saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

m. oqrosaSvili

liTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi
damwyebTaTvis

registrirebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos
mier. 02.07.2009, oqmi #6

1
 Tbilisi
2009

popularul literaturaze dayrdnobiT gaSuqebulia liTonmcodneobis ZiriTadi debulebebi,

cnebebi da misi amocanebi. mimoxilulia ZvelTaZveli droidan kosmosur eramde gamoyenebuli
masalebis mopovebis, damuSavebisa da Sesabamisi teqnologiebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi.
ganxilulia liTonisa da Senadnobebis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove teqnikisaTvis da momavlis
perspeqtivebi, rac students mkafio warmodgenas Seuqmnis SerCeul specialobaze.
ar aris orientirebuli viwro specializaciis studentebisaTvis. igi erTnairad moutons
sargeblobas maT, visac ukve naswavli aqvs programiT gaTvaliswinebuli sagani
`liTonmcodneoba~ da maTac, vinc mis Seswavlas mxolod axla apirebs.

redaqtori g. gogolaZe

recenzenti profesori i. kvirikaZe

garekanze gamoyenebulia v. f. Serstobitovas naxati.

 sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, 2008

ISBN 978-9941-14-703-6
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da
saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi
nebarTvis gareSe.

saavtoro uflebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

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 Sesavali

manqanaTa nawilebis, xelsawyoebis, sxvadasxva konstruqciisa Tu mowyobilobis

elementebis dasamzadeblad teqnika sruliad gansxvavebuli Tvisebebis mqone iseTi masalebis
gamoyenebas moiTxovs, rogoricaa magaliTad, sali da rbili, magnituri da aramagnituri, kargi
eleqtrogamtari da maRali eleqtruli winaRobis masalebi. praqtikuli miznebisaTvis liTonebisa da
Senadnobebis sworad SerCevisaTvis ki aucilebelia maTi sasurveli Tvisebebis miRwevis gzebisa
da xerxebis codna. Tavis mxriv, liTonis Tvisebebi damokidebulia maT bunebasa da Sinagan
agebulebaze. liTonuri masalebis Sinagan agebulebas, Tvisebebsa da maT Soris urTierTkavSirs
swored liTonmcodneoba Seiswavlis.
liTonmcodneoba aris gamoyenebiTi mecniereba, romlis Semdgom ganviTarebaze
bevrad aris damokidebuli iseTi umniSvnelovanesi teqnikuri problemebis warmatebiT gadaWra,
rasTanac dakavSirebulia masalebis ekonomia, manqana-xelsawyoebis masis Semcireba da
maRali sizuste, meqanizmebisa da mowyobilobebis saimedoobisa da muSaobis xangrZlivobis
amaRleba.
Tanamedrove teqnikis moTxovnaTa dasakmayofileblad axali masalebis Ziebis
uwyvetma procesma stimuli misca araerTi teqnikuri ideis Camoyalibebasa da realizacias.
magaliTad, revoluciuri roli iTamaSa naxevrad gamtarma masalebma da Txevadma kristalebma
eleqtronikis, kompoziciurma masalebma – aviaciisa da saraketo teqnikis, zegamtarebma da
amorfulma Senadnobebma – eleqtronikisa da radioteqnikis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. amdenad,
mecniereba masalebis Sesaxeb teqnikis nebismieri dargis srulyofisa da Semdgomi ganviTarebis
qvakuTxeds warmoadgens.
kursi gankuTvnilia metalurgiis fakultetis liTonmcodneobis specialobis I kursis
studentebisaTvis. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa mkiTxvels SesZinos elementaruli codna civilizaciis
safuZvlis, liTonis Sesaxeb, gaacnos TanamedroveobisaTvis metad aqtualuri mecnierebis –
liTonmcodneobis ganviTarebis mokle istoria da misi momavlis perspeqtivebi, moamzados
studenti SedarebiT rTuli sakiTxebis asaTviseblad momdevno kursze.

1. liToni yvelgan

Cvens saukunes zogi atomurs uwodebs, zogi – kosmosurs, zogic sinTetikuri masalebis
saukunes. magram Tu davrCebiT tradiciis erTgulni da epoqas davarqmevT im mTavari masalis
saxels, romlisganac mzaddeba Sromis ZiriTadi iaraRebi, maSin yvelaze samarTliani iqneboda
misTvis liTonis, ufro sworad, rkinis saukune gvewodebina, romelic kvlav #1 masalad rCeba

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sazogadoebaSi. swored igi warmoadgens kacobriobis materialuri kulturis ConCxeds,
qvakuTxeds, industriis xerxemals.
`rkina aris ara marto mTeli samyaros safuZveli, Cveni garemomcveli bunebis yvelaze
mTavari liToni, aramed omisa da mSvidobiani Sromis iaraRic. Znelia mendeleevis cxrilSi
moiZebnos meore iseTi elementi, romelic ase iqneboda dakavSirebuli kacobriobis bedis
warsulTan, awmyosTan da momavalTan~ - aseT Sefasebas aZlevs akademikosi fersmani pirvel
nomrad wodebul liTons – rkinas.
marTlac, ra mniSvnelovania Tundac liTonis magnituri Tvisebebi: kompasis isris gareSe
gza daebneoda mezRvaurs, geologsa Tu turists. mudmivi magnitis gareSe eleqtruli amnTebi ver
aamuSavebs avtomobilis, TviTmfrinavisa Tu traqtoris Zravas. rkinis gularis gareSe ar gveqne-
boda arc generatori, arc eleqtroZravi, arc transformatori. es ki imas niSnavs, rom muSaobas
SeaCerebda eleqtrosadgurebi, gaCerdeboda eleqtromatareblebi da tramvai, manqanebi da
Carxebi. binebSi Caqreboda eleqtronaTurebi da televizoris ekranebi, dadumdeboda
radiomimRebebi da telefonebi.
kosmosuri raketis simZlavre mravaljer aRemateba yvelaze msxvili hidroeleqtrosadguris 
simZlavres. aseTi saSineli Zalis mcire moculobaSi Tavmoyra wvis kameraSi wnevisa da
temperaturis mkveTr awevas moiTxovs. am ideis realizacia ki SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod
Sesabamisi Tvisebebis – mxurvalmtkice liTonis SemuSavebis Semdeg. zemaRali temperaturisa
da wnevis pirobebSi mdgradi masalebi saWiroa agreTve gazis
______________

yvelaze mZlavri hidroeleqtrosadguri agebulia samxreT amerikaSi, mdinare paranaze.
misi 18 turbina gamoimuSavebs 12600 milion vat eleqtroenergias.
turbinebis, almasis sinTezis aparatebisa da teqnikis sxva dargebisaTvis.
atomuri energetika saWiroebs iseT masalebs, romlebic gauZleben ara marto maRal
temperaturas, aramed mdgradi aRmoCndebian gamWoli radiaciis zonaSi da agresiul garemoSi.
medicina ki sruliad gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis masalebs moiTxovs: garda simtkicisa, isini unda
xasiaTdebodnen mdgradobiT cocxali organizmis qimiuri nivTierebebis zemoqmedebis mimarT da
kargi SeTavsebadobiT, anu qsovilTan Sezrdis unariT.
da kidev liTonuri masalis gamoyenebis erTi umniSvnelovanesi sferos Sesaxeb: Tqven
usmenT zaqaria faliaSvilis ukvdav operas `daisi~. aRgafrTovanaT orkestris saswaulmoqmedma
JReradobam. Tqven ki arc dafiqrebulxarT arc orkestris instrumentebis mravalferovnebaze, arc
maT istoriasa da mowyobilobaze.
Tanamedrove simfoniuri orkestri Tavisi mdidari xmovanebis SesaZleblobiT didad aris
davalebuli metalurgiisagan. aq ar aris laparaki sasule instrumentebze, aramed simze – foladis
mavTulis JReradobis, anu `simReris~ Taviseburebaze. simi sxvadasxvanairia, magram Tana-

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medrove musikalur instrumentebSi mainc liTonis simia gamoyenebuli. `sina – rvali ars uTeTresi
da xma keTil mJRerale~ - vkiTxulobT sulxan-sabas leqsikonSi.
musikosebs albaT yvelaze naklebad ainteresebT simis meqanikuri Tvisebebi. maTTvis
mTavaria mavTulis raRac gansakuTrebuli, musikaluri Tviseba, Tumca amis misaRwevad
simisaTvis gankuTvnili foladi, upirveles yovlisa, gasaocrad maRal meqanikur Tvisebebs unda
akmayofilebdes. warmoidgineT, fortepianoSi simebi iseTi ZaliT aris daWimuli, rom Tujis
CarCo 20 tona datvirTvas ganicdis! roialis simebis xvedriTi daZabuloba 200 kg/mm2-s aRwevs,
anu igi sakmaod axlos dgas saukeTeso foladis winaaRmdegobis zRvarTan gaglejaze. gamodis,
rom simebisaTvis gankuTvnil folads ufro meti simtkice moeTxoveba, vidre sabagire mavTuls.
garda meqanikuri Tvisebebisa, simis mavTulis kidev erT-erTi ZiriTadi moTxovnaa ovalurobis
(diametrebs Soris sxvaoba ori urTierT perpendikularuli mimarTulebiT) mcire daSveba da
drekadobis gansazRvruli zRvrebi. yvela am moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad mavTuls unda
hqondes mudmivi simkvrive mTel sigrZeze, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, rogorc musikosebi
amboben, igi iwyebs gayalbebas. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi safuZvels iZleva vivaraudoT, rom
liTonis simebi ukve cnobili iyo uZveles egvipteSi.
adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferos uzrunvelyofa saWiro liTonuri masalebiT –
aseTia dRes metalurgebisa da liTonmcodneebis umTavresi amocana.

2. cneba masalis Sesaxeb. ZvelTaZvel droSi gamoyenebuli

masalebi

qarTvelebis winaprebi msoflios uZvelesi tomebis im ricxvs miekuTvnebian,

romlebmac Tavisi ganviTarebis sakmaod grZel gzaze zogadsakacobrio kulturis pirveli kerebi
Seqmnes. marTalia, dRemde SemorCenili xelnawerebi am gzis mxolod mcire nawils aSuqeben,
magram miuxedavad amisa, maT Semoinaxes qarTveli xalxis mravalsaukunovani warsulis
umniSvnelovanesi etapebi. damwerlobis SemoRebamde periodis Seswavlis saqmeSi gan-
sakuTrebul rols TamaSobs materialuri kulturis is Zeglebi, romlebic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
miwaSi iyo damarxuli. qarTuli miwac inaxavs uamrav aseT Zegls, romlebic Cveni winaprebis
mier iyo Seqmnili an maT ekuTvnodaT. Zeglebis arqeologiuri kvleva saSualebas iZleva aRdges
ara marto im epoqaSi gamoyenebuli warmoebis iaraRebisa Tu sayofacxovrebo moxmarebis
sagnebis saxeobebi, romlebsac adamianebi qmnidnen, aramed maTi warmoebis xerxebi da
masTan dakavSirebuli socialuri cxovrebis etapebic. arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis wyalobiT mec-
nierebma burusis farda axades materialuri kulturis ganviTarebis im safexurebs, romlebic ganvles
qarTvelurma tomebma qvis xanidan rkinis epoqamde.

