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avTandil ZamaSvili

filosofia

`teqnikuri universiteti@

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

a. ZamaSvili

filosofia

damtkicebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier

Tbilisi
2009

winamdebare wignSi ganxilulia filosofiis principuli Temebi (filosofiis raobis Sesaxeb, ontologiuri, gnoseologiuri, aqsiologiuri, anTropologiuri,
kulturologiuri problemebi; sulierebis, sicocxlis,
sibrZnis, siyvarulis Sesaxeb).
gankuTvnilia saxelmZRvanelod umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebisaTvis.

redaqtori

filosofiis doqtori
profesori lali gvasalia

recenzentebi: filosofiis doqtori

profesori geronti SuSanaSvili
filosofiis doqtori
profesori tariel rexviaSvili

sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-287-1
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis
gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

Sinaarsi
redaqtoris winaTqma ------------------------------------- 8
avtorisagan ----------------------------------------------------- 11
Tavi I. filosofiis raobis Sesaxeb --------- 13

1. filosofiis wina periodi ----------------------------------- 1 3

2. termini `filosofia~ ------------------------------------------- 1 5
3. filosofiis sagani ------------------------------------------------ 17
4. filosofiuri dargebi ------------------------------------------- 24
5. filosofiis da kerZo mecnierebebis
genetikuri kavSiris Sesaxeb ------------------------------------ 26
6. filosofiisa da kerZo mecnierebebis
urTierTobis Sesaxeb ------------------------------------------------- 3 2
7. filosofiis zogadoba ------------------------------------------ 3 6
8. aris Tu ara filosofia mecniereba ------------------ 41
9. filosofiis msaxurad yofna -------------------------------- 48
10. filosofiis alternativoba
da disidentoba ----------------------------------------------------------- 52
11. filosofiis ZiriTadi funqciebi ---------------------- 57
12. filosofiis praqtikuli mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61

Tavi II. msoflmxedvelobis

raobis Sesaxeb ------------------------------------------------ 68
1.
2.
3.
4.

msoflmxedveloba --------------------------------------------------miTologiuri msoflmxedveloba -----------------------religiuri msoflmxedveloba -----------------------------filosofia da msoflmxedveloba -----------------------

68
71
76
81

Tavi III. ontologiuri problemebi --------- 85

1. ontologiis raoba ------------------------------------------------ 8 5
2. samyaro, rogorc arsebulisa da
ararsebulis mTlianoba -------------------------------------------- 87

3. samyaros droulobisa da
maradiulobis sakiTxi ----------------------------------------------- 91
4. samyaros arsebis sakiTxi ------------------------------------- 94
5. substanciis raobis sakiTxi -------------------------------- 97
6. materiis raobis sakiTxi ------------------------------------ 102
7. sivrce, dro, moZraoba ------------------------------------------- 105
8. materializmi da idealizmi filosofiaSi ---- 113
9. monizmi dualizmi da pluralizmi ------------------- 118

Tavi IV. dialeqtika ------------------------------------ 121

1. dialeqtikis raobis Sesaxeb ------------------------------- 121
2. moZraoba, ganviTareba, progresi ------------------------ 126
3. kanoni ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 128
4. ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zala,
meqanizmi da mimarTuleba --------------------------------------- 1 3 3
5. arseba da movlena ------------------------------------------------- 140
6. mizezi da Sedegi (kauzaloba) --------------------------- 143
7. erTeuli, zogadi, konkretuli ---------------------------- 150
8. aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba ------------------------ 156
9. forma da Sinaarsi ------------------------------------------------ 163
10. igiveoba da sxvaoba -------------------------------------------- 166

7. mocemadobis problema axali drois

materialistur empirizmSi ------------------------------------- 187
8. mocemadobis problemis
racionalisturi gadawyveta ----------------------------------- 189
9. Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problema
j. berklisa da d. hiumis filosofiaSi --------------- 193
10. Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problema
kantis filosofiaSi ------------------------------------------------ 196
11. Semecnebis SesaZlebloba
dialeqtikur materializmSi ---------------------------------- 200
12. Semecnebis subieqti da obieqti ---------------------- 202
13. Semecnebis safuZveli da safexurebi --------------- 205
14. WeSmaritebis sakiTxi ------------------------------------------ 209
15. WeSmaritebis kriteriumi ----------------------------------- 215
16. WeSmariteba, siswore, simarTle da sibrZne ---- 218
17. intuicia ---------------------------------------------------------------- 221
18. mecnieruli Semecnebis ZiriTadi meTodebi ----- 225

Tavi VI. cnobiereba da azrovneba ---------- 23 0

1. bunebis da adamianis kanonebis harmonizacia -- 174

2. gnoseologiis anu Semecnebis Teoriis raoba -- 175
3. Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problema ----------------- 176
4. skepticizmi, agnosticizmi
da SemecnebiTi optimizmi -------------------------------------- 179
5. socialur-RirebulebiTi faqtori
da Semecnebis SesaZlebloba ---------------------------------- 181
6. SemecnebaSi mocemadobis problema ------------------ 18 3

1. sulieri sinamdvile da
misi Semecnebis siZnele ------------------------------------------- 230
2. cnobiereba da adamiani --------------------------------------- 23 3
3. suli ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 236
4. goni -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 241
5. cnobiereba da TviTcnobiereba ------------------------- 244
6. cnobierebis ti pebi ---------------------------------------------- 251
7. aracnobieri ----------------------------------------------------------- 254
8. cnobiereba da ena ------------------------------------------------- 258
9. suliereba ---------------------------------------------------------------- 262
10. cnobiereba da azrovneba ----------------------------------- 266
11. cnobiereba da adamianis
grZnobad-emociuri cxovreba ---------------------------------- 271
12. azrovnebis ZiriTadi meTodebi ----------------------- 275

Tavi V. gnoseologiuri
problemebi filosofiaSi ------------------------- 17 4

Tavi VII. kulturis filosofia --------------- 281

Tavi X. siyvaruli ---------------------------------------- 387

1. ra aris kultura --------------------------------------------------- 281

2. buneba da kultura ----------------------------------------------- 289
3. kultura da adamiani -------------------------------------------- 293
4. kultura, rogorc RirebulebaTa sistema --------- 295
5. Tavisufleba, rogorc kulturis safuZveli ----- 301
6. kulturis subieqti ----------------------------------------------- 307
7. kulturis teleologiuroba ------------------------------- 308
8. kulturis saxeebi, formebi, ti pebi -------------------- 31 0
9. kulturis surogatebi ------------------------------------------ 31 9
10. kulturis sagnebis (artefaqtebis) Semecneba ---- 321
11. gageba (hermenevtika) ------------------------------------------ 324

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Tavi VIII. cxovrebis Sesaxeb --------------------- 3 29

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

cxovrebis raobis Sesaxeb ------------------------------------ 329

lev tolstoi cxovrebis raobis Sesaxeb -------- 329
dimitri uznaZe cxovrebis raobis Sesaxeb ----- 3 3 3
cxovreba rogorc kultura --------------------------------- 3 3 5
cxovreba rogorc umaRlesi mizani ------------------- 34 5
pirovnebis da misi cxovrebis identoba --------- 348

Tavi IX. sibrZnis Sesaxeb --------------------------- 355

1. sibrZne. sibrZne da cxovreba ----------------------------- 35 5
2. miTologiuri sibrZne ------------------------------------------ 357
3. religiuri sibrZne ------------------------------------------------ 358
4. sibrZne filosofiaSi ------------------------------------------- 361
5. sibrZnis praqtikuloba ---------------------------------------- 365
6. sibrZnis relatiuroba ----------------------------------------- 367
7. sibrZne da WeSmariteba ---------------------------------------- 369
8. sibrZne, Sefaseba, arCevani,
Tavisufleba, pasuxismgebloba --------------------------------- 376
9. sibrZne, SemoqmedebiToba, saqme, mizani ------------ 38 0
10. sibrZne da emociebi. sibrZnis gansazRvreba ---- 38 5

siyvaruli rogorc filosofiuri Tema ------------ 38 7

siyvarulis raobis Sesaxeb ---------------------------------- 38 8
siyvarulis klasifikacia ------------------------------------ 394
siyvaruli rogorc sicocxlis safuZveli ------- 398
siyvaruli rogorc cxovrebis safuZveli --------- 406

Tavi XI. adamiani ------------------------------------------ 41 6

1. adamiani rogorc filosofiuri problema ------ 416
2. adamianis Teologiuri,
sabunebismetyvelo-mecnieruli
da metafizikuri gageba ------------------------------------------- 417
3. normebi, romlebiTac unda ixelmZRvanelos
adamianis filosofiurma gagebam ---------------------------- 420
4. garemosadmi cxovelisa da adamianis
damokidebulebis gansxvaveba ---------------------------------- 421
5. adamiani rogorc jerarsuli arseba ----------------- 422
6. TviTcnobiereba rogorc adamianis
arsebiTi gansazRvruloba ---------------------------------------- 425
7. adamiani rogorc gzadmyofi arseba ------------------ 427
8. tyuili adamianis cxovrebaSi ----------------------------- 429
9. kultura (cxovreba), rogorc
adamianis arsebiTi niSnebis mTlianoba --------------- 430
10. bedi ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 432
11. adamianisa da cxovrebis calmxrivobis
Sesaxeb. iumori da Rimili ------------------------------------- 439
12. cxovrebaSi adamianTa
erTsulovnebis Taviseburebis Sesaxeb ------------------ 441
13. adamianis aqtivoba da mobiloba -------------------- 444
14. adamianis ZiriTadi funqciebi ------------------------- 445

redaqtoris winaTqma

Tqvens xelTaa profesor avTandil ZamaSvilis avtorobiT gamocemuli filosofiis saxelmZRvanelo bakalavriatisa da magistraturis safexurebis studentTaTvis.
me, rogorc am wignis redaqtori, uflebas vitoveb winaswar
ganvacxado, rom ara mxolod saxelmZRvanelos uSualo
adresatebs (filosofiuri azrovnebis samyaroSi karis SemReb
studentobas), aramed avtoris kolegebsa da nebismier mkiTxvelsac aucileblad daeufleba (aristoteles eniT rom vTqvaT) `Secnobis sixaruli~.
Cemi es gancxadeba visme zeaRmatebul xotbad rom ar
moeCvenos, Sevecdebi naTqvami argumentebiT davadasturo.
pirveli da umTavresi is gaxlavT, rom wignis avtorma,
tradiciuli Temebis axleburad gadawyvetis seriozuli mcdelobebiT, Tavi daaRwia gatkepnili gzis miyolas. es gamoixateba ara mxolod mkacri, diskursiuli azrovnebiT, aramed
samsjelod gamotanil filosofiur problemaTa originalobiT da mTlianad, wignis arqiteqtonikis TaviseburebebiT.
meore _ tradiciuli Tema, `ra aris filosofiis sagani?~ _ mimaCnia, rom wignSi aratradiciuli midgomiTaa gadawyvetili. avtoris mier miCneulia, rom filosofiis fiqrisa
da kvlevis sagania cxovreba. adamianisaTvis mTavari msoflmxedvelobriv-filosofiurad gadasawyveti sakiTxebia: ra
aris cxovreba? rogor cxovreba? risTvis cxovreba? ratom
cxovreba? ra gziT cxovreba? da sxva.
wignSi ganxilulia sagnebisa da movlenebis arsebobis
sxvadasxva forma da keTdeba daskvna _ cxovreba, rogorc
arsebobis gansakuTrebuli forma _ mxolod adamianis arsebobis wesia. am qveynad mxolod adamiani cxovrobs. cxovrebasa
da sicocxles Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis analizs, avtori
im daskvnamde mihyavs, rom maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa.
adamianSi sxeuli cocxlobs, xolo suli cxovrobs.
sicocxles ar SeuZlia gaiyvanos adamiani samyarosa da
me-s gareT. aseTi gasvlis gareSe ki adamiani ver iqceva namd-

vil adamianad, razec egzistencializmi amaxvilebs yuradRebas.

