ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. XV Tbilisi. 2019 roland TofCiSvili gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi qarTli _ saqarTvelos centri, qarTveli eris Semkrebi da gamaerTianebeli saqarTvelo sxvadasxva istoriul-eTnografiuli mxarisagan (lokaluri/teritoriuli erTeulisagan) Semdgari qveyana iyo. asea dResac. qarTvelTa gansaxlebis areali swored am mxareebs moicavda da moicavs. warsulsa da awmyoze yuradReba imitom gavamaxvileT, rom drois kvalobaze sakmaod mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda _ qveyanas araerTi teritoriuli erTeuli Camoscilda (Camoaciles), Sesabamisad gaqra araerTi eTnografiuli jgufic, qveynis sazRvrebic mniSvnelovnad daviwrovda. Cvens droSi ki safrTxe Seeqmna saqarTvelos centrs _ qarTls _ Sida qarTli okupirebulia da ZirZveli qarTuli mosaxleobac gamodevnili. qarTli iyo da aris saqarTvelos centri, aqedan momdinareobs qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli endoeTnonimi `qarTveli~ da yvela qarTvelis mier Seqmnili politikuri erTeulis, saxelmwifos saxelwodeba `saqarTvelo~. ra Tqma unda, saerTo eTnonimisa da qveynis saerTo saxelwodebis warmoqmnamde qarTuli eTnosic arsebobda da _ qarTvelTa gansaxlebis arealic. magram isic cnobilia, rom ara mxolod qarTvelebisaTvis, aramed sxva eTnosebisTvisac, saerTo saxelwodebis warmoqmna Cveulebrivi gviandeli movlenaa. Tumca termin `saqarTvelos~ warmoqmnamde, qarTvelebs karga xniT adre aseTi gamaerTianebeli saxelwodeba hqondaT; es iyo ori sityvisagan Semdgari _ `yoveli qarTli~. magaliTad, mematiane juanSerisaTvis iseTi istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebi, rogoric iyo kaxeTi, klarjeTi da egrisi qarTlSi Semavalia. ufro meti, wyaroSi es mxareebi ara Cveulebriv tradiciuli terminiT _ 56 roland TofCiSvili. qarTli – saqarTvelos centri, qarTveli eris Semkrebi da gamaerTianebeli `qveyana~ arian moxseniebuli, aramed `xeviT~: vaxtang gorgaslis gardacvalebis Semdeg, daCi mefem `iwyo Senebad qarTlisa, rameTu mooPrebul iyvnes yovelni Pevni qarTlisani, TBnier kaxeTisa da klarjeTisa da egrisisa~.1 bunebrivia, dasaxelebuli erTeulebi _ klarjeTi, kaxeTi da egrisi _ qarTlad mas Semdeg iqna gaazrebuli, rac isini saerTo saxelmwifos _ qarTlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen, e. i. momavali saqarTvelos mxareebi jer kidev sakmaod adre koncentrirebuli iyvnen centraluri provinciis qarTlis garSemo. aq aRar SevudgebiT `qarTlis~ saxelwodebis warmoqmnis sxvadasxva Teoriebis CamoTvlas _ es am naSromis mizans ar Seadgens. Cveni mizania mxolod im mizezebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, ramac ganapiroba qarTlis erTiani saqarTvelos centrad, qarTvelTa Semkrebad da gamaerTianeblad gadaqceva. ase rom, Tavdapirvelad Tavisi gansaxlebis arealSi qarTuli eTnikuri erTeuli sxvadasxva teritoriuli erTeulisagan Sedgeboda da am lokalur erTeulebs TavTavisi saxelwodeba gaaCnda. ra ganapirobebda amas? _ pasuxi martivia _ geografiuli faqtori. magram TandaTan imave geografiulma faqtorma ganapiroba eTnikur qarTvelTa SekavSireba, rac, Tavis mxriv, apirobebda erTiani saxelmwifo organizaciisaken swrafvas. am swrafvis dasasruls emTxveva erTiani, saerTo saxelwodebis _ `qarTvelisa~ da Semdeg `saqarTvelos~ warmoqmna. kiTxva Cndeba _ raRa qarTli aRmoCnda SemakavSirebeli, raRa qarTlis gareSe moxda saerTo qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da qarTveli eris warmoqmna? qarTul saliteraturo enas ratom mainc qarTluri dialeqti daedo safuZvlad da ara sxva romelime? qarTli saqarTvelos SuagulSi mdebareobda da mdebareobs. magram es kidev arafers ar niSnavda. am faqtorTan erTad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba landSaftsac, bunebriv-geografiul faqtorsac hqonda. manam, sanam am movlenaze ufro dawvrilebiT visaubrebT, unda gavixsenoT, rom saqarTvelo da qarTvelTa gansaxlebis areali moicavda samxreT kavkasiis dasavleT da samxreT nawils, sadac qarTvelTa sxavadasxva Temebi, teritoriuli erTeulebi mdebareobda. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi eseni iyo qarTli da kaxeTi (hereT-kaxeTi), mTaSi _ 1 K'artlis tskhovreba. tomi I. T'bilisi. 1955. p. 205 (qarTlis cxovreba. tomi I. Tb. 1955, gv. 205). 57 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. XV fxovi, TuSeTi, dvaleTi, wanareTi, xada da cxavati... dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ egrisi, argveTi (imereTi), Takveri (raWa, leCxumi), afxazeTi, guria, mTaSi _ svaneTi... samxreT saqarTveloSi _ artaani, kola, eruSeTi, samcxe, javaxeTi, SavSeTi, klarjeTi, tao, lazeTi... yvela dasaxelebuli teritoriuli erTeuli/Temi sami mdinaris _ mtkvris, rionisa da Woroxis auzSi mdebareobda. rogorc samarTlianad miuTiTeben, aq moxda qarTvelTa eTnogenezic.2 davubrundeT isev qarTvelTa gansaxlebis areals. Tu SevadarebT am teritoriul erTeulebs, aRmovaCenT, rom TiTqmis yvela dasaxelebuli istoriul-eTnografiuli mxaris fizikuri geografia erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli iyo. gansxvavdebodnen isini erTmaneTisagan zRvis donidan simaRliT, Rrma da SedarebiT araRrma xeobebiT, mTebis daxrilobiT, tyis safariT, saxvneli miwis raodenobiT, daculobis TvalsazrisiT, mzis radiaciiT. ase rom, yvela lokaluri erTeulis landSafti, faqtobrivad, gansxvavebuli