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 sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yovel etapze Sromis iaraRebis dasamzadeblad sxvadasxva
masala da teqnologia gamoiyeneboda. arqeologiuri epoqebic gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi masalis
saxelwodebis mixedviTaa dayofili: qvis xana (Zveli qvis xana – paleoliTi da axali qvis xana –
neoliTi), spilenZ-brinjaos xana da rkinis xana.
bunebrivia, Tavisi arsebobis pirobebis uzrunvelsayofad adamiani uxsovari droidan
misTvis xelmisawvdom masalas iyenebda. ra aris masala? ra igulisxmeba am cnebis qveS?
rasakvirvelia, specialisti, diletantisagan gansxvavebiT, masalis gansazRvrisaTvis logikis kanone-
bidan gamomdinare, mecnierul warmodgenebze dafuZnebul ganmartebas gamoiyenebs. Tumca,
sustad momzadebuli adamianisTvisac ki gasagebia, rom nebismieri produqciis dasamzadeblad
fuZed unda gamoviyenoT iseTi nivTiereba, romlis Tvisebebic srulad uzrunvelyofs sasurveli
Sedegis miRebas. zusti ganmartebis Camosayalibeblad, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa cneba
`nivTierebis fuZe~ Seicvalos sityviT `masala~.
ganmartebiT leqsikonSi vkiTxulobT: `masala aris nivTiereba, romelic miiReba
nedleulidan da warmoadgens sawyiss naxevarfabrikatis, samrewvelo da samSeneblo detalebis,
agreTve mza nakeTobis dasamzadeblad~. aqedan gamomdinare, masalebs praqtikulad SeiZleba
mivakuTvnoT yvelaferi, rasac adamiani gardaqmnis cxoveluri, mcenareuli Tu mineraluri nedleu-
lis bazaze SromiT procesSi maTi gamoyenebis mizniT (nivTierebebis warmoebisaTvis).
masalebis warmoebis istoria iyo, aris da yovelTvis iqneba dakavSirebuli adamianis samrewvelo
saqmianobasTan.
mokle istoriuli eqskursic ki sakmarisia imis naTelsayofad, Tu rogor inergeboda da
Semdgom srulyofas ganicdida sxvadasxva masala adamianis gamocdilebisa da codnis
gafarToebasTan erTad. SevecadoT mokled mimovixiloT es sakiTxi.
milionze meti wlis win adamiani masalad qvasa da Zvals pirveladi saxiT iyenebda,
radgan igi jer kidev ar flobda misi damuSavebis teqnikas. qva da Zvali adamians exmareboda
sakuTari Zalis SesaZleblobebisa da bunebaze zemoqmedebis efeqtianobis gazrdaSi, raTa
gamarjveba moepovebina garesamyarosTan WidilSi. qvisa da Zvalis elementaruli iaraRis
gamoyenebiT adamiani xelis, TiTebis, frCxilebisa da kbilebis moqmedebas avsebda.
qvis damuSavebis Seswavlam namdvili teqnikuri revolucia moaxdina. daaxloebiT
500000 wlis win adamianma cecxli swored qvis gamoyenebiT moipova. qvisgan da bunebrivi
masalebisgan (Zvlisgan, xisgan, mcenareTa boWkoebisgan) daiwyes CaquCis, culis, danis,
safxekis, saTevzao ankesis, badis da kidev sxva saWiro nivTebis damzadeba.
daaxloebiT 7000 wlis win Cvens eramde, rodesac daiwyo Sromis sazogadoebrivi
dayofa (gamoiyo mecxoveleoba da miwaTmoqmedeba), adamianma mravali saxeobis masalis

6
gamoyeneba daiwyo, romlebisganac sakmaod mravalferovan produqcias amzadebda. magaliTad,
Tixis nawarms, qso-
vilsa da narTs.
spilenZi, rogorc masala, pirvelad gamoyenebas poulobs VII aTaswleulSi Cvens
eramde. liTonis dnoba da Camosxma, keramikis warmoeba da meurneobis sxva dargebis
ganviTareba axali warmoebis Camoyalibebis safuZvels qmnis. egeosis zRvaSi warmoebuli
gaTxrebis dros napovnia spilenZis, kalis, oqros, minisa da keramikis nakeTobebi da zodebi.
analizma uCvena, rom aRmoCenili nivTebis daTariReba SeiZleba Cvens eramde XIV saukuniT.
rogorc dadginda, nivTebi miekuTvneboda im xomaldis tvirTs, romelic sami aTaswleulis win
katastrofaSi daiRupa. ufro metic, axlandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze, Catal-xuukis dasaxlebis
(6500_5700 weli Cvens eramde) kvlevam arqeologebsa da metalurgiis istorikosebs didi siurprizi
SesTavaza: isini waawydnen spilenZis nalRob widas, rac madnidan spilenZis gamodnobis
procesis damadasturebeli sabuTia.
gamowvis teqnologiis aTvisebam mniSvnelovnad gazarda Tixis, rogorc sawyisi
masalis mniSvneloba. ubralo sayofacxovrebo nivTebTan erTad arqeologebis mier napovnia
originalurad Sesrulebuli da mxatvrulad gaformebuli WurWeli.
saqarTvelos da, saerTod, amierkavkasiis eneoliTis Seswavlis saqmeSi gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba hqonda TrialeTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis monapovar masalas. eneoliTuri fena
ZiriTadad keramikiT aris warmodgenili. aRmoCenilia Tixatkepnili `Torne~, kaJis dakbiluli
namglis pirebi, samkuTxa moyvanilobis yunwiani isris pirebi, xerxiani dana, didi zomis ovaluri
qvis xelsafqvavi. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa liTonis nivTebi (bipiramidis formis spilenZis
mokle sadgari, oTxwaxnaga sadgari da spilenZis natexi), romlebic am periodis sxva masalebSi
metad mwirad aris warmodgenili.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi amave periodSi masalad ZiriTadad kaJi da riyis qva
gamoiyeneboda. iaraRebis umetesoba – culi, Toxi, saWrisi, safxeki, saxvreteli, isrisa da Subis
pirebi – riyis qvisgan aris damzadebuli. Zvlis iaraRebidan napovnia sadgisebi, satexi, rqisgan
damzadebuli gaxvretili Toxi.
samwuxarod, CvenSi gavrcelebuli eneoliTuri kulturis TariRis
Sesaxeb sadReisod garkveviT raimes Tqma Znelia. eneoliTis xanas mesame aTaswleulis pirvel
naxevars miakuTvneben, xolo mis sawyis etaps – meoTxe aTaswleuls. eneoliTuri kultura
amierkavkasiaSi SedarebiT xanmokle unda yofiliyo. CvenSi metalurgiis ganviTarebis
xelsayrelma pirobebma uzrunvelyo gardamavali safexuris SedarebiT swrafi tempiT gavla da
namdvili metalurgiis adreuli dawyeba.

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 IV aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde iaraRebis dasamzadeblad upiratesad liTonuri masala
gamoiyeneboda, ris gamoc qvam Tavisi samrewvelo mniSvneloba ramdenadme dakarga. liTonis
Semosvlam adamianis yofa-cxovrebaSi da misgan Sromis iaraRebis warmoebis xerxebis
gaumjobesabam sazogadoeba ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze aiyvana. iqmneba kultura,
romelic bevrad ufro win aris waweuli ganviTarebis wina safexurTan SedarebiT.
oqro iyo pirveli liToni, romelsac adamiani gaecno da daiwyo misi damuSaveba. es
gasagebicaa: TviTnabadi oqros bzinvarebas advilad SeeZlo miepyro adamianis yuradReba.
uZvelesi oqros nivTebi, romlebic arqeologebma ipovnes egvipteSi, damzadebulia 8000 wlis win.
cnobilia agreTve TviTnabadi vercxlis, spilenZisa da meteorituli rkinis gamoyenebis faqtebi.
eneoliTur xanaSi adamiani liTons ZiriTadad civad WedviT amuSavebda qvis CaquCis
gamoyenebiT. liTonis pirveli nakeToba – spilenZis milis samkaulebi da tansacmlis Sesakravebi
miekuTvneba meeqvse aTaswleuls Cvens eramde da napovnia dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze.
kulturis es safexuri gagrZelda manam, sanam adamianma ar aiTvisa madnidan liTonis ga-
modnoba, cxlad Wedva da Camosxma, e.i. ar ganviTarda namdvili metalurgia. Cveulebriv,
aqedan iTvlian ganviTarebis axal stadias – brinjaos xanas.
saqarTveloSi uZvelesi spilenZis nivTi xramis did gorazea aRmoCenili (marneulis
raioni). savaraudod, saqarTveloSi aqedan iTvleba liTonis warmoebis dasawyisi, romelic Zv. w.
VI aTaswleuliT TariRdeba. am periodidan moyolebuli liTonebis mopoveba-damuSaveba
sazogadoebrivi yofis ganuyofeli nawili xdeba. swored mtkvar-araqsuli kulturis periodSi iRebs
saTaves klasikuri metalurgia, rac sabadoebis arsebobam ganapiroba. adreuli etapis Zeglebi
ZiriTadad am or mdinares So-
risaa moqceuli.
liTonTa teqnologiis srulyofis mTavar miRwevad kaliani brin-
jaos warmoebis aTviseba iTvleba. marTalia, spilenZis Senadnobebs sxva liTonebTan,
magaliTad, tyviasTan, TuTiasTan, vercxlTan da kalasTan Tavdapirvelad SemTxveviT
Rebulobdnen, magram adamianma male SeamCnia misi upiratesoba sufTa spilenZTan
SedarebiT.
brinjaos xanaSi sam periods arCeven: adreuls, Suasa da gvians. brinjaos kulturis adreuli
safexurebi uSualod mosdevs eneoliTur xanas. eneoliTuri kulturis bolosaTvis CvenSi ukve
iqmneboda imis yvela winapiroba, rom sazogadoeba Tavisi ganviTarebis kidev ufro maRal
safexurze asuliyo. amave periods ukavSirdeba metalurgiis aRmavlobis periodic. es, albaT, im
garemoebam ganapiroba, rom kavkasia mdidari iyo feradi liTonebiT. amas mowmobs uZvelesi
berZnuli cnobebi (VI-IV saukuneebi Cvens eramde), romlebic saqarTvelos liTonebiT mdidar

