My World #5 by Rondeli Foundation

s a r C e v i

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia

78 saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqi ambrosi

didi qarTvelebi

bizantia da qarTuli identoba

istoria

samxedro saqme

roling stounzi _ genialuri vigindarebi

civilizacia

kibersivrce _ uxilavi da xiluli axali sivrce

axali teqnologiebi

musika

profesia

areul dareuli saubari diplomatiaze

rogor Secvala samxedro teqnologiam omis xasiaTi

ra aris banki?

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ekonomika

politika

politika hirosima, 1945

civi omi zurab abaSiZe meore msoflio omi kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelaze masStaburi organizebuli Zaladoba iyo. ucnobia omis msxverplTa zusti raodenoba, es ricxvi 50dan 60 milion adamianamde meryeobs. uTvalavia dasaxiCrebulTa, daoblebulTa, ltolvilTa raodenoba. am omSi 300 aTasamde qarTveli axalgazrda daiRupa. maTi xsovna daviwyebas ar unda mieces. omis dawyebamde dasavleTis wamyvani qveynebi, upirvelesad â&#x20AC;&#x201D; aSS da didi britaneTi, sabWoTa totalitarul reJims TavianT mowinaaRmdeged miiCnevdnen, magram mas Semdeg, rac germaniam mTlianad ugulebelyo saerTaSoriso normebi da mezobeli qveynebis mimarT Ria agresiis gzas daadga, vaSingtonsa da londonSi daiwyes fiqri moskovTan samxedro-politikur TanamSromlobaze. es TanamSromloba male samokavSireo urTierTobaSi gadaizarda, romelTa liderebs _ franklin ruzvelts, ioseb stalinsa da uinston CerCils _ II msoflio omis dros erTi strategiuli amocana aerTianebda _ faSizmis damarcxeba. udidesi msxverplis fasad es mizani miRweul iqna, rac 1945 wlis ivlis-agvistoSi germaniis q. potsdamSi `didi sameulis~ Sexvedras unda daegvirgvinebina. potsdamis konferencias safuZveli unda Caeyara axali, mSvidobiani da samarTliani evropisa da msofliosaTvis. saerTaSoriso samarTlis dacva axal msoflio forums _ gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias evaleboda, sadac gadamwyveti sityva gamarjvebul qveynebs (aSS, sabWoTa kavSiri, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, CineTi) ekuTvnodaT. 2

civi omi

samwuxarod, saerTo Tanxmobisa da ndobis nacvlad konferenciaze Tavi iCina mokavSireebis azrTa sxvaobam da maT Soris ganxeTqilebam. kerZod, aSS-isa da didi britaneTis liderebisTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda ioseb stalinis mcdeloba, daekanonebina sabWoTa gavlena aRmosavleT evropaSi. saqme is gaxldaT, rom faSistebisgan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg moskovma daiwyo am qveynebSi marionetuli komunisturi reJimebis Seqmna, rasac politikuri represiebi da msxverpli mohyva. potsdamis konferenciis dawyebamde ramdenime dRiT adre aSS-Si gamoscades sruliad axali tipis masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi _ atomuri bombi (rogorc cnobilia, 1945 wlis 6 da 9 agvistos aSS-m atomuri iaraRiT gaanadgura misi mowinaaRmdege qveynis, iaponiis, qalaqebi hirosima da nagasaki). sabWoTa liders faqtobrivad mianiSnes, rom amieridan msoflioSi samxedro-strategiuli upiratesoba aSS-s ekuTvnoda.

potsdami, cecilienhofis sasaxlis baRi, 1945 wlis ivlisi, potsdamis konferenciis monawileebi. sxedan marcxnidan marjvniv: britaneTis premierministri klement etli, prezidenti hari trumeni, sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvaÂneli ioseb stalini; dganan: admirali uiliam lihi, britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri eniurin bevini, aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivani jeims birnsi da sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministri viaCeslav molotovi.

miuxedavad amisa, omSi gamarjvebuli sabWoTa imperia aSkarad STambeWdavad gamoiyureboda da kidev metad gafarToebas cdilobda. sabWoTa jars dakavebuli hqonda aRmosavleT evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyana, aseve avstria da aRmosavleT germania. moskovi xels uwyobda komunisturi partiebis gaZlierebas dasavleT evropis qveynebSic. samokavSireo TanamSromlobis darRvevas aSS da didi britaneTi sabWoTa kavSiris eqspansionistur qmedebas abralebdnen. karga xani dasWirdaT vaSingtonsa da londonSi imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra axali politika unda daepirispirebinaT kremlis zraxvebisaTvis. 3

politika pasuxi am kiTxvaze vaSingtonSi 1946 wlis dasawyisSi moskovidan miiRes. misi avtori aSS-is saelCos TanamSromeli vinme jorj kenani iyo, romelic Semdgom cnobili moRvawe gaxda. axalgazrda diplomatis werili istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc `grZeli telegrama~. faqtobrivad man Cauyara safuZveli aSS-is strategiul xedvasa da politikas momdevno ormocdaaTwliani `civi omis~ epoqisaTvis. termini `civi omi~ miewereba cnobil britanel mweralsa da publicists jorj oruels (1903-1950). man `civi omi~ axsena eseSi `Tqven da atomuri bombi~ (pirvelad gamoqveynda 1945 wlis 19 oqtombers britanul gazeTSi `Tribune~) da amaSi igulisxma is mudmivi ekonomikuri, geopolitikuri da ideologiuri mdgomareoba, rac aSS-s, mis mokavSireebsa da sabWoTa kavSirsa da mis mokavSireebs Soris Camoyalibda.

j. kenani akeTebda daskvnas, rom omis Semdeg stalins dasavleli megobrebis nacvlad dasavleli mtrebi sWirdeboda, radgan sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis aucilebeli iyo gareSe mtris xati; es amarTlebda totalitarul reJims, mosaxleobis mudmiv da masobriv terors. `grZeli telegramis~ avtoris azriT, moskovis mimarT saWiro iyo axleburi midgoma, rasac kenanma sabWoTa kavSiris Sekavebis politika uwoda. momdevno aTeuli wlebis manZilze Sekaveba (ing. Deterrence) aSS-is strategiad iqca. 1946 wlis 5 marts, aSS-Si vizitis dros, didi britaneTis yofilma premierministrma da me-20 saukunis erT-erTma udidesma politikosma uinston CerCilma q. fultonSi (aSS) warmoTqva cnobili sityva:

uinston CerCili, 1946 wlis 5 marti, sityviT gamodis fultonSi (misuris Stati, aSS) da ambobs cnobil sityvas, romelsac `rkinis farda~ ewoda.

`...evropaSi daeSva rkinis farda. centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis dedaqala qebi... sabWoTa gavlenis sferoSi moeqca. es gavlena sxvadasxva formiT mJRavndeba, magram mas Tavs veravin aRwevs... unda vimoqmedoT, Zalian cota dro gvrCeba~. `rkinis fardis~ winaaRmdeg, CerCilis azriT, saWiro iyo aSS-isa da didi britaneTis strategiuli kavSiris Seqmna, xolo Semdgom _ am aliansTan Tavisufali qveynebis mierTeba. imave wlidan aSS-is administraciam daiwyo axali doqtrinis ganxorcieleba, romelic evropis qveynebis mxardaWeras iTva liswinebda. momdevno wlebSi e.w. marSalis gegmis farglebSi aSS-m evropis qveynebis aRorZinebisTvis 13 miliard dolaramde gamoyo, rac maSindeli kursiT astronomiuli Tanxa iyo. am daxmarebam sakmaod mokle vadaSi evropa fexze daayena.

1949 wlis 4 aprils dasavleT evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis (aSS, kanada) 12 saxelmwifos liderebma xeli moaweres vaSingtonis xelSekrulebas, ramac safuZveli Cauyara Crdiloatlantikur alianss _ natos. momdevno 50 wlis manZilze natom umTavresi roli Seasrula dasavleTis qveynebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi. 4

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1949 wels sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari atomuri bombi gamoscada, rac ZalTa balansisa da strategiuli Tanasworobis aRdgenis tolfasi iyo. iwyeboda 50-wliani didi dapirispireba dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris. 1949 wels mosaxleobiT msoflios yvelaze mravalricxovan qveyanaSi _ CineTSi _ xelisufleba komunistebma aiRes maTi lideris mao Ze dunis meTaurobiT. istoriis `Carxi~ TiTqos komunizmis sasargeblod ixreboda. or dapirispirebul banaks Soris konfrontaciam TiTqmis mTeli msoflio moicva. misi mTavari gamovlineba ideologiuri dapirispireba da regionuli konfliqtebi iyo. es konfÂ liqtebi msoflio omSi imitom ar gadaiÂ mao Ze duni (1893-1945) zarda, rom orive banaki birTvul iaraRs flobda, romlis gamoyenebac kacobriobas masobrivi ganadgurebiT emuqreboda. aseT omSi gamarjvebuli aravin darCeboda _ anu erTmaneTis cxoveluri SiSi sayovelTao mSvidobis safuZveli xdeboda. ai, ugunurebis aseT zRvars miaRwia kacobriobam me-20 saukunis Sua xanebSi! aRsaniSnavia, rom lokalur konfliqtebs mainc didi msxverpli da zarali mohqondaT. aseTi iyo, kerZod, koreis omi. misi mizezi is iyo, rom II msoflio omis Semdeg koreis naxevarkunZuli or saxelmwifod gaiyo: CrdiloeT nawilSi komunisturi `koreis saxalxo demokratiuli respublika~ Seiqmna, naxevarkunZulis samxreT nawilSi ki _ proamerikuli `koreis demokratiuli respublika~. sabWoTa kavSirisa da komunisturi CineTis samxedro mxardaWeriT, Crdilo koreis liderma kim ir senma 1950 wels samxreT koreis winaaRmdeg omi wamoiwyo. sawyis etapze man mniSvnelovan warmatebebsac miaRwia. magram, aSS-is meTaurobiT saerTaSoriso samxedro koaliciam umal daiwyo moqmedeba agresoris winaaRmdeg. koreis omi

politika

kim ir seni (1912-1994)

CrdiloeT korea

1952 wlidan koreis omi samxedro TvalsazrisiT CixSi aRmoCnda, radgan verc erTma mxarem ver SeZlo am viTarebaSi gardatexis Setana. sabolood dapirispireba imave pozicias daubrunda, rac omis dawyebamde iyo. 1953 wels, stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg, xeli moewera sazavo xelSekrulebas. amgvarad, 1950-1953 wlebis koreis omi, erTi SexedviT, `yaimiT~ dasrulda. Tumca am sastik sisxlisRvras Seewira 36 aTasi amerikeli, 600 aTasamde Cineli da 2 miliÂ onamde koreeli! koreis naxevarkunZuli dReisaTvis `civi omis~ yvelaze samagaliTo pirmSoa. mas 38-e paralelze `demilitarizebeli zona~ yofs, romlis ori mxridan koreelebi `Tofis samizneebiT~ aTvaliereben erTmaneTs. msofliosgan mowyvetil Crdilo koreas amJamad misi damaarseblis _ kim ir senis SviliSvili marTavs, romelic ukidures gaWirvebasa da terorSi amyofebs sakuTar xalxs. samxreT korea ki TanamedÂ rove msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli saxelmwifoa.

samxreT korea

civi omi

`civi omis~ epicentri 1940_1950-ian wlebSi damarcxebuli germania iyo. am qveynis teritoria saokupacio zonebad daiyo, dasavleT nawils amerikelebi, britanelebi da frangebi akontrolebdnen, xolo aRmosavleT nawils _ moskovi. faSistebis mier sabWoTa kavSirisTvis miyenebuli udidesi zaralis asanazRaureblad, anu reparaciebis saxiT, stalinis brZanebiT, germaniidan masobrivad gaitanes qarxnebi da fabrikebi, rac sabWoTa reJims ekonomikis aRdgenaSi daexmara. 1949 wels amerikis, didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis saokupacio zonebis gaerTianebis Sedegad Seiqmna germaniis federaciuli respublika (gfr), xolo sabWoTa zonaSi _ germaniis demokratiuli respublika (gdr). orad gayofil qveyanas `civi omis~ periodSi dasavleT da aRmosavleT germaniad moixseniebdnen. aseve orad gaiyo berlinic.

gayofili germania, 1945

marSalis gegmis daxmarebiT dasavleT germania sakmaod swrafad dgeboda fexze, yalibdeboda demokratiuli institutebi. dangreul, gaCanagebul da sulierad dacemul qveyanas genialuri politikosi _ konrad adenaueri Caudga saTaveSi, romelmac dasavleT germania ekonomikurad da politikurad uaRresad warmatebuli gziT waiyvana. omis damTavrebidan ori aTeuli wlis Tavze dasavleT germania evropis lideri saxelmwifo gaxda.

aSS-is prezidenti jon kenedi da germaniis kancleri konrad adenaueri, 1963

politika ukeTesi cxovrebis saZieblad aRmosavleT berlinidan da mTlianad gdr-idan dasavleTSi sul ufro meti germaneli gadadioda. aRmosavleT germanelebis ukmayo filebas sabWoTa kavSiri da adgilobrivi komunisturi xelisufleba represiebiTa da blokadebiT pasuxobdnen, rac kidev ufro zrdida dasavleTSi wamsvlelTa rao denobas. gdr-is kvalificiuri muSaxelisagan da faqtobrivad mosaxleobisagan dac lis safrTxe emuqreboda. saboloo jamSi, miRebul iqna uprecedento gadawvetileba _ 1961 wels berlini betonis maRali kedliT Suaze gaiyo. amieridan aRmosavleT berlinelebisaTvis es qalaqi faqtobrivad cixed gadaiqca. berlinis kedeli `civi omis~ simbolod iTvleba.

dasavleT germaniis bavSvebi TamaSoben axladaSenebul berlinis kedelTan, 1962

berlinis kedeli

civi omi

1953 wels stalinis sikvdilma bevrs gauCina okupirebul aRmosavleT evropaSi cvlilebis imedi. pirveli poloneTi iyo, sadac mosaxleobis kanonier moTxovnebs moskovma umal Zalis muqariT upasuxa. gacilebiT ufro tragikulad ganviTarda movlenebi ungreTSi. 1956 wels budapeStSi studentebis mRelvareba daiwyo, rac male saxalxo gamosvlebsa da revoluciaSi gadaizar足da. ungrelebi iTxovdnen mravalpartiul arCevnebs, Tavisufal presas, politpatimrebis gaTavisuflebas, qveynidan sabWoTa jaris gayvanas da ungreTis gasvlas varSavis xelSekrulebis organizaciidan. revoluciur moZraobas adgilobrivi komunistebis lideri imre nadi Caudga saTaveSi.

imre nadi (1856 -1958)

1 noembers sabWoTa armiis diviziebi ungreTis teritoriaze SeiWrnen, momdevno dRe足ebSi budapeStis quCebSi tragedia datrialda. ungrelebs kargad axsovdaT, Tu rogor gmirulad ibrZodnen 1945 wels sabWoTa jariskacebi budapeStis germaneli faSistebisagan gasaTavisufleblad. axla ki sabWoTa jari ungrelebis winaaRmdeg qalaqSi artileriasac iyenebda. ungreTis sisxliani movlenebi TiTqmis 2 kvira gagrZelda. aman aTasobiT adamiani imsxverpla. 200 aTasamde ungreli iZulebuli gaxda qveyana daetovebina. imre nadi da misi kolegebi Seipyres da daxvrites. ideologiuri dapirispirebisa da regionuli konfliqtebis garda, `civi omis~ ki足dev erTi maxasiaTebeli e. w. gamalebuli SeiaraReba iyo. dapirispirebuli mxare足 ebi _ e. w. socialisturi banaki da dasavleTis qveynebi _ cdilobdnen maqsimalurad gaeZlierebinaT TavianTi samxedro potenciali. SeiaraRebaze astronomiuli Tanxebi ixarjeboda; mowinaaRmdegeebi cdilobdnen am sferoSi upiratesoba moepovebinaT. swored es iyo mTavari mizezi 1962 wels kubis garSemo ganviTarebuli movlenebisa, romelmac kacobrioba birTvuli dapirispirebisa da SesaZlo sruli ganadgurebis zRvramde miiyvana.

budapeSti, 1956

politika sabWoTa xelmZRvanelma nikita xruSCovma daarwmuna kubis revoluciuri xelisufleba, rom Soreuli karibis zRvis kunZulze sabWoTa birTvuli raketebi ganeTavsebina. uSualod aSSis siaxloves aseTi safrTxis gaCenam vaSingtonis mxridan swrafi da mwvave reaqcia gamoiwvia; prezidentma jon kenedim kubis garSemo SemoiRo sazRvao blokada, sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi moiyvanes aSS-is samxedro Zalebi; kremli daTmobaze wasvlas ar apirebda, viTareba imdenad swrafad iZabeboda, rom erT mcire incidentsac ki SeiZÂ fidel kastro da nikita xruSCovi karibis krizisis periodSi, leboda sruli katastrofa gamoewvia. mTeli 1962 wlis 28 oqtomberi msoflio sulganabuli Sescqeroda moskov-vaSingtonis birTvul paeqrobas. sabolood moskovma ukan daixia da kubidan raketebi gaiyvana. aSS-m kompromisis saxiT miiRo gadawyvetileba ssrk-is mezobeli TurqeTidan birTvuli SeiaraRebis gatanis Sesaxeb. `karibis krizisma~ naTlad daanaxa mTel msoflios, Tu raoden didi safrTxis winaSe idga kacobrioba. 1960-ian wlebSi yvelaze xangrZlivi da tragikuli vietnamis omi iyo. aziis es qveyanac didi dapirispirebis msxverpli gaxda: komunistur CrdiloeT vietnams moskovi uWerda mxars, xolo samxreT vietnamis reJims _ vaSingtoni. amerikelebi SiSobdnen, rom Tu samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi kidev erTi qveyana gaxdeboda komunistebis msxverpli, amas Semdeg, `dominos efeqtiT~, regionis sxva qveynebic mihyveboda. 1969 wlisaTvis amerikeli samxedro kontingentis raodenoba samxreT vietnamSi naxevar milions(!) aWarbebda. CrdiloeT vietnamis masobrivi sahaero dabombvis samizne samxedro infrastruqtura da partizanTa banakebi iyo. magram Tanamedrove bombebic ki ver arCevdnen erTmaneTisgan partizanebsa da ubralo adamianebs.

vietnamis omi

civi omi

vietnamis omi msoflioSi da TviT aSS-Si mosaxleobis did protests iwvevda. sabolood, 1973 wels amerikelebi iZulebuli gaxdnen daewyoT vietnamidan jaris gayvana. amiT isargebla CrdiloeT vietnamis komunisturma reJimma da swrafad daikava samxreT vietnamis mTeli teritoria. vietnamis omi vaSingtonisaTvis strategiulad seriozuli marcxi iyo. didi iyo humanitaruli msxverplic _ daiRupa 1 milionamde vietnameli da 60 aTasamde amerikeli jariskaci. e. w. socialisturi banaki 1968 wels seriozuli gamocdis winaSe aRmoCnda: CexoslovakiaSi demokratiuli cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba daiwyes, rasac adgilobrivi komunisturi xelmZRvanelobis reformatoruli nawili Caudga saTaveSi aleqsandr dubCekis TaosnobiT. partiuli cenzuris Serbilebis Sedegad presaSi daiwyo Ria diskusiebi qveynis politikur wyobaze, demokratiul arCevnebze, gaCnda antisabWoTa publikaciebi, daiwyo sxvadasxva politikuri organizaciebis Camoyalialeqsandr dubCeki (1968-1969 wwbeba. demokratiuli moZraobis erT-erTi lideri Si Cexoslovakiis komunisturi cnobili mwerali vaclav haveli iyo, romelic 20 partiis centraluri komitetis wlis Semdeg ukve Tavisufali CexeTis respublikis pirveli mdivani, mis liberalurdemokratiul inovaciebs mohyva pirvel prezidentad airCies. moskovis mwvave reaqcia, ramac `praRis gazafxulis~ demokratiul suliskvegamoiwvia `praRis gazafxuli~) Tebas moskovSi sabWoTa imperiis did safrTxed da vaclav haveli, 1989 aRiqvamdnen. sabWoTa lideri leonid breJnevi mkacrad mouwodebda Cexoslovakiis xelisuflebas, rom qveyanaSi `wesrigi~ daemyarebinaT. roca STagonebebma da politikurma zewo lam Sedegi ver gamoiRo, kremlma nacad xerxs mimarTa: CexoslovakiaSi 120-aTasiani samxedro dajgufeba Seiyvanes, romelmac qveynis strategiuli obieqtebi daikava. praRaSi daiwyo Setakebebi, magram xelisuflebis Txovnam mosaxleobisadmi, ar gaewiaT intervenciisaTvis winaaRmdegoba, SeaCera sisxlisRvra. qveyanaSi umZimesi mdgomareoba Seiqmna. imedgacrueba da uimedoba mTel sazogadoebas moedo, emig raciaSi wavida inteligenciis didi nawili. `praRis gazafxulis~ samxedro ZaliT CaxSobam didi politikuri ziani miayena sabWoTa kavSiris saerTaSoriso avtoritets.

sabWoTa tankebi praRaSi,1968

politika sabWoTa jarebis Sesvla avRaneTSi, 1979

rac Seexeba sabWoTa reJimis mier mtrad Seracxul dubCeks, igi moeswro sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas da CexeTSi demokratiis gamarjvebas. gardacvalebis Semdeg mas pativi miages, rogorc ganumeorebel `praRis gazafxulis~ avtorsa da msxverpÂls. `civi omis~ didi dapirispireba sul ufro met zians ayenebda mowinaaRmdege banakebs. gansakuTrebiT es sabWoTa kavSirSi igrZnoboda, romlis ekonomikuri potenciali bevrad CamorCeboda aSS-isas. sabWoTa saxelmwifo biujetis mniSvnelovani nawili samxedro xarjebsa da 3 milioniani(!) jaris Senaxvas xmardeboda. mxolod aRmosavleT evropaSi ssrk-is 40 aTasamde tanki hyavda ganTavsebuli. amave dros maRaziebSi sabWoTa moqalaqeebs elementaruli produqtebisa da nivTebis SeZena uWirdaT. garkveul etapze vaSingtonsa da moskovSi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom saWiro iyo birTvuli strategiuli SeiaraRebisa da zogadad konfrontaciis Semcireba. 1970-ian wlebSi aSS-m da ssrk-m gaaformes rigi SeTanxmebebisa, ramac safuZveli Cauyara e. w. ganmuxtvis epoqas. am periodSi sabWoTa kavSirSi nawilobriv Serbilda antidasavluri propaganda, gaCnda e. w. disidentTa da adamianis uflebadamcvelTa araoficialuri organizaciebi, Tumca ar wydeboda maT winaaRmdeg represiebi. 1979 wlis bolos sabWoTa jari avRaneTSi SeiWra, ramac faqtobrivad daamTavra `ganmuxtvis epoqa~. avRaneTis dausrulebeli tragediac swored aqedan iRebs saTaÂ ves. mas Semdeg 35 weli gavida, avRaneTs ki aqamde ar eRirsa mSvidoba. 1980 wels aSS-is prezidentad ronald reigani airCies. man Tavis strategiul amocanad daisaxa sabWoTa kavSiris damarcxeba. r. reiganma yvela mimarTulebiT daiwyo kremlis poziciebis Sesusteba. man mniSvnelovnad gazarda aSS-is samxedro xarjebi, msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi daiwyo antisabWoTa Zalebis mxardaWera. kremlisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mtkivneuli iyo socialistur banakSi vaSingtonis mier antisabWoTa ganwyobilebebis waxaliseba.

ronald reigani

sabWoTa jaris gamosvla avRaneTidan

civi omi

1980 wlidan poloneTSi dawyebulma demokratiulma moZraobam mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli e.w. socialisturi banakis rRvevas. poloneTis komunistur reJims Zlieri metoqe gauCnda profkavSirebis _ `solidarobis~ saxiT, romelsac lex valensa Caudga saTaveSi. `solidarobis~ rigebi swrafad izrdeboda, igi damoukidebel politikur Zalad yalibdeboda. es kremlisTvis metad saxifaTo iyo. moskovSi fiqrobdnen poloneTSi samxedro intervenciaze, magram sabolood gadaifiqres da aiZules am qveynis xelisufleba TviTon daemyarebina `wesrigi~. 1981 wels poloneTSi saomari mdgomareoba gamocxadda. daapatimres `solidarobis~ liderelex valensa da moZraoba `solidaroba~. bi, mediaSi dawesda cenzura, mkveTrad SeizRu1990 wels lex valensa poloneTis da moqalaqeTa uflebebi. represiebi ramdenime prezidentad airCies. wels gagrZelda aseTi viTareba `moZme~ poloneTSi kremlisTvis didi politikuri problema iyo. sul ufro rTuldeboda viTareba avRaneTSic, sadac sabWoTa jari farTomasStabian operaciebs atarebda; msxverpli didi iyo, sul avRaneTis omSi daiRupa 1 milionam de(!) avRaneli da 15 aTasamde sabWoTa samxedro, maT Soris _ qarTveli biWebic. sabWoTa kavSirSi mZimdeboda ekonomikuri viTareba, dacarielebul maRaziebis win sul ufro matulobda rigebi, izrdeboda mosaxleobis ukmayofileba. qveynis ekonomikisaTvis Zlieri dartyma iyo saerTaSoriso fasebis Semcireba navTobze, rac mTavari saeqsporto Semosavali iyo. mzardi ekonomikuri sirTuleebisa da moskovisaTvis arasaxarbielo saerTaSoriso viTarebis gamo kremli iZulebuli gaxda fiqri daewyo reformebze. `perestroikis~ (rus. Перестройка _ gardaqmna) avtori gaxda sabWoTa lideri mixeil gorbaCovi. sabWoTa diplomatiis reformireba man daavala axal sagareo saqmeTa ministrs eduard SevardnaZes. demokratizaciis TvalsazrisiT `perestroikam~ sakmaod swrafad gamoiRo Sedegebi. mcirdeboda SezRudvebi mediaSi, sazogadoebaSi daiwyo farTo diskusiebi, cixeebidan aTavisuflebdnen disidentebs. sabWoTa respublikebSi sul ufro xSirad gaismoda mowodebebi meti Tavisuf lebisa da damoukideblobisaken. 1989 wlis 9 aprils sabWoTa jari daundoblad gausworda TbilisSi mSvidobiani aqciis wevrebs. daiRupa 21 adamiani. am tragikulma movlenam mTlianad Seatriala qarTuli sazogadoeba sabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdeg. demokratiuli procesebi swrafad viTardeboda aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi; pirvel planze gamodiodnen politikuri Zalebi, romlebic realur damoukideblobasa da politikur pluralizms 1989 wlis 9 aprili, Tbilisi iTxovdnen.