iyo. daviwyoT aRmosavleTidan. kaxeTisa da qarTlis landSafti da bunebriv-geografiuli garemo yvelaze nakleb Tavdacvis saSualebebs hqmnida. qarTlsa da kaxeTs Tu SevadarebT erTmaneTs, ufro metad daucveli meore iyo (1753 wlis erekle II-is ganCinebaSi kaxeTis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: `Jamis Slilobisagan da soflis mimokveTebisagan urjuloTa da warmarTTagan Cveni qveyana bevrjel uSen da oxer yofiliyo mefis aleqsandres aqeT mefe imamyulixanamde~3). kaxelebi xSirad Sida qarTls afarebdnen Tavs. XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mijnis nikoloz alaverdelis wyalobis wignSi vkiTxulobT: `odes JamTa viTarebisagan kaxeTi lekT daipyres, Cven qsnis Pevzed qsnis erisTavis mamulSi davixizneT da Sen, salTxucesi zarapi Tan gardmomyev... da sxva Zmebi wmindis giorgis taZars ar moSordiT ... da uSjuloTagan mravali gansacdeli moiTmineT~.4 qarTli, 2 M. K'urdiani. K'artvelta pirvelsatskhovrisi enobrivi monatsemebis mikhedvit da saerto-k'art'veluri et'nosis tomobrivi shemadgenloba. K'artveli khalkhis et'nogenezi. T'bilisi. 2002, pp. 57-86 (m. qurdiani. qarTvelTa pirvelsacxovrisi enobrivi monacemebis mixedviT da saerTo-qarTveluri eTnosis tomobrivi Semadgenloba. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezi. Tb. 2002, gv. 57-86). 3 K'art'uli samart'lis dzeglebi. tomi III. T'bilisi. 1970, p. 421 (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. tomi III. Tb. 1970, gv. 421). 4 K'art'uli samart'lis dzeglebi. t'omi III, p. 793 (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. tomi III. Tb. 1970, gv. 793). 58 roland TofCiSvili. qarTli – saqarTvelos centri, qarTveli eris Semkrebi da gamaerTianebeli Tavis mxriv, aseve gansxvavebuli iyo _ Sida qarTlSi ufro metad iyo tyian xeobebSi TavSefarebis saSualeba, vidre qvemo qarTlSi. aseve gansxvavebuli suraTi gvqonda samxreT da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ sanapiro `qveynebSi~ taosa da kola-artanSi Semosul mters (agreTve migrantebs) gabatonebis ufro meti saSualeba hqonda; SavSeTis, klarjeT-liganis, aWaris viwro da Rrma xeobebi adgilobriv mkvidrT Tavdacvis met saSualebas aZlevda (oZrxos mcxeTosis Zis wili teritoria _ `tasiskariTgan vidre zRuamde sperisa, qveyana kldovani~ _ iyo). rac Seexeba dasavleT saqarTvelos, faqtobrivad, is yvela mxridan yvelaze metad miudgomeli iyo. zemo imereTis landSafti (uswor-masworo reliefi da tye), faqtobrivad, SeuZlebels xdida qarTlidan da samcxidan mtris Sesvlas. ivane javaxiSvilic aRniSnavda, rom imereTis mosaxleobis mdgomareoba saxarbielo iyo da rom tyiT daburviloba qarTvelebs mterTan brZolas uadvilebda.5 imereTis es mdgomareoba kargad aqvs SeniSnuli 1818-1819 wlebSi frang mogzaurs pol gibalsac: «…густые леса и разрозенность населения создавали условия к тому, что имеретинцы могли избежать чужеземгого гнета».6 qarTli da kaxeTi ki, am mxriv, Semosuli mtrisaTvis xelmisawvdomi iyo, rac adgilobrivi mosaxleobis amowyvetas an sxvagan gadasvlas iwvevda. demografiulad gapartaxebul qarTlsa da kaxeTs, dasavleT saqarTvelos namati mosaxleoba avsebda. aseTi migraciuli mimarTuleba erTjeradi aqti ar yofila _ is saqarTvelos mTeli istoriisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. xandaxan imereTidan qarTlSi gadasaxleba masobriv xasiaTsac ki iRebda. magaliTad, 1722-1738 wlebiT daTariRebul erT-erT sabuTSi aznauri wers: `ase da ama pirsa zedan, rome saqme gamiWirda, rac glexi myvanda, yvela qarTls wamivida~.7 zemoT dasaxelebulma frangma mogzaurma es procesic kargad SeamCnia: «Из Имеретии ежегодно выезжает много сельских жителей, чтобы обустроится в Картли и Кахети, и они там процветают. Те, кто успешно 5 Iv. Javakhishvili. K'art'veli eris istoria. III. T'bilisi. 1941, pp. 197-198 (iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. III. Tb. 1941, gv. 197-198). 6 Obozrenie Kryma, Novorossii i Kavkaza v dnevnike putešestviâ iz Odessy v Tiflis Polâ Gibalâ. 1818-1819. Moskva. 2017, p. 343 (Обозрение Крыма. Новороссии и Кавказа в дневнике путешествия из Одессы в Тифлис Поля Гибаля. 1818-1819. Москва. 2017, стр. 343). 7 Dokumentebi sak'art'velos sotsialuri istoriidan. I. Tbilisi. 1940, p. 455 (dokumentebi saqarTvelos socialuri istoriidan. I. Tb. 1940, gv. 455). 59 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. XV устраивается подобным образом, никогда обратно не возвращаются».8 saqarTvelos landSafti da bunebriv-geografiuli garemo, faqtobrivad, gansakuTrebul da gansxvavebul sameurneo formebs qmnida. jer kidev ivane javaxiSvilma aRniSna, rom arcerT istoriul-eTnografiul mxares damoukideblad arseboba ar SeeZlo _ isini am mxriv erTmaneTs avsebdnen; rac hqonda erTs, ar hqonda meores. erT mxares Tu sakmarisi raodenobiT hqonda saxnav-saTesi miwebi, meores amis deficitic gaaCnda, sxvagan sakmarisze meti raodenobiT iyo saZovrebi da saTibebi. urTierTSemavsebloba saqarTvelosi da qarTveli eris istoriis Tanmdevi movlena iyo. saamisod SeiZleba erTi mniSvnelovani faqti gavixsenoT, romelic wmida ninos saqarTveloSi SemosvlasTanaa dakavSirebuli _ IV saukunis dasawyisSi, javaxeTSi sazafxulo saZovrebze didi raodenobiT iyvnen qarTleli, mcxeTis irgvliv arsebuli soflebis mkvidri mwyemsebi. ase rom, saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebad dayofa