samyarosa da me-s gareT gasvlas, maTze amaRlebas moiTxovs
adamianis msoflmxedvelobriv-filosofiuri xedvis aucilebloba. es ki sulis (gonis _ der geist) funqciaa. adamiani amas
Tavisi cxovrebiT axorcielebs.
mesame _ wignSi Zalze sainteresod ganixileba adamianis fenomeni. motanilia adamianis ocdaaTamde gansazRvreba, istoriulad rom dagrovda. avtori Tvlis, rom yvela es
gansazRvreba mxolod elementebia adamianis erTi arsebiTi
da ganmsazRvreli niSnis. esaa cxovreba. adamiani mcxovrebi arsebaa. amitom cxovreba rogorc filosofiis sagani, _
gamWoli motivia a. ZamaSvilis wignis uklebliv yvela calkeuli TemisTvis.
meoTxe _ filosofiaSi cxovrebis Temis prioritetulobis bolomde SenarCunebis mizniT, avtors Semotanili aqvs
axali Temebi. esaa, pirvel rigSi, cxovrebis raobis Tema.
cxovrebas sWirdeba da aqvs kidec Tavisi masazrdoebeli da
warmmarTveli sulieri Zalebi. aseTad wignSi miCneulia ori
ram, _ siyvaruli da cnobiereba. xolo ramdenadac cnobierebis gamovlenis umaRlesi done sibrZnea, amdenad es ori fenomeni ase dajgufda _ siyvaruli da sibrZne.
cxovrebisaTvis adamians mravali `instrumenti~ gaaCnia. yvela maTgani Tavs iyris erTSi _ adamianis sibrZneSi (an
sibriyveSi), xolo sibrZnis sayrdeni fundamentia siyvaruli.
sadac siyvaruli araa, iq araferi keTdeba. netarma avgustinem
tyuilad ar Tqva `Tantum cognescituz, guantum scimus~, _ vimecnebT imdenad, ramdenadac gviyvars.
mexuTe _ avtors miaCnia, rom filosofiuri Tematikidan
filosofiis etimologiuri mniSvneloba (phileo _ miyvars, sophia
_ sibrZne) sruliad ganze gaswies da CrdilSi moaqcies.
sibrZnis adgili ZiriTadad WeSmaritebam daikava, xolo siyvarulisa _ cnobierebam. avtori, cxadia, WeSmaritebisa da
cnobierebis filosofiisaTvis zedmetobis azrisgan Sorsaa,
magram is Seecada moexdina filosofiis, rogorc sibrZnis
siyvarulis reanimacia da misTvis filosofiuri JReradoba

daebrunebina. avtori saintereso analizs ukeTebs WeSmaritebisa da sibrZnis urTierTobas; rom WeSmaritebas adamiani
Seyavs ualternativo aucileblobis sferoSi, xolo sibrZnes
_ alternatiuli Tavisuflebis sferoSi. da rac mTavaria,
cxovreba (Tavis mxriv) igivea, rac kultura.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, agreTve
filosofiis saxelmZRvanelos avtoris (ufro zustad _ Semoqmedis) rkinis logikas adevnebul mkiTxvels Zalian gauWirdeba
uaris Tqma im erTaderT daskvnaze, rom `filosofia siRrmiseulad da arsebiTad kulturis filosofiaa~ (a. ZamaSvili).
da bolos, gamogitydebiT, rac yvelaze ufro mxiblavs
Rrmad pativsacemi kolegis SemoqmedebaSi, is gaxlavT, rom
azrovnebis samyaroSi Sesvlis mosurne studentebs igi meTodurad, nabij-nabij, TandaTanobiT (da ara erTbaSad!) `urTulebs~
problemebis kvlevis amocanis gadaWras da Tavdajerebuli
miuZRveba im erTaderTi daskvnisaken, rac maT damoukideblad
unda gaakeTon, sxva gzas `moZRvari~ `dasamoZRvrebs~ ar utovebs.
amitomac, baton a. ZamaSvilis `filosofia~ TeTri SuriT
aRZvris obieqti namdvilad gaxlavT, ramdenadac studentebisTvis `daReWili lukmis~ gadasaylapad miwodeba ki ara, _
mowodebaa saazrovnod.
filosofiis doqtori,
profesori lali gvasalia

10

avtorisagan
Tanamedrove Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis dauSvebelia isazrdoos ualternativo filosofiiT, romlis pirobebSi, mravali
filosofiuri mimarTulebidan romelime erTs eniWeba mecnierulobis maRali wodeba, xolo yvela danarCeni antimecnierulad cxaddeba. amasTanave, filosofia aris epoqis mamxilebeli sulieri Zala, rac mis Tavisebur disidentur bunebaze
miuTiTebs. aqedan gamomdinare, warmodgenili wigni daiwera
filosofiis alternatiulobis da disidentobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
wignSi Setanilia rogorc mravali uZvelesi tradiciuli, ise axali aratradiciuli Temebi. magram mizani iyo
yvela isini gaazrebuli da gaSuqebuli yofiliyo axleburi
midgomebiTa da gadawyvetilebebiT.
wignis mizania filosofia metad daukavSiros cxovrebas. amitom filosofiis Ziebis ZiriTad sagnad adamianis
cxovreba CaiTvala. igi wignis mTlianobis Semkvreli Temaa.
yvela sxva problemebi misadmi daqvemdebarebul Temebad aris
warmodgenili. adamiani rac ufro met da mravalnair codnas
flobs, miT ufro Zlieria. magram, sabolood, yvela es codna
cxovrebas ukavSirdeba da mis instrumentad iqceva. risTvis
nebismieri codna? _ cxovrebisaTvis! magram am codnebis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia da uazro gaxdeba, Tu ar viciT is, risTvis
gvinda igi. Tu ar viciT, ra aris cxovreba. adamianisaTvis
yvela codnas Soris mTavaria cxovrebis codna. filosofiuri fiqrebi da ganazrebani swored mas dastrialebs Tavs.
cxovreba arsebiTad sulieri movlenaa. adamiani cxovrobs imdenad, ramdenadac mas aqvs movlenebis gaazrebis da
gancdebis unari. cxovrebis mTlianobaze azrovneba SeuZlebelia ise, Tu ar SevexebiT mis mTavar sulier Zalebs, sibrZnes da siyvaruls. cxovrebis maregulirebeli sulieri
Zalebia cnobiereba da emociebi. cnobierebis aqtivoba umaRles
dones sibrZneSi aRwevs, xolo gancdebisa da emociebis mozRvavebis siZliere siyvarulSi vlindeba. amitom wignis mizania

11

sibrZne da siyvaruli, rac dafiqsirebulia filosofiis etimologiaSi da rac didi xania daviwyebas mieca, Tavis kanonier
uflebebSi aRdges. Sedegad am Temebs wignSi specialuri Tavebi
mieZRvna. xazgasmulia imazec, rom sibrZnisa da siyvarulis
gamovlenis formebia iumori da Rimili, rac xalisiani cxovrebisaTvis adamianis mudmiv Tanmdev normad cxaddeba.
rac Seexeba wignis popularobas. saxelmZRvanelos
yovelTvis sWirdeba gadmocemis iseTi forma, rac studentisaTvis daZlevadi iqneba. igulisxmeba, rom wignSi es done
SenarCunebulia. magram wignSi angariSia gaweuli im aucilebel normazec, romelic moiTxovs teqstis gamartivebam Tavisi
dasaSvebi zRvari ar gadalaxos da amiT gayalbebaSi ar gadavides. didaqtikuri TvalsazrisiTac gaumarTlebelia studentebi ar davtovoT garkveuli Teoriul-problemuri siZneleebis winaSe da ar mivandoT TavisiT SeeWidon da gadawyviton
isini. studenti siZneleebis daZlevaSi izrdeba.
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
filosofiis doqtori, profesori
avTandil ZamaSvili

12

Tavi I. filosofiis raobis Sesaxeb

1. filosofiis wina periodi. filosofia, Tavisi

klasikuri formiT, warmoiSva Zv.w.aRricxvis meSvide saukunis
meore naxevarSi. ibadeba kiTxva, _ ra iyo manamde? filosofia
cariel adgilze gaCnda, Tu raRacnairi saxiT, filosofiur
azrovnebas manamdec hqonda adgili? erTi ram cxadia, filosofiis warmoSoba pirdapir ar unda davukavSiroT termin
`filosofiis~ gaCenas. rogorc wesi, movlenebi gacilebiT
adre Cndeba, vidre maT saxelebs miakuTvneben. kidev ufro
gvian xdeba maTi cnebebSi gamoxatva. filosofias aqvs Tavisi
Sinaarsi da forma. mis SinaarsSi igulisxmeba is sakiTxebi,
problemebi, Temebi, ris garSemoc trialebs filosofiuri
azrovneba da uromlisodac filosofia aRar iqneboda filosofia. filosofiis formaSi igulisxmeba aRniSnuli Sinaarsis
garkveuli saSualebebiT da wesiT gaformeba. amitom, iyo Tu
ara Talesamde (Talesi klasikuri filosofiis damwyebad
aris miCneuli) filosofiuri azrovneba, es sakiTxi misi Sinaarsisa da formidan gamosvliT unda gadawydes. Tu aRniSnul sakiTxs mivudgebiT Sinaarsis poziciidan, filosofiuri
azrovneba unda dawyebuliyo adamianis moazrovne arsebad
gaformebis momentidan. aqve unda iTqvas, rom filosofiuri
azrovneba adamianisaTvis savaldebulo iqneba mTeli misi
arsebobis manZilze.
adamianis adamianad Camoyalibeba mis mier sakuTari me-s
gacnobierebiT iwyeba. me-s gacnobiereba TviTcnobierebis amoqmedebiT moxda. adamianis TviTcnobiereba misi filosofiuri
moRvaweobis safuZvelia. adamiani im dRidan iTvleba adamianad, roca Tavisuflebis raRac done ukve aqvs mopovebuli.
misi Tavisufleba misi azrovnebis Tavisuflebaa. azrovnebis
Tavisuflebas filosofias uwodeben (hegeli). cxoveluridan
adamianur yofierebaze gadasvla niSnavda sicocxlis cxovrebis saxiT gaformebas. cxovrebis dawyebas adamianis winaSe
imTaviTve unda daesva me da ara me-s mTlianobaSi gaazrebis
moTxovna. esec adamianis winaSe filosofiurad azrovnebis

