My World #2

s a r C e v i

48

amerika

romi da Cven

78

rCevebi

70

regioni

talviseta zamTris omi

istoria

62

klimati

demokratia

civilizacia

yurani

40

garemo

religia

30

leonardo da vinCi

22

politika

ra aris fuli

8

gamoCenili adamianebi

ekonomika

2

aucileblad wasakiTxi wignebi

ekonomika

ra aris fuli merab kakulia

fuli warmoadgens saSualebas, romliTac adamianebi maTTvis sa­survel saqonels da momsaxurebas iZenen. davuSvaT, rom gsurT kompiuteris SeZena an SekeTeba, am saqonlis (kompiuteri) da mom­ saxurebis (kompiuteris SekeTeba) misaRebad Tqven gamyidvels (Sem­ keTebels) unda gadauxadoT garkveuli Tanxa, winaaRmdeg SemTxveva­ Si, Tqven maT ver miiRebT. am dros fuli gacvlis saSualebis funqcias asrulebs: gamyidveli Tavisi saqonlis (momsaxurebis) sanacvlod iRebs fuls.

uZvelesi Cinuri banknoti, samxreT sunis dinastiis, 1160 w.

sanam raime saqonels SeiZendeT, Tqven aucileblad kiTxulobT (naxulobT) mis fass, romelic fulad gamosaxulebaSia mocemu­ li. magaliTad, kompiuteri Rirs 1000 lari an, kidev, velosipedi – 500 lari. am SemTxvevaSi fuli Rirebulebis sazomis funq­ cias asrulebs, anu saqonlis (momsaxurebis) Rirebuleba fuliT izomeba. iGDGgive roli aqvs fuls, rodesac Tqveni mSoblebi bankidan sesxs iReben axali binis SesaZenad – sesxis sidide da masze daric­ xuli procentebic fulad erTeulSi aRiricxeba. rodesac raime saqonlis (vTqvaT, igive, kompiuteris) SesaZenad ar gaqvT sakmarisi raodenobis fuli, Tqven iZulebuli xarT fuli

2

ra aris fuli

daagrovoT, raTa momavalSi SeZloT iyidoT TqvenTvis sasurve­ li nivTi. aseve iqcevian Tqveni mSoblebic – rodesac raime mizniT (magaliTad, samomavlod universitetSi Tqveni swavlis safasuris gadasaxdelad) fuls agroveben, TavianT danazogs bankSi inaxaven. am dros fuli dagrovebis saSualebis funqcias asrulebs. fuli (Tanxa), romelsac Tqven saqonelSi (momsaxurebaSi) ixdiT, qaRaldis ramdenime naWeria, romelTac TavisTavad TiTqos ara­ nairi Rirebuleba ar gaaCniaT, magram maTi saSualebiT yvelafris (yovelgvari saqonlis da momsaxurebis) yidva SeiZleba. bunebrivia, gebadebaT kiTxva – ratom aqvT am momcro zomis qaRaldis niSnebs aseTi magiuri Zala?

fulis warmoSoba am kiTxvas rom vupasuxoT, im epoqaSi unda davbrundeT, rodesac fuli jer kidev ar arsebobda. Tavdapirvelad sxvadasxva saqon­ lis gacvla adamianebs Soris SemTxveviT xasiaTs atarebda, xolo erTi saqonlis Rirebuleba ubralod meoriT gamoixate­ boda. magaliTad, mSvild-isari icvleboda cxovelis tyavSi, Sina­ uri cxo­velebi – keramikul nawarmSi da a.S. TandaTan Camoyalibda gacvlis garkveuli proporciebic: vTqvaT, mSvild-isari cxovelis 2 tyavSi icvleboda, Zroxa – erT did qvevrSi ... mogvianebiT saqonelTa masa ufro mravalferovani gaxda.

nel-nela gamoikveTa saqonlis iseTi saxeobebi, romelTac, imdroindeli adamianebis SefasebiT, maRali Rirebuleba hqondaT da saqonlis sxva danarCeni saxeobebis Rirebulebis sazomad gamodgeboda. aseTi iyo marili, bewveuli, pirutyvi da sxva, romelzedac nebis­ mieri sxva saqonlis gacvla SeiZleboda. adamianebs Soris gacvlis Semdgomi ganviTarebis kvaloba­ ze, rodesac es procesi gascda Temis, tomis da tomTa kavSiris sazR­vrebs, warmoiSva saqonelTa masidan erTi iseTi saxeobis saqonlis gamoyofis saWiroeba, romelic gacvlisas sayo­ velTao ekvivalentis rols Seasrulebda. aseTi saqoneli unda yofiliyo erTgvarovani, advilad dasayofi (ise, rom mis mcire nawilsac maRali Rirebuleba hqonoda), advilad gadasatani da samomxmareblo Tvisebebis xangrZlivad SenarCunebis unaris mqone. CamoTvlili Tvisebebi mxolod Zvirfas liTonebs

ekvivalenti niSnavs raimes tolfass, TanabarRirebuls.

3

ekonomika

pirveli moneta lidiidan sityva moneta laTinu­ ri warmoSobisaa (Monēta) da momdinareobs iunona monetas (Iūno Monēta) taZris saxelwodebidan, sadac gan­ Tavsebuli iyo Zveli romis zarafxana (adgili, sadac monetebi iWreba). fulis inglisuri saxelwodebac (Money) aqedan modis.

uZvelesi qarTuli monetebi saqarTvelo monetebis mimoq­ cevis erT-erTi uZvelesi keraa. Zv. w. VI-III saukuneebSi istoriul kolxeTSi (dasav­ leT saqarTvelo) iWreboda vercxlis monetebi (`kol­ xuri TeTri~). es fuladi niS­ nebi kolxeTis teritoriaze brunavda, Tumca misi nimuSebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi­ caa aRmoCenili.

(oqro da vercxli) aRmoaCndaT, romlebic aqamde saiuveliro nake­ Tobebis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneboda.

oqros da vercxlis, rogorc sayovelTao ekviva­ lentis, gamocalkevebam saqonelTa danarCeni masidan saTave daudo fulis mimoqcevis ganviTarebas.

liTonis fuli fulis yvelaze adrindeli saxeoba iyo liTonis fuli, rome­ lic Tavidan sxvadasxva formis zodebis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. oqrosa da vercxlis am zodebs garkveuli wona hqondaT. swored ami­tom mTel rig fulad erTeulebs wonis erTeulebis saxelwode­ bebi SerCaT. magaliTad, girvanqa sterlingi, livri (igive girvan­ qa), marka (naxevari girvanqa) da a. S. mogvianebiT, Zveli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebis da Siga da sagareo vaWrobis ganviTarebis Sedegad, daiwyo monetebis moWra.

moneta liTonis fulis niSania, romelsac aqvs gamomSvebi saxelmwifos mier dadgenili forma, Sesabamisi damRa (simbolo) da gansazRvruli wona (nomi­ nali). pirveli moneta, romelic oqrosa da vercxlis bunebrivi Senad­ nobidan mzaddeboda, Zv. w. VII saukuneSi moiWra mcire aziis saxelm­ wifoSi – lidiaSi.

sityva nominali laTinuri warmo­ Sobisaa (Nominalis – `saxelobiTi~) da aRniSnavs fulis niSnis Rirebulebas.

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liTonis fuli xangrZlivi periodis manZilze fulis erTader­ Ti saxeoba iyo. Tavidan sayovelTao ekvivalentis funqcia saxelm­ wifosgan erTdroulad oqrosac eniWeboda da vercxlsac, xolo maTgan moWrili monetebi erTmaneTze fiqsirebuli (dadgenili) kursiT (TanafardobiT) icvleboda. aseT sistemas bimetalizmi ewodeboda. mogvianebiT damkvidrda monometalizmi, anu siste­ ma, romelSic sayovelTao ekvivalentis funqcia mxolod erT me­ tals, oqros an vercxls, hqonda. miuxedavad imisa, rom liTonis monetebi kargad asrulebdnen sayovelTao ekvivalentis funqcias, maT seriozuli nakli hqon­ daT – xangrZlivi mimoqcevis procesSi cvdebodnen da aRar Seesa­ bamebodnen Tavis nominalur Rirebulebas. amasTan, maTi gamoyene­ ba naklebad praqtikuli iyo, gansakuTrebiT did saxelmwifoebSi (imperiebSi), radganac monetebis gavrceleba (transportireba) da maTi xarisxis (nominalTan Sesabamisobis) uzrunvelyofa did xar­

jebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. amitom fulis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze mimoqcevaSi warmoiSva oqros da vercxlis monetebis Semcv­ lelis gamoyenebis saWiroeba. ase aRmocenda qaRaldis fuli.

qaRaldis fuli liTonis fulisgan gansxvavebiT, qaRaldis fuls sakuTari Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia, magram saxelmwifos mier mas kanoniT ekisreba sagadamxdelo saSualebis funqcia, eniWeba nominali da maszeve fiqsirebuli (dadgenili) paritetiT icvleba Zvirfasi liTonis monetebze. qaRaldis fuli pirvelad CineTSi gamoiyenes ax.w. X saukune­ Si. evropaSi qaRaldis fuli – banknotebi –1661 wels gamouSves stokholmSi (SvedeTi). banknotebi jer bimetalizmis sistemis farglebSi mimoiqceoda, anu qaRaldis fuli icvleboda rogorc oqros, ise vercxlis mone­ tebze. mas Semdeg, rac bimetalizmi sabolood Caanacvla oqros monometalizmma (XIX s.), banknotebi mxolod oqros fulis niSnebze icvleboda. saxelmwifoebs Soris angariSsworeba ki maT fulad er­ Teulebs Soris dadgenili – fiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursiT (Tana­ fardobiT) – xorcieldeboda, rac TiToeuli maTganis oqros Sem­ cvelobaze, anu oqros garkveul woniT erTeulze maTi Tavisufali gadacvlis unarze iyo damokidebuli. am sistemas oqros stan­ dar­ti ewoda. Tavdapirveli formiT man pirvel msoflio omamde (1914 w.) iarseba, romlis dawyebis Semdeg meomarma saxelmwifoeb­ ma Sewyvites TavianTi banknotebis oqroze Tavisufali gadacvla. mxo­lod aSS-m SeinarCuna aRniSnuli sistema 1933 wlamde, rodesac

sityva pariteti laTinuri warmo­ Sobisaa (Paritas – Tanasworoba) da aRniSnavs qaRaldis fulis fiqsirebul oqros (vercxlis) Semcvelobas

sityva banknota inglisuri warmo­ Sobisaa (Bank - banki da Note - Canaweri) da niSnavs sabanko Canawers.

monometalizmis erT-erTi mizezi iyo vercxlis mkveTri gaiafeba XIX saukuneSi axali sabadoebis aRmo­ Cenisa da aTvisebis Sedegad.

banknotebis warmoSoba banknotis warmoSoba evropa­ Si bankebTan iyo dakavSire­ buli, romlebic Tavdapir­ velad liTonis fulis da sxva faseulobebis Senaxvis adgils warmoadgendnen. imis dasturad, rom ama Tu im pirs bankSi fuli hqonda Senaxuli, romlis miReba nebismier mo­ mentSi SeeZlo, mas aZlevdnen specialur sabanko doku­ ments – banknots. am pirs ukve SeeZlo saqonlis msxvili moculobis yidva monetebis didi raodenobis nacvlad banknotebis saSualebiT aenazRaurebina. droTa ganmavlobaSi banknotebma fulis yvela funqciis Ses­ ruleba daiwyes. mogvianebiT banknotebis gamoSveba – emisia – saxelmwifos pre­ rogativad (gansakuTrebul uflebad) iqca.

5

ekonomika

oqros standartis moSla XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis ZalTa Tana­ fardoba msoflio ekono­ mikaSi arsebiTad Seicvala – dasavleT evropa da iaponia sul ufro mzard konkuren­ cias uwevdnen aSS-s, romlis savaWro deficiti mkveTrad gai­zar­da. daiwyo oqros rezervebis gadanawileba dasavleT evropisa da iaponi­ is sasargeblod. yovelive aman Seasusta ndoba aSS-sa da misi fuladi erTeulis mimarT. 1971 wels aSS iZu­ lebuli gaxda uari eTqva dolaris oqroze Tavisufal gadacvlaze. am periodidan daiwyo oqros demonetizacia, rac imas niSnavs, rom oqrom Sewyvita sayovelTao ekviva­ lentis funqciis Sesruleba da kvlav Cveulebriv saqon­ lad iqca. miuxedavad amisa, oqros rezervebis (marage­ bis) odenoba dRemde rCeba saxelmwifoebis finansuri Zlierebis da maTi gadaxdis­ unarianobis erT-erT Ziri­ Tad kriteriumad.

savaWro deficiti – importis (sxva qveynebidan saqonlis Semotanis moculobis) metoba eqsportze (sxva qveynebSi saqonlis gayidvis mocu­ lobaze).

sityva emisia franguli warmo­ Sobisaa (émission) da niSnavs gamoSvebas.

ekonomikurma krizisma aiZula igi uari eTqva qaRaldis fulis oqroze Tavisufal gadacvlaze. meore msoflio omis Semdeg aRdga oqros standarti. aSS am droisaTvis msoflios jamuri oqros rezervebis (maragebis) 70%-s flobda. axali sistemiT oqroze mxolod aSS-is dolari icvlebo­ da fiqsirebuli fasiT – 1 uncia (31 grami) oqro – 35 aSS dolari. sxva qveynebis valutebi oqroze aSS dolaris saSualebiT icvle­ boda, risTvisac dawesda am valutebis myari gacvliTi kursi aSS dolaris mimarT. aRniSnuli fasiT aSS dolaris oqroze Tavisufa­ li gacvla mxolod saxelmwifoebs SeeZloT. aSS dolari TandaTan msoflio valutad gadaiqca.

oqros demonetizaciis Semdeg qaRaldis fuli mimoq­ cevis damoukidebel saSualebad iqca. qaRaldis fuli efuZneba ara oqroze Tavisuflad gadacvlis un­ ars, rogorc es adre iyo, aramed misi emitenti (gamomSvebi) saxelm­ wifos ekonomikis mdgomareobas, kerZod, misi zrdis unars. maga­ liTad, dReisaTvis aSS dolaris banknotebi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifos mieraa garantirebuli, anu mis ukan dgas msoflios yvelaze didi da teqnologiurad yvelaze winwasuli ekonomika da oqros yvelaze didi moculobis rezervebi. miuxeda­ vad imisa, rom am qveyanas uzarmazari saxelmwifo vali da savaWro deficiti aqvs, mis mimarT ndoba Zalian maRalia, radganac aSS-is ekonomikas Seswevs Zala daZlios perioduli Cavardnebi da uzrun­ velyos qveynis Sida da gare valdebulebebis momsaxureba (drou­ lad dafarva). swored amitom rCeba aSS dolari msoflio valutad. qaRaldis fulTan erTad mimoqcevaSi brunavs monetebi, rom­ lebic, adrindeli monetebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar mzaddeba Zvir­ fasi liTonebisagan da mxolod ufro msxvili monetebisa da banknotebis daxurdavebisTvis gamoiyeneba. amitomac ewodeba maT `xurda fuli~.

naRdi fulis emisia qaRaldis fulisa da monetebis emisiis eqskluziuri (gansakuTrebuli) ufleba centralur (erovnul) bankebs eniWebaT amasTan, centraluri bankebi atareben saxelmwifos fulad politikas, momsaxurebas uweven mTavrobas, marTaven qveynis oqro­

6

ra aris fuli

sa da ucxouri valutis rezervebs, uzrunvelyofen qveynis komer­ ciul bankebs Soris angariSsworebas da xSir SemTxvevaSi axorcie­ leben maTi saqmianobis zedamxedvelobas. komerciuli bankebisgan gansxvavebiT, centraluri (erovnuli) bankebi sawarmoebs, dawese­ bulebebsa da kerZo pirebs ar emsaxurebian. centraluri (erovnuli) banki gansazRvravs da amtkicebs banknotebisa da monetebis dizains da sxva maxasiaTeblebs, agreTve axorcielebs maT damzadebas, Tu amisTvis saWiro simZlavreebi aqvs. sxva SemTxvevaSi, centraluri (erovnuli) bankebi banknotebi­ sa da monetebis damzadebas kerZo kompaniebs ukveTaven. magaliTad, saqarTvelos erovnuli banki laris banknotebisa da TeTris mone­ tebis damzadebas am sferos wamyvan evropul kompaniebs ukveTavs. fulis niSnebis mimoqcevaSi gaSvebis Semdeg iwyeba maTi cveTis bunebrivi procesi. banknotebis `sicocxlis~ saSualo xangrZlivo­ ba 1-dan 5 wlamdea da damokidebulia ama Tu im nominalis mqone banknotis moxmarebis Taviseburebebze. magaliTad, dabali nomina­ lis qaRaldis fulis niSnebi ufro swrafad cvdeba, vidre maRalis. monetebi mimoqcevaSi gacilebiT didxans Zlebs. xdeba xmarebisa­ Tvis gamousadegari fulis niSnebis mimoqcevidan amoiReba da maTi axali monetebiTa da banknotebiT Canacvleba.

eleqtronuli fuli bolo aTwleulebSi farTod gavrcelda sadebeto plasti­ kuri baraTebi, romelTa gamoyenebam mniSvnelovnad Seamcira naRdi fuliT, banknotebiTa da monetebiT, sargeblobis masStabi. aRniSnuli baraTebi asaxaven komerciul bankSi baraTis mflobe­ lis angariSze ricxul fuls, romelic eleqtronuli Canawerebis formiT arsebobs. baraTiT sargebloba naRdi fuliT sargeblobis tolfasia – saqonlis (momsaxurebis) SeZena eleqtronuli sabanko angariSsworebiT xdeba ise, rom naRdi fuli saWiro aRaraa. Sesaba­ misi Tanxa baraTis mflobelis (myidvelis) angariSidan avtomatu­ rad ixsneba da gamyidvelis angariSze iricxeba. amitom sadebeto plastikuri baraTi erTgvar eleqtronul fuls warmoadgens. XXI saukunis dasawyisSi evropaSi yovel 1000 mcxovrebze 938 aseTi plastikuri baraTi modioda.

sadebeto baraTi gansxvavdeba sakrediti baraTis­ gan – ukanasknelis mflobels Tu angariSze Tanxa ar yofnis saqonlis (momsaxurebis) SesaZenad, banki mas avtomaturad aZlevs garkveuli odenobis kredits.

7

gamoCenili adamianebi

leonardo da vinCi 1452-1519 giorgi xoStaria

xelovneba suliT-goniTi kulturis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sfero, adamianTa yofierebis mudmivi Tanmdevia drosa da sivrceSi. ar arsebobs qveyana, regioni Tu xalxi, eTnosi, epoqa Tu periodi, rom ar mimdinareobdes SemoqmedebiTi procesi, rac saerTo jamSi qmnis xelovnebis istoriis mSvenier, mdidar da mravalferovan su­ raTs. amasTan, xelovnebis istoriis dineba ar aris sworxazovani da Tanabarzomieri; aris SemoqmedebiTi aqtiurobiT da miRwevebiT, mxatvruli cxovrebis intensivobiT gamorCeuli periodebi. avtoportreti, daaxl.1512, turin­ is samefo biblioTeka, italia.

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xelovnebis da, saerTod, kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi ase­ Ti etapia aRorZinebis xana, e.w. renesansi, romelic Camoya­lib­­da dasavleT evropaSi XV-XVI saukuneebSi. aqac aqtiurobis mxriv ga­ morCeulia xan erTi, xan meore dasavleTevropuli regioni, gan­ sakuTrebiT ki – italia, italiaSi – toskanis olqi, toskanaSi – florencia. toskanur-florenciulma skolam mogvca mravali SesaniSnavi nimuSi plastikur-vizualur xelovnebaSi – xuroT­ moZRvrebaSi, qandakebaSi, mxatvrobaSi. sakmarisia vaxsenoT iseTi udidesi figurebi, rogorc joto (jer kidev gardamaval xanaSi Sua saukuneebidan renesansze, e.w. protorenesansSi – XIV s.), brune­ leski, mazaCo, donatelo, girlandaio, botiCeli, miqelanjelo, rafaeli (aRar vasaxeleb mraval mSvenier, uniWieres Semoqmeds, magali­Tad, kastanio, uCelo da sxv.). am SemoqmedTa rigSi gansa­

saidumlo seroba, 1498, santa maria dele gracie, milani, italia.

kuTrebuli adgili ukavia leonardo da vinCis, rogorc Tavisi is­ toriuli mniSv­ nelobiT, ise TavisTavadi mxatvrul-esTetikuri RirebulebiT. istoriuli Rirebuleba gulisxmobs, rom mxatvari Tavis SemoqmedebaSi ayenebs da wyvets iseT mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT amocanebs, romelTa gareSe warmoudgenelia xelovnebis istoriis rogorc wina periodis ganviTareba, ise Semdgomi etapis Camoyalibeba, anu mxatvris Semoqmedeba aris absoluturad aucilebeli rgoli, etapi, istoriuli procesis, misi evoluciuri svlisa. am rgols verafriT ver amoiReb, ver daZrav mxatvrobis istoriis saerTo suraTidan, misi logikidan. amasTan, WeSmariti Semoqmedis, mxatvris, am SemTxvevaSi leonar­ dos, Semoqmedebas aqvs TavisTavadi mxatvrul-esTetikuri Rire­ buleba da amis aRsaqmelad ar aris aucilebeli misi maincdamainc istoriul konteqstSi ganxilva. anu leonardos mxatvruli pro­ duqcia genialuria TavisTavad da amis aRsaqmelad ar aris saWiro imis gaTvaliswineba, ra iyo manamde, anu ras da rogor aviTarebs leonardo, da arc imis, Tu ras daedo safuZvlad misi Semoqmede­ ba. arian mxatvrebi, romelTa istoriuli mniSvneloba sWarbobs maT sufTa TavisTavad esTetikur Rirebulebas, aseTia, mag., karavajo

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gamoCenili adamianebi (1571-1610) (cnobilia, rom man didi gavlena iqonia iseT mxatvreb­ zec, romelTa produqciis esTetikuri Rirebuleba metia mis, kara­ vajos, mxatvrobaze – mag., rubensze, velaskesze, garkveulwilad rembrantzec), anda, piriqiT, arian didi Semoqmedebi, romlebic asruleben did etaps da maT Semdgom uSualod maTi gamgrZeleble­ bi aRar Cndebian, Tumca zogadad maTi gavlena mxatvrebze, Tundac saukuneebis Semdeg, didia (igive rembranti, velaskesi). leonardo ki miekuTvneba, rogorc aRvniSneT, im iSviaT mxatvarTa rigs, ro­ melTa Rirebuleba uaRresad didia rogorc istoriul, ise Tavis­ Tavad konteqstSi (am iSviaT mxatvarTa rigSi udavod aris, maga­ liTad, sezani). rodesac vmsjelobT romelime mxatvrul fenomenze, gasaTvalis­ winebelia ramdenime specifikuri, arsebiTi faqtori. erTi mxriv, mxatvrul nawarmoebs qmnis subieqti, individi da is gansazRvravs bevrwilad mis mTavar Rirsebas – erTaderTobas da ganumeoreblo­ bas, mis SemoqmedebiT bunebas, axlis qmnadobas (mecnieri ar qmnis, is aRmoaCens ara erTaderTs da ganumeorebels, aramed sayovelTa­ od kanonzomiers). amasTan, mxatvruli fenomenis ukan, mis fundamentSi Zevs `koleqtiuri me~, anu misi gansazRvruloba im dakveTiT, romelsac iZleva epoqa da eTnosi, im faseulobebiT, romelic momdinareoben am epoqidan, eTnosidan. yovelgvari mxatvruli fenomeni iqmneba am faseulobaTa safuZvelze, TavisTavad es faseulobebi mxatvrobis enaze gadayvanis gareSe rCeba zogad ideebad. am gadayvanaSi, anu garkveuli faseulobebis warmodgenaSi, kompoziciaSi, ageba-modelirebaSi (anu naxatSi specifikur-profesionaluri gagebiT), ferSi, tonSi, xazSi, ritmSi, taqtSi, kontrastSi, simetriisa da wonasworobis sxva­dasxva saxeSi mxatvars exmareba skola, kerZod da ufro farTod – is garemo, romelSic mas uwevs cxovreba da moRvaweoba.

lorenco mediCi (1449 – 1492) florenciis respublikis mmarT­ veli.

10

am zogadi istoriul-kulturuli fonis, niadagis, Tvalsaz­ risiTac leonardosTan uaRresad maRal dones vxedavT. kerZod, leonardo ibadeba florenciis maxloblad, daba vinCisTan, da igi aris florencieli notariusis `ukanono~ Svili. pirvel rigSi unda naTlad warmovidginoT florenciis fenomeni italiis da saerTod kacobriobis istoriaSi. igi jer kidev feodalizmis wiaRSia, magram XIII s-Si isini uars amboben feodalur wodebriv diferencirebaze da qalaqs marTaven mdidari ojaxebi (piti, stroci, tornabuoni da sxv.). XV s-Si florencias rkinis xeliT, magram moqnilad da gonivrulad, marTavs mediCebis ojaxi, jer – kozmi mediCi, mere – lorenco brwyinvaled wodebuli (florenciis – toskanis centris

madona lita, 1490-1491, ermitaJi, sanqt-peterburgi, ruseTi.

11

gamoCenili adamianebi – mniSvneloba rom warmovidginoT, moviyvan erT magaliTs: XIII s-Si inglisis mefem uari uTxra erT-erT ojaxs (pitis) didi valis dab­ runebaze. ojaxi gakotrda da aman mTel dasavleT evropaSi gamoiw­ via finansuri krizisi).

kvatroCento italiurad niSnavs 400-s. am terminiT moixse­ nieba adreuli renesansis, kvat­ roCentos mxatvruli stilebi. momdevno saukunis maRali rene­ sansis periods ki, Sesabamisad, uwodeben CinkveCentos, rac 500-s niSnavs.

axali sociumi, moqalaqe win wamowevs axal faseulobebs. qris­ tianoba, ra Tqma unda, rCeba faseulobaTa ZiriTad ganmsazRvre­ lad, magram TviT qristianoba iZleva aqcentebis gadaadgilebis saSualebas. qristianobis, rogorc religiis (anu rwmenaze dam­ yarebuli msoflxedvis), qvakuTxedi dogmatia rwmena gankace­ bul RmerTSi, anu qriste aris rogorc srulyofili RmerTi, ise srulyo­fili adamiani. qalaqis da, miT umetes, dasavleT evropuli qalaqis yofaSi udides rols TamaSobs racionaluri azrovneba (me­ vaxSe – Tanamedrove bankiris winapari, sxvadasxva profesiis ostati ver ifunqcionirebs warmatebulad racionaluri midgomis gareSe). aqedan modis garkveuli dapirispireba Sua saukuneebis asketizmsa da adamianis, rogorc RmerTis qmnilebis, faseulobis zrdas So­ ris, rac rogorc sulier, ise materialur, sagnobriv-sxeulebriv planSi vlindeba. cxadia, es asaxvas hpovebs vizualur-plastikur xelovnebebSic – xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, qandakebaSi, mxatvrobaSi (ise­ ve, rogorc literaturaSi – dante, petrarka, bokaCo). jer kidev XIII-XIV s-Si isaxeba gardamavali periodi, romlis yvelaze maRali gamoxatulebaa mxatvrobaSi joto di bondone (1267-1337). joto saTaves udebs did florenciel mxatvarTa mTel rigs. aRorZinebis xanas XV s. dasawyisSi safuZveli Cauyares e.w. rene­ sansis mamebma: bruneleskim (xuroTmoZRvrebaSi), donatelom (qan­ dakebaSi), mazaCom (mxatvrobaSi). siaxle, rac maT moitanes da rac safuZvels iZleva, rom swored maTi SemoqmedebiT iwyebodes re­ nesansi, aris proporciuli sistema, mimarTebaTa dacva, rasac efuZneba samyaros proporciuli asaxva (es principi – mimarTebaTa dacva – yvelaze arsebiTi da fuZemdebluri iqneba evropuli mxatv­ robisaTvis XIX s. 80-ian wlebamde. kerZod, sezanamde da, garkveul aspeqtSi, van gogamde). renesansis cneba Camoyalibda XVI s-Si italiaSi. renesansi – frangulad da rinasimento an rinaSita italiurad niSnavs xelmeored dabadebas da igulisxmeba antikuri, berZnul-romauli samyaros aRorZineba da dapirispireba Sua saukuneebTan faseulobiTa Tu formalur-enobriv planSi.

qalis portreti, daaxl. 1508, parmis erovnuli galerea.