politika m. gorbaCovis reformatorulma jgufma SeZlo Seemcirebina daZabuloba dasavleTis qveynebTan, upirvelesad _ aSS-sTan. moskovsa da vaSingtons Soris gaformda SeTanxmebebi birTvuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis sferoSi, sakmaod mWidro kontaqtebi damyarda sabWoTa liderebsa da vaSingtonis administracias Soris. yovelmxriv Sesustebuli sabWoTa reJimi iZulebuli gaxda uari eTqva mezobeli qveynebis Sida saqmeebSi uxeS Carevaze. aRmosavleT evromixeil gorbaCovi pis qveynebSi Tavisufali arCevnebis gziT xelisuflebaSi demokratiuli Zalebi modiodnen. 1989 wlis Semodgomaze masobrivi gamosvlebi daiwyo aRmosavleT berlinSi. demonstrantebis mTavari `samizne~ berlinis kedeli iyo, romelic fizikurad orad hyofda qalaqs da emociurad _ mTlianad germanel xalxs. mozRvavebul masas xelisuflebam da mesazRvreebma winaaRmdegoba ver gauwies da isini dasavleT berlinSi gadavidnen. maT iq yvavilebiTa da ovaciebiT dasavleT berlinelebi Sexvdnen. 1989 wlis 9 noemberi iTvleba berlinis kedlis `dacemis~ dRed, Tumca fizikurad igi odnav mogvianebiT moSales. daingra `civi omis~ mTavari simbolo. 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris srul daSlamde jer kidev bevri cvlileba iyo mosalodneli, magram mTavari moxda _ msoflio Seicvala!

germaneli xalxi berlinis kedelTan, 1989 wlis noemberi

civi omi

warmoudgenelia imis zusti daangariSeba, Tu ra daujda kacobriobas `civi omi~. arsebobs Semzaravi cifrebi da statistika. magaliTad, mxolod birTvuli iaraRis warmoebaze 1945_1990 wlebSi daixarja daaxloebiT 8 trilion(!) dolaramde. am Tanxis erTi mexuTedic ki sakmarisi iqneboda imisaTvis, rom msoflioSi mogvarebuliyo SimSilis problema, mravali daavadebisagan ganekurnaT asobiT milioni adamiani. amis magivrad aRniSnuli saxsrebiT Seiqmna 18 aTasamde megatonis birTvuli iaraRi, romlis ganadgurebasac kidev miliardebi dasWirdeba (sainteresoa, rom meore msoflio omSi gamoyenebuli Wurvebis saerTo raodenoba ar aRemateboda 6 megatonas). `civma omma~ imsxverpla milionobiT adamiani koreaSi, vietnamSi, kambojaSi, avRaneTSi, evropis, axlo aRmosavleTis, laTinuri amerikisa da afrikis qveynebSi. faqtia, `civi omi~ sabWoTa kavSirma pirwmindad waago. sabWoTa imperia samxedro Zlierebam ver daicva, piriqiT, igi misi ngrevis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi gaxda.

berlinis kedeli da brandenburgis karibWe, 1989 noemberi

ekonomika

ra aris banki? merab kakulia banki italiuri sityvaa (Banko) da niSnavs daxls an ubralod magidas. Sua saukuneebSi evropis, kerZod italiis, savaWro qalaqebSi uamravi sxvadasxva warmoSobis da sinjis vercxlisa da oqros moneta trialebda, romelic saTanado Semowmebas da sxva monetebze gacvlas saWiroebda. am saqmianobiT dakavebuli moqalaqeebi _ fulis gadamcvlelebi, klientebTan urTierTobisaTvis iyenebdnen daxlebs (magidebs), romlebsac mwvane mauds afarebdnen. male maT daiwyes fuladi saxsrebis Sesanaxad miReba, angariSsworeba am saxsrebis mflobelebis davalebiT da sesxebis (kreditebis) gacema. yvela am operaciam Tavi moiyara dawesebulebaSi, romelsac mogvianebiT banki ewoda. aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvel msoflioSi ukve arsebobda garkveuli saxis sabanko operaciebi, rasac Zvel saberZneTSi trapezitebi (berZnuli sityvidan Τράπεζα, rac aseve magidas niSnavs), xolo Zvel romSi mensariebi (laTinuri sityvidan Mensarii, romelic berZnuli sityvis Τραπεζίται zusti Sesatyvisia) axorcielebdnen. banks saberZneTSi dResac trapeza hqvia. ase rom, sabanko saqmianobas Rrma istoriuli fesvebi aqvs. analogiuri dawesebulebebi saqarTveloSi, zogierTi cnobiT, XI-XII saukunidan arsebobda. maT orTaRi ewodeboda (Turquli warmoSobis sityvidan Ortak — amxanagoba, asociacia). saxelwodebiT banki Tanamedrove msoflioSi ZiriTadad ori tipis finansuri dawesebuleba sargeblobs _ centraluri (erovnuli) bankebi da komerciuli bankebi.

ra aris banki?

centraluri (erovnuli) bankebi centraluri (erovnuli) banki, rogorc wesi, warmoadgens saxelmwifos mier specialuri kanonis safuZvelze daarsebul instituts, romelsac miniWebuli aqvs erovnuli fulis emisiis _ banknotebis beWd vis, monetebis moWrisa da mimoqcevaSi gaSvebis gansakuTrebuli (eqskluziuri) ufleba. igi SeimuSavebs da axorcielebs qveynis fulad-sakredito politikas; agreTve flobs, inaxavs da gankargavs qveynis oqros da ucxouri valutis rezervebs (maragebs). centraluri (erovnuli) banki warmoadgens `bankTa banks~: igi gascems kredits mxolod komerciul bankebze, iRebs maTgan depozitebs da uzrunvelyofs maT Soris erovnuli valutiT unaRdo angariSsworebas. amasTan, bevr qveyanaSi (maT Soris saqarTveloSi) centraluri (erovnuli) banki axdens komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis licenzirebas da zedamxedvelobas, agreTve maTi servisebis momxmarebelTa ufleZveli romauli terakotis bebis dacvas. garda amisa, centraluri (erovnuli) banki yulaba, zed gamosaxulia momsaxurebas uwevs saxelmwifos, Tumca misi pirdavaWrobis mfarveli romauli RmerTi merkuri, romelsac piri dakreditebis ufleba SezRuduli aqvs. xelSi Tavisi simboluri gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebidan gamomdinare, atributebi _ kadukeusi da centraluri (erovnuli) banki administraciulad dafuliT savse tomara _ moukidebelia, rac imas niSnavs, rom parlamentsa da uWiravs. jon hopkinsis mTavrobas ufleba ara aqvT Caerion mis saqmianobaSi. arqeologiuri muzeumi, baltimori, aSS. igi pasuxs ar agebs saxelmwifos finansur valdebulebebze ise, rogorc saxelmwifo pasuxs ar agebs (mkacrad gansazRvruli SemTxvevebis garda) mis finansur valdebulebebze. centraluri (erovnuli) banki yvela xarjs sakuTari SemosavlebiT faravs, Tumca mogebis sidide ar aris misTvis gadamwyveti. aRsaniSnavia, rom centraluri (erovnuli) bankebi gaTavisuflebulia saxelmwifo gadasaxadebisagan. centraluri (erovnuli) bankis damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT misi xelmZRvaneloba iniSneba gansazRvruli vadiT, romelic mniSvnelovnad aRemateba parlamentis da mTavrobis uflebamosilebis vadas. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi erovnuli bankis prezidents da vice-prezidentebs, aseve misi sabWos sxva wevrebs, qveynis prezidentis wardginebiT, parlamenti 7 wlis vadiT irCevs. amasTan, cent raluri (erovnuli) bankebi, rogorc wesi, valdebuli arian qveynis parlaments yovelwliurad warudginon angariSi.

Sua saukuneebis droindeli `bankirebi~ _ fulis gadamcvlelebi, romelTa saqmianobis ganviTareba-gafarToebis Sedegia dRevandeli sabanko sistema.

ekonomika komerciuli bankebi centraluri (erovnuli) bankebisagan gansxvavebiT, komerciuli bankebi momsaxurebas uweven iuridiul da fizikur pirebs mogebis miRebis mizniT, anu maTi klientebi (momsaxurebis mimRebni) arian sxvadasxva tipis samewarmeo da sxva struqturebi da moqalaqeebi. komerciul bankebs SeuZliaT garkveuli momsaxureba gauwion saxelmwifosac (magaliTad, xelfasebis, pensiebis da sxva socialuri gadaxdebis organizebaSi). komerciuli bankebis didi umravlesoba kerZo mflobelobaSia. saqarTveloSi, magaliTad, yvela komerciul banks floben kerZo mesakuTreebi _ rogorc qveynis rezidentebi (moqalaqeebi), ise ucxoelebi. Tanamedrove komerciuli bankebi iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebisgan izidaven droebiT Tavisufal fulad saxsrebs da ganaTavseben maT pirdapir, umTavresad sesxebis (kreditebis) saxiT, an arapirdapir _ kapitalis (fasiani qaRaldebis) bazÂ ris meSveobiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, komerciuli banki eweva finansur Suamavlobas klientebs Soris, visac erTi mxriv, aqvs kapitalis (fuladi saxsrebis) siWarbe, xolo meore mxriv _ kapitalis deficiti. Tanamedrove msxvili komerciuli bankebis umetesoba universaluri bankebia, romlebic TiTqmis yvela saxis finansur Suamavlobas ewevian, maT Soris: depoziÂ tebis mozidvas da kreditebis gacemas, klientebisTvis sabanko angariSebis gaxsnas, unaRdo angariSsworebas da sakaso (naRdi fuliT) operaciebs, gadaxdis saSualebebis (plastikuri baraTebi, Cekebi da sxva) gamoSvebas, ucxouri valutis, Zvirfasi liTonebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis yidva-gayidvas, sabanko garantiebis da Tavdebobebis gacemas, satrasto (ndobiT) operaciebs da sxvas. saqarTvelos bankis saTao ofisi, Tbilisi

ra aris banki?

universaluri komerciuli bankebi gansakuTrebiT farTod kontinentur evropaSi gavrcelda, maSin, rodesac mTel rig qveynebSi (magaliTad, aSS-Si, did britaneTsa da iaponiaSi) moqmedebda bankebis specializaciis principi: sakuTriv komerciuli bankebi aq sabanko operaciebis standartuli paketiT (depozitebis mozidva, sesxebis gacema, saangariSsworebo momsaxureba da sxva) Semoifarglebodnen. maT garda arsebobdnen specializebuli bankebic, romelTa saqmianoba calkeul sferoebs an operaciebs moicavda. aseT bankebs ganekuTvnebian: sainvesticio bankebi, romlebic ZiriTadad kapitalis (fasiani qaRaldebis) bazarze operireben da ar iReben depozitebs. Semnaxveli bankebi, romlebic upiratesad fizikuri pirebis (moqalaqeebis) droebiT Tavisufali saxsrebis mozidvas da maT dakreditebas emsaxurebian. ipoTekuri bankebi, romlebic ZiriTadad ipoTekur, anu uZravi qonebiT uzrunvelyofil sesxebs gascemen da sxva. gasuli saukunis bolos gaZlierda bankebis universalizaciis tendencia, rac imaSi gamoixata, rom sabanko kanonmdeblobaSi Setanili cvlilebebis safuZvelze nel-nela waiSala zRvari komerciul bankebsa da specializebul sabanko dawesebu lebebs Soris. am fonze, saqarTveloSi sabanko seqtoris kontinentur-evropuli modeli damkvidrda, romelic mxolod universalur komerciul bankebs moicavs. komerciuli bankebis operaciebi or jgufad iyofa: pirvels ganekuTvneba bankebis fuladi resursebis (saxsrebis) formireba, anu pasiuri operaciebi, xolo meores _ aRniSnuli saxsrebis ganTavseba mogebis miRebis mizniT, anu aqtiuri ope raciebi.

ekonomika komerciuli bankebis fuladi resursebi komerciuli bankebis fuladi resursebi Sedgeba sakuTari saxsrebisa (kapitali) da moziduli saxsrebisgan. moziduli saxsrebis wili komerciuli bankis fulad resursebSi bevrad aRemateba sakuTari saxsrebis wils, Tumca kapitalis sakmarisoba gadamwyvetia bankis足 Tvis. bankis kapitali warmoadgens bankis saqmianobaSi warmoqmnili riskebis ganeitralebis da SesaZlo danakargebis dafarvis wyaros; swored maszea damokidebuli, Tu ra raodenobis fuladi saxsrebi SeuZlia moizidos da ganaTavsos komerciulma bankma. kapitali Sedgeba bankis mesakuTreTa (aqcionerTa) Senatanebis (aqcioneruli kapitali) da gaunawilebeli mogebis xarjze Seqmnili fondebisgan. Tavis saqmianobas komerciuli bankebi umTavresad moziduli saxsrebiT axor足cieleben, romelTa udides nawils warmoadgens depozitebi sabanko dawesebulebaSi iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis mier ganTavsebuli droebiT Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebi. depoziti laTinuri warmoSobis sityvaa (Depositum) da niSnavs Sesanaxad gadacemas. depozitebi ZiriTadad ori saxisaa:

moTxovnamde depozitebi (mimdinare angariSebi) _ romelTa mflobelebs pirvelive moTxovnisTanave SeuZliaT maTze ricxuli Tanxebis gamoyeneba da vadiani depozitebi, romlebzec fuladi saxsrebi gansazRvruli (fiqsirebuli) vadiTaa ganTavsebuli da maT mflobelebs am vadis gasvlamde ezRudebaT depozitze ricxuli TanxebiT sargebloba. vadiani depozitebi SeiZ足le足ba iyos moklevadiani (30 dRidan 1 wlamde) da grZelvadiani (1 welze meti vadiT).

ra aris banki?

moTxovnamde depozitze procenti (sargebeli) dabalia, vadian depozitze ki _ bevrad ufro maRali. vadiani depozitidan Tanxebis vadamde gatanis SemTxvevaSi, misi mflobeli minimalur sargebels iRebs, imdens, ramdenic moTxovnamde depoÂ zits ericxeba. moTxovnamde depozitsa da vadian depozits Soris Sualeduri mdgomareoba ukavia Semnaxvel depozitebs. am tipis depozitebze ricxuli Tanxebi ar gamoiyeneba klientis mimdinare gadaxdebisTvis, Tumca Semnaxvel depozitebs arc fiqsirebuli vada aqvs. igi gamoiyeneba fizikuri pirebis danazogebis Sesaqmnelad da, rogorc wesi, mimdinare depozitze meti da vadian depozitze naklebi sargebeli ericxeba. Semnaxveli depozitebis mflobelebs eZlevaT specialuri wignaki. mTlianobaSi, Tanamedrove sabanko praqtikaSi, sul cota, 31 tipis depoziti gamoiyeneba, romlebic depozitebis zemoT CamoTvlili ZiriTadi saxeobebis saxeÂ sxvaobebs warmoadgenen da morgebuli arian sxvadasxva kategoriis klientebis _ rogorc fizikuri, ise iuridiuli pirebis _ moTxovnebsa da prioritetebs. depozitebis garda, komerciuli bankebis mozidul saxsrebs ganekuTvneba maT mier sxva bankebidan, maT Soris centraluri (erovnuli) bankidan, nasesxebi saxsrebi da mocemuli komerciuli bankis mier gamoSvebuli obligaciebis gayidvidan Semosuli Tanxebi. obligacia warmoadgens fasian qaRalds, romelic adasturebs misi mflobelis uflebas aRniSnuli komerciuli bankisgan gansazRvrul vadaSi miiRos garkveuli Tanxa (mflobelis mier obligaciaSi ganTavsebuli Tanxa plus procenti). sabanko krediti universaluri komerciuli bankebis aqtiuri operaciebi ZiriTadad dakreditebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. krediti laTinuri warmoSobis sityvaa (Creditum) da niSnavs sesxs. aqedan gamomdinare, krediti da sesxi erTi da imave Sinaarsis matarebeli cnebebia.

ekonomika sabanko krediti warmoadgens Tanxas, romelsac banki gadascems klients (iuri足di足足ul an fizikur pirs) dabrunebadobis, fasianobis, vadianobis, miznobriobisa da uzrunvelyofis principebze dayrdnobiT. kreditis dabrunebadoba imas gulisxmobs, rom klientma sesxi aucileblad unda daabrunos, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, banki, rogorc finansuri Suamavali, ver Seasrulebs Tavis valdebulebebs imaT mimarT, visganac miiRo depozitebi da Tavad isesxa fuladi saxsrebi. kreditis fasianoba niSnavs msesxeblis mier nasesxebi TanxebiT sargeblobisaTvis bankisaTvis garkveuli sazRauris, anu sargeblis (procentis) gadaxdas, saidanac banki miiRebs mogebas finansuri SuamavlobisaTvis. kreditis vadianoba gulisxmobs nasesxebi saxsrebis garkveul vadaSi dabrunebis aucileblobas, radganac banki kreditis gasacemad moizidavs droebiT Tavisufal fulad saxsrebs, romelic, cxadia, droulad unda daabrunos. vadis mixedviT ganasxvaveben moklevadian _ erT wlamde vadis, saSualovadian _ erTidan sam wlamde vadis da grZelvadian _ sam welze meti vadis mqone kreditebs. kreditis miznobrioba imas niSnavs, rom msesxebelma nasesxebi saxsrebi mxolod im miznisTvis unda gamoiyenos, risTvisac aiRo krediti. sesxiT sargeblobis miznis mkafiod gansazRvra saSualebas aZlevs banks, Seafasos klientis kreditunarianoba, anu misi unari dadgenil droSi daabrunos nasesxebi Tanxa da gadaixados procenti. daniSnulebis mixedviT kreditebi Semdeg ZiriTad kategoriebad iyofa: saangariSsworebo kreditebi _ gaicema kompaniebis mier nedleulis da masalebis mimwodeblebTan angariSsworebisTvis, muSamosamsaxureTa xelfasis gasastumreblad, biujetSi gadasaxadebis gadasaxdelad da sxva mimdinare saWiroebaTaTvis. aseTi kreditebi, rogorc wesi, moklevadiania. sainvesticio kreditebi _ eZlevaT klientebs, rogorc iuridiul, ise fizikur pirebs, kapitalis dabandebis gansaxorcieleb足 lad, maT Soris, axali teqnologiebis danergvis, arsebuli sawarmoo simZlavreebis modernizaciis da axlis SeqmnisaTvis. am tipis kreditebi Cveulebriv grZelvadiania.

ra aris banki?

samomxmareblo kreditebi _ gaicema fizikur pirebze moxmarebis sagnebis (magaliTad: avtomobili, aveji, sayofacxovrebo teqnika da sxva) SesaZenad. amgvari kreditebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc moklevadiani, ise saSualovadiani. saprocento ganakveTi samomx足 mareblo sesxebze maRalia, radganac klienti, rogorc wesi, am tipis kreditiT sargeblobisaTvis damatebiT sakomisioebsac ixdis.

kreditis uzrunvelyofa gulisxmobs msesxeblis mier kreditis dabrunebis uzrun足velsayofad mis mflobelobaSi arsebuli uZravi qonebis, fasiani qaRaldebis an sxva faseulobebis giraoSi Cadebas (bankis gankargvaSi droebiT gadacemas) an kidev sxva (mesame) iuridiuli an fizikuri piris mier msesxeblis sasargeblod garantiis (Tavdebobis) gacemas/gaformebas. garantia ise, rogorc Tav足deboba gulisxmobs imas, rom msesxeblis mier kreditis ardafarvis SemTxvevaSi msesxeblis valdebulebas faravs garantiis/Tavdebobis gamcemi piri. garantiis gamcemebi ZiriTadad iuridiuli pirebi arian, xolo Tavdebobisa _ fizikuri pirebi. giraoTi uzrunvelyofili sesxebis saukeTeso magaliTia ipoTekuri kreditebi, romlebic gaicema fizikur pirebze uZravi qonebis SesaZenad ise, rom aRniSnuli uZravi qoneba kreditis dafarvamde giraos saxiT bankis gankargulebaSi rCeba. ipoTekuri kreditebi, rogorc wesi, grZelvadiania. kreditis uzrunvelyofis aucileblobas ganapirobebs is, rom yovelTvis arsebobs sesxis daubruneblobis garkveuli riski (sakredito riski). miuxedavad amisa, sabanko praqtikaSi arsebobs e.w. sablanko kreditebi _ sesxebi uzrunvel足 yofis gareSe, romlebic gaicema gansakuTrebiT sando da stabiluri finansuri mdgomareobis mqone klientebze.

ekonomika saprocento ganakveTis done saprocento ganakveTi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, warmoadgens sabanko kreditiT sargeblobis safasurs. komerciuli bankebi dainteresebuli arian maRali sapro cento ganakveTis dawesebiT, magram konkurencia aiZulebs maT klientis mosazidad sesxze sargeblis gonivruli da zomieri doniT dakmayofildnen. bankis kreditze sargeblis, anu procentis, ganakveTis dones Semdegi faqtorebi gansazRvraven: sakredito resursebis, anu depozitebis da bankis mier nasesxebi sxva saxsrebis Rirebuleba. rac ufro maRalia sadepozito ganakveTebi, miT ufro Zviria krediti. dakreditebasTan dakavSirebuli saoperacio xarjebi _ bankis personalis Sromis anazRaureba; agreTve ofisis, marketingis, reklamis da sxva xarjebi. riskis premia (safasuri), romelmac unda aunazRauros banks sesx ze SesaZlo danakargi. es ukanaskneli dakavSirebulia rogorc saerTo ekonomikur faqtorebTan (ekonomikuri zrda, inflaciis molodini, sainvesticio garemo da sxva), ise konkretuli msesxeb lis kreditunarianobasTan. bankisTvis sasurveli mogeba, romelic damokidebulia bankebs Soris konkurenciaze _ rac ufro mZafria sabanko konkurencia, miT ufro naklebia mogebis wili saprocento ganakveTis struqturaSi. saprocento ganakveTi kreditze SeiZleba iyos fiqsirebuli da mcuravi. fiqsirebuli saprocento ganakveTi warmoadgens sidides, romelic ar icvleba kredi tiT sargeblobis mTeli vadis ganmavlobaSi, anu msesxebelma winaswar zustad icis, Tu periodulad ramdeni unda gadaixados kreditis momsaxurebisTvis. misgan gansxvavebiT, cvladi saprocento ganakveTi mudmivi sidide ar aris da drodadro icvleba. igi ori komponentisgan Sedgeba: sabazo ganakveTisa da bankTaSorisi bazris cvalebadi indeqsisgan. am ukanasknelis yvelaze cnobili magaliTia LIBOR-i _ londonis bankTaSorisi bazris ganakveTi, romliTac am bazarze umsxvilesi bankebi erTmaneTs asesxeben fulad saxsrebs. magaliTad, cvladi saprocento ganakveTi SeiZleba ase gamoiyurebodes: LIBOR+3. msesxeblebi, rogorc wesi, ufrTxian cvlad saprocento ganakveTebs, radganac miiCneven, rom aRniSnuli indeqsi SesaZloa mkveTrad gaizardos. amitom, bankebi klientebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, xSirad aweseben cvladi saprocento ganakveTis zRvrul niSnuls, romelTa zemoTac kreditis fasi ar aiweva. cvladi saprocento ganakveTi SesaZloa fiqsirebulze sagrZnoblad naklebic aRmoCndes, rac, cxadia, msesxebels kreditis momsaxurebis tvirTs umsubuqebs.

ra aris banki?

saqarTveloSi cvladi saprocento ganakveTi ZiriTadad erovnuli valutiT sesxebis gacemis dros gamoiyeneba. es ganakveTi `mibmulia~ erovnuli bankis monetaruli politikis ganakveTze, romlis cvlilebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs erovnuli bankis monetaruli politikis komiteti qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikur procesebze da finansur bazrebze dakvirvebis Sedegad.

banki respublika, saTao ofisi, Tbilisi

samxedro saqme

brZola Sua saukuneebSi _ Tuki gamovaklebT Tofebs (muSketebs), igi didad ar gansxvavdeboda Zveli romis droindeli brZolis velisagan.