13

moTxovnis wayenebaa. yovelive es imaze miuTiTebs, rom adamians, Sinaarsis mixedviT, Tavidanve unda daewyo filosofiur
sakiTxebze fiqri da masze pasuxebis Zieba. cxadia, igi Tavidanve
ver daiwyebda platonis, an kantis doneze, magram mainc, raRacnairad unda daewyo.
ras fiqroben amis Taobaze mkvlevarebi? maTi nawili
uaryofs Talesamde filosofiis saerTod arsebobas; nawili
mkvlevarebisa, amis SesaZleblobas ar gamoricxavs. a. boWoriSvili aRiarebs Talesamde filosofiis arsebobas da mas `stiqiur filosofias~ uwodebs. T. buaCiZe mas `filosofiis winare
filosofiad~ Tvlis. i. brukeri wers xuTtomian naSroms _
`filosofiis kritikuli istoria samyaros Seqmnidan Cven
dromde~; p. radini _ `pirvelyofili adamiani, rogorc filosofosi~ da sxv. is, rasac yvela aRiarebs, esaa adamianTan msoflmxedvelobis mudmivi Tanxleba. e.i. msoflmxedveloba Cndeba adamianis gaCenasTan erTad. aseT SemTxvevaSi ra urTierTobaa filosofiasa da msoflmxedvelobas Soris? maT Soris
aris rogorc didi sxvaoba, aseve mravali igiveobrivi momentic. wminda saxis msoflmxedveloba mxolod abstraqciaSia.
realurad mas yovelTvis erTvis garkveuli zedsarTavi saxeli, ris Sedegadac vRebulobT msoflmxedvelobis sxvadasxva
ti pebs: _ miTologiuri msoflmxedveloba, religiuri msoflmxedveloba da mecnieruli msoflmxedveloba. samivesaTvis
saerToa termini `msoflmxedveloba~, rac msoflmxedvelobis
Sinaarsze miTiTebas warmoadgens. xolo terminebi `miTologiuri~, `religiuri~, `mecnieruli~ msoflmxedvelobis
konkretul formas niSnavs. msoflmxedvelobis Sinaarsobrivi
mxare aris is, rac filosofiis Sinaarsobriv mxares qmnis. e.i.
filosofia da msoflmxedveloba Sinaarsobrivad igiveobrivni arian. isini gansxvavdebian formis mixedviT: amiT vRebulobT, rom msoflmxedvelobis aRniSnuli sami ti pidan mecnieruli msoflmxedveloba igivea, rasac filosofias uwodeben. xolo Tu adamianis istoriis manZilze arsebul Sinaarsobrivad filosofiur azrovnebas gavyofT or etapad, miviRebT
mecnierebamdel da mecnierul etapebs. es etapebi iqnebian

Talesamde da Talesis Semdeg. Talesamdel etapze adamianebs

Tavidanve uCndebaT filosofiuri kiTxvebi da Sesabamisi pasuxebi, magram, am etapis filosofiuri azrovneba warimarTeba
aramecnieruli midgomebiTa da saSualebebiT. misTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo dogmaturoba da gulubryviloba. azrebi, Sexedulebebi, ZiriTadad yalibdebian gancdiT xedvebze dayrdnobiT. aseTi filosofia vlindeba miTosSi, religiaSi, zRaprebSi, legendebSi, TqmulebebSi, sadac uxvadaa fantastikis elementebi. aq problemurobis forma arafers aqvs. problemebi
maSin Cndeba, rodesac gaCenili Tvalsazrisebis kritikuli
gaazrebis da dasabuTebis moTxovnebi Cndeba. amis gamoa, rom
Talesamdeli etapebi mkvlevarebis nawilis mier saerTod
arc ganixileba filosofiis arsebobis raRac etapad. magram,
sakiTxis aseTi gadawyveta aradamajerebelia. filosofiisaTvis
arsebiTia misi Sinaarsi, anu is sakiTxebi, rac adamians Talesamdec ainteresebda da Talesis Semdegac. Talesis Semdeg es
Sinaarsi kvlav gaSlilia literaturaSi, zRaprebSi, magram
ara kritikul-mecnieruli formiT, aramed mxatvruli saxeebis
meSveobiT. es imis uflebas ar iZleva, vuarvyoT maTSi filosofiis arseboba. Talesamdeli etapis aramecnieruloba sulac ar
akninebs mis Zalas da mniSvnelobas adamianisaTvis.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom moazrovne adamians Tavidanve
uCndeba msoflmxedvelobrivi kiTxvebi da Sesatyvisi pasuxebi. Sinaarsobrivad es is masalaa, rac qmnis filosofiis
Sinaarss. magram es Sinaarsi etapobrivad icvlis formebs. igi
gvevlineba miTologiis, religiis samosSi. ase movida azrovneba
Talesamde. Talesidan es Sinaarsi mecnierulobis formas
iZens da amiT filosofiis Sinaarsi mecnierul samosSi exveva. am etapidan mas SinaarsiTac da formiTac sakuTriv filosofia ewodeba.

2. termini `filosofia~. filosofiur literaturaSi, gansakuTrebiT filosofiis saxelmZRvaneloebSi, termin

`filosofiis~ warmoSobis da misi etimologiuri mniSvnelo-

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bis Sesaxeb, rogorc wesi, miuTiTeben im garemoebaze, rom igi

aris orfuZiani kompoziti, Sedgenili berZnuli sityvebisagan
_ `fileo~ _ siyvaruli da `sofia~ _ sibrZne. vRebulobT, rom
`filosofia~ etimologiurad sibrZnis siyvaruls niSnavs, xolo
`filosofosi~ sibrZnis moyvaruls.
termin `filosofiis~ warmoSoba istoriulad ukavSirdeba antikuri berZnuli samyaros or udides moazrovnes, _
piTagoras da platons. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, Tavisi epoqis
moTxovnebis doneze udidesi ganswavlulobis mqone piTagoras sazogadoebaSi imdenad didi avtoriteti hqonia, rom mas
sicocxleSive brZeni uwodes. Tavad piTagora, ara misi mokrZalebulobis gamo, aramed ufro princi puli mosazrebiT, misi
brZenad gamocxadebis winaaRmdegi yofila. igi namdvil brZenad
mxolod RmerTs Tvlida. adamians ar SeuZlia da arc zneobrivi ufleba aqvs Tavi gautolos RmerTs da iwodebodes
brZenad. adamianisaTvis igi SesaZleblad Tvlis sibrZnis
moyvaruls, rogorc ufro mokrZalebul saxels. amitom kiTxvaze, _ vin aris Tavad igi? _ pasuxobda _ filosofosi anu
sibrZnis moyvaruli. am mniSvnelobiT termini `filosofia~,
mogvianebiT yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi da samecniero literaturaSi Semoitana da daamkvidra platonma.
`sibrZnis siyvarulSi~, rogorc sityvaTa kompleqsSi,
dominanturia sityva `siyvaruli~. `sibrZne~ ki siyvarulis
sagnadaa gamocxadebuli. amasTanave, antikuri periodidan moyolebuli, istoriulad filosofia Camoyalibda mecnieruli
azrovnebis gansakuTrebul formad. vRebulobT, rom sityvierad `filosofia~ sibrZnis siyvarulia, xolo Sinaarsobrivad
igi mecnieruli azrovnebis formaa _ garkveuli mecnierebaa.
magram isic cxadia, rom siyvaruli, aRebuli TavisTavad, ar
SeiZleba mecnierebad gamocxaddes. siyvaruli SeiZleba gaxdes
mecnierebis kvlevis obieqti, da aseTi ram keTdeba kidec,
magram TviTon siyvaruli mecniereba araa, Tundac igi sibrZnis siyvaruli iyos. mecniereba adamianis inteleqtualuri
azrovnebis moRvaweobaa, siyvaruli ki adamianis Sinagani grZnobis saxeoba. azrovneba da grZnoba sxvadasxva sferoebia. es

viTareba imaze miuTiTebs, rom termini `filosofia~ , rogorc

sibrZnis siyvaruli, filosofiis zust mecnierul gansazRvrebad
ki ar unda CaiTvalos, aramed mis iseT etimologiur formad,
raSic miTiTebaa filosofiis sagnis or arsebiT momentze, _
siyvarulsa da sibrZneze, anu, ar SeiZleba filosofiis gansazRvrebis dros davkmayofildeT mxolod imiT, rom igi sibrZnis siyvarulia.
meore mxriv, aq saWiroa garkveuli sifrTxile, raTa
meore ukidures calmxrivobaSi ar aRmovCndeT da amiT sibrZne da siyvaruli filosofiisagan mTlianad ar gamovTiSoT. saqme is aris, rom filosofiis terminis piTagoraseuli
gageba dResac inarCunebs arsebobis uflebas, ise rom raime
winaaRmdegobebs ar awydeba. maSin riTia ganpirobebuli is
garemoeba, rom antikuri periodidan dRemde, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi kacobriobam es termini ucvleli saxiT Semoinaxa,
masSi sibrZnec da siyvarulic xeluxleblad datova. amis
mizezi arc mxolod terminis etimologias unda mivaweroT
da arc mxolod tradiciis ZalaSi ar unda davinaxoT. arc is
unda vifiqroT, TiTqos terminis etimologiuri mniSvneloba
da filosofiis, rogorc mecnieruli azrovnebis formis realuri arsi erTimeorisagan princi pulad mowyvetilni da
dacilebulni arian. oRond, amisTvis saWiroa `sibrZnis siyvarulis~ ufro arsebiTi, siRrmiseuli ganxilva, anu, rogorc
siyvaruls, ise sibrZnes unda moeZebnos is arsebiTi da princi puli mniSvneloba, ris gamoc isini filosofiis aucilebel
momentebad warmosdgebian. es filosofiis sagnis ganxilvas
moiTxovs.

3. filosofiis sagani. filosofia, filosofiuri

problemebi, filosofiurad azrovneba da msjeloba mudam izidavda da dResac izidavs adamians. maSinac ki, Tu mas termini
`filosofia~ saerTod ar gaugia. adamiani komunikacia-dialogis maZiebeli arsebaa. igi eZebs komunikacia-dialogis
SesaZleblobas RmerTTan, bunebasTan, sazogadoebasTan, sxva

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adamianebTan; mas sWirdeba komunikacia-dialogi warsulTan,

momavalTan; mas sWirdeba dialogi sakuTar TavTan. diliT
amdgar adamians sWirdeba sarke, raTa masSi CaxedviT, sakuTari
Tavi dainaxos, moiwesrigos da ase mowesrigebuli gavides
gareT, sazogadoebaSi, samsaxurSi, quCaSi, xalxSi. esaa isev komunikacia-dialogisaTvis momzadeba. sarke adamians exmareba
misi garegnulobis mowesrigebaSi. magram adamianisaTvis ufro
mTavaria misi Sinagani, sulieri mxare. saWiroa zrunva misi
mowesrigebisaTvisac. misTvisac saWiroa Taviseburi sarke,
romliTac adamiani SesZlebs sakuTari sulis `danaxvas~ da
masSi wesrigis Setanas. garkveuli azriT, filosofia sulisaTvis aseTi sarkis funqcias tvirTulobs. ciceronis debuleba _ `filosofia aris adamianis sulis kultura~ amaze
miuTiTebs, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom kulturis arsebiTi gansazRvruloba adamianuri wesrigis ganxorcielebaa. komunikacia-dialogis procesSi adamiani umeteswilad misi Sinagani,
sulieri mxariT warmoCindeba. wesrigi, mowesrigeba ufro metad
sulier mxares sWirdeba. amitom adamianis sulisaTvis saWiroa
Taviseburi sarke, romelSic igi ukeT SesZlebs Tavisi sulieri
Sinagani samyaros danaxvas, danaxulis Sefasebas da Sefasebis
Sedegad masSi garkveuli koreqtivebis Setanas. komunikaciadialogis procesSi, adamianisaTvis dialogis meore mxares
myofi instanciebi warmoadgenen misTvis Tavisebur sarkeebs,
raSic airekleba adamianis Sinagani suli, misi fiqrebi, interesebi, saqmeebi, pozicia da amiT igi, survilisa da sakuTari
Tavisadmi kritikuli moTxovnilebebis pirobebSi, ukeT axerxebs sakuTari Tavis danaxva-Secnobas. ukeT axerxebs TviTSemecnebas. amasTanave igi cdilobs dialogis meore mxareSi
(mosaubreSi) gamoiwvios da amoikiTxos Tanadgomis, Tanamoazris pozicia da amiT sakuTari arseboba ganimtkicos. cnobilia, rom adamiani miT ufro myarad grZnobs sakuTar arsebobas, rac ufro meti Tanamoazre hyavs. xolo Tu mis pozicias
cotani an aravin iziarebs, pativs ar miageben, amiT igi umweod
da gariyulad grZnobs Tavs, rac masSi did tanjvas iwvevs.
namdvil adamianad yofnas didi Zalebi sWirdeba. aseT