8
qveynad gvixatavs. Zvel berZnul TqmulebaSic `oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb~ xom saqarTveloSi
liTonis damuSavebis maRali kulturaa asaxuli.
uZveles istoriul wyaroebSi, sadac qarTvelTa Sesaxeb mwiri cnobebia daculi, Cvens
winaprebs moixsenieben, rogorc saukeTeso liTonis mwarmoeblebsa da foladis mWedelebs.
argonavtebis miTis Tanaxmad, Citebs, romlebic kolxeTidan mofrinavdnen, liTonis frTebi
hqondaT asxmuli, xolo mefe aietis foladis saxnisian guTanSi spilenZis Cliqebiani da cecxlis
mfrqveveli xarebi iyvnen Sebmulni. rogorc Cans, meliToneoba uZveles saqarTveloSi
meurneobis wamyvani dargi iyo.
1984 wels saqarTveloSi xomald `argos~ asliT Camosuli ingliseli mogzauri da mecnieri,
tim severini acxadebda, rom msoflios arc erTi qveynis muzeumebSi ar Sexvedria imdeni liTonis,
ZiriTadad brinjaos nawarmi, ramdenic saqarTveloSi. ramdeni unda hqonodaT liTonis nivTebi
saaqaos, rom micvalebulebisTvis amdeni CautanebiaTo, ambobda igi.
arsebuli cnobebis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi marTlac bevri iyo oqro, vercxli da rkina.
kolxeTis erT-erT uZveles mefes Tavis saxelmwifoSi, gansakuTrebiT svaneTSi, auarebeli oqro
da vercxli moupovebia. iuwyebian agreTve sxva mineralebis arsebobis Sesaxebac. magaliTad,
rogorc kolxeTSi, ise iberiaSi, Turme ZvelTaganve warmoebda singuris (vercxliswylisa da go-
girdis naerTi) mopoveba, romlisganac wiTel saRebavs amzadebdnen.
Zveli welTaRricxviT XIV saukuneSi mcire aziaSi, pontos raion-
Si, kerZod, mdinare halisis xeobaSi mcxovrebma meliToneobiT saxelganTqmulma, qarTveluri
modgmis tomma – xalibebma (xaldebma) pirvelebma SeimuSaves jer rkinis foladad
gadakeTebis, xolo Semdeg – uSualod foladis gamodnobis teqnologia, ramac dasabami misca
rkinis farTo warmoebas aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi. didma berZenma tragikosma, esqilem,
xalibebis qveyanas `rkinis deda~ uwoda. bibliaSic (`dabadeba~) qarTvel tomTa winaparni,
Tubalebi, moxseniebulia rogorc `kveriT xuroi mWedeli rvalisa da rkinisa~.
aRsaniSnavia, rom egvipteSi rkina cnobili iyo evropasTan SedarebiT 2500 wliT adre,
magram egviptis rkinis nivTebi asakiT win ar uswrebs arc mcireaziul, arc kavkasiur nimuSebs.
berZnebs foladis warmoeba xalibebisgan uswavliaT da am liTons `xalibokos~
(`xalibsi~, xaliburi, xaliburi liToni) uwodes. mecnieruli gamokvlevebi adasturebs, rom garda
foladis damzadebis xelovnebisa, berZnebs xalibebisgan spilenZis miRebisa da gamoyenebis
wesebic SeuswavliaT. berZnul enaSi `xalkos~ niSnavs ara marto spilenZs, aramed brinjaosa da
TiTbersac. berZnebis cnobiT, xalibebis qveyanaSi mdinareebs rkinis Semcveli qviSa
CamohqondaT. xalibebi mas ramodenimejer recxavdnen da, yvelasgan gansxvavebiT, maRali
xarisxis foladis misaRebad rkinas adnobdnen `raRac miwasTan~ (manganumTan) erTad, rome-
lic uxvad moipoveboda maT qveyanaSi da folads gansakuTrebul simtkices aniWebda. berZnebis

9
azriT, xaliburi rkina bevrad jobda sxva analogiur masalebs da garegnulad Znelad gamosarCevi
iyo vercxlisagan. mxolod xalibur rkinas ar ekideboda Jangi.
xalibebis mezoblebi, mosinikebi, TiTberis warmoebis xelovnebis aRmomCenebad
arian aRiarebulni. mosinikebis TiTberi maRali xarisxiT, TeTri SeferilobiTa da kaSkaSa
elvarebiT gamoirCeoda. berZnuli cnobebis Tanaxmad, mosinikebi spilenZs erTgvar iqaur
`specialur miwas~
umatebdnen. mravali mkvlevaris azriT, es nivTiereba miwiani TuTiis karbonati unda yofiliyo,
romelsac mosinikebi TiTberis misaRebad awarmoebdnen. zogierT evropul enaSi, magaliTad,
germanulSi, TiTberis saxeli - `mesing~ mosinikebis saxelwodebidan unda iyos warmoebuli. xa-
____________

rvali – spilenZis Zveli qarTuli saxelwodeba.
libebis, mosinikebisa da tibarenebis teritoria, gansakuTrebiT ki misi mTianeTi, romelic Woroxis
auzze da trapizon-giresen-ordus sazRvrebSi mdebareobs, marTlac metad mdidaria liTonis
madnebiT. swored es simdidre izidavda Zvel berZnebs saqarTveloSi.
amdenad, sakacobrio mniSvnelobis movlenas – foladis aRmoCenas – dasabami pontos
raionSi mieca, sadac metalurgiasTan dakavSirebiT msoflio mniSvnelobis udidesi problemebi
wydeboda, xolo qarTveluri modgmis tomebi – xalibebi, mosinikebi da Tubalebi, yovel
SemTxvevaSi jer-jerobiT, zogierTi feradi da Savi liTonebis pirvelmwarmoeblad arian miCneuli
mTels msoflioSi.
brinjaos xanis adreul safexurze CvenSi gavrcelebuli liTonis nivTebi upiratesad
Camosxmulia da zogjer sakmaod rTuli wesiTac, rac metalurgiis ganviTarebis maRal safexurze
miuTiTebs. brinjaos adreul xanaSi aTvisebulia iseTi Sedgenilobis liTonebis Camosxma, romlis
Wedvac SeuZlebeli iyo masSi minarevebis didi raodenobiT Semcvelobis gamo. es iyo
wingadadgmuli kidev erTi nabiji: adamianma iswavla sxvadasxva Sedgenilobis axali masalebis
miRebis xerxi da metalurgia Sevida teqnikis istoriaSi.
samwuxarod, adreuli brinjaos xana CvenSi yvelaze naklebad aris Seswavlili. sxva
ZeglebTan SedarebiT ufro ukeTesadaa gamokvleuli TrialeTis adreuli jgufis yorRanebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva saWurvelTan erTad aRmoCenilia satevaris piri, spilenZis abjris nawile-
bi, oqros cilindruli gadasakravebi da vercxlis msxvili mavTulis xvia. arsebuli cnobebis
Tanaxmad, vercxlis warmoebis yvelaze racionaluri xerxi – vercxlovani tyviisagan vercxlis
miRebis teqnologia – pirvelad Caisaxa da ganxorcielda xeTebis imperiaSi, pontos mkvidri me-
liToneebis, xalibebis mier. amgvarad, CvenSi ukve adreuli brinjaos xanidan SeiniSneba Zvirfasi
liTonebis damuSavebis tradiciebi da, rogorc cnobilia, Semdgom safexurebze am teqnologiam
ganviTarebis sakmaod maRal dones miaRwia.

10
 Tu TrialeTis adreuli jgufis yorRanebSi liTonis nawarmi jer kidev SedarebiT
SezRudulia da tipobrivadac zogi ram saerTo aqvs winamorbed safexurebTan, afxazeTis
dolmenebis Zira fenebSi liTonis nivTebi SedarebiT ufro meti raodenobiTa da sakmaod
ganviTarebuli formiT aris warmodgenili (culebi, kavebi, satevaris pirebi da a.S), rac
ganpirobebulia Camosxmis sakmaod rTuli wesis mignebiT. nivTebis Camosasxmelad
gamoiyeneboda spilenZi, romelic 5%-mde dariSxans Seicavda. Znelia imis Tqma, dariSxani
xelovnurad aris Seyvanili spilenZSi Tu bunebriv minarevs warmoadgens, magram mTavaria is,
rom am periodisaTvis ukve aTvisebulia dariSxaniani spilenZis sxmulebis warmoebis Tavisebu-
reba.
mniSvnelovnad yofila ganviTarebuli liTonis damuSavebis xerxebi yvirilas zemo welze,
saCxeris raionSi, rasac adasturebs samarxebSi napovni civad WedviT miRebuli brtyeli da Txeli
satevaris pirebi, reliefuri ornamentiT Sekruli spilenZisave saxeluriani satevaris piri, ori Т-sebri
grZeli qinZisTavi da spilenZispiriani satevari, romlis tari Semkulia SesaniSnavad Sesrulebuli
wnuli ornamentiT, xolo vada – spiraluriT. aRsaniSnavia, rom CvenSi sadReisod cnobili adreuli
brinjaos xanis ZeglebSi sakmaod rTuli formis liTonis iaraR-samkaulebi ase Warbad da mra-
valferovnad arsad ar aris warmodgenili. es ki imis maCvenebelia, rom yvirilis zemo welze
arsebobda sakmaod ganviTarebuli da mZlavri metalurgiuli warmoebis kera. brinjaos xanis
Semdgom etapze kultura ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze adis.
adamianma rkina spilenZTan SedarebiT ramodenime aTasi wlis mogvianebiT aiTvisa.
zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, amis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom spilenZi kargad
eqvemdebareba civad Wedvas, rasac adamiani advilad axerxebda, xolo rkinis damuSaveba
SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod gaxurebul mdgomareobaSi. Tumca, rogorc ar unda idges es sakiTxi,
rkinis mTavari upiratesoba, udavod, iyo misi maRali medegoba sxva liTonebTan SedarebiT
warmoebis da, gansakuTrebiT, sabrZolo iaraRis dasamzadeblad. zogierTi mkvlevari varaudobs,
rom rkinis gamoyenebaze ga-
dasvla spilenZis maragis amowurviT unda iyos ganpirobebuli.
rkinis Tavdapirvel gamoyenebas meteorituli rkinis aRmoCenas ukavSireben. arsebobs
monacemebi imis Sesaxeb, rom aleqsandre I-is da bo-
___________

dolmeni (franguli - uZvelesi) – qvis xanis samarxi, akldama, romelic agebulia didi
lodebisa da filebisagan
liveris (samxreT amerikis gmiri) daSnebi swored kosmosuri rkinisgan iyo damzadebuli.
rkinis yvelaze uZveles nivTad, romelic cnobilia arqeologebisaTvis, iTvleba egviptis
samarovnebSi napovni milis mZivi, romelic miekuTvneboda Cvens welTaRricxvamde IV