rogor Secvala samxedro teqnologiam omis xasiaTi aleqsandre rondeli saerTaSoriso politikis xasiaTs yvela epoqaSi gansazRvravs sxvadasxva piroba da garemoeba. erT-erTi maTgani arsebuli samxedro teqnologia da iaraRia. saerTaSoriso politikaSi, samwuxarod, Zala kvlavac yvelaze mniSvnelovani berketi da argumentia. prusiis mefem fridrix meore didma tyuilad ki ar Tqva, rom `diplomatia iaraRis gareSe iseTive iqneboda, rogorc musika _ instrumentebis gareSe~. iaraRi, misi xasiaTi da SesaZleblobebi yovelTvis mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebda samxedro strategiasa da taqtikas, mTlianad saerTaSoriso politikis xasiaTs. modi, warmovidginoT, erekle meores erTi tanki an, Tundac, tyviamfrqvevi mainc rom hqonoda, aRaÂ-mahmad-xani Tbilisis gogirdis abanomdec ver moaRwevda! an _ ra ubedurebas moutanda msoflios faSisturi germania, mas xelT ramdenime atomuri bombi rom hqonoda. unda iTqvas, rom uZvelesi periodidan iaraRisa da samxedro teqnologiis ganviTareba sakmaod neli, evoluciuri iyo. brZolaSi gamoyenebuli iaraRi da brZolis taqtika TiTqmis ar Secvlila saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. Zveli romidan moyolebuli lamis napoleonamde (XVIII saukunis miwuruli) jaris moqmedeba brZolis velze erTgvarovani iyo. teqnikuri progresi mxolod gviani Sua sauku26

rogor Secvala samxedro teqnologiam omis xasiaTi

neebidan daCqarda, XIX saukuneSi SesamCnevi winsvla ganicada, xolo XX saukuneSi samxedro teqnologiaSi, iaraRis Seqmnasa da gamoyenebaSi revoluciuri Zvrebi moaxdina. samxedro teqnika amJamadac Zalze swrafad viTardeba. Sesabamisad, Tu SevadarebT uwindelsa da dRevandel samxedro taqtikasa da strategias, isini rogorc ca da dedamiwa, ise gansxvavdeba. yoveli gamogoneba da siaxle samxedro teqnikis sferoSi, rogorc wesi, xanmokle upiratesobas aniWebs mis gamomgonebels. vinaidan omSi damarcxeba aravis Tvis aris sasurveli, nebismieri metoqe cdilobs mtris upiratesobis ganeitralebas, sakuTari axali iaraRis Seqmnas da mis gamoyenebas rogorc brZolaSi, ise muqarisTvis. am gauTavebeli `Sejibris~ Sedegi gamalebuli SeiaraReba da mzardi samxedro xarjebia, romlebic nebismieri qveynisTvis aris umZimesi tvirTi. uZvelesi droidan samxedro teqnologia da iaraRi did gavlenas axdenda omis taqtikasa da strategiaze. brinjaos iaraRiT aRWurvilma Zvelma egviptelebma rkinis iaraRiani mtrebisgan iwvnies damarcxeba. Zvelma berZnebma sparselebis winaaRmdeg warmatebiT gamoiyenes tans asxmuli abjari. SemdgomSi mZimed SeiaraRebuli da abjriT Semosili cxenosani gabatonda (magaliTad, Sua saukuneebis evropaSi). didi siaxle aRmoCnda Cinelebis mier XIV saukuneSi miRebuli denTi, romelmac jer primitiuli Tofebisa da zarbaznebis, xolo SemdgomSi, ukve XIX saukuneSi, xraxniani SaSxanebisa da zarbaznebis gamoyenebisas Zireulad Secvala brZolis xasiaTi (gaizarda cecxlis Zala, misi sizuste da moqmedebis radiusi). denTis gamoyenebam oms axali xasiaTi SesZina _ gaCnda artileria, asafeTqebeli masala, Tofi da tyvia. denTis gamoyenebam primitiuli zarbaznebis saSualebiT Txelkedliani simagreebisa da nagebobebis ngrevis piroba Seqmna. primitiuli Tofebi iyo mZime, Znelad dasateni da isroda axlos da arazustad. amitom meomrebi srolis dros mWidrod idgnen, rom cecxlis Zala da misi efeqti gaezardaT, magram erTad SequCebuli Tavad saukeTeso samiznes warmoadgendnen. TiTqmis 300 weli dasWirda SaSxanis (xraxniani, luliani Tofi) Seqmnas XVI saukunis arkebuzis safuZvelze. aseve nela ixveweboda zarbazani. napoleonis cnobili gamarjvebebi XVIII saukunis miwurulSi TiTqmis mTlianad eyrdnoboda arsebuli, tradiciuli iaraRis tipebis axlebur, novatorul gamoyenebas da ara sakuTriv axali jariskaci arkebuziT tipis SeiaraRebas. napoleonma warmatebiT gamoiyena (Tofis uZvelesi e.w. `kare~ (jaris oxkuTxa wyoba), romelic, rogorc nairsaxeoba) xelSi artileria, aqtiurad CarTo sabrZolo

samxedro saqme

XVIII saukunis graviura

moqmedebaSi. artileria ukve XVII-XVIII saukuneebidan uaRresad mniSvnelovani sabrZolo saSualeba iyo, xolo XIX saukunis miwurulidan artileria `omis RmerTad~ ganixileboda. asec iyo. artileriis gonivruli gamoyenebiT brZolisa da omis mogeba SeiZleboda. artileria angrevda simagreebs, gzas ukafavda Setevaze gadasulebs da piriqiT, musrs avlebda Setevaze gadmosul mowinaaRmdeges. adre cvlilebebi samxedro saqmeSi saukuneebiT izomeboda, XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan ki samxedro teqnologia ukve swrafad icvleba. am droidan moyolebuli arc erTi axali omi aRar imeorebs winandels _ imdenad didi gansxvavebebia samxedro teqnologiaSi. swored am droidan samxedro teqnologia sagrZnoblad cvlis SeiaraRebuli brZolis xasiaTs. ufro metic, samxedro teqnologia did daRs asvams saerTaSoriso politikis xasiaTsac. 1840-iani wlebidan cecxlis Zalam iwyo zrda. am dros gaizarda srolis siswrafe _ lulidan dasateni muSketebi Seicvala uknidan dasateni TofebiT da maSasadame, cecxlis Zala gaizarda ara jariskacTa ricxvis zrdis, aramed teq nologiis xarjze. Zalian didi gavlena moaxdina sabrZolo taqtikaze tyviamfrqvevis gamoCenam. pirveli tyviamfrqvevi gamoiyenes aSS-is samoqalaqo omSi, Tumca es iyo ramdenimeluliani sasroli mowyobiloba da ara Tanamedrove tyviamfrqvevis tipis iaraRi. pirveli `WeSmariti~ tyviamfrqvevi XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi amerikeli hairam maqsimis naxelavia. 1883 wlisaTvis tyviamfrqvevi wuTSi ukve 650 gasrolas akeTebda. erT wuTSi 2-4 gasrolasa da 650-s Soris didi sxvaobaa! Tu Tavidan tyviamfrqvevs ufro rogorc damatebiT, meorexarisxovan iaraRad miiCnevdnen, pirvel msoflio omSi is ukve masobrivad gamoiyenes. tyviamfrqve vebi musrs avlebdnen Setevaze gadmosul `rigebad~ dawyobil jariskacebs. amitomac meomrebma Rrma sangrebs Seafares Tavi da cdilobdnen, am saSineli iaraRis samizne ar gamxdariyvnen. swored tyviamfrqvevebis gamoyenebam daaCqara tankebis gamoCena. tanki ara mxolod tyviamfrqvevis cecxls uZlebda, aramed masSi Cadgmuli tyviamfrqvevebi Setevaze gadasul qveiTebs Zalian mniSvnelovan, damatebiT cecxlis Zalasac aniWebda.

SaSxana_ XIX saukunis miwuruli

M - 42 _ germanuli tyviamfrqvevi, aRiarebuli meore msoflio omis saukeTeso tyviamfrqvevad

rogor Secvala samxedro teqnologiam omis xasiaTi

pirveli msoflio omis (1914-1918) dros didi masStabiT pirvelad gamoiyenes qimiuri iaraRi _ momwamvleli gazebi. pirvelad es moxda mdinare iprTan brZolebSi da amitom gamoyenebul gazs `ipriti~ Searqves. amas mohyva airwinaRebis warmoeba da jarSi qimiuri omis specialistebic gamoCndnen. amave omis miwuruls (1918) brZolis dros gaziT moiwamla da dabrmavda (droebiT) faSisturi germaniis momavali lideri, efreitori adolf hitleric, romelsac mTeli Tve mouwia samxedro hospitalSi yofna janmrTelobisa da mxedvelobis aRsadgenad. qimiuri iaraRis gamoyeneba akrZalulia, magram zogierTi qveyana drodadro arRvevs am akrZalvas. amgvari ram moxda iran-erayis omis (1980-1989) dros, rodesac erayis diqtatorma sadam huseinma momwamvleli gazebi gamoiyena iranis armiisa da sakuTari qurTuli mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg. raRa Tqma unda, Zalian didi movlena iyo pirvel msoflio omSi wyalqveSa navebis masobrivi gamoyeneba. am mxriv Zalze aqtiurobdnen germanelebi, romlebic wyalqveSa navebis saSualebiT cdilobdnen ara mxolod sakuTari qveynis sazRÂ vao blokadis garRvevas, aramed Tavad didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis sazRvao blokadaSi moqcevas _ germanelma mezRvaurebma didi ostatoba gamoiCines, magram am amocanis gadawyveta ver SeZles. TviTmfrinavebis gamoyenebam pirveli msoflio omis dros saTave daudo sahaero Zalis masobriv gamoyenebas da samxedro aviaciis gadamwyvet rols TanamedÂ rove omSi. swored pirveli msoflio omis dros gamoikveTa samxedro aviaciis ramdenime `profili~ _ sahaero brZola, dabombva da dazverva. SemdgomSi amas satransporto aviacia da sahaero desantis gamoyeneba daemata. meore msoflio omis win dainerga tanksawinaaRmdego artileria, romelic gamiznuli iyo brZolis velze ukve gabatonebuli tankebis uvnebelsayofad. qvemexebTan erTad gamoiyeneboda haubicebi, romlebic daxuruli poziciebidan yumbarebs uSenda mters. dReisaTvis qvemexic da haubicac aqtiurad gamoiyeneba. gaizarda maTi kalibri, srolis sixSire, sizuste da Wurvis Zala. meore msoflio omis (1939-1945) dros Tavi gamoiCina germanulma 88 mm-is kalibris sazenito qvemexma, romelic aseve efeqturad gamoiyeneboda tankebis winaaRmdegac. es qvemexi omis Semdeg didxans SemorCa ramdenime qveynis SeiaraRebaSi.

pirveli msoflio omis dros gazrdili cecxlis Zalis (gansakuTebiT tyviamfrqvevebisa da artileriis) gamo masobrivad daiwyes sangrebis gamoyeneba.

samxedro saqme meore msoflio omis dros pirvelad gamoCnda reaqtiuli artileria. pirveli mercxali iyo sabWoTa `katiuSa~, romlis gamoyenebamac dasabami misca am axali tipis iaraRis farTod danergvas. zogierT qveyanaSi (magaliTad, iranSi) am tipis iaraRs dResac `katiuSas~ uwodeben. jer kidev pirveli msoflio omidan moyolebuli, farTod gamoiyeneba naRmmtyorcnebi, romlebic qveiTi jaris Zalze efeqtur iaraRs warmoadgens. qveiTis iaraRisa da artileriis evoluciam Secvala brZolis xasiaTi _ qveiTebis cecxlis Zala Zalian gaizarda (avtomatebi, tyviamfrqvevebi, naRmmtyorcnebi, yumbarmtyorcnebi) da sul ramdenime qveiTs SeuZlia sakmaod didi teritoriis dacva. amave dros aRar xdeba maTi erTad Sejgufeba da Tavadac naklebad xdebian mZlavri iaraRis samizne. swrafad ganviTarda tankebis warmoeba. tankebis gamoyenebam didi gavlena moaxdina samxedro sferoze, Secvala brZolis xasiaTi da taqtika. didi satanko SenaerTebi Setevis mZlavri da ZiriTadi saSualeba gaxda. tankebis farTo gamoyenebas tanksawinaaRmdego saSualebebis ganviTareba mohyva. ZiriTadad es iyo tanksawinaaRmdego artileria, romlis kalibri meore msoflio omis ganmavlobaSi 20-dan 88 mm-mde gaizarda. gaCnda tanksawinaaRmdego yumbar mtyorcnebi, romelTa Soris pirveli iyo germanuli `faustpatroni~. izrdeboda tankebis sabWoTa tanki T-34, romelmac javSnis sisqe, magram aseve icvleboda tankrevolucia moaxdina sabrZolo tankebis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi sawinaaRmdego iaraRi da misi Wurvebi. Tanamed mTel msoflioSi. rove tanksawinaaRmdego Wurvebi nebismieri sisqis javSans xvreten. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove tankebi aRWurvilia eleqtronuli da sxva saxis aucilebeli TavdacviTi mowyobilobiT, isini brZolis velze 10-20 wuTze mets ver `cocxloben~. tankebis metad saSiSi mteria moieriSe TviTmfrinavi da vertmfreni. aRsaniS navia, rom meore msoflio omis droindelma sabWoTa tankma T-34-ma didi gavlena iqonia tankebis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. uzarmazari cvlilebebi ganicada sabrZolo aviaciam. pirveli msoflio omis erTtyvia reaqtiuli naRmmtyorcni `katiuSa~ _ am iaraRis gamoyeneba Zalze efeqturi mfrqveviani, propeleriani biplanebis, romelTa aRmoCnda da germanelebma mas siCqare saaTSi 120-180km iyo, Tanamedrove zebge `stalinis organi~ (Stalinorgel) Searqves. riT reaqtiul gamanadgureblebTan Sedarebac ki ar SeiZleba. meore msoflio omma cxadyo, rom haerSi gabatonebis gareSe oms ver moigeb. am omma daaCqara samxedro aviaci is ganviTareba. aTiaTasobiT sxvadasxva tipis TviTmfrinavi iqna gamoyenebuli yvela frontze. kidev ufro gamoikveTa samxedro TviTmfrinavebis sxvadasxva daniSnuleba: gamanadgureblebi, moieriSe, bombdamSenebi, satransporto, mzvera vebi da sxva. saukeTeso gamanadgureblebis _ iaponuri `micubiSi Zeros~, germanuli

rogor Secvala samxedro teqnologiam omis xasiaTi

`meserSmit 109~-is, britanuli `spitfairis~, sabWoTa `iak-3~-isa da `la-5~-is, amerikul P-47 `Tanderboltis~ da P-51 `mustangis~ siCqare saaTSi 600km-s aRemateboda. omis miwuruls, 1944 wels, germanelebma daiwyes srulebiT axali tipis _ reaqtiuli ZraviT aRWurvili gamanadgureblis _ `meserSmit 262~-is warmoeba, romlis siswrafe saaTSi 900 km-s aRwevda. `meserSmit-262~ namdvili revolucia iyo sabrZolo aviaciaSi. am SesaÂ niSnavi TviTmfrinavis istoria imis kargi magaliTia, Tu ra cudi Sedegebi moaqvs axali aRmoCenisa Tu siaxlis mniSvnelobis germanuli reaqtiuli gamanadgurebeli `meserSmit-262~ _ pirveli reaqtiuli saTanadod arSefasebas. 262-e ukve 1942 gamanadgurebeli, romelmac faqtobrivad wlisaTvis SeiZleboda yofiliyo mzad warrevolucia moaxdina saaviacio teqnikaSi moebisTvis, magram hitlerma gadawyvita, da caSi gamoCnda meore msoflio rom es TviTmfrinavi, iseve, rogorc zogierTi omis miwuruls. sxva saxis iaraRi, uaxloes periodSi ar iqneboda saWiro da maTze muSaoba SeaCerebina. mxolod 1943 wels gadaifiqra, magram sanam 262-e daxvewes da misi seriuli warmoeba daiwyes, omi ukve dasasruls uaxlovdeboda. 262-e mxolod 900 cali damzadda, Tumca haerSi gabatonebis miuxedavad, sahaero omSi gardatexis Setana man ver SeZlo da ukve dasustebul da ganwirul germanias veRar uSvela. bombdamSenebma udidesi roli Seasrules meore msoflio omSi. britanuli da amerikuli bombdamSenebi dRe da Rame aTasobiT tona bombs agdebdnen faSisturi germaniis da misi mokavSireebis Tavze. britanuli `lankasterebi~ da `libereitorebi~ da amerikuli boing-17 `mfrinavi cixe-simagre~ da boing-29 `super cixe-simagre~ namdvil risxvad moevlinen mters. 1945 wels, agvistos dasawyisSi, swored `boing-29~-dan Camoagdes ori atomuri bombi iaponiis qalaqebze _ hirosimasa da nagasakze.

meore msoflio omis droindeli 88 mm-is kalibris germanuli sazenito qvemexi, romelic Zalze efeqturad gamoiyeneboda tankebis winaaRmdegac. es qvemexi Zalze popularuli gaxda da meore msoflio omis Semdeg gamoiyeneboda ramdenime qveynis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi.

samxedro saqme Tanamedrove sabrZolo TviTmfrinavebis Seqmna ara mxolod Zalian maRali donis teqnologias moiTxovs, aramed Zalian Zviric Rirs (zogierTi aviagamanadgureb lis fasi 100 mln dolars aRemateba). aviaciam Secvala omis xasiaTi. Tu adre zogierTi qveyana miuwvdomeli iyo, aviaciam is mowyvladi gaxada. mZime bombdamSenebi zebgeriTi siCqariT msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi aRwe ven atomuri da wyalbadis bombebiT. meore msoflio omis Semdeg gansakuTrebuli mniSvne- loba mieniWa sabrZolo vertmfrenebis ganviTarebas. isini gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT da maT gare Se Zneli warmosadgenia Tanamedrove armia. ra Tqma unda, saraketo teqnikis ganviTarebam omis xasiaTsa da samxedro strategiaSi Zireuli cvlilebebi Seitana. rodesac Sens xelT aris 13 aTasi kilometris radiusis mqone atomuri an wyalbadis qobiniT aRWurvili kontinentSorisi balistikuri raketa, romelic samiznes 30-200 metramde sizustiT xvdeba, aq ukve zedmetia saubari manZilsa da raime dacvaze. kontinentgermanuli V2 — pirveli Sorisi raketebi, romlebsac isvrian rogorc xmeleTisabrZolo balistikuri raketa dan, ise okeanis siRrmeSi myofi wyalqveSa navebidan, iseTi swrafia, rom ramdenime wuTSi aRweven mizans. maTgan Tavis dacva praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, Tumca antisaraketo iaraRis gamogonebasa da ganviTarebaze didZali Tanxa ixarjeba. birTvuli qobinebiT aRWurvili balistikuri raketebi imdenad seriozuli iaraRia, rom igi mtris Sekavebis funqcias asrulebs. eqspertebs miaCniaT, rom swored birTvuli iaraRi da misi gamoyenebisTvis gankuTvnili balistikuri raketebi iyo mTavari mizezi imisa, rom Tavs ar dagvtexia axali, mesame msoflio omi. aRsaniSnavia, rom pirveli sabrZolo balistikuri raketa `fau-2~ (V2) germanelebma Seqmnes meore msoflio omis dros. misi konstruqtorebi iyvnen fon brauni da valter dornbergeri, romlebic amerikelebma omis Semdeg TavianT samsaxurSi Caiyenes. pirveli amerikuli balistikuri raketa `redstouni~ iseve, rogorc misi pirveli sabWoTa analogi, germanuli `fau-2~-is gaumjobesebuli versia iyo.

saSualo radiusis sabWoTa balistikuri raketa, saukeTeso Tavis klasSi, msoflioSi cnobilia SS-20-is saxeliT. misi konstruqtori iyo qarTveli _ aleqsandre nadiraZe.

rogor Secvala samxedro teqnologiam omis xasiaTi

Zalian didi evolucia ganicada samxedro flotmac. jer gaCnda orTqlis gemebi, Semdeg isini javSniT Semoses. gemebis SeiaraRebac gaumjobesda. gaCnda wyalqveSa navebi. zemoT aRiniSna, rom pirvel msoflio omSi amgvari navebi sakmaod efeqturad gamoiyena germaniam. aviaciis gamoyenebis aucileblobam dRis wesrigSi daayena aviamzidebis Seqmna. swo red iaponuri aviamzidebidan afrenilma asobiT TviTmfrinavma miitana ieriSi aSSis havais kunZulebze mdebare perl-harboris samxedro-sazRvao bazaze 1941 wlis 6 dekembers, riTac daiwyo sabrZolo moqme deba wynari okeanis auzSi. SemdgomSi aSS-m gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia aviamzi debis gamoyenebas da dRemde aSS-is batono ba msoflio okeaneze metwilad didi avia mzidebis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeba. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom samomavlod samxedro miznebisTvis raketebisa da kosmosis gamoye neba aviamzidebis mniSvnelobas daakninebs. Tanamedrove mZlavr iaraRs warmoadgens atomuri wyalqveSa navebi, romlebic aRWurvilia birTvuli raketebiT da romlebsac sam Tvemde SeuZliaT wyalqveS, avtonomiur reJimSi darCena. balistikurma raketebma, aviamzidebma da atomurma wyalqveSa navebma yvela qveyana gaxada mowyvladi: msoflio okeane Tanamedrove omis mniSvnelovan aspa rezad iqca.

raodenobrivad yvelaze meti awarmoes meore msoflio omis dros saxelganTqmuli amerikuli aviagamanadgurebeli p-47 — `Tanderbolti~, misi konstruqtori iyo warmoSobiT qarTveli _ aleqsandre qarTveli (qarTveliSvili).

aSS-is Tanamedrove aviamzidi `hari trumeni~

Tanamedrove amerikuli atomuri wyalqveSa navi

samxedro saqme

amerikuli sabrZolo vertmfreni AH1 – `kobra~

birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba akrZalulia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT, magram zogierTi qveyana malulad cdilobs amgvari iaraRis Seqmnas da es sakuTari usafrTxoebis garantiad aqvs miCneuli. iaraRsa da samxedro teqnologiaze didZali fuli da resursi ixarjeba. yvelas unda iyos Zlieri an gamoiyurebodes Zlierad. qmnian axal iaraRs, romelic qveynebis ara mxolod samxedro SesaZleblobebs zrdis, aramed maT sagareo politikasa da strategiul miznebzec did gavlenas axdens. amas xels uwyobs uwyvetad mimdinare teqnikuri progresic. Tavis droze motorizaciam udidesi gavlena moaxdina samxedro saqmeze. Sida wvis Zravam mobiluri gaxada SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. tanki, avtomobili, TviTmfrinavi, Tanamedrove gemi _ motorizaciis Sedegia. cnobilma espanelma filosofosma salvador de madari agam stalinis sabWoTa kavSiri Cingiz yaenis imperias Seadara da dawera, rom `motorizebuli Cingiz yaeni emuqreba evropas~. jari mobiluri gaxda, aman ki didi daRi daasva brZolis xasiaTs, taqtikasa da strategias. gaizarda sawvavis mniSvneloba. upirveles amocanad iqca jarisa da flotis sawvaviT uzrunvelyofa. unda iTqvas komunikaciis saSualebebis ganviTarebis Sesaxebac. radio ukve pirvel msoflio omSi gamoiyeneboda, magram SemdgomSi radio da komunikaciis eleqtronulma saSualebebma didi gavlena hpoves samxedro saqmeSi. dRes samxed ro komunikaciebSi farTod gamoiyeneba kosmosuri Tanamgzavrebi _ isini brZolis velze ara mxolod aseulis wevrebs Soris kavSirisaTvis gamodgeba, aramed dazvervis sferoSi Zalian mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.

rogor Secvala samxedro teqnologiam omis xasiaTi

aris ramdenime mimarTuleba samxedro sferoSi, romelTa progresi uTuod did gavlenas moaxdens saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze da msoflioSi ZalTa gadanawilebaze. aseTebia lazeruli iaraRi, sabrZolo robotebis gamoyeneba da kosmosSi omis gadatana, iq sabrZolo platformebis (birTvuli da lazeruli iaraRiT aRWurvili!) Seqmna, romlebidanac safrTxe Seeqmneba dedamiwis nebismier wertils. da Tu Zala da omi kvlavac politikis misaReb instrumentebad darCeba, samxedro teqnologiisa da iaraRis ganviTarebas veraferi SeaCerebs… p.s. dReisaTvis udidesi yuradReba eqceva oms kibersivrceSi. es omis axali saxeobaa. bevri eqsperti fiqrobs, rom sul male mowinaaRmdegis ganeitraleba `kiberiaraRis~ saSualebiT moxdeba. dRes Znelic ki aris imis warmodgena, ra xasi aTisa da masStabis SeiZleba iyos `kiberiaraRiT~ miyenebuli ziani. kiberiaraRis ganviTarebaSi lideroben aSS, CineTi da ruseTi. kiberomi ukve hqonda ruseTs estoneTisa da saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. amitomac aris aucilebeli, rom yvela qveyana did yuradRebas aqcevdes sakuTari kadrebis aRzrdas informaciuli da kiberusafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad.

amerikeli qveiTebi avRaneTSi, 2010

profesia

areul-dareuli saubari diplomatiaze Tedo jafariZe Sesavlis magivrad damoukidebel qarTul politikas (Sidasac da garesac) qarTvelebma gemo (tkbilic da mwarec) met-naklebad gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan gavugeTâ&#x20AC;Ś ise moxda, rom am periodidan mec CarTuli var namdvil qarTul politikaSi, Tanac ise, rom zogjer Tavadac ver varkvev sad mivdev Cems profesias (diplomatias) da sad klasikur politikaSi miwevs nerviuloba. faqti erTia: 80-iani wlebis bolodan dRemde qarTuli istoriis Cinurad (Cinelebs kacisaTvis augi rom undaT, `saintereso droSi~ cxovrebas usurveben) saintereso monakveTia da mec, bevri Cemi kolegis msgavsad (saerTod, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis msgavsad), mudmiv zigzagebSi, ryevebSi, winsvlebsa da ukan daxevebSi, warmatebebsa da marcxebSi miwevs cxovrebac, yofac da aqtiurobac. axlac ar var darwmunebuli, Secdomebze vswavlobT Tu ver vaxerxebT swavlas. me mgoni, mxolod imas vswavlobT, rom unda viswavloT, rom Secdomebze veranairad ver vswavlobT. bolo 24 welia (dResac asea) guSindelis, dRevandelis da xvalindelis tipuri, tradiciuli, qarTuli wre-kombinaciiT vwrialebT da Tavidan vigonebT velosipeds. xan mivdevT da xan ki win vuswrebT sakuTar ocnebas, rom vinme _ an evropeli, an amerikeli, an natoeli, an kidev evrokavSireli, an, sulac, rusi _ gaakeTebs Cvens saqmes. 36

areul-dareuli saubari diplomatiaze

egeb moveSvaT mudmiv `gamomgoneblobas~ da mivxvdeT, rom 21-e saukunis msoflio wesrigSi qarTuli saxelmwifos da saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis amocana â&#x20AC;&#x17E;martiviaâ&#x20AC;&#x153; _ Tuki gvinda, rom momavali gvqondes, Tuki gvinda, rom funqcia gvqondes, Tuki gvinda, rom am gadajaWvul msoflioSi saWironi viyoT, unda viaroT demokratiuli sazogadoebisaken, sadac batonobs kanoni da ara lideri da uniWieresi da `arnaxulad kargi~ ...

ramdenime sityva diplomatiur teqnologiebze wlebis win sadRac (Tu ar vcdebi, diplomatiis romeliRac saxelmZRvaneloSi) wavikiTxe, rom pirveli diplomatebi angelozebi iyvnen da agvarebdnen urTierTobebs casa da dedamiwas Soris. ra Tqma unda, sadavo ganacxadia. diplomatebi angelozebi naklebad arian, magram aris miTi da stereotipi profesiul diplomatiaze, rasac aranairi, vimeoreb, aranairi kavSiri arc aqvs da arc arasdros hqonia romelime epoqis namdvil diplomatiasTan. magaliTad, miTi _ rom diplomatebi xSirad cruoben, Tbili sityvebis, Tavazianobis da Rimilis koriantelSi faraven malul zraxvebs. namdvili diplomatiis erTaderTi iaraRi yvela drosa da epoqaSi (xmlebisac da raketebisac) mudam simarTle iyo, gulwrfeloba iyo, simarTle da gautexeli sityva iyo. ubralod, profesiuli diplomatia argumentis Zalas eyrdnoba da ara Zalis arguments. profesiuli diplomatia sakuTari qveynis interesis gatanas sxvisi qveynis interesis Selaxvis xarjze ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed misi gaTvaliswinebis xarjze. ori an ramdenime interesis Sua oqros Sualedisaken swrafvas gulisxmobs. rodesac taleirani wagebul safrangeTs teritoriebs ara mxolod ubrunebda, aramed umatebda kidec, sicruis xarjze ki ar axerxebda amas! man es SeZlo daxvewili inteleqtis, profesiuli niWis, mondomebis, gulwrfelobisa da Seuvali argumentebis xarjze... sakuTari qveynis usazRvro siyvarulisa da pativiscemis xarjze...