Zalebs Soris erT-erTi mTavaria codna. rac meti icis adamianma, miT Zlieria. Tu unda, rom ufro Zlieri iyos, ufro meti
codna unda SeiZinos. adamianisaTvis saWiroa uamravi ramis
codna, magram misTvis yvelaze gamorCeuli da mniSvnelovani _
sakuTari Tavis codnaa. dRes, kiTxvaze _ aqvs Tu ara cxovels
cnobiereba, mecnierebs, mTel rig faqtebze dayrdnobiT, pasuxi
dadebiTi aqvT. magram razec mecnierebi ar daoben, es isaa, rom
mxolod adamians aqvs `me~-s gancda-gacnobiereba. es ki adamianSi TviTcnobierebis arsebobas niSnavs, romliTac adamiani
refleqsias axdens Tavis Tavze da Seswavlis sagnad sakuTar
Tavs, amiT, Tavis cxovrebas ixdis. adamianisaTvis TviTSemecneba upirvelesi moTxovnaa. delfiuri lozungic `Seican Tavi
Seni!~ _ amisken mouwodebs adamians. xolo TviTSemecnebis
imaze ukeTesi saSualeba adamians jer-jerobiT ar gamougonia,
vidre filosofiaa.
filosofiaSi yvelaferi problemaa. maT Soris TviT
sakvlevi sagnis sakiTxic. mecnierul ZiebaSi problemuroba
garkveuli siZneleebis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. amis erT-erTi
faqtoria filosofiaSi sakiTxebis calsaxad, erTi mniSvnelobiT gadawyvetis siZnele. kerZo mecnierebebSi sakvlevi sagnis
sakiTxi did winaaRmdegobebs ar awydeba. umetes SemTxvevaSi
maTSi miRweulia sagnis gaazrebis stabiluri gageba. faqtia,
rom kerZo mecnierebma, romlebic gacilebiT gvian Camoyalibdnen da arc Tu xangrZlivi istoria aqvT, naTlad gamokveTes
TavianTi sakvlevi sagani da am Temaze ar kamaToben. am mecnierebebSi xom `izmebi~ ZiriTadad ar arsebobs. sxva viTarebaa filosofiaSi. Tumca, es arc kerZo mecnierebis damsaxurebaa da arc filosofiis sisuste. amis mizezi TviT ama Tu im
mecnierebis daniSnulebasa da misi sakvlevi sagnis specifikurobaSia. filosofiaSi misi sakvlevi sagnis problema
mudam aqtualuri da mwvave sakiTxia. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mas periodulad ubrundebian, axleburad svamen da misi
gadawyvetis axlebur gzebs eZeben. amas ramdenime mizezi ganapirobebs. maTgan SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi: 1. filosofiaSi
misi nebismieri kerZo problemis gaazreba-gadawyveta arsebi-

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Tad aris dakavSirebuli misi sagnis sakiTxTan. filosofiaSi

uamravi sakiTxia da kvlav axali da axali Cndeba. yoveli
maTi gadawyvetis Ziebis dros saWiroa filosofiis sagnis
raobis gagebidan amosvla da maTi amis mixedviT gadawyveta.
mag. SeuZlebelia igive siyvarulis, sibrZnis, an cxovrebis
raobis filosofiuri gaazreba-gageba, Tu ar varT SeTanxmebulni filosofiis raobaSi (anu misi kvlevis saganSi).
2. filosofiis sagnis erTmniSvnelovnad gadawyvetas
kidev ufro arTulebs is garemoeba, rom filosofia Tavisufali azrovnebis sferoa, rac mis alternatiulobas iwvevs.
Tavisuflebisa da alternatiulobis gamo filosofia xasiaTdeba uamravi `izmebiT~ _ uamravi calkeuli filosofiuri
mimarTulebebiT, romlebic erTimeorisagan araTu gansxvavdebian, aramed radikalurad dapirispirebulnic arian. filosofiaSi `izmebis~ arseboba filosofiis sagnis da daniSnulebis gansxvavebul gadawyvetebTan aris dakavSirebuli. es viTareba kargia Tu cudi? imis gamo, rom filosofia azrovnebis
Tavisuflebaa, es Zalian kargia! swored aseT filosofiaSi
avlens adamiani Tavis Tavs. totalitarul reJimebSi filosofia aRaraa azrovnebis Tavisufleba. iq erTi `izmia~ daSvebuli, yvela sxva _ mkacrad akrZaluli. es pirovnebis Tavisuflebis marwuxebSi moqcevas iwvevs. Tavisufal garemoSi `izmebis~ arseboba araa akrZaluli, magram arc maTi Tanaarsebobaa
idiliuri. gansxvavebuli `izmebis~ arseboba iwvevs maT Soris
dapirispireba-brZolas, romliTac iqmneba Taviseburi filosofiuri `brZolis veli~, Taviseburi konkurencia. es brZola marTalia moqceulia zneobisa da samarTlianobis garkveul CarCoebSi, magram Tavisi daundoblobiT, sakmaod mkacria. am velze
warmoebs filosofiuri skolebisa da mimarTulebebis (izmebis) mier gamomuSavebuli sxvadasxva, xSirad radikalurad sapirispiro Tvalsazrisebis Sexla-Semoxla, Widili, kamaTi, Zieba. esaa inteleqtualur-msoflmxedvelobrivi Widili, romelic warimarTeba ara najaxiT an TofiT, aramed eWvebiT, kritikiT, argumentebiT, kontrargumentebiT, msjelobebiT, mtkicebauaryofiT, dasabuTebiT. es araa filosofosTa areuloba. piriqiT,

filosofosisaTvis es misi stiqiaa. filosofiis arseboba da

ganxorcieleba mxolod aseT garemoSia SesaZlebeli. tradiciulad, rogorc rkinis wrTobisaTvis cecxli da civi wyalia saWiro, ise filosofiuri azris wrTobisaTvis, `izmebs~
Soris aseTi Widilia saWiro. am WidilSi unda gaiaros yvela
filosofiurma Tvalsazrisma. Tu am Widils gauZlebs, igi
moi povebs cxovrebaSi damkvidrebis uflebas. aseTi gamocda
elis filosofiis sagnis problemis gadawyvetasac.
3. filosofiaSi sakiTxebis gadawyvetis problemurobis erT-erTi arsebiTi mizezi filosofiuri azrebis imgvari
Semowmebis (verificirebis) SeuZleblobaa, rogorsac adgili
aqvs kerZo mecnierebebSi. filosofiaSi mravali `izmebis~
arsebobac amiTaa gamowveuli. Tu am SemTxvevaSic davsvamT
kiTxvas _ es kargia Tu cudi? _ saboloo jamSi, pasuxi aqac
daaxloebiT igive unda iyos. garkveuli azriT, es kargia!
erTis mxriv, filosofiaSi iseTi kiTxvebis mimarT warmoebs
msjeloba, romlebzec miRebuli pasuxebis sandoobis Semowmeba marTlac Znelia, an sulac SeuZlebeli. magram adamianis
cxovrebaSi am kiTxvebs imdenad sasicocxlo mniSvneloba eniWeba,
rom jobia maT Sesaxeb viqonioT pasuxebi, romlebic naklebad
Semowmebulni arian, magram mainc raRac pasuxebs warmoadgenen,
vidre is, rom aseT kiTxvebs saerTod averidoT. cxovrebisaTvis mniSvnelovani kiTxvaa _ ras udris ors mimatebuli
ori. masze miRebuli pasuxis Semowmebac iolad xerxdeba.
filosofias ki ar SeuZlia yvelasaTvis erTnairad misaRebi
da bolomde Semowmebuli pasuxis gacema kiTxvaze: ra aris
cxovrebis arsi da raSi unda veZioT misi sazrisi. magram,
aSkaraa, rom aRniSnuli filosofiuri kiTxva adamianisaTvis
gacilebiT mniSvnelovania (cxadia Tu adamians adamianad yofna
surs). imdenad mniSvnelovani, rom am kiTxvis dasmas da masze
pasuxis Ziebas mudam gaagrZelebs. kerZo mecnierebebSi sasruli movlenebis Semecnebas aqvs adgili. filosofiaSi ki
amouwuravis amowurvis mcdelobaa. es iwvevs mis mier
dasmuli sakiTxebis problematurobas. magram ra iqneboda
adamianis mxridan aseT mcdelobaze xelis aReba. amaze pasux-

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isaTvis unda davfiqrdeT. ra iqneboda adamianis cxovreba, mas

rom yvelaferze Semowmebuli da sruliad dazustebuli pasuxebi hqonoda ise, rom mis winaSe saerTod ar arsebuliyo
araviTari saidumloeba, araviTari idumali sfero da masSi
SeRwevis dauokebeli ltolva, aRarc kamaTis, gansjis saWiroeba
da SesaZlebloba arsebuliyo?!
filosofiis sagnis sxvadasxvanairi gageba da masze
agebuli filosofiuri moZRvreba gansazRvravs ama Tu im
filosofiuri mimarTulebis (`izmis~) arsebobas.
sicocxlis filosofiaSi, rogorc erT garkveul
filosofiur mimarTulebaSi miCneulia, rom Zala, romelic
marTavs mTlian samyaros da maT Soris adamiansac _ sicocxlea. amitom filosofiis kvlevis sagnad swored sicocxlea
gamocxadebuli.
fenomenologiuri filosofia sagnebidan or mxares gamoyofs: arsebas da arsebobas. filosofiis kvlevis
sagania arsebebi, rogorc fenomenebi, arsebobis gareSe, misgan
`TavSekavebiT~, raTa arsebas mivwvdeT mis siwmindeSi, uZraobaSi, maradiulobaSi, rac yoveli arsebulis safuZvelia.
eqsistencializmSi filosofiis sagnad moiazreba
konkretuli adamianis yofierebis sakiTxi. adamianSi igi xedavs arsebobis or dones. erTia misi faqtiuri arseboba, Tavisi RirsebebiT da naklovanebiT, meorea `eqsistencia~, anu is,
rac unda iyos. esaa misi jerarsuli arseboba. eqsistenci
yvela adamianSi mocemulia SesaZleblobis saxiT. misi SesaZleblobis sinamdviled qceva TviTon mas ekisreba. Tavis
Tavi adamianad TviTon unda Seqmnas da TviTonve iyos Tavis
Tavze pasuxismgebeli.
dialeqtikuri materializmi filosofiis sagnad
acxadebs mTeli sinamdvilis, adamianis CaTvliT, arsebobis,
moZraobis da ganviTarebis uzogadesi princi pebisa da kanonebis kvlevas.
aqsiologiuri mimarTulebis filosofiam kvlevis
obieqtad gamoacxada sinamdvilis ara realuri movlenebi, aramed
e.w. irealuri sfero, romlis saerTo saxelwodebaa Rirebule-

bebi. Rirebulebebi iqceva kulturis filosofiisaTvisac

kvlevis mTavar Temad.
pozitivizmi, romelmac istoriulad ramdenime safexuri ganvlo, filosofiis sagnad kerZo mecnierebebis `meored
wakiTxvas~ acxadebs. anu filosofias avalebs kerZo mecnierebebSi miRebuli pozitiuri Sedegebis filosofiur analizs,
misi msoflmxedvelobriv mTlianobaSi Casmis mizniT.
pragmatizmi. es mimarTulebac arsebiTad enaTesaveba
pozitivizms, oRond misi Tavisebureba isaa, rom filosofiam
kerZo mecnierebebis Sedegebis ganxilva moaxdinos adamianisaTvis sargeblianobis TvalsazrisiT.
hegelis moZRvrebaSi filosofiis sagnad moiazreba
azrovneba. oRond ara adamianis azrovneba, an azrovneba romelime konkretul saganze, aramed wminda logikuri, ganyenebuli da absoluturi azrovneba, absoluturi sulis, absoluturi gonis saxiT, romlis gamovlenasac warmoadgens realuri
sinamdvile.
kantis naazrevSi filosofiuri Ziebis sagania aprioruli da transcendentaluri faqtorebis dadgena da adamianuri yofierebis ZiriTadi sferoebis masze dafuZnebiT gaazreba.
filosofiaSi adgili aqvs gnoseologiur mimarTulebebs, romlebic filosofiis sagnad codnis raobisa da SesaZleblobis problemas miiCneven.
ontologiuri mimarTulebis mqone filosofiuri
nakadebi filosofiis sagnad samyaros arsebis, misi sasrulobisa da usasrulobis, misi mTlianobis, misi drosa da sivrceSi arsebobis da substanciis problemis gadawyvetas miiCneven.
Zalian mokled warmodgenili filosofiuri mimarTulebebis mier filosofiis sagnis mocemuli Tvalsazrisebi ar
SeiZleba mTlianad mcdarad an naklovanebis armqoned gamovacxadoT. mivuTiTebT mxolod erT ZiriTad naklze da Rirsebaze. yvela is problema, rac warmodgenili filosofiuri
mimarTulebebisaTvis kvlevis sagnadaa qceuli, filosofii-

