baTumi, proklamaciebi da „axalgazrda saqarTvelo“

saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros (yofili kgb-is) arqivSi bevri mniSvnelovani sisxlis samarTlis saqme inaxeba. iq uamrav unikalur istorias waawydeba mkvlevari da maTi sazogadoebisTvis gacnobac moundeba. erT-erTi maTgani ki namdvilad aris sisxlis samarTlis saqme 5505 meeqvse fondidan.

es ambavi 1955 wels baTumSi moxda turistul sezonze, rodesac qalaqs bevri damsvenebeli hyavda, adgilobrivma axalgazrdebma quCebSi antisabWoTa proklamaciebi gamoakres maSindeli baTumi dRevandelisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli urbanuli sivrce iyo – sabWoTa kavSirsa da TurqeTs Soris mdebare sasazRvro, saporto da turistuli qalaqi, romelic ori samxedro blokis – Crdiloatlantikuri aliansisa da varSavis paqtis – sazRvaric iyo. aq moqmedebda usafrTxoebis gansakuTrebuli zomebi da Tavmoyrili iyo ramdenime aTasi sabWoTa jariskaci. amerikis centraluri sadazvervo saagentos ukve gansaidumloebul masalebSi baTumis Sesaxeb informacia sakmaod bevria; aq naxavT cnobebs mosaxleobaze, gzebis sigrZesa da siganeze, industriaze, cxovrebis Rirebulebaze, infrastruqturaze, rasakvirvelia, portze, daxurul obieqtebze da imazec, Tu ra Rirda winda Tu kargi kostiumi (sxvaTa Soris, baTumSi bambis winda, 1958 wlis monacemebiT, 7 rubli Rirda, xolo kargi kostiumi – 1500 rubli).

swored am qalaqSi 1955 wlis 12 ivliss, saRamos 10 saaTze, ramdenime axalgazrdam quCebSi winaswar damzadebuli proklamaciebi gamoakra – erT-erTs webo edo jibeSi, meores rveuli eWira, daniSnulebis adgilas midiodnen, qaRalds webos usvamdnen, akravdnen da sxvagan gadadiodnen. sul ramdenime qaRaldis gakvra moaswres – pirveli proklamacia maSindeli orjonikiZis (dRes z. gamsaxurdias quCa) quCaze, puris maRaziasTan gaakres, meore da mesame – mwvane bazarTan, meoTxe avtobusis gaCerebaze unda gaekraT, rodesac milicielma SeniSna, gamoekida da bi- proklamaciebi kustarulad iyo damzadebuli – xeliT naweri kedlis gazeTis qaRaldze, ubralo kalmiTa da tuSiT damamzadeblebs arc specialuri gasamravlebeli aparati gaaCndaT da arc konspiraciis gansakuTrebuli codna. isini proklamaciebs saxlSi, mSoblebisgan uCumrad, sami dRis ganmavlobaSi werdnen. jamSi, 10 proklamacia Seqmnes, aqedan 3 tuSiT daesvaraT da dawves. arc Sinaarsze umsjeliaT didad, martivad SeTanxmdnen – akaki wereTlis leqsi „avadmyofis“ pirveli strofi ucvlelad gadmoiRes, xolo leqsis Sinaarsi ki proklamaciis teqstad aqcies. proklamaciis teqsti ase gamoiyureboda: mozardebis mier gavrcelebuli proklamacia mniSvnelovani politikuri aqti iyo, romelic sazogadoebaSi arsebul politikur ganwyobebs asaxavda amitomac acnoba saxelmwifo uSiSroebis axlad daniSnulma ufrosma – aleqsi inaurma – sruliad saidumlod saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centralur komitets, rom nacionalisturad ganwyobilma axalgazrdebma baTumSi gaavrceles proklamaciebi, romelic erTa Soris SuRlis gaRvivebas emsaxureboda da rom agreTve daafuZnes organizacia „axalgazrda saqarTvelo“. werili faqtebs aRwerda da radikaluri nabijebis gadadgmisaken ar ubiZgebda partias, is ufro informirebis mizniT iyo gagzavnili, tonic SedarebiT rbili da naklebad kategoriuli hqonda. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos arqivebSi dRemde aRmoCenili dokumentebi ar iZleva saSualebas, rom aRvadginoT am saqmis irgvliv gamarTuli diskusia, rac ufro met naTels mohfenda am saqmeSi monawile axalgazrdebis mimarT partiis damokidebulebas

Webmac gaqceviT uSveles Tavs xelSi SerCenili proklamaciebis datoveba ukve saxifaTo iyo, amitom Tevzis mrewvelobis trestTan (РыбТрест) Tavidan moiciles da saxlebSi dabrundnen movlenebis ase ganviTarebis gamo, savaraudod, proklamaciebi an aravin waikiTxa, an Zalian cota adamianma Tumca, es sakmarisi aRmoCnda saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetisTvis, rom sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRZruliyo saqarTvelos ssr sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 58-e muxliT, rac politikuri niSniT Cadenil danaSauls niSnavda da xSirad sasjelis umaRles zomas – daxvretas iTvaliswinebda.

