ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti saqarTvelos istoriis instituti naTia fifia elinuri eqsperimenti dasavleT saqarTveloSi – berZnuli axalSenebi (genezisi, istoria) Tbilisi gamomcemloba `meridiani~ 1 monografiaSi ganxilulia dasavleT saqarTvelos berZnuli koloniebis genezisisa da istoriis sakiTxebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba sxvadasxva periodSi maTi statusis kvlevas, rac kompleqsurad aris Seswavlili. amasTan, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia iseT sakiTxebze, romelTac istoriografiaSi aqamde naklebi yuradReba eqceoda. wigni gankuTvnilia rogorc specialistebisaTvis, ise saqarTvelos istoriiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvis. redaqtori: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori Tedo dundua recenzentebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori Temur Todua istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori vaxtang liCeli proeqti `elinuri eqsperimenti dasavleTY saqarTveloSi~ ganxorcielda SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis mier dafinansebuli axalgazrda mecnierTaTvis prezidentis samecniero grantis (# 12/44) meSveobiT. arakomerciuli gamocema © naTia fifia, 2013 © gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2013 yvela ufleba daculia 2 sarCevi Sesavali ........................................................................................................................... 1 wyaroebi da istoriografia ........................................................................ 4 a) naratiuli wyaroebi .............................................................. 5 b) epigrafika .................................................................................. 5 g) numizmatika ............................................................................... 5 d) keramikuli nawarmi ............................................................... 5 e) istoriografia ........................................................................ 5 elinuri eqsperimentis dasawyisi kolxeTis sanapiroze – berZnuli kolonizaciis mizezebi da miznebi .................. 4 polisi, emporia, kleruxia ............................................................................ 4 fazisi – genezisi, istoria (Zv. w. VI-I ss.) ................................ 4 dioskuria _ genezisi, istoria (Zv. w. VI-I ss.)......................... 4 gienosi – sezonuri emporioni ............................................................... 4 fiWvnari – genezisi, istoria (Zv. w. VI-II ss.) ......................... 4 didi pitiunti – berZnuli kolonia? ................................................ 4 daskvna ................................................................................................................................. 4 Summary ................................................................................................ 4 literatura ................................................................................................................ 4 SemoklebaTa sia ..................................................................................................... 4 3 4 Sesavali dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnuli kolonizaciis sakiTxi Seswavlis sagani araerTgzis gamxdara istoriografiaSi. Cven miznad davisaxeT Segveswavla kolxeTis teritoriis berZnuli kolonizacia saerToberZnuli sakolonizacio moZraobis WrilSi. pirvel rigSi, Cveni interesis sagania: 1) rodis, rogor da ra viTarebaSi daarsda berZnuli axalSenebi saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi _ anu koloniebis genezisis rogorc zogadi, aseve konkretuli mizezebi. gansakuTrebiT _ ra miznebi amoZravebdaT berZnebs da ramdenad SeiZleboda, rom kolxebs hqonodaT interesi aq berZnuli koloniebis daarsebisa. 2) rogor viTardebodnen berZnuli koloniebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi, ra saxis ekonomikuri urTierToba SeiZleboda hqonodaT adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan – riTi vaWrobdnen da ras awarmoebdnen. 3) berZnuli koloniebis kvdomis mizezebi – ramdenad iyo es dakavSirebuli sagareo impulsebTan an adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan maTi urTierTobiT. 4) berZnuli koloniebis statusi dasavleT saqarTveloSi – ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom es axalSenebi iyo polisebi, emporionebi an kleruxiebi. garda amisa, SeviswavleT rigi sakiTxebisa, romelTac naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda aqamde istoriografiaSi, mag., nenskra-enguris arteriis magaliTze ganxilulia Tu rogor, ra xerxebiT unda gaziduliyo xe-tye berZnebis mier dasavleT saqarTvelodan. 5 aqve aRvniSnavT, rom pitiuntis/biWvinTis statusi, rogorc berZnuli koloniisa, dReisaTvis arsebuli monacemebiT sagrZnoblad saeWvoa. Tumca radganac pitiunti dResac ki zogjer aris aRqmuli, rogorc berZnuli kolonia, naSromSi sagangebod SevexebiT am sakiTxsac. naSromis pirvel nawilSi ganxilulia zogadad berZnuli kolonizaciis mizezebi da Sedegebi – dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnuli axalSenebis daarsebis zogadi konteqsti. aseve, zogadad ra statusi SeiZleboda sxvadasxva dros hqonoda kolxeTis berZnul koloniebs. calcalke ganvixilavT kolxeTis sxvadasxva berZnuli axalSenis (fazisi, dioskuria, gienosi, fiWvnari) geneziss da istorias, gansakuTrebiT aqcentirebulia maTi politikuri statusi. Semdeg ganxilulia pitiuntis sakiTxi. naSromis bolos mimoxilulia kolxeTis berZnuli koloniebis dakninebis da kvdomis mizezebi da Semdeg am procesebiT gamowveuli Sedegebi. 6 wyaroebi da istoriografia Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT pirvelwyaroebs. es wyaroebi, wyaroTmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiT, ukve Seswavlilia maTi gamomcemlebis mier, Cven maTi zogadi wyaroTmcodneobiTi Rirebulebis Sesaxeb yuradRebas ar gavamaxvilebT. gvainteresebs mxolod Cveni sakvlevi TematikisTvis am wyaroebs ra Rirebuleba da nakli gaaCnia maTi warmoSobidan da miznidan gamomdinare. sul antikuri periodis dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb 40-mde berZeni Tu romaeli avtori gvawvdis informacias, aqedan Cven mimovixilavT mxolod im avtorebs da Txzulebebs, romlebic CvenTvis saintereso informacias Seicaven. a) naratiuli wyaroebi hekateos mileteli (Zv. w. VI-V ss.). hekateosis cnobebis Rirebulebas CvenTvis warmoadgens is, rom masTan moxeniebulia fazisi, Tumca ar Cans misi statusi – aris Tu ra is qalaqi. aseve sainteresoa zogadi koniunqtura, romelic hekateosis mixedviT Cans dasavleT saqarTveloSi – koraqsebi, kolebi da sxva tomebi dasaxelebuli arian, magram ar aris arsad moxseniebuli `elinuri~ qalaqebi (Латышев 1947). herodote (Zv.w. V s.). herodotes uSualod dasavleT saqarTvelos arcerTi qalaqi ar dausaxelebia, Tumca misi cnobebi mniSvnelovania CvenTvis imiT, rom misi meSveobiT vigebT berZnebis warmodgenis Sesaxeb, Tu ra iyo evropa da ra – azia, Sesabamisad, zogadad, berZenTa azriT, sanamde SeiZleboda gavrcelebuliyo elinTa dasaxlebani da Sedioda Tu ara evropis nawilSi dasavleT saqarTvelo (yauxCiSvili 1975). 7 qsenofonte (Zv. w. V-IV s.). qsenofontes anabazisis upirvelesi Rirebuleba CvenTvis isaa, rom am wyarodan vigebT saberZneTsa da kolxeTs Soris monaTvaWrobis arsebobis Sesaxeb (Xenoph. Anab. IV, 8, 4-5). magram Tavad wyaro ar gvaZlevs srul suraTs, monebs Tavad kolxebi yididnen, Tu berZnebs mihyavdaT ZaliT. aseve am wyaros Rirsebas Cveni kvlevisTvis warmoadgens trapezuntis, kerasuntis da kotioras elinur qalaqebad moxsenieba, rac komparativistikis meTodiT kvlevisas SavizRvispireTSi elinur qalaqebad moxeniebuli qalaqebis statusis garkvevisTvis saintereso informacias warmoadgens. nakli, samwuxarod, isaa, rom qsenofonte mxolod samxreT SavizRvispireTis sanapiroze mogzaurobda Tavisi miznidan gamomdinare. mas ar uwevda gzad aRmosavleTY SavizRvispireTis gavla da, Sesabamisad, arc misi aRwera moucia (Xenoph. Anab. IV, 8, 22; V, 3, 2-3; V, 5, 3) aqedan gamomdinare, ramdenad frTxilad unda gamoviyenoT komparativistuli meTodi, dazustebiT Znelia Tqma (miqelaZe 1967). aristotele (Zv. w. IV s.). aristotelesTan daculia cnoba, rom swored miletelebma daarses SavizRvispireTSi brwyinvale qalaqebi da iqvea miniSnebuli isic, rom Semdeg isini, yvelani, ukan miletSi gaiqcnen isev. am wyaros nakli isaa, rom aristotele miletelebis ukan `gaqcevis~ mizezs ar uTiTebs da, Sesabamisad, Tavsatexad tovebs sakiTxs, Tu ra igulisxmeba am `gaqcevaSi~ _ aTenelebis mier miletelebis gamodevna da aq Tavisi hegemonobis damyareba, Tu miletelebis mier Tavisi nebiT am midamoebis datoveba im mizeziT, rom maTi mcdeloba, aq qalaqis daarsebisa, Cavarda. aristotelesTan 8 Semonaxulia aseve mniSvnelovani cnoba faziselTa politeiis Sesaxeb (yauxCiSvili 19691). heraklide (Zv. w. IV s.). heraklides damsaxurebiT CvenTvis cnobilia informacia, rom fasisi daarses miletelebma. aseve man Semogvinaxa cnoba imis Taobaze, rom gemdaRupulebs fasiselebi aZlevdnen 3 mnas. nakli am cnobisa isaa, rom ar Cans zustad rodis daarses miletelebma fasisi an kidev 3 mnas fasiselebi gemdaRupulebs Cuqnidnen Tu droebiT sesxadD aZlevdnen. Sesabamisad, Cven ar SegviZlia zustad vimsjeloT imis Taobaze, fasiselebi valdebulebi iyvnen miletelebs daxmarebodnen Tu maTTan arsebobda savaxSo kapitali. am cnobis sizuste met sicxades Seitanda CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebSi. misi fragmentulobis gamo, igi arasrul informacias gvawvdis. Tumca, siRrmiseuli Seswavlis Sedegad SesaZlebelia garkveuli mosazrebebis gamoTqma. am cnobasTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSnavT, rom SesaZloa esec aristoteles miekuTvnebodes, amitomac zogjer fsevdo aristoteledac moixsenieben, Tumca mas ufro heraklides miaweren da Cvenc varCieT, calke mogvexsniebina (yauxCiSvili 1969). fsevdo-skilaqs kariandeli (Zv. w. IV s.). fsevdoskilaqsis cnobebis Rirebulebas CvenTvis warmoadgens is, rom igi ixseniebs dioskurias, elinur qalaqebs gienossa da fasiss. aqedan Cans, rom fsevdo-skilaqsis, an misi wyaroebis1 droisTvis gienosi da fasisi elinuri qalaqebi arian. marTalia, zustad termin `elinuris~ gansazRvreba skilaqsis mixedviT ar Cans, rac SeiZleba wyaros naklad CaiTvalos. Tumca Tu 1 fsevdo-skilaqsi savaraudod Tavisi Txzulebis werisas eyrdnoboda hekateos miletelis an skilaqs kariandelis Txzulebas 9 gaviTvaliswinebT sxva romeli qalaqebi moixsenia man elinurad (apolonia, mesembria, Teodosia, Temiskira, heraklea da sxv.), Sedarebis gziT SegviZlia davadginoT, ras gulisxmobs is definiciaSi – `elinuri~. am sakiTxze msjelobisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom iseT qalaqs, rogoricaa qalkedonia, skilaqsi ixseniebs mxolod qalaqad da mis elinurobaze ar saubrobs. sainteresoa isic, rom dioskuria masTan aseve mxolod qalaqia, gansxvavebiT gienosisa da fasisisgan, romlebic elinur qalaqebad arian moxseniebuli. es faqti gvaZlevs saintereso daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas (yauxCiSvili 1967). hipokrate (Zv. w. IV s.). avtori Tavis TxzulebaSi `haerTa, wyalTa da adgilTa Sesaxeb~ gvawvdis cnobebs faziselTa janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. amis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, ra pirobebSi cxovrobdnen faziselebi imxanad da Sesabamisad, ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom maT masiur avadmyofobas gavlena moexdina maT ekonomikur saqmianobaze. am avtoris cnobebis Rirsebasac Cveni kvlevisTvis swored es warmoadgens (yauxCiSvili 1965). skimnos qioseli (Zv. w. II s.). skimnos qioselisTvis SavizRvispireTSi ar arsebobs elinuri qalaqi, garda xersonesisa. sainteresoa, rom igi maincdamainc iseT qalaqs asaxelebs elinurad, romelsac TviTonve ixseniebs koloniis koloniad, anu subkoloniad (yauxCiSvili 1967). polibiosi (Zv. w. II s.). polibiosi uSualod kolxeTis qalaqebis Sesaxeb ar gvawvdis informacias, magram masTan daculia cnobebi pontospireTis qveynebidan Taflis, cvilis da damarilebuli Tevzis importis, aseve zeTisa da Rvinis eqsportis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, puris, rogorc eqsportis, aseve importis Sesaxeb. 10 polibiosi gvawvdis saintereso cnobas, rom Zv. w. 219 w. rodoselebsa da bizantionelebs Soris dadebuli zavis Tanaxmad, `bizantionelebs ar unda gadaexdevinebinaT xarki maTTvis, vinc pontoSi Sevidoda, xolo rodoselebsa da mokavSireebs mSvidobianoba unda daecvaT bizantionelebis mimarT~ (Polyb. IV, 38, 1. 4.). am wyaros gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod zogadad SavizRvispireTis istoriasTan kavSirSi (Shuckburgh 1889). dionisios halikarnaseli (Zv. w. I s.). dionisios halikarnaselis cnobebis Rirebulebas warmoadgens is, rom misi meSveobiT Cven gvaqvs dokumenturad dadasturebuli cnoba, rom SavizRvispireTSi Zv. w. V s-Si 68 wlis ganmavlobaSi (472-402 ww.) aTenelebi batonobdnen. magram wyaros nakli is aris, rom ar uTiTebs konkretulad, romel qalaqebze batonobdnen aTenelebi, Sediodnen Tu ara kolxeTis qalaqebi konkretulad aTenis sazRvao kavSirSi, ixdidnen Tu ara foross da sxv. (yauxCiSvili 1976). diodore sicilieli (Zv.w. I - ax.w. I ss.). am avtorTan ar aris moxseniebuli kolxeTis arcerTi qalaqi, rac SeiZleba CvenTvis naklad CaiTvalos, Tumca mas aqvs ganmarteba mocemuli, rom mis dros kolxeTi aRiqmeboda aziad, gansxvavebiT adreuli avtorebisgan, romelTaTvisac kolxeTis nawili warmoadgenda evropas, xolo nawili azias. am wyaros Rirseba Cveni kvlevisTvis isaa, rom vigebT diodores dros rogori damokidebuleba arsebobda kolxeTis mimarT – aRiqmeboda Tu ara is antikuri ekonomikuri sistemebis suplementad (yauxCiSvili 1976). straboni (Zv. w. I - ax. w. I). misi cnobebi Rirebulia Cveni kvlevisTvis imiT, rom SegviZlia danamdvilebiT davinaxoT – strabonis dros dioskuria, fazisi ar 11 ixseniebian elinur qalaqebad, Sesabamisad, viciT, rom viTareba am qalaqebSi gasul saukuneebTan da zogadi koniunqturac, SedarebiT Secvlilia. strabonis Txzulebis Rirebulebas warmoadgens aseve isic, rom gvawvdis cnobas ionielebis mier SavizRvispireTSi qalaqebis daarsebis Sesaxeb (Strabo III, 3, 6, 1). Tumca nakli isaa, rom yovel konkretul qalaqTan mimarTebaSi ar azustebs, TuU romel qalaqs gulisxmobs metropoliad. strabonis cnobebi Rirebulia imiTac, rom aq daculia aramxolod misi Tanadrouli, aramed sxva, ufro adrindeli, avtorebis cnobebi, magaliTad, dioskuriis moxseniebis Sesaxeb cnobebi strabons aRebuli aqvs Zv. w. III s. avtorisgan, eratosTenesgan (Strabo, I. 3), da Zv. w. II-I ss-is mijnis avtor artemidoresgan (Strabo, XI, 2, 16). Sesabamisad, dioskuria naratiul wyaroebSi dadasturebulad arsebobs, rogorc mesame (eratosTene), ise II-I (artemidore) saukuneTa mijnaze (yauxCiSvili 1957). pomponius mela (I s. I nax). pomponius melas cnobebis Rirsebas Cveni kvlevisTvis is warmoadgens, rom swored is mogviTxrobs fazisis oikistis, Temistagora miletelis, Sesaxeb (Pomp. mela, de chron. 1, 19, 108). aseve kastorisa da poluqsis mier dioskuriis daarsebis Sesaxeb (Pomp. mela, de chron. 1, 19, 111). am wyaros nakli isaa, rom mag., kalatisi mas gamohyavs, rogorc miletelTa kolonia (Pomp. mela, de chron. II, 2, 22), maSin rodesac danamdvilebiT viciT, rom kalatisi pontos herakleis koloniaa, is ki, Tavis mxriv, megarisa. Sesabamisad, kalatisi aramcTu miletelTa kolonia araa, aramed saerTod ioniuri qalaqi araa SavizRvispireTSi. es faqtobrivi Secdoma eWvqveS ayenebs saerTod Temistagora miletelTan dakavSirebiT fazisis oikistis Sesaxeb cnobis 12 sinamdvilis sakiTxs. SesaZloa, pomponius melas (an SeiZleba misi wyaros) koncefcia zogadad, mTeli SavizRvispireTis mileteli oikistebiT dasaxlebaa, rac, TavisTavad ukve wyaros sandoobas eWvqveS ayenebs. Tumca, Tu am cnobas SevujerebT sxva wyaroebiT fazisis miletis mier daarsebis Sesaxeb cnobebs (mag., ariane), is ufro met damajereblobas iZens, miT ufro, rom mag. qersonesi doriuli koloniaa, magram ioniuri xanis arqeologiuri fenebi iqac aris dadasturebuli da SesaZloa kalatisis SemTxvevaSic igive SemTxevevasTan gvqondes saqme (gamyreliZe 1965). memnoni (I-II ss.). memnonis cnobebis Rirebulebas CvenTvis warmoadgens is, rom fazisi miTridates dros dadasturebulia, rogorc dasaxlebuli punqti (Memn. XV, 30. 3; XV, 36, 4). Tumca ar aris moxseniebuli es dasaxlebuli punqti `elinuri qalaqia~, mxolod `qalaqia~ Tu mxaris saxelwodebaa. es ki arTulebs imdroindeli fazisis statusis kvlevis sakiTxs, Tumca saerTo koniunqturis gaTvaliswinebiT aqac SesaZlebelia daskvnis gamotana, rom memnoniseuli suraTic logikuria (yauxCiSvili 1987). alkifroni (II s.). alkifronis cnobebi CvenTvis sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiT, rom adasturebs kolxebTan berZnebis monebiT vaWrobas (yauxCiSvili 1987:139). ptolemaiosi (I-II ss.). ptolemaiosis cnobebis Rirebulebas warmoadgens is, rom moxseniebulia dioskuria, anu sebastopolisi (Ptol. V. VI. 6; V. IX. 2; VIII, XIX. 3, 4), garda amisa, dioskuriac da fazisic qalaqebad (Ptol. V. IX. 2; VIII, XIX. 3, 4.) aris moxseniebuli, gansxvavebiT adreuli (straboni) da masze ufrosi Tanamedroveebisgan (pliniusi, memnoni), romlebTanac fazisis statusi bundovania. aseve 13 ptolemaiosTan aris moxseniebuli qalaqi neapolisi, romelic sxva wyaroebSi ar gvxvdeba. misi cnobebidan gamodis, neapolisi dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriazea, Tumca cota bundovania, zustad sad mdebareobs igi da, Sesabamisad, romel dasaxlebasTan unda identificirdes. Tumca, radgan ptolemaiosis `neapolisi~, anu, ase vTqvaT, `axalqalaqia~, is ar SeiZleba iyos romelime berZnuli qalaqi, is ufro romaul xanaSi daarsebul qalaqs an dasaxlebas hgavs (lomouri 1955). Teokrite (Zv. w. III s.) Teokrites sakuTriv ar dausaxelebia arcerTi berZnuli axalSeni dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Tumca mis sqolioebSi moxseniebulia fazisi, rogorc miletelTa axalSeni (idilia, XIII, V. 24). Sesabamisad, Cven gvaqvs kidev erTi dasabuTeba imisa, rom fazisi miletelTa daarsebulia. Tumca am wyaros nakli isaa, rom sqoliastebi, rogorc wesi, gviandeli komentatorebia,2 romelTa pirvelwyaroebi CvenTvis ucnobia da, Sesabamisad, Tavad cnobis daTariReba garTulebulia. Cven mxolod SegviZlia vivaraudoT, Tu romeli Zveli berZeni avtori SeiZleboda yofiliyo Teokrites sqoliastis pirvelwyaro _ heraklide, aristotele, pomponius mela Tu sxva CvenTvis ucnobi wyaro. Tavis mxriv, arc pomponius melaa pirvelwyaro im TvalsazrisiT, rom sxva avtorTa TxzulebebiT sargeblobs da rig SemTxvevebSi Secdomebsac uSvebs (yauxCiSvili 1980:127). 2 Teokrites sqoliastebi Zv. w. I saukunidan gamouCnda, gansakuTrebiT misadmi interesi gaRrmavda ax. w. II saukunidan. mis nawarmoebebis sqolioebSi vxvdebiT munaciosis, Teetetosis da agarantosis saxelebs. dawvrilebiT ix. T. yauxCiSvili. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. t. IV. Tbilisi. 1980. gv. 112. 14 pliniusi (I s.) pliniusis cnobebi Rirebulia sakiTxis SeswavlisTvis im TvalsazrisiT, rom masTan moxseniebulia qalaqi dioskuria, pitiunti, fazisi da, savaraudod, gienosic (kignumi ?). sainteresoa, rom pliniusTan dioskuriis TiTqos sami saxelwodeba Cans: tindarida, dioskuria da sebastopolisi (Plin. NH. VI. 13, 15.). Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom saxelwodeba sebastopolisi cixes miemarTeba da ara qalaqs. aseve, pliniusTan moxseniebulia qalaqi pitiunti, garda amisa, mdinare da qalaq peniusic, romelsac pitiuntad miiCneven (Plin. NH. VI, 15.). rogorc Cans, pliniusTan aris moxseniebuli qalaqi gienosic kignumis formiT, Tanac orjer (Plin. NH. VI. 13, 16.). pliniusTan aseve daculia saintereso cnoba qalaq pitiuntis henioxebis mier gaZarcvis Sesaxeb, romelic uaRresad sayuradReboa. aseve is imeorebs strabonis cnobas dioskuriaSi mravali tomis TavSeyris Sesaxeb – 300 tomi, romelTaTvisac saWiroa 130 Tarjimani (Plin. NH. VI. 15) (arboliSvili 2006). flavius ariane (II s.). arianes Txzuleba Cveni kvlevisTvis mniSvnelovania imiT, rom masSi 1) dioskuria moixsenieba miletis axalSenad. xolo wyaros naklad unda CaiTvalos is, rom CvenTvis ucnobia, riT isargebla arianem, rodesac dioskuria gamocxada miletur qalaqad, 2) rigi qalaqebis aRwerisas SavizRvispireTSi (trapezunti, amisosi, olbia da sxv.), romelTac ariane asaxelebs `elinur qalaqebad~, ar uTiTebs maT ramdenime saxelwodebas, rogorc dioskuriis SemTxvevaSi. es faqti mianiSnebs imaze, rom garnizonebi sakuTriv qalaqebSi mdebareobda, gansxvavebiT SavizRvispireTis aRmosavleT sanapirosgan. kolxeTis teritoriaze garnizonebi, rogorc Cans, Zveli `elinuri qalaqebis~ axlos 15 mdebareoben. amgvari aRwera arianes Rirsebad unda CiTvalos (keWaRmaZe 1961). amiane marceline (IV s). amianes cnobebi mniSvnelovania im TvalsazrisiT, rom is ixseniebs fazissa da dioskurias. Sesabamisad, vigebT, rom mis xanaSi jer kidev arsebobda es qalaqebi. miT umetes, rom amianes istoriidan Cvenamde ZiriTadad moRweulia is nawili, romelic mis Tanadroul viTarebas exeba. SegviZlia Tamamad miviCnioT, rom mis mier am qalaqebis moxsenieba adasturebs maT jer kidev aqtiur qalaqebad arsebobas. sxva sakiTxia, rom es qalaqebi aRar aris elinuri samyaros suplementi, radgan es procesi ukve dasrulebulia dasavleT saqarTveloSi. amianes nakli swored is gaxlavT, rom manamde, anu am procesis dasrulebis etapze ra viTareba iyo, amas srulad ver vigebT. is aRniSnavs, rom dioskuria aris `axlac ki kargad cnobili~, magram ar miuTiTebs misi ayvavebis qronologiasa da dakninebis mizezebze. sainteresoa, rom masTanac gaJRerebulia dioskuriis miTologiurdoriuli xasiaTi (georgika 1961:109, 112). anonimi (V s.). V s-is anonimi ixseniebs dioskurias, miletelTa axalSen faziss, sadac Tavs iyrian barbarosebi indoeTidan da baqtrianidan. am wyaros warmomavloba CvenTvis kargadaa cnobili, misi ZiriTadi nawili efuZneba arianes Txzulebas, amitomac, masSi daculi cnobebis daTariReba da, Sesabamisad, Cveni kvlevisTvis saWiro qronologiur CarCoebSi moqceva sirTules ar warmoadgens, rac wyaros Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos (georgika 1965:4). stefane bizantieli (VI s.) ixseniebs dioskurias da gvawvdis saintereso cnobas, rom dioskurias adre aia erqva. aseve, ixseniebs hidronims (kianeosi), romelic kavSirSi unda iyos gienosTan. es aris albaT mdinare 16 jikumuri (georgika 1936:277, 274) garda amisa, Puhvni~-s da Tuhvni~-s ixseniebs kolxur qalaqebad. am saxelwodebebs miiCneven erTi da igive toponimad, da gienosad mas miiCnevs T. yauxCiSvili (Каухчишвили 1979:300). am wyaros naklic Cveni kvlevisTvis mxolod es gaurkvevlobaa. 17 b) epigrafika epigrafikuli Zeglebi, romlebic cnobebs gvawvdian berZnuli da kolxuri samyaros urTierTobis Sesaxeb, mcirea naratiul wyaroebTan SedarebiT. isini, erTi SexedviT, moklebulia informatiulobas, Tumca, praqtikulad, utyuar cnobebs gvawvdian. amasTan, rogorc wesi, maTi daTariReba saukunis sizustiT mainc SesaZlebelia, rac am tipis wyaroebis Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos. naratiuli wyaroebisgan gansxvavebiT TiTqmis yvela epigrafikul Zeglze asaxulia informacia, romelic pirdapir momdinareobs maTi Semqmnelebisgan da ar aris gadamweris an kompilatoris moRvaweobis nayofi. Tumca, fragmentulobis gamo, rig SemTxvevebSi garTulebulia maTi interpretirebis sakiTxi. ZiriTadad, es aris berZnul enaze Sesrulebuli warwerebi, mxolod erTia berZnulad da laTinurad. am tipis wyaroebis Seswavlisas Segnebulad ar mimovixilavT artefaqtebs, romlebzedac daculia astinomebis saxelebi. mimovixilavT mxolod im warwerebs, romlebic berZnul-kolxuri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb sxva, arsebiTi xasiaTis cnobebs gvawvdian. warwerebi ZiriTadad gamoqveynebulia T. yauxCiSvilis mier `saqarTvelos berZnuli warwerebis korpusSi~ (yauxCiSvili 1999, 2004), sazRvargareT aRmoCenili warwerebi _ aseve mis mier krebulSi `Проблемы античной культуры~ 1975 wels (Каухчишвили 1975). dasavleT saqarTvelos berZnuli grafitoebi gamoaqveyna da Seiswavla m. nasiZem (nasiZe 2002). erTi grafito, gamoaqveyna o. lorTqifaniZem krebulSi `vani I~ (lorTqifaniZe 1972). Zeglebi, romlebic kolxuri da berZnuli samyaros urTierTobebis Sesaxeb raime saxis 18 informacias Seicaven, aRmoCenis adgilis mixedviT pirobiTad or nawilad SegviZlia davyoT: saqarTveloSi da saqarTvelos farglebs gareT aRmoCenili Zeglebi. saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili Zeglebia:  warwera amforis yurebze gudauTidan: `DIOSKOU~ (dioskuriis Semoklebuli forma). Sesrulebulia adgilobrivi Tixis nawarmze (Zv. w. IV-III ss.) (yauxCiSvili 2004:78),  eSeris brinjaos (Zv. w. IV-III ss) fila. sainteresoa, rom es warwera uzado berZnuliTaa Sesrulebuli (yauxCiSvili 2004:7475),  Zv. w. II-I ss. warwera `DR~ amforis natexze soxumidan. (yauxCiSvili 2004:79),  vanis dekreti ((yauxCiSvili 2004)  warwera vanSi, Zv. w. II-I ss. keramikis natexebSi aRmoCenil TeTrangobian dergismagvar WurWlis fragmentze DI. (vani 1972:143),  II-III ss. warwera sinopuri luTerionis yurze soxumidan: `sosibiosi an sosibiosis~ (yauxCiSvili 2004:78),  II-III ss. warwera amforis yurze soxumis cixis masalebidan (1958 w.) `herakleis~ (yauxCiSvili 2004:78),  soxumis warwera sanaTurze II_III ss-sa, `mogzauro, Tayvani-ec meufe hermesmerkuris (Tavis) gadasarCenad.~ rogorc Cans, gaukeTebia dioskurel vaWar-mogzaurs (yauxCiSvili 2004:77; Каухчишвили 1975:497), 19 saqarTvelos farglebs CvenTvis saintereso Zeglebia: gareT aRmoCenili  warwera yubanSi, zubovskis yorRanze, aRmoCenil fialaze Zv. w. V-IV ss: `mivekuTvnebi apolons, romelic fazisSia” (Каухчишвили 1975:494),  warwera Savfigurul hidriaze: `kolxma gamakeTa~ (Zv. w. VI-IV ss) (Каухчишвили 1975:499),  warwera amforaze: `evqsiTeosma gamakeTa, kolxma momxata~ (Zv. w. VI-IV ss) (Каухчишвили 1975:499),  aTeneli monaTvaWris, keTisodoris, warwera, romelSic moxseniebulia kolxi mona (Zv. w. 415-414), romelic 153 draqma Rirda (Каухчишвили 1975:499),  saflavis qva warweriT: `evfrosine, xairemonisa, kolxi qali~ aTenidan (Zv. w. IV-I ss.) (Каухчишвили 1975:499),  aTenis (#721) da delfos warwerebi, romlebSic moxseniebulia sakuTari saxeli sani (Zv. w. 270-260) (Каухчишвили 1975:502),  delfosis 2 warwera, sadac moxseniebulia sakuTari saxeli makroni (Zv. w. 208 w), romelic tomobriv kuTvnilebas unda aRniSnavdes (Каухчишвили 1975:501),  delfosis manumisiebis warwera (Zv. w. II s.), moxseniebulia qali, saxelad kalo, kolxeTidan, romelic gaiyida 5 vercxlis mnad (Каухчишвили 1975:499), 20  delfosis Zv. w. I s. warwera, romlebSic moxseniebulia vinme `fesinosi~ (qioseli) (Каухчишвили 1975:503),  warwera pantikapeidan, kolxur keramikul fragmentze: `kolxi~ (Zv. w. Vs) (Каухчишвили 1975:503),  bosforis ori warwera: `filokomi, kolxis Ze~ (#230), `maZisi, kolxis Ze~ (#200) (Каухчишвили 1975:505),  miTridate umcrosis warwera (Dundua 2012:40). 21 g) numizmatika numizmatikuri masalebi mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdian berZnul samyarosTan kolxeTis urTierTobebis kvlevisaTvis. maTi warmoSoba naTels hfens im sakiTxs, Tu romel qalaqebTan hqonda urTierToba kolxeTis qalaqebs. Tumca am wyarosac Tavisi nakli aqvs, romelic arTulebs sakiTxis Seswavlas, Tu romel qalaqebTan hqonda urTierToba kolxeTs Zv. w. VI saukuneSi am sakiTxis Sesaswavlad importuli monetebi didad informatiuli ar aris, radgan Zv. w. VI saukunidan Cvenamde importuli monetebidan mxolod 3 monetaa moRweuli – 2 lidiuri da 1 sinopuri moneta. amasTan, sinopuri draqma fiWvnaris Zv. w. V saukunis berZnuli nekropolidanaa cnobili da, zogadad, Zv. w. VI-V ss-iT TariRdeba. Sesabamisad, praqtikulad, Zv. w. VI saukunis, anu berZnuli kolonizaciis ioniuri etapis Sesaswavlad Cvens gankargulebaSi mxolod ori lidiuri monetaa. am TvalsazrisiT garkveulwilad xarvezs avsebs kolxuri TeTri, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom importuli araa, misi ikonografia gvawvdis informacias Tundac q. fasisis, dResdReobiT romlis emitirebuladac miiCneva kolxuri TeTri, sagareo kavSirebis Sesaxeb. mag., II tipis kolxur didraqmaze gamosaxulia `apolinaruli triada: leto, apoloni, artemide~ (lorTqifaniZe 2002:196). aseve, I tipis didraqmaze _ lomi. orive motivi damaxasiaTebelia mileturi monetebisTvis da miuTiTebs fazisis kavSirze Tavis metropolia miletTan (dundua... 2006:36). rac Seexeba, Zv. w. V saukunes, am SemTxvevaSi ar gvaqvs mdidari numizmatikuri masala, Tumca igi informatiulia. Tamamad SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom fiWvnari sworedac atikuri samosaxloa, radgan 22 berZnuli monetebi mxolod aTenTan kavSirs adastureben. mag., fiWvnaridan 3 kizikuri stateria moRweuli da cnobilia, rom ` aTenma kizikis zarafxana araTu gaauqma, aramed Tavisi samoneto karis filialadac ki aqcia da kizikinebs msxvili savaWro operaciebis sawarmoeblad iyenebda~ (dundua... 2006:48). aseve gvaqvs 1 aTenuri tetradraqma3 mwvane koncxis midamoebidan da TiTo-TiTo moneta pantikapeionidan, nimfeionidan, aseve sparsuli sikli (dundua... 2006:36), romelic Cveni kvlevisTvis mxolod arapirdapiri saxiT gvawvdis informacias – adasturebs, rom kolxebs calsaxad aramxolod berZnebTan, aramed iranelebTanac hqondaT urTierToba. sainteresoa, Tavad am aRmoCenis topografia – sulori – vanis siaxloves, romelic SesaZlebelia warmoadgenda centrs mTeli dasavleT `redistribuciis saqarTvelosTvis~ (Licheli 1994:105). Sesabamisad, monetebi gvawvdian informacias savaWro gzebis Sesaxebac. Zv. w. IV saukuneSi ucxouri monetebis aRmoCenis topografia ufro mravalferovania – sinopuri monetebi praqtikulad mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos sanapirodanaa cnobili (soxumi, ureki, fiWvnari, qobuleTi, cixisZiri, baTumi). aseve Zv. w. IV saukuneSi, mTels dasavleT saqarTveloSia (svaneTi, riye, vani, fiWvnari, lentexi, farcxanayanevi, gulrifSi, Wiora, yvirilas midamoebi, kaWreTi) aRmoCenili aleqsandre makedonelis monetebi. saukunis dasasrulidan ki Cndeba lisimaqes monetebic, rac isev da isev berZnul samyarosTan intensiur urTierTobas amtkicebs. lisimaqes monetebis aRmoCenis topografiac 3 am periodis kidev erTi aTenuri tetradraqma aRmoCenilia dmanisSi. 23 sakmaod mravalferovania – svaneTi, vani (imereTi), eki (samegrelo), gulrifSi (afxazeTi), makriali (istoriuli kolxeTi, dRevandeli TurqeTi). mcire raodenobiT aRmoCenilia filipe II-is da filipe III-is monetebic (dundua... 2006:61-73). Zv. w. III saukuneSi, marTalia, importuli monetebis aRmoCenis topografia arcTu viwroa, magram raodenobrivad CamorCeba gasul or saukunes da, miT umetes, II saukunes, Sesabamisad, am monacemebis safuZvelze SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom kavSiri berZnul samyarosTan Sesustebulia gasul saukuneebTan SedarebiT. Zv. w. II saukunis dasasruli aRiniSna ucxouri fulebis SemodeniT (sul 72 importuli monetaa), monetebis mixedviT Cans kavSiri miTridate evpatorTan (72 monetidan 64, rogorc Cans, swored miTridates ukavSirdeba), rasac naratiuli monacemebic uWeren mxars. danarCenebi 4 aris romis respublikuri denari, 2 kapadokiuri moneta, 1 rodosuli, 2 `axali stilis~ aTenuri tetradraqma da 1 pantikapeionis moneta. aseve mniSvnelovani, sabolood pasuxgaucemeli SekiTxvac gvaqvs am periodidan – basilevs akesis moneta, romelic sakmaod naturalisturadaa Sesrulebuli sqematuri saxiT Sesrulebuli mag. lisimaqes minabaZebis fonze. sainteresoa, rom Zv. w. I s-is monetebi cnobilia mxolod vanidan, soxumidan an eSeradan. miTridates 1 moneta cnobilia quTaisidan. 24 d) keramikuli nawarmi keramikuli masala _ masobrivi arqeologiuri monapovari mniSvnelovani wyaroa berZnuli koloniebis istoriis Seswavlis sakiTxisaTvis. TavisTavad sainteresoa dasavleT saqarTvelos antikuri xanis Zeglebze importuli nawarmis Semosvlis sakiTxi – maTi arseboba Suqs fens ama Tu im koloniis kavSirs sxvadasxva berZnul qalaqebTan. amasTan, am tipis wyaros gamoyenebisas saWiroa garkveuli sifrTxile – nebismieri nivTis arseboba uSualo kavSirs konkretul sawarmoo centrebTan yovelTvis ar adasturebs. rogorc wesi, erTeuli calobiTY aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi ufro savaraudoa saSuamavlo savaWro centris gavliT am produqciis Semosvla. magaliTad, `fiWvnaris berZnul mosaxleobaSi saSuamavlo vaWrobis gziT Semodioda Tasosisa da mendes maRalxarisxovani Rvino, finikiuri feradi minis nawarmi, siriuli Tu egvipturi minis mravalricxovani mZivebi, romlebzedac adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi didi moTxovnileba iyo~ (kaxiZe 1982:72). Sesabamisad, am tipis wyaros nakls swored es warmoadgens, rom frTxili midgoma sWirdeba, rodesac vamtkicebT ama Tu im qalaqTan kolxeTis berZnuli axalSenebis kavSirs. aseve sainteresoa adgilobrivi keramikuli nawarmic – rogorc adgilobrivi moxmarebisTvis, aseve saeqsportod warmoebuli. samarxebSi aRmoCenili adgilobrivi keramikuli nawarmis Tanafardoba importTan naTels hfens berZnebTan vaWrobis intensivobis sakiTxs. fiWvnaris SemTxvevaSi, sadac berZnuli da kolxuri nekropoli gverdigverd Tanaarsebobs, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier 25 berZnuli importiT dainteresebis xarisxis Sesaxeb msjeloba SeiZleba statistikuri analizis safuZvelze. dioskuriaSi warmoebuli DIOSKOU damRiani amforis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia msjeloba adgilobriv warmoebuli produqciis saeqsportod gatanis mcdelobis Sesaxeb. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia soxumSi napovni stela, romlis arsebobac yvelaze metad adasturebs berZnebTan kavSirs Zv. w. V saukuneSi. 26 d) istoriografia Cveni kvlevisTvis relevantur istoriografiaSi Seswavlilia, zogadad, berZnuli ekonomikis, da konkretulad berZnuli kolonizaciasTan dakavSirebuli Teoriuli sakiTxebi, publicirebulia arqeologiuri Zeglebi da mocemulia masTan dakavSirebuli interpretaciebi da daskvnebi, aseve, mocemulia konkretuli axalSenebis istoria. istoriografias mimovixilavT qveynebis mixedviT, aseve, literatura segmentirebuli iqneba Tematuradac: Tavdapirvelad mimovixilavT, zogadad, antikur ekonomikasTan dakavSirebiT gamoqveynebul Sromebs, Semdeg naSromebs, sadac ganxilulia berZnuli kolonizaciis zogadi sakiTxebi, aseve, SavizRvispireTis berZnul kolonizaciasTan dakavSirebiT arsebul Cveni kvlevisTvis relevantur literaturas. garda amisa, ganvixilavT uSualod kolxeTis berZnul kolonizaciasTan dakavSirebiT arsebul literaturas, rogorc zogad sakiTxebze gamoqveynebul, aseve, konkretuli axalSenebis istoriis Sesaxeb. da bolos, ganvixilavT Cvens sakvlev periodTan da regionTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva arqeologiuri Zeglebis publikaciebs. saqarTveloSi berZnuli kolonizaciis sakiTxebi mravalmxriv aris gaSuqebuli. zogadad, berZnul koloniaciasTan da polisebis istoriasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ganxilulia antikuri istoriis cnobili qarTveli mkvlevrebis al. wereTlis (wereTeli 1966), l. sanikiZis (sanikiZe 1954), g. qavTarias (qavTaria 2005), r. gordezianis (gordeziani 1988, 1997), l. gordezianis (gordeziani 2009), T. Toduas (Todua 2011), T. dunduas (dundua... 2009) SromebSi. 27 dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnuli koloniebis sakiTxi ganixila g. meliqiSvilma Tavis fundamentur SromaSi «К Истории Древней Грузии» (Меликишвили 1959), Semdeg saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis I tomSi (saqarTvelos... 1970). antikuri periodis dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis zogadi sakiTxebi gaSuqebulia n. lomouris (lomouri 1962, 1968, 1981, 1996, 1998, Ломоури 1967, 1981), m. inaZis (inaZe 1955, 1959, 1961, 1962, 19621, 1963, 1975, 1982, 1983, 1992, 1992 1, 19922 2010; Инадзе 1968, 1973, 1979, 1988), o. lorTqifaniZis (lorTqifaniZe 1964, 1965, 2002; Лордкипанидзе 1975, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1985, 1990; Лордкипанидзе... 1990), oT. lorTqifaniZis da T. miqelaZis erTobliv (Лордкипанидзе... 1981, 1988), T. miqelaZis (miqelaZe 1960), g. lorTqifaniZis (lorTqifaniZe 1991; Лордкипанидзе 1970, 19791, 1978), a. boltunovas (Болтунова 1963, 1979, 1988), g. kvirkvelias (kvirkvelia 1999, 2002), i. voronovis (Воронов 1980, 1981, 1985), g. Sambas (Шамба 1979, 1988) SromebSi. uaxlesi Sromebidan aRsaniSnavia aseve g. gamyreliZis `kolxologiuri kvlevebi~ (gamyreliZe 2010), aseve, dim. axvledianis `kolxeTis socialurekonomikuri da politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi~ (axvlediani 2004). ukanasknel xanebSi am sakiTxebze muSaobs aseve T. dundua. misi Sromebidan aRsaniSnavia `kolxeTi Zv. w. VI-IV ss. _ berZnuli axalSenebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi~ (dundua 2009), `qarTuli eTnokulturuli evolucia da dasavleTi numizmatikuri masalebis mixedviT~ (dundua 1997), nino silagaZesTan TanaavtorobiT gamocemuli `saqarTvelos istoria, Tematuri Tu qronologiuri principi?~ (dundua... 2000), aseve, `saqarTvelo da gare samyaro – evropis Seqmna da evropis integraciis istoriuli formebi~ (dundua... 2009) da Georgia within the European Integration (Dundua 2013). 28 elinisturi xanis kolxeTis ekonomikis sakiTxebi Seswavlilia n. maTiaSvilis (maTiaSvili 1977), aseve v. liCelis (liCeli 2001) mier. SavizRvispireTis kolonizaciis periodizaciis sakiTxi ganixila a. kaxiZem (kaxiZe 1982), elinizmis Sidaperiodizaciisa da modelebis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi mosazreba gamoTqva v. liCelmac (liCeli 2005). miTridates epoqisa da romauli xanis istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia n. lomouris «Грузино-Римские взаймоотношния» (Ломоури 1981). zogadad, SavizRvispireTis, da, maT Soris, kolxeTis berZnuli kolonizaciis sxvadasxva sakiTxi (vaWroba, sazRvao gzebi, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis, da berZnebis urTierToba da sxv.) gaxda vanis simpoziumis ganxilvis sagani da, Sesabamisad, aisaxa mis masalebSi, romelic gamodis 1979 wlidan. I simpoziumis Tematika SedarebiT zogadi iyo, Semdeg sxvadasxva konkretul Temebs exeboda: 1) Проблемы Греческой колонизации Северного и Восточного Причерноморья. Тбилиси. 1979. 2) Демографическая ситуация в Причерноморье в период Великой Греческой Колонизации. Тбилиси. 1981. 3) Материалы III Всесоюзного симпозиума по древней истории Причерноморья на тему "Эллинизм и Причерноморье", Цхалтубо, 21-27 V. 1982 г. 4) Местные этно-политические объеденения причерноморья в VII-IV вв. до н. э. Тбилиси. 1988. 5) Причерноморье VII-V вв. до. н. э. Письменные источники и археология. Материалы V Международного симпозиума по древней истории Причерноморья. Тбилиси. 1990. 6) La Mer Noire, Zone De Contacts - Actes Du VIIe Symposium De Vani, Colchide, 2630 IX 1994. am krebulebSi gamoqveynebulia Crdilo SavizRvispireTis berZnul koloniebis sakiTxebze momuSave iseT mniSvnelovan mecnierTa Sromebi, 29 rogorebic arian: i. vinogradovi, v. tolstikovi, v. damanski, n. graCi, k. marCenko da sxv. mniSvnelovania g. kvirkveliasa da d. kaWaravas mier gamocemuli mcire enciklopediuri cnobari «Города и поселения Причерноморья античной эпохи», romelic gzamkvlevad daexmareba nebismier mkvlevars, romelic am sakiTxiTaa dainteresebuli. aseTive enciklopediuri xasiaTisaa voronovis afxazeTis arqeologiuri ruka (Воронов 1969). dasavleT saqarTvelos berZnuli koloniebi kvlevis sagani calcalkec gamxdara. fiWvnaris arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebi, Zv. w. V-IV saukuneebis berZnuli da kolxuri samarovnebidan momdinare masalebi, aseve, elinisturi xanis samarovnis masalebi asaxulia sam tomad gamocemul SromaSi `fiWvnari~ (kaxiZe... 2004; kaxiZe... 2007; kaxiZe... 2010). mesame tomSi elinisturi xanis samarovani ufro mimoxilulia. fiWvnaris elinisturi xanis samarovnidan momdinare masalebi a. kaxiZes gamocemuli aqvs ufro adre ramdenime statiad (kaxiZe 1979; kaxiZe 1977; kaxiZe... 1988). aseve, fiWvnaris Sesaxeb gamocemuli aqvs sxva Sromebic (kaxiZe 1965, 1971, 19711, 1973, 19731, 1974, 1979, 1982, 1987, 2002; Кахидзе 1972, 1979, 19791). garda amisa, sxvadasxva TanaavtorTan erTad gamocemuli aqvs fiWvnaris Sesaxeb sxva naSromebic (kaxiZe... 1971, 1977, 1989, 1999, 19991, 2005). fiWvnaris Sesaxeb gamosca aseve monografia g. cecxlaZem (Tsetkhladze 1999). fiWvnarSi aRmoCenili berZnuli importis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva statiebia gamoqveynebuli (CxaiZe 1974; CxaiZe 1975; iaSvili 1987; sixaruliZe 1983; sixaruliZe 1987; sixaruliZe 1988; TurmaniZe 2002, 2005; vaSakiZe... 1978, 1979; vikersi... 1999; Вашакидзе... 1985; Хахутаишвили 1979; 30 Хахутаишвили... 1985). fiWvnaris grafitoebis Sesaxeb 2 statia gamosca n. ZnelaZem (ZnelaZe 2002; ZnelaZe 2005). gienosis istorias sadisertacio naSromi miuZRvna da SemdgomSi swavlobda am sakiTxs d. kaWarava (kaWarava 1971, 2002; Качарава 1972, 1979). gienosis istoriis Sesaxeb werdnen, aseve, g. kvirkvelia (Квирквелия 1981), i. voronovi (Воронов 1976), g. Samba (Шамба 1988). dioskuriisa da eSeras istoriis sakiTxebi ganxilulia m. ivaSenkos (Иващенко 1926), l. soloviovis (Соловьев 1947, 19471), m. trapSis (Трапш 1955, 1963, 1969), i. voronovis (Воронов 1969, 1972, 1980), g. Sambas (Шамба 1972, 1979, 19791, 19792, 1980), g. kvirkvelias (kvirkvelia 1978, 1979; Квирквелия 1979), a. afaqiZis da o. lorTqifaniZis (Апакидзе... 1963) naSromebSi. dioskuriis sagareo vaWrobis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo mosazrebebi aqvs m. inaZes (inaZe 1962). soxumis mTis arqeologiuri Zeglebi gamosca al. kalandaZem (kalandaZe 1953). fiCoris dasaxleba Seiswavla m. baramiZem (Барамидзе 1988, 1990). fazisis istoriis Seswavlas mieZRvna, aseve, araerTi naSromi. maTgan nawili exeboda fazisis adgilmdebareobis dazustebas, nawili fazisTan dakavSirebuli arqeologiuri Zeglebis publikacias. aseve, kolxuri TeTris, rogorc fazisSi emitirebuli fulis Seswavlas. fazisis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb naratiuli wyaroebis monacemebi dawvrilebiT mimoxilulia m. berZniSvilis SromaSi (berZniSvili 1942). fazisis etomologiis sakiTxze mosazreba gamoTqmuli aqvs r. gordezians (gordeziani 1971), heraklides cnobidan gamomdinare fazisis statusis Sesaxeb m. inaZes gamocemuli aqvs Sroma `heraklides faziselTa politiis ganmartebisTvis~ (inaZe 1983), bolo xanebSi am cnobas Seexo d. brondic (brondi 31 1999, 2005). oT. lorTqifaniZem StutgartSi fazisis Sesaxeb gamosca ‘Phasis, the River and the City in Colchis’ (Lordkipanidze 2000). fazisis garSemo arsebuli Zeglebidan momdinare arqeologiuri masalebi gamosca T. miqelaZem (miqelaZe 1978; Микеладзе 1979). fazisis midamoebidan momdinare masalebis Sesaxeb aris, aseve, p. diuponis da d. kaWaravas statiac (diuponi... 1999). diunuri dasaxlebebi, romlebic dasavleT saqarTvelos sanapiroze arsebobdnen aq berZnebis gamoCenamde, Seswavlilia (Соловьев 1947), ramiSvilis 1 (Рамишвили 1975, 1975 ), TavamaiSvilis (TavamaiSvili 1991) da sxvaTa SromebSi. antikuri periodis dasavleT saqarTvelos hinterlandidan Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia 9 tomad gamocemuli Sromebi q. vanis Sesaxeb (vani 1972, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1986). aq gadmocemulia vanisa da mis garSemo mdebare Zeglebidan – `vanis qveynidan~ _ momdinare arqeologiuri masala. vanis istoriisa da arqeologiis sakiTxebi ganxilulia d. axvledianis (axvlediani... 2005), d. kaWaravas (Качарава 1990), n. maTiaSvilis (maTiaSvili 1973), m. fircxalavas (Пирцхалава 1990), aseve, x. blaskesis (blaskesi 2002) SromebSi, aseve, sayanCias namosaxlarTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia v. liCelis statiebic (liCeli 1977, 1981). kolxeTis arqeologiis SeswavlisY TvalsazrisiT, pirvel rigSi, aRsaSnavia b. kuftinis ortomiani Sroma (Куфтин 1949; Куфтин 1950), aseve, oT. lorTqifaniZis monografia Наследие Древней Грузии, sadac kolxeTis istoriis umniSvnelovanesi problemebia ganxiluli (Лордкипанидзе 1989). rac Seexeba sxvadasxva arqeologiuri Zeglebis publikacias da Seswavlas: sairxis masalebi gamosca j. nadiraZem (nadiraZe 1990), SemdgomSi misi 32 sruli versia gamosces g. maxaraZem da m. wereTelma (maxaraZe... 2007). sairxis berZnuli importis Sesaxeb aRsaniSnavia sxva Sromebic (bragvaZe 2005; bragvaZe... 1999). noqalaqevis istoria da arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli masalebi gamocemulia or tomad (noqalaqevi 1987, 1993). `barbarosebis didi qalaqis~ lokalizaciis Sesaxeb g. grigoliam gamosca Sroma da namarnus namosaxlari miiCnia am qalaqad (grigolia 1973), paluris saZvles masalebi gamocemulia n. oqropiriZe da v. baramiZis mier (oqropiriZe... 1974), aseve, liaSi aRmoCenili antikuri xanis masalebi gamosca l. wiTlanaZem (wiTlanaZe 1973), enguris sanapirodan momdinare masalebi gamosca g. grigoliam (grigolia 1971), l. jiblaZem (jiblaZe 1985). enguris arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1968 wlis muSaobis angariSi gamosca avtorTa jgufma. es naSromi Sesulia S. CarTolanis Sromebis krebulSi (CarTolani... 2010). aseve, sayuradReboa larilaris samarovnis publikaciac (CarTolani 2010). iTxvisis samarovnis masalebi gamosca i. gagoSiZem (gagoSiZe 1966). gurianTis antikuri xanis Zeglebi mimoixila n. vaSakiZem (vaSakiZe 1971), zemo farcxmis samarovanic gamocemuli aqvs n. vaSakiZes (vaSakiZe 1983), farcxanayanevidan momdinare masala – S. mamulaZes (mamulaZe 1979), koxis najixuralidan – al. qaTamaZem (qaTamaZe 1963). kolxeTis arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sesaxeb gamocemulia angariSebi (papuaSvili 1987). samxreTdasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiuri eqspediciis masalebic periodulad gamoicemoda krebulSi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi (xaxutaiSvili 1982; vaSakiZe 1982; iaSvili 1982). nanefiS Wales samarovnis masalebi gamosca g. gvinCiZem (gvinCiZe 1980) 33 rac Seexeba numizmatikis Seswavlas, dasavleT saqarTvelos antikuri xanis numizmatikis sakiTxebi ganxilulia d. kapanaZis (kapanaZe 1950), golenkos (Голенко 1963), g. dunduas (dundua 1975; Дундуа 1979, 1987), T. dunduas (dundua 1997; Дундуа 2002), aseve, g. dunduas da T. dunduas erTobliv SromaSi (dundua... 2006). noqalaqevis eqspediciis mier mopovebuli monetebi (1973-82 ww) gamosca T. abramiSvilma (abramiSvili 1987). svaneTis numizmatikur masalaze saubaria g. lorTqifaniZis, z. kvicianisa da z. beraZis naSromSi (lorTqifaniZe... 2008) da sxv. antikuri xanis sabeWdavi beWdebi Seiswavla m. lorTqifaniZem (lorTqifaniZe 1981). dasavleT saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili berZnuli grafitoebi – m. nasiZem (nasiZe 2002). rusuli istoriografia berZnuli kolonizaciis Sesaxeb sakmaod mdidaria. elinisturi xanis polisis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb werda g. koSelenko. misi azriT, elinisturi xanis polisi Taviseburia, mas SeiZleba didi kleruxiac ewodos, radgan miwebi, romlebsac moqalaqeebi flobdnen, srulad maT ki ar ekuTvnodaT, aramed mefisgan pirobiT sakuTrebaSi gadaecemodaT (Кошеленко 1979:288). berZnuli kolonizaciis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebi da maTi xasiaTi mimoxilulia v. kuziSinis redaqciiT gamosul Zveli saberZneTis istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSic (Кузищин 2005). zogadad, SavizRvispireTis kolonizaciisa da vaWrobis sakiTxebze muSaobda i. braSinskic (Бращинский 1958, 1967, 1973, 1980, 1985; Бращинский… 1979). Crdilo SavizRvisapireTSi berZnuli kolonizaciis Sesaxeb werda v. v. lapini. misi azriT, Crdilo SavizRvispireTis berZnuli koloniebis 34 ganviTareba mimdinareobda adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgan damoukideblad, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini erTmaneTTan interaqciaSi iyvnen (Лапин 1966:234). Crdilo SavizRvispireTis regionis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia v. gaidukeviCis «Боспорское царство» (Гайдукевич 1949). i. zeestma gamoca bosforis keramikuli tara da mis safuZvelze Seiswavla bosforis sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebi (Зеест 1960). anoxinma gamosca bosforis samefos monetebis katalogi (Анохин 1986). i. vinogradovma miletisa da olbiis magaliTze mimoixila kolonia-metropolisis urTierTobis problema (Виноградов 1979). Crdilo SavizRvispireTis mniSvnelovani qalaqebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia avtorTa koleqtivis mier 2005 w. kievSi gamocemuli qersonesis istoria «Херсонес Таврический» (Херсонес 2005). samxreT SavizRvispireTSi berZnuli kolonizaciis sakiTxebze muSaobda da sayuradRebo mosazrebebi gamoTqva m. maqsimovam, romelmac Seiswavla samxreT SavizRvispireTis qalaqebis istoria (sinopi, amisosi, trapezunti) (Максимова 1958), aseve am sakiTXebze muSaobs s. saprikinic (Сапрыкин 1979, 1981). kolonizaciis Sesaxeb sabWoTa istoriografia mimoixila h. grehemma (Graham 1961). rac Seexeba kolxeTis Seswavlis sakiTxs, rusul istoriografiaSi am mxriv aRsaniSnavia l. soloviovis naSromi «Диоскурия-Севастополис-Цхум» (Соловьев 1947). miTridates xanis kolxeTis istoriis Sesaxeb aRsaniSnavia d. Selovis statia «Колхида в системе Понтийской державы». 35 antikuri ekonomikis kvlevis sakiTxebSi didia inglisuri istoriografiis wvlili. Cambridge Ancient History-is rogorc Zvel, ise axal versiaSi. p. n. urim dawera sxvadasxva mniSvnelovani berZnuli koloniebis (mileti, samosi da a. S.) istoria (Cambridge 1926). Zveli avtorebidan m. rostovcevi, romelic iyo antikurobisa da Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ekonomikuri determinantebis msgavsebis momxre, miiCnevda, rom berZnebis dros pirveli nabijebi gadaidga Tanamedrove sazogadoebis, kapitalisturis, asaSeneblad. (Rostovtzeff 1936:252). Cambridge Ancient History-s axali versiis avtorebis didi nawili muSaobda swored ekonomikis an konkretulad berZnuli kolonizaciis sakiTxebze. SavizRvispireTis kolonizaciasTan kavSirSi sainteresoa j. bordmanis mosazrebebi, romelic man gamoTqva Tavis statiaSi ‘Aspects of Colonization’. misi azriT, meeqvse saukuneSi, maSin roca CrdiloeTiT SavizRvispireTSi berZnebi Cndebian, kolonizacia eqspansiis xasiaTs iRebs, xolo dasavleTSi _ konsolidaciis (Boardman 2001:40). garda amisa, sayuradReboa misi mosazreba kulturuli urTierTzemoqmedebis sakiTxze `SavizRvispireTSi berZnebi Sexvdnen skviTebs da maTi kultura zedmetad ucxo da gansxvavebuli iyo maTgan, rom gavlena moexdina berZnebze. amitomac berZnebi dakmayofildnen imiT, rom, ZiriTadad, skviTebis fufunebis sagnebs wminda berZnul stilSi akeTebdnen~ (Boardman 2001:41). aRsaniSnavia misi naSromi koloniebis tipologiis sakiTxebTan da sakolonizacio moZraobis xasiaTTan dakavSirebiT (Boardman 1990, 2000). k. robaki, romelic swavlobda antikuri ekonomikis sakiTxebsa da, aseve, ioniuri qalaqebis istorias, berZnuli kolonizaciis zogadi mizezebidan gamoyofs sam mTavars: „miwis 36 Zebna“, „metalis Zieba“, „sakvebis Zebna“ (Roebuck 1953, 1955, 1959; Hanfmann... 1960). sainteresoa robakis statia navkratisis, rogorc erToblivad daarsebuli qalaqis, organizebis Sesaxeb (Roebuck 1951). ioniel berZnebs swavlobda j. kukic (Cook 1962), kolonizaciis zogad sakiTxebze werda j. fergiusonic (Ferguson 1979). a. grehemma Tavis monografiaSi Colony and Mother City in Ancient Greece distanciis mixedviT gamoyo koloniebsa da metropoliebs Soris damokidebulebis xarisxi. ZiriTad SemTxvevebSi, misi azriT, rac ufro Sors mdebareobda kolonia metropoliisgan, miT ufro naklebi iyo misi damokidebuleba metropoliaze. amas man `distanciis efeqti~ uwoda (Graham 1964). koloniebis tipologiis dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia a. grehemis statia Patterns in Early Greek Civilization (Graham 1971), sadac man aRniSna, rom `TavisTavad geografiuli faqtori, pirvel rigSi, ar gansazRvravda berZnuli kolonizaciis saxes TviT VIII saukuneSic ki. es ufro damokidebuli iyo zRvaosnobis unarze da geografiul codnaze, berZnebs SeeZloT yvelafris kolonizeba neapolis yuridan dawyebuli bosforamde~ (Graham 1971:47). grehemi muSaobda konkretulad berZnuli kolonizaciis SavizRvispireTis mimarTulebazec (Graham 1958). l. h. jeferim Seiswavla berZnuli qalaqsaxelmwifoebi Zv. w. 700-500 ww. ra Tqma unda, is kolonizaciis sakiTxebsac Seexo. misi azriT, koloniad SeiZleboda gaazrebuliyo mxolod berZnuli apoikia, romelic arsdeboda dausaxlebel teritoriebze da misi macxovreblebi qmnidnen damoukidebel sazogadoebas, Tumca miekuTvnebodnen sxva politikur organizms. xolo rac Seexeba berZnuli dasaxlebebis umravlesobas, romlebic, 37 praqtikulad, damoukidebeli iyvnen metropoliisgan, misi azriT, maTTvis koloniis wodeba marTebuli ar iyo. Zalian frTxilad unda iqnes gamoyenebuli termini emporia, radgan xSir SemTxvevaSi emporiad wodebuli sazogadoebebi damoukidebeli sazogadoebaa. (Jeffery 1976:53) uaxlesi gamokvlevebidan aRsaniSnavia ketrin morganis Sromebi. man Seiswavla adreuli berZnebis istoria, romlebic polisebSi ar cxovrobdnen (Morgan 2003). inglisur istoriografiaSi SavizRvispireTis mTavari kolonisti qalaqis _ miletis _ istoriasTan dakavSirebuli uaxlesi monografiebidan aRsaniSnavia a. grivsis (Greaves 2001) naSromi, romelmac Seajera naratiuli da arqeologiuri wyaroebi da gadmogvca am mniSvnelovani kolonizatori qalaqis istoria (Greaves 2004). CrdiloeT an samxreT SavizRvispireTSi berZnuli kolonizaciis istoriisa da arqeologiis sakiTxebze muSaobda j. haindi (Hind 1983-1984; 1992-1993; 1988; 1999), aseve, r. driusi (Drews 1976). inglisuri istoriografiidan kolxeTis istoriis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia d. brondis monografia (Braund 1994). rac Seexeba arqeologiuri masalebis Seswavlas, am mxriv aRsaniSnavia j. bizlis fundamenturi naSromis safuZvelze berZnuli keramikis Sesaxeb oqsfordis universitetSi Seqmnili onlain-katalogi: `bizlis arqivi~: http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/index.htm antikuri ekonomikisa da berZnuli kolonizaciis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania amerikuli istoriografiis roli. XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi gamovida teni frankis xuTtomiani naSromi romis ekonomikis Sesaxeb, sadac 38 is kategoriulad icavda mosazrebas, rom romis ekonomika kapitalistur safuZvlebs emyareboda (T. Frank 2005). gansxvavebuli koncefcia antikuri sazogadoebis Sesaxeb hqonda m. finlis. 1973 wels gamovida misi monografia antikuri ekonomikis Sesaxeb (Finley 1973), sadac man kategoriulad uaryo antikuri sazogadoebis kapitalisturi xasiaTi, ramac SemdgomSi istoriografiaSi didi debatebi gamoiwvia. ukanasknel xanebSi finlis es mosazreba gaakritika k. grinma (Greene 2000). garda antikuri ekonomikis zogadi sakiTxebisa, m. finli muSaobda sakuTriv berZnuli kolonizaciis sakiTxebzec. sainteresoa misi azri, rom `kolonizacia yvelanairi saxis migracia araa, arc kolonia araa yvelanairi saxis damokidebuleba..., makedonelebis mier sparseTis miwebis aTviseba kolonizacia ar yofila da arc misi sikvdilis Semdeg elinisturi saxelwifoebis warmoqmna, arc barbarosebis Semosevebi romis imperiaSi da arc normanebisa inglisSi~ (Finley 1976:171,174). finlis azriT, `feodalizmi da kolonializmi sruliad Seusabamoa. feodaluri urTierTobebi – dominantoba da subordinacia _ personalur xasiaTs atarebs da ara saxelmwifoebrivs~ (Finley 1976:176). garda amisa, m. finli Seexo aseve apoikiasa da kleruxias Soris gansxvavebis sakiTxs. misi azriT, `klasikuri xanis berZnebi apoikias ganasxvavebdnen kleruxiisgan, romaelebi ki laTinur da romaul kolonias erTmaneTisgan, imisda mixedviT, inarCunebdnen Tu ara kolonistebi moqalaqeobas Tavisi metropoliisa~ (Finley 1976:168). Cester r. starma Seiwavla saberZneTis ekonomika Zv. w. 800-500 ww. man aRniSna, rom socialur fenebs Soris berZnebSi arasdros yofila iseTi didi 39 gansxvaveba, rom amas rusuli an franguli revolucia gamoewvia, arc iseTi, rogoric industriuli revoluciis win iyo Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi (Starr 1977:190). antikuri ekonomikis ganmazogadebeli uaxlesi naSromebidan aRsaniSnavia v. Seidelis, i. morisis da r. saleris redaqciiT gamosuli The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman world (Scheidel… 2007). v. Seidelma antikuri demografiis kvlevisas aRniSna erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi: `roca mosaxleoba izrdeba ramdenime procentiT weliwadSi, saSualo asaki iklebs, bavSvebis raodenobis Sefardeba mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobasTan izrdeba da farTobiTad bavSvebis sikvdilianobac izrdeba. Sesabamisad, samarxebSi meti bavSvi Cndeba...~ Tumca misi azriT, `saerTo jamSi mcdelobebi rom demografiuli zrda samarxebis mixedviT daadgino, arasworia meTodurad da es meTodi saerTod daviwyebul unda iqnes~ (Scheidel 2003:130-131). rac Seexeba konkretulad metropoliasa da kolonias Soris urTierTobebs, es sakiTxi ganxilulia s. morisis jer kidev XIX saukuneSi gamocemul statiaSi The Relation of a Greek colony to its Mother city (Morris 1884). aq man epidavrelebisa da aTenelebis magaliTze aRniSna, rom `epidavrelebma orakulis brZanebiT, aTenelebisgan zeTisxilis xe wamoiRes da misgan ori qandakeba gaakeTes. manam sanam es qandakebebi iqneboda maTTan, maT aTenisTvis gadasaxadi unda exadaT~ (Morris 1884:483) da amiT man, praqtikulad, aCvena, rom metropoliasa da kolonias Soris damokidebulebas ufro formaluri mxare hqonda da berZnuli qalaqi daarsebisTanave SeiZleboda 40 gansazRvruliyo, rogorc momavali polisi – damoukidebeli qalaq-saxelmwifo. klarens bilma Seiswavla, aseve, berZnebisa da barbarosebis kulturuli urTierTqmedebis modelebi da aRmosavleTSi berZnebis barbarizebis Sesaxeb SemoiRo saintereso termini `berZnebis orientalizacia~ (Bill 1929). berZnuli da inglisuri kolonizaciis SedarebiTi analizi gadmocemulia v. skramucas statiaSi (Scramuzza 1939). rac Seexeba miletis istorias, daaxloebiT alan grivsis Sromis paralelurad aSS-Si daiwera aranakleb mniSvnelovani v. gormanis naSromi – ‘Miletus, Ornament of Ionia’ (Gormann 2001). CrdiloeT an samxreT SavizRvispireTSi berZnuli kolonizaciis sakiTxebze muSaobda da sayuradRebo mosazrebebi gamoTqva b. labarim (Labaree 1957). sinopis geografia da istoria Seiswavla robinsonma (Robinson 19061, 19062). CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTTan xorbliT vaWrobis sakiTxi Seiswavla T. nunanma (Noonan 1973). uaxloes xanebSi SavizRvispireTis kolonizaciisa da vaWrobis sakiTxebze muSaobda J. boeri (boeri 1999, 2005). kanaduri istoriografiidan aRsaniSnavia m. uaitis statia koloniebis tipologiasTan dakavSirebiT, romelSic sakmaod saintereso mosazrebebia gadmocemuli (White 1961). qarTul-inglisur-avstraliuri istoriografiidan aRsaniSnavia g. cecxlaZis Sromebi (cecxlaZe 1991; cecxlaZe... 1991), aseve, misi redaqtorobiT gamosuli krebulebi ‘Coloquia Pontica’ (New... 1996) da ‘Ancient Greeks – West and East’ (Ancient... 1999). 41 franguli istoriografia, ZiriTadad, antikuri ekonomikis zogadi sakiTxebiT interesdeba. aRsaniSnavia J. tutenis Sroma (Toutain 1930). uaxlesi kvlevebidan ki aRsaniSnavia Jan andros kvlevebi, romelmac Seiswavla romis sabanko sistema. zogadad, romauli ekonomikas is ganixilavda, rogorc sabazro ekonomikas, Tumca, ara mTlianad Tanamedrove percefciiT (Andreau 1999:3-4). germanul istoriografiaSi pirvelad gaCnda mosazreba antikuri sazogadoebis Tanamedrove sazogadoebasTan msgavsebis Sesaxeb. am mosazrebis avtori ed. maieri iyo (Мейер 1906). igive azris iyo Teodor momzenis mowafe maqs veberic, romelic miiCnevda, rom antikuri sazogadoeba kapitalisturi iyo. misi azriT, monobis arseboba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar uaryofs kapitalizmis arsebobis faqts. piriqiT, monebi ki ar qmnidnen kapitals da amitom isini ki ar iyvnen antikuri sazogadoebis mamoZravebeli Zala, aramed, isini, rogorc instrumentum vocale, TavisTavad warmoadgendnen kapitals (Вебер 2006). panelinizmis, polisisa da berZnuli imperializmis sakiTxebi ganixila s. perlmanma. man aRniSna, rom `ori ram ar unda iqnes daviwyebuli, roca berZnebis erTianobis SegrZnebas aRvniSnavT: 1) klasikur xanaSi berZnebma TavianTi Tavi gamoyves araberZnebisgan, barbarosebisgan, 2) miuxedavad qalaqsaxelmwifoTa Soris ganviTarebuli gacxovelebuli urTierTobisa, berZnebs erovnuli erToba arasdros ar SeuqmniaT, imitom rom berZnebs ar surdaT polisis msxverplad Sewirva saerToberZnuli erovnuli gamaerTianebeli organizaciis Sesaqmnelad~ (Perlman 1976:2-6). 42 daniuri istoriografiidan mniSvnelovania m. h. hansenis monografia polisis fenomenis Sesaxeb ‘Polis: An introduction to the Ancient Greek City-States’ (Hansen 2006; Hansen 2000). hansenma polisTan mimarTebaSi gamosca e. w. `95 Tezisi~, romelic ganTavsebulia kopenhagenis polisis kvlevis centris veb-gverdze: http://www.copenhagenpoliscentre.info ebrauli istoriografiidan aRsaniSnavia irad malkinis Sromebi, romlebic exeba religiisa da kolonizaciis mimarTebis sakiTxebs (malkini 2002). garda amisa, is muSaobda sakiTxze Tu rogor moqmedebdnen berZnuli koloniebi, rogorc erTi sistemas da qselis nawili (Malkin 2011). espanuri istoriografiidan aRsaniSnavia x. m. blaskesi, romelic kiTxulobda moxsenebebs vanis simpoziumebze espaneTisa da kolxeTis berZnuli kolonizaciebis SedarebiTi analizis kuTxiT (blaskesi 2002). 43 elinuri eqsperimentis dasawyisi kolxeTis sanapiroze – berZnuli kolonizaciis mizezebi da miznebi berZnul kolonizacias gaaCnda rogorc zogadi, ise konkretuli mizezebi. zogadi mizezebi Seswavlis sagani araerTgzis yofila da am mxriv istoriografiac, Sesabamisad, mdidaria. rac Seexeba konkretul mizezebs, yoveli qalaqis SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba gansxvavebuli konkretuli mizezi yofiliyo, amitom maTi Seswavla ufro im mecnierTa prerogativaa, romlebic konkretuli axalSenebiT arian dainteresebuli. am sakiTxis Seswavla yvelaze upriania metropoliis istoriasTan kavSirSi. Cveni gamokvleva amasac isaxavs miznad – miletis, Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros mTavari kolonizatoris istoriasTan kavSirSi ganvixiloT kolxeTis sanapiroebis kolonizaciis konkretuli mizezebi. pirvel rigSi mimovixilavT berZnuli kolonizaciis zogad mizezebs. Cveulebriv, sam ZiriTad mizezs _ `miwis Zebnas~, `metalis Ziebasa~ da `sakvebis Zebnas~ gamoyofen (Hanfmann... 1960:704). erTi sityviT, mTavari mizezi nedleulis mopovebis survilia. aseve, asaxeleben axali miwebis Ziebis survils, metropoliaSi warmoebuli namati produqciis gasaRebis survilsac (Кузищин 2005:96). Tavdapirveli koloniebis (al-mina, kuma da sxv.) daarseba swored savaWro miznebTan aris dakavSirebuli (White 1961:445). berZnuli kolonizaciis mizezebad asaxeleben, aseve, demografiul faqtorsac. SavizRvispireTis kolonizaciis xanaSic mas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. zogadad, Zv. w. VII saukunis bolodan saberZneTSi 44 iwyeba mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis mkveTri zrda (Scheidel 2003:125) da, Sesabamisad, erTi mxriv, nedleuli, romelic mzardi mosaxleobis gamokvebas dasWirdeboda, meti iyo saWiro da meore mxriv, mosaxleobisgan gantvirTvac ufro sasurveli am droidan Canda. Tavdapirveli koloniebis daarsebis mizezi sainteresoa, rom es arc yofila. al-mina savaWro posti iyo siriaSi da kuma xmelTaSuazRvispireSi etruriasTan savaWro postia (White 1961:445), amrigad, Tavdapirveli mizezi demografiuli faqtori ar yofila, es sakiTxi mxolod mogvianebiT, zustad Savi zRvis kolonizebis dawyebisas gaxda aqtualuri. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogjer kolonizaciis miznebi da Sedegebi erTmaneTs ar Seesabameboda. mag., kirena daarsda agraruli miznebiT, magram SemdegSi es funqcia ar Seusrulebia. kolxeTis koloniebis daarsebis mizezebisa da miznebis kvlevisasac ar unda dagvaviwyes: SesaZloa, maT daarsebis Tavdapirveli uSualo mizani SemdegSi arc SeusrulebiaT (Braund 1994:84). magaliTad, SavizRvispireTSi berZnuli koloniebis Tavdapirveli daarsebis uSualo mizani miletis sakolonizacio aqtivobis periodSi SeiZleba yofiliyo oqros an xaliburi rkinis Zieba, SemdegSi _ xorblis importis survili. magaliTad, `siciliuri xorblis dakargvam 413 wels aTeni SavizRvispireTis xorblisken Semoabruna~ (Graham 1961:195). rac Seexeba distanciis mniSvnelobas koloniebis daarsebis sakiTxSi, uSualo mizezi, xelSemwyobi an ganmapirobebeli faqtori distancia arasdros ar yofila. piTekusa da kuma erT-erTi adreuli koloniebia, amasTan erT-erTi yvelaze Sors daarsebuli (Braund 1994:93). 45 koloniebis daarsebis uSualo mizezi SeiZleboda yofiliyo adgilobrivebis survilic, Tumca amas aucileblad Tan unda darTvoda TviT berZnebis interesic. magaliTad, Tuki uaryofil iqna argantoniusis, tartesosis mefis, miwveva, rom fokeelebs daearsebinaT kolonia, megarelebma ar uaryves msgavsi miwveva da daarses megara hiblaia Zv. w. 728 w. siciliaze. sxva sakiTxia, saboloo mizani ra unda yofiliyo koloniebis daarsebisa da ra unda yofiliyo am qalaqebis momavali funqcia. berZnuli eqsperimentis zogad miznad prof. Tedo dundua miiCnevs berZnebis survils, sabolood berZnul ekonomikur sistemasTan SeerwyaT kolonizirebuli mxareebi da SeeqmnaT erTiani ekonomikur-geografiuli regioni, xolo models Semdegi saxiT warmoaCens: `1. kariasa Tu TrakiaSi, bosforsa Tu kolxeTSi elinebi placdarmebs qmnidnen... 2. es placdarmebi avtonomiur berZnul socialur struqturebad gardaiqmneboda, romelTac teqnikuri saxis dotacia metropolisidan mosdioda. 3. adgilobriv mosaxleobas saukeTeso sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRi gadaecemoda. 4. elinuri samrewvelo sistemac ukve modernizebul soflis meurneobas efuZneboda. 5. saeqsperimento mxareebi saberZneTs amaragebda sursaTiT da nedleuliT, samagierod, ukan iRebda samrewvelo saqonels. egeosis zRvis sanapiroebi da ponto erT ekonomikur sivrced unda qceuliyo Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: anatoliis zRvispira zolSi hava TiTqmis iseTivea, rogoric saberZneTSi, amitom jer Aanatolia unda Serwymoda saberZneTs, Semdeg SavizRvispireTi~ (dundua 2009:7-8). es aris zogadi modeli da sxvadasxva periodSi da 46 sxvadasxva regionTan an qalaqTan mimarTebaSi, ra Tqma unda, konkretuli mizezebic ikveTeba. konkretulad SavizRvispireTis kolonizebis mizezi sxvadasxva nedleulis mopoveba iyo. m. uaiti aRniSnavs, rom `mogviano koloniebis~, mag., SavizRvispireTis koloniebis funqcia iyo metropoliisTvis da saerTod, berZnuli samyarosTvis xorblis (gansakuTrebiT, albaT, Zv. w. III saukunemde, sanam egvipte daiwyebda xorblis intensiur eqsports – n. f.), Tevzis, saqonlis, tyavis, Taflis, cvilis da sxv. nedleulis eqsporti~ (White 1961:448). Tumca, SavizRvispireTis yvela berZnul koloniasTan mimarTebaSi, ra Tqma unda, Znelia am mosazrebis gaziareba, radgan 1) kolxeTSi xorbali saeqsporto daniSnulebiT ar moipoveboda da 2) kolxeTis mTavar kolonizators – Mmilets _ xorbali didad ar sWirdeboda. arqauli xanis miletSi qers ufro iyenebdnen, vidre xorbals (Greaves 2002:102). SavizRvispireTis kolonizebis mizezad aseve lidiis mefis, aliates, da misi Svilis, krezis, ioniur qalaqebTan dapirispirebis Sedegad gamowveul soflis meurneobisTvis miyenebul zaralsa da misgan gamomdinare miwebis Ziebas miiCneven (Кошеленко... 1990:37). Tavdapirvel etapze, zogadad, SavizRvispireTisa da Semdgom konkretulad kolxeTis kolonizebis mizezad miiCneven maRali xarisxis metalis Ziebas (rkina, spilenZi) (inaZe 1982:92; kaxiZe 1982:62). miletSi aRmoCenili rkinis artefaqtebis qimiurma analizmac TiTqosda daadastura kidec, rom xalibebidan SemosdiodaT rkina (Greaves 2002:37). miletis mier SavizRvispireTis kolonizebis dasawyisad miiCneven aseve Tavad miletSi mimdinare socialur brZolebs, romlis Sedegadac miletelebis 47 nawili iZulebuli iyo qalaqi daetovebina (Максимова 1958:48). Zv. w VII saukunis miwuruls miletis mier kolxeTis kolonizaciis mizezi, rogorc Cans, oqros Ziebaa. marTalia, werilobiT wyaroebSi `arsad ar vxvdebiT cnobebs kolxuri daniSnulebis Sesaxeb~ (inaZe oqros saeqporto 1962:102). Tumca Tu miletis saWiroebebs gaviTvaliswinebT, konkretul momentSi, berZnebis Tavdapirvelad aq mosvlaSi mainc, SeiZleba davinaxoT oqros Ziebis survili. Zv. w. VII saukunis miwuruls miletma lidiis mefis Tormetwlian alyas gauZlo miletSi Trasibules tiraniis dros (Greaves 2002:95). miletisTvis oqros mTavari importiori lidiis samefo iyo swored. gamodis, rom Zv. w. VII-VI saukuneebis mijnaze miletis mier daarsebuli axalSenebis funqcia, gansakurebiT kolxeTSi, romelic cnobili iyo Tavisi oqromravalobiT4, unda yofiliyo im deficitis Sevseba, romelic maSin lidiisgan momdinareobda. saxmeleTo gadaadgileba alyis dros SezRuduli hqonda milets, magram zRviT SeeZlo wasvla. amitomac, rogorc Cans, Zv. w. VII saukunis miwuruls, rodesac milets omi aqvs lidielebTan, maTTvis oqros mTavar importiorTan, maSin isini eZeben oqros SavizRvispireTSi da konkretulad, kolxeTSi. es omi grZeldeboda, erTi versiiT, 615-604 ww. yvelaze 4 berZnebis warmodgenaze kolxeTis oqromravalobis Sesaxeb SeiZleba garkveuli skepsisi arsebobdes gamomdinare iqidan, rom kolxeTis cnobili oqros nakeTobebi odnav ufro gvaindeli xaniT TariRdeba, Tumca argonavtebma ician oqros Sesaxeb kolxeTSi, da Tumca cnoba miTologiuri xasiaTisaa, misi istoriuli plastebis sruli ignorireba mainc mizanSewonili ar iqneboda. 48 adreuli berZnuli importi kolxeTSi daaxloebiT am periodiT TariRdeba (inaZe 1982:90, 97; kaxiZe 1971:30; kaxiZe 1989:56). SesaZloa, es qalaqebi uSualod 11 wliani alyis periodSi ar daarsebuliyo, magram lidiis, rogorc arastabiluri partnioris Semcvlelad mileti, albaT, sxva resursebs eZebda da es resursi mas SeeZlo kolxeTSi epova, romelic, berZnebis warmodgeniT, mdidari iyo oqroTi. rac Seexeba monaTvaWrobas, monaTvaWroba berZnuli kolonizaciis mizezi imdenad ar yofila, ramdenadac Sedegi. berZnuli qalaqebis daarsebis Semdeg pirvelad qiosuri importi Cndeba kolxeTSi. qiosi monaTvaWrobis udidesi bazari iyo mTels berZnul samyaroSi (inaZe 1982:92). Tumca sakuTriv qioss ar dauarsebia kolxeTis berZnuli qalaqebi. amrigad, miletelebi aq movidnen sakuTari interesebiT, xolo qioselebma miletTan maTi mokavSireobiT sargebeli naxes monaTvaWrobis saxiT. Zv. w. VI saukunis miwuruls - V saukunis dasawyisSi miletis SavizRvispireTSi gaaqtiurebisa da axali koloniebis daarsebis mizezi xe-tyis eqsportis survilia. miuxedavad imisa, rom miletis garSemo tyeebi iyo, rogorc Cans, es sakmarisi ar iyo misTvis (Greaves 2002:14). im droisaTvis milets xe-tye esaWiroeboda sparseTis winaaRmdeg mosalodneli ajanyebisTvis (Greaves 2002:100). garda amisa, mileti cnobili iyo avejis warmoebiTac da flotis gaZlierebaTan erTad avejis eqsportioris funqciac unda SeenarCunebina (Greaves 2002:14). berZnebi da kolxebi vaWrobdnen xe-tyiT. zogadad amis Sesaxeb informacia daculia strabonTan (Strabo XI. I. 17), konkretulad Zv. w. VI saukuneSi miletTan xe-tyiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb ar aris daculi informacia, magram 49 Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom mTel saberZneTSi cnobili iyo mileturi aveji, aseve im faqtsac, rom milets mniSvnelovani floti hyavda, unda vifiqroT, rom misi interesis erT-erTi sagani pontoSic da konkretulad kolxeTSi, Zv. w. VI saukuneSic xe-tye iqneboda. sainteresoa, rom floti Zlieri hyavda qiossac. Zv. w. 494 w. lades brZolaSi qiosma gamoiyvana 100 gemi, miletma 80, maSin rodesac lesbosma _ 70 da samosma _ 60 (Cambridge 1964:96). Zv. w. VI saukunis bolos SavizRvispireTSi miletis gaaqtiurebis erT-erTi mizezi sibarisis dangrevaa. Zv. w. 510 wels krotonelebma sibarisi aiRes da 500 mdidari moqalaqe qalaqidan gaaZeves. sibaritebi miletelebis mniSvnelovani mokavSireebi iyvnen, yvelaze metad swored maT igloves sibarisis dacema, radgan isini iyvnen matylis pirveli mimwodeblebi, xolo miletelebi misgan TavianT cnobil qsovilebs amzadebdnen (Cambridge 1964:89). safeiqro warmoebis kolxeTSi ganviTarebas piramiduli sawafebis aRmoCena (mag. fiWvnarSi) adasturebs. miletis kolxeTiT dainteresebis erT-erTi mizezic Zv. w. VI saukunis, bolos, albaT, safeiqro warmoebisTvis saWiro nedleulic iyo. Zv. w. VI saukunis bolos, sibarisis dangrevis Semdeg, roca miletelebma mniSvnelovani partniori dakarges matylis mimwodeblebis saxiT, savaraudod, Savi zRvis regionidan am resursis SevsebiTac dainteresdnen. fazisis midamoebSi sabaJos uZveles namosaxlarze mesaqonleoba meurneobis wamyvani dargi Cans. aq sxva saqonlis ZvlebTan erTad aRmoCenilia cxvris Zvlebic (miqelaZe 1978:41). mecxvareoba ganviTarebuli Cans dioskuriis midamoebSic (Трапш 1969:234). TviTON miletSi Txebi ufro hyavdaT, vidre cxvrebi (Greaves 2002:31). am mxriv 50 kidev erTxel simptomaturia, rom fiWvnarSi, romlis osteologiur masalaSi wamyvani adgili Roris Zvlebs uWiravs (kaxiZe... 2004:142) da cxvari praqtikulad ar aris, zogadad, ioniuri etapi sustad aris gamoxatuli. dasavleT saqarTveloSi mecxavreobis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba garkveuli skepsisic arsebobdes, Tumca dasavleT saqarTveloSi cxvris specialuri jiSic aris cnobili – imeruli cxvari. miuxedavad imisa, rom is farTo arealSi ar iyo gavrcelebuli, sainteresoa, rom es jiSi gamoirCeva imiT, rom swrafad izrdeba, adre mwifdeba da mravldeba, amasTan poliestrulia, anu mravldeba wlis yvela sezonSi, amis gamo TaobaTa swrafi brunva axasiaTebs, am jiSis nerbis rekorduli STamomavloba 3 weliwadSi 75 suls aRwevs (rCeuliSvili 1980). amrigad, sibarisis dangrevis Semdeg mecxoveleobaSi kolxeTis sanapiros berZnuli qalaqebis interess Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, kerZod, mecxvareobas, SeiZleba, esec miletis interess davukavSiroT. Tumca cotaTi Znelia saTqmelia, es ukve mizezi iyo Tu Sedegi miletis sakolonizacio aqtivobisa. Zv. w. V saukuneSi axali koloniebis daarsebis zogadi mizezi SeiZleba yofiliyo aTenis mier panelinuri ideebisa da Tavisi hegemoniis faqtis ubralo konstataciis survilic. magaliTad, Turiumi aTenis xelmZRvanelobiT daarsda, is iyo sponsori am daarsebisa da mis kolonizebaSi nebismier msurvels SeeZlo mieRo monawileoba (Perlman 1976:15). aTenis survili iyo mxolod sakuTari primatis demonstrireba. igive SeiZleba moxda kolxeTSic atikuri fiWvnaris daarsebisas. SavizRvispireTis kolonizaciis kidev erT mizezad miiCneven kolxeTis politikuri, socialur51 ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis maRal donesac – kolxeTSi saxelmwifos arsebobis faqts (Лордкипанидзе 1975:6). kolxeTis sanapiros kolonizaciis erTerTi mizezi aris berZnebis mier am teritoriis evropad gaazreba. berZnuli kolonizacia ki gulisxmobda evropad gaazrebuli teritoriebis berZnul ekonomikur sistemaSi CarTvas. herodotesTan evropis sazRvrebia `fazisi, kolxidis mdinare (xolo sxvebi asaxeleben meotisis mdinares, tanaissa da kimeriul (Herod. IV. 45). Sesabamisad, es gadasasvlels)~. teritoriebi berZnuli samyaros SesaZlebel nawilad aRiqmeboda. berZnebis mosvlis erTerTi mizezic es aris – dasavleT saqarTvelos urwyavi zona maTi percefciiT SesaZlebeli iyo CarTuliyo berZnul ekonomikur sistemaSi. miletelebis mier axalSeni SeiZleboda daarsebuliyo momavali placdarmis saxiT. Cveni azriT, amdagvari funqcia unda hqonoda baTumis cixis dasaxlebas. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi erTerTi pirveli berZnuli axalSeni baTumis cixis dasaxlebaa. wyaroebSi es dasaxlebac ar aris praqtikulad moxseniebuli, Tu ar CavTvliT Tabula Peutingueriana-s Portus Altus-s, romelsac miiCneven, rom baTumis cixis namosaxlari unda iyos (yauxCiSvili 1987:114), Tumca es, ra Tqma unda, danamdvilebiT ar niSnavs imas, rom Portus Altus baTumis cixis arqauli xanis dasaxlebaa. baTumis cixis dasaxleba, a. kaxiZis azriT, kolxeTis berZnul dasaxlebebs Soris warmoqmnilia yvelaze adre (kaxiZe 1989:92). aq aRmoCenili qiosuri TeTrangobiani keramika Zv. w. VII s-is bolosa da VI saukunis I naxevriT TariRdeba (kaxiZe 1989:75). aseve 52 ioniuri jamebis da kilikebis moxatuli nimuSebidan `aRsaniSnavia e.w. kamarisis klasis soliseburi ornamentiani jamebi. amgvar WurWlebs Zv.w. VII s. bolosa da VI s. pirvel naxevarSi awarmoebdnen~. (kaxiZe 1989:88). arqeologiuri monapovriT Cans, rom yvelaze Zveli dasaxleba es unda iyos. ra unda yofiliyo am efemeruli dasaxlebis funqcia? baTumis cixis dasaxleba polisi ar yofila. funqciurad is arc savaWro funqciebs asrulebda, sakmaod mcirea importi imisaTvis, rom vamtkicoT intensiuri savaWro kontaqtebi. Cveni azriT, baTumis cixe arsebobda mcire xniT, rogorc placdarmi, kolxeTis sanapiroze sxvagan koloniebis dasaarseblad. Savi zRvis sanapiros berZnebi iTvisebdnen, rogorc aRvniSneT, saaTis isris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. swored amitom, kolxeTis teritoriazec am TanmimdevrobiT Semodian. droebiT dgebian baTumis cixis teritoriaze da Semdeg nelnela gadadian ufro CrdiloeTiT da Crdilo-dasavleTiT. sainteresoa, rom misi Cvenamde SemorCenili saxelwodeba Portus Altus Rrma navsadgurs niSnavs. SeiZleba arqaul xanaSi is marTlac sayrdeni punqti, navsadguri, iyo da Semdeg berZnebi maleve gadavidnen dioskuriis5 da fazisis dasaarseblad. es dasaxleba maleve degradirdeba. mas aRorZineba ar ganucdia aTenis eqspansiis xanaSic ki. a. kaxiZec aRniSnavs, rom `baTumis cixeze aRmoCenili Savlakiani keramikis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, unda davaskvnaT, rom klasikur xanaSi aTenTan urTierTobaSi am samosaxlos roli umniSvneloa~ (kaxiZe 1989:89). 5 konkretul SemTxvevaSi eSeris dasaxlebis 53 Sesabamisad, am dasaxlebis degradirebis mizezi misi funqciis amowurvaa. mas mere, rac berZnebma aiTvises mniSvnelovani punqtebi da maTTvis sasurvel saukeTeso adgilebSi daarses axalSenebi, baTumis cixis dasaxleba aRar iyo saWiro. erTi kontrargumentic arsebobs: baTumis cixis teritoriaze arqeologiur fenebSi naxanZralic arsebobs, ramac SeiZleba gvafiqrebinos, rom berZnebs aq winaaRmdegoba SexvdaT da imitomac ar isurves aq damkvidreba da ara imitom, rom dasaxlebam maleve amowura funqcia. magram Tu gaviTvalisiwinebT imas, rom berZnebi msgavs gamowvevebs ar uSindebodnen, Tundac, vTqvaT, rogorc herakleis damaarsebelma berZnebma daamarcxes mariandinebi (Фролов 1981:25), Cveni azriT, es realuri gamowveva berZnebisTvis ar iqneboda. SavizRvispireTSi berZnebi pirvelad Zv. w. VIII saukuneSi Cndebian (mag., sinope da trapezunti daarsda Zv. w. 756 w.), magram gansakuTrebiT Zv. w. VI saukuneSi aqtiurdebian. am dros ioniuri centrebidan SavizRvispireTSi mileti aarsebs TiTqmis yvela kolonias, garda fanagoriisa, romelic sxva ioniuri centris - teosis mieraa daarsebuli. doriuli qalaqebidan cnobilia megaris mier herakleis da mesembriis daarseba. danarCeni doriuli qalaqebi SavizRvispireTSi mxolod herakleis subkoloniebs warmoadgenen. xolo miletis axalSenebidan teritoriebis subkolonizebis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda sinopi. SavizRvispireTSi miletelebis mier koloniebis daarsebis qronologiaSi teritoriis aTvisebis principis mixedviT or etaps gamovyofT: 1) strategiulad mniSvnelovan adgilas mcire 54 raodenobis, magram, SedarebiT didi axalSenebis daarsebis periodi, 2) miletis mier SavizRvispireTis sanapiros mizanmimarTuli masobrivi aTvisebis periodi – mcire axalSenebis daarseba. pirveli periodi Zv. w. VIII saukunis Sua xanebidan Zv. w. VII saukunis Sua xanebis CaTvliT gagrZelda. Zv. w. VIII saukuneSi miletma daarsa trapezunti da sinopi (Zv. w. 756), Semdeg berezani da olbia (Zv. w. VII saukunis Sua xanebi), istrosi (Zv. w. 657-630) da, albaT, am xanebSi tanaisi (Zv. w. VII s.) da odesosic (Zv. w. VII s). meore periodi daiwyo Zv. w. 630 wels sinopes6 da kerasuntis daarsebiT da dasrulda Zv. w. 494 wels. sinopes da kerasuntis Semdeg daarsebebi Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT moxda: amisosi (Zv. w. VII s. II naxevari), apolonia (Zv. w. 609 w.), pantikapeioni, tirasi da tomisi (Zv. w. 600), daaxloebiT am dros daarsda ioniuri fiWvnari (inaZe 1982:97), fazisic, eSerac da baTumis cixis dasaxlebac (kaxiZe 1989:56). Zv. w. 540 wlamde daarsda gienosi. aseve daaxloebiT amave dros arsdeba feodosia, nimfeioni da odnav mogvianebiT, Zv. w. 500 wels kerkinitida. pirveli periodi xasiaTdeba Semdegi niSnebiT: pirvel etapze moxda samxreT SavizRvispireTis aTviseba, Semdeg Crdilo SavizRvispireTisa da bolos dasavleT SavizRvispireTis. meore periodSic teritoriis aTviseba iwyeba isev samxreT SavizRvispireTiT, Semdeg grZeldeba aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTiT – kolxeTis sanapiroebis aTvisebiT, Semdeg Crdilo 6 xelaxali daarsebaa 55 SavizRvispireTiT. rac Seexeba dasavleT SavizRvispireTs, misi aTviseba sinqronulia. Cveni azriT, koloniebis daarsebis es Tanmimdevroba ganapiroba SavizRvispireTis dinebebis Taviseburebam da, aqedan gamomdinare, sanapiros Semovlis SesaZlebelma gzam. Sav zRvaSi ori ZiriTadi dinebaa. orive moZraobs saaTis isris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. Savi zRvis gadaWra ise, rom arcerT dinebas ar gahyve, SesaZlebelia mxolod sinopidan sevastopolamde (Золотарев 1979:95-98), Tanac ise, rom karg amindSi TvalTaxedvidan miwa ar dakargo (Robinson 19061:136). amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom imxanad berZnebi kabotaJurad dacuravdnen da mxolod Zv. w. V-IV saukuneebis mijnaze iswavles mzisa da varskvlavebis gamoyenebiT Ria zRvaSi curva. es niSnavs, rom SavizRvispireTis aTvisebisas berZnebi sanapiros mihyvebodnen dinebebis mixedviT da amgvarad iTvisebdnen teritorias. amasTan, damatebiT faqtorebsac hqonda mniSvneloba: mag., konkretul momentSi kolxeTis oqros Zieba SeiZleboda yofiliyo teritoriis aTvisebis survili da Semdeg mas mihyva, rogorc Cans, Crdilo SavizRvispireTisa da dasavleTis ufro farTod aTvisebis etapi. rogorc Cans, mcire manZilze dasavleT sanapiros aTvisebisas berZnebi dinebebis sawinaaRmdegodac micuravdnen sakabotaJo gziT. magram es saerTo suraTs ar arRvevs – SavizRvispireTi Zv. w. IV saukunemde zRvaosnobisTvis aRiqmeboda saaTis isris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom isini, visac Tavad umogzauria SavizRvispireTSi, ZiriTadad, am teritorias aRweren saaTis isris mimarTulebis 56 sawinaaRmdegod. es imitom, rom isini, ZiriTadad, mogzaurobdnen gemebiT, rogorc magaliTad ariane aRwers. strabons aq ar umogzauria, man sxvadasxva wyaroebiT isargebla da Seakowiwa Tavisi aRwera. amitomac aris, rom aRwerisas is irCevs sxvadasxva mimarTulebas. vinc xmeleTiT mogzaurobda, ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia, rom sanapiros aRwerdes CrdilodasavleTidan dawyebuli samxreT-dasavleTiT damTavrebuli, iseve, rogorc piriqiT. sainteresoa, rom rodesac megarelebi iwyeben aq axalSenebis daarsebas, iwyeben samxreTis aTvisebiT, xolo Semdeg Tavis axalSenebs praqtikulad erTdroulad aarseben Crdilo SavizRvispireTsa da dasavleTSi. Tumca maTi kolonizacia gamoirCeva im principiT, rasac mileti mimarTavda mxolod pirvel periodSi _ strategiulad mniSvnelovan adgilas SedarebiT didi dasaxlebebi. SemdgomSi miletma strategia Secvala da asaxlebda bevr da mciremosaxleobian koloniebs. es principi ar SeurCeviaT megarelebs, miletelebisgan gansxvavebiT maT erCivnaT TiTo didi kolonia TiTo strategiul adgilas. miletis meore etapze daarsebul koloniebSi, maT Soris, kolxeTis koloniebSi berZnuli mosaxleoba, rogorc Cans, didi ar iyo. mag., baTumis cixis dasaxlebis, cixisZiris, gienosis da am periodis sxva ioniuri Zeglebi xSirad sustia importis TvalsazrisiT. amis gamo xSirad eWvqveS ayeneben ionielebis aq dasaxlebis albaTobas, Tumca Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom miletis taqtika sxvagvaria am etapze, daaarsos bevri dasaxleba da mcire mosaxleobiT, suraTi logikuria. simptomaturia, rom mileti miCneulia 90 qalaqis damaarseblad. erTi 57 SexedviT, hiperbolizeburi cifria, Tumca am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, esec logikuri Cans. Zv. w. VI saukunis berZnuli importis, erTi SexedviT, arasakmarisi raodenoba istoriografiaSi berZnebis mosvlis am droiT daTariRebisTvis hamletiseuli SekiTxvis safuZveli gaxda istoriografiaSi, gansakuTrebiT gienosTan da dioskuriasTan mimarTebaSi, Cveni azriT, importis aRmoCenili raodenobac ki sakmarisia maTi aq mosaxleobis samtkiceblad. fiWvnaris magaliTidan Cven viciT, rom SesaZlebelia berZnebi sanapiroze mosaxleobdnen adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gverdiT da maT samarxebSi importis mxolod mcire nawili daileqos. miT ufro, rom dioskuriasTan mimarTebaSi sakiTxi garTulebulia imiT, rom Zveli dioskuria daZirulia da mis Sesaxeb Cven mxolod mizeruli informacia mogvepoveba. berZnebis mosvlasTan erTad kolxeTSi Semodis ara mxolod berZnuli importi, aramed siriuli da egvipturi nawarmi. rac ufro Soreuli centridan modioda da ramdenadac met saSuamavlo savaWro centrs gaivlida es nawarmi, ra Tqma unda, miT ufro Zvirdeboda. egvipturi nawarmi Zv. w. VI saukuneSi CvenTan moxvdeboda Semdegi gzis gavliT: egviptis Sida raionebi  navkratisi  mileti  sinopi (?)  kolxeTis berZnuli qalaqebi, Sesabamisad, is ukve gansakuTrebiT gaZvirebuli iqneboda. amis Sedegia maTi mcire raodenobiT aRmoCena. mTian raionebSi mag., raWaSi egvipturi skarabeebis aRmoCena (inaZe 1962:103) SeiZleba miuTiTebdes imaze, rom gansakuTrebuli siZviris gamo msxvili garigebebis dros maTi meSveobiTac xdeboda anazRaureba. mogvianebiT, Zv. w. IV saukunis bolodan, msxvili garigebebisTvis 58 gamoiyeneboda, albaT, aleqsandre makedonelis an lisimaqes staterebi (dundua 2006:82). erTi saintereso faqti iqcevs yuradRebas: Zv. w. VII-VI saukuneebis mijnaze kolxeTis sanapiros mTel teritoriaze arsebuli diunuri sadgomebi wyveten arsebobas. maTi funqcia iyo an marilis miReba (Соловьев 19471), an magnetituri qviSebisgan rkinis miReba (Рамишвили 1975:41). nebismier SemTxvevaSi diunur sadgomebze mosaxleni moipovebdnen masobrivi moxmarebis sagans rTuli gziT. Zv. w. VII-VI saukuneebis mijnaze mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs unda gamoewvia sanapiroze mcxovrebi kolxebis saqmianobis Sewyveta. es SeiZleboda yofiliyo mxolod berZnebis gamoCena. garedan mosuli resursis wyalobiT, rogorc Cans, SesaZlebeli gaxda am saqmianobiT miRebuli masalis Canacvleba. Tuki maTi mopovebis sagans marili warmoadgenda, gasagebia, rom imxanad mosulma berZnebma Semoitanes marili, romlis mopovebac Zneli iyo da, albaT, Zviric ujdeboda adgilobriv mosaxleobas, Sedegad es saqmianobac Sewyda. Tuki rkinis mopovebasTan iyo es saqmianoba dakavSirebuli, rogorc Cans, isev berZnebTan erTad mosulma teqnologiurma codnam SesaZlebeli gaxada am saqmianobis arsebuli formiT Sewyveta, Tumca, radgan cnobilia, rom kolxeTSi berZnebis mosvlamde rkinis damuSavebis teqnikas Zalian kargad icnobdnen, berZnebis motanili teqnologiuri codna amas ar unda ukaviSirdebodes da Cveni azriT, diunuri dasaxlebebis sawarmoo funqciaSi ufro marilis mopoveba unda davinaxoT. miletelebis yvela eqsperimenti Savi zRvis regionSi, rogorc Cans, warmatebuli ar yofila, maT 59 Soris, arc Tavdapirvel etapzec. sainteresoa aristoteles fragmentebSi daculi erTi cnoba: 557. xolo miletelebma, vidre isini ar ganebivrdebodnen, sZlies skviTebs, rogorc ambobs eforosi, helespontTan qalaqebi aaSenes, evqsinis ponto daasaxles brwyinvale qalaqebiT da yvelani miletSi gaiqcnen. magram rodesac isini TandaTanobiT gancxromasa da nebivrobaSi Cacvivdnen, gamoecala qalaqs simamace, ambobs aristotele. da erTi andazac ki arsebobs maT Sesaxeb. `Zvelad, odesRac mamacebi iyvnen miletelebi~ (yauxCiSvili 19691:73). cnoba, rogorc Cans, miekuTvneba efoross, romelic cxovrobda Zv. w. 400-330 ww. efoross miaweren pirveli msoflio istoriis Sedgenas. mis Txzulebas Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. misi cnobebi daculia fragmentebis saxiT, CarTulia sxva avtorebis TxzulebebSi, mag., mas xSirad imowmebs straboni. cnoba Zv. w. IV saukunisaa, araugvianes Zv. w. 330 wlisa. Tumca TavisTavad informacia eforosTanac ufro adreuli wyaroebidan unda iyos asaxuli: 1) eforosi kompilatoria da 2) cnoba miletelebis Sav zRvaSi aqtiurobis Sesaxeb, safiqrebelia, rom aq aTenelebis gabatonebamde viTarebas asaxavs. arsebobs ramdenime SesaZlebeli varianti, Tu ras unda asaxavdes miletelebTan dakavSirebuli es cnoba, da, aseve, qronologiuri TvalsazrisiTac ramdenime SesaZlebeli varianti, Tu rodindel viTarebas unda asaxavdes es cnoba:  miletelebis mier Savi zRvis kolonizaciis pirvel etapze daarsebuli koloniebis nawilis xelmeore kolonizeba gaxda saWiro isev miletelebis mier. mag., sinope da kizikosi samxreT SavizRvispireTSi orjeraa 60  miletelebis mier dafuZnebuli (Gorman 2004:257). es qmnis erTgvar sacdurs, xom ar asaxavs es cnoba am periodis viTarebas. miletelebi movidnen Zv. w. VIII saukuneSi, Tumca maTma koloniebma ver SeZles verc mniSvnelovani kontaqtebis SenarCuneba metropoliasTan, verc sakuTari ekonomikuri bazis Seqmna da damoukidebel polisebad Camoyalibeba da isev ukan dabrundnen. Zv. w. VIII saukuneSi amis mizezi SeiZleba yofiliyo: 1) kolonistebis arasakmarisi raodenoba, 2) kimerielebis Semosevebis gamo regionis gaveraneba. Tumca eforosis cnoba Znelia safiqrebelia, adrindel viTarebas asaxavdes. miletelebi Sav zRvaSi maTi aqtiurobis meore etapze (Zv. w. 630-494 ww) xSirad qalaqebs asaxlebdnen principiT – bevri da mcire mosaxleobiT. Tuki Tavdapirveli qalaqebi strategiulad mniSvnelovan punqtebSi daaarses da vrcel teritoriaze SeiZleboda mxolod erTi qalaqi yofiliyo, meore etapze sxva taqtikas irCeven – cdiloben sanapiro maqsimalurad aiTvison. Sesabamisad, calkeul dasaxlebebSi, albaT, naklebi raodenobis kolonisti igzavneboda. polisis damoukidebeli ekonomikuri bazis Sesaqmnelad saWiroa kolonistTa iseTi raodenoba, romelic sakmarisi iqneba samrewvelo seqtoris asamuSaveblad. koloniebis funqcia, marTalia, nedleulis miwodebaa metropoliisTvis, magram damoukidebelma axalSenebma imisaTvis, rom saboloo damoukideblobas miaRwion, sakuTari sawarmoo profilic unda moZebnon. mag., Crdilo 61 SavizRvispireTis qalaqebisTvis es gaxda xorblis miwodeba berZnuli samyarosTvis, Sedegic saxeze iyo, egviptis mier xorblis eqsportis dawyebamde yvelaferi wesrigSi Cans, mere ki TandaTanobiT maTi daknineba iwyeba. damoukidebeli ekonomikuri bazis Sesaqmnelad da sakuTari sawarmoo profilis asamuSaveblad saWiroa mowinave teqnologiebis mqone iseTi berZnebis raodenoba, romelic sakmarisi iqneba Tundac erTi dargis gansaviTareblad. Cveni azriT, SavizRvispireTis kolonizaciis miletur etapzec, gansakuTrebiT mis meore periodSi, am regionSi mosuli kolonistebi ar aRmoCndnen sakmarisi amisTvis. ionielebma miatoves TviT iseTi strategiuli punqti, rogoric iyo qersonesi da pontos herakleadan mosuli kolonistebi realurad kolonistebis meore nakadia. simptomaturia isic, rom aTenelebis mosvlis droisaTvis kolxeTis qalaqebis kolonistebis axali nakadiT Sevseba gaxda saWiro. faqtia, dioskuria kleruxebiT Seivso, xolo fiWvnari, aseve mniSvnelovnad gaizarda – mcire ioniuri dasaxlebidan mniSvnelovan savaWro adgilad iqca. kolxeTis antikuri polisebis kvdomis erT-erT SesaZlebeli mizezi kolonistebis arasakmarisi raodenobaa. Tumca, Cveni azriT, zogadad, mTeli berZnuli kolonizaciis procesSi, sxvadasxva periodSi mosuli mosaxleoba erTad aRebuli ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi kolxebis elinur ekonomikur sivrceSi CarTvis eqsperimentisTvis. Cveni azriT, aristoteles cnoba asaxavs Zv. w. V saukunis I naxevris viTarebas. mileti 62 SavizRvispireTSi TviT Zv. w. VI saukunis bolos _ V saukunis dasawyisSic ki aqtiuria, aarsebs 2 qalaqs – mirkinoss (makedonia) da anqiales (aRmosavleT ponto) amasTan, interesic jer kidev gaaCnda imxanad aq aqtiuri yofiliyo – dainteresebuli iyo gemebisTvis saWiro samSeneblo xe-tyiT berZen-sparselTa mosalodneli omis win. miletelebis ukan dabruneba, romelsac aristotele aRniSnavs, Zv. w. 479 wlis Semdegi periodiT unda daTariRdes. Zv. w. 494-479 ww-Si mileti sparselTa xelSia da naklebad savaraudoa, miletel kolonistebs maSin moendomebinaT metropoliaSi dabruneba. es ufro 479 wlis Semdgom movlenas hgavs, rodesac qalaqi sparselTagan gaTavisuflda. amrigad, Savi zRvis mileteli kolonistebis nawili, rogorc Cans, Zv. w. V saukunis I naxevarSi isev sakuTar qalaqSi dabrunda. mizezi SeiZleba yofiliyo maTi arasakmarisi raodenoba imisaTvis, raTa damoukidebeli polisi Camoyalibebuliyo. mag., aseTi dasaxleba kolxeTis sanapiroze SeiZleba yofiliyo ioniuri fiWvnari, baTumis cixis dasaxleba, dioskuriac (eSera?). baTumis cixis ioniur kolonizacias, miiCneven, rom warmateba ar mohyolia (kaxiZe 1973:32). kaxiZis azriT, amis mizezi misi Seqmnis Zaladobrivi xasiaTia (kaxiZe 1973:32), Tumca mizezi SeiZleba iyos kolonistebis arasakmarisi raodenoba, ekonomikuri stimulebis ararseboba da Sedegi, maTi `gaqceva~ am regionidan. dioskuriis SemTxvevaSic, radgan mniSvnelovani qronologiuri wyveta importSi ar SeiniSneba da Semdeg aTeneli kolonistebiT Cans Sevsebuli adgilobrivi teritoria, SesaZlebelia igive vifiqroT. saerTo jamSi, sainteresoa is faqti, rom arasasurveli pirobebis gamo jer kidev mileturi 63 kolonizaciis periodSi da maleve mis Semdeg kolonistebs SeiZleba daetovebinaT SavizRvispireTis regioni. Zv. w. V saukunis II naxevari aRiniSna aTenis gaZlierebiT, agreTve samyaros percefciis TvalsazrisiT, masStabebis gazrdiT. aTenma Caigdo bazrebi xelT da es aisaxa aTenis yoveldRiur yofazec ki. perikles xanis aTenels `SeeZlo hqonoda atikuri zeTisxilis zeTi da Rvino, marcvleuli da damarilebuli Tevzi Savi zRvidan, finiki finikiidan, yveli siciliidan da fexsacmeli sparseTidan, wamowoliliyo miletur sawolze karTagenuli baliSiT~ (Cambridge 19642:16). Zv. w. V saukunis 40-30-ian wlebSi aTenis sazRvao kavSiris politika iyo SavizRvispireTis auzSi SeWra. Zv. w. 437-435 ww. perikles eqspedicia gaemarTa pontosken. man sazRvao kavSirSi gaaerTiana sinopi, amisosi, apolonia da SesaZloa, dasavleT sanapirodan istriac. aseve, nimfeioni da, SesaZloa, olbiac. (Кузищин 2005:195-196). Zv. w. V saukunis bolos siciliaSi marcxma aTenis interesi SavizRvispireTisken isev gaaZliera, miT umetes, rom amas Tan daerTo isic, rom Zv. w. 412 w. qiosi aujanyda aTens, mere klazomene, eriTrea, teosi, mileti da Zv. w. 411 wlisaTvis aTenma mTeli ionia dakarga (Кузищин 2005:196). aTenis SavizRvispireTiT gansakuTrebuli dainteresebis Sedegia, rogorc Cans, fiWvnaris daarseba da dioskuriis dasaxlebis kleruxebiT gaZliereba. miuxedavad imisa, rom fiWvnaris antikuri saxelwodeba Cvenamde ar SemorCa, es mis mniSvnelobas arafriT ar akninebs. al-mina mniSvnelovani savaWro 64 centri iyo, miuxedavad amisa, misi antikuri saxelwodeba Cvenamde ar SemorCa (Luraghi 2006:27). Zv. w. V saukunis II naxevarSi mniSvnelovnad Zlierdeba atikuri importi. masTan erTad Semodis Tazosuri (Лордкипанидзе 1980:10), qiosuri, rodosuli, lesbosuri da sxva centrebis importi, Tumca maTi Semosvla aTenis saSuamavlo vaWrobas ukavSirdeba. kolxeTis berZnuli kolonizaciis uSualo Sedegia, aseve, monaTvaWroba. kolxuri warmoSobis monebis Sesaxeb Cven informacia, ZiriTadad, epigrafikuli masalebidan mogvepoveba. kolxeTidan gahyavdaT monebi, romlebic sakmaod Zviri Rirda. kolxeTidan gayvanili monebi CarTuli iyvnen industriul seqtorSi. Savfiguruli hidrias warwera Zv. w. VI-IV saukuneebisa (Каухчишвили 1975:499), amave periodis warwera amforaze: `evqsiTeosma gamakeTa, kolxma momxata~ (Каухчишвили 1975:499), aseve saflavis qva warweriT: `evfrosine, xairemonisa, kolxi qali~ aTenidan (Zv. w. IV-I ss.) (Каухчишвили 1975:499) monaTvaWrobas adastureben. kolxi mona Zv. w. V saukunis bolos Rirda 153 draqma (Каухчишвили 1975:499). es maSin, roca 180 draqma weliwadSi Zv. w. V saukuneSi aTenSi daqorwinebul wyvils eyofoda sarCenad (Cambridge 19642:22). garda tomobrivi saxelwodeba kolxisa, berZnuli samyarodan cnobilia saxelwodeba `sani~ aTenisa da delfosis warwerebidan (Zv. w. 270-260) (Каухчишвили 1975:502), aseve, delfosis 2 warweraSi moxseniebulia sakuTari saxeli makroni (Zv. w. 208 w), romelic tomobriv kuTvnilebas unda aRniSnavdes (Каухчишвили 1975:501). makronebi da sanebic kolxur samyarosTan arian dakavSirebulebi da esec adasturebs berZnebis SavizRvispireTSi monaTvaWrobisadmi interess. monaTvaWroba Zv.w. VI 65 saukunidan Zv. w. II-I saukunemde (?) warmoadgenda SavizRvispireTis berZnuli qalaqebis Semosavlis wyaros. delfosis manumisiebSi, romlebic Zv. w. II saukuniT TariRdeba, moxseniebulia qali, saxelad kalo, kolxeTidan, romelic gaiyida 5 vercxlis mnad (Каухчишвили 1975:499). delfosis Zv. w. I s. warweraSi moxseniebulia vinme `fesinosi~ (qioseli), romelic SeiZleba, aseve, fazisidan iyos wayvanili (Каухчишвили 1975:503). Cveni azriT, misi qioselad miTiTeba am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Cans, mxolod imis aRmniSvnelia, rom is qiosSia nayidi – monaTvaWrobis erT-erT udides bazarze. sainteresoa, rom kolxebi Canan Crdilo SavizRvispireTis berZnul qalaqebSic (Каухчишвили 1975:503-505). Zv. w. V saukunis meore naxevramde aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis berZnuli koloniebis didi nawili maincdamainc berZnul saxes ar atarebs. aq ar aris arc qalaqebis regularuli dagegmareba hipodamusis stiliT, xSirad arc qvebiT nagebi konstruqciebi. es faqti xSirad kolxeTSi berZnebis intensiuri aqtivobisadmi skeptikuri damokidebulebis safuZvelic xdeba (lorTqifaniZe 1964:196). kolxeTSi arc SemdgomSi ar aSenebula qvis nagebobebi. SeiZleba, es kolxeTis nestiani klimatiTac da berZnebis masTan adaptaciiT iyos gamowveuli da ara imiT, rom imxanad kolxeTSi mcxovrebi berZnebi ver an ar aSenebdnen qvis konstruqciebs. Zv. w. IV saukuneSi ramdenime mniSvnelovani movlena da cvlileba moxda, ramac gavlena moaxdina kolxeTis berZnuli qalaqebis Semdgom ganviTarebazec. makedoniis aRmavlobam da aTenis poziciebis Sesustebam gamoiwvia SavizRvispireTSi sinopis rolis gazrda. Tuki aqamde aTeni gamodioda sxva berZnul 66 centrebTan komerciuli Suamavlis rolSi, am droidan heraklea asrulebs am rols, Zv.w. IV saukunis herakleuri importi aRmoCenilia baTumSi, qobuleTfiWvnarSi, foTis midamoebSi, oCamCireSi, soxumsa da eSerasi (liCeli 2001), rac herakleasTan kavSiris damadasturebelia, aseve eSeris warwerac, sadac herakleaa moxseniebuli. egeosis da xmelTaSuazRvis auzis berZnul qalaqebTan kavSiris Sesustebam, aseve, gamoiwvia SavizRvispireTis berZnul qalaqebs Soris vaWrobis gacxoveleba. Zv. w. IV saukuneSi, mas Semdeg, rac siciliuri bazari dakarga Zv. w. V saukunis bolos, aTeni bosforis purisadmi interess mainc inarCunebda, sanam Zv. w. III saukuneSi egviptidan ar daiwyes puris importi. amdenad, aTenTan kavSiri da vaWroba Zv. w. IV saukuneSi SavizRvispireTis qalaqebs ase Tu ise jer kidev hqondaT, Tumca Zv. w. III saukuneSi es kavSiri Sesustda. aman ki, Tavis mxriv, SavizRvispireTis berZnul qalaqebs Soris vaWrobis kidev ufro gacxoveleba gamoiwvia, maT Soris, kolxeTis berZnulma qalaqebmac Crdilo da samxreT SavizRvispireTis qalaqebTan daamyares kidev ufro intensiuri kontaqtebi. SavizRvispireTis berZnul qalaqebSi Zv. w. IV saukunis bolos iwyeba adgilobrivi warmoebac. kolxeTis qalaqebi sakuTar amforebs awarmoeben. Tuki aqamde SavizRvispireTis qalaqebidan mopovebuli nedleuli, iqneboda es Tafli, cvili, fisi da sxva, romelic amforebiT gadioda kolxeTidan, gahqondaT, albaT, berZnebs maT mier motanili taris meSveobiT. Zv. w. IV saukunidan, roca egeosTan da, xmelTaSuazRvispireTis centrebTan kontaqti Sewyda da Sesabamisad, iqidan tarac naklebad Semodioda, 67 daiwyes sakuTari taris warmoeba, raTa sakuTari nawarmi produqcia gaezidaT. qersonesis istoriularqeologiuri nakrZalis fondebSi daculia ara mxolod dioskuriis monetebi, aramed kolxuri amforebis fragmentebis saintereso nimuSebi. am amforebis Yyvelaze adreuli Zirebi (Zv. w. IV s. bolo _ III s.) aRmoCenilia rogorc polisis, aseve, mis axlos xoras (herakleas naxevarkunZuli) teritoriaze (5 egzemplari). `Zv. w. III saukuniT TariRdeba oTxi Ziri da erTi korpusi, xolo yelis xuTiode natexi ki Zv. w. II saukunes ganekuTvneba. qersonesis axlos goraze bermanis xevSi napovnia kolxuri qvevris kedlis sami fragmenti~ (cecxlaZe 1991:51). qersonesis xoraze (Crdilo-dasavleT yirimi) xSiria kolxuri amforebis aRmoCenis faqti. `sul napovnia samasamde fragmenti, yvelaze meomris adreuli amforebi Tanadroulia vanSi samarxSi napovni kolxuri amforebisa~ (cecxlaZe 1991:53). kolxuri amforebi aRmoCenilia agreTve yirimeli skviTebis dedaqalaq skviTur neapolSi. radgan es teritoria skviTebs hqondaT damorCilebuli da amis gamo gamwvavebuli iyo urTierToba qersonesTan, g. cecxlaZis azriT, kolxuri importi aq Semodioda bosforis samefos meSveobiT (cecxlaZe 1991:54). kolxuri amforebi aRmoCenilia nimfeionSic (Грач 1985:227). ra SeiZleboda yofiliyo eqsportis sagani kolxeTidan? elinistur xanaSi kolxeTis eqsporti sagani SeiZleba yofiliyo rkina, oqro, seli, kanafi, cvili, tilo, fisi, selis zeTi, Rvino da xe-tye gemTmSeneblobisTvis. am produqtebidan mxolod cvilis, selis zeTis an Rvinis gadatana SeiZleba amforebiT (boeri 2005:13), Sesabamisad, es produqcia gavidoda amforebis meSveobiT. sinopuri amforebis 68 msgavsad, kolxuri amforebi aRmoCenilia zRvispira berZnul qalaqebSi da ara hinterlandSi. am faqtis safuZvelze boeri askvnis, rom produqtebi, romlebic gadahqondaT kolxuri amforebiT, gamiznuli iyo berZeni kolonistebisTvis da ara avtoqtonebisTvis (boeri 2005:13). aRsaniSnavia, rom kolxuri amforebi marto Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi araa aRmoCenili. dominik tezgori, Savi zRvis TurqeTis sanapiros muzeumebSi daculi keramikuli taris koleqciebis Seswavlisas midis daskvnamde, rom `sinopuri amforebis Semdeg, romlebmac mTlianad daipyres bazari ramdenime epoqis manZilze, yvelaze mravalricxovan jgufs qmnian kolxuri amforebi. Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroze mdebare muzeumebSi warmodgenilia am regionSi saukuneebis manZilze warmoebul amforaTa tipebis sruli koleqcia. koleqciebSi warmodgenilia pontos herakleis, agreTve Crdilo SavizRvispireTis amforebi, magram ufro mcire raodenobiT~ (tezgori 2005:33). samwuxarod, am amforebis zusti qronologia statiaSi ar aris mocemuli, magram, savaraudod, es maTi warmoebis periods Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebs emTxveva. Sesabamisad, rogorc Cans, kolxeTis berZnuli qalaqebi, dasavleT SavizRvispireTis garda, mTel regionSi intensiurad vaWrobdnen da TavianTi produqciis eqsports axdendnen. amasTan, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom SeesrulebinaT is funqciac, romelsac manamde qiosi asrulebda – amforebi ewarmoebinaT mxolod taris eqsportis funqciiT. aTenTan kavSiris Sesustebam gamoiwvia kidev erTi ram – qalaqebis, romelTa mosaxleobac rotaciis wesiT icvleboda (mag., fiWvnari), transformacia moxda. aRar arsebobden intensiurad moZravi aTenelebi, 69 romlebic saqonelsa da moxmarebis sagnebs mTlianad aTenidan iReben da fiWvnarSi mxolod rezidentebi arian. amis nacvlad aq gaCnda mudmivad am adgilebSi dasaxlebuli mosaxleoba, romelic yoveldRiuri moxmarebis sagnebs da praqtikulad mTels warmoebul produqcias ukve aTenidan ki ar iRebs, aramed ZiriTadad kolxebisgan. Sedegic saxezea – fiWvnaris Zv. w. V_IV saukuneebis berZnuli nekropoli wyvets arsebobas. magram berZnebs aq binadroba mTlianad ar SeuwyvetiaT – elinistur samarovanze swored isini ikrZalebian isev. amasTan, berZnuli dakrZalvis wesia dafiqsirebuli saaRapo moednebiT da berZnuli inventariT, Sesabamisad, aq, rogorc Cans, berZnebi isev mosaxleoben, Tumca ukve sxva statusiT – adgilobrivad mosaxlis statusiT. simptomaturia, rom swored Zv. w. IV saukunis II naxevridan iwyeba fiWvnarSic e. w. yavisferkeciani amforebis warmoebac. es kidev erTi argumentia imis samtkiceblad, rom berZnebi Semotanili saqonliT ki ar vaWroben, TviTon cdilobdnen produqciis warmoebis dawyebas. adgilobrivi warmoebis dawyebam kolxeTis rig berZnul qalaqebSi gamoiwvia svinoikizmi – maT mier mimdebare teritoriebis ekonomikuri SeerTeba. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia dioskuriis amforebis sawarmoo qurebis naSTebis aRmoCena erTi mxriv gvandrasTan, leCkopTan da eSerasTan, meore mxriv, gulrifSTan. mTeli es mxare, soxumis yuris mimdebare teritoriebi sameurneo TvalsazrisiT Serwymulia dioskuriis Tavdapirvel birTvTan. es procesi kolxeTis samefos daSlisa da sxvadasxva e. w. `qalaq-saxelmwifoebis~ warmoqmnis saxiT warmoudgenia g. gamyreliZes. misi azriT, am dros warmoiqmna e. w. `dioskuria-eSeris qveyana~, `gienosis qveyana~, `fazisis qveyana~, `qobuleT70 kolxeTisgan berZnuli eTnikuri elementis siWarbiT gamoirCeodnen, xolo fazisis da qobuleT-fiWvnaris qalaq-qveynebSi ZiriTadi mosaxleoba Wanuri, megrul-lazuri iyo~ fiWvnaris qveyana~, romlebic ` Sida (gamyreliZe 1985:95). amasTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSnavT, rom kolxeTis samefo ki ar daiSala zemoxsenebul nawilebad, aramed kolxeTis berZnuli axalSenebis polisebad formireba dasrulda. Tumca es exeba ufro dioskurias da faziss, romelTan dakavSirebiTac gvaqvs sakmarisi informacia, rom isini polisebad miviCnioT7. rac Seexeba gienoss, misi sezonuri xasiaTi, piriqiT, sawinaaRmdegos gvafiqrebinebs, xolo fiWvnarTan dakavSirebiT jerjerobiT sakmarisi informacia ar mogvepoveba, rom isic polisad gamovacxadoT, amitom Zv. w. IV saukunis II naxevarSi misi statusis Sesaxeb msjelobisgan Tavs SevikavebT. aleqsandres xanaSi saerTo tendencia aseTi iyo: yvelgan oligarqia icvleboda demokratiiT, polisebi iRebdnen Tavisuflebas da avtonomias, Tavisufldebodnen forosisgan. Tavisufleba miiRes miletma, kolofonma, ilionma, xolo eriTreelebma _ avtonomia (Маринович 1985:36-37). aseT viTarebaSi Zv. w. IV saukunis bolos saerTo tendenciisa da im zogadi ideologiis gavrcelebis wyalobiT, rac aleqsandres moRvaweobas mohyva Sedegad, gasakviri araa, rom polisebad Camoyalibebis procesi kolxeTis sanapiros berZnul qalaqebSi dasrulda. Zv. w. III saukuneSi kolxeTs savaWro kontaqtebi, ZiriTadad, isev SavizRvispireTis berZnul qalaqebTan aqvs. egeosur da xmeulTaSuazRvispira centrebTan urTierToba ufro pasiur xasiaTs atarebs – iqidan 7 dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT. Tavi II-V 71 produqcia Semodis, magram kolxuri produqcia naklebad gadis. amis dasturia, rom kolxuri amforebiT nawarmoebi produqcia SavizRvispireTis berZnul qalaqebSi bevrgan gvxvdeba da sinopuri taris Semdeg meore adgils ikavebs Tavisi raodenobiT. amasTan, SavizRvispireTis gareT praqtikulad ar gvxvdeba. naTelia, rom adgilobrivi berZnebi dainteresebuli arian kontaqtebis SenarCunebiTac, amitomac, mainc Semodis mravalferovani ucxouri nawarmi kolxeTSi. vanSi importuli centrebis nawarmidan aRmoCenilia sinopes, knidosis, qiosis, Tazosis, kosis, atikuri, rodosuli, pergamonuli da sxv. centrebis produqcia. sxvebTan SedarebiT didi raodenobiTaa atikuri da rodosuli nawarmi. `megaruli~ Tasebic didi raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili. isini megaris garda, berZnuli samyaros bevr centrSi mzaddeboda, amitomac maTi aRmoCena konkretulad romelime centrTan kavSirs ver amtkicebs, Tumca, zogadad, berZnul samyarosTan kontaqtebis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa. rogorc aRvniSneT, sinopis garda, erTerTi yvelaze mravalricxovani atikuri da rodosuli produqciaa. rodosis aseTi aqtiuroba gamowveulia imiT, rom elinistur xanaSi rodosi gaxda udidesi masStabebis savaWro qalaqi. mas ufleba hqonda evaWra baJis gareSe (Кузищин 2005:331). garda amisa, rodossa da sinopes Soris politikuri kavSiric arsebobda Zv. w. III saukuneSi, rodesac miTridate II Tavs daesxa sinops, rodoselebi daexmarnen sinopelebs iaraRiT, fuliT da RviniT. 10 000 amfora Rvino misces (Robinson 19061:250). rodoselebisa da sinopelebis kavSiri arc Zv. w. II saukuneSi Sewyvetila. Zv. w. 183 w. rodesac farnakem aiRo sinopi, swored rodoselebma iCivles romaelebTan sinopes bedis gamo (Robinson 72 19061:250). rodoselebi imdenad dainteresebulebi iyvnen sinopesTan kargi urTierTobebis SenarCunebiT, rom SemdegSi Seicvales politika da `pontos mefeebis keTilganwyobis mopoveba~ (maTiaSvili 1977:98) scades. es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, ramdenad didi mniSvneloba hqonda sinopes SavizRvispireTis berZnul qalaqebTan urTierTobisTvis da simptomaturia, rom sinopes bedze wuxan rodoselebi, romelTa produqciac imave kolxeTSi praqtikulad erTerTi yvelaze didi raodenobiTaa warmodgenili. marTalia, m. inaZe miiCnevda, rom kolxeTs rodosTan uSualo urTierToba hqonda (inaZe 1962:112), magram, Cveni azriT, rodosuli importis upiratesi raodenoba sakmarisi ar aris uSualos kavSiris samtkiceblad. aq ufro koniunqtura unda gaviTvaliswinoT. Sav zRvaSi am funqcias sinopi asrulebs da es kavSiri sinopes SuamavlobiT xorcieldeboda. rodoselebis gansakuTrebuli wuxili sinopelebis bedze kidev erTxel amtkicebs im faqts, rom sinopi Suamavlis rols asrulebda da uSualo kavSiri egeosisa da xmelTaSuazRvis centrebTan kolxeTis qalaqebs imxanad ar hqoniaT, iseve rogorc, albaT, Crdilo SavizRvispireTis qalaqebs. Zv. w. III saukuneSi Savi zRvis regionSi arsebuli krizisis mizezad h. grehemi miiCnevs egviptidan xorblis farTo eqsportis dawyebas (Graham 1961:196). misi azriT, Zv. w. III saukunis Sua xanebisTvis egviptem praqtikulad amoagdo xorblis eqsportis sistemidan SavizRvispireTi da gamoiwvia ekonomikuri depresia, romelic aq Zv. w. II saukunis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda da TviT romis mosvlamdec ki (Graham 1961:196). miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleT saqarTvelodan xorblis farTo eqsporti 73 mosalodneli ar aris – es regioni sxva saxis nedleuliT amaragebda berZnul samyaros (mag., xetyiT), da, Sesabamisad, Crdilo SavizRvispireTis da berznebis savaWro urTierTobebTan berZnebisa da kolxebis vaWroba mibmuli ar Cans, es krizisi dasavleT saqarTvelosac Seexo. SavizRvispireTis erTerTi mTavari saimporto nedleulis, xorblis, romelic Crdilo SavizvispireTidan midioda saberZneTSi, TvalsazrisiT aRar iyo saintereso berZnuli samyarosTvis da masTan TandarTuli rac SeiZleboda yofiliyo, pontouri Tevzi, samSeneblo xetye da sxv., rogorc Cans, ukve aRar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom Savi zRvis regioni iseTive mimzidvelad darCeniliyo maTTvis, rom regularuli reisebi ganexorcielebinaT am mimarTulebiT vaWrobis mizniT. es aris erT erTi mizezi CvenTan krizisis dawyebisa. egviptis mier xorblis importis dawyebiT gamowveuli jaWvuri reaqcia – saberZneTs ufro iafi xorbali urCevnia, Tanac SavizRvispireTSic areulobaa. am dros xom TviT olbia aRaraa usafrTxo _ iq mZime ekonomikuri krizisia (Кузищин 2005:350-351), sarmatul-nomaduri proteqtoratis periodia (Hind 19921993:95). T. dundua elinuri eqsperimentis kraxis mizezebs dasavleT saqarTvelos klimatis TaviseburebebiT xsnis. misi azriT, kolxeTSi arsebulma notio klimatma ganapiroba is, rom `soflis meurneobac, elinTaTvis sasurveli tempebiT ver viTardeboda. aseT pirobebSi samrewvelo potencialis SenarCuneba Zalzed Zneli saqme iyo.~ yovelive amis Sedegad ki, misi azriT, `berZnulma sazogadoebam dasavleT saqarTveloSi jer bilingvizacia, Semdeg ki sruli asimilacia ganicada~ (dundua 2009:8). ra Tqma unda, esec erT-erTi 74 ganmapirobebeli mizezia an SeiZleba Sedegi, magram egvipturi xorblis aTvisebis Semdeg SavizRvispireTisadmi interesis dakargvac erTerTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria. Zv. w. II saukuneSi kolxeTis rigi berZnuli qalaqebis barbarizeba moxda – maT arseboba Sewyvites. fiWvnari Cakvda da rogorc Cans, gienosic. rac Seexeba faziss da dioskurias, isini jerjerobiT ganagrZoben arsebobas. fazisTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba daeWvebac, igi kargavs samoneto regalias (dundua 2000:46). sainteresoa erTi sakiTxi _ Zv. w. II saukuneSi fuli, praqtikulad, ar trialebs dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Tu ar CavTvliT akesis or monetas, aTenis aseve 2 monetas da lisimaqes minabaZs, romelic kolxeTSi 18 calia aRmoCenili (dundua 2006:71). amavdroulad, ucxouri amforebi da sxva saxis keramikuli masala hinterlandSic ki, mag., vanSi mravladaa aRmoCenili. aq aris sinopuri, qiosuri, knidosuri, Tazosuri, kosuri, atikuri, pergamonuli, rodosuli, zogadad, mcireaziuli da qersonesis nawarmi. monetebi ar trialebs, magram vaWroba mainc Cans. xom ar niSnavs es imas, rom gacvla dakninebuli berZnuli qalaqebis arsebobis pirobebSi barteris gziTac xdeboda? dioskuria, rogorc qalaqi intensiuria miTridates xanaSic. sxva berZnul qalaqebTan SedarebiT man Tavisi berZnuli saxe SeinarCuna, rogorc Cans, sxvebze metad. miTridates xanaSi aq spilenZis fulebi iWreba, politikuri momentebis (regionis miTridatesadmi daqvemdebareba) gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, es kvazimunicipaluri fulebia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom dioskuria, kastoriusis rukis mixedviT, vansac awvdida saqonels, miuxedavad imisa, rom masTan ufro 75 axlomdebare qalaqi fazisi iyo. kolxeTis berZnuli qalaqebidan miTridates xanaSi arsebobas ganagrZoben fazisi da dioskuria. fiWvnari da gienosi Zv. w. II saukunis krizisis dros Cakvda. logikuria, rom strabonisTvis ori ukanaskneli ucnobia. kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelzedac Cven yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT, aris berZnebis mier kolxeTidan xe-tyis eqsportirebis modeli. amasTan dakavSirebiT Cven gvaqvs strabonis pirdapiri cnoba, rom xe-tye mTebidan CamohqondaT mdinareebze dacurebis gziT (Strabo XI. 2. 17.). rogori unda yofiliyo xe-tyis gatanis organizacia, amis Sesaxeb Cven araferi viciT. savaraudod, is did danaxarjebs moiTxovda (Лордкипанидзе 1979:241). radganac Cven zustad viciT, rom antikur xanaSi xe-tye dacurebis gziT CamohqondaT barSi, aseve viciT, rom igive meTods iyenebdnen XIX saukuneSic da sabWoTa periodSic engurhesis aSenebamde enguris arteriaze. amasTan, enguris xeobis antikuri xanis Zeglebis Seswavlis donec saSualebas gvaZlevs Tvali mivadevnoT, sad SeiZleboda xe-tyis antikuri xanis `eqsportiorebis~ sadgomebi yofiliyo. retrospeqtruli meTodiT Cven SevadarebT XIX saukunisa da sabWoTa periodis meTodebs _ imxanad arsebuli mejoleebis (xe-tyis moWra-dacurebasTan dakavSirebuli muSebi) sadgomebs antikuri xanis Zeglebis mdebareobas enguris sanapiroze, sadac antikuri importi an monetebia aRmoCenili da SevecdebiT nenskra-enguris arteriis magaliTze naTeli movfinoT, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo xe-tyis eqsportis modeli antikur xanaSi. XIX saukunis miwuruls engurisa da nenskras xeobaSi moWril xe-tyes, ZiriTadad, fiWvs, mdinareSi yridnen TiTo-TiTod. larilaris samarovanTan, sadac 76 antikuri xanis Zeglia da romelic mdinare nenskras marcxena terasaze mdebareobs, aRmoCenilia egvipturi da siriuli minis nawarmi, aseve, aleqsandre makedonelis stateri (Дундуа 1987:44; CarTolani 2010:15). mdinareebis engurisa da nenskras SesarTavTan aRmoCenilia aleqsandre makedonelis stateri (Дундуа 1987:43), agreTve, nakrasa da enguris SesarTavTan aRmoCenilia aleqsandres stateri (Дундуа 1987:45). aseve, zemo marRis teritoriazec aleqsandres da, savaraudod, lisimaqes monetac aris aRmoCenili (Дундуа 1987:46). garda amisa, beCos teritoriazec aris aleqsandres moneta (Дундуа 1987:46-47). am tipis moneta, msxvili nominali, swored msxvili savaWro operaciebisTvis gamoiyeneboda (dundua 2006:82). dacurebul morebs jvarTan da ufro qvemoT patar-patara kunZulebze iWerdnen da kravdnen tivebad (gamsaxurdia 1983:6). 1923 wels morsaWeri adgili iyo sof. liasTan (gamsaxurdia 1983:20). 1940 wels Seiqmna leboxas morsaWeri reidi8 (gamsaxurdia 1983:48). aRsaniSnavia, rom sofel liasTan da leboxis dasaxlebas Soris mdebareobs antikuri xanis Zegli – paluric. sof. liaSi aRmoCenilia atikuri Savlakiani Tixis WurWlis natexebi, sinopuri warmoSobis amforaTa fragmentebi, wiTellakian fialaTa nawilebi, Tazosuri warmoSobis amforis yurebi da sxv. (wiTlanaZe 1973:66-72). XX saukunis dasawyisSi tivebi (TiToSi 10-12 mori) sakmaod daxelovnebul metiveebs mihyavdaT sofel Samgonamde da anakliamde, sadac gamarTuli iyo mcire warmadobis saxerxi qarxnebi am xe-tyisTvis. mogvianebiT sofel axal abasTumanSi, mwyobrSi Cadga 8 reidi – morebis dasaWeri adgili. 77 SedarebiT meti warmadobis saxerxi qarxana. revoluciamde saxerxi qarxana iyo aseve sof. WuburxinjSi (galis raioni), ruxis cixis mopirdapire mxares (gamsaxurdia 1983:6, 18). imxanad saxerx qarxnebs aSenebdnen iseT adgilas, sadac ioli iyo morsaWeri reidis mowyoba. Tumca teqnikurad jerjerobiT isev adamianebi asrulebdnen am funqcias. specialuri nagebobebi amisTvis mxolod 40-ian wlebSi gaCnda. adgilebSi, sadac SesaZlebeli iyo morebis daWera, antikur xanaSi iqneboda specialuri sadgomebi imdroindeli `mejoleebisTvis~. sainteresoa, rom swored am adgilebidanaa cnobilia antikuri xanis sxvadasxva monapovari – monetebi. mdinare enguris auzSi, sof. riyeSi (ruxTan axlos) aRmoCenilia aleqsandre makeodnelis stateri – 2 cali (Дундуа 1987:43), aseve, kolxuri TeTri aRmoCenilia sof. ergetasTan, sof. ruxTan, sof axal abasTumanTan da sxv. (xoStaria 1959:238). baqsanias gamoqvabulis I fenis masalebSic aRmoCnda megaruli Tasis natexebi (grigolia 1971:181). aRsaniSnavia, rom es saqmianoba sezonuri iyo. zamTarSi es mdinareebi imdenad Sreba, rom xe-tyis dacureba maTze SeuZlebeli xdeba. dacureba SesaZlebelia mxolod zafxulSi, roca mTis mdinareebi adidebuli arian (gamsaxurdia 1983:26). gazafxulze Wridnen xe-tyes, gviangazafxulze iwyeboda xe-tyis dacureba svaneTidan, romelic sakmaod xangrZlivi procesi iyo da ramdenime Tve grZeldeboda – daaxloebiT seqtembramde, anu weliwadSi erTi didi operacia xorcieldeboda. ase unda yofiliyo antikur xanaSic. amiTac aixsneba is faqti, rom erTbaSad msxvili operaciebi warmoebda da svaneTidan momdinare fulebi ganZis saxiTaa 78 aRmoCenili. strabonic garkveulwilad miuTiTebs imas, rom am tipis saqmianoba sezonuri iyo. kamarebis mflobel henioxebze msjelobisas is wers Semdegs: `xolo rodesac brundebian sakuTar qveyanaSi, ver agdeben Ruzas, igdeben mxrebze kamarebs da miaqvT tyeebSi, romlebSic cxovroben aseve iqcevian isini sxva qveyanaSic, sadac aqvT maT ganTqmuli tyiani adgilebi, romlebSic inaxaven kamarebs, xolo TviTon daexetebian dRe da Rame tyeebis mopovebis mizniT~ (Strabo. XI. 2. 12). nedleulis mompoveblebic, rogorc Cans, adgilobrivebi iyvnen. amrigad, xe-tye swored am meTodiT gahqondaT da, rogorc Cans, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani arteria am TvalsazrisiT swored enguri iyo. es arteria, Cveni azriT, dakavSirebuli iyo gienosTan. 79 polisi, emporia, kleruxia sanam gadavidodeT konkretulad kolxeTis berZnuli koloniebis statusze, pirvel rigSi, aucileblad migvaCnia yuradRebis gamaxvileba zogad sakiTxebze – Tu ras ewodeboda polisi, emporioni, aseve, ras uwodeben kleruxias. kolxeTis berZnuli koloniebis statusze msjelobisas sainteresoa erTi faqti, rom maSin, rodesac elinTa gansaxlebis rukaze savaWro faqtoriebi erTeulebiT ganisazRvreba, xolo polisebi bevria, kolxeTSi arsebuli yvela kolonia maincdamainc emporiebad da ara polisebad ganixileba, miuxedavad imisa, rom sakmarisi argumentebi arsebobs imisaTvis, rom isini polisebad miviCnioT. aseT viTarebaSi gasagebia, rom msjelobebi da argumentebi ex silentio am kvlevis scilas da qaribdas warmoadgenen da maTi gamoyeneba metad safrTxiloa. swored amitom, pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT sxvadasxva tipis axalSenebis (polisi, emporia, kleruxia) maxasiaTeblebs da Semdgom warmogidgenT Cvens msjelobas. polisi. termini `polisi~ gamoiyeneboda rogorc mniSvnelovani, aseve zogjer umniSvnelo dasaxlebebisaTvis, romlebic damokidebuli iyvnen did dasaxlebebze. ar Semoifarglebodnen am terminis gamoyenebiT mxolod berZnebiT dasaxlebul mxareebSi, aramed aRniSnaven am terminiT iseT gaerTianebebsac, rogorebicaa karTageni da romi. miuxedavad amisa, polisi mainc sakuTriv berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifos miemarTeba, ganurCevlad mmarTvelobis formisa. tiranebis mier marTvad gaerTianebebsac polisebi 80 ewodeboda, rogorc politikurad Camoyalibebul dasaxlebebs. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom tiraniasa da demokratias Soris zRvari Zalian mcirea da orive kapitalisturi sazogadoebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (dundua... 2009:178). iq sadac tiraniaa, xSir SemTxvevebSi mas demokratiuli mmarTveloba enacvleba. ase iyo aTenSi, ase iyo miletSic, amrigad, tiranebis mier marTuli qalaqebis polisebad denominaciaSi uCveulo araferia. rac Seexeba polisis warmoSobas, is SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo ori gziT: 1) ukve arsebuli dasaxleba gadazrdiliyo polisSi (ZiriTadad, svinoikizmis gziT), 2) daarsebuliyo Tavidanve TviTmmarTvel qalaqad (Hansen 2006:52). Cveni azriT, SeiZleboda erTi da igive dasaxlebasTan mimarTebaSi orives hqonoda adgili, magaliTad, jer daaarsebuliyo SedarebiT patara dasaxlebis saxiT, romelsac polisis niSnebi ukve axasiaTebda, Semdgom Tavad dasaxlebulebs gaefarTovebinaT qalaqis areali da mimdebare teritoriis svioikizmis Semdeg dasrulebuliyo polisis formireba. am sakiTxs Cven dioskuriis magaliTze qvemoT ganvixilavT. polisisTvis, rogorc saberZneTisa da berZnebiT dasaxlebuli regionebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli politikuri organizaciis formisTvis, arsebiTi niSnebi iyo:  TviTmmarTveloba, sakuTari moqalaqeebis mier qalaqis marTva  swrafva saSinao da sagareo damoukideblobisTvis  sazogadoebrivi Senobebis arseboba (agora, akropolisi, taZrebi, gimnasiumi, Teatrebi) 81  kedlebi qalaqis dasacavad  sakuTari monetebi  sakuTari koloniebi  politikuri cxovreba  politikuri struqturebi  konurbanizacia/svinoikizmi  sakuTari moqalaqeebi  sakuTari meurneobis formebi  sakuTari sagadasaxado sistema  sakuTari jari  zogjer sakuTari floti  sakuTari dResaswaulebi da salocavebi  sakuTari konstitucia9 (politeia)10 garda amisa, polisisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnad unda gamoiyos is niSnebic, romlebic, zogadad, respublikas axasiaTebs, magaliTad, 1) monetebis atribuciis wminda Teokratiuli da ara monarqiuli gadawyveta. garda amisa, zogadad antikuri kapitalisturi samyaros ekonomikuri determinantebic, rig SemTxvevebSi, polisisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia. magaliTad, savaxSo kapitalis arseboba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia antikuri kapitalisturi samyarosTvis, berZnuli qalaqebis SemTxvevaSi miuTiTebs maT polisur xasiaTze. zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebidan savaldebulo araa apoikias yvela axasiaTebdes, rom is 9 dawvrilebiT polisis formirebasTan da maxasiaTeblebTan dakavSirebiT ix. M. H. Hansen. Polis: An Introduction to the Ancient Greek City-State. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006. 10 politeia, erTi mxriv, niSnavs erTi an mravali moqalaqis samoqalaqo uflebas, meore mxriv, saxelmwifos mdgomareobasa da arss, gansakuTrebiT mis formalur konstitucias. 82 damoukidebel polisad miviCnioT. miT ufro, rom yvela qalaqTan mimarTebaSi ar gagvaCnia sruli informatiulobis fufuneba. magaliTad, Cveulebriv miiCneva, rom poliss, garda sakuTriv xora politikesi, qalaqis centrisa, `hqonda xora – miwebi, dasaxlebuli adgilobrivi mosaxleobiT, romlebic ase Tu ise garkveulwilad damokidebulebi iyvnen polisze~ (Блаватский 1979:18). magram, yvela polisTan mimarTebaSi ar dasturdeba am tipis xoris arseboba, Sesabamisad, sasoflo-sameurneo funqciis mqone miwis da, zogadadac, yvela konkreuli maxasiaTeblis arseboba savaldebulod ar unda miviCnioT, rodesac konkretuli apoikiis polisur statusze vmsjelobT. amosavali, pirvel rigSi, axalSenis damoukidebeli xasiaTia. am tipis Sablonuri midgomac zogjer qmnis sacdurs, rom kolxeTis berZnul qalaqebSi davinaxoT mxolod emporionebi. mag., sasoflo-sameurneo xoris ararseboba dioskuriis teritoriaze m. inaZes miaCnia safuZvlad imis samtkiceblad, rom dioskuria iyo savaWro kolonia xoris gareSe, radgan miwaTmoqmedeba misTvis prioritets ar warmoadgenda (Инадзе 1979:289). ukanasknel xanebSi zogi mecnieri erideba termin polisis gamoyenebas saerTod. d. brondi miiCnevs, rom `polisis gansazRvreba imdenad rTulia, rom jobia, saerTod ar vixmaroT es termini, Torem mkacri gansazRvriT arc mileti ar gamodis polisi da zedmetad frivoluri gansazRvriT, yvela axalSeni polisia~ (Braund 1994:86). am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba rom miuxedavad imisa, mileti mudmivad aarsebda qalaqebs da, praqtikulad, damoukidebel sagareo kavSirebs amyarebda, mainc xSir SemTxvevaSi sxva saxelmwifoebs eqvemdebareboda. swored amitomac hanseni, romelmac polisis maxasiaTeblebi sagangebod 83 Seiswavla, wers: `mileti qalaqi iyo, magram iyo ki is saxelmwifo, maSin rodesac is xan lidias, sparseTs, aTens isev sparseTs eqvemdebareboda da Semdeg elinisturi xanis mefeebs?~ (Hansen 2006:63). saboloo jamSi, polisis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebad, m. hansenis azriT, unda gamoiyos mxolod sami:  gansazRvruli teritoria  gansazRvruli mosaxleoba  politikuri institutebis sistema da sakuTar teritoriaze sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr mosaxleobis marTva (Hansen 2006:64). Cveni azriT, polisis gansazRvra SeiZleba Semdegnairad: polisi aris politikurad damoukidebeli politikuri erTeuli, romlis mosaxleebi misive moqalaqeebi arian, romlebic gadasaxadebs ixdian mxolod sakuTari polisis sasargeblod. sakuTriv polisi sruliad Seuvalia adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvis, garda yidva-gayidvisa. miuxedavad imisa, rom nebismieri polisi damokidebulia adgilobrivebTan vaWrobaze, es srulebiT ar niSnavs imas, rom misi ekonomikuri damokidebuleba gavlenas axdens polisis politikur statusze. Tumca ekonomikuri damokidebulebis cvlilebam SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos polisis politikur statuszec, gamoiwvios misi degradacia da, saboloo jamSi, kvdomac. rac Seeexeba polisis kvdomis mizezebs. m. hansenma gamoyo 9 mizezi, ratomac SeiZleba daRupuliyo an dakninebuliyo qalaqi: 1) qalaqis mTeli mosaxleobis amoxocva, rogorc Zv. w. 510 wels sibarisis mTeli mosaxloba amoxoces. 84 2) qalaqis yvela mamakacis amoxocva, amis magaliTia spartelebis mier plateas ganadgureba Zv. w. 427 w. da Zv. w. 415 w. aTenelebis mier kunZul melosisa. 3) mamakacebis monad gayidva. ase gausworda filipe II olinToelebs Zv. w. 348 w. da aleqsandre Tebelebs Zv. w. 335 w. 4) sruli mosaxlobis ZaliT gadasaxleba. amgvarad aiZula sirakuzis tiranma gelonma, kamarinis mosaxleoba sirakuzSi wasuliyo da Zv. w. 461 w. kamarina Tavidan daasaxla. 5) qalaqis mTel mosaxleobas aiZulebdnen, ayriliyo da polisis hinterlandSi soflebSi dasaxlebuliyo. wyaroebSi amas dioikismosi ewodeba. ase moeqcnen spartelebi Zv. w. 385 w. mantineelebs. 6) polisi qreboda imitom, rom mTeli misi mosaxleoba SeiZleba Tavisi nebiT gadasaxlebuliyo. Zv. w. 650 w. kolofonis mTeli mosaxloba mcire aziidan sirisSi, italiaSi gadasaxlda. 7) polisi SeiZleba gamqraliyo imitom, rom sxva qalaqis svinoikizmSi miiRo monawileoba. 8) polisma SeiZleba statusi Seicvalos da isev sofeli gaxdes. 9) polisi SeiZleba bunebrivi katastrofis Sedegad daRupuliyo (Hansen 2006:62-63). arcerT am SemTxvevaSi araa gaTvaliswinebuli adgilobrivi mosaxleobis faqtori da masTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri damokidebulebis faqtori. rodesac mosaxleobisa da berZnebis ekonomikuri interesebi konfliqtSi modioda, adgilobrivebi utevdnen berZnebs. rogorc magaliTad, Zv. w. II saukuneSi mefe skilures dros olbia skviTebma daimorCiles, Semdeg ki Zv. w. 48 wels getebis mmarTvelma birebistam aiRo da mTlianad daangria 85 olbia (Кузищин 2005:350-51). zustad aseve henioxebma Seuties kolxeTis rig berZnul qalaqebs. es sakiTxi ganxiluli aqvs T. dunduas. misi azriT, kolxeTis berZnulma polisebma jer bilingvizacia ganicades, SemdegSi `Zv. w. IV s. mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo kolxTa egidis qveS gaerTianda, marTalia, is male daiSala calkeul `samTavroebad~, magram amas ZalTa Tanafardoba ar Seucvlia – berZnul polisebs aSkara safrTxe emuqreboda skeptuxebis mxridan da isinic elinisturi xanis dasawyisidan aqtiurad eZebdnen mokavSireebs kolxTa winaaRmdeg. Zv. w. III-II saukuneebSi axalSenebi adgilobrivma xelisuflebma daiqvemdebares... ekonomikuri krizisis gamo welTaRricxvebis mijnaze mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos masStabiT saqalaqo cxovreba ukiduresad (dundua... 2000:46). knindeba. zRvispira zolSi~ Sesabamisad, polisebis kvdomis kidev erTi, ekonomikuri, mizezis gamoyofa SeiZleba. ekonomikuri mizezebi polisis kvdomas ganapirobeben im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac qreba is ekonomikuri interesi, ramac qalaqis daarseba gamoiwvia _ adgilobrivebsa da berZnebs Soris vaWrobis interesis gaqrobasTan erTad polisebi degradirdebian da kvdebian. emporia. emporia ewodeboda berZnul dasaxlebas, romelic mxolod savaWro funqciiT arseboda. Tumca emporiad daarseba ar niSnavs imas, rom is mudmivad, mTeli misi arsebobis manZilze emporiad darCeboda. zogierTi emporia Semdeg polisi xdeboda (mag. gela siciliaSi), zogierTi kargavda Tavis mniSvnelobas, mesameni yovelTvis emporiebad rCebodnen. es maSin xdeboda, roca sanapiros akontrolebdnen ara susti adgilobrivi tomebi, aramed msxvili saxelmwifo organizaciebi (aseTi iyo 86 al-mina) (Блаватский… 1979:18). radgan es termini emporia gamoiyeneboda aseve nebismieri savaWro punqtis aRsaniSnavad, swored amitom braSinskis termin emporiis gamoyeneba berZnul kolonizaciasTan mimarTebaSi saerTod uadgilod miaCnia (Бращинский… 1979:33). polissa da emporias Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani ganmasxvavebeli faqtoria maTi politikuri xasiaTi – polisi iyo damoukidebeli erTeuli, xolo emporia eqvemdebareboda an adgilobriv mmarTvelebs, an metropolias, rogorc iyo Zv. w. V saukuneSi rigi aTenis koloniebisa, an SeiZleba ormagi damokidebulebac hqonoda. yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom emporia araa politikurad damoukidebeli. kolxeTis berZnuli koloniebis emporialur xasiaTTan dakavSirebuli stereotipi, albaT, aqedan gamomdinare arsebobs. g. meliqiSvilma daaskvna, rom kolxeTis berZnuli koloniebi adgilobrivi mmarTvelebis gavlenis qveS moeqcnen Tavidanve (saqarTvelos... 1970:406) da amis Semdeg praqtikulad gabatonda es mosazreba, Sesabamisad, daskvna, rom maT ganviTarebas polisur stadiamde arc miuRweviaT. kleruxia. kleruxebi iyvnen aTenis moqalaqeebi, romlebsac miwebi hqondaT aTenis gareT boZebuli. salaminis dasaxleba, romelic pirveli kleruxia iyo, aTenma megaras waarTva jer kidev Zv. w. VI s-Si. kleruxebs saukeTeso miwebs aZlevdnen axalSenSi, isini ki aTens emsaxurebodnen. Zv. w. V-IV ss-Si aTenis meore ligis aRzevebasTan erTad kleruxebi aTenis imperiis regularul samsaxurSi idgnen. aTeneli kleruxebi, aTenis moqalaqeobas inarCunebdnen – xmis micema, gadasaxadebis gadaxda, 87 jarSi msaxureba, saSinao saqmeebs arqonti marTavda da eklesiac aTenuri modeliT ewyoboda. kleruxias, ZiriTadad, strategiulad mniSvnelovan adgilas aTavsebdnen (mag., androsze, naqsosze, samosze da sestosze). isini mudmiv bazebs warmoadgendnen. imavdroulad, finansuri sargebeli aTasobiT aTenels aiZulebda gadasaxlebuliyo, aTens SeeZlo qalaqi gadaWarbebuli mosaxleobisgan exsna da gaezarda saxelmwifos, erTi mxriv, finansuri da, meore mxriv, samxedro Zala (Britannica). m. finli aRniSnavs, rom klasikuri xanis berZnebi ganasxvavebdnen apoikias kleruxiisgan, romaelebi ki _ laTinur da romaul kolonias erTmaneTisgan, imisda mixedviT, kolonistebi TavianTi metropoliis moqalaqeobas inarCunebdnen Tu ara (Finley 1976:168). Sesabamisad, arsebobda gansxvaveba imaSic, Tu sad irCeoda maTi macxovreblis sasamarTlo saqmeebic. Tuki polisi damoukidebelia da Tavad awarmoebs sasamarTlosac, kleruxebis saqmeebi, piriqiT, metropoliis sasamarTloSi irCeoda (Morris 1884:485). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom ra statusic ar unda hqonoda kolonias, metropoliis moqalaqeebs mainc hqondaT koloniaSi mudmivad cxovrebis ufleba (Graham 1964:66). es daaxloebiT Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi rezidentobis uflebas hgavs da ara ormag moqalaqeobas. aRvniSnavT imasac, rom zogierTi axalSeni Tavisi statusiTa da organizaciis formiT, tradiciuli ar yofila. ZiriTadad, aseTebi iyvnen axalSenebi, romlebic erToblivi ZalebiT arsdeboda, mag., navkratisi an Turiumi. kolxeTis berZnuli koloniebis statusis Sesaxeb istoriografiaSi gacxovelebuli kamaTia. rogorc aRvniSneT, Tavdapirvelad g. meliqiSvilma 88 miiCnia, rom es qalaqebi emporiebi iyvnen mxolod: `socialur-ekonomiuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis doniT aqauri mosaxleoba bevrad ufro win idga, vidre samxreT-aRmosavleT da CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis adgilobrivi mosaxleoba. es ukanasknelni uciloblad jer isev gvarovnuli wyobilebis pirobebSi cxovrobdnen, maSin rodesac dRevandeli dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze ukve adre klasobrivi sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo arsebobda... zRvispira berZnuli samosaxloebi kolxeTis samefos organul Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda, misi rigiTi savaWro centrebi iyo~ (saqarTvelos... 1970:406,412). rogorc aRvniSeT, meliqiSvilis es mosazreba erTgvaradad gabatonebulac iqca. argumentebi, romlis safuZvelzec amtkicebdnen kolxeTis berZnuli qalaqebis emporialur xasiaTs, ZiriTadad, eyrdnoboda g. meliqiSvilis mosazrebas, rom radgan kolxeTis teritoriaze ganviTarebuli saxelmwifo arsebobda, berZnuli qalaqebi aucileblad damokidebuli unda yofiliyvnen ekonomikurad da politikuradac. n. lomouric miiCnevda, rom `kolxeTis zRvispira qalaqebi, romelTa warmoqmnaSi berZenma kolonistebmac miiRes monawileoba, imTaviTve moeqcnen adgilobriv tomTa gaerTianebis gavlenis qveS da Semdeg ki ekonomiuradac da politikuradac daemorCilnen kolxeTis samefos, ris gamoc warmoadgendnen ara berZnul polisebs, aramed kolxeTis samefos saqalaqo centrebs garkveuli berZnuli elferiT da asrulebdnen berZnul samyarosTan kolxeTis damakavSirebeli savaWro qalaqebis rols.~ (lomouri 1962:61). amrigad, n. lomouris mosazrebaSic Cans, rom kolxeTis samefos 89 Zlierebam ganapiroba berZnuli axalSenebis emporialuri statusi, amasTan, misi azriT, es koloniebi Cveulebrivi berZnuli emporiebi mainc ar yofilan. kolxeTis berZnul koloniebTan mimarTebaSi o. lorTqifaniZe miiCnevda, rom isini arasdros damoukidebeli polisebi ar yofilan. misi argumenti iyo is, rom kolxeTis berZnul axalSenebTan mimarTebaSi ar dasturdeba, rom maT TavianTi samiwaTmoqmedo ekonomika da rTuli arqiteqturuli dagegmareba hqonodaT (Лордкипанидзе 1975:5). i. braSinskis azriTac, kolxeTis koloniebi savaWro faqtoriebi iyo (Бращинский 1980:98-99). g. lorTqifaniZis azriT, kolxeTis berZnuli qalaqebis mosaxleoba `namdvilad Sereuli iyo (Wreli), magram wamyvani ekonomikur-politikuri roli berZnul mosaxleobas hqonda~ (Лордкипанидзе 1978:139). i. voronovma kolxeTis berZnul qalaqebs `antikuri periodis qalaquri tipis dasaxleba~ uwoda. aRniSna isic, rom maT emporiis funqciac hqondaT, Tumca maTi `emporialuri xasiaTi~ meorexarisxovnad miiCnia, radgan mag., eSera, misi azriT, damoukidebeli samurneo erTeulia, romlis ekonomikac ara vaWrobas, aramed, soflis meurneobas, da xelosnobas efuZneba (Воронов 1972:118). g. kvirkvelias azriTac, `kolxeTSi berZnul kolonizacias ar miuRia klasikuri forma – samiwaTmoqmedo koloniebis gayvaniT, teritoriebis farTo aTvisebiT, mZlavri polisuri saxelmwifo erTeulebis CamoyalibebiT. amave dros Camoyalibda idea, rom kolxeTSi kolonizaciam miiRo savaWro xasiaTi, romelic mimarTuli iyo adgilobrivi nedleulis, ZiriTadad ki, liTonis mosapoveblad misi 90 saberZneTSi transportirebis mizniT. Tumca arsebuli suraTi mainc amas ewinaaRmdegeba sakolonizacio moZraobis dawyebis pirveli 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi mainc~ (kvirkvelia 1999:25). g. cecxlaZem imave wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi ‘Pichvnari and its Environs’ fiWvnaris berZnuli samosaxlos qalaq-dasaxleba (city-site) uwoda (Tsetskhladze 1999:17). naratiuli wyaroebis mixedviT, kolxeTis berZnuli koloniebi elinuri polisebia, rac TiTqos ucilobels xdis maT polisur xasiaTs. Tumca d. kaWarava miiCnevs, rom termini `Povli~ JHlleniv~~ `moklebulia yovelgvar politikur datvirTvas da mxolod urbanistuli gagebiT aris naTqvami. rogorc wesi, am terminiT daxasiaTebulia mxolod berZnuli sakolonizacio aqtivobis Sedegad daarsebuli axalSenebi, miuxedavad maTi warmomavlobisa (doriuli, ioniuri)~ (kaWarava 2002:22). dResdReobiT amave mosazrebas iziarebs g. gamyreliZec. `fasisi, gienosi, dioskuria berZnebis mier daarsdnen, rogorc emporionebi. maTi daarsebis ZiriTadi mizani iyo, pirvel rigSi, adgilobrivi nedleulis gatana da sanacvlod kolxeTSi sxvadasxva fufunebis sagnebis (keramikis, samkaulebis, liTonis WurWlis, nelsacxeblebis da a.S.) Semotana. amdenad, zRvis sanapiroze emporionebis warmoqmna TviT kolxebis interesebSi Sedioda. aseTi mdgomareoba gagrZelda Zv.w. IV sis bolomde. kolxeTis samefos daSlis mere ki sanapiroze mdebare emporionebi TandaTan antikur qveynebsa da Sida kolxeTs Soris buferuli, Sereuli, polisuri tipis qalaqebad transformirda~ (gamyreliZe 2010:24). T. Toduas azriTac, Zv. w. VI-IV saukuneebSi 91 `kolxeTis samefos Zlierebis viTarebaSi da demografiuli situaciidan gamomdinare, berZenTa aqtivoba epizoduri xasiaTisa Cans da maTi axalSenebi emporionebi unda yofiliyo~ (Todua 2011:55). m. inaZis mosazreba berZnuli axalSenebis statusTan dakavSirebiT ramdenadme rTulia. misi azriT, kolxeTis berZnuli koloniebi (dioskuria, fazisi) SesaZloa Tavdapirvelad daarsdnen, rogorc savaWro faqtoriebi, xolo Semdeg isini axalSenebSi gadaizardnen (inaZe 19621:201), Tumca, maTi funqcia, m. inaZis azriT, isev vaWroba iyo, amasTan, vaWroba mTels amierkavkasiasTan (inaZe 19621:201-202). amrigad, isini iyvnen `saqalaqo centrebi garkveuli organizaciiT da rigi TaviseburebebiT~ (Инадзе 1968:144). SemdgomSi es azri ramdenadme Secvala da gamoacxada, rom sawyis etapzec da Semdgomac, dioskuria iyo mxolod emporia: mier kolxeTis sanapiroze Seqmnili `aTenis dasayrdeni punqtebi, ZiriTadad, warmoadgendnen msxvil emporionebs. isini Cveulebriv arsdebodnen ionielTa mier adridanve aTvisebul adgilebSi, Zveli savaWro faqtoriebisa da koloniebis maxloblad~ (inaZe 1982:170). m. inaZis azriT, dioskuria, iseve rogorc fazisi, erTi mxriv, warmoadgendnen savaWro kolonias xoris gareSe, romelic kolonistebis samoqalaqo sazogadoebis kuTvnileba iqneboda, Tumca saqalaqo mowyobis garkveuli formis arsebobis uaryofa, misi azriT, ar SeiZleba. es iyo qalaqebi miwis gareSe. radganac am qalaqebis ZiriTad saqmianobas warmoadgenda ara miwaTmoqmedeba, aramed vaWroba. aseTi iyo fokeelTa koloniebi galiasa da espaneTSi (masalia, ampuria da sxv.) (Инадзе 1979:289). amrigad, mas miaCnda, rom apoikia, erTi mxriv, 92 SeiZleboda mxolod savaWro funqciis matarebeli yofiliyo, amasTan, polisisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi hqonoda. es azri ramdenadme exmianeba d. brondis mosazrebasac, rom, zogadad, polisis gansazRvreba imdenad rTulia, rom jobia es termini saerTod ar gamoviyenoT. bolo xanebSi es tendencia garkveulwilad miRebulicaa. i. voronovi m. inaZis msgavsad miiCnevda, rom dioskuria/eSera iyo qalaquri tipis dasaxleba `emporialuri xasiaTiT~, Tumca m. inaZisgan gansxvavebiT, misi azriT, dioskuria ufro damoukidebeli samurneo erTeulia, romlis ekonomikac ara vaWrobas, aramed soflis meurneobasa da xelosnobas efuZneba (Воронов 1972:118). meore mxriv, arsebobs mosazreba, rom `samosaxloTagan umniSvnelovanesni mainc polisuri tipis organizmebs warmoadgendnen da TviTmmarTvelobiT, metropolisidan gadmotanili kultiT da sakuTari ekonomikuri baziT _ am ukanasknelSi igulisxmeba, upirveles yovlisa, vaWroba hinterlandTan, qalaqebis ekonomikis safuZveli~ (dundua 2009:18). kolxeTis sxvadasxva berZnuli qalaqis istoria Semdgom TavebSi ganxiluli iqneba detalurad – Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom konkretul periodSi konkretuli axalSeni ganxilul iqnes polisad, ra SemTxvevaSi xdeboda maTi statusis transformacia da ra mizezebma gamoiwvia es procesebi da, sabolood, ra mohyva am procesebs Sedegad. 93 fazisi – genezisi, istoria (Zv. w. VI-I ss.) fazisis istoriis sakvlevad Cvens xelT SedarebiT mdidari literaturuli masalaa. qalaqi fazisi moixsenieba Semdeg naratiul wyaroebSi: pindaresTan (Pind. P. IV, 203-250), aristotelesTan (fr. 72), fsevdo-skilaqs kariandelTan (81), palefatesTan (XXXI), strabonTan (XI, 2, 17), plutarqesTan (libellus de fluvii, V), pliniusTan (NH, VI. 1. 13, 52), arianesTan (PPE, 11-12), pomponius melasTan (1. 08), ptolemaiosTan (V. 9. 2; VIII. 19. 4), amiane marcelinesTan (Res gestae, XXII. 8. 24), V s-is anonimTan (PPE. 44), aseve zosimesTan (I. 28), stefane bizantielTan (S. V)11. fazisis lokalizacia didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo kvlevis sagani.12 dResdReobiT ufro gavrcelebulia azri, rom sxvadasxva droSi fazisi sxvadasxvagan iyo ganlagebuli (Качарава… 1991:290). Cveni kvlevis sagans fazisis lokalizacia ar warmoadgens da, Sesabamisad, literaturasac am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ar mimovixilavT. aseve, dawvrilebiT ar mimovixilavT sakiTxs fazisis metropoliis Sesaxeb. wyaroebSi araerTgan aris aRniSnuli, rom fazisi miletelebis daarsebulia (heraklide, pomponius mela, ariane, stefane bizantieli). fazisis mimdebare teritoriaze aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalac adasturebs 11 fazisiы da dioskuriis wyaroebSi moxseniebis, aseve istoriografiaSi Seswavlis sakiTxi detalurad ganxilulia d. kaWaravas da g. kvirkvelias naSromSi (Качарава... 