da am mxareebis sameurneo-ekonomikuri kavSirebi qarTveli xalxis konsolidaciisaTvis mtkice safuZvels warmoadgenda. romeli istoriul-eTnografiuli mxaris irgvliv xdeboda sxvadasxva qarTuli mxaris konsolidacia? am kiTxvaze pasuxi rTuli araa; es iyo qarTli. ratom maincdamainc qarTli? ratom moiswrafoda misken sxvadasxva mezobeli Tu aramezobeli mxaris mosaxleoba? yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, qarTlis primats, mis garSemo konsolidacias qarTveli xalxis endoeTnonimi _ `qarTveli~ da qarTvelTa gansaxlebis teritoriisaTvis, qarTvelTa saxelmwifosaTvis saerTo saxelwodeba _ `saqarTveloc~ adasturebs. qarTlis prioritetulobas danarCen mxareebTan SedarebiT ori mniSvnelovani faqtori ganapirobebda. es iyo misi centraluri mdebareoba, landSafti da bunebrivgeografiuli garemo. qarTli akavSirebda erTmaneTTan aRmosavleT (kaxeTisa da mTis regionebi) da dasavleT saqarTvelos _ qarTlze gadioda umoklesi gzebi, romelebic samxreT saqarTvelosaken miemarTeboda [qarTlze da mis dedaqalaq mcxeTaze gadioda CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasiis damakavSirebeli gzac. cxvris gza TrialeT-javaxeTisa8 Obozrenie Kryma, Novorossii i Kavkaza v dnevnike putešestviâ iz Odessy v Tiflis Polâ Gibalâ, p. 360 (Обозрение Крыма, Новороссии и Кавказа в дневнике путешествия из Одессы в Тифлис Поля Гибаля, стр. 360). 60 roland TofCiSvili. qarTli – saqarTvelos centri, qarTveli eris Semkrebi da gamaerTianebeli ken diRmis mindvridan iwyeboda da gaivlida muxaTgverdis tbas, Wilitbis sers, zemo didgorze, manglisis yelze (SubaTsa da botiss Soris), kldekars TrialeTze da aqedan javaxeTSi. diRmidan manglisis didgoramde es gza sul 13-15 kilometris momcveli iyo. amis Sesaxeb niko berZeniSvili aRniSnavda: `javaxeT-TrialeTidan Wili-tbis seriT, karsnis mTaze modioda. es iyo ... yvelaze marjve da umoklesi gza iberiis dedaqalaqsa da mesxeTs Soris. amave mimarTulebas hgulisxmobs mirian mefis da ninos mier saberZneTidan mowveuli saeklesio misionis marSruti: eruSeTi, manglisi, mcxeTa~.9 ra Tqma unda, es gza hqondaT gavlili mcxeTis midamoebis soflebis mkvidr mesaqonleebs, romlebic wmida ninos javaxTSi Sexvdnen.]. qarTliT ukavSirdebodnen erTmaneTs saqarTvelos sxvadasxva istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebi _ kaxeTidan da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis regionebidan samxreT saqarTveloSi sameurneo-ekonomikuri mizeziT mimavalT aucileblad qarTli unda gaevloT. gare samuSaoze kaxeTsa da samcxeSi mimaval svanebsac qarTli unda gaevloT (enguris saTavidan jer gadadiodnen cxeniswylis xeobis saTaveSi, aqedan rionis xeobis saTaveSi (devandeli mTis raWa), Semdeg liaxvis xeobiT Sida qarTlSi aRmoCndebodnen, bolos _ qvemo qarTlSi, TrialeTsa da javaxeTSi). samxreT da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mTeli rigi istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebi (SavSeTi, klarjeTi, eruSeTi, aWara) saxvnel-saTesi miwis deficits ganicdida. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT 1818 wlis monacemebi, qarTlSi erT komls saSualod 40 dRiuri saxvneli miwa hqonda (glexi mxolod mis sakuTrebasa da mflobelobaSi arsebuli miwis naxevars amuSavebda, radgan meore naxevars asvenebda). imave dros zemo imereTSi mciremiwianoba iyo. sofel bJinevSi cxovrobda 19 komli, romelTagan mxolod erT ojaxs gaaCnda sami dRiuri saxnav-saTesi, or-ori dRiuri sam ojaxs hqonda, dRiurnaxevari _ or ojaxs, TiTo dRiuri _ sam ojaxs, naxevari dRiuri _ xuT ojaxs, meoTxedi dRiuri _ sam ojaxs. sofel xunevSi 19 komli mkvidrobda, romelTagan maqsimumis 2 dRiuris mflobeli mxolod 10 komli iyo.10 es ki iwvevda imerelTa mudmiv 9 N. Berdzenishvili. Sak'art'velos istoriis sakit'khebi. T'bilisi. 1990, p. 212 (n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb. 1990, gv. 212). 10 Sak'art'velos tsentraluri sakhelmts'ip'o saistorio ark'ivi. pondi 254. anats'eri1. sak'me №544, pp. 61 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. XV migracias qarTlisaken (da kaxeTiskenac). imerlebi qarTlSi droebiTac migrirdebodnen. qarTlis sameurneo upiratesoba sxva istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebTan (dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelosTan) kargad aqvs SeniSnuli niko berZeniSvils: `ras niSnavs, rom pureulis uZvelesi jiSebi das. saqarTveloSi aris SerCenili, xolo misi Semdgomi ganviTareba iq aRar Cans da pureuliT mdidaria saSualo saukuneebSi ara dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed aRmosavleTi. es imas niSnavs, rom pureulis ganviTareba iq zRvardadebulia bunebrivi pirobebiT, eqstensiuria, xolo adamianis Sroma saSualo saukuneebis teqnikis ganviTarebis pirobebSi uZluria raime efeqti mogvces am mimarTulebiT, maSin roca aRm. saqarTveloSi eseve Sroma Seudareblad ufro did efeqts iZleva. puri das. saqarTveloSi mxolod zegnebSia da isic SezRuduli odenobiT, Walebi misTvis sruliad gamousadegaria; amave dros aRmos. saqarTvelo uxvad ajildovebda mSromels imave saSualo saukuneTa sawarmoo teqnikiT SeiaraRebuls. rac ufro eqstensiuri iyo soflis meurneoba, das. saqarTvelos meurneobiTi SesaZleblobani, misi bunebis siuxve Seudareblad didi iyo, xolo rac ufro intensiuri xdeboda meurneoba, sul ufro aSkara xdeboda aRmosavleTis upiratesoba, sadac adamians Sroma gaudioda. das. saqarTvelos buneba ki Seudareblad met winaaRmdegobas da xSirad gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobas uwevda saSualo saukuneebis adamians da zRvars udebda Semdgom ganviTarebas. (SesaniSnavi mowmoba xanZTelidan: es qveyana gausaZlisiao, mis winaaRmdeg brZola arc ivaraudeba, klarjeTi mTiania da mwiri, magram didi SromiT iq udabno samoTxed iqceva...).11 Sida qarTls kidev erTi mniSvnelovani niuansi axasiaTebda _ organbinadroba. magaliTad, mejudasa da lexuras xeobis mTian nawilSi mcxovrebT saxli, yana, bostani, baRi da venaxi barSi, mejvrisxevSic hqondaT (niSandoblivia, rom 1781 wlis aRweraSi mejvrisxevSi mkvidr yvela ojaxis ufros miwerili aqvs: biyreli, qoloTeli, Walisubneli, woldeli, WurTeli, isrolisxeveli, bendereli, ivreTeli, SvelieTeli, gavazeli, saZegureli, 19, 87-88 (saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi. fondi 254. anaweri 1. saqme #544, gv. 19, 87-88). 11 N. Berdzenishvili. Sak'art'velos istoriis sak'itkhebi. Tbilisi. 1990, pp. 249-250 (n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb. 1990, gv. 249-250). 62 roland TofCiSvili. qarTli – saqarTvelos centri, qarTveli eris Semkrebi da gamaerTianebeli woldeli...12). e. i. ojaxs hqonda ori saxli Tavisi sameurneo kompleqsebiT: mTaSi mesaqonleobasa da mTur miwaTmoqmedebas eweodnen da barSi, sadac baruli meurneobis yvela forma arsebobda. bunebrivia, meurneobis aseTi forma gauyrel, did ojaxad cxovrebas iTvaliswinebda. Sua saukuneebSi organbinadroba ZiriTadad erTi safeodalos farglebSi xdeboda (magaliTad, zemoT CamoTvlili mTisa da mTiswineTis soflebi da barSi mdebare mejvrisxevi qsnis saerisavoSi Sedioda). meurneobis es forma, cxovrebis es wesi maT batonymobis gauqmebis Semdegac SeinarCunes, mTaSi mcxovrebma glexebma ukve Tavad daiwyes miwebis SeZena.13 organbinadrobis tradicia XIX saukunis pirvel naxevramde gaaCnda imereTis xanis wylis xeobis mosaxleobasac samcxeSi, agreTve erwo-Tianelebs axmetasa da mis midamoebSi.14 rodis unda warmoqmniliyo organbinadroba saqarTveloSi? _ Cveni azriT, cxovrebis es wesi qveynis demografiuli krizisis paralelurad unda gaCeniliyo; es dro ki gviani Sua saukuneebia. magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoebac, rom migracias ori mxare aqvs. iyo ki imisaTvis mzad qarTli, rom imereTis (da sxva mxareebis) mosaxleoba mieRo? am kiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxi arsebobs, ris mizezebzedac qvemoT visaubrebT. migracia dasavleT saqarTvelodan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT saqarTvelos xangrZlivi istoriisaTvis Tanmdevi movlena iyo. magram is mxolod mudmivi gadasaxlebis saxiT ar xdeboda. saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo droebiTi migraciebic, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs garesamuSaoze siaruli. qarTlisa da kaxeTisaken droebiT samuSaoze moiswrafoda ara mxolod imereTis, aramed sxva mxareebis mosaxleobac. gansakuTrebiT am TvalsazrisiT gamoirCeoda rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos mTis mosaxleoba. svanebi saqarTvelos mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi ara mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos baris istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebSi Camodiodnen gare samuSaoze, aramed aRmosavleTsa (qarTli, kaxeTi) da 12 Iv. Javakhishvili. Sak'art'velos ekonomikuri istoriis dzeglebi. I. T'bilisi. 1967, pp. 224-226 (iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoriis Zeglebi. I. Tb. 1967, gv. 224-226). 13 R. Topchishvili. Sak'art'velos istoriul-et'nograp'iuli mkhareebi. T'bilisi. 2017, pp. 27-28 (r. TofCiSvili. saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebi. Tb. 2017, gv. 27-28). 14 R. Topchishvili. Sak'art'velos istoriul-et'nograp'iuli mkhareebi, p. 182 (r. TofCiSvili. saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebi, gv. 182). 63 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. XV samxreT saqarTveloSic. imereTSi terminic ki arsebobda `naqarTli~, romelic iseT kacs ewodeboda, romelic qarTlSi samuSaod daiareboda. imereTSi, raWasTan erTad, savarcxlebsac amzadebdnen, rasac qarTlsa da TbilisSi hyiddnen _ amas eTnolog juanSer sonRulaSvilis mier qarTlSi Cawerili leqsic mowmobs: `getyoba imereli xar, // zurgze gkidia gideli, // Sig savarcxlebi giwyvia, // qalaqSi gasayideli~. qarTlsa da kaxeTSi imereTidan samuSaod meWureebic dadiodnen. sainteresoa is faqti, rom aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi `Tav mamkals~, mkaSi moTaves, saukeTeso momkels `Tabagari~ rqmevia _ Tabagari xom zemo imereTis mkvidri gvaria. es faqtori ki Tavis mxriv xels uwyobda qarTuli eTnikuri erTobis konsolidacias da qarTveli eris Camoyalibebas. ufro meti _ svanur enaze metyvelTaTvis qarTuli enac mudmivad sasaubro ena iyo. ase rom, qarTvelTa gansaxlebis arealis arcerTi teritoriuli erTeuli karCaketili ar yofila, maT Soris, mTianeTic. geografiulbunebrivi garemo da landSafti am mxareebs amis saSualebas ar aZlevda. amaze yuradReba niko berZeniSvilma gaamaxvila: `karCaketili~ svaneTi gaugebrobaa. ra hqonda svanebs karCasaketi. isini xom yovelTvis barze iyvnen damokidebuli. maTi meurneoba (mesaqonleoba) swored am urTierTobis intensiurobas moiTxovda. ara marto mosaxleobis namati iZulebuli iyo barad Casuliyo da iq dajdoma ecada, mTaSi darCenilic ki iZulebuli iyo barTan kavSiri ar Seewyvita da bariT Tavi erCina. amis Sedegia, rom barelebi svanSi miwis muSas, arxebis ostatebs hgulisxmoben... mTa marTalia, barelisaTvis miudgomeli da `Caketili~ iyo, magram mTisaTvis bari arasodes Caketili ar yofila...