Cven xelT arsebuli oficialuri dokumentiT, saqarTvelos komunisturma partiam miiRo sakmaod formaluri dadgenileba, riTac daavala aWaris saolqo komitetsa da aWaris axalgazrda leninur komunistur kavSirs (alkk), rom baTumSi skolebSi CaetarebinaT aRmzrdelobiTi samuSaoebi, e i gaeZlierebinaT propaganda da partiuli muSaoba gamomZiebelma dapatimrebul gigineiSvils erT-erT pirvel dakiTxvaze hkiTxa, icoda Tu ara man akaki wereTlis leqsi „av- admyofi“. mas upasuxia, rom mxolod erTi strofi axsovda, sadac akaki laparakobda saqarTvelos mkvdreTiT aRdgenaze da pirdapir uTqvams, rom Sida mtrebi ebrZodnen qarTul enas, kulturas da es araferi kargis momtani ar iqneboda momavalSi. yvela braldebulTan gamomZieblebs muSaobis erTi strategia hqoniaT: ainteresebdaT, raze saubrobdnen isini erTmaneTTan, ra intensivobiT naxulobdnen erTmaneTs, ra iyo maTi ganxilvis Tema. dapatimrebulTa Tavdapirveli pasuxebi, rom isini nanax filmebsa da wakiTxul wignebze saubrobdnen, gamocdili CekistebisTvis mniSvnelovani, magram arasrulyofili informacia iyo. dapatimrebulebma ramdenime dakiTxvis mere daadastures, rom maT gaiges, Tu rogor esroles gorSi rusma jariskacebma eTnikurad qarTvels, aseve rogor esroles qalaq maxaraZeSi (dRevandeli ozurgeTi) rusma jariskacebma stalinis Zegls da rom es maTTvis Seuracxmyofeli iyo. jgufis lideri gia soselia miiCnevda, rom Tu ase gagrZeldeboda, qarTvelebs garuseba emuqrebodaT. igi pirdapir ambobda, rom sanam stalini cocxali iyo, veravin bedavda saqarTvelos Seuracxyofas, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg ki rusebi qarTvelebs aleqsi inauri (1908-1995)

12 ivniss gakruli proklamaciis avtorebi mxolod oqtomberSi daapatimres. saarqivo dokumentebSi ar Cans ra iyo amis mizezi. SeiZleba, es pirTa identificirebisaTvis saWiro gaWianurebuli samZebro saqmianoba yofiliyo an ukve gamorkveul pirTa TvalTvali imis dasadgenad, kidev Tu gaimeorebdnen am aqts realurad, „Zlevamosil“ sabWoTa uSiSroebas erTjerad, emociur aqtTan hqonda saqme, romlis Semoqmedebic konspiraciuli muSaobis gamocdilebis uqoneli axalgazrdebi iyvnen maTi saxelebia: gia simonis Ze soselia, dabadebuli 1940 wels, dapatimrebis dros swavlobda baTumSi, saSualo skolis IX klasSi, alkk-is wevri da amave skolis komkavSiruli organizaciis mdivani; iuri mixeilis Ze gigineiSvili soseliaze ufrosi iyo, 1938 wels dabadebuli, isic alkk-is wevri, baTumis sazRvao akademiis moswavle „axalgazrda saqarTveloSi“ ori Zma axvledianic iyo gawevrianebuli ufrosi, badri Salvas Ze axvlediani, 1938 wels iyo dabadebuli, swavlobda X klasSi da iyo alkk-is wevri umcrosi Zma, givi, 1940 wels iyo dabadebuli quTaisSi da IX klasSi swavlobda, aseve iyo alkk-is wevri. organizaciis wevrebi 15-17 wlisani iyvnen, yvela –alkk-is wevri, rogorc Cans, maT am organizaciis wevrobis gamo protesti ar hqoniaT – maTi protesti sruliad sxva mizezma gamoiwvia.