12

adamiani, misi fizikur-materialuri Tu sulieri TvisebebiT, xdeba mTavari faseuloba samyaros proporciul-materialur asax­ vaSi. amasTan, warsuli epoqis, kulturis sruli gameoreba SeuZle­ belia. qristianobas, misi sulis pirveladobis principiT, ar SeeZ­

leonardo da vinCi

lo ukvalod Caevlo – ase rom, saqme gvaqvs Tavisebur sinTezTan, romelsac xatovnad Semdegnairad gansazRvraven: renesansi aris qristianuli suli antikur sxeulSi. es yvelaze zogadi da arsebiTi principi erTbaSad ver gamovlin­ deboda mxatvrul-meTodologiurad srulyofil formaSi. misi Camoyalibeba gansazRvravda renesansuli mxatvrobis istoriul svlas da swored am procesSi iTamaSa am idea-faseulobebis srulyo­ fili gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT udidesi roli leonardo da vinCim. rogorc yvela geniosis Semoqmedeba, leonardos moRvaweobaSic aris paradoqsuli momenti. igi daibada 1452 w., anu adrindeli re­ nesansis, e.w. kvatroCentos, SuaSi, mis, SeiZleba iTqvas, wiaRSi da savsebiT logikuri iqneboda, rom is yofiliyo adrindeli renesan­ sis, kvatroCentos met-naklebad tipuri warmomadgeneli, rogorc, magaliTad, botiCeli, romelic masze mxolod 6 wliT iyo ufrosi. maRali renesansis didi sameulidan centralur italiaSi (vene­ cia ufro calke dgas) miqelanjelo (daibada 1475 w.) leonardoze 23 wliT iyo umcrosi, xolo rafaeli – sulac 31 wliT (daibada 1483 w.), anu leonardo, maRali renesansis pirveli warmomadgene­ li, romelic, rogorc maRali renesansis udidesi figura, swored miqelanjelosTan da rafaelTan erTad ganixileba, miekuTvneba sxva, ufro wina Taobas. am erTgvari paradoqsis axsna isev leonar­ dos personaSi unda veZeboT. leonardo iwyebs Semoqmedebas XV s-is 70-iani wlebidan, magram misi Semoqmedeba aris ara ubralod arse­ buli adrerenesansuli miRwevebis Tundac Zalian saintereso vari­ reba (rogorc girlandaiosTan an botiCelisTan), aramed saocrad mizandasaxuli, TandaTanobiTi, magram Zalian mkafiod gamoxatu­ li svla maRali renesansis principebisken. leonardos istoriuli mniSvnelobis gasagebad aucilebelia am svlis, am Ziebebis da, rac mTavaria, mignebebis naTeli gaazreba da aRqma. jer erTi, unda kargad davinaxoT, rom leonardo eyrdnoba adrindeli renesansis miRwevebs, rac pirvel rigSi gamoixateba sagnobrivi formis agebis maRal doneSi, imaSi, rasac safuZveli Cauyares donatelom da mazaCom. amisaTvis leonardos SesaniSnavi pirobebi mieca. igi mamamisma miabara adrindeli renesansis cnobi­ li moqandakisa da mxatvris andrea verokios saxelosnoSi, sadac igi, ra Tqma unda, SesaniSnav skolas gaivlida. garda amisa, TviTon florencia iyo saocari skola. praqtikulad yovel nabijze SegeZ­ lo genaxa, aRgeqva, gageazrebina didi ostatebis mier Seqmnili Sedevrebi mxatvrobasa Tu qandakebaSi. garda fuZemdebluri xe­ lovanebisa (donatelosa da mazaCosi), leonardos wynarad SeeZlo enaxa uCelos, kastanios, filipo lipis, venecianos, fra beato an­ jelikos da sxvaTa Zalian maRali donis namuSevrebi. leonardos

sandro botiCeli (1444-1510) – italieli mxatvari, florenci­ uli skola, adreuli renesansis periodi.

miqelanjelo buonaroti (1475-1564) – italiuri renesansis periodis moqandake, mxatvari, arqiteqtori da poeti.

rafael santi (1483-1520) – mxat­ vari da arqiteqtori, italiuri maRali renesansis florenciis skolis warmomadgeneli.

13

gamoCenili adamianebi genialuroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi xedavda, Tu ra unda aeRo am uzarmazari memkvidreobidan da ra, piriqiT, daeZlia da axali gadawyveta moenaxa. jorjo vazaris (renesansis pirveli istorikosis) mixedviT, leonar­ dos uadres namuSevarTa ricxvs miekuTvneba patara ange­ lozis gamosaxuleba maswavleblis, andrea verokios `naTliscemaSi~. vazari gviyveba legendas imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos verokio imdenad gaocebula leonardos namuSevriT, rom gadauwyvetia mxolod qanda­ kebiT dakavebuliyo (igi marTla brwyinvale moqandake iyo). pirveli damoukidebeli namuSevari – `xareba” – leonardom Seasru­ la 70-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi da igi jer kidev tipuri adrere­ nesansuli nimuSia. suraTs udavod aqvs Tavisi poetika, saxovaneba – pirvel rigSi, maxarobeli angelozis gamosaxulebidan gamomdinare. andrea verokios `naTlisReba~, marcxena patara angelozi, 14721475, uficis galerea, florencia.

leonardo Tu vlindeba, upirvelesad, albaT, misi siluetis lamaz, faqiz ritmul dinebaSi, magram kompoziciurad suraTi moklebulia organul mTlianobas, rac savsebiT tipuria am periodisaTvis (adrin­ deli renesansisaTvis). kompozicia gadatvirTulia meorexarisxo­ vani detalebiT rogorc fonze, ise calkeul sagnebSi da, rac mTa­ varia, angelozsa da mariams Soris kontaqti ar myardeba. isini TiTqos mowyvetili arian erTmaneTs da damoukideblad arseboben.

70-iani wlebis miwurulisTvis, albaT, 1478 w. Sesrulebul e.w. `benuas madonaSi~ (igive madona yvaviliT) ukve aSkarad Cans win ga­ dadgmuli nabiji. mTavari siaxle, miRweva mdgomareobs mariamisa da yrma iesos urTierTdakavSirebaSi, erTian moZraobaSi, Sekvra­ Si, Tumca namuSevari jer kidev Seicavs mTel rig minusebs – bavS­ vi zedmetad didia, TiTqmis dedis tolia, ukana planze, kedelze, fanj­ris moxazuloba zedmetad xistia, `gamoWrili~.

madona benua, anu madona yvaviliT, 1475-1478, ermitaJi, sanqt-peter­ burgi, ruseTi.

14

80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi leonardo qmnis or dausrulebel, mag­ ram uaRresad mniSvnelovan namuSevars `wm. ieronimes~ da `mogvTa Tayvaniscemas~. orive suraTi moklebulia feradovan fenas, sama­ gierod kargad aRiqmeba sagnobrivi formis plastikuri, tipuri rkaliseburi ritmika, romelic erTian formaSi kravs gamosaxu­ lebas, da Zalian saintereso (Tumca, jer kidev arasrulyofili) kompozicia, gansakuTrebiT `mogvTa TayvaniscemaSi~. kompozici­ is ukana plani aSkarad gadatvirTulia sxvadasxva gamosaxulebiT, romelTac ar gaaCniaT araviTari kavSiri. pirvel rigSi vgulisx­ mob mxatvrul kavSirs wonasworobaSi, ritmSi, suraTis organize­ baSi kompoziciis mTavar nawilTan, kerZod, wina planze gamosaxul mogvTa Tayvaniscemis scenasTan. swored es mTavari scena gvivlens axal midgomas, pirvel rigSi, figurebis ganlagebis Tu urTierT­ dakavSirebis TvalsazrisiT. mariami yrmiT centrSia, odnav siRr­ meSi Caweuli erTgvarad distancirebuli mogvebisagan, mogvebi

leonardo da vinCi

Tayvaniscemis pozaSi ixrebian da es kompoziciuri jgufi mkafiod ikvreba samkuTxa-piramidul formaSi (e.w. klasikuri samkuTxedi), rac mkafiod gawonasworebul formas aZlevs mTavar plastikur aqcentebs, rasac ukve Semoaqvs harmonizebis gancda. garda amisa, mTavari azrobrivi aqcentebi ara marto gamoiyofa erTmaneTi­sagan zomierad, rac naTeli aRqmis saSualebas iZleva, aramed lamazad ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs plastikuri ritmiT. gansakuTrebiT mkafio da efeqturia es ritmi jgufis marjvena nawilSi: mariami rbilad da Tan metyvelad xris Tavs marjvniv, mis kalTaSi mjdomi yrma ieso ga­ nagrZobs am ritms gawvdili xeliT, xolo es ritmi gadaecema ukve misken daCoqil mogvs, romelic saCuqrad raRac Zvirfass awvdis ie­ sos. ritmi – es xasiaTia xelovnebis nebismier dargSi (musika, lit­ eratura, gansakuTrebiT poezia, cekva). igi SeiZleba iyos Zalian mravalferovani Tavisi xasiaTiT, magaliTad, elementaruli aRqmis mqone adamians ar SeeSleba erTmaneTisgan xorumis Tu Strausis valsis TavisTavad Zalze metyveli ritmebi; igive SeiZ­leba iTqvas galaqtionis da muxran maWavarianis ritmuli wyobis Sesaxeb da praqtikulad yvela mxatvrul nawarmoebs aqvs misi macocxlebeli ritmika.

wm. ieronime, 1480-1482, vatikanis pinakoTeka, vatikani.

mogvTa Tayvaniscema, 14811482, uficis galerea, floren­cia.

15

gamoCenili adamianebi oTxmociani wlebis dasawyisSi leonardo iRebs dakveTas da iwyebs muSaobas Tavis etapobriv suraTze `madona mRvimeSi~. am suraT­ze igi Zalian didxans muSaobs, albaT pauzebiT, da asrulebs mas mxolod 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi milanSi. pauzebisas igi qmnis kidev ramdenime namuSevars, magaliTad, `litas madonas~, mag­ ram Cven amaze aRar SevCerdebiT, vinaidan `madona mRvimeSi~-s mniS­ vneloba metad didia. 1483 wlidan leonardo miemgzavreba milanSi, milanis hercogis ludoviko sforcas, morod wodebulis, karze.

madona mRvimeSi, 1490, luvri, parizi.

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leonardo da vinCi

SemogvrCa saintereso werili, sadac CamoTvlilia is mravalricx­ ovani sferoebi, romlebSic SeeZlo leonardos moRvaweoba. esaa: samxedro-sainJinro saqme, arqiteqtura, qandakeba da bolos mi­ TiTebulia, rom ferwerac kargad SeuZlia. milanSi mas daevala gaekeTebina lodoviko moros mamis cxenosani qandakeba. am qanda­ kebaze man, rogorc sCveoda, didxans imuSava. nimuSze xangrZ­livi muSaoba pirvel rigSi ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom igi yovelT­ vis axlis ZiebaSi iyo. igi gauTaveblad xvewda da aRrmavebda Tav­ is namuSevrebs. samwuxarod, man ver moaswro qandakebis bolomde miyvana. ufro zustad, man TixaSi gaakeTa cxenosani qandakeba, ma­ gram ve­Rar moaswro misi brinjaoSi Camosxma. 1499 wels milanSi Semovidnen frangebi, romelTac omi hqondaT lodovikosTan da arbaletebis samizned gaixades TavianTi mtris cxenosani qandake­ ba. samwuxarod, Cven davkargeT yvela varaudiT Zalian saintereso, Tavisi gadawyvetiT novatoruli cxenosani qandakeba. Semogvr­ Ca Canaxatebi da patara brinjaos qandakeba, romelic budapeStis muzeumSi inaxeba. novatorulia cxenis yalyze Semdgari warmodge­ na da amdenad, mxolod or sayrdenze dayeneba. wonasworoba miiR­ weva mxedris da cxenis Tav-kisris masebis urTierTdapirispirebiT. nimuSi Sesrulebulia ukve XVI s-is dasawyisSi, etyoba, leonardos mowafeebis mier, Tumca mainc SeigrZnoba leonardoseuli plasti­ kuri, morkalur formaTa metyveleba. milanis periodidan mainc yvelaze mniSvnelovania misi fer­ weruli namuSevrebi. milanSi asrulebs igi `madona mRvimeSi~-s. es nawarmoebi miCneulia maRali renesansis pirvel nimuSad. mTavari kompoziciuri jgufi mkafiod jdeba harmoniul, gawonasworebul samkuTxa-piramidul formatSi. moZraobebi, plastika Zalze daxve­ wili da metyvelia. aqve ukve naTlad Cans leonardos mxatvrobis unikaluri wyobis niSani, uaRresad faqizi SuqCrdili, e.w. `sfu­ mato~, anu bindi, romelic miiReba formaTa virtuozuli, rbili mode­lirebiT. aseT sifaqizes da sizustes formaTa damuSaveba­ Si Cven veravisTan vnaxavT. renesansSi, rafaelTan an miqelanje­ losTan, saerTod ar aris haerovneba, XVII s-Si farTod vrceldeba sxvada­ sxva tipis SuqCrdili, magram plastikur-momrgvalebul formaTa aseT faqiz modelirebas veravisTan SexvdebiT. bevri ram leo­nardos miRwevebidan naxatsa da kompoziciaSi safuZvlad daedeba maRal renesanss, pirvel rigSi, miqelanjelos da rafa­ els, magram leonardos sfumato darCeba unikalur movlenad. igi, cxadia, wyobiseul sxva gadawyvetebTan erTad mniSvnelovan rols iTamaSebs leonardos Sedevrebis SeqmnaSi – pirvel rigSi, iseT uni­ kalur qmni­lebebSi, rogoricaa `saidumlo seroba~ da `mona liza~. `saidumlo seroba~ Sesrulebulia milanis santa maria dela gracies monastris satrapezos erT-erT kedelze. freska dasrul­

cxenosani, budapeStis muzeumi, ungreTi.

ludoviko sforca, anu ludoviko moro (1452-1508) – milanis hercogi, renesansis epoqis cnobili dinasti­ is – sforcebis warmomadgeneli.

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gamoCenili adamianebi

mona liza, 1503-1505, luvri, parizi.

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leonardo da vinCi

da 1498 wels. am nawarmoebSi pirvelad Seesxa xorci moTxovnas, romelic Camoayaliba XV saukunis didma xuroTmoZRvarma da Teo­ retikosma leon batista albertim: `kargi nawarmoebi aris is, ro­ melsac verafers gamoakleb an miumateb~. es moTxovna gulisxmobs, rom yvela aqcenti, yvela gamosaxuleba aris aucileblobiT kav­ SirSi erTmaneTTan, rac iZleva srulyofil mxatvrul mTlianobas. leonardos eqsperimentebis gamo saRebavma male daiwyo Camocve­ na. restavraciis mravalricxovanma mcdelobam mxolod uaryo­ fiTi Sedegi mogvca. dRes freska sagrZnoblad aris dazianebuli da SeZlebisdagvard gamagrebulia (sakmarisia iTqvas, rom viRac ugunurma monazvnebma karic ki gaWres da daazianes freskis qveda nawili, napoleonis dros ki satrapezo Tavlad gamoiyeneboda...). arsad ise ar igrZnoba sulieris, mistikuris, RvTaebrivis da amasTan Rrmad adamianuris iseTi erTianoba, rogorc am monumen­ tur freskaSi (anu `qristianuli suli antikur sxeulSi~). saxare­ bis erT-erTi Zalian mniSvnelovani da, rogorc am wminda wigns axa­ siaTebs, lakoniuri siuJeti araCveulebrivad aris warmodgenili adekvatur formaSi. evqaristiis dros (`ese ars xorci Cemi... ese ars sisxli Cemi~), romelic ganasaxierebs RmerTis, rogorc sicocxlis wyaros, da adamianis, rogorc individualuri, personaluri arse­ bis urTierTobas, mimarTebebs, qriste ambobs: `erT-erTi Tqven­ gani mimcems (gamcems) me~. gadmocemulia kulminaciuri momenti: qristem ukve warmosTqva Tavisi sakraluri sityvebi, igi RvTaebaa da Tan sevdiani adamiani, xolo misi mowafeebi reagireben am SemaZr­ wunebel sityvebze. uamravi adamianuri da mistikur-RvTaebrivi plastebis wamoweva SeiZleba am mokle saxarebiseuli siuJetidan da Tuki vinmem moaxerxa es, pirvel rigSi es iyo leonardo. uamra­ vi saidumlo seroba daxates manamdec da merec. verc erTi axlos ver miva leonardosTan siRrmiT, damajereblobiT da mxatvruli doniT. scena frontaluradaa gaSlili wina planze, rac xazs us­ vams mis reprezentaciul xasiaTs. qriste centrSia da interieris mkafio perspeqtiuli xazebi mis Tavze fiqsirdeba. uyureb suraTs da azrad ar mogdis ikiTxo, Tu ratom sxedan yvelani sufris cal mxares. leonardo iyenebs mxatvrobis organzomilebiani zedapiris specifikas da scenas mis gaswvriv gaSliT reprezentaciulobas sZens marTlac saidumlo suraTs. qriste centrSia da mSvidia. da­ narCenebi, yvelani, reagireben, yvela individualurad, xasiaTisda mixedviT. iuda gamoyofilia zedmeti aqcentebis gareSe. igi erTad­ erTi eydrnoba magidas xeliT, romelSic qisa CaubRujavs da saxe CrdilSi aqvs. Tormeti mamakaci Tanabrad iyofa jgufebad – orori qristes marjvnidan da marcxnidan. kompozicia savsea emoci­ uri JestikulaciiT, magram mTlianobaSi wonaswordeba, Tan jgu­ fidan jgufze gadasvla xdeba aseve ritmulad, e.w. kontrapostis

evqaristia (berZn. εύχαριστία – sityva-sityviT niSnavs `sa­ madlobels~), anu liturgia (Jamiswirva), saidumlo, romlis Sesrulebisasac locviTa da monaniebiT ganwmendili morw­ muneebis Sewiruli puri da Rvino qristes xorcad da sisxlad gardaiqmneba. Semdeg am pursa da Rvinos eziarebian morwmunebi da ramdenadac purisa da Rvinis yovel nawilSi qriste mTlianad aris, amdenad evqaristiis aR­ srulebisas morwmuneebi Tavad qristes eziarebian. evqaristiis saidumlo ori nawilisagan Sedge­ ba: erTi – purisa da Rvinis uflis xorcad da sisxlad gadaqceva da meore – am wminda ZRvenis ziareba. evqaristias `usisxlo msxverplis Sewirvasac“ uwodeben.

kontraposti italiuri sityvaa da gamoiyeneba saxviT xelovnebaSi adamianis sxeulis im mdgomareobis aRsaniSnavad, rodesac sxeulis yvela elementis erTmaneTTan dapirispirebiT saboloo jamSi miiRweva wonasworoba, rac figuras dinamikurobasa da bunebriobas aniWebs. klasikuri kontrapostis magaliTia berZeni moqandakis, po­ likletis (Zv.w. 5-4) e.w. `dorifori~ (Subosani).

19

gamoCenili adamianebi principiT. mag., marjvena samkaciani jgufis marcxena kidura figu­ ra saxiT da taniT Tavis jgufiskenaa mimarTuli, magram xelebiT ga­ davyavarT meore jgufze – dapirispirebisa da Tan gadabmis es prin­ cipi gamoyenebulia oTxive jgufSi, saerTo jamSi viRebT didebul talRovan ritms, mimarTuls kideebidan centrisken, qristesken. saocari mravalferovneba da erTianoba, didebuleba da sisadave, RvTaebrioba da adamianuroba sufevs mTel am scenaSi. XV s-is miwuruls milanidan wamosuli leonardo brunde­ ba florenciaSi. SedarebiT mokle, daaxloebiT 6-wliani meore florenciuli periodi Zalian nayofieria leonardosTvis. pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia, ra Tqma unda, mona liza `jokondas~ portreti. portretebi leonardos adrec hqonda Sesrulebuli, maT Soris Zalian maRali donis, magaliTad, milanSi `qali siasa­ muriT~, igive CeCilia galerani (krakovis muzeumi), magram mona liza mainc unikaluri nimuSia, gamorCeuli TviT leonardosTan. leonardo portretSi aqcents akeTebs ara individualur saxasi­ aTo niSnebis metyvelebaze (rogorc xdeba umetes portretebSi), aramed qalis da qalurobis zogadi saxis Seqmnaze da fantastiku­ rad gadmogvcems im sinazes da sulier siRrmes, im saidumloebas, romelic qalSia Cadebuli. yovelive amis miRwevaSi isev mTavar rols TamaSobs leonardos fantastikuri modelireba, misi rbi­ li tonaluri gradacia, romelic saocrad cocxlad gadmogvcems Tvalebis siRrmes da msubuq binds, saxis sirbiles, msubuq Crdilebs Tvalis Tu tuCebis kideebTan. amasTan, suraTi sruliad gawonas­ worebulia. masze ver ityvi, rom Wedavs CarCos, magram arc `yanya­ lebs~ – zomieradaa ganTavsebuli formatSi. aseve ver ityvi, rom daZabuli zis, magram arc moSvebulia – uWiravs sxeuli. saocrad natifi TiTebi, romlebzec falangebis naoWebic ki ar gadmoicema, Tavisuflad devs, arc daZabulad, arc moSvebulad. harmonia da saidumloebis faqizi sulierebis niuansuri gadmocema saocrad aris Serwymuli mona lizaSi.

qali siasamuriT, 1483-1990, krako­vis muzeumi, poloneTi.

20

meore florenciuli periodidan aRsaniSnavia kidev ramdenime namuSevari. im periodisaTvis, rodesac leonardo florenciaSi Cadis, iq imyofeboda meore geniosic – miqelanjelo buonaroti da florenciis meriam gadawyvita moewyo fantastikuri Sejibri: orive mxatvars, miqelanjelosac da leonardosac, daukveTes seniori­ is, anu meriis kedlebis mosaxatad ori brZolis siuJeti: `brZola angiarisTan~ – leonardos da `brZola kaSenTan~ – miqelanjelos. orivem Zalian sainteresod gadawyvita maT winaSe mdgomi amocanebi da moxatvis win muyaoze Sesrulebuli maTi kompoziciebi gamoifi­ na. es gaxda movlena ara marto florenciisa, aramed mTeli italiis da garkveulad, evropis cxovrebaSic. am muyaoebis sanaxavad Camo­

leonardo da vinCi

diodnen sxvadasxva qveynidan. mag., XVII saukuneSi rubensma, rome­ lic italiaSi, mantuaSi, imyofeboda, leonardos kompoziciidan aslebi gaakeTa. samwuxarod, arc muyao SemogvrCa da arc freskebi Sesrulebula. SemogvrCa sakmaod susti aslebi, samagierod dagvr­ Ca leonardos mier angiaris brZolisaTvis fanqriT Sesrulebuli naxatebi, ZiriTadad Tavebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom maTi mxatvruli Rirebuleba iseve, rogorc sxva grafikuli namuSevrebisa, mag., leonardos portreti moxucebulobaSi, Zalze didia da SeiZleba iTqvas, ar Camouvardeba doniT mis ferwerul namuSevrebs. 1505 wlis Semdeg leonardo midis florenciidan da gadadis qa­ laqidan qalaqSi, Tumca didxans arsad Cerdeba. am periodSi misi mxatv­ roba naklebintensiuri xdeba, asrulebs ramdenime namuSe­ vars, mag., `wm. ioane naTlismcemlis~ saxes – ra Tqma unda, maRal doneze. Tumca, `mona lizas~, `saidumlo serobis~ da `madona mRvi­ meSi~-s dones mainc ver aRwevs.

angiarisTan brZola, fragmentebi.

samagierod, Zalze intensiuria misi Teoriuli xasiaTis muSaoba. leonardo gvevlineba rogorc genialuri Teoretikosi, mecnieri, inJineri gamomgonebeli. swavlobs yvelafers, adamianis anatomias, cxovelebs, frinvelebs – ainteresebs safreni aparatis Seqmna, aqvs tankis, vertmfrenis, wyalqveSa navis modelebi – ubralod, im dros ar iyo meqanikuri Zravebi da maTi ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iyo. dabolos, unda iTqvas, rom misi Semoqmedeba bevrwilad iyo gak­ veTili miqelanjelosa (gansakuTrebiT naxatSi) da rafaelisTvis (romelic pirdapir aviTarebs mis kompoziciur principebs). leonardo gardaicvala safrangeTSi, avinionSi, sadac im dros iyo italiuri diaspora da papis sasaxlec (erT dros papi frangebma waiyvanes – cnobili avinionis tyveoba). `madona mRvimeSi~ da `mona liza~ leonardos mudam Tan dahqon­ da. man mSvenivrad icoda maTi fasi da ar undoda maTTan ganSoreba. Znelia gadaWarbebiT Seafaso am saocari xelovanis, mecnieris, moazrovnis, unikaluri pirovnebis roli msoflio xelovnebasa da kulturaSi.

avinionis tyveoba – 1309-1377 ww. papebis rezidencia iyo ara romSi, aramed avinionSi (safrangeTi). 1305 wels romis papi klement V, rome­lic frangi iyo, konklavze (kaTolikuri eklesiis kardinalTa kolegiis Sexvedra) airCies safran­ geTis mefe filip IV-is mxardaWe­ riT. mas uwodes `frangebis papi~ da man 1309 wels papis rezidencia romidan avinionSi gadaitana, riTac daiwyo e.w. `papebis tyveoba~ (1377 wlamde).

21

politika

demokratia zaza firaliSvili

rafaeli, aTenis skola, 15101511, freska, vatikani.

rogori mmarTvelobis wess gulisxmobs cneba demokratia termini „demokratia“ berZnuli warmomavlobisaa da saxalxo mmarTvelobas niSnavs (berZn. „demos“ — xalxi; „kratos“ — kanoni, Zala). igi warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis iseT formas, rodesac yvela sazogadoebriv an saxelmwifoebriv gadawyvetile­ bas moqalaqeebi kenWisyris gziT iReben mas Semdeg, rac Seiswavlian da Seajereben yvela Sexedulebas. cxadia, gadawyvetilebas ver miiRebs mTeli sazogadoeba erTad. amitomac, gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebas sazogadoeba garkveuli vadiT gadascems Tavisu­ fali da samarTliani arCevnebis gziT arCeul pirs an pirTa jgufs. erTi SexedviT, es sakmaod naTeli da gamWvirvale sistema isto­ riulad sakmaod rTuli asaTvisebeli aRmoCnda yvela xalxisaTvis. aucilebelia garkveuli istoriuli gamocdileba saimisod, rom mTelma sazogadoebam da misi wevrebis sakmarisma raodenobam SeiZi­ nos is unarebi, romlebic amgvari sistemis amuSavebisaTvis aris aucilebeli.

marmarilos fila aTenidan. aTenuri dekreti tiraniis winaaRmdeg, Zv.w. 336, gamo­ saxulia demokratia – qalis saxiT, romelic gvirgvins adgams moxuc kacs – demoss.

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kanonmdebloba, rogori idealuric ar unda iyos, adamianebisa da maTi unarebis gareSe ver „imuSavebs“. ganvlilma ocdaxuTma welma Cveni qveynis uaxles istoriaSi dagvanaxa bevri winaaRmdegoba, ro­ melic jerac gadasalaxi gvaqvs saimisod, rom Cvens sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoebriv sistemas demokratiuli erqvas.

demokratia

ratom unda mivaniWoT upiratesoba demokratias mmarTvelobis sxva sistemebTan SedarebiT avtoritarizmis dros sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela safexurze gadawyvetilebebs iReben calkeuli pirebi da jgufebi, romelTa Zalauflebac droSi ar aris SezRuduli. Zalaufleba eyrd­noba ara yoveli, TiToeuli da calkeuli adamianis nebas da racionalur azrs, aramed tradiciulad miCneul warmodgenebs, samxedro Zalas da a.S. cxadia, cxovrebis tradiciul formebs gafrTxileba unda. maT gareSe esa Tu is sazogadoeba SeiZleba globalur samyaroSi dai­ kargos. meore mxriv, tradiciebTan zedapirulma da radikalurma „mijaWvulobam“ qveyana SeiZleba kacobriobis erTiani cxovrebisa­ gan gaaucxovos. Tumca, es ukve sxva saubris Temaa.

rogor iqmneba is sazogadoebrivi garemo, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, vmoqmedebT, garkveul adgils vikavebT davubrundeT Cvens mTavar problemas. albaT, garkveul asakSi nebismier adamians uCndeba kiTxva, Tu rogor iqmneba is garemo, ro­ melSic cxovrobs. ramdenadac amjerad sakiTxi demokratias, ro­ gorc movlenas, Seexeba, am zogad kiTxvas ufro konkretuli saxe SeiZleba mivceT:

avtoritarizmi – mmarT­ velobis sistema, romelic uz­runvelyofs xalxis abso­ lutur morCilebas. avtori­ tarizmi, rogorc sistema, ZiriTadad politikur sferos moicavs – idevnebi­ an opoziciuri politikuri partiebi da liderebi. amasTa­ nave, totalitarizmisagan gansxvavebiT, avtoritarizmi mosaxleobas Tavisufali moRvaweobis gacilebiT ufro farTo areals utovebs. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis ekono­ mikis sferoze, rodesac mmarTvelobis avtoritaru­ li wesi egueba ekonomikur liberalizms da ar zRudavs kerZo samewarmeo Tu komerci­ ul saqmianobas. mmarTvelobis amgvari wesis nimuSia frankos mmarTveloba espaneTSi (19391975) an pinoCetis reJimi civi omis periodSi CileSi (1973 wlidan).

rogor iqmneba is sazogadoebrivi garemo, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, vmoqmedebT, garkveul adgils vikavebT da ase Semdeg? ra roli gvaqvs Cven Tavad da sxva adamianebs am sazogadoebrivi garemos Seqmnis saqmeSi, piradad me da TiToeul Cvengans, rogorc erT calkeul adamians? ramdenad vflob imis unars da codnas, rom raime cvlileba Sevitano am garemoSi? an, iqneb, yvelaferi winaswarvea gansazRvruli? anac yvelafers viRac umaRlesi kompetenciis mqone adamianebi gansazRvraven da amaoa Cemi mcdeloba, odnav mainc ukeTesi gavxado Cemive garemo? Tuki raimes ukeTesobisaken Secvla SeiZleba, rogor unda moxdes es? SemiZlia Tu ara, raime cvlilebebi Sevitano am procesebSi?

