saqarTvelos semiotikis sazogadoeba semiotikis kvleviTi centri semiotika samecniero Jurnali XV SEMIOTICS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL Tbilisi Tbilisi 2015 2 UDC 81′22 mTavari redaqtori cira barbaqaZe Editor-in-Chief Tsira Barbakadze redaqtorebi Editors Tamar berekaSvili guram Yyifiani marina giorgaZe gia joxaZe daviT andriaZe Tamar Berekashvili Guram Kipiani Marina Giorgadze Gia Jokhadze David Andriadze © semiotikis kvleviTi centri 2015 ISSN 1512-2409 dagvikavSirdiT: E-mail: semiotics@iliauni.edu.ge 3 Sinaarsi qalaqis semiotika Sorena bolqvaZe (baTumi, SoTa rusTavelis სახელმწიfo უნივერსიტეტი, doqtoranti) didi qalaqebis semiotika memuaristikaSi 7 კონსტანტინე ბრეგაძე (თბილისი, ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი) konstantine gamsaxurdias urbanistuli lirika 15 თამაზ გაბისონია (თბილისი, ილიას სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი) qarTuli qalaquri xalxuri musikis semiotikuri aspeqtebi 22 nino gogiaSvili (Telavi, iakob gogebaSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) wylidan amozrdili qalaqis semiotika 31 თენგიზ ვერულავა (თბილისი, ილიას სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი) italo kalvinos “uxilavi qalaqi” 37 xaTuna TavdgiriZe (თბილისი, gr. robaqiZis უნივერსიტეტი) qalaqi da gamoqvabuli _ miTopolitikuri narativis dasawyisi 43 nestan kutivaZe (quTaisi, akaki wereTlis სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი) bednieri qalaqi _ sabWoTa totalitaruli saxelmwifos metafora 67 4 irine maniJaSvili (თბილისი, sdasu, saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis უნივერსიტეტი) Tbilisi terenti granelis poeziaSi 72 irakli mWedliSvili (თბილისი, filosofiis doqtori, damoukidebeli mkvlevari) polisuri sivrce _ socialuri kosmosi da kosmopolitizmi 83 maka saxuria (თბილისი, 1-li sajaro skola, filologiis doqtori) „vefxistyaosnis” xuTi qalaqis semiotika 103 bela CekuriSvili (თბილისი, ivane javaxiSvilis სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი, doqtoranti) didi qalaqi _ pirovnebis “gaqrobis” adgili 110 mindia cecxlaZe (baTumi, SoTa rusTavelis სახელმწიfo უნივერსიტეტი, doqtoranti) qalaqis mistikuri alegoria 118 მაია ჯალიაშვილი (თბილისი, თსუ, შოთა რუსთაველის ქართული ლიტერატურის ინსტიტუტი) Tbilisuri ekleqtika 126 qeTevan jiSiaSvili (თბილისი, თსუ, შოთა რუსთაველის ქართული ლიტერატურის ინსტიტუტი) mitingis qronotopi 135 5 semiotika da sxva ცირა ბარბაქაძე (თბილისი, ილიას სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი) ena sazRvrebSi da sazRvrebs miRma 146 Tamar berekaSvili (თბილისი, ილიას სახელმწიfo უნივერსიტეტი) sisulelis aqtualoba 153 ელიზბარ ელიზბარაშვილი (Telavi, iakob gogebaSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti) platonis gamoqvabulis miTisa da houkingi _ penrouzis kinodarbazis metaforebi 161 maia kaWkaWiSvili (quTaisi, kerZo skola „goni”, maswavlebeli) hezitacia quCaSi 165 Qqalaqis semiotika Sorena bolqvaZe didi qalaqebis semiotika memuaristikaSi memuaristika individisa da sazogadoebis xedvas aerTebs; gvӘCvenebs, ra rCeba zogadidan kerZoSi. is mkiTxvels cnobili faqtebisa Tu movlenebis Sesaxeb uyveba, radgan maT raRac doziT saerTo warsuli da warsulis xedvis saerTo instrumentebi aqvT. semiotika informaciis SekumSvas, mis kodamde dayvanasac niSnavs, cxadia, informaciis Senaxvis, gamartivebis mizniT. es procesi mexsierebis fenomens ukavSirdeba. Tu ki ama Tu im semiotikuri niSnis semantika koleqtiur mexsierebaSi araerTgvarovania, SeuZlebeli gaxdeba misi gamoyeneba – pragmatika. CvenTvis sainteresoa literaturul teqstSi, kerZod, memuaristul prozaSi mocemuli metafora Tu alegoria SemdgomSi iqca Tu ara epoqis, sazogadoebis saxeobrivi azrovnebis niSnad. memuaruli proza, mxatvrul-dokumenturi Janris sinTezis wyalobiT, erTdroulad gvTavazobs realobis fotografiul suraTsac da mxatvrul versiasac. inaxavs iseT avTentur sagnebsӐ Tu cnebebs, romelTac ganzogadebis potencia aqvs. 8 Sorena bolqvaZe memuaristikaSi gamoyofen mogzaurobis Janrs. mogzauris Canawerebi erTgvari mxatvrul-dokumenturi prozis nimuSia, rogorc literaturuli Janri, XVIII- XIX saukuneebis mijnaze yalibdeba da gansakuTrebul popularobas XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi iZens. „mogzauris Canawerebis“ gmiri realur geografiul garemoSi mogzaurobs da Taviseburad moiazrebs nanaxsa da gancdils, gadmogvcems pirad damokidebulebas aRwerili movlenebis mimarT. mocemul paradigmaSi ganvixilavT salome zurabiSvilis memuarebs „saqarTvelosken“. simboloTa sistemaSi, romelic SeimuSava kulturis istoriam, qalaqi gansakuTrebul adgils iWers. amasTan, saWiroa gamovyoT qalaquri semiotikis ori ZiriTadi sfero: qalaqi, rogorc sivrce da qalaqi, rogorc saxeli. postsabWoTa periodis memuaristikaSi sabWoTa qalaqebi sabWoTa realobis struqturas qmnian, am qselSi funqciebi sakavSiro masStabiTaa gadanawilebuli. qalaqi, rogorc Caketili sivrce, ormag damokidebulebaSia mis irgvliv arsebul miwasTan. mas SeuZlia ganasaxieros saxelmwifo an sistemis komponentad warmodges. giorgi merCule grigol xanZTels moixsenebs, rogorc „udabnoTa qalaqTmyofels“. qalaqi aq mowesrigebuli, orientiӠӔӑუӚ sociumad moiazreba da ara - urbanuli tipis dasaxlebul punqtad. mowesrigebuloba, infrastӠuqtura qalaqis arsebobis umTavresi pirobaa. amdenad, ganvixilavT qalaqs, rogorc sistemas da qalaqs – rogorc sistemis nawils. ierusalimi, romi, moskovi sxvadasxva teqstSi moiazreba, rogorc garkveuli samyaros centrebi (pirobiTad, koncentrirebuli vuwodoT). Tumca qalaqi, SesaZlebelia, ganlagebuli iyos mocemuli miwis aracentralur nawilSi (vuwodoT maT eqscentrirebuli qalaqebi). aseTi qalaqebi, rogorc wesi, ganlagebulia kulturuli sivrcis ganapiras, zRvis sanapiroze. qalaqi, rogorc rTuli semiotikuri meqanizmi, kulturis generatoria, am funqcias is swored imis damsaxurebiT asrulebs, didi qalaqebis semiotika memuaristikaSi 9 rom warmoadgens kodebisa da teqstebis saxarS qvabs. nebismier qalaqs swored semiotikuri poliglotoba ხӓӘს sxva SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli semiotikuri koliziebis asparezad. sxvadasxva erovnebis, religiis sociumis kodebisa da teqstebis SejaxebiT, qalaqi warmoqmnis semiotikuri Targmanebis axal versiebs, axӝӠӪӘӔӚӔӑს xelaxal kodirebas. ase iqmneba sruliad axali informacia, romelic yveba axal ambavs am konkretuli qalaqisas, rasac, SeuZlebelia, analogi ჰქӝნӓӔს. magaliTad, mxolod sabWoTa qalaqebSi arsebobda Cekebis maRaziebi (TbilisSi - „cicinaTela“); „bnedianebi“ – mxolod “saxelovani” sabWoTa fsiqiatria icnobs am termins; specifikuri movlenaa „deficitis“ cneba sabWoTa ekonomikaSi; gemovnebis miuxedavad, yvela sabWoTa moqalaqes axsovs induri xsnadi yava da sigareti „kosmosi“. es aris is, rasac შӔუძӚӔӑӔӚӘӐ, analogi hqondes, radgan lokaluri drois semiotikas warmoadgens. semiotikuri koliziebis wyarod SeiZleba iqces ara mxolod sinqronuli mdgomareoba sxvadasxvari semiotikuri warmonaqmnisa, aramed – diaqronulic. gardasuli epoqebis reliәviebi warmogvidgebian, rogorc koduri programebi, romlebic mudmivad xelaxla generireben teqstebs istoriul warsulze. roca vudi alenma „SuaRame parizSi“ gadaiRo, warmoudgenlad CaTvala am qalaqis Cveneba meoce saukunis aTiani wlebis parizis gacocxlebis gareSe da legendebad qceul quCebsa da Senobebs sicocxle rom dabruneboda, moqmedeba swored am periodis qalaqSi gadaitana. TiToeuli qalaqi, Tavisi semiotikiT, yveba konkretuli epoqis Sesaxeb, kulturuli, sayofacxovrebo Tu politikuri warsulis (erTi konkretuli periodis) aRmniSvnel niSanTa sistemiT. cxadia, Cven mier ganxiluli qalaqebi arsebobdnen sabWoTa kavSiramde, magram am epoqaSi maT axali funqcia da saxe miiRes, Sesabamisad, maTi semiotikuri aRmniSvnelebic ganaxlda. Jak derida struqturisa da centris mimarTebaze saubrisas aRniSnavs: „yovelTvis iTvleboda, rom centri struqturaSi qmnida swored imas, rac marTavs mas da, amave dros, is struqturis miRma rCeba. amitomac struqturis Sesaxeb klasikuri TvalazrisisTvis paradoqsulia is, rom centri mdebareobs rogorc 10 Sorena bolqvaZe struqturaSi, ӘსӔ - mis miRmaӪ. is mdebareobs raRac mTlianis centrSi da, amave dros, am mTlianobas sxvagan Tavisi sxva centriӪ Ӑქӕს“ (derida 2000:408). am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa moskovis, rogorc multikulturuli sivrcis, gaazreba sabWoTa adamianisagan, da Semdgom - misi gadaazreba postsabWoTa periodis memuaristikaSi (moskovi – imperiis centri, sxva mxriv, periferiaa qurduli samyarosTvis, romlis centri sxva sabWoTa qalaqi gaxldaT). moskovi imperiis dedaqalaqia (koncentrirebulia, misi yvela wertilidan aqeT moiltvian. amitomac xsovna am qalaqze usaTuod gulisxmobs rigebs, grZel rigebs. rigia kremlis bufetSic - xizilalaze, leninis mavzeleumSic, kinofestivalis bileTebzeӪ, pikasos gamofenazeӪ). moskovs cremlebis ar sjera, Tumca Әს gakvirvebulia qarTvelebis qonebiT: „Cveni simdidre gansakuTrebiT ruseTSi gamovlindeboda xolme. aba, romeli rusi studenti SeZlebda kalininis prospeqtze, „dom knigiSi“ gamofenili sezanis, pikasosa Tu diufis 50-maneTiani ucxouri albomebis yidvas, Tu ara Cven, qarTvelebi...“ (gvaxaria2013:81). mdidari qarTvelis tipaJi sabWoTa kinematografiis erTob sayvareli personaJic xdeba. sabWoTa kavSiri ierarqiuli sistema gaxldaT, Tumca gamoiyofoda partiul – Tanamdebobrivi, qurduli samyaros ierarqia da inteligenturi (samecniero sferos) subordinirebuli sazogadoeba. Sesabamisad, gvaqvs sami centri – moskovi, odesa, leningradi. „odesur moTxrobebSi“ babelma romantikulad aRwera meoce saukunis dasawyisis odesa, ebraeli kriminalebisa da ubralo xalxis cxovreba, Zegli daudga qurdebis, mZarcvelebis, ostatebisa da wvrili movaWreebis egzotikur da Zlier xasiaTebs“ (berZeniSvili2010:130). peterburgis (moviazrebT eqscentrirebul qalaqad) gansakuTrebuloba mdgomareobs misi TviTSefasebis sakiTxSi. es gulisxmobs erTgvar garegan, arapeterburgul dakvirvebas. es SeiZleba iyos „mzera evropidan“ da „mzera ruseTidan“. Tumca am dros mudmivi didi qalaqebis semiotika memuaristikaSi 11 rCeba peterburgis kultura, romelic TviTkonstruirebs garegan mzeras sakuTar Tavze. es xasiaTi am qalaqma gansakuTrebiT mkafiod gamoxata swored sabWoTa periodSi. leningradi sabWoTa inteleqtualuri inteligenciis (arsebobda soflis inteligentis cnebac) placdarmad da disidenturi andegraundis TavSesafrad iqca. „zonis ufrosebisTvis „leningradelebi“ da sinamdvileSi peterburgelebi anu „piterelebi“ nebismieri politikuri zonis mniSvnelovan Semadgenel nawils warmoadgendnen“ (berZeniSvili 2010:105). swored inteleqtualobisken midrekili Crdilouri dedaqalaqi avsebda sabWoTa disidentebis rigebs. „70-ian wlebSi leningradSi praqtikaze Tbilisis samxatvro akademiis studentebs saSualeba hqondaT, aramarto aqauri „naSebis“ gemo egrZnoT, ara marto aqaur spekulantebTan gamoenaxaT saerTo ena da magrad daSmotkiliyvnen, ara marto aqauri planis niuansebSi garkveuliyvnen, aramed erTi TvaliT mainc SeexedaT ermitaJis SedevrebisTvis...“ (gvaxaria 2013:176). „igorma is moxuci qalic gamaxsena, rembrandtis naxats 40 weliwads rom sdarajobda. aRmoCnda, rom mSoblebi, Zveli bolSevikebi, 1937 wels dauxvrites. ... axalgazrda leningradel mxatvrebTan megobrobda da saxlSi „Cais smebs“ awyobda. „ermitaJSi“ „mTavar disidentkas“ eZaxdnen“ (gvaxaria 2013:181). qalaquri semiotikis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT, memuaristuli Sinaarsis TxzulebaTa Soris gansakuTrebiT informaciuli aRmoCnda mogzaurobis Janris teqstebi. mogzaurobis fabulaze agebuli literaturuli nawarmoebebis gmiri geografiuli marSrutis gavlasTan erTad, SinaganӐӓ, suliӔrӐӓӐӪ mogzaurobს, mamis saxlSi dabruneba (odisevsis SemTxvevaSi) gulisxmobs gmiris sulier iniciacias, zrdas, zeswrafvas. CvenTvis sainteresoa, am konteqstӘӗ gmirisTvis ra funqcias iZens esa Tu is qalaqi. aris is gzis dasawyisi, gzajvaredini, ufskruli (dacema) Tu piriqiT, mTaze asvla – ierusalimi. am TvalsazrisiT, saintereso teqstia salome zurabiSvilis memuari „saqarTvelosken“ – eseebis krebuli. emigranti qarTvelis saqarTveloSi dabruneba winaparTa ganvlili gzis (ara mxolod 12 Sorena bolqvaZe - geografiuli) gagrZelebiTaa motivirebuli, es erTgvari erovnuli Tu genetikuri identifikaciis wyurvilia. სainteresoa, emigranti qarTvelis diplomatiuri karieris kvaldakval, rogor aRiniSneboda msoflios didi qalaqebi mis cnobierebaSi; aseve, sainteresoa sabWoTa qalaqebze rkinis fardis miRma gazrdilis pirveli STabeWdileba – ra vizualuri formiT Tu leqsikiT aRniSna man nanaxi. Tbilisi – stambuli – parizi axlo winaprebis mier ganvlili es marSruti ambiciuri axalgazrda diplomatisTvis ara ganvlilis, gasavlelis ufro macnea. memuari, cxadia, P...iwereba, avtori ki Tavisi warsulis refleqsiisas yvelafers am ideaze kinZavs. diplomatiuri karieris yoveli qalaqi samSoblosken gasavleli traeqtoriis mniSvnelovani kvanZia. romi, (diplomatiuri karieris debiuti swored romSi Sedga), Tavisi arqaulobiT, aristokratizmis pedalirebisӐәӔნ aqezebs, rac misi renomes mTavari Strixi xdeba. romi maradiulia, is yvelafers inaxavs, relikviad saxavs salomec skivrs, saqarTvelodan wamoRebuls, romelic masTan erTad agrZelebs mogzaurobas. „swored am sxvenis qveS, antikvarebisa da antikvaruli nivTebiT savse Teatraluri dekoraciis msgavs via de koronaris quCaze, pirvelad vigrZeni Tavi „sakuTar saxlSi“ (zurabiSvili 2013:30). ნiu-iorki – „didi vaSli“, dRevandeli msofliosTvis Tavisuflebis, usafrTxoebisa da keTildReobis simbolo: „Cemi studentobis niu-iorki 70–iani wlebis qalaqi iyo... is idumalebiT moculi kontinentia, saSiSi, gulisamrevi, magram mimzidveli..... “(zurabiSvili2013:66). „1977 welia. am qalaqSi meored Cavdivar... me sruliad gansxvavebul niu-iorks vecnobi... es Cemi studentobis wlebis qalaqi aRar aris: maSin Tu saSiSi iyo, axla usafrTxoa“(zurabiSvili 2013:68). moskovi sxvagvarad aRiniSneba arasabWouri TvalTaxedvis arӘӓӐნ: „pirvelad Cavdivar ssrk–Si, moskovSi – rkinis fardis iqiT. breJnevis mmarTveloba zenitSia. sruli uZraobaa da arc didi qalaqebis semiotika memuaristikaSi 13 etyoba, odesme raime rom amoZravdeba. 1981 wlis zamTarSi moskovi Zalian pirquSad gamoiyureboda: usaxuri vitrinebi, romelTa sicarieles erTmaneTze dawyobili konservis kolofebi avsebda“ (zurabiSvili 2013:72). gasabWoebuli dasavleTevropuli qalaqi gaucxoebulia evropul sivrceSic: berlini: „civ da rux, moRuSul qalaqSi seirnobisas Zalian ucnauri grZnoba dameufla... quCaSi mosiarule adamianTa fexis xma ar ismoda; mereRa SevniSne, rom es uCveulo siCume rezinis Zirebiani fexsacmelebis brali iyo, romelsac im dros atarebdnen gdr-Si“(zurabiSvili 2013:70). oTar WilaZis CanawerebSi „ca miwidan iwyeba“ qalaqi gaiazreba, rogorc adamianis formirebis sivrce. is daibada baTumSi, izrdeboda siRnaRSi da damkvidrda TbilisSi. mis CanawerebSi arc erTi qalaqi ar rCeba specialuri aRniSnvis gareSe. „ormociani wlebis TbilisSi pirvelad moxvedrili kacisTvis rom gekiTxaT, yvelaze metad ram miiqcia Seni yuradReba am qalaqSio, daufiqreblad gipasuxebdaT – pianinos xmamo“ (WilaZe 2015:133). amrigad, postsabWoTa periodis memuaristika warmogvidgens sabWoTa kavSiris qalaqebis (moskovi, leningradi, odesa) semiotikas. moskovi struqturis centria (romi), peterburgi – evropa, xolo odesa – Savi qalaqi. Tuki vizualizacias mivmarTavT, SegviZlia SevqmnaT posterebi (rigebi cumsa da gumSi an konservis qilebis piramidebi vitrinebSi). mogzaurobis, saxlSi dabrunebis, paradigmaSi qalaqebis semiotika ase gamoiyureba: arqauli romi – „genetikuri“ warsulis skivri; niu-iorki, dakavSirebuli SiSisa da usafrTxoebis konceptebTan. kulturul markerad miviCnieT berlinSi – rezinisZirebiani fexsacmelebi da pianinos xma fanjrebidan TbilisSi. amdenad, memuaristikis kvlevam bunebrivad miiRo interdisciplinuri xasiaTi, is gascda literaturaTmcodneobis farglebs da socio-kulturologiur da istoriografiul plastebs Seexo. Sorena bolqvaZe 14 literatura berZeniSvili 2010: levan berZeniSvili, wminda wyvdiadi; Tbilisi. gvaxaria 2013: gogi gvaxaria, cremliani saTvale; Tbilisi. derida 2000: Д а Ж, Ф а ц кая c ка; М ква. zurabiSvili2013: salome zurabiSvili, saqarTvelosken; Tbilisi. WilaZe 2015: oTar WilaZe, ca miwidan iwyeba; Tbilisi. konstantine bregaZe konstantine gamsaxurdias urbanistuli lirika modernistuli lirikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani poetologiuri da struqturuli maxasiaTebelia is, rom, tradiciuli lirikisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic, ZiriTadad, orientirebulia lirikuli gmiris/lirikuli “me”-s mkveTrad gamoxatul subieqturobasa da mis msoflmxedvelobriv da emocionalur wiaRsvlebze (mag. sentimentaluri, romantikuli an realisturi poezia), romelsac Semdgom efuZneba tradiciuli lirikuli teqstis mTeli ideur-msoflmxedvelobrivi, saxismetyvelebiTi da struqturul-kompoziciuri sistema, modernistul lirikaSi amis sapirispirod ukana planze gadadis an sruliad gauqmebeulia e. w. lirikuli gmiri/lirikuli ”me” da misi mkveTrad gamoxatuli subieqturoba. Sesabamisad, modernistuli lirikis lirikuli “me” teqstSi ukve aRar fuZndeba umTavres sabaziso struqturul erTeulad anu avtorisa da teqstis ZiriTadi msoflmxedvelobrivi da emocionaluri mTlianobis mediumad, romlis garSemoc tradiciul lirikaSi Semdgom igeba xolme lirikuli teqstis mTliani struqturul-formaluri sistema (tropika, ritorika, versifikacia). 16 konstantine bregaZe Sedegad, modernistul lirikul teqstSi e. w. lirikuli “me” da misi subieqturoba an sruliad “ganeitralebulia”, ukana planze gadadis an sulac gauqmebuli da ukugdebulia, mag., eqspresionistul lirikaSi [andreoti 2009: 306-329]. modernistul lirikaSi mocemuli es struqturuli “ryeva”, erTi mxriv, gamowveulia samyaroseuli harmoniulobisa da yofierebis gonis warmarTulobisadmi modernisti avtoris undoblobiT da miuReblobiT (hegelis nakadis uaryofa), meore mxriv, gonebis ganmanaTlebluri kultisa da subieqtis subieqturobis yovlisSemZleobisadmi skepsisiT (kantianur da fixteanur nakadTa uaryofa). aq ki vlindeba mentalobis globaluri da sayovelTao cvalebadoba - Teocentristuli da anTropocentristuli arqetipuli paradigmebis destruireba, rac gamowveulia nicSeseuli „RmerTis sikvdiliT“. amitomac modernistul lirikul teqstebSi imTaviTve gacxadebulia subieqturobis krizisi da lirikuli gmiris subieqturobisagan dacla, misi ganpirovneba (Entpersönlichung), rac, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, aisaxa modernistuli lirikis TviT struqturul donezec ki, sadac lirikuli gmiris disocirebuli, daSlili, darRveuli subieqturoba aRar fuZndeba lirikuli teqstis sabaziso struqturul erTeulad. k. gamsaxurdias eqspresionistuli lirika, sadac imTaviTve dominirebs urbanistuli toposebi, zedmiwevniT asaxavs, erTi mxriv, am struqturul transformacias, xolo, meore mxriv, mentalobis cvalebadobiT gansazRvrul subieqturobis daSlasa da rRvevas (Ichdissoziation), subieqtis ganpirovnebas. ganpirovnebuli, desubieqtivirebuli e. w. lirikuli gmiri ki swored disharmoniul, disocirebul, daSlil samyaroSi egzistirebs da sruliad atomizdeba masSi, sabolood inTqmeba da qreba araraSi. k. gamsaxurdias urbanistuli lirika eqspresionizmis poetikisa da msoflmxedvelobis konteqstSi viTardeba, rodesac igi Semoqmedebis pirvel etapze (daaxl. 1918-1925) eqspresionizmis winamZRoli da misi Tanmimdevruli gamtarebelia saqarTveloSi. rogorc sayovelTaod cnobilia, zogadad, modernizmi da misi mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili eqspresionizmi (daaxl. 1910-1920 w.w., upiratesad germaniaSi) Tavis Tavs urbanistul fenomenad, urbanizmis produqtad da urbanizmisadmi dapirispirebad ganixilavs, vinaidan modernizmi apriori swored qalaqur sivrceSi isaxeba da am sivrcesTan konfliqtSi aviTarebs Tavis eTikas, poetikasa da esTetikas. modernizmis yvela adepti swo- konstantine gamsaxurdias urbanistuli lirika 17 red am garemoebas usvamda xazs, maT Soris qarTveli modernistebic. 1 cxadia, eqspresionistul lirikaSic umTavresi toposi swored qalaquri sivrcea. aq qalaqisadmi damokidebuleba ambivalenturia: qalaqi (am SemTxvevaSi, „berlini“), erTi mxriv, aris usulo, desakralizebuli, dehumanizebuli modernuli teqnikuri civilizaciis kulminirebuli toposi, am sivrceSi adamiani imTaviTvea ganwiruli sakuTari subieqturobis dakargvis, sakuTar TavTan, samyarosTan gaucxoebisa da TviTidentobis vermopovebisaTvis (e. w. „me“-s disociacia): Wie Aderwerk gehn Straßen durch die Stadt, Unzählig Menschen schwemmen aus und ein Und ewig stumpfer Ton von stumpfem Sein Eintönig kommt heraus in Stille matt. (G. Heym, “Die Stadt”, 1911) [www.gutenberg... (a)] 2 magram, meore mxriv, didi qalaqi, amavdroulad, SesaZloa, mesianisturi aRtyinebisa an vitalizmis, sicocxlis toposic iyos, rac eqspresionisti poetisaTvis umTavresi esTetikuri Rirebulebaa. am ganwyobiTa da msoflgancdiT ki germanuli eqspresionizmi italiur futurizmTan amJRavnebs mcire siaxloves: Wie schön ist diese stolze Stadt der Gierde! Ihr Elend und geschmähter Überfluss Und schwere Straßen sehr verzerrte Zierde. Schamloser Tag entdeckt dir die Konturen, 1 Sdr.: „modernuli xelovneba RviZli Svilia qalaqis. bunebas ar uwovebia misTvis ZuZu, Savi qalaqis nisliT da mkrTomare gaziT izrdeboda. qalaqis eleqtronis farnebze warmoudgenelia nanatri warsuli“ (t. tabiZe, „cisferi yanwebiT~) [Jurnalebi...… 2011(a): 121-122]; aseve, Sdr.: „axali kultura SeuZlebelia sofluri elferiT, axali kultura didi qalaqiTaa mudam daStampuli“ (k. gamsaxurdia, „Declaratia Pro Mea“) [gamsaxurdia 1983: 400]. 2 “quCebma ZarRvebiviT daseres qalaqi, uricxv adamianTa massa qreba da Cndeba, marad yru xma gamodis yru yofisagan da erTferovan xmad vrceldeba mdumarebaSi” (georg haimis leqsis “qalaqi” citatis pwkareduli Targmani Cemia – k. b.). 18 konstantine bregaZe Die Häuser stehen befleckt mit Staub und Ruß… (J. van Hoddis, „Stadt“, 1909) [www. gutenberg… (b)] 3 Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT eqspresionizmis im arsebiT Tvisebas, romelsac antinomiuroba qvia da romelic fundamentur msoflmxedvelobriv sibrtyeze eqspresionizmSi vlindeba e. w. mesianisturi da apokalifsuri diskursebis formiT, gasakviri ara, rom didi qalaqis mimarTac gamovlenilia es ambivalenturoba. magram eqspresionizmi, pirobiTad „apokalifsuria“ Tu „mesianisturi“, orive SemTxvevaSi gamocxadebiTia Tavis Sinagan fundamentur arsSi. k. gamsaxurdias eqspresionistuli urbanistuli lirikac, upirveles yovlisa, gamocxadebiTi bunebisaa da es gamocxadebiToba aq aseve orive mimarTulebiT vlindeba _ misi urbanistuli lirikuli teqstebi Seicaven rogorc apokalifsur, ise mesianistur diskursebs, romelTa antinomiuroba sabolood kairosul paTosSi erTiandeba da neitraldeba. Sesabamisad, k. gamsaxurdias urbanistul lirikaSi gadmocemuli da gacxadebulia (gamocxadebulia) e. w. axali adamianis, ganaxlebuli adamianisa da sakralurad gardasaxuli yofierebis profetuli vizionebi. swored ioane naTlismcemliseuli da ioane oqropiriseuli mesianisturi “eTikiTa” da mamxilebeli paTosiTaa aRvsili leqsebis _ “qriste parizSi 1999 wels”4 da “berlini” _ liriku- 3 “ra mSvenieria es mwyurvali qalaqi! ra mSvenieria misi siRatake da fufuneba, gadatvirTul quCebis ornamentebi. ubiwo dRe giCvenebs monasmebs – saxlebi Camdgaran mtversa da nacarSi” (iakob van hodisis leqsis “qalaqi” citatis pwkareduli Targmani Cemia – k. b.). 4 sabWoTa periodis oficialur gamocemebSi, rogorc Cans cenzuris gamo (mag., ix. "qarTuli poezia", t. 12, gv. 616-620, 1982, gam.-oba "nakaduli"), konstantines am leqss hqvia "parizi 1919 wels", rac arasworia, vinaidan Tavdapirvelad Jurnal "kavkasionis " #3-4-Si (1924) leqss erqva swored ase - "qriste parizSi 1999 wels" (Jurnalebi... 2011(c): 327). garda amisa, TariRs “1999” konceptualuri datvirTva aqvs: Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT eqspresionizmis msoflmxedvelobas da im faqtors, rom am leqsს eqspresionisti k. gamsaxurdia swored eqspresionistuli msoflmxedvelobis konteqstSi qmnis, maSiნ TariRiT konstantine gamsaxurdias urbanistuli lirika 19 li gmiri. Ees poza ki imTaviTve damaxasiaTebelia mesianisturi da gamocxadebiTi eqspresionizmisa da misi lirikuli gmirisaTvis. aqve SevniSnavT, rom parizi da berlini aRniSnul lirikul teqstebSi fuZndebian modernuli desakralizebuli epoqis ikonur toposebad. amasTan, aRniSnul teqstebSi gamovlenilia qalaquri vitalizmis, qalaquri sicocxlis esTetikur fenomenad gzneba da mis axal esTetikur sagnad qceva (“didi qalaqis avxorcobis wiTeli raSi”), warmoCenilia qalaqur sivrceSi adamianis subieqturobis disociaciis, totaluri dehumanizaciisa da desakralizaciis problematika, aseve miniSnebulia pirvelyofili bunebisa (rogorc sakraluri, miTosur-bibliuri toposis) da manqanur-teqnikuri civilizaciis (qalaqi-“moloxi”, qalaqi“sodomi”) aprioruli dapirispireba. amis paralelurad ki gadmocemulia Tavad lirikuli gmiris profetizmi, rac ukavSirdeba sakraluri cnobierebiTa da dionisuri gznebiT aRvsili momavali kacobriobisa da axali RvTaebrivi sulierebiT aRvsili samyaros vizionebs: oh, rarig miyvars feeris uxvi wuTebi, qSena, zanzari, TqaraTquri, rbena, gangaSi, am qedmoxrilTa ofliani mklavis kunTebi, didi qalaqis avxorcobis wiTeli raSi! ................................................................................................ didia Seni garyvnileba, Seni cTuneba, fersa hkargaven Sens sxivebTan mnaTobni cisa, me Sens wiaRSi maviwydeba deda-buneba, Sens qarxnebs asdiT oxSivarad oxvra miwisa. ................................................................................................ …… aq uflis nacvlad eleqtrobas evedrebian, yviTel liTonsa Seucvlia macxovris xati, milionebi Tvalis fSvnetiT fexze dgebian, “1999” miniSnebulia, erTi mxriv, konkretuli epoqis, garkveuli istoriuli ciklis dasasruli, kerZod, desakralizebuli da dehumanizebuli modernuli epoqis, rogorc ciklis, wris, aRsasruli/dasasruli da, meore mxriv, axali spiritualuri da “miTosuri”, anu pirvelsawyisebTan dabrunebuli epoqis/ciklis dasawyisi da e. w. axali adamianis, anu axali spiritualuri codniTa da suliskveTebiT moqceuli da ganaTlebuli adamianis movlineba. 20 konstantine bregaZe aq isaria mbrZanebeli da ciferblati. (“berlini”) [Jurnalebi... 2011(b): 251-252]. krTodeT, maRalo, TvalSeudgomo sasaxleebo, otelebo, Ramis barebo. Tqven: moednebo senJermenis, konkord da kliSi. ar geridebaT Tqven uflis enis? nuTu ara gaqvT macxovris SiSi? Senc, eifelo, babilono Cven saukunis, modis grigali, ver giSvelis Sen mexamridi. eg ar gegonos arc maroko, alJir an tunis, arc germania, albioni cru da pirflidi. rogorc lanqeri, vagramis gziT da etualiT, brbo gaeqana notrdamisken mirabos xidiT. molandebaa sinamdvile naxuli TvaliT, ismis Zaxili pozauenis kididan kidiT. modis ufali fexSiSvela, gaukiTxavi da gekiTxebaT: ~eg Tqvena xarT, suls fulze yiddiT?~ modis ufali, mokrZalebiT daxareT Tavi, epifaniis saswauli dRe aris didi. konstantine gamsaxurdias urbanistuli lirika 21 (“qriste parizSi 1999 wels”) [Jurnalebi... 2011(c): 328]. amgvarad, marTalia k. gamsaxurdias urbanistuli lirika araa mravalricxovani, Tumca urbanistuli lirikis is ramdenime nimuSi („berlini“, „qriste parizSi 1999 wels“, „noembris qari“), albaT, unda gaviazroT rogorc cda, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom warmatebuli cda, qarTuli lirikis modernistuli poetikiT ganaxlebisa da „evropuli radiusiT“ gamarTvis TvalsazrisiT, unda gaviazroT, rogorc erT-erTi pirveli cda urbanistuli lirikis Janris qarTul poeziaSi dafuZnebisa da momavali qarTveli lirikosebis am axal Janrze orientaciis TvalsazrisiT. literatura andreoti 2009: M. Andreotti, Die Struktur der modernen Literatur, Bern: Haupt Verlag, 2009. gamsaxurdia 1983: k. gamsaxurdia, Txzulebani 10 tomad, gam.-oba “sabW. saqarTvelo”, Tbilisi, 1983. Jurnalebi... 2011(a): t. tabiZe, cisferi yanwebiT; krebulSi: li- teraturuli Jurnalebi, 1910-1920-iani wlebi, wigni pirveli, literaturis muzeumis gamocema, Tbilisi, 2011. Jurnalebi... 2011(b): k. gamsaxurdia, berlini; krebulSi: litera- turuli Jurnalebi, 19101920-iani wlebi, wigni pirveli, literaturis muzeumis gamocema, Tbilisi, 2011. Jurnalebi... 2011(c): k. gamsaxurdia, qriste parizSi 1999 wels; krebulSi: literaturuli Jurnalebi, 1910-1920-iani wlebi, wigni mesame, literaturis muzeumis gamocema, Tbilisi, 2011. www.gutenberg... (a): http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/autor/georg-heym273 www.gutenberg... (b): http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/autor/autor/jakobvan-hoddis-1396 Tamaz gabisonia qarTuli qalaquri xalxuri musikis semiotikuri aspeqtebi qalaquri musika _ iseve, rogorc kulturis sxva dargebi, civilizaciasTan igivdeba, magram, amave dros, qalaqs aqvs sxva mniSvnelobac _ esaa qaosi, socialur Tu eTnikur jgufTa, stilTa aRreva. Sedegad ki _ am maxasiaTebelTa originalobis kargva, gauferuleba. qalaqi _ esaa farTo arCevani da, amasTan, reglamentis Tavisufali gadaazreba, rac gansakuTrebiT Tavs iCens mosaxleobis Semadgenlobis mkveTri Secvlisas, da yovelive es ki qmnis qalaquri musikis erTgvar eqstramusikalur konteqsts. Cveni interesis sagani qarTuli qalaquri musikaa, misi xalxuri Ziris winwamoweviT, magram cneba `xalxuris~ Cveneuli interpretacia yuradRebis miRma tovebs eTnikur komponents. es mimarTeba qarTuli eTnomusikis Seswavlisas yovelTvis wina planzea wamoweuli. am SemTxvevaSi cneba „xalxuris“ koleqtiuri Semoqmedebis mniSvnelobaa prioritetuli, rac qalaqisTvis gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria. aseve, naklebad motivirebulia cneba „qarTuli qalaquri musika“, romelic SeiZleba mianiSnebdes rogorc saqarTvelos qalaqebis, ise _ qarTuli eTnikuri dominantiT gansazRvrul xalxur musikas. Cven aqac ganze gadavdebT qarTuli qalaquri xalxuri musikis semiotikuri aspeqtebi 23 eTnikur komponents, radgan, zogadad, qalaqisTvisac igi naklebadaa aqtualuri, vidre soflisTvis. eTnikuri faqtoris primati damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli eTnomusikologiisTvis. Cven jer kidev qarTveli musikis folkloristebi varT da ara eTnomusikologebi, rogorc vuwodebT Tavs sabWoTa samecniero paradigmidan gamoqceulebi. Cven jer kidev pirvel nabijebs vdgamT tradiciuli musikis fenomenis sociumSi funqcionirebis aspeqtebze dakvirvebis mxriv. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom tradiciuli musikis kvlevis veqtoris amgvari Semotrialeba yovelTvis ar iwvevs samecniero interesis adekvatur gadanawilebas am fenomenis sxvadasxva Semadgenelze. am mxriv, qalaquri musika, rogorc adre, nawilobriv _ dResac, glexur musikalur folklorTan SedarebiT, geris rolSi rCeba. Tundac qarTuli eTnomusikalur sivrceSi yvelaze aqtualuri diskursi, romelic xalxuri musikis avTentikuri da akademiuri Sesrulebis problemas ganixilavs, kvlav da kvlav soflur simReraze fokusirdeba, xolo qalaquri mravalxmiani simRera da aRmosavluri vokalur-instrumentuli nimuSebi (ra mimarTulebac kvlav qalaqis sivrceSi iRebs saTaves) ganixileba, rogorc mxatvrul Rirsebas moklebuli da qarTuli erovnuli kulturisTvis ucxo plastebi (mesxi, 2003:493). msgavsi Sefaseba miecema e.w. „parafolklorsac“ (gabisonia 2014: 39) _ glexuri folkloris stilisturi elementebis gadamRerebiT funqcionirebad mimarTulebas, magram mas mainc sakmao yuradReba eTmoba, radgan igi erTgvarad ebmis tradiciul musikas, rogorc xSirad misi opoziti. gavixsenoT, Tu ra tradicia gvaqvs dResdReobiT qalaquri xalxuri musikis sxvadasxva saxeTa ganxilvis mxriv. grigol CxikvaZe 1961 wels gamocemul broSuraSi (CxikvaZe, 1961) Tanamedrove qarTul folklorad mxolod sabWoTa Tematikis simRerebs moiazrebs. sakuTriv qalaquri musikis sakiTxs ki yvelaze safuZvliani kvleva miuZRvna arCil mSveliZem _ rogorc winasityvaoba sanoto krebulisa _ qarTuli xalxuri qalaquri simRera (mSveliZe, 1957). ZiriTadad, es naSromi ayalibebs qarTul musikismcodneobaSi am mimarTebiT arsebul koncefcias, romlis mixedviTac, aris qalaquri musikis ori Sto: aRmosavluri _ orientalisturi stiliT, ZiriTadad, erTxmianobiT, da dasavluri _ dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavcelebuli evropuli funqcionalobis samxmianobiT. saqme isaa, rom aq cnebebi `aRmosavluri~ da `dasavluri~ moculobaTa da SinaarsTa Seusa- 24 Tamaz gabisonia bamobas amJRavnebs. ufro zusti viqnebiT, Tu aRmosavleT-dasavleTSi lokalizaciis punqts mkacri kriteriumis funqcias movaSorebT. saqme isaa, rom evropuli harmonia gvxvdeba rogorc TbilisSi, ise _ aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. stilisturad dasavluri Stos qalaquri simReris erTi mTavari wyaro _ opera xom TbilisSi dafuZnda da ara _ quTaisSi. aseve sacnauria isic, rom Tavad quTaisSic bolo dromde sakmaod popularuli iyo aRmosavluri `dastis~ musicireba. amitom, vfiqrob, rom dasavluri stili, rogorc evropuli harmoniiT motivirebuli, da aRmosavluri stili, rogorc orientaluri monodiiT motivirebuli, qalaqisa da soflis konceptebTan erTad paradigmatikul WrilSic unda ganixilebodes, da ara mxolod _ rogorc SemosazRvruli sintagmebi: dasavluri _ ZvelquTaisuri da aRmosavluri _ ZvelTbilisuri. es mosazreba garkveulwilad exmaureba m. qavTaraZis Sexedulebas Tbilisuri kulturis qarTuli da araqarTuli plastebis `polifoniur~ xasiaTze, `rac niSnavs kulturebisa da subkulturebis ara ubralo Tanaarsebobas, aramed maT difuziasa da dialogs~ (qavTaraZe, 2011:84). ra kriteriumiT SeiZleba, gaimijnos dRes qalaquri musikis koncepti araqalaqurisgan? gamovyofdi Semdeg argumentebs: 1. arareglamentirebulobiT _ Tavisufali interpretaciiT; 2. eTnikuri elementis naklebi xvedriTi wiliT; 3. poligenurobiT; 4. hibridulobiT; 5. artikulaciis unifikaciiT; cxadia, gansxvavdeba qalaquri xalxuri da, zogadad, qalaquri musika. Tumca am or movlenas Soris zRvari dRiTidRe bundovani xdeba. „qalaqur musikad“ moviazrebT, zogadad, qalaquri cxovrebis wesiT ganpirobebul musikas, maT Soris _ rogorc profesiul-saavtoros, ise – spontanurad Camoyalibebul mimdinareobebs; xolo „qalaqur xalxurSi“ _ mis qvesimravles _ tradiciuli koleqtiuri Semoqmedebis masivs. zogadad, qalaqur musikaSi gamovyofdiT: 1. postfolklors; 2. akademiur musikas; 3. saeklesio musikas; 4. kinosa da Teatris musikas; 5. sasule orkestris musikas; qarTuli qalaquri xalxuri musikis semiotikuri aspeqtebi 25 6. Tanamedrove popularul mimarTulebebs (maT Soris _ eTnoroks, eTnojazs, folkjazs); 7. parafolklors; 8. qalaqur xalxur (ara mxolod qarTul) musikas. da ra plastebi SeiZleba moviazroT qarTul qalaqur xalxur musikaSi? 1. evropuli harmoniis hibriduli 3-4-xmiani simRera; 2. xalxur sakravTa orkestrebis repertuari; 3. sabWoTa Tematikis simRerebi; 4. aRmosavluri vokalur-instrumentuli ansambli (fanoRebi); 5. calkeuli qarTuli vias kompoziciebi; 6. qarTvel lotbar-kompozitorTa Txzulebebi. unda aRniSnos, rom es ukanaskneli fenomeni Znelia, mxolod qalaquri warmoSobiT moiniSnos. aqcents soflur tradiciul intonaciaze akeTebdnen, magram Tavad araxalxuri, saavtoro midgoma, rac, ZiriTadad, melodiis moculobis gazrdaSi gamoixata, maT qalaquri meTodisadmi erTgulebaze metyvelebs. amgvar kompozitorebs r. wurwumia eTnomusikis sferoSi folkloris aqtiur momxmareblebs uwodebs (wurwumia, 2009:627). qalaqis Svilia postfolkloric. esaa cxovrebis Tanamedrove meTodebiTa da pirobebiT ganpirobebuli intonireba; sagitaro TviTmoqmedeba, „blatnoi simRerebi“ (rusuli da qarTuli), stadionis folklori, quCis musika, restornis musika, romelic yvelaze metadaa publikis moTxovnis amsaxveli, pop-rokis koleqtiuri reproduqcia, sareklamo musikaluri sloganebi, „hefi berTdei“ da sxva; samwuxarod, CvenTvis jer kidev daxurul fardas iqiTaa xelosanTa amqrebis musikaluri tradiciebi. yaraCoRelebis intonireba CvenSi mxolod „gind meZinos“-Tan da cekvebTan asocirdeba. tradicia/qalaqi _ es opozicia ara mxolod saero, aramed sasuliero musikaSicaa gamoxatuli. 1990-ian wlebSi erovnuli moZraobis paralelurad axladdanergili tradiciuli galobis mier gamodevnili evropuli funqcionaluri harmoniis galoba (e.w. „sionuri“) dResac eklesiisTvis Seufereblad iTvleba. Tavad aratradiciuli sagaloblis sabWoTa periodSi funqcionirebis istoria ki, ramdenime audioCanaweris garda, mTlianad burusiTaa moculi. 26 Tamaz gabisonia zogadad, tradiciis apologia xSirad swored religiuri da eTnikuri faqtorebiT sazrdoobs da avTentikurobas eswrafvis. rogor SesabamisobaSia cneba `avTentikuri _~ da `meoradi musikaluri folklori~ qalaqur da soflur StoebTan? cneba `avTentikurs~ xalxuri musikiT dainteresebuli piri dRes sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas sZens: aq SesaZlebelia igulisxmebodes: eTnikuri, Zveli, tradiciul-stiluri, funqciuri, zepirad gadacemadi, avtoritetuli da arc Tu ise xSirad _ sofluri, qalaquris sapirispirod (gabisonia 2014:27-28). e. garayaniZis TqmiT, namdvili xalxuri musika glexuri musikaa (garayaniZe, 2007:41). da Cvenc xSirad kvers vukravT mas da folklors mxolod glexs da ritualSi mis intonirebas vukavSirebT, rac, cxadia, cneba `avTentikuris~ moculobis xelovnurad Seviwroebas warmoadgens. zemoT CamoTvlili konotatebidan gamovyofdiT avTentikurobis araTu moyvarulTaTvis, aramed specialistTaTvis mniSvnelovan argumentebs, rogorebicaa tradiciuli stili da funqciuroba. unda aRiniSnos, rom qalaquri simRera dRes ufro metadaa funqciuri, vidre _ sofluri. qalaquri musika ufro advili Sesasrulebelia, ZiriTadad, salaRobo Janrisaa, amitom igi ufro xSirad da ufro gatacebiT sruldeba sufrasTan, vidre _ sxvadasxva Janris sofluri simRerebi (maT Soris _ Tavad sofluri simReris SesrulebelTa mier). da saerTod, tradiciuli stilis kuTxiT, mxatvruli Rirebulebis mqone sofluri avTentika dRes mxolod erTeulebis saxiTaa SemorCenili. man dakarga konteqsti da konsituacia da, faqtobrivad, – folklorulobac (aleqseevi, 1988:60). igi, ZiriTadad, mxolod mogonebebSia da eTnoforTa mier intervius dros gadmoicema. rac Seexeba meorad folklors anu _ sasceno da zogad salaRobo Janrad transformirebul nimuSebs, am mxriv swored sofluri folkloria wina planze, rogorc reprezentaciuli folklori (gabisonia, 2014:30). aq sakmaod didi mniSvneloba aqvs Cveni am saamayo tradiciis komodifikaciis process, romelic, zogadad, ufro da ufro met eTnomusikalur movlenas axarisxebs fasis mixedviT, rac globalizaciis bunebrivad Tanamdevi movlenaa (raisi, 2014:53). qalaquri musika sxva mxrivac amJRavnebs ambivalenturobas: erTi mxriv, reglamentis Sesustebisa da mravalplasturobis gamo am sivrceSi nayofieri niadagi eqmneba qarTuli xalxuri sti- qarTuli qalaquri xalxuri musikis semiotikuri aspeqtebi 27 lis aRmosavlurTan da evropulTan hibridizacias. meore mxriv ki, dRes stilTa siWreliT gamorCeul qalaqur musikas am stilebis ganviTarebis damoukidebeli, individualuri meTodi axasiaTebs. marTlac, swored ara homogenur sofelSi, aramed heterogenul qalaqSia gamovlenili calkeuli mimdinareobebisadmi erTguleba sxvaTa mimarT cinikuri an sulac Seuwynarebeli damokidebulebis wil. mavans ar mowons baiaTebi, mavans _ `popsa~, mavans _ sulac klasikuri musika. da aqve arian am movlenaTa muStrebic. amgvar simpaTia-antipaTias ki zogjer kvlav politikuri sarCuli aqvs. imis gamo, rom dampyroblebTan, aseve, kulturuli eqspansiis wyarosTan mWidro urTierToba swored qalaqSi yalibdeba, swored qalaquri saTave aqvs dominanti xalxis musikis rogorc mowonebas, aseve _ moZulebas. erTi mxriv esaa erTgvari „avtoritetuli musikis“ faqtori, xolo meore mxriv _ „dampyrobelTa musikisa“ (Semdegi qronologiiT – sparsuli-Turquli, rusuli, evropuli) (qavTaraZe, 2003:511). msgavsi situacia cnobilia sxva xalxebSic, magaliTad, Turquli musika ungreTisa da balkaneTis qalaqebSi. gavixsenoT aleqsandre jambakur-orbeliani: „rostom mefes sparseTis Cveuleba Semoutania saqarTveloSi da is Cveuleba ise egrgina mTels saqarTvelos ersa, saerTod izaxdnen Turme yizilbaSebma wagvpilwes da gagvryvneso“ (baxtaZe, 1986:99). ufro tolerantulia rafiel erisTavi: „marTlia, bevri simRerebi moipoveba, romelTa kilo da xasiaTi TaTrebisagan, yizilbaSTa da osmalebisgan aris miRebuli, magram isini rogorRac SeTvisebian Cvens xalxs da stumrad aRar iracxebian.