klasicizmis periodis mxatvroba

klasicizmi

Camoyalibda

XVII

saukuneSi.

barokosgan

gansxvavebiT,

klasicizms aqvs myari Teoriuli baza. xSirad klasicizmis epoqis Teoretikosebi

TviTon ar arian praqtikosi xelovanebi, Tumca zogjer aseTi SemTxevebic gvaqvs
(mag. nikola puseni). saerTod klasicizmi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva
dros gavrcelda. yvelaze myarad fexi man mainc safrangeTSi moikida, xolo
yvelaze

sustad

gamovlinda

italiaSi.

klasicizmis

yvelaze

adreuli

skolebi

safrangeTSi yalibdeba. aqauri klasicizmi or etaps moicavs - XVII da XVIII

saukuneebs, romelTa Sorisac kidev erTi stili arsebobs, es aris rokoko. amis
Semdgom, XVIII s-is miwurulidan iwyeba neoklasicizmi, romelic XIX s-is pirvel
naxevarSic ganagrZobs arsebobas garkveuli saxecvlilebebiT. rac Seexeba
ingliss, aq klasicizmi XVIII s-Si ikidebs fexs. mniSvnelovania, rom mxolod am
droidan iwyeba inglisuri xelovnebis ayvaveba da misi gaTanasworeba evropis
sxva qveynebis xelovnebasTan. rac Seexeba ruseTs, aq klasicizmi petre I-is
epoqidan Semodis da myarad ikidebs fexs. rusuli klasicizmis ganviTarebis
epoqa mainc ukve XIX saukunea.
rac Seexeba neoklasicizms, Tuki wina periodSi klasicizmi barokosTan
Tanaarsebobda, axla neoklasicizmi Tanaarsebobs axali drois mxatvrobis iseT
mimarTulebebTan, rogoricaa realizmi, romantizmi, simbolizmi, sentimentalizmi
da a.S. sainteresoa, rom am periodSi klasicizmi sxva mimarTulebebisaTvis
rogorc mtruli Zala ise aRiqmeboda. marTlac, am epoqaSi klasicizmi Tavisi
ganviTarebis

ukanasknel

stadias

gadis

da

is

gadazrdilia

akademizmSi.

klasicizmSi marTlac bevri ram iyo dromoWmuli da xelovnebis ganviTarebis

Semaferxebeli, Tumca bevri ram gaaCnda iseTic, ramac safuZveli daudo axal
mimarTulebebs. klasicistur ferweras axasiaTebs erTi ucnauroba - is rac
klasicizmis epoqis Teoretikosebis mier Sedevrebad iyo miCneuli, yvelaze
naklebad fasobs dRes, xolo is nawarmoebebi, romlebic maTTvis yvelaze nakleb
saintereso da meorexarisxovani iyo, mogvianebiT yvelaze metad dafasebuli
gaxda.
amdenad,

klasicizmma,

romelmac

erTi

mxriv

garkveul

CarCoebSi

moaqcia xelovneba, meore mxriv Tavis wiaRSi warmoSva didi biZgebi realisturi
xelovnebis ganviTarebisTvis.
1

filosofosi, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara klasicizmis Teoriul principebs iyo