23

politika kidev Zalian bevri kiTxvis CamoTvla SeiZleba, rodesac sakiTxi yoveli Cvenganis mimarTebas Seexeba im sazogadoebasTan, romelSic vcxovrobT. dameTanxmebiT, Znelia, adamiani Seeguo im azrs, rom Cven da CvenisTanebs arafris Secvla ar SegviZlia da rom mxolod CvenTvis ucxo garemoebebsa da adamianebze varT damokidebuli.

sazogadoebis demokratiulobaze saubari SeiZleba maSin, rodesac sazogadoebis wevrTa mniSvnelovani raodenoba grZnobs, rom mas aqvs ufleba, unari da movaleoba, monawileoba miiRos Tavisi sacxovrebeli garemos Seqmnis saqmeSi da SeuZlia es sayovelTao, Tanasworuflebiani, Tavisufali arCevnebis an kenWisyris meSveobiT ganaxorcielos.

am dros saqme mxolod politikur cxovrebas ar exeba. sazo­ gadoebis demokratiuloba Cans misi cxovrebis yvela aspeqtSi, problemaTa gadawyvetis yvela safexurze. Tu sazogadoebas demokratiuloba ar axasiaTebs maSin, rodesac qvey­ nis masStabebTan SedarebiT mcire saqmeebis mogvarebas cdilobs, Zneli warmosadgenia, man politikuri arCevnebis dros gamoiCinos demokratiuloba. maSasadame, laparaki SeiZleba garkveul unareb­ ze, romelTa mflobelebic unda iyvnen sazogadoebis wevrebi da romlebsac isini Tavisi erToblivi sasicocxlo garemos Seqmnisas eyrdnobian. aucilebelia erTgvari samoqalaqo siqvele da sibrZne, rogorc amas Zveli berZnebi ambobdnen, radgan TavisTavad arCevnebSi erT­ jeradi monawileobis miReba ar warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi cxov­ rebisa da sasicocxlo garemos gaumjobesebis garantias.

aTenuri ostrakebi zed warweri­ li berZnuli saxelebiT – Zveli saberZneTis (gansakuTrebiT aTenis) demokratiis erT-erTi gamoxatuleba. moqalaqeebi Tixis qoTnebis namtvrevebze sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr kawravdnen ama Tu im gamorCeuli moqalaqis saxels da monawileobdnen kenWisyraSi, romlis Sedegadac miiReboda gadawyvetileba, romeli moqalaqe gaeZevebinaT polisidan. moqalaqee­ bi am gziT Tavs izRvevdnen ama Tu im gavleniani piris xelSi Zalauf­ lebis gadasvlisgan.

24

ra aris sazrisis monopolia bevr adamians axasiaTebs gulubryvilo rwmena, TiTqos SeiZleba arsebobdes konkretuli adamianebis, Tanamedroveebis an winapre­ bis, mier erTxel da samudamod gaxmovanebuli raRac konkretuli idea, romelsac saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobis yvela aspeqti unda daeqvemdebaros. amiT isini TiTqos gaurbian pasuxismgeblo­ bas im samyaros gamo, romelSic cxovroben. situacias, rodesac romelime piri an sxva adamianebi sakuTar Tavs miaweren vinmes amom­ wurav codnas imisa, Tu rogor unda moewyos adamianebis Tanacxov­ reba, sazrisis monopoliis principi hqvia. avtoritarizmi

demokratia

da misi ukiduresi forma totalitarizmis saxiT swored am prin­ cips eyrdnoba. Tu adamians sakuTari samoqalaqo Rirsebis grZnoba aqvs, igi ver Seegueba aseT viTarebas. sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi sruluflebiani monawileoba misTvis sakuTari pirovnebis ganxor­ cielebis aucilebeli pirobaa. romeliRac pirovnebas SesaZloa Zalze maRali kompetencia hqondes raime konkretul sferoSi, mag­ ram es sruliadac ar niSnavs, rom man yvelaferi icis da yvelaferi SeuZlia. aucileblad dadgeba momenti, rodesac igi amowuravs Tavis resursebs. Tu sazogadoeba ver SeZlebs igi ganze gaswios samarT­ liani da Tavisufali arCevnebis gziT, aucileblad mi­ viRebT avtoritarizmis ama Tu im formas. sazogadoeba Tavisi gan­ viTarebis gzaze CixSi aRmoCndeba xolme. totalitarizmi – antidemokratiuli politikuri wyoba, reJimi, romlis drosac saxelmwifo sru­ lad aris gabatonebuli sazogadoebasa da pirovnebaze. saxelmwifo eswrafvis sazogadoebis yvela sferoze daamyaros kontroli, socialur-politikur cxovrebaSi gauqmebulia pluralizmis prin­ cipi, socialur-politikuri winaaRmdegobebis regulireba xdeba Zalismieri meTodebiT. poli­ tikuri xelisufleba pretenzias acxadebs mosaxleobis sayovelTao interesebze. am sayovelTao interesebSi adgili ar rCeba pirovnebisa da politikis sxva subieqtebis interesebisaTvis, Tavis­ ufali politikuri moRvaweobisaTvis, rac individis xelisuflebisagan gaucxoebas iwvevs. indi­ vids warTmeuli aqvs TviTregulaciis da TviTganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi, ugulebelyofilia pirovnebis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. xelisuflebis legitimacia emyareba Zaladobas, saxelmwi­ fos monoideologias. Sesabamisad, totalitaruli reJimi – es aris saxelmwifos mTliani da yovlis­ momcveli kontroli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoze Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebis gziT.

aTenis agora

25

politika

eqstremizmi – politikuri problemebis ukiduresi gze­ biTa da saSualebebiT gadaW­ risaken midrekileba, dasaxu­ li miznebisa da amocanebis misaRwvad yvelaze radikalu­ ri saSualebebis moxmoba, maT Soris Zaladobis, teroris gamoyeneba. eqstremizmis ZiriTadi wyaroa politikuri da socialuri struqture­ bis deformacia, araswori nacionaluri da ekonomiku­ ri politika. Tanamedrove epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebe­ lia eqstremizmis sxvadasxva saxeoba, rogorc memarcxene (misi yvelaze tipuri nimu­ Sia italiuri da germanuli „wiTeli brigadebi“), ise memarjvene (uwinares yovlisa, neofaSisturi organizaciebi) tipisa. damkvidrebis sferos mixedviT arsebobs nacional­ isturi eqstremizmi, religi­ uri eqstremizmi, liberaluri eqstremizmi.

pirovnebas an pirTa jgufs SeiZleba hqondes garkveuli re­ sursi im sikeTeebisa, romlebic mas SeuZlia SesTavazos sazoga­ doebas. mocemul istoriul momentSi man SeiZleba sazogadoebas warudginos sruliad gamarTlebuli da garemoebebisaTvis Sesa­ ferisi saxelmwifoebrivi programa da adamianebs am programis gamJ­Ravnebis unaric daanaxos. swored konkretuli programa da misi ganxorcielebis unaria misi resursi. magram, rogorc vTqviT, es resursi amowurvadia. demokratiulia is sazogadoeba, romelic ganWvrets ra am resursis amowurvas, samarTlebrivi gzebiT Secv­ lis Zvel mmarTvelebs axali an ganaxlebuli resursebis mqone Zve­ li politikuri jgufiT. Tuki sazogadoebis wevrTa mniSvnelovani nawili nebiT Tu uneb­ lied iziarebs sazrisis monopoliis princips, es niSnavs, rom moce­ mul sazogadoebaSi dabalia optimaluri Sedegebis miRwevisaken mimarTuli samoqalaqo dialogisa da diskusiis xarisxi. „sazrisis mflobeli“ sazogadoebis wevrebi mimarTaven ara dialogs, aramed TiTqos monologis reJimSi arian. isini dialogis unars moklebu­ li arian, rasac Sedegad unayofo eqstremizmi, msoflmxedvelob­ rivi qaosi da sazogadoebis mier wlebis ganmavlobaSi erTi adgi­ lis tkepna mosdevs.

ra aris avtoritarizmi sazogadoebaSi, sadac adamianebi naklebad cdiloben wonaswo­ robisa da konsensusis wertilebis moZebnas, iolad batondeba ra­ dikalizmi, iolad iRebs iniciativas agresiuli umecreba da agre­ siuli uzneoba, rac xSirad Sedegad gvaZlevs ganwyobas, rogorme gamoZebnon viRac gansakuTrebuli pirovneba, visac qveynis marTvis srul uflebas gadaabareben yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe. avtoritarizmi eyrdnoba adamianebis rwmenas, rom amqveynad SeiZ­leba arsebobdes viRac saswaulTmoqmedi, vinc yvelaze kargad icis ra da rogor unda gaakeTos, yvela danarCeni ki morCilad unda gahyves mas. amitomac iyo, rom mraval qveyanaSi qaossa da samoqalaqo da­ pirispirebas diqtatura mohyveboda. sazogadoebis wevrebi ver axerxebdnen Tavisi sasicocxlo garemos mosawesrigeblad dialo­ gisa da TanamSromlobis reJimis gamomuSavebas. amas ki uneblied mosdevs nacionalisturi da religiuri eqstremizmi da sxva yaidis eqstremizmi.

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demokratia

aseTi sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli eqstremizmi, rogori keTilSobili miznebiTac ar unda gamodiodes igi, aucileblad miimarTeba sazogadoebis sakmaod didi nawilis Tavisuflebisa da interesebis winaaRmdeg. nacionalisturi da religiuri eqstre­ mizmi aucileblad iqceva monoreligiuri da monoeTnikuri sazoga­ doebis idead. magaliTisTvis, liberaluri eqstremizmi daupiris­ pirdeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela tradiciul formas da Seecdeba, Tavisuflebis ganyenebul ideas dauqvemdebaros sazoga­ doebrivi cxovreba. arsebobs erTi cnobili gamonaTqvami: SeiZle­ ba giyvardes mTeli kacobrioba, Tayvans scemde adamianis, rogorc aseTis, Tavisuflebas ise, rom ar giyvardes konkretuli adamiani an adamianTa jgufebi da ar aRiarebde konkretuli adamianis Ta­ visuflebas. gavixsenoT, rom rogorc safrangeTis, ise ruseTis revo­ luciis Semdeg xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosuli adamianebi swored Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis saxeliT axorcielebdnen represiebs.

kasius longinusis dros moW­ rili dinari (liTonis fuli), Zv.w.63, gamosaxulia romaeli mamakaci xmis micemisas.

yvela SemTxvevaSi eqstremistuli msoflmxedveloba cdilobs, sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebidan gandevnos yve­ la, vinc gansxvavebulia. saqme is aris, rom, rac ar unda erqvas mas, igi ufro emociuria da koleqtiur vnebebs eyrdnoba, vidre ra­ didi britaneTis parlamentis sxdoma

27

politika cionaluri da dialogis unaris mqone ram. Sedegad viRebT saxelm­ wifoebriv da sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, romelic usamarTloa da xSirad ulmobelic gansxvavebulis mimarT. es ki saxelmwifoeb­rivad aris saSiSi. Znelia Sedges iseTi saxelmwifo, sadac yoveldRiurad ar zrunaven calkeuli adamianebisa da adamianTa jgufebis inte­ resTa daaxloebaze. amgvari saxelmwifosaTvis eTnikuri, reli­ giuri Tu, zogadad, msoflmxedvelobrivi umciresobebi yovel­ Tvis iqneba erTgvari Senelebuli moqmedebis naRmi. gamocdil sazogadoeb­ebSi ician es da amitomac zrunaven, rom gansxvavebul­ Ta uflebebi daicvan ise, rom amiT umravlesobis uflebebi ar Sei­ laxos da piriqiT. amgvari balansis miRweva urTulesi saqmea da yoveldRiur zrunvas moiTxovs.

mesianizmi (momdinareobs ebrauli sityvidan „mesia~, rac kurTxeuls, cxebuls niSnavs) – gvxvdeba sxvadasxva religiaSi da am saxelwodebiT moixsenieba is mistikur-re­ ligiuri Teoriebi da rwme­ na-warmodgenebi, romelTa Tanaxmad, esa Tu is eri, ena, miwa-wyali da a.S. RvTis mier sxva erebze, enebsa da qveyneb­ ze aRmatebuli madliTaa cxebuli da gamorCeulad maRali misia akisria.

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ra aris Tavisufleba demokratiis pirobebSi axalgazrda asakSi adamians win usasrulo perspeqtivebi egule­ ba. es gancda iseTi mZafria xolme, rom zogs verc ki warmoudge­ nia, Tuki raimem SeiZleba misi Tavisufleba SezRudos. Semdeg mas ukve uwevs darwmuneba, rom garda misi Tavisuflebisa, arse­ bobs meore adamianis Tavisuflebac da erTaderTi, ramac misi Ta­ visufleba SeiZleba SezRudos, sxvisi Tavisuflebaa. igi ver iqne­ ba Tavisufali adamiani, Tu mis garSemo ar arian sxva Tavisufali adamianebi. Tavisufleba ar niSnavs TviTnebobas da Tavisufleba da pasuxismgebloba erTi medlis ori mxarea. Tu adre mas Tavi­ si cxovreba uwyvet monologad warmoedgina, ris gamoc mudmivad da unayofod ekamaTeboda sxvebs, simwifis asakSi igi iazrebs, rom mniSvnelovania sxva adamianebTan TanamSromloba. Tu sazogadoeba­ Si amgvari adamianebis garkveuli kritikuli raodenoba arsebobs, demokratiis aucilebeli piroba – yvela mxarisaTvis optimalu­ ri Sedegis misaRwevad mimarTuli dialogi – ganxorcielebadia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, gveqneba msoflmxedvelobrivi kakafonia, romelsac araferi kargi ar mosdevs da, rogorc vTqviT, sakuTar unarianobaSi sasowarkveTili adamianebi kvlav da kvlav mavani sas­ waulTmoqmedis Zebnas iwyeben, visac mTel Tavis uflebebs gadaaba­ reben. cxadia, amgvari saswaulTmoqmedebi mxolod gulubryvilo politikur miTosSi arseboben. amitomac saswaulTmoqmedis ga­ mogonebas garduvalad mosdevs gulis acrueba da axali saswaulT­ moqmedis Zebna. ase SeiZleba sazogadoeba aRmoCndes dausrule­ bel da unayofo wreSi, sanam sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawili ar igrZnobs, Tu ramdenad aucilebelia konkretuli Sedegebisaken mimarTuli sazogadoebrivi diskusia da rom droa, calkeulma ada­ mianebma mainc daaRwion Tavi umwifrobis mdgomareobas. avtorita­

demokratia

rizmis daSvebiT sazogadoeba aRiarebs, rom mas ar ZaluZs sakuTari Tavis patronoba, rom mis calkeul wevrebs Tavi ver dauRweviaT pirovnuli mesianizmisaTvis, sazogadoebriv jgufebs ki – eqstre­ mizmisaTvis. avtoritaruli mmarTveloba am dros erTaderT gamo­ savlad rCeba. eqstremizmsac da mis Sedegad gaCenil avtoritarizmsac safuZv­ lad udevs utopiuri warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom idealu­ ri saxelmwifoebrivi da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis asaSeneblad sruliad martivi da yvelasaTvis iolad gasagebi RonisZiebebia gasatarebeli. isini aigeba erTgvar gulubryvilo rwmenaze imi­ sa, rom istoriis bednieri dasasruli da, Tu SeiZeba iTqvas, mzis meufeba aqvea, erTi xelis gawvdenaze, da boroti Zalebi Tu daiZ­ levian, idealuri sasicocxlo garemo bevri Zalisxmevis gareSe damkvidrdeba. adamianebi iolad da xalisiT iviwyeben, rom ara Tu idealuri, normaluri sasicocxlo pirobebis misaRebadac ki didi, droSi gaWimuli Zalisxmevaa saWiro da rom ar arsebobs iseTi jadosnuri formulebi, romlebic am Zalisxmevis aucileblobisa­ gan gagvaTavisufleben.

demokratiis qalRmerTi – 1989 wlis gazafxulze CineTis did qalaqebSi milionobiT xalxi gamovida quCaSi Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis moTxovniT. samxatv­ ro akademiis studentebma pekinSi 4 dReSi rkinis armaturaze peno­ plastisa da papiemaSes gamoyenebiT Seqmnes demokratiis qalRmerTis 10-metriani qandakeba, romelic xelisuflebam mitingis daSlisas gaanadgura. am movlenebis soli­ darobis niSnad ramdenime qveyanaSi, ramdenime qalaqSi, daidga am qan­ dakebis aslebi sxvadasxva inter­ pretaciiT

amitomac demokratia aris ara raRac prestiJuli ram, yvelaze mowinave qveynebSi rom aris gabatonebuli da Cvenc unda mivbaZoT, aramed sruliad garduvali da aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi urTi­ erTobis forma saimisod, rom Tavi davaRwioT ukidures ganwyo­ bilebaTa maxes da nabij-nabij vaSenoT Cveni sacxovrebeli garemo da saxelmwifoebrioba.

demokratia sakuTari Rirsebis saqmea yvela im adamianisaTvis, visTvisac Tavisufleba da saxelmwifoebriv Tu sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi monawileoba pirovnebis ganuyreli ufleba da movaleobaa.

adamiani mzad aris sxvebTan dialogisa da TanamSromlobisa­ Tvis. amgvari adamianebis aucilebeli raodenobis gaCenas, cxadia, garkveuli istoriuli gamocdileba esaWiroeba da Cven swored axla, damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom wlebSi viZenT mas. aranakleb mniSvnelovania ganaTleba. ganaTleba adamians sa­ Sualebas aZlevs, rom ase Tu ise obieqturad gansazRvros Tavisi samoqalaqo Rirseba, Tavisi sazogadoebrivi roli da sruli samo­ qalaqo pasiurobis an, piriqiT, Tavisi gansakuTrebuli misiisa da rolis ganwyobebs ar mieces.

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religia

yurani muslimTa saRvTo wigni giorgi lobJaniZe

islami yvelaze axalgazrda msoflio religiaa, romelsac abraamistuli tradiciis religiebs miakuTvneben. religiaTmcod­ neobaSi `abraamistuli tradiciis religiebs~ uwodeben im sam sarw­ munoebas, romelTa mixedviTac, RvTisa da adamianis urTierTo­ bis tradicias safuZveli bibliuri abraamis, abrahamis (qarTuli tradiciiT – abramis, yuraniseuli – ibrahimis), epoqidan daedo. abraamistuli tradiciis religiebi wignismieri religiebia. es imas niSnavs, rom yvela am religias Tavisi wminda an saRvTo werili aqvs. iudevelobis mTavari saRvTo werilia Tora, qristianobisa – saxareba, xolo islamis wminda wigns yurani ewodeba.

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yurani

yurani arabuli sityvaa da qarTulad `wakiTxvas~, `kiTxvas~ niSnavs. is warmoadgens islamis winaswarmetyvelis muhamadis (muhame­ dis) (570-632) qadagebaTa krebuls, romlebic muhamads, TviTon am religiis mimdevarTa, anu muslimTa (muslimanTa, mahmadianTa) rwmeniT, RvTiuri zeSTagonebis meSveobiT ganecxada. islamis winaswarmetyveli muhamadi cxov­ robda arabeTis naxevarkunZulis hijazis mxa­ reSi. is daibada qalaq meqaSi da Tavidan mwyem­ si, xolo mogvianebiT warCinebuli sovdagari iyo. daaxloebiT ormoci wlisas zeciuri ga­ mocxadebebi daewyo, romelTa safuZvelzec mogvianebiT Camoyalibda religia `islami~, rac arabuli sityvaa da qarTulad morCile­ bas, RvTisaTvis Tavis miZRvnas niSnavs. muslimuri gadmocemis mixedviT, pirveli zeSTagoneba muhamads maSin ewvia, roca igi mSobliuri meqis CrdiloeTiT mdebare pa­ tara mTis – hiras gamoqvabulSi loculobda. am dros mas gamocxadebia zebunebrivi arseba, muhamadisaTvis miucia farCaze amoqarguli naweri da arabulad uTqvams `ikra’!~ es sityva

qarTulad `waikiTxes!~ niSnavs. muhamads miu­ gia, kiTxva ar vicio, Tumca zebunebriv arse­ bas kidev orjer gaumeorebia Tavisi brZaneba da muhamadisaTvis naweris wakiTxva dauZalebia. mkvlevarTa gamoTvliT, es movlena daaxloebiT Cv. w. 610 wels unda momxdariyo. muslimuri tradici­ iT ki, gamocxadeba islamuri kalendris mecxre Tvis, ramadanis (an – ramazanis), 27 an 28 ricxvSi

Zveli miniatura, romelzedac asaxulia muhamadis sas­ waulebrivi mogzauroba meqis meCeTidan ierusalimis meCeTamde.

muslimTa umTavresi taZari qaaba meqaSi, arabeTis naxevarkunZulze

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religia daiwyo. amis gamo, mogvianebiT, ramadanis TveSi dawesda marxva, romlis Senaxvac yvela muslimisa­ Tvis savaldebulod gamocxadda. muslimTa warmodgeniT, arseba, romelic amis Semdeg muhamads TiTqmis mTeli sicocxlis gan­ mavlobaSi drogamoSvebiT ecxadeboda da RvTiur danabarebs gadascemda, raTa winaswarmetyvels es yvelaferi xalxisaTvis emcno, angelozi jibrii­

ar icis, visac ar uswavlia wina religiaTa saRvTo werilebi. 610 wlidan, anu gamocxadebis dasawyisidan 632 wlamde – muhamad winaswarmetyvelis gardacvale­ bamde – daaxloebiT ocwliani periodi yuranis gamocxadebis ZiriTadi wlebia. am xnis ganmavloba­ Si drodadro muhamads eufleboda zebunebrivi mdgomareoba da am dros igi zepirad qadagebda qalaq meqis xedi

angelozi jibriili (mTa­ varangelozi gabrieli)

li (jabraili, jibraili) iyo. mogvianebiT, zogma mkvlevarma am angelozis identifikacia iudeuri da qristianuli tradiciis mTavarangeloz gabri­ elTan moaxdina. yuranis zemoT moTxrobili pasaJidan, ufro zustad ki, angelozis brZanebidan wamovida kidev erTi tradiciuli warmodgena, romlis Tanaxmadac, muhamadi wera-kiTxvis ucodinari kaci iyo. am Tvalsazriss kidev ufro amyarebda is gare­ moeba, rom TviTon yuranSi muhamads ramdenjerme moixsenieben epiTetiT `ami~, rac pirdapir marTlac `uwignurs~, `wera-kiTxvis ucodinars~ niSnavs. Tumca bolo dros islamologiaSi gamoiTqva sa­ fuZvliani mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom yuranis fraza `ikra’!” niSnavs ara `waikiTxe!~-s, aramed `iqa­ dage!~-s, epiTeti `amii~ ki gulisxmobs ara saerTod wera-kiTxvis ucodinar adamians, aramed kacs, vinc

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RmerTis sityvas, rasac misi mimdevrebi sxvadasxva saSualebiT iwerdnen an zepiradve imaxsovrebdnen. yuranis fragmentebis pirvel Canawerebs umTavre­ sad palmis xis qerqze an brtyel qvebze akeTebdnen, es Canawerebi ki mis erTgul mimdevrebTan grovdeboda. muhamadma Tavis sicocxleSi ver moaswro am Canawe­rebis Tavmoyra da sistematizacia. Tumca yu­ yuranis xelnaweri

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religia ranSive aris miniSneba imis Taobaze, rom sicocxlis bolo wlebSi islamis mociquli cdilobda am saqmis gakeTebas da qadagebebis erT wignad Camoyalibe­ bas, `iudevelTa da qristianTa saRvTo werilebis msgav­sad~. igi am saqmis dasrulebamde gardaicvala, erTad Tavmoyirili Canawerebi ki mis mdivnebTan da ramdenime mimdevarTan darCa.

ibn aris arabuli sityva da niSnavs Svils (vaJiSvils) da daerTvis saxels mamis saxe­ lis aRniSvnisas.

muslimuri tradicia asaxelebs im ramdenime adamians, romlebic yuranis am Tavdapirvel Canawe­ rebs agrovebdnen. eseni iyvnen winaswarmetyvelis is mimdevrebi, romelTac muhamadis Semdgom isla­ mis bedze gansakuTrebuli gavlena iqonies, maT So­ ris: ali, salimi, abu musa, osman ibn afani, agreTve xalid ibn saidi da ubaida ibn qayba. bunebrivia, rom TiTqmis muhamadis gar­ dacvalebisTanave misma ramdenime mimdevarma am Canawerebis Tavmoyra gadawyvita da mkvlevarTa gancxadebiT, aseTi versiis, sul mcire, xuTi varianti Seiqmna. yuranis avTenturi teqstis Sedgenis ga­ dawyvetileba ki ukavSirdeba islamis is­ toriis im kritikul xanas, roca muhamadis sikvdilis Semdgom bevri arabuli tomi mo­ ciqulis Semcvlelis e.w. `xalifis~ xeli­ suflebis winaaRmdeg gamovida da mimdi­ nareobda brZola medinuri sazogadoebis Zalauflebis gasamyareblad arabul Temze. pirvelad swored maSin gacxadda muslimu­ ri Temis winaSe gadaudebeli aucilebloba, romelic mociqulis danatovris, misi qa­ dagebebis Tavmoyras, fiqsaciasa da siste­ matizacias gulisxmobda. swored maSin gaCn­ da e.w. `as-suhuf al-baqriia~, anu `adreuli gragnilebi~, romelTa Segroveba, islamuri gadmocemis mixedviT, winaswarmetyvelis Semcvlelis, xalifa abu baqrisagan muhama­ dis mdivans – zaid ibn sabiTs – daevala. yuranis teqstze muSaobis meore etapi ukavSirdeba ukve sxva periodis gansxvave­ bul moTxovnebs, roca Zlevamosili isla­ muri jarebi TiTqmis erTmaneTis miyolebiT daeuflnen erays, siriasa da egviptes. isla­ mis am uzarmazar teritoriaze gavrcelebam da veeberTela saxelmwifos provinciaTa marTvis adgilobrivi religiuri centrebis Camoyalibebam yuranis erTiani, unificire­ buli teqstis gamocemis aucilebloba mTe­ li simwvaviT daayena.

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medinis xedi

yurani

muslimuri wyaroebis Tanaxmad, swored am centrebSi, kerZod, meqaSi, medinaSi, dam­ askoSi, qufasa da basraSi ganviTarda teqs­ tis gadacemis adgilobrivi tradiciebi, ro­ melTac muhamadis im mimdevrebs ukavSireben, bedma da saqmis viTarebam sxvadasxva dros am qalaqebSi rom gadatyorcna. gadmocemiT, himssa da damaskoSi muaz ibn jabalis variants mihyvebodnen, qufaSi – ibn mas’udisas, basraSi – abu musa al-aS’arisas, xolo mTlianad siriaSi ubaia ibn qaybas vari­ antiT xelmZRvanelobdnen. teqstis aRniSnuli versiebi erTmaneTisa­ gan gansxvavdeboda gamocxadebaTa ricxvisa da ganlagebis mixedviT, calkeuli sityve­ biTa Tu gamoTqmebiT, rigi orTografiuli TaviseburebebiT. zogan gamorCenili iyo, zogan ki, piriqiT, – damatebuli esa Tu is si­ tyva an winadadeba. wminda werilis gansxvavebuli wakiTxve­ bi ki muslimur sazogadoebas Sida ganxeT­ qilebiT emuqreboda. uzenaes xelisufle­ baze gaCaRebuli kamaTis gamo Temis SigniT isedac, amis gareSec, ukve mimdinareobda cxa­re brZolebi. saSiSroebas ki kidev ufro amZafrebda is garemoeba, rom muslimebi maT mier dakave­ bul vrcel teritoriebze axlo aRmosav­ leTSi gavrcelebuli religiuri sistemis, doqtrinebisa da Sexedulebebis zRvas See­ jaxnen. am viTarebaSi mesame xalifam usmanma (os­ manma) medinaSi, sadac, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, yuranis adreuli Canawerebis Segrove­ bisa da sistematizaciis tradicia yvela sxva qalaqze ufro mZlavri iyo, saRvTo wer­ ilis erTiani redaqciis SemuSavebis gada­ wy­vetileba miiRo. aseTi teqsti, romelsac `al-imams~ (anu `meTaurs~) uwodeben, medi­ naSi Semonaxuli erT-erTi ZiriTadi versi­ is safuZvelze da yvela im Canaweris gaT­

yuranis erT-erTi uZvelesi xelnaweri, e. w. qufuri. xeliT.

valiswinebiT, romelTa sinamdvilesac ori saTanado mowme daadasturebda, medinaSive 650-656 wlebSi Seadgina specialurma kole­ giam. kolegias xelmZRvanelobda muhamad winaswarmety­velis mdivani zaid ibn sabiTi. aRniSnuli teqstis ramdenime xel­ naweri saxalifos umniSvnelovanes poli­ tikur-administraciul centrebSi (meqaSi, basraSi, qufaSi, damaskoSi, zogi cnobiT ki, egviptesa da bahreinSic) daigzavna. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, sruli erTianobis uzrunvelsayofad, xalifa osmanis brZanebiT dawves da gaanadgures yuranis yvela sxva ver­ sia, romelic am ZiriTad teqstTan SedarebiT raRac gansxvavebas Seicavda. Tumca, imis mi­ uxedavad, rom Tavidan muslimuri sazoga­ doeba osmanis wamowyebas gagebiT moekida da zaid ibn sabiTis teqstsac sixaruloT Sexv­ da, mainc yvela ar aRmoCnda mzad, dasawvavad da gasanadgureblad gaemetebina misTvis Ri­ rebuli da unikaluri xelnawerebi. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, magaliTad, ibn masyuds am brZanebis Sesrulebaze uari uTq­ vams da ganucxadebia: `me yurans jer kidev ma­

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religia Sin vagrovebdi, roca zaid ibn sabiTi warmar­ Ti dedis mucelSi ijdao~. garda amisa, imxanad jer kidev mravlad iyo xalxi, visac zepirad axsovda usmanis wesisa­ gan gansxvavebuli yuranis ama Tu im fragmen­ tis wakiTxvebi. miuxedavad amisa, osmaniseuli redaqcia TandaTan ikavebda Seucvlel adgils da sabo­ lood is upirobod damkvidrda mTel mus­ limur aRmosavleTSi, roca yuranis teqstis wakiTxvis problemebi daaregulira arabul muslimuri filologiis orma dargma: ilm al-kira’am (anu yuranis swori wakiTxvisa) da ilm al-Tajvidma (teqstis swori recitaciis mecnierebam). kanonikuri teqsti – umaRlesi religiuri organoebis mier aRiarebuli da nebadarTuli, miRebuli teqsti

etimologia –ama Tu im sityvis warmoSoba-is­ toria, aseve misi pirvandeli mniSvneloba.

yuranis kanonikur teqstSi gamocxade­ bebis fragmentebi, qronologiurad, ze­ gardmovlenis drois mixedviT ar aris dala­ gebuli. is agebulia am fragmentTa sididis mixedviT, udidesidan umciresisaken. gamo­ nakliss warmoadgens pirveli fragmenti (`sura al-faTiha~ – gamxsneli, gamRebi sura) romelsac saritualo islamisaTvis udide­ si mniSvneloba aqvs da is ikiTxeba, rogorc locva nebismieri mniSvnelovani religiuri ritualisa Tu saqmis dawyebis win. yurani dayofilia 114 araTanabar Tavad, romelsac ewodeba `sura~. am sityvis bevrnai­ ri etimologia arsebobs, erT-erTi versiiT, sura unda momdinareobdes ebrauli `Surasa­ gan~, rac niSnavs aguris mwkrivs Senobis kedelSi. TiToeuli sura, Tavis mxriv, iyofa ritmulad mowesrigebul muxlebad, romel­ sac arabulad `aia~ (saswauli, RvTiuri ni­

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muhamadi da metafizikuri arseba buraki.