Sarl moris de taleiran-perigori (1754-1838) _ frangi politikosi da diplomati, romelsac safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris Tanamdeboba ekava sxvadasxva xelisuflebis dros. safrangeTis pirveli respublikis umaRlesi organos _ direqtoriis _ sagareo saqmeTa ministrad yofnis Semdgom (17951799) man es posti napoleon bonapartis konsulobis (1799-1804) da imperatorobis drosac SeinarCuna (1804-1815). napoleonis damxobis Semdgom taleiranma aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo burbonTa restavraciaSi, xolo venis kongresze, romelic miznad isaxavda napoleonis omebis Sedegad warmoqmnili problemebis mogvarebas da napoleonze gamarjvebuli qveynebis miRweuli Sedegebis xelSekrulebebSi asaxvas, safrangeTis delegacias xelmZRvanelobda. taleiranma wamoayena e.w. legitimizmis (kanonierebis) principi evropaSi, rac gulisxmobda, rom evropa 1792 wlamde arsebul sazRvrebs unda dabruneboda, riTac safrangeTis interesebi daicva. misi moxerxebulobis gamo sityva taleirani gaxda medroveobisa da uprincipobis sinonimi. taleirani agreTve cnobilia safrangeTis amerikuli koloniis _ luizianis _ aSS-sTvis momgebianad miyidviT 1803 wels.

profesia

ager miTi meore: arc erTi notariusis magidaze qaRaldebis iseT raodenobas ver naxavT, rogorc diplomatis samuSao adgilas. notebi _ mkacri, notebi _ rbili, „samaxsovroebi“ _ uamravi, saubris Canaweri _ ase, saubris Canaweri _ ise, sasaubro _ mokle, sasaubro _ vrceli, „non feiferi“ _ amas, „non feiferi“ _ imas, werili _ amas, werili _ imas, demarSi _ aqeT, demarSi _ iqiT... informacia _ centrs, informacia _ maspinZel qveyanas... memorandumi _ amasTan, memorandumi _ imasTan. warmoidgineT, rom diplomatia qaRaldia baraTSi, baraTia qaRaldSi, baraTi da qaRaldia konvertSi... konverti, baraTi da qaRaldia erTad da calk-calke, magram namdvili, 99-procentiani sinjis diplomatia aris saqmianoba qaRaldis miRma. amas TavisTavad am profesiis arsi gulisxmobs. ra Tqma unda, qaRaldebi saWiroa, aucilebelia. maT gareSe araferi xdeba, magram bolo damagvirgvinebel svlas, „gamarjvebis Setevas“ diplomatiaSi aranairi saqme ar aqvs qaRaldTan... erovnuli interesi, saxelmwifos interesi profesiul diplomatiaSic iseTive mTavaria, rogorc profesiul politikaSi. magram diplomatsa da politikoss Soris mniSvnelovani sxvaobaa _ politikosebs aqvT wasvlis da mob runebis uflebac da komfortic, diplomatebs _ klemens vencel loTar meternixi ara. namdvil diplomatiaSi ar arsebobs (yovel (1773-1859) _ avstrieli saxelmwifo SemTxvevaSi, ar unda arsebobdes) arCevani. uwy moRvawe da diplomati, 1809-1821 ww. vetoba am profesiaSi aucilebeli „duRilia“, avstriis sagareo saqmeTa ministri da faqtobrivad mTavrobis meTauri, vinaidan civilizebul qveynebSi diplomatebs 1821 wlidan 1848 wlis revoluiseve aZveleben, rogorc uZvirfases koniaks... ciamde _ avstriis kancleri. iyo mcdaria Tvalsazrisi, rom sagareo politikas venis kongresis aqtiuri monawile, diplomatebi gansazRvraven. sagareo politikas cnobilia Tavisi diplomatiuri ostatobiT. da strategias saxelmwifo ayalibebs da diplomatiis amocana ki dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad swori taqtikis Camoyalibebaa, miRwevis umoklesi gzebisa da saSualebebis Zieba da daxvewaa.

areul-dareuli saubari diplomatiaze

diplomatis „Cais finjani“ aqcentebis Seqmna da monacvleobaa, vin aris saWiro miznis misaRwevad, visTan aris saWiro kontaqti, vin da ra aris mniSvnelovani drosa da sivrceSi miznis misaRwevad. diplomati gansazRvravs „saWiro xalxs“, „saWiro dros“ da „saWiro adgils“. msoflio TiTqos skolis ezoa, sadac unda vicodeT vin vin aris, vin Zlieria da vin _ susti... gamocdileba asaks rom avtomaturad mohqondes, raRa uWirda maSin kacobriobas! asaki mxolod gvexmareba gamocdilebis SeZenaSi. yvelgan mniSvnelovania gamocdileba da igi umniSvnelovanesia diplomatiaSic. sabolood, gamocdileba aris swavla Secdomebze. bismarki, romelsac diplomatiaSi gauTviTcnobierebas ver davwamebT, ambobda, rom idioti swavlobs sakuTar Secdomebze, Wkviani ki _ sxvisaze. vinaidan Cveni umravlesoba WkvianTa ligidan ar aris (samwuxarod), Wkuis iSviaTi gamonaTebis pirobebSic ki sakuTari warumatebloba gvaswavlis xolme. yvelaze naklebad ki Cvensave warmatebas vaanalizebT...

geopolitikuri TamaSi „saqarTvelo~ saqarTvelos politikuri bediswera mis geografiaSia _ Tavisi mdebareobisa da ZlierTa ama qveynisa geopolitikuri interesebis mier strategiul jvarze gakruli. CvenTvis kiTxva marto `vin varT?~ ar aris! CvenTvis istoriuli kiTxvaa sad varT, ra garemocvaSi? nel-nela „iRleba“ msoflio politikuri romantizmiT da Tavwamoyofili realpolitika moiTxovs, rom saqarTvelom mixedos sakuTar Tavs! Tanac droze, vidre mokavSireebi daexmarebian. instituciuri demokratia? _ sasicocxlod gvWirdeba! kanoniereba? _ aranakleb! namdvili sabazro ekonomika? _ haeriviT! stabiluri, prognozirebadi da ndobaze damyarebuli urTierTobebi Cvens mezoblebTan? _ wyaliviT! sakuTari strategiuli interesebis da miznebis uzrunvelyofa? _ ise, rogorc arasdros! gana usafrTxoeba mxolod omis Tavidan acilebaa? usafrTxoebis umaRlesi registri is xelovnebaa, rom gaxde mimzidveli, Seqmna investiciebisaTvis xelsayreli garemo, qveyanaSi SeinarCuno niWi da politikur-ekonomikuri gemovneba. usafrTxoeba mxolod bednierebis uflebis realizebis safuZvelia. piradad CemTvis realpolitika isaa, rom Tavi davaneboT iluziebs, ritorikas da emociebs da sakuTar Tavs mivxedoT. aba, rogor ar wamomcdes, rom qarTul politikur klass da elitas ara aqvs xedva, sad unda viyoT xuTi an oci wlis Semdeg?! konfucianizmis eqstazSi namdvilad ar var, magram evropelebis da amerikelebis azriT, Cven davrCebiT im araformaluri indeqsis mqone adgilebs Soris, sadac „bevri rame SeiZleba ganviTardes seriozulad mcdarad“...

profesia „mcdari“ am SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs mxolod ruseTTan konfrontaciis SiSs an dangrevis riskis mqone politikuri sistemis SiSs, romelic ver axorcielebs warmomadgenlobas da Sesabamisad ver akavebs socialur da politikur dayofas sistemuri konfrontaciis farglebSi. imisaTvis, rom davarwmunoT msoflio, Cven unda gvqondes funqcionirebadi demokratiuli sistema, institucionalizebuli demokratia, kanoniereba, marTlmsajulebis sistema da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. Cven unda gadavlaxoT iseTi qveynis imiji, romelsac aqvs susti institutebi da uCveulod „Zlieri sistema“. sadac erTi pirovneba an misi wre axorcielebs xelisuflebas, magram dakargulia marTlwesrigi. sistema, sadac saSineli sabWoTa „nomenklatura“ Seicvala aranakleb maxinji „demokraturiT“. Cven gvWirdeba Tavmoyvare xelisuflebis normatiuli safuZvlebi da ara samarTlebrivi fasadi. Tu Cven gvinda globalur doneze gvicnobdnen, fiqri unda daviwyoT, gavxdeT cnobadi da misaRebi regionul doneze. saqarTvelo unda iyos namdvili mokavSire da partniori, pirvel yovlisa _ prognozirebadi, saimedo, sando. nato da evrokavSiri es fonetika dReSi minimum asjer (albaT, aTasjer) esmis saqarTvelos moqalaqes. esmis televizoridan, darbazidan, xelisuflebis derefnebidan, parlamentidan, eqspertebisgan (es eqspertebi unikaluri movlenaa, magram amaze sxva dros vilaparakoT), uTodan, macivridan, saZineblidan, samzareulodan... ise ar vqnaT, rom xSiri gameorebiT am sityvebs mniSvneloba davukargoT da mxolod fonetika da carieli sityvis CenCo (rogorc mixeil javaxiSvili ityoda) SegvrCes. natoc da evrokavSiric grZelvadiani proeqtia da is SeZaxilebis da ocnebebis sakuTari mosaxleobisaTvis misaRebas ki ara, dros, gaazrebas da bevr muSaobas moiTxovs. dRevandel msoflio wesrigSi da realobaSi saqarTvelos ara aqvs alternativa _ unda viyoT Cveni evropuli da evroatlantikuri integraciis erTguli. es ki ar niSnavs mxolod gawevrianebas natosa da evrokavSirSi... es imgvari politikuri procesia, romelic ganxorcielebis gzaze benjamin franklini (1706-1790) _ iZleva Sedegs. aSS-is erT-erTi damfuZnebelTa gani, natoSi gawevrianeba gaaZlierebs Cvens usafrTpolitikuri figura da saxelmwifo xoebas. magram es ar aris okupaciis marwuximoRvawe. damsaxurebis gamo franklins eris mamas uwodeben. man xeli moawe dan „Tavis daRwevis strategia“. es dRevandel ra sam umniSvnelovanes istoriul geopolitikur labirinTSi moqceuli patara dokuments _ aSS-is damoukideblo qveynisaTvis politikuri kaTarzisis procebis deklaracias, aSS-is konstitu- sia. SeiZleba es procesi ufro pozitiuric da cias da 1783 wlis versalis samSvidobo xelSekrurulebas da am gziT kargis momtanic ki iyos, vidre Tavad natos safuZveli Cauyara amerikis SeerTewevroba. didi gzaa gasavleli da bevri ramea bul Statebs. gasakeTebeli. rogor gavakeTebT evropiza-

areul-dareuli saubari diplomatiaze

ciisken Cveni swarafvis regionalizacias? jerac Zalian Sors varT evropisagan. axlomaxlo albaT TurqeTs aqvs politikuri da ekonomikuri SesaZlebloba, rom iTamaSos mastabilizirebeli roli (rogorc SvedeTma baltiis regionSi). ankaram ikisra xidis funqcia sagareo-politikuri veqtorebis gadakveTaze. sayuradReboa, rom natos wevrma da evrokavSirTan asocirebis molaparakebebis monawilem, man ganaviTara mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri kavSirebi ruseTTan. am sqemaSive Tavsdeba energetikuli TanamSromloba baqos, Tbilissa da ankaras Soris. am konteqstSi nebismier SemTxvevaSi upriani mgonia gadavdgaT patara nabijebi xelSesaxebi sargebliT. aRmosavleT partnioroba axalisebs saqarTvelos msgavs qveynebs principiT „meti metisTvis“, ruseTi pasuxobs principiT „meti an naklebi“. regionis qveynebis umravlesobam kargad icis, rom evrokav Siris proeqtis mxardaWera niSnavs bazrebis gaxsnas saqonlisa da momsaxurebisaTvis, maregulirebel normebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT daexmaron kargi mmarTvelobis danergvaSi, forums evrokav Siris standartis politikis ganviTarebisa da institutebis aRmSeneblobisaTvis. swored es aris „politikuri marSruti“ saqarTvelosaTvis vilniusis samitis Semdeg. es aris evrokavSiri da ara _ evraziis kavSiri. saqarTvelom gaakeTa „meti metisTvis“ arCevani ara ruseTis an sxva gzebis sawinaaRmdegod _ aramc da aramc. gulubryviloebi ki varT, magram arc iseTi, rom ar gvesmodes _ am etapze evrokavSiri zRvaze lamazi horizontia. magram Tavad am procesSi CarTvas azri aqvs perspeqtivisaTvis, samomavlo konkurentunarianobisaTvis, SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisaTvis, potenciis realizebisaTvis, ins titutebis ganmtkicebisaTvis.

triugve li (1896-1968) _ norvegieli politikosi, romelsac norvegiis sagareo saqmeTa ministris Tanamdeboba ekava norvegiisTvis mZime 1940-1945 wlebSi _ rodesac norvegiis mTavroba gadasaxlebaSi, londonSi, moRvaweobda. 1946 wels triugve li gaxda gaeros pirveli generaluri mdivani.

dag hamarSeldi (1905-1961) _ Svedi diplomati 1953 wlidan 1961 wlamde, aviakatastrofaSi daRupvamde, iyo gaeros rigiT meore, Zalian aqtiuri, generaluri mdivani _ gaeros pirveli samSvidobo misiis (egvipteSi) iniciatori da organizatori.

profesia rogor moveqceT ruseTs? 2012 wlis oqtombris arCevnebis Semdeg evropasa da vaSingtonSi daeWvdnen, xom ar Seudga Tbilisi prorusul kurss? saidan wamovida es eWvi? vin gaaRviva an ratom? albaT viRacas daaviwyda, rom moskovTan gadatvirTvis politikis ideis avtori Tbilisi ar yofila. idea modioda im qveynebidan da organizaciebidan, romlebsac saqarTvelo yvelaze metad endoba _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebidan da evrokavSiridan. Cveni okupirebuli teritoriebi aRiarebulia moskovis mier yvelanairi saerTaSoriso eTikis, zneobis, logikis, wesis fexqveS gaTelviT da am realobas aravin Seegueba, vidre normalur msoflioSi TamaSis is wesebia, rac civilizebul azrovnebas velurisagan asxvavebs. Crdiloel mezobelTan „urTierTobebSi“ Cven ukve mivaRwieT „uaresis fskers“ da fizikis kanonebiT axla SegviZlia viyuroT zeviT. auCqareblad gadavwyvitoT, rogor mivaRwioT am brZolaSi normaluris SesaZleblis maqsimums, miuxedavad Sansebis simcirisa da gantolebis siZnelisa. bibliaSi naTqvamia: rodesac igmaneba yvela kari, iReba is erTi da mTavari... ixsneba gza… gaavebul moskovsac aqvs resursebis limiti. misTvis iracionaluroba uperspeqtivo konf liqtebia, usaSvelo bneli xvrelebia, sadac qreba finansebi, ileva Sida da gare politikuri resursi. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, irgvliv mainc 21-e saukunea da saboloo jamSi marcxi elis yvelafer normalurTan gauTavebel da iracionalur brZolas... paradoqsia, magram ruseTi cdilobs gaTelos is saerTaSoriso konteqs ti, sadac kavkasiaa da paralelurad gaugonari iracionalizmiT ara Tu marTavs, aramed mTlianad kargavs regions. dRes qarTuli saxhenri kisinjeri (dab. 1923) _ amerikeelmwifoebriobis xelaxali TviTdamkvidrebis li saxelmwifo moRvawe da diplomati. 1973-1977 wlebSi iyo aSS-is umniSvnelovanesi etapia da mTavaria nebismsaxelmwifo mdivani prezidentebis ieri (didi Tu mcire) Secdomisagan Tavis maqsiriCard niqsonisa da jerald fordis maluri arideba. strategia da veqtori ukve administraciebSi. kisinjers didi gansazRvrulia. axla qarTuli diplomatiis roli miuZRvis 1969-1977 wlebSi aSS-is sagareo politikis CamoyamTavari taqtikuri amocanaa imis gaTvaliswinelibebaSi, kerZod ki, monawileobda ba, romruseTis federacia (iseve, rogorc adre sabWoTa kavSirTan e.w. daTbobis sabWoTa kavSiri) dasavleTs „instiqturad“ miiCpolitikis inicirebaSi, CineTTan nevs mudmiv geopolitikur mowinaaRmdeged. amdediplomatiuri urTierTobebis aRdgenaSi, aseve vietnamis omidan amerinad, cdilobs da ecdeba SezRudos Cvens regionSi kis gamosvlaSi. dasavleTis gavlena yovelgvari politikuri pragmatizmis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. amasTan, ruseTs ar SeuZlia pirdapiri zegavlena iqonios saqarTvelos SigniT sazogadoebriv azrze. misi arsenali mxolod Zalis faqtoria da Tanac niSandoblivia, rom kremls saerTod ar aqvs samezoblo politikis ele mentaruli ekvivalentic ki. ramdenadac Cans da amas, sxvaTa Soris, Tavad rusebi aRiareben _ axlo momavalSi arc eqnebaT. amis gamo ki kidev ufro rTuldeba situacia im TvalsazrisiT, rom isedac araerTgvarovan ruseTSi uamravi Sida dinebaa,

areul-dareuli saubari diplomatiaze

zedmetad bevri saxelisuflebo centri da struqturaa. xSir SemTxvevaSi Znelad gasarCevi da gasarkvevia sad, ra doneze da vin iRebs gadawyvetilebebs. amdenad, konfrontaciis reJimi kremlTan uaRresad saxifaTo da kontrproduqtiulia. saWiroa kremlis „susti wertilebis“ (Sida interesTa konfliqtebi da oligarqiuli uTanxmoebebi) maqsimalurad zusti gansazRvra da am viwro moednebze wertilovani aqcentebi. evropis mxridan ruseTze zewolis zrda CvenTvis momgebiania, Tumca am zewolas kremlisgan saqarTvelos mimarTulebiT mZafri reaqciis riski mudam Tan axlavs. am riskis gaqrobis molodini politikuri gulubry vilobaa, Tumca SesaZlebeli da produqtiulia imis aqcentireba, ris mixedviTac ruseTis CarTulobas esmeba xazi da saqarTvelos aqvs potenciali kremlsa da dasavleTs Soris dapiris pirebaSi konstruqciuli funqcia SeiZinos konfrontaciulis sapirispirod. Tu Cven Secdomebze swavlis unari gvaqvs, maSin sistematurad unda vimuSaoT dasavleTis yvela dedaqalaqTan swored am konstruqciuli rolisaTvis Tbilisis SesaTavazeblad. Tu Cven kategoriulad ver vswavlobT Secdomebze, maSin realuri perspeqtivaa, rom mudmivad viqnebiT geopolitikuri Seusabamobis morevSi. epilogis magivrad

eduard SevardnaZe (dab. 1928) _ sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministri (1985-1990) da saqarTvelos prezidenti (1995-2003). sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministris rangSi igi monawileobda germaniis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb molaparakebebSi. sabWoTa kavSirisa da postsabWoTa diplomatiis mniSvnelovani figura.

riCard holbruki (1941-2010) _ erTerTi yvelaze gavleniani amerikeli diplomati, romelmac mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula bosniis krizisis daregulirebaSi.

saqarTvelos interesebis dacva politikuri TamaSia. es aris kargic da cudic. cudia imitom, rom aris saSiSroeba diplomatebma eqspertebad miiCnion Tavi. sakuTari mosazreba kargia, magram diplomatiaSi uamravi mosazrebis cirkulacias Sedegi ver moaqvs. kargia imitom, rom saboloo jamSi diplomatebi eqspertebi arian da am TamaSSi saboloo SedegisaTvis erTmaneTTan arsiTve Seusabamo (magaliTad, nato da ruseTi) „partniorebs“ Soris lavireba uwevT. bunebrivia, yvelaferi es urTulesi saxelmwifoebrivi amocanebia. maT mogvarebas ki qveynis SigniT demokratiuli konsolidacia sWirdeba. erTi filosofosisa ar iyos, „Tuki mTavrdeba istoria, iwyeba zoologia da politikuri „balagani“, rasac, Tavis mxriv, boloSi imgvari tragedia elis, sadac ukve veRaravin gadarCeba. unda ganvsazRvroT erovnuli strategia, gamovideT iluziebidan da movaxerxoT realur politikaze fiqri da davafiqsiroT sakuTar azrovnebaSi is mocemuloba, rom Cveni qveynis sagareo-politikuri warmateba umTavresad damokidebuli iqneba qveynis SigniT warmatebebze.

musika

roling stounzi _ genialuri vigindarebi Tornike SaraSeniZe yvelam icis „bitlzi“, yvelas uyvars „bitlzi“. „bitlzebi“ yovelTvis nomeri pirveli iyvnen. isini mRerodnen siyvarulze, iyvnen optimistebi da yvelasTvis misaRebi. „bitlzTan“ erTad gaCnda „roling stounzi“. isini yvelam icoda, magram, albaT, yvelas ar uyvarda. isini iyvnen nomeri meore. isini mRerodnen, magram _ ara mxolod siyvarulze. isini mRerodnen sulel qalebze, martoobaze, depresiaze, eSmakzec ki. isini iyvnen ufro cinikosebi da cudi biWebi maSin, roca „bitlzebi“ ufro kargi biWebi iyvnen. „bitlzebi“ fotoebidan mudam iRimodnen, „rolingebi“ ki _ TiTqmis ara. SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom „rolingebi“ da „bitlzebi“ erTmaneTis konkurentebi da metoqeebi iyvnen da rom maT erTmaneTi ar uyvardaT. sulac ara _ isini megob robdnen da erTmaneTs pativs scemdnen.

roling stounzi-genialuri vigindarebi

optimistebis jgufma „bitlzma“ 10 weliwadsac ver gaZlo _ 1970 wels igi daiSala. misi erT-erTi lideri, jon lenoni, 1980 wels mokles. mogvianebiT gardaicvala maTi kidev erTi wevri _ jorj harisoni. cinikosebis jgufi „roling stounzi“ dRemde arsebobs. igi 1986 wels daiSala, magram sam weliwadSi isev Seikriba da dRemde scenazea. jgufis lideri mik jageri 71 wlisaa, magram amis miuxedavad, scenaze gauCereblad mReris da yovel koncertze saSualod 30 kilometrs darbis. dRemde bevri kiTxulobs, Tu rogor moxda, rom es jgufi 50 weliwadze metia scenaze da rom maT koncertebze, rogorc ityvian, nemsi ar Cavardeba. maT usmenen ara mxolod 60-ianebsa da 70-ianebSi dabadebulebi, aramed mozardebic. „roling stounzi“ 1962 wels Camoyalibda. es mas Semdeg moxda, rac rkinigzis sadgurze SemTxveviT erTmaneTs Sexvdnen mik jageri da kit riCardsi _ klaselebi, romelTac erTmaneTi skolis damTavrebis Semdeg didi xani ar hyavdaT nanaxi. Zvelma megobrebma male aRmoaCines, rom oriveni musikosobdnen da orives erTnairi musika uyvarda. es sakmarisi aRmoCnda jgufis CamoyalibebisaTvis. mik jageri (vokali), kit riCardsi (gitara, vokali), braian jonsi (gitara), bil vaimeni (basgitara), Carli uotsi (dasartymeli inst rumentebi) _ ai, eseni iyvnen „roling stounzi“, rac qarTulad albaT SeiZleba vigindarebad vTargmnoT. „vigindarebs“ TiTqosda warmatebis miRwevis aranairi Sansi ar hqondaT. isini ar iyvnen virtuozi Semsruleblebi, maT vokalists ki uCveulod boxi xma hqonda (bavSvobaSi jagerma piris travma miiRo, ramac mas ucnauri xma da didi tuCebi dautova). simRerebs saerTod ar werdnen da sxvebis hitebs mRerodnen, maT Soris _ „bitlzis“ hitebs (maT arasodes rcxvenodaT imis aRiareba, rom sxvebisgan swavlobdnen). magram yvelafer amis miuxedavad, isini mainc gaxdnen popularuli. male sakuTari simRerebis werac daiwyes da 1965 wels ukve mtki ced daimkvidres nomer meoris pozicia (cxadia, „bitlzis“ Semdeg). ra iyo am warmatebis saidumlo? ratom gaxdnen aseTi popularulebi `vigindarebi~? gasagebia, rom maT, albaT, hqondaT musikaluri niWi da inteleqti. magram mTavari mainc sxva ramea _ „rolingebi“ ar iboRmebodnen imis gamo, rom maTze win „bitlzs“ ayenebdnen da maTi amocana ar iyo ejobnaT „bitlzisaTvis“. amave dros isini aRiarebdnen, rom mzad iyvnen eswavlaT yvelasgan. isini swavlobdnen da izrdebodnen. maT yvelaferi gamoiares. adreul asakSi (jagersa da riCardss 1965 wels sul raRac 22 weli SeusruldaT) naxes popularoba, gadaRlis gamo saavadmyofoSi moxvdnen, narkotikebis gamo ki _ cota xniT cixeSic, maTi gitaristi braian jonsi narkotikebma saerTod imsxverpla, (man sikvdilamde erTi TviT adre datova jgufi da misi adgili mik teilorma daikava) erT-erT maT koncertze fani mokles... magram amis miuxedavad, „rolingebi“ yvelafer amas warmatebiT gadiodnen, gadiodnen giJuri tempiT, yoveli cdunebisa da gansacdelis Semdeg isini kidev ufro Zlierdebodnen da kidev ufro karg musikas werdnen. isini zrdas ar wyvetdnen.