11
saukunes. mZivi damzadebulia gamoWedili rkinisagan, romelic 7,5%-mde nikels Seicavs. aseTi
Sedgeniloba damaxasiaTebelia meteorituli rkinisaTvis.
egvipteSi, mefeTa xeobis gaTxris Sedegad aRmoCenil faraon tutanxamonis samarxSi
arqeologebis gakvirveba gamoiwvia ara uzarmazari raodenobis oqros samkaulebma, aramed
mcire zomis Savma liTonma. sensaciursa da yvelaze moulodnels ufro mogvianebiT waawydnen:
nivTis qveS, romelic Tavisi formiT gvirgvins waagavda, ipovnes rkinis avgarozi. am aRmoCenis
Sesaxeb erT-erTi germanuli Jurnali werda: `avgarozi miekuTvneba egviptis yvelaze adreul
nakeTobaTa ricxvs . . . unda aRiniSnos, rom samarxSi, romelic TiTqmis bolomde iyo avsebuli
oqroTi, am mokrZalebul monapovars kulturis istoriis TvalsazrisiT udidesi Rirebuleba hqonda~.
Cvens qveyanaSi rkinis farTod aTviseba da misi TandaTanobiT sameurneo yofaSi
damkvidreba Zveli welTaRricxviT XII-XI saukuneebidan SeiniSneba. am dros rkinis nivTebi
(saomari da sameurneo iaraRebi) mTlianad imeorebs brinjaos xanaSi SemuSavebul formebs, rac
kidev erTxel asabuTebs saqarTveloSi rkinis metalurgiis adgilobriv safuZvelze ganviTarebas.
arqeologiuri eqsponatebis metalografiuli da teqnologiuri Seswavlis safuZvelze dadgenilia, rom
adgilobrivi ostatebi dauflebulni iyvnen rogorc rbili da saSualo simtkicis foladis warmoebas
uSualod civsaber quraSi, ise sameurneo da saomari iaraRis cxlad Wedvas, zedapiruli fenebis
gamdidrebas naxSirbadiT da sxva rTul meTodebs.
rkinis nivTebis farTo masStabiT warmoebis mkafio magaliTia Zveli welTaRricxvis
VIII-VII saukuneebis koleqtiur samarxebSi aRmoCenili aTeulobiT, zogjer ki aseulobiT (!)
Catanebuli sasoflo-sameurneo ia-
raRi, rac unikaluri movlenaa saerTod, msoflio arqeologiaSi.
rkinis gadamuSavebis teqnologiurma centrma SemdgomSi wina aziidan CineTSi
gadainacvla. iqve warmoiSva adreuli meqanizaciis pirveli Canasaxebi – manqanebi, romlebic
wyliTa da cxovelTa gamwevi ZaliT modioda moqmedebaSi. amiT kidev erTi nabiji gadaidga im
gzaze, romelmac saboloo jamSi XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi kacobrioba samrewvelo gadatrialebamde
miiyvana.
dReisaTvis msoflios yvela qveynis muzeumebSi dagrovda rkinis nakeTobaTa mdidari
koleqcia. safrangeTSi, q. nansSi, arsebobs msoflioSi erTaderTi, rkinis istoriis muzeumi. masSi
eqsponirebuli warmoebis iaraRebi da mza nakeTobebi axasiaTeben ama Tu im epoqas.
muzeums gaaCnia Tavdapirveli warmoebis, danaxSirbadianebuli rkinis, bulatis da a.S. ganyofi-
lebebi.

3. liTonuri masalebi

12
 Cvens saubrebSi xSirad vaxsenebT sityvebs `liToni~, `liTonuri masala~, `Senadnobi~,
magram ra aris liToni zogadad? rogoria misi buneba da niSan-Tvisebebi? yvelasaTvis cnobilia,
rom oqro, vercxli, spilenZi, alumini, rkina da kidev sxva nivTierebebi liTonebs miekuTvneba,
xolo foladi aris rkinis fuZeze damzadebuli liTonuri masala, anu Senadnobi. Senadnobebs
Rebuloben myari, Txevadi an airadi mdgomareobidan fuZe (ZiriTad) liTonSi sxvadasxva
elementis SeyvaniT. tradiciul xerxs ki warmoadgens ori an meti elementis urTierTSednoba
Txevad mdgomareobaSi da miRebuli masis Semdgomi gamyareba.
`liToni aris Ria feris sxeuli, romlis Wedva SeiZleba~ - werda lomonosovi daaxloebiT
200 wlis win. im droisaTviT savsebiT misaRebi es ganmarteba dRes aRar gvakmayofilebs,
radgan lomonosovis dros CamonaTvalSi mxolod eqvsi liToni Sedioda (oqro, vercxli, spilenZi,
kala, rkina, tyvia) da maTi mravali Tviseba jer kidev ar iyo Seswavlili. dReisaTvis ki liTonuri
bunebis oTxmocamde elementia cnobili.
liTonis ZiriTadi garegnuli niSani misi bzinvarebaa, rac ganpirobebulia didi arekvlis
unariT. liTonisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia agreTve kargi plastikuroba, maRali simtkice, Tbo da
eleqtrogamtaroba. aseTi TvisebebiT xasiaTdebian ara marto sufTa liTonebi, aramed Senad-
_________________

plastikuroba aris liTonis unari, gare Zalebis zemoqmedebiT Seicvalos forma (miiRos
plastikuri deformacia) mTlianobis daurRvevlad.
nobebic, romlebsac ufro rTuli agebuleba gaaCniaT. maT teqnikaSi liTonur Senadnobebs
uwodeben. aRniSnuli Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, ufro farTo gagebiT liTonur Senadnobebsac
SeiZleba liTonebi vuwodoT. yvela liToni, garda vercxliswylisa, oTaxis temperaturaze myar
mdgomareobaSia.
marTalia, Zveli romaelebi icnobdnen oqros, vercxliswyals, vercxlsa da tyvias, xolo Sua
saukuneebSi aRmoCenili iqna kidev ramodenime axali elementi, magram namdvili mecnieruli
midgoma liTonis Seswavlisadmi saTaves mxolod XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan iRebs. amas
xeli Seuwyo metalurgiisa da liTonuri nakeTobis warmoebis gansakuTrebiT swrafi nabijebiT
ganviTarebam, ramac industriuli afeTqeba gamoiwvia. wminda teqnikurma progresma
mniSvnelovnad gauswro teqnologiuri procesebis kvlevas, amitom WeSmaritad mecnieruli,
empiriuli, maRalganviTarebuli codnaTa sistema liTonebze – liTonmcodneoba, romelic liTonTa
fizikasac aerTianebs, mxolod axlo warsulSi Camoyalibda.
am periodSi iqna aRmoCenili liTonuri Tvisebebis mqone mravali elementi – platina,
manganumi, volframi. 1800-1850 wlebSi pirvelad iqna miRebuli magniumi, kadmiumi, alumini,
vanadiumi, urani da beriliumi, tute da tutemiwaTa liTonebis umravlesoba. XIX saukunis
bolomde aRmoaCines titani, ceziumi, rubidiumi da radiumi. ise, rom elementTa periodul sis-

13
temaSi sul ufro da ufro mcire adgilebi rCeboda Seuvsebeli. amJamad CvenTvis cnobilia 106
elementi.
rogorc aRvniSneT, perioduli sistema 80-mde liTonuri bunebis elements iTvlis, magram
mrewvelobisaTvis gadamwyvet rols yvela maTgani ar asrulebs. amitom liTonebis klasifikacias,
upirveles yovlisa, teqnikisaTvis mniSvnelovani Tvisebebidan gamomdinare awarmoeben.
msgavsebis mixedviT liTonebs or did jgufad yofen – Sav da ferad liTonebad. Savi
liTonebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ruxi-nacrisferi Seferiloba, maRali simkvrive (garda
tutemiwaTa liTonebisa), dnobis maRali temperatura da SedarebiT maRali sisale . am jgufis
yvelaze ti-
puri warmomadgenelia rkina.
_________________

simtkice aris liTonis unari, winaaRmdegoba gauwios gare ZalebiT ganpirobebul plastikur
deformacias an damangrevel zemoqmedebas.
feradi liTonebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, damaxasiaTebeli Seferilo- biT gamoirCevian
(mowiTalo, yviTeli, TeTri) da xasiaTdebian maRali plastikurobiT, SedarebiT dabali dnobis
temperaturiTa da sisaliT. am jgufis tipuri liTonia spilenZi.
teqnikaSi farTod gamoyenebul Sav liTonebs, Tavis mxriv, yofen:
_ rkinisebr liTonebad, sadac rkinasTan erTad gaerTianebulia kobalti, nikeli da TvisebebiT
maTTan axlos mdgomi manganumi;
_ Zneldnobad liTonebad, romelTa dnobis temperatura aRemateba rkinis dnobis temperaturas
(15390C). maT ricxvs miekuTvneba volframi, reniumi, tantali, molibdeni, niobiumi, hafniumi,
vanadiumi, qromi da cirkoniumi.
ferad liTonebSi simkvrivis mixedviT ansxvaveben:
_ msubuq liTonebs (magniumi, =1,7 g/sm3; beriliumi, =1,8 g/sm3; alumini, =2,7 g/sm3);
_ keTilSobil liTonebs, rogoricaa oqro, vercxli da platinis jgufis elementebi. maT ricxvs
miakuTvneben agreTve `naxevradkeTilSobil~ liTons – spilenZs. keTilSobili liTonebi
xasiaTdebian koroziisadmi maRali mdgradobiT;
_ advildnobad liTonebs – TuTias, kalas, tyvias, dariSxans, bismuts, Taliums,
vercxliswyals da Semcirebuli liTonuri Tvisebebis mqone elementebs _ galiumsa da germaniums.