Sani) ewodeba. aiaTa ricxvi sxvadasxva suraSi sxvadasxvaa. garda amisa, teqsti, ukve rit­ ualuri mizniT, dayofila 30 Tanabar nawi­ lad, e.w. juz’ad da Tavidan juz’ebis raode­ noba gaTvlili iyo wliur ciklze, imaze, Tu morw­munes ama Tu im periodSi saRvTo wignis ramdeni nawili unda waekiTxa. yuranis mxatvrul stils arabulad saj’i ewodeba. saj’i riTmanarevi ritmuli prozaa da tradiciul arabul poetikaSi mas saleq­ so formad ar miiCnevdnen. rogorc liter­ aturuli Zegli, is marTlac gamorCeuli nimuSia da saucxoo emociur zemoqmedebas axdens msmenelsa Tu mkiTxvelze. muhamad mociqulis moRvaweobis ori Ziri­ Tadi periodisa da samoRvaweo qalaqebis mixedviT yuranis surebic or ZiriTad jgu­ fad – mequr da medinur surebad – iyofa.

yurani

specialistebis aRiarebiT, mequri surebis stili, sazogadod, ufro eqspresiulia, fera­ dovani da poeturi, xolo medinuri surebi garkveuli simZimiT, yofiTi realie­bis siux­ viTa da sakanonmdeblo aiebis siWarbiT ga­ moirCeva. ramdenadme gansxvavebulia mequri da medinuri surebis Tematikac. moRvaweobis pirvel periodSi muhamadis gamocxadebebi adamianuri yofierebis metafizikur prob­ lemebs moicavs, medinuri periodis surebSi ki ZiriTadi aqcenti, morwmune sazogadoebi­ sa da, saerTod, Teokratiuli saxelm­wifos mowyobis principebze gadadis. wigni dafuZnebulia mkacri monoTeizmis, erTRmerTianobis, ideaze. yuranis mixedviT, samyaros Semoqmedi da upirobo meufea erTa­ derTi RmerTi, romlis saxelic dafarulia da mis Sesaxeb garkveul warmodgenas gviqm­ nis e.w. `al-sama’ al husna~ – `umSvenieresi

saxelebi~ – 99 epiTeti, romlebSic RmerTis esa Tu is Tvisebaa kondensirebuli. arsebi­ Tad, erT-erTi epiTetia `al-lah~, romel­ sac SecdomiT `mahmadianTa RmerTis saxe­ lad~ miiCneven. sinamdvileSi es aris sityva `ilahun” (RvTaeba, RmerTi), romelic al ar­ tikliT gansazRvrisas gvaZlevs formas `al­ lahu~ da erTaderT RmerTs aRniSnavs. RmerTisa da adamianis urTierTobis tra­ dicias safuZveli adamis Seqmnidan eyre­ ba da amitomac muslimur tradiciaSi adami aris pirveli winaswarmetyveli an mociqu­ li. drois ganzomilebaSi Semosvlis Semdeg ki samyaros Semoqmedi periodulad adamian­ Ta sazogoebebTan agzavnida kacs, romelsac am sazogadoebebidanve irCevda da romel­ sac xalxisaTvis Tavisi mcnebebis gadacemas avalebda. Y

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religia ad-duniad (arab. `uaxloesi~), anu `wuTiso­ flad~, da al-axirad (arab. `ukanaskneli”) – zesTasoflad. es wuTisofeli mxolod `gar­ Toba da TamaSia~, gamocdaa, mosamzadebeli etapia zesTasoflisaTvis, sadac adamiani ganvlili cxovrebis sikeTis sazRaurad anda borotebis samuqafod samoTxeSi an jojo­ xeTSi midis. Tumca samoTxisa da jojoxeTis garda, yurani icnobs imqveyniuri yofierebis kidev erT Sres – al-barzaxs, romelic raRac Sualeduria samoTxesa da jojoxeTs Soris da erTgvar gansawmendels warmoadgens. sa­ moTxeca da jojoxeTic yuranSi eqspresi­ ulad, maRalmxatvrulad aris aRwerili.

yurani am mociqulTa ricxvs ar asaxelebs, mogviano muslimuri tradiciis Tanaxmad ki, mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi sul 24 an 25 aTasi mociquli iyo, romelTagan zogi gan­ sakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa, kerZod, is mo­ ciqulebi, romlebic muslimTa saRvTi wignSi saxelebiT arian moxseniebuli. magaliTad, musa (mose), ibrahimi (abraami), ia’yubi (iako­ bi), salihi, hudi, isa (ieso) da sxva. yuranis mixedviT, samociqulo tradicias asrulebs muhamadi, romlis Semdgomac aRar iqneba ara­ nairi mociquli. swored amitom, yuransa da muslimur tradiciaSi muhamadis gavrcele­ buli epiTetia `xaTim al-anbia~, anu `winas­ warmetyvelTa beWedi~. rogorc yvela religia, islamic saiqio, imqveyniuri cxovrebis, anu `al-Raibis~ (da­ farulis, TvaliT uxilavis) rwmenas efuZne­ ba. Sesaqme or nawilad aris dayofili:

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imqveyniuri cxovrebis rwmena bolo Jamis rwmenasac gulisxmobs. bolo Jamis, anu sam­ yaros aRsasrulis zusti dro (as-sa’a) aravin uwyis, Tvinier alahisa, magram is aucileb­ lad dadgeba, `axlosa aris~ da misi mauwyebe­ li iqneba is, roca `Caberaven sayvirSi~. bolo Jamis macne angelosis saxeli TviTon yuran­ Si ar ixsenieba. mogviano xanis musli­ muri tradicia mas israfils arqmevs. roca isra­ fili, alahis nebarTviT, sayvirSi Cabe­ravs, maSin, yuranis Tanaxmad, `Camovardeba mze da mTvare gadaipoba~, xolo zeca `Cirqiani kaniviT ekideba~. am dros mkvdreTiT aRdge­ bian gardacvlilni. RmerTi gansjis maT da codvilT jojoxeTSi, xolo marTalT sa­ moTxeSi ganawesebs. yurani arabuli enis im hijazur dialeqt­ zea zegardmovlenili, romelic Semdgom saliteraturo arabulis (al-fushas) sa­ fuZvlad iqca. TviTon yuranis teqstSi ram­ denjermea aRniSnuli, rom es gamocxadeba mocemulia `mkafio, arabuli eniT~. aman Semd­ gomSi saTave daudo mTel muslimur samyaro­ Si arabulis wminda enad gamocxadebas da Tvi­ Ton yuranis uTargmnelobis ideasac. Tumca SemdgomSi mTel muslimur samyaroSi, ZiriT­ adad, teqstis ukeT gagebisa da ganmartebis mizniT, yuranis sxva muslimur enebze gad­ moReba mainc mimdinareobda. is Sua saukunee­

yurani

bidanve intensiurad iTargmneboda evropul enebzec. am viTarebaSi sakvirvelia, rom qarTulad yuranis sruli Targmani me-20 saukunis da­ sawyisamde ar gvqonia. Tumca gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom Zvelad arsebobda am wignis ram­ denime Targmani, romelic droTa viTarebaSi, politikuri Tu sarwmunoebrivi mosazre­ bebis gamo, ar Semonaxula. Aam varauds amyarebs is garemoeba, rom ramdenime originalur qar­ Tul ZeglSi dadasturebulia yuranis ram­ denime fraza, romelic originalis TiTqmis zedmiwevniT Targmans warmoadgens. asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom yuranis pirveli qarTuli Targmani 1906 wels gamoica da is frangulidan Seasrula Tavis droisaTvis

cnobilma mTargmnelma da sazogado moRvawem petre mirianaSvilma. erT-erTi gadmocemis mixedviT, mirianaSvils yuranis teqsti ilia WavWavaZis davalebiTa da uSualo monawile­ obiT uTargmnia. yuranis pirveli qarTuli Targmani ki, romelic arabuli dednidan iTargmna da Tan ganmartebebis vrceli korpusi axlavs, gior­ gi lobJaniZes ekuTvnis. es Targmani, rome­ lic evropuli fondis `horizontis~ dafi­ nansebiT, mirianaSvilis Targmanidan zustad asi wlis Semdeg, anu 2006 wels gamosca `kavka­ siurma saxlma~ rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve qveynis gareT (kerZod, iranSi) umniSvnelova­ nesi literaturuli premiebiT aRiniSna.

39

garemo

globaluri klimatis Tanamedrove cvlilebebis arsi WiWiko janeliZe

kacobriobis winaSe amJamad arsebul problemebs Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRe­ bas ipyrobs globaluri klimatis daTbobis faqti. msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gan­ lagebul aseulobiT meteorologiur sad­ gurze Catarebuli dakvirvebis masalebis analizi cxadyofs, rom ukanaskneli 100-130 wlis ganmavlobaSi dedamiwis zedapirze haeris saSualowliuri temperatura 0,7-0,8 °C-iT gaizarda (nax. 1).

dedamiwis saSualowliuri temperaturis cvalebadoba (1880-2000 ww.)

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dedamiwis zedapirze da atmosferoSi mzis sxivuri energiis siTbur energiad gar­ daqmnis procesi Zalian hgavs saTburis meqa­ nizms, romelic adamianebma bostneulisa Tu

globaluri klimatis Tanamedrove cvlilebebis arsi

sxva agrokulturis mosayvanad gamoigones: Seminuli an polieTileniT dafaruli saT­ buris Weri da kedlebi Tavisuflad atarebs mzis sxivebs saTburis Sida sivrceSi, sadac sxivuri energia siTbur energiad gardaiqm­ neba. Sedegad, saTburis Weris, iatakisa da kedlebis Sida zedapiri da mcenareebi Tbe­ ba da amiT siTbos unarCunebs saTburis Sida sivrces. swored adamianis mier Seqmnili saTburi airCies mecnierebma atmosferosa da dedami­ wis zedapirs Soris mzis sxivuri energiis siTbur energiad gardaqmnis miniaturul modelad. atmosferos saTburis efeqtis arsi ase SeiZleba aixsnas: dedamiwisaken mzisagan wa­ mosuli sxivuri energiis (mokletalRovani ultraiisferi radiacia) daaxloebiT 25% atmosferos zeda sazRvridan airekleba da ukan ubrundeba kosmosur sivrces, sxi­ vuri energiis 25% atmosferoSi ifanteba, 5%-s dedamiwis zedapiri aireklavs, danar­ Cen 45%-s ki dedamiwis zedapiri STanTqams. dedamiwis zedapirisagan STanTqmuli sxivu­ ri energia siTbur energiad (grZeltalRo­ vani, infrawiTeli radiacia) gardaiqmneba. yovelive amis Sedegad dedamiwis zedapiri Tbeba da atmosferoSi gamoasxivebs siTbos. dedamiwis zedapiridan gamosxivebuli siT­ bos udides nawils STanTqams atmosfero­ Si arsebuli wylis orTqli, naxSirorJangi, meTani, azotis qveJangi da zogierTi sxva naerTi. es airebi Tavad Tbeba da dedamiwis zedapirs ukan ubrunebs siTbos. im airebs, romlebic dedamiwis zedapiri­ dan gamosxivebuli siTbos STanTqmis unariT gamoirCevian, saTburis efeqtis mqone airebi uwodes. dedamiwis klimatis mkvlevar mecnierTa umravlesoba klimatis Tanamedrove daT­ bobis ZiriTad mizezad miiCnevs adamia­ nis sameurneo saqmianobis gavleniT atmos­

saTburis efeqti – dedamiwis zedapiridan gamosxivebuli saTburi (infrawiTeli) radiaciis Sekaveba atmosferos qveda fenebis mier.

feroSi saTburis efeqtis mqone airebis – naxSirorJangis (CO2), meTanis (CH4), azotis qveJangisa (N2O) da sxva naerTebis – koncen­ traciis progresul matebas. dedamiwis klimatisaTvis atmosferos saTburis efeqtis mniSvneloba XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan gaxda cnobili. gamoCenil­ ma Svedma mecnierma s. areniusma atmosfero­ Si saTburis airebis (pirvel rigSi – nax­ SirorJangis) koncentraciis zrda SeniSna da es faqti saTbobi resursebis (qvanaxSiri, navTobi, bunebrivi airi da sxva) sul ufro da ufro meti odenobiT xarjvis process daukavSira. manve gamoTqva mosazreba, rom es procesi samomavlod xels Seuwyobda kli­ matis daTbobas. XX saukunis 70-80-ian wleb­ Si Catarda dedamiwis zedapiris globaluri temperaturuli reJimis analizi, romlis Sedegebmac daadastura dedamiwis klima­ tis cvlileba globaluri daTbobis mimar­ saSualowliuri temperatura – wlis manZilze TiToeu­ li Tvis saSualo temperatura dajamebuli da es jami gayofili 12-ze.

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garemo TulebiT. amis umTavres mizezad erTxmad miiCnies atmosferoSi saTburis airebis kon­ centraciis mudmivi zrda, rasac xels uwyobs rogorc didi raodenobiT saTbobi resurse­ bis xarjva, ise vrcel farTobebze tyeebis gaCexva, mrewvelobis, soflis meurneobis ganviTareba, sayofacxovrebo narCenebis problemis mougvarebloba da a.S. am airebis saTburis efeqts gansazRvravs atmosferos Tviseba, rom jer STanTqas da Semdeg ukanve daabrunos dedamiwis zeda­ piridan gamosxivebuli siTbo. saTburis airebi atmosferos qveda fenebSi akave­ ben dedamiwis zedapiridan gamosxivebuli siTbos udides nawils, riTac ganapirobe­ ben dedamiwaze siTbos reJimis Camoyalibe­ bas. atmosfero rom ar Seicavdes saTburis airebs da, Sesabamisad, mas rom ar gaaCndes saTburis efeqtis unari, maSin dedamiwa yinu­ lovan zewarSi gaexveoda, vinaidan dedamiwis zedapirze haeris saSualo temperatura, na­ cvlad amJamad arsebuli +14+15°C-isa, -18°C iqneboda.

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ukanaskneli 150-200 wlis ganmavlobaSi mrewvelobis da soflis meurneobis swra­ fi tempiT ganviTarebis Sedegad (rac, pir­ vel rigSi, mosaxleobis raodenobis mniSv­ nelovanma zrdam ganapiroba) atmosferoSi saTburis airebis gafrqvevis procesi ga­ Zlierda. dadasturebulia, rom am periodSi naxSirorJangis koncentracia atmosferoSi saSualod 30%-iT gaizarda, meTanis koncent­ raciis zrdis donem ki 100%-s gadaaWarba. swored amas ukavSireben mecnierebi amave pe­ riodSi haeris temperaturis 0,7-0,8°C-iT mo­ matebas. msoflio ekonomikis aRmavali ganviTare­ bis fonze XXI saukunis bolosaTvis mosa­ lodnelia atmosferoSi saTburis airebis koncentracia 60-100 %-iT gaizardos, rac dedamiwis zedapirze haeris saSualo tem­ peraturis 3-3,5°C-iT moimatebas niSnavs. es daskvna gamoqveynda klimatis mosalodneli cvlilebis Sesaxeb SemuSavebul angariSSi, romelic momzadda gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis garemos dacviTi programis

globaluri klimatis Tanamedrove cvlilebebis arsi grenlandiis yinulis sazRvrebi

(UMEP), msoflio meteorologiuri orga­ nizaciis (WMO) da mecnieruli kavSirebis saerTaSoriso sabWos (MCHC) TaosnobiT. globaluri klimatis aseTi masStabiT daTboba mniSvnelovan gavlenas moaxdens dedamiwis landSaftur garsSi mimdinare procesebis ganviTarebaze. dabejiTebiT Sei­ Zleba iTqvas, rom klimaturi prognozebis gamarTlebis SemTxvevaSi adamianis saarsebo fizikurgeografiuli garemo XXI saukunis bolos sagrZnoblad gansxvavebuli iqneba amJamindelisagan. erTi saukunis Semdeg im regionebSi, rom­ lebic Tbili da mSrali klimatiT gamoirCe­ va, klimati ufro ariduli (mSrali) gaxdeba, xolo notio klimatis mqone regionebSi – ufro teniani. moimatebs sxvadasxva tipisa da xangrZlivobis gvalvebis, Rvarcofebisa da wyaldidobebis sixSire da siZliere; gaizr­ deba mewyruli procesebis, niadagis wylis­ mieri da qarismieri eroziis intensivoba. aridul raionebSi gaZlierdeba gaudabnoe­ bis procesi, sazRvao akvatoria; mimdebare teritoriebze ki gaxSirdeba Zlieri Storme­

bi da qariSxlebi. globalu­ri daTboba xels Seuwyobs mTis myinvarebis, antarqtidisa da grenlandiis yinulovani masebis dnobis pro­ cesis gaZlierebas. uzarmazari yinulovani masebis dnobis Sede­gad ki gamoiyofa wylis didi moculoba, rac gamoiwvevs msoflio okeanis da masTan dakavSirebuli zRvebis saSualo donis zrdas. saprognozo okean­ ografiuli scenarebis mixedviT, 2100 wli­ saTvis mosalodnelia zRvis saSualo donis 1-2 metriT amaRleba. erTi saukunis manZil­ ze zRvis saSualo donis Tundac ramden­ ime aTeuli santimetriT awe­vis SemTxvevaSi mkveTrad gaizrdeba talRebis (zvirTcemis) damangreveli Zala sanapiro xazis gaswvriv. zRvis napiris mniSvnelovani nawili daeqve­ mdebareba Zlier zRvismier erozias, rac sazRvao saxelmwifoebs Seuqmnis mraval so­ cialur-ekonomikur da ekologiur prob­ lemas. dedamiwis landSafturi garsi – dedamiwis garsi, romel­ Sic erTmaneTs exebian da urTierTqmedeben atmosfero (haeri), hidrosfero (wyali), biosfero (cocxali orga­ nizmebi) da liTosfero (mTis qanebi).

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garemo

myinvarebis jgufi aRmosavleT kavkasionze. atmosferuli naleqebi, anu atmosferodan dedamiwis zedapirze Txevadi an myari saxiT mosuli wyali izome­ ba fenis sisqiT, milimetrSi an santimetrSi, romelic udanakargod (igulisxmeba gaJonva, aorTqleba) grovdeba dedamiwis zedapirze drois garkveul SualedSi (saaTi, dRe-Rame, Tve, weliwadi).

1985 wels q. filaxSi (avstria) Catare­ bul saerTaSoriso konferenciaze klima­ tis globaluri daTbobis procesi msoflio mniSvnelobis problemad aRiares. 1992 wels ki q. rio-de-JaneiroSi miiRes gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis klimatis cvlilebebis CarCokonvencia. konvencia iTvaliswinebda atmosferoSi saTburis airebis teqnogenuri gafrqvevis procesis 1990 wlis doneze Sen­ arCunebas, riTac unda uzrunveleyo dedami­ wis Tanamedrove klimatur reJimSi arasa­ surveli Seuqcevadi procesebis Tavidan acileba. 1997 wels iaponiis q. kiotoSi xeli moewera oqms atmosferoSi saTburis airebis koncent­raciis iseT donemde dayvanis Sesax­ eb, rac aRar iqneba saSiSi dedamiwis klimati­ saTvis.

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saqarTvelom rio-de-Janeiros CarCokon­ venciis ratifikacia1994 wels moaxdina, xo­ lo kiotos oqms 1999 wels moawera xeli. amiT man aRiara, rom aqtiurad CaerTo at­ mosferoSi saTburis airebis teqnogenuri gafrqvevis Semcirebis procesSi da mxars uW­ ers Sesabamisi proeqtebisa da programebis ganxorcielebas. saqarTvelos teritoria, Tavisi geogra­ fiuli mdebareobiT da landSaftis mraval­ ferovnebiT, sakmaod mgrZnobiarea klimatis Tanamedrove cvlilebebis mimarT da misi klimati globaluri daTbobisaken midre­ kilebas amJRavnebs. amas mowmobs 1955-2005 wlebSi meteorologiur sadgurebze haeris temperaturis, atmosferuli naleqebisa da qaris siCqaris maCveneblebze dakvirve­ biT mopovebuli monacemebis analizis Se­ degebi. aRniSnuli periodis bolos saqarT­ velos teritoriis udides nawilze haeris hidroklimaturi da geomorfologiuri procesebi – wylis da klimatis moqmedeba dedamiwis zedapirze.

globaluri klimatis Tanamedrove cvlilebebis arsi

saSualowliuri temperatura 0,2-0,4°C-iT gaizarda, xolo haeris temperaturis abso­ luturi maqsimumis maCvenebelma 1,5-2,0°CiT moimata. gaizarda cxel dReTa ricxvic, roca haeris temperatura mTeli dRis gan­ mavlobaSi +25°C-s aRemateba. aRmosavleT sa­qar­Tvelos barSi 18 dRiT gaxangrZlivda gvalviani periodi, gaxSirda Zlieri qare­ bi. atmosferuli naleqebis wliurma jamma saqarTvelos teritoriis udides nawilze umniSvnelod (6-8%) moimata, Tumca gaizar­ da dReSi 20 da 50 milimetrze meti ode­ nobis naleqian dReTa ricxvi. gaxSirda da gaZlierda stiqiuri hidroklimaturi da geomorfologiuri procesebi – wylismieri da qarismieri erozia, Rvarcofebi, mewyrebi, wyaldidobebi, gvalvebi. ivris (gare kaxeTis)

wylismieri/qarismieri erozia (erozia laTinuri sityvaa da amoWmas, fxaWnas niSnavs) – wylis an qaris nakadis daman­ greveli (damazianebeli) meqanikuri zemoqmedeba zeda­ pirze, niadagze. nakadis eroziul unars ganapirobebs wylis/qaris masa, dinebis siCqare da im myari masalis raodenoba, romelic uSualod moqmedebs ama Tu im zeda­ pirze.

zeganze, rusTavi-gardabnis da marneulis vakeebze SeiniSneba gaudabnoebis procesis gaZliereba. klimatis mosalodneli cvlilebebis prog­­ nozirebis mizniT mecnierebma Seqmnes globaluri regionuli da lokaluri teri­ toriebis klimaturi modelebi, romlebic detalurad asaxavs Tanamedrove klimatis Camoyalibebisas mimdinare fizikuri pro­ cesebis arss. am klimaturi modelebis gamo­ yenebiT dedamiwis sxvadasxva regionisa­Tvis mewyeri sof. bzubzuSi, aWara.

45

garemo piriqiT, Zlieri qarebis SemTxvevaTa ricxvi gaizrdeba.

oCamCire, zRvis donis aweviT napiris gaZlierebuli ero­ zia.

muSavdeba axlo momavalSi mosalodneli klimatis cvlilebebis scenarebi. dReisaTvis mecnierebs damuSavebuli aqvT saqarTvelos teritoriaze 2050 wlamde mo­ salodneli klimatis cvlilebebis ramdenime scenari. am scenarebSi gansakuTrebuli yu­ radReba daeTmo eqstremaluri meteorolo­ giuri movlenebis (maRali temperaturebi, gvalvebi, uxvi naleqebi, Zlieri qarebi da sxva) sixSirisa da siZlieris mosalodneli cvlilebebis winaswar Sefasebas, rac mniSv­ nelovania rogorc mosaxleobisaTvis, ise soflis meurneobis, mrewvelobis, turizmi­ sa da sxva dargebis dagegmarebisa da ganvi­ TarebisaTvis. saprognozo klimaturi scenarebis mixed­ viT, saqarTvelos teritoriaze 2050 wlamde mosalodnelia haeris saSualowliuri, saSu­ alosezonuri temperaturebis da tempera­ turis absoluturi maqsimumis maCveneblebis 2-3°C-iT gazrda. aseve, cxeli dReebis (25°Cze meti) da tropikuli Rameebis (20°C-ze meti) SemTxvevaTa ricxvis sagrZnobi momateba; navaraudevia, rom atmosferuli naleqebis wliuri da sezonuri jamebis cvli­leba Se­ darebiT umniSvnelo iqneba, xolo erT dReSi mosuli 10, 20 da 50 mm-ze meti odenobis nale­ qian dReTa ricxvi ki gaizrdeba; moimatebs uwyvetad mSrali periodebis xangrZlivo­ ba. qaris saSualo siCqare Semcir­ deba da,

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saqarTvelos aRmosavleT nawilSi, de­ dof­ liswyaros, siRnaRis da sagarejos mu­ nicipalitetebis sazRvrebSi mdebare ivris zegnis da qvemo qarTlis vakis (rusTav-gar­ dab­ nis da marneulis vakeebi) isedac mSra­ li da cxeli klimati ufro metad mSrali da cxeli gaxdeba. mosalodnelia, rom axlo momavalSi am regionSi klimatis aridizaci­ is procesi ufro Zlieri aRmoCndes, vidre bunebrivi ekosistemebisa da soflis meurne­ obis dargebis adaptaciis unari. pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos, rom atmos­ feruli naleqebis mcire cvlilebebis fonze haeris temperaturis sxvadasxva indeqs­ is mniSvnelovani gazrda xels Seuwyobs gaud­ abnoebis procesis gaZlierebas. niadag­ Si mkveTrad Semcirdeba tenis maragi, rac gaaZlierebs misi gamofitvis process. mo­ imatebs niadagis wylismieri da qarismieri eroziebis intensivoba. am regionSi, klima­ tis aridizaciis gaZlierebis fonze, daiwye­ ba amJamad gavrcelebuli stepebis, naTeli da Walis tyeebis ekosistemebis degradacii­ sa da maTi gavrcelebis arealebis Semcirebis procesi. am ekosistemebis adgils regionSi TandaTanobiT daikavebs aRmosavleTis mxri­ dan – mtkvar-arezis dablobidan gavrcele­ buli naxevarudabnos da nawilobriv udabnos florisa da faunis calkeuli elementebi. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi, zRvis­do­ nidan saSualod 1000m simaRlemde, prognoziT navaraudevi cvlilebebi xels Se­­­­­­­­uwyobs sx­ vadasxva tipis gvalvebis gaxangrZ­ livebas, niadagis qarismieri eroziis gaZlierebis TanxlebiT. Sesabamisad, moimatebs agrokul­ turebis mosavlis dazianebis, cal­ keul SemTxvevebSi ki – misi ganadgurebis riski. am araxelsayreli procesebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT saWiro iqneba niadagis tentevadobis, wyalgamtarobis, wyalSekavebis Tvisebebis

globaluri klimatis Tanamedrove cvlilebebis arsi

da eroziisadmi winaaRmdegobis gawevis un­ aris gaumjobeseba. sarw­yavi wylis ekonomi­ uri xarjvis mizniT didi mniSvneloba eqneba dawvimebiT da wveTovani morwyvis xerxebis danergvas, gvalvagamZle agrokulturebis SerCevas da sxva. rogorc cnobilia, Savi zRva bosfor-dar­ danelis sruteTa sistemiT dakavSirebulia msoflio okeanesTan. rogorc zemoT aRvniS­ neT, 2100 wlisaTvis mosalodnelia okeanis saSualo donem 1-2 metriT aiwios. Sesabami­ sad gaizrdeba Savi zRvis saSualo donec. zRvis saSualo done ki sanapiro xmeleTis ganviTarebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqto­ ria, vinaidan igi moqmedebs sanapiro xazTan talRebis damangreveli Zalis siZliereze. saqarT­ velos sanapiro zoli, romelsac didi mniSvneloba aqvs qveynis ekonomikuri, satransporto da rekreaciuli dargebis ganviTarebisaTvis, momaval aTwleulebSi, Savi zRvis donis Tundac ramdenime aTeuli santimetriT awevisas, zRvis aSkara Semote­

vis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba. amrigad, sanapiro xazis gaswvriv mdebare 200-300 met­ ri siganis xmeleTis zolSi maRali klasis ka­ pitaluri nagebobebis daproeqtebis proces­ Si aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia zRvis donis zrdis SemTxvevaSi zRvismieri eroziis gaZlierebisa da datborvis saSiSroeba. miT umetes, rom saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi moqceu­ li Savi zRvis napiri sxvadasxva tempiT amJama­ dac irecxeba. dabolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom axlo moma­ valSi klimatis mosalodneli cvlilebebis fonze, SesaZloa aseve gaizardos Rvarcofu­ li da mewyruli procesebis da wyaldido­ bebis Zlieri (arcTu iSviaTad katastrofu­ li) ganviTarebis riski. isic unda iTqvas, rom ukanasknel aTwleulebSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamoikveTa ekosistemebisa da bunebrivi resursebis degradaciis tenden­ cia, rasac, klimatis mimdinare cvlilebebTan erTad, xels uwyobs adamianis mier arasworad warmarTuli sameurneo saqmianoba.

sof.uravi, wyaldidoba md. luxunze.