rene dekarte. is iyo yvelaze gamorCeuli figura, romlis racionalizmze da zogadad
materialistur mxoflmxedvelobaze damyarebuli filosofia gamoiyenes TavianTi
TeoriebisaTvis klasicistebma. XVII-XVIII s-Si bevri cvlileba xdeba kacobriobis
azrovnebaSi - Tuki baroko Tavisi arsiT mainc garkveulwilad saeklesio xelovneba
iyo da emsaxureboda garkveul religiur miznebs (Tumca ra Tqma unda Sua
saukuneebTan SedarebiT religiuri idealebi sakmaod Secvlili iyo), klasicizms,
iseve rogorc zogadad ganmanaTleblur Teorias, religiasTan saerTo aRaraferi
aqvs. imdenad, ramdenadac aRar arsebobs idealebi, romlebsac xelovneba
religiisgan iRebda, klasicizmi mimarTavs antikur xelovnebas da mas aRiarebs
mibaZvis sagnad. meore epoqa, romlis memkvidreebad klasicistebi Tvlian Tavs
aris renesansi, gansakuTrebiT maRali renesansi da Tuki konkretulad ferweras
SevexebiT, rafaeli da misi wre.
daaxloebiT XVII s-is bolos iqmneba Zalian avtorituli organizacia - franguli
akademia, romelic gaxda generatori klasicizmis ideebisa. am akademiam
SeimuSava xelovnebis Janrebis Zalian saintereso reglamentacia. xelovnebis
Teoretikosma andre filibienma studentebs waukiTxa kursi, sadac gaakeTa
Janrebis ierarqia. man isini dayo maRal da dabal Janrebad. maRal JanrSi
Sedioda istoriuli xasiaTis namuSevrebi da Zalian sainteresoa, rom klasicistebis
azriT, istoriaSi, garda realuri istoriidan aRebuli siuJetebisa, gaerTianebuli iyo
rogorc religiuri, ise alegoriuli da miTologiuri siuJetebi. warsulis da gansakuTrebiT
antikurobis gaidealeba klasicisturi filosofiisa da xelovnebis erT-erTi umTavresi
damaxasiaTebeli niSania. amdenad, istoriuli Janri Zalian didi da yovlismomcveli
gaxda klasicizmSi da Caylapa TviT iseTi uzarmazari mimarTuleba xelovnebaSi,
rogoricaa religiuri ferwera. rac Seexeba dabal Janrebs - portrets, peizaJs,
naturmortsa Tu Janrul ferweras, aqac arsebobda garkveuli reglamentacia da
Sida Janruli dayofa.
Janrebis

reglamentacias

ramdenime

mizezi

hqonda.

pirveli,

iyo

namuSevrebis zomebi: cxadia istoriuli Janris tiloebi iyo mravalfiguriani da

Sesabamisad didi zomis da ra Tqma unda ufro ZviradRirebulic vidre mcire
Janrebis warmomadgeneli namuSevrebi. iyo aseve reglamentacia gamofenebis
mowyobisas

yvelaze

mniSvnelovani

darbazi

istoriul

Janrs

eTmoboda,

danarCenebi ki sxva Janrebs. prizebi (fuladi), romlebsac studentebisTvis

2

awesebda akademia, iyo didi da patara da ra Tqma unda didi prizi maRali Janris
warmoamdgenlebs eniWebodaT. es momenti yvelas ukmayofilebas iwvevda da
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ibrZodnen mxatvrebi mis winaaRmdeg.
sainteresoa, rom bevri mxatvari cdilobs gamosavali moZebnos am
situaciidan,

radganac

isini

ZiriTadad

erT

konkretul

JanrSi

iyvnen

daxelovnebulebi da ar exerxebodaT didi da mravalfiguriani kompoziciebis

xatva. amitom Cndeba axali Janrebi - istoriuli peizaJi, alegoriuli naturmorti,
istoriuli portreti da a.S. amdenad, xdeboda stilebis aRreva imisaTvis, rom
nawarmoebis Rirebuleba aweuliyo.
sainteresoa,

Tu

ratom

xdeboda

Janrebis

amgvari

reglamentacia.

klasicistebi amas xsnidnen xelovnebis im funqciiT, romelic jer kidev antikur

xanaSi mieniWa mas - moqalaqis aRzrda. barokos epoqaSi, Tu mxatvrebi
aRzrdaze fiqrobdnen, aq ufro religiur aRzrdaze iyo saubari. rac Seexeba
klasicistebs, maTTvis religiuri momenti aRar aris mniSvnelovani da SemoaqvT
axali

moraluri

moqalaqeobriv

faseuloba
vals.

aseTi

adamiani,
moqalaqis

romelic

pirnaTlad

aRzrdas

ixdis

sWirdeboda

Tavis

ganaTleba

(ganmanaTlebelTa filosofiis mTavari postulati), rasac istoriuli Janri yvelaze

kargad

ergeboda.

xelovnebis

sxva

dargebic,

magaliTad

Teatri,

iZens

aRmzrdelobiT funqcias. is antikuri siuJetebi, romlebsac am epoqis dramaturgebi

iyenebdnen da interpretacias ukeTebdnen swored imitom iyo mniSvnelovani,
rom Tanamedrove moqalaqisTvis qcevis kargi magaliTi eCvenebina. es idea
Zalin misaRebi aRmoCnda franguli absolutizmisaTvis da amdenad klasicizmi
xdeba am periodis safrangeTis savizito baraTi.
meore mTavari postulati klasicistebisTvis iyo is, rom isini yoveldRiur
cxovrebas ar Tvlidnen asaxvis Rirsad. am mxriv maTi msgavsia romantizmi,
romelic

aseve

gansxvavebiT,

ar

asaxavs

romantizmSi

yoveldRiur
ar

aris

cxovrebas,
dakarguli

Tumca

avtoris

klasicizmisgan
SemoqmedebiTi

Tavisufleba.
rac Seexeba gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebs, pirveli, es aris adamianis sxeulis
silamaze, esTetikuri ideali, romelic jer kidev antikur xanaSi iyo damkvidrebuli.
meore es aris kompoziciis Sedgenis garkveuli principebi - ra Tqma unda
sWarbobs xazobrivi perseqtiva da yvelanairi realisturi gamomsaxvelobiTi
meTodebi. aseve, es aris plastikuri formis Suq-CrdiliT modelireba. garda amisa,
3

es aris mravalfigurian kompoziciebSi garkveuli ganawilebis principebis iseTi

kombinireba, rogorsac akeTebdnen renesansis ostatebi. am mxriv maTTvis
idealsa da misabaZ magaliTs warmoadgenda rafaelis "aTenis skola", romelic
yvela

im

elements

Seicavs,

romelic

moswondaT

klasicistebs

siuJeti,

kompoziciuri wyoba, idealuri arqiteqturuli dekoraciebi, fromaTa modelireba SuqCrdilis saSualebiT da feris daqvemdebarebuli roli.
garda rafaelis Semoqmedebisa, klasicistebi Zalian afasebdnen misi wris
mxatvrebsac, mag. julio romanos. am yvelafridan ganviTarda akademizmi
ferweraSi.
sainteresoa klasicistebis weris manera: zedapiri aucileblad aris gluvi da
saguldagulod damuSavebuli. weris Tavisufali manera - swrafi monasmebi,
msxvili funjiT muSaoba da msgavsi principebi maT ar axasiaTebT. sainteresoa,
rom ra ufro saguldagulod iyo damuSavebuli tilos zedapiri, miT ufro Zviri Rirda
is, radganac masze didi dro da energia iyo daxarjuli. TviT XIX saukuneSic ki
rodesac iyideboda frangi akademistebis, mag. kabanelisa da sxvebis suraTebi,
impresionistebis tiloebis gverdiT Zalian gluvad da prialad gamoiyureboda maTi
suraTebis zedapiri da swored es iTvleboda

mxatvris "keTilsindisierebis"

indikatorad.
igi muSaobda istoriul JanrSi da qmnida religiur, alegoriul, miTologiur
siuJetebs. "tankredi da erminia" - Sua saukuneebis siuJeti antioqiaSi. saxeebi
antikizirebulia. "germanikis sikvdili" romauli istoriidan. klasicistebma pirvelad
daafases da gaacocxles romis istoria. Tumca, sxvaTa Soris pusenis saukeTeso
namuSevrebad iTvleba misi bibliuri cikli ("warRvna", "yrmaTa mokvdineba").
ferweraSi klasicistur mimarTulebas safuZveli Cauyara frangma nikola
pusenma