mik jageri

kit riCardsi

braian jonsi

bil vaimeni

Carli uotsi

musika „bitlebis“ kompleqsi jgufma 1967 wels sabolood moiSora, roca maTi legendaruli albomis „serJant peperis“ gavleniT Caweres albomi „maTi eSmakiseuli udidebulesobebis dakveTiT“ (Their Satanic Majesties’ Request). albomi arc ise warmatebuli gamovida da „rolingebic“ mixvdnen, rom TavianT stils unda dabrunebodnen, rac sul male gaakeTes kidec, gamouSves ra albomi „maTxovrebis banketi~ (Beggars’ Banquet). 1969 wels braian jonsis nacvlad jgufSi gitaristad virtuozi mik teilori mivida da maSin, roca „bitlzi“ daiSala, „rolingebma“ axal epoqaSi Seabijes. 70-iani wlebi rokmusikis oqros xanad iqca. „bitlzebisa“ da „rolingebis“ monopolia mTavrdeboda, magram samagierod asparezze gamovidnen iseTi genialuri jgufebi da musikosebi, rogorebic iyvnen „led zepelini,“ „jenezisi“, „iesi“, „jetro tali“, „dip parpli“, frenk zapa, „pink floidi“. isini gascdnen tradiciuli rokis CarCoebs da repertuarSi Seitanes klasikis, jazisa da fsiqodeliis elementebi. Cveulebriv instrumentebad iqca organi, violino, kontrabasi, klavesini da a.S. (rom araferi vTqvaT eleqtropianinosa da sinTezatorze). ra Sansi hqonda yovelive amis fonze „roling stounzs,“ romelic kvlavac tradiciuli rokenrolis instrumentebiT _ gitarebiT, basgitariTa da doliT (sakmaod iSviaTad _ fortepiano da saqsofoni) _ iyo Semofargluli. „bitlzi“ daiSala, xom ar damdgariyo „rolingebis“ daSlis droc? rogorc aRmoCnda _ ara. arc maTi daSlis dro damdgariyo da iqneb bolos da bolos movida dro, rom isini pirvelebad qceuliyvnen? 1971 da 1972 wlebSi „rolingebma“ brwyinvale albomebi _ „webovani TiTebi~ (Sticky Fingers) da „gandevnili mTavar quCaze~ (Exile on Main St.) _ gamouSves. am albomebSi iyo yvelaferi _ simRera seqsualur gogoze _ „yavisfer Saqarze~ (Brown Sugar), simRera „daiko morfze~ (Sister Morphyne), „siyvarulis sasmisze~ (Loving Cup). maTi iyo melodia, siRrme, kargi Sesruleba _ yvelanairi zedmetobis gareSe. genialuri musikisaTvis „rolingebs“ kvlavac ar sWirdebodaT organi da klavesini. „webovanma TiTebma“ britaneTSic da mik jageri

albomi „webovani TiTebi~

albomi „maTxovrebis banketi~

amerikaSic pirveli adgili daikava. igive miRweva hqonda „gandevnilsac“. 60-iani wlebis repertuarTan erTad es ukve metad seriozuli ganacxadi iyo da TiTqosda dadga dro, rom „rolingebi“ yvela drois pirvelebad eRiarebinaT, magram aqedan moyolebuli jgufi TiTqosda amoiwura. cecxli da SemarTeba gaqra. jgufidan wavida mik teilori (igi Secvala roni vudma, romelsac didxans, saguldagulod arCevdnen, radgan jgufis axali wevri ara mxolod kargi musikosi unda yofiliyo, aramed „rolingebis“ ganumeorebel imij Sic unda Camjdariyo), riCardsi zedmetad gaitaca narkotikebma, ramac igi naadrevad daabera, jageri ki am dros sul ufro met yuradRebas uTmobda qalebs. sxva jgufebi izrdebodnen da ufro popularuli xdebodnen, „rolingebi“ ki daberebisken wavidnen. mag ram 1978 wels jgufma kidev erTxel ifeTqa, maTma albomma „zogierTi gogo~ (Some Girls) isev mTeli msoflio aalaparaka da „rolingebisTvis“ TiTqosda axali cxovreba daiwyo, Tumca 1983 wlidan yvelaferi isev ukan wavida. am droisaTvis jageri da riCardsi sul ufro xSirad Cxubobdnen. jagerma maleve daiwyo warmatebuli solo kariera, rac ukve sabolood moaswavebda imas, rom mas jgufis gareTac mSvenivrad warmoedgina Tavi, arada jageri xom „rolingebis“ naxevari mainc iyo da mis gareSe jgufi TiTqmis arafers warmoadgenda…

roni vudi

mik teilori

musika 1986 wels jgufma Cawera albomi „binZuri samuSao~ (Dirty Work), romelic, albaT, maT erT-erT saukeTeso Tu ara, dauviwyar namuSevrad darCeba. ara imitom, rom am albomSi iyo bevri hiti, aramed imitom, rom es iyo dasaSlelad ganwiruli jgufis erTgvari ukanaskneli amoZaxili _ sevdiani da tragikuli. albaT, yvelas egona, rom „rolingebis“ epoqa axla mainc sabolood dasrulda. da sul raRac sam weliwadSi jgufi isev dabrunda. maTi albomi „foladis borblebi~ (Steel Wheels) wlis erT-erT saukeTesod iqca (gayidvebiT meore _ britaneTSi da mesame _ amerikaSi). daSla ubralo dasveneba aRmoCnda, 50-s miRweuli „rolingebi“ isev erTad iyvnen, jageri da riCardsi Wirveuli, magram moyvaruli col-qmariviT isev Serigebuliyvnen. riCardsi jagers „patara Seqspirs“ uwodebda da ambobda: „me raRac simReras saaTobiT vakvdebi xolme, is ki mova, erTs daxedavs da erTi xelis mosmiT aqcevs Sedevrad“. jagers, riCardsisgan gansxvavebiT, asakis araferi etyoboda. mas kvlavac bevri qali hyavda, magram maTgan mxolod aRmafrenasa da STagonebas iRebda, Rameebs wignebis kiTxvaSi atarebda da scenaze isev saocrad bevrs darboda. 70-ian wlebSi Seqmnili bevri jgufisgan TiTqmis aRaraferi iyo darCenili (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT 60-ianebSi Seqmnilebze), „rolingebma“ ki axali energiiT Seabijes 90-ianebSi. am periodSi rokmusikas kvlavac SeeZina axali nomer pirveli jgufi „iuTus“ saxiT, magram „rolingebisaTvis“ ukve didi xani iyo, rac aseTi rameebi arafers niSnavda _ pirvelebi Tu meoreebi, isini mudmivad arsebobdnen da maT mudmivad usmendnen, anu sabolood swored isini iyvnen pirvelebi. rac dro gadioda, es yvelasaTvis cxadi xdeboda. jagers solo-kariera ar Seuwyvetia, magram amas ukve mSvenivrad uTavsebda „rolingebs“, romlebic albomebs kvlavac werdnen da kidev ufro met koncerts marTavdnen. drois gasvlasTan erTad maTi popularoba ar ganelebula.

roling stounzi-genialuri vigindarebi

dRes 70-s gadacilebuli „rolingebi“ kvlavac scenaze arian. Soridan isini kvlavac 20 wlis biWebs hgvanan _ kvlavac imave energiiT ukraven da moZraoben. maTi ukvdaveba, albaT, maTi musikidan modis, romelic zogjer cinikuria, zogjer _ tragikuli, zogjer _ agresiuli, zogjer _ romantikuli, magram sabo loo jamSi yovelTvis namdvili da cxovrebiseulia. swored amitomacaa, albaT, rom maTi simRerebi araerT cnobil filmSi JRers: „apokalifsi dRes~ (Apocalypse Today), „interviu vampirTan~ (Interview with Vampire), „gandgomili~ (The Departed). ra datoves maT (ras toveben dRemde)? riT arian isini unikalurebi? isini vigindarebi iyvnen, romlebic iqcnen udides jgufad. isini ar cdilobdnen gamoCeniliyvnen karg biWebad, magram isini mainc Seiyvares ubralo mizezis gamo _ isini iyvnen gulwrfelebi da cxovrebas iRebdnen ise, rogorc aris. isini ar cdilobdnen cxovrebis Selamazebas da rac iyo, imas zogjer dascinodnen, zogjer Sehxarodnen, magram arasodes gaurbodnen. maT arasodes aravisi SurdaT da ar ainteresebdaT reitingebSi romel adgils ikavebdnen. yvelasgan swavlobdnen da amave dros Tavisi stili hqondaT. „bitlzebTan“ da sxva kolegebTan isini bolomde megobrobdnen da megobroben. lenonisadmi megobrobisa da pativiscemis niSnad jagerma saocari Jesti gaakeTa. lenons Tavis ukanasknel albomSi „ormagi fantazia~ (Double Fantasy) hqonda simRera „borblebis yurebaSi~ (Watching the Wheels). lenoni am simReraSi gviambobs raoden ucnauria igi da rogor aocebs adamianebs. jagerma 13 wlis Semdeg Cawera albomi „moxetiale suli~ (Wandering Spirit), romelSic iyo Watching the Wheels-is analogiuri simRera „saRamos kaba~ (Evening Gown), sadac igi Tavis ucnaurobebsa da winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTze gviambobs. imisaTvis, rom xazi gaesva, rom Evening Gown-is idea lenonisgan aiRo, jagerma am simReris Casawerad (mxolod am simReris da ara sxva simRerebis, romlebic Sevida albomSi) swored is medole moiwvia, romelTan erTadac Cawera lenonma Tavis droze Double Fantasy. `rolingebma~ kidev erTxel aCvenes, ra aris megobroba. 50 wlis Semdeg isini erTad arian. maT cxovrebaSi yvelaferi naxes da bolos mixvdnen, rom amqveynad Zalian cota ram iyo iseTi, rac Caanacvlebda maT urTierTobebs, miT umetes, rom am urTierTobebs „rolingebi“ efuZneboda. roca albomebs iweren, isini Rameebs aTeneben ara imdenad imitom, rom musikas dilamde weren, aramed imitom, rom erTmaneTTan saubarSi Tavze aTendebaT. yvelafer amis wyalobiT maT aqamde moitanes 60-ianebis ganumeorebeli suli, imdroindeli Tavisufleba da energia. 49

istoria

United Nations

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia gaero fiqria asaniSvili albaT iSviaTad Tu SegxvdebaT adamiani, romelic aqtiurad aris CarTuli sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa Tu saxelmwifo marTvaSi da arasdros smenia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis (gaero) Sesaxeb. SeuZlebelia imis warmodgena, Tu rogori iqneboda Tanamedrove msoflio gaeros gareSe, igi xom umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs dRevandeli saxelmwifoebis arsebobaSi. gaero arbitria nebismiÂ eri sadavo sakiTxis gadaWrisas, iqneba es Sida Tu sagareo davebi, ekonomikuri Tu politikuri gadawyvetilebebi. jer kidev ramdenime aseuli wlis win Caisaxa iseTi institutis daarsebis idea, romelic daicavda mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas msoflioSi da gansakuTrebiT _ evropaSi. kacobriobam bevrjer scada saerTaSoriso organizaciis Seqmna, Tumca yvela mcdelobas hqonda xarvezebi, rasac es organizaciebi daSlamde mihyavda, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom yovel axal mcdelobas, winamorbedTan SedarebiT, sul ufro naklebi xarvezi hqonda _ anu saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis Camoyalibebis idea droTa ganmavlobaSi ixveweboda da dagvirgvinda kidec 1945 wels gaeros SeqmniT, romlis ZiriTadi mizani swored mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacva da saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebaa. gaero dResdReobiT warmoadgens universalur organizacias, romelic aerTianebs saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebul yvela saxelmwifos. 50

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia-gaero

rogor mivida saerTaSoriso sistema saerTaSoriso organizaciis _ gaeros Seqmnamde? saerTaSoriso organizaciis Seqmnis mTavari motivi iyo da aris sirTule, romelic aqvT saxelmwifoebs _ sakuTari ZalebiT gaumklavdnen politikur, ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul problemebs. saerTaSoriso organizaciis garkveuli formebi jer kidev uZveles droSia saZiebeli. magaliTad, Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi Zalian xSiri iyo qalaqebisa Tu sxva erTeulebis gaerTianeba saerTo miznebisa da amocanebis gansaxorcieleb lad da misaRwevad. maTi Seqmnis safuZveli, rogorc wesi, an politikuri, an diplomatiuri miznebi iyo. jer kidev antikur saberZneTsa da romSi iyo cnobili saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebi Tu sazogado moRvaweTa ideebi, romlebic kavSirebis Seqmnis mizezi xdeboda, magram yvelaze kargi niadagi am ideam, ra Tqma unda, dasavleT evropaSi ipova. yvelaze cnobili am iniciativebs Soris aris ingliseli uiliam penis naSromi „evropis awmyo da momavali“, sadac igi evropis saxelmwifoebs Zaladobis SeCerebisaken mouwodebs da yvela davis mogvarebas erTiani mmarTvelobis sabWos daxmarebiT sTavazobs, romelsac xan kongresis saxeliT moixseniebs da xan _ ligis. aseve mniSvnelovania 1713 wels dawerili frangi abatisa da sazogado moRvawis sen pieris naSromi „proeqti maradiuli mSvidobis damyarebis Taobaze evropaSi~. sen pieri uiliam peni (1644-1718), sTavazobda evropas federaciul mowyobas. evavtori narkvevisa ropis saxelmwifoebs uari unda eTqvaT teri`evropis awmyo da momavali“ toriul pretenziebze, gaeformebinaT samokavSireo xelSekruleba da yvela sadavo sakiTxis `unda Seiqmnas evropis liga an konganxilva sasamarTlosTvis miendoT. meore cnofederacia, romelic gaxdeba mSvibili frangi moRvawe Jan Jak ruso ki, saerTodobis garanti evropaSi da amasTan dac, evropuli respublikis Seqmnis iniciatievropas gareSe mtrebisgan daicavs. viT gamovida, Tumca isic aRniSna, rom evropa misi umaRlesi organo unda gaxdes jer saamisod mzad ar iyo. evropul saxelwifoTa warmomadgensamwuxarod, `maradiuli mSvidobis“ damyarelebis sabWo. am sabWom yvela dava bis realuri xorcSesxma verc erTma wamowyebam mSvidobianad unda gadaWras. Tu ver hpova, radgan evropel mmarTvelebs amis romelime wevri ar daemorCileba am survili ar hqondaT. Tumca ukve me-19 saukuniorganos gadawyvetilebas da mainc dan evropis uZlieresi saxelmwifoebi saerTaaiRebs xelSi iaraRs, sxva saxelmwiSoriso sistemis mxridan iseT problemebsa da foebma an sanqciebiT, an Zalis gamsirTuleebs gadaawydnen, rom maTTan gamk oyenebiT unda aiZulon moZalade, laveba sakuTari ZalebiT veRar SeZles. daemorCilos sabWos gadawyvetilebas da zarali aunazRauros dazaralebul mxares“.

istoria

Sarl irene kasteli, sen pieris abati, ufro metad cnobilia, rogorc abati sen pieri, frangi publicisti, avtori naSromisa „maradiuli mSvidobis proeqti“ (1658-1743) `Tu raimes SeuZlia daZabulobisa da SuRlis aRmofxvra evropaSi, mxo lod konfederaciul mmarTvelobas, romelic erebs gaaerTianebs erTiani kanonis uzenaesobis garSemo. aseTi mmarTveloba sxvebze ukeTesi imitomac iqneba, rom sargebels moutans evropis rogorc did, ise mcire saxelmwifoebs, radgan dadgenil kanonebs yvela Tanabrad scems pativs.~

ruzveltis SeTavazebuli saxelwodeba „gaerTianebuli erebi“ pirvelad gamoiyenes vaSingtonis konferenciaze 1942 wlis 1 ianvars, rode sac antihitleruli koaliciis 26 saxelmwifom miiRo gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis deklaracia. am saxelmwifoTa Soris iyo „didi oTxeulis~ wevri qveynebi _ aSS, inglisi, sabWoTa kavSiri da CineTi, amerikis da karibis zRvis auzis 9 saxelmwifo, britaneTis dominionebi, britaneTis indoeTi da 9 evropuli qveynis devnilobaSi myofi mTavroba. 19421945 wlebSi deklaracias kidev 21 saxelmwifo SeuerTda.

amis dadastureba iyo 1814-1815 wlebSi venis kongresis gadawyvetilebiT `saRvTo kavSiris~ Seqmna, romelsac unda uzrunveleyo imdroindeli msoflio wesrigis stabiluroba da usafrTxoeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvelaze STambeWdavi da masStaburi Tavis wevrebis raodenobiT mainc `erTa liga~ iyo, romelic Seiqmna 1919 wels da warmoadgenda koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmnis morig mcdelobas, magram Tavisi winamorbedi aliansebis msgavsad, verc man gauZlo didxans drois gamocdas. meore msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli qveynebis _ aSS-is, inglisis, sabWoTa kavSirisa da CineTis _ daarsebulma gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam xorci Seasxa kacobriobis ocnebas _ Seeqmna iseTi saerTaSoriso Tanacxovreba, romelic xalxs mudmivi omebisgan, ngrevisgan, tanj visa da wamebisgan ixsnida, SesaZlebels gaxdida erebis arsebobas mSvidobianad da harmoniulad, agresiis gareSe. gaeros wesdebas xeli moewera 1945 wels. gaeros wesdebaSi gaTvaliswinebulia davebis mogvareba mxolod mSvidobiani gziT. agresia kanongareSe gamocxadda. centraluri gaxda koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis idea.

„omi _ es aris mTavrobebs Soris urTierTobebis gamosarkvevad yvelaze uxeSi, araadamianuri da absoluturad arapraqtikuli meTodi~. franklin delano ruzvelti gaeros erT-erTi ideuri Semqmneli da mxardamWeri

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia-gaero

gaeros struqtura da miznebi gaeros mTavari organoebia: generaluri asamblea, uSiSroebis sabWo, ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo, meurveobis sabWo, saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo da samdivno. generaÂluri asamblea uSiSroebis sabWos rekomendaciiT niSnavs generalur mdivans. amJamad es Tanamdeboba ukavia samxrekoreel pan gi muns. gaero dResdReobiT universaluri organizaciaa, romelsac analogi ara hyavs msoflioSi. misi interesis sferoa politika, ekonomika, kultura, ganaTleba, magram umTavresad gaeros mainc mSvidobisa da pan gi muni _ gaeros me-8 generaluri usafrTxoebis dacvis sakiTxebs, saerTaSoriso davebisa mdivani 2007 wlis da konfliqtebis gadaWras ukavSireben. gaeroSi mSvidobis 1 ianvridan dRemde sakiTxebze pasuxismgebeli mTavari organo uSiSroebis sabWoa. sabWos 15 wevridan 5 mudmivi wevria. esenia: aSS, inglisi, safrangeTi, ruseTis federacia da CineTi. sabWos TiToeul wevrs erTi xmis ufleba aqvs. gadawyvetilebis misaRebad xmaTa umravlesoba _ 9 xmaa saWiro, uSiSÂroebis mudmivi wevrebis yvela xmebis CaTvliT, romelTac SeuZliaT maTTvis arasasurvel gadawyvetilebas nebismier dros daadon veto. es miuTiTebs, rom garkveul mxares ufleba aqvs erTpirovnulad SeaCeros esa Tu is gadawyvetileba.

niu-iorkSi, manhetenis aRmosavleT nawilSi, ist riveris sanapiroze, aRmarTulia 39-sarTuliani STambeWdavi Senoba, sadac ganTavsebulia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mTavari ofisi. teritoria, romelic gaeros Senobas ukavia, saerTaSoriso zonadaa aRiarebuli da yvela wevri saxelmwifos sakuTrebaa, Tumca gaerosa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis SeTanxmebiT, gaeros ofisis raioni aSS-is iurisdiqciis farglebSi rCeba. niu-iorkis garda, gaeros kidev 3 regionuli ofisi aqvs JenevaSi ( Sveicaria), venasa (avstria) da nairobiSi (kenia). aRsaniSnavia, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi niu-iorkis ofisSi miiReba, radgan generaluri asambleisa da uSiSroebis sabWos ZiriTadi sxdomebi aq tardeba. gaero Seiqmna 1945 wels, meore msoflio omis ukanasknel etapze. organizacia Cafiqrebuli da daarsebuli iyo, rogorc saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis organo saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvis, ekonomikuri da socialuri progresisa da TanamSromlobis xelSewyobisaTvis.

istoria

1956 wels ungreTis dedaqalaq budapeStSi moewyo grandiozuli antisabWoTa mitingi, romlis monawilenic iyvnen ungreli studentebi, ufrosklaselebi, axalgazrda mSro melebi. demonstrantebma Sekreba daiwyes 1848 wlis ungreTis revoluciis erovnuli gmiris _ general belis ZeglTan da moiTxovdnen ungreTis varSavis paqtis samxedro blokidan gamosvlas. demonstrantebma protestis niSnad Camoagdes stalinis Zegli _ sabWoTa kavSiris batonobis simbolo. sabWoTa kavSiris regularulma armiam „socializmis miRwevebis“ dacvis mizniT moaxdina ungreTis okupacia. budapeStis quCebi gaivso sabWoTa kavSiris tankebiTa da samxedro nawilebiT.

mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa msoflioSi da konfliqtebis mogvareba swored is sakiTxebia, romelTa gamoc am organizacias ukiduresi kritikis qarcecxlSi ata reben. sazogadoebis azri oradaa gayofili. zogs miaCnia, rom gaeros arasodes Seusrulebia qmediTi roli problemebis gadaWraSi, rom gaeros arc bipolarulma da arc monopolarulma saerTaSoriso sistemam ar misca saSualeba moegvarebina lokaluri konfliqtebi, ver aRkveTa birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba, ver daZlia siRaribe da ver uzrunvelyo yvela saxelmwifos Tanabari da stabiluri ganviTareba. zogi miiCnevs, rom miuxedavad rigi xarvezebisa, mainc usamarTlobaa gaeros saqmianobis sikeTis ugulebelyofa. isini fiqroben, rom gaeros aqvs perspeqtivebi da Sansi efeqturi reformirebis pirobebSi ufro moqnili gaxdes. am jgufis azriT, gaeros arseboba Tavad saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaa da ar iqneboda mizanSewonili uari gveTqva am institutis arsebobaze da misi srulyofa ar gvecada. marTlac, Tanamedrove istoriaSi mravladaa am ori mosazrebis damadasturebeli faqtebi. gaeros roli mSvidobis dacvis saqmeSi rom udidesia, amas misiebis raodenobac mowmobs. jer kidev me-20 saukunis 1940-iani wlebidan gaerom Tavisi misiebi gagzavna saberZneTSi, indoneziaSi, palestinaSi. pirveli realuri operacia gaeros samxedro kontingentis monawileobiT Catarda axlo aRmosavleTSi. suecis krizisis Semdeg 1956 wels gaeros generaluri asambleis #998 rezoluciiT, gaeros sagangebo Zalebi (United Nations Emergency Forces UNEF) ganlagdnen egvipte-israelis sazRvrebis gaswvriv. mogvianebiT samSvidobo operaciebi Catarda kongoSi (1960-1964), kviprosSi (1964), libanSi (1982), Tumca raodenobrivad yvelaze meti operacia moewyo me-20 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi. 54

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia-gaero

1968 wlis maisSi imdroindeli Cexoslovakiis dedaqalaq praRaSi daiwyo saprotesto aqciebi. demonstrantebis didi nawili moiTxovda ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebas, kerZo sakuTrebis aRdgenas da mWidro kavSirebis damyarebas dasavleTis saxelmwifoebTan. sabWoTa xelisuflebas SeeSinda, rom Cexi komunistebis mier dawyebuli damoukidebeli Sida politikis gatareba gamoiw vevda Cexoslovakiaze kontrolis dakargvas. aseTi precedentis daSveba ki, maTi azriT, socialisturi blokis darRvevas Seuw yobda xels, rogorc politikur, ise samxedro-strategiuli TvalsazrisiT. sabWoTa xelisuflebam agvistoSi leonid breJnevis xelmZRvanelobiT miiRo gadawyvetileba dauyovnebliv Seeyvana sadamsjelo jarebi praRaSi, es movlena istoriaSi „praRis gazafxulis“ saxeliTaa cnobili.

warwera praRis erT-erTi Senobis kedelze, romelic erTmaneTTan aigivebs CexeTis mimarT faSisturi germaniisa da sabWoTa kavSiris politikas.

am periodSi gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi moqsocialisturi blokis saxelmwifomedebdnen eraysa da quveiTSi, angolaSi, dasavebSi SezRuduli saxelmwifo suve leT saharaSi, kambojaSi, bosnia-hercegovinaSi, renitetis politikam, romel ic serbeTSi, CernogoriaSi, xorvatiaSi, makedosaWiroebis SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebad niaSi, mozambikSi, haitize, somaliSi, ruandaSi. miiCnevda samxedro Zalis gamoyeneam operaciebidan zogi Sefasda warmatebulad, basac, dasavleTis qveynebSi breJnezogi _ naxevrad warmatebulad, magram isic vis doqtrinis saxelwodeba miiRo. faqtia, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi gaerom sruli umoqmedoba da pasiuroba gamoavlina. 1954 wels man SeZlo aRedgina status-kvo axlo aRmosavleTSi suecis krizis Semdeg, Tumca ver moaxerxa konfliqtis efeqtiani marTva, ver SeZlo sabWoTa kavSiris SeCereba ungreTSi 1956 wels da verc CexoslovakiaSi _ 1968 wlis agvistoSi. man ver aRkveTa vietnamis omi da rac CvenTvis, qarTvelebis Tvis, yvelaze mtkivneulia, veranairi konstruqciuli roli ver iTamaSa afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvarebaSi.

istoria

gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi _ „cisferCafxutianebi“ afrikaSi

gaeros norvegieli mSvidobismyofeli saraevoSi

gaeros misiam saqarTveloSi naTlad daadastura, Tu rogori araqmediTia es organizacia maSin, roca mudmivi vetos mqone saxelmwifo (saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi _ ruseTi) Tavadaa dainteresebuli konfliqtis gaRvivebiTa da marTviT da uSiSroebis sabWo veranair winaaRmdegobas ver uwevs aseT saxelmwifos da, Sesabamisad, yvela samSvidobo iniciativasac azri ekargeba. gaeros damkvirvebelTa misia saqarTveloSi (UNOMIG) gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 1993 wlis 24 agvistos 858 rezoluciis Tanaxmad daarsda. Tavdapirvelad misias evaleboda 1993 wlis 27 ivliss konfliqtis mxareebis mier xelmowerili cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis monitoringi, SeTanxmebis darRvevis faqtebis gamoZieba, mxareebTan erTad am darRvevebis gamosworebis mcdeloba da am darRvevebis Sesaxeb gaeros generaluri mdivnisTvis moxseneba. udavoa, rom gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvarebis procesebSi sawyisi etapidan CaerTo da mis gadasaWrelad garkveuli RonisZiebebic gaatara, Tumca erTia gaeros mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi da meore _ Sedegi, romelic am qmedebebs mohyva. samwuxarod, SesaZloa iTqvas, rom gaeros mier saqarTvelos mxardaWera da konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvarebis survili ufro metad deklarirebul xasiaTs atarebda, radgan arasodes mouTxoviaT seriozulad pasuxi ruseTisaTvis, romelsac imis magivrad, rom Seesrulebina Suamavlis roli konfliqtSi, Tavad arRvevda konfliqtis mosagvareblad gaeros SeTanxmebebs, ugulebelyofda gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mier miRebul rezoluciebs. gaero ki amaze Tvals 2013 wlis 13 ivniss gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generalurma asambleam yovelwliuri rezolucia miiRo afxazeTidan da cxinvalis regionidan iZulebiT adgilnacval pirTa da ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb, romelsac ruseTma „tradiciulad“ mxari ar dauWira. vitali Curkini _ ruseTis federaciis mudmivi warmomadgeneli gaeroSi

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia-gaero

xuWavda. aseTi loialuri damokidebulebiT gaTamamebuli ruseTi ufro aSkara mxradaWeras ucxadebda separatistul reJims afxazeTSi da misi mxardaWeriT waqezebuli afazeTis de faqto xelisufleba ufro aRvivebda separatistul ganwyobebs mosaxleobaSi da xSirad Slida Sexvedrebs, romelic gaeros egidiT imarTeboda. ruseTisadmi aseTi maamebluri politikis Sedegi iyo isic, rom dausjelobiT gaTamamebulma moskovma jer omi wamoiwyo saqarTveloSi, xolo mogvianebiT safrTxe Seuqmna postsabWoTa sivrcis sxva saxelmwifoebsac, ramac didi saSiSroebis winaSe daayena ara marto saqarTvelos, ukrainisa Tu moldovis usafrTxoeba, aramed mTeli evropuli saxelmwifoebis stabiluroba da daanaxa saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas, rom „Tvalebis daxuWva“ saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis darRvevaze da damrRvevis reagirebis gareSe datoveba momavalSi aucileblad gamoiRebs uares Sedegs.

„Zlieri da qmediTunariani gaero, Tavisi wesdebiTa da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebiT, Seucvleli instrumentia saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis dasaregulireblad“. kofi anani gaeros generaluri mdivani 1997-2006 wlebSi

dabolos, gaero udavod mniSvnelovani organizaciaa dRevandel saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, Tumca aqvs Zalian bevri naklica da xarvezic, rac misi funq cionirebis araefeqtianobas gansazRvravs. gaeros araefeqtianoba, upirveles yovlisa, ganpirobebulia uSiSroebis sabWos 5 mudmivi wevri saxelmwifos vetos uflebiT, rac gadawyvetilebis meqanizmebs Zalian asustebs an maT miRebas saerTod SeuZlebels xdis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vetos uflebis mqone qveyana Tavadaa agresiis wyaro da saerTaSoriso mSvidobas safrTxiT emuqreba. gaeros generalur asambleaze miRebuli politikuri principi „erTi saxelmwifo _ erTi xma“ mainc ver axerxebs saxelmwifoTa Soris uTanasworobis daZlevas politikur, ekonomikur Tu samxedro sakiTxebSi. amitom saWiroa garkveuli qmediTi reformebis gatareba, rigi samarTlebrivi normebis gadasinjva da axleburad gaazreba, raTa am organizaciam srulyofilad SeZlos im misiis Sesruleba, romlisTvisac Seiqmna.

axali teqnologiebi

istoria

kibersivrce _ uxilavi da xiluli axali sivrce xaTuna mSvidobaZe interneti iyo udidesi gamogoneba, triumfaluri movlena kacobriobis istoriaSi. Tumca iseve, rogorc yvela mniSvnelovani axali teqnologiis SemTxvevaSi, internetma moitana kargic da cudic. internetteqnologiebisa da swrafi globaluri dakavSirebis Sedegad Seiqmna axali, virtualuri sivrce _ kibersivrce, romelmac bevr sikeTesTan erTad axali safrTxeebi da gamowvevebi warmoiqmna. sul raRac ori-sami aTeuli wlis win kibersivrce da misi usafrTxoeba TviT ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebisTvisac ki ar warmoadgenda mniSvnelovan sazrunavs, Tumca dRes am sivrcis daculoba erT-erT umniSvnelovanes faqtorad iqca. gaCnda kiberomis, informaciuli omis, kiberterorizmis, kiberSpiona Jis safrTxeebi, ramac sxvadasxva strategiis, taqtikis, dazvervisa Tu kanonmdeb lobis cvlilebebis aucilebloba gamoiwvia. Tavdapirvelad termin `kibernetikis~ gamoyeneba ukavSirdeba me-20 saukunis mecniersa da maTematikoss, masaCusetsis teqnologiuri institutis profesors norbert viners (1894-1964). Tavis wignSi, `kibernetika~, romelic 1948 wels gamosca, man faqtobrivad saTave daudo axal mecnierul mimdinareobas. vineri kibernetikas ganmartavda, rogorc mecnierebas marTvisa da komunikaciebis Sesaxeb. Tavad termini kibernetika momdinareobs berZnuli sityvidan κυβερνητική (kibernetike), 58

kibersivrce-uxilavi da xiluli axali sivrce

rac mesaWes, mmarTvels niSnavs. es sityva aseve gvxvdeba frangi fizikosisa da maTematikosis andre mari amperis filosofiur naSromSi: “Essais sur la philosophie des Sciences” (samecniero-filosofiuri eseebi). termini kibersivrce ki pirvelad gamoyenebuli iyoamerikeli mwerlis uiliam gibsonis samecniero-fantastikuri Janris wignSi `neiromanti~, romelic 1984 wels gamoica. amis Semdeg termini ukve farTod gamoiyeneba. axali informaciuli realobis Seqmnis sawyisebTan dgas aseve informaciuli Teoriis mamad wodebuli klod Senoni norbert vineri (1894-1964) (1916-2001). misi naSromebi efuZneba cifruli informaciis gadacemis efeqturi sakomunikacio arxebis SemuSavebas. is miiCnevda, rom cifruli informaciis gadacema SesaZ loa pirdapir relevanturi iyos fundamentur fizikur kanonzomierebasTan. mis saxels ukavSirdeba cifruli kompiuteris Seqmna da monacemTa struqturuli kompresirebis ideac. monacemTa kompresirebis Sedegad ki SesaZ lebeli gaxda rogorc monacemTa moculobis Semcireba, aseve monacemTa gadacemis siCqaris gazrdac. daprogramebuli kompiuteris ganviTareba swrafad xdeboda. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania momxmareblis grafi- uiliam gibsoni kuli interfeisis Seqmna. brZanebebis koduri xazebis in(dab.1948) terfeisi momxmareblis grafikuli interfeisiT (Graphical User Interface - GUI) Seicvala, romelic momxmarebels kompiuterTan imijis _ gamosaxulebis saSulebiT muSaobis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. am axalma aRmoCenam rigiT adamians, romelic ar aris kompiuteruli mecnierebis dargis warmomadgeneli, kompiuterTan martivad muSaobis saSualeba misca. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi bazarze gamodis personaluri kompiuterebi grafikuli interfeisiT: Xerox 8010, Apple Lisa, Apple Macintosh, Atari-ST da Commodore Amiga. dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan es kompiuterebi primitiulia. Tumca im droisaTvis, 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, es iyo udidesi teqnologiuri winsvla. daiwyo daprogramebuli kompiuterisa da internetis masStaburi Serwyma. Seiqmna internetservisis mimwodebeli komerciuli kompaniebi da globaluri dakavSirebis axali kiberera. da mainc, ra aris kibersivrce da ratom aris misi usafrTxoeba mniSvnelovani TiToeuli CvenganisaTvis?!

momxmareblis grafikuli interfeisia, magaliTad, failis, saqaRaldis, anu e.w. folderis, brauzeris an nebismieri programis grafikuli gamosaxuleba (`ikonka~) kompiuterSi.

Xerox Star 8010

axali teqnologiebi kibersivrce aris kompiuteruli sistemebisagan Seqmnili uxilavi, virtualuri sivrce. kompiuteruli sistemebi ki, anu kompiuterebi, serverebi, routerebi, optikur-boWkovani kabelebi, planSeturi kompiuterebi, smartfonebi da sxv. xilvadi, materialuri sagnebia. swored maTi erToblivi muSaoba qmnis im uxilav sivrÂ ces, romelsac kibersivrce ewodeba. yoveldRiurad TiToeuli Cvengani am sivrcis meSveobiT iRebs uamrav sargebels: vecnobiT axal ambebs msoflios sxvadasxva mxridan, vjavSniT sastumros, viyenebT internetbankings da saSualeba gveZleva gvqondes martivi da iafi saerTaSoriÂ so komunikaciebi. es aris sivrce, sadac Cveni cxovrebis mniSvnelovan nawils vatarebT. ganviTarebul qveynebSi sayofacxovrebo teqnikidan dawyebuli usafrTxoebis sistemiT damTavrebuli yvelaferi internetteqnologiebis meSveobiT imarTeba. amavdroulad, am axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT Cven viRebT eleqtrosadgurebis, gazis, wylis, navTobis miwodebisa da warmoebis marTvis ufro efeqtur sistemas. samTavrobo da TavdacviTi sistemebic swored kompiuteruli sistemebis meSveobiT imarTeba. yvelaferi, rac dakavSirebulia am sistemebTan, kibersivrcis Semadgeneli nawilia. es yovelive ki SesaZlebeli gaxda daaxloebiT 20-25 wlis win eleqtronuli, daprogramebuli kompiuterisa da internetis erToblivi dakavSirebiT, romelmac Zireulad Secvala adamianTa cxovreba. dRes msoflios mosaxleobis erT mesamedze meti internetis momxmarebelia. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela am sikeTesTan erTad, gaCnda axali safrTxeebic. yoveldRiurad uamravi sxvadasxva tipis, struqturisa Tu daniSnulebis virusi iqmneba. e.w. `troianebi~, logikuri bombebi, Wiavirusebi Tu sxavadasxva saxis zianis momtani programebi safrTxes uqmnis Cvens usafrTxoebas. hakerulma Tavdasxmebma SesaZloa ara marto mwyobridan gamoiyvanos Tqveni kompiuteri an moiparos personaluri informacia, aramed udidesi riski Seuqmnas qveynis saxelmwifoebriv usafrTxoebas, radganac kiberSetevebs iseTive zianis motana SeuZlia, rogoric tradiciuli omis formebis gamoyenebas.

kibersivrce-uxilavi da xiluli axali sivrce

dRemde Seqmnili kompiuteruli virusebis raodenoba ramdenime aTeul milions iTvlis. hakerTa auracxeli armia ki dRiTi dRe izrÂ deba. metic, zogierTi qveyana ara mxolod Semwynarebelia kiberkriminalebis mimarT, aramed qiraobs kidec maT mizanSi amoRebuli qveynebis winaaRmdeg. 2007 da 2008 wlebSi estoneTis da saqarTvelos gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom kiberomi akavSirebs organizebul danaSauls da agresiuli qveynebis tradiciul geopolitikur miznebs. kiberTavdasxmebis ganxorcieleba bevrad ufro nakleb saxsrebs moiTxovs da amitomac aris mimzidveli. kompiuterebi, botnetebi da virusebis Seqmna gacilebiT nakleb finansur resurss saWiroebs, vidre samxedro intervencia. magaliTad, 2008 wels saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli erT-erTi meTodi iyo swored botnetSetevis meTodi. e.w. DDoS-is (ingl. distributed-denial-of-service) gamoyenebiT Tavdamsxmeli vebgverdebs, serverebs didi raodenobis informaciiT swored botnetebis, davirusebuli zombi kompiuterebis qselis meSveobiT tvirTavs. hakeri Tavis kontrolqveS moqceul kompiuterebs erTi brZanebiT aZlevs instruqcias gansazRvruli samiznis winaaRmdeg kiberSetevis dasawyebad. SesaZloa, Tqveni kompiuteri ise gaxdes botnetis nawili, rom Tqven amis Sesaxeb verc ki gaigoT da mxolod operaciuli (anu kompiuteris muSaobis) siCqaris umniSvnelo Semcireba SeniSnoT. brZanebis miRebisTanave Tqveni kompiuteri uerTdeba aTasobiT sxva kompiuterul qsels informaciis nakadis gasaSvebad. Sedegad ki, magaliTad, vebgverdi veRar SeZlebs momsaxurebis Sesrulebas, romlisTvisac igi iyo gamiznuli. DDoS-is Setevebs SeuZlia daazianos iseTi mniSvnelovani infrastruqtura, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sabanko sistema. Tavidan es problema SeiZleba mxolod imaT SeamCnion, vinc iyenebs internetbankings, Semdgom ki bankomatebi Sewyveten muSaobas da veRarc molareebi SeZleben naRdi fulis gacemas. bankebs sirTuleebi SeeqmnebaT sakredito baraTebis xarjvis aRricxvaSi, gamavali da Semavali Tanxebis sistemur damuSavebaSi. male ufro didi bankebi SeaCereben tranzaqciebs samizne bankTan araswori informaciis miRebis an sakuTari sistemis dainficirebis SiSiT. 61

axali teqnologiebi

meore yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodi, romelsac mimarTaven hakerebi, aris APT (Advanced Persistent Threat) meTodi. mizanmimarTul mudmiv safrTxes warmoadgens Setevis tipi, romelic, kompaniebidan da samTavrobo uwyebebidan moipovebs konfidencialur da Rirebul informacias. Setevis es forma iyenebs socialuri inJineriis moxerxebul e.w. `fiSingis~ meTods (informaciis mopoveba internetTaRliTobis, motyuebis gziT). hakeri Ria wyaroebis dazvervis sxvadasxva saSualebis gamoyenebiT (e.w. OSINT tools) moiZiebs informacias mizanSi amoRebuli obieqtis Sesaxeb. moZiebuli informaciis safuZvelze mas SeuZlia Seqmnas yalbi, damajerebeli eleqtronuli gzavnili, romelsac mohyveba bmuli an TandarTuli faili. Tuki adresati bmuls an TandarTul dokuments gaxsnis, Tavis kompiuterSi gadmotvirTavs viruss. `fiSingis~ sxvadasxva forma arsebobs, romelTa mizania kompiuterul sistemaSi iseTi virusis Seyvana, romelic SeumCnevelia didi xnis manZilze. hakers SeuZlia distanciurad moiparos saxelmwifo saidumloebebi da farTo kategoriis inteleqtualuri sakuTreba, rogoricaa teqnologiuri sqemebis, warmoebis procesebis, cdebis Sedegebis, biznesgegmebis, partniorobis SeTanxmebebis, eleqtronuli fostisa da sakontaqto siebis Sesaxeb informacia. es meTodi kiberSpionaJis ganxorcielebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia. arsebobs kompiuterul sistemebSi SeRwevis ufro rTuli sqemebic. magaliTad, mosadis an pentagonis kompiuterul sistemebSi SeRweva gamocdili da mcodne hakeÂ risTvisac ki SesaZloa did sirTules warmoadgendes. arc e.w daxuruli sistemebi, qselebi, romlebic ar aris dakavSirebuli internetTan, arian srulad daculi. amas staqsnetis magaliTic cxadyofs. eqspertebs sjeraT, rom staqsnetma iranis, kerZod ki, naTanzis birTvuli eleqtrosadguris kompiuterul qselSi USB Flashis saSualebiT SeaRwia da mwyobridan gamoiyvana aTasi centrifuga. staqsnets superkiberiaraRic ki uwodes. unda iTqvas, rom interneti ar aris erTaderTi gza kompiuterul sistemebSi SesaRwevad, Tumca es aris yvelaze farTo da gaxsnili gza. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom yvela hakeri ar aris borotmoqmedi. Cven SesaZloa zogierTis qmedeba gavamarTloT kidec: magaliTad, roca xdeba arasrulwlovanTa pornografiuli Tu sxva aralegaluri Sinaarsis saitebis CamoSla. Tavad termini `hakeri~ warmoiSva 1960-ian wlebSi masaCusetsis teqnologiur institutSi. kompiu-

sityva `hakeri~ momdinaÂreobs Zveli inglisuri sityvidan tohaccian, rac gapobas, gatexvas an raimes nakuwebad qcevas niSnavs.

kibersivrce-uxilavi da xiluli axali sivrce

teruli mecnierebis studentebi xSirad ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs institutis kompiuterul sistemebSi SeeRwiaT da adrianad daesrulebinaT davaleba. maSin maT amisa Tvis rigSi yofna uwevdaT. hakerebi sam ZiriTad kategoriad iyofa: e.w. TeTrqudiani, nacrisferqudiani da Savqudiani hakerebi. TeTrqudiani hakerebi TavianT unarebs kompiuterul sistemebSi xarvezebis aRmofxv- rasa da usafrTxoebis gaumjobesebas axmaren. maT aseve sikeTisTvis mebrZol hakerebs an eTikur hakerebs eZaxian. Savqudiani hakerebisTvis eTikis wesebi ar arsebobs. maTi ZiriTadi misia aris kompiuterul sistemebSi an qselSi SeRweva mzakvruli qmedebisa Tu miznebisTvis. isini TavianT unarebs kiberkriminaluri saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad iyeneben. maT mizans warmoadgens kiberterorizmi, kiberqurdoba, kiberTaRliToba, kiberjaSuSoba da sxva kiberkriminaluri saqmianoba. maT aseve araeTikur da borot hakerebs uwodeben. nacrisferqudiani hakeri aris iseTi hakeri, romelic aralegalur qmedebas sCadis ara sakuTari piradi sargeblis, aramed raime ideis gamo. nacrisferqudianebis ZiriTadi motivacia aris SurisZieba. isini TavianT `gmirobas~, rogorc wesi, asajaroeben. nacrisfer hakerad wodebulma `jesterma~ `vikiliqsis~ vebgverdi im motiviT CamoSala, rom man aramarTebulad miiCnia `vikiliqsis~ mier aSS-is aTiaTasobiT saxelmwifo saidumlo dokumentis gasajaroeba. am qmedebis Semdgom ki man Twitter-ze Tavisi SeniRbuli profiliT Semdegi ram dawera: `me Cavidine kiberTavdasxma `vikiliqsze~, radgan maT safrTxe Seuqmnes Cveni samxedroebis usafrTxoebas da Cveni qveynis sagareo politikas~. mediis yuradRebas kiberSeteva naklebad iqcevs, samagierod farTod aSuqebs amboxebebs, dabombvebsa Tu sxvadasxva sabrZolo qmedebebs. magaliTad, veravin iviwyebs 2008 wlis agvistos omis dros sasowarkveTili qalis saxes, romelic sakuTari aalebuli saxlis win ijda da mxolod JestebiTRa mimarTavda rusul TviTmfrinavs, romelmac is adgili dabomba. televizorSi naCvenebi sistemurad dazianebuli banko matebi an cnoba raime informaciisa Tu monacemebis moparvis Sesaxeb ki ar iwvevs sazogadoebis mZafr reaqcias. kiberSeteva ufro rTuli asaxsnelia da amitomac rTulia misTvis politikuri yuradRebis miqceva da misgan Tavis dasacavad aucilebeli qmedebebis ganxorcieleba. am problemasTan sabrZolvelad, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa saTanado zomebis miReba qveynis SigniT, ara mxolod samTavrobo doneze, aramed sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiTac, rac xels Seuwyobs rogorc sazogadoebis ukeT gaTviTcnobierebas am sakiTxebSi, ise sabaziso TavdacviTi unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebas. elementaruli wesebis dacviT ki TiToeuli Cvengani SeZlebs im riskebis Semcirebas, romlebic safrTxes uqmnian Cvens usafrTxoebasa da keTildReobas.

vebgverdis CamoSla aris Setevis is tipi, romelic mis vizualur gamosaxulebas cvlis. es meTodi politikurad motivirebuli hakerebis da haqtivistebisTvis protestis gamoxatvis erT-erTi formaa. ZiriTadad maTi samiznea mTavrobebi da religiuri jgufebi. vebgverdis CamoSlas aseve eleqtronul grafitisac eZaxian.

civilizacia

bizantia da qarTuli identoba Tina doliZe mokle istoriuli eqskursi yoveli eri ramdenime sityviT SeiZleba daxasiaTdes. sityvaTa es erToblioba, Cveulebriv, eris ZiriTad niSan-Tvisebebze miuTiTebs da upasuxebs kiTxvas, Tu ras warmoadgens igi. aseTi sityvebi mudam eris istoriisa da kulturis maxasiaTeblebia, radgan es ori ram gansazRvravs ama Tu im eris raobas, anu, rogorc axla miRebulia Tqma, mis identobas. amitomac sakacobrio cxovrebis am ori sferos — istoriisa da kulturis — dacvas, maT codnas sagangebo mniSvneloba eniWeba erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. qarTvelebsac mogvepoveba Cveni erovnulobis sxarti gansazRvreba, rac pasuxobs kiTxvas: `rani varT Cven?~ mkiTxveli, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvelTa nawili mainc, albaT, maSinve moindomebs am kiTxvaze sakuTari pasuxis Ziebas. magram, vfiqrob, am daxasiaTebasac daeTanxmeba: qarTvelebi kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi uZvelesi eria, romelmac marTlmadidebluri tipis qristianuli saxelmwifo da kultura Seqmna. am definicias SeiZleba raime daematos, ufro dazustdes an sxva gvaradac gamoiTqvas, magram misi ZiriTadi Sinaarsi mainc igive darCeba.

bizantia da qarTuli identoba

marTlac, gavaanalizoT da davfiqrdeT. qarTvelebis erovnuli meobis pirvelad, umokles gansazRvrebaSi (gansxvavebiT, magaliTad, berZnebisa Tu itali elebisgan) ver CavrTavT Cveni winareqristianuli xanis istoriasa da kulturas. droTa msvlelobam, samwuxarod, mciredi Semogvinaxa am uZvelesi epoqidan. dRes am istoriuli foliantebis calkeuli fragmentebi Tu gvipyria xelT (vgulisxmob arqeologiur monapovars da istoriul cnobebs), romlebic arasrulad mogviTxroben qarTvel tomTa metad saintereso uZveles warsulze. rasakvirvelia, Cveni istoriis es uZvelesi xanac Cveni individualobis Semadgeneli nawi lia, magram raoden faseulic ar unda iyos es samuzeumo da matianeTa warsuli, is dResdReobiT ar aris Cveni erovnuli cnobierebis aqtiuri Sre. amis mizezi ki ZiriTadad isaa, rom xsenebul epoqaSi ar dasturdeba iseTi kulturuli fenomenebi, rogoric aris damwerloba da literatura. religiac erTi umniSvnelovanesi kulturuli fenomenia. Cven vambobT, da asea Cvens SegnebaSi, rom qarTvelebi umTavresad marTlmadidebeli qristiani eri varT. qristianobis miRebidan mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi da Semdegac, XVIII saukunis bolomde, saqarTvelo Zalze xSirad ganicdida sxvadasxva mahmadianuri qveynis (arabeTi, sparseTi, TurqeTi da sxv.) politikur agresias. amaTgan saqarTveloSi mxolod iranuli kulturis garkveul gavlenaze SeiZleba visaub roT. muslimanurma religiam ver moikida fexi Cvens qveyanaSi da Tuki raime Rirebuli Semoitana muslimanurma kulturam, masStaburobiT is mainc ver Seedreba udides kulturul monapovars, rac marTlmadideblobam Seqmna saqarTveloSi. mis gverdiT verc sxva romelime qristianul aRmsareblobas davasaxelebT, romelsac Cvens istoriaSi raime msgavsi SemoqmedebiTi potenciali gamoevlinos. gviani Sua saukuneebidan Cndebian CvenTan kaTolike misionerebi. maT garkveul Jams udavod pozitiuri roli Seasrules mahmadianebisgan SeWirvebuli qarTveli eris sulier cxovrebaSi. garda amisa, XVIII saukuneSi qarTvelTa mcire nawili moiqca kaTolikur aRmsareblobaze, magram, miuxedavad amisa, namdvilad Znelia visaubroT kaTolikuri kulturis zegavlenaze saqarTveloSi. aRdgoma, XIV saukunis freska, qora, stamboli

civilizacia

konstantine didis mozaikuri gamosaxuleba aia-sofiaSi, xelSi qalaqis modeliT, X s. stamboli.

stamboli – Zveli konstantinopoli – dRes

amgvarad, isev qarTvelobis zemomoyvanil definicias mivubrundebi da Semdegnair ganmartebas davurTav: qarTuli qristianoba ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli bizantiur marTlmadideblobasTan, xolo misi qristianuli kultura — bizantiur marTlmadideblur kulturasTan. marTlac, saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad SemoRebis droidan bizantiuri qristianoba, misi mwerloba, xelovneba, mecniereba da, sazogadod, mTeli bizantiuri kultura qarTvelobisTvis sulier da inteleqtualur RirebulebaTa SeTvisebis uSreti wyaro iyo. berZnulenovani kulturis wiaRSi aRmocenda da Camoyalibda qarTveloba, rogorc erovnuli kulturul-istoriuli fenomeni. qarTuli qristianoba mxolod da mxolod bizantiuri marTlmadideblobiT sazrdoobda da ase gagrZelda XVIII s-is miwurulamde, sanam Cvens qveyanaSi ruseTis imperia Semovidoda da rusuli eklesiis mZlavrobis xana daiwyeboda. SegviZlia mcired mainc warmovadginoT is kulturuli areali, sadac mimoiqceodnen qarTvelebi adrindeli Sua saukuneebidan maRal Sua saukuneeb amde da is sulieri garemo, romliTac isini saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sazrdoobdnen. bizantiis imperia, tradiciuli daTariRebis mixedviT, dasabams iRebs 330 wlis 11 maiss, roca romis imperiis dedaqalaqi romidan bosforis srutesTan, qalaq bizantionSi iqna gadatanili, da pirveli

bizantia da qarTuli identoba

qristiani imperatoris, konstantine didis, pativ sacemad mas axali saxeli — konstantinopoli ewoda. am sazeimo dRes jer aravin icoda, rom uzarmazar teritoriaze gadaWimuli axlad dafuZnebuli qristianuli saxelmwifo kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze xangrZlivad arsebuli imperia iqneboda. misi teritoriuli sazRvrebi bosforis napirebidan Sua afrikamde da adriatikis zRvidan SuamdinareTis qveynebamde iyo gadaWimuli. rac Seexeba mis qronologiur sazRvrebs, es zesaxelmwifo xalxebsa da qveynebs 11 saukuneze met xans ganagebda da Tavisi arseboba 1453 wlis 29 maiss daasrula, roca sulTan mehmed II fatihma (Turqulad `dampyrobeli~) cxenosani jariT gadalaxa konstantinopolis kedlebTan aRmarTuli jebirebi, SeiWra qalaqSi da aiRo. am tragikul movlenamde ki bizantias udidesi misia unda Seesrulebina aRmosavleT da dasavleT qristianul xalxTa formirebaSi, raTa istoriaSi maTi saerTo kulturuli warsulis saxeli daemkvid rebina. Tavisi arsebobis ganmavlobaSi dausrulebel dampyroblur Tu TavdacviT omebSi CarTuli bizantia

konstantinopolis ruka, gamocemuli amsterdamSi 1640 wels, masze kargad Cans qalaqis galavani, galaTas raioni, evropuli da Turquli xomaldebi, bosfori da oqros rqa, me-16 saukunis Senobebi, suleimanis meCeTi, topkapis sasaxle.

kostantinopoli Zvelad

civilizacia

wm. petre iberi, XVIII s. miniatura

misi mtrebisTvis mudam aRfrTovanebis sagnad rCeboda: mas ebrZodnen da Senatrodnen, misgan iTvisebdnen, baZavdnen mas da cdilobdnen masTan gatolebas. bizantiis farglebSi Semavali da misi mezobeli axlo aRmosavleTis, afrikis da dasavleTis xalxebi, elinebi da barbarosebi — gansxvavebuli kulturuli tradiciisa da ganviTarebis xalxebi, CarTuli iyvnen saerTo sulier da inteleqtualur moZraobaSi, romelsac maTi saerTo sarwmunoeba — qristianoba warmarTavda. adrindel Sua saukuneebSi am sulierad gaerTianebuli sam yaros centri axlo aRmosavleTi iyo. `yuresa amas queynisasa~ — kavkasionis samxreTiT mcxovrebi qarTvelebi adreqristianuli xanidanve mieltvodnen am mxares. palestina, egvipte da siria — ai, is qveynebi, sadac eziarnen qarTveli qristianebi `aRmosavleTqristianul saocrebas~. calkeulma momlocvelebma am RvTivsulier mxares qarTlis gaqristianebis Tanave, e.i. IV s-is Sua wlebSive miaSures. asketuri mosaydreobis (anu asketebis, sulieri srulyofis mizniT ama qveynisgan gandgomili pirebis, moRvaweobis) sawyis etapze qarTveli berebi palestinur, egviptur da siriul monastrebSi mkvidrdebodnen. V s-Si qarTvelTa ricxvma axlo aRmosavleTSi imdenad imata, rom maT sakuTari eklesia-monastrebis mSeneblobas mihyves xeli. V saukuneSi maiumis episkoposma (q. Razis maxloblad) da bizantiaSi saxelmoxveWilma

wm. ekaterines saxelobis monasteri sinas mTaze, dRevandeli egviptis teritoria

bizantia da qarTuli identoba

saeklesio moRvawem, petre iberma (409-488), romelic bizan tiis imperatoris karze aRzrdili qarTveli ufliswuli iyo, qarTuli monastrebi aaSena ierusalimsa da iudeis udabnoSi, beTlemis maxloblad. didi avtoritetiT sargeb lobda misi saRvTismetyvelo-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweoba q. maiumSic. qarTvelTa farTo samonastro mSenebloba axlo aRmosavleTSi VI saukuneSi iwyeba, roca qarTvelebma samonastro koloniebis daarseba daiwyes palestinaSi — sinis da qorebis mTaze, agreTve siriaSi — Sav, anu sakvirvel mTaze (antioqiis maxloblad). garda religiuri cxovrebisa, es samonastro kerebi mniSvnelovan kulturul-saganmanaTleblo centrebs warmoadgendnen. am mxriv adrindel Sua saukuneebSi gamoirCa 532 wels daarsebuli wm. sabas monasteri palestinaSi, sadac berZnebTan erTad mravali qarTveli mowesec moRvaweobda. sabawmidis qarTulma mwignobrulma keram ayvavebis xanas VIII-X ss-Si miaRwia. sagangebod aRsaniSnavia aq Seqmnili SesaniSnavi Targmanebi wmida werilis wignebisa da saeklesio sagaloblebisa. Cvenamde moRweulia bizantiur sagalobelTa iseTi qarTuli Targmanebic, romelTa originali SemorCenili araa da amitomac,

ierusalimis jvris monasteri dRes, israeli

ierusalimis jvris monasteri, XIX s-is qarTuli graviura

civilizacia

wm. sabas lavra ierusalimSi

SoTa rusTavelis freskuli portreti ierusalimis jvris monasterSi (XIII s-is I nax.)

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adrebizantiuri palestinuri himnografiis Seswavla qarTuli Targmanebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. sabawmidis qarTvel saeklesio moRvaweTa da mTargmnelTa damsaxurebas warmoadgenda agreTve VIII-IX ss. qarTuli salite足 raturo enis reforma. XI s-is Sua wlebSi (1040-1050) giorgi proxore SavSelma daaarsa ierusalimis jvris monasteri. axalgazrda Taobis足 Tvis es savane, uwinares yovlisa, SoTa rusTavelis freskiT aris cnobili. jvris monasteri ara marto qarTvelTa erTerTi mniSvnelovani sasuliero-saganmanaTleblo kera iyo qristianul aRmosavleTSi, aramed mas ekisreboda meurveoba da xelmZRvaneloba qarTuli eklesia-monastrebisa mTel wminda miwaze. monasters hqonda qarTuli xelnaweri wignebis mdidari biblioTeka. dRevandlamde am sulieri saganZuris mxolod erTi nawilia SemorCenili, da igi ierusalimis berZ足 nuli sapatriarqos biblioTekaSi inaxeba. iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebis sxva sasuliero-samonastro xelnawerTa fondebi, qarTul xelnawerTa ierusalimuri koleqciac bevr sagulisxmo masalas hpirdeba bizantiur-qarTuli urTierTobebis kvle足viT dainteresebul mecnierebs. mamaTa monastrebis garda, palestinaSi arsebobda dedaTa monastrebic, romelTa mwignobrul saqmianobas ZiriTadad xelnawerTa gadaweradamzadeba Seadgenda. VI saukuneSi xdeba qarTvelTa mcire jgufis damkvidreba sinas mTaze. kolonia mravalricxovani gaxda IX saukuneSi, ramac safuZveli moumzada X saukunis sinas mTis literaturuli skolis ayvavebas. sinas mTis qarTul monastrebsac

bizantia da qarTuli identoba

saukeTeso biblioTekebi da sakiTxavi darbazebi hqondaT, aRWurvili im droisaTvis Cinebulad gamarTuli sabiblioTeko katalogebiT. bolo drois gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom sinas mTaze qarTvelebs bevrad meti monasteri ekuTvnodaT, vidre aqamde iyo cnobili. VI saukunidan Cans qarTvelTa kvali siriaSic. Sav mTaze, antioqiis maxloblad, VI s-Si moRvaweobda didi asketi svimeon mesvete umcrosi. mas ukavSirdeba qarTlsa da kaxeTSi samonastro cxovrebis dafuZneba. svimeonwmidis savaneSi qarTvelebs sakuTari eklesia hqoniaT. dResdReobiT gamovlenilia rva qarTuli monast ris arseboba Sav, anu sakvirvel mTaze. XI s-is pirvel naxevarSi am wminda adgils miaSura samxreT saqarTvelos ber-monazonTa axalma nakadma, romelmac Tan gaiyola da Sav mTaze daamkvidra tao-klarjeTis samwerlobo tradiciebi. XI s-is Sua wlebSi aq erTxans moRvaweobda giorgi mTawmindeli. amave saukunis meore naxevarSi, didi qarTveli swavlulis, RvTismetyvelisa da mwerlis — efrem mciris winamZRvrobis Jams gansakuTrebuli avtoriteti moipova kastanis qarTvelTa monasterma. imave periodSi kastanaSi moRvaweobda meore gamoCenili qarTveli RvTismetyveli da filosofosi arsen iyalToeli. efrem mciris moTaveobiT antioqiis qarTvel moRvaweebs ganzraxuli hqondaT qarTuli saeklesio ganaTleba Tanadrouli bizantiuri ganaTlebis donemde aemaRlebinaT. am rTuli amocanis Sesasruleblad efrem mcirem SeimuSava sagangebo meTodologiuri principebi, romlebic

Raliis monastris fragmenti, kviprosi

petriwonis monasteri dRes, bulgareTi

civilizacia

aTonis iverTa monasteri, saberZneTi

aTonis iverTa monasteri XVIII saukuneSi, timoTe gabaSvilis `mimoslva~

filologiur, saRvTismetyvelo da sagamomcemlo sakiTxTa farTo speqtrs moicavda. antioqiel mTargmnelebs ara marto zedmiwevniT gadmohqondaT berZnuli dedani, aramed amzadebdnen xelnawerTa mecnierul gamocemebs, rac gulisxmobs TargmanisaTvis samecniero kritikuli aparatis (Sesavlis, filologiuri, saRvTismetyvelo da istoriuli xasiaTis ganmartebebis) darTvas. Savi mTis qarTvel mwignobarTa mier momzadebuli mecnieruli gamocemebis saxiT Cven arsebiTad SemogvrCa bizantiis arealSi Seqmnili Sua saukuneebis humanitaruli azrovnebis saukeTeso nimuSebi, ris gamoc (agreTve am xelnawerul gamocemebSi daculi unikaluri cnobebis gamo) isini metad Rirebulia bizantiuri kvlevebisTvisac. IX saukunidan qarTvelebma mimarTes bizantiis dasavleT nawils. IX s-is meore naxevarSi ilarion qarTvelma (822-875) mcire aziaSi daafuZna olimpos, xolo konstantinopolis axlos romanas monastrebi. 980-983 ww. ioane mTawmidelisa da Tornike erisTavis TaosnobiT aTonis mTaze aigo iberTa (qarTvelTa) monasteri. ivironi, rogorc mas berZnebi uwodeben, umokles droSi gadaiqca bizantiis imperiis dasavleT nawilSi qarTuli kulturisa da erovnuli TviTSegnebis protagonistad. X-XI ss-is qarTvelebi gacxovelebul samwerlobo saqmianobas eweodnen konstantinopolis monastrebSi. maT ekuTvnodaT Raliis monasteri kviprosze da petriwonis savane bulgareTSi. es ukanaskneli 1083 wels daaarsa bizantiis imperiis msxvilma samxedro moxelem, qarTvelma grigol baku rianisZem. savanesTan arsebobda seminaria, romelsac iseve, rogorc Tavad savanes, daaxloebiT 20 weli winamZRolobda Sua saukuneebis gamoCenili qarTuli filosofosi da RvTis metyveli ioane petriwi.

bizantia da qarTuli identoba

SeuZlebelia CamovTvaloT bizantiis imperiis dasavleTsa Tu aRmosavleTSi moqmedi yvela qarTuli eklesia-monasteri, magram SegviZ lia aRvniSnoT maTi erTi saerTo Tviseba — es sasuliero da mwignobruli kerebi sulac ar eweodnen Caketil samonastro cxovrebas. isini cxovrobdnen intensiuri sasuliero cxovrebiT, rac gulisxmobda cxovel urTierTobebs erTmaneTTan da saqarTvelos eklesiasTan. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Sav mTaze svimeon wmindas ukavSirdeba VI saukuneSi 13 asureli mamis Camosvla aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da 17 iyalTos akademia samonastro centris daarseba. jer kidev bevri ram aris ucnobi am moRvaweTa realuri raodenobis, maTi erovnebisa da religiuri aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb. magram sagulisxmoa Tavad is faqti, rom maT asketuri mosagreobis formebis danerg vasTan erTad (samonastro Tanacxovrebis wesi, meudabnoeoba, mesveteoba, memRvimeoba, dayudebuloba), saqarTveloSi samonastro ganaTleba Semoitanes. XI-XII saukuneebSi asurel mamaTa mier dafuZnebul monastrebs axali sicocxle STaberes bizantiaSi ganswavlulma qarTvelebma. gelaTis akademia

civilizacia

ioane zosimes `qebaL da didebaL qarTulisa enisaL~ xelnaweri

davaTis qvajvari IV saukunis II naxevriT (362381 ww.) TariRdeba. masze, zeda nawilSi, gamosaxulia miqael da gabriel mTavarangelozebi, xelSi gragniliT. gragnilze (eqvs striqonad) qarTuli asomTavruli asoebia amokawruli. frTebdaSvebuli mTavarangelozebi TiTqos uflis nebas auwyeben qvajvaris warweras 367 wliT aTariReben.

samxreT saqarTveloSi intensiuri samonastro, kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo cxovreba arabebis batonobis Semdeg daiwyo. visac waukiTxavs `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~, icis, rom am saqmis mesaZirkvle wm. grigoli iyo (759-861). misi xelmZRvane lobiT tao-klarjeTSi mWidrod dakavSirebuli sasulierosaganmanaTleblo kerebis farTo qseli Seiqmna. iTargmneboda bizantiuri saeklesio mwerlobis yvela Janris Txzulebebi. monastrebSi SesaZlo iyo im tipis enciklopediuri ganaTlebis miReba, rogoric imdroindel berZnul sasuliero centrebSi arsebobda. XII saukune dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ori udidesi sasuliero-saganmanaTleblo keris daarsebiT aRiniSna. 1106 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma imereTSi safuZveli Cauyara gelaTis samonastro kompleqsisa da akademiis aRmSeneblobas. daviTis istorikosi gelaTis akademias `sxva aTensa da meore ierusalims~ uwodebs. mematianis sityvebSi vlindeba daviT aRmaSeneblis ganzraxva, bizantiis umaRles saswavlebelTa darad gaeerTianebina gelaTSi elinTa saero sibrZne, risi simboloc warmarTuli aTenia qristianul sulierebasTan erTad, romelsac ganasaxierebs ierusalimi. daviTma am didebul kulturul-saganmanaTleblo keraSi saqarTvelos SigniT da mis gareT moRvawe Cinebuli swavlulebi Semoikriba. maT Soris iyvnen arsen iyalToeli da ioane petriwi — konstantinopolSi ganaTlebamiRebuli da ucxoeTis monastrebSi moRvawe qarTvelebi. meore saganmanaTleblo centri, savaraudod, amave periodSi kaxeTSi, iyalTos Zveli monastris teritoriaze auSenebiaT. samwuxarod, Cvenamde araa SemorCenili cnobebi iyalTos akademiisa da iq mimdinare saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis Sesaxeb. yvela mwerlobas Tavisi arsebiTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani aqvs. qarTuli saeklesio mwerloba, uwinares yovlisa, mTargmnelobiTi xasiaTisaa. es aris misi prioriteti da specifika, ris gamoc is aseve metad mniSvnelovania bizantiur-berZnuli da aRmosavleTqristianuli saeklesio literaturis kvle visTvis. axlo aRmosavleTis mravalerovan da, Sesabamisad, mravalenovan garemoSi moxvedrili qarTveli berebi zedmiwev niT iTvisebdnen berZnul, somxur, arameul, siriul, koptur da arabul enebs. zogierTi am enidan Targmnidnen kidec sasuliero mwerlobis nimuSebs. Tumca, cxadia, berZnul enas mudam upiratesoba eniWeboda qarTvelTa mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobaSi. mkveTri Semobruneba martooden bizantiuri berZnul enovani mwerlobisken X s-Si iwyeba da, upirveles yovlisa, eqvTime aTonelis saxels ukavSirdeba. swored am droidan isaxeba kulturuli moTxovna — ara marto aiTvison bizantielTa codna, aramed ganaviTaron qarTuli ena berZnuli enis mixedviT. XI s-is meore naxevarSi qarTvel mwignobarTa winaSe dadga rTuli amocana — qarTuli ena gaetolebinaT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi daxvewili da Camoyalibebuli berZnuli samecniero enis

bizantia da qarTuli identoba

SesaZleblobebisTvis. es amocana jer efrem mciris elinofilurma (elinofiloba niSnavs berZnuli kulturisa da ganaTlebis upiratesobis aRiarebasa da mis mimbaZvelobas) mimarTulebam, xolo XII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gelaTis saliteraturo centrma daisaxa miznad. araswori iqneboda gvefiqra, rom bizantiurma mwerlobam, ramdenadac is misabaZi magaliTi iyo qarTvelebisTvis, daTrguna qarTvelebSi avTenturi Semoqmedebis unari. Cven amis sapirispiro suraTs vxedavT. qarTvelebs sxva erebisgan sulier da inteleqtualur RirebulebaTa aTviseba uZlierebs erovnuli Rirsebis Segnebas da sakuTari enisa da kulturis dacvis survils. es movlena jer kidev siRrmiseul dakvirvebas moiTxovs, magram aq calkeuli faqtebis dasaxeleba mainc SeiZleba. IV s-is II naxevriTaa daTariRebuli davaTis qvajvari, romelic qarTuli saeklesio mwerlobis am adreul xanaSi qarTul anbans da amdenad, qarTul qristianul mwignobrobas ganadidebs. IX saukunis meore naxevarSi bizantiis samefo karis warmomavlobiT qarTveli mdivanTuxucesi basili wm. ilarion qarTÂ velis cxovrebas aRwers. nawarmoebSi is azria gatarebuli, rom qarTuli ena, rogorc qristianuli xalxis ena, berZnuliviT madlmosilia, ris gamoc is berZnulis Tanasworad unda miviCnioT; gansakuTrebuli madli ki, romelic masSia daculi,

samociquli, gamosaxulia wm. eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebi,wm. ilaÂrioni da wm. nino

civilizacia mxolod imas miecema, vinc am enas daeufleba. amitom mihyavs imperator basili I makedonels Tavisi ori Ze romanas qarTvelTa monasterSi da SesTxovs qarTvel berebs: `aswavleT wigni da enaL Tqueni~, raTa esenic Tanaziarni gaxdnen Tqveni locvisao. X s-is mwerali ioane zosime qarTuli enis sadidebelSi (`qebaL da didebaL qarTulisa enisaL~) kidev ufro Sors midis. is gvauwyebs, rom, Tumca mis dros qar Tuli ena daufasebelia, es is enaa, romelSic didi saidumloa damarxuli da romelzec meored mosvlisas kacobrioba ganikiTxeba. qarTvelebis TvalSi maTi eklesia Tanatoli iyo bizantiuri eklesiisa da masze upiratesic imis gamo, rom, misgan gansxvavebiT, qarTul eklesias ar Sexebia sxva dasxva juris mwvaleblobaTa Semoteva. qarTulad iTargmneboda xalxTa saistorio qronikebi da iwereboda sakuTari saistorio Txzulebebi, sadac qarTvelebi

bizantinistikis (igive bizantinologiis), rogorc samecniero dargis dafuZneba saqarTveloSi da misi kvlevis mokle istoria amgvarad, qarTuli qristianobis istoriis da kulturis kvleva bizantiuri civilizaciisa da Zveli berZnuli enis gareSe SeuZlebelia. es realoba saTanadod Seafases XX s-is qarTvelologiis saTaveebTan mdgomma brwyinvale mecnierebma, romlebmac Cinebulad icodnen Zvel berZnuli ena da Sua saukuneebis berZnuli kultura (mag., iv. javaxiSvilma, k. kekeliZem, gr. wereTelma, s. yauxCiSvilma). maT kargad esmodaT, rom axladgaxsnil qarTul universitetSi aucilebeli iyo bizantinistikis, rogorc sauniversiteto dargis dafuZneba, raTa Seqmniliyo qarTvel bizantinistTa erovnuli skola. 1927 wels ivane javaxiSvilis, grigol wereTlisa da simon yauxCiSvilis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi bizantinologiis kaTedra gaixsna, romelmac, samwuxarod, mxo lod 12 weli iarseba. 1938 wels, stalinuri reJimis mZvinvarebis xanaSi, roca mimdinareobda ideologiuri brZola yovelive progresulTan, kaTedris pirveli xelmZRvaneli da bizantinistikis qarTuli skolis faqtobrivi fuZemdebeli, simon yauxCiSvili, rogorc sabWoTa ideologiisaTvis arasando piri, universitetis bevr sxva profesorTan erTad daapatimres, bizantinologiis kaTedra ki gaauqmes. stalinis Semdegac, komunisturi ideologiis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda am dargis aRdgena Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi. erTi mxriv, aTeisturi saxelmwifosTvis qristianuli warsulis kvleva sazogadod ideologiur safrTxes Seicavda da, meore mxriv, iyo saSiSroeba, rom eris warsulis kvleva biZgs miscemda erovnul TviTgamorkvevas, rac, cxadia, SeuTavsebeli iyo imperiuli saxelmwifos interesebTan. marTalia, universitetis kedlebSi bizantinologiis kaTedris aRdgena ver moxerxda, magram es sulac ar niSnavda misi, rogorc samecniero dargis, ganviTarebis Sewyvetas. simon yauxCiSvilma, misma kolegebma da aRzrdilebma SeZles bizantinistikis skolis dacva da ganviTareba rogorc saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis institutebSi, ise Tsu klasikuri filologiis kaTedrazec, sadac wlebis ganmavlobiSi antikuri civilizaciis SeswavlasTan erTad aramciredi adgili eTmoboda momavali bizantinistebis aRzrdasac. mxolod 2006 wels aRdga Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi bizantinistika, rogorc damoukidebeli sauniversiteto dargi. bizantinistikis departamenti sTavazobs students samsafexurian ganaTlebas – bakalavriatis, magistraturisa da doqtoranturis doneze. ganyofilebis studenti iZens codnas bizantiis istoriisa da kulturis sxvadasxva dargSi, rogoricaa bizantiuri lite ratura, bizantiuri RvTismetyveleba, bizantiis istoria, bizantiuri xelovneba, antikuri da Sua saukuneebis filosofia. studenti Seiswavlis Zvel da Sua saukuneebis berZnulsa da laTinur enebs, originalSi waikiTxavs bizantiel da laTinurenovan avtorTa Txzulebebs. mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba bizantiur-qarTul mravalmxriv istoriul da kulturul urTierTobebs. dabolos, didma qarTvelma mefem da politikosma, vaxtang gorgasalma, anderZad dautova qarTvelebs sityvebi `giyvardeT berZnebi!~ vaxtang gorgaslis mowodeba bizantielTa sarwmunoebis da kulturis midevnebas urCevs qarTvelebs. Cveni eri erTguli aRmoCnda am istoriuli arCevanisa. ase Seiqna igi individualobiT aRbeWdili, Rirseuli wevri aRmosavleT da dasavleTqristianul erTa im ojaxisa, romlis saerTo kulturuli warsuli bizantiaa.

bizantia da qarTuli identoba

poulobdnen miTiTebas TavianT uZveles bibliur warmomavlobaze da maT sapatio adgilze civilizebul erTa Soris. yovelive es ar aris eris usafuZvlo yoyoCoba, aramed misi potenciis jansaRi gamovlineba, misi Rrma rwmena, rom is civilizebuli msoflios Rirseuli nawilia da mas, rogorc am samyaros unikalur wevrs, Zala Seswevs, Seqmnas WeSmariti sakacobrio Rirebulebani. qristianoba, rogorc zeerovnuli religia, xels uwyobda am tipis azrovnebis ganviTarebas, vinaidan is Tavis TavSi mravalerovnulobisa da TviTmyofadobis dacvas gulisxmobs. qarTul niadagze gadmonergilma bizantiurma saeklesio kulturam marTlac didebuli sulieri da inteleqtualuri nayofi gamoiRo: sxva aRmosavleTqristiani erebis gverdiT (sirielebi, koptebi, somxebi, qristiani arabebi, bulgarelebi, rusebi da sxv.) qarTvelma ermac, bizantiurisa da erovnulis SezavebiT, RirsSesaniSnavi, TviTmyofadi qristianuli kultura Seqmna.

didi qarTvelebi

saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqi ambrosi

statia momzadebulia internetsivrceSi gamoqveynebuli masalebis mixedviT

`guli Cemi saqarTvelos ekuTvnis, suli – RmerTs da sxeuls rac gindaT, is uyaviT…~ – es cnobili sityvebi warmoTqva bolSevikebisagan datanjulma da cixeSi gamomwyvdeulma sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma, uwmindesma da unetaresma ambrosim…. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ambrosi (eriskacobaSi besarion zosimes Ze xelaia) daibada 1861 wlis 7 seqtembers zugdidis mazris sof. martvilSi. dawyebiTi ganaTleba samegrelos sasuliero saswavlebelSi miiRo, Semdeg swavlobda Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi. am periodSi daojaxda, 1887 wels soxumis episkoposisgan mRvdlad ikurTxa. msaxurobda soxumSi, axal aTonsa da lixnSi. ebrZoda imperiis rusifikatorul politikas afxazeTSi, ilaSqrebda im pirTa winaaRmdeg, vinc afxazebs qarTvelTa siZulvils unergavdnen. amave dros aswavlida qarTul enas da iRvwoda afxazeTSi qarTuli enis gansamtkiceb-

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ambrosi

lad. 1896 wels mama ambrosi daqvrivda. darCa sami Svili, romlebic gverdidan arc yazanSi swavlisas da arc gadasaxlebis dros mouSorebia. 1897 wels, 36 wlis asakSi, mama ambrosi yazanis sasuliero akademiaSi Cairicxa. swavlis dros berad aRikveca. dawera disertacia Temaze: „qristianobis brZola islamTan saqarTveloSi“. 1902 wels arqimandritis xarisxSi aiyvanes da WeliSis monastris (raWa) winamZvrad dainiSna. arqimandritma ambrosim didi wvlili Seitana WeliSis monastris aRorZinebis saqmeSi. aq aRmoaCina „moqcevaL qarTlisaLs“ e.w. WeliSuri xelnaweri, agreTve SemdgomSi „WeliSis oTxTavis“ saxeliT cnobili saxareba. ambrosi xelaia meuRlesTan erTad

erTi imdroindeli Canaweri: „mama ambrosi sul weliwadi ar aris, rac aq winamZRvrad gamoamweses, magram RvTisa da kacis moyvare adamianisTvis es droc sakmao yofila, rom wrfeli guliT Seeyvarebina xalxs. `RvTis ena-piri asxiao, — ambobdnen iqaurebi, — jer magisTana aravin mosula da arc mag dalocvilisTana qadageba gagvigoniao“.