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civilizacia

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

fenomeni

vasil kaWarava sxvadasxva qveyanaze saubrisas yvela adamians, sakuTari ganaT­ lebis, asakis, xasiaTisa Tu ganwyobis mixedviT, sxvadasxva ram ax­ sendeba. amas garkveulwilad stereotipebsac eZaxian. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom aSS msoflios uZlieresi qveya­ naa. igi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maCveneblebiT ukve 1895 (!) wels idga pirvel adgilze msoflioSi da dRemde inarCunebs liderobas. ufro metic, msoflio lideris rols mas kidev didxans veravin Seecileba. aSS msoflios udidesi samxedro Zalac aris da es kidev erTi mizezia imisaTvis, rom angariSs uwevdnen mTel msoflioSi. kargad unda gvaxsovdes, rom rogorc pirvel, ise meore msoflsio

48

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis fenomeni

omSi saboloo gamarjvebis miRwevaSi aSS-is wvlili iyo Zalian didi, Tu ara – gadamwyveti. komunizmis usisxlo damarcxebaSi swored amerikam Seasrula mTavari roli. aSS-is teqnikisa Tu teqnologiuri miRwevebis Sesaxeb saubari axla Sors wagviyvanda. am statiaSi ki Cven yuradReba unda gavamax­ viloT ufro amerikis unikalurobasa da kulturul Tavisebure­ baze. statiis werisas gamovkiTxe Cemi qaliSvili, nacnobi axalgazrde­ bi da Cemi gacilebiT ufro seriozuli asakis megobrebi da pirveli, rac maT amerikasTan dakavSirebiT gaaxsendaT, `Tavisufleba~ iyo. usazRvro, uzomo, ukidegano Tavisufleba – anu rom amerika is qve­ yanaa, sadac yvela adamiani, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTar Tavs ekuTv­ nis da mxolod mere – sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufsa Tu mTlianad sazogadoebas; sadac adamians yvelafris gakeTeba SeuZlia da, rac mTavaria, yvelafris miRwevac. marTalia, Cvens qveyanaSi dRes ukve lamis bavSvmac ki icis, rom Tavisufleba ar aris martivi cneba da rom civilizebul sazogadoebaSi amas didi pasuxisgeblobac mos­ devs, magram, mainc, am sityvas da cnebas yvela ganzomilebaSi axlavs udidesi xibli. Cem mier gamokiTxulTagan yvelas arc waukiTxavs 1776 wlis 4 ivliss miRebuli amerikis damoukideblobis deklara­ cia, magram, albaT, sabolo jamSi, swored imas gulisxmoben, rasac deklaraciis teqstis avtori Tomas jefersoni werda, rom „adami­ anebi Seqmnili arian rogorc Tanaswori arsebani, rom maT RvTis mier miniWebuli aqvT garkveuli xelSeuvali uflebebi, rogoricaa sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisken swrafva~. magram deklaraciis es lamazi sityvebi sityvebadve darCe­ boda, mas amerikis konstitucia rom ar umagrebdes zurgs. es kon­ stituticia ki sworedac rom adamianis uflebebis dacvazea orien­ tirebuli. xolo raTa xelisuflebis arc erTma Stom ar moaxdinos Zalauflebis uzurpacia (anu Zalauflebis ukanonod xelSi Cagde­ ba), konstitucia Tanabrad anawilebs am xelisuflebas maT Soris, ase vTqvaT, wonisa da sapirwonis sistemis meSveobiT. Zalaufleba isea gadanawilebuli sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarT­ lo sistemas Soris, rom isini erTmaneTze arian damokidebuli da garkveulwilad akontroleben kidec erTmaneTs. amerikuli kon­ stituciis efeqturoba imiTac dasturdeba, rom 1789 wels misi miRebis Semdeg masSi mxolod 27 Sesworebaa Setanili da igi albaT uZvelesia yvela dRes moqmed konstitucias Soris.

jeims flagis posteri, 1917, aSS-is personificirebuli simbolos – biZia semis – gamosaxulebiT, romelic gamoiyeneboda jariskace­ bis omSi gasawvevad rogorc I, ise II msoflio omSi.

Tomas jefersoni (1743-1826) – aSS-is rigiT me-3 preziden­ ti (1801-1809) da rigiT meore vice-prezidenti (1797-1801).

magram verc konstituciam da verc amerikis policiam ver daicva Tavisuflebis moyvare amerikelebi erTi Zlevamosili ba­ tonisgan, romelmac TiTqmis yvela daimona – diax, sworad mixvdiT, es mbrZanebeli lurji jinsebia. imasac ki amboben, rom swored

49

civilizacia

jeims dini (1931-1955) – amerikeli msaxiobi, iTamaSa mxolod sam filmSi, magram iqca amerikeli axalgazr­ debis kerpad.

sabWoTa axalgazrdobis daukmayofilebelma ltolvam jinsebisad­ mi daangria sabWoTa `borotebis imperia~. pirveli jinsebis gamoCenidan (1870-iani wlebidan) didxans es Casacmeli amerikaSi ZiriTadad gamZle samuSao Sarvlis funqcias asrulebda. jinsebis namdvili popularoba ki 1950-ian wlebSi daiw­ yo, rodesac meamboxe axalgazrdobis uniformad iqca, romelTac ase moxdenilad asaxierebdnen marlon brando da jeims dini. maT samoss TeTri maisurebi (e.w. T-Shirts) da tyavis Savi qurTukebi avsebda. 1960-iani wlebidan jinsebma ukve mTeli msoflio waleka da dResac igive grZeldeba. barem isic ikTxeT, ramdeni gogonas sayvareli Tojina iyo an dResac aris `barbi~, romelic 1950-ian wlebSi Seqmnes col-qmarma eliot da ruT handlerebma. sainteresoa, rom maT ukve hqondaT sa­ TamaSoebis mwarmoebeli kompania `mateli~, rodesac SeamCnies, rom maT patara qaliSvils barbaras da mis amxanagebs bavSv-TojinebTan TamaSs didi adamianebis gamomxatveli qaRaldis Tojinebis ga­

50

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis fenomeni

mowyoba erCivnaT. ruT handlerma gaakeTa zrdasruli qeraTmiani qalis samganzomilebiani Tojina Tavisi tansacmliTa da aqsesuare­ biT. Tojinas Svilis saxeli barbi daarqves da 1959 wlis niu-iorkis saTamaSoebis gamofenaze gamoitanes. maRaziis mflobelebs ego­ naT, rom am saTamaSos gayidva Cavardeboda, magram `barbi~ erTbaSad gaiyida. momavali 10 wlis manZilze 500 milioni dolaris `barbi~ gaiyida Tavisi tansacmliTurT. xolo XXI saukunisTvis planetaze yovel wams `barbis~ ori Tojina iyideba. esec – amerikis msoflio batonobis kidev erTi nairsaxeoba. amerikelebs SromismoyvareobiTa da muSaobis kulturiT cota vinme Tu gautoldeba da Sedegic saxezea. 1920-ian wlebSi ameri­ kis prezidenti kalvin kuliji ambobda: `adamiani, romelic qarxa­ nas aSenebs, aSenebs taZars. adamiani, romelic iq muSaobs, RvTis­ msaxurebas eweva~. Cveni azriT, Tu ramis swavla da gadmoReba Rirs amerikelebisgan, pirvel rigSi, swored Sromis mimarT es damoki­ debulebaa.

jon kalvin kuliji (1872-1933) – aSS-is rigiT 30-e preziden­ ti (1923-1929), respublikeli.

Tu amerikelTa erovnuli xasiaTis Tvisebebze ganvagrZobT laparaks, albaT aseve TvalSi sacemia amerikelTa piradi iniciati­ visa da saqmiani urTierTobebis marTvis didi tradicia. amerike­ li individualistia, am sityvis saukeTeso samoqalaqo gagebiT, da ara egocentrikosi, romelic marto sakuTar gamorCenaze fiqrobs. ami­tomac igi ar erideba axal, originalur, zogjer ki, ubralod sa­ risko gadawyvetilebebis miRebas Tavis biznessa Tu sxva saxis saqmi­ anobaSi da bolomde iRebs pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar qmedebaze. mas marcxis ar eSinia da mudam mzad aris Tavidan – sufTa furcli­ dan – daiwyos moqmedeba. amerikelTa biznesis tradicia mniSvnelo­ vanwilad Rirsebasa da patiosnebazea damyarebuli. amerikeli ar daizarebs xangrZliv kamaTsa da vaWrobas saqmiani molaparakebebis dros. magram rodesac SeTanxmeba Sedgeba, bolomde da droulad asrulebs yvela pirobas da partniorisganac imaves elis da vai mas, vinc SeTanxmebas daarRvevs – aseT adamians upatiosno kacis saxeli gauvardeba da masTan aRaravin iTanamSromlebs. aRarafers vambob iuridiuli saxis mraval sasjelze, rac biznesSi crupentelobas

51

civilizacia Tu CvenTan, samwuxarod, kargad cnobil e.w `gadagdebas~ mohyveba. bunebrivia, es ar niSnavs, rom yvela amerikeli ufrTo angelozia, TaRliTebi iqac mravlad arian, magram wesiereba da sityviskaco­ ba amerikuli biznesis mTavari safuZvelia da umravlesoba swored amas emyareba. TaRliTebi da nacarqeqiebi ubralod ver aaSenebdnen msoflios umdidres da uZlieres saxelwifos.

grant vudi (1891-1942), amerikuli goTika, 1930, Cikagos xelovnebis instituti.

kastobrioba – sazogadoebis dayofa da mikuTvneba ama Tu im karCaketili sazogadoeb­ rivi jgufisaTvis, romelic sakuTari privilegiebisa da interesebis (wodebrivi, pro­ fesiuli da sxva) damcveli da erTgulia.

amerikis warmatebisa da Zlevamisilebis mizezi isicaa, rom amerikis istorias wiTel xazad gasdevs memkvidreobiTobis tradi­ cia, uwyveti kavSiri Taobebs Soris, rodesac erTi Taobis warmate­ bebi wina Taobis mier Seqmnil safuZvelze Sendeboda. amerikelebs arasodes araferi dauwyiaT Tavidan – `nulidan~. komunistebisa da nacistebisgan gansxvavebiT, arasodes ucdiaT `axali adami­ anis~ Seqm­na. yoveli momdevno Taoba Tu yoveli axali mTavroba winamorbedebis gawbilebiT ki ar iyo dakavebulo, aramed harmo­ niulad erwymoda winas, saukeTesos iRebda misgan, cdilobda arse­ buli xarvezebis Semcirebas, aumjobesebda miRwevebs. Sesabamisad, kargs kargi emateboda da warmatebas warmateba mosdevda. albaT, cnobil, e.w. amerikul ocnebazec (e.w. American Dream) gsmeni­ aT da iciT, rom yvelaze martivi gansazRvrebiT, amerikuli ocneba moicavs amerikuli ojaxis materialurad uzrunvelyofil cxov­

henri fordi (1863-1947) – amerikeli mewarme, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara `fordis~ avtomanqanebis masobriv warmoebas.

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amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis fenomeni

rebas, rodesac am ojaxs aqvs sakuTari saxli Tavisi karmidamoTi, erTi an ori manqana da, bunebrivia, arc kargi sasmel-saWmeli aklia. magram es am ocnebis mxolod nawilia, romelic ukve naxsenebi Tavi­ suflebis gareSe ar warmoudgeniaT da romlis umniSvnelovanes sa­ fuZvels e.w. Tanabar SesaZleblobaTa idea warmoadgens. kerZod ki, rom kastobriobas, socialur-ekonomikur gadatvirTulobas mok­ lebul amerikaSi yovel amerikels Tanabari sastarto SesaZleblo­ ba aqvs da misi ukeTesi momavali, pirvel rigSi, mis sakuTar niWsa da Sromismoyvareobazea damokidebuli. bunebrivia, amerikaSi yve­ la henri fordi da ronald reigani ver gaxda, magram am ori, metad saSualo SeZlebis ojaxidan gamosuli adamianis saxelic swored am legendis dadasturebaa da am qveyanaSi adamians namdvilad ufro didi perspeqtivebi aqvs, rom sakuTari ocneba realobad aqcios. aqve imasac nu daviviwyebT, rom sul raRac 60 wlis win swored amerikaSi, samxreT StatebSi, arsebobda TiTqmis dakanonebuli ra­ sizmi. jer kidev 1950-ian wlebSi amerikis samxreTis StatebSi Savka­ nianebi da TeTrebi (kavkasiuri rasis warmomadgenlebi, rogorc maT amerikaSi uwodeben) erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebiT cxovrobd­ nen. Savkanianebs ar SeeZloT TeTrebTan erTad erT restoranSi an kafeSi Sesvla, matareblis erT vagonSi yofna, avtobusebSi ki wina adgilebze mxolod TeTrebi sxdebodnen. Savkaniani da kavkasiuri rasis bavSvebi sxvadasxva skolaSi swavlobdnen. 1957 wels im ram­ denime afroamerikel bavSvs, romelTac TeTrkanianTa skolaSi

martin luTer kingi (1929-1968) – amerikeli oratori, ANantirasistuli araZaladobrivi moZraobis lide­ ri, adamianis uflebaTa damcveli. nobelis premiis laureati, mokles 1968 w.

ronald reigani (1911-2004) – amerikis me-40 prezidenti 1981-1989 wlebSi.

53

nacionalizmi civilizacia

jazis samSoblo – axali orleani

gabedes swavla (umaRlesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZ­ velze), amerikis elitaruli sadesanto diviziis kbilebamade Sei­ araRebuli jariskacebi acilebdnen. albaT, bevrs wagikiTxavT cnobili amerikeli mwerlis jeims feni­mor kuperis `ukanaskneli mohikani~, romelic amerikel in­ dielTa keTilSobil bunebasa da mware xvedrs aRwers. dRes ameri­ kuli sazogadoeba am mkvidr amerikelebsac pativiT epyroba, magram XIX saukuneSi iyo dro, rodesac dasavleTis miwebis mravalricxo­ vani axalmosaxle gulwrfelad fiqrobda, rom `kargi indieli – mk­ vdari indielia~. rasizmi iseve, rogorc nacionalizmi arc ise advili gasaqro­ bia. miuxedavad mZime rasistuli warsulisa, amerika, yvelaze mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifo, warmatebiT agvarebs sxvadasxva war­ moSobis mravali adamianis Tanaarsebobisa da erT amerikel xalxad Camoyalibebis sakiTxs.

apaCebis beladi jeronimo naTesav­ ebTan erTad.

54

aqve unda iTqvas, rom swored Savkanianma amerikelebma daum­ kvidres amerikelebs sapatio adgili musikis istoriaSi.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis fenomeni

jazi – es gansakuTrebuli movlenaa musikalur samyaroSi, romel­ mac mniSvnelovnad Secvala warmodgena ara marto musikaze, aramed adamianTa urTierTobebzec ki. jazi XIX da XX saukuneebis mijnaze warmoiSva da ara marto amerika, aramed mTeli msoflio daipyro. rogorc specialistebi aRniSnaven, am musikis mTavari Tviseba aris improvizaciuli sawyisis upiratesoba, rom jazuri nawarmoebi uSualod Sesrulebis procesSi iqmneba da imave saxiT aRarasodes ganmeordeba. jazSi uSualod Semsrulebeli qmnis musikas an aris Semqmnelis uSualo Tanaavtori. saerTod, jazis samSoblod axali orleani iTvleba. istoriaSi pirvel jazmenad miiCneven am qalaq­ Si mcxovreb mesayvires – badi boldens. pirveli jazorkestric swored man Camoayaliba 1895 wels. lui armstrongi, ela ficjeral­

badi boldeni da misi bendi

jazis cnobili musikosebi: lui armstrongi (1901-1971), ela ficjeraldi (1917-1996), mails devisi (1926-1991)

55

civilizacia di, oskar pitersoni, deiv brubeki, ben vebsteri, mails devisi, jon koltreini Tu Cik korea kargad arian cnobili maRali musikaluri kulturisa da tradiciis mqone Cveni, qarTuli, sazogadoebisTvis. albaT, udidesi movlena ara marto musikis samyaroSi, aramed sruliad amerikisa da saerTod msoflios popkulturaSi iyo elvis presli. igi rokenrolis upirveles varskvlavad iTvleba. sxvaTa Soris, erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli qanTris musikaca da repic amerikidan mogvevlina iseve, rogorc mravali sxva musikaluri mimarTuleba Tu stili. mark tveni, 1835-1910

uiliam folkneri, 1897-1962

ernest heminguei, 1899-1961

56

sayovelTaod aris cnobili brwyinvale amerikuli literatu­ ra: henri longfelo, henri jeimsi, stiven kreini, mark tveni, fran­ sis bret harti, herman melvili, edgar po, jek londoni, Teodor draizeri, o’henri, skot ficjeraldi, ernest heminguei, jon dos pasosi, uiliam folkneri, jon stainbeki, Servud anderseni, jeims bolduini, jerom selinjeri, kurt voneguti, robert pen uoreni, jon apdaiki, gor vidali, jon Civeri, stiven kingi da mravali sxva ara marto amerikis, aramed msoflios sulier saunjesa da siamayes warmoadgenen. yvelaze meti nobelis premia literaturis dargSi amerikel mwerlebs ekuTvniT. albaT, arc erT qveyanaSi kinematografias ar uTamaSia ise­ Ti roli, rogorc amerikaSi. kino iq ara marto xelovnebis dar­ gi, aramed cxovrebis stilis danergvis gza da sayofacxovrebo produqciis reklamirebis erT-erTi mTavari saSualeba iyo. ki­ novarskavlavi ubralod msaxiobi ki ar aris, aramed Cveulebrivi adamianebis ocnebis gansaxiereba. kinoindustriam varskvlavis WeSmariti kulti Seqmna, visac amerikelebi Cacmulobasa Tu qcevis maneraSi baZaven. rac Seexeba amerikul filmebs, isini ZiriTadad komerciuli xa­ siaTisaa, bevri maTganis mTavari mizani samsaxuridan dabrunebu­ li daRlili adamianebis gaxaliseba Tu garTobaa. aseT filmebs ar moeTxoveba WeSmariti cxovrebis realuri asaxva, piriqiT, isini am

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis fenomeni

realobis daviwyebis amocanas emsaxureba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas amerikuli cxovrebis sxva kinostereotipebis Sesaxeb, romlebic udardel cxovrebas, wregadasul drostarebas, Zaladobasa Tu erotikas asaxavs. marTalia, es yvelaferi amerikaSi realurad arse­ bobs, magram gacilebiT mcire masStabiT, vidre amerikuli filme­ bis naxvisas SeiZleba mogveCvenos. amerikis mosaxleobis udide­ si nawili metad morwmune, Sromismoyvare da ojaxis erTgulia da Tu am qveyanaSi ramis kulti arsebobs, es sworedac rom ojaxisa da Sromis kultia. RvTismoSiSeba, Sromisadmi siyvaruli da erT­ guleba amerikelebs imdenad aqvT gamjdari Zvalsa da rbilSi, rom isini arcTu xSirad iclian udardeli lxinisa da drostarebisa­ Tvis, rac, albaT, ukve meore ukiduresobaa. marTalia, kinos gamogoneba frang Zmebs lumierebs miewerebaT, magram kino, rogorc xelovneba, swored aSS-Si gaifurCqna. amer­ ikuli kino XX saukuneSi yvelaze gavleniani iyo. 1929 wels moxda amerikis kinoakademiis pirveli jildos, momavali oskaris gace­ ma. amerikuli kino dRes namdvilad wamyvani Zalaa msoflio kine­ matografSi da aSkarad gamoirCeva Tavisi konoreJisorebiTa da ki­ novarskvlavebiT. amerikelia yvelaze cnobili multiplikatori uolt disnei, 1928 wels gamoCnda pirvelad ekranebze disneis miki mausic.

merlin monro, avtori endi vorho­ li (1928-1987), amerikeli mxatvari, dizaineri, mwerali, popartis mniS­ vnelovani warmomadgeneli.

nurc is dagvaviwydeba, rom dRevandel arqiteqturaSi esoden popularuli caTambjenebic pirvelad swored amerikaSi Seiqmna da gamoCenil Cikagoeli arqiteqtoris luis salivanis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. msoflioSi yvelaze meti caTambjeni niu-iorkSia da yvelaze cnobili `empair sTeiT bildingic~ iq aris, magram Tu caTa­mbjenebiT tkboba gindaT, pirvel rigSi, albaT, Cikagos unda ewvioT, swored iq SegiZliaT ixiloT yvelaze naTlad am arqite­ qturuli fenomenis ganviTarebis yvela etapi. rogorc amerikeli Jurnalistebi jein da maikl sternebi werd­ nen TavianT popkulturis enciklopediaSi, `popkultura – es ame­

57

civilizacia rikuli kulturaa. Tu eWvi geparebaT, dafiqrdiT, riTi gvicnobs danarCeni samyaro. gana es baletia, an didi mxatvrebi, anda lau­ reati poetis bolo soneti? – saeWvoa~. axla amerikas misi sam­ rewvelo potencialis masStabiTac naklebad icnoben. XX saukunis bolosTvis amerikis mTavari globaluri imiji isaa, rom igi pop­ kulturis wyaroa: disnei uorldi, endi uorholi, madona, elvis presli, jeims dini, repi, swrafi sakvebi, sapnis operebi televizia­ Si da filmebi Svarcenegerisa Tu stalones monawileobiT. da amas davamatebdiT amerikuli popkulturis erT-erTi mTavar simbolos – merilin monros, romelzec yovelkvireuli sabWoTa Jurnali ti­ puri komunisturi sarkazmiT werda: `rodesac Cven vlaparakobT amerikuli cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb, yvela fiqrobs saReW rezinze, koka-kolasa da merilin monroze~.

nil armstrongi – amerikeli astro­navti – mTvareze, 1969 wlis 21 ivlisi.

amerikis mecniereba bolo aTwleulebi wamyvania msoflioSi, rasac mniSvnelovanwilad e.w. tvinebis gadadinebac uwyobs xels. erTs vityviT, rom dRes yvelaze meti nobelis premiis laureati amerikas hyavs, rom msoflios saukTeso universitetebis TiTqmis absoluturi umravlesoba amerikaSia, rom Tumca kosmosSi pirve­ li rusi – iuri gagarini – gafrinda, magram mTvareze fexi pirvelad amerikelebma – nil armstrongma da edvin `baz~ oldrinma dadges. amerikis am mokle mimoxilvis dasasrul minda amerikeli poli­ tikosebi gavixsenoT, romelTac ara marto amerikis, aramed, rig SemTxvevaSi, msoflios ganviTareba Secvales. aseTTa ricxvs mie­ kuTvnebian: jorj vaSingtoni, romelic amerikis revoluciu­ ri armiis mTavarsardali iyo da romelmac amerikis SeerTebul Statebis saxelmwifod Camoyalibebas Cauyara safuZveli; abraam

aleqsander qarTveli (aleqsandre qarT­ veliSvili) (1896-1974) – qarTuli warmo­ Sobis cnobili amerikeli aviakonstruqtori, TbilisSi skolis damTavrebis Semdeg swavla parizis aviaciis umaRles skolaSi ganagrZo. 1939 w. safrngeTidan gadavida amerikaSi, sad­ ac iyo `Republic Aviation Company~-is mTavari inJineri. avtoria mravali modelisa, romel­ Ta Soris gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia: II msof­ lio omSi yvelaze popularuli gamanadgure­ beli - P-47N Tanderbalti, F-84 Tanderjeti, F-84F Tanderstriki da FF-105 TanderCifi.

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amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis fenomeni

linkolni, romelic 1861-1865 wlebis samoqalaqo imis wlebSi iyo prezidenti da SeerTebuli Statebi or nawilad dayofas gadaar­ Cina; Teodor ruzvelti, romelmac amerika msxvili monopoli­ ebis ukontrolo batonobisgan daicva da amerikis sagareo poli­ tikis gaaqtiurebis fuZemdebeli iyo; vudro uilsoni (aSS-is 28-e prezidenti 1913-1921 ww.-Si), romlmac amerikis finansuri sistemis reformireba moaxdina da erTa ligis Seqmnis iniciatori iyo; franklin delano ruzvelti, romelmac `axali kursis~ meSveobiT amerika didi depresiidan gamoiyvana da II msoflio omis wlebSi Ta­ vis mokavSire qveynebTan erTad daamarcxa hitlerizmi; jon kenedi, romlis tragikulad dasrulebulma prezidentobam gza gauxsna axalgazrda amerikelTa iniciativas da antirasistuli kanonmdeb­ lobis miReba Seamzada; riCard niqsoni, romelmac amerika vietnam­ is omis Waobidan gamoiyvana da e.w. daTbobis politikis meSveobiT saqmiani urTierTobebi Camoayaliba sabWoTa kavSirsa da CineTis saxalxo respublikasTan. Tumca uotergeitis skandalma daCrdi­ la es miRwevebi da pirvelad amerikis istoriaSi prezidenti ga­ dadga Tanamdebobidan; ronald reigani, romelmac Tavisi rwmeniTa da mizanmimarTuli konservatiuli politikiT aaRorZina umZimes krizisSi myofi amerika, xolo sabWoTa kavSiri dezintegraciis pi­ ramde miiyvana da Sesabamisad, civi omis dasasrulic uzrunvelyo.

jon ficjerald kenedi (1917-1963) – aSS-is 35-e prezidenti 1961-1963 wlebSi.

swored am adamianebis meSveobiT atarebda amerika Tavis poli­ tikas, romlsac rogorc didi warmateba, ise didi marcxic axsovs. raSmoris memoriali, 1927, avtori guZon borglumi. raSmoris kldeSi nakveTi aSS-is oTxi prezidentis – jorj vaSingtonis, Tomas jeferso­ nis, Teodor ruzveltis da abraam linkolnis – gamosaxuleba.

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civilizacia naTelia, rom omi vietnamSi didi marcxiT dasrulda, verc erayis movlenebi CaiTvleba amerikis warmatebad da verc centraluri sa­ dazvervo sammarTvelos zogierTi saidumlo operacia – saerTaSo­ riso urTierTobis karg magaliTad. magram, albaT, isic faqtia, rom sxva did saxelwifoebTan SedarebiT, amerikis pozitiuri wvli­ li gacilebiT metia. swored man daamkvidra erTa TviTgamorkvevis idea saerTaSoriso politikaSi, man gaadaarCina evropa da dan­ arCeni samyaro faSizmisa Tu komunizmis batonobisgan, swored is uwyobs xels da exmareba axalgazrda demokratiebs avtorita­ rizmis, gaWir­vebisa da ukanonobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da aRmo­ savleT evropaSi mimdinare procesebi amis dadasturebaa. kapitoliumi _ aSS-is kongresis Se­ noba vaSingtonSi. misi mSenebloba daiwyo 1793 w. 18 seqtembers da mis sa­Zir­kvelSi pirveli qva dado qvey­ nis pirvelma prezidentma jorj vaSingtonma. arqiteqtori: uiliam Torntoni.