4. kristaluri da amorfuli mdgomareobebi

simtkice aris liTonis mTavari Rirseba, ramac sabolood daamkvidra igi sazogadoebis
yofa-cxovrebaSi. brinjaos xanam imitom Secvala qvis xana, rom brinjao qvaze ufro mtkice
aRmoCmda. rkinis xanidan moyolebuli adamianma TandaTan iswavla liTonis simtkicis

14
amaRlebis gzebi da ukve dRes erTi tona liTonisagan SeiZleba damzaddes bevrad ufro meti
nakeToba, vidre es SesaZlebeli iyo Tundac 50 wlis win, radgan am periodis ganmavlobaSi
mniSvnelovnad amaRlda misi simtkicis maxasiaTeb-
______________

sisale aris liTonis unari, winaaRmdegoba gauwios plastikur an drekad deformacias masSi
gareSe, ufro sali sxeulis SeWris SemTxvevaSi.
lebi.
avtomobiliT dRes veravis gaakvirveb, Tumca Tanamedrove avtomanqanebi marTlac
gancvifrebas iwveven. im manqanis muxla lilvs, romelmac kapitaluri SekeTebis gareSe 500000
km gaiara (rac dRes arc ise iSviaTi SemTxvevaa), gakeTebuli aqvs 100 milionze meti bruni!
amasTan, Zravis muSaobisas igi ganicdida dguSis 7000-ze met dartymas yovel wuTSi. ufro
metic, arsebobs turbinebi, romlebic wuTSi 20 aTas da met brunsac akeTeben. warmoidgineT,
rogori simtkice unda axasiaTebdes maTTvis gankuTvnil sakonstruqcio masalebs. Tumca
kosmosuri saukunis teqnikisaTvis aseTi simtkicis maxasiaTeblebic, romlebzec inJinrebi cota
xnis win ocnebobdnen, ukve arasakmarisia.
reaqtiuli Zrava miT ufro mZlavri da ekonomiuria, rac ufro maRalia wvis sakanSi
temperatura. magram specialistebi iZulebulni arian igi xelovnurad Seamciron, radgan jer kidev
ar arsebobs iseTi masala, romelic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi gauZlebs did datvirTvebs
20000C-ze da mis zeviT. marTalia, liTonebi mTeli rigi unikaluri TvisebebiT xasiaTdebian,
magram maTi umravlesoba gamoiyeneba iq, sadac aucilebelia upiratesad gamoxatuli ama Tu im
Tvisebis realizacia, magaliTad, maRali simtkicis, uJangaobis, zedapiruli sisalis da a. S.
razea damokidebuli liTonis simtkice? ra emarTeba liTons datvirTvis zemoqmedebiT?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad sakmaod Soridan mogviwevs saubris dawyeba. ai, ras
gvamcnobs zogierTi istoriuli wyaro:
1951 welis 31 ianvars, yinvian dRes, Caingra saavtomobilo xidi kvebekSi (kanada). am
dros xidi ar iyo gadatvirTuli da masze mxolod erTi manqana moZraobda. avariis dros mdinareSi
Cacvivda xidis sami mali sigrZiT 54 m TiToeuli. xidi ar iyo Zveli, igi eqspluataciaSi gadaeca 1947
wels.
belgiaSi SeduRebiT agebuli 52 xididan, romlebic 1934-1938 wlebSi iyo eqspluataciaSi
gaSvebuli, TiTqmis mexuTedi 1940 wlisTvis mwyobridan iyo gamosuli. zogierTi xidi mTlianad
daingra. 1938 wlis 14 marts Caingra daaxloebiT erTi wlis win agebuli xidi, romlis malis sigrZe
73,5 m Seadgenda (xidi gadebuli iyo albertas arxze, xasseltis maxloblad). 1947 wlidan 1955
wlamde aseTi 14 SemTxvevaa dafiqsirebuli.
1951 wlis dekemberSi CexoslovakiaSi Caingra droebiTi sarkinig-

15
zo xidi, romlis malis sigrZe 12 m Seadgenda. xidi gaskda mas Semdeg, rodesac masze
orTqlmavalma gaiara. ramodenime wlis win ki Caingra xidi umniSvnelovanes satransporto
magistralze avstriis dedaqalaq venaSi.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi registrirebulia mTlianSeduRebuli gemebis daSlis faqtebi.
meore msoflio omis periodSi agebuli xuTi aTasi savaWro gemidan 1946 wlis aprilisaTvis
aTasze mets bzarebi aRmoaCnda. aTi tankeri da `libertis~ tipis sami satvirTo gemi Suaze gaipo.
sxva ocdaxuT gems mTlianad daeSala gembani an Ziri. zogierTi gemi ise daiSala, rom verc
moeswro misi eqspluataciaSi gaSveba. 1943 wlis ianvarSi, mSvid wyalSi, gemTmSenebeli
qarxnis kedelTan gadatyda svlaze gamosacdelad gamzadebuli tankeri `skenektedi~, romlis
wyalwyva Seadgenda 7230 t. imave wlis martSi, mxolod ori bali simZlavris qaris pirobebSi,
gadatyda tankeri `esso manxetteni~ wyalwyviT 10344 t. 1964 wlis agvistoSi daingra msoflioSi
erT-erTi yvelaze maRali nageboba – antenis 400 metriani anZa grenlandiis samxreT-dasavleT
sanapiroze.
ganxilul SemTxvevebSi arafer SuaSia mSeneblobis wuni. maS raSia saqme, ratom ver
SesZles inJinrebma, romlebic SeiaraRebulni iyvnen mecnierebis yvela miRweviT, zustad
gamoeTvalaT nagebobaTa simtkice? rogorc Cans, es arc ise iolia, radgan konstruqciis
saeqspluatacio pirobebze uamravi gauTvaliswinebeli faqtori moqmedebs.
teqnikis istoriidan cnobilia, rom peterburgis obuxovis qarxanaSi erTi da igive
foladisagan Camosxmuli zarbaznebidan zogierTi brZolisunarianobas inarCunebda, zogi ki
mwyobridan pirveli gasrolisTanave gamodioda. ra iyo amis mizezi? es kiTxva didxans rCeboda
pasuxgaucemeli. araeTma avariam da katastrofam transportze, SaxtebSi, srolis dros zarbaznebis
daskdomam cxadi gaxada liTonis Tvisebebis mecnieruli Seswavlis aqtualoba.
inJinrebi guldasmiT ikvlevdnen zarbaznis lulebis dazianebul adgilebs. saboloo
Sedegmac ar daayovna. dadginda, rom liTonis Tvisebebze arsebiT gavlenas axdens misi
Semadgeneli marcvlebis, anu kristalebis zoma. zarbaznis is lulebi, romlebic wvrilmarcvlovani
agebulebiT xasiaTdeboda, didxans inarCunebda mTlianobas, xolo msxvilmarcvlovani, uxeSi
agebulebis lulebi mwyobridan adre gamodioda. amgvarad, rac ufro wvrilmarcvlovani
agebulebisaa liToni, miT ufro maRali yofila misi meqanikuri Tvisebebis kompleqsi, anu
liTonebisa da Senadnobebis simtkicis saidumloeba ZiriTadad liTonis kristaluri agebulebis
TaviseburebiT yofila ganpirobebuli.
liTonis kristaluri agebuleba sakmaod detalurad aris Seswavlili XX saukuneSi rentgenis
sxivebis gamoyenebiT, eleqtronuli mikroskopiiT, ultrabgeriT da kvlevis sxva Tanamedrove
meTodebiT. rentgenostruqturuli analizis wyalobiT gansazRvrulia liTonis Sigakristaluri age-

16
bulebis Tavisebureba – atomebis urTierTganlagebis xasiaTi, simetriuloba da Seqmnilia uamravi
nivTierebis kristalebis TvalsaCino modelebi.
aqve bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: mainc ra aris kristali? rogoria misi
mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad
guldasmiT unda davakvirdeT Cvens garemomcvel samyaros.
kristalebi aSenebulia udidesi arqiteqtoris – bunebis mier. vin ar damtkbara kristalis
waxnagebis saucxoo elvarebiT, ferTa momajadoebeli TamaSiT. Zvirfasi feradi qvis Tu ubralo
fifqis kristalebi adamianSi yovelTvis badeben gansacvifrebel harmonias maTi mkveTri da mox-
denili moxazulobiT. kristalebs Cven aRmovaCenT qaTqaTa marilsa Tu Savi naxSiris natexSi.
yinuli da qviSac uamravi wvrili kristalebisgan Sedgeba. sazRvrebi ufro gafarTovdeba, Tu
dakvirvebis procesSi mikroskopiT SeviaraRdebiT – nebismieri liTonis texi Tqven moelvare kris-
talebis waxnagebiT dagiwyebT mzeras. aRmoCndeba, rom mTis qanebis ZiriTadi masa, romelic
dedamiwis qerqs warmoqmnis, kristalebisgan aris Sedgenili. rbili, plastikuri Tixac ki uwvrilesi,
qerclisebri kristalebis erTobliobas warmoadgens. is uCinaria TvalisaTvis, ar mJRavndeba mik-
roskopSic, magram advilad SeiZleba misi aRmoCena rentgenis sxivebis daxmarebiT. liToni,
qva, Tixa, qviSa – yoveli maTgani xom samSeneblo masalebis safuZvelia. gamodis, rom
qalaqebi kristalebisgan yofila age-
buli!
kristaluri agebulebiT xasiaTdeba agreTve Tanamedrove teqnikaSi gamoyenebuli
mravali sinTetikuri masala, naxevrad gamtari, feromagnituri masalebi, zemtkice da
mxurvalmedegi Senadnobebi. amgvarad, CvenTvis naTeli xdeba, rom kristaluri agebuleba
bunebaSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli mdgomareoba yofila. rogorc amboben fizikosebi da minerolo-
gebi, TiTqmis mTeli samyaro kristaluria. amitom kristaluri agebulebis Seswavla kristalografiis,
liTonebis fizikisa da liTonmcodneobis erT-erTi pirvelxarisxovani, umniSvnelovanesi
mimarTulebaa.
myari nivTiereba SeiZleba amorful mdgomareobaSic arsebobdes. sityvebi `kristaluri~ 
da `amorfuli~ berZnuli warmoSobisaa. pirveli maTgani niSnavs yinuls, xolo meore – uformos.
myari sxeulis normaluri mdgomareoba kristaluria. kristali, upirveles yovlisa, aris
nawilakebis (atomebis, ionebis, molekulebis) uzarmazari raodenobis Tavmoyris adgili. sakiTxis
gamartivebis mizniT yoveli atomi SeiZleba umcires sferod warmovidginoT. sivrceSi atomebis
urTierTganlagebisa da maT Soris aRZruli bmis Zalebis specifikuri xasiaTi kristals
nivTierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sruliad axal Tvisebebs aniWebs.
kristalisaTvis damaxasiaTebel yvelaze mTavarsa da zogad Taviseburebas nawilakebis
(atomebis, ionebis, molekulebis) regularuli, mowesrigebuli, sivrceSi usasrulod ganmeorebadi

17
ganlageba warmoadgens. aseTi uzarmazari raodenobis nawilakebis kanonzomieri,
mowesrigebuli ganlageba sivrceSi gamoxatulebas poulobs kristalis garegnul formaSic – nawila-
kebze moqmedi Zalebi maT rac SeiZleba axlo manZilze afiqsirebs raRac swor,
samganzomilebian mdgomareobaSi, rac warmosaxviT sivrciT kristalur gisoss warmoqmnis.
sivrceSi sferoebis umWidroesi ganlageba ki SesaZlobelia ganxorcieldes ori saxis geometriul
figuraSi:
1. kubSi, sadac atomebs dakavebuli eqnebaT adgilebi wveroebSi da waxnagebis
diagonalebis gadakveTis wertilebSi. atomebis aseT wyobas kubur waxnagdacentrebuls (wdk)
uwodeben (nax. 1, a);
2. heqsagonur prizmaSi, sadac garda wveroebisa, TiTo atomi ganlagebuli iqneba zeda
da qveda waxnagebis diagonalebis gadakveTis wertilebSi, sami ki – zeda da qveda waxnagebs
Soris. aseT kristalur gisoss mWidro heqsagonuri (mh) ewodeba (b). orive saxis kristalur gisos-
________________

sityva `kristali~ espanur enaSi aRniSnavs minas, Tumca mina kristalur nivTierebas ar
miekuTvneba
Si moculobis 74% atomebiT aris Sevsebuli, danarCeni ki forebia. kristalebis umravlesobisaTvis
swored aseTi saxis gisosebia damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, alumini, spilenZi, tyvia, nikeli, oqro,
vercxli, platina da kidev sxva liTonebi kristaldeba waxnagdacentrebul kubur kristalur gisosSi,
xolo manganumi, TuTia, kadmiumi, beriliumi da a. S. – mWidro heqsagonurSi.
zogierT liTonSi, rogoricaa magaliTad, qromi, vanadiumi, molibdeni, volframi da a. S,
yalibdeba gansxvavebuli tipis kuburi kristaluri gisosi, sadac atomebs adgili ukaviaT kubis
wveroebSi, xolo damatebiT erTi atomi zis kubis sivrceSi, diagonalebis gadakveTis wertilSi.
aseT gisoss kuburi sivrciT dacentrebuli (sdk) ewodeba (nax. 1, g). kuburi sivrciT dacentrebuli
gisosi naklebad kompaqturia. masSi atomebis mier dakavebuli moculoba 68%-s Seadgens.