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saTvis savaldebuloa. yvela isini samyaros mTliani filosofiuri suraTis SeqmnisaTvis aucilebeli momentebia. magram yvela am mimarTulebaSi adgili aqvs Tavisebur calmxrivobas im
azriT, rom nawili mTelis adgils ikavebs, anu mTliani sinamdvilis, filosofiuri kvlevis mizniT, wina planzea wamoweuli romelime erTi problema, Tundac mniSvnelovani, ise, rom
filosofiis mTlian saqmianobas am erTi problemiT cvlis.
am situaciis daZleva unda moxdes imiT, rom filosofiis
sagnad gamoikveTos iseTi problema, romelic mTlian filosofiur daniSnulebas gadaswvdeba da sinamdviles mTlianobaSi
moicavs, anu yvela aRniSnuli problemis mTlianobis garanti
iqneba.
warmodgenil wignSi filosofiis kvlevis sagnad
gaazrebulia adamianis cxovreba. ara sicocxle, rogorc
es sicocxlis filosofiaSia, aramed cxovreba. cxovreba adamianis arsebobis wesia. adamianis cxovreba garegadamwvdomia
mTeli sinamdvilis mimarT, rogorc arsebulis, ise ararsebulis. adamiani cxovrobs mTlian samyaroSi, adamianis cxovreba
adamianisa da samyaros _ mesa da arames mTlianobaa. yvela
CamoTvlili problema ase Tu ise ukavSirdeba adamianis cxovrebas.
ra aris adamiani? ra aris misi cxovreba? ra aris
cxovrebis sazrisi? risTvis cxovreba? rogor cxovreba? da
sxva. ZiriTadad es kiTxvebi iqneba mocemul wignSi gansaxilveli TiTqmis yvela Temis amosavali punqti.

4. filosofiuri dargebi. mecniereba adamianis

Teoriuli moRvaweobaa. magram, adamiani am qveynad Teoretikosad ar dabadebula. igi aseTad gaxada misma praqtikulma
interesebma. icxovro, niSnavs gqondes sakuTari miznebi, interesebi, idealebi... da SegeZlos maTi realizacia. amisaTvis
saWiroa obieqturi miukerZoeblobiT jer Seqmna zusti gonebrivi suraTi im garemosi, sadac mogiwevs cxovreba, Semdeg
masTan sakuTari interesebis koordinaciis gziT gamoimuSavo

adekvaturi miznebi da Sesatyvisi samoqmedo programa. mecniereba gagebulia realuri sinamdvilis obieqtur gonebriv
suraTad. igi raRac miznis miRwevis saSualebas da sazrissac
am mizanTan kavSirSi iZens. umaRlesi mizani adamianis cxovrebaa. saWiroa miznisa da saSualebis gaerTianeba. e.i. saWiroa
gare sinamdvilisa da adamianis cxovrebis mTlianobaSi gaazreba. es saqme filosofias daevala. e.i. filosofia
arc calke aRebul bunebas Seiswavlis (es sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaTa saqmea), arc calke aRebul adamians (es humanitarul mecnierebaTa sferoa), filosofia Seiswavlis adamianisa da bunebis, anu me-sa da arame-s mTlianobas. am saqmeSi
filosofiis winaSe dgeba ramdenime kardinaluri sakiTxi.
TiToeuli maTganis gadawyvetis procesSi xdeba mosazrebaTa
mTeli sistemis Camoyalibeba, romlisganac yalibdeba filosofiis calkeuli dargebi. aseTi dargebia: 1. ontologia. misi
ZiriTadi Temaa samyaros raobis sakiTxi. ra aris Cems garSemo
arsebuli samyaro da ra Tavisebureba axasiaTebs mas; 2. moZRvreba
samyaros moZraoba-cvalebadobis Sesaxeb. aq adamianisaTvis
ZiriTadi kiTxvaa _ ra xdeba Cems garSemo? ra procesebs aqvs
adgili? 3. gnoseologia. igi agebulia codnis raobisa da
SesaZleblobis Temaze _ ramdenad adekvaturad meZleva sinamdvile codnaSi; 4. aqsiologia. aqsiologiuri xedviT adamiani cdilobs sinamdvile dainaxos Sefasebis poziciidan
da daadginos ra aris kargi da ra cudi; 5. filosofiuri
anTropologia. aq adamiani cdilobs sakuTari Tavis Semecnebas jerarsuli daniSnulebis poziciidan; 6. kulturis
filosofia (kulturologia). igi adgens, rogor xdeba gare
sinamdvilis gardaqmna-gaadamianureba da Sedegad adamianuri
samyaros Camoyalibeba. ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs aseT samyaros; 7. eTika, anu zneobrivi filosofia, romelic ikvlevs im
zneobriv normebs, rac ayalibebs adamianis zneobriv saxes; 8.
esTetika _ igi adamians da mis cxovrebas Seiswavlis mSvenierebisa da silamazis poziciidan; 9. cxovrebaSi adamianisaTvis zebunebrivi Zalebis rwmena uzenaesi Rirebulebaa.
misi kvleviTaa dakavebuli religiis filosofia.

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5. filosofiis da kerZo mecnierebebis genetikuri kavSiris Sesaxeb. filosofiis gverdiT arsebobs

mravali kerZo mecniereba. amitom filosofiisa da kerZo mecnierebebis urTierTobebis erT-erTi Temaa maT Soris genetikuri kavSiris sakiTxi. warmoSobiT, ukavSirdebian Tu ara
isini erTimeores, Tu maT damoukidebeli warmoSoba gaaCniaT?
Tu davaskvniT, rom isini erTimeoresTan genetikur kavSirSi
arian, maSin romeli romlisagan iRebs saTaves. am kiTxvaze
pasuxis sami varianti ikveTeba: 1. kerZo mecnierebebi iReben
saTaves filosofiisagan; 2. piriqiT, filosofia aRmocenda
kerZo mecnierebebidan; 3. orive maTgans erTimeorisagan
damoukidebeli warmoSoba aqvT. ganvixiloT TiToeuli varianti.
TiTqmis mTeli meoce saukunis manZilze, germaneli
filosofosis v. vindelbandis gavleniT, gansakuTrebiT komunisturi ideologiis sivrceSi, damkvidrebuli iyo aRniSnuli
sakiTxis gadawyvetis pirveli varianti. TviTon v. vindelbandidan momdinare es Tvalsazrisi ZiriTadad aseTia. Tavdapirvelad, Zv. w. aRricxvis saberZneTSi warmoiSva mecnierebis
erTi dargi, romelic aerTianebda yovelgvari kerZo mecnieruli codnis elementebs da amiT iyo erTi mecniereba. mas
filosofia daerqva. amiT termini `filosofia~ ara romelime
konkretuli codnis, aramed igi yovelgvari codnis mTlianobis aRmniSvnelia. vRebulobT, rom kerZo mecnierebebi calke
ki ar arseboben, aramed filosofiis wiaRSi embrionul mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. isini iq nel-nela viTardebian, mdidrdebian, Rrmavdebian da Zlierdebian. filosofiis siRrmeSi maT
aseT moZraoba-ganviTarebas dasWirda saukuneebi. bolos, axali drois epoqaSi, maTma ganviTarebam miaRwia im dones, roca
maT filosofiis wiaRSi yofniT ganviTarebis meti gasaqani
aRar aqvT da amiT iwyeba kerZo mecnierebebis filosofiidan
gamoyofa. am periodamde filosofiis saxiT arsebobda mxolod erTi mecniereba. mTeli sinamdvile misi kvlevis sagani iyo. kerZo mecnierebebis filosofiidan gamoyofam gamoiwvia mravali mecnierebis arsebobis gaCena. iwyeba erTaderTi

samyaros mraval mecnierebebs Soris sakvlev obieqtebad danawileba. Sedegad miviReT, rom filosofia aRmoCnda mefe liris
mdgomareobaSi (es Sedarebac vindelbandisaa) anu, rogorc
lirma Tavis qaliSvilebs ise gaunawila mTeli Tavisi samflobelo, rom TavisTvis aRaraferi darCa, aseve kerZo mecnierebebma ise dainawiles erTiani samyaro sakvlev obieqtebad, rom realuri sinamdvilidan filosofias aRaraferi dautoves. ase aRmoCnda filosofia Tavisebur, miusafar mdgomareobaSi.
filosofiisa da kerZo mecnierebaTa urTierTobebis
aseTi gadawyveta mecnierulad sruliad aradamajerebelia.
aradamajerebelia imis mtkiceba, TiTqos istoriulad sul
pirvelad gaCnda filosofia da mxolod Semdeg kerZo mecnierebebi. nebismieri mecniereba adamianis interesebTanaa
dakavSirebuli. Znelia vifiqroT, TiTqos antikur berZnul
samyaroSi, Tavidan adamianebs sul ar ainteresebdaT kerZo
mecnieruli problemebi, amitom am saqmes jer xels ar kidebdnen. samagierod Zalian iyvnen dainteresebulni wminda
filosofiuri TemebiT. gamodis, rom maSin roca ukve arsebobda miwaze sakuTreba, Turme adamianebs ar ainteresebdaT miwis
azomvis sakiTxi, romelic geometriis codnas moiTxovs, e.i.
geometria ar ainteresebdaT. samagierod ainteresebdaT, vTqvaT, iseTi filosofiuri sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa: samyaros
mTlianobis, misi sasrulobisa da usasrulobis, misi pirvelsawyisis (substanciis), adamianis adgilis am samyaroSi da
sxva. sakiTxis aseT gadawyvetas xSirad amarTleben imiT, rom,
cxadia im epoqis adamianebs sasicocxlod ainteresebdaT (albaT pirvel rigSi) pasuxebi im kiTxvebze, romlebic ismeba da
wydeba kerZo mecnierebebSi, magram amasTan dakavSirebiT, mniSvnelovani faqtori aRmoCnda istoriuli momenti. esaa istoriuli etapi, roca adamianuri azrovneba gamodis miTologiuri
formidan da iZens kritikul mecnierul saxes. amitom kerZo
mecnierebebis embrionul mdgomareobaSi yofnis gamo jer SeuZlebeli iyo maTi calke, damoukideblad arseboba. amis saSualebas ar iZleoda, rogorc mecnieruli saazrovno masalis,

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ise adamianuri sulieri da teqnikuri resursebis simwire.