Rirsebas ulaxavdnen da swored amis gasaprotesteblad gadawyvites axalgazrdebma proklamaciebis gavrceleba gamoZiebis procesidan Cans, rom axalgazrdebs aranairi xedva da momzadeba ar hqoniaT, arc is icodnen, ra elodaT dapatimrebis Semdeg isini xSirad urTierTgamomricxav informacias iZleodnen gamomZieblebma martivad miiRes pasuxebi kiTxvebze, Tu ratom gaakres proklamaciebi, ra iyo protestis mizezi, idga Tu ara vinme axalgazrdebis ukan, hqondaT Tu ara maT Camoyalibebuli organizaciuli struqtura, ramdeni adamiani iyo Cabmuli organizaciaSi, rogor iyo funqciebi gadanawilebuli, icoda Tu ara vinmem organizaciis Sesaxeb dapatimrebulebma Tqves, rom maT daaarses organizacia „axalgazrda saqarTvelo “ , romlis xelmZRvaneli iyo gia soselia, moadgile ki – iura gigineiSvili jgufis wevrebi iyvnen Zmebi axvledianebic. jgufis wevrebs Soris davalebebi gadanawilebuli iyo: gia soselias jgufSi axali wevrebi unda Caeba, gigineiSvils – iaraRi unda eSova, Zmeb axvledianebs ki – proklamaciebi unda daeweraT da gaevrcelebinaT jgufis wevrebs revolveris SeZenac undodaT da amisaTvis fuls agrovebdnen. axalgazrdebma mxolod 20 maneTis Segroveba moaxerxes da Semdeg am fuliT tuSi da bloknoti iyides saidumlo Sifris Se- sadgenad. maT undodaT, rom Sifri erTmaneTTan mimowerisTvis gamoeyenebinaT, raTa sxvebs ar gaegoT am mimoweris Sinaarsi. amisaTvis daweres anbani da yovel asos miusadages saTanado mniSvnelobis cifri. jgufis TiToeul wevrs hqonda fsevdonomi: jgufis xelmZRvanels eZaxdnen „toms“, gigineiSvils – „jons“, badri axvledians – „urals“, jgufis kidev erT wevrs – „jims“. hqondaT damatebiTi fsevdonimebic – „Savi zRva“ da „azovis zRva“. es zedmeti saxelebi sWirdebodaT imisaTvis, rom ucxo piris TandaswrebiT erTmenTTan komunikacia SesZlebodaT gamoZiebis procesidan Cans, rom maT arc saidumlo Srifti SeuqmniaT da arc zedmetsaxelebi gamouyenebiaT – yvelaferi imaze male dasrulda, vidre maT warmoedginaT am axalgazrdebis kidev erTi ganuxorcielebeli idea iyo muzeumidan sabeWdi manqanis moparva am ZarcvisTvis da, damatebiT, rusebis dasaSineblad undodaT maT revolveris SeZena axalgazrdebma verc es gegma ganaxorcieles dakiTxvidan Cans, rom organizaciis muSaobaSi, marTalia, sul 4 adamiani iyo CarTuli, magram ararsebuli gegmebis Sesaxeb bevrma icoda, zogma uaric ki Tqva masSi monawileobaze – konspiraciuloba aqac darRveuli iyo is, rom organizaciis Seqmna axalgazrdebis emociuri aqti iyo, yvelaze kargad Cans gia soselias Cvenebidan, roca igi organizaciis Seqmnis mTavar motivze yveba: 1955 wlis maisSi isini samxedro nawilSi Ria cis qveS kinos sayureblad Separulan, sadac ucxo pirTa daswreba ar SeiZleboda morige oficers, erovnebiT russ, qarTveli axalgazrdebis dapatimreba da hauptvaxtSi Casma ubrZanebia, saidanac ori saaTis mere isini gauTavisuflebiaT maTTan erTad myofi rusi biWebi ki ar daupatimrebiaT. am faqts axalgazrdebi gaubrazebia da gadauwyvetiaT, yvela russ gasworebodnen, Tumca mere mimxvdaran, rom fizikurad yvelas ver moereodnen gabrazebulebs isic gaxsenebiaT, rom rusul skolebSi qarTuli ar iswavleboda, rom qarTuli tradiciebi idevneboda, magaliTad, qelexi akrZaluli iyo (sakmaod ucnauri argumentia – redaqtoris SeniSvna) da amis gamo gadauwyvetiaT proklamaciebis gavrceleba, raTa xalxs gaego, ra dReSi iyo qarTveli eri gia soselias isic gauxsenebia, rogor hkiTxa erTxel Tavis megobars, ratom ewera rigaSi gamoSvebul kalams lat- viurad, xolo saqarTveloSi gamoSvebul produqcias – rusulad, razec mis megobars pasuxi ver gaucia sasamarTlos sxdomaze axalgazrdebis mimarT braldeba Semdegi iyo: „1955 wlis maisis Tvidan megobrebis saubris Temas nacionaluri xasiaTis ambebi Seadgenda samarTalSi micemulma soseliam samarTalSi micemulTa Soris pirvelma wamoWra sakiTxi, TiTqos rusi erovnebis calkeuli pirebi upativcemulod ekidebdnen qarTvel xalxsa da qarTul kulturas, maT zne-Cveulebebs urTierTSeTanxmebiT gadawyvites SeedginaT jgufi, romlis mizani iqneboda nacionalisturi xasiaTis furclebis Sedgena, gamravleba da gavrceleba voiniCis moTxroba „krazanas“ mixedviT gadaRebuli kinosuraTis naxvisa da TviT am nawarmoebis wakiTxvis Semdeg, soselias winadadebiT, jgufs ewoda „axalgazrda saqarTvelo“ sasamarTloze dacvis mxare cdilobda maT dacvis qveS myof pirTa gamarTlebas maTi asakis gamo, rom isini axalgazrdebi iyvnen da ar hqondaT bolomde gacnobierebuli, ras akeTebdnen Tumca sasamarTlo kolegia Zalian mkacri aRmoCnda da sabraldebo daskvnaSi Caweres, rom „sasamarTlo kolegia ver gaiziarebs dacvis mxaris moTxovnas samarTalSi micemulTa mimarT iseTi Ro- nisZiebis Sefardebaze, romelic Tavisuflebis aRkveTasTan ar iqneba dakavSirebuli, ramdenadac, marTalia, samarTalSi micemuli arasrulwlovnebi arian, magram isini moqmedebdnen sruli SegnebulobiT da maT mier Cadenili danaSauli mZimea igi mimarTuli iyo socialisturi revoluciis didi monapovris – erTa Soris Tanasworuflebianobis winaaRmdeg“ igive kolegiam soselias da gigineiSvils orwliani sasjli miusaja bavSvTa SromagasworebiT koloniaSi, xolo Zmeb axvledianebs – TiTo-TiTo weli amis Semdeg saqmeSi CarTuli advokatebi ufro gaaqtiurdnen maT ganaCeni saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sasamarTlos sisxlis samarlis saqmeTa sakasacio kolegiaSi gaasaCivres dacvis strategia sxvadasxva iyo gia soselias advokatma aSkarad SeteviTi taqtika airCia da sakasacio saCivarSi Cawera, rom misi dacvis qveS myofi piris mier „Cadenili danaSauli ar warmoadgens Tavisi SinaarsiT da SedegebiT