(1594-1665),

romelic

aramarto

praqtikosi,

aramed

brwyinvale

Teoretikosic iyo. is TiTqmis mTeli Tavisi sicocxle italiaSi gaatara. is cxovrobda

romSi da xelmZRvanelobda frangul akademias, 1648 wels daarsda romSi. mis
saxelsnoSi ikribebodnen mxatvrebi, moqandakeebi, arqiteqtorebi, im epoqis
ganaTlebuli adamianebi, rac xels uwyobda pusenis ideebis popularizacias
inteleqtualTa wreebSi. puseni Tvlida, rom "didebuli stilis" xelovneba oTxi
elementisgans Sedgeba. esenia: Sinaarsi, misi interpretacia, agebuleba da stili.
siuJeti acileblad didebuli, mniSvnelovani unda yofiliyo, mxatvars uari unda
eTqva

yvela

wvrilmanze,

raTa

yuradReba

amaRlebul

Sinaarsze

yofiliyo
4

koncentrirebuli. sainteresoa misi Teoriuli naSromebi. igi bevrs werda imaze, Tu

rogori

unda

iyos

ferwera

da

gansakuTrebiT

yuradRebas

amaxvilebda

Tematikaze. mas hqonda SemuSavebuli aseTi Teoria - Tavisi suraTebisTvis

modusebis

sistema,

romelic

gulisxmobda

Tematur

dayofas

antikuri

saxelwodebebiT (mag. doriuli, ioniuri da a.S.). mxatvrul stilSi mTavari iyo

wesrigi, zomiereba, mkafio xazobrivi naxati da naTeli forma. daaxloebiT
amazeve

saubrobda

dekartec

racionalizmis

filosofiis

fuZemdebeli:

"WeSmaritia is sagnebi, romelTac Cven naTlad da cxadad aRviqvamT".

reglamentirebuli siuJetebi pusenis nawarmoebebSi mosabezrebeli xdeba,
Tumca mas aqvs bevri plusic - maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom mas
SeeZlo garkveuli ideis Zalian martivad, yvelasTvis aRsaqmelad da Zalian
srulyofilad ganexorcielebina vizualur saxeebSi. es aris is momxibvleloba,
romelic TavisTavad antikur xelovnebasac da renesanssac axasiaTebs. puseni
xSirad

mimarTavda

istoriul

siuJetebs

aramarto

antikuri,

aramed

sxva

epoqebidanac. miuxedavad imisa, rom klasicistebi antikur epoqas miiCnevdnen

nimuSad, xSirad isini bibliur siuJetebs mimarTavdnen, Sua saukuneebis istorias
da ufro axlo warsulsac ki. yovel SemTxvevaSi, maTTvis bibliuri siuJeti
aRiqmeboda istoriul konteqstSi da ara religiurSi.
klasicizmis ideologebis azriT, xelovnebaSi buneba unda aisaxos gonebis
mier gakeTilSobilebuli formiT; uari unda iTqvas imaze, rac ar Seesatyviseba
"wesierebis" kanonebsa da kargi tonis moTxovnebs. peizaJs unda asesaxa
bunebis

epikuri

Zala

da

harmonia,

anu

es

unda

yofiliyi

ararealisturi,

Selamazebuli peizaJi. mSvenierebis amgvari gagebis gamosaxatad Seiqmna

puseniseuli arkadiis samyaro, dasaxlebuli zeciuri arsebebiT, gmirebiT, satirebiT,
nimfebiTa da mSvenieri adamianebiT ("floras samyaro", "arkadieli mwyemsebi"
da

sxv.).

puseni

gadmocemebidan

Tavis

Temebs

iRebda.

miTologiidan,

mxatvars

izidavda

wm.

werilidan,

istoriuli

Zlieri

xasiaTebi,

gmiruli

qmedebebi, gonebisa da samarTlianobis zeimi. pusenis SemoqmedebaSi

wamyvani

adgili

ukavia

sazogadoebrivi

movaleobis,

moralis

Temebs

("germanikusis sikvdili", "tenkredi da erminia", "ierusalimis aReba", "sabineli

qalebis

motaceba"

mniSvneloba

da

eniWeba

sxv.).