18
 Tu uxeS Sedarebas moviyvanT, iseve, rogorc Spaleri warmoadgens erTi da igive
naxatis mravaljerad ganmeorebas sibrtyeze, aseve kristali warmoadgens erTi da igive
geometriuli figuris (magaliTad, kubis) mravaljerad ganmeorebas sivrceSi, anu kristali aris
`sivrciTi Spaleri~, romlis ZiriTadi moculobiTi naxati, kristaluri gisosis elementaruli ujredi,
usasrulod meordeba sivrceSi samive mimarTulebiT. rentgenis sxivebis daxmarebiT kristaluri gi-
sosis arseboba dadgenilia myari sxeulebis umravlesobaSi. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
atomebis perioduli ganlageba sivrceSi yvela myari sxeulis arsebobis pirobas
warmoadgens. igi maT icavs garemos damangreveli zemoqmedebisagan.
kristaluri nivTierebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia waxnagebis TavisTavadi warmoqmnis
unari. marTalia, kristali SeiZleba sxvadasxva pirobebSi Camoyalibdes, magaliTad, gamxsnelis
aorTqlebiT, Txevadi liTonis gacivebisas an orTqlis fazis kondensaciiT (magaliTad, yinulis naySi
minaze), magram yvela SemTxvevaSi mzardi kristalis zedapirze Camoyalibdeba brtyeli
waxnagebi.
sufTa liTonuri nivTierebis kidev erTi specifikuri Taviseburebaa dnobisa da gamyarebis
fiqsirebuli temperatura (wertili). marTalia, gaxurebisas misi temperatura ganuxrelad matulobs,
magram gaTxevadeba iwyeba mxolod dnobis temperaturis miRwevisas. aq umTavresia erTi faq-
ti – rogorc dnobis, ise gamyarebis procesSi sistemis temperatura ucvlelad aris SenarCunebuli,
anu sufTa liTonebi dneba da myardeba erT mudmiv temperaturaze. kristalizaciis temperatura
liTonis Tvisebis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani mudmivaa. sxvadasxva liTonisaTvis igi friad
farTo diapazonSi icvleba – (-38,90C)-dan sindiyisaTvis 34100C-mde yvelaze Zneldnobadi
liTonis – volframisaTvis. amorfuli nivTierebebis qceva ki gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, mina
gaxurebisas TandaTanobiT rbildeba, Semdeg ki iwyebs lRobas, magram sistemis temperatura
ganuxrelad matulobs yovelgvari SeCerebis gareSe.
erTi da igive nivTiereba SeiZleba arsebobdes rogorc Kkristalur, ise amorful
mdgomareobaSi. Txevadi fazidan nivTierebis myar mdgomareobaSi gadasvla kristalebis
warmoqmnis, anu kristalizaciis gziT, aris bunebrivi procesi, magram garkveul pirobebSi
SesaZlebelia moxdes am kanonzomierebidan gadaxra. am sakiTxSi ukeT garkvevisaTvis
ganvixiloT uxeSi, magram sakmaod TvalsaCino aseTi magaliTi: vTqvaT, jariskacebis aseuls na-
brZanebi aqvs rigSi mowyoba. Tu brZanebis Sesasruleblad jariskacebs sakmarisi dro eqnebaT
micemuli, yoveli maTgani moaswrebs misTvis gankuTvnili adgilis dakavebas da rigSi
gasworebas. magram Tu pirveli brZanebis Semdeg swrafad gaica meore - `sdeq!~, jariskacebis
saerTo ganlageba mouwesrigebeli darCeba, Tumca gamokveTili iqneba tendencia
mowesrigebisaken.

19
 raRac analogiuri mimdinareobs gamyarebis procesSic. Tu siTxis gaciveba neli siCqariT
mimdinareobs, atomebi aswreben sivrceSi maTTvis gankuTvnili adgilebis dakavebas da
kristaluri gisosis Camoyalibebas, swrafi gaciveba ki amuxruWebs atomebis gadaadgilebis unars
da maT ar aZlevs bolomde mowesrigebis saSualebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, didi siCqariT
gaciveba ganapirobebs siTxis siblantis metad swrafad zrdas da nivTiereba gamyardeba manam,
sanam atomebi sivrceSi maTTvis gankuTvnil, mowesrigebul mdgomareobas daikaveben. aseT
pirobebSi kristaluri gisosi ver aswrebs Camoyalibebas, ikveTeba mxolod amis tendencia.
kristaluri nivTierebebisgan gansxvavebiT, mocemul SemTxvevaSi atomebis mowesrigebuli gan-
lageba vrceldeba ara Sor, aramed axlo manZilze, anu vlindeba nawilakebis axlo wesrigi.
amdenad, kristalurisagan gansxvavebiT, amorful nivTierebebSi atomebis mowesrigebis xarisxi
metad dabalia. zogierT amorful nivTierebas, magaliTad, fiss, luqs, sanTels, ar axasiaTebT
nawilakebis axlo wesrigic ki.
ufro marTebuli iqneba nivTierebis amorfuli mdgomareoba Sefasebuliyo, rogorc metad
blanti siTxe. amis mkafio magaliTs mina warmoadgens. sagulisxmoa, rom uZvelesi fanjris
minebis qveda nawili ramdenadme gasqelebulia zedasTan SedarebiT, rac imis damadasturebelia,
rom amorful nivTierebebs myar mdgomareobaSi denadobis unari gaaCniaT.
myar amorful nivTierebebSi metad neli siCqariT, magram mainc xdeba atomebis
gadaadgileba da TandaTanobiTi maTi gadasvla mowesrigebul mdgomareobaSi, anu
kristalizacia. zogierT maTganSi, magaliTad, gogirdSi, atomebis gadajgufeba SedarebiT swrafad
mimdinareobs, sxvebSi, magaliTad minaSi – saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. amorfuli minis dakris-
taleba iwvevs mis dabzarvas, xolo araerTgvarovan agebulebaSi gadasvla – gamWvirvalobis
dakargvas, anu gamqrqalebas.
amgvarad, amorfuli nivTiereba TavisTavad gadadis kristalur mdgomareobaSi,
sawinaaRmdego procesi ki arasdros ar SeiniSneba. aqedan SeiZleba gakeTdes
umniSvnelovanesi daskvna: kristaluri mdgomareoba myari sxeulis Termodinamikurad erTaderT
mdgrad, `dasrulebul~ mdgomareobas warmoadgens.
rogorc vxedavT, amorful da kristalur mdgomareobebs Soris ZiriTadi gansxvaveba maT
Sinagan agebulebaSi mdgomareobs. mina, magaliTad, raRac gamWvirvale, myife sxeulia, xolo
liToni – mtkice da plastikuri. mina izolatoria, liToni ki kargi eleqtrogamtari masala. liTonuri na-
keToba ver muSaobs yvela garemoSi, mina ki praqtikulad ar ganicdis korozias. da ai, Cven
mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom amorfuli da kristaluri nivTierebebi xasiaTdebian sruliad
gansxvavebuli TvisebebiT (da ara mxolod garegnuliT). iseTi masalebis miReba, romlebSic Se-
xamebuli iqneba minisa da liTonis saukeTeso Tvisebebi, metad mimzidveli da macdunebelia.

20
 liTonuri mina gamoyenebas hpovebs eleqtruli denis uzarmazari impulsebis
gadacemaSi; kompiuterebSi, romelTa magnituri maxsovrobis unari daujereblad gaizrdeba –
moculobis erTeulSi moTavsdeba 25-jer meti informacia; gaizrdeba xmis Cawerisa da aRdgenis
xarisxi magnitofonSi. liTonuri amorfuli masalebis qimiuri medegoba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT ara
marto teqnikaSi, aramed adamianis organoebis xelovnuri Semcvlelebis Sesaqmneladac.
aRniSnuli mimarTulebebiT ukve miRweulia mniSvnelovani warmatebebi. kvlevebi kvlav
intensiurad grZeldeba.

5. defeqtebi kristalebSi

iseve, rogorc bunebis nebismieri qmnileba, kristalic moklebulia idealur aRnagobas.

idealuri kristalis modelSi atomebis urTierTganlagebasa da simetriulobaSi araviTari darRveva ar
SeiniSneba – kristalur gisosSi yvela geometriuli kvanZi saTanado liTonis atomebiT aris dakave-
buli, rogorc es me-2 naxazzea warmodgenili. sinamdvileSi realuri kristalis agebuleba sakmaod
Sors dgas srulyofilebisagan. amis mizezis asaxsnelad winamdebare kursSi umartivesi ganmarte-
bebiT SemovifarglebiT.
liToni misTvis damaxasiaTebel aRnagobas
gamyarebis procesSi Rebulobs. swored am dros
yalibdeba kristaluri gisosi da mimdinareobs kristalebis
zrda. am process, rogorc ukve viciT, kristalizacias uwo-
deben. kristalizacia erTdroulad uamrav zonaSi iwyeba
da yoveli kristali sakuTari Canasaxidan, anu centridan
izrdeba nebismieri mimarTulebiT. kristalizaciis
procesis sawyis etapze mzard kristalSi atomebi Tavda-
pirvelad mowesrigebulad lagdebian, kristalis garkveul
zomamde gazrdis Semdeg ki, vTqvaT,
meTxuTmetemeaTasedi atomis daSenebis momentidan,
warmoiqmneba jer umniSvnelo, Seucnobadi, xolo
Semdeg da Semdeg sul ufro da ufro sagrZnobi gadaxra idealuri agebulebidan: xan atomi Cajdeba
ara misTvis gankuTvnil adgilas, xan ki is adgili, sadac unda imyofebodes atomi, carieli
aRmoCndeba. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom kristalis idealurad `aSenebuli~ erTi nawili meore, aseve
idealur nawils arasworad, odnav gadaxrili kuTxiT Seezardos. bunebrivia, es gamoiwvevs SeuR-
lebis zonaSi sworxazovnebidan umniSvnelo gadaxras. aseTi gadaxrebi, romlebic erTmaneTs
emateba, saboloo jamSi iwvevs kristaluri agebulebis sagrZnob damaxinjebas.

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 kristalis idealuri agebuleba SeiZleba daarRvios agreTve sxva elementis atommac,
romelic ama Tu im mizeziT SeiZleba moxvdes liTonSi da daikaos adgili an kristaluri gisosis
sicarieleebSi, anu forebSi, an ZiriTadi, fuZeliTonis atomisagan Tavisufal, anu vakantur adgi-
lebSi ganTavsdes. sxvadasxva zonaSi mzardi kristalebi saboloo jamSi erTmaneTs xvdebian,
maT Soris Cndeba sazRvari da formirdeba marcvlebi. atomebi, romlebic aRniSnul sasazRvro
zonebSia ganlagebuli, ganicdian mezobeli marcvlebis kristaluri gisosebis garkveul
zemoqmedebas da maT Soris myardeba meqanikuri kavSiri.
meqanikuri SeWiduloba ver uzrunvelyofs marcvlebs Soris mtkice kavSirs. marcvlis
sazRvrebSi Tavs iyris yvelanairi defeqti, liTonSi arsebuli sxvadasxva minarevi da airovani
niJarebi, romlebic kidev ufro amcireben marcvlebs Soris SeWidulobis Zalebs. swored marcvli-
dan marcvlamde gardamavali zonebi ganapirobebs mniSvnelovan wilad liTonis mTeli masis
meqanikur Tvisebebs. amitom cudad gasufTavebuli liToni datvirTvebis zemoqmedebiT swored
marcvlis sazRvrebze imsxvreva.
rogorc vxedavT, Cveulebrivi liTonis naWeri uamravi kristalebisgan Sedgeba, anu igi
polikristalur agregats warmoadgens. mis Semadgenel TiToeul marcvals monokristali ewodeba.
ganxiluli damaxinjebebi sakmaod didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba liTonSi. idealuri agebulebis kristali
iseTive abstraqciaa, rogorc, magaliTad, idealuri sfero geometriaSi.
nebismieri damaxinjeba da moxvedrili minarevi atomebi cvlian liTonis fizikur da
meqanikur Tvisebebs. magaliTad, sakmarisia nikelSi 0,005% gogirdis minarevis moxvedra, rom
sufTa mdgomareobaSi es plastikuri masala myifed gadaiqces, xolo 0,001% wyalbadis an
naxSirbadis moxvedra rkinas gazrdil simyifes aniWebs oTaxis temperaturis maxloblobaSi. sufTa
rkina ki plastikurobas inarCunebs Txevadi heliumis (-268,8 0C) temperaturazec ki.
germaniumis naxevrad gamtaris Tvisebas cvlis mis gisosSi erT miliard atomze mosuli mxolod
erTi ucxo liTonis minarevi atomi!
amgvarad, kristaluri aRnagobis damaxinjebebi auareseben liTonis Tvisebebs, magram,
samwuxarod, defeqtebis srulad Tavidan acileba SeuZlebelia. simtkicis gazrdis mizniT
mecnierebi cdilobdnen SeeqmnaT udefeqto kristalebi, Tumca am SesaZleblobis maqsimalurad
realizaciis Semdeg mravali maTgani mivida im daskvnamde, rom liTonebis simtkicis gazrdis
rezervebi amowuruli iyo. marTlac, XX saukunis ormocian wlebSi liTonis simtkicis
maxasiaTeblebis zrdis tempi sagrZnoblad daeca, TiTqos man Tavis zRvars miaRwia. Tumca
gavida ramodenime weli da myari tanisa da liTonTa fizikis dargSi miRweulma Sedegebma axali
grandiozuli perspeqtivebi dasaxes simtkicis mravaljeradi gazrdis saqmeSi.
yvelaferi daiwyo idealuri agebulebis liTonis Teoriuli simtkicis gamoTvlebidan.
imisaTvis, rom kristali daingres, aucilebelia mi- si Semadgeneli atomebis erTdrouli mowyveta

22
erTmaneTisagan. amisaTvis saWiroa atomTSorisi SeWidulobis Zalebis gadalaxva. aqedan
gamomdinare, liTonis simtkice unda iyos proporciuli atomTa Soris kavSiris Zalebis namravlisa
kristalis ganivkveTSi ganlagebuli atomebis ricxvze. am sididis gamoTvliT miRebulma Sedegma
mecnierebi ganacvifra: igi aR-
_______________

polikristali – mravali marcvlisgan Sedgenili agregati, romelSic marcvlebi
erTmaneTisgan gamoyofilia didi kuTxiT Semobrunebuli sazRvrebiT.
moCnda realur simtkicesTan SedarebiT ara ramodenimejer, rogorc amas varaudobdnen, aramed
asjer da ufro metad didi.
Tavdapirvelad fiqrobdnen, rom gamoTvlebSi an Secdoma iyo daSvebuli, an
mniSvnelovnad iyo gazrdili atomTa Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalebi. Semowmebam ki cxadyo,
rom gamoTvlebi sworad iyo Catarebuli. ar gamoiRo Sedegi agreTve mcdelobam, idealur da
realur simtkiceebs Soris gansxvaveba aexsnaT ukve CvenTvis cnobil Sigakristalur defeqtebze
dayrdnobiT. marTalia, isini arRveven atomTa Soris kavSiris Zalebs, magram aseTi xarisxiT
kristalis dasusteba maT SeeZloT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac defeqtebi liTonis TiTqmis
mTel moculobas daikavebdnen, anu Tu igi RrubelTan SedarebiT ufro foriani aRmoCndeboda –
idealur mniSvnelobasTan SedarebiT kristalis simtkicis asjer Sesamcireblad defeqtebis raodenoba
99%-s unda Seadgendes. maS raSia saqme?
pasuxi am kiTxvaze ucbaT ver moiZebna. daZabuli Sromis Semdeg sxvadasxva
qveynis fizikosebis ZalisxmeviT dadginda, rom liTonis simtkicis maxasiaTeblebze arsebiT
gavlenas axdens realuri kristalisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi mniSvnelovani defeqti –
dislokacia.
warmoidgineT, rom kristalur gisosSi raRac
mizeziT gaCnda zedmeti atomuri sibrtye (nax. 3),
romelsac eqstrasibrtyes uwodeben. bunebrivia, igi
Casolili aRmoCndeba kristalur gisosSi, ris Sedegadac
damaxinjdeba gisosis swori geometriuli agebuleba da
defeqtis moqmedebis zonaSi aRiZvreba daZabulobis
veli. eqstrasibrtyis 1-1 wibo qmnis xazovan defeqts,
romelsac kidura dislokacia ewodeba.
dislokacia aRmocenebas ukve kristalis zrdis
procesSi iwyebs, deformaciis pirobebSi ki maTi ricxvi
ramodenime xarisxiT matulobs. liTonze gare Zalis
zemoqmedebiT dislokacia advilad amoZravdeba da iwyebs gadaadgilebas. Zalis mudmivi zemo-
qmedebis pirobebSi moZraoba atomebis erTi jgufidan meores gadaecema da saboloo jamSi

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dislokacia gamodis kristalis zedapirze, rac gamoiwvevs misi erTi nawilis daZvras meoris
mimarT, anu plastikur deformacias. es procesi sqematurad warmodgenilia me-4 naxazze.
mniSvnelovani plastikuri deformaciisaTvis aucilebelia liTonis erTi nawilis dacureba meoris
mimarT didi raodenobis dislokaciebiT ganxorcieldes.
amgvarad, realuri agebulebis liTonis deformaciisaTvis da, saboloo jamSi, misi

mTlianobis darRvevisaTvis, aucilebelia ara mTeli atomuri sibrtyis daZvra an mowyveta, aramed
mxolod dislokaciis gadaadgileba, romlis amoZravebasac umniSvnelo Zala esaWiroeba.
aRniSnulma Sedegma sul sxvagvarad daayena sakiTxi liTonis simtkicis Semdgomi amaRlebis
perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb. marTlac, radgan liTonis realuri simtkicis dabali maxasiaTeblebis
ZiriTadi mizezi dislokaciis advilad gadaadgilebis unaria, simtkicis asamaRleblad ori ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba ikveTeba:
1. aradislokaciuri struqturis mqone kristalis Seqmna;
2. liTonSi dislokaciis gadaadgilebis unaris Semcireba, anu dislokaciis damuxruWeba.

6. `ulvaSa~ kristalebi

jer kidev meore msoflio omis periodSi SeamCnies, rom eleqtronuli aparatura,
kondensatorebi da zRvis kabelebi mwyobridan gamodioda yovelgvari xiluli mizezebis gareSe.
bevri Tavsatexi gadaitanes mecnierebma am gamocanis amocnobaSi. bolos dadginda, rom
avarias iwvevda kalis uwvrilesi, Zafisebri kristalebi, romlebic im adgilebSi izrdeboda, sadac
foladis konstruqciis ubnebi kaliT iyo dafaruli.
avariis mizezis asaxsnelad saWiro gaxda aRniSnuli uwvrilesi
kristalebis zrdis pirobebisa da maTi Tvisebebis Seswavla. radgan garegnulad kalis kristalebis
warmonaqmnebi ulvaSis bewvs waagavda, maT `ulvaSa~ kristalebi uwodes. mkvlevarebi didad
gaakvirva im faqtma, rom swored `ulvaSa~ kristalebi aRmoCnda is aradislokaciuri struqturis
mqone monokristali, romlis Seqmniskenac ase miiswrafvodnen mecnierebi.
`ulvaSa~, anu Zafisebri kristalebi jer kidev 200 wlis win iyo cnobili. mas, ubralod,
yuradRebas aravin ar aqcevda. axla ki aRmoCnda, rom es uTvalado, Seuxedavi kristalebi

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xasiaTdebian WeSmaritad gansacvifrebeli TvisebebiT: maTi kuTri simtkice mniSvnelovnad
aRemateba igive masalisagan, magram Cveulebrivi xerxiT miRebuli nimuSis simtkices da uax-
lovdeba Teoriuls. es ganpirobebulia ara mxolod aradislokaciuri, srulyofili, udefeqto struqturiT,
aramed zedapiris idealurad gluvi agebulebiTac, rac kristalis miniaturuli zomebiT unda iyos
ganpirobebuli. 40000-jer gadidebis SemTxvevaSic ki ver moxerxda kristalis zedapirze raime
simqisis (xorklianobis) aRmoCena. Cveulebrivi xerxiT miRebuli kristalebi ki daserilia uamravi
defeqtiT, rac ngrevis keras warmoadgens.
aradislokaciuri struqturis mqone araorganuli kristalebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba ukve
dawyebulia. safironis an grafitis `ulvaSa~KkristalebiT armirebuli liTonebis simtkice idealuris
erT mesameds aRwevs. es cota ar aris. aseTi masalebis gamoyenebiT amzadeben airturbinuli
Zravebis TaTebs da raketis mxurvalmtkice detalebs.

7. liTonis medegoba

Cven araerTxel aRvniSneT xazgasmiT, rom defeqtebi asusteben liTons, magram aqve
ismis kiTxva: ratom ar sustdeba, aramed piriqiT, matulobs kidec simtkice plastikuri deformaciis
Semdeg? aseTi damuSaveba xom zrdis defeqtebs liTonSi?
saqme imaSia, rom simtkiceze moqmedebs ara mxolod dislokaciebis ricxvi, aramed maTi
Zvradobis, anu gadaadgilebis unaric. amitom is defeqtebi, romlebic amuxruWeben dislokaciis
gadaadgilebas, ganapirobeben liTonis ganmtkicebasac. rodesac moZravi dislokacia miexleba da-
brkolebas, magaliTad, ucxo minarevs, igi an damuxruWdeba, an moZraobas ganagrZobs da-
brkolebis garSemovliT. damuxruWebuli dislokaciis asamoZraveblad an dabrkolebisadmi gverdis
asavlelad ki damatebiTi energiaa saWiro, rac liTonis simtkicis gazrdaze miuTiTebs.
rodesac dislokacia monokristalSi moZraobs, saboloo jamSi igi kristalis zedapirze
gamodis. polikristalur agregatebSi ki marcvlis zedapirze dislokaciis gamosvlas xels uSlis
mezobeli marcvali. amitom dislokaciis gadaadgilebisadmi winaaRmdegoba TandaTan gaizrdeba
marcvlis sazRvarTan mis miaxloebasTan erTad da bolos damuxruWdeba. rac ufro metia
sazRvrebis saerTo sigrZe liTonSi, miT ufro metad izrdeba dislokaciis damuxruWebis albaToba.
sazRvrebis didi raodenobiT Camoyalibebas ki xels uwyobs struqturis dawvrilmarcvlovneba.
swored amitom xasiaTdeba wvrilmarcvlovani agebulebis liToni gazrdili simtkiciT msxvil-
marcvlovanTan SedarebiT.
Cvens saubrebSi SevexeT liTonis simtkicis maxasiaTeblebis gazrdis zogierT xerxs,
magram mizanSewonilia aqve naTlad ganvmartoT, Tu ra aris liTonis medegoba. am kiTxvas ar
SeiZleba erTgvarovani pasuxi gaeces. medegoba an simtkice, erTis mxriv, aris liTonis
winaaRmdegobis unari plastikuri deformaciisadmi, myife rRvevisadmi, cveTisadmi, unari

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daurRvevlad gauZlos datvirTvebs maRal temperaturaze, meores mxriv ki – mdgradoba koroziis
mimarT sxvadasxva agresiul garemoSi, gamWoli radiaciis mimarT da a.S.
ra Tqma unda, ar arsebobs iseTi liToni, romelsac yvela es Tviseba kompleqsSi eqneba
gamoxatuli. magaliTad, cveTisadmi winaaRmdegobis gasazrdelad sakmarisia liTonis zedapiruli
sisalis amaRleba. gaizrdeba Tu ara aseTi damuSavebiT liTonis medegoba? ra Tqma unda ga-
izrdeba, Tu mxedvelobaSi gveqneba mxolod misi winaaRmdegoba cveTisadmi, radgan zedapi-
ruli sisalis gazrdam nakeToba SeiZleba ufro myife gaxados da advilad gadatydes dartymiTi
datvirTvebis zemoqmedebiT, rasac liToni damuSavebamde uproblemod gauZlebda.
rogorc vxedavT, dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxs mTlianad gansazRvravs is konkretuli
pirobebi, romelSic mocemulma detalma unda imuSaos. amitom ama Tu im nakeTobis
dasamzadeblad iseT liTons irCeven, romelsac upiratesad eqneba gamoxatuli eqspluataciis
pirobebiT wayenebuli moTxovnebi. aqedan gamomdinare, Cvens Semdgom saubrebSi liTonis
simtkicisa da medegobis Sesaxeb yvela SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi gveqneba ara raRac
abstraqtuli simtkicis maxasiaTeblebi, aramed sruliad konkretuli – masalis Tviseba
winaaRmdegoba gauwios garemos raRac ama Tu im xasiaTis zemoqmedebas.
nebismieri manqanis seriuli warmoebis dawyebamde mizanSewonilia simtkiceze
(medegobaze) misi gamocda. am mizniT manqanas da mis calkeul detalebs gamocdebs utareben
mTlianobis darRvevamde eqspluataciis realur pirobebTan miaxloebuli parametrebiT. arc
TviTmfrinavi, arc manqanebis axali konstruqciebi seriul warmoebaSi ar gaiSveba gamocdebis
Catarebis gareSe.
magram rogor unda gamoicados winaswar simtkiceze, magaliTad, okeanis laineris
korpusi, giganturi wnexi an turbina? dRevandel mZime manqanaTmSeneblobaSi xom iseTi
detalebi gamoiyeneba, romelTa sigrZe 30-35 m Seadgens (es TormetsarTuliani saxlis
simaRlea!), diametri – ramodenime metrs, xolo wona – asobiT tonas.
saqme imaSia, rom liTonis kuTri simtkicis gansazRvra xorcieldeba mcire zomisa da
standartuli formis nimuSebis gamocdiT specialur manqanebze, magram ar SeiZleba, magaliTad,
aTi kvadratuli milimetris ganivkveTis mqone Reros gadatexviT vimsjeloT imaze, Tu ra datvir-
Tvis pirobebSi dairRveva vTqvaT, aTasi da, miT umetes, asi aTasi kvadratuli milimetris mqone
igive liTonis Rero. aseTi zomebis `Reros~ dangreva ki gamocdis mizniT ubralod SeuZlebelia –
warmoidgineT gamomcdeli manqanis konstruqcia da gabaritebi! aqedan gamomdinare, giganturi
manqanebi gamocdebs ar eqvemdebarebian. maTi mwyobridan gamosvla ki gamoiwvevs
kolosalur zarals da, SesaZloa, adamianebis msxverplsac. amis Tavidan asacileblad inJinrebi
cdiloben aseTi gigantebi saimedod aagon da xSirad maT aniWeben aTjerad, zogjer ki – ocjerad
simtkicis marags.

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 simtkicis maragis koeficients xSirad Cveni arcodnis koefici-
ents uwodeben. rodesac ucnobia im realuri Zalebis sidide, romlebic imoqmedeben axlad Seqmnil
manqanaze, nagebobaze da mis calkeul detalze, konstruqtors meti araferi darCenia simtkicis
maragis gazrdis garda. samwuxaroa, magram Tavdacvis aseT xerxs mivyavarT did danaxarje-
bamde, radgan simtkicis maragi sxva araferia, Tu ara manqanis Semadgeneli detalebis masis
gazrda. Tumca aravin ar aris dazRveuli imisganac, rom aseTi giganturi nageboba sakuTari wonis
zegavleniT gaiWeWyos.
adamianma manqanebis, meqanizmebisa da konstruqciebis didi mravalferovneba
Seqmna. isini asobiT detals Seicaven da yovel maTgans muSaobis sakuTari pirobebi gaaCnia.
zogierT liTonur nakeTobas SeiZleba `mSvidi cxovreba~ ergos wilad, - mcire datvirTvebi da
Sesaferisi samuSao klimati. sxva detalebi ki SeiZleba mudmivad ganicdidnen mZime, moxaxune
tvirTis zemoqmedebas. aseTi detalebi droTa ganmavlobaSi cvdeba da male gamodis
mwyobridan.
arc liTonTa saeqspluatacio maxasiaTeblebia mudmivad SenarCunebuli da droTa
ganmavlobaSi isini icvleba, anu liToni Zveldeba. ganmartebiTi leqsikonis Tanaxmad, sityva
`daZveleba~ gulisxmobs drois mixedviT Tvisebebis Secvlas liTonze moqmedi mravalricxovani
faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT. umetes SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli procesi metad neli siCqariT
mimdinareobs. bunebrivia, ama Tu im sferoSi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT optimalurad miiReba is
liToni, romelic miuxedavad masze gare faqtorebis erToblivi zemoqmedebisa, Yyvela
maxasiaTebels Tu ara, ukidures SemTxvevaSi umravles maTgans mainc xangrZlivi drois
ganmavlobaSi SeinarCunebs sawyisi mniSvnelobebis zRvrebSi.
yvela masala erTnairad ar aris mgrZnobiare daZvelebis pirobebisadmi. amitom
aucilebeli xdeba masalis saimedoobis garantiis winaswari dadgena mocemuli saeqspluatacio
moTxovnebidan gamomdinare. aRniSnuli problemis warmatebiT gadaWra warmoadgens erT-
erT winapirobas konstruqciebis sworad gaangariSebisa da gamoyenebuli masalebis ekonomiurad
SerCevisaTvis. amitom liTonmcodneobaSi udidesi yuradReba eqceva masalebis Sedgenilobis,
miRebisa da damuSavebis iseTi efeqturi meTodebis Ziebas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen
konstruqciebis sicocxlisunarianobis gazrdas.
Tanamedrove teqnikis mravalferovanma da gazrdilma moTxovnebma ganapiroba
sakonstruqcio masalebis sakmaod farTo speqtris Seqmna. amitom liTonebis klasifikacia
mizanSewonilia daniSnulebis mixedviTac ganvixiloT.
arCevan sakonstruqcio, saiaraRo da specialuri daniSnulebis (mxurvalmtkice,
mxurvalmedeg, koroziamedeg da a.S) foladebsa da Senadnobebs. TiToeuli jgufis folads
gansakuTrebulad gamokveTili Tvisebebi unda axasiaTebdes, rasac saeqspluatacio pirobebi

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gansazRvravs. ase magaliTad, liTonsaWrel iaraRs moeTxoveba maRali sisale da misi Se-
narCuneba WriT damuSavebis procesSi, mxurvalmtkice foladebs ki – simtkicis maRali ma-
xasiaTeblebi gazrdil temperaturaze da a.S.
teqnikis moTxovnebis yovelmxriv dasakmayofileblad saWiroa viswavloT masalebis
miRebis saidumloeba winaswar cnobili TvisebebiT, anu momavlis masalebis proeqtireba iseTive
damajereblobiT, rogoriTac dRes konstruqtorebi iTvlian TviTmfrinavebs, xidebsa da gvirabebs,
sacxovrebel saxlebs. am problemis gadasaWrelad mimaval gzebs isaxavs miznad Tanamedrove
mecniereba liTonebze.

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