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rac mTavaria da amas veravin uaryofs, amerika momavalze orientirebuli qveyanaa. igi inovaciebzea orientirebuli cxovre­ bis yvela sferoSi. Tumca, amerikul sazogadoebas arc jansaRi konservatizmi aklia da swored am Tvisebebis SerwymiT aris dRes es qveyana msoflio demokratiis flagmani, yvelaze ganviTarebu­ li, ayvavebuli da Zlieri saxelmwifo, romelic amave dros saku­ Tar Tavs saqarTvelos startegiul partniorad miiCnevs.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis fenomeni

amerikis omi damoukideblobi­ saTvis (1775 – 1782) axlandeli aSS adre didi britaneTis 13 kolonias warmoadgenda da atlantis okeanis sanapiro zolSi mdebareobda. ukmayofilebam britaneTis batonobiT da, gansakuTrebiT, londonis sagadasaxado politikiT piks miaR­ wia 1775 wlisTvis da adgilobrivebisa da bri­ taneTis jaris SetakebaSi gadaizarda. daiwyo omi koloniebsa da britaneTs Soris. safran­ geTma, espaneTma da niderlandma amerikelTa mxare daiWires da konfliqtma saerTaSori­ so xasiaTi miiRo. ajanyebulebma Seqmnes e.w. kontinenturi kongresi da armia virjinieli jorj vaSingtonis meTaurobiT. 1776 wlis 4 ivliss filadelfiaSi gamoqveynda damou­ kideblobis deklaracia, ramac saTave daudo aSS-s. amerikelebma daamarcxes britanelebi. 1783 wlis 3 seqtembers parizSi xeli moewera xelSekrulebas, ris Sedegadac didma brita­ neTma da danarCenma msofliom aRiares aSS-is damoukidebloba. 1789 wels jorj vaSingtoni arCeul iqna aSS-is pirvel prezidentad.

aSS-is samoqalaqo omi (1861-865) aSS-is erad da saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba advili ar yofila. XIX saukunis Sua wlebis­ Tvis qveynis CrdiloeTis 23 Stati (21 mil­ ioni kaci) samxreTis 11 StatTan (9 milioni kaci) SedarebiT ufro ganviTarebuli iyo, gansakuTrebiT, mrewvelobis TvalsazrisiT. samxreTis Statebma moindomes SeerTebuli Statebidan gasvla da Seqmnes konfederacia, radgan CrdiloeTma mosTxova samxreTs iq gabatonebuli monobis gauqmeba. samxreTis ekonomika ki monebis Sromaze iyo damyarebu­ li. samoqlaqo omis mTavari mizezi swored es iyo. am omma didi ubedureba moutana qveya­ nas. dResac ki samxreTelebi da CrdiloeTis mkvidrni sakmaod gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen erTmaneTs da maT Soris garkveuli naprali dRemde arsebobs. es sisxlismRvreli omi samrewvelo Crdi­ loeTis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. aSS ar daiS­ ala da kidev ufro dinamikurad ganagrZo ganviTareba.

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istoria

talviseta – zamTris omi

aleqsandre rondeli

istorias bevri SemTxveva axsovs, rodesac Zlieri qveyana susts Cagravda da Tavs esxmoda. amgvari ram XX saukuneSic araerTgzis momxdara. erT-erTi aseTi SemTx­ veva iyo 1939-1940 ww-is omi, rodesac uzarmazari, TiTqmis 200-milioniani mosaxleobis mqone sabWoTa kavSiri Tavis sust mezobels, 4-milioniani mosaxleobis mqone fineTs, daesxa Tavs. es uTanasworo omi 104 dRes gagrZelda da, samwuxarod, patara fineTis damarcxebiTa da misi teri­ toriis TiTqmis 10 procentis dakargviT dasrulda. TiTqos araferi gansakuTrebuli ar momxdara – kbilebam­ de SeiaraRebulma sabWoTa kavSirma patara fineTi dajab­ na da teritoriebi waarTva, magram es omi, `zamTris omad~ cnobili, istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc mcirericxovani eris mxedruli vaJkacobisa da samSoblosadmi erTgulebis SesaniSnavi magaliTi. finelTa patriotizmma da vaJkaco­ bam msoflio moxibla da yvelam dainaxa, rom patara ereb­ sac SeuZliaT bevri ramis gakeTeba, Tuki xasiaTis simt­ kices gamoiCenen.

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marTalia, finelebi damarcxdnen da qveynis teritoriis 10 pro­ centic dakarges, magram gvinda isini gamarjvebulebad warmovaCi­ noT. gana es sworia? finelebi am uTanasworo omidan marTlac rom gamarjvebuli gamovidnen, radgan sakuTari qveynis SenarCuneba SeZ­les da sakuTari simtkicisa da vaJkacobis wyalobiT Zlevamo­ sil agresors ara mxolod Zlieri sapasuxo dartymebi agemes da didZali cocxali Zala da auracxeli samxedro aRWurviloba mous­ pes, aramed kbilebamde SeiaraRebul sabWoTa urCxuls mTeli msof­ lios winaSe mosWres Tavi. am omamde msoflioSi fineTis Sesa­xeb bevrma araferi icoda, mis Sedegad ki am mcirericxovanma, magram Seudrekelma xalxma sayovelTao siyvaruli da pativiscema daim­ saxura, sabWoTa kavSirma ki – sircxvili da sayovelTao siZulvili.

sabWoTa kavSiris miznebi ratom daesxa fineTs sabWoTa kavSiri? ra undoda patara fineTisagan am uzarmazar qveyanas?

ioaxim fon ribentropi – faSisturi germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministri.

mas Semdeg, rac sabWoTa kavSirs ioseb stalini Caudga saTaveSi, es qveyana TandaTanobiT samxedro banaks daemsgavsa, xolo gamale­ buli SeiaraRebisa da didi samxedro mSeneblobis Sedegad sabWoTa kavSiri gasuli saukunis 30-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi msoflios yvelaze didi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mflobeli gaxda. sabWoTa pro­ paganda qveynis Tavdacvaze gahkioda, magram wiTel armias Seteve­ bisTvis amzadebdnen. 1939 wlis agvistoSi sabWoTa kavSiri yvelasaTvis moulodnelad dauZmobilda Tavis ideologiur mters – faSistur germanias da orive qveyanam xeli moawera e.w. molotov-ribentropis paqts, rom­ lis Tanaxmadac, orive qveyana uars ambobda erTmaneTs Tavs dasx­ moda. sinamdvileSi, am or diqtaturas Soris daido SeTanxmeba germaniasa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris aRmosavleT evropis gayofis Sesaxeb, rac aisaxa molotov-ribentropis paqtis saidumlo na­ wilSi (protokolSi). poloneTis aRmosavleTi nawili, baltiis sami qveyana (estoneTi, latvia, litva) da rumineTis nawili sabWoTa kav­ Sirs unda mieRo, xolo poloneTis dasavleTi nawili – faSistur germanias. paqtis xelmoweridan erTi kviris Semdeg germania, 1939 wlis 1 seqtembers, SeiWra poloneTSi, xolo 17 seqtembers igive gaakeTa komunisturma sabWoTa kavSirma. poloneTis mospobis Sem­ deg dadga baltiis qveynebis jeri. sabWoTa mTavroba daemuqra am pawia qveynebis mTavrobebs da aiZula isini daTanxmebuliyvnen maT miwa-wyalze sabWoTa jarebis Seyvanaze. amis Sedegad moxda sabWoTa kavSiris mier maTi okupacia. rumineTs waarTves bukovina da besara­

viaCeslav molotovi – sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisari.

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istoria bia da Seqmnes moldaveTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika. sabWoTa kavSirs evropaze batonoba surda da amisaTvis mas ger­ mania unda daemarcxebina. germania ki dasavleTSi safrangeTisa da didi britaneTis damarcxebas imedovnebda, xolo aRmosavleTiT – sabWoTa kavSirisa. germanias or frontze brZola ar undoda. ami­ tom daamarcxa safrangeTi da apirebda didi britaneTis dapyrobas, magram zurgSi kbilebamde SeiaraRebuli komunisturi urCxuli hyavda, romelsac germaniisaTvis uknidan SeeZlo daertya da ami­ tom germaniis diqtatorma hitlerma gadawyvita jer sabWoTa kavSi­ ri daemarcxebina da Semdeg moeRo bolo didi britaneTisaTvis. am gadawyvetilebis miRebisas didi roli iTamaSa 1939-1940 wlebis e.w. `zamTris omSi~ ususuri fineTis winaaRmdeg uzarmazari sabWoTa kavSiris mier gamovlenilma samarcxvino brZolisunarianobam da samxedroTa SeTqmulebis SiSiT 1937 wlidan moyolebuli stalinis mier wiTeli armiis oficrebisa da generlebis masobrivma Jletam.

simo heuha – fineli snaiperi, romelmac 100 dReSi SaSxaniT 505 wiTelarmieli mokla, xolo avtoma­ tis cecxliT – kidev 200-ze meti. heuhas, warsulSi monadires, `TeTri sikvdili~ Searqves. igi istoria­ Si yvelaze Sedegiani saukeTeso snaiperis saxeliT Sevida. igi gar­ daicvala 2002 wels 92 wlis asakSi. sayuradReboa, rom heuha ar iyeneb­ da optikur mizans da amitom misi mizanSi amoReba Zalian Zneli iyo. wiTel armiaSi masze sagangebo nadi­ roba iyo gamocxadebuli, raSic ara mxolod sabWoTa snaiperebi, aramed artileriac iyo CarTuli. veraferi daakles, magram omis dasrulebamde 4 dRiT adre erT-erT brZolaSi mas saxeSi feTqebadi tyvia moxvda da ybis nawili da loya waacala. megob­ rebma igi ugono mdgomareobaSi ipoves da gadaarCines. omis Semdeg heuha monadireobas daubrunda. rodesac 1998 wels interviuSi hkiTxes, xom ar nanobda, rom amdeni adamiani Seiwira, upasuxa: `me mxo­ lod Cems movaleobas vasrulebdi da rac mibrZanes, imas vakeTebdi rogorc SemeZlo~.

faSistur germanias navTobi umTavresad rumineTidan Semohqon­ da, xolo rkinis madnis didi nawili – fineTis gavliT CrdiloeT SvedeTidan. navTobica da rkinis madanic germaniis samxedro mrewve­lobisa da armiisaTvis sasicocxlo, strategiuli mniSvne­ lobis nedleuls warmoadgenda. sabWoTa kavSiris jarebi rumine­ Tis navTobis sabadoebidan 120 km-iT iyvnen daSorebuli, xolo 1939 wlis oqtomberSi sabWoTa kavSirma mosTxova fineTs, gadaewia Ta­ visi sazRvari CrdiloeTiT, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris sididiT meore qalaqis – leningradis (dRevandeli sanqt-peterburgi) max­ loblad (24 km-is daSorebiT) gadioda. sabWoTa kavSiri fineTTan molaparakebisas arwmunebda finelebs, rom omis SemTxvevaSi mteri (mxedvelobaSi hyavda germania) fineTidanac Seeseva sabWoTa kav­ Sirs da leningrads safrTxes Seuqmnis. is teritoria, romelsac sabWoTa kavSiri iTxovda fineTisagan, am ukanasknelis saukeTeso miwebs warmoadgenda. sabWoTa kavSiri daemuqra finelebs, magram araferi gauvida.

omi amrigad, 30 noembers wiTeli armia im mogonili sababiT, rom TiTqos finelebma cecxli dauSines sabWoTa teritorias, SeiWra fineTSi. Tavidan wiTeli armia fineTSi 450 aTasi jariskaciT Sevi­ da. sabWoTa kavSirma fineTs 6000-ze meti tanki da 3000-mde TviT­ mfrinavi Seusia. finelebis mxareze 100 aTasze odnav meti jariska­ ci, mxolod 30 tanki da 130 TviTmfrinavi iyo. moskovSi egonaT, rom mravalricxovani sabWoTa jarisaTvis fineTTan omi am qveyanaSi gaseirneba iqneboda da, yvelaze didi, or

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talviseta - zamTris omi

kviraSi moxdeboda mTeli fineTis okupacia. moskovma sabWoTa kav­ SirSi myofi fineli komunistebisagan Seqmna marionetuli mTavro­ ba oto kuusinenis meTaurobiT, romelsac unda ebatona dapyrobil fineTSi. sabWoTa aviacia bombavda fineTis qalaqebs, xolo sabWoTa armia samxreT fineTs Seesia. msoflioSi aravis egona, rom fineTi raime winaaRmdegobis gawevas SeZlebda. mTeli fineTi dadga fexze saku­ Tari qveynis dasacavad. fineTis mcirericxovan armias bevri moxa­ lise daemata. fineTis SeiaraRebul Zalebs saTaveSi edga 72 wlis mxedarTmTavari karl gustav manerhaimi, romelic axalgazrdoba­ Si mefis ruseTis armiis generali iyo, xolo 1918 wels misi meTau­ robiT finelma patriotebma daamarcxes bolSevikebi da TavianTi qveyana rusi bolSevikebis okupacias gadaarCines. amjeradac maner­ haimi saTaveSi Caudga jars da misi xelmZRvanelobiT finelebi Tavs medgrad icavdnen. sisxlismRvrel brZolebSi finelebma udidesi simamace da patriotizmi gamoiCines. sakmaod sustad momzadebu­ li rezervic mamacurad ibrZoda. finelebis mxareze iyo bunebac – Tovli da yinva ufro metad agresorisaTvis aRmoCnda autaneli. mravalricxovan sabWoTa jarebs finelebma gonivruli taq­ tika daupirispires. finelebi xSirad iyenebdnen moTxilamure­ Ta razmebs, romlebic elvisebur dartymebs axorcielebdnen da SemoWril mters did zians ayenebdnen. saxeli gaiTqves finelma snaiperebmac (maT zedmetsaxelad `gugulebs~ uwodebdnen), rom­ lebmac musri gaavles sabWoTa jarebs. Tavi gamoiCina kapralma simo heuham, romelmac 500-ze meti meomari gaanadgura. igi yvelaze cnobili snaiperis saxeliT Sevida istoriaSi. finelebs Zalian cota tanki hyavdaT. mravalricxovani sabWoTa tankebis winaaRmdeg isini farTod iyenebdnen boTlebs aalebadi siTxiT, rasac dResac vicnobT `molotovis koqteilis~ saxeliT. didi winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad sabWoTa armia nela miiwevda win. Setevebi oTxi mimar­ TulebiT xorcieldeboda da mcirericxovani finuri qvedanayo­ febisaTvis yvela frontze erTdroulad mtris mogerieba uaR­ resad rTuli aRmoCnda. samxreTiT, kareliis yelze, finelebma omamde dacvis xazi Seqmnes, romelic betoniT naSeni simagreebis sistemas warmoadgenda. am simagreebs `manerhaimis xazi~ uwodes. sabWoTa jarebma `manerhaimis xazi~ mxolod orTviani Setevebis Se­ degad gaarRvies da amis Semdeg finelebis mdgomareoba mkveTrad gauaresda.… mcirericxovani finuri armia gonivruli taqtikisa da simamacis xarjze karga xans ara mxolod akavebda agresors, aramed calkeul brZolebSi STambeWdav gamarjvebebs aRwevda. kremlSi igrZnes, rom fineTSi gaseirneba ar gamovida da damatebiTi jarebi gaagzav­

saxelwodeba `molotovis koqteili~ ukavSirdeba viaCeslav molotovs. gavrcelebuli versiiT, sabWoTa kavSiri-fineTis omis dros morigi dabombvisas molotovma Tavis ra­ diogamosvlaSi ganacxada, rom isini ki ar bombavdnen finelebs, aramed am formiT sursaTs awvdidnen. amis Semdeg finelebma sabWoTa kasetur bombs РРАБ-3-s molotovis puris kalaTa, xolo SedarebiT momcro zomis bombebs – molotovis sapure. Semdeg finelebma sapasuxod gamoi­ gones cxeli masis narevi, romelsac Tavdapirvelad erqva `koqteili molotovisaTvis~ mogvianebiT ki `molotovis koqteili~ Seerqva.

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istoria nes frontze. stalinma jarebis sardali kiril mereckovi semion timoSenkoTi Secvala, romelsac daevala, rom rac ar unda dajdo­ moda, unda gaetexa finelTa winaaRmdegoba. 1940 wlis ianvris meore naxevridan moyolebuli sabWoTa kavSiris didi upiratesobis gamo finelTa mdgomareoba sul ufro mZime xdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleTis bevri qveyana Riad gamoTqvamda simpaTias finelebis mimarT, maT ver moaxerxes finelebisTvis seriozuli daxmarebis gaweva. germania molotov-ribentropis paqtis erTguli rCebo­ da, xolo safrangeTi da inglisi germaniasTan omis mdgomareo­ baSi imyo­febodnen da amitom ver axerxebdnen fineTis daxmarebas jariT. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom garkveuli raodenobis iaraRi da moxaliseebi gaugzavnes finelebs. fineTis uSualo mezobelma, neitralurma SvedeTma, ver gabeda fineTis daxmareba. finelebi medgrad ganagrZobdnen sakuTari miwa-wylis dacvas, magram Zala eleodaT da iZulebuli iyvnen nel-nela daexi­ aT. sabWoTa kavSiri ki Setevas umatebda, radganac am samarcxvino omis swrafad dasrulebas lamobda. 1940 wlis martis dasawyisis­ Tvis finelebisTvis ukve naTeli gaxda, rom veRar SeZlebdnen mtris SeCerebas, magram mainc ganagrZobdnen Tavganwirul Tavdacvas.

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1939 wlis agvistoSi faSisturi germania da komunisturi sabWoTa kavSiri, erTmane­ Tis ideologiuri, mosisxle mtrebi, yvelasaTvis moulodnelad daZmobildnen da 24 agvistos urTierTTavdausxmelobis paqts moaweres xeli. marTalia, am dokuments xeli molotovma da fon ribentropma moaweres, magram sinamdvileSi es paqti iyo sta­ lin-hitleris xelSekruleba. am paqtis saidumlo protokolSi misi arsi iyo mocemu­ li – orma diqtatorma aRmosavleTi evropa TavianTi gavlenis sferoebad dayo, faq­ tobrivad evropis es nawili sakuTar teritoriebad miiCnia. saidumlo protokolis arsebobas sabWoTa kavSiri yovelTvis uaryofda da mas mtruli propagandis nayofad acxadebda, maSinac ki, rodesac damarcxebuli germaniis teritoriaze am protokolis germanuli asli ipoves. protokolis sabWouri aslis arseboba mxolod 90-ian wleb­ Si aRiares. molotov-ribentropis paqtma meore msoflio omis dawyebaSi didi roli Seasrula.

omis Sedegebi fineTis mTavrobam gadawyvita sabWoTa kavSirTan mSvidobi­ ani molaparakeba daewyo. fineTis delegacias moskovSi ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi Zalian mZime molaparakebis gamarTva mouwia. sabWoTa kavSirma umZimesi pirobebi wauyena finelebs, romlebzec isini Tavidan uars ambobdnen, magram sabolood iZulebuli gaxd­ nen daTanxmebuliyvnen. 1940 wlis 12 marts xeli moewera mSvidobian xelSekrulebas fineTisaTvis Zalian mZime pirobebiT. sabWoTa kavSirs gadaeca fineTis teritoriis 10 procentze meti (daaxloebiT 40 aTasi km2), romelzedac fineTis sididiT meo­ re qalaqi – viipuri (dRes igi ruseTis viborgia!) mdebareobda. da­ kargul teritoriaze fineTis yvelaze ganviTarebuli mrewveloba iyo da saukeTeso sasoflo-sameurneo miwebi (qveynis xorblis didi nawili aq mohyavdaT!). aq cxovrobda 450 aTasze meti fineli, rom­ lebmac miatoves TavianTi saxlebi da danarCen fineTs miaSures, raTa okupaciis qveS ar ecxovraT. omiT dasustebuli fineTi Sim­ Silis piras dadga. mamac finelebs bevrad ufro didma da daundo­ belma Zalam ajoba. fineTisTvis amgvari Sedegi Zalian mZime iyo. fineTis im­ droindeli premier-ministri viaine taneri ixsenebs, rom rodesac moskovis mier Tavs moxveul xelSekrulebas fineTis dedaqalaq helsinkiSi qveynis prezidenti kiosti kalio xels awerda, man sim­ wariT Tqva: `xeli gauxmes imas, vinc iZulebulia aseT dokuments moaweros xeli!~ ramdenime Tvis Semdeg kalios marjvena xeli waerTva, xolo kidev ramdenime Tvis Semdeg igi gardaicvala.

1939 wlis molotov-ribentropis paqtis xelmowera.

am mZime omSi finelebma 26 aTasi meomari dakarges, xolo daax­ loebiT 40 aTasi daiWra an dasaxiCrda. sabWoTa kavSiris danakargi bevrad meti iyo: 140 aTasi mokluli, daaxloebiT 300 aTasi daW­ rili da dasaxiCrebuli. sabWoTa kavSirma 2300 tanki da javSniani

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istoria manqana dakarga. sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis es samarcxvino Sedegi iyo. erT-erTma sabWoTa generalma ixumra kidec: `kidev erTi aseTi omi da Cvengan araferi darCeba~, meorem ki sakuTar mogonebebSi dawera: `Cven xelT vigdeT 40 aTasi kvadratuli kilometri, zustad imde­ ni, ramdenic Cveni daRupulebis dasaflavebisTvis gvWirdeboda~. faSisturi germaniis lideri adolf hitleri, romelic evropaSi sakuTari batonobis damyarebas gegmavda, mixvda, rom sabWoTa kav­ Siri sinamdvileSi arc iseTi Zlieri yofila da man daiwyo sabWoTa kavSirze TavdasxmisaTvis mzadeba.

marSal manerhaimis mimarTva zamTris omis ukanasknel dRes fineTis armiis mxedarTmTavarma marSalma karl gustav manerhaimma sakuTar armias Semdegi sityve­ biT mimarTa:

karl gustav emil manerhaimi (18671951) – gamoCenili fineli mxedarT­ mTavari. XIX saukunis dasawyisidan fineTi Sedioda ruseTis imperiaSi da mxolod 1917 wels, ruseTSi momx­ dari revoluciis Sedegad miiRo damoukidebloba. manerhaimma sam­ xedro ganaTleba rusul samxedro saswavlebelSi miiRo. igi ruseTis imperiis armiaSi msaxurobda, sadac generlobas miaRwia. ruseT-iaponi­ is (1903-1904) da pirvel msoflio (1914-1918) omebSi jer ruseTis mxareze ioma, Semdeg winamZRolobda finelebs damoukideblobisaTvis omSi 1918 wels (rusi bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg), fineT-sabWoTa kavSiris omsa (1939-1940) da meore msoflio omSi, aseve – sabWoTa kavSiris wina­ aRmdeg. marSali manerhaimi Tavisi patara qveynis erovnuli gmiria.

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`fineTis didebuli armiis jariskacebo! Cvens samSoblosa da sabWoTa ruseTs Soris sastiki SeTanxmeba daido. am SeTanxmebis mixedviT, sabWoTa kavSirs gadaeca TiTqmis yvela brZolis veli, sadac Tqven sakuTari sisxli daRvareT imis dasacavad, rac Tqven­ Tvis wminda da Zvirfasi iyo. Tqven ar gindodaT omi. Tqven gsur­ daT mSvidoba, Sroma da progresi, magram gaiZules geomaT. Tqven mier gaweuli udidesi Rvawli oqros asoebiT Caiwereba istoria­ Si. sabrZolvelad wasuli 15000-ze meti meomari veRar ixilavs Ta­ vis saxls. ramdenia iseTic, romelmac samudamod dakarga Sromis unari! Tumca, Tqvenc araerTi Zlieri dartyma miayeneT mters. Tu dRes orasi aTasze met Tqvens mowinaaRmdeges samudamo Zi­ liT sZinavs yinulis saburvelqveS an, kidev, uxilavi mzeriT Sesc­ qeris varskvlavebiT moWedil cas, Tqven ar migiZRviT amaSi brali. Tqven isini ar gZuldaT, maTTvis cudi ar gindodaT. Tqven mxolod omis sastiki kanonebis Sesabamisad moqmedebdiT – Tu ar moklav, mogklaven. jariskacebo! me bevrgan mibrZolia, magram TqvenisTana mamac meomrebs arsad Sevxvedrivar. TqveniT, rogorc sakuTari SvilebiT, vamayob…, qeds vixri fineTis armiisa da im yvela saxis sajariso nawi­ lis winaSe, romelic am keTilSobilur misiaSi gmirul saqmeebs sCadioda omis dawyebis pirvelive dRidan. madlobas vuxdi maT im simamacisTvis, romelic ucnobi iaraRiT aRWurvil da ricxo­ brivad aRmatebul mterTan brZolaSi gamoavlines.… madlieri var, aseve, maTi im SeupovrobisTvis, romliTac isini icavdnen mSobli­ uri miwis yovel gojs. 1500-ze meti rusuli tankisa da 700-ze meti TviT­mfrinavis ganadgureba swored im gmirul saqmeebs mowmobs, romelTac xSirad calkeuli adamianebi sCadiodnen. meomrebis si­

talviseta - zamTris omi

mamacisa da Tavganwirvis miuxedavad, mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda, metad mkac­ri pirobebiT dazaveboda mters. Tumca, am nabijs mar­ tivi axsna moeZebneba. Cveni mcirericxovani armia rezervebisa da kadrebis ukmariso­ bas ganicdida. arc Zlier zesaxelmwifosTan brZolisTvis sakmari­ si samxedro aRWurviloba gvqonda... Cveni sagmiro saqmeebi dRemde aRfrTovanebas iwvevs mTel msoflioSi, magram dResac, TiTqmis samTvenaxevriani omis Semdeg, mainc eulad varT darCenili.. rodesac am omis istoria daiwereba, msoflio dainaxavs, Tu ra­ oden didi Sroma gavwieT... samwuxarod, dasavleTis mier aRTqmul­ ma farTomasStabianma daxmarebam Cvenamde ver moaRwia. sakuTar usafrT­ xoebaze mzrunvelma mezobelma saxelmwifoebma ar ga­ moatares Cvens dasaxmareblad momavali ucxouri jarebi... bedi mkacrad mogveqca, radgan Cven mogvixda gansxvavebuli msofl­mxedvelobisa da Rirebulebebis mqone rasisTvis dagveTmo is miwa, romelsac aswleulebis manZilze sakuTari SromiTa da of­ liT vapoxierebdiT. magram dRes samSeneblo samuSaoebs unda mivyoT xeli, raTa darCenil teritoriaze uarafrod STenilTaTvis saxlebi avaSe­ noT da yvelas SevuqmnaT cxovrebis ukeTesi pirobebi. Cven, ro­ gorc uwin, axlac mzad unda viyoT Cveni samSoblos dasacavad, ise­ Tive SeupovrobiTa da ZlierebiT, rogoriTac adre vicavdiT mas...~ e.w. `molotovis sapure~

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Zveli romi da Cven

rismag gordeziani antikurma samyarom mravalnairi aRmavlobisa da daqve­ iTebis xangrZlivi gza ganvlo – minosuri, mikenuri, eli­ nuri, elinisturi epoqebis Semdgom istoriis asparezze domi­nantur adgils romis imperia ikavebs.

romulusi da remusi – legendis mixedviT, romis damaarsebeli tyupi Zmebi, omis RmerTis, marsis, Svilebi. romulusi iyo romis pirveli mefe. gad­ mocemis Tanaxmad, veragi naTesavis mier gaday­ rili Cvili Zmebi Zu mgelma ipova da Tavisi rZiT gamozarda. amitomac xSirad gamoisaxeboda ro­ mulusi da remusi rogor wovdnen mgels ZuZus.

gza legendaruli romulusisa da remusis mier Zv. w. VIII saukuneSi daarsebuli patara qalaqidan uZlieres da uvrceles teritoriaze gadaWimul imperiamde aRsavse iyo sastiki politikuri brZolebiT, radikaluri reformebi­ Ta da sakuTari Tu sxva qveynebis mkvidrTa omebSi, politi­ kur brZolebSi, gladiatorTa SerkinebebSi daRvrili sisx­ liT. mas Semdeg, rac laTinurenovanma romaelebma italiis teritoriasa da mimdebare kunZulebze mcxovrebi xalxebi (etruskebi, berZnebi, finikielebi da sxv.) TavianT Zalauf­ lebas dauqvemdebares, romauli gavlenis rac SeiZ­leba So­ reul qveynebamde gavrceleba daiwyes. ukve Zv. w. II saukunis miwurulisaTvis romi mcire aziaSi, pergamonis samefoSi, ikidebs fexs da aqedan anatoliasa da mTel axlo aRmosav­ leTze kontrolis damyarebisaken miiltvis. marTalia, faqtobrivad am droidan iwyeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebul saxelmwifo gaerTianebebsa da roms Soris urTierTobebi, magram SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