klasicistur

kompozicias.

ferwerul

pusenis

namuSevarSi

suraTebis

udidesi

kompoziciebi

gawonasworebulia, maTSi cxadad Cans garkveuli sqema: mTavari moqmedeba

mudam wina planzea gamosaxuli, mTavari gmiri centrSia warmodgenili da sxv.
puseni Zalian kargi graviori iyo da ZiriTad italiur peizaJebs qmnida.
sainteresoa, rom cxovrebis bolos mas daemarTa daavadeba, ris gamoc xeli
ukankalebda, Tumca mis namuSevrebs es sulac ar Setyobia.
racionalursa da emociur sawyisebs Soris wonasworobis dacva Zalze Znel
amocanas wamoadgenda. puseni erTaderTia XVII s-is mxatvarTa Soris, romlis
SemoqmedebaSi saukeTesod, maRalmxatvruli formiT ganxorcielda klasicizmis
koncefcia. sxva ostatebisaTvis es amocana gadauWreli aRmoCnda - imarjvebda
abstraqtuli gonebismieri sawyisi da klasicizmi nel-nela gadaiqca akademiur
sistemad, sadac wamyvani adgili dogmatur midgomas ekava.
klasicizmis

tendenciebi,

romelic

Teorias

amkvidrebs

imisa,

rom

xelovnebaSi unda iyos idealizacia da ara realizmi, Tanaarsebobs Zalin realistur

momentebTan. principSi klasicizmis yvela mxatvari aris Zalin didi realisti.
ubralod is Teoriuli principebi, romlebic maT warmodgenaSi mniSvnelovania,
garkveulwilad ar aZlevT maT saSualebas bolomde gamoavlinon es realizmi.
Tumca, realurad, yvelaze meti wvlili realisturi ferweris ganviTarebaSi swored
klasicizmma Seitana. ufro metad vidre barokom, radganac barokos is emociuri,
gadatvirTuli saxeebi realistur ferweraSi pirdapir ver gadavidoda. swored im
akademiurma momzadebam, romelic am mxatvrebs hqondaT, swored am
realisturma interpretaciam Tundac moculobiTi formisa, Camoayaliba mTeli skola
mxatvrebisa, romlebic ukve Taobebis Semdgom realistur ferweraSi muSaoben.
miuxedavad maTi filosofiis ucnauri mimarTulebisa, isini Zalian didi realistebi
arian. rogorc wesi, yvela klasicisti aris Zalian kargi portretisti da xSirad maTi
istoriuli Janris suraTebi arc Seesabameba maTi Sesrulebuli portretebis mxatvrul
dones.
klasicizmis kidev erTi umniSvnelovanesi warmoamadgneli iyo frangi
mxatvari klod loreni (1600-1682). isic cota specifikuri talantis mxatvaria,
dabadebulia peizaJistad. isic italiaSi cxovrobda da pusenis umcrosi megobari
iyo. muSaobda istoriuli peizaJis JanrSi. is haerovani perspeqtivis didostatia,
akeTebs gaSlil sivrceebs, romlebSic CarTulia istoriuli siJetebi. kolorizmis
momentiT is SeiZleba konsteblisa da terneris uSualo winaprad CavTvaloT. loreni
zRvis peizaJebis didostatia, rac maSin didi iSviaTobas warmoadgenda. is
6

xatavda portebs da Semdeg arqmevda istoriuli movlenebis saxelebs. mas

aseve aqvs araCveulebrivi seria dRis oTxi monakveTi. is yovelTvis wina plans
akeTebs moyavisfro-mooqrosfro tonebSi, xolo ukana plans ufro civi ferebiT, rac
haerovani perspeqtivis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa. misi mniSvnelovani
namuSevrebia "evropas motaceba", "aqteoni da iremi", "peizaJi apoloniT". mas
aseve aqvs graviurebic.
franguli klasicizmis kidev erTi yvelaze cnobili wamomadgenelTagania Sarl
lebreni (1619-1690). man moRvaweoba daiwyo ana avstrielisa da kardinal
mazarinis dros. garkveuli dro romSi gaatara pusenTan. Semdeg dabrunda
safrangeTSi da gaxda akademiis prezidenti. is gavleniani figura iyo da lui XIV-is
kulturul politikas edga saTaveSi. is aseve xelmZRvanelobda samefo gobelenisa
da avejis manufaqturebs da a.S. mas aseve ekuTvnis versalis garkveuli nawilis,
asve vo-le-vikontis sasaxlisa da luvris erT-erTi darbazis moxatuloba. lebrenis
mniSvnelovan nawarmoebTa ricxvs miekuTvneba "lui XIV-is triumfi", aleqsandre
makedonelis istoriebis cikli, "Soba", avtoportreti, seria lui XIV-es portretebisa da
a.S.
klasicizmis epoqis kidev erTi mniSvnelivani warmomadgenelia anton
rafael

mengsi

(17728-1779).

is

warmoSobiT

germaneli

iyo,

Tumca

moRvaweobda safrangeTSic, italiaSic da espaneTSic. es aris adamiani, romelic

ukve goias epoqaSic ki mxatvrebis etalonad iTvleboda. is garkveuli xnis
ganmavlobaSi madridis akademiis prezidenti iyo. mengsi iyo vinkelmanis
megobari, da swored am periodSi iqmneba xelovnebTmcodneoba, rogorc
mecniereba. mas aqvs araCveulebrivi realisturi portretebi, bibliuri siuJetebi.
mengsis mxatvrobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia plastikuri modelirebis simkveTre. is
aseve kargi grafikosic iyo. misi mniSvnelovani namuSevrebia "parnasi", "Soba",
"papi klimenti", "vinkelmanis portreti" da a.S.
antikuri plastikis pativiscema yvelazd metad qandakebaSi igrZnoba.
klasicisturi skulpturis erT-erTi yvelaze avtoritetuli figuraa antonio kanova (17571822). is moRvaweobda XVIII saukuneSi da moeswro napoleonis epoqas. is iyo
napoleonis erT-erTi yvelaze sayvareli moqandake da misi dakveTiT bevri
SekveTa aqvs Sesrulebuli. miTologiaa erT-erTi misi wamyvani Tema - "fsiqe da
erosi", "sami gracia", "persevsi meduzas TaviT" da a.S. mas ekuTvnis
napoleonis qandakeba xelSi gamarjvebis qalRmerTi nikeTi, SiSveli figuris saxiT
7

warmodgenili. es skulptura TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor CixSia Sesuli

am periodis klasicisturi xelovneba.
kidev

erTi

moqandakea

bertel

Torvaldseni

(1770-1844),

danieli

warmoSobis, romelic bavariis mefis karze moRvaweobda. is iyo arqeologic da

ekuTvnis

eginis

taZris

frontonebis

rekonstruqcia.

is

ludvig

bavariels

daqiravebuli hyavda, rom eyida es skulpturebi da miunxenis muzeumSi swored

misi wyalobiT moxvda.
rac Seexeba frangebs, cnobili moqandakea fransua Jirardoni (1628-1715).
igi Tavis qmnilebebs romauli horeliefebis gavleniT akeTebs. "apoloni da
muzebi", kardinal riSelies samarxi.
saukeTeso klasicist moqandaked mainc Jan antuan gudoni (1741-1828)
iTvleba. is ZiriTadad qmnida biustebs. "benjamen franklini", "qalis portreti",
volterebi, "artemide", "gayinuli qali", "ruso", "mirabo" da a.S.
kidev erTia Jan batist pigali (1714-1785), romelic dekoratiuli skulpturis
ostatia. ZiriTadad Sadrevnis qandakebebs asrulebs. ZiriTadad dekoratiulskulpturuli ansamblebis avtoria.