ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
Faculty of Humanities
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi
ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
2015
saredaqcio sabWo:
v. boederi, i. giperti, j. giunaSvili, d. TvalTvaZe,
b. utie, h. fenrixi, m. SaniZe, z. WumburiZe, a. harisi
EDITORIAL COUNCIL:
W. Boeder, Z. Chumburidze, H. Fähnrich, J. Gippert, J. Giunashvili,
A. Harris, B. Outtier, M. Shanidze, D. Tvaltvadze
saredaqcio kolegia:
T.
i.
r.
d.
gamyreliZe (mTavari redaqtori),
leJava (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile),
asaTiani, T. bolqvaZe, n. gafrindaSvili, m. ivaniSvili,
meliqiSvili, e. soselia, l. qecba-xundaZe, p. cxadaia, m. jiqia
EDITORIAL BOARD:
Th. V. Gamkrelidze (Editor-in-Chief),
I. Lezhava (Deputy Editor-in-Chief),
R. Asatiani, T. Bolkvadze, N. Gaprindashvili, M. Jikia, M. Ivanishvili,
L. Ketsba-Khundadze, D. Melikishvili, E. Soselia, P. Tskhadaia
Jurnali daarsebulia 1999 wels Tamaz gamyreliZisa da
zurab sarjvelaZis mier
The journal was founded in 1999 by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze
and Zurab Sarjveladze
gamocemulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis sauniversiteto sagamomcemlo sabWos gadawyvetilebiT
© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis gamomcemloba, 2016
ISSN 1512-0473
eZRvneba SoTa gafrindaSvilis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavs
Dedicated to the 100th birth anniversary of Shota Gaprindashvili
SoTa gafrindaSvili _ 100
mogoneba
1958 wels vmuSaobdi sparsuli enis maswavleblad taSkentis universitetis aRmosavleTmcodneobis fakultetze. batonma giorgi wereTelma
gamoiCina didi sulgrZeloba da SemomTavaza saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis enaTmecnierebis institutis axloaRmosavluri enebis ganyofilebaSi umcrosi mecnieri TanamSromlis Tanamdeboba, rac me uRrmesi madlierebiT miviRe.
ganyofilebisa da institutis TanamSromlebma gulTbilad mimiRes.
cota xnis Semdeg enaTmecnierebis institutis eqsperimentuli fonetikis
laboratoriis gamgem, batonma SoTa gafrindaSvilma damisva ramdenime
kiTxva sparsuli fonetikis sakvanZo sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. es saubrebi gagrZelda da erT mSvenier dRes batonma SoTam SemomTavaza sparsuli fonetikis sakiTxebze muSaoba.
me batoni giorgi Cavayene saqmis kursSi. batonma giorgim brZana:
`profesori SoTa gafrindaSvili friad kompetenturi mkvlevari da eqsperimentatoria. kargi iqneba, Tu iTanamSromlebT masTan~. ase daiwyo baton SoTasa da Cemi erToblivi muSaoba sparsuli enis fonetikis sakiTxebze.
Tavdapirvelad batonma SoTam brZana detaluri moxsenebiTi baraTis
Sedgena sparsuli fonetikis sakiTxebze samecniero centrebSi Catarebuli
kvlevebis Sesaxeb. batoni SoTas brZanebis Sesrulebas movundi TiTqmis
ori Tve. movamzade vrceli mimoxilva 1875 wlidan 1961 wlamde.
aRmoCnda bevri saintereso faqti. Sevexebi ramdenimes: aRmoCnda, rom
sparsuli enis TanxmovanTa ricxvi zogi mkvlevris mier ganisazRvreba 22
TanxmovniT (J. Kramsky 1947; .
1953...), zogis mier _ 23 TanxmovniT ( .
1960...) da zogis mier 24 TanxmovniT (C. Hadge
1952; G. Hincha 1961….). zogi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom sparsuli xmovnebi
ganirCevian erTmaneTisgan `sigrZe-simokliT~ (M. Shaki 1957; A. Lambton
1957...); zogs miaCnia, rom sparsuli enis xmovnebis dapirispireba `ganisazRvreba sxvadasxva faqtorebiT~ (J. Kramsly 1939…). amrigad, sparsuli
enis fonetikuri sistemis araerTi sakvanZo sakiTxi Cven axleburad da
safuZvlianad unda Segveswavla.
didi dro movandomeT diqtorebis SerCevis saqmes. bolos SevarCieT
sami wignieri Teiranis mkvidri: axalgazrda mandilosani, xandazmuli da
saSualo asakis ori mamakaci. diqtorebis mier warmoTqmuli bgeris Seswavla iTvaliswinebda rentgenografiul, oscilografiul da speqtrografiul analizs.
5
didi moculobis masalis damuSavebaSi daxmareba gagviwies enaTmecnierebis institutis laboratoriis inJinerma i. strelnikovma da aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis laboratoriis gamgem a. cibulevskim da laborantma g. zaldastaniSvilma.
1964 wels baton giorgi wereTlis redaqtorobiT gamoica wigni
`sparsuli enis fonetika~ (rusul enaze, 225 gv.). naSromma daimsaxura
mravali dadebiTi Sefaseba, xolo me, batoni SoTas wyalobiT, SeviZine
didi gamocdileba. RmerTma acxonos batoni SoTas suli.
jemSid giunaSvili
6
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
SoTa gafrindaSvilis samecniero Sromebis bibliografia
1.
1937
angariSebi 1937 wlis sazafxulo mivlinebisa qarTluri kilos Sesaswavlad da qarTluri dialeqtologiuri masalebis Sesagroveblad:
wiTelqalaqi (kaspis raioni), n. maris sax. enis, istoriisa da materialuri kulturis institutis moambe, t. II, Tbilisi 1937, gv. 277.
1939
2. saangariSo moxseneba darguul enaze Catarebuli muSaobisa, n. maris
saxelobis enis, istoriisa da materialuri kulturis institutis
moambe, t. IV, Tbilisi 1939, gv. 253-262.
1941-1942
3.
4.
aul xoJal-maq‘is metyvelebis fonetikuri Taviseburebani (sakandidato disertaciis Tezisebi), Tbilisi 1941, 7 gv. [
(
)].
darguuli enis wudaÃaruli dialeqtis fonetikuri Taviseburebani
(aul xoJal-maq‘is metyvelebis masalaTa mixedviT), n. maris saxelobis enis, istoriisa da materialuri kulturis institutis moambe,
t. XII, Tbilisi 1942, gv. 199-203, 204-207 (teqsti qarTul da rusul enebze).
1947
5.
darguuli enis wudaxaruli dialeqtis morfologiuri Taviseburebani. saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis n. maris saxelobis enis
institutis IV samecniero sesia, Tbilisi 1947, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi,
gv. 7-9.
1948
6.
micemiTi brunvis formantebis genezisisaTvis darguulSi, „iberiulkavkasiuri enaTmecniereba“, t. II, Tbilisi 1948, gv. 215-228 (reziume
rusul enaze).
(
).
«
», . I,
1948,
. 105-135.
7.
7
1952
darguuli enis kilo-TqmaTa klasifikaciis sakiTxisaTvis, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis enaTmecnierebis institutis III (IX)
samecn. sesia, Tbilisi 1952, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, gv. 22-24, 55-57
(teqsti qarTul da rusul enebze).
9. enis ganviTarebis bunebis Sesaxeb, „iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba“, t. III, Tbilisi 1952, gv. 181-206 (reziume rusul enaze).
10. i. stalinis moZRvreba enis rogorc sazogadoebrivi movlenis Sesaxeb,
staliniris saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis Sromebi, t. I, 1952,
gv. 25-52.
11. qsnis xeobis metyvelebis adgilisaTvis qarTuli enis kilo-TqmaTa
Soris, staliniris saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis qarTul da
osur enaTa kaTedris samecniero sesia, staliniri 1952, moxsenebaTa
Tezisebi, gv. 5-11.
8.
1953
12. niSa „Tqven“ nacvalsaxelis formis genezisisaTvis xaidayurSi, „iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba“, t. IV, Tbilisi 1953, gv. 161-171
(reziume rusul enaze).
13. saxelTa mravlobiT ricxvis formebis warmoeba darguulsa da lakurSi, „iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba“, t. V, Tbilisi 1953, gv.
217-263 (reziume rusul enaze).
1954
14. bgeraTSesatyvisobisaTvis darguulsa da lakurSi, „iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba“, t. VI, Tbilisi 1954, gv. 281-326 (reziume rusul
enaze).
1955
15. enis ganviTarebis Sinagani kanonzomierebis obieqturobis sakiTxisaTvis, staliniris saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis Sromebi, t. II,
1955, gv. 181-202.
16. labializaciis bunebisaTvis zog iberiul-kavkasiur enaSi, „iberiulkavkasiuri enaTmecniereba“, t. VII, Tbilisi 1955, gv. 229-273 (reziume rusul enaze).
17. spirantTa afrikatizaciis sakiTxisaTvis zog iberiul-kavkasiur enaSi, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis enaTmecnierebis institutis VI/XII/ samecniero sesia, Tbilisi 1955, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, gv.
29-31, 52-54 (teqsti qarTul da rusul enebze).
8
1956
18. afrikatTa da afrikatizaciis procesis bunebisaTvis iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, staliniris saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis XVII samecniero sesia, staliniri 1956, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, gv. 29-35.
19.
,
.
- , . III, 1956,
. 331-377.
20.
,
«
», . VIII,
1956,
. 479-512.
1957
21.
IV, 1957,
,
. 283-330.
.
- , .
1958
22. velarizaciis rolisaTvis bagismierTa da winaenismier spirantTa artikulaciaSi, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis enaTmecnierebis
institutis XV samecniero sesia, Tbilisi 1958, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, gv. 17-18, 28-29 (teqsti qarTul da rusul enebze).
23.
,
.
- , . V, 1958,
. 187-221.
1959
24. sisina da SiSina spirantebis warmoebis TaviseburebisaTvis (zogi iberiul-kavkasiuri enis masalebis mixedviT), „iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba“, t. XI, Tbilisi 1959, gv. 77-105 (reziume rusul enaze).
25.
.
.
. . .
, .
XIII,
1959,
. 365-388 (
).
1960
26. sawarmoTqmo dabrkolebaTa ragvarobis sakiTxi qarTulSi, „iberiulkavkasiuri enaTmecniereba“, t. XII, Tbilisi 1960, gv. 169-189 (reziume rusul enaze).
1961
27. Suaxaxismier spirantTa rigisaTvis mTis iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis enaTmecnierebis institutisa
da xelnawerTa institutis gaerTianebuli samecniero sesia, Tbilisi
1961, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, gv. 12-15, 32-34 (teqsti qarTul da rusul enebze).
9
1962
28. xSul-mskdom TanxmovanTa klasifikaciisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi. „iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba“, t. XIII, Tbilisi 1962, gv. 81-90
(reziume rusul enaze).
1964
29. kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebi eqsperimentul fonetikaSi, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis enaTmecnierebis institutisa da al.
wulukiZis saxelobis quTaisis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis
qarTuli enis kaTedris gaerTianebuli samecniero sesia, quTaisi
1964, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, gv. 10.
30.
, «
», .
XIV,
1964,
. 292-314.
31.
. 1.
(
. .
),
1964, 227
.
1966
32. qarTuli enis sonor TanxmovanTa formantuli diapazonebi (eqsperimentuli gamokvleva), krebuli „metyvelebis analizisa da sinTezis
sakiTxebi“, Tbilisi 1966, gv. 5-27 (reziume rusul enaze).
33. xmovanTa faringalizaciis bunebisaTvis waxurulsa da udur enebSi
(eqsperimentuli gamokvleva), krebuli „metyvelebis analizisa da sinTezis sakiTxebi“, Tbilisi 1966, gv. 28-80 (reziume rusul enaze).
34. Ф
,
1966, 317
.
1967
35. qarTuli enis napralovan TanxmovanTa saSualo speqtrebi, krebuli
„metyvelebis analizisa da sinTezis sakiTxebi“, Tbilisi 1967, gv. 5-46
(reziume rusul enaze).
36. К
, В
,
1967.
,
. 48-49.
1968
37. К
.Д VI В
З.I.8, М
1968.
1969
38. fonemaTa diferencialuri niSnebis samwevrovani klasifikaciisaTvis,
krebuli „metyvelebis analizis sakiTxebi“, Tbilisi 1969, gv. 10-27
(reziume rusul enaze).
10
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
rusudan asaTiani
gvaris kategoria qarTvelur enebSi:
reinterpretacia da rekonstruqciis mcdeloba
funqcionalur mimarTebaTa Teoriis Tanaxmad, gvari aris zmnis funqcionaluri kategoria, romelic asaxavs semantikuri rolebis (Ag, Ad, P)
subieqt-obieqtad kvalifikaciebis ZiriTad SesaZleblobebs: Tu agensia
realizebuli subieqtad (Ag→S), xolo paciensi _ pirdapir obieqtad
(P→DO), zmnas miiCneven aqtiuri (=moqmedebiTi) gvarisad; xolo Tu paciensia realizebuli subieqtad (P→S) da agensi veRar amyarebs zmnasTan
formalur kavSirs, ar monawileobs zmnis argumentul, valentur mimarTebebSi da iqceva Tandebulian frazad (e.i. zmnis valentoba mcirdeba),
zmnas miiCneven pasiuri (resp. vnebiTi) gvarisad. aseTi TvalsazrisiT,
gvars, faqtobrivad, mxolod orroliani an samroliani zmnebis [Ag, P,
(Ad)] gansxvavebuli funqcionaluri realizaciebis mixedviT ganarCeven da,
rogorc wesi, pasivs aqtivis konversiul formad miiCneven:
• Tu Ag→S da P→DO, maSin zmna aqtiuri, moqmedebiTi gvarisaa; xolo
• Tu P→S da Ag→PP//→Ø1, maSin zmna pasiuri, vnebiTi gvarisaa (aqti-
uris konversiuli).
magram Ag (gansxvavebiT subieqtisgan) ar aris yvela zmnis argumentuli struqturis maxasiaTebeli aucilebeli semantikuri roli (magaliTad, araaqtiuri semantikis zmnebTan: dgas, gdia da sxv. _ is arc ivaraudeba) da, amdenad, semantikurad (da ara funqcionalurad) gansxvavebuli
aqtiuri-pasiuri Sinaarsis mqone zmnebis dapirispirebisaTvis misi dasusteba/gauCinareba ver iqneba miCneuli aucilebel ganmasxvavebel niSnad.
ufro zogadi (ara funqcionaluri, aramed semantikuri) midgomiT SeiZleba aqtiv-pasivis gafarToebuli (erTargumentiani zmnebis momcvelic),
semantikuri (da ara funqcionaluri) gamijvna da argumentuli struqturis siRrmidan (anu predikatis adgilianobiT gansazRvruli argumentuli
struqturidan) zedapirisaken (anu valentobiT dafiqsirebuli predikatargumentebis mimarTebisaken) gardasaxvisas sami semantikuri rolis (Ag,
P, Ad) SesaZlo realizaciebis mixedviT zmnuri tipebis gansxvaveba:
• Tu Ag→S, maSin zmna aqtiuria;
• Tu P→S, maSin zmna pasiuria;
1
ramdenadac, agensi SeiZleba saerTod gauCinardes da aRar moiazrebodes `dasustebul~, Tandebulian frazadac ki.
11
Tu AdExp→S, maSin zmna afeqturia.2
•
qarTvelur enaTa zmnuri formebis analizi am meore midgomis mixedviT ufro martivi da adekvaturi Cans, ramdenadac e.w. aqtiur morfosintaqsur modelebs ara mxolod or an samroliani _ aqtiuri, gardamavali
(anu, e.w. moqmedebiTi gvaris) _ zmnebi misdeven, aramed erT an orroliani _ gardauvali aqtiur-dinamikur-atelikuri Sinaarsis zmnebic (e.w. saSual-moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebi; mag.: cxovrobs, muSaobs, fiqrobs, saxlobs, goravs da sxva); xolo pasiuri morfosintaqsuri modelebiT formdeba ara mxolod erT- an orroliani agensgauCinarebuli zmnebi, aramed
gardauvali araaqtiur-dinamikur-telikuri Sinaarsis zmnebic, sadac agensis gauCinarebaze saubari aramarTebulia, ramdenadac agensiani formebi
aSkarad meoreuli, nawarmoebia (ivaniSvili, soselia 2002) da, e.i., amosaval formebSi aranairi agensuri roli ar ivaraudeba (e.w. dinamikuri vnebiTebi; mag.: dgeba, Sreba, Tvreba, TeTrdeba, saxldeba da sxva). amdenad,
yvela qarTvelur enaSi aqtiv-pasivis formalur modelebs marTavs ara
semantikuri rolebis sintaqsur funqciebad realizaciis SemTxvevebi, aramed zmnis semantikuri klasebi.
aqtiv-pasivis morfosintaqsuri modelebis mixedviT, gamoiyofa zmnuri
klasebis 4 tipi (Sdr. SaniZe 1973, mcire gansxvavebiT, harisi 1981,3
holiski 1981):
• I klasis zmnebi _ gardamavali, dinamikuri, telikuri (e.w. moqmedebiTi
gvaris zmnebi), romlebic misdeven aqtiur formalur models;
• II klasis zmnebi _ gardauvali, dinamikuri, telikuri (e.w. dinamikuri
vnebiTebi), romlebic misdeven pasiur formalur models;
• III klasis zmnebi _ gardauvali, dinamikuri, atelikuri (e.w. saSualmoqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebi), romlebic misdeven arasrul (P-s gareSe)
aqtiur models;
• IV klasis zmnebi _ gardauvali, statikuri, apriorulad atelikuri
(e.w. statikuri da saSual-vnebiTi gvaris zmnebi), romlebic, rogorc
wesi, axal models (meSvelzmnians4) ayalibeben; da afeqturi zmnebi,
romlebic misdeven an aqtiur, an pasiur formalur modelebs.
2Aafeqturi
3
4
zmnebi Tavisebur morfosintaqsur (resp. datiur) modelebs qmnian yvela qarTvelur enaSi, sadac piris niSanTa S/O funqciebi Sebrunebulia. amis
gamo, qarTul gramatikul tradiciaSi maT inversiul zmnebs uwodeben. lazurSi
saxezea III seriis inversiuli (anu datiuri) modelis aqtiuriT (anu ergatiuliT) Canacvlebis procesi; xSiria paraleluri formebic (kartozia 2005).
harisi sintaqsur niSnebs (kerZod, zmnis argumentTa brunvaTa yalibebs) aniWebs
upiratesobas da mediopasiur da statikur zmnebsac meore klasis zmnebad miiCnevs.
lazurSi III klasis zmnebTanac awmyoSi (arTaSenulis zogierT TqmaSi) Cndeba axali,
aqtiv-pasivisagan gansxvavebuli, modeli meSvelzmniani warmoebiT (kartozia 2005).
12
am klasTa zmnebi gansxvavdebian ara mxolod sintaqsuri mimarTebearamed zmnuri morfologiiTac. II da, nawilobriv, IV klasis zmnebis gansxvavebuli morfologiuri struqtura miCneulia markirebul, e.w.
vnebiTi gvaris gamomxatvel formad6 da qarTvelur enebSi misi morfologiuri maxasiaTeblebia Semdegi struqturuli niSnebi:
• awmyoSi7 vnebiTi gvaris erTrolian (P) zmnebs axasiaTebT *-i daboloeba, romelsac qarTulsa da svanurSi Seesabameba -i,8 megrulsa da
lazurSi ki -u/-e. amaTgan, lazurSi -e daboloeba gvxvdeba umetesad
uTemisniSno zmnur formebSi, -u ki TemisniSnianebSi; gvxvdeba paraleluri formebic (kartozia 2005); megrulSi ki -e, ZiriTadad, vnebiTisagan formalurad gansxvavebul potencialisis formebSi dasturdeba.9
biT,5
5
6
7
8
9
I da III klasis zmnebi ergatiul models misdeven (garkveuli, dro-kiloebiTa da
zmnuri klasebis mixedviT gansazRvruli SezRudvebiT, romlebic, qarTvelur enaTa mixedviT, gansxvavebulad funqcionireben), II klasis zmnebTan ki yovelTvis
nominatiuri konstruqciebia; aseve, gamoiyofa datiuri modeli, romelic axasiaTebs IVklasis afeqtur zmnebs da I/III klasis aqtiur zmnebs III seriis formebSi.
es sintaqsuri niSnebi funqcionireben yvela qarTvelur enaSi da, amdenad, aqtivpasivis semantikurad interpretirebuli dapirispireba _ argumentTa brunvaTa
morfosintaqsuri modelebiT _ saerTo-qarTvelurisTvisac Rirebuli Cans.
amdenad, terminebs ‘aqtivi-pasivi’ qarveluri enebisaTvis semantikuri da arafunqcionaluri datvirTva aqvs da ‘vnebiTi gvaric’ im gagebiT, ra gagebac mas funqcionalur TeoriaSi aqvs, ar gamoiyofa. es termini (anu, vnebiTi gvari) aq da
momdevno msjelobebSic ufro pirobiTad gamoiyeneba im modelis aRsaniSnavad,
romelic semantikuri niSnebiT gamorCeul zmnur (2)-klass axasiaTebs; Tumca,
piris klebis (Ag-is `gauCinarebis~) SemTxvevaSi, is funqcionaluri mimarTebebis
cvlasac asaxavs.
aoristsa da misgan nawarmoeb droebSi, aseve, III seriis formebSi, aqtiv-pasivis
ganmasxvavebeli raime sufiqsuri maCveneblebi ar aris warmodgenili; amasTanave,
pasiur formaSi dadasturebuli xmovanprefiqsebi polifunqciuria da calsaxad
vnebiTobis maCveneblad maTi kvalifikacia araadekvaturi Cans. amdenad, aqtiv-pasivis gansasxvaveblad mxolod sintaqsur niSnebiRa rCeba. maSasadame, `vnebiTi
gvari~ morfologiur kategoriad SeiZleba gamoiyos mxolod Tanamedrove qarTulisa da megrulis I seriis formebisaTvis; Zvel qarTulsa da svanurSi misi
morfologiuroba I seriaSic Sesustebulia (ar gamoiyofa naTlad sufiqsebis
dapirispirebiT _ sufiqsuri warmoeba am enebSi naklebad produqtiulia da ufro metad Ziris xmovanTa ablauturi monacvleobiT gamoixateba), lazurSi ki,
ergatiuli konstruqciis Taviseburebis gamo, romelic yvela seriaSi erTnairad
funqcionirebs, saerTod moxsnilia da vnebiTi gvaris kategorias potencialisi
enacvleba (ix. msjeloba qvemoT, momdevno gverdze). amdenad, vnebiTi gvaris morfologiur kategoriad saerTo-qarTvelur fuZe-enaSi aRdgena problemuria.
ix. SeniSvna 7 _ svanurSi es sufiqsi produqtiuli araa da aqtiv-pasivis dapirispirebisaTvis ufro metad ablauturi modelebi gamoiyeneba.
erTrolian formebs (aqtiurebis msgavsad) I da II piris mxolobiT ricxvSi,
xmovanfuZiani zmnuri formebis Semdeg, daerTvis I/II:III diqotomiis maCvenebeli
sufiqsebi: -q (megrulSi)/-r (lazurSi).
13
•
am sufiqsur maCveneblebTan erTad zmnur formaSi SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos piris klebis maCvenebeli prefiqsebi *i- (erTrolianebTan)
/ *e- (orrolianebTan), magram es prefiqsebi polifunqciuria da mkacrad gvaris morfologiur maCveneblad ver kvalificirdeba (asaTiani
1987).
orrolian (P, Ad) vnebiTebs erTrolianebisgan (P) ganasxvavebs *e- xmovanprefiqsi, romelsac qarTulsa da svanurSi Seesabameba e-, zanurSi
ki a-. lazurSi, gansakuTrebiT >a- -e< warmoeba (resp. orroliani
vnebiTebi),10 ufro xSirad, potencialisis gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneba.
megrulSi vnebiTisa da potencialisis formebi gamijnulia, sxva qarTvelur enebSi ki potencialisis semantika Zlierad (ise rogorc lazurSi, gansakuTrebiT ki megrulSi, sadac potencialisis gamoxatvisaTvis calke, sxva kategoriebisagan gansxvavebuli modeli gamoiyeneba) gamokveTili araa. potencialisis funqciiT gamoyenebuli vnebiTi
gvaris formebi lazurSi avlenen zmnur formaTa inversiis tendenciasac (kartozia 2005).
vnebiTi gvaris formaTa es semantikuri Tavisebureba (anu potencialisis gamoxatva) SeiZleba lazuri ergatiuli konstruqciis sxva
qarTveluri enebisgan gansxvavebuli specifikiT aixsnas. lazurSi, qarTvelur enebSi11 ergatiuli konstruqciis ganmsazRvreli ori SezRudvidan _
•
(1) zmna unda iyos gardamavali an gardauval-dinamikur-atelikuri
(e.i. ergatiuli konstruqcia semantikuri niSnebis mixedviT aris
gafarToebuli da gamoiyeneba ara mxolod gardamavali zmnebis gadmosacemad, aramed garkveuli semantikis mqone gardauvali zmnebis
formalur warmodgenebsac emsaxureba _ e.i. saqme gvaqvs e.w. `gafarToebul~ ergatiul konstruqciasTan);
(2) zmna unda iyos dro-kiloTa II seriis formebSi (e.i. gvaqvs e.w.
`gaxleCili~ ergativi (diksoni 1994).
mxolod (1) funqcionirebs. amdenad, lazurSi ara gvaqvs dro-kiloTa
mixedviT `gaxleCil-ergatiuli~konstruqcia. aq mxolod zmnis semantikuri niSnebi (dro-kiloTa SezRudvebis gareSe) gansazRvraven ergatiul konstruqcias da, amdenad, saqme gvaqvs Tanmimdevrulad ergatiul (resp. `tipiur~ ergatiul), Tumca semantikurad `gafarToebul~
konstruqciasTan. lazurSi ergatiuli konstruqciis es Tavisebureba
10
11
qarTulsa da svanurSi am modelis Sesatyvisi >e- -i< warmoeba iTavsebs xolme
‘potencialisis’ mniSvnelobas, magram produqtiuli araa da calke modelad
ver gamoiyofa. megrul-lazurSi am kategoriis win wamoweva SesaZlebelia Turqulis gavleniTac aixsnas.
megrulSi qvemoT mocemul SezRudvaTagan mxolod (2) SezRudva moqmedebs.
14
TavisTavad ganapirobebs pasiuri konstruqciebis siWarbes _ `tipiur
ergatiul~ enebSi pasiuri konstruqciebi, rogorc wesi, ar dasturdeba. es kanonzomiereba ixsneba Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi miRebuli
•
erT-erTi Teoriuli midgomis safuZvelze, romlis Tanaxmadac aqtiur-pasiur konstruqciebs Soris arsebuli funqcionaluri sxvaoba
ixsneba winadadebaSi informaciis struqturirebis sxvadasxvagvarobiT.
sazogadod, winadadebis sainformacio struqturaSi informaciulad
dawinaurebuli saxeli kvalificirebulia mTavar funqcionalur kategoriad _ subieqtad. es aris Setyobinebis is nawili, romlis Sesaxebac
modis garkveuli informacia da romelic, bunebrivia, `dawinaurebulia~
sainformacio nakadSi. magaliTad, nominatiur enebSi aqtiuri konstruqciebi gamoxataven agensis dawinaurebas (resp. Ag=S). Tumca SesaZlebelia
paciensic dawinaurdes da iqces gamonaTqvamis subieqtad; anu, informacia
gadalagdes ise, rom gamonaTqvami gvawvdides garkveul informacias swored rom moqmedebis obieqtis, paciensis Sesaxeb da centralur, mTavar
elementad aqtualizdes ara agensi, aramed paciensi. formalurad paciensis amgvari dawinaureba gamoixateba misTvis nominatiuri formis miniWebiT. magram ergatiul enebSi paciensi yovelTvis nominativSia, e.i. informacia Tavidanve isea struqturirebuli, rom is ukve aris informaciis centraluri, aramarkirebuli erTeuli da misi Semdgomi funqcionaluri dawinaureba Warbia. amitomac ergatiuli enebi, rogorc wesi, ar
ganarCeven funqcionalurad da formalurad dapirispirebul aqtiur-pasiur konstruqciebs _ es dapirispireba am tipis enebisaTvis Warbia.
swored amgvari safuZveli iqmneba lazurSi da Tu, magaliTad, qarTulSi pasiuri konstruqciebis arseboba, informaciis struqturirebis
TvalsazrisiT, sruliad misaRebia I seriis formebisTvis, sadac arsebiTad nominatiuri konstruqcia gvaqvs, lazurSi is yvela seriisaTvis
Warbia. lazuri, rogorc Cans, aseTi siWarbis dasaZlevad da am saerToqarTveluri konstruqciebis Tavis sistemaSi arawinaaRdegobrivad mosaqcevad, axdens pasiuri konstruqciebis semantikur reinterpretacias da
maT `potencialisis~ gamomxatvel morfosintaqsur modelad aqcevs _
`potencialisi~ ufro semantikaze orientirebuli kategoriaa da funqcionalur cvlilebebs ar gulisxmobs.
qarTulSi zogierT zmnur formaSi (gansakuTrebiT saxelebisgan nawarmoeb zmnebSi) dasturdeba -d sufiqsic, romelic svanurisaTvis
ucxoa, lazurSi mxolod naSTis saxiT gvxvdeba ramdenime zmnaSi, mag.:
go-m-o-Wkun-d-u-n (damaviwydeba _ inversiuli), mo-Ror-d-u (motyuvda) da sxv. (Ciqobava 1936), megrulSi ki araproduqtiulia da xSirad i-prefiqsiani paraleluri formac eZebneba, mag., WiTon-d-u//i-Wi15
Tar-eb-u. amdenad, vnebiTis am warmoebis rekonstruqcia garTulebu•
lia saerTo-qarTul-zanur donezec ki.
svanurSi aqtiv-pasivis dapirispirebisaTvis aqtiurad gamoiyeneba fuZiseul xmovanTa ablauturi monacvleoba: -i-(aqtiurSi)/-e- (pasiurSi);
mag., dige : degni.
pasivis formaTa nimuSebi mocemulia cxrilis saxiT:
cxrili 1
argumentTa markeri
raodenoba
*ierTroliani
*-d
O_
qarTuli
v-i-zrd-eb-i:
i-zrd-eb-a
v-wiTl-d-eb-i:
wiTd-d-eb-a
v-kvd-eb-i:
kvd-eb-a
megruli
v-i-rd-u-q:
i-rd-u-(n)
v/p-WiTon-d-u-q:
WiTon-d-u-(n)
v-Rur-u-q:
Rur-u-(n)
lazuri
svanuri
v-i-rd-u-r:
i-rd-u-(n)
_
x-i-rd-i:
i-rd-i
_
b-Rur-u-r:
Rur-u-(n)
t-U-exn-i:
texn-i
(brundeba)
*eorroliani
*u- -d
*u*a-
v-e-zrd-eb-i:
e-zrd-eb-a
v-u-wiTl-d-eb-i:
u-wiTl-d-eb-a
v-u-kvd-eb-i:
u-kvd-eb-a
v-a-kvd-eb-i:
a-kvd-eb-a
v-a-rd-u-q:
a-rd-u-(n)
v-u-WiTon-d-u-q:
u-WiTon-d-u-q
v-u-Rur-u-q:
u-Rur-u-(n)
v-a-Rur-u-q:
a-Rur-u-(n)
v-a-rd-u-r:
a-rd-u-(n)
_
x-e-rd-i:
x-e-rd-i
_
v-u-Rur-u-r: _
u-Rur-u-(n)
v-a-Rur-u-r: _
a-Rur-u-(n)
daskvnebi: qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi analizis Sedegebis kognitiuri interpretacia da fuZe-enis viTarebis garkvevis mcdeloba
sazogadod, samyaros Semecnebis procesi irekleba im cvlilebebSi,
romlebsac `sinamdvilis~ lingvisturi struqturirebis, `xedvis~ amsaxveli enobrivi formebi ganicdian. Tu qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze zemoT SemoTavazebul mosazrebebs gaviziarebT da enobrivi monacemebis kognitiur procesebTan kavSirebis gamovlenas SevecdebiT, miviRebT qarTvelTa samyaroseuli Semecnebis diaqroniuli `ganviTarebis~ garkveul suraTs:
1. saerTo-qarTveluri orientirebuli, fokusirebulia ‘sakomunikacio
aqtze’: sakomunikacio aqtSi monawile I da II pirebi enobrivad yovelTvis markirebulia zmnuri piris niSnebiT da upirispirdeba aramarkirebul III pirs; anu, formalizebulia pirTa I/II~III diqotomia (asaTiani 1994).
2. situaciaSi saxelTa ‘Tavisufali nebis’ CarTulobis mixedviT gansxvavdeba +[T.n] da _[T.n] pirebi, rac enobrivad reprezentirebulia
16
zmnaSi warmodgenili vinisa da manis rigis piris niSnebis dapirispirebiT (asaTiani 2015).
3. situaciaSi nebis mixedviT gansxvavebul pirTa ‘damateba-gamokleba’ formalizdeba zmnuri xmovanprefiqsebis opoziciiT: *a-, *u-/i-(+[T.n]-s an
_[T.n.]-s ‘damateba’):*i- ((+[T.n]-s an _[T.n.]-s ‘damateba, kleba’):*e- (erTdroulad, +[T.n]-s ‘gaqroba’ da _[T.n]-s ‘damateba’) (asaTiani 1987).
4. situaciis markirebisas Rirebulebas iZens saxelTa semantikuri gansxvavebulobebi:
a) _[T.n]-is benefaqtiuri III piris damateba markirebulia *u- prefiqsiT;
b) _[T.n]-s klebis SemTxvevaSi diferencirdeba, erTi mxriv, refleqsuri da, meore mxriv, ararefleqsuri, benefaqtiuri _[T.n] klebis
SemTxvevebi; Sedegad, ararefleqsuri benefaqtivis ‘kleba’ benefaqtivis ‘damatebasTan’ erTad gadaiazreba erTian ‘qcevis’ gramatikul kategoriad yvela qarTvelur enaSi:
i.
benefaqtivis kleba gamoixateba *i- zmnuri prefiqsiT (e.w. saTaviso qceva);
ii. benefaqtivis damateba (e.w. sasxviso qceva) imijneba imgvarad, rom
I/II pirebisken orientirebulobis erTianoba SenarCunebulia da
‘mateba-klebis’ SemTxvevebis formaluri neitralizaciis pirobebSi gamoixateba *i-Ti; es *i- III piris benefaqtivis *u- prefiqsiTan erTad morfologiurad Sepirobebul alomorfebad erTiandeba;
iii. qcevis erTiani kategoriis farglebSi aucilebeli xdeba am formebis Sepirispireba iseT situaciebTan, sadac benefaqtiuri piris
mateba-kleba ar aris aqtualizebuli; amdenad, gamoiyofa e.w. neitraluri qcevis forma, romelic qarTvelur enebSi, umetes SemTxvevebSi, kognitiurad sruliad gasagebi mizezebis gamo (ramdenadac am SemTxvevaSi ar aris aqtualizebuli raime saxis ‘matebakleba’), aramarkirebuli, uniSnoa.12
e.i. qcevis gramatikuli kategoriis rekonstruqcia saerTo-qarTveluris fuZe-enaSi winaaRmdegobebs ar xvdeba.
c) +[T.n]-is damatebis SemTxvevaSi, saerTo-qarTvelur doneze gamoiyofa e.w. ‘kauzacia-kontaqtis’, xolo saerTo qarTul-zanur doneze _[T.n] lokatiuri saxelis damatebis SemTxvevaSi e.w. ‘sazedao
situaciis’ kategoriebi. es ori semantikurad gansxvavebuli SemTxveva morfologiur doneze diferencirebulia SesatyvisobebiT:
12
neitraluri qcevis formebSi dafiqsirebuli *a-s interpretaciisaTvis ix. asaTiani 1987.
17
zanurSi ‘kauzacia-kontaqtis’ *a-s Seesatyviseba o-, xolo ‘sazedao situaciis’ *a-s _ a-. saerTo-qarTveluris ‘kauzacia-kontaqtis’ erTiani kategoriis daSla-dapirispirebac qarTul-zanuri
erTobis safexurze SeiZleba vivarauloT, rodesac +[T.n]-is damatebis semantikurad gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebi Sepirispirebulia
da ‘moqmedebis avtoris’ niSniT gansxvavebulia ‘kauzaciisa’ (+[avtori]) da ‘kontaqtis’ (_[avtori]) Sesabamisi formaluri modelebi: {*a + saxelis/zmnis Ziri + [Tema(*-eb)]} (‘kauzacia’) ~ {*a +
masdaris fuZe + kontaqtis mawarmoebeli + [Tema(*-eb)]} (kontaqti).13 momxiblavi Cans kontaqtis kauzaciis meore safexurad saerTo-qarTvelurze rekonstruqciis SesaZleblobac, rasac svanuris e.w. ormagi kauzativebi da zanuris -af-u(an)-af- segmentiani
formebic mxars uWers, Tumca dapirispirebis es modeli qarTvelur enebSi araproduqtiuli da araTanmimdevruli Cans.
5. saxelTa semantikuri gansxvavebulobebis paralelurad, situaciis
struqturirebisas, Rirebulebas iZens zmnis semantikuri Taviseburebebi da dro-kiloTa sxvaobebi. es niSnebi da maTi kombinaciebi morfosintaqsuri modelebis (nominatiuri Tu ergatiuli) SerCevas ganapirobeben.
yvela qarTvelur enaSi gamoiyofa argumentTa brunvaTa ergatiuli da
nominatiuri modelebi, romlebic ‘gardamavloba’, ‘dinamikuroba’, ‘telikuroba’14 semantikuri niSnebis sxvadasxvagvari kombinaciebis (resp.
gansxvavebuli zmnuri klasebis) formalizebas emsaxureba:
cxrili 2
zmnuri
klasebi
I klasi
II klasi
III klasi
IV klasi
modeli
gardamavloba
telikuroba
dinamikuroba
ergatiuli
nominatiuri
ergatiuli
nom./datiuri
+
_
_
_
+
+
_
_
+
+
+
_
I da III klasis zmnebi ergatiul models misdeven (lazurSi dro-kiloTa yvela seriis farglebSi, danarCen qarTvelur enebSi ki mxolod
aoristis formebSi); xolo II da IV klasis zmnebi (aseve, yvela qarTvelur enaSi) _ nominatiurs. amdenad, pirdapiri Sesabamisobebis dadgena
13
dawvrilebiT ‘kauzaciisa’ da ‘kontaqtis’ ganmasxvavebeli modelebis Sesaxeb qarTvelur enebSi ix. asaTiani 1989.
14 ‘telikurobis’ niSani zmnuri klasebis semantikuri diferencirebisas qarTulSi
pirvelad gamoyo d. holiskma (holiski 1981).
18
zmnur klasebsa da modelebs Soris ver xerxdeba. gvaqvs e.w. ‘gafarToebuli aqtiuri konstruqciebi’ (I da III klasis zmnebis markirebidan gamomdinare) da ‘gafarToebuli pasiuri konstruqciebi’ (II da IV klasis zmnebis markirebidan gamomdinare).
am modelebis marTvisas Rirebulia ara romelime erTi semantikuri
niSani, aramed am semantikur niSanTa kombinaciebi. es, faqtobrivad, arTulebs ‘aqtiv-pasivis’ dapirispirebis ara mxolod rekonstruqcias, aramed
calkeul qarTvelur enaSi am dapirispirebis Tundac damoukidebel interpretacia-kvalifikacias. magram isic faqtia, rom es kombinaciebi yvela
qarTveluri enisaTvis da, maSasadame, saerTo-qarTvelurisaTvisac, Rirebulia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ganviTarebis im safexurisaTvis, roca ergatiul
da nominatiur konstruqciaTa Sesabamisi morfosintaqsuri modelebi (da,
damatebiT, garkveuli sufiqsuri maCveneblebi da/an ablauturi monacvleobebi) yalibdeba.
semantikur niSanTagan zogierTi upirobod ganapirobebs konkretuli
morfosintaqsuri modelis SerCevas, zogierTi ki mxolod sxva niSanTan
kombinaciaSi. markirebis procesi ierarqiulad organizebulia da SeiZleba
warmovadginoT generatiuli wesebis saxiT, romlebic asaxaven yovel safexurze konvencionaluri `gadawyvetilebis~ miRebis kognitiur process
(asaTiani 2010). algoriTmis msgavs avtomatur wesebs implikaciuri xasiaTi aqvT.
algoriTmi muSaobs Semdegi zogadi principebis Sesabamisad:
• prototipuli ‘aqtiv-pasivis’ Sinaarsebis markirebisaTvis upirobod
•
•
SeirCeva formalurad dapirispirebuli, dadgenili morfosintaqsuri
modelebi;
araprototipuli, e.w. medialuri, Sinaarsebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu konkretuli zmnis semantika kognitiurad SesabamisobaSia prototipisTvis
damaxasiaTebel erT romelime semantikur niSanTan, SeirCeva am prototipis markirebisaTvis dadgenili modeli, Tu _ ara, gadawyvetileba miiReba sxva, meore semantikuri niSnis safuZvelze;
procesi grZeldeba manam, sanam zmnuri klasebis ganmasxvavebeli, aucileblobisa da sakmarisobis principiT dadgenili, semantikuri niSnebi
ar amoiwureba.
amgvarad, kognitiurad interpretirebuli formaluri markirebis
procesi ierarqiulad organizdeba da algoriTmul xasiaTs iZens.
I safexurze viRebT upirobo (SeuzRudav) gadawyvetilebebs: rodesac situacia statikur viTarebas asaxavs (_[dinamikuri]), argumentTa gaformebisTvis upirobod SeirCeva nominatiuri modeli (IV klasis statikuri
semantikis mqone zmnebi); rodesac situaciaSi CarTulia _[T.n] mqoned in19
terpretirebuli saxeli, es _[T.n] upirobod markirebuli iqneba micemiTiT; rodesac situaciaSi (SesaZlebelia _[T.n]-sTan erTad) CarTulia ‘nebis mixedviT neitraluri’ saxeli15 (nebis mixedviT neitraluri saxeli
pirobiTad aRvniSnoT Ø-iT)16, SeirCeva nominatiuri modeli (II klasi);
msgavsad, upirobo gadawyvetilebebi miiReba situaciebisas, rodesac
gvaqvs: {_[T.n]eqsperienseri (da Ø)} da {+[T.n] unaxavi (da Ø)} _ orive
SemTxvevaSi SeirCeva datiuri modeli (IV klasis afeqturi zmnebi da I/II
klasis zmnaTa III seriis formebi).
upirobo gadawyvetilebebi am wesebiT iwureba da gadavdivarT momdevno safexurze;
II safexuri: Tu situaciaSi CarTulia +[T.n], gadawyvetilebas ver
vRebulobT da gadavdivarT momdevno safexurze;
III safexuri: Tu situaciaSi, imavdroulad, CarTulia ‘nebis mixedviT
neitraluri’ saxeli, e.i. gvaqvs {+[T.n] da Ø}, maSin lazurSi SeirCeva
ergatiuli modeli, sadac +[T.n] markirebulia ergativiT, neitraluri
saxeli ki nominativiT. danarCen qarTvelur enebSi gadawyvetilebis
misaRebad gadavdivarT Semdeg safexurze;
III/safexuri: Tu situacias warmovadgenT aoristsa da masTan dakavSirebul dro-kiloTa formebSi (+[aoristi]), SeirCeva ergatiuli modeli,
xolo Tu situacias warmovadgenT sxva droebSi (_[aoristi]) _ nominatiuri (I da III klasis zmnebi).
vubrundebiT II safexurs da vagrZelebT kognitiur svlebs;
II/ safexuri: Tu situaciaSi ar aris CarTuli ‘nebis mixedviT neitraluri’ saxeli, e.i. erTdroulad ara gvaqvs {+[T.n] da Ø}, maSin ver viRebT gadawyvetilebas da gadavdivarT Semdeg safexurze;
IV. safexuri: Tu moqmedeba telikuria (+[telikuri]), SeirCeva nominatiuri modeli (II klasis zmnebi); Tu moqmedeba atelikuria (_[telikuri]),
maSin SeirCeva ergatiuli modeli (III klasis zmnebi).
gadawyvetilebebis SesaZleblobebi amowurulia da markirebis procesi
_ dasrulebuli.
sqematurad kognitiuri gadawyvetilebebis amsaxveli es svlebi Semdegnairad SeiZleba warmovadginoT:
15
16
20
igive paciensi, romelic flobis obieqtia (resp. undergoer), iqmneba, icvleba,
qreba da sxva amgvari, apriorulad ‘nebawarTmeulia’ _ misi (TviT)kontroli
apriorulad gamoricxulia; amdenad, misTvis niSani ‘Tavisufali neba’ Warbia
da situaciaSi Tavisi nebis CarTuloba-CaurTvelobis SesaZleblobis gamoricxulobis gamo ‘Tavisufali nebis’ gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT, neitraluria, anu
misTvis es niSani Ø-ia.
da, imavdroulad, situaciaSi ar aris CarTuli +[T.n].
figura 1:
I.
_[dinamikuri] → nominatiuri modeli
_[T.n] → dativi
{(_[T.n]) da Ø} → nominatiuri modeli
{_[T.n]eqsperienseri (da Ø)} → datiuri modeli
{+[T.n]araevidenturi (da Ø)} → datiuri modeli
+[T.n] →II. +Ø→III.
(IV klasi)
(II klasi)
(IV klasi
(I/III klasi
+[aoristi] →ergatiuli modeli
_[aoristi] →nominatiuri modeli
_Ø→IV .+[telikuri] →nominatiuri modeli
_[telikuri] →ergatiuli modeli
afeqturi)
III seria)
(I klasi)
(I klasi)
(II klasi)
(III klasi)
safexurebis rigi mkacrad gansazRvruli da ierarqiulad organizebulia: I→II→III//→IV. amasTanave, lazurSi gamotovebulia III safexuri, megrulSi ki IV, xolo svanursa da qarTulSi III safexuris gavla aucilebelia _Ø-s SemTxvevaSic da IV wesis ganxorcielebis Semdeg algoriTmi
rekursiulad ubrundeba III wess.
am gadawyvetilebebs, bunebrivia, garkveuli kognitiuri safuZvlebi
aqvs, rasac markirebis Teoriis farglebSi SeiZleba garkveuli axsnebi
daeZebnos (markirebis Teoria fonologiis farglebSi SemuSavda; Semdeg
es mimarTeba ganzogadda enobrivi struqturirebis dinamikuri procesis
ganmsazRvrel, mmarTvel erT-erT principad da bunebrivad daukavSirda
enobrivi Semecnebis kognitiur process (ix. meliqiSvili 1976, iakobsoni
1971, givoni 1979).
ergatiuli da datiuri brunvebi, rogorc iribi brunvebi, markirebulia da, savaraudod, kognitiurad markirebul viTarebebs gamoxataven, xolo nominatiuri _ aramarkirebuli da, Sesabamisad, kognitiurad aramarkirebuli viTarebebis enobrivi reprezentaciebia. kognitiurad markirebulia
situacia, romelic gamorCeuli, statistikurad naklebgavrcelebuli, ufro specifizirebuli, uCveulo da prototipidan gadaxrilia, xolo kognitiurad aramarkirebulia bunebrivi logikis Sesabamisad ufro misaRebi,
statistikurad ufro gavrcelebuli, naklebad specifizirebuli da Cveulebrivi, prototipuli movlena.
amgvari midgomiT SeiZleba zemoT warmodgenili wesebis kognitiuri
arsis wvdoma:
1. _[dinamikuri] (anu, statikuri) zmnebis Sesabamisi situaciebi Cvens
`sinamdvileSi~ gacilebiT gavrcelebuli da Cveulebrivia: yvelafris
aRqma da Semecnebis procesi iwyeba, upirveles yovlisa, arsTa egzistencialuri, statikuri dafiqsirebiT bunebriv mdgomareobaSi. am
21
2.
3.
4.
5.
22
procesSi es ‘arsi’ apriorulad, ‘Tavisufali nebis mixedviT neitraluria’ (anu, Ø). es kognitiuri aramarkirebuloba enobrivadac aramarkirebuli, saxelobiTi brunviT gamoixateba;
_[T.n] TavisTavad kognitiurad markirebulia, ramdenadac nebis mqone
saxelisaTvis ufro bunebrivia situaciis gakontroleba, ‘nebis’ gamovlena da Tu situaciaSi is ‘nebis’ gareSe erTveba da situacias ver
akontrolebs, kognitiurad uCveulo viTareba iqmneba. amdenad, is
enobrivadac markirebulia _ gamoxatulia iribi (da ara pirdapiri),
micemiTi brunviT;
(1) da (2) interpretaciebis SejerebiT {(_[T.n]) da Ø} situaciac
aramarkirebulia da, Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevebSi Cndeba, e.w nominatiuri konstruqcia: Ø → nominativSi da _ [T.n] → dativSi;
[T.n]-s specifizirebuli SemTxvevebi (+/_[T.n]araevidenturi) gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli, markirebulia da, Sesabamisad, enobrivadac markirebulia datiuri konstuqciis Sesabamisi modeliT;
qarTvelur enebSi situaciebi, sadac monawileobs +[T.n], qmnian markirebul mimarTebebs, ramdenadac, rogorc es wina (1)-(4) interpretaciebidanac Cans, qarTvelur enaTaTvis amosavalia saxelTa semantikuri
(da ara moqmedebasTan saxelTa dakavSirebis funqciuri rolis mixedviT gansxvavebuli S da O) Sinaarsebi. amgvari amosavali TvalTaxedviT ki, ramdenadac +[T.n] mxolod sulier pirovnebebs (mogvianebiT ki
aqtiur moqmedebasTan araaqtiur saxelTa metaforizaciis gziT maTTan kognitiurad gaTanabrebuli usulo saxelebsac) axasiaTebT (aseTebi ki Cvens `sinamdvileSi~ gamorCeuli, iSviaTi, nakleb gavrcelebulia), is prototipulad markirebulia, ‘nebis mixedviT neitraluri’ saxeli ki aramarkirebuli. Sesabamisad, {+[T.n] da Ø}-s enobrivi
markirebisTvis SeirCeva ergatiuli konstruqciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ergatiuli modeli, sadac +[T.n] warmodgenilia enobrivad markirebuli ergativiT, Ø ki nominativiT. lazuris amgvari struqturireba danarCen qarTvelur enebSi Semoifargleba aoristiT, sadac ergatiuli modeli dasturdeba, gansxvavebiT awmyo-myofadi wris dro-kiloebisa, sadac gvaqvs nominatiuri modeli (megrulSi mxolod +[aoristi] gansazRvravs ergatiuli modelis amoqmedebas da zmnis semantikurad gansxvavebul klasebs modelis SerCevisas mniSvneloba ar
eniWebaT _ yvela tipis zmna, romelic semantikurad uSvebs aorists,
ergatiuli modelis SerCevas ganapirobebs). aseT ganawilebasac Tavisi
bunebrivi logika da kognitiuri axsna aqvs: warsulSi dasrulebuli
moqmedebis Sedegi saxezea, Tavad moqmedebis avtori ki SeiZleba arc
iyos saxeze da, amis gamo, misi nebelobis CarTulobac bolomde cxa-
6.
di, garkveuli ar aris; amdenad, aoristSi +[T.n] kognitiurad gansakuTrebulad markirebulia da enobrivadac iribi, specifikuri brunviT _ ergativiT aris warmodgenili. rac Seexeba Ø-s, is saxezea, situaciurad aramarkirebulia da, Sesabamisad, formaluradac aramarkirebul nominativSia. aseTi interpretacia garkveulad xsnis qarTvelur enebSi II da III seriebs Soris formaluri dapirispirebis Camoyalibebis process: aseTi kognitiuri procesis logikur dasasrulamde miyvana gulisxobs warsulis formebs Soris dapirispirebis warmoqmnas, rac dasturdeba kidec qarTvelur enebSi: warsuli `evidenturi +[T.n]-iT~ (aoristi da II seriis formebi) formalurad emijneba warsuls `araevidenturi +[T.n]-iT~ (III seriis formebi). situaciis
enobrivi struqturireba orive SemTxvevaSi moqmedebis Sedegis aramarkirebulobas gaxazavs _ orive SemTvevaSi Ø saxezea, gansxvavebulia mxolod Cveni `codna~ da +[T.n]-s aqtualizebis xasiaTi: pirvel
SemTxvevaSi moqmedeba imgvarad aris enobrivad reprezentirebuli, rom
aqtualizebulia moqmedebis avtoris nebis CarTuloba (e.i. moqmedeba
evidenturia), meoreSi ki ara (e.i. moqmedeba araevidenturia). pirveli
markirebulia ergatiuli modeliT, meore ki datiuriT. awmyoSi (da,
saerTod, I seriis formebSi) piriqiTi viTarebaa: vxedavT +[T.n]-s aqtivobas da im faqts, rom Ø, romelic bolomde formirebuli jer
arc ki aris da +[T.n]-s gavlenis, kontrolis qveSaa. aseTi kognitiuri interpretaciis Sedegi Cans enobriv formebSic: +[T.n] gaformebulia aramarkirebuli nominativiT, Ø ki markirebuli dativiT (e.i.
gvaqvs nominatiuri modeli). aseT interpretacias meti `amxsnelobiTi~ Zala aqvs _ gasagebi xdeba yvela qarTvelur enaSi e.w. `gaxleCili-ergativis~ ganmapirobebeli kognitiur-logikuri safuZvlebi.
Tu +[T.n]-s SemTxvevaSi situaciaSi imavdroulad ‘Tavisufali nebis
mixedviT neitraluri’ Ø saxeli CarTuli araa, situaciaa TavisTavad
kognitiurad markirebulad aRiqmeba, ramdenadac +[T.n]-s ‘neba’ SezRudulia, misi aqtivoba veraferze ver gadadis da, amdenad, specifikuri, gansakuTrebulad Zlierad markirebuli viTareba warmoiqmneba.
aseT dros qarTveluri enebis enobrivi Semecneba mimarTavs damatebiT
semantikur niSnebs: moqmedeba mizanmimarTulia (+[telikuri])? e.i. aqtivoba mainc gamokveTilia (ramdenadac miznobrioba mxolod dinamikur procesSi myof saxelebs SeiZleba axasiaTebdeT) da konstruqciac (gansakuTrebiT, dinamikurobis gamo) aramarkirebuli _ nominatiuria (II klasis zmnebi); moqmedebis mizanswrafuloba ar Cans (_[telikuri]) da ubralod aqtiur, dinamikur procesTan gvaqvs saqme? e.i. neba, aqtivoba kidev ufro Sesustebulia da konstruqciac markirebuli
_ ergatiulia (III klasis zmnebi).
23
amdenad, sruliad cxadia, rom qarTveluri enebi S da O funqciebis an
Tundac semantikurad gansxvavebuli aqtiv-pasivis formalizebas ki ar axdenen, aramed kognitiuri gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad aformeben situaciebs. gadawyvetilebebi miiReba mTavari principis Sesabamisad (amiriZe
1998):
kognitiurad aramarkirebuli (anu, prototipuli an prototipTan axlos mdgomi) enobrivadac aramarkirebulia da, piriqiT,
kognitiurad markirebuli (anu, prototipidan gadaxrili, araprototipuri, specifikuri) _ enobrivadac markirebuli;
gadawyvetilebebi ‘optimalizaciis’ princips eqvemdebarebian _ axali
modeli ki ar iqmneba, aramed garkveuli semantikuri niSnebis qona-arqonis
kognitiuri `aRricxvis~ safuZvelze arsebuli modelebidan erT-erTi, kognitiurad ufro axlos mdgomi modeli SeirCeva. aseTi `aRricxvis~ amsaxvel wesebs bunebrivad ierarqiuli (safexurebrivi) struqtura aqvT.
magram, qcevis kategoriis Camoyalibebis Sedegad, rac gulisxmobs piris klebis *i- prefiqsis funqciebidan17 saTaviso qcevis funqciebis gamoyofas da *u-sTan alomorful gaerTianebas,*i- prefiqsis darCenili
funqciebi sul ufro da ufro uaxlovdeba vnebiTi gvaris tradiciulad
navaraudeb funqciebs. es procesi SesaZloa, qarTvelur enaTa cvlilebebis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi tendenciis _ semantikuri Sinaarsebis markirebidan funqciebis markirebaze gadasvla _ enobrivi realizaciis erTerT mizezadac iqceva. am procesis Sedegad yovel qarTvelur enaSi sufiqsuri daboloebebiT ganirCeva markirebuli, vnebiTi gvaris konstruqciebi imgvarad, rom zmnis klasebis ganmsazRvreli semantikuri niSnebisa
da aoristis roli Tavis gramatikul ‘Zalas’ aqtiv-pasivis formaluri modelebis Camoyalibebis procesSi inarCuneben da vRebulobT dapirispirebas: ‘gafarToebul aqtivi’18 ~ ‘gafarToebuli pasivi’. am procesis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba da misi ganmsazRvreli kognitiuri safuZvlebi Semdegia:
saxelTa enobrivi diferenciacia imanenturi semantikuri niSanTvisebebis markirebidan `gadadis~ zmnur moqmedebaSi maTi rolisa
da funqciebis gansxvavebuli xasiaTis formalizebaze. bunebrivia,
aseTi arsebiTi xasiaTis cvlileba gulisxmobs da efuZneba `enobrivi Semecnebis~ cvlas _ ra aris X TavisTavad?→ra funqciebs
asrulebs X? rogorc Cans, es kognitiuri procesi imgvarad mim17
18
24
i- prefiqsis polifunqcionalurobisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi ix. asaTiani 1987.
Sdr. v. boederis mosazrebebs, romelic qarTvelurisaTvis aqtiurobis kategoriis farglebSi ‘gafarToebul ergatiul konstruqciaze’ saubrobs (boederi
1979).
dinareobs, rom `sinamdvilis~ enobrivi struqturirebisas `Zveli~ kategoria ki ar `qreba~, aramed inarCunebs Tavis `Zalas~ _
gadadis gramatikuli sistemis `siRrmeSi~ da enobrivi sistemac
kategoriaTa garkveuli ierarqiebis (siRrmidan→zedapirisken) saxiT organizdeba.
amgvari midgomiT gramatikuli kategoriis Camoyalibeba aris ara erTjeradi aqti, aramed procesi, romelic droSi gawelilia da diaqroniuli xasiaTi aqvs.
amdenad, klasikuri gagebiT, gvaris kategoriis rekonstruqcia saerTo-qarTvelur fuZe-enaSi ver xerxdeba, Tumca piris klebis farglebSi
zmnuri semantikuri klasebis semantikiTa da aoristiT ganpirobebuli modelebis rekonstruqcia bunebrivi (da aucilebelic) Cans. am modelebis
saxiT gvaris kategoriis CamoyalibebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebi ukve
arsebobs saerTo-qarTvelur fuZe-enaSi, Tumca, rogorc Cans, am kategoriis saboloo formireba da morfosintaqsur kategoriad Camoyalibeba ukve
damoukideblad xorcieldeba yovel qarTvelur enaSi da, amdenad, garkveul funqciur-semantikursa Tu formalur Taviseburebebsac avlens.
literatura:
amiriZe 1998 : n. amiriZe, konceptualuri arqetipebi da maTi asaxva morfosintaqsSi, disertaciis biuleteni, Tbilisi.
andersoni 1977 : S. R. Anderson, On Mechanisms by which Languages Become
Ergative, In: C. N. Li (ed.), Mechanisms of Syntactic Change, University of Texas
Press, Austin, 317-363.
asaTiani 1987 : r. asaTiani, zmnur prefiqsul xmovanTa funqcionaluri kvalifikacia qarTvelur enebSi, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 3, mecniereba, Tbilisi.
asaTiani 1989 : r. asaTiani, kauzacia da kontaqti qarTvelur enebSi, macne,
enisa da literaturis seria, 1, mecniereba, Tbilisi.
asaTiani 1994 : r. asaTiani, qarTvelur enaTa tipologiis sakiTxebi (gramati-
kul kategoriaTa sistemaSi dominanturi kategoriis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT), mecniereba, Tbilisi.
asaTiani 2014 : r. asaTiani, saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enis wyoba: aqtiuri(?),
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi.
boederi 1979 : W. Boeder, Ergative Syntax in Language Change: the South
Caucasian languages, In: Frans Plank (ed.): Ergativity. Towards a theory of
grammatical relations, Academic Press, London..., pp. 435-480
gamyreliZe 2004 : T. gamyreliZe, fuZe-enis rekonstruqcia da misi qronologiuri doneebi, perspeqtiva-XXI, VI, ena da kultura, Tbilisi.
givoni 1979 : T. Givon, On Understanding Grammar, Academic Press, New York.
25
delensei 1985 : S. DeLancey, Agentivity and Syntax, In: W. H. Eilfort, P. D Kroeber
and K.L. Peterson (eds.), Papers from the Parasession on Causatives and Agentivity,
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diqsoni 1979 : R. M. W. Dixon, Ergativity, Cambridge Un. Press, Cambridge.
ezugbaia 2010 : l. ezugbaia, megrul-lazuris gramatikis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi.
Tofuria 1931 : v. Tofuria, svanuri ena, I, zmna, sspi gamomcemloba, Tbilisi.
iakobsoni 1971 : R. Jacobson, Selected Writings (ed. Stephen Rudy), Vol. II, The
Hague, Paris, Mouton.
ivaniSvili, soselia 2002 : m. ivaniSvili, e. soselia, qarTuli pasiuri konstruqciis zogierTi morfosintaqsuri da semantikuri Tavisebureba qarTulSi, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, 4, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi.
imnaiSvili 1980 : gr. imnaiSvili, qarTuli zmnis gvaris kategoriis Seswavlis istoriidan, ike, XXII, Tbilisi.
kartozia 2005 : g. kartozia, lazuri ena da misi adgili qarTvelur enaTa
sistemaSi, Tbilisi.
krofti 2002 : W. Croft, The Non-existence of Syntactic Relations. Third Winter
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lomTaTiZe 1946: q. lomTaTiZe, -q sufiqsisaTvis megrul zmnebSi, ike, I, 131-140.
maWavariani 2002 : g. maWavariani, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi gramatika, Tsu
gamomcemloba, Tbilisi.
meliqiSvili 1976 : ir. meliqiSvili, markirebis mimarTeba fonologiaSi, mecniereba, Tbilisi.
oniani 1998 : al. oniani, svanuri ena (fonologiisa da morfologiis sakiTxebi), Tspu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi.
tuiti 1998 : K. Tuite, Kartvelian Morphosyntax, Lincom Europa, Munich.
Ciqobava 1961 : arn. Ciqobava, ergatiulikonstruqciis problema iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, II, ergatiuli konstruqciis raobis Teoriebi, saq. ssr mecn.
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Ciqobava 1968: arn. Ciqobava, martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi, I, Tbilisi.
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The Kartvelian Languages, Caravan Books, Delmar-New York, 395-472.
26
Rusudan Asatiani
The Category of Voice in the Kartvelian Languages:
Reinterpretations and Attempts of Reconstruction
Summary
Two different formal models traditionally called ‘Active’ and ‘Passive’ are distinguished in the Kartvelian languages. The morphosyntactic features defining a formal
opposition and creating the models can be summarized asfollows.
TABLE 1: MORPHOSYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FORMAL
MODELS
Special markers–
Present tense marker Ø*-i
Argument alignment
‘Active Model’
–
Ø
NOM. construction/
ERG. construction/
DAT. construction
‘Passive Model’
*i-, *e-,ablautPres
*-i
Nominative construction
It is difficult to give simple semantic and/or functional interpretation of the models
inasmuch as the constructions pointed out as ‘passive’ ones do not always express a
passive essence and actually represent a variety of verb semantics: deponent verbs,
dynamic intransitive actions, potentials, reciprocals, reflexives, etc. Thus, it is almost
impossible to find simple correspondences between the ‘form’ and the ‘meaning’ and
taxonomic qualifications based either on functional (that is, via changing syntactic
functions) or unequivocal semantic (that is, via defining active-passive semantics)
interpretations concerning the formal models are much more difficult to make, and
sometimes even impossible. Thus, the traditional terms ‘active’ and ‘passive’ actually
have a conventional character.
Attempts at new theoretical approaches have been undertaken to explain such
cases. M. Shibatani’s (Shibatani 1985) interpretations seem to be more efficient from
this point of view. He considers the active-passive opposition as a continuum, where
polar dimensions fit in with the prototypical active and passive constructions, while
non-polar, inter-medial cases share only some semantic-categorical features of the
categories characteristic for the prototypical ones.
Prototypical active
Medial cases
Prototypical passive
Fig.1. A continuum of active-passive opposition
In the Kartvelian languages, primarily, the active model serves to represent transitive
verbs with an affected object – let us call them Prototypical Actives; while the passive
model serves to represent special derived forms which resulted from the functional
changes of active constructions (resp., conversive passives) – let us call them Prototypical
Passives. But, there are a lot of verbs that cannot be interpreted as prototypical actives or
prototypical passives – let us call them Medial ones.
27
In general, languages turn to various strategies to represent such non-polar, medial
cases; they either create new formal models, or choose from the existing ones a model that
conventionally is regarded as the most appropriate and proximate according to certain
semantic-categorical features.
The paper offers a cognitive productive strategy based on semantic features that define
the choice of either passive or active formal models for the grammatical representations of
verbs showing medial semantics. The strategy is organized as an algorithm with the four
stages of implicational rules and mirrors the hierarchically organised optimal generative
process of linguistic structuring of an active-passive continuum.
The algorithm is based on the semantic features of ‘DYNAMICITY’, ‘TELICITY’,
‘AORIST’, and ‘SEMANTIC ROLES’ (resp. Ag, P, and Ad) that have a crucial role in
the process of grammaticalization of the traditionally assigned verb classes (Shanidze
1973) in the Kartvelian languages.
TABLE.2: VERB CLASSES
VERB CLASSES
I CLASS
II CLASS
III CLASS
IV CLASS
TRANSITIVITY
+
_
_
_
TELICITY
+
+
_
_
DYNAMICITY
+
+
+
_
Semantic roles are distinguished by the feature ‘FREE WILL’: an Agent is the role
that fits in with an argument always acting due to its ‘Free Will’ (i.e., it is characterized
as +[FW]); an Addressee, in a broader sense (including Benefactive, Experiencer,
Recipient, Source, Goal…) is the role denoting that the FW of an argument is not
involved in the event (i.e., it is characterized as −[FW]); concerning a Patient, being
semantically an “undergoer” its FW is a priori absolutely excluded and fully removed
from the event; it does not exist independently of the event, or not at all (Dowty 1991).
Thus, the feature FW is functionally redundant for it (i.e., it might be structurally
qualified as an argument with zero-FW or Ø).
The algorithm works as follows:
I. −[Free Will] →Dative case
−[DYNAMIC] →NOM construction, static morphology
(IV classSTATIC)
{(−[F.W.]) ∧Ø} →NOM construction, passive morphology
(II class)
{−[F.W]EXP (∧Ø)}→DAT construction, static/passive morphology (IV classAFFECTIVE)
+[F.W]NONEVIDENTIAL(∧)} → DAT construction, active morphology
(I/III classIIIseries)
+[F.W] →II. +Ø→III. +[AORIST]→ERG construction, active morphology
(I class)
−[AORIST]→NOM construction, active morphology (I class)
−Ø→IV. +[TELIC] →NOM construction, passive morphology
−[TELIC] →ERG construction, active morphology
28
(II cl)
(III class)
The row of the implicational rules creating the algorithm is strictly defined:
I→II→III→IV. In Laz III-rule is excluded, in Megrelian IV-rule does not play any role,
and in Georgian and Svan both are valuable; moreover, III-rule takes place in case of
−Ø as well −the algorithm returns recursively to III-rule after the application of IV-rule.
Supposedly, the given algorithm mirrors the hierarchically organised optimal generative process of linguistic structuring based on a cognitively defined “conventional
linguistic decision”: the definite model representing some core semantics serves better
to represent certain marginal semantics as well.
Thus, the reconstruction of ‘Active-Passive’ morphosyntactically distinguished
constructions for the Proto-Kartvelian language seems to be disapproving; yet, definite
formal models defined by certain semantic features together with the reconstructed *iprefix showing the decrease of verb valency create appropriate grounds for further
developments and, as a result, the category of voice is grammaticalized in every
Kartvelian language; still, the category preserves its historical specificity and it is more
adequate to speak about the opposition: ‘broadened active’ (resp. active-transitive and
active-intransitive-dynamic-atelic) − ‘broadened passive’ (resp. intransitive conversive
passive, intransitive-dynamic-telic and static) verb forms and constructions. The process
reflects general tendencies and directions of development − a semantically oriented
language system is transformed into a functionally oriented one.
29
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
vinfrid boederi
qarTuli sityvis morfologiuri
da sintaqsuri Tvisebebi1
1. arsebobs qarTuli morfologiisa da sintaqsis problemebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi, pirvel yovlisa, orTografiis TvalsazrisiT ganixileba. mas ganekuTvneba problema, Tu ramdeni wevrisgan Sedgeba Semdegi
erTeuli, romelic ekuTvnis mraval magaliTs, romlebic mixeil WabaSvilma (1988) am problemasTan dakavSirebiT Seagrova:2
(1) [[[ku-s] Zvl-is] CarCo]ian-i saTvale (Wab. 1988:7)
jer kidev akaki SaniZem (1973:108) dawera zogierTi ram qarTul
sityvaTa warmoebis Sesaxeb TavSi `warmoqmna~, anu morfologiis farglebSi. es ganlageba, marTalia, sworia, magram is qmnis STabeWdilebas,
rom saqme mxolod morfologiur problemas exeba. besarion jorbenaZem
(1984) ki miuTiTa, rom magaliTad, u__o afiqsiani sityvawarmoeba martivi saxeluri fuZis gverdiT SeiZleba Seicavdes sintagmebsac. murman suxiSvili Tavis specialur gamokvlevaSi (suxiSvili 1984:181) laparakobs
msazRvrel-sazRvrulian `sintagmebze~. magaliTi bevria (d)-(k), da Zvel
qarTulSic gvxdeba (l).
(2)
1
2
30
(a)
(b)
(g)
(d)
(e)
u-[Sen]-o-d
u-[col]-o
u-[lukma-pur]-o (SaniZe 1973:§176)
u-[lamaz-qal]-o (jorbenaZe 1984:139)
igi u-[did-gvar]-o-da-c didiao (i. WavWavaZe apud suxiSvili 1984:176-179)
(v) Tavisi arseboba ki ver warmoedgina u-[am-qal]o-d (a. yazbegi apud SaniZe 1973 : §177, SeniSvna)
wakiTxulia moxsenebad 2015 wlis 10 noembers saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiuri kongresis sxdomaze. _ did madlobas movaxseneb avTandil arabuls, nino
doborjginiZes, ivane leJavas da rezo kiknaZes, romlebic sxvadasxva dros momexmarnen TavianTi msjelobiTa da eqspertiziT. nino doborjginiZes gansakuTrebiT vmadlob kompetenturi Targmanis, koreqturisa da damatebiTi magaliTebisTvis.
orTografiuli problema, ra Tqma unda, ufro farToa. magaliTad, i. nikolaiSvili jer kidev 1928 wels wers: nacval saxeli (dRevandeli nacvalsaxeli),
dro nakli (dRevandeli dronakli) da a.S.
(z) u-[Cem-Svil]-o-d (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi apud suxiSvili 184:179)
(T) u-[[ded-is]-alers-]o (jorbenaZe 1984:139)
(i) u-[[Cit-is]-rZe]-o, u-[[rkin-is]-xid]-o, u-[[parxl-is]saxareb]-o-d (SaniZe 1973:§177)
(k) u-[[[m-is]-ym-is]-o-d (vefxistyaosani 754,4 apud SaniZe
1973 : §176; Sdr. uamisod)
(l) u-[[[Sen-i]-tan-is]-o]-d (arCili apud suxiSvili 184: 179,7;)
(m) u-[[muxran-is]-baton]-oT (q. sam. Zegl. apud suxiSvili
184:179)
(o) igica monazoni u-[nugeSin-is-cem]-o-YTa gloYTa Sepyrobil
iyo (iovane damaskelis cxovrebis efrem mciris Targmani
XX apud k. kekeliZe, etiudebi VII, gv. 167).
Tavisi miTiTebis implikaciaTa Sesaxeb b. jorbenaZe da m. suxiSvili
arafers amboben. magram aRsaniSnavia, rom sintagma sityvawarmoebis produqtiuli saxeobis amosavali erTeulia: saxeli msazRvreliTurT (d)(e)-Si, saxeli naTesaobiTiani msazRvreliTurT (T)-(i)-Si da a.S. zemoT
xazgasmuli nawilebi ar aris afiqsiani saxeluri kompozitebi, vinaidan
lamaz-qal-, am-qal-, dedis-alers- da a.S. ar aris saxeluri kompozitebi,
radgan, lamaz-qal-, magaliTad, ar SeiZleba vabrunoT: ar arsebobs naTesaobiTi lamazqalis. da zedsarTavis tipi didvaWari, did-ostat-i, ramdenadac me vici, ar aris produqtiuli; sityvebi, rogoricaa *didmecnieri
ar arsebobs. amis garda sityvis mawarmoebeli TavsarT-bolosarTi u__o
irgvliv akravs mis amosaval erTeuls; amitomac aravis mosdis TavSi azrad, rom ulamazqalo-Si SesaZloa lamaz idges sityvis gareT da ar iyos
sityvis Semadgeneli nawili. u__o afiqsiani sityvebi aseve aSkarad aCveneben, rom qarTulSi arsebobs Sesityvebebi, romlebic sityvawarmoebis
amosavali erTeulebia, da rom besarion jorbenaZis termini „sintagma“
sworia. inglisuri terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, qarTuli sityvawarmoebis
amosavali formis frazis Tvisebebi SeiZleba hqondes (Boeder-Schroeder
2000). qvemoT inglisuri `frazis~ da qarTuli `Sesityvebis~ nacvlad
termins `sintagmas~ gamoviyeneb winadadebis an sityvis sintaqsuri Semadgenlis mniSvnelobiT (`saxeluri sintagma~ = `saxeluri fraza / Sesityveba~, `zmnuri sintagma~ = `zmnuri fraza / Sesityveba~ da a.S.).
es CarTuli sintagmebi fuZeebsa da naTesaobiTis formebs Seicavs. sagulisxmoa, rom fuZeebi ar aris iribi brunvis formebi. sityvaSi uamqalod am- formalurad, marTalia, erTi da igive formaa, rogorc iribi
brunvis forma, magram am iseT sityvebSiac gvxdeba, sadac ar SeiZleba
iyos brunvis forma, magaliTad, sityva amdeni-Si. aseve sityva lamaz31
ulamazqalo-Si ar aris iribi brunvis forma, aramed fuZe. fuZisa da
iribi formis gansxvaveba mniSvnelovania imis miuxedavad, rom formalurad identuria, vinaidan brunva sityvis sintaqsur garemozea damokidebuli, fuZe ki _ ara. maSasadame, iribbrunvian saxelze mxolod maSin vilaparakebT, rodesac sintaqsuri garemo moiTxovs brunvas.
amas garda, Cven vxedavT, rom es sintagma mxolod fuZeebisgan ar
Sedgeba. amis ori dasturia. pirveli aris dedis forma u-ded-is-alerso-Si (T), romelic erTmniSvnelovnad sityvis fleqsiuri formaa da ara
fuZe, vinaidan mas aqvs naTesaobiTis sufiqsi.3 meore, forma ubavSvebod
(n)-Si Seicavs mravlobiTis formas, romelic ara fuZed, aramed fleqsiur formad iTvleba.
sityvisgareT mdgomi sintagmebisgan gansxvavebiT ki u- -o afiqsiani
sintagmebi struqturulad, etyoba, SezRudulia. pirveli Semadgenlis naTesaobiTiani saxelis naTesaobiTiani msazRvreli misaRebia rogorc (3)
(a)-Si, magram aseTi savrcobi SezRudulia: misaRebia maklasificirebeli
naTesaobiTi saxeli, magram miuRebelia aramaklasificirebeli naTesaobiTi
saxeli rogorc (b)-Si. miuRebelia agreTve ori msazRvreli (CvenebiTi
msazRvreli da zedsarTavuli msazRvreli am-oficialur- (g)-Si).
(3)
(a)
(b)
(g)
u-[[[ku-s]-Zvl-is]-CarCo]-o saTvale
?? u-[[[megobr-is]-biZis]-moxmareb]-o-d
?? u-[am-oficialur-baraT]-o-d
aRsaniSnavia, rom zogi forma naklebad misaRebia (da amitom albaT
ufro iSviaTad gvxdeba). m. suxiSvili (1984 : 181) iseT magaliTebs, rogoricaa uTandebulianbrunviano, `uxerxulad~ Tvlis, da fiqrobs, rom
`gamarTlebuli ar unda iyos~, `radgan ar qmnian axal erTeuls, axal
sityvas~. uxerxulobis erT-erTi faqtoria `sityvis sigrZe~ : `mokle
forma ufro bunebrivad aRiqmeba~.
am problemebs sWirdeba ufro Rrma empiriuli gamokvleva.
2. enaTmecnierebaSi sityva lingvisturi analizis erT-erT yvelaze
mniSvnelovan erTeulad iTvleba, radgan sityvis cnebis saSualebiT
morfologia isazRvreba sintaqsisagan. maSasadame, saWiroa SesaZlebeli
sityvis gansazRvra. am gansazRvris erT-erTi aspeqti aris odindeli
Tvalsazrisi, rom – uxeSad rom vTqvaT – SeuZlebelia kompozitebi
CarTul erTeulad Seicavdnen sintagmebs (frazebs) (“no phrase constraint”,
Botha 1981), e.i. am principis mixedviT sintaqsi ar moqmedebs sityvis
farglebSi. magram Cven viciT, rom mraval enaSi arsebobs gamonaklisebi.
3
32
Sdr. harisis gamokvleva (Harris 2002), romelSic man ganixila brunvian-Tandebuliani formebi rogorc sityvis Semadgenlebi: megobar-Ta-gan-i.
sityvebi SeiZleba Seicavdes sintagmebs, da sintaqsi am Sesityvebebis swor
Camoyalibebas marTavs maSinac, Tu sintagma sityvis nawilia (Booij 2009:89).
amitom struqturuli naTesaobiTic gvxdeba, romelic Semdegi sintaqsuri
konfiguraciiTaa ganpirobebuli: [[saxeluri fraza] saxeli].
Cveni azriT, struqturuli naTesaobiTi sityvis farglebSi iseTive
fleqsiis SemTxvevaa, rogorc SeTanxmeba (Booij 1996: 9), romelzedac qvemoT iqneba saubari.4 brunvas aseT SemTxvevebSi SeuZlia mxolod sityvis Sinagani mimarTebebi gamoxatos (iqve), da ar gamoxatavs sityvis gareT mdgom
sityvasTan mimarTebas. ganvixiloT:
(2)
(T’) u-[[ded-is-]alers-]o Svili
aq naTesaobiTi dedis sintaqsurad ar miemarTeba saxels Svili; ar arsebobs uSualo sintaqsuri mimarTeba dedis-sa da Svili-s Soris. es udris zogad SezRudvas, romlis Tanaxmad, sintaqss SeuZlia Seexos mxolod sityvebs, sityvis nawilebs ki _ ara. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, sintaqsis erTeulebi aris sityvebi da ara sityvis nawilebi. es aris `leqsikuri mTlianobis SezRudva~ (“lexical integrity constraint”5).
SevajamebT Sedegebs: sityvaSi CarTuli sintagmebi SeiZleba Seicavdes
fleqsiur formebs, saxeldobr, rogorc mravlobiT formebs, e.i. semantikurad ganpirobebul fleqsiur formebs, isec naTesaobiT formebs,
e.i. sintaqsurad ganpirobebul `konteqstualur~ fleqsias. mravlobiTi
(2) (n)-Si exeba referentebis (bavSvebis) simravles, e.i. TviT saxelis semantikur Tvisebas; naTesaobiTi (2) (T)-Si exeba ganmsazRvrelsa da sazRvruls Soris arsebul mimarTebas, e.i. konteqstTan mimarTebas.
SemdegSi me ganvixilav sityvawarmoebis or tips, romlebic Seicavs or
gansxvavebul sintaqsur erTeuls: ian-sufiqsian saxelebs (an saxelur sintagmebs) (SaniZe 1973 : §163) da `mimReobiani qonebis saxelebs~ (an zmnur
sintagmebs) (SaniZe 1973 : §196).
3. jer ganvixiloT ian-sufiqsiani saxelebi (4) (a)-(v) da msgavsi tipis magaliTi (4) (z)-(T).
4
5
boi (Booij 2009:89) sityvis SigniTa fleqsias SezRudavs: uSvebs mxolod “inherent inflection” (e.i. TviT saxelis semantikis damaxasiaTebel fleqsias): “the kind
of inflection that we find [in complex words]-is inherent inflection that is determined by
the semantics, and not by syntactic rules such as agreement or structural case marking
that require the inflectional marking of word parts by a linguistic unit outside of that
word”. magram es akrZalva sityvaSi CarTuli sintagmis Semadgenels ar exeba
(Booij 1996:9): “we do find contextual inflection inside words, but only when the
inflected word forms [are] part of a phrase that is embedded in a word.”
“The syntax neither manipulates nor has access to the internal structure of words” (Anderson 1992:84). boim daamtkica, rom sityvis nawilebi zogjer sintaqsisTvis
misawvdomi unda iyos (Booij 2009), ase rom, wesis meore nawili gamarTlebuli ar aris.
33
(4)
[Sededebul-rZ]-ian-i yava (r. k.)
[[nabd-is]-qud]-ian-i kaci (Wab. 94)
[[xarisx-is]-saxelmwifo-niSn]-ian-i produqcia (Wab. 97)
[[erT-gvar]-[[pir-miumarTav]-damateb]]-ian-i Serwymul-i
winadadeba (kiziria 1984:212)
(e) [aseT-[uCveulo-saTaur]]-ian-i roman-i (r.k., Boeder –
Schroeder 2000:184; Sdr. Wab. 96)
(v) [ocdaaT-[kvadratul-metr]]-ian binaSi (Wab. 97)
(z) [[[ku-s]-Zvl-is]-CarCo]-ian-i saTvale (= (1); Sdr. (3) (a))
(T) [[[muyao-s]-yuT-is]-magvar]-i forma (n. d.)
(i) *[am-rZ]-ian-i yava (r. k.)
(k) *[[dedaqalaq-is]-am-xed-eb]-ian-i albomi (r. k.)
(l) *[am-Tx-is]-rZ-ian-i yava (r. k.)
(m) [[am qalaq-is]-xed-eb]-ian-i albomi (r. k.)
(a)-(T)-Si yvela saxeluri sintagma referencialuri (specifikuri)
aris,6 magram definituri ver aris (Harris 2007:228), ix. (i). amiT isini
gansxvavdeba u__o-afiqsiani sityvebisagan (ix. (2) (e)-(z)). magram zogi
definituri marTuli naTesaobiTi sintagmaSi, etyoba, misaRebia, ix. (l)
vs. (m). rogorc vxedavT, SesaZlebelia rogorc mmarTavi saxeli (g)-(d)Si, aseve naTesaobiTiani saxeli gavrcobil iqnes zedsarTaviani an naTesaobiTiani msazRvreliT: saxelmwifo- (g)-Si (Sdr. rekursiuli zedsarTaviani
gansazRvra (d)-(v)-Si), ku-s Zvl-is (z)-Si, muyaos-yuTis- (T)-Si. naTesaobiTiani saxeli (z)-(T)-Si maklasifikacirebeli tipisaa (Sdr. (3) (a)): kus
(z)-Si gansazRvravs Zvlis tips, muyao-s (T)-Si gansazRvravs yuT-is tips
da a.S. rekursiuli marcxnivi ganStoeba rogorc (z)-sa da (T)-Si adre
(Yngve 1960) miiCneoda rogorc faqtori, romelic amZimebda enis damuSavebas, magram Cemi intuiciuri gansjiT ise Cans, rom is aranair sirTules
ar uqmnis qarTvelebs. amis miuxedavad, rekursiuloba sityvis morfologiaSi SedarebiT iSviaTia, da bevr sxva enaSi tipurma sityvam rekursiuloba ar icis (Matthews 1974:164-165). magram qarTulSi zmnur fleqsiur morfologiaSic gvaqvs rekursiuli formebi, rogoricaa:
(5)
(a)
(b)
(g)
(d)
[[akeT-eb]-in-eb]
Cvens konteqstSi gadamwyvetia is garemoeba, rom naTesaobiTis marTva
(z)-(T)-Si sintaqsuri procesia. marTvis gverdiT mosalodnelia meore
sintaqsuri procesi, kerZod, brunvis SeTanxmeba, vinaidan qarTul standartul enaSi zedsarTauli msazRvrelebi SeTanxmebulia TavianT mmarTav
saxelTan. vnaxoT ramdenime magaliTi:
6
Sdr. harisi (2007:212) mimReobiani kompozitebis Sesaxeb.
34
(a) [[viTarebiT-brunv-is]-form-eb]-ian saxel-Ta status-i
(T. vaSakiZe, n. jorbenaZe: arnold Ciqobavas sakiTxavebi
XXI)
(b) [[viTarebiT-i-brunv-is]-form-eb]-ian saxel-Ta status-i
(g) [[ucnob-i qalaq-is] xed-eb]-ian-i albom-i (l. g., Boeder –
Schroeder 2000:183)
(d) [[ucnob-i qalaq-is] xed-eb]-ian albom-s
am magaliTebSi, cxadia, saxelebs formeb- da xedeb- ar SeiZleba hqondes brunvis niSani, vinaidan ibrunvis mxolod ian-sufiqsiani bolo sityva SeTanxmebis Sedegad, da ara am sityvaSi CarTuli saxelebi, romlebsac
arc SeTanxmebis mmarTavi brunviani sazRvruli, da arc brunvis mmarTavi
saxeli aqvT.7 amis sapirispirod, sxvagvaradaa naTesaobiTi brunvis forma:
normaluri winadadebis sintaqsSi Cven velodebiT SeTanxmebas: viTarebiTi
brunvis rogorc (b)-(d)-Si, magram (a) varianti zogierTi qarTvelis mier
normad miCneuli Cans. maSin roca erT variantSi (a)-Si mxolod marTvis
sintaqsuri wesi moqmedebs, (b) da (g) variantSi moqmedebs rogorc marTva,
aseve SeTanxmeba. (d)-Si Cans, rom sityva ucnobi-is brunva damoukidebelia
saxelis brunvisgan alboms, da amitom ar SeiZleba ise, rogorc (g)-Si,
ganpirobebuli iyos albomi-s saxelobiTiT.
(6)
4. magram gadamwyvetia is, rom saxeluri Tavis zedsarTaul msazRvrelebs ubrunvisniSno forma aqvT:
(7)
maRal-qusl-ian-i fexsacmel-i
maRal-i qusl-ian-i fexsacmel-i
(b)-Si maRal-i arasdros SeiZleba qusl-s miemarTebodes, aramed unda
miemarTebodes formas fexsacmeli.
amasTn dakavSirebiT me minda davasaxelo zogierTi forma -el sufiqsiT:
7
(a)
(b)
am wesis mniSvneloba cxadi xdeba svanurSi. am enaSi -ian sufiqsis Sesatyvisi
aris le-/lß-/lu- prefiqsi: lß-pät ‘Tm-ian-i’. zemosvanuris Semdegi magaliTebi mis SeTanxmebas naTelyofs: mesxe mare ‘Savi kaci’, mesxe lß-pätv mar-a/mare-s xetxelia?
deme, tetne lß-pätv-s ‘Sav prefiqsi-Tma kac-micemiTi eZeb? _ ara, TeTr prefiqsiTma-micemiTi’ (SavTmianma kacma mogca?); deme, tetne lß-pätv-d ‘ara, TeTr prefiqsiTma-moTxrobiTi’. aq atributi mesxe / tetne Seucvlelia. magram laSxur-CololurSi saxelobiTisa da iribi brunvis opozicia gvaqvs rogorc araCarTuli
sintagmebis, aseve CarTuli sintagmis atributebSi: saxelobiTi mesxe vs iribi
mesxa, tetne vs mesxa: mesxa lu-patv mar-a/mare-s xetxelia? deme, tetna lu-patv-s;
(SavTmianma kacma mogca?) deme, tetna lu-patv-d. aq prefiqsiani atributi SeTanxmebulia imitom, rom misi sazRvruli saxeli `Tma~ ibrunvis, maSin rodesac
qarTulSi ibrunvis ara Tma-, aramed Tm-ian-, romelic sazRvruli ar aris (didad vmadlob medea saRlians svanuri monacemebisTvis atributis Sesaxeb).
35
(8)
(a)
(b)
(g)
(d)
(e)
ucxo-planet-el-i (Wab. 94)
[[agur-is]-qarxn]-el-Ta kamaT-is sagani (Wab. 95)
[[im-sofl]-el]-i kac-i-a, sadac davibade
eg [[[Cem-sofl]-el]-i kac-i-a
eg Cem-isofl-el-i kac-i-a (Sdr. Cem-s sofl-el kac-s ver
vxedav)
(a)-(d)-s aqvT msazRvrelebi (determinantebi), rogoricaa ian-sufiqsian
formebSi. problematuria forma (e). maSin roca (d)-Si Cem-sofl-el-i erTi sityvaa, (e) Cem-i sofl-el-, savaraudod, or sityvas Seicavs, romlebic uTanxmdeba sityvas kaci. Tu es sworia, maSin (e) mogvagonebs saiaTnovas erT gramatikulad ucnaur striqons:
(9)
Sav-o mayvali-viT Tval-eb-ian-o (saiaTnova)
< mayvali-viTSav-Tval-eb-ian-o
orive SemTxvevaSi sintagmis Semadgeneli (Sav- rogorc SavTvalebian-is
Semadgeneli, Cemi, rogorc Cemsoflel-is Semadgeneli) `gadaadgilebulia~
sityvis gareT. me maklia saWiro masala, es SemTxveva rom Sevafaso da
amitom problema gadauWrelad unda davtovo. magram Cemi (e)-Si, albaT, mainc gansxvaveulia Savo formisagan (9)-Si. SesaZlebelia, rom sofleli-s
(e)-Si `Tanasofleli~-s mniSvneloba aqvs, analogiurad Sesityvebebisa, rogoricaa Cemi klaseli `Cemi Tanaklaseli~. maSin Cemi iqneboda sofleli-s
msazRvreli klaseli-s Sesabamisad. Tu es sworia, Savo-s da Cemi-s paralelizmi moCvenebiTia.
5. marTlweraSi sityvebisgan Sedgenili sityvis statusi zogjer
gamoxatulia erTad daweriT, ase magaliTad, (10) (a)-Si. amis sapirispirod,
gayofilad daweril (10) (b)-Si, savaraudod, gamoxatulia intuicia, rom
saqme exeba ramdenime sityvas:
(10)
(a) viTarebiT-brunvis-form-eb-ian saxel-s
(b) viTarebiT brunv-is form-eb-ian saxel-s
orive mosazreba gamarTlebulia: (a)-Si gamoxatulia, rom saqme exeba
erT sityvas, (b)-Si gamoxatulia, rom Tavad es sityva sintagmaa da ramdenime sityvis formisagan Sedgeba. saqme exeba perspeqtivis sakiTxs. amas, savaraudod, emateba sxva faqtorebi, romlebic meore Tvalsazriss uWeren
mxars, kerZod, calkeuli sityvebis didi sixSire da prosodiuli Taviseburebebi: TiToeul am Semadgenel sityvas, savaraudod, aqvs sakuTari
prosodiuli konturi sintagmis farglebSi, msgavsad rogorc araCarTul
sintagmaSi (`Sesityvebebi~ ix. TevdoraZe 1970, `frazebi~ TevdoraZe
1978).
36
axla aviRoT sxva, martivi magaliTi da davsvaT kiTxva, ra statusi
aqvs msazRvrels aseT ian-sufiqsian sityvebTan:
(11)
ori hipoTeza (Harris 2007:209; 225)
(a)
(b)
“external modifier analysis”:
[[or] [marcvliani]] sityva
“internal modifier analysis”:
[[or marcvl]-ian-i] sityva
(a)-s SexedulebiT or da marcvliani ori sityvaa, da ori aris sityva marcvliani-s nawilis marcvl- garegani msazRvreli. es Sexeduleba Seesabameba intuicias, rom saqme (albaT!) exeba or fonologiur sityvas,
romelTaganac TiToeuls maxvili aqvs. magram es Sexeduleba semantikur
da morfologiur problemasTanaa dakavSirebuli. semantikuri problema
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aq msazRvrels or sityvis nawili skopusad aqvs,
kerZod marcvl-. es aris egreT wodebuli frCxilebis paradoqsi
(“bracketing paradox”): (a)-s struqtura ar Seesabameba semantikur mimarTebas. amgvari problemebi gansakuTrebiT inglisurSia mravalricxovani
(Berg 2010), rogorc, magaliTad, sintagmaSi criminal lawyer, romelSic ar
igulisxmeba aucileblad kriminaluri advokati, aramed is, vinc icavs
kriminalur klientebs, romlebic ekuTvnian lawyer-is semantikas. problema
SesaZlebelia gadaiWras interpretaciis gansakuTrebuli wesiT, romelic
uSvebs, rom zogierTi msazRvrelis mniSvneloba daukavSirdes sxva sityvis nawils (Harris 2007). qarTuli ramdenad moiTxovs aseT wess Cveni
problemisgan damoukideblad, me ar vici. amdenad, unda darCes problema
Riad. magram amas emateba meore, morfologiuri problema. am analizSi
(a)-s Sesaxeb saWiroa ara marto damatebiTi semantikuri interpretaciis
wesi, aramed aseve unda aixsnas, calke sityva or ratom ar ibrunvis,
radgan sityvis gareSe `iribbrunviani~ saxelebi mxolod msazRvrelis
poziciaSi gvxdeba (magaliTad, sintagmaSi or marcvals). aseTi konfiguracia or-marcvlian-is SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs. es niSnavs, rom saWiroa
meore, damatebiTi wesi, kerZod, rom msazRvreli gvxvdeba `iribi brunvis~
saxiT,8 Tu is sityvis nawils gansazRvravs (“when it modifies part of a
8
harisi (Harris 2007) laparakobs xan `SiSvel fuZeze~ (bare stem, gv. 219), rogoric gvxedeba kompozitebSi, gv. 221), xan `irib brunvaze~ (oblique, gv. 206, 216),
saxeldobr, `saxelobiTiT gansxvavebuli brunva~ (217). bois (Booij 2009:90) harisi esmis mxolod am bolo gagebiT: “[sam tit-mo4rili (6aci):] The first word sam
has to appear in the oblique form, because it modifies the word tit ‘finger’ which is part
of the second word. That is, for the purpose of both case assignment (to the independent
word sam only) and semantic interpretation, sam and tit form a unit. As Harris argues, the
word sam cannot be considered a part of the next word (although its form is
indeterminate and could also be interpreted as a stem form), because recursive
37
word”, Harris 2007:221) da amgvarad exeba sityvis Sinagan struqturas.
orive wesisTvis ar vici damoukidebeli damowmeba. mas Semdeg, rac ukve
naTelia, rom sityvebi SeiZleba Seicavdes Sesityvebebs, CemTvis ufro
misaRebi varaudia, rom or da marcvl qmnis sintagmas “internal modifier
analysis-is” mixedviT (b)-Si da rom or-s imitom ar aqvs brunvis niSani (an
ufro zustad: rom fuZea da ara iribbrunviani forma), vinaidan marcvl-s
ar aqvs brunva, romelTanac SeTanxmebuli iqneboda or, an vinaidan sityvis farglebSi araviTari SeTanxmeba ar SeiZleba arsebobdes, Tuki im qarTvelebs mivyvebiT, romlebic aRiareben mxolod (10) (a) variants viTarebiT-brunvis (romelSic viTarebiT ar aris SeTanxmebuli formasTan brunvis). sityvis farglebSi ubrunvo saxelebi an fuZeebia (magaliTad, or),
an damatebiTi semantikuri Sinaarsis matarebeli fleqsiis sufiqsiani
formebi (magaliTad, mravlobiTi xedeb (6) (d)-Si).9
6. me Sevajameb aqamdel Sedegebs: -ian sufiqsian sityvebs aqvT Sesityvebebi, rogorc sityvawarmoebis amosaval erTeuls, saxeldobr, saxelur
jgufs, romelic SeiZleba kompleqsuri iyos. sityvaSi CarTuli Sesityvebebis farglebSi arsebobs marTva da qarTulis erT variantSi aseve SeTanxmeba. saxelebi, romlebzedac arc marTva da arc SeTanxmeba moqmedebs
(mxolobiTi an mravlobiTi), fuZeebia da ara iribi (brunviani) formebi.
es saxeluri jgufebi specifikurad qarTuli sityvawarmoebaa, romelTa
Targmani sxva enebze, Cveulebriv, ar aris SesaZlebeli morfologiuri saSualebebiT. giorgi SalamberiZem (1980:23) yuradReba miaqcia imas, rom am qarTul formebs rusulSi da umetes evropul enebSi xSirad Seesabameba Tandebuliani Sesityvebebi, rac qarTulSi kalkis saxiT aris Semotanili:
(12) filtr-ian-i sigaret-eb-i
rusuli sigarety s filtrom >kalki: sigaret-eb-i filtr-iT
7. ian-sufiqsiani da zogierTi sxva sufiqsiani sityvawarmoebis gverdiT,
romelTa amosavali erTeuli saxeluri sintagmaa, arsebobs sxva sityva-
9
38
modification is not allowed within Georgian compounds. Hence, it should be interpreted
as the oblique form of an independent word. This case assignment thus requires access to
the internal morphological structure of the second word [i.e. tit-mo4rili]”. es formulireba Tu harisis azrs warmoadgens, petitio principii gvaqvs: mravalgzisi gansazRvrebis akrZalva sityvis farglebSi aris saintereso SezRudva, romelic Cvens
analizSic dasturdeba, magram sam da TiT ra gagebiT aris moWrili-s “recursive modification”? sam aris TiT-is “modifier” (farTo gagebiT), magram (sam) TiT
ar aris moWrili-s “modifier”, aramed erTi da igive funqcia aqvs rogorc (sami)
TiTi sintagmaSi: (sami) TiTi mouWra / moWrili aqvs.
harisis analizi martiv ganmsazRvrels exeba. amas ki emateba erTze meti ganmsazRvrelis problema. (4)(g)-Si xarisxis saxelmwifo Semadgeneli ar aris, da misi nawilebi
“external modifier analysis”-is mixedviT albaT cal-calke niSn-s unda daukavSirdes.
warmoebac (a. SaniZis terminologiiT: `Txzva: qonebis Serwymuli mimReobiani saxelebi~), romlis amosavali erTeuli cxadad zmnuri sintagmaa,
romlis zmna mimReobaa da romelic Seesatyviseba mimarTebiT winadadebas,
romlis zmnas axasiaTebs sasxviso an saTaviso qcevisa, an qcevis msgavsi
semantika (ix. (a); dawvrilebiT ix. Boeder 1999). garda amisa, es zmnuri
sintagmebi umetesad saxelur sintagmas Seicavs, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
kompleqsuri SeiZleba iyos:
(13)
(a) [sasikvdilo-Wriloba]-miyenebuli vefxvi (Wab. 97)
Sdr. vefxvi, romelsac miayenes Wriloba
(b) [sayvarel-nabad]-mosxmuli (Wab. 95)
(g) [srul-[saSualo-skola]]-damTavrebuli (Wab. 95)
(d) [yel-kiser]-moSiSvlebuli (Wab. 95)
(e) [[Wir-is]-ofl]-dasxmuli (Wab. 97)
(z) [pap-is-[[[cxvr-is]-Tav-is]-qud]]-Camofxatuli
(e. gabaSvili apud SaniZe 1973:161)
magram es struqtura ar aris SezRuduli saxelur sintagmaze, rogorc ian-sufiqsiani formebis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan aseve arsebobs yvela
saxis zmnisarTuli erTeulebi:
(14)
(a) Tof-eb-maRla-aSverili (a. yazbegi apud SaniZe 1973:160)
(b) stumar-Sin-Sauyvanelo (`xevsuruli lanZRva~, SaniZe 1973:
161)
(g) boxca-Cemodn-eb-axlo-miwyobili mgzavrebi (Wab. 97)
(d) cxel-wyal-Tav(s)-gadasxmuli (i. WavWavaZe apud SaniZe
1973:161)
(e) wel-ze-Sal-moxveuli qali (Wab. 98)
(v) pir-ze-ofl-gadamdinare momRerali (Wab. 98)
(z) wel-ze moxveuli Sali
(T) *moxveuli wel-ze Sali, *moxveuli Sali wel-ze
(i) Hel-ze-apyrobiT locvasa da vedrebasa Sina iyvnes (sin.
mravalTavi 106,5 apud SaniZe 1973:§196)
(a)-(d)-Si saqme exeba zmnisarTebs, romlebic, rogorc SaniZe (1973:
161) garkveviT SeniSnavs, saxelsa da mimReobas Soris Cndeba, Tu isini
`moklea~ (e.i. uTandebulo?). amis sapirispirod, sityvaSi CarTuli Tandebuliani formebi dgas dasawyisSi (e)-(v), iseve rogorc sityvis gareT
mdgomi Tandebuliani formebi mimReobian sintagmebSi (z); Sdr. araswori
formebi (T)-Si.
maSasadame, sityvis farglebSi poziciebis Tanamimdevroba myaria. es
Seesatyviseba viTarebas, rom es Sesityvebebi sityvebis nawilebia. sityvis
farglebSi erTeulebis poziciebi myaria.
39
sainteresoa, rom es struqtura ukve Zvel qarTulSi arsebobda. Sdr.
(i), romelic gvaCvenebs, rom masdarsac Sesatyvisi struqtura aqvs.
zmnuri Sesityvebebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian saxeluri Sesityvebebisgan, rogorc sityvawarmoebis amosavali erTeulebi: zmnuri sintagma
SeiZleba Seicavdes zmnisarTul erTeulebs, saxeluri sintagma ki – ara.
8. kompozitebis sityvis statusisa da misi nawilebisTvis momdevno
ori Tvisebaa saintereso: maTi maxvili da gaTiSvadoba.
mTavari maxvili bevr enaSi ganasxvavebs sityvas sityvis Semadgenlebisagan (Harris 2007:213).10 winaswari fonetikuri analizi jer kidev
sruliad naTel suraTs ar gvaZlevs.11 Sdr.
(15)
(a) jildo-miniWebuli moRvawe
(b) xeleb-gaSlili kaci
wakiTxvis dros 1) sazRvrulis maxvili (moRvawe, kaci) SedarebiT
sustia. 2) mimReobas maxvili umetes SemTxvevebSi bolodan mesame marcvalze moudis (miniWebuli, gaSlili). 3) umetes SemTxvevebSi pirvel
(saxelur) Semadgenelze maxvili moudis (xeleb-, jildo-). 4) msazRvrelis bolo xmovanze xSirad tonis aweva gvaqvs (jildo-miniWebul↗i
moRvawe, xeleb-gaSlil↗i kaci). sanam bunebrivi metyvelebis sintagmebis
(araizolirebuli sityvebis) sistemuri analizi ara gvaqvs, ar viciT aseT
formebs (jildo-miniWebuli, xeleb-gaSlili) da Sesatyvis sintagmebs
erTnairi prosodiuli Tvisebebi aqvs Tu ara (ix. zemoT, 5.), da, magaliTad, sam-TiT-moWrili formaSi sam prosodiulad rogor gansxvavdeba
TiT-isagan.
harisma (Harris 2007:213) gamarTlebulad meore miRebuli kriteriumi
gamoiyena: sityvis aragaTiSvadoba. ase magaliTad, nawilaki -ve-s sityvaSi
CarTva misaRebi ar aris (16) (a)-Si. am kriteriumis mixedviT xeleb-gaSlili erTi sityvaa da ara ori. amave kriteriumis mixedviT Sav-gulispir-iani aris erTi sityva da -ve-Ti gaTiSva misaRebi ar aris, ix. (b).
swori forma aris (g). amiT Sav- (b)-Si gansxvavdeba araCarTuli sintagmis
10
11
40
harisma (Harris 2007: 213) swored xelgaSlili forma airCia am maxvilianobis
testisTvis da daskvna gaakeTa, rom am tipis kompozitebSi mimReobis marcxniv
mdgomi saxeli xel umaxviloa. magram es forma idiomaturia (ara-kompozitionaluri semantikisaa, razedac harisi TviTon miuTiTebs, 2007:211), da gamoricxuli ar aris, rom prosodiulad sxvanairi Tvisebebi aqvs, vidre pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebuli xeleb-gaSlili (xelgaSlili vs. xeleb | gaSlili,
sadac | SesaZlo pauzas aRniSnavs). amave dros idiomaturoba imis mizezia, rom
xel- arareferencialuria, da ara atributis uqonloba (Harris 2007: 212):
“but when this element [sc. mimReobis winamavali saxeli] is modified, it appears to be
referential”. magram yaiTan- forma Sav-yaiTan-movlebuli-Si imitom ki ar aris
referenciuli, radgan ganmsaRvreli Sav- aqvs: uamisodac referenciulia.
didad vmadlob fonetikos ivane leJavas winaswari prosodiuli analizisa da
daskvnebisaTvis.
Savi formisagan (d)-Si. garegani msazRvrelis analizis mixedviT ((11) (a))
Sav- da gulispir-iani (g)-Si, sayvarel- da nabad-mosxmuli (e)-Si sxvadasxva donis calcalke erTeulebi iqneba ((d)-Si erTgvar-pirmiumarTav-damateb-iani ramdeni erTeuli iqneba?). magram aragaTiSvadoba gvavaraudebinebs, rom, magaliTad, sayvarel-sa da nabad-s Soris gadabmuloba naklebad
mWidro ar aris, vidre nabad-sa da mosxmuli-s Soris. gaTiSvadobis faqtebi garegani msazRvrelis analizis Teorias ar adasturebs.
(16) (a) *xeleb-ve-gaSlili12
(b) *Sav-winsafr-ian-i da Sav-ve-gulispir-iani kaci
(g) Sav-winsafr-ian-i da Sav-gulispir-iani-ve kaci
(d) nacrisferi kaba, Savi winsafari, Savi-ve gulispiri
(m. javaxiSvili apud Vogt 1971:217)
(e) sayvarel-nabad-mosxmuli (Sdr. (13) (b))
(z) *kus-Zvlis-ve-CarCoiani (Sdr. (1))
(T) *welze-ve-Salmoxveuli (Sdr. (14) (e))
(i) papis-perang-Cacmuli da papis-ve-qud-Camofxatuli kaci
(Sdr. (13) (T))
-ve nawilakis semantika da sintaqsi, ramdenadac me vici, safuZvlianad
gamokvleuli ar aris, magram, rogorc Cans, savaldebulo (magram ara sakmarisi) piroba aris is, rom klitikis sayrdeni erTeulebi unda iyos rogorc fonologiuri, asec morfologiuri sityva. amitom (b)-Si -ve uSualod Sav-s ver mohyveba (vinaidan Sav morfologiuri sityva ar aris),
(g)-Si ki mohyveba marjvniv mezobel erTeuls, romelic aris rogorc
maxviliani fonologiuri, asec morfologiuri sityva, da aseve posesiuri
naTesaobiTi (i)-Si. maklasificirebeli naTesaobiTiani da Tandebuliani
formebi ki jer kidev ucnobi mizezis gamo gaTiSvas ar uSveben, ix. (z)(T).) (17)-Si piruku situacia gvaqvs: romlis morfologiuri sityvaa,
magram, ramdenadac me vici, umaxviloa, amitom -c klitika mohyveba momdevno saxels (qud-s):
(17)
romlis qudi-c (*romlisac qudi)
9. Cven vnaxeT, rom sityvawarmoebis sxvadasxva tips kompleqsurobis
sxvadasxva safexuri moepoveba. u__o-afiqsiani sityvebis SemTxvevaSi Cadgmuli sintagma ori SemadgenliTaa SezRuduli, da pirveli Semadgeneli
erTi zedsarTauli msazRvreli an specifikuri klasis naTesaobiTiani rekursiuli saxeluri sintagma iyo. ian-sufiqsian saxelebis SemTxvevaSi
ramdenime zedsarTavic gvqonda da isev im klasis naTesaobiTiani rekursi12
harisis magaliTi xel-gaSlili /*xel-ve-gaSlili rogorc maxvilis (ix. SeniSvna 10), aseve klitikis CarTvis mixedviT naklebadaa gamosadegi, vinaidan idiomaturia.
41
uli saxeluri sintagma. mimReobiani qonebis saxelebs damatebiT martivi
an Tandebuliani zmnizedebi hqonda. sityvawarmoebis yvela es tipi usazRvrod kompleqsuri ar aris, da axla kidev erT mniSvnelovan SezRudvas
unda SevexoT. es aris ian-sufiqsiani da mimReobiani saxelebi, romlebic
ise gamoiyurebian, TiTqos CarTul sintagmebSi Tanwyobac SesaZlebelia,
magaliTad, (18)-Si. sinamdvileSi ki Tanwyobili Semadgenlebis Sekveca
(“conjunction reduction”, cf. Booij 1985) sxva enebSicaa gavrcelebuli (magaliTad, germanulsa da niderlandurSi). uxeSad rom vTqva, erTi sityvis
nawili, romelic meore sityvis nawilis identuria, ikveceba13 (qvemoT
pirveli sityvis nawili gadaxazulia, da meore sityvis identuri nawili
xazgasmulia).
(18) (a)
metoqis or-gol-iani da sam-gol-iani upiratesoba (Wab. 102)
← or-gol-iani da sam-gol-iani
(b) Tval-eb-dabinduli da goneba-dabinduli (Wab. 102)
← Tval-eb-dabinduli da goneba-dabinduli
(g) vercxl-narevi, tyvia-narevi da spilenZ-narevi madani
(SaniZe 1973:§196)
← vercxl-narevi, tyvia-narevi da spilenZ-narevi madani
(d) Tavs(a)-Sal-moxveuli da yel-ze-Sal-moxveuli qali (Wab.
98)
← Tavze-Sal-moxveuli da yel-ze-Sal-moxveuli qali
← Tavze-Sal-moxveuli da yel-ze-Sal-moxveuli qali
Tu es interpretacia sworia, ra mizeziT unda vivaraudoT sintaqsuri Tanwyoba sityvis farglebSi. morfologiuri Tanwyoba ki arsebobs
tolad Serwymul kompozitebSi, magaliTad, xel-fex-Si, magram sintaqsurad Tanwyobili erTeulebi da maTi Sekveca mxolod araCarTul sintagmebSi aris SesaZlebeli. Sekveca ar aris procesi sityvis farglebSi.
10. ganxiluli masalidan gamomdinareobs qarTuli sityvis Semdegi
damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba.
1) sityva sintagmas SeiZleba Seicavdes. am SemTxvevaSi morfologia
da sintaqsi urTierTgan sruliad ganyofili modulebi ar aris, da es
ara mxolod erTmaneTis asaxvis gamo, aramed imitom, rom arsebobs sintaqsuri, aramorfologiuri struqturebi da procesebi sityvis farglebSi. zogadi tipologiis TvalsazrisiT, CarTulsintagmiani sityvawarmoeba
`marginaluri~, araprototipuri morfologiis (Dressler 2000) SemTxvevaa.
13
am zogadi pirobis garda, qarTulSic sxva (maT Soris prosodiuli) pirobebic
arsebobs; Sdr. Smith 2000 germanulis Sesaxeb).
42
Tu ganvixilavT cneba `sityvis~ standartul aRweras,14 sintagmaCarTuliani sityvebi tipuri ar aris: a) sintagmis CarTva sityvis danarCen
Semadgenlebs TiSavs; b) imis miuxedavad, rom morfologia CarTuli sintagmis Sinagan sintaqss SezRudavs, misi Semadgenlebis ganlagebas gansazRvravs sintaqsi, da ara sityvawarmoebis wesebi; g) sintagmaCarTulian
sityvas ar aqvs arc konvenciuri forma da arc leqsemuri erTeulis konvenciuri mniSvneloba.
2) morfologia sintaqsis SesaZleblobebs sityvis farglebSi SezRudavs.
a) aris mxolod ori sintaqsuri procesi sityvis farglebSi, saxeldobr,
marTva, vinaidan mmarTavi saxeli moiTxovs marTuli saxelis naTesaobiTs. zogi qarTulenovanisTvis agreTve arsebobs brunvis SeTanxmeba
(naTesaobiTbrunvian saxelur sintagmaSi).
b) Cven vexebiT sintagmis or saxes, romlebic sityvis farglebSi gvxdeba:
saxeluri sintagmebi u__o-afiqsian saxelebSi da ian-sufiqsian sityvebSi, da zmnuri sintagmebi mimReobian qonebis saxelebSi. es sintagmebi SezRudulia: u__o-afiqsebian sityvebs mxolod ori uSualo Semadgeneli aqvs, e.i. struqturebi SezRudulia orSemadgenlobiT, xolo ian-sufiqsiani sityvebi erTze met msazRvrels uSvebs. orive tipSi gvxdeba naTesaobiTiani sintagmis rekursiuloba. zmnuri sintagmebi
zmnizedebsac uSveben. magram arc erTi sityvawarmoebis tipi uSvebs
sintaqsur Tanwyobas da agreTve damokidebuli winadadebebis CarTvas.
maSasadame, rogorc sintaqsuri garemo sintaqsSi, aseve morfologiuri garemo sityvaSi SezRudavs SesaZlebel konstruqciebsa da erTeulebis klass irCevs (e.i. gansazRvravs).
sityvebi ekuTvnis gramatikuli ierarqiis ufro dabal safexurs, vidre sintagmebi da winadadebebi; amitomac aris maTi SesaZleblobebi ufro
SezRuduli, vidre araCarTuli sintagmebisa da winadadebebisa, anu jon
r. rosis sityvebiT: “More goes on upstairs than downstairs” (Ross 1973:397).
(g) semantikuri SezRudvebic arsebobs: sityvaSi CarTuli -ian-sufiqsiani
da mimReobebiani sintagmebi definituri ar aris. u––o afiqsiani sityvebi, piriqiT, pirian kuTvnilebiTsa da anaforul nacvalsaxelebs
uSveben. am TvalsazrisiT hgvanan finitur zmnebs: orive SemTxvevaSi
gvaqvs konteqstze mimaTiTebeli sityvis elementebi (Sdr. boederi
2009). ufro zogagad rom vTqvaT, qarTuli sityvebi uSveben Sinagan
14
magaliTad: “A grammatical word consists of a number of grammatical elements which:
(a) always occur together, rather than scattered through the clause (the criterion of
cohesiveness); (b) occur in a fixed order; (c) have a conventionalised coherence and
meaning.” (Dixon – Aikhenvald 2002:19).