1904 wels arqimandriti ambrosi TbilisSi sinoduri kantoris wevrad da feriscvalebis monastris wina mZRvrad dainiSna. igi ibrZoda saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis, risTvisac 1905 wels ruseTSi gadaasaxles. 1907 wels igi eswreboda im saeklesio krebas, romelmac seminariebsa da sasuliero saswavleblebSi saRvTismetyvelo sagnebis qarTul enaze swavlebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba miiRo, rasac ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sinodi didi aRSfoTebiT Sexvda. saqarTvelos egzarqosma nikonma kazakebis xeliT daarbia avtokefaliis momxreTa kreba, mis monawileebs maTraxebiT scemes, magram nikoni amiT ar dakmayofilda da peterburgs mosTxova, seminarias, Tu iq erovnul enaze SemoiReben swavlebas, aRekveTos saxelmwifo xazinis daxmarebao. 1908 wlis 28 maiss sinodis kantoris kibeze mokles egzarqosi nikoni, marTalia, mkvleli ver ipoves, magram daiwyes nikonis mRvdlebis devna da gadasaxleba. ruseTSi gadaasaxles arqimandriti ambrosi xelaia, aseve nikonis mkvlelobaSi monawileoba daswames episkopos kirions. marTalia, brali verc erTs ver daumtkices, magram orive dasajes: mama ambrosis mRvdelmsaxureba aukrZales da gagzavnes riazanis samebis monasterSi, sadac erT

ambrosi xelaia SvilebTan erTad

didi qarTvelebi welze met xans sastik reJimSi uwevda cxovreba. 1911 wels arqimandriti ambrosi gaamarTles, magram saqarTveloSi Camosvlis ufleba mainc ar misces.

gadis wlebi da amasobaSi saqarTveloSi vrceldeba xmebi, rom ambrosi xelaia materialurad kargad aris uzrunvelyofili da ubralod ar unda dabruneba. amaze gulistkiviliT wers Tavis werilSi „Cemi eqsoriani“: „zogierTni mTvlian me bednierad, rom movSordi saqarTvelos da viTom materialurad kargad movewyve. am werilis damwerT albaT jer ar gamoucdiaT martooba sulisa, ar gamoucdiaT is simwvave, rasac ganicdis samSoblodan gadaxvewili, Tu ki gadagvarebis gzaze ar aris damdgari da guli Sestkiva samSoblos mdgomareobaze“.

1917 wels ambrosi xelaia saqarTveloSi brundeba. mas jer Wyondidis, Semdeg ki cxum-afxazeTis mitropolitad akurTxeben. igi ganagrZobs brZolas saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis. 1917 wlis TebervalSi ruseTSi momxdarma didma cvlilebebma qarTuli eklesiis damoukideblobis aRdgenisa Tvis xelsayreli momenti Seqmna da 1917 wlis 12 (25) marts mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZarSi sazeimod gamocxadda qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia, xolo 16 marts TbilisSi gaimarTa sasuliero moRvaweTa kreba, romelmac daadgina, rom amieridan sionis taZarSi RvTismsaxureba qarTul enaze unda Catarebuliyo. 1921 wlis seqtemberSi wminda sinodma mitropoliti ambrosi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad da mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposad airCia. am dros qveyana ukve bolSevikebis mier aris okupirebuli da umZimesi gansacdelis

episkoposi kirioni da arqimandriti ambrosi

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ambrosi

winaSea: dawyebulia eklesiis devna, qarTuli enis uflebebis SezRudva da istoriuli miwebis sxvaTa gankargulebaSi gadacema. kaTolikosi cdilobs msoflio sazogadoebis yuradReba miipyros da 1922 wels genuis saerTaSoriso konferencias, romelsac 29 saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli eswreba, sakaTolikoso sabWos TanxmobiT ugzavnis memorandums, sadac qarTveli eris saxeliT saqarTvelodan wiTeli jaris gayvanasa da referendumis mowyobas iTxovs. samwuxarod, genuis konferenciis mTavari mizani iyo daebrunebina nedleuliT mdidari ruseTi saerTaSoriso bazarze, aseve sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobisTvis moeTxova mefis ruseTis valebi da amitom saqarTvelos gamo ruseTs aravin daupirispirdeboda. amrigad, patriarqis mimarTva politikuri reagirebis gare Se darCa.

genuis konferenciisadmi mimarTva kulturul kacobriobas, genuis konferenciaze warmodgenils, mona RvTisa ambrosi, sulieri mwyemsi da patriarqi sruliad saqarTveloisa, qristes mier siyvaruliT moikiTxavs. jer kidev araqristianuls xanaSi, kavkasiis ZirSi, Savisa da kaspiis zRvebs Soris, qarTuli modgmis tomebma Seqmnes patara sivrciT, magram Zlieri nebis yofiT da mdidari aqtualuri niWiT saxelmwifo, romelic cnobilia istoriaSi saqarTvelos saxeliT da romelic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi erTaderTi matarebeli iyo wina aziaSi qristianuli kulturisa da evropuli humanizmisa. me-18 saukunis gasuls gareSe mtrebTan brZolaSi Zalamixdili qarTveli eri nebayoflobiT miekedla erTmorwmune ruseTs im imediT, rom misi mfarvelobis qveS saqarTvelo uzrunvelyofda Tavis politikasa da erovnul arsebobas, raica aSkarad aris aRniSnuli 1783 wlis saqarTvelos mefis erekle meorisa da ruseTis imperatrica ekaterine meoris Soris dadebuls politikur traqtatSi, magram, samwuxarod, gacruebuli imedebis amarad darCenili Cemi samSoblo 117 wlis ganmavlobaSi ruseTis biurokratiisagan ganicdida mxolod mwvave despotiasa da autanel Seviwroebas. amitom 1917 wels, dairRva Tu ara ruseTis imperiis xelovnuri mTlianoba, qarTvelma erma gamoacxada damoukidebloba da dauyovnebliv xeli mohkida Tavisi politikurisa da erovnul-kulturuli cxovrebis restavracias. miuxedavad imisa, rom am muSa obaSi mas aferxebdnen Sinauri da gareSe mtrebi, man gamoiCina iseTi niWi da erovnuli SemoqmedebiTi energia, rom sami wlis Semdeg ganaTlebulma evropam scno misi saxelmwifoebrivi unari da adgili uboZa saqarTvelos damoukide bel, suverenul politikur erTeulTa Soris.

didi qarTvelebi rasakvirvelia, amas verc Seurigdeboda misi batoni, mcire erTa mCagvreli ruseTi: man dasZra saqarTvelos sazRvrebisaken saokupacio armia da 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals patara usworo brZolaSi sisxlidan dascala saqarTvelo, xelmeored daadga kisrad iseTi mZime da samarcxvino monobis uReli, romlis msgavsi mas ar ganucdia Tavis mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi. okupantebi, marTalia, lamoben Sin da gareT yvelani daarwmunon, rom maT gaaTavisufles da gaabednieres qarTvelebi, magram ramdenad bednierad grZnobs Tavs qarTveli eri, es yvelaze ukeT vuwyi me, misma sulierma mamam da dRes dReobiT erTaderTma namdvilma moZRvarma, romlis xelSiac aris am eris gulidan gamomavali idumali Zafebi da romelsac uSualod esmis kvnesa da vaeba. Tamamad da gauzviadeblad vambob, is yovlad Seuferebeli eqsperi mentebi, romlebsac am ukanasknel wlebSi axdenen qarTveli eris zurgze, aucileblad miiyvans mas fizikurad gadaSenebisa da sulierad gavelurebisa da gaxrwnis karamde! ers arTmeven mamapapaTa sisxliT da ZvlebiT gapoxierebul miwa-wyals, romelsac ucxoeTidan SemoxiznulT urigeben: maTi wyalobiT isedac gaRatakebul ers piridan hglejen misi sisxliTa da ofliT monagar sarCos da gaugebaris siCqariT imave ucxoeTSi miezidebian. ers ugmoben da arTmeven mSobliurs enas, mas ubilwaven mamapapeul erovnul kulturas, dasasrul, mas ubRalaven wmidaTawmidas — sarwmunoebriv grZnobasa da, sindisis Tavisuflebis droSis qveS, nebas ar aZleven Tavisuflad daikmayofilos religiuri moTxovnileba. misi samRvdeloeba ukiduresad devnilia, misi eklesia — es Zvelis ZvelTave faqtori saqarTvelos erovnuli saxelmwifoebrivi amaRlebisa da Zlierebisa dRes uflebaayrilia imdenad, rom nebac ara aqvs Tavisi SromiT, garjilobiT da unariT moipovos mudmivi saxsari arsebobisa. erTi sityviT, eri kvnesis, eri gminavs, magram saSualeba ar aqvs xmis amaRlebisa. am pirobebSi Cems mwyemsmTavrul movaleobad vracx, kulturuli kacobriobis gasagonad vsTqva: me, rogorc eklesiis warmomadgeneli, ar Sevdivar politikuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva formebis dafasebasa reglamentaciaSi, mag ram ar SemiZlian ar visurvo Cemi erisaTvis iseTi wyobileba, romelic Sedare biT ufro metad Seuwyobs xels mis fizikur aRorZinebasa da kulturulad ganviTarebas. amitom gTxovT: 1. dauyovnebliv gayvanil iqnes saqarTvelos sazRvrebidan ruseTis saokupacio jari da uzrunvelyofil iqnes misi miwa-wyali ucxoelTa TareSobisa da mZlavroba-motacebisagan. 2. saSualeba mieces qarTvel ers TviTon, sxvaTa Zaldautanebliv da ukarna xod moawyos Tavisi Tavi ise, rogorc es mas unda. SeimuSaos iseTi formebi socialur-politikuri cxovrebisa, rogorc mis fsiqikas, suliskveTebas, zneCveulebas da erovnul kulturas Seesabameba.

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ambrosi

sruli imedi maqvs, rom maRalpativcemuli konferencia, romelsac miznad dausaxavs gaarkvios udidesi problemebi kacobriobis cxovrebisa da daamÂ yaros qveyanaze samarTlianoba da Tavisufleba, ar ugulebelyofs patara saqarTvelos elementarul moTxovnilebas, dRes Cemi piriT warmoTqmuls, da daixsnis mas Zalmomreobisa da samarcxvino monobis klanWebisagan.

kurTxeva uflis iyos Tqvenzeda da Tqvens keTilSobilur miswrafebebsa da muSaobaze. mdabali ambrosi patriarqi sruliad saqarTveloisa 1922 wlis 7 Tebervali, tfilisi

genuis konferenciisadmi mimarTvis Semdeg gaZlierda patriarqis devna da 1923 wlis 12 ianvars saqarTvelos ssr sagangebo komisiam â&#x20AC;&#x201D; `Cekam~ miiRo gadawyvetileba kaTolikos-patriarqisa da sakaTalikoso sabWos 9 wevris dapatimrebis Sesaxeb. patriarqs oTx rameSi edeboda brali: 1. konferenciisaTvis memorandumis gagzavna, 2. eklesia-monastrebSi daculi saganZuris gadamalva, 3. saeklesio qonebis saaRricxvo wignebis araswori warmoeba da 4. samxedro taZris (romelic dRevandeli mTavrobis sasaxlis teritoriaze iyo) komkavSirisadmi gadacemis proceduraSi sapatriarqos wamomadgenlis gamoucxadebloba. arc erT braldebuls Tavi damnaSaved ar ucnia. kaTolikos-patriarq ambrosis ganaCeni iTvaliswinebda sikvdiliT dasjas, magram mxcovani asakis gamo miusajes Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 8 wlamde, sastiki izolaciiT da mTeli qonebis konfiskaciiT.

didi qarTvelebi

amonaweri 1924 wlis martSi gamarTuli sasamarTlo sxdomebis oqmebidan: mosamarTle baraTaSvili: ra xasiaTi hqonda Tqvens memorandums? kaTalikosi ambrosi: genuis konferenciaze iyo saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli da iq unda daculiyo Cveni eris suverenoba. vfiqrobdi, rom Cvens warmomadgenels es memorandumi daxmarebas gauwevda da mec amitom gavgzavne. prokurori okujava: Tu sabWoTa wyobileba ara, rogor wyobilebas iTxovdiT? kaTalikosi ambrosi: iseTs, romelic xalxis survilze iqneboda damyarebuli. mosamarTle erqomaiSvili: ras moelodi genuis konferenciaze gagzavnili memorandumiT? kaTalikosi ambrosi: vicavdi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv da eklesiur Tavisuflebis ideas. mosamarTle erqomaiSvili: risTvis iTxovdiT saqarTvelodan wiTeli armiis gayvanas, romelic mSromeli xalxis interesebis damcvelia? kaTalikosi ambrosi: me dRemde ar vici, vis icavs rusis laSqari. rodesac wiTeli laSqris gayvanas viTxovdi, me mxedvelobaSi mqonda intervencia, radganac intervencia xdeba jaris saSualebiT. mosamarTle erqomaiSvili: rodis iyo saqarTvelo Tavisufali? kaTalikosi ambrosi: wiTeli laSqris Semosvlamde. mas Semdeg ki, rac wiTeli jari Semovida, saqarTvelom damoukidebloba dakarga. sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare CxeiZe: memorandumSi Tqven naTqvami gaqvT, rom qarTvel xalxs arTmeven miwa-wyals, damisaxeleT ra waarTves xalxs da vis gadasces. kaTalikosi ambrosi: aramcTu miwa-wyali, xalxic gacemulia sxva erebze. es damtkicdeba maSin, rodesac movitanT saqarTvelos rukas. Tu aseTi gziT damtkiceba sasamarT los SexedulebiT saWiro ar aris, maSin gavCumdebi. sasamarTlos wevri rTvelaZe: scnobT Tu ara, rom sabWoTa xelisufleba aris qarTveli xalxis Tavisuflebis damcveli? kaTalikosi ambrosi: me minda saqarTveloSi mTavroba iyos damoukidebeli. saqarTvelos mTavroba ki damokidebulia sxva eris mTavrobaze. prokurori okujava: damisaxelT, romeli sabuTis ZaliT waerTva saqarTvelos damouki debloba? kaTalikosi ambrosi: intervenciiT. prokurori okujava: ratom uwodebT ruseTis laSqars saokupacio jars? kaTalikosi ambrosi: imitom, rom man moaxdina saqarTvelos okupacia. prokurori okujava: raSi gamoixata saqarTvelos damoneba ruseTis mxriv?

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ambrosi

kaTalikosi ambrosi: as oci wlis Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis maZebar xalxis Tavi- suflebis intervenciiT warTmevaSi. prokurori okujava: damisaxelT, raSi gamoixata fizikuri gadaSeneba qarTveli xalxisa? kaTalikosi ambrosi: eris devnaSi, teritoriis sxvis xelSi gadacemaSi da imaSi, rom xelisufleba qarTvelTa xelSi ar aris. mosamarTle erqomaiSvili: magaliTad, raSi gamoixata ruseTis Careva eklesiis damouki- deblobaSi? kaTalikosi ambrosi: Tavisufal ers unda hyavdes Tavisufali jari. ramdenadac Tavisufalia eri, imdenad Tavisufalia eklesiac. prokurori maWavariani: religiuria Tu rogori Tqven mier genuis konferenciisadmi gagzav nili memorandumi? kaTalikosi ambrosi: religiuri. da Tu politikuri mimarTuleba miiRo, es gamowveulia arsebuli mdgomareobiT. prokurori maWavariani: teritoriis sakiTxis Sesaxeb politikuria Tu religiuri? kaTalikosi ambrosi: politikuric da religiuric, radgan teritoriis dakargva dakargvaa eklesiisaTvis.

paralelurad gazeTebSi TiTqmis yoveldRe Suqdeboda sasamarTlo procesi, saTauriT „kaTalikos ambrosis da misi „Zmebis“ gasamarTleba“, sadac xSirad axseneben, rom braldebulTa Semoyvanisas darbazSi gaismoda SeZaxilebi: „Zirs amb rosi“, „Zirs kontrrevolucia“, „zizRi ambrosis“. sasamarTlos SenobasTan Tavs iyridnen muSebi da moiTxovdnen Tavad gaesamarTlebinaT `muSaTa klasis moRalateebi~. iwereboda kadnieri leqsebi, statiebi. rodesac patriarqi tovebda sasamarTlos, sagangebod moyvanili komkavSirlebi mas kvercxebs esrodnen…. bolos sasamarTloze kaTalikosma Tqva saboloo sityva, romelic darCeba sityvebad eris patriarqisa, romelic sikvdilis saSiSroebis winaSec ibrZvis, zrunavs da uyvars: „nuTu Cemi gamosvlis winaaRmdegi iqneba qarTveli eris mSromelTa umravlesoba, romlis interesebisaTvis mindoda Semewira Cemi Tavi da Cemi piradi interesebi da kidevac Sevwire. ara, ar davijereb… glexoba, romlis winaprebis sisxliT morwyuli da ZvlebiT gapoxierebulia samSoblos vel-mindvrebi, es glexoba, mwams, mudam iqneba Tavisi samSoblos mosiyvarule da misi Tavisuflebis ideis damcvels arasodes ar SeiZulebs da arc gadaekideba… Cven, RvTismsaxurni, qristianul swavla-moZRvrebis mixedviT, valdebulni varT, davemorCiloT „xelmwifebasa mas umTavressa“ (laparakia mTavrobaze), radgan xelmwifebasa Sina

didi qarTvelebi

myofni „msaxurni RmrTisani arian“, maTTvis unda vilocoT da maTTvis ar vsTqvaT boroti, magram borotisa ara Tqma imas ar niSnavs, rom maT moqmedebas kritikis TvaliT ar SevxedoT, maTi Secdomebi ar aRvniSnoT…, Tu vxedavdi erovnuli mospobis saSiSroebas, movale viyavi xma amomeRo...“ saeklesio ganZis damalvis braldebaze pasuxi: „me vmsaxurebdi soxumSi da nivTebis damalva moxda uCemod… magram marTlac rom vyofiliyavi damalvis monawile, maSinac ver CavTvlidi Cems Tavs damnaSaved, vinaidan samRvdeloeba movale iyo, ezruna eklesiis qonebis dacvisaTvis da uxsovari droidan areulobis da mtrebis Semosevis dros mimarTavdnen am saSualebas“. eklesiis komkavSirisTvis gadacemasTan dakavSirebiT pasuxi: „Tqveni winadadeba CvenTvis miuRebeli iyo, vinaiTgan amis miRebiT Cven gavxdebodiT RvTis dadgenilebisa da sarwmunoebis moRalateni. es aris da es“. dabolos: „rogorc Cven winaprebs tkbilad miaCndaT samSoblosa da sarwmunoebisTvis tanjvis miReba, agreTve CemTvisac tkbili iqneba is sasjeli, romelsac momisjis uzenaesi sasamarTlo mSobliuri eklesiis da eris Tavisuflebis dacvis mizniT xmis amoRebisaTvis. es iqneba dagvirgvineba im jvrisa, romelic Cemgan natvirTia da vatareb Cemi cxovrebis TiTqmis 37 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ambrosi

Cemgan erovnuli interesebis dasacavad amaRlebuli xma da msjavri, romelsac momisjis uzenaesi samsjavro, monaxaven Tavis adgils yovelis qarTvelis gulSi, im qarTvelisa, romelsac jer kidev ar daukargavs sarwmunoeba da samSoblos siyvaruli. amiTac bednierad CavTvli Cems Tavs. rogorc morwmune vityvi — iyos neba RvTisa! da mogmarTavT qristes sityvebiT: „asulno ierusalimisano, nu stirT Cemzeda, aramed TavTa TqvenTa stirodeT da SvilTa TqvenTa“ [luk. 23, 28]. cixeSi yofnisas Svilebs ramdenjerme miecaT mamis monaxulebis saSualeba. isini igonebdnen, rom kaTolikosi maT yovelTvis mxned da mSvidad xvdeboda, TiTqos araferi awuxebda. mas mosTxoves, Tavisi nebiT gadamdgariyo patriarqobidan, razedac uari Tqva. 1924 wels, amnistiis ZaliT, kaTalikos patriarqi ambrosi gaaTavisufles da wirvis Catarebis ufleba misces. taZarSi Sesuls uamravi xalxi daxvedria, amdeni xalxis danaxvaze muxlebze damxobila da sixaruliT aRmoxdenia: „rogorc Cans, qristianobas saqarTveloSi vera Zala ver gaanadgurebso“. magram natanj da Ronemixdil mwyemsmTavars Sua wirvis dros, rodesac ambionidan mrevls jvars saxavda, guli wasvlia da dacemula. male kaTolikosi eklesiis marTvas Camoaciles, represiebi da ciliswameba mis winaaRmdeg ar wydeboda. kaTolikosi ambrosi gardaicvala 1927 wlis 29 marts. 1995 wels saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma eklesiam ambrosi xelaia wmindanad Seracxa wmida mRvdelmTavar ambrosi aRmsareblis saxeliT. 29 marti misi xsenebis dRea.

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46 47 48

Sveulad: 1. germaneli filosofosi, romlis ideebsac efuZneba Tanamedrove komunizmi. 2. vin aris avtori sityvebisa: `wiTel armiaSi ukandaxevas winsvlaze meti simamace sWirdeba~. 3. uZvelesi qarTuli TamaSi, romelic TiTqmis gamqralia dRevandel saqarTveloSi da axlaRa xdeba misi aRorZineba. 4. metsaxeli romaulad, romelic calkeuli adamianis ama Tu im damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebas mianiSnebda. 5. qarTveli sazogado moRvawe, pedagogi, eTnografi da folkloristi, „qarTuli xoros“ damaarsebeli. 6. mravalxmiani saorkestro da sagundo musikaluri nawarmoebis partiaTa erToblioba. 7. aleqsandrieli astronomi, romlis daxmarebiTac keisarma Seqmna kalendari. 8. `mesame raixis~ saidumlo saxelmwifo policia 1933-1945 ww-Si. 12. germaneli politikuri moRvawe, „SS“-is raixsfiureri, sikvdilis banakebis mTavari `arqiteqtori~. 15. erT-erTi qveyana,

romelic 1940 wels iZulebiT Seiyvanes sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi `molotov-ribentropis paqtis~ safuZvelze. 16. totalitaruli diqtaturis forma. 18. saerTo kulturuli da socialuri tradiciis mqone socialuri jgufi. 19. qveyana, romelSic 1979 wels sabWoTa kavSirma samxedro kontigenti Seiyvana. 21. yofili velosipedisti, qarTuli ragbis fuZemdebeli. 22. mdinare Crdilo-aRmosavleT italiaSi, romelic saTaves iRebs apeninebidan da adriatikis zRvaSi Caedineba. 23. elviseburi omi. 24. nacisturi germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministri 1938-1945 wlebSi, romelmac xeli moawera mesame raixsa da ssrk-s Soris dadebul Tavdausxmelobis paqts. 28. zaqaria faliaSvilis opera `daisis~ erT-erTi mTavari moqmedi gmiri. 32. integraluri mikrosqema, romelic 1958 wels gamoigones. 33. qarTveli serJanti, romelmac rus ivane egorovTan erTad gamarjvebis droSa aRmarTa raixstagze. 34. italiuri sityva, rac niSnavs jgufs, gaerTianebas, ligas. 36. sofeli kaxeTSi, yvarlis raionSi, sadac cxovroben udiebi 38. cnobili rusi kompozitoria da polifonisti, romlis xelmZRvanelobiTac gaiara zaqaria faliaSvilma kompoziciis kursi moskovis konservatoriaSi. 39. cekva, romelsac zaqaria faliaSvilis opera „daisSi“ iliko suxiSvili cekvavda. 40. qristiani asirieli. 42. Tve, romelsac saxeli romis imperatorma oqtavianus avgustusma gaius iulius keisris sapativcemulod daarqva. 44. keisars mowinaaRmdege romaeli oratori. 47. rTuli biologiuri Sedgenilobis mqone informaciis matareblebis obieqti.

Tarazulad: 4. glexobis iZulebiTi gaerTianeba koleqtiur meurneobebSi. 9. germaneli filosofosi, romelmac udidesi gavlena moaxdina hitleris ideologiis Camoyalibebaze nicSesTan da SpenglerTan erTad. 10. romis pirveli imperatori. 11. informaciis sazomi erTeuli. 13. mogebis miRebis mizniT sxvadasxva faseulobis, farTo moxmarebis saqonlis, produqtebis yidva-gayidva. 14. ruseTis pirveli prezidenti sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg. 16. qarTveli kompozitori, pirveli qarTuli klasikuri operis avtori. 17. saxeli, romelsac italielebi benito musolinis eZaxdnen. 20. sportuli gunduri TamaSis saxeoba ovaluri burTiT. 25. qalaqi iaponiaSi, sadac 1945 wlis 6 agvistos amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma atomuri bombi Camoagdo. 26. qalaqi germaniaSi, sadac moxda meore msoflio omis germaneli mTavari damnaSaveebis gasamarTleba saerTaSoriso samxedro tribunalis mier. 27. TamaSi me-19 saukuneSi inglisSi, romelic safuZvlad daedo fexburTisa da ragbis warmoSobas. 29. Senoba berlinSi, sadac bundestagia ganTavsebuli. 30. faSisturi germaniis yvelaze cnobili samxedro mfrinavi. 31. didi musikalur-vokaluri nawarmoebis (upiratesad operis) sityvieri teqsti; 35. sofeli somxeTSi, sadac 1768 wels berad Sedga saiaTnova. 37. agrarul da kustarul mrewvelobaze orientirebuli ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis gadaqceva iseT ekonomikad, sadac wamyvania msxvili, avtomatizaciaze damyarebuli mrewveloba. 41. SurisZieba, samagieros gadaxda. 43. germaniis kancleri, romelsac ekuTvnis sityvebi: `Tu socializmis aSeneba gsurT, maSin airCieT qveyana, romelic ar genanebaT!~ 45. mniSvnelovani samTavrobo moxele Zvel romSi. 46. didi qarTveli momRerali, romelic malxazis partias asrulebda zaqaria faliaSvilis opera `daisSi~ 47. eTnikuri wmendis ukiduresi forma. 48. nervuli ujredi, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba adamianis sxeulSi operatiuli informaciis gavrceleba nervul sistemaSi eleqtruli impulsebis gadacemiT.

wina nomris pasuxebi: Sveulad: 2. proletariati; 4. miqelanjelo; 5. socializacia; 7. goeTe; 9. uilsoni; 12.stalini; 16. urbanizacia; 17. lenoni; 20. Jordania; 22. faSizmi; 23. Sileri; 27. fausti; 28. protagonisti; 31. bruneleski; 32. keso; 34. revolucia; 35. bolSevizmi; 39. agora; 40. qalaqi; 42. favela. Tarazulad: 1. utopia; 3. omi; 6. ringo; 8. foSi; 10. izolacionizmi; 11. tredunionisti; 13. ekermani; 14. ipriti; 15. protorenesansi; 18. trocki; 19. epstaini; 21. klemanso; 24. industrializacia; 25. gvardia; 26. italia; 29. nacionalizacia; 30. verTeri; 33. iveria; 36. asimilacia; 37. vaimari; 38. zeTi; 41. hiperinflacia; 43. eqspropriacia; 44. ulianovi; 45. asketizmi; 46. martini