~.15 aRniSnuls mxolod erTs davsZenT _ misi naTqvami saqarTvelos mTianeTis yvela istoriul-eTnografiul mxareze vrceldeba. mTielebisTvisac bari, da, pirvel rigSi, qarTli gamaerTianebeli iyo. mTielTa aseTi sameurneo-ekonomikuri kavSirebi garkveuli winapiroba iyo barSi Camosaxlebisa. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareTa mosaxleobis qarTlisaken migracia rom istoriis siRrmeSi warmoqmnili da mudmivi movlena iyo, amas 15 N. Berdzenishvili. Sak'art'velos istoriis sakit'khebi. T'bilisi. 1990, p. 427 (n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb. 1990, gv. 427). 64 roland TofCiSvili. qarTli – saqarTvelos centri, qarTveli eris Semkrebi da gamaerTianebeli qarTuli saistorio wyaroebic adasturebs. azo mcxeTaSi modis (Tu mohyavT) mosaxleobis garkveul nawilTan erTad `arian-qarTlidan~, anu ufro rom davakonkretoT, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelodan, klarjeTidan. visac SavSeT-klarjeTis landSafti unaxavs, misTvis es cxadi iqneba, radgan iq miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis vargisi saxnav-saTesi miwebis raodenoba uaReresad SezRudulia. ufro adrec, azomdec xdeboda es migraciebi samxreT saqarTvelodan. amis damadasturebeli ki toponimi mcxeTaa, romelsac safuZveli migrirebulma samcxelebma Cauyares (sxvaTa Soris, toponimi mcxeTa dasavleT saqarTveloSicaa, kerZod, leCxumSi). axla isic gavixsenoT, vin ibrZoda da iRwvoda saqarTvelos gasaerTianeblad, qarTli Tu ganapira teritoriuli erTeulebi? ratom Semodis egrisis mmarTveli quji farnavazTan kavSirSi `yoveli qarTlis~ samefos SemadgenlobaSi? (quji farnavazs mimarTavs: `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa, da Sen gmarTebs ufloba Cemi~), ratom ibrZvian qarTvelTa erT saxelmwifoSi gasaerTianeblad tao-klarjeTis qarTvelTa samefo da afxazeTis dasavleT qarTuli samefo? ratomaa am dros ganze gamdgari kaxeTis samefo da ratom ara aqvT interesi qarTlis mmarTvelT qarTuli mxareebis gasaerTianeblad da erT saxelmwifoSi cxovrebisaken? pasuxi martivia _ dasavleT saqarTvelosa da samxreT saqarTvelos mmarTvel feodalebs qarTlis nayofieri miwebis xelSi Cagdebis survili amoZravebT; maT samiwaTmoqmedo meurneobis farTod ganviTarebis saSualebas landSafti da klimati ar aZlevda (saamisod baRvaS-orbelTa, TmogvelTa, Torel-javaxiSvilTa, qaSibaZe-baraTaSvilebis, fanaskertel-ciciSvilaTa, SalikaSvilTa istoriis gaxsenebac sakmarisi iqneba). kaxeTs/hereT-kaxeTs ki marcvleuli kulturebisaTvis saWiro saxnav-saTesi miwebi sakmarisze meti raodenobiT hqonda da amitomac saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis misi mesveurni Tavs ar iwuxebdnen. qarTvelTa konsolidacidan mTis gamoTiSvac SeuZlebelia. zemoT svanebis Sesaxeb ukve aRvniSneT. analogiurad gare samuSaoze gasvla rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mimarTulebiT raWvelebisa da leCxumelebisaTvisac Cveulebrivi movlena iyo, romelSic CarTuli iyvnen aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielebic. am SemTxvevaSi mxolod erT faqts gavixseneb. esaa 1660 wlis baxtrionis ajanyeba. 65 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. XV mterTa qmedebebiT kaxeTis mosaxleoba am dros ukve demografiuli TvalsazrisiT did kriziss ganicdida (mosaxleobis brZolaSi gawyveta, mwarmoebeli mosaxleobis didi raodenobiT ayra da sparseTSi gadasaxleba). TiTqos danarCen kaxeTsac aRmosavleT kaxeTis (saingilos) bedi unda gaeziarebina, magram mxsnelad kaxeTs mTis mosaxleoba moevlina. ram aiZula mTielebi baxtrionis ajanyebis monawileni gamxdariyvnen da faqtobrivad kaxeTisaTvis qarTuli eTnikuroba SeenarCunebinaT? _ im sameurneo-ekonomikurma kavSirebma, romelic mTasa da bars Soris arsebobda, raSic saxelmwifos CarTuloba sakmaod didi iyo. mTielebi kargavdnen saarsebo saSualebas _ baris sazamTro saZovrebs. sazamTro saZovrebis gareSe ki adgilobrivi mTuri sameurneo saSualebebiT arseboba SeuZlebeli iyo. amas emateba is venaxebi, romlebic mTielebs da maT jvar-xat-salocavebs saxelmwifos mier hqondaT boZebuli. Tu gadavxedavT, kaxeTis mosaxleobas, aRmovaCenT, rom aq adgilobrivi Zveli kaxuri mosaxleobis STamomavalni mcire raodenobiT arian. kaxeTSi Tavmoyrilia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva istoriul-eTnografiuli mxaris mosaxleoba, gansakuTrebiT, mTielebi da dasavleT saqarTvelodan migrirebulebi. XVIII saukunis saistorio sabuTebi kaxeTSi qarTlidan mosaxleobis migraciaze Tvalyuris gadevnebis saSualebasac iZleva (magaliTad, 1771 wlis arziT irkveva, rom mejudas xeobis mosaxleoba mejvrisxevs zemoT TiTqmis mTlianad ayrila).16 im dros qarTls xom Tavad hqonda demografiuli problema, raRaze migrirdebodnen isini kaxeTSi? mizezi mravalia; es iyo yizilbaSoba da osmaloba, agreTve lekianobas plius osianoba (froneebis xeobis qarTvelTagan daclis mizezi swored rom osianoba iyo). mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo isic, rom mcenaris vegetacia kaxeTSi sakmaod adre iwyeba, vidre Sida qarTlSi. magram kvlav kiTxva ismis _ analogiuri demografiuli faqti mxolod gvian Sua saukuneebSi moxda? _ es procesi mosaxleobis migraciisa mudmivad mimdinareobda. kiTxva gaCndeba _ rogor urigdeboda qarTlis feodaluri sazogadoeba yma-glexebis sxva mxareSi gadasaxlebas? aRniSnuli sabuTebis simravle swored im 16 K'art'uli samart'lis dzeglebi. tomi VII. T'bilisi. 1981, pp. 18, 27, 42, 43, 49, 59, 61, 103, 123, 191, 225, 339, 486, 614, 644, 726, 781, 806 (qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. tomi VII. Tb. 1981, gv. 18, 27, 42, 43, 49, 59, 61, 103, 123, 191, 225, 339, 486, 614, 644, 726, 781, 806). 66 roland TofCiSvili. qarTli – saqarTvelos centri, qarTveli eris Semkrebi da gamaerTianebeli faqtiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom Tavad-aznauroba kaxeTSi gadasaxlebulebs eZebda. rogorc irkveva, kaxeTis mosaxleoba qarTlidan gadasaxlebul-gadaxvewilebs icavda. amis damadasturebeli friad sayuradRebo faqtia aRwerili 1788 wlis arzaSi: `... saqarTvelos patriarqis Wiri mosces maTs monas ciciSvils zazas. amas movaxsenebT, rom erTi kombli kaci myvanda, wavkisidan ameyara, xaSmzeda Cavida. ager erTi kvirea Cavedi me, xaSmelebma xizani saydarSi Seiyvanes da kacebi iaraRiT wverzed agzavnes, iqauri Rvdlebi qomagad yavsT im Cems kacebs~.17 1762 wels Sida qarTleli Tavadi zaal daviTiSvili mefe erekle meores mimarTavda: `RmerTman ase Tqvens mters gauWiros, rogorc me saqme miWirdes. xom mogexseneba, Cvens mamulSi cecxli aRar anTia. aRarc yma dagvrComia, rac leks mourCa, daifantnen. erTi kaci myvanda surams, isic xom damekarga, aRaravin myams~.18 moyvanili dokumentebi adasturebs, rom qarTlis Tavadaznaroba gvian Sua saukuneebSi mwarmoeblis, yma-glexis kriziss ganicdida _ qarTlSi seriozuli demografiuli problema iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom aq dasavleT saqarTvelodan intensiuri migraciuli procesi mimdinareobda. kaxeTis msgavsi analogiuri viTareba iyo qarTlSic. am process Sida qarTlsa da qvemo qarTlSi sxvadasxvagvarad unda SevxedoT. qvemo qarTlis samxreT sazRvarTan arsebobam da gansxvavebulma landSaftma faqtobrivad gansazRvra misi bedi. Zveli qarTuli mosaxleoba aq SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT SemorCa, bevri ki somxur-grigorinuli konfesiis mimdevari gaxda. sasazRvro zolTan siaxlove da landSafti aq qarTuli mosaxleobis bunebriv aRwarmoebas faqtobrivad xels uSlida. adgilobriv mosaxleobas qvemo qarTlSi Rrma da tyiani xeobebis ararsebobis gamo Tavis Sefarebis iseTi saSualeba ar hqonda rogorc Sida qarTlSi. agreTve qvemo qarTlis landSafti naxevradmomTabare Turqulenovan mosaxleobas ufro izidavda, vidre Sida qarTli. rac Seexeba Sida qarTls, aq Zveli istoriidan dawyebuli migraciuli procesebi ar Sewyvetila. SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom aqac adgilobrivi Zveli qarTlelebi umiSvnelo raodenobiT arian Se17 Dokumentebi sak'art'velos sotsialuri istoriidan. II. T'bilisi. 1953, p. 143 (dokumentebi saqarTvelos socialuri istoriidan. II. Tb. 1953, gv. 143). 18 Iv. Javakhishvili. Sak'art'velos ekonomik'uri istoriis dzeglebi. II. T'bilisi. 1974, p. 102 (iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoriis Zeglebi. II. Tb. 1974, gv. 102). 67 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. XV morCenili. iseve rogorc kaxeTi, Sida qarTlic Sida migraciulma procesebma ixsna. Sida qarTlSi es migaciuli talRebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebisa iyo. aq migrirdebodnen ara mxolod mTielebi da dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, aramed mters gamoridebuli samxreT saqarTvelos mosaxleobac. am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos es centraluri teritoriuli erTeuli SeiZleba pirobiTad or nawilad davyoT _ goridan aRmosavleTiT ZiriTadad saqarTvelos mTidan CamosaxlebulTa STamomavlebi sWarboben, goridan dasavleTiT ki _ dasavleT saqarTvelodan gadmosaxlebulTa STamomavlebi. Tumca qarTlSi didi raodenobiTaa javaxeTidan migrirebulTa STamoamavlebic (javaxeTi rogorc qvemo qarTlTan, ise Sida qarTlTan mokle gzebiT iyo dakavSirebuli). dasavleT saqarTvelodan qarTlSi mosaxleobis uwyveti migraciis dasadastureblad SeiZleba davimowmoT 1715 wlis ruisis samwysos davTari. davTarSi Setanilia ZiriTadad DdRevandeli xaSurisa da qarelis raionebis soflebi, agreTve froneebis xeoba, romelic sabWoTa periodis znauris raions moicavda. irkveva, rom Sida qarTlis ruisis samwysoSi Semavali mosaxleoba XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTvelodan iyo migrirebuli. magram sul raRac erTi saukunis Semdeg, XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi davTarSi moxseniebuli gvarebi aRniSnul soflebSi ukve aRar mosaxleobdnen (mxolod TiTo-orola gvariRa iyo SemorCenili, isic umniSvnelo raodenobiT). sofelTa nawili nasoflarad iqca, nawilSi ki ukve axali migrantebi mosaxleobdnen, romlebic aseve dasavleT saqarTvelodan iyvnen migrirebuli. dasavleT saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT, qarTlSi (da kaxeTSic) mosaxleoba rom xSirad icvleboda amas is faqtic adasturebs, rom yvelaze didi 40 qarTuli gvari dasavlurqarTulia.19 ram gamoiwvia mosaxleobis cvla? _ sagareo faqtorma (osmalobam, yizilbaSobam da gansakuTrebiT lekianobam) sagareo faqtori (osmaleTis imperiasTan sazRvari) xels uSlida dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis migracias Toris mxareSi. ruseTis mier axalcixis SemoerTebam Toris promlemac gadawyvita. imereTisa da sxva mxareebis mosaxleobam intensiuri dasaxlkareba daiwyo borjomis xeobaSi.20 ase rom, 19 R. Topchishvili. sakhelebis et'nologia da istoria. T'bilisi. 2010, p. 244 (r. TofCiSvili. saxelebis eTnologia da istoria. Tb. 2010, gv. 244). 20 R. Topchishvili. Dasavlet' sak'art'velos mosakhleobis migratsiis shesakheb istoriuli t'oris 68 roland TofCiSvili. qarTli – saqarTvelos centri, qarTveli eris Semkrebi da gamaerTianebeli dasavleT saqarTvelo da saqarTvelos mTianeTi mudmivad amaragebda qarTls mosaxleobiT. saqarTvelos mxareebi erTmaneTs avsebdnen. Tavdapirvelad qarTlisaken swrafvas ekonomikuri faqtorebi ganapirobebda, Semdeg migracias qarTlSi xels uwyobda sagareo faqtori, katastrofiuli demografiuli viTareba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTli (da, saerTod, saqarTvelo) gadaarCines sxva istoriul-eTnografiulma mxareebma, am mxareebis namatma mosaxleobam, im mxareebma, sadac mteri bunebriv-geografiuli faqtorebis gamo saerTod ver Sedioda. kiTxva ismis: Sida qarTlisa da kaxeTis mimarTulebiT mTielTa da dasavleTqarTvelTa gadmosaxlebani mxolod erTjeradad moxda, Tu is mudmivi procesi iyo? _ aseTi migraciuli procesebi ar Sewyvetila saqarTvelos mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi _ qarTli, kaxeTTan erTad, gadaarCina im istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebis mosaxleobam, romlebic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi koncentrirdebodnen centraluri provinciis garSemo, romlis landSafti da saxvnel-saTesi miwis didi farTobebi izidavda TiTqmis yvela qarTvels da SeiZleba iTqvas yvela klasis warmomadgenels (rogorc glexs, ise feodals). qarTlis am rols gansazRvravda Semdegi mizezebi: centraluri mdebareoba, savarguli miwebi, mokle damakavSirebeli gzebi, romlebic miemarTeboda kaxeTisaken, dasavleT saqarTvelosaken da samxreT saqarTvelosaken. qarTlis barze da mTianeTze gadioda CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan damakavSirebeli gzac. kidev erTi kiTxva gaCndeba: ratom ver uzrunvelyo zemoT dasaxelebulma mosaxleobam qvemo qarTlis, kaxeTis aRmosavleT nawilis dasaxleba-aTviseba, anda ratom Semovida dacarielebul adgilebze ucxo eTnikuri erToba, magaliTad, rogorebic osebi arian? sanapiro `qveynebi~ am mxriv naklebad mimzidveli iyo _ mteri pirvelad aq Semodioda da mwarmoebels Tavis Sefarebis naklebi saSualeba hqonda. ratom veRar moevlina mSvelelad dasavleT saqarTvelosa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis mosaxleoba? dadga dro da dasavleT saqarTvelom, ufro swored, imereTma da raWam es misia veRar Seasrula da `mSvemkhareshi (borjomis raioni). Gelat'is metsnierebat'a akademiis shromebi. V. T'bilisi. 2019, pp. 303-348 (r. TofCiSvili. dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis migraciis Sesaxeb istoriuli Toris mxareSi (borjomis raioni). gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis Sromebi. V. Tb. 2019, gv. 303-348). 69 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. XV lelis~ rolSi sxva, ucxo eTnosi mogvevlina. eseni osebi iyvnen, romlebmac jer dvaleTi da Sida qarTlis mTianeTi daikaves, mogvianebiT ki aqedan baris soflebSic mniSvnelovani raodenobiT dasaxldnen. ratom miecaT osebs Tavisuflad dasaxlebis SesaZlebloba? Tu vaxuSti bagrations gavixsenebT, is osTa mier Sida qarTlis mTianeTis dakavebas imas miawers, rom es ukanaskneli geografiuli erTeuli adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobis mier erTjeradad mitovebuli iqna da osebs aq nasoflarebze dasaxleba uxdebodaT: `xolo raodenni osni davswereT am adgilebTa Sina, pirvelad saxlebulan qarTvelni glexni. Semdgomad mepatroneTa maTTgan gardmosaxlebulan osni, da qarTvelni barTa Sina Camosulan, vinaOTgan mterTagan bars Sina kacni Semcirebulan~.21 aSkaraa, rom Sida qarTlis barSi demografiuli TvalsazrisiT imdenad kritikuli viTareba Seiqmna, rom qarTveli feodalebi iZulebuli iyvnen Sida qarTlis mTasa da dvaleTSi mcxovrebi TavianTi ymebi jgufurad da erTdroulad barSi CamoesaxlebinaT. kiTxva Cndeba: ratom ayares Sida qarTlis mTielebi saxelmwifom da Tavad-aznaurobam? ratom aRar iqna gamoyenebuli meore rezervi, romelic dasavleT saqarTvelodan moemarTeboda, saidanac mudmivad xdeboda bunebrivi namatis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baris regionebSi gadasaxleba? ratom veRar mieSvela dasavleT saqarTvelo (gansakuTrebiT imereTi, raWa) mTas? mizezi sagareo faqtori iyo. cnobilia, rom qarTvel ers aunazRaurebeli danaklisi miayena Temur-lengis Semosevebma (1386-1403 ww.). merve laSqrobis dros (1403 w.) Temur-lengma imereTsa da raWaSic moaxerxa Sesvla da sparseli mematianes aRniSvniT, daaxloebiT Svidasi daba, yana da monasteri iqna darbeuli da gaZarculi~. erTi sityviT rom vTqvaT, imereTma da raWam mosaxleobis didi danaklisi ganicada. ase rom, karga xnis ganmavlobaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos aRniSnulma mxarebma aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baris mosaxleobiT momarageba veRar SeZlo, ramac gamoiwvia dvaleTidan da Sida qarTlis mTianeTidan barSi mosaxleobis erTdrouli jgufuri gadasaxleba. am faqtma ki, Tavis mxriv, xelfexi gauxsna CrdiloeTidan Semosul osur eTnikur erTobas, romelsac migraciisas faqtobrivad winaaRmdego21 Kartlis tskhovreba. tomi IV. t'bilisi. 1973, pp. 363-364 (qarTlis cxovreba. tomi IV. Tb. 1973, gv. 363-364). 70 roland TofCiSvili. qarTli – saqarTvelos centri, qarTveli eris Semkrebi da gamaerTianebeli ba aRar xvdeboda. aRniSnuli demografiuli viTarebis SeqmnaSi didi roli 1348 wlis epidemiamac iTamaSa, romelic `didi sikvdilobai~-s saxeliTaa cnobili. cnobilia, rom yvela eTnoss misTvis damaxasiaTebeli eTnikuri struqtura gaaCnia. originaluri eTnikuri struqturis matarebeli iyo qarTuli eTnosic _ sakuTriv qarTul saliteraturo enaze molaparake teritoriul erTeulebs garda, masSi megrulad da svanurad metyveli teritoriul-lokaluri erTeulebic Sediodnen da Sedian. qarTuli eTnosis am struqturis Seqmnac geografiulma faqtorma ganapiroba. samegrelosa da svaneTis mosaxleobas adgilobrivi landSafti aiZulebda mWidro sameurneo-ekonomikuri kavSirurTierToba hqonoda saqarTvelos danarCen istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebTan. am ganapira mxareebis mosaxleoba mudmivad miiswrafoda saqarTvelos centraluri mxarisaken _ qarTlisaken. aq saxvnel-saTesi miwisa da saZovarsaTibebis didi raodenoba iyo. qarTlis centralurma mdebareobam da landSaftma ganapiroba qarTluri dialeqtis yvela qarTvelis saliteraturo enad gadaqceva. qarTlis teritoria megrulad da svanurad metyvelTa gansaxlebis areali rom yofiliyo, qarTuli eTnosis saliteraturo, saxelmwifo da saRvTismetyvelo ena an megruli iqneboda, an svanuri. ase rom, qarTvelTa eTnikuri struqtura geografiuli garemos Seqmnilia _ mis struqturul erTeulebs erTmaneTis gareSe arseboba ar SeeZloT, geografia maT ekonomikur mizidulobas ganapirobebda. es ki eTnikuri konsolidaciis safuZveli iyo22. amrigad, qarTli iyo qarTvelTa Semkrebi da gamaerTianebeli, rasac gansazRvravda bunebriv-geografiuli, landSafturi faqtorebi, razedac Tavis mxriv, damokidebuli iyo TiToeuli mxaris da saerTod qveynis sameurneo-ekonomikuri ganviTareba. amave faqtorma ganapiroba qarTuli eTnikuri erTeulis erad (naciad) Camoyalibeba, qarTuli saliteraturo da saRvTismetyvelo enis formireba, dedaqalaqis qarTlSi arseboba. qarTlis (agreTve kaxeTis) eTnikuri gadarCenac mis irgvliv (axlos da SedarebiT daSorebulma) mdebare mxareebma moaxdines. 22 R. Topchishvili. Geograpiuli garemo da kavkasielt'a et'nikuri kultura. T'bilisi. 2018, p. 100 (r. TofCiSvili. geografiuli garemo da kavkasielTa eTnikuri kultura. Tb. 2018, gv. 100). 71 saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. XV Roland Topchishvili Academician, Gelati Academy of the Sciences, Georgia KARTLI – THE CENTER OF GEORGIA AND GEORGIANS Summary The Georgian ethnic unit consisted of various territorial units. These local units had their original names. The abundance of territorial units was caused by the geographical factors. Over time, the same geographical factor led to the unification of Georgians, which also led to their aspiration for a united state organization. As a result of this aspiration, a common name “Kartveli”Georgian was produced and then we got the name of the country “Sakartvelo” Georgia from this ethnonym. This occurred due to the fact that one of the territorial units of Georgia, called Kartli, was located in the midst of Georgia. Along with this factor, the landscape and natural-geographical environment had determinant importance. The physical geography of almost every historicalethnographic parts of Georgia was diverse. They differed from each other in: elevation, deep and relatively shallow valleys, sloping mountains, forest cover, the amount of arable lands, protection and terms of sun light. The landscape and natural-geographic environment of Georgia in fact created unique and different economic forms. None of the territorial units could exist independently- they complemented each other in this respect; what one had didn’t have the other. Mutual compatibility was the consequence of the history of Georgia and the Georgian nation. The historical and ethnographic parts of Georgia were in close economic union with each other which was a solid basis for the consolidation of the Georgian people. Consolidation was taking place around Kartli. Kartli was the shortest route to the Southern Georgia. Different historical and ethnographic parts of Georgia were linked to each other with Kartli. The population of Kartli, due to an exogenous factor, often used to reach a critical threshold. In this case, the rescuers of Kartli were those territorial units where the enemy could not be included. As a result of the migration of the increasing population of the highlands and the western Georgia – the population in Kartli was reproduced. Thus, Kartli was not only a region in the center of Georgia, but also the region gathering and uniting of Georgians. The natural72 roland TofCiSvili. qarTli – saqarTvelos centri, qarTveli eris Semkrebi da gamaerTianebeli geographic and landscape factors, in turn, have led to the formation of Georgian ethnic unit as a nation, the formation of the Georgian literary and theological language, the existence of the capital in Kartli. 73