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Zveli romi da Cven

qarT­velur samyarosa da italiaSi damkvidrebul xalxebs Soris kontaqtebi ufro Soreul warsuls unda ukavSirdebodes. amaze migviTiTebs Zlieri miTologiuri tradicia aietis dis, kolxi kirkes, italiasTan mdebare kunZulze gadasaxlebis, masTan gan­ sawmendad medeasa da iasonis misvlis, kirkesa da odisevsis Svilis, telegonosis, gansakuTrebuli rolis Sesaxeb romis miTologiur istoriaSi. am ukanasknels xom Zveli italiis erT-erTi umniSv­ nelovanesi qalaqis, tuskulumis daarseba da troeli eneasisaTvis laciumSi Zalauflebis mopovebaSi daxmareba miewereba. aseve sayuradReboa, rom italiis uZvelesi mosaxleobis, etruskebis, umniSvnelovanes birTvs mcire aziidan gadmosaxlebu­ li tirsenielebi warmoadgendnen, xolo dRemde arasrulyofilad gaSifruli etruskuli, msgavsad winaberZnuli enebisa, mecnierTa erTi nawilis azriT, qarTvelur enobriv samyarosTan avlens sa­ gulisxmo kavSirebs. da mainc, Tuki miTebsa da enaTmecnierTa varaudebs Tavs davane­ bebT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom romsa da Cvens winaprebs Soris istori­ ulad dadasturebuli urTierTobebi swored romaelTa mcire azi­ aSi SemoRwevis Semdgom iwyeba. ra xdeboda am dros saqarTveloSi da mis mezobel regionebSi? dasavleT saqarTveloSi, romlis ganmazogadebeli saxeli anti­ kuri epoqis avtorebisaTvis kolxisi/kolxida iyo, mosaxleobis ZiriTad birTvs, rogorc Cans, zanebis, svanebis da qarTebis qarT­ veluri tomebi qmnidnen. aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo iberiis same­ fos ekava. misi aRmosavleTiT kavkasiuri albania kaspiis zRvamde vrceldeboda, xolo samxreTiT mdebareobda armenia/somxeTi, romlis samxreTi da samxreT-dasavleTi nawili Rrmad iyo SeWrili anatoliaSi da scildeboda kavkasiis regionis farglebs. saqarT­ velos samxreT-dasavleTiT Savi zRvis samxreTi sanapiro zoli, sa­ dac saukuneebis win kolxeTis Zlieri samefos Zalaufleba vrcel­ deboda da upiratesad qarTveluri tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, pontos samefos gavlenis sferoSi iyo moqceuli. aq romaelTa ana­ toliaSi eqspansiis dawyebis momentisaTvis qarTvelur tomebTan erTad, mravlad iyvnen berZnebi, sparselebi, armenielebi. aRmosav­ leTiT umniSvnelovanes Zalas istoriis asparezze axladgamosuli parTiis samefo warmoadgenda.

miTridate pontoeli – miTri­ date VI evpatori dionise (Mithridates Eupator Dionysos) (Zv. w. 13263) — pontos mefe Zv. w. 121 w-dan (faqtobrivad, Zv. w. 111 w-dan). memkvidreobiT miRebuli mcire samefo gaafarTova: SemoierTa mcire armenia, daipyro kolxeTi, bosforis samefo da yirimis berZ­ nuli qalaqebi; cdilobda mTeli SavizRvispireTis erT saxelmwifod gaerTianebas da aziidan romaelTa gandevnis mizniT kavSiri Sekra Savi zRvis dasavleT sanapiros berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebTan; garkveu­ li droiT kabadokia da biTviniac SemoierTa. miTridate VI iyo energi­ uli, fizikurad Zlieri ganaTlebu­ li pirovneba, niWieri mxedarTmTa­ vari da politikosi, Zalze mkacri da Seubralebeli.

roms sakuTari politikuri miznebis gansaxorcieleblad aziaSi Tavisi samxedro da diplomatiuri SesaZleblobebis srulad gamo­ yeneba uxdeboda, ramdenadac Zala unda eCvenebina rogorc jer kidev aleqsandre makedonelis mimdevarTa mier Seqmnili elinis­ turi saxelmwifoebis ambiciuri mmarTvelebisaTvis, imperiuli

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regioni swrafvebis mqone parTiisaTvis, ise sakuTari politikis gatarebis mosurne kavkasiuri samefoebisaTvis. mcire aziasa da mimdebare regionebSi damkvidrebis pirveli etapi, romelsac mecnierebaSi romauli hegemoniis damyarebis periodi ewodeba, aRiniSna sastiki omebiT miTridate pontoelTan, romelmac garkveuli droiT, faq­ tobrivad, mTel anatoliaze daamyara kontroli. mas mxars uWerd­ nen kolxebi, romlebTanac miTridates, SesaZloa, eTnikuri naTe­ saobac akavSirebda, iberielebi da sxva kavkasieli xalxebi. Tumca aRmavlobis gzaze Semdgari romaelebis mravalwliani sami omi miT­ ridatesTan (I – Zv. w. 89-85; II – 83-81; III – 74-64) pontoeli tiranis gaqceviTa da tragikuli sikvdiliT dasrulda.

iulius keisari, igive cezari (Julius Caesar) (Zv.w.100-44) – Zv. romis poli­ tikuri moRvawe, mxedarTmTavari, reformatori, mwerali da oratori.

mcire aziasa da kavkasiaSi romaelTa warmatebuli laSqrobebis mTavari gmiri sardali pompeiusi (gneus pompeius magnusi) iyo – man TiTqmis SeuZlebeli SeZlo: xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi aRkveTa me­ kobreoba, ucilobeli gaxada romaelTa hegemonoba am regionSi da romaelTa mier SemoTavazebuli politikuri mowyobis principebs uamravi xalxi da samefo dauqvemdebara. iberiasa da kolxeTSi misi Zlevamosili laSqrobebis Sedegad romaelTa TvalsawierSi didi xniT moeqca rogorc aRmosavleTi, ise dasavleTi saqarTvelo. misi iberiaSi yofnis kvals dRemde inaxavs mcxeTaSi mdinare mtkvarze gadebuli TaRovani pompeiusis xidi. Zv. w. I saukune romis istoriaSi gamorCeuli iyo movlenaTa dra­ matuli msvlelobiT, istoriis asparezze moqmed mTavar figuraTa swrafi monacvleobiT (pompeiusis triumfi da misi sastiki marcxi iulius keisarTan, am ukanasknelis sawrafi aRmasvla da veraguli mkvleloba, antoniusisa da kleopatras hegemonoba egviptesa da pompeiusis xidi, mcxeTa.

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kleopatra (Zv. w. 69-30) – Zveli egviptis ukanaskneli dedofali, cnobili silamaziTa da gonierebiT. man moxibla da gaumijnurda jer iulius keisars, romelmac kleopat­ ra egviptis taxtze dasva (manmade sakuTar meuRles daupirispirda da siriaSi iqna gaZevebuli), keisris sikvdilis Semdeg ki dauaxlovda markus antoniuss da iqorwina kidec masze. antoniusis marcxis Semdeg kleopatram Tavi moikla. azerbaijanSi aRmoCenili warwera, sadac moxseniebulia keisari avgustusi da Legio XII Fulminata.

mcire aziaSi da maTi tragikuli marcxi, istoriis asparezze oqta­ viane avgustusis gamosvla da principatis eris dawyeba) da yove­ lives dagvirgvinebiT Imperium Romanum-is – romis imperiis – Seqm­ niT, ramac msoflioSi axali politikuri realoba warmoqmna. romis imperiam garkveulwilad ukve globalizebul Zvel sam­ yaros Tanacxovrebis axali principi SesTavaza, romelic Pax Romana-s ideologias efuZneboda da misi arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobda: romi imperiis politikuri gavlenis qveS yofnis mosurne xalxebs Tanacxovrebis garkveul wesebs sTavazobda, romelTa miRebis SemTxvevaSi igi uzrunvelyofda Tavisi interesebis arealSi mSvi­ dobas da megobari xalxebis usafrTxoebis dacvas. romma imperiis samxedro Zlierebis mTavari sayrdeni – Tavi­ si legionebi – evropis, aziis da CrdiloeT afrikis regionebSi gaanawila da maT am teritoriebis samxedro kontroli daakisra. legionebis TvalsawierSi saqarTveloc moeqca. pirveli legioni – Legio I Pontica – garkveuli periodidan e. w. Savi zRvis flotTan erTad akontrolebda kolxeTis sanapiros. aq romaul samxedro banakTa mTeli jaWvi arsebobda, romlis rgolebs qmnidnen: isipor­ tusi – trapezuntis aRmosavleTiT mdebare porti, riZusi – rize, afsarosi – gonio, petra – SesaZlebelia baTumi, fasisi – foTi, se­ bastopolisi – soxumi, pitiusi – biWvinTa.

antoniusi (Marcus Antonius), igive markus antoniusi markusi (daaxl. Zv.w. 83-30), romaeli mxedarTmTa­ vari da politikuri moRvawe. Tavi gamoiCina paliestinisa da egviptis winaaRmdeg omSi (Zv.w.57-55), rogorc kavaleriis meTaurma. igi romze Zalauflebas oqtavianesTan iyofda, ganagebda aRm. romis nawils da egviptis dedofal kleopatrasTan gamijnurebuli aleqsandriaSi saxlobda. erTpirovnuli Zalauf­ lebisaTvis oqtavianesTan dapiris­ pirebisa da brZolebis Sedegad TviTmkvlelobamde mivida.

principati (Principatus) – pirobiTi termini, aRniSnavs monarqiis gan­ sakuTrebul formas, roca daculi iyo respublikis zogierTi niSani. Camoyalibda romSi Zv.w.24-ax.w.193 ww-Si. principatis sistema avgustu­ sis mmarTvelobis dros gamoikveTa. imperators ewodeboda princefsi. avgustusi da misi memkvidreebi erTdroulad flobdnen umaRles samoqalaqo da samxedro Zalaufle­ bas.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos – iberias, kavkasiis albaniasTan er­ Tad, erTxans akontrolebda cnobili Legio XII Fulminata, rasac baqos midamoebSi aRmoCenili warwerac adasturebs. romisaTvis

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regioni albanebi, anu kavkasiis albanele­ bi – das. kaspiispireTSi mcxovrebi uZvelesi tomi, kavkasiis albaneTis (albaniis) ZiriTadi mosaxleoba. laparakobdnen albanur enaze. hqon­ daT sakuTari damwerloba. Tavda­ pirvelad iyvnen warmarTebi da IV s-Si miiRes qristianoba. albanelebi gaiTqvifnen Turquli modgmis tomebsa da mezobel xalxebSi. sarmatebi – saerTo saxeli ira­ nul­enovani momTabare tomebisa, romlebic Zv.w. III-ax.w. IV ss-Si saxlobdnen mdinareebis dunaisa da tobolis … Soris mdebare stepebSi. misdevdnen mesaqonleobas. Zv. w. III-II ss-Si aiTvises Crd. kavkasia. monawi­ leobdnen bosforis samefos Sinao­ mebSi da ax.w. I s-Si ilaSqrebdnen amierkavkasiaSi. sarmatebi Seerivnen Crd. kavkasiis adgilobriv Turqul­ enovan tomebs.

traianes forumi

74

saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli saxelmwifo gaerTianebebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo am regionSi ganlagebuli mego­ bari qveynebis CrdiloeTidan periodulad SemoWrili momTabare agresiuli tomebisagan dasacavad da dapirispirebul parTiasa Tu sparseTTan da maT mokavSireebTan politikis gansasazRvrad. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos iberiis roli romTan urTiurTobis procesSi. ax. w. I-II saukuneebSi iberia imdenad momZlavrda, rom re­ gionSi erT-erTi mTavari moTamaSe gaxda. ukve avgustusis dros iberia im qveynebs Soris saxeldeboda, romlebic romis megobrobas eZiebdnen. gansakuTrebiT did yuradRebas uTmoben romauli berZ­ nul da laTinurenovani wyaroebi farasmanes I-isa da farasmanes II-is (anu qarTuli tradiciis mixedviT – farsmanisa (ax. w. 1-58) da farsman qvelis ( ax. w. 117-138)) mmarTvelobas (tacitusi, dio kasiu­ si da sxv.). farsmanma albanebisa da sarmatebis mxardaWeriTa da Tavisi si­ mamacis, diplomatiuri niWisa da veragobis wyalobiT garkveul xans SeinarCuna armeniaze kontroli, risTvisac man jer sakuTari Zma, armeniis mefe, Tavis vaJs – radamistoss ojaxianad amoawvetina, xolo Semdeg ki, romisaTvis erTgulebis damtkicebis motiviT, sa­ kuTari Zec moakvlevina.

Zveli romi da Cven

iberiis politikis efeqturobam mwvervals farsman qvelis dros miaRwia. iberTa mefem romaelebsac da parTielebsac agrZnobina, rom damoukidebeli politikis warmoebas apirebda. igi ar moerida urTierTobebis gamwvavebas TviT keisar hadrianusTan da mas uari uTxra miwvevaze. magram, rogorc ki keisarma antoninus piusma ibe­ riis teritoriuli pretenziebis mimarT kompromisuli politika gaatara, farsmanma miiRo misi miwveva da didi amaliT, coliTa da ZiT Cavida romSi, sadac sazeimo Sexvedra mouwyves. keisars ucvnia iberiis axali, mniSvnelovnad gafarToebuli sazRvrebi, daswrebia mefis, misi Zisa da iberiel warCinebulTa samxedro varjiSs. fars­ mans neba darTes kapitoliumSi msxverpli Seewira, rac udidesi pativiscemis gamoxatuleba iyo stumris mimarT da, rac mTavaria, romSi cxenosani farsmanis qandakebac ki daudgamT. farsmanTan urTierTobebis gaumjobesebas antoninus piuss erT-erT uTvalsaCinoes politikur miRwevad uTvlidnen romaeli istorikosebi, xolo romis cxovrebis umniSvnelovanes movlenaTa aRmnusxvel faqtebSi iberielTa vizits pirveli adgili ekava. Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo romisaTvis iberiis Tanadgoma CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan damakavSirebeli uReltexilebis gasakont­ roleblad, saidanac adgilobriv mefeebs yovelTvis SeeZloT gza gaexsnaT momTabare albanuri Tu sarmatuli tomebisaTvis mcire aziuri qveynebis dasarbevad da asaoxreblad, gviCvenebs mcxe­ TasTan, rogorc Cans, darialis xeobidan momdinare safrTxeebis gasaneitraleblad agebul saguSagosTan, aRmoCenili e.w. vespasia­ nusis (anu vespasianes) warwera, romelSic iberiis mefe moxseniebu­ lia keisris megobrad da romaeli xalxis moyvared.

gaius oqtaviane avgustusi (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus) (Zv.w.63-ax­ .w.14) – romis imperatori, iulius keisris Svilobili da memkvidre. principatis fuZemdebeli. politi­ kuri kariera antoniusTan brZoliT daiwyo. misi mmarTvelobis periodSi damTavrda romSi samoqalaqo omebi, ris Semdegac mas senatma avgustusis wodeba mianiWa. igi ganagebda das. roms. misi mmarTvelobis periodi oqros xanad iwodeba, am dros romSi yvaoda literatura da xelovneba.

mas Semdeg, rac istoriul asparezze parTias sasaniduri sparse­ Ti enacvleba, iberia sul ufro metad eqceva sparseTis gavle­ nis sferoSi da faqtobrivad sparseTis mefis vasali (e.i. damoki­ debuli) saxelmwifo xdeba, Tumca ax. w. III saukunis miwurulidan garkveuli periodiT kvlav brundeba romis orbitaSi, ramac mirian mefis, konstantine I-is Tanamedrovis, iberiaSi dasavluri orienta­ ciis kvlav gaZlierebasa da qveyanaSi qristianobis saxelmwifo re­ ligiad gamocxadebaSi iCina Tavi.

vespasianusis (anu vespasianes) warwera – 1987 wels mcxeTaSi gaTxrebis dros aRmoCnda qva berZnuli warweriT, sadac naTqvamia, rom vespasianem da misma Svilebma `iberTa mefe miTridates, mefe farsmani­ sa da iamasaspos Zes, keisris megobarsa da romaelTa moyvaruls, da xalxs es kedlebi ganumtkices~.

mirian mefe – mirian III, qarTlis mefe IV s-Si, bizantiis imperator konstantinesa (306-337) da somexTa mefis Trdatis (287-330) Tanamedrove. mefobis dasawyosSi iranelebTan erTad ibrZoda romaelebis winaaRm­ deg. mirianis dros, 337 wels, qarTlSi saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gamocxadda qristianoba.

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regioni

romauli abanos nangrevebi, gonio

agaTiasi, igive agaTia sqolastiko­ si (Agathias Scholasticos) (daaxl. 536-582) – bizantieli poeti da is­ torikosi. misi mTavari Txzulebaa `iustinianes mefobisaTvis~, sadac avtori qronologiuri Tanmim­ devrobiT gadmogvcems bizantiis imperiis 552-558 ww-is ambebs da VI s-is das. saqarTvelos – lazikis – istoriis ZiriTadi wyaroa. abasgebi (abazgebi) da afsilebi (afSilebi) – Zveli afaxzuri tome­ bi. sityva abazgidan momdina­reobs qarTuli saxeli abxazi/afxazi; sityva afsili da afxazebis saxeli afxazurad – afsua erTi Ziridanaa.

76

gansxvavebiT aRmosavleT saqarTvelosagan, dasavleT saqarT­ veloSi romsa da IV saukunis pirveli naxevridan konstantino­ polsa da sparseTs Soris politikuri gavlenis gaZlierebisaTvis warmoebul qiSpobaSi gacilebiT ufro gamokveTili iyo pirvelis upiratesoba. aq, kolxeTis teritoriaze, ax. w. II saukunidan iwyeba lazikis samefos Camoyalibeba, romelmac Tavis farglebSi Tanda­ TanobiT mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo moicva. lazikis aRmavlobas biZgi misca rogorc dasustebuli romauli imperiis faqtobrivma gayofam dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis sferoebad, ise romis sur­ vilma, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi Camoyalibebuliyo iseTi Zala, romelic Seakavebda CrdiloeTidan kavkasiis gavliT imperi­ is farglebSi agresiuli tomebis SemoWras da kolxeTis terito­ riaze adgilobriv mmarTvelTa ambiciis Sesabamis Zlier vasalur samefos Seqmnida. magram roms aq esaWiroeboda iseTi SedarebiT momcro samefoebis warmoqmnis waxalisebac, romlebic, saWiroe­ bis SemTxvevaSi, lazikis survils, damoukidebeli politika ewar­ moebina, daabalansebdnen. ase gamoCndnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi abasgTa da afsilTa samefoebi, romelTa mefeebs jer romis, Semdeg ki bizantiis mmarTvelebi niSnavdnen. V saukuneSi, gobaZes/gubaz I-is mefobis dros unda momxdariyo lazikaSi qristianobis ofi­ cialur sarwmunoebad aRiareba, Tumca calkeuli qristianuli Te­ mebis arseboba aq bevrad ufro adre ivaraudeba. VI saukunis Sua periodisaTvis bizantias, sparseTsa da lazi­ kas Soris urTierTobebi imdenad CaixlarTa, rom 541 wels bizan­ tielTa winaaRmdeg dawyebuli ajanyeba lazikaSi iransa da bizan­ tias Soris ocwlian omSi gadaizarda (ax. w. 542-562). bizantiasa da sparseTTan urTierTobebSi saSuri lavirebis unars iCens lazTa mefe gobaZes/gubaz II. igi jer sparseTs mimarTavs bizantiis wi­ naaRmdeg dasaxmareblad, Tumca, rogorc ki sparselTa veragobaSi rwmundeba, kvlav dasavleTSi eZiebs Tanadgomas. rodesac gubazis xSiri sayvedurebiTa da imperatorTan dabezRebiT gaborotebul­ ma bizantielma sardlebma igi veragulad mokles, lazebis winaSe kidev erTxel daisva mTeli simwvaviT bizantiasa da sparseTs So­ ris arCevanis gakeTebis sakiTxi. Tuki berZen istorikoss, agaTiass, verwmunebiT, mefis mkvlelobiT gamowveul kritikul momentSi lazTa Sekreba moewyo. aq erTmaneTs ori oratorul xelovnebas dauflebuli didebuli daupirispirda: aietesi gamoxatavda mefis mokvliT SeZrul xalxSi popularul antibizantiur ganwyobile­ bebs, riTac sruli mxardaWera moipova. magram meore didebulma, fartaZesma, Tavisi brwyinvale sityviT xalxi daarwmuna, simar­ Tlis isev da isev keisris karze Ziebis sisworeSi. da marTlac, keisar­ma iustinianusma Seismina rCeul lazTa samarTliani moTx­ ovnebi, mefed gubazis umcrosi Zma waTe daamtkica, xolo gubazis

Zveli romi da Cven

mkvlelebi gasamarTldnen da sikvdiliT daisajnen. laz oratorTa sityvebSi naTlad Cans im ritorikuli skolis keTili kvali, romelic antikur fasisSi msmenelebs mWevrmety­ velebis xelovnebas aziarebda. qarTuli tradicia, antikurisagan gansxvavebiT, dasavleT qarTul samefos egriss uwodebda da mas­ Si warmodgenili iyo samive qarTveluri elementi: svanuri, zanuri (anu megrul-lazuri) da qarTuli (anu iberiuli). swored es faqto­ ri gaxda erT-erTi gadamwyveti, rom saqarTvelos gaerTianeba Sua saukuneebSi swored istoriuli lazikis – egrisis regionidan iwye­ ba, sadac gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino iyo ZiriTad qarTvelureno­ van tomTa genetikuri erTianobis idea. saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani kavSirebi antikur samyarosTan da Semdeg bizantiasTan gadamwyveti aRmoCnda Cveni qveynisaTvis aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris principuli arCevanis gakeTebis sakiTxSi. amis umTavresi Sedegia Cveni evropuli orienta­ cia, saqarT­velosTan dakavSirebuli movlenebisa da figurebis anti­ kur werilobasa da mxatvrul kulturaSi ukvdavyofa da qveya­ naSi Cveni meobis erT-erTi umTavresi sayrdenis – qristianobis – gavrceleba da damkvidreba.

hadrianusi (anu rogorc aseve gvxvde­ba: adriane, hadriane), publi­ us eliusi (Publius Aelius Hadrianus) (ax.w. 76-138) – romis imperatori 117-138 ww-Si. mis dros moxda romis saxelmwifos Semdgomi centrali­ zacia da imperatoris xelisu­ flebis ganmtkiceba. antoninus piusi – antonius titus avrelius fulvus piusi (Antonius Titus Aurelius Fulvus Pius) – romis imperatori 138 w-dan. igi hadrianusma iSvila da Tavis memk­ vidred gamoacxada. misi imperato­ robis dros saxelmwifo gaZlierda politikurad da ekonomikurad, mowesrigda provinciebis mmarTve­ loba. atarebda mSvidobian sagareo politikas. gaamagra saxelmwifo sazRvrebi.

77

interviu

aucileblad wasakiTxi wignebi levan berZeniSvili Jurnalze muSaobisas bevrs vfiqrobT, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos axali da saintereso im axalgazrdebisaTvis, visTvisac am Jurnalebs vamzadebT... Tavdapirveli CanafiqriT me-9 rubrika interviuebs unda daTmoboda da sxvadasxva profesiis, interesebisa Tu miswrafebebis adamianebi unda warmogvedgina. `Cemi samyaros~ pirvel nomerSi daibeWda kidec interviu aSS-is elCTan saqarTveloSi riCard norlandTan. Jurnalis meore nomerSi ki gadavwyviteT gamovaqveynoT leAvan berZeniSvilis werili `aucileblad wasakiTxi wignebi~, romelic sagangebod Cveni JurnalisaTvis daiwera. vin icis, iqneb am werilma da iq miTiTebulma lite­ raturam ramden kacs aRmoaCeninos jerac ucnobi samyaro...… `Cemi samyaros~ saredaqcio kolegia

jer unda davamtkicoT, rom aseTi ram — „aucileblad wasakiTxi wignebi“ — marTla arsebobs. albaT mogikravT yuri aseTi ga­ moTqmebisTvis:



50 wigni, romelic unda waikiTxo, sanam cocxali xar



yvela drois 100 saukeTeso wigni



200 wigni BBC-is versiiT



12 wigni, romelTa gareSe sicocxle ar Rirs



mTvareze rom midiodeT da giTxran, erTi (sami, xuTi) wigni unda waiRoo, romel wigns (wignebs) airCevdiT?

kacobriobam ukanaskneli ormoci saukunis manZilze miliono­ biT wigni dawera da miliardobiT tiraJiT gamosca. amerikis kong­ resis biblioTekaSi, romelic msoflios udidesi wignTsacavia, 20 milioni dasaxelebis 28 milioni wignia. warmoidgineT, rom yvela sxva saqme miatoveT, iqeciT im adami­ anad, romelsac zogi siyvaruliT da zogic dacinviT „wignis Wias“ uwodebs, yoveldRe saSualod erT wigns kiTxulobT (es warmoud­ geneli ar aris, radgan sakmaod sqeltaniani wignis wakiTxva SeiZ­ leba 10-12 saaTSi, magram sistematurad amis keTeba metad Zneli saqme iqneboda). warmoidgineT? axla viangariSoT:

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aucileblad wasakiTxi wignebi

dReidan kidev asi weli rom icxovroT aseT reJimSi, 36525 wigns waikiTxavT, rac kongresis biblioTekis wignebis raodenobis 0,18 procents Seadgens. msoflio codna uzarmazaria, misi srulad dauf­ leba SeuZlebelia, idealur SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia mxolod misi meaTasedis aTviseba, xolo realuria mxolod meaTiaTasedis da­ muSaveba. kviraSi erTi wignis wakiTxva realur cxovrebaSi samidan oTx aTasamde wigns wagvakiTxebs. amaze meti wigni mxolod erTeulebs waukiTxavT, danarCeni kacobrioba amaze gacilebiT naklebs kiTxu­ lobs. Tuki piradad Tqven „erTeulebis“ ricxvidan xarT, aucilebe­ li wignebi TqvenTvis, SeiZleba, arc arsebobdnen, magram Tuki realu­ ri da normaluri ymawvili brZandebiT, maSin mtkivneuli iqneboda, Tuki xangrZlivi cxovrebis bolos aRmoaCendiT, rom sami aTasi wigni wagikiTxavT da, amasobaSi, yvelaze mniSvnelovani wignebi gamogrCe­ niaT. aqamde wignebze ise vilaparakeT, ise viangariSeT raRac-raRacebi da varaudebic ise gamovTqviT, rom arc agvixsnia, saerTod, ra saWi­ roa maTi wakiTxva. wignis kiTxvas bevri daniSnuleba aqvs, kiTxvis erT-erTi (magram ara erTaderTi!) mizani codnis dauflebaa. dRevandel msoflioSi gabatonebulia interneti, kino, televi­ zia da videoTamaSebi. aSkaraa, rom sul ufro da ufro naklebi xalxi kiTxulobs wignebs. wignebis didi nawili ukve iqca filmad an satele­ vizio serialad da zogierTma adamianma seriozuladac ki SeiZleba ikiTxos, wignebi saerTod ra saWiroao. Cven asaxsneli gvaqvs, ratomaa kiTxva jer kidev aucilebeli dResac. damwerlobis gamogoneba, xolo SemdgomSi wignis beWdvis damk­ vidreba iyo kacobriobis udidesi miRweva; wignebze uaris Tqmam SeiZ­ leba kacobriobis es udidesi warmateba gaauferulos da „gaauqmos“.

modi, vnaxoT, ras akeTeben adamianebi kiTxvis nacvlad:  uyureben televizors: dRes iSviaTi ar aris 2 an 3 televizo­ ri erT ojaxSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom televiziac xmarobs sity­ vebs da warwerebs, ar mgonia, rom es karg sakiTxav masalad unda miviCnioT.  mogzauroben („daZvrebian“) internetSi: SarSan internetis momxmarebelTa raodenobam 2 miliards gadaaWarba. internetSi mogzauroba televizoris yurebaze ukeTesia, radgan iq uamravi saintereso teqstia, magram simarTle is aris, rom am teqstebiT cota vinme Tu interesdeba.  aris kidev interaqtiuli aqtivobebi, rogoricaa video TamaSebi, filmebi da a.S.