amasTanave, winapari Taobebis mier dagrovili codnis saerTo
maragi imdenad mwiri iyo, rom azri ar hqonda kidev ufro
mcire nawilebad daqucmacebuliyo calkeul kerZo mecnierebaTaTvis. Tanac, adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba sruliad
sakmarisi iyo, raTa erT adamians (mecniers) yvela dagrovili
codnis Seswavla-aTviseba moeswro. Semdeg ki axali mecnieruli Ziebebi ganexorcielebina. ase gaCnda imdroindeli
moazrovneebis Taviseburi `yovlismcodneoba~. maT icodnen
TiTqmis yvelaferi, rac im droisaTvis icoda saerTod kacobriobam. yovlismcodneoba ar niSnavs yovlisSemZleobas. es
ukanaskneli absoluturi da srulyofili codnis sawindaria. igi araa adamianuri unari. igi mxolod RmerTis unaria.
yovlismcodneoba ki imdenad codnis sibevreze, siRrmeze da
srulyofilebaze ki ar miuTiTebs, ramdenadac, piriqiT _ codnis simwiresa da arasrulyofilebaze. antikuri periodidan
TiTqmis meTvramete saukunemde kacobriobis sulieri atmosfero rogorRac gulisxmobs yovlismcodneobas da yovlismcodneebs. maT xSirad enciklopedistebsac uwodeben. igulisxmeba ara mxolod isini, vinc uSualod enciklopediebs werdnen.
meTvramete saukunis Semdeg kacobriobis xelSi imdeni
codna dagrovda, rom ukve SeuZlebeli iyo erT sicocxleSi
yvela misi Seswavla _ aTvisebis moswreba. aseve SeuZlebeli
aRmoCnda kacobriobis mier dagrovil codnis maragTan erTi
adamianis SeWideba, raoden maRali donis inteleqtualuri da
nebelobiTi resursebic unda hqondes mas. Seiqmna aucilebloba adamians xeli aeRo yovlismcodneobaze da enciklopediurobaze. CaiTvala, rom amis pretenzia mxolod Tavxeduri
siTamamea, magram roca msjeloba exeba antikur berZnul samyaros, aq vindelbandiseuli Tvalsazrisi pirdapir miuTiTebs
filosofiis yovlismcodneobaze da enciklopediurobaze. rac
arasworad unda CaiTvalos. jer erTi, imitom, rom Tu realurad arsebulad mxolod filosofias warmovidgenT, xolo
kerZo mecnierebebis imave filosofiis wiaRSi arsebulad da
yvelafer amis mTlianobas davarqmevT sakuTriv filosofias,

es daemsgavseba imas, erT binaSi rom ramdenime ojaxi Seasaxlon da yvelas erTad mainc erTi ojaxi daerqvas. Tu filosofia
Tavis TavSi moicavs kerZo mecnierebebs, gamodis rom igi
mainc ar yofila erTi mecniereba. filosofiis erTaderToba
unda niSnavdes mis iseT arsebobas, roca sxva mecniereba ar
arsebobs. da Tu es sxva mecnierebebi mainc arseboben, aRar
aqvs mniSvneloba isini arseboben TviT filosofiaSi Tu
filosofiis gareT. mecnierebaTa simravlesTan gvqonia saqme
da ara filosofiis erTaderTobasTan. meorec, romc davuSvaT,
kerZo mecnierebebis filosofiis wiaRSi arseboba, es aranairad ar unda niSnavdes maT filosofiad gamocxadebas. mecnierebis raobas misi kvlevis sagani da xerxebi gansazRvraven
da ara is, Tu sad aris igi ganTavsebuli. ar SeiZleba fizika,
Tu igi filosofiis wiaRSia, filosofiad gamovacxadoT, xolo
Tu igi gamoeyofa filosofias, mxolod maSin iqceva fizikad.
fizika yovelTvis da yvelgan fizikaa.
filosofiisa da kerZo mecnierebebis urTierTobis
gadawyvetis meore varianti, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos ufro
logikurad gamoiyureba. am variantis mixedviT, piriqiT, filosofia poulobs saTaves da sayrdens kerZo mecnierebebSi. es
varianti umjobesia imiT, rom masSi ukve gamoiricxeba mecnieruli azrovnebis saTaveSi filosofiis pirveloba da erTaderToba. logikurad igi imiTacaa ukeTesi, rom igi filosofiis refleqsur bunebas eyrdnoba. filosofiis erT-erTi
gamokveTili da tradiciuli dargia gnoseologia, anu, moZRvreba
mecnieruli Semecnebis da codnis raobisa da SesaZleblobis
Sesaxeb. gnoseologia gaCnda ara filosofiis ganviTarebis
romelime gviandel etapze, aramed dRidan saerTod filosofiis
gaCenisa. filosofia refleqsuri azrovnebis formaa. refleqsuria gnoseologiac. igi eZebs codnas codnis Sesaxeb. codnis Sesaxeb filosofiuri codna rom daadginos, mas saazrovno
masalad winaswar raRac mecnieruli codna unda hqondes
mocemuli. anu mas raRacnairad win unda uswrebdes konkretuli mecnierebebis mier mopovebuli codna. es logikuri
moTxovna, safuZvel-Sedegis princi piT, kerZo mecnierebebs

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filosofiaze win ayenebs. magram es mainc imas ar niSnavs

TiTqos filosofia kerZo mecnierebebis wiaRidan ibadebodes,
anu, genetikurad maTTan iyos mibmuli. kerZo mecnierebebidan
rom vcadoT filosofiis warmoSoba, amiT an kerZo mecniereba
unda iqces filosofiad, an filosofia kerZo mecnierebad. es
ki dauSvebelia. kerZo mecnierebebis wiaRSi filosofiis dabadeba niSnavs imas, rom iq daisva da wydeba filosofiuri
sakiTxebi. es imis maCvenebeli iqneba, rom kerZo mecniereba
imiT araa dakavebuli, ra saqmianobac misi pirdapiri movaleobaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi igi an unda daubrundes Tavis pirdapir
movaleobas da awarmoos swored kerZo mecnieruli kvleva, an
unda gadaiqces filosofiad. misi mxridan ori saqmis keTeba
or gansxvavebul mecnierebad arseboba iqneba, rac darRvevaa
mecnierebisaTvis savaldebulo princi pis: erTi mecniereba _
erTi sakvlevi sagani. xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebasac, rom
kerZo mecnierebebi mravalia. Tu filosofia kerZo mecnierebebis wiaRSi Cndeba, maSin sakiTxavia, kerZod romelSi? ratom
romelime erTSi da ara meoreSi? iqneb cal-calke yvelasagan
iRebs saTaves? am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi unda migveRo
filosofiebis simravle. magram filosofiac iseve erTia,
rogorc mag. fizika, maTematika, astronomia da sxva. msgavsi
situacia badebs iseT kiTxvebs, romelzec faqtebiTa da logikiT gamarTlebuli pasuxis gacema SeuZlebeli xdeba.
pirveli ori variantis ukugdebis Semdeg erTaderTi
misaRebi variantia filosofiisa da kerZo mecnierebebis iseTi urTierToba, roca sawyis etapze gamoiricxeba romelime
maTganis pirveloba da erTaderToba. amiT gamoiricxeba warmoSobis TvalsazrisiT maT Soris genetikuri kavSiri. amas
adasturebs istoriuli faqtebic. Zv. w. aRricxvis saberZneTSi adgili hqonda rogorc calke kerZo mecnierul kvlevas,
mag. iseTi mkvlevarebis moRvaweobiT, rogorebic iyvnen arqimede, evklide, hi pokrate da sxvani, aseve adgili hqonda wminda filosofiur kvlevebsac mag. parmenides, heraklites, platonis da sxvebis moRvaweobiT. adgili hqonda iseTi moazrovneebis moRvaweobasac, romlebic awarmoebdnen kvlevas rogorc

filosofiaSi, paralelurad aseve kerZo mecnierebaSi: Talesi,

piTagora, aristotele. TviT aristoteles mier ganxorcielebuli mecnierebaTa klasifikacia SeuZlebeli iqneboda kerZo
mecnierebebis damoukideblad arsebobis gareSe. xolo is, rom
rogorc warsulSi, ise xSirad Tanamedrove pirobebSic termin `filosofias~ iyeneben ara misi specifikurobis datvirTviT,
aramed zogadad codnis krebiTobis azriT, es dasaSvebad CaiTvala mxolod maSin, roca mecnieruli sizustis aucilebloba araa. aseTi sizustis pirobebSi ki `filosofia~ ar SeiZleba iyos yvelanairi codnis krebsiTi saxeli. sxva SemTxvevaSi filosofia dakargavda Tavis specifikurobas, anu Tavis
namdvil saxes.
arseboben iseTi faqtebi, romlebic ar adastureben
aRniSnuli pirveli da meore variantebis siswores da
amasTanave ar upirispirdebian mesame variantis namdvilobas.
cnobilia iseTi kerZo mecnierebebi (fsiqologia, formaluri
logika, sociologia), romlebic marTla filosofiis wiaRidan iReben saTaves. magram sanam isini filosofiaSi viTardebodnen, Sinaarsobrivad swored filosofiis nawilad,
anu filosofiebad ganixilebodnen. aris iseTi dargebic
(eTika, esTetika, aqsiologia, gnoseologia, ontologia), romlebic filosofiaSi viTardebodnen da mudam filosofiis
nawilebad rCebian. iseTi dargebi, rogorebicaa bunebismecnierebis filosofia, teqnikis filosofia, kibernetikis filosofia, samarTlis filosofia, religiis filosofia, kulturis
filosofia da sxv. Sesatyvis kerZo mecnierebaze dayrdnobiT warmoiSvnen. im momentSi isini swored mocemuli kerZo
mecnierebis Semadgenel nawilad ganixilebodnen. magram
rodesac maT gamokveTili filosofiuri mimarTuleba miiRes,
ukve erTiani filosofiuri azrovnebis SinaarsSi moeqcnen.
aris iseTi kerZo mecnierebebi, romlebic filosofiamde da
filosofiisagan sruliad damoukideblad Camoyalibdnen (maTematika, astronomia, meqanika, medicina da sxva). xolo im kerZo
mecnierebaTa ricxvs, romlebic filosofiisagan damoukideblad saukuneebis Semdeg warmoiSvnen da damoukidebladve

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ganagrZnoben arsebobas, miekuTvnebian: kibernetika, eleqtronika, informatika da sxva.