mZime saxis danaSauls qmedebas aqvs wabaZulobis xasiaTi“ da rom es aris reaqcia „velikorusul Sovinistur“ saqcielze, romelic momarTuli iyo qarTveli naciisa da piradad msjavrdebulTa winaaRmdeg axalgazrdebis sisxlis samarTlis saqmis analizisas Cans, rom stalinuri periodi dasrulebulia, mxolod daxvreta da gadasaxleba aRaraa sasjeli advokatebis roli SedarebiT gazrdilia da isinic sakuTar profesiul unarebsa da codnas iyeneben sasamarTlo procesze maT axalgazrdebis dacvis strategia imgvarad warmarTes, rom es iyo individualuri protesti rusi erovnebis kerZo pirebis mimarT da amas ar hqonia nacionaluri siZulvilis xasiaTi. sasamarTlos da mosamarTleTa damoukideblobaze 1955 wels sabWoTa saqarTveloSi laparaki araseriozulia, magram maSin arsebulma politikurma garemom mosamarTles misca saSualeba, rom dapatimrebulebisTvis sasjeli pirobiTi, sagamocdo 3-3 wliani vadiT Seecvala msjavrdebulebi gaaTavisufles rodesac es saqmeebi arqivSi vipove, Sevecade moqmedi pirebi mepova. samwuxarod, arcerTi aRar iyo cocxali maT ojaxebSi cota an TiTqmis araferi icodnen am ambis Sesaxeb. maTTanac igive moxda, rac xSiria amgvari „Tavgadasavlis“ Semdeg: adamianebi erTmaneTs dascildnen – veRar SeinarCunes Zveli urTierTobebi. vfiqrob, es saqme nacionalur niadagze Seuracxyofili ramdenime axalgazrdis pirad problemad darCeboda, rom ara erTi mniSvnelovani detali – swored soselias, gigineiSvilis, Zmebi axvledianebis Taobam aq aRwerili movlenebidan ramdenime TveSi, 1956 wlis 5-9 marts, didi demonstraciebi gamarTa saqarTvelos ramdenime qalaqSi da Tvisebrivad Secvala moskovsa da Tbiliss Soris manamde arsebuli urTierTobebi. ise gamodis, rom mcire ambebiT efineba naTeli did istoriul movlenebs

1953 wlis 5 marts ioseb stalini gardaicvala kremlSi xelisuflebisTvis brZola daiwyo, romelic sabolood nikita xruSCovis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. xelisuflebisTvis brZolaSi man lavrenti beria da sxva oponentebi moiSora misi mmarTvelobis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani politikuri nabiji destalinizaciis dawyeba iyo sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis XX yrilobaze xruSCovma stalinis pirovnebis kulti gaakritika saqarTveloSi es kritika nacionalur Seuracxyofad miiRes, radgan stalini qarTveli eris simbolod miiCneoda. axalgazrdebi quCaSi gamovidnen. TbilisSi da gorSi gansakuTrebulad xalxmravali demonstraciebi daiwyo xelisuflebam demonstrantebi daarbia, rasac, oficialuri informaciiT, ramdenime aTeuli adamiani emsxverpla. 1956 wlis martis demonstraciebis Sesaxeb mexsiereba SemdegSi nacionaluri moZraobis qvakuTxedad iqca am movlenebis Semdeg moskovsa da Tbiliss Soris urTierTobebi Seicvala da ufro distancirebuli gaxda.