79

interviu

Vita brevis, ars longa – cxovreba moklea, xelovneba grZeli (mTeli cxovreba ar geyofa imisTvis, rom xelovnebas Cawvde); cxovreba warmavalia, xelovneba – ukv­davi. Zveli berZeni eqimisa da mkvlevaris, hipokrates pirveli afor­ izmis laTinuri varianti: Vita brevis, ars vero longa, occasio autem praeceps, ex¬perientia fallax, judicium difficile. „cxovreba moklea, xelovneba (mecniere­ ba) marTlac grZeli, SemTx­ veva, meore mxriv, – saSiSi, gamocdileba – cru, gansja – garTulebuli“.

bionika – berZn. bios „si­ cocxle“ da „(eleqtro) nika“: mecniereba, romelic swavlobs biologiur siste­ mebsa da procesebs sainJinro amocanaTa gadasawyvetad; misi erT-erTi pirveli amocanaa iseTi avtomatebis Seqmna, romlebic nervuli sistemis moqmedebis imitacias moax­ denen.

sworad gamigeT, ar minda vTqva, rom es yvelaferi cudia, radgan Tqve­ ni ar iyos, mec miwevs televizoris yurebac, internetSi mogzaurobac da filmebis yurebac (ai, videoTamaSebSi ver SegejibrebiT). mxolod imis rCeva minda TqvenTvis, rom yvelafer amas daumatoT mcire dro (Tundac 20 wuTi) yoveldRiuri kiTxvisTvis.

ratom unda vikiTxoT? neba momeciT davesesxo mweralsa da mxatvars, tomi depaolas, romelsac orasze meti sabavSvo wignisTvis ilustraciebi aqvs Seqmnili: „kiTxvas didi azri aqvs, radgan Tu kiTxva SegiZlia, SegiZlia raRac gaigo yvelaferze da yvelaferi gaigo raRacaze“. ukeTesad verc ityvi. kiTxva Tu giyvars, Sens winaSe codnis ukidegano okeanea. Tuki rame ginda gaigo, sakmarisia swori wigni gadaSalo da msoflio codna Sens xelTaa. kiTxva zrdis Sens codnas da saerTo kulturas. es kargia, radgan cod­ na da kultura yovelTvis sasargebloa. SeiZleba gagigiaT ufrosebisgan, rom uamravi ram ician, rac araferSi gamodgomiaT, magram sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs usargeblo codna da rac meti ici, miT ukeTesia. es dagexmare­ baT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi da, garda amisa, codna siamovnebas mogani­ WebT. daiwyeT kiTxva da gaivseT Tavi saintereso ambebiT, yoveldRe ikiT­ xeT cot-cota da sul male mosiarule enciklopediad iqceviT; es gazrdis Tqvens avtoritets megobrebSi da, rac mTavaria, sakuTar Tavs ukeT gagac­ nobT. gagxdiT Tu ara kiTxva ufro Wkvians? ra Tqma unda – ara. Wkviani Tqven isedac xarT! ubralod, Tandayolil Wkuas ver moixmarT, Tu codna ar geqnebaT. gaixseneT guramiSvilis sityvebi:

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aucileblad wasakiTxi wignebi

`codna Tan dasdevs mcodnelsa, razomsac daetarebis, aqvs uxilavi saunje, xeli ar Saekarebis; arc cxadiT ZaliT waerTmis, arc malviT moiparebis, Wkuva uxmar ars briyvTaTvis, Wkva codniT moixmarebis~.

modi, pirveli daskvnebi gavakeToT: upirveles yovlisa, davaskvnaT, rom codna aucilebelia. isic davaskvnaT, rom codna kiTxvis gareSe ver miiRweva. imazec SevTanxmdeT, rom yvelaferi ver gecodineba, radgan, ro­ gorc romaelebi ityodnen, vita brevis, ars longa („xelovneba grZelia, cxovreba ki — mokle“) . saboloo daskvna ki winamavalidan gamomdinare­ obs: yvela wigni mniSvnelovania, magram arsebobs aucilebeli wignebic. codna ornairia: universaluri da kerZo. masalaTa gamZleoba, pro­ duqtis kaloriuloba, ferTa dayofa kerZo codnaa, mxatvruli litera­ tura ki — universaluri. homerosi Tavis gmirebs yvela Tvisebas aniWebs, magram romeliRac erT Tvisebas ufro Warbad miscems erT personaJs, vidre meores. yvela gmiri moisaria, magram mSvildis xmarebaSi odisevss mxolod aianti Tu Seejibreba; yvela gmiri swrafia, magram fexmard aqi­ levss veravin Seedreba. universaluri codna yvelas erTnairad sWirdeba, xolo kerZo, profesiuli codna erTs ufro metad sWirdeba, vidre meo­ res. mxatv­ruli literaturis codna yvelas sWirdeba, biologiis codna ki eqims metad sWirdeba, vidre inJiners, Tumca Tuki inJinerma biologiac icis, es mas profesiaSi SeiZleba gamoadges kidec (bionikis SemTxveva). xSir SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sityva „wigns“ axseneben, mxatvrul wigns gulisxmoben da ara samecnieros an saxelmZRvanelos. zogadad adamians, upirveles yovlisa, swored mxatvruli codna sWirdeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom idealur SemTxvevaSi, mxatvruli codna sabazoa, romelsac profesi­ uli codna efuZneba. swored mxatvruli wigni igulisxmeba formulireba­ Si, rom adamiani wignieri cxovelia. davuSvaT, me antikuri literaturis specialisti var da mivdivar Tvalis eqimTan. ra Tqma unda, Tvalis eqi­ misgan me, upirveles yovlisa, Tvalis sneulebis gankurnebas veli da ara saubars antikur literaturaze, magram Tu eqimi Tavisi dargis kargi spe­ cialistia, antikuri literaturis codna mas Tu moumatebs profesiona­ lizms, Torem ar moaklebs.

homerosi Zv.w. II saukunis marmarilos biusti, inaxeba britaneTis muzeumSi, lon­ donSi.

sofokle, romauli kopio karlsbergis axali glip­ toTekidan, kopenhageni

axla, rodesac met-naklebad SevTanxmdiT, rom aucilebeli wignebi ar­ sebobs da, rogorc wesi, es mxatvruli wignebia, SegviZlia am wignebis mi­ moxilvaze gadavideT. me gTavazobT sul sam wigns, romelTa gareSe mxatvruli codna war­ moudgenelia. am wignebs qronologiurad davalageb, radgan isini adami­ anuri geniis imdenad grandiozuli Zeglebia, rom maTSi pirvel-meoreze gaTvlas rame azri ar gaaCnia. ai, es sami wignic: homerosis „iliada“, so­ fokles „oidipos mefe“ da dante aligieris „RvTaebrivi komedia“.

dante aligieri, avtori: sergo qobulaZe, 1944.

81

interviu „iliada“

aqilevsi msxverpls swiravs zevss patrokles mSvidobianad dabrunebi­ sTvis, `iliada~, XVI simRera, V-VI ss-is xelnaweris miniatura.

`iliadis~ I simReris dasawyisi berZnulad.

homerosis „iliada“ (Zv.w. VIII s.) warmoadgens ZvelberZnul enaze daweril 15 700 striqonisgan Semdgar epikur poemas, evro­ puli lite­raturis uZveles nimuSs. mas safuZvlad daedo berZen gmireb­ze Seqmnili mravalricxovani legenda. „iliadis“ moqmede­ ba xdeba trois (ilionis) alyis meaTe wels da drois mcire mon­ akveTs moicavs. gvaswavlis vaJkacobas, megobrobas, Tavdadebas, mtris pativiscemas, bedisweris gadauvalobas, saxelisa da didebis Rirebulebis upiratesobas sicocxlis Rirebulebaze. aRwers RmerTebisa da adamianebis uzarmazar galereas, safuZvels udebs msoflio literaturis erT-erT umTavres siuJets — alyaSe­ mortymuli da gasanadgureblad ganwiruli qalaqis siuJets. berZen gmirTagan gamorCeuli arian mokvdavi pelevsisa da qal­ RmerT Tetisis Ze – „fexmardi“ aqilevsi; iTakis mefe, laertesa da antikleas Ze – „mravaltanjuli“ odisevsi; atrevsisa da aeropes Zeni: berZenTa mxedarTmTavari – „mZlavri“ agamemnoni da „mSve­ nieri“ elenes meuRle – „oqrosTmiani“ menelaosi, argosis mefe, tidevsis Ze – „uZlieresi“ diomedesi, salaminis mefe, telamonis Ze – „didi“ aianti, uxucesi aqaveli – „brZeni“ nestori. troel gmirTagan gamokveTilia maTi mTavari gmiris, priamosis Zis, trois ufliswulis – „cxenosan“ heqtoris, trois meeqvse mefis – „Warma­ gi“ priamosis, misi meore Zis – parisis anu aleqsandres, mokvdav an­ qisesisa da qalRmerT afrodites Zis – „gmiri“ eneasis saxeebi. gan­ sakuTrebiT STambeWdavia RmerTebis – adamianTa da RmerTTa mamis – „egidismpyrobeli“ zevsis, misi eWviani meuRlis – „xaris­Tvaleba“ heras, zevsis asulis – meomari aTena „palasis“, siyvarulis qal­ RmerTis – „kvipross Sobili“ afrodites, „sisxliani“ aresis, „mWedeli“ hefestos, romlis koWlobaze RmerTebi „homerosulad“ xarxareben – saxeebi. „iliada“ aris ara mxolod RmerTebisa da adamianebis galerea, aramed aTasgvar movlenaTa da situaciaTa kaleidoskopi, es msof­ lio literaturis udidesi wignia, romelic gvaswavlis Rirsebas, vaJkacobas, Tavis gawirvas, siTbos, dandobas, gvaCvenebs gmirobis, laCrobis, vaJkacobis, arakacobis, erTgulebisa da orgulobis plastikur magaliTebs, poetur saxeebs, romlebmac SemdgomSi Seqm­ nes mTeli mxatvruli galaqtika da sakuTar Tavs „daumorCiles“ momavali evropuli da msoflio mwerloba.

`iliada~, VIII simRera, V–VI ss-is xel­ naweri, inaxeba milanSi.

82

erTi damatebiTi informaciac: „iliada“ Zalian iolad ikiTxeba. mis kiTxvas daufaravi bedniereba moaqvs. es msoflio literatu­ ris erT-erTi iseTi Sedevria, romelsac bavSvebic xalisiT kiTxu­ loben da ufrosebic. ubralod, is, vinc ukve bavSvobaSi waikiTxavs am wigns, danarCeni cxovrebis manZilze ufro bednieri iqneba.

aucileblad wasakiTxi wignebi

„oidipos mefe“ sofokles „oidipos mefe“ (Zv. w. 430) imiT iwyeba, rom qalaq Tebe­ Si Savi Wiris epidemia boboqrobs. moqalaqeebi saSvelad oidiposs mimarTaven, romelmac manamde Tebe sfinqsisgan ixsna. rogorc mo­ salodneli iyo aseT SemTxvevaSi, kaci gaagzavnes delfos samisno­ Si, romelic RmerT apolons ekuTvnoda. piTia, delfos misani qali, acxadebs, rom Tebe Sav Wirs Tavs ver daaRwevs, sanam Zveli mefis – laiosis – mkvleli dausjelad dadis qalaqSi. gamoZiebas oidi­ posi xelmZRvanelobs. bolos da bolos dadgindeba, rom gamomZie­ beli Tavadaa mkvleli, rom oidiposs sakuTari mama mouklavs da sakuTari deda SeurTavs colad. oidiposis deda, iokaste, Tavs iklavs, xolo oidiposi Tvalebs iTxris; mis mierve gacemuli Zveli brZanebis mixedviT, mas qalaqidan aZeveben. SeiZleba romelime Tqvenganma ikiTxos, es kaci tragediis mTel Sinaarss mogviyva da Cven raRa unda wavikiTxoTo. sinamdvileSi siu­ Jetis is elementebi, romlebzec vilaparakeT, Sinaarsi sulac ar aris. sxvaTa Soris, es sityva, „Sinaarsi“, ilia WavWavaZem moifiqra, es misi Semotanili axali sityva, anu neologizmia. Sina-arsi aris movlenaTa Sinagani arsi, romlis gaazreba im ramdenime winadade­ biT, romlebiTac oidiposis ambebs mogiyeviT, SeuZlebelia. Tu ar waikiTxavT am genialur piesas, verafriT mixvdebiT, ratom daiTxa­ ra Tvalebi oidiposma dedamisis kabis balTebiT. modi, mxolod am detalze SevCerdeT. piesis kiTxvis dros aucileblad miaqcieT yuradReba misan tiresiasisa da oidipos mefis dialogs. misanma tiresiasma yvelaferi icis, es brma berikaci odesRac qalic yofi­ la, gveladac qceula da am cvlilebebSi RmerTs misTvis simarTlis Wvretis niWi uboZebia. ai, aseTi wyvilia — erTi mxriv, brma moxuci, romelic absoluturad verafers xedavs da meore mxriv, ojaxi­ sa da qalaq-saxelmwifos mama, vaJkaci, romelic yvela kuTxe-kun­

homerosis gmirebs da RmerTebs e.w. mudmivi epiTetebiT moix­ seniebs: „fexmardi“ aqilevsi, „xarisTvaleba“ hera, „egidismpy­ robeli“ zevsi da a.S.

oidiposi da sfinqsi, atikuri wiTelfiguriani keramikis mxatv­roba, Zv. w 480-470, vatikanis muzeumi.

83

interviu oidiposis kompleqsi — klasi­ kuri fsiqoanalizis erT-erTi ZiriTa­di cneba. ewoda Zvelber­ Znuli miTologiuri personaJis – oidi­posis saxelis mixedviT, romelmac mama mokla da deda colad SeirTo ise, rom amgvari codvis Cadena fiqradac ki ar gauvlia. oidiposis komqleqsi gulisxmobs adreuli bavSvobis periodis aracnobieri ltolve­ bis erTianobas, dakavSirebuls mSoblebisadmi bavSvis ambivalen­ tur (gaorebul) damokidebule­ basTan – mas erTdroulad kidec uyvars da kidec sZuls TiToeuli maTgani; maTi sikvdili surs, Tan Tavisi (aracnobieri) survilebis gamo dasjis eSinia.

Wuls xedavs Tavis saxelmwifoSi. amave dros, swored brma moxuci „xedavs“ simarTles, rom laiosis mkvleli swored oidiposia, rom oidiposi laiosis Ze, sakuTari dedis qmari da sakuTari Svilebis Zmaa; Tvalxiluli oidiposi ki sinamdvileSi brmaa: verafers xe­ davs da rodesac sazareli simarTle gamoaSkaravdeba, rodesac is, bolos da bolos, dainaxavs sakuTar Tavsac da sakuTar danaSaul­ sac, swored maSin moispobs mzis sinaTles da misi mzera sakuTari Tavisken miiqceva. yvelafer amaze me mxolod miganiSneT, radgan Tu tiresiasisa da oidiposis dialogs ar waikiTxavT, verafers gaigebT: gadmocemuli Sinaarsi (iman es uTxra, aman is upasuxa da a.S.) moqmedebis konturebs xatavs da TviTon moqmedebas — ara. minda icodeT: „oidipos mefe“ imiTacaa cnobili, rom am trage­ diam da im miTma, romelsac daefuZna sofokles es nawarmoebi, ga­ moavlina adamianis sulieri cxovrebis erT-erTi yvelaze Rrma saidumlo, romelic didi avstrieli mecnieris, fsiqoanalizis fuZemdeblis, zigmund froidis Semdeg „oidiposis kompleqsis“ saxeliTaa cnobili.

„RvTaebrivi komedia“ msoflio literaturis erT-erTi yvelaze didi Sedevri, romlis waukiTxaoba, ubralod, sircxvilia, magram wakiTxva sakmaod Zne­ lia, aris dante aligieris „RvTaebrivi komedia“ (daaxl. 1308-1321). gulwrfelad getyviT, ar aris iolad wasakiTxi wigni. erTaderTi ram, riTic gvexmareba dante Tavisi rTuli epikuri poemis wakiTx­ vaSi, isaa, rom es literaturuli Zegli iolad iwyeba da TandaTan rTuldeba. „RvTaebrivi komedia“ sami wignisgan Sedgeba: „jojoxe­ Ti“, „gansawmendeli“ („salxinebeli“), „samoTxe“. dasawyisi, romel­ ic jojoxeTs aRwers, gacilebiT ufro ioli wasakiTxia. rogorc Cans, Cveni cxovreba yvelaze metad swored jojoxeTs hgavs, gaci­ lebiT naklebad — gansawmendels da sruliad ar hgavs samoTxes.

dantes `RvTaebrivi komedia~, gamo­ saxuleba florenciis santa maria del fiores gumbaTis moxatuloba­ ze, 1465.

dantes Sedevri aris codvaTa, codvilTa, sasjelTa, saxelTa, RirsebaTa, gmirobaTa, siqveleTa, uRirsTa, gmirTa, mowameTa, mo­ ciqulTa, angelozTa, qerubinTa da RmerTis enciklopedia, ro­ melSic zustad moeZebna adgili yvela Secodebasa da mankierebas miwis wiaRSi arsebul cxra wreSi, xolo yvela Rirsebas, gmirobasa da sidiades — miwis zemoT, pirvelidan mecxre camde. rodesac Tavis poemas „komedia“ uwoda, dantem ixelmZRvanela Sua saukuneebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli terminologiiT: komedia, rogorc Tavad dantem ganmarta Tavis erT-erT pirad werilSi, aris saSualo stilis poeturi nawarmoebi Semzaravi dasawyisiT da keTili dasasruliT, romelic, amave dros, dawerilia xalxuri (anu

84

aucileblad wasakiTxi wignebi

italiur) enaze; tragedia ki aris maRali stilis nebismieri poetu­ ri nawarmoebi, aRmafrTovanebeli da mSvidi dasawyisiT da sazare­ li dasasruliT, romelic, amave dros, dawerilia laTinur enaze. rac Seexeba „RvTaebrivs“, igi dantes arc ekuTvnis, poemas „RvTaeb­ rivi“ uwoda „dekameronis“ avtorma, jovani bokaCom. ase iqca poemis umaRlesi Sefaseba saTauris nawilad. „RvTaebrivi komedia“ Zalian mkacri simetriiTaa agebuli. misi pirveli nawili 34 simRerisgan Sedgeba, xolo danarCeni ori — 33-33 simRerisgan, rac mTlianobaSi 100 simReras Seadgens. poema dawerilia tercinebiT — samstriqoniani strofebiT. am ricxvebs dante mistikurad gaiazrebda — ricxvi 3 samebis qristianul ideas asaxavs, 33 Segvaxsenebs iesos adamianuri nawilis, anu „miwieri hi­ postasis“ asaks; rac Seexeba ricxv 100-s, igi srulyofilebis sim­ boloa. Sesaval nawilSi dante gviyveba, rom cxovrebis naxevargzaze usier tyeSi gza daebna, win waslvis saSaleba ar misca samma mxecma, leopardma, lomma da Zu mgelma, romelTaganac „eneidis“ avtor­ ma, vergiliusma ixsna da SesTavaza saiqioSi mogzauroba. rodesac dantem gaigo, rom udidesi romaeli poeti CiCeroned, anu megzurad beatriCem, dantes udrood gardacvlilma satrfom, gamougzavna, uyoymanod miendo mas. „RvTaebrivi komedia“ rTuli alegoriebis poemaa: TiToeul sim­ Reras, TiToeul epizods am simReraSi SeiZleba mravalnairi axsna moeZebnos, Tavad dante kan grandesadmi werilSi xazs usvamda saku­ Tari alegoriis istoriul, moralur, literaturul da mistikur doneebs. me dagisaxeleT mxolod sami wigni, romelTa gareSe cxovreba ar SeiZleba. SemiZlia gagaxaroT: aseTi wignebi kidev bevria. mTavaria, daiwyoT maTi kiTxva. es sami waikiTxeT da danarCenebi Tavs waga­ kiTxeben. danarTi: 100 wigni, romlebic 2002 wels norvegiis wignis klubis organizebiT Seadgina msoflios 54 qveynis asma saukeTeso mweral­ ma (TiToeulma warmoadgina aTi wignis sia). organizatorebma wigne­ bi avtorebis mixedviT anbanurad daalages, Tumca erTi wigni mainc gamohyves, rogorc am nusxis uyoymano lideri, „saukeTeso litera­ turuli nawarmoebi, rac ki odesme dawerila“ — migel de servan­ tes saavedras „don kixoti“.

dante aligieri, avtori: joto di bondone, XIV, florencia.

85

saTauri

avtori

weli

qveyana

ena

daqceva

Cinua aCebe

1958

nigeria

inglisuri

RvTaebrivi komedia

dante aligieri

1265-1321

florencia

italiuri

zRaprebi

hans kristian anderseni

1835-37

dania

daniuri

nialis saga

anonimi

XIII saukune

islandia

Zveli skandinaviuri

aTas erTi Rame

anonimi

700-1500

indoeTi/irani/erayi/ egvipte

arabuli

gilgameSis eposi

anonimi

Zv.w. XVIII-XVII ss.

Sumeri/aqadi

aqaduri

iobis wigni

anonimi

Zv.w. VI-IV ss.

aqemenidTa imperia

ebrauli

siamaye da mcdari azri

jein ostini

1813

didi britaneTi

inglisuri

molua, maloni kvdeba, gamouTqmeli — trilogia

semuel beketi

1951-53

irlandiis respublika

franguli, inglisuri

dekameroni

jovani bokaCo

1349-53

ravena

italiuri

fiqciebi

xorxe luis borxesi

1944-86

argentina

espanuri

qariSxliani uReltexili

emili bronte

1847

didi britaneTi

inglisuri

ucxo

alber kamiu

1942

alJiri, safrangeTis imperia

franguli

leqsebi

paul celani

1952

rumineT, safrangeTi

germanuli

don kixoti

migel de servantesi

1605 (naw. I), 1615 (naw. II)

espaneTi

espanuri

kenterberuli moTxrobebi

jofri Coseri

XIV saukune

inglisi

inglisuri

moTxrobebi

anton Cexovi

1886

ruseTi

rusuli

nostromo

jozef konradi

1904

didi britaneTi

inglisuri

mogzauroba Ramis kideze

lui-ferdinand selini

1932

safrangeTi

franguli

mama gorio

onore de balzaki

1835

safrangeTi

franguli

didi imedebi

Carlz dikensi

1861

didi britaneTi

inglisuri

Jak fatalisti

deni didro

1796

safrangeTi

franguli

Zmebi karamazovebi

fiodor dostoevski

1880

ruseTi

rusuli

eSmakni

fiodor dostoevski

1872

ruseTi

rusuli

idioti

fiodor dostoevski

1869

ruseTi

rusuli

danaSauli da sasjeli

fiodor dostoevski

1866

ruseTi

rusuli

berlini aleqsanderplaci

alfred dioblini

1929

germania

germanuli

Sua marti

jorj elioti

1871

didi britaneTi

inglisuri

uCinari kaci

ralf elisoni

1952

aSS

inglisuri

medea

evripide

Zv.w. 431

aTeni

Zv. berZnuli

xmauri da mZvinvareba

uiliam folkneri

1929

aSS

inglisuri

abesalom, abesalom!

uiliam folkneri

1936

aSS

inglisuri

grZnobaTa aRzrda

gustav floberi

1869

safrangeTi

franguli

madam bovari

gustav floberi

1857

safrangeTi

franguli

fausti

iohan volfgang fon goeTe

1832

saqsonia-vaimari, ger­ mania

germanuli

mkvdari sulebi

nikolai gogoli

1842

ruseTi

rusuli

Tunuqis doli

giunter grasi

1959

dasavleT germania

germanuli

didi sertanis tropebi

Joao gimarains roza

1956

brazilia

portugaliuri

SimSili

knut hamsuni

1890

norvegia

norvegiuli

moxuci da zRva

ernest heminguei

1952

aSS

inglisuri

odisea

homerosi

Zv.w. VIII s.

SesaZloa smirna

Zv. berZnuli

iliada

homerosi

Zv.w. 850–750

SesaZloa smirna

Zv. berZnuli

Tojinebis saxli

henrik ibseni

1879

norvegia

norvegiuli

ulise

jeimz joisi

1922

irlandia

inglisuri

moTxrobebi

franc kafka

1924

avstria

germanuli

cixe-simagre

franc kafka

1926

avstria

germanuli

procesi

franc kafka

1925

avstria

germanuli

mTis kvnesa

iasunari kavabata

1954

iaponia

iaponuri

berZeni zorba

nikos kazanZakisi

1946

saberZneTi

berZnuli

Sakuntala

kalidasa

Zv.w. I s. – ax.w. IV s.

indoeTi

sanskriti

vaJebi da sayvarlebi

d. h. lourensi

1913

didi britaneTi

inglisuri

damoukidebeli xalxi

haldor laqsnesi

1934–35

islandia

Icelandic

leqsebi

jakomo leopardi

1818

italia

italiuri

oqros rveuli

doris lesingi

1962

didi britaneTi

inglisuri

pepi grZelwinda

astrid lindgreni

1945

SvedeTi

Sveduri

boSuri baladebi

federiko garsia lorka

1928

espaneTi

espanuri

Cveni ubnis bavSvebi

najib mahfuzi

1959

egvipte

arabuli

jadosnuri mTa

Tomas mani

1924

germania

germanuli

budenbrokebi

Tomas mani

1901

germania

germanuli

mobi diki

herman melvili

1851

aSS

inglisuri

eseebi

miSel de monteni

1595

safrangeTi

franguli

istoria

elza morante

1974

italia

italiuri

satrfo

toni morisoni

1987

aSS

inglisuri

uTvisebo kaci

robert muzili

1930–32

avstria

germanuli

martoobis asi weli

gabriel garsia markesi

1967

kolumbia

espanuri

siyvaruli qoleris dros

gabriel garsia markesi

1985

kolumbia

espanuri

lolita

vladimir nabokovi

1955

ruseTi/aSS

inglisuri

1984

jorj orueli

1949

didi britaneTi

inglisuri

metamorfozebi

ovidiusi

ax.w. I s.

romis imperia

klasikuri laTinuri

mRelvarebis wigni

fernando pesoa

1928

portugalia

portugaliuri

moTxrobebi

edgar alan po

XIX saukune

aSS

inglisuri

dakarguli drois ZiebaSi

marsel prusti

1913–27

safrangeTi

franguli

gargantua da pantagrueli

fransua rable

1532–34

safrangeTi

franguli

pedro paramo

xuan rulfo

1955

meqsika

espanuri

masnavi

rumi

1258–73

sparseTi, monRoleTis imperia

sparsuli

SuaRamis Svilebi

salman raSdi

1981

didi britaneTi

inglisuri

busTani

saadi

1257

sparseTi, monRoleTis imperia

sparsuli

CrdiloeTSi migraciis sezoni

taieb salihi

1971

sudani

arabuli

sibrmave

Joze samaragu

1995

portugalia

portugaliuri

otelo

uiliam Seqspiri

1609

inglisi

inglisuri

hamleti

uiliam Seqspiri

1603

inglisi

inglisuri

mefe liri

uiliam Seqspiri

1608

inglisi

inglisuri

genZis ambavi

murasaki sikibu

XI saukune

iaponia

iaponuri

oidipos mefe

sofokle

Zv.w. 430

aTeni

Zv. berZnuli

wiTeli da Savi

stendali

1830

safrangeTi

franguli

tristram Sendi

lorens sterni

1760

inglisi

inglisuri

Zenos aRsareba

italo svevo

1923

italia

italiuri

guliveris mogzaurobani

jonaTan svifti

1726

irlandia

inglisuri

omi da mSvidoba

lev tolstoi

1865–1869

ruseTi

rusuli

ivan iliCis sikvdili

lev tolstoi

1886

ruseTi

rusuli

ana karenina

lev tolstoi

1877

ruseTi

rusuli

helkberi finis Tavgadasavali

mark tveni

1884

aSS

inglisuri

ramaiana

valmiki

Zv.w. III s. – ax.w. III s.

indoeTi

sanskriti

eneida

vergiliusi

Zv.w. 29-19

romis imperia

klasikuri laTnuri

mahabharata

viasa

Zv.w. IV s. – ax. w. IV s.

indoeTi

sanskriti

balaxis foTlebi

uolt uitmeni

1855

aSS

inglisuri

Suqurisken

virjinia vulfi

1927

didi britaneTi

inglisuri

misis dolovei

virjinia vulfi

1925

didi britaneTi

inglisuri

SeSlilis dRiuri

lu xuni

1918

CineTi

Cinuri

hadrianes mogonebani

margerit iursenari

1951

safrangeTi

franguli

k r o s v o r d i

Sveulad 1. italieli istorikosi, avtori sityvebisa `mizani amarTlebs saSualebas~. 2. adamianTa organizebuli erToba saerTo mTavrobis xelmZRvanelobiT. 3. wminda wigni. 4. safrangeTis samxedro da politikuri lideri, safrangeTis imperatori 1804-1815 ww-Si. 5. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saxelwodeba berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT. 6. adgilTa dasaxeleba. 7. CineTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi provincia. 8. msoflmxedv­ eloba, romelic uaryofs eTikuri normebis, qcevis wesebis an zogadad adamianis arsebobis raime azrs, mizans. 9. berZnuli miTis mixedviT kolxeTis legendaruli mefis, aietis, umcrosi asuli. 10. ufle­ bebis gaTanabreba (Cveulebriv, qalTa da mamakacTa). 11. ena, romelzec daiwera axali aRTqma. 12. kun­ Zul kretis miTiuri mefe da zevsisa da evropes vaJi. 13. msoflmxedveloba, romelic uaryofs Rmer­ Tis, RvTaebebis da sxva zebunebrivi Zalebis arsebobas. 14. parizis gareubani (samefo rezidencia). 15. fSavis sofeli, sadac daibada vaJa-fSavela. 16. poema `aluda qeTelauris~ personaJi (qisti). 17. Zveli kolxeTis (aia) miTiuri mefe. Tarazulad 1. niWi, aRafrTovano da gaiyolo xalxi. 2. aSS-is erT-erTi yvelaze Rvawlmosili damfuZnebeli mama, avtori sityvebisa `dro fulia~. 3. erT-erTi istoriuli saxelia miwisa xmelTaSua zRvasa da md. ior­ danes Soris. 4. politikis erT-erTi mTavari kategoria. 5. saqonelbrunvis saSualeba. is warmoebis, sabiTumo da sacalo vaWrobis damakavSirebeli konkretuli saxmari Rirebulebaa. 6. germaneli fiziko­ si, romelsac ekuTvnis sityvebi `politika fizikaze rTulia~. 7. kunZuli, romelzec daibada napoleon bonaparti. 8. berZnuli miTologiis gmiri, romelic winamZRolobda argonavtebs oqros sawmisis Zie­ baSi. 9. vaJa-fSavelas gvari. 10. romaeli filosofosi da saxelmwifo moRvawe. 11. TavazianobiT SeniR­ buli dacinva. 12. saqarTvelos erT-erTi uZvelesi qalaqi fazisi, anu Tanamedrove qalaqi .... 13. afrik­ is Tanamedrove saxelmwifos – eTiopiis –Zveli araoficialuri saxelwodeba. 14. samyaros laTinuri saxeli. 15. mxatvruli gamosaxvis stilistikuri xerxi, romelic agebulia sityvaTa gadataniT mniSvne­ lobaze. 16. italiis faSisturi partiis Semqmneli da faSisturi italiis premier-ministri (1922-1943). 17. kunZuli, romelzec gadaasaxles napoleon bonaparti. 18. aSS-is elCi saqarTveloSi. 19. prusieli samxedro Teoretikosi karl fon .....

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