6. filosofiisa da kerZo mecnierebebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb. filosofiuri Ziebis sagani adamianis,

misi cxovrebis raobis da sazrisis problemaa. igi cxovrobs
im erTaderT samyaroSi (universumSi), sadac Tavmoyrilia da
masTan erTad arseboben is sagnebi da movlenebi, romelTa
erToblioba qmnis adamianis samoqmedo garemosa da asparezs.
cxovrebaSi warmatebis mizniT adamiani valdebulia mecnierulad Seiswavlos es garemo. am mizniT, istoriulad, misi
winsvlis Sesatyvisad, sxvadasxva etapze igi qmnis sxvadasxva
mecnierebas. Cndeba mecnierebaTa simravle, rac iwvevs sxvadasxva niSniT maT dayofa-dajgufebas. erTimeorisagan asxvaveben sabunebismetyvelo da humanitarul, fundamentur da gamoyenebiT, zogad da konkretul mecnierebebs. filosofia ganixileba rogorc azrovnebis fundamenturi, humanitaruli, zogadi dargi.
mecnierebaTa simravle maT Soris urTierTobis maregulirebeli princi pebis arsebobas moiTxovs, romlis meSveobiTac moxdeba samyaros, rogorc erTis, sxvadasxva mecnierebebs Soris, sakvlev obieqtebad dayofa-danawileba. erT-erTi
aseTi fundamenturi princi pia: _ erTi mecniereba _ erTi
sakvlevi sagani. es niSnavs, yovel calkeul mecnierebas misTvis kuTvnili erTi sakvlevi sagani aqvs. anu ar SeiZleba
mecniereba erTi iyos da paralelurad or an ramdenime sagans
ikvlevdes. aseT SemTxvevaSi igi or an ramdenime mecnierebad
CaiTvleba. arc is SeiZleba, rom sakvlevi sagani erTi iyos da
mas erTi da imave niSniT, erTi da imave aspeqtiTYori an
ramdenime mecniereba Seiswavlides. aseT SemTxvevaSi saqme
gveqneba ara or an ramdenime mecnierebasTan, aramed erTTan.
yovel calkeul mecnierebas erTi konkretuli saxeli aqvs da
mis erT saxels misi erTi sakvlevi sagani gansazRvravs. cxadia, TiToeul mecnierebaSi uamravi konkretuli sakiTxis da

problemis kvleva warmoebs, magram es ar arRvevs aRniSnul

princi ps, vinaidan yvela es sakiTxi Tu problema emsaxureba
im erTi sakvlevi sagnis Seswavlas. es princi pi ar upirispirdeba arc im viTarebas, roca erTi mecnierebis SigniT
xdeba calkeuli dargebis Camoyalibeba. mag. fizika erTi
mecnierebaa, magram mis SigniT sakmaod mravali (myari sxeulebis fizika, birTvuli fizika, maRali da dabali temperaturebis fizika da sxva) dargebi funqcioben. aqac im SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme, roca mecnierebis SigniT arsebuli calkeuli dargebi mTliani mecnierebis, mis im erTi sakvlevi sagnis
siRrmiseul da yovelmxriv Seswavlas emsaxureba.
aRniSnuli princi pis dacviT xerxdeba mecnierebebs
Soris `mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba~, erTimeoris sferoSi SeuWreloba. am principis dacviT gamokveTavs da adgens TiToeuli mecniereba Tavis sakvlev sagans. es princi pi unda iyos
daculi filosofiasa da konkretul mecnierebebs Soris urTierTobaSic.
imis gamo, rom samyaro erTaderTia, xolo misi Semswavleli mecnierebani sakmaod bevri, aRniSnuli principis dacva
SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca adgili aqvs am erTi samyaros, mraval mecnierebebs Soris raRac niSniT, raRac aspeqtiT abstraqtul dayofa-danawilebas. am dayofis Sedegad
erTi konkretuli mecniereba sakvlev sagnad iRebs samyaros
romelime erT nawils, erT segments, romelic samyarosaTvis
marTlac nawilia, xolo TviT konkretuli mecnierebisaTvis
erTi mTeli sakvlevi sagania. ama Tu im mecnierebis konkretuloba imiTaa gamowveuli, rom igi sinamdvilis mxolod romelime konkretul nawils Seiswavlis da ara mTlian sinamdviles.
filosofia moiazreba azrovnebis uzogades dargad.
filosofiuri kvleviTi Ziebebi mimarTulia sinamdvilis ara
romelime konkretul nawilze, msgavsad konkretuli mecnierebebisa, aramed erTian-mTlian sinamdvileze. misi fiqris sagani mTliani samyaroa. igi cdilobs mTliani samyaro rogorRac `xelis gulze~ gadmoiSalos da mTlianobaSi dainaxos,

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gaiazros. amas filosofia SesZlebs mxolod maSin, Tu igi

moaxerxebs sinamdvilis uzogadesi mxareebis wvdomas. mTliani
samyaros gonebrivi suraTi aseTi zogadobebis konstruqciuli mTlianobaa. arsebobs zogadobis sxvadasxva doneebi da
safexurebi. filosofia sinamdvilis uzogadesi mxareebis kvlevaa. igulisxmeba iseTi zogadoba, romelze ufro maRali
zogadoba aRar arsebobs. mxolod aseTi zogadobebis saSualebiT xerxdeba samyaros mTlianobaSi xedva.
filosofiis zogadobis specifikis Sesaxeb qvemoT iqneba
msjeloba. amjerad imis Sesaxeb, rom filosofiasa da konkretul mecnierebebs Soris mTliani sinamdvilis sakvlev obieqtebad aseTma danawilebam ar unda migviyvanos maT Soris urTierTobis mTlianad gvar-saxeobiT mimarTebaze dayvanamde.
logikis eniT, gvar-saxeobiTia or cnebas Soris iseTi mimarTeba, rodesac erTi cnebis moculoba (cnebaSi Semaval saganTa erToblioba) mTlianad Sedis meore ufro farTo cnebis
moculobaSi, rogorc nawili mTelSi. vaSlis cnebis moculoba Sedis xilis cnebis moculobaSi. amitom xilis cneba,
rogorc gvari, vaSlis, rogorc saxeobasTan mimarTebaSi zogadia. aseTi saxis zogadi dgindeba mxolod saxeobasTan mimarTebaSi. saxeobebi yovelTvis simravlis saxiTaa warmodgenili. gvari erTia. saxeobebis ararseboba gamoricxavs maTi
gvaris arsebobas. vaSlis garda rom ar arsebuliyo xilis
sxva saxeobebi, maSin xilis cneba, rogorc gvari, rogorc zogadi, ar iarsebebda. e.i. gvar-saxeobiT mimarTebaSi gvaris, rogorc
zogadis arseboba mTlianad saxeobis, rogorc erTeulis arsebobazea damokidebuli. Tu filosofiasa da konkretuli mecnierebebis urTierTobas gvar-saxeobiT mimarTebaze daviyvanT,
maSin konkretuli mecnierebani filosofiis Semadgenel nawilebad gamocxaddebodnen, rac sruliad gaumarTlebeli iqneboda. Tu davuSvebT, rom filosofia aris gvari konkretuli
mecnierebebisa, maSin konkretuli mecnierebani filosofiis
danamatad gamocxaddebian, xolo Tu CavTvliT, rom konkretuli mecniereba aris saxeoba filosofiisa, maSin igi arsebiTad filosofiad gamocxaddeba. filosofiisa da konkretuli

mecnierebebis urTierTobis arc erTi aRniSnuli mosazreba

ar iqneba swori.
filosofiis gansakuTrebuloba imaSi ki araa, rom igi
saerTod zogadis kvleviTaa dakavebuli. princi pSi yoveli
konkretuli mecnierebac zogadis kvlevas misdevs. yoveli
mecnierebis saqmea kanonebis Zieba. kanoni ki yovelTvis zogadi bunebisaa. nebismier mecnierebaSi SemuSavebuli nebismieri cneba ukve zogadi bunebisaa. filosofiis gansakuTrebuloba misi saZiebeli zogadobis specifikurobaSia. aseTi
zogadoba konkretuli mecnierebebis saZiebeli zogadobebis
gvari ki araa, aramed maTi substanciuri safuZvelia. yovel
konkretul mecnierebas Tavisi fundamenturi wanamZRvrebi,
saboloo jamSi, filosofiaSi aqvs. es niSnavs Semdegs: yoveli
konkretuli mecniereba ikvlevs garkveul sagnebsa da movlenebs da cdilobs maT Sesaxeb WeSmaritebis dadgenas, magram am
saqmis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Tu winaswar ar
iqna gaazrebuli ra aris WeSmariteba, ra aris mcdaroba, rogor
ganvasxvavoT isini erTimeorisgan, rogoraa SesaZlebeli, ra
aris misi kriteriumi; yoveli mecnieruli Zieba aris SemecnebiTi procesi. SemecnebiTi procesis wamowyeba winaswar
moiTxovs saerTod Semecnebis raobisa da misi SesaZleblobis
sakiTxSi garkvevas; yoveli mecnieruli Zieba raRac codnis
dadgenas emsaxureba. amisaTvis ki winaswar imaSi garkvevaa
saWiro, Tu ra aris saerTod codna. iqneb imas, rasac codnas
vuwodebT, es mxolod Cveni iluziaa da skepticizmi gardauvalia.
yoveli mecniereba eZiebs da arkvevs garkveul konkretul sferoSi moqmed kanonebs. magram SeuZlebelia garkveul
movlenas kanoni uwodo, Tu winaswar ar gaqvs kanonis raobis
cneba; yoveli kanoni aucileblobis formaa. kanonebis Zieba
aucileblobis Ziebaa. aucileblobis Zieba SeuZlebeli iqneboda winaswar Tu ar gvaqvs aucileblobis cneba. ra aris igi
da arsebobs Tu ara saerTod? iqneb aucilebloba sulac ara
namdvili aucilebloba da igi mxolod adamianis fsiqologiuri
Cvevaa, rogorc amas d. hiumi gvisabuTebs. aseTi kiTxvebi Sei-

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Zleba daisvas arsebisa da movlenis, moZraobisa da uZraobis,

arsebobisa da ararsebobis, wyvetadobisa da uwyvetobis, sasrulobisa da usasrulobis, sikeTisa da borotebis, mSvenierebisa
da simaxinjis da mravali sxva cnebebis Sesaxeb. yoveli mecniereba Tavis konkretul kvlevaSi moixmars am cnebebs ise,
rom am cnebebis gamomuSaveba TviTon am konkretul mecnierebebSi ki ar xdeba, aramed filosofiaSi. am azriT, filosofia
konkretuli mecnierebebis Taviseburi substanciuri sayrdenia, maTi aucilebeli winapirobaa.

7. filosofiis zogadoba. sruliad ymawvili, romelmac pirvelad moismina da gaacnobiera sityva `filosofia~ da
gaigo am dargis arseboba, cnobismoyvareobiT ekiTxeba mozrdil
moqalaqes, romelic misi warmodgeniT, swavluli unda iyos:
gTxovT amixsnaT, _ ra aris filosofia? etyoba, arc moqalaqes
hqonda filosofiis raobis ase Tu ise zusti warmodgena,
magram mas ar SeeZlo ymawvili upasuxod daetovebina, amitom
garkveuli dafiqrebis Semdeg miugo: _ filosofia aris iseTi
mecniereba, sadac yvelafers Seiswavlian zogadad, magram konkretulad _ arafers. ymawvilisaTvis moulodneli da gaugebari
iyo mosmenili pasuxi. kiTxva axla sxvanairad dausva: _ maS
vinaa filosofosi? pasuxi daaxloebiT igive iyo: _ filosofosi aris is, vinc zogadad icis yvelaferi, magram konkretulad araferi. aseTi pasuxebiT Secbunebulma ymawvilma bolo
SekiTxvis saxiT sTxova ganemarta ras niSnavs `zogadad Seswavla~, `zogadad codna~. zogadad, anu miaxloebiT, zedapirulad, ara arsebiTad, roca sagnis Sesaxeb raRac ici, magram
arsebiTad da zustad araferi ici _ iyo pasuxi. es SemTxveva
imaze mianiSnebs Tu ra azriT ar unda gavigoT filosofiis
zogadoba. mecnierebebis mimarT ar SeiZleba vimsjeloT metnaklebobis sazomiT. ar SeiZleba romelime mecnierebis mimarT maRali simkacris moTxovnebi iyos dawesebuli, xolo sxva
romelimes mimarT garkveuli liberaluri daTmobebi da SeRavaTebi. dargebs, romlebic mecnierul kvlevaze acxadeben

pretenzias, Tanabrad moeTxovebaT, maTi SesaZleblobis farglebSi, mecnierulobisaTvis dawesebuli normebis dacva; moeTxovebaT maT mier miRebuli Sedegebis arsebiToba, siRrme,
sisuste, kategoriuloba dasabuTebaSi. yvela mecniereba WeSmaritebis maZiebelia. WeSmariteba ki yvelasTvis erTia. aq
filosofia ar SeiZleba gamonaklisi iyos. filosofiaze marTlac miuTiTeben, rogorc zogad mecnierebaze, Tumca zogads
yvela mecniereba ikvlevs, oRond filosofiis zogadoba sul
sxva garemoebaze migvaniSnebs.
gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT calkeuli mecnierebebi Seiswavlian sinamdvilis garkveul nawilebs, mis
kerZo sferoebs. amitom uwodeben maT kerZo mecnierebebs.
xolo filosofia sinamdviles Seiswavlis misi kerZo sferoebis mTlianobaSi, rogorc erTian mTels. amitom uwodeben
mas zogad mecnierebas. Sedegad viRebT, TiTqos, filosofiasa
da kerZo mecnierebebs Soris urTierToba gvar-saxeobiT principze iyos dayrdnobili. is, rom kerZo mecnierebebis kvlevis
areSi eqcevian sinamdvilis calke sferoebi, _ faqtia. isic
faqtia, rom filosofiuri Ziebis sferoSi eqceva mTeli samyaro. miuxedavad amisa, filosofiasa da kerZo mecnierebebs Soris
urTierToba ar SeiZleba gvar-saxeobiTi urTierTobis princi piT iqnes gagebuli. filosofia ar aris kerZo mecnierebebis gvari. miT ufro, kerZo mecnierebebi ar arian filosofiis,
rogorc gvaris, saxeobebi. orive rigis mecnierebebi sxvadasxva saqmes asruleben, magram Tanabari statusiT da Tanabari
uflebebiT arseboben. gvar-saxeobiTi principi bundovans xdis
filosofiis zogadobis namdvil bunebas, ikargeba filosofiis arsebiTi gansakuTrebuloba, romliTac igi gamoirCeva kerZo mecnierebebisagan. saqme is aris, rom filosofiis arsebiT
specifikas is ar warmoadgens, rom igi zogadis kvleviTaa
dakavebuli (princi pSi ara marto filosofia, aramed yoveli
kerZo mecniereba zogadis kvlevas awarmoebs, ramdenadac nebismieri cneba, kanoni, filosofiuria igi Tu kerZo mecnierebis,
zogadia), aramed mis mier saZiebeli zogadis gansakuTrebulobaa. filosofia momarTulia kerZo mecnierebebisagan gansx-

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vavebuli zogadis kvlevisaTvis. misi es gansakuTrebuloba

mis moculobiT mxareSi ki ar unda veZioT, aramed mis arsebaSi. swored es qmnis filosofiis specifikas.
gvar-saxeobiT urTierTobaSi zogadi Tavis zogadobas
erTeulTan mimarTebaSi inarCunebs. am mimarTebis gareSe zogadi aRaraa zogadi. filosofiis specifika dakavSirebulia
iseT zogadTan, romelic TavisTavad zogadia, erTeulebTan
mimarTebis gareSec, filosofiaSi cnobilia wyviladi cnebebi (kategoriebi). isini mTlian sinamdviles or sapirispiro
mxared yofen. mag. aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba, arseba da
movlena da sxva. wyvilSi Semavali cnebebi zogadi cnebebia.
aseT cnebaTa jgufs miekuTvneba erTeulisa da zogadis cnebebis wyvilic. amitom igulisxmeba, rom erTeulic zogadia da
zogadic zogadi. moculobis TvalsazrisiT, isini amowuraven
mTlian samyaros. magram Tu am wyvilidan calke aviRebT
romelime erTs, igi moculobis TvalsazrisiT veRar iqneba
sinamdvilis amomwuravi. es imis gamo, rom moculobis TvalsazrisiT, mocemuli wyvilidan, vTqvaT, zogadis cneba veRar
gavrceldeba erTeulebze. amitom erTeulebisagan izolirebuli zogadoba kargavs Tavis zogadobas. antikur periodSi,
platonTan kamaTSi aristotele zogadisa da erTeulis urTierTobas swored am kuTxiT udgeboda. miuxedavad amisa,
filosofiuri princi pebis da cnebebis, maT Soris zogadisa
da erTeulis buneba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom es cnebebi erTimeorisagan damoukidebladac inarCuneben TavianT zogadobas
(erTeulic zogadia), oRond ara moculobis TvalsazrisiT,
aramed TavianTi arsebiTi mniSvnelobiT. platons zogadobis
aseTi gageba hqonda mxedvelobaSi, ris gamoc misadmi aristoteles kritika aradamajereblad unda CaiTvalos. wyvilidan
aRebuli TiToeuli cneba moculobiT ar vrceldeba meore
cnebaze, magram mainc inarCunebs zogadobas am sferos mimarTac imis gamo, rom es cnebebi logikurad yovelTvis gulisxmoben erTimeores. am gagebiT sayovelTao (zogad) mniSvnelobas iZens ara marto uSualod zogadi, aramed erTeulis cnebac. anu erTeulis cnebac zogadia. aseT zogadobas flobs

filosofiis yvela pirveladi princi pi. isini Tavisi substanciurobis gamo uzogadesi principebia ara gvar-saxeobiTi,
anu moculobiTi mimarTebiT, aramed maTi arsebiTi bunebidan
gamomdinare sayovelTao da aucileblobiTi mniSvnelobiT.
maT Zala da mniSvneloba aqvT yovelive arsebulis mimarT.
aqedan Cndeba sinamdvilis nebismieri movlenis filosofiurad ganxilvis SesaZlebloba. nebismieri movlena SeiZleba
gaxdes filosofiuri msjelobis sagani, vinaidan misi siRrmiseuli dafuZneba xdeba swored filosofiis uzogades princi pebze. es princi pebi yvela mecnierebisaTvis, mTeli adamianuri azrovnebisaTvis, pirveladi anu sawyisi amosavali princi pebia.
filosofiis zogadobasTan dakavSirebiT Tavs iCens
princi puli kiTxva _ ras eyrdnoba, raSi poulobs dafuZnebas
filosofiis zogadoba anu aRniSnuli pirveladi princi pebi
da cnebebi? Tu SevecdebiT maT dafuZnebas maTgan gansxvavebul da maTdami winmswreb sayrdenze, maSin isini dakargaven
TavianT substanciurobas da pirveladobas. amiT filosofiis miRma aRmoCndebian, rac, sabolood, filosofiis gauqmeba
iqneba da azrovneba usasrulo regresSi CaiZireba. xolo Tu
maT miviRebT yovelgvari sayrdenis, yovelgvari dafuZnebis
gareSe, maSin filosofia rwmenis sferod gardaiqmneba da esec
filosofiis gauqmebad CaiTvleba. am problemis gadawyvetis
pirveli biZgi gaCnda sokrate-platonis naazrevSi, roca maT
sofistebTan da skeptikosebTan kamaTis procesSi wamoayenes
WeSmaritebis uaryofis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb TviTdamsabuTebeli argumenti. WeSmaritebis uarmyofeli debuleba TviTon
unda iyos WeSmariti. mxolod maSin eqneba mas uaryofis Zala.
WeSmaritebis uaryofa WeSmaritebis arsebobas adasturebs da
ar uaryofs. e.i. WeSmariteba Tavis Tavis TviTdamsabuTebeli
movlenaa. mas sayrdenad misgan gansxvavebuli sxva movlena ar
sWirdeba. axal filosofiaSi, azrovnebis uaryofis SeuZleblobis argumentiT imave Sedegamde midis dekarte, ris bazazec Rebulobs cnobil debulebas `vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob~. spinozas filosofiaSi es argumenti gamovlinda sub-

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stanciis problemis gadawyvetis momentSi, rogorc im pirveli sawyisisa, rac safuZvlad edeba yovelive arsebuls, magram
TviTon mas ar SeiZleba sxva raime edebodes safuZvlad, TviTmizezobriobaze dayrdnobiT, garda sakuTari Tavisa. aRniSnuli istoriuli memkvidreobis gaTvaliswinebiT, cnobili qarTveli filosofosi savle wereTeli `usasrulo daskvnis~ saxelwodebiT qmnis logikur koncefcias, romlis mixedviT
filosofiis aRniSnuli substanciuri pirveladi principebi,
azrovnebisaTvis iseTi sawyisebia, romlebic gamoirCevian refleqsurobiT, sakuTar Tavs eyrdnobian da TviTdasabuTebadni arian. es iTqmis ara marto zogadis mimarT, aramed yvela im
cnebis Sesaxebac, romlebic filosofiis pirvelad principebs qmnis. yvela isini zogadi bunebisani arian. maTi zogadoba gansazRvravs filosofiis zogadobas. mag. dadebiTis uaryofiT Sedegad isev dadebiTi unda miviRoT; uaryofis uaryofa
uaryofas ki ar auqmebs, aramed mas faqtad aqcevs; aucileblobis uaryofa maSin moxerxdeba, Tu es uaryofa aucileblobis
bunebisaa, es ki aucileblobis dadgenaa da ara misi uaryofa.
formis uaryofa uaryofis formas moiTxovs; Sinaarsis uaryofa garkveuli SinaarsiT unda iyos warmodgenili da a.S.
konkretuli mecnierebis princi pebi yovelTvis gulisxmobs
da eyrdnoba filosofiis aseT pirvelad princi pebs. amitom
filosofiasa da kerZo mecnierebebs Soris urTierToba imdenad gvar-saxeobiTi araa, ramdenadac safuZvel-Sedegis urTierTobaze dayrdnobili.
filosofiasa da kerZo mecnierebebs Soris urTierTobasTan dakavSirdebiT xSiria msjeloba imis Taobaze, rom
filosofia Tavis sayrdens poulobs kerZo mecnierebebSi, xolo
kerZo mecnierebebi filosofiaSi. aseT msjelobas SeuZlia
Segviyvanos logikur wreSi, rac mecnierebisaTvis Cixia. cxadia, mecnierebebs Soris Taviseburi `TanamSromloba~ Cveulebrivi movlenaa. filosofias SeuZlia kerZo mecnierebebs
daesesxos magaliTebi, romlebic imdenad dasabuTebas ar emsaxurebian, ramdenadac dasabuTebulis demonstrirebas. filosofias isic SeuZlia, rom saazrovno masalad gamoiyenos kerZo

mecnierebebis monacemebi, magram dasabuTeba da misi meqanizmi

yovel mecnierebas sakuTari unda hqondes. filosofia dasabuTebaSi sxva mecnierebas ki ar eyrdnoba, aramed sakuTar
filosofiur-logikur TviTmizezobriv zogad sawyisebs. TviTmizezobriv zogad princi pebze dayrdnobiT, filosofiaSi
adgili aqvs TviTdasabuTebadobis princi ps. esaa filosofiis refleqsuroba, rac filosofiuri zogadobiT ganisazRvreba.

8. aris Tu ara filosofia mecniereba. filosofia xasiaTdeba mTeli rigi iseTi niSan-TvisebebiT, romlebic
aSkarad miuTiTebs imaze, rom igi mecnierebaa. amasTanave mas
gaaCnia iseTi maxasiaTeblebic, romlebic aZneleben filosofiis
mecnierebad arsebobisaTvis dadgenil CarCoebSi moTavsebas.
amitom bunebrivad gaCnda kiTxva _ aris Tu ara filosofia
mecniereba? am kiTxvis garSemo Camoyalibda urTierTsapirispiro Tvalsazrisebi. erTni, romlebic filosofias mecnierebad miiCneven, meoreni, romlebic filosofiis mecnierebad arsebobas uaryofen.
filosofiis da mecnierebis urTierTobis sakiTxi istoriulad garkveuli mrudeTi aRiniSneba. rogorc ukve iTqva,
iyo Tvalsazrisi, romelic mecnierebis dasawyiss filosofiis warmoSobas ukavSirebs. filosofiis warmoSobiT daiwyo
mecnierebis istoria. