setana, Rrma gafxviereba, plantaJis
ganaxleba, nergis amoTxra da sxva.

venaxSi sasuqebis Semtani manqanebi

venaxSi sasuqebis Setana erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi agroRonisZiebaa,
romelic xels uwyobs niadagis nayofierebis amaRlebas, vazis zrdas da
mosavlianobas (suraTi #2). sasuqebis efeqturi gamoyeneba vazis mier xdeba
misi 20-50 sm fenebSi Setanis dros.
sasuqebis didxans dasawyobebis dros, sasuqi qvavdeba da amitom
Setanis win saWiroebs gafxvierebas. amisaTvis arsebobs agregatebi,
romelic mineralur sasuqs afxvierebs. es agregatebi muSaoben, rogorc
traqtorze mierTebiT, ise denis saSualebiT. am tipis agregatebs SeuZliaT
6 tonamde sasuqis gafxviereba saaTSi.
arsebobs manqanebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT granulirebuli da fxvieri
sasuqis Setana niadagSi Rrmad gafxvierebis warmoebis dros an mcenaris
gamokvebis mizniT mwkrivTaSorisebis Cizelirebis dros.

2. sideratebis CasaTibi venaxSi

sarwyavi manqanebi
arsebobs venaxis savegetacio da wyaldamWeri rwyva. savegetacio
periodSi rwyva tardeba 2-3-jer, xolo Semodgomaze yurZnis krefis Semdeg
awarmoeben saSemodgomo rwyvas, rac gaTvaliswinebulia wylis maragis
Sesaqmnelad.
rwyvis Casatareblad sxvadasxva qveyana uSvebs manqana-iaraRebs.
manqanebis erTi jgufi akeTebs kvals wylis misaSvebad, rogorc msxmoiare
venaxSi, ise vazis sanergeSi, mwkrivTaSorisebis siganis mixedviT. es
mowyobiloba avlebs erT rigSi 1, 2, 3 kvals.
garda amisa, arsebobs dasawvimebeli aparatebi, romlebic gaisvrian
wylis Wavls da garkveuli radiusiT (75-150 m) rwyaven nargaobebs.

144
 venaxSi pesticidebis Semtani manqanebi
Tanamedrove etapze venaxis mavnebel-daavadebebisagan dacvis yvelaze
efeqturi saSualebaa qimiuri preparatebis Sefrqveva da Sesxureba (suraTi
#5-6). am samuSaoebis Casatareblad msoflioSi Seqmnilia mravali agregati.
arsebobs Semsxurebeli da Semfrqvevi manqanebi. garda amisa, sarevelebTan
brZolis qimiuri meTodebis gamosayeneblad arsebobs herbicidebis Semtani
satraqtoro da zurgsakidi manqanebi. manqanebis mwarmoebloba Seadgens 1-2,5
heqtars saaTSi.

suraTi #5. Sesasxurebeli aparati- suraTi #6. Sesasxurebeli aparati

-atomizeri (ultramaRali wneviT
Sesxureba)

vazis buCqebis sxvla-formirebis meqanizacia

agregatebi, romlebic vazis sxvlisa da mosavlis aRebisTvis
(rTvelze) gamoiyeneba, uzrunvelyofilia SekumSuli haeriT da pnevmaturi
makratliT. agregati magrdeba traqtorze.
anasxlavis asakrefad da gamosatanad gamoiyeneba specialuri
Camosakidi lerwamkrefi, romelic magrdeba saTanado simZlavris
traqtorze. agregatis mwarmoebloba erT saaTSi 1 heqtaria. garda
aRniSnuli samuSaoebisa, meqanizebulia terasebis keTeba da maTi damuSaveba
60-dan 250-mde qanobis ferdobebze.

saprezentacio Temebi:

1. venaxis meqanizirebuli samuSaoebi

2. savenaxe farTobis mosamzadebeli meqanizmebi

145
Tavi 11. irigacia

sarwyavi sistemebi da morwyvis wesebi

morwyvis mizania vazis zrdis gaZliereba, mosavlianobis amaRleba da

produqciis xarisxis gaumjobeseba. dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac sakmao
raodenobiT naleqi modis, vazis kultura ar ganicdis tenis naklebobas da
morwyvasac ar saWiroebs. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, qarTlSi da
nawilobriv kaxeTSi, vazi da xexili morwyvis gareSe mosavals an ar
iZleva, an mosavali uxarisxoa. rwyvis wesebia: kvalSi miSvebiT, moRvarviT,
dawvimebiT, niadagqveSa da wveTuri morwyva.

kvalSi miSvebiT rwyva

es wesi saqarTveloSi Zlier gavrcelebulia. vazis rigebSi
traqtoriT an cocxali gamwevi ZaliT keTdeba kvali.
Tu rigebi farToa (3 m da meti), maSin keTdeba ori an sami kvali erT
rigSi. kvalis simaRle 12-20 sm-ia, xolo sigane 30-40 sm. kvalis sigrZe
emTxveva rigis sigrZes an ramdenime rigis sigrZes.
kvalSi miSvebiT rwyvis dros, wyali Jonavs niadagis siRrmeSi 90-100
sm-ze. niadagSi, romlis siRrme 60 sm-ia, am siRrmeSi moqceulia ufro metad
aqtiuri fesvebis 65%. naTelia, rom vazi aseTi rwyvis dros sakmao
raodenobiT iRebs wyals.
kvalSi rwyvis Casatareblad saWiroa vazis rgvamde, winaswar iqnes
niadagi mosworebuli. yoveli rwyvis Semdeg unda Catardes niadagis
kultivacia, raTa Semcirdes wylis aorTqleba.

moRvarviT rwyva
venaxis moRvarviT anu miSvebiT rwyvis dros, sarwyavi wylis Tanabrad
ganawileba gaZnelebulia. morwyvis Sedegad niadagis zedapirze qerqi
warmoiSoba, romelic niadagis SeSrobisTanave unda gafxvierdes. miSvebiT
morwyva auaresebs zeda fenebis struqturul da agregatul Sedgenilobas.
zedapiruli morwyvis es wesi umjobesia sanergeSi gamoviyenoT.
zedapirul morwyvas dawvimebiT morwyvasTan SedarebiT is
upiratesoba aqvs, rom am dros minimumamdea dayvanili energetikuli
danaxarjebi da Semcirebulia wylis fizikuri aorTqleba.
zedapiruli anu miSvebiT rwyvis wesis uaryofiTi mxareebia: sarwyav
farTobze wylis araTanabari ganawileba, niadagis struqturis gauareseba,
mZime meqanikuri Sedgenilobis niadagebis gamkvriveba, aeraciis procesis
Semcireba da gamoSrobis Sedegad Zlieri napralebis warmoqmna.

dawvimeba
wylis miwodebis erT-erTi saukeTeso xerxia. igi gamoiyeneba
yovelgvari reliefis pirobebSi. mis upiratesobas warmoadgens meqanizaciis
gamoyeneba, wylis regularuli miwodeba, farTobze Tanabari ganawileba,
haeris SefardebiTi tenianobis gazrda. dawvimebiT morwyva moiTxovs
sakmaod did danaxarjebs sistemis dasanergad. dawvimebiT morwyvas
SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos Zlierma qarebma.

146
 niadagqveSa morwyva
es sistema ewyoba plantaJis siRrmeze, garkveuli diametris winaswar
daCvretili plastmasis milebis sistemis CawyobiT, romelic mierTebulia
sarwyavi sistemis wyalmomaragebasTan. am siRrmeze Cawyobili sarwyavi
sistema uzrunvelyofs mcenares wyliT. niadagqveSa morwyva gvaZlevs
saSualebas SevinarCunoT niadagis zeda fenebis struqturuli mdgomareoba
da niadagis optimaluri tenianoba, SevamciroT danaxarjebi, rogorc
zedapiris mosworebaze, ise morwyvaze da maqsimalurad gamoviyenoT
meqanizacia. es sistema perspeqtiulia kargi fizikuri da wylieri
Tvisebebis niadagebze gaSenebul venaxebSi da sanergeSi.

wveTovani morwyva
Tanamedrove sarwyav sistemebs Soris wveTovani morwyva yevlaze
racionaluria. vazis Zirebze an Stambis simaRleze (pirveli mavTulis
gaswvriv) ewyoba plastmasis garkveli diametris milebi, romelTac aqvT
yovel vazis buCqTan sawveTurebi. wylis miwodeba regulirdeba
sawveTuridan dawveTebis intensivobis zrdiT.
am wesis upiratesoba mdgomareobs datenianebis uwyvetobas, wylis
ekonomiur xarjvasa da srul avtomatizaciaSi. sistemis gamarTulad
muSaobisaTvis aucilebelia wylis sisufTave.

morwyvis vadebisa da normebis gansazRvra

rwyvis normebi, vadebi da rwyvis jeradoba damokidebulia niadagsa

da klimatze, vazis jiSsa da simwifis droze. venaxSi niadagis morwyva
unda daiwyos maisSi, rodesac fesvTa sistemis ganviTarebis ZiriTad fenaSi
tenis saSualo Semcveloba Semcirdeba mcenareSi wylis SeTvisebis
zRvramde (kapilarebSi wylis kavSiris Sewyvetamde) da unda gagrZeldes
manam, sanam aRniSnul fenaSi wylis Semcveloba ar miaRwevs savele,
zRvrul tentevadobas venaxebSi. wylis regulirebisaTvis aucileblad
unda ganisazRvros aqtiuri fenis savele zRvruli tentevadoba e.i.
morwyvis zeda zRvari. morwyvis qveda zRvari (morwyvis dawyebis
momentamde) savele zRvruli tentevadobis 80%-s Seadgens. erTi da imave
tipis niadagSi savele zRvruli tentevadoba da venaxSi wylis Sesvlis
Senelebis zRvari icvleba meqanikuri Sedgenilobisa da maTSi humusis
Semcvelobis mixedviT.
venaxebis rwyvis dawyebis vadis dadgenis mizniT iyeneben niadagis
tenis gansazRvris woniT meTods.
morwyvis norma gulisxmobs wylis im raodenobas, romelic ixarjeba
yoveli rwyvis dros. es norma meryeobs mniSvnelovan farglebSi.
aucilebelia, rom simwifis dasawyisSi niadagis is fena, sadac fesvebia
ganlagebuli, kargad iyos datenianebuli. rwyis normas adgenen cal-calke
yvela tipis niadagisaTvis. niadaguri Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, 1 heqtari
farTobis morwyvis norma (wylis xarji erTjeradi morwyvis dros) 500-1000
m3-is farglebSi meryeobs da iangariSeba formuliT.
M = h · W1 – W2dv · 100 ,
sadac M aris morwyvis norma m3/ha
h _ niadagis fenis sisqe m-Si
W1 – savele zRvruli tentevadoba %-Si
W 2 – absoluturi tenianoba %-Si

147
 dv – niadagis moculobiTi wina m/sm3
100 – heqtarze gasaangarisebeli koeficienti
magaliTad: h=0,6; W1=30; W2=20; dv=1,20
maSin M=0,6(30-20) · 1,2 ·100 = 720 m3/ha.
niadagidan wylis xarjva damokidebulia: niadagis meqanikur
Sedgenilobaze, aqtiuri fenis sisqesada masSi humusis Semcvelobaze,
klimatur pirobebze, mcenareTa asakze, savegetacio fazebze, vazis jiSze,
niadagis movlis wesebsa da morwyvis wesze.
didi sisqis, mZime meqanikuri Sedgenilobisa da humusiT mdidari
niadagebis morwyvis norma SedarebiT didia, xolo morwyvaTa raodenoba ki
– mcire. am kanonzomierebis Sebrunebul suraTs gvaZlevs mcire sisqis
msubuqi, meqanikuri Sedgenilobisa da humusis mcire Semcvelobis niadagebi.

venaxis morwyva

morwyvis vadebi ise unda SeirCes, rom uzrunvelyofili iyos vazis

buCqebis saukeTeso ganviTareba. morwyvis vadebi did farglebSi meryeobs.
igi damokidebulia mevenaxeobis regionis Taviseburebaze, jiSze, mosuli
naleqebisa da morwyvis wesze. sarwyavi mevenaxeobis praqtikaSi miRebulia
morwyvis vadebi ganisazRvros venaxis niadagis tenis maragis SefasebiT.
amisaTvis, gamoyofil tipiur nakveTze, 1,0-1,5 metr fenaSi, savegetacio
periodSi, dekadaSi erTxel sazRvraven tenianobas. tenianobis Semcireba
optimaluri tenSemcvelobis qveda zRvars iqeT iqneba rwyvis dawyebis
kriteriumi. tenianobis maCveneblebs iyeneben rwyvis normis dasadgenad.
rwyvis vadis gansazRvrisaTvis iyeneben agreTve foTlis fiziologiur
maCveneblebs, rogoric aris Semwovi Zala da ujredis wvenis koncentracia.
saqarTveloSi sarwyav regionebSi pirveli rwyva tardeba maisSi, meore -
ivlisSi, marcvlebis intensiuri zrdis fazaSi. rwyva unda Sewydes yurZnis
krefis win 3-4 kviriT adre.
wveTuri rwyvis dros rwyva tardeba yovel dekadaSi, Semcirebuli
normiT - 80-120 m3/heqtarze. am sistemiT rwyvas wyveten marcvlebis
SerbilebisTanave (SeTvalebis dros).
rwyvis vadebi koreqtirdeba mosuli naleqebisa da niadagis
tenianobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

saprezentacio Temebi:

1. venaxis morwyvis saxeebi da meTodebi

2. sarwyavi sistemebi da morwyvis wesebi

3. morwyvis vadebisa da wesebis dadgena

148
Tavi 12. mosavlis aReba da sasaqonlo damuSaveba

vazis mosavlis krefis drois dadgena

mosavlis aRebis anu rTvelis dawyebis vadis gansazRvrisaTvis

saWiroa ganisazRvros yurZnis simwifis vada. ganasxvaveben yurZnis
fiziologiur da teqnikur simwifes. fiziologiuri simwife ewodeba iseT
mdgomareobas, roca momwifebulia ara marto nayofi, aramed wipwac. am
dros yurZnis Saqrianoba aRar matulobs, e. i. am jiSma daagrova Tavisi
genetikuri potencialiT gansazRvruli Saqrianobis maqsimumi da
Saqrianobis Semdgomi mateba SeiZleba moxdes yurZnis wonis Semcirebis, e.i.
wylis aorTqlebis xarjze, rac teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT, garda
iSviaTi gamonaklisisa, misaRebi ar aris.
yurZnis teqnikuri simwife ki iseTi mdgomarebaa, romelic Seesabameba
misgan dasamzadebeli produqtis teqnikur moTxovnebs. magaliTad, mSrali
Rvinis, bunebrivad naxevradtkbili Rvinis, SuSxuna Rvinoebis, sabrende
RvinomasalebisTvis da sxva.
Tu yurZeni gamoiyeneba SuSxuna Rvinoebis (Sampanuris tipi) misaRebad,
maSin igi ikrifeba fiziologiuri simwifis dadgenamde, xolo liqioruli
RvinoebisaTvis - fiziologiuri simwifis dadgomis Semdeg. rogorc zemoT
iTqva, yurZnis daniSnulebis mixedviT dgindeba misi krefis vada.
yurZnis simwife SeiZleba dadgindes Tvalzomierad misi Sefervisa da
gemuri Tvisebebis SefasebiT, magram es meTodi Saqris Semcvelobis
gansazRvrisaTvis arazustia.
didi sizustiT simwifis dadgena SeiZleba, Tu Saqris Semcvelobas
SeTvalebidan dinamikaSi gansazRvravT 4-5 dReSi erTxel, refraqtometris
an areometris gamoyenebiT.
saanalizo nimuSis aReba xdeba sxvadasxva vazis Zirze, sxvadasxva
eqspoziciis mixedviT: 3-4 kg yurZeni iWyliteba, wveni ifiltreba da masSi
refraqtometriT an areometriT isazRvreba Saqrianoba.
Saqrianobis gansazRvrisaTvis wvens asxamen SuSis cilindrSi.
areometrs frTxilad kideben xels zeda boloSi da nela uSveben
cilindrSi. igi iZireba garkveul siRrmeze, sadac Cerdeba. iReben anaTvals
areometrze im wertilSi, romelic kveTs siTxis menisks. amoiReben
areometrs da CauSveben Termometrs sami wuTis ganmalobaSi. iReben
temperaturis anaTvals da specialuri cxrilis saSualebiT akeTeben
xvedriTi wonis Sesworebas, romelic uCvena areometrma. Sesworebuli
maCveneblebis mixedviT specialur cxrilSi pouloben Saqris raodenobas
grami/litrSi, romelic gadahyavT %-Si. arsebobs ramodenime sistemis
areometri, romlis gamoyenebis instruqcia Tan axlavs xelsawyos.
yurZnis Saqrianobis gansazRvra dinamikaSi saSualebas iZleva
Tvalyuri vadevnoT Saqris matebas yurZnis wvenSi da krefisTvis SevarCioT
is vada, romelic uzrunvelyofs ama Tu im tipis Rvinis warmoebis
sasaqonlo maCveneblebs.
yurZnis krefisa da misi gadamuSavebis an Senaxvis dawyebisaTvis,
sakmarisi ar aris marto Saqrianobis gansazRvra. analizis Catarebis dros
SaqrianobasTan erTad isazRvreba titruli mJavianoba (saerTo mJavianoba)
da pH (wyalbadionTa koncentracia).
sufris jiSebisagan gansxvavebiT, saRvine jiSebi ikrifeba 20-dan 25%-
mde Saqrinobis dros. Saqris aseTi raodenoba saWiroa saRvine jiSebis

149
umetesobisaTvis, raTa maTgan dayenebul Rvinoebs hqondeT maTTvis
damaxasiaTebeli jiSuri aromati da gemo. cxel raionebSi (magaliTad
dedofliswyaro), maRalSaqrianobis dros, SeiZleba mJavianoba Semcirdes.
aseT Sedegebamde mivyavarT vazis buCqebis gadatvirTvas, romelic agvianebs
damwifebis process. am pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT da Saqrisa da
mJavianobis Sefardebis darRvevis Tavidan asacileblad, Saqrianobis da
mJavianobis Sefardeba SeiZleba CaiTvalos yvelaze saimedo kriteriumad
produqtis xarisxis potencialis Sesafaseblad. yurZeni amave dros unda
iyos saRi da trasportabeluri, raTa moxerxdes misi gadazidva
meRvineobis sawarmoSi. mniSvnelovania saTuTi mopyroba yurZnis krefis
dros. simwifis donis mixedviT yurZnis meqanikuri gamZleoba klebulobs.
gansxvavebaa jiSebs Sorisac, magram yvela jiSis gadamwifebuli yurZeni
advilad ziandeba meqanikurad. gasaTvaliswinebulia manZili venaxidan
meRvineobis sawarmomde.
axlomdebare sawarmomde gadazidvis dros yurZeni SeiZleba
daikrifos ufro mwife, vidre Sors gadazidvis dros. saqarTvelos
mevenaxeobis raionebis agroekologiuri pirobebis mravalferovneba
ganapirobebs jiSebis mravalferovnebas, yurZnis simwife adre dgeba
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi – kaxeTSi, Semdeg qarTlSi da dasavleT
saqarTveloSi. mTlianad saqarTveloSi teqnikuri jiSebis rTveli
mimdinareobs seqtemberSi, oqtombersa da noembris TveSi. sabazro
ekonomikaze gadasvlam daarRvia adre arsebuli yurZnis krefis da
trasportirebis regionuli principebi. amJamad arsebuli mdgomareobiT,
yurZnis krefa da gadazidva xdeba did manZilze, rac ar aris
gamarTlebuli. mosagvarebelia kooperirebis sakiTxi, rac gulisxmobs
Rvinis qarxnebis irgvliv yurZnis mwarmoebel fermerTa da glexuri
meurneobebis gaerTianebas. adgilwarmoSobis dasaxelebis matarebeli
Rvinoebis mikroraionebidan unda aikrZalos sxva raionebSi yurZnis gatana
an Semotana.

yurZnis krefis organizacia

mosavlis krefis swori organizaciis mosawyobad pirvel rigSi unda

ganisazRvros mosavlis raodenoba. wvril glexur meurneobebSi es xdeba
Tvalzomuri meTodiT (SefasebiT). es meTodi zusti ar aris, magram wvril
warmoebaSi amarTlebs. mevenaxeobis msxvil sawarmoebSi ki mosavlis
dasadgenad iyeneben aRricxvis meTods. venaxis yovel me-5 an me-10 rigSi
SearCeven me-10 Zir vazs ZiriTadi sawarmoo jiSebidan. heqtarze aranakleb
50 Zir vazze daiTvlian mtevnebs. mtevnebis saerTo raodenobas gayofen
vazis ZirTa raodenobaze da miiReben saSualod erT Zirze ganviTarebul
mtevanTa raodenobas. am raodenobas amravleben mtevnis saSualo wonaze,
romelic SeiZleba hqondeT gansazRvruli wina wlebSi. miRebuli namravli
gviCvenebs saSualod erTi Zirze vazis mosavals. aqedan gamoiangariSeba
saheqtaro mosavali (heqtarze vazis ZiriTad raodenobaze gamravlebiT). es
meTodi iZleva realur mosavalTan sakmaod miaxloebul maCvenebels.
mosavlis gansazRvris Semdeg xdeba yurZnis gadamzidi tarisa da
transportis SerCeva mkrefavTa brigadebis dakompleqteba. mizanSewonilia
yurZnis gadasatanad ar iqnes gamoyenebuli 10 tonaze meti tvirTmzidi
manqanebi, radgan yurZnis sqel fenad dawyoba iwvevs mis meqanikur
dazianebas, rasac Tan sdevs arasasurveli bioqimiuri da mikrobiologiuri

150
procesebi. mkrefavTa brigadam unad uzrunvelyos sakrefi taris swrafi
Sevseba, raTa dakrefili yurZeni didxans ar iyos mzis qveS. krefis dros
gamoyenebuli unda iqnas arametaluri saTlebi (plastmasis, xisagan
mownuli) da sxva. datvirTuli satransporto saSualeba swrafad unda
gaigzavnos Rvinis qarxanaSi. dro mokrefidan gadamuSavebamde ar unda
aRematebodes 1-2 saaTs.
amJamad, nacvlad didi godolebisa, romelic damagrebuli iyo
manqanis Zaraze, gamoiyeneba xis an plastmasis yuTebi, romlebiTac SeiZleba
dauzianeblad da droulad yurZnis gadatvirTva gadamuSavebis adgilamde.
arsebobs yurZnis sakrefi manqanebi da agregatebi (sur. #1 da 2).

suraTi #1. mosavlis asaRebi kombaini suraTi #2. mosavlis asaRebi agregati-
rebuli mowyobiloba traqtorze

sasufre yurZnis daxarisxeba da sasaqonlo damuSaveba

sufris yurZeni nazi xilia, romelic saWiroebs did yuradRebas da

sifrTxiles, rogorc krefis, ise Cawyobisa da trasportirebis dros.
sufris yurZeni unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg moTxovnebs:
a) feri unda iyos Sesabamisi jiSuri feris;
b) mtevnebi – unda iyos (90%) mTliani, normaluri ganviTarebis;
g) marcvlebis mdgomareoba da simwife – umaRlesi xarisxis sufris
yurZnis marcvlebi unda iyos mwife, sufTa, kargad ganviTarebuli,
Tanabari zomis, jansaRi kaniT, krefis dros dauzianebeli,
SenarCunebuli unda hqondes cvilis fena, unda moscildes wvrili
marcvlebi.
d) yurZnis mtevnebSi ar unda erios meqanikurad an mavnebel-
daavadebaTa mier dazianebuli marcvlebi.
yurZnis krefa iwyeba sruli simwifis dadgomidan, roca Saqrianoba
15%-s miaRwevs. krefa iwyeba mSral amindSi, namis aSrobis Semdeg.
wvimis Semdeg unda davacadoT SeSroba. krefa xdeba periodulad:
pirvel rigSi ikrifeba mtevnebi, romlebic umaRles da pirveli xarisxis
moTxovnebs pasuxobs.

151
 krefa xdeba Semdegnairad: mtevans iReben marcxena xeliT (yunwze).
yunws Wrian fuZesTan sasxlavi makratliT an galesili daniT. arsebobs
makratlebi, romlebic TviTon iWeren moWril mtevans, yunwiT da amiT
gamoricxaven xeliT Sexebas mtevanze da cvilis gacvlas. cvilis gacla
auaresebs mtevnis sasaqonlo Sesaxedaobas da zrdis gamoSrobis temps
kanis saSualebiT. mokrefili yurZeni sawyobSi gadatanamde unda ewyos
CrdilSi. yurZnis transportireba unda moxdes resorebiani transportiT.
sufris yurZnis Casawyobad da transportirebisaTvis yvela
mwarmoebel qveyanas Tavisi tara gaaCnia, magram ufro miRebulia 10-12 kg
tevadobis plastmasis an xis yuTebi.

saprezentacio Temebi:

1. teqnikuri daniSnulebis yurZnis krefis dadgena

2. yurZnis krefis organizacia
3. sufris yurZnis daxarisxeba da sasaqonlo damuSaveba

Tavi 13. yurZnis Senaxva

yurZnis Senaxvaze moqmedi ZiriTadi faqtorebi

yurZeni inaxeba macivarSi misi gayidvis periodis gaxangrZlivebis da

arasaxarbielo sabazro koniunqturis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. yurZnis
Senaxvis xangrZlivoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda gacivebis efeqturi
meTodebis SemuSavebis, gogirdis orJangis warmatebiT gamoyenebis,
temperaturisa da tenis regulirebis da axali teqnikuri saSualebebis
danergvis gamo. yurZnis sagviano jiSebis warmatebiT Senaxvisa da saadreo
jiSebis warmoebis gziT, msoflios mravali qveyana mTeli wlis
ganmavlobaSi axali yurZniT vaWrobs. yurZnis Senaxvaze moqmedi faqtorebia:
temperatura, SefardebiTi tenianoba, haeris cirkulacia da gogirdis
orJangis gamoyeneba.
rac ufro dabalia temperatura, miT ufro didxans inaxeba yurZeni,
Tu arsebobs sxva xelSemwyobi pirobebic. kargad momwifebul yurZens ver
azianebs -3,90 temperatura, magram marcvlis yunwebi, romelTac mcire
Saqrianoba axasiaTebT, iyineba ufro maRal temperaturaze.
iTvaliswineben ra temperaturis meryeobas, minimalur doned
0
miCneulia 0-dan -1,1 –mde. yuTebi idgmeba Stabelebad sacavis Weramde,
romelic gayofilia safenebiT sam nawilad. saWiroa daculi iqnes ori
wesi: yuTebis gverdebi unda iyos haeris moZraobis paraleluri, xolo
iarusebis simaRle da gasasvlelebs Soris manZili unda iyos Tanabari,
rac xels Seuwyobs aeracias StabelebSi.

152
 haeris SefardebiTi tenianoba. sacavSi tenianoba unda iyos sakmaod
maRali. SefardebiTi tenianobis maCvenebeli gamoxatavs mocemul
temperaturaze wylis orTqliT haeris gajerebis dones. SefardebiTi
tenianobis Tanabari maCveneblebis dros Tbili haeri Seicavs meti wylis
orTqls, vidre civi haeri. magaliTad, Tu haeris SefardebiTi tenianoba
80%-ia, maSin 240 temperaturaze is Seicavs met wyals, vidre 20-ze. haeris
SefardebiTi tenianobis gazrdiT, sacavSi matulobs wylis orTqlis wneva
da klebulobs yurZnis tenis danakargi. amitom yurZnis sacavebSi
rekomendebulia SefardebiTi tenianoba 87-92%.
haeris cirkulacia. haeri sacavSi unda moZraobdes iseTi siCqariT,
romelic ar gamoiwvevs yurZnis biologiuri an garedan SemoRweuli siTbos
danakargs. Hhaeris moZraobis siCqare kargad izolirebul sacavSi unda
iyos 0,05-0,13 metri/wamSi. cnobilia, rom haeris moZraobis siCqaris 2-jer
gazrdiT, tenis danakargi izrdeba erTi mesamediT, rac SefardebiTi
tenianobis 5%-iT klebas utoldeba.
gacivebis sistemebi. sufris yurZnis sacavebs aqvT gacivebis Semdegi
sistemebi: mSrali yinuliT gaciveba, marilxsnariT centralizebuli
gaciveba, kamerebis yinuliT gaciveba. samacivro danadgarebis konstruqcia
da misi eqspluataciis wesebi teqnikis saqmea, magram SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
xangrZlivi Senaxvis mizniT, rac moiTxovs gogirdis orJangiT fumigacias,
calkeuli seqciebis mSrali yinuliT gacivebas eniWeba garkveuli
upiratesoba. calkeuli seqciebis sistema ki, romelic Cveulebrivi
yinulisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli, ufro gamosadegia yurZnis mokle vadiT
Senaxvis dros.
jiSebi SenaxvisaTvis. yvela regions unda hqondes am regionisTvis
gamosadegi jiSuri sortimenti. saqarTvelos sasufre vazis rekomendebuli
jiSebi aRwerilia zemoT. saadreo da saSualo periodis jiSebis samacivro
Senaxva mizanSewonili ar aris Senaxvis kargi unaris SemTxvevaSic ki,
radgan maTi gayidvis dros, bazarze axaldakrefili yurZeni Semodis da
konkurencia am ukanasknelis sasargeblod muSaobs, amitom Sesanaxad
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba sagviano da metad sagviano simwifis jiSebi.
kargi Senaxvis unaris mqone jiSebi xasiaTdeba sunTqvis dabali
intensivobiT. garda sunTqvis dabali intensivobisa, xangrZlivi Senaxvis
jiSebs aqvT mkvrivi rbilobi, aseve sqeli da mtkice kani, rac jiSuri
Tvisebebidan gamomdinareobs. calkeuli jiSebi inaxeba 1-1,5 Tvidan 3-5
Tvemde.

yurZnis winaswari gacivebis mniSvneloba – mowyobilobebi da

meTodebi

yurZnis gacivebis mniSvneloba

sasufre yurZnis krefis dros saqarTvelos mevenaxeobis regionebSi
arsebuli temperatura xels uwyobs, rogorc marcvlebis intensiur
sunTqvas, ise sidamplis gamomwvevi sokoebis ganviTarebas. mokrefili
yurZnis damuSavebis dros arsebuli temperaturis 80-mde daweva orjer
amcirebs sunTqvis intensivobas da saSualebas iZleva orjer meti droiT
SevinaxoT yurZeni. roca Senaxvis temperatura aris 4,40, yvela sokos
ganviTareba ferxdeba da zogierTi maTganis ganviTareba ki wydeba.
imisaTvis, rom SevinarCunoT yurZnis xarisxi, saWiroa Cawyobis Semdeg

153
swrafad gavacivoT. gaciveba ewinaaRmdegeba agreTve mtevnis yunwis xmobas,
marcvlis yunwis gamuqebas, macvlis darbilebas da cvenas.
yurZnis gasaciveblad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva meTodebi da teqnikuri
saSualebebi.

samacivro kamerebi
yurZnis Senaxvis samrewvelo warmoebebTan arsebobs mcire zomis kamerebi,
romelTa tevadoba 1000 an met savse yuTs Seadgens. am kamerebSi
gaTvaliswinebulia ufro swrafi gaciveba, vidre Cveulebriv sacavebSi.
mcire moculobis gamo, am kamerebis gavseba da gaciveba xdeba ufro
swrafad. yurZniani yuTebiT kameris Sevsebis Semdeg CarTaven samacivro
danadgars, romelic moqmedebs manam, sanam yurZeni saWiro temperaturamde
ar gacivdeba. gacivebis intensivoba iseTi unda iyos, rom erT dRe-RameSi
yurZnis temperaturam 220-iT daiwios. amisaTvis saWiroa ventilatorebi,
romlebic erT wuTSi 1000 yuTis damtev kameras 170-225 m2 civ haers
miawodebs. haeris miwodeba mTel kameraSi unda iyos Tanabari. imisaTvis,
rom civi haeri Tanabrad miewodos yvela yuTs da yvela mtevans, romelic
Cawyobilia yuTebSi, ewyoba saventilacio gayvanilobebi, saidanac haeris
nakadi Tanabrad nawildeba yuTebs Soris arsebul sivrceSi.

gaciveba ronodebSi da avtomanqanebSi

yurZeni, romelic gamiznulia macivrebSi Sesanaxad an uSualod
bazrisTvis, SeiZleba CaitvirTos vagon-refreJeratorebSi an avtomobil-
macivrebSi. orive SemTxvevaSi cirkulaciis gaZliereba SeiZleba
ventilatorebis saSualebiT. yuTebi ewyoba imgvarad, rom moxerxdes civi
haeris SeRweva yuTis yvela nawilSi. yurZnis gacivebisaTvis sawyisi
temperaturidan gamomdinare saWiroa 20-24 saaTi.

gogirdis anhidridis gamoyeneba

gogirdis anhidridis gamoyenebis efeqti pirvel rigSi gamoixateba
sokoebis cxovelmyofelobis daTrgunviT, romlebic yurZens azianeben
Senaxvisa da transportirebis dros. fumigacia icavs yurZens ruxi
sidamplisagan (Botrytis cinerea). fumigacia efeqturia, roca tardeba
daavadebebis gavrcelebamde, e.i. dainficirebamde. daavadebul yurZenze
saWiroa fumigaciis ganmeoreba. gogirdis anhidridiT fumigacia asustebs
yurZnis sunTqvas. Tu sunTqvis intensivoba fumigaciebs Soris matulobs,
Saqris danakargebi klebulobs da Senaxvis vadebi xangrZlivdeba
fumigaciis gareSe datovebul yurZenTan SedarebiT.
gogirdis anhidridi dadebiT gavlenas axdens klertis Sefervasa da
mdgomareobaze. anhidridiT damuSavebis SemTxvevaSi yurZnis bunebrivi
Seferva da klertis mdgomareba SenarCunebulia ramodenime Tvis
ganmavlobaSi, maSin, rodesac aseTi damuSavebis gareSe - klerti Savdeba da
marcvlebi cviva. klertis karg mdgomareobaSi Senaxvis gamo marcvlebis
Camocvenac ar xdeba, rac produqciis xarisxs amaRlebs.
marcvlebi, romlebic ziandeba krefis dros, ufro swrafad
STanTqaven gogirdis anhidrids, vidre saRi marcvlebi. amiT izRudeba
mikroorganizmebis ganviTareba.
gogirdis orJangs iReben gogirdis elementaruli dawviT, gogirdis
orJangi Cveulebriv pirobebSi 2,2-jer ufro mZimea haerze. gazi uferoa,
aqvs mkveTri suni da Zlier aRizianebs Tvalis cxviris da piris lorwovan

154
garss. igi Zlier toqsikur zemoqmedebas axdens sokoebze da baqteriebze.
mas farTod iyeneben kvebis mrewvelobaSi.

fumigacia
damuSaveba SeiZleba Catardes specialur SenobebSi - winaswari
gacivebis kamerebSi, macivrebSi, vagon-macivrebsa da avtorefriJeratorebSi.
pirveli fumigacia tardeba winaswari gacivebis kamerebSi, avto-
refreJeratorebSi da sxv. Semosuli SefuTuli yurZeni maSinve
eqvemdebareba gacivebas. amis Semdeg iwyeba fumigacia. pirveli fumigacia
tardeba haerSi, 0,5%-iani gogirdis anhidridiT, 20 wuTis ganmavlobaSi.
aucilebelia mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli yuTebis da yurZnis STanTqmis
unari. gogirdis anhidridis saWiro raodenoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros
formuliT:
A+ Б
C= +Г+Д
В
sadac С – gogirdis raodenoba kg-Si
А – gogirdis orJangi haerSi %-Si
Б – tvirTisagan Tavisufali sivrce kameraSi m3-Si
В – sivrce, romelic uWiravs 1 kg gazisebur gogirdis orJangs
(0,346 m3 00-ze da 0,376 m3 oTaxis temperaturaze)
Г – yurZniT gavsebuli yuTebis raodenoba
Д – gogirdis orJangis raodenoba, romelic modis savse
yuTebis partiaze (partia 100 yuTi).
erT partia yuTze ixarjeba 0,45 kg-dan 0,7-0,9 kg-mde gogirdi. yuTebi
ewyoba haeris nakadis paralelurad, maT Soris 2-4 sm-is manZilis dacviT.
ventilatori unda iyos Zlieri.
gogirdis orJangi kameraSi Cveulebriv SeaqvT foladis balonebidan.
SeSvebuli gazi kameraSi unda gafantos ventilatorebma. Tu cilindri,
romelSic aris gogirdis orJangi, Caidga cxel wyalSi, maSin igi duRdeba
da gazis saxiT gamodis. gazi unda airios haerSi da ganawildes kameraSi.
haeris da gogirdis anhidridis cirkulaciisaTvis, vagonsa da
avtomanqanebSi droebiT dgamen damatebiT ventilatorebs. yurZnis 20-
wuTiani damuSavebis Semdeg darCenili gogirdis orJangi gamoidevneba
Weris RriCoebidan an mas uSveben bunkerSi, sadac is ixsneba wyalSi,
romelic warmoiqmneba yurZnis gasaciveblad specialurad Setanili
yinulis dnobiT.
imisaTvis, rom ar moxdes mavne organizmebis gavrceleba, yurZeni unda
damuSavdes ramdenjerme.
meore da Semdgomi fumigaciis dros gogirdis orJangi unda iyos
0,1%-iani. dozireba xdeba zemoT motanili formuliT. haerTan Sereul
gogirdis gazs kameraSi toveben 30 wuTs. yinuliT marilxsnaris gacivebis
dros Tavidan unda aviciloT gogirdis gazis moxvedra siTbomcvlel
zedapirze, radganac gogirdis gazis didi odenoba SeiZleba STanTqas
marilxsnarma an wyalma, romelic warmoiqmneba yinulis dnobiT. gazis
narCeni fumigaciis Semdeg igi gamoidevneba kameridan (rogorc zemoT
iTqva).
Cveulebriv fumigacia tardeba kviraSi erTxel. Senaxvis mimarT
gamZle jiSebi sakmarisia damuSavdes 10 dReSi erTxel.

155
 fumigacia unda Catardes im angariSiT, rom minimumamde iqnes
dayvanili gogirdis orJangiT marcvlebis dazianeba da ar moxdes misi
lpobis gamowveva.

kamerebSi Senaxva gogirdis orJangis mudmivi koncentraciiT

samxreT afrikis qveynebSi iyeneben gogirdis orJangis dabal
koncentracias (0,003%). misi xangrZlivi moqmedeba ukeT uzrunvelyofs
sidamplisgan dacvas, vidre fumigacia 10 dRis intervaliT. es meTodi
yurZens naklebad azianebs.

faqtorebi romlebic gavlenas axdenen gogirdis orJangis STanTqmaze

yurZnis mier gogirdis orJangis STanTqmaze gavlenas axdens uamravi
faqtori: jiSi, simwifis done, yurZnis temperatura, gogirdis orJangis
temperatura da zemoqmedebis xangrZlivoba.
jiSi. vazis jiSebi gogirdis orJangs sxvadasxva raodenobiT
STanTqaven. STanTqmis unaris mixedviT zogierTi jiSi bazrisTvis
gamousadegari xdeba. jiSi - TeTri qiSmiSi gamousadegaria, Tu igi Seicavs
0,003% gogirdis orJangs. msoflioSi ganTqmuli sxva sasufre vazis
jiSebisaTvis es zRvari ase aris gansazRvruli: malaga 0,0018%, emperori
0,0014%, aleqsandriis muskati 0,0026. garda jiSuri Taviseburebebisa,
gogirdis orJangis STanTqmis unarze gavlenas axdens yurZnis warmoebis
agroekologiuri pirobebi.
simwife. daumwifebuli yurZeni gogirdis orJangs naklebad STanTqavs,
vidre mwife. amitom yurZeni unda iyos Tanabrad mwife. Zlier mwife yurZeni,
romelic krefis dros ufro metad ziandeba, unda damuSavdes gogirdis
orJangis ufro maRali koncentraciiT. dabali SaqarSemcvelobis yurZeni
unda damuSavdes naklebi koncentraciis gogirdis orJangiT.
yurZnis temperatura. Tbili yurZeni met gogirdis orJangs STanTqavs,
vidre civi. magaliTad, qiSmiSi ovaluris marcvlebi 220 temperaturaze
STanTqaven orjer met gazs, vidre 40-ze. jiS malagas marcvlebi 240-ze
STanTqaven TiTqmis samjer met gogirdis orJangs, vidre 90-ze,
temperaturas arsebiTi mniSvneloba eZleva, roca amuSaveben gacivebul da
venaxidan axalmotanili yurZnis partiebs.

yurZnis Sesanaxi sawyobis tipebi da maTi momzadeba produqciis

misaRebad
amJamad yurZnis Sesanaxad gamoiyeneba samacivro sistemebiT
aRWurvili sawyobebi, kamerebi da aseve sacavebi, sadac gamoiyeneba
modificirebuli haeri. am SemTxvevaSi, dadgenili temperaturisa da tenis
reJimis garda, unda moxdes naxSirorJangis (CO2) gazrda da Jangbadis (O2-
is) 10%-iT Semcireba. airTa diferencireba yurZnis sasufre jiSebisaTvis
aseTia: naxSirorJangi 5%, Jangbadi 10%, azoti 85%; temperatura - 0-10,
tenianoba - 85-90%.
yurZnis krefis dawyebamde unda gamzaddes yuTebis saWiro raodenoba.
gamoiyeneba Ria tipis, msubuqi, myari, mSrali da dezinficirebuli, rogorc
axali, ise xmarebaSi namyofi yuTebi. isini kargad unda gairecxos cxeli
wyliT da jagrisiT, unda damuSavdes antiseptikuri xsnarebiT.
rTvelis dawyebis win tardeba sacavis kamerebisa da derefnis
dezinfeqcia. irecxeba iataki da kedlebi. liTonis nawilebi Jangisagan

156
iwmindeba. kedlebi SeTeTrdeba Sabiamiani kirwyliT. unda mowesrigdes
saventilacio sistema da eleqtroqseli.
samacivro kamerebi yurZnis CatvirTvamde 2-3 dRiT adre unda
damuSavdes maRali koncentraciis gogirdovani anhidridiT, ris Semdeg
ventilaciis mZlavri sistemiT moxdeba kamerebis ganiaveba. es samuSao
sruldeba specialistebis mier airwinaRebis gamoyenebiT.

saprezentacio Temebi:

1. yurZnis Senaxvaze moqmedi faqtorebi

2. yurZnis gacivebis sistemebi
3. yurZnis Senaxvis reJimi

Tavi 14. Sromis usafrTxoeba

venaxSi gamoyenebuli manqana iaraRebTan Sromis usafrTxoebis wesebi

aq ganvixilavT manqana-iaraRebTan muSaobis Sromis usafrTxoebis

wesebs. traqtorze samuSaod daSvebuli unda iqnan mxolod is pirebi,
romelTac gaaCniaT traqtoris marTvis mowmoba. samuSaos dawyebis win
traqtorist-memanqanem detalurad unda Seamowmos marTvis meqanizmebis
gamarTuloba. Ramis pirobebSi muSaobis dros aucilebelia Seamowmos
farebis damagreba, elgayvanilobis gamarTuloba, yvela eleqtroxelsawyo
traqtoristis kabinaSi unda iyos samuSao mdgomareobaSi. kargad unda
iketebodes kabinis karebi, traqtoristis savarZeli mtkiced unda iyos
damagrebuli. ferdobebze gaCerebis dros, siCqaris gadacemaTa kolofis
berketi ar unda iyos neitralur poziciaSi. gaCerebis dros Zravis
Caqrobamde sakidi iaraRebi daSvebuli unda iqnas miwaze.
CarTuli Zravis dros ar SeiZleba tardebodes SezeTva, an
gaumarTaobis remonti, ar SeiZleba muSaoba traqtorqveS an misabmelis da
Camosakidebeli iaraRebis mierTeba. misabmel iaraRs traqtori unda
miuaxlovdes dabali siCqaris ukusvliT. traqtoris misabmelTan SeerTebis
dros, siCqareTa berketi unda iyos neitralur mdgomareobaSi. misabmeli
iaraRebis mierTebis an moxsnis dros axlos ar unda iyvnen adamianebi.
agregatze dakvirvebisaTvis traqtorze damagrebuli unda iyos sarke.
miwis dammuSavebel agregatze Sromis usafrTxoebis mizniT aqtiuri
samuSao organoebi daculi unda iqnes garsebiT (koJuxi), rac meqanizmebs
daicavs maTSi miwis da qvebis moxvedrisagan. agregatebis teqnikuri
momsaxureba da daTvaliereba unda moxdes miwaze an specialur safenze
daSvebuli samuSao organoebiT.
guTnis frTebis, kultivatoris TaTebis da sxva samuSao organoebis
dayeneba SeiZleba mxolod Camqrali ZraviT an Caxsnili misabmeliT da
sakidi iaraRiT.

157
 manqana-iaraRebze, romlebic awarmoeben venaxis gaSenebas, remonts da
movlas, akrZalulia Zravis muSaobis dros burRebTan miaxloeba, roca
isini aweulia maRla. manqanis regulirebis dros burRebi daSvebuli unda
iyos dabla. vazis mrgvelebi samuSao adgilze unda iyvnen mxolod
agregatis muSaobis dros. satransporto moZraobis dros muSebi agregatze
ar unda darCnen. ormos amomRebis CarTvis dros unda darwmundeT, rom
manqanasTan aravin ar aris. ormos amomRebis muSaobis dros akrZalulia
CarCoze Camojdoma.
Sromis usafrTxoebis wesebi mavnebel-davadebaTa winaaRmdeg
brZolisaTvis gankuTvnili manqana-iaraRebis muSaobis dros iTvaliswinebs
momuSave personalis gafrTxilebas pesticidebis toqsikurobis Sesaxeb.
pirebs, romlebic igzavnebian pesticidebTan samuSaod, unda CautardeT
samedicino Semowmeba, xolo momuSave personalma weliwadSi orjer unda
gaiaros samedicino Semowmeba.
pesticidebTan samuSaod ar daiSvebian 18 wlamde asakis mozardebi,
orsuli da meZuZuri qalebi. momsaxure personali unda uzrunvelyofili
iyos spectansacmeliT (suraTi #1), specfexsacmeliT, respiratorebiT,
damcavi saTvaliT da xelTaTmanebiT. pesticidebTan muSaobis damTavrebis
Semdeg spectansacmeli kargad unda gaiwmindos da darCes samuSao adgilze.
saxlSi spectansacmlis Senaxva akrZalulia.

suraTi #1
spec tansacmlis nimuSebi

158
Sromis usafrTxoebis wesebi mcenareTa dacvis preparatebis
dasawyobebisa da samuSao nazavis momzadebis dros

pesticidebTan muSaobis dros mkacrad unda iqnes daculi misi

Senaxvis, samuSao xsnarebis momzadebis, momuSave personalis da garemos
dacvis zomebi.
pesticidebis Senaxva aucilebelia daxurul saTavsoSi da isini
xelmiuwvdomeli unda iyos bavSvebisaTvis;
WurWeli, romelSic moTavsebulia pesticidebi, unda inaxebodes gril
da mudmivad ganiavebul saTavsoSi. amasTan, pesticidiani WurWeli
maqsimalurad mocilebuli unda iyos sacxovrebeli Senobebis, sakvebi
produqtebis sawyobebisa da sakvebis sacavebisgan;
pesticidebTan muSaoba unda daevaloT mxolod sando, fizikurad da
gonebrivad jansaR TanamSromlebs. personali informirebuli unda iyos im
safrTxis Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZleba warmoiqmnas pesticidebTan muSaobisas
da agreTve sifrTxilis aucilebeli zomebis Sesaxeb. ar SeiZleba
pesticidebTan muSaoba daevalos arasrulwlovan pirebs, fexmZime da
meZuZur qals, agreTve avadmyofs. pesticidebTan muSaoba saSiSia im
pirebisTvis, romlebic iReben medikamentebs da aqvT raime dazianebebi kanze
(aucilebelia konsultaciis miReba eqimisagan);
daculi unda iqnas etiketze an instruqciaSi miTiTebuli
sifrTxilis zomebi! pesticidebi, romlebzec gamosaxulia Tavis qalis
simbolo, toqsikuria. gauzavebel preparatebTan muSaoba moiTxovs
gansakuTrebul sifrTxiles;
pesticidebTan muSaobisas saWiroa Sesaferisi specialuri tanisamosis
gamoyeneba. gauzavebel pesticidebTan muSaobisas aucilebelia damcavi
kostumis zemoT grZeli rezinis winsafris Cacma da damcavi saTvaleebis
gamoyeneba;
zogierTi pesticidis gamoyenebisas da agreTve muSaobis garkveul
pirobebSi (daxuruli saTavsoebi, xSiri maRali nargavebi) aucieleblia
dacul iqnas sasunTqi organoebi. etiketze da instruqciaSi aRniSnuli
specialuri miTiTebebis dacva aucilebelia;
samuSao xsnarebi da mowamluli satyuarebi unda momzaddes Ria cis
qveS, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia kargad ganiavdes saTavso. isini
ar unda damzaddes sacxovrebel saTavsoebSi, sakvebi produqtebis
sawyobebSi da sakvebis sacavebSi, samzareuloSi an saTavsoebSi, romlebSic
arian cxovelebi. WurWeli, romelSic inaxeboda pesticidebi, gulmodgined
unda dacarieldes, xolo samuSao xsnarebis momzadebis Semdeg - gairecxos.
saWiroa zustad gaiTvalos samuSao xsnaris saWiro moculoba, radganac
narCenebis ganadgureba sakmaod Zviri jdeba;
samuSao xsnarebis, mowamluli satyuarebis da a.S. momzadebisas ar
unda iqnas gamoyenebuli samzareulo nivTebi, sasadilo xelsawyoebi,
sarwyuleblebi. sakveburebi, sarecxelebi da a.S. isargebleT mxolod am
miznisTvis gankuTvnili da specialurad markirebuli WurWliT. dasvrili
sagnebi aucilebelia gamoyenebisTanave gulmodgineT gairecxos wyliT;
uyuradRebod ar unda darCes momzadebuli samuSao xsnarebi,
mowamluli satyuarebi, darCenili gamouyenebeli preparati, gamoyenebuli
mowyobiloba da inventari. unda daicvaT adamianebi da cxovelebi maTTan
kontqaqtisagan;

159
 pesticidebis Sesatanad gamoiyeneT mxolod wundebulad
funqcionirebadi xelsawyoebi da Tavi aarideT gadaWarbebul dozirebas;
ar gamoiyenoT alkoholi pesticidebTan muSaobis dawyebamde,
muSaobisas da muSaobis Semdeg. pesticidebTan muSaobisas akrZalulia
sakvebis miReba an moweva;
moerideT Sesxurebisas warmoqmnili mtvris, nislis, orTqlis an
airis SesunTqvas. daicaviT sifrTxile iq, sadac xdeba im kulturebis
gaSeneba, romelTa nayofi ar exeba miwas, magaliTad, sviis nargavebi,
xexilis baRebi da ferdobze gaSenebuli venaxi;
Tavi aarideT preparatis Sexebas TvalebTan da kanTan, araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar CaberoT piriT gamognesil safrqvevels. preparatis Sxefebi
maSinve CamoibaneT sapniTa da wyliT (aucilebelia Tan iqonioT wyali da
saponi);
imuSaveT, SeZlebisdagvarad, dilis saaTebSi gril da uqaro amindSi.
gansakuTrebiT saSiSia pesticidebTan muSaoba Zlieri sicxis dros, xolo
mWidro nargavebSi (venaxi, xexilis plantaciebi) SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes
sasunTqi organoebis dacva.
iseTi samuSaoebisas, romelTa Sesrulebis dros SeiZleba moxdes
pesticidebis nislis Rrublebis, aerozolebisa da mtvris gadatana -
mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT, rom SeiZleba ziani iqnes miyenebuli
adamianebis, cxovelebisa da mezobeli nargavebisaTvis. im SemTxvevaSi, roca
qari waiRebs pesticidebis nislis Rrublebs, aerozolebsa da mtvers
mezobel nargavebze, gansakuTrebiT mdeloebsa da saZovrebze, agreTve
wyalsacavebze, aucilebelia ecnobos amis Sesaxeb maT momxmarebels;
SeuZlod yofnis pirveli niSnebisTanave unda SewyvitoT muSaoba,
gamoxvideT samuSao zonidan da daukavSirdeT eqims;
muSaobis Semdeg aucilebelia gamoyenebuli mowyobilobebis gawmenda;
ar SeiZleba mowyobilobebis garecxvis Semdeg darCenili siTxisa da
samuSao xsnarebis narCenebis Casxma wyalsacavebSi, CasadinarebSi,
wyalxsnarian TxrilebSi, kiuvetebSi, SaxtebSi da sadrenaJo sistemebSi;
muSaobis damTavrebis Semdeg aucilebelia gamoicvaloT tansacmeli
da sapniT daibanoT saxe da xelebi;
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba pesticidebis narCenebis da misgan
gamocarielebuli WurWlis miwaSi Camarxva an miwis miyra am narCenebsa da
WurWelze. aucilebelia daicvaT instruqciaSi moyvanili utilizaciis
miTiTebebi;
ar SeiZleba pesticidebis moTavseba sxva WurWelSi (boTlebSi,
vedroebSi, WiqebSi) Sesanaxad. isini unda inaxebodes mxolod originalur
fuTebSi;
pesticidebTan xangrZlivad an mudmivad momuSave pirebma
regularulad unda gaiaron samedicino Semowmeba (magaliTad, naxevar
weliwadSi erTxel);
mowamvlis niSnebis gamovlenisas dauyovnebliv unda gamoiZaxoT eqimi.
mis mosvlamde aucilebelia gaxadoT dazaralebuls samuSao xsnariT
dasvelebuli tansacmeli, uzrunvelyoT misi mosveneba sufTa haerze da
daicvaT dazaralebuli siTbos dakargvisagan. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
daalevineT dazaralebuls aqtivirebuli naxSiri. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
misceT mas rZe. yovel instruqciaSi eqimisaTvis miTiTebulia antidotebi
mowamvlis SemTxvevaSi;

160
 aerozolis balonebis gamoyenebisas mxedvelobaSi unda iqonioT, rom
maTi gamoyeneba SeiZleba oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi maTi damzadebis
momentidan;
moqcevis saerTo wesebi
sawyobis teritoriaze ucxo pirebis Sesvla daiSveba mxolod mas
Semdeg, rodesac isini gaivlian winaswar registracias;
sasawyobo saTavsoebSi akrZalulia moweva da Ria cecxliT muSaoba;
specialuri samuSaoebi, magaliTad samuSaoebi Ria cecxlis
gamoyenebiT (SeduReba da airiT Wra), agreTve samuSaoebi, romelTa
Sesrulebis dros SeiZleba warmoiqmnas naperwklebi (satexi samuSaoebi,
xexva da burRva), daiSveba mxolod xelmZRvanelis werilobiTi nebarTviT;
sawyobis TanamSromlebma unda izrunon samuSao adgilze wesrigisa
da sisufTavis SenrCunebaze da yoveli SesaZlo SemTxvevis Sesaxeb acnobon
xelmZRvanelobas;
samuSaos warmoebisas ar unda xdebodes pirdapiri kontaqti Ria
preparatTan, ar SeiZleba mtveris da orTqlis SesunTqva, ar daiSveba
preparatis moxvedra kanze da TvalebSi;
sakvebis miReba da moweva nebadarTulia mxolod specialurad
gamoyofil saTavsoebSi;
Wamis win aucilebelia gulmodgined daibanoT xelebi;
samuSaos damTavrebis Semdeg aucilebelia gulmodgined daibanoT
xel-piri an miiRoT Sxapi;
aucilebelia frTxilad moepyroT sawyobSi masalebs da moeridoT
fuTis dazianebas, preparatis gadmoRvras an gadmoyras;
preparatebi unda SeinaxoT mxolod sagangebod gankuTvnil
markirebul moednebze an sasawyobo Taroebze. daicvaT miTiTebebi
Stabelirebis mimarT. moaTavseT preparatebi Sesanaxad ise, rom isini
kargad Candes;
aucilebelia Tavisufali datovoT evakuaciis gzebi, saavario
gasasvlelebi da misadgomi gzebi saxanZro razmisaTvis;
daicaviT Sidasawarmoo satransporto wesebi;
dauyovnebliv SeatyobineT xelmZRvanelobas dazianebuli fuTebis,
preparatebis gadmoRvris an gadmoyris Sesaxeb da maSinve moacileT isini;
preparatebis narCenebi, magaliTad xangrZlivad Senaxuli an
gamouyenebeli preparatebi, dabinZurebuli SesafuTi masala an siTxeebis
Sesawovi saSualebebi aucilebelia gaauvnebelyoT specialuri instruqciis
Sesabamisad;
daicaviT gamoyenebisa da usafrTxoebis teqnikis Sesaxeb instruqciaSi
moyvanili wesebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebs adgilobriv pirobebs.

saprezentacio Temebi:

1. SromiTi usafrTxoeba teqnikasTan muSaobis dros

2. SromiTi usafrTxoeba pesticidebis sasawyobo Senaxvis dros
3. SromiTi usafrTxoebis zomebi Sxamqimikatebis nazavis damzadebisa da
Sesxurebis dros

161
 ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 30.07.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 06.10.2009. qaRaldis

zoma 60X84 1/8. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 10. tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77