1991). 12 fazisis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. m. berZniSvili, qalaq fazisis lokalizaciisTvis, Tsu Sromebi, XXIII, 1942 94 ionielebis aq yofnas. Sesabamisad, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT im sakiTxebze, rasTan dakavSirebiTac an sakuTari mosazreba gagvaCnia, an ukve arsebul mosazrebebTan dakavSirebiT sakuTari argumentebi gvaqvs. ZiriTadi kiTxvebi, romelic Cveni kvlevis sagani gaxlavT, Semdegia:  rodis unda daarsebuliyo fazisi da ra garemoebebma Seuwyo amas xeli?  ra statusi hqonda faziss – iyo Tu ara is polisi Tu iyo mxolod emporia?  garda amisa, gvainteresebs kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic garkveulwilad iqneboda dakavSirebuli faziselebis ekonomikur aqtivobasTan – maTi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba naratiuli wyaroebis (hipokrate) mixedviT? erTi mxriv, polisis gansazRvreba Zalian mkacria da ama Tu im qalaqis polisad gamocxadeba moiTxovs mTeli rigi komponentebis arsebobis erTobliobas konkretul axalSenSi. meores mxriv, yvela axalSenTan mimarTebaSi ar gvaqvs sruli informatiulobis fufuneba. Sesabamisad, rigi komponentebis erToblioba, romelic axasiaTebs poliss, sakmarisad unda CaiTvalos imisaTvis, rom vamtkicoT ama Tu im qalaqis polisuri xasiaTi, miT ufro fazisis SemTxevaSi. antikuri xanis fazisi, sakuTriv qalaqi, jerjerobiT aRmoCenili ar aris, aRmoCenilia mxolod masTan mimdebare da masTan dakavSirebuli samosaxloebi. ramdenad axasiaTebda danarCeni komponentebic faziss, amaze msjeloba mxolod varaudiT SeiZleba. TavisTavad ararsebobidan gamomdinare argumentum ex silentio, ra Tqma unda, Zlieri argumenti ar aris da ama Tu im maxasiaTeblis 95 arseboba-ararsebobis Sesaxeb sakiTxi sabolood gadawyvetilad mxolod mas Semdeg CaiTvleba, rac antikuri xanis fazisi iqneba mikvleuli, magram ukve arsebulidan gamomdinare, Cveni azriT, fazisi unda miviCnioTY polisad. arqaul da klasikur xanaSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, polisis maxasiaTeblebad miCneuli komponentebidan13 fazisTan mimarTebaSi SegviZlia davadasturoT an vivaraudoT Semdegis arseboba:  avtonomia da damoukidebloba  sazogadoebrivi Senobebis arseboba (qalaqis mfarveli RvTaebebis taZrebi)  sakuTari monetis emisia  sakuTari koloniebi (?)  svinoikizmi/ konurbanizacia  savaxSo kapitalis arseboba fazisis metropoliasTan damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia Semdegi sakiTxi: Zv. w. VI saukuneSi, rodesac fazisi daaarses miletelebma, metropoliasa da kolonias Soris im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki metropolia koloniisgan Sors mdebareobda, araviTari damokidebuleba ar arsebobda. grehemi rodesac ganixilavs am tipis urTierTobas, asaxelebs Tazoss da mis metropolia faross. Tazosi damoukidebeli polisia, amas grehemma maxvilgonivrulad `distanciis efeqti~ uwoda (Graham 1964:71). aseTive urTierTobaa miletsa da mis kolonia olbias Soris. miletsa da olbias, iseve rogorc miletsa da istrias Soris, isopolitiac ki iyo (Graham 1964:109, 117). fazisTan mimarTebaSi amas namdvilad ar vamtkicebT, Tumca TavisTavad saintereso faqtebia im TvalsazrisiT, rom 13 ix.zemoT 96 SavizRvispireTis koloniebi amdenad damoukideblebi iyvnen miletisgan. sainteresoa, rom SeiZleba metropolia da kolonia erTmaneTisgan didad daSorebuli ar yofiliyo da mainc damokidebulebas formaluri xasiaTi hqonoda. magaliTad, epidavrelebma, orakulis brZanebiT, aTenelebisgan zeTisxilis xe wamoiRes da misgan ori qandakeba gaakeTes. manam, sanam es qandakebebi iqneboda maTTan, maT aTenisTvis, Tavisi metropoliisTvis, gadasaxadi unda exadaT (Morris 1884:483). fazisis statusTan dakavSirebiTac, iseve, rogorc kolxeTis sxva berZnul qalaqebTan mimarTebaSi, istoriografiaSi cxare diskusia gaimarTa. umravlesoba mas miiCnevs emporiad (saqarTvelos... 1970:406,412; lomouri 1962:61; Лордкипанидзе 1975:5; Лорткипанидзе, 1978:139; Бращинский 1980:98-99; kvirkvelia 1999:25; kaWarava 2002:22; gamyreliZe 2010:24), m. inaZe ufro qalaquri tipis dasaxlebad miiCnevda, romelsac polisis niSnebi hqonda (inaZe 19621:201; Инадзе 1968:144; inaZe 1982:170; Инадзе 1979:289). g. dundua da T. dunduac mas aseve polisad miiCneven (dundua 2000... 45-46; dundua... 2006:256;) polisis erTerTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania damoukidebeli mmarTveloba. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia, aristotelesTan daculi cnoba faziselTa politeiis Sesaxeb, romliTac dasturdeba, rom Zv. w. IV s. `fazisi garkveuli politikuri erTeulia, aqvs sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba~ (dundua... 2006:36). TavisTavad am cnobidan iribad gamomdinareobs sxva daskvnac, rom faziss sakuTari politikuri cxovreba unda hqonoda sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi struqturebiT. 97 polisis erTerT maxasiaTeblad iTvleba aseve qalaqSi mfarveli RvTaebebis taZrebis arseboba. fazisSi dasturdeba apolonisa da artemidas kultebis arseboba da maTTan dakavSirebuli taZrebic. zosime ixseniebs fasianeli artemidas taZars (zosim. 1. 32. 3). zosimes mier moxseniebuli taZris agebis zusti TariRi CvenTvis ucnobia (Lordkipanidze 2000:77). Tumca sainteresoa fiWvnaridan Zv. w. V saukunis grafito IO. m. nasiZis azriT, es aris Semokleba warwerisa IO cevaira, rac artemidas epiTetia (nasiZe 2002:33). cixisZiridan cnobilia aseve grafito ART, romelic aseve artemidas unda ukavSirdebodes (nasiZe 2002:40). artemidas, savaraudod, Tayvans scemdnen apolonTan erTad. o. lorTqifaniZe gamoTqvams aseve mosazrebas, rom II tipis kolxur didraqmaze gamosaxulia `apolinaruli triada: leto, apoloni, artemide~ (lorTqifaniZe 2002:196). Sesabamisad, artemidas taZars fazisSi daaxloebiTY apolonis taZris paralelurad unda earseba. rac Seexeba apolonis taZars, misi arseboba dadasturebulia Zv. w. V-IV ss fialaze aRmoCenil warweraze: `mivekuTvnebi apolon hegemons, romelic fazisSia~. es fiala aRmoCnda 1899 w. yubanSi, zubovskis yorRanSi da axla ermitaJSi inaxeba. warwera ioniur dialeqtzea Sesrulebuli (Каухчишвили 1975:495-506). apolonis kultis arseboba moulodneli araa fazisSi. is miletelebis motanilia aq. aRsaniSnavia, rom is `apolon-winamZRolis/hegemonis taZari iyo, e. i. swored kolonistebis kulti iyo gadmotanili~ (dundua... 2006:36). apolon hegemonis kults paraleli ar gaaCnia (Braund 1994:98), rogorc Cans, aq misi unikaluri taZari iyo. sainteresoa, rom apolonis kulti didimSi dakavSirebulia kabeirebTan, 98 romelnic xSirad gaigivebuli arian dioskurebTan (Braund 1994:98). CvenTvis mniSvnelovani am SemTxvevaSi mxolod is aris, rom fazisSi dadasturebulia polisisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi niSani – taZrebis arseboba qalaqSi. kidev erTi argumenti, romelic amtkicebs fazisis polisur statuss, aris mis mier monetis emisia. kolxuri TeTris emitentTan dakavSirebiT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda dava, es monetebi moWres adgilobrivma mmarTvelebma Tu kolxeTis berZnuli qalaqebis mkvidrebma. amasTan arsebobda Semrigebluri poziciac: miiCneoda, rom nominalebis nawili fazisis emitirebuli iyo, xolo meore nawili, hemidraqmebi _ adgilobrivi mmarTvelebisa. m. inaZis azriT, `arqauli didraqmebi SesaZloa warmoadgendes fasisis saqalaqo monetebs da maTi emisia unda ganekuTvnebodes fasisis axalSenis arsebobis adreul etaps, e. i. im dros, rodesac aq jer kidev ar iyo gamomuSavebuli kolxuri monetis stabiluri tipi, e. w. II tipi~ (inaZe 1982:129). Tavsatexs warmoadgens isic, Tu ratom iyo kolxuri TeTrebis umravlesoba anepigrafikuli. m. inaZis azriT, aseTi `monetebis siWarbe SesaZloa Sedegi iyos kolxeTis adgilobrivi xelisuflebis cdisa, SeezRuda qalaqis avtonomiuri uflebebi. amrigad... triobolebi, marTalia, iWreboda kolxeTis axalSenebis zarafxanaSi, magram maTi emisia samefo xelisuflebis kontrols eqvemdebareboda. triobolebi am dros ar warmoadgendnen polisur emisias, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini fasisis zarafxanaSi iWreboda~ (inaZe 1982:131). kolxuri TeTris anepigrafikuli xasiaTi, Cveni azriT, gamowveulia ara samefo xelisuflebis kontrolis SiSiT, aramed am warwerebis saWiroebis ararsebobiT. kerZod, kolxuri 99 TeTris daniSnulebas, romelic ZiriTadad kolxeTis teritoriazea aRmoCenili, warmoadgenda mxolod adgilobrivebisgan nedleulis miReba. kolxuri TeTri gankuTvnili iyo mxolod adgilobrivebTan savaWro urTierTobisTvis da Tuki berZnebi TavianT produqcias yididnen da am fuls iRebdnen, isev aq tovebdnen nedleulis SesaZenad. sainteresoa, rom fiWvnaris berZnul nekropolze, sadac berZnuli keramikuli nawarmis Tanafardoba adgilobrivTan aris daaxloebiT 80% da 20%, ucxouri fulisa da kolxuri TeTris Sefardeba daaxloebiT Tanabaria – e. i. monetebs, romelTac ucxour bazarze ver gamoiyenebdnen, samarxSi Catanebis formiT aq tovebdnen. rac Seexeba im mcire raodenobis warwerebs, romelnic SemorCenilia kolxur TeTrze: MO/SO? F, A, O? E, P, D. es warwerebi SeiZleba asaxavdes taZrebis, rogorc zarafxanebis saxels. cnobilia, magaliTad, rom APOL warweriani monetebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi apoloniis emisiad miiCneoda, magram SemdegSi dadasturda, rom isini pantikapeionisaa, `maT emisias axdenda miletis mier daarsebuli koloniis mTavari sakulto taZari~ (vikersi 1999:97). SesaZlebelia fazisSi arsebul taZrebs, moeWraT es monetebi – zarafxana yofiliyo taZari. aRniSvna A albaT Seesatyviseba apolons an artemidas, E SeiZleba iyo sityva eJgemon-s Tavdapirveli aso da Cven viciT, rom fazisSi sworedac apolon hegemonis kulti iyo. D SeiZleba iyos dioskurebis aRmniSvneli. radgan miletSi iyo dioskurebis kulti, savaraudod, is kolxeTSic iyo. maT SeiZleba aramarto dioskuriaSi, aramed fazisSic eTayvanebodnen. m. inaZe miiCnevda, rom kolxuri TeTris mcire nominalebs Wridnen ara erT qalaqSi, aramed ramdenime zarafxanaSi (Инадзе 1968:170). 100 CvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom kolxuri TeTris emitentia fazisi.14 sainteresoa g. dunduas mosazreba, rom `aseTi wvrilnominaliani da danawevrebuli nominaluri sistema sworedac polisuri emisiisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli~ (Дундуа 1979:281). Sesabamisad, es kidev erTi argumentia, rom fazisi namdvilad polisi iyo. poliss aseve axasiaTebs svinoikizmi. amis qveS igulisxmeba polisis mimdebare teritoriebis Tavdapirvel qalaqTan absorbcia. fazisTan mimarTebaSi pirdapir amis Tqma, ra Tqma unda, Znelia, magram TavisTavad saintereso faqtia, rom sxvadasxva dros fazisi sxvadasxvagan mdebareobs. aseve isic, rom simagres samosaxlo Cndeba Zv. w. VI saukunis II meoTxedSi, orjer xdeba misi rekonstruqcia, xolo gafarToeba _ Zv. w. VI saukunis bolos. is arsebobs Zv. w. V saukunis I naxevarSic. (Лордкипанидзе... 1981:307). simagris dasaxlebam nawilobriv gadainacvla Waladidisken. dasaxleba daarsda Zv. w. V saukuneSi da meoTxeSic arsebobda orive napirze. simagre ki am droidan tipurad kolxuria. Zv.w. meoTxe saukuneSi simagreze xanZris kvalia (Braund 1994:100). argumentad imisa, rom simagre aris ara faziseli berZnebis dasaxleba, aramed adgilobrivebisa, SeiZleba miviCnioT is, rom aq ZiriTadad kolxuri keramikaa, mcirea importi. Tumca Tu gaviTvaliswinebT fiWvnaris magaliTs, sadac erTmaneTis gverdigverd mosaxleoben berZnebi da kolxebi da miuxedavad amisa, kolxur samarovanze berZnuli importis raodenoba saerTo monapovris 10%-s ar aRemateba, Tundac mcire 14 dawvrilebiT am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. g. dundua, T. dundua. qarTuli numizmatika. 2006. 101 raodenoba importisa, ukve niSnavs imas, rom aq berZnebi mosaxleoben. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom svinoikizmi gulisxmobda maqsimalurad araberZnebis CarTvas qalaqis cxovrebaSi. rodesac polisi farTovdeboda, teritoria iyofoda or nawilad: 1) sakuTriv xora (ufro zustad, xora politike), 2) miwebi, romlebic dasaxlebulia adgilobrivi mosaxleobiT, romlebic ase Tu ise garkveulwilad damokidebulebi arian polisze (Блаватский 1979:18). `xora gulisxmobs qalaqis mezoblad mdebare miwas, romelic qalaqis sakuTrebas Seadgens da kultivirebulia polisis moqalaqeTa mier an polisis moqalaqeTaTvis. meore mxriv, xora warmoadgens polisis gavlenis zonas, romelzedac vrceldeba polisis ekonomikuri da kulturuli radiacia im raionSi, romelic dakavebulia adgilobrivi mosaxleobiT~ (inaZe 1982:76). Waladidi da simagre fazisis xoris nawili iyo da fazisis TandaTanobiTi gafarToebac miuTiTebs imaze, rom faziselebi cdilobdnen TavianTi gavlenis gavrcelebas. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom ar unda agverios mosaxleobis elinizaciis maRali xarisxi qalaqis xoraSi CarTvisgan. magaliTad, vanis mosaxleobis elinizaciis xarisxi maRalia, Tu vimsjelebT aq aRmoCenili importis raodenobis, arqiteqturis, gamoyebuli damwerlobis da sxv. mixedviT, magram is uSualod fazisis xoris nawili ar aris. xora aseve iyo sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis matarebeli teritoria uSualod polisisTvis. aseTi ki mxolod mimdebare teritoriaa. brondis mosazrebas, rom WaladidTan iyo gamSvebi punqti berZnebsa da kolxebs Soris (Braund 1994:101) da berZnebsa da kolxebs Soris erTgvarad `rkinis farda~ arsebobda, ver gaviziarebT. 102 fazisTan urTierTobaSi intensiurad Cans CarTuli mimdebare teritoriis mosaxleoba. amis dasturia Tundac kolxuri TeTris yvelaze gavrcelebuli nominalis – triobolebis, gavrcelebis areali. ZiriTadad is emTxveva engursa da rions Soris mdebare teritorias. amrigad, fazisis mier perioduli gafarToeba Tavisi gavlenis gavrceleba svinoikizmia, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs Cvens mosazrebas, rom fazisi polisia da ara sxva emporia an kleruxia an Tundac `saqalaqo centrebi garkveuli organizaciiT da rigi TaviseburebebiT~ (Инадзе 1968:144). polisis kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli niSania mis mier sxva koloniebis daarseba. magaliTad, masalia Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebidan dawyebuli ara marto flobs xoras da afarToebs Tavis teritoriis farglebs, aramed aarsebs sakuTar koloniebs – e. w. subkoloniebsac (nise, olbia, tarentumi) (inaZe 1982:75). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT boltunovas mosazrebas fazisis an dioskuriis mier pitiuntis daarsebis Sesaxeb (Болтунова 1963:156), SeiZleba vivaraudoT am maxasiaTeblis arsebobac. aqve aRsaniSnavia mdinare xobiswylis SesarTavTan kidev erTi dasaxlebis arseboba (inaZe 2010:76), romelic mcire berZnuli dasaxleba Cans. es dasaxlebac SeiZleba subkoloniad miviCnioT. rogorc Cans, fazisic aarsebda qalaqebs. kidev erTi argumenti, romelic amtkicebs, rom fazisi polisi unda yofiliyo, aris Cveni azriT, qalaqSi arsebuli organizebuli sesxebis gamcemi sistema. es SeiZleboda yofiliyo fasianeli artemidas an apolonis taZari. Cven viciT, rom delosSi iyo apolonis taZari, romelic sesxebs gascemda Zv. w. II saukuneSi (Кузищин 2005:332). rogorc Cans, polisebSi es miRebuli praqtika iyo. heraklides cnobidan Cven 103 vigebT, rom faziselebi aZlevdnen 3 mnas, maT visac gemi eRupeboda. am cnobasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs erTi mniSvnelovani sakamaTo sakiTxi: 3 mnas ixdidnen gemdaRupulebi, Tu faziselebi aZlevdnen mas gemdaRupulebs. ilustraciisTvis mogvyavs teqsti da misi Targmanebi: heraklide yauxCiSviliseuli latiSeviseuli Targmani Targmani Fasianw`n. Fa`sin to; ejx ajrch`~ JHnivocoi katw`/koun, fu`lon ajnqropofavgon kai; ejkdei`ron tou;~ ajnqrwvpou~ e[peita Milhvsioi. Filovxenoi d jeijsivn. w{ste tou;~ nauagou;~ ejfodiavzein kai; trei`~ mna`~ didovnta~ ajpoplei`n. fasiselTa (saxelwmifo wyobilebidan). fazisSi Tavdapirvelad henioxebi cxovrobdnen, kaciWamia da adamianis tyavis gamxdeli tomi. Semdeg ki miletelebi. xolo eseni stumarTmoyvareni arian, ise rom amarageben maT, visac gemebi eRupebaT, 3 mnas aZleven (miletelebs eseni) da zRviTve miemgzavrebian. По Фасиду первоначально жили Иниохи, племя людоедское сдиравшее кожу с людей, а потом Милетяне. Они (Милетяне) до того гостеприимны, что снабжают потерпевших кораблекрушением и при отправлении в путь дают им по три мины. 104 latiSeviseuli interpretaciiT aqvs es teqsti Targmnili durham diltsac, inglisur enaze teqstis gamomcemelsac.15 am teqstis Targmanis sakiTxi detalurad ganixila m. inaZem. is emxroboda heraklides cnobis yauxCiSviliseul Targmans da miiCnevda, rom gemdaRupulebi ixdidnen am gadasaxads: `qsenofontes gadmocemebidan da mesembrielTa warweridan Cans, rom daRupuli xomaldebidan gadarCenili tvirTisa da fulis miTviseba sanapirosTan mcxovrebi adgilobrivi tomebisa da maTi mefe mTavrebis mier Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebis axlo xanebSi. es aqti, rogorc Cans, adgilobriv tomTa Soris savsebiT gamarTlebulad iTvleboda, erTgvar kanonadac ki iyo miRebuli (e.w. sanapiro kanoni)~ (inaZe 1982:195; inaZe 1983:70). Tumca am SemTxvevaSi mesembrielebsa da faziselebs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. mesembrielebi garSemo mcxovreb tomTa (astebis) belads _ sadals uTanxmdebian, rom Tuki raime mesembrielebisa gairiyeba maT miwaze, isini gadaixdian tvirTis Rirebulebis garkveul nawils da naxevar staters (inaZe 1982:192-193). aseTi SeTanxmeba SeiZleboda yofiliyo, magaliTad, kolxeTis skeptuxebsa da fazisel berZnebs Soris. heraklides cnobidan ki Cans, rom gemdaRupulebs amarageben faziselebi da Tanac, rogorc Cans, saubari kolxebze ar unda iyos, aramed zRvidan mosul `stumrebze~. amrigad, mesembrielebis magaliTiT mtkiceba imisa, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi gemdaRupulebi ixdian gadasaxads, sakmarisad ar migvaCnia. 15 diltsis gamocemiseuli Targmani komentariT miTiTebuli aqvs m. inaZes (ix: inaZe 1982:190) 105 monebi imxanad 3 mna, anu 300 draqma Rirda (Лордкипанидзе 19791:323). d. brondi amis gaTvaliswinebiT miiCnevda, rom es gadasaxadi hgavs erTi adamianis gamosasyid Tanxas (braundi 2005:17). aseT SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria, ratom ewodebaT faziselebs stumarTmoyvareni, Tuki gemdaRupulebs arTmeven fuls. maSin ra gansxvaveba unda iyos adamianis `tyavis gamxdel~ henioxebsa da gaWirvebulTaTvis fulis gamomrTmev faziselebs Soris. Cveni azriT, swori unda iyos latiSevisa da diltsiseuli Targmani da faziselebi iqiT aZlevdnen marTlac gemdaRupulebs 3 mnas. amis mizezi uangaro, ra Tqma unda, ar iqneboda. 3 mna SeiZleboda yofiliyo gemdaRupulebisTvis faziselebisgan sesxad gacemuli Tanxa, romelic maT gadaecemodaT Sin dasabruneblad saWiro xarjisTvis. es sesxi, savaraudod, aq arsebul apolonis taZars unda gaeca. da Tu es asea, es kidev erTi argumentia, rom fazisi gaviazroT, rogorc polisi. amrigad, fazisis politikuri statusi yovelive zemoTqmulidan unda ganisazRvros, rogorc polisisa. fazisis axalSenis daarsebasTan dakavSirebiTac erTsulovneba ar arsebobs istoriografiaSi. n. lomouri miiCnevs, rom fazisi, iseve rogorc dioskuria, Zv.w. VII saukunis bolosa da da VI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi unda daarsebuliyo (lomouri 1962:50). am daskvnamde is mivida geografiuli faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sanam bosforis qalaqebi daarsdeboda, manamde aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis qalaqebi unda daarsebuliyo, Tumca ar dausabuTebia, ratom. Cveni azriT, miletelebis mier SavizRvispireTis aTvisebis qronologiaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa Savi zRvis dinebebma (ix. 106 zemoT) da pirveli dasaxlebebi, sadac aris aRmoCenili Zv. w. VII-VI saukuneebis importi, swored am xanebSi daarsebulad unda CavTvaloT. Tumca arsebobs alternatiuli mosazrebebic. mag., m. inaZe miiCnevda, rom fsevdo skilaqsis cnobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic skilaqsisgan unda momdinareobdes, dasaSvebi iyo fazisSi Zv. w. VI s. Sua xanebidan dasaxlebis gaCena (Инадзе 1968:123). Tumca TviTonve imxanad arsebuli arqeologiuri monacemebi amis samtkiceblad arasakmarisad CaTvala (Инадзе 1968:124). SemdgomSi man azri Seicvala da miiCnia, rom fazisSi axalSeni Zv. w. VI s-is pirvel naxevarSi unda daarsebuliyo (inaZe 1982:L120). sayuradRebo dakvirveba aqvs boltunovas naratiul wyaroebSi moxsniebul fazisis oikist TemistagorasTan dakavSirebiT. misi azriT, `Tu es is Temistagoraa, romelic moxseniebulia Zv. w. 521-520 wlis miletur warweraSi, maSin fazisi, rogorc berZnuli kolonia, daarsebula VI saukunis bolos ~ (Болтунова 1963:155). aq sainteresoa erTi ram: Temistagora mileteli moxseniebulia mxolod pomponius melasTan, rac, Tavis mxriv, arTulebs misi cnobis daTariRebas. amasTan, miletis dekretSi moxseniebuli Temistagora erTaderTi araa, romelic Sav zRvaSi sakolonizacio aqtivobasTan asocirdeba. es saxeli cnobilia mileturi kolonia apoloniidanac da sinopidanac (Hind 1999:82). j. haindi miiCnevda, rom am sami Temistagoradan (mileteli, apolonieli da sinopeli) fazisis damaarseblad sinopeli unda miviCnioT da mas unda exelmZRvanela Zv. w. IV saukunis sinopuri eqspediciisTvis fazisSi. (Hind 1999:83) Tumca aq gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi ram: sinops Tundac eqspedicia daewyo axali koloniis dasaarseblad da, miT ufro, Zveli mileturi koloniis adgilas, maSin 107 mas Zveli tradiciisamebr oikisti unda eTxova Tavisi metropolia miletisTvis. Tukidide wers, rom epidamnosis dasaarseblad korkirelebma korinTos mimarTes da oikisti mas sTxoves, Zveli tradiciis Tanaxmad (Thuc. I. 24.2.). sainteresoa is faqti, rom fazisSi uZvelesi samosaxlo simagreze `Tavis arsebobas iwyebs Zv. w. VI saukunis pirveli naxevris dasasruls, orjer axldeba imave VI s. ukanasknel meoTxedSi da kidev erTxel, ukanasknelad, V s-Si. V sis meore naxevris dasawyisSi simagreze, rogorc Cans, sicocxle wydeba~ (miqelaZe 1978:70). haindi miiCnevs, rom fazisi Zv. w. 450 w. unda ganadgurebuliyo (Hind 1983-1984:92). ra Tqma unda, fazisis xoris erT-erT nawilze cxovrebis Sewyveta jer kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom TviTon fazisic dakninda, miT ufro, rom fazisis mier monetebis emisia praqtikulad ar Sewyvetila Zv. w. III saukunemde, Tumca mainc simptomaturia amdengzis ganaxleba. araa savaldebulo Temistagora marTlac pirveli eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli iyos. berZnebis Tavdapirveli gamoCena da mcire dasaxleba Zv. w. VII-VI saukuneebis mijniT unda daTariRdes. arqeologiurad bevrad ufro adrindeli fenebia dadasturebuli simagreze, sadac berZnuli importia aRmoCenili. `importuli keramika simagreze warmodgenilia gvianarqauli xanis wiTeli zolebiT Semkuli qiosuri, lesbosuri da lesbosis wris sasmisisebrZiriani e. w. “ioniuri wris” (miletis), Tazosis wrisa da e. w. fsevdosamosuri keramikuli taris fragmentebiT. es ukanaskneli mxolod saqorqioSia dadasturebuli. aseve adreulebia rodosul-ioniuri (kamirisis jgufi), “fikeluras” stilisa da sadazolebiani ioniuri keramikis nimuSebi, vardulebiani ioniuri jami, romelic Zv. w. VII s. 108 bolosa da VI s. I naxevris masalebs Soris hpovebs analogiebs~ (inaZe 1982:120). keramikuli masala, romelic aq aris aRmoCenili, yvelgan aris napovni, sadac milets hqonda kavSiri _ `qiosze, delosze, navkratisSi, gelaSi (sicilia), CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi (kunZul berezanze, pantikapeonSi, mirmekionSi, tiritakaSi, naklebi olbiaSi da sxv.)~ (miqelaZe 1978:65-66). amrigad, adreuli importis arseboba adasturebs aq Zv. w. VII-VI saukuneebis mijnaze axalSenis daarsebas. imxanad miletis gaaqtiureba ganpirobebuli iyo lidiis mefe aliatesTan konfliqtiT. lidia miletisTvis oqros mTavari eqsportiori iyo da, amdenad, Zv. w. VII-VI saukuneebis mijnaze miletis daintereseba kolxeTis sanapiroebiT da konkretulad fazisiT SeiZleba oqros Ziebis surviliT iyos ganpirobebuli. SemdegSi fazisi, rogorc Cans, nel-nela polisad Camoyalibda. Zv. w. VI saukunis bolosken fazisi ukve polisia, rogor Cans. kolxuri TeTris adreuli calebi am periodiT TariRdeba. Zv. w. VI saukunis bolos faziss kavSiri aqvs qiosTanac. `raodenobrivad importul taraze metia Zv. w. VI s-is dasasrulisa da V dasawyisis qiosuri amforebi, romlebsac ornairi formisas uSvebdnen: dids, romlis moculoba 21 litrs aRemateboda da mcires _ 10,75 litrianebs. yviTel TixnarSi orive zomis amforebia warmodgenili ~ (miqelaZe 1978:48). qiosi miletis mniSvnelovani mokavSire iyo. amasTan, Zv. w. 546 wlidan masze sparselebis gavlena vrceldeboda, miuxedavad amisa, Zv. w. 499 w. ajanyda da Zv. w. 494 w. lades brZolaSi man ukve yvelaze didi floti gamoiyvana – 100 xomaldi. VI saukunis bolos qiosuri importis Semosvlis erT-erTi mizezic es aris _ qiosis 109 mcdeloba, floti gaaZlieros mosalodneli omis win. aseve, imxanad Cans kavSiri lesbosTanac. Semodis `lesbosuri da lesbosuri wris amforebi, romlebic xmarebaSi arian Zv.w. VI s. dasasrulsa da V s. dasawyisSi. yviTel TixnarSi lesbosuri da lesbosuri wris amforebic aRmoCnda~ (miqelaZe 1978:48). lades brZolaSi lesbosic ibrZvis sxva ioniur qalaqebTan erTad. masac gamohyavs floti 70 xomaldis SemadgenlobiT (Cambridge 1964:96). Zv. w. VI saukunis bolos marto milets ar aqvs kavSiri Savi zRvis berZnul koloniebTan. aTeni aq jer kidev Zv.w. VI saukunis bolos gamoCnda. amis dasturia Zv. w. VI s-is dasasrulisaTvis fazisSi atikuri produqciis gamoCena (miqelaZe 1978:71; inaZe 1982:120). SesaZloa aTens marTlac hqonda pirdapiri kavSiri SavizRvispireTis koloniebTan. SesaZloa, fasisSi atikuri nawarmic ionelebis Semotanilia (miqelaZe 1978:71). Zv. w. V saukunis Sua xanebSi, savaraudod, perikles pontour eqspediciasa da aTenelebis gabatonebas Sav zRvaSi unda ukavSirdebodes am periodSi simagris samosaxloze cxovrebis Sewyveta. `simagreze mopovebuli importuli masalis qronologiuri amplituda aseTia: uZvelesi nimuSebi Zv. w. VI saukunis pirvel naxevars iSviaTad scdebian, xolo ugvianesi _ Zv. w. V saukunis Sua xanebs. maSasadame, simagris Zveli dasaxlebis arseboba, zogadad, erTi saukuniT ifargleba~ (miqelaZe 1978:68). SesaZloa, qalaqis ZiriTadma nawilma am dros mciredad adgili icvala da masTan erTad mis garSemo mdebare samosaxloebmac. am droidan iwyeba fazisis kavSiri aTenTan. garda aTenisa, faziselebs kavSiri aqvT TazoselebTan. 110 `sabaJos ubanze yuradRebas iqceven amforis Zirebi, romlebsac momrgvalebuli qusli aqvT garedan RrmuliT, SuaSi kopiseburi wamonazardebiT. aRniSnuli amforis Zirebi Tavisi profilebiT mogvagoneben Zv. w. V s-is protoTasosis, Tasosisa da Tasosuri wris tipis amforebs. aseve lekiTosi, romelic Tavisi yeliT agreTve Zv. w. V s-is Tasosur nawarms miekuTvneba~ (miqelaZe 1978:76). Tumca, ra Tqma unda, am periodSi aTenis produqcia prevalirebs. rogorc fiqroben, TviT `Tazosis nawarmic am dros aTens Semohqonda. es garemoeba kargad eTanxmeba im viTarebas, romelic atika-delosis sazRvao kavSirSi sufevda~ (miqelaZe 1978:76). Tazosis mdgomareoba marTlac araa saxarbielo Zv. w. 463 wlidan, rodesac mas sakuTari flotis yola aukrZales aTenelebma. amasTan, mTeli delosis kavSiris xazina aTenSia ganlagebuli da Tazosi marTlac damokidebulia aTenze srulad. rac Seexeba SavizRvispireTis koloniebis statuss aTenis batonobis xanaSi, vfiqrobT, am qalaqebma Cveulebriv damoukidebeli polisis statusi SeinarCunes. radgan am periodSi aTenisadmi uSualod damorCilebuli qalaqis statusi hqonda kleruxiebs da isic im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac axlos mdebareobda kolonia, an TazosiviT urC qalaqebs. Zv. w. V saukuneSi Sors mdebare koloniebi naklebad eqvemdebarebodnen aTens (Graham 1964:210), miT ufro, Tu isini im dros daarsebuli ar iyo. garda amisa, epoikebi, anu polisis daarsebis Semdeg mosuli mosaxleebi, cnobilia, rom moqalaqis arasrul uflebas iRebdnen. fazisSi aTenelebi romc mosuliyvnen, isini aq fazisis politanebi ver gaxdebodnen da verc aTenis moqalaqeebad darCebodnen fazisis damoukideblobis 111 gamo. rogorc Cans, amanac ganapiroba regionSi savaWro funqciiT sxva axalSenis daarseba (fiWvnari). fazisis arsebobisTvis rogorc arqaul, ise klasikur xanaSi mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo misi mdebareoba mTavari sanaosno mdinaris SesarTavTan mdebare adgilas, saidanac ixsneboda gasasvleli qveynis Sida raionebTan. rion-yvirilis magistrali antikuri importisaTvis saqonlis gavrcelebis mTavari gza iyo (Лордкипанидзе 1977:86). Sedegad, fazisi, erTi mxriv, iRebs nedleuls kolxeTidan, meore mxriv, avrcelebs imports, SedarebiT naklebad _ sakuTar nawarms. amasTan, soflis meurneoba ganviTarebuli Cans fazisis xoras teritoriazec. `miwaTmoqmedeba sabaJos namosaxlarebis mosaxleobis erT-erTi mTavari dargi iyo. umTavresad, rogorc Cans, mohyavdaT marcvleuli kulturebi. amaze miuTiTeben namglis kaJis CasarTebi ~ (miqelaZe 1978:41). aseve aq ganviTarebuli iyo mesaqonleobac, sabaJos uZveles namosaxlarze es meurneobis wamyvani dargi Cans – `aq aRmoCnda rogorc msxvili rqosani saqonlis, ise Roris, cxvrisa da Txis Zvlebi~ (miqelaZe 1978:41). fazisSi mesaqonleobis ganviTareba dadasturebulia wyaroebSic. aristoteles cnobiT `fazisTan arian patara Zroxebi, romelTagan TiToeuli bevr rZes iwvelis~ (Arist. Hist. Anim. III, 21.). miuxedavad imisa, rom fazisTan dakavSirebiT pirdapiri cnoba masTan dakavSirebuli sasoflosameurneo xoris arsebobis Sesaxeb ar mogvepoveba, mainc sainteresoa, rom faziselebis ekonomikur gavlenas hinterlandze mohyva berZnulis mibaZviT Serqmeuli saxelebis gaCena. am mxriv, simptomaturia saxelis METOS dafiqsireba. es saxeli berZnuli ar aris, ufro grecizebul-kolxuria (Braund 1994:102). es saxeli amokawrulia iTxvisis samarovanze napovn 112 Savlakian Tasze, masTan erTad aRmoCenilia adgilobrivi warmoebis doqic, igive saxelic mxolod Tanxmovnebis gamosaxulebiT. samarxi TariRdeba Zv. w. 470 wliT. es jer kidev aTenelebis mosvlamdea. rogorc Cans, faziselebis gavlena miletur xanaSic arcTu umniSvneloa, miuxedavad imisa, rom kolxeTSi mosuli miletelebis raodenoba arcTu didi unda yofiliyo. elinisturi xanis fazisTan aris dakavSirebuli rionis qvemo welze ori dasaxleba. erTi e. w. #26 Txrili da meore _ sofel qvemo WaladidSi, Txinas tyeSi, sabaJos ubnidan ramdenime kilometris Semdeg Crdilo-dasavleTiT, Cxaris dasaxlebis pirdapir arsebuli samosaxlo (miqelaZe 1978:78). aq aRmoCenilia e. w. `yavisferkeciani amforebis~ fragmentebi sinopur amforebTan erTad (miqelaZe 1978:77). Tumca Tu fiWvnaris SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia Tamami varaudi, rom igi aris yavisferkeciani amforebis warmoebis erT-erTi centri, fazisTan dakavSirebiT jerjerobiT amis mtkiceba naadrevia. amdenad, boeris mosazreba, rom `gienoss da faziss, SesaZloa, sinope iyenebda im amforebis sawarmoeblad, romliTac mere gadahqonda produqtebi Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi~ (boeri 2005:13), jer kidev dasabuTebas saWiroebs. metic, swored gienoss ar hqonia es funqcia da faziss hqonda Tu ara, es jer kidev damtkicebas moiTxovs. sainteresoa, Tavad is faqti, rom strabonTan fazisi ar aris moxseniebuli calke, rogorc `qalaqi fazisi~, yvela SemTxvevaSi moxseniebulia Semdegi formulirebiT: `mdinare fazisi da misi Tanamosaxele qalaqi, an masTan mdebare qalaqi fazisi~ (Strabo XI, 2, 17). es faqti miuTiTebs, rom strabonis an misi wyaroebis droisTvis qalaqi fazisic dakninebulia. 113 berZnuli qalaqebis dakninebis procesi kidev ufro Rrmavdeba romaul xanaSi da samxreT SavizRvispireTSi da, albaT, kolxeTSic ukve berZnulad gamarTulad wera aRar ician (Arr. PPE. 1.) amrigad, fazisi Zv. w. VI-III saukuneebSi, SeiZleba Zv.w. II s-is dasawyisSic berZnuli polisia, dokumenturad dadasturebuli polisisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime niSniT: 1) damoukidebloba, 2) qalaqis mfarveli RvTaebebis taZrebis arseboba, 3) monetebis emisia, 4) mimdebare teritoriebis svinoikizmi 5) axalSenebis daarseba, Tumca SedarebiT mcire masStabebisa, 6) taZrebTan arsebuli savaxSo kapitaliT. zogadad, savaxSo kapitali kapitalisturi sazogadoebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da am tipis saqmianobis arsebobac kolxeTSi miuTiTebs imaze, rom es mxare aRiqmeboda, rogorc berZnuli ekonomikuri sistemis nawili. elinistur xanaSi fazisi afarToebs kavSirebs adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan, ganviTarebulia soflis meurneobac fazisis xoras teritoriaze, romelic moZravia sxvadasxva saukuneSi. gvianelinistur da romaul xanaSi adgilobrivi berZnebis barbarizeba xdeba da TandaTan sruldeba berZnuli kolonizacia, rogorc procesi, Sesabamisad, elinuri fazisic asrulebs Tavis arsebobas. antikuri xanis cnobili eqimi hipokrate (Zv. w. IV s.) Tavis TxzulebaSi `haerTa, wyalTa da adgilTa Sesaxeb~ gvawvdis informacis kolxebis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. zogadad, Zveli berZeni avtorebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb istoriografiaSi kargadaa Seswavlili, Tumca rac Seexeba hipokrates cnobebs, misi Seswavla samedicino 114 TvalsazrisiT jerjerobiT ar momxdara. swored amitom gadavwyviteT gamogvekvlia es sakiTxi. hipokrates mier aRwerili daavadeba, Cveulebriv, istoriografiaSi malariad ganixileba. sakiTxis Seswavlis Semdeg Cven davrwmundiT, rom saqme gvaqvs ara malariasTan, aramed A hepatitTan. Tavdapirvelad SegaxsenebT hipokrates teqsts, romelic faziselebs exeba srulad da Semdeg ukve mogaxsenebT Cvens daskvnebs: `xolo vinc fazisSi cxovrobs, maT Sesaxeb [Semdegi maqvs saTqmeli]: es qveyana Waobiania, Tbili, wyliani da tyiani. wlis yovel dros iq xSiri da Zlieri wvimebi modis. adamianebs sacxovrebeli WaobebSi aqvT, da [maTi] xisa da lerwmis saxlebi wyalzea gamarTuli. isini cotas dadian fexiT qalaqebsa da navTsadgurebSi, aramed dacuraven aRma-daRma erT xeSi amoRebuli navebiT, radgan arxebi bevria. isini svamen Tbilsa da damdgar wyals, mzisagan dampals da wvimebisgan adidebuls. TviTon fazisi yvela mdinareTa Soris yvelaze ufro dinjia da Zalian mdored miedineba. nayofi, romelic iq warmoiSveba, yvela zrdadausrulebeli, susti da uvargisia wylis siuxvis gamo. amitom [aq nayofi] ar mwifdeba. wylebisgan am qveyanas didi nisli adgas. am mizezebis gamoa, rom fasiselebs sxva adamianebTan SedarebiT didad gansxvavebuli Sesaxedaoba aqvT: tanad didebi arian, sisqiT metismetad sqelebi; arc erTs ar emCneva saxsari da arc ZarRvi; kani ki yviTeli aqvT, TiTqos siyviTle sWirdeT. laparakoben adamianTa Soris yvelaze boxi xmiT, [radgan] sufTa haeriT ki ar sunTqaven, aramed notioTi da nestianiT; xolo imisaTvis, rom sxeuls jafa miayenon, Zalian zarmacebi arian~ (yauxCiSvili 1965:45; Jones 1868:115-116). 115 Sesabamisad, hipokrates mixedviT, Cven gvaqvs Semdegi simptomebi: 1) Warbi wona, 2) siyviTle, 3) SeSupeba, 4) kunTovani hipotonia (moduneba). aseve viciT, Tu ra pirobebSi cxovrobdnen kolxebi: 1) cxovroben Waobebis maxloblad, 2) svamdnen damdgar, gafuWebul, Tbil wyals, 3) Wamdnen dampal, nestisgan umwifar, SesaZloa, gaurecxav produqtebs. am simptomebisa da garemo pirobebis Tanaxmad, erTi SexedviT ori diagnozi SeiZleba daisvas – malaria da A hepatiti. pirvel rigSi ganvixilavT malariis albaTobas. malaria aris protozouli daavadeba, romelic gadadis koRo anofelesis kbenis Sedegad. adamianebSi yvela malariul infeqcias iwvevs 4 tipis plazmodiumi: P.falciparum, P. malariae, P. vivax, P. ovale. malariis klinikuri niSnebia: 1) cxeleba, 2) siyviTle, 3) Tavbrusxveva da Rebineba, 4) arTalgia 16, 5) mialgia17, 6) diarea, 7) anoreqsia (mZime SemTxvevebSi), 8) hepatosplenomegalia,18 9) anemia19, leikopenia, neitropenia,20 limfo da monocitozi.21 am simptomebidan mxolod ori eTanxmeba daavadebis hipokrateseul aRwerilobas – siyviTle da kunTovani hipotonia. siyviTle malarias axasiaTebs ara mTeli inkubaciuri periodis ganmavlobaSi, aramed mxolod gamovlinebis periodSi. malariis infeqcia SeiZleba grZeldebodes 1dan 3 wlamde. anu im SemTxvevaSi Tuki kolxebs 16 17 18 19 20 21 saxsrebis tkivili kunTebis tkivili RviZlisa da elenTis gadideba sisxlnakleboba leikocitebisa da neitrofilebis Semcireba limfocitebis da monocitebis raodenobis momateba 116 malariis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebi ar gaaCndaT, rac savsebiT SesaZlebelia, siyviTle malariis xangrZlivmoqmedi simptomi SeiZleba yofiliyo. sxva simptomebs rac Seexeba _ Warbi wona _ ewinaaRmdegeba am diagnozs. radgan malarias axasiaTebs anoreqsia, gansakuTrebiT mZime SemTxvevebSi, da Cven viciT, rom kolxebis SemTxvevaSi swored mZime formebTan gvaqvs saqme, maT ar SeiZleboda hqonodaT erTdroulad malaria da amasTan Warbi wona. malaria iwvevs diareas, gulisrevas da Rebinebas da pacienti dainficirebis Semdeg male kargavs wonas. malariis es gamovlineba aSkarad gamoricxavs Warb wonas. rac Seexeba sacxovrebel pirobebs – WaobebSi cxovreba, ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba amtkicebdes imas, rom kolxebSi gavrcelebuli daavadeba aris malaria. aseT pirobebSi malariis epidemiuri gavrceleba savsebiT SesaZlebelia. realurad es aris erTaderTi argumenti, romelic mxolod malariis sasargeblod metyvelebs. Tu yuradRebiT davukvirdebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom cxovrebis sxva pirobebi, piriqiT, A hepatits Tu gamoiwvevdnen. A hepatiti RviZlis mwvave infeqciuri daavadebaa, romelic gamowveulia A hepatitis virusiT. es aris gastroenteraluri daavadeba. radgan is gamowveulia sibinZuris Sedegad, mas xSirad uwodeben `WuWyiani xelebis daavadebas~ (Hygiene 1988). A hepatitis simptomebia: 1) cxeleba, 2) Tavbrusxveva, 3) siyviTle, 4) hepatomegalia (zogjer splenomegaliac), 5) muclis tkivili. radganac es aris enterovirusuli daavadeba, Sesabamisad, is gadadis alimenturi gziT. iSviaT SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba gadavides parenteruli (sisxlis 117 gadasxmiT)22 gziT. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, antikur xanaSi es SeuZlebeli Cans, Sesabamisad, am gziT gavrcelebis sakiTxs Cven arc SevexebiT. radganac A hepatiti vrceldeba dabinZurebul garemoSi, da radganac is enterovirusuli daavadebaa da Cven viciT, rom kolxebi sibinZureSi cxovrobdnen da ikvebebodnen, hipokrates Tanaxmad, Cveni azriT, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom es iyos A hepatiti. sainteresoa, rom strabonis mier aRwerilia fTeirofagebis kolxuri tomi, romelic imave pirobebSi cxovrobda. rogorc Cans, es tomi swored A hepatitiT iyo daavadebuli, amaze qvemoT visaubrebT. amrigad, A hepatitis ori simptomi – siyviTle da SeSupeba _ emTxveva hipokrates aRwerilobas da sxva simptomebi – Warbi wona, kunTovani hipotonia ar ewinaaRmdegeba am diagnozs. aseve kolxebis sacxovrebeli pirobebi – damdgari wylis sma da WuWyiani an umwifari dampali sakvebis miReba, adasturebs am diagnozs, sxva pirobebi – WaobebSi cxovreba – ar ewinaaRmdgeba Cvens daskvnas. kidev erTi argumenti, Tu ratom aris es daavadeba A hepatiti da ara malaria, aris is, rom kolxebs hqondaT A hepatitis samkurnalo saSualeba. es faqti wyaroebSi iribad aris dadasturebuli. xalxur medicinaSi A hepatitis samkurnalod gamoiyeneba cocxali tilebis Wama. eqimebi am meTods oficialurad ar iyeneben, magram arc mis efeqturobas uaryofen. Tumca es CvenTvis naklebad sainteresoa, mTavaria is, rom mkurnalobis es meTodi gvaqvs dadasturebuli wyaroebSi. straboni, pliniusi, ptolemaiosi, ariane da V saukunis anonimi ixsenieben fTeirofagebis (tilismWamelebis) tomebs. zogi 22 sisxlis gadasxmiT 118 TargmaniT es girCismWamelebi unda iyos, magram tilismWamelebi ufro zusti Cans, radgan straboni ambobs, rom maT tilismWamelebi ewodaT cxovrebis binZuri wesi gamo (Strabo. 11.2.19). teritoriulad straboni maT henioxebisa da zigebis mezoblad (Strabo 11.2.1), mTebSi mcxovreblebad (`maT zemoT~) ixseniebs (Strabo 11.2.14). igi samivejer ixseniebs am tomebs da samivejer iseT konteqtSi, rom isini dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze, swored dasavlurqarTuli tomebis garemocvaSi arian. pliniusi fTeirofagebs mdinare qarientTan aTavsebs da `saliebs uwodebs, romelnic suanTa mezoblad cxovroben~ (Plin. NH. 6.4.). marTalia eseni ufro samxreT-aRmosavleTiT cxovroben, magram samagierod, hipokrates mier aRwerili faziselebis axlomaxlo saxloben swored. ptolemaiosTan maTi adgilmdebareoba cota gaugebaria – is maT ixseniebs sarmatiaSi, magram iqve ixseniebs mdinare ras, romelic rionis saxelwodeba riss mogvagonebs. am SemTxvevaSi sarmatia SeiZleba farTo gagebiT iyo gamoyenebuli ptolemaiosis mier. ariane da V saukunis anonimi fTeirofagebis straboniseul lokalizebas axdenen – biWvinTasa da gagras Soris (pitiunti-nitike) (Arr. PPE. 18). amrigad, fTeirofagebi kolxuri tomia, romelSic gavrcelebuli iyo A hepatiti. rogorc Cans, pirvelad strabonma SeamCnia maTi Tviseba – samkurnalod tilebis Wama, magram rogorc geografi da ara eqimi, arc dainteresebula amis mizeziT da es Cveva maT sibinZures miawera. amasTan is faqtic, rom swored maT moixseniebs straboni binZurebad, kidev ufro amyarebs Cvens mosazrebas. rogorc aRvniSneT, A hepatits `WuWyiani uwodeben. gamodis, rom xelebis daavadebasac~ TavisTavad saxelwodeba fTeirofagebi eTnonimi arc 119 aris, ufro SeiZleba medikonomi ewodos – janmrTelobis mdgomareobis mixedviT Serqmeuli saxeli. Tumca SeiZleba arsebobdes erTi kontrargumentic – malariuli hepatitis SesaZlebloba. malariuli hepatiti medicinis istoriaSi dafiqsirebulia mxolod erTxel, indoeTSi, 1988-1991 ww. (Anand... 1992:59-62). magram radganac maT hqondaT malaria B da C (Kochar... 2003:1069-1070) da ara A hepatitiT, da Sesabamisad, malaria A hepatitiT praqtikulad aRricxuli ar aris medicinis istoriaSi, Cveni azriT, hipokrates mier aRwerili daavadeba ar SeiZleba iyos malariuli hepatiti. misi gavrcelebis iSviaTi xasiaTic amasve gvafiqrebinebs. amrigad, hipokrates mier aRwerili kolxebis simptomebisa da sacxovrebeli pirobebis mixedviT da aseve sxva antikuri avtorebis cnobebze daydnobiT Tu vimjelebT, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom fazisel kolxebs awuxebdaT ara malaria, aramed A hepatiti. aseve kvlevisas kidev erTi saintereso daskvna gamovitaneT, rom berZnebi barbarosebs saxels yovelTvis maTi eTnikuri kuTvnilebis mixedviT ar arqmevdnen – saxeli Serqmevis safuZveli SeiZleba yofiliyo maTi janmrTelobis mdgomareobac (fifia... 2013). 120 dioskuria – genezisi, istoria (Zv. w. VI-I ss.) dioskuria antikuri literaturuli tradiciiT SedarebiT ukeT aris cnobili. qalaqi dioskuria moixsenieba Semdeg avtorebTan: fsevdo-skilaqs kariandeli (81), straboni (I. 3, 2; II. 1, 39; II. 5, 22; II. 5, 25; XI. 2, 14; XI. 2, 16; XI. 2, 18-19; XI. 5, 6), xaraqs pergamoneli (fr 36; 37b), pomponius mela (I, III), amiane marceline (Res gestae, XXII. 8, 24), flavius ariane (PPE. 14, 16, 25), ptolemaiosi (V. 9, 2; VIII. 19, 3), pliniusi (NH. VI. 15-16), apiane (Mithr. 101), V s-is anonimi (PPE 47, 48, 52, 53, 54), stefane bizantieli, evlius herodiane (II. 52, 29; IV. 93, 17). rac Seexeba arqeologiur monacemebs, sakuTriv qalaqi ar aris gaTxrili, radgan, rogorc miiCneven, daZirulia, Tumca mimdebare teritoriebidan cnobilia ramdenime masTan dakavSirebuli Zegli – soxumis mTa, guadixu, wiTeli Suqura, bagratis koSki, soxumis cixe, iaSTxva, axvil-abaa da sxv. dResdReobiT ukve miCneulia, rom Zveli dioskuria mdebareobda soxumis yureSi mdinare besleTis SesarTavTan (Качарава... 1991:86; Воронов 1980:25). soxumis cixesa da sastumro „riwasTan“. aseve, yofil olRas quCaze aRmoCenili Zeglebi antikuri wyaroebis dioskurias ukavSirdebian rogorc Cans, xolo wiTel SuqurasTan, guad-ixuze da soxumis mTaze gamovlenili Zeglebs ki qalaqis gareubnebad miiCneven (maTiaSvili 1977:88). Cven yuradRebas ar gavamaxvilebT im sakiTxebze, romlebic kvlevis sagani araerTgzis iyo da, Sesabamisad, an ase Tu ise gadawyvetilia, an saboloo gadawyvetisTvis kidev damatebiT wyaroebs moiTxovs, magaliTad, toponim dioskuriis warmoSobaze. mTavari 121 kiTxvebi, romlebic Cveni kvlevis sagans warmoadgens, Semdegia:  rodis daarsda dioskuria da ra procesebs SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes – ra iyo mizezi konkretul periodSi misi daarsebisa?  ra statusi hqonda dioskurias rogorc ioniuri, aseve atikuri kolonizaciis periodSi da elinistur xanaSi?  eSerisa da dioskuriis mimarTebis sakiTxi: metropolia –kolonia?  rogori iyo dioskuriis sagareo kavSirebi sxvadasxva periodSi?  ra funqciiT daiwyes DIOSKOU damRiani amforebis warmoeba da ramdenad warmatebuli iyo es eqsperimenti?  ram gamoiwvia dioskuriis, rogorc qalaqis daknineba? dioskuria daarsebulia an Zv. w. VII-VI ss-is mijnaze, an Zv. w. VI saukunis Sua xanebSi, an Zv. w. VI-V saukuneebis bolos da Semdeg ganaxlebulia Zv. w. V saukunis Sua xanebSi. problematuria sakiTxi, Tu romelia uZvelesi, fsevdo-skilaqs kariandelis mier moxseniebuli, dioskuria – eSera Tu soxumi?! aseve istoriografiaSi davis sagania Tu romelma berZnulma qalaqma daaarsa Tavdapirvelad dioskuria/soxumi – miletma Tu aTenma? dioskuriis daarsebasTan dakavSirebiT o. lorTqifaniZe miiCnevda, rom `marTalia, Zv. w. VI s-is importi aris soxumis teritoriaze, magram mcirea da ramdenime qiosuri amforis fragmenti soxumidan da ioniuri moxatuli keramika eSeridan ver daamtkicebs (Лордкипанидзе 1979:247; aq axalSenis arsebobas~ lorTqifaniZe 1964:192). amdenad, Zv. w. VI saukuneSi, misi 122 azriT, verc `farTomasStabian~ importze didad ver visaubrebT. miT ufro, rom eSeris naqalaqaris ioniuri moxatuli keramika, romelic SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT Zv. w. VI saukunes, mcirea, xolo importuli berZnuli nakeTobebis umravlesoba TariRdeba Zv. w. V-IV saukuneebiT (Лордкипанидзе 1977:17). g. kvirkveliac miiCnevs, rom radgan soxumis yuris nekropolze Zv. w. V s-is Sua xanebidan Cndeba berZnuli importuli nakeTobebi, xolo yvelaze adrindeli importi Zv. w. VI saukunis bolos _ V saukunis dasawyisis qiosuri amforebis fragmentebia, es sakmarisi ar aris aq am droisaTvis berZnebis mosaxleobis samtkiceblad. (Квирквелия 1979:317). Sesabamisad, o. lorTqifaniZe da g. kvirkveliac dioskuriis daarsebas ufro Zv. w. V saukunes ukavSireben. Tavsatexs qmnis is, rom, arianes cnobiT, dioskuria miletis axalSenia: `sebastopolisi Zvelad dioskuriadad iwodeboda, miletis axalSenia~ (Arr. PPE. 10). dioskuria miletis kolonia rom yofiliyo, is Zv. w. VI saukuneSi unda daarsebuliyo, radgan mileti sparselebma gaanadgures Zv. w. 494 w. amitom dioskuriis23 daarseba, Zv. w. VI s-is meore naxevrisTvis ukve dasrulebuli unda yofiliyo (inaZe 19621:197). amasTan, m. inaZis azriT, `Zv. w. VI s.-is pirvel naxevarSi aq jer mxolod savaWro faqtoria iyo, romelic Semdeg ukve axalSenSi gadaizarda. yovel SemTxvevaSi VI saukunis miwurulisaTvis es procesi ukve dasrulebulad unda vivaraudoT~ (inaZe 19621:201). Tumca TviTonve aRniSnavs, rom Zv. w. VI s-is meore naxevriT an Zv. w. V s-is dasawyisiT daTariRebuli masala sul 2 cali qiosuri amforis Ziria (inaZe 1982:102). 23 am SemTxvevaSi soxumis 123 Tumca Tu dioskuria mileturi axalSenia, rogorc ariane ixseniebs mas, maSin is Zv. w. VI saukuneSi, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Zv. w. VI-V ss.-is mijnaze unda daarsebuliyo. am mizeziT, s. Sambas miaCnia, rom mileturi dioskuria mxolod eSera SeiZleba iyos (Шамба 1979:340). g. kvirkveliac miiCnevda, rom Zv. w. V s. II naxevramde soxumis midamoebSi berZnebi saerTod ar yofilan: `Zv. w. VI-V s-is I naxevris Zeglebze ar Cans raime niSani imisa, rom sadRac maxloblad am dros berZnuli axalSeni arsebobda. am periodis berZnuli importuli masala metad mcirericxovania. berZnuli importi soxumis irgvliv mdebare teritoriebze Tavs iCens Zv. w. V saukunis II naxevarSi. gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia es garemoeba iseTi ZeglebisTvis, romlebic Cndeba Zv. w. VII s. da ufro adre da ganagrZoben arsebobas ufro mogviano periodSic (soxumis mTa, wiTeli Suqura). xom ar niSnavs es imas, rom Zv. w. V s. II naxevarze adre aq berZnuli eTnosi ar arsebobda. misi daarseba aTens unda ukavSirdebodes~ (kvirkvelia 1979:19). Tumca, berZnuli importis mcire raodenoba ar aris sakmarisi argumenti imis samtkiceblad, rom aq kavSiri berZnebTan ar aris, an sustia. ufro metic, fiWvnaris magaliTze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleobis samarxebSi 10% importis arsebobac ki SeiZleba amtkicebdes axlomaxlo berZnebis mosaxleobas. miT ufro, rom Zv. w. VI s-Si guadixus borcvze gaCnda damarxvis axali wesi – `sruli kremacia mrgval ormoebSi da arasruli ovaluri formis ormoebSi~ (inaZe kremacia 1982:117). sinqronulad kremaciuli samarxebi Cndeba soxumis mTazedac, xolo sanapiro zolSi – „wiTeli Suquras“ samarovanze grZeldeba inhumaciuri wesiT dakrZalva 124 (Трапш 1969:242). radgan kremaciuli samarxebis gaCena eqskluziurad berZnebs ukavSirdeba, misi gaCena swored berZnebis gamoCenas unda davukavSiroT. amrigad, Zv. w. VI saukuneSi soxumis teritoriaze mcire berZnuli mosaxleobac, rogorc Cans, iyo. i. voronovi miiCnevda, rom soxumis yuresTan berZnuli kolonia daarses miletelebma ara ugvianes Zv. w. 550-530. amis dasturad is fsevdo-skilaqsis cnobas asaxelebda (Воронов 1980:36) da aseve Zv. w. VI ssis Sua xanebiT daTariRebul aRmoCenebs – Savfigurul importul atikur skifosebs (magidis Rrma Tasebi RvinisaTvis) da rodosul-ionuri wris nakeTobebs (Воронов 1980:40). aseve, miletis daarsebul dioskuriad soxums miiCnevda. arsebobs mosazrebac, rom dioskuriis daarseba unda momxdariyo Zv. w. IV saukunis dasasrulsa an mis Semdgom xanebSi (miqelaZe 1960:194-195). am SemTxvevaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli is garemoeba, rom fsevdoskilaqsi sargeblobda Zv. w. VI saukunis avtorebis hekateos miletelis an skilaqs kariandelis TxzulebebiTY da dioskuriis Sesaxeb informacia mas am avtorebisgan aqvs miRebuli. amrigad, Zv. w. VI saukuneSi soxumSi berZnuli mosaxleoba Tundac mcire raodenobiT, magram mainc arsebobda, berZnuli importi, marTalia, am periodidan mcirea, magram Cveni azriT, savsebiT sakmarisia berZnebis aq mosaxleobis samtkiceblad. importiT SedarebiT mdidari iqneboda sakuTriv qalaqi, romelic jerjerobiT ucnobia. masTan dakavSirebul mcire dasaxlebebSi arc aris mosalodneli didi raodenobiT importis arseboba. amis TvalsaCino ilustracia isev da isev fiWvnaria, sadac sanapiroze, erTmaneTis gverdigverd mcxovreb berZnebsa da 125 kolxebs Soris uzarmazari gansxvavebaa samarxebSi Catanebuli importis raodenobiT. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom soxumis berZnuli dasaxlebis warmoqmnis ufro zusti daTariReba dResdReobiT arsebuli monacemebiT rTulia. miletis istoriis mkvlevari v. gormani dioskuriis daarsebas Zv. w. 530 w. aTariRebs (Gorman 2004:258), Tumca Znelia Tqma, soxumis dasaxlebas gulisxmobs Tu eSeras. garda amisa, dioskuriis miletelebis mier daarsebas unda adasturebdes aseve mis midamoebSi grifonis gamosaxulebiani sabeWdavi beWdebis xSiri aRmoCenac (Трапш 1969:239). grifoni apolonis erT-erT atributad iTvleboda (Куфтин 1949:65) da apolonis kulti miletSi iyo gavrcelebuli (Robertson 1987:369). amasTan, kolxeTis SavizRvispireTis berZnuli koloniebidan fazisSi namdvilad aris dadasturebuli misi kultis arseboba. Cveni azriT, gienosis saxelwodebac apolonis kults ukavSirdeba (ix. qvemoT). ramdenadme enigmaturi sakiTxia soxumisa da eSeras mimarTeba. eSera warmoqmnilia an Zv. w. VI s-is I naxevarSi (Болтунова 1979:266) an Zv. w. VI saukunis Suaxanebidan. daarsda, rogorc ionielTa mcire dasaxleba, romelic m. inaZis azriT, funqcionirebda rogorc miletelTa axalSenis – dioskuriis _ gverdiT warmoqmnili erT-erTi damxmare savaWro faqtoria (inaZe 1982:106). miuxedavad imisa, rom pirdapiri monacemebiT Zv. w. VI saukunis I naxevarSic mainc berZnuli mosaxleoba da importi mxolod eSeraSi dasturdeba, s. Samba miiCnevda, rom `eSeris mosaxleoba dioskuriis erT-erTi emporia iyo~ (Шамба 19791:448). am SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria, Tu rogor unda daearsebina soxumis axalSens, romlis daarsebis 126 terminus ante quem non Zv. w. 550 weli Cans, eSera, sadac berZnebi ufro adre, Zv. w. VII-VI saukuneebis mijnidan Canan. g. cecxlaZis azriT, eSera ar SeiZleba iyos Zveli dioskuria, ramdenadac is arc sanapiroze mdebareobs da arc iseTi mniSvnelovani adgilia. aseve importis wili aq aRmoCenil keramikaSi dabalia, sul raRac 10% (Tsetskhladze 1994:359). amasTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSnavT, rom eSera sanapirodan iseTi daSorebiT ar mdebareobs, rom SeuZlebelia iq berZnuli dasaxleba vigulisxmoT da, aseve arc importis mcire procentuli xvedri araa gadamwyveti berZnebis ararsebobis samtkiceblad. piriqiT, Tundac mcire importi sanapiroze gvaZlevs varaudis safuZvels, rom, rogorc wesi, aRmoCenis adgilis maxloblad berZnuli dasaxleba vivaraudoT. soxumsa da eSeras Soris, arqeologiuri monacemebis dRevandeli mdgomareobiT Tu vimsjelebT, uZvelesia eSera, romelic daarsebuli unda iyos Zv. w. VII-VI ss-is mijnaze. amis dasturia aq aRmoCenili importuli masala. `eSeris naqalaqaris importuli nawarmidan yuradRebas iqcevs rodosul-ioniuri keramikis jgufi, romelic TariRdeba Zv. w. VII s-is dasasruliTa da VI s-is dasawyisiT. eSeris importuli nawarmidan aRsaniSnavia ioniuri keramikis nimuSebi, romlebic aseve ganekuTvneba Zv. w. VII s-is dasasrulsa da VI s-is dasawyiss da e. w. aRmosavlurberZnuli wamoSobis amforaTa natexebis mTeli jgufi, romelic milets unda mieweros da Zv. w. VI s-iT unda daTariRdes~ (inaZe 1982:101). amasTan, importis sustad gamoxatulobis safuZvelze SegviZlia vimsjeloT, rom es dasaxlebac ionielebma daaarses im principiT, romliTac zogadad aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mileti aarsebda koloniebs – bevri da mcire 127 mosaxleobiT (ix. zemoT). Zv. w. VI s.-is Sua xanebis sustad gamoxatuli masala dioskuriidan eSeris amave periodis da odnav ufro adreul masalasTan SedarebiT gvafiqrebinebs, rom nawili kolonistebisa eSeridan gadasaxlda soxumis mimarTulebiT, SeiZleba teritoriis subkolonizebis mizniT. saerTo jamSi, arcerTi maTgani mniSvnelovani qalaqi ar yofila Zv. w. VI s-is bolomde. swored es unda iyos mizezi imisa, rom skilaqs kariandelTan24 es qalaqi ar aris elinurad moxseniebuli. saerTo konteqsti iseTia, rom, erTi SexedviT, skilaqss ar unda gamorCenoda misi elinurad moxsenieba, magram mainc ar ixseniebs: `81. kolxebi. amaT Semdeg aris tomi – kolxebi, qalaqi dioskurisi, elinuri qalaqi gienosi, mdinare gienosi, mdinare qerobiosi25, mdinare qersosi26, mdinare 27 ariosi , mdinare fasisi da elinuri qalaqi fasisi~ (yauxCiSvili 1967:48-49). miT ufro damabnevelia es garemoeba, radgan gienoss, romelic berZenTa sezonuri vaWrobis adgili iyo, skilaqsi elinur qalaqad ixseniebs, maSin rodesac dioskurias – ara. aq sayuradReboa erTi garemoeba: rodesac skilaqsi CamoTvlis Crdilo da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis qalaqebs, ixseniebs mxolod `elinur~ qalaqebs. erTaderTi, romlis statusis calke moxseniebac mas `aviwydeba~, dioskuriaa. amasTan, rodesac mas sWirdeba barbarosuli qalaqis aRniSvna, amas sagangebod aRniSnavs: `mdinaris ayolebiT 180 [sxva TargmaniT 150] stadionis manZilze aris didi barbarosuli qalaqi, saidanac iyo medea~ (yauxCiSvili 1967:48-49). amrigad, 24 25 26 27 cnoba daculia fsevdo-skilaqsTan md. sianiswyali sxva kiTxviT – xobi, dR. enguri an xofiswyali arianes qarienti, foTis midamoebSi 128 skilaqsis zogadi laitmotivi elinuri da ara barbarosuli qalaqebis CamoTvlaa, amitomac dioskuriis statusis mouxsenieblobac ki SeiZleba miuTiTebdes aq berZnuli mosaxleobis arsebobasac. Semdegi sakiTxi, rac gvainteresebs, aris miletis mier dioskuriis daarsebis konkretuli mizezi. Zv. w. VII-VI saukunis dasawyisSi, rodesac eSera Tavdapirvelad daasaxles berZnebma, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTiT miletis daarsebis mizezi, rogorc aRvniSneT, oqros Zieba iyo. sainteresoa, rom stefane bizantielTan dioskuria aiad aris moxseniebuli: `aris meore dioskuriac pontosTan, hqvia agreTve sevastopoli, xolo winaT mas aia erqva, rogorc ambobs nikanori~28 (georgika 1936:277), aia ki rogorc cnobilia, aietis dedaqalaqi iyo. dioskuria, ra Tqma unda, aietis aia ar yofila, es sakiTxi kargad aris gamokvleuli istoriografiaSi da detalurad mis ganxilvas Cven ar SevudgebiT, magram am igiveobasTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSnavT: Cveni azriT, es cnoba gamoZaxili unda iyos imisa, rom pirvelad miletelebi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTiT dainteresdnen (Zv. w. VIIVI saukuneebis mijna), iq sworedac oqros eZebdnen, iseve rogorc danarCen kolxeTSi, lidiis mefe aliatesTan, romelic maTTvis oqros mTavari importiori iyo, omis gamo. Tu es asea, maSin stefane bizantielis cnobaSi moxseniebuli dioskuria eSeraa. radgan mxolod aq aris Zv. w. VII s. bolo - VI saukunis importi. Zv. w. VI saukunis Sua xanebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT Zv. w. VI saukunis bolosTvis miletisTvis prioritetuli ukve sxva mizezi xdeba – gemTsaSeni xe-tye (ix. zemoT). amrigad, Zv. w. VI s. 28 nikanori II s. avtoria 129 bolosTvis importis gaZliereba mileteli berZnebis axali nakadis mosvliT unda aixsnas, romelTa mizani ukve gemTsaSeni xe-tyis Zieba iyo. dioskuriac mdebareobda tyeebiT mdidar raionebSi (Лордкипанидзе 1977:86). ra Tqma unda, resursebiT mdidari regioni mimzidveli iyo berZnebisTvis. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi garemoebac – berZnebis mier aq koloniis daarsebas winaaRmdegoba ar Sexvedria. rogorc Cans, daarsebis mizezi adgilobrivebis survilicaa. Zv. w. VI saukunis bolosTvis albaT soxumsac da eSerasac erTianad aRiqvamdnen dioskuriad, Zv. w. V saukuneSic percefcia erTiania, xolo elinistur xanaSi ara mxolod percefcia, aramed ekonomikuradac es ori patara berZnuli dasaxleba gaerTianda. elinistur xanaSi eSera, rogorc Cans, soxumis axalSenis nawili gaxda, amas unda adasturebdes dioskuriis amforebis didi raodenobiT aRmoCena rogorc soxumis, aseve eSeris teritoriaze, amasTan, ara marto TavisTavad am amforebis, aramed keramikuli qurebisac, sadac maT amzadebdnen (Воронов 1977:163). ramdenadac eSera Tavidan dioskuriaze adre daarsebuli Cans, Zv. w. VI s-Si is dioskuriis (soxumi) xoris nawili ar iqneboda. es iyo, calke arsebuli mcire apoikia, SesaZloa, ukve Semcirebuli mosaxleobiT da Zv. w. IV saukuneSi SeuerTda dioskurias/soxums. aseTi praqtika berZnul samyaroSi arsebobda. mag. miosi (Myous) milets SeuerTda politikurad oligandreis (mcire adamianis mosaxleobis) gamo. am tipis SeerTebas simpoliteia ewodeboda (Mackil 2004:495-496). miosic miletisgan axlos mdebareobda – 16 km-Si (Bean 1976). oligandreis an sxva mizezebis gamo, eSerac, rogorc Cans, am droisTvis soxums (dioskurias) uerTdeba. m. inaZe 130 pirdapir ar wers amas, magram, vfiqrobT, aseve miiCnevs, rodesac ganixilavs eSeris warweras: `eSeris warwera miuTiTebs, rom elinistur xanaSi dioskuria warmogvidgeba adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan damokidebul, magram mainc TviTmmarTvel politikur erTeulad, uTuod SezRuduli uflebebiT. amasTan, mas aqvs sakuTari ekonomikuri baza, sameurneo miwa-xora, romelzedac vrceldeba misi ekonomikuri kontroli da sxv.~ (inaZe 1982:176). eSeris warweris ganxilvisas m. inaZe a priori gulisxmobs, rom is dioskurias/soxums ukavSirdeba. Cveni interesis sagans warmoadgens aseve dioskuriis politikuri statusi, romelic mniSvnelovani debatebis sagania istoriografiaSi, iseve, rogorc zogadad kolxeTis berZnuli axalSenebisa. dioskuria/eSeris sakiTxs isev paralelurad ganvixilavT. gvainteresebs, konkretulad, ra statusi unda hqonoda eSeras Zv. w. VI saukuneSi, dioskurias Zv. w. VI, Zv. w. V saukunis II naxevarSi – IV s-is dasawyisSi da ra Seicvala am TvalsazrisiT elinistur xanaSi. g. meliqiSvilis azriT, dioskuria, iseve, rogorc zogadad kolxeTis sxva berZnuli qalaqebi, savaWro centrebs warmoadgendnen da eqvemdebarebodnen kolxeTis samefos (meliqiSvili 1970:409-412). n. lomouris azriTac, kolxeTis zRvispira qalaqebis berZnuli mosaxleoba Tavidanve moeqca kolxebis gavlenis qveS da isini ara damoukidebel berZnul polisebs warmoadgendnen, aramed berZnul samyarosTan damakavSirebel savaWro centrebs (lomouri 1962:61). aseve oT. lorTqifaniZis azriT, kolxeTis teritoriaze arsebuli berZnuli samosaxloebi, maT Soris dioskuriac warmoadgendnen emporionebs, 131 adgilobriv saqalaqo centrebTan sxvadasxva dros daarsebul savaWro faqtoriebs, romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeboda kolxeTis savaWro_ekonomiuri urTierToba antikur samyarosTan (lorTqifaniZe 1964:196), maSin berZnebs kolxeTSi politikuri da socialuri organizaciis rTuli elinuri formebi ar SemoutaniaT (Лордкипанидзе 1977:78). amavdroulad, o. lorTqifaniZe fazisisa da dioskuriis SemTxvevas sxvadasxvagvarad xedavda, amasTan ar dauzustebia, ra sakiTxSi (Лордкипанидзе... 1981:351). nebismier SemTxvevaSi, dioskurias sakuTari ekonomikuri baza, o. lorTqifaniZis azriT, ar hqonia. (lorTqifaniZe 1966:63). aseve i. braSinskic miiCnevda, rom es koloniebi da maT Soris, dioskuria, savaWro faqtoria iyo (Бращинский 1980:98-99). igive azrisaa zogadad kolxeTis berZnuli koloniebis, da dioskuriis Sesaxebac g. kvirkvelia (kvirkvelia 1999:25). dResdReobiT amave mosazrebas iziarebs g. gamyreliZec (gamyreliZe 2010:24). sakiTxis sirTulis kargi ilustracia m. inaZis mier dioskuriis Sesaxeb Tavisi mosazrebis etapobrivi ganviTareba. Tavdapirvelad igi miiCnevda, rom Zv. w. VI saukuneSi dioskuria emporioni unda yofiliyo da SemdgomSi is gadaizarda axalSenSi: ` soxumisa da mis maxloblad mdebare didi raodenobiT mopovebuli V-IV ss-is importuli keramika (maT Soris atikuri Savlakiani WurWeli), aSkarad mowmobs, rom winareelinistur xanaSi aq arsebul qalaqSi berZnul elements garkveuli adgili unda sWeroda (SesaZloa, Zv. w. VI s-is pirvel naxevarSi aq jer mxolod savaWro faqtoria iyo, romelic Semdeg ukve axalSenSi gadaizarda. yovel SemTxvevaSi VI saukunis miwurulisaTvis es procesi ukve dasrulebulad unda vivaraudoT)~ (inaZe 19621:201). am axalSenis funqcia, m. 132 inaZis azriT, isev vaWroba iyo, amasTan, vaWroba mTels amierkavkasiasTan (inaZe 19621:201-202). odnav mogvianebiT m. inaZem dioskuriis, iseve, rogorc fazisis, statusi sxvagvarad ganixila da maT uwoda `saqalaqo centrebi garkveuli organizaciiT da rigi TaviseburebebiT ~ (Инадзе 1968:144). SemdgomSi es azri ramdenadme Seicvala da orc aRvniSneT, rgamoacxada, rom sawyis etapzec da Semdgomac, dioskuria iyo mxolod emporia (inaZe 1982:170). m. inaZis azriT, dioskuria, iseve, rogorc fazisi, erTi mxriv, warmoadgendnen savaWro kolonias xoris gareSe, romelic kolonistebis samoqalaqo sazogadoebis kuTvnileba iqneboda, Tumca saqalaqo mowyobis garkveuli formis arsebobis uaryofa, misi azriT, ar SeiZleba. eseni iyvnen qalaqebi miwis gareSe. radganac am qalaqebis ZiriTad saqmianobas warmoadgenda ara miwaTmoqmedeba, aramed vaWroba. aseTi iyo fokeelTa koloniebi galiasa da espaneTSi (masalia, ampuria da sxv.) (Инадзе 1979:289). amrigad, mas miaCnda, rom apoikia erTi mxriv SeiZleboda, mxolod savaWro funqciis matarebeli yofiliyo, amasTan polisisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi hqonoda. es azri ramdenadme exmianeba d. brondis mosazrebasac, rom zogadad, polisis gansazRvreba imdenad rTulia, rom jobia es termini saerTod ar gamoviyenoT. i. voronovi, m. inaZis msgavsad, miiCnevda, rom dioskuria/eSera iyo qalaquri tipis dasaxleba `emporialuri xasiaTiT~, Tumca, m. inaZisgan gansxvavebiT, misi azriT, dioskuria ufro damoukidebeli samurneo erTeulia, romlis ekonomikac ara vaWrobas, aramed, soflis meurneobas da xelosnobas efuZneba (Воронов 1972:118). meore mxriv, arsebobs mosazreba, rom dioskuria polisia. miletur xanaSi dioskurias albaT 133 oligarqebi marTavdnen, xolo Zv. w. V saukuneSi, mas mere rac atikuri standarti dainerga aq, SesaZlebelia moxda dioskuriis konstituciis liberalizaciac (dundua 2009:18). gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi faqtori – erTia axalSenis statusi da meore axalSenis mosaxleebis statusi – Zv. w. VI saukuneSi aq mosuli mileteli moaxalSeneebis STamomavlebi dioskuriis liberaluri konstituciis farglebSi dioskuriis moqalaqeeebi iqnebodnen, maSin rodesac axlad mosuli kleruxebi _ aTenisa. aseT SemTxvevaSi Zv. w. V saukuneSi (II naxevridan) dioskuria ramdenadme Taviseburi xasiaTis axalSeni gamodis – polisi sakuTari da aTenis moqalaqeebiT. Zv. w. VII-VI saukunebis mijnaze miletis mier eSeris midamoebSi patara axalSeni daarsda. eSeris berZnebma, SesaZloa, soxumis mimdebare teritoriis subkolonizeba moaxdines Zv. w. VI saukuneSi, maleve. ar aris gamoricxuli, aqac miletelebi pirdapir miletidan mosuliyvnen da soxumi subkolonia ar iyos, Tumca simptomaturia, rom yvelaze adreuli importi soxumidan, romelic Zv. w. VI saukunis Sua xanebiT TariRdeba, Tanxvdeba iseT periods, rodesac sakuTriv miletis kolonizatoruli aqtivoba SedarebiT Sesustebulia. aqedan gamomdinare, logikuria, vifiqroT, rom soxumi ara uSualod miletis mier daarsda, aramed eSeris subkolonia iyo. Zv. w. V saukunidan cnobili dioskuriisa da eSeris arqeologiuri monapovari ramdenadme gansxvavdeba gienosis, fiWvnaris da aseve, fazisis mimdebare teritoriidan mopovebuli masalisgan. dioskuriisa da eSeras teritoriaze aRmoCenilia atikur SeiaraRebasTan dakavSirebuli nivTebi: Zv. w. VIV ss.-is atikuri muzaradis fragmentebi aRmoCenilia 134 kelasurSi (inaZe 1982:168), eSeraSic Zv. w. V s. Savlakian kilikTan erTad (Воронов 1972:116). guadixuze da wiTel Suqurazec Zv. w. V-II ss.-is samarxebSi xSiria iaraRis da atikuri nawarmis erTad aRmoCenis faqtic (Воронов 1980:46). aseve, soxumSi, wiTeli Suquris midamoebSi, aRmoCenilia brinjaos fari. eSeraSi aRmoCenilia maxairac, Subispirebi (Воронов 1972:17). amis safuZvelze g. kvirkvelia askvnida, rom aq unda arsebuliyo berZeni kleruxebis samarovani (kvirkvelia 1979:20). simptomaturia, rom soxumis mTis 9 samarxidan, romelic o. lorTqifaniZem gamoaqveyna 1978 wels, da romelTa qronologiuri CarCoebi SeiZleba ganisazRvros Zv. w. V-IV saukuneebiT, rva samarxi ekuTvnis meomrebs (Лордкипанидзе 1978:54). kidev erTi iribi argumenti, romelic amtkicebs, rom am periodSi dioskuriaSi imxanad kleruxebi iyvnen, aris atikuri importis prevalireba. kleruxia wminda aTenuri fenomenia, imdenad, ramdenadac pirvel kleruxiad cnobilia salamini, romelic aTenma megaras waarTva Zv. w. VI s-Si. SemdgomSi am praqtikas aTeni xSirad iyenebda.29 kleruxebis erT-erTi funqcia iyo aTenis nawarmis eqsporti aTenisgan SedarebiT daSorebul teritoriebze. dioskuriis mimdebare teritoriaze atikuri importi yvelganaa aRmoCenili. aTenTan kavSirs adasturebs guadixus nekropolis sabeWdavi beWedic. TariRdeba Zv. w. V-IV saukuneebiT da iTvleba, rom damzadebulia kizikSi (Лордкипанидзе 1977:95), kiziki, rogorc cnobilia, aTenTan mWidrod 29 kleruxiebis Sistema sxvaganac iyo gavrcelebuli, magaliTad, ptolemaiosebis egvipteSi (ix. liCeli 2001:32), Tumca Tavdapirvelad TviTon sistema aTenis Seqmnilia da Zv.w. V saukuneSi swored is iyenebda intensiurad. 135 iyo dakavSirebuli Zv. w. V s.-dan. sainteresoa, rom m. inaZis azriT, am sabeWdav beWdebs gacvlis, fulis funqcia hqondaT (Инадзе 1968:181). marTalia, atikuri importi ar aris specifikuri, mxolod kleruxiebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tviseba da mxolod misi arseboba mis statuss ver daamtkicebs, Tumca erT-erTi aucilebeli pirobaa da, amdenad, sxva damxmare argumentebTan erTad isic amtkicebs, rom dioskuriaSi Zv. w. V saukuneSi kleruxebic iyvnen. mizezi, Tu ratom gamoCndnen kleruxebi dioskuriaSi, aris misTvis naklebad sasurveli garemo – agresiuli mezobeli tomebi. erTi mxriv, Zv. w. V s.-is II naxevarSi fiWvnaris formireba mudmivad moZravi vaWrebis qalaqad aTenis gavlenis qveS TiTqos kontrarguments qmnis – Tuki pontospireTSi prioritetulia ara kleruxebis dasaxleba, maSin ratom unda vigulisxmoT, rom maincdamainc dioskuriis midamoebSi daarsdeboda daasaxlebdnen aTenelebi maT?! am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi garemoeba: fiWvnari daarsda fazisis maxloblad, romelic Zv. w. VI saukunidan ukve berZnebiTaa dasaxlebuli. berZnebma mniSvnelovnad aiTvises mimdebare teritoria, daamyares intensiuri kontaqtebi adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan. amrigad, aq winaaRmdegobas saerTod ar elodnen, gansxvavebiT dioskuriisgan, sadac eTnikuri garemocva sruliad arakeTilganwyobili SeiZleboda yofiliyo. fsevdoskilaqsis cnobebis safuZvelze, Cven vigebT, rom henioxebi kolxebis da dioskuriis30 mezoblad arian. 75. `aqaiebi. toretebis Semdeg aris tomi – aqaiebi. 76. henioqebi. aqaiebis Semdeg aris tomi henioqebi. 30 am SemTxvevaSi dioskuria soxumia, ix. zemoT. 136 77. koraqsebi. henioqebis Semdeg aris tomi – koraqsebi. 78. kolebi [tomi]. koraqsebis Semdeg aris kolebis tomi. 81. kolxebi. amaT Semdeg aris tomi – kolxebi, qalaqi dioskurisi~ (yauxCiSvili 1967:48-49). pomponius melas cnobiT, SemdgomSi henioxTa sazRvrebSi eqceva Tavad dioskuria (Pomp. Mela. 1, 19, 111). henioxebi anadgureben pitiuntsac (Plin. NH. VI. 16). aseTi mezoblebis yola arasasurveli iqneboda berZnebis aq damkvidrebisTvis. amrigad, es gansxvaveba fiWvnarsa da dioskurias Soris – aTenelebis arCevani, rom erTi iyos kleruxebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria da meore ara _ rogorc Cans, ganapiroba am gansxvavebam _ veluri henioxebis mezoblobam dioskuriis teritoriis garSemo. rogorc Cans, Zv. w. V saukunis II naxevarSi soxumis teritoriaze aTenelebma kleruxebi gamoagzavnes, albaT perikles pontouri eqspediciis Semdgom, ramac gaaZliera mimdebare teritoriis elinuri substrati. amasTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi argumentebi arsebobs: 1) SeiaraRebasTan dakavSirebuli nivTebis aRmoCena am periodis samarxebSi dioskuriis mimdebare teritoriaze. 2) vaWroba gare samyarosTan, gansakuTrebiT aTenTan, aseve 3) dioskuriis arseboba bevrad ufro arakeTilganwyobil garemoSi henioxebis mezoblad, vidre mag., fiWvnarisa, an gienosisa. Tumca dioskuriis statusis sruli transformacia Zv. w. V saukuneSi, damoukidebeli polisidan kleruxiad, ar migvaCnia, swori. aq, albaT Tanacxovrobdnen Zv. w. VI saukuneSi mosuli berZnebis STamomavlebi da Zv. w. V saukuneSi mosuli kleruxebi, amasTan pirvelni dioskuriis moqalaqeebi iyvnen, xolo meoreni, aTenisa. kleruxebis funqciebSi saWiroebis 137 SemTxvevaSi aTenisTvis samxedro samsaxuri Sedioda. isini inarCunebdnen aTenis moqalaqeobas, magram valdebulebi iyvnen, ecxovraT koloniaSi. dioskuria emporia (perioduli vaWrobis adgili) rom ar aris, amaze mianiSnebs isic, rom aq Cans moaxalSeneebis mier teritoriis mudmivi aTviseba – maT samarxebSi importul nivTebTan erTad adgilobrivi warmoebis nivTebicaa mikvleuli daaxloebiT Tanabari raodenobiT. Zv. w. IV saukunis II naxevridan dioskuria ukve Camoyalibebuli polisia. polisis sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebidan dioskurias umetesi gaaCnia. amasTan, isev aRvniSnavT, rom ar aris savaldebulo, yvela maxasiaTebuli dokumenturad iyos dadasturebuli, rom axalSens polisi ewodos. radgan polisis gansazRvrebaSi yvelaze mTavari misi damoukidebeli politikuri statusia, yvelaze mTavari aris is niSnebi, romlebic zogadad yvela damoukidebel saxelmwifos sWirdeba. radgan saxelmwifo aris `monopolia Zalis gamoyenebaze misTvis niSandoblivi ares SigniT~ (veberi 1994:12). Sesabamisad, nebismieri maxasiaTeblis arseboba, romelic saxelmwifos Zalis gamoyenebaze monopoliur flobaSi daexmareba, iqneba es saxelmwifo biurokratiuli aparatis arseboba, sakuTari kanonebi, samxedro Zala, religiuri organizacia Tu sakuTari ekonomikuri baza, adasturebs mis suverenul statuss. amrigad, yvelaze aqtualuri polisis, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifos maxasiaTeblebidan, migvaCnia swored zemoxsenebuli funqciiT arsebulni. amasTan, radgan antikur saxelmwifoze gvaqvs saubari, dioskuriasTan mimarTebaSi Cven mainc dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT yvela SesaZleblobas. 138 dioskuriis mier sakuTari damRiani amforebis gamoSvebis mcdeloba, sakuTari meurneobis arseboba, mis damoukidebel statusze miuTiTebs. am amforebis warmoeba daiwyo Zv. w. IV saukunis II naxevridan da III saukuneSic grZeldeboda. maT adgilobriv warmoebas adasturebs, pirvel rigSi, maTi damRebi. aseve isic, rom bevrgan aris aRmoCenili keramikuli Rumelis naSTebi. Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebis naSTebi wiTel SuqurasTan, romlis garSemoc adgilobrivi keramikis fragmentebia (inaZe 19621:207), garda amisa, leCkopTan da gulrifSTan (Воронов 1977:163), eSeraSi (Шамба 1972:98), aseve, eSerasa da axal aTons Soris kidev erTi keramikuli warmoebis centria napovni, sadac aRmoCnda DIOSKOU damRiani amfora. (Трапш 1969:227). amasTan, sxvadasxva tipis niSnebi da damRebi miuTiTeben dasaxlebis SemogarenSi ramdenime sawarmoo centris arsebobaze (Воронов 1980:49). am qurebTan, amforebis garda, aRmoCenilia didi zomis WurWelic: piTosebi (Инадзе 1968:22), romlebic SesaZlebelia satranzito funqciiT gamoiyeneboda. miCneulia, rom es keramikuli Rumelebi dioskuriadis berZnuli sawarmoo centrebia (Воронов 1980:58). Tavad es keramika Tavdapirvelad mzaddeboda jer herakleeeli, Semdeg sinopeli ostatebis daxmarebiT, radgan sinopis taris fragmentebia didi raodenobiT aRmoCenili (Инадзе 1968:22). igi xasiaTdeba, pirvel rigSi, uxeSad narevi, Sereuli Seferilobis yavisferi TixiT qviSis, kvarcitis da sxva minarevebiT. formiT zogierTi nakeToba Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebis sinopur nawarms hgavs. am jgufis nakeTobaTa umravlesoba miekuTvneba yavisferkeciani Tixis amforebis nairsaxeobas (Воронов 1972:109-110). Tumca, voronovi aRniSnavs, rom sinopis standarts ar 139 Seesabameba amforis Zirze sakmaod Rrma Wrilebis arsebobada miiCnevs, rom es romelime sxva centris, magaliTad herakleis gavlenaa (Воронов 1980:59). sainteresoa, rom Zv. w. IV-III ss.-is eSeris warweraSic heraklea Cans dioskuriasTan kavSirSi. aseve sainteresoa, rom yavisferkeciani amforebis Tavdapirveli nawili, romelic fiWvnarSi mzaddeboda, herakleur gavlenas ganicdis. g. cecxlaZem scada am keramikis klasifikacia, gamoyo maTi adreuli, A tipi da maTi damzadeba sinopelebs miawera: `A qvejgufis amforebi daamzades sinopelma xelosnebma, romlebic kolxeTSi muSaobdnen kolxuri TixiT da iyenebdnen sinopur teqnikas~ (Tsetskhladze 1992:383). ra mizniT SeiZleboda ewarmoebina dioskurias sakuTari satranzito tara? rogorc Cans, sakuTari warmoebuli produqciis gasazidad. es produqcia SeiZleboda yofiliyo Rvino. aRsaniSnavia, rom xvnaTesvis paralelurad am periodSi qalaqis mTebis SemogarenSi viTardeba mevenaxeoba, romelsac aqamde didi roli ar hqonda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sasoflo-samourneo yofaSi (Воронов 1980:64). mevenaxeobis ganviTarebis dasturia soxumis cixesTan Zv. w. IV-III ss-is fenebSi napovni yurZnis wipwebi, romlebic ganekuTvneba qarTuli yurZnis uZveles jiSs – kaWiWs (inaZe 1963:126). es produqcia, romelic, savaraudod, egeosuri centrebidan Semosul produqciasTan SedarebiT iafi Rirda, ramdenadme uwevda konkurencias maT Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi. SesaZloa, am taris warmoeba mxolod am mizniT ar xdeboda. sainteresoa, rom roca s. monaxovi angariSobs masStabebsa da Sefardebas qersonesSi amforebis warmoebasa da Rvinis warmoebas Soris, isaklisebs warmoebuli amforebis raodenobas. misi 140 azriT, radgan Sesabamisi raodenobis amforebi ar iwarmoeboda, danarCeni namati produqcia albaT tikebiT gahqondaTo (Монахов 1985:300). Cveni azriT, dioskuriaSi warmoebuli satranzito tara, dasaSvebia, rom am funqciiTac gadioda aqedan, mag., qersonesSi warmoebuli produqciis gadasazidad. msgavsi praqtika – taras warmoeba mxolod eqsportis funqciiT ucxo ar aris berZnuli samyarosTvis. am xerxs mimarTavdnen qioselebic – taras awarmoebdnen xSirad mxolod TavisTavad misi eqsportis mizniT (SavlayaZe 2012:15). kolxuri amforebis dabali xarisxis gamo, amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba garkveuli skepsisic arsebobdes, Tumca es sakiTxi vfiqrobT, calke kvlevas mainc moiTxovs. garda Rvinis eqsportisa, SesaZlebelia kaklis eqsporti an xilisa, radgan aRmoCenilia atmis da kaklis naWuWebi (Воронов 1980:47). aseve aqedan gahqondaT, rogorc Cans, Tafli (Воронов 1980:67). dioskuriis amforebi, rogorc Cans, am produqtebis eqsportis funqciiT iwarmoeba. Zv. w. III saukuneSi am dioskuriis keramikul qurebSi samSeneblo kramitic iwarmoeba. gvandradan momdinare dioskuriadis kramiti TariRdeba swored Zv. w. III s-iT (Воронов 1977:169). es kidev erTi dadasturebaa sakuTari ekonomikuri bazis arsebobisa. sakuTari amforebis warmoeba dioskuriis mier, miuTiTebs dioskuriis TviTmmarTvelobaze, sakuTar ekonomikur bazaze da, albaT, politikuri struqturebis arsebobazec. kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli axalSenis polisuri xasiaTisa aris damoukideblobisken swrafva. swored amas unda asaxavdes eSeris warweraSi moxseniebuli faqtebi. dioskuria ibrZvis sxva qalaqis Tu 141 adgilobrivebis winaaRmdeg, faqti – erTia, cdilobs damoukidebeli sagareo politika gaataros. ilustraciisTvis moviyvanT eSeris warweras, romelic 1975 w. aRmoCnda eSeris gaTxrebis dros. Sesrulebulia brinjaos filaze. paleografiulad mas T. yauxCiSvili Zv. w. IV-III ss-iT aTariRebs: qalaqis aRdgena (an apolon nomiosis) didi sazRvao jariT. mas SeuZlia... romelmac aiRo... Si yvelasagan samefosaTvis (an mefobisas, an samefo moxele) ...Si Tu movidodnen etli (?) mwyobrSi – an taqsiarxoss... winuZRodes (?) kravi (?) gamosvla... navsadguri... gavigzavno (?) ubedureba pirdapiri, swori gansaxleba, qveynis gaudabureba (vn. – dasaxleba) ucxoebs (?) mamaci, Seupovari zRvispira dablobi (?) fasi, SenaZeni olimpieli (?) herakleis karibWe. koSki Sesvla samefos, an mefobisas an samefo moxele (yauxCiSvili 2004:74-75). warweridan Cans, rom qalaqi ibrZvis viRacis (sxva qalaqis an adgilobrivebis ?) winaaRmdeg da, rogorc Cans, misi mokavSire herakleelebi arian. nebismier SemTxvevaSi cxadia, rom cdilobs sakuTari damoukidebeli politika gaataros. kidev erTi argumenti, romelic daamtkicebs dioskuriis polisur xasiaTs, aris jaris yola. Zv. w. 142 IV saukunis samarxebSi iaraRebis aRmoCena aseve adasturebs, rom dioskurias sakuTari SeiaraRebuli kontigenti hyavda. guadixus umcrosi jgufis samarovnebzec aris aRmoCenili iaraRebi (Трапш 1969:249). esec polisis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. eSeris Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebis warweridanac TiTqos Cans, rom mas sakuTari jari hyavs. polisebs xSir SemTxvevaSi sakuTari flotic hyavda. kolxeTSi flotis yolis saWiroeba am droisaTvis ganisazRvreboda ZiriTadad CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTTan urTierTobis saWiroebiT. gemebis arsebobis arapirdapir dasturad SeiZleba CaiTvalos is faqti, rom `kolxeTSi damzadebuli amforebi eqskluziurad eqsportirdeboda Savi zRvis Crdilo sanapiroze~ (Tsetskhladze 1992:384). danamdvilebiT ki is viciT, rom dioskuria amzadebda am taras, misi eqsporti sakuTari iniciativiT moiTxovda gemebis yolas. Zv. w. IV saukuneSi dioskuriis polisur statuss amtkicebs, aseve, mis mier mimdebare teritoriebis absorbcia – svinoikizmi. literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom `antikur xanaSive soxumis mTis teritoria dioskuriis saqalaqo kvartalebis nawili gaxda, dasaxlebuli iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobiT, romlebic qalaqis sameurneo da kulturul cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen~ (Инадзе Semcireba sanapiro 1968:21), aseve, `mosaxleobis raionebSi dioskuriasTan berZnebis ZaladobiT araa gamowveuli, ubralod vaWrobis gacxovelebiT ~ (inaZe 19621:205). rac Seexeba adgilobrivebisa da berZnebis damokidebulebas: `winaelinistur xanaSi es damokidebuleba ZiriTadad gamoixateboda mWidro savaWro urTierTobaSi qalaqsa da mis garSemo mdebare 143 teritorias Soris, SemdegSi es teritoria elinistur xanaSi TandaTaobiT qalaqisadmi daqvemdebarebul sasoflo miwebad gadaiqca da, Sesabamisad, dioskuriis teritoria, elinistur xanaSi mimdebare sasoflo miwebis xarjze sakmaod unda gazrdiliyo. aman, rogorc Cans, asaxva pova evstaTes komentarebSi,31 romelic dionises daurTo, sadac moxseniebulia dioskuriis xora~ (inaZe 19621:208-109). es cnoba ukve qalaqis Tavdapirveli birTvis garSemo mimdebare teritoriis qalaqTan Serwymas – svinoikizirebas asaxavs. garda amisa, eSerac dioskuriis nawilia mesame saukunidan mainc (Braund 1994:143). Cveni azriT, Zv. w. IV saukunis bolodan, roca dioskuriis amforebis warmoeba iwyeba, ukve Serwymulia patara eSera dioskuriasTan. es mxare erTiani sameurneo sivrcea. Tavis mxriv, dioskuriis (soxumis) mier mimdebare teritoriis konurbanizacia/svinoikizmic mis polisur xasiaTze miuTiTebs. dioskurias sakuTari TavdacviTi sistema gaaCnda, rogorc Cans. imave eSeris warweraSi moxseniebuli koSki, romelic rogorc Cans, TavdacviTi xasiaTia nageboba iyo. Tundac es koSkebi kolxeTis nestiani klimatidan gamomdinare, qviT nagebi arc yofiliyo, es mainc niSnavs imas, rom adgilobrivma berZnebma igi aages adgilobrivi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT da es aranairad ar amcirebs misi TavdacviTi xasiaTis arsebobis Sesaxeb varauds. es ki kidev erTxel amtkicebs, rom dioskurias polisisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi niSani hqonda – sakuTari TavdacviTi sistema. TavisTavad warweraSic saubaria swored ucxoelTagan 31 xaraqs pergamonelis (II-III ss.) cnobaa 144 Tavdacvaze da saamisod qalaqs mokavSireebic ki hyavs, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom qalaqis mmarTveli gundi mis usafrTxoebaze zrunavda. erTi SexedviT, dioskuriis polisuri statusis samtkiceblad kontrargumentia is faqti, rom am droisaTvis qalaqs sakuTari fuli ar gaaCnda. Zv. w. IV saukunis monetebidan aq aRmoCenilia ramdenime ucxouri moneta: sinopuri draqma, amisosis draqma, aguZeraSi napovnia filipe III-is monetac. sinopuri draqma Zv. w. IV s-is I naxevrisaa, amisosisa _ Zv. w. II naxevris (dundua... 2006:44-45). gacvlis saSualebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs erTi saintereso mosazrebac: dioskuriis nekropolSi monetebis arqonam da, amasTan, didi raodenobiT sabeWdavi beWdebis aRmoCenam m. inaZe miiyvana daskvnamde, rom maT gacvlis funqcia hqondaT (Инадзе 1968:181). amasTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSnavT, miuxedavad imisa, rom fazissa da dioskurias Soris am mxriv mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa da dioskuria Zv. w. II saukunemde ar Cans, rom sakuTar monetebs uSvebdes, es mainc ar niSnavs imas, rom is ar aris damoukidebeli polisi. gvianelinistur xanaSi dioskuria monetebs uSvebda, Tumca maTi funqcia ramdenadme damafiqrebelia. Semdegi sakiTxi, rac gvainteresebs, aris dioskuriis sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebi sxvadasxva periodSi. ioniuri kolonizacia dioskuriaSi SedarebiT sustad gamoixata. Sesabamisad, arqeologiuri masala, romelic mis ekonomikur kavSirurTierTobebsac daadasturebda, SedarebiT mwiria, soxumis midamoebSi ioniuri keramikis sul ramdenime fragmentia aRmoCenili, romelic SeiZleba Zv. w. VI saukunes mivakuTvnoT (kalandaZe 1953:26). es aris Savlakiani 145 keramika, da Sesabamisad, ioniur centrebze metad isev da isev atikasTan urTierTobas adasturebs. gansxvavebiT soxumisgan, eSeraSi ioniuri importi SedarebiT mdidaria: aq aRmoCenilia Savfiguruli WurWlis fragmenti mjdomare sfinqsis gamosaxulebiT, romlisganac frTa da tanis nawili Semoinaxa. aseTi scenebi gvxvdeba atikuri warmoebis Savfigurul WurWlebze, romlebic aRmoCenilia heraklionSi, olbiasa da istriaSi Zv. w. VI saukunis fenebSi (Шамба 19792:27), amavdroulad dasturdeba aTenTan kavSiric. eSeraSic iWreba atikuri importi. aq aRmoCenilia WurWlis Tavsaxuri, romelsac akuTvneben atikis ara ugvianes Zv. w. VI saukunis pirveli naxevris nakeTobebs (Шамба 19792:28). Zv. w. V saukuneSi ekonomikuri kavSirebis gansazRvrisas gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi garemoeba: samxedro amuniciasTan dakavSirebuli nivTebis aRmoCena ar miuTiTebs intesiur sagareo savaWro urTierTobebs romelime centrTan. mag., aq aRmoCenilia korinTuli brinjaos muzaradi (Воронов 1980:40), magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom korinTosTan pirdapiri savaWro kavSiri aqvs am droisaTvis qalaqs. Zv. w. V sSi dioskuriaSi SemoWrili atikuri importi – Savfiguriani, Savlakiani WurWeli da sxv. _ amtkicebs aTenTan kavSirs. korinTuli muzaradic aTenis gavliT Semodis aq. eSeraSic igive mdgomareobaa. Zv. w. V s-is dasasrulsa da Zv. w. IV s-is pirvel naxevarSi atikuri importis qveynis siRrmeSi SeWra ukve niSnavs adgilobriv mosaxleobasTanac intensiur urTierTobebs. Zv. w. IV saukunidan diioskurias kavSiri aqvs sinopTan. am kavSiris Sedegad dioskuriaSi albaT marilic Semodioda. TviTon sinopem Zv. w. IV saukuneSi 146 olbiidan daiwyo marilis importireba. (Robinson 1906:144). dioskuriis midamoebSi ki marilis deficiti iyo (Strabo 11.5.6). olbiuri marili albaT dioskuriaSi sinopis gavliT moxvdeboda. am droisaTvis naosnoba ukve kabotaJur xasiaTs aRar atarebs da olbiidan pirdapir gadaWridnen Sav zRvas da Caitandnen sinopSi. es gza albaT ufro iolia, vidre olbiidan dioskuriisken wamosvla, radgan Savi zRvis dinebebis mimarTulebas ewinaaRmdegeba olbiidan dioskuriaSi kabotaJuri gziT Casvla. Semdeg ukve sinopidan dioskuriaSi wamosvla SedarebiT iolia, radgan dinebebis mimarTuleba Sav zRvaSi swored saaTis isris sawinaaRmdegoa. garda amisa, mravalricxovani sinopuri keramikisgan gansxvavebiT olbiuri keramikuli nawarmis praqtikulad araarseboba Zv. w. IV s. I naxevris fenebSic gvafiqrebinebs, rom masTan pirdapiri kavSiri ar unda yofiliyo. amasTan, Zv. w. IV saukunis I naxevarSi jer arc dioskuriis amforebi iwarmoeboda, rom maT kvals gavyveT kavSir-urTierTobebis dadgenaSi. mogvianebiT, Zv. w. III-II saukuneebSi TiTqos Cans olbiasTan urTierTobac. soxumis mTaze aRmoCenilia kanTarosebi, romelTac Ziri Zv. w. III-II ss.-is olbiur nawarms miugavT (kalandaZe 1953:31). olbiidan an bosforis gavliT unda iyos CvenTan moxvedrili samxreT ruseTis `skviTur~ yorRanebSi aRmoCenilebis msgavsi satevari, romelic soxumis mTaze, #4 samarxSi gaiTxara (kalandaZe 1953:32). es ukve, rogorc Cans, sakuTriv dioskuriis eqsports ukavSirdeba. Zv. w. IV saukunis II naxevarSi, zogadad kolxeTSi da konkretulad dioskuria/eSeraSic kidev ufro gaZlierda kontaqtebi sinopesTan. miCneulia, rom man ikisra Suamavlis roli kolxeTTan vaWrobaSi 147 (dundua 2006:47; Воронов 1980:66). dioskuriaSi Semodis Zvirfasi RviniT movaWre qiosis da Tazosis produqciac Zv. w. IV saukuneSi. Zv. w. IV saukunis I naxevarSi qiosi aTens eqvemdebareboda, e. w. meore aTenur imperiaSi Sedioda, Sesabamisad, ufro mosalodnelia, rom aTenis da Semdeg sinopis gavliT modioda misi produqcia SavizRvispireTSi. qiosi Zv. w. IV saukunis Sua xanebidan makedonelTa aRzevebamde damoukidebeli qalaqi iyo. amrigad, pirdapir kavSiri masTan am mokle periodSi xe-tyis eqsportis mizniT ar aris gamoricxuli. Tazosis produqciac Zv. w. V saukunis bolos – IV saukunis dasawyisSi aTenis gavliT modis. SemdegSi ki Suamavlad sinope gamodis. SedarebiT mcire raodenobisaa dioskuriaSi aRmoCenili rodosuli produqcia. soxumis saxelmwifo muzeumis fondebSi daculia rodosuli amforis ramdenime fragmenti (yurebi, Zirebi), romlebic q. soxumSi sastumro ,,riwas” mSeneblobis drosaa aRmoCenili. soxumis muzeumSi daculia agreTve axali aTonis maxloblad sofel anuxvas teritoriazea napovni kosis amforis orluliani yuri. kosis importi kidev ufro sustia da `pontoSi rodosis saSuamavlo (lorTqifaniZe vaWrobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli~ 1964:202). es garemoeba imiT unda aixsnas, rom produqcia, romlis Semosvlasac ramdenime Suamavali sWirdeba, magaliTad, kosis SemTxvevaSi produqcia Semovidoda jer rodosis, Semdeg sinopis gavliT, Zvirdeba da mniSvnelovnad gaZvirebul produqcias am droisaTvis verc SeiZendnen kolxeTSi adgilobrivebi. Zv. w. II saukuneSi Cans kavSiri pergamonTanac. dioskuriaSi aRmoCenilia pergamuli nawarmic _ Tasebi. Tumca arc es kavSiri ar iqneboda pirdapiri, 148 savaraudod, produqcia aqedanac sinopis gavliT modioda. Zv. w. III-I saukunis sinopuri keramikuli produqcia eSeradan, iseve rogorc wiTeli Suquradan da soxumis mTidan, axlos dgas vanis, dablagomis elinisturi xanis produqciasTan (Воронов 1972:116). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom vani am droisaTvis redistribuciis centria (Licheli 1994:105), rasac tabula peutingeriana-c adasturebs, sadac datanilia dioskuriidan artaSatamde gza vanis gavliT (Licheli 1994:105), rogorc Cans, sinopuri nawarmi hinterlandSi aramarto mokle gzis, sinope-fazisi-vani, aramed SedarebiT grZeli sinope-dioskuria-vanis gavliTac Sedioda. is faqti, rom Zv. w. II s-Si sagareo kavSirebi iseTi Zlieri ar aris, krizisis Sedegia. strabonis cnoba, rom dioskuria didi savaWro qalaqia (Strabo XI, 2, 16) Zv. w. III saukunisa unda iyos (inaZe 1982:42). strabonis wyaroebis (artemidore ?) Tanadrouli koniunqtura sruliad sxvagvaria, im droisaTvis am qalaqs ukve henioxebi uteven. Zv. w. II saukunis bolosTvis isev moxda sagareo kavSirebis gaZliereba, Tumca amjerad miTridate imorCilebs am mxareebs. miTridates Semdgom saqalaqo cxovreba sabolood knindeba aqac. simptomaturia, rom swored am dros soxumis mTisa da mimdebare teritoriis mosaxleoba qreba. aseve, guadixus nekropoli wyvets arsebobas (Инадзе 1968:227). Tumca miTridates xanaSi gamococxleba SeiniSneba. am dros iWreba dioskuriadebic – dioskuriis saqalaqo monetebi. ucnauria erTi faqti, dioskuriis saqalaqo monetebi ZiriTadad kolxeTSi araa aRmoCenili (erT SemTxvevas Tu ar CavTvliT), isini aRmoCenilia mirmekiaSi, 149 tiritakSi, patreaSi, xersonesSi da ankarasTan axlosac ki. erTi SexedviT, dioskuriadas mxolod miTridates zarafxanis funqcia hqonda. Tumca misi warwerebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom miTridatesTvis fulis moWris funqcia. m. inaZis, azriT, dioskuriadebis funqcia, savaWro urTierTobebis mowesrigebaa samxreT da Crdilo SavizRvispireTTan (Инадзе 1968:233). strabonis dros dioskuria TavSesayrelia sxvadasxva tomebisaTvis (Strabo XI, 2, 16), igi mimdebare regionisTvis jer kidev asrulebda savaWro centris funqcias. is faqtic, rom dioskuria strabonTan jer kidev savaWro qalaqia, Tundac kolxTa qalaqi, gansxvavebiT fazisisgan, romelic strabonis dros ar Cans, rom mniSvnelovani qalaqi iyos, miuTiTebs, rom sanam miTridate `mouswrebda~ am mxares, dioskuria savaWro centris statuss mainc inarCunebda. Zv. w. I saukuneSi dioskuriaSi saqalaqo cxovreba Cakvda. rogorc Cans, miTridates Semdeg, xelaxla dawyebuli krizisis fonze qalaqs Seuties adgilobrivebma. amas adasturebs eSeris Zv. w. I saukunis warwerac: `samxedro Zala... SeZleba...samefo xelisufleba...; aReba-daufleba..., qalaqi...; sabrZolos wyoba...; warmarTva..., pirdapiri …; mamaci....~ (Каухчишвили 1985:218; gamyreliZe... 2006:15). Zv. w. III saukuneSi ayvavebuli savaWro qalaqi pliniusis droisTvis ukve gaukacrielebulia (Plin. N.H. VI. 15). misi ganadgurebis mizezad zogjer miiCneven Crdilokavkasiel mTielebsac, romlebic am dros Camosaxldnen (Todua 2004:43). Tumca, Cveni azriT, mTielTa Camosaxleba dioskuriis gaukacrielebis ufro Sedegia, vidre mizezi. Zveli welTaRricxvis dasasrulidan moyolebuli ara mxolod aq, aramed mTel dasavleT 150 saqarTveloSi krizisia, sanam ar dasrulda mTielTa Camosaxleba. am procesebis mizezebsa da saboloo Sedegebs Cven naSromis bolo TavSi ganvixilavT detalurad. 151 gienosi – sezonuri emporioni gienosis daarsebis mizezebi da ganviTarebis istoria gansxvavdeba, erTi mxriv, fazisis da dioskuriisgan, meore mxriv ramdenadme fiWvnarisganac, Tu ratom, detalurad amas qvemoT ganvixilavT. gienosis ganviTarebis istoriaSic SeiniSneba ramdenime etapi. sxva berZnul qalaqebTan SedarebiT, es etapebi SedarebiT sustadaa gamoxatuli. Tuki fiWvnarSi SesaZlebelia gamoiyos ioniuri etapi da Zalian Zlieri atikuri periodi, gienosSi ioniuric sustia da arc atikuri periodis fena gamoirCeva siuxviT aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis sxva berZnul qalaqebTan SedarebiT. ZiriTadi kiTxvebi, romlebic arsebobs gienosTan dakavSirebiT da, Sesabamisad, Cveni kvlevis sagans warmoadgens, Semdegia: 1) rodis movidnen berZnebi gienosSi pirvelad? 2) iyo Tu ara mileti gienosis damfuZnebeli – ra argumentebi arsebobs amis sasargeblod, aseve ra SeiZleba iyos misi daarsebis mizezi Zv. w. VI-V ss-is mijnaze? 3) ra statusi hqonda gienoss ioniuri kolonizaciis periodSi da ra Seicvala atikur periodSi – iyo Tu ara is polisi, kleruxia Tu emporia? 4) ra funqcias asrulebda gienosi berZnebisTvis? Tavdapirvelad miiCnevdnen, rom gienosi atikuri kolonizaciis periodSi daarsda da Zv. w. VI saukuneSi aq berZnuli dasaxleba ar yofila (lorTqifaniZe 1964:192). d. kaWarava miiCnevda, rom berZnebi aq Zv. w. V s-is Sua xanebze adre ar mosulan. amis argumentad ki 152 mas miaCnda, rom manamde aRmoCenili importuli keramika, ZiriTadad, Zv. w. V saukuneze adrindeli periodiT ar TariRdeboda (Качарава 1979:308). amasTan, imave wels vanis simpoziumis masalebSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi a. boltunovam gienosis daarseba Zv. w. VI-V saukuneebis mijniT daaTariRa (Болтунова 1979:264). SemdgomSi gienosSi dadasturda ufro adrindeli fenebic. 1981 w. Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad moxerxda didi raodenobiT adreuli (Zv. w. VI saukunis meore meoTxedis – VI saukunis bolo meoTxedis) importuli nawarmis (ioniuri keramikis, qiosuri amforebis) mikvleva (inaZe 1982:99-100).32 Cveni azriT, gienosi daarsda Zv. w. VI s. II naxevarSi, es SeiZleba yofiliyo mxolod Zv. w. 540 wlamde, manam, sanam mileti xelSi Cauvardeboda sparselebs33 (Greaves 2002:95). Zv. w. 540-513 ww. milets marTavdnen sparselebis mier daniSnuli tiranebi da miletis sakolonizacio moZraoba SedarebiT Sesustebuli iyo. garda amisa, Tuki gienosis funqcia gemTmSeneblobisTvis saWiro xe-tyiT uzrunvelyofa iyo, am funqciiT axalSenis daarseba mxolod Zv. w. 540 wlamdea SesaZlebeli. sparselebs am droisaTvis berZnebTan omi aRar aqvT da flotis gaZliereba sparselebis mier daniSnul tiranis survili naklebad iqneboda, da, Sesabamisad, am funqciiT Soreul kolxeTSi axalSenis daarseba aqtualuri aRar iqneboda. amrigad, gienosi daarsebuli unda iyos Zv. w. 540 wlamde, rodesac flotis mSeneblobis interesi SeiZleboda arsebuliyo. arsebobs albaToba imisa, 32 m. inaZis SeniSvniT, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Sesabamisi moxseneba waikiTxa s. Sambam 1981 w. arqeologiuri samuSaoTa Sedegebisadmi miZRvnil samecniero sesiaze. 33 gienosis mier miletis daarsebis albaTobaze ix. qvemoT. 153 drois mcire monakveTSic _ Zv. w. 513 wlidan Zv. w. 494 wlamde (miletis dangrevamde) iyos daarsebuli. radganac 1981 wlis monapovarSi Zv. w. VI saukunis II meoTxedis masalebi iyo da saukunis miwurulisac, Tavdapirvelad, rogorc Cans, Zv. w. 540 wlamde daarsda gienosi, Semdeg mcire xniT Sesustda misi aqtivoba da Zv. w. 513-494 ww. rogor Cans, isev gaZlierda. gienosis damfuZnebeli qalaqi naratiul wyaroebSi dadasturebuli ar aris. Tuki Cven gvaqvs pirdapiri cnobebi fazisis da dioskuriis Sesaxeb, rogorc miletis mier daarsebuli qalaqebisa, gienosTan dakavSirebiT aseTi cnoba Cvenamde moRweuli ar aris. gienoss pirvelad ixseniebs fsevdoskilaqs kariandeli (yauxCiSvili 1967:48). miuxedavad imisa, rom fsevdo-skilaqsi Zv. w. IV saukunis wyaroa, masTan daculi cnobebi ori saukuniT adrindelia. is sargeblobda an hekateos miletelis, an sakuTriv skilaqsis TxzulebiT, an, m. inaZis varaudiT, fsevdoskilaqsi skilaqsis Sromas hekateosis naSromis meSveobiT icnobda (Инадзе 1968:50). nebismier SemTxvevaSi gienosis dafuZnebis Sesaxeb cnoba Zv. w. VI saukunisaa. saerTo tendencias Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, Zv. w. VI saukuneSi daarsebuli qalaqi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi miletis kolonia unda iyos. kidev erTi argumentia am qalaqis saxelwodebis warmoSobac. gienosi unda iyos pomponius melas kiknosi (Pomp. Mela. de chron. 1, 110) da pliniusis kignumic (Plin. NH. VI, 13, 14). stefane bizantielis hidronimi kianeosic (georgika 1936:274) mas ukavSirdeba. aseve, stefane bizantielTan moxseniebul or paralelur formas, Puhvni~-s da Tuhvni~-s, miiCneven erTsa da imave toponimad _ gienosad (Каухчишвили 1979:295). pomponius melas kiknosi da pliniusis kignumi erTi da imave qalaqad miaCnia 154 meri inaZesac, Tumca ar iziarebs gienosTan misi identificirebis SesaZleblobas da miiCnevs, rom is md. xobiswylis SesarTavTan mdebareobda (inaZe 2010:76). Cveni azriT, eseni erTi da igive qalaqebia da gienoss ukavSirdebian, aranairi safuZveli ar arsebobs pomponius melasa da pliniusis cnobebidan gamomdinare maincdamainc axali qalaqi veZeboT da sxvagan movaxdinoT misi lokalizeba. orive avtorisTvis es qalaqi Cans dioskuriasa da faziss Soris. amdenad, fonetikuri msgavsebiT unda vimjeloT mxolod da kiknosi da kignumi gienoss unda davukavSiroT. rac Seexeba Tavad toponims, kiknosi berZnulad niSnavs geds. berZnul miTologiaSi gedi miiCneoda apolonis atributad (Куфтин 1949:65). pavsania ixseniebs mefe kiknoss, romelic apolonma gedad gadaaqcia (Paus. 1. 30. 3). serviusis mixedviT, kiknosi iyo musikosi, misi gedad transfromaciac apolons ukavSirdeba (Serv. on Aen. 10, 189). serviusis cnobiT, apolonma is Tanavarskvlavedad aqcia. kignusis (Cygnus) Tanavarskvlavedi cnobili iyo jer kidev ptolemaiosisTvis (Peters... 1915) cnobilia, rom apolonis kulti miletSi iyo gavrcelebuli da Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom koloniaSi metropoliis kultebi iyo gavrcelebuli, gienos/kiknos/kignumis Tavdapirvel daarsebas Cven, amis safuZvelze da zogadi koniunqturis gaTvaliswinebiT milets vukavSirebT. ptolemaiosis mdinare kianeosi jer kidev b. kuftinma miiCnia gienosis transkripciad, xolo TavisTavad mdinare Tanamedrove moqvad an RaliZgad (Куфтин 1949:107). amdenad, mdinaris saxelwodebidan gamomdinare fonetikurad SesaZlebeli paraleluri formebic dadasturebulia. 155 rac Seexeba gienosis, rogorc axalSenis statuss, Cveni azriT, misi statusi da funqcia arsebobis manZilze arc Secvlila. b. kuftinis azriT, gienosi iyo, savaraudod, berZnuli faqtoria (sakmaod mdidari savaWro klasiT) (Куфтин 1950:269). boltunovas azriT, is iyo mxolod navsayudeli berZeni mezRvaurebisTvis, romlebic fazisidan dioskuriamde midiodnen (Болтунова 1979:264). o. lorTqifaniZis azriT, `gienosi, romelic oCamCiris maxloblad aRmoCenili antikuri xanis namosaxlarTanaa gaigivebuli, yvelaze nakleb waagavs ,,elinur qalaqs, romelsac yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, mileteli arqiteqtoris, hipodamis, mier SemuSavebuli regularuli, qalaqis dagegmarebis principi hqonda safuZvlad. Zeglze momuSave arqeologebis angariSebidan Cans, rom gienosis mosaxleoba xis saxlebsa da miwurebSi cxovrobda TxriliT garSemovlebul patara borcvebze (sul 3 aseTi borcvia). amasTan kramitic ki, agre aucilebeli elementi ganviTarebuli saqalaqo cxovrebisa, danamdvilebiT ar Cans antikuri xanis namosaxlarze~ (lorTqifaniZe 1964:196). Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela berZnul samosaxlosTan rodia dadasturebuli regularulad dagegmarebuli qalaqebi da qvis Senobebi. amasTan, skilaqsis mier gienosis elinur qalaqad moxsenieba maSin, rodesac dioskuria ar aris moxseniebuli elinurad, boltunovas da lorTqifaniZis mosazrebas saTuos xdis. sayuradRebo mosazreba gamoTqva g. kvirkveliam. misi azriT, berZnebi aq imitom ki ar modian, rom dasaxldnen, aramed imitom, rom mxolod ivaWron, xolo vaWroba sezonuri iyo: zafxulSi cocxldeboda bazari, zamTarSi carieldeboda (Квирквелия 1981:346). es mosazreba marTebulia Zv. w. VI-V saukuneebis 156 gienosisTvisTvis. am periodis qalaqis funqcia, Cveni azriT, iyo mTebidan zafxulis ganmavlobaSi Camoziduli xe-tyis gatana. gienosTanve unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli nenskra-enguris arteriac (ix. zemoT), saidanac SesaZlebeli iyo xe-tyis dacureba da enguris SesarTavTan Segroveba. aseve sxva mdinareebidan momaval masalas, rogorc Cans, aq uyridnen Tavs. gienosis mdebareobas tyeebiT mdidar raionebSi misi daarsebis erTerT mizezad o. lorTqifaniZec miiCnevs (Лордкипанидзе 1977:86). am adgilas qalaqis daarsebis konkretuli mizezi iyo, albaT, isic, rom kolonizaciis droisTvis aq ar iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, kolonizaciis periodSi berZnuli mosaxleoba aq gaCnda mxolod mas mere, rac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba wavida. es iyo teritoria, sadac winaaRmdegoba adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgan ar iyo mosalodneli da kolxeTiviT mWidrod dasaxlebul teritoriaze mitovebuli, sanapiroze mdebare adgili nedleuliT mdidar regionSi berZnebisTvis zustadac sasurveli iqneboda. am funqcias gienosis dasaxleba, rogorc Cans, asrulebda Zv. w. IV saukuneSic. Zv. w. VI-IV saukuneebis importuli nawarmi swored amis dasturia. aq aris aRmoCenili `Zv. w. V s. qiosuri yelgamoberili amforis, atikuri Savlakiani keramikis (skifosebis, kilikebis) fragmentebi. Savlakiani keramika Zv. w. V-IV ss. unda miekuTvnos, xolo datvirTuli ornamentiT Semkuli kilikis ori fragmenti Zv. w. V s. mesame meoTxediT TariRdeba~ (kaWarava 1971:753). gvxvdeba aseve Zv. w. V s. qiosuri yelgamoberili amforebis, aseve Zv.w. IV saukunis badiseburornamentiani lekiTosis, Zv.w. IV-III ss. Tazosuri kaTxiseburZiriani amforis fragmentebi (kaWarava 1971:754). zogjer gamoyofen Zv. w. VI saukunis 157 qiosur keramikasac. aseve voronovis cnobiT, i. d. marCenkom masalebis Seswavlisas masalebis iq Zv. w. VI s. ori korinTuli luTeria gamoarCia (Воронов 1976:45). Zv. w. VI saukuneSi qiosTan urTierToba logikuria, gamomdinare iqidan, rom TviTon milets da qioss hqondaT intensiuri urTierToba (Greaves 2002:29). Zv. w. V saukuneSi atikuri impiortis prevalirebiT Tu vimsjelebT (Качарава 1979:308), gienosic da aqedan momdinare nedleulic xelSi Caigdo aTenma. gienosSi berZnebis sezonur mosaxleobas mowmobs aseve mimdebare teritoriaze dasaxlebebis borcvebze wminda kolxuri xasiaTi. `xelovnur gamarTuli dasaxlebebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli antikur kolxeTSi. dasaxlebis es tipi specialuri kolxuri movlenaa. igi ar gvxvdeba antikuri samyaros ara marto centralur, aramed periferiul raionebSic ki, sadac ukve Zv. w. V s-dan dasaxlebis gamarTvas safuZvlad regularuli dagegmarebis principi daedo ~ (kaWarava 1971:754). es kidev erTi mowmobaa imisa, rom weliwadis garkveul periodSi berZnebi modiodnen, vaWrobdnen adgilobrivebTan, SesaZlebelia nawilobriv barteris gziTac. nenska-enguris arteria mofenilia monetebiT da importuli nawarmiT, svaneTSi aleqsandres staterebi didi raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili, maT Soris ganZis saxiTac. amasTan, isini aRmoCenilia svaneTidan enguris SesarTavamde Sua gzazec, riyesTan, sadac mejoleebis erTerTi reidi (ix. zemoT) unda yofiliyo. sainteresoa, rom larilaris keramika hgavs paluris Zv. w. VI-V saukuneebis keramikas (CarTolani 2010:7). aseve am arteriaze aRmoCenilia atikuri Savlakiani Tixis WurWlis natexebi, sinopuri warmoSobis amforaTa fragmentebi, Tazosuri warmoSobis amforis yuri (wiTlanaZe 1973:71). es 158 yvelaferi adasturebs, rom SesaZloa, es masala enguris SesarTavidan gienosamde albaT ufro adgilobrivebs gadahqondaT. dabanakebuli berZnebi rogorc Cans, mxolod gienosSi arian, radgan lokokinebi da midiebi, rac berZnebis tradiciul sakvebad iTvleboda, didi raodenobiT aRmoCenilia gienosSi (Куфтин 1950:272). rac miuTiTebs berZnul mosaxleobaze, magram jerjerobiT ar aris aRmoCenili am gzaze arsad, maT Soris, arc enguris SesarTavTan. aseve Tixis urnaSi micvalebulis ferflis Cataneba mimdebare teritoriaze mxolod gienosSia dadasturebuli dafiqsirebuli, rac m. inaZis SeniSvniT, adgilobriv mosaxleobis cxovrebisa da damarxvis wesebisaTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli (inaZe 1982:157). amrigad, rogorc Cans, xe-tyis barSi Camotanis saqmes, mTlianad adgilobrivebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom b. kuftini miiCnevda, rom mTielebs garda xe-tyisa, aq CamohqondaT cvili da fisi. (Куфтин 1950:288). Zv. w. III saukunidan adgilobrivi warmoebis produqcia kidev ufro Zlierdeba. miiCneven, rom amis mizezia adgilobrivi elementis gaZliereba qalaqSi da Sedegad adgilobrivma warmoebam, ZiriTadad, keramikulma, TandaTanobiT gandevna importuli (Инадзе 1968:19). rom davazustoT, amis mizezia berZnebTan kontaqtebis SedarebiT Sesusteba, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom aq berZnebi saerTod ar modian am droisaTvis. savaraudod, eseni ukve sinopeli berZnebi arian. amis dasturia aq aRmoCenili sinopuri nawarmi. Zv. w. III-II ss. herakleas nawarmic aris aRmoCenili mcire raodenobiT. garda samxreT SavizRvispireTisa, rodosisa da qiosis Zv. w. III – II ss. daTariRebul amforebicaa aRmoCenili (maTiaSvili 1977:85). aseve 159 aRmoCenilia Zv. w. III-II ss-is kosuri amfora (Воронов 1976:47). Tumca eseni, albaT, sinopelebis gavliT Semodioda. elinistur xanaSi gienosis gafarToebis Semdegac miCneulia, rom dasaxlebis dasavleT nawilSi berZnebi individualobas inarCuneben da es nawili mniSvnelovani damoukidebeli savaWro-saxelosno centri unda yofiliyo sakuTari sasoflo-sameurneo teritoriiT (Воронов 1976:47). boeris azriT, gienoss, iseve rogorc faziss, `sinope iyenebda im amforebis sawarmoeblad, romliTac mere gadahqonda produqtebi Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi~ (boeri 2005:13). magram SemTxvevaSi dafiqsirebuli unda iyos adgilobrivad warmoebuli produqciis nawili sinopuris mibaZviT Seqmnili, rogorc es fiWvnarSia. iq jer herakleuri, Semdeg sinopuri formebis mibaZviT iqmneboda keramika, xolo aq `araa dafiqsirebuli keramikis arcerTi fragmenti, romelic antikuri formebis imitacia iqneboda~ (Качарава 1979:307). amdenad, gienosis funqcia elinistur xanaSi ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo taris warmoeba. gvianelinistur xanaSi, zogadad, qalaqebis dakninebis periodSi, SeiniSneba gienosis dacemac. ar aris mikvleuli Zv. w. I saukunis fena oCamCiris namosaxlarze. `es movlena aRniSnul xanaSi saqalaqo cxovrebis daqveiTebiT unda aixsnas, Tu gaTxrebis mcire masStabiT, Zneli saTqmelia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, arsebuli masalis mixedviT Zv. w. II-I ss. mijnaze katastrofa Tu ara, garkveuli krizisi mainc savaraudoa~ (maTiaSvili 1977:85). amasTan, arc xanZris kvali ar Cans. amgvarad, Zv. w. II saukunis krizisis Semdeg Zv. w. II-I ss-is mijnis gamococxleba, romelic miTridates mier kolxeTidan nedleulis gazidvas 160 ukavSirdeba, gienoss ar Sexebia da misi xelaxali aRorZineba ar momxdara. amrigad, gienosi mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze iyo savaWro faqtoria berZnebisTvis, Tuki Zv. w. VI saukuneSi aq ionielebi iyvnen, Zv. w. V saukuneSi aTenelebi vaWroben, Zv. w. IV saukunis dasawyisSic aTenelebi arian, Tumca TandaTanobiT savaWro partniorebad jer herakleelebi, Semdeg sinopeli berZnebi gamodian. mogvianebiT es kontaqtebic sustdeba da Zv. w. II saukuneSi qalaqi wyvets arsebobas. amasTan, es emporia sezonuri iyo da dakavSirebuli iyo xe-tyis eqsportTan. miTridates xanaSi is ar ganaxlebula. berZnuli mosaxleoba TavisTavad misi funqciidan gamomdinare, yovelTvis SedarebiT susti iyo da maTi asimilacia adgilobrivebTan, rogorc Cans, sakmaod swrafad ganxorcielda. SesaZloa, es procesi ukve miTridates winare xanaSi ukve dasrulebuli iyo da aman ganapiroba kidec pontos mmarTvelis mier am dasaxlebis ignorireba. 161 fiWvnari – genezisi, istoria (Zv. w. VI - II ss.) fiWvnaris istoriis sakvlevad Cvens gankargulebaSi, praqtikulad, mxolod arqeologiuri wyaroebia. naratiul wyaroebSi es axalSeni saerTod ar aris moxseniebuli. marTalia, arsebobs mosazreba, rom `pomponius melas kiknosi da plinius ufrosis kignusi, SesaZloa, fiWvnaria~ (kaxiZe 2004:16), magram orive toponimi da hidronimi damajerebladaa gaigivebuli gienosTan. aseve arsebobs mosazreba, rom Tabula Peutingeriana-s Portus Altus fiWvnari unda iyos (lomouri 1962:82), magram es qalaqic sakmaod argumentirebulad aris dasabuTebuli, rom baTumia, (yauxCiSvili 19871:114) Sesabamisad, rogorc Cans, fiWvnari jerjerobiT isev rCeba naratiul wyaroebSi saerTod daufiqsirebel berZnul axalSenad. fiWvnaris warmoSobas Tavisi zogadi da konkretuli mizezebi hqonda. amasTan, viTvaliswinebT imasac, rom am koloniis daarseba `ufro procesi iyo, vidre erTjeradi aqti~ (Braund 1994:86), da aqac kolonistTa ramdenime, metnaklebadi Zlieri, nakadis gamoyofaa SesaZlebeli, yovel jerze maTi mosvlis konkretuli mizezebi ikveTeba. fiWvnaris pirveli dasaxlebis gaCena ioniur kolonizacias ukavSirdeba. amis dasturia fiWvnarSi aRmoCenili ioniuri importi. `fiWvnarSi ioniuri importi Zv. w. VI s. II naxevriT TariRdeba da V saukuneSic grZeldeba. fiWvnaris qviSazvinulebTan axlos aRmoCnda Zv. w. VI s. I naxevris horizontaluri zolebiT moxatuli qiosuri amforebis natexebi. Zv. w. V saukunisTvis am centris nawarmi erT-erT wamyvan adgils ikavebs fiWvnaris sagareo ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. saerTod, aSkaraa, rom gvianarqaul 162 xanaSi fiWvnarSi, upiratesad, ioniur centrebSi damzadebuli produqciaa gavrcelebuli~ (inaZe 1982:98). fiWvnaris ioniuri periodis keramikidan cnobilia ` e.w. ZabrisebrZiriani kilikosis fragmentebi, oinoxoiis tanis, Zirisa Tu yel-piris zolebiani natexebi~ (kaxiZe 1965:77; kaxiZe 1971:50), savaraudod, rogorc mTel aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, esec miletelebis daarsebuli axalSeni unda iyos. sainteresoa, rom miletis garSemo fiWvis tyeeebia da misgan gamomdinare axlomdebare patara qalaqsac Turqulad ewodeba Çamiçi anu `fiWvebSi~ (Greaves 2002:13). pliniusis mixedviT, miletis kariuli saxelia Pityusa (Plin. NH. 5.112), romelic daerqva fiWvebiT mdidari teritoriis gamo. mcireaziuli toponimebi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi xSirad dasturdeba, mag. side/sida, kamani/komagene. miletelebs toponimi SeiZleboda gadmoetanaT kolxeTSic, maT mier daarsebul axalSenSi, miT ufro, Tu toponimis Seqmnis safuZveli daemTxveoda erTmaneTs. SesaZlebelia, swored amgvarad gadmotanili iyos toponimi fiWvnaric, rogorc Cans, romelmac Semdgom qarTuli forma miiRo. erTi SexedviT, fiWvnaris saxelwodebis qarTulad SemorCena toponimis am principiT gadmotanas gamoricxavs, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom miletis kariuli saxelic _ Pityusa, Cvenamde TargmaniT – Turquli versiiT SemorCa. Zv. w. VI saukunis II naxevarSi Tu toponimis aseTi `migracia~ moxda, es SeiZleboda yofiliyo mxolod fiWvnari da ara biWvinTa, radgan am droisTvis biWvinTa jer kidev araa daarsebuli. meore mxriv, aseTi kavSiri, Zv. w. VI saukunis II naxevris fiWvnaris daarsebas miletTan akavSirebs. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom naratiul wyaroebSi dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze moxseniebul 163 Pityusa-s, yvela SemTxvevebSi, Cven biWvintasTan vakavSirebT. antikuri periodis arcerTi avtoris (Strabo XI, 2, 14; Plin. NH. VI, 16; Arr. PPE 27; Ptol., V, 6, 6;) mier moxseniebuli Pityusa fiWvnari ar aris. miT ufro, rom Zv. w. II saukunidan, roca iwyeba toponim pitiuntis moxsenieba dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze, fiWvnari swored am periodSi wyvets arsebobas. ioniuri xanis fiWvnaris masStabebi, rogorc Cans, sakmaod mcirea. zogadad, ioniuri kolonizaciis sisustes aRniSnavs a. kaxiZec: ` Cven mier gamoyofil iqna, berZnuli kolonizaciis adreuli, e. w. ioniuri etapi, romelic SezRuduli masStabebis momcveli Cans kolxeTis sinamdvileSi~ (kaxiZe... 2007:203) amasTan, fiWvnaris ioniuri periodis dasaxleba kolxeTis ioniuri xanis sxva axalSenebTan SedarebiTac mcirea. rogorc Cans, am mxriv simptomaturia, rom berZnuli wyaroebisTvis mileturi periodis sxva axalSenebisagan gansxvavebiT, fiWvnari sruliad ucnobia. savaraudoa, rom axalSenis daarseba Zv. w. VI saukuneSi uSualod nedleulis miRebis surviliT iyo ganpirobebuli. sainteresoa, rom swored am movlenis win, Zv. w. VII saukuneSi, arsebobas wyvets fiWvnaris qviSazvinulebis dasaxlebac (kaxiZe... 2004:3), zogadad, `diunuri sadgomebi~ gaqra, Savi zRvis sanapiroze berZnuli axalSenebis gaCenamde, Zv. w. VII - VI saukunis dasawyisSi~ (maxaraZe... 2007:18) da Semdgom periodSic aRar SeiniSneba. maTi gaqroba, rogorc Cans, swored berZnebis mosvliT gamowveul cvlilebebs ukavSirdeba. rogoradac unda gadawydes diunuri sadgomebis funqciuri daniSnulebis sakiTxi – ris sawarmoeblad gamoiyeneboda isini _ faqti erTia – ionieli berZnebis mosvlam sxva daniSnuleba SesZina adgilobrivi mosaxleobis saqmianobas. isinic, rogorc Cans, 164 berZnebis mier SemoTavazebul pirobebs daTanxmdnen da moergnen maT moTxovnebs. fiWvnaris SemTxvevaSic, safiqrebelia, ase moxda da gvianarqaul xanaSi, ioniuri kolonizaciis bolo etapze, aq gaCenilma axalSenma adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sawarmoo profili Secvala. Znelia dazustebiT saubari, riT daukavSirda berZnebis da kolxebis interesebi erTmaneTs am xanaSi. qiosuri amforebis fragmentebis aRmoCenis safuZvelze SeiZleba mxolod varaudi imisa, rom Rvinis warmoebiT ganTqmuli am centris produqcia Semodioda aq, magram ra gadioda sanacvlod, ucnobia. Semdegi etapi qalaqis istoriaSi ukve Zv. w. V saukuneSi iwyeba da ukavSirdeba aTenis saimperio politikas. konkretulad, fiWvnaris samosaxlo SeiZleboda daarsebuliyo an Zv. w. V saukunis II meoTxedSi an V saukunis Sua xanebSi (inaZe 1982:160; lorTqifaniZe 2002:204; dundua... 2006:47). atikuri periodis fiWvnaris samosaxlos daarsebis zogadi mizezia aTenis gaZliereba. Zv. w. 494 wlis Semdeg mileti aRar aarsebs koloniebs da aqtiurdeba aTeni. `Zv. w. V saukunis 70-iani wlebidan (Zv. w. 476-5), aTenelTa mier qalaq bizantionis sabolood dapyrobis Semdeg, iwyeba aTenelTa ganuyofeli batonoba Savi zRvis sruteebze da maTi upiratesi roli mTel SavizRvispireTTan vaWrobaSi~ (lorTqifaniZe 2002:203). amdroisaTvis miiCneoda, rom ` elinTa hegemoni aTeni unda yofiliyo~ (dundua 2009:14). T. dunduas azriT, es iyo Secdoma: `marTlac, saerTod ra unda gamosuliyo, saukeTeso qalaqs samrewvelo kadrebis mniSvnelovani nawili kolonistebad rom gaemwesebina?!~ (dundua 2009:14). amavdroulad, `es 165 Secdoma aTenma kargad gamoiyena – xelT igdo bazrebi da mokavSireebs gadasaxadi daado (dundua 2009:15). SavizRvispireTSi mizanic swored gaaqtiurebisas aTenis ZiriTadi es iyo. `aTens SavizRvispireTi TavisTvis undoda~ (dundua 2009:15). Tu ratom, es Cans, perikles pontouri eqspediciis wina periodSi mimdinare movlenebidan. radgan fiWvnaris atikuri samosaxlos gaCena swored perikles unda ukavSirdebodes, saWirod migvaCnia mis qronologiasa da peripetiebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebac. plutarqes cnobis Tanaxmad, `Sevida Tu ara brwyinvaled aRWurvili flotiT pontoSi, periklem elinur qalaqebs ausrula yvelaferi, rasac ki moiTxovdnen da saerTod, kacTmoyvareobiT moeqca maT. garSemo mosaxle barbarosul tomebs, maT mefeebsa da mTavrebs ki aCvena didi Zliereba, uSiSroeba da mamacoba, ris wyalobiTac aTenelebs ZaluZdaT ecuraT, sadac moisurvebdnen da mTeli zRva sakuTar nebaSi moeqciaT. sinopelebs periklem tiran timesileosis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad cameti xomaldi da jariskacebi dautova lamaqes meTaurobiT. xsenebuli tiranisa da mis TanamosagreTa gandevnis Semdeg periklem, kenWisyris safuZvelze miiRo gadawyvetileba sinopSi sakuTari surviliT gamgzavrebuliyo eqvsasi aTeneli, maT sinopelebTan erTad unda ecxovraT da gaenawilebinaT saxlebi da miwa, rac uwin tiranebs ekavaT~ (Plut. Per. 20.). am eqspediciis daTariRebis farTo diapazoni arsebobs: Zv. w. 455 wlidan 435-34 wlebamde (Бращинский 1958:113) misi mowyobis erT-erTi mizezi egviptis kampaniis Cavardna unda yofiliyo. Zv. w. 460/459 w. egvipte ajanyda sparselebis winaaRmdeg. amboxis meTauri iyo libiis mefe inarosi. man daikava 166 marea (mogvianebiT am qalaqis axlos aleqsandria daarsda). inarosi iZulebuli gaxda, daxmareba aTenisTvis eTxova. marTlac, Zv. w. 456 wels aTenelebma egvipteSi eqspedicia gaagzavnes qaritimidesis xelmZRvanelobiT. sparselebma TavianT jars megabiqsusi usardles, romelmac gaanadgura aTenelebi. eqspedicia gagrZelda 6 weli da aTenisTvis katastrofiT damTavrda. qalaqma da misma mokavSireebma dakarges 250 xomaldi da 50 000 kaci (Cambridge… 1964:84) savaraudod, flotis ganadgurebis gamo, perikle dainteresda gemTsaSeni xe-tyiT mdidari pontoTi. muxas da fiWvs gemebis asaSeneblad iyenebdnen (Robinson 1906:141), aqedan gamomdinare, gasakviri araa, zogadad, aTenis SavizRvispireTiT daintereseba. aTenelebis sakolonizacio moZraobis perikles xanaSi gaZlierebis kidev erTi zogadi mizezi, rogorc Cans, aris perikles reformac moqalaqeTa statusis Sesaxeb. Zv. w. 451 wlidan aTenis moqalaqed iTvleboda piri, romelsac orive mSobeli aTeneli hyavda. mosaxleobis nawili, am reformiT, kargavda moqalaqeobas, Sesabamisad, maT nawils survili gauCndeboda kolonistebad wasuliyvnen da maT mier daarsebuli qalaqebis sruluflebiani moqalaqeebi gamxdariyvnen. Tumca, am kategoriis adamianebi, kleruxiebis daarsebaSi ar miiRebdnen monawileobas, radgan kleruxebi aTenis moqalaqeebad iTvlebodnen mxolod da Tu maT aTenSi yofnisas ar ekuTvnodaT moqalaqeoba, arc axlad daarsebul koloniaSi eqnebodaT es statusi. fiWvnari kleruxia ar yofila (ix. qvemoT), magram amasTan, mainc saeWvoa, rom fiWvnaris daarsebaSi monawileoba mieRoT adamianebs, 167 romlebmac dakarges moqalaqeoba perikles reformis Sedegad. fiWvnaris statusi ramdenadme specifiuria. kidev erTi mizezi, fiWvnarSi aTenis mier axalSenis daarsebisa, rogorc Cans, aris adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mzadyofa mimdinare procesebisaTvis. fiWvnaris Zv. w. V saukunis berZnul nekropolze praqtikulad iaraRi araa aRmoCenili. `es miuTiTebs imas, rom Sejaxebebs aq adgili ar hqonia, rodesac berZnebi cdilobdnen damkvidrebas~ (Braund 1994:140). rogorc Cans, mosaxleoba winaaRmdegobiT ar Sexvedria berZnebis mosvlas da arc berZnebi elodnen problemebs. a. kaxiZec aRniSnavs, rom qalaqis daarsebis atikur periodSi fiWvnari mSvidobianad daarsda (kaxiZe 1973:507). yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, fiWvnaris daarsebis zogadi mizezia aTenis interesi – gaxdes berZnuli samyaros hegemoni, amitom acxadebs pretenzias yvela ioniur koloniazec. `aTenis koncefcia, rom yvela ioniuri qalaqis metropolia iyos, SemuSavda Zv. w. VI saukunis bolos da V saukunis dasawyisSi, raTa gaemarTlebina maTi imperiis arseboba. Tumca, miuxedavad gazviadebisa, is mainc Seicavda simarTlis marcvals. radgan soloni uTiTebs, rom aTeni uZvelesi ioniuri miwaa da arqeologiuradac aTenuri geometriuli keramikis gavrcelebac amas adasturebs~ (White 1961:444). fiWvnarSi ki dasturdeba atikur kolonizaciamdeli mcire masStabis ioniuri axalSeni. meore moklevadiani mizezia, aTenis mier warmoebuli egviptis kampaniis katastrofa, da bolos, uSualo mizezia, perikles eqspedicia da adgilobrivi kolxebis mzadyofna aq aTenis axalSenis daarsebisaTvis. 168 kidev erTi aspeqts ganvixilavT fiWvnaris daarsebasTan dakavSirebiT: SemorCenili iyo Tu ara ioniuri kolonizaciis periodis mosaxleoba am droisTvis. rogorc grehemi aRniSnavs, `aTeni mexuTe saukuneSi bevr im teritoriaze acxadebda pretenzias, sadac manamde kolonia ar dauarsebia, misi mTavari argumenti iyo arseboba berZnuli mosaxleobisa, romelic winaaRmdegobas uwevda mas~ (Graham 1964:188). fiWvnarSi Zv. w. VI s. II naxevris umniSvnelo ioniuri importi da, praqtikulad, qronologiuri wyveta Zv. w. V s. I naxevarSi iZleva daskvnis saSualebas, rom aTenelebis mosvlisTvis aq ioniuri samosaxlo aRar iyo moqmedi da, amdenad, grehemis mier dasaxelebuli mizezi uaryofilia. fiWvnarSi Zv. w. V saukunis rogorc berZnul, ise kolxur nekropolze Zv. w. V s-is mxolod I naxevriT myarad daTariRebuli masalebi aris: pantikapeionis moneta (Zv. w. 475-450 ww.) berZnuli nekropolidan (samarxi #5), askosi Savfiguruli ornamentiT (Zv. w. 475-450 ww.) aseve berZnuli nekropolidan (samarxi #15), 1 samosuri lekiTosi kolxuri nekropolidan (samarxi #305) da 1 Savlakiani atikuri kilikosi (samarxi #310), Zv. w. 480-470 ww.-iT daTariRebuli. oTxive samarxSi uxvadaa sxva nivTebi, romlebic zogadad Zv. w. V saukuniT TariRdeba, erTerTSi ki (samarxi #15) Zv. w. V s. III meoTxediT daTariRebuli Savlakiani Tasia aRmoCenili. Sesabamisad, es ar aris Zv. w. V saukunis I naxevarSi Semotanili nivTebi, es aris I naxevarSi warmoebuli da II naxevarSi Semosuli masalebi. amdenad, Zv. w. V sis I naxevari, praqtikulad, fiWvnaris istoriaSi mcire qronologiuri wyvetaa, Sesabamisad, aTeni aq ionielebis winaaRmdegobis CaxSobis mizniT ar mosula. 169 fiWvnaris Zv. w. V saukunis istoriis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad berZnuli da kolxuri nekropolebis monacemebis safuZvelze SeiZleba msjeloba. fiWvnaris samarovani warmoiqmna Zv. w. V s-is Sua xanebSi, iarseba Zv. w. IV s-is dasasrulamde, e. i. `funqcionirebda swored im periodSi, rodesac aTens dominirebuli mdgomareoba ekava kolxeTTan vaWrobaSi. amitomac igi aTeneli moaxalSeneebis kuTvnilebadaa miCneuli ~ (lorTqifaniZe 2002:204) pirvel rigSi, TvalSisacemia is faqti, rom importis raodenoba kolxur nekropolze Zalze mcirea. 100-mde gaTxril samarxSi aRmoCenili 230-mde nivTidan importuli nawarmi 20-s ar aRemateba. amasTan, 16 samarxi uinventaroa, berZnuli nekropolis 250 samarxidan aseTivea 26. kolxur samarovanze procentulad samjer meti uinventaro samarxia, vidre – berZnulze. amasTan, berZnul nekropolTan SedarebiT kolxuri samarovani mokrZalebulad gamoiyureba. sainteresoa faqti, rom fiWvnaris samosaxloze berZnebi da kolxebi mSvidobianad Tanacxovroben. miuxedavad amisa, kolxuri nekropoli Raribia da berZnuli importic mcirea. saerTod, importis safuZvelze msjelobas berZnuli eTnikonis arsebobis Sesaxeb zogjer skeptikurad uyureben (Braund 1994:93), Tumca, fiWvnaris magaliTidan SeiZleba Semdegi dakvnebis gamotana, rom berZnuli keramikis mcire raodenobiT aRmoCenac ki miuTiTebs adgilobrivebis intensiur urTierTobaze berZnebTan. sainteresoa erTi sakiTxic _ uxdida Tu ara raime saxis gadasaxads fiWvnaris berZnuli mosaxleoba aTens. `amfipolisi da aTenis sxva koloniebi, romlebic daarsda, foross ar berZen-sparselTa omis mere ixdidnen. ar viciT, ratom~ 170 (Graham 1964:201). amis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba mxolod varaudis gamoTqma: Cven viciT, rom Tazosi aTenis kontrolis winaaRmdeg, kerZod, oqros saxiT forosis gadaxdasTan dakavSirebiT, SeuTanxmeblobis gamo aTens aujanyda. imave wels aTenma amfipolisi daarsa, romelic foross saerTod ar ixdida. misTvis amfipolisis daarseba ufro sakuTari panaTenuri ideis konstatacis saSualeba iyo, vidre Semosavlis miRebisa da rogorc Cans, amiT mas sxvebisTvis, Tundac TazosisTvis, amis xazgasma undoda. Cans, rom aTeni, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mniSvnelovan ekonomikur an politikur sargebels ver iRebda, foross ar iTxovda da ufro sakuTar primats usvamda xazs. fiWvnaris SemTxvevaSic SesaZloa, asea. Tumca, Cven viciT, rom samosi, lesbosi da qiosi foross ar ixdidnen sazRvao kavSirSi wevrobisaTvis, magram uzrunvelyofdnen gemebiT da hoplitebiT (Кузищин 2005:191). Tu fiWvnareli berZnebi foross ixdidnen, SesaZloa, forosis forma gemTsaSeni xe-tyiT uzrunvelyofa iyo. a. kaxiZe wers, rom SesaZlebelia `xe-tyesTan erTad ialqnebisTvis saWiro qsovilebisa da bagirebis gatanis faqti davuSvaT~ (kaxiZe... 2004:76, 142). esec, SeiZleboda, forosis garkveuli forma yofiliyo. fiWvnareli berZnebis ekonomikuri kavSirebis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa erTi sakiTxi – ratom aris fiWvnarSi aRmoCenili Crdilo SavizRvispireTis monetebi, magram ar aris satranzito WurWeli an Tundac yoveldRiuri moxmarebis nivTebi?! aqauri berZnebi kmayofildebian an Tavisive nawarmiT, an adgilobrivad damzadebuli WurWliT, e. w. fiWvnaruli doqebiT, `fiWvnaruli doqebi berZnul mosaxleobaSi didi mowonebiT sargebloben~ (kaxiZe... 2007:133). arc kolxur samarovanzea Crdilo 171 SavizRvispireTSi nawarmoebi nivTebi Zv. w. V saukunidan, garda monetebisa. Zv. w. V saukunis berZnul nekropolze aRmoCenili 4 moneta Crdilo SavizRvispireTidan – 2 cali feodosiis verclis moneta, pantikapeionisa da nimfeionis vercxlis dioboli (kaxiZe... 1999:21), aseve dasavleT SavizRvispireTidan 1 cali apoloniis moneta _ fiWvnareli berZnebis Crdilo SavizRvispireTTan pirdapir kontaqtze metad imaze mianiSnebs, rom perikles eqspediciis Semdeg, roca aTenis sazRvao kavSirSi gaerTianebuli iyo sinope, amisosi, apolonia da savaraudod, istriac dasavleT sanapirosi, aseve, nimfeioni da, SesaZloa, olbiac (Кузищин 2005:195-196), es monetebi mimoiqceoda mTels SavizRvispireTSi da SeiZleboda nebismieri qalaqis, mag. sinopis gavliT moxvedriliyo fiWvnarSi. Tumca, arc samxreT SavizRvispireTTan Cans intensiuri kontaqti maincdamainc _ Zv. w. V saukunis sinopuri monetac sul 2 calia aRmoCenili, magram, zogadad, es fulebi trialebs erT sivrceSi – aTenis sazRvao kavSiris sivrceSi. is SeiZleba aTenis meSveobiTac Semodiodes qalaqSi. Tuki Tazosis produqcia aTenis saSuamavlo vaWrobis gziT Semodis, savsebiT dasaSvebia, sazRvao kavSiris wevri sxva qalaqebis monetebic misi gavliT Semodiodes. a. kaxiZis azriT, fiWvnaris roli sagareo urTierTobebSi Semdegia: `araa gamoricxuli, rom aTensa da kolxeTs Soris adreantikur xanaSi arsebul msgavs intensiur urTierTobebSi zogjer Suamavlis rolSi sinopelebic gamodiodnen. fiWvnarsa da sinopes Soris mWidro, uSualo da pirdapiri kontaqtebis arseboba mTeli klasikuri da elinizmis epoqisaTvis araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs. fiWvnarSi msxdomi berZeni moaxalSeneebi aregulirebdnen savaWro-ekonomikur Tu 172 kulturul urTierTobebs ara marto atikasTan, aramed isini gamodiodnen aseve Suamavlis rolSi Crdilo SavizRvispireTis berZnul polisebs Soris arsebul urTierTobaTa sferoSiac~ (kaxiZe... 2007:141). sinopelebis Suamavloba aTenTan urTierTobaSi Zv. w. V saukuneSi Zalzed saeWvoa, am mxriv sinopuri nawarmis praqtikulad ararseboba da mxolod 2 monetis aRmoCena Zv. w. V saukunis berZnul nekropolze sworedac rom sawinaaRmdegos gvafiqrebinebs. Crdilo SavizRvispireTTan pirdapiri intensiuri urTierTobac Zv. w. V saukuneSi naklebad mosalodnelia. nimfeionSi, marTalia, aRmoCenilia kolxuri piTosebi (Кахидзе 1979:315), magram es, ZiriTadad, Zv. w. IV saukunis produqciaa. kaxiZis azriT, fiWvnaris kavSiris mizani nimfeionTan kolxeTis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis saWiroebebiTaa gamowveuli: `Zv. w. V-IV ss. fiWvnari gamoiyureba, rogorc sayrdeni punqti, rogorc sazRvao baza, romelic aregulirebda adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan da antikuri samyaros centrebs Soris urTierTobas. aseTive iyo nimfeioni da amisosi. araa SemTxveviTi, rom nimfeionSi aRmoCenilia kolxuri piTosebi da monetebi, xolo fiWvnarSi – nimfeis da amisos monetebi~ (Кахидзе 1979:316), magram aq dasafiqrebelia erTi ram – am SemTxvevaSi unda davuSvaT, rom Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi iyo pirveladi saWiroebis iseTi ram, rac kolxeTSi ar moiZebneboda da arc aTenSi, rom fiWvnarel berZnebs SesZlebodaT adgilobriv kolxebTan vaWrobisTvis maTi dakmayofileba. magram TavisTavad kolxuris samarovnis berZnuli importis simwire saeWvos xdis faqts, rom berZnebs adgilobrivebis interesiT raime CamoetanaT antikuri samyaros sxvadasxva centrebidan. 173 kontrargumentad SeiZleba dasaxeldes is faqti, rom kizikinebic araa Zv. w. V saukunis nekropolze bevri – isic sul 2 calia aRmoCenili 500mde berZnuli da kolxuri nekropolebidan erTad. kizikinebi `asrulebdnen saerTaSoriso, interlokaluri monetebis funqcias~ (kaxiZe... 2007:138), `aTenma kizikis zarafxana araTu gaauqma, aramed Tavisi samoneto karis filialadac ki aqcia~ (lorTqifaniZe 2002:202). magram Cven aseve viciT, rom kizikinebs msxvili savaWro operaciebis sawarmoeblad iyenebdnen (dundua... 2006:48) amdenad, am fulis gamoyeneba mainc ufro msxvil operaciebTanaa dakavSirebuli da fiWvnarTan sworedac rom msxvili operaciebiT unda yofiliyo intensiuri urTierToba – xe-tyis eqsportis saxiT. Tanac msxvili fulis samarovnebze daunjeba, praqtikuli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, ufro naklebadaa mosalodneli, Tu, ra Tqma unda, raime saSiSroebiT gamowveul tezaurizaciasTan ar gvaqvs saqme. amasTan, Cven mxolod imis xazgasma gvinda, rom mxolod monetebis mimoqceva, Tu mas Tan ar axlavs sxva nawarmis Semosvla (keramikis masobriv monapovarSi Tu ar moiZebneba arcerTi nivTi konkretul centrTan dakavSirebuli), ar SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom im konkretul periodSi konkretul centrebTan intensiuri urTierToba. aTenTan intensiur urTierTobas amtkicebs is importuli keramikuli monapovari, romelic aRmoCenilia Zv. w. V saukunis nekropolebze, maT Soris, kolxur nekropolzec (atikuri Tasebi, kilikebi, lekiTosebi) da ara mxolod monetebi. aqve aRvniSnavT erT sakiTxsac. is faqti, rom kizikinebi berZnul nekropolzea aRmoCenili, miuTiTebs fiWvnareli berZnebis saSuamavlo rolze – isini yidulobdnen nedleuls adgilobrivebisgan da 174 Semdeg hyididnen aTenelebze. es sakiTxi sainteresoa forosis aspeqtiTac, gamodis, rom fiWvnari an ar ixdida foross da yidida aTenelebze kolxebidan gamozidul nedleuls, an foross ixdida nedleuliT. es nedleulic ar iyo sakmarisi _ ufro mets iTxovdnen am regionidan. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom berZen-sparselTa omebis Semdeg daarsebuli aTenis koloniebi rogorc grehemi aRniSnavs (Graham 1964:201), foross ar ixdidnen, maSin pirveli daskvna ufro marTebulia da Cvenc mas vemxrobiT. amrigad, intensiuri savaWro urTierToba fiWvnars, Cveni azriT, Zv. w. V saukuneSi mxolod Tavis metropolia aTenTan hqonda. dasturdeba SavizRvispireTis sxva berZnul centrebTan (nimfeioni, pantikapeioni, sinopi) urTierTobac, savaraudod, naklebad intensiuri. adreuli sinopuri monetebis, erTi Zv. w. 500 wliT daTariRebuli (iaSvili 1987:44) da meore _ Zv. w. 500-453 ww. (Zv. w. V s-is berZnuli nekropoli, samarxi 104) (iaSvili 1987:45) aRmoCenis safuZvelze, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom rig SemTxvevebSi sinopic TamaSobda aTensa da fiWvnars Soris urTierTobebSi saSuamavlo rgolis rols. sainteresoa etruskul nawarmad miCneuli brinjaos doqis aRmoCena Zv. w. V s. berZnul nekropolze (kaxiZe 1987:47-49). ra Tqma unda, es erTi nivTi ar adasturebs dasavleTis berZnebTan pirdapir savaWro urTierTobas, is CvenTan SeiZleboda moxvedriliyo mxolod aTenis saSuamavlo vaWrobis gziT. calke sakiTxia, ramdenad intensiuria fiWvnareli berZnebis vaWroba adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan. m. inaZis azriT, `Zv. w. V s-Si fuladi 175 urTierToba bevrad ufro intensiuria fiWvnaris adgilobriv mosaxleobasa da berZen vaWarTa fenas Soris, vidre aqaur elinTa wreSi~ (inaZe 1982:206). amas m. inaZe askvnis berZnul nekropolSi Catanebuli monetebis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze. erTi mxriv, marTlac, berZnebs adgilobrivebTan vaWrobis interesi ufro unda hqonodaT, da aqedan gaezidaT nedleuli. berZnebis mier elinuri eqsperimentis farglebSi teritoriebis aTvisebisas erTerTi etapia, roca `saeqsperimento mxareebi saberZneTs amaragebs sursaTiT da nedleuliT~ (dundua 2009:8). Zv. w. V saukunis II naxevari fiWvnaris axalSenisTvis elinuri eqsperimentisTvis swored is etapia, roca saeqperimento mxare metropolias awvdis nedleuls. aqedan gamomdinare, logikuria Zv. w. V saukunis kolxur nekropolze 40-mde monetis aRmoCena berZnuli nekropolis 11 monetis sawinaaRmdegod, magram, faqtia, ufro mravalferovani berZnuli nekropolis monapovaria. rac Seexeba, fiWvnarel berZnebs Soris intensiur urTierTobas, sainteresoa, rom ukninesi nominalebi, hemitetartemorionebi, swored maTTanaa aRmoCenili. isini, m. inaZis azriT, `msxvili fulis daxurdavebis mizniT iWreboda da misi erTaderTi daniSnuleba iyo fiWvnar-qalaqSi mcxovreb adgilobriv da berZnul mosaxleobas Soris arsebuli savaWro urTierTobebis mowesrigeba~ (inaZe 1982:1963). fraqciuli fulis mimoqceva cnobilia, rom sworedac saqalaqo cxovrebasTan aris dakavSirebuli – wvrili servisis arsebobasTan (dundua... 2009:11; dundua 2000:5) _ sxva ra unda yofiliyo ase iafi. da Tuki araferi ar iyideba iseTi, rasac hemitetartemorioni SeiZens, misi mimoqcevaSi CaSveba ra saWiroa? sxva sakiTxia, rom hemitetartemorionis aRmoCena misi wonis gamo rTuli 176 sakiTxia da is sami monetac ar iqneboda aRmoCenili, daxurul kompleqsSi erTad rom ar aRmoCeniliyo. Sesabamisad, is faqti, rom meti araa aRmoCenili, ar niSnavs imas, rom cota moiWra. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am monetis aRmoCenis sirTules, maTi cudi daculobidan gamomdinare argumentum ex silentio, rom isini ufro meti moiWra da, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sakuTriv elinuri qalaqebisTvis mainc hqondaT maT ekonomikuri mniSvneloba, mainc Zlieria. m. inaZec miiCnevs, rom hemitetartemorionebi, romelic ` mxolod fiWvnari- qalaqis farglebSi trialeben, marTlac wminda saqalaqo monetad Seileba CaiTvalos~ (inaZe 1982:163). amasTan dakavSirebiT gvinda SevexoT erT sakiTxsac – hemitetartemorionebis emitents. T. dunduas azriT, is fazisis moWrilia: `mxolod erTxel cada fazisma wvrili fulis emisia da es cda dakavSirebuli iyo isev da isev kargad aprobirebul vercxlTan – sami ukninesi hemitetartemorioni eqsperimentis warumateblobis mkafio ilustraciaa~ (dundua... 2006:34). xolo a. kaxiZis azriT `SesaZloa, fiWvnarSic iWreboda e. w. avtonomiuri monetebi. amaze unda miuTiTebdes kolxuri hemitetartemorionebis aRmoCenebi fiWvnarSi~ (kaxiZe 1982:70). axla ki, rac Seexeba fiWvnaris statuss da politikur damokidebulebas metropoliasTan. grehemi, romelmac specialurad Seiswavla koloniebsa da metropolias Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis formebi sxvadasxva dros, aRniSnavs: mexuTe saukuneSi berZnuli kolonia SeiZleboda ubralod yofiliyo moqalaqeebis dasaxleba sxvagan. an sruliad aTenuria, kleruxiaa da pataraa. amasTan, SedarebiT 177 axlosmdebare an Sereuli koloniaa34 da Sors da Tan naklebad eqvemdebareba metropolias (Graham 1964:210). magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT aTenis gansakuTrebul dainteresebas SavizRvispireTiT, am SemTxvevaSi distanciis efeqti – naklebi damokidebuleba metropoliasa da axalSens Soris _ naklebad savaraudebelia. a. kaxiZis azriT, SesaZlebelia `fiWvnari iyo kleruxia (amis zustad gansazRvra jerjerobiT Wirs)~ (kaxiZe... 2007:205). m. inaZec msjelobs aTenuri kolonizaciis xanaSi axalSenebis statusebze da aRniSnavs, rom `aTenis mier daarsebul koloniaTa nawili kleruqiebs warmoadgenda, nawili epoikiebs, zogierTi maTgani ki SeiZleba Cveulebrivi savaWro qalaqic yofiliyo~ (inaZe 1975:62). amrigad, aTenis mier Zv. w. V saukuneSi daarsebuli axalSenebi polisebad _ romelic daarsebidan mcire xnis Semdeg, Tu myisierad ara, sruliad damoukidebeli politikuri erTeulia _ ar ganixileba. kleruxia gansxvavebiT sxva saxis koloniebisgan politikur damoukideblobas ar inarCunebda metropoliisgan. kleruxiis macxovrebelebi politikurad damokidebulebi iyvnen. amasTan, sainteresoa, rom isini inarCunebdnen aTenis moqalaqeobas. isini valdebulebi iyvnen emsaxuraT hoplitebadac. m. inaZe koxis masalebis safuZvelze miiCnevs, rom fiWvnarSi hoplitTa mcire jgufic gadmoasaxles `maT SesaZloa kidev gadascemodaT miwis nakveTi, magram Cveulebriv aseTi nakveTebi aTenis dasaxlebebSi ijariT gadaecemoda adgilobriv 34 igulisxmeba aTenTan erTad sxva qalaqebis monawileoba koloniis daarsebis procesSi Turiumis daarsebis msgavsad. 178 mcxovreblebs, romelnic nakveTis droebiT mflobelebs uxdidnen garkveul fulad gadasaxads, xolo miwis Semosavlis nawils TavisTvis itovebdnen ~ (inaZe 1982:161). kleruxiis mcxovrebni TviTon iyvnen valdebuli hoplitebi yofiliyvnen. amdenad, Tu fiWvnari kleruxia iyo, maSin eseni ubralod qalaqis macxovrebebi arian, romelTac aTenisTvis jarSi msaxureba evalebodaT. sainteresoa m. uaitis klasifikacia Zv. w. V saukunis koloniebisa: `berZnuli kolonizaciis ori sxva modelic arsebobda – korinToelebma tiranebis mmarTvelobis xanaSi Zv. w. 625 wlis mere daarses koloniebi korinTos yuris dasavleT sanapiroze, raTa dasavleTisken mimavali gza daecvaT da nedleuli moepovebinaT. aTenic mis msgavsad mexuTe saukunis ganmavlobaSi aarsebda koloniebs da garnizonebs tovebda yvelgan mTels imperiaSi. isini ukve arsebuli qalaqebisgan miwas iTxovdnen kolonistebi aTenelebi iyvnen da romel qalaqSic iyvnen, imis iurisdiqcias ar eqvemdebarebodnen. arcerTma eqsperimentma ar gaamarTla. korinTos koloniebma namdvili qalaqebis statusamde verasdros ver aaRwies, xolo aTeneli kolonistebi peloponesis omis damTavrebisTanave dabrundnen aTenSi~ (White 1961:453). Cveni azriT, fiWvnari kleruxia araa da arc uaitis mier SemoTavazebul am models eqvemdebareba. is uSualod samxedro miznebiT ar yofila daarsebuli. pirvel rigSi, amis argumentia is, rom Zv. w. V saukunis berZnul nekropolSi iaraRebi ar aris aRmoCenili. fiWvnaris funqcia gemsaSeni xe-tyiT momarageba ufro Cans. amas jariskacebi ar Wirdeboda. miT ufro, rom adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan mtrul damokidebulebas adgili ar hqonia. peloponesis omi 179 qalaqis daarsebis mxolod grZelvadiani ganmapirobebeli mizezia. fiWvnareli berZnebis uSualo monawileoba, rogorc Cans, ar moiazreba samxedro qmedebebSi. sainteresoa erTi faqtic, gansxvavebiT aTenis mier daarsebuli Zv. w. V saukunis koloniebisgan, romelTagan zogierTi marTlac warumatebeli eqsperimenti gamodga, mag., amfipolisisgan, romelic maleve gaanadgures Trakielebma, fiWvnari arsebobas ganagrZobs elinistur xanaSic ki. am TvalsazrisiT, fiWvnari aTenelebis warmatebuli eqsperimentia Turiumis msgavsad. oRond, Tuki Turiumis warmateba ganapiroba iman, rom mis daarsebaSi monawileobas iRebda aTenis TaosnobiT bevri berZnuli qalaqi da es aqti gamoxatavda panelinur ideebs (Perlman 1976:7), fiWvnari mxolod aTenis daarsebulia. atikuri periodis fiWvnari arc klasikuri emporia araa. jer erTi, misi daarsebis periodisTvis arsebuli koniunqtura gamoricxavs amas, aTeni emporionebs, rogorc perioduli bazrobebis adgilebs, ar aarsebda. amasTan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT faqts, rom emporiis funqcia adgilobrivebTan intensiuri vaWrobaa, fiWvnaris emporionoba saeWvod dgeba, radgan TviT fiWvnareli berZnebis mezoblad mcxovrebi kolxebi ar vaWrobdnen intensiurad maTTan. rac Seexeba hinterlands, mdidari qalaqi vania, magram Znelia Tqma, rom maincdamainc fiWvnari amaragebda mas. ufro mosalodnelia, rom es funqcia fazisis prerogativa iyo. fiWvnaris dasaxlebis specifikuri xasiaTi, importis zedmetad didi raodenoba samarxebSi, gvafiqrebinebs, rom saqme gvaqvs dasaxlebasTan, sadac kolonistebi mudmiv rotacias eqvemdebarebodnen. 180 sainteresoa, ra informacia moipoveba wyaroebSi am tipis aqtivobis Sesaxeb. berZnuli wyaroebidan cnobilia Aeinautai (Ἀειναῦται) – mudmivi mezRvaurebi. wyaroebSi isini ixseniebian sul xuTjer: 1) miletis istoriasTan kavSirSi maT ixseniebs plutarqe Tavis `moraliebSi~ (Plut. Quaes. Gr. 298 c, 298d), 2) Zv. w. V saukunis avtori hesiqiosi ixseniebs maT, 3) isini moxseniebuli arian Zv. w. V s-is warweraSi qalkidikidan (IG XII.9.923), 4) ereTriidan aseve Zv. w. V saukunis warweraSi (LSAG 88.21a.S433), garda amisa, 5) qalkidikidan kidev erT, Zv. w. III saukuniT daTariRebul warweraSi. aeinautebis Sesaxeb m. maqsimova miiCnevda, rom es iyo oikistTa socialuri klasi da ixseniebs maT sinopis daarsebasTan dakavSirebiT (Максимова 1958:46). n. robertsons isini kerZo korporaciis wevrebad warmoudgenia (Robertson 1987:384). v. gormans aeinautebTan dakavSirebiT arcerTi mosazreba damajereblad ar miaCnia. misi azriT, aeinautebi arc mdidar vaWarmezRvaurTa zedafenaa da miT umetes arc sazRvao policia (Gorman 2004:109-110). Cven SevecdebiT ganvixiloT TiToeuli wyaro maT Sesaxeb Cveni mosazreba SemogTavazoT amasTan dakavSirebiT. plutarqe Semdeg cnobas gvaqvdis aeinautebis Sesaxeb: ‘τίνες οἱ ἀειναῦται παρὰ Μιλησίοις;’τῶν περὶ Θόαντα καὶ Δαμασήνορα τυράννων καταλυθέντων, ἑταιρεῖαι δύο τὴν πόλιν κατέσχον, ὧν ἡ μὲν ἐκαλεῖτο Πλουτὶς ἡ δὲ Χειρομάχα. κρατήσαντες οὖν οἱ δυνατοὶ καὶ τὰ πράγματα περιστήσαντες εἰς τὴν ἑταιρείαν, ἐβουλεύοντο περὶ τῶν μεγίστων ἐμβαίνοντες εἰς τὰ πλοῖα καὶ πόρρω τῆς γῆς ἐπανάγοντες: κυρώσαντες δὲ τὴν γνώμην κατέπλεον, καὶ 181 διὰ τοῦτ᾽‘ἀειναῦται’ προσηγορεύθησαν. (Plut. Quaes. Gr. 298 c, 298d). `vin arian mudmivi mezRvaurebi miletelTa Soris? rodesac ToasTan da damasenorTan dakavSirebuli tiranebi Camoagdes, ori politikuri partia akontrolebda qalaqs. erTs ewodeboda plutisi35 da meores xeiromaxebi. Sesabamisad, rodesac gavlenianma kacebma moipoves Zalaufleba da maTi partiis xelSi gadavida Zalaufleba, mniSvnelovani saqmeebis gasarCevad isini gemebze adiodnen, miwas sagrZnobi manZiliT Sordebodnen. rodesac saboloo gadawyvetilebas miiRebdnen, ukan brundebodnen, am qmedebis gamo maT ewodebodaT aeinautebi (mudmivi mezRvaurebi)~. plutarqes cnobas exmianeba Zv. w. V saukunis II naxevris moRvawis hesiqiosis ganmarteba aeinautebis Sesaxeb: ἀειναῦται· ἀρχῆς ὄνομα παρὰ Μιλησίοις (Hesych. Lex. α 1292 Latte). `aeinautebi mmarTvelebs ewodebodaT miletelebSi~. plutarqes cnobidan Cans, rom miletSi arsebobda aeinautebis `partia~. misi azriT, maT aseTi saxeli ewodaT imis gamo, rom isini mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebas iRebdnen zRvaze, gemze yofnisas. n. robertsonis azriT, plutarqes wyarosTvis aeinautebi garkveuli `sabWos wevrebs warmoadgenen~, Tumca aradamajereblad miaCnia, rom, `miletis mmarTvelebs sWirdebodaT yoveli calkeuli gadawyvetilebis miRebisas sruli konfidencialurobis dacvis mizniT kruizSi gamgzavreba~ (Robertson 1987:381). Cveni azriT, es ufro hgavs gadmonaSTs – aeinautebi albaT iyo garkveuli socialuri fena, romelsac miletis 35 SeZlebulTa klasi 182 politikur cxovrebaSi sityva eTqmoda. miletis sakolonizacio aqtiurobis adreul etapze eseni iqnebodnen mudmivi mezRvaurebi, romlebic warmoadgendnen damakavSirebel savaWro xids metropoliasa da kolonias Soris. swored maTi mniSvnelovani funqciis gamo maT eTqmodaT sakuTari sityva miletSi. mTavari funqcia SemdegSi, albaT, dakarges, Tumca politikur cxovrebaSi, rogorc Cans, isev aqtiurebi arian da maTi Zveli aqtivobis reliqtia zRvaze gadawyvetilebis miReba. aeinautebi ixsenieba Zv. w. V saukunis warweraSi qalkididan. ufro zustad, warwera masSi moxseniebuli qalaqis, orobnis gamo, romelic ganadgurda bunebrivi katastrofis Sedegad Zv. w. 426 w. (Hansen 2000:209), Sesrulebuli unda iyos Zv. w. 426 wlamde. warweraSi, ZiriTadad, saxelebi da sityva aeinautebi ixsenieba: [— — —] Ἄγραυλος [— — — — —] [— — —]διο· ἀειναῦτ[αι — — —] [— — —]μος Κλεαρ[— — — — — —] [— — —]υρο Ὀροβιε[ὺς — — — —] [— —] Δάτυος Ὀροβ̣[ιεὺς — — —] [— —] Φαλάριδο[ς — — — — — —] da [— —]οναθαινα[— — — — — — — —] (IG XII.9.923) warweridan Cans mxolod saxelebis CamonaTvali sityva aeinautebi, aseve, sityva momTabare (Ἄγραυλος), Tumca es sityva SeiZleba saxelic iyos. rac Seexeba saxelebs, Tu miviCnevT, rom es Cveulebrivi saxelebi ar aris da masSi istoriuli pirebi moixseniebian, eseni SeiZleba iyvnen: klearxosi – sparteli generali, romelic Semdeg kiross umcross exmareboda Zmis, artaqserqse II-is winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, moRvaweobda Zv. w. V saukunis II naxevarSi. orobni 183 qalaqi iyo evbeaSi, datisi midieli generalia, romelic darios I-is jarSi msaxurobda da falaridosi akragantis (Tanam. agrijento, sicilia) tirani iyo Zv. w. 570-544 ww. warweraSi moxseniebul pirebs Soris arsebuli didi qronologiuri amplituda gvafiqrebinebs, rom aq, ara istoriuli pirebi, aramed Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi ixseniebian. eseni, rogorc Cans, aeinautebis sazogadoebis (Κοινόν) wevrebi arian. is faqti, rom aeinautebs marTlac hqondaT sakuTari erToba, Tu asociacia, dadasturebulia Semdegi ori warweriT. erTi warwera ereTridanaa, Sesrulebulia memorialur stelaze. TariRdeba daaxl. Zv. w. 450 w. (Poinikastas). warweris teqsti Semdegia: [T]o;[n] eJrme`n jAeinau`tai iJdruvranto ejpi; te~ Timandrivdeo kai; Timarcivdeo kai; Skuvqeo ajrce`~. (LSAG 88.21a.S433; Petrakos 1963:545) `aeinautebma aRmarTes sveti hermesis [qandakebiT], timandridevsis, timarxidesis da skviTis mmarTvelobis dros~. warwera Sesrulebulia evbeur dialeqtze. aqac sityva aeinautebi da saxelebis CamonaTvali gvxvdeba. warwera Sesrulebulia hermesisadmi miZRvnil stelaze. mesame warwera Zv. w. III saukuniT TariRdeba, isic qalkididanaa warmoSobiT. masSi yvelaze uxvi informaciaa aeinautebis Sesaxeb. 184 [— — — — — — — — — — — — τοὺ]ς π̣ρ[ο]σ̣πορευομ<έ>[νους· ἀγαθῆι τύχηι· δεδόχθ]αι τῶι κοινῶι ἀεναυ[τῶν {²⁶ἀειναυτῶν}²⁶ ἐπαινέσαι — — — — — —]β̣ουλον Διονυσοφάνου̣ [καὶ στεφανῶσαι δάφ]νης στεφάνωι δικαιοσύ̣[νης ἕνεκα τῆς περὶ τὰ] κοινὰ καὶ φιλοτιμίας· ἀνα[γράψαι δὲ τόδε τὸ ψήφ]ισμα εἰς στήλην λιθίνην [καὶ ἀναθεῖναι, ὅπου ἂν δ]όξηι τοῦ ἱεροῦ ἐν καλλί[στωι εἶναι· τὸ δ’ ἀνάλωμα] ἐναπολογίσασθαι τῶ<ι> [κοινῶι τὸν γραμματέα] Ἀρχέμαχον. (IG XII, 9 909) `...miaxloebulebi [keTili azriTa da ganwyobiT] aeinautebis asociaciaSi/sazogadoebaSi [aeinautebis] qebad/gansadideblad... dionisofantosis gadawyvetilebiT/dionisofantosis Svili, [da Semkobilia/raTa SevamkoT] dafniT Tavisi samarTlianobis gamo sazogadoebisTvis/asociaciisTvis pativiscemis/gamorCeulobis [gamo] [daiwera es gadawyve]tileba qvis stelaze da aRimarTa wminda adgilas, sadac is lama [zi] unda iyos. xarji] daekisros [sazogadoebis/asociaciis mwerals] arxemaxons~. am warweraSi moxseniebuli aeinautebi, n. robertsonis azriT, kerZo korporaciis wevrebs warmoadgenen (Robertson 1987:384). v. gormanis azriT, es 185 sazogadoeba apolonis kults scemda Tayvans (Gorman 2004:110). Tu SevajamebT wyaroebis monacemebs, ra daskvnebis gamotana SeiZleba aqedan:  miletSi arsebobda aeinautebis fena, romlis funqcia plutarqes wyaros droisaTvis iyo sxvadasxva saxis gadawyvetilebis miReba gemze. amasTan, es, rogorc Cans, aeinautebis Zveli funqciis, zRvaze garkveuli aqtivobis gadmonaSTia.  aeinautebi maTi saxelis etimologiidan gamomdinare mudmivi mogzaurebi unda yofiliyvnen. amasTan, rogorc Cans, ZiriTadad berZnebi iyvnen, Tumca SeiZleba barbarosic yofiliyo CarTuli maT sazogadoebaSi (mag., skviTi).  rogorc Cans, aeinautebi Sav zRvaSic aqtiurobdnen. amaze miuTiTebs maT sazogadoebaSi vinme `skviTis~ CarTva. Tumca arsebobs albaToba imisa, rom es `skviTi~ saberZneTSi monadgayidulis STamomavali iyos, romelsac es saxeli SerCa, rogorc, magaliTad `kolxi~ ixsenieba sxvadasxva epigrafikul warweraSi saberZneTidan.  aeinautebs hqondaT garkveuli organizacia, sakuTari sazogadoeba, romelic aqtiurobda garkveuli funqciiT. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT maTi saxelis etimologias da aseve, gormanis mosazrebas apolonis kultis TayvaniscemasTan dakavSirebiT, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini marTlac mogzaurebi 186    arian. cnobilia, rom apoloni mogzaurTa da mezRvaurTa mfarveladac iTvleboda. socialur fenad aeinautebis aRiarebas, erTi SexedviT, ewinaaRmdegeba wyaroebSi maTi iSviaTi moxseniebis faqti. Tumca Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom es iyo iseTi klasi, romelic mudmivad sakuTar qalaqSi ar imyofeboda da mogzaurobda sakuTar qalaqsa da mis daarsebul koloniebs Soris intensiuri vaWrobis mizniT, maSin gasagebia, ratom axsendebodaT iSviaTad maTi moxsenieba. aeinautebis Sesaxeb cnobebi ukavSirdeba milets da gasagebia, rom legendaruli 90 koloniis gamomyvan metropolias ukavSirdebodes am tipis socialuri klasis arseboba. aseve Zv. w. V saukuneSi maTi arseboba niSnavs, rom aTenis aqtiurobis periodSic es socialuri fena arsebobda, amasTan, Zv. w. V saukunis orive warwera aTenidan arcTu daSorebiTaa napovni, sanapiroze mdebare or dasaxlebaSi. aeinautebi rom marTlac mogzaurobasTan iyvnen dakavSirebuli, amas adasturebs is, rom maTi sazogadoeba, rogorc evbeis warweridan Cans, Tayvans scemda mogzaurTa mfarvel hermess. es kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom plutarqesTan moTxrobilia maTi ukve saxeSeclili funqcia da ara Tavdapirveli. an SesaZloa, plutarqesTan dadasturebulia 187 am `partiis~ mcire politikuri aqtiurobis periodi. Cveni azriT, aeinautebi socialuri klasia, romelic miletis adreuli sakolonizacio aqtivobis periodSi metropoliasa da kolonias Soris damakavSirebeli xidis rols asrulebs. aTenis Zlierebis xanaSi am tipis aqtivobam, albaT, ufro farTo xasiaTi SeiZina. aseTi vaWrebis, mudmivi mogzaurebis `reidis~ obieqti unda yofiliyo iseTi axalSenebi, sadac uCveulod didi raodenobaa berZnuli importisa. Cveni azriT, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom fiWvnaris axalSeni, am tipis socialuri klasis, aTenis moqalaqeebiTac yofiliyo dakompleqtebuli. amiT unda aixsnas importis gasakuTrebuli siWarbe fiWvnaris berZnul samarovanze. es ar aris Cveulebrivi kolonia, romelic inarCunebs garkveul kavSirs metropoliasTan da amasTan, misi macxovreblebi adgilobrivebis nawarmiTac intensiurad sargebloben, aramed es aris kolonia, romelic, praqtikulad, yvela tipis saWiro sayofacxovrebo nivTs iRebs aTenidan. aseT intensiurad moZrav berZnebad ki aeinautebi warmogvidgenia. fiWvnari, rogorc Cans, iyo qalaqi, romelSic aTenelebi intensiurad moZraobdnen, rezidentebi iyvnen, magram aqauri moqalaqeebi ar iyvnen. es gavs kleruxebis mdgomareobas imiT, rom isini ar kargavdnen aTenis moqalaqeobas da xSirad moZraobdnen metropolias da kolonias Soris, amasTan, hgavs emporionsac imiT, rom savaWro adgilia. Tumca, radgan kleruxebi miiCneva, rom iyvnen miwis mflobelebi da amasTan, meomrebic da fiWvnarSi 188 iaraRi saerTod aRmoCenili araa, Zv. w. V saukunis fiWvnari arc kleruxia ar SeiZleba iyos. sakiTxis dazustebis mizniT SevexebiT erT movlenas: SeiZleba Tu ara nekropolebSi inventaris raodenobis mixedviT vimsjeloT kolonistTa pirveli nakadis qonebrivi SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb?! fiWvnaris kolonistebTan dakavSirebiT a. kaxiZe aRniSnavs: ` Cans, rom pirveli moaxalSeneebis kontigenti ZiriTadad Raribi fenebiTaa dakompleqtebuli.~ am mosazrebis gaziarebamde, saWiroa yuradReba mivaqcioT im faqts, rom moaxalSeneebs garkveulwilad ezRudebodaT mniSvnelovani qonebis waReba Tan. SeiZleboda hqonodaT qoneba, magram ZiriTadad metropoliaSi ojaxisTvis unda daetovebinaT. magaliTad, navpaqtosis dafuZnebis dekretis merve muxlSi weria: `navpaqtosis kolonistebidan isini, vinc mamas da Tavis qonebas mamasTan erTad datovebs metropoliaSi, mamis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi nebadarTul iqneba, rom miiRos misi wili memkvidreoba~ (Graham 1964:228). amdenad, Tuki garkveuli TvalsazrisiT mcirea is qoneba, romelic Catanebulia fiWvnaris berZnul nekropolSi, es ar aris ganpirobebuli imiT, rom isini Raribebi iyvnen, aramed ufro imiT, rom kolonistebisTvis SezRuduli iyo mniSvnelovani qonebis Tan waReba. Zv. w. V s. bolodan, mas Semdeg, rac aTeni marcxdeba peloponesis omSi `fiWvnarel elinTa ekonomikuri SesaZleblobani TandaTanobiT izRudeba~ (kaxiZe... 2007:168). fiWvnaris Zv. w. IV saukunis berZnuli nekropoli Zv. w. V saukunis nekropolTan SedarebiT `makedoniis mier mokrZalebulad gamoiyureba. saberZneTis dakavebis Semdgom (V s. 30-iani wlebi) fiWvnaris berZnuli nekropoli saerTod wyvets funqcionirebas~ (kaxiZe... 2007:168). 189 Zv.w. V saukunis bolodan IV saukunis 30-ian wlebamde fiWvnaris ganviTareba xasiaTdeba Semdegi niSnebiT: 1) naklebad intensiuri urTierToba metropoliasTan, 2) Rvinis importis Sesusteba, 3) samxreTY SavizRvispireTTan kontaqtebis gaZliereba, gansakuTrebiT SedarebiT intensiuri kavSiris damyareba pontos herakleasTan, 4) Zvirfasi WurWlis Semotana TiTqmis igive intensivobiT, 5) fiWvnareli berZnebis mier eTnografiuli iersaxis SenarCuneba. metropoliasTan Sesustebuli kavSiris an saerTod kavSiris gawyvetis maniSnebelia atikuri nawarmis Zv. w. V saukunis nekropolTan SedarebiT raodenobrivi Semcireba. marTalia, atikuri nawarmi Semodis fiWvnarSi da, amasTan, atikuri keramikuli nawarmi samarxeuli inventaris wamyvan nawils qmnis (kaxiZe... 2004:96), mainc mcirea wina saukunesTan SedarebiT. es, ra Tqma unda, dakavSirebulia peloponesis omSi aTenis damarcxebasTan (Кахидзе 19791:178). Rvinis importic Semcirebulia am droisaTvis. is faqti, rom amforebis raodenoba Semcirebulia, niSnavs zogadad vaWrobis da gansakuTrebiT, RviniT vaWrobis daqveiTebas. Cven aRvniSneT, rom fiWvnarSi Semotanili Rvinis funqcia metwilad adgilobrivi berZnebis an hinterlandis dakmayofileba iyo, vidre fiWvnareli kolxebisa. Zv. w. IV saukuneSi, aq berZnuli an mag., vanSi kolxuri mosaxleoba, romelsac Zvirfasi berZnuli Rvino dasWirdeboda, ra Tqma unda, jer isev mosaxleobs, magram kavSirebi ukve iseTi intensiuri aRar aris. fiWvnaris dasaxlebam samxreT SavizRvispireTTan gaaZliera kontaqtebi, Tavdapirvelad, rogorc Cans, ufro pontos 190 herakleasTan. a. kaxiZis azriT, amis Sedegia 1 dasaxlebis Tavidan ayvaveba (Кахидзе 1979 :179). Tuki atikuri produqcia sufris WurWlis an lekiTosebis saxiT yvelaze metia zogadad importSi, satransporto keramikaSi wamyvan adgils herakleis amforebi ikavebda (kaxiZe 1979:52). es pirdapir miuTiTebs herakleasTan intensiur savaWro urTierTobebze. herakleasTan aris dakavSirebuli, rogorc Cans, nacrisferkeciani keramikis gaCenac, radgan `fiWvnarSi nacrisferkeciani keramika Cndeba herakleur amforebTan erTad da qreba (Кахидзе 19791:171-173, 176). aseve, maTTan erTad~ herakleidan xdeba kramitis importic. naqalaqarze aRmoCenili masalac amis dasturia. magram zogadad `herakleas amforebis importis xangrZlivoba arc Tu ise didia~ (kaxiZe 1971:51). mas sakmaod male Caenacvleba sinopi. sainteresoa, rom Zv. w. IV saukunis nekropolze, sadac zogadad ucxouri monetebi mwiria, aRmoCenilia pantikapeionis hemidraqma (samarxi #87, isic gaxvretili (kaxiZe... 2004:103) sainteresoa, rom pantikapeionSi aRmoCenilia kolxuri kolxuri piTosebis da langrebis naSTebi Zv. w. VI-V ss. kulturul fenebSi (kaxiZe 1971:64), Tumca konkretulad Zv. w. IV saukunis I naxevrisTvis mainc es kavSiri arc wina da arc Semdgom, elinistur xanasTan SedarebiT intensiuri ar unda yofiliyo. atikuri moxatuli vazebis Zv. w. IV saukuneSi Semotana praqtikulad igive intensivobiT, rogorc es Zv. w. V saukuneSi iyo (sixaruliZe 1987: 67, 77, 90, 102) miuTiTebs, rom fiWvnarels berZnebs aqvT saSualeba, Tavis Tavs ufleba miscen da SeiZinon am tipis fufunebis sagnebi. 191 berZnul nekropolze SenarCunebulia mxolod berZnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli dakrZalvis wesi – aRmosavleTisken damxroba (kaxiZe... 2004:92). es miuTiTebs, rom maT yofa-cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli garkveuli elementebis SenarCuneba Zv. w. IV saukuneSic SeZles. Tuki Tavidan, Zv. w. V saukuneSi, yvela samarxi ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo aRmosavleTisken, magram hqonda umniSvnelo gadaxrebi, Zv. w. IV saukunis berZnuli samarxebis didi nawili zustad aRmosavleTiskenaa damxrobili. a. kaxiZe aRniSnavs, rom es fiWvnaris nekropolis morigi Taviseburebaa da iseTi STabeWdileba eqmneba, `TiTqos weliwadis nebismieri droisTvis ukve iswavles mxareTa gamocnobis zusti xerxebi~ (kaxiZe... 2007:25). aq sainteresoa erTi faqti, cnobilia, rom berZnebis astronomiuli codnis gazrdis Sedegad Zv. w. V-IV ssis mijnaze maT Ria zRvaSi curva iswavles (Золотарев 1979:94-100). rogorc Cans, es astronomiuli codna exmareba maT mxareebis zustad gansazRvraSic. aqedan gamomdinare, Cans, berZnebis erTmaneTSi urTierTobisas ara mxolod vaWrobis sagnebi icvleboda, aramed informaciac teqnologiuri siaxleebis Sesaxeb. Zv. w. IV saukunis II naxevarSi viTareba icvleba. am TvalsazrisiT fiWvnaris istoriaSi mniSvnelovani Zvrebia: 1) fiWvnaris berZnuli nekropoli wyvets arsebobas, rogorc Cans, `mas mere rac makedonia amarcxebs saberZneTs~ (Кахидзе 1979:314) 2) iwyeba yavisferkeciani amforebis da sxva keramikuli nawarmis damzadeba adgilobrivad berZnebis mier, 3) myardeba intensiuri urTierToba sinopesTan, da rogorc Cans, amisosTanac. elinisturi xanis fiWvnaris istoriis Sesaswavladac umTavres wyaros fiWvnaris elinisturi 192 xanis samarovanze mopovebuli masalebi warmoadgens. pirvel rigSi, aRvniSnavT imas, Tu visi unda yofiliyo es samarovani. a. kaxiZe am sakiTxs Riad tovebs da mxolod samarxeul inventars Seiswavlis. gansxvavebiT Zv. w. V da IV saukunis samarovnebidan, sadac mijnis gavleba advilia berZnulsa da kolxur samarxebs Soris, elinisturi xanis samarovanze es ufro rTulia. erTi mxriv, Cven viciT, rom fiWvnaris berZnuli nekropolis 305 samarxidan mxolod 5-ia kremaciuli. amasTan, `kremaciis wesi fiWvnarSi elinTa mier unda iyos Semotanili~ (kaxiZe... 2007:26), aseve, kremaciuli samarxebi elinisturi xanis samarovanzea aRmoCenili. `antikuri xanis kremaciuli samarxebi berZenTa sakolonizacio moZraobas ukavSirdebodes~ (kaxiZe... 2007:26), rogorc unda Cans, aq mxolod berZnebisgan dakrZalvis wesis gadmoRebaze araa saubari. elinisturi xanis samarovani an Sereulia, an saerTodac berZnulia. elinistur xanaSi, Zv. w. III saukuneSi, sruliadac mosalodnelia, rom aq importi cota iyos da berZnebi mainc iyvnen. amasTan, fiWvnareli berZnebis mciredi barbarizebac mosalodnelia, Sesabamisad, logikuria, maT kolxebTan saerTo sasaflao gaeCinaT kidec. Tumca marto kremaciuli samarxebis arseboba, ra Tqma unda, sakmarisi argumenti ar aris, gamomdinare iqidan, rom marTalia, kremacia berZnebisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnad iTvleba, maTSi inhumaciuri damarxvis wesicaa gavrcelebuli. maSindeli berZnebisa da dRevandeli dasavleT saqarTvelos micvalebulis dakrZalvis rituals Soris msgavsebac miuTiTebs drois garkveul qronologiur monakveTSi kolxebis mier berZnebisgan am wesis sesxebaze. aseTi periodi savsebiT 193 SesaZlebelia yofiliyo elinisturi xana. sainteresoa erTi aspeqti – saaRapo moednebis arseboba. marTalia, `Zv. w. VI s. damdegidan solonma akrZala fufunebiT dakrZalva, magram gansxvavebuli suraTia antikuri samyaros periferiebSi~ (kaxiZe... 2007:31). klasikuri xanis kolxur nekropolze aRapebi araa. samagierod am rituals iyenebdnen fiWvnareli berZnebi (kaxiZe... 2010:118). fiWvnarSi aris saaRapo moednebi (vaSakiZe... 1979:83). saaRapo moednebze aRmoCenilia keramikis natexebi, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom micvalebuls akiTxavdnen gardacvalebis Semdeg: `dakrZalvidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg Wirisufals misakiTxic mihqonda~ (kaxiZe... 2004:29). maSin arsebobda aseTi wesi: `mesame dRis ritualis (tatriata) Sesrulebis Semdeg mgloviareni brundebodnen gardacvlilis saxlSi, romelic glovis dReebSi niSandebuli iyo karebTan dadgmuli WurWliT, garedan motanili wyliT wasvlisas dakrZalvis monawileni ganibanebodnen~ (kaxiZe... 2007:41). es wesi Zalian hgavs dasavleT saqarTvelos eTnografiul yofaSi dRemde SemorCenil wess – dakrZalvis Semdeg, rodesac micvalebuls gamoemSvidobebian, qelexis win xels ibanen im oTaxis win, sadac micvalebuli iyo dasvenebuli, aucileblad WurWlidan dasxmuli wyliT, xelsabanic aucileblad raime saxis WurWeli unda iyos da araviTar SemTxvevaSi onkani. es faqti pirveli SemTxveva ar aris eTnografiul yofaSi berZnebis droindeli wesebis SemorCenisa. cnobilia, rom `apoloniis (sozopoli, adgili kalfata) nekropolze SemorCenilia WurWlis damtvrevis wesi, romelic dRevandel bulgarelTa eTnografiul yofaSic SemorCa~ (kaxiZe... 2007:58). amdenad, miuxedavad didi qronologiuri sxvaobisa, paraleli savsebiT samarTlianad migvaCnia. Cveni 194 azriT, esec adasturebs, rom kolxebi da berZnebi garkveul periodis ganmavlobaSi kulturuli TvalsazrisiT izolirebulad ar cxovrobdnen, piriqiT, isini iziarebdnen erTmaneTis tradiciebsac. elinisturi xanis samarovanic, rogorc Cans, ukve wesebgaerTianebuli adgilobrivi kolxebisa da ukve maTTan daaxloebuli berZnebis saerTo samarovania. dakrZalvis wesebis Sesaxeb a. kaxiZisa da n. vaSakiZiseuli interpretacia Semdegia: `elinizmis xanaSi TandaTanobiT gaqra adrindeli kolxuri sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dakrZalvis wesebi. elinTa mibaZviT wamyvani xdeba TaviT aRmosavleTisken orientirebuli samarxebi. iSviaTad gamoereva fiWvnaris adreuli epoqebisaTvis agrerigad damaxasiaTebeli CrdiloeTisken Tu dasavleTisken damxrobili samarxebi~ (kaxiZe... 2010:117). Cveni azriT, is faqti, rom aq isev da isev berZnuli damarxvis wesia gabatonebuli da mcire gamonaklisis garda, samarxebi aRmosavleTiskenaa mimarTuli (kaxiZe... 2010:21), rac tipurad berZnul ritualadaa miCneuli,36 miuTiTebs imaze, rom es samarxebi ZiriTadad berZnulia, mcire gamonaklisis garda, romelic, savaraudod, maT gverdiT mosaxle kolxebisa unda iyos. aseve is faqtic, rom e. w. qaronis obolebs isev ayoleben micvalebuls, rac calsaxad berZnuli gavlenaa (kaxiZe... 2010:119), miuTiTebs imaze, rom es samarovani ufro berZnebisaa an Sereuli maincaa. Tumca es faqtoric, iseve rogorc kremacia, simptomaturad mxolod berZnebisTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli, maTi gavleniT vrceldeba sxvaganac 36 berZnebis rwmeniT, RmerTebis adgilsamyofeli aRmosavleTis mxares, xolo mzera ki dasavleTisken, hadesisken iyo mimarTuli. 195 da amitomac TavisTavad mxolod es argumentic ar aris sakmarisi. niSandoblivia is faqtic, rom ` dakrZalvis es wesi gvxvdeba Zv. w. V-IV ss.-is fiWvnaris berZnul fenebs Soris. igi Tanadroul kolxur samarovanze araa dadasturebuli. elinizmis epoqaSi es wesic berZnebidan unda iyos Semosuli~ (kaxiZe... 2010:117-118). amrigad, kremaciac ufro berZnebTan unda davakavSiroT fiWvnarSi, vidre adgilobrivebTan. Sesabamisad, elinisturi xanis samarovanic ufro berZnuli Cans. erTaderT kontrargumentad SeiZleba dasaxeldes elinisturi xanis samarovanze importis Semcireba. a. kaxiZe aRniSnavs, rom aq aRmoCenili keramikis umravlesoba adgilobrivi produqciaa, mcire nawili Semotanilia (kaxiZe... 1977:32). Tumca aTenuri importi arc aris am droisaTvis aq mosalodneli radgan aTenuri Talasokratiis pirobebSi bevrad ufro intensiuri kontaqtebi iyo – maSin es iyo mudmivi mogzauri vaWrebis qalaqi. Zv. w. V da IV saukuneebis berZnul nekropolze fardobiTad meti raodenobis importi da masTan SedarebiT elinisturi xanis samarovnis siRaribe ar niSnavs maincdamainc imas, rom elinisturi xanis samarovanze berZnebi ar arian dakrZaluli, sxva danarCeni argumenti, riTic unda moxdes samarovnis mikuTvneba ama Tu im eTnikuri jgufisTvis, berZnebis sasargeblod saubrobs. miT ufro, rom elinisturi xanis samarovanze importuli nawarmi raodenobrivad aWarbebs Zv. w. V-IV saukuneebis kolxur samarovanze Semonaxul imports. elinistur xanaSi kidev ufro intensiuri xdeba urTierTobebi samxreT SavizRvispireTis qalaqebTan (Кахидзе 1979:316; Хахутаишвили... 1985:517). fiWvnareli 196 berZnebi afarToeben TavianT kavSirebs, gansakuTrebiT sinopTan. sainteresoa erTi aspeqtic – Tuki herakleasTan ufro intensiuri kavSirebi dadasturebulia Zv. w. IV saukunis I naxevarSi, elinistur xanaSi es kontaqti sustdeba da fiWvnarelebTan urTierTobebis monopolizebas sinopi axerxebs. amas adasturebs aq aRmoCenili keramika sinopuri damRebiT, mag., astinom posiosis saxeliT (iaSvili 1982:96). sinopTan savaWro urTierToba Zv. w. IV saukuneSi elinistur xanamdec hqonda fiWvnars. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia, rom sinopuri monetebis ganZi napovnia fiWvnaris teritoriaze, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedioda 103 sinopuri draqma (dundua... 2006:44). aseve, elinisturi xanis samarovanze napovnia sinopuri draqmebic (vaSakiZe... 1979:73; kaxiZe... 1977:28, 31). sainteresoa, rom mcire raodenobis sinopuri damRebia aRmoCenili kolxeTSi, xolo sinopuri monetebi (Zv. w. 360-320) didi raodenobiT aris aRmoCenili qobuleTi-fiWvnaris berZnul samarovanze. J. de boeris azriT, `es adasturebs mWidro kontaqtebs, magram ara amforebiT vaWrobas~ (boeri 2005:13). ufro swori interpretaciaa, albaT, rom kolxeTi arafers yidulobda sinopisgan, yidida mxolod, nedleulis baza iyo isev, oRond amjerad sinopisTvis. sainteresoa, rom is, rac manamde gahqonaT aTenelebs (xe-tye), sinops TavisTavad hqonda. amasTan, xe-tye aTens bevrad ufro didi raodenobiT sWirdeboda samxedro miznebisTvis, miT ufro, rom maT brZolebis dros ramdenjerme gaunadgurdaT floti da aRdgena mouxdaT. sinopi, sazRvao imperia, aTeniviT ar yofila, misTvis samSeneblo xe-tye saWiro iyo ZiriTadad savaWro gemebisTvis, Sesabamisad, farTo xasiaTi am 197 dros fiWvnaridan xe-tyis eqsports, wesiT, ar unda hqonoda. 1966 w. qobuleTSi SemTxveviT ipoves amisospireusis?37 moneta. moneta Cveulebrivi sparsuli standartis siklia. monetas braSinski Zv. w. IV saukuniT aTariRebs, aleqsandres laSqrobebamde periodiT (Бращинский 1967:759-760). misi azriT, `am monetis aRmoCena qobuleTSi miuTiTebs Zv.w. me-4 saukuneSi amisosisa da kolxeTis savaWro urTierTobebis arsebobaze~ (Бращинский 1967:760). Cveni azriT, mxolod erTi monetis safuZvelze amgvari mosazrebis gamoTqma ar iqneboda swori. miuxedavad imisa, rom amisosi teritoriulad ufro axlos mdebareobs fiWvnarTan da kidec rom savsebiT realuri pirdapiri kavSiri hqondeT erTmaneTTan, meTodurad ufro gamarTlebulia miviCnioT, rom es moneta sinopis saSuamavlo gziT Semovida fiWvnarSi. megaruli Tasebis mixedviT a. kaxiZes SesaZleblad miaCnia urTierToba kunZul delosTanac (kaxiZe... 2010:123), Tumca Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom megaruli Tasebi saberZneTis bevr centrSi mzaddeboda, am mxriv Sors mimavali daskvnebis gakeTeba da konkretulad romelime centris gamoyofa Znelia. TazosTanac Cans susti urTierToba fiWvnarelebisa _ aRmoCenilia erTaderTi Tazosuri amforac elinisturi xanis samarovanze (kaxiZe... 2010:120). 37 Zv. w. V s. I naxevarSi amisosi pireusi gaxda _ aTenelebma daipyres. pireusi ewodeboda mas Zv.w. IV s. 30-iani ww. aleqsandremde. 198 rac Seexeba arapirdapir sagareo savaWro urTierTobebs, fiWvnarSi Semodioda egvipturi nawarmic. am droisaTvis sinopidan ukve saxmeleTo gzebiTac ukavSirdebodnen navkratiss da, Sesabamisad, produqcia am gziTac modioda, Tumca varaudoben rodosis saSuamavlo rolsac navkratisTan vaWrobaSi. elinisturi xanis samarovanze cisferi minis skarabeoidia aRmoCenili (vaSakiZe... 1979:80). fiWvnarSi Semodis finikiuri minis nawarmic, aRmoCenilia alabastrebi (kaxiZe... 1977:28). Tumca cnobilia, rom finikiuri minis saxelosno SesaZloa, aTenSic iyo da sustad, magram mainc SenarCunebulia kavSiri aTenTan. Znelia gadaWriT Tqva, saidan unda iyos Semosuli es nawarmi, saberZneTidan Tu siriidan. elinistur xanaSi gardatexaa qalaqis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. Tuki aqamde es qalaqi ZiriTadad nedleulis eqsportiT iyo dasaqmebuli, rogorc Cans, elinizmis dasawyisidan iwyebs sakuTari produqciis Seqmnas. am funqciiT unda dawyebuliyo fiWvnarSic e. w. yavisferkeciani amforebis warmoebac. yavisferkeciani amforebi dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze bevrganaa napovni, maT Soris hinterlandSi. es aris berZnuli tipis keramika – amforebi. aseve, aq adgilobrivi formisa da ornamentaciis WurWeli Cndeba berZnulis mixedviT, xSirad wiTellakiani keramikis mibaZviT. tradiciulad isini kolxuri ornamentiTaa Semkuli (Лордкипанидзе 1975:19). miuxedavad imisa, rom e. w. `yavisferkeciani~ amforebi SemdegSi farTod mzaddeboda kolxeTis Sida raionebSiac (vani da sxv.) specialur literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom `yavisferkeciani~ amforebis warmoebis erT-erTi mTavari centri fiWvnari unda yofiliyo (kaxiZe... 199 2010:38) da maT damzadebaSi Tavdapirvelad monawileoba unda mieRoT sinopel xelosnebs (inaZe 1982:214). yavisferkeciani amforebis warmoeba Zv. w. IV saukunis II naxevridan, elinizmis epoqis sawyisi safexuridan iwyeba. rac Seexeba am amforebis gavrcelebis areals. isini mopovebulia TiTqmis yvelgan dasavleT saqarTveloSi da zogjer aRmosavleT saqarTvelomdec ki aRwevs `istoriul kolxeTSi, ki praqtikulad ar aris antikuri xanis namosaxlari Tu naqalaqari, sadac yavisferkeciani keramika ar iyos aRmoCenili ~ (kaxiZe 1971:55). amforebis funqcia, rogorc cnobilia, saqonlis tranzitia. gamomdinare iqidan, rom CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi kolxuri amforebi farTodaa gavrcelebuli, varaudoben, rom swored iq gadioda aqauri produqcia. saintereso Cans isic, rom fiWvnaris erT-erT samarxSi doqi-amfora – tarasawyaulia aRmoCenili. sxva WurWelze tevadobis warweracaa mocemuli. Cveni azriT, es sacalo vaWrobis ganviTarebis niSania38 da imisac, rom aqauri berZnebi Tavad vaWrobdnen TavianTi produqciiT. berZnebis odnavi barbarizacia am xanaSi gamoixata maT mier adgilobrivi resursebis gamoyenebiT, berZnuli stilis SenarCunebiT, Tumca naklebad xarisxiani, keramikis warmoebaSi. aq aRmoCenilia kanTarosisebri (vaSakiZe... 1979:71), aribalisebri (vaSakiZe... 1979:73), adgilobrivi warmoebis WurWlebi, aseve, luTeriebic (vaSakiZe... 1979:76), 38 alternatiuli azris arian a. kaxiZe da n. vaSakiZe, maT tarasawyaos aRmoCena sabiTumo vaWrobis ganviTarebis niSnad miaCniaT. ix. a. kaxiZe, n. vaSakiZe, fiWvnari III. elinizmi da kolxeTi. baTumi – oqsfordi. 2010, gv. 119. 200 sinopuris mibaZviT Seqmnili, elinizirebuli formis ixTiac (kaxiZe... 2010:119-120), aseve aRmoCenilia amforiski, romelsac kolxuri amforis msgavsi tani da Ziri aqvs. a. kaxiZis SeniSvniT, `am monapovars paraleli ar eZebneba~ (kaxiZe... 2010:41). yvela es nawarmi adgilobrivi berZnebis mier unda iyos Seqmnili aqauri nedleulis gamoyenebiT. sainteresoa, rom gvianelinisturi xanis berZnuli formis WurWeli hinterlandSicaa aRmoCenili. mag., farcxanayanevSi kanTarosisebri WurWelia napovni (mamulaZe 1979:87). es niSnavs, rom berZnebi maT mier warmoebul produqcias Tavisuflad yidian hinterlandSic. sainteresoa, rom gansxvavebiT klasikuri xanis kolxuri keramikuli nawarmisgan gansxvavebiT, `am periodis Tixis WurWlebic ar gamoirCevian maRalmxatvrulobiT, Cndeba degradaciis niSnebi, rac kidev ufro sagrZnobia momdevno epoqebisTvis~ (kaxiZe... 1977:50). es niSnavs, rom, erTi mxriv, rom es berZnebis mier Seqmnili keramikaaa, romelic ganicdis kolxebis gavlenas, magram amasTan berZnuli keramikisTvis damaxasiaTebel formebs inarCunebs, Tumca es araa lakiT dafaruli WurWeli. elinistur xanaSi kidev ufro ganviTarda safeiqro saqme. Tuki am dargis daniSnuleba adre SeiZleboda yofiliyo gemebisTvis saWiro ialqnebisTvis qsovilis warmoeba, rogorc amas a. kaxiZe varaudobs (kaxiZe... 2004:142), elinistur xanaSi, rodesac fiWvnarelebi aTens aRar awvdian nedleuls, rogorc Cans, es dargi ufro adgilobriv momxmarebels emsaxureba. Tumca aRsaniSnavia erTi faqtic: kvirisTavebis raodenoba elinisturi xanis samarovanze gacilebiT metia. Tuki Zv. w. V s-is rogorc kolxur, ise berZnul nekropolebze erTad 201 sul 1 calia aRmoCenili, elinisturi xanidan ramdenime Tixis kvirisTavia cnobili (vaSakiZe... 1979:71, 77) fiWvnarSi ganviTarebulia TevzWera. savaraudod, sakabotaJo TevzWera (kaxiZe... 2004:142). amis dasturi unda iyos didi zomis qvis sawafis aRmoCena. Tumca, elinistur xanaSi misi farTo eqsporti naklebadaa mosalodneli. savaraudod, igi TviTon qalaqis mosaxleobisTvis iyo gamiznuli. rogorc Cans, Tevzi, iseve rogorc Roris xorci, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis yoveldRiuri racionis nawili iyo. naqalaqaris teritoriaze osteologiur masalaSi sakmaod bevri Roris Zvalia aRmoCenili. Zv. w. II ss-is dasasrulisTvis qalaqi fiWvnari wyvets Tavis arsebobas. m. inaZis azriT, ` saqalaqo cxovrebisa da meurneobis moSla fiWvnaris teritoriaze gamoiwvia swored mwarmoebluri sazogadoebis saboloo gaCanagebam da moSlam~ (inaZe 1982:208). xaxutaiSvilis azriT, fiWvnaris mitoveba geomorfologiur cvlilebebs, kerZod, lazur transgresias ukavSirdeba. (qse 1986:340). sainteresoa, rom gansxvavebiT rigi berZnuli qalaqebisgan kolxeTis teritoriaze (dioskuria, fazisi), fiWvnari miTridates xanaSi aqtiuri aRar aris. miTridates SemosvliT gamowveuli droebiTi ekonomikuri aRorZineba fiWvnars aRar Seexo. rogorc Cans, am mxariT ar dainteresda pontos mmarTveli, da elinisturi xanis fiWvnaris saboloo kvdomac aman gamoiwvia. amrigad, Zv. w. VII-VI saukuneebis mijnaze fiWvnari arsdeba, rogorc ioniuri kolonia. am koloniis daarsebis uSualo mizezi, miletis im periodis saWiroebidan gamomdinare, savaraudod, am 202 regionSi oqros Ziebaa, Semdegi etapi fiWvnaris cxovrebaSi aTenelebis mosvlaa, qalaqi iqca mudmivi mogzauri-vaWrebis qalaqad, specifiur emporiad (?), sadac Tavs iyridnen mudmivad mogzauri berZnebi, amasTan nawili, SesaZloa cxovrobda kidec aq. eseni iyvnen ara polis-fiWvnaris moqalaqeebi, vinaidan fiWvnari polisi ar yofila, aramed aTenisa, da isini mudmivad inarCunebdnen kavSirs aTenTan. amiT aixsneba berZnul nekropolze uCveulod didi raodenobis importuli nawarmis arsebobis faqti Zv. w. IV saukunis II naxevarSi aq sinopelebi modian, amis dasturia maTi didi gavlena adgilobrivi keramikis warmoebaze. elinisturi xanis samarovani maTi da, albaT, mcire raodenobiT kolxebis sasaflaoa. Zv. w. II saukuneSi qalaqi saerTod wyvets arsebobas da miTridates xanaSi is arc aRorZinebula gansxvavebiT fazisisa da dioskuriisgan. 203 didi pitiunti – berZnuli kolonia? Cveni interesis sagans warmoadgens pitiuntis sakiTxi – iyo Tu ara es qalaqi berZnebis mier daarsebuli. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis I tomSi, sadac g. meliqiSvilis naSromia `kolxeTi Zv. w. VI-IV ss.-Si~, vkiTxulobT: `adre unda Seqmniliyo agreTve berZnuli axalSeni pitiunti (dRev. biWvinTa), Tumca, radganac igi ar ixsenieba skilaqs kariandelTan, es Zv. w. IV s. Semdgom xanas unda mivakuTvnoT~ (saqarTvelos... 1970). g. meliqiSvili ar azustebs, konkretulad ras eyrdnoba, rodesac pitiunts Zvel berZnul koloniad acxadebs da dRemde am qalaqis berZnulad gaazreba, rogorc Cans, swored misgan iRebs saTaves. sakiTxi aqtualobis dasturia Tundac is faqti, rom dRemde, ganmazogadebeli xasiaTis naSromebSi, magaliTad, uaxles, 2012 wels gamocemul, me-9 da me-11 klasebis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSic, pitiunti ganixileba rogorc berZnuli kolonia. erTgan pitiunti naxsenebia dasavleT saqarTvelos berZnuli koloniebis CamonaTvalSi da datanilia aseve Zv. w. VI-IV ss. Zveli kolxeTis rukaze, rogorc dasaxlebuli punqti (janeliZe... 2012:31) da meoregan, motanilia g. meliqiSvilis naSromidan adaptirebuli citata (abdalaZe... 2012:50). sakiTxis naTelsayofad mokled ganvixilavT konkretulad ra informacias gvawvdian Zveli berZeni avtorebi pitiuntis Sesaxeb, Semdeg arqeologiur monacemebs moviSveliebT da warmogidgenT Cvens daskvnas. pitiuntis Sesaxeb yvelaze adreuli cnoba Zv. w. II saukunis avtors artemidore efesels ekuTvnis. es 204 cnoba strabonTan aris daculi: `artemidore ambobs, rom batadan kerketebis sanapiromde romelzedac aris navsayudlebi da soflebi daaxloebiT 850 stadionia, Semdeg aqeelTa sanapiro 500 stadioni, mere henioxTa sanapiro 1000 stadioni, xolo didi pitiuntisa dioskuriamde – 360~ (yauxCiSvili 1957:120). es manZili (66,6 km) daaxloebiT emTxveva manZils Tanamedrove biWvinTasa da soxums Soris. rogorc vxedavT aq pitiunti arc elinuradaa dasaxelebuli da saerTod, arc qalaqad. mxolod im faqtis gamo, rom moxseniebulia dioskuriasTan erTad, miRebulia, rom am cnobaSi straboni qalaqs gulisxmobs. aq kontrargumentad arc is gamodgeba, rom pitiunti `didad~ moixsenieba, radgan strabons dasaxelebuli aqvs tanaisidan 800 stadionis daSorebiT mdinare didi rombite da mcire rombite (yauxCiSvili 1957:113). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom pliniusTan pitiunti mdinarecaa da qalaqic, miT ufro SeiZleba amaSi eWvis Setana. magram amjerad arsebiTad migvaCnia mxolod imis aRniSvnac ki, rom strabonis pitiunti aramcdaaramc ar aris berZnuli qalaqi. sxva sakiTxia, rom zogadad straboni berZnulad ar ixseniebs arc dioskurias da arc faziss, misTvis dioskuria, mxolod qalaqia da fazisi ki kolxTa savaWro qalaqi. strabonis droindeli koniunqturiT es qalaqebi berZnuli aRar aris, miT ufro ratom unda vifiqroT rom daaxloebiT am periodSi, odnav adre daarsebuli qalaqi iyo berZnuli kolonia? pliniusTan moixsenieba mdinare da qalaqi peniusi, romelsac aigiveben pitiuntTan. `absilTa tomi, cixesimagre sebastopolisi, qalaqi kiganumi, mdinare da qalaqi peniusi...~ (Plin. NH. VI. 4.). moixsenieba paraleluri formiTac: `aq cxovroben aqaelebi, 205 mardebi, kerketebi. maT miRma arian – serebi, kefalotomebi, am sivrcis SigniT aris umdidresi qalaqi pitiunti gaZarcvuli henioxebis mier ~ (Plin. NH. VI. 5.). rogorc vxedavT, pitiunti arc aq moixsenieba elinur qalaqad. henioxebis mier pitiuntis gaZarcvis interpretireba, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, rogorc adgilobrivi tomebis mier elinur qalaqze SeteviT, ar iqneboda marTebuli. arsad araa moxseniebuli, rom es qalaqi iyo elinuri da henioxebis Tavdasxmis mizezi rom misi elinuroba yofiliyo, vfiqrobT, amas berZnuli wyaroebi moixseniebdnen. pitiuntis funqcia, gvian elinistur xanaSi marTalia, kolxeTis Sida raionebidan nedleulis gamozidvaa, magram es SeiZleba yofiliyvnen adgilobrivi movaWreebi, romlebic Semdeg produqcias miawvdidnen, savaraudod, miTridates. sxva sakiTxia, isini wodebriv fasebSi iReben isini nedleuls mimwodeblebisgan Tu araawodebrivSi (dundua... 2009:161-162). ratom miiRes henioxebis dartyma – imitom rom arawodebriv fasSi surdaT adgilobriv vaWrebs nedleulis miReba miTridatuli omebis Semdeg Tu ubralod imitom, rom zogadad, miTridatuli omebis mere, krizisia dasavleT saqarTveloSi da qalaqs Tavs esxmian sarCos Sovnis mizniT? arianes droindeli pitiunti, gasagebia, rom ukve kastelumia da araviTar elinurobaze araa saubari. miuxedavad imisa, rom Aariane elinurad arc faziss da arc dioskurias ar miiCnevs, is axsenebs mainc, rom odesRac am qalaqebSi berZnebi cxovrobdnen da miT ufro arianesTan qronologiurad ufro axlo periodSi dasaxlebuli qalaqi pitiunti misTTvis unda yofiliyo berZnuli, es qalaqi odesme berZnuli eTnikuri elementiT dasaxlebuli rom yofiliyo. Sesabamisad, strabonis (Tu artemidores) pitiuntis 206 berZnulad miCneva mxolod imitom, rom straboni arc sxva qalaqebs – faziss da dioskurias, romlebic namdvilad iyo berZnuli, ar ixseniebs berZnulad, da radgan maT gverdiT ixseniebs, rogorc qalaqs, amitom is berZnulad unda miviCnioT, ar iqneba marTebuli. ariane garkveviT asaxelebs faziss da dioskurias berZnulad, xolo pitiunts _ ara. ptolemaiosTan moxseniebul geografiul erTeuls – `ofiss~ zogjer pitiuntad ganixilaven, msjeloba emyareba im faqts, rom amianesTan, pitiusas nacvlad zoger dasaxelebulia ofiunta da am gziT ptolemaiosis ofisi TiTqos ukavSirdeba pitiunts. mogvianebiT pitiunti ixsenieba Teodorite kvirelTan. `xolo iqidan wamoiyvanes39 da pitiuntSi gadaasaxles: es aris ukiduresi sazRvari pontosi da romaelTa samflobelosi, uveluresi barbarosebis mezoblad~ (georgika 1961:224). amiane marcelinec ixseniebs pitiunts: `da ori kunZuli, romlebzedac aris moTavsebuli ara usaxelo qalaqebi trapezunti da pitiunti (georgika 1961:109). Semdegi xanis wyaroebic (ermia sozomene, zosime, svidas leqsikoni, prokofi kesarieli da sxv.) ukve miT ufro mas elinur qalaqad ar moixsenieben da es ukve am qalaqis istoriis sruliad sxva etapia da detalurad maT ganxilvas arc SevudgebiT. amgvarad, arcerTi naratiuli wyaro ar ixseniebs elinurad pitiunts. es argumenti mohyavs g. dunduas da saeWvod miiCnevs pitiuntis elinur statuss: `radgan arcerTi wyaro pitiunts elinur qalaqs ar uwodebs, dReisaTvis es mosazreba ukve sadaodaa qceuli. asea Tu ise, Zv. w. II s. es qalaqi ukve arsebobda (dundua 39 igulisxmeba ioane oqropiri 207 1975:281). gansxvavebuli mosazrebis iyo a. boltunova, romelic eyrdnoboda ra pitiuntis Zvel wyaroebSi mouxsenieblobis faqts, mas did berZnul qalaq fazisidan an dioskuriidan gamoyvanil koloniad miiCnevda, romelic TiTqos gansakuTrebiT dawinaurda Zv. w. IV-III ss. (Болтунова 1963). pitiuntis berZnebis mier daarsebis sakiTxi eWvqveS a. afaqiZemac daayena. is aRniSnavs, rom `biWvinTis gaTxrebi jer kidev ar iZlevian masalas farTo saistorio ganzogadoebisTvis, magram ukve svamen sakiTxs berZnuli kolonizaciis rolis gadasasinjad, Zvel pitiuntSi saqalaqo cxovrebis warmoSobis procesSi~ (Апакидзе 1978:25). SemdegSi, paleogeografebma balabanovma, kvirkveliam da ostrovskim, isev SesaZleblad miiCnies biWvinTaSi adreantikuri xanis pitiuntis arseboba da eZebdnen mas koncxis dasavleT nawilSi, zRvis yureSi 3-dan 12 m-is siRrmeze (lorTqifaniZe 1991:17). 1984 w. TiTqosda inkitis tbasTan aRmoCenili Savlakiani keramikis mcire fragmentic ipoves, Tumca Semdgomma kvleva-Ziebam iq Sesabamisi periodis fenebi ar daadastura. zogjer saerTod gverds uvlian pitiuntis statusis Sesaxeb msjelobas. mag., d. brondic Tavis monografiaSi “Georgia in Antiquity” kolxeTSi berZnuli koloniebis ganxilvisas saerTod ar ixseniebs pitiunts da amiT, praqtikulad, eTanxmeba im faqts, rom is berZnuli kolonia arc yofila (Braund 1994). rac Seexeba arqeologiur monacemebs: biWvinTaSi mopovebuli masalebi gvianelinisturi xanidan ax. w. VI saukunemde TariRdeba (berZeniSvili... 1975:252). Zv. w. III saukuniT daTariRebuli, savaraudod, 1 kosuri amforaa aq aRmoCenili da erTic II s. zeestis katalogiT idnetificirebuli ucnobi centris amfora 208 (berZeniSvili... 1975:253). a. afaqiZe aRniSnavs: ` pitiuntSi ar aris aRmoCenili arc adreantikuri, arc berZnuli kolonizaciis xanis fenebi. aq mxolod romauli xanis fenebia, romaul xanaSi is marTlac mniSvnelovani centri iyo, aq romauli jaric iyo ganlagebuli, magram ar dasturdeba gvainelinisturze adrindel xanaSi pitiuntSi aranairi dasaxlebis arseboba (Апакидзе 1978:11-12)~. pitiunti arasdros yofila arc mileturi, da arc atikuri kolonizaciis produqti. marTalia, misi statusi strabonis dros ramdenadme damafiqrebelia, is savaWro qalaqia, TiTqos emporiaa, Tumca es klasikuri elinuri qalaqi aris da aseTad mas arc straboni miiCnevs. erTi SexedviT, kidev erTi kontrargumentia TviTon pitiuntis saxelwodebac. am saxeliT – pitiusa – berZnul samyaroSi moixsenieba kidev erTi qalaqi – lampsaki. garda amisa, miletis kariuli saxeli iyo pitiusa. es saxeli nawarmoebia konkretuli geografiuli pirobebidan – regionSi fiWvis arsebobidan – gamomdinare. misi etimologia biWvinTis SemTxvevaSi qarTulia da Semdeg berZnulad gaazrebuli, miT ufro rom am tipis geografiuli saxelwodeba berZnul samyaroSi ukve arsebobda lampsakis Zveli saxelwodebis magaliTze. sayuradReboa, rom fiWvnaris saxelwodebac da miletis kariuli saxelwodebac araberZnuli formebiT SemogvrCa. amrigad, didi pitiunti berZnuli kolonia arc arasdros ar yofila, amas arc naratiuli wyaroebi adastureben, arc arqeologiuri masala. am SemTxvevaSi es ar aris susti argumentum ex silentio, faqtia, rom mas arc antikuri avtorebi icnoben da arc arqeologia ar 209 adasturebs. aqedan gamomdinare, misi berZnul koloniad ase xelaRebiT gamocxadeba jerjerobiT mainc, sanam sawinaaRmdego ar iqneba damtkicebuli Sesabamisi arqeologiuri fenebis, da Semdeg ukve am fenebSi berZnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli dakrZalvis tipebis – aRmosavleTisken damxroba. berZnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifiuri zRvis sakvebi produqtebis narCenebis, berZnuli importuli keramikis da sxv. aRmoCenamde sruliad usafuZvloa mtkiceba imisa, rom pitiunti iyo berZnuli kolonia. pitiunti SeiZleba daarsebulia miTridate evpatoris mier kolxeTis xe-tyis eqsportis mizniT. am mxriv simptomaturia pitiuntSi aRmoCenili 2 moneta – 1 xersonesulia, meore frigiis laodikeidan (?) (dundua 1975:282), moWrili Zv. w. 133 wlis Semdeg. saidan SeiZleboda moxvedriliyo es moneta aq. es am monetis aRmoCenis erTaderTi SemTxvevaa saqarTveloSi. frigiis laodikea Zv. w. 188 w. gadavida pergamonis samefos xelSi, xolo Zv. w. 133 w. romaelebis xelSi. SemdegSi es qalaqi dazaralda miTridate evpatoris omebis dros. Zv. w. 85 w. roca miTridate debs dardanelis zavs romaelebTan, maT uTmobs biTvinias, frigias, kapadokias, paflagonias. Tumca qalaqebis nawils is gamoisyidis fuliT sulasgan. nebismier SemTxvevaSi frigiis laodikeaSi pirveli miTridatuli omis dros is iq aris da ra Tqma unda, alafis saxiT, iqidan wamoiRebda, Tundac romaeleebis batonobis xanaSi iq moWril fuls. es fuli mas mere, rac bosfori da dardaneli Caiketa miTridatesTvis, am gziT ver moxvdeboda pitiuntSi da, saerTodac, Savi zRviT ver moxvdeboda. am qalaqTan kolxeTs kavSiri ar hqonia. am SemTxvevaSi moxvedrilia, pontoeli berZnebis gavliT. rac Seexeba xersoness, Zv. w. 113 210 wlidan, rodesac diofante skviTi mefis palakusis alyisgan aTavisuflebs mas, es qalaqic praqtikulad miTridates gavlenis qveSaa. xersonesuli moneta ki, romelic pitiuntSia aRmoCenili, isev da isev miTridatesTanaa dasakavSirebeli. moWrilia albaT daaxloebiT 200 w. (Анохин 1986:144). pitiuntis daarsebis sakiTxi, ra Tqma unda, sabolood gadawyvetilad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos, am mxriv, momavali arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi da kvlevebi, vimedovnebT, rom sabolood naTels mohfens am sakiTxs. 211 elinuri eqsperimentis dasasruli dasavleT saqarTveloSi da misi Sedegebi Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnaze dasavleT saqarTveloSi saqalaqo cxovreba dakninda da isev ekonomikuri krizisia. berZnebi barbarizdnen da dasavlur ekonomikur sistemebTan Serwymis iluzia aRar arsebobs. Semdgom modian romaelebi, Tumca isini am mxares ukve mxolod ganapira, pontos limesis nawilad aRiqvamen, mas didi ekonomikuri datvirTva nedleulis gazidvis TvalsazrisiT aRar aqvs da didad hinterlandiTac ar interesdebian. Sedegad, dasavleT saqarTveloSi iwyeba protofeodaluri sazogadoebis reorganizeba. Semdgomi etapi protofeodalizmidan feodalizmze gadasvla unda yofiliyo. rogorc Cans, es procesi ramdenadme rTulad mimdinareobda da sabolood dasrulda mTielTa Camosaxlebis dasrulebis Semdgom. mTielTa didi Camosaxlebis Semdeg Cans meurneobis aRmavloba. lazikis teritoriaze, rogorc Cans, daiwyo feodalizmi.40 dasavleT saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri depresia, romelic gamowveuli iyo misi dasavlur ekonomikur sistemebTan Serwymis eqsperimentis dasrulebiT, didxans gagrZelda. TavisTavad ekonomikuri depresia imis indikatoria, rom sazogadoeba socialur reorganizacias cdilobs. T. dundua aRniSnavs, rom socialur-ekonomikuri cxovrebis gamococxleba SesaZlebeli gaxda barSi mosaxleobis gamravlebis 40 protofeodalizmidan feodalizmze gadasvlis procesis Sesaxeb ix. T. dundua, n. fifia. saqarTvelo da gare samyaro, evropis Seqmna da evropis integraciis istoriuli formebi. Tbilisi 2009. gv. 149 212 gziT (dundua 1997:44; dundua... 2000:46, 55). am procesis dasrulebis Semdeg afsileTisa da abazgiis teritoriaze, albaT, Sereuli mosaxleoba iyo: Zveli kolxebisa da afxazur-adiReuri tomebis, romelTa saSualebiT aristokratiis gaZliereba moxda. swored afxazuri aristokratiiT iyo metwilad dakompleqtebuli, rogorc Cans, afSileTi da abazgeTi (ufro metad afSileTi), mxareebsac saxeli swored maT mixedviT ewoda. am mTieli tomebis mier mTlianad dasavlur-qarTuli (megrul-Wanuri) mosaxleobis Canacvleba ar momxdara, es tomebic ganagrZobdnen CamosaxlebulebTan erTad binadrobas. henioxTa mier pitiuntis dacarieleba, SesaZloa, niSnavs qalaqebis dakninebas, da feodalizaciis Casaxvas. ukve aRar arsebobs iluzia berZnul ekonomikur sistemasTan Serwymisa, amitom mosaxleoba qalaqebs Tavs anebebs da miwis damuSavebas mihyofs xels. Camosaxlebuli afSilebisa da abazgebis ZiriTadi masisgan dakompleqtebuli aristokratia Semdgom mwarmoebeli mosaxleobis, anu megrel-Wanebis enaze alaparakda. zustad imgvarad, rogorc germanikuli warmoSobis frankebi alaparakdnen romanul enaze. Camosaxlebuli mTieli tomebi, afSilabazgebi, ekuTvnodnen afxazur-adiReuri modgmis tomebs, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi maTi socialuri ena gaxda megrul-Wanuri. 213 daskvna berZnul kolonizacias gaaCnda rogorc zogadi, ise konkretuli mizezebi. Zv. w VII saukunis miwuruls miletis mier kolxeTis kolonizaciis mizezi, rogorc Cans, oqros Ziebaa. Zv. w. VII saukunis miwuruls miletma lidiis mefis Tormetwlian alyas gauZlo miletSi Trasibules tiraniis dros. miletisTvis oqros mTavari importiori lidiis samefo iyo swored. Zv. w. VII-VI saukuneebis mijnaze miletis mier daarsebuli axalSenebis funqcia, gansakurebiT kolxeTSi, romelic cnobili iyo Tavisi oqromravalobiT, unda yofiliyo im deficitis Sevseba, romelic maSin lidiisgan momdinareobda. amis dasturia isic, rom erT-erTi pirveli kolonia, romelic miletelebma daaarses kolxeTis teritoriaze, dioskuria, stefane bizantielTan cnobilia `oqromravali kolxeTis~ mefis, aietis, dedaqalaqis aias saxeliT. dioskuria aietis aia namdvilad ar aris, magram es cnoba, rogorc Cans, gamoZaxilia imisa, rom miletelebi aq Tavidan oqros eZebdnen. Zv. w. VII saukunis miwuruls, rodesac milets omi aqvs lidielebTan, maTTvis oqros mTavar importiorTan, maSin isini eZeben oqros kolxeTSi. Zv. w. VI saukunis miwurulsa da V saukunis dasawyisSi miletis SavizRvispireTSi gaaqtiurebisa da axali koloniebis daarsebis mizezi xe-tyis eqsportis survilia. miuxedavad miletis garSemo tyeebis arsebobisa, rogorc Cans, es sakmarisi ar iyo misTvis. im droisaTvis milets xe-tye esaWiroeboda sparseTis winaaRmdeg mosalodneli ajanyebisTvis. garda amisa, mileti cnobili iyo avejis warmoebiTac da flotis 214 gaZlierebasTan erTad avejis importioris funqciac unda SeenarCunebina. Zv. w. VI saukunis bolos SavizRvispireTSi miletis gaaqtiurebis erT-erTi mizezi sibarisis dangrevaa. sibarisis dangvreviT gamowveuli sanedleulo deficitis Sesavsebad, rogorc Cans, miletelebma isev SavizRvispireTisken ibrunes piri. SavizRvispireTSi miletelebis mier koloniebis daarsebis qronologiaSi teritoriis aTvisebis principis mixedviT or etaps gamovyofT: 1) strategiulad mniSvnelovan adgilas mcire raodenobis, magram SedarebiT didi axalSenebis daarsebis periodi (Zv. w. VIII saukunis Sua xanebidan Zv. w. VII saukunis Sua xanebis CaTvliT), 2) miletis mier SavizRvispireTis sanapiros mizanmimarTuli masobrivi aTvisebis periodi – mcire axalSenebis daarseba (Zv. w. 630-494). pirvel etapze moxda samxreT SavizRvispireTis aTviseba, Semdeg _ Crdilo SavizRvispireTis da bolos, _ dasavleT SavizRvispireTis. meore periodSic teritoriis aTviseba iwyeba isev samxreT SavizRvispireTiT, Semdeg grZeldeba aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTiT – kolxeTis sanapiroebis aTvisebiT, Semdeg _ Crdilo SavizRvispireTiT. Cveni azriT, koloniebis daarsebis es Tanmimdevroba ganapiroba SavizRvispireTis dinebebis Taviseburebam da, misgan gamomdinare, sanapiros Semovlis SesaZlebelma gzam. SavizRvispireTis berZnul qalaqebSi Zv. w. IV saukunis bolos dawyebuli adgilobrivi warmoebis amforebis funqcia iyo adgilobrivi berZnebis nawarmoebi produqciis gazidva upiratesad Crdilo SavizRvispireTis bazarze. elinistur xanaSi kolxeTis eqsportis sagani SeiZleba yofiliyo rkina, oqro, seli, kanafi, cvili, tilo, fisi, selis zeTi, 215 Rvino da xe-tye gemTmSeneblobisTvis. radgan, am produqtebidan mxolod cvilis, selis zeTi an Rvinis gadatana SeiZleba amforebiT, Sesabamisad, es produqcia gavidoda amforebis meSveobiT. aTenTan kavSiris Sesustebam elinistur xanaSi gamoiwvia kidev erTi ram – qalaqebis, romelTa mosaxleobac rotaciis wesiT icvleboda (mag., fiWvnari), transformacia moxda. aRar arsebobden intensiurad moZravi aTenelebi, romlebic saqonels da moxmarebis sagnebs mTlianad aTenidan iReben da fiWvnarSi mxolod rezidentebi arian da amis nacvlad aq gaCnda mudmivad am adgilebSi dasaxlebuli mosaxleoba, romlebic yoveldRiuri moxmarebis sagnebs da praqtikulad mTel warmoebul produqcias ukve aTenidan ki ar iReben, aramed ZiriTadad kolxebisgan. Sedegic saxezea – fiWvnaris Zv. w. V_IV saukuneebis berZnuli nekropoli wyvets arsebobas. magram berZnebs aq binadroba mTlianad ar SeuwyvetiaT – elinistur samarovanze swored isini ikrZalebian isev. berZnebi isev mosaxleoben, Tumca ukve sxva statusiT – adgilobrivad mosaxlis statusiT. simptomaturia, rom swored Zv. w. IV saukunis II naxevridan iwyeba fiWvnarSic e. w. yavisferkeciani amforebis warmoebac. es kidev erTi argumentia imis samtkiceblad, rom berZnebi Semotanili saqonliT ki ar vaWroben, TviTon cdilobdnen produqciis warmoebis dawyebas. adgilobrivi warmoebis dawyebam kolxeTis rig berZnul qalaqebSi gamoiwvia svinoikizmi – maT mier mimdebare teritoriebis ekonomikuri SeerTeba. Zv. w. III saukunis Sua xanebisTvis egviptem praqtikulad amoagdo xorblis eqsportis sistemidan SavizRvispireTi da gamoiwvia ekonomikuri depresia, 216 romelic aq Zv. w. II saukunis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda da TviT romis mosvlamdec ki. miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleT saqarTvelodan xorblis farTo eqsporti mosalodneli ar aris, da Sesabamisad, kolxeTis vaWroba berZnul centrebTan Crdilo SavizRvispireTis vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli ar aris – kolxeTi regioni sxva saxis nedleuliT amaragebda berZnul samyaros (mag., xe-tyiT), es krizisi dasavleT saqarTvelosac Seexo. SavizRvispireTi mTavari saimporto nedleulis – xorblis, romelic Crdilo SavizvispireTidan midioda saberZneTSi, TvalsazrisiT aRar iyo saintereso berZnuli samyarosTvis da masTan TandarTuli rac SeiZleboda yofiliyo, pontouri Tevzi, samSeneblo xe-tye da sxv. rogorc Cans, ukve aRar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom Savi zRvis regioni iseTive mimzidvelad darCeniliyo maTTvis, rom regularuli reisebi ganexorcielebinaT am mimarTulebiT vaWrobis mizniT. es aris erT-erTi mizezi kolxeTSi krizisis dawyebisa. egviptis mier xorblis importis dawyebam SavizRvispireTSi jaWvuri reaqcia gamoiwvia: saberZneTs ufro iafi xorbali urCevnia > SavizRvispireTSi areulobaa – am dros xom TviT olbia aRaraa usafrTxo (Кузищин 2005:350-351) > kolxeTSi ekonomikuri krizisia > Zv. w. II saukuneSi kolxeTis rigi berZnuli qalaqebis barbarizeba moxda > am qalaqebma (gienosi, fiWvnari) arseboba Sewyvites. es dadasturebulia arqeologiurad da logikuria, rom strabonisTvis isini ucnobia. rac Seexeba faziss da dioskurias, isini jerjerobiT ganagrZoben arsebobas. maT garkveuli aRorZineba ganicades miTridates xanaSi, Tumca Semdeg isinic barbarizdnen sabolood. 217 rac Seexeba kolxeTis berZnuli qalaqebis politikur statuss, polisisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebidan fazissa da dioskurias bevri niSani axasiaTebs. zogadad, respublikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Strixi _ monetebis atribuciis wminda Teokratiuli da ara monarqiuli gadawyveta SeiZleba CaiTvalos, polisis, rogorc respublikis maxasiaTeblad. aseve, antikuri kapitalisturi samyaros ekonomikuri determinantebic, rig SemTxvevebSi polisisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia. magaliTad, savaxSo kapitalis arseboba. polisis yvela maxasiaTeblebidan savaldebulo araa apoikias yvela axasiaTebdes, rom is damoukidebel polisad miviCnioT, miT ufro, rom yvela qalaqTan mimarTebaSi ar gagvaCnia sruli informatiulobis fufuneba. Sesabamisad, zogadad, berZnul koloniebTan mimarTebaSi da kolxeTis koloniebTan dakavSirebiT sakmarisia polisisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime Strixis arsebobac misi polisuri xasiaTis samtkiceblad. yvelaze mniSvnelovania dadasturebuli iyos, rom axalSeni aris politikurad damoukidebeli politikuri erTeuli, misi mosaxleebi misive moqalaqeebi arian, romlebic gadasaxadebs ixdian mxolod sakuTari polisis sasargeblod. sakuTriv polisi sruliad Seuvalia adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvis, garda yidvagayidvisa. miuxedavad imisa, rom nebismieri polisi damokidebulia adgilobrivebTan vaWrobaze, es srulebiT ar niSnavs aucileblad imas, rom misi ekonomikuri damokidebuleba gavlenas axdens polisis politikur statusze, Tumca arsebobaze namdvilad axdens. rac Seeexeba polisis kvdomis mizezebs, garda politikuri da geografiuli mizezebisa, romelic m. 218 hansenma gamoyo, arsebobda kidev ekonomikuri mizezebic, ris Sedegadac SeiZleboda antikuri polisi Camkvdariyo, es aris adgilobrivi mosaxleobis faqtori. rodesac mosaxleobis da berZnebis ekonomikuri interesebi konfliqtSi modioda, adgilobrivebi utevdnen berZnebs. zustad aseve, rodesac adgilobrivebma dakarges interesi berZnul qalaqebTan ekonomikuri kavSirisa, Seuties kolxeTis rig berZnul qalaqebs. ekonomikuri mizezebi polisis kvdomas ganapirobeben im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac qreba is ekonomikuri interesi, ramac qalaqis daarseba gamoiwvia _ adgilobrivebsa da berZnebs Soris vaWrobis interesis gaqrobasTan erTad polisebi degradirdebian da kvdebian. kolxeTis ZiriTadi berZnuli dasaxlebebidan (fiWvnari, fazisi, dioskuria, gienosi) yvelas erTi da igive statusi da funqcia ar hqonia, miT ufro, mTeli maTi istoriis manZilze. gienosi mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze iyo savaWro faqtoria berZnebisTvis. Zv. w. VI saukuneSi aq ionielebi iyvnen, Zv. w. V saukuneSi aTenelebi vaWroben, Zv. w. IV saukunis dasawyisSic aTenelebi arian, SemdegSi TandaTanobiT savaWro partniorebad jer herakleelebi, Semdeg ki sinopeli berZnebi gamodian. SemdegSi es kontaqtebic sustdeba da Zv. w. II saukuneSi qalaqi wyvets arsebobas. amasTan, es emporia sezonuri iyo da dakavSirebuli iyo xe-tyis eqsportTan. miTridates xanaSi is ar ganaxlebula. mudmivi berZnuli mosaxleoba, TavisTavad misi funqciidan gamomdinare, yovelTvis SedarebiT susti iyo da maTi asimilacia adgilobrivebTan, rogorc Cans, sakmaod swrafad ganxorcielda. SesaZloa, es procesi ukve miTridates winare xanaSi ukve 219 dasrulebuli iyo da aman ganapiroba kidec pontos mmarTvelis mier am dasaxlebis ignorireba. fazisi Zv. w. VI-II saukuneebSi berZnuli polisia, dokumenturad dadasturebuli polisisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime niSniT: 1) damoukidebloba, 2) qalaqis mfarveli RvTaebebis taZrebis arseboba, 3) monetebis emisia, 4) mimdebare teritoriebis svinoikizmi, 5) axalSenebis daarseba, Tumca SedarebiT mcire masStabebisa, 6) taZrebTan arsebuli savaxSo kapitaliT. zogadad, savaxSo kapitali kapitalisturi sazogadoebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da am tipis saqmianobis arsebobac kolxeTSi miuTiTebs imaze, rom es mxare aRiqmeboda, rogorc berZnuli ekonomikuri sistemis nawili. elinistur xanaSi fazisi afarTovebs kavSirebs adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan, ganviTarebulia soflis meurneoba fazisis xoras teritoriaze, romelic moZravia sxvadasxva saukuneSi. gvianelinistur da romaul xanaSi adgilobrivi berZnebis barbarizeba xdeba da TandaTan sruldeba berZnuli kolonizacia, rogorc procesi, Sesabamisad, elinuri fazisic asrulebs Tavis arsebobas. fiWvnaris axalSenis warmoSobas Tavisi zogadi da konkretuli mizezebi hqonda. aqac kolonistTa ramdenime, metnaklebad Zlieri, nakadis gamoyofaa SesaZlebeli. yovel jerze maTi mosvlis konkretuli mizezebi ikveTeba. fiWvnaris pirveli dasaxlebis gaCena ioniur kolonizacias ukavSirdeba. savaraudod, rogorc mTel aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, esec miletelebis daarsebuli axalSeni unda iyos. Semdegi etapi fiWvnaris istoriaSi ukve Zv. w. V saukuneSi iwyeba da ukavSirdeba aTenis saimperio politikas. atikuri periodis fiWvnaris samosaxlos daarsebis zogadi mizezia aTenis gaZliereba. 220 fiWvnaris daarsebis moklevadiani mizezi aTenis mier warmoebuli egviptis kampaniis katastrofaa, da bolos, uSualo mizezia perikles eqspedicia da adgilobrivi kolxebis mzadyofna aq aTenis axalSenis daarsebisaTvis. fiWvnaris Zv. w. V saukunis berZnul nekropolze praqtikulad iaraRi araa aRmoCenili. mosaxleoba winaaRmdegobiT ar Sexvedria berZnebis mosvlas da arc berZnebi elodnen problemebs. fiWvnari atikuri kolonizaciis xanaSi mudmivi mogzaurebis da mezRvaurebis (aeinautebis) qalaqia. kleruxebi fiWvnarSi ar yofilan, magram arqeologiurad dasturdeba imdenad intensiuri urTierToba metropoliasTan, rom praqtikulad, yoevldRiuri moxmarebis sagnebs isini iReben metropoliisgan. es niSnavs, rom misi mosaxleebi aTenis moqalaqeebi arian da ara fiWvnaris. xSirad mogzauroben aTensa da fiWvnars Soris. aseTi statusi unda hqonodaT aienautebs, plutarqesTan da 4 berZnul epigrafikul warweraSi moxseniebul `socialur fenas~. savaraudoa, rom fiWvnari swored aeinautebis qalaqia Zv. w. V s. II naxevarSi, SesaZloa, Zv. w. IV saukunis 30-ian wlebamdec. elinistur xanaSi gardatexaa fiWvnaris ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. Tuki aqamde es qalaqi, ZiriTadad, nedleulis eqsportiT iyo dasaqmebuli, rogorc Cans, elinizmis dasawyisidan iwyebs sakuTari produqciis Seqmnas. am funqciiT unda dawyebuliyo fiWvnarSic e. w. yavisferkeciani amforebis warmoebac. yavisferkeciani amforebi dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze bevrganaa napovni, maT Soris hinterlandSi. es aris berZnuli tipis keramika – amforebi. am xanaSi berZnebis odnavi barbarizaciac moxda, rac gamoixata maT mier adgilobrivi resursebis gamoyenebaSi, berZnuli 221 stilis SenarCunebiT, Tumca naklebad xarisxiani keramikis warmoebaSi. Zv. w. II saukuneSi qalaqi saerTod wyvets arsebobas da miTridates xanaSi is arc aRorZinebula gansxvavebiT fazisisa da dioskuriisgan. soxumis da eSeras dasaxlebebi Zv. w. VII saukunis mijnaze da Zv. w. VI saukunis Sua xanebSi daarsdnen. Zv. w. VI saukuneSi soxumSi berZnuli mosaxleoba Tundac mcire raodenobiT, magram mainc arsebobda. berZnuli importi, marTalia, am periodidan mcirea, magram, Cveni azriT, savsebiT sakmarisia berZnebis aq mosaxleobis samtkiceblad. importiT SedarebiT mdidari iqneboda sakuTriv qalaqi, romelic jerjerobiT ucnobia. masTan dakavSirebul mcire dasaxlebebSi arc aris mosalodneli didi raodenobiT importis arseboba. amis TvalsaCino ilustracia fiWvnaria, sadac sanapiroze erTmaneTis gverdigverd mcxovreb berZnebsa da kolxebs Soris uzarmazari gansxvavebaa samarxebSi Catanebuli importis raodenobiT. ramdenadme enigmaturi sakiTxia soxumisa da eSeras mimarTeba. soxumsa da eSeras Soris, arqeologiuri monacemebis dRevandeli mdgomareobiT Tu vimsjelebT, uZvelesia eSera, romelic daarsebuli unda iyos Zv. w. VII-VI ss-is mijnaze. amasTan, importis sustad gamoxatulobis safuZvelze SegviZlia vimsjeloT, rom es dasaxlebac ionielebma daaarses im principiT, romliTac, zogadad, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mileti aarsebda koloniebs – bevri da mcire mosaxleobiT. odnav mogvianebiT, Zv. w. VI saukunis Sua xanebidan daarsebuli Cans soxumis dasaxlebac. radgan miletelebi am dros ar aqtiuroben am regionSi, rogorc Cans, soxumis dasaxleba eSeris subkoloniaa. 222 nawili kolonistebisa eSeridan gadasaxlda soxumis mimarTulebiT. saerTo jamSi, arcerTi maTgani mniSvnelovani qalaqi ar yofila Zv. w. VI s-is bolomde. swored es unda iyos mizezi imisa, rom skilaqs kariandelTan es qalaqi ar aris elinurad moxseniebuli. saerTo konteqsti iseTia, rom, erTi SexedviT, skilaqss ar unda gamorCenoda misi elinurad moxsenieba, magram mainc ar ixseniebs. Zv. w. V s-is II naxevarSi soxumis teritoriaze aTenelebma kleruxebi gamoagzavnes, albaT, perikles pontouri eqspediciis Semdgom, ramac gaaZliera mimdebare teritoriis elinuri substrati. amasTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi argumentebi arsebobs: 1) SeiaraRebasTan dakavSirebuli nivTebis aRmoCena am periodis samarxebSi dioskuriis mimdebare teritoriaze. 2) vaWroba gare samyarosTan, gansakuTrebiT aTenTan, aseve, 3) dioskuriis arseboba bevrad ufro arakeTilganwyobil garemoSi henioxebis mezoblad, vidre mag., fiWvnarisa, an gienosisa. Tumca dioskuriis statusis sruli transformacia Zv. w. V saukuneSi damoukidebeli polisidan kleruxiad ar momxdara. aq, albaT, Tanacxovrobdnen Zv. w. VI saukuneSi mosuli berZnebis STamomavlebi da Zv. w. V saukuneSi mosuli kleruxebi, amasTan, pirvelni dioskuriis moqalaqeebi iyvnen, xolo meoreni _ aTenisa. Zv. w. IV saukunis II naxevridan dioskuria ukve Camoyalibebuli polisia. polisis sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebidan: dioskurias sakmarisi hqonda. dioskuriis mier sakuTari damRiani amforis gamoSveba, sakuTari meurneobis arseboba mis damoukidebel statusze miuTiTebs. misi amforebis warmoeba daiwyo Zv. w. IV saukunis II naxevridan da III saukuneSic grZeldeboda. am amforebs is sakuTari warmoebuli produqciis gasazidad iyenebda. es 223 produqcia SeiZleboda yofiliyo Rvino. savaraudod, dioskuriuli Rvino egeosuri centrebidan Semosul produqciasTan SedarebiT iafi Rirda, ramdenadme uwevda konkurencias maT Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi. eSeris Zv. w. IV-III saukunis warweraSi moxseniebuli faqtebi adasturebs, aseve, ramdenime mniSvnelovan Strixs, romelic polisebs axasiaTebdaT: 1) damoukideblobisken swrafva, 2) sakuTari jaris yola, 3) TavdacviTi sistema. Zv. w. IV saukuneSi dioskuriis polisur statuss amtkicebs, aseve, mis mier mimdebare teritoriebis absorbcia – svinoikizmi: eSeras SeerTeba soxumis dasaxlebasTan dasrulda elinistur xanaSi, risi dasturicaa dioskuriis warmoebuli amforebis qurebis sawarmoo centris aRmoCena, rogorc eSeraSi, aseve soxumSi. es mxare ukve ekonomikurad erTiani sivrcea. Zv. w. II saukunis I naxevarSi dioskuria knindeba. Tumca miTridates xanaSi gamococxleba SeiniSneba. dioskuria strabonTan jer kidev savaWro qalaqia, Tundac kolxTa qalaqi, magram mainc savaWro qalaqia, anu sanam miTridate `mouswrebda~ am mxares, dioskuria savaWro centris statuss mainc inarCunebda. Zv. w. I saukuneSi dioskuriaSi saqalaqo cxovreba Cakvda. rogorc Cans, miTridates Semdeg, xelaxla dawyebuli krizisis fonze qalaqs Seuties adgilobrivebma. pliniusis droisTvis qalaqi ukve gaukacrielebulia (Plin. N.H. VI. 15). misi ganadgurebis Sedegia mTielTa Camosaxleba. Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnaze dasavleT saqarTveloSi saqalaqo cxovrebis daknineba da isev ekonomikuri krizisia. berZnebi barbarizdnen da dasavlur ekonomikur sistemebTan Serwymis iluzia aRar arsebobs. romaul xanaSi am mxares ekonomikuri 224 datvirTva nedleulis gazidvis TvalsazrisiT aRar aqvs, romaelebi, mas mxolod imperiis ganapira, pontos limesis nawilad aRiqvamen, Sesabamisad, didad hinterlandiTac ar interesdebian. daaxloebiT maTi pirveli gamoCenis paralelurad, dasavleT saqarTveloSi iwyeba protofeodaluri sazogadoebis reorganizeba. Semdgomi etapi protofeodalizmidan feodalizmze gadasvla unda yofiliyo. rogorc Cans, es procesi ramdenadme rTulad mimdinareobda da sabolood dasrulda mTielTa Camosaxlebis dasrulebis Semdgom. 225 HELLENIC EXPERIMENT IN WESTERN GEORGIA – GREEK SETTLEMENTS (GENESIS, HISTORY) In our research we study Hellenic experiment in Western Georgia – general and specific reasons for the foundation of Greek settlements and their history. Special emphasis is given to their status in different periods (6th-4th B.C.), also to the priorities in foreign trade relations and to the particular reasons and results of the failure of above-mentioned experiment. There is a rich historiography and significant tradition of research in this field however discussions about the Greek settlements in Western Georgia is still actual. Nowadays it is considered that all Greek Poleis had their peculiarities and history of development, therefore, it would not be proper to have in mind just one approach for all Greek Poleis. In this regard, we analyze and research the history of Greek settlements in Western Georgia in a new way. The aim of the work is to investigate the reasons and results of genesis, also history of development and the reasons why the Greek settlements (Phasis, Dioscurias/Eshera, Gyenos, Pichvnari) were weakened in Western Georgia; The first Ionian settlements were formed in Western Georgia either on the verge of the 7th-6th cc. B.C. or at the beginning of the 6th c. B.C. Next step in the foundation of the colonies was in the middle of the 6 th century B.C. and the last was in the middle of the 5th century B.C. These settlements were filled by a new contingent of the Greeks as the result of Pericles’ expedition in the Black Sea. In case of the Ionian colonization, the main goal of the research is to determine the reasons for the foundation of the settlements in specific periods; we also analyze impulses that caused their genesis. Since the reasons for the processes in reference to the Athenian colonization in the 5th century B.C. are more obvious, 226 in this case, we are mostly interested in the status of different Colonies during this period and in comparative analysis of the status’ of these colonies. The 4th c. B.C. was marked by the beginning of the local production of amphorae by the Greek cities of Colchis. These amphorae were produced with or without the stamps. The aim of the research is to determine functions of these amphorae and successfulness of this experiment. Also, we research reasons for the decline of the Greek settlements in the specific periods and the results of these processes for Western Georgia. Pichvnari, as the Greek settlement practically did not exist from the 2nd c. B.C. as well as Gyenos. Phasis and Dioscuria finally were declined on the verge of eras. In the first chapter primary and secondary sources are discussed. Primary sources are discussed with the following method: what values and limitations they have based on their origin and purpose. Historiography is organized thematically: 1) literature concerning general questions of Ancient economy, 2) works, concerning general theoretical questions of Greek colonization, 3) relevant monographs concerning the research of the Black Sea region, 4) historiography about Greek colonies in Colchis, 5) publications of archaeological catalogues. In the second chapter of the work long-term causes of the Greek colonization are overviewed and short-term causes are researched. In the specific period specific reasons existed during Milesian colonization of the Black Sea. These reasons are the answers to the challenges determined by the processes in Miletus itself. The quest of gold was short-term cause of the Milesian colonization of Colchian coastal line on the verge of 7th and 6th cc. also, at the beginning of the 6th c. is the. As M. Inadze has noted, narrative sources did not attest the export function of Colchian gold, however we can suppose desire of obtaining gold in Colchis 227 if we take into consideration the need of Miletus in that specific period. At the end of the 7th c. B.C. Miletus resisted the 12-years siege of Allyates of Lydia during the tyranny of Thrasybulus. Major importer of gold for Miletus was Lydian Kingdom. Thus, gold procurement is the short-term cause of the foundation of colonies in Colchis by Miletus on the verge of the 7th and 6th cc. B. C. They were determined to fill the the gap caused by Lydian kingdom. Miletus answered this specific challenge with becoming more active in the Black Sea region. This war continued during 615-604. The earliest import from Colchis belongs nearly to this period. At the end of the 6th c. - at the beginning of the 5th c. a new reason for Miletus to become active in the Black sea region is a desire to procure timber for export. Despite the fact that the forest seemed to be quite a lot around Miletus itself, it seemed not to be enough. Miletus needed wood for the construction of the fleet for the future revolt against the Persians. Also, Miletus was famous for its furniture production and apart from strengthening of the fleet, as Greaves notes, it had to maintain function of furniture importer. One of the short-term causes of becoming Miletus active in the Black Sea region is the fall of Sybaris. In 510 B. C. the Crotonians took Sybaris and expelled 500 rich citizens from the city. Sybarites were important allies of the Milesians, because Sybarites were the major suppliers of the wool for Miletus and the Milesians were producing their famous textiles from it. Weaving was developed in Colchis – discoveries of Pyramidal suspensions is evidence of it. The reason why Miletus got interested in Colchis at the end of the 6th c. B.C. is to procure the raw materials for their weaving production. At the end of the 6th c. B.C. after the fall of Sybaris when Milesians lost major partner in the import of 228 wool, they seemed to become interested in filling this gap from the Black Sea region. In the 5th c. B.C. general long-term cause of the foundation of new colonies, apart from the desire to capture the markets, could be just the wish of constatation of someone’s ideological leadership. For example, when Athens was founding Thurii its only wish was to declare its own leadership. We separate two periods in the chronology of Milesian colonization of the Black Sea: 1) the establishment of a few but on relatively big colonies on strategically important places (the middle of the 8th c. B. C. - the middle of the 7th c. B. C.), 2) massive determined settlement of the Black Sea littoral by the Milesians – the establishment of small settlements (630-494 B. C.). On the first stage of the first period colonies were founded on southern coast of the Black Sea, then on northern coast and finally on western coast. During the second period the foundations on the Black Sea littoral begun from southern part of the coastal line again, then it continued to eastern coast in this case, then to northern coast. In our opinion this was determined by the peculiarities of the Black Sea currents and by the possibility of getting around the Sea easier in this way since it was not possible yet to cross the Sea directly. At the end of the 4th c. B.C. the Greek cities in Colchis began to produce their own production. The cities were producing their own amphorae. Raw materials (honey, wax, pitch an etc.) procured in the Black Sea were exported probably with the use of Greek vessels at first however from the 4th c. B. C. when the contact with the Aegean and Mediterranean Greek centers was fading and the Greek vessels brought from there were less, they began to produce their own amphorae in order to export their own production. In the Hellenistic Age the object of the export could 229 be iron, gold, flax, hemp, wax, linen, pitch, flax oil, wine and timber for fleet construction. Only wax, flax oil or wine can be taken with the amphora, so this production was taken with it. It seems, the Greek cities of Colchis were very active in trade in the Black Sea region, exporting their production almost everywhere in the Black Sea, except western coasts. Also, it is quite possible that they had function which Chios had had earlier – producing Amphorae just with the purpose of export. Weakened relationships with the Athens caused the changes in the cities – the city where the rotation of the population took place during Athenian hegemony (Pichvnari) transformed into different kind of settlement. There are no Athenians who were moving intensively and bringing goods and wares from Athens, who were just residents in Pichvnari not citizens. Here we have permanent population who gets goods for everyday use not from Athens as it was before, but from the Colchians. The result is logical – the Greek cemetery of the 5th 4th cc. ceased to exist. It does not mean that the Greeks did not live here anymore – Hellenistic cemetery is still Greek cemetery. Greek burial rituals and Greek stuff are attested here, so, it seems, the Greeks still live here but with different status – they are permanent inhabitants. It is symptomatic that Pichvnari begins its own ceramic production from the 2nd half of the 4th c. The Greek cities of Colchis began the local productions and this caused synoecism – economic absorption of adjacent territories. Good example of this is a discovery of the ceramic production centers in several places in Dioscurias – Gvandra, Lechkop, Eshera and Gulripsh. This whole territory was absorbed with the initial core of Dioscurias. In the middle of the 3rd c. B. C. Egypt expelled the Black Sea region from the system of grain import. This caused 230 economic depression, which lasted here during two centuries and even until the coming of Rome, as Graham notes. Despite the fact that wide export of grain is not expected from Western Georgia since this region was providing the Greek world with the different raw materials (for example with the timber), this crisis had some influence on Western Georgia as well. The Black Sea grain was not interesting for the Greeks anymore and everything taken from here (Pontic dried fish, timber), seemed not to be enough anymore to preserve the Black Sea as attractive as it was before. So, they do not make regular voyages here. This is one of the reasons of the beginning of crisis in Colchis. This chain reaction was caused by Egypt, which began exporting their grain – Greece prefers to import cheaper grain, also, there is an anarchy in the Black Sea – even Olbia is not safe – heavy economic crisis is there as Kuzishchin notes, it is the period of Sarmatic-Nomadic protectorate. Some of the Colchian Greek cities became barbarian in nd the 2 c. and they ceased their existence. Pichvnari and Gyenos faded. As for Phasis and Dioscurias, they still exist. As for the methods of timber export from Colchis by the Greeks, we have direct information of Strabo that the wood was put in the rivers and they floated down in the valley (Strabo XI. 2. 17.). In ancient period wood was brought from mountains by floating as well as in the 19th c. Location of the Ancient sites coincide with the places in 19th c. Only one big operation could be launched during one year. This explains high concentration of gold money in Svaneti. Raw material was procured by the locals, it seems (Strabo XI, 2, 12). In the third chapter different forms of Greek colonies are discussed: polis, emporium, cleruchy. Since our major question of research is to examine to what extent these cities were 231 independent poleis, special attention is paid to the definition of Polis. Status of the Greek cities in Colchis is very much disputed question in historiography. In this chapter historiography concerning the question is discussed. In the fourth chapter reasons of the genesis of Phasis as a colony are discussed. Major questions we are interested in, are: 1) when was Phasis established and what conditions enhanced to it? 2) What was the status of Phasis – to what extent was it a polis or emporium? We are also interested in one question which was related with the economic activity of the Phasians: what was their health condition according to narrative sources (Hippocrates)? In Archaic and Classical Age, Phasis supposedly or for sure had the following characteristics: 1) autonomy and independence, 2) existence of public buildings (temple of the city protector gods), 3) emission of its own coins, 4) its own colonies (?), 5) synoecism/conurbanization (?) 6) existence of usury capital. Independent government is the major characteristic of polis. Information kept by Aristotle in ‘Phasian Politeia’ is very interesting. It proves the opinion of T. Dundua, that in the 4th c. B.C. Phasis is ‘some political unit and has its own state government’. Also this information indirectly indicates that Phasis had its own political life with its state structures. One of the characteristics of poleis is the existence of temples of the city’s protector gods. Existence of Apollo and Artemis’ (Zosim, 1, 32, 3) cult is attested in Phasis and, also, the temples associated with them. According to G. Dundua one more argument which proves the political status of Phasis is its coin emission. Synoecism is also characteristic to Polis. Chaladidi and Simagre were part of Phasis’ ‘Khora’ and step-by-step broadening of Phasis indicates that the Phasians were trying to expand their 232 influence. One of the characteristics of the poleis is the establishment of other colonies. If we take into consideration Boltunova’s opinion about the foundation of Pityus by the Phasians or the Dioscurians, we can also suppose the existence of this sign. Also, it is notable, that in the estuary of the river Khobistskali there is one more small Greek settlement, which, in M. Inadze’s opinion seems to be a small Greek sub-colony. One more argument which proves that Phasis was a polis is the organized system of lending in the city. This could be the temple of Apollo or Artemis. V. Kuzishchin notes, that Delos temple of Apollo was giving lend in the 2nd c. B.C. It seems, it was accepted practice in the poleis. From Heraclid’s information we know that Phasians were giving 3 minas to a person, who suffered from ship-wreck. This 3 mina could be the amount of lend which was necessary for them to return to their homeland and the Phasians were lending them it. So, this is another argument, which proves that Phasis should be estimated as a Polis. In late Hellenistic and Roman period local Greeks became barbarians and step-by-step Hellenic experiment as a process stopped. So, Hellenic Phasis ceased its existence. As for the health condition of the Phasians, we discuss Hippocrates’ information concerning it. We should note that the decease discussed by Hippocrates is not Malaria, it is hepatitis A, the symptoms and living conditions together indicate to this. In the fourth chapter of the thesis genesis and history of Dioscurias is discussed. In the 6th c. B. C. the Greek population existed in Sokhumi, not many but still did. The Greek import is few, but could serve as enough evidence of their existence here. Among Eshera and Sokhumi the earliest settlement is Eshera, which seems to be established in the 1st half of the 6th c. B.C. Since the Greek import in Sokhumi is less than in Eshera in the 233 6th c. B.C. it seems, that the first settlement was Eshera and later the part of its colonists moved to Sokhumi, thus subcolonized the territory. In general none of them were important cities till the end of 6th c. B.C. That is why Scylax of Caryanda does not mention it as a ‘Hellenic city’. At the beginning of the 6th c. B.C. when the Greeks first inhabited Eshera, the reason why Miletus appeared in Colchis is to find gold – in order to substitute Lydian gold. It is interesting that Stephanus of Byzantium mentions Dioscurias as ‘Aia’: there is another Dioscurias in Pontus, called also as Sebastopolis, earlier it was called Aia as Nikanor says’. As it is known Aia is the city of Aietes, king of Colchis. Dioscuria is not Aia, it is well researched in historiography and we will not discuss it in details. In our opinion, this information is a reflection of the Milesians’ first visit in Colchis. During this period (the verge of the 7th c. 6th cc. B. C.) they were looking for gold here, as well as in the rest of Colchis. This was determined by the war with Lydian king Allyates, who was main provider of gold for them. If it is so, it seems, Dioscurias in Stephanus of Byzantium’s information is Eshera since only there is the import from the beginning of the 6th c. B. C. In the 6th c. B.C. both Sokhumi and Eshera were percepted as a whole in the 5th c. B.C. In the Hellenistic Age not only perceptionally but also, economically these two little settlements merged. Eshera in the Hellenistic Age became part of Sokhumi. The discoveries of ceramic hearths in both regions for the same production, proves it. Since Eshera was founded earlier than Sokhumi, in the 6th c. B.C. It was not part of Sokhumi, it was a small independent apoikia with reduced population and in the 4th c. B.C. it seems to become part of Dioscurias. Such practice existed in the Greek world, for example, Myous became part of Miletus because of oligandry. Such kind of union was called 234 sumpoliteia. Myous was located very close to Miletus like Eshera and Dioscurias – in 16 kilometers. Eshera becomes part of Dioscurias/Sokhumi either because of oligandry or other possible economic reasons. As for the political status of Dioscurias: in the 6th c. B.C. Sokhumi and Eshera existed as a small settlements, probably with oligarchic constitution as it was in their metropolis. Later, in the 5th c. B.C. this region was subjugated by Athens and in T. Dundua’s opinion, the liberalization of its constitution took place. Also, Dioscurias got filled in with the cleruchs. Their settlement here was determined by the existence of not stable local tribes – the Heniokhi. The newcomers strengthened the Hellenic substrate here. In our opinion, the whole transformation of Dioscurias’ status from independent polis to cleruchy is not right. It seems, descendants of the Greeks who came here in the 6th c. B.C. and cleruchs which came in the 5th c. B.C. lived together. The first of them were citizens of Dioscurias and the second of Athens. Their function was military service to Athens. They had citizenship of Athens but were obliged to live in the colony. From the 2nd half of the 4th c. B.C. Dioscurias is an independent, finally formed polis. Several charactetistics of polis are attested concerning Dioscurias: 1) independence or/and the struggle for independence, 2) their own forms of production, 3) synoecism/conurbanization, 4) defense system (?) – Eshera inscription mentions the tower, 5) their own coins in the late Hellenistic period (Dioscuriads), 6) fleet (?). In the 1st c. B. C. urban life in Dioscurias faded. The economic crisis seems to begin again after Mithridates. This imposed local tribes to seize the city. This is well attested by the 1st c. B.C. Eshera inscription. 235 In the sixth chapter of the thesis issues of Gyenos history are examined. Concerning Gyenos we lack important narrative sources, however if we compare and fulfill the information with archeological evidences, it is possible to make certain conclusions. In our opinion, Gyenos was founded in the 2nd half of the 6th century B.C., this could be before 540 B.C., before Miletus fell into the Persians’ hands. In 540-513 B.C. Miletus was governed by tyrants appointed by the Persians and colonization activity of Miletus was comparatively weakened. Besides, if the function of Gyenos was provision of wood necessary for shipbuilding, foundation of the settlement with this function was more possible before 540 B.C. By that time the Persians had no war with the Greeks and the strengthening of the fleet could hardly be the wish of the tyrant appointed by the Persians and accordingly foundation of the settlement in distant Colchis was not urgent. Thus, Gyenos must have been founded before 540 B.C. when the interest to build the fleet still could exist. There is a probability that it was founded during short period of time – from 513 B.C. to 494 B.C. (before the destruction of Miletus). Since materials of the second quarter of the 6th century B.C. and of the end of the century were discovered in the findings of 1981, it seems, originally, Gyenos was founded before 540 B.C., then, for the short period its activity was weakened and evidently in 513-494 B.C. was strengthened again. Metropolis of Gyenos is not attested in the narrative sources. If we have direct information about Phasis and Dioscuria, such information in connection with Gyenos has not susvived. If we take into consideration a general tendency that the city founded in the 6th century B.C. could be only a colony of Miletus in eastern Black Sea coast, and if we connect Pomponius Mela’s Cycnus 236 and Pliny’s Cygnum with Gyenos, we can conclude that Miletus was its founder also. Cycnus in Greek means a swan. In Greek mythology a swan was considered to be Apollo’s attribute. Pausanias refers to King Cycnus who was turned into a swan by Apollo (Paus. 1. 30. 3). According to Servius Cycnus was a musician; his turn into a swan is also connected with Apollo (Serv. On Aen. 10, 189). According to Servius, Apollo turned him also into a constellation. Cygnus’ constellation was known even for Ptolemy. It is known that Apollo’s cult was spread in Miletus, and since the cults of metropolis were worshipped in a colony, based on this and on general conjecture we connect the original foundation of Gyenos/Cycnus/Cygnum with Miletus. Status and function during the existence of the city did not change. Gyenos during the entire period of its existence was an emporium for the Greeks. If in the 6th c. B.C. the Ionians were here, in the 5th c. B.C. Athenians came. At the beginning of the 4th c. B.C. the Athenians are here again, though later Sinopeian Greeks also came as trade partners. Later the contacts also weakened and in the 2nd century B.C. the city ceased existence. At the same time, this emporium was seasonal and was connected with the timber export. During Mithridates’ era it was not renovated. Greek population itself, was always comparatively weak and its assimilation with the locals, as it seems, took place quite fast. It is possible this process was terminated during the era of Mithridates already and supposedly, this was the reason why the ruler of Pontus ignored this territory. In the seventh chapter of the thesis aspects concerning the development of Pichvnari settlement are examined. Origin of Pichvnari also had its general and specific reasons. There were several more or less strong streams of colonists, 237 however each time specific reasons of their coming can be distinguished. Pichvnari like other Greek settlements in Western Georgia was founded by the Milesians for the first time. Archaeological evidences prove the Ionian presence in Pichvnari in the 6th c. B.C. Onomastic similarity between Miletus and Pichvnari also proves it. There are pine-trees around Miletus and a town nearby, as Greaves note, is called Çamiçi i. e. ‘In the pine-trees’. According to Pliny, Carian name of Miletus was Pityusa (Plin. NH. 5.112), since the surrounding territory was rich in pine-trees. Toponyms of Asia Minor origin, for example Side/Sida, occur in the Eastern coasts of the Black Sea. The Milesians could have transferred their toponym to Colchis, in their settlement, especially if the circumstances for creating such toponym have coincided. It seems, this toponym was transferred and later it took Georgian form. Nowadays the toponym exists in Georgian form, like Carian name of Miletus Pityusa preserved in Turkish form Çamiçi. If such ‘migration’ of toponym happened, this could concern just Pichvnari, not Bichvinta, because it was not founded yet. Also, we should note, that Pityusa mentioned in the Greek sources (Strabo XI, 2, 14; Plin. NH. VI, 16; Arr. PPE 27; Ptol., V, 6, 6;) meaning Western Georgian settlement, is never Pichvnari, it is always Bichvinta. Pichvnari ceased its existence when Bichvinta started. The next stage in the history of the city begins in the 5thc. B.C. and is connected with Athenian foreign policy. The Athenians wanted to establish the settlement here, and it seems their wish was supported by the locals. The weapons were not revealed on the Greek necropolis of the 5th century B.C. of Pichvnari. It seems, neither local population opposed to the coming of the Greeks nor the Greeks were awaiting problems. 238 Pichvnari was the city of permanent sailors and traders in 5th c. B. C. High percentage of the Greek import on Greek cemetery of the 5th c. B. C. in Pichvnari gives us the clue that the Greeks here were Pichvnari residents, however they were travelling a lot, and bringing Greek import quite often. They were citizens of Athens and Pichvnari was not a self-governing Polis. It was a specific emporia with Athenian citizens. Pichvnari was the city of permanent travellers-traders (ΑΕΙΝΑΥΤΑΙ), specific emporium where permanently travelling Greeks gathered, at the same time, it is possible that a part of them also lived there. They were not Pichvnari citizens but Athenian ones and maintained permanent connection with the Athens. It explains the fact that immensely large quantity of import existed on the Greek necropolis. The Hellenistic Age is a turning point in the city’s economic life. If the city was mainly exporting raw materials at first, from the beginning of the Hellenistic Age it starts to produce its own production. The production of the so-called brown-clay amphorae should have also been started with this function in Pichvnari, it seems. The Brown-clay amphorae are found in many places on Western Georgian territory, including hinterland. This is the Greek-type ceramics – amphorae. By the end of the 2nd century B.C. Pichvnari city ceased to exist. Unlike other Greek cities of Colchis (Dioscurias, Phasis), Pichvnari is not active in the era of Mithridates. Temporary economic revival caused by Mithridates’ activity did not influence Pichvnari. As it seems, governor of Pontus was not interested in this region and final decline of Pichvnari in Hellenistic era was caused by this. Municipal life in Western Georgia declined at the turn of the millennia and economic crisis returned again. The Greeks 239 barbarized and the illusion of confluence with Western economic system does not exist anymore. The Greeks’ idea to include Colchis in Hellenic economic system collapsed and this caused some changes here. Then the Romans came. They perceived this region as only marginal part of Pontus Limes, it does not have a huge economic function for export of raw materials they are not also interested in hinterland. So, reorganization of protofeudal society begins in Western Georgia. The transition from protofeudalism to feudalism must have been the next stage. As it seems this process passed with difficulties and finally finished after the highlanders migrated. 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Vol. 21, No. 4 (December) 1961. 276 eleqtronuli resursebi: http://geonumismatics.tsu.ge/ http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/index.htm www.perseus.org http://www.copenhagenpoliscentre.info http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/ http://poinikastas.csad.ox.ac.uk http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/ http://www.britannica.com/ 277 SemoklebaTa sia: sdsZ – samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi АБИЯЛИ – Абхазский институт языка, литературы и истории; АН АрмССР – Академия Наук Армянской ССР; АН СССР – Академия Наук СССР; ВДИ – Вестник древней истории; ДСППВГК – Демографическая ситуация в Причерноморье в период Великой Греческой Колонизации; МИА – Материалы и Исследования по Археологии СССР; МЭОП – Местные этно-политические объеденения Причерноморья в VII-IV вв. до н. э.; МIIIМСДИП – Материалы III международного симпозиума по древней истории Причерноморья; МVМСДИП – Материалы V международного симпозиума по древней истории Причерноморья; ПГКСВП – Проблемы Греческой колонизации северного и восточного Причерноморья; СА – Советская археология; JHS – The Journal of Hellenic Studies; RE – Paulys Realencyclopädie Altertumswissenschaft. der classischen 278