43
anaforas (“inbound anaphora”, Postal 1969), rogorc, magaliTad: uami-
sod, iqauri, imdroindeli da a.S. (Boeder 1972; Harris 2006), magram qarTulSi ar arsebobs gareTa anafora (“outbound anaphora”, rogorc,
magaliTad, laTinurSi: servilis tumultus, quos [sc. servos]... ‘monebis [`monuri~] ajanyeba, romlebsac...’), sadac sityvisgareTa nacvalsaxeli
miuTiTebs sxva sityvis nawilze. aseve, Cveni azriT, sityvis nawilis
garedan gansazRvrac (“external modification”) ar arsebobs.
3) sazRvari aris Tu ara `mkafio~ sityvaSi CarTul sintagmasa da
araCarTul sintagmas Soris?15 naTesaobiTiani da Tandebuliani sintagmebi
orive struqturaSi formalurad erTi da igivea, da es igiveoba SemTxveviTi ar aris: orive ufro didi sintagmis Semadgenlebia.16 CarTuli zedsarTavi msazRvrelic mxolod nawilobriv gansxvavdeba araCarTuli formisgan: sayvarel- forma sayvarel-nabad-mosxmuli formaSi da sayvarel nabads moisxams winadadebaSi formalurad erTi da igivea. gadamwyveti niSani aris momdevno saxelis fleqsia: ufleqsio forma nabad- sityvis Semadgeneli unda iyos (radgan Tavisufali forma ar aris), da amitom misi
msazRvreli sayvarel- formac sityvis Semadgenelia, da ara araCarTuli
sintagmisa. bolo saxelis fleqsia yovel SemTxvevaSi gadawyvets, sityvaSi CarTulia Tu ara ufleqsio forma. am gagebiT bolo saxelis fleqsia
sityvisa da araCarTuli sintagmis gansxvavebis safuZvelia. am gziT morfologia da sintaqsi icaven TavianT gansxvavebas. morfologia SezRudavs
CarTuli sintagmis sintaqss da ase amtkicebs CarTuli sintagmebisa da
araCarTuli sintagmebis gansxvavebas. am gagebiT, sityvebis ganxilul tipebSi sintaqsisa da morfologiis gansxvaveba aris `mkafio~.
4) -ian sityvawarmoebiTi sufiqsad iTvleba, magram misi skoposi aris
saxeluri sintagma. amitom aRsaniSnavia, rom am sufiqss sityvawarmoebis
erTi gadamwyveti Tvisebac aqvs: misi winamavali fuZe yovelTvis saxelia
da ara nebismieri sityva, rogorc egreT wodebuli `kiduri fleqsiis~
SemTxvevaSi.17 Sdr. inglisuri naTesaobiTis konstruqcia: the man in the
deckchair’s ears18, sadac -s ar exeba mis sayrden sityvas (deckchair), aramed
mTel frazas (the man in the deckchair). maSasadame, -ian sufiqsisgan
15
enobrivi erTeulebisa da modulebis `SeRwevadobis~ sakiTxisaTvis ix. Berg
2015.
16
savaraudod, `marcxnidan marjvniv~ damuSavebis dros mxolod sintagmis Semadgenleblad damuSavdeba, da mxolod sintagmis ufleqsio Semadgenlebis mixedviT damatebiTi kategorizaciis Sedegad sityvis Semadgenleblad aRiqmeba. formebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aRiqmeba maSinve sityvaSi CarTul erTeulebad,
rodesac win uZRvis prefiqsi (magaliTad u-).
17
“edge inflection” Arnold Zwicky-s terminilogiiT, ix. Haspelmath 2011:45-47.
18
S. Greenbaum – R. Quirk: A Student’s Grammar of the English Language, p. 381.
44
gansxvavebiT, -s ar irCevs specifikuri klasis fuZes.19 -ian, rogorc inglisuri -s, gamoxatavs mTeli sintagmis mimarTebas, magram amave dros irCevs
winamavali sityvis specifikur klass, da esaa qarTulis sityvawarmoebiTi (da fleqsiuri) sufiqsis tipuri Tviseba.
5) CarTuli sintagmis yvelaze problematuri Tviseba aris misi struqturuli kompleqsuroba (magaliTad, naTesaobiTiani Semadgenlis rekursiuloba), romelic bevri enaTmecnierisTvis SeiZleba miuRebeli iyos.20 magram miuxedavad imisa, rom enaTmecnierul literaturaSi CarTuli frazebis
evropuli enebis magaliTebi sxva tipisaa21 da umTavresad sintaqsurad da
semantikurad `marginaluria~, CarTuli sintagmis zogadi movlenis Teoriuli gageba enaTmecnieruli diskusiisTvis ucxo rodia. sxvadasxva tipis
enebis paraleluri magaliTebis sistemuri gamokvleva, marTalia, jer kidev
gvaklia, magram, albaT unda miviRoT faqti, rom qarTuls aqvs Tvisebebi,
romlebic gavrcelebuli ar aris, da rom SesaZlebeli qarTuli sityvis
cneba unda SevasworoT.22
6) qarTuli sityvis damaxasiaTebelia morfologiuri poziciebis mkacri SezRudva. yvelaferi, ris `moTavsebasac~ poziciebi ar uSveben, sintaqsSi `gadaadgildeba~. amis magaliTia piris niSnebis SezRudva zmnaSi:
Tanamedrove qarTul zmnas piris niSnis mxolod erTi prefiqsuli pozicia aqvs. `pirebi~ (ukuqceviTis CaTvliT), romlebic zmnaSi ver gamoixateba, specifikuri wesebis mixedviT an `CaxSobilia~ (v- aRgzarde-Si), an
sintaqsurad gamoixateba zmnis gareT (amizarda Seni Tavi; Tavi SemayvareT23). aseve ganxilul saxelursa da mimReobian formebSi morfologias
araferi emateba, maSin rodesac pirianobis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba sityvis
gareT mdgomi erTeuli (Tav-iani konstruqcia). aq sintaqsuri konstruqcia, Cveni interpretaciis mixedviT, sityvaSi irTveba. morfologiis uc-
19
`marginalur~, specialuri pragmatikuli (`eqspresiuli~) funqciis mqone) enaSi
(ix. Meibauer 2007) sityvawarmoebiTi Sesatyvisic arsebobs, magaliTad, Semdeg
araseriozul inglisur winadadebaSi: he made his Sex Life in Ancient Roman face
(Kingsley Amis: Lucky Jim. Harmondsworth: Penguin 1961, p. 250). aq sufiqsi -an
hgavs qarTul -ian-s: misi skoposi aris mTeli sintagma (Sex Life in Ancient Rome),
magram morfonologiur doneze irCevs -an sufiqss, romelic Seesabameba bolo
sityvis specifikas (Rome).
20
“Most linguists do not accept that words could have this complexity of internal structure
of the type found in syntax, and such an analysis is undesirable.” (Harris 2007:217).
21
Sdr. Brogyanyi 1979; empiriuli da Teoriuli ganxilvisTvis ix. Meibauer 2007.
22 sityvis universaluri gansazRvra (klasikuri gagebiT) ase Tu ise problematuria. ix. Haspelmath 2011.
23
`Tavizacia~ (Braithwaite 1973); ix. Boeder 1989.
45
vlelobis gamo qarTuli ena ufro did kompleqsurobas axerxebs sintaqsis saSualebiT.
germanulidan Targmna nino doborjginiZem
SemoklebaTa ganmarteba
Wab. = WabaSvili 1988
r. k. = rezo kiknaZe
n. d. = nino doborjginiZe
l. g. = leila gvaramaZe
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Morphology, LINCOM EUROPA, München, pp. 1-10
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constraint in Modern Georgian”, Linguistic Discovery 1,2 :1-25.
47
Harris 2006 : Alice C. Harris, Revisiting anaphoric islands, Lg 82:114-130.
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insertion, expressivity, and I/Q-interaction, Morphology 17: 233-259.
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57-68
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57), Universitetsforlaget , Oslo .
Yngve 1960 : Victor H. Yngve , A Model and Hypothesis for Language Structure, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 104, pp. 444-466
Winfried Boeder
Morphological and Syntactic Properties of the Georgian Word
Summary
1. Georgian morphology has become a favourite topic of theoretical discussions in
linguistics. In this paper I will discuss some properties of Georgian nominal forms that
are more or less known, but whose interpretation is controversial. Three complex types
of word formation are considered: circumfixal derivation, as in (1), suffixal derivation,
as in (2), and “participial possessive compounds”, as in (3):24
(1)
(a)
u-col-o
NEG-WIFE-SUFF
(b) u-[lamaz-kal]-o
NEG-[beautiful-woman]-SUFF ‘without a beautiful woman’
24
Glosses: ADV = adverbial case, DAT = dative case, GEN = genitive case, INSTR = instrumental case, NEG = negative prefix, NOM = nominative case, O = object, OBL = oblique
case, PL = plural, POSS = possessive, PP = passive perfect participle, PREV = preverb,
SUFF = suffix
48
(c)
u-[am-kal]-o-d
NEG-[this.OBL-woman]-SUFF-ADV ‘without this woman’
(d) u-[[(arxl-is]-saxareb]-o-d
NEG-[[Parkhali-GEN]-Gospel]-SUFF-ADV ‘without the Gospel of Parkhali’
(e) u-[[[6u-s]-3vl-is]-carco]-o
NEG-[[[tortoise-GEN]-bone-GEN]-frame]-SUFF ‘without a frame made of
tortoiseshell’
(2)
(a) [[[nabd-is]-kud]-ian]-i 6aci
[[[FELT-GEN]-hat]-SUFF]-NOM man-NOM ‘a man with a hat made of felt’
(b) [[aset-[ucveulo-sataur]]-ian]-i roman-i
[[SUCH-[unusual-title]]-SUFF]-NOM novel-NOM ‘a novel with such an
unusual title’
(c) [ocdaat-[6vadra7ul-me7r]-ian] bina-si
[thirty-[square-metre]-SUFF] appartment-in ‘in an appartment of 30 square
metres’
(d) [[[6u-s]-3vl-is]-carco]-ian]-i satvale
[[[tortoise-GEN]-bone-GEN]-frame]-SUFF]-NOM spectacles.NOM ‘glasses
with a frame made of tortoiseshell’
(3)
(a) [sa9varel-nabad]-mosxm-ul-i
[beloved-felt]-put.on-PP-NOM ‘clad in his beloved felt cloak’
(b) [[[8a8-is]-cxvr-is]-tav-is]-kud]-camopxa7-ul-i
[[[grandfather-GEN]-sheep-GEN]-head-GEN]-hat-pull.over-PP-NOM ‘with
the sheephead hat of his grandfather pulled over his eyes’
(c) [[2el-ze]-sal]-moxve-ul-i kal-i
[[waist-on]-shawl]-wrap.around-PP-NOM woman ‘a woman with a shawl
tied around her waist’
2. The circumfixal type shows syntactic units embedded in a word: attributive structures (1) (b), determiner structures (1)(c), and dependent genitive plus head noun structures (1) (d), which can be recursive (1)(e). Circumfixation shows that these units are
embedded in a word. They are not compounds, since lamaz-kal and am-kal do not occur
as determinative compounds. The embedded units are noun phrases and consist of two
immediate constituents. These do not simply fill slots of a binary template, since they
have a constituent structure with limited projection, and allow recursivity. The morphology constrains the syntax and semantics of these embedded phrases: (4) (a) seems to be
ungrammatical because of its higher projection, and (b) because megobris is not classificational.
(4)
(a) ?? u-[am-[opicialur-barat]]-o-d
Neg-[this.OBL-[official-paper]]-SUFF-ADV ‘without this official document’
(b) ?? u-[[[megobr-is]-bi3is]-moxmareb]-o-d
Neg-[[[friend-GEN]-uncle-GEN]-help]-SUFF-ADV ‘without the help of his
uncle’s friend’
There may also be preferences that diminish the acceptability of certain forms. Sukhishvili (1984) points out that these forms are better the shorter they are (which seems
to point to a problem of processibility).
49
3. The fact that Georgian word-formation violates the “no-phrase” constraint can
also be seen in words with the suffix -ian. The base unit is again a noun phrase, but this
type is less constrained than the circumfixal derivations in that it allows complex
attributive structures as in (2), including recursivity (cp. (2) (d) with (1) (e)). Agreement
is possible in (5) for some speakers:
(5) [vitarebit(-i) brunv-is]-porm-eb-ian-i saxel-eb-i
[adverbial(-GEN) case-GEN]-form-PL-SUFF-NOM noun-PL-NOM ‘nominal forms
in the adverbial case’
While the head noun porm-eb- cannot be assigned a case marker by its suffix -ian,
the genitive-marked head noun brunv-is can control syntactic agreement.
4. The difference between the word-internal lack of inflection and the wordexternal case-inflection of modifiers is crucial. There is a syntactic difference between
(6) (a) and (b), in spite of their semantic similarity:
(6) (a) cem-sopl-el-i 6ac-i
my-village-SUFF-NOM man-Nom ‘a man from my village’
(b) cem-i sopl-el-i 6ac-i
my-NOM village-SUFF-NOM man-Nom ‘my fellow-villager’
(cp. cem-i 6las-el-i ‘my class-mate’)
5. The interpretation of complex forms as in (1)-(3) has been analysed in different
ways. Harris (2007: 209; 225) discusses several hypotheses, among them:
(7)
(a) the “external modifier analysis”: [[or] [marcvl-ian-i]] si79va
[[two] [syllable-SUFF-NOM]] word.NOM
(b) the “internal modifier analysis”: [[ormarcvl]-ian-i] si79va
[[two syllable]-SUFF-NOM] word.NOM
Following a general proposal by R. Beard, she argues for analysis (a), where “two”
is semantically connected with “syllable” by a semantic operation that allows to overcome the “bracketing paradox” arising from the fact that the constituent structure of (a)
does not match its semantic structure. While examples of this paradox are well known
from English and German, no other instance seems to be known from Georgian so far.
Note, however, that (a) requires an additional rule that assigns the correct case form to
or, because outside of words bare stems do not occur except in dative and adverbial
case-marked noun phrases (which are not relevant here). In analysis (b), the lack of case
marking follows from the fact that, although the configuration of [or marcvl]- requires
agreement by an independently established rule of the standard language, the modifier
or cannot have a case, since marcvl- does not have a case. So the internal modifier
analysis seems to be preferable.
6. The use of the “possessive” suffix -ian is a specific feature that distinguishes
Georgian from many European languages that prefer prepositional phrases or compounds:
(8)
pil7r-ian-i sigare7-eb-i
filter-POSS-NOM cigarette-PL-NOM ‘filter-tipped cigarettes’,
Russian sigarety s filtrom > Georgian calque: sigare7ebi fil7r-it s. filter-INSTR
7. The base units of participial compounds are verbal phrases and can be considered as equivalents of relative clauses:
(9)
sasi6vdilo-4riloba-mi9eneb-ul-i vepxv-i
lethal-wound-apply-PP-NOM tiger-NOM ‘a tiger on whom a lethal wound has
been afflicted’
50
One feature of these embedded phrases is that they can have adverbial expressions
(e.g., postpositional phrases), whose initial position is the same as in non-embedded
partcipial phrases. Cp. (3) (c) with:
(10) 2el-ze moxve-ul-i sal-i
waist-on wrap-PP-NOM shawl-NOM
8. Otherwise familiar criteria of wordhood are partially problematic. Harris (2007)
adduces accent and interruptability. However, double stress as in (11) (a) seems to be
quite common, and the relationship between the prosody of compounds and syntactic
phrases remains to be investiagted. Similarly, the non-interruptability by a clitic like the
intensifying -ve has to be specified: it is true that (a) is uninterruptable, but the same is
true for (b), which does not support the external modifier analysis, because the parallel
form (7) (a) suggests a stronger structural cohesiveness between nabad and mosxm-ul-i
than between sa9varel and nabad. While possessive genitives seem to allow the
insertion of -ve as in (c), postpositional phrases do not (d).
(11) (a) xél-eb-gásl-il-i, * xél-eb-ve-gásl-il-i
hand-PL-outspread-PP-NOM
(b) *sa9varel-ve-nabad-mosxm-ul-i, (cp. (3) (a))
(c) 8a8is-ve-kud-camopxa7uli (cp. (3) (b))
(d) *2el-ze-ve-sal-moxve-ul-i kal-i (cp. (3) (c))
9. Similar to the other bases of word formation, the structure of participial phrases
is constrained: they cannot contain embedded clauses or coordinative structures.
Examples like (12) are the result of conjunction reduction:
(12) tav-sa- da 9el-ze-sal-moxve-ul-i < tav-ze-sal-moxve-ul-i da 9el-ze-sal-moxve-ul-i
head-DAT-and neck-on-shawl-wrap.around-PP-NOM < head-on-shawl-wrap.aroundPP-NOM and neck-on-shawl-wrap.around-PP-NOM
10. The following features of these word formations can be singled out.
Phrases within words cannot be accounted for by morphological rules. They are
syntactic units whose structure is constrained by the morphological form in which they
are embedded. Different types of word formation are subject to different constraints.
Morphology and syntax are kept apart, and there is no fuzzy transition between the two,
but only a structurally determined point where syntactic rules step in. While the rich
morphology of Georgian limits the possibilities of morphological words, syntax
provides a means of forming more complex units within nominal forms. This is a
situation that is comparable to a detail of verbal morphology: the positions within the
verb are limited. For instance, there is only one position for prefixal person markers in
Modern Georgian. As a result of slot competition, some markers are suppressed, while
others (including the reflexive) are “transformed” into syntactic units with the head
noun tavi ‘head’ as in: a-m-izarda sen-i tav-i PREV-1O-(s)he.brought.up your-NOM
head-NOM ‘(s)he brought you up for me’, where the slot for personal markers is taken
by the 1st person object marker -m- and where the object “you” is a syntactic unit
outside of the verb. In both cases the “escape way” from the restrictions of morphology
leads to a transfer of complexity into syntax: within the word (in the type of word
formation discussed above) or outside of the word (as in the case of verbal slot
competition).
51
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
TinaTin bolqvaZe
`enobrivi kavSiri~ sabWoTa enaTmecnierebaSi
nawili pirveli: `enobrivi kavSiris~ naklovanebebi
burJuaziuli enaTmecnierebis kritikis fonze1
termini `enobrivi kavSiri~ ukve gamoiyeneboda XIX saukuneSi, magram
man axali sicocxle SeiZina nikoloz trubeckois naazrevSi. enobrivi
kavSiri Tavisi arsiT gansxvavdeba enaTa ojaxisagan. enobriv kavSirs qmnian aramonaTesave enebi, rac maTi xangrZlivi mezoblobiT gamowveuli urTierTgavlenebis Sedegia. `aseTi enobrivi kavSirebi mxolod calkeul
enebs Soris ki ar arsebobs, aramed enobriv ojaxebs Sorisac, anu isec
xdeba, rom ramdenime enobrivi ojaxi, romlebsac erTmaneTTan ara aqvT naTesauri kavSiri, magram gavrcelebulia erT geografiul da kulturulistoriul zonaSi da mTeli rigi niSnebiT erTiandebian enobrivi ojaxebis kavSirSi~. enaTa xangrZlivi mezoblobiT gamowveuli msgavsebebis Seswavla nikoloz trubeckoim aqcia zogadi enaTmecnierebis erT-erT mTavar
problemad. 1917 wlis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTidan emigrirebulma mecnierma ori mTavari statia _ `ruseTis zeda da qveda fenebi (rusuli
kulturis eTnikuri safuZveli)~ (trubeckoi 1921:86-103) da `babilonis
godoli da enaTa aRreva~ (trubeckoi 1923:107-124) iseT dros dawera,
roca sabWoTa kavSirs rkinis farda hyofda mTeli msofliosagan da sabWoTa mecnierTa akademiuri urTierTobebi ucxoel kolegebTan mkacrad
iyo reglamentirebuli. Semdeg amas mohyva trubeckois cnobili statia
`fiqrebi indoevropuli erTobis Sesaxeb~, romelic mis xanmokle sicocxlis bolos dawerili erT-erTi naSromia. es statia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania imis gamo, rom aq dayenebulia sakiTxi indoevropuli enebis
konvergenciis gziT warmoqmnis Sesaxeb aqamde da mas Semdegac yvelaze
gavrcelebuli fuZeenis divergenciuli dayofis sapirispirod. TviT `enobrivi kavSiris~ gageba praRis lingvisturi wris wevrTa warmodgenebSi
erTmaneTs bolomde ar emTxveva. magaliTad, roman iakobsonisaTvis es enaTa fonologiuri kavSiria. misi mosazreba, romelic didad aris davalebuli n. trubeckoisa da p. savickisagan, kargad Cans 1931 wels gamoqvey-
1
52
naSromi Sesrulebulia SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis mier
dafinansebuli proeqtis (# d13/13) farglebSi.
nebul naSromSi `evraziuli enobrivi kavSiris daxasiaTebisaTvis~. am
sxvaobas specialuri naSromi uZRvna helmut Salerma.2
ra Tqma unda, mecnierTa daubrkolebeli urTierTobisaTvis sasurveli
iyo, sabWoTa enaTmecnierebs SesaZlebloba hqonodaT Suamavlis gareSe
ekiTxaT, azri gamoeTqvaT da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ganeviTarebinaT emigrirebuli lingvistebis mosazrebebi. axla iqneb Zalian gasaocradac gamoiyureba is faqti, rom sabWoeTSi momuSave enaTmecnierebi ver ecnobodnen
ucxour specialur literaturas an iseTi dros aRwevda maTTan, roca
aqtualoba ukve dasustebuli an dakarguli hqonda. igive iTqmis praRis
lingvistur skolaSi Camoyalibebuli enobrivi kavSiris cnebazec. magaliTad, roca arnold Ciqobava specialurad msjelobs enaTa naTesaobis dadgenis kriteriumebze, igi xazgasmiT uTiTebs, rom n. trubeckois werilis
arseboba icis, magram ar waukiTxavs, radgan xeli ar miuwvdeboda am naSromze: `saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi enaTa daaxloebis Sedegadac SeiZleba miviRoT. integraciis procesis Sedegi emsgavseba im mdgomareobas, romelic
diferencirebul monaTesave enaTa urTierTobas axasiaTebs. integraciis am
produqtis aRsaniSnavad ukanasknel xanebSi gaCnda termini `enaTa kona~
(Sprachbund). esaa enaTa jgufi, romelsac saerTo warmoSoba ar akavSirebs, magram saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi aqvs leqsikaSi, bgeraTa sistemaSi
(fonologiur sistemaSi) da morfologiur struqturaSi. termini SemoRebulia n. trubeckois mier, romelmac scada es cneba moemarjvebina enaTa urTierTobis dasaxasiaTeblad~ (Ciqobava 1945:228). rogorc sqoliodan irkveva, Ciqobava gulisxmobs trubeckois werils `fiqrebi indoevropul erTobaze~, radgan asaxelebs trubeckois gardacvalebis Semdeg Jurnal `aqta lingvistikis~ (`Acta Linguistica”) mesame nawilSi gamoqveynebul
statias. samwuxarod, _ wers arn. Ciqobava, _ es Sroma xelT ara gvaqvs
da amitom arsebiTad axali cnebis (~enaTa konis~) Sesaxeb aq ver vimsjelebT. adre es cneba trubeckois unda hqondes wamoyenebuli moxsenebaSi
enaTmecnierTa pirvel saerTaSoriso kongresze 1930 wels. arnold Ciqobava am informacias imowebs deetersis werilis mixedviT Deeters, Vergleich. Sprachforsch., “Lehrbuch der Völkerunde”, 1937:233 (Ciqobava 1945:
228).
2
h. Saleris azriT, enaTa kavSiris gageba trubeckoisTan, iakobsonTan da skaliCkasTan ar emTxveva erTmaneTs: So we have two categories of Sprachbund: the intensive
one, constituted by N. Trubetzkoy, the extensive one, constituted by Roman Jakobson,
based on phonological marks in contrast to phonological, morphological, syntactic and
even lexical marks of Balkansprachbund. Both concepts of Sprachbund, the intensive and
the extensive one are discussed up to today and so we remember in 1996 the great ideas
of Roman Jakobson and the Prague School of Linguistics (Saleri 1997:203).
53
aseTive viTarebaa mogviano periodSic. samocian wlebSic ki, sabWoTa
kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiis enaTmecnierebis institutis periodul gamocemaSi `enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebis~ («
») ramdenime
nomerSi aris statiebi enobrivi kavSiris Sesaxeb, romelTa avtorebi am
sakiTxze daweril n. trubeckoisa da r. iakobsonis yvela Sromas ar icnoben.
enobrivi kavSiris cneba sabWoTa enaTmecnierebaSi ganixileboda burJuaziuli enaTmecnierebis, kerZod, struqturalizmis uaryofiTi daxasiaTebis konteqstSi. erT-erTi pirveli werili, romelSic es cneba naxsenebia, aris oldriJ leSkas `struqturalizmis sakiTxisaTvis (gramatikis
ori koncefcia praRis lingvistur wreSi)~, romelic daibeWda SedarebiT
axlad daarsebul samecniero Jurnal `enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebSi~ («
») 1953 wels. rogorc saTauridan Cans, misi mizani gramatikuli koncefciebis ganxilvaa, magram avtori CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxsac exeba. Tavidanve dawunebulia yvela koncefcia, romelic ki praRis lingvistur wreSi Seqmnila am sazogadoebis struqturalisturi anu
burJuaziuli mimarTulebis gamo. es aris im droisaTvis sabWoTa enaTmecnierebaSi gavrcelebuli damokidebuleba struqturalizmis mimarT. sailustraciod davimowmeb erT-erTi werilis mxolod saTaurs: `lui ielmslevis glosematika – rogorc Tanamedrove burJuaziuli enaTmecnierebis dacemis gamovlineba~ (ix. axmanova 1953:25-47). diax, sabWouri SefasebiT, daniuri struqturalizmis mdgomareoba burJuaziuli enaTmecnierebis
dacemaze metyvelebs. igive iTqmis Sveicariul (Jenevis skolisa) da amerikul struqturalizmze. am mimarTulebebs asaxelebs o. leSka da iqve ambobs, rom uaxloes periodamde aseTi centri iyo praRis lingvisturi
wrec (werili gamoqveynebulia 1953 wels, praRis lingvisturi wre ki
daiSala 1950 wels). igi xotbas asxams stalinis Sromebs enaTmecnierebaSi, romlebmac mxolod niko maris antimarqsistuli Teoria ki ar amxila, aramed saboloo dartyma miayena yvela idealistur da vulgarul antimarqsistul Teorias. saxalxo demokratiis qveynebSi (albaT igulisxmeba varSavis xelSekrulebis qveynebi) Rrma ekonomikurma da politikurma gardaqmnebma gamoiwvia saenaTmecniero saqmis ideologiuri da organizaciuli gadawyoba. i. b. stalinis saenaTmecniero naSromebis gamosvlis
Semdeg saxalxo demokratiis qveynebis enaTmecnierTa winaSe mTeli simZafriT dadga enaTmecnierebaSi marqsizmis damkvidrebisa da aramarqsistuli
lingvisturi koncefciebis narCenebTan brZolis sakiTxi. `enis axali Teoria~ (igulisxmeba niko maris iafeturi Teoria) marto marqsistuli
enaTmecnierebis SemuSavebas ki ar uSlida xels, aramed aCerebda reaqciuli burJuaziuli mimarTulebebis kritikas lingvistikaSi. maris moZRvrebis zogierTi nawili arsebiTad emTxveoda sazRvargareTuli burJuaziu54
li enaTmecnierebis daskvnebs, zogjer ki pirdapir nasesxebi iyo dasavleTidan. sazRvargareTul lingvistikaSi bolo aTwleulebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli mimarTulebaa struqturalizmi, romlis mxileba aucilebelia, miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa enaTmecnierebaSi gvxvdeba misi gavlenis
mxolod erTeuli SemTxvevebi (leSka 1953:88-89).
marTalia, leSka am gamokvlevas struqturalizmis `naklovanebaTa~
kritikis mizniT wers, magram sworad aCvenebs struqturalizmis Camoyalibebis gzas. `Tanamedrove burJuaziuli enaTmecnierebis struqturalisturi mimarTuleba aris reaqcia mecxramete saukunis samocdaaTiani wlebidan gabatonebul neogramatikul Teoriaze. Tu adre mxolod iSviaTad
ismoda neogramatikosTa kritika, meoce saukuneSi es ukve Zalian xSirad
xdeboda. gansakuTrebiT gamovlinda ukmayofileba neogramatikosTa naazrevis mimarT enaTmecnierTa pirvel saerTaSoriso kongresze 1928 wels,
roca gairkva, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad
warmoiSva msgavsi ideebi, romelTac erTmaneTTan akavSirebdaT fonologiuri kanonebisa da analogiis wesis moqmedebaSi daeWveba, neogramatikosTa
atomizmis nacvlad enis mimarT mTlianobrivi (axlandel terminologias
Tu gamoviyenebT, holisturi) midgoma. enaTmecnierTa pirvel saerTaSoriso kongresze aseve gamoikveTa enaTa naTesaobis sakiTxebisa da istorizmis mimarT yuradRebis moduneba (leSka 1953:89). amiT Sewuxebuli mecnieri oldriJ leSka xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom `reaqciuli burJuazia cdilobs, samecniero gamokvlevebi Camoacilos sinamdviles da sazogadoebriv
cxovrebas. am gzas Tu gavyvebiT, mecniereba klasobrivi miznebis mosamsaxured iqceva. praRis lingvisturi wris Camoyalibeba swored im periods
emTxveva, roca burJuaziam gaimarjva muSaTa moZraobaze CexoslovakiaSi.
maSin proletariati Zalebs ikrebda burJuaziaze TavdasxmisaTvis...
struqturalizms bevri iseTi patiosani adamiani SeuerTda, verasdros
rom ver wamoidgenda amas~, _ wers o. leSka (leSka 1953:89).
yvelaze did codvad struqturalistebs moekiTxebaT niSanTa sistemebisaTvis specialuri dargis _ semiologiis Seqmna. niSanTa sistemebis
mniSvnelobaze Jurnal `slovo i slovestnostis~ (“Slovo i slovestnost”)
SesavalSive msjeloben. mcdar midgomad aris gamocxadebuli sistemuroba
da funqcionalizmi, romelic praRis lingvisturi wris wevrebma mTavar
moTxovnad wauyenes enis kvlevas rogor sinqroniuli, ise diaqroniuli
TvalsazrisiT. leSkas azriT, winaaRmdegoba gamoixateba imaSi, rom praRis wris wevrebi uSveben genetikurad aramonaTesave enaTa daaxloebis SesaZleblobas da amiT avlenen skepticizms fuZeenis Teoriis mimarT. swored fuZeenis Teoriisa da enobrivi kavSirebis aseTi urTierTobis Sedegia n. trubeckois “Gendanken über das Indogermanen Problem” (trubeckoi
1937). marTalia, trubeckoi ar gamoricxavs indoevropuli enebis naTesa55
obis SesaZleblobas, magram misi statia indoevropul enaTa erTianobas
enobrivi kavSirebis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT xsnis. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
trubeckoisTvis amosavalia enaTa urTierTgavlena da Sejvareba
(
). gansakuTrebiT detalurad aris Seswavlili `balkanuri
enobrivi kavSiri~. amas garda, miTiTebulia `Suaevropuli~Dda `evraziuli~ enobrivi kavSirebis arsebobis SesaZlebloba. aSS-is imperialistur
miznebs emsaxureba `atlantikuri enobrivi kavSiris~ Teoria, romelic Zalian gavrcelebulia dasavleTSi bolo dros da undaT, rom Seqmnan miTi
gansakuTrebul `dasavlur~ mxareze Tavisi kulturiTa da eniT. `atlantikuri enobrivi kavSiris~ Teoria dasavleT evropis enebis sxva evropul
enebTan dapirispirebis pirveli mcdeloba ar aris. yvelaze metad enobrivi kavSiris sakiTxebze muSaobda r. iakobsoni. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia misi
Sroma “Über die phonologischen Sprachbünde” (TCLP, t. IV, gv. 234 da Semdegi) (leSka 1953:92).
Tu oldriJ leSkas daveyrdnobiT, es arajansaRi samecniero sazogadoeba swor gzaze dauyenebia meore msoflio omSi sabWoTa kavSiris gamarjvebas da sabWoTa gavlenis mniSvnelovan gaZlierebas aRmosavleT evropaSi. `1945 wlis maisis Semdeg momxdari cvlilebebi Cexoslovakiis
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, ra Tqma unda, aisaxa praRis lingvisturi
wris Semadgenlobaze. umravlesobas esmoda, rom Zvel poziciebze darCena
SeuZlebeli iyo, Tumca axali gza jer ar Canda. `axali moZRvrebis~ (ese
igi niko maris iafeturi Teoriis, _ T.b.) popularizaciam praRis lingvisturi wris ganviTareba Seaferxa da misi wevrebis dezorientacia gamoiwvia. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom TviT struqturalizmis Teorias aqvs iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, romelmac gaaadvila masze `enis axali Teoriis~ gavlena. struqturalizmis aseT maxasiaTebelad Tvlis o. leSka,
magaliTad, `enobrivi kavSirebis~ aRiarebas (leSka 1953:102-103). struqturalizmma ise gaSala frTebi, rom mxolod enaTmecnierebiT aRar Semoifargleboda. gamoCnda statiebi struqturalizmze literaturamcodneobaSi, literaturis kritikasa da esTetikaSi. struqturalizmis aseTi aRmafrena SeaCera i. b. stalinis Sromebma enaTmecnierebaSi, romelTa aTviseba kvlavac daayenebs swor gzaze lingvistikas CexoslovakiaSi. avtori
gamoTqvams imeds, rom am misias warmatebiT Seasrulebs Cexoslovakiis
mecnierebaTa akademia, romelic gaaerTianebs Cexoslovakiis yvela lingvists marqsistuli enaTmecnierebis Sesaqmnelad (leSka 1953:103). aq
Cans, ra miznebs usaxavda sabWoTa ideologia mecnierebaTa akademiebs (ufro dawvrilebiT sabWoTa akademiebze ix. vuciniCi 1984). advili warmosadgenia, ra mZime cxovreba gaiares praRis lingvisturi wris yofilma
wevrebma meore msoflio omis Semdeg da ratom gaiqca r. iakobsoni amerikaSi.
56
maSin, roca leSka niko maris iafetur Teorias bralad sdebda praRis lingvisturi wris wevrebze dezinformaciuli gavlenis moxdenas, nikoloz trubeckois ukve didi xnis win hyavda gakritikebuli niko mari
da, rogorc TviTon ambobda, sircxvilis ofls iwmendda maris Teoriis
gamo ucxoeTSi emigrirebuli mecnieri. Zneli saTqmelia, misma Teoriam
moaxdina Tu ara gavlena praRis lingvisturi wris ideebze, Tumca udavod aris bevri ram saerTo maT TvalsazrisebSi enobrivi ojaxis warmoqmnis sakiTxSi. n. mari namdvilad aviTarebda azrs, rom erTi fuZeenis daSlis Sedegad ki ar wamoiqmna monaTesave enebi, aramed aramonaTesave enaTa
Serevaa amis mizezi. am nawilSi didi Tanxvedraa marisa da trubeckois
Teoriebs Soris, magram arasodes trubeckois dadebiTad ar mouxsenebia
niko mari. mis damokidebulebaze TvalnaTliv metyvelebs nawyveti im werilidan, romelic trubeckoim gaugzavna iakobsons.
`Zvirfaso roman osipis Zev,
didi madloba `axali aRmosavleTisTvis~ («
»)3, romelsac am dReebSi gamogigzavniT travniCkis broSurasTan erTad (man TviTon
gamomigzavna erTi egzemplari). maris statia4 aWarbebs yvelafers, rac ki
aqamde dauweria, magram misi `daWedeba~ recenziaSi5 SeuZlebelia. jer erTi, sad unda gamovaqveyno da, meorec, Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, misi recenzireba imdenad enaTmecnieris saqme ar aris, ramdenadac fsiqiatris. marTalia,
mecnierebis saubedurod, mari jer kidev ise ar gagiJebula, rom misi gamoketva yviTel saxlSi SeiZlebodes, magram is rom SeSlilia, Cemi azriT, naTelia. misi naweri martinovSCinaa, ubralod ukeTesi formiTaa
gadmocemuli. TviT statiis agebulebac ki aCvenebs, rom igi gonebrivad
daavadebuli adamianis dawerilia. saSinelebaa, rom amas umravlesoba jer
kidev ver amCnevs. Tu SeiZleba momwereT, iakovlevis axali misamarTi. minda, is wigni vTxovo, romelzec recenzia wavikiTxe `axal aRmosavleTSi~.
Tan kidev erTxel vecdebi, CamovaSoro mars. momikiTxeT Tqveni meuRle
da nik. niki.
Tqveni
Tavadi n. s. trubeckoi~
es werili gamoaqveyna roman iakobsonma trubeckois werilebisa da
SeniSvnebis cnobil wignSi, romelic gamovida orjer: 1975 wels – in3
4
5
«
» (`axali aRmosavleTi~, ssrk aRmosavleTmcodneobis kavSiris
samecniero Jurnali, m. pavloviCis (velmanis) redaqciiT, 5, moskovi, 1924.
n. mari, iafeturi TeoriisaTvis, Jurnali `axali aRmosavleTi~, 5, 1924, gv. 303-339.
`nikoloz trubeckoim, romelic 1916 wlidan gadaWriT ewinaaRmdegeboda maris
eqstravaganturi Teoriis gavrcelebas, sTxova roman iakobsons, saaSkaraoze
gamoetana misi TaRliTuri proeqtebi~, _ damowmebulia r. iakobsonis dasaxelebuli wignidan.
57
glisurad da 2004 wels – rusulad. Cven vimowmebT rusul gamocemas,
radgan iakobsonTan mimoweris didi nawili swored rusul enazea dawerili (trubeckoi:1975/ 2004). CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iakobsonis mier werilisTvis darTuli ganmartebebis is nawili, romelSic
moTxrobilia, ra saxiT daibeWda trubeckois `fiqrebi indoevropul erTobaze~ Jurnal `enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebSi~: `trubeckois mosazrebaNniko maris Teoriaze ufro detalurad gadmocemuli iyo mis statiaSi
`fiqrebi indoevropul problemaze~ (es aris rusuli versia statiisa
“Gedanken über das Indogermanenproblem” (1939:81-89), romelic unda dabeWdiliyo `evraziul qronikaSi~, 1939 wlis XIII nomerSi, magram ver gamoqveynda, radgan aikrZala nacistebis mier. werili daibeWda `enaTmecnierebis
sakiTxebSi~ 1958 wels, magram naklulad. statias win uZRoda saredaqcio
ganmarteba:6
`qvemoT vbeWdavT nikoloz trubeckois 1939 wels germanulad gamoqveynebuli werilis rusul variants (N. S. Trubetzkoy, Gedanken über das
Indogermanenproblem, “Acta Linguistica”, vol. I, fasc. 2, Copenhague, 1939:8189), romelic zogierT adgilas gansxvavdeba germanulisagan. statiaSi asaxulia is moxseneba, romelic n. trubeckoim waikiTxa praRis lingvisturi wris sxdomaze 1936 wlis 14 dekembers. statiaSi xazgasmulia indoevropuli problemis wminda lingvisturi xasiaTi da ewinaaRmdegeba mecnierulad dausabuTebel Teoriebs, romlebic indoevropul fuZeenaze
metyvel koleqtivs akavSirebda evropis konkretul arqeologiur kulturasTan. trubeckois mier SemoTavazebuli enaTa naTesaobis struqtu6
«
.
. .
,
1939 . (N. S. Trubetzkoy, Gedanken
über das Indogermanenproblem, «Acta Linguistica», vol. I, fasc. 2, Copenhague, 1939,
. 81-89).
.
,
. .
14
1936 .
.
,
,
,
.
,
( .
,
», ., 1956),
. 168; .
. Mencken, Indo-European Languages and Archeology, «American Anthropologist [American Anthropological Association]», vol. 57, № 6, part 3,
Memoir A° 84, 1955,
. 46-48).
. .
,
( . .
,
,
, . VI.
. 3.
1947.
. 193).»
,
58
.«
.
ruli gansazRvreba, enaTa ojaxis konvergenciuli ganviTarebis hipoTeza
da enis evoluciis tipologiur xasiaTis7 Sesaxeb msjeloba exmianeba Tanamedrove avtorebis ideebs (Sdr. pizani 1956:168). trubeckois hipoTezis
arqeologiur dadasturebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos menkeni (menkeni 1955:4648). Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom indoevropuli enebis struqturul maxasiaTeblebs, romlebsac trubeckoi CamoTvlis, ver miviCnevT sakmarisad
motivirebulad, rac aRniSnuli iyo kidec sabWoTa saenaTmecniero literaturaSi (freimani 1947:193) (trubeckois statiisTvis wamZRvarebuli
saredaqcio gancxadeba (ix. trubeckoi 1958).
statiis bolo nawilSi n. trubeckoi wers: `Tu enaTmecnierebi aqamde
aglutinaciuri tipis enebs ufro primitiul enebad miiCnevdnen, vidre
fleqsiur enebs, es mxolod egocentruli winaswari akviateba iyo~. swored am winadadebas uZRoda statiis originalSi niko maris kritika, romelic rusul TargmanSi amoRebulia. am gadawyvetilebas samecniero Jurnalis redaqtori ase xsnis:8
`statiis am adgilas aris n. s. trubeckois farTo SeniSvna, romelSic mocemulia niko maris Sexedulebebis mkacri kritika enaTa morfologiuri tipebis Sesaxeb da gadmocemulia TviT trubeckois damokidebuleba
n. i. maris Teoriisadmi mTlianad. radgan am SeniSvnis Sinaarsi ar aris
uSualod dakavSirebuli statiis TemasTan, amitom es nawili gamovtoveT.
– red.~
ai, konkretulad ras werda trubeckoi marze: `am sakiTxSi [ese igi
enaTa sxvadasxva morfologiuri tipis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb] niko maris
egreT wodebuli `axali moZRvreba enis Sesaxeb~ arafriT ar gansxvavdeba
egreT wodebuli `burJuaziuli enaTmecnierebisagan~. da Tu fleqsiuri
wyobis enebTan SedarebiT aglutinaciuri wyobis didi `primitiulobis~
mtkiceba SeiZleba mivaweroT `msoflio imperializmis socialur SekveTas~, niko marisa da misi mimdevrebis piriT Tqmuli es mosazreba aris
evropuli mecnierebis winaSe monobis gamovlenis nayofi (Tan evropuli
mecniereba aq Zalian zedapiruladaa aTvisebuli). saqme is aris, rom ramdenadac n. i. maris Teoria ar iyo mxolod giJis (`paranoikis~) ubralo
bodva (rogorc, magaliTad, misi moZRvreba `oTxi elementis Sesaxeb~: ber,
7
8
enis evoluciis tipologiuri xasiaTi nikoloz trubeckois naSromSi naxsenebic ar aris. Tumca namdvilad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom enobrivi kavSiris cnebam
didad Seuwyo xeli enaTa tipologiur kvlevebs.
«
. .
,
. .
,
. .
. .
.
,
.–
.»
59
sal, ion da roS), es gaxldaT evropeli lingvistebis, Tan arcTu pirveli klasis lingvistebis, Zvel swavlebaTa ubralo gameoreba. TvalismomWreli reklamisa da sruliad xelovnurad Seqmnili marqsistuli frazeologiis (romelic zogjer absoluturad daclilia Sinaarsisagan) wyalobiT mTeli es maniakaluri bodvis nazavi da sxvaTa daxavsebuli Teoriebi mowodebuli iyo rogorc axali, WeSmaritad marqsistuli moZRvreba enis Sesaxeb. sabWoTa realobis pirobebSi, sadac mavnebloba ase xSirad
xvdeba ganmkarguleblis simaRleze, am Teoriam SeiZina Taviseburi monopoliuri ufleba. amis Sedegad sabWoTa enaTmecnierebis ganviTareba didi
xniT SeCerda. sabWoTa enaTmecniereba mTeli civilizebuli samyaros masxrad asagdebi gaxda da rac yvelaze cudia, dakarga kontaqti namdvilad
progresul da revoluciur mimdinareobebTan, romlebmac gza gaikafes evropisa da amerikis enaTmecnierebaSi~.9
Zalian sainteresoa, rom redaqtroma es nawili n. trubeckois statiidan amoiRo maSin, roca niko maris iafeturi Teoria ukve mxilebuli iyo
da misTvis TiTo qistis wakvra yvela sabWoTa enaTmecnieris movaleobad
iTvleboda.
rogorca Cans, nikoloz trubeckoi marTla Zalian cdilobda, rom iakovlevi ar gadasuliyo maris Teoriis momxreTa rigebSi da xSirad swerda
mas werils am sakiTxze. 1922 wlis 20 dekembers iakobsonisadmi miwerili
werilis danarTSi aRniSnavs: `P.S. me mivwere ugrZesi werili iakovlevs,
misi pasuxi ki ar Cans. Tu miswerT, hkiTxeT, raSia saqme: vaiTu, ewyina, radgan me Zalian vugine mari da ar movuwone mariT gataceba. n. t.~ (trubec-
9
[on the development of different morphological types of languages] . .
» H. .
. .«
«
»
«
»
«
»,
. .
(
).
,
. .
(
.
«
»
,
,
,
,
.
(
«
».
),
)
,
,
,
.
.
-
,
,
,
.
60
-
koi 2004:40).10 am werilTan dakavSirebiT roman iakobsoni mkiTxvelisTvis
sqolioSi aseT minawers akeTebs: `1915 wlidan ns (am inicialebiT moixseniebs nikoloz trubeckois, anu – nikoloz sergeis Ze, _ T. b.) gamudmebiT
afrTxilebda iakovlevs, ra safrTxe SeiZleboda mohyoloda maris lingvisturi moZRvrebisa da misi avantiuristuli SedarebiTi kvlevebis ganviTarebasa da gavrcelebas. Nn. iakovlevi kavkasiuri enebis specialisti iyo.
igi didad afasebda nikoloz sergeis Zes. mudmivad (maT Soris, magaliTad,
haagaSi lingvistTa saerTaSoriso kongresze) sTxovda ns-s gamosuliyo maris obskurantizmis farTo mecnieruli kritikiT, magram imavdroulad Tavad eqceoda maris gavlenis qveS (trubeckoi 2004:40).11
n. trubeckois 1987 wels gamocemul `rCeul filologiur SromebSi~
Sesul am statias komentarebi daurTo viaCeslav ivanovma, romelmac faqtobrivad gaimeora 1958 wels statiisTvis `enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebis~
redaqtoris wamZRvarebuli mosazrebebi, rom es aris polemikuri xasiaTis
werili da rom amiT trubeckoi ilaSqrebda indoevropuli fuZeenis rekonstruqciis evropis istoriasTan dakavSirebis winaaRmdeg. konvergenciuli ganviTarebis Sedegad indoevropul enaTa jgufis Camoyalibebis SesaZlebloba trubeckoimde dauSva e. polivanovma. amave azrs aviTarebda
vitore pizanic, _ wers v. ivanovi. `igi gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom indoevropul enaTa ojaxi swored konvergenciis safuZvelze Seiqmna. pizani
uSvebda, rom sxvadasxva indoevropul enaze gavlena moaxdina sanskritis
msgavsma enam, anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, moxda Tavdapirvelad erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli enebis `sanskritizacia~ (pizani 1958). SeZenili anu
`alogeneturi naTesaobis~ (am termins v. ivanovi sruliad samarTlianad
giorgi wereTlis Semotanil terminad Tvlis) (ivanovi 1987:415) Tavdapirveli naTesaobisagan gasarCevad swored morfologiis kvlevaa saWiro,
radgan morfologiuri elementebi ufro naklebad aris Seswavlili, vidre leqsikuri erTeulebi, rac Zalian gavrcelebulia monaTesave enebs
Soris. TviTon gamyreliZe-ivanovis ortomeulSi daSvebulia enobrivi kavSiris gziT danaTesavebis SesaZlebloba (ufro dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb
ix. qvemoT). ivanovi trubeckois statiisTvis darTul komentarebSi xazs
10
«
,
,
11
«
,
.
, . .
. . .» (trubeckoi 2004:40)
,
. .
. . .
,
(
,
,
:
1915 .,
,
,
)
,
» (trubeckoi 2004:40).
61
usvams im faqts, rom trubeckoi swori iyo, roca uaryofda indoevropelTa Tavdapirveli samSoblos aRdgenis cdas mxolod erTi romelime
arqeologiuri monacemis, magaliTad, keramikis safuZvelze. mTavari amocana isaa, rom lingvisturi rekonstruqcia Tanamimdevrulad unda Seesatyvisebodes arqeologiur rekonstruqcias. amis sailustraciod swored
gamyreliZesTan erTad gamocemul wigns imowmebs. iliC-svitiCi aviTarebda
mosazrebas, rom indoevropuli enebi da zogierTi araindoevropuli ena,
kerZod, samxreTkavkasiuri (qarTveluri), semituri, qamituri, afraziuli,
uraluri, alaTauri da draviduli warmoiqmnen erTi wyarodan, romelic
man nawilobriv aRadgina da `nostratuli~ uwoda.
kidev erTxel unda aRvniSnoT, rom trubeckoi ar cnobda Crdiloda samxreTkavkasiur enaTa naTesaobas. nostratuli Teoriis farglebSic
es viTareba ucvleli rCeba. samxreTkavkasiuri enebi am Teoriis farglebSi hipoTeturad CarTulia dasavleTnostratul enebSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi miCneulia, rom bevri saerTo aqvs indoevropulTan, rac nawilobriv
ixsneba Zveli kontaqtebiT). CrdiloeTkavkasiur (romlebsac udareben eniseis da Cinur-tibetur enebs) enebs Soris mimarTeba ixsneba `alogeneturi~ anu SeZenili naTesaobiT. es Teoria iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis hopeTezas eWvqveS ayenebs (ivanovi 1987:418). v. ivanovi trubeckois
werilSi indoevropuli erTobis warsulis Sesaxeb `glotaluri Teoriis~ Canasaxsac ki xedavs. kerZod, igi yuradRebas amaxvilebs trubeckois
dakvirvebaze, rom uZveles indoevropul enebSi bagismieri *b iSviaTad
gvxvdeba da swored am Tvisebas avlens yelxSuli p Tanamedrove Crdilokavkasiur enebSi. swored aseve semituri enebis labialur rigSi ar Cans
emfatikuri xSuli da SesaZloa arc arsebobda fuZe semiturSi an Zalian
iSviaTad gamoiyeneboda. es azri miaCnia v. ivanovs n. trubeckois mxridan
Tanamedrove glotalur TeoriasTan daaxloebad. swored am Teoriis mixedviT indoevropulSi glotalizebuli p fasdeba rogorc iSviaTi gamoyenebis bgera da amiT xazs usvams CrdiloaRmosavlur kavkasiuri enebis
fonematur struqturaSi am movlenis tipologiur analogs. trubeckoi
amiT gaxazavda am enaTa ojaxebis saerTo beds. emfatikuri napralovani
Tanxmovnebi semiturSi diaqroniuli TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc glotalizebuli. am tipologiur paralels glotaluri Teoria
iyenebs aqamde mJRerad miCneuli napralovnebis glotalizebul yelismier
napralovnebad gadaazrebisaTvis (ivanovi 1987:419).
viaCeslav ivanovis Sefaseba asaxavs sabWoTa enaTmecnierebis damokidebulebas trubeckois enaTa kavSirebis Teoriis mimarT meoce saukunis samocian wlebSi. rogorc vnaxeT, iZebneba trubeckois dakvirvebebsa da
glotalur Teorias Soris saerTo Sexebis wertilebi, rom araferi
vTqvaT, nostratul TeoriasTan kavSirze, romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas,
62
trubeckois rCeuli filologiuri naSromebis gamosvlis dros mxolod
Tavisi istoriis sawyis periodSi iyo. igi Semdeg kidev ufro ganviTarda
da Tu ra saxe miiRo, amaze mogviwevs msjeloba. Tumca axlave unda iTqvas, rom trubeckoi eWvis TvaliT uyurebda did monaTesave enaTa Soris
naTesaobis dadgenas. amis miRweva SeuZleblad miaCnda: `roca saqme exeba
ori enis naTesaobis dadgenas, aucilebelia mniSvnelovani raodenobis
mqone leqsikuri wyvilebi, romelTa Soris dgindeba regularuli bgeriTi
Sesatyvisoba. magram roca saqme exeba did monaTesave ojaxebs Soris naTesaobis dadgenas, amis miRweva SeuZleblad mimaCnia. Zalian meeWveba, rom
odesme SesaZlebeli iqneba damajereblad da ueWvelad (mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT) damtkicdes `idoevropuli enebis naTesaoba semiturTan, uralurTan an CrdiloeTkavkasiur enebTan. am SemTxvevaSi me `naTesaoba~ mesmis rogorc genealogiuri enaTmecnierebis termini. sul sxva ramea tipologiuri naTesaoba, romelic ueWvelad arsebobs aramonaTesave enebs Soris. enaTa tipologiur Sedarebas me kvlav enaTmecnierebis Zalian mniSvnelovan sferod miviCnev. am sferoSi bevri ramis miRweva SeiZleba, magram aucilebelia kvlevis gansakuTrebuli, aqamde naklebad SemuSavebuli
meTodebis gamoyeneba.~ am azrs aviTarebda trubeckoi 1935 wels lingvistTa mesame saerTaSoriso kongresze. mis moxsenebas gamoexmaura pederseni,
romelmac trubeckois mosazreba Zalian pesimistur damokidebulebad Seafasa. igi daeTanxma trubeckois mxolod im nawilSi, roca man erT-erT
aseT sirTuled Crdilokavkasiur enaTa naTesaoba daasaxela. pedersenis
azriT, `miuxedavad Crdilokavkasiur enaTa Soris aprioruli msgavsebisa,
realuri mtkicebulebebis imedi Zalian mcirea. Tumca yvela winaswarmetyveleba am sakiTxze namdvilad uadgiloa. roca Seiqmneba Crdilokavkasiur
enaTa SedarebiTi gramatika da Seupirispirdeba samxreTkavkasiur enebs,
mxolod maSin gairkveva es sakiTxi. semiturTan dakavSirebiT ki am pesimizms ver gaviziareb~, _ Tqva pedersenma trubeckois moxsenebis ganxilvisas (trubeckoi 1935:326-327; trubeckoi 1987:60-62).
specialurad vimsjelebT imaze, Tu rogor Seicvala damokidebuleba
sabWoTa enaTmecnierebaSi `enobrivi kavSirebis~ Teoriis mimarT 60-ian
wlebSi. samocian wlebamde ki, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, trubeckois naSromebi sabWoTa kavSirSi ganixileboda struqturalizmis kritikis farglebSi. mis sailustraciod SeiZleba davimowmoT TinaTin SaraZeniZis Sefaseba. igi uaryofiTad afasebs roman iakobsonis naSroms `evraziuli
enobrivi kavSiris daxasiaTebisaTvis~. mecnieri sruliad samarTlianad miuTiTebs r. iakobsonis naSromis naklze. aq mxolod ori fonologiuri
niSania gamoyofili enaTa evraziuli kavSiris saerTo maxasiaTeblad. esenia: rbili da magari konsonantebis opozicia da monotonia anu tonuri
diferenciaciis ararseboba. Tan es niSnebi evraziis enebSi yovelTvis er63
TmaneTTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, orive es Tviseba axasiaTebs
irlandiurs, magram igi ar miekuTvneba evraziul enaTa kavSirs. swored
amis gamo werda antuan meie iakobsonis Sromis Sesaxeb daweril specialur recenziaSi: `es faqti ar uaryofs TviT gamokvlevas, magram amcirebs mis mniSvnelobas~ (meie 1931). am uzarmazar teritoriaze gavrcelebuli enebi mxolod miTiTebuli ori niSnis gamo enobriv kavSirad ver
CaiTvleba. Znelia imis Tqma, ra informacia hqonda TinaTin SaraZeniZes
praRis lingvisturi wris rusi wevrebis politikur miznebze, Tumca gaoceba namdvilad igrZnoba mis sityvebSi: `amgvarad, sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriis udidesi nawili evraziis enaTa kavSirSi Sedis~ (SaraZeniZe
1958:462).
TinaTin SaraZeniZes, iseve rogorc misi periodis sabWoTa enaTmecnierTa udides nawils, xeli ar miuwvdeboda 1931 wels iakobsonis rusulad gamocemul naSromze `evraziis enobrivi kavSiris daxasiaTebisaTvis~
(«
»). igi azrs gamoTqvams iakobsonis im werilis mixedviT, romelSic mokled aris gadmocemuli misi
mosazrebebi evraziuli enobrivi kavSiris Sesaxeb da daibeWda praRis
lingvisturi wris SromebSi (iakobsoni 1931:7). T. SaraZeniZe eWvis TvaliT uyurebs am Teorias, radgan roman ikobsoni TviT trubeckois Semotanil mTavar maxasiaTeblebs arRvevs: enobrivi kavSiris wevrebs unda
hqondeT msgavsi morfologiuri da sintaqsuri struqtura da didi raodenobiT saerTo sityvebi. swored es aklia iaobsonis mier gamoyofil
enobriv kavSirs. Tumca praRis lingvistur skolaSi es sakiTxi gadaWrilad miaCndaT da Sromebi am sakiTxze kvlav iwereboda. magaliTad, v. skaliCka (skaliCka 1934) evraziuli enobrivi kavSiris maxasiaTeblad gamoyofda grZeli da mokle xmovnebis dapirispirebas da am faqts akavSirebda
TanxmovanTa sirbilis korelaciasTan im mizeziT, rom TiTqos maTi gavrcelebis izoglosebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. es konkretuli enebis magaliTebiT ar mtkicdeba, rac kidev ufro asustebs evraziuli enobrivi kavSiris Teorias.
TinaTin SaraZeniZe obieqturad afasebs am viTarebas: `kidev ufro amcirebs evraziis enaTa kavSiris mniSvnelobas skaliCkas msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom is uralur-alaTauri enebi, romlebic amJamad evraziis kavSiris gareT dganan, avlenen evrazizmebs, rac imiT aixsneba, rom albaT es
enebi odesRac evraziis kavSirSi Sediodneno~ (SaraZeniZe 1958:464). aseve
Znelia skaliCkas mtkicebis dajereba, rom enis midrekileba saxeluri winadadebebisaken da haben zmnis uqonloba erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli movlenebia. gvxvdeba ufro utopiuri dakvirvebebic. magaliTad, Zalian abstraqtulia msjeloba, rom polisinTezuri (skaliCkas ganmartebiT, kompozitTa warmoebis mixedviT) enebi – laplandiuri, baltiispireTis fi64
nuri enebi, germanuli da amerikis indielTa enebi, evraziis gareT gavrcelebuli aziuri enebi (CuqCuri, koriakuli, kamCadaluri) erTgvar sartyels qmnian dedamiwis garSemo da meore aseTi sartyelia evraziis enebi,
romlebic ar gamoirCevian kompozitebis warmoebisadmi midrekilebiT (skaliCka 1935:64-65)
enobrivi kavSiris morfologiuri maxasiaTeblebidan TviTon trubeckoi
yuradRebas amaxvilebs brunebis gramatikul kategoriaze (trubeckoi
1937:40-44), magram arc am maxasiaTebliT gaerTianebuli enebi ar emTxveva
iakobsonis moxazul evraziul enaTa kavSirs, radgan mdidari bruneba aqvs
bevr iseT enas, romlebic am kavSirSi ar Sedian (aseTia balturi da finuri enebi, ungruli da paleoaziuri enebi: CuqCuri, koriakuli, kamCadaluri. mdidari bruneba aqvs agreTve iaponurs). meore mxriv, trubeckoi sabWoTa kavSiris enebs mdidari brunebis sistemis mqone enebad miiCnevs, magram TviTonve miuTiTebs, rom, magaliTad, dasavleTkavkasiur enebs bruneba
ar moepovebaTo. aSkaraa, rom brunebis gavrcelebis izoglosa ar emTxveva
iakobsonis evraziuli fonologiuri enaTa kavSiris gavrcelebis ares (SaraZeniZe 1958:465-466).
unda daveTanxmoT T. SaraZeniZis daskvnas, rom `evraziuli enaTa kavSiri miTia. am kavSirs ar aRmoaCnda arc erTi sayuradRebo morfologiuri an sintaqsuri niSani. avtorebma ver miuTiTes verc saerTo kulturis
sityvebze. unda aRvniSnoT, rom aseTi mcdeloba iyo namdvilad~ (SaraZeniZe 1958:466).
ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom swored folkloruli nimuSebis Seswavlam
aRuZra nikoloz trubeckois enaTmecnieruli interesebi. igi mogviano xanebSic fiqrobda am sakiTxze. aseve am saxis mcdelobaa paralelizmis,
rogorc evraziaSi erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gamoyenebuli poeturi modelis, kvleva, Tumca es maxasiaTebeli tipologiurad universaluria poeziisaTvis da mxolod amitom axasiaTebs miTiuri evraziuli enobrivi
kavSiris poeziasac. samarTliania T. SaraZeniZis Sefaseba, rom `TviT fonologiuri niSnebic SemTxveviTi da aradamajerebelia. araviTari evraziis
enaTa kavSiris Sesaxeb ar SeiZleba laparaki erTeuli da arasarwmuno
faqtebis mixedviT~ (SaraZeniZe 1958:466).
gansakuTrebiT uaryofiT damokidebulebas amJRavnebs TinaTin SaraZeniZe im faqtis mimarT, rom nikoloz trubeckoi kavkasiur enebs kavkasiis
enaTa kavSirad moixseniebs. `trubeckoi CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasiis
enebs erTmaneTis monaTesaved ar Tvlida. misi azriT, am enebs Soris
msgavseba SeiniSneba, magram es am enaTa saerTo warmoSobiT ki ar aixsneba,
aramed imis Sedegia, rom CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasiis enebi xangrZlivi
geografiuli mezoblobis Sedegad dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs. trubeckois
am Sexedulebas emyareboda da amJamadac emyareba zogi enaTmecnieri sazR65
vargareT (grei 1951:32) maSin, rodesac sabWoTa kavkasiologebis mier Catarebulma istoriul-SedarebiTma kvleva-Ziebam aSkara gaxada, rom mTis
(Crd. kavkasiis) da qarTvelur (samx. kavkasiis) enebs saerTo warmoSoba
aqvT. isini monaTesave enaTa erT ojaxSi – iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxSi – Sedian~ (SaraZeniZe 1958).
cnobilia, rom dResac azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa samxreTkavkasiur da
CrdiloeTkavkasiur enaTa mimarTebaze. ra aris es – mxolod tipologiuri msgavseba, arealuri erToba Tu monaTesave enaTa didi ojaxi. am werilis Semdeg nawilSi iqneba msjeloba, rogor ganviTardeba `enobrivi kavSiris~ idea 60-iani wlebis sabWoTa enaTmecnierebaSi, romelic didwilad
ukavSirdeba kavkasiuri enebis warmomavlobisa da urTierTmimarTebebis sakiTxebsac.
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Tinatin Bolkvadze
“Language Union” in Soviet Linguistics
Part I: Drawbacks of “Language Union” against the Background of Criticism
of Bourgeois Linguistics
Summary
The term Language Union (Sprachbund) was coined by the Prague Linguistic
Circle. The paper deals with the history of this term in Soviet Linguistics. Soviet
linguists had no information about Nikolay Trubetzkoy’s and Roman Jacobson’s
articles, but after the Soviet language discussion some articles of émigré linguists were
published in Russian scientific journals. From the beginning the term Language Union
was rejected by the official soviet linguistics, but from the 60s the situation changed. In
this part of the paper are discussed the so-called drawbacks of “Language Union”
against the background of criticism of bourgeois linguistics.
The notion of a linguistic union in soviet linguistics was considered to be bourgeois linguistics, particularly because of the reprehensive construction of structuralism.
During this period, it was a commonly accepted opinion that the reactionary bourgeoisie
was seeking to completely rid reality and public life of scientific research. If we
continue down this path, science begins to act like a slave of class and political goals.
The foundation of the Prague Linguistic Circle at precisely that time coincides with the
period when the bourgeoisie prevailed over the Workers’ Movement in Czechoslovakia.
The proletariat picked up steam against the bourgeoisie later on in the struggle.
Attitudes toward structuralism changed from the 1960s onward, i.e. when the concept of
originally unconnected languages was qualified as allogenetic relationship by Giorgi
Tsereteli and was used in Soviet linguistics. This notion is still actual in comparative
and areal linguistics.
68
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
rusudan gersamia
intervokaluri reduplikacia qarTvelur enebSi1
Sesavali
reduplikaciis cneba zogadad gulisxmobs gaorkecebas, ganmeorebas;
Tumca im faqtze, rom reduplicirebis inventarTan anu reduplikatebTan
dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebia, kargad miuTiTebs am cnebis
gansxvavebuli ganmartebebi. reduplikacia (laT. reduplicatio) aris:
• „morfologiuri procesi, romelic miiReba bgeris, marcvlis, sityvis da
sityvis nawilis ganmeorebiT“.2
• „xmovnis an marcvlis gaormageba“; „anlautis an anlautis marcvlis gaormageba“ (metcleri 1993:498).
• „bgeriTi segmentis morfologiuri ganmeoreba an srulad, an xmovniT
/TanxmovniT ablautTan erTad kombinaciaSi“ (andersoni 1998:340).
• fonetikur-morfologiuri saxecvlileba sityvisa, romelic Seicavs
Tavkiduri bgeris cvlilebas (fonetikuri reduplikacia), Ziris (morfologiuri reduplikacia) an mTliani sityvisa (ganmeoreba3) (vinogradovi da sxv. 1995:98-99).
• morfonologiuri movlena, romelic gulisxmobs dasawyisi sityvis
ganmeorebas (nawilobrivi reduplikacia) an mTliani Ziris ganmeorebas
(sruli reduplikacia) (iarceva 1998:408).
• Ziris gaorkeceba: „reduplikaciis wesiT miRebuli yoveli fuZe ori
segmentisagan Semdgari erTeulia. zRvari segmentebs Soris xSirad waSlilia, an imgvarad aris xolme saxecvlili romelime maTgani (an
orive erTad), rom fuZeebSi ori Ziris danaxva saerTod Wirs...“ (erTeliSvili 1970:181).
• „sityvis an fuZis (fuZe zogjer SeiZleba emTxveodes Zirs), ufro
iSviaTad, fuZis nawilis gaorkeceba“ (sanikiZe 1976:35).4
• „...ama Tu im fuZis, marcvlis, Ziris an Ziris nawilis gaorkeceba“
(daTukiSvili 1990:4).
1
2
3
4
winamdebare statia momzadda rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis mier dafinansebuli proeqtis _ „fonosemantikuri leqsika qarTvelur enebSi (struqturuli, semantikuri da pragmatikuli aspeqtebi)“ _ farglebSi.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduplikation _ (Sprache).
igive sruli reduplikacia.
Sdr. „sityvis, fuZis, Ziris erTi an ramdenime elementis ganmeoreba“ (l. sanikiZe: qe 2008, 390)
69
qarTul lingvistikaSi reduplikaciis sakiTxebi gaorkecebul segmentSi momxdari fonologiuri cvlilebebis kvaldakval ganixileba (a. SaniZe, v. Tofuria, f. naiseri, s. JRenti, l. sanikiZe...), Sesabamisad, reduplicirebul formaTa saklasifikacio niSnebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul
opoziciur wyvilebs qmnian:
1. fuZis reduplikacia5 (klasifikaciis safuZvelia sxvadasxva poziciaSi
momxdari fonologiuri procesebi):
• fuZeucvleli da fuZecvlili (Tofuria 1979:110; SaniZe 1955: 8587; sanikiZe 1976:38).
2. marcvlis reduplikacia (klasifikacia emyareba marcvlis struqturas
da masSi ganxorcielebul fonologiur cvlilebebs):
• Ria da daxuruli marcvlis reduplikacia (Nnaiseri 1953; JRenti
1960)
• marcvlis poziciuri _ anlautis an auslautis _ fonologiuri
cvlilebebiT (g. deetersi, f.Nnaiseri a. SaniZe, s. JRenti, l. sanikiZe);
• sruli da nawilobrivi reduplikacia: sruli _ rodesac amosavali martivi elementi (fuZe, Ziri an marcvali) orkecdeba mTlianad; nawilobrivi _ orkecdeba amosavali elementis romelime nawili (daTukiSvili 1990:10); sruli reduplikacia (Total reduplication)
_ bgeris an marcvlis gaorkeceba; nawilobrivi reduplikacia
(Partial Reduplication) _ anlautis an auslautis marcvlis
gaorkeceba (metcleri 1993:498).
3. xleCadi6 da araxleCadi: segmentebs Soris sintaqsuri dakavSirebis
potenciis („da“ kavSiris CarTvis SesaZleblobis, makavSirebeli sityvis
CarTvis) mixedviT. xleCadi moicavs mxolod sruli reduplikaciis
SemTxvevebs (sam-sam-i),7 araxleCadi ki rogorc sruli (but-but-i),
ise nawilobrivi reduplikaciis (qaC-aC-i) SemTxvevebs (daTukiSvili
1990:10).
5
6
7
70
fuZis reduplikacia SeiZleba gaviazroT rogorc leqsikuri mniSvnelobis
mqone erTeulTa (= fuZeTa), aseve leqsikuri mniSvnelobis armqone erTeulTa
(= Ziri, roca is ar emTxveva fuZes) ganmeoreba, dublireba. Sdr. erTi mxriv,
jagjag-, tiktik-... meore mxriv: asaval-dasavali, miTqma-moTqma, eka-beka... fuZis
reduplikacia da reduplicirebuli fuZe ori sxvadasxva terminia, pirveli
gulisxmobs reduplikacias, rogorc process, xolo meore _ am procesis Sedegad miRebul morfologiur da leqsikur odenobas. reduplikatebad warmodgeba rogorc Ziri, aseve Tavad fuZe.
igivea, rac „toladSerwymuli“.
f. naiseris mosazrebiT, amgvari formebi sityvawarmoebaSia gansaxilveli, an sintaqsisa da stilistikis sferos warmoadgens (naiseri 1953); magram, radgan „da“ kavSiriT SeerTebuli sityvebi sintaqsur wyvilad ar ganixileba (Ciqobava 1930:488),
aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi gaziarebuli ar aris (ix. daTukiSvili 1990:9).
amdenad, reduplikacia unda ganvixiloT rogorc morfonologiuri
movlena, romelic aris fuZis an misi segmentis (bgera, Ziri, marcvali)
formasTan dakavSirebuli movlena da enebSi axali leqsikuri erTeulis /
axali mniSvnelobis warmoqmnis safuZveli. reduplikacias aqvs Tavisi fonologia da morfologia (raimi 2000). reduplicirebuli enobrivi erTeulis fonologiuri da morfologiuri analizi gulisxmobs formobriv
analizs, amitom saklasifikacio niSnebi, romlebic adgenen reduplicirebul formaTa jgufebs, arsebiTad emyareba mocemuli enobrivi doneebis
analizs (Sesabamisad, terminebs) da am analizis Sedegad miRebul wesebs.
1. fonosemantikuri struqturebis reduplikacia da afiqsacia
Ziris reduplikacia, sufiqsaciasTan erTad, qarTveluri enebis fonosemantikuri leqsikis warmoqmnis sakmaod mniSvnelovani xerxia.8 xmabaZviT sityvaTa didi jgufi swored am gziT aris nawarmoebi. reduplikacia, sxva enaTa msgavsad, qarTvelur enebSic gangrZobiTobisa da mravalgzisobis, obieqtTa da moqmedebaTa simravlis gadmosacemad gamoiyeneba.
reduplicirebuli formebis klasifikaciisas, upirveles yovlisa,
yuradReba unda mieqces segmentTa saxes. bgerweris morfologiur inventarad unda iqnes miCneuli Ziri, fuZe, afiqsi. xolo fonologiurad _
marcvali. Ziris reduplikacia da sufiqsacia morfologiuri xerxebia,
ZirSi an marcvalSi momxdari fonologiuri cvlilebebi ki reduplicirebis fonologiuri gzaa.
a. Ziris reduplikacia
qarTvelur enebSi Ziris struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT arsebiTad reduplikaciis ori jgufis gamoyofa aris SesaZlebeli:
1. (CVC)2 _ tipi
2. (CV)2 _ tipi
orive SemTxvevaSi TanxmovanTa sigrZe SeiZleba gaizardos rogorc Ziris anlautSi, ise auslautSi: (CnVCn)2, (CnV)2
Tu reduplicirebiT miRebul fuZeSi momxdar fonologiur cvlilebebs gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin klasifikacia SesaZlebelia am niSnis mixedviTac:
1. fuZecvlili (araidenturxmovniani, araidenturTanxmovn(eb)iani Zirebi);
2. fuZeucvleli (identurxmovniani, identurTanxmovn(eb)iani Zirebi).
8
„ZiriTadad xmabaZviTi sityvebis sawarmoeblad gamoiyeneba“ (nebieriZe 1999:
236); „bevri araxleCadi reduplikati warmoadgens xmabaZviT formas“ (daTukiSvili 1990:11).
71
b. marcvlis reduplikacia
Ziris struqturasTan pirdapir kavSirSia marcvlis struqturis sakiTxic. qarTvelur enebSi marcvlis struqturas bgerweriTi Rirebuleba
unda mieniWos (Ria da daxuruli marcvlebis dapirispirebas). gvaqvs ori
tipi marcvlisa:
1. Ria marcvlis gaorkeceba _ (CV)2;
2. daxuruli marcvlis gaorkeceba _ (CVC)2.
TanxmovanTa sigrZis gazrdis SesaZlebloba exeba marcvlis struqturasac.
Ria marcvlis gameoreba iZleva gagrZelebuli, uwyveti bgerisa da moqmedebis efeqts: sisini, zizini, wiwini, RiRini...; daxuruli marcvlis gameoreba iZleva mravalgzisobis, ganmeorebuli moqmedebebis efeqts: wikwiki,
jagjagi, ZigZigi...
g. afiqsacia
1. sufiqsacia (CV) / (CV)2 + CVSUF-; (CVC) / (CVC)2 + VCSUF2. infiqsacia (CVC)+V+(CVC)-9
maSasadame, fonosemantikuri fuZeebi qarTulSi nawaroebia „erTi da imave
(a-xmovniani) Zirebisagan sufiqsaciisa da reduplikaciis gansxvavebul saSualebaTa gamoyenebiT:
tyap-un-i tyap-an-i tyap-tyap-i tyap-a-tyup-i
law-un-i law-an-i law-law-i law-a-luw-i
rax-un-i raxv-an-i rax-rax-i rax-a-rux-i...“ (qobalava 1980:67)
2. „maerTxmovniani“ anu intervokaluri reduplikacia
Cveni analizis obieqts warmoadgens reduplicirebuli fonosemantikuri struqturis erTi tipi _ „maerTxmovniani“ reduplikacia, romlis Sesaxebac qarTul lingvistikaSi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs.
„maerTebel xmovniani“ struqtura (Sesabamisad, cnebac10) qarTulisaTvis calke tipad gamoyo f. erTeliSvilma. fonematuri struqturiT gan9
sufiqsaciis zogadi, universaluri wesidan gamomdinare, „sityvis struqtura
TanxmobaSia Zirisa da marcvlis struqturasTan. Zirisa da sityvis struqturaTa urTierTkavSirsa da erTi kanonzomierebiT Sepirobebulobas mowmobs is,
rom Tu enaSi Ziris kanonikur formas Ria marcvali (CV) warmoadgens, maSin
afiqsebsac aseTive forma aqvT da Sedegobrivi forma-sityva kvlav Ria marcvalTa SeerTebis saxes iRebs: CV-CV..., xolo Tu enaSi Ziris kanonikur formas
daxuruli marcvali warmoadgens (CVC), maSin sufiqsuri morfemis formac
daxuruli marcvalia (-VC) da Sedegobrivi forma-sityvac daxurul struqturas warmoadgens: CVC-VC... (meliqiSvili 1980:59).
10
„maerTxmovniani“ (sanikiZe 1976:36).
72
sxvavebul oTx tipSi (bagabug-, CxaraCxur-, TxlaSaTxluS-, rawkaruwk-)
„fuZeebi Zirebis gaorkecebis Sedegad aris miRebuli; fuZis pirvel marcvalSi a xmovani gvaqvs, bolo marcvalSi u. martiv Zirebs erTmaneTTan
akavSirebs maerTebeli xmovani a da i, ufro xSirad a. dasturdeba maerTebeli xmovnis mixedviT fuZeTa paraleluri variantebi“ (erTeliSvili
1970:78). aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi gaziarebulia Semdgomi periodis naSromebSic (sanikiZe 1976:36; qobalava 1980:67).
f. erTeliSvilis mier ganxiluli oTxive tipis Ziris struqtura daiyvaneba martiv CVC struqturaze da yvela SemTxveva SeiZleba gaanalizdes rogorc martivi Ziris an ufro rTuli fonematuri struqturis
mqone CnVCn Ziris gaorkecebad a da i xmovanTa CarTviT; aRniSnul xmovnebs, faqtobrivad, aqvT interfiqsis funqcia:
CVC-V-CVC
CnVCn-V-CnVCn
am tipis reduplikaciis yvela SemTxveva gulisxmobs konsonanturi
C1V1C2-V-C1V2C2:
mimdevrobis absolutur ganmeorebas Ziris struqturaSi a/u xmovanTa alternaciiT:
a-[ a ]-u
a-[ i ]-u
tak-a-tuktak-i-tukWax-a-WuxWax-i-WuxCax-a-Cux-------
bagabugi, bakabuki, bayabuyi, zapazupi, kakakuki, kapakupi, lawaluwi, pakapuki, JapaJupi, rakaruki, raxaruxi, faCafuCi, RaWaRuWi, WaxaWuxi, jaxajuxi... ufro rTuli konsonanturi struqturiT: bragabrugi, CxaraCxuri,
TqaraTquri, wkapawkupi, JRaraJRuri, sxapasxupi, prakapruki, baTqabuTqi,
rawkaruwki, partyapurtyi... zogierTi fuZe a-s nacvlad i-xmovans CairTavs: baTqibuTqi, bakibuki, bragibrugi, pakipuki, partyipurtyi, sxapisxupi,
tkacitkuci, tyapityupi, farTxifurTxi, faCifuCi, wkapiwkupi, WaxiWuxi,
jaxijuxi... statistikiT amgvari gaorkecebis 120-mde fuZe arsebobs qarTulSi, maTi absoluturi umravlesoba xmabaZviTia (erTeliSvili
1970:78).
sapirispiro TvalsazrisiT, „maerT-xmovniani kompozicia qarTulSi saerTod ar arsebobs“ (daTukiSvili 1990:44). q. daTukiSvili reduplikaciis am saxeobas raxa-rux-i tips uwodebs da mis mier SerCeuli saklasifikacio niSniT ganixilavs „xleCadTa“ rigSi sapirispirod rax-rax-i
tipisa, romelic „araxleCadia“; anu saanalizo models iseT struqturad
miiCnevs, romlis Semadgenel komponentebs (resp. fuZeebs) Soris „da“ kavSiris Casma SesaZlebelia (daTukiSvili 1990:42). am TvalsazrisiT saqme
73
gvaqvs ara Ziris, aramed fuZis reduplikaciasTan. aqedan gamomdinareobs,
rom leqsikuri mniSvneloba ukavSirdeba ara ukve reduplicirebul fuZes,
aramed Tavad reduplikatebs; Sesabamisad, reduplicirebuli fuZis pirveli komponentis Semadgenlad iTvleba, erT SemTxvevaSi, -a- (tkaca-, baTqa-,
raxa), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – -i- xmovani (tkaci-, baTqi-, raxi-); amitomac segmentirebis SemoTavazebuli variantia: taka-tuk-, taki-tuk-; baTqa-buTq-, baTqi-buTq-; raxa-rux-, raxi-rux-... argumenti enis diaqroniul
analizs eyrdnoba: istoriulad „xmis gamomxatvel marcvlebs daerTo
sityvamawarmoebeli sufiqsi -a da miviReT xmis aRmniSvneli saxelebi:
law- >*law-a, brax- >*brax-a, tkac- >*tkaca, romlebic Semdgom gaorkecda“... amasTan, „fuZis gaorkeceba da xmovanmonacvleoba erTdroulad unda
momxdariyo“ (daTukiSvili 1990:42). maSasadame, interpoziciuri „-a warmoqmnis elementia da ara kompoziciis maerTi xmovani“ (daTukiSvili
1990:44). analogiuri Tvalsazrisia gamoTqmuli /i/ xmovnis mimarTac,
isic warmoqmnis elementad aris CaTvlili, warmoSobiT _ saxelobiTi
brunvis niSnad (daTukiSvili 1990: 44). am debulebis mixedviT fuZis gaorkecebiT miRebuli kompozitis Semadgeneli komponentebi Semdeg saxes
iRebs: xmovanfuZiani+TanxmovanfuZiani saxeli.
3. qarTvelur enaTa monacemebis SedarebiTi analizi
samecniero literaturaSi warmodgenili msjelobis kvaldakval SesaZlebelia saanalizo tipis fuZeTa sxvadasxvagvari segmentireba da kvalificireba:
(1)
(2)
(3)
i-xmovniani varianti
a-xmovniani varianti
baTq-i-buTq-i baTq-NOM.SG.buTq -NOM.SG
baTq-i-buTq-i
baTq-V-buTq-NOM.SG
[V= „maerTi xmovani“]
baTqi-buTq-i
baTqi-buTq-NOM.SG
baTq-a-buTq-i
baTq-DERSUF-baTq -NOM.SG
baTq-a-buTq-i
baTq-V-buTq-NOM.SG
[V =„maerTi xmovani“]
baTqa-buTq-i
baTqa-buTq-NOM.SG
ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos reduplikantad: fuZe Tu Ziri? am sakiTxis
garkvevas ukavSirdeba zogadad maerTi xmovnis anu interfiqsis arseboba;
igi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi daCndeba, Tuki reduplicirebuli segmenti
aris Ziri.
rogoria viTareba sxva qarTveluri enebSi; Tuki saerTod dasturdeba
svanurSi, megrulsa da lazurSi msgavsi modelebi, ras iZleva maTi Sedareba rogorc stuqturuli, ise semantikuri TvalsazrisiT; qmnian Tu ara
isini sistemebs qarTuli enis monacemTa msgavsad.
74
3.1. struqturul-semantikuri analizi
saanalizo modeli warmoadgens xmovanmonacvle anu araidenturxmovniani reduplikaciis tips. qarTulSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba Ziriseuli a
da u xmovnebi, aRniSnuli monacvleoba am enaSi Zalze intensiurad aris
gamoyenebuli, faqtobrivad, qmnis mTel sistemas maSin, roca megrulisaTvis oriode magaliTi mohyavs v. Tofurias: kiru-karu „salocavi namcxvari“, ziku-zaku „saqanela“ (Tofuria 1979:118); am CamonaTvals mogvianebiT
daemata ramdenime magaliTi: Cim[u]-Camu „CamiCumi“, fiCu-faCu „ugergilo“,
sxiu-sxau „wvril-wvrili“, birdRu-bardRu „bavSvis mofereba“ (resp. bardRunia), tir[u]-taru „Woriknoba“, pinti-pantu//pit[u]-patu „yovelgvari
wvrilmani“, Riu-Rau//Riv-Ravi //Rim-Rami „riJraJi“, tirkun-tarkuni
„tlikini“, iwi-awa „mowiwebiT“, Wkip-Wkapi „xmauriT Wama“, Zig-Zagvi „uSnod siaruli“ (aronia 2010:42), farTi-furTi „fafxuri, facifuci“, xipuWxapuWi, igive xiru-xaru „wvrilmani, ubralo ramis grova“ (Sdr. xara-xura), tkipur-tkapuri,11 xiCu-xaCu „nayar-nuyari“ (qiria da sxv. 2015:225).
specialur literaturaSi ramdenime magaliTi saxeldeba aseve lazurisaTvis: Waka-Wuka „WrelaWrula“ (Sdr. Tandilava 2013:857: WakaWuka
„Wreli, jaWva, jaWveda“) kranq-krunq „sacexvelis xmis mibaZva“, briwu-brawu „briwu-brawu“ (resp. fxrewis xma), yvili-yvala „Zvali“, qCini-qCvani „beber-beberi“, mWife-mWufe „wvrilmani“ (aronia 2010:44); aRniSnuli
rigi SeiZleba gaizardos magaliTebiT ali Tandilavas am bolo dros gamocemuli „lazuris leqsikonidan“ (2013): bagabuga „bagabugi“ (gv. 46),
barabura „kartofili“ (gv. 51), RalaRula „areuli, mouwesrigebeli“ (gv.
808), RaWaRuWu „erTxmad, erTdroulad yvelas laparaki“ (gv. 809), wakarawukuru „rac xelSi mogxvdeba yvelaferi“ (gv. 850), xviti-xvata „nairnairi, WrelWreli“ (gv. 882).
ufro gavrcelebuli Cans reduplikaciis es tipi svanurSi: tyigityaga „blayuni“, biTqi-bŠTqa (zs.) „baTqabuTqi“, biWk¡i-bŠWk¡a (zs.)
„skdoma-xeTqva“, pilti-palta (Col.) „uazro laparaki bavSvis an didi
asakis gamxdari qalis“,Sk¡ifi-Sk¡afa (zs., qs.) „joxis dartymis xma“,
riyi-rŠya (bz.), riyi-raya (bq.) „raxaruxi“, Wifxi-Wafxa (Col.) „koxtad
Cacmuli fexebiT siaruli, xmis gamocemiT“... laSxuri da Coluruli
TqmebisaTvis damaxasiTebeli formebi: bili-bulu (Col.) „luRluRi,
uazro saubari armcodne adamianis“, bir-i-bur-u (Col.) „kretinis
laparaki“, piri-puru//kiri-kuru (Col.) „uazro, Cqari, gauTavebeli
laparaki“, piwi-puwu (Col.) „ganebivrebuli gogos xmaSecvlili, wvrili
laparaki“, firfi-furfu (Col.) „ukbilos laparaki, enaClifinas lapa11
„tityna~.
75
raki“, fiCi-fuCu (lSx., Col.) „CurCuli“, ficq-i-fucq-u (Col.) „ganebivrebuli gogo“...12
samecniero literaturaSi dadasturebuli qarTvelur enebis monacemTa zedapiruli SedarebiT viRebT Semdeg suraTs:
qarT.
a-u
a-a-u-*i
a-i-u-*i
megr.
laz.
i-a
i-u-a-u
a-u
a-a-u-a
i-a
i-u-a-u
i-a
i-i-a/Š-a
i-u
i-i-u-u
svan.
baTqabuTqi
baTqibuTqi
zikuzaku
WakaWuka
briwubrawu
biTqibŠTqa
knawaknuwi
knawiknuwi,
kirukaru
kranqkrunq
raxaruxi
CaxaCuxi
---------
---------
tirutaru
pit[u]patu
WaxaWuxi
WaxiWuxi
fiCufaCu
riyirŠya
WifxiWafxa
biriburu
piripuru
piwipuwu
tyigityaga
yiriyuru
piltipalta
fiCifuCu
cxrilidan Cans, rom qarTvelur enebSi reduplicirebul fuZeebSi
xmovnuri kontrasti erTgvarovani ar aris; aseTi SemTxvevisTvis ismis
kiTxva: saerTod ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli, rom qarTvelur enaTa es monacemebi erT paradigmaSi ganvixiloT?
ramdenad identuria struqturul-semantikuri TvalsazrisiT megrulisa da lazuris Tundac Zalze mwiri masala qarTul da svanur enebSi
dadasturebuli modelebisa.
megrulSi orive reduplikati da TavisTavad reduplicirebuli fuZec
bolovdeba u-ze. sagulisxmoa, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi ikveceba rogorc
pirveli, ise meore segmentis u, rac megrulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli i da
u xmovanTa daviwroebis wesiT unda aixsnas: i/u >G> Ø: Cim-Camu < Cimu-Camu, pit-patu < pitu-patu, tir-taru < tiru-taru... (kartozia da sxv.
2010:480). sruli anu u-xmovniani formebi semantikurad asaxaven ori
dasrulebuli moqmedebis zedized ganmeorebas moZraobis mimarTulebis
cvliT, anu TiToeuli reduplikati Seicavs finiturobis gagebas, maSin
roca u-s gareSe, neitraluri xmovniT an nuliT warmodgenili formebs
igive mniSvneloba eniWebaT reduplicirebuli fuZis bolos: Cim-Cam (u/G/Ø),
pit-pat (u/G/Ø), tir-tar (u/G/Ø)...
12
76
svanuri enis masala aRebulia zemoxsenebuli proeqtis farglebSi m. saRlianis
mier ganxorcielebuli kvlevidan.
megrulis es konkretuli SemTxveva analogiuria sxva qarTvelur
enebSi dadasturebuli aseve araidenturxmovniani reduplikaciis tipisa,
mxolod interfiqsuri xmovnis gareSe. Sdr.:
svanuri (laSxuri da Coluruli):
biri-buru (Col.) _ „kretinis laparaki“;
piri-puru // kir-i-kur-u (Col.) _ „uazro, Cqari, gauTvebeli laparaki“;
piwi-puwu (Col.) _ „ganebivrebuli gogos xmaSecvlili, wvrili
laparaki“;
firfi-furfu (Col.) _ „ukbilos laparaki, enaClifinas laparaki“;
fiCi-fuCu (lSx., Col.) _ „CurCuli“;
ficqi-fucqu (Col.) _ „ganebivrebuli gogo“...
qarTuli:
fanci-funci13 _ „kabakuba, Casacmelebi“ (qegl). Sdr. fanci „farCa _
erTgvari Zvirfasi abreSumis qsovili“;
feri-furi „feri“ (qegl);
kaba-kuba „kabebi, qalis tansacmeli saerTod“ (qegl);
waRa-wuRa „dabalyeliani waRa“ (qegl);
xara-xura _ „Zveli, gamousadegari nivTebi; nayar-nuyari“ (qegl);
farCa-furCa _ „nairnairi farCa; farCeuli“ (qegl)
Wrela-Wrula _ „igivea, rac Wrel-Wreli“. WrelWreli „mravali
Wreli; sxvadasxva ferisa, nairferi“ (qegl).
Wia-Wua „Wiebi, WiaRua“ (qegl).
lazuri:
briwu-brawu _ „fxrewa“;
RaWa-RuWu _ „erTxmad, erTdroulad yvelas laparaki“;
wakara-wukuru „rac xelSi mogxvdeba yvelaferi“;
yvili-yvala _ „Zvali“;
xviti-xvata _ „rac xelSi mogxvdeba yvelaferi“;
qCini-qCvani _ „beber-beberi“;
mWife-mWufe _ „wvrilmani“;
Rala-Rula _ „areuli, mouwesrigebeli“;
Waka-Wuka _ „Wreli, jaWva, jaWveda“;
bara-bura _ „kartofili“.
lazuris magaliTebic arasistemurobas avlenen. zemoT CamoTvlilTagan mxolod pirveli samis ganxilva aris SesaZlebeli fonosemantikur
13
analogiuri warmoebisTvis Sdr. megr. pinti-pantu „yoveldRiuri wvrilmani“,
pinti „uvargisi naWeri“ (kartozia da sxv. 2010:460)
77
fuZed: briwu-brawu, RaWa-RuWu (Sdr. megr. Ra/iuWi: iRauWuna imave mniSvnelobiT), wakara-wukuru.14
megrulisa da svanuris magaliTebi xmovnis alternaciiT miRebuli xmabaZviTi mniSvnelobis mqone u-xmovnian fuZeTa sruli reduplikaciis nimuSebia; lazuris erTaderTi magaliTic (briwu-brawu) amave paradigmaSi Tavsdeba,15 danarCeni ki bgerweriT modelebs ar warmoadgens, aramed dublirebul aramotivirebul fuZeebs. analogiuri viTarebaa qarTulis paradigmaSic: aq warmodgenilia rogorc arsebiTi, ise zedsarTavi saxelebi, romlebic ar ganekuTvnebian fonosemantikuri leqsikis tips. auslautis xmovnebic gansxvavebulia: interpoziciaSi i da u xmovnebis gamoyofa SeuZlebelia: a fuZiseulia, i _ saxelobiTis niSani. aqedan gamomdinare, megrulis
zemoT moxmobil magaliTebSi interpoziciur u/G _ xmovans ver miviCnevT
qarTuli a-sa da i-s an svanuri i-s funqciur fardad _ maerT xmovnad.16
maSasadame, intervokalur reduplikaciaze saubari SeiZleba mxolod
or qarTvelur enaSi: qarTulsa da svanurSi.
qarTulSi ori tipis modeli gvaqvs. fuZiseuli xmovnebi erTgvari
rCeba Ziris reduplikaciis orive SemTxvevaSi, gansxvaveba infiqsur xmovanSia, Tumca funqciur-semantikuri sxvaoba -a- da -i-interfiqsian fuZeebs Soris rTuli asaxsnelia:
qarT. a-u
a-a-u-*i:
a-i-u-*i:
baTq-abuTqbaTq-ibuTq-
knaw-aknuwknaw-iknuw-
tkac-a-tkuc
tkaci-tkuc
Wax-aWuxWax-iWux-
interfiqsuri reduplicirebuli modelebis analizisas ikveTeba ramdenime mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba:
1. interpoziciaSi a-xmovnian yvela fuZes paraleluri i-xmovniani varianti ara aqvs (ix. cxrili), am ukanasknelTa raodenoba gacilebiT naklebia.
14
15
16
am SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia saubari ara maerT xmovnebze, aramed sinharmonizmis
principze reduplikaciis dros; aRniSnuli enobrivi faqtis dadasturebaa am
tipis magaliTebi svanurSi.
laz.Briweli/briwei/braweli „dafxrewili“ (Tandilava 2013:67); obriwu „xeva,
fxrewa“; obriwafu „moxeva, mowyveta, mocileba, CamoSoreba“ (igive, gv. 592).
megrulSi es aris bolokiduri pozicia, romelic arastabiluria: i/u>G>Ø:
tir-tar, Cim-Cam. qarTulisa da megrulis monacemTa sxvadasxvagvarobas amtkicebs megrulSi arastabiluri interpoziciisa da bolokiduri poziciis gamomxatveli magaliTi: Riu-Rau//Riv-Ravi//Rim-Rami „riJraJi“; reduplikaciis rigis
Secvlac poziciur aramdgradobaze mianiSnebs, rac, zogadad, qarTulis monacemebs ar axasiaTebT: taru-tiru (kartozia da sxv. 2010:460).
78
2. aRniSnul fuZeebs ara aqvT variantebi struqturaSi identuri xmovnebiT: *raxarax-, *lawalaw-, *baTqabaTq- 17...
3. aRniSnul fuZeebs saerTod ara aqvT paraleluri xmovanmonacvle variantebi interfiqsuri xmovnis gareSe: *bag-bug-, *tkac-tkuc-, *baTq-buTq-...
4. ugamonaklisod yvela fuZes ara aqvs paraleluri formebi struqturaSi identuri xmovnebiT interfiqsuri xmovnis gareSe, dasaSvebia:
bag-bag-, bay-bay-, rak-rak-, rax-rax, kap-kap-, Wax-Wax-, Cqaf-Cqaf-, lawlaw-, Tqar-Tqar-, jax-jax-; dauSvebelia: *baTq-baTq-, *knat-knat-,
*tkac-tkac-, *RraW-RraW-, *TxlaS-TxlaS, *fxak-fxak-, *pak-pak, *sxapsxap-, *wklap-wklap-, *Cxar-Cxar-, *WraW-WraW-...
5. fuZeTa umravlesobas aqvs paraleluri variantebi „SiSveli“ anu gramatikulad gauformebeli fuZis saxiT: baTq-, law-, Cxak-, tkac-, bax-,
rax-...
6. mxolod pirveli, a-xmovniani reduplikati, dairTavs -un an -an sufiqss, roca u-xmovniani, rigiT meore, reduplikati arasodes irTavs
maT (ix. cxrili):
qarT. a-u
a
a-a-u-*i:
baTq-a-buTq- Knaw-a-knuw- tkac-a-tkuc- Wax-a-Wux
a-i-u-*i:
baTq-ibuTq---------------baTq-un/-an-
a-u
a-a
-un/-an
knaw-i-knuw- tkac-i-tkuc- Wax-i-Wux--------------knaw-un-
tkac-tkuc
tkac-tkac
tkac-un/-an-
Wax-Wux
Wax-Wax
Wax-un/-an-
7. CVC-V-CVC tipis fuZeebisagan zmnis piriani formebi ar iwarmoeba
(qobalava 1980, 71)18 (dauSvebelia: *raxaruxobs, *araxaruxebs); isini ar
warmoadgenen „pirvelad masdarebs“ (Ciqobava 1942:218-219), aramed ama Tu
im xmebis gamomxatveli abstraqtul saxelebs (daTukiSvili 1990:42),
romelTagan zmnuri formebi ar iwarmoeba.19
17
18
19
aRniSnul faqtze dayrdnobiT gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom saanalizo formebSi
fuZis gaorkeceba da xmovanmonacvleoba erTdroulad unda momxdariyo (daTukiSvili 1990: 42).
zmnur formas zogadad ver awarmoeben fuZemonacvle reduplicirebuli saxelebi, magram zogjer mainc Tu gvxvdeba msgavsi warmoeba, nairferovnebis semantika ramdenadme iCrdileba: baqibuqobs (=trabaxobs), facafucobs (=aCqarebiT
saqmianobs) (qobalava 1980:71 sq.).
Cveulebriv, masdari iwarmoeba zmnisgan: grialebs _ griali, kiskisebs _ kiskisi... Tumca zmnuri formebisTvis amosavali Tavad bgerweriTi Sinaarsis mqone
leqsikuri erTeulebia. am SemTxvevaSi „TviT zmna Cans masdarisagan nawarmoebi... da es xdeba imitom, rom am pirvelads saxelebs ukve aqvT is mniSvneloba, romelTa gamosaxatavadac masdari iwarmoeba... msgavsi saxelebi mdgomareoba-
79
warmoebis TvalsazrisiT produqtiulia reduplicirebuli fuZis pirveli komponenti, swored is aris warmodgenili sxvadasxva morfostruqturuli modeliT: SiSveli fuZiT, saderivacio an fleqsiuri sufiqsiT.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saanalizo modelebSi interpoziciuri a diaqroniulad warmoqmnis elementad miiCneva, xolo i _ fleqsiur sufiqsad,
brunvis niSnad (daTukiSvili 1990:44); TiTqos logikuri Cans Tvalsazrisi, rom reduplikatebi erT dros erTgvarovani da erTjeradi moqmedebis aRmniSvneli damoukidebeli fuZeebi yofiliyo: *tkaca, *baTqa, *lawa...
da mas axali semantika hqonoda Tundac „SiSveli“20 fuZeebisgan gansxvavebiT, magram enis ganviTarebis sinqroniul doneze Zalze iSviaTia
rogorc martivi a,21 ise i-sufiqsiani fuZeebi;22 maTi srul paradigmebad
postulireba mxolod Teoriulad aris dasaSvebi, maSin roca „SiSveli“
fuZeebi isev realizebulia; amave dros, sakmaod produqtiulia martivi
Zirisgan sufiqsaciiT miRebuli odenobebic, romelTac usufiqso paradigmisgan, warmoebis garda, ganarCevs semantika:
baTqtkacwkapWyapTxlaSbraxRraWtlaStylaSraxtyaplaw-
20
21
22
23
24
80
baTq-i*23
*tkac-i
*wkap-i
*Wyap-i24
*TxlaS-i
*brax-i
*RraW-i
*tlaS-i
*tylaS-i
*rax-i
*tyap-i
*law-i
baTq-un-i
tkac-un-i
wkap-un-i
Wyap-un-i
TxlaS-un-i
brax-un-i
RraW-un-i
tlaS-un-i
tylaS-un-i
rax-un-i
tyap-un-i
law-un-i
baTq-an-i
tkac-an-i
wkap-an-i
*Wyap-an-i
TxlaS-an-i
brax[v]-an-i
*RraW-an-i
*tlaS-an-i
tylaS-an-i
rax[v]-an-i
tyap-an-i
tyap-an-i
moqmedebis aRmniSvneli pirveli saxelebia anu pirveladi masdarebia“ (Ciqobava
1942:218-219). isini ar warmoadgenen nazmnar saxelebs, aramed „pirvelad saxelebs“ || „pirvelad masdarebs“; maTgan iwarmoeba Tavad zmna, xolo zmnisgan nawarmoebi masdari pirveladi saxelis omoformaa: griali (pirveladi masdari)
_ grialebs (zmna) _ griali (masdari) (Ciqobava 1942:218-219).
gramatikulad gauformebeli anu Ziris struqturiT warmodgenili.
a/e: tyapa/tyepa, Cxara/Cxera, *JRara/JRera, *faTqa/feTqa, *Tqara/Tqera...
auslautis -a funqciuri elementia, sawyisis mawarmoebelia an ablautis Sedegad miRebul aoristis formebSi mesame piris niSania mxolobiT ricxvSi: tyap- _
tyep-a (MSD): ga-tye/ipa (AOR.S3.SG.); baTq- _ beTq-v-a (MSD): beTqa: mi-beTq-a
(AOR.S3.SG.); law- _ lew-v-a: da-lew-a (AOR.S3.SG.); tkac- _ tkec-a (MSD):
s-tkic-a (AOR.S3.SG.); TxlaS- _ TxleS-a (MSD): TxliS-a (AOR.S3.SG.)...
„afeTqebis an sxva mizezis gamo haeris gamotyorcniT gamowveuli xma“ (qegl).
„gamdnari Tovlisagan an wvimisagan dayenebuli tbori“(qegl), gramatikalizacia, kerZod, nominativis niSnis darTva gaarsebiTebas emsaxureba.
„SiSveli“ fuZeebi zedmiwevniT asaxaven bunebriv akustikas; maTi pirveladoba eWvs ar iwvevs, gramatikalizacia mxolod Semdgomi safexuri
Cans. enis ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze a-fuZiani saxelebis „gaqrobis“
mizezTa Zieba, pirvel rigSi, svams sakiTxs, ramdenad SeiZleba yofiliyo
interpoziciuri -a derivaciuli sufiqsi25 an interpoziciuri -i brunvis
niSani; xom ar gaCndnen isini Tavidanve maerTis funqciiT?
sakiTxis gadasawyvetad svanuri enis monacemTa analizi da qarTulTan
Sedareba nawilobriv xsnis problemas. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, svanurSi
reduplikaciis intervokaluri tipi sakmaod gavrcelebuli Cans da igi
paradigmas qmnis gauformebel, intervokalis gareSe reduplicirebul da
sufiqsaciis gziT miRebul fuZeTa gverdiT:
rist
Wk¡ip
Wix
biTq
RriW
Sk¡if
Cxik
------------Wk¡ip-Wk¡ip
Wix-Wix
biTq-biTq
RriW-RriW
Sk¡ifSk¡if
Cxik-Cxik
rist-rast
Wk¡ip-Wk¡ap
Wix-Wax
biTq-baTq
RriW-RraW
Sk¡if-Sk¡af
rist-i-rast-a
Wk¡ip-i-Wk¡ap-a
---biTq-i-baTq-a
RriW-i-RraW-a
Sk¡if-i-Sk¡af-a
WGrx- n
burTq-un
RurW-un
Skurf-un
Cxik-Cxak
Cxik-i-Cxak-a
CxGrkGn
saanalizo modelebSi, qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT, maerT xmovnad mxolod i aris warmodgenili, xolo Ziris struqturebSi i-a xmovnebi upirispirdebian erTmaneTs:
biTq-i-bŠTq-a (zs.) _ „baTqabuTqi“;
biWk¡-i-bŠWk¡-a (zs.) _ „skdoma-xeTqva“;
25
„qarTuli enis morfemebisa da modaluri elementebis leqsikonSi“ (jorbenaZe da
sxv. 1988) -a sufiqsis cameti sxvadasxva funqcia aris dasaxelebuli (gv. 11-20),
maT Soris erTaderTi gansazRvreba axsenebs xmabaZviT Zirze darTuli -a-s funqcias, Tumca sxva mniSvelobiT: „-a sufiqsma SeiZleba gamoxatos raime Tvisebis
mqonebloba: barbaca, briala (is, risTvisac damaxasiaTebelai barbaci, briali...)“
(igive, gv.14). arc a. SaniZis „warmoqmnil saxelTa klasifikacia“ gvauwyebs raimes
-a-s saderivacio afiqsad miCnevis Sesaxeb iseT magaliTebSi, rogorebicaa: *baTq-a,
*law-a, *tkac-a. -a sufiqss verc sawyisis mawarmoeblad miviCnevT, vinaidan amgvari
saxelebisagan moqmedebis aRmniSvneli formebi an -un sufiqsis darTvis Semdeg
iwarmoeba: baTquni _ baTqunebs/ baTqunobs (qegl), lawuni _ lawunobs (qegl),
tkacuni _ tkacunobs (qegl)... an identurxmovniani Zirebis reduplicirebis Semdgom: bagbagi _ bagbagebs (qegl), lawlawi _ lawlawebs (qegl), raxraxi _ raxraxebs (qegl)... -a sawyisis mawarmoeblad maSin daCndeba, roca aRniSnuli Zirebi gadaiqceva moqmedebis gamomxatvel saxelad; amgvari fuZis semantikuri modeli iqneba: moqmedeba+Tanmxlebi xma. Sdr.: erTi mxriv, tyap-, tyapatyupi, tyapityupi, meore mxriv, a>e ablautiT miRebuli tyepa „saxeli tyeps zmnis moqmedebisa, – cema
(xeliT)“ (qegl): ga-tyip-a.AAOR.S3.SG/mi-tyep-a. AOR.S3.SG „cema”. tyapuni: tyapunebs, atyapunebs „moqmedeba xmis gamocemiT“.
81
pilt-i-palt-a (Col.) _ „uazro laparaki bavSvis, an didi asakis gamxdari qalis“;
rist-i-rast-a (bq.) _ „galawuneba, mirtyma-mortymis xma“;
riy-i-rŠy-a (bz.), riy-i-ray-a (bq.) _ „raxaruxi“;
riW-i-raW-a (zs., qs.) „miTqma-moTqma; Woriknoba“;
sit-i-sat-a (bq.) „lawaluwi“;
Sk¡if-i-Sk¡af-a (zs., qs.) _ „joxis dartymis xma; braxvani“;
Wifx-i-Wafx-a (Col.) _ „koxtad Cacmuli fexebiT siaruli, xmis gamocemiT“;
jijg-i-jajg-a (lxm.) _ „jajguri“;
jijk-i-jajk-a (lxm.) _ „jajguri; gartymis xma“ da sxv.
aRniSnul fuZeebSi Zirisa da afiqsis xmovnebi erTmaneTTan TanxmobaSia, fuZis struqturaSi warmodgenilia i-i-a-a xmovanTa mimdevroba; rigiT meore intervokalia, funqciurad maerTebeli kavSiri. auslautis -a,
ZiriTadad, Zveli svanuri poeziis enaSi daCndeba da riTmis zomiT aris
ganpirobebuli, Cveulebriv metyvelebaSi ki umetesad mokvecilia (m. saRliani).
Tu svanuris intervokali semantikurad „da“ kavSiris fardia, aseve
dasaSvebia qarTulis infiqsebisTvisac maerTis funqciis miniWeba. m. saRlianis varaudiT, qarTulis reduplicirebuli fuZeSi infiqsuri xmovani
a swored „da“ kavSiris naSTia, reduplicirebuli fuZis amosavalSi
„da“-Ti SeerTebuli kompozitebi unda gvqonoda. Tanxmovnis gacveTam ki
mxolod xmovniTi elementis darCena da fuZesTan Sezrda gamoiwvia.26
Tumca am Tvalsazriss ewinaaRmdegeba is faqti, rom amave poziciaSi maerTis funqciiT, a-s garda, daCndeba i xmovanic; semantikuri sxvaoba am formebs Soris dasadgenia.
Cveni azriT, qarTulis araidenturxmovniani reduplikaciis am tipSi a
an i xmovani imTaviTve maerTis funqciisa unda yofiliyo. maTi gaCena martiv
CVC struqturis Zirebs Soris ganpirobebuli unda yofiliyo semantikiT:
gamoexata moZraobis mimarTulebis cvla, sagulisxmoa, rom qarTulSi interfiqsis gareSe SeerTebuli araidenturxmovniani fuZeebi (*jag-jug-, *rakruk-, *rax-rux-..) ar dasturdeba. svanurSi ki orive modeli gvaqvs – intervokaluri da mis gareSe. Tuki es ukanaskneli poeziis enisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, maSin intervokalis gareSe warmodgenili formebi ufro axali
Cans, radgan poeziis enaSi SenarCunebulia svanuris Zveli viTareba.
amasTan sarwmuno Cans mosazreba, rom am modelebSi reduplikacia da
xmovnis alternacia erTdroulad unda momxdariyo (daTukiSvili 1990:
42), imavdroulad unda gaCeniliyo intervokalic.
26
aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi gamoricxavs a-s saderivacio afiqsad miCnevas.
82
daskvna
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
intervokaluri modelebi qarTvelur enaTagan mxolod qarTulsa da
svanurSi dasturdeba.
intervokaluri reduplicirebuli fuZeebis zogadi struqturaa CVCV-CVC. fuZis Semadgeneli Zirebi orive enaSi daxuruli marcvliT
aris warmodgenili da CVC struqturisaa.
qarTulSi intervokalad warmodgenilia a da i xmovnebi, svanurSi
mxolod _ i.
intervokalur reduplicirebul fuZeSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba: qarTulSi a-u, svanurSi _ i-a xmovnebi.
fuZis auslauti qarTulSi funqciur elements _ saxelobiTis niSans
irTavs, svanuri ki fuZis saxiT aris warmodgenili, auslautis -a
xmovani mxolod poeziis enaSi gvxvdeba da riTmis zomiT aris Sepirobebuli.
maerTi xmovnebi anu intervokalebi funqciurad maerTebeli „da“ kavSiris funqciisaa da identuri sematikis ori gauformebeli anu „SiSveli“ fonosematikuri fuZis/Ziris SesaerTeblad gamoiyeneba.
xmovanTa dapirispirebiT gadmocemulia moqmedebis ganmeoreba moZraobis mimarTulebis cvliT.
interfiqsebi araidenturxmovnian reduplikaciasTan erTad imTaviTve
unda gaCeniliyo semantikis karnaxiT.
standartuli abreviatura
AOR _ aoristi
DER _ derivanti
MSD – masdari
NOM _ saxelobiTi brunva
S3 _ me-3 subieqturi piri
SG _ mxolobiTi ricxvi
SUF _ sufiqsi
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qiria da sxv. 2015 : W. qiria, l. ezugbaia, o. memiSiSi, m. Cuxua, lazur-megruli gramatika, Tbilisi.
qobalava 1980 : i. qobalava, zogierTi tipis xmabaZviTi sityvebis warmoebisaTvis qarTulSi, Tanamedrove zogadi enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, V, Tbilisi.
SaniZe 1955 : a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatika I (morfologia), Tbilisi.
Stolci da sxv. 2011 : Th. Stolz, C. Stroh. & A. Urdze, Total Reduplication, The Areal Linguistics of a Potential Universal, Universität Bremen.
Ciqobava 1930 : arn. Ciqobava, ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs qarTuli enis agebulebas? kulturuli aRmSenebloba, #5, Tbilisi.
Ciqobava 1942 : arn. Ciqobava, saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba, Tbilisi.
jorbenaZe da sxv. 1988 : b. jorbenaZe, m. kobaiZe, m. beriZe, qarTuli enis
morfemebisa da modaluri elementebis leqsikoni, Tbilisi.
http: //de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduplikation (Sprache).
84
Rusudan Gersamia
Intervocalic Reduplication in the Kartvelian Languages
Summary
In the Kartvelian languages, by means of doubling of a CVC structure, more
exactly, of absolute repetition of a consonantal sequence, of vowel ablaut and interpositional insertion of a vowel, reduplicated stems are composed. An inter-positional
vowel performs a function of a link only and is devoid of any morphological meaning.
There are up to 120 such reduplicated stems in Georgian. Their number is quite large
in Svan as well. As for Megrelian and Laz, this type of reduplication is not attested at all.
Intervocalic reduplicated stems have the following structural and semantic traits:
1. Their general structure is CVC-V-CVC. In both languages (Georgian and Svan),
the roots in the stems are presented as closed syllables.
2. The number of consonants may increase within a structure; however, the number
and position of vowels will be unchanged: CnVCn-V-CnVCn
3. In Georgian, the intervocalic elements are /a/ and/i/, while in Svan it is only /i/.
Hence, Georgian has two sets of intervocalic reduplication, whereas Svan has one.
4. Within intervocalic reduplicated stems, Georgian has the /a-u/ contrast, while Svan
has the /i-a/.
5. In Georgian, a stem auslaut takes on a functional element, that is, a nominative
marker. In Svan, it is an unmarked stem; the auslaut vowel -a occurs only in the
language of poetry and is conditioned by a rhyme size.
Georgian:
(1) rax + a + rux-i
(2) rax + i + rux-i
C1V1C2+link+C1V2C2-NOM
Svan:
(1) riq’+ i + raq’[-a]
C1V1C2+link+C1V2C2.NOM
6. In Svan, the intervocalic vowel is functionally equal to the conjunction “and” and is
used to conjoin two unmarked phonosemantic stems/roots of identical semantics.
7. Vowel contrasts convey repetition of an action with changing direction of motion.
8. Intervocalics might have emerged together with ablaut reduplication owing to
semantic reasons.
This type of reduplication should be sharply delimited from a part of phonosemantic stems, in the middle of which a vowel does occur, though not in the function of
a link but as a vowel element of a base; both constituents should be considered as stems
and not as roots:
[(CV1C)V2]2 i / a
Megrelian: t’iru.t’aru (|| t’ir.t’ar) [i-u.a-u]
CV1CV2.CV3CV2(NOM)
Laz: bric’u.brac’u [i-u.a-u]
CnV1CV2.CnV3CV2(NOM)
[(CV1C)V2]2 i / u
Svan: biri.buru [i-i.u-u]
CV1CV1.CV2CV2(NOM)
In the Svan examples, the arrangement of vowels is based on the principle of
vowel harmony. In Georgian, such a paradigm consists of non-phonosemantic stems.
85
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
rusudan zeqalaSvili, elene kiknaZe
zmnuri neologizmebi qarTul
poetur diskursSi
literaturis umTavresi iaraRi sityvaa, romlisadmi damokidebulebac
ganapirobebs mwerlis enis gamomsaxvelobiTs Zalas da emsaxureba misi Canafiqris xorcSesxmas. mxatvruli nawarmoebis leqsikas swavloben ara
marto literaturaTmcodneebi, aramed lingvistebic, romlebic ikvleven
enis derivaciuli saSualebebis SemoqmedebiTad gamoyenebis unars, mwerlis leqsikis mimarTebas sayovelTaod gavrcelebul, yoveldRiur sityvebTan. avtoriseuli sityvaTqmnadoba SemoqmedebiTi procesis ganuyofeli
nawilia da avlens enis Sinagan bunebas, mis potencias.
mxatvrul literaturaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki – poeziaSi, mwerlebi xSirad qmnian avtoriseul neologizmebs anu okazionalizmebs, romelTa meSveobiT mdidrdeba ena. okaziuri (laT. “occasio” _ „SemTxveva“) niSnavs
kerZo, calkeuli SemTxvevisaTvis Seqmnils, xolo okazionaluri aris
(laT. “occasionalis” – „SemTxveviTi“) sityvis uCveulo mniSvneloba, romelsac individualuri xasiaTi aqvs (ix. usl 1989:348). lingvistur terminTa leqsikonis mixedviT, „okazionalizmi aris individualur-avtoriseuli neologizmi, romelsac mwerali an poeti qmnis enaSi arsebuli araproduqtiuli sityvawarmoebiTi modelebis mixedviT da gamoiyeneba mxolod mocemul konteqstSi, rogorc mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis an enobrivi TamaSis leqsikuri saSualeba“ (rozentali, telenkova 1976:543).
terminis sxva ganmartebis Tanaxmad, okazionalizmi aris „neologizmi,
romelic arsebuli derivaciuli Tu fleqsiuri sistemisaTvis gamonaklisia. amgvari warmoebebi, Cveulebisamebr, SemoqmedTa enisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli da poetikur an sxva stilistikur daniSnulebas asruleben~
(qe 2008:349). iqve aRniSnulia, rom es `individualuri warmoebebi, Cveulebriv, enaSi ar mkvidrdeba, rogorc arakanonieri, arasistemuri, arauzualuri; Tumca gamoricxuli ar aris calkeuli erTeulis gamoyeneba-damkvidreba rogorc gaqvavebuli, myari fuZisa“ (misive 2008:349). okazionaluri SeiZleba iyos ara marto sityvawarmoeba, aramed sityvis uCveulo
mniSvnelobac, romelsac „individualuri xasiaTi aqvs, romelsac iyeneben
garkveul SemTxvevaSi, specialur konteqstSi“ (SaniZe 1956). zogierTi
mecnieris azriT, okazionalizmebi ar Sedis enis leqsikur SemadgenlobaSi, zogi ki maT enis sityvawarmoebis wesebis sawinaaRmdegod Seqmniladac
miiCnevs. amitom uwodebs maT „kanondamrRvev“ da „kanongareSe sityvebsac“
86
(ix.
_ fel). aseTi Sefaseba gadaWarbebuli Cans, radgan am mosazrebas ver ganvazogadebT yvela okazionalizmze. Cveni azriT, avtoriseuli axalwarmonaqmnebis gareSe ver iarsebebs poeturi sityva da gaRaribdeba enis eqspresiuli Zala. okazionaluri sityvebi enis leqsikuri maragis nawilad unda miviCnioT. marTalia, es
sityvebi uzualuri sityvebisagan gansxvavebulia, magram avlens enis derivaciul-eqspresiul potencias.
avtoriseul neologizmTa warmoqmna dasturia enis sicocxlisunarianobisa da msgavsi sityvawarmoeba Cveulebrivi movlenaa ara marto mxatvrul literaturaSi, aramed masmediis enasa da sasaubro metyvelebaSic.
amiT vlindeba enis amouwuravi potencia, eqspresiuloba, mwerlis, Jurnalistis Tu Cveulebrivi mosaubris SemoqmedebiTi unari da zogjer gonebamaxvilobac ki. marTalia, axali sityvebis SeqmniT gataceba garkveulwilad enobriv TamaSs hgavs, magram es mainc mowmobs enis dinamikurobasa da
moqnilobas. mxatvruli sityvis ostati enis wiaRSi eZebs axal-axal saSualebebs saTqmelis gamosaxatavad, sityvaTa axali semantikur-stilistikuri waxnagebis gamosavlenad.
rogorc yvela enas, maT Soris qarTulsac, gaaCnia saSualebebi, romelTa meSveobiTac iqmneba nawarmoebi sityvebi. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli
roli akisria afiqsebs. samarTlianad amboben, rom „afiqsacia qarTuli
enis gamdidrebis uSreti wyaroa“ (Rlonti 1988:82). sityvawarmoebis
dros `derivatebad gamoyenebulia rogorc sagangebo daniSnulebis afiqsebi, ise Tandebulebi da brunvaTa niSnebi~ (iqve:129). okazionalizmi ver
Seiqmneba enis derivaciuli sistemis ugulebelyofiT. axali elferi sityvas SeiZleba SesZinos erTma niuansmac ki: uCveulo fuZis gamoyenebam ama
Tu im afiqsTan, sityvamawarmoebeli yalibis Secvlam, moulodnelma konteqstma da a.S.
qarTuli enis mdidari sityvawarmoebiTi potenciali noyier niadags
qmnis avtoriseuli neologizmebis sawarmoeblad da SesaZleblobas aZlevs sityvis ostats, Seqmnas uamravi nawarmoebi saxeli, kompoziti Tu
nasaxelari zmna. ra Tqma unda, axali sityvaformebis SeqmniT zedmetad
gatacebac sazianoa, magram poeturi sityva gulisxmobs aseT mignebebsa da
enis eqspresiuli siRrmeebis gamovlenas.
enaTmecnierebi samarTlianad usvamen xazs qarTul saliteraturo enaSi
zmnur okazionalizmTa warmoebis did tradicias1. nasaxelar zmnaTa saintereso formebi dadasturebulia qarTul sasuliero Tu saero mwerlobaSi,
1
nasaxelari zmnebisa da okazionalizmebis Sesaxeb aRsaniSnavia Sromebi: SaniZe
1919; kiknaZe 1946; gogolaSvili 1977; muzaSvili 1984; misive, 1993; JRenti
1986; Sengelia 1990; kobiaSvili 1998; lolaZe 1998; feiqriSvili 2009; WikaZe 2008; tuskia, vaWaraZe 2014 da sxv.
87
folklorSi, samecniero teqstebSi, aseve sasaubro metyvelebaSi (maT Soris _ JargonizmebSi). magaliTad, „vefxistyaosanSi“ xSirad asaxeleben
zmnur neologizmTa virtuozul formebs: azewarebs, asudarebs, awamwames,
gaaRawves, gaidarbazes, gasisxlmdinarda, darobs, vardobde, iqedgoros,
mzeobs, miakvane, miiqednes, sdebia, sdedebia, ucxenmales da sxv. (ix. qurdiani 2007:176-180). gasakviri araa, rom rusTavelis enam didi zegavlena moaxdina qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebaze da uamravi leqsikuri
erTeuliT gaamdidra is. am neologizmTa nawili ukve damkvidrebulia kidec qarTul enaSi, rac sityvis didostatis damsaxurebaa.
Cven amjerad SevecdebiT gamovyoT zmnuri poeturi neologizmebi da
maTi warmoebis saSualebebi XX saukunis qarTuli poeziis enaSi. cxadia,
am sakiTxis Seswavla mTeli siRrmiT, yvela aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT,
scdeba erTi statiis farglebs da samomavlo saqmea, radgan qarTuli poeturi leqsikis srulyofilad ganxilva xangrZliv kvlevas moiTxovs.
gasuli saukunis poetebma gaacocxles avtoriseul neologizmTa warmoebis Zvel da saSual qarTulSi Camoyalibebuli xerxebi, maTi moSveliebiT Seqmnes axali leqsikuri erTeulebi da gaamdidres ena, amasTan, gaagrZeles wina saukuneebis qarTuli mwerlobis sityvawarmoebis tradicia.
XX saukunis qarTveli poetebis ena avtoriseuli neologizmebis mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. poetebi leqsebis musikaluri JReradobis gasamravalferovneblad da saTqmelis eqspresiulad gamosaxatavad iSveliebdnen okazionalizmebs, Tumca mxolod axali sityvebis Seqmna ar iyo maTi
TviTmizani, radgan maSin poezia daemsgavseboda formalur eqsperimentTa
laboratorias.
Cven SevecadeT, rom gamogveyo zmnur neologizmTa ZiriTadi sityvawarmoebiTi modelebi galaktion tabiZis, giorgi leoniZis, ioseb griSaSvilis, terenti granelis, lado asaTianis, aleqsandre sajaias, SoTa niSnianiZis, muxran maWavarianis, ana kalandaZis, murman lebaniZis, vaxtang
javaxaZis, tariel Wanturias da sxvaTa poeturi enis safuZvelze.2
upirveles yovlisa, yuradReba gavamaxvileT erT saintereso xerxze,
romelic gvxvdeba rusTavelis poemaSi. gabundovanebuli okazionalizmis
asaxsnelad da amosacnobad, semantikuri identificirebisa da teqstSi maTi
adaptirebisTvis poeti xSirad iyenebs erTgvar paronomaziul models. am
xerxs m. qurdiani uwodebda adaptirebas semantikuri sintagmis saSualebiT.
magaliTad, „Sen genukvi, Semajero, RmerTi RmerTo, caca ico“ (rusT.
1957:664,3);
„mze aRar mzeobs CvenTana, dari ar darobs darulad“ (iqve:820,4).
2
t. Wanturias poeturi leqsikis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb saintereso naSromebia:
omiaZe 1995; misive 1998.
88
am tipis poetur neologizmebs uwodeben „orwevra erTeulebsac~,
romlebSic pirvel komponentad is saxelia aRebuli, romlis meore nawili am sityvisgan nawarmoebi zmnaa: „Cemman qedman miiqednes“, „azavrebi vaazavre“ (tuskia, vaWaraZe 2014:64).
zmnur neologizmTa dasaxelebuli modeli marTlac originaluri mignebaa. paronomaziuli sintagmebi nasaxelar zmnasTan dasturdeba XX saukunis qarTul poetur enaSi, ufro xSirad ki _ m. maWavarianisa da v. javaxaZis poeziaSi:
„eri gaerda!
xalxi gaxalxda!
vai, dedasa, –
ra dros aRar xar!“ (maW. 1991:9).
„arc muzaradi exura,
arc qolga gadaqolgoda“ (jav. 1986:29).
„RmerTsac gaaRmerTeb da
wignsac gaawigneb“ (jav. 1986:126).
„cotas waixumreb da
cotas waicigneb,
saxelovan Woriknebs
isev aWorikneb“ (jav. 1986:126).
„taSebiT nuRar metaStaSebi:
SegWamen taSis metastazebi!“ (jav. 1986:288).
„oRond akrobatebiviT waiakrobatono!“ (jav. 1986:78).3
aseTi warmoeba SeiZleba CaiTvalos paronomaziul okazionalizmad,
magram mas ver miviCnevT paronomaziul Semasmenlad, romelSic gamoyenebulia erTi da imave fuZis masdari da zmna (Sdr. cekviT ki cekvavs). zemoT
dasaxelebuli magaliTebi erTgvarovani araa: nasaxelar zmnasTan dgas imave fuZis saxeli, romelic SeiZleba iyos rogorc qvemdebare, ise pirdapiri damateba an winadadebis sxva wevri.
ganvixiloT zmnur neologizmTa warmoebis sxva saSualebebi. axal
zmnaTa Sesaqmnelad me-20 saukunis qarTveli poetebi iyeneben TiTqmis yvela metyvelebis nawils: arsebiT da zedsarTav saxelebs, ricxviT saxelsa
da zmnizedebs. am SemTxvevaSi zmnis axleburi forma miRebulia sxva metyvelebis nawilebisgan afiqsebis moSveliebiT; zmnaSi SeiZleba Canacvlebuli iyos zmniswini an Temis niSani, iyos Secvlili fuZe (SekumSuli, gavrcobili, xmovangamocvlili) an pirianoba.
3
CvenTvis saintereso magaliTs vxvdebiT laSa gaxarias leqsSi: „sul sxva qaragmad memcxeTa mcxeTa“ (ix. tuskia, vaWaraZe 2014:64).
89
magaliTad, sakuTari da sazogado arsebiTi saxelebisganaa nawarmoebi
zmnuri neologizmebi:
daiTergeba: „gulis nawuri nakadi zvirTebad daiTergeba“ (leon.1).
wavidaviToT: „SoTas araki vaxsenoT, gzadagza wavidaviToT“ (jav.
1986:158).
viamirano: „mindaris viamirano“ (maW. 1991:65).
gamadaltonike: „fers ferisgan veRar varCev,
ise gamadaltonike“ (jav. 1986:396).
SemoamZivebs: „gzebs aliT SemoamZivebs“ (tab. 2011:131).
gaiaprilebs: „roca gazafxuldeba, roca gaiaprilebs...“ (jav. 1986:106).
aseve: vanaRverdale (Sal. 1985:3), yanaobs (griS. 1989:171), amoWiakokonda (jav. 1986:264), Semokaravdnen (jav. 1986:401), SemoSikrikda (jav.
1986:365), amTvarebulan (agar. 1985:16), vemgosnebi (Sal. 1985:43) da sxv.
zedsarTavi saxelia amosavali: „gomboridan amoiTeTra kavkasionma“
(leon. 2008:54), gautoladdi (griS. 1989:232), gamudmivdeba (agar. 1985:
19), esakadrisa (gel. 1978:148), aSarSandelebs (jav. 1986:17) da sxv.
iSviaTad gvxvdeba ricxviTi saxelisagan nawarmoebi zmnebic: „da is
cremli Senis RimiT cisartyelad avaSvide“ (griS. 1989:148), gaormocdaordebi (jav. 1986:124).
zmnizedaa amosavali: `TiTqo sadRaca gaqra saunje da SeRamebam iTandaTana~ (tab. 2011:199), avmartovdi (griS. 1989:157) da sxv.
zmnuri sityvawarmoeba ganvixiloT gvarebis mixedviT.
moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnuri neologizmebi
TvalSi sacemia nawarmoeb zmnebSi moqmedebiTi gvaris formaTa simravle samive seriaSi. gamovyofT ramdenime yalibs:
(pr)+a – eb:
I seriis moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaTagan iSviaTad gamoiyeneba awmyos
mwkrivi, Warbobs myofadis formebi:
aazambaxebs: „maisi aliT aazambaxebs“ (tab. 2011:58).
aacecxlebs: „aacecxlebs TaTris Tvalebs“ (saj. 1978:242).
gagabutebs: „gTxov, nu gawyens-gagabutebs“ (griS. 1989:21)4.
bolo magaliTSi orpiriani aqtiuri zmna gagabutebs (is Sen) Caenacvla gavrcelebul pasiur formebs: gaibuteba, gaebuteba.
Semdeg leqsSi moSveliebulia grafikuli xerxic _ defisi saxelisa
da gvaris gamosayofad, amasTan, okazionaluri zmna mxatvrul efeqts am4
90
ioseb griSaSvilis TxzulebaTa leqsika da sityvawarmoeba Seswavlilia statiis
erT-erTi avtoris sadisertacio naSromSi, romelic ar gamoqveynebula (ix. r. SamelaSvili 1980).
Zafrebs bgerweriT da TiTqos gamoCenili msaxiobis Taviseburi siarulis
manerazec mianiSnebs: Caga-Carli-Caplinebs:
„metros eskalatoris
pawawina tramplinebs
Cahye, Caga-Ciq-Ciqebs,
Caga-Carli-Caplinebs“ (jav. 1986:106).
pr+i – av(s):
daisisxlaven: „sqel bageebs rom daisisxlaven“ (asaT. 1979:168). es
forma Temis niSnis CanacvlebiTaa miRebuli (Sdr. daisisxlianebs: -av Temis niSani -eb-is nacvlad).
(pr)+a – (e):
meore seriis zmnebTan yvelaze gavrcelebulia mazmnavebeli elementi
a- da moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaTa umravlesoba wyvetilis formiT gvxvdeba:
aaTilismes: „siCumis xmebma aaTilismes“ (griS. 1989:192).
agariTme: „o, ra tyvilad gigalobdi! o, ra tyvilad agariTme“ (griS.
1989:142).
vanaRverdale: „sadac tkivili vanaRverdale“ (Sal. 1985:3).
ricxviTi saxelisagan nawarmoebi zmniT „avaSvide“ poeti gamoxatavs
cremlis cimcims Svidferovani cisartyelas msgavsad: „da is cremli Senis
RimiT cisartyelad avaSvide...“ (griS. 1989:148).
zog zmnaSi Canacvlebulia zmniswini:
avaferade: „rom mxolod SenTvis avaferade
Cemi simRera da muxambazi!“ (asaT. 1979:109).
Sdr. gavaferade da avaferade. a- zmniswini zmnas matebs eqspresias da
xazs usvams poetis simReris mravalferovnebas. aaferadeb-s Setanilia
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTs leqsikonSi (qegl, I:28), magram l. asaTianis Cven
mier moxmobil leqsSi yuradRebas ipyrobs misi gamoyeneba pirveli piris
formiT.5
gadmoiRera: „orTav dam yeli gadmoiRera“ (saj. 1978:209). gamoTqmas
„yeli moiRera“ axleburi elferi mianiWa gadmo- zmniswinma da Seqmna
plastikuri xati: debi gadmoixarnen (aqeT) da yeli moiReres.
sasxviso qcevis formiT gvxvdeba zmnuri neologizmi daufarCos (gza
farCad uqcios, farCa daufinos fiandazad): „manam Sens Tanadars gzebi
daufarCos“ (tab. 2011:215).
imave formas vxvdebiT g. leoniZesTanac:
„da rac iRviZebs _ mas gaumarjos!
mas gazafxulma gza daufarCos!“ (leon.2).
5
qegl-Si am sityvis sailustraciod damowmebulia magaliTebi s. mgalobliSvilis, a. wereTlis, S. aragvispirelisa da e. ninoSvilis nawarmoebebidan.
91
II kavSirebiTSi gamoyenebul zmnaSi „gadaarekos“ siaxle Seaqvs a- prefiqsis damatebas, rac sampirianad aqcevs mas (Sdr. gadarekos man is, gadaarekos man mas is):
„rom simRera mTa da velad
grgvinviT gadaarekos“ (tab. 1977:91).
aseTive warmoebaa zmnaSi gadaagumbaTon: „wre Sekran da okeane gadaagumbaTono“ (jav. 1986:78).
gardaqceviTobis niuanss Seicavs okazionalizmi „damisagna“ (man me is)
da miRebulia arsebiT saxelze da-zmniswinis darTviT:
„vadideb _
es gza vinc damisagna...“ (maW. 1991:555). e.i. vinc es gza sagnad miqcia
(damigo).
zog formaSi ucxo derivaciul-semantikuri elferi miRweulia imave
mniSvnelobis sxva mawarmoeblis CanacvlebiT. magaliTad, zmnaSi „moamSveniana“ gamoyenebulia yola-qonebis sufiqsi -ian (nacvlad -ier-isa):
„mTvaris Suqma baRi moamSveniana“ (Sal. 1985:83).
-ian sufiqsian warmoebas vxvdebiT g. leoniZiseul zmnaSi moirTvliana: „msofliom Sengan moirTvliana!“ (leon. 3). saTaviso qcevis zmna nawarmoebia sityvisgan rTveli → rTvel-ian-i.
zmnuri neologizmiT „CaabalRama“ i. griSaSvilma gamoxata mware realoba: ocnebisa da sinamdvilis mkveTri dapirispireba: „ocneba sinamdvilem
CaabalRama“ (griS. 1989:74) (=balRamad, dardad da Sxamad aqcia). Ca-zmniswiniT frazas Seemata simZafre, moqniloba da tragikuli JReradoba.
moqmedebiTi gvaris axalwarmoqmil zmnebSi poetebi iSviaTad iyeneben
III seriis formebs:
aukunTia: „Sexedav, uxmod samives mklavebi aukunTia“ (leon.4). aq axleburi elferi miRweulia zmniswiniT: Sdr. daukunTia _ aukunTia.
damepatimra: „damepatimrebinas“ uTemisniSno formaa II TurmeobiTSi:
„mindoda cremli damepatimra“ (griS. 1989:194). TiTqos am zmniT ufro
gamWvirvalea saTqmeli, rom cremli poets patimrad eqca.
vnebiTi gvaris zmnuri neologizmebi
vnebiTi gvaris zmnebSi, cxadia, Warbobs d-sufiqsiani formebi, radgan es
warmoeba yvelaze produqtiulia nasaxelari zmnebisTvis da dadasturebulia
awmyos, xolmeobiTis, myofadis, wyvetilis, I TurmeobiTis mwkrivebSi.
(pr) – d+eb(a) yalibis zmna xSirad gamoxatavs gardaqceviTobas da nawarmoebia sakuTari an sazogado arsebiTi saxelisagan:
agiwaRverda: „albaT exla Tvali agiwaRverda“ (griS. 1989:216).
aTinaTinda: „aTinaTinda varskvlavT WavleTi“ (asaT. 1979:67).
vercxldeba: „tye ganaTdeba qedze – iremze,
vercxldeba are“ (tab. 2011:67).
92
TavTavdeba: „imedebiT TavTavdeba“ (Sal. 1985:16).
gaqarbuqda: „gaqarbuqda,
aiwyvita aRviri da artaxi“ (jav. 1986:327).
SemoSikrikda: „daukiTxavad Semoalaja
da SeumCnevlad SemoSikrikda“ (jav. 1986:365).
amTvarebulan: „amTvarebulan vnebianad asulT borcvebi“ (agar. 1985: 16).
zogjer poeti sawarmoebel fuZed irCevs saxelis brunvian formas da
qmnis axal sityvas. magaliTad, zmna „gautoladdi“: „gulo! mebrZolebs
gautoladdi“ (griS. 1989:232): Sdr. „gautoldi“ (toli → tolad-i →
gautoladdi).
zedsarTavi saxelisganaa nawarmoebi gamudmivdeba: „gamudmivdeba simRerebi samgloviaro“ (agar. 1985:19).
iSviaTad zmnis amosavali fuZe mimReobac aris:
avmRelvardi: „...sCans kidev avmRelvardi!“ (griS. 1989:185): Sdr. „avReldi“.
zmniswinia Secvlili zmnaSi „avmartovdi“ (Sdr. „ganvmartovdi“):
„Zlivs avmartovdi!
Zlivs meRirsa am mTebis xilva!“ (griS. 1989:157).
poetiseuli zmnuri neologizmi xazs usvams simartovis idumalebas.
am fuZis orpiriani aqtiuri forma dadasturebulia qegl-Si: „Savi fiqrebi... acarielebdnen da amartovebdnen esmas guls“ (wereT.) (qegl I:293),
magram mas markirebulad ver miviCnevT.
zmna „asaRamurda“ miRebulia saxelisagan „sa-Ram-ur-i“ a- zmniswinis
darTviT, -ur sufiqsi aq daRamebis gamorCeulobasa da dabinduli Tvalebis sinazes usvams xazs:
„asaRamurda... da Sens TvalebSi,
da Sens TvalebSic asaRamurda“ (griS. 1989:114). qegl-Si Setanilia
asaRamovdeba forma: „nu dagimonebs mgloviareba, Tu ulodnelad asaRamovdes“ (tab.) (qegl, I:598).
aRsaniSnavia zmna „dagnandebi“: „mwams sxvaze metad Sen dagnandebi“
(griS. 1989:203). poetma prefiqsiani warmoeba dagenanebi Caanacvla sufiqsianiT da amgvarad miiRo neologizmi.
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, i- da e-prefiqsiani, aseve uniSno vnebiTi
gvaris zmnebi ufro iSviaTad gvxvdeba poetebis enaSi:
pr+i – eb: a- zmniswinis CanacvlebiT miRebulia i-prefiqsiani vnebiTis
forma „aiwva“ (Sdr. „daiwva“, „gadaiwva“), es zmniswini taepSi cisken swrafvas miuTiTebs: „mzis eSxze aiwva, mzis eSxze amdnara“ (griS. 1989:109).
„dasisxlula“ (niSnavs: sisxlad qceula-s): „aha, ucqire, ca dasisxlula“ (gel. 1978:155). „dasisxlianebula“-s nacvlad poetma gamoiyena `dasisxlula~ (I TurmeobiTi).
93
Ø +e – eb(a):
gamovyofT ramdenime neologizms e-prefiqsiani vnebiTis formiTac.
magaliTad, g. tabiZe ramdenjerme iyenebs nasaxelar zmnas ealubleba, magram yovelTvis gansxvavebul elfers aniWebs:
„visac imedis Suqi ealubleba“ (tab. 1) _ alubaliviT esaxeba;
„mas momavali ealubleba“ (tab. 1977:207) _ alublisfrad eCveneba;
„dros ise RimiliT ar ealubleba Tavisufleba“ (tab. 2011:168) _ alubaliviT uRimis.
rac Seexeba zmnas emgosneba, niSnavs, rom vinmes mgosaniviT eubneba
leqsebs: „dRes pirvelad vemgosnebi“ (Sal. 1985:43).
uvardianebs an uvardiandeba markirebuli zmnuri formebia, magram imave
fuZis e-prefiqsiani zmna kidev ufro eqspresiuli Cans: „piri moevardiana“
(leon. 3) – vardisferi/vardis msgavsi gauxda. es zmna erT qarTul saweso
leqsSic dasturdeba:
`guSin biWma dediserTam
zecis kari gadiara _
tansa ecva TeTri Coxa,
qudi moevardiana~ niSnavs, rom qudi vardebiT mourTavs, rac metaforulad migvaniSnebs gazafxulis dadgomaze (ix. sixaruliZe 2006).
zmnisTvis „meRimileba“ („iqidan meRimileba“, leon.5) amosavalia masdari „Rimili“. avtorma am sityvisgan xelaxla awarmoa orpiriani zmna:
meRimileba (is me), Sdr.: miRimis (is me).
e-prefiqsiani zmnuri neologizmi SeiZleba miRebuli iyos SeukumSavi
fuZisgan. mag., „momesalama“: „muxidan momesalama“ (kal. 1985:19), Sdr.
„momesalma“. cxadia, msgavs SemTxvevebSi gadamwyvetia leqsis ritmisa da
marcvalTa raodenobis dacvis aucilebloba.
e.w. miCnevis vnebiTebi xazs usvams dasaxelebuli sagnis an movlenis
subieqtur aRqmas:
ejadosneba: „yurs ra rig ejadosneba“ (leon.3)
gebadageba: „Zmaric ki roca gebadageba“ (maW. 1991:53).
mebulbuleba: „frinvelebSi SaSvi miyvars,
SaSvi mebulbuleba“ (niS.).
uniSno vnebiTis formaa amdnara: „mzis eSxze aiwva, mzis eSxze amdnara“
(griS. 1989:109), siaxle miRweulia zmniswinis SecvliT: Sdr. „ga-mdnara“,
„da-mdnara“, Sdr. a-mdnara.
saSuali gvaris zmnuri neologizmebi
Ø – (a)ob(s):
medioaqtivebSi Warbobs -ob Temis niSniani warmoeba da iqmneba SekumSuli Sedareba:
„niavobda“: „niavobda vardi...“ (griS. 1989). poeti saubrobs vardze
da surs gamoxatos, rogor irweoda is niavis mobervaze.
94
yanaobs: „da Sublis winamo niavze yanaobs!“ (griS. 1989:171).
mercxlaobdnen: „mercxlaobdnen da maT tuCze alublebis baRi sCanda“ (griS. 1989:185).
„Soltaobda“ griSaSviliseuli formaa, romelic dadasturebulia
qegl-Sic: SoltiviT irxeoda (qegl., VII:1426):
„oqros cocxad iSleboda briliantis Sadrevani
da mis qveSe cisartyelad Soltaobda Seni tani“ (griS. 1989:138).
ferwiTlobs, ferWrelobs: „zeca ferwiTlobs...
miwa ferWrelobs“ (maW. 1991:385).
wyvetilSi am tipis medioaqtivi gamoxatavs gardaqceviTobis procesis
dasrulebas:
icisartyela: „cam gausxiva arwivebs,
icisartyela uceb“ (kal. 1985:55), e.i. cisartyelad iqca (caze cisartyela gamoisaxa).
zustad es forma gvxvdeba Tanamedrove poetebis enaSic:
„Camoiares dasjilma da moklulma
nislis RmerTebma, niadagi ar moewonaT.
icisartyeles:
Sen dagrCi sadme uReltexilze“ (nata varada: ix. qeek).
am magaliTSi sityvis mniSvnelobaa cisartyelad iqcnen.
meore SemTxvevaSi ki zmnas metaforuli datvirTva aqvs: cisartyelasaviT didebuli, saxelovani gaxda:
„vinc isaxela, icisartyela,
Sens terfebzea mtvrad SenafSveni“ (z. kandidaSvili).
zogierTi zmnis neologizmad miCnevis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos pirianobis zrda an kleba. magaliTad, erTpirian zmnaze „kelaptarobs“ iribobieqturi piris niSnis damatebiT miiReba eqspresiuli orpiriani forma:
„mikelaptaron“ (=kelaptrad amenTon): „momigonon da mikelaptaron“ (saj.
1978:212).
lakoniuri da moqnilia m. maWavarianiseuli „ixelaxlebs“ (miRebuli
zmnizedisagan xelaxla) da aRniSnavs xelaxla dadgomas:
„erTxel rom idga, –
ixelaxlebs imgvari dro da...“ (maW. 1991:301).
pr – i(s):
damsxivis: „grZnoba frTasa Slis, sevda damsxivis!“ (griS. 1989:73). es
forma nawarmoebia damnaTis zmnis analogiiT da niSnavs: „sevda sxiviviT
damnaTis“, riTac xazi esmeba sevdis siZlieres.
axleburi elferi SeiZleba mieniWos zmnas fuZiseuli xmovnis cvliTac. magaliTad, „Jinavs“, nacvlad formisa „Jonavs“ (=wveTavs):
„Semodgomis wvima
mwuxarebiT Jinavs“ (agar. 1985:12).
95
Temis niSnis cvliTa (-av nacvlad -i-sa) da fuZeSi a- xmovnis CamatebiT aris warmoqmnili „scaravs“ forma (Sdr. cris). SesaZlebelia, poetma
es ritmis SesanarCuneblad gamoiyena:
„wvims. scaravs. civa.
kvnesis guli, mtkiva“ (agar. 1985:12)6.
zmna `caravs~ sxva mniSvnelobiTaa dadasturebuli qegl-Si: ukuRma
trialiT Slis, arRvevs (daZaxul, dagrexil Zafs, Toks). sailustracio
masalad moxmobilia nawyvetebi akaki wereTlis teqstebidan: `erTi rom
arTavs, meore caravs~. figuraluri mniSvnelobiT: saukune... `ukuRmas
waRma abrunebs da waRmas ukuRma caravs~. es sityva gvxvdeba akaki wereTlis gamouqveynebel leqsSi `xma~:
`bolos ver abams xelsaqnars,
raRaca uSlis siwmindes,
ukuRma scaravs TiTistars~ (ix. qeek)
g. agarelis zemoT dasaxelebul taepSi forma okazionaluria da niSnavs, rom wvima cris.
yuradRebas ipyrobs m. maWavarianiseuli zmnuri neologizmebi, rogorc orsityviani frazebis Camnacvlebeli:
„moipariza, moiroma, moistambola,
momoskoveba ar adrova yinvam Zlierma“ (maW.1).
moipariza igivea, rac moiara parizi, moiroma _ moiara romi, moistambola _ moiara stamboli, momoskoveba _ moskovis movla. amiT poetma fraza
ufro lakoniuri da dinamikuri gaxada, radgan erTi zmniT gadmosca orsityviani frazis azri.
„makalmaxa“ natvriTobis Semcveli erTpiriani medioaqtiuri zmnaa,
romelic Seqmnilia imave yalibiT, rogoriTac maTevzava (Tevzaobs zmnis
analogiiT miRebulia kalmaxobs forma, aq ki gamoyenebulia wyvetilSi
natvriTobis SinaarsiT):
„aq rom erTi makalmaxa“ (maW. 1991). anu: neta aq kalmaxi damaWerina.
unda SevexoT ironiuli elferis kalamburul neologizmebs, romlebic Seqmnilia sxva sityvasTan asociaciuri kavSiris safuZvelze. aseTi
formebi gansakuTrebiT xSirad dasturdeba v. javaxaZis enaSi.
magaliTad, poetma franguli sityvisgan `pardon~ (ukacravad, bodiSi)
awarmoa sinonimuri zmna, romelic formis gamo asociaciurad ukavSirdeba
sityvebs: miepirfera, mielaquca:
„Sveicars moubodiSa
da barmens miepardona“ (jav. 1986:255).
6
96
Jinavs da scaravs formebi araa dadasturebuli dialeqtur teqstebSi (ix.
qdk). Sdr. JinJlavs, wvima cris.
sityva `Caafulfula~ dascinis gamocdis fuliTa da nacnobobiT
Cabarebas, formiTa da JReradobiT mogvagonebs sityvas: „Caabulbula“,
romelic niSnavs gamocdaze an gakveTilze sxapasxupiT ramis moyolas,
magram axlavs uaryofiTi elferi: ase mxolod dazuTxulsa da dazepirebuls hyvebian, amitomac amZafrebs saTqmelis ironiulobas:
„mamiko hyavda bobola,
gamocdac
Caafulfula“ (jav. 1986:290).
zmniswini gamo- „gamoakademikosda“ zmnas asociaciurad ukavSirebs negatiuri semantikis vulgarul sityvebs: gamoCerCetda, gamotvinda, gamosulelda, gamolenCda... da xazs usvams poetis ironiul damokidebulebas fsevdomecnierebisadmi:
„dro ikiTxa,
Cumad raRac
Cailaparaka,
gamoakademikosda“ (jav. 1986:139).
dasasrul unda aRvniSnoT, rom, marTalia, poeturi neologizmebi
xSirad erTjeradi gamoyenebisaa, magram maTi nawili mainc amdidrebs enis
leqsikur da eqspresiul SesaZleblobebs. amitom okazionalizmTa warmoeba enis gamdidrebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa. okazionaluri
leqsikuri erTeuli iqmneba konkretul konteqstSi garkveuli mxatvruli
efeqtis misaRwevad da mas e.w. erTjerad sityvasac uwodeben, Tumca
zogjer saliteraturo enaSic imkvidrebs adgils. aRniSnuli xerxi farTod aris gavrcelebuli mxatvrul literaturaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki –
poetur diskursSi.
am mxriv uaRresad sainteresoa XX saukunis qarTveli poetebis ena.
zmnuri neologizmebi SeviswavleT galaktion tabiZis, ioseb griSaSvilis,
giorgi leoniZis, lado asaTianis, muxran maWavarianis, vaxtang javaxaZisa
da sxvaTa poeziaSi. ganxiluli masala saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovyoT
amgvar neologizmTa warmoebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saSualebebi.
aqtiur zmnaTa sawarmoeblad produqtiulia yalibi: (pr+)a _ eb(s);
pasiur zmnebTan – (pr+) – d+eb(a), gvxvdeba aseve: i – eb(a) da e – eb(a)
warmoebac;
saSuali gvaris zmnebTan: Ø – ob(s).
zmnur neologizmTa warmosaqmnelad qarTveli poetebis enaSi gamovyaviT ramdenime gavrcelebuli xerxi:
1. paronomaziuli sintagmebi nasaxelar zmnasTan: „xalxi gaxalxda“,
„RmerTsac gaaRmerTeb“, „taSebiT metaStaSebi“;
2.
uzualurisagan gansxvavebuli zmniswinebis gamoyeneba zmnur fuZesTan:
„amdnara“, „avmartovdi“;
97
3.
4.
5.
6.
Temis niSnis Secvla zmnasTan: „scaravs“;
sinonimuri semantikis sxva mawarmoeblis gamoyeneba: `moamSveniana~;
fuZiseuli xmovnis Secvla: „Jinavs“;
amosavali fuZis SekumSva an gavrcoba ritmis SesanarCuneblad: „mome-
salama~;
7.
arsebuli formis analogiiT asociaciurad ironiuli elferis
gaZliereba: „Caafulfula“.
moZiebuli formebiT kidev erTxel dasturdeba, rom qarTul enas
aqvs unari TiTqmis yvela metyvelebis nawilisagan awarmoos zmna, gansakuTrebiT xSirad ki – arsebiTi da zedsarTavi saxelebisagan, amasTan,
romelime kategoriis an mawarmoeblis cvla aniWebs zmnas axlebur semantikur niuanss.
zmnuri poeturi neologizmebi me-20 saukunis qarTuli poeziis enaSi
umetes SemTxvevaSi aZlierebs enis eqspresiulobasa da moqnilobas, aseve
matebs leqss musikalobas.
literatura
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Tbilisi, 5-12.
kiknaZe 1946 : l. kiknaZe, Zireuli da nasaxelari zmnebi qarTulSi, Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, t. 28, Tbilisi, 163-178.
kobiaSvili 1998 : l. kobiaSvili, nasaxelari zmnebi saSual qarTulSi (XVIXVIII ss. literaturuli Zeglebis mixedviT), Tbilisis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri universitetis Sromebi, #4, Tbilisi, 103-126.
lolaZe 1998 : n. lolaZe, nasaxelar zmnaTa modelebi Tanamedrove qarTulSi,
saenaTmecniero Ziebani, t. VII, Tbilisi, 80-83.
muzaSvili 1984 : n. muzaSvili, zmniswinTa funqciebi nasaxelar zmnebSi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, t. 10, Tbilisi, 123-129.
muzaSvili 1993 : n. muzaSvili, nasaxelari zmnebi qarTul enaSi, sakand. disertacia (xelnaweri), Tbilisi.
omiaZe 1995 : s. omiaZe, sityvaTa semantikuri jgufebi da `SeuZlebeli Sexamebani~ Tanamedrove poeziis enaSi, sakand. disertacia (xelnaweri), Tbilisi.
omiaZe 1998 : s. omiaZe, polisemiis, omonimiisa da paronimiis funqciebi mxatvrul teqstSi (tariel Wanturias poeziis mixedviT), qarTuli sityvis
kulturis sakiTxebi, XI, Tbilisi, 207-228.
JRenti 1986 : D. Shghenti, Denominale Verben im modernen Georgisch, Sprachbau
und Sprachwandel (wissenschaftliche Bearbeitung, Heinz Fähnrich), FriedrichSchiller-Universität Jena, 110-125.
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usl 1989 : ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni (Semdg. m. WabaSvili), me-3 Sesworebuli
da Sevsebuli gamocema, `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi.
feiqriSvili 2009: J. feiqriSvili, enaTmecnieruli Ziebani, Tbilisi, 287-302.
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qe 2008 : qarTuli ena. enciklopedia (Semdgeneli i. qobalava, redaqtori g.
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wyaroebi
agar. 1985 : g. agareli, uxilavi zarebi (leqsebi), gamomc. „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi.
asaT. 1978 : l. asaTiani, m. gelovani, a. sajaia, leqsebi, baladebi, poemebi,
zRaprebi, `nakaduli~, Tbilisi.
gel. 1978 : l. asaTiani, m. gelovani, a. sajaia, leqsebi, baladebi, poemebi,
zRaprebi, `nakaduli~, Tbilisi.
griS. 1989 : i. griSaSvili, Cemi aRmarTi (leqsebi), „merani“, Tbilisi.
kal. 1985 : a. kalandaZe, leqsebi, „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi.
99
leon. 2008 : g. leoniZe, 100 leqsi, „inteleqti“, Tbilisi.
maW. 1991 : m. maWavariani, Txzulebani sam tomad, t. I (leqsebi, poemebi), „merani“, Tbilisi.
rusT. 1957 : SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani (saredaqcio kolegia: al. baramiZe, k. kekeliZe, a. SaniZe), saxelgami, Tbilisi.
saj. 1978 : l. asaTiani, m. gelovani, a. sajaia, leqsebi, baladebi, poemebi,
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internetresursebi
leon.1 : g. leoniZe, http://litklubi.ge/biblioteka/view-nawarmoebi.php?id=14858
leon.2 : g. leoniZe, http://litklubi.ge/biblioteka/view-nawarmoebi.php?id=13044
leon.3 : g. leoniZe, http://www.geocities.ws/komblege/poem.htm
leon.4 : g. leoniZe, http://litklubi.ge/biblioteka/view-nawarmoebi.php?id=13084
leon.5 : g. leoniZe, http://www.bu.org.ge/x2889?lang=geo
niS. : S. niSnianiZe, https://litklubi.wordpress.com/category
tab.1 : g. tabiZe, http://galaktion.ge/?page=Translations&year=1931&p=1&id=3170
qeek : qarTuli enis erovnuli korpusi, http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/concordance
qdk : qarTuli dialeqturi korpusi, http://www.mygeorgia.ge/gdc/Default.aspx
Rusudan Zekalashvili, Elene Kiknadze
Verbal Neologisms in the Georgian Poetic Discourse
Summary
Creative process along with some other means involves word derivation. The
masters of poetic art often produce neologisms or so-called occasionalisms. The
derivation of occasionalisms is one of the main sources for enriching the language. It is
also a way to increase expressiveness of poetry and fine literature. A lexical unit is
occasional if it is created to reach a certain artistic effect in a particular context. Such
units are also named as “one-time words” (for one occasion only), but they often take
root in the literary language. This method is widely spread in fiction.
Despite the fact that some linguists do not consider occasionalisms independent
lexical units, we suppose that they are lexical components of the language. Those words
differ from usual ones but their derivation reveals the derivational-expressive potential
of the language and confirms its viability. Such derivation is a usual phenomenon we
come across not only in literature but in mass media and colloquial speech.
The rich word-derivational potential of the Georgian Language creates a fertile
ground for the derivation of the authors’ neologisms and enables outstanding writers to
create lots of derivatives: nouns, adjectives, composites or verbals.
100
The long-time tradition of derivation of the verb occasionalisms developed in the
Georgian literary language. Many forms of verbals are acknowledged in the Georgian
religious and secular literature, in folklore and scientific literature, as well as in
colloquial speech. The Georgian poets of the last century revived the techniques of
derivation of neologisms used by Old and Middle Georgian authors and created new
lexical units enriching the language.
The lexis of the 20th-century Georgian poets is especially rich in the authors’
neologisms. They used the neologisms which helped them to emphasize and enrich the
melodiousness and expressiveness of their poetry. However, creating new words was
not their goal in itself. They were well aware that if it were so, poetry would turn into a
formal experimental laboratory.
From this viewpoint, the article deals with the language of XX century Georgian
poetry, namely, the poetry of Galaktion Tabidze, Ioseb Grishashvili, Giorgi Leonidze,
Terenti Graneli, Alexandre Sajaia, Lado Asatiani, Mukhran Machavariani, Shota
Nishnianidze, Ana Kalandadze, Vakhtang Javakhadze, Tariel Chanturia and others. As
a result, basic derivational models of neologisms were marked out.
The obtained material confirms once again that the Georgian Language is capable
of transforming any part of speech into a verb, most frequently – nouns and adjectives.
For the derivation of active verbs the following model is the most productive:
(pr)+a – eb;
With passive verbs: (pr)+ – d+eb (there also exist models: i – eb, e – eb);
With the medium verbs we have: Ø – ob.
Georgian poets use the following means to derive verb occasionalisms in their
poetry by:
1. Creating a paronomasic model with a verbal: “xalxi gaxalxda” (“people turned into
people”), “t.ašebit met.ašt.ašebi” (“with clapping hands you play hand-clapping with
me”); “γmertsac gaaγmerteb” (“will worship the God”);
2. Using preverbs with the verb stems differently: “amdnara” (“has melted (up)”,
“avmart.ovdi” (“began isolating myself (up)” ;
3. Replacing the theme marker with a verb: “scaravs” (“drizzles”);
4. Using the word of the same semantics but another derivational stem:
“moamšveniana” (“made it look beautiful”);
5. Altering the stem-sound: “žinavs” (“percolates/a very fine rain drops”);
6. Contracting or extending the original stem in order to maintain the rhythm:
“momesalama” (“greeted me”);
7. Making a neologism through analogy with the existing form, providing ironic color:
“čaapulpula” (puli – money < čaapulpula –“gave much money for exams”).
Verb occasionalisms usually strengthen the expressiveness and flexibility of the
Georgian poetic discourse, provide additional melodiousness and reveal new semanticostylistic nuances.
101
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
marine ivaniSvili
xeebis saxelebi qarTvelurSi:
nekerCxal-, urTxel-, Zmerxl-, wyavmcenareTa saxelebi, maTi mniSvnelobebi da am saxelebTan dakavSirebuli realuri botanikuri saxeobebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc erTmaneTze damokidebul sistemaTa simravle. am sistemaTa buneba da erTmaneTze damokidebuleba aixsneba sami midgomis gaerTianebis safuZvelze.
pirveli midgoma aris lingvisturi, upirveles yovlisa, fonologiuri
da morfologiuri, romlis safuZvelze gveZleva ZiriTadi informacia protofuZeebis (Zirebis) fonologiuri da morfologiuri Sedgenilobis Sesaxeb. protofonologiasa da morfologias efuZneba protosemantikuri interpretaciebi. am SemTxvevaSi sintaqsi nakleb mniSvnelovania prototeqstebis ararsebobis gamo, garda im mcire gamonaklisebisa _ protosintagmebisa, romlebic xeTa saxelebs Seicaven. fonologiuri da morfologiuri
parametrebi Seadgenen lingvistur sistemas.
meore, protoformaTa mniSvneloba unda aixsnas, erTi mxriv, sityvisa
da sityvaTa ojaxebis tradiciuli mecnieruli etimologiebisa da, meore
mxriv, Tanamedrove lingvisturi eTnografiisa da struqturuli semantikis monacemebis kombinaciis safuZvelze. es ukanaskneli emyareba morfemaTa
da sityvaTa simravleebsa da am simravleTa gansazRvrul semantikur niSanTa Soris arsebul kontrastul da variantul mimarTebebs. aRniSnuli filologiuri da eTnografiuli parametrebi Seadgenen semantikur sistemas.
mesame, rekonstruirebuli leqsikoni SeiZleba miemarTebodes monacemebsa da sistemebs, romlebic arc lingvisturia da arc semantikuri. amgvari monacemebi SeiZleba icvlebodes arqeologiuri aRmoCenebidan (mag.,
muxis Zelis Sedgeniloba), paleobotanikuri mtvris diagramebamde. aralingvistur da arasemantikur mTlian informaciul vels eqsternalur
sistemas uwodeben.
aseTi kompleqsuri midgoma momdinareobs iqidan, rom lingvistika
swavlobs bgerebisa da mniSvnelobebis sistemebs bunebriv enaSi da realobis am or dones Soris kavSirs; ivaraudeba, rom lingvisturi (aq
leqsikuri) mniSvneloba dakavSirebulia adamianis yofasa da kulturasTan. kompleqsuri midgoma efuZneba ara mxolod erT xazs enobrivi ierarqiisa, aramed eZiebs yvela Rirebul sabuTs imisaTvis, rom mogvces sruli
informacia winare enis matarebelTa yofisa da kulturis Sesaxeb
(Friedrich 1970).
102
mcenareTa saxelebi paradoqsul suraTs qmnian. erTi mxriv, isini arian bazisuri semantikuri primitivebi (sawyisi erTeulebi), meore mxriv,
maTi referentebis bunebidan gamomdinare, icvlebian ekologiuri viTarebisa da ama Tu im enaze metyvelTa erTobis axal regionebSi migraciasTan
erTad.
amitom mcenareTa saxelebis Seswavla, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos ar unda
iZleodes imgvari universaluri, gafarToebadi modelebis agebis SesaZleblobas, rogoric naTesaobis terminebis, an ferTa aRmniSvneli saxelebis SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs (Berlin, Kay 1969; soselia 1979, 1999) da Tavdapirvelad SeiZleba mxolod enis istoriis, an ama Tu im enis matarebelTa
pirvelsacxovrisis damaxasiaTebeli mcenareuli samyaros dadgenisa da
identificirebis saSualebad migveCnia. magram swored am rigis sakiTxebis
kvlevisas warmoCindeba is uaRresad saintereso problematika, romelic
adamianis azrovnebis umniSvnelovanes sferos _ gare samyaros kategorizaciis meqanizms ukavSirdeba. enis kognitiuri funqcia, romlis Sesaxeb
jer kidev g. axvlediani werda (axvlediani 1949), yvelaze naTlad swored am mimarTulebiT iCens Tavs.
am Teoriuli wanamZRvrebis safuZvelze viZleviT nekerCxal-, urTxeli-, Zmerxl-, wyav- – fuZeebis analizs qarTvelur enebSi.
1. `nekerCxali~
nekerCxali foTlovani xea; aqvs sam-xuTnakvTiani foTlebi da orfrTiani nayofi. izrdeba tyeebSi. merqans farTo gamoyeneba aqvs saxarato
saqmeSi (qegl).
a. mayaSvilis `botanikur leqsikonSi~: nekerCxali (Acer) sb. nekerCxali; gur. lekerCxali; svan. fixvra, bikinCxal; (Acer campestre L.) qarTl.
da kax. nekerCxali, nakerCxali; mTiul. nakenCxali; fS. kemerCxali; xevs.
kimerCxali, xemagara; fS., xevs. kenerCxali; zm.-im. mekerCxali; gur.
lekonCxali; ingil. nekLrCxal; aW. lekmakenCxa; megr. lakinCxa, mexikali;
svan. bikenCxal.
qarT. nekerCx-al-i; megr. lakinCx- lakinCx-a `nekerCxali~ fuZeebis
Sepirispirebis safuZvelze *ne-kerCxa- arqetipi qarTul-zanuri erTianobis xanisaTvis aRadgina g. klimovma (Klimov 1998:140).
qarTul nekerCx- formas Seesatyviseba megruli lakinCx- (<*nakinCx_<
<*nakirCx-; rC>nC gadasvla poziciuria, ix. JRenti 1953:123-124; n-n>l-n disimilaciiT, rac axasiaTebs dasavlur qarTvelur areals. C-s Semdeg q ar
ganviTarda x-s disimilaciuri zegavleniT; am movlenis Sesaxeb miuTiTa g.
maWavarianma, ix. gamyreliZe 1959:21; qarT. e: megr. i: laz. i poziciuri
SesatyvisobisaTvis ix. meliqiSvili 1975:122-128).
103
savaraudebelia, nekerCx- rTuli Sedgenilobis fuZe iyos (fenrixi,
sarjvelaZe 2000).
zemoT moxmobil masalaSi svanuri ekvivalentis Sesaxeb araferia
naTqvami. ars. onianis leqsikonSi aRniSnuli fuZe Semdegnairad aris
ganmartebuli: bekenCxal- megem li i balas i ToT kels lGje xKg,
_ nekerCxali xe aris da norC ReroSi rZe udgas. bikenCxal _ xoCa
ё
megem li. amSa fau lax jeRODni, maTxef loq deS xeTxfeni _ nekerCxali kargi xe aris, misi joxi Tu giWiravs (gaqvs), moCveneba (avi suli)
ar gavnebs (oniani 1917).
v. Tofuriasa da m. qaldanis `svanur leqsikonSi~ bikenCxAl-isa da
misi variantebis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: bikenCxAl (-iS, -xalAr) bz., bikenCxal, bikunCxal, bikGnCxal (-iS, -ar) laSx., bikinCxAl (-iS, -xalAl
lnt.) _ nekerCxali. bikenCxal xoCa megem li (laSx., xor.5) _ nekerCxali kargi xea, Sdr. nakUercx.
bikinC igivea, rac bik. bikinCxal igivea, rac bikenCxAl. bikGnCxal
igivea, rac bikenCxAl.
bik (-iS, -Ar zs., lnt., -ar lSx.), bikinC lnt. _ kunZi, jirki. bik
jicxaxB? (bz) _ kunZi girCevniaT?... da sxv. gadat. zarmaci, Seugnebeli,
ujiaTi, gaugebari adamiani. imJi bik xi? (bz.) _ ra gaugebari xar?
(Tofuria, qaldani 2000).
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, g. klimovis, h. fenrixisa da z. sarjvelaZis
varaudiT, nekerCx- rTuli Sedgenilobis fuZe unda iyos, am mosazrebas
mxars uWers svanuri fuZec; qarT. ne-kerCx-al: svan. bi-kenCx-Al. aqac, rogorc megrulSi, rC>nC gadasvla poziciuria, xolo C-s Semdeg q ar ganviTarda x-s disimilaciuri zegavleniT (Sdr. *krCx-, *Cx-, *Cxam-, *CxarTuda sxv.).
amgvarad, SesaZleblad migvaCnia qarTul da megrul Sesatyvisebs daematos svanuri fuZeebic da *nekerCx- arqetipi aRdges ukve saerTo-qarTveluri fuZeenis doneze.
2. `urTxeli~
urTxeli maRali, wiwvovani xea; aqvs metad Zvirfasi mowiTalo feris
gamZle merqani, mobrtyo wiwvi da magari Tesli, romelic TiTqmis
mTlianad dafarulia kaSkaSa-wiTeli, motkbo rbilobiT; izrdeba mTis
tyian sartyelSi, umTavresad wiflnarebSi (qegl).
a. mayaSvilis `botanikur leqsikonSi~ urTxelis Sesaxeb Semdegi cnobebia motanili. urTxeli (Taxus, baccata L.), kax., fS., xevs. uTxovari; raW.,
leCx., imer., gur. urTxmela, urTxvela; aW. mada, urTxmela, satilia; qv.raW. wuTuli (nayofi); qarTl. urTxli; sb. saji; megr. urTxeli; svan.
urTxel, SAYra.
104
aRniSnuli fuZe dasturdeba sulxan-sabasTan: urTxli (urTxli
ABCDE) (xe) Zeli ulpolveli ZAB. uTxovari, saji CD.
megrulSi, rogorc Cans, qarTulidan nasesxebi fuZea: urTxel-i/-a:
urTxeliSi oforali, jori gedgLbzakaliSi: qxs, I gv. 339 _ urTxelis
safarveli (aqvs), jori udgas bzisa (qajaia 2002).
rac Seexeba svanur fuZes, ars. onianis leqsikonSi: urTxel leCx.
`urTxela” (
); urTxela bimbilaY, urTxla megems xeSan
wGrni bimbilar, mDOar muWxOi li lezobd. CuluqODlDmi Jag log li _
urTxlis xes asxia wiTeli bibilebi. Zalian tkbilia saWmelad. gaciebis
wamali aris (oniani 1917).
igive fuZe aqvs motanili k. donduasac: urTxel _ urTxeli (
)
(dondua 2001).
qarTul da svanur ZirTa saerTo-qarTveluri struqtura gvavaraudebinebs saerTo-qarTvelur *urTx-el- arqetipidan maT warmomavlobas.
3. `Zmerxli~
qvevrebisa da Wurebis gasarecxad aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi dRemde xmaroben sarcxels, sarcxs (Sdr. megr. orCxaSe, orCxeSi ||
orCxiSi, `recxa~ zmnisgan nawarmoebi termini: orCxu-Si = sarcx-is-i), romelic warmoadgens grZel, magar, swor sars, boloSi wamocmuli da orive mxridan damagrebuli alublis mravalkeci qerqiT (javaxiSvili
1986:659).
samegrelosa da guriaSi sars boloSi Zmerxlis foTlebis kona aqvs
wamocmuli.
`botanikur leqsikonSi~: Zmerxli (Ruscus hypophyllum L.) imer. jmerxli,
raW., leCx. jilmexi; laz. zermexi, zurmexi; megr. zormexi; svan. zGmex.
o. qajaias `qarTul-megrul leqsikonSi~: zormexi _ botan. Zmerxli,
Sdr. laz. zermexi, zurmexi (n. mari, a. mayaSvili).
qarT. Zmerxl- : megr. zormex- : laz. zermex- | | zurmex- : svan. zGmex`Zmerxli~ Sesatyvisobis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia aRvadginoT s.qarTveluri *Zme¢xl- arqetipi Semdegi gardaqmnebis safuZvelze: s.-qarT.
*Zme¢xl- fuZem qarTulSi mogvca Zmerxl-, -l sufiqsuri elementia,
razec megrulis, zanurisa da svanuris Sesabamisi fuZeebi migvaniSnebs.
megrulsa da lazurSi adgili hqonda Semdeg gardaqmnebs: s.-qarT.
*Zme¢xl- : zan. Zrmexl-, romelmac mogvca megr. zormex- da laz. zurmex-;
anu ganxorcielda Semdegi fonetikuri procesebi: Z >z dezafrikatizacia, sonanti ¢-s metaTezisi da ¢ > or (S > VS) gardaqmna.
svanurSi Z>z dezafrikatizaciisa da Ziris Semdgomi gamartivebis
(r>Ø) Sedegad, gvaqvs zGmex- `Zmerxli~ fuZe.
105
4. `wyavi~
mwyavi (xe) _ bals hgavs. ZABCDE _ ase ganmartavs sulxan-saba. `botanikur leqsikonSi~: wyavi (Laurocerasus officinalis Roem). qarTl. Cqeri; qv. raW.,
leCx. Skeri; zm. raW. leSkeri, leSki; sb. mwyavi, laz. mwko, mwkoli, wu;
megr. wyili, wyi, wyivi, wyovi, wyoi; svan. wyav, wyev.
1914); wyiY _ wyavi (Waraia 1997);
megrulSi: wyi, wyii (
wye-i, wyi-i, wyi, wyili, wyovi, wyoi; Sdr. laz. mwko, mwkoli, wu (mayaSvili 1961): TunTis wyiSa vemkalenia: xalx. sibrZne 1994:56 _ daTvi
wyavs gverds ver auvliso (qajaia 2002).
svanurSi: wyeU (-iS, -Ar) zs., wyaU (-ar) laSx., botan. 1. bz. ZaRlyurZena. 2. bq. wyavi. nenCas xag wyeU (bq. 228) _ tyeSi wyavi aris (dgas).
h. fenrixsa da z. sarjvelaZes wyav- fuZe etimologiur leqsikonSi
ara aqvT Setanili. g. klimovi aRadgens *wyav- arqetips saerTo-qarTveluri fuZeenisTvis. misi azriT, zanuri gaxmovaneba migvaniSnebs konsonanturi auslautis Tavdapirvelobaze. qarTuli da svanuri formebi bolokiduri *v-s siZveleze (Sdr. toponimi wyavaS-). Tavkiduri m lazurSi meoreulia. n. mari Tvlida megrul formas qarTulidan Sesulad (
1915), qarTuli da zanuri fuZeebi Seapirispira arn. Ciqobavam (Ciqobava
1938:130;
1964).
zanuri fuZe qarTulidan ar aris Sesuli, is qarTulis kanonzomieri
Sesatyvisia s.-qarTv. * wyaU-i > qarT. wyavi : zan. * wyoU-i > megr. Wyoi,→
wyii, ||wyi `wyavi~, megrulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xmovanTSerwymis Semdegi
wesis Tanaxmad: o _ i → i. xmovanTa amgvari Serwyma xdeba _ VCV _
mimdevrobaSi intervokaluri C Tanxmovanis Cavardnis Sedegad, rodesac
ori xmovani erTmaneTis mezoblobaSi aRmoCndeba (ZiriTadad, v Tanxmovanis
SemTxvevaSi). Aanalogiuri SemTxvevebia: *mk£aU-i > qarT. mklavi : zan.
*mk£oU- i > megr. *kilovi, *kiloi, kili `mklavi~; *s1TaU- i > qarT. Tav-i
: zan. ToU- i > megr. *Toi, Ti `kerZi, Tavi~ da sxv. (gudava, gamyreliZe
1981). ase rom, *wyav- arqetipi udavod saerTo-qarTveluri fuZea.
literatura
axveldiani 1999 : g. axvlediani, zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebi, spu, Tbilisi.
gamyreliZe 1959 : T. gamyreliZe, sibilantTa Sesatyvisobani da qarTvelur
enaTa uZvelesi struqturis zogi sakiTxi, saq. ssr mecn. akad. gamomcemloba,
Tbilisi.
gudava, gamyreliZe 1981 : t. gudava, T. gamyreliZe, TanxmovanTa kompleqsebi
megrulSi, Tsu krebuli `akaki SaniZes~, Tbilisi.
dondua 2001 : k. dondua, svanur-qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, spu, Tbilisi.
106
Tofuria, qaldani 2000 : v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, svanuri leqsikoni, qarTuli ena, Tbilisi.
mayaSvili 1961 : a. mayaSvili, botanikuri leqsikoni, sabWoTa saqarTvelo,
Tbilisi.
meliqiSvili 1975 : i. meliqiSvili, e>i procesi zanur dialeqtebSi da xmovanTa Sesatyvisobis erTi darRveva qarTvelur enebSi, `macne~, enisa da literaturis seria 4, Tbilisi.
oniani 1917 : ars. oniani, xeebisa da mcenareebis svanur saxelTa leqsikoni,
petrogradi (
).
,
JRenti 1953 : Wanur-megrulis fonetika, Tsu, Tbilisi.
soselia 2009 : e. soselia, semantikuri universaliebi da qarTveluri enebi:
ferTa kategorizaciis modelebi, nekeri, Tbilisi.
fenrixi, sarjvelaZe 2000 : h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri leqsikoni, spu, Tbilisi.
qegl 1950-1964 : qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, 1-8 tomi, mecniereba,
Tbilisi.
qajaia 2002: o. qajaia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikini, 1-3 tomi, nekeri, Tbilisi.
CantlaZe, nakani 2014 : i. CantlaZe, n. nakani, svaneTis flora, Tbilisimestia-baTumi.
Ciqobava 1938: arn. Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni, saq.
ssr mecn. akad. gamomcemloba, tfilisi.
Waraia 1997 : p. Waraia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, spu, Tbilisi.
javaxiSvili 1986: iv. javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos ekonomiuri istoria, „Txzulebani Tormet tomad“, t. V, saq. mecn. akad., Tsu, Tbilisi.
xalx. sibrZne 1994 : xalxuri sibrZne, t. I, megruli da lazuri andazebi,
Semdg.: r. Serozia, o. memiSiSi, red. q. lomTaTiZe, Tbilisi.
,
1914 : .
(И
)
.
,
..
1964 : . .
,
, Э
,
.
1915 : . .
,
(pluralia
.
tantum), I-III, И ,
Berlin , Kay 1969: B. Berlin, P. Kay, Basic Colour Terms: Their universality and
evolution, University of California Press, Berkley.
Friedrich 1970 : P. Friedrich, Proto-Indo-European Trees, The University of Chicago
Press, Chicago and London.
Klimov 1998: G. Klimov, Etymological Dictionary of Kartvelian Languages, Mouton,
Berlin/New York.
107
Marine Ivanishvili
Tree Names in Kartvelian: nek’erčxal-, urtxel-, ʒmerxl-, c’q’avSummary
Tree names are somehow paradoxical. On the one hand, they are basic-semantic
primitives, but, on the other, tree names, because of the peculiarities of their referents,
are sensitive to ecological changes and migration processes of a speech community.
Exact semantic reconstructions of the proto-forms call for the scrupulous etymological analysis of the reconstructed stems towards the proper lexical-semantic groups
allowing to restore the initial meanings of the stems in the systems, to explain the word
transitions from one lexical subsystem to another, etc.
The foregoing theoretical discussion prompts us to bring to light new roots of
Proto-Kartvelian plant names, make a more precise analysis of old ones, to show the
existence of borrowed forms on the proto-level.
On the basis of this theoretical preconditions, the article gives the analysis of the
stems nek’erčxal-, urtxel-, Zmerxl-, c’q’av- in the Kartvelian languages.
1. *nek’erčx- “maple” (Acer)
For the Proto-Kartvelian level a complex stem *nek’erčx- is reconstructed on the basis of the following correspondence: Geo. nek’erčx-al-; Megr. lak’inčx- lak’inčx-a;
Svan. bik’enčx-äl-; cf. *ne-kerčx-a (Klimov).
2. *urtxel- “yew” (Taxus, baccata L.)
Megr. urtx- must be borrowed from Georgian; a similar structure of the Georgian
and Svan roots gives us sufficient ground to assume their origin from Proto-Kartvelian archetype *urtx-el-: Geo. urtx-el- ; Megr. urtx-el (Georgian borrowing); Svan.
urtx-el-.
3. *ZmeÕxl- “ruscus” (Ruscus hypophyllum L.)
In Georgian l is a suffix element; in Zan and Svan Z > z is the result of desaffricatisation, is followed by: Proto-Kartvelian Õ > Zan or; and in Svan – ∅. Geo. Zmerxl-; Megr.
zormex- ; Laz. zermex- |zurmex- ; Svan. z´mex-.
4. *c’q’av- “cherry-laurel” (Laurocerasus officinalis Roem.)
*c’q’av- is undoubtedly a Proto-Kartvelian stem, which is reconstructed on the basis
of the following reconstruction: Geo. c’q’av- ; Megr. c’q’ol-, c’q’e-, c’q’i- ; Laz.
mc’k’o(l)-, c’u- ; Svan. c’q’av-, c’q’ev-; f. *mc’q’aw- (Fähnrich).
108
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
ATTIA MOHAMMAD ABDEL-GHAFFAR YOUSEIF
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ARABIC LANGUAGE ON THE
GEORGIAN LANGUAGE AND APPLYING SUCH AN INFLUENCE
ON TEACHING ARABIC TO GEORGIAN STUDENTS
The Historical Relations between the Arabs and Georgia
Shedding the light on historical relations between the Arabs and Georgia clarifies
the similarities between both cultures. The features signifying such relations imply,
undoubtedly, the linguistic influence which took place within the Arabic and
Georgian. Linguistic connection between languages is a historical necessity which
leads to their merging (Vendryes 1973:34). This connection is a result of the
civilization communion which, consequently, inspires a linguistic influence between
the original language and the new language (Dabib:2013). To clarify this, a historical
glimpse shall be presented to indicate the depth of the Arabic-Georgian relations and
the linguistic consequences which followed them certainly.
Georgia, as a country, was mentioned in different ancient Arabic sources under
many names; Al-Tabari, Al-Balādhurī and others call it “Jarzān” ( Al-Tabari
1977:162/4) while Ibn Hawqal, Al-Qalqashandi, Al-Noweiri and others call it “AlKrj Country” (Ibn- Hawqal 1992:292), and it is the most common name given in the
Islamic sources. Al Qazwini and Al-Mas'udi, for instance, call it Kharzān (Al-Qazwini 1997:493), and it may be called “Jarjen Kingdom” (Al-Mas'udi 2005:1/174).
This variety in naming it is, indeed, related to its multiple relations and historical
events. In the Country Al-Krj (Georgia) since the fourth century AD six languages
were spread: Armenian, Georgian, Khazerian, Assyrian, Greek and Hebrew. In spite
of the existence of many dialects, the unified Georgian language prevailed throughout the Country of al-Krj (Iskander 2008:25). The Georgian language belongs to
the Caucasian languages, but the Georgian language is considered the most
important member of the family of languages of the South Caucasus and it is called
The Kartvelian languages (Al-Bangordy1989: 577/10).
Linguistic researches sum up three theories to categorize the Caucasian
Languages, including Georgian, to say that they belong to the family of IndoEuropean and Iberian languages forming a group of the Japhetic Languages which
is one of the most ancient linguistic groups in the world. The Indo-European
languages, The Caucasian and the Language of the Urartu civilization go back to
the same origin (Al-Shishani 2011).
The Arabic origins appeared in Georgia during the Islamic conquests – in the
middle of the eleventh century, Georgian historians divided the Arabs’ historical
settlement in Georgia into three basic stages:
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1.
The period right from the Arab conquest in Georgia in the middle of the
seventh century to the establishment of the Teflisian (Tbilisi) Emirate in the
30s of the eighth century AD, and it was a stage during which the Arab
Caliphate controlled the country. “Al-Aman” book (Safety in other words) was
published during such a stage by the Arabic leader Habib Ibn-Muslama for the
people of East Georgia. The Arabs compete to control over this region of
the Byzantine Empire in the beginning and then over the Khazars;
2. Since the 30s of the eighth century till the 80s of the ninth century; since the establishment of the Emirate of Tbilisi (after the invasions of Arabs’ armies led
by Al-Garah Ibn-Abdu-Allah and Marwan Ibn-Muhammed) till the
independency of the Emirate from the Arab Caliphate. It is considered, thus, a
stage of stability for western Georgia;
3. From the middle of the ninth century till the middle of the eleventh century (till
the Turkish controlled the Middle East). It is the stage when the Arab reign
ended in Georgia despite the Arab invasions (e.g. the invasion of Georgia and
Armenia by Abi Al-Kasem Alsaj). During this stage Tbilisi was the last place
where the Arab reign in Georgia still continued; the emirate and its local
princes opposed the central government of the Caliphate.
Fayez Naguibe Eskander presented an analytical study for the reconciliation
and safety covenants ratified by the Muslims and the Krj “Georgians” like the one
done by Al-Habib Ibn-Muslama Al-Fahri (Al-Tabari 1977:162/4) for the people of
Georgia as well as Al-Garah Ibn-Abdu-Allah Al-Hakami’s pledge (Al-Balāzrī
1987:239). Consequently, the Arabic Emirate Tbilisi was established. The safety
covenant had entailed many privileges such as, firstly, valuable small tributes, as
the Muslims were committed to defend the country against any invasion in return.
Secondly, the religious freedom to practice rites and to secure the lands, homes,
churches and monasteries adhering to what came in the Qur’an that the Jews and
the Christians are “The People of the Book”. Muslims had the habit of following the
policy of religious tolerance and protecting the followers of the Holy religions as
long as the people pay the tribute (Iskander 2008: 50). The amazing feature of such
a policy was inviting to make Georgians embrace Islam as Yaqut Al-Hamawi
clarified, “Its people turned to Islam” (Al-Hamwi 1995:36/2).
During that period of the Arab regime of stability in Georgia, especially in
Tbilisi, groups of Muslims immigrated to it, took it as a home and established a
great civilization. Tbilisi, being the capital of Georgia, was the main city welcoming
the groups of Muslim immigrants. In a very short time, Muslims settled there and
formed new generations which became part and parcel of the Georgian community
(Iskander 2008:50-51). Their existence caused a cultural boom and Tbilisi
witnessed an unprecedented prosperity during the Islamic Sovereignty (Iskander
2008:83). The Arabic culture was rooted during such a period where we find
mosques built side by side with churches and the Azan (prayers call) is raised in the
night calmness with the church bells ringing.
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The Tbilisians excelled in all forms of knowledge and science and became
well-known in the Arab sources. Georgia established different relations with the
Arabs and helped in developing them on different levels including politics,
economics, trade, society, everyday life, public and cultural fields (Gardavadze
2013:159).
The relationship between the Arabs and Georgia did not finish by the end of
the Arab and Islamic rule, but it remained deeply rooted and expanded during the
reign of Georgian Kings afterwards. They did not only treat the Arabs and Muslims
well, but did not show any bias either. Ibn Hawqal says that the Georgian king,
despite being a disbeliever, cares for the people and prevents any harm. He permits
the practice of Islamic rituals and guards Al-Jamee’ Mosque. He glorifies the
mosque as it is forbidden from any filthiness and he lights candles and lamps for the
mosque. While the Azan is raised, no harm is done at all; Muslims and Georgians
are intermingled as one (Ibn Hawqal 1992: 292). They lived in a harmony and
became a united soul during such an era.
The Arabic and Georgian cultures were mixed together linking all kinds of arts
and science. The honour of awarding the title Tiflisian (Tbilisian) is an evidence of
that. The Georgians’ tolerance helped this mixture to flourish as Ibn Hawqal says
that the Georgians are peaceful while accepting and welcoming others. They do
appreciate who he/she belongs to and understand any kind of literature. They are
people who appreciate the Sunni and old doctrines; they glorify the science of
Hadith (Holy Speech) and the Sunnis (Ibn Hawqal 1992:292). Personally, I have
lived with them for three years and I have touched their amiability, hospitality and
respectable manners in dealing with the elder people. They, indeed, entail all the
good features rooted in the east that you feel truly familiar and welcomed with
them.
The Linguistic Interaction and Mingling between Arabic and Georgian
The historical stages mentioned before formed the relationship between the
Arabs and Georgians during different eras. The immigration of Arabic tribes to
Georgia where they settled formed a strong Arabic civilization and culture on the
Georgian lands. The Arabic language then became the major language for international trade, science and culture. Consequently, the linguistic borrowings took place
in Georgia due to these circumstances and other features such as:
– The geographical and environmental effect: the closeness of Georgian to Arabic
for a long time, especially When Turkish people used the Arabic letters in their
Alphabetical system and the Persians as well. The Balkans, moreover, were
affected by the Arabic characters, and adopted them in their writing (Iskander
2008:77). Charles Laurence Barber said, “One cause which has been suggested
for changes in language is geographic and climatic” (Barber 1991:39).
– This geographical and environmental effect influences the social relations too
and leads to a linguistic influence. It is a widespread feature among all peoples
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internationally that social and human laws (Nour El-Din 2005:137) assert that
it has been impossible to keep language away from any effect or change while
mingling and mixing different cultures together in the same place (Abd ElTawab 1987:258).
– Direct contact between languages leads to borrowing as Mc Mahon mentioned
the borrowed terms in English from French saying:
“In cases of close contact, two languages may not be perceived as equivalent
in status within their speech communities typically the language with more power
full speaker will be regarded as more prestigious in such linguistic relationship of
unequal prestige, borrowings generally move from the more to the less prestigious
language for instance, after the Norman conquest, we find a huge influx of French
vocabulary into English” (Mc Mahon 1981:203).
The stronger and major the language is, the higher and more dominant its
influence is on the other language. Ibn Khaldūn mentioned this point in his book AlMuqaddimah since he wrote a chapter entitled: “Peoples’ Languages from Different
Countries”. He said that the language spoken in a country is the language much
prevailing and used by the nation and dominant generations (Ibn Khaldūn 1989:379).
The Role of Economy and Trade in the Linguistic Contact
Undoubtedly, a language is considered a symbol of coexistence among the
members of the same society and even the existing trade relations depend on a
communicative language which enables people to deal with each other. Indeed, the
prosperity of trade in a region entails a linguistic contact which leads to borrowings
from the more dominant language. Leenen asserted that a language develops by
trade improvement, saying that the language is the main tool for human interaction;
its unity and development facilitates the freedom of trade and business on a wider
scale. (Emara 1984:75). Charles Baiber as well mentioned the same point as he
said, “Because of the growth of world trade and Britain's large part in it, we have
borrowed words from many distant countries” (Barber1991:182)
The relation between linguistics and economics is one of the factors causing
linguistic interference; “The expansion of economic activities of a nation spreads its
language in new environments and communities which was the case with the
Arabic language as it flourished internationally in the east and west and entirely
throughout the markets” (Baiomy 2006).
Georgy Zidane said that Arabic is described as the language of the market. He
literally explained this through a slang expression which means that Arabic is “the
girl of the market” where she grew up and was embraced inside the arms of her
“mother trade” (Zidane 1989:31/12). Language and Trade are part and parcel of
each other; trade affects the market value of language (Coulmas 2000:106).
Borrowed terms have shown the influence of the actual linguistic contact as the
usage of these terms in direct contact brings them to life. Al-Jāhizwas, amazed at
this phenomenon, mentioned how the people of Al-Madinah when meeting the
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Persians in the old time used Persian terminology. He found that people underestimated such terms and used them in a wrong context, while the native speakers of
the language were the ones who should be given the due to use them (Al-Jāhiz
1997:1/20)
Ibrahim Anis said that the need is the mother of necessity; the need to borrow
linguistic terminology created the idea of borrowing, as foreign languages borrow
words and terms to use them but hardly extend such borrowing to other linguistic
elements (Anis 1984:150).
The Effect of Linguistic Contact between Georgian and Arabic
The effect of the Arabic Language on the Georgians brought many cultural
icons and figures who were awarded the title “The Tbilisian” or the old name “The
Tiflisian” such as: Al-Hassan Ibn-Bindar Abo-Muhammed Al Tiflisi (Al-Qifti
1995:1/29) who explained Al-Mutanabbi’s divan and the great scientist Habish AlTiflisi and others (Kahala 1967:189/3)
Tbilisi attreacted a lot of Islamic sheikhs and scholars, scientists, merchants
and craftsmen who enjoyed freedom in the Islamic world. For instance, the Sufi
poet Najm Al-Din was one of the role models of Tbilisi I (Ga’fariza 1983:4/767).
Additionally, The Tiflisian Maqamma (Arabic Prosimetrum) for Al-Hariri is
considered to have a great influence on the cultural level. The Arabic literature
affected the Georgian one and this appears in (Ali and Nino) a romantic novel
resembling “Romeo and Juliet”. It shows a comparison between the Caucasus
Islam and Orthodox Christianity, between East and West and between loyalty to the
heart and loyalty to the religion and doctrine. The novel has been translated into
Arabic (Said 2003).
Some features of Arabic literature are touched by the 12th century Georgian
genius poet Shota Rustaveli (SoTa rusTaveli) in his epic “The Knight in the
Panther’s Skin”, which has been translated into different languages.
The Arabic writings and calligraphy appeared in Georgia during the Arab
Islamic reign. The Arabic inscriptions were engraved on the Georgian graves in
Dinmas area specially, and it is the most vibrant evidence that Arabs considered
Georgia as their home at that time. Different phrases were written as:
وﺟﻬﻪ:
[ آ ﻲء هﺎ ﻚ إ ﺎ وﺟﻬﻪ ]ا88:
]اEverything will be destroyed except
His Face, Surat Al-Qaşaş (The Stories):88 (Kakhiani 1965:XIV)
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" " ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢIn the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful".39
(Ibid, p. XXXVIII)
Al-Saida bent Gamal Al Din’s grave engraved on it her name and that may
God bring light in its darkness (Rest in Peace).
" ﺎل ا ﺪ ﻮر اﷲ ﺮهﺎ
ﻮ ﺔ ا ﺪة
( و "هﺬا ﺮ ا ﺮ ﻮ ﺔ اIbid, p. XXIII)
The Arabs, additionally, made their silver coins in Kartli (qarTli), the
Georgian historical region at the beginning of the eighth century. The Georgian
kings as well made their coins with Arabic inscriptions (Gardavadze 2013:158)
even after the end of the Arab reign there; the Georgian kings kept the Arabic
writings on coins since the Arab trade and economy was prevailing and dominating
(http://geonumismatics.tsu.ge/en/catalogue/ types/?type=35).
The Arabic civilization has left behind many manuscripts in Georgia as the
Oriental Institute in the Academy keeps Arabic, Turkish and Persian Manuscripts
(Sazkin 1991:4).
The Georgian National Centre of Manuscripts (saqarTvelos xelnawerTa
erovnuli centri) keeps more than 1 500 Arabic manuscripts which mostly go
back to the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. It contains Arabic grammar, literature,
rhetoric, and Qur’an interpretation as well as medicine and engineering.
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The Changes that happened within the Borrowed Arabic Terms in Georgian
Any borrowed word changes on the phonological, semantic and contextual
levels. Sībawayh said that when people borrow words, they change the sounds
using their own language and use it in their language differently (Sībawayh
1990:77/1).
Limited borrowing, in case of necessity, helps to enrich the language which
adds loanwords to its lexicon (Qadur 1999:26).
This enrichment took place in the Georgian language through the direct linguistic
contact with Arabic and closer languages as Persian and Turkish. A phonological
change took place as well to fit into the Georgian linguistic phonological nature.
The vowels in Georgian: (Lekiashvili 1992; Tsereteli 1971; Andronikashvili
2013; http://ena.ge/explanatory-online; http://www.baheth.info – speaking and
listening)
(a e i o u)
These five vowels are letters and not signs and not symbols or diacritics as in the
Arabic fathah, dammah, kasrah as follows:
(a)=Fatha,(e)=Fatha/Alif momala,(u)=Dammah, (i)=Kasrah,
(o)=Incomplete dammah
Georgian names end with the letter i ( )يwhich denotes the same case as the
final vowel dammah/u/ in Arabic names. This is related to linguistic analysis and
phrasing; a diacritical subsequent symbol /u/ as in “
ا/al-‘amalu/” (the work) in
Arabic equals the letter i added to name terminations in Georgian.
(o e)
These long Georgian vowels do not exist in Arabic while the latter may be
similar to alif “ ”أwith fathah and gliding closer to ya ي/i/ with kasrah. The first is
closer to incomplete dammah.
Phonological change in harakat “short vowels”
“
” in Arabic “/majlis/” means assembly or a place where people gather
and sit became a loanword in Georgian. A phonological change happened by adding
`i~ to the end of the word and (e) after the /m/ sound to fit into the Georgian
pronunciation, so it became “mejlisi mejlisi”. The fathah/a/ which is an open
vowel in Arabic turned into a semi-open vowel /e/ in Georgian. The word,
semantically, entails the same meaning in Georgian as it means the place where the
king sits and people gather around to eat and dance.
“xadumi khadumi” means “ ﺎدم/khadem/” (servant in both languages). Georgian added damma /u/ (u) in addition to the subsequent analytical letter “i” for the
sake of pronunciation.
“jibri jibri” is “ ﺮ/jabr/” in Arabic. It has the same meaning but fathah /a/ is
changed into kasrah/i/ in Georgian.
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The /a/ fathah can be changed into /e/ semi-open vowel or /i/ and the /i/ kasrah
can be changed into /u/ dammah.
Unlike Arabic duplication and gemination or elongation (tashdid ) ـdo not exist in
Georgian, and thus, the word changes phonologically. For instance, “ ﱢ ﺮ/khammir/”
in Arabic means a person who drinks a lot of wine. In Georgian it became “xumara
khumara” changing /i/ into /u/ and omitting the /mm/ ـcompletely while the meaning is different but close as it means a humorous person who laughs a lot.
Phonological Change in Letters:
Arabic sounds that do not exist in Georgian change into the closest sound:
Sound : /h/ ح
It changes into /kh/ = خx or /h/ = هـh as in English. This is considered a very
hard letter to be pronounced by the Georgian students learning Arabic. The
Georgian language itself tends to change this sound automatically into /kh/ as in:
“ ر/rih/” meaning wind in Arabic which became “ =رrikhi rixi”. The Georgian
word means a person who has a loud voice, which is close to the Arabic underlying
meaning as the wind has a blowing sound too.
“ ﺮام/haram/” in Arabic means forbidden; it changed into “harami harami” and
retained the same meaning. The sound “”حin Arabic does not exist in English and it
is almost the same adaptation of /h/ that takes place in this case in Georgian. In
some cases to facilitate the pronunciation the sound /h/ is omitted, so the word will
be “arami arami”. Similarly, “ ﺎ/hajib/” became “ejibi ejibi” and it means a
doorkeeper at the king’s court in the old time. Nowadays, it is used only as a family
title meaning the son of the king’s doorkeeper written as: “ejibaZe Ejibadze”.
Sound: / ‘/ ع
It is a voiced pharyngeal fricative that does not exist in Georgian and is hard to
be pronounced by the students. Consequently, it is omitted most of the time as in
“ ﺪن/ma‘dan/”, which means steel, became “madani madani” and it has the same
/meshkhla/” which
meaning. In other cases it is changed into x /kh/ as in “ ﺔ
became “maSxala mashkhala” and it means flambeau.
Sound: /q/ ق
It does not exist in Georgian and it is replaced by k /k/ to make it easier for pronunciation. For example, “ /qalam/”, which means pen, became “kalami kalami”
and “ ﺎ/qafa/”, which means the back part of the neck, phonetically changed into
kefa kepa. This sound occurs a lot in Georgian, which is an evidence of the
existence of the Arabic essence inside Georgian and its influence on it.
x /kh/ can replace /q/ as well. For instance, “ /khalq/” in Arabic, which
means creation, changed into “xalxi khalkhi”; as well as ﻋ ﻖ/‘eshq/ became “eSxi
eshkhi” and it means love, attraction and deep absolute adoration.
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y /gh/ or /kh/ can replace /q/. “ ﺪ/qaid/”, which means a limit, shackle, style or
pattern, changed into “yaida kaida”. “ ﺎ/qaleb/”, which means a “mould for metals”, changed into “yalibi kalibi”. “ ﺪ/naqd/”, which means paying cash, changed
into “naRdi naghdi“ retaining the same meaning.
Sound: /f/ ف
It does not exist in Georgian and it changed into (p) = f ( p/pu) = h as the
Arabic word “ ﺮ/sefr/“ meaning “nothing” changed into “cifri tsipri”, which
means number zero and it entails a closer meaning to the Arabicword.
Sound: /ţ/ ط
t, T are similar to the sound “ط/ţ/” and they can replace it. This sound does
not exist in the Georgian phonemes. For example, “ ﻄ ﺔ/khoţba/” changed into
“xotba khotba” and it means praise. Additionally, “TaRliTi taghliti” ,which
means “criminal or crime”, is the Arabic “ ﻂ/ţghlit/”, which means “the one
making mistakes” and both are similar in the functional meaning.
Sound: /í/ ص
It does not exist in Georgian but it is close to /s/ (= )سs; in Arabic
“ ﻮرة/sura/” became “suraTi surati”, which means a picture. It may be changed
into /ts/
as well to become c in Georgian as in “ ﺮ/sefr/” which became
“cifri tsipri”.
Sound: /Ç/ ض
Although Ç = d is the nearest sound to it in Georgian, it is rather written as = ظz
(/û /~/ð/ ) in Georgian words. Due to the Linguistic contact between Georgia and the
neighboring countries such as Turkey and Azerbaijan whose people can speak
Arabic, the transformation of the pronunciation of the ض/Ç/ into ( ظ/û /~/ð/ ) took
place.
Similarly, many of the dialects in the Arabic region make the same deviation
and change as they do not differentiate between the two sounds in the same word as
in “ ﺎ ﻂ/ûabet/” and “ ﺎ ﻂ/Çabet/”. In Qur’anic recitations, as well, the same
deviation happens, so it originated from the Arabic Fusha. “ ﺮر/Çarar/”, which
means “harm”, changed into “zarali zarali”, which means “loss” they have almost
the same meaning as the Arabic word.
Sound: (/w/, /u/, /o/) و
v /v/ replaces it in Georgian as it does not exist in its phonemic system; so “
ﻮا/tawaÇa’/”, which means modesty and humbleness, changes into “Tavazi
tavazi” in Georgian, which means kindness and good traits; thus, it is close to the
Arabic meaning of the word.
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Sound:/th/ ث
It does not exist in Georgian so it changes into /t/ تor /s/ سas in “masala
masala”, which means an example, a material or a proverb and is written in Arabic
as “ ﺜ/mathal/”. It was often used in old Georgian writings with the same meaning.
Arabic Sounds that have Similar Equivalents in Georgian:
Sound: /(sh) ش
S resembles it in Georgian; so “ﻋﺎ ﻖ/a‘ashiq/”, which means adorer, remained
the same “arSiyi arshiki”. A poet in Arabic means “ ﺎ ﺮ/shaa‘ir/”, “Sairi shairi”
in Georgian; it remained the same in pronunciation, while the meaning became a
kind of lyrical flirtation sonnets in the form of zajal (Arabic: )ز. It is a traditional
form of oral strophic poetry declaimed in a colloquial dialect so it is close to the
Arabic word meaning poet.
Sound: /û/ ظ
It is similar to z in Georgian. Thus, no phonological change happens; for
example, “ ﺮ/naûir ”, which means an example or a counterpart, became “naziri
naziri”, which in Georgian means the minister in old folk stories.
Sound: /s/ س
s is similar to it in Georgian and thus remains the same in all Arabic loanwords.
For example, “ ﺎ ﺔ/sa‘a/” became “saaTi saati” and both mean a watch or a clock.
However, sometimes the س/s/ changes into ش/sh/, S in Georgian. For example, “ﻜﺮ
/sukkar/” changed into “Saqari shaqari” and they have the same meaning = sugar, and
“ ﺮوال/srwal/” also became “Sarvali sharvali”, which means trousers.
Sound: /d/ د
It resembles d and sometimes it changes into /t/ = تT; so, for example, “ﺪ ﺮ
/tadbir/”, which means “handling”, became “TaTbiri tatbiri” because /t/ and /d/ are
two sounds paired together as they take the same mouth position (lingua-alveolar
and stops). The word in Georgian means discussion and it is close to the connotative meaning of the Arabic word.
Sound: /l/ ل
It resembles l in Georgian and it decorated the Bibliotheca Alexandrina walls.
However, sometimes, it changes into ن/n/ n. For example, “ ﻄ/latif/” changes
into “natifi natipi”. Both words mean nice but the /f/ sound changed into /p/.
Sound: /z/ ذ
z = z or d = d are used in the place of the same Arabic sound, even the Arabs
themselves mix /z/ with /d/ sometimes. For example, “ ﺬاء/g̣haza’/” and “ﺪاء
/g̣hada’/”, which means dinner. It is written in the Holy Qur’an:
[Moses] said to his boy, “Bring us our morning meal” = “ﺁ ﺎ ﺪاء ﺎ/a’tina
g̣hada’ana/” (Al-Kahf:62).
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Also “ ﺬﱠة/lazza/”, which means “pleasure”, became “lazaTi lazati” and it carries
the same meaning.
The Georgian language does not differentiate between ذ, ظand (زû/ -/z/-/z/), so
in Georgian they are represented by two sounds z and Z as in “ ﺰل/manzel/”, which
means home, it turns into “manZili mandzili”, which means distance. Both words
are close in meaning as the home has an area and distance.
Sound: /r/ ر
It is written as r in Georgian and it is also one of the characters decorating the
walls of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina. It may also change into l /l/ as in “ ﺮ/
khanjer/”, which became the Georgian “xanjali khanjali”, and both mean a dagger.
Sound: /g/ or /j/ ج
j represents it in Georgian and it is also one of the characters decorating the
walls of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina. It is found in “jarima jarima”, which means
the fine paid when one violates a law, and it resembles the Arabic word
“ ﺮ ﺔ/jarima/”, which means crime. Thus, both entail the same meaning.
Sound: /n/ ن
n represents it in the Georgian language as in the word “jini jini”, which
means ghost or jinn; it comes from the Arabic word “ /jinn/”. “
/jins/” as well
remains almost the same, so it is pronounced as “jiSi jishi”, which means a generation or nation and it entails almost the same Arabic meaning.
Sound: /m/م
m represents it in the Georgian language and no phonetic changes happen. The
Arabic word “ ﺪان/midan/” remains almost the same as “moedani moedani” and
both mean square in the street or field.
Sound: /t/ ت
T represents it in Georgian as in “ ﺎج/taj/” pronounced as “Taji taji” and both
mean a crown.
Sound: /k/ك
q = ك/k/ or k = ق/q/ replace it in the Georgian language, while the first sound
occurs much more often than the second. For example, “ ﺮآﺔ/baraka/” became
“baraqa baraqa”, which means blessing.
Sound: /kh/ خ
x replaces it in Georgian as the word “ﺔ
/nuskha/”, which means a copy,
became “nusxa nuskha”, which means a list and its meaning is not far from the Arabic.
“ ﺰ ﺔ/khazina/”, which means treasury, became “xazina khazina” and it has
the same meaning.
Sometimes it changes into R غ/g̣/ (gh) as in “ ﺎر/tarikh/”, which means history; it changed into “TariRi tarighi” and means a time or a day and not the history,
but it is considered that its meaning is close to the Arabic one.
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Sound: (gh) /g̣/ غ
R replaces it in Georgian as in “Radari ghadari” meaning the burning coal, which
originates from the Arabic word “ ــﺪار/ghadar/” meaning perfidious. In other cases it
changes into y /kh/ as in “ ﺮ/gharib/”, which means a stranger. It was written as “yaribi” in the past , but now it is written with R /gh /“Raribi gharibi” and means
“poor”. The word “ ” ﺮةas well “/ghira/”, which means jealousy, in Georgian is
written as “yairaTi kairati”, which means economy.
Sound: /h/ هـ
h is its equivalent in Georgian. “ه ﺮة/hijra/”, which means immigration, remains the same as in Georgian “hijra hijra”, so does “ ﻬﺎ ﺮ/muhajer/“ which remains “muhajiri muhajiri” meaning immigrant.
Sound: (y)/j/ ي
i is its equivalent in Georgian as in the word “ﻂ
“maxaTi makhati” meaning sewn clothing.
/makhit/” which became
Sound: /t/ or /h/ ة/ــــﺔ
“aT” can replace it in the Georgian language if the word is originally borrowed
as a spoken word as in “ ﻄ ﺔ/khotba/” “xotba khotba”, which means a speech.
However, if it is borrowed through written words, it is mostly written as T. For
example, “ﺔ
/maslaha/”, which means interest in Arabic, is written as “maslaaTi maslaati”, which means a discussion between two persons about something
and thus it bears the same meaning in Arabic. This is similar to the Arabic
pronunciation of ـﺔtaa marbota pronunciation of which differs when one continues
the speech or stops after it.
Hence, it is noticed that the Arabic influence on Georgian appears in the nouns
and words rather than the grammar. The Georgian language is a deep-rooted language
and this makes its people keep the grammatical rules away from influence; numbers,
negation, interrogation and other rules remain the same without change. However,
after all, the Arabic language was used in trade for its domination in this field.
The Georgians are, thus, proud of their language as it marks their identity. The
question is: “How can this similarity and influence – shown before – between the
Arabic and Georgian languages be used in teaching Arabic to foreign learners?”
This will be clarified in the next section.
Investment of the Arabic Loanwords in the Georgian Language in Teaching
Arabic to Georgian Students:
Teaching the phonological and semantic features of a new language to the students
is the most important thing that enables them to learn it. The direct contact between the
Georgian and Arabic languages enhanced learning these features. The Georgian
language encompasses more than 500 Arabic loanwords which entail almost the same
meaning, while may change phonetically. Consequently, the Arabic words became part
of the Georgian language and this enriched the Georgian vocabulary.
120
Being aware of the phonological change in loanwords enables the students to
be familiar with the Arabic language and encourages them to quench their linguistic
knowledge.
These loanwords should be functionalized to help in teaching the Arabic
sounds. The similarities between the sounds of the two languages help a student to
practice the new language easily.
Preparing an organized curriculum to serve this purpose will help to create a
program to teach Arabic to Georgian students; this will be accomplished through:
− Focusing on the phonologically similar words such as :
−
–– ﺎ ﺮ
– – ﺮة
– ﺎ ﺔ – ﻮرة – ﺎدم – ﺪان – إ ﺎرة – ﺮ ﺔ – ﺰ ﺔ
ﺪر – ﺮ – ﺮآﺔ – أ ﺮ.. etc.=
a clock/ an hour – image – servant – square – vacation – a crime – treasury –
humorous – pen – council – a poet – the full moon – the moon – pool – prince, etc.
These words were explained in the previous section and they may undergo a
slight change, but they remain the same.
− Then moving to words which have only one phonological change as mentioned
before:
−
إ... – ر – ﺔ
– ﺮوال – ﻜﺮ – ﺰن – ﺪًا – ﻚ.
=pants – sugar – store – cash – hold – adoration – wind – Qibla (prayers
direction), etc.
− Afterwards, moving to words which have more than one phoneme changed as
words mentioned above:
: – ﺎج – ﺎر
ﻂ– ﻄ – ﺮ– ﺎ ﺔ– ﺎ
= sewn clothes – nice – zero – cortege – usher – crown – history. This will help
the students recognize the changes and similarities.
− Using the new Arabic words and loanwords in the texts taught rather than old
words in a difficult Arabic context. This will facilitate their learning process
and encourage them.
− Using nominal sentences with this vocabulary to form simpler sentences.
− Links between Arabic as a language and the Arabic Islamic culture. The Islamic bound field terms are the least changed phonetically and this will facilitate
learning the Arabic sounds.
-Some examples of the Islamic words are:
−
– – ﻼة – ﻮات – ﺆذن – ﺎ ﺔ – ﺰو – ﺎ ﺔ – ﺮ ﺎن – ر ﺎن – ﺎج – ﺮآﺔ
ﺮ – ﺮﺁن – ﻬﺎ ﺮ – ه ﺮة – آﺎ ﺮ – أ ﺎ ﺔ – ﻬﺎد....
− Muslim – prayer – prayers – Muezzin – Community – invasion – the
resurrection – a sacrifice – Ramadan – Haj – pool – patience – the Holy Qur’an
– immigrant – immigration – an atheist – honesty – jihad ....
− Learning the features of feminine, dual, definite and indefinite nouns through
loanwords helps the students to use them, as these Arabic grammar features
and signs do not exist in Georgian. For example, “ ﺎ ﺮa poet” is a loanword
that can be used first as an indefinite noun that is familiar to the students.
121
Simply after that “ الthe” can be added to be “ ”ا ﺎ ﺮthe poet and bit by bit
they can learn and build on the borrowed words easily.
− The non-existing signs of feminine, masculine and dual nouns are, thus, far
easier to be learnt through loanwords. It fosters the self-esteem of the student to
use words familiar to his language.
− Focusing on differentiating between the similar pair sounds such as سand ,ص
قand كand ظand زwhich resemble /s/, (/k/, /q/) and /z/ and interfere together
in the following words:
− ( ، و) ﻬﺮ،( آﺎ ﺔ، و) ﺎ ﺔ،( آ، ) و،( ﻮط، و) ﻮت،( ﺮ، و) ﺮ، (
،
)زهﺮThis confuses the students and it will be helpful to learn them in pairs.
− Focusing on listening lessons and practice helps the students to get familiar
with the sounds and pronounce the laryngeal sounds such as حand عdiscussed
before.
All the previous points sum up how to use Arabic loanwords in teaching Arabic
to foreign learners.
Conclusion:
−
−
−
−
−
−
The Arabic and Georgian languages have a great history.
The historical events affected the direct contact of the two languages. The
Arabic was influential because it was the language of trade. Moreover, the
geographical and environmental features in addition to the immigration of
Islamic and Arabic tribes to Georgia, especially Tbilisi, affected the language.
The influence was in terminology; and, thus, it enriches the Georgian vocabulary.
The Islamic cultural effect on loanwords.
The need to study the two languages in a comparative linguistic study.
Preparing an organized curriculum to serve this way of teaching and gathering
all loanwords together.
Recommendations:
Paying attention to learning Arabic in the Caucasian region, especially Georgia,
through:
− Establishing a prestigious center for teaching Arabic, which will represent the
Arabic culture, history and civilization there.
− Enriching the linguistic material used in the in the Arabic departments of the
universities; as it was noted, all listening, reading, writing and visual materials
and resources are very poor.
− Allowing efficient Arabic teachers to travel and teach the Arabic language in
Georgian universities like what the Egyptian Agency for Partnership and
Development does.
− Allowing sending students to study in Georgia from other foreign universities
at least for one academic year like what the Egyptian Ministry of Foreign
Affairs does.
122
−
−
−
Enhancing the linguistic enrichment in Georgia through the treasures of the
Arabs in more than 1,500 Arabic manuscripts at the National Center of
Manuscripts of Georgia, which represent very rare Arabic manuscripts in
different fields.
Establishing a strong scientific and cultural partnership with the universities of
Georgia, especially the ones which teach the Arabic language at their faculties.
Preparing Arabic teaching workshops for teachers to develop their skills and
deliver the courses properly, and to continue being in direct contact with the
students so that students acquire the language faster.
Presented by Prof. Darejan Gardavadze
References
Abd El-Tawab 1987 : Abd el-Tawab, Ramdan, Chapters in Linguistics, Doctrine
Maktabet-Al Khangy, Cairo.
Al-Balazuri1987 : Al-Balazuri, Ahmad, Futūh al-Buldān , Dar Al Maaref Institute,
Beirut.
Al-Bangordy 1989 : Al-Bangordy, Kazum, The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, The
Great Islamic Encyclopedia center, Tahran, Iran.
Al-Hamwi 1995 : Al-Hamwi, Yakot, Muj'am Al Boldan (Dictionary of countries),
Dar Sader, Beirut.
Al-JāÐiû 1997 : Al-JāÐiû, Abu Amro, Al Hayawan, Dar Al-Ma’arif, Tunisia.
Al -Kahf, Surat from Holy Qura’an.
Al-Masudi, Abu Al-Hasan, Muruj-al-Zahab wa al-Ma-adin al-Jawahir, Al-Maktaba Al-Assriya, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Sader, Beirut, Lebanon.
Al-Qifti 1995 : Al-Qifti, Ali ben Yousuf, s Anbaa’ Al Rowah ala Enbah Alnohah,
Dar Elfekr, Cairo 1995.
Al-Shishani 2011 : Al-Shishani,Yasmin, Current Linguistic Classification between
Scientific Studies and New Linguistic Theories, Al-Zarqa, Jordan. www.addvstour.
com/16180
Al-Tabari 1977 : Al-Tabari, Mohammad Ibn Jarir, The History of Prophets and
Kings, Cairo.
Anis 1984 : Anis, Ibrahim, Dalalat Al-Alfaze (Semantic Significance), The Anglo
Egyptian Library, Cairo.
Baiomy 2006 : Baiomy, Sa’ied, The Arabic Language and the Economic Activity,
(June), http://www.diwanalarab.com/spip.php?article4795
Barber 1991 : Barber, Ch., The English Language. A Historical Introduction, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Coulmas 2000 : Coulmas, F., Language and Economy, Translated by Ahmed
Awad, Issue #263, November, Alam Al-Marefa, Al-Kuwait.
123
Dabib 2013 : Dabib, Mohammad, The Arabic Language in the Globalization Era,
http://www.al-jazirah.com/2000/20001119/ar3.htm
Emara 1984 : Emara, Mohammad, The Arabic Nation and The Case of Unity, Dar
Al-Wehda, Beirut.
Japaridze, Gotsha, Najm Al-Din Al-Tifilisi, Magalla Magma' al-Luga al-'Arabiyya
bi-Dimasq (The Arab Academy of Damascus Magazine), volume 58, 1983.
Gardavadze 2013 : Gardavadze, Darejan, The Cultural Exchange Relations
Between The Arab and Georgia, Proceedings of the International Conference
“The East in the Eyes of the West”, Kuwait University.
Ibn Hawqal 1992 : Ibn Hawqal , Abou Alqasem Mohammad, ¹ūrat al-'ArÇ, “The
face of the Earth”, Maktabit Al-Hayah publishing house, Beirut, Lebanon.
Ibn Khaldūn 1989 : Ibn Khaldūn, Abd El-Rahman, Al-Muqadimmah, Dar Al-Qalam, Beirut, Lebanon.
Iskandar 2008 : Iskandar, Fayez, The Islamic Conquest of Georgia, Dar Al Fikr AlArabi, Cairo.
Kahala 1993 : Kahala,Omar, Muj'am al-Moalifeen, Moasaset Elresalah, Beirut,
Lebanon.
Kakhiani 1965 : Kakhiani, Tsisia, Arabic Inscriptions of Dmanisi, Tbilisi.
Mc Mahon 1981 : Mc Mahon, M. S., Understanding Language Change, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Nur Al-Din 2005 : Nur Al-Din, Hasan, The Influence of Arabic on All Languages of
the World, Al-Nagaf Magazine – Second issue, Al-Najaf University, Lebanon.
Qadour, Ahmad, An Introduction to the Linguistics, Dar Al Fikr Al Muaser, Beirut,
Lebanon 1999.
Sa’id 2003 : Sa’id, Qurban, Ali and Nino, translated by Omayma Bahlol, Dar Al
Hasad, Damascus 2003.
Sazkin 1991 : Sazkin, Fu'ad, The Arabic Literature Collected in the Arabic Manuscripts around the World Libraries, Translated into Arabic by Mahmoud Fahmy,
The Directory of Culture and Publishing in Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic
University, Riyadh.
Sibawayh, Amro, Al-Kitab, Beirut, Lebanon, 1990.
Vendryes 1973 : Vendryes, Joseph, The Language, Translated by Abd Al-Hamid
Al-Dawakheli and Mohammed Qassas,The Anglo Egyptian Liberary, Cairo.
Zidane 1989 : Zidane, Georgy, The History of Literature and Knowledge, Beirut,
Lebanon.
The study of the semantic and phonological change in Arabic and Georgian
words was based on :
Lekiashvili 1992 : Lekiashvili, Vladimer, orientalizmebi qarTulSi (arabuli
leqsika), Orientalisms in the Georgian Language (Arabic vocabulary), Dissertation to obtain the degree of a Doctor of Philology, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State
University, Tbilisi.
124
Tsereteli 1951 : Tsereteli, Giorgi, arabul-qarTuli leqsikoni, Arabic-Georgian
Dictionary, TSU, Tbilisi.
Andronikashvili 2013 : Andronikashvili, Maia, Some Arabisms in the literary
Georgian Language and the Georgian Dialects, by Institute of Oriental Studies,
Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, N2.
• Language Modeling Association Explanatory Dictionary for the Georgian
Language on the Internet: http://ena.ge/explanatory-online.
• The Al-Bahes Al Arabi (The Arabic Researcher) for Arabic Ma’ajim (Dictionaries) http://www.baheth.info/.
• Direct life contact and Experience and listening to the colleagues, students,
friends and people.
atia muhamad abdel-Rafar iuseifi
arabuli enis gavlena qarTul enaze da am faqtoris gamoyeneba
qarTveli studentebisTvis arabuli enis swavlebis procesSi
reziume
civilizaciaTa Sexvedra zogadsakacobrio kanonTagania. am process Tan axlavs enebs Soris kavSiris damyareba. erT-erTi ena ufro metad gavleniani
xdeba, vidre meore, rasac aucileblad mohyveba xolme gavleniani enidan meore
enaSi garkveuli sityvebis Sedineba. mravali faqtoris gamo, rogorebicaa
geografiuli siaxlove, istoriuli movlenebi, ekonomika da msoflio vaWroba,
mecnieruli progresi da sxv. gamyarda kavSiri arabul da qarTul enebs Soris. am ori uZvelesi kulturisa da enis Sexvedram araerTi kvali datova
saqarTveloSi; gaCnda arabuli warwerebi saxlebis kedlebsa Tu saflavebze,
qarTul monetebze, moipoveba mravali arabuli xelnaweri. arabulidan qarTul
enaSi sxvadasxva gziT Sevida garkveuli sityvebi, romlebmac ganicades sxvadasxva saxis cvlileba da iqcnen qarTuli enis ganuyofel nawilad.
qarTvel studentebTan muSaobis dros vcdilobdi, msgavsi sityvebi gamomeyenebina arabuli enis swavlebis procesSi, dawyebuli iseTi magaliTebiT,
romlebmac umniSvnelo cvlilebebi ganicades (rogorebicaa saaTi, kalami, suraTi, jarima, kanoni, moedani, TaRliTi, Tarjimani, xaTri, mejlisi da sxv.),
damTavrebuli ufro metad Secvlili sityvebiT. kidev erTxel xazgasmiT
unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul da arabul enebs Soris arsebobs Rrma istoriuli kavSiri. amitom, Cveni azriT, kidev ufro didi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos arabuli enis swavlebas qarTul universitetebSi, saWiroa arabul universitetebTan mWidro TanamSromloba, qarTveli studentebisa da maswavleblebis gagzavna iq axali gamocdilebis misaRebad.
warmoadgina asocirebulma profesorma darejan gardavaZem
125
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
igor kekelia
Ziebani afxazeTis toponimiidan
(dali, kodori)
afxazeTis istoriuli geografiisa da toponimiis sakiTxebiT araerTi
mecnieri dainteresebula. ukanasknel xans sagrZnoblad gaizarda interesi am
Tematikisadmi. gamoqveynda mravali monografia Tu statia, magram, aseTi mzardi interesis miuxedavad, SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas Semdegi: ra kuTxiTac
ar unda ganvixiloT es sakiTxebi, afxazeTis toponimTa lingvisturi, eqstralingvisturi Tu istoriuli analizisadmi miZRvnili, dRemde gamocemuli da
Cven xelT arsebuli ramdenime monografiisa da gamokvlevis SemTxvevaSic ki,
sabolood mainc im aprobirebuli Sexedulebis aRiareba mogviwevs, ris Tanaxmadac bevri ram gamosamzeurebelia da kvlav sagangebo kvlevas saWiroebs. Sesaswavlia mravali toponimis istoria-etimologiasTan dakavSirebuli, burusiT moculi araerTi sakiTxi. afxazeTis saistorio geografia da toponimia
kvlav erTgul mCxrekelsa da gamomcemels elis...
winamdebare naSromSi warmovadgenT afxazeTis ori toponimis – dalisa da
kodoris istoriasa da etimologiur analizs.
istoriuli misimianeTis farglebSi Semavali kodoris xeobis zemo weli
dalis xeobis, xolo xeobaSi mdebare sofeli dalis saxeliT aris cnobili.
igi dasavleTidan xvaraS-jerilis mTagrexiliT esazRvreba mestiis raions.
dal-svaneTidan yaraCai-CerqezeTSi gadasvla ki SesaZlebelia kluxorisa da
maruxis uReltexilebiT (margiani 1998:134). dalis svaneTi moicavs md. kodoris oTxi Senakadis _ aZgaris, yuluCis, gvandrisa da sakenis auzSi mdebare teritorias. misi farTobia 650 ha. aqedan 350 ha sakarmidamo da saxnav-saTibi miwebia, danarCeni ki _ tyis masivebi da alpuri saZovrebi (margiani-dadvani
2005:40). ,,qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopediis~ cnobiT, dali ewodeba istoriul mxares kodoris saTaveebSi, axlandel gulrifSis raionis teritoriaze,
rac webeldis nawils warmoadgens. XIX s-Si dali marSaniebis feodaluri sagvareulos erTi Stos gamgeblobaSi yofila. 1832 wels es mxare formalurad,
xolo 1837 wlidan, faqtobrivad, ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi iyo... 1867
wels carizmma dalis mTeli mosaxleoba webeldis sxva mcxovreblebTan erTad osmaleTSi gaasaxla. SemdgomSi aq dasaxlebulan zemo svaneTidan gadmosuli moaxalSeneni (qse III, 1978: 350).
Tanamedrove administraciul-teritoriuli dayofiT dali moicavs aJarisa da laTis administraciul erTeulebSi Semaval soflebs.
126
XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi afxazeTis olqSi dasaxelebulia sof. dali
(xorava 2004:106, da iqve miTiTebuli literatura). g. gasvianis TqmiT, XIX s-is
30-ian wlebamde dali uSualod svaneTis mTavar dadeSqelianTa mflobelobaSi iyo. am miwa-wyliT mosargeble marSaniebi maT mniSvnelovan ijaras uxdidnen, magram imave saukunis 40-iani wlebisTvis mefis ruseTma yvelaferi waarTva Crdilo kavkasiasa da dalSi (gasviani 1991:26-32; misive 2011:197). dalis
Temis sof. dalidan 1867 wels, afxazTa pirveli masobrivi gadasaxlebis
dros, TurqeTSi gadausaxlebiaT 106 suli. afxaz muhajirTa siaSi dasaxelebulia Semdegi gvarebi: agabaS-ifa, kojbai (kujba), cvacva, lamxaS, saTirgia,
TerSi, axba, gunba, argun, kabba, axuba, bigua, yurdgel, yurdgelia, amWiba, mazua, ahmeT, aZimba, bigba, rafa-ifa, kvaZba, matua, finZaCa, marSania, barCan, absabaS-ifa, Colia, Svxuawaa, janber, badlia, Tarbai, buT, badia, hajim, agrua (xorava 2004:157-159). besarion niJaraZis TqmiT, afxazeTis aRmosavleT nawilSi
mdebare dalis xeoba bunebas yovelgvari siuxviT auvsia. afxazebis gadasaxlebamde es xeoba marRaniebis Tu marSaniebis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda; maT Semdeg
am xeobaSi xan megrelebi dasaxlebulan, xan _ rusebi. 1878 wels b. niJaraZes
unaxavs aq mosaxle erTi mdidari rusis ojaxi. Cubexevis sazogadoebis sof.
calerSi mcxovrebi gvarmianebi irwmunebian, rom maTi winaprebi dalis xeobidan Camosaxlebulan (citireba ix. CantlaZe, margiani-dadvani 2007:16). XX s-is
dasawyisSi dalis xeobaSi svanebis xelaxali gadmosaxlebis procesi daiwyo
(ix. ubilava 1948: 3-4; mibCuani 1989:130-131).
misimianeTSi suano-kolxebis Sereuli mosaxleobis arsebobis gaTvaliswinebiT svanuri warmoSobis toponimTa gavrcelebas am mxareSi p. ingoroyva
bunebrivad miiCnevda da xeobisa da soflis saxelwodebas _ dal, svanTa warmarTuli panTeonis qalRmerTis saxels _ dals ukavSirebda (ingoroyva
1954:159). es mosazreba mogvianebiT gaiziara g. gasvianma, romelic wers: ,,svanuri toponimia agreTve kodoris xeobis saxeli `dal ~(afxazeTis svaneTis
saxeli), romelic misimianTa nasaxlaria. dalze, rogorc nadirobis qalRmerTze, svanur folklorSi araerTi miTi da Tqmulebaa gavrcelebuli. `dal~,
rogorc warmarTuli RvTaeba, Rrmadaa Camjdari svanur rwmena-warmodgenaTa
panTeonSi~ (gasviani 1991: 208).
dalis Sesaxeb vrceli msjeloba mocemulia T. mibCuanis gamokvlevaSi.
matriarqatis epoqis droindeli qalRmerTis, silamazisa da mSvenierebis gansaxierebis, miuval kldeebSi mcxovrebi oqrosnawnavebiani dalis saxe farTod
aisaxa svanur xalxur poeziasa da miTologiaSi. VIII saukunis Semdeg istoriis arenidan gamqrali svanTa erT-erTi tomis _ misimianebis gansaxlebis adgils kodoris xeobaSi dRemde SemorCa aRniSnuli warmarTuli qalRmerTis
saxelwodeba `dal~. svaneTSi am kultis mosaxele geografiuli saxelwodebebis _ dali TanaR, dalia kojar da sxv., gavrceleba svanebSi dalis kultis
gansakuTrebuli adgilis mauwyebelia (mibCuani 1989:343-344). kodoris xeo127
bis zemo welis _ dalis saxels nadirobis mfarveli RvTaebis saxels ukavSireben agreTve g. gasviani, T. gvancelaZe, b. xorava da sxvani (gasviani 1998:83134; misive 2011:192, gvancelaZe 2013:132; xorava 2004: 106-107). afxazi mecnieri v. kvarWia xeobis saxels dal marSanias pirsaxels ukavSirebs (kvarWia
2002:64). T. gvancelaZe akritikebs am Tvalsazriss da SeniSnavs, rom v. kvarWias varaudi raime realur safuZvels ar emyareba da miznad isaxavs sruliad
gamWvirvale qarTveluri etimologiis mqone toponimTa gaafxazurebas (gvancelaZe 2013:131).
misimianebisaTvis dali erT-erT umaRles da umTavres RvTaebas rom warmoadgenda, amis mimaniSnebelia TviT maTi gansaxlebis teritoriis dRemde moRweuli saxelwodeba. am mxares dali unda rqmeoda XX s-is dasawyisamde, anu svanebis aq xelmeored dasaxlebamde. XIX s-is 50-iani wlebis cnobiT (l. liulie),
am mxares dal ewodeba. amasTanave, Cven zemoT davimowmeT XIX s-is 30-iani
wlebis cnobaSi sof. dalis dasaxelebis Sesaxeb (xorava 2004:106). maSasadame,
T. mibCuanis azriT, istoriuli misimianeTi dalis saxels atarebs uZvelesi
droidan da ara XX s-is dasawyisidan. ,,am kuTxis aseTi saxeli misimianTa svanurobis xelSeuvali argumentia, miT umetes rom dal termini ucxoa afxazurisaTvis. S. inal-ifa dal toponimTan dakavSirebiT arafers ambobs~ (mibCuani
1989:137). svanurSi dal dedofals, xolo dalod dedofalas niSnavs. svanurSi arsebuli sityva dedfal ,,dedofali~ qarTulidan unda Semosuliyo. maSasadame, svanTa Soreuli winaprebisTvis dali cnobili iyo rogorc dedofali,
silamazisa da mSvenierebis gansaxiereba, risTvisac droTa ganmavlobaSi gaakultes. svanTa gansaxlebis teritoriaze uZvelesi droidan dalis kulti
warmarTul RvTaebaTa panTeonSi erT-erT umTavres adgils ikavebda (iqve:
345-346).
k. dondua wers: ,,dali, nadirobis qalRmerTi... laxvs i TanaRs xaylunix
daliSd i aliSd... = saZovar mTebsa da did mTebSi eSiniaT dalis da alis~
(dondua 2001:74).
q. margianis dakvirvebiT, dal-svaneTSi soflebisa da uReltexilebis saxelwodebani agreTve mikrotoponimia, ZiriTadad svanurenovania. svanur enaze
aixsneba berZnul-bizantiur wyaroebSi moxseniebuli am seqtoris geografiuli saxelwodebani. gvxvdeba ramdenime aTeuli afxazurenovani toponimi. sam
aTeulamde saxelwodeba afxazuri topoformantebiT (-ra, ba, -ua) aris gaformebuli. erTeulebis saxiT damowmebulia megruli da rusulenovani toponimebic (iqve:136). dal-svaneTis toponimiis yvelaze mravalricxovani jgufi svanurenovania, rac qronologiurad SesaZlebelia or Sred, or fenad gaimijnos:
axali da Zveli. axal fenas miekuTvneba ZiriTadad mikrotoponimebi, rac ukavSirdeba dalis xeobaSi svanTa meored Tu mesamed Camosaxlebis periods, e. i.
XIX-XX ss. mijnas. Zvel fenas miekuTvneba antikuri periodis berZen Tu romael avtorebTan, agreTve Sua saukuneebis werilobiT wyaroebSi dafiqsirebuli
128
toponimebi: fusda//fusta, kluxor, daren, CxalTa (Caxar// Cixari), kodori
(kvarWia 1985:67; margiani 1998:137-138).
q. margianic im azrisaa, rom xeobis saxelwodeba dal momdinareobs nadirobisa da monadireTa mfarveli svanuri RvTaebis, ulamazesi qalRmerTis – dalis saxelisagan. am saxels imowmeben Sua saukuneebis mogzaurebi _ lulie da
nordmani. saistorio mecnierebaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom kodoris xeobas es saxeli uxsovari droidan, TviT matriarqatis epoqidan unda etarebina
(iqve: 138).
administarciul-teritoriuli dayofisa da kuTvnilebis TvalsazrisiT
sagulisxmoa svanTa Semdegi ganmarteba: ,,alas xaJxa dðlÎð xeoba, liTxæÎðri
RërbeT – dðl icaæda al xeobas. dðlð lðmzér Cigaru laxSxeda amCu mezge
mêras, amCu merde mêras, xoSam i xoxram!.. ala li dðlÎð xeoba, deÎ samegrelo-zemo suaneT... muSæðnénqa amCu iualadeR dós xoCda... _ amas hqvia dali[s]
xeoba, nadirobi[s] RmerTi dali icavda am xeobas. dali[s] salocavi mudam
Seewios aq mcxovreb kacs, aq myof kacs, ufrossa da umcross... es aris dali[s]
xeoba, araviTari samegrelo-zemo svaneTia... svanis garda, aq aravin yofila
arasodes...~ (margiani-dadvani 2007:41-42).
daleli svanebi miiCneven, rom dalis xeoba arc afxazeTia da arc svaneTi.
isini TavianT Tavs svanebs ki ar uwodeben, aramed ,,dalels~ (mé-dðl) da ,,dalelebs~ (dal-ðr). ,,fetvs dalSi aRaravin Tesavs, svaneTidan gvigzavniano~, _
ityvian xolme xeobaSi. qarTvelma mecnierebma savele samuSaoebis dros gaarkvies, rom svanebi dResac ki ar aRiqvamen kodoris xeobas afxazeTis teritoriad. amitomac uwodebiaT xeobisTvis maTTvis ufro axlobeli, svanuri samyarosaTvis bunebrivi toponimi dal da ara kodor (CantlaZe, margiani-dadvani
2007:17; CantlaZe 2010: 82).
svanebis mier dalis xeobis kuTvnilebis sakiTxis aseTi gaazrebis miuxedavad da toponim ,,dalis~ warmomavlobaze msjelobisas Cveni yuradReba miipyro
dali, dalé sityvis megrulma mniSvnelobebma. esaa ,,dasavleTi, dasavali,
daisi; seris momijnave dabali da wagrZelebuli gavakeba~ (qobalia 2010:233).
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom dalis megruli warmomavlobis orografiul
nomenad, kerZod, seris momijnave dabal da wagrZelebul gavakebad gaazreba
SesaZlebeli iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki dalis xeobaSi fiqsirebul geografiul saxelwodebebSi gamoikveTeboda megrulenovan toponimTa SedarebiT
mravalricxovani jgufi. zogadi suraTiT Tuki vimsjelebT, sadReisod is
garemoeba ikveTeba, rom xeobis toponimur fondSi yvelaze mravalricxovani
jgufi mainc svanurenovania. amis miuxedavad, uaRresad hipoTetur doneze
toponim ,,dalis~ Cven mier warmodgenil ganmartebas arsebobis ufleba mainc
aqvs, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT misimianTa eTnikuri vinaobis Sesaxeb dRemde
arsebul mosazrebebs Soris erT-erTs. kerZod, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs p. ingoroyvas mosazreba, romelic misimianeTis mxaris mosaxleobis eTnografiuli
129
Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb wers: Zv. w. VI-IV ss-Si hekate miletelisa da skilaqs
kariandelis geografiul teqstebSi moxseniebuli kolaelni ekuTvnodnen
kolxur Stos da iyvnen aborigeni mosaxleni misimianeTis mxarisa. Semdeg
xanebSi, araugvianes Zv. w. I saukunisa, aq svanebi Camosaxlebulan (strabonis
cnoba). ufro gvian am ori tomis SereviT warmomdgara narevi tomi svankolxebisa (suano-kolxni) anu eger-svanebisa, megrel-svanebisa... ,,xolo rac
Seexeba misimianebs (e.i. misimianeTis mxareSi mosaxle svan-kolxTa narev toms),
maTi ena, rogorc pirdapir aRniSnavs agaTia, ar iyo kolxuri (megrullazuri); amis mixedviT misimianeTis mxaris mosaxleobis ena yofila an
svanuri, an adgilobrivi misimianuri dialeqti, romelic svanuri da megruli
enis Serevis niadagze warmoSobila~ (ingoroyva 1954:145).
maSasadame, strabonis mixedviT ,,kavkasionis mTian mxareSi, dioskuriis zemoT~, e.i. istoriuli misimianeTis teritoriaze ,,suano-kolxebis~, imave svanebis,
Camosaxlebamde misimianeTSi saxlobda kolxuri (megruli) mosaxleoba _ kolaelni. toponim dalis gaCenac swored Zv. w. I s-mde periods unda ukavSirdebodes.
kodori
XVIII s-is didi qarTveli istorikosis, geografisa da politikuri moRvawis _ vaxuSti batoniSvilis aRwera kodoris xeobis Sesaxeb lakoniuria,
magram Seicavs zogierT uzustobasac: ,,...moqvis mdinaris dasavliT dis kodoris mdinare. am wyalzed ars eklesia drandas, mTaSi, gumbaTiani, Suenieri, didSeni. zis episkopozi, mwyemsi kodorsa da anakofiis Sorisisa adgilTa. aramed aw afxazTagan arRara arian orTa amaT Sina episkopozni.
garna mdinare kodori drandamdis dis aRmosavlidam dasavleTad, gamomdinare kavkasiidam, da drandidam zRuamde dis Cdilodam samxriT. moigo saxeli dabis kodorisagan, romeli ars drandas zeiT, am wyalzed, mTaSi~
(vaxuSti 1973:781).
kodoris dinebis mimarTuleba ,,aRmosavlidam dasavleTad~ axlandeli
gulrifSis municipalitetis sof. amzaramdea da ara drandamde. amzaridan
mdinare samxreT-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT miedineba da sof. aZiubJas samxreTiT, kodoris koncxTan SeerTvis Sav zRvas. kodori Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze yvelaze didi mdinarea, rac warmoiqmneba ori mdinaris _ gvandrisa da sakenis sof. marcxena genwviSTan SeerTebiT. saTaves
iRebs kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis samxreT kalTaze, zRvis donidan 740 m-ze. mdinaris sigrZe gvandris saTavidan 110 km-ia, uSualod kodorad saxeldebuli monakveTisa _ 84 km. auzis farTobi 2030 km2-s Seadgens. kodoris umTavresi Senakadebia CxalTa, mramba, jampali amtyeliT da
sxv. (afxazava qse 1980:570).
kodoris auzis qvemo nawili (terasiseburi xeobiT) kolxeTis dablobSi Sedis, umetesi, zemo nawili ki, masSi Semavali ZiriTadi orografiuli erTeulebiT (mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi, CxalTisa da kodoris (fa130
navis) gamyoli qedebi, CxalTa-sakenis gaswvrivi xeoba, sakuTriv kodoris
xeoba), kavkasionis mTianeTis Semadgeneli nawilia (maruaSvili 1961:3).
vaxuSti SeniSnavs, rom md. kodorma ,,moigo saxeli dabis kodorisagan, romeli ars drandas zeiT, am wyalzed, mTaSi~. maSasadame, dabis saxeli darqmevia mdinares. kodoris saxelwodebiT dasaxlebuli punqti amJamad kodoris xeobis mTian nawilSi ar aris. p. ingoroyvam gamoTqva mosazreba, rom vaxuStiseuli daba kodori unda Seesabamebodes anastasi apokrisiaris werilSi moxsenebul skotoris cixes (ingoroyva 1954:56; beraZe
1971:65; musxeliSvili 1977:119).
kodoris saTaved vaxuSti ,,kavkass~ (,,gamomdinare kavkasiidam~) miiCnevda. afxazeTis kavkasionis samxreTi toti kodoris qedia. aRniSnuli qedi enguris, RaliZgis, moqvisa da sxva mdinareTa auzebis wyalgamyofs
warmoadgens da Sedgeba xojalis mTis masivSi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli
ori monakveTisagan. erTi monakveTi afxazeTis qedis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. misi sigrZe 30 km-ia da mimarTulia samxreT-dasavleTisaken, kavkasionis mTuri wyalgamyofi qedidan xojalis mTamde. am qedzea moguaSirxis
mwvervali, xolo Sua nawilSi, mdinareebis _ sakenisa da nenskris wyalgamyofze _ xidis uReltexili. fanavis qedis saxeliT cnobili meore monakveTis sigrZe 51 km-ia, rac mimarTulia ganedurad, xojalis mTidan md.
kodoris qvemo dinebamde (maruaSvili qse 1980: 570.
anastasi apokrisiari gvamcnobs: ,,ufali amba anastasi da am werilis damweri Sesxes cxenebze da ase gaamgzavres da Caamwyvdies: pirveli _ abazgiis maxloblad erT cixeSi, romelsac skotori ewodeba~; kotori moixsenieba agreTve giorgi mTawmindelis did svinaqsarSi. anastasis werilidan
motanili citatis qarTuli versiis Sesabamisi adgili ase ikiTxeba: ,,da
Zma anastasios saegriTa wariyvanes da Seayenes cixesa afxazeTisasa, romelsa ewodebis kotori~ (iqve: 43; beraZe 1971:65).
md. kodori gamosaxulia arqanjelo lambertis 1654 wlis rukaze
(Coddars Feolim Corax), mas moixseniebs Tavis naSromSic (,,samegrelos aRwera~) da aRniSnavs, rom kolxidaSi (odiS-samegrelo) ,,yvelaze ukanaskneli mdinare aris kodori, romelic unda iyos (ZvelTa) koraqsi, radgan
kolxidis sazRvrebia (ZvelTa sityviT) erTis mxriT fazisi da meores
mxriT _ koraqsi~ (lamberti 2011:201).
germaneli mogzauris _ iakob rainegsis cnobiT, afxazeTis dablobebsa da
Ria velebs mdinareebi _ kodori da gerCisi (?) rwyavs (rainegsi 2002:112).
eduard aixvaldi SeniSnavs, rom ,,kodori saTaves iRebs kavkasiis umaRles
mTebSi da moedineba Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan samxreT-dasavleTisaken Rrma
xeobaSi, is didi raodenobiT ierTebs mTis nakadulebs da sofel uxobis
anu drandis ukan erTvis zRvas or totad, romelTagan samxreTisa Zalze
nela moedineba da patara navebisTvis sanaosnoa~ (aixvaldi 2005:221-222).
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kodori gamosaxulia XIII s-is veneciur rukaze, venecieli kartografebis, Zmebis _ piciganebis mier 1367 wels Sedgenil rukaze, soleris
xmelTaSua zRvis rukaze (1385 w.), portugalieli kartografis, diego
omenis 1559 wels Sedgenil rukaze, (daculia parizis erovnul biblioTekaSi) iakob de maiolos 1563 wels Sedgenil rukaze (daculia parizis
erovnul biblioTekaSi), italieli misioneris _ Jan Sardenis 1672 wels
Sedgenil rukaze (sazRvari afxazeT-samegrelos Soris), germaneli aRmosavleTmcodnis, ruseTis ucxo enaTa kolejis profesor r. keris mier
1732 wels Sedgenil rukaze da a.S. (gamaxaria, gogia 1997:312; zuxbaia,
,,maxaria~, 2002:19). kodori gamosaxulia lixT-imereTis 1737 wels Sedgenil rukazec (burjanaZe 1959: 194).
b. kvaracxelia gamoTqvams varauds, rom anastasi apokrisiaris werilSi moxseniebuli ,,skotori~ da vaxuStiseuli daba kodori afsileTis im
seqtorSi mdebareobda, ,,sadac afsileTis mxare adgeba mdinare kodors,
e.i. webeldis aRmosavleTiT~ (kvaracxelia 2003:187). Cans, rom mkvlevari
iziarebs pavle ingoroyvas Tvalsazriss, magram ar miuTiTebs am ukanasknelis naSromidan Sesabamis gverds. p. ingoroyva wers: daba kodori... mdebareobas absileTSi, im seqtorSi, sadac absileTis mxare adgeba md. kodors, e. i.
webeldis aRmosavleTiT~ (ingoroyva 1954:156).
vaxuStis aRweris gaanalizeba gvaZlevs Semdegi daskvnebis gamotanis
SesaZleblobas:
1. kodoris dinebis mimarTuleba aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken axlandeli gulrifSis raionis sof. amzaramdea da ara drandamde, rogorc
fiqrobs mecnieri batoniSvili. amzaridan mdinaris dineba samxreT-dasavleTiskenaa mimarTuli da sof. aZiubJas samxreTiT, kodoris koncxTan uerTdeba Sav zRvas;
2. vaxuStis azriT, drandis zemoT, mTaSi mdebare dabis saxeli darqmevia mdinares. kodoris saxelwodebiT dasaxlebuli punqti amJamad kodoris xeobis mTian nawilSi ar gvxvdeba.
kodoris etimologiiT araerTi mkvlevari dainteresebula. rogorc aRvniSneT, Sua saukuneebis qarTul da berZnul-laTinur wyaroebSi (giorgi
mTawmindeli, anastasi apokrisiari) moxseniebuli daba kodori mdebareobda afSileTis im seqtorSi, sadac afSileTis mxare emijneba md. kodors,
anu webeldis aRmosavleTiT. iqve, kodoris xeobaSi damowmebulia saxelwodeba koda, kerZod, soflebi _ didi koda da patara koda webeldis raionSi. p. ingoroyva saxelwodebaSi gamoyofda fuZe-sityvas _ kodi, koda,
da qarTuli geografiuli saxelebis Cveulebriv daboloebas, bolokidur
gramatikul formants -or. am sityvebis Semcveli geografiuli saxelwodebebia kodi da koda _ soflebi qarTlSi; kodiani _ mTa qarTlisa da mesxeTis sazRvarze; kodmani _ sofeli qarTlSi (ingoroyva 1954:156). imave
naSromSi, sxvagan, mkvlevari SeniSnavs, rom XIV-XVI saukuneTa italiur
132
rukebze md. kodoris deltaSi datanilia punqti kodos//kodas saxelwodebiT, xolo delili 1738 wels Sedgenil rukaze miuTiTebs imave punqts
kodoris formiT (iqve:173). saxelwodebis afxazuri variantia kGYdr.
prof. iza CantlaZe ar iziarebs saanalizo toponimis q. margiani-dadvanisa
da z. WumburiZiseul gaazrebas. kerZod, isini fiqroben, rom kodori momdinareobs svanuri skodo ,,Rrma~ leqsemidan (CantlaZe 2007:17; misive 2010: 82).
skod- fuZis Semcvelia agreTve svaneTis Semdegi toponimebi: skodiar _ 1. tye
beCoSi; 2. gza kaxuraSi; skodiar _ gza murSkelSi; skodi Rel _ Rele lujSi;
skodi Rela _ Rele RobSi; skodi Reli maCxaf _ CanCqeri lujSi...
i. CantlaZis mosazrebiT, kodor svanuri warmomavlobisa rom iyos, maSin
umlautiani forma *kodUer unda gvqonoda. ,,amasTanave, auxsneli rCeba, agreTve, rogorc Ziriseuli o xmovnis sigrZis dakargvis, ise anlautis s Tanxmovnis ukvalod gauCinarebis sakiTxi. esec rom ar iyos, raWuli skodori’s (mdinare rionis erTi monakveTis saxelwodeba onsa da ambrolaurs Soris) analogiuri toponimebi dasturdeba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi~ (CantlaZe da
sxv. 2007:17; misive CantlaZe 2010:82). mkvlevari imowmebs msgavsi warmoebis
toponimebs: skind-or-i, skand-e (WiaTura), kud-ar-o (raWa), kvad-o-ur-a
(mcire mdinare sofel RoreSaSi) da kod-a-ur-a (tye zemo imereTSi), da aslan
lipartelianis ganmartebas, rom kodor ,,Rrma, moreviani mdinarea~ (iqve:18;
misive CantlaZe 2010:83). i. CantlaZe, qarTvelur enaTa qrestomaTiuli
xmovanTSesatyvisobis (qarT. a: zan. o: svan. a), agreTve kad- Ziris semantikisa
da -or sufiqsis megrulSi gansakuTrebulad farTod gavrcelebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Seecada kodore leqsemisaTvis saerTo-qarTvelur doneze aRedgina
*kad- Ziri, rac agreTve warmodgenilia na-kad- da na-kad-ul- fuZeTa saxiT.
misi zanuri Sesatyvisi unda yofiliyo kod-or-, xolo svanurSi – la-kad-a.
mkvlevari SeniSnavs, rom kodori araa svanuri kadar (,,mSrali, xmeli adgili,
xmeleTi~) sityvis zanizebuli forma. igi Seicavs qarTvelur kad- Zirs, rac
albaT Tavis droze ,,wylis~ aRmniSvneli iyo, iseTi wylisa, mzisgulze
mdebare mTisZira gorak-ferdobebidan rom iRebda saTaves. kodoris ,,wylis~
semantikis Semcvel saxelwodebad gaazrebis dasturad miiCnevs i. CantlaZe
samegrelos teritoriaze, kerZod, abaSaSi damowmebul toponim kodorfons
(CantlaZe 2010:83).
kodora, kodore, kodori leqsemebi samegreloSi farTod yofila gavrcelebuli, rasac mowmobs werilobiT wyaroebSi am variantebis toponimebis
saxiT damowmebac. kerZod, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs odiSis mTavar beJan dadianis
mier 1714 wels Sedgenili ,,Sewirulebis wigni~, raSic vkiTxulobT, rom
anjeli da ,,kodora gaRmarTi~ WilaZeebs saWyondidlosTvis SeuwiravT
(kakabaZe 1921:113). 1753 wels Sedgenil ,,wyalobis wignSi~ gvxvdeba ,,gamoRma
kodori~: gabriel Wyondidels robaSi mcxovrebi, miqelaZeebisgan Sewuxebuli
sami glexi wamouyvania da gamoRma kodorSi dausaxlebia. maSasadame, gaRma kodori da gamoRma kodori toponimebad dasturdeba jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi.
133
gamoRma kodori sofelia abaSis raionis naesakaos administraciul erTeulSi,
rionis marjvena napiras. qalaq abaSas daSorebulia 5 km-iT, xolo naesakaos _
3 km-iT. soflis saxelwodebis amJamindeli adgilobrivi varianti pirveli
kodori uwin oficialur saxelwodebas warmoadgenda. sof. gaRma kodori
mdebareobs rionis marcxena mxares da keTilaris administraciul erTeulSi
Sedis. misi uwindeli saxelwodebaa meore kodori (kekelia, odiSaria 2012:7,
10, 15).
p. cxadaia SeniSnavs, rom samegrelos toponimiaSi kodori yovelTvis
wylispira beqobs miemarTeba. mkvlevari iqve imowmebs k. kaWaravas ganmartebas:
kodori, igive kodme mdinaris xaboa, maRali napiria (cxadaia 2013:45).
aqve movixmobT sailustracio masalas svaneT-samegrelos mikrotoponimiidan:
kodar _ saTib-saZovari JibianSi;
kodara _ adgili sof. gezaTSi, sadac gadioda Turme samegrelo-imereTis
sazRvari (eliava 1977:19).
kodora _ g. eliava ,,qalaq abaSisa da misi midamoebis~ toponimTa nusxaSi
miuTiTebs dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe~ (eliava 1977:39).
kodore _ 1. Aadgili gezaTSi. g. eliavas TqmiT, msgavsi mikrotoponimi am
sofelSi sxvaganac gvxvdeba. iqve mocemulia Semdegi xalxuri ganmarteba:
,,tyiani, magari miwa, unayofo~ (iqve: 19); p. cxadaia SeniSnavs, rom kodore//kodora ewodeba saxnavebs ontofosa da gezaTis sazRvarze, da iqve azustebs: gezaTSi adgils kodara hqvia, xolo ontofoSi _ kodare. warmodgenilia respodentis ganmartebac: ,,kodara qarTuli formaa, kodore ki _ megruli~ (iqve:
159); 2. adgili Zvel abaSaSi. g. eliavas wignSi dasaxelebulia dazustebuli
lokalizaciis gareSe (iqve: 27). uTuod es kodore unda igulisxmebodes
p. cxadaias mier vake-saZovrebis saxelwodebad damowmebul toponimSi, rac
mdebareobs sof. ontofos sazRvarTan, cudRaris marcxena mxares (cxadaia
2013: 158). mkvlevari gaRma kodorSic, kerZod, anjerSi, rionis marcxena mxares mdebare saxnavis saxelwodebad asaxelebs kodoras// kodores (iqve:158);
3. saxnavi rionisa da texuris SesarTavs SigniT, sof. gamoRma zanaTSi. p. cxadaias cnobiT, am adgilas ,,uwin yofila uRrani tye, muxnari, sadac gareul
Rorsac xSirad moinadirebdnen xolme (cxadaia 2013:158). toponim kodores
sof. zanaTSi g. eliava miuTiTebs rionisa da texuris SesarTavTan (iqve:57);
4. saxnavi texurisa da rionis SesarTavTan arsebul samkuTxedSi, sof. sujunaSi. mis gaRma isula da ZonZiria. aqac uRrani tyis arsebobas miuTiTeben;
5. amaRlebuli vake sof. gamoRma pirvel xorgis uban sadolbaioSi, md. skviis
marcxena mxares (cxadaia 2007:143); 6. saxnavebi etorCineSi, tarCenis orive
napirze. saxeldebuli obieqti mdebareobs sof. jolevSi (cxadaia 2010:202);
7. adgili naesakaoSi. g. eliavas mier dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe damowmebul toponims axlavs xalxuri ganmarteba: ,,Raribi xalxi – kodorebi Ca134
mosaxlebulan~. mkvlevari iqve SeniSnavs, rom es saxeli sofelSi kidev erT
adgils hqvia (iqve:51).
kodoreS oluri _ nagzauri, rac abaSidan gadioda gezaTSi, noRelis gaRma
(iqve:159).
kodoriS rCqoni _ tye, kunZuli rionze, sof. gaRma kodorSi (cxadaia
2013:159);
kodoroba _ saxnavebi gaRma kodorSi, anjerSi. es teritoria uwin dasaxlebuli yofila. kodoroba mravlobiTi ricxvis formaa. akonkreteben: tifoniaS dabali, mesxiaS dabali, galenkodore, dinaxalenkodore, saRlamo... (iqve:
159).
kodorou _ Wala da saxnavi; md. abaSis marcxena napiri inCxias SesarTavTan
martvilSi (kekelia 2008:32; misive 2009:73). asaxelebs g. eliavac (eliava
1977: 103). p. cxadaia gvTavazobs toponimis Semdeg lokalizacias: ,,kodorou
_ saxnavi md. abaSis marcx. napirze, stadionis ukan~ (cxadaia 2010:25).
kodorfoni _ g. eliavas cnobiT, ase ewodeba kodoris TavTxels rionze,
sofel naesakaoSi (iqve:52). p. cxadaia imowmebs toponims kodofonis formiT,
da aRniSnavs, rom ase ewodeba tyes da saZovars oCarulis wyarosTan, sof. samiqaoSi (iqve: 159).
kodorqalaqi _ g. eliavas mier ,,naesakaos sasoflo sabWos~ toponimTa
nusxaSi dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe miTiTebul geografiul saxelwodebas axlavs avtoris mier n. miminoSvilisgan Cawerili ganmarteba: kodori,
vidre rioni sofels Suaze gayofda, winaT sul erTiani yofila. rioni maSin
fiCorasTan miedineboda, magram gurulebs dRevandel kalapotSi gadmougdiaT.
winaT am adgilas qalaqi yofila. kodori uwin iq yofila, sadac dRes gaWedilia, magram Semdeg gadautaniaT (iqve:51). p. cxadaias cnobiT, kodorqalaqi gamoRma anu pirveli kodoris saxelwodebaa da mdebareobs rionisa da cxeniswylis SesarTavTan (cxadaia 2013:159; ix. agreTve kekelia, odiSaria 2012:13).
kodorWae _ g. eliava dazustebuli lokalizaciis gareSe asaxelebs ,,keTilaris sasoflo sabWos~ toponimTa nusxaSi, Wala-saZovrisa da sayanis saxelwodebad (iqve:64).
galenkodore ,,garekodore~ _ saxnavi saRlamos napirze, dinaxalenkodores pirdapir, kodorobaSi. saxeldebuli obieqti mdebareobs sof. gaRma kodorSi (cxadaia 2013:124).
dinaxalenkodore ,,SigniTa kodore~ _ lokalizaciisaTvis ix. zemoT ga-
lenkodore.
melenkodori _ sof. gaRma kodoris saxelwodebis megruli varianti.
svanurSi kadar, kadar igivea, rac ,,xmeli, mSrali adgili; xmeleTi~. aseve
megrulSic kadari ewodeba mzisken miqceul ferdobs, mzian mxares. o. qajaia
imowmebs sailustracio masalas: kadari dixa ,,ferdobi adgili~ (qajaia 2002:
97). a. qobalias ganmartebiT kada//kadari igivea, rac kedeli, klde; kldis te135
rasa; xolo kadaris ganmartebisas ramdenime mniSvnelobas gvTavazobs: ,,kadari
kldovani adgili, qviani ferdobi; kenWiani, kudaro; uvenaxo, unayofo mTiani an
wylispira qviani adgili; mzvare, mziani adgili, mTis samxreTi kalTa~ (qobalia 2010:351). misive leqsikonSi damowmebulia kadarRalis Semdegi ganmarteba: ,,kldisRele, klde-Rre~ (iqve). ramdenadac bgeraTSesatyvisoba svan. -a:
megr. -o ar dasturdeba, maSasadame, kadari, kadara igive araa, rac kodori, magram kodor sityva kodme sityvis mniSvnelobis Semcvelia, Tumca sityvis am
mniSvnelobis masalobrivi damTxveva ar dasturdeba (cxadaia 2013:45).
kodori megrulSi aRniSnavs kldovans, mdinaris kldovan napirs, wylis
kalapots, xevis kldovan Zirs. mdinaris saxelwodeba kodori, Cveni azriT,
swored kldovani kalapotis, an qvalodebianis Sinaarsis amsaxveli unda iyos.
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lamberti 2011 : arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, gamomcemloba ,,mTawminda~, Tbilisi.
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mibCuani 1989 : T. mibCuani, dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTvel mTielTa eTnogenezis,
gansaxlebisa da kulturis istoriidan, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi.
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rainegsi 2002 : i. rainegsi, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, germanulidan Targmna,
Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo gia gelaSvilma, gamomcemloba ,,artanuji~,
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qse III, 1978 : qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. III, gamomcemloba ,,mecniereba~,
Tbilisi.
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CantlaZe 2010 : i. CantlaZe, kvlav ,,kodor~-is etimologiisaTvis, arnold Ciqo-
bavas sakiTxavebi, arnold Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutis XXI
samecniero sesia, masalebi, Tbilisi.
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cxadaia, jojua 2003 : p. cxadaia, v. jojua, samurzayanos geografiuli saxelwodebani, Tbilisi.
cxadaia 2007 : p. cxadaia, samegrelos geografiuli saxelwodebani, xobis raioni, q. foTi, gamomcemloba ,,universali~, Tbilisi.
cxadaia 2010 : p. cxadaia, samegrelos geografiuli saxelwodebani, martvilis
raioni (samxreTi nawili), gamomcemloba ,,artanuji~, Tbilisi.
cxadaia 2013 : p. cxadaia, samegrelos geografiuli saxelwodebani. abaSis raioni, gamomcemloba ,,universali~, Tbilisi.
xorava 2004 : b. xorava, afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, gamomcemloba ,,artanuji~, Tbilisi.
1985: .
,
,
.
Igor Kekelia
Research into the Toponymy of Abkhazia
(Dali, Kodori)
Summary
Some scientists were interested in Abkhazian historical geography and toponymy.
This interest has increased lately. A lot of articles have been published regarding
this topic. But despite this we can firmly say that Abkhazian toponyms still require
a lot of attention, and special linguistic, extra linguistic and historical analyses
should be conducted in this field. Abkhazian historical geography and toponymy
still need a devoted researcher and publisher.
The presented work is an attempt to investigate Abkhazian toponyms Dali and
Kodori historically and etymologically. The researcher analyses Georgian Dali,
Kodori and foreign authors’ opinions about these geographical names and, at the
same time, offers his own, diverse views. All the toponyms given in this article are
explained in Megrelian.
In the author’s viewpoint, when discussing the origin of the place name “Dali”,
the Megrelian meanings of the word dali are noteworthy. These are: “West”,
“Sunset”, “low and elongated place adjacent to a hill”. The explanation of the
place name “Dali”, suggested as a cautious assumption by the author, has a right to
exist bearing in mind one of the opinions concerning the ethnicity of the Misimians.
In particular, according to Strabo, in the mountainous region of the Caucasus, above
Dioscuria, i.e. on the territory of historical Misimianeti, prior to the settlement of
the “Svano-Colchians”, the same as the Svans, there lived the Colchian/Megrelian
population – the Kolaeans. And the place name “Dali” too must have appeared
before the 1st c. BC.
When discussing the etymology of the hydronym “Kodori”, the researcher
takes into account the fact that the word kodori in Megrelian denotes “rocky”,
“cliffy river bank”, “river bed”, “rocky bottom of a ravine”. In the author’s view,
the name of the river “Kodori” must be denoting the semantics of “rocky bed”, or
“stony, cliffy place”.
138
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
GIA KVASHILAVA
INTERPRETATION OF THE COMMON KARTVELIAN
LINEAR A SCRIPT SEQUENCES ku-ro AND ki-ro
‘The meaning of one Linear A word is certain:
ku-ro is the word which introduces totals, and
must mean something like ‘total’ or ‘so much’.
If we could find such a word in a known language,
the problem of Linear A might be solved.’
J. Chadwick (1970:154 ff.)
The sign-sequences (words) denoting arithmetic operations in Linear A inscriptions:
[ku-ro] – ‘to gather, to collect’; and
[ki-ro] – ‘decrease, reduce’ were
presented by me earlier (Kvashilava 2011:266-267).
Below these sequences are studied in detail.
1.1. Reading the sign-sequence
[ku-ro]
According to GORILA (1976, I:18-19, 22-23, 26-27, 44-45, 48-51, 138-141,
150-153, 164-165, 168-171, 176-179, 192-203, 206-213, 218-219, 318-319; 1976,
III:182-185; see also Younger 2000-2011) the sign-sequence
has been attested
on clay tablets HT 9 (HM 13), HT 11 (HM 29), HT 13 (HM 7), HT 25 (HM 34),
HT 27 (HM 36+53), HT 88 (HM 1312), HT 89 (HM 1313), HT 94 (HM 1316), HT
100 (HM 1306), HT 102 (HM 1310), HT 104 (HM 1317), HT 109 (HM 1333), HT
110 (HM 1319), HT 116 (HM 1361), HT 117 (HM 1364), HT 118 (Pigorini 83734),
HT 119 (HM 1362), HT 122 (HM 1366), HT 123 (HM 1367+1371), HT 127, PH(?)
31 (HM 1609), ZA 15 (HM 1627); these were found at Hagia Triada, Phaistos (?)
and Zakros in Crete, and dated back to LM IB period (GORILA 1976, I:XXI, XXX;
1976, III:XIV, XVI, XXII; 1985, V:83-86, 113).
The following two inscriptions have been chosen for my study:
Inscription on side b of clay tablet HT 9
(GORILA 1976, I:18, 19)
139
Inscription on side b of clay tablet HT 9
(GORILA 1976, I:19)
Inscription on side b of clay tablet HT 11
(GORILA 1976, I:22, 23)
The sign-sequence
HT 11b.
140
is attested at the end of the inscriptions on HT 9b and
The Linear A (LA) script signs LA081 and LA002 are considered to be
identical (or similar) to the corresponding signs of Linear B (LB) and the Cypriot
syllabic (CS/LC) script, as shown on the table below (see Kvashilava 2011:239;
2012:165-167):
The table is compiled according to Evans 1952, II:15, 6;
Bennett 1966:298, 299, 304, 305; Chadwick 1970:24;
GORILA 1985, V:XXXIV, XXVIII; CoMIK 1986, I:54;
Duhoux 1983:34; Raison, Pope 1994:25; Douros 2008:29, 25
According to rule 5.2.2 of my algorithm for reading the signs of the Phaistos
Disk and Linear A scripts (Kvashilava 2008:253, 254), the LA081 sign
and
LA002 sign are read as [ku] and [ro/*lo] syllables (see Kvashilava 2011:252, 266;
2012:174-176), which coincides with the phonological values of the corresponding
LB signs (see Chadwick 1970:165), and consequently the LA sequence of signs
is read as [ku-ro/*ku-lo].
The meaning of
[ku-ro/*ku-lo] is supposed to be ‘total’ (Evans 1952, II:16,
52; Pope 1958:21; Nagy 1963:202, 203; Packard 1974:26; Platon, Brice 1975:73;
Chadwick 1975:144; Hooker 1990:181 / Chadwick 1987; Palmer 1995:136, 137, 151;
Duhoux 2000:598; 2004:217; Schoep 1999:208; 2002:160-162; Facchetti, Negri
2003:169; Younger 2003:30912; Owens 2007:317; Montecchi 2008:314); Indo1
European *ger- ‘to collect, to gather’; Greek ἀγε ω ‘to come together, to assemble;
to gather, to collect’ (SOS 1976:91 / Pope 1964; comp. Bomhard 2014, II:538,
№486D); Kartvelian * ar-/* r- – ‘bind, bind together, tie’; Kartvelian * r-eb- – ‘to
gather; sum up’ (Gordeziani 2000:117; 2007, II:211; Chotalishvili 2003:100; comp.
Bomhard 2014, II:538, №486C); Semitic *kull-‘all’2 (Gordon 1958:249; 1975:153,
156; Packard 1974:26 ff.).
[ku-ro] with the Common KarThe above materials show the connection of
tvelian (CK) archetype * ̥- ჲ [* r̥ -oj] < * ̥- - ჲ/* ̥- - ჲ [* r̥ -w-ej/* r̥ -w-aj]3.
1
2
3
Comp.: Indo-European *h2ger- ‘to gather, to collect; to come together, to assemble’ (see
[a-ke-re] (see PY Cc 660.a
Bomhard 2014, II:538, №486D); Mycenaean Greek
[a-ko-ra] (see PY Cn 453.1 tablet) –
tablet) – ἀγεί ει (Jorro, Adrados 1999, I:38);
ἀγο ά (Jorro, Adrados 1999, I:46); ἄγο ο , ‘gathering’ (see Beekes 2010, I:10; comp.:
Chadwick, Baumbach 1963:166; Pokorny 2007:1029-1030).
Comp. Semitic *kull-‘all’ (see Bomhard 2014, III:569-570, №512A): Sumerian
[kul]
‘to collect’ (PSD 2005:150).
The following notations are used in this paper: C – any simple consonant or harmonic group
̄
of decessive order; ჲ /j/ stands for a frontal sonant phoneme; =k̓ =k’; = /q; l=l/l̨
,ĺ
141
1.2. Reconstruction of the CK archetype * რ̥-ოჲ [*ḳr̥ -oj]
As mentioned above, the theory of morphological structure and typology of CK
presented by Th. Gamkrelidze and G. Machavariani (1965:366-368), the comparative study of Kartvelian languages allows the inner and comparative reconstruction of Later CK archetypes.
According to the ‘Principle of Monovocalism’ (Gamkrelidze, Machavariani
1965:183, 243), if to one-morpheme verbal root – in our case {*
-/*
- [* er/* ar-]} – a normal grade suffixal morpheme, such as {*- /- [*-ew/*-aw]} is added,
then in a bimorphemic stem only one morpheme is presented at the normal vocalic
grade, and the normal vocalic grade of the root changes to the zero or reduced grade
(comp.: Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:311, 238; Gamkrelidze 2008:35):
Normal vocalic grade root
*
-/*
- [* er-/* ar-]4
*- /**-b/*-ib
*- /**-n/*-in
Zero vocalic grade stem
*
-/
̥- /- - [* r-/ r̥ -ew/-aw-]
*- /*- ̄
*-eb/*-āb5
*- ჲ/*- ჲ
*-ej/*-aj
*- /**-en/*-an
These archetypes are of the phonemic structures of the CK morphemes (comp.
Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:227, 239):
*
*
*
-̥
-/*
- [* er-/* ar-] ∊CVS-;
/- - [* r-ew/-aw-] ∊CS-VS-;
/- - [* r̥ -ew/-aw-] ∊CS̥ -VS-.
CK *
- [* ar-] root morpheme is manifested in the 1st and 2nd subjective
person forms of athematic (zero) aorist on the normal vocalic grade (comp.: Gamkrelidze 1966: 74; Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:239):
4
5
being a palatal (or palatalized) lateral sonant, and l̨ – a postalveolar (cacuminal or
retroflex) lateral sonant; q=q̓ =q’; ṗ=p̓ =p’; s1=s/š; S denotes any non-syllabic sonant; S̥
denotes any syllabic sonant; ṭ=t’; �=∇, � denotes any vowel phoneme; /w/ denotes a
labial non-nasal sonant phoneme; a =a or similar, a =a or nothing; Ø – a null phoneme;
* denotes the reconstructed phoneme; # denotes a pause; / denotes a parallel phoneme or
form; a>b means that a changes to b; b∊C means: b belongs to C. Syllabic
/r/ is
denoted as ̥ [r̥ ], [r] is non-syllabic (Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:802).
* /* [*e/*a] occurred after the * [*e] and * [*a] allophones of the CK vocalic *ჷ /*ǝ/
phoneme acquired phonological values (Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:372).
In Modern Georgian the suffix - [-eb] substituted the earlier *- [*-ew]. Comp. Old
- - [a- urthxGeorgian - - [a- urthx-ev-s]: Modern Georgian 1
eb-s] (Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:263 ) – ‘the act of blessing’ (DGL 1950, I:259).
142
Aorist
Singular
I. * [*w- ar]
II. *ჰ[*h- ar]
Plural
- [*w- ar-th]
- [*h- ar-th]
I. * II. *ჰ-
As for the CK zero-grade root morpheme * - [* r-], it is manifested in the 1st,
2nd and 3rd subjective person of thematic present forms, as well as in the 3rd person
forms of the athematic aorist (comp.: Gamkrelidze 1966:74; Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:239):
Present
Singular
I. * - - [*w- r-aw]
II. *ჰ- - [*h- r-aw]
III. * - - [* r-aw-s]
Plural
I. * - - - [*w- r-aw-th]
II. *ჰ- - - [*h- r-aw-th]
III. * -Ø - [* r-Øw-en]
Aorist
Singular
III. *
- [* r-a]
Plural
III. *
-
[* r-es]
If the thematic zero-grade {*-Ø [*-Øw]} and normal grade {*- ჲ/*- ჲ [*-ej/*aj]} suffixal morphemes are added to the one-morpheme root {*
-/*
- [* er-/
* ar-]}, the normal vocalic grade of the root is changed to the reduced grade (comp.
Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:226):
*
-/
̥- - ჲ/- ჲ- [* r-/ r̥ -w-ej/-aj-]
**-b
*- /**-en/*-an
CK archetypes * - - ჲ/- ჲ- [* r-w-ej/-aj-] and * -̥ - ჲ/- ჲ- [* r̥ -w-ej/-aj-] are
of the CS-S-VS- and CS̥ -S-VS- phonemic structures (comp. Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:203).
Consequently, the inner and comparative analysis allows the reconstruction of
the CK archetypes:
143
*
*
*
-/*
- [* er-/* ar-] (comp. Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:311);
- -/*
- - [* er-b-/* ar-b-], * ̥- /- ̄ - [* r̥ -eb/-āb-];
-̥ - ჲ/- ჲ- [* r̥ -b-ej/-aj-], * - - ჲ/- ჲ- [* r-ib-ej/-aj-] (comp.: Gamkre-
lidze, Machavariani 1965:182, 271, 308, 309, 3561; Gamkrelidze 1966:74; Gamkrelidze 2008:35; Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 1995, I:227, 228);
* -/ ̥- ჲ/- ჲ- [* r-/ r̥ -ej/-aj-];
* -/ ̥- /- - [* r-/ r̥ -ew/-aw-];
* -/ ̥- /- - [* r-/ r̥ -en/-an-];
* -/ ̥- - ჲ/- ჲ- [* r-/ r̥ -w-ej/-aj-].
Below are presented the Kartvelian materials connected to these archetypes.
1.2.1. One-morpheme root * რ-/* ერ-/* რ-/* რ̥- [*ḳar-/*ḳer-/*ḳr-/*ḳr̥ -]
The CK root *
-/* - [* ar-/* r-] (Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:311) is
attested in the following Georgian words:
➤ Georgian შ - (- ) [še-v- ar(-i)] (Shanidze 1973, I:427, 428; Gamkrelidze,
Machavariani 1965:226, 235, 311, 354; Fähnrich, Sarjveladze 2000:263; comp.
Mtskhetian Manuscript 1985:343 / Ezekiel 34.4) –‘ich verknüpfte’ (Fähnrich
2007:222), ‘I bound’;
6
[h- r-ev-d-ith]
(Mtskhetian Manuscript
Old Georgian ჰ- - - 1981:114 / Genesis 37.7; Fähnrich, Sarjveladze 2000:263; Abuladze 1973:202)
– ‘ihr bandet’ (Fähnrich 2007:222), ‘you bound’;
7
Old Georgian შ - - - [še- r-v-aj] (Iakob Tsurtaveli, Martyrdom of St
Shushanik, VI, VIII) – ‘to bind’;
Georgian - - ჲ [ r-ú-aj], - - [ r-ú-a] (Anton I, 1753; 1767, VI; comp.
Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:52),
- [ r-v-a] – ‘verbinden,
verknüpfen’ (Fähnrich 2007:222), ‘to knot together; connect’;
- [še- vr-a]
Georgian შ - - - [še- r-v-a] (Abuladze 1973:476) > შ 2
2
(see Zhgenti 1960, I:34-35, 34 , 35 ; comp.: Shanidze 1973, I: 493; Orbeliani
1993, II:287) – ‘1. to bind, tie, knot together with a strip, rope, cane; 2. bunch,
collection, pack’ (DGL 1962, VII:866-867);
- [še- úr-a] (Shota Rustaveli 1712:255; Zurab Shanshovani
Georgian შ 1737) – ‘knot; bunch pack’.
-/* ̥- [* ar-/* r̥ -] is traced in Svan:
CK*
8
➤ Svan
- - [li-č̣är-n-e] (The Lentekhian dialect),
- - - [li-č̣r-en-i]
(Upper Svan and Lashkhian dialects) – ‘to bind, add’ (Topuria, Kaldani 2000:
1068; Klimov 1998:86); ‘to tie to’ (Chukhua 2000-2001:375);
6
7
CK unstressed syllabic * ̥ [*r̥ ] is non-syllabic in #C‒V position Georgian [r] (comp.:
Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:108 ff., 111-112, 121; Gamkrelidze 1966:73; Gamkrelidze, Mačavariani 1982:44).
CK unstressed syllabic * ̥ [*r̥ ] is non-syllabic in #C‒S position Georgian [r] (comp.:
Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:104-105, 99; Gamkrelidze 1966:72; Gamkrelidze,
Mačavariani 1982:44).
144
Svan - - - [x-a-č̣är-n-e] (The Lentekhian dialect), - - - - [x-a-č̣ren-i] (Upper Svan and Lashkhian dialects) – ‘tie, sew to’ (Topuria, Kaldani
2000:183);
Svan - - - [a-č̣r-en-i] (Upper Bal and Lashkhian dialects), - - [a-č̣r-i]
9
(Lower Bal dialect), - [a-č̣ar-e] (Lashkhian dialect) – ‘to make smth
whole’ (that was torn) (Topuria, Kaldani 2000:183);
Svan
- [č̣ar-a] (Upper Bal, Lower Bal and Lashkhian dialects) – ‘to
lengthen’ (Lashkhian dialect), ‘adding’ (Topuria, Kaldani 2000:1925);
10
- [an-č̣ur-e] (Lower Bal) –
Svan - ̄ - [an-č̣ūr-e] (Upper Bal), ‘collects, gets together’ (Topuria, Kaldani 2000:88);
Svan - - ̄ - [i-n-č̣ūr-e] (Upper Bal, Lashkhian), - - [i-n-č̣ur-e]
(Lower Bal) – ‘gathers smth round himself, collects to himself’ (Topuria, Kaldani
2000:635);
- [i-n-č̣ur-i]
Svan - - ̄ - [i-n-č̣ūr-i] (Upper Bal, Lashkhian), - (Lower Bal) – ‘they gather together, get together’ (Topuria, Kaldani 2000:635).
The following Laz and Megrelian words correspond to CK * ̥- # [* r̥ -aw#]
11
> Zan * ̥- ̥ # [* r̥ -o̥ w#] stem (comp. Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:238,
245, 91, 92, 332, 333, 335):
- [* ur-u] >
➤ Laz ̥ - [ o̥ r-u] (Atinian and Vits’e-Arkabian dialects) > *
- [ i r -u] (Khopian);
- ̥ - [do- o̥ r-u] (Vits’e dialect) > * 12
- [*do- ur-u] >
- [do- ir-u] (Khopian) – ‘tied, bound’ (comp.:
8
9
10
11
12
According to the ‘Principe of Monovocalism’, when zero vocalic suffixal morpheme *-Ø
[*-Øn] is added to CK normal vocalic grade root morpheme *
- [* ar-], the archetype
*
-Ø - [* ar-Øn-] is received that represents the 1st state of the form. Earlier Svan
normal grade stem is manifested in *
-Ø - [* är-Øn-] > Svan
- - [č̣är-n-]. The
Svan vowel * [*a] is umlauted, when in the next syllable thematic * [*e] is lost as a
result of reduction (comp. Shanidze 1981, II:323; Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:151,
153); Earlier Svan * [* ] pre-velar consonant changes to Svan [č̣] before the front
phoneme /ä/ (comp. Gamkrelidze 2000:125, 105, 1092, 1111).
In Lentekhian dialects short [e] does not influence the vowel [a] of the preceding
syllable if [e] is not syncopated (comp. Shanidze 1981, II:323, 325).
In Svan a full grade verbal stem may have the vowel [u] (comp. Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:231). In Svan dialects along with short-vowel type verbs, e.g., - [anč̣ur-e] the long vowel form - ̄ - [an-č̣ūr-e] can be attested (comp. Gamkrelidze,
Machavariani 1965:2481).
Influenced by * [*w] labial elements, phonetically short Megrelian-Laz narrow * ̥ [*o̥]
changes to narrow * [*u] (comp. Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:91, 336).
CK syllabic * ̥ [*r̥ ] is manifested in Laz as
/
[o r /i r ] and Megrelian
/ /ჷ [or/ir/ǝr] in position #C‒V (comp.: Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:111112, 121-122; Gamkrelidze 1966:73; Gamkrelidze, Mačavariani 1982:44).
The secondary [o] and [i] vowels developed in Zan after CK * [*a] > Zan * [*o]
and CK * [*e] > Zan * [*a] processes (comp. Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:87).
Labial [u] influenced Laz, Megrelian narrow ̥ [o̥] that changed to [i] (Chikobava
2008, IV:291).
145
Chikobava 2008, IV:290-291; Asatiani 2012:135; Gamkrelidze, Machavariani
1965:235, 311; Fähnrich, Sarjveladze 2000:263; Fähnrich 2007:222);
Laz - ̥ - [o- o̥ r-u] (Atinian and Vits’e-Arkabian dialects) > * [*o- ur-u] > - [o- ir-u] (Khopian) – ‘to tie up; bind together’ (comp.:
Marr 1910:157; Asatiani 2012:135; Fähnrich, Sarjveladze 2000:263; Fähnrich
2007:222);
Laz - ̥ - [me- o̥ r-u] (Atinian and Vits’e-Arkabian dialects) > * [*me- ur-u] >
- [me- ir-u] (Khopian) – ‘tie to; bind’ (comp. Asatiani
2012:139);
➤ Megrelian * ̥ - - [* o̥ r-u-a] > *
- - [* ur-u-a] >
- - / ჷ - - [ ir-ua/ ǝr-u-a] – ‘to tie, bind’ (comp.: Chikobava 2008, IV:290-291; Fähnrich,
Sarjveladze 2000:263; Fähnrich 2007:222; Kipshidze 1914:258-259(462-463);
Zhgenti 1960, I:61); ‘(n.) bunch’ (comp. Kajaia 2002, II:150-151);
Megrelian * - ̥ - [*do- o̥ r-u] > * - [*do- ur-u] >
[do- ir-u] – ‘to bind, tie’ (comp.: Chikobava 2008, IV:290-291; Kajaia 2002,
II:150; Fähnrich, Sarjveladze 2000:263);
- - [*do- ur-u-a] >
Megrelian * - ̥ - - [*do- o̥ r-u-a] > * - - / - ჷ - - [do- ir-u-a/do- ǝr-u-a] – ‘to tie up’; ‘(n.) bunch; pack’
(comp. Kajaia 2001, I:483).
The following Megrelian words regularly correspond to CK * -̥ ჲ# [* r̥ -ej#]
13
> Zan * -̥ ჲ# [* r̥ -aj#] root :
➤ Megrelian
- [ il-i] (
- [ il-s],
- [ ir-s]), ჷ - [ ǝl-i] – ‘bunch,
sheaf; to pack’ (Kajaia 2002, II:140); ‘to wrap’ (Chukhua 2000-2003:119).
1.2.2. Bimorphemic stem * ერ- -/* რ- -/* რ̥- -/* რ̥- ̄ [*ḳer-b-/*ḳar-b-/*ḳr̥ -b-/*ḳr̥ -āb-]
The CK archetype *
- - [* er-b-] of the 1st state of a bimorpheme stem (see
Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:182; Gamkrelidze 2008:35) is linguistically attested in the Old Georgian words:
14
➤ Old Georgian შ - [še- er-b-ith] – ‘you gathered together’ (Shanidze
1973, I:460; comp.: Mtskhetian Manuscript 1981:139 / Genesis 49.1-2; Mtskhetian
Manuscript 1985:171 / Jeremiah 8.15; Zhgenti 1960, I:62; Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:48, 51).
13
14
According to Th. Gamkrelidze and G. Machavariani’s theory (1965:107), CK * -̥ ჲ
[* r̥ -ej] changed to a Zan archetype * -̥ ჲ [* r̥ -aj]; in Megrelian the syllabic character
of * ̥ [*r̥ ] is lost, and *
- [* ir-e] (see position C ̥V: Gamkrelidze 1966:73) >
- [ il-i] is received. The CK suffix *- ჲ [*-ej] regularly results in Zan *- ჲ [*-aj] >
Megrelian-Chan (Laz) - [-e] (Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:229, 230, 165); - [-e] >
- [-i] occurs sporadically, especially in Megrelian.
The suffix - / [-b/-eb] was isolated by V. Topuria and H. Vogt (Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:1821).
146
15
The CK * - - [* r-eb-] of the 2nd state of a bimorphemic stem (see Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:182; Gamkrelidze 2008:35) is attested in the following
Georgian words:
➤ Old Georgian - - ჲ [ r-eb-aj] (Abuladze 1973:202); Modern Georgian - [ r-eb-a] – ‘gathering; assembly, collection’ (DGL 1955, IV:1368; comp.
Shanidze 1973, I:390).
The CK archetype * -̥ - [* r̥ -b-] with a zero grade root and suffixal morphemes of the 1st state of a bimorphemic stem (see Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:
182; Gamkrelidze 2008:35) is manifested in the Georgian word:
➤ Old Georgian შ - - - [še- r-b-a] (Mtskhetian Manuscript 1981:48 / Genesis
1.9) – ‘they gather together’ (DGL 1962, VII:873).
The CK archetype * - - [* r-ib-] with a zero grade root and reduced grade
suffixal morpheme of the 2nd state of a bimorphemic stem (see Gamkrelidze,
Machavariani 1965:182; Gamkrelidze 2008:35) is manifested in the following Old
Georgian word:
➤ Old Georgian შ - - - ჲ [še- r-ib-aj] (comp. Mtskhetian Manuscript 1982 / I
Samuel 10.17) – ‘gathered together’.
The following Megrelian and Laz words correspond to CK * -̥ ̄ - [* r̥ -āb-] >
16
Zan * -̥ ̄ - [* r̥ -ōb-] root (see Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:271, 356, 359):
➤ Megrelian
- - [ or-ob-u] – ‘to gather, collect’ (comp. Gamkrelidze,
Machavariani 1965:356¹, 341, 271, 245, 359);
Megrelian
- - - /
- - - [ or-ob-u-a/ or-oph-u-a] – ‘to gather,
collect’ (comp.: Kipshidze 1914:261(465); Chikobava 2008, IV:291-292; Zhgenti
1960, I:62; Kajaia 2002, II:159);
➤ Laz
- - [ o r -ob-u]; - - [o- o r -ob-u] – ‘to gether, collect’
(comp. Marr 1910, 158);
- - [oko- or-ob-u] – ‘gathered’ (Asatiani
2012:142).
17
It is clear that to the CK root *
-/*
-/* -/* ̥- [* er-/* ar-/* r-/* r̥ -]
Georgian
-/
-/ - [ er-/ ar-/ r-], Svan
-/ -/
- [č̣är-/č̣r-/č̣ur-], Megre15
16
17
Comp. CK * - -/*
- -/* ̥- - [* r-eb-/* er-b-/* r̥ -b-] – ‘session’: CK * - [* r-eph-] – ‘to pluck fruit, flowers’ (comp.: DGL 1955, IV:1367; 1962, VII:874;
Chikobava 2008, IV:292; Zhgenti 1960, I:109); Proto-Indo-European *kher-ph- ‘gather
(harvest, fruit)’ (see Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 1995, I:775); Proto-Nostratic * ʌrpʌ ‘to
gather fruit’ (Illich-Svitych 1971:330, №206; Bomhard 2014, II:539).
Zan * ̄ [*ō] is represented in Megrelian-Laz as
[o] (Gamkrelidze, Machavariani
1965:245).
CK archetype *
-/*
-/* -/* -̥ [* er-/* ar-/* r-/* r̥ -] could be compared to
Proto-Indo-European *k’er-/*k’or-/*k’r̥ - – ‘to gather (together), to collect, to take a
handful’ (Bomhard 2014, II:538, №486C,D); Proto-Indo-European *k’er-/*k’or-/*k’r- –
‘(vb.) to twist, to turn, to bend, to wind; to tie (together), to bind; (adj.) curved, bent,
crooked; tied, bound; (n.) that which is tied or bound together: bunch, bundle’ (Bomhard
2014, II:527, №477C,D).
A. Bomhard (2014, II:538, №486; 527, №477; 584, №525) has also reconstructed ProtoNostratic archetypes: *k’er- – ‘(vb.) to gather, to collect; to take a handful, to pick, to pluck’;
147
-/
-/ ჷ -/
-/ ჷ - [ or-/ ir-/ ǝr-/ il-/ ǝl-] and Laz
-/
[ o r -/ i r -] are regularly connected (comp.: Klimov 1964:106; 1998:86;
lian
Gamkrelidze 1966:73; Fähnrich, Sarjveladze 2000:263; Fähnrich 2007:222).
The Kartvelian materials presented above show that the meaning of the CK
archetype * ̥- - ჲ/* -̥ - ჲ [* r̥ -w-aj/* r̥ -w-ej] is: ‘to tie up, gather, collect, bind;
gather together; (n.) bunch, pack; sheaf’.
18
According to the phonetic process, KC * /* [*we/*wa] > * [*o] , CK
* -̥ - ჲ/* -̥ - ჲ [* r̥ -w-ej/* r̥ -w-aj] changes to * ̥- ჲ [* r̥ -oj].
CK root {* ̥- [* r̥ -]} and suffixal {*- ჲ [*-oj]} morphemes are correspondingly of CS̥ - and –VS structural types (comp. Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:203).
Based on the ‘Principle of Monovocalism’ (comp. Gamkrelidze, Machavariani
1965:803 ff., 341, 370) I conclude that the syllabic quality of − * ̥ [*r̥ ] in CK * ̥- ჲ
[* r̥ -oj] occurs at the expense of the non-phonemic value of the reduced vocalic
element that shows up between * [* ] and sonorant * [*r] elements. Depending on
phonetic context in some Kartvelian dialects (mainly in west Kartvelian area – in
Megrelian and Laz, and partially in Svan) the mentioned reduced vocalic element
only lately acquired the form of full narrow / / (>ჷ) [o/u/i (>ǝ)] vowels (comp.
Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:235, 237, 238, 231) which reflect the oldest CK
archetypes from the point of view of the quantity of syllables (comp. Gamkrelidze,
Machavariani 1965:143).
The reconstructed CK archetype * -̥ ჲ [* r̥ -oj] – ‘to tie, gather, pick up,
[ku-ro] form in LA script. No / [o/i] vocalic values
collect’ is presented as
are reflected here (comp.: 2.1; Kvashilava 2011:209).
2.1. Reading the sign-sequence
[ki-ro]
According to GORILA (1976, I:2-3, 30-31, 56-57, 64-65, 70-71, 138-139, 150153, 210-213; see also Younger 2000-2011) the sign-sequence
has been attested
on the following clay tablets: HT 1 (HM 3), HT 15 (HM 16), HT 30 (HM 14), HT
34 (HM 22), HT 37 (HM 31), HT 88 (HM 1312), HT 94 (HM 1316), HT 123 (HM
1367+1371); these were found at Hagia Triada in Crete and were dated back to LM
I B period (GORILA 1976, I:XXI; 1985, V:83-86).
*k’er-a – ‘(n.) collection, gathering, handful’; *k’ar- (~*k’ǝr-) – ‘(vb.) to twist, to turn, to
bend, to wind; to tie (together), to bind’; *k’ar-a – ‘(n.) that which is tied or bound
together: bunch, bundle; (adj.) bent, curved, crooked; tied, bound’; *kwhir- (~ *kwher-) –
(vb.) *kwhir- ‘to twist or twine together, to tie together, to bind, to fasten’; (n.) *kwhir-a
‘twist, tie, bundle, rope; the act of twisting or twinning together: work, craft, act, action’.
18
According to Th. Gamkrelidze and G. Machavariani’s theory (1965:366 ff., 146, 307 ff.), in
later CK the frequence of occurrence of * [*e] and * [*a] is higher than that of * [*o],
which is very rare in affixal and root morphemes of CK origin and plays an insignificant
role in the ablaut system. Th. Gamkrelidze and G. Machavariani (1965:367, 43, 232; comp.
Zhgenti 1956:218-220) consider the phoneme * /*o/ to be of later origin in the CK
phonological system; it is mostly received from the complex * /* [*we/*wa].
148
Two agricultural inscriptions have been chosen for my study:
Inscription on clay tablet HT 15
(GORILA 1976, I:30, 31)
Inscription on side a of clay tablet HT 123
(GORILA 1976, I:210, 211)
149
The LA script signs LA067 and LA002 are acknowledged to be identical
to corresponding signs of LB and CS/LC, as shown on the tablet below (see Kvashilava 2011:239):
The table is compiled according to Evans 1952, II:18, 6; Chadwick 1970:165;
Bennett 1966:298, 299, 304, 305; GORILA 1985, V:XXXIX, XXVIII;
CoMIK 1986, I:47; Raison, Pope 1994:26; Douros 2008:28, 25
According to rule 5.2.2 of my algorithm (see Kvashilava 2008:253, 254; 2011:
252) the signs LA067 and LA002
are read as [ki] and [ro/*lo] (see Kvashilava
2011:252, 266), which coincides with the phonological values of the corresponding LB
signs (see Chadwick 1970:165), and the LA sequence of signs
is consequently read
as [ki-ro/*ki-lo].
19
The meaning of
[ki-ro/*ki-lo] has been generally regarded to be ‘owed’
13
(Younger 2003:309 ; Younger 2008-2013); ‘owing’ (Younger 2008-2013); ‘deficit’
(SOS 1976:91 / Pope 1964; Duhoux 2004:217; Schoep 1999:208; Younger 20082013; comp. Facchetti 2002:175); ‘balance’ (Younger 2003:30913; Younger 20082013); *ki-re-(w)a = Old Greek
α,
,
ο (Nagy 1963:204) < Indo-European
h
(?) *g reh1 – ‘obligation; debt, fee, commitment, engagement’ (comp. Beekes 2010,
II:1648); CK * el-/* al-/* l- – ‘lack, shortage’ (Gordeziani 2000:117; Chotalishvili
- [* il-] – ‘defect’ (see: Gordeziani 2007,
2003:102); ‘to decline, lessen’; CK *
II:188; Kvashilava 2011:267).
[ki-ro/*ki-lo] is connected by me to the CK archetype *
- ჲ
The sequence
[* il-oj] < *
- - ჲ/*
- - ჲ [* il-w-ej/* il-w-aj] meaning ‘to find fault, defect,
deficit, subtract; to lessen’.
2.2. Reconstruction of the CK archetype *
-ოჲ [*ḳil-oj]
If to one-morpheme root – in this case {*
-/*
- [* el-/* al-]} a normal
grade suffixal morpheme, − such as {*- /- [*-ew/*-aw]} is added, then according
to the ‘Principle of Monovocalism’, the normal vocalic grade of the root changes to
the zero or reduced grade (comp. Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:107):
19
The meaning of the Mycenaean Greek LB
[o-pe-ro/*ophelos] (k/p, i/e) – ‘deficit’ >
Greek ὀ ειλ – ‘owing’ (see also ὄ ελο ) is considered to be indetical to LA
[kiro/*ki-lo] (comp.: Peruzzi 1958:9; Chadwick, Baumbach 1963:230-231; Facchetti
2002:173, 1732; Gordon 1958:255; Davis 1959:23; Nagy 1963:202; Hooker 1990:164 /
Chadwick 1987; Chadwick 1970:121; Palmer 1995:13616; Jorro, Adrados 1999, II:34;
Beekes 2010, II:1132; I:xxvı, xxx; Rougemont 2004:23; Montecchi 2008:315).
150
Normal grade root
*
-/*
*-
- [* el-/* al-]
*-n
Zero grade stem
*
̥***-
-/
/- - [* l-/ l̥-ew/-aw-]
ჲ/*- ჲ *-ej/*-aj
/*- *-en/*-an
/*- *-eb/*-ab
These archetypes are of the phonemic structure of CK morphemes (comp.
Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:227, 239):
*
-/*
- /̥- /-
*
*
- [* el-/* al-] ∊ CVS-;
- [* l-ew/-aw-] ∊CS-VS-;
- [* l̥-ew/-aw-] ∊CS̥ -VS-.
If the zero grade {*-Ø [*-Øw]} (thematic) and normal grade {*- ჲ/*- ჲ [*-ej/*aj]} suffixal morphemes are added to one-morpheme root {*
- [* el-]}, then
according to the ‘Principle of Monovocalism’, the normal vocalic grade of the root
changes to the reduced vocalic grade20 (comp. Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:
226, 354):
*
- - ჲ/- ჲ- [* il-w-ej/-aj-]
The CK archetype *
- - ჲ-/*
- - ჲ- [* il-w-ej-/* il-w-aj-] is of CiS-S-VSstructural type.
Consequently, according to the ‘Principle of Monovocalism’, the inner and
comparative analysis allows the reconstruction of CK archetypes:
*
-/*
- [* el-/* al-] (comp. Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:226, 106,
367);
* -/ ̥- /- [* l-/ l̥-eb/-ab-]
(comp. Gamkrelidze, Machavariani
1965:226);
* -/ ̥- /- - [* l-/ l̥-ew/-aw-];
* -/ ̥- ჲ/- ჲ- [* l-/ l̥-ej/-aj-] (comp. Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:107);
* -/ ̥- /- - [* l-/ l̥-en/-an-];
*
- - ჲ/- ჲ- [* il-w-ej/-aj-].
Below are presented the Kartvelian materials connected to these archetypes.
2.2.1. One-morpheme root * ე -/*
-/*
-/*
-/*
̥-
[*ḳel-/*ḳal-/*ḳil-/*ḳl-/*ḳl̥-]
The CK root *
-/*
-/*
-/* - [* el-/* al-/* il-/* l-] (comp. Gordeziani 2007, II:188) is attested in the following Georgian words:
20
The reduction grade that is charachterized by * [*e] > * [*i] sonant on the normal grade, is formally equal to the zero variant of a morpheme (Gamkrelidze, Machavariani
1965:308).
151
➤ Georgian
- - [ il-v-a] – ‘to find fault in smb or smth’ (DGL 1955, IV:1206);
Georgian
- [ il-i] – ‘minor defect’ (Orbeliani 1991:372; DGL 1955,
IV:1205);
Georgian
- - [ l-eb-a] – ‘lessen, make fewer’ (DGL 1955, IV:1244;
comp.: Abuladze 1973:200; Klimov 1998:89);
Georgian - - - [da- l-eb-a] – ‘to decline, lessen’ (DGL 1953, III:464;
Abuladze 1973:111; Fähnrich, Sarjveladze 2000:268; Fähnrich 2007:228);
Georgian
- - [da-v-a- el];
- - [da-v-a- al] (Khevsurian
dialect) – ‘lessened’ (Shanidze 1984, I:309, 335; Gamkrelidze, Machavariani
1965:106, 226, 2651, 354);
Georgian - - [na- l-i] – (n.) ‘defect’ (DGL 1958, V:1311);
Georgian - - - [na- l-eb-i] – ‘less, minor’ (DGL 1958, V:1312);
Georgian - - - [na- l-ul-i] – ‘with defect; incomplete’ (DGL 1958,
V:1314; Abuladze 1973:319);
Georgian - - [m- l-e] (Pshavian dialect) – ‘less, not full’; (Khevsurian
dialect) – ‘deformed’; (Tushetian dialect) – ‘disfigured (physically)’ (Shanidze
1984, I:363; Comp. Klimov 1998:85, 89); comp. Georgian - - [m- l-e]
(Pshavian): Georgian
- - [mo- l-e] – ‘short, not long’ (Gamkrelidze,
Machavariani 1965:106, 107, 166; Gamkrelidze, Mačavariani 1982:42;
Fähnrich, Sarjveladze 2000:332);
Georgian - - - [mo- l-eb-a] – ‘to lessen’ (DGL 1958, V:766; comp.
Abuladze 1973:200).
CK *
-/*
-/*
- [* el-/* al-/* il-] root is reflected in Svan words:
➤ Svan
- - [ath- äl-n-e] (Lower Bal dialect),
- ̄ - [ath- äl-īn-e]
(Upper Bal dialect) – ‘(he) lessened smth’(comp. Topuria, Kaldani 2000:222);
Svan - - - [x-a- l-i] (Upper Bal, Lower Bal, Lentekhian and Lashkhian
dialects) – ‘is less’(Topuria, Kaldani 2000:44);
Svan - - - ̄ - [x-ä- l-īn-e] (Upper Bal), - - - - [x-ä- l-in-e] (Lower
Bal) – ‘makes less; lacks smth’ (Topuria, Kaldani 2000:222);
Svan - - - [nä- l-in-w] (Lower Bal) – ‘saved up; savings’(Topuria,
Kaldani 2000:1400);
Svan
[ il] (Lower Bal) – ‘defect, fault’ (Topuria, Kaldani 2000:757;
Fähnrich 2007:228; Liparteliani 1994:169).
The following Laz and Megrelian words correspond to CK *
-/*
-/*
̥-
[* el-/* il-/* l̥-]:
➤ Megrelian
- - - [ al-iph-u-a] – ‘empty’ (Kajaia 2002, II:103); ‘lopping;
to cut branches’ (Chukhua 2000-2003:122); ‘cut off’;
21
Megrelian
- (
- /
- ) [ il-i ( il-s/ ir-s)] , ჷ - ( ჷ - / ჷ - )
[ əl-i ( əl-s/ ər-s)] – ‘defect; fault’ (Kajaia 2002, II:140; 2009, IV:277); ‘minor
defect’ (Kobalia 2010:365);
21
Megrelian - /[-ir/-il] is the regular correspondence to CK *Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:78, 79, 88, 91).
152
[*-il] (comp.
Megrelian
- - [ il-eb-a] – ‘to start being faulty’ (Kajaia 2002, II:141);
Megrelian
- - - [ il-ob-u-a] – ‘defect, fault’ (Kajaia 2002, II:142);
Megrelian
- [ ul-e] – ‘short’ (Kobalia 2010:375); - [xe- ul-e]
– ‘mean’ (Fähnrich, Sarjveladze 2000:332); ‘poor’ (Kajaia 2002, II:165);
‘without a hand’ (Kobalia 2010:721);
22
➤ Laz - [m- ul-e] (Khopian),
- [ ul-e] (Atinian and Vits’e-Arkabian dialects) – ‘short’ (Marr 1910:159; comp.: Gamkrelidze, Machavariani
1965:106, 107; Gamkrelidze, Mačavariani 1982:42; Fähnrich, Sarjveladze
2000:332).
The following Laz and Megrelian words correspond to CK * -̥ - # [* l̥-d23
aw#] > Zan * ̥- - ̥ # [* l̥-d-o̥ w#] > * -̥ - ̥ # [* r̥ -d-o̥ w#]:
➤ Megrelian
̄- [dā- or-d-u] – ‘got less’ (comp. Gamkrelidze,
Machavariani 1965:10, 106);
➤ Laz ჲ- - - - [gj-o- or-d-u-n] – ‘becomes less, diminishes’ (Asatiani
2012:141).
24
Consequently, to the CK *
-/*
-/*
-/* -/* ̥- [* el-/* al-/* il-/* l-/* l̥-]
(comp. Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:107, 226), Georgian
-/
-/
-/ 22
23
24
According to Th. Gamkrelidze and G. Machavariani (1965:107) CK * ̥- ჲ [* l̥-ej]
develops to Zan archetype * ̥- ჲ [* l̥-aj], the syllabic quality of * ̥ [*l̥] is lost in Laz
and Megrelian, and
- [ m - ul-e] (Laz) and
- [xe- ul-e]
(Megrelian) forms occur (see position Cl̥V: Gamkrelidze 1966:73; Gamkrelidze,
Mačavariani 1982:44). The CK suffix *- ჲ [*-ej] is regularly corresponded by Zan *- ჲ
[*-aj] > Laz-Megrelian - [-e] (Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:229, 230, 165).
Zan * ̥ [*l̥] changes to * ̥ [*r̥ ] between consonants (C−C) (Gamkrelidze, Machavariani
1965:95; comp. Gamkrelidze, Mačavariani 1982:44).
To the CK *
-/*
-/* -/*
- [* el-/* al-/* l-/* il-] archetype (‘to find fault;
subtract lessen, cut off’): Proto-Afro-Asiatic (Hamito-Semitic) *k’al- – ‘to take away, to
remove, to deprive of; to decrease, to diminish, to reduce; to be or become reduced or
diminished’ (see Bomhard 2014, II:505-506, №459A,B); Semitic * al-/* il- – ‘be small’
(Orel, Stolbova 1995:336); Proto-Nostratic * elʌ – ‘shortage, to be insufficient’ (Illich̄ (or * eʕl∇)
̄ – ‘to lack, to be insufficient’;
Svitych 1971:323, №198); Nostratic * el∇
* a ĺ ∇ – ‘(to be) few, (to be) too small/thin/light’ (Dolgopolsky 2008:974, №1027;
1006, №1057; Bomhard 2014, II:506).
A. Bomhard (2014, II:505, №459; 458, №418; 572-575, №515, №516, №517) also
reconstructed Proto-Nostratic archetypes: *k’al- (~*k’ǝl-) – (vb.)‘to take away, to
remove, to deprive of; to decrease, to diminish, to reduce; to be or become reduced or
diminished’; *k’al-a – (n.) ‘littleness, small quantity, scarcity; few things; lack, want,
poverty, deficiency, insufficiency; (adj.) little, scanty, sparse, meager, insufficient,
lacking, short of, wanting, needy’; *khar- (~ *khǝr-) – (vb.) *khar- ‘to cut, to cut into, to
cut off’; (n.) *khar-a – ‘cut, incision’; Derivative: (n.) *khar-a – ‘skin, hide; bark, rind’;
*kwhar- (~*kwhǝr-) – (vb.) *kwhar-‘to cut’; (n.) *kwhar-a – ‘piece cut off; knife’;
Derivatives: (vb.) *kwhar- – ‘to cut a groove, to hollow out, to dig’; (n.) *kwhar-a – ‘cut,
hole, hollow, digging, excavation, pit, groove, trench’; (vb.) *kwhar- – ‘to cut short, to
reduce, to decrease, to diminish, to lessen’; (n.) *kwhar-a – ‘shortness’; (adj.) ‘short’;
*kwhar- (~*kwhǝr-) – (vb.) *kwhar- ‘to cut a groove, to hollow out, to dig’; (n.) *kwhar-a
153
[ el-/ al-/ il-/ l-], Svan
-/
[ al-/ il-/ or-/ ul-] and Laz
-/
-/
- [ äl-/ il-/ l-], Megrelian
-/
-/
-/
- [ or-/ ul-] are connected (comp.: Gamkrelidze
1966:73; Shanidze 1973, I:528; Klimov 1998:85, 89; Fähnrich, Sarjveladze 2000:269;
Fähnrich 2007:228; Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965:78, 80, 81).
The Kartvelian materials presented above show that the meaning of the CK
- - ჲ/*
- - ჲ [* il-w-ej/* il-w-aj] is: ‘fault, defect; shortage; to
archetype *
subtract; lessen, cut off’.
According to the phonetic process the CK *- /*- [*-we/*-wa] > *- [*-o],
CK *
- - ჲ/*
- - ჲ [* il-w-ej/* il-w-aj] changes to *
- ჲ [* il-oj]. This
archetype is CiS-VS.
25
The reconstructed CK *
- ჲ/*
- ჲ [* il-oj/* ir-oj], meaning ‘(n.) fault,
defect; to subtract; lessen’ is presented in LA inscriptions as
[ki-ro/*ki-lo].
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Rougemont 2004: F. Rougemont, The Administration of Mycenaean Sheep Rearing
(flocks, shepherds, “collectors”), PECUS-conference. Man and Animal in Antiquity,
Proceedings of the conference at the Swedish Institute in Rome, September 9-12, 2002,
Ed. B. S. Frizell (The Swedish Institute in Rome. Projects and Seminars, 1), Rome.
Schoep 1999: I. Schoep, Tablets and Territories? Reconstructing Late Minoan IB
Political Geography through Undeciphered Documents, In: American Journal of
Archaeology, Vol. 103, №2, Apr., 201-221.
Schoep 2002: I. Schoep, The Administration of Neopalatial Crete: A Critical Assessment of the Linear A Tablets and Their Role in the Administrative Process,
Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca.
Shanidze 1973: a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, I t., Tbilisis
universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi (A. Shanidze, Foundations of the Grammar
of the Georgian Language, Vol. I, Tbilisi University Press, Tbilisi).
Shanidze 1981, 1984: a. SaniZe, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. I (1981), t. II (1984),
saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademia, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti.
gamomcemloba mecniereba, Tbilisi (A. Shanidze, Works in Twelve Volumes, Vol. I
(1981, Vol. II (1984), Tbilisi State University, Metsniereba Publishers, Tbilisi).
Shota Rustaveli 1712, 1937, 1975: SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani, vaxtangiseuli
gamocema 1712 wlisa, aRdgenili ak. SaniZis mier 1937 wels; gamomcemloba
mecniereba, Tbilisi (Shota Rustaveli, The Knight in the Panther’s Skin, First printed
edition by King of Georgia, Vakhtang VI in 1712; Metsniereba Publishers, Tbilisi, 1937,
1975).
SOS 1976: T ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
(Secrets of Old Scripts, Problems of Deciphering, Papers
translated from English, German, French and Italian, Progress Publishers, Moscow).
Topuria, Kaldani 2000: v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, svanuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi (V.
Topuria, M. Kaldani, Dictionary of Svan, Tbilisi).
Younger 2000-2011: J. G.Younger, Linear A Texts in Phonetic Transcription &
Commentary, The University of Kansas, http://people.ku.edu/~jyounger/LinearA.
Younger 2003: J. G.Younger, Cretan Hieroglyphic Transaction Terms: ’Total Paid‘ and
’Total Owed‘, In: Cretan Studies, Vol. 9, Briciaka, A Tribute to W.C. Brice, Edited
by Y. Duhoux, A. M. Hakkert Publisher, Amsterdam, 301-316.
Younger 2008-2013: J. G. Younger, Linear A Lexicon, http://people.ku.edu/~jyounger/
LinearA/ lexicon.html.
Zhgenti 1956: s. JRenti, qarTuli enis fonetika, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi (S. Zhgenti, The Phonetics of Georgian, Tbilisi University
Press, Tbilisi).
Zhgenti 1960: s. JRenti, qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi fonetika, I, marcvlis agebulebis problema, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi (S. Zhgenti,
Comparative Phonetics of Kartvelian Languages, Vol. I, Tbilisi University Press,
Tbilisi).
160
gia kvaSilava
A klasis xazovani ku-ro da ki-ro formebis
amokiTxva saerTo-qarTvelur enaze
reziume
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
zemoT warmodgenilia A klasis xazovani warwerebiT Sesrulebuli Tixis
firfitebi, romlebzec fiqsirdeba
da
niSanTa mimdevrobebi. es
Tixis firfitebi aRmoCenili iqna kunZul kretaze, hagia triadaSi, festossa (?) da zakrosSi da daTariRda LM IB periodiT;
da
niSanTa mimdevrobebi Sesabamisad amoikiTxeba rogorc ku-ro da
ki-ro/*ki-lo formebi;
am formebis semantikuri interpretacia Sesabamisad warmodgenilia rogorc saerTo-qarTveluri arqetipebi:
* ̥- ჲ [* r̥ -oj] – „Sekvra“; „ Se kreba“; „ a krefa“; „Segroveba“, „mogroveba“, „dagroveba“;
*
- ჲ/*
- ჲ [* il-oj/* ir-oj] – „kilva“; „nakli“; „nakleboba“;
„gamokleba“; „kleba“, „dakleba“; „CamoWra“;
{* ̥- [* r̥ -]} da {*
-/*
- [* il-/* ir-]} Zireuli morfemebi Sesabamisad
ganekuTvnebian CS̥ - da C S- struqturul tipebs, xolo {*- ჲ [*-oj]} sufiqsuri morfema ganekuTvneba –VS struqturul tips. es fonematuri
struqturebi saerTo-qarTvelur morfemaTa kanonikur formebs warmoadgenen;
T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis (1965, 1982) mier saerTo-qarTveluri
enisTvis dadgenili „monovokalizmis principiT“ aixsneba Semdegi kanonzomieri gardaqmnebi:
saerTo-qarTv. * ̥- ჲ [* r̥ -oj] < * ̥- - ჲ/* ̥- - ჲ [* r̥ -w-ej/* r̥ -w-aj];
- ჲ/*
- ჲ [* il-oj/* ir-oj] < *
- - ჲ/*
- saerTo-qarTv. *
ჲ/*
- - ჲ/*
- - ჲ [* il-w-ej/* il-w-aj/* ir-w-ej/* ir-w-aj].
es arqetipebi regularul fonologiur da semantikur mimarTebaSia
Sesabamis qarTvelur masalasTan;
qarTveluri masalis Seswavla adasturebs A klasis xazovani damwerlo[ku-ro] da
[ki-ro/*ki-lo] niSanTa mimdevrobebis saerTo-qarTvebis
luri enaze amokiTxvis marTebulebas.
161
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
ivane leJava
winaenismier napralovanTa artikulaciis
erTi Tavisebureba
XIX saukunis enaTmecnieri oto bremeri,1 iTvaliswinebda ra istorias germanuli SiSina napralovnisa, romelic miRebulia sisina [s] da velaruli [x] napralovnebis SerwymiT, Tvlida, rom SesaZlebelia SiSina
Tanxmovnebis orfokusiani warmoeba. aseTi Tanxmovnebis artikulaciis Tavisebureba is aris, rom maTi warmoTqmis dros naprali warmoiqmneba ara
marto wina enis aweviT, aramed Sua da ukana enis nawilebis aweviTac. amdenad, orive SesaZlo napralis erTgvari SerwymiT xdeba napralis zomis
gadideba da amis safuZvelze xaxunis Cqamis _ `SiSinis~ gaZliereba.2
es mosazreba SemdgomSi ganaviTara l. SCerbam. misi azriT, SiSina sibilantebis artikulaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia e.w. meore Cqamwarmomqneli fokusis Seqmna enis ukana nawilis aweviT rbili sasisaken da Sua
enis CazneqiT. swored am dros warmoiSveba erTgvari x-sebri Cqami da
amiT isini (SiSina napralovnebi) upirispirdebian yvela sxva napralovans.3
am Sexedulebas eTanxmeboda s. JRentic da xazs usvamda qarTuli SiSina
napralovnebis labio-velarizebul xasiaTs. l. SCerba kidev ufro Sors
wavida da Tanxmovnebis ZiriTadi tipebis cnobil cxrilSi SiSina napralovnebi erTdroulad winaenismierebSic moaTavsa da ukanaenismierebSic
(zinderi 1979:150).
v. bogorodickis TvalsazrisiT, sisina da SiSina napralovnebis artikulaciisaTvis Rirebuli da ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSania wina enis
artikulaciis adgili da ara TviT artikulatori (bogorodicki 1939).
j. ketfordisTvis ki artikulaciis adgilis garda _ gansxvavebaa napralis da dabrkolebiswina rezonatorebis zomebSic.4 es mosazreba gaziarebulia metyvelebis warmoqmnis Tanamedrove TeoriaSi.
kavkasiuri da zogierTi sxva enebis sisina da SiSina napralovnebis
eqsperimentuli kvlevis safuZvelze S. gafrindaSvilma daadgina, rom SiSinis efeqti miiReba e.w. `meore fokusis~ uqonlobis SemTxvevaSic; metic
1
Otto Bremer, Deutsche Phonetik, Leipzig 1928.
. .
,
,
1979.
3
. .
,
,
1953.
4
J. C. Catford, Fundamental Problems in Phonetics, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
2
162
_ am fokusis arseboba fiqsirdeba sisina Tanxmovnebis artikulaciis
drosac.5
l. gamsaxurdias azriT, qarTulSi SiSina napralovnebisa da afrikatebis orfokusianoba fakultatiuria, am TanxmovnebisTvis aseve fakultatiuria Sua enis Cazneqac (gamsaxurdia 1959).
Cven mier Catarebulma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom adiReeli cdispiris
warmoTqmiT rogorc SiSina, ise sisina da agreTve sisin-SiSina napralovnebis artikulaciisaTvis Tanabradaa damaxasiaTebeli ukana enis zurgis
aweva rbili sasisken (leJava 1967).
aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva adiReeli cdispiris mier warmoTqmuli sisinSiSina napralovnebis rentgenogramebze dadasturebuli iyo ukana enis
zurgis maqsimaluri daweva swored SiSinebisaTvis navaraudev e.w. `meore
fokusis~ midamoSi (gafrindaSvili 1959).
palatografiuli da rentgenografiuli monacemebis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia sibilanti napralovnebis ganmasxvavebeli ZiriTadi saartikulacio niSnebis Camoyalibeba:
• saartikulacio napralis zoma;
• artikulaciis wertilis winamdebare sarezonanso aris moculoba;
• enis wveris mdgomareoba qveda saWreli kbilebis da nunebis mimarT;
• bageebis monawileoba.
amasTanave, sayuradReboa, rom g. doliZisa da l. Ggamsaxurdias rentgenografiuli suraTebis mixedviT sisina Tanxmovnebis warmoTqmis dros
enis Ziri ufro axlosaa xaxis ukana kedelTan, vidre SiSina Tanxmovnebis
warmoTqmis dros.
maSasadame, miuxedavad imisa, rom sisina napralovnebi ufro wina warmoebisaa, vidre SiSinebi, piris RruSi enis mTliani masa SiSina napralovnebis SemTxvevaSi ufro win aris waweuli.
g. axvledianis mosazrebis Tanaxmad, rusuli magari SiSina Tanxmovnebi
gansxvavebulia qarTuli rbili SiSinebisagan: magrisTvis ena Caizniqeba,
xolo rbilisTvis _ ara (axvlediani 1999:86-87), radgan rusuli SiSinebis warmoTqmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kakuminaluri artikulacia Sua enis
CazneqiT (zinderi 1979:148)
Tumca arsebobs s. JRentis gansxvavebuli mosazrebac, rom qarTul SiSinebs frangulTan SedarebiT `ufro velaruli da, amdenad, ufro meti magari
elferi aqvs, daaxloebiT iseTi, rogoric rusulSi~ (JRenti 1956:170).
amave mosazrebas nawilobriv emxroba g. doliZe, rodesac J-s rentgenogramaze Sua enis umniSvnelo Cazneqas afiqsirebs (aRsaniSnavia, rom S
5
S. gafrndaSvili, sisina da SiSina spirantTa warmoebis TaviseburebisaTvis, ike,
t. XI, Tbilisi 1959.
163
bgeris rentgenogramaze es Tavisebureba ar Cans): `Sua enis Cazneqilobis
momenti TiTqos ar unda gamodges J S Tanxmovnebis magari da rbili variantebis gasarCevad~ (doliZe 1954:35).
qarTuli winaenismieri napralovnebis speqtrulma analizma gviCvena,
rom Sua da ukana enis sxvadasxvagvari artikulacia gavlenas axdens sibilanti napralovnebis mxolod formantul suraTze da, faqtobrivad, ver
cvlis speqtris Cqamier Semadgenlebs. gairkva isic, rom qarTuli SiSinebis meore formanti 500 hc-iT maRalia rusul SiSinebTan SedarebiT.
metyvelebis akustikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, cnobilia, rom meore formantis sixSires gansazRvravs Sua enis mdgomareoba magari sasis mimarT
da ukana enisa da enis Ziris mdgomareoba Sesabamisad rbili sasisa da xaxis kedlis mimarT (fanti 1973:28-29). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, velarizacia da faringalizacia adablebs meore formants (F2), xolo palatalizacia _ amaRlebs.
rusul SiSinebTan da qarTul sisinebTan SedarebiT qarTuli SiSina
Tanxmovnebis ufro maRali meore formanti miuTiTebs maT palatalizebul artikulaciaze da Seesabameba rentgenografiul monacemebs, romelTa
mixedviTac qarTuli SiSina Tanxmovnebis warmoTqmis dros enis masa ufro
win aris, vidre sisinebis warmoTqmisas da Sua enis fakultatiuri Cazneqa ki gavlenas ver axdens formantul suraTze da, Sesabamisad, akustikur silbo-simagreze; gansxvavebiT rusuli SiSinebis artikulaciisagan,
sadac kakuminaluri artikulaciis gamo Sua ena Caizniqeba, xolo rbili
sasis midamoSi ukana enis miaxloeba SeiniSneba.
Cveni azriT, enis Cazneqa (depalatalizacia) da e.w. `meore fokusis~
Seqmna (velarizacia, faringalizacia) akustikurad erTsa da imave efeqts
_ magar elfers _ iZleva. amitom, l. SCerbas mosazreba _ TiTqos `meore
fokusi~ iwvevs winaenismieri napralis ukan gadawevas s-Tan SedarebiT
(gaSiSinebas), ar unda iyos marTebuli.
amasTanave isic aRsaniSnavia, rom aerodinamikis kanonebis Tanaxmad, e.w.
`meore fokusis~ zomebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic ramdenjerme aRemateba alveolebTan arsebul saartikulacio naprals, gamoiricxeba raime saxis Cqamis SesaZlebloba.
maSasadame, palatografiuli da rentgenografiuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvnebi sibilanti
napralovnebis bunebis Taobaze savsebiT Seesabameba speqtruli analizis
monacemebs da e.w. `meore Cqamwarmomqneli fokusi~ sibilantTa artikulaciis mxolod erT-erT modifikaciad SeiZleba ganixilebodes.
164
literatura
axvlediani 1999 : g. axvlediani, zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebi, sulxan-saba
orbelianis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri universitetis
gamomcemloba, Tbilisi.
bogorodicki 1939 : . .
,
,
.
bremeri 1893 : O. Bremer, Deutsche Phonetik, Leipzig.
gamsaxurdia 1959 : . .
,
,
, I,
.
gafrindaSvili 1959 : S. gafrindaSvili, sisina da SiSina spirantTa
warmoebis TaviseburebisaTvis, ike, t. XI, Tbilisi.
doliZe 1954 : g. doliZe, qarTuli enis Tanxmovnebi (eqsperimentuli
gamokvleva), sadisertacio naSromi filologiis mecnierebaTa samecniero
xarisxis mosapoveblad.
zinderi 1979 : . .
,
,
.
ketfordi 1977 : J. C. Catford, Fundamental Problems in Phonetics, Edinburgh
University Press, Edinburgh.
leJava 1967 : i. leJava, adiReuri enis sisin-SiSina napralovani Tanxmovnebi,
kr.-Si: metyvelebis analizis, sinTezisa da statistikis sakiTxebi, gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi.
JRenti 1956 : s. JRenti, qarTuli enis fonetika, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi.
fanti 1973 : G. Fant, Speech Sounds and Features, The MIT Press, Massachusetts.
SCerba 1953 : . .
,
,
.
Ivane Lezhava
One Peculiarity of Articulation of Coronal Fricatives
Summary
Otto Bremer, a 19th-century linguist, taking into consideration the history of the
German hushing fricative which resulted from the merging of the hissing [s] and velar
[x], regarded that a two-focus production of hushing consonants was possible. This
viewpoint was subsequently developed by L. Shcherba. In his opinion, the articulation
of hushing sibilants was characterized by the creation of the so-called “second back
focus” (secondary narrowing) by means of raising the back part of the tongue to the soft
palate and lowering the middle of the tongue. Exactly at this time, a certain x-type noise
is produced and this peculiarity distinguishes them (hushing fricatives) from all other
fricatives.
The spectral analysis of Georgian coronal fricatives has shown that different
articulations by the middle and the back of the tongue affect only the F-pattern of
165
sibilant fricatives, and in fact do not change the noise components of the spectrum. It
has also been identified that the second formant of Georgian hushing sounds is 500Hz
higher than the Russian hushing consonants.
In our view, lowering the middle of the tongue (depalatalization) and creation of
the so-called “second focus” (velarization, pharyngealization) produces acoustically one
and the same –“hard” (dark) – effect. Therefore, the viewpoint according to which the
“second focus” causes moving of the articulatory location to the back as compared with
[s] (turning the sound into that of a hushing type) does not seem correct.
The conclusions concerning the nature of sibilant fricatives, drawn on the basis of
the results obtained by palatographic and roentgenographic methods, are in compliance
with the evidence of spectral analysis, and the so-called “second focus” can be regarded
only as one of the modifications of the articulation of sibilants.
166
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
maia lomia, rusudan gersamia
drois aRmniSvneli lazuri leqsikis
struqturuli da semantikuri analizi1
Sesavali
winamdebare samecniero statia exeba drois aRmniSvneli leqsikis
struqturul-semantikur analizs lazuri masalis mixedviT. cnobilia,
rom lazuri specifikuri viTarebis maCveneblia – is ZiriTadad Turqul
enobriv arealSia moqceuli; saqarTvelos teritoriaze ramdenime lazuri
sofelia mxolod, maT Soris yvelaze kompaqturad dasaxlebulia s. sarfi. sarfuli metyveleba, Sesabamisad leqsikac, ar aris daculi Turqizmebisgan, Aaseve dasturdeba qarTuli leqsikuri erTeulebi.
saanalizo masala aRebulia:
• gamocemuli lazuri (Wanuri) teqstebidan
• ali Tandilavas lazuri leqsikonidan (Tandilava 2013)
• s. sarfsa da TurqeTis lazeTSi (qemalfaSa, noRa, xofa, arqabi)
2013-2014 wlebis saeqspedicio Canawerebidan, romlebic specialuri
kiTxvarebisa da testebis saSualebiT ganxorcielda.
ramdenadac sivrce da dro universaluri kategoriebia, qarTveluri
enebis masalis analizi (rasac iTvaliswinebs proeqti mTlianad) zogadTeoriuli samecniero literaturis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba. kvlevis
strategia, konceptualuri CarCo, saerTod da am konkretul SemTxvevaSic, SemuSavebulia proeqtis erT-erTi xelmZRvanelis, profesor izabela
qobalavas mier [dawvrilebiT ix. am nomerSi: izabela qobalava, drois semantika megrulSi (leqsikur-semantikuri analizi)].
Cven, cxadia, veyrdnobiT mas da lazuri masala warmodgenilia imave
saklasifikacio erTeulebiT Sesabamis msjelobasTan erTad.
Llingvisturi dro erT-erTia astronomiul, biologiur, fsiqologiur da sxva droebs Soris. igi adamianis Semecnebis gamoxatulebaa, amitom
drois danawevreba xdeba ciuri sxeulebis moZraobisa da gadaadgilebis,
sxva cocxali arsebebis gamoRviZebisa (mamlis yivili) da daZinebis (ZaRlis daZineba) mixedviT. enobriv asaxvaSi, sivrcisgan gansxvavebiT, dros
aqvs mxolod calmxrivi mimarTuleba – warsulidan momavlisken, magram,
1
naSromi Sesrulebulia SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis mier
dafinansebuli proeqtis – `sivrce da dro qarTvelur enebSi” (# 13/20) – farglebSi.
167
sivrcis analogiurad, enobrivi droc deiqturi kategoriaa, rac iZleva
misi danawevrebis SesaZleblobas da gansazRvravs droul lokalizacias.
ramdenadac aRniSnul sivrcul-droul zRvars awesebs mxolod molaparake Tavis Sexedulebisamebr, misTvis mniSvnelovani situaciebis mixedviT, drois uwyvet dinebaSi aTvlis wertilic – aq axla – SeiZleba
iyos misi nebismieri monakveTi, romelTan mimarTebaSi yovelTvis iarsebebs
Sesabamisi warsulic da momavalic. amis mixedviT (Tumca ara yvela enaSi!) dro samia: axlandeli (awmyo), warsuli (namyo), momavali (myofadi).
amgvar ganawilebas imeorebs qarTveluri enebi, maT Soris lazuric.
drois gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneba arsebiTi da zedsarTavi saxelebi,
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi, zmnizedebi, nawilakebi, Tandebulebi. ramdenadac
drouli danawevreba emyareba sivrcul danawevrebas, bunebrivia, sakuTriv
droul leqsikasTan erTad, igi iyenebs sivrcul mimarTebaTa aRmniSvnel
leqsikasac (Ciqobava 1945). es SeiZleba iyos zmnebi, zmniswinebi, zmnisarTebi...
lazuri masalis leqsikur-semantikuri analizi warmogvidgens Semdeg
temporalur struqturas:
zogadi drois sapirispirod konkretuli dro aRniSnavs rogorc garkveul, mudmivad monacvle (daTvlad) movlenaTa (weli, Tve, kvira, dRe...)
mimdinareobis dros, romlis gansazRvra SesaZlebelia damoukideblad,
sxva drosTan mimarTebis gareSe, ise situaciurad mniSvnelovan droul
monakveTebs, romlebic ganisazRvrebian mxolod sxva moqmedebis droebTan
mimarTebiT. Sesabamisad, analizis sisrulisaTvis (sivrcul mimarTebaTa
analogiiT) SeiZleba vilaparakoT viTarebiT da mimarTebiT droebze.
viTarebiTi dro gamoixateba drois aRmniSvnel sityvebze ricxviTi saxelebis darTviT:
raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelebis saSualebiT konkretdeba drois erTeulTa Tvladi raodenoba – ar TuTa, Jur TuTa..., romelsac SeiZleba daematos naTesaobiTi brunvis Tandebuli -kule. magaliTebi
dasturdeba Sq/Sk/Wk variaciebiT:
ar TuTaSkule maJvani jima qomoxTu (kart. laz. 29, 26): „erTi Tvis
Semdeg meore Zma movida“. ar wanaSqule Teqrar xofaSa qomofTi (yifSiZe
1911. 8, 12): „erTi wlis Semdeg kidev xofaSi movedi“.
lazurSi -kule Tandebuli erTvis zmna-Semasmenelsac iseTive wesiT,
rogoric saxelTan arsebobs da drois gageba SenarCunebulia: qeWofuSkule = aiRos Semdeg, „rom aiRo mere“... rogorc aRniSnaven, aseTi forma
utoldeba damokidebul winadadebas (Ciqobava 1936:64; jiqia 1967:369;
yifSiZe 1911:6); semantikurad amave Sinaarsis Semcvelia Semasmenlisa da Sa/Saqis nawilakis Serwyma: vorti-Sa = sanam viyavi.
168
ma saRi vorti-Sa, waleni gzaSe vulurti (Wan. II, 87, 27): „me sanam
cocxali viyavi (cocxal viyavamdis), qvemo gziT davdiodi“.
specialur literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom amgvari konstruqcia
Turquli sintaqsuri kalkia lazurSi im gansxvavebiT, rom TurqulSi
nazmnari saxelia Tandebuliani (jiqia 1967:369). amiT lazuri upirispirdeba sxva qarTvelur enebs.
mimarTebiTi dro gamoxatulia drois aRmniSvneli sityvebiT:
hawi/awi „axla“, Roman „guSin“, woxle „winaT“, ekule/okule/ukule
„Semdeg“, Wumani „xval“ da a.S.
hawi hem gunZe yujoniq oxoiSe ognams (Wan. II, 38,4): „axla es grZelyuriansac saxlidan esmis“. Roman juma Cqimi moxTeetu (Wan. I, 121, 12):
„guSin Cemi Zma mosuliyo“. ekule bergiTe xaCqufan (Wan. I, 137, 25) :
„Semdeg ToxiT Toxnian“. okule didi duRuni iqoman (JR. Wan. 112, 8) :
„Semdeg did qorwils gadaixdian“.
wlebi
konkretul droTa Soris, romelTac ena gamoxatavs rogorc damoukidebel erTeulebs, yvelaze didi erTeuli aris weli. zogadad wel’s aRniSnavs lazurSi wana (Tand. 850) : ar wana „erTi weli“, Jur wana „ori
weli“, oTxo wana „oTxi weli“... drois sami ZiriTadi periodi – warsuli – axlandeli – momavali warmodgenilia drois zmnizedebiT. maT mimarTebaSi amosavalia ara axlandeli drois gamomxatveli anwi „wels“
(Tand. 29),2 aramed zogadi mniSvnelobis wana, romelsac warsuli drois
gamosaxatavad daerTvis berZnuli proklitika pro-, rac „winas“ niSnavs:
prowana „SarSanwin“ (Tand. 717).3
wlis droebi
wlis droebi, Cveulebriv, warmodgenilia oTxi gansxvavebuli periodiT, anu areebiT (iv. javaxiSvili), Tumca lazur masalebSi mxolod ori
leqsikuri erTeuli dasturdeba – zamTrisa da zafxulis aRmniSvneli.
maT Soris zamTari gadmoicema rogorc Turquli, ise saerTo-qarTveluri
leqsikis saSualebiT:
zamTari – kiSi (Turq.) (Tand. 375); kiSimcxuli „zamTris msxali“,
kiSluRi „sazamTro“; livozi „Tovlis dnobis periodi“ (Tand. 398), yinva „zamTari; civi amindi“ (Tand. 816), ini „zamTari“, `civi 2“ (Tand.
819).
2
3
Sdr.: megrulisTvis amave mniSvnelobis amosavali forma – wi/u ,,wels“. anwi
megrulSi atarebs mxolod momavali drois semantikas.
Sdr.: lazurSi Sesuli berZnuli maqvemdebarebeli kavSiri, qarTuli rom-is
badali oti.
169
zafxuli – Yazi „zafxuli“ (Tand. 323)
rogorc droTa saxelwodebebidan Cans, ZiriTadi opoziciuri droebi,
romelTac Sesabamisad miniWebuli aqvT damoukidebeli saxelwodebebic,
arian zarxuli vs. zoTonji – zafxuli vs. zamTari. maT Soris dapirispireba emyareba mkveTrad gamoxatul klimatur maxasiaTebels – sicxe vs.
sicive. rac Seexeba gazarxulsa da damorCils, isini zafxulidan zamTrisaken da zamTridan zafxulisaken gardamavali periodis areebia, rasac
adasturebs am areTa klimaturi Taviseburebebi.
Tve da Tveebi
Tve, rogorc wlis Semadgeneli damoukidebeli drouli erTeuli, dakavSirebulia mTvaris moZraobasTan: mTvaris erTi moqceva Tavisi RerZis
garSemo Seadgens 28 dRes.
Tveebis saxelwodebebi lazurSi Sereuladaa warmodgenili – dasturdeba rogorc sxva qarTvelur enebTan saziaro fuZeebi, aseve Turquli
leqsika:
Tveebis saxelebi
I ianvari – wanaRani (Tand. 11).
II Tebervali – Teberbala (Tand. 292), kuWulaY (Tand. 11)
III marti – marti (Tand. 413).
IV aprili – aprili (Tand. 30).
V maisi – maYesi (Tand. 405), maisi (iqve, 405).
VI ivnisi – mgimura „mkaTaTve“ (Tand. 419), qerezari (Turq.) (Tand.
796) qirezaY (Tand. 11).
VII ivlisi – CuruRaY (Tand. 11)/Curuq (Turq.) „ivlisi (dampali
Tve)“ (Tand. 840).
VIII agvisto – aRusTozi/aRusTozi/aRuste (Tand. 40), aguste „agvisto“ (Tand. 11), maraSina „agvisto“(Tand. 413), mariaSina „agvisto, (mariobis Tve)“ (Tand. 414) erTi da igive magaliTi mohyavs i. yifSiZisa da s.
JRentis naSromebis mixedviT; „maraSinaS TuTas“ Targmnis „agvistos
mTvared“. xcala TuTa „agvisto; 13 ivlisidan 13 agvistomde (Zv. stili)“
(Tand. 891)xcala „lpoba“, xcaferi „dampali“, xceri-c igivea (Tand. 891).
IX seqtemberi – ekenia (Tand. 235), staroSina „seqtemberi“ (Tand.
743), Cxalva „seqtemberi“ (Tand. 842).
X oqtomberi – megumu kalooba, kalo (Tand. 423)taxva `Tvis saxeli“
oqtomberi???4 yifSiZidan aqvs magaliTi (Tand. 753). Sdr: (megr. gimua
,,cexva“, ,,Romis gmerva“ (qob. 152; War. 50) mwifobis, Rvinobis Tve, mkis,
texis Tve (qaj. 340)
4
kiTxvis niSniTaa Setanili Tavad a. Tandilavas leqsikonSi.
170
XI noemberi – axirsTveli (Tand. 43) noemberi (qarT.) „noemberi“
(Tand. 576), wilva „noemberi“ (Tand. 852).
XII dekemberi – xistana/xistona/xristona „dekemberi“ (Tand. 884) Sdr.
xistiani/xristiani (Turq.) „qristiani,“ xrista „dekemberi“ (Tand. 888).
aRniSnuli saxelebi micemiTi brunvis formiT gamoxataven drois zmnizedebs.
kvireuli
kvira _ Svidi dRe. maTi gamoyofa Tvis SemadgenlobaSi dakavSirebulia mTvaris Tvis oTx SviddRian ciklTan. SviddRiani monakveTebi _ kvirebi uZvelesi droidanvea cnobili fazebTan (Tand. 28 dRe).
kviris dReebi
kviris dReebi, garda SabaTisa, saxeldebulia rogorc saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli berZnuli planetaruli sistemis kalendris safuZvelze,
ise Turquli leqsikis mixedviT. ,,sabatoni“ – SabaTi, bibliuri tradiciiT – ,,dRe gansuenebisa“.
orSabaTi (mTvarisa) – TuTaCxa (Tand. 306)/bazarerTesi (Turq.Pazartesi)
(Tand. 47), samSabaTi (ariasi) – TaxaCxa (Tand. 292)/JurSabaTi „samSabaTi“
(Tand. 719), ikinaCxa „samSabaTi“ (Tand. 313), tikinaCxa „samSabaTi“ (Tand. 755).
oTxSabaTi (ermisa) – jumaCxa „oTxSabaTi“ (Tand. 903).
xuTSabaTi (afroditisa) – caCxa/CaCxa (Tand. 844), omqiseri „xuTSabaTi“ (Tand. 631), ferCembe/ferCenbe (spars.-Turq.) „xuTSabaTi“ (Tand. 778)
xuTSabaTi (qarT.) (Tand. 889).
paraskevi (diosisa) – obiCxa; obi (Tand. 591); paraske „paraskevi“
(Tand. 710); jumaha „paraskevi“ (Tand. 903).
SabaTi – sabatoni/sapatoni/sapaton (Tand. 724).
kvira – JaCxa/mJaCxa (Tand. 47)/bJaCxa (Tand. 67) bazarjuni (Turq. Bazar
gunu) „kviradRe“ Sdr. Bazari (Tand. 47).
dReTa Tanmimdevroba
dReTa Tanmimdevroba deiqturi principiT aris agebuli:
amdRa (Tand. 24) andRa (Tand. 27) – ,,dRes“
Roma/Roman – „guSin“
Romaneri „guSindeli“ (Tand. 812).
Wume/Wumen – „xval“ (Tand. 867).
piSin-dRa „guSinwin; winadRe“ (RomaSi woxlende) (Tand. 714); toqseri/
toqseii, tocxeri „guSinwin, ramdenime dRis win“ (aTin.), „guSin“ (Tand.
759) – guSinwin.
gendRani/gendRane „zeg“ (Tand. 102), jendRani (Tand. 897) – zeg.
Wume-gendRani – „xval-zeg“ (Tand. 867).
171
dRe da Rame
dRe-Ramis cikli, romelic Tanamedrove astronomiuli sistemiT ganisazRvreba 24-saaTiani drouli monakveTiT, enobriv asaxvaSi warmodgenilia sxva, arasaaTobrivi komponentebiT. kerZod, dRe-Ramis, rogorc erTi
mTlianobis, gamosaxatavad ixmareba dRa/ndRa ,,dRe“ (Tand. 230), (Tand.
569). am ciklSi ZiriTadad ikveTeba ori urTerTdapirispirebuli drouli komponenti – dRa/ ndRa _ seri (Tand. 733),,dRe da Rame“. maTi sferoebis gadanawileba xdeba ,,sinaTle – sibnelis“ Tvisebebis mixedviT.
dRe da Rames Soris gamoiyofa gardamavali drouli monakveTebi, romlebSic asaxulia Ramidan dReze da dRidan Rameze gadasvlis safexurebi.
Ramidan dReze gardamavali periodi aRniSnulia sityviT ,,gaTeneba.“ igi
moqmedebis saxelia da gamoxatavs Ramidan gamosvlis, gaTenebis process.
masSi ramdenime safexuri SeiZleba gamoiyos.
1. gamTenebeli varskvlavi
gamTenebeli varskvlavi, ciskris varskvlavi (planeta venera), gaTenebis mauwyebeli pirveli signali, romelic gaTenebamde Cndeba caze: Tanura „ciskris varskvlavi“ (Tand. 291).
2. adreuli dila
Wumandari „gamTeniisas“ (Tand. 866).
Sefa (Turq.) „alioni“ (Tand. 882).
odro/ordo (Tand. 596).
ordo/yordo „adre, Cqara, swrafad, saCqarod“ (Tand. 651)
ordonali/ordonari „adreuli“ (Tand. 651)
odroSen „adrianad“ (Tand. 651)
ordo-xolo „maSinaTve, adreve“ (Tand. 651)
3. dila
gieTanafa/gieTanu – „daTeneba“ (Tand. 123).
Wumani – „dila“ (Tand. 866).
Wumaneri – „dilandeli“ (Tand. 866).
Wumandele – „dilidan, dilaadrianad“ (Tand. 866).
Wumanikele – „dilisken“ (Tand. 866).
WumaniSi – „dilas, diliT (Tand. 866).
sabaile (Turq.) – „diliT“ (Tand. 724).
sabax (Turq.) „dila“ (Tand. 724) sabaxTan (Turq.) „diliT“.
4. SuadRe
Yema „SuadRe“ (Tand. 332), ondRe/ondReri „SuadRe“(Tand. 637).
ondReri gelaqTeri „SuadRegadasuli“ (Tand. 637).
ondReriSakadar „SuadRemde“ (Tand. 637).
ondReiSaqis „SuadRemde“ (Tand. 637).
172
5. saRamo
okolumjinu „SeRameba“ (Tand. 614)olemjinu (Tand. 624), olumju
„mosaRamoeba, daRameba“ (Tand. 625 aqve ix. sxvac)gelamjinu (Tand. 96),
gelumjinu (Tand. 101)„SeRameba“ (Tand. 125).
gelumjinafa, gelumjineri (Tand. 100).
limjafa/lumjafa „daRameba“, limjeriSe „mosaRamoebulze, saRamos“,
limji/lumji/lunji „saRmo“ (Tand. 399; 402).... limjikele, limjine(r)i
/lumjineY
lumji-Wumani „dila-saRamo“ (Tand. 402).
axSami/axCami „saRamo“ (Tand. 43).
axCamda „saRamoze, saRamoxani“ (Tand. 43).
axCamikonari (Turq.-laz. ksam+ikonari) „saRamoxani“ (Tand. 43). ix. agreTve sxva nawarmoebi leqsika.
acxami (Turq. Aksam aksam) „saRamos“ (Tand. 41).
6. Rame
Romaseri „guSin Rame“ (Tand. 812).
Romamji „wuxeli“ (Tand. 812).
seri gverdi „SuaRame“ (Tand. 733) seriSgverdi/seriSi gverdi „SuaRme,
naSuaRame“ (Tand. 733).
serseriT seri-seri „RamRamobiT“ (Tand. 733).
***
awi/hawi – „axla“ (Tand. 41).
awiTi
awineri
awiRi „am dromde, aqamde, aqobamde“ (Tand. 41).
awiSe
awiSkule (Tand. 42).
tora „axla“ (Tand. 758).
amrigad, Turquli enis gavlenis miuxedavad, lazurSi dasturdeba
drois aRmniSvneli saerTo-qarTuli leqsikac.
literaturა
kiziria 1982 : a. kiziria, martivi winadadebis Sedgeniloba qarTvelur enebSi,
Tbilisi.
qobalava 2014 : i. qobalava, drois semantika megrulSi (leqsikur-semantikuri analizi) (xelnaweri).
yifSiZe 1911 : .
,
(
),
..
Ciqobava 1936 : აrn. Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, Tbilisi.
173
Ciqobava 1945 : arn. Ciqobava, zogi sityvis mniSvnelobis ganviTarebisaTvis
qarTulSi (sivrcisa da drois momentTa urTierTobis aspeqtSi), fsiqologia, III, Tbilisi.
jiqia 1967 : s. jiqia, Turqul-lazuri enobrivi urTierTobidan, „orioni~,
Tbilisi.
SemoklebaTa ganmartebani
Tand. – a. Tandilava, lazuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi 2013.
kart. laz. – g. kartozia, lazuri teqstebi, I, Tbilisi 1972.
Wan. I – arn. Ciqobava, Wanuri teqstebi, I, Tbilisi 1929.
Wan. II – arn. Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, II, teqstebi, Tbilisi 1936.
JR. Wan. – s. JRenti, Wanuri teqstebi, tfilisi 1938.
qaj. _ o. qajaia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, I-III, `nekeri~, Tbilisi 2001, 2002.
qob. _ a. qobalia, megruli leqsikoni, `artanuji~, Tbilisi 2010.
War. _ p. Waraia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, Tbilisi (1918) 1997.
Maia Lomia, Rusudan Gersamia
Structural and Semantic Analysis of Laz Vocabulary Denoting Time
Summary
The analysis of vocabulary denoting time according to Laz material is especially
topical and interesting, as Laz reflects a specific situation – it is mostly located within
the Turkish linguistic area. On the territory of Georgia there are only a few Laz villages,
of which the most densely populated is Sarpi. In the speech of Sarpi both Georgian
lexical units and Turkisms are attested. The analysed material has been taken from:
1. Published Laz (Chan) texts; 2. Laz Dictionary, published by Ali Tandilava (Tbilisi,
2013); 3. Expedition notes made on the basis of special questionnaires collected in
2013-2014 in Sarpi and several villages of Lazeti within Turkey.
To denote time in Laz, as in other Kartvelian languages, nouns and adjectives,
demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, particles and prepositions are used. As temporal
division is based on spatial division, naturally, along with the temporal vocabulary
proper, it also uses the vocabulary denoting spatial relations. These can be verbs,
adverbs, preverbs...
The lexico-semantic analysis of the Laz material demonstrates the following
temporal structure: as opposed to general time, specific time denotes the occurrence of
countable events (year, month, week, day…), which can be defined independently;
however, specific time, similar to spatial relations, can also be divided into time of
manner and relative time. Time of manner is expressed by adding numerals to the
words denoting time: two years, three months, etc., whereas relative time is expressed
by lexical units denoting time, such as: now, previously, afterwards, etc.
It is noteworthy that time in Laz is expressed by common Kartvelian vocabulary as
well as by words introduced through Turkish and Turkish word-forms proper, including
loan translations of Turkish syntactic constructions.
174
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
qeTevan margiani-subari, rusudan ioseliani
kvlav `myofadusrulis~ Sesaxeb svanurSi
svanurSi, qarTulTan SedarebiT, erT-erTi `meti~ (a. SaniZe) mwkrivi
myofadusrulia. svanurSive is sruli myofadisagan mxolod aspeqtiT an
zmniswinis darTva-daurTvelobiT ki ar ganirCeva (rogorc es mosalodneli
iyo erTi mwkrivis farglebSi), aramed struqturiTac: `myofadusruli
iwarmoeba awmyos fuZisagan, romelsac bolosarTebi (-e, -i) mokvecili
aqvs da, samagierod, erTvis sufiqsebi: -un-i (>-én-i, -n-i) da -in-i (>n-i).
laSxur dialeqtSi orives nacvlad ixmareba -én-i~ (Tofuria1967:112-114).
specialur literaturaSi gamoTqmulia araerTi mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom myofadusruli istoriulad awmyoa: `svanuri myofadusrulis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi (-un-i, -én-i, -in-i) Sedgenilia da -i, eWvs gareSea,
igive monacemi unda iyos, rac awmyos -i, warmoSobiT xolmeobiTis sufiqsi~
(Ciqobava 1948:102-103); `es mwkrivi (myofadusruli) aris `gamyofadebuli
awmyo~, romelSic -un||-in sufiqsebi (aseve kauzativis -un||-en>-in) warmoSobiT awmyos fuZis sawarmoebeli formantebia~ (maWavariani 1974:138).
Cveni azriT, `usruli myofadi~ (tradiciuli terminologiiT) ara
marto istoriulad aris awmyo, aramed arc `gamyofadebula~ _ aseT SemTxvevaSi mas awmyos funqcia unda daekarga, sinamdvileSi saanalizo formebi enis ganviTarebis am safexurzec umTavresad axlandel dros gulisxmoben _ zogad Tu konkretul awmyos, oRond inferenciuls, pirobiTs;
myofadis gamoxatvas ki isini funqciurad iTavseben, ris dadgenac mxolod konteqstiT an saTanado zmnizedis mixedviT xdeba SesaZlebeli:
bz.: ÌéáðÒ ÀË ÌêÒÄ ãÀ ÉâÍÖÍÉ É âÀÍðÒÓ ÌêÌ ÂæðÃÉðÍÉ _ `xval es kaci
albaT TviTon xnavs (/xnavdes iqneba _ v. Tofuria) da xarebs ar gvaTxovebs~;
ÁêÆÉ ÀÌÑÉ ÂÀÒ ÉÛÃÖæÍÉ, ÌéáðÒ ØÏÒ ËÄËÙðäÉ âÄÃÍÉ _ `amaRam {TuU}
sul ase iTovebs, xval saxli gadmosaTovli gaxdeba~;
bq.: ÀÌÄÜÖ ÄãÂæðÒ ÁÉØæ ËÉ, ÄÒÄ ÛæðÍÓ ÀÈáÄ ÉÛÃÖæÍÉ _ `aq iseTi qaria,
rom svaneTSi axla albaT Tovs~ (`Tovs iqneba~)...
aRniSnuli semantika mravlad iZebneba svanuri enis yvela kilos teqstebis gamocemebSi; Sdr.:
(1) ÝáæÉÈðÂà áóØæ: `ÌëÒðËÓ ÌÉ ÝéâÄÌðÃÓ áæð×ÛæÃÖÍÉ, ÄÜØÀ ÝáÖðÒ
ÜÖÌÉÛÃáÄÍÉá (svan. proz. t. 1939:25) _ `cxviTagma uTxra: Rrublebs me
[Tu] mSvild-isars vesvri xolme (`vesvrode iqneba~), maSin isrebi gamiTavdebao~;
175
(2) ÓÉ ËÄÌÆéÒðËÓ áÀÍÚÖÍÉ ÉÙæÀÑðÒÓ áÀÁÒðÎÍÉ ÜÉÙéÍÑÉ, ÌÀÃÎÀ? (CantlaZe da sxv. 2010:726) _ `Sen Sesalocebs (sefiskverebs) acxob albaT
yovel dResaswaulze da mamakacebs atan [xolme], albaT, ara?~
(3) ÁÄ×Û ÉÌÄ ðÒÉ ÀÌÆÖØÀ? _ `bavSvi sad aris amden xans?~ pasuxi: iSdrÀl{æ}ni ðÆæÉÓÂÀ _ `albaT TamaSobs ezoSi~(CantlaZe da sxv. 2010);
pirvel winadadebaSi zmna TiTqos myofadis gagebiTaa, Tumca zogad awmyodac SeiZleba CaiTvalos; meoreSi TvalnaTliv Cans, rom situacia konkretul dros ar moiazrebs, saqme gvaqvs inferenciul zogad awmyosTan da
gulisxmobs albaTobas, mTqmelis varauds; mesame konteqstis pasuxis nawilSi ki, ra Tqma unda, saubris momenti, konkretuli awmyo igulisxmeba
(Sdr. kategoriuli konkretuli awmyos forma: iSdró/ðl `TamaSobs~);
unda aRiniSnos, rom statikur zmnebSi, romlebic miCneulia ufro
adrindel formebad (svanurSi ki isini gacilebiT mravladaa saliteraturo qarTulTan SedarebiT), aseve fiqsirdeba opozicia _ neitraluri awmyo : inferenciuli awmyo (á-ð-ÎÒ-À `weria/aweria~ : á-Ä-ÎÒ-É `albaT weria/aweria~); specialur literaturaSi miRebulia mosazreba, rom qarTulSi statikur zmnas myofadis wris mwkrivTa formebi nasesxebi aqvs
eniani dinamikuri vnebiTisgan, oRond ise, rom dinamikuri awmyo statikurisTvis myofadia, uwyvetlis formas xolmeobiTis gageba eniWeba da awmyos kavSirebiTi ki myofadis kavSirebiTad aris gamoyenebuli: afenia _
efineba, axatia _ exateba, aweria an weria _ ewereba da sxv. (SaniZe
1973:464-466; WumburiZe 1986:172-179; oniani 1998:178-181). g. maWavarians
ki miaCnia, rom `gamoricxuli ar aris SesaZlebloba, usruli myofadis
formebi svanurSi Tavdapirvelad statikur zmnebs ganeviTarebinaT, xolo
Semdeg maTi analogiiT _ dinamikur zmnebsac~ (maWavariani 1974:139). Cven
am mosazrebas viziarebT, vinaidan, rogorc aRvniSneT, migvaCnia, rom e.w.
myofadusruli diaqroniuladac da sinqroniuladac moqmedebis savaraudoobis, SesaZleblobis semantikis awmyoa; vvaraudobT, rom is Cveulebrivi
(moqmedebis Sesaxeb myari codnis aRmniSvneli, dadasturebuli) awmyos paralelurad arsebobda da myofadis gamoxatva misi mxolod damatebiTi
funqciaa vrcel konteqstSi; xolo, Tuki enas jer kidev oden mdgomareobis gadmomcemi, statikuri zmnuri formebis arsebobis dros hqonda semantikuri motivacia kategoriuloba-arakategoriulobis, realuroba-irealurobis, dadasturebuloba-savaraudoobis mixedviT diferenciaciisa, cxadia, zmnebis gadinamikurebis Semdeg igive movlena ukvalod ar gaqreboda
da, semantikidan gamomdinare, daiwyebda adgilis damkvidrebas morfologiurad, ris Sedegadac miviReT saanalizo -un-‘sufiqsiani zmnuri formebi.
g. maWavariani aseve SeniSnavs, rom `naTeli araa -un-i, -in-i sufiqsebiT
gaformebuli zmnebis istoriuli urTierToba imave fuZis, magram sxva
Temis niSnis mqone zmnebTan (a-mêr-un-i, a-mêr-e): gvqonda Tu ara maT So176
ris raime funqciuri sxvaoba da, Tu ara gvqonda (Tu orive Cveulebrivs
awmyos gamoxatavda), maSin riT iyo Sepirobebuli gansxvavebul formaTa
arseboba?~ (maWavariani, iqve);
Tu Cven mier warmodgenili msjeloba saanalizo sakiTxis Sesaxeb
sworia, maSin mkvlevris mier dasmul kiTxvasac pasuxi gaecema, vinaidan
gamodis, rom istoriulad svanur enaSi arsebobs ori awmyo: neitraluri,
kategoriuli, dadasturebuli) da inferenciuli (saeWvo-savarudo informaciis gamomxatveli), romelic aseve axasiaTebda statikur zmnebs: áÀË×ÀÒÀ (`afaria~) _ áÄË×ðÒÉ (`albaT, afaria/efaros iqneba...~), áÀáÔÀÅÀ
(`axatia~) _ áÄáÔðæÉ (`albaT, axatia/exatos iqneba~) da romelic Semdgom
ganaviTares dinamikurebmac: áÀË×ðÒÉ (`afarebs~) _ áÄË×ÀÒæÍÉ (`albaT,
afarebs/afarebdes iqneba...~), áÀáÔðæÉ (`axatavs~) _ áÄáÔÀæÍÉ (`albaT, axatavs/axatavdes iqneba~ )...; À-ÃÂðÒ-É `klavs~ _ À-ÃÂÀÒ-æÍ-É `SesaZloa (albaT) klavs, klavdes iqneba~, À-ÍÚ-Ä `acxobs~ _ À-ÍÚ-ÖÍ-É `albaT acxobs,
acxobdes iqneba~, É-ÂæÍ-É `tiris~ _ É-ÂæÍ-ÖÍ-É` albaT tiris, tirodes
iqneba~...; rogorc vxedavT, dinamikur zmnebSi formalur gansxvavebas am
mxriv -un- sufiqsi qmnis;
aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT sayuradReboa megrulis Cveneba, sadac
aseve gamoyofen myofadis or saxeobas: myofadusrulsa da myofadsruls
(margvelaSvili 1980:163-168), romlebic, z. WumburiZis azriT, `zmniswinis darTva-daurTvelobiT ki ar gairCeva, rogorc es xdeba II-III seriis
mwkrivebSi. ase rom yofiliyo, erT mwkrivTan gveqneboda saqme da ara orTan. sinamdvileSi zmniswiniT myofadsruli upirispirdeba ara myofadusruls, aramed awmyos (xazi Cvenia _ q.m.). am mxriv viTareba savsebiT qarTulis msgavsia. myofadusruliT ki megruli gansxvavdeba qarTulisagan
da svanuris gverdiT ikavebs adgils~ (WumburiZe 1986:135). gansxvavebuli
mosazrebaa warmodgenili `megruli enis lingvistur analizSi~: `samecniero literaturaSi gavrcelebulia Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac igi
momaval dros gamoxatavs (margvelaSvili 1980:164; WumburiZe 1986:135),
rac mxolod nawilobriv Cans gasaziarebeli. aRniSnuli formebi axlandeli drois formebia. momavali drois gamoxatva _ teqsts eniWeba da igi
xSirad damokidebulia zmnizedebze, romlebic Seicaven momavali drois
semantikas: Wume `xval~, geRani `zeg~... myofadusruli I seriis mwkrivia,
romelic axlandel dros gamoxatavs~ (kartozia da sxv. 2010:268);
Warundas ièuafu/ièi `werdes iqneba~ tipis formebi, rogorc Cans,
svanuris inferenciuli awmyos (myofadusrulis) identuri semantikisaa,
vinaidan Tavad am enis warmomadgenlebi, wignis avtorebi aseve ganmartaven, rom `es formebi gamoxataven ukve dawyebul, axlandel droSi Tqmis
paralelurad mimdinare process~, sqolioSi ki miTiTebulia, rom Targmani (`werdes iqneba~) zustad ver asaxavs megruli formis semantikas; sa177
erTodac, saanalizo zmnur formaTa gadmoqarTulebisas an zogierT indoevropul enaze Targmnisas semantikuri Tanxvedris miRweva SeuZlebelia
modaluri leqsemebis (`albaT~, `SesaZloa~, `etyoba~...) gamoyenebis gareSe, rac dasturia mosazrebisa: `Tu TargmanSi modaluri sityvebi aucilebelia, es imas niSnavs, rom wyaro-enaSi (ZiriTad metyvelebaSi) zmnuri
forma kompleqsurad gamoxatavs inferenciulobas da gamonaTqvamis arasrulfasovani sarwmunoobis (sandoobis) modalur mniSvnelobas. wyaro-enaSi aseTi frazebi uSvebs minimum ori alternatiuli situaciis arsebobis
SesaZleblobas~ (
2007:616-618). saanalizo megruli formebic,
TavisTavad cxadia, inferenciulia. maSasadame, zmnuri inferencia orive
umwerlobo enaSi morfologiurad aris Camoyalibebuli; amasTan, dadasturebuloba-savaraudoobis mxriv dapirispirebuli formebi awmyos mwkrivSive aRiniSneba, rac SedarebiT iSviaTi movlenaa; magaliTad, `bagvalurSi, sadac es kategoria dasturdeba, marTalia, informaciis wyaroze miTiTebis erTaderTi saSualeba zmnaa, magram gramatikuli gamoxatva SemosazRvrulia warsuli droebiT~ (
2007:351). `axlandel droSi
ki opozicia: dadasturebuloba: savaraudooba dafiqsirebulia lakur enaSi~ (Friedman 1984). A
svanuri zmnis saanalizo mwkrivis formebi, swored maTi semantikis
gamo, martivad qmnian ukavSiro hipotaqsur konstruqcias (gansakuTrebiT
pirobiTdamokidebulian rTul winadadebas): ÀË àÚÉÍÔ ÀÌÑÉ ÂÀÒ ÉÜÌÖÍÉ,
áÏËêÌ ÌéÒóÌ áÄÃÀ _ „es biWi sul ase Tu gaagrZelebs (izams), cud rames
gadaeyreba~.
SevniSnavT, rom rusuli Targmani saanalizo mwkrivis formebisa (
,
...), romelic specialur literaturaSia SemoTavazebuli (Tofuria 1967:112) semantikurad zustad asaxavs qarTul uzmniswino myofads: vitireb, vikiTxav..., magram naklebad Seesabameba svanuri
áæÉÂÍÖÍÉ („vtirode iqneba~), áæÉàæÃÀÍÍÉ („vkiTxulobde iqneba~) formebs,
vinaidan myofadusrulis umTavresi mniSvneloba _ moqmedebis saeWvoobasavaraudooba rusul sintagmaSi srulebiT ar Cans;
(`kiTxvas
viqm~) svanur myofadusruls srulebiT ver faravs. v. Tofuriaseuli
qarTuli aRweriTi ganmarteba `vtirode iqneba~, `vkiTxulobde iqneba~ ki
gacilebiT zustia im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mkvlevari leqsema `iqnebaSi~ gulisxmobs nazmnar nawilaks (`iqneb~), vinaidan es nawilaki ZiriTad sityvasTan erTad savarudobis mniSvnelobis sintagmas qmnis.
Sesabamisad, Cveni azriT, arc termini `myofadusruli~ Seesatyviseba
srulad mis mier aRsaniSnavi mwkrivis mniSvnelobas, magram vinaidan tradiciulad damkvidrebuli terminologiis cvlac da reinterpretaciac
sakmaod problemuria, amitom, vfiqrobT, rom `myofadusrulis~ paralelurad aucileblad unda damkvidrdes kvalifikacia `resp. inferenciuli
178
awmyo~ (misaRebi iqneboda `pirobiTi awmyoc~, magram es leqsema, rogorc
termini, isedac datvirTulia qarTul morfologiasa Tu sintaqsSi da
kidev erTi definiciisTvis misi gamoyeneba umarTebulod migvaCnia), gansakuTrebiT, Tu naSromi ucxoeli lingvistebisTvisac aris gankuTvnili,
radganac SemoTavazebuli terminiT enis flobis gareSec maTTvis gacilebiT gasagebi xdeba zmnis mniSvneloba, vidre Tundac aRweriTi ganmartebebiT (`werdes /kiTxulobdes iqneba~ an `albaT wers~ ...).1
literatura
Tofuria 1967: v. Tofuria, Sromebi, I, svanuri ena I, zmna, mecniereba, Tbilisi.
kartozia da sxv. 2010 : g. kartozia, r. gersamia, m. lomia, T. cxadaia, megrulis lingvisturi analizi, meridiani, Tbilisi.
margvelaSvili 1980 : m. margvelaSvili, myofadis warmoebisaTvis megrulSi,
Tsu-s Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, 23, Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi.
maWavariani 1974 : g. maWavariani, aspeqtis kategoria qarTvelur enebSi, qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, IV, mecniereba, Tbilisi.
oniani 1998 : a. oniani, svanuri ena, sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi.
svan. proz. t. 1939 : svanuri prozauli teqstebi, t. I (balszemouri kilo,
teqstebi Sekribes a. SaniZem da v. Tofuriam), ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis saqarTvelos filialis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi.
SaniZe 1973 : a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi.
CantlaZe da sxv. 2007-2010: i. CantlaZe, q. margiani-dadvani, q. margiani-subari,
m. saRliani, r. ioseliani, kodoruli qronikebi, global-printi+, Tbilisi.
Ciqobava 1948 : Aarn. Ciqobava, ergatiuli konstruqciis problema iberiulkavkasiur enebSi, I, mecniereba, Tbilisi.
WumburiZe 1986 : z. WumburiZe, myofadi qarTvelur enebSi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi.
Friedman 1984 : V. Friedman, Status in the Lak Verbal System and Typological Significance, Folia Slavica, Vol. 7, #1-2.
2007 : . .
,
,Э
,
,
.
1
Cveni jgufi amJamad muSaobs rusTavelis samecniero fondis mier dafinansebul
proeqtze „zemosvanuri teqstebis morfonologiuri segmentacia (gamokvleva
da simfonia-leqsikoni)“, romlis bazaze igegmeba pirveli `svanuri enis morfemuli leqsikonis~ gamocema.Aamave naSromSi pirvelad fiqsirdeba rogorc evidencialobis specialuri morfema, aseve aRniSnuli mwkriv(eb)is dazustebuli
qarTuli ganmartebebi.
179
Х
2007 : . .
, ( )
.
,
,
, Э
,
,
Ketevan Margiani-Subari, Rusudan Ioseliani
Once Again on the “Future Imperfect” in Svan
Summary
In the paradigm of conjugation of the Svan verb the number of screeves is greater
as compared with Georgian. One of the different screeves is ‘myofadusruli’ – Future
Imperfect (V. Topuria’s terminology), which differs from the Future Perfect not only in
Aspect or addition of a preverb (as was expectable within a single screeve), but also in
its structure and semantics.
In the specialist literature a number of views are expressed concerning the genesis
of this screeve, according to which, Future Imperfect historically is Present – the
Present “turned into the Future”, and its forming -i ending is the suffix of the current
Present, by its origin – Iterative (Arn. Chikobava; G. Machavariani). However, the
following question posed in the specialist literature remains unanswered: Was there a
functional difference between them, and if there was not (if both denoted ordinary
present), what was the reason for the existence of different forms? (G. Machavariani).
We believe that the screeve under study remains Present to date, which, in contrast
to Georgian-like Present, does not express categoricalness, perceptive knowledge
concerning an action or a state, but – presumptive. It is the opposition of exactly the
Present, not that of the Future, as semantically the oppositional feature of these forms is
not Aspect, but uncertainty/presumption. From the viewpoint of time, without a relevant
adverb, it, as an independent unit, denotes the present, however, it expresses
(inferential) information based on logic concerning a presumable present action or
event; functionally, depending on the requirement of the context, it can also express the
future, also with uncertain/presumable semantics.
Thus, the term does not seem well-suited to the meaning of the screeve it denotes,
but as both the change and reinterpretation of the traditionally established terminology
are quite problematic, we think it reasonable to qualify it, in parallel with the traditional
Future Imperfect, as “Inferential Present” (“Conditional Present” would also be
acceptable, but this lexeme as the term in Georgian morphology and syntax is
overloaded and its use for one more definition seems problematic). This is especially so
when a work is intended for foreign linguists, as the meaning of a verb becomes much
clearer for them by the offered term than by descriptive explanations (werdes/kiTxulobdes iqneba... maybe he is reading/writing). In addition, in the Georgian explanation, we think, it would be more appropriate to use instead of modal ‘iqneba’ the
lexeme ‘albaT’, as a Georgian syntagma of this form fully covers the Svan meaning, at
the same time, the main verb is in the Present, whereas in the traditional explanation,
the verb is in the Subjunctive (perhaps, exactly due to the fact that the time of the action
is not specified), which is to a certain extent confusing for a linguist not speaking Svan.
180
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
nino nozaZe
„ecekveba“ tipis zmnebi da maTi
semantikuri interpretacia
bunebriv enebSi informaciis struqturireba, rogorc wesi, formaluri opoziciebis saSualebiT mimdinareobs, romelTa safuZvelzec erTmaneTisgan varCevT sxvadasxvagvar kategorias. am kategoriebis Camoyalibeba
garkveuli semantikuri gansxvavebulobis dafiqsirebas emsaxureba.
funqcionalur mimarTebaTa gramatikis Teoriis mixedviT aqtiv-pasivis
dapirispireba formalurad gamoixateba konkretuli zmnis aqtiuri formis (imave, konstruqciis) pasiur formad (imave, konstruqciad) gardaqmniT, romlis drosac aqtiuri konstruqciis paciensi dawinaurebulia da
qceulia subieqtad, xolo agensi transformirebulia windebulian/Tandebulian formad. amgvar transformacias uwodeben konversias, anu konstruqciis iseT gardaqmnas, rodesac erTi warmoadgens meoris „mobrunebul“ saxes. aqtiuridan pasiurSi gadayvanac arsebiTad aris formis mobruneba. Tu amosavlad aqtivi iqneba miCneuli, maSin pasivi misi mobrunebuli saxea, xolo Tu amosavlad pasivs miviCnevT, maSin, piriqiT, aqtivi iqneba konversiuli forma.
qarTuli, ZiriTadad, aqtiuri formebis enaa, sadac amosavali (anu,
uniSno, aramarkirebuli) forma aris aqtiuri, e.w. moqmedebiTi gvarisa,
romelic upirispirdeba e.w. konversiul vnebiTs, romelic formalurad
garkveuli morfosintaqsuri niSnebiT markirebul konstruqcias warmoadgens (SaniZe 1973:293).
vnebiTis formaTa warmoebis mixedviT, qarTul zmnebSi gamoiyofa ramdenime jgufi: erTs ekuTvnis zmnebi, romelTac vnebiTis niSani fuZis win
daerTvis (kerZod, i- prefiqsi gvxvdeba erTpirian (absolutur) zmnebTan,
xolo orpirian zmnebTan fiqsirdeba e- prefiqsi), meores ki is zmnebi,
romelTac vnebiTis niSani fuZis Semdeg moudis (kerZod, -d sufiqsi);
garda amisa, gvaqvs e.w. uniSno vnebiTic.
SesaZlebelia gamovyoT pasiuri warmoebis zmnaTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
sxva morfologiuri niSnebic:
1. aqtiuri formebisTvis awmyoSi subieqturi mesame piris niSani aris -s,
xolo pasiurTaTvis _ -a sufiqsi;
2. awmyoSi subieqturi pirveli an meore piris vnebiTis daboloeba aris -i;
3. wyvetilSic gvaqvs dapirispireba: aqtiuris subieturi mesame piris
mravlobiTs axasiaTebs daboloeba -es, pasiurisas ki -nen;
181
uwyvetelSi aqtiur formebi ZiriTadad gamoixateba -d sufiqsiT,
vnebiTis formebi ki mxolod -od-iT;
5. I seriis vnebiTis formebisTvis, rogorc wesi, damaxasiaTebelia -eb
Temis niSani.
sintaqsuri konstruqciebis TvalsazrisiT, aqtiuri formebi mihyvebian
dro-kiloTa mixedviT gansxvavebul an nominatiur (I seria), an ergatiul
(II seria), an datiur (III seria) models maSin, rodesac vnebiTi formebi
mxolod nominatiur konstruqciebs qmnian.
zemoT warmodgenili niSnebi ar aris mxolod aqtiuri-pasiuri Sinaarsebis formalizebisaTvis niSandoblivi; mag., -eb Temis niSani, dinamikuri vnebiTis paralelurad, sakmaod produqtiulia aqtiur zmnaTa I seriis formebSic; xmovanprefiqsebi, vnebiTis garda, awarmoebs qcevasac (sasxviso _ u-, saTaviso _ i-); uwyvetlis -od sufiqsi zogierT aqtiuri Sinaarsis zmnasac SeiZleba axasiaTebdes (asaTiani 2009).
amdenad, aqtiur-pasiur formalur modelTa calsaxa semantikur-funqciuri interpretacia garTulebulia da problemis mosagvareblad adekvaturi Cans zmnuri formebis Semdgomi, semantikuri TvalsazrisiT, ufro
gamowvlilviTi analizi.
Cveni yuradReba miipyro e.w. „eniani“ vnebiTebis erT-erTma semantikurad
gamorCeulma jgufma, romelic garkveul konteqstSi reciprokul (igive,
saurTierTo) Sinaarss gadmogvcems.
sazogadod, saurTierTo moqmedebis semantika qarTulSi umetesad gadmoicema konstruqciebiT, romlebSic ZiriTadi erTeuli uSualod saurTierTo moqmedebis gamoxatvas ukavSirdeba. msgavsi tipis winadadebebSi gamoiyeneba urTierTobiTi nacvalsaxelebi: erTmaneTi, erTurTi, erTimeore
(ix. soselia 2010).
saurTierTo konstruqciebSi birTvuli elementis (igive, zmnis) morfologiuri struqturis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos ori jgufi:
1. erTi, romelSic zmna xmovani prefiqsuli elementebis (e.w. maqcevrebis) gareSea (mag., sofo da nino erTmaneTs xataven); da
2. meore, romelSic zmna xmovani prefiqsuli elementebiT (a- da u- prefiqsebiT) aris gaformebuli (mag., megobrebi erTmaneTs amSvideben. isini
erTmaneTs saxls uSeneben).
saurTierTo moqmedebas SeiZleba gamoxatavdes datiuri konstruqciebic. aseT winadadebebSi moqmedebis subieqti micemiTi brunviT gadmoicema.
aseTia, ZiriTadad, konstruqciebi e.w. inversiuli zmnebiT, romlebic semantikurad grZnoba-aRqmisani arian (igive, afeqturi zmnebi) (mag., bavSvebs
erTmaneTi uyvarT. lados da daTos erTmaneTi sZulT).
mniSvnelovania isic, rom saurTierTo moqmedeba gardauvali zmnis konstruqciiTac SeiZleba iyos gadmocemuli da ramdenadac saurTierTo moq4.
182
medeba minimum or aqtants gulisxmobs, amgvari gardauvali zmnac orpiriani unda iyos (mag., bavSvebi erTmaneTs hgvanan).
am saxis konstruqciebis paralelurad, saurTierTo Sinaarsis gamosaxatavad gavrcelebulia e-prefiqsiani orpiriani e.w. vnebiTis konstruqciebic. sazogadod, aseTi semantikuri „omonimia“ vnebiTisa da reciprokis
formebs Soris tipologiurad ucxo movlena ar aris da met-naklebad
gavrcelebulia msoflios enebSi, romlebSic, qarTulis msgavsad, pasiuri
warmoebis zmnebi gamoxataven reciprokul mimarTebebsac. magaliTad, asea
(„maT
rusulSi:
- („wigni ikiTxeba“) _
erTmaneTi uyvardebaT“). xSiria reciprokis da refleqsivis erTgvarovani
gaformebac (ix. asaTiani 2010).
Cveni interesi am etapze swored am tipis reciprokebiT Semoifargla.
magaliTad ganvixiloT ori forma cekva zmnisa:
(1) „vukravdiT regTaims, am musikaze xom RmerTi cekvavs, rodesac aravin
xedavs“
(alesandro bariko, noveCento: monologi
http://gnc.gov.ge/gnc/document-element?sessionid=239637447213255&cpos=11285211).
(2) aris eri, romlis folklorSic qali cekvavs da mamakaci ecekveba
(statia: „legendarulma suxiSvilebma qarTul cekvaSi qali gaaqtiures“, nio ivaniaZe, maia amirezaSvili).
meore winadadebaSi pasiuri warmoebis zmna e-cekv-eb-a gulisxmobs or
pirs: mas, vinc cekvavs (anu moqmedebis uSualo Semsrulebels) da mas,
vinc am cekvis procesSi CarTulia. pirveli aqtantis garkveuli aqtivoba
gulisxmobs sapasuxo moqmedebas meoris mxridan (anu misgan, visac ecekvebian) da am piris moqmedebaSi CarTulobasa da aqtivobas. amdenad, am
SemTxvevaSi reciprokul Sinaarsze SeiZleba vilaparakoT. msgavsadve, mag.,
e-TamaS-eb-a niSnavs, rom orive _ vinc TamaSobs da visac eTamaSebian _
erTad TamaSoben.
TamaSobs, cekvavs zmnebi erTpiriania. iribi obieqtis damatebas konstruqciaSi Semoaqvs reciprokuli Sinaarsi. rodesac vambobT, rom mamakaci cekvavs da qali mas ecekveba, vgulisxmobT am moqmedebaSi orive piris
CarTulobas. arc mamakaci da arc qali, konteqstis mixedviT, Tavis Tavs
ar ecekveba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas zmnaze eTamaSeba. e- prefiqsi aSkarad
migvaniSnebs, rom orive piri aqtiurad aris CarTuli moqmedebis procesSi. aRniSnuli prefiqsi imave funqcias asrulebs zmnebSi: e-TamaSeba, e-megobreba, e-amxanageba, e-burTaveba, e-wuwaveba, e-Widaveba, e-gundaveba da
sxva.
aqve SeiZleba ganvixiloT e-CurCuleba, e-laparakeba, e-baaseba metyvelebis aRmniSvneli zmnebic, magaliTad:
183
(3) amis garda, batoni valeri raRac damsaxurebebze laparakobs, es
gavakeTeT, is gavakeTeTo
(statia: „Temur mirianaSvilis koncefcia“, mixeil jaSi).
(4) xandaxan sarkmlidan elaparakeba kacs da Tan ganuwyvetliv xtunaobs
(statia: „... jer CamoixrCos da mere gamotydes...“, nodar gurgeniZe).
meore winadadebaSi pasiuri warmoebis zmna e-laparak-eb-a gulisxmobs
or pirs: mas, vinc laparakobs (anu moqmedebis uSualo Semsrulebels),
da mas, vinc am saubars ismens. miuxedavad imisa, rom es piri, Tavis
mxriv, SeiZleba ar laparakobdes, misi sakomunikacio aqtSi CarTuloba
aucileblad ivaraudeba. laparaki gamoxatavs pirveli aqtantis garkveul
aqtivobas, rac gulisxmobs sapasuxo moqmedebas meore aqtantisgan, mis
monawileobas sakomunikacio aqtSi da, amdenad, amgvar SemTxvevebSic SesaZloa metaforizaciiT miRebul reciprokul Sinaarsze visaubroT.
amgvarad, e- prefiqisiT nawarmoebi am tipis zmnur formebSi aSkarad
Cans, rom moqmedeba moiTxovs orive piris aqtivobas, rasac ver vityviT,
vTqvaT, zemoT ganxiluli cekvavs zmnuri Ziridan nawarmoeb u-prefiqsian
formaze; magaliTad:
(5) erisioni rusebs ucekvavs
(Forum.ge-ze ganTavsebuli videoklipis saTauri).
(6) ... da cali warbi avad ucekvavs
(qarTuli presis eleqtronuli arqivi).
zmnis argumentul saxelebs Soris msgavs mimarTebas gviCveneben sxva
zmnebic; magaliTad:
(7) amirani mReris, sxvebsac amRerebs, TviTonac icinis da sxvebsac acinebs.
(„patara dedakaci“:
http://gnc.gov.ge/gnc/document-element?session-id=239637447213255&cpos
=7727453).
(8) nasimi Tavis leqsbSi umReris adamianis sidiades...
(azerbaijanuli poeziis aTasxuTaswlovani istoria:
http://gnc.gov.ge/gnc/document-element?session-id=239637447213255&cpos
=9661668).
am magaliTebSi warmodgenilia orgvari moqmedebis dapirispireba. mag.,
mReris zmna gamoxatavs subieqtis aqtivobas, rac konkretulad aravisken
ar aris mimarTuli. umReris formaSi ki sasxviso qcevis niSani u- aSkarad migviTiTebs, rom agensis aqtivoba mimarTulia, am konteqstis mixedviT, qalisken. Tumca aRsaniSnavia is, rom am zmnaSi ar igulisxmeba orive
piris moqmedeba: kaci umReris qals da qali, anu is, visTvisac is mReris,
simReris procesSi CarTuli araa.
184
Cven mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba rom ufro damajerebeli gavxadoT,
ganvixiloT sxva amave rigis zmnebi, magaliTad:
yviris →→u-yviris
(9) xdeba koleqciebis sxvadasxva xerxiT popularizacia, xolo mosul
sazogadoebas aravin uyviris da damamcireblad ar mouwodebs...
(statia: „erovnuli muzeumi: Sedegebi da survilebi erTi wlis Semdeg“,
siko kilasonia).
kbens→→ u-kbens
(10) mRrRnelebi Tu Semoakldeba, anu irgvliv gawydeba yvela Tagvi da
virTxa, am SemTxvevaSi ukve adamians ukbens da es adamiani daavaddeba
(statia: „ra ufro saSiSia...“, sofio Todua).
magaliTebidan naTlad Cans, rom u- sasxviso qcevis niSani ar iZleva
saurTierTo moqmedebis Sinaarss. umReris is mas, ukbens is mas _ am SemTxvevebSi ar Cans orive piris moqmedebaSi aqtiuri CarTuloba: erTi piri
aqtiuria, meore ki pasiuri. amave tipisaa zmnebi: u-duRs, u-yviris, u-cinis, u-Rimis da sxva.
rogorc e-, ise u-prefiqsiani formebi aris nawarmoebi, derivaciuli
formebi da orivesTvis amosavali formaa e.w. saSual-moqmedebiTi gvaris
erTpiriani zmnebi (ivaniSvili, soselia 2002). orive derivaciul formaSi amosaval saSual-moqmedebiTTan mimarTebiT damatebulia iribobieqturi
piri, romliskenac mimarTulia subieqtis moqmedeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom
orive modelis (e-prefiqsiani da u-prefiqsiani) amosavalia erTpiriani
saSual-moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebi, iribobieqturi piris damatebisas nawili zmnebisa upiratesobas aniWebs e-prefiqsian models, meore nawili ki
_ u-prefiqsians.
Cveni varaudiT, am derivaciuli modelebis formaluri gansxvavebis
ganmapirobebeli unda iyos swored maT Soris arsebuli garkveuli semantikuri sxvaoba _ anu, damatebuli iribobieqturi piri, savaraudod, sxvadasxvagvari semantikuri rolis matarebelia, rac qmnis safuZvels formaluri modelebis gamijvnisa.
qvemoT SevecdebiT am semantikuri niuansis moZiebas.
saSual-moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebis erTi jgufi, romelic iribi obieqtis damatebisas irCevs u-prefiqsian models; magaliTad, duRs→uduRs,
goravs→ugoravs, bibinebs→ubibinebs, cimcimebs→ucimcimebs da sxva, semantikuri analizisas gviCvenebs, rom aRniSnul formebSi damatebuli
iribobieqturi piri adresat-posesoria: moqmedebis „avtori ekuTvnis mas“;
mag., misi Caidani duRs = mas Caidani uduRs, misi Tvalebi cimcimebs =
mas Tvalebi ucimcimebs, misi Svili tiris = mas Svili utiris, da sxva
amgvari. aseTi piri ar gulisxmobs aqtiur, reciprokul ukuCarTulobas
185
zmnis semantikiT nagulisxmeb moqmedebaSi. msgavsadve ar aris aqtiurad
CarTuli moqmedebaSi adresat-benefaqtiv-recipienti zmnebTan: mReris→um-
Reris, icinis→ucinis, eqimobs→ueqimebs, garbis→gaurbis, yviris→uyviris, Suamavlobs→uSuamavlebs, kivis→ukivis, sardlobs→usardlebs, xelmZRvanelobs→uxelmZRvanelebs da sxva. e.i. rodesac iribobieqturi piris damateba kuTvnilebis da/an daniSnulebis semantikas (igive, qcevis kategorias) gulisxmobs, zmnur formaSi kanonzomierad Cndeba sasxviso
qcevis u-prefiqsi. aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvar u-prefiqsian formebSi ufro
advilad xdeba paciensis aqtualizeba da orpiriani gardauvali formis
gadaazreba sampirian gardamaval konstruqciad. es, rogorc wesi, xdeba im
SemTxvevebSi, rodesac zmnur formaSi materializebuli moqmedebis „ganzogadebuli“ obieqti konkretdeba, rac paciensis rolis mqone pirdapirobieqturi piris aqtualizebas axdens; mag., dilidan umReris (*simReras) Tavis satrfos→dilidan serenadebs umReris Tavis satrfos, anu:
mReris (*simReras)→umReris (*simReras)//serenadas. msgavsadve, ucekvavs
(*cekvas)→ucekvavs (*cekvas)//davlurs.
saSual-moqmedebiTi gvaris meore jgufis zmnebis SemTxvevaSi ki, romelic irCevs e-prefiqsian models, damatebuli adresatuli piri ar amyarebs zmnasTan kuTvnilebisa da/an daniSnulebis mimarTebas, ar aris arc
benefaqtivi, arc posesori da arc recipienti, misi moqmedebaSi ukuCarTuloba da garkveuli aqtivoba aucilebeli Cans da, amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini saurTierTo Sinaarss gamoxataven. magaliTad, cekvavs→
ecekveba, gundaobs→egundaveba, TamaSobs→eTamaSeba, burTaobs→eburTaveba,
megobrobs→emegobreba, da sxva.
didi nawili am meore jgufis zmnebisa aris metyvelebis semantikur
velidan; mag., laparakobs→elaparakeba, titinebs→etitineba, saubrobs→
esaubreba, buzRunebs→ebuzRuneba da sxva. miuxedavad imisa, rom romelime konkretul situaciaSi is, visac elaparakebiT, SeiZleba ar gpasuxobdeT da ar iyos CarTuli dialogSi, sakomunikacio velis es adresatuli
piri situaciurad moqmedebaSi ukuCarTul, aqtiur pirad struqturirdeba
da, Sesabamisad, reciprokTan konceptualuri gaTanabrebiT SeirCeva e-prefiqsiani modeli.
maSasadame, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, rodesac reciprokuli Sinaarsi ar ivaraudeba, konstruqciaSi iribobieqturi piris damateba gadmoicema u-prefiqsiani aqtiuri modeliT, meore SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac reciprokuli Sinaarsi moiazreba, iribobieqturi piris damateba gadmoicema e-prefiqsiani
vnebiTis modeliT.
e- prefiqsiT nawarmoebi zmnebis umetesobaSi Cans orive piris moqmedebaSi CarTuloba da aqtivoba, es ki qmnis inversiisaTvis, anu subieqt-obieqtis funqciebis SebrunebisaTvis, Sesaferis pirobebs; Sedegad, zemoT
186
ganxiluli reciprokuli Sinaarsis gadmosacemad gamoyenebuli e-prefiqsiani vnebiTis forma qmnis axal models e.w. „gunebis vnebiTebis“ gamosaxatavad. mag., ecekveba (is, mas)→→ ecekveba (mas) = cekvis gunebazea, eTama-
Seba (is, mas)→→ eTamaSeba (mas) = TamaSis xasiaTzea, emaslaaTeba (is, mas)
→ emaslaaTeba (mas) = maslaaTis xasiaTzea, da sxva. amdenad, warmoiqmneba
formaTa omonimia, romelic gamoxatavs or gansxvavebul Sinaarss: reciproks da gunebis vnebiTs. pirveli orpiriani pirdapiri wyobisaa, meore ki
ZiriTadad erTpiriani, inversiuli.
„gunebis“ gamomxatveli modeli, romelic Tanamedrove qarTulSi sakmaod produqtiulia, damoukideblad iwyebs funqcionirebas da guneba-ganwyobis Sinaarsis mqone inversiuli formebi, faqtobrivad, nebismieri saxeluri Tu zmnuri Ziridan iwarmoeba, maT Soris, medioaqtiur zmnaTa pirveli jgufis zmnebisganac; mag., mReris (is)→→ emRereba (mas), natrobs
(is) → enatreba (mas), zarobs (is)→→ ezareba (mas), tiris(is) → etireba
(mas), da sxva. es ki, Tavis mxriv, zedapiruli formebis damTxvevis gamo,
modelTa avtomatur morfologiur gamijvnas arTulebs, Tumca sintaqsur
doneze sxvaoba saxezea: „gunebis vnebiTebis“ inversiuli subieqti yovelTvis micemiT brunvaSia, maSin rodesac eniani reciprokis subieqti _ saxelobiTSi.
amdenad, medioaqtiuri formebidan iribobieqturi piris damatebis Sedegad warmoqmnili konstruqciebidan imijneba ori tipis derivaciuli
warmoeba: u- da e- prefiqsiT nawarmoebi zmnebi. maTgan e-prefiqsiani zmnebi avlenen reciprokul mniSvnelobas.
am winaswari analizis Sedegad miRebuli daskvnis verifikaciisaTvis
vawarmoeT korpusuli kvleva. amasTanave, daveyrdeniT d. meliqiSvilis
naSromSi (meliqiSvili 2001) diaTezebisa da paradigmebis safuZvelze gamoyofil qvejgufebSi dalagebul zmnaTa sias. am naSromSi pirvel usrul
diaTezas qmnian saSual-moqmedebiTi (igive, medioaqtiuri) zmnebi da am
diaTezaSi gaerTianebulia 1465 zmna. Cveni miznebidan gamomdinare, masala
gaicxrila da saanalizod SeirCa 180 forma _ es is zmnebia, romlebic,
konkretuli semantikidan gamomdinare, saerTod uSveben iribi obieqtis
damatebas, ramdenadac erTpirian medioaqtiur zmnaTa didi nawili semantikurad ver hguobs iribobieqturi piris damatebas, mag., cxovrobs, fiqrobs, bgers, xvneSis, rbis, cdis da a.S. SerCeuli zmnebisgan 115 iribobieqturi piris damatebisas irCevs u-prefiqsian sasxviso qcevis aqtiuri
models, 65 ki e-prefiqsiani vnebiTis models. gvaqvs zmnaTa garkveuli
raodenoba, romlebic orive modeliT iwarmoebian. aseTebia: rqens/u-rqen-
s/e-rqineba, bRvers/u-bRvers/e-bRvireba, Rrens/u-Rrens/e-Rrineba, barbacebs/
u-barbacebs/e-barbaceba, Wyvitinebs/u-Wyvitinebs/e-Wyvitineba, amxanagobs/uamxanagebs/e-amxanageba da sxva. dasaxelebuli masala gadavamowmeT qarTuli enis erovnuli korpusis monacemTa bazaSic da masala gavcxrileT,
187
amoviReT ra moZvelebuli da naklebad xmarebuli zmnebi. mopovebuli masala klasificirebulia qvemoT mocemuli cxrilebis saxiT:1
cxrili 1
medioaqtiuri erTpiriani zmnebi, romlebic iribi obieqtis
damatebisas mihyvebian u-prefiqsian models
amosavali forma
1
u-prefiqsiani derivacia
1.
2.
3.
bzuis
ilxens
bgers
u-bzuis
u-lxens
u-bgers
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
glovs
dums
duRs
Tovs
quxs
Weqs
JRers
Cqefs
Zgers
stvens
Wvrets
frens
qSens
kvnesis
Wyviris
xvneSis
bwkens
kbens
bRavis
bRuis
zmuis
kivis
knavis
frTxis
yvavis
yivis
u-glovs
u-dums
u-duRs
u-Tovs
u-quxs
u-Weqs
u-JRers
u-Cqefs
u-Zgers
u-stvens
u-Wvrets
u-frens
u-qSens
u-kvnesis
u-Wyviris
u-xvneSis
u-bwkens
u-kbens
u-bRavis
u-bRuis
u-zmuis
u-kivis
u-knavis
u-frTxis
u-yvavis
u-yivis
cxrilebSi zmnebi dalagebulia d. meliqiSvilis paradigmebis mixedviT (meliqiSvili 2001).
188
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
Civis
Cxavis
jRavis
TrTis
krTis
qris
Zrwis
miimReris
mixtis
bdRvinavs
bzinavs
bolavs
borgavs
bJutavs
brunavs
brwyinavs
brWyvinavs
goravs
grgvinavs
tokavs
feTqavs
RoRavs
babanebs
bagbagebs
bJRvrialebs
brialebs
braxunebs
brWyvialebs
buybuyebs
gizgizebs
gugunebs
dgrialebs
varvarebs
zimzimebs
TamTamebs
TuxTuxebs
Tqarunebs
kavkavebs
kankalebs
kaSkaSebs
u-Civis
u-Cxavis
u-jRavis
u-TrTis
u-krTis
u-qris
u-Zrwis
mi-u-mReris
mi-u-xtis
u-bdRvinavs
u-bzinavs
u-bolavs
u-borgavs
u-bJutavs
u-brunavs
u-brwyinavs
u-brWyvinavs
u-goravs
u-ugrgvinavs
u-tokavs
u-feTqavs
u-RoRavs
u-babanebs
u-bagbagebs
u-bJRvrialebs
u-brialebs
u-braxunebs
u-brWyvialebs
u-buybuyebs
u-gizgizebs
u-gugunebs
u-dgrialebs
u-varvarebs
u-zimzimebs
u-TamTamebs
u-TuxTuxebs
u-Tqarunebs
u-kavkavebs
u-kankalebs
u-kaSkaSebs
189
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
190
laplapebs
livlivebs
prialebs
rakrakebs
trialebs
famfalebs
fucxunebs
qaTqaTebs
RaJRaJebs
yanyalebs
yiJinebs
Srialebs
SuSxunebs
Cxakunebs
caxcaxebs
cimcimebs
wkarunebs
wkrialebs
xriginebs
aTenebs
iqveiTebs
aswrebs
Zlebs
aqimobs
borotobs
gamgeblobs
diriJorobs
dostaqrobs
erTgulobs
eqimobs
eSmakobs
vaJkacobs
Tarjimnobs
lawunobs
muxTlobs
RraWunobs
Suamavlobs
moZraobs
bdRvialebs
bzrialebs
u-laplapebs
u-livlivebs
u-prialebs
u-rakrakebs
u-trialebs
u-famfalebs
u-fucxunebs
u-qaTqaTebs
u-RaJRaJebs
u-yanyalebs
u-yiJinebs
u-Srialebs
u-SuSxunebs
u-Cxakunebs
u-caxcaxebs
u-cimcimebs
u-wkarunebs
u-wkrialebs
u-xriginebs
u-Tenebs
u-qveiTebs
u-swrebs
u-Zlebs
u-aqimebs
u-borotebs
u-gamgeblebs
u-diriJorebs
u-dostaqrebs
u-erTgulebs
u-eqimebs
u-eSmakebs
u-vaJkacebs
u-Tarjimnebs
u-lawunebs
u-muxTlebs
u-RraWunebs
u-Suamavlebs
u-moZravebs
u-bdRvialebs
u-bzrialebs
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
bibinebs
metyvelebs
mZvinvarebs
Rrialebs
wkrialebs
u-bibinebs
u-metyvelebs
u-mZvinvarebs
u-Rrialebs
u-wkrialebs
115.
wiokobs
u-wiokebs
cxrili 2
medioaqtiuri erTpiriani zmnebi, romlebic iribi obieqtis
damatebisas mihyvebian e-prefiqsian models
1.
amosavali forma
cekvavs
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
bancalebs
barbacebs
buzRunebs
butbutebs
gogmanobs
kuntruSebs
kuskusebs
liklikebs
luRluRebs
tatanebs
tiktikebs
titinebs
tuntulebs
tustuseba
qaqanebs
qirqilebs
qoTqoTebs
yayanebs
CifCifebs
ZigZigebs
xvancalebs
wuwunebs
WikWikebs
WiWyineba
WukWukebs
Wyipinebs
e-prefiqsiani derivacia
e-cekveba
e-bancaleba
e-barbaceba
e-buzRuneba
e-butbuteba
e-gogmaneba
e-kuntruSeba
e-kuskuseba
e-liklikeba
e-luRluReba
e-tataneba
e-tiktikeba
e-titineba
e-tuntuleba
e-tustuseba
e-qaqaneba
e-qirqileba
e-qoTqoTeba
e-yayaneba
e-CifCifeba
e-ZigZigeba
e-xvancaleba
e-wuwuneba
e-WikWikeba
e-WiWyineba
e-WukWukeba
e-Wyipineba
191
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
192
jajRanebs
jijRinebs
jloyinebs
jujRunebs
artistobs
arSiyobs
aSikobs
baasobs
bindobs
boborobs
bodialobs
gogmanobs
davobs
zluqunobs
keklucobs
kuntruSobs
laparakobs
laqlaqobs
laybobs
liklikebs
maslaaTobs
mgzavrobs
omobs
Jongliorobs
tiktikobs
Cxubobs
cuRlutobs
ZigZigobs
wiwmatobs
WiWyinobs
xvancalebs
xmianobs
gundaobs
kinklaobs
wuwaobs
Widaobs
Woraobs
Rrutunebs
e-jajRaneba
e-jijRineba
e-jloyineba
e-jujRuneba
e-artisteba
e-arSiyeba
e-aSikeba
e-baaseba
e-bindeba
e-boboqreba
e-bodialeba
e-gogmaneba
e-daveba
e-zluquneba
e-kekluceba
e-kuntruSeba
e-laparakeba
e-laqlaqeba
e-laybeba
e-liklikeba
e-maslaaTeba
e-mgzavreba
e-omeba
e-Jonglioreba
e-tiktikeba
e-Cxubeba
e-cuRluteba
e-ZigZigeba
e-wiwmateba
e-WiWyineba
e-xvancaleba
e-xmianeba
e-gundaveba
e-kinklaveba
e-wuwaveba
e-Widaveba
e-Woraveba
e-Rrutuneba
kvlevis Sedegad gamoyofili modelebis Cven mier winaswari varaudis
saxiT Camoyalibebuli semantikuri interpretacia nawilobriv dadasturda: u-prefiqsiani aqtiuri yalibi gamoiyeneba posesor-benefaqtiur-recipientuli Sinaarsis mqone iribobieqturi piris damatebisas, rodesac argumentebs Soris kuTvnileba-daniSnulebis mimarTeba myardeba; e-prefiqsiani
vnebiTis yalibi ki gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac damatebuli iribobieqturi piri ar amyarebs moqmed pirTan kuTvnileba-daniSnulebis mimarTebas. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi umetesi zmnebi gamoxataven
reciprokul Sinaarss da reciprokTan konceptualurad gaTanabrebul sametyvelo aqtivobas. erTgvari „gamonaklisebia“: ampartavnobs-eampartavneba,
ancobs-eanceba, buntobs-ebunteba, darbaislobs-edarbaisleba, didgulobsedidguleba, Tayvanobs-eTayvaneba, urCobs-eurCeba, uxeSobs-euxeSeba, yoyoCobs-eyoyoCeba, Ziobs-eZieba, winaaRmdegobs-ewinaaRmdegeba, jiutobs-ejiuteba, jiqobs-ejiqeba, butiaobs-ebutiaveba, iCoqebs-eCoqeba, msaxurobs-emsaxureba da sxva. dasaxelebul zmnebSi gamoxatulia moqmedi piris erTgvari aqtivoba, romelic mimarTulia iribobieqturi pirisaken imgvarad, rom
kuTvnileba-daniSnulebiTi mimarTeba argumentebs Soris ar myardeba, magram es formebi arc saurTierTo moqmedebaze migvaniSneben. is, rom isini
misdeven e-prefiqsian models, SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos Semdegi garemoebiT: am zmnebTan, damatebuli iribobieqturi piri ar aris uSualod CarTuli moqmedebaSi, Tumca SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom igi „aqtiuria“, ramdenadac moqmedebis gamomwvev mizezad SeiZleba gaviazroT _ iribobieqturi
piris „raRac“ qmedeba an mdgomareoba iwvevs/aprovocirebs moqmedi piris
Sesabamis moqmedebas.
rac Seexeba zmnebs, romlebTanac orive tipis warmoeba dasturdeba,
maTi semantika hguobs ra orive saxis _ rogorc reciprokuli, ise posesor-benefaqtiv-recipientuli _ iribobieqturi piris damatebas, Sesabamisad, kanonzomierad iyenebs orive models am semantikuri gansxvavebulobis
formaluri dapirispirebisaTvis; mag., narnarebs/u-narnarebs/e-narnareba, megobrobs/u-megobrebs/e-megobreba, mezoblobs/u-mezoblebs/e-mezobleba. am
magaliTebSi u-prefiqsian formebSi Cans agensis moqmedeba, romelic mimarTulia meore pirisaken imgvarad, rom mis aqtivobas, ukuCarTulobas ar
gulisxmobs; xolo e-prefiqsian zmnur formebSi igulisxmeba meore piris
garkveuli ukuCarTuloba. magaliTad, u-megobrebs zmnuri forma migviTiTebs imaze, rom agensi adresats daexmareba megobrulad, misTvis gaakeTbs
raRacas ise, rom misgan ukuCarTulobas am moqmedebaSi ar moiTxovs; magram, rodesac vambobT e-megobreba, amgvari formiT aRvniSnavT meore piris
garkveul „CarTulobasac“ maT urTierTobaSi.
amgvarad, ori modelis arseboba ganpirobebulia damatebuli iribobieqturi piris semantikiT: Tu es damatebuli iribobieqturi piri ar aris
193
CarTuli moqmedebaSi da mxolod kuTvnileba-daniSnulebiT mimarTebas amyarebs moqmed pirTan, gamoiyeneba u-prefiqsiani modeli, xolo Tu es damatebuli iribobieqturi piri garkveulwilad CarTulia moqmedebaSi da
an reciprokul mimarTebas amyarebs moqmed pirTan, an sametyvelo aqtSi
Tavis CarTulobaze migvaniSnebs, an nebsiT an uneblieT „iwvevs/aprovocirebs“ moqmedebas, gamoiyeneba e-prefiqsiani modeli.
warmoadgina asocirebulma profesorma rusudan asaTianma
literatura
amiriZe 2006 : N. Amiridze, Reflexivization Strategies in Georgian, Published by
LOT, Utrecht.
asaTiani 2010 : r. asaTiani, qarTulSi vnebiTi gvaris formaTa semantikurkognitiuri interpretacia: eniani vnebiTis erTi Tavisebureba, tipologiuri Ziebani, V, Tbilisi, 135-144.
ivaniSvili, soselia 2002 : m. ivaniSvili, e. soselia, qarTuli pasiuri konstruqciis zogierTi morfosintaqsuri da semantikuri Tavisebureba, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, IV, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 133-140.
nozaZe 2008: l. nozaZe, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli morfologiis sakiTxebi,
gamomcemloba „universali“, Tbilisi.
soselia 2010 : saurTierTo moqmedebis gamomxatveli konstruqciebi qarTulSi, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, I-II, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 107-113.
SaniZe 1973 : a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, I. morfologia,
Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi.
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi
qarTuli
enis erovnuli korpusi: http://gnc.gov.ge/gnc/simple-query?sessionid=239637447213255
meliqiSvili 2001 : d. meliqiSvili, qarTuli zmnis uRlebis sistema, gamomcemloba „logos presi“, Tbilisi.
Nino Nozadze
Semantic Interpretation of the ecek’veba Type Verbs
Summary
Within the theory of functional grammar passive constructions are considered as
conversive ones of corresponding active constructions, where a Patient is promoted to
the subject position along the string of hierarchically organized functional relations –
S>DO>IO, while an Agent is demoted and transformed into a prepositional phrase.
Therefore, it no longer represents a core argument defined by the verb valency.
194
In Georgian, in some cases, such kind of active-passive functional opposition is
expressed by special morphosyntactic signs, where the passive construction is
represented as the marked member of the opposition. Active, transitive constructions (1a) are opposed to conversive, passive ones (1-b); e.g.:
(1-a) k’ac-i
xat’-av-s
man-NOM
paint-THM-ACT.PRS.S.3.SG
‘The man paints the picture.’
surat-s
picture-DAT
(1-b) surat-i
i-xat’-eb-a
k’ac-is
picture-NOM
PASS-paint-THM-PASS.PRS.S.3.SG
man-GEN
‘The picture is painted (=is in a process of painting) by the man.’
mier
by
The morphosyntactic features defining and creating the models can be summarized
as follows (Sanidze 1973).
Table: Morphosyntactic Features of Active and Passive Formal Models
Special markers
S.3.SG suffix (in
Present)
S.3.PL suffix (in Aorist)
Present tense marker
Thematic marker (in Iseries)
Imperfective marker
Subject case
Direct Object case
Indirect Object case
Active
–
-s
Passive
i-, e-, -d, Ø
-a
-es
Ø
-eb-, -ob-, -op-, -av-, -am-, -i-, -Ø-;
-nen
-i
-eb-
-d-, (-od-)
NOM (in Present)/ERG (in Aorist)/DAT
(in Perfect)
DAT (in Present)/NOM (in Aorist and
Perfect)
DAT
-odNOM
DAT
DAT
But, the formal models cannot be interpreted as unequivocal ones inasmuch as the
constructions pointed out as ‘Active’ or ‘Passive’ can actually represent a variety of
verb semantics: non-conversive passives (dynamic as well as static), active
(intransitive/dynamic), reciprocals, potentials, deponents, etc. The problem with the
paradigm is that it is difficult to predict the meaning from the form and to such an
extent traditional terms ‘Active’ and ‘Passive’ actually have a conventional character.
Thereby, the semantic and/or functional analysis of the models definitely requires
further investigation.
In this respect, the specific group of the so-called passive verbs formed with eprefix attracted our attention (2-a). These verbs do not have an active counterpart and
can produce corresponding active semantics only by special derivational models (2-c).
The initial, basic forms for them are intransitive verb forms (2-b) (Ivanishvili, Soselia
2002), while for the conversive-passive forms, on the contrary, the initial forms must be
transitive ones.
195
(2-a) k’ac-i
kal-s
e-cek’v-eb-a
man-NOM
woman-DAT
PASS-dance-THM-PASS.S.3.SG
‘The man dances with the woman; they dance together.’
(2-b) k’ac-i
cek’v-av-s
man-NOM
dance-THM-ACT.S.3.SG
‘The man dances.’
And not:
(2-c) k’ac-i
kal-s
a-cek’v-eb-s
man-NOM
woman-DAT
CAUS-dance-THM-ACT.S.3.SG
‘The man makes the woman dance.’
To such an extent, in the process of defining basic forms, intransitive, monopersonal verbs (so-called Medio-actives according to Ak.Shanidze’s terminology) appeared
in the field of our investigation.
When the valency of medioactive verbs is increased and an indirect object is added to
the argument structure, the verb form besides the e- prefix shows the prefix u- as well (3):
(3)
k’ac-i
mγer-i-s → k’ac-i
kal-s u-mγer-i-s
man-NOM sing-PRS-ACT.S.3.SG man-NOM woman-DAT OV-sing-PRSACT.S.3.SG
‘The man sings.’ → ‘The man sings for/to the woman; his singing is oriented
at the woman.’
So, on the basis of our observation two formal models were discovered: the
increase of valency of medioactive verbs by the addition of IO is expressed either by a
passive model with e- prefix (2-a) or by an active model with u- prefix (3).
In virtue of semantic analysis the main hypothesis appeared: e-model represents
the reciprocal (2-a) while u-model expresses possessive-benefactive (3) relationship
among the verb arguments (Asatiani 2010).
To verify this supposition we observed the Georgian National Corpus data using
the list of Georgian verb paradigms given in Damana Melikishvili’s work (Melikishvili
2001).
Our presupposition has been confirmed: The choice between the e- and u-models is
determined by the semantics of the added IO so that if IO is benefactive, then a u-model
is used, if not – an e-model.
In conclusion, it is important to mention that: the ecek’veba type verbs mostly show
the reciprocal relationship among verb arguments.
Presented by Prof. Rusudan Asatiani
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nikoloz oTinaSvili
samTavnelis sargos wignisa da sakanonos
paleografiuli da enobrivi Taviseburebani
zemo da Sida qarTlis Sesaxeb ramdenime dokumenti pirvelxarisxovania. esenia warwerebi, xelnawerebi, saistorio dokumentebi, romlebsac
dRes da kvlavac didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, radgan okupirebul mxareSi
Sesvla gaZnelebulia kvlevebis Casatareblad.
erTi maTgania `samTavnelis sargos wigni da sakanonosi~ (samTavnelis
sargos wigni X saukunis da samTavnelis sakanonosi XIV-XV saukunis
mijnis axlos), romelic nusxuriT aris Sesrulebuli. is yofili saeklesio sabuTebis koleqciaSi aRmoaCina cnobilma mecnierma sargis kakabaZem da manve gamoaqveyna saistorio krebulSi (kakabaZe 1929).
rogorc teqstidan Cans, samTavnelis, anu samTavisis, eparqiaSi Sedioda mdinareebis lexuris, mejudisa da qsnis xeobebis mTeli rigi soflebi, romlebic valdebuli iyvnen samTavnelisaTvis garkveuli gadasaxadebi
mierTmiaT. es iyo saSemosavlo sargo aRniSnuli eparqiisaTvis da arsebobda Zveli nusxa, romelic meaTe saukuneSi yofila gadawerili. es sabuTi Semonaxuli yofila mefe vaxtang V-is (Sahnavazi) dros 1673 wels
Sedgenili piris mixedviT da mas ganuaxlebia. e.i. qronologiurad pirveli warmoadgens Zveli drois nusxas, meore ki XIV-XV saukuneebisa da
Semdgomi drois mijnisas. Zvel nusxas aqvs minaweri, romelic ekuTvnis
vaxtang V-s `...mefeT-mefeman xelmwifeman, patronman Sahnavaz da Tanamecxedreman Cvenman zRuaTa mefis asulman dedofalT-dedofalman patronma mariam da ZeTa CvenTa batonis Svilman batonman giorgi, batonman levan,
luarsab, solomon. samTavisis samwysos dramisa da Sesavlis wigni da gujari hqonda, diax daZvelebuli iyo da rogorc im xatis sigelSi ewera
imave wesiT ganvaaxleT da daumtkiceT sigeli ese~ (kakabaZe 1929).
Zegli, romelic sxvadasxva epoqaSia Sesrulebuli da ori qronologiisagan Sedgeba, bunebrivia, enobrivadac nairgvari iqneba. gansxvaveba Cans
orTografiaSi, leqsikaSi, gramatikul wyobaSi, cvlilebebia zmnasa da mis
formebSic, magram unda iTqvas, rom teqstis ena arqaizebulia, bevria axali qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebic.
samTavnelis sargos wignis teqstSi, rogorc Zvel werilobiT Zeglebs axasiaTebs, gvxvdeba Semoklebuli sityvebis Tavze dasmuli klaknili xazi ( ‚ ), rasac qaragma, anu pativi ewodeba. aq gvxvdeba: `wyalobiTa
R‚aTa – (anu RmrTisaTa), saxeliTa R‚TisaTa, xatisa R‚TeebisaTa, q‚ksa –
(qronikonsa), gvxvdeba dauqaragmebeli sityvebic, magaliTad, rmz da sxv.
197
À (ei), radgan anbanSi merve adgilze iyo, emervesac uwodeben. À miRebulia e-sa da Á-s SeerTebiT e+Á=À da gadmoscems eÁ difTongs. anton
kaTalikosis gramatikaSi – es niSani asea daxasiaTebuli: `À ÃmaÁ ÃorÃisa
raime mWirse yofiTa e-sTan SeerTebuli ubrjguesi~... (anton I 1885).
teqstSi ZiriTadad gvxvdeba (uÀ) bgeraTkompleqsi: SeviyareniT CuÀn,
CuÀn cva farvaTa, ZuÀliTgan damtkicebul ars, gankuTos, ukueTu SeaCuÀnos.
 (vie) bgera, romelic miRebulia u-sa i-s SeerTebis Sedegad, teqstSi xSirad aris warmodgenili, rogorc vi sxvadasxva poziciaSi:
batoniSÂlman, misTÂ saaRapod SÂ dis sapalnis Casavali SemovswireT.
gvxvdeba geografiul saxelebTan: sosxÂto – dRevandeli nasoflari
sosxvito, kÂcxoeT – dRevandeli kucxoeTi, xÂTi – dRevandeli nasoflari xviTi da sxvebi.
cnobilia rom à (xari) bgera Zvel qarTulSi gamoiyeneboda garkveul
ZirebSi, magram mis gamoyenebas garkveuli wesi ara hqonia. Ã-sa da x-s gamoyeneba-dapirispireba imdenad gamokveTili iyo, rom semantikur saxesxvaobasac ki qmnida.
aRniSnuli bgera teqstSi gvxvdeba rogorc sityvis TavSi, ise boloSi, maT Soris geografiul saxelebTanac. magaliTebi:
mÃari, romelic iyo sagadasaxado erTeuli da es termini gvxvdeba
ormocdaoTxi soflidan ocdaaTSi. `movÃseneT, ÃeliTa karis winamZRvriTa
aRapi gardiÃdebodes~. Ã (xari) gvxvdeba aseve geografiul saxelebTan:
Ãarbeli, dRevandeli xarbali, qarCuÃi – dRevandeli qarCoxis xeoba.
teqstSi xSiria x-s gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi, gansakuTrebiT geografiul
saxelebSi: zodexi, cxavati, maxiereTi, WorWoxi, axaldaba, javaxTa da sxvebi.
umarcvlo u farTodaa gavrcelebuli Zvel da saSualo qarTulSi,
romlebic grafikulad ar arian gansxvavebuli. anton kaTalikosma SemoiRo specialuri niSani ∧, romelic, misi axsniT, aris `mniSvnelobisaTvis~
(anton I 1885).
specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom umarcvlo u warmoadgens
v fonemis saxesxvaobas anu alofons (Ciqobava 1923).
U (ubrjgus) magaliTebi:
RUTeebis saydari
largUs Jamis wirvisa.
qUitkiriTa puri.
teqstSi Á (iota) naxevarxmovani (susti) bgeraa,
gamoyenebulia ra sakavSirebel sityvasTan. anton I-s
iseTi xmovani, romelic warmoadgens `ÃmovanTa Tana
vanTa makeT marcualT da mauRlebel zmnaTa (anton I
198
romelic ZiriTadad
miaCnia, rom Á aris
SeerTebiTa da xmo1885:117).
teqstSi gvxvdeba: dgims raÁ xuces tyavi.
sosmales raÁ xuces tyavi.
beRleTs raÁ xuces tyavi.
yveldabas raÁ xuces tyavi da sxva.
sakuTari saxelebi ZiriTadad gvxvdeba fuZis saxiT, saxelobiTi da
moTxrobiTi brunvebis funqciiT:
Semovida episkopozi grigol.
ganvaaxleT patronman mariam, batonman, patronman Sahnavaz, ZeTa CuenTa:
levan, luarsab, solomon...
teqstSi ZiriTadad dominirebs nariani da Taniani mravlobiTi:
mougebnen wina Zmani, krebulni, monazonni, dedaberni.
samsave xevis krebulni da mamasaxlisni.
svindikinozmanTa anu meyvisTa.
moTxrobiTi brunva warmoadgenilia TanxmovanfuZianebTan arqauli man,
xolo xmovanfuZianebTan m daboloebiT:
−
xelmwifeman patronman Sahnavaz da Tanamecxedreman Cvenman zRuaTa mefis
asulman patronman mariam...
− erufaelman da saqorelman nasovs puri.
− ramanca xucesman...
− mRudelman amgvarad moqmeds...
− Cuen samTavnel episkopozman...
teqstSi ramdenjermea gamoyenebuli es nacvalsaxeli gavrcobili formiT ese: daumtkiceT sigeli ese.
ese piri movaxseneT.
ese wigni mogeciT
ese ar gaaTaos...
es-ese aRniSnavs pirvel pirTan axlos myof sagans. gvxvdeba
zmiswinebi arqauli formiT:
− imave wesiT ganvaaxleT.
− ganikuTos.
− wardgoma genebos.
− aRar gardixdebodes.
meti odenobiT gvxvdeba zmniswinebi gamartivebuli saxiT: daZvelebuliyo, daumtkiceT, movaxseneT, daswernes, daurvebinos, miicvala, CavdgiT,
gaaTaos da sxva.
samTavnelis sargos wignSi sul Setanilia 44 sofeli qsnis, lexurisa da mejudis xeobebidan, aseve Trusos xeobidan, romlebic samTavisis
eparqiaSi Sediodnen. isini gvxvdeba micemiT brunvaSi. saukuneebis ganmav199
lobaSi toponimebi TiTqmis ucvlelad aris SemorCenili, miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri maTgan ucxotomelTa SemosevebiT, aseve migraciiT nasoflarebad iqca. ucvlelad aris SemorCenili: qsnis xeobaSi: cxavati, dabakneTi, beRleTi, axaldaba, WorWoxi, Jamuri, gavazi, WurTa, saRoreTi, sabarkleTi. fonetikurad saxecvlilia: largu dRes largvisia, logobeTi –
logoSeTia, dadaneTi – dadianeTia, mTxoTa – ToxTaa, sosmale – sosmaleTebia, Ãarbeli – xarbalia, qarCuxi – qarCoxia, ZagoeTi – ZaboeTia;
mejudis xeobaSi: waldevi – woldia, Sotrovan – Satrovania, CrdilaTTa – CrdileTia.
lexuris xeobaSi Zvelidan axlac xmarebaSia Semdegi toponimebi: winzaxori, ukanwiri, wiri, qvemo wiri, qartisi, tbeTi, qoloTi, qvitori da
sxvebi.
samTavnelis sargos wigni aris Zvirfasi istoriul-filologiuri
Zegli, romelic gvexmareba, Tvali mivadevnoT zemo da Sida qarTlis Zveli da axali viTarebis enobriv monacemebs, romelTa gamovlena da samecniero sferoSi CarTva gaamdidrebs Cveni enis istorias. Cveni mizanic es
aris.
literatura
kakabaZe 1929 : s. kakabaZe, ori saSemosavlo nusxa, Tbilisi.
anton I 1885 : qarTuli Rrammatika, Sedgenili anton I-is mier, tfilisi.
Ciqobava 1923 : arn. Ciqobava, vinis refleqsebi fereidnulSi, Cveni mecniereba,
#2-3.
saRinaZe 2008 : r. saRinaZe, Zveli qarTuli ena (V-XI saukuneebSi), Tbilisi.
makalaTia 1964 : s. makalaTia, lexuris xeoba, Tbilisi.
Nikoloz Otinashvili
Paleographic and Linguistic Peculiarities of
Samtavneli Sargo Book and Sakanono
Summary
The document under consideration is one of the most important official papers
which was first published by the historian S. Kakabadze. It was compiled in the tenth
century. Then in 1673 was renewed by King Vakhtang V of Kartli. The altered list has a
note belonging to the above mentioned king.
During the centuries the monument underwent some linguistic changes in
orthography, lexis, grammar and verb forms, but the text itself is still archaic.
200
The text contains such old graphemes as – vini, ubrjgu as well as the old case
ending man. Preverbs exist in both old and modern, simplified forms. Geographical
names, which have partly undergone some phonetic changes, are presented in the
Dative Case. Proper names are mainly represented by stems in the Common Case.
In the Samtavneli Sargo book are included 44 villages from Ksani, Lekhuri and
Mejuda gorges and from Trusi Gorge as well which belonged to the Samtavisi Eparhy.
Many of them disappeared but some still exist.
The research of the language data of this document is very important from the
scientific point of view as it will enrich the history of the Georgian literary language.
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medea saRliani
sivrculi lokalizaciisaTvis svanurSi
III. cxovelTa, frinvelTa, mwerTa da qvewarmavalTa
mdebareobis aRmniSvneli zmnebis sivrculi lokalizacia
da maTi urTierTmimarTeba `myofobis~ zmnebTan 1
$1. adamianis sxeulis nawilTa aRmniSvneli sityvebis
sivrculi lokalizacia
adamianis sxeulis nawilTa aRmniSvneli sityvebi XX saukunis dasasrulsa da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi lingvistTa yuradRebis centrSi moeqca. somaturi leqsikisadmi interesi SemTxveviTi namdvilad ar aris,
radgan somaturi leqsika yoveli enis leqsikuri sistemis uZveles fenas
miekuTvneba. maT bazaze ki xSiria frazeologiuri erTeulebis warmoqmnis
SemTxvevebi. cxadia, am mxriv gamonakliss arc svanuri ena warmoadgens,
sadac sakmaod saintereso da mravalferovania somaturi idiomebi, Tumca
amjerad sakiTxis kvlevas sul sxva mimarTulebiT warvmarTavT, kerZod,
am leqsikuri erTeulebis mdebareobis (anu sivrculi lokalizaciis)
TvalsazrisiT.
rogorc cnobilia, adamianis sxeulis nawilebis aRmniSvnel saxelebs
yofen garegani (Tavi, xeli, fexi, TiTi, yuri da a.S. ) da Sinagani organoebis (guli, RviZli, elenTa, kuWi, nawlavi da sxv.) saxelwodebebad,
romelTa sivrculi lokalizacia metad saintereso suraTs warmogvidgens svanuri enis dialeqt-kilokavebSi. vinaidan qarTvel mecnierTa erT
nawils miaCnia, rom somatizmebis SemadgenlobaSi marTebulia ara marto
adamianis sxeulis nawilTa aRmniSvneli leqsemebis Seyvana, aramed im sityvebisac, romlebic uSualod dakavSirebuli arian adamianis organizmTan
(Zvali, kani, sisxli, nervi, kunTi da a.S.) (rusaZe, yifiani 2011:220), aqedan gamomdinare, aucileblad CavTvaleT aRniSnuli leqsikuri erTeulebis sivrculi lokalizaciis Seswavla. rogorc samecniero literaturaSi miuTiTeben, swored isini aRniSnaven materialuri substanciis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan elementebs, romelTa gareSec ver iarsebebs
cocxali organizmi.
sainteresoa, rogor asaxavs svanuri ena sxeulis garegani da Sinagani
organoebis sivrcul lokalizacias?
1
naSromi Sesrulebulia SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis mier dafinansebuli proeqtis _ `sivrce da dro qarTvelur enebSi~ (#13/20) _ farglebSi.
202
adamianis sxeulis Sinagani organoebis mdebareoba svanuri enis TiTqmis yvela dialeqtSi ZiriTadad erTi saerTo, mqoneblobis aRmniSvneli,
predikatiT xar|xêr `aqvs~ (mag., gæi xêr (bz., Col.), gæi xar (bq., lnt.),
gu xêr (lSx.) `guli aqvs~; kæiW xêr (bz., Col.), kæiW xar (bq., lnt.),
kuW xêr (lSx.) `kuWi aqvs~; yæiJe xêr (bz., lSx., Col.), yæiJe xar (bq.,
lnt.) `RviZli aqvs~; jijæ xêr (bz., lSx., Col.), jijæ xar (bq., lnt.)
`Zvali aqvs~ da a.S.) gamoixateba, Tumca zogierTi Sinagani organos (gulis, RviZlis, nawlavebis...) da, aseve, materialuri substanciis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani elementebis (tvinisa da sisxlis...) mdebareobis sivrculi lokalizacia dialeqtebis mixedviT met-naklebad gansxvavebulia:
Tæel xíz (bz., Col.), Tæel xoz (bq.) `tvini aqvs (zedmiw. _ u-Z-ev-s)~,
WinWlðr xíz (bz.), WinWlðr xoz (bq.) `nawlavebi aqvs (zedmiw. _ u-Z-evs)~, bérmanðwlaæ xoz (bq.) `brma nawlavi aqvs (zedmiw. _ u-Z-ev-s)~, gæi
xíz (Col.) `guli aqvs (`u-Z-ev-s~)~, zisx xíg (bz., lSx., Col.), zisx
xog (bq., lnt.) `sisxli aqvs (zedmiw. _ u-dg-a-s)~ da misT.
laSxurSi tvinisa (Tæel) da gulis (gu) sivrculi lokalizacia
xíz `uZevs~ predikatiT ar gadmoicema. igi am SemTxvevaSic qona-yolis
aRmniSvnel zmnebs mimarTavs: tæin xuæa (lSx.) `tvini aqvs~, gu xêr /
xuæa (lSx.) `guli aqvs~ da a.S.
msgavsi viTarebaa lentexurSic, sadac nebismieri Sinagani organos sivrculi lokacia mqoneblobis aRmniSvneli xuRæa `aqvs~ predikatiT gadmoicema (mag., gæi xuRæa `guli udevs (`aqvs~)~; wikantðr xuRæa `nawlavebi udevs (`aqvs~)~. iSviaTad myofobis aRmniSvneli xori `hyavs, aqvs~ zmnuri formac ixmareba (mag., wikantðr xori `nawlavebi aqvs (`u-v-i-s~)~ ...),
rac laSxur-ColurulisTvis miuRebelia.
rac Seexeba adamianis sxeulis garegani nawilebis sivrcul lokalizacias, am mxriv svanuri enis dialeqt-kilokavebi metad saintereso da
gansxvavebul suraTs warmogvidgenen.
aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom gansxvavebulia TviT sxeulis garegani nawilebis, magaliTad, saxis nawilis Semadgeneli elementebis, xelisa da fexis kidurebis da a.S. sivrculi lokalizacia.
sanam masalis analizze gadavidodeT, manamde TvalsaCinoebisaTvis srulad warmovadgenT erT-erTi cnobili svanuri uZvelesi xalxuri leqsis
_ Tamar dedfðl `Tamar dedofali~ or variants, romelTagan pirveli,
kerZod, balszemouri varianti Cawerilia m. nigurianis mier sof. mulaxSi (murSkelSi) kasiana giganisgan 1936 wels, meore varianti, kerZod,
balsqvemouri ki CaviwereT 1992 wels sofel cxumarSi 78 wlis abaSxa
goSuani-saRlianisgan. raRa Tqma unda, aRniSnuli leqsis orive varianti
metad saintereso masalas gvawvdis gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT:
203
balszemouri varianti (svan. poez., I, Tb., 1939)
o, xiadul, Tamar dedfðl,
Cin maCene Tamar dedfðl!
fðTæðr jagðnda yæðryælai,
Terðl jisgurda giSriSe,
Sdéqðr jadda marglitiSe;
sgaSxan jaquda atlase,
qðmSxan jaquda abjare,
WéSxas jasdanda, o, Ceqmare,
Txumas jagðnda zurCia;
CaJild jeyad qæiSmiS feriS,
héngril jiganda, oÎ, léSkðdi,
hðRæir jisdðnda luncroæe,
madrðâ juRæðnda oqærðSi,
Tamar dedfðl, TaÎamarðlsi,
Cid maCene TaÎamarðlsi!
o, sixarulo, Tamar dedofalo,
yvelaze ukeTeso Tamar dedofalo!
Tmebi gqonda (`gedga~) xuWuWi,
Tvalebi gqonda (`gejda~) giSrisa,
kbilebi gqonda margalitisa;
SigniT gecva atlasi,
gareT gecva abjari,
fexze gecva, o, o, Ceqmebi,
Tavze gedga zuCi;
cxeni gyavda qviSisferisa,
unagiri gedga, oi, moWedili,
aRviri gedga (`gedo~) movercxlili,
maTraxi gqonda oqrosi,
Tamar dedofalo, Tamars,
yvelaze ukeTes Tamars!
balsqvemouri varianti
Tamar dedfðl aniæa2 sgæejda,
CðJild xorda qæiSem feriS,
hingril xagan oqreS léSkðd,
ðRæril xosda æarCxliS
léSkðd,
fayuld xagan zureCia,
faTæðr xagan yalymiS,
neqWðr xagan wawikæetiS,
Sdéqðr xagan margalitiS,
sgaSxen xðqæda atilasi,
qðmSxen xaqud hðbijari,
Caflðr xðsda poliaskebi.
Tamar dedofali brZandeboda,
cxeni hyavda qviSisferisa,
unagiri edga mooqrovili
(`oqro-s moWedili~)
aRviri edga (`edo~) movercxlili
(`vercxl-is moWedili~),
qudi edga zuCis,
Tmebi hqonda (`edga~) yalmuxis,
warbebi hqonda (`edga~) wawikvetis
(`gawkepili?~),
kbilebi hqonda (`edga~) margalitis,
SigniT ecva atlasi,
garedan ecva abjari,
fexsacmeli ecva poliaskebi
(`polsapoSkebi~).
rogorc svanur empiriul masalaze dakvirvebam aCvena, adamianis sxeulis
(kerZod saxisa da Tavis) nawilebs miemarTeba ZiriTadad xêg/xag `adgas~,
2
samwuxarod, am formis svanuri mniSvneloba ver gavarkvieT, Sesabamisad ki verc
qarTulad ganvmarteT.
204
xosgur `Casmuli aqvs~, xalja `abia
mniSvnelobiT)~ da xðb `abia~ predikatebi:3
(`argia~)~,
xaya
`aqvs
(abias
xêg/xag `adgas~
adamianis sxeulis (kerZod, saxisa da Tavis) nawilebis sivrculi lokalizaciis gamosaxatavad xag `adgas~ predikati svanuri enis TiTqmis yvela
dialeqtSi dasturdeba, Tumca aSkaraa, rom mas TandaTan enacvleba `mqoneblobis~ gamomxatveli xar `aqvs~ predikati, rac gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba qvemosvanur dialeqtebSi:
b a l s z e m o u r i
... Jiqên lelgæiÎðr Cu xêg (svan. qrest., 139:36) `zeda mxares
saZire kbilebi aqvs (`qe a-dg-a-s~)~;
eCis xêg æoqærð lusdgæðr (svan. proz. teqst., I, 229:25) `imas
aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~) oqros nawnavebi~;
xelwifi xexæs jídi lusdgæðr xêg (svan. proz. teqst., I, 272:1718) `xelmwifis cols grZeli nawnavebi aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~)~;
al xelwifi dìnas lersgæan barjJìn fðTæ xêg lðnSðnd (svan.
proz. teqst., I, 425:17) `am xelmwifis gogos marjvena mxarze Tma aqvs
(`a-dg-a-s~) saniSnad~;
dinas xoCa neqWðr xag `gogos kargi warbebi aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~)~;
dinas yæðryælai fðTæðr xêg `gogos xveuli Tmebi aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~)~
da a.S.
b a l s q v e m o u r i
... miCa xaxæ ejgæðr roq gezal oxTaæ'ere eSxu eser méW xag
TxumJi, eSxu Te roq xar nebgæaÎsga (svan. proz. teqst., II, 1957,
193:26-27) `Senma colma imisTana Svili gaaCinao, rom erTi rqa Tavze
adgaso, erTi Tvali aqvs Sublzeo~;
ejðrd oxumbaæex: `min eser lix dðæðS andaæa, eji dðæs eser xori
eSxu xoCa dinagezal, æoqrðS eser lusdgæðr xag i hagæTeCu eser
xeholix~ (svan. proz. teqst., II, 1957, 46:5-7) _ isini mouyvnen: `Cven
varTo devis mwyemsebi, im devs hyavso erTi kargi qaliSvili, oqros
nawnavebi aqvso (`a-dg-a-s~)~ da quslebamde wvdebao~;
aRæe, dadaRo, ejis biqæiS rðS xaya i isgu rðSs Cæayalæe i Ji
jðwre. si nðTxærðS keS oxoSxb isgæa rðSs, eji méSkidT'aTxð i æoSa
fðTæ xag, amSeld jinjil axrekin (svan. proz. teqst., II, 170:25-27)
`aba, bebia genacvalos, imas qaris raSi hyavs da Sens raSs daaSinebs da
3
iSviaTad, magram mainc xðb `abia~ predikatic fiqsirdeba, rac SedarebiT axali
movlena Cans.
205
mogereva. Sen nanadirevis qurqi Seukere Sens raSs, is mWedelTan waiRe
da ramdeni Tmac aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~), imdeni jinjili Camoakidebine~;
CðrCs igne, ej amsæald cdilobs, ere lédgðrs eCeCu oxtexes eji
RermaT sgebinCu, ere miCeSRa Ji iæJðSni al amsæald, ÎurineræeSd
ladeRs CðrC xag, amnoS Cu iwæalðæi i ali ejis eCqa qa xezzeni (eklingis masalebi) `wvers rom uSvebs (`i-dg-a-m-s~), is adamiani cdilobs,
rom micvalebuls iq daxvdes (`moubrundes~) is RvTis winaSe, rom
misTvis wuxdeba es adamiani, ormoc dRes wveri rom aqvs moSvebuli
(`a-dg-a-s~), amiT wvaldeba da es imas maSin iq daxvdeba~;
si ejgæðr Sdiq jag, ejis baCæ xðâde, bðC gezals jiTaæe (svan.
proz. teqst., II, 169:125-13) `Sen imisTana kbili gaqvs (`g-a-dg-a-s~),
imas rom qvas daartyam, qva Svils gagiCens~;
befSæs jæedi Tanafélðr xag `bavSvs grZeli wamwamebi aqvs (`a-dga-s~)~;
al RæaJmares xoSa Sxiælð neqWðr xag `am mamakacs uzarmazari,
uSno warbebi aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~)~;
biZils tyéfri Sdiqildðr xag `biWunas brtyeli kbilebi aqvs
(`a-dg-a-s~)~ da sxv.
l a S x u r i
... zurêls ... xoCa oqre lésdgæarêl xêg (lSx., svan. proz. teqst.,
IV, 123:29-30) `qals kargi oqros nawnavebi aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~)~;
CaC xêg `samgloviaro wveri aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~)~ ... ;
magram lésdgæarêl xêr / xuæa `nawnavebi aqvs~ da a.S. gamokiTxul laSxel respondentTa umravlesoba adamianis sxeulis (kerZod saxisa da Tavis) nawilebis sivrculi lokalizaciis gamosaxatavad mqoneblobis aRmniSvnel zmnebs _ xar `aqvs~, xuRæa `aqvs~ iyenebs. xêg `aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~)~ predikati mxolod samgloviaro wveris mqoneblobas gamoxatavs, rac sakmaod bevr
kiTxvas aCens.
l e n t e x u r i
melTers xoqæa, er `semi leT i lðdeR loqu arda mine marðnisa
tintrikð i eCqa qa loq lðxeisnðæi, ma loq xera bac i miCa Îexæs noma
loqu laxokæiS, edo ejis Stiq loq xag ejkðli, er eji loq xoSæri~
(svan. qrest., 343:15-18) _ mkiTxavs uTqvams, rom `sami dRe da Rame
iyoso Cvens maranSi tintrika da maSin dagesizmrebao, Tu ra mogeliso da Sens meuRles ar gaumxiloo, Torem imas imisTana kbili aqvso
(`a-dg-a-s~)~, rom zians mogayenebso~;
xoÜa fðTæ xag `kargi Tma aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~)~;
niqeW xag `warbi aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~)~ da a.S.
206
Tumca, rogorc masalaze dakvirvebam aCvena, nebismieri saxis nakvTis
aRsaniSnavad lentexuri mqoneblobis zmnebs _ xar `aqvs~, xuRæa `aqvs~
mimarTavs. mag.: niqeW xar / xuRæa `warbi aqvs~, Talafa xar / xuRæa `wamwami aqvs~, xoÜa fðTæ xar / xuRæa `kargi Tma aqvs~, makaÎ wérni Zagæar
xêr `rogori wiTeli banjgvlebi aqvs~, jídi faTæar xêr `grZeli Tmebi
aqvs~, xoCa lesdi Sdiqar xêr (laSx.) `kargi Sesaxedi kbilebi aqvs~ da sxv.,
rac, Cveni azriT, meoreuli movlena unda iyos.
C o l u r u l i
eWkð jídi ÜaÜ maÎRena xêg ale mêras, eWkð jídi, ere Zirs xamar
i kumaS mag xezelêl `imisTana grZeli samgloviaro wveri aqvs
(`a-dg-a-s~) am kacs, imisTana grZeli, rom Zirs Rorebi da saqoneli zed
gadadian~;
meâari nangri lusdgæar xêg `mklavis simsxo nawnavebi aqvs
(`a-dg-a-s~)~;
meSxe niqWêr xêg `Savi warbebi aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~)~ da misT.
Coluruli metyveleba, romelic svanuri dialeqtebisagan mravali TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva, aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi metwilad laSxursa
da lentexurs mihyveba da mqoneblobis aRmniSvneli zmnebis (mag.: lentiel
Talêfêr xêr (Col.) `sanatreli wamwamebi aqvs~, meâari nangri lusdgæar
xêr (Col.) `mklavis simsxo nawnavi aqvs~, meSxe niqWêr xêr `Savi warbebi
aqvs~ ...) paralelurad, rogorc vnaxeT, xêg `aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~)~ predikatsac
iyenebs.
xosgur `aqvs (zedmiw. usvia, uzis)~
aRniSnuli predikatis gamoyeneba adamianis sxeulis (kerZod saxisa da
Tavis) nawilebis sivrculi lokalizaciisaTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia
zemosvanuri dialeqtebisaTvis, qvemosvanur dialeqtebSi ki misi gamoyenebis
SemTxvevebi arc gamoqveynebul teqstebSi da arc Tanamedrove cocxal
metyvelebaSi ar dagvidasturebia. Sesabamisad, sailustracio masala mxolod
zemosvanuri dialeqtebisTvis iqneba warmodgenili:
Terðl jisgurda giSriSe (bz., svan. poez., I, Tb., 1939, 2:6) `Tvalebi gqonda (`gejda~) giSrisa~;
ðmirm lðxWediæ miCa laxæbas: `m'eser li, mine mus eSxu gar Te imRa
xosgur?~ (svan. proz., teqst., II, 257:38, 258:1) `amirani SeekiTxa Tavis
Zmebs: `ra ariso, mamaCvens mxolod erTi Tvali ratom aqvso (`uzis~)?~;
necin Terðr Îesæðs xosgur, lðsgidðriJi mugædðÎ aS xosip, CigæaSæ Tes xðfxre i gumi uhædad demgæaSæ cæire, ejRa ragdix:
`qðjiS eser Terðr xosgur (bq.) `wvrili Tvalebi visac aqvs, xedvis
dros TiTqos utrialebs, yvelafers Tvals avlebs da daukvirveblad
207
arafers tovebs, imaze amboben: qajis Tvalebi aqvso (`wvrili Tval-eb-i
visac uyenia, xedvisas TiTqos a-s-e utrialebs, yvelafers Tval-s
axels da gul-i{s} miucemlad ara saqmes tovebs, imisTvis laparakoben: `qaj-is-o Tval-eb-i uyenia~)~;
al dinas oburiS Terðr xosgur (bq.) `am gogos eSmakis Tvalebi
aqvs (`uzis~)~;
al mares xoCa Sdiqðr xosgur4 (bq.) `am kacs kargi kbilebi aqvs
Casmuli (`uzis~)~ da a.S.
xalja `abia (`argia~)~
xalja `abia, argia~ predikati adamianis sxeulis nawilebis sivrculi
lokalizaciis aRsaniSnavad mxolod zemosvanur dialeqtebSi dafiqsirda:
b a l s z e m o u r i
qrisde RërbaT xíqæa: `... Txæim eser imxðn xêr mêra, amìS eser
mêmgæeS xomâera i aìì lalTðrs eser eræóÎ qa laxTæëni, eCì ðrTgæil
eser ... ìra~. eCqas al mêrëm xóqæ esnðr: `ÎaRæ ëser miCa Tósdæeb qêæ
laxæëm i eCqas eser ja qa laxTæëni, amsæêlds Txæim imxðn xalja~
(bz., svan. qrest., 103:18-23) _ qriste RmerTs uTqvams: `Tavi romel
mxares aqvs adamians, amisi araferi gamegebao da amas vinc amixsniso,
imisi erTguli viqnebio~. maSin am kacma uTxra Turme: `aba, Sempirdio
(`misi Tavsdeba miscamca~) da maSin me gaswavlio, adamians Tavi romel mxares abia (`argia~)~;5
eCqas al mêr'aTxêra: `ÎaRæëser léÎarJìn mêm xoxal mêra Txæim
imedo xalja i lédgarunRæëser im ðnmeâri?~ (iqve 103:25-26) _ maSin am
kacs uTqvams: `aba, sicocxleSi ar iciso adamianma, Tavi sad abia da
gardacvalebis mere ras gaigebso?~;
nebgæa, CæenCx, Tëmi galæanðr, Sdémrare âuræðr, muWæðr i al
Txæim sga xalja kinCxs (iqve 139:37-38) `Subli, cxvir-piri, Tvalis gugebi, yuris xvrelebi, rqebi da es Tavi mibmuli aqvs (`argia~) kisers~ ...
b a l s q v e m o u r i
al mara xoSa nefxæna xalja (bq.) `am kacs didi cxviri aqvs (zedmiw. _ abia, argia)~;
4
5
Sdr. manqanas barblðr xosgur (bq.) `manqanas borblebi aqvs Casmuli~, manqanas
nðwilðr xosgur (bq.) `manqanas nawilebi ukeTia (`usvia~)~.
sainteresoa, rom erTsa da imave teqstSi xalja `abia~ predikatis paralelurad dadasturda mqoneblobis aRmniSvneli xêr `aqvs~, rac amJamad balszemourSi ufro gavrcelebulia. ufro metic, man TiTqmis mTlianad gamodevna xalja `abia~ predikati, romelic adamianis sxeulis nawilebis sivrcul lokalizacias gamoxatavda sadRac naxevari saukunis win.
208
dinas xoCa TæalðS Sdémrðr xalja (bq.) `gogos Zalian lamazi
(`kargi Tval-is~) yurebi aqvs (zedmiw. _ abia, argia)~;
maSri nebgæa xalja (bq.) `farTo Subli aqvs (zedmiw. _ abia, argia)~
amicðl Txæim meæar xaljaÎa?! (bq.) `es Tavi tyuila abia (zedmiw. _ argia)?!~;6
jæedi nin xalja (bq.) `grZeli ena aqvs (zedmiw. _ abia, argia)~ ...
im SemTxvevaSi, roca Worikana qalzea saubari, maSin metaforuli gadaazrebiT balsqvemourSi xoz `udevs (`u-Z-ev-s~) predikati gamoiyeneba. mag.,
al zurals xola nin xoz `am qals cudi ena aqvs (zedmiw. _ u-Z-ev-s)~.
SesaZloa, enis mdebareobis aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebuli iyos xðb `abia~
predikatic: mðusaxæ jæedi nin xðb, pilðrisga deS xoskda (bq.) `ramxela
ena aqvs, pirSi ver itevs~, magram metaforizaciiT _ jæedi nin xðb (bq.)
`enagrZelia (`grZeli ena a-b-i-a~)~, jídi nin xêb (Col.) `grZeli ena
aqvs~, léxSme nin xêb / xêr (Col.) `binZuri ena abia|aqvs~, léwer nin xêr
(lSx.) `ayrolebuli ena aqvs~ da a.S., Tumca balsqvemourSi enis mdebareobis gamosaxatavad ufro gavrcelebulia xalja `abia, argia~ predikati.
aRniSnuli predikatis nacvlad dRes svanuri enis TiTqmis yvela dialeqtSi, da maT Soris balsqvemourSic, gamoyenebulia mqoneblobis gamomxatveli xar `aqvs~ predikati, rac, Cveni azriT, inovaciis elfers atarebs.
xaya `aqvs (zedmiw. _ abia)~
rac Seexeba xaya `aqvs (`abia)~ predikats, igi adamianis sxeulis nawilebis sivrculi lokalizaciis gamosaxatavad met-naklebad svanuri enis yvela dialeqtSi gamoiyeneba, Tumca gamokiTxul respondentTa umravlesoba mainc xar `aqvs~ predikats aniWebs upiratesobas:
b a l s z e m o u r i
miSgu laxæba, ala mðÎ ìrê, gæiSgæeÎ babas eSxu Te mêma xaya?
(bz., svan. proz. teqst., I, 93:4) `Cemo Zmebo, neta es ra aris (`es ra
iqneba, a~), mamaCvens erTi Tvali ara aqvs (`abia~)~?;
alas eSdÎeru Txæim xaya (iqve 94:31) `amas Tormeti Tavi aqvs
(`abia~)~;
Îerqïda xaya Tërðl, mare mizez xuRæe: mérTen Te mursgæenxðn
7
xíg , mursgæen Te mérTenxðn xíg (iqve 122:27) `orive Tvali aqvs
6
7
magram metaforuli gadaazrianebiT aseT konteqstSic dasturdeba saanalizo
predikati, mag., al mara xoCa Txæim xalja (bq.) `es kaci Wkviania (zedmiw. _
am kacs kargi Tavi abia, argia)~.
adamianis saxis erT-erTi nawilis, kerZod Tvalis mdebareobas, rogorc aRniSnuli ilustraciidan Cans, lég `dgas~ zmnis maqcevriani (markirebuli) xíg
`udgas (Sdr. Zv. qarT. udgs)~ predikatic miemarTeba, rac aSkarad mqoneblobas
gamoxatavs da uZveles viTarebas unda asaxavdes.
209
(`abia~), magram erTi nakli (`mizez-i~) aqvs: marcxena Tvali marjvena
mxares aqvs (`u-dg-a-s~), marjvena Tvali ki marcxena mxares aqvs (`udg-a-s~)~;
zurals nin mêm xaya (iqve 430:25) `qals ena ara aqvs (`abia~)~ ...
b a l s q v e m o u r i
dinils xoxra nefxæna xaya (bq.) `gogonas patara cxviri aqvs (zedmiw. _ abia)~;
naRæJurs xoSa pilðr xaya (bq.) `biWs didi tuCebi aqvs (zedmiw. _
abia)~;
zurals skérð kaprð xaya (bq.) `qals wvetiani nikapi aqvs (zedmiw.
_ abia)~ da misT.
svanur masalaze dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom zemoT warmodgenil sivrculi lokalizaciisa da kuTvnilebis gamomxatvel zmnebs Zalze xSirad
enacvleba `mqoneblobis~ aRmniSvneli xar `aqvs~ zmna (mag., bq. Txæim xar
`Tavi aqvs~, nebgæa xar `Subli aqvs~, nefxæna xar `cxviri aqvs~, hayæbðr
xar `loyebi aqvs~ da sxv.), Tumca qvemosvanur dialeqtebSi ZiriTadad
swored xar `aqvs~ zmna gamoxatavs adamianis sxeulis (kerZod saxisa da
Tavis) nawilebis sivrcul lokalizacias (mag.: lSx. jídi Stimrêl xêr8
`grZeli yurebi aqvs~, skéri kapraÎ xêr `wvetiani nikapi aqvs~; lnt.
Terðl xar `Tvalebi aqvs~, nefxæna xar `cxviri aqvs~; eSxu Te gar xuRæa `mxolod erTi Tvali aqvs~; Col. leg léCípe gagdaÎ xêr `nametani
moRrecili nikapi aqvs~, miCa mueSSal masgæen lefxæna xêr (Col.)
`mamamisiviT lamazi cxviri aqvs~...), rac, rogorc ukve iTqva, SedarebiT
axal movlenad migvaCnia. sainteresoa, rom lentexurSi aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi xar `aqvs~ predikatis paralelurad xuRæa `aqvs~ formac gamoiyeneba (mag., eSxu Te gar xuRæa `mxolod erTi Tvali aqvs~ ...).
aranakleb sainteresod gvesaxeba adamianis sxeulis danarCeni nawilebis sivrculi mimarTebebis Seswavla svanurSi. rogorc dialeqtologiur
masalaze dakvirvebam aCvena, svanuri enis TiTqmis yvela dialeqtSi adamianis sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilis mqonebloba xar `aqvs~ (lSx.: ZRïd muWod xêr `didi mkerdi aqvs~, maÎzum ganTxar xêr `ramxela fexebi aqvs~...;
Col.: maSri jaWar xêr (Col.) `farTo zurgi aqvs~, maSri barjêl xêr
(Col.) `farTo beWebi aqvs~, necin fxulílar xêr (Col.) `wvrili TiTebi aqvs~, lugæar mayæSdagêr xêr (Col.) `msuqani barZayebi aqvs~...) predikatiT gadmoicema, Tumca gamonaklisebi aqac iCens Tavs, rac gansakuTrebiT xelSesaxebia balsqvemour dialeqtSi, sadac sxeulis ama Tu im nawilebs miemarTeba _ xalja `abia (`argia~)~, xaya `aqvs (abias mniSvnelo8
iSviaTad xêb `abia~ formac gamoiyeneba.
210
biT)~ da xðb `abia~ predikatebi: kinCx xalja `kiseri aqvs (zedmiw. _ kinCxi
argia)~, meârðr xalja `mklavebi aqvs (zedmiw. _ argia)~, WéSxðr xalja
`fexebi aqvs (zedmiw. _ argia)~, fxulðr xalja `TiTebi aqvs (zedmiw. _
argia)~; muWæed xaya `mkerdi aqvs (zedmiw. _ abia)~, âðd xaya `muceli
aqvs (zedmiw. _ abia)~, foyðr xaya `TeZoebi aqvs (zedmiw. _ abia)~ da a.S.
balszemouri dialeqti, romelic sivrculi mimarTebebis aRniSvnisas
ZiriTadad mqoneblobis zmnebs aniWebs upiratesobas, iSviaTad, magram
mainc xðb `abia~ predikatsac iyenebs (mag.: WiSx xðb `fexi aqvs (`a-b-i-a~)~,
meâðr xðb mklavi aqvs (`a-b-i-a~)~, fxule xðb `mklavi aqvs (`a-b-i-a~)~ da
misT.).
rac Seexeba Colurul metyvelebas, igi mqoneblobis aRmniSvneli xar
`aqvs~ zmnis paralelurad xalja `abia (`argia~)~ da xasgur `aqvs (`azis~)~
predikatebsac mimarTavs (mag.: megre kìnCx xalja|xasgur (Col.) `msxvili
kiseri abia (`argia/azis~)~, Cigar naTun maÎzum faS xasgur (Col.) `mudmivi smisgan ramxela muceli aqvs (`azis~)~...).
masalaze dakvirvebam aCvena, rom zemosvanur dialeqtebSi adamianis
sxeulis nawilebis sivrculi mimarTebebis gamosaxatavad gamoyenebulia
ramdenime predikati. SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra principiT aris SerCeuli esa Tu is predikati da aris Tu ara savsebiT naTeli
predikatis SerCevis principi? vfiqrobT, Cven mier adamianis sxeulis (Sinagani da garegani) nawilebis sivrculi mimarTebebis aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebuli predikatis SerCevis principi naTelia: aq, Cveni azriT, ar aris
daCrdiluli topologiuri komponenti, vinaidan es predikatebi zedmiwevniT asaxaven adamianis sxeulis nawilebis sivrcul lokalizacias maTi
formidan, aRnagobidan gamomdinare. mag., Tvalsa da kbils miemarTeba xosgur `uzis (anu Casmuli aqvs)~ predikati, rac savsebiT miesadageba maT
sivrcul lokacias, vinaidan Tvalic da kbilic SesaZloa amovardes Tavisi budidan da kvlav moxdes maTi Casma saTanado adgilas. aseve, topologiurad sworad aris SerCeuli xelis, fexis, TiTis, yelis... mdebareobis
gamomxatveli xalja `abia (anu Carguli aqvs)~ predikati. e.i. risi gadaxsnac saxsarSi SeiZleba, mas zedmiwevniT Seesabameba aRniSnuli predikati
da a.S. rac Seexeba qvemosvanur dialeqtebs, iq predikatTa aseTi mravalferovneba ar SeiniSneba da sxeulis TiTqmis yvela nawilis sivrcul lokalizacias xar `aqvs~ predikati miemarTeba, Tumca arc xaya `abia~ predikats gamoricxaven. qvemosvanuriseburi tendencia vlindeba Tanamedrove
balszemour dialeqtSic, rac, vfiqrobT, inovaciis iers atarebs, rasac
swored Cven mier zemoT warmodgenil leqsSi _ Tamar dedfðl `Tamar
dedofali~ dafiqsirebuli arqauli formebis arseboba gvavaraudebinebs.
211
$2. cxovelebisa da frinvelebis sxeulis nawilebis
sivrculi mimarTebebi
cxovelebisa da frinvelebis sxeulis nawilebs TiTqmis igive predikatebi miemarTeba, rac adamianis sxeulis nawilebs. es predikatebia: xag `adgas~, xosgur `Casmuli aqvs~, xalja `abia (~argia~)~, xaya `aqvs (abias mniSvnelobiT)~, xðb `abia~, xíz `udevs (`u-Z-ev-s~)~:
xag `adgas~
b a l s z e m o u r i
ZuRæaisga TæeTne âðn ðri, oqærð muWæðr Ji xêg (svan. proz. teqst.,
I, 129:4-5) `zRvaSi TeTri xari aris, oqros rqebi aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~)~;
al jæegs eser eSxu bota xonâri, eCzum æer'ëser xêg, ere alamðg
jæegs i mejæegs haædðrJìn ... sga isïme (svan. proz. teqst., I, 415:15-17)
`am jogs erTi vaci axlavso, imxela wveri aqvso (`a-dg-a-s~), rom amden
mejoges da jogs cudi amindisas qveS ifarebso~;
CðC xêg miSgu babas `samgloviaro wveri aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~) babuaCems~...
b a l s q v e m o u r i
gicðrs xoSa kirkozð muWæðr xag `verZs didi xveuli rqebi aqvs
(`a-dg-a-s~)~;
âðns eSxu miWæ gar xag `xars mxolod erTi rqa aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~)~;
CðJs tyéfri Sdéqðr xag `cxens brtyeli kbilebi aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~)~ ...
l a S x u r i
furs TxumJi miWæ xêg `Zroxas Tavze rqa aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~)~
âans miWæ dësa xêg `xars rqa ara aqvs (`a-dg-a-s~)~ ...
l e n t e x u r i
dðæ loq li ZRud léfðTæ, ... TxæimJi ZRud muWæðr loq xag,
xuRæa loq ZRud qilðl (lnt., svan. proz. teqst., III, 70:5-8) `devi
ariso Zalian Tmiani, Tavze didi rqa adgaso, aqvso didi eSvebi~;9
âðns muWæðr xag `xars rqebi aqvs (`a-dg-a-s)~ ...
C o l u r u l i
âans ZRéd muWæar xêg `xars didi rqebi aqvs (`a-dg-a-s)~;
dinas xoCa lusdgæarêl xêg `gogos kargi nawnavebi aqvs (`a-dg-a-s)~;
méngloæs jídi CaC xêg `mgloviares grZeli samgloviaro wveri
aqvs (`a-dg-a-s)~ ...
9
xag `aqvs~ predikatis gamoyenebis are rom SezRudulia, am ilustraciidanac
kargad Cans. mTqmeli erTsa da imave winadadebaSi xag `aqvs~ zmnis paralelurad
mqoneblobis gamomxatvel xuRæa `aqvs~ formasac xmarobs.
212
xalja `abia (`argia~)~
cxovelis sxeulis nawilebis sivrculi lokalizaciis gamosaxatavad
balszemouri dialeqti mqoneblobis aRmniSvneli xêr `aqvs~ predikatis
garda xalja `abia (`argia~)~ predikatsac iyenebs, razec metyvelebs `svanuri enis qrestomaTiaSi~ erT-erT teqstSi _ mangri liÎseni, litfîre
i liÎsîre `saqonlis dakvla, gatyaveba da asoebad aqna~ warmodgenili
masala:
b a l s z e m o u r i
Txæims xêr: Carbðr, kaprðÎ, kakaf, Cube Sdéqðr, Jibe Sdéqðr.
mangðrs imðncins mêma xêrx, mare Jiqên lelgæiÎðr Cu xêgx. kaprðÎ i
Txæim uSxæêr xeljix, ejas laRêWa xaJxa. nebgæa, CæenCx, Tëmi
galæanðr, Sdémrare âuræðr, muWæðr i al Txæim sga xalja kinCxs.
kinCxs cxap xalja i cxaps _ hakæðd. sgónCîn lðÎsas xíz: yæiJe i
perSæda. alÎðrs xalja yayrìnj. fðSs xalja gæi, yæan, megre WinWlðr i necin WinWlðr, lðÎr... ala hoker xêrx (bz., svan. qrest.,
139:37-38) `Tavs aqvs: drunCebi, nikapi, Tavis qala, qveda kbilebi, zeda
kbilebi. msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa saqonels ara aqvs, magram zemodan
saZire kbilebi aqvT (`a-dg-a-T~). nikapi da Tavi erTmaneTs rom uerTdeba, imas yba hqvia. Subli, cxvir-piri, Tvalis gugebi, yuris xvrelebi, rqebi da es Tavi mibmuli aqvs (`argia~) kisers. kiserze xerxemali aris mibmuli (`kisers xerxemali argia~) da xerxemals _ kudi.
SigniT saklavs aqvs (`u-Z-ev-s~): RviZli da filtvi. amaT aqvs mimagrebuli (`argia~) yanyrato. faSvs aqvs mimagrebuli (`argia~) guli,
msxvili nawlavi, wignara. eseni boloSi (`fskerze~) aqvT~;
totðr imnðr jêlja? `xelebi risTvis gabia?~...
TiTqmis msgavsi viTarebaa balsqvemourSic, sadac erTmaneTs enacvleba xêr `aqvs~ da xalja `abia (`argia~)~ predikatebi cxovelTa da
frinvelTa sxeulis nawilebis mqoneblobis gamosaxatavad.
b a l s q v e m o u r i
mamæils ... xoSa hðked xaya (|xar) (lxm., svan. qrest., Tb., 1978,
206:38) `mamals didi kudi aqvs (zedmiw. _ abia)~;
muWduras xokedx gæeWs, kaprð sga xaya, ejJi (bq., svan. proz. teqst.,
II, Tb., 1957, 71:10-11) `mkerdis wina nawils uReben goWs, nikapi aqvs
(`mibmuli aqvs~), ise~;
Zikæs (|Txum) nðcxtunðr (|méWðr) isga xaya, ejJ ðÎsgx qorTe (bq.,
svan. proz. teqst., II, Tb., 1957, 235:23-24) `nanadirevis Tavs rqebi isev
aqvs (`mibmuli aqvs~), ise miaqvT saxlSi~, Tumca xaya `abia~ predikats
xSirad balsqvemour dialeqtSi xalja `abia, argia~ predikati enacvleba.
213
qvemosvanur dialeqtebSi am SemTxvevaSic mqoneblobis aRmniSvneli
xêr `aqvs~ predikati dominirebs (mag.: yæiCs xïnsge WinWor gar xêr
(lSx.) `mamals mxolod naxevari bibilo aqvs~, furs akæed xêr (lSx.)
`Zroxas kudi aqvs~, fekæníls xoxra WiSx xêr (lSx.) `lekvs patara fexi
aqvs~, Roliêqs ZRïd dumaÎ xêr (lSx.) `cxvars didi duma aqvs~, dunê
qaTlars Cis meSxe buntyul xêrx (lSx.) `dunas qaTmebs yvelas Savi
buntyli aqvT~; méSaÎ âans megre muWæar xêr (Col.) `muSa xars msxvili
rqebi aqvs~, Txëras sgobne qilar skéri xêr (Col.) `mgels wina eSvebi
wawvetebuli aqvs~; âðns eSxu muWæ gar xar|xuRæa (lnt.) `xars mxolod
erTi rqa aqvs~ ...), Tumca iSviaTad xab|xðb `abia~ predikatic gamoiyeneba
(mag.: xoxra nepílars mekæSte akædar xêbx (Col.) `patara Citebs mokle
kudebi aqvT (`a-b-i-a-T~)~, mêlzum akæad dësiam xêb (Col.) `meliisxela
kudi arafers aqvs (`a-b-i-a~)~...). rac Seexeba xaya `aqvs (abias mniSvnelobiT)~ predikats, igi mocemul konteqstSi ar dasturdeba.
cxovelTa da frinvelTa sxeulis Sinagani organoebis sivrculi lokalizacia svanurSi didad ar gansxvavdeba adamianis sxeulis Sinagani organoebis sivrculi lokalizaciisagan. svanuri enis TiTqmis yvela dialeqtSi erTi saerTo, mqoneblobis aRmniSvneli predikati xêr/xar `aqvs~ miemarTeba cxovelTa da frinvelTa sxeulis Sinagan organoebs (mag., gæi
xêr (bz., lSx., Col.), gæi xar (bq.) `guli aqvs~, kæiW xêr (bz., lSx.,
Col.), kæiW xar (bq.) `kuWi aqvs~, yæiJe xêr (bz., lSx., Col.), yæiJe xar
(bq.) `RviZli aqvs~ da sxv., Tumca xêr/xar predikatis adgils lentexur
dialeqtSi umetesad xuRæa `aqvs~ ikavebs (mag.: gæi xuRæa `guli aqvs~,
kæiW xuRæa `kuWi aqvs~ da a.S.) da is arc balszemouri dialeqtisaTvis
aris ucxo. rac Seexeba xíz/xoz `aqvs (`u-Z-ev-s~) predikats, igi zogierTi Sinagani organos (gulis, nawlavebis) da, aseve, tvinisa da sisxlis,
mdebareobis sivrcul lokalizacias svanuri enis yvela dialeqtSi gamoxatavs (mag.: gæi xíz (bz., lSx., Col.), gæi xoz (bq., lnt.) `guli aqvs
(`u-Z-ev-s~)~, WinWlðr xoz (bq.) `nawlavebi aqvs (`u-Z-ev-s~)~, Tæel xíz
(bz., lSx., Üol), Tæel xoz (bq.) `tvini aqvs (`u-Z-ev-s~)~, légre xíz
(bz., lSx., Col.) `kvercxi udevs (`u-Z-ev-s~)~, légre xoz (bq., lnt.)
`kvercxi udevs (`u-Z-ev-s~)~; zisx xíg (bz., lSx., Col.), zisx xog (bq.,
lnt.) `sisxli aqvs (`u-dg-a-s~)~ da a.S.
maSasadame, rogorc mravalferovan svanur masalaze dakvirvebam aCvena,
adamianis, cxovelisa da frinvelis sxeulis rogorc garegani (Tavi, xeli, fexi, TiTi, yuri da a.S. ) nawilebis, ise Sinagani organoebis (guli,
RviZli, elenTa, kuWi, nawlavi da sxv.) sivrculi mimarTebebis gamosaxatavad gamoyenebulia ramdenime predikati: xêg/xag `adgas~, xosgur `Cas214
muli aqvs~, xalja `abia (`argia~)~, xaya `aqvs (abias mniSvnelobiT)~, xðb
`abia~, xíz/xoz `aqvs (zedmiw. _ u-Z-ev-s)~, xíg/xog `aqvs (zedmiw. _ udg-a-s)~, romelTac xSirad enacvleba mqoneblobis aRmniSvneli predikati
_ xêr/xar `aqvs~.
adamianis, cxovelebisa da frinvelebis sxeulis nawilebis
aRmniSvnel zmnaTa sivrculi ganawileba svanuri enis
dialeqt-kilokavebis mixedviT
áêÂ|áÀ `ÀÃÂÀÓ"
áÏÆ|áíÆ
Þ Ó"
áÀËãÀ `ÀÁÉÀ"
ÈÌÀ, ßÀÒÁÉ, ßÀÌßÀÌÉ,
ßÅÄÒÉ, ÊÁÉËÉ, ÍÀßÍÀÅÉ...
ÂÖËÉ,
ÙÅÉÞËÉ,
ÍÀßËÀÅÉ...
ÚÖÒÉ, ÝáÅÉÒÉ,
ÊÉÓÄÒÉ, áÄËÉ,
×ÄáÉ, ÈÉÈÉ
áÏÓÂÖÒ `ÀØÅÓ
(`ÖÆÉÓ")"
áðÁ `ÀØÅÓ
(`À-Á-É-À")"
áÀÚÀ `ÀØÅÓ
(`ÀÁÉÀ")"
ÌÊËÀÅÉ, ×ÄáÉ,
ÈÉÈÉ...
ÈÅÀËÉ, ÊÁÉËÉ
ÝáÅÉÒÉ, ÚÖÒÉ, ÐÉÒÉ,
×ÄáÉ, ÌÊËÀÅÉ...
215
literatura
rusaZe, yifiani 2011 : i. rusaZe, s. yifiani, somaturi leqsika, saenaTmecniero
Ziebani, XXXII, Tbilisi, 2011
leqsikonebi
Tofuria, qaldani 2000: v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, svanuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi.
liparteliani 1994: a. liparteliani, svanur-qarTuli leqsikoni (Coluruli
kilo), Tbilisi.
niJaraZe 2007 : b. niJaraZe, qarTul-svanur-rusuli leqsikoni.
wyaroebi
svan. enis qrest. 1978: svanuri enis qrestomaTia, teqstebi Sekribes a. SaniZem,
m. qaldanma da z. WumburiZem, Tbilisi.
svan. poez. 1939: svanuri poezia, I, simRerebi Sekribes da qarTulad Targmnes a. SaniZem, v. Tofuriam, m. gujejianma, Tbilisi.
svan. proz. teqst. 1939: svanuri prozauli teqstebi, I, balszemouri kilo,
teqstebi Sekribes a. SaniZem da v. Tofuriam, Tbilisi.
svan. proz. teqst. 1957: svanuri prozauli teqstebi, II, balsqvemouri kilo,
teqstebi Sekribes a. daviTianma, v. Tofuriam da m. qaldanma, Tbilisi.
svan. proz. teqst. 1967: svanuri prozauli teqstebi, III, lentexuri kilo,
teqstebi Sekribes da redaqcia gaukeTes v. Tofuriam da m. qaldanma, Tbilisi.
svan. proz. teqst. 1979: svanuri prozauli teqstebi, IV, laSxuri kilo,
teqstebi Sekribes ars. onianma, m. qaldanma da al. onianma, redaqcia gaukeTes
m. qaldanma da al. onianma, Tbilisi.
Medea Saghliani
On Spatial Localization in Svan
III. Spatial Localization of the Verbs Denoting Location of Animals, Birds, Insects
and Reptiles and their Interaction with Verbs of “being”
sammury
The basic verbs denoting location, which express three different locations of a
human in space, are used to express the location and pose of animals too. Their
condition from the viewpoint of changes of spatial interactions in comparison with a
human in Svan dialects and sub-dialects is even more different, and it may be noted that
in most cases rather limited, though, as observation on the materials shows, verbs
denoting location of animals are often used interchangeably with verbs of “being”.
As for birds, insects and some reptiles, mainly the locative predicate xag “adgas” is
used with them. However, the spatial interaction of lexis denoting birds, as well as some
216
insects and reptiles, in Svan differs according to dialects, to which indicate different
predicates and the verb äri (“it is”) denoting “being” used in some dialects for
expressing spatial localization of birds towards the location of one and the same object.
According to our observation, in all the dialects of Svan the locative predicate xag
(“adgas”) is used with insects which can fly (e. g.: butterfly, fly, gnat, locust and so on),
while the spatial localization of crawling insects is expressed by the predicate xabola
(“it crawls on it”); though in the Upper Bal and partially in Lower Svan dialects the
afore mentioned predicates are in most cases substituted by the verb äri denoting
“being”.
Spatial localization of reptiles is expressed by several predicates: xabola “it crawls
on it”, xaporcxa “it crawl on it”..., though in the dialects of Upper Bal and Lower Svan
(rarely Lower Bal) the location if reptiles is mainly denoted by the verb äri expressing
“being”.
It is noteworthy that the mentioned verbs somehow realize the classification of the
world (in its broadest sense) of animals, birds, insects and reptiles according to their
forms and spatial condition, the location characteristic of them – their topology, but the
principle of choosing this or that predicate is not always clear.
217
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
izabela qobalava
drois semantika megrulSi1
1. leqsikur-semantikuri analizi
1.1. ra aris dro? „Tu vinme mkiTxavs, ra aris dro, me SemiZlia vilaparako masze, magram Tu momTxoven mis gansazRvras, pasuxs ver gavcem“
_ wminda avgustines (354-430) am sityvebs dReisTvisac ar daukargavT aqtualuroba. Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli
ganmarteba, romlis Tanaxmad dro sivrcesTan erTad aris „materiis arsebobis forma“, mxolod zogadad mianiSnebs sivrcisa da drois kavSirze,
magram amave dros avlens sakiTxebs sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb, romelTa
garSemo kamaTi aristoteledan dawyebuli Tanamedroveobis CaTvliT ar
Senelebula. ufro metic, arsebobs drois mimarT saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi
Seunelebeli interesi mecnierebis gansxvavebuli dargebis, miTologiis,
xelovnebis da a.S. mxridan. Sesabamisad arsebobs kvlevis gansxvavebuli
miznebi da midgomebi, ris Sedegadac SesaZlebeli xdeba laparaki miTolo-
giur, filosofiur, maTematikur, fizikur, kosmologiur, anTropologiur, biologiur, fsiqologiur da sxv. droebze, maT Soris l i n g v i s t u r d r o z e c . es droebi xasiaTdebian rogorc saerTo, ise specifikuri niSnebiT. lingvisturi droisaTvis specifikurad miiCneva, pirvel yovlisa, misi arsebobis forma: Tu sxva droebi emyarebian analizisaTvis
met-naklebad misawvdom maxasiaTeblebs (Sdr. biologiuri dro, romelic
cocxal organizmebSi mimdinare dRe-Ramur cvlilebebs gansxvavebuli sasicocxlo procesebiT asaxavs), lingvisturi dro absoluturad moklebulia nebismieri saxis substanciur Tvisebebs (klaini 1994:62; 2009:28).
rogorc aseTi, igi arsebobs mxolod adamianis „mentalur TesaurusSi“
(kaseviCi 2013:42). magram drois mentaluri xasiaTi ar qmnis dabrkolebas
misi, rogorc enobrivi realobis, obieqturi analizisaTvis: cnobierebaSi
kognitiuri procesebis2 gziT Camoyalibebuli mentaluri droiTi (iseve
1
2
megruli Sedis qarTvelur (iberiul, samxreTkavkasiur) enaTa jgufSi qarTulTan, svanurTan da lazurTan (WanurTan) erTad.
kognicia gagebulia rogorc adamianis SemecnebiTi moRvaweobis gziT miRebuli
informaciis mentalur struqturebad gadamuSavebis fsiqikuri procesi. amasTanave, specialistebi Tvlian, rom kognicia damoukidebeli Sualeduri fenaa
sinamdvilesa da enas Soris (svorou 1994:3; kaseviCi 2013:57-67). es gageba
arsebiTad cvlis samyaros asaxvis humboldtiseul, SemdegSi – sosiuris, neohumboldtianelebisa da sxvaTa sqemas, romlis mixedviT, samyaroSi enobrivi
wesrigi Seaqvs uSualod enas, romelic miCneuli iyo Sualedur fenad garesinamdvilesa da cnobierebas Soris.
218
rogorc sxva enobrivi) modelebi gansxvavebul enebSi (resp. gansxvavebul
kulturebSi) realizdebian rogorc saerTo, universaluri Tvisebebis,
ise konkretuli mravalferovnebis gamomxatveli enobrivi sistemebiT.
swored es realizaciebi warmoadgenen lingvisturi kvlevis sagans, romlis amomwuravi, arawinaaRmdegobrivi analizi uzrunvelyofs Sedegebis
miRwevas, romelTa obieqturobaSi eWvis Setanis safuZveli ar arsebobs.
enobrivi mentaluri modelebis arsebobas emyareba agreTve lingvisturi
kvlevis erTi Taviseburebac, romelic gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens
droiTi movlenebis analizis procesSi. igulisxmeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac
„obieqturi“ lingvisturi meTodebiT SeuZlebelia Sedegis miRweva da analizis proceduraSi gadamwyveti xdeba iseTi aralingvisturi wminda adamianuri faqtori, rogoricaa molaparakis g a n c d a. sxva sityvebiT,
garkveul SemTxvevebSi analizuri procedura emyareba imas, rac mSobliur enaze molaparakem aracnobierad icis.3
1.1.1. Tu rogor unda momxdariyo drois mentaluri, resp. kognitiuri
modelebis Camoyalibeba, am kiTxvaze pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania: dinamikuri
samyaros pirispir mdgomi adamianisaTvis drois „aRqma“ SesaZlebelia mxolod arapirdapiri gziT – sivrceSi mimdinare, gansakuTrebiT vizualurad
aRqmad, movlenebze d a k v i r v e b i T. ciur sxeulTa xilul gadaadgilebaze, mkacri periodulobiT ganmeorebad bunebis movlenebze – dRisa
da Ramis, zamTris yinvebisa da zafxulis mcxunvarebis, mwvane mcenareuli
safaris gamoCenisa da Semdeg misi gaqrobis da a.S. ciklur monacvleobaze
[anu droSi – ritmul cvlilebebze (kaseviCi 2013:44)] dakvirvebebi da,
rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, adamianTa arsebobis pirobebTan maTi dakavSireba gaxda droiTi monakveTebis identifikaciisa da maTi saxeldebis
safuZveli. ase, caze planeta veneras gamoCena aRmosavleTis mxares qarTvelur (da ara mxolod qarTvelur) cnobierebaSi ukavSirdeba gaTenebas,
rac enobrivad asaxulia mis saxelwodebebSic: qarT. „ciskris varskvlavi“, megr. gumoTane muricxi „gamTenebeli varskvlavi“, svan. mGrhil „mnaTobi, gamTenebeli.“ cnobilia, rom kaSkaSa varskvlavis, siriusis, perioduli gamoCena Zveli egviptelebisaTvis moaswavebda umniSvnelovanesi sasisocxlo movlenis – nilosis adidebis dasawyiss, rac maT kalendarSiac
aris asaxuli: wlis sami oTxTviani periodidan pirvels swored wyaldi3
aseTi midgoma enobrivi analizis praqtikaSi ucxo ar aris (mag., amas emyareboda fonetikuri erTeulebis identifikacia, romelic wminda fonetikuri meTodebiT faqtobrivad miuRwevelia). iseTi „empiriuli obieqtis verifikaciisaTvis~, rogoric aris ena, mSobliur enaze molaparakeTa lingvisturi aRqmis
mniSvnelobaze enobriv erTeulTa identifikaciisaTvis da misi ligvistur
kvlevaSi Semotanis aucileblobaze Tavis droze yuradRebas amaxvilebda l.
ielmslevi (ielmslevi 1954:170 da Semd.).
219
dobis periodi ewodeba. msgavsi magaliTebi mravlad saxeldeba, magram
yvela aseTi SemTxveva Tanabrad warmoaCens sivrcul movlenaTa rols
drois ritmulad ganmeorebadi monakveTebis identifikaciaSi.4 da mainc,
sagangebod aRniSnulia is mniSvneloba, romelic saerTod enobriv (da
Semdgom metrikul) asaxvaSi eniWeba weliwadis, Tvisa da dRe-Ramis monakveTebs. maTi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisa da, amasTanave, perioduli monacvleobis gansakuTrebuli TvalsaCinoebis gamo isini, faqtobrivad, uSualo astronomiuli dakvirvebebis gziT iTvlebian Semosulad adamianis
cnobierebaSi da gvevlinebian droiTi struqturebis ganmsazRvrel momentebad.
amgvarad, daskvna, romelic SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes sivrcisa da
drois urTierTmimarTebis xasiaTidan, gulisxmobs, rom droiTi kontinuumis enobrivi danawevreba met-naklebi xangrZlivobis monakveTebad ukavSirdeba sivrceSi mimdinare movlenebis identifikacias. sxva sityvebiT,
droiTi monakveTebi, garkveuli azriT, „mibmulia“ sivrcul movlenebze
da mxolod amdenad SeiZleba laparaki sivrculi lokalizaciis kavSirze
temporalur lokalizaciasTan. magram sivrcisa da drois kavSirSi sivrcul movlenaTa TvalsaCinoeba ar SeiZleba niSnavdes Semecnebis procesSi maTi mkacri logikuri TanmimdevrobiT arsebobas _ jer sivrce da
mxolod amis Semdeg dro, rogorc amis mtkicebas, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
drois spacializacias _ „gasivrcebas“ [terminisaTvis ix. (gureviCi 1984:
165)] xSirad vxvdebiT specialistebTan. rom araferi vTqvaT TviT sivrculi movlenebis identifikaciis SeuZleblobaze droiTi (Tundac implicituri) komponentis gareSe, enobrivi monacemebic ar adastureben maTi
struqturebis identurobas: dro enobriv gamoxatulebaSi, sivrcesTan
kavSiris miuxedavad, avlens misgan gansxvavebul, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebs, rac qmnis droiT mimarTebaTa specifikur struqturas. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT temporaluluri lokalizacia ganixileba rogorc mentaluri drois danawevreba met-naklebi xangrZlivobis
segmentebad – temporalur monakveTebad, romlebSic mimdinareobs raime
TvalsazrisiT adamianuri aRqmisaTvis (sazogadoebisaTvis) mniSvnelovani
movlenebi. sxvagvarad, segmentireba emyareba rogorc ciklur bunebriv mo4
ritmi, rogorc garkveul movlenaTa perioduli monacvleoba droSi, mravalfunqciuria da mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs adamianis sasicocxlo procesebis mowesrigebaSi. bunebis movlenaTa (wlis, Tvis, dRis) ritmuli monacvleoba aregulirebs cocxal organizmebSi mimdinare umniSvnelovanes procesebs,
maT „Sinagan saaTs“; bunebrivi ritmi xels uwyobs adamianis fsiqikis funqcionirebas. adamianebze msgavsi zemoqmedebis Zala, rom araferi vTqvaT musikaze,
miewereba „arabunebriv“ ritmul monacvleobasac, romelic vlindeba saxviTi
xelovnebis nimuSebsa da literaturaSi (Snoli, zamiatnini 1974:189-194).
220
nacvleobas _ ritmebs, ise kulturul faqtorebs, rac ar aris damokidebuli bunebriv ritmebze da enaTa mixedviT gansxvavebulia.
1.1.2. enaTa SedarebiTi Seswavla cxadyofs, rom temporaluri lokalizaciis SesaZlebloba arsebobs uklebliv yvela enaSi da gamoixateba
leqsikuri da gramatikuli saSualebebiT. enebs Soris gansxvavebas, Cveulebriv, qmnis is gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba, romelic sxvadasxva enaSi
droiTi lokaciis dadgenisas am saSualebebs eniWebaT (komri 1985:7). kerZod, erT SemTxvevaSi drois lokacia xdeba leqsikuri erTeulebiT, ZiriTadad zmnisarTebiT. aseve SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes saxelebi, Tandebulebi, nawilakebi. gramatikuli lokalizaciis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisad gamoyenebulia gramatikuli kategoriebi. klasikur nimuSad miCneulia drois zmnuri kategoria – Tense, romlis daniSnulebaa zmnis formebiT gamoxatul dinamikur da statikur procesTa mimdinareobis drois gamoxatva
me-axla deiqtur centrTan mimarTebiT.5 swored es mimarTeba edeba safuZvlad drois kontinuumis dayofas sam droiT sivrced anu sam Z i r i T a d periodad: warsuli, awmyo, momavali. swored es qmnis droiTi
struqturis specifikas ara mxolod sivrciTi struqturebisagan gansxvavebiT, aramed sxva droebisagan gansxvavebiTac da mTlianad damokidebulia
adamianur faqtorze. drois lokalizaciisa da struqturirebis procesebi, romlebic vlindebian konkretul enobriv gamoxatulebebSi, ukve eqvemdebarebian obieqtur lingvistur aRweras.
1.2. zogadad lingvisturi drois daxasiaTeba rTuli amocanaa. da es
ara marto da ara imdenad TviT drois mentalurobis, ramdenadac konkretul enobriv struqturaTa mravalferovnebis gamo. realurad enebs Soris (imave mentaluri TvisebebiT gamowveul) mniSvnelovan msgavsebasTan
erTad, warmodgenilia kulturuli faqtorebiT ganpirobebuli gansxvavebuli struqturuli variantebi. magram im Sedegebze damyarebiT, romlebic miRweulia lingvisturi drois xangrZlivi, mravalmxrivi kvlevebis
Sedegad da arsebiTad aRiarebulia Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi, ikveTeba saerTo niSnebi, romelTa mixedviT adamianur gancdaSi da amdenad enobriv
asaxvaSi warmodgenili dro, statikuri sivrcisagan gansxvavebiT, m o Z 5
Tumca aRniSnulia is mosalodneli sirTuleebic, romlebic orive SemTxvevaSi
Tan axlavs drois kontinuumis danawevrebas. drois gramatikalizaciis dros
dgeba zogadad droisa (Time ) da misi morfologiuri variantis (Tense) urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi. meore SemTxvevaSi sirTuleebi dgeba deiqturi centrTan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, garda imisa, rom am cnebis interpretacias Tan axlavs mniSvnelovani semantikuri sirTuleebi (saTanado adgilebi ix. qvemoT),
aRniSnulia sxva mosalodneli sirTuleebic, mag., laparakia imaze, rom zogjer
enebSi Zneldeba droTa adekvaturi leqsikuri substitutebis daZebna (komri
1985:11).
221
r a v i a .6 Sesabamisad igi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc erTganzomilebiani, calmxriv mimarTuli (Seuqcevadi), uwyveti procesi. es niSnebi emyareba rogorc aRniSnul periodTa Sidasegmentur, ise TviT am periodebs Soris arsebul mimarTebebs.
1.2.1. erTganzomilebianoba. dro, rogorc uwyveti kontinuumi, TavisTavad ar gulisxmobs raime monakveTebad daSla-danawevrebas, raime procesis dasawyisisa an dasasrulis gansazRvras da a.S. magram enobriv asaxvaSi igi eqvemdebareba sxvadasxva xangrZlivobis, adamianisaTvis (resp. mocemuli kulturisaTvis) relevantur segmentebad anu temporalur monakveTebad danawevrebas, maT Soris, dasawyisisa da dasasrulis aRniSvnasac.
droiT segmentebs Soris arsebuli kavSirebi SeiZleba ganisazRvros sivrculi procesebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mimarTebebiT – win, ukan, Tan,
magram droiTi periodebis mixedviT gansxvavebuli ganawilebiTa da mniSvnelobebiT. kerZod, sivrculi mimarTeba win /ukan droSi gamoixateba mimarTebebiT – umos adre „ufro adre“, rodesac droiTi monakveTebis mimdevrobaSi romelime erTi monakveTi win uswrebs sxva monakveTs da umos
gviano, rodesac erTi monakveTi mosdevs meores; mimarTeba „Tanadroulad“
gulisxmobs garkveuli monakveTebis (srul an nawilobriv) damTxvevas.
swored aRniSnuli mimarTebebi qmnian droiT struqturebs (filmori
1997:45). magram aRniSnuli mimarTebebi, amasTanave, drois moZraobas warmogvidgenen mxolod erT, h o r i z o n t a l u r, ganzomilebaSi
(dawvr. qvemoT).
Tanamedrove enebSi gavrcelebulia drois wrfivi modeli, magram Zveli kulturis xalxebSi am TvalsazrisiT situacia araerTgvarovania. mag.,
mesopotamiis kulturaSi [romlis arapirdapiri gavlena dasturdeba qarTvelur kosmologiur azrovnebazec (kekeliZe 1956:101 da Semd.)] miRebuli iyo Tvalsazrisi drois sworxazovan dinebaze aSkarad gamoxatuli
ciklurobis gareSe (kloCkovi 1983:21). magram mraval maRalganviTarebul
kulturaSi (Zv. egvipteSi, CineTSi, indoeTSi, actekebis, maias tomebSi da
sxv.), sadac, gabatonebul religiur-filosofiur SexedulebaTa Tanaxmad,
samyaroSi yvelaferi arsebuli meordeba, maT kalendarul sistemebSi warmodgenili droc cikluria da gamoixateba rogorc wriuli moZraoba
(Sdr. mag., induisturi sansaras borbali, romelic gamoxatavs samyaroTa
warmoSobisa da daRupvis wrebrunvas). drois mimdinareoba msgavs ciklebSi, Cveni aRqmisaTvis misawvdomi bunebrivi ciklebisagan damoukideblad,
6
drois moZraoba-uZraobis sakiTxi sxvadasxva periodSi sxvadasxvagvarad wydeboda. mag., Cveni aRqmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli moZravi dro mkveTrad gansxvavdeba miTologiuri droisagan. es ukanaskneli „iyo ara imdenad dro, ramdenadac drois ararseboba, romelic swored am ararsebobiT, cvlilebebis, moZraobis, ganviTarebis, saerTod aqcidenciis gareSe axasiaTebda sinamdvilis uZrav
da faseul mdgomareobas“ (knabe 1991:279}.
222
Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis gamo, drodadro wydeba, Cveulebriv, kacobriobisaTvis gamanadgurebeli kataklizmebis TanxlebiT. magram Zvelis nacvlad iqmneba ganaxlebuli cikli, romelSic yvelaferi Tavidan iwyeba.7
drois wrfiv modelze gadasvla ganpirobebuli Cans ramdenime faqtoriT, rogoricaa: mecnierebis ganviTareba, kulturaTa migracia, yofiTi
pirobebis Secvla, sxva enidan sesxeba da misT. maT Soris unda aRiniSnos
droisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi – adamianis gancda, romelic emyareba movlenaTa Secvlil, axlebur aRqmas. es cvlilebebi mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia mecnierebis ganviTarebaze. kerZod, miCneulia, rom drois klasikuri koncefciebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi ara mxolod muSaobdnen, aramed
gansazRvravdnen adamianis SegrZnebebs samyarozec. magram realobis suraTebis Secvla iwvevs cvlilebebs adamianis aRqmaSi8 (grini 2006. aRqmaTa
SesaZlo cvlilebebis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve gureviCi 1984:II Tavi). Tumca
saxeldeba SemTxvevebic, rodesac klasikuri koncefciebis rRvevas enobriv
asaxvaSi cvlilebebi ar mohyolia: mze axlac iseve „amodis“ da „Cadis“,
rogorc maSin, roca ase egonaT (Sdr. ingl. Sunrise/ Sunset, rus.
/
„ mzis amosvla-Casvla“ da misT).
1.2.2. calmxrivi mimarTuleba. moZravi drois wrfivi xasiaTi gulisxmobs moZraobis mimarTulebas anu drois isars. Tu sivrceSi wrfiv
gadaadgilebas SeiZleba hqondes ormxrivi mimarTuleba: ukan>win/win>ukan
( ), an zeviT >qveviT/qveviT>zeviT, drois isari gviCvenebs mxolod erT,
Seuqcevad mimarTulebas warsulidan momavlisaken, anu rogorc pirobiTad
iTvleba – marcxnidan marjvniv ( ).9
7
8
9
mag., maias kulturis „wminda kalendari“, colkini, sinqronizebuli galaqtikuri kodiT, romelic, faqtobrivad, akontrolebs sicocxlisaTvis umniSvnelovanes yvela saxis energiisa da gamosxivebis rezonansul sixSireebs, grZeldeboda 5000 welze met xans – 3113 (Zv.w.) wlidan 2012 wlamde (ax.w.) da ganwiruli iyo dasrulebisTvis, ramdenadac masSi kacobrioba cxovrobda arasworad
– erTiani kanonis gareSe (magram cikli dasrulda mSvidobiani gadasvliT).
adamianis aRqmaSi msgavsi cvlilebebi, rogorc Tanamedrove fiziologiuri
kvlevebidan xdeba cxadi, ganpirobebulia kognitiuri performansis deficitiTac (SiSiT, SeSfoTebiT da misT.), rac iwvevs yuradRebis kontrolis modunebasa da Sedegad zeviT/ qveviT an maRla/dabla mimarTulebebs Soris gansxvavebis Sesustebasac (bar-haimi...…2010:255 da Semd.).
drois isris marjvena mimarTulebis miCneva mTlianad pirobiTad ar SeiZleba
CaiTvalos adekvaturad. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT tvinis lateralizaciis Sedegad
adamianis marjvena xelis gaaqtiurebasa da adamianTa praqtikul moRvaweobaSi
mis wamyvan rols. enobriv asaxvaSi es realoba leqsikurad gamoxatulia marjvena da marcxena mxareebis mkveTrad dapirispirebuli TvisebebiT: Tu marjvena
mxaresTan, gamoyenebuli gansazRvrebebis mixedviT, dakavSirebulia iseTi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa – sikeTe, samarTlianoba, WeSmariteba, wesrigi, gamarjveba da
misT., marcxena mxare warmodgenilia rogorc yovelgvari ukeTurebis saTave,
romelic vlindeba TvisebebSi: marcxianoba, ukuRmarToba da misT. Sdr. qarT.
marjve, xelmarjve, gamarjveba, ... / marcxi, xelmarcxiani, damarcxeba, ...; megr.
morZgvi „marjvena“, „waRma, waRmapiri“ / kvarCxi „marcxena“, „ukuRmarTi“ da
223
calmxrivad mimarTuli wrfivi drois gageba gamarTlebulia rogorc
individis cxovrebiseuli, ise sazogadoebis istoriuli gamocdilebiT.
yovelive amis ukan dgas Cveni m e x s i e r e b a, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs, davafiqsiroT movlenaTa Tanmimdevroba, rogorc awmyoSi, ise
warsulSi da ganvWvritoT igi momavalSic. saxeldobr, yuradRebas iqcevs
Cven garSemo mudmivad mimdinare da aRqmisTvis advilad misawvdomi bunebrivi Tu anTropogenuri procesebi, romlebic iwveven Seuqcevad cvlilebebs: es aris xeebidan foTolTcvena, Rrublebidan naleqebis Camosvla,
mTidan zvavis Camowola, saxlis dangreva, WurWlis damsxvreva, xanZari,
organizmebSi sasicocxlo procesebis – zrdis, daberebis da a.S. mimdinareoba. magram ar xdeba Camosuli naleqebis ukan abruneba, ferflidan sxeulis, sagnis aRdgena, zrdis procesis Semobruneba embrionis mdgomareobisaken da a.S. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa adamianis ena, romlis
kodirebis samive saxe (sametyvelo, weriTi, Jesturi) gviCvenebs erT ucvlel Tanmimdevrobas _ winisken. yovelive es erTmniSvnelovnad qmnis gancdas movlenaTa mimdinareobis drois Seuqcevadobaze. da amdenad mxolod
erTi droiTi isris arsebobaze (klaini 2009:18).10
1.2.3. uwyvetoba. zemoT aRniSnuli iyo, rom erTganzomilebiani da
calmxrivad mimarTuli dro eqvemdebareba segmentebad danawevrebas. es
principi exeba nebismier met-naklebi xangrZlivobis droiT erTeuls, maT
Soris yvelaze did, enobrivi TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanes (da lingvisturi droisaTvis specifikur) droiT periodebs, rogoricaa warsuli
(namyo), axlandeli (awmyo), momavali (myofadi). isini xasiaTdebian rogorc sakuTari leqsikiT, ise gramatikuli niSnebiT, magram es viTareba
xels ar uSlis maTi uwyvetobis gancdas. es gasagebia, ramdenadac sivrcis msgavsad enobrivi droc deiqturi kategoriaa, magram orientaciis
gansxvavebuli principebiTa11 da Sesabamisad gansxvavebuli struqturebiT.
10
11
misT.; rus. П
,,marjvena“,
,,samarTali“,
,,simarTle“/
„marcxena“, `arakanonieri“,
„arakanonierad mSovneli“; ingl. wriht ,,marjvena, samarTliani, swori“... / left „marcxena: left handed ,,mouxerxebeli, pirferi, saeWvo“. marjvena xelis wamyvani roli ikveTeba damwerlobis sistemebSic.
drois svlis calmxrivi mimarTuleba (uaxlesi monacemebiT) ivaraudeba fizikur samyaroSic. SemoTavazebulia sami saxis Seuqcevadi mimarTuleba, drois
isrebi: Termodinamikuri (entropiis zrda), fsiqologiuri (gvaxsovs warsuli
da ara momavali), kosmologiuri (materiis gafarToeba). maT miewerebaT sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebi, magram saerToa is, rom asaxaven drois calmxriv mimdinareobas (hokingi 2001).
sivrcisa da drois lokaciebs Soris erT-erTi gansxvaveba, b. komris mixedviT,
vlindeba swored drosa da sivrceSi deiqturobasTan dakavSirebiT: 1. deiqturi
ara-aq Tu sivrceSi moicavs yvelafers, rac ar Sedis molaparakis situaciaSi,
erTganzomilebiani drois ara-axla Semofarglulia mxolod awmyoTi gaTiSuli
warsuliTa da momavliT; 2. gansxvavebulia I da II pirTa poziciebic: Tu I da II
224
igi warmogvidgeba molaparake piris sivrcesTan erTad: aq – axla – me
(biuleri 2000:94). swored a x l a gvevlineba aTvlis wertilad mis
winmswreb – namyo da momdevno – myofad droTa identifikaciisaTvis. magram ra aris axla? iseve rogorc sivrcisaTvis mniSvnelovani aq _ pirveli piris sivrce _ ganisazRvreba mxolod molaparake subieqtis mier, misi Sexedulebisamebr, specialistebi erTsulovanni arian imis aRiarebaSic,
rom enobrivi saSualebebiT SeuZlebelia dadgindes, sad iwyeba da sad
mTavrdeba axla da, maSasadame, sad gadis zRvari droiT periodebs Soris.
ramdenadac droul zRvars awesebs mxolod molaparake subieqti (resp.
enobrivi koleqtivi), drois uwyvet dinebaSi aTvlis wertilic – axla
SeiZleba iyos drois nebismieri monakveTi, warmoTqmis momentidan dawyebuli dReebis, Tveebis, wlebis da a.S. CaTvliT, romlebTan mimarTebiT
yovelTvis iarsebebs Sesabamisi warsulica da momavalic. ase rom, Tu aRniSnul sam enobriv drod dayofa bunebrivi Cans enebisaTvis (yovel SemTxvevaSi, maTi umravlesobisaTvis mainc),12 axla-s enobrivi sazRvrebis
dadgena garkveul, TiTqmis gadaulaxav, sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. aRniSnuli sirTulis asacileblad axla-s Cveulebriv akavSireben
laparakis momentTan, rac arsebiTad axal sirTuleebs qmnis. Sdr. mag.,
megr. ase vagiwio? „axla ar giTxari“? an ase qogiwinq „axla getyvi“, sadac awmyos aRmniSvneli ase „axla“ gamoyenebulia rogorc warsul, ise
momavlis aRmniSvnel zmnebTan. aseve araadekvaturi Cans meti sizustisaTvis axla-s dakavSireba uSualod warmoTqmis momentTan, rasac, faqtobrivad, mivyavarT saerTod awmyos „gaqrobamde“. magram „obieqturi“ enobrivi
kriteriumebis ararsebobis pirobebSic ki molaparakem (da masTan komunikaciis procesSi CarTulma msmenelmac) i c i s, ra aris awmyo. es bunebrivia: adamiani cxovrobs ara mxolod warmoTqmis momentSi, aramed mudmivad awmyoSi, romlis nebismieri momenti SeiZleba iyos „axla“. sxva sityvebiT, adamians ganuyrelad Tan sdevs awmyos g a n c d a. am konteqstSi
12
piri – molaparake da msmeneli (Tanamedrove teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT) SeiZleba iyvnen sxvadasxva sivrceSi, molaparake – msmenelisaTvis arsebobs
mxolod erTi temporaluri deiqturi centri (komri 1985:15-16).
mag., kunZul trobriandis (wyn. okeane) mkvidrTa enaSi ar aris temporaluri
kavSiri movlenebs Soris: moqmedeba ganixileba ara drouli mimdevrobis terminebiT – warsuli, awmyo, momavali (romelTa Soris am enaSi enobrivi gansxvaveba ar arsebobs), aramed ufro moqmedebis mizezis an motivaciis terminebiT. trobriandels SeuZlia aRniSnos, rom moqmedeba Sesrulda, magram es ar
niSnavs, rom es moxda warsulSi: is SeiZleba dasruldes awmyoSi, an aRiniSnos udroo zmnebiT. rodesac Cven vambobT movlenaze, rom igi moxda „mravali
wlis win“ da Sesabamisad viyenebT namyos formebs, trobriandeli ambobs: „Cemi
mamis bavSvobaSi“. rodesac Cven vxedavT droSi ganviTarebis xazs, trobriandelisaTvis es aris wertili, romlis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba ganmeorebadi
modelebis msgavsebaSi (li 1971:81-95).
225
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens deiqturi origos (laT. Origo ,,warmoSoba~, ,,sawyisi“) cneba (biuleri 2000:94; klaini 2009:28). kerZod, temporalur mimarTebaTa dadgenisas molaparakisaTvis (da msmenelisTvisac)
origo warmogvidgeba rogorc erTaderTi saSualeba, „gamyofi wertili“,
mentaluri orientiri warsuls, awmyosa da momavals Soris.13 saxeldobr,
awmyo, romlis konkretuli warmomadgenelicaa „axla“, droiTi mimarTulebis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT, nulovania, magram mexsiereba saSualebas
gvaZlevs, „davinaxoT“ warsuli, romelsac „axlasTan“ mimarTebiT ukavia
pozicia – ufro adre, win. Cven viciT Cveni warsuli, romelTanac erTad
movdivarT. magram Cven viciT saerTod warsuli, ramdenadac arsebobs istoriuli mexsiereba, sazogadoebis gamocdileba14 da Cveni e n a, romlebic inaxaven warsuls. isini SesaZleblobas iZlevian ara mxolod „davinaxoT“ warsuli, aramed davadginoT warsulis monakveTebic. es xdeba rogorc kalendaruli sazomiT (qristianoba saqarTveloSi oficialur re-
ligiad iTvleba V saukunidan; daviT aRmaSenebeli gardaicvala 1125 wels),
ise enobrivadac. es ukanaskneli, Cveulebriv, gamoixateba morfologiurad
_ gramatikuli droebiT da leqsikurad _ zmnisarTebiT. orive SemTxvevaSi warsuli dgindeba fardobiTad, ramdenad axlos an Sors Tavsdeba is
deiqtur origosTan mimarTebiT (dawvr. qvemoT).
analogiuri suraTia momavlis SemTxvevaSic, romelsac „axlasTan“ mimarTebiT ukavia pozicia – ufro gvian, Semdeg. mexsiereba, warsulis gamocdileba, kognitiur procesebTan erTad, safuZvels qmnis momavlis
„codnisaTvis“, misi prognozirebisa da dagegmvisaTvis.15 deiqsisisa da
13
14
15
origo umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs temporalur mimarTebaTa enobriv kodirebaSi. amis nimuSia drois gramatikuli kategoria – Tense, romelic klasikuri gagebiT nebismier droiT movlenas aTavsebs deiqtur origosTan (pirobiTad _ laparakis momentTan) mimarTebiT. aseve arsebobs drois origosTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli zmnisarTebi, Tumca am ukanasknelTa mniSvneloba zustad
ar emTxveva origos.
warsulisaken xedva damaxasiaTeblad aris miCneuli Zveli da Sua saukuneebis
kulturebisaTvis. mag., Zveli berZnebi cnobdnen drois calmxrivad mimarTul
dinebas _ zurgsuknidan momdinare warsulidan win momavlisaken anu cnobilidan ucnobi usasrulobisaken. aseve warsulis maRali Sefaseba damaxasiaTebeli
iyo mesopotamiis kulturisaTvis, sadac warsuli mudam rCeboda misabaZ magaliTad. amitomac „fsiqologiurad babilonelebi, iseve rogorc Sumerebi, orientirebuli iyvnen warsul droze. Tu Tanamedrove adamianisaTvis „momavlisken
yureba“ niSnavs „win yurebas“, Sumeri an babiloneli win yurebisas xedavda
warsuls; momavali Tavsdeboda mis zurgs ukan” (kloCkovi 1983:29).
drois winaswarmetyvelebas aqvs myari fiziologiuri safuZveli. droiTi winaswarxedva („implicituri taimingi“) dgeba maSin, rodesac sensoruli stimulebisa da motoruli reaqciebis regularuli temporaluri modeli aumjobesebs, aCqarebs aratemporaluri amocanebis gadawyvetas (mag., gzis usafrTxo
gadaWra transportis intensiuri moZraobis pirobebSi). magram aRniSnuli
226
drois zmnisarTebis saSualebiT SegviZlia gamovxatoT momavalic, ganvsazRvroT masSi mimdinare movlenaTa Tanmimdevrobac.16
droiTi kontinuumis gamosaxatavad SeiZleba mivmarToT o. iespersenis
(1958:300) klasikur sqemas, romelic sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT kritikis
sagani gaxda (komri 1985:100; laionzi 1978:322), magram droiTi periodebis sailustraciod savsebiT adekvaturia:
– – – – – – – – – – – – – 0 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ->
warsuli
axlandeli
momavali
2. droiTi mimarTebebebis enobrivi struqtura megrulSi
2.1. drois aRsaniSnavad megrulSi gamoyenebuli gramatikuli da leqsikuri saSualebebidan gramatikulTa wili SedarebiT SezRudulia. saxeldobr, aseT saSualebaTa klasikur nimuSad miCneuli Tense _ „gramatikuli dro~, faqtobrivad, warmodgenilia deiqturi principiT dadgenili, gramatikulad gansxvavebuli droiTi periodebiT _ awmyo, namyo, myofadi. magram TiToeuli am periodis Semdgomi dayofa ufro mcire gramatikul-semantikur monakveTebad, qarTvelur enaTa SemTxvevaSi, mwkrivebad
(SaniZe 1973:215 da Semd.) emyareba ara drois, aramed sxva kategoriebs:
modalobas (samive droiT periodSi), unaxaobas [TurmeobiTebi awmyos
jgufSi (rogava 1953: 17-31)], moqmedebis wyveta /uwyvetelobas (namyo
droSi, aoristisa da n.-uwyvetlis formebSi). gamonakliss qmnian namyo
drois e.w. I da II TurmeobiTis formebi, romlebic, erTi mxriv, upirispirdebian aoristis, rogorc namyo-wyvetilis formebs da, meore mxriv,
erTmaneTs, rogorc namyo drois farglebSi TxrobiTi kilos gansxvavebuli droiTi monakveTebi: namyo sruli, perfeqti da misgan nawarmoebi wi-
16
temporaluri modeli ara mxolod efeqturi strategiaa winaswar ganWvretadi
SemTxvevebisaTvis, aramed gamoyenebulia iseTi movlenisTvisac, romelic jer
ar Semdgara, magram iqneba. es temporaluri molodini ilustraciaa „riskis
funqciis“ fenomenisa, anu mzardi albaTobisa, rom movlena, romelic jer ar
arsebula, momavalSi iarsebebs. obieqturad mzardi albaToba (da, maSasadame,
subieqturad mzardi gancda temporaluri molodinisa) emyareba drois calmxriv mimarTuli dinebis anu drois isris winaswar ganWvretad Zalas. ramdenadac dro ganuxrelad miedineba win, mosalodneli movlena, romelic jer ar
Semdgara, aucileblad Sedgeba momavalSi. es gamowveulia ara sensoruli
signalebiT, aramed TviT drois mimdinareobiT (kouli... 2011:4-5).
aseT gancdas xels uwyobs agreTve adamianis TviTidentifikacia: adamianis identuroba (rogorc es eriqsonis egofsiqologiuri gamokvlevebidan xdeba cxadi), garda piradi igiveobisa sivrceSi, gulisxmobs agreTve pirovnebis mier
identurobis gancdas droSic.
227
nare warsuli, pluskvamperfeqti. Sdr. Aaoristi _ midarTu „wavida“, namyo sruli, perfeqti _ midurTumu „wasula“; winare warsuli, pluskvamperfeqti _ midurTumu-du „ufro adre wasula~ (sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix.
yifSiZe 1914:086; meliqiSvili i. 1998:127-142; qobalava 2001:127).
drois aRmniSvneli leqsikuri repertuari megrulSi moicavs enobriv
saSualebaTa farTo speqtrs: drois aRmniSvnel arsebiT da zedsarTav saxelebs, nacvalsaxelebs, zmnebs; simravliTa da semantikuri mravalferovnebiT gansakuTrebul adgils ikaveben zmnisarTebi: gvxvdeba rogorc martivi (Ruma „wuxel“, wii „wels“... ) da warmoqmnili (goRa „guSin“, Timwkuma „im dros, maSin“, arTiSax „erTxel“...), aseve rTuli Sedgenilobis
zmnisarTuli konstruqciebi (goTana pis „gaTenebis Jams“, akoserua borjis „saRamo Jams“da misT.). amasTanave, drois segmentaciisaTvis, sakuTriv
droiT leqsikasTan erTad, gamoyenebulia (identuri an Secvlili mniSvnelobiT) sivrcul mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli leqsikuri da gramatikuli
saSualebebic (Ciqobava 1961:489; kiziria 1982: 252-272; gabunia 1993:
138-129).
2.2. zogadad moZraobis anu, rogorc is gamoxatulia enobriv asaxvaSi, d r o i s d i n e b i s aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebuli epiTetebis mixedviT, dro xasiaTdeba rogorc mudmivi, usasrulo da uwyveti, kargi an
cudi, romelic miedineba TavisTavad. igi ar eqvemdebareba gazomvas da saerTod ar gamoxatavs lokalizaciasTan anu droiT segmentaciasTan dakavSirebul raime niSans. es ufro poeturi an filosofiuri daxasiaTebaa
da amitom konkretuli droiTi monakveTebisaTvis miRebuli kiTxvebi –
muJans „rodis, ra dros“, musxans „ra droSi, ramden xans“, soiSax „sanamde“ da misT. mis mimarT araadekvaturia.
zemoaRniSnuli zogadi mniSvnelobiT drois gamomxatveli sityva winadadebaSi gamoiyeneba saxeluri funqciiT da gadmoscems subieqts an obieqts (Sesabamis brunvebSi) da ar monawileobs temporalur mimarTebaTa
struqturebis SeqmnaSi. am funqciiT gvxvdeba zogadad drois aRmniSvneli
sityvebi: qarTulidan (an qarTulis gziT) SedarebiT gvian Sesuli –
dro, /droeba, xani/xanoba, Jami da sakuTriv megrulSi gavrcelebuli
borji.17 isini (garda Jamisa) gvevlinebian sinonimebad da, rogorc ase-
17
borji „dro, Jami, droeba, vada...“ megrulSi drois aRmniSvnel sityvaTa Soris
yvelaze gavrcelebulia. amave Ziridan aris nawarmoebi borjali „daTqmuli dro,
vada“ da zmna ‘a’borjeba „abneva, mxris qceva.“ borjali „paemnis Jami“ dadasturebulia Zv. qarTulSi (orb. 41:115). qarTulis dialeqtebSi – gurulsa da
imerulSi dadasturebuli borji da borjali aSkarad megruli nasesxoba Cans.
rac Seexeba svanurSi imave mniSvnelobiT dafiqsirebul leqsemas _ borj „vada“ (niJ. 44), misTvis uSualod qarTulis gza aris navaraudevi (m. saRliani).
228
Tebi, enacvlebian erTmaneTs.18 drois dinebis aRsaniSnavad Cveulebriv gamoyenebulia moZraobis aRmniSvneli finituri zmnebi: ula ,,svla, siaruli“, giSula ,,gamosvla, gasvla“, mikula ,,gavla, Cavla“, geFuna „ukan miyola“, geTxozini „ukan midevneba“ da misT.:
borji, irfeli si gobaru, ulir ren do mumalu, mirsioluq umuxarcqo, iro arTinero malu _ ,,drov, yvelaferi Sen gabaria,
warsulia Tu momavali, misrialeb Seuwyvetlad, mudam erTnairad
mavali“ (qxs I:157);
miSes borjefi, borjefc geFundes _ „midiodnen droebi, droebs
miyvebodnen“ (qaj. I)
dro do xanq giSarTu _ „dro da xani gavida“ (xub. 301,12);
mukirTu dro do xanq _ „gavida dro da xani~ (yifS. 56,15);
„jgiri dro duugoru _ „kargi dro mouZebna“ (qaj. I:506)...
2.3. ganxiluli droiTi monakveTebisagan gansxvavebiT, konkretulad
iTvleba dro, rodesac SesaZlebeli xdeba enaSi misi identifikacia rogorc droiTi erTeulisa, e.i. ganisazRvreba lingvisturi droisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT.19
droiTi erTeulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo niSnebis dadgena,
bunebrivia, sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. erT-erT maTganze, kerZod,
adekvaturad gaanalizebuli masalis simcireze, yuradRebas amaxvilebs v.
klaini da gvTavazobs mxolod kargad Seswavlil enaTa (berZnulis, laTinuris, inglisuris) analizis safuZvelze dadgenil aucilebel niSnebs,
rogoricaa: A. segmenturoba, B. inkluzia, C. mimdevroba, D. xangrZlivoba, E. origo, F. proqsimaluroba, G. kvalitatiuri Tvisebebis arqona
(klaini 1994: 61-62; 2009:27-28). dasaxelebuli niSnebi, marTalia, TviT
avtorisave gancxadebiT, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos universalurad, magram is
sruli informacia, romelsac igi gvawvdis aRniSnul enaTa monacemebze
damyarebiT, seriozuli dasayrdenia SedarebiTi kvlevisaTvis.
18
19
dro, xani da Jami sityvebis mniSvnelobebi TviT qarTulSic ar aris mkveTrad
gamijnuli. s.-s. orbelianis ganmartebaTa mixedviT, dro [„JamTa keTil-avobisa
saxeli... gina: dro ars anu udroo da eseviTarni“ (orb. 41:229)] da xani („JamT
gamovlani“ ibid. 42:413) upirispirdebian Jams im niSniT, rom maT ara aqvT „sazomi“. maTgan gansxvavebiT, Jami Tvladia, igi drois nawilia („erTi dRe da Rame
ars ocdaoTxi Jami“ (ibid. 41:435). aRniSnul sityvaTa semantikisaTvis vrclad
ix. abulaZe 1988:154-164; meliqiSvili d. 2009.
drois amgvari gageba axlosaa niutonis „relatiur~, „yoveldRiur“ drosTan,
rodesac es ukanaskneli „absoluturi, WeSmariti da maTematikuri“ droisagan
gansxvavebiT ganixileba rogorc „relatiuri“ da „yoveldRiuri“, romelic aris
„ramdenadme sensoruli da garegani (zusti an aramdgradi) gansazRvra diuraciisa moZraobis meSveobiT da is Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba WeSmariti drois nacvlad; aseTebia saaTi, dRe, Tve, weli“ (klaini 2009:9-10).
229
Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT s e g m e n t u r o b a s – droiTi kontinuumis danawevrebis anu temporaluri erTeulebis dadgenis SesaZleblobas, romelic universaluri Tvisebaa droiTi erTeulebisaTvis,
megrulisaTvis (resp. qarTveluri enebisaTvis) ZiriTad niSnebad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos: mimdevroba (poziciuroba), xangrZlivoba, sixSire, dinebis
tempi. aRniSnuli Tvisebebi enobrivad gamoxatulia zmnisarTebiT.
2.3.1. im funqciebis mixedviT, romelsac zmnisarTebi asruleben droiTi
monakveTebis aRniSvnaSi, pirvel yovlisa, SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT ori jgufi:
1. zmnisarTebi, romlebic saerToa samive droiTi periodisaTvis;
2. zmnisarTebi, romlebic specifikuria romelime erTi periodisaTvis.
konkretuli drois gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT, gansxvavebas avlenen
droiTi monakveTebic. garCeulia agreTve ori jgufi:
a. pirvel jgufSi erTiandebian drois monakveTebi, romlebic konkretul dros gamoxataven sxva droiTi monakveTebisagan damoukideblad,
martivi winadadebis farglebSi da, amasTanave, SeiZleba ganisazRvron
mimdinareobis procesisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT.
b. meore jgufs ganekuTvnebian droiTi monakveTebi, romelTa dadgena
xdeba mxolod sxva droiT monakveTebTan mimarTebiT. aRniSnuli mimarTebebi qmnian drois RerZs, ageben droiT struqturebs.
2.3.2. damoukidebeli drois aRsaniSnavad kiTxvaze muJans? „rodis, ra
dros~ gamoyenebulia pirvel (araspecifikur) jgufSi Semavali zmnisarTebi. aq erTiandebian sakuTriv drois zmnisarTebi (amdRa „dRes“, Wume
„xval“, wii „wels“...) an drois gamomxatveli sityvebi ( borji, zarxuli
da misT.) zmnisarTuli funqciiT. am ukanasknelebs drois ganmsazRvrelad
erTvian CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi – ‘a’Te „am“, ‘e’Ti, Tim „im“.20 maTi saSualebiT gamoixateba konkretuli dro, romelSic adgili aqvs/qonda/eqneba nebismier moqmedebas: Te/Ti/Tim dros, borjis, xanobas, Jams „am/im
dros“, Te/Ti maras ,,am/im kviras“, Te/Ti/Tim dRas ,,am/im dRes...:
wana Te borjis sabaton dRas ... karc guvonjanq _ ,,gaisad am dros
SabaT dRes ... kars gavaReb“ (yifS. 76:31-32);
miTi RuraSa rinas isxunuans, aTaq iFii wana Te JamiSava _ ,,vinc sikvdils amjobinebs, aq iqneba gaisad am droisaTviso“ (yifSiZe iqve);
xaTe oko bziraT Tim dRaSi dasabaR fara _ „maSinve unda SevagrovoT im dRis samyofi fuli“(qxs 11:185);
i borc Te rokiTi sqvami Wyoni rdu _ „im dros es gamxmari
totic lamazi muxa iyo“ (qaj. I:254);
20
aRniSnuli nacvalsaxelebi Tanabrad gamoiyenebian rogorc sivrcul, ise droiT
konstruqciebSi, garda Tim formisa, romelic mxolod drois aRmniSvnel saxelebTan Cndeba. i. yifSiZis mixedviT, Tim fuZe SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc Ti
nacvalsaxelis iribi brunvis forma (Sdr. qarT. is _ im) (yifSiZe 1914:43).
230
aTe Svans gerq molarTu _ „am dros mgeli wamovida“ (xub. 10:7).
...Ti zoTons didi Tiroba Fofe _ „im zamTars didi Tovloba
yofila“ (saub.).
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis funqciiT moqmedebis drois aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebulia agreTve drois romelime konkretuli monakveTis (dila, saRamo...) an drosTan dakavSirebuli raime regularuli xasiaTis _ sadiloba, vaxSmoba da misT. (an saerTod qmedebis) aRmniSvneli sityvebi, romlebic sakuTriv drois gamomxatvel sityvebTan _ borji, SedarebiT iSviaTad _ dro, Jami, xani/xanoba warmoqmnian arametrikul droiT monakveTebs: goTana borji „gaTenebis dro, gamTenia“, ondRe borji „SuadRe“,
onjua borji „saRamo xani“, akoserua borji „daRamebis dro“, osorSoba
borji „vaxSmobis dro~, wirua Jami „wirvis dro“ da a.S.:
...onjua borjis arTi jima qumoursu _ „saRamo xans erTi Zma modis“ (qxs 11: 170);
‘Teqi’ onjua droc kakurezi demi mourc _ „iq saRamo xans gadaberebuli devi modis“ (qxs 11:172);
goteba borjis Wkveri koCq boSi qimiiWanuu do aTaS dozokulu _
gaSvebis dros Wkvianma kacma vaJi daibara da ase daariga (cag. 3);
‘qoTomiS saxe’ Sqaser borjis qimujRonu ajiaq Ti axalgazrdas _
„‘qaTmis saxe’ SuaRamis dros gaugzavna ajiam im axalgazrdas“
(xub. 220:2)...
konkretuli drois dazustebas emsaxureba agreTve rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi: maJira mara „meore kvira“, masuma TuTa „mesame Tve, maCxora
dRa „mecxre dRe“ da a.S.:
masuma sersiT qumuYonu masuma cxeni _ „mesame Ramesac mouyvana
mesame cxeni~ (cag. 56);
maJira oWumares boSiq Svidoba duCinu ‘osurs’ _ „meore dilas
vaJma mSvidoba daubara ‘qals’~ (xub. 1,7:8);
maCxora dRas qimerTes TunTiSa _ „mecxre dRes mividnen daTvTan“
(xub. 10:29).
aRniSnuli monakveTebi SeiZleba ganisazRvron agreTve drois damaxasiaTebeli niSnebidan (ix.zemoT) _ xangrZlivobiT, Sexvedris (gameorebis)
sixSiriT, mimdinareobis tempiT.
a) droiTi monakveTebis xangrZlivobis gamosaxatavad drois aRmniSvnel
sityvebs _ dro, xani daerTvis sidide/simciris aRmniSvneli viTarebiTi zedsarTavebi an ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebi. Sesabamisad
gvaqvs: didi dro/ /xani, WiWe dro//xani „mcire dro“, „cota xani“,
kunta xani „cota (mokle) xani“, breli xani „sakmao xani“, arTi xani
//arT xanobas „raRac xani//raRac dros“ da a.S.:
231
We xanq mukiilu _ „cota xanma gaiara“ (yifS. 57,1);
arTi ordos ozes ginilu _ „erT dilas ezodan gavida“ (yifSiZe 23...);
brel xaniS golofas didi tarozubadoba moFunsia _ „didi xnis
gvalvas didi avdari mohyvebao~ (xalx. sibrZne I).
Tvladi (metrikuli) droiTi monakveTebi wana „weli“, mara/marua
„kvira“, dRa „dRe“ ganisazRvrebian raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelebiT: sumi
TuTa „sami Tve“, xuTi wana „xuTi weli~ da a.S.:
giSelu arTi wanaq _ „gavida erTi weli“ (xub. 219,17);
idu sum wanas do sum TuTas do qimerTu _ „iara sami weli da
sami Tve da mivida~ (yifS. 100).
b) drois monakveTebis gamoCenis sixSire aRiniSneba zmnisarTebiT, romlebic gamoxataven gzisobis gansxvavebul intensivobas: iro//iriaTo,
dRamuSis, osog’i’Te//osoqTe//osokoTe _ „dReniadag, mudam, sul, yovelTvis“:
qiana iro miTins vegesqiladunia _ „qveyana mudam aravis SerCeniao“
(andaza};
Wura iro wyars vemiRans _ „koka yovelTvis wyals ver moitans~
(yifS. 178);
awi osokoTe ragadue, koCi vadaijers _ „awi sul rom ilaparako,
aravin dagijerebs“ (saub.)...
rac Seexeba jerobis zusti raodenobis gamoxatvas Tvlad droiT erTeulebTan, gamoyenebulia rTuli bolosarTi -Sa’x’ (mimarTulebiTi br. Sa+x
Tandebuli), romelic sivrcesa da droSi gamoiyeneba qarTuli -mde Tandebulis mniSvnelobiT (kiziria 1982:256; gabunia 1993:50): Sdr. FudeSa‘-x’
„saxlamde“, magram goTanaSa‘x’ „gaTenebamde“, akoseruaSa‘x’ `daRamebamde~,
JaSxaSa‘x’ `kviramde~ da a.S.
Tvlad droiT monakveTebTan igive mawarmoebeli gamoyenebulia jerobis gamosaxatavad: akaSa‘x’//arTiSa‘x’ „erTxel“, JirSax „orjer“, oSiSax
„asjer“, aTas‘i’Sax „aTasjer“...; kalkaleSa‘x’ ,,zogjer, xandaxan~; brelSa‘x’
„bevrjer, mravaljer“. semantikurad amave jgufSi erTiandeba agreTve moqmedebis ganmeorebadobis aRmniSvneli zmnisarTebi kini da xolo (erT-erTi
mniSvnelobiT) „kidev, isev, kvlav“:
akaSax vara qogikiTxiruno muWo reqiava _ „erTxel mainc gikiTxavs
rogor xaro?~ (saubr.);
koCi arTSax debadebu do arTSax Rurunia _ „kaci erTxel daibadeba da erTxel mokvdebao“ (xalx. sibrZne 70);
kalkaleSa qogaSinu pato-WyoralaSi xana _ „zogjer axsendeba
batonymobis dro“ (qxs 1,36);
232
brelSax vopeq gaWirebas, mara miTiniSa vegembralebu _ „bevrjer
vyofilvar gasaWirSi, magram sxvisTvis ar damibralebia“ (saub.);
dirTu koni sode dinorTuni TeqineSis _ „‘vaJi’ isev dabrunda iq,
sadac Cavida“ (xub. 3:26);
gedirTu boSiq do kini ula mindomu... _ „adga vaJi da kvlav
wasvla moindoma“... (yifS. 30, 22);
qimerTu zRvaSa, mara midarTu, ... kini qomorTu Taq, kini midarTu,
kini qomorTu _ „mivida zRvasTan, magram wavida, ... isev mivida,
isev wavida, isev movida“ (xub. 108:4-5);
maJira dRas okodu xolo gamorsuko dida „meore dRes undoda
kvlav gamoecada deda“ (qxs 11,44 ).
droSi moqmedebis gzisobis sapirispirod, aRiniSneba situaciebic, rodesac garkveuli qmedeba 1. jer ar momxdara, magram molodini aris an 2. arasodes moxdeba. pirveli SemTxveva aRniSnulia zmnisarTiT dio da dinamikur zmnebTan, Cveulebriv, gamoxatulia uaryofiTi formebiT.21 uaryofiTi
mniSvneloba „arasodes“ gamoxatulia zmnisarTiT dRas „dRes“ zmnis uaryofiT da kiTxviT formebTan:
dio didaSi bJa vagosqirafunia _ „jer dedis rZe ar SeSrobia~
(xalx. sibrZne I:39;
moragade doRuru, naragadu dRas vaRuru _ „mTqmeli mokvdeba,
naTqvami arasodes mokvdeba“ (yifS. 180:118);
dRas mis gugonebu margaliS (yazaxiS) samarTali, kambeSiS kamanwyari _ „aba vis gaugonia megrelis (glexis) samarTali da kameCis
xorcis wveni“ (xalx. sibrZne I:41)...
g) drois mimdinareobis tempi SeiZleba iyos Cqari an neli. umetesad gamoyenebulia zmnisarTebi: Cqaras „Cqara“, neras/neraT „nela, mdored“
(Sdr. neri „mdore wyali“), wynaras//wyinaras „nela, wynarad“, valiS
mamalas „elvis siswrafiT“.22
21
22
zmnisarTi dio `jer~ kombinaciaSi drois aRmniSvnel zmnisarTTan ukuli `Semdeg~ gamoxatavs moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevrobas: dio si eSeli do ukuli ma giSa
miFonia _ `jer Sen adi da mere me amiyvaneo~ (xub. 13).
mimarTebiTi drois gamoxatvasTan semantikurad axlos dgas agreTve zmnisarTi
xaTe. igi aRniSnavs dros, romelSic sruldeba raime moqmedebis momdevno (masze damokidebuli) myisieri qmedeba: ena boSiq qigegonuni, xaTe ... eSelu _ „es
rom vaJma gaigona, maSinve avida~ (yifS. 38,14); ndiq mikoraafa do viSo ekirTu
xaTe xolo _ „devi mikarebisTanave umal waiqca~ (xub. 5,4). aRniSnuli mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba zmnisarTi malas: muWoT qegegu, malas midarTu _ `rogorc ki gaigo, male (umal) wavida~.
233
2.4. meore jgufs ganekuTvnebian droiTi monakveTebi, romelTa dadgena
xdeba mxolod sxva droiT monakveTebTan mimarTebiT. es ukanasknelebi gamoxatulia rogorc drois zmnisarTebiT, ise deiqturi da aradeiqturi,
anaforuli mimarTebebiT.23
im monacemTa safuZvelze, romelsac gvawvdis konkretuli saanalizo
masala, dro megrulSi (resp. qarTvelur enebSi) SeiZleba daxasiaTdes saerTod enobriv asaxvaSi miRebuli niSnebis mixedviT, rogorc erTganzomilebiani,24 calmxrivad mimarTuli, uwyveti Tanmimdevroba. mocemuli analizi am niSanTa gaTvaliswinebiT aris warmodgenili.
2.4.1. erTganzomilebianoba. droiT monakveTTa TanmimdevrobaSi droiTi
mimarTeba umos adre/umos gviano „ufro adre/ufro gvian“ gvxvdeba namyosa da myofadSi. rac Seexeba Tanadroulobas, igi vlindeba yvela droiT
periodSi, magram awmyoSi, misi semantikidan gamomdinare, erTaderTia.
1) Tanadrouloba, rogorc temporaluri mimarTebis forma, gamoxatavs
movlenaTa mimdinareobas erTsa da imave droSi, Tumca am drois sazRvrebis zustad dadgena sakmaod rTulia: igi moicavs gansxvavebul situaciebs, romlebSic erTi da imave saSualebebiT aRiniSneba rogorc
droiTi intervalebis sruli (I) an nawilobrivi (II) damTxveva, ise
situaciebs, rodesac intervalebi, faqtobrivad, ar emTxvevian erTmaneTs, Tumca moiazrebian erT droiT sivrceSi (III).25
Tanadrouloba megrulSi gamoxatulia gramatikulad, ZiriTadad sintaqsurad. SeiZleba vilaparakoT morfologiur gamoxatvazec.26
sintaqsurad Tanadrouloba realizdeba rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSi, sadac mTavar winadadebaSi gamoxatuli moqmedebis dro, kiTxvebze muJans, mu dros//mudos, mu borjis „rodis?~, soiSa‘x’ „sanamde“, muJaniSax,
sondaro „ra dromde“, muJan‘i’Se „ra droidan“ da a.S., zustdeba daqvemdebarebul winadadebaSi Sesabamisi mimarTebiTi zmnisarTebiT: muJansiT
23
24
25
26
anaforuli relatumi emyareba ara deiqtur centrs, aramed anaforuls. anaforulia relatumi, anu nebismieri droiTi monakveTi, romelTan mimarTebiTac
ganisazRvreba sxva droiTi monakveTebi (klaini 2009:34-35).
drois erTganzomilebianobisaTvis megrulSi ix. agreTve gabunia 1993:135.
sakiTxze specialuri msjeloba ivaraudeba calke. aq mxolod dasaxelebulia
ramdenime tipuri SemTxveva.
igulisxmeba awmyosa da myofadSi gamoyenebuli aRweriTi formebi _ awmyos kavSirebiTi + iFuafy//iFii „iqneba“ warmoeba, romelsac yifSiZe Tvlida „awmyo-myofadis“ formebad (yifSiZe 1914:059). ufro gvian aRniSnuli formebi miCneul iqna
myofadi usrulis formebad (margvelaSvili 1980:164, WumburiZe 1986:138). aRniSnuli warmoeba awmyoSi gamoyenebulia moqmedebis Tanadroulobis aRsaniSnavad: ase Tina miSas iFuafu _ „axla is midiodes iqneba“; Tinefi ase osorSos
mikuxedan iFuafu _ „isini axla vaxSams usxedan iqneba“ (Sdr. qarT. axla isini
Sua vaxSmobaSi iqnebian).
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„rodesac“, TeiSax „manamde“ da a.S. (dawvr. ix. kiziria 1982:252-272; lomia 2005:66-89). drois dazustebis funqciiT gamoyenebulia agreTve Te/Ti/Tim CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi, romelTac erTvis sivrceSi Tanaobis aRmniSvneli Tandebuli wkuma//wkela/wkala „Tan“.27 warmoqmnili zmnisarTebi
‘a’Te-wkuma, ‘e’Ti-wkuma, Tim-wkuma/kela/wkala wevr-kavSiris funqciiT
gvxvdebian mTavar winadadebebSi da gamoxataven fardobiT dros, romelic
Tanadroulia daqvemdebarebul winadadebaSi aRniSnuli moqmedebis droisa.
amgvarad gvaqvs:
(I)
(II)
(III)
muJansiTi iri koc rxini uRuduni, xenwifeq zoju mxiaruleba _
„roca yvelas lxini hqonda, xelmwifem mxiaruleba brZana~ (qxs:II,
308, 31-32);
mu dros si vagorwyeqini, misxun rinaSa dinafa misxunu _ „rodesac (ra drosac) Sen ver gxedav, yofnas mirCevnia dakargva~ (xub.
329:10);
sondaro Tenens Jirxolos vabZirunquni, si Suri gadgvenunia do
ma miTinc osuro vavaFunuqia _ „sanam amaT orives ar vnaxav, Sen
cocxali iqnebi da me aravis colad ar gavyvebio“ (qxs:II, 174,15);
aTe koCi Rureli duni, Tiwkuma giasizmaru mudgaqireni _ „es kaci
mkvdari rom iyo, maSin daesizmra raRac~... (xub. 169, 28)...
ma Fvanas fxaCqundi, mudosiT osurq qommakiTxu do miwu... _
„me yanas vToxnidi, rodesac colma momakiTxa da miTxra~ (saub.);
osurq kiTxu, muJansiT koCq gaaTu ragadini _ „qalma hkiTxa, roca
kacma gaaTava laparaki~ (xub. 17:11);
namu Svans gverSapi doFvile-lesuni, e ZRabiq gexaru _ „roca
gveleSapi mokles, am gogom gaixara~ (qxs:II, 102, 33-34);
mu borjis qumnomsxapanqie, eferi-eferi marTaxi qegimaSqvia, namda
arTi Sorti tyebi arTi Fure gemonwyia _ „roca / damastebio,
maTraxi ise („iseT-iseTi“) damartyio, rom erTi Solti tyavi erT
mxareze amZvreso“ (qxs:II, 54, 23);
Semosavals qimiRansin, Tiwkuma maCqvenu mu re _
,,Semosavals rom moitans, maSin mecodineba ra aris“;
kibos muJams doWunani, feri Tiwkuma malenia _ ,,kibos rom
Sewvaven, feri maSin mouvao“ (xalx. sibrZne:67,593 )...
aRniSnuli mimarTebebi (iseve rogorc maTi sivrculi korelatebi)
moqmedeben enis yvela doneze da vlindebian nebismier mimdevrobebSi, dawy27
aRniSnuli TandebulebisaTvis amosavlad miCneulia kuma/kela/kala formebi,
romlebmac naTesaobiTi brunvis S elementTan kombinaciiT mogvca w. (kiziria
1982:242).
235
ebuli umartivesi fonemuri kombinaciebidan, damTavrebuli gramatikul
droTa mixedviT gansxvavebuli xangrZlivobis monakveTebiT. magram arsebiTia, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi isini gamoxataven mxolod drois erT isars
_ horizontalur mimarTulebas.
2.4.2. calmxrivi mimarTuleba. zemoT (1.2.2.) aRniSnuli iyo, rom
drois mimdinareoba, rogorc procesi, gulisxmobs drois isars _ moZraobis calmxriv mimarTulebas, romelic enobriv asaxvaSi gamoixateba mimdevrobiT woxole/ukaxale „win/ukan“. sivrceSi aRniSnuli mimdevroba gulisxmobs poziciebs, romlis mixedviT yoveli monakveTi SeiZleba ukan
mihyvebodes romelime monakveTs da imavdroulad win uswrebdes romelime
sxva monakveTs. aRniSnuli Tanmimdevroba enobrivad gamoxatulia horizontaluri moZraobis aRmniSvneli zmniswinebiT – ewo `winswreba~, eko `ukan
miyola~:28
ewoFuns/ekoFuns _ „win miuZRvis/ukan mihyveba~ (awmyo)
qewaFunu / q’ekaFunu – „win gauZRva/ukan gahyva~ (aoristi)
qewaFunuu/qekaFunuu _ „win gauZRveba/ukan gahyveba~ (myofadi)
Tu am moZraobas ganvixilavT deiqtur sivrceSi, maSin igi SeiZleba
warmovadginoT or etapad – 1. ukana sivrcidan aSo „aqeT“ deiqturi centrisaken (me-sken) da 2. am centridan (me-sgan) sapiririspiro mimarTulebiT – ‘v’iSo „iqiT, win, winisken“.
pirvel mimdevrobaSi, me-s poziciidan, yoveli segmenti, romelic sivrceSi mosdevs sxva segments, vizualurad ganisazRvreba rogorc ukaxaleni „ukana“ da misi adgilic Sesabamisad aRiniSneba zmnisarTiT – ukaxale „ukan“, e.i. deiqturi origodan „ufro Sors“. piriqiT, segmenti, romelic win mouZRvis meore segments, ganisazRvreba rogorc woxoleni
„wina“ da misi adgilic Sesabamisad aRiniSneba zmnisarTiT woxole „win“,
e.i. centrTan „ufro axlos“. meore SemTxvevaSi (‘v’iSo) sivrculi mimarTeba win-ukan ucvlelad aris SenarCunebuli, magram Secvlilia damkvirveblis poziciidan siSore-siaxlovis Sefaseba: is monakveTi, romelic
aris ukan, e.i. ukaxaleni „ukana“ ufro axlosaa masTan, vidre wina „woxoleni“, romelic centridan ufro Sors Tavsdeba.(Sdr. mo-urs aSo „modis aqeT, deiqturi centrisaken“/ me-urs ‘v’iSo „midis iqiT, centridan~).
es viTareba gamosaxulia warmodgenili sqemiT, sadac isrebiT gamoxatul mimarTulebaSi vizualurad gansxvavebuli wina (ufro didi figurebi) da ukana (ufro patara figurebi) gamoxataven sivrciTi monakveTis
pozicias deiqturi origos mimarT:
(warsuli) .... > > > > > > > >
28
awmyo > > > > > > > .... (momavali)
eko- zmniswini vertikalur sivrceSi gamoxatavs moZraobas qvevidan zeviT damrec
sibrtyeze, mag., aRmarTze (Sdr. antonimi diko-).
236
Sebrunebuli suraTia warmodgenili droiT sivrceSi. aRniSnuli mimarTebebi, orientirebulebi awmyoze, rogorc deiqtur origoze, Sesabamisad emyarebian konceptebs umos adre „ufro adre“/umos gviano „ufro
gvian“, „Semdeg“. Tanmimdevrobis TvalsazrisiT, es aris pozicia woxole/ukaxale „win/ukan“. magram damkvirveblisaTvis aSo „aqeT’ mimarTulebis
dros pozicia ufro adre, e.i. woxole „ win“ moTavsebulia misgan ufro
Sors, xolo ufro axlos myofi movlenebis pozicia umos gviano ganisazRvreba rogorc ufro axlos. analogiuri situaciaa damkvirveblisagan
viSo „iqiT“ mimarTulebis SemTxvevaSic, rodesac droiTi monakveTebis pozicia umos adre anu woxole „win“ ganisazRvreba rogorc ufro Sors,
xolo ukaxale _ rogorc ufro axlos (Sdr. kvira dRis poziciidan ganxiluli paraskevi, romelic droiT mimdevrobaSi ufro adrea, vidre SabaTi, moTavsebulia ufro Sors, xolo SabaTi, droiT mimdevrobaSi ufro
Soreuli, ufro axlos). Sesabamisad, sqema aseT saxes iRebs:
(warsuli) .... > > > > > > awmyo > > > > > > .... (momavali)
2.5. uwyvetoba. zemoT ganxiluli iyo droiTi mimarTebebis xasiaTi
calkeuli periodebis mixedviT. magram roca laparakia drois u w y v e t o b a z e, pirvel yovlisa, es exeba ZiriTadi droiTi periodebis –
warsuli, awmyo, momavali – mTlianobas, anu drois dinebis uwyvetobas. es
aris deiqturi principiT agebuli sivrce deiqturi centriT ase „axla“.29
aRniSnul mimdevrobaSi aTvla iwyeba molaparake pirisaTvis anu awmyos drouli viTarebiT, romlis mixedviTac ganisazRvreba warsuli _
29
aRniSnuli droiTi Tanmimdevroba metyvelebaSi irRveva, rodesac awmyos forma
icleba droiTi Sinaarsisagan da SeiZleba udroo formad mogvevlinos. igulisxmeba „istoriuli awmyos“ (vivid narration) SemTxvevebi. a. SaniZe awmyos CarCoebidan gasvlis ramdenime gzas ganixilavs (1973:203-204), romelTa mixedviT
megrulSi aseTi viTareba warmogvidgeba:
a) megrulSi aRniSnuli „udroobis“ gamoxatvis erT-erTi saSualebaa gila- zmniswini, romelic horizontalur sivrceSi aRniSnavs umisamarTo siaruls, aqeTiqeT xetials, magram amasTanave gamoxatavs mudmivad mimdinare, sistematuri xasiaTis moZraobebs: Citi haers gila-furinuns „Citi haerSi dafrinavs“ da misT.
b) awmyos formebi gamoyenebulia namyo drois formaTa gverdiT Txrobis dros:
tyas miTovxedi do mikivjini, amar vamurso TunTi _ „tyeSi vijeqi (viyavi) da
mivixede, ager daTvi ar modis?!“;
g) SaniZe laparakobs im SemTxvevebzedac, roca zogjer formoblivi zRvari iSleba momavalTanac, Sdr. amdRa Taq voreq, Wume Teq voreq _ „dRes aq var,
xval iq var“;
d) droebs aerTianebs agreTve Sesabamisi semantikis zmnisarTebi. megrulSi aseTia
zmnisarTi iro „yovelTvis“, „mudam“: romelic Tavsdeba awmyos formebTan da
zogadi awmyos mniSvnelobiT qmnis uwvetobis gancdas: iro vmuSenq, vgilurq,
mlurs ... „yovelvis vmuSaob, davdivar, mZinavs“ ...
237
dro, romelic win uswrebda „ase“-s da momavali _ dro, romelic mosdevs „ase“-s. ase SeiZleba iyos warsulsa da momavals Soris nebismieri
droiTi monakveTi, romelic molaparake piris TvalsazrisiT miCneulia
rogorc axlandeli: ase „axla“, amWuani „am diliT“, amdRa „dRes“, amseri
„am saRamos“, wii „wels“...
aRniSnuli samwevra opoziciac SeiZleba warmovadginoT ori urTierTdakavSirebuli binaruli opoziciis saxiT: 1. warsuli – awmyo; 2. awmyo
– myofadi. orive SemTxvevaSi deiqturi mimarTeba vlindeba dReebsa da
wlebSi, yvelaze mcire da yvelaze did temporalur monakveTebSi. deiqturi mimarTebis aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebulia drois zmnisarTebi: martivebi
(Tu aseTebi dadasturebulia enaSi) an warmoqmnilebi, romlebic Tavis
mxriv iwarmoebian sivrcis aRmniSvneli go- da ge- zmniswinebisgan; orive
SemTxvevaSi aRniSnulia aTvlis wertilidan daSorebis, proqsimaciis,
mxolod or-ori safexuri, romelTagan pirveli deiqturia, meore ki _
aradeiqturi, anaforuli. amgvarad gvaqvs:
warsuli _ awmyo. warsuli drois zmnisarTebis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebulia go- zmniswini, romliTac horizontalur sivrceSi gamoxatulia:
1) wriuli moZraoba, moqmedeba raimes garSemo (go-luafa „irgvliv Semovla, Semovleba“); 2) swrafi, myisieri moZraoba raime punqtidan win, adgilidan gasvla (go-lafa „gavardna, adgilidan mowyveta“). drois aRmniSvnel
sityvebTan go- gamoyenebulia meore mniSvnelobiT – „adgilidan gasvla“.
a) pirveli safexuri, uaxloesi pozicia, ganisazRvreba deiqtur centrTan
ase „axla“ – mimarTebiT. ase gansazRvravs warsuli drois aRmniSvneli
zmnisarTebis mniSvnelobas rogorc umos adre „ufro adre“, e.i. mimdinareobis procesSi _ woxole „win,“ anu isini gamoxataven dros, romelic
uSualod win uswrebda deiqtur „axlas“: rac dRevandelTaan mimarTebiT
gamodis „gasuli dRe“, „wina dRe, guSin“. amgvarad gvaqvs:
goRa < go- Ra (< dRa „dRe“), e.i. gasuli dRe, anu dRe,
romelic win uswrebda deiqtur „axla-s“.~ , e.i. „guSin“.
b) meore safexuric gamoxatavs gasul dros, magram orientirebulia ara
deiqtur centrze, aramed ukve sxva centrze _ goRa „guSin“ da ukavia pozicia – guSindelze win, guSindelze ufro adre, guSindlamde.
Sesabamisad, igi gamoxatulia ara deiqturi, aramed anaforuli zmnisarTiT: goRawox < goRa + * S (naT. br.) + wox < woxole „win“ –
„guSin(is) win“, e.i. dro guSindelze ufro adre, masze win.
analogiuri suraTia wana „weli“ monakveTis SemTxvevaSic:
a) pirveli safexuri wi <*wu (Ciqobava 1938:205)) „wels“ ganisazRvreba
rogorc deiqtur centrTan uaxloesi pozicia:
gowos < go +wo (< *wu „wels“) + s (mic. br.) – wlevandelTan
mimarTebiT „gasul wels“, „SarSan“.
238
b) meore safexuri ganisazRvreba ara uSualod wi „wels“ poziciasTan
mimarTebiT, aramed anaforulad, SarSanTan mimarTebiT, rogorc SarSandelze ufro adre, masze win:
gowox < gowo + x (=Tand. -mde – „SarSan(-is)win“, „SarSandlamde“.
warsulis aRmniSvnel sxva zmnisarTebidan warmodgenilia rogorc deiqturi aseSax < ase „axla“ + Sa (mimarT. br.) + x Tand. -mde _ „aqamde,
am dromde“, ise aradeiqturi, magram am periodisaTvis specifikuri zmnisarTebi _ adre, kinox _ adre, uwin, winaT; wimox, wimax, owmax – adre,
winaT, pirvelad, Tavdapirvelad, winaswar, windawin; jveSo „Zvelad“, miTaJams _ odesRac, Zvelad, uxsovar dros.
muzarbiS Ruraq axiolu iSi osurcu, TeSeni namuda breli xani du
kaJandemiSa guri afuduni, mara aseSa muTa aqiminedu _ „muzarbis
sikvdili gauxarda mis cols, radgan didi xani iyo rom kaJandevi
moswonda, magram aqamde verafers izamda“ (qxs II, 380);
awmyo _ myofadi. mimarTeba umos adre / umos gviano enobrivad gamoixateba momavlis aRmniSvneli zmnisarTebiT, romelTa orientirebic gansxvavebulia proqsimaciis safexurebis mixedviT, magram zmisarTebi yvela
SemTxvevaSi gamoxataven ukuli „Semdeg, mere“ mniSvnelobas. pirveli safexuri aRiniSneba specialuri leqsemebiT, meore safexuris zmnisarTTa sawarmoeblad gamoyenebulia ge- zmniswini, romelic sivrcul struqturebSi aRniSnavs:
1. vertikaluri mimarTulebis aRmniSvnel zmnebTan – moZraobis dasrulebas raime (swor) zedapirze: ge-dvala „dadeba rame-ze“. ge-nTxafa
„dacema, davardna rame-ze...; 2. horizontaluri mimarTulebis aRmniSvnel
zmnebTan – vinmes, ramis ukan miyolas, midevnebas: ge-Txozini „ukan midevneba~. drois aRmniSvnel sityvebTan igi gamoyenebulia meore mniSvnelobiT. amgvarad:
a) pirveli safexuris droiTi monakveTebi – „Semdegi dRe“ da „Semdegi weli“ orientirebuli arian deiqtur centrze – ase „axla“. Sesabamisad
maTi mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba rogorc dro, romelic uSualod mosdevs ase-s: Wume/Wuman „xval~, „dReis Semdegi dRe“, „momdevno dRe“;
b) meore safexuri geRan „zeg“ < ge + Ra (< dRa) + n (mawarm. Sdr. Wuman) _ e.i. xvalis Semdegi, xvalis momdevno.30 gamoxatulia aradeiqturi, anaforuli zmnisarTiT.
30
gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom „qarTul enaze molaparakeTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Cans agreTve drois RerZis vertikaluri warmodgenac“ (abulaZe 1986:9). magram
enobrivi masala, romelsac emyareba aRniSnuli debuleba, amas ar adasturebs.
saxeldobr, am mizniT ganxiluli lazuri gendRani „zeg“, iseve rogorc mniSvnelobiT da morfemuli SedgenilobiT identuri megruli geRani „zeg“ (maT Soris
gansxvaveba mxolod fonetikuria), sruliad aSkarad Tavsdeba drois horizontaluri RerZis gaswvriv (ix.zeviT). analogiuri suraTia qarTulSic. xvalzeviT
239
2. analogiuria viTareba wana „weliwadi“ SemTxvevaSic:
a) pirveli safexuri warmodgenilia deiqturi zmnisarTiT: wanas < wana
„weli“ + s (mic. br.) – „wlevandelis Semdeg wels“, „gaisad“;
b) meore safexuri gewanas < ge + wanas ,,gaisis Semdeg wels“, warmodgenilia aradeiqturi, anaforuli zmnisarTiT.
specialurad momavlis aRmniSvnelia zmnisarTebi: deiqturebi _ awi/
anwi `awi, `win~, `dReis amas iqiT~, `amieridan~, `momavalSi~; Wume „xval“,
wanas „gaisad“;
droTi monakvTebis aRmniSvneli sxva zmnisarTebi: geRan „zeg“, `gewanas~,
„gaisis Semdeg wels“; wimi `win~, `Semdgom~, `momavalSi~; ukuli `Semdeg~, `mere~; gviano `mere~, `Semdeg~;
3. metrikuli dro
3.1. drois zemoganxiluli monakveTebisagan gansxvavebiT, drois metrikuli monakveTebi aRniSnaven arafardobiT, Tvlad erTeulebs _ weli,
are, Tve, kvira, dRe. isini warmogvidgebian rogorc droiT bunebriv movlenaTa ritmul cvalebadobaze damyarebuli droiTi erTeulebi, romelTa
rigi, Cveulebriv, Tavisufalia da SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos garegan,
konvenciur, faqtorebze (Sdr. wlis dasawyisi Tvis variantebi sxvadasxva
kulturaSi da misT.). qvemoT warmodgenilia mikrocikluri droiTi monakveTebi Semadgeneli komponentebis im TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc es miRebulia mocemul kulturul-enobriv sazogadoebaSi.
wana „weli“
3.2. konkretul droTa Soris, romlebic megrulSi gamoxatulia rogorc damoukidebeli droiTi erTeuli, yvelaze didia wana „weli“,31
romelTan mimarTebiTac ganisazRvreba drois sxva monakveTebi – wlis
droebi, Tveebi, dReebi.
31
„zeg“ formaSi „zeviT“ imave sivrciT ganzomilebaSi moiazreba, romelSic Tavsdeba dRes, xval (ix. SaniZe 1973:590). amasve adasturebs zed, zeda zmnisarTTa
mniSvneloba Zvel qarTulSi. sabas ganmartebiT, zed niSnavs „kibeTa, xeTa,
erdoTa asvlasa da eseviTarsa, anu ferxiT razedac Sehxdes, anu zeidam rame
ras(a)c daadva, gina Tanamobmulsa rasme zed vityviT (orb. I:282). Tanabma, Tavis
mxriv, ganmartebulia rogorc „mibma“: „Tanahyves orni cxenni: erTsa zeda TviT
mjdomare iyo mHne mHedari qristesi da erTi Tanaeba“ (sarjvelaZe 1995:86}.
zeda-s aRniSnuli (mesame) mniSvneloba igulissxmeba agreTve Zvel qarTul
leqsemebSi: zeda-darTva „Semateba, damateba“, zeda-midgoma „misvla“, zeda-miwevna
„Segneba, Setyobineba“, zed-mixdoma „Tavdasxma“ da misT. (abulaZe 1973:164).
metyvelebaSi gvxvdeba qarTuli metrikuli erTeulic, saukune = 100 w., magram
igi megruli kalendaruli sistemis erTeuli ar gamxdara. welTa simravlis
aRsaniSnavad gvxvdeba sakuTriv megruli arametrikuli zmnisarTi iro „mudam,
maradis“ da misgan nawarmoebi formebi – iroiani „mudmivi, maradiuli“ da iroianoba „mudmivoba, maradisoba“.
240
drois wlebad dayofis istoria aTaswleulebs iTvlis. metrikul
droiT erTeulad misi gamoyofa dakavSirebulia bunebriv movlenaTa ritmul cvalebadobasTan (mzis umaRlesi da udablesi mdebareoba, mTvaris
mimoqceva, weliwadis droTa monacvleoba, varskvlavebis perioduli gaqroba da gamoCena da misT.), rac uZvelesi droidanve maTze uSualo dakvirvebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. weliwadis erT-erTi adrindeli sistema, romelic SemdegSi wina aziis qveynebSic gavrcelda, Seqmnilia mesopotamiur kulturaSi. es iyo mTvaris weliwadi _ 360-dRiani, TormetTviani, TiToeuli Tve 30 dRiT (kloCkovi 1983:12).
qarTvelur enebSi weliwadis sistemam Tanamedrove viTarebis damkvidrebamde seriozuli cvlilebebi ganicada. iTvleba, rom qarTvelur samyaroSic Tavdapirvelad weliwadi mTvaris (qarTveluri modgmis xalxTa
uzenaesi RvTaebis (TuTa, TTue) mimoqcevaze unda yofiliyo agebuli.
mTvaris weliwads SemdegSi Caenacvla (savaraudodDZv. welTaRicxvis damlevisaTvis an axlis pirvel saukuneebSi) 30-dRiani 12 Tvisagan Sedgenili mzis moZravi weliwadi, romelic (TveTa saxelwodebebis mixedviT) saqarTveloSi wina aziidan (iranulisa da somxuris gziT) Cans Semosuli.
ufro gvian (safiqrebelia qristianobis damkvidrebamde) arsebuli kalendari Secvala romaulma (iuliusis) 365-366-dRianma kalendarma (kekeliZe
1956:101 da Semd.), romlis SemoRebasTan erTad saqarTveloSi mkvidrdeba
amJamad moqmedi mzis uZravi weliwadis sistema, TveTa Tanmimdevrobasa da
saxelwodebebSi garkveuli cvlilebebiT (ix. TuTa „Tve“). megruli saxelwodeba wana „weli“ qarTul-zanur erTianobis periods ganekuTvneba
(klim. 1964:212-213 ). welTa simravle gamoixateba raodenobiTi da ganusazRvrelobiTi ricxviTi saxelebiT: xuTi wana ,,xuTi weli“, viTi wana
,,aTi weli“, oSi wana „asi weli“, breli wana „mravali weli“. mxolod
erTi wlis mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba wamowana, romelic raodenobis ganmsazRvrel ricxviT saxels ar saWiroebs: wamowanaq mikiilu „erTi weli
gavida“.
wlis droebi
3.3. wlis Semadgeneli e.w. sezonuri droiTi monakveTebi – areebi megrulis Tanamedrove metrikul sistemaSi warmodgenilia oTxariani sistemiT:32
zafxuli//zarxuli//bzarxuli ,,zafxuli“
zoTonji ,,zamTari“
gazafxuli // gazarxuli, afuni ,,gazafxuli“
32
Zv. qarTulSi are gvxvdeba rogorc sakuTriv gazafxulis, ise saerTod weliwadis droTa aRsaniSnavad (WumburiZe 1988:93-96). am ukanaskneli mniSvnelobiT mas iyenebda iv. javaxiSvili (1950:151 da Semd.).
241
damorCili, muJRiri ,,Semodgoma“
rogorc droTa saxelwodebebidan Cans, ZiriTadi opoziciuri droebi,
romelTac Sesabamisad miniWebuli aqvT damoukidebeli saxelwodebebic,
aris zarxuli vs zoTonji – `zafxuli vs zamTari~ (mari, javaxiSvili ).
maT Soris dapirispireba emyareba mkveTrad gamoxatul klimatur maxasiaTeblebs – sicxe vs sicive. ZiriTad areTa kavSiri klimatur faqtorTan
Cans maT aRmniSvnelad gamoyenebul saxelwodebebSic (WumburiZe 1988:91).
rac Seexeba gazarxulsa da damorCils, isini zamTridan zafxulisaken da
zafxulidan zamTrisaken gardamavali periodis areebia, rasac gvafiqrebinebs maTi klimaturi Taviseburebebi: gazafxulze zamTris Tvisebebidan
TandaTanobiT xdeba gadasvla zafxuliken, xolo am ukanasknelidan misi
Tvisebebis SesustebasTan erTad Zalas ikrebs zamTari.33
zemoTqmulis Sesabamisad areTa monacvleobis wliuri cikli SeiZleba
gamoixatos Semdegi sqemiT:
zafxuli
gazarxuli
damorCili
zoTonji
ZiriTad areTa aRmniSvnel gardamavali periodebis saxelwodebebidan
megruli gazarxuli//gabzarxuli „gazafxuli“ qarTulidan gvian Sesuli
sityvaa, rac niSnavs zafxulis dawyebas, gazafxulebas (afridoniZe
1980:88-89). am mniSvnelobas usvams xazs javaxiSvilic (1950:153)). meore
saxelwodeba afuni, romelic mxolod samurzayanulSia gavrcelebuli,
gazafxulis mniSvnelobiT afxazuridan aris Sesuli (War. 37; yifS. 228).
damorCilis „Semodgomis“ aRmniSvneli sakuTriv megruli sityvisaTvis
SemoTavazebulia gansxvavebuli etimologiebi:
1. damorCili < qarT. da-morCva „foTlebisagan, totebisagan gawmenda“
(yifS. 1914:228 ).
2. damorCili < megr. dRa morCili ,,dRe mokle“ (g. rogava). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom damorCilis sinonimebad gamoyenebuli saxelwodebebi Zi33
gamoTqmuli mosazreba savsebiT exmianeba gr. nazianzelis Txzulebis XII-XIII
saukuneSi gadawerili xelnaweris qarTveli mTargmnelis komentars „romelobisamebr JamTaisa da moqcevisaebr mzisa ganhyofen weliwadsa, rameTu orTa maT
kideTa metobisaTvis, _ erTisa mis sigrilisa da meorisa sicxisa; xolo amaTTa saSuvalTa maT orTa, romelTa kideni orTave ziar iqmnebian, _ erTisa mis
sicxisa da meorisa sicivisa, _ Tvisagan daaweseben“ (WumburiZe 1988:92).
242
riTadad dakavSirebulia mosavlis aRebasTan, Wirnaxulis dabinavebasTan:
eWofua – aReba; mosavlis aReba (qaj. 1, ), mowia – mosavlis moweva, mosavali; donalageni – danalagebi, gadat. Semodgomaze Wirnaxulis milageba; donolagens – Wirnaxulis milagebis Semdegi dro (qaj. I:485), maSin meti safuZveli arsebobs gaviziaroT pirveli etimologia.
rac Seexeba Semodgomis meore saxelwodebas muJRiri. o. qajaias mixedviT, igi megruli formaa da momdinareobs sityvidan JRirua „Wknoba“
(qajaia II,338); g. maWavarianis azriT, megr. muJRiri momdinareobs svan.
muJRUer <* m-JRU-er <* m-JRU-ar (= qarT. m-ZRU-ar „winamZRvari, winamZRoli“) formisagan (maWavariani 1985:128-130). mosazreba safuZvliani
Cans, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom svan, muJRUer aRniSnavs Semodgomas, e.i.
dros, „romelic zamTars (an weliwads) win uZRvis“ (Sdr. gazafxuli
anu dro, romelic aRniSnavs zafxulis dasawyiss, gazafxulebas).
TuTa „Tve~
3.4. TuTa, rogorc wlis Semadgeneli damoukidebeli droiTi erTeuli, dakavSirebulia mTvaris moZraobasTan da momdinareobs mTvaris kalendridan (kekeliZe 1956:100). mTvaris erTi moqceva Tavis RerZis garSemo
– TuTaS morTa saSualod Seadgens 29 dRes.
wlis SemadgenlobaSi 12 Tvis dadgena, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli,
mesopotamiuri kulturidan momdinareobs. wlis dasawyis Tved ianvris
dakanoneba dakavSirebulia romaul kalendarul sistemasTan, romelsac
mihyveba qarTuli kalendari. megrulSi TveTa mimdevroba imeorebs am sistemas, magram nawilobriv Secvlilia TveTa saxelwodebebi: I–V da VIII
Tveebi warmodgenilia romauli kalendaruli sistemis mixedviT; zafxulis Tveebidan ivnisi, ivlisi, Semodgomis Tveebi da bolo dekemberi ki –
Secvlili saxelwodebebiT:
ianari
I ianvari
II Tebervali
frevali
marti
III marti
IV aprili
aprili
mesi
V maisi
ivanoba _ ioane naTlismcemlis saxelobis
VI ivnisi
(dabadebis ) Tve
VII ivlisi
kvirkve _ kvirikobis Tve
arguso // maraSina _ mariamobis Tve
VIII agvisto
IX seqtemberi ekenia (berZn.) enkenis Tve // Rvarala TuTa
wvimiani Tve
X oqtomberi
gimaTuTa – Romis mkis Tve (megr. gimua ,,cexva“,
,,Romis gmerva“ (qob. 152; War. 50), mwifobis,
Rvinobis Tve, mkis, texis Tve (qaj. 340)
243
XI noemberi
XII dekemberi
gergeba/gergobaTuTa _ giorgobis Tve. wm. giorgis
saxelobis Tve
qiseTuTa _ qristeSobis Tve
aRniSnuli saxelwodebebi micemiTi brunvis formiT gamoxataven drois
zmnisarTebs kiTxvaze muJans „rodis“?
mara / marua „kvira“
3.5. mara / marua kvireuli, msgefsi; woruli (qob. 700). kviris SviddRiani periodi _ sapattu jer kidev Sumerul da babilonur teqstebSia
moxseniebuli da mTvaris moqcevis fazebs ukavSirdeba. specialistebis azriT, igi aRniSnavda SviddRian periods misi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
meSvide dRiT. iTvleba, rom iudevelebma swored babilonelebisagan gadmoiRes sapattu-s institucia da terminic. SemdegSi SviddRiani periodi
mTavari dRiT _ SabaTiT dakanonda ukve ebrauli bibliis gavleniT qristianobis gavrcelebasTan erTad sxva qveynebSic. qarTulSi igi V saukunidan Cans Semosuli, magram ara uSualod ebraulidan, aramed siriulis
gziT, ramdenadac qarTuli saxelwodebebi warmoadgens siriul saxelwodebaTa kalkirebis Sedegs (nedospasova 2008:512). megrulSi kvirebis gamoyofa Tvis SemadgenlobaSi dakavSirebulia mTvaris moqcevis fazebTan:
mTvaris Tve _ savse mTvaridan (efSa/gofSa TuTa) savse mTvaremde _ Sedgeba oTxi SviddRiani monakveTisagan, oTxi mara-sgan, Tumca enobrivad
asaxulia mxolod ori faza:
1. mTvaris rkalis gamoCenidan savse mTvaremde – morTeli TuTa „moqceuli mTvare“, axali mTvare.
2. savse mTvareobidan mTvaris milevamde – TuTadaluri ,,milevadi mTvare~.
kviris dReebi
3.6. saqarTveloSi kvireulis amJamad miRebuli SviddRiani sistemisaTvis, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, amosavlad iTvleba ebrauli (warmoSobiT Sumerul-babilonuri) SabaTis sistema, ufro zustad, misi siriuli varianti, romelic aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg mkvidrdeba. kerZod, qarTulSi man Secvala qristianobamde
gavrcelebuli berZnuli planetaruliA sistema. ucvleli darCa mxolod
mzis dRe _ kvira. dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ megrulSi (aseve svanurSi)
Semonaxulia qristianobamde gavrcelebuli berZnuli planetaruli sistema, magram mniSvnelovani cvlilebebiT. saxeldobr, ucvleli darCa kviris
pirveli da meore dReebis saxelwodebebi: JaSxa „mzis dRe“, kvira da TuTaSxa „mTvaris dRe“, orSabaTi. es gasagebia, ramdenadac mzisa da mTvaris
kulti qarTveluri tomebisaTvis ukve cnobili iyo. danarCen dReTa saxelwodebebi Canacvlebul iqna araberZnuli, mocemuli arealisaTvis uf244
ro cnobil da misaReb RvTaebaTa Tu mniSvnelovan sakulto movlenaTa
saxelwodebebiT (javaxiSvili 1950:187). rac Seexeba kronosis dRes, mas
Caenacvla SabaTi. berZ. ,,sabatoni“ – „SabaTi“, bibliuri tradiciiT meSvide dRe anu ,,dRe gansuenebisa“, rogorc qristianobisaTvis mniSvnelovani
dRe, ucvlelad Sevida qristianuli aRmsareblobis xalxTa, maT Soris
qarTvelur, enebSic.34
qvemoT warmodgenilia kviris dReTa berZnuli, qarTuli da megruli
saxelwodebebi (orb. (IV1, 405; javaxiSvili 1950:I, 187):
berZnuli qarTuli megruli
kviriake uflisa, mzisa kvira JaSxa mzis dRe
mTvarisa orSabaTi TuTaSxa mTvaris dRe
ariasi (aresis) samSabaTi TaxaSxa Taxas dRe
ermisa (hermesis) oTxSabaTi jumaSxa
afroditisa xuTSabaTi caSxa cis dRe
diosisa paraskevi obiSxa
kronosisa SabaTi sabatoni (berZn.)
aRniSnul saxelwodebaTa micemiTi brunvis formebi gamoiyeneba drois
zmnisarTebis mniSvnelobiT.
dRe – Rame
3.7. metrikuli drois umciresi monakveTi35 – dRe-Ramis cikli, romelic Tanamedrove astronomiuli sistemiT ganisazRvreba rogorc 24-saaTiani intervali dRisa da Ramis zusti droiTi SefardebebiT, enobriv asaxvaSi warmodgenilia arametrikuli erTeulebiT – dRa‘S’ do seri. drois es
monakvTebi (adamianTa, saerTod biologiur organizmTa) cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebuli sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis gamo, enaSi warmodggenilia yvelaze
meti semantikuri SemadgenlebiT. dRe-Ramis, rogorc mTliani droiTi monakveTis, aRsaniSnavad ixmareba dRa ,,dRe“ (iSviaTad – dRa do seri):
xuT dRaq mikilu ,,xuTma dRem gaiara“;
masuma dRaqiT goTandu ,,mesame dRec gaTenda“.
magram rodesac igulisxmeba konkretulad dRe-Ramuri ciklis naTeli
monakveTi, Cveulebriv gamoyenebulia dRa saxelis naT. br. forma – dRaSi
„dRe“, zmniz. dRaSiT „dRisiT“:
34
35
Tu rodis da rogor, ris safuZvelze unda momxdariyo aseTi mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi, romelTa Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli mosazrebebic aris gamoTqmuli,
specialuri msjelobis sagania da maTze aq ver SevCerdebiT.
dRe-Rameze mcire metrikuli erTeulebis aRsaniSnavad metyvelebaSi gamoyenebulia qarT. saaTi/saTi, wuTi, wami, rus. minuTi/nimuti; umciresi erTeulebisaTvis gamoiyeneba arametrikuli droiTi monakveTebi: ToliS merqas, ToliS dovalafas „Tvalis daxamxamebaSi“, valiS mamalas „elvis siswrafiT~...
245
dRaS do seriT qomubSenq „dRe da Rame vmuSaob“ (yifS. 16);
dRaSis seri moჸunsia „dRes Rame mohyvebao~ (xalx. sibrZne 41).
dRa _ seri ,,dRe _ Ramis~ sferoebis gadanawileba xdeba sinTe –
la ,,sinaTle – sibnele“ Tvisebebis mixedviT, sadac sinTe aris
ukumela ki _ Ramis Tviseba da Tumca arsebobs naTeli Rameebic _
rCela „mTvariani, uRrublo Rame“, Ramis ZiriTad atributad mainc
la rCeba:
ukumedRis,
TuTaukume-
ina wanamowanaSi olus saTis meurs dRaSi rdas okonda seri. ukumela, TuTarCela arZa arTi afu ,,is wlis savals saaTSi gadis dRe
iqneba Tund Rame. bneli, mTvariani yvela erTia~ (xub. 6, 32, 19); diseru amseri do TuTarCela vare, ukumela serq oko iFuas ,,daRamda,
es Rame mTvariani ar aris. bneli Rame unda iyos“ (xub. 17, 75,3).
dRe-Ramis cikli aRniSnuli ori monakveTiT ar amoiwureba. dRisa da
Ramis monacvleobaSi arsebobs gardamavali droiTi monakveTebi, oW’u’mare
„dila“ da onjua „saRamo“, romlebic aRniSnaven aseve mniSvnelovan periodebs _ Ramidan dRisken da dRidan Ramisken gadasvlas. aRniSnuli oTxive periodi enobrivad kodirebulia: maT aqvT „dRevandeli dRis“ monakveTebis aRmniSvneli damoukidebeli saxelwodebebi: dRa „dRe“ _ amdRa
„dRes“, Sdr. goRa/Wume „guSin/xval“; seri „Rame“ amseri „amaRam“, Sdr.
goRa/Wume seri „guSin/xval Rame“; oWumare „dila“ amWuani „am dilas“,
Sdr. goRa/Wume oWumares „guSin/xval dilas“; onjua „saRamo“ amniji „am
saRamos“, Sdr. goRa/Wume onjuas „guSin/xval dilas“. magram rogorc damoukidebeli droiTi monakveTebi, maTTvis specifikuri leqsikiT xasiaTdebian mxolod dRa da seri. mag., isini SeiZleba daxasiaTdnen xangrZlivobis niSniT: kunta dRa „mokle dRe“, ginZe seri „grZeli Rame“.
dRe-Ramis monacvleoba SeiZleba gamoisaxos sqemiT:
dRa
oWumare
onjua
seri
Tavis mxriv, aRniSnuli periodebic warmogvidgebian ara rogorc statikuri, aramed rogorc gardamavali safexurebisagan Sedgenili monakveTebi.
saerTod Ramidan dRisken gardamaval periodad SeiZleba miviCnioT dro,
romelic iwyeba naSqaseri/u „naSuaRamevis“ Semdeg da grZeldeba dRis
246
dadgomamde. am periodis dasawyisis aRmniSvnel zogad saxelad SeiZleba
miviCnioT goTana/gonTe/gonaTua „gaTeneba“, Ramidan gamosvlisa da sinaTlis dadgomis procesi.
goTanasTan dakavSirebuli droiTi monakveTebi ganisazRvreba fizikurad aRqmadi bunebrivi movlenebiT:
mumuliS Fioni _ mamlis meoTxe (gamTeniis) yivili (qob. 494)
gumoTane (<gomaTane) muricxi – venera, gamTenebeli varskvlavi,
ciskris varskvlavi – gaTenebis mauwyebeli signali, romelic jer
kidev bindisas Cndeba cis aRmosavleTiT; gaTenebis mauwyebelia
agreTve drois monakveTebi, aRniSnuli specialuri leqsemebiT,
rogoricaa: muruJi, riJu-raJu, moRia/morRia, Riu-Rau, romlebic
gamoxataven daaxloebiT erTsa da imave periods: gariJraJs, odnav
sinaTles, bind-bunds, pirvel sxivs, ganTiads, ciskars (qaj. II,
500; III, 189; qob. 475, 500).
adreuli dilis Semadgenelia agreTve dro, romelic aRiniSneba, rogorc goTanaSa’x’ ,,uTenia, gaTenebamde“, goTana piJi „gaTenebis piri“ anu
„gaTenebis dasawyisi, gamTenia“, goTana borji „gaTenebis dro“, aloni,\/ialoni – alioni, adreuli dila, ordo `dila~:
arTi oWumares geiolu aloniSa
,,erT dilas wamovarda gaTenebamde“ (yifS. 57,9);
maJira dRas, muWo alonq quuraFuuni, geiolu boSiq
,,meore dRes, rogorc iriJraJa, wamovarda biWi“ (yifS. 58)
goTandu ordoq `gaTenda dila~ (cag. 15).
oWumare – „dila“, rogorc zogadi saxeli, ukve dRis Semadgeneli nawili, dRis dasawyisi, upirispirdreba dRis dasasruls _ onjua-s `saRamos~:
oWumares oTxi kuCxiT gilurc, ondRes _ JiriT, onjuas _ sumiT
_ `dilas oTxi fexiT dadis, Sua dRes oriT, saRamos _ samiT~
(gamocana);
midurcu oWumares, onjuas qumurc JiniTu xargeli _ `wava diliT,
saRamos mova nanadireviT datvirTuli~ (qxs II,40).
dilis Semdeg dgeba dRa/dRaSi „dRe“, romlis monakveTebia:
ondReSa‘x’ „SuadRemde“. grZeldeba manam, sanam dRe Tavis piks ar
miaRwevs, e.i. ar dadgeba ondRe „SuadRe“.
ondRe, SkadRa ondRe borji/dro (qob. 540; xub. 70), ondReS guri (qob.
539), dRa-ondRe, ondRe kapania _ SuadRe, dro, rodesac mze zenitzea:
ondRe Cxe Tolens oriJinuans _ „SuadRe cxel (anTebul, gacecxlebul) Tvalebs abrialebs~ (qaj. II,437);
arTi dRa ondReS gurc WiWe RaliSa qimerTu _ „erT dRes, Sua
dRis gulze patara RelesTan mivida~ (xub. 181:24).
247
SuadRis Semdeg rogorc amas drois saxelwodebebi warmogvidgenen,
dRe midis saRamosaken:
naondRu/naondReri _ `naSuadRevi~
RoronTi ondReSa Taure ijine, naondRers viSo
„RmerTi SuadRemde aqeT iyureba, naSuadRevs iqiT“ (xalx. sibrZ. 150).
gilarTa _ `mzis Casvlis win~ (qarT.zep. 52)
a/iko-onjua//akomanjua _ `mosaRamoeba, Sebindeba) saRamos piri~
dRa do seriS akonTxafa/moonjue _ `dReE da Ramis Seyra/ mosaRamoeba~ (qxs 2,72);
onjua `saRamo, vaxSmobis dro~ (qob. 540); akoserili `mosaRamoebuli; onjua borji/geonjueT `saRamo xani~;
seriS dudi `SeRameba, Ramis pirveli meoTxedi, mamlis pirveli yivilis dro~ (qob. 591); guri naSkaseru `SuaRamis gadasvlis Semdeg~;
TuTaS genWafa `mTvaris Casvlis mowevna, gamTenia~ (qob. 320).
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250
.
Izabella Kobalava
Time Semantics in Megrelian
Summary
The article deals with the structural-semantic analysis of temporal relations
according to the evidence of Megrelian (one of the Kartvelian languages). The first part
of the paper discusses general issues related to the concept of linguistic time. The
survey is based on the concept of linguistic time as a mental reality. With respect to the
interrelation of space and time, the viewpoint is shared that time in linguistic
expression, although it has many common features with space, also reveals the
peculiarities (determined by cultural factors) that are totally independent, characteristic
only of it, which creates a specific structure of temporal relations. Taking into account
the above mentioned, temporal localization is regarded as a division of mental time
into segments of various durations – temporal units, during which events, significant for
human perception from a certain viewpoint, take place. On the basis of the data
obtained as a result of longstanding studies of linguistic time, which are essentially
recognized in modern scholarship, common features are identifiable according to which
time represented in linguistic reflection can be in general characterized as a onedimensional, one-way (irreversible), continuous sequence.
The second part of the article discusses structural peculiarities of temporal relations
of Megrelian according to the above-mentioned features.
On the basis of the features demonstrated by temporal segments from the
viewpoint of expression of a specific time, two different groups are distinguished:
1. segments that denote a specific time independent of other temporal segments,
within a simple sentence, and at the same time, can be defined by features typical
of the process of occurrence – duration of time, frequency of occurrence (recurrence), rate of occurrence. These features are coded linguistically and are expressed by preverbs.
2. temporal segments that can be identified only by their relation to other temporal
segments. Accordingly, the following relations are discussed: simultaneity, succession, continuity.
The paper also offers the vocabulary denoting metric time. Temporal segments
denoting years, seasons, months, weeks and days are discussed separately.
251
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
nino SaraSeniZe
evidencialobis (unaxaobis) kategoria qarTuli
enis dasavlur dialeqtebSi: na-prefiqsiani
formebis funqciur-semantikuri analizisaTvis
evidencialobis kategoria universaluri kategoriaTa rigs ganekuTvneba da igi yvela enaSi gamoixateba. misi gadmocema sxvadasxva enobrivi
formiT xdeba: igi SeiZleba vlindebodes diskursuli analizis Sedegad,
SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos sintaqsuri, leqsikuri an morfologiuri saSualebebiT. evidencialoba farTo gagebiT aris teqstSi gadmocemul informaciasa da informators/molaparakes Soris arsebuli mimarTebis gamoxatva _ ra gziT iqna miRebuli informacia, pirdapiri aRqmis Sedegia,
Tu mosmenili an gagebuli sxva wyarodan, WeSmaritebas moicavs igi, Tu
savaraudo an mosalodnelia molaparakisaTvis. am kategoriis zogad daxasiaTebaSi Cans, ramdenad farToa evidencialobis cneba da ramdenad mravalferovania enebSi misi gamoxatvis saSualebebi.
evidencialobis kategoriis kvleva did istorias ar moicavs. am semantikam da misi gamoxatvis formebma lingvistTa yuradReba meoce saukunidan miiqcia. evidencialobis kategoriis pirveli miniSneba gulisxmobda
informaciis dadasturebulobis gamokveTas enaSi. es niSnavda im enobrivi
formebis analizs, romlebic miuTiTebdnen gadmocemuli faqtis wyaroze.
qarTuli enis gramatikaSi am funqciiT daxasiaTebulia sxvaTa sityvis nawilakebi, xolo morfologiaSi gamoiyo aqtis kategoria.
evidencialobis kategoriis kvleva gansakuTrebiT siRrmiseulad warimarTa meoce saukunis bolos. es kategoria gamoikveTa bevr enaSi, aRiwera
misi gamoxatvis gramatikuli Tu leqsikuri saSualebebi da gamoiyo evidencialobis saxeebi (vileti 1988; aixenvaldi 2004).
evidencialoba gamoxatavs molaparakis damokidebulebas informaciis
wyarosadmi. evidencialobis mTavar ganmsazRvrel kriteriumad miiCneva is,
Tu rogoraa miRebuli informacia: pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, anu iribad.
pirdapiri evidencialoba gulisxmobs, rom molaparake TviTmxilvelia da
mas informacia pirdapir aqvs miRebuli. iribi evidencialoba ki niSnavs,
rom molaparake araa TviTmxilveli, man es informacia sxvisgan miiRo.
Tavis mxriv, iribi evidencialoba SeiZleba iyos SetyobinebiTi (verbaluri), anu igi sxvisagan miiRo, an daskvniTi (inferenciuli) _ anu molaparakem Tavad gamoitana daskvna Sedegis an sxva movlenisa da faqtis mixedviT. am msjelobis safuZvelze aSkarad ikveTeba kavSiri rezultatiuro252
basa da evidencialobas Soris. faqtobrivad, rezultatiurobam misca biZgi evidencialobis ganviTarebas. rezultatiuroba miuTiTebs, rom viTareba arsebobs warsuli moqmedebis gamo, esaa Sedegis mixedviT gakeTebuli,
gamotanili daskvna. forma _ wasulia _ gulisxmobs, rom is aq ar aris,
is wavida. es, erTi mxriv, rezultatia, Sedegia qmedebisa, xolo, meore
mxriv, mdgomareoba imas gamoxatavs, rom radgan is wavida da aq aRar
aris, molaparakem gamoitana daskvna. faqtobrivad, xdeba rezultatiurobis gardasaxva evidencialad. garkveul enebSi (Turquli, bulgaruli...)
da maT Soris qarTulSic es kavSiri rezultatiurobasa da evidencialobas Soris TvalsaCinoa (baibi da sxv. 1994:95-97).
Tavdapirvelad evidencialoba ganixileboda modalobis kategoriis
erT-erT saxeobad, ramdenadac igi gamoxatavs mTqmelis damokidebulebas
gamonaTqvamisadmi. igi ganixileboda rogorc irealuri kategoria. mosaubris mier gamotanili daskvna ki xasiaTdeboda imis mixedviT, Tu ris safuZvelze gamoitana man es daskvna: fiqriT, TviTmxilveli iyo, sxvisgan
miRebuli informaciiT Tu mamtkicebeli sabuTis naxviT (palmeri 2011:3552). evidencialobisa da epistemikis erT kategoriad gaanalizeba ganapiroba, erTi mxriv, gamonaTqvamisadmi mTqmelis damokidebulebis semantikam,
xolo meore mxriv, im faqtorma, rom zogierT enaSi (daniurSi, inglisurSi, germanulSi...) evidencialoba SeiZleba gamoixatos epistemuri modalobis gamomxatveli zmnuri formebiT. mogvianebiT Catarebulma kvlevebma es ori kategoria gamijna, radgan gamoikveTa maT Soris arsebuli
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba: gansxvavebulia semantika _ evidencialoba avlens gamonaTqvamis wyaros, mis sicxades, epistemuri modaloba ki afasebs
mosaubris damokidebulebas gamonaTqvamisadmi. aseve gansxvavebulia warmoeba _ evidencialoba umetesad morfologiuri niSnebiT gamoixateba, xolo modaloba _ leqsikuri saSualebebiT. zogierT enaSi SesaZlebelia
iyos nawilobrivi damTxveva, magram es damTxveva araa universalia (de haani 1999:83-101).
amdenad, miuxedavad warmomavlobisa da misi semantikuri siaxlovisa,
evidencialobis kategoria Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi calke, damoukidebel kategoriad ganixileba da Seiswavleba rogorc calkeul enebSi, aseve tipologiuradac. evidencialobis kategoriis siRrmiseulma Seswavlam
enaTa klasifikaciis axali sistema warmoSva: enebi jgufdeba imis mixedviT, savaldebuloa Tu fakultatiuri evidencialobis gamoxatva enebSi
(de haani 1999:83-101).
enaTa umravlesobaSi pirdapiri evidencialoba aramarkirebulia, xolo
iribi evidencialoba markirebuli (kozinceva 2007). amasTanave, pirdapiri
evidencialoba ZiriTadad gamoixateba aoristiT, iribi evidencialoba ki
perfeqtuli formebiT (margiani-subari 2012).
253
qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi es kategoria unaxaobis terminiTaa damkvidrebuli da Seswavlili. qarTulSi unaxaobis mniSvneloba TurmeobiTis
mwkrivis formebsa da Turme nawilaks ukavSirdeba. a. SaniZem aqtis saxeliT gamoyo unaxaobis kategoria, romelsac upirispirdeba nanaxi aqti,
magram rogorc Zvel, ise axal qarTulSi aqtis kategoria daukavSirda
TurmeobiTis mwkrivs. „dauswrebeli moqmedebis Sesaxeb SesaZloa orgvarad gaigos moubarma: sxvisgan gaigos amis Sesaxeb an TviT naxos moqmedebis Sedegi da amis mixedviT gaiTvaliswinos, Tu ra unda momxdariyo“
(SaniZe 1973:212). magram unda aRiniSnos, rom TurmeobiTis formis semantika mxolod unaxaobiT ar Semoifargleba, igi gamoxatavs Setyobinebas,
moulodnelobas an logikur daskvnas (margiani-subari 2012).
unaxaoba samive qarTvelur enaSi dasturdeba, Tumca igi morfologiur kategoriad ar miiCneva. es debuleba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom „mas
sakuTari niSani ara aqvs, is aris ZiriTadad perfeqtuli droebis erTerTi funqcia _ Tanafunqcia“ (gogolaSvili 2012:759).
qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi unaxaobis kategoriis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli
mosazrebebi arsebobs: mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs, rom unaxaoba gvian ganviTarebuli semantika da funqciaa da igi TurmeobiTis formebma SeiTavses
(Ciqobava 1962; qavTaraZe 1956; fxakaZe 1984; boederi 2000). am mosazrebis mixedviT Zvel qarTulSi TurmeobiTis formebi mxolod rezultativis gamomxatvelia, romlebmac mxolod mogvianebiT SeiZines axali funqcia da mniSvneloba. a. arabulis azriT, „pirveli TurmeobiTis ZiriTadi
mniSvnelobaa rezultatiuroba, SeZenili da istoriulad ganmtkicebuli
funqcia (Tanafunqcia) _ unaxaoba, TurmeobiToba“ da „perfeqtis bazaze
unaxaobis modelis aRmoceneba, rac dasturdeba sxvadasxva jgufis enebSi,
kanonzomieri faqtia, is erTgvari universaliaa“ (arabuli 1984).
meore mosazreba ki gulisxmobs, rom unaxaoba Zvel qarTulSive dasturdeba. amis Sesaxeb mianiSnebs a. SaniZec. garkveuli formebis analizma
ki gaamyara mosazreba, rom unaxaobis aqtis semantikuri niuansebi kargadaa gamoxatuli Zvelsave qarTulSi (sarjvelaZe, ninua 1985). m. beriZe
SeniSnavs, rom Zveli qarTulis garkveuli „formebisaTvis mTavar semantikur maxasiaTeblad gamoyofili unaxaobisa da unebliobis mniSvnelobebi...
miRebulia aoristul formebSi evidencialobis modalobis ganviTarebis
Sedegad“ (beriZe 2009:102).
g. SabaSvilis mosazrebiT, „unaxaobis perfeqtis Gasaxva da ganviTareba
ukve Zvel qarTulSi iwyeba da farTo saxes axal qarTulSi iZens, roca
sabolood viTardeba e.w. analitikuri perfeqti, maqvs gakeTebuli tipis,
romelic perfeqtis aspeqtobriv maxasiaTeblebs iZens da da amiT pirveli
TurmeobiTis mwkrivs modaluri Sinaarsis ganviTarebisTvis srul Tavisuflebas aZlevs.“ am cvlilebis mizezad ki miCneulia is garemoeba, rom mesame
254
seriis formebma dakarges aspeqturi maxasiaTebeli da mxolod drouli maxasiaTebeli darCaT, ramac seriis pragmatuli simyare daarRvia da gza gauxsna axali semantikis ganviTarebas. mkvlevari iqve SeniSnavs, rom „megrulma am TvalsazrisiT myarad SeinarCuna mwkrivis funqciur-semantikuri
maxasiaTeblebi da unaxaobisTvis enam calke seria ganiviTara, isic perfeqtuli mimReobis safuZvelze~ (SabaSvili 2009:101-102).
rac Seexeba evidencialobis kategoriis geneziss, dadgenilia, rom igi
Tavad qarTuli enis sistemaSi ganviTarebuli kategoriaa da sxva enebis gavlenis sakiTxi am etapze moxsnilia. svanur enaSi am kategoriis safuZvlianma
Seswavlam bevri mniSvnelovani aspeqti warmoaCina qarTvelur enebSi am kategoriis gamovlenisa da realizaciis Sesaxeb (margiani-subari 2012).
evidencialobis, unaxaobis kategoriis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi sxvadasxvagvari viTarebaa. aRmosavluri dialeqtebi ZiriTadad Zvel viTarebas asaxaven _ TurmeobiTis mwkrivebi ufro
SedegobiTobas, rezultatiurobas gamoxataven, Tumca naratiul teqstebSi I TurmeobiTis formebis TanmimdevrobiTi xmareba ganapirobebs perfeqtis rezultatiuri mniSvnelobis rRvevas da unaxaobiTi, TurmeobiTi mniSvnelobis asaxvas (SabaSvili 2010: 163).
gansxvavebuli viTarebaa dasavlur dialeqtebSi. unaxaobis kategoriis
gamoxatva sruliad bunebrivia mesame seriis formebisaTvis. garda amisa,
ramdenime dialeqtSi arsebobs specialuri formebi iribi evidencialobis
gadmosacemad. miCneulia, rom es formebi megrulis gavlenis Sedegadaa Camoyalibebuli. esaa na- prefiqsiani warmoeba, romlebic saxeldebulia meoTxe seriis formebad.
meoTxe seriis formebi qarTvelur enebSi pirvelad gamoyo g. rogavam.
no- prefiqsiani formebs mecnierma uwoda awmyos TurmeobiTis nakveTebi da calke jgufad gamoyo isini aoristis TurmeobiTis nakvTebisagan.
axali nakvTebis saxeldebisaTvis igive terminebi iqna gamoyenebuli, rac
mesame seriis formebSi iyo: TurmeobiTi mesame, TurmeobiTi meoTxe, kavSirebiTi meoTxe da pirobiTi meoTxe. o- prefiqsiani TurmeobiTebis gamoyofas hqonda rogorc morfologiuri, ise sintaqsuri safuZveli _ ikveTeboda warmoebis damoukidebeli sistema da maT axasiaTebdaT nominatiuri
konstruqcia. am formebs g. rogava amgvarad axasiaTebs: „zmnebs, romelTac xilul dro-kiloebSi moepovebaT orive (I da II) jgufis nakvTebi,
uxilav dro-kiloebSic gaaCndaT orive (III da IV) jgufis nakvTebi“ (rogava 1953:17-18). meoTxe seriis yoveli formis analizisas avtori iyenebs
Turme nawilaks, raTa misi semantika qarTulad ufro zustad gadmoeca.
mecnieri SeniSnavs, rom „dro-kiloTa meoTxe jgufis nakvTebSi ufro
xSirad ixmareba TurmeobiTi III. ukanasknelip gamoxatavs rogorc awmyo-myofadis TurmeobiTs, ise namyo usrulis TurmeobiTebsac...“ (rogava
255
1953:21). warmoebis TvalsazrisiT es formebi aRwerilobiTia, iwarmoeba
no- prefiqsiTa da -u sufiqsiani mimReoburi formiT, Tumca mecnieri aRniSnavs imis Sesaxebac, rom no- prefiqsiani warmoeba megrulSi SezRuda
qarTulidan SeTvisebulma na- prefiqsma (rogava 1953:23). qarTulis kiloebSi ufro xSirad TurmeobiTis ori nakvTi gvxvdeba _ monavala da
monavaliyo. SedarebiT iSviaTia meoTxe kavSirebiTi, rogorc mე same kavSirebiTi. mecnieris miniSnebiT, „meoTxe jgufis nakvTebi Cveulebriv mesame
piris formiT gvxvdeba“, rac mas im daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas aZlevs, rom „es nakvTebi, rogorc Cans, mesame piris safuZvelzea Camoyalibebuli“ (rogava 1953:29).
mecniers mesame da meoTxe seriis jgufebi istoriulad sxvadasxva
drois warmonaqmnad miaCnda. IV seriis nakvTebi unda Camoyalibebuliyo
dro-kiloTa mesame jgufis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, xolo dasavlur kiloebSi (qvemoimerulSi, raWulsa da leCxumurSi) es formebi ufro gviandeli movlena Cans. mecniers awmyos TurmeobiTis nakvTTa Camoyalibeba qarTvelur enebSi enaTa morfologiis ganviTarebis Sinagan kanonad miaCnia,
rac ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom saWiro iyo uxilavi dro-kiloTa nakvTebis gaCena namyo usrulisaTvis. megrulis iseT zmnebs, romlebsac mxolod awmyo-myofadis nakvTebi gaaCniaT, ar ganuviTarebiaT saTanado TurmeobiTis nakvTebi. im garemoebas, rom amgvari formebi ar ganviTarda saliteraturo qarTulSi, mecnieri imiT xsnis, rom megruls ufro meti saWiroeba hqonda, gamoexata awmyos jgufis TurmeobiTis formebi, radgan
statikur zmnebs mxolod pirveli jgufis formebi hqondaT (rogava
1953:30-31).
wignSi „megrulis lingvisturi analizi“ meoTxe seriis formebi unaxavi aqtis formebad aris daxasiaTebuli, xolo am formebis semantika amgvarad aris axsnili: „isini gadmoscemen moqmedebas, romelic uSualod
molaparakes ar unaxavs, magram misTvis cnobilia sxvaTa naTqvamis (an unaxavi moqmedebis Sedegis) mixedviT. aseTi formebi yovelTvis Seicavs
„Turmes“ gagebas da amitom misi xmareba savaldebulo arc aris. magram
„TurmeobiTobas“, garda unaxaobis gadmocemisa, kidev sxva mniSvnelobac
aqvs: aRniSnavs naxuls, gancdil moqmedebas, romlis Sesaxeb (an romlis
Sedegebis Sesaxeb) moqmedma bolomde yvelaferi ar icis. amgvarad, TurmeobiTis SinaarsisaTvis arsebiTia moqmedebis Sesaxeb zusti codnis arqonis momenti. swored arcodnis semantika iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom
TurmeobiTis mniSvnelobas daukavSirdes potencialisis mniSvnelobac (ra
Tqma unda, igulisxmeba mxolod is zmnebi, romelTac ewarmoebaT potencialisis formebi)~ (kartozia da sxv. 2010:262).
megrulSi awmyos TurmeobiTebi warsuli drois gadmosacemad gamoiyeneba da am semantikis warmoCenas xels uwyobs no- (< na-) prefiqsi, rome256
lic winaviTarebis saxelebisa da warsuli drois mimReobis mawarmoebeli
afiqsia (qobalava 2001:134).
megrulis formebis semantikuri analizisas Cveulebriv wignSi Turme
nawilakia gamoyenebuli, magram erT adgilas (kartozia da sxv. 2010:263)
„nawerava“ forma gamouyenebiaT avtorebs, radgan am formaSi ufro kargad
igrZnoba is damaxasiaTebeli semantikuri niuansi, romelsac es forma gulisxmobs, vidre es Cans aRweriT, Turme formadarTul warmoebaSi.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, evidencialobis ori saxe gamoiyofa: pirdapiri
evidencialoba da iribi evidencialoba. pirdapiri evidencialobis markireba ar xdeba, magram markirebulia iribi evidencialoba. iribi evidencialobis semantikuri klasifikaciisas ki mniSvnelovania informaciis wyaro
da misi miRebis gza, anu rogoria miRebuli informacia _ verbaluri anu
SetyobinebiTi, Tu inferenciuli anu daskvniTi, romelic mTqmels gamoaqvs Tavisi codnisa da gamocdilebis fonze.
na- prefiqsiani formebi qarTuli enis oTx dialeqtSi dasturdeba:
qvemoimerulSi, gurulSi, leCxumursa da raWulSi (jorbenaZe 1989). am
formaTa arseboba, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, megrulis gavlenas miewereba,
rac bunebrivia am arealisaTvis. SeniSnulia, rom qarTulis kiloebSi meoTxe seriis nakvTebi, Cveulebriv, mesame piris formiT gvxvdeba, rac
xels uwyobs im daskvnas, rom es nakvTebi mesame piris safuZvelzea Camoyalibebuli (rogava 1953:29). amis mizezi ki SeiZleba iyos is, rom pirveli piri dakavebulia rogorc SemgrZnobi, mimRebi, aRmqmeli informaciisa.
igi erTgvarad distancirebulia faqtisa da movlenisagan da, faqtobrivad, informaciis mimRebi an gamtarebeli xdeba.
am dialeqtebSi, iseve rogorc saliteraturo qarTulSi, evidencialuri semantika I da II TurmeobiTis mwkrivebsac moepovebaT. dgeba sakiTxi,
ra semantikuri sxvaobaa „yvarebia“ da „nayvareba“ formebs Soris, ramac
am dialeqtebSi na- prefiqsiani formebis damkvidrebasa da SenarCunebas
Seuwyo xeli?
na- prefiqsiani formebis semantikurma analizma ramdenime jgufis gamoyofis SesaZlebloba Seqmna. es formebi iribi evidencialobisaa da garkveuli semantikuri niSniT xasiaTdeba:
1. admiratiuloba, anu moulodneli Sedegi _ naxuli, romlis Sedegi
moulodneli iyo molaparakisaTvis: (1) „naduReba e wyali ra xania...“ _
molaparakisaTvis naxuli faqti moulodnelia. formaSi ara marto winaa
wamoweuli Turmes gageba, aramed igi garkveuli eqspresiulobis niuansis
matarebelicaa, kerZod, igrZnoba gaoceba, gakvirveba naxulis gamo. „naduReba“ formis Sinaarsi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba „aduRebula“ formisagan, romelSic ufro rezultatiurobis semantikaa win wamoweuli. admiratiuli evidencialoba vrceli konteqstidan kidev ufro kargad vlin257
deba. frazaSi SesaZloa arsebobdes eqspresiulobis gamomxatveli „ra“ an
„ar“ nawilaki, rac xazs usvams moulodneli SedegiT miRebul ganwyobas:
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5
„ager ar nagdeba ei?! veZeb raxania“...
„me vyviri aqane da eger naJdoma buxarTan egi, karqa siTfoSi“...
„ra karga naqargava ei gogo, kar vicoi me“...
)„Sexede, ra kai skamefs nakeTeba daTiko, kar vicoi me“...
2. inferencia, anu logikuri daskvna _ logikur daskvnaze dafuZnebuli informacia, romelic ZiriTadad emyareba mTqmelisTvis cnobil faqtebs. esaa mTqmelis daskvna, romelic mas gamoaqvs Tavisi zogadi codnis
da gamocdilebis safuZvelze. daskvna SeiZleba gamotanili iyos warsuli
gamocdilebis fonze (6), an gulisxmobdes garkveuli eWvis arsebobas da
masze dafuZnebul daskvnas (7), an varauds, romelic arsebobda da axla
daskvniT gamyarda (8), an faqtis xilvis Sedegad gamdidrebul gamocdilebas (9), (10).
(6) „baRnebma mokrifen guSxam, suyvele futurea... albaT Touli
monaxTena // naxTena magas.“
(7) `mivei da qe aRar iyo rame xeze, mais baRane nakrefava GumaTe...
raRai iqneboda“...
(8) „majagia ufro e wiTeli qaTmebi... ise didi nazarda egi, kaco!“...
(9) „rafer danaqona tyemali GasabareblaT, sa Soulia amdoni“...
(10) „qe nabama e Txili da rai ginda“...
na- prefiqsiani formebis semantika gansxvavebulia amave zmnebis I
TurmeobiTis formebisagan: rezultatiurobis gamomxatveli formebia _
moxdenia, moukrefia, gazrdila, moubams (/moubia)..., xolo na- prefiqsiani
formebiT ki iribi evidencialoba, unaxaoba vlindeba, romelic faqtis
Semdgom logikuri daskvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs.
3. xmebze damyarebuli informacia _ na- prefiqsiani iribi evidencialobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli semantikaa. es SeiZleba dauzustebeli informaciis saxeldebiTac daxasiaTdes, Tumca termini „xmebze damyarebuli
informacia“ am semantikis mTavar maxasiaTebels wamoswevs wina planze
(ingl.: Hearsay). igi, faqtobrivad, gulisxmobs arsebul, gavrcelebul
xmebze damyarebul informacias, romelic Seumowmebeli an gadaumowmebelia, magram molaparake mas mainc iyenebs, anu am azris gamtari xdeba.
swored am semantikur niuanss unda gulisxmobdnen „megrulis lingvisturi analizis~ avtorebi, roca weren: „meoTxe seriis formebi unaxavi aqtis formebia. isini gadmoscemen moqmedebas, romelic uSualod molaparakes ar unaxavs, magram misTvis cnobilia sxvaTa naTqvamis (an unaxavi moqmedebis Sedegis) mixedviT. aseTi formebi yovelTvis Seicavs „Turmes“ gagebas da amitom misi xmareba savaldebulo arc aris. magram „TurmeobiTo258
bas“, garda unaxaobis gadmocemisa, kidev sxva mniSvnelobac aqvs: aRniSnavs
naxuls, gancdil moqmedebas, romlis Sesaxeb (an romlis Sedegebis Sesaxeb) moqmedma bolomde yvelaferi ar icis (xazgasma GCvenia n.S.). amgvarad, TurmeobiTis SinaarsisaTvis arsebiTia moqmedebis Sesaxeb zusti
codnis arqonis momenti“ (kartozia da sxv. 2010).
megrulis warmoeba Tavisi semantikuri niuansiT gadmovida qarTuli
enis dasavlur dialeqtebSi da swored am semantikis SenarCunebam Seuwyo
xeli am formebis daamkvidrebasa da gavrcelebas. am semantikas, ra Tqma
unda, I TurmeobiTis formebi ver Caanacvlebda.
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
„girgolie saxs nayidava da yidulofs magiors peteras“...
„nawumara iqine“...
„xSiraT monavala ma qali maqane, danavala“...
„anikos gouReT karebi. qe nawyena marSina, mara ar uwyenia axla“...
„qalebi danareba iqine“...
„TviTan ver naWama Txils da awi raRaT unda“...
„valodies gogo nayvareba magas da mas mere arc mouyvania coli“.
„mai, jarSi ro iyo nawera da nagzavna werilebs i gogosan“...
„mais rZali saxs naSeneba Turme quTaiSi“...
„iqine yofila axlos da iqidgan nayureba am ambavs“...
„unda viyido axali krani, kar naRirala beveri“...
„naparava mai biWi yorfels“...
„axali wliza nasuqeba i Rors aniko da kar deekarqa?!“
„nandoma magas kai xania“...
sayuradReboa na- prefiqsiani formebis dafiqsirebis SemTxvevebi Tanamedrove qarTul mediasa da internetsivrceSi. maTi raodenoba sakmaod
didia.1 ra Tqma unda, es formebi ufro metad dasavluri dialeqtebis
warmomadgenelTa metyvelebaSi fiqsirdeba, magram aq mniSvneloba mainc
faqts eniWeba: am formebis gamoyenebiT swored im Tavisebur semantikur
niuansebze xdeba yuradRebis gamaxvileba, rac saliteraturo enis TurmeobiTebis formebiT srulad ver gadmoicema. garda zemoT ganxiluli semantikuri niuansebisa, konteqstebis umravlesoba mkveTr ironiasac Seicavs, rac zogadad dialeqturi metyvelebis arapirdapiri gamoyenebis maxasiaTebelia, magram am SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa isic, rom saliteraturo
enis Cveulebrivi formebi ver warmoaCens im ironiul qveteqsts, rac
mniSvnelovania maTi gamomyeneblisaTvis. es am formaTa analizis pragmatuli aspeqtebia da calke kvlevas moiTxovs.
1
amisaTvis ubralod sakmarisia saZiebo erTeulad mieces formebi: nayvareba, minavala, nacxovreba... da masala uxvad iqneba warmodgenili internetsivrcidan,
romelic moicavs medias, forumebs an feisbukis komentarebs.
259
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Nino Sharashenidze
The Category of Evidentiality (the Unseen) in the Western
Dialects of the Georgian Language: On the Functional-Semantic
Analysis of Forms with prefix naSummary
Evidentiality is a universal category expressed in every language. It may be
expressed by means of diverse linguistic forms: it may either be revealed as a result of
discourse analysis or expressed by syntactic, lexical or morphological means.
Evidentiality in a broad sense is an expression of relation between the information given
in the text and the informer/speaker: it expresses the way of obtaining information,
either directly perceived or obtained indirectly from some source; it also expresses
whether the information is genuine, probable or anticipated by the speaker.
Evidentiality is present in all the three Kartvelian languages, although it is not
considered a morphological category.
The situation with regard to the expression of evidentiality varies among the
dialects of Georgian. The eastern dialects mostly reflect the existing situation – the
resultative screeves express a result, outcome. However, in narrative texts the sequence
of Resultative I destroys the resultative meaning in the perfect and emphasizes the
meaning of the unseen.
In the Western dialects the situation is different. The category of evidentiality is
expressed naturally by the forms of the Third Series. Besides, in some dialects there are
special forms for expressing indirect evidentiality. It is considered that these forms have
appeared as a result of the influence of Megrelian language and are characterized by the
usage of na- prefix, which is considered a form of the Fourth Series.
Forms with na- prefix are found in the four dialects of Georgian: those of lower
Imereti, Guria, Lechkhumi and Racha.The semantic analysis of forms with na- prefix
has made it possible to distinguish several groups. These forms express indirect
evidentiality and are characterized by certain semantic features. The paper is an attempt
of functional-semantic analysis of constructions with na- prefix: admiration – or
unexpected result, inference – or logical conclusion, information based on rumour,
sharp irony.
261
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
qeTevan ZiZiguri
netari avgustines semiotikuri ideebi
adreuli Sua saukuneebis qristianul filosofiasa da RvTismetyvelebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs qristianuli eklesiis erT-erTi
fuZemdeblis, netari avgustines (354-430), nawerebs, romlebic Seicaven
semiotikuri sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil erT-erT pirvel naSromebs. avrelius avgustine daibada CrdiloeT afrikis provincia numidiaSi (axlandeli
alJiris teritoria), Raribi romaeli moxelis ojaxSi. misi mama warmarTi iyo, deda – qristiani, wminda monika (miCneulia gaTxovili qalebis
mfarvelad). WeSmaritebis ZiebaSi avgustinem ramdenjerme Seicvala msoflmxedveloba: igi jer maniqeveli iyo (seqta, romelic samyaros sikeTisa
da borotebis brZolis velad miiCnevs), mere – skeptikosi, Semdeg ki neoplatonikosi. sabolood igi qristianobas miemxro da aqtiurad ibrZoda
imxanad gavrcelebuli seqtebis winaaRmdeg, rasac mravali traqtati miuZRvna. 395 w. avgustine dainiSna qalaq hiponis (Tanamedrove anaba, alJiri) episkoposis Tanamdebobaze, romelzedac igi sikvdilamde imyofeboda
– igi gardaicvala 430 w. 28 agvistos vandalebis mier alyaSemortymul
hiponSi. avgustine Seracxulia wmindanad rogorc kaTolikur, ise marTlmadideblur eklesiebSi.
netari avgustines mravali naSromi eZRvneba mTlianad saRvTismetyvelo sakiTxebs. maTTan kavSirSi ganixileba semiotikuri problematikac.
misi Sexedulebebi Camoyalibda elinisturi filosofiisa da qristianuli
misticizmis zegavleniT, xolo Semoqmedeba warmoadgens erTgvar mijnas
antikur da qristianul epoqebs Soris. RvTismetyveli miiCnevs, rom mTeli samyaros realiebis erToblioba aris niSanTa sistema, romelic unda
Seiswavlebodes wminda werilisa da RvTis gangebis ukeT Secnobis mizniT.
niSanTa Teorias avgustine aviTarebs traqtatebSi `dialeqtikis Sesaxeb~
(“De dialectica” 387 w.), `maswavleblis Sesaxeb~ (De Magistro 388-89 ww.),
`qristianuli moZRvrebis Sesaxeb~ (De doctrina christiana 396-427ww.), `samebis Sesaxeb~ (De Trinitate 400-416 ww.), `RvTis qalaqis Sesaxeb~ (De
civitate Dei 412-426 ww.)da sxv.
traqtatSi `RvTis qalaqis Sesaxeb~ avgustine kacobriobis istorias
ganixilavs rogorc ori qalaqis – zeciurisa da miwieris – dapirispirebas. es qalaqebi ganasaxiereben sikeTesa da borotebas, RvTaebrivsa da eSmakiseuls; maT Soris daZabuloba, zemoqmedebs ra adamianebis yoveldRiur
cxovrebaze, gansazRvravs globaluri istoriis msvlelobis mimarTule262
bas, romelic, avgustines mixedviT, warmoadgens ara movlenebisa da TariRebis mouwesrigebel da SemTxveviT krebuls, aramed iZens RmerTis mier
winaswar dadgenil veqtors, saboloo mizans. istoriul process, rogorc RvTis Canafiqris Tanmimdevrul ganxorcielebas, mxatvruli nawarmoebis an dramis msgavsad, aqvs dasawyisi (codviT dacema), moqmedebis mimdinareoba (zeciuri da miwieri samefoebis brZola) da dasasruli (qristes meored mosvla da saSineli samsjavro). es koncefcia dasabams udebs
drois axalebur, `semiotikur-esqatologiur~ gagebas (
1999:60),
romelSic istoriuli movlenebi iZenen semiotikur statuss maT Soris
mizezSedegobrivi mimarTebebis dadgenisas, risTvisac saWiroa maTTvis
garkveuli mniSvnelobebis miniWeba da, Sedegad, erTian niSnobriv sistemaSi moTavseba. amrigad, avgustines doqtrinidan gamomdinareobs, rom semiozisisa da niSnis cnebebis warmoqmna Tan sdevs istoriisa da wminda werilis gaazrebis process.
niSnis raobasa da bunebaze Tavisi warmodgenebis Sesaxeb avgustine
mraval naSromSi msjelobs. swored misi nawerebis wyalobiTaa Semonaxuli stoikosebis niSnis Teoria, romelmac, rogorc Cans, didi gavlena
iqonia avgustines sakuTar semiotikur Teoriaze, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
antikuri da adreulqristianuli naazrevis erTgvari Sejamebaa.
Teologi-filosofosi ganmartavs niSans rogorc iseT raimes, rac
aRiqmeba grZnobaTa organoebiT da Tavisi Tavis garda kidev raRac sxvas
warudgens gonebas: `niSani aris sagani, romelic sakuTari saxis an formis garda, romlebic Cvens SegrZnebebze zemoqmedeben, aRZravs Cvens gonebaSi sxva cnobili sagnebis Sesaxeb warmodgenas, magaliTad, kvalis danaxvisas Cven warmovidgenT cxovels, romelmac es kvali datova, kvamlis
danaxvisas – cecxls, romelmac igi warmoSva~ (
.
II, 1). amrigad,
avgustine amkvidrebs niSnis triadul models: niSani – denotati – recipienti/niSnis momxmarebeli (niSani warudgens sakuTar Tavs SegrZnebebs da
kidev raRac Tavisi Tavisgan gansxvavebuls – gonebas (De dialectica V)).
niSani (signum) TviTonac aris sagani, radgan `rac sagani ar aris, is
srulebiT araferia, magram yoveli sagani niSani araa~ (
.
I, 2).
sakuTriv sagnebs an nivTebs (res) warmoadgenen iseTi arsebi, romlebic ar
gamoiyeneba sxva ramis aRsaniSnad. amasTan, erTaderTi arsi, romelic marTlac arafers aRniSnavs, aris wminda sameba, vinaidan igi yoveliveze maRla dgas da warmoadgens tkbobis umaRles obieqts, maSin rodesac yvela
danarCen sagans aqvs funqcionaluri, gamoyenebiTi datvirTva, kerZod,
RvTisa da erTimeoris aRniSvna. avgustines am Sexedulebam dasabami daudo mTels Sua saukuneebSi gabatonebul warmodgenas pansemiotizmis Sesaxeb, rodesac yoveli amqveyniuri movlena da sagani moiazreboda rogorc
RvTaebrivi realobis niSani.
263
metyvelebis SemTxvevaSi niSani warmoiqmneba da aRiqmeba danawevrebuli bgeris daxmarebiT. `sityva aris romelime sagnis niSani; igi SeiZleba
gagebuli iyos msmenelis mier, rodesac mas molaparake warmoTqvams~ (De
dialectica V).
niSnis funqcia SeiZleba Seasrulon aseve Jestebma, moZraobebma an mimikam, Tumca gamoxatvis es saSualebebi didad Camouvardebian sityvebs,
romelTac avgustine upiratesobas aniWebs niSanTa Soris, radgan `niSanTa
yvela saxeobis... gamoxatva SesaZlebelia sityvebiT, magram sityvebis am
niSnebiT gamoxatva SeuZlebelia~ (
.
II,4).
netari avgustine ase aRwers metyvelebis warmoqmnis process: adamianis suls, wamieri naTebis msgavsad, asxivosnebs intuiciuri warmodgena
zeciuri WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb, romelic Zalian male qreba, magram mexsierebaSi tovebs anabeWds. metyveleba xorcieldeba swored am anabeWdis
gaxsenebis wyalobiT, maSin rodesac gamosaTqmeli azri, romelsac avgustine Sinagan sityvas (verbum mentis, verbum interius) uwodebs, ukve didi
xania gamqralia gonebidan. TviT metyveleba SeiZleba sxvadasxva enaze mimdinareobdes, magram sulieri anabeWdi `ar miekuTvneba arc berZnul, arc
laTinur, arc romelime sxva enas~ (
XV,19). xmamaRla gamoTqmuli sityva (verbum vocis) aris am Sinagani sityvis niSani, gamoxatuleba.
Sinagani sityva warmoadgens sulis imanentur Tvisebas, azrs, romelic
jer ar aris sityvebSi Semosili; misgan unda ganvasxvavoT uxmod, gonebaSi gamoTqmuli sityvebi da bgerebi, romlebic miekuTvnebian garegan sityvebs: `sityva, romelic JRers gareganad, aris Sinaganad danaxuli sityvis
niSani; da swored am ukanasknels SeeTanadeba sityvis dasaxeleba~ (
XV, 20). avgustines TqmiT, rogorc Sinagani sityva gamoixateba gareganiT, iseve Seimoseba sxeuliT RvTaebrivi logosi, raTa igi adamianebma Seimecnon, amave dros, RvTis sityvis garegani gamovlinebaa mTeli samyaro.
wm. avgustines mixedviT, enobrivi niSnis (signum), anu garegani sityvis, Semadgeneli nawilebia dicibile (aRsaniSni), dictio (aRmniSvneli), res
(sagani). Dicibile aRniSnavs sityvas, romelsac SeiZleba CavwvdeT gonebiT
mis warmoTqmamde, dictio aris xmis meSveobiT warmoTqmuli sityva, gamosaxuleba: `Dicibilia (gamosaTqmelebi) gonebaSi metyvelebis win Cndebian, rodesac isini metyvelebaSi gamoiTqmebian ramis Sesaxeb, isini gadaiqcevian
dictions (gamonaTqvamebad)~ (De dialectica V). erTi SexedviT, dicibile da Sinagani sityva ar gansxvavdebian erTimeorisgan. Mmagram Sinagani sityva mTlianad fsiqikur sferos ganekuTvneba, xolo dicibile aris lingvistur-semantikuri movlena; Sinagan sityvaSi aRbeWdilia is, rac igulisxmeba mosaubris mier, misi Tavdapirveli azri, dicibile ki aRniSnavs am azris gamoxatvis saSualebebs, sityvebis Sinaarss konkretul sakomunikacio situa264
ciaSi. gansxvaveba am or cnebas Soris naTlad Cans, rodesac erTi da igive azri sxvadasxva sityviTaa gamoTqmuli, romelTac aqvT sakuTari signifikaciuri da konotaciuri mniSvnelobebi da amis Sedegad gamosaTqmel
azrSi gansxvavebuli niuansebi SeaqvT. maSasadame, terminiT `Sinagani sityva“ avgustine aRniSnavs azrs rogorc fsiqikur movlenas, xolo terminiT
`dicibile” – gamonaTqvamis mniSvnelobas, imas, rac SeiZleba gamoixatos sityvebiT. rac Seexeba sagnebs, isini ornairia: SegrZnebebis organoebiT aRsaqmeli (sensibilia), magaliTad, `romi, romulusi an mdinare~ (
IV),
da isini, romelTac wvdebian gonebis meSveobiT (intelligibilia), magaliTad,
`simamace~ (
IV). enobrivi niSnis kidev erTi Semadgeneli nawilia TviTon niSani, verbum (sityva), rac aseve gulisxmobs sityvis metalingvisturi funqciiT gamoyenebas misive dasaxelebis mizniT, da ara raime sagnis aRsaniSnad (magaliTad, rodesac maswavlebeli ekiTxeba bavSvs,
romel metyvelebis nawils miekuTvneba sityva arma `iaraRi~, es sityva
naxmaria swored am azriT).
enobrivi niSnis avgustineseuli interpretacia eyrdnoba stoikosebis
Teorias, romelTa mixedviT enobrivi niSani (sēmeion) sam cnebas moicavs:
obieqti (tygchanon), aRsaniSni (lecton, sēmainomenon) da aRmniSvneli
(sēmainon). garegani obieqti adamianis fsiqikaSi qmnis warmodgenas, azrs,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, gamoxatulebas povebs bgeraSi, aRmniSvnelSi. aRsaniSni moiazreba rogorc metyvelebis azrobrivi mxare, romelic gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva enaSi, maSin rodesac azrovneba yvela adamianSi Tvisebrivad erTnairia. `stoikosebi amtkiceben, rom sami ram aris erTmaneTTan
kavSirSi – aRsaniSni, aRmniSvneli da obieqti. amaTgan aRmniSvneli aris
bgera, magaliTad, `dioni~; aRsaniSni – bgeriT gamoxatuli is sagani, romelsac Cven gonebiT vwvdebiT...; obieqti – garegani substrati, magaliTad, Tavad dioni. aqedan ori, metyveleba da obieqti, sxeulebrivia, xolo erTi ar aris sxeulebrivi – aRsaniSni, anu leqtoni~, _ werda seqstus empirikusi (II–III ss.) (
…1936:69). rogorc vxedavT,
SesaZlebelia dadgindes Semdegi Sesatyvisobebi avgustinesa da stoikosebis cnebebs Soris: signum/verbum – sēmeion, dicibile – lecton/ sēmainomenon,
diction – sēmainon, res – tygchanon.
Semecnebis wyaro, avgustines azriT, oria: garemos obieqtebis uSualo aRqma da RvTisgan naboZebi imanenturi codna. Sinagani metyveleba
swored am ukanasknelidan momdinareobs, amitom WeSmariti azrovneba (cogitatio) xorcieldeba mxolod Sinagani sityvebis, anu Sinagani Wvretis meSveobiT: `maradiul WeSmaritebaSi, romlis safuZvelzedacaa Seqmnili yovelive droebiTi, gonebis mzeriT vWvretT Cven im xats, romlis msgavsadac varsebobT da romlis msgavsad vakeTebT raimes WeSmariti da swori
saxiT~ (
IX,12). Semecnebis procesi, avgustines mixedviT, xorci265
eldeba semiozisis meSveobiT, rodesac danaxuli obieqti jer sulSi aRibeWdeba xatebis saxiT, xolo Semdeg isini gons gadaecema, romelic imanenturi codnis safuZvelze ganmartavs am xatebaTa mniSvnelobebs. suli,
amrigad, warmoadgens `gonTan SedarebiT ufro dabal Zalas“ (
12,11), romelSic mxolod aRibeWdeba esa Tu is xatebi, xolo maTi
gageba da ganmarteba, anu aRmniSvnelisTvis mniSvnelobis miniWeba, gonebaSi
xdeba. niSanTa warmoqmnis unari mxolod adamianebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, radgan pirutyvebs `ugunuri suli“ aqvT, da `danaxulis xati sulSive rCeba“ (iqve).
adamianebis semiotikuri moRvaweobis mTavar miznad da mizezad avgustine maT Soris komunikacias miiCnevs: `maTi (niSnebis) gamoyenebis mizania,
rom maTi meSveobiT gadaices da aRibeWdos sxvis sulSi is, rac imyofeba
niSnis warmomqmneli adamianis gonebaSi~ (
.
II,3). enobrivi niSnis funqciaa Sinagani naazrevis (cogitationes) bgeriTi substanciiT gamoxatva, romlis aRqmac msmenelis sulSi aRZravs misi Sinagani sityvis xatebas. amgvari saxiT ganxorcielebuli komunikacia arasodes ar aris
srulyofili, radgan gareganad gamoTqmuli sityvebi amaxinjeben pirvandel mniSvnelobas, raTa miiRon sxeulebrivi SegrZnebebis meSveobiT aRsaqmeli forma. amrigad, mosaubreebs ar ZaluZT gadascen erTimeores zusti mniSvneloba, isini mxolod iwveven erTmaneTis gonebaSi iq ukve arsebuli msgavsi xatebebis gaxsenebas.
komunikaciur-semiotikur midgomas avgustine avrcelebs aseve wminda
werilisa da zogadad teqstebis interpretaciis procesze. igi Tvlis,
rom bibliuri teqstebis wakiTxvisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos ramdenime faqtori: erTi mxriv, es aris maTi istoriul-kulturuli aspeqtebi
da, meore mxriv, TviTon mkiTxvelis eTnikuri, socialuri, religiuri da
kulturuli foni. am faqtorebis urTierTqmedeba ganapirobebs mkiTxvelis mier teqstis gagebisa da ganmartebis mimarTulebasa da siRrmes, xolo kiTxvis process gadaaqcevs SemoqmedebiT aqtad, romelSic aRmqmeli
da aRqmis obieqti erTnairad aqtiurad monawileoben.
netari avgustines traqtatebSi aRwerilia niSanTa ramdenime saxeoba,
romelTa klasifikaciis principebi mocemulia c. todorovis naSromSi
(
1999).
1. klasifikaciis pirveli principia Setyobinebis gadacemisa da miRebis
xerxi, anu romeli organoebiT aRiqmeba niSani. avgustine upirvelesad
gamoyofs smenasa da mxedvelobas, romelTa daxmarebiT adamiani bgerebsa da Jestebs aRiqvams; komunikaciis naklebad gavrcelebuli saSualebebia ynosva, gemo da Sexeba: `niSnebi, romlebsac adamianebi iyeneben Tavisi grZnobebis gamosaxatavad, miekuTvnebian: zogierTi – mxedvelobas,
umetesi nawili – smenas, Zalian cota – sxva SegrZnebebs~ (
.
266
2.
3.
II,4). vizualur niSnebs avgustine miakuTvnebs Jestebs, raimeze
miTiTebas, mimikas da `xilul sityvebs~ uwodebs maT (iqve); smeniT
niSnebSi, sityvebis garda, Sedis musika, samxedro sayviris xma da misTanebi. aRqmis sxva saSualebebze (ynosva, gemo da Sexeba) dafuZnebuli
niSnebis magaliTebi avgustines wminda werilidan mohyavs: macxovris
sxeulidan gavrcelebuli nelsacxebelis keTilsurneleba; saidumlo
serobaze iesom pirvelma miiRo wminda ziareba da amiT Tavisi neba gamoxata; macxovarma aseve gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobiT daajildova im
qalis Jesti, romelic Seexo mis samoss da ganikurna (iqve).
niSnebis klasifikaciis meore principia maTi daxarisxeba warmoSobisa
da xmarebis mixedviT, rac gulisxmobs bunebrivi (signa naturalia), anu
niSnis momxmareblisgan damoukideblad arsebuli, da intencionaluri
(signa data, niSnis momxmareblis mier ganzrax Seqmnili, `mocemuli~
niSnebi) niSnebis gamijvnas. `niSnebi ornairia _ erTni bunebrivi, meoreni xelovnuri. bunebrivi niSnebi sakuTari Tavis garda aRZraven
CvenSi cnebas sxva nivTis Sesaxeb TavisTavad, da ara viRacis nebiT,
vinc mianiWa maT am nivTis mniSvneloba~ (
.
II, 2), magaliTad, kvamli – cecxlis niSani, adamianis saxis gamometyveleba, romelic uneblieT gvatyobinebs misi Sinagani ganwyobis Sesaxeb, da a.S.
intencionaluria niSnebi, romlebic warmoiqmnebian adamianisa da cxovelebis mier raimes Setyobinebis mizniT, Tumca avgustine ar aris
darwmunebuli imaSi, rom cxovelebis mier warmoqmnili signalebi winaswar ganzraxulia da ara uneblie. sityvebi intencionalur niSnebs
miekuTvnebian.
niSanTa klasifikacia maTi socialuri statusis mixedviT. am SemTxvevaSi avgustine niSnebs yofs or jgufad: bunebrivi (universaluri,
motivirebuli) da institucionaluri (pirobiTi, konvencionaluri).
bunebriv niSanTa aRqma xdeba spontanurad da uSualod, xolo pirobiTebis – Seswavlis Sedegad. ase, Tu vinme ityvis “iratus sum” (ganrisxebuli var), laTinebis garda mas veravin gaugebs, magram yvela
sworad aRiqvams ganrisxebuli adamianis saxis gamometyvelebas. sityvasa da azrs Soris kavSirs avgustine, amrigad, pirobiTad miiCnevs,
xolo azrsa da sagans Soris – bunebrivad da universalurad, anu
erTnairad yvela enaze molaparakeTaTvis. niSanTa mniSvneloba dadgenilia sayovelTao konvenciiT da ara bunebrivad: `pirobiTi niSnebis
meSveobiT cocxali arsebebi urTierTSeTanxmebis Sedegad gamoxataven
Tavis sulier gancdebs, SegrZnebebsa da azrebs~ (
.
II, 3),
Tumca `yvelas unda, dainaxos msgavseba aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris, anu rom niSnebi, SeZlebisdagvarad, maTiT gamoxatuli sagnebis
msgavsni iyvnen~ (
.
II, 38). enobrivi niSnis konvencionalur
267
xasiaTze mowmobs aseve is faqti, rom Semecneba xorcieldeba upirvelesad TviTon sagnebis, da ara sityvebis meSveobiT; am ukanasknelT
avgustine aniWebs funqcionalur statuss: `sityvebad wodebuli niSnebis meSveobiT Cven verafers ver vswavlobT, radgan aRsaniSni sagnis
daxmarebiT Cven vigebT sityvis Zalas, romelic bgeraSi imaleba, magram am mniSvnelobis meSveobiT sagnis Sesaxeb warmodgenas Cven ver viRebT~ (
X).
4. niSanTa kidev erTi klasi gadmoscems simboluri aRniSvnis bunebas. am
TvalsazrisiT gamoiyofa pirdapiri da gadataniTi niSnebi: `sityvebs
zogadad gaaCniaT an pirdapiri, an gadataniTi mniSvneloba~ (
.
II, 15). pirdapiria niSani, romelic ixmareba im sagnis gamosaxatavad, romlisTvisac igi Tavdapirvelad iyo Seqmnili (`magaliTad, Cven
vambobT `xari~ da vgulisxmobT garkveul cxovels, romelsac yvela
ase uwodebs~ (iqve)), xolo gadataniTia niSani, romlis aRsaniSni TviTon gamoiyeneba sxva sagnebis aRmniSvnelad: `ase, sityva `xari~... SeiZleba aRniSnavdes adamians, romelic qadagebs RvTis sityvas~ (iqve).
5. bolos, avgustine ganasxvavebs niSnebs maTi aRsaniSnebis bunebis safuZvelze (c. todorovis ganmartebiT, am jgufSi Sedis damwerloba da
enis metalingvisturi gamoyeneba). avgustines azriT, metyveleba niSnavs
danawevrebuli bgerebis gamoTqmas, xolo termins `danawevrebuli“ igi
gansazRvravs imis mixedviT, SeiZleba Tu ara amgvari metyvelebis werilobiTi niSnebiT gamosaxva (De dialectica V). `vinaidan sityvebi, haeris
Serxevis Semdeg, im wuTasve qrebian da iseTive wamierni arian, rogorc
TviTon bgera, maTi materializaciis mizniT dadgenilia asoebi. amrigad,
sityvebi warudgebian Cvens mxedvelobas ara TavisTavad, aramed Tavisi
niSnebis, anu asoebis meSveobiT~ (
.
II, 5). mocemuli nawyvetidan Cans, rom asoebs filosofosi bgerebis, xolo daweril sityvebs
gaJRerebuli sityvebis niSnebad (signa verborum) miiCnevs, da, Sesabamisad, damwerlobas semiotikur ganzomilebaSi aTavsebs.
avgustine gansakuTrebiT gamohyofs enobrivi niSnebis metalingvistur
funqcias, radgan, misi ganmartebiT, nebismieri saxis niSnebisa da TviTon
sityvebis Sesaxeb saubari mxolod sityvebiTvea SesaZlebeli. enis swored
es Tviseba aniWebs mas gansakuTrebul adgils sxva semiotikur sistemebs
Soris.
netari avgustines naazrevma udidesi gavlena moaxdina mTeli Sua saukuneebis Teologiasa da filosofiaze, xolo misi mravali idea mniSvnelovnad uswrebda Tavis dros da mxolod momdevno saukuneebSi iqna saTanadod aTvisebuli (magaliTad, xazovani drois idea an Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianis arsebobas amtkicebs mis mier amaSi eWvis Setana). avgustines Teologiur naSromebSi didi adgili ukavia msjelobas niSnebis,
268
maTi saxeobebis da adamianis niSnobrivi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, romlis axsnasac igi fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT cdilobs. filosofosis naazrevi
am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, garkveulwilad warmoadgens stoikosebisa da sxva
antikuri filosofiuri skolebis niSnis Teoriebis gagrZelebas, maTi
swavlebebis erTgvar gadaazrebas qristianuli TvalsazrisiT. amave dros,
avgustine ara mxolod amkvidrebs niSnis Teorias, aramed niSnebs ganixilavs rogorc Semecnebisa da azrovnebis ganmsazRvrel elementebs da iyenebs niSnis Teorias wminda werilisa da sxva religiuri teqstebis interpretaciisTvis, rac imdroindel hermenevtikaSi srulebiT axal movlenas warmoadgens. yovelive amis Sedegad, sruli uflebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom netari avgustine aris erT-erTi pirveli semiotikosi da persisa da sosiuris WeSmariti winamorbedi.
literatura
De dialectica: http://faculty.georgetown.edu/jod/texts/dialecticatrans.html.
P. Cary, The Inner Word Prior to Language: Augustine as Platonist Alternative to Ga
damerian Hermeneutics, http://www.academia.edu/943959/ The_Inner_Word_Prior_
to_Language_Augustine_as_Platonist_Alternative_to_Gadamerian_Hermeneutics.
B. Darrell Jackson, The Theory of Signs in St. Augustine’s De Doctrina Christiana,
Revue d' Etudes Augustiniennes Et Patristiques 15 (1-2):9-50 (1969)
V. Law, The History of Linguistics in Europe. From Plato to 1600, Cambridge
University Press, 2003.
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269
Ketevan Dzidziguri
Semiotic Ideas of Blessed Augustine
Summary
Blessed Augustine (354-430) was one of the most influential figures of early
Christianity who made an important contribution to the development of Western Church
and philosophy. He is recognised as a Saint in the Catholic Church but is also
acknowledged by the Orthodox Church, where his feast day is on 28 August. Augustine
is the author of more than one hundred works on theological subjects, which determined
the tendency of European theology, philosophy and science for many centuries.
St. Augustine discusses semiotic problems in many of his writings, such as De
Dialectica (“On Dialectic”), De Magistro (“On the Teacher”), De Doctrina Christiana
(“On Christian Doctrine”), De Trinitate (“On the Trinity”) and so on. He reasons about
signs and their types with theological purposes of analyzing and interpreting the Bible
and makes a number of deep and fundamental observations about the nature of signs,
psychology of speech, sign production and knowledge. Augustine’s conception of sign
is based on the long tradition of this subject in Greek philosophy, especially on Stoic’s
theory, whose thoughts about language (on parity with others) have survived to our
days in Augustine’s works.
In general, Augustine rests his semiotics on the necessity of communication among
people, on the one hand, and between people and God, on the other, since God speaks
with his creatures via the Holy Scripture. Therefore, the philosopher develops a triadic
scheme of signifying, which includes (1) the sign itself, (2) the object signified and (3)
the subject to whom the sign represents something: “A sign is something that is itself
sensed and which indicates something beyond itself to the mind” (De Dialectica V).
Augustine classifies signs according to their different characteristics and functions.
Firstly, he marks signs on the basis of the channel of their perception and singles out the
following kinds of signs: (a) visual (gestures, a nod, etc.), (b) audible (words, music,
sound of a military trumpet), (c) olfactory (the odor of ointment on the feet of our
Lord), (d) tactile (the woman’s touch to His garments) and (e) gustatory (Jesus received
Eucharist first of all on the Last Supper and thus expressed His will).
Then Augustine distinguishes intentional and non-intentional signs. By intentional
signs are implied the ones given deliberately (signa data) with the some aim, and nonintentional ones (signa naturalia) exist without the purpose of the sign-giver, e.g. the
expression on someone’s face indicating his or her mood, or smoke as a sign of fire.
Augustine thinks that only people can produce intentional signs and he is not sure about
the ability of animals to make them.
It is possible to distinguish conventional (arbitrary) and non-conventional (iconic)
signs, and Augustine defines conventional signs as those that need to be learnt for
understanding and non-conventional as those that are understood without previous
learning. If someone says “Iratus sum”, i.e. “I am furious”, a foreigner will not understand
him, but everybody is able to recognize angriness according to a facial expression.
The fourth class of signs consists of proper (or literal) and figurative (or allegoric)
signs, e.g. “ox” as an animal and “ox” as a preacher, “tree” as a plant and “tree” as a
symbol of long life and so on.
270
And, at last, Augustine talks about signs differentiated on the basis of their
signifiers. In this case, there are written signs (e.g. letters) and words used for
metalinguistic purposes, i.e. for uttering a word for its own sake without signifying
anything. Augustine calls the latter verbum – a word used in order to name that word
itself and not an object, e.g. when a teacher asks a pupil what part of speech the word
‘arma’ belongs to, the answer is verbum.
Augustine supposes that words are the most important among signs because they
can be used for signifying all other signs. According to him, words belong to audible,
conventional type of signs. A linguistic sign consists of the following parts: dictio
(signifier), dicibile (signified), res (referent) and verbum (word itself as a set of sounds
and its metalinguistic usage). This scheme is similar to Stoic’s approach to a word,
which as well includes a signifier, signified and a thing as referent.
St. Augustine not only develops the ideas of ancient philosophers but also employs
them for the interpretation of holy texts and other phenomena of life, establishing
thereby the conception of universal semiosis that permeates the entire world
transforming it into the sign of God. Augustine’s speculations about these subjects gain
him a title of the first semiotician and the true precursor of Saussure and Peirce.
271
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
enaTmecnierebis…istoriidan…………
mcire recenzia did sakiTxze
2014 wels moskovSi daibeWda lozanis (Sveicaria) universitetis
slavuri enebisa da civilizaciis kaTedris gamgis, profesor ekaterina
velmezovas wigni Zalian originaluri saTauriT `enaTmecnierebis istoria
literaturis istoriaSi~ (
,
,
,
, 2014). naSromSi specialurad aris
nakvlevi, rogor aisaxa lingvistur ideaTa istoriis zogierTi epizodi
mxatvrul literaturaSi. gasaanalizeblad aRebulia prosper merimes
`lokisi~, bernard Sous `pigmalioni~, beniamin kaverinis `skandalisti~,
aleqsandre solJenicinis `pirvel wreSi~, aseve k. vaginovis, a. da b.
strugackebis mxatvruli nawarmoebebi, romlebic SerCeulia ramdenime
principiT: avtori unda iyos Tanamedrove im lingvisturi Teoriis Seqmnisa, romelic asaxulia mis TxzulebaSi; diax, lingvisturi idea a s a x u l i unda iyos nawarmoebSi da misi avtori ar unda msjelobdes specialistiviT arCeul sakiTxze; amas garda, nawarmoebis moqmed pirs, romelsac ukavSirdeba saenaTmecniero xazi teqstis siuJetSi, unda hyavdes
lingvisti prototipi. rogorc xedavT, gansaxilveli nawarmoebebi ar
aris brmad mogrovili. mkvlevari miznad isaxavs, aCvenos, lingvisturi
Teoria ra saxiT yalibdeba mxatvrul TxzulebaSi. irkveva, rom igi im
saxiT arasodes aris warmodgenili, rogorc amas enaTmecnierebi warmoadgenen. e. velmezova mravali magaliTis ganxilvis safuZvelze askvnis, rom
mxatvrul literaturaSi Cven gvxvdeba enaTmecnierebis gansakuTrebuli
teqsti. advili rodia, iseTi mxatvruli teqstebis moZebna, romelSic avtori an personaJ(eb)i msjeloben saqmis codniT. ufro xSiria moyvarulTa dialogebi, romlebic mxolod gasarTobad Tu gamoadgeba mkiTxvels.
TavisTavad sainteresoa, ram gadaawyvetina mkvlevars aseTi naSromis
Seqmna. rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs wignis SesavalSi, am azramde lozanis
universitetSi enaTmecnierebis istoriis kursis kiTxvam miiyvana. man SeniSna (ise, amas didi dakvirveba arc sWirdeba! _ T. b.), rom studentebs
lingvistur sakiTxebze dawerili mxatvruli nawarmoebebis kiTxva urCevniaT `enaTmecnierebis daweril mSral lingvistur Teoriebs~. aq Zvirfas
kolegas unda SevniSnoT, rom am daskvnis ganzogadeba saxifaToa, radgan
gaaCnia, romeli enaTmecnieri wers, raze da rogor iseve, rogorc _
mwerlobaSi. mxolod saenaTmecniero Teoriis asaxva ver Sehmatebs mxatvrul nawarmoebs Rirsebas, Tu igi Sesabamis konteqstSi ar aRmoCndeba
272
ostaturad Casmuli Tu CarTuli. yvela is nawarmoebi, romelsac e. velmezova ganixilavs Tavis naSromSi, mxolod imitom aris kargad sakiTxavi
da mimzidveli (Tan ara mxolod studentebisaTvis), rom enaTmecnieruli
TeoriisaTvis mwerlebs swori konteqsti aqvT moZebnili. magaliTad, ra
Rirebuleba eqneboda `pigmalionSi~ fonetikur dakvirvebebs, igi mdabio
gogos aristokrat qalbatonad qcevas rom ar isaxavdes miznad.
xSirad Zalian cnobili lingvisturi ideebi sazogadoebaSi ise vrceldeba, rom misi namdvili wyaro zogjer im periodis yvela enaTmecniermac
ki ar icis zustad. am fonze ra gasakviria, rom romelime mxatvrul nawarmoebSi asaxuli enaTmecnieruli Teoriis safuZvlebze avtors arc ki
hqonda warmodgena da im saxiT miawoda mkiTxvelebs, rogorc imdroindel
sazogadoebaSi iyo gavrcelebuli. namdvili wyaros aRdgena, ra Tqma unda,
enaTmecnierebis istoriis specialistis saqmea. wyaroebis aRdgenam ki SeiZleba mocemuli epoqis humanitaruli diskursis aRdgenamdec miiyvanos
mkvlevari, rogorc es moxda e. velmezovas wignSi. roca saqme aqamde miva,
aucilebelia `epistemologiuri neitralitetis~ SenarCuneba da naSromis
avtoric am gzas adgas, rasac xazgasmiT aRniSnavs SesavalSive.
ama Tu im epoqaSi dominanti lingvisturi ideebi sjabnian sxva ideebs,
romlebic garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg sul sxvagvarad aRiqmeba.
უceb irkveva, rom es Teoria ar yofila ase xelaRebiT uarsayofi. amas
sxva, ufro didi mniSvnelobaca aqvs – mcdari lingvisturi ideebi sxvas
swor gzaze ayenebs. e. velmezova imowmebs v. vernadskis, romelic werda:
Zveli samecniero azri Cven yovelTvis warmogvidgeba sruliad gansxvavebuli da axali perspeqtiviT. samecniero istoria, filosofiis, religiis
an xelovnebis istoriis msgavsad, verasodes mogvcems dasrulebul da Seucvlel suraTs, romelic realurad asaxavs movlenaTa ganviTarebas,
radgan erTi da igive samecniero azri sxvadasxva epoqaSi gansxvavebulad
gaiazreba. amitom mecnierebaSi yovelTvis xdeba Zvel TeoriebTan dabruneba. Zalian xSirad bevri daviwyebuli lingvisturi idea axali kvlevis safuZveli xdeba. swored aseTi mimarTebaa noam Comskis naazrevsa da porroialis lingvistur Teorias Soris.
enaTmecnierebis istoriis specialistisTvis ucxo ar aris iseTi faqtebi, roca mecnierebi dasaxuli miznis nacvlad sul sxva napirs miadgebian. magaliTad, evraziis Teoriis fuZemdeblebi ruseTis imperiis teritoriis moxazvasa da maT mier moxazuli sivrcis erT politikur da
kulturul arealSi moqcevaze fiqrobdnen, magram fonologias Cauyares
safuZveli; mecxramete saukunis komparativistebi mTeli seriozulobiT
cdilobdnen adamianis pirveli enis aRdgenas. darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom
amis miRweva SesaZlebeli iyo. maT umniSvnelovanesi nabijebi gadadges ara
pirveli enis (rac, ra Tqma unda, ver gamovidoda!), aramed indoevropuli
273
fuZeenis aRdgenis saqmeSi. aRniSnuli magaliTebi aCvenebs, rom enaTmecniereba sworxazovnad ar viTardeba. dawunebuli Teoriebis aTvalwuneba da
maTi seriozulad kvlevis SeuZleblobis akviateba gaaRaribebs enaTmecnierebis istorias.
amjerad mkiTxvels vTavazobT ekaterina velmezovas wignis im nawils,
romelSic mocemulia aleqsandre solJenicinis romanis `pirveli wris~
erTi nawyvetis analizi, sadac 1950 wlis `enobrivi diskusiis~ wina periodia aRwerili. romanis mTavar gmirs Rrmad swams, rom komunizmi gaimarjvebs mTel dedamiwaze da am didi saqmisTvis Cinelebi cotas namdvilad ar akeTeben sabWoTa xalxTan erTad. sabWoTa kavSiri da CineTi megobrobs. megobroben yvela xalxis diadi mama, stalini da mao Zeduni
(rusulis gavleniT am formiT damkvidrda qarTulSi. amosavali ki czedun- fuZea, _ T. b.).
magram arsebobs erTi `uxerxuli detali~, romelic am megobrobas
Crdils ayenebs, xolo komunizmis mTel msoflioSi gamarjvebis saqmes safrTxes uqmnis. am `uxerxulobas~Eoficialur sabWoTa enaTmecnierul Teoriad aRiarebuli niko maris `axali enobrivi Teoria~ anu iafeturi Teoria qmnis, romlis mixedviTac Cinuri, rogorc Zireuli ena, ganviTarebis
yvelaze dabal safexurze dgas da Cinelebi, rogorc Zireul enaze molaparake xalxi, gayinuli arian ganviTarebis erT stadiaze da winsvla ar uweriaT. TavisTavad es idea, enaTa morfologiuri tipebis dakavSireba am enebze
molaparake xalxebis ganviTarebis donesTan, uSualod niko mars ar ekuTvnis. igi mecxramete saukuneSi iRebs saTaves, magram es ver Svelis Cineli
da sabWoTa xalxebis urTierTobaSi Seqmnil `uxerxul viTarebas~. aleqsandre solJenicinis nawarmoebs Tu daveyrdnobiT, swored `CineTis sakiTxma~
gamoiwvia niko maris Teoriis dasamareba sabWoTa kavSirSi. 1950 wels gamarTuli `enobrivi diskusia~ gazeT `pravdis~ furclebze swored amis gamo dawyebula Turme. danarCens ukve mkiTxveli ukve TviTon gaecnoba.
vfiqrob, SemoTavazebuli nawyveti aCvenebs, ramdenad sainteresoa wigni, romelSic mxatvrul nawarmoebebze dayrdnobiT iafeturi Teoriis bedis garda ganxilulia, rogor aisaxa prozaul TxzulebebSi Slaixerisa
da miuleris enaTmecnieruli Teoriebi, enis ganviTarebis kanonebis Zieba,
meoce saukunis dasawyisSi dawinaurebuli eqsperimentuli fonetikis monapovrebi, kanonis ena da enis kanoni, sabWoTa kavSirSi ociani wlebis
enobrivi mSenebloba, ocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi struqturalizmis
kritika, xolo samocian wlebSi struqturuli meTodebis aRzeveba da
mravali sxva Tema.
mokled rom vTqvaT, es aris uaRresad saintereso wigni, namdvilad
pirveli mcdeloba mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi lingvisturi ideebis asaxvis
Ziebisa da kvlevisa (yovel SemTxvevaSi me jer ar wamikiTxavs sxva naSromi am Temaze).
274
ekaterina velmezovas kargad esmis, rom aseTi kvleva ver iqneba dazRveuli xarvezebisagan da verc sisrulis pretenzia eqneba. amitom imeorebs misi naSromis erT-erTi gmiris sityvebs: `SeiZleba dawero wigni
botanikaSi, magram ver dawer wigns `WeSmariti da saboloo simarTle
yvavilebze~. vfiqrobT, Tavad avtoris, ekaterina velmezovas mier Cvens
JurnalSi dasabeWdad SemoTavazebuli nawyveti mkiTxvels mTeli wignis
wakiTxvis survils aRuZravs.
TinaTin bolqvaZe
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. 344).
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. 344-352.
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. 6.
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,
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,
, 30.05.1950,
. 3-4.
1981 [2011] : . .
,
1950 : .
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,
, 27.06.1950,
. 4.
1936 [1933-1937] : . .
,
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,
,
,
.
-
., И
.
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( . II-V).
, . I-V,
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,
. 127-135.
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1959 : . .
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. VIII,
. 5,
. 407-418.
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. 2.
1950 : . .
,
,
,
, 22.06.1950,
. 5.
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,
,
1951 :
И
,
, 27.06.1950,
, 23.05.1950,
,
. 3.
,
. 3,
, . ,
. 209-217.
1968 [1999] :
.
.
,
, . II),
1950 : . .
16.05.1950,
. 3.
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1950: . .
9.05.1950,
. 3-5.
,
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.
.
.
,
,
,
,
283
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015_ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
T a r g m a n i
vilhelm fon humboldti
sxvadasxva epoqis mixedviT enaTa ganviTarebis
SedarebiTi Seswavla1
1. SedarebiT enaTmecnierebas mxolod maSin SeuZlia migviyvanos sando
da mniSvnelovan daskvnebamde enis, erTa ganviTarebisa da adamianis Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb, Tuki is warmodgenili iqneba, rogorc TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli kvleva, romelsac sakuTari miznebi da miRwevebi aqvs. Tumca,
unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi midgomis SemTxvevaSi rTuldeba erTi enis aRwerac ki. yoveli enis zogadi suraTi advilad aRiqmeba, magram Tuki SevecdebiT am zogadi warmodgenis safuZvlebis gamokvlevas, erTi SexedviT
umniSvnelo wvrilmanebis aRuricxav simravleSi CavikargebiT da maleve
SevamCnevT, rom eniT gamowveuli STabeWdileba imdenadvea damokidebuli
garkveul, ufro farTo da mniSvnelovan Tvisebebze, ramdenadac eyrdnoba
Tanabar, cal-calke Zlivs SesamCnev STabeWdilebas, romelsac axdens enis
calkeuli elementis agebuleba. swored aq iCens Tavs enaTmecniereba, rogorc am faqizad naqsovi organizmis Cveni cnobierebisTvis warmodgenis
saSualeba, radganac mravalferovani movlenebis mTlianobaSi erTiani
formis dadgena amartivebs am organizmis kvlevas.
2. iseve rogorc Cvenma dedamiwam ganicada didi gardaqmnebi, sanam
zRvebi, mTebi da mdinareebi axlandel saxes miiRebdnen, Semdeg ki naklebad Seicvala, aseve enebsac aqvT dasrulebuli organizaciis raRac wertili, romlis Semdegac organuli agebuleba, myari saxe ukve aRar icvleba. magram, amis sapirispirod, maTSi, rogorc gonis cocxal warmonaqmnSi, ufro faqizi srulyofa mocemuli sazRvrebis farglebSic SeiZleba
usasrulobamde gagrZeldes. rodesac ena Tavis saxes iZens, arsebiTi gramatikuli formebi ucvleli rCeba; enebi, romelTac sqesi, brunva, pasivi
an saSualo gvari ar ganurCeviaT, am xarvezebs aRar ivseben; aseve, sityvaTa didi jgufebi da sityvawarmoebis mTavari formebi aRar izrdeba.
mxolod cnebaTa ufro faqiz ganStoebebSi _ sityvawarmoebisa da kompozitebis warmoqmniT, sityvaTa Sinaarsis Sinagani srulyofiTa da gaazrebuli SekavSirebiT, maTi Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobebis gamdidrebiT, calkeu1
Wilhelm von Humboldt, Über das vergleichende Sprachstudium in Beziehung auf die
verschiedenen Epochen der Sprachentwicklung, wakiTxulia moxsenebad 1820 wlis
29 ivniss, berlinSi.
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li SemTxvevebisaTvis garkveuli formebis sworad gamoyofiT, Warbis aRmofxvriT, uxeSi JReradobis SerbilebiT _ aRmocendeba xolme Rarib da
mouqnel enaSi cnebaTa axali samyaro da mWevrmetyvelebis manamde arnaxuli brwyinvaleba, Tuki mas bedma gauRima.
3. yuradRebas imsaxurebs is movlenac, rom srulyofili gramatikis
Camoyalibebis sazRvrebs gareT arc erTi ena araa aRmoCenili, arc erTi
ena ar aris moxelTebuli Tavisi formebis dinebad qmnadobaSi. es debuleba istoriulad ufro unda ganmtkicdes _ veluri tomebis dialeqtebis
Seswavlisas erT-erT mTavar miswrafebad enis warmoSobis umdablesi
mdgomareobis gansazRvra unda daisaxos, raTa, gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, enis organizaciis kibis qveda safexuri mainc vicodeT. Cemma wina gamocdilebam damidastura, rom e.w. uxeSi da barbarosuli dialeqtebic ki
ukve yvelafers floben, rasac ki maTi srulyofilad gamoyeneba moiTxovs, da gaaCniaT formebi, romlebsac saukeTeso da yvelaze SesaniSnavi
enebi floben; droTa ganmavlobaSi ki SesaZlebeli xdeba maT mier mTeli
sulieri samyaros asaxva da amgvarad met-naklebi srulyofilebiT yvela
saxis ideis gamoxatva.
4. enas arc SeeZlo warmoSobiliyo sxvagvarad, Tu ara erTbaSad; anu,
ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, is Tavisi arsebobis yovel wams unda flobdes
imas, rac mas mTlianobad aqcevs. organuli arsebis am uSualo amosunTqvas, misi grZnobadi da sulieri mniSvnelobiT, yovelgvar organul bunebasTan saerTo is gaaCnia, rom masSi erTi mxolod meoris saSualebiT
warmoCndeba da yvelaferi mxolod mTlianobis gamsWvalavi Zalis wyalobiT arsebobs. enis arsi masSi mudam uwyvetad meordeba, xan ufro viwro
da xan ufro farTo wreebis saxiT; is (arsi) srul erTianobaSia warmodgenili ukve martiv winadadebaSic ki, ramdenadac is gramatikul formas
emyareba da ramdenadac yvelaze ubralo cnebaTa dakavSirebac ki azrovnebis kategoriaTa mTel qsovilSi iwvevs: dadebiTi – uaryofiTs, nawili –
mTels, erTeuli – simravles, qmedeba – mizezs, sinamdvile – SesaZleblobasa da aucileblobas, gapirobebuli – upirobos, sivrcis an drois
erTi ganzomileba – meores; anu SegrZnebis yoveli safexuri moiTxovs
masTan uaxloes mezoblobaSi myofs. amitom, rogorc ki xerxdeba naTlad
da mkafid ideebis yvelaze martivi SekavSirebis gamoxatva, amasTan erTad
ukve saxezea enis mTlianoba sityvaTa simdidris TvalsazrisiTac. yoveli
warmoTqmuli arTqmuls warmoSobs, an mas niadags umzadebs.
5. amrigad, adamianSi erTiandeba ori sfero. am sferoebis gamijvna-daSla myari elementebis moxilvad raodenobamde SesaZlebelia iseve, rogorc am elementTa usasrulobamde SekavSireba. amasTanave, yoveli nawili
Tavis specifikur bunebas mudam imasTan mimarTebaSi avlens, rac mas ekuTvnis, axasiaTebs. adamians am sferoTa danawevrebis unari aqvs, gonebrivad
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– refleqsis, fizikurad ki _ artikulaciis saSualebiT; aseve, SeuZlia
am nawilebis xelaxali gaerTianeba gonebrivad _ gansjis sinTezirebisa,
xolo fizikurad _ aqcentebis saSualebiT, rac marcvlebs sityvebad da
sityvebs metyvelebad aerTianebs. amgvarad, rogorc ki cnobiereba sakmaod
Zlieri xdeba imisaTvis, rom orive sferoSi mZlavrad SeaRwios, rac
msmenelSi imave sferoebSi SeWras iwvevs, is maSinve xdeba am orive sferos maT mTlianobaSi mflobeli. maTi (sferoebis) urTierTSeRweva SeiZleba moxdes mxolod erTi da imave Zalis saSualebiT, es ki mxolod gonebidan SeiZleba momdinareobdes. SeuZlebelia bgeraTa artikulacia _ es
saocari gansxvaveba pirutyvsa da adamianis metyvelebas Soris _ mxolod
fizikur safuZvelze avxsnaT. mxolod cnobierebis siZliere iwvevs fizikur bunebaSi bgeraTa im mkveTr dayofas da mtkice gamijvnas, romelsac
Cven artikulacias vuwodebT.
6. saeWvoa, rom ena warmoSobis sawyis etapze yofiliyo Tavidanve daxvewili da srulyofili, amas erebi mxolod mravali wlis ganviTarebis
Sedegad aRweven, dialeqtebisa da enebis urTierTgavlenis pirobebSi. mravali dialeqtisa Tu enis amgvari Serwyma enaTa warmoSobis erT-erT mTavar
moments warmoadgens. es xdeba maSin, rodesac axlad Seqmnili ena iZens
met-naklebad mniSvnelovan elementebs imaTgan, romlebTanac is integrirdeba, an kidev Serwyma-Serevis iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac daxvewili enebis
gauxeSeba da gadagvareba iwvevs maTi ganviTarebis wynari msvlelobis wyvetas, daxvewili formebis ugulebelyofas, damaxinjebas, sxva kanonebis mixedviT Camoyalibebasa da gamoyenebas.
7. marTalia, sazogadod ver uarvyofT mravali, erTmaneTTan yovelgvari urTierTobis gareSe warmoqmnili, dialeqtis SesaZleblobas, Tumca
araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs yvela enis saerTo urTierTkavSiris hipoTeturi daSvebis ugulebelyofisTvis. dedamiwis arc erTi kuTxe ar
aris imdenad miuvali, rom ar SeiZlebodes mosaxleobisa da enis romelime sxva adgilidan iqamde miRweva; imis uflebac ar gvaqvs, uarvyoT dRevandelisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli, adrindeli SesaZlo ganawileba
zRvebisa da xmeleTis. TviT enis buneba da adamianTa modgmis mdgomareoba,
sanam is jer ar aris formirebuli, xels uwyobs amgvar kavSirs. urTierTgagebinebis moTxovnileba warmoSobs saWiroebas, moiZebnos orive mxarisTvis ukve arsebuli da gasagebi sakomunikacio forma, da vidre civilizacia erebs ufro gaaerTianebs, enebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mcirericxovani xalxebis kuTvnileba iqneba, romelTac arc maTi adgilsamyofelis xangrZlivad dakavebis midrekileba aqvT da arc misi warmatebiT dacvis unari. xSirad isini erTmaneTs aviwroeben da ipyroben, erTmaneTSi irevian,
rac, bunebrivia, maT enazec axdens gavlenas. Tavidan enaTa erTiani warmoSoba rom arc davuSvaT, mainc advili warmosadgenia, rom Semdgom arc
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erTi tomi Seureveli ar darCeboda. amitomac enis kvlevisas ZiriTadi
principi unda iyos gansxvavebuli enebis kavSirebis dadgena manam, sanam
maTi raime kvali SesamCnevi gaxdeba; yoveli calkeuli ena kargad unda
Semowmdes, aris is damoukideblad Camoyalibebuli, Tu mis gramatikul an
leqsikur wyobaSi SeimCneva Tu ara sxva enasTan Serevis kvali da, kerZod, rogoria es Sereva.
8. amgvarad, enaTa analizis Semowmebis mizniT, SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT
sami momenti:
• pirveladi, magram bolomde dasrulebuli, enis organuli agebuleba;
• ucxo Serevis Sedegad momxdari cvlilebebi, sanam isini (enebi)
kvlav miaRweven mdgradobas;
• enis Sinagani da ufro faqizi daxvewa (innere Ausbildung), rodesac
sxva enebisagan gamijvna da misi agebuleba mTlianobaSi ucvleli
rCeba.
pirveli ori punqtis zustad gamijvna SeuZlebelia, magram mesame
efuZneba arsebiT da gadamwyvet gansxvavebulobas. drois im zRvrul moments, romelic enas danarCenebisagan gamoyofs, warmoadgens organizaciis
dasrulebuloba, rodesac ena yvela Tavis funqcias eufleba da Tavisuflad iyenebs. am zRvruli momentis Semdeg, enis struqtura araviTar
cvlilebebs aRar ganicdis.
laTinuridan momdinare enebis, axalberZnulisa da inglisuris faqtebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic erTi enis heterogenuli nawilebisagan warmoqmnis SesaZleblobis erT-erT yvelaze yuradsaReb movlenas da enis
kvlevis erT-erT yvelaze xelsayrel magaliTs warmoadgens, SesaZlebelia
amgvari organizaciis periods istoriuladac ki gavadevnoT Tvali da am
procesis dasrulebis momentic ramdenadme davadginoT; berZnuli ena pirvelsave gamoCenasTan erTad gvevlineba dasrulebulobis arnaxul doneze,
magram am momentidan dawyebuli, homerosidan aleqsandrielebamde, is Semdgomi srulyofis gzas adgeba; Cven vxedavT, rom romauli ena ramdenime
saukunis manZilze ar icvleba, vidre masSi ufro daxvewili kulturis
kvali ar gaxdeba SesamCnevi.
9. enaTa gamijvnis Catarebuli amgvari mcdeloba enaTa SedarebiTi
Seswavlis or gansxvavebul aspeqts warmoaCens, romelTa Tanabar damuSavebazec aris damokidebuli am Seswavlis srulyofa. enaTa gansxvaveba
warmoadgens Temas, romelic unda damuSavdes gamocdilebis safuZvelze
da istoriis daxmarebiT, saxeldobr, misi istoriis mizezebisa da procesebis TvalsazrisiT, bunebasTan, kacobriobis bedTan da miznebTan mis mimarTebaSi. magram enaTa gansxvaveba ormagi saxiT gvevlineba: jer erTi,
esaa bunebrivi istoriuli movlena, rogorc tomebis gansxvavebisa da gan287
calkevebis gardauvali Sedegi, rogorc dabrkoleba xalxTa uSualo urTierTobisa; Semdeg ki, esaa inteleqtualur-teleologiuri movlena, rogorc erebis warmoqmnis saSualeba, rogorc ufro mravalferovani da meti Taviseburebis mqone inteleqtualuri produqtis Seqmnis iaraRi, rogorc Semoqmedi xalxTa iseTi erTobisa, romelic dafuZnebulia kulturis erTianobis grZnobaze da sulieri kvanZebiT akavSirebs erTmaneTTan
kacobriobis ganaTlebul nawilebs. enis gamovlenis bolo forma mxolod
axali droisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Zvel droSi is mxolod berZnuli da
romauli literaturis kavSirebisTvis aris cnobili da isic arasrulyofilad, ramdenadac maT ayvavebis sxvadasxva periodi hqondaT.
10.Ggadmocemis simoklisaTvis gverds avuvli mcire uzustobas, rac
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom srulyofis procesi Camoyalibebul enis organizmzec axdens gavlenas da mas am mdgomareobis miRwevamdec ukve SeeZlo es
gavlena ganecada; da enaTa SedarebiTi Seswavlis or mxares aRvniSnav:
enaTa organizmis kvleva da enaTa kvleva maTi srulyofis mdgomareobaSi.
enis organizmi adamianis saerTo unarisa da laparakis moTxovnilebisagan warmoiqmneba da mTeli erisagan momdinareobs; calkeuli eris kultura damokidebulia mis gansakuTrebul midrekilebebsa da bedze da umTavresad erSi individTa permanentulad gamovlenil wvlils emyareba.
enis organizmi inteleqtualuri adamianis fiziologiis sferos miekuTvneba, kultura ki – istoriuli ganviTarebis sferos. Eenis organizmis analizs mivyavarT adamianis enisa da enobrivi unaris sferos Sefasebasa da Semowmebamde; enis ganviTarebis ufro maRali donis kvlevas ki
mivyavarT imis Semecnebamde, Tu ris miRweva SeuZlia adamianis mizanswrafvas enis meSveobiT.
enis organizmis Seswavla moiTxovs, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia,
Sors (istoriul siRrmeSi) mimaval farTo Sedarebas, daxvewis procesSi
wvdoma ki erTi da imave eniT Semofargvlas da mis ufaqizes TaviseburebebSi SeRwevas. aqedan gamomdinare, analizis pirveli etapi moiTxovs
kvlevis gafarToebas, meore _ ki siRrmes. amgvarad, enaTmecnierebis es
orive nawili erTmaneTs realurad rom davukavSiroT, sasurvelia mraval
an SeZlebisdagvarad yvela enas SevexoT, magram yovelTvis unda amovideT
erTaderTis, an mcire raodenobis enaTa ufro zusti codnidan. aseTi sizustis ukmarisoba ufro didi naklia, vidre sisrulis TvalsazrisiT
xarvezebi aRweraSi, ris bolomde miRwevac SeuZlebelia.
enaTa Sedarebis empiriulma Seswavlam amgvari gadamuSavebisas SeiZleba gviCvenos, Tu raoden gansxvavebuli gzebiT ayalibebda adamiani enas da
masSi azrovnebis samyaros ra nawilis arekvla moaxerxa, rogor gavlenas
axdenda amaze erebis individualoba da ra ukugavlenas axdenda (am individualobaze) ena. swored ena, adamianis mier enis saSualebiT misaRwevi
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miznebi, adamianTa modgma saerTod mis progresul ganviTarebaSi da calkeuli erebi warmoadgenen oTx obieqts, romlebsac enaTa SedarebiTi
kvleva maT urTierTdamokidebulebaSi unda ganixilavdes.
11. me vtoveb yvela zemoT naTqvam mosazrebas enis organizmTan dakavSirebiT, romelic gamoviyene amerikuli enebis Seswavlisas ufro safuZvliani kvlevisTvis. am didi kontinentis enebi, sadac mravali gansxvavebuli xalxi binadrobs da sxva kontinentebTan maTi kavSiris Sesaxeb raimes mtkiceba SeuZlebelia, warmoadgens nayofier niadags enaTmecnierebisTvis. es exeba 30-mde sruliad ucnob enas, romlebic SeiZleba ganxilul
iqnen rogorc bunebis amdenive axali saxeoba da maT SeiZleba daematos
gacilebiT meti raodenobis ena, romelTa Sesaxebac mwiri cnobebi mogvepoveba. mniSvnelovania yoveli maTganis zusti analizi, radgan zogadi
enaTmecniereba mxedvelobidan uSvebs imas, rom Tu calkeuli enebis codnas sakmaod ver CavwvdiT, maSin esoden mraval enaTa Sedareba naklebad
sasargeblo iqneba. isic sakmarisad miaCndaT, rom gramatikis calkeul,
danarCenebisagan gansxvavebul Taviseburebebs SeniSnavdnen da sityvaTa
met-naklebad mravalricxovan mwkrivebs erTmaneTs adarebdnen. magram yvelaze primitiuli eris dialeqtic ki bunebis metad keTilSobili qmnilebaa imisTvis, rom aseT SemTxveviT namsxvrevebad qceuli – fragmentulad
wardges dakvirvebis obieqtad. ena organuli arsebaa da amitomac, unda
movepyraT rogorc aseTs. swored amitom upirveles wesad unda miviCnioT
yoveli cnobili enis pirveladi Seswavla mis Sinagan mimarTebebSi, raTa
masSi arsebul yvela analogias Tvali gavadevnoT da sistemurad movawesrigoT im mizniT, rom miviRoT codna am enebSi ideebis gramatikuli dakavSirebis, aRniSnul cnebaTa moculobis, am aRniSvnis bunebisa da daxvewisaken maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli, met-naklebad cocxali, sulieri miswrafebis Sesaxeb. calkeuli enebisadmi miZRvnili monografiebis garda, SedarebiTi enaTmecniereba moiTxovs sxvagvar Seswavlasac, rac enis agebulebis calkeul nawilebs exeba, magaliTad, zmnis ganxilvas yvela enaSi erTdroulad. SedarebiTma enaTmecnierebam damokidebulebis yvela Zafi unda
moZebnos da erTmaneTs daukavSiros, maT Soris ki zogi, TiTqos yvela
enis msgavsi fragmentebis meSveobiT farTovdeba, zogic, yoveli enis gansxvavebuli fragmentebiT midis siRrmeSi. pirvelni Tavis mimarTulebas
yvela enis enobrivi moTxovnilebisa da unaris igiveobisagan iZenen, meoreni ki yoveli calkeuli enis individualobisagan. am ormagi damokidebulebis saSualebiT pirvelad SevicnobT, kacobrioba gansxvavebaTa ra moculobiT, calkeuli eri ki ra TanmimdevrulobiT qmnis Tavis enas. da,
amdenad, orive, enac da erebis enobrivi xasiaTic, ufro naTlad warmoCindeba maSin, rodesac enis idea danaxuli iqneba mravalferovan individualur formaSi gatarebuli, erebis enobrivi xasiaTi ki erTdroulad zo289
gadobasa da sxva msgavs saxeobebTan dapirispirebaSi. mxolod amgvarad SeiZleba safuZvliani pasuxi gavceT mniSvnelovan kiTxvas, SesaZlebelia Tu
ara da rogor aris SesaZlebeli enebis dayofa maTi Sinagani agebulebis
mixedviT mcenareTa ojaxebis msgavs klasebad. yvelaferi, rac amis Sesaxeb
manamde Tqmula, rogori gamWriaxobiTac ar unda yofiliyo is wvdomili,
mkacri faqtobrivi Semowmebis gareSe varaudad rCeba.
enaTmecniereba, ara calmxrivad, aramed mxolod srulyofilad dagrovebul faqtebs SeiZleba daeyrdnos. amasTanave, enebis mixedviT erebis
erTmaneTisagan warmoSobis Sesaxeb msjelobasac safuZvlad unda daedos
iseTi enebisa da dialeqtebis jer kidev Casatarebeli zusti analizi,
romelTa naTesaoba sxva dros istoriulad aris damtkicebuli. sanam am
dargSic cnobilidan ucnobze gadasvla ar moxdeba, Cven molipul da saxifaTo gzas vadgavarT.
12. magram ra sizustiTa da rogori srulyofilebiTac ar unda iqnes
Seswavlili enebi, mainc mxolod maTi gamoyeneba gansazRvravs maT funqcionirebas, radganac is, rasac enaTa mizandasaxuli gamoyeneba iZens cnebaTa
sferodan, ukugavlenas axdens maTze _ amdidrebs da ayalibebs enebs. amitomac kacobriobis miznebis misaRwevad mxolod is kvleva SeiZleba iyos
Rirebuli, romelic srulyofilad daxvewili enebis masalaze xorcieldeba. ase rom, es aris enaTmecnierebis qvakuTxedi, mecnierebasa da xelovnebasTan misi Sexvedris wertili. Tuki es kvleva aqamde ar midis, Tuki
organizmis mravalsaxeobas misi saSualebiT enobrivi unaris umaRles da
umravalferovanes gamoyenebaSi wvdomis mizniT ar ganixilaven, maSin enaTa
didi raodenobis codna, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, sazogadod enis agebulebis Semecnebisa da calkeuli istoriuli kvlevisaTvis rCeba sasargeblo.
es arcTu umarTebulod afrTxobs gonebas formaTa da bgeraTa simravlis
Seswavlisagan, rasac, bolos da bolos, erTsa da imave miznisken mivyavarT da rac erTsa da imaves aRniSnavs, Tumc gansxvavebuli JReradobiT.
Tu uSualod cxovrebiseul gamoyenebas gamovricxavT, maSin mxolod literaturis mqone enebis Seswavla iZens mniSvnelobas. es Seswavla literaturas eqvemdebareba, rac filologiis savsebiT sworad gagebul Tvalsazriss warmoadgens. filologia SeiZleba davupirispiroT enaTa zogad
Seswavlas, romelic zogadi enaTmecnierebis saxels atarebs, radganac
cdilobs gamoikvlios ena zogadad; amasTanave, zogadi enaTmecniereba amas
cdilobs ara imitom, rom ubralod survili aqvs moicvas yvela ena _ es
ufro iZulebiTia da mxolod misi mizniT aris gapirobebuli.
13. magram Tu iZulebulebi varT, ganviTarebuli erebis enebs mivmarToT, pirvel rigSi, ismis kiTxva, aqvs Tu ara yovel enas msgavsi an Tundac raRac mniSvnelobis mqone kulturis Seqmnis unari? anda, xom ar arsebobs enobrivi formebi, romlebic jer unda aucileblad daiyos, gamo290
calkevdes, rom erebma metyvelebis saSualebiT kacobriobis umaRles miznebs miaRwion? es ukanaskneli yvelaze metad hgavs sinamdviles. Tumca, Cemi
Rrma rwmeniT, ena unda ganvixiloT, rogorc adamianSi uSualod Cadebuli,
ramdenadac mas ver miviCnevT adamianis gonebis mier Seqmnilad. verafers
Svelis misi warmoSobis aTaswleulebiT ukan gadaweva. enis gamogoneba SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom misi (enis) tipi adamianis gonebaSi ukve ar yofiliyo Cadebuli. adamianma Tundac erTi sityva rom gaigos, rogorc ara
grZnobadi stimuli, aramed rogorc WeSmaritad artikulirebuli, raRac
cnebis aRmniSvneli JReradoba, amisaTvis ena ukve mTlianad da erTianad unda arsebobdes masSi. enaSi ar arsebobs araferi gancalkevebuli, yoveli
misi elementi Tavs iCens mxolod rogorc mTelis nawili. raoden bunebrivic ar unda iyos enaTa TandaTanobiTi Camoyalibebis varaudi, maTi gamogoneba mainc SeiZleba mxolod erTbaSad momxdariyo. adamiani adamiania mxolod enis saSualebiT, magram ena rom gamoegonebina, is ukve adamiani unda
yofiliyo. visac hgonia, rom es TandaTanobiT da safexurebrivad, TiTqos
monacvleobiT xdeboda _ enis dauflebuli nawilis wyalobiT adamiani
TandaTan yalibdeboda adamianad, xolo am zrdis Sedegad enis gamogonebis
met SesaZleblobas iZenda _ is ver xedavs adamianis cnobierebis ganuyoflobas adamianis enisagan da gonebis im aqtivobis bunebas, romelic aucilebelia erTaderTi sityvis gasagebad da amasTanave, sakmarisia mTeli enis gasagebad. magram, amis gamo, ar unda vifiqroT enaze, rogorc mza saxiT mocemulze, radganac am SemTxvevaSic aseve gaugebari darCeboda, rogor SeZlebda adamiani mocemulis gagebas da mis gamoyenebas. ena aucileblad TviT
adamianisagan Cndeba da, ra Tqma unda, mxolod TandaTanobiT, magram ara
ise, rom enis organizmi sulis wyvdiadSi usicocxlo masis msgavsad imyofebodes, aramed is Cndeba rogorc kanoni, romelic azrovnebis Zalis funqciebs ganapirobebs, da, amgvarad, pirvelive sityva mTel enas aJRerebs da
winaswar, implikaciurad moicavs. amrigad, Tuki imis, rasac azrovnebis
mTel sferoSi badali ar gaaCnia, sxva ramesTan Sedareba dasaSvebia, maSin
SeiZleba cxovelTa bunebrivi instinqtebi gavixsenoT da enas gonebis inteleqtualuri instinqti vuwodoT. iseve, rogorc cxovelTa instinqti ver
aixsneba maTi sulieri SesaZleblobebis safuZvelze, aseve SeuZlebelia enaTa gamogoneba gaviazroT am enebis Semqmneli veluri erebis cnebaTa da azrovnebis unarze dayrdnobiT. amitomac arasodes SemeZlo warmomedgina, rom
romelime enis Tanmimdevruli da Tavis mravalferovanebaSi daxvewili wyoba azrovnebis did Cvevas unda gulisxmobdes winapirobad da raRac gamqral kulturaze unda miuTiTebdes. aseTi ena SeiZleba yvelaze primitiuli bunebrivi mdgomareobidan aRmocendes, radganac TviTon bunebis, oRond
adamianis gonebis bunebis, produqtia. Tanmimdevruloba da erTgvarovneba,
rTul struqturaSic ki, yvelgan asaxulia bunebis qmnilebebSi da maTi
291
warmoqmnis siZnele araa umTavresi. enis gamogonebis namdvili siZnele
mdgomareobs ara imdenad mravalricxovani urTierTmimarTebebis dalagebasa
da daqvemdebarebaSi, ramdenadac gonebis im ubralo moqmedebis miuwvdomel
siRrmeSi, romelic saerTod axlavs enis gagebasa da warmoqmnas misi erTaderTi elementis SemTxvevaSic ki. es Tu mocemulia, yvelaferi danarCeni mas
TavisiT mosdevs, misi Seswavla ki SeuZlebelia _ is imTaviTve unda iyos
adamianSi. magram adamianis instinqti naklebad aris SezRuduli da adgils
tovebs individualobis gamovlenisaTvis. amitomac gonebis instinqtis qmnilebas (enas) SeuZlia met an nakleb srulyofamde ganviTardes maSin, rodesac cxoveluri instinqtis warmonaqmni ufro mdgradi erTgvarovnebiT
gamoirCeva; amasTanave, enis cnebas ar ewinaaRmdegeba is, rom zog enas im
mdgomareobaSi, romelSic Cven maT vxedavT, ganviTarebis dasrulebul etapamde ar miuRwevia. marTalia, mravali enidan TargmanTan dakavSirebuli gamocdileba _ yvelaze primitiuli da ganuviTarebeli enis gamoyeneba religiis saidumlo moZRvrebaTa swavlebis gadmocemisTvis _ gviCvenebs, rom yovel enaSi, Tumca sxvadasxva warmatebiT, magram mainc, SeiZleba gamoixatos
sxvadasxva idea, magram es ubralod yvela enis saerTo naTesaobis da maT
cnebaTa da niSanTa moqnilobis Sedegs warmoadgens. TviT enebis da maTi
erebze gavlenis sasargeblod mowmobs mxolod is, rac maT wiaRSi bunebrivad warmoiSoba, riskenac isini mogviwodeben da rasac STagvagoneben, da ara
is, rasac maT iZulebiT vaxvevT Tavs.
14. zogierTi enis arasrulyofilebis mizezebis dadgenas, calkeul
SemTxvevebSi, istoriul dakvirveba iZleva. me ki aq sxva sakiTxi unda ganvixilo: saxeldobr, SesaZlebelia Tu ara romelime enis srulad Camoyalibeba da momwifeba ise, rom man ar gaiaros mravali gardamavali mdgomareoba, Tanac swored iseTi, romlis gamo warmodgenis pirvandeli saxe imdenad damsxvreulia, rom elementTa sawyisi mniSvneloba ukve aRaraa savsebiT naTeli? es rom sinamdviles hgavs, amas adasturebs niSandoblivi
dakvirveba, rom ganuviTarebeli enebis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas warmoadgens Tanmimdevruloba, xolo Camoyalibebuli enebisas _ anomalia maTi
agebulebis mraval nawilSi da, aseve, sagnis bunebidan miRebuli sabuTebic. enaSi gabatonebul princips artikulacia warmoadgens; yoveli enis
umniSvnelovanesi Rirseba aris myari da advili danawevreba, es ki gulisxmobs martivi da Tavis TavSi ganuyofeli elementebis manamde arsebobas.
enis arsi isaa, rom saganTa da movlenaTa samyaros materia azrebis formaSi Camoayalibos; mTeli misi miswrafeba formaluria da raki sityvebi
sagnebs enacvleba, maTac, rogorc materias, raRac forma unda daupirispirdes, romelsac isini daeqvemdebarebian. magram pirvandeli enebi marcvalTa erTsa da imave jgufs mravali SinaarsiT tvirTaven da formiT
gagebinebis aSkara ukmarisobas ganicdian. maTi saidumloebis amosaxsnelad
292
unda davadgeT gzas, romelic, pirvel rigSi, srulad ugulebelyofs
gramatikis codnas, meore mxriv, iTvaliswinebs, rom enaSi mniSvnelobis
mqone sityvebi erTmaneTis gverdiT unda moTavsdnen. forma azrovnebaSi
fiqsirdeba romelime TavisTavadi mniSvnelobis mqone sityvis meSveobiT,
romelic, agreTve, rogorc aseTi _ e.i. rogorc masala _ ise aRiqmeba.
ganviTarebis meore did safexurze materialuri xasiaTis mniSvneloba
formalizacias uTmobs adgils da aqedan Cndeba bruneba-uRlebis gramatika da gramatikuli, e.i. formaluri, mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebi. magram
forma mxolod iq moiniSneba, sadac mas calkeuli garemoebebi, metyvelebis sferodan, ase vTqvaT, materialurad moiTxovs, da ara iq, sadac mas
ideebis SekavSireba formalurad saWiroebs. mravlobiTi, Tumca rogorc
simravle gaiazreba, magram mxolobiTi gaiazreba ara rogorc calkeuli,
aramed rogorc cneba saerTod; zmna saxels Tanxvdeba, Tuki piri an dro
ar moiTxovs gamoxatvas. gramatika enas jer ki ar ganagebs, aramed mxolod saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamoCndeba xolme. rodesac ukve arc erTi
elementi aRar gaiazreba, rogorc uformo, masala ki, rogorc masala
mTlianad daZleulia metyvelebaSi, mxolod maSin miiRweva mesame safexuri. amas ki yvelaze ganviTarebuli enebic Zlivs aRweven imdenad, rom yovel elementSi formis miniSneba ismodes, Tumca mxolod amas emyareba periodebis agebulebis arqiteqtonuli evriTmiis SesaZlebloba. Tanac CemTvis arc erTi ena araa cnobili, romlis gramatikuli formebic, TviT
maT umaRles dasrulebulobaSic ki, Tavdapirvel marcvalTa aglutinaciis utyuar kvals ar atarebdes. sanam ganviTarebis adrindel safexurebze
sityva, TiTqos Tavis modifikaciasTan gaerTianebuli, Tavis simartiveSi
modificirebulad ar gvevlineba, manam elementebs advilad gamoyofis unari akliaT. goni, am dros, mZimdeba mniSvnelobis matareblis mouqnelobiT, romelic yovel ZiriTad nawilaks axlavs, da formaluris SegrZnebis saSualebiT formaluri azrovnebisken miswrafebas ar iZens. bunebriv
mdgomareobasTan axlos mdgomi adamiani warmodgenaTa erTxel miRebul
saxeobas advilad misdevs Zalian Sors, yovel sagans da yovel moqmedebas
maT Tanmxleb garemoebebTan erTad iazrebs, is enaSi gadmoaqvs da Semdgom,
raki cocxali cneba enaSi sxeulebrivad qvavdeba, is iZulebulia enas daemorCilos. am mdgomareobamde misasvlelad da materialur mniSvnelobaTa
Zalis Sesamcireblad qmediT saSualebas warmoadgens erebis da enebis erTmaneTTan Sejvareba. warmodgenaTa axali saxeoba ukve arsebuls uerTdeba, erTmaneTSi Sereulma tomebma erTmaneTis dialeqtebis calkeuli sityvebis Sedgeniloba ki ar ician, aramed maT formulebiviT mTlianobad
iReben; arCevanis SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, ufro araxelsayreli da mouqneli adgils uTmobs ufro advilsa da moqnils. ramdenadac goni da
ena calmxrivad Sezrdilni aRar arian, pirveli ufro Tavisuflad imor293
Cilebs ukanasknels. marTalia, pirvandeli organizmi irRveva, magram axlad damatebuli Zala aseve organulia da, amrigad, procesi uwyvetad
mimdinareobs mravalferovani ganviTarebis perspeqtiviT. amgvarad, uZvelesi tomebis TiTqosda qaosurma Serevam moamzada niadagi metyvelebisa da
simReris asayvaveblad Soreul saukuneebSi.
15. zogierTi enis zemoxsenebul arasrulyofilebas Cven aq aRar ganvixilavT. mxolod Tanabrad srulyofili enebis gamokvleviT _ an iseTebis
mainc, romelTa gansxvavebuloba ganviTarebis donis mixedviT uSualod ar
gaizomeba _ SeiZleba pasuxi gaeces zogad kiTxvas: saerTod rogor unda
mivudgeT enaTa Soris gansxvavebas adamianTa modgmis ganviTarebasTan mimarTebaSi? rogorc mxolod SemTxveviTs _ enaTa cxovrebis Tanmxleb garemoebas, romlis gamoyenebac SesaZlebelia moxerxebulad da iolad, Tu rogorc ideaTa sferos damuSavebis aucilebel, sxva ramiT Seucvlel saSualebas? da es imitom, rom yvela ena, rogorc Semxvedri (convergierende)
sxivebi, misken (am sferosken) miiswrafvis da maTi mimarTeba am sferosTan,
rogorc maT saerTo SinaarsTan, Cveni kvlevis saboloo mizans warmoadgens. Tuki SesaZlebelia, es Sinaarsi vaqcioT enisagan damoukideblad, an
enobrivi gamoxatuleba gavxadoT SinaarsisTvis mniSvnelobis armqoned, maSin enaTa gansxvavebis Seswavlas mxolod ganpirobebuli da daqvemdebarebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki _ aucilebeli da gadamwyveti.
16. yvelaze damajereblad amis Sefaseba SeiZleba ubralo sityvisa da
ubralo cnebis erTmaneTTan Sedarebis safuZvelze. marTalia, sityva enas
ar amowuravs, magram is mis umniSvnelovanes nawils warmoadgens, saxeldobr, iseTsave nawils, rogorsac cocxal samyaroSi individuumi. amasTanave, sulac ar aris Rirebulebas moklebuli is, Tu romelime ena aRweriTad gamoxatavs imas, rasac sxva _ erTi sityviT (es arc gramatikuli
formebisaTvis aris umniSvnelo), radgan aRweriTi gamoxatvis SemTxvevaSi,
wminda cnebis formis sapirispirod, isini gvevlinebian ara rogorc modificirebuli ideebi, aramed rogorc modifikaciis maCveneblebi; amave
dros, arc cnebebis aRniSvnisaTvis aris es sulerTi. danawevrebis kanoni
aucileblad ziandeba, rodesac cnebaSi warmodgenili erTianoba gamoxatulebaSi aseTsave erTianobad ar gvevlineba, da sityvis, rogorc individuumis, cocxali qmediToba amgvar gamoxatulebas moklebuli cnebisTvis
ikargeba. gonebis aqts, romelic cnebis erTianobas warmoSobs, Seesatyviseba sityvis erTianoba, rogorc grZnobadi niSani. azrovnebaSi metyvelebis meSveobiT orive rac SeiZleba axlos unda iyos erTmaneTTan, radganac iseve, rogorc refleqsiis Zala artikulaciis saSualebiT axdens
bgeraTa danawevrebas da individualizebas, aseve es artikulacia damanawevrebel da gamacalkevebel ukugavlenas unda axdendes azrobriv masala294
ze da mas unda SeaZlebinos erTi ganuyoflidan meorisken miswrafebiT
gaiaros absoluturi erTianobisaken mimavali gza.
17. xolo azrovneba damokidebulia ara marto enaze zogadad, aramed,
garkveul donemde, yovel calkeul konkretul enazec. marTalia, SeiZleba movindomoT sxvadasxva enis sityvebi iseTi zogadi mniSvnelobis niSnebiT SevcvaloT, rogorsac maTematika simboloebis aRricxvis saxiT
flobs, magram amiT gaazrebadis saerTo raodenobis mxolod mcire nawili SeiZleba amoiwuros, radganac es niSnebi, maTi bunebis Tanaxmad, mxolod iseT cnebebs esadageba, romlebic SeiZleba warmoiqmnan wminda konstruirebis meSveobiT an uSualod gonebiT. magram iq, sadac Sinagani aRqmis da SegrZnebis masala cnebebSi unda aRibeWdos, saqme adamianis warmodgenis individualur, misi enisagan ganuyofel unars exeba. yoveli cda,
rom calkeuli niSani TvaliT an yuriT aRsaqmeli zogadi niSniT CavanacvloT, mxolod Targmnis Semoklebul meTods warmoadgens. suleluri
ocneba iqneboda warmogvedgina, rom amis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia, yvela
enaze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, mxolod mSobliuri enidan gamoRwevac ki.
Tumca, ra Tqma unda, yvela enis Suawertili (Mittelpunkt) mosaZiebelicaa
da sapovnelic. isic aucilebelia, rom enaTa SedarebiTi Seswavlisas, rogorc gramatikul, aseve leqsikur nawilSic, am Suawertils mxedvelobidan ar vkargavdeT, ramdenadac orives moepoveba iseTi obieqtebis raRac
raodenoba, romelTa sruliad a priori gansazRvra da erTi gansakuTrebuli
enis yvela pirobisagan gaTiSva SesaZlebelia. amis sapirispirod, arsebobs
iseT cnebaTa _ da agreTve gramatikul TaviseburebaTa gacilebiT ufro
didi simravlec, romlebic TavianTi enis individualurobaSi ise ganuyoflad arian Caqsovilni, rom arc yvela enis kuTvnilebas warmoadgenen da
verc gadatanilni iqnebian Seucvlelad romelime sxva enaSi. amgvarad, yoveli enis Zalze mniSvnelovani nawili imdenad udavod aris damokidebuli am enaze, rom misi gamoxatuleba SeuZlebelia Sinaarsisgan damoukidebeli iyos.
18. sityva, romelic pirvelad aqcevs cnebas azrovnebis samyaros individuumad, TviTonve mniSvnelovnad avsebs am azrovnebas; da idea, iZens
ra sityvis wyalobiT garkveulobas, amave dros Sesabamis farglebSic eqceva. misi JReradoba da msgavsi mniSvnelobis sxva sityvebTan naTesaoba,
am sityvis mimarTebebi aRqmasa Tu SegrZnebasTan _ garkveul STabeWdilebas qmnis, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Cveulebad iqceva da amiT manamde TavisTavad ufro gaurkveveli da ufro Tavisufali cnebis individualizacias
axdens. mniSvnelobis mqone nebismier sityvas erTvis mis mier permanentulad gamowveuli SegrZnebebi, SemTxveviT warmoqmnili saxeebi da warmodgenebi. sxvadasxva sityvis naerTebi Tavisi Tavis identuri rCebian im mimarTebebSic, romlebSic maTi gamovlena iCens Tavs. sityva Sesabamisi obi295
eqtis warmodgenasac iwvevs da xSirad SeumCnevlad Tavisi da obieqtis
Sesatyvis SegrZnebasac aRviZebs. amgvarad, adamianis fiqrebis uwyvet Tanmimdevrobas Tan sdevs SegrZnebaTa aseve uwyveti Tanmimdevroba, romelic,
ra Tqma unda, gansazRvrulia warmodgenili obieqtiTac, magram, pirvel
rigSi, misi xarisxiTa da SeferilobiT, anu sityvebis da enis bunebiTac.
obieqti, romlis gamoCenas cnobierebaSi yovelTvis Tan sdevs enis mier
individualizebuli, mudam ganmeorebadi STabeWdileba, amgvarad modificirebuli saxiT warmoidgineba. calkeul SemTxvevaSi es naklebad aris SesamCnevi, magram mTlianobaSi qmedebis Zala Tanazomierebisa da STabeWdilebis mudmiv dabrunebaSi mdgomareobs. ramdenadac enis xasiaTi yovel gamoxatulebasa Tu gamoxatulebaTa SekavSirebas axlavs, amdenad warmodgenaTa sruli simravlec misgan momdinare Seferilobas iZens.
19. radgan ena ar aris erTi adamianis Tavisufali warmonaqmni, aramed
ekuTvnis yovelTvis mTel ers, is Semdgom Taobebs wina Taobebisgan gadaecema. imis gamo, rom enaSi xdeba Sereva, iwmindeba da gardaiqmneba adamianTa warmodgenebi _ jer tomis yvela asakis, sqesis, wodebis mravalgvari xasiaTisa da gonebis mqone adamianTa mier. Semdgom etapze xalxebis
mier sityvaTa da enaTa gacvla-gamocvlis safuZvelze yalibdeba adamianTa
modgma mTlianobaSi, ena xdeba subieqturobis obieqturobaze gardaqmnis
umniSvnelovanesi iaraRi _ niadag SezRuduli individualurobidan Tavis
TavSi yvelafris erTdroulad momcvel arsebobaze.
pirvelad gagonili bgeriTi niSnebis aRmoCena dasaSvebia mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki enaTa warmoSoba adamianis gamocdilebis farglebs
scildeba. iq, sadac adamians mniSvnelobis mqone raRac bgerebi memkvidreobiT aqvs SeZenili, is Tavis enas amis mixedviT qmnis da metyvelebis dialeqts mocemulis analogiiT agebs. swored es imaleba yoveli enis yvela
nawilisa da elementis urTierTgagebinebis moTxovnilebaSi, da agreTve
yvela enis erTmaneTTan sayovelTao urTierTkavSirsa da enis unaris erTgvarovanebaSic. TviT enis gramatikuli ganmartebisTvisac mniSvnelovania
mudmivad mxedvelobaSi gvqondes, rom Cvenamde moRweuli enebis Semqmneli
tomebi iolad ki ar igonebdnen, aramed sakuTari nebiT moqmedebis drosac
ukve mocemuls anawevrebdnen da iyenebdnen. mxolod aqedan amosvliT SeiZleba avxsnaT gramatikuli formebis mravali faqizi niuansi. am tomebisTvis gansxvavebuli aRniSvnebis gamogoneba rTuli iqneboda, piriqiT ki,
ukve arsebul gansxvavebul aRniSvnaTa saTanado gamoyeneba bunebrivi iyo.
swored enis mTavari elementebi, sityvebi, pirvel rigSi, warmoadgenen
imas, rac xalxidan xalxSi gadadis. gramatikuli formebisTvis es ufro
Znelia, radganac isini ufro faqizi inteleqtualuri bunebisani arian _
ufro gonebaSi budoben da materialurad bgeras Tavisi Tavis amxsnelad
ar ukavSirdebian. amrigad, adamianTa mudam monacvle TaobaTa da warmo296
sadgen obieqtTa samyaros Soris dgas usasrulo raodenobis sityvebi,
romlebic – miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisuflebis kanonebis Tanaxmad warmoiSvnen da niadag amgvarad gamoiyenebodnen, adamianebis da obieqtebis
msgavsad unda ganixilebodnen rogorc TavisTavadi, mxolod istoriulad
asaxsneli, adamianis SemTxvevis erTiani ZaliT warmodgenili erTeulebi.
sityvaTa rigi warsulis wyvdiadSi ise Sors ikargeba, rom dasabamis dadgena ukve SeuZlebelia da maTi ganStoebebi adamianTa mTel modgmas moicavs. sityvaTa rigis qmedebis da mudmivi warmoqmnis gagrZelebis Sewyveta
mxolod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli, Tuki yvela dRemde arsebuli Taoba moispoboda da gadmocemis yvela Zafi (Fäden) gawyvetili aRmoCndeboda.
ramdenadac es xalxebi ukve arsebuli enobrivi elementebiT sargebloben
da Tavis bunebas obieqtis warmodgenaSi ureven, gamoxatuleba mniSvnelobas araa moklebuli, cneba ki enisagan damoukidebeli ar aris. enaze damokidebuli adamiani ki masze ukuqmedebs da amgvarad, yoveli calkeuli ena
sami gansxvavebuli Tanmxvedri qmedebis Sedegia: obieqtis realuri bunebis, radganac igi sulSi (Gemüth) aRibeWdeba, eris subieqturobisa da
enis Taviseburebis, masSi Sereuli ucxo warmoSobis ZiriTadi masaliTa
da im ZaliT, romliTac yvelaferi mis mier SeZenili, Tundac Tavidan
sruliad Tavisuflad Seqmnili, analogiis garkveul farglebSi dasaSvebs
xdis Semdgom warmoqmnas.
20. azris da sityvis urTierTdamokidebuleba savsebiT naTels xdis,
rom enebi sinamdvileSi warmoadgenen ara ukve Secnobili WeSmaritebis Camoyalibebis, aramed manamde ucnobis aRmoCenis saSualebas. maT Soris
sxvaoba ara bgeraTa da niSanTa, aramed TviT samyaros xedvaTa (Weltansicht) Soris gansxvavebaa. esaa mTeli enobrivi kvlevis safuZvelic da saboloo mizanic. Sesamecneblis totaluroba, rogorc adamianis gonis mier
dasamuSavebeli niadagi, moqceulia yvela enis SuagulSi da maTgan damoukidebladac; adamians ar SeuZlia am wminda obieqtur ares sxvanairad miuaxlovdes, Tu ara Tavisi Semecnebisa da SegrZnebis xasiaTis Sesatyvisad,
e.i. subieqturi gziT. swored iq, sadac kvleva umaRles da uRrmes wertilebs aRwevs, gonebis meqanikuri da logikuri gamoyeneba, romelic yvela gansakuTrebuli Taviseburebisagan yvelaze advilad gamocalkevdeba,
qmediTobis Tavis zRvars aRwevs da ZalaSi Sedis Sinagani aRqmis da Semoqmedebis procesi, saidanac naTeli xdeba, rom obieqturi WeSmariteba
subieqturi individualobidan momdinareobs. es SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod eniT da enis saSualebiT. ena ki, rogorc eris Soreuli warsulis
warmonaqmni, adamianisTvis raRac ucxos warmoadgens; is, erTi mxriv, mas
boWavs, magram, meore mxriv, imis saSualebiT, rac enaSi wina Taobebma
Seqmnes, amdidrebs, aZlierebs da stimuls aZlevs. ena, rogorc subieqturi, upirispirdeba Sesamecnebels, adamians ki obieqturi saxiT evlineba.
radganac yoveli ena adamianis zogadi bunebis gamoZaxilia da enaTa er297
Toblioba adamianis subieqturobas srulyofilad verasodes asaxavs, enebi
am mizans mainc ganuwyvetliv uaxlovdebian; xolo mTeli kacobriobis
subieqturoba Tavis TavSi isev raRac obieqturobad iqceva. amrigad, samyarosa da adamians Soris sawyisi Sesabamisoba, romelsac WeSmaritebis
Semecnebis yovelgvari SesaZlebloba emyareba, nawil-nawil da TandaTanobiT aRdgeba misi gamovlenis gzaze. radganac sinamdvileSi obieqturi marad misaRwevi rCeba, rodesac adamiani mas enis Taviseburebebis meSveobiT
subieqturi gziT uaxlovdeba, amitom misi Semdegi miswrafeba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isev, Tundac erTi enobrivi subieqturobis meoreTi Secvlis saSualebiT, gamoacalkevos subieqturi da, rac SeiZleba wminda saxiT, gamoyos misgan obieqti.
21. Tuki mravali enis aragrZnobadi sagnebis gamoxatulebebs SevadarebT, erTnairi mniSvnelobis mqoneni mxolod isini aRmoCndebian, romlebsac, maTi konstruirebadi saxis gamo, ar SeuZliaT moicavdnen maTSi Cadebulze mets. yvela danarCeni ki maT Soris mdebare areSi iWreba (Tu SeiZleba maT mier aRniSnul obieqts ase ewodos), anawevrebs mas da zogi
met, zogi nakleb sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas Seicavs. marTalia, grZnobadi
sagnebis gamoxatulebebi erTi da imave mniSvnelobisani arian imdenad, ramdenadac isini erTsa da imave sagans moiazreben, Tumca gamoxatulebebi
sagnis warmodgenis mxolod garkveul aspeqts gamosaxaven da, amdenad,
mniSvnelobebic gansxvavebulia, vinaidan sagnis individualuri xedvis gavlena sityvis warmoqmnaze _ sanam sityva cxovelmoqmedia _ imasac gansazRvravs, Tu rogor exmianeba sityva sagans. sityvaTa didi raodenoba
warmoiqmneba grZnobad da aragrZnobad gamoxatulebaTa SekavSirebiT, pirvelTa (grZnobad gamoxatulebaTa) inteleqtualuri damuSavebis Sedegad.
amitomac sityvebi grZnobadebad ukve veRar aRiqmebian da iziareben ukanasknelebis (aragrZnobadebis) STabeWdilebebs maSin, rodesac (grZnobadebis)
kvali droTa ganmavlobaSi, savaraudod, unda gamqraliyo. radgan ena erTdroulad asaxvacaa da niSanic _ arc mxolod sagnebis mier gamowveuli
STabeWdilebis produqcia da arc mTlad metyvelis TviTnebobis warmonaqmni _ amitomac TiToeuli maTgani yovel Tavis elementSi am pirveli
(grZnobadi gamoxatulebis) Tvisebis kvals atarebs, magram am kvalis
amocnoba, misi sakuTari sicxadis garda, sulier ganwyobasac emyareba _
sityva miRebuli unda iyos rogorc asaxva, Tu ufro rogorc niSani. da
es imis gamo, rom suls (Gemüth) SeuZlia abstraqciis ZaliT aragrZnobads miaRwios, magram isic SeuZlia, rom aTvisebis yvela saSualebiT enis
mTeli masalis Taviseburebas srulad Caswvdes. metyvels SeuZlia Tavisi
midgomiT gezi mimarTos an abstraqciis, an enobrivi masalisaken. amrigad,
romelime poetur, prozisaTvis ucxo gamoxatulebis gamoyenebas xSirad
sxva araviTari zemoqmedeba ar gaaCnia, Tu ara is, rom suli ganawyos, raTa is enas, rogorc niSans ki ar uyurebdes, aramed mis srul gansakuTre298
bulobas eziaros. Tuki movindomebT enis es orgvari gamoyeneba erTmaneTs
Janrebis saxiT davupirispiroT, rac enaSi am orgvar gamoyenebas ufro
mkveTrad gamijnavs, vidre es sinamdvileSi SeiZleba moxdes, maSin erTs
mecnieruli, meores ki oratoruli SeiZleba davarqvaT. pirveli, amave
dros, saqmianobas (Geschäfte) esadageba, ukanaskneli ki _ sicocxlis bunebriv viTarebas, radganac Tavisufali gamoyeneba xsnis im artaxebs, romliTac aRqmis sulismieri unari SeiZleba yofiliyo SeboWili. mecnieruli gamoyeneba, aq miRebuli gagebiT, mxolod wminda azrobriv-konstruqciuli mecnierebis da cdiseul mecnierebaTa garkveuli nawilebisaTvis
aris gamosadegi; yoveli Semecnebis dros, romelic adamianis ganuyofel
Zalebs moiTxovs, oratoruli gamoyenebac Sedis ZalaSi.
swored Semecnebis es saxeoba naTelsa da siTbos hfens yvela danarCens, swored mas emyareba saerTo sulier ganviTarebaSi winsvla; da ers,
romelic Tavisi ganaTlebis simZimis centrs ar eZebs da ar poulobs poeziaSi, filosofiasa da istoriaSi, romlebic Semecnebis am saxeobas ganekuTvnebian, enis keTilismyofeli ukugavlena male akldeba, radganac ena
sakuTari mizeziT veRar asazrdoebs ers im masaliT, romelsac erTaderTs
SeuZlia mas siWabuke, Zala, brwyinvaleba da mSveniereba SeunarCunos. sakuTriv am areSi poulobs adgils mWevrmetyveleba, Tuki mas gavigebT farTo da ara Cveuli mniSvnelobiT, rodesac ena TviT axdens arsebiT gavlenas obieqtebis gadmocemaze, an mizandasaxulad gamoiyeneba amisTvis. am ukanaskneli saxiT mWevrmetyvelebas SeuZlia, samarTlianad an usamarTlod,
mecnierul da saqmian gamoyenebaSic iyos gadatanili. enis aseTi mecnieruli gamoyeneba ki pirobiTisagan (conventionelle) unda ganvasxvaoT. sazogadod, es orive erTsa da imave klass ekuTvnis, ramdenadac isini enis, rogorc TavisTavadi masalis, Tavisebur qmedebas spoben da undaT, rom masSi
mxolod niSani dainaxon. magram mecnieruli gamoyeneba amas iq akeTebs, sadac es dasaSvebia, da aRwevs amas imiT, rom cdilobs, gamoxatulebas yovelgvari subieqturoba Camoacilos, anda, ufro zustad, suli sruliad
obieqturad ganawyos, raSic mas wynari da gonivruli saqmiani gamoyenebac
mihyveba. enisadmi aq warmodgenili midgoma konvencionalur gamoyenebas iseT
areSi gadaitans, romelic amTviseblobis Tavisuflebas unda moiTxovdes,
gamoxatulebas xarisxis da Seferilobis mxriv garkveul subieqturobas
axvevdes Tavs da cdilobdes sulsac aseTive ganwyoba mianiWos. amgvarad,
is Semdgom sametyvelo areSi gadainacvlebs da ganaaxlebs mWevrmetyvelebasa da poezias. arseboben erebi, romlebic, maTi xasiaTis individualobidan
gamomdinare, ama Tu im yalb gzebs irCeven, anda swor gzas calmxrivad mihyvebian; iseTebic arseboben, romlebic Tavis enas met-naklebi warmatebiT
(glücklich) iyeneben; da rodesac bedis wyalobiT, Sinagani smenisa da xmis
TvalsazrisiT, mWevrmetyvelebisa da simRerisadmi ganwyobili xalxi rome299
liRac dialeqtis organizmis gadamwyvet wertils aRwevs, maSin Cndeba didebuli da yvela droisaTvis gasaocari enebi. mxolod bedis aseTi wyalobiT SeiZleba aixsnas berZnuli enis warmoSoba.
22. SeuZlebelia, rom enis es ukanaskneli da yvelaze arsebiTi gamoyeneba ucxo iyos misi Tavdapirveli organizmisaTvis. masSi imyofeba momavali ganviTarebis pirveli Canasaxi. aq erTiandeba enaTa SedarebiTi Seswavlis adre gaTiSuli orive nawili. yvela enis gramatikisa da sityvaTa
maragis kvlevis safuZvelze, ramdenadac Sesabamisi saSualebebi gagvaCnia,
agreTve, ufro ganviTarebuli enebis werilobiTi Zeglebis kvleviT, Tanamimdevrulad da naTlad unda iqnes warmodgenili ideaTa warmoqmnis xarisxi da saxe, romelsac adamianTa enebma miaRwies, da gamovlindes maT
agebulebaSi sxvadasxvagvari Tvisebebis gavlena maT saboloo srulyofaze.
23. me aq is ganzraxva mqonda, rom enaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis are
mTlianobaSi momeniSna, misi mizani damedgina da meCvenebina, rom am miznis
misaRwevad enaTa warmoSoba da srulyofa erTianad unda miviRoT mxedvelobaSi. mxolod am gziT SeiZleba mivaRwioT imas, rom enebi ufro da
ufro naklebad iqnes ganxiluli, rogorc pirobiTi (willkührlich) niSnebi,
da rom sulier cxovrebaSi ufro Rrma wvdomiT maTi agebulebis TaviseburebaSi vpovoT WeSmaritebisa da, aseve, ganwyobaTa da xasiaTis warmoqmnis kvlevisa da Semecnebis saSualeba. ramdenadac ganviTarebis ufro maRal donemde miRweul enebSi samyaros sakuTari xedva aris daculi, amdenad, maTi damokidebuleba unda arsebobdes ara marto erTmaneTTan, aramed mTel moazrebad totalobasTanac. amrigad, enebTan dakavSirebiT iseTive mdgomareobaa, rogorc TviT adamianTa xasiaTebTan _ an, Sesadareblad ufro martivi obieqti rom SevarCioT, rogorc RmerTebis idealebTan dakavSirebiT saxviT xelovnebaSi, sadac totaloba SeiZleba aRmoCenil iqnes da mankieri wre Seikras _ radganac yoveli maTgani erTi garkveuli mxridan warmoadgens zogad ideals, romlis individualizeba yvela amaRlebuli Tvisebis Tanadrouli xorcSesxmis saxiT aris SesaZlebeli. magram ar unda vivaraudoT erT enaSi yvela Rirsebis arseboba da sinamdvilis mimarT Zaladobas CavidendiT, Tuki xasiaTebis an enaTa gansxvavebulobebis (istoriulad) ase warmodgenas movindomebdiT. SeiZleba vilaparakoT enis mxolod garkveul midrekilebebsa da ara mkafio mimarTulebebze; iseve, rogorc adamianebisa da erebis SemTxvevaSi da, agreTve,
enaTa da xasiaTebis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT (rac warmoadgens ara gareganis raRac kanonisadmi damorCilebas, aramed arsis miaxloebas idealTan). SeiZleba vifiqroT, TiTqos idealis mier mocemuli mimarTulebis
raRac gzas vadgavarT, romelic yvela misi mxaris amomwurav sxva gzebsac
moicavs. im erebis mdgomareoba, romelTa enebisTvisac es marTebulia,
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umaRles da dasrulebul mdgomareobas warmoadgens, sadamdec ki eri tomebis gansxvavebas mihyavs; is varaudobs adamianTa did masebs, radganac
enebi amas moiTxoven imisTvis, rom Tavis srulyofas miaRwion. mas safuZvlad udevs umdablesi mdgomareoba, saidanac Cven movdivarT. is adamianTa
modgmis gardauvali danawevrebiTa da ganStoebiT warmoiqmneba da mas enebi Tavis warmoSobas umadlian; es mdgomareoba mraval mcire masebsac moicavs, radganac enaTa warmoSoba maTSi ufro advilia. amasTanave, mravali
ena unda Seerios da Seerwyas erTmaneTs, rom mdidari da kargad agebuli
(bildsame) ena gaCndes. orsave mdgomareobaSi erTiandeba is, rac mTel dedamiwaze adamianTa modgmaSi moipoveba; is, ris dasabamsac bunebrivi aucilebloba da fizikuri moTxovnileba warmoadgens, magram progresul ganviTarebaSi orive umaRles sulier miznebs emsaxureba.
Targmna giorgi CikoiZem
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enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
T a r g m a n i
igor diakonovi
Zveli teqstebis deSifrirebis meTodTa Sesaxeb1
XIX-XX saukuneebSi gaiSifra bevri Zveli damwerloba. TiToeuli
maTganis deSifrirebas win uZRoda aTobiT, zogjer ki asobiT uiRblo
mcdeloba warwerebis Sinaarsis wvdomisa. zogjer am mcdelobaTa avtorebi dasawyisSi karg Sedegebs Rebulobdnen, magram sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da miRebuli Sedegebis zeSefasebis gamo ar Cerdebodnen miRweulze,
saRi azris sazRvrebs scdebodnen da fantastikis sferoSi gadadiodnen.
deSifrirebis zogierTi mcdeloba Tavidanve uiRblobisTvis iyo ganwiruli. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi avtorebi ver xedavdnen realur kavSirs nacnobsa da ucnobs Soris, mainc cdilobdnen, radac ar unda dajdomodaT, TviTon moexdinaT amgvari kavSirebis konstruireba. es miiRweoda sxvadasxva gziT. magaliTad, gasaSifri damwerloba cxaddeboda romelime damwerlobis genetikurad monaTesaved, Tanac SemTxveviTi, xandaxan
ki ubralod ararsebuli msgavseba orive damwerlobas Soris saRdeboda
naTesaobis damamtkiceblad. msgavsad udarebdnen enebs. bunebrivia, rom
aseTi Sedarebisas ar SeiZleboda migveRo damajerebeli wakiTxva. amitom
„gamSifvrelebi“ iZulebulebi iyvnen yovel nabijze „moergoT“ TavianTi
teqstebi ama Tu im enisaTvis, erTi niSnis meoriT araswor wakiTxvas
xsnidnen an mwerlebis SecdomiT, an gasaSifri enis „specifikiT“, rac
exeboda, ZiriTad, gasaSifri „enis“ fonetikasa da morfologias. amgvari
gziT miRebuli Sinaarsis SemTxvevaSi, Cveulebriv, moqmedebdnen principiT:
„rac uazroa, miT ukeTesia“ (miiCneoda, rom ucnob enaze SeiZleboda daweriliyo nebismieri ram). xdeboda isec, rom „gamSifvrelebi“ ar irjebodnen, SeedarebinaT ucnobi damwerloba an ena nacnob damwerlobasTan an
enasTan da ama Tu im saSualebiT miRebul „wakiTxvas“ isini aniWebdnen,
sakuTari survilisamebr, nebismier Sinaarss.
zogjer fiqroben, rom msgavsi msjelobani rTulad uarsayofia. sinamdvileSi maTi uaryofa sakmaod advilia, radgan isini yovelTvis Seicaven
Sinagan winaaRmdegobaTa simravles; Sinagani winaaRmdegobani romc ar aRmoCeniliyo, maT mainc daeZebnebodaT naklovanebebi. saqme is aris, rom
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, 1976.
,
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adamianis enas garkveuli kanonzomierebebi axasiaTebs: TiToeul enas aqvs
Tavisi gansakuTrebuli sistema da ara qaosuri nakrebi bgerebisa, xmovnebi da Tanxmovnebi sityvaSi monacvleoben gansazRvruli wesiT da a.S.,
fsevdodeSifrirebis Sedegad miRebuli „enebi“ amgvar kanonzomierebebs ar
avlenen.
arasworia gavrcelebuli azri, rom fsevdogamSifvrelebi, Cveulebriv,
arian profanebi. arcTu iSviaTad, am rolSi gamodiodnen damsaxurebuli
mecnierebi, sapatio eruditebi.
mxolod erudicia deSifrirebaSi aSkarad ar aris sakmarisi, zustad
ise, rogorc ar aris sakmarisi intuicia, Tumca saeWvoa, deSifrireba moxerxdes erTis an meoris gareSe. Rrma intuicias flobda ingliseli arqiteqtori maikl ventrisi. profesori jon Cedviki Tavis wignSi „B xazovnis deSifrireba~ nabij-nabij mihyveba im gzas, romelic ventrisma gaiara deSifrirebisas. Cven vxedavT, rom ventrisi xSirad cdeboda, magram,
bolos da bolos, poulobda marTebul gadawyvetilebas. ventrisi mixvda,
rom maTematikos alis koberis mier dawyebuli teqstis formaluri analizi iyo deSifrirebis erTaderTi swori sawyisi etapi. gansakuTrebuli
mxedvelobiTi mexsiereba ventriss daexmara, SeemCnia teqstis struqturis
zogierTi kanonzomiereba, aman ki, bolos da bolos, miiyvana cnobili „badis“ Seqmnamde. ventrisi, iseve rogorc sxva genialuri gamSifvrelebi (iseTebi, rogorebic arian Sampolioni an hinqsi), midioda gaukvalav gzaze
da am saqmeSi mas exmareboda intuicia. Cven SegveZlo gangvesazRvra intuicia rogorc arsebiTi niSnebisa da kavSirebis qvecnobierad identificirebis niWi; aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom araferi „mistikuri“ intuiciaSi
ar aris. marTlac, nebismieri deSifrirebis msvlelobas Tu kvaldakval
gavyvebiT, davrwmundebiT, rom pasuxebi kiTxvebze, romlebic gamSifvrelebis winaSe dgas, Cadebulia TviTon masalaSi, mxolod sasurvelia SesaZlo gadawyvetilebaTa qaosidan amoarCio erTaderTi swori gadawyvetileba. rac Seexeba im sakiTxs, Tu rogor kavSirebs SeiZleba ewodos arsebiTi, rogor struqturas – damaxasiaTebeli, gamSifvrels mxedvelobaSi
unda hqondes Semdegi:
damwerlobasa da enaSi moqmedebs ekonomiis principi, rasac mivyavarT
kompaqturi, mowesrigebuli ierarqiuli jaWvebisa da sistemis agebamde.
ase, magaliTad, damwerlobaSi SeiZleba Setanili iyos mxolod niSnebi V
(xmovani) an CV (Tanxmovani + xmovani) tipis marcvlebisaTvis, anda niSnebi V, CV, VC, CVC tipis marcvlebisaTvis („marcvlovani damwerloba“), anda mxolod C da V tipis niSnebi („anbanuri damwerloba“). arsebobs sxva
saxis damwerlobebic, magram saWiroa xazi gaesvas, rom grafikul niSanTa
tipebis nakrebi mocemul damwerlobaSi yovelTvis ukiduresad SezRuduli da mkacrad mowesrigebulia. magaliTad, es ver gaigo T. iungma, roca
303
ptolemaiosis saxelis egviptur CanawerSi dainaxa C, V, CV, VC, VCV tipis niSnebi da erTic carieli niSani. magram amas mixvda Sampolioni, romelmac aCvena, rom ptolemaiosis saxelSi, rogorc sxva saxelebSi, egviptelebi iyenebdnen mxolod C-sa da V-s tipis niSnebs.2 ventrisma gaSifra
B xazovani damwerloba mas Semdeg, rac daadgina, rom am damwerlobis
niSnebi gadmocemen mxolod V da CV tipis bgerebs.
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mkvlevrebi kariul damwerlobas3 miiCnevdnen „Sereulad“ – asoiT-marcvlovnad an kidev ufro rTulad, da mxolod 1950 wels h. bosertma (Helmuth Theodor Bossert) gamoTqva swori varaudi, rom karielebi xmarobdnen erTob ubralo damwerlobis sistemas,
saxeldobr, wminda asoiT damwerlobas, anu „anbanurs“,4 e.i. mxolod ori
tipis niSnebis Semcvels – C da V. axlave SevniSnavT, rom naTqvami ar
niSnavs imas, rom deSifrirebisas daviyvanoT weriTi niSnebis tipTa nakrebi minimumamde. mTavaria, SevecadoT, rom gamovavlinoT is mwyobri sistema, romelic metyvelebis fiqsacias udevs safuZvlad. ase, magaliTad, Tu
mecnierebi e. hinqsamde brmad misdevdnen grotefend-roulinsonis meTodikas (SeiZleba Sampolionisac, romelic muSaobda sruliad sxva masalaze),
poulobdnen asurul-babilonur lursmul damwerlobaSi Svid niSans, romelic gadmoscemda erTsa da imave Tanxmovans (rac uazro iyo), maSin hinqsma daamtkica, rom niSnebi TanxmovnebisaTvis saerTod ar aris am damwerlobaSi, magram aris niSnebi V, CV, VC da CVC tipis (amgvarad, „Svidi
gansxvavebuli niSani“ erTi da imave TanxmovnisTvis gadaiqca CV da VC
tipis niSnebad V-s sxvadasxva saxiT).
uari Tqves ra gamartivebul warmodgenaze egviptur ieroglifikaze
rogorc ideografiul damwerlobaze (aqac didi roli Seasrula mosazre2
3
4
egvipturi bgeriTi damwerlobis specifikis gaxsniT, romelic mdgomareobda imaSi,
rom „egviptelebi, rogorc Cans, ignorirebas uwevdnen xmovnebs da Zalian xSirad ar werdnen maT“, Sampolionma metismetad gaamartiva situacia, ver SeZlo
identificireba CC tipis (da ufro rTuli) niSnebisa egviptur damwerlobaSi.
am niSnebis identifikacia SeZlo r. lefsiusma, riTac zustad gansazRvra egvipturi damwerlobis sistema. Tumca saWiroa, gaviTvaliswinoT, rom miuxedavad
Secdomisa, Sampolionma Sinagani winaaRmdegobis gareSe warmarTa msjeloba:
C1C2-C2 tipis mimdevrobebs is kiTxulobda rogorc C1-C2-s, rac Teoriulad
sruliad dasaSvebi iyo („meore C2-is“ gamovlena asaxavda damwerlobis specifikas da ara metyvelebisas).
kariuli damwerlobisTvis amJamad miRebuli gaSifvris Sedegebi ekuTvnis britanel egviptologs, jon devid reis (John David Ray), gansxvavebiT v.v. SevoroSkinis gaSifvrisagan (mTargmn.).
bosertma es azri gamoTqva yvelaze didi kariuli warweris (kavnis) mignebasTan
dakavSirebiT, romelSic 240 grafikul niSanze modioda mxolod 27 gansxvavebuli, rasac savsebiT SeeZlo daexasiaTebina xmelTaSuazRvispireTisa da
mcire aziis anbanuri damwerloba.
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bebma statistikur wesrigze), Sampolioni mivida swor daskvnamde ieroglifikaSi samdoniani mniSvnelobis niSnebis arsebobaze: ideogramebi (sityvieri niSnebi), fonetikuri niSnebi da ganmsazRvrelebi, anu determinativebi. amgvarad, gaixsna egvipturi damwerlobis arsi, romelic warmoadgens
ideogramebis ara qaosur nakrebs, aramed sxvadasxva donis niSnebis mwyobr
sistemas.
swored sistemurobis gaTvaliswinebam, lursmuli teqstis kanonzomierebebis gaxsnam SeaZlebina hinqss, ganexorcielebina Tavisi saxelganTqmuli dakvirveba (sxvaTa Soris, es man aRmoaCina lursmul damwerlobaSi
determinativebis niSnebi), meore mxriv, es kanonzomierebebi daexmara mas,
daenaxa garkveuli garTulebebi sistemaSi, dakavSirebuli imasTan, rom
erTnairi saxis niSnebi SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT
sxvadasxva doneze.
imis dadastureba, rom gamSifvreli swor gzas adgas, SeiZleba iyos
teqstis Semdgomi interpretacia adre miRebuli monacemebis safuZvelze.
zogadi wesia, rom ar SeiZleba deSifrirebis bolomde miyvana bilingvebis
(rogorc es iyo luviuri ieroglifuri damwerlobis SemTxvevaSi) an kvazibilingvebis mignebis gareSe (rogorc es iyo B xazovani damwerlobis
SemTxevaSi).5 deSifrirebaSi aris garkveuli barieri: SeiZleba ganisazRvros damwerlobis principuli wyoba da Semadgenloba, isic SeiZleba gamoirkves, romeli niSnebi gamoxataven xmovnebs da romlebi – Tanxmovnebs,
romeli niSnebi – TanxmovanTa da xmovanTa jgufebs (da, saxeldobr, rogor jgufebs), magram TviTon xmovnebisa da Tanxmovnebis amokiTxva, niSnebis JReradobis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia, Tu es JReradoba ar aris nakarnaxevi Sesabamisi sityvebis dawerilobiT da, gansakuTrebiT, sakuTari saxelebiT (romlebic ukve cnobilia sxva damwerlobis meSveobiT).
amgvarad, intuicia exmareba gamSifvrels, gamoavlinos namdvili (da
ara moCvenebiTi) ubraloeba da simwyobre, romelic Zevs ucnobi damwerlobisa da enis safuZvelSi, agreTve kavSiris sistemuri xasiaTi ucnob
damwerlobasa da/an enas, erTi mxriv, da cnobil damwerlobas an enas Soris, meore mxriv. qvemoT vaCvenebT, Tu rogor SeiZleba manqanis daxmarebiT intuiciuri codna `gadaiTargmnos~ Cveulebrivze; aqve SevniSnavT, deSifrirebaSi intuiciis dominirebul rolze xazgasmiT Cven sruliadac
ar gvinda erudiciis rolis damcireba. xSirad swored erudiciis nakle5
istoriam icis SemTxveva, rodesac deSifrirebis siswore Seamowmes axlad aRmoCenili teqstis safuZvelze, eqsperimentis saSualebiT: 1857 wels, f. talbotis
iniciativiT, erTdroulad oTx mkvlevars (f. talboti, h. roulinsoni, e. hinqsi
da i. operti) erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelad SesTavazes manamde ucnobi aqaduri
teqstis interpretacia. oTxive mecnieris Sedegebi zogadad daemTxva erTmaneTs,
ramac daadastura lursmuli damwerlobis deSifrirebis siswore.
305
bobis gamo gamSifvrels ar SeuZlia miiyvanos deSifrireba bolomde, da
mis saqmes ganagrZoben filolog-interpretatorebi. Tumca marTebulia is,
rom kargi intuiciis mqone adamiani, axerxebs amoicnos teqstis struqtura da gansazRvros deSifrirebis gza, maSin roca eruditi, romelic
ar flobs intuicias, amas ver SeZlebs.
aviRoT aseTi ubralo magaliTi. erTi popularuli Jurnalis redaqciam miiRo werilebis wyeba, romlebSic mkiTxvelebi, romelTac mecnierebasTan ar hqondaT araviTari Sexeba, gamoTqvamdnen TavianT Teorias festosis diskos Sesaxeb. yvela werilis daaxloebiT ocdaaTi procenti Seicavda erTob saintereso mosazrebebs, mTlianad Sesabamiss ipsenis mosazrebisa, romelmac, specialistebis azriT, mogvca festosis diskos aqamde
arsebul analizebs Soris saukeTeso analizi (analizi, ra Tqma unda,
formaluria, calkeuli grafikuli niSebisa da sityvebis identifikaciis
gareSe). werilebis avtorebi didi sifrTxiliT gamoTqvamdnen azrs, rom
dResdReobiT saeWvoa, gavscdeT festosis diskos wminda formalur analizs. isini solidarulebi iyvnen Cveni droisa da gasuli aTeuli wlebis yvelaze ufro avtoritetuli mecnierebis mimarT. maTi, gaSifvris
moyvarulebis, analizi aRmoCnda ufro mkacri da mecnieruli, vidre daskvnebi iseTi mecnier-eruditebisa, rogorebic Serteli da devisi arian! am
mecnierebs, rogorc Cans, ara aqvT sakmarisi intuicia, isini yurs ar ugdeben kritikosebis xmas da sruliad darwmunebulebi arian sakuTari
msjelobis utyuarobaSi, raoden fantastikuric ar unda iyos is, mecnierebisa Tu saRi azris TvalsazrisiT. ase, magaliTad, 1967 wels profesorma saimon devisma gamouSva wigni, romelSic avtori pretenzias acxadebda festosis diskos, kretuli ieroglifuri beWdebisa da rigi im
warwerebis6 „gaSifvraze“, romlebic jerjerobiT mecnierebaSi iTvleba,
rom gaSifruli araa, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi ZiriTadi debulebebi (gamoTqmuli adre gamoqveynebul SromebSi) mkacrad gaakritikes wamyvanma
specialistebma (SeadareT, m. poupis, g. noimanis, j. Cedvikis SeniSvnebi am
krebulis Sesabamis statiebSi). Tavis droze profesorma Stoltenbergma
zustad amgvarad „gaSifra“ xmelTaSuazRvispireTis TiTqmis yvela damwerloba. aseve, aranakleb usicocxlo kvali datoves deSifrirebis istoriaSi a. mencma, f. borkma da sxva mkvlevrebma.
6
S. Davis, The Decipherment of the Minoan Linear A and the Pictographic Scripts,
Johannesburg, 1967. prof. devisi specialurad ewvia saberZneTs, kretasa da kvipross xmelTaSuazRvispireTis damwerlobaTa gaSifvris mizniT, xeTurad „waikiTxa“ eqvsi damwerloba: festosis disko, minosuri sabeWdavebi, A xazovani
damwerloba, kviprosul-minosuri damwerloba, eteokviprosuli da eteokretuli warwerebi.
306
ra gziT midian is gamSifvrelebi, romelTac miaRwies sarwmuno Sedegebs? rogorc Cans, muSaobis sawyis etapze isini iTvaliswineben saR
azrs, iswrafvian, rom gamoricxon SesaZlo ucnobi damwerlobis elementebis (romlebic warmoudgeniaT rogorc daumtkicebeli) Sepirispireba
cnobili damwerlobisa Tu enebis faqtebTan. teqstis gadaxedvisas, upirvelesad, Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad, mihyvebian kombinatoruli analizis
principebs erTmaneTTan Tavsebadi gansazRvruli jgufebis gamoyofiTa da
klasifikaciiT. rac ufro didia teqsti, gamSifvreli miT ufro met
„Sav“ teqnikur samuSaos asrulebs amgvari klasifikaciisas. WeSmariti
gamSifvreli ar Seecdeba, gadaaxtes samuSaos am nakleb sasiamovno etaps,
radgan esmis, rom masSi aris warmatebebis sawindari. ra Tqma unda, arsebiT Taviseburebebs igi gamoavlens ara marto intuiciurad, Seugneblad
(intuicia mxolod zogavs mis energias, ar aZlevs uflebas, daixarjos
sruliad unayofo msjelobis Sesaqmnelad),7 aramed gamSifvrelis mTeli
Segnebuli muSaoba miznad isaxavs agreTve arsebiTi kavSirebis moZiebas
(teqstis SigniT an teqstsa da gare samyaros Soris). xandaxan xdeba
isec, rom gamSifvreli uSvebs Secdomebs, Tanac xSirad grZnobs daukmayofileblobas Secdomis daSvebisas – aqac Tavs iCens intuicia. intuicias
SeuZlia miiyvanos aseT daskvnamdec: „es ase meCveneba, magram ar vici, ratom“. Tu am momentSi gavaanalizebT misi msjelobis xazis ganviTarebas,
maSin aRmoCndeba, rom masalaSi Cadebulma monacemebma is Seugneblad ukve
miiyvana raRac kanonzomierebamde, rasac male gaacnobierebs da Tavis
msjelobaSi Semdgom dasabuTebasac miaRwevs.
aseTia uzogadesi mosazreba gamSifvrelis muSaobis sawyisi etapis meTodikaze.
gadavideT im zogierTi kerZo meTodis aRweraze, romlebic gamoiyeneba
deSifrirebaSi.
specialur naSromSi deSifrirebis meTodebis Sesaxeb p. aalto sxvadasxva saxis deSifrirebis klasifikacias axdens Semdegnairad: deSifrireba ucnobi damwerlobisa, romliTac Cawerilia cnobili ena; deSifrireba
ucnobi enisa, romelic Cawerilia cnobili damwerlobiT (am saxis Sromebs umjobesia, ewodos interpretacia); deSifrireba ucnobi damwerlobi7
aq mniSvnelovania, gvaxsovdes, rom Tu bevri Zala ixarjeba ucnobi teqstis
analizze, maSin ufro meti Zala midis imaze, rom amovarCioT namdvilad saWiro faqtebi im faqtTa mravalferovnebidan, romlebsac gvawvdian gasaSifr
enasTan met-naklebad dakavSirebuli cnobili damwerlobebi da enebi (Tanac dasawyisSi uwevT SearCion yvela SesaZlo damwerlobidan da enidan swored isini, romlebic namdvilad SeiZleba an aucileblad unda iyvnen dakavSirebulni
ucnob enasTan: es procesi moiTxovs rogorc cnobier, ise aracnobier gansakuTrebiT daZabul muSaobas).
307
sa da enisa (ucnobi ena Cawerilia ucnobi damwerlobiT).8 am klasifikacias iRebs i. fridrixic.9 aaltos Tanaxmad, imis mixedviT, Tu rogori
saxis deSifrirebasTan aqvs saqme mkvlevars, is iyenebs deSifrirebis ama
Tu im xerxs; am saSualebebs mokled CamoTvlis fridrixi, amasTan SeniSnavs, rom „yoveli ucnobi damwerlobisa Tu enis gamoaSkaravebisaTvis saWiroa raRac sayrdeni momenti; arafrisgan ar SeiZleba arafris deSifrireba“ (gv. 52). magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom, rogorc wesi, gamSifvrelma ar icis, Tu, saxeldobr, romeli saxis deSifrirebasTan aqvs saqme. ucnobi ena SeiZleba cnobili aRmoCndes (rogorc es iyo ventrisis
SemTxvevaSi) da a.S. amasTan, enebis dayofa nacnob da ucnob enebad aSkarad arasakmarisia. deSifrirebisas mniSvnelovania, magram ara gadamwyveti,
im sakiTxis garkveva, enaTesaveba Tu ara gasaSifri ena romelime cnobil
enas (SeiZleba, azri gamovTqvaT ufro frTxilad: dgindeba Tu ara mocemuli enis genetikuri warmomavloba). am mxriv, arsebobs gansxvaveba xeTurisa da etruskulis deSifrirebas Soris (fridrixisaTvis orive deSifrireba erTsa da imave saxeobas miekuTvneba: ena ucnobia, magram Cawerilia
CvenTvis nacnobi damwerlobiT). Tavdapirvelad xeTuri enis deSifrireba
ganxorcielda teqstSi arsebuli mniSvnelobis mqone ukve cnobili Sumeruli da aqaduri ideogramebis saSualebiT, romlebic gvaZleven teqstis
Sinaarsis ConCxs; sxva sityvebis mniSvnelobebi dadginda kombinatorulad,
xolo kombinatoruli analizis Sedegi Semowmda etimologiuri meTodis
gamoyenebiT (es ena aRmoCnda indoevropuli, e.i. Zveli induris, berZnulis, laTinuris, rusulis, inglisuris da mTeli rigi Zveli da axali
enebis monaTesave, romlebic Sedian indoevropul enaTa ojaxSi). etruskulis deSifrireba, piriqiT, SeCerda sawyis etapze (ideogramebi ar iyo;
zogi forma identificirda kombinatoruli analiziT, kerZod, kvaziorenovani teqstebis Cabmis wyalobiT; am meTodebis Sesaxeb ixileT qvemoT).
Semdgomi warmatebebi damuxruWda bilingvebis ararsebobis gamo; verc etruskulis naTesauri kavSiris dadgena moxerxda. amrigad, arsebobs, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, zogierTi gansxvaveba ucnobi enis deSifrirebasa da im enis
deSifrirebas Soris, romelic enaTesaveba ama Tu im cnobil enas. magram
Secdoma iqneboda, dagvemyarebina Zalian didi imedebi etimologiur meTodze: cnobilia, rom erTi da igive sityvebi droTa ganmavlobaSi did
cvlilebebs eqvemdebarebian axlomonaTesave enebSic ki, sruliad icvleba
8
9
P. Aalto, Notes on Methods of Decipherment of Uknown Languages. – «Studia
Orientalia», XI, 4, Helsingfors, 1945, gv. 3 da Smd.
.
,
, ., 1961, gv. 52 da
Smdg. originali gamoqveynda 1954 w.; meore gamocemaSi mocemuli ganyofileba
ucvleli darCa: J. Friedrich, Entzifferung verschollener Schriften und Sprachen, Berlin
– Heidelberg – New York, gv. 134 da Smdg.
308
rogorc bgeriTi forma, ise xSirad mniSvnelobac. Tumca egvipturi ena
gaiSifra, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs misi axlomonaTesave ena
(garda kopturisa, romelic gvianegvipturis saxecvlilebas warmoadgens).
sruliad ucnobi enis deSifrirebasa da cnobili enis amokiTxvas Soris,
romelic Cawerilia ucnobi damwerlobiT (magaliTad, kviprosis Zveli
berZnuli ena) arsebobs rigi Sualeduri rgolebi. isini, udavod, nawilobriv damokidebulni arian naTesauri kavSirebis xarisxze gasaSifr da
nacnob enas Soris. amasTanave, saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT qronologiuri
momenti: Tu gasaSifri ena daSorebulia Tavisi kargad cnobili STamomavlisagan drois didi monakveTiT (ramdenime aseuli weli), maSin es ufro
aris enis deSifrireba cnobili enis monaTesave enisa, vidre amokiTxva
ucnobi damwerlobiT Cawerili nacnobi enisa (aseTia Zveli egvipturi,
romelic saerTod ar aris msgavsi Tavisi STamomavlis _ kopturisa; amgvari naklebad aris mikenuri berZnuli, romelic ufro metad msgavsia
klasikuri periodis berZnulisa).
analogiuri kritikuli SeniSvnebi SeiZleba gakeTdes cnobil (gaSifvra rom sWirdebaT) da ucnob damwerlobebad gamijvnasTan dakavSirebiT.
aqac Sualeduri etapis saxiT saWiroa, davasaxeloT damwerloba, romelic enaTesaveba romelime cnobil damwerlobas, Tanac am naTesaobis xarisxi SeiZleba iyos erTob sxvadasxvagvari. ase, magaliTad, A da B xazovani damwerlobebi, marTalia, enaTesavebian kviprosis marcvlovan damwerlobas, magram ara imdenad, rom uzrunvelyon xazovani teqstebis wakiTxva (yvela uiRblo deSifrireba ventrisamde ixsneboda swored cudad
dasabuTebuli cdebiT, „daekavSirebinaT“ kretul-mikenuri xazovani da
kviprosis marcvlovani damwerlobebi); kretul-mikenuri da kviprosis
marcvlovani damwerlobebis kiTxvis codna ar iZleva imis saSualebas,
rom amovikiTxoT kretuli ieroglifuri warwerebi, miuxedavad samive saxis damwerlobaTa naTesaobisa (genetikuri TvalsazrisiT, kretis ieroglifuri damwerloba win uZRoda sqematur marcvlovan damwerlobas, romelSic mkvlevrebi dResdReobiT orientireben erTob warmatebiT). meore
mxriv, frigiuli da etruskuli warwerebis amokiTxva sakmaod male moxerxda, frigiul, etruskul da berZnul damwerlobebs Soris mniSvnelovani msgavsebis wyalobiT; berZnul damwerlobasTan erTob axlos aris misi monaTesave likiuri da lidiuri damwrlobebi, miuxedavad amisa, zogierTi likiuri da lidiuri asos saboloo wakiTxva jer kidev ar arsebobs; igive SeiZleba iTqvas kariul damwerlobaze, romelic ufro naklebad hgavs berZnul damwerlobas, vidre lidiuri da likiuri da a.S. amgvarad, gamSifvrelebs muSaoba uwevT imgvar damwerlobazec, romelic ar
SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc ucnobi.
309
rac Seexeba „sayrden momentebs“ damwerlobaTa da enaTa gaSifvrisas,
fridrixi maT amgvarad ayalibebs:
• damwerlobis mimarTulebis dadgena;
• sityvaTgamyofebis gamovlena;
• damwerlobis tipis identifikacia (anbanuri, marcvlovani da a.S.);
• sakuTari saxelebis identifikaciis SesaZlebloba;
• bilingvis arseboba;
• xelovnuri bilingvis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba (rogoricaa warwera
najaxze: „esa da es najaxi“ da misTanani);
• ukve cnobili sxva damwerlobebidan saxasiaTo ikonuri ideogramebis
an determinativebis arseboba.
fridrixi aq ar asxvavebs erTmaneTisgan sayrden punqtebs teqstis gareT da mis SigniT; amasTanave, saTanadod ver afasebs imas, Tu ramdenad
nayofieri SeiZleba aRmoCndes teqstis Sida analizi im etapzec ki, roca
jer kidev yvela SesaZlo gare kavSiri gverdze rCeba. ase, magaliTad, Tu
fridrixi miiCnevs, rom damwerlobis niSnebis mixedviT SeiZleba ganisazRvros, Tu ra damwerlobasTan aqvs saqme (anbanurTan Tu marcvlovanTan, an
sulac Sereul logogramul-marcvlovanTan). aq is SeiZleba Secdes meTodologiurad. pirveli, gare Sedareba ar aris yovelTvis saimedo, radgan
arsebobs, magaliTad, anbanuri damwerloba, romelSic asoebis raodenoba
metia, vidre silaburi niSnebi zogierT marcvlovan damwerlobaSi.10 meore, sanam ganvsazRvravT gansxvavebuli niSnebis raodenobas mocemul damwerlobaSi, aucilebelia jer gamovavlinoT niSnebis variantebi, sxvagvarad zogadi daskvna SeiZleba, mcdari iyos. sainteresoa, rom axlaxan TviTon fridrixma dauSva swored amgvari saxis Secdoma miunxenuri firfitis damwerlobis gansazRvrisas.11 am dokumentSi (savaraudod, mcireaziuri warmoSobisa) fridrixma daiTvala 217 gansxvavebuli niSani, Tumca
manve aRiara, rom zogjer erTi da imave niSnis grafikuli variantebi
10
11
magaliTad, kavkasiur-albanur anbanSi iyo 52 aso. zogierTi sxva kavkasiuri
enis fonetikuri sistema kidev ufro mdidaria. agreTve saWiroa, gvaxsovdes,
rom zogjer Cvenamde moaRwia moculobiT umniSvnelo werilobiTma Zeglebma,
amitom niSanTa raodenoba mocemuli damwerlobis Semonaxul ZeglebSi SeiZleba iyos naklebi, vidre Sesabamis anbansa Tu silabariumSi. amgvar SemTxvevebSi marTebulia gamoviyenoT a.m. kondratovis mir SemuSavebuli niSanTa repertuaris raodenobrivi gansazRvris xerxi axali niSnebis matebis mixedviT teqstis yovel 25 (an 15, 10) niSanze. sainteresoa, SevadaroT zogierTi Zegli:
ase, magaliTad, Tu kavnis kariuli stelis teqstis 240 niSanze modis 27 gansxvavebuli niSani, maSin albanuri epigrafikis korpusSi (7 mcire zomis warwera) 160 mkafio niSanze modis 36 gansxvavebuli niSani.
J. Friedrich, Ein wohl kleinasiatisches Tontäfelchen mit unbekannter Schrift. – «Kadmos», III, 1, 1965, gv. 156 da Smdg.
310
Sehqonda gansxvavebul rubrikebSi, mas ar mouxdenia niSnebis sistematizacia da Semdeg SecdomiT warmoadgina niSnebis didi moculobis repertuari. aqedan man gamoitana araswori daskvna miunxenuri firfitis damwerlobis marcvlovan xasiaTze (yovel SemTxvevaSi, varauds am damwerlobis
anbanur xasiaTze gamoricxavda!). erTi wlis Semdeg p. merijim gamoaqveyna
am damwerlobis epigrafikuli analizi.12 Semdeg niSnebis variantebis
identifikaciisaTvis man saguldagulo samuSao Caatara, daiTvala 61 niSani, amasTan erTad SeniSna, rom zogierTi savaraudod gansxvavebuli niSani sinamdvileSi SeiZleba iyos erTi da imave niSnis sxvadasxva varianti. amgvarad, misi daskvna mkveTrad gansxvavebulia fridrixis daskvnisgan:
merijis azriT, mocemuli damwerloba „upiratesad anbanuria“.
sityvaTgasayarTa mniSvnelobaze saubrisas fridrixs mxedvelobaSi aqvs
sityvebs Soris sazRvrebis aRmniSvneli niSnebis identifikacia teqstSi
(Cveulebriv, cnobili sxva damwerlobebidan), rogorebicaa: vertikaluri
xazebi, orwertilebi, xarvezebi. magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom mTliani (sityvebad daunawevrebeli) teqsti, romelSic sityvaTgasayarebi ar
arsebobs, arc ise rTulia sityvebad daiyos struqturul-distribuciuli analizis CatarebiT (e.i. gamovavlinoT adamianis metyvelebisaTvis da,
maSasadame, teqstisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomierebebi). Signidan, TviTon teqstidan, SeiZleba ganisazRvros, Tu sityvis romeli nawilebia
mniSvnelobis mqone da romeli warmoadgens formalur morfemas (e.i. fuZe
gamovyoT daboloebisgan da a.S.); aseve saxelebi SeiZleba gamovyoT zmnebisgan da CavataroT kidev rigi sxva msgavsi saxis formaluri operaciebi
(dawvrilebiT ixileT qvemoT). Signidan SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT damwerlobis xasiaTic da anbanur damwerlobaSi gamovyoT xmovnebi Tanxmovnebisagan, marcvlovanSi damwerlobaSi V tipis niSnebi ganvasxvavoT V tipis niSnebisagan da misT. es yvelaferi dafuZnebulia teqstis Sida kanonzomierebebze, yovelgvari „gare Sedarebebis“ gareSe.
swored amgvari analizi „Signidan“ iZens gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
maSin, roca gamSifvrels saqme aqvs ucnob enasTan, roca ver adgens naTesaur kavSirebs gasaSifr enasa da mecnierebisaTvis cnobil enas Soris.
swored amgvari analizia saWiro damwerlobis deSifrirebisas, roca ar
vlindeba axlo naTesaoba cnobil damwerlobebTan. gasagebia, Tu raoden
saWiroa aseTi analizi im SemTxvevaSi, roca gamSifvreli ar flobs bilingvas. Tanamedrove deSifrireba warmoudgenelia teqstis struqturul-distribuciuli analizis gareSe. faqtobrivad, amgvar analizs awarmoebdnen pirveli gamSifvrelebi, rogorebic arian Sampolioni da hinqsi.
magram gamSifvrelis samuSaos am mxareze fridrixi, samwuxarod, cotas
12
P. Meriggi, Zur neuen ‘para-karischen’ Schrift. – «Kadmos», V, 1, 1966, gv. 61 da Smdg.
311
Tu ambobs da, ufro metic, zemoT moyvanil azrs Semdegnairad aviTarebs:
„Tu xelCasaWidi araferia, Tu sayrdeni jer kidev araa napovni, maSin seriozuli Sedegebis miRweva SeuZlebelia – rCeba mxolod gaSlili sivrce diletantebis uniadago fantaziisaTvis“. Tumca, rogorc davrwmundiT, pirveladi Sedegebis misaRebad sruliad ar aris aucilebeli, dasayrdeni veZeboT sadRac teqstis gareT. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom gare sayrdenebs, romelTa Sesaxebac saubrobda fridrixi, samuSaos ukanasknel etapze
jerjerobiT vercerTma warmatebulma gamSifvrelma gverdi ver auara.
amgvarad, deSifrirebisaTvis SegviZlia, vivaraudoT sayrdeni punqtebis ori tipi: sayrdeni punqtebi, romlebsac gvawvdis teqsti da sayrdeni
punqtebi, romlebic teqstis gareT mdebareoben (pirvel rigSi, fridrixis
mixedviT, es aris bilingvebi). maSasadame, SeiZleba gamoiyos deSifrirebis
ori gansxvavebuli etapi: 1) deSifrireba „Signidan“, e.i. mxolod teqstis
kanonzomierebebis gamovlenis safuZvelze da 2) deSifrireba „garedan“,
bilingvebis, kvazibilingvebis (roca orive teqsti – cnobil da ucnob
enebze – emTxveva ara mTlianad, aramed zogadi SinaarsiT), xelovnuri bilingvebis daxmarebiT da etimologiuri meTodis frTxili gamoyenebiT. ra
Tqma unda, praqtikul muSaobaSi gamSifvrels es ori etapi ase mkveTrad
ara aqvs gamijnuli da sayrdeni punqtebis sxvadasxva tipis gamoyeneba
xSirad erTmaneTSi ixlarTeba.
rogorc ukve iTqva, sanam Seudgeba deSifrirebas, mkvlevarma unda Caataros teqstis epigrafikuli analizi. ase, magaliTad, sanam kidanuri
teqstebi manqanurad damuSavdeboda (ris Sedegadac enis gramatikuli da
genetikuri kavSirebi gamovlinda), saWiro gaxda, Cagvetarebina sakmaod
didi mosamzadebeli samuSao niSnebis katalogis Sesadgenad, rac gulisxmobda niSnebis variantebis identifikacias, naxevrad waSlili striqonebis garCevas.13 kretul-mikenuri silabogramebis gansakuTrebiT faqizi epigrafikuli analizi Caatara amerikelma mkvlevarma, e. benetma, ramac mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula teqstebis interpretaciaSi. sainteresoa, rom
variantebis identifikaciisas zogjer niSnebi SeiZleba aRmoCndnen erTi
da imave niSnis variantebi erTob gansxvavebuli grafikuli gamoxatulebiT; meore mxriv, zogjer garegnulad msgavsi niSnebi aRmoCndebian erTi
da imave niSnis (da ara sxvadasxva niSnis) variantebi (swored aseTi saxis
paradoqsebs waawyda beneti). variantebis identificirebisaTvis aucilebelia, ara mxolod saguldagulod SevujeroT asli originals (an, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, xelT unda gvqondes aseTi saguldagulod Sejerebuli asle13
ix. am naSromis Sesaxeb:
. .
, .
.
,
(imave dasaxelebis krebulSi, moskovi, 1964, gv. 5
da Smdg.).
312
bi), aramed teqstis gansazRvrul nawilze CavataroT struqturul-distribuciuli analizi (saerTod, mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes, rom deSifrireba xSirad Sors ver midis, gansazRvruli sqemis Sesabamisad: zogjer
ramdenime analizi paralelurad sruldeba, deSifrirebis erTma etapma
SeiZleba gaaswros meores da a.S.).
magaliTad, kariul warwerebSi gvqonda ori gansxvavebuli aso: N (=S)
da
(=N). pirveli aso gvxvdeboda iSviaTad (1% asoTa saerTo ricxvidan), meore – xSirad (6% asoTa saerTo ricxvidan), da amasTan orive –
sxvadasxva kombinaciaSi sxva niSnebTan, magram kavnis warwerebSi TiTqos
gvxvdeboda swored pirveli aso, xolo meore saerTod ar iyo. Tumca
aseTi daskvna ar aRmoCnda zusti. sinamdvileSi kavnis warweraSi arsebobda aso N, romelic gadmocemda imave bgeras, romelsac (=N) sxva warwerebidan. saerTod, es mtkicdeba martivi xerxiT. jer erTi, N asos sixSire kavnis warwerebSi Seadgenda 6%-s (e.i. am asos hqonda igive sixSire,
rac sxva warwerebis =N-s). meorec, aso N gvxvdeboda Sesabamis sityvebSi (asoTa TanmimdevrobaSi) sxva warwerebis =N-is adgilze. mesamec,
iSviaTi aso N gvxvdeboda, rogorc gamoirkva, mxolod Zvel teqstebSi:
aqedan gasagebia misi Sesatyvisis ararseboba kavnis SedarebiT gviandel
warweraSi. rogorc vxedavT, formiT sruliad identuri niSnebi sxvadasxva warweraSi SeiZleba, gansxvavebuli asoebi iyos.
zemoT moxmobili magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu raoden saWiroa epigrafikuli analizisas ganvasxvaoT warweraTa sxvadasxva jgufi: aseTi jgufebi
SeiZleba Seesabamebodes sxvadasxva lokalur anbans (erTi da igive bgera
SeiZleba gadmoices sxvadasxva adgilas sxvadasxva asoTi; erTi da igive
aso SeiZleba Seesabamebodes sxvadasxva bgeras). sxvadasxva lokaluri anbani SeiZleba asaxavdes enis sxvadasxva dialeqtis Taviseburebebs an Taviseburebebs, romlebic ukavSirdeba enis evolucias (Tu erTi anbani mniSvnelovnad Zvelia meoreze).
epigrafikuli analizisas SeiZleba teqstis ganmeorebadi monakveTis Sedarebis safuZvelze (Zvel teqstebSi ki aseTi ganmeoreba xSiria) aRvadginoT dazianebuli asoebi, sityvebi, frazebi.
arcerTi seriozuli gamSifvreli ar ecdeba, waikiTxos ucnobi teqsti, sanam ar Seasrulebs Zalian saguldagulo epigrafikul analizs.
mas Semdeg, rac gamovlindeba niSnebis variantebi, dadgindeba niSnebis
repertuari, gamovlindeba adgilobrivi damwerlobebi (Tuki aseTi arsebobs), dadgindeba warwerebis fardobiTi qronologia, mkvlevari gadadis
deSifrirebis ZiriTad etapze – gamoxatulebis planisa (teqstis bgeriTi
mxaris) da Sinaarsis planis (teqstis azrobrivi mxaris) analizze.
Tu teqsti Cawerilia cnobili damwerlobiT, mkvlevari maSinve gadadis Sinaarsis planis analizze. Tu teqsti Cawerilia ucnobi damwerlo313
biT, maSin damwerlobis niSnebis identifikaciisas SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
sxvadasxva meTodi.
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ucnobi damwerlobis niSnebis didi umravlesoba Tavisi formiT emTxveva cnobili damwerlobis niSnebs, maSin SeiZleba gamovcadoT gasaSifri damwerlobis niSnebis cnobili damwerlobis
niSnebTan gaigivebis meTodi.14 es meTodi etimologiis meTodis analogiuria, romelic gamoiyeneba TviT teqstis enisaTvis. araidentificirebuli
niSnebis darCenili nawili SeiZleba gaigivdes kombinatoruli meTodikis
safuZvlze (magaliTad, ucnobi niSani SeiZleba iyos cnobili niSnis grafikuli varianti an SeiZleba gadmoscemdes msgavs bgeras, romelic gadmoicema cnobili niSniT; ucnobi niSani SeiZleba SecdomiT gamoiyena damwerma sxva niSnis nacvlad, romelic pirveli bgeris msgavsia JReradobiT da
a.S. Tumca yvela am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia mtkicebulebebi, romlebic
adastureben ori mocemuli niSnis identificirebas rogorc grafikuli
variantebisa an rogorc sxvadasxva niSnisa, romlebic gadmoscemen axlos
mdgom bgerebs).
damwerlobebis niSnebis gansazRvris „etimologiuri“ meTodi gamoiyena, magaliTad, a. fiuriumarkma, romelmac waikiTxa A xazovani damwerlobis teqstebi mas Semdeg, rac ventrisma gaSifra B xazovani damwerloba,
udavod A xazovanis monaTesave (xazovani damwerlobis am ori saxis naTesaoba jer kidev evansma daadgina; is, rom Cven saqme gvaqvs axlo da ara
Soreul naTesaobasTan, miuTiTebs niSanTa didi umravlesobis absoluturi damTxveva formis mixedviT, agreTve niSanTa zogierTi mimdevrobis
mTliani an nawilobrivi damTxveva orive saxis damwerlobaSi – rogorc
Cans, adgilobriv saxelwodebebsa da sakuTar saxelebSi). krebulis im nawilebSi, romlebic miZRvnilia xazovani damwerlobisadmi, dawvrilebiT
aris ganxiluli A da B xazovan damwerlobebs Soris Tanafardoba (momdinareoben kretuli ieroglifuri damwerlobidan).
„etimologiuri meTodi“ warmatebiT gamoiyenes rigi lursmuli damwerlobis amokiTxvis dros. es meTodi xSirad gamoiyeneba im anbanur damwerlobaTa saidentifikaciod, romlebic, magaliTad, enaTesavebian berZnul anbanebs. „etimologiuri“ meTodis amgvari gamoyenebisas aucilebelia
14
xazs vusvamT, rom aq laparakia damwerlobaTa sistemebis Tanxvdomis SemTxvevaze umniSvnelo gansxvavebiT. sistemis gareT calkeuli niSnebis damTxveva, gansakuTrebiT geometriuli xasiaTis martivi niSnebisa an kacunebisa, Tevzebisa da
sxva sqematuri gamosaxulebebisa, sruliad arafers ar adasturebs, rogorc
arafers ar amtkicebs calkeul sityvaTa SemTxveviTi msgavsebebi sxvadasxva
enaSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT sruliad usafuZvlod unda vaRiaroT niSanTa formis is zogierTi damTxveva, romlebic arseboben indis velisa da aRdgomis kunZulis damwerlobebs Soris (Sdr. agreTve, qvemoT drois faqtoris Sesaxeb).
314
gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile: SesaZlo geometriuli figurebis ricxvi xom
Sezudulia, amasTanave, sxvadasxva anbanSi msgavsma an formiT identurma
niSnebmac ki SeiZleba gadmosces gansxvavebuli bgerebi (SeadareT, laT. da
rus. B, C, H, P, X da sxva), maSin roca erTi da igive bgerebi SeiZleba
gadmoices sxvadasxva niSniT (SeadareT, bgera [b], romelic gadmoicema laTinur anbanSi B-s saSualebiT, xolo rusulSi – -s saSualebiT, bgera
[n] = laT. N da rus. , bgera [r] = laT. R da rus. , [g] = laT. G da
rus.
da misT.). Tu mainc aSkaraa gasaSifri damwerlobis msgavseba cnobil damwerlobasTan, magaliTad, berZnulTan, maSin deSifrirebisas aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi: mocemuli damwerloba, rogorc Cans,
warmoiSva berZnulisagan (SesaZloa, Tumca nakleb savaraudo, Sebrunebuli situacia – berZnuli damwerloba warmoiSva gasaSifri damwerlobisgan, Tumca deSifrirebis miznebisaTvis amas ar aqvs principuli mniSvneloba: mniSvnelovania orive saxis damwerlobis gansakuTrebiT axlo naTesaobis arseboba). saWiroa, berZnul mravalricxovan (dialeqtebis mixedviT) anbans Soris vipovoT is anbani, romelic yvelaze axlosaa mocemul
damwerlobasTan; rogorc Cans, am an sxva misi Zalian msgavsi anbanidan
warmoiSva mocemuli anbani (amgvarad gamoiricxeba interpretirebuli asoebis nebismieri daaxloeba yvelaze gansxvavebuli berZnuli anbanebis elementebTan, gansakuTrebiT, Tu mniSvnelovnad aris daSorebuli geografiuli TvalsazrisiT). rogorc Cans, orive saxis damwerloba (gasaSifri da
aRmoCenili etaloni) unda mivakuTvnoT erTsa da imave epoqas (amgvarad
gamoiricxeba ucnobi damwerlobis nebismieri niSnis Sedareba droSi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad daSorebuli sxvadasxva berZnuli anbanis asoebTan, gansakuTrebiT ufro gviandel anbanTa asoebTan). mocemuli damwerlobebis niSnebi saWiroa, Seudardes berZnuli anbanis standartul asoebs
da ara asoebis sxvadasxva variants, zogjer specialurad ama Tu im warweris avtorTa mier gamogonils. Sedarebisas saWiroa, gaviTvaliswinoT
asoebisa da bgerebis sixSire (ase, magaliTad, enaTa umravlesobaSi n gamoiyeneba ufro xSirad, vidre m da misT.). am da mTeli rigi sxva pirobebis daucvelobam gamSifvreli SeiZleba miiyvanos uxeS Secdomebamde.
„etimologiuri“ meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba Sinaarsis planis elementebis identifikaciisas. amgvari indetifikaciis saxasiaTo magaliTia ventrisis mier B xazovanis deSifrireba: mas Semdeg, rac moaxerxa, moeca am
damwerlobis transkrifcia, SesaZlebeli aRmoCnda miRebuli teqstebis
berZnulad wakiTxva. etimologiuri meTodis gamoyenebis safuZvelze
hroznim interpretacia moaxdina xeTur enisa (xeTuri damwerlobis wakiTxva, romelic Cawerili iyo lursmuli niSnebiT, SeeZloT hroznim315
dec), romelic aRmoCnda indoevropuli. semitur-qamituri ojaxis15 damwerlobebis deSifrireba SesaZlebeli gaxda etimologiuri meTodis gamoyenebis safuZvelze. Tumca winaswar unda SevTanxdeT, rom etimologiuri
miaxloeba, rogorebicaa niSnebis gare formebi, gasaSifri enis ukve wakiTxuli sityvebi, ukve adre cnobili damwerlobiT an eniT, TavisTavad
uflebas ar iZleva, GCaiTvalos teqsti deSifrirebulad da interpretirebulad, Tu miRebuli daskvna teqstis Sida kombinatoruli analizis
SedegebiT ar aris gamyarebuli. imave hroznim dauSva seriozuli Secdomebi, rodesac xeTur teqstebSi gadaitana im sityvaTa mniSvnelobebi, romlebic msgavsad JRerdnen sxva indoevropul enebSi. ase, magaliTad, laTinurSi Ziri da- niSnavs „micemas“, xolo xeTurSi – „aRebas“; Zvel ebraulSi mālaḵ niSnavs „imefa“, xolo mis monaTesave aqadurSi malāku niSnavs
„rCevas“ da a.S.
etimologiuri meTodis gamoyenebisas mniSvnelovania davicvaT zogierTi specialuri wesi. ase, magaliTad, Tu gasaSifri enis mocemul sityvas
Seesabameba cnobili enis sityvis ramdenadme gansxvavebuli forma, maSin
saWiroa am gansxvavebis dasabuTeba. es gansxvaveba SeiZleba iyos fonetikuri – maSin is unda iyos gamovlineba garkveuli fonetikuri kanonisa
da sxva sityvebSic unda SeiniSnebodes igive gasxvaveba (magaliTad, gasaSifri enis A bgeras regularulad unda Seesatyvisebodes cnobili enis
A1 bgera). Tu aseTi kanonzomierebis dadgena SeuZlebelia, maSin, rogorc
Cans, es niSnavs, rom gamSifvreli dgas mcdar gzaze. im enis deSifrirebisas, romelic warmoadgens cnobili enis ufro Zvel stadias, unda gaviTvaliswinoT yovelive is, rac ukve miRweulia mocemuli enaTa jgufis SedarebiTi analiziT. ase, magaliTad, B xazovnis deSifrirebisas firfitebis arqaul berZnul enaSi aRmoCnda realurad dafiqsirebuli is formebi
– fonetikuri da gramatikuli – romlebic klasikuri berZnuli enis
preistoriisTvis didi xniT adre iyo mecnierTa mier rekonstruirebuli;
meore mxriv, kretul-mikenuri teqstebis deSifrirebam am rekonstruqciebSi Seitana zogierTi umniSvnelo koreqtura; gacilebiT meti mniSvnelovani Sesworebebi Seitanes praindoevropuli enis rekonstruqciaSi xeTuri enis deSifrirebis Semdeg, Tumca aq adreuli komparativistikis
ufro mniSvnelovani rekonstruqciebi dadasturda. sakmarisia, davasaxeloT xeTur enaSi aRmoCenili e.w. laringaluri bgerebi, romelTa arsebobac indoevropul enaSi ivarauda sosiurma hroznimde didi xniT adre.
etimologiuri meTodi, amgvarad, udavod saWiroebs did sifrTxilesa
da Semowmebas Sida kombinatoruli analiziT, Tumca igi ar unda ukuvag15
Tanamedrove saxelwodebaa afraziuri enebi da, savaraudod, warmoadgens makroojaxs (Afroasiatic, Afrasian languages;
) (mTargmn.)
316
doT. winaswari uaryofiTi damokidebuleba etimologiuri meTodis mimarT
xSirad imitom Cndeba, rom bevri diletanti absoluturad miiCnevs aRniSnuli meTodis SesaZleblobebs, pirveladi dakvirvebebis Sedegad gamovlenil zedapirul msgavsebebs jerovnad ar amowmeben, zogjer ki cdiloben, daukavSiron gasaSifri ena im cnobil enas, romelic sinamdvileSi
sruliad sxva enobriv ojaxs miekuTvneba. cnobilia kenigsbergeli lingvistebis skolis savalalo gamocdileba, romelmac wlobiT Seaferxa
likiuris, lidiurisa da sxva enebis interpretacia am enebis kavkasiurTan „dakavSirebis“ mcdelobiT. am uiRblo mcdelobis reaqcia aqamdec igrZnoba: Tumca axla am enebis interpretaciisaTvis TiTqmis srulyofilad
aris gamoyenebuli kombinatoruli meTodi da dadgenilia am enebis axlonaTesaoba xeTursa da luviurTan; zogierTi mkvlevari eWviT ekideba etimologiuri meTodis gamoyenebiT likiurisa da lidiuris teqstTa interpretacias. Tumca swored am teqstebis Sedareba xeTursa da luviurTan
etimologiuri meTodis safuZvelze (ra Tqma unda, kombinatoruli meTodebis miRwevaTa gaTvaliswinebiT) saSualebas iZleva, mniSvnelovnad waviwioT win lidiurisa da likiuri enebis SeswavlaSi.
bevri deSifrireba ganxorcielda bilingvebisa Tu trilingvebis, agreTve kvazibilngvebisa Tu xelovnuri bilingvebis saSualebiT. orenovani
paraleluri teqstebis arsebobis wyalobiT (erTi teqsti – ucnob enaze,
meore – cnobilze) gaiSifra egvipturi, likiuri, lidiuri da sxva damwerlobebi. bilingvebis daxmarebiT deSifrirebisas, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba agreTve kombinatoruli meTodi, amasTan, bilingvur analizs iyeneben
mxolod deSifrirebis sawyis etapze, xolo Semdeg gamoiyeneba mxolod
kombinatoruli meTodi. bilingvuri da msgavsi meTodebis kvlevisas amosaval punqts warmoadgens sakuTari saxelebis indetifikacia. ase, magaliTad, egvipturi damwerlobis deSifrirebis amosavali punqti iyo ptolemaiosis saxelis identifikacia rozetis qvaze (Sesabamisi saxeli ikiTxeboda warweris berZnul versiaSic). Sampolionma aCvena, rom egviptur
teqstebis kartuSebSi gvqonda ara sityvebis fonetikuri Canaweri, aramed
iq dafiqsirebuli iyo mefeTa saxelebi. erT-erT kartuSSi Sampolionma
amoikiTxa Alksntrs (Άλέ α δ ), gansazRvra ra adre ucnobi niSnebi k, s, n.
aq Cven winaSea bilingvis (Tu viciT, rom berZnul versiaSi aris ptolemaiosis saxeli, movZebniT mas egviptur versiaSi) da xelovnuri bilingvis meTodTa erTdrouli gamoyeneba (kartuSSi Cawerilia mefis saxeli,
mefeTa saxelebi ki cnobilia istoriidan); gamoyenebulia agreTve kombinatoruli meTodic (ucnobi elementebis gansazRvra – mocemul SemTxvevaSi
konsonanturi niSnebis – garemocvis mixedviT); am ukanasknels miekuTvneba
Sampolionis mier aRmoCenili sakuTari saxelebis Caweris principi egviptur teqstebSi: Tanxmovani asoebis upiratesi gamoyeneba.
317
cnobili teqstis pirveli striqonis Sedarebisas, romelic Seicavs
standartul formulas (magaliTad: `gacemulia ama da am wlis ama da am
TveSi, ama da am mefis mefobisas“; „es stela aRmarTa aman da aman“; „aq
ganisvenebs esa da es, amisa da amis vaJi“ da sxva), ucnobi teqstis pirvel striqonTan bilingvis meTodis saSualebiT SegviZlia gamovavlinoT
ara marto saxelebi, aramed calkeuli sazogado sityvebi („apelativebi“):
magliTad, arsebiTTagan: „weliwadi“, „Tve“, „stela“, „vaJi“ da sxva; zmnaTagan: „aRmarTa“, „ganisvenebs“ da misT. bunebrivia, rom amasTanave vlindeba gramatikuli wyobis zogierTi elementi – brunvaTa da zmnur formaTa
daboloebebi da sxva. roca bilingvis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi amowurulia, deSifrirebis procesSi Semodis kombinatoruli meTodi, xolo
Tu ucnobi enis naTesaoba dadgenilia, maSin _ etimologiuric.
saWiroa xazi gaesvas, rom ZiriTadad bilingvis meTodi mcired Tu
gansxvavdeba xelovnuri bilingvis meTodisagan. gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi xelovnuri bilingvis meTodiT sargeblobda grotefendi, riTac man
safuZveli Cauyara sparsuli lursmuli damwerlobis deSifrirebas. misTvis amosavali iyo is faqti, rom sparsuli warwera unda dawyebuliyo
gansazRvruli tradiciuli formuliT (amaze metyveleben istoriuli
cnobebi). es daskvna daadastura warweris struqturamac. formulaSi ixsenieboda mefeTa saxelebi. mefeTa saxelebis identifikaciisas grotefendi, rogorc mogvianebiT Sampolioni, eyrdnoboda mefeTa saxelebis gansazRvrul nusxas. xelovnuri bilingvis meTods iyenebda ventrisic, Tavis
interpretaciebis dasadastureblad eyrdnoboda Sesabamisi ideogramebis
xatovan xasiaTs an aigivebda festosis firfitebis sityvas pa-i-to qalaq
festosis (Phaistos) saxelTan, xolo knososis firfitebis sityvas ko-no-so
_ qalaq knososis (Knosos) saxelTan. sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyeneba gamSifvrels ar unda CavuTvaloT naklad: es aris ara ekleqtizmi, aramed erTi
meTodis Semowmeba meoriT. sinamdvileSi gamSifvreli iZulebulia mravalgzis Seamowmos deSifrirebis siswore sruliad gansxvavebuli xerxebiT
da rac metia aseTi xerxi, miT ukeTesia.
rogorc davinaxeT, Cveulebrivi da xelovnuri bilingvis meTodebi SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes rogorc niSanTa amokiTxvis mizniT, ise calkeuli
sityvebis mniSvnelobebis identifikaciisaTvis. sainteresod gamoiyena xelovnuri bilingvis meTodi p. merijim protoinduri teqstebis interpretaciisas (ix. misi statia).
gamSifvrelisTvis gacilebiT naklebad efeqturia kvazibilingvis gamoyeneba, vidre zusti bilingvisa. kvazibilingvis dros erTi teqsti warmoadgens ara Targmans, aramed meoris Sinaarsis gadmocemas, aqedan aris
kriteriumebis bundovaneba ucnobi teqstis calkeuli sityvebis identifikaciisas (SeadareT axlaxan aRmoCenili etruskul-finikiuri kvazibi318
lingva oqros firfitebze: etruskuli teqstis SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT
gansxvavebul Sexedulebebze msjelobs a. i. xarsekini Tavis winasityvaobaSi, romelic win uZRvis nawils „etruskuli enis Sesaxeb“).
aqamde vsaubrobdiT meTodebze, romlebsac iyeneben im SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac ucnobi teqstis deSifrirebisTvis gasaRebs iZleva gare monacemebi (monaTesave damwerlobebi da enebi, paraleluri teqstebi, sakuTari
saxelebis sia da misT.). axla ganvixiloT meTodebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba
im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac, fridrixis sityvebiT, gamSifvreli „xels verafers CasWidebs“.
SezRudvebis wyalobiT, romlebic axasiaTebs adamianis enasa da metyvelebas, SesaZlebelia enisa da metyvelebis (agreTve damwerlobis struqturis) bevri elementis gamovlena Zalian patara moculobis teqstebis
masalaze. sxva saqmea, rodesac gasaSifri teqstis SezRuduli masala nebas ar gvaZlevs, deSifrireba miviyvanoT bolomde. amisaTvis, marTlac, saWiroa „gare monacemebi“, Tumca deSifrirebis dawyeba SesaZlebelia maT
gareSe. idealur SeTxvevaSi, nebismieri deSifrireba saWiroa daiwyos
„Signidan“ da miviyvanoT im etapamde, rodesac „gare“ monacemebis gamoyeneba xdeba gardauvali. yvela SesaZlo gare monacemis gaTvaliswineba zemoT ganxiluli meTodebis gamoyenebis gziT, aRmoCndeboda ara marto gagrZeleba, aramed deSifrirebis gadamowmebac.
Sida gamokvlevisas gamSifvreli adgens teqstis struqturul Taviseburebebs, Tu rogor aris ganlagebuli sxvadasxva donis niSnebi (grafemebi, morfemebi, sityvaTa klasebi da sxva). meTodika, romelsac am SemTxvevaSi iyeneben gamSifvrelebi, SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc struqturul-distribuciuli. aRniSnuli meTodikis gamoyenebis brwyinvale magaliTs warmoadgens ipsenisa (ufro sworad, g. ipsenisa da v. porcigis,
1929) da ventrisis (ix. Cedvikis wigni) naSromebi. es naSromebi fridrixma ar gamoiyena Tavisi wignis im nawilSi, romelSic meTodika aris
ganxiluli; Tanac ipsenis statia fridrixis wignSi saerTod ar aris
naxsenebi (aRsaniSnavia, rom fridrixis wignis pirvel gamocemaSi erTi nawili eZRvneba festosis diskos, Tumca mkiTxveli ipsenis saxels aqac
ver ipovis; me-2 gamocemaSi es nawili amoRebulia).
struqturul-distribuciuli meTodebi gamoiyeneba rogorc gamoxatulebis, ise Sinaarsis planis analizisas. Sinaarsis planis analizisas
mkvlevarma unda gamoavlinos grafikuli niSnebis klasebi teqstSi maTi
ganlagebis safuZvelze. ase, magaliTad, ventrisma gamoyo ori tipis niSnebi: erTni aRniSnaven xmovnebs (V), meoreni _ mimdevrobas Tanxmovani+xmovani (CV), V tipis niSnebi gvxvdeboda, rogorc wesi, sityvis dasawyisSi,
sityvis SigniT xmovnebi Sediodnen CV tipis niSnebis SemadgenlobaSi (sa319
interesoa, rom rom ipsenma ver SeZlo gamoeyenebina es meTodi festosis
diskosaTvis).
sabWoTa mkvlevarma b. v. suxotinma SeimuSava algoriTmebi, romelTa
safuZvelze xmovnebi SeiZleba gamovyoT Tanxmovnebisgan nebismier anbanur
teqstSi. suxotini Tavis algoriTmebs amowmebs eleqtronul-gamomTvlel
manqanebze,16 magram xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa klasebis identificireba „xeliTac“ aris SesaZlebeli anbanur damwerlobaSi. es meTodika dafuZnebulia adamianis metyvelebis garkveul Tvisebaze: metyvelebaSi xmovnebi da
Tanxmovnebi ganawilebulia sakmaod Tanabrad (im enebSi, romlebSic daSvebulia Tanxmovnebis mniSvnelovani Tavmoyra, iSviaTia xmovnebis Tavmoyra,
xolo im enebSi, romlebSic daSvebulia xmovnebis mniSvnelovani Tavmoyra,
Tanxmovnebis Tavmoyra an iSviaTia, an SeuZlebeli). bunebrivia, rom samasoian jgufSi (SuaSi xmovniT) pirveli tipis enebSi xmovnis marcxniv an
marjvniv iqneba, rogorc wesi, Tanxmovnebi, meore tipis enebSi Tanxmovnis
marjvniv da marcxniv iqneba xmovnebi. amasTan, arsebobs bevri ena, romlebSic sityva mkacrad aigeba CVCV, CVCVCV,…... struqturis Sesabamisad
(SeadareT iaponuri, iavuri, Zveli enebidan – pali da sxva). gasagebia,
rom, adamianis metyvelebis am Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, advilia
xmovani asoebis gamoyofa Tanxmovnebisagan (calkeuli klasebis identifikaciisas mxedvelobaSi SeiZleba viqonioT Semdegi: sistemaSi da ara jaWvSi! – xmovnebi yovelTvis naklebia, vidre Tanxmovnebi). SeiZleba asoTa
qveklasebis gamoyofac, magaliTad, romlebic gadmoscemen sonantebs,17 spirantebsa da xSulebs, agreTve palatalurTa da arapalatalurTa qveklasebi (Tanxmovnebs Soris); wina da ukana rigis xmovnebi, an i da u xmovnebi
danarCen xmovanTa sapirispirod; yvelaferi es, cxadia, teqstSi asoTa
fardobiTi distribuciis kanonzomierebaTa safuZvelze unda gamovlindes,
rac, saboloo jamSi, Sepirobebulia metyvelebis bgeriTi TaviseburebebiT.
Sinaarsis planis struqturul-distribuciuli meTodikiT kvlevas
safuZveli Cauyara ipsenma festosis diskos warweris analizisas. am meTodikis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom teqstSi SeiZleba gamoiyos saxelisa da zmnis fleqsiuri afiqsebi Sesabamisi sityvebis fuZeebisagan. amis
gakeTeba rTuli ar aris: fleqsiuri formebi gvxvdeba xSirad, Tanac fuZeTa konkretuli jgufi SeTavsebadia mocemuli tipis fleqsiur afiqsebTan (rac nebas gvaZlevs, saxelebi zmnebs davupirispiroT). aseve SeiZleba
gamovyoT derivaciuli afiqsebi (isini arian ara imdenad moqnili, rogorc
16
17
ix. misi naSromebi krebulSi «
1962 da 1963)
sonorebi (mTargmn.)
320
» (moskovi,
fleqsiurebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba afiqsebiani fuZeebis gamoyofa
Zireuli fuZeebidan).
struqturul-distribuciuli meTodika daamuSava i. knorozovma naSromSi maias Zveli damwerlobis deSifrirebis Sesaxeb. es meTodika gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva damwerlobis deSifrirebisaTvis sabWoTa kavSirSi, aSS-Si,
avstriasa da sxva qveynebSi (gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa sabWoTa mkvlevrebis Sedegebi protoindur warwerebTan dakavSirebiT: winaswari monacemebiT, protoinduri teqstis struqturis gamovlenis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxda enis tipis dadgena: is, rogorc Cans, miekuTvneboda draviduls). „zogadi deSifrirebis“ TvalsazrisiT (enis analizi Sida deSifrirebis meTodebiT), Sinaarsis planis kvlevis ramdenime algoriTmi daamuSava suxotinma (morfemebis gamoyofis algoriTmi, sityvis amocnoba winadadebaSi da sxva. SevniSnavT, rom uwyveti daweriloba, saerTod, ar
aferxebs sityvebisa da morfemebis identifikacias: rogorc kondratovma
aCvena, Secdoma saSualod oTxidan erT SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba).
struqturul-distribuciuli meTodika SeiZleba gamoviyenoT mniSvnelobis identifikaciisaTvis (SeTavsebadobis analizis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia sityvebis gansazRvruli semantikuri jgufebis gamovlena da misT.),
Tumca am yvelaze saintereso sferoSi kvlevebi axlaxan daiwyo.
deSifrirebis sferoSi erTob sasurvelia lingvistebisa da maTematikosebis TanamSromloba: saWiroa, deSifrirebis sisworis kriteriumebis
damuSaveba (swored amgvari kriteriumebis ararseboba nebas aZlevs skeptikosebs sajarod gamoTqvan eWvi iseT arasaeWvo deSifrirebaze, rogoricaa ventrisis deSifrireba, _ ix. j. Cedvikis wigni).
im mkiTxvelebs, romelTac surT sakuTari „Tavis Semowmeba“ deSifrirebaSi, SeiZleba vurCioT im lingvisturi davalebebis Sesruleba, romlebic mocemulia zalizniakis statiaSi krebulSi „struqturul-tipologiuri gamokvlevebi“, moskovi, 1961.
yvelaferi, rac zemoT aRiniSna, Seexeba upiratesad fonografiuli
tipis damwerlobebs – anbanursa da marcvlovans; ideografiuli damwerlobebis mkvlevrebs sxva saxis miznebi da amocanebi aqvT. am mimarTulebiT didi gamocdileba SeiZines mecnierebma, romlebic Seiswavlian lursmul da egviptur damwerlobebs. am mxriv saintereso Teoriuli dakvirvebebi ukuTvnis sabWoTa mkvlevars a.a. vaimans.
Targmna zurab baraTaSvilma
Targmani ibeWdeba eTer soselias redaqciiT
321
literatura
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Orientalia», XI, 4, Helsingfors, 1945.
H. Th. Bossert, Die Ausgrabungen auf dem Karatepe (Erster Vorbericht) – Karatepe
Kazilari. Birinci ön-rapor, Ankara 1950.
J. Chadwick, The Decipherment of Linear B, Second Edition, Cambridge University
Press, 1967 (the first edition 1958; Canto Edition 1990; the last reprint 2003)
(rusuli Targmani, mcire SemoklebiT, ixileT krebulSi:
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»,
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S. Davis, The Decipherment of the Minoan Linear A and the Pictographic Scripts,
Johannesburg, 1967.
J. Friedrich, Entzifferung verschollener Schriften und Sprachen, Berlin – Heidelberg –
New York, Springer-Verlag, 1954 (meore gamocema 1966) (rusuli Targmani: .
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, ., 1961).
J. Friedrich, Ein wohl kleinasiatisches Tontäfelchen mit unbekannter Schrift,
«Kadmos», III, 1, 1965.
P. Meriggi, Zur Indussschrift, In: «Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen
Gesellschaft» , N. F. XII, 1934.
G. Ipsen, Der Diskus von Phaistos. Ein Versuch zur Entzifferung, − «Indogermanische
Forshungen», Band XLVII, Heft 1, 1929 (rusuli Targmani, mcire SemoklebiT,
ixileT krebulSi:
:
,
,
.
,
,
,
«
»,
, 1976).
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,
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322
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi _ 2015 _ ISSUES OF LINGUISTICS
axali wignebi
Tamar maxarobliZe, qarTuli Jesturi ena, redaqtori m. jiqia,
gamomcemloba `petiti~, 2012 weli, 614 gverdi.
Tamar maxarobliZe qarTuli Jesturi enis kvlevebis fuZemdeblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, radgan manamde sistemuri, qarTuli enis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiTa da samecniero kvlevebze dafuZnebuli saxelmZRvaneloebi am enisaTvis ar arsebobda. manamde qarTuli Jesturi ena rusul
Jestur enas iyenebda. Jesturi enis nacionalizacia mniSvnelovani nabijia
ara marto am saWiroebis adamianTaTvis, aramed qarTuli lingvistikisaTvisac, radgan erovnuli Jesturi enis SeqmniT ikveTeba enis siRrmiseuli
SeswavlisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani morfosintaqsuri da semantikuri
problemebi, sakiTxebi, romelTa gamokveTa axali kvvlevebisa da mimarTulebebis ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels. wignis redaqtori, profesori marika jiqia samarTlianad aRniSnavda „qarTuli Jesturi enis“ araerT Rirsebas da maT Soris imasac, rom „pirvelad Cveni eris istoriaSi daido
qarTuli daqtiluri anbani da Jesturi enis gramatika“. Tamar maxarobliZis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom Rrma lingvisturi codniT SeiaraRebuli
mecnieri ar eyrdnoboda mxolod sakuTar mecnierul alRos, unarsa da
gamocdilebas, aramed TiToeul Jestsa da Strixs gamudmebiT uTanxmebda
am saWiroebis mqone adamianTa Tems. yovelive es ki wignis mniSvnelobas
usazRvrod ufarToebs masStabebs.
Jesturi enebis gramatika mniSvnelovnadaa gansxvavebuli sametyvelo
enebis gramatikebisagan. es, faqtobrivad, gansxvavebuli, sxva rakursis
xedvaa, romelic ar mihyveba standartuli gramatikis sistemas. Jesturi
enis gramatika semantikuri kategoriebis gamokveTiT iqmneba, xdeba semantikuri kategoriebis Jestur-mimikuri gramatizacia. es ki TavisTavad gulisxmobs sametyvelo enis sistemaSi semantikuri kategoriebis gamokveTas,
rac, unda iTqvas, rom qarTuli enis siRmiseuli SeswavlisaTvis aseve
mniSvnelovani siaxlea.
rogorc ukve iTqva, Jesturi enis aRwera gansxvavebuli meTodebiT
mimdinareobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTaSoriso gamocdileba am mxriv
didia, aucilebeli iyo am gamocdilebis sworad misadageba qarTuli enis
monacemebTan, amave dros aucileblad unda igulisxmebodes da kmayofildebodes is standartebi, rac saerTaSoriso kvlevebis Sedegadaa miRebuli. amdenad, avtoris winaSe metad mniSvnelovani amocana idga. Jestur
enaSi wamyvania gaZlierebuli vizualuri azrovneba, rac gasaTvaliswinebelia Jesturi enis gramatikis yvela doneze da yvela detalis analizi323
sas. sazogadod, Jesturi enebi mravaldoniania. am enebSi gamoiyofa morfologiuri, sintaqsuri da leqsikuri enobrivi doneebi da amave dros
metad Zlieria logikur-semantikuri enobrivi donec. Jesturi enis gramatikis SemdgenlisaTvis am doneebis sworad gansazRvra da damuSaveba did
samuSaos, farTo xedvasa da Rrma codnas moiTxovda. Tamar maxarobliZis
mier Seqmnili Jesturi enis gramatika, ara marto Tavisi pirveladobiTaa
mniSvnelovani, aramed sakiTxTa damuSavebis siaxliT, SemoqmedebiTobiT,
novatorobiT, siRrmiTa da xedvis masStaburobiT.
Jesturi enebi, ra Tqma unda, gamijnulia sametyvelo enebSi gamoyenebuli Jest-mimikebisagan, anu eqstralingvisturi faqtorebisagan. es kargad gasaTvaliswinebeli sakiTxia. aseve mniSvnelovania is faqtoric, rom
aucilebelia kulturis siRrmiseuli Seswavla da dauwereli eTikuri
normebis mudmivad gaTvaliswineba, aseve dialeqturi da socioleqturi
monacemebis gaTvaliswineba, barbarizmebisa da Jargonebis gamijvnac da ase
Semdeg. garda amisa, sagulisxmoa, rom Jesturi enebi minimalizebulia, saerTo lakonizmiT xasiaTdeba, rac umTavresi moTxovnaa Jesturi enisaTvis. amdenad, Jesturi enis gramatikis Seqmna mravalmxriv gasaTvaliswinebel poziciasa da xedvis farTo diapazons moiTxovda. avtoris sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom Catarebuli samuSao am mxrivac mravlismomcvelia.
„qarTuli Jesturi enis“ struqtura STambeWdavia. igi Semdegi sakiTxebis analizs moicavs: winadadeba da sityvaTa rigi, sivrce, dro, sagani, nacvalsaxeli, moqmedeba, klasis kategoria, kuTvnileba, Tviseba, zomawonis erTeulebi da raodenoba, qarTuli enis daqtiluri anbani. TiToeuli es sakiTxi mravalmxriv sainteresoa ara marto Jesturi eniT dainteresebuli adamianebisaTvis, aramed qarTuli enis specialistebisaTvis da
lingvistikis sxvadasxva sferoSi momuSave mecnierTaTvis, radgan TiToeuli sakiTxi axleburi TvalTaxedviTaa gaanalizebuli da araerT sakvlev
sakiTxs wamoswevs wina planze Tundac sametyvelo enis siRrmiseuli Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. faqtobrivad, wigni funqciuri gramatikis iseT
mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs kveTs, romelTa Seswavlisa da gaanalizebis gareSe enis kvleva arasrulyofilad warmoCndeba. amitomacaa es wigni saintereso da yuradRebamisaqcevi.
mniSvnelovani da saintereso naSromis Semdeg Tamar maxarobliZem 2015
wels Seqmna aseve masStaburi, didi moculobis (1368-gverdiani), pirveli
„qarTuli Jesturi enis leqsikoni“. leqsikoni saintereso struqturiT
gamoirCeva _ mocemulia saanalizo sityvis metad daxvewili, lakoniuri
da tevadi ganmarteba, Jestis srulyofili aRwera da suraTi, romelic
am Jestis vizualur asaxvas warmoadgens. leqsikoni 4000 erTeuls moicavs da marTlac gamorCeuli gamocemaa.
nino SaraSeniZe
324
* * *
qarTul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisuri leqsikoni. ideis avtori da
proeqtis xelmZRvaneli ramaz qurdaZe; Semdgenlebi: ramaz qurdaZe, dodo
Sonia, lile Tandilava, lela niJaraZe; eqspertebi: maia lomia, omar memiSiSi, qeTevan margiani-subari; qarTveluri nawilis redaqtori zurab WumburiZe; inglisuri versia Tamar gelaSvilisa; inglisuri nawilis redaqtori irina gvelesiani. gamomcemloba `petiti~, Tbilisi, 2015, 244 gv.
qarTul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisuri leqsikoni mesame samecniero
produqtia, romelic saqarTveloSi bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielda Sveicariis patronaJiT; kerZod, aRniSnul gamocemas win uZRoda
2 wigni:
• kolxuri (megrul-lazuri) ena (Teoriuli da praqtikuli kursi teqstebiTa da leqsikoniT: r. amirejibi-maleni, n. danelia, n. dundua,
gamomcemloba `universali~, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 400).
• svanuri ena (gramatikuli mimoxilva teqstebiTa da leqsikoniT: z. WumburiZe, l. niJaraZe, r. qurdaZe, gamomcemloba `petiti~, Tbilisi,
2007, gv. 390).
am wignebis momzadeba gamosacemad da gamocema daafinansa saqarTveloSi Sveicariis saelCom, xolo xuTenovani leqsikonis momzadebasa da beWdurad gamocemaze izrunes Sveicariis saelCom saqarTveloSi da samxreT
kavkasiaSi Sveicariis ganviTarebis ofisma.
xuTenovani leqsikoni didi SenaZenia qarTvelologiuri literaturisaTvis. esaa pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac oTxive qarTveluri enis leqsikuri fondis monacemebi erTadaa Tavmoyrili da mas axlavs inglisurenovani Targmani.
xuTenovani leqsikoni sxva, aqamde gamocemuli, leqsikonebisagan TviT
qarTveluri enebis urTierTmimarTebiTac gansxvavdeba; kerZod, masSi amosavali qarTuli enis monacemebia: leqsikonSi 6000-mde qarTuli sityvis
megruli, lazuri, svanuri Sesatyvisebia warmodgenili, rac momxmarebelTa farTo wres umwerlobo enebis leqsikaze wvdomis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, gamomdinare iqidan, rom yvela qarTveluri tomisTvis qarTuli
aris swavla-ganaTlebisa da wirva-locvis ena; qarTuli aris saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena, am enas flobs saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqe; amasTan, Tuki ucxoelebi saqarTveloTi da qarTveluri enebiT interesdebian,
pirvel rigSi swavloben qarTuls da mere sxva danarCen qarTvelur
enebs. amrigad, rom SevajamoT, SeiZleba iTqvas, ricxobrivad ufro meti
adamiani flobs qarTuls, vidre danarCen umwerlobo enebs. es exeba rogorc qarTvelologebs, aseve lingvisturi sakiTxebiT dainteresebul
sxva specialistebsa da farTo sazogadoebas rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve
mis farglebs gareT.
325
aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTveluri umwerlobo enebis leqsikonTa umravlesoba orenovania, romelTagan erT-erTi qarTulia; magaliTad, megrul-qarTuli, svanur-qarTuli, lazur-qarTuli leqsikonebi. gamonakliss warmoadgens C. gujejianisa da m. p. palmaitisis svanur-inglisuri (1985) da
o. qajaias megrul-germanuli (2001) leqsikonebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom am
leqsikonebiT sargeblobis erT-erTi winapirobaa qarTuli anbanuri damwerlobisa da im umwerlobo qarTveluri enis codna, romelic amosavalia ama Tu im leqsikonisaTvis. Ees erT-erTi xelis SemSleli faqtoria,
ris gamoc farTo tipologiur kvlevebSi umwerlobo qarTveluri enebis
monacemebis CarTva srulyofilad ver xerxdeba. xuTenovani leqsikoni am
mxriv siaxlisken gadadgmuli nabijia.
rogorc leqsikonis winasityvaobaSia naTqvami, naSromis mizania, warmoaCinos qarTvelur enaTa genetikuri naTesaoba formobriv-Sinaarsobrivi
adekvaturi leqsikuri erTeulebis meSveobiT, gamoavlinos enis ganviTarebis dinamika sinqroniul da diaqroniul WrilSi, kerZod, aCvenos leqsikur erTeulTa istoriuli ganviTarebis gza Zveli qarTulidan dRemde.
leqsikonSi warmodgenilia farTo leqsika; gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa
Zireuli leqsika, romelic moicavs: naTesaobis aRmniSvnel terminebs, adamianis sxeulis nawilebs, ciur mnaTobTa saxelebs, adgilobrivi florisa
da faunis terminologias, xilisa da bostneulis dasaxelebebs, drois aRmniSvnel leqsikur erTeulebs, zedsarTav da ricxviT saxelebs, nacvalsaxelebs, zmnizedebs, sameurneo saqmianobis amsaxvel leqsikur erTeulebs,
religiur terminebs, farTod gavrcelebul zmnur formebs, rogorebicaa:
qona-yolis, yofnis, siarulisa Tu Wama-smis aRmniSvneli zmnebi da sxva.
leqsikonSi qarTvelur enaTa monacemebis amgvarad dalagebas aqvs rogorc meTodologiuri mniSvneloba, aseve strategiuli daniSnuleba, radgan
igi emsaxureba im erTiani msoflmxedvelobis warmoCenas, romelmac Sekra
qarTveluri tomebi da gansazRvra maTi erovnuli mTlianoba. Ggasul saukuneSi jer kidev i. yifSiZe aviTarebda azrs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad aucilebelia oTxive qarTveluri enis codna Tavad qarTveluri tomebisTvis maTi erovnuli TviTSemecnebisa da konsolidaciis mizniT; amis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, ramdenad kuriozuli situacia SeiZleba Seiqmnas, roca erTi miwa-wylis Svilebi, RviZli Zmebi erTmaneTs ver ugeben (dawvr. ix. i. yifSiZe,
odiSsa da samurzayanoSi (mgzavris SeniSvnebi), gaz. „kolxida“, #17, quTaisi, 1911; werili daibeWda makoSvili-aleqsiZis fsevdonimiT). winamdebare xuTenovani leqsikoni exmianeba i. yifSiZis werilSi dasmul problemas im
TvalsazrisiT, rom warmoaCens qarTveluri tomebis saerTo msoflmxedvelobis erTian xazs, xels uwyobs qarTvelur enaTa leqsikis gavrcelebas.
leqsikonSi mocemuli inglisurenovani Targmani gaaadvilebs am wignis
mimoqcevas ucxoenovan garemoSi da pirvel rigSi daexmareba maT, vinc aswavlis qarTuls sxva qarTvelur enebTan kavSirSi.
326
naSromi aseve miznad isaxavs, warmoaCinos qarTvelur enebSi aramonaTesave enebis (rusulis, berZnulisa da Turqulis) gavlenis kvali axali
nasesxobebis saSualebiT, rac imavdoroulad enis ganviTarebis dinamikis
maCvenebelia sinqroniul etapze. es sakiTxi mniSvnelovania rogorc enis
istoriis, aseve enaSi mimdinare zogadi procesebis ganxilvis TvalsazrisiTac. saerTod, nasesxobaTa aRnusxva did daxmarebas gauwevs enobrivi
kontaqtebiT dainteresebul mkvlevarTac.
xuTenovani leqsikoni fasdaudebelia qarTvelologiuri kvleva-ZiebisaTvis, istoriul-SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli
mkvlevrebisaTvis, aseve, humanitaruli dargis sxva specialistebisa da
farTo sazogadoebisaTvis.
bunebrivia, Sveicariis saelCo saqarTveloSi da samxreT kavkasiaSi
Sveicariis ganviTarebis ofisi gulwrfel madlobasa da pativiscemas imsaxureben ara marto aseTi mniSvnelovani daxmarebisTvis, aramed saerTod
qarTuli enisa da kulturis popularizaciisaTvisac. amasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisuri leqsikoni
inaxeba bernis universitetTan arsebuli enaTmecnierebis institutis biblioTekaSi da mis Sesaxeb informacia Setanilia Sesabamis katalogSi (ix.
bmuli: https://www.swissbib. ch/Record/335991041) da Sveicariis masStabiT
nebismier momxmarebels SeuZlia isargeblos am leqsikoniT.
Mmanana tofaZe-goimani
Ffilologiis doqtori (Ph.D).D)
bernis universiteti, Sveicaria
seqtemberi, 2015 weli
Georgisch-Megrelisch-Lasisch-Swanisch-Englisches Wörterbuch. Projektleiter
und Ideenautor: Ramaz Kurdadze; Verfasser: Ramaz Kurdadze, Dodo Shonia, Lile
Tandilava, Lela Nizharadze; Experten: Maia Lomia, Omar Memishishi, Ketavan
Margiani-Subari; Herausgeber des kartvelischen Teils: Zurab Chumburidze; Englische
Version von Tamar Gelashvili; Herausgeberin des englischen Teils: Irina Gvelesiani;
Verlag “Petiti“; Tbilissi, 2015; 244 S.
Das fünfsprachige Wörterbuch Georgisch-Megrelisch-Lasisch-Swanisch-Englisch
ist das 3. wissenschaftliche Projekt, welches während der letzten 10 Jahre in Georgien
durch die Unterstützung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft verwirklicht wurde.
Vor dem fünfsprachigen Wörterbuch wurden folgende 2 Werke veröffentlicht:
• Kolchische (megrelisch-lasische) Sprache: Theoretisches und Praktisches
Lehrbuch samt Texten und Wörterbuch von R. Amirejibi-Mullen, N. Danelia,
N. Dundua. Verlag “Universali“, Tbilissi, 2006, 400 S.
• Swanische Sprache: Grammatischer Überblick samt Texten und Wörterbuch
von Z. Chumburidze, L. Nizharadze, R. Kurdadze. Verlag “Petiti“, Tbilissi,
2007, 390 S.
327
Die Vorbereitung und die Veröffentlichung der oben erwähnten Bücher wurden
von der Schweizerischen Botschaft in Georgien finanziert, die, wie auch das
Schweizerische Kooperationsbüro im Südkaukasus, die Vorbereitung und den
Druck des fünfsprachigen Wörterbuchs unterstützt haben.
Das fünfsprachige Wörterbuch ist ein innovativer und wertvoller Beitrag zur
kartwelologischen Literatur. Es ist nämlich das erste Nachschlagewerk, das den
Wortschatz aller vier Kartwelsprachen vergleichend berücksichtigt. Es liefert zudem eine englische Übersetzung mit. Auch im Aufbau unterscheidet sich das
fünfsprachige Wörterbuch von den bisher veröffentlichten Wörterbüchern der
Kartwelsprachen: Zwar ist die Ausgangssprache Georgisch, welche ca. 6000 Wörter
umfasst, aber, nebeneinander dargestellt, sind die megrelischen, lasischen und
swanischen Äquivalenten. Versehen durch eine englische Übersetzung, ermöglicht
diese einem breiten Leserkreis erstmals den Zugang zum Wortschatz der ungeschriebenen Sprachen.
Das Georgische, die offizielle Sprache Georgiens, ist gleichzeitig die Sprache
der Bildung und des Gottesdienstes aller Kartwelstämme. Die an Georgien und an
Kartwelsprachen interessierten Ausländer erwerben für gewöhnlich das Georgische,
welches als Schriftsprache später den Zugang zu den anderen Kartwelsprachen
erleichtert. Folglich ist die Zahl der Menschen, die das Georgische beherrschen
höher, als jene, die andere Kartwelsprachen sprechen. Dies gilt sowohl für
Kartwelologen als auch für Vertreter anderer Branchen der Sprachwissenschaft wie
für die breite Öffentlichkeit in Georgien oder im Ausland.
Bis auf zwei Ausnahmen (Swanisch-Englisches Wörterbuch von Ch. Gujejiani
und M. L. Palmaitisis, 1985 und Megrelisch- Deutsches Wörterbuch von O. Kajaia,
2001) sind die bisher erschienenen Wörterbücher für ungeschriebene Kartwelsprachen zweisprachig, davon eine immer das Georgische, beispielsweise das Megrelisch-, Swanisch- oder Lasisch-Georgisches Wörterbuch. Eine der Voraussetzungen
für die Benutzung der erwähnten Wörterbücher ist die Beherrschung der georgischen
Schrift und der betreffenden ungeschriebenen Kartwelsprachen. Dies ist eines der
Hindernisse, weshalb die Sprachdaten der ungeschriebenen Kartwelsprachen in den
breiten sprachtypologischen Untersuchungen nicht immer berücksichtigt werden
konnten. Das fünfsprachige Wörterbuch ist in dieser Hinsicht eine echte Neuigkeit
und somit ein bedeutender Schritt für die Beseitigung dieser Lücken.
Laut Vorwort des Wörterbuches hat es als Ziel, die genetische Verwandtschaft
der Kartwelsprachen anhand der lexikalischen Einheiten sowohl in formaler als
auch in inhaltlicher Hinsicht aufzuzeigen. Auch soll die Dynamik der Sprachentwicklung in synchronischer und diachronischer Perspektive veranschaulicht
werden. Hervorgehoben wird damit insbesondere die Entwicklungsgeschichte der
lexikalischen Einheiten vom Altgeorgischen bis zum Neugeorgischen.
Das Wörterbuch enthält einen umfangreichen Wortschatz, insbesondere einen
Grundwortschatz, der folgende Bereiche umfasst: Verwandschaftsbezeichnungen,
die Anatomie des menschlichen Körpers, eine Terminologie der Himmelskörper,
der lokalen Flora und Fauna oder Einträge für Obst und Gemüse; lexikalische Ein328
heiten für die Bezeichnung der Zeit; Begriffe aus der Landwirtschaft und religiöse
Terminologie; Adjektive, Numerale, Pronomen, Adverbien, und nicht zuletzt weit
verbreitete Verben wie diejenige für die Bezeichnung des Besitzes, der Bewegung
oder etwa des Essens.
Die skizzierte Darstellung der Sprachdaten hat eine methodologische und eine
strategische Bedeutung und dient mitunter dazu, die gemeinsame Weltsicht, welche
die nationale Einheit der Kartwelstämme bestimmt hat, aufzuzeigen.
Bereits im vergangenen Jahrhundert äusserte der georgische Sprachwissenschaftler I. Kipshidze die Meinung, wie notwendig es für die Kartwelstämme sei,
zwecks nationaler Identifikation und Konsolidierung, alle 4 Kartwelsprachen zu
beherrschen. Es könnte nämlich bizarr anmuten, wenn die Landsleute und Brüder
einander nicht verstehen würden (vgl. I. Kipshidze, „In Odishi und Samurzaq’ano
(Beobachtungen eines Reisenden)“, erschienen unter dem Pseudonym MakoshviliAleksidze in der Zeitung „Kolchida“ n. 17. Kutaissi, 1911).
Das fünfsprachige Wörterbuch ist eine Antwort auf das von I. Kipshidze aufgeworfene Problem, indem es die gemeinsame Linie der Weltanschauung der Kartwelstämme aufzeigt und dazu beiträgt, den Wortschatz der Kartwelsprachen allen
Interessierten zugänglich zu machen. Darüber hinaus leistet die englische Übersetzung der lexikalischen Einheiten eine grosse Hilfe sowohl fremdsprachigen Lesern
als auch Lehrpersonen, welche die georgische Sprache und ihre Verwandtschaft mit
den anderen Kartwelsprachen vermitteln möchten.
Das Ziel des Werkes ist es ebenfalls, anhand neuerer Entlehnungen Einflüsse
der nicht verwandten Sprachen (bspw. Russisch, Griechisch, Türkisch) auf das
Kartwelischezu veranschaulichen und somit die Entwicklungsdynamik der Sprache
auf synchronischer Ebene hervorzuheben. Diese Angaben sind besonders für
Sprachkontaktforscher hilfreich.
Das fünfsprachige Wörterbuch ist demnach ein unschätzbares Nachschlagewerk sowohl für die kartwelologische Forschung als auch für Forscher der historisch-vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft, der Geisteswissenschaften und natürlich
auch für den breiten Leserkreis.
Der Schweizerischen Botschaft in Georgien und dem Schweizerischen Kooperationsbüro im Südkaukasus gebührt der aufrichtige Dank nicht nur für die grosse
Unterstützung bei der Verwirklichung dieses Werkes, sondern gerade dadurch auch
für die Förderung der georgischen Sprache und Kultur. Das Georgisch-MegrelischLasisch-Swanisch-Englische Wörterbuch ist Teil des Bibliotheksbestands des
Instituts für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Bern (s. Katalogeintrag unter
https://www.swissbib. ch/Record/335991041) und kann schweizweit von interessierten Lesern konsultiert werden.
Manana Topadze-Gäumann, (Ph.D)
Institut für Sprachwissenschaft,
Universität Bern
Im September 2015
329
gamoxmaurebebi
*
“Your dictionary is brilliant! It will be helpful to me and my students. (Right now
I have one graduate student interested in Georgian and Svan, and I will send the link
to him immediately.) I am glad to see that batoni zurab is still very active. My
student and I read some of your (you-plural!) Svan book together last year”.
`Seni leqsikoni brwyinvalea! sasargeblo iqneba CemTvis da Cemi studentebisaTvis~ (swored axla myavs qarTuliT da svanuriT dainteresebuli erTi studenti da me mas dauyovnebliv gavugzavni am leqsikonis
links). mixaria, rom batoni zurabi1 isev Zalian aqtiurad muSaobs. SarSan me da Cemma studentma erTad wavikiTxeT garkveuli nawilebi Tqveni
svanuris wignidan~.2
profesori alisa harisi,
masaCusetsis amherstis universiteti, aSS
**
Zvirfaso qalbatono maia,3
dRes miviRe Tqven mier gamogzavnili xuTenovani (qarTul-megrullazur-svanur-inglisuri) leqsikoni, riTac Zalian gamaxareT da
risTvisac did madlobas gixdiT. gilocavT am mSvenier da sasargeblo
gamocemas. Zalian gTxovT gadasceT Cemi didi madloba yvelas, vinc ki
monawileoba miiRo am wignis SedgenaSi, gansakuTrebiT am nawarmoebis
sulis Camdgmels, baton ramaz qurdaZes da baton zurab WumburiZes didi
pativiscemiT. Tqven yvelas gisurvebT janmrTelobas da momavalSic did
warmatebebs.
hainc fenrixi
burgeli, Ggermania
4 maisi, 2015 weli
***
Zvirfaso qalbatono maia,
naTia dunduam gamomigzavna Tqveni saCuqari, Tqveni universitetis gazeTis uaRresad saintereso nomeri... moxaruli var, rom Tqveni xuTenovani leqsikoni ase dadebiTad miiRes.
1
2
3
profesori zurab WumburiZe
igulisxmeba: `svanuri ena, gramatikuli mimoxilva, teqstebi, leqsikoni”, z. WumburiZe, l. niJaraZe, r. qurdaZe, gamomcemloba `petiti~, Tb., 2007.
asocirebuli profesori maia lomia.
330
gilocavT warmatebas!
me piradad am leqsikons ori mizezis gamo vafaseb: jer erTi, zogad
mkiTxvels aCvenebs, rom qarTuli, megruli, lazuri da svanuri namdvilad erTi ojaxis lamazi `debi~ arian, TavianTi msgavsebebiTa da gansxvavebebiT da, rac mTavaria, TiToeuli Tavisi RirsebiT. Dda mere: enaTmecniers gauadvilebs muSaobas, rodesac Sesatyvis leqsemas eZebs da etimologiuri warmoSobis siaxloves an sxvaobas awon-dawonis.
keTili survilebiT
vinfrid boederi
oldenburgi, germania
13 ivnisi, 2015 weli
****
batono ramaz,
guSin gadmomca bernSi manana tofaZem qarTul-megrul-lazur-svanuringlisuri leqsikoni. Zalian didi madloba yuradRebisTvis. bavSvobidan
Cemi hobia lingvistikis sakiTxebi da Zalian gamaxara aseTi wignis miRebam.
didi pativiscemiT,
irakli yuraSvili
saqarTvelos elCi Sveicariis konfederaciaSi
da lixtenStainis samTavroSi
03 ivlisi, 2015 weli
*****
Sehr geehrter Herr. Prof. Kurdadze,
am vergangenen Freitag hat Frau Dr. Mtschedlischwili-Hädrich der Thüringer
Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena Ihr gerade erschienenes und für den
Bereich Kaukasiologie hochinteressantes Wörterbuch als Geschenk überreicht. Ich
habe bereits die Einarbeitung des Buches veranlasst, sodass es in Kürze für
Forschung und Lehre zur Verfügung stehen wird. Als Fachreferent für
Kaukasiologie und im Namen der Bibliotheksleitung möchte ich Ihnen an dieser
Stelle ganz herzlich für diese großzügige Gabe danken.
Mit freundlichen Grüßen
Dr. Boris Hoge-Benteler
Fachreferate Anglistik/Amerikanistik, Germanistik,
Indogermanistik, Kaukasiologie, Romanistik, Slawistik
Thüringer Universitäts- u. Landesbibliothek Jena
13 Juli, 2015
331
pativcemulo batono qurdaZe,
gasul paraskevs qalbatonma, doqtorma mWedliSvilma-hedrixma Tiuringiis universitetis biblioTekas ienaSi saCuqrad gadmosca Tqveni axlad gamosuli leqsikoni, romelic Zalian sainteresoa kavkasiologebisTvis. wigni male damuSavdeba da kvlevisa da swavlebisaTvis gamoiyeneben.
me, rogorc kavkasiologiis eqsperti, biblioTekis xelmZRvanelobis saxeliT, guliTad madlobas gixdiT didsulovani saCuqrisaTvis.
guliTadi mokiTxviT,
boris hoge-benteleri
eqsperti, pasuxismgebeli piri anglistikis,
amerikanistikis, germanistikis, indogermanistikis,
kavkasiologiis, romanistikis, slavistikis sferoSi
ienis Tiuringis universitetsa da samxareo biblioTekaSi
13 ivlisi, 2015 weli
******
Dear Prof. Kurdadze,
Thank you very much for the “Georgian-Megrelian-Laz-Svan-English
Dictionary” which you sent to our library. This book is going to be very useful to
our students.
Yours sincerely
Sonja Latscha, Universität Bern, Bibliothek
des Institutes für Sprachwissenschaft
Aug 18, 2015
Zvirfaso profesoro qurdaZe,
didad gmadlobT `qarTul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisuri leqsikonisTvis~, romelic Cvens biblioTekas gamougzavneT. es wigni Zalian gamoadgeba Cvens studentebs.
pativiscemiT,
sonia laCa, bernis universitetis
enaTmecnierebis institutis biblioTeka
18 agvisto, 2015
332
Sinaarsi
SoTa gafrindaSvili _ 100 ......................................................................................... 5
SoTa gafrindaSvilis samecniero Sromebis bibliografia ........................................ 7
rusudan asaTiani. gvaris kategoria qarTvelur enebSi:
reinterpretacia da rekonstruqciis mcdeloba ......................................................... 11
Rusudan Asatiani. The Category of Voice in the Kartvelian Languages:
Reinterpretations and Attempts of Reconstruction ............................................................... 27
vinfrid boederi. qarTuli sityvis morfologiuri
da sintaqsuri Tvisebebi ........................................................................................................... 30
Winfried Boeder. Morphological and Syntactic Properties of the Georgian Word ...... 48
TinaTin bolqvaZe. `enobrivi kavSiri~ sabWoTa enaTmecnierebaSi
nawili pirveli: `enobrivi kavSiris~ naklovanebebi
burJuaziuli enaTmecnierebis kritikis fonze .......................................................... 52
Tinatin Bolkvadze. “Language Union” in Soviet Linguistics
Part I: Drawbacks of “Language Union” against the Background
of Criticism of Bourgeois Linguistics ........................................................................................ 68
rusudan gersamia. intervokaluri reduplikacia qarTvelur enebSi .............. 69
Rusudan Gersamia. Intervocalic Reduplication in the Kartvelian Languages ............... 85
rusudan zeqalaSvili, elene kiknaZe. zmnuri neologizmebi qarTul
poetur diskursSi ....................................................................................................................... 86
Rusudan Zekalashvili, Elene Kiknadze. Verbal Neologisms in the Georgian
Poetic Discourse ............................................................................................................................... 100
marine ivaniSvili. xeebis saxelebi qarTvelurSi: nekerCxal-,
urTxel-, Zmerxl-, wyav- ........................................................................................................ 102
Marine Ivanishvili. Tree Names in Kartvelian: nek’erčxal-, urtxel-,
ʒmerxl-, c’q’av- ................................................................................................................................ 108
Attia Mohammad Abdel-Ghaffar Youseif. The Influence of the Arabic Language
on the Georgian Language and Applying such an Influence on
Teaching Arabic to Georgian Students ................................................................................... 109
atia muhamad abdel-Rafar iuseifi. arabuli enis gavlena qarTul enaze
da am faqtoris gamoyeneba qarTveli studentebisTvis arabuli
enis swavlebis procesSi ........................................................................................................ 125
igor kekelia. Ziebani afxazeTis toponimiidan (dali, kodori) ...................... 126
Igor Kekelia. Research into the Toponymy of Abkhazia (Dali, Kodori) ........................ 138
Gia Kvashilava. Interpretation of the Common Kartvelian
Linear A Script sequences ku-ro and ki-ro ............................................................................ 139
gia kvaSilava. A klasis xazovani ku-ro da ki-ro formebis
amokiTxva saerTo-qarTvelur enaze ................................................................................. 161
ivane leJava. winaenismier napralovanTa artikulaciis
erTi Tavisebureba ....................................................................................................................... 162
Ivane Lezhava. One Peculiarity of Articulation of Coronal Fricatives ........................... 165
333
maia lomia, rusudan gersamia. drois aRmniSvneli lazuri leqsikis
struqturuli da semantikuri analizi ....................................................................... 167
Maia Lomia, Rusudan Gersamia. Structural and Semantic Analysis of
Laz Vocabulary Denoting Time ................................................................................................. 174
qeTevan margiani-subari, rusudan ioseliani. kvlav `myofadusrulis~
Sesaxeb svanurSi ........................................................................................................................... 175
Ketevan Margiani-Subari, Rusudan Ioseliani. Once Again on the
“Future Imperfect” in Svan ........................................................................................................ 180
nino nozaZe. „ecekveba“ tipis zmnebi da maTi semantikuri interpretacia ...... 181
Nino Nozadze. Semantic Interpretation of the ecek’veba Type Verbs ............................ 194
nikoloz oTinaSvili. samTavnelis sargos wignisa da sakanonos
paleografiuli da enobrivi Taviseburebani ............................................................. 197
Nikoloz Otinashvili. Paleographic and Linguistic Peculiarities of
Samtavneli Sargo Book and Sakanono ................................................................................. 200
medea saRliani. sivrculi lokalizaciisaTvis svanurSi .................................... 202
Medea Saghliani. On Spatial Localization in Svan ................................................................ 216
izabela qobalava. drois semantika megrulSi .............................................................. 218
Izabella Kobalava. Time Semantics in Megrelian .................................................................. 251
nino SaraSeniZe. evidencialobis (unaxaobis) kategoria qarTuli
enis dasavlur dialeqtebSi: na-prefiqsiani
formebis funqciur-semantikuri analizisaTvis ...................................................... 252
Nino Sharashenidze. The Category of Evidentiality (the Unseen) in the Western
Dialects of the Georgian Language: On the Functional-Semantic
Analysis of Forms with prefix .................................................................................................... 261
qeTevan ZiZiguri. netari avgustines semiotikuri ideebi .................................... 262
Ketevan Dzidziguri. Semiotic Ideas of Blessed Augustine ................................................ 270
enaTmecnierebis…istoriidan
mcire recenzia did sakiTxze (TinaTin bolqvaZe)… ................................................... 272
.«
»
1950
:
.
......... 275
Targmani
vilhelm fon humboldti. sxvadasxva epoqis mixedviT enaTa
ganviTarebis SedarebiTi Seswavla ................................................................................... 284
igor diakonovi. Zveli teqstebis deSifrirebis meTodTa Sesaxeb ................. 302
axali wignebi
Tamar maxarobliZe. qarTuli Jesturi ena, redaqtori m. jiqia,
gamomcemloba `petiti~, 2012 weli, 614 gverdi (nino SaraSeniZe) ........... 323
qarTul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisuri leqsikoni,
gamomcemloba `petiti~, Tbilisi, 2015, 244 gv. .................................................... 325
(manana tofaZe-goimanis recenzia da gamoxmaurebebi)
334
gamomcemlobis redaqtorebi:
cira jiSkariani
nana kaWabava
garekanis dizaini
mariam ebraliZe
komp. uzrunvelyofa
lali kurdRelaSvili
TSU Press Editors:
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Nana Katchabava
Cover Designer
Mariam Ebralidze
Layout Designer
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