“ da Semdeg qoriZes sTavazobs qarTveli sazandrebi Caweros notebze (baxtaZe 1986:100). Cans, zogi aprotestebda am movlenas, xolo zogs ki moswonda da nergavda. SeiZleba, musika msmenelis politikuri Sexedulebis indeqsadac iqces, magaliTad _ sazogadoebriv transportSi aJRerebuli rusuli estrada imave transportSi msxdom axalgazrdaTa portatul aparatebSi mJRer inglisurenovani musikis wil, anu evraziis kavSiri evrokavSiris pirispir. SesaZlebelia, aseve, visaubroT saeklesio piris mier galobaSi „krimanWulis“ dagmobis, an asakovnis mier axalgazduli „jagi-jugis“ dagmobis fsiqologiur determinantebze, magram am- 28 Tamaz gabisonia Jamad ufro aqtualurad gveCveneba aRmosavluri elferis qalaquri musikis „Suq-Crdilebi“ am mimarTebiT. erT-erT mizezad aRmosavluri intonaciis moZulebisa davasaxelebdi winaaRmdegobas, gamowveuls konkurenciis qveSecneuli SiSiT. faqtia, rom baiaTis stilis simRerebi, klarneti-doli-garmoni-momRerlis ansamblebi, marTalia, TaobaTa cvlas ewireba, magram soflad dRemde aqtualuria. maT sabolood daCagres mestvireTa da meWiboneTa tradicia. es SeiZleba davukavSiroT „fanoRuri“ musikis erT saintereso Taviseburebas _ Tavisi melodiis saSualebiT igi metad eqspresiulad gamoxatavs emocias. Tavad gadidebuli sekundac xom erTgvari emociurad utrirebuli intonaciaa! konkurenciis aspeqtSi aseve mniSvnelovan faqtorad unda miviCnioT aqcenti melodiur ganviTarebaze, romelic aRmosavluri musikis (aseve _ rusulisac) mZlavri argumentia. qarTul simReraSi melodiuri ganviTarebis veqtori iCrdileba harmoniuli da mravalxmianuri ganviTarebis tendenciiT. aRmosavluri musikis aqtualobis erT-erTi faqtoria pleneruli garemosTan misi iRbliani adaptacia. es musika umetesad xmamaRla JRers, rasac xels uwyobs sakravTa xmovaneba. aseve mniSvnelovania mkafio, sacekvao ritmis xazgasma. aRmosavluri musikis aTvalwunebas saqarTveloSi SesaZloa, xeli Seuwyo xalxuri Semoqmedebis komunisturma koncefciam, romelic cneba `xalxurSi~ mianiSnebda rogorc socialur aspeqts (demosi), ise _ eTnikursac _ Tanabari Rirsebis erebis Zmobis xazgasasmelad. am mxriv, unda iTqvas, rom sabWoTa propaganda ambivalentur damokidebulebas iCenda ararusi eTnosebis mimarT _ erTi mxriv, es ukanasknelebi eqceodnen didi rusi xalxis CrdilqveS, xolo, meore mxriv, xdeboda eTnikuri faqtoris wina planze gamotana da amgvari tuSirebisas win swored xalxurma Semoqmedebam wamoiwia. SeiZleba iTqvas, dRes qalaquri musikis koncepts momxmareblebi sxvadasxvagvarad iazreben: • qalaquri musika _ orientalisturi stilis Zveli Tbilisis musika _ ZiriTadad, dabadebiT Tbiliseli ufrosasakovani msmenelis TvalTaxedviT; qarTuli qalaquri xalxuri musikis semiotikuri aspeqtebi 29 • qalaquri simRera _ Zveli xalxuri simRerebis qalaquri Sto _ debi iSxnelebis simRerebis CaTvliT, magram ara Semdgomi _ musikis folkloristebisTvis; • qalaquri simRera _ evropuli funqcionalobiT, sagitaro akompanementiT da „xmebis gaSliT“ warmodgenili stili _ lirikuli da salaRobo simReris moyvaruli saSualo asakisa da axalgazrda momRerlebi; • qalaquri musika _ Tanamedrove popularuli mimdinareobebi _ soflis mcxovrebis moZveleburi warmodgeniT; • qalaquri musika _ stilisturi TvalsazrisiT araxalxuri (ara- eTnikuri, tradiciul-stilisturi), magram socialuri TvalsazrisiT, swored xalxuri _ arasaavtoro musika _ profesional musikosTa gadmosaxedidan; amgvarad, qarTuli qalaquri musikis koncepti mravaliarusiania da rTuli pragmatikiTaa gamorCeuli. SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom „qalaquri musika“ aris metonimi tradiciebisagan SeuzRudavad ganviTarebadi da funqcionirebadi musikisa. literatura 1988: лексеев, Эдуард. Фольклор в контексте современной культуры, рассуждение о судьбах народной песни. Москва. « оветский композитор». baxtaZe, 1986: inga baxtaZe, qarTuli musikalur-esTetikuri azris istoriidan (XIX saukunis meore naxevari), saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademia, SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis instituti, Tbilisi, „mecniereba“. gabisonia, 2014: Тамаз Габисония, Критерии „аутентичности” в грузинском народном музыкальном исполнительстве, „Музикология“, елград. garayaniZe, 2007: ediSer garayaniZe. rCeuli werilebi. Semdgeneli nato zumbaZe, redaqtori manana axmeteli. saqarTvelos musikaluri sazogadoeba, Tbilisi. mesxi, 2003: Tamar mesxi, sabWoTa periodis qarTuli samusiko folkloris Sesaxeb; tradiciuli mravalxmianobis pirveli saerTaSoriso simpoziumis moxsenebebi; Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoriis tradiciuli mraaleqseevi, 30 Tamaz gabisonia valxmianobis kvlevis saerTaSoriso centri, Tbilisi, `Coxi~. raisi, 2014: Timothy Rice, Ethnomusicology: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press. qavTaraZe, 2003: marine qavTaraZe, tradiciul musikalur kulturaTa urTierTobada transformacia tipologiurad ucxo kulturul garemoSi; tradiciuli mravalxmianobis pirveli saerTaSoriso simpoziumis moxsenebebi; Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoriis tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kvlevis saerTaSoriso centri, Tbilisi, `Coxi~. qavTaraZe, baCukuri, 2011: marina qavTaraZe, ekaterine buCukuri, polifoniisa da monofoniis urTierTmimarTebis problema qarTuli qalaquri folkloris magaliTze; tradiciuli mravalxmianobis pirveli saerTaSoriso simpoziumis moxsenebebi; Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoriis tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kvlevis saerTaSoriso centri, Tbilisi, `Coxi~. mSveliZe, 1970: qarTuli xalxuri qalaquri simRerebi. mSveliZe, arCil (Semdgeneli). Tbilisi: ssr kavSiris musikaluri fondis saqarTvelos ganyofileba (qarTul da rusul enebze). CxikvaZe, 1961: grigol, CxikvaZe, Tanamedrove musikaluri folklori. Tbilisi: politikuri da samecniero codnis gavrcelebis sazogadoeba. wurwumia, 2009: rusudan wurwumia, qarTuli mravalxmianoba Tanamedrove socio-kulturul konteqstSi; tradiciuli mravalxmianobis pirveli saerTaSoriso simpoziumis moxsenebebi; Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoriis tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kvlevis saerTaSoriso centri, Tbilisi, `Coxi~. nino gogiaSvili wylidan amozrdili qalaqis semiotika anu niRbebis, xidebis, wmindanebisa da vnebebis veneciuri karnavali „arxebis qalaqi“, igive „xidebis qalaqi“, „wylis qalaqi“, „niRbebis qalaqi“ an „adriatikis zRvis dedofali“ - ulamazesi venecia - Waobiani veneciis lagunaSi mdebareobs da gadaWimulia mdinareebis - posa da piaves SesarTavebs Soris. venecia 118 patara kunZulzea ganlagebuli, romlebic erTmaneTTan xidebiTaa dakavSirebuli. rogorc amboben, es xidebi Zvelma meTevzeebma aages. uamravi patara xidia gadebuli veneciis arxebze, mTavar - did arxze ki, romelic Grand Canal-is saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, uzarmazari TeTri rialtos xidia (Rialto bridge) gadaWimuli, romelzec ganTavsebulia veneciis yvelaze prestiJuli maRaziaTa qseli. 1854 wlamde is Grand Canal-ze gadebuli erTaderTi xidi iyo, XII saukuneSi ki mas Ponte della Moneta- s uwodebdnen anu fulis xids. rialtos xidi erTaderTia, romelic turistebSi konkurencias Piazza San Marco -s anu wminda markozis moedans uwevs. Piazza San Marco veneciis umTavresi RirsSesaniSnavi adgilia da misi saxelwodeba qristes sa- 32 nino gogiaSvili mocdaaT mociqulTagan erT-erTs - maxarebel markozs ukavSirdeba, romlis wminda nawilebi 829 wels aleqsandriidan veneciaSi gadaabrZanes da zustad am adgilas daiwyes San Marco-s taZris mSenebloba. Tanamedrove bazilikas ki 1063 wels Caeyara safuZveli da Semdgom mTeli Tavisi didebulebiT wamoimarTa. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, qristes wminda mociquli markozi veneciis lagunis teritoriebze qadagebda da swored amitom gadmoasvenes misi wminda nawilebi veneciaSi. is am qalaqis mfarvel wmindanadac iTvleba. frTiani lomi ki, romelic wminda markozis simboloa, veneciis bevr nagebobazea aRbeWdili da veneciis respublikis gerbad iyo aRiarebuli. veneciaSi uamrav dawesebulebas wminda markozis saxelwodeba aqvs - yvelaze merkantiluri Banco San marco - dan (wminda markozis saxelobis banki) dawyebuli, kvebisa da garToba-dasvenebis obieqtebiT damTavrebuli. am qalaqSi TiTqmis yvela TavSeyris adgilis saxelwodeba wmindanebTanaa dakavSirebuli - wminda margarita, wminda elena da kidev uamravi sxva. midixar mwvaned molivlive arxebis piras, odesRac, Raribi venetoeli meTevzeebis mier gadebul xis Zelebze aSenebul saocar arqiteqturas akvirdebi, sadac barokosa da goTikasTan Serwymuli aRmosavluri elementebi Wris Tvals feradSuSiani, mijriT Cawyobili vitraJebiT dawyebuli, aRmosavluri TaRebiTa da ornamentebiT dasrulebuli, rialtos xidTan didi abra gxvdeba: Stop mafia, Venezia e sacra! (SeCerdi mafia, venecia wmindaa!), da ggonia, rom sadacaa, darabebidan, koSkurebidan, xidebidan angelozebi afrindebian... es mcire istoriuli eqskursi dagvWirda imis dasamtkiceblad, rom venecia „wmindanebis qalaqia“ - mis Zireul semiotikur fundamentSi wminda markozis qristesTvis Sewiruli suli da sxeuli devs, am mocemulobisgan damoukideblad, mis garSemo ki sul sxva ambebi trialebs. venecia, rogorc Tomas mani ityoda, „yvelaze arnaxuli qalaqi qalaqebs Soris“, ambivalenturi vnebebisa da metafizikuri Zvrebis qalaqia - aq SeiZleba, giyvardes da aq SeiZleba, mokvde. manis „sikvdili veneciaSi“ swored biurgerul yofas gamoridebuli, amoxeTqili qvecnobieris Tavisufali boginis himnia, himni, romelic tragikulia, didebuli da tragikuli. iqneb swored aseT TviTgamorkvevas gvTavazobs religia, postulatiT: Seican Tavi Seni. an, - vinc ufrTxildeba suls, is da- wylidan amozrdili qalaqis semiotika 33 kargavs mas... didi mwerlis mizanmimarTuli pasaJia, nawarmoebis dasawyisSi taZarSi ganviTarebuli ucnauri movlena; ucnobis saxe, romelic aaforiaqebs aSenbaxs da ganawyobs mogzaurobisaTvis, aqezebs gamoucnobi emociis saZieblad da oTxmagi egzistencialuri saltosTvis amzadebs. aq Cndeba mTavari semiotikuri niSani - taZari, Tavisi wmindanebisa da swavlebebis paradigmuli jaWviT, romlebic, SesaZlebelia, sulac araa sworad gaSifruli da sul sxva faseulobebs itevs. swored amitom miemgzavreba gustav fon aSenbaxi aucileblad veneciaSi, da ara - sxva qalaqSi, romelsac Cven „wmindanebis qalaqic“ davarqviT. is miemarTeba kunZul lidoze, sadac iwyeba misi sulieri metamorfoza da mzadeba sikvdilisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom 13 wlis ulamazesi biWi - taZio, Tavisi saucxoo, aramiwieri garegnuli monacemebiT, ipyrobs xanSiSesuli mwerlis arsebas. taZio - rogorc gansxeulebuli mSveniereba da xelovnebis cocxali nimuSi, erTianad moicavs mwerlis gulsa da gonebas. vfiqrobT, es ukve WeSmarit xelovnebasTan ziarebis xdomilebaa, romelsac mTeli arsebiT SeigrZnobs biurgeruli yofis tyve mwerali. taZio simboloa xelovnebisa, romlis winaSec uZluria xelovani. rodesac veneciaSi cxovrob da rodesac wakiTxuli gaqvs Tomas manis „sikvdili veneciaSi“, xvdebi, Tu rogor SeiZleba dakargo Tavi, daikargo am auracxel silamazeSi, da gondoliT, rogorc kuboTi, gaemgzavro samudamo gansasveneblis kunZulze - lidoze. wyali, rogorc qvecnobieris ipostasi, rogorc informaciis Semnaxveli saukeTeso stiqia, rogorc saSiSi, boroti Zalebis sauflo, apelirebs adamianis gancdebze da, anareklis efeqtis Tanaxmad, aormagebs vnebebs. amasTan, cnobierSi amoativtivebs rig ucnaur survilebsa da miswrafebebs, romlebic aqamde mSvidad ganisvenebdnen qvecnobieris ukidegano fskerze da iotisodena diskomfortsac ki ar uqmnidnen mflobels. niRabi, romelic veneciis ucilobeli semiotikuri niSania, dakavSirebulia cnobil veneciur karnavalTan. karnavali ianvris bolodan 12 Tebervlamde grZeldeba da mTeli msofliodan izidavs turistebis nakads. karnavali aRdgomis dResaswaulTanaa dakavSirebuli, didmarxvis dawyebamde, yvelieris kviraSi imarTeba da misi laTinuri saxelwodebac xorcis akrZalvas niSnavs. is 1094 wels doJma vitale falierma SemoiRo, mogvianebiT ki veneciis respublikis senatma oficialur dResaswaulad scno. ve- 34 nino gogiaSvili neciis karnavalic religias ukavSirdeba, zemoT moyvanili mizezebis gamo. karnavalis erT-erTi siuJetic religiuria, rodesac muslimebisa da qristianebis pirobiTi brZolis sanaxaoba imarTeba. cxadia, am sanaxaobaSi gamarjvebulebi qristianebi rCebian. karnavalis monawileebi sxvadasxvagvari niRbebiTa da sakarnavalo kostiumebiT modian, yvela maTgani raRac ambis, legendis, miTis personaJia. yvelaze popularulia mistikuri veneciuri samosi - bauta, romlis qveSac imaleba ara marto personis saxe, aramed sqesic. is saukeTeso variantia anonimuri sasiyvarulo TamaSisas, damalvisaTvis. venecia sasiyvarulo TamaSebis, vnebaTaRelvebis da orgiebis qalaqicaa. SegviZlia, jakomo kazanovac gavixsenoT. niRbebiTa da kostiumebiT SefuTuli qalbatonebi gondolebiT gadahyavdaT da maTi vinaobis Secnoba TiTqmis SuZlebeli iyo. es Sua saukuneebis karnavali, romelic veneciis Tanmdevi fenomenia, cxadia, inspiraciis wyaroa baxtinis karnavalis da „karnavalizaciisa“. rogorc veneciuri, ise _ postmodernistuli karnavali destruqciuli xasiaTisaa da masSi irRveva yvela aqamde arsebuli dogma, wesi Tu sistema, Tumca aseTi totaluri rRvevis Sedegi mainc axali - sakarnavalo sistemis Camoyalibebaa, romelic gaiZulebs misi wesebiT TamaSsa da qmedebas. Suasaukuneobriv karnavals religiuri da sicocxlis ganaxlebis Zveli ritualebi udevs safuZvlad, baxtinis karnavali ki ufro mizanmimarTuli TamaSia, sadac niRbebis oromtrialSi ikargeba individebis SemoqmedebiTi stili da mTeli es „karnavalizacia“ parodiis usasrulo sivrced yalibdeba. veneciuri niRabi, vfiqrobT, ufro gaxsnilobis, vidre SeniRbulobis simboloa. radgan yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aTasgvari garegnuli niRbiT aRWurvili adamiani veneciur karnavalze sruliad gulwrfeli da namdvilia, - niRabi, romelic masSia, realurad ukeTia saxeze. niRbebisa da rolebis SerCeva cxovrebiseuli ambebis proeqciaa da semiotikur niSnebad Tavsdeba adamianur yofaSi. SesaZlebelia, xdeba maTi „personificirebac“ da raRac drois monakveTSi esa Tu is kostiumi garkveul Tvisebebsa da SegrZnebebs sZens mis mflobels. niRbis qveSidan momzirali adamiani, ra paradoqsulic unda iyos, ufro namdvili da avTentikuria, radgan realuri niRabi ararealuri, Sinagani, uricxvi mentaluri niRbebis dafarvis saSualebas iZleva. wylidan amozrdili qalaqis semiotika 35 rodesac veneciaze vfiqrob, pirvel rigSi, xidebi maxsendeba, arxebze gadebuli myari nawilebi, substancia, sadac SegiZlia, rom sul mcire moWideba igrZno, ganicado miwasTan Sexebis imitacia da SvebiTac ki amoisunTqo. yvelaze xSirad mainc Ponte delle Tette-ze vfiqrob, patara, arafriT gamorCeul xidze, romlis saxelwodebac iTargmneba, rogorc ZuZuebis xidi. es xidi prostituciis adgili iyo da Silifad Cacmuli meZavebi momsaxurebas sTavazobdnen gamvlel mamakacebs. am faqtis saWiroeba warmoiqmna gaxSirebuli da ukve epidemiasaviT modebuli homoseqsualizmis gamo, romelic realur safrTxes uqmnida qalaqis demografias. am droisaTvis veneciaSi 11 565 kurtizani muSaobda, 1519 wels ki prostituciidan Semosuli Tanxa Zalian daexmara italias arsenales gaTxrebisTvis gaRebul xarjebSi. am qalaqSi mSvidad da Sewyobilad cxovroben wmindanebi da meZavebi. venecia TiTqos ucnauri gansxeulebaa specifikuri emanaciisa da wmindanebis Zvlebze da saxelebze umtkivneulod fuZndebian bordelebi da kazinoebi. umdidresi, pompezuri eklesiebi TiTqmis carielia, kantikuntad Tu Seivlis ramdenime morwmune, Tumca, maTi ricxvi imdenad mcirea, rom SegviZlia, vTqvaT - masis intencia sulisken naklebad miemarTeba. amis sapirispirod, savsea barebi, restornebi, ubralod, TavSeyris adgilebi, gasarTobi centrebi, sportuli klubebi, gacxovelebulia vaWroba, yvavis turizmi. veneciis mTavari semiotikuri niSani mainc wyalia, kosmogoniuri warmodgenebiT bunebriv oTx elementTagan yvelaze metad gaigivebuli sicocxlis cnebasTan: zeciurma sunTqvam „pirvelwylebi“ orad dahyo - „zewylebad“ da „qvewylebad“. wylis simbolika qalur sawyisTanac asocirdeba da siwmindes, sisufTaves, janmrTelobas, simravles da RvTis madls moicavs. meore mxriv, wylis metaforuli konteqsti itevs bibliiseuli warRvniT mogvril SiSs, sikvdils, ganadgurebas. qristianul simbolikaSi wyali ganwmendis, naTlisRebis simboloa, antikur filosofiaSi ki wyals dinamikis, mudmivi ganaxlebis datvirTva aqvs. dabadeba, Soba wylidan xdeba - Cvili Txevad garemoSia dedis mucelSi da, aqedan gamomdinare, wyali am qveynad movlenamdel etapTanac gvakavSirebs. wylidan amozrdili qalaqi dabadebis macocxlebeli ZaliTac brwyinavs da, amave dros, ukurnebel sev- 36 nino gogiaSvili das gvgvris - es yvelaferi swrafwarmavalia, moZravia, gaivlis... veneciaSi wylis done wlidanwlamde ramdenime milimetriT iwevs da panikuri SiSi geufleba - odesme CaiZireba es mSveniereba, CaiZireba Tavisi vnebebiT, wmindanebiT, niRbebiT, xidebiT, da „wyali waiRebs yvelafers“, - es qarTuli frazeologizmi zusti Sesatyvisia am gancdisa. wyali qvecnobieris ipostasicaa, „wyalSi dafvla“ naTlisRebisas, wmindanTa yofnis adgilebSi amosul wyalSi samjer CayvinTva, nakurTxi wylis sxureba qristianul dogmatikasTan asocirdeba da magiur datvirTavs atarebs. vfiqrobT, es qvecnobierSi yvinTvaa, gaucnobiereblis nawilobriv gacnobierebis mcdeloba, jojoxeTis karibWesTan mikakuneba da ukan gamobruneba - sulieri simdidriT, axali gamocdilebiT, sxva mentaluri dimensiiT. swored es gancdaa, roca cxovrob veneciaSi an stumrob mas. wyalSi areklili arqiteqtura da misi xibli xandaxan ver Svelis gancdas, rom guli „gagiwyalda“ da amden moxetiale turistSi, amxela xmaursa da moZraobaSi mainc erTi „wyalwaRebuli“ adamiani xar, Seni adamianuri sasrulobiT, da arxebSi molivlive gondolebic marTlac ufro kuboebs mogagoneben, romlebSic Cveni nebiT vsxdebiT, raTa wynari lagunis talRebze narnarad vilivlivoT, - sruli svliT, sikvdilisken. am gancdas mxolod gondolierebis simRera anelebs - O, sole mio! (o, Cemo mzeo!) - romelic wylis qalaqSi mzis cxoveli sxiviviT airekleba. Tengiz verulava italo kalvinos `uxilavi qalaqebi ~ “samyaro, Tavis sxvadasxva gamovlinebaSi, yovelTvis gamoiyureba ufro fragmentuli, vidre uwyveti." italo kalvino literaturaSi bevria nawarmoebi, sadac mTavari gmiri tovebs mSobliur qalaqs da midis samogzaurod, mraval adamianTan urTierTobisas xvdeba, Tu ra aris megobroba, siyvaruli, sikeTe, boroteba, da bolos brundeba iq, saidanac daiwyo svla. homerosis „odiseaSi“ 20 wliani, xangrZlivi xetialis Semdeg odisevsi Tavis kunZuls, mSobliur iTakas ubrundeba. raindul nawarmoebTa kiTxviT STagonebuli don kixoti gadawyvets, TviTon gaxdes moxetiale raindi da sneuli brundeba Sin. guram doCanaSvilis „samosel pirvelSi“ samogzaurod wasuli domeniko, romelmac qveyniereba moiara da Tavis sofelze umjobesi vera hpova, brundeba Sin, brundeba mamasTan, raTa dro 38 Tengiz verulava rom mova, Tavad gaxdes mama (canava 2010). italieli mogzauri da vaWari marko polo (12541324) 17 wliani mogzaurobis Semdeg brundeba mSobliur veneciaSi da wers „marko polos wigns“, sadac mogviTxrobs ucnobi civilizaciebis Sesaxeb. 1972 wels italielma mweralma italo kalvinom „marko polos wignis“ gavleniT dawera „uxilavi qalaqebi“ ("Le città invisibili"), sadac polo monRolTa xans, iuanis saxelmwifos mmarTvels yubilais (1215-1294) mouTxrobs misi imperiis qalaqebze. “uxilavi qalaqebi“ TiTqos sizmrisa da sicxadis, irealurisa da realuris zRvarzea. Tavad yubilai xani asocirdeba ingliseli poetis samuel kolrijis (1772-1834) poemasTan „yubilai xani“. weris dros poeti iyenebda opiums da erTxel, poemis siuJetze ocnebisas, wignis kiTxvis dros CaeZina. poetma sizmarSi im poemis siuJeti ixila, romlis dawerazec mTeli sicocxle ocnebobda. poets personaJebi imdenad cxadad edgnen Tvalwin, rom sawolidan wamomdgari maSinve magidas miujda da sizmris poemad gadaqceva daiwyo. ase sulmouTqmelad, sanam opiumi jer kidev moqmedebda, dawera "yubilai xanis" pirveli 50 striqoni. moulodnelad stumari ewvia da poetma wera Sewyvita. roca stumari gaistumra, sizmari mexsierebidan gauqra. kolriji cdilobda dabruneboda poemas, magram sabolood uari Tqva mis dasrulebaze. miuxedavad amisa, “yubilai xani” miCneulia mis erT-erT yvelaze cnobil nawarmoebad. kalvinos romani „uxilavi qalaqebi“ 55 Tavisagan Sedgeba. TiToeuli Tavi calke moTxrobaa da dayofilia TerTmet "Tematur jgufad", romelTa saxelebi SerCeulia aRwerili qalaqis romeliRac erTi upiratesi niSnis mixedviT: 1. qalaqebi da mexsiereba (Le città e la memoria); 2. qalaqebi da survilebi (Le città e il desiderio) 3. qalaqebi da niSnebi (Le città e i segni) 4. daxvewili qalaqebi (Le città sottili) 5. qalaqebi da gacvlebi (Le città e gli scambi) 6. qalaqebi da Tvalebi (Le città e gli occhi) italo kalvinos “uxilavi qalaqebi” 39 7. qalaqebi da saxelebi (Le città e il nome) 8. qalaqebi da mkvdrebi (Le città e i morti) 9. qalaqebi da ca (Le città e il cielo) 10. gagrZelebuli qalaqebi (Le città continue) 11. damaluli qalaqebi (Le città nascoste) moTxrobebi mcire zomisaa: naxevari gverdidan or gverdamde. TiToeul moTxrobaSi aRwerilia qalaqis an misi mcxovreblebis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba. romani erTgvari TamaSia, sadac wesebs Tavad mkiTxveli irCevs. TiToeuli Tavi-moTxroba mkiTxvels SeuZlia waikiTxos ara Tanmimdevrulad, aramed SemTxveviTi rigis mixedviT, riTac iqmneba Tanamedrove qalaqebis absurduli, moCvenebiTi suraTi. “uxilavi qalaqebis“ dro da sivrce absoluturad pirobiTia. wignSi aRwerili qalaqebi TiTqos droisa da sivrcis miRma arseboben. masSi ar gvxvdeba arc erTi cnobili qalaqi. isini ar arseboben rukebze, arc istorias axsovs maTi saxelebi. TiToeuli qalaqi gamogonilia. wignis kiTxvisas mkiTxveli mogzaurobs warmosaxviT, irealur samyaroSi, sadac simarTle da gamonagoni erTmaneTSia gadaxlarTuli da qmnis gasaocar fantasmagoriul suraTs. romanSi aRwerili zogierTi qalaqi mxolod sizmrebSi arsebobs, zogi Cndeba wynari tbebis anareklSi, zogi miwis qveS Rrmadaa Camaluli, zogi haerSi dafrinavs, an ufskrulzea dakiduli. zmeraldina idumali qalaqia, izaura - aTasi Wis qalaqi, armila – dausrulebeli qalaqi, sakanalizacio milebiTa da onkanebiT gadaxergili... qalaq doroTeas oTxi aluminis koSki aqvs, romlis qalwulebi Tavad irCeven saqmroebs... qalaqi bavkidas mobinadreebs sZulT dedamiwa da yovelnairad cdiloben Tavidan aicilon masTan raime Sexeba. qalaq xloaSi adamianebi quCaSi erTmaneTs ar esalmebian da warmosaxviT warmoidginen erTmaneTs Soris SesaZlo saubars. „uxilav qalaqebSi“ saerTod ar igrძნӝӑӐ dro. igi gayinulia. istoria umoZraoa. wigni iwyeba da mTavrdeba imiT, rom yubilai xani da marko polo sxedan baRSi da sa- 40 Tengiz verulava ubroben ambebze, romlebic fragmentebadaa qaoturad mimobneuli da erTmaneTs ar ukavSirdeba. iseve, rogorc meoce saukunis modernistul literaturaSi, „uxilav qalaqebSi“ uaryofilia siuJeturi sisrule, tradiciuli fabula, kulminacia, kvanZis gaxsna anu qronologiuri drois formis nacvlad upiratesoba eniWeba sivrcobriv formas (franki 1945). faqtobrivad, nawarmoebi arsad ar wydeba, Txroba dausrulebelia. avtori mkiTxvels aZlevs SesaZleblobas wignSi Tavad moZebnos dafaruli Sinagani kavSirebi, gaanalizos, Tu ra aerTianebs am moTxrobebs? mkiTxveli TiTqmis Tanaavtorad iqceva. qalaqi berenice mogvagonebs hegelis Teza-antiTezas, samarTlianobisa da usamarTlobis monacvleobas. polo ambobs, rom Cven ukve vcxovrobT usamarTlo samyaroSi, "jojoxeTSi." igi gvTavazobs jojoxeTidan gaqcevis or meTods: „pirveli advilia mravalTaTvis: miiRo jojoxeTi da iqce mis nawilad, ise, rom, SesaZloa verasodes ixilo Tavad jojoxeTi. meore meTodi moiTxovs mudmiv Zalisxmevas: eZebo, iswavlo gamocnoba, Tu romel jojoxeTis cecxlSi ar aris jojoxeTi, xolo Semdeg iqonio moTmineba“. amiT, avtoris azriT, „uxilavi qalaqebi“ ar aris jojoxeTi da xangrZlivad SeiZleba misi moTmena. wignis erT-erT TavSi yubilai xansa da markos Soris Semdegi dialogi gaimarTeba: - darCa erTi qalaqi, romelzec araferi giTqvams. marko polom Tavi daxara. - venecia, - Tqva xanma. markom gaiRima: - da sxva raze vsaubrobdi, Seni fiqriT? imperators warbic ar Seuxria: - magram me Sengan erTxelac ar momismenia misi saxeli. polom upasuxa: - yovelTvis, rodesac me aRvwer ama Tu im qalaqs, me raRacas viReb veneciisagan... saxeebi sityvebiT gamoxatvis Semdeg mexsierebidan iSleba. iqneb, veneciaze saubris dawye- italo kalvinos “uxilavi qalaqebi” 41 biT meSinia, saerTod davkargo igi. da, SesaZloa, sxva qalaqebze saubrisas, me cotaTi ukve davkarge igi (XIII, 88). am dialogis Semdeg iwyeba qalaqis aRwera, romelic Zalian hgavs venecias: zmeraldinaSi, qalaqSi wyalze, arxebis da quCebis qseli erTmaneTs kveTen... aseTi geografiuli momenti SemTxveviTi ar aris. venecia - yvelaze saocari qalaqia msoflioSi, romelic „sxva realobis" gancdas tovebs da arasworxazovnobis principis geografiuli, sivrciTi gansaxierebaa. „imisaTvis, rom erTi adgilidan meoreze moxvdeT, Tqven yovelTvis SegiZliaT, airCioT saxmeleTo da sanaosno gzebs Soris; da radganac zmeraldinaSi umoklesi xazi or punqts Soris aris ara swori, aramed zigzagobrivi, romelic sxvadasxva variantebad itoteba, TiToeul mgzavrs exsneba ara ori, aramed bevri gzea da maTi ricxvi kidev izrdeba maTTvis, vinc naviT gadasasvlelebs xmeleTze gadasasvlelebiT cvlis. (XIII, 89). samSoblos moSorebuli marko polo Tavis xangrZliv mogzaurobaze saubrisas ucxo qveynis qalaqebs ki ar aRwers, aramed Tavis mSobliur qalaqze – veneciaze gviambobs. “mSobliuri qalaqis mitoveba, – eubneba marko yubilai xans, – warmosaxvaSi mSobliur qalaqTan dabrunebaa. rac ufro bevrs xedav, miT ufro Seicnob im mcires, rac Senia, Seni sakuTrebaa.” dabadebisas axalSobili tovebs dedis mucels da mogzaurobas iwyebs misTvis sruliad ucnob samyaroSi. am mogzaurobis arc dasawyisi icis da arc dasasruli. wuTisoflis moulodnelobebiT savse, qaosur gzaze, sadac yvelaferi burusiTaa moculi, arsebobs erTaderTi adgili Tu dro, romelsac yovelTvis ubrundebi. es aris mucladyofnis periodSi gavlili sanukvari xana. adamians mxolod sizmarSi SeuZlia ganicados masTan dabrunebis siaxlove. amitomac Rebulobs Zilis dros, gaucnobiereblad, mucladyofnis pozas, radgan igia misi yvelaze sanatreli mdebareobac da mdgomareobac. Tengiz verulava 42 TiToeul qalaqs avtorma misca qalis saxeli. mogzauri marko polosaTvis, romelsac enatreba Tavisi samSoblo, TiToeuli qalaqi qalia da survilis obieqti. TavSi „qalaqebi da survili“ qalaq zobeidaSi quCebi isea dagegmili, rom emTxveva kacis ocnebas - ltolvas warmosaxviTi qalisadmi. miuxedavad imisa, rom wignSi dro gayinulia, ar aris kulminacia, kvanZis gaxsna, da sxvadasxva qalaqebSi mogzaurobac usasrulod gveCveneba, romanSi aris centri, sadac yvela xazi ikveTeba - es centria mSobliuri qalaqi, venecia. iseve, rogorc odisevsi brundeba mravalwliani xetialidan sakuTar qalaqSi, marko polosTvis samyaros ukidegano siSoreze mogzaurobisas yovelTvis arsebobs erTi adgili, romelsac yovelTvis ubrundeba, sadac ar unda iyos igi. da es adgilia sakuTari samSoblo, mSobliuri venecia. literatura kalvino 1980: Calvino, Italo. Una pietra sopra. Torino, Einaudi. kalvino 1993: Calvino, Itallo. Le città invisibili. Milano, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. franki 1945: Frank J. Spatial Form in Modern Literature: An Essay in Three Parts. The Sewanee Review. Johns Hopkins University Press. Vol. 53, No. 4 (Autumn, 1945), pp. 643-653 canava rusudan 2010: Tanaxetiali. Jurnali „arili“. marti, 2010 w. xaTuna TavdgiriZe qalaqi da gamoqvabuli — miTopolitikuri narativis dasawyisi ab urbe condita /,,mas Semdeg, rac qalaqi daarsda’’ romaeli istorikosebi am sityvebiT aRniSnaven dros, saidanac maTi istoria iwyeba. miTosur paradigmaTa TamaSi ,,In Illo Tempore’’ / ,,mas Jamsa Sina’’ – am fraziT laTineebma miTosuri samyaro, misi dro da sivrce SemosazRvres, rogorc winareistoriuli, zedrouli movlena. igive laTinelebma istoriis dasabamic moniSnes, is aTvlis wertili, saidanac istoria iwyebs Tavis linearul, usasrulo mdinarebas: ab urbe condita /,,mas Semdeg, rac qalaqi daarsda,’’ - romaeli istorikosebi am sityvebiT aRniSnaven dros, saidanac maTi istoria iwyeba. aq cxadad ikveTeba umTavresi sazrisi: miTosi da istoria erTmaneTs qalaquri – urbanuli civilizaciis mijnaze kveTs. cxadia, miTosi aq ar asrulebs Tavis cxovrebas, igi axal fazaSi – qalaqis paradigmaSi ganagrZobs xaTuna TavdgiriZe 44 arsebobas, axali morfologiiTa da TamaSis(paradigmaTa TamaSi) axali wesebiT. sami damo(u)kidebuli cneba – qalaqi, saxelmwifo(qalaq-saxelmwifo) da politika erTi saerTo ZvelberZnuli sityvidan ,,polisidan’’(πόλις) momdinareobs. amiT enam TavisTavad moniSna qalaqisa da masSi(Tu misiT) gansxeulebuli politikis mTeli konotaciur-semantikuri sivrce, ,,polisis’’ areali, romelmac dasabami daudo politikuri narativis, sazogadoebrivi diskursis tradicias. ,,polisi’’ aris sazogadoebrivi, samoqalaqo naratiuli sivrce, romelic daupirispirda winare saojaxo-gvarovnul, arasamoqalaqo diskurss - ,,oikoss,’’ saxls. ,,qalaqi – es ze-saxlia, es saxlis gadalaxvaa, axali da ufro rTuli struqturis Seqmnaa vidre ojaxuri ,,oikosi’’(saxli)’’ (gaseti 1993) – wers gaseti ,,masebis amboxSi’.’ urbanuli civilizaciebis daarsebis epoqa klasikuri, ganviTarebuli miTologiebis xanaze modis. miuxedavad arqauli msoflmxedvelobis gadalaxvisa da azrovnebis maRal safexurze gadasvlisa, urbanul civilizaciebSic miTologia Zlieri warmmarTveli Zalaa da jer kidev mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs socialuri da politikuri sferoebis funqcionirebis forma-Sinaarss. es imas niSnavs, rom Zveli ganviTarebuli civilizaciebis urbanuli msoflmxedvelobac, arsebiTad, miTologiur paradigmas agrZelebs. rogoria qalaqis miTosuri paradigma? mivyveT miTosur qronologias, romelic dagvanaxebs, rom qalaqis miToxati, misi daarsebis miTosuri paradigma, miTosSi bunebis(qaosi, udabno) an ,,bunebrivi saxlis’’ - gamoqvabulis miToxatis antipodad Semodis. amasTan, qalaqi-polisisa da misi antipodebis dapirispireba aris miTopolitikur paradigmaTa TamaSis ganumeorebeli asparezi, sadac miTosi, miToritualuri sistema mis monawileebs umal gadaaqcevs funqciur figurebad da moqmedebaTa wreebad, romelTa konfiguracia(gadaadgileba, rolebis Secvla), interpretaciaTa ganusazRvreli SesaZleblobis miuxedavad, sabolood lagdeba samjerad klasifikaciad. pirveli: sawyisi paradigma - udabnodan qalaqamde qalaqi da gamoqvabuli – miTopolitikuri narativis dasawyisi 45 ori enqidu, ori gilgameSi kulturis dafuZneba bunebisa da adamianis(/kulturis) dapirispirebis miTosuri paradigmiT iwyeba. bunebasTan participaciis(totemizmis) gadalaxvis Semdeg, bunebasTan gaCaRebuli konfliqti - uecari adamianuri amboxi, aris pirveli nabiji, romelic adamianma gadadga garesamyaroSi sakuTari adgilis(teritoriis) dasamkvidreblad(mosapoveblad). adamianma samudamod miatova buneba, udabno da moZebna gamoqvabuli - pirveli bunebrivi saxli, romelSic Tavad gabatonda. bunebisa da kulturis konfliqti miTosSi sxvadasxvagvarad aris gaformebuli, Tumca sazrisi yvelgan erTia: qaosi unda ailagmos, igi unda gardaiqmnas kosmosad da socialur-politikur wesrigad – polisad. es gardauvalia, radgan, rogorc karl Smiti ambobs, ,,ar arsebobs aranairi norma, romelic qaoss miesadageba. wesrigi unda damyardes, rom samarTlebriv wesrigs azri hqondes.’’(Smiti 2000:9). qalaqi da udabno – aseTia dapirispirebulTa ori mxare Suamdinarul eposSi ,,gilgameSiani.” erT mxares aris uruqi, didi polisi da misi miTiuri mmarTveli gilgameSi. xolo, meore mxares, - udabno, veluri buneba da misi miTiuri arseba, veluri, faCvnieri enqidu, romelsac ,,rZe velur cxovelTa uwovia, qurcikis jogTan balaxi uZovia.’’(gilgameSiani 2009, II-10). er- TaderTi mizezi/motivi, ris gamoc iqmneba enqidu, miTopolitikuria: man gilgameSis, rogorc qalaqis mmarTvelis gadagvarebuli buneba, qaosuri Zalmomreoba - ,,gulis grigali’’(rogorc amas mxatvrulad ambobs eposi) unda SeaCeros. mxolod gilgameSis oreuls, gilgameSis qaosuri Zalis prototips - enqidus SeuZlia amis gakeTeba: amitom eposi enqidusa da gilgameSs, am heterogenul wyvils, fizikur da sulier oreulebad saxavs. swored aq warmoCndeba mTeli sicxadiT sawyisi paradigmis arsi: udabno(qaosi) qalaqis erTaderi sworupovari, fardi antipodia(da ara saxli-oikosi): ,,aruru, Seni Seqmnilia mamaci mamri, Seqmeni axla misi oreuli, xaTuna TavdgiriZe 46 mis gulis grigals gautoldes ! dawyvildnen, uruqs Sveba moeces’’(gilgameSiani 2009: I-70). enqidu, marTalia faCvnieria, veluria, magram igi adamianad aris dasaxuli da misi adgili polisSia, Tavisi tyupiscalis gilgameSis gverdiT, amitom Zalian male enqidu zurgs Seaqcevs bunebas, zoomorful samyaros da uruqisaken - didi polisisasaken aiRebs gezs. aseT dros SeiZleboda mas warmoeTqva sityvebi, romlebic sul sxva civilizaciaSi iTqva: - ,,me araferi maqvs saerTo mindvris balaxebTan da xeebTan, aramed Cemi saerTo aris adamianebTan qalaqSi.’’(sokrate). aq iwyeba enqidus didi migracia polisisaken, misi gadaqceva WeSmarit poliselad. eposSi ori enqidu – udabnoeli da qalaqeli gadaiqca or gilgameSad – or qalaqelad: udabno transformirda qalaqad. Tumca, veluri bunebis metamorfoza polisad martivi da umtkivneulo procesi ar aris. igi did kosmogoniur orTabrZolze gadis. amis Sesaxeb ukve sxva Suamdinaruli eposi, - ,,enuma eliSi’’ gvamcnobs. polisi kosmosia, romelic qaosis daZlevis Semdeg, misi stiqiebis alagmviT iqmneba. amitomac, drenaJisa da irigaciis sistemaze dafuZnebuli(Suamdinaruli civilizaciis qvakuTxedi), Waobian miwawyalze nayofieri kulturis, urbanuli civilizaciis aRmoceneba, ,,enuma eliSis’’ miTosma Sesaqmis kosmogoniuri aqtiT wylis qaosis urCxulis – TiamaTisa da kosmosis RmerTis – marduqis samkvdro-sasicocxlo SerkinebiT gaaforma. polisi rom warmoiSvas, Sedges rogorc qalaq-saxelmwifo, amisaTvis qaosi, uwesrigoba unda daiTrgunos nebismieri gziT, Tundac Zaladobrivi, agresiuli meTodebiT, Tundac didi msxverplis fasad. qalaq-saxelmwifo rom Sedges, mas Wirdeba msxverpli da es msxverpli uciloblad misi antipodis, zoomorfuli samyaros niSniT unda iyos aRbeWdili. amitomac imarjvebs marduqi da ara TiamaTi, amitomac kvdeba enqidu da ara gilgameSi, amitomac STanTqavs ufskruli(sakuTari nebiT rom gadaeSveba) qalaq Tebes SesasvlelTan dabudebul urCxul sfinqss da ara oidiposs polisis(Tebes) jer gaucxadebel mefes, romelic gamoicnobs sfinqsis miTosur gamocanas adamianze, moqalaqaze, polisis ,,politikur arsebaze.’’ swored am opoziciaSi(buneba - qalaqi) ibadeba qalaqis Tavdapirveli miTopolitikuri paradigma, romlis wiRSic sicocxlis, kosmosis pirveli borcviviT(rogorc xela- qalaqi da gamoqvabuli – miTopolitikuri narativis dasawyisi 47 xali Sesaqme) amoimarTeba urbanuli civilizaciis pirveli kera –bunebaSi gauqmebuli bunebis miToxati. qalaq-saxelmwifos kedlebis SigniT moqceuli bunebis/miwis nawilze ,,uqmdeba buneba, es ,,patara meamboxe miwa’’ da ,,gauqmebuli bunebaa,’’ - rogorc gaseti ambobs, es patara ,,meamboxe miwa’’ bunebrivad gadadis adamianuri kulturis kategoriaSi. qalaq-saxelmwifos SemosazRvruli kedlebi auqmebs zoomorfuli samyaros organizacias - instiqtebiT marTvis meqanizms da afuZnebs gonebiT, saxelmwifoebriv-samoqalaqo Segnebis marTvis principebs, romelic adamians Tavis bunebriv adgils qalaqis SigniT miuCens. amieridan, zoomorful samyaros gamijnuli da poliss – qalaq-saxelmwifos Sefarebuli adamiani gadaiqceva ,,politikur cxovelad’’(,,Zoon politikon’’). adamiani, miuxedavad imisa, rom veluri bunebis nawils – cxovelur niSnebsac atarebs, igi polisis kuTvnilebaa, igi ,,polisis cxovelia‘’, igi gakulturulebuli da polisis sazRvrebSi Semoyvanili enqidua, – Tavdapirvelad cxovelTa Soris mZoveli da SemdegSi maTgan zurgSeqceuli uruqis diadi moqalaqe. meore: mediaciuri paradigma – qalaqsa da qalaqs Soris ™ uruqsa da araTas Soris. lugalbandas gamosvla gamoqva- bulidan SiSveli bunebidan, udabnodan pirdapir qalaqSi ver moxvdebi. jer gamoqvabulis - ,,bunebrivi saxlis’’ stadia unda gaiaro. meore paradigma auqmebs dualur radikalizms(udabno - qalaqi) da Semohyavs Sua, mediaciuri rgoli - gamoqvabulis miToxati. Suamdinarul eposSi pirdapiri saxiT ar Cans gamoqvabuli, magram igi ivaraudeba. enqidu pirdapir udabnodan da zoomorfuli samyarodan, Suamavlis gareSe veraviTar SemTxvevaSi moxvdeboda uruqSi. igi polisSi Sesvlamde bunebrivi oikosis mkvidri gaxda. misi gamoqvabuli iyo SamxaTi da SamxaTis mwife sxeuli. iSTaris taZris saRvTo roskipma veluri kaci sakuTari sxeulis gavliT adamianur kulturas aziara: xaTuna TavdgiriZe 48 ,,samosi dafina, daawva enqidu, diacis saqme aCvena velurs’’(gilgameSiani 2009: I-170). SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom saxlis, bunebrivi gamoqvabulis funqcia mdedris sxeulma itvirTa, sxeulic bunebrivi saxlia, gamoqvabulia da upirispirdeba adamianis xeliT Seqmnil saxls. amasTan, mdedruli sawyisi kulturaSi xTonuri gamoqvabulis, bneli samyaros arqetipia. amgvarad, enqidu vidre uruqeli, qalaqeli gaxdeboda, igi uwinaresad, SamxaTis Tanamecxedre - gamoqvabulis mkvidri gaxda. magram amiT arsebiTad araferi icvleba: qalis, iseve rogorc gveleSapis xTonuri wiaRi qaosis ekvivalenturia. SamxaTis epizodSic qaosisa da qalaqis opozicia meordeba. es Qqaosis gamoqvabulia - TviTCaketili, Seuval-gauvali sivrce. aq jer kidev ar dabadebula axali paradigma. axali paradigma ibadeba qalaqsa da qalaqs Soris arsebuli gamoqvabulis kvaldakval. am axal paradigmaSi sawyisi qaosi sruliad amovardnilia, gamoqvabulic transformirebulia - igi qalaqisken pirmiqceuli gaxsnili sivrcea, rac mTlianad cvlis Tavdapirveli paradigmis arss: es is gamoqvabuli aRaraa, romelsac bunebidan, udabnodan gaqceulma adamianma Seafara Tavi, aramed, is sivrcea, sadac qalaqidan gaqceuli, gariyuli, Tu sxva idumal garemoebaTa wyalobiT moxvedrili moqalaqe afarebs Tavs. igi anaTemisa da gariyulobis metafizikuri miToxatia(amitom enqidusa da SamxaTis epizodi am paradigmas aRar Seesabameba). mediaciuri paradigma gamoCnda Zvel, enqidumdeli uruqis istoriaSi, gilgameSis miTiuri da istoriuli winamorbedis, uruqis mesame dinastiis mefis lugalbandas miTosur TavgadasavalSi.1 Sumer mefeTa – enmerqarisa da lugalbandas mefobis periodi qalaq uruqis daarsebisa(enmerqari uruqis damaarsebelia) da TviTdamkvidrebis(/hegemonobis) sakralur xanas moicavs. lugalbandas eposi mogviTxrobs ori didi qalaqis – realuri uruqisa da miTosuri araTas metoqeobisa da maT Soris gaCaRebuli samxedro dapirispirebebis Sesaxeb. ukacriel mTebSi miabijebs uruqis mefis – enmerqaris didZali laSqari, romelsac win miuZRvis misi vaJi - lugalbanda, rva Zmas Soris umrwemesi(momavali mefe). mas gzad gansacdeli Sexvdeba – Zlier avad xdeba qalaqi da gamoqvabuli – miTopolitikuri narativis dasawyisi 49 da momakvdavs or qalaqs - uruqsa da araTas Soris moqceul, udaburi mTebis gamoqvabulSi toveben. am epizodSi mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT ifeTqebs qalaqis axali miToparadigma, roca eposi lugalbandas qalaqisagan fataluri mokveTilobisa da mSobliur uruqSi(igive qulabaSi) dabrunebis SeuZleblobis suraTs daxatavs: ,,netav uruqSi waiyvandnen, magram ar ician rogor waiyvanon. netav qulabaSi waiyvandnen, magram ar ician rogor waiyvanon...’’(Suamdinaruli 2009). sxva epizodi(eposSi sul oria aseTi adgili) kidev ufro amZafrebs qalaqSi paradigmuli dabrunebis aucileblobis dramatizms. lugalbanda gamoqvabulSi ver darCeba, isev qalaqSi unda dabrundes - an cocxali, an mkvdari. aq arsebiTi paradigmuli marSrutis gavlaa, misi misteriis aRsruleba: qalaqi-gamoqvabuli-qalaqi, romlis triqotomiuri sakraluri samkuTxedis ukanasknel fazaSi, gmiric fernacvalia(masze gadmosulia samefo RvTaebrivi davlaTi, Sumerulad ,,melami’’) da qalaqic. Sumeruli eposi lugalbandas Zmebsa da megobrebs daakisrebs paradigmis aRsrulebaze zrunvas, amitomac bWoben isini erTmaneTSi amgvarad: ,,Tu Cveni Zma uTusaviT sawolidan wamodgeba . . . . misi fexi miwaze myarad dadgeba, mTebidan agurnaSen qulabamde miiyvans. Tu uTu Cven Zmas wminda adgilas, Zvirfas adgilas mouxmobs, sicocxlis Zala datovebs mis sxeuls, maSin Cven araTadan mobrunebisas Cveni Zmis gvams agurnaSen qulabasaken waviRebT’’(Suamdinaruli 2009). aq erTi garemoebac iqcevs yuradRebas – mravali RvTaebidan, romlebic lugalbandas Tavs dastrialeben(sizmrad) lugalbandas beds, mis gamojansaRebasa da gamoqvabulidan gamosvlas mzis RvTaeba uTu ganagebs. es ukve paradigmis ontologiuri nawilia: mzis naTelisa da misi uSualo antipodis, gamoqvabulis bneli wiaRis dapirispireba. gamoqvabulSi moxvedrili gmirebi(ara mxolod lugalbanda) iqidan mzis Suqs gamohyavs. am opoziis metafizikas Cven platonis gamoqvabulis miTidan vicnobT da es metafizika ar gulisxmobs qaosisa da kosmosis dapirispirebas, am paradigmaSi gamoqvabuli urbanuli civilizaciis saxlis(oikosis) miTosuri prototipia. gavyveT am xazs. gamoqvabuli udabur bunebas, udabnos agrZelebs(oRondac ar imeorebs)- igi bunebrivi saxlia(bunebis mier Seqmnili), mis Seq- xaTuna TavdgiriZe 50 mnaSi adamians monawileba ar miuRia. amitom gamoqvabulSi moxvedrili lugalbanda garkveuli droiT velur enqidus emsgavseba, enqidusaviT zoomorfuli niSnebiT aRibeWdeba. gamoqvabulidan gamosuli aRarafriT hgavs uruqel gmirs, Cliqosani gareuli nadiriviT moZraobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom am eposisaTvis zogadad damaxasiaTebelia zoomorfuli metaforika, rac miTosur teqstebSi imTaviTve arqetipuli sazrisis matarebelia, am epizodSi gamokveTilad xazgasmuli metaforizeba sakralur metaformozamde midis(aseT gancdas gvitovebs): ,,netari lugalbanda gamoqvabulidan gamovida. . . man erTi Cliqi miwaze Camodga, im adgilidan Cqarobda kanjariviT, mTebze gadavida SaqaniviT, datvirTuli, didi, Zlieri, saxedariviT, sirbili wyuroda, garSemo xtoda, moxdenili saxedariviT’’(eposebi 2009:69). lugalbandas ,,gaCliqosneba’’ epizoduri, wamieri gaelvebaa da rogorc preistoriuli warmavali xilva maleve qreba. magram am epizodis CarTva, rogorc raRac axlis dasawyisis mijna, aucilebeli iyo. lugalbandas xanmokle gatyiurebis motivi gamiznulad Segvaxsenebs Tavdapirvel paradigmas, rom amis Semdgom, axali paradigma misi uaryofis gziT ganviTardes. ganviTarebis es xazi bunebis, udabnos, qaosis uaryofamde, srul gauqmebamde midis: marTalia gamoqvabuli udabur bunebas agrZelebs, magram igi bunebaSi gamoyofili SemosazRvruli sivrcea da rac mTavaria(axali paradigmis narativisTvis), gamoqva- buli zurgiT udgas udabnos da piri qalaqisken aqvs miqceuli. axali paradigma gamoqvabuls gamoaclis qaosis, xTonuri sivrcis sazriss da mas gadaaqcevs saxli-oikosis miTosur oreulad, rac ,,iniciaciis saxls’’(//,,tyis qoxs’’) gulisxmobs da rac e.w. ,,gardamavali’’ miToritualebis aRsrulebis adgilia. amas sagangebod xazs usvams Sumeruli eposi, roca gamoqvabulis qvaur, bunebriv sixistes, mis udaburobas urbanuli civilizaciis qalaqi da gamoqvabuli – miTopolitikuri narativis dasawyisi 51 niSnebiT - saojaxo-yofiTi inventariT gadafaravs. am epizodSi eposi pirdapir miuTiTebs gamoqvabulSi saxlis mowyobaze: ,,Tbil adgilas waiyvanes, Cvrebisagan Citis budesaviT gaukeTes, finiki, leRvi, yveli, puri da tkbileuli, rasac sneuli kaci SeWams, dauwyves. palmis rtoebisagan saxli auSenes. . .’’(Suamdinaruli 2009). amis Semdeg zedmiwevniTi sizustiT aris aRwerili, Tu rogor aavseben aucilebeli sursaT-sanovagiTa da saWiro nivTebiT gamoqvabuls – lugalbandas, jerac gaucxadebeli mefis droebiT TavSesafars uruqeli TanamebrZolebi. amgvarad, axal paradigmaSi, gamoqvabuli qalaqsa da qalaqs Soris Cndeba, ara rogorc qaosis, udabnos fragmenti, aramed rogorc ,,struqturirebuli bunebis’’ miToxati. qalaqs, rogorc adamianis xeliT struqturirebul sivrces gauCnda Sesaferisi antipodi - ,,struqturirebuli buneba.’’ amitom, gamoqvabuli aris antipodic, dabrkoleba qalaqisken mimaval gzaze da qalaqis mediaciuri oreulic, rogorc struqturirebuli sivrce, romelic qalaqTan gvaaxlovebs. igi Tavis sakralur wiaRSi, iniciaciisa da gardamavali ritualis aRsrulebis saxlSi, qalaqisTvis, moqalaqeobisTvis, mmarTvelobisTvis amzadebs iniciaciis gmirs. swored am gaormagebis unariT, gamoqvabuli fizikuridan sxva, metafizikur arsebobaSi gadadis. metafizikur ganzomilebaSi gadasvla sizmris gziT isxams xorcs: qalRmerT inanasagan Zilmogvril lugalbandas sxvadasxva RvTaebebi ecxadebian, isini mis gamojansaRebaSi, rogorc ritualSi, ise arian CarTulni, oRondac ritualis ukanasknel gadamwyvet aqts - lugalbandas gamojansaRebas da gamoqvabulidan gamoyvanas mzis RvTaeba uTu ganasrulebs, rogorc es Tavidanve, Zmebis bWobaSi iyo gamoTqmuli. isev solaruli miTosis metafizika: ,,Wabukma uTum Tavisi brwyinvale sxivi cidan moafina, mTis gamoqvabuli Tavisi Tavisi melamiT gaunaTa; brwyinvale lugalbandas mTis gamoqvabulSi uboZa, misi keTili udugi cidan mouvlina; misi keTili lama ukan gaayola.’’(Suamdinaruli 2009). metafizikuri sizmari uxilavi bewvis xidia gamoqvabulsa da qalaqs Soris, romelmac paradigma ukanasknel, gadamwyvet fazaSi unda gadaiyvanos – saboloo mizani gamoqvabuls Sefarebuli mefis gacxadeba, misi qalaqSi Seyvana da intronizaciaa. 52 xaTuna TavdgiriZe Sumerul eposSi gamoqvabulidan TavdaRweuli lugalbanda isev qalaqsa da qalaqs - uruqsa da araTas Soris moZraobs da sabolood, gamarjvebac moaqvs Tavisi qalaqisTvis, rac mis uzenaes politikur momavals uyris safuZvels – mas momavali mefis legitimur statuss sZens. ™ farnavazis gamosvla gamoqvabulidan qarTuli miTopolitikuri narativis dasawyisi gamoqvabulSi, rogorc iniciaciis saxlSi moxvedrili lugalbandas miTiuri Tavgadasavali, misi metafizikuri sizmari, sizmrad movlenili mnaTobi, romelic gamoqvabulidan gamosvlis, qalaqSi dabrunebisa da intronizaciis momaswavebelia, mTeli Tavisi miToparadigmuli sisavsiT ganmeordeba pirveli qarTveli mefis – farnavazis politikur miTosSi. leonti mrovelis(me-11 s.-is moRvawe) istoriuli miTonarativis mTavari gmiri farnavazi, uruqeli mefis lugalbandas gzas gaivlis(paradigmis doneze da ara teqtobrivi sizustiT): esaa mistiuri gza da saxelmwifoebriv-samefo misteria sataxto qalaqidan - mcxeTidan gamoqvabulamde da gamoqvabulidan ukan mcxeTamde. pirveli qarTuli miTopolitikuri narativi metafizikuri gamoqvabulis paradigmas mihyveba kvaldakval: ,,farnavazis cxovrebis’’ miTosSi ori gamoqvabulia – fizikuri da metafizikuri. es ukanaskneli win uswrebs, niadags umzadebs fizikur gamoqvabuls. sanam RvTaebriv irems adevnebuli farnavazi gamoqvabulsa da masSi daflul ganZs ipovis(miTosi), igi, Tavdapirvelad, metafizikur gamoqvabulSi, iniciaciis saxlSi moxvdeba. es aris sizmris epizodi – miTosi miTosSi. mxolod amgvarad SeiZleboda yofiliyo gadmocemuli fizikuri miTosidan metafizikur miTosSi gadasvla(Tumc ki, es cnebebi miTosSi erTmaneTs emTxveva): ,,maSin ixila farnavaz sizmari, re-ca iyo igi saxlsa Sina ukacursa, da eguleboda gansvla da ver ganvida. maSin Semovida sarkumelsa missa Suqi mzisa da moertya welTa misTa, da ganizida da ganiyvana sarkumelsa mas. da viTar ganvida velad, ixila mze que-mdablad, mihyo xeli misi, mohxoca cuari pirsa mzisasa da icxo pirsa missa’’(mroveli 2008). qalaqi da gamoqvabuli – miTopolitikuri narativis dasawyisi 53 farnavazis politikuri miTosi zedmiwevniTi terminologiuri sizustiT gaacxadebs axali paradigmis gamoqvabuls metafizikur sazriss - ,,ukacuri saxli’’ gamoqvabuli-oikosia, urbanuli civilizaciis saxli-oikosis miTosuri prototipi. cxadia, farnavazisTvisac, uruqeli lugalbandas msgavsad, gamoqvabuli, rogorc polisidan mokveTili gaucxadebeli mefisa da moqalaqisTvis, droebiTi TavSesafaria, qalaqis nostalgiis adgilia da rac mTavaria – iniciaciis saxlia, swored amitomac, ukan qalaqSi dasabrunebeli erTaderTi metafizikuri(da fizikuric) saSualeba. mcxeTidan iZulebiT gaxiznuli farnavazi(am droisTvis igi ukve meored, mcxeTidan gaqcevasa da sparseTSi – deduleTSi Tavis Sefarebas gegmavs), aq, gamoqvabulSi gaivlis mefisTvis(mefe-RvTaebisTvis) aucilebel iniciaciis or fazas: pirveli - numinozuri gamocdileba modis metafizikur gamoqvabulSi, mzis SuqTan Sexvedrisas da meore, - fizikur gamoqvabulSi(esec metafizikuris nawilia, rogorc miTiuri Tavgadasavali) igi, rogorc qarTlosiani, mcxeTosis gvaridan wamosuli, iZens/ibrunebs Tavis kuTvnil samefo davlaTsa da Zalauflebas. mxolod gamoqvabulis iniciaciaSi ganicdis farnavazi mefisTvis aucilebel metamorfozas da mxolod gamoqvabulis ,,ganZi’’(xorcSesxmuli fizikur da metafizikur aspeqtSi) aZlevs mas saSualebas ukan poliss daubrundes legitimuri mefe-mmarTvelis statusiT. am gziT, gamoqvabuli da misi ,,ganZi’’ - fizikurad gacxadebuli saxelmwifo saunje(mefe-RvTaebis samefo regaliebis miToxati), safuZvels uyris qarTul monarqiul institucionalizmsa da qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas. vin aris pirveli qarTuli politikuri miTosis mTavari gmiri - farnavazi? farnavazma, gacxadebulma mefem, gaucxadebeli mefis – RvTaebriv irems adevnebuli miTiuri amiranis gamoqvabulisken mimavali gza gaiara: ,,xolo mas dResa Sina ganvida farnavaz da nadirobda marto, da devna uyo iremTa velsa diRomisasa. da ivltodes iremni RirRalTa Sina tfilisisaTa. misdevda farnavaz, styorca isari da hkra iremsa. da mcires warvlo iremman da daeca Zirsa kldisasa’’(mroveli 2008). ,,farnavazis cxovrebis’’ es pasaJi, windawin gamyarebuli sizmris miTosemantikiT(ukacuri saxli da mzis Suqi) uZvelesi xaTuna TavdgiriZe 54 miTologiuri eposis ,,amiranianis’’ cnobil saleqso epizods imeorebs: ,,sanadirod wamovidnen amiran da Zmani misni. . .. mTas iremi wamouxtaT, oqro iyo rqani misni. . . ucxo mTaze koSki naxes, anagebi brolis qvisi sadac rom mzem piri mohkra, amiranma – muxli mglisi, koSkma piri iq gaaRo, iq Seeba kari misi.‘’(,,amiraniani 1947). ra moxda gamoqvabulSi Sesvlis Semdeg? farnavazi gamoqvabulidan gamodis rogorc gacxadebuli mefe, gamodis samefo davladiT(ganZiT), amirani ki, gaucxadebeli mefe, gaucxadebelive rCeba gamoqvabulSi mijaWvuli. amiranic mefea da saxelmwifos mmarTveli(Tundac gaucxadebeli). es eposis ukanaskneli epizodidan Cans. mijaWvuli gmiris gaTavisuflebis amao mcdelobisas, erTi Zalzed mniSvnelovani dialogi Sedgeba massa da vinme mwyemss(an monadires) Soris. swored es epizodi gaacxadebs amiranis mijaWvis namdvil mizezs, Tu ratom aujanyda, daupirispirda gmiri RvTaebas, sakuTar naTlias(saidanc warmoiSva amiranis ,,RmerTmebrZoleobis’’ cru miTi), romelic sinamdvileSi mefe-RvTaeba da mmarTveli politikuri Zalaa. gamoqvabuls, romelSic amirania mijaWvuli, kari weliwadSi mxolod erTxel exsneba. swored am dros aRmoCnda viRac mecxvare amiranis pirispir. CvenTvis sainteresoa maTi dialogi: ,,amirani etyvis, rom me sawylis da Raribis mokeTe var, ras meridebi, modi axloo. Turme im kacs zurgze puris guda hkidebia. axlo misula, amirans amouRia gudidan puri, mouWeria xeli. ,,em purs rogor sWamT, Tqve sawylebo, aseT Sav oflSi aris mozelilio’’. Sen maS rogor pursRa Wamo? – ekiTxna Tavisi mxriT glexsac. ai rogorsao, eTqo amirans da meeWirebina xeli, rZe ki gasloda wurwuriT. ,,me rom aveSo qveyanazed sisxlis puris Wama aRar iqnebao’’ – eTqva amirans daRonebiT. me giSvelio, daeZaxa glexs’’(amiraniani 1947:296-297). swored es epizodi gaacxadebs mTliani eposis miTopolitikur paTossa da sazriss – amirani arsebul politikur reJimTan dapirispirebuli da gamoqvabulSi gamoketili gmiria. pirveli qarTuli miTopolitikuri narativic gamoqvabulSi mijaWvul amiranTan erTad Caisaxa, magram veRar ganviTarda. am miTopolitikuri narativis gangrZobas ukve leonti mrovelTan ,,qarTlis cxovrebaSi’’ qalaqi da gamoqvabuli – miTopolitikuri narativis dasawyisi 55 vkiTxulobT. ,,farnavazis cxovrebis’’ politikuri miTosi uSualod agrZelebs amiranis eposis politikur miToss, mis miTopolitikur ideas asxams xorcs: mijaWvuli amirani Tavisufldeba da gamoqvabulidan gamodis, oRondac gamodis farnavazis saxiT, rogorc gacxadebuli mefe, rogorc pirveli qarTuli saxelmwifos fuZemdebeli. arsebiTad, aq iwyeba qarTuli miTopolitikuri narativi. amdenad, gamoqvabuli qaosisa da polisis niSnebiT aRbeWdili, mediaciuri kanonzomierebiT struqturirebuli metafizikuri sivrcea, iniciaciis adgilia, droebiTi TavSesafaria, romelmac Tavisive gansacdelSi/iniciaciaSi unda amyofos/Seifaros momavali mefe. gamoqvabuli mefes gaacxadebs. gacxadebuli mefe gamoqvabulidan metafizikur Zalas – sizmrad movlenil mnaTobs(RvTaebis korelati), mzis Suqs, mis naTels gamohyavs da gzas uxsnis sataxto qalaqisaken, misi intronizaciis sakraluri adgilisaken. aseTia qalaqis mediaciuri paradigmis miToxati, misi funqcionirebis miTosuri qarga. mesame: spiraluri paradigma – qalaqi-gamoqvabuli ,,idealuri qalaqidan’’ ,,gamoqvabulamde’’ farnavazis sizmar-cxadi, Tavisi metafizikur-miTosuri motivebiT(,,ukacuri saxli’’ da masSi mzis Suqis Semosvla da farnavazis gasvla; gamoqvabulSi moxvedra da ganZi povna), aris metafizikuri gamoqvabulis miTi, romlis detalur aRwerasa da ontologiur interpretacias platonis ,,saxelmwifos’’ meSvide wignSi vkiTxulobT. esaa ,,gamoqvabulis miTis’’ saxeliT cnobili vrceli epizodi. platoni gamoqvabulis ontologiur sazrisTan zogadad miTosis gziT mivida da miuxedavad imisa, rom mas gars exvia miTebis mTeli arsenali(elinuric da araelinuric), es gza Tavad, sakuTari miTografuli moRvaweobiT gakvala. ,,saxelmwifos’’ mesame wignSi, platonma, ,,idealuri qalaqis’’ sayovelTao sikeTis 56 xaTuna TavdgiriZe uzrunvelsayofad, dauSva saxelmwifoebrivi, legitimuri, ,,keTilSobili tyuili’’ rogorc miTosi: ,,sicrue RmerTebisTvis usargebloa, adamianebisTvis ki sargebloba moaqvs, rogorc erTgvar wamals’’(platoni 2003:389b). iqve gviyveba socialur-politikuri kontrolis miToiaraRad, politikur miTosad gardaqmnil finikiur anTropologiur miTs, romelmac idealuri saxelmwifos samwaxnagovan ierarqiaSi simSvide da wesrigi unda uzrunvelyos: ,,vecdebi davarwmuno jer mmarTvelebi da mcvelebi, Semdeg ki – danarCeni moqalaqeebic, rom yvelaferi, rac maTTvis gadagvicia da gviswavlebia, sxva ara aris ra, Tu ar sizmari, sinamdvileSi ki isini miwis wiaRSi Caisaxnen, iqve izardnen da Camoyalibdnen, - TviTonac, maTi saWurvelic da mTeli maTi akazmulobac, - ris Semdegac dedamiwam, maTma mSobelma, am qveynad moavlina isini. amitomac marTebT, ise zrunavdnen TavianT samSobloze, rogorc dedasa Tu ZiZaze, - momxvdurTagan icavdnen mas da ise epyrobodnen danarCen moqalaqeebs, rogorc miwisganve Sobil RviZl Zmebs. . . Tqven, Cveni saxelmwifos moqalaqeno, erTmaneTis Zmebi xarT, ase vityodiT am arakis Tanaxmad, - magram RmerTma, romelmac gamogZerwaT, zogierT Tqvengans, visac mmarTvelobis unari Seswevs oqro Seuria dabadebisas, amitomac maTi fasi aravinaa amqveynad; mcvelebs – vercxli, xolo miwis muSebsa da xelosnebs – spilenZi da rkina. dabadebiTve erTmaneTis Tvistomni xarT, magram upiratesad Tqvensave msgavsTa badebT, Tumca, zogjer isedac xdeba, rom oqros modgma vercxlis naSierT aZlevs dasabams, vercxlisa ki – oqrosas; igive iTqmis danarCenTa mimarTac . . . ‘’(platoni 2003). aq gamoCnda pirvelad platonis gataceba liTonuri, rogorc kosmosisa da sxvadasxva kacobriuli modgmis substanciur pirvelelementTa miToklasifikaciiT, rac ara mxolod elinurberZnuli(aq platonis uSualo wyaro berZnuli miTebis erT-erTi sistematizatori hesiode iyo), aramed aRmosavluri miTosuri tradiciiTac iyo gamyarebuli(mag.induri klasifiacia xuT kosmiur droze). ,,saxelmwifos’’ merve wignSi platonma oTxi miTokosmiuri ciklidan/epoqidan Tavis ,,idealur qalaqs’’ ,,oqros xanis’’ paradigmaSi miuCina adgili, Tumca iqve misi harmoniis rRvevac iwinaswarmetyvela: ,,verc hesiodeseul sxvadasxva mod- qalaqi da gamoqvabuli – miTopolitikuri narativis dasawyisi 57 gmas ganasxvaveben erTmaneTisagan da verc oqros, vercxlis, spilenZisa Tu rkinis Tqveneul modgmas. roca rkina vercxli hgoniaT, spilenZi ki oqro, amas Sedegad mosdevs Tanasworobis, samarTlianobisa da harmoniis rRveva.’’(platoni 2003:VIII-577a562a.). platoni Tavisi idealuri qalaqis ,,oqros xanis’’ aRsasruls gardauvali ontologiuri kanonzomierebiT xsnis: ,,Znelia Searyio amnairi wyobilebis mqone saxelmwifo, magram raki yvelaferi, rac ibadeba, sasikvdilod ganwirulia, verc es saxelmwifo gaZlebs samaradisod.’’ amdenad, idealuri qalaq-saxelmwifo, rogorc ,,oqros xana,’’ ganuxorcielebelia(myifea) Tavad miTosSi da mis kvalze, platonis ,,idealuri qalaqis’’ koncefciaSic(rasac, nebiT Tu uneblieT, yuradRebis miRma tovebdnen cnobili utopistebi)2. oqros xana sawyisi, bednieri epoqaa, magram misi srulyofileba(gadametebis gziT) gadagvarebadia da TandaTan sxva, dabali rangis liTonebis - vercxli, spilenZi, rkina, kategoriebSi gadadis, sabolood ki sruli kraxiT - eqatologiiT sruldeba. aq niSandoblivia ,,saxelmwifos’’ qronologia(,,saxelmwifos’’ Tavebis/wignebis qronologias vgulisxmob), romelSic garkveul kanonzomierebas vWvretT: platonis ori miTi qronologiuri kanonzomierebiT lagdeba, sadac ,,idealuri qalaqis’’ miTi(wigni mesame) win uswrebs ,,gamoqvabulis miTs’’(wigni meSvide). merve wigni ki idealuri qalaqis kraxs gvamcnobs. merve wigni aris mxolod Semajamebeli aqti, ganaCenis gaformeba, is rac imTaviTve nagulisxmevi iyo gamoqvabulis miTSi. platoni or, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul miTs gviyveba. Tavdapirvelad qmnis ,,oqros xanis’’ qalaq-saxelmwifos miToxats, gvarwmunebs mis universalurobaSi, magram iqve, sul raRac oTxi Tavis(wignis) Semdeg iwyebs TviTmxilebas: patimrebi TavianT win gamoqvabulis kedelze mocimcime landebis garda verafers xedaven, radgan gaCenis dRidan Tavis ukan mibrunebac ar SeuZliaT. kedlis am landebs isini namdvil sagnebad miiCneven. xolo gamoqvabuli romelic eqosaviT imeorebs mgzavrebis sityvebs, es eqo patimrebs mocimcime landebis saubari hgoniaT. amdenad, isini namdvil sagnebad aRiqvamen nadvili sagnebis Crdilebs. ra moxdeba maSin, Tu patimrebs borkilebs ahyrian da gaaTavisufleben, daixsnian aseTi umecrebisagan? . . .(platoni 2003). 58 xaTuna TavdgiriZe mxolod miTs SeuZlia miTisagan ganjadoeba, amitomac platons ,,saxelmwifos’’ meSvide wignSi Semoaqvs ,,idealuri qalaqisagan’’ ganjadoebis ,,gamoqvabulis’’ miTi. meSvide wigni aris is zRvari, saidanac iwyeba miTosisa da misi fantazmebis mxileba, ,,idealuri qalaqisa’’ da misi miTosis uaryofa. amgvarad, uxilavi Zafebi gaibmeba qalaqsa da gamoqvabuls Soris, sadac qronologia Tavis sityvas ambobs: platoni, Tavdapirvelad, qmnis ,,idealur qalaqs’’, qalaqis sakelTildReod Semoaqvs da amkvidrebs oqros xanis politikur miToss da Sedegad iRebs ,,idealuri qalaqis’’ metafizikur oreuls - ,,gamoqvabuls,’’ Tavisi moqalaqe-tusaRebiTa da kedlis miTo-CrdilebiT. platoni gviCvenebs, rom qalaq-saxelmwifos politikuri miTosi gamoqvabulis kedlebiT SemosazRvravs polisis sivrces, romelsac gadaaqcevs diadi fantazmis ,,idealur qalaqad,’’ elinuri xanis ,,disneilendad.’’3 qalaqSic da gamoqvabulSic WeSmaritebas faravs miTosuri ,,Crdilebi’’, utopiuri fantazmi. ,,idealur qalaqSic’’ da ,,gamoqvabulSic’’ sicrue(metafizikuri) mefobs, gabatonebulia platoniseuli ,,keTilSobili tyuili’’, rogorc miTosi, rogorc axali socialur-politikuri xilva. idealuri qalaqis viTom Tavisufal moqalaqes gamoqvabulSi xelborkilebi adevs. swored xelborkilebi da gamoqvabulis bneli, daxuruli sivrce uCvenebs idealuri qalaqis moqalaqes Tavis realur mdgomareobas: is mijaWvulia miTze(erTsa da imave dros, politikur da metafizikur miTze), igi tusaRia da mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT SeuZlia cqera – miTiuri fantazmis mimarTulebiT. amdenad, platonis ,,saxelmwifo’’ garkveul miToparadigmul sistemas gaacxadebs, romelsac aRaraferi akavSirebs tradiciul miTosTan, aramed, misi miTografosi Tavad platonia. igi Tavad amkvidrebs aratradiciul politikur-ontologiur miToss da ,,idealuri qalaqi’’ metafizikuri gamoqvabulis CixSi Sehyavs: aq platoni ,,qalaq-gamoqvabulis’’ - sruliad axali ontologiuri paradigmis fuZemdeblad gvevlineba. es aris ori sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZravi qalaq-gamoqvabulis spiraluri paradigma, romelSic qalaqi da gamoqvabuli erTmaneTs kveTs, erTmaneTs emTxveva; romelSic qalaqi gamoqvabulSi iTqvifeba, iseve rogorc realuri sagnebi qarwyldeba Tavissave SuqCrdilebSi(gamoqvabulis miTi). qalaqi da gamoqvabuli – miTopolitikuri narativis dasawyisi 59 TiTqos es ori miTi Tavisi paTosiT erTmaneTis sapirispiroa: Tuki ,,idealuri qalaqis’’ miTi ,,keTilSobil sicrueSi’’ arsebobisaken gvibiZgebs, gamoqvabulis miTi, amis sapirispirod, cdilobs gagvaTavisuflos miTosuri fantazmisagan. magram orive miTi, sabolood, mainc erTsa da imave SemosazRvrul sivrceSi gvabrunebs,– qalaq-gamoqvabulSi, diadi fantazmebis, miTosuri xilvebis polisSi da mis ontologiur politikaSi. orive miTi erTad(da ara cal-calke) erT saerTo spiralur paradigmas gamoxatavs: qalaqisa da gamoqvabulis spiraluri gadakveTis, Tanxvedris, Serwymis paradigmas. amitomac wers leo Strausi, platonis interpretaciisas: ,,gamoqvabulis datovebiT qalaqis mTeli xedi da politikuri sferoebi qreba Tvalsawieridan. Tuki filosofosma politikuri mmarTveloba unda ganaxorcielos, mas gamoqvabulSi dabruneba mouwevs; anu mzis sinaTlidan Crdilebis samyaroSi dabruneba.. . ‘’(Strausi 2011:56). gamoqvabuli politikuri bunagia, mxolod aq, amgvarad modelirebul sivrceSia SesaZlebeli polisis, anu ,,politikis’’ ganxorcieleba. aq aris adamianebis, moqalaqeebis da maTi filosofosi mmarTvelebis(mefe-filosofosi) adgili. amitomac abrunebs ukan, gamoqvabulSi iqidan TavdaRweul ukve filosofosad qceul ,,yofil patimars’’ Tavad platoni, saxelmwifo interesebisa da uzenaesi samarTlianobis saxeliT. swored am epizodSi gaacxada platonma, rom mesame wignis ,,idealuri qalaqi’’ da meSvide wignis ,,gamoqvabuli’’ da erTi da igivea: ,,... magram roca am simaRles miaRweven da guls ijereben misi WvretiT, imis nebas ki aRar mivcemT, rac dRes nebadarTulia maTTvis. . . . am simaRleze darCenisas, Tuki aRar isurveben kvlav daubrundnen Cvens patimrebs, raTa, avad Tu kargad, maTi Wiri da lxini gaiziaron. . . . kanoni erTi romelime fenis keTildReobas ki ar isaxavs miznad, aramed mTeli sazogadoebisas. SegonebiT Tu iZulebiT, is uzrunvelyofs yvela moqalaqis erTianobas, raTa isini erTmaneTisaTvis sasargebloni iyvnen imdenad, ramdenadac SeuZliaT amiT argon mTel saxelmwifos. . . . . Cven usamarTloni ki ar viqnebiT Cvenive aRzrdil filosofosTa mimarT, aramed samarTlian moTxovnebs wavuyenebT da vaiZulebT maT, rogorc mcvelebs, sxvebze izrunon’’(platoni 2003). 60 xaTuna TavdgiriZe magram platoni mefe-filosofoss qalaq-gamoqvabulSi ,,diadi fantazmebis’’, politikuri miTis gansaxorcieleblad aRar abrunebs, aramed piriqiT – gamoqvabulis miTisagan gansajadoeblad: platonis qalaq-gamoqvabulis paradigma romelic spiralurad moZraobs ori sapirispiro mimarTulebiT - qalaqidan gamoqvabulisken da gamoqvabulidan qalaqisken, - maTi saboloo fataluri Seerwymis miznisken, qalaq-gamoqvabuli unda ganajadovos Tavisive miTosisagan. platoni iqve gviCvenebs, rom amaoa miTosisagan gaTavisuflebis mcdeloba - politikuri miTosi spi- raluri paradigmis fundamenturi nawilia, igi mTlianad gansazRvravs platoniseuli paradigmis arss: adamianebs(gamoqvabulis tusaRebs, moqalaqeebs) ar surT irwmunon WeSmariteba miTiuri fantazmis miRma. gamoqvabulSi mibrunebul gonebaganaTebul yofil patimars ,,Tu mRvimeSi samudamod gamomwyvdeul patimrebTan kvlav mouwevda paeqroba ama Tu im landisa da misi mniSvnelobis gamo, gana masxrad ar aigdebdnen am sityvebiT: ras miexeteboda im simaRleze, sul tyuilad dakarga Tvalis Cinio? ase rom, Tu vinme Seecdeboda tyveobidan daexsna da maRla aeyvana isini, gana imwamsve sul ar gaafrTxobinebdnen, xelSi rom CavardnodaT?’’(platoni 2003). gamoqvabulis fantazmi aris idealuri politikuri miTosi gamoqvabulis moqalaqeebisaTvis. isini arCeven ,,Crdilebis’’ samyaros tyveobaSi - polis-gamoqvabulSi, politikur bunagSi darCenas. am ,,politikuri bunagis’’ Taviseburi eqo gaismis aristotelesTan, romelic polisis moqalaqes gamoqvabulis zoomorfuli niSniT aRbeWdavs. aristotelec platonis msgavsad, qalaq-sa- xelmwifoSi, rogorc erTgvar ,,politikur bunagSi’’ abrunebs iqidan wasul ,,politikur cxovels’’: ,,qalaq-saxelmwifo bunebrivi movlenaa da adamiani aris politikuri cxoveli. xolo adamians, romelsac arseboba saxelmwifos gareT unda, an cxovelia an RmerTi. rogorc homerosic ambobs gankicxviT: ,,is iyo bogano, kanongareSe da usaxlkaro . . .’’(aristotele 1983: I-1). aristotele sxva mxrivac agrZelebs platonis dawyebul miTopolitikur narativs. misTvisac, saxelmwifos marTvis, politikuri da socialuri kontrolis, kanonTa ganxorcielebis instrumentad miTosi gvevlineba. ,,metafizikis’’ meToTxmete wignis merve TavSi aristotele wers: ,,miTis formaSi Zvel da uZ- qalaqi da gamoqvabuli – miTopolitikuri narativis dasawyisi 61 veles moazrovneTa mier gaziarebuli SexedulebiT, RmerTebi aseTni arian da isini moicaven mTel bunebas. danarCeni miTiuri ki damateba iqneba masis dasarwmuneblad, kanonebis gansamtkiceblad da sargeblobis mizniT.’’ aristotele 1964:249.107-4b)). oRondac, aristotele gverds uvlis ,,keTilSobil tyuils.’’ rogorc karlo ginZburgi wers, aristotelesTvis ,,mravalTa asalagmavi iaraRi WeSmaritebis uaryofa da sicruis SemoReba ki ara, misi anTropomorfuli SeniRbvacaa.’’ sadac ,,pirveladi Sinaarsi narCundeba miTosis saxiT. . . platonma bevrad ufro sastiki suraTi daxata’’(ginZburgi 2011:351). marTlac, platoni sastik miTosuraTs xatavs: igi Seqmnisa da Seqmnilis uaryofis gziT midis, ,,oqros xanisa’’ da esqatologiis radikalizms misdevs. arsebiTad aseTia spiraluri miToparadigma, ,,maradiuli brunvis’’ miTi, sadac sawyisi yovelTvis aRsasrulTanaa da mas kveTs. rogorc Cans, platoni mainc tradiciuli miTosis paradigmaSi moZraobs. SeniSvnebi 1.Cveulebriv miTosSi istoriuli qronologia darRveulia da igi miTosur qrologias Seesabameba. amitomac Cven paradigmebs miTosuri msoflmxedvelobis qronologiiT valagebT. kacobriobis kulturisa da azrovnebis(msoflmxedvelobis) istoriam icis, rom dualuri msoflmxedveloba da movlenaTa binaruli dayofa-aRqma azrovnebis pirveladi formaa, amitomac paradigmulad gilgameSisa da enqidus filosofiur-ontologiuri miTosi win uswrebs Sumer mefeTa – enmerqarisa da lugalbandas eposebis eTno-politikur msoflmxedvelobas, sadac umTavresi miTopolitikuri paTosi uruqis, rogorc upirvelesi qalaq-polisis hegemonobaa. Sumerul-aqaduri teqstis mTargmneli prof. z.kiknaZe Zalian zustad gansazRvravs am eposis Janrs: ,,enmerqarisa da lugalbandas epikuri ciklebi nacionaluri xasiaTisaa, SegviZlia maT nacionaluri eposebi vuwodoT, ramdenadac maTSi aSkarad Cans uruqis interesebi, misi swrafva dasaxlebul samyaroze hegemoniisken’’(Suamdinaruli 2009). xaTuna TavdgiriZe 62 2. platoni pirveli filosofosi iyo, romelmac Tavisi drois sami wamyvani dargi – filosofia, miTologia da politika erTmaneTs Seusabama. es iyo sistemuri da struqturuli dakavSireba, miTosuri modelebis politikis filosofiaSi gadataniT. platoni pirveli filosofosi iyo, romelmac kacobriobis modgmaTa miTologiuri liTonuri klasifikacia politikur ideologiad aqcia da dasabami daudo utopistur Teoriebs. platonis idealuri saxelmwifo wyobis ,,oqros xanis’’ utopisturi miTosistema sul sxvadasxva epoqebsa da ideologiebSi cocxldeboda, kacobriobis mTeli arsebobis manZilze. 3. Jan bodriarsa(wigni ,,simulakrebi da simulacia’’1981w.) da umberto ekos(ese - ,,mogzauroba hiperrealobaSi’’ 1975w.) postmodernuli samyaros hiperrealobis TvalsaCino simbolod/nimuSad ,,disneilendi’’ miaCniaT. literatura amiraniani 1947: m.Ciqovani, mijaWvuli amirani, Tb.1947. aristotele 1983: А и о ель ПϢϟИϦИϞА. ВϞϡ. А и о ель. СЂчиЁеЁия: В 4 І. Ϧ. 4. – Ϡ.: ϠыЅϿА,1983. aristotele 1964: aristotele, metafizika, mTargmneli – T.kukava, Tb.1964. gaseti 1993: xose ortega i. gaseti, ,,masebis amboxi’’, Tb.1993. gilgameSiani 2009: ,,gilgameSiani’’, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, aqaduridan da Sumerulidan Targmna zurab kiknaZem, Tb.2009w. ginZburgi 2011: karlo ginZburgi, nakvalevebi, miTebi, mikroistoria. essebi evropis istoriisa da kulturis Sesaxeb, Tb.2011. mroveli: leonti mroveli, farnavazis cxovreba. wignSi: qarTlis cxovreba, redaqtori roin metreveli, Tb.2008. platoni 2003: platoni, ,,saxelmwifo’’, Targmani baCana bregvaZisa, ,,nekeri’’, Tb.2003. qalaqi da gamoqvabuli – miTopolitikuri narativis dasawyisi 63 Smiti: ϞаЄϿ ШЀиІІ, ПϢϟИϦИϫЕСϞАϳ ϦЕϢϟϢϗИϳ. чеІыЄе ϷϿа϶ы Ͼ ЇчеЁиВ Ђ ЅЇ϶еЄеЁиІеІе, 2000. Strausi 2011: leo Strausi, ra aris politikuri filosofia? ,,saunje’’, Tb.2011. Suamdinaruli 2009: Suamdinaruli poezia, Targmna da winasityvaoba daurTo zurab kiknaZem, Tb.2009. eposebi 2009: Sumer mefeTa eposebi, Targmna da winasityvaoba daurTo nino samsoniam, Tb.2009. nestan kutivaZe bednieri qalaqi, rogorc sabWoTa totalitaruli saxelmwifos metafora levan bolqvaZis “zRaparSi moxvedrili biWis ambis” mixedviT Tanamedrove qarTul mwerlobaSi literaturuli zRapari, rogorc Janri, sakmaod popularulia. qarTul literaturul zRapars SesaZlebelia Tvali gavadevnoT XIX saukunis meore naxevridan. bunebrivia, mas araerTi saukeTeso warmomadgeneli hyavs. imis dasadastureblad, rom qveynis umniSvnelovanesi problemebis warmosaCenad, sociumisaTvis, zogadad adamianuri yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravali Temis kultivireba mxatvruli TvalsazriT warmatebulad moxerxda am JanriT, sakmarisia akaki wereTlisa da vaJa-fSavelas dasaxelebac. miuxedavad imisa, rom XX saukunis dasawyisi am kuTxiT ar gamoirCeva didi mravalferovnebiT (n. lorTqifaniZe, s. cirekiZe, S. aragvispireli, al. abaSeli, s. kldiaSvili ...), mainc Seiqmna ramdenime sagulisxmo teqsti. XX saukunis II naxevarSi mimdinare mxatvruli literaturis Tvisebrivi ganaxlebis procesi Seexo literaturuli zRapris ganviTarebasac. am periodSi da mogvianebiT samoRvaweo asparezze gamosulma araerTma mweralma gamoaqveyna sayuradRebo nawar- bednieri qalaqi, rogorc... 65 moebebi (a. sulakauri, o. ioseliani, l. bolqvaZe, j. qarCxaZe, g. petriaSvili, n. gelaSvili, z. abzianiZe ....), romelTac sagangebo Sesawavla da analizi sWirdebaT. literaturuli zRapris mxatvruli qsovili ar Sedgeba mxolod xalxuri zRapris relevanturi elementebisagan. masSi sul ufro did adgils iWers „arafolkloruli“ Sreebi da mwerlis individualuri xelwera. iTvleba, rom, Tu koleqtiuri aspeqti folkloristul zRaparSi dominantia, naklebia misi wili sakuTriv literaturul zRaparSi, xolo saavtoro zRaparSi minimalisturia an calkeuli detalebisa Tu epizodebis saxiT aris SenarCunebuli (Skuratova 2015). literaturul zRaparSi erTdroulad arsebuli realuri da irealuri samyaros gamaerTianeblad miiCneulia “jadosnuri motivi” (lupanova 2015), romelic moicavs jadosnuri qveynis arsebobas, gmiris moxvedras araCveulebriv qveyanaSi, magiuri TvisebebiT dajildoebul an jadosnuri sagnis mflobel gmirs, droSi mogzaurobasa da sxva mxatvrul detalebs. cnobilia, rom literaturuli zRapari yovel epoqaSi adaptirdeba droisa da sazogadoebrivi viTarebis Sesabamisad, rac misi erT-erTi umTavresi maxasiaTebelia. Janris specifika avtors mdidar saSualebas aZlevs Seqmnas mravalplaniani teqsti, sxvadasxva rakursiT wakiTxvis saSualebas rom iZleva. zogadad, es aspeqti farTod gamoiyenes sabWoTa periodSi moRvawe qarTvelma da aramxolod qarTvelma Semoqmedebma. am WrilSi mniSvnelovania levan bolqvaZis Txzuleba `zRaparSi moxvedrili biWi~. nawarmoebi sayuradReboa rogorc poetikis (siuJetur-kompoziciuri modeli, parodireba-ironizireba, jadosnuri zRapris kliSeebTan mimarTeba da a. S.), ise mwerlisdroindeli epoqis mxatvruli interpretaciiT. teqstSi arsebuli bednieri qalaqi, bednieri qveyana sabWoTa totalitaruli saxelmwifos metaforuli saxea, romelSic parodirdeba mTeli sistema Tavisi araerTi komponentiT (sikeTis begara, oqros galia, daCagrulTa walkoti, sikeTologiis laboratoria, xalxis mtrebi, ZaRli-policielebi...). avtorma, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, Zalze damajereblad moaxerxa totalitaruli saxelmwifos arsis mxatvruli interpretireba ise, rom mTlianad SeinarCuna zRapris struqturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli araerTi relevanturi elementi da, rac mTavaria, cru gmiris gamoaSkaraveba da damarcxeba, riTac gabedulad da warmatebulad peda- 66 nestan kutivaZe lirebda zogadad totalitaruli sistemis ngrevaze. swored am planis gamo zRapari scdeba garkveuli asakisaTvis gankuTvnil literaturas da sul sxva datvirTvas iZens. Txzulebis mTavari gmiri - Wabuka cxra mTas iqiT arsebul bednier qveyanaSi xvdeba. sagulisxmoa, rom biWi daZinebulia da eSmakma tinitom mis gasaRviZeblad unda Tqvas iseTi locva, romelic 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi aRar warmouTqvams. es SeiZleba pirvel miniSnebadac CaiTvalos. wignis gamoqveynebisas TiTqmis 200 weli iyo gasuli saqarTvelos imperiis nawilad qcevidan. sakmarisia, ufro maxvili TvaliT SevxedoT bevr sagans, rom mis dafarul arsSi totalitaruli qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli araerTi niSani amovicnoT. niSandoblivia bednieri qveynis umTavresi lozungebi: „ifxizle; daicavi samarTliani da gulmowyale mefe Cigidis qveyana! qvriv-oblebis samoTxe! daCagrulTa walkoti“ (bolqvaZe 1978: 15). zRapruli qalaqis „Rirebulebebi“, moqmedebis Semdgomi ganviTareba kargad dagvanaxebs am deklarirebuli frazebis iqiT arsebul sapirispiro Sinaarss, maTs ironiul xasiaTs. is faqti, rom „gulmowyale mefe Cigidi“ tipuri tirania, xolo „daCagrulTa walkotis“ araerTi mkvidri cdilobs samarTlis povnas, amas naTlad aCvenebs. erT-erTi maTgania patara gogona - ini xazs qvemoT, romelsac evlineba Semwed Wabuka - borotebisa da farsis (crugmiris) mamxilebeli gmiri. erT-erTi sagulisxmo niSani bednieri qalaqisa isicaa, rom aq adamianebs anbanis asoebi hqviaT da maTi diferenciacia xazs zemoTa da xazs qvemoTa mdebareobiT ganisazRvreba. mwerlis replika „winaT yvelas adamianuri saxeli erqva“ (bolqvaZe 1978: 18). kargad aCvenebs am sivrceSi rogor nivelirdeba samyaro. amasTan, rogorc teqstidan irkveva, bednier qalaqSi anbanis asoebis mixedviT, nawils sakuTari saxlic aqvs da „gaZRomac“ yoveldRe SeuZlia, nawils - dRegamoSvebiT, nawili ki sanaxevrod mSieria. Cveulebrivi saxelebi ki mxolod mdidrebsa da didgvarovnebs aqvT da rac ufro metia damsaxureba mefis winaSe, miT ufro grZelia saxelic. Tavisi droisaTvis sakmaod gamWirvale da gabedul metaforizirebas mimarTa avtorma, rodesac yuradReba gaamaxvila iseT detalebze, sabWoTa sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenebis pirdapir asociacias rom iwvevda. ase magaliTad: bednier qalaqis cixes „oqros galia“ hqvia da iq adamianebi SeiZleba bednieri qalaqi, rogorc... 67 simReris gamoc moxvdnen an imis gamo, rom yvavilebi daWkna, an imis gamo, rom tortis biskviti ar amovida, rac mwerlis SefasebiT da profesor kompotinis ganmartebiT, „usikeTobiTaa“ gamowveuli. sasaxles ar hyofnis sikeTe, amitom ar amodis tortis biskviti da ar xarobs yvavilebi. Sesabamisad, biskvitis amosvla imis mimaniSnebeli unda iyos, rom sasaxleSi dasrulda sibnelis periodi, rac ar aris ioli saqme Tundac imitom, rom adamianebi amgvar yofas eCvevian. „xalxi ise SeeCvia borotebis wyvdiadSi jdomas, rom sikeTis Suqs misi Tvali veRar uZlebs“,askvnis keTili moxuci, nawarmoebis erT-erTi mTavari gmiri (bolqvaZe 1978: 25). es udavod mwerlis poziciaa, romelic kargad aris SeniRbuli zRapris realobiT. mravlismTqmelia isic, rom bednieri qveyana or tipis kanoniT imarTeba - „urRveviT“ da „meoreTi“. kanonebs mefe arRvevs an ar arRvevs sakuTari Sexedulebisa da survilis mixedviT. TavisTavad cxadia, rom bednieri qveyana Zalin Sorsaa humanizmis minimaluri gamovlinebisagan. aq SesaZlebelia martod darCenil moxuc mSoblebs, 6 Svili rom Seswires samSoblos, gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisuflebaze uTxran uari, radgan urRvevi kanonebis wigni SeRavaTebs me-5 an me-7 Svilze iTvaliswinebs. situaciam SesaZloa iseTi absurdis saxec miiRos, rogoricaa romelime omis usamarTlod gamocxadeba da daxocilebis wodebaze uaris Tqma, Sesabamisad, maT col-Svilsac qvriv-oblebad aRaravin moixseniebs. rac ar unda paradoqsulad JRerdes, bednier qalaqSi uamravi maTxovari, davrdomili, qvriv-oboli da upovari iyris Tavs. maT xelketebiT arbeven da ase aZleven gzas mefes, romelsac didi gulmodginebiT adideben. teqstis am epizodebSic zRaprisaTvis damaxasiaTebel utrirebasTan erTad aSkaraa erTpirovnul mmarTvelobaze damyarebuli qveynis araerTi niSani. TxzulebaSi tiraniis, totalitarizmis erT-erTi simboloa gaCerebuli dro (saaTi wikwikebs, magram isrebi ar icvleba). mwerali iwyebs saubars mefe Cigidis ganusazRvrel wyalobaze, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom maisi dekembrad SeiZleba gamocxaddes da, Sesabamisad, bavSvebic sagundaod unda gamoiyvanon. „levan bolqvaZe kargad icnobda Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis pirvel niSans: xelisufali dgas da gimtkicebs, rom sagani TeTria, sagani ki Sens cxvirwin sakuTari melnisferi siSaviT ipyrobs yuradRebas“,- konkretulad am niunsis gamo SeniSnavs g. 68 nestan kutivaZe zedania (zedania 2015), Tumca misi gavrcoba teqstis araerT monakveTsa da detalzea SesaZlebeli. saswaulebis kaskadi, romelic marTebuli mxolod zRaprisaTvis relevantur sivrceSi aris, amiT ar mTavrdeba. „rac ufro met uzrobas sTxoven xalxs, miT ufro meti xalisiT da gatacebiT asrulebs yvela moZaladeebis survils“ (bolqvaZe 1978: 36),- esec profesor kompotinis kidev erTi Sefasebaa bednieri qalaqis yofisa da igi Tavis TavSi moicavs brbod gardaqmnili masis qcevis Taviseburebasac. gmiris winaSe mdgari erT-erTi rTuli davaleba saaTze jados axsnaa, raTa dro Cveul mdinarebas daubrundes da mefe Cigidi mokvdavi gaxdes. Wabuka, ra Tqma unda, funqciurad gmiria, WeSmariti ufliswulia, romelmac princesa unda gamoixsnas da realur droSi daabrunos bednieri qveyana. igi amisaTvis dajildoebulia araCveulebrivi unariT. garda amisa, mis gverdiT aRmoCndebian Semweebic, rom maTTan erTad SeZlos inis mamis gamoxsna da boroti, sikeTisagan daclili drois dasruleba. sayuradRebo mxatvruli saxea profesori kompotini - gonieri swavluli, romelic amasTanave wesierebiTac gamoirCeva. kompotinis iseve, rogorc gogonas papis mxatvrul saxeebs mwerali ostaturad iyenebs mis mier gamogonili samyarosa Tu sxva gmirebis refleqsiisaTvis. profesoris moxsenebebiT mefem kargad icis sinamdvile. bunebrivia, swavluli kargad acnobierebs, rom qveyanas daRupva elodeba. aqac erTi ostaturad mignebuli niuansis wyalobiT, iolad aluzirdeba totalitaruli epoqis, aseve, erT-erTi arsebiTi niSani - mefe mixvda, rom „kompotini yvela mis ministrze Wkviani iyo da swored amitom brZana giJad gamoacxadeTo“,- sabWoTa sistemaSi sakmaod aprobirebul xerxs mimarTavs avtori (bolqvaZe 1978: 71). mwerals eWvi ar epareba imaSi, rom yvela tirani axerxebs saTavisod Seqmnil situaciis met-naklebad marTebulad Sefasebas: „yvelaze ufro ki imisi eSinoda, am frinvel-yvavilebis urCobas xalxis urCoba ar mohyveso“, - wers bolqvaZe (bolqvaZe 1978: 72). aseTi sistemebi realuradac da zRapris Zalze tradiciuli kliSeTic yovelTvis wyvets arsebobas. SeuZlebelia misi transformacia. adre Tu gvian is aucileblad ingreva. amdenad TiTqmis SeuZlebelia gadarCenis gzis povnac. am teqstSi moZebnili gamosavali - sikeTologiis laboratoria mikrosamyaroa, romelSic ironizirdeba, parodirdeba realuri Sinaarsisasagan daclili da xelovnuri bednieri qalaqi, rogorc... 69 gadawyvetilebebi, amasTanave kargad rom migvaniSnebs ganwirulad dasaRupi qveynis gamouval mdgomareobas. sikeTis begris daweseba, sikeTismcodneobis kursebi, yvela moqalaqem 6-dan 70 wlamde aucileblad rom unda gaiaros, sikeTis sayovelTao-savaldebulo samsaxuris SemoReba da misTvis Tavis aridebis mefisa da qveynis Ralatad gamocxadeba, CixSi moqceuli „bednieri qveynis svebednieri mefis“ epoqis ganwirulobas usvams xazs da dasasruls moaswavebs aSkarad. iseTi detalebi ki, rogorebicaa yalbi cnobebi da samefo komisiis mier sapatio mizeziT samsaxurisagan gaTavisufleba mxolod niuansobrivad avsebs zemoT aRniSnul viTarebas da mkiTxvels exmareba iolad gaxsnas mwerlis miniSneba. amasTan, kedlebze gaCenili teqstebi (sabWoTa periodSi aprobirebul kedlis gazeTTanac rom asocirdeba), romelTa calkeuli frazebi aseTia - ici Tu ara, rom Raribic adamiania? sikeTe sasrgebloa, xolo mefis brZanebiT akrZaluli - kacis kvla, bavSvebisa da cxovelebis wameba, moxucebis cema, aseve mefis brZanebiT SemoRebuli moyvasis siyvaruli, erTmaneTis gatana, sindis-namusi da a.S. (bolqvaZe 1978: 77-78) sxva araferia Tu ara zRapris (realisturi poziciidan ki absurdis) saSualebiT mwerlisdroindeli epoqis mxatvruli asaxva. tirania yvela Rirebulebis devalvacias axdens, maT Soris sikeTisac, romelsac uZlurebis niSnad miiCneven. ase xdeba bolqvaZis mxatvrul samyaroSic. bednieri qveyana uars ambobs ganviTarebis bunebriv gzaze da gonier profesorsac, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, apatimreben. nawarmoebSi bednieri qalaqis alternativadaa gaazrebuli mSvidi qalaqi, sadac galoben Citebi, hyvavian yvavilebi da erTnair bavSvebs erTnairi bebiebi hyavT. es arabunebrivi harmonia arsebiTad arafriT gansxvavdeba bednieri qalaqis gaCerebuli droisagan. Tu bednier qalaqSi sikeTologiis kursebi daarses, aq yofaqcevis erTkviriani kursebi arsebobs, rom kargad auxsnan am qalaqSi cxovrebis wesebi „uweso biWs“. mweralic sabolood uars aTqmevinebs Tavis gmirs im samyaroze, sadac SesaZlebelia lomebi ionjiT gamokvebo. ra Tqma unda, nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri - Wabuka axerxebs sabolood auSvas dro da mis mdinarebas dauqvemdebaros yovelive, xolo is faqti, rom am zRapris dasasruls biWi princi aRmoCndeba da princesaze qorwindeba naTlad migvaniSnebs jadosnuri zRapris esqatologiur mniSvnelobaze. „unda vifiqroT, rom zRapris saidumlo mis dasasrulSi aris gacxadebuli. mTavari nestan kutivaZe 70 gmiris xasiaTi, misi Ziebis sagani, zRapris funqciaTa arsi da Tanamimdevroba – mTeli eTosi zRaprisa gvafiqrebinebs, rom zRapari Tavisi bunebiT esqatologiuria, rac imas niSnavs, rom misi droJami saboloo dasasrulisken aris mimarTuli“ (kiknaZe 2001: 260),- aRniSnavs zurab kiknaZe. ra Tqma unda, sakuTriv mwerlis mier Seqmnil zRaparSi aRniSnuli kanonzmiereba ar icvleba, Tumca mTel teqstSi es aspeqti aRiqmeba, rogorc sikeTis gamarjveba da igi im ideologiur da moralur sayrdenad iqceva, aucileblad rom unda hqondes, am tipis Txzulebas, miT ufro, Tu is gankuTvnilia garkveuli asakis admianebisaTvis. erTicaa, zRapris amgvari dasasruli kargad aCvenebs Tu harmoniul samyaroSi ara, bunebriv viTarebaSi dabrunebis gardauvalobas, rac dRes erTgvar winaswarmetyvelebadac SesaZlebelia Candes. „zRaparSi moxvedrili biWis ambavs“ zogadad rogorc mxatvrul nawarmoebs da rogorc literaturul zRapars araerTi sxva maxasiaTeberli aqvs, magram Cven SevecadeT Txzuleba wagvekiTxa, rogorc erTgvari daSifruli teqsti, romelSic parodirdeba realuri dro-sivrce. amgvarad reprezentirdeba avtoris msoflmxedveloba da Sexedulebebi, rac gacilebiT sagulisxmo maSinaa, rodesac literaturuli zRapris Janri gamoyenebulia garkveul socialur Tu sazogadoebriv problemaze apelirebisaTvis, am SemTxvevaSi ki, sabWoTa periodSi mcxovrebi mwerali Zalze ostaturad asaxavs yofili sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc totalitaruli saxelmwifos, arssa da umTavres konceptebs. literatura bolqvaZe 1978: levan bolqvaZe, zRaparSi moxvedrili biWis ambavi; Tbilisi. zedania 2015: giga zedania, levan bolqvaZis „zRaparSi moxvedrili biWis ambavi“; https://burusi.wordpress.com/2010/05/20/giga-zedania-7/;, moZiebulia 10.10.2015. kiknaZe 2001: zurab kiknaZe, avTandilis anderZi; Tbilisi. bednieri qalaqi, rogorc... 71 lupanova 2015: ϟЇЃаЁЂ϶а И. П. СЂ϶ЄеЀеЁЁая ϿиІеЄаІЇЄЁая ЅϾаϻϾа и ее ϾЄиІиϾи. http://smalt.karelia.ru/~filolog/pdf/lupanov2.pdf; moZiebulia 27.10.2015. Skuratova 2015: ШϾЇЄаІЂ϶а Ϡ.В. ϟиІеЄаІЇЄЁая ЅϾаϻϾа Ёа ЄЇϵеϺе ХХ-ХХI ϶϶. http://pglu.ru/upload/iblock/143/uch_2011_iv_00032.pdf; moZiebulia 27.10.2015. irine maniJaSvili Tbilisi terenti granelis poeziaSi Tbilisi araerTi Semoqmedis STagonebis wyaro gamxdara. Tu gadavxedavT mis istorias, vnaxavT, rom aramarto qarTveli xelovanebi, poetebi iyvnen TbilisiT aRfrTovanebulni, aramed-bevri ucxoeli mogzauri Tu mweralic. Tbilisis kolorituloba da misi Sarmis saidumlo, albaT, ganpirobebuli iyo misi geografiuli mdebareobiTac, radgan is warmoadgenda aRmosavlur-dasavlur kulturaTa sinTezs. Tbilisis mimzidvelobas gansazRvravda mainc is Rirebulebebi da tradiciebi, erTgvari Tbilisuri esTetika, rac uSualod misTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. me-20 saukunis dasawyisi, kerZod, 20-iani wlebi, TbilisisTvis metad progresuli aRmoCnda. am periodSi dedaqalaqis kulturuli cxovreba piks aRwevs. ukve 10-iani wlebidan Tbiliss aqtiuri mxatvrul-literaturuli cxovreba hqonda. grigol robaqiZe ase aRwers maSindel Tbiliss: „tfilisi ucnauri qalaqia, xolo 1919-20 wlebSi kidev ufro aucnaurda. gamorekili Tu gamoqceuli rusebi Tavs aq afarebdnen. vin ar iyo maSin tfilisSi?.. tfilisi gaxda poetebis qalaqi. kafe „internacional- Tbilisi terenti granelis poeziaSi 73 Si“ kidec gamoacxades poetebis qalaqad. kidev meti: gaiZaxodnen, poezia marto tfilisSiao... qveyana marTlac iqceoda da mxolod tfilisi iyo erTaderTi qalaqi, romelic aseT „qcevas“ poeturi mReriT xvdeboda. aseTi iyo tfilisis fantastika...“ (robaqiZe 1988:337-338). paolo iaSvilma xmamaRla ganacxada kafe „internacionalSi“, rom ara parizi, aramed Tbilisi aris msoflio kulturis centrio. samwuxarod, 1921 wlis TebervalSi ruseTis revoluciis qariSxalma saqarTvelosac gadauara. im adamianebis didi umravlesoba, vinc Tbilisi „poetebis qalaqad“ da saqarTvelo „oazisad“ aqcia, gadasaxlebebsa da sakoncentracio banakebSi aRmoCnda. bevric Seewira 30-iani wlebis totalur reJims; qarTuli inteligenciis nawili ucxoeTSi gadaixvewa. es mokle istoriuli eqskursi imisTvis dagvWirda, rom gagveTvaliswinebina is mSvenieri atmosfero, romelic terenti granels daxvda TbilisSi. is 1918 wels Camovida walenjixidan dedaqalaqSi. terenti kvirkvelias TbilisSi Camosvlis mizani iyo ganaTlebis miReba, magram , samwuxarod, amave wels gardaecvala mama da usaxsrod darCa ojaxi. terenti iZulebuli gaxda Tbilisis rkinigzis sadgurze daewyo muSaoba. Semdeg muSaobas iwyebs gazeT „saxalxo saqmis“ redaqciaSi Sikrikad. aqve daibeWda misi pirveli leqsi. rogorc aRvniSneT TbilisSi am dros saukeTeso kulturuli atmosfero sufevda da terentic gaitaca simbolisturma poeziam, modurma literaturulma mimdinareobebma... TbilisSi Casvlidan erTi wlis Semdeg is ukve adgils imkvidrebs dedaqalaqSi da 1919 wels gamoscems samxatvro-saliteraturo gazeTs „ia“ da Jurnals „kronosis saxe“. 1920-21 wlebSi gamosca leqsebis ori patara wignaki, xolo 1922 wels--leqsebis mozrdili wigni „sulidan saflavebi“. 1924-26 wlebSi miaRwia popularobis zenits... Tbilisi iqca misi poeziis STagonebis wyarod. dedaqalaqi zogadad yvelaze didi asparezia Semoqmedi adamianisTvis---Tavisi siWreliT, aqtiuri ritmiT, socialur-kulturuli garemoTi da sxv. gansakuTrebiT Tbiliss aqvs erTgvari Sinauruli atmosfero. is binac aris da TavSesafaric bevrisTvis. 74 irine maniJaSvili terenti granelis poeziaSi Tbilisi araerTgvarovani semiotikuri niSniT vlindeba. miuxedavad amisa, yvelgan igrZnoba poetis gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba Tbilisisadmi, dedaqalaqisadmi. granelis mborgavi sulisTvis, romelic martosulobisTvis iyo ganwiruli Tavisi miraJuli xilvebiT, qalaqi, Tbilisi aRmoCnda navsayudeli, „Sina“... Tumca, is arc aq grZnobda Tavs mSvidad da bednierad. terenti granelis portretisTvis es erTi frazac sakmarisia: „ara sicocxle, ara sikvdili, aramed-raRac sxva...“ (graneli 1991:6) poeti mwvaved ganicdis TbilisTan ganSorebas: „vSordebi Tbiliss, mgoni didi xniT.“(graneli 1991:21) am patara leqsSi samjer meordeba es striqoni, romelic ufro amZafrebs ganSorebis tkivils. dedaqalaqi misTvis „wminda TavSesafaric aris“ da amave dros saflavic unda rom iyos... cnobilia granelis damokidebuleba zogadad sikvdilTan, sasaflaosTan. es Tema mistikuri saburveliT aris moculi; sikvdilis gza midis caTa sasufevlisken, sulis ukvdavebis Ziebisken. rogorc aRvniSneT, poetis gamoTxoveba TbilisTan yovelTvis emociuria. sul iCqaris, rom daubrundes qalaqis xmaurian ritms. albaT, am xmauriT unda CaaxSos Tavisi martosuloba da ganwirulobis Zaxili: „me guSin Tbiliss gamoveTxove da dRes TbilisSi msurs dabruneba“.(graneli 1991: 62) aseTive ganwyobaa leqsSi „gamgzavreba Tbilisidan“. dasawyisSive lurji feri ukve mwuxarebis maniSnebelia: “iyo silurje Cemi mxlebeli da mwuxareba dumils isvrida...“ mihqris matarebliT terenti graneli da mas eCveneba, rom samudamoa es ganSoreba dedaqalaqTan: „ganSorebisTvis guli mtkioda da ar velodi me dabrunebas.“(graneli 1991:66) Tbilisi terenti granelis poeziaSi 75 Tbilisis quCebSi xetiali misi cxovrebis wesia... soflis Cumi, mSvidi garemo kidev ufro umZimebs guls. „isev Tbilisi momagondeba, me vadidebdi quCas, xetials. ar SemiZlia, guli Rondeba, guli Rondeba da Tormetia.“ (graneli 1991:72) an kidev: „Tbilisis quCa sul daviare, guSin cixidan rom gamovedi.“(graneli 1991:126) aseve: „modis garindeba dilis da male davivli Tbiliss.“(graneli 1991: 145) t. granelisTvis qalaqi yvelaze axlobeli, nugeSiani TavSesafaria. misi poeturi aRqmiT is cocxali arsebaa da iseve ganicdis, rogorc TviTon: „qalaqsac Zval-rbilSi uvlis sicive--Tebervlis suli.“(graneli 1991:74) aRsaniSnavia, rom granelis leqsebSi Tbilisis semiotikuri gaazreba mravalferovania. araerT leqsSi is xazgasmiT aRniSnavs Tbilisis siwmindes: „Tbilisi darCa wminda me wamovedi guSin. isev Tbilisi minda, Tbilisi darCa gulSi.“(graneli 1991: 91) irine maniJaSvili 76 granels Zalian individualuri, sulismieri damokidebuleba aqvs dedaqalaqTan. erTi dRec ver tovebs Tbiliss... maSinve Tavs iCens masTan ganSorebis dardi („isev Tbilisze vdardob“). TiTqos mistikurad aris mijaWvuli TbilisTan sxeuliT, mTeli misi arsebiT. eZvirfaseba Tbilisi im urTierTobebisTvisac, romelic akavSirebs did galaktionTan da sxva poetebTan. „erTad vxetialobdiT Tbilisis bulvarebSi, restornebSi, baRebSi,--me arsad ar gtovebdi.“(graneli 1991: 105) leqsSi „Tbilisis gareT“ is mZime ganwyobaa gadmotanili, rac eufleba poets „siCumeTa savaneSi“. iq, sadac saocnebo velebia da Cumi mindvrebi, Zlierdeba misi Sinagani wameba. am leqsSi ikveTeba Tbilisis kidev erTi Strixi: „iq samrekloa maRali, aq siCumeTa savane“. (graneli 1991:114) imdroindel TbilisSic mravlad iyo maRali samrekloebi, rac simbolurad rwmenas da ufalTan siaxloves gamoxatavs. Tbilisi--„wminda qalaqi“-bevrgan gvxvdeba es metafora. erT-erT leqsSi pirdapir aRsarebasaviT gvamcnobs poeti: „ soflis meSinia, Tbiliss vefarebi...“(„isev siSoreze“, graneli 1991:122) soflis siCumis eSinoda, radgan iq ufro umZafrdeboda simartovisa da uimedobis gancda. granelisTvis TbilisSi dabruneba Sin, mSobliur saxlSi dabrunebis tolfasia: „dRes Tbilisisken mival me isev, da matarebels xvdeba meisre, ---------------------------------------daZonZilia TovliT totebi, Tbilisi terenti granelis poeziaSi 77 da isev Tbiliss vuaxlovdebi“. (graneli 1991: 123) mkiTxvelic avtorTan erTad grZnobs kaxeTidan momavali poetis TbilisTan miaxlovebis sixaruls. cnobilia, terenti granelis damokidebuleba bolSevikebis mimarT. is mwvaved ganicdida saqarTvelos gasabWoebas, damoukideblobis dakargvas. mZafri protesti ufro kargad Cans mis werilebSi. grZnobda mowyenili Tbilisis sevdas, Tumca ar kargavda imeds momavali simSvidisa da aRtacebisa: mowyenilia exla Tbilisi, male dadgeba dro damSvidebis. ----------------------------------------albaT gamafren zecisken, qaro, roca dadgeba dro aRtacebis. nela Ramdeba da axla garmons ukraven rusi jariskacebi.“(graneli 1991: 127) aseTive ganwyobaa da qalaqis tragikulad aRqma sxva leqsSi: qalaqi ise gaCumebula, TiTqo qalaqi daRupvis win dgas.“(graneli 1991:141) poets TbilisSi aqvs gansakuTrebulad sayvareli adgilebi. erTerTi aseTia muStaidis baRi, sadac ismens foTlebis kvnesas da misi fiqrebi mifrinaven zecisken: „me guli ar minaxia, mesmis foTlebis kvnesa. es muStaidis baRia da me vseirnob dResac.“(graneli 1991:131) irine maniJaSvili 78 poetis mgrZnobiare suls ufro metad awuxebda da stkioda, vidre uxaroda rame. mziani Tbilisis xilva ki marTla aZlevs sixaruliT aRtacebis mizezs: „Cans dRea Tbili, Tanac qaria. davyureb Tbiliss da mixaria.“(graneli 1991:134) ufro metic, t. granelis guli mTel Tbiliss itevda da ealerseboda: „droa ZilisTvis, dReni iwvian. mTeli Tbilisi gulSi miwyvia.“(graneli 1991: 157) t.granelis verlibri „guli TbilisisaTvis“ 1922 wels dabeWdila. originaluri da verlibrisaTvis aucilebeli emociuri muxtiT aris daRdasmuli finaluri taepi: „Cemi guli, romelic Camovarda wuxel, dRes qalebma ipoves baRSi. me axla aRara var. Cemi guli gadaeciT Tbiliss Tu aRmoCnda sadme. (graneli 1979:283-284) Tbilisi iyo mowme misi fericvalebis, TandaTan ukusvlis da ufskrulamde misvlis. TviTonve aRniSnavda: „da Tbilisis winaSe sanTeliviT vilevi.“(graneli 1991:163) terenti granelis damokidebuleba TbilisTan scildeba ubralod dedaqalaqisadmi siyvaruls da ufro farTo semiotikuri niSniT itvirTeba. Tbilisi mistikur elfers iZens. misTvis erTaderTi nugeSi da Tilismaa. Tbilisi terenti granelis poeziaSi 79 „frinveliviT vzivar Ramis ubeSi, Tbilisia erTaderTi nugeSi. ------------------------------------------Tbilisia da wamebas avitan, dRevandeli mziani dRe wavida.“(graneli 1991:165) bolo periodis leqsebSi dananebiT aRniSnavs, rom Zal-Rone aRar Seswevs Tbilisis quCebSi xetialisTvis da gulistkiviliT emSvidobeba Tbiliss: „Tbilisis naxva kidev msurs erTxel, minda dilamde mTvares vumzerde. mesmis quCaSi rogor midian, me siaruli ar SemiZlia. ara maqvs Rone, ara maqvs Zili, vemSvidobebi Cems Zvirfas Tbiliss.“(graneli 1991:172) sofelSi myofsa da dasneulebuls Tbilisis monatreba klavs, misi Suqi izidavs, Tbilisis ca enatreba. poetis saboloo survilic es iyo, rom Tbilisis miwaSi hqonoda samudamo gansasvenebeli. „ra vqna, dRes minda vnaxo Tbilisi, vnaxo Tbilisi da meucxovos. ----------------------------------------male movkvdebi da vici gulze rom damayrian Tbilisis miwas.“(iqve, 173) poeti imdenad Sesisxlxorcebulia qalaqTan, rom Tbilisidan Sorsmyofi darwmunebulia, mis gareSe Tbilisi gadasxvaferebulia: „aRar eqneba saxe axla uCemo Tbiliss.“(iqve, gv.201) irine maniJaSvili 80 t.granelis poeziaSi zogjer igrZnoba soflisadmi nostalgiac, magram aseTi ganwyoba iSviaTia. soflis dumili da simyudrove ufro amZafrebs mis sulier kriziss. leqsi „qalaqidan sofeli“ Zalze xelSesaxebad agrZnobinebs mkiTxvels soflis simSvides, sisadavesa da ubraloebas. qalaqidan danaxuli sofeli idumalebiT aris moculi. „danamulia ezo, yanebi, iqve dgas Zroxa, iqve ZaRlia. albaT bavSvebi dedis brZanebiT, viRac mezobel qals uZaxian.“(iqve, 210) kontrasti xmaurian qalaqsa da soflis simyudroves Soris ufro aRrmavebs poetis nostalgias: movardnil qarSi Srialebs alva, tye ar minaxavs didi xania, dadga maisi, sofelSi, albaT, ufro dumili da simwvanea.“(iqve, 210) terentisTvis gansakuTrebulad mSvenieria maRlobidan danaxuli Tbilisi: „da botanikur baRis mTebidan xelis guliviT Tbiliss davyureb.“(iqve, 211) an kidev: „uceb maxlobel mTaze avedi da Tvalwin medga mTeli Tbilisi.“(iqve, 212) erTi leqsis saTauri ki aseTia--- „Tbilisi maRlidan“, sadac Tbilisis Zvel ubnebs saTiTaod efereba poeti. „es dila elavs, rogorc lampari, Tbilisi terenti granelis poeziaSi 81 qarma fiqrebi isev daSala. daxavsebuli dgas avlabari da Zirs baRebiT wevs orTaWala.“(iqve, 227) misTvis erTnairad Zvirfasia didube, saburTalo, veris xidi, muxranis xidi Tu naZaladevi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tbilisis datoveba yvelaze metad eZneleboda („movSordi yvelas, ver vtoveb Tbiliss...“gv..212), mainc mouwia masTan ganSoreba: „ase awewili bediT, minda gavSorde Tbiliss“(gv.219). „wuxs roiali, me raRac mtkiva, davtoveb Tbiliss da waval dasTan. vnaxoT, es fiqri sanamde wava, vnaxoT, es tanjva sanamde gastans.“(iqve, gv.236) didxans aRarc gastana am tanjvam da koSmarulma xilvebma da suramis fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi dasrulda misi amqveyniuri wvaleba. TbilisSi, petre-pavles sasaflaos miabares misi nawamebi sxeuli(1934). suliT xorcamde TbilisTan dakavSirebulma poetma Tbilisis miwaSi hpova samudamo gansasvenebeli. literatura alimonaki 1990: alimonaki l. “kviris wirvebi anu cxovreba terenti granelisa”, “merani”, Tb. graneli 1991: graneli t. or tomad, “aieti”, Tb. graneli 1990: graneli t. leqsebi, “xelovneba”, Tb. graneli 1979: graneli t.rCeuli. Tbilisi: „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“ 82 robaqiZe irine maniJaSvili 1988: robaqiZe gr. „gvelis perangi“, “falestra“, Tb. „merani“ siraZe 2008: siraZe r. “kultura da saxismetyveleba”, “inteleqti”, Tb. irakli mWedliSvili polisuri sivrce socialuri kosmosi da kosmopolitizmi dakargul dialogSi, `filosofiis Sesaxeb~, rig Zvel avtorTa gadmocemiT, aristotele acxadebda, rom polisis warmoSoba sruliad garkveul siaxleTa, kanonTa SemoRebisa da qalaqis yvela nawilis erTianobaSi momyvan pirobaTa gamogonebis Sedegad moxda. sibrZne, rogorc aristotele Tvlida, swored amgvar siaxleTa momtan gamogonebas ewoda, rameTu misi Semqmnelebis, polisis moqalaqis yvela Rirsebis aRmomCeni `Svidi brZenis~ damfuZnebel-gardamqmneli SemarTeba, maTi saqmianoba, maTsave gonismier madls, azrTa mwvdom da momkreb Zalisxmevas daefuZna. umetes Tanamedrove swavlulTa, TiTqmis sayovelTaod miRebuli azriT, qalaqur dasaxlebaTa warmoSoba `pirvelad dafuZnebas~, anu momTabare da monadire-momgrovebluridan, erT adgilze, SezRudul arealSi cxovrebis wesze gadasvlis process ukavSirdeba. `neoliTur revolucias~, agrikulturis Semosvlas, aseT, upiratesad ekonomikuri safuZvelidan momdinare SexedulebaTa Tanaxmad, dasaxlebaTa warmoSoba, anu adamianTa adgilebze damagreba da mosaxleobis simWidrovis zrda mohyva. Sesabamisad, urbanul areTa warmoSobis, anda qa- 84 irakli mWedliSvili laqTa aRmocenebis mTavar winapirobad, maxasiaTeblad Tu ganmsazRvrel niSnad, aRniSnuli SexedulebiT, swored empiriulekonomikur garemoebaTa Sedegad warmoqmnili mWidrod gansaxlebis SesaZleblobaTa arseboba miiCneva. am movlenas, anu qalaquri Tanacxovrebis arealTa aRmocenebas, wina, miwis SezRudul areze damagrebis wminda agraruli periodisagan gansxvavebis mizniTa da imis gamoc, rom pirvel saxelmwifo warmonaqmnTa, adreul civilizaciaTa Seqmna, swored marTvis sadaveTa, Zalaufleba-gavlenis veqtorTa momkreb qalaqur infrastruqturaTa warmoSobas ukavSirdeba, zogjer, `dafuZnebis~ Tu `SemWidroebis~ meoreul etapsac uwodeben. polisis, anu `qalaqi-saxelmwifo~ saxis civilizaciis warmoSobis winapirobaca da misi qmnadoba-arsebobis xasiaTic, socialuri mowesrigebis istoriul tendencias, `SemWidroebis~ aRniSnul miswrafebas srulad esadageba. ekonomikuri da mmarTvelobiT-politikuri saxis mamoZravebel ZalTa, TiTqosda TavisTavad, `bunebrivad~ moqmedi meqanizmis mixedviT Sedgenil da JamTasvlis Tanmimdevrul, qronologiur rigs SeTanadebul, civilizaciaTa aRmasvla-ganviTarebis sworxazovan warmodgenas, anda erTian suraTs Tu sqemas, polisuri anawyobis aRmocenebisa da Semdgomi arsebobis faqti, sulac ar ewinaaRmdegeba. amgvari, ekonomikur mizanSewonilobas calsaxad midevnebuli, pragmatuli xedviT, polisuri warmonaqmni, adreul, e. w., `mdinarisa~ da `sasaxlis~ civilizaciebs, swored gardamavloba-monacvleobis principis, intensifikaciisa da mosaxleobis simWidrovis zrdis niSnis mixedviT Tu Sesabamisad eTanadeba. maS, romel siaxleze Tu gamogonebaze saubrobs aristotele? iqneb polisis warmomSob mTavar faqtorad miCneul `sibrZnes~, aristotele, swored sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovrebis istoriul Tu obieqtur kanonzomierebaTa gacnobierebis, misi ganviTarebis TavisTavadi meqanizmis, anu `bunebrivi svlis~ procesis Wvretis, codniTi wvdomis Tu moxilvis unars uwodebda? sibrZne, anu `sofia~ ( οφδα), romlis gamogonebasac aristotele Zvel berZen, `Svid brZens~ miawers, swored rom wina, adreuli periodis miTosuri cnobierebis msoflgancdidan gamosvlas gulisxmobda da is, imavdroulad, samyaros aRqmis sruliad axal, iqamde ar arsebul xedvaTa Semosvlasac moaswavebda. mistikur-sakraluri codnisgan gamijnuli logosuri saxis azrovneba, zeadamianur ZalTagan damoukidebel da warmomavlobiT- polisuri sivrce – socialuri kosmosi da kosmopolitizmi 85 genezisuri rigidan gamocalkevebul, gamaerTianebel sawyisTa Tu principTa moZiebis mcdelobas warmoadgenda. metoqeobis ( ρδμisa) da siyvarulis (φδζδα-s) dapirispirebul RvTiur ZalTa polusebs Soris, berZenTa warmodgeniT moqceul, mraval calkeul elementTagan, erTiani, gawonasworebuli da sayovelTao mowesrigebis miRwevis SesaZleblobas, anda, rogorc orfikosebi (Tu piTagorelebi) ambobdnen, erTianidan mravalis da mravlisgan erTianis warmoSobis pirobaTa erTobliobas, Zieba-moazreba, axsna da sibrZniTi, anu sistemuri codnis saxiT dafuZneba sWirdeboda. `sibrZnis~ Semqmnelma pirvelma brZenebma, swored aseTi, polisis yvela gansxvavebul, lokaciur, socialur da pirovnul nawilTa erTian da gawonasworebul mTlianobaSi moqcevis pirobaTa racionaluri anawyobis Camoyalibebis, misi moazrebisa da danergvis pirveli mcdeloba ganaxorcieles. ZiriTadi kategoriebi, an azrovnebis is tipi, romelsac sakacobrio civilizacia dResac efuZneba, pirvelad, Zv. w. a.-is VII saukuneSi, mcire aziis berZnul qalaq mileTSi warmoCnda. axali azrovnebis aRZvris, axal xedvaTa gamovlenis mTavari pativi, `Svid brZenTagan~ upirvelesad miCneul, mileTis mkvidr, Taless miewereba. yvela avtori, Zvelic da axalic, mis saxels win sityva `pirvels~ umZRvarebs. `astronomiis Seswavla, pirvelma, man daiwyo... sulis ukvdaveba, pirvelma, man ganacsada... saubrebi bunebaze, pirvelma, man wamoiwyo~ (1, I.1 24-28). Zvel avtorTa damowmebiT, Talesi Tavis mimdevrebs pirdapir eubneboda: `kosmosi erTiania!~. kosmiuri erTianobis principidan momdinare Talesuri hipoTeza, romlis mixedviTac, samyaroSi wesrigis arsebobaca da adamianis mier misi Secnobis SesaZleblobac daiSva, mTel rig swavlulTa azriT, `dasavluri saazrovno tradiciis~ sawyiss warmoadgens. Talesma da mis Semdgomma, aristoteles mier `fizikosebad~ wodebulma filosofosebma, samyaros wesrigi, kosmiuri harmonia, vrceuli principis Tanadi xedvis Tu midgomis Tanaxmad, geometriul sqemaTa saxiT warmoaCines. Talesis mowafe, anaqsimandre, naSromSi, `bunebis Sesaxeb~ (anda, ufro zustad, Ι κλέα π λὶ φτ ωμ - `istoria bunebis Sesaxeb~) acxadebda, rom kosmiur wesrigs, ara `monarqiuli~, anu erTi zebunebrivi Zalmosilebis arsebidan momdinare, ierarqiulad daqvemdebarebuli wyobis, aramed tol-swori ganlagebis, geometriuli saxe aqgs. `bunebis isto- 86 irakli mWedliSvili ria~, anaqsimandresTan, swored codnis erTdroul, anu vrceul mocvas, mokrebas Tu aRqmas gulisxmobda (`istoria~ _ aq, am gamoTqmaSi, ara qronologiuri mimarTebiT, aramed sityva δ κλέα-s pirveladi, gamorkvevis, gamokvlevis Tu mcodneobis mniSvnelobiT figurirebs). anaqsimandres kosmologiuri Teoria, upiratesad vizualur, samyaros `damnaxav~ midgomas, moxilva-Wvretis sivrcul princips efuZneba (termin `Teoriis~ Zireuli sityva γ ωλ ῖθ, swored danaxvas, dakvirvebas, moxilvas Tu Wvretas niSnavs). xolo genezisuri mniSvnelobis, sawyisis, wyaros da fesvis aRmniSvneli sityva, `arxe~ (άλχά), anaqsimandres naazrevSi, droiTTan erTad struqturul-vrceul datvirTvasac iZens. Tanabrad da mwyobrad ganlagebis, wonasworobis sawyiss Tu `sayrdens~, anu `arxes~, anaqsimandres mixedviT, samyaros centrSi uZrav da gawonasworebul mdgomareobaSi moazrebuli dedamiwis msgavsad, polisis SuagulSi, yvelasa da yovlisagan Tanabrad daSorebuli `agora~ warmoadgens. geometrias, piTagora, doqsografTa gadmocemiT, `maradiulad arsebulis codnad~ miiCnevda. Tavisi Tavis `sibrZnis moyvarulad~, anu filosofosad mwodebel moazrovnes, Zvel avtorTagan, zogi Talesisa da zogic anaqsimandres mowafeobas, sagulisxmoa, rom msgavs Tu ziar geometriul SexedulebaTa gamo miawerdnen. piTagorasa da mis mimdevarTa mixedviT, `samyaros ricxvi marTavs~ da igive ricxvi, anu `yofierebis elementi~, maTsave azriT, formaTa da ideaTa, anu geometriul wesrigTa mmarTvelic aris. xolo sawyisi amgvar, formaTa, ideaTa da saganTa simravles, anu samyaros, piTagorelTa warmodgeniT, TviTkmari `monadadan~, TviTWvretisa da ganmeorebadobis Sedegad warmoSobili `diaduri~ gadasvlis (1:2) Sedegad eZleva. `diada~, romelsac piTagorelebi, erTsa da mravals Soris gaWril, erTgvar karad miiCnevdnen, swored gardamavli bunebis gamo, maTive warmodgeniT, ormag funqcias iTavsebs. is _ yofs da aerTebs, ganizidavs da izidavs, ancalkevebs da aerTianebs. diaduri gadasvlisas, piTagorelTa geometriuli xedviT, ori monaduri sferos centrTa gaziareba xdeba da sferul zedapirTa TanakveTis Sedegad, `Tevzis buStad~ wodebuli figura warmoiSveba. dedobriv wiaRs mimsgavsebuli `Tevzis buSti~, piTagorelebma nayofierebis cnebasTan daakavSires da is, Sobis procesis analogiiT, sulieri ziarebis sibmolur gasasvlelad miiCni- polisuri sivrce – socialuri kosmosi da kosmopolitizmi 87 es. swor geometriul figurebad warmodgenili `vizualuri ricxvebi~, piTagorelTa mixedviT, swored diaduri TanakveTis wiaRidan unda vlindebodnen. piTagoras mimdevari da sokrates Tanamedrove maTematikosis, filolaosis azriT, samyaros wyobis, kosmosisa da yoveeli masSi arsebulis Sedgena, ori ZiriTadi principis, `damsazRvravisa~ da `dausazRvravis~ saSualebiT xorcieldeba. dausazRvravni, filolaosis warmodgeniT, iseT, struqturulad da raodenebrivad ganusazRvrel erTianobebs warmoadgenen, romelTac tradiciul, miwis, wylis, haerisa da cecxlis materialur elementTa garda, sivrcec da droc miekuTvneba. sazRvars aseT warmonaqmnebs, anu dausazRvravebs, formisa da sxva struqturul principTa momcveli damsazRvravebi udeben. maTi, dausazRvravisa da damsazRvravis SeTanadeba-SeTavseba, anda mosaxsvra, spontanurad, SemTxveviTi gziT ki ara, `urTierT morgebiT~, anu maTematikurad aRweradi `harmoniis~ saSualebiT xorcieldeba. samyaros harmoniuli wyoba, filolaosis azriT, swored ricxviT an ricxvTa TanafardobiT, racioTi Tu proporciiT aRinusxeba. `da namdvilad asea, ricxvi yovel Secnobil sagans aqvs. mis gareSe, nebismieri raimes gaazreba an gageba SeuZlebeli iqneboda~ (2, Fr. 4). ricxvi, filolaosis am gamonaTqvamis mixedviT, epistemologiur, SemecnebiT funqcias atarebs. is, rogorc filolaosis kidev erTi fragmenti (Fr. 5) gvamcnobs, uamrav, Tavad yoveli sagnis mier miniSnebul an `niSnis mimcem~ formas iRebs. miniSnebis Tu miTiTebis nimuSad, filolaosi, `musikaluri harmoniis~ magaliTs mouxmobs. musikalur-akustikur rigSi, xmaTa erToblioba, maTi harmoniuli Tanawyoba Tu Tanaxmianoba, filolaosis mixedviT, mTel ricxvTa TanafardobiT (1 : 4/3 : 3/2 : 2), anu racioTi gadmoicema. platonma, rogorc diogene laerteli gadmogvcems, filolaosis wigni (`bunebis Sesaxeb~) samxreT italiaSi yofnisas SeiZina da Tavisi `timeosi~, zogierT mweralTa monaWoriT, `...TiTqosda iqidan gadawera~ (1, VIII 7.85). racios, proporcias, anda berZnuli sityviT, analogias (ἁθαζκγἱα), platoni `timeossa~ da sxva naSomebSi, marTlacda xSirad mimarTavs. msgavsad piTagorelebisa, diadur gadasvlas (1:2), platoni, universalur, mravaelmxriv datvirTvas aniWebs, yovelgvari _ alogikuri, Tvisobrivi Tu arsobrivi gardasvla, anda qmnadoba, platonis naazrevSi, swored misi saSualebiT gamoisaxeba. filolaosis mier aRwe- 88 irakli mWedliSvili rili, `oqtavad~ ukve Semdgom, gacilebiT gvian wodebuli, harmoniuli Tanafardoba ki, platonTan, akustikuris garda, fizikur elementTa (miwis, wylis, haeris, ceclis) da swor geometriul sxeulTa (kubis, ikosaedris, oqtaedris, piramidas) Tanawyobasac esadageba. proporciuli mimarTebani, platons, gnoseologiur Tu epistemologiur sferoSic gadaaqvs. codnis, gonierebis (an gagebis), rwmenisa da mimsgavsebis saxiT dayofili SemecnebiTi unarebidan, platonis mixedviT, bolo ori, erToblivad, warmodgenas, anda Sexedulebas ( σιαθ), xolo pirveli ori ki _ azrovnebas (θκτ δθ) Seadgenen. amaTgan, rogorc platoni `saxelmwifoSi~ ambobs, `...warmodgena, qmnadobasa da azrovneba ki, arss eTanadeba da es mimarTeba proporciiT gamoisaxeba~ (3, 534a). aqve albaT, isic unda iTqvas, rom msgavsi saxis mimarTebebs, platoni socialur-eTikuri saxis datvirTvasac aZlevs. dialogSi, `gorgiasi~, sokrate oponentTan kamaTisas (508a ff.) acxadebs, rom casa da miwas, RmerTebsa da adamianebs, iseTi urTierToba da megobroba aerTianebs, romelic wesierebis, zomierebisa da samarTlianobis formiT vlindeba da rom udidesi Zalmosileba, RmerTebsa da adamianebs Soris, swored `geometriul Tanasworobas~ (anu, igulisxme, analogias) eniWeba... aristotele `metafizikaSi~ aRniSnavda, rom platonis swavleba, piTagorelebisas, namdvilad waagavs. is srulad Tanxvdeba maT imaSi, rom ricxvebi yovlis yofierebis mizezs warmoadgenen, `...magram erTeuli dausazRvravis nacvlad diadis SemoReba da misi `didisa da mcires~ momcvelis saxiT dafuZneba, damaxasiaTebeli mxolod misTvis aris~ (4, 987 b23–27). ase rom, aristoteles damowmebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom platonma filolaosis metafizikuri sistemis ara srulad gadmoReba, aramed misi gadaazreba da gadasworeba moaxdina. aseTi gadaazrebis Tu interpretaciis Sedegad, dausazRvravi imgvar dapirispirebul wyvilad gardaisaxa, romelsac racios, anda analogias damsazRvravi uwesebs. ufro farTo da zogadi mniSvnelobiT ki, ricxvTa TanafardobiT warmodgenilma diaduri gadasvlisa da analogiuri mimarTebis SemoRebam, codnis platonur koncepcias, anda moZRvrebas formaTa (`eidosTa~) Sesaxeb maTematikuri xasiaTi SesZina. imave klasikur epoqasa da ufro adreul periodSic, racios, anda proporciul mimarTebas, maRali mniSvneloba da saTanado daniSnuleba, filosofiur, metafizikur ganazrebaTa Tu Teo- polisuri sivrce – socialuri kosmosi da kosmopolitizmi 89 riul warmodgenaTa ganzomilebis gareTac, pragmatul, praqtikul saqmianobaTa da gamoyenebiT-saxelovnebo sferoebSic eniWeboda. filolaosis umcrosi Tanamedrove da gadmocemiT, piTagorelTa mimdevari, moqandake polikletosi, `klasikuri stilis~ brinjaos qandakebebs swored racios Tanaxmad qmnida. misi, `kanonad~ saxeldebuli Teoriuli naSromi (da igive saxelwodebis qandakeba) adamianis sxeulis srulyofil models, sxeulis nawilTa Tanazomadi wyobis Sesabamisad, `harmoniuli proporciis~ mixedviT adgenda. simetriuli, gawonasworebuli da ritmulad mwyobri aRnagoba, polikletosis `kanonis~ Tanaxmad, adamianis neka TiTis umciresi, ganapira falangis zomis proporciulad ganmeoradobis, anu `geometriuli progresiis~ mixedviT igeba (racio an Tanafardoba, 1 : √2). Senobebsa da nagebobebs, adamiani dasabamidan, rogorc C. w. a.-mde I saukunis, romaeli arqiteqtori, vitruviusi, Tavis aTi wignisgan Semdgar waSromSi, De architectura aRniSnavs, frinvelTa da futkarTa msgavsad, bunebrivi masaliT, bunebisave sqtiqiaTagan Tavdacvis mizniT qmnida. Senebis xelovnebis srulyofisaTvis, berZnebma arqiteqturaSi, rogorc vitruviusi gadmogvcems, proporcia (ἁθαζκγἱα _ analogia) da misganve momdinare, simetria SemoiRes. nebismieri taZris an Senobis proeqtSi, rogorc vitriviusi acxadebs, `...nakveTTa Soris, iseT zust mimarTebas, rogoric kargad aRnagi adamianis SemTxvevaSi gveZleva, simetriisa da proporciis garda, veraviTari sxva principi ver SemoiRebs~ (5, III-1). da iqve, am nawyvetis Semdeg, vitruviusi, `bunebis umSvenieresi qmnilebis~, adamianis sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilTa zomebis idealur TanafardobaTa CamoTvlas axdens... samyaroSi arsebuli kosmiuri mowesrigebis Secnobis SesaZleblobis daSveba, anu Teoriul moxilvas, Wvretas Tu kontemplaciasa da garemomcveli sinamdvilis grZnobad aRqmas Soris, Semecnebis klasikur-berZnuli modelis mixedviT SemoRebuli analogiuri Sesabamisoba, adamianis sxeuls, gansakuTrebul, sasazRvro Tu gardamaval mdgomareobasa da adgils uwesebda. aseT, Sesabamisebel Tu SemaTavsebel pirobaTa erTobliobis SemoRebis Sedegad da misganve ganpirobebuli azrobrivi konstruqciis mixedviT, antikuri msoflxedvis Teoriul warmodgenaTa aqtualur saqmianobaTa sferoSi asaxva-gadasvlaca da praqtikul unar-CvevaTa gamovlenac, swored sxeulis gavliT, misi saSualebiT unda xorcieldebodes. amitomac, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom im 90 irakli mWedliSvili drois saazrovno sivrcesa da pragmatul mimarTebaTa velSi, sxeulisa da sazogadod ki, mentalur-somaturi eerTeulis, adamianis, protagoras sityvebiT rom iTqvas, `yovlis sazomad~ dasaxva, swored rom kanonzomierad xdeboda. horizontze mdgomi, sasazRvro mdgomareobaSi myofi, yovlis momxilavi adamianis aRorZinebiseuli, `antropocentruli~ modeli, didwilad, `adamiani sazomis~, anda Homo mensura-s antikuri warmodgenidan amodioda. humanistur msoflxedvaze dafuZnebuli renesansuli azrovneba, antikur warmodgenaTa geometriuli xedvis, samyaros mwyobri, analogiur-proporciulad dasaxsruli modelis aRorZinebas Tu kvlavSeqmnas iswrafoda. vitruviusis naSromSi mocemuli, adamianis sxeulTan dakavSirebuli, harmoniul TanafardobaTa CamonaTvali, leonardo da vinCis mier, `vitruviuli adamianis~ cnobil naxat-diagramad gardaisaxa. platonTan asocirebul, `oqros kveTis~ Tanafardobas, evklides `sawyisebSi~ Tu `optikaSi~ moxseniebul da kidev sxva, antikurobidan momdinare proporciebs, aRorZinebis moRvaweTa ganazrebebSi, gansakuTrebuli adgili mieniWa. antikur xedvaTa safuZvelze aRZruli renesansis moRvaweTa inteleqtualuri Ziebani, kulturis, xelovnebisa da mecnierebis mraval ganxraTa momcvel, maTsave SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa. Senebis xelovnebasa da arqiteqturas miZRvnili, didi humanistis, leon batista albertis, 1452 wels gamoqveynebuli wigni, vitruviusis naSromis safuZvelze Seiqmna. xolo arqiteqtor filipo bruneleskis, imave, leon batista albertisa da sagulisxmod, leonardo da vinCis mier, renesansuli xedvisaTvis da evropuli kulturis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani, `centraluri perspeqtivis meTodis~ kvlav an Tavidan Seqmna, vitruviusis wignSi motanil, berZnuli Teatris `skenografiis~ aRmwer cnobaTa safuZvelze moxda... yovelive es, mogvianebiT, ukve antikur-klasikuri periodis Semdgom ganxorcielda. Zveli saberZneTis ufro adreul, winaklasikur periodSi ki, racios, anda geometriul analogias, umeteswilad, `socialuri kosmosis~ momwesrigebeli daniSnuleba eZleoda. miTosuri msoflxedvis Canacvleba, axali azrovnebis, anda rogorc aristotele uwodebda, `sibrZnis~ warmoCena, maSin moxda, roca berZenni, sazogadoebrivi mowyobis sakiTxTa gamo, zrunvasa da fiqrs miecen. socialur urTierTobaTa arsis amocnobas, mis axsnas, isini imgvarad, iseTi formulis saSualebiT polisuri sivrce – socialuri kosmosi da kosmopolitizmi 91 Seecadnen, romelic adamianur gagebas eqvemdebareboda. ricxvisa da zomis raodenobriv warmodgenebs, maT, swored amis gamo mimarTes. frangi filosofosi, Jan-pier vernani, naSromSi, `ZvelberZnuli azrovnebis warmoSoba~ aRniSnavs, rom mileTelebma gonierebis erTerTi da erTgvari saxeoba, racionalurobis pirveladi forma Seqmnes. `da Tu homo sapiens _ gonieri adamiani – berZenTa xedviT, homo politicus-s _ politikur adamians warmoadgenda, es niSnavs, rom goni TavisTavad, Tavisi arsiT, politikuri saxiT vlindeboda~ (6, 156). anu, geometriuli xedva, im wina Tu adreul klasikur etapze, rogorc vernani miiCnevs, fizikuri samyaros sakvlev miswrafebaTa nacvlad, politikur, polisuri sivrcis mowesrigebis daniSnulebas miesadaga. Tumca, `sibrZnes~, gonierebas, anda saazrovno tradicias, rogorc vernani SeniSnavs, aRniSnuli xasiaTi did xans ar gayolia. parmenidedan dawyebuli, berZnuli azrovneba, filosofia, wesrigis arsis, misi warmoSobisa da SenarCunebis pirobaTa Ziebidan, yofierebisa da cnobierebis bunebis, maTi urTierTmimarTebis kvlevis sakiTxebze gadaerTo... polisuri civilizaciis adreul etapze ki, `sibrZnis~, anu mowesrigebis axladSeqmnili koncepciis ZiriTad princips, Tanasworoba warmoadgenda. socialuri erToba polisSi, swored am principis, anu, rogorc berZnebi uwodebdnen, `geometriuli Tanasworobis~ Sesabamisad, proporciul mimarTebaTa mixedviT yalibdeboda. sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovrebis qsovili berZnul polisSi, racionalurad mowesrigebul, sagnobrivi mimocvlis zomad-Tvlad garemosaca da gvarovnul-warmomavlobiT mimarTebaTa Tanmimdevrulad Camnacvelebel, adamianur urTierTobaTa racionaluradve gawonasworebul anawyobs, moqalaqeTa erTobasac moicavda. kosmiuri harmoniis Tanadi polisuri mowesrigeba, adreuli warmodgeniT, `damfuZnebel mamaTa~ azriT, swored samyaros mwyobr mimarTebaTa Sesabamis kanonTa ZaliT miiRweoda. kanons, im drois `naturfilosofiur~ ganazrebaTa Tanaxmad, yoveli moqalaqis mimarT erTnairi Zalmosileba unda qonoda. Sesabamisad, yvela moqalaqes, anu urTierTSemnacvlebel yovel `hoplits~ Tu `polisur atoms~ Tanabar movaleobasTan erTad, Tanaswori uflebanic unda miniWeboda (rogorc soloni ambobda _ `Tanasworuflebianoba omebs ar warmoSobs~). amgvarad moazrebul da dadgenil kanonmdeblobas, socialur urTierTobaTa wi- 92 irakli mWedliSvili aRSi, pirvel brZenTa Tu filosofosTa xedviT, moqalaqeTa Soris analogiuri (proporciuli) mimarTeba unda daemyarebina. wonasworobis, wesrigisa da harmoniis pirobas, aseT socialur sivrceSi, rogorc platoni ambobda, `uaresisa da ukeTesis Tanaxmianoba~ qmnida. despotizmis moZule berZeni reformatorebi calsaxad acnobierebdnen, rom polisis moqalaqeTa mier kanonis miReba, misi aRiareba, daZalebis gziT, morCilebis Tu movaleobis grZnobis TavsmoxveviT ar unda miRweuliyo. soloni Tvlida, rom sityva saqmis winaxatia (`sityvebi kanonebsac ki cvlian~) da rom, polisis SuagulSi, sajaro ganxilvisTvis gamofenil marTal sityvas, xalxis neba, adre Tu gvian, kidevac aRiarebda da kidevac daTanxmdeboda. oTxkuTxa xis svetebze amokveTili kanonebi, solonma agoraze, amitomac gamofina. pirveli reformatorebi imasac xvdebodnen, rom Zveli, gvarovnuli wes-Cveulebebis, anu `eTosis~ Secvla, sruliad axali cnobierebis Camoyalibebas saWiroebda. amisaTvis ki, adamianTa miTosuri cnobierebis amorful velSi, anu gasulierebuli samyaros eqstensiurad momcvel warmodgenaTa wiaRSi, maTi azriT, moqalaqeobrivi xedvis, racionaluri da intensiuri azrovnebis unaris Canergvac unda momxdariyo. miTosis logosiT Canacvleba ki, saTanado pirovnul ZalisxmevaTa, imgvar aqtTa aRZvras saWiroebda, romlis aRmocenebac gare, maiZulebeli Tu Tavsmomxvevi zemoqmedebiT ver moxerxdeboda. aseTi ram, mxolod Sida, sulieri Zalisxmevis, anda mentaluri Zvra-wanacvlebis, saTanado aRzrda-wvrTnisa da ganswavlis Sedegad miiRweoda... plutarqes gadmocemiT, Savi zRvis Crdilo sanapirodan aTenSi Camosuli saxelganTqmuli skviTi brZeni, anaxarsisi, aTeneli reformatoris, solonis kanonTa krebuls, erTob undoblad da ironiulad moekida. warmodgena, TiTqosda daweril kanons usamarTlo qmedebaTa, momxveWelobis Jinis Sekaveba SeuZlia, mcdari da warmosaxviTia, radgan, rogorc anaxarsisi ambobda, kanoni obobas qsels gavs _ Raribebi da sustebi SeiZleba kidevac Seeguon, magram mdidrebi da Zalmosilebi, mas advilad gaarRveveno. sapasuxod, solons ganucxadebia _ `adamianebi Sepirebebs maSin asruleben, roca maTi darRveva arc erT mxares awyobs. uaryofasa da rRvevaze metad, kanonTa samarTlianad aRiareba ufro xelsayreli rom unda iyos, yvela moqalaqes Tavad SeuZlia mixvdes da gaigoso~ (7, 5.3). polisuri sivrce – socialuri kosmosi da kosmopolitizmi 93 mixvedra da gageba, rogorc aRmoCnda, axal socialur mimarTebaTa, `politesis~, polisuri adamianis Camoyalibebis erTaderT da sakmaris pirobas ar warmoadgenda. grZnobad-gancdiTi (anu miTosuri) aRqmidan gamocalkevebuli Tu gamonTavisuflebuli, abstraqtuli da racionaluri saxis azrovnebis principi, marTalia patriarqalur, brZaneblobisa da morCilebis tradicias aRar efuZneboda, magram, arc moqalaqeebs Soris, gvarovnul Tu ojaxur mimarTebaTa wiaRSi damyarebad, TanacxovrebiTi simyudrovis, urTierTndobisa da siaxlovis emociur bmaTa msgavs kavSirebs warmoSobda. amitomac iyo, rom pirvelive brZenni, `polisis mamebi~, tradiciuli, sisxlismier naTesaobaze dafuZnebuli cxovrebis wesis ara uaryofas, aramed mis gardasaxvas, gasulierebuli kosmosis analogiuri, emociur-gancdiTi paTosiT gajerebuli polisuri garemos Seqmnas cdilobdnen. epimenide knososeli (kreteli), rogorc aristotele aRniSnavs, ojaxs `erTi bagadan mWamelebs~ uwodebda. spartaSi, adreve SemoRebuli tradicia, `erToblivi trapezis~ instituti, rogorc Cans, polisis `erT ojaxad Sekvris~ miswrafebis erTerT gamovlenas warmoadgenda. saerTo keraze momzadebul da saerTo magidaze gaziarebul sakvebs, kanonmdebelTa warmodgeniT, moqalaqeTa Soris Tanasworobisa da urTierT ndobis, swored rom ojaxuris msgavsi mimarTeba unda daemkvidrebina. amgvar RonisZiebaTa Sedegad miRweul, erTgvarovnebisa da Tanasworobis SegrZnebiT, siaxlovis gancdiTi muxtiT gajerebul polisur erTianobaSi, moqalaqes, maTi CanafiqriT, `moZmeTa~ mofrTxilebisa da `polisuri ojaxis~ dacvis, maRali da ziari pasuxismgeblobis SegrZnebac unda gaviTareboda... polisuri saxelmwifos arsis sisxlismier-naTesaur Tu ojaxur mimarTebaTa principTan Sejereba ufro gviandel, klasikur epoqaSic grZeldeboda. `politikaSi~, aristotele, poliss dasaxlebaTa gaerTianebis Sedegad warmoqmnil, erTgvar, gansakuTrebuli saxis `did ojaxs~ uwodebs. Tumca, Cveulebriv ojaxsa da polisur, ijaxismagvar erTianobas, is iqve, mkveTrad da xazgasmiT ganasxvavebs. erT saxlad mcxovreb ojaxs Tu komls, aristotele adamianur urTierTobaTa iseT bunebriv warmonaqmnad Tvlis, romelic `...yoveldRiur moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis mizniT warmoiSveba~ (8, 1252b 10-15). xolo saxelmwifo, imave naSromSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis mixedviT, Tumca ki sasicocxlo moTxovnilebaTa Ziridan momdinareobs, magram, ara 94 irakli mWedliSvili mxolod sayofacxovrebo, aramed da upiratesad, `...bednieri da mSvenieri cxovrebis miRwevis mizniT arsebobs~ (8, 1252b 30). platonis gadmocemiT, polisuri saxelmwifos srulfasovan da myar erTianobad Camoyalibebas, sokrate, kanonis ZaliT SemoRebul, naTesauri siaxlovis msgavs gancdaTa saSualebiT imedovnebda. platonis `saxelmwifoSi~ gamoTqmuli, saerTo colebisa da saerTo Svilebis institutis dafuZnebis sokrateseuli winadadeba Tu proeqti, CanafiqriT, moqalaqeobriv mimarTebaTa gaTanabrebisa da gaerTgvarovnebis pirobaTa Seqmnas unda wadgomoda. aseTi instituciis dakanonebis SemTxvevaSi, polisur sivrceSi, sokrates warmodgeniT, yvelasaTvis misaRebi, Tanasworuli da Zmuri urTierToba unda damyarebuliyo. iqve, platonis `saxelmwifos~ III wignSi, sokrate kidev ufro sagulisxmo, sruliad fantastikur da daujerebel winadadebas gmoTqvams. saxelmwifosaTvis yovelgvari siyalbis, gansakuTrebiT ki, poeturi gamonagonisa da Tavad poetebis mavneblad mimCnevi sokrate, am SemTxvevaSi, polisis mmarTvelebs sruliad gacnobierebuli da gaazrebuli ideologiuri fiqciis Tu gamonagonis danergvas (da ara dakanonebas) urCevs. Tumca, aseTi ram, gasakviri da moulodneli arc unda yofiliyo, radgan, cota kidev zemoT (389b ff.), sokrate acxadebda _ mmarTvelebs, mterTan da sakuTar moqalaqeebTan urTierTobisas, saxelmwifos keTildReobis mizniT, zogjer tyuilis Tqmac marTebTo. sokrate, am SemTxvevaSi, iseT `keTilSobilur~ Tu `didebul~ sicrueze, anu gamonagonze saubrobs, romelic, misi azriT, idealuri saxelmwifos mmarTvelTa, mcvelTa da sazogadod, moqalaqeTa saTanado aRzrdis aucilebel pirobas unda warmoadgendes. ukve ganswavlul aRsazrdelebs, rogorc sokrate Tvlis, unda Caegonos, rom yvelaferi, rac maT swavlebisa da wvrTnis Sedegad miiRes, TiTqosda dabadebamde, miwis wiaRSi erToblivad yofnisas SeiTvises. maT, amas garda, isic unda daijeron, rom, gamozrdisa da wvrTnis Semdeg, yvelani dedamiwisgan iSvnen. amitomac, qveyanas, sadac cxovroben, dedasaviT unda moufrTxilnen da `...igive miwidan dabadebul TanamoqalaqeebTan _ Zmuri urTierToba unda qondeT~ (3, 414e). aristotele sokrates am bolo mosazrebas arc pirdapir da arc iribad exeba, Tumca, Zmur-moqalaqeobrivi sazogadoebrivi wyobis mimarT misi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba, am, `keTili ganazraxis~ Tu saxelmwifoebrivi mizanSewonilebis mixedviT polisuri sivrce – socialuri kosmosi da kosmopolitizmi 95 Seqmnil fiqcia-miTszec, ueWvelia, rom aseve vrceldeba. saerTo colebisa da saerTo Svilebis sokrateseul sakanonmdeblo proeqts ki, aristotele kritikulTan erTad, ironiiTa da gakvirvebiT moekida _ gana SeiZleba yvela, yvelas Zma, mama an biZaSvili iyoso?! mxolod kanoniT dadgenili sayovelTao siyvarulis Tu erTgulebis Zmuri gancda, sabolood, aristoteles azriT, aucileblad mineldeba da gaufasurdeba. amasTan, iqve gamoTqmuli mokle fraziT, zemo libiis zogierT tomSi saerTo colebi hyavTo, aristotele, sokrateseuli mosazrebis barbarosuli wes-Cveulebebisken midrekas Tu maTTan Sesatyvisobasac mianiSnebs... aristotele platonis geometriul xedvas Tu warmodgenas Tumca ki ar iziarebda, magram harmoniuli erTianobis damsaxsrav, analogiur-proporciul mimarTebas polisuri mowesrigebis mTavar da ZiriTad principad, mainc miiCnevda. proporciuli Tanafardoba, aristoteles warmodgeniT, msgavs-Tanaswor moqalaqeTa saqmian urTierTobaTa velsaca da ufleba-movaleobiT mimarTebaTa samarTlebriv sivrcesac awesrigebs (`nikomaxes eTika~). amas garda, adamianis sulis wyobisa da cnobierebis grZnobad aRqmasTan kavSiris axsnisas (`sulis Sesaxeb~), aristotele kvlav analogiur-TanafardobiTi saxis, saxsrul (arTronul) metaforas mimarTavs. marTalia `adamianuri bunebis~ sammagi (fizikuri, emociuri da racionaluri) gagebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovnad, aristotele, racionalur-konceptualurs miiCnevs, magram saxelmwifo Tu socialuri mowesrigebis sakiTxTa ganxilvisas, sakmaod did yuradRebas, is gancdiT mimarTebebs Tu emociur swrafvebsac uTmobs. amitomac aris, rom polisuri saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa Soris, aristotele, ZiriTadi, racionaluri analogiis garda, emociur kavSirTa arsebobis aucilblobasac aRiarebs. emociuri mimzidvelobis muxti, msgavssa da Tanaswor individTa Soris, megobrul urTierTobas unda warmoSobdes, radgan megobari, ara gaurkvevel zraxvaTa mqone ucnobi an `ucxo~, aramed, rogorc aristotele Tvlis, `sxva me~ aris (alter ego-a). amitomac, misi warmodgeniT, udidesi madli saxelmwifosaTvis, moqalaqeTa Soris damyarebul Zmur urToerTobas ki ara, megobrul damokidebulebas (φέζέα-s) moaqvs. sokrates mier agrerigad qebuli saxelmwifo erToba ki, `...swored keTilmegobruli urTierTobis Sedegad miiRweva~ (8, 1262b 5-10). 96 irakli mWedliSvili Tanasworul-megobruli kavSiri, marTalia, jer mxolod nawilobriv, mcire raodenobis adamianTa, moqalaqeTa Soris myardeboda da amasTan erTad, polisuri wyoba monobis institutsac inarCunebda, magram samarTliani socialuri wesrigis saocrad maRali SesaZleblobani klasikuri epoqis saberZneTis, swored amgvarma sazogadoebam gamoavlina. polisuri, erTiani da gawonasworebuli samoqalaqo sivrce, idealur wesrigze orientirebul, racionaluri saxis TanafardobaTa Tanaxmadaca da eTikur principTa, adamianur vnebaTa, fsiqikur Tu gancdiT swrafvaTa gaTvaliswinebiTac igeboda. amasTan, meore, sulieri mimarTeba, emociuri saxis kavSiri, imave periodis warmodgenaTa mixedviT, ze-wesrigis, harmoniis struqturwarmomqmnel kanonebs uSualod an pirdapir, namdvilad ar eqvemdebareboda. ase rom, antikuri samoqalaqo sivrce or, goniT da grZnobad sawyisTagan momdinare principTa Tu mimarTebaTa sakmaod myifed morgebul Tanaarsebobas efuZneboda. erTxel aRqZruli, jer mxolod SezRudul, polisur sivrcesa da mcire raodenobis adamianTa gamwvdomi, Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis moqalaqeobrivi miswrafeba SezRudul areals didxans ver iguebda... zRvarTa momSleli mosazreba iqve, klasikur epoqaSi gamoiTqva _ `me arc aTeneli da arc berZeni, aramed msoflios moqalaqe var~. sokrates es fraza, cota mogvianebiT, cnobilma kinikosma, diogene sinopelma aitaca. SekiTxvas, saidan xar? _ sabazro moedanze, kasrSi mobinadre diogene, ase pasuxobda _ me samyaros moqalaqe, anu kosmopoliti varo (berZ. εσ ηκμ + πσζδμ). dRis sinaTleze, anTebuli farniT, umwikvlo adaminis Ziebis diogeneseuli mcdeloba, SeiZleba unayofodac dasrulda, magram, sokratedan wamosulma, `samyaros moqalaqeobis~ novatorulma azrma Rirseuli memkvidre Tavadve ipova. aTenis biblioTekaSi, gemis daRupvis Semdeg moxvedrili, finikiuri warmomavlobis vaWari, sokrates cxovrebis Sesaxeb wignidan amokiTxuli ambiT imdenad aRfrTovanda, rom filosofiuri xiblis talRam, misi gancda-goneba, iqve, erTbaSad da srulad waritaca. ukve Semdeg, kinikos damrigebelTa SemweobiT, filosofiur gansjaTa okeaneSi Rrmad Sesuli es pirovneba, Turme ikvirvebda _ uiRblo SemTxveviTobam, gemis daRupvam, raoden bednier naosnobas maziarao?! misi saxeli, Zenoni kitionidan, aTenSi sayovelTaod cnobili, mas mere gaxda, rac mis mierve daarsebulma `stoicizmis~ filosofiurma skolam didi gavlena moipova. polisuri sivrce – socialuri kosmosi da kosmopolitizmi 97 polisuri civilizaciis adreul etapze, aTenSi Camosul skviT brZens, anaxarsiss megobruli urTierTobis damyareba, anu berZenTa mier misi, ucxoelis, Tanasworad miCnevis Tu aRiarebis miRweva Zalzed gauWirda. igive diogene laertelis (aseve, plutarqes) gadmocemiT, solonma, damegobrebis winadadebiT karze momdgar anaxarsiss SeuTvala _ Cveulebriv, megobrebs sakuTar samSobloSi iZeneno. hoda, samSobloSi myofma solonma megobari ratom ar unda SeiZinoso?! _ anaxaarsis am, moswrebuli pasuxiT moxiblulma solonma, mTxovneli saxlSic SeuSva da kidevac daimegobra. ufro gviandel, elinizmis epoqaSi ki, ukve saxelganTqmulma da sakmao pativiT mosilma Zenonma, aTenelTa Tanaswor wodebaze, moqalaqeobis miRebaze uari ganacxada, radgan, rogorc ambobda _ finikieli Tanamemamuleebi ar minda gavanawyenianoo. safiqrebelia, rom aTenis moqalaqeoba, man ufro Tavisi kosmopolituri kredos gamo uaryo. skviTi brZenis, anaxarsisgan gansxvavebiT, Zenoni Tavs, arc finikielad da arc araaTenelad, anu ucxoelad miiCnevda. sajaro sivrceSi, agoras mimdebare stoas svetebqveS moqadage Zenons, `samyaros moqalaqeobis~ mrwamsuli koncepcia, sityvebTan erTad, qmedebiTac unda daedasturebina. stoikosebisaTvis xom nebismieri, polisuri Tu sxva saxis warmonaqmni, ufro maRali da yovlisgamwvdomi erTobis, `RmerTTa da adamianTa didi qalaqis~, universumis arasrul asls warmoadgenda... elinur garemoSi, finikielTa kviprosul diasporaSi aRzrdili, aTenSi mcxovrebi da iqve moRvawe Zenonis cnobierebas, Tundac mxolod biografiul winapiroba-garemoebaTa gamo, sakuTari `me~, swored rom, polisurze ufro farTo erTobisaTvis unda miekuTvnebina. aleqsandre makedonelis imperiis memkvidre saxelmwifoTa sivrceSi, berZnul da aRmosavlur kulturaTa sinkretuli SeTanadebis arealSi, msgavsi ganwyoba Tu xedva, rogorc Cans, mraval moazrovne adamians Camouyalibda. amitomac iyo, rom stoikosTa msoflxedvas, elinizmis epoqis TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifos mmarTveli elita iziarebda. mraval xalxTa da kulturaTa momkreb romaul meboZirzec igive xdeboda _ stoicizmi aqac elitur wreTa kuTvnilebas warmoadgenda (seneka, katon umcrosi, markus avreliusi...). mankier vnebaTa ugulvelmyofi goniTi ZalisxmeviT, srulyofili da uSfoTveli arsebobis miRwevis eTikuri gza, stoikosuri cxov- 98 irakli mWedliSvili rebis wesi, sayovelTao aRiarebas verc sakuTari, baZvis aRmZvreli mimzidvelobiTa da verc Zalmosilebis, anu `imperiumis~ ganmavrcob, komunikaciaTa romauli qselis saSualebiT miaRwevda. axali, rogorc Semdgom warmoCnda, masiurad mimzidveli da misaRebi religiuri saxis msoflxedva, ianusur RiobTa, ormxrivad gamWol gzaTa Semyrel qalaqSi, swored periferiidan aRZrulma ukudinebam miitana. romis Soreul da ganapira provinciaSi, iudeaSi, axali religiuri gancdis Sesabamisi, marTlac rom gasaocari msoflxedva aRmocenda. iudevelTa Soris im dros gamefebuli aSlilobis daZlevas, aRreul gonTa orive saxis, kolaboracionistur da meamboxur ganwyobaTa Secvlasa da adamianTa Soris sruliad gansxvavebuli gancdis damkvidrebas, ieso nazareTeli Seecada. amqveyniuris miRma arsebuli absoluturi sawyisisken momiznuli, xsnisa da gadarCenis gzis damdgeni Zalisxmeva, qristes qadagebaTa mixedviT, aqtualur qmedebaTa sinamdvileSi ki ara, pirovnul, sulier ganzomilebaSi unda xorcieldebodes. WeSmariti Tavisuflebisken svlis gezs, rogorc qristem Tanamemamuleebi da kacobrioba damoZRvra, RmerTis madlis mimRebi yoveli adamiani, Tavisufali nebis swori arCevanis mixedviT unda miyvebodes. magram qristes mowodeba, maSin, im dros, mimdevarTa mcire jgufis garda, arc Tanamemamuleebma da arc ucxotomelebma Seismines... sruliad avtonomiur adamianur nebasa da masTanve dakavSirebul arCevanis princips, qristianul msoflxedvaze adre stoikosebic aRiarebdnen. Rirseuli cxovrebis wesi, zneobrivi da inteleqtualuri srulyofileba, maTi warmodgeniT, mtanjvel da damTrgunav pirovnul vnebaTa uarmyofeli, goniTi gansjis wyalobiT miiRweva. siyvarulisa da Tanalmobis gamomvleni, `TavSi Cadebul da gulze daweril~ RmerTis mcnebaTa matarebeli adamianis qristianuli modelisgan gansxvavebiT, pirovnuli arsebobis Rirebuleba, adamianuri Rirseba da siqvele, stoikosTa SexedulebiT, mxolod goniT SesaZleblobaTa Sesabamisad, nebis Zalmosilebisa da swori cxovrebis wesis arCevis unaris mixedviT fasdeba. goniT sferos ki, stoicizmi logikuri gansjis SesaZleblobasTan erTad, bunebriv procesTa gagebis, `logosis~ wvdomis unarsac miakuTvnebda. `logosi~ anu universaluri goni, stoelTa mixedviT, yoveli arsebulis, sulierisa da usulos gamWoli da ganuyreli Semadgenelia. faqizi logosuri substancia, indi- polisuri sivrce – socialuri kosmosi da kosmopolitizmi 99 vidualuri da zogad-kosmiuri mowesrigebis aqtiuri da qmnadi principis matarebeli Zalis Tu sxeulovani warmonaqmnis, `cecxlovani airis~, `pneumas~ (πθ ῦηα-s) saSualebiT ganivrcoba. inertuli materiis momwesrigebeli Zalis, pneumas umaRlesi forma, stoelTa mixedviT, RvTaebrivi sulis nawils Tu fragments, adamianur sulsac warmoSobs... logosuri ganvrcobis principidan momdinare stoikosuri warmodgena, klasikur-antikur koncepciebs ormxrivad dascilda. logosuri mowesrigebis qveS, geometriul formaTa swor wyobas, stoikosebi SeiZleba kidevac gulisxmobdnen, magram proporciul mimarTebas, maTi msoflxedva, sruliad ganze tovebda. analogia, anda racio, stoelTa xedviT, arc warmaval sinamdvilesa da wesrigis transcendentur ganzomilebas Soris moiazreboda da arc socialur garemos, adamianTa erTobas esadageboda. goniT Wvretadi dasaxsvris nacvlad, samyaros stoikosur warmodgenaSi, `pneumas~ sxeulovani ganvrcoba-gamWola da logosuri bediswera batonobda. meore mxriv ki, damTrgunav vnebaTa Tu paTosTa ugulvelmyofi stoikosuri miswrafeba, moqalaqeTa Soris emociur-gancdiTi siaxlovis mniSvnelobas, SeiZleba uneburadac, magram mainc akninebda. Tu erTiani da sayovelTao sulis gamovlena, rogorc stoelebi Tvlidnen, yvela adamianSi xdeba, maSin Zmuri siyvaruli Tu megobruli damokidebuleba sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovrebis zneobriv safuZvels, swored bunebis kanonTa Tanaxmad da Sesabamisad unda qmnides. logosis, anu bediswerisa da erTiani universumis nawilis, `adamianuri bunebis~ ganazrebiTi wvdoma, stoikosTa CanafiqriT, yovelgvar, gvarovnul, eTnikur Tu sxva saxis erTobaTa, pirobiT da viwro farglebs gamcden, kosmiuri gaqanebis pirovnebaTaSoris mimarTebas unda ayalibebdes. magram destruqciul, damangrevel da mtanjvel vnebaTa uarmyofeli, cxovrebiseul siameTa mimarT indiferentuli, maTi aradmimCnevi stoikosuri ganwyoba, adamianTa Sorisul, gancdiT kavSirTa warmoSobis SesaZleblobas arsobrivad gamoricxavda. amitomac, stoicizmis kosmopolituri miswrafeba, sayovelTao siaxlovisa da urTierSemweobis damkvidrebis misive mcdeloba, sinamdvileSi, ganuxorcielebel, vnebagamoclil, cariel da formalur mowodebad rCeboda. `kosmopolitizmi mxolod Wkuis nayofia, adamianis keTilgonierebisa, mas adamianis gulTan saqme ar aqvs...~. vaJas es gamo- 100 irakli mWedliSvili naTqvami sruliad sxva konteqsts, sxva drosa da sxva socialur sinamdviles esadageboda, Tumca ki, cnebis zogad arsobrivi da rogorc sakacobrio gamocdileba cxadyofs, marad Tanamdevi Tvisobriobis gamovlenas, sworedac rom zustad axdenda. keTili ganazraxiT Tu keTilgonierebiT nakarnaxebi `Wkuis nayofi~, misi Tvalsawieri, uxilav, gonis TvaliT danaxul, sakacobrio gaqanebis erTianobas, TiTqosda moicavs kidevac, magram iqve, gverdiT mdgar `sxvas~, uaxloes moyvass, Zalze xSirad, mxedvelobis aredan kargavs...1 axalevropul saazrovno sivrceSi, stoikosur msofxedvasTan Zalze daaxloebul koncepciaTa, ukve saukuneTa Semdgomi kvlavaRmoceneba, `adamianuri bunebis~ fizikur samyarosTan mimarTebis ormag gagebaTa aRrevas SeiZleba mieweros. bunebis mowesrigebuli suraTi, romelic evropeli adamianis cnobierebaSi axali samecniero aRmoCenebis Sedegad Camoyalibda, stoikosTa erTiani universumis warmodgenas, marTlacda emsgavseboda. xolo, geografiul aRmoCenaTa Sedegad gamovlenil, mravalferovan da eTno-kulturulad gansxvavebul adamianur modgmaTa, erTian kacobriobad moazrebis axalevropul miswrafebas, sakmao siaxlove stoelTa kosmopolitizmTan, namdvilad qonda. klasikur-antikuri warmodgenebidan gamoxmobili da axalevropul `mecnierul meTodTan~ SeTanadebuli, racionalisturi, maTematikurad mwyobri saazrovno hipoTeza, XVIII saukunis gamnanaTlebluri suliskveTebis msoflxedvam, fizikuri samyaros garda, adamianur, sazogadoebriv mimarTebaTa sferos gamwdomadac miiCnia. fenebad Tu klasebad racionalurad danawevrebuli sazogadoebrivi anawyobis, misi matriculi modelis sayovelTao marTebulobis Tu vargisianobis, XIX-XX saukuneebis mecnieruli ier-saxis socialur moZRvrebebSi damkvidrebul rwmenas, anu globaluri, kosmopolituri gaqanebis miswrafebas, `erTaderTad WeSmariti da swori xedvis mflobeli~, TiTqmis yvela ideologia iziarebda. zogadsakacobrio momcvelobis socialur moZRvrebaTa yoveli, mecnierulad mwyobri saxis ideologia, klasikuri antikurobidan momdinare, polisuri erTianobis pirobaTa, anu civilizaciis ganmapirobebel principTa SenarCunebas, swored sayovelTao, `kosmopolituri solidarobis~ virtualuri ganzomilebis SemoRebis xarjze cdilobda. polisis namdvili da konkretulqmediTi infrastruqturisa da misive, garkveulad da uSualod polisuri sivrce – socialuri kosmosi da kosmopolitizmi 101 `xelSesaxeb~ moqalaqeTa krebulis erTianad damsaxsravi analogiuri principis nacvlad, ideologiur konstruqciaTa rwmunebiTi Zalmosileba, ufleba-movaleobaTa Tanasworuli ganfenis, TiTqosda `bunebriv~, TavisTavad, magram arsobrivad fuye, mimdinare qmnadobidan cTomil, sruliad ganyenebul koncepcia-simulakrums efuZneboda. iseve rogorc yoveli simulakrumis damajerebloba, ideologiaTa zeobis xana, maTi Zalmosileba, efemeruli, dRemokle aRmoCnda. `ideologiaTa dasrulebas~, anda maTsave post-modernul daqucmacebas Tu dispersias, im, `dausazRvrav~, bunebrivstiqiur da adamianur-paTosur destruqciul ZalTa borgva da SfoTi moyva, romelTa polisur kalapotSi moqcevas, anda `dasazrRvras~ Tanamedrove civilizaciis sawyisTa Semqmneli, antikuri periodis moazrovneni `sibrZnis~ saSualebiT cdilobdnen. Tumca, aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom mimdinare, globaluri ganzomilebis problemaTa wnulis Tu xlarTis gamogeba, mxolod kosmiuri harmoniis Tanadi `sibrZnis~, polisuri analogiis saSualebiT veRar moxerxdeba. sinaTlis siCqareze amoqmedebulma Tanamedrove teqnologiebma, bolo dromde Cveuli da sarwmuno warmodgenis, dro-sivrceSi ganfenili samyaros aRnagoba, imdenad Sekveca, imdenad SeamWidrova, rom zogi moazrovne, `sivrcis gaqrobaze~, anu yvelafris manZilTa gareSe, mxolod axla, `cocxal droSi~ mimdinareobaze alaparakda. aseTi, myisieri ganvrcoba-wvdomis sasicocxlo garemo, aqtualur movlenaTa moZalebiT uaRresad wnexili sinamdvile, SeiZleba `SemWidroebis~ mesame etapadac iqnas miCneuli. Tu asea, maSin urbanul arealTa SemWidroebis gziT ganviTarebadi, axal fazaSi Sesuli civilizacia, rogorc Cans, momwesrigebeli `sibrZnis~ axlidan gadaazrebas saWiroebs. marTalia sinamdvilem, garemomcvelma samyarom gardasaxva ganicada, magram marad cvalebad garemo-pirobaTa da gamowvevaTa pirispir, erTi-erTze niadag mdgomi, mxolod Tavisi Tavis imedze myofi adamianis mdgomareoba, sakuTari adgilis Ziebis, misive egzistenciuri miswrafebis xasiaTi, kvlav ucvleli rCeba. ase rom, momwesrigebel pirobaTa ganWvretis, `sibrZnis~ maZieblobis movaleoba da pasuxismgebeloba, misi simZime da tvirTi, isev da kvlav, samyaros gumbaTs titaniviT Sebjenil adamians, mis yovlisgamwdom goniT unars awveba. irakli mWedliSvili 102 Tuki kosmiuri harmoniis Tanadi antikuri modeli, moqalaqeze, rogorc qvakuTxedze damyarebul mowesrigebas, zomadTvlad dasaxsvrasa da sulier, emociur-gancdiT morgebasac iTvaliswinebda, xolo momdevno, qristianuli paradigma, `RvTis qalaqis~ WeSmaritebisken goniTa da guliT mswrafi adamianis warmodgenas amkvidrebda, Semdgomi, klasikuri humanizmi ki, gare, varskvlavovani zecisa da Sida zneobriv kanonTa gasaocar erTianobaSi mWer adamians moixilavda, axal xedvaTa anawyobic, darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kvlav imave RerZis, anu adamianuri arsebis, misi mentalur-somaturi nawevaris gaswvriv Camoyalibdeba. kerZod, SeiZleba gamoiTqvas varaudi, rom dasasaxsr mimarTebebs, albaT, fenomenTa axali, `antropuli faqtoris~ gamTvaliswinebeli ganzomilebac Seemateba... Lliteratura 1. Diogenes Laertius. Lives of Eminent Philosophers. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3 a1999.01.0258 2. Philolaus of Croton. Fragments. http://www.philosophy.gr/presocratics/philolaus.htm 3. Plato. Republic. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a19 99.01.0168 4. Aristotle. Metaphysics. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a19 99.01.0052 5. Vitruvius. The Ten Books on Architecture. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20239/20239-h/29239h.htm#Page_69 6. ВеЄЁаЁ Ж.-П. ПЄЂиЅхЂϺϸеЁие ϸЄе϶ЁеϷЄечеЅϾЂϽ ЀыЅϿи. http://sno.pro1.ru/lib/ver/index.htm 7. Plutarch. Solon. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a20 08.01.0063 8. Aristotle. Politics. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a19 99.01.0058 maka saxuria `vefxistyaosnis ~xuTi qalaqis semiotika mxatvruli teqstis qronotopi erT-erTi umTavresi esTetikuri kategoriaa, romelic teqstis dekodirebaSi gvexmareba. "vefxistyaosanSi", rogorc alegoriul, mistificirebul, ezoTeruli sulierebis matarebel poemaSi, dro da sivrce mTlianad miTologizebulia. poemis siuJeti da koliziebi, zedrouli da zesivrculia, qalaqebi simboluralegoriuli sivrceebia, romelTa semiotika poemis ideuri da saxeobrivi qsovilis bevr saidumlos gvimxels. mravalferovan sivrceebs Soris aq umTavresi xuTi qalaqia: tarielis da avTandilis samefo qalaqebi, romlebic erTmaneTis msgavsia yovelmxriv, saidumloebebiT moculia da maT saxelebsac ar arqmevs rusTveli. iqidan iwyeba samyaros gakeTilSobileba, kacobriobis xsna, renesansul fazaSi gadasvla, adamianuri unarebis da sulierebis umaRles registrSi ayvana. aseve gamorCeulia sami qalaqi: mulRazanzari, gulanSaro da qajTa qalaqi. es xuTi qalaqi erTi gzaa, erTi, uwyveti siuJeturi xazia, romelTan erTadac poemis umTavres ideas esxmis xorci. mulRazanzari centria, saidanac poemis mTavari siuJeturi xazis kvanZis 104 maka saxuria gaxsna iwyeba da am gzas gulanSaromde, fatmanis qalaqamde mivyavarT. es ferad-feradi vaWarTa qalaqi nestanis - anu kosmiuri sikeTis mxsneli da mfarvelia. xolo qajTa qalaqi ganasaxierebs kacobriobis bneli, dafaruli, boroti Zalebis sauflos. "vefxistyaosnis" mistika am xuT qalaqSi iSleba mTeli sisavsiT. avtorma umniSvnelovanesi datvirTva SesZina im simboloebs, romlebic am qalaqebis samyaros maxasiaTebelia. poemis miTopoeturi samyaros yvela gasaRebi am qalaqebis karebTan unda veZioT. imisTvis, rom poemis qalaqebis semiotikur maxasiaTeblebze da maT mxatvrul funqciaze visaubroT, SesavalSive unda gaviazroT poemis miTopoeturi samyaros ZiriTadi plastebi. rusTvelis mizani iyo renesansuli azrovnebis miwodeba mkiTxvelisTvis, idealebisa da modelebis Seqmna, adamianuri SesaZleblobebis srulqmnilebis zRvris Cveneba. am mizniT man daxata zRapruli qveynebi da personaJebi. rogorc wesi, mxatvruli teqstis ideebis realizacia xdeba gmirebsa da dro-sivrcul modelebSi. arabi da indoeli wyvilebi asaxiereben kacobriobis inovaciur xedvas, koleqtiuri azrovnebidan gamosvlas da pirovnebis individualizmisken swrafvas. nestani-tarielis wyvili amaRlebulis esTetikur ideals ganasaxierebs. nestanis gza indoeTidan qajeTis sibnelemde gvaCvenebs models imisas, Tu ra elis keTil arss, mesianur substancias, xolo tarielis gza nestanis saZieblad mSobliuri qalaqidan qajTa Semusvramde, misi zRva-zRva xetiali, devTa gamoqvabulis dapyroba da iq TviTCaRrmaveba, meditacia, nagleji TmebiT xevis amovseba (gavixsenoT bibliuri glovis Rele, igive patmosis Walaki), sakuTari Tavis Secnoba glovasa da TviTgvemaSi da ezoTeruli sibrZnis dagroveba, rasac metaforulad ganasaxierebs ormoci oTaxis Tval-margaliti, romelsac nestanis gamoxsnis mere tarieli yvelas urigebs, magram am ganZeuls araferi akldeba, vinaidan is ara materialuri, aramed tarielis mier dagrovili sulieri saunjea, gvaCvenebs adamianuri arsis srulyofil wrebrunvas amaRlebidan dacemamde da sakuTari Tavis ZiebiT, uflis SecnobiT aRdgoma-amaRlebamde. avTandilis da tarielis qalaqebi is idealuri kosmosia, romelmac civilizebul kacobriobas megzuroba unda gauwios. maT saxelebic ki ar hqviaT, isini mistiur saidumlos da filosofiuri WeSmaritebis Ziebas ganasaxiereben. arabeTi Zlevamosili da laRi samefoa, mefe rostevani ganasaxierebs mefur Rirsebas da “vefxistyaosnis” xuTi qalaqis semiotika 105 samarTlianobas, magram gamefda TinaTini, romelsac mamis mier miRweuli ar akmayofilebs, icis, rom progresis gza ucxo moymis saidumloze gadis. amitom piraduls satrfosTan erTad nestanis Ziebis samsxverploze debs. es gza iwyeba avTandilis qalaqidan, romelic mxolod erTi strofiT ixateba vrceltanian poemaSi: ”qalaqi hqonda magari sazarod sanapirosa, / gare klde iyo, giambob zRudesa uqviTkirosa”... (rusTveli 2014; 48) es kldovani zRude qalaqis forpostia, klde metaforaa uflis WeSmaritebis da sulieri energiis. avTandils arabeTis dedaqalaqidan Tavis qalaqamde 20 dRe unda evlo. ocs ”vefxistyaosanSi” gansakuTrebuli okulturi datvirTva aqvs. am ricxvidan modis qarTuli zmna ”ga-oc-eba”, rac saidumlos, sakvirvelis, idumalis mniSvnelobas atarebs. 20 dRis savali mfrinavi raindisTvis imas mianiSnebs, rom arabeTi uzarmazari samefoa, gasaocari. davakvirdeT am epizods: ”oc dRe iara, Rameca dRes zeda wahrTo mravali, / igia lxini soflisa, igia nivTi da vali”... (rusTveli 2014; 48) tarielis qalaqi vefxistyaosani Wabukis sulieri simSvidis, xsnis, Tavdajerebulobis, meditaciis alagia. es qalaqi mistiuri saufloa, mas saxeli ar hqvia, is rusTvelis is mikrokosmosia, romelic simbolurad makrokosmoss ganasaxierebs. is tarielis mamis, saridanis, umaRlesi patriotuli TviTSegnebis simboloc aris. saridanma erovnuli mTlianobis ideis samsxverploze dado piradi ambiciebi da indoeTi gaamTliana. es qalaq-saxelmwifo indoeTis simtkicis zRude iyo. es iyo keTildReobis, sinaTlis da silaRis qalaqi. aq Tvalmargalits oqros jamebiT awvdian saCuqrad, rogorc tarielma miarTva asmaTs. nestanis siyvaruliT dabnedil tariels satrfos sasaxleSi wola Trgunavda da natrobda sakuTar saxls... gaxelebuli mijnuri xSirad imeorebs aseT frazebs: ”Cemsa mive”, ”Cemsa davje”, ”Seve, davje taxtsa zeda”, ”dResa erTsa sawols move”, ”sawols Semove”, ”Sina move”, ”saxlsa Cemsa mimawvine”... ”Seve, davje nadimadve”... tarieli Sav-wiTel droSas aRmarTavs... Sav-TeTr-wiTeli feris sknelebis da cxenebis miTosuri simbolika gvaCvenebs, rom Sav-wiTeli droSa ganasaxierebs Suasknelis da qvesknelis flobas indoeTis mier, xolo zesknelis naTlis mopoveba dakavSirebulia nestanis saxelTan... tarielis narativebSi uamravjer gameorebuli ”Sina move” miuTiTebs imaze, rom tarielis qalaqi ar aris ubralo alagi, aramed SemecnebisaTvis miuRweveli anu transcendenturi centria. tarie- 106 maka saxuria li gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs qalaqebis da sasaxleebis aRweras. magaliTad, nestanis koSks is ase zRaprul ferebSi xatavs: ”mefeman koSki aago, Sigan sayofi qalisa, / qvad fazari sxda, kubo dga iagundisa, lalisa, / pirsa baRCa da sabanlad saraji vardis wyalisa”... an kidev: ”sra edga mofardaguli oqsinoTa da SardiTa”... anac: ”dRe da Rame mujamriTa ekmeodis alva Tlili”... (rusTveli 2014; 335) amgvari hiperbolebiT daxatuli sasaxle, rasakvirvelia, aris samoTxe, qalRmerTis sacxovrebeli, alva samoTxis xea da misi nelsurneleba yvelgan aris uflis metafora... tarieli nestanze ambobs: ”mun izrdebodis taniTa, gabaons ganazardiTao”... gabaoni samoTxea, palestinis erT-erTi adgili, sadac lamazi naZvi icoda, savaraudod, libanis naZvi, romelic bibliaSi simboloa samarTlianobisa (”marTali, viTarca finiki aRyvavdes da viTarca naZvi libanisa ganmravldes” - fsal. 91,13) ... nestani xom RvTaebriv samarTlianobas ganasaxierebs?! qajeTis cixidan gamogzavnil werilSi is satrfos swored am samarTlianobaze eubneba: ”can, samarTali marTali gulisa gulsa miva rad (rusTveli 2014; 372) an xvarazmSas Zis Tavidan moSorebaze nestani ambobs: ”qmna marTlisa samarTlisa xesa Seiqms xmelsa nedlad”... (rusTveli 2014; 104) or rainds nestanis Ziebis gzaze aTvlis wertilad mulRazanzari eguleba. am qalaqs tarieli maSin ewvia, roca ukve nestanis povnis yvela imedi gadaewura. Tu tarielis da avTandilis qalaqebi zesknelis sivrceebia, mulRazanzari Suasknelis, simbolurad wiTeli feris, miwieri sikeTis da mSvenierebis gansaxierebaa. nuradin-fridoni, marTalia, Zalian momxibvleli raindia, magram avTandilTan da tarielTan is ver miva. roca sami raindi erTad midis, rusTveli maTze ambobs - ”orni mzeni, erTi mTvare”... nuradini Tavis qalaqs ase acnobs tariels: ”mulRazanzaris qalaqi, axlos me maqvso romeli... / ese sazRvari Cemia, sada xar gardamxdomeli, / cota maqvs, magra yovelgniT sikeTemiuwvdomeli”... (rusTveli 2014; 178) simbolur-alegoriuli poemis toposi Tavadac am xasiaTisaa da is poetis Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis nayofia. fridoni ki ambobs, rom misi qalaqi ”cotaa”, magram tarieli moxiblulia am qalaqis siturfiT, xalxis temperamentiT, humanizmiT, rac rusTveluri hiperboliT Zalze sainteresod ixateba. tarielis danaxvaze mulRazanzarelebi ”pirsa ixokdes, gahyrides naxoksa, viT nafotasa, / exveodian, hkocnian xrmalsa da “vefxistyaosnis” xuTi qalaqis semiotika 107 salte-kotasa”, (rusTveli 2014; 179) xolo am turfa da mdidari qalaqis macxovrebelTa sakvirvel simdidreze mianiSnebs tarielis fraza: ”yvelasa tansa emosa zarqaSi ganazidari”, anu oqromkediT naqargi oqrocurvili farCeuloba. oqrosferi xom ”vefxistyaosnis” ferTa simbolikaSi mefuri didebis da keTildReobis gamomsaxvelia?! am didebis kulminaciaa tarielis da fridonis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT fridonis mosisxle biZa-ZeTa damarcxeba da dabeWdil saWurWleTa mopoveba. msgavsi saWurWleni mudam metaforulia ”vefxistyaosanSi” da sulier sikeTeebs da samyaros filosofiur gaazrebas ganasaxierebs. omidan gamarjvebiT mobrunebul raindebs qalaqSi ajabis mqmnelni anu mefokuseebi xvdebian, magram xalxis yuradRebas isini mxolod raindebis dabrunebamde ipyroben, xolo tarielis da fridonis gamoCenis Semdgom ”moqalaqeTa zari Cnda, rome zmidian”, anu mulRazanzari zanzarebs. fonetikur-evfoniur planSi es toponimi mudam amgvar asociacias iwvevda CemSi: mulRazanzari azanzarebs qajeTs. am qalaqSi moipoveba yvelaferi qajTa Sesamusravad. gza mulRazanzaridan gulanSarosken, vardebis qalaqisken, midis. fridonma zustad icis, rom Tu sadme nestanis saidumlo ecodinebaT, es vardebis qalaqia, zRvaTa samefos, anu kunZulovani saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi. marTalia, ar vemxrobi poemis tiponimTa realur geografiul sivrceebSi Ziebas, magram zRvaTa samefos prototipuli xati Tanamedrove seiSelis kunZulebs magonebs. seiSelis kunZulebis realoba acocxlebs fatman-xaTunis feradi da umdidresi qalaqis Sveba-siameT. am mosazrebas ar aqvs aranairi mecnieruli mignebis pretenzia. wminda subieqturi emocia da asociaciaa. aTi Tvis savalze gadaWimuli qveyana uzarmazari da uzrunvelia. vaWarTa qalaqi aris ”savse turfiTa mravliTa”. xolo 1075-e strofSi aRwerili gulanSaro TiTqos Tanamedrove seiSelis dedaqalaqi viqtoriaa: ”aqa mosvliTa gaymdebis, kacica iyos berebi, / sma, gaxareba, TamaSi, niadag ars simRerebi, / zamTar da zafxul sworad gvaqvs yvavili ferad-ferebi”... (rusTveli 2014; 310) samyaros yvelaze turfa nivTebi da ambebi Tavs fatman-xaTunTan iyrian. fatmani, nestanisTvis ”dedisa mjobi deda”, am qalaqSi sulier sazrdos ver poulobs. aseTi simdidre da vaWruli cxovrebis wesi, sulmokleoba da miwierebasTan mijaWvuloba mas saSinlad Trgunavs da depresiaSi agdebs. fatmani zizRiT ixseniebs Tavis qmars, vaWarTuxuces usens, romelic, rogorc sxva vaWrebi, aris ”cqafi, uwrfeli, mstromeli”. 108 maka saxuria fatmani jer nestanis da mogvianebiT avTandilis danaxvisTanave mixvda, ras eZebda, amitom maTi uSurveli mxevali gaxda. WaSnagirTan mxolod imitom sayvarlobda, rom is garegnulad lamazi iyo, magram, vinaidan am WabukisTvis ucxo iyo rainduli Rirseba, fatmanma iolad gaimeta. semiotikuri niSan-simboloebi uaRresad sainteresoa gulanSaros daZabul koliziebSi: magaliTad, WaSnagiris saxli. erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo detalebSi Rrma ideaa Caqsovili. umdidresi saxli ugemovnod iyo nagebi, razec migviTiTebs ferTa simbolika, Seuxamebeli, ugemovno, dauxvewavi. wiTelmwvane qviT nagebi saxli patronis mdabiur bunebas amxelda: ”zRvis pirsa saxli nagebi dga qviTa wiTel-mwvaniTa, / qveSeTke sriTa turfiTa, kvla zedaT banis-baniTa, / didrovaniTa turfiTa, mravliTa TanisTaniTa”... (rusTveli 2014; 322) vfiqrob, fatman-xaTunma vaWarTa qveynis gakeTilSobilebis gzaze umniSvnelovanesi misia Seasrula. tarielic amas eubneba meliq-surxavs, rom qajeTi maT unda gadaeceT im rolisa da damsaxurebisTvis, romelic fatman-xaTunma Seasrula nestanis xsnisTvis. fatmanma misca nestans oqros qamari Tval-margalitebiT, romelTa Soris TiTo TiTo qalaqs iyidda. welze Sertymuli qamari simtkicis da rwmenis simboloa, xolo margalitebi filosofiuri Ziebis. nestani swored am qamarma da margalitebma ixsna xadumebisgan. qajTa buneba fatmanma dauxata avTandils wvrilad, xolo qajTa qalaqi samyaros yvelaze amaRelvebel satrfialo baraTSi, nestanis mier qajeTis cixidan tarielisadmi gamogzavnil werilSia aRwerili: ”cixes vzi ezom maRalsa, Tvalni Zliv gardaswvdebian, gza gvirabiTa Semova, mcvelni mun zeda dgebian, dRisiT da RamiT moymeni nobaTsa ar dascdebian, maTTa SembmelTa dahxocen, marT cecxlad moedebian”.(rusTveli 2014; 371) cixis galavani da gvirabi qajTa qalaqs miuvals da auRebels xdis. gvirabs bevri, anu aTi aTasi, mcveli icavs. cixis kldovan galavans ki, romelsac sami kari hqonda, sam-sami aTasi, anu sul 9 aTasi moyme icavda. sul qalaqis Sesasvlels 19 aTasi mcveli hyavda. qajebi, marTalia, borotebis msaxurni iyvnen, magram maT hqondaT unikaluri codna, iyvnen jadoqrebi, alqimikosebi, yovlisSemmecnebelni. vfiqrob, es codna da suliereba simbolurad gamoixateba qajeTis damxobis Semdeg raindebis mier “vefxistyaosnis” xuTi qalaqis semiotika 109 iqidan gamotanili ganZeuliT. sami aTasi jorkidebuli ”margaliti da Tvalebi, Tvali yvelai daTlili, iagundi da lalebi”. es yovlad warmoudgeneli simdidre metaforulad gamoxatavs qajTa codnas samyaros Semecnebis Sesaxeb da raindebma boroteba am codnisgan ganaiaraRes, aarTves maT es uZleveli Zala da samoci meomari datoves damarcxebuli qajeTis mcvelad. sami oci sakraluri ricxvia. tariels da mis megobrebs sul samasi meomari hyavdaT. samasi meomris simbolika farTod aris gavrcelebuli msoflio mwerlobaSi. samasidan as ormoci daiRupa cixis aRebisas da as samoci gadarCa. as samocidan samoci datoves qajTa qalaqSi da asi anu srulqmnileba, gamTlianeba isev wamoiyoles ukan. Tval-margaliti fatmans gadasca tarielma, xolo qalaqi meliq-surxavs anu qajTa mistiuri codna gadaeca maT, visac es yvelaze metad sWirdeboda - vaWrebs, sulierebisgan daclil, msubuqi cxovrebis wess da gancxromas SeCveul sazogadoebas. raindebis mier Selewili sami kari, daxocili mcvelebis gorebi, xvrelSi gaZroma iyo nestanis gamoxsnis da mTvaris gvelisgan gaTavisuflebis miTosuri plastebiT nasazrdoebi narativi. es ambavi poemis umTavresi - borotebis damarcxebis ideis realizaciaa. nestanis ZiebaSi gavlili gza avTandilis da tarielis qalaqebidan mulRazanzaris da gulanSaros gavliT qajTa qalaqisken, iq triumfiT mopovebuli gamarjveba ganasaxierebs ”vefxistyaosanSi” adamianur srbas sam sknelSi, rogorc amas giorgi merCule uwodebs, ltolvas sulieri gamTlianebisgen, gakeTilSobilebisken, amaRlebisken, uflis Ziebisken. poemis xuTi qalaqis semiotikuri xatebi aris rusTveluri Sifr-kodebi, romelTa dekodireba poemis miTopoeturi samyaros umniSvnelovanes saidumlobebs naTelyofs. literatura rusTveli 2014: nodar naTaZis redaqciiT, vefxistyaosnis saskolo gamocema; Tbilisi. gamsaxurdia 1991: zviad gamsaxurdia, vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba, Tbilisi. nozaZe 1953: viqtor nozaZe, vefxistyaosnis ferTametyveleba, buenos-airesi. bela CekuriSvili didi qalaqi, rogorc pirovnebis `gaqrobis~ adgili rainer maria rilkes romanSi „malte laurids briges Canawerebi” Cveni statiis Temas warmoadgens parizis, rogorc didi qalaqis fenomeni, romelic pirovnebis ganadgurebas iwvevs. kvlevis wyaroa rainer maria rilkes modernistuli romani „malte laurids briges Canawerebi”, romlis mixedviTac didi qalaqi is adgilia, sadac adamiani sakuTar indivudualurobas kargavs da masis nawilad iqceva. „malte laurids briges Canawerebi” 1910 wels gamoqveynda da pirvel modernistul romanad miiCneva. modernistul literaturaSi centraluri adgili ukavia qalaqis Temas, romelic mxolod moqmedebis ganviTarebis adgils ki aRar warmoadgens, sadac urTierTobis axali formebi yalibdeba. modernistuli qalaqi, e.w. didi qalaqia, romelic alegoriulad Tavad xdeba literaturis obieqti, moqmedebis personaJi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom didi qalaqis motivi evropul literaturaSi soflis motivis sapirispirod ganviTarda da TandaTan or gansxvavebul Temad Camoyalibda. soflis motivisTvis niSneul Tavisuflebas, sijansaRes da individualurobas moder- didi qalaqi, rogorc pirovnebos “gaqrobis” adgili 111 nistuli qalaqis SemTxvevaSi masobrioba da Zalaufleba daupirispirda. Seicvala landSaftic - qalaqi progresisa da SekumSuli realobis adgili gaxda, sadac dRis wesrigSi dadga adamianTa mier Seqmnili instituciebis ambivalenturoba, xolo industrializebulma sazogadoebam daarRvia urTierTobaTa is idealuri suraTebi, riTac soflis garemo gamoirCeva. Sesabamisad, qalaquri Tematika, miT ufro, roca literatura did qalaqebs exeboda, negatiur asociaciebs aRZravda. didi qalaqi es ar aris mxolod ricxobrivad gazrdili dasaxleba, igi didia Tavisi saarsebo sivrciT, romelsac garkveuli Taviseburebebi gaaCnia. 1902 wels, roca rilke parizs ewvia, qalaqi sam milionamde macxovrebels itevda. me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan qalaqma TandaTan dakarga adamianuri masStabi da gaxda TvalSeuvlebi, misi calkeuli ubnebi TiTqmis qalaqebia, adamiani ki marto darCa am uzarmazar sivrceSi sacdurTa pirispir da erTaderTi, rac SeuZlia, isRaa, rom SeiniRbos. socialuri kavSirebi Znelad gasabmeli xdeba da xSirad Zalian xanmoklea, rac mis mcxovrebT martoobisa da izolaciisTvis swiravs. literaturam gamoZebna gamosaxvis forma didi qalaqisaTvis – man industrialuri “safrTxobela” SesaniSnav mxatvrul saxed aqcia. rogorc literaturis kritikosi lotar miuleri ambobs: „Tuki modernizmis miTologia arsebobs, arsebobs adgilic, romlzec is mogviTxrobs da romelTanac is dakavSirebulia. es aris didi qalaqi”. (miuleri, 1988, 14) germaneli sociologi da filosofosi georg zimeli 1903 wels aqveynebs statias „didi qalaqebi da sulieri cxovreba”, sadac cdilobs, egreT wodebuli didqalaqelis tipaJis gaazrebas. misi TqmiT, „fsiqologiuri safuZveli, razec didqalaqelis tipi yalibdeba, aris gamZafrebuli nervuli cxovreba, romelic mimdinareobs gare da Sinagani STabeWdilebebis mudmivi da swrafi cvliT. adamiani ganmasxvavebeli arsebaa, rac niSnavs, rom misi cnobieri stimulirdeba im sxvaobiT, rasac momentaluri da Cavlili STabeWdilebebiT iRebs. damaxsovrebuli STabeWdilebebi, maTi diferencirebis arasaWirooba, maTi Cveuli gegmazomieri dineba da kontrastebi nakleb aRqmas iTxovs, vidre swrafad SemoWrili cvladi suraTebi, romlebic didadaa daSorebuli imisgan, rasac adamiani erTi Tvalis SevlebiT iRebs. imiT, rom did qalaqSi sworedac msgavsi situaciebi iqmneba quCis yoveli ga- 112 bela CekuriSvili dakveTsas, qalaqis tempiT da mravalmxrivi ekonomikuri, profesiuli, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiT, es Cveni fsiqikis sensorul safuZvlebSi, Cvens cnobierSi, rogorc ganmasxvavebel arsebebSi, iwvevs Rrma dapirispirebas patara qalaqebisa da sofluri cxovrebis mimarT, maTi wynari, Tanabari ritmiT mimdinare emociur-sulieri cxovrebis mimarT”. (zimeli, 2006, 185) rilkes romanic swored erTgvari dapirispirebaa didi qalaqis anonimuri, masobrivi, indivudualurobadakarguli cxovrebisa da sikvdilisa, soflur, Tavisufal cxovrebasTan da sikvdilTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom rilkes drois parizi elegantur da progresul qalaqs warmoadgenda, romanis protagonistis aRqmaSi igi martoobas, siRatakesa da avadmyofobas ukavSireba, rasac Tavisi mizezebi aqvs. modernistuli qalaqi gaucxoebis, miusafrobis, avadmyofobis, sikvdilis, sigiJis adgilia, sadac adamianis suls Sveba arsaidan ar elis. romanze rilke 1904-10 wlebSi muSaobda. Canawerebs malte mxolod erT, dawyebis TariRs usvams - 11 seqtembers, iqve uTiTebs parizuli sastumros misamarTs - tulies quCa da pirvelive winadadebiT gvamcnobs im ganwyobas, rac mas safrangeTis dedaqalaqSi dauflebia: „am qalaqs yoveli mxridan awydeba xalxi, raTa aq icxovros. me ki mgonia: aq sikvdili ufro advilia, vidre sicocxle”. magram ras gulisxmobs rilke sikvdilSi? miuxedavad imisa, rom malte bevrs saubrobs sikvdilze, maT Soris ojaxis wevrebisa da istoriuli pirebis sikvdilze, parizis SemTxvevaSi es ara mxolod fizikuri sikvdilia, aramed individualurobis gaqrobis yovlismomcveli procesi, rac didi qalaqisTvis gamxdara niSneuli. romanis parizul nawilSi rilke adamianTa fizikur sikvdils iyenebs rogorc alegorias pirovnebis individualurobis ganadgurebis saCveneblad. pirveli, rasac parizSi Casuli malte axsenebs, es hospitlebia: „vnaxe hospitlebi”. malte axsenebs or hospitals. esenia Val-de-Grâce - samxedro hospitali da Hotel Dieu – 621 wels daarsebuli TavSesafari da saavadmyofo, sadac „559 sawolSi erTad kvdebian. rasakvirvelia, qarxnuli wesiT. aseTi Warbi produqciisas, cxadia, calkeuli sikvdili cudad sruldeba, Tumca amis dardi viRasa aqvs. aq xom mTavari raodenobaa”. (rilke 2015, 11) sikvdils process parizSi farda axdia, is aRar aris saidumlo rituali, Hotel-Dieu - Si momakvdavi avadmyofebi patara didi qalaqi, rogorc pirovnebos “gaqrobis” adgili 113 omnibusebs mihyavs, da es xdeba mTeli qalaqis dasanaxad, da yvelam icis, rom maTi awyvetili srbolis winaSe unda SeCerdnen, xolo adamianTa fantazias SeuZlia warmoidginos is agoniebi, maTi rZisferi fanjrebis miRma rom mimdinareobs. ufro metic, parizSi Ria, saxuravgadaxdili etlebic ki arsebobs, romelTac sasikvdilod ganwirulni ori frankis fasad mihyavT. aq sikvdils daukargavs sakraluri saxe da is vulgarul ambad qceula. sagulisxmoa, rom Tuki rilke Tavisi winaprebis Tu istoriuli figurebis sikvdilis aRwerisas maT gamorCeulobaze, Rirsebasa Tu siamayeze saubrobs, parizis hospitlis SemTxvevaSi mas adarebs qarxnul produqcias, sadac warmoebuli nivTebiviT yvela sikvdili erTmaneTs hgavs. amave dros, terminebi „qarxnuli” da „Warbi produqcia” industrializaciis mier motanili cnebebia, romelTac Secvales qalaqis saxe da adamianTa cxovreba. „qarxnuli” sikvdilis metaforas rilke upirispirebs sicocxlisa da siyvarulis metaforas „guls”, romelic asevea matarebeli sikvdilis, magram ara upirovnebo, uxeSi sikvdilis, aramed sicocxlis sapirwonis, gamzrdelis da dambadeblis. „adre icodnen (an SeiZleba gumaniT grZnobdnen), rom sikvdili sakuTar wiaRSi hqondaT, rogorc nayofs Tesli aqvs gulSi”. (rilke 2015, 12) aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom rilkes dakvirvebiT, amgvari „qarxnuli”, individualobas moklebuli sikvdili ara mxolod RaribTa da umweoTa xvedria, mdidrebisTvisac sul erTi gamxdara, rogor, ra viTarebSi gardaicvlebian: „TviT mdidarnic ki, romelTac diaxac, xeli miuwvdebaT, rudunebiTa da gulisyuriT gardaicvalon, daudevarni da gulgrilni xdebian. adamians sul ufro iSviaTad uCndeba sirvili, mokvdes sakuTari sikvdiliT”. (rilke 2015, 11-12) da ras niSnavs es “sakuTari” sikvdili? amis axsnaSi ukeTesad dagvexmareba rilkes reqviemi („reqviemi megobari qalisaTvis”), sadac sikvdils poeti ganmartavs, rogorc namdvili cxovrebis nayofs, sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebiT Seqmnils: “samagaliTo TviTCaRrmavebis rudunebiT qmnili sikvdili. is sakuTari sikvdili, Cven rom ase vWirdebiT, radgan swored Cven vacxovrebT am sikvdils, vapurebT CveniT da arsada varT masTan ufrore axlos, vidre Cvens sicocxleSi”. (rilke, 2015, 285) 114 bela CekuriSvili rogorc “maltes” da “reqviemebis” qarTulad mTargmneli naira gelaSvili aRniSnavs, “adamiani, romelic Tavis sulier SesaZleblobebs, pirovnebis TviTdadgenas axorcielebs, saxesa da azrs aZlevs Tavis cxovrebas, kvdeba „sakuTari,” namdvili, @didi sikvdiliT”, radgan qmnida da amwifebda ra Tavis cxovrebas, qmnida, zrdida da amuSavebda Tavis sikvdilsac”. (gelaSvili, 2015, 428) sikvdilze dakvirvebas mihyavs mwerali meore daskvnamde: adamianebs did qalaqSi dakarguli aqvT sakuTari sicocxle. „RmerTo, RmerTo, amqveynad yvelaferi mzamzareuli xvdebaT. ibadebian, pouloben mza sicocxles da morCa. mxolod CacmaRa sWirdeba”. (rilke, 2015, 10) „mza sicocxles“, romelic adamianebs mieca, araferi aqvs saerTo individualur gancdebTan, tkivilTan Tu siyvarulTan, samyaros aRqmasTan da bolos - sikvdilTan. did qalaqSi TiTqos sicocxlec mzaa, winaswar gansazRvruuli, garemoebiT ganpirobebuli da adamiani aRar aris misi Semoqmedi da mmarTveli. aq sicocxlec qarxnuli gamxdara, isic „produqtia“, romelic adamianebma tansacmeliviT Semoicves da erTmaneTs daemsgavsnen, sakuTri individualuri saxe ki dakarges. „saxe“ an ufro zustad, „dakarguli saxe“ kidev erTi metaforaa, romelic romanSi gvxvdeba. urbanistul garemoSi TiTqos yvelaferi qaoss moucavs da masSi inTqmeba. aseT qaosSi adamianebi „icvlian” da „kargaven” saxeebs. malte TiTqos erT konkretul SemTxvevas ixsenebs, rogor darCa qals saxe xelebSi da usaxo TaviT gaswia Tavis gzaze, magram aseTebi parizSi mTel fenas warmoadgenen. da maT erTiani, avadmyofuri ieri aerTianebs. maSinac ki, roca gacinebul saxeebs aRwers, mwerali ar axasiaTebs maT sicils arc romelime emociiT, arc JReradobiT, rac individualurobas SesZenda maT sixaruls, aramed sicili Sedarebulia CirqTan, xolo am asociacias iwvevs didi qalaqis ganaTeba: „saxeebze vitrinebidan gamosuli sinaTle efinaT da sicili ise sdioda maT pirebs, rogorc Cirqi Ria Wrilobas”. (rilke, 2015, 45) da rom adamianTa amgvari “avadobis” mizezi didi qalaqia, avtori amaze migvaniSnebs romanis dasawyisSive, roca maltes mzera etlSi mZinare bavSvze Cerdeba, romelic quCaSi datrialebul “SiSisa da iodoformis suns” isunTqavs: „momwvano feri edo da Sublze mkveTrad emCneoda gamonayari“. (rilke, 2015, 7) didi qalaqi, rogorc pirovnebos “gaqrobis” adgili 115 unda iTqvas, rom malte parizul suraTebs mudam agebebs mogonebebs rogorc Tavisi bavSvobidan, aseve literaturidan Tu istoriidan, romelic savsea gamokveTili saxeebiT da maTi saxelebiT. nacionalur biblioTekaSi is kiTxulobs verlens, romelmac „icis im gogonaTa ambavi, mTeli asi wlis win rom cxovrobdnen” da romelic „gamoTqvams maT saxelebs, am Cumsa da natifad moyvanil saxelebs mogrZo asoebis Zvelmoduri CuqurTmebiT da mozrdil saxelebs maTi ufrosi dobilebisa”. (rilke, 2015, 39). amis sapirispirod ki parizi usaxelo adamianTa samyofeli gamxdara, romelic mxolod masaa da meti araferi, quCaSi rom „Sededebuli niaRvariviT” miedineba. kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli, romelic mkiTxvels TvalSi xvdeba da romelic aseve kontrastulad mijnavs parizsa da im samyaros, romelsac malte Tavis CanawerebSi ixsenebs, saxelebis ararsebobaa. parizSi arcerT adamians ar aqvs saxeli, aq mxolod quCebis da adgilebis dasaxelebebs vxvdebiT da ara – personaJebis, maSin, roca maltes bavSvobisdroindeli mogonebebidan arc erTi personaJis saxels mtveri ar wahyria da daviwyebas ar miscemia. amis sapirispirod malte mxolod aRwers parizsa da parizelebs, is aravisTan Sedis kontaqtSi, ar ecnoba, ar elaparakeba da arc saxeliT moixseniebs. kombostos beberi gamyidveli misTvis aris kaci, „romelic yviroda”, xolo maTxovari qali kafeebis terasebis win „dagrexili, gamxmarmklaviani qali”. saxelebisa da gvarebis nacvlad parizelTa mimarT malte iyenebs ganusazRvrelobiT nacvalsaxels „viRac”: „viRac kibeze amodis. modis, moiwevs SeuCerebliv. ukve aq aris. didi xania ukve aq aris. gamiswordeba da Caivlis. da Semdeg isev quCa. iq viRaca gogo gahkivis : „Ah, tais-toi. Je ne veux plus“, elmavali moeqaneba gaafTrebuli, gadauvlis am xmebs, CaaxSobs da mere gascdeba, gascdeba yvelafers. isev xma. viRac iZaxis. viRacebi erTmaneTs uswreben”. (rilke, 2015, 8) (xazgasma Cvenia). rodesac malte dangreul saxls aRwers, romelsac mouCanda Sida mxare da iq sxvadasxva sarTulis oTaxebis narCenebi, mkiTxvels asociacia uCndeba bodleris leqsTan „leSi”, miT ufro, rom malte Tavadac ixsenebs Tavis CanawerebSi am leqss da amiT Cndeba logikuri aluzia masTan. „aqa-iq Camokonwialebuli Spaleris nafleTebi da iatakisa Tu Weris narCenebi. kedels mTel simaRleze, kideSi viwro, WuWyiani, moTeTro zoli dahyve- 116 bela CekuriSvili boda da iq yovelad sazizRari, rbili moZraobebiT, rogoriTac matli saWmels inelebs, miiklakneboda, JangiT SeWmuli, fexsadgilis milebis Rari”... (rilke, 2015, 43). angelika korbino-hofmanis azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom rilke Tavis yuradRebas Raribebze, avadmyofebze da moxucebze aCerebs, mas bodleriseuli solidaroba aklia, aseve ar iCens Zalisxmevas, simaxinjis ukan silamazec SeamCnioso. „ufro metic, igi maT sruliad clis individualobisgan da maT siaxinjeTa rigebSi ricxavs, romelTa mimarT nebismieri yuradReba gamoricxulia. bebrebs da Raribebs igi ixseniebs, rogorc „gaZevebulebs”. (korbino-hofmani, 2003, 89) marTlac maltes SiSi ipyrobs, rodesac mas moxuci qali aedevneba, ar icis, ra undaT am adamianebs misgan, roca yuradRebas miapyroben, magram es amave dros signalia, niSania imisa, rogor qreba sazogadoebaSi TanagrZnoba, rogorc irRveva komunikacia da iwyeba izolacia. bodleridan maltemde xom TiTqmis naxevari saukunea gasuli. urbanistuli garemosTvis niSneulia pirovnebis gaucxoebis problema, erTgvari dakargulobisa da martoobis gancda, rac sociologiuri kvlevis sagania, da aseve aqtualuri literaturuli Tema modernizmidan dRemde. rilkes parizi savsea „sakvirveli cdunebebiT”, romelic cvlis adamianTa xasiaTs, maT msoflmxedvelobas, cvlis saganTa aRqmis unars. parizSi maltec iZens didqalaqelis Tvisebebs, razec georg zimeli Tavis statiaSi miuTiTebda: igi kargavs ara mxolod empaTiis unars, megobrebisganac izolirdeba, werilebis werac aRar surs: „garkveuli Taviseburebani gamiCnda, axla adamianTagan ufro Zlier rom maSoreben, vidre yvelaferi, rac dRemde iyo. saxecvlili samyaro, axali cxovreba, savse axali mniSvnelobebiT”. (rilke, 2015, 65). dasasrul, gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom „malte laurids briges Canawerebis” mixedviT parizi is adgilia, sadac veRar vxedavT adamianebs sakuTari saxeliT; ver vxdavT wyvilebs, ojaxebs, adamianuri sinazis gamovlinebebs; mwerali ar aRwers arcerT dialogs, romelic ama Tu im pirovnebas gamokveTda. aq TiTqos yvelaferi gaobieqtebulia, subiqtebs ki erTiani jamuri saxeli aqvT: didqalaqelebi. es ki swored is masalaa, riTac mwerali Tavis teqsts aSenebs. didi qalaqi, rogorc pirovnebos “gaqrobis” adgili 117 literatura gelaSvili 2015: gelaSvili naira, erTi Zveli wigni, anu „malte laurids briges Canawerebi”; Tbilisi. zimeli 2006: Simmel Georg, Die Großstädte und das Geistesleben; Berlin. hofmani 2003: Corbineau-Hoffmann Angelika, Kleine Literaturgeschichte der Großstadt; Darmstadt. miuleri 1988: Müller Lothar, Die Großstadt als Ort der Moderne. Über Georg Simmel; Reinbek bei Hamburg. rilke 2015: rilke rainer maria, malte laurids briges Canawerebi; Tbilisi. rilke 2015: rilke rainer maria, reqviemi megobari qalisaTvis; Tbilisi. mindia cecxlaZe qalaqis mistikuri alegoria Salva bakuraZis poema `Tevzaoba~ religiur-mistikuri diskursi msoflio literaturuli tradiciis erTerTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia. qarTuli literatura, rogorc uZvelesi qristianuli literatura, am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan saazrovno da saxeobriv gamocdilebas qmnis “vefxistyaosnidan” moyolebuli Tanamedrove avtorebis CaTvliT. misticizmis ZiriTadi ideaa mistikuri gamocdileba, rac ewodeba gaerTianebis zegrZnobad gamocdilebas, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba gacnoba realobisa (RmerTis), romelic miuwvdomelia grZnobis organoebisTvis (ueinraiti 2007:141), ris gamoc mistikosebi mas axasiaTeben rogorc sibneles, araras, TviTdakargvas (anderhili 1911:171). mistikuri gamocdilebis winapirobaa intencionaluri obieqtebis eliminacia (formani 1999:131), saidanac xSir SemTxvevaSi gamomdinareobs samyaros uaryofa, eskapizmi da mkacri asketizmi religiur-mistikur soteriologiaSi. amis sapirispirod, Tanamedrove mistikur azrovnebaSi ikveTeba samyaros dasturyofis diskursi da es ukavSirdeba panenTeizms (kuperi 2006:298), rac gulis- qalaqis mistikuri alegoria 119 xmobs, rom RmerTi aris “yvelaferi yvelaferSi“, rogorc pavle mociquli imeorebs ramdenjerme (stengi 2012:126) da rasac fsevdodionise areopageli citirebs katafatikis dasabuTebisas (stengi 2012:126): “RmerTi Seicavs yvelafers, swored amitom adideben mas yoveli saxeliT (areopageli 2015:I.5)”. Salva bakuraZis poemis “Tevzaobis” lirikuli gmiri ambobs, rom misi saxelia SimSili, sevda, sixaruli, gareuli mtredebis Crdili, veluri xilis gemo da a.S. (bakuraZe 2013:11-12) anu xdeba saxeldeba, katafazisi, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia apofazisi. fsevdodionise areopageli, romlis motivebic xSiria am avtorTan, moqmedebs imave neoplatonuri emanaciisa da dabrunebis logikis farglebSi, romelic netari avgustinesTan gvxvdeba. katafazisi anu RvTis saxeldeba Seesatyviseba RmerTis emanacias, xolo apofazisi gvawvdis RmerTTan dabrunebis gzas (holivudi... 2012:12). poemaSi veduri “om” marcvlis miniSnebiT (“omin”) da zRvis, rogorc RmerTis metaforiT SemotaniT, xdeba miniSneba vedanturi mistikis panenTeizmze, sadac adamiani da RmerTi iseTive mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan, rogorc mdinare da zRva; xdeba ara gaerTianeba, aramed erTianobis Secnoba (meTiuzi 1999:86). budizmis gavleniT advaita vedantaSi Cndeba materialuri sagnebis identobanaklulobis da moCvenebiTobis idea (qari... 2005:165), pirovnuloba, ego mcdari TviTgansazRvrebaa, gansxvaveba adamians da RmerTs Soris moCvenebiTia (qari... 2005:192-193); Sesabamisad, zemoxsenebuli “TviTdakargva”, romelzec mistikosebi saubroben, egos sikvdilsac unda mianiSnebdes (uaiti 2013:7). poemis personaJi, meTevze eliozi, brmavdeba zRvis xilvis Sedegad, Semdeg ki damaskoSi aixels Tvals (bakuraZe 2013:9-10), iseve rogorc pavle, Sesabamisad zRva aq RmerTs mianiSnebs; Semdeg eliozi dgas gamWvirvale jebirTan (bakuraZe 2013:9), rac mianiSnebs, rom sazRvari RmerTTan anu ego, pirovneba iluzorulia da arasubstanciuri. am avtorTan zRva RmerTis metaforaa aseve leqsSi „jnana“ (bakuraZe 2013:26). veduri diskursis Semotana motivirebulia imiTac, rom dasavlurisgan gansxvavebiT, aRmosavlur misticizmSi samyaros dasturyofis diskursi gamokveTilia (goldeni 2008:46), tantristul mistikaSi ar xdeba survilebis uaryofa (harperi 2002: 20); budizmi gmobs ukidures asketizms (qari... 2005:248) da codnis wyarod sakuTar gamocdilebas miiCnevs (qari... 120 mindia cecxlaZe 2005:290), rac, rogorc plotinis SemTxvevaSi vnaxavT, aseve ukavSirdeba dasturyofis diskurss. survilebis ara daTrgunva, aramed transformacia aseve soteriologiis nawilia tantristul budizmSi. areopagelis inspiratori plotini, miuxedavad imisa, rom saubrobs vnebebis zomier, magram mainc daTrgunvaze (plotini 2015:II,5), Tvlis, rom samyaro RvTaebrivi realobis mkafio, mSvenierebiT mosili xatia (plotini 2015:II,8), RmerTi yvelaferSia (plotini 2015:VI,4-5), dacemul sulsac aqvs raRac transcendenturi (plotini 2015: IV,4). materialur samyaroSi aris boroteba, radgan igi RvTaebrivi emanaciis bolo safexuria (plotini 2015:I,8.6-7), Tumca sulis daSveba sxeulSi aucilebelia, raTa man miiRos borotebis uSualo gamocdileba, riTac ukeT Seicnobs uzenaes sikeTes anu RmerTs (plotini 2015:IV,8.7). aseve plotinis mixedviT sxeuli borotebis mizezia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca suli ejaWveba mas da eTiSeba miRmier realobas (plotini 2015:I,8.4), sxva SemTxvevaSi ki sxeulze zrunva misaRebia (plotini 2015:IV,8.2). neoplatonur praqtikaSi pirveli safexuri materialuri samyaros Semecnebaa “Tavis mravalferovnebasa da harmoniaSi” (harnaki 1997:350-351), am etapze xdeba ganwmenda, romelic unda dasruldes “grZnobadi aRqmis obieqtebis amaoebis gacxadebiT” (ado 1993:122). aseve saxarebis mixedviT “cdunebebi unda movides” (maTe 18,7) anu aucilebelia borotebis uSualo gamocdileba, am pasaJis uSualo gagrZelebaa gzaabneuli cxvris igavi, sadac mwyemsi SesaZloa swored xsenebuli gamocdilebis gamo, gzaabneul cxvars ufro Sehxaris, vidre danarCenebs (maTe 18,10-13); esaa erTgvari eTikur-soteriologiuri empirizmi. intencionaluri obieqtebis eliminacias, samyarosadmi cxoveli interesis dakargvas TavisTavad aadvilebs amqveyniurobis amaoebaSi sakuTari gamocdilebiT darwmuneba, rom araferi vTqvaT survilebis da vnebebis daTrgunvis, CaxSobis problemurobaze, vinaidan, rogorc qristiani mistikosi xuan de lakrusi aRniSnavs, TviTiZulebiTi asketizmi aZlierebs egos, Tumca dasawyisSi, oRond xanmokle droiT, esec saWiroa, radgan ego unda aigos, sanam ganadgurdeba (terneri 1995:233-236). aseve budizmSic, imisaTvis, rom moviSoroT ego, jer unda gavaZlieroT qalaqis mistikuri alegoria 121 igi (jounzi 1993:180), amgvarad represia SeiZleba iyos mistikuri praqtikis mxolod mcire komponenti. poemis saTauri dakavSirebulia RmerTis ZiebasTan, poemis personaJi, meTevze eliozi oqros Tevzs ufals uwodebs (bakuraZe 2013:6), Tevzi uflis qristianuli simboloa da Sesabamisad, meTevze RvTismaZiebelia. samyaros dasturyofis diskurss gamoxatavs is faqtic, rom oqros Tevzi survilebs asrulebs. am poemiT iwyeba krebuli „dasdebelni wmindisa aRdgomisani“; poemaSi, sxva leqsebis msgavsad, ikveTeba ori plani: konkretul-istoriuli da mistikuri; pirveli plani, omisa da sikvdilis Tematikis gamo, unda ukavSirdebodes soxumis dakargvas, Tavad avtori soxumelia da sruliad axalgazrda iyo, rodesac omSi mouxda yofna; poemas epigrafad aqvs endriu rentonis fraza "Sin gagzavnili werili yovelTvis xedis aRweriT iwyeba" (bakuraZe 2013:3), rac aseve dasturyofazea maniSneba, upirvelesad unda moxdes xiluli samyaros, “xedis” Secnoba, raTa davukavSirdeT “Sin”, anu davbrundeT mamasTan, samSobloSi, rogorc plotini ambobs metaforulad emanaciis sawyisTan dabrunebaze (magili... 2009:28). poemac qalaqis xedis aRweriT iwyeba. es qalaqi TevziT da rZiT savsea (bakuraZe 2013:3), am qalaqSi “ar daileva Tevzi, Tafli, Rvino da puri” (bakuraZe 2013:10), rac aluziaa aRTqmuli miwis, sadac moedineba rZe da Tafli (gamosvl. 3,17); xdeba qalaqis, rogorc amqveyniuri siuxvis da tkbobis adgilis simbolizeba, qalaqi aris simbolo materialuri samyarosi, romelic mocemulia rogorc RvTis saCuqari, aRTqmuli miwa, sadac amqveyniuri sikeTeebiT tkboba RvTis mier aris nebadarTuli da mowodebuli. amave dros Tevzi am teqstSi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, RmerTis simboloa, aseve rZe siwmindis, ucodvelobis simbolocaa (malaguci 2006:181), Sesabamisad, qalaqi, igive materialuri samyaro savsea siwmindiT, RmerTiT, Tumca aq aseve saubaria maxeSi gabmul Tevzebze - sxeulSi daSvebuli suli ejaWveba sxeulis siamovnebas, rac warmoSobs borotebas plotinis Tanaxmad. mSobliuri qalaqis siyvaruli ZiriTadi motivia aseve krebulis bolo poemaSi “gangebuleba xorcT”, sadac aseve ikveTeba erotizmis diskursi (bakuraZe 2013:99-107), rac, iseve rogorc seqsualobis, qalis gaRvTaebriveba Tavad am poemaSi, samyaros dasturyofas ukavSirdeba; aseve fraza “nu daviviwyebT, rom sxeulic Cvena varT jerac, pativi vceT”, leqsidan “saqorwino 122 mindia cecxlaZe locva” (bakuraZe 2013:48), eqspliciturad gamoxatavs avtoris SemoqmedebaSi alegorizebul diskurss. meTevze eliozi ilia WavWavaZis „gazafxulis“ alternativad saxavs Tavis leqss - „gazafxuls“ (bakuraZe 2013:9), es SesaZloa pasuxia ilias leqsSi dasmul kiTxvaze da xsnis poemaSi konkretul-istoriuli da mistikur-alegoriuli planebis gaerTianebis funqcias: samSoblos gazafxuli iqneba mxolod individebis mistikuri gazafxulis, gamoRviZebis, maTi individualuri transformaciis Sedegi. ilia WavWavaZesTan gadaZaxili sayuradReboa imiTac, rom “gandegilic” swored samyaros uaryofas emijneba. eliozis “gazafxuli” ase iwyeba: „me is kaci var zRva rom ixila da ver eleva mainc xetials da ai vdgavar karTan, romelic mSvid dinebaSi unda SemiZRves da romlis miRmac jer aravis gaduxedia.” (bakuraZe 2013:9) zRvis xilva aq niSnavs mistikuri erTianobis droebiT gancdas, radgan xetiali grZeldeba, tantristul teqstSi „mahamudras simRera“ mdinaris mSvidi dineba gasxivosnebis erT-erTi bolo stadiis metaforaa (tilopa 2015:3), simSvide niSnavs, rom axlosaa SesarTavi zRvasTan. bolo striqonSi transcendenturobazea miniSneba. eliozs jibeebi miwiT aqvs gamotenili, anu mas aqvs miwieri cxovrebis gamocdileba; panenTeizms gamoxatavs eliozis leqsSi ucxo moxuci, romlis sxeulSi qalaqebi da varskvlavebia (bakuraZe 2013:9-10), rac “bhagavad-gitas” aluziaa, sadac arjunas kriSna ecxadeba rogorc RmerTi, romlis sxeulSic samyaroebi da planetebia (bhagavad-gita 1983:75); msgavsi aluzia aseve gvxvdeba am avtoris leqsSi - “jnana“ (bakuraZe 2013:27). eliozis leqsi ase grZeldeba: “Tixis surneli sdis Sens nakvalevs. am nakvalevSi zRva gubdeba da napirebze Seni Svilebi aSeneben keTil qalaqebs da zRvis yoveli amosunTqva qalaqelebs xeTa enaze alaparakebs, rom yovel Rame TevzTan wevxar da Sens pirSi Tevzis wyliani ena Srialebs, rom arcerT suldgmuls gazafxuli ise ar tanjavs, rogorc xeebs da adamianebs” pasaJis pirveli nawili imanentizms mianiSnebs; xe RmerTis simboloa, poemaSi RmerTis simbolos, Tevzis saflavze dasmuli jvari foTlebs gamoisxams da iqceva xed (bakuraZe 2013:4), rac qalaqis mistikuri alegoria 123 RmerTis, regeneraciis, maradiulobis gavrcelebuli simboloa TavisTavad (sirloti 1971:347). poemaSi RvTis simboloebis simravlec areopageliseul katafatikaze mianiSnebs erTgvarad. gazafxuli anu bunebis gamoRviZeba mtanjvelia, radgan esaa mistikuri gamoRviZeba da Sesabamisad egos mokvdinebis dasawyisi, sakuTari Tavis RmerTTan igiveobis Secnoba “klavs” gancalkevebuli arsebobis iluzias, mcdar TviTgansazRvrebas anu egos. “rom es qalaqic patara zRvaa da yvela kaci am qalaqSi aris napiri, maTi zRvispira saxlebisken gagiZRveba quCa keTili da pirdapiri, rom im saxlebSi ar daileva Tevzi, Tafli, Rvino da puri, rom ueWvelad mzes aixels imaT WerqveS RamenaTevi yoveli mdgmuri, rom mxolod da mxolod damaskodan dabrunebuli SeigrZnobs marilsa da laJvards ama zRvis da RuRuns mtredebisas taZris gumbaTze“ (bakuraZe 2013:10) qalaqi patara zRvaa, radgan materialuri samyaro RvTaebrivi emanaciis bolo safexuria, magram mainc RvTaebrivia. yvela kaci aris napiri anu esazRvreba zRvas, RmerTs gamWvirvale jebiriT. aq aris aluzia quCaze, romlis saxelia “pirdapiri”, sadac pavle Tvals aixels (saqmeebi 9, 3-18). mxolod damaskodan dabrunebuli Seicnobs RmerTs, radgan samyaros Secnoba, dasturyofa pirveli, aucilebeli safexuria. lirikuli gmiri mistikuri transformaciiT gadalaxavs mSobliuri qalaqis dakargviT gamowveul tragizms, poemis finalSi lirikul gmirs aRar adardebs „rom is qalaqi ar arsebobs, arc arsebobda, arc iarsebebs“: “rom erTaderTi sicocxlea rac macocxlebs rom erTaderTi siyvarulia rac macocxlebs” (bakuraZe 2013:13) man gaacnobiera siyvarulis gamaTavisuflebeli Zala („sicocxlis tyve xar da Seni xsna mxolod siyvaruls xelewifeba“ (bakuraZe 2013:10)) da sicocxlis RvTaebrioba, misi TavisTavadi, TviTkmari Rirebuleba anu moxda yvela sxva konkretuli miznis, obieqtebze mijaWvulobis, zogadad intencionaluri obieqtebis eliminacia. mindia cecxlaZe 124 amgvarad, poemaSi qalaqis, rogorc RvTaebriobiT gajerebuli samyaros simbolizebiT xdeba samyaros dasturyofa, eTikursoteriologiuri empirizmis gacxadeba mistikuri gzis konteqstSi; miwieri cxovrebis dasturyofiT lirikuli gmiri RvTis Secnobis pirvel safexurs gaivlis, risi Sedegicaa mistikuri transformacia da konkretul-istoriul warmavlobaze mijaWvulobis daZleva. literatura ado 1993: Hadot, Pierre; Plotinus Or the Simplicity of Vision; University of Chicago Press; Chicago and London. anderhili 1911: Underhill, Evelyn; Mysticism: A Study in Nature and Development of Spiritual Consciousness; Christian Classics Ethereal Library; Grand Rapids. areopageli 2000: The Areopagite, Dionysius; On the Divine Names and the Mystical Theology; Christian Classics Ethereal Library; Grand Rapids. bakuraZe 2013: bakuraZe, Salva; “dasdebelni wmindisa aRdgomisani”; “saunje”, Tbilisi. bhagavad-gita 1983: “bhagavad-gita”; „ganaTleba“, Tbilisi. goldeni 2008: Golden, Kenneth L.; Uses of Comparative Mythology (RLE Myth): Essays on the Work of Joseph Campbell; Routledge; London and New York. kuperi 2006: Cooper, John W.; Panentheism - The Other God of the Philosophers: From Plato to the Present; Baker Academic: Grand Rapids. magili... 2009: Magill, Kevin; Nelstrop, Louise; Onishi Bradley B; Christian Mysticism: An Introduction to Contemporary Theoretical Approaches; Ashgate Publishing Limited; Farnham. malaguci 2006: Malaguzzi, Silvia; Food and Feasting in Art; J. Paul Getty Museum; Los Angeles. meTiuzi 1999: Matthews, Alfred Warren; World Religions; Wadswort Cengage Learning; Belmont. plotini 2015: Plotinus, Enneads; http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/ sirloti 1971: Cirlot, Juan Eduardo; A Dictionary of Symbols; Routledge; London. qalaqis mistikuri alegoria 125 stengi 2012: Stang, Charles M.; Apophasis and Pseudonymity in Dionysius the Areopagite: "No Longer I"; Oxford Univerity Press; Oxford. terneri 1995: Turner, Denys; The Darkness of God: Negativity in Christian Mysticism; Cambridge Univerity Press; Cambridge. tilopa 2015: Tilopa, Ganga-Mahamudra-Upadesa of Sri Tilopa; http://www.wayoflight.net/ uaiti 2013: White, Richard J.; The Heart of Wisdom: A Philosophy of Spiritual Life; Rowman and Littlefield Publishing Groups, Inc.; Plymouth. ueinraiti 2007: Wainwright, William J.; The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion, Oxford Univerity Press; Oxford. formani 1999: Forman, Robert K. C.; Mysticism, Mind, Consciousness; State University of New York Press; New York. qari... 2005: Carr, Brian. Mahalingam, Indira; Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy; Routledge; London and New York. jounzi 1993: Jones, Richard H.; Mysticism Examined : Philosophical Inquiries Into Mysticism; State University of New York Press; New York. harnaki 1997: Harnack, Adolf; History of Dogma, 7 Volumes; Wipf and Stock Pulishers; Eugene. harperi 2002: Harper, 2002: Harper, Katherine Anne (ed.); Robert L. Brown (ed.), The Roots of Tantra, State University of New York Press; New York. holivudi... 2012: Hollywood, Amy; Beckman, Patricia Z.; The Cambridge Companion to Christian Mysticism; Cambridge Univerity Press; Cambridge. maia jaliaSvili Tbilisuri ekleqtika kote jandieris moTxroba `dapatiJeba kinoSi~ qarTul literaturaSi Tbilisis saxe araerTgzis aris daxatuli. piter akroidis `londoniviT~, an orhan famuqis `stamboliviT~ isic cocxlobs da saukuneebs nTqavs, feniqsiviT iferfleba da kvlav ganaxldeba. kote jandieris moTxrobaSic Tbilisi personaJebTan erTad monawileobs im tragikulul ambebSi, romlebic mis xmauriansa Tu myudro quCebSi, didsa Tu patara saxlebSi viTardeba. Tbilisi am moTxrobaSi warmoCenilia, rogorc ekleqtikuri fenomeni, aRosavlurisa da dasavluri esTetikis nazavi. Tavis ekleqturobas Tbilisi personaJebsac gadasdebs da iqmneba fantasmagoriul sivrce, romelSic awmyo, warsuli da momavali raRac magiiT erTdroulad Tanaarseboben. moTxrobis gmirebi sabWour TbilisSi cxovroben, meoce saukunis 70-iani wlebis Svilebi arian, amitomac mniSvnelovania, rogor axerxebs mwerali drois konteqstis Seqmnas. Tumca, aq epoqaze mniSvnelovani adamiania, romelic nebismier droul konteqstSi ebrZvis sakuTar Tavs, vnebebs da am `gulis WidilSi~, rogorc folkneri ityoda, gamoav- Tbilisuri ekleqtika 127 lens, ramdenad `axloa RmerTTan~ (vaJa-fSavela). kote jandieris prozisTvis, sazogadod, damaxasiaTebelia interteqstualoba, rac niSandoblivia yoveli Rirebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebisTvis. mwerali eyrdnoba ZvelTa tradiciul gamocdilebas, iyenebs aRiarebul religiur, miTologiursa Tu sxadasxva tipis kulturul simboloebs azris gamoxatvis feradovnebisa da siRrmisaTvis, mkiTxvelze zemoqmedebisTvis. magaliTad, erTgan TxrobaSi, sikvdilze fiqrisas, bunebrivad SemoiWreba qaronis saxe, romelic amZafrebs gmiris Sinagani mRelvarebisa da sasowarkveTilebis gadmocemas. am nawarmoebis mTxrobeli, weris niWiT dajildoebuli, axalgazrda kacia, magram cotas wers, radgan `puri arsobisa~ mosapovebeli aqvs sxva gziT _ muSaobs prozaul `saqsaxmTavSaxtmSenSi~. es kontrastulad warmoaCens mis Sejaxebas realobasTan. es kontrastuloba _ cxovreba da xelovneba _ Tavidanve warmoCndeba. adamiani TiTqos ixliCeba realobasa da ocnebas Soris, rac tkivils iwvevs: `mTeli cxovreba megona, rom ukeTesi wignis daweras SevZlebdi da aseTi ampartavnobisaTvis davisaje sicarieliT, ufulobiTa da SaxtmSeniT~. aq yofis `tragikulobas~ amsubuqebs TviTironia, rac ase damaxasiaTebeli jandieris prozisTvis. moTxrobaSi Cans, rom personaJs tradiciuli Rirebulebebi sayrdenad aRar gamoadgeba. Sefarulad es asea gamJRavnebuli: `mtkvari mZimea da CaSavebuli. mis mdore wyalSi araferi ar irekleba. arc dRe, arc Rame~. qveteqstad igulisxmeba baraTaSvilis cnobili striqonebi: `nelad moRelavs modudune mtkvari ankara/ da mis zvirTebSi krTis laJvardi, cisa kamara~ (`fiqrni mtkvris pirzed~). Tu baraTaSvili sulier oblobas, sasowarkveTilebas gadalaxavda, erTi mxriv, bunebasTan erTobiT (`warved wyalis pirs sevdiani fiqrT gasarTvelad~), meore mxriv, bunebis manugeSebeli `megobrobidan~ dabadebuli RvTis rwmeniT (wyalSi cas (zeciurs, aramiwiurs, amaRlebuls, RvTaebrivs) Wvretda, arsebobis gamamarTlebel azrs urigdeboda: `magram, radganac kacni gvqvian.... unda kideca mivdioT mas, gvesmas mSoblisa~), Tanamedrove gmirs zecidan mxolod risxvis molodini aqvs da ara wyalobisa: `elvarebs daisis viwro zoli. es kaSkaSa zoli hgavs moqneul cels, romelic sadacaa mosxeps ufoTlo Wadrebis kenweroebs, qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebis gumbaTebs, saxlebis saxuravebze awowil uazro teleantenebs da abanoTubanSi 128 maia jaliaSvili SemorCenil erTaderTi meCeTis cisfer minareTs~ _ TiTqos meored mosvlis winaTgrZnobaa. mkiTxveli grZnobs moqneuli celi mxolod peizaJis xatovani aRqma rodia, aramed gmiris sulSi gaCenili risxvis gamoZaxili. Sinaganad is ujanydeba yofis sicarieles da aqvs misi Secvlis wadili. es gvaxsenebs ioane naTlismcemlis qadagebas: `culi ZirTa Tana xeTasa Zes. yovelman xeman romelman ara gamoiRos nayofi keTili, moekueTos da cecxlsa daedvas (maTe, 3,10). gmiris gaucxoebas mSobliur qalaqTan kargad gamoxatavs sakuTari Tavis molaplape veSapTan Sedareba _ `es qalaqi nervebs miSlis. me is veSapi var, romelsac yelSi amosvlia okeanis mlaSe wylebi da xteba maRla haerSi, sveli da molaplape, raTa meore wams sxeulis simZimem kvlav daabrunos autaneli, magram mSobliuri stiqionis wiaRSi~. personaJi absurduli garemos tyvea. mas gamosavali ver upovia da TviTmkvlelobaze fiqri stanjavs, Tumca gabeduleba aklia ganzraxulis Sesasruleblad. es gaubedaoba ki kidev ufro metad Trgunavs. moTxrobaSi Tanamedroveoba kargad ixateba, romlis erTgvar simbolodac warmoCndeba `myrali kolmeurneobis moedani _ erTgvari nagavsayreli~. Tanve aqve ixateba yvavilebis bazari. WuWyisa da silamazis nazavi kargad warmoaCens sinaTlisa da sibnelis, borotebisa da sikeTis Tanaarsebobas, rogorc adamianuri cxovrebis tragediis mizezs. `mTavaria, rom adamians, Homo sapiens-s, SerCa Zala SeebrZolos masSive warmoSobil axal adamians, Homo Faber-s (maqs friSis amave saxelwodebis romanSi kargad Cans es brZola), da sanagveze ar moisrolos kultura. Tumca besik xaranaulis axal romanSi (`samoci jorze amxedrebuli raindi anu wigni hiperbolebisa da metaforebisa~) es saSiSroebac ikveTeba. avtori Tavs grZnobs `civilizaciisagan gandevnil kulturis Svilad~. romanis personaJi Sio fiqrobda, rom `wignebi unda dafrinavdnen~ da ixateba fantasmagoriuli suraTi: fanjridan wignebi Tavdaxsnili frinvelebiviT mifrinaven, magram `nagavsayarze iyo finiSi~ (xaranauli 2010: 115). besik xaranaulis romanis erTi sagulisxmo Senakadia, Tu rogor daikarga mTxrobeli `bavSvobaSi~ da `nagavsayaris qveyanaSi~ aRmoCnda tyved. bavSvoba samoTxea, xolo didoba _ tyveoba, Tanac nagavsayrelze, romelic cxovrebis simboloa. misi azriT, civilizaciam qveyniereba nagavsayrelad aqcia. es exmianeba Jan bodriaris Tvalsazriss: `yvelaze uaresi is ki ar aris, Tbilisuri ekleqtika 129 rom Cven irgvliv sul nagavia, aramed is, rom Tavad Cvenc am nagvad viqeciT~... (`qalaqi da siZulvili~) (bodriari 2010: 3). unda gavixsenoT, rom cxovreba rogorc nagavsayreli, warmoCenilia zura mesxis romanSi `spazmebi~, romelSic mTavari gmiris cxovrebis `damaxinjeba~ gamoiwvia TavSi moxvedrilma nagvis parkma: ~me maqvs spazmebi. xuTi wlis rom viyavi, maSin damewyo. maSin daviwye nagvis danaxva da mTeli sidampleebis~ (mesxi 2009: 15). kote jandieris moTxrobaSi daxatuli gasayidad gamotanili yvavilebi TiTqos adamianTa sulebis anareklebia. qaosi mTxrobelis Sinagan samyaros emuqreba: `me yvelaferze erTad vfiqrob da Cemi Tavi savsea aTasi xaraxuriT, frazebis da mogonebebis naglejebiT, erotikuli scenebiT, qvanaxSiriT, Saxtis WrilebiT, sentimentaluri melodiebiT, naxevrad daviwyebuli saxeebiT, ucxouri koniakis boTlebiT, sevdiani peizaJebiT...~ Tbilisis ekleqturi arqiteqturac, simbolurad, sazogadoebis gaurkvevlobas, usayrdenobas, zneobriv RirebulebaTa dakargvas warmoaCens: `leninis moedanze varT. aq yvelaferi galokilia da erTmaneTSi areuli: fsevdomavritanuli stili, somxuriu fsevdo ampiri, fsevdoklasicizmi, fsevdokonstruqtivizmi, stalizmi da a.S. yvelaferi fsevdo~. moTxrobis kidev erTi sagulisxmo gmiria ninco _ `myral sazogadoebaSi~ sisufTavisa da siwmindis erTgvari simbolo. masac realobasTan konfliqti aqvs _ `misi yvelaze didi ocneba is iyo, rom mamamisi pavle ingoroyva, geronti qiqoZe an vinme egeTi yofiliyo~. `didi saxelebi~ didi TavSesafris iluzias qmnis, sxvadyofna TiTqos gaqcevis SesaZleblobas aCens. nincos simbolur aRqmas xels uwyobs isic, rom mTxrobelisTvis ninco realobas ar Seesabameba _ `ra unda aseT qals (Tanac TeTr kabaSi gamowyobils) am simyraleSi~ (jandieri 2010: 69). moTxrobis erTi mTavari safiqralia, rogor SeiZleba sayrdeni moipovo am absurdul garemoSi, sadac aranairi kanonzomiereba araa? `ra ufro mTavaria _ gqondes mizani Tu iyo kmayofili?~ Cndeba dapirispireba klasikuri literaturis warmodgenasTan, romlis mixedviTac, cxovreba Teatria. gmiri ki fiqrobs: `cxovreba ar aris Teatri... Teatri sainteresoa. iq yovelTvis raRac xdeba~. `cxovrebas ara aqvs siuJeti, amitom mosawyenia~ (jandieri 2010: 78). amitomac literatura (xelovneba) iqceva gamosavlad. xelovani realur cxovrebas Caanac- 130 maia jaliaSvili vlebs warmosaxuliT, raTa daZlios mowyeniloba, erTferovneba, rac jojoxeTis tanjvas edareba. ase daZlia `mowyeniloba~ espaneTis erTi miyruebuli soflis erTma Cveulebrivma idalgom, saxelad don kixotma da cxovrebas `Seuqmna siuJeti~_ `gadaiqca~ raindad, romelsac boroti Zalebi unda daemarcxebina. sagulisxmoa nincos ocneba: `sulac ar minda gavizardo~, radgan gazrda, swored ocnebiseul samyarosTan gamoTxovebas gulisxmobs. es exmianeba giunter grasis romans `Tunuqis doli~, romlis gmirmac es ocneba aisrula, ar gaizarda, magram cxovrebis tragikuloba mainc ver daZlia. nincos rwmena: `cxovreba mSvenieria, RmerTi samarTliania da samyaros aqvs raRac CvenTvis dafaruli azri da daniSnuleba. eg aris, xandaxan meCveneba, rom Cem garda aravin icis amis Sesaxeb~ _ eTanxmeba molodins mkiTxvelisa, romelic kiTxvisas imis ZiebaSia, rom wignSi (wakiTxulSi) mainc miagnos gamosavals da sanam Tavdaxrili striqonebs nTqavs, gavides sakuTari ubadruki arsebobis sazRvrebidan da wignis gmirTa samyaroTi, maTi imediT isunTqos. wignis kiTxva personaJebisTvis, marTlac, realobidan TavdaRwevis yvelaze ukeTesi gzaa, TavSesafaria, Tumca warmosaxul samyaroSi xsnis imedi iluziuria da maleve qreba: `adre wignis wakiTxva imeds aRmiZravda. Cemi suli niadagi iyo, mwiri, magram mainc niadagi~(jandieri 2010: 70). mTavari iyo, wignebidan aeRoT Tesli da imedi hqonodaT, rom ixarebda. samwuxarod, `niadagma teni dakarga~, warmosaxul samyaros cxovrebam Seutia da ferebisagan ganZarcva: `tilos miaxma zeTis saRebavebi, kedlis baTqaSi gamoSra da veRar iRebs temperas. ramdeni feric ar unda iyos jeimsis romanSi, is ukve veRar Seavsebs naxevrad gamomSral freskas. Cemi freska naxevrad daxatuli darCeba sikvdilamde~ (jandieri 2010: 75). fiqrebi mwerlobaze, `kamaTi yovel sityvaze... oTar WilaZeze, sartrze... _ personaJebisTvis aris Tavisuflebis SegrZnebis tolfasi. `frang mwerlebs vbaZavdiT: `iveriis myral saxinkleSi gaqonil sadgom magidaze vwerdiT winaswar mofiqrebul frazebs, gegoneba, saxlSi ar SeiZleboda amis gakeTeba. gegoneba, sandrariebi da Jakobebi viyaviT, xolo `iveriis~ saxinkle ki `kafe dez artisti~ yofiliyos `foli-berJeris maxloblad~. wignebs gahyavs gmirebi Caketili sivrcidan sxva samyaroSi. XX saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis sabWoeTis Taobis tkivilebs kargad warmoaCens es swrafva ucxosaken. grigol robaqiZe maT- Tbilisuri ekleqtika 131 Tvis is mweralia, romelmac Tavi daaRwia totalitaruli reJimis marwuxebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom am dros grigol robaqiZis xseneba jer kidev ikrZaleboda da mis bibliografiul iSviaTobad qceuli wignebis wakiTxva komunisturi reJimis winaaRmdeg faruli protestis gamoxatuleba iyo. moTxrobaSi personaJad ixateba mxatvari irakli ToiZe, romelic axalgazrdebs uyveba: `grigol robaqiZes moveswari, ymawvilebo. saocari Tvalebi hqonda, cecxlovani. dReSi ramdenime saaTs bnel oTaxSi atarebda xolme. Turme am dros gugebi farTovdeba da Tvali gansakuTrebul elvarebas iZens~. esec imedis marcvalia, rom Senc daaRwev Tavs. Taobis manifestad warmoCndeba italieli mwerlis, jovani papinis sityvebi: `me unda vifiqro Cems sircxvilsa da martoobaze absolutur martoobaSi. ra gindaT Cemgan? roca ramis Tqma msurs, me amas vbeWdav, roca ramis gacema minda _ me viZlevi. Tqveni cnobismoyvareoba guls mirevs. Tqveni komplimentebi Seuracxmyofs, Tqveni Cai mwamlavs! aravis vali ara maqvs, me pasuxs vageb mxollod RvTis winaSe _ Tuki saerTod arsebobs~ (jandieri 2010: 72). es sityvebi kargad gamoxatavs daeWvebulobas yoveliveSi, es niSnavs usayrdenobas. swored amgvari Taobis tkivilebi ixateba moTxrobaSi. sagulisxmoa, rom moTxrobaSi SemoiWreba `TviTmfrinavis biWebis~ ambavi _ 1983 wlis 18 noembers TbilisSi momxdari tragedia _ axalgazrdaTa erTma jgufma samgzavro TviTmfrinavi gaitaca, rasac msxverpli da sazogadoebis araerTgvarovani reaqcia mohyva. es saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis erTi sisxliani furcelia, romlis wakiTxvis gareSe warmoudgenelia qarTveli eris vinaobis Secnoba. kote jandieris am moTxrobaSi SesaniSnavad warmoCndeba cocxali gancda am movlenisa, amitomac am mxrivac sainteresoa, ra gavlenas axdens Sokis momgvreli movlenebi adamianebze, rogor afxizlebs maT da ubiZgebs moZraobisken, daWaobebuli sivrcis garRvevisken. sagulisxmoa, rom kote jandierma mxatvrul samyaroSi erT-erTma pirvelma warmoaCina es tragikuli istoria. moTxrobaSi kinosTvis damaxasiaTebeli montaJis teqnikiT kargad ixateba erTdroulad mimdinare movlenebi. axalgazrdebi kafeSi eseninis poeziaze saubroben, am dros ki SemoiWreba frazaTa naglejebi: `gzebi gadaketilia.... aeroportidan micvalebulebi daxuruli manqaniT mohyavT... foniWalaSic isvrian~ (jandieri 2010: 81). 132 maia jaliaSvili mTxrobeli uZluria realur sivrceSi `mamebis~ mimarT protestis gamosaxatavad. misTvis mxsneli xelovnebaa da, konkretulad, literatura. is daweriliT gegmavs samomavlo SurisZiebas usulgulo sazogadoebaze, romelmac gulgrilad, cxoveluri sisastikiT moikveTa misgan gansxvavebulad moazrovneebi: `gava wlebi da me amis Sesaxeb davwer wigns, romelsac lope de vegas sityvebiT daviwyeb, saxelad ki `sisxlian qorwils davarqmev~. es iqneba wigni, savse tkiviliT, xmauriTa da mware monaniebiT Cveni uRmerTod Cavlili, WeSmarit mcnebebs mokveTili cxovrebis gamo; is iqneba savse yviriliTa da ucenzuro gamoTqmebiT, romelTac veraviTari cenzori da redaqtori ver amoSlis, xolo imisaTvis, rom vinmem ar miTxras: `ra dagemarTaT? es ra stilia? Tqven poziorobT da uxamsobiT iwonebT Tavso~, me win davurTav aseT Sesavals: `Zvirfaso mkiTxvelo! Sen SeiZleba Seuracxyofili darCe am wignis pirvelive winadadebiT, magram me sxvanairad ar SemeZlo. rom icode, rogor mombezrda inteleqtualuri farsis TamaSi idioturi sifaTebis win! rogor mombezrda es usasrulo reveransebi da etiketi, romelic mxolod simarTlis dasamalavadaa mogonili~ (jandieri 2010: 86). sagulisxmoa, rom mwerals sjera, Tavdaxsna yovelTvis SeiZleba, mTavaria danaSaulisa da codvis SegrZneba ar dakargos adamianma. kote jandieri moTxrobaSi iyenebs klasikuri mnsxverplSewirvis models, rac imas niSnavs, rom moTxrobis yvelaze `ucodveli~ personaJi unda Seewiros mTavari gmiris an sazogadoebis Tvalis axelas. es msxverpli nincoa, romelic avtoavariaSi iRupeba. swored misi sikvdili gaacnobierebinebs gmirs, rom yovelive `kanonzomierad~ xdeba. mas surs nincos gadarCena, magram rogor: `me mxolod giJuri azrebisa da da erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli sityvebis mflobeli var. ra giyo, ninco? rogor gaqco sityvad?~ (jandieri 2010: 67). nincos stanjavs cxovrebis uazroba: `miTxari, vin moawyo ase saSinlad es cxovreba? am qalaqSi mTeli dRe rom iaro, cocxal adamians ver naxav. Tbilisi udabnoa, saSineli, carieli udabno! visi bralia? vin aris am samyaros avtori?~ nincos Tavisi sicocxlis erTaderT gamarTlebad 1978 w. 14 aprils qarTuli enis dasacavad gamarTul saprotesto aqciaSi monawileoba miaCnia, sxva yvelaferi ki uazrobad. mas aqvs usaSvelobis gancda. moTxrobis gmiri, erTi SexedviT, uxerxemlo da arafris Tbilisuri ekleqtika 133 maqnisi `Semoqmedis~ gansaxiereba, mkiTxvelis guls sabolood mainc igebs, radgan ver urigdeba am daWaobebul yofas da amboxis gancda eufleba: `me meTerTmete mcnebas yvelaze msxvili SriftiT davbeWdavdi da mivakravdi cxvirze kacobriobas: `ar geSinodes!~ (jandieri 2010: 75). moTxrobis epigrafad gamotanili tiberius keisris sityvebi: `yoveldRe vkvdebi~ _ gamoxatvs avtoris mTavar saTqmels – siyvarulis gareSe sicocxle droSi gaxangrZlivebuli sikvdilia. siyvarulis gareSe arc Tavisuflebaa da arc sinaTle. maS, raRa mniSvneloba aqvs sicocxles? amitomac gaismis gmiris sityvebSi yovelives arsebulis mimarT SurisZiebis wyurvili: es erTi dRec mokvda. me is mivaxrCve uCumrad. profesionali mkvlelis auRelveblobiT. es iyo namdvilad erovnuli, WeSmaritad qarTuli mkvleloba, `magiuri Tatrebisa~ da da mocartis gareSe. herman heses `tramalis mgelTan~ gadaZaxili xels uwyobs imis SegrZnebas, rom cxovreba TavisTavad `ubiZgebs~ adamians TviTganadgurebisken. amgvari cxovreba, codvebiT savse, dasjis Rirsia, amitomac aqvs gmirs gardauvali warRvnis SiSi. am moTxrobaSic meordeba `ganwmendis~ misteria. mTavaria, rom gmirs sjera RvTis samarTlisa da imisac, rom ar arsebobs didi da mcire codva, yovelives aqvs gamoZaxili, amitomac yvelaze metad sakuTari Tavi ezizReba, aRiarebs ra uZlurebas, raime Secvalos. moTxrobis es pasaJi mkiTxvelSi AaCens amaRlebulobis gancdas, zeaweuli msjeloba orkestraluri JReradobisaa, magram ara paTetikuri: `warRvnaSi damnaSaveni Cvena varT da es warRvna ar aris RvTiuri sasjeli, radgan RmerTi arc milicioneria da arc prokurori. es mRvrie wylebi Cven TviTon varT~ (jandieri 2010: 99). mwerali mkiTxvels rwmenas uCens, rom siyvaruls SeuZlia warRvnis mRvrie wylebis SeCereba, raTa sicocxle gadarCes. nincos Svili _ anka _ swored am ToTo, dasaRupavad ganwiruli sicocxlis simboloa. anka unda gadarCes da amgvarad dausruleblad ganmeordeba sicocxlis misteria da `aRdgeba~ samyaros kanonzomiereba. sulisSemZvrelia gmiris sityvebi: `Sen gaizrdebi da SeZleb imas, rac Cven ver SevZeliT, da gaxsovdes, rom qmnili sityva xom RmerTia~ (jandieri 2010: 111). mkiTxvelsac sjera tanjvaSi axlad dabadebisa. maia jaliaSvili 134 literatura bodriari 2010: bodriari Jan, qalaqi da siZulvili, http://lib.ge/body_text.php?319 mesxi 2009: mesxi zura, http://zigota.wordpress.com/2009/05/17 jandieri 2010: kote jandieri, moTxrobebi, Tbilisi, 2010 xaranauli 2010: xaranauli besik, samoci jorze amxedrebuli raindi anu wigni hiperbolebisa da metaforebisa, gamomc. `sezani~, Tbilisi, 2010 qeTevan jiSiaSvili mitingis qronotopi (80-90-iani wlebis erovnuli moZraobis gamocdileba) Tanamedrove TbilisisTvis dRes Zalzed mwvaved dgas urbanistuli problemebi. qalaqis saxecvlilebis sakmaod radikaluri da Cqari procesi uamrav kiTxvas svams rogorc arqiteqtorTa da urbanistTa, aseve moqalaqeebis winaSe. qalaqis ganviTarebis veqtoris ganWvreta kulturologiur sferoSi iWreba: ama Tu im mSeneblobisa Tu arqiteqturuli landSaftis cvlileba scildeba dargis viwro sazRvrebs da da Cvengan dedaqalqais Rirebulebis, misi raobis Rrma SreebSi Cawvdomas iTxovs. Tbilisis urbanuli qsovilis metamorfozaze dakvirvebisas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas bolo oc wleulis manZilze ganviTarebuli socialur–politikuri movlenebi ipyrobs: yoveli axali istoriul–politikuri konteqsti warmoqmnis axal socialur realobas, romelic gamudmebiT zemoqmedebs fizikur garemoze da Sesabamisad, arqiteqturuli sivrcis aRqmisa da interpretaciisaTvis axal pirobas badebs. pirveli TvalSisacemi urbanuli cvlileba 80–90 wlebis erovnul moZraobas ukavSirdeba. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara mxolod arqiteqturuli qsovilis 136 qeTevan jiSiaSvili funqciebi da iersaxe, aramed cxovrebis gansakuTrebiT faqizi Sreebis TandaTanobiTi gadawyoba–gadalageba, romlis kvaldakval arsebul fizikur sivrceSi axali dro–sivrculi ritmebi mkvidrdeba. masobrivi Sekrebebi da demostraciebi, maTSi akumulirebuli Zlieri muxtiT, erTgvari amovardnebi iyo stabiluri (linearuli) yoveldRiurobidan. amgvari rxevebi ukve aSkarad aRemateboda qalaqisTvis Cveul, Tundac yvelaze Zlier sasicocxlo gamovlinebebs. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa erovnuli moZraobis droindeli mitingis Taviseburebebis siRrmiseuli ganxilva, da misi Tanmxlebi movlenebi, romlebic uSualod gadaejaWvnen urbanul cvlilebebs dedaqalaqSi. qalaqi am SemTxvevaSi warmogvidgeba adamianis (moqalaqisa) da samSoblo(saxelmwifos) urTierTobis asparezad, erTgvar gadakveTis wertilad. swored dedaqalaqma gamonaxa da dauTmo sivrce erovnuli ideis xorcSesxmas, 9 aprilis movnelenebs, sabolood ki Tavadve gaxda msxverpli am wiaRSi warmoSobili mourigebeli konfliqtebisa samoqalaqo dapirispirebis saxiT. politikuri mitingi Tu demonstracia garkveuli miznis garSemo gaerTianebuli xalxis mier sivrcis dakavebas gulsxmobs (demonstraciis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs gegmazomier gadaadgilebasTan dakavebul sivrceSi). aseTi masStabis masobrivi Sekrebebi or viTarebaSi xdeba: omisa da dResaswaulis dros. 80–90 iani wlebis mitingebi aerTanebs erovnul–gamanTavisflebeli moZraobis sabrZolo da saxalxo dResaswaulis niSnebs. dResaswaulis, saxalxo Sekrebebisa Tu religiuri ritualis istoriulad damkvidrebuli modeli SejibriT, TamaSobiTa da cekva–simReriT Tbilisis mitingebisa da demonstraciebis drosac sxvadasxva saxiT iCens Tavs, rasac ganapirobebs isic, rom dResaswauli, rogorc kulturis TviTgamoxatvis forma da amave dros, sazogadoebrivi integratori, rigi mizezebis gamo sabWoTa periodSi faqtiurad miuwvdomeli rCeboda. ganvmartoT: Zlier sabWour saxelmwifos sakuTari dResaswaulebi, sakuTari aRsaniSnavi dReebi hqonda, rac misi idologiuri gavlenebis gaZlierebas emsaxureboda da bunebrivia, erovnul dResaswaulebs gamoricxavda. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi dResaswaulebis am tradicias fsevdozeimebi enacvleboda. magaliTad, 1 an 9 maisi, 7 noemberi, 23 Tebervali. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi maTgani garkveulad gamoxatavda gamarjvebuli Taobis sazeimo mitingis qronotopi 137 ganwyobas (magaliTad, 9 maisi). es iyo mxolod sazogadoebis nawilis, garkveuli istoriuli realobis wiaRSi Seqmnili dResaswauli, romelsac araferi hqondaT saerTo tradiciasTan, kulturul fesvebTan an Tundac, adamianis Sinagan moTxovnilebasTan, rasac efuZneba nebismieri Camoyalibebuli rituali. xSir SemTxvevaSi, im aRlumebsa da zeimebSi monawileoba, romlebic sabWour ideas eZRvneboda da sistemas ganadidebda, protestis, absurdulobisa da farsis gancdas aRZravda, miT umetes, rom es monawileoba institucionalurad organizebuli da savaldebulo iyo. saxalxo Sekrebebi, TamaSobebi, romlebic me–19 saukunis TbilisSi jer kidev imarTeboda, Tbilisobis fsevdosaxalxo dResaswauliT Canacvlda da mxolod sanaxaobriv–momxmareblur komunikacias gulisxmobda. aranakleb mniSvnelovania religiuri dResaswaulisa da ritualis gaqrobac, ramac kidev ufro Seamcira transcendentulTan ziarebis SesaZlebloba. ase rom, faqtobrivad, moiWra yvela gza masobrivi ganmuxtvisa da TviTgamovlenisaken da adamiani yoveldRiurobis amara darCa. mowesrigebuli socialuri garemosa da mogvarebuli yofiTi problemebis miuxedavad, arxi, romelic adamianis aramaterialur moTxovnilebebs daakmayofilebda, daxSuli aRmoCnda. saxalxo dResaswaulebis gaqroba mxolod sabWoTa kavSirisTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli. meoce saukuneSi msgavsi tendencia SeimCneva dasavlur kulturaSic, sadac gansxvavebuli ganviTarebis xazis miuxedavad, sabolood igive suraTTan gvaqvs saqme – saxalxo zeimebs ,,uiq endebis“ kultura enacvleba da erTianobis gancda ojaxur, individualur doneze ganTavsdeba. amis Sesaxeb oqtavio pasi wers: ,,mdidar qveynebSi dResaswauls naklebad aRniSnaven, saamisod arc dro aqvT, arc ganwyoba da arc saWiroeba, isini sxva saqmiT arian dakavebuli da Tu erTobian, mxolod patar–patara jgufebad.Tanamedrove samyaroSi xalxis masa martosulebis TavSeyraa da sxva araferi. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, im dros, roca adamianebi Tavs iyrian parizsa Tu niu– iorkis quCebsa da moednebze, aSkarad igrZnoba xalxis ararseboba: vxedavT wyvilebs, jgufebs, magram ar igrZnoba is cocxali erTianoba, romelSic adamians SeuZlia gaiTqvifos da gaTavisufldes.“ (pasi 1950: 23). qeTevan jiSiaSvili 138 pirveli garRveva da ganacxadi Zalauflebaze bunebrivia, erovnuli moZraobis gaZlierebis kvaldakval, win gamodis ara mxolod politikuri Tavisuflebis sakiTxi, aramed iwyeba im daviwyebuli kulturuli modelis aRdgena, romlis meSveobiTac qarTveli identobas SeigrZnobs da umaRles wesrigs sakuTari unikaluri gziT erwymis. izrdeba interesi istoriuli fesvebisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis mimarT. mitingebi gvevlineba im mTavar sivrced, sadac sabWoTa wyobilebis dros akrZaluli erovnuli Rirebulebebi, samomavlo gezi da warsuli tradicia realur –materialur doneze unda ganxorcieldes. pirveli, radikaluri nabiji riTac adamiani Tavisuflebaze akeTebs ganacxads, dResaswaulisa da mitingisTvis erTi da igivea da gamyifebuli normisagan Tavis daRwevaSi mdgomareobs. mkvdari wertili, saidanac dinamiuri moZraoba unda daiwyos, yoveldRiurobis avtomatizmia. misi Tavsmoxveuli, usicocxlo wesrigi imorCilebs adamianis nebas da sakuTar moTxovnebs uyenebs mas. mitingebis SemTxvevaSi, normis cnebaSi sabWoTa saxelmwifo sistema da mis mier marTuli sivrce igulisxmeba. es aris Tavsmoxveuli politikuri kavSiri, Caketili saxelmwifo sazRvrebiT, romelic ar efuZneba Tavisufal arCevans arc saxelmwifoebriv, arc individualur doneze, rac kidev ufro amZafrebs istoriulad formirebuli mtris saxes da Sesabamisad, sistemis (normis, yoveldRiurobis) garRvevis survils. yoveldRiurobis marwuxebisgan gaqcevas gulisxmobs dResaswaulic. rutinuli ritmebis darRvevisa da gansxvavebuli sivrcis meSveobiT adamiani cdilobs Tavi daaRwios SezRudvebs da qaoss ziarebulma, sakuTari Tavi xelaxla aRmoaCinos. rogorc g.seigvorsi ambobs: ,,yoveldRiuroba aris is imanenturi Zala, romelic energias aclis adamians. amis mizezi arc sxeulia da arc cxovrebis romelime sfero, aramed rutinis banaluri moZraoba’’(seigvorsi 2000: 13). saxalxo Sekrebebisa da TamaSobebis dros adamiani Surs iZiebs yoveldRiurobaze. am gziT avlens cxovrebaze Zalauflebis nebas da am rwmeniT gaJRenTili, Tavs mTeli samyaros baton– patronad grZnobs. saxalxo moZraoba, sazogadoebrivi gaerTianeba, monoliTur sxeulad Camoyalibebuli, Zlieri da erTiani nebelobiTi mux- mitingis qronotopi 139 tiT, gaxevebul yofaSi Semodis da arRvevs qalaqis Tanabar ritms. mitingi, rogorc politikuri protestis forma, Zalauflebis mopovebis samoqalaqo formaa da upirvelesad, sivrcis dakavebas gulisxmobs. magistralis droebiT gadaketva xels uSlis transportis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas, aferxebs qalaqis Cveul cxovrebas, rac saSualebas aZlevs adamians, sakuTari Zalebis demonstrirebiT Secvalos mTeli qalaqi. Sesabamisad, irRveva qalaqis funqcionirebis stabiluri ritmi. adamiani tovebs Tavis mowesrigebul rutinas da alternatiuli sivrcis Zebnas iwyebs. kanonmorCili uwyinari moqalaqe am dRes meamboxed grZnobs Tavs. swored am amboxis sistematiur praqtikas warmoadgenda Sekrebebi mTavrobis sasaxlis win ,,dapyrobil“ teritoriaze 80–90– iani wlebis mitingze. sivrcis moniSvna da dakaveba saxes icvlis materialur garemoc, romelsac momitingeTa masa ikavebs. pirvel rigSi, icvleba quCebis funqcia. isini masaTa Sexvedris adgilad iqcevian – saerTo miznebis, emociebis maspinZel anonimur sivrced. qalaqis mTavari santrasporto magistrali – Tavisi mniSvnelovani administraciuli nagebobebiT – yoveldRiur daniSnulebas iSorebs, gansakuTrebuli simbolikiT datvirTul, sagangebod Seqmnil sivrced yalibdeba da ukve mTlianad masaTa mimoqcevas emorCileba. es aris erTgvari ,,mosaxmari“ teritoria, romelic momitingeTa moTxovnebs pasuxobs. mxedvelobaSi maqvs ara mxolod misi simboluri gamoyeneba, ris Sesaxebac qvemoT gveqneba saubari, aramed misi fizikuri moxmarebac. arqiteqturis am funqcias aRniSnavs umberto ekoc: ,,arqiteqtura msaxurebaa, magram ara mxolod maRali kulturuli idealebisa, aramed is miekuTvneba momsaxurebis imgvar sferos, rogoricaa, magaliTad, wyalmomarageba an gegmiuri moxmareba. am SemTxvevaSi arqiteqtura arafriT aRar gamodis xelovneba, radgan xelovnebis ganmsazRvreli niSani aris is, rom igi momxmarebels sTavazobs imas, rasac misgan ar elian’’ (eko 1998: 233). mitingi – axali drosivrculi erTeuli mas Semdeg, rac sivrcis moniSvnis, misi dakavebisa da masze sakuTari wesrigis gavrcelebis pirveli etapi sruldeba da mi- 140 qeTevan jiSiaSvili tingebi stabilurad ganmeorebad saxes iZens, rusTavelis prospeqtze yalibdeba samitinge sivrce, romelsac mTlianad ipyrobs 80 – iani wlebis erovnuli moZraobis miswrafebebi. pirveli niSani, rac Tavidanve iqcevs yuradRebas, aris monawileTa Soris gamartviebuli komunikacia. mitingisa da dResaswaulis reJimi adamians aTavisuflebs socialuri kliSeebisagan da urTierToba pirvelad, uSualo saxes ubrundeba. miznisken erTnairad Setiralebul adamianTa Soris ixsneba ,,me /sxva’’ opozicia. aseve xedavs dResaswauls mixeil baxtini: ,,aq,sakarnavalo moedanze,gabatonebuli iyo Tavisufali, familaruli urTierToba adamianTa Soris, romlebic arakarnavalur cxovrebaSi daSorebulni arian erTmaneTTan iseTi gadaulaxavi barierebiT, rogoricaa socialuri Tu qonebrivi gansxvavebebi. sakarnavalo moedanze adgili hqonda adamianTa Soris ierarqiul urTierTobaTa droebiT idalur–realur gamartivebas, rac SeuZlebeli iyo Cveulebriv cxovrebaSi’’(baxtini 1990:3). 80–iani wlebis erovnuli moZraobis droidan dawyebuli, sazogadoebis erTianoba centraluri ideis – saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebis irgvliv ikvreba. ideis masStaburoba da misTvis mikuTvnebulobis gancda angrevs sazogadoebis socialur ierarqias, rac misi kulminaciis momentSi, 9 aprilis Rames umaRles xarisxSi adis: procesSi erTveba saxelmwifo muSakTa is jgufi, romelic manamde uSualo monawileobas ar iRebda mitingebSi: administraciuli moxeleebi, milicia, partiuli frTa. amasTan, Tbilisis mitingi maspinZlobs da asaxavs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan Camosul jgufebs, Tumca imavdroulad Sekrebebi imarTeba did qalaqebSic. mitingebSi monawileoben erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenlebic. aRniSnul sivrceSi gansakuTrebulad ganicdeba dro–sivrce, warsuli, awmyo da momavali mWidro kvanZs qmnian. warsuli SeigrZnoba, rogorc qveynis istoriul–kulturuli monapovari, romelic Cvenamde qarTvel mefeTa da moRvaweTa saxelovani saqmeebi, raindobis, Tavganwirvis, omebisa da gmiruli gamarjvebebis fono–xatebiT cocxldeba. liderTa emociuri gamosvlebi momaval damoukideblobas da Zlieri qarTuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas gvpirdeba. mizani bevrad ufro metia, vidre politikuri damoukidebloba. TiToeuli monawile CarTulia erT saerTo SemoqmedebiT procesSi, romelic samSblos idealuri xatis gacocxleba–gamoZerwvas gulisxmobs. mitingis qronotopi 141 aseT dros awmyo ormagi pasuxismgeblobiT datvirTuli monakveTia, sadac erTdroulad Semodis warsuli, romelic unda SenarCundes da momavali, romelic miRweul unda iqnas. Sesabamisad, indvidualur doneze dro da mitingis sivrce gansakuTrebuli SinaarsiT gajerebuli, intensiuri da mZafria. dResaswaulisTvis saxasiaTo msubuq, uzrunvel damokidebulebas mitingebis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgeblobis gancda enacvleba, Tumca kulminaciis momentebSi sadResaswaulo formiT, cekva– simReris meSveobiT ganitvirTeba. sazeimo Teatralur ganwyobas exmianeba mitingebis erTgvari sanaxaobrivi xasiaTic. dResaswaulis SemTxvevaSi lxini dRis bolos daZabulobis gantvirTvis saSualebaa. mitingebis dros gamarTuli cekva–simRera, mxiarulebis spontanuri amoxeTqvebi TiTqos pirdapir gadaizrdeba saxalxo dResaswaulSi. xalxuri simRerebi kvlav fesvebisken Casvlas, tradiciebis gaRviZebas, erovnuli gancdis gaRvivebas emsaxureba, amasTan zeaweuli ganwyobis, emociebis ganmuxtvis forma xdeba. adamiani zeddadebuli kulturuli safarisgan Tavisufleba da mas yofierebis pirvelad SreebTan Sexvedris bedniereba eufleba. mitingebis ,,adgilis“ arqiteqturuli sxeuli sainteresoa, rogor lagdeba qalaqis arqiteqturuli sxeuli axali sinamdvilis fonze. am etapze Tavs iCens arqiteqturuli sivrcis xelaxali kodireba, rac mitingebis konteqstiTaa gapirobebuli. centralur nageboba – siganeSi farTod gaSlili mTavrobis sasaxle – TaRebiani vertikaluri kompoziciiT im arqiteqturul tips ganekuTvneba, romlis mizanic xelisuflebis dominaturobisa da kontrolis gancdis gaRviZebaa. (gavilovska 2013:52) es aris ,,mtris“ arqiteqturuli saxe, romlis pirveladi daniSnuleba sistemis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis gavrceleba da marTvaa. fsevdo fasadis miRma(niSandoblivia, rom funqciuri Sesasvleli ukana quCidanaa) gaSlili Sida ezoa, romlis ukanac qveynis administraciaa ganTavsebuli. amitom, Cveuli distanciis Semcireba mTavrobis sasaxlesa da mitingis monawileTa Soris kidev erTxel usvams xazs fasadTan miaxlobis simbolur aqts, rac fizikur doneze mtris gamowvevis, mis pirispir dgomis aqts warmoadgens. xalxi sakuTar 142 qeTevan jiSiaSvili brZolis vels, dislokaciis adgils irCevs da misi dakavebiT sakuTar Zalauflebaze akeTebs ganacxads. aRsaniSnavia, rom am momentSi ormag datvirTvas iZens da Sesabamisad, erTmaneTs erwymis sabrZolo da sadResaswaulo niSnebi. erTi mxriv, saqme gvaqvs brZolis velTan, meore mxriv ki, mTavrobis sasaxle, mimdebare SemaRlebuli vrceli kibeebiT, Teatraluri scenis daniSnulebas iZens, sadac liderTa tribunaa ganTavsebuli. frontalurad gaSlili TaRedi Teatralur dekoraciebs mogvagonebs. SemaRlebul kibeebs ukan, qvis TaRebs Soris kidev erTi sivrce – Sida ezo – ikiTxeba, romelic erTgvari kulisebis arsebobaze migvaniSnebs. mitingebis konteqsti cvlis danarCen nagebobaTa mnSvnelobas da maTi xelaxali wakiTxvis saSualebas iZleva: qaSueTis eklesia erTaderTi religiuri nagebobaa qlaqis mTavar gamzirze, misi denotati, pirveladi funqcia ucvlelad narCundeba, radgan igi kvlav moqmed eklesiad rCeba, metic, swored erovnuli moZraobisas aqtiurdeba eklesiis funqcia. Tumca amasTan erTad iwyeba misTvis im axali konotaciebis miniWeba, rac uSualod epoqisa da sociumis niSnebs atarebs. eklesiurobidan daclil sabWour sistemaSi qaSueTi rwmenis simbolos asaxierebs, rac araerTxel ixsenieba gamomsvlelTa sityvebSi. rogorc eko ambobs, ,,swored aseTi ganaxleba amavdroulad warmoadgens Senaxvas, axali mniSvnelobebebis xelaxal aRmoCenas...rac SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs ara mxolod antikvari movaTavsoT axal droSi, masSi daviWiroT warsulis suli, aramed SevitanoT masSi axali konotaciebi’’ (eko 1998: 223). msgavsi komunikaciiT Semodis mxatvris saxlic, romelic Tanamedrove qarTuli xelovnebis niSani xdeba da avsebs erovnuli kulturuli Rirebulebebis nusxas. es sami nageboba: mTavrobis sasaxle, qaSueTis eklesia da mxatvris saxli mitingebis sivrcis centraluri sxeulad iqceva. maT miRma ki sxva qalaqi iSleba. mkafiodaa gamoyofili sazRvrebic. egreTwodebuli ,,oficerTa saxli“ mitingebis sivrceSi Sedis da garkveul mijnas, sazRvars, erTgvar buferul zonas qmnis rusTavelis prospeqtis mxridan da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, centraluri sivrcis nawilad iqceva. es aris bolo wertili, saidanac iwyeba ,,Tavisufali sivrce“ – qalaqis is nawili, romelic ar ekuTvnis mitingebs da kvlav sakuTar socialur funqcias asrulebs. am wertilebidan sustdeba masaTa simWidrove mitingis qronotopi 143 da xmis intensivobac. msgavs sazRvrad Tavisuflebis moednis mxridan SegviZlia CavTvaloT pionerTa sasaxle da saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi. kulminacia, gardamtexi etapi garkveuli periodis Semdeg is emociuri yalibi, rac mitingebis dros Seiqmna, arasakmarisi aRmoCndeba. erTi mxriv, saqme gvaqvs Zalauflebis mozRvavebul gancdasTan, romelsac erTianoba udevs safuZvlad, meore mxriv, mudmivad xdeba iluzorul mizanTan daaxloeba. warmosaxviTi sivrce iswrafvis ganxorcielebisaken da realur materias moiTxovs sxeulad. procesebis dinamika sul ufro mZafrdeba warsuliT siamayis, awymyoSi miRweuli erTianobis sixarulsa da Zalauflebis gancdasTan erTad. Sesabamisad, emociuri muxti Zlierdeba da daZabulobis ukidures wertils uaxlovdeba, rac axal, ufro Zlier sabrZolo impulsebs warmoSobs. adamiani sabrZolod TviT bedisweris Zalebs iwvevs, radgan mxolod am xarisxis gamarjveba SeiZleba iyos misTvis Rirebuli. gardauvalTan erTgvari TamaSi, bedisweris winaSe pirispir dgomis survili rusTavelis moedanze 9 aprilis Rames realurad xorcieldeba. rogorc cnobilia, aSkara safrTxis miuxedavad, daSlaze uari iyo naTqvami. sikvdilis gadalaxva, masTan SeTamaSebuli damokidebuleba xSirad gvxdeba saxalxo dResaswaulebSi TamaSobebis dros, roca tkivilis, xSirad sicocxlis fasad adamiani orTabrZolaSi erTveba da TiTqos iviwyebs yoveldRiurobisTvis Cveul ,,brZolas gadarCenisaTvis“ da mis sapirispiro polusze aRmoCndeba: adamianis mizani sikvdilis gamowveva, masTan gapaeqreba xdeba, radgan swored amgvari amofrqvevebis wams exeba igi yofierebis umaRles registrs. am nebelobiTi aqtiT mitingis qronotopi scdeba xalisiani dResaswaulis, an Tundac politikuri moZraobis sazRvrebs, qalaqis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi iWreba da igi axal ganzomilebaSi gadahyavs. momxdari qmnis istoriul faqts, rac qveynisa da sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi axal aTvlis wertilad iqceva. adamianTa tragikuli fizikuri monawileoba 9 aprilis Rames mTlianad amowuravs, erovnuli moZraobis ideur mxares. qeTevan jiSiaSvili 144 sivrce, rogorc brZolis veli am konteqstSi TvalSisacemia arqiteqturuli sxeulis saxecvlileba, 9 aprlis Rames Senobebi Cveul simbolur da socialur funqcias iSoreben da realobaSi gansakuTrebeuli saxiT erTvebian. xelaxla icvleba garemos arqiteqturuli aRqma. samitinge sivrce uTanasworo brZolis veli xdeba. nagebobebi rusTavelis prospeqtze da mis mimdebare quCebze mxolod erTaderT konteqstSi ganixileba: ramdenad SeiZleba maTTvis Tavis Sefareba da am gziT sicocxlis gadarCena. arqiteqtura TiTqos pirvelyofil funqcias ibrunebs, roca misi mTavari daniSnuleba TavSesafari iyo. wina planze iwevs nagebobaTa iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa iolad SeRwevadoba, samalavis an usafrTxo karis arseboba, rac iseTi tipis arqiteqturisTvis, rogoricaa mxatvris saxli, qaSueTi, kino rusTaveli, an rusTavelis Teatri – sruliad uCveulo funqcias warmoadgens. Cvens Tvalwin kulturuli Tu religiuri daniSnulebis Senobebi safortifikacio nagebobebad iqceva. es periodi TiTqos gamyofi wertilia, saidanac rusTavelis prospeqti axal cxovrebas iwyebs. momdevno aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi kvlav araerTxel cvlis sivrces da axali konotaciebiT tvirTavs mas. es bunebrivicaa: ,,qalaqi es aris mudmivad cvalebadi nakrebi konceptualuri SesaZleblobebisa, amavdroulad, sakmaod myari imisTvis,rom gafarTovdes da SeikumSos moTxovnis Sesabamisad ise, rom ar dakargos sakuTari arsobrivi gansazRvruloba“ (amini...2002: 8). mTavrobasTan dapirispireba, karvebis gaCena mTavrobis sasaxlis win, Semdeg ki samoqalaqo omi Tavis savalalo SedegebiT calke ganxilvis sagania. yvela es saxecvlileba cxadyofs, rom bolo ocdaxuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qalaqis es konkretuli nawili saxelmwifosTan dapirispirebis, erovnuli ideebis manifestaciisa da politikuri brZolis ualternativo teritoriad iqca, rac dRemde grZeldeba da ar kargavs aqtualobas. rac Seexeba am adgilis arqiteqturul xats, igi SeiWra araerTi Taobis cnobierebasa da biografiaSi, rogorc niSani rusuli imperiis sisastikisa, Zlieri erovnuli gancdisa, TavisuflebisTvis brZolis, Tavganwirvis da warsulis mtkivneuli Secdomebisa. ,,axorcielebs ra kveTas sxvadasxva nacionalur, socialur, stilur ko- mitingis qronotopi 145 debsa da teqstebs Soris, qalaqi axorcielebs sxvadasxvagvar hibridizacias, xelaxal kodifikacias, semiotur gadatanebs, romelic mas informaciis Zlier generatorad aqcevs...qalaqi, es aris meqanizmi, romelic maradiulad xelaxla Sobs sakuTar warsuls da saSualebas aZlevs mas Seerwyas awymos TiTqos sinqronulad. am mxriv, qalaqi iseve, rogorc kultura, aris meqanizmi, romelic win aRudgeba dros.“ (lotmani 1999: 282). L literatura ӐӛӘნӘ... 2002: и Э., и т . т о ть пов ед ев о о о од . ,, огос’’ 3(24) 2002.– http://www.ruthenia.ru/logos/number/34/14.pdf ӑӐხӢӘნӘ 1990: ти М. во че тво у ле и од культу ед евековь и е е . ,, удож. Лит’’. 1990.– http://krotov.info/libr_min/02_b/ah/00_bahtin.html ӒӐӕӘӚӝӕსәӐ 2013, Gawlikovska Anna. From semantics to semiotics, communication of architecture. ,,Architecture et Artibus’’. 1/2013. – http://www.wa.pb.edu.pl/uploads/downloads/Artykul-4-1---2013.pdf Ӕәӝ 1998: Эko е то. От ут тву щ т укту a. ВВедение в семиологию. ,, ет ополи ’’ ТОО ТК 1998 ӚӝӢӛӐნӘ 1999: отман Ю. Внутри мысляших миров. Человектекст-семиосфера-история. ,,Язык русской культуры" Москва 1999 ӞӐსӘ 1950: Paz Octavio. El laberinto de la soledad. ,,Ediciones Cuadernos Americanos’’, México, 1950. – http://www.ensayistas.org/antologia/XXA/paz/paz2.htm სӔӘӒӕӝӠსӘ 2000: Sigworth G .J . Banality for cultural studies ,,Cultural Studies’’ 2000. – http://www.envplan.com/epa/editorials/a39131.pdf semiotika da sxva cira barbaqaZe ena sazRvrebSi da sazRvrebs miRma „...ena umal zRvars hgavs, romlis gadalaxvamac, SesaZloa, sityvis zebunebrivi Tvisebebi aRmogaCeninos; ena moedania, romelic winaswaraa momzadebuli moqmedebisTvis. is erTdrouladaa SezRudvac da SesaZleblobebis diapazonis aRmoCenac...“ rolan barti, „weris nulovani done“ bartis am citatis azri SegviZlia metaforulad gadmovitanoT enidan adamianis cnobierebaze... cnobierebac (da mere cxovrebac) xom erTgvari scenaa, winaswar momzadebuli speqtaklisTvis... am speqtaklebis Semoqmedi isev Cveni cnobierebaa, yvela saWiro SemTxvevisTvis myar diskze aqvs Senaxuli siuJetebi (gaixseneT frazeologizmi: „ra speqtaklebs dgam?“) emociebi, grZnobebi, gancdebi mTavari personaJebi arian... winaswarmocemuli scenaris ganviTareba did interess ar unda iwvevdes, magram cnobiereba axali personaJebiT Canacvlebul speqtakls siaxled aRiqvams... da es asecaa. axali ena sazRvrebSi da sazRvrebs miRma 147 personaJebis TamaSSi aris raRac momxibvleli, radgan gansxvavebuli elementebi arian. erT mSvenier dRes (an saRamos) personaJi scenars (avtors) aRar daemorCileba da iwyebs siuJetis Secvlas... ai, es aris saintereso da aqedan iwyeba bartiseuli „SesaZleblobebis diapazonis“ aRmoCenac... winaswarmocemulobis gadalaxva... koleqtiuri cnobierebidan gasvla, kliSeebis daZleva, stereotipebis msxvreva... es aris mdgomareoba, rodesac ena (Sesabamisad, cnobiereba) gadis sazRvrebidan da sruliad gansxvavebuli parametrebis ganzomilebaSi xvdeba. es ganzomileba SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc cnobierebis kvanturoba, Tumca, rogorc mecnierebi amboben, kvanturobis aRwera klasikuri meTodebiT SeuZlebelia... mxolod metaforulad da arapirdapir... ase rom, mec metaforulad gamoviyeneb. vfiqrob, gaseti erTgvarad ganavrcobs bartis azrs, rodesac metyvelebis aqtze saubrobs: „ena gamoTqmis ganusazRvreli SesaZleblobebiTaa savse, amitom metyveleba Sedgeba ara mxolod imisagan, rasac TavisTavad ambobs, aramed im SesaZleblobebis aqtualizaciisagan, gamoTqvas rame mTeli situaciis mniSvnelobis gacnobierebiT...“ (gaseti, adamiani da xalxi“). am SemTxvevaSi gaseti saubrobs zepir metyvelebaze da imaze, rogor Semodis metyvelebis procesSi mTeli garemo, is konteqsti, romelSic metyveleba mimdinareobs. maT Soris: msmenelebi, sagnebi, movlenebi... yvelaferi, rac „iq da maSin“ xdeba. amdenad, aseTi ubnoba unikaluria da misi ganmeoreba SeuZlebeli. gaseti aseT komunikaciaSi gulisxmobs nebismier detals, magaliTad, saubrob da gareT Tova iwyeba... yvelaferi CarTulia azris am unikalur interpretaciaSi, ara marto ena... „ena“ xdeba yvelaferi, rac garSemoa da atarebs garkveul da Semavsebel mniSvnelobas mTliani azris gadmosacemad.... amitom is gasulia Cveulebrivi sazRvrebidan da transpersonaluria. poeziis enis kvanturobas ki kargad xsnis oqtavio pasi: „poezia, garda imisa, rom metyvelebis faqtad rCeba, igi, amave dros, mis sazRvrebs gareTac iWreba… enis stiqiis moZraobaSi Cafluli, misi nawilakebis gadaadgilebiT garTuli poeti an TviTon irCevs sityvebs, an sityvebi irCeven poets...“ rogoria sazRvrebs gareT „gaWrili“ ena...? es is mdgomareobaa, rodesac subieqti da obieqti dakargulia, rodesac Sinagani da garegani gaxsnilia erTmaneTSi, roca Sin da gareT aRar arsebobs... poeti, romelsac hgonia, rom sityvebs arCevs azris 148 cira barbaqaZe gadmosacemad, sxva fokusidan ise Cans: rom sityvebi arCeven mas... aq isev bartis postmodernuli metafora gamogvadgeba „avtoris sikvdilis“ Sesaxeb. poeti -mediumia... is, ubralod, gamtaria... romeli ganzomilebis azris gamtari...? amaze Rirs fiqri, radgan poezia (iseve, rogorc mTlianad, literatira) SeuZlebelia yovelTvis „RvTaebrivi“ azris mimRebi iyos... cnobierebis transpersonalur mdgomareobaSi poetis pirovnuli „me“ iSleba, ifanteba... xan subieqti obieqtad iqceva... xan - yvelad da yvelafrad... „me Sen var“ - ambobs novalisi. me - es sxvaa (lakani), me - aseTi sityva ar arsebobs (prigovi)... paata Samugias erT leqsSi - „lingvistikis wre“- swored aseTi „kvanturi gasvlaa“ aRwerili: rodesac poeti „superpoziciaSia“ (esec metaforulad) xdeba is sityva, rasac wers: gamudmebiT asea: vxdebi is sityva, romelic me momemarTeba, da yvela sityva, romelic me momemarTeba, da maxsenebs sivrcis simyares, cdilobs, momces Tavisi saxe, Tavisi garsi da survilTa myife logika..... ........... da me - poeti, me - meZavi, me - patriarqi, me - teroristi, liberali, avtomrboleli, me - cirkis muSa, geniosi da RvTismSobeli... ................... da Zilis win ukve imdeni var, yvelafers azri ekargeba, Tvlas - miTumetes....“ poeti im ganzomilebidan gvelaparakeba, sadac simyare ar aris da amitom ufrTxis sityvebs, rogorc mniSvnelobis da formis mqone elementebs, romlebic mas sadRac kvantur da talRur ganzomilebaSi „sivrcis simyares“ axsenebs... amgvar superpoziciaSi myofi ki erTdroulad aris: poeti, meZavi, patriaqi, teroristi, liberali, prezidenti da ase Semdeg.... ena sazRvrebSi da sazRvrebs miRma 149 cnobierebis kvantur mdgomareobas gansxvavebulad aRwers poeti daTo yanCaSvili. misTvis sasruloba da usasruloba matrioSkebis samyaroTia warmodgenili: yvelaferi erTmaneTSia Calagebuli, yvelaferi erTmaneTSi ixsneba da gagadis da, sabolood, poeti aerTianebs, masSia es yvelaferi: „CemSi Sen, SenSi bavSvi, bavSvSi martivi samyaro. martiv samyaroSi uSnod daxatuli saxlebi, saxlebSi adamianebi, adamianebSi grZnobebi da SegrZnebebi, SegrZnebebSi da grZnobebSi sxva adamianebi. sxva adamianebSi erTmaneTi da bavSvebi. bavSvebSi didebi, didebSi moxucebi, moxucebSi mkvdrebi, mkvdrebSi moxucebi, moxucebSi didebi, didebSi bavSvebi. bavSvebSi martivi samyaro da uSnod daxatuli saxlebi („matrioSkebis samyaro“). poeti rati amaRlobeli ki am ganzomilebis droisa da sivrcidan gasvlas ase gamoxatavs: minda gamosvla wamidan, veeberTela ca minda. viwro bilikis magier aTi aTasi gza minda. gza minda mnaTobebidan, Senken mavali gza minda..... yvela varskvlavSi wva minda, yvela varskvlavSi svla minda, yvela varskvlavis cvla minda, minda gamosvla wamidan, veeberTela ca minda... („sekvencia“) cira barbaqaZe 150 poeti da zRva „...da miniSnebani odiTgan enaa RmerTTa“ hiolderlini ena niSanTa sistemaa... da am eniT gamoTqmuli yoveli azric zogisTvis ubralod teqstia da zogisTvis - „miniSneba“. metaforebi kidev ufro Rrma da konceptualuri miniSnebebia, maTi axsniT Cven vwvdebiT iseT siRrmeebs, romlebSic ubralo leqsikiT ver CavaRwevT... akaki wereTlis erT leqsze minda gesaubroT, leqss hqvia: „zRvao, aReldi, aReldi...“ ra kavSiria poetsa da zRvas Soris...? ufro sworad, zRvasa da poetis guls Soris...? gulsa da zRvas Soris rom kavSiria, amas advilad davadasturebT qarTuli enis leqsikis safuZvelze, radgan sityva vRelav gulisa da zRvis metaforul kavSirze miuTiTebs da leqsikaSi es leqsema enobrivi metaforaa. ase rom, SeiZleba iTqvas, zRva -guli universaluricaa da konceptualuric, amave dros. akaki wereTlis leqsSi „zRvao, aReldi, aReldi“ - poetis gulis metaforuli kavSiri zRvasTan filosofiur-ezoTeruli mniSvnelobisaa. leqsis dasawyisSi saubaria imaze, rom poeti zRvas aRlvebisken mouwodebs da ara simSvidisken. mogexsenebaT, rom aRelveba, damSvideba, miqceva-moqceva - zRvis xasiaTia. zRva yovelTvis cvalebadia Tavisi bunebiT, radgan is cocxalia da tbasaviT damdgari ar aris. sicocxlis Tviseba ki moZraobaa... zRvao, aReldi, aReldi, qartexils daemorCile, aamTagore talRebi, kideebs gadaacile! Semdeg striqonSi poeti ganmartavs, ratom ar unda damSviddes da ratom unda iRelvos zRvam: ganZi zRvis gulSi, zRvis fskerze inaxeba da rodesac zRva damSvidebulia, ganZi dafarulia, SeuZlebelia misi zedapirze amotana... SeiZleba arc icode, rom ganZis mflobeli xar. ra asaCinoebs dafarul ganZs...? ra Tqma unda, Relva, boboqroba, talRebis kideebs gadacileba... aseT dros nakadi Seexeba fskersac da amohyris, Tu ram dafarulia... ena sazRvrebSi da sazRvrebs miRma 151 margalitebis salaro Seni ufskruli gulia, myudroebis dros is ganZi qveynisTvis dafarulia. mzisa da mTvaris energia zRvas aboboqrebs, swored es aZlevs Zalas talRebs, rom fskeridan amohyaros margalitebi da uxilavi gaxados xiluli: mxolod rodesac mrisxaneb, guls uxsni mzes da mTavresa, im margalitebs Sestyorcni Sen Semkvrel aremaresa. am aRweris Semdeg gadadis poeti metaforis meore elementze: es aris poeti, ufro zustad ki, poetis guli. rezonansi myardeba aRelvebul zRvasa da poetis guls Soris... poetisaTvis es aRelveba ubralo brazi an SfoTva ki ar aris, aramed erTgvari stiqia, maRali Zabva, maRali sixSire, romlis wyalobiTac poetis guli swvdeba ara yoveldRiur ambebs, aramed momavalSi mogzaurobs da, rogorc winaswarmetyvels, im maRali sixSiridan „moaqvs ambebi“. poeto! nurc Sen ekrZalvi mrisxane gulis Relvasa!.. Zilis dros quxils nu moSli da sibnelis dros elvasa! zRva daculia.... rogorc ar unda aReldes da iboboqros, rogorc ar unda gadaacilos kideebs talRebi, is mainc daubrundeba kalapots... poetis Relvasac TiTqos RmerTi icavs... naxeT, rogor enaTesaveba akaki wereTlis am leqss hiolderlini Semdeg striqonSi: „... da mihqris suli, rogorc arwivi, Sesagebeblad Weqa-quxilTa, da asaxelebs Tavis momaval RmerTebs winaswar.“ poeturi metyveleba Tavisi arsiT metaforaa imis miuxedavad, teqstSi aris Tu ara metaforebi. es aris erTgvari „paraleluri realoba“, an „gzavnili momavlidan“, romlis sworad wakiTxam SeiZleba bevri ram daanaxos adamians, ers, kacobriobas. „poeturi Tqma am miniSnebaTa daWeraa da Semdeg misi xalxSi ganvrcoba, amgvari daWera aris miReba da, amave dros, xelaxla gaReba madlisa, radgan poeti ukve „pirvelive niSanSi“ Wvrets 152 cira barbaqaZe ukve saboloo sisrules. da es ganWvretili Tavis sityvaSi Seaqvs, raTa iwinaswarmetyvelos jer araRsrulebuli...“ (hiolderlini). poeziis amgvari gageba (isev metaforulad) kvanturi cnobierebis proeqciaa, rac niSnavs, rom amgvar teqstebSi darRveulia drois gageba da erTdroulad arsebobs warsuli-awmyo-momavali.... poeti erTgvarad winaswarmetyvelia, misi sityva afxizlebs, aRviZebs, afrTxilebs, mianiSnebs adamianebs... poetis Sesaxeb am ideidan gamomdinareobs Semdegi metafora: poeti _ garemoebis sayviri. xan ugnuri var, xan brZeni, xan arc isa var, arc isa! garemoebis sayviri, arc miwisa var, arc cisa. nu mkicxav, mnaxo ugnurad, nurc gaikvirveb brZnobasa: sul sxva hyavs xelisufali am Cvens goneba-grZnobasa...“ poeti, romelic „arc miwas ekuTvnis da arc cas“ da, amave dros, miwisacaa da cisac... da misi grZnoba-gonebis xelisufali „RmerTia“.... RmerTic metaforaa, sxva ufro zusti sityva gamoxatvisTvis ar gvaqvs.... Q Tamar berekaSvili sisulelis aqtualoba sibrZne adamianTa arsebobis pirvelive dRidan didi sikeTe da faseuli Rirsebaa. rac Seexeba sisuleles, is, erTi mxriv, TiTqos sibrZnes upirispirdeba, magram, meore mxriv, sibrZnis warmoCenis fonia anu sibrZnis naklebobis maRali xarisxi. am statiaSi Cven naklebad SevexebiT sisulelis gansazRvrebebsa da mis filosofiur analizs, aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom gageba imisa, Tu ra aris sisulele, ar aris calsaxa da mudmivi. is icvleboda saukuneebisa da epoqebis ganmavlobaSi, Tumca inarCunebda Sefasebis im niSnebsac, romlebiTac mas axasiaTebdnen. sisulele, SesaZloa, sazogadoebis da kacobriobis erT-erTi yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli niSania da kargad warmoaCens epoqas, dros. xSirad sisulele eriTmeba iseT cnebebs, rogorebicaa sibriyve, umecreba, gonebaSezRuduloba, naivuroba, gamoucdeloba da sxva. yvela am cnebas aqvs erTmaneTTan erTgvari kavSiri. sxvadasxva dros misi semantika sxvadasxva termins uaxlovdeboda; Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, mainc inarCunebda Tavis mniSvnelobas. 154 Tamar berekaSvili Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac moraluri (eTikuri) da esTetikuri Sefasebis ZiriTad kriteriumebs sazogadoebas eklesia ukarnaxebda bibliaze dayrdnobiT, sisulele codvis erTgvar sinonimadac aRiqmeboda, romelsac gmobdnen, magram misTvis ar sjidnen (simkacrisa da ulmoblobis miuxedavad, eklesias ar SeeZlo amoexoca an Tundac daesaja adamianTa umravlesoba; suleli xom yovelTvis metia!) sisulele pirvelad ganxilulia mxatvrul, erasmus roterdamelis cnobil wignSi, („Sesxma sisulelisa“), romelic ufro gasarTob literaturad moiazreba, vidre seriozul Txzulebad. Tavis droze is araerTgvarovnad Seafasa sazogadoebam da srulebiTac ar aRiqmeboda uwyinar Txrobad. sazogadod, sisuleleze saubari, fiqri, wera gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda aRorZinebis epoqaSi (aki roterdamelic aRorZinebis epoqis pirmSoa!). es unda ukavSirdebodes esTetikuri da eTikuri Rirebulebebis gadafasebas, antikuri kulturis da, gansakuTrebiT, filosofiis gavlenas. platonma da aristotelem udidesi roli Seasrules axali mxatvruli da filosofiuri saxeebis CamoyalibebaSi, imoqmedes adamianis axlebur warmodgenaze, adamianis mniSvnelobaze. adamianma daibruna antikuri perodisdroindeli dideba da srulyofileba. am viTarebaSi sisulele, romelic Crdils ayenebs adamianis idealur xats, gansakuTrebulad TvalSi sacemi gaxda. cnobilia am periodis araerTi nawarmoebi, miZRvnili sisulelisadmi, magram Cven aRvniSnavT mxolod erT avtors, romelmac Tavisi Semoqmedebis didi nawili swored am „codvas“ dauTmo. es aris ieronim bosxi. fermweri ieronim bosxi gamoirCeva ara marto Tavisi gansakuTrebuli xatvis stiliT, aramed imiTac, rom mis tiloebze yovelTvis vxedavT Sefasebas, gansjas, moTxovnas, guliswyromas imis Taobaze, rom adamianebma daiviwyes RmerTi, aRar misdeven moses sibrZnes, rac, ueWvelad sisulelea. aki mis erT-erT nawarmoebsac ewodeba „sulelTa xomaldi“ („sulelTa xomaldi“ literaturuli nawarmoebebis Temac iyo im periodSi). misi meore ferweruli triptiqi „adamianis cxovrebis gzebic“ swored sisulelis aRweras emsaxureba. vgulisxmobT triptiqis Sua nawils, saTauriT - „Tivis zvini“, romelic gamosaxavs yvela SesaZlo codvas, uxamsobas, adamianis Rirseul cxovrebasTan Seusabamobas. sisulelis aqtualoba 155 maRla caSi gamosaxul qristes ara imdenad amaRlebuli da mSvidi ieri aqvs, ramdenadac - dabneuli da Sewuxebuli, sasowarkveTilic ki. yvela adamians, romelsac gamosaxavs bosxi, daukargavs individualuri adamianuri saxe, isini TiTqos uxeSad gamoWrili xis Tojinebia. mxolod qristea gamosaxuli adamianuri saxiT. adamianebi avxorcoben, iviwyeben TavianT daniSnulebas, movaleobas, etanebian raRac eSmaseul siaxleebs da gamogonebebs, magram ar axsovT patiosneba, Sroma, siyvaruli, sikeTe, ... isini dabneulebi arian veeberTela samyaroSi, radgan ar ician namdvili saqme. es is sisulelea, romelic borotebis tolfasia, da adamianebi am borotebas sCadian kidec - klaven, Zaladoben, muqTaxoroben, mruSoben, iparaven. amasTan, gamonaklisi ar arsebobs. codvili, suleli da borotmoqmedia rogorc ubralo glexi, ise - mWedeli, kardinali da papic ki. bosxi naTlad gamxatavs sisulelis misebur, da, rogorc Cans, misdroindel gansazRvrebas. sisulele codvaa da boroteba. magram sibrZne, Wkua aramecnieruli goni, inteleqtualuri goniereba da niWia, aramed RvTis kanonebis gageba da codna, maTi dacva, svla ara - jojoxeTisken, romelsac adamianebi Tavisi qmedebiT, codvili da suleluri cxovrebiT aqve, dedamiwaze qmnian, aramed - samoTxisaken. sisulele centralur adgils iWers samyaros xatis CamoyalibebaSi, is axasiaTebs imas, rac araRvTiuri da amaoa. sisulele flobs Zalas, romelic ubiZgebs adamians borotebisken. sisulele da boroteba erTmaneTisagan aRar ganirCeva. amasTan, codnis SeZenis mcdeloba sisulelis pirvelwyaroa - SeuZlebelia, Caswvde imas, rasac RmerTi ar ganiWebs (adamianis gaZeveba samoTxidan, solomonis sibrZne). bosxi, romelic warmoudgenelia aRorZinebis drois farTo azrovnebis da axleburi midgomebis gareSe, upirispirdeba da gmobs am axal xedvas, azrovnebis Tavisuflebas, SeuzRudav Semoqmedebas. imis gaazreba, Tu ramdenad ukavSirdeba sisulele codnas, usasruloa da dRemde grZeldeba. sisulele SeiZleba iyos arcodnac da codnac imisda mixedviT, Tu risi arcodna da codna igulisxmeba. bibliaSiac ufro codvili isaa, vinc scodavs arcodnis, umecrebis gamo, adamiani ki, romelic Segnebulad scodavs, patiebis kars Rias tovebs. 156 Tamar berekaSvili codnasTan sibrZnis gaigiveba gansakuTrebiT ganmanaTleblebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli: „Wkua uxmar ars briyvTaTvis, Wkva codniT moixmarebis“ - am sityvebs, albaT, yvela ganmanaTlebeli moazrovne gaiziarebda. mxolod codnas moaqvs sikeTe da bedniereba; codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia siduxWiris daZleva. yvela, vinc codnas uaryofs, suleli da miamitia („kandidi“ _ miamiti - ase daasaTaura volterma Tavisi wigni), magram miamiti sZlevs Tavis sisuleles, swavlobs, naTldeba, iZens codnas, suleli ki - vera. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sisulele gonebis gansazRvruli Tviseba an midrekilebaa - uzaroba, gonebis sisuste, saRi azris simwire, naCqarevi msjeloba da daskvnebi da a.S. sisulele araadekvaturobacaa, Seusabamoba qcevis aRiarebul normebsa da SefasebebTan. droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba Rirebulebebi da, Sesabamisad, is cnebebi da ideebi, romlebic sayovelTao gansjis an mecnieruli analizis samiznea. sibrZne, romelzec werdnen da romelsac iazrebdnen saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, ganmanaTleblobis periodSi ukve aRar figurirebs mTavar Rirebulebad: mas enacvleba codna da ganaTleba. SesaZloa, amis gamoa, rom dResac sibrZne da codna sruliad gamijnuli cnebebia da metic, rogorc ukve SevniSne, sisulele srulebiTac ar gamoricxavs codnas, ganaTlebas, mwignobrobas, rac mkafiodaa xazgasmuli „axal aRTqmaSic“. wignierebisa da uazro codnis sisulele gakilulia jonaTan sviftis „guliveris mogzaurobaSi“: mecnierebs sruliad daukargavT saRi azri da yofiTi Cvevebi, isini namdvil sulelebad gvevlinebian. gavixsenoT molieris „tartiufi“, griboedovis „vai Wkuisagan“ da bevri sxva. aRsaniSnavia erTi ram: yvela am „ganaTlebul sulels“ aerTianebs gulgriloba zneobrivi normebisadmi, uaryofa moralisa, adamianTa Tanacxovrebis wesebisa. Tanamedroveobam, egreT wodebulma modernma, sisuleles kidev erTi niSani SesZina - es aris wamyvani paradigmis damkvidreba, CarTuloba sayovelTao paTosSi, ZiriTadi miznisken svlaSi, umravlesobis daintereseba sakvanZo TemebiT. es tendencia sagrZnobi gaxda ganmanaTleblobisas, rodesac ideali, progresi, civiluroba, etiketi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens. sisulelis aqtualoba 157 vin aris suleli? sulelia is, vinc ar icis qceva sazogadoebaSi; sulelia umecari, romelic ar interesdeba gazeTebSi aRwerili TemebiT, ar icis, vis rogor mimarTos, rogor Caicvas, vin Seaqos da vin gansajos, dagmos... ganmanaTleblobis Semdeg romantikosebi TiTqosda uaryofen aseT „erTsulovnebas“, „socialur gadawyvetilebas“ mTel rig sakiTxebze, magram, amasTan, yvelas sTxoven, xazi gausvan TavianT originalobas, uCveuloobas, sulierebas, rac TavisTavad iqceva axal wamyvan paradigmad. sulelia umravlesobis wevri - adamiani, romelic ar warmoaCens Tavis unikalurobas da maRal sulierebas, romlisTvisac ucxoa bneli RamiT boboqari, mRvrie sulebis moZaleba (gana gasakviria amis Semdeg froidis gaCena?!). sazogadoeba Seivso oboli, amaRlebuli sulebiT, romlebic saTiTaod, eulad, magram suyvela, gadahyurebs maRali kldidan aboboqrebul zRvas an sevdianad mipyrobian xes da leqsebs weren. me-20 saukune, romelic, bevri niSnis mixedviT, dRevandelobad unda CaiTvalos, xasiaTdeba masobrivi moxmarebis sazogadoebis CamoyalibebiT. amasTan, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva individualurobis aqcentirebas. sisulelec dRes mkvidrdeba, rogorc masobrivi movlena. masebze, rogorc umniSvnelovanes fenomenze, bevri daiwera da iwereba (kaneti, iungeri, ortega, haidegeri da bevri sxva). es aris civilizaciuri movlena, romelsac aqvs rogorc populaciuri, ise filosofiuri xasiaTi. masobriobis ganviTareba nicSemac SeamCnia, Tumca me-19 saukuneSi es naklebtrivialuri mocemuloba iyo. swored masobriobas daupirispira nicSem individualobis genezisi, razec dRes amdens weren. masa faris msgavsia, is utyvia. masaze saubrisas froidi yuradRebas amaxvilebs xalxis jgufur aracnobiersa da mis daniSnulebaze. masa ipyrobs individs da adamiani individad aRar ganicdeba. miuxedavad masis aseTi aqtualobisa, masa modernis produqtia iseve, rogorc misi derivantebi - masmedia, masobrivi kultura da a.S. postmoderni, modernisgan gansxvavebiT, individsac masob- 158 Tamar berekaSvili rivs xdis. postmoderni aRiarebs yvelas uflebasa da Tanasworobas, mravalxmianobasa da multikulturalizms, rac gamomdinareobs misi umTavresi Tezisebidan: sagnis amouwuraoba, nebismieri racionaluri Semecnebisa da praqtikuli gamoyenebisTvis gamouyenebloba da sxv. Tu ganvixilavT ZiriTad gansxvavebebs modernsa da postmoderns Soris, davinaxavT, rogor xdeba individi masobrivi da amiT sisulelis xafangis nadavlic. modernis da postmodernis Sedarebas germanel mkvlevars, peter kozlovskis davesesxebiT. kozlovskis mixedviT, sazogadoeba SeiZleba daxasiaTdes am niSnebiT: Tavisufleba, pragmatizmi, racionalizmi, liberalizmi, kreatiuloba, moraluroba da voluntarizmi (kozlovski 1997:29). Tavisufleba modernSi ganixileba gacnobierebul aucileblobad, xolo postmodernSi - sakuTari sicocxlis saSualebebis flobad. pragmatizmi modernSi konstruqciuli wesebis qmediTi praqtikis flobaa. postmodernSi is destruqciulia, damangreveli praqtikis qaosis gamomwvevi, Tumca SemoqmedebiT formebs aviTarebs. racionalizmi modernis SemTxvevaSi efuZneba ganaTlebis moTxovnas, codnas. adamianma icis, rogor icxovros da SeuZlia es. postmodernSi gonis individualoba cxaddeba prioritetulad, romelic eyrdnoba saR azrs, magram azrovneba aracodniseulia, is ar efuZneba doqsas, ufro poeturia, mxatvruli... Tu modernisTvis mniSvnelovania cxovrebis pirobebis floba, postmoderni ar kmayofildeba amiT da moiTxovs ara marto flobas, aramed gankargvasac. modernis dros Semoqmedeba racionalurad konstruqciulia; Semoqmedebis saxiT gamoixateba kultura anu kreatiuloba modernSi atarebs socialur xasiaTs, is emsaxureba sazogadoebas da mis interesebs. postmodernSi kreatiuloba anu pirovnuli TviTgamoxatva Tavisufalia da srulebiT ar iTvaliswinebs socialur moTxovnebs, is gulgrilia Tavisi ragvarobisadmi. sisulelis aqtualoba 159 moraluroba modernSi niSnavs socialur pasuxismgeblobas, Tavisi qmedebis gamarTlebulobas; postmodernSi nebismieri movaleoba moxsnilia, adamiani TviTneburad moqmedebs. Tu voluntarizmi modernSi gamoixateba socialurad mniSvnelovani qmedebiT, postmodernSi is mimarTulia iseTi qcevisken, romelsac materialuri da kulturuli sargebeli moaqvs. ramdenadac, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, postmoderni uaryofs sagnis srul Secnobadobas da misTvis sicocxle erTgvari SemTxveviTobac kia, sicocxlisadmi damokidebuleba araseriozulia maSin, roca modernizms seriozuli damokidebuleba aqvs sicocxlisadmi; is moiTxovs kanonis pativiscemas da zrunvas saerTo keTildReobisaTvis. amrigad, postmodernistuli xedvis gabatonebis pirobebSi pirovnebis kulti, misi unikaluroba da TviTmyofadoba TiTqos gansakuTrebiT unda warmoCndes. nawilobriv es asec aris, magram adamianebis ganmxoloebas pirovnebebad, paralelurad, sdevs masebis mozRvaveba. pirovneba masobrivi xdeba anu adamians, romelic gahyviris Tavis erTaderTobasa da gansakuTrebul meobaze, uxdeba am gansakuTrebulobis damtkiceba masisTvis, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mis unikalurobas ar aRiareben. aRiarebis gareSe ki TviToba, identoba naklulia da srulic ki ar aris. masa Tavis moTxovnebs uyenebs pirovnebas, romelsac es ukanaskneli, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, emorCileba. Sedegad, pirovneba erTgvarad erwymis masas da, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, iqceva masis gamorCeul saxed, mis gamomxatvelad anu mis ,,erT-erT“ yvelaze „sacnobad“. radgan masa yovelTvis yvelaze mdare, yvelaze zedapiruli da iaffasiani Rirebulebebis matarebelia, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TviTwarmoCenisTvis, aRiarebisaTvis, identobis damkvidrebisaTvis adamians sWirdeba erTgvari gasuleleba: sisulele xom, rogorc wesi, yvelasTvis gasagebia da xSirad misaRebic! Tanamedrove postmodernSi, rogorc modernis gagrZelebaSi, kidev ufro izrdeba brbos aqtualoba. brbo aris dinamikuri, mravalsaxa, arastabiluri, aramyari, afeTqebadi. misi mTavari niSania moklevadianoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelisuflo institutebi (da aramarto - saxelisuflo) cdiloben brbos marTvas (dResaswaulebi, sajaro RonisZiebebi da a.S.) droisa da adgilis Tamar berekaSvili 160 moniSvniT, xSirad brbo damoukideblad ikribeba. brboSi qreba gansxvavebebi masSi Semaval adamianTa Soris, masSi ar aris individi. evoluciam ver moxsna brbo, masobrioba erTgvarad upirispirdeba bneli masis - brbos Camoyalibebas, magram, meore mxriv, damatebiT pirobadac SeiZleba iqces. brbos arsi anTropologiuria da evolucionisturi. „brbo sisulelis fenomenia. is aCqarebs socialur procesebs, ramdenadac aRviraxsnilia. am dros xdeba cnobierebis erTgvari „gaTxevadeba“. mas axasiaTebs cnobierebis meryeoba - xdeba gasuleleba (dobrovski 2007). brbos cnobiereba brmaa da uazro. es misi arsia. amasTan brbos axasiaTebs moswrebuli qmedeba da SeuZleblis rwmena. brboSi adamiani simTvralis msgavs mdgomareobaSia, misi cnobiereba daxSulia. Cveulebriv, brboSi efloba daurwmunebeli adamiani, Camouyalibebeli pirovneba, vinaidan aq is hpovebs TviTganmtkicebas da misi daurwmunebloba Tavisufalia, gamarTlebulia. sisulele safuZvliani xdeba. Cveni dro sisulelis masobrivi boginia: Taviseburi, magram ufro masobrivi, vidre - odesme; elitas masa irCevs anu identurobas masa ganiWebs. aqedan gamosavalic masaSi iazreba da misi saxelia fentezi. literatura kozlovski 1997: Ко лов ки ете – „Культу по т оде е пу лик . dobrovski 2007: Dobrowolski Jacek. –“ Filozofia glupoty”, Wydawnictwo naukowe PWNSAWarszawa, 2007 », М. elizbar elizbaraSvili platonis gamoqvabulis miTisa da houkingipenrouzis kinodarbazis metaforebi wignSi ,,sivrcisa da drois buneba”, romelsac safuZvlad udevs 1994 wels kembrijis universitetSi wakiTxuli leqciebis cikli, Tanamedroveobis ori udidesi astrofizikosi – stiven houkingi da rojer penrouzi - imaze saubrobs, rom jer kidev eleelebma Semoitanes drois statikuri modeli: ,,is (dro) daiyvaneba imaze, rom warsulis, awmyos da momavlis yvela momenti yovelTvis arsebobda da yovelTvis iarsebebs. es mxolod iluziaa, rom momentebi mihyveba erTimeores... samyaros es suraTi SeiZleba SevadaroT kinofirs: yoveli kadri ukve arsebobs manam, sanam gadidebuli saxiT moxvdeba ekranze, magram mayurebeli mas mxolod da mxolod am momentSi xedavs. movlenebi, xdomilebebi sinamdvileSi arseboben dasabamidan maradiulad dakavebul adgilebze, Cven ki mxolod gadavkveTT maT” (houkingi, penrouzi 1994. http://www.scientic.ru). avtorebi ganagrZoben: ,,dro da adgili urTierTdakavSirebulia”... ,,dro Tavs avlens, rogorc sxva sivrcobrivi ganzomileba”. fizikosebis azriT, samyaros sawyis etapze oTxive ganzomileba iqceva ise, rogorc sivrcobrivi ganzomileba. 162 elizbar elizbaraSvili dro SeiZleba gagebuli iqnas, rogorc sivrcis meoTxe ganzomileba. s. houkingisa da r. penrouzis azriT, es aris samyaros gaazrebis axali alternativa. isini weren (me-6 monakveTSi): ,,gaazreba imisa, rom dro iqceva ise, rogorc adgili, warmoadgens axal alternativas”. magram es axali alternativa sulac ar iqneba axali, Tuki gavixsenebT, rom upaniSadebidan moyolebuli, bevrma moazrovnem dainaxa da gaiazra is. SeuZlebelia, kinofirma, ekranma da ekranze moqmedebebma platonis dialog „saxelmwifoSi“ warmodgenili „gamoqvabulis miTi“ isev ar gagvaxsenos: „warmoidgine adamianebi, romlebic TiTqos mRvimis msgavs miwisqveSa dilegSi arian gamomwyvdeulni. dilegs mTel sigrZeze gasdevs Wrili, saidanac Semodis sinaTle. patimrebs kisersa da xel-fexze siyrmidanve borkilebi adevT, ase rom, arc ganZreva SeuZliaT da arc ukan mixedva. amitomac mxolod win iyurebian da martooden imas xedaven, rac Tvalwin udevT. borkilebdadebulni zurgSeqceviT sxedan kedlisaken, saidanac Semodis sinaTle, romelsac Sors, maRla, mogizgize cecxli asxivebs. am gzas patimrebisagan dabali kedeli hyofs, im fardis msgavsad, romlis miRmac TvalTmaqcebi TavianT TanaSemweebs malaven, maRla aweuli TojinebiT rom arToben xalxs... kedlis gaswvriv midi-modian mgzavrebi, romlebsac xelSi nair-nairi sagnebi uWiravT, maT Soris, xisa Tu qvisagan gamoTlili adamianebisa da cxovelebis gamosaxulebani, romlebic im simaRleze auweviaT, rom kedlis miRma Canan....“ (platoni. 2013:265). platonis gamoqvabulSi mijaWvuli tusaRi, romelic kedel/ekranze Suq-Crdilebis monacvleobas Sehyurebs, dinamikuri drois metaforaa, romlisganac unda gavTavisufldeT, unda amovideT am drois gamoqvabulidan, SevicnoT namdvili yofiereba, romelsac dro ar gaaCnia. platoni am miTiT drois statikuri Teoriis mxolod baziss qmnis da amaze Sors ar midis iseve, rogorc parmenide. magram am miTSi sxva miniSnebacaa. ras xedaven platonis gamoqvabulSi mijaWvuli tusaRebi mopirdapire kedelze? Crdilebs, sinaTleTa TamaSs, maT moZraobebs, sxvadasxva gamosaxulebas, maTi monacvleobiT - mudmiv process. amasTanave, radganac isini mTeli cxovreba sxva rames verc uyureben, ar ician maT zurgs ukan arc kedlis, arc cecxlis da arc maT Soris sxvadasxva sagniT moZravi adamianebis Sesaxeb, - ekranze mimdinare procesi erTaderTi realoba hgoniaT, ekranze arsebuli platonis gamoqvabulis miTisa da ... 163 sagnebi - namdvili sagnebi, saidanRac momdinare xma - maTi xma. maTTvis esaa samyaro, sinamdvile Tavisi cvalebadobiT, istoriuli procesiT. gamoqvabulis kedel-ekranze mimdinare procesi sinamdvileSi simulirebuli procesia, mowyobili im adamianebis mier, romlebic tusaRebis zurgs ukan moZraoben. adamiani-tusaRebi sxvebis mier dadgmul simulirebul warmodgenas uyureben gamudmebiT da am warmodgenaSi cxovroben “udardelad”. iqneb teqnologiuri SezRudvebis epoqaSi igive metafora warmogvidgina maSin platonma, rac TanamedroveobaSi houkingma da penrouzma? ai, ras vgulisxmobT: houking-penrouzis metaforaSi Cven winaSea mudam cvalebadi ekrani da mayurebeli, romelic saxiT ekranisken aris mudmivad mipyrobili, magram maT ,,miRma” kinodarbazis sivrceSi arsebobs iseTi raRac da iseTi viRac, rogorebicaa kinofiri, kinomanqana, kinomeqanikosebi, gamadidebeli linza, eleqtroganaTeba, romelTa meSveobiTac miiRweva is efeqti, rac ekranze xdeba. maT mayurebeli ver xedavs, Tu ar dainteresda igi Segnebulad, Tu ar adga, Semobrunda da ar daiwyo kinodarbazis Seswavla. amis Semdeg ki, igi mixvdeba, rom is, rac wamierad gaielvebs ekranze, darbazis sivrceSi, konkretulad - kinofirze kadris saxiT, manamdec arsebobs da am gaelvebis Semdgomac rCeba arsebulad da arsad qreba. mayurebeli mixvdeba, rom, am teqnikuri inventaris gamoyenebis meSveobiT, miiRweva ekranze gamosaxulebebis monacvleobis efeqti, rom TiTqos raRac Cndeba da raRac qreba, magram es mxolod iluziaa, yvelaferi arsebobs darbazis sivrceSi, babinaze daxveuli kinofiris calkeuli kadrebis saxiT. platonis gamoqvabulis miTSic, rogorc erT mTlian metaforaSi, Cven winaSea Suq-CrdilebiT mudam cvalebadi kedeli/ekrani da tusaRi, romelic adgilze isea mijaWvuli, rom saxiT mudmivad am ekranisaken aris mipyrobili, magram mis ,,miRma”, gamoqvabulis sivrceSi arsebobs iseTi raRac da iseTi viRac, rogorebicaa zurgs ukan kedeli, sxvadasxva sagani, sagnebiT mosiarule adamianebi, gamoqvabulis centrSi danTebuli koconi, romelTa meSveobiTac miiRweva is efeqti, rac kedel/ekranze xdeba. maT tusaRi ver xedavs, Tu ar dainteresda Segnebulad, Tu man ar aiwyvita jaWvebi, ar Semobrunda da ar daiwyo gamoqvabulis Seswavla. amis Semdeg ki, igi mixvdeba, rom is, rac wamierad gai- elizbar elizbaraSvili 164 elvebs kedel/ekranze, gamoqvabulis sivrceSi, konkretulad sxvadasxva sagnis saxiT, manamde arsebobs da am gaelvebis Semdegac rCeba arsebulad ukan mosiarule adamianebis xelSi an romelime adgilas ukve Senaxuli da arsad qreba. tusaRi mixvdeba, rom, am inventaris gamoyenebis meSveobiT, miiRweva kedel/ekranze Suq-CrdilebiT Seqmnili gamosaxulebebis monacvleobis efeqti, rom TiTqos raRac Cndeba da raRac qreba, magram es mxolod iluziaa, yvelaferi arsebobs gamoqvabulis sivrceSi, sadRac Taroebze dalagebuli sagnebis saxiT. Cven axla naTlad vxedavT, Tu rogori identuria houkingipenrouzis da platonis metaforebi da rogor erTnairad gadmoscemen drois statikuri Teoriis Sinagan arss – aRmqmel cnobierebas eqmneba iluzia ekranze monacvle xdomilebebis saxiT, radganac igi ,,moZraobs” kinofiris an sagnebiT xelSi myofi adamianebis mimarT. sinamdvileSi ki, rac ekranze gaielvebs, realobaSi manamdec arsebobs da mis Semdgomac iarsebebs. Cven mivediT im azramde, rom platonis gamoqvabulis miTi ufro mets gveubneba, vidre es dinamikuri drois ararealurobis aRiarebaa, berZeni filosofosi am miTSive migvaniSnebs statikuri drois arsebobasa da mis struqturaze, rom dro aris ara raRacis gaCena da gaqroba, aramed aRmqmeli cnobiereba/,,ekranis” moZraoba raRac sivrcis mimarT (Tu aTvlis wertilad kinofirs miviCnevT, es kinofiri ucvlelia da Cveni mis mimarT moZraobis wyalobiT, sul axal-axali kadrebi warmoCndeba erTi-meoris miyolebiT ekranze Cven winaSe ) – es sivrce kadrebis rigisagan Sedgenili firi iqneba Tu xelSi sxvadasxva sagnebis mWeri adamianebisagan Sedgenili rigi. literatura platoni 2013 platoni. saxelmwifo. mTargmneli: baCana bregvaZe. Tbilisi stiven houkingi. 2014 drois mokle istoria. mTargmneli: irakli maCabeli. Tbilisi houkingi, penrouzi 1994. в Х к , . а а ва В http://www.scientic.ru maia kaWkaWiSvili hezitacia quCaSi hezitacia (ing. Hhesitation) qarTulad niSnavs: yoymans, meryeobas, saubris an moqmedebis Senelebas. hezitaciuri nawilaki ki (ing. hesitation vowel, hesitation sound) erTmarcvliani araleqsikuri sametyvelo bgera an bgeraTa jgufia, romelic gamoiyeneba zepiri metyvelebisas. mas winadadebaSi semantikuri datvirTva ar gaaCnia. samagierod, zepirmetyvelebaSi aqvs pragmatuli funqcia. winadadebaSi hezitaciuri nawilakis mTavari daniSnulebaa drois mogeba dabneulobis, nerviulobis an yoymanisas. hezitacia xSirad gamoiyeneba: winadadebis an frazis dasawyisSi, maSin, roca saubris dagegmvaze didi Zalisxmeva ixarjeba; im cnebebis dasaxelebisas, romlebsac sWirdeba konkretika da uzustobis daSvebis albaToba didia (magaliTad, ferebis, ricxvebis an sakuTari saxelebis dasaxelebisas). miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi aRniSnul Tematikas mieZRvna ramdenime statia (Turqia 2006, amiriZe 2010), igi mainc naklebad Seswavlilia da dgas sakiTxis empiriuli kvlevis problema. maia kaWkaWiSvili 166 am problemis gadaWris mcdelobas warmoadgenda Cven mier 2014-2015 saswavlo wels Catarebuli enobrivi eqsperimenti. eqsperimentis Sedegad mopovebuli audiobaza Sedgeba akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis studnetebis zepiri gamocdebisa da debatebis studneturi Cempionatis spikerebis sityviT gamosvlebis Canawerebisagan. misi saerTo xangrZlivoba, daaxloebiT, 120 wuTia. masalis mixedviT gamovlenili hezitaciuri nawilakebis transkrifcia Sesrulebulia IPA-s - saerTaSorisod gaziarebuli - fonetikuri samkuTxedis gamoyenebiT (ix. suraTi 1.). suraTi 1. enobrivi eqsperimentis Sedegad gamovlinda 974 hezitaciuri nawilaki, romlebze dayrdnobiTac, qarTuli enisaTvis SevimuSaveT hezitaciuri nawilakebis klasifikacia. masSi gamovyaviT 5 jgufi. TiToeul maTganSi ki - qvejgufebi (ix. sqema 1.). hezitacia quCaSi 167 sqema 1. qarTuli enis hezitaciuri nawilakebis klasifikacia da am eqsperimentis Sedegad gamovlenili hezitaciis Taviseburebebi dafuZnebulia stresul garemoSi Cawerili masalis analizze. Tumca, hezitacia SeiZleba Segvxvdes enis gamoyenebis sxvadasxva pragmatul doneze. masalaze muSaobisas gaCnda hipoTeza, rom hezitaciis arseboba SesaZlebelia, magaliTad, quCaSi yoveldRiuri gadaadgilebisas. imisaTvis, rom dainteresebul pirs sasurvel adgilamde misasvleli gza avuxsnaT aucilebelia absoluturi sizuste. amisaTvis gvWirdeba: quCis an obieqtis zusti saxelwodeba, quCis nomeri, Sesaxvevis rigiToba, gzis mimarTuleba (marjvniv, marcxniv, pirdapir). Cveni varaudiT, swored am konkretikaze dafiqrebis momentSi enobriv asistentebs unda gamoeyenebinaT hezitaciuri nawilakebi. maia kaWkaWiSvili 168 aRniSnuli hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad CavatareT mcire eqsperimenti: „turisti“ gamvlelebs ekiTxeboda, rogor misuliyo konkretul quCaze Tu SenobasTan. aucilebeli moTxovna iyo, rom enobriv asistentebs „turistisaTvis“ eswavlebinaT safexmavlo gza. eqsperimentis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom enobrivi asistentebis 95%-ma „turistisaTvis“ gzis miswavlebisas erTxel mainc gamoiyena hezitaciuri nawilaki. vvaraudobdiT, rom am procesSi zemoT dasaxelebuli klasifikaciis xuTive jgufis gamoyeneba iqneboda SesaZlebeli. magram enobrivma asistentebma mxolod ɶ da ɛ jgufis mokle hezitaciuri nawilakebi gamoiyenes. iSviaTad ki - hezitaciuri jgufebi. Tumca, ar gamovricxavT, rom ufro didi empiriuli masalis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi quCaSi orientaciisas sxva hezitaciuri nawilakebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebic gamovlindes. Cveni masalis mixedviT, gzis swavlebisas hezitaciis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi am oTx Tematur jgufSi SeiZleba gaerTiandes: saubris dasawyisSi; im marSrutis axsnisas, rasac TviTon iSviaTad iyeneben; Sesaxvevebis dakonkretebisas (pirveli, meore; marjvena marcxena); imave marSrutis mokle gzis axsnisas. enobriv asistentebs hezitaciuri nawilakebi ar gamouyenebiaT im marSrutebze saubrisas, sadac Tavad yoveldRiurad uwevT gadaadgileba (magaliTad, studentebs universitetis mimdebare teritoriaze arsebul obieqtebTan dakavSirebiT). savaraudod, hezitacia enis moxmarebis sxvadasxva pragmatul donezea SesaZlebeli. amis mecnierulad dadastureba da hezitaciis gamoyenebis konkretuli apeqtebis dadgena SesaZlebelia im pirobiT, Tu iarsebebs empiriulad soliduri enobrivi baza. hezitacia quCaSi 169 literatura amiriZe 2010: nino amiriZe, “Placeholder verbs in Modern Georgian“, Typological Studies in Language, Fillers, Pauses and Placeholders. Turqia 2006: TinaTin Turqia, „teqstobrivi pauzis Sevsebis saSualebebi“, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, X. kaWkaWiSvili 2015: hezitaciuri nawilakebis klasifikacia da funqcia stresul zepirmetyvelebaSi; humanitarul mecnierebaTa magistris xarisxis mosapovleblad Sesrulebuli naSromi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti, quTaisi. klarki, foqs Tri 2002: Herbert H. Clark, Jean E. Fox Tree, Using uh and um in spontaneous speaking; Cognition 84. http://www.journals.elsevier.com/cognition internetis linkebi: http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/hes itate bolos nanaxia: 14.11.2015 http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipasounds/ipa-chart-with-sounds/ bolos nanaxia: 14.11.2015 daibeWda gamomcemloba `universalSi~ Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, E-mail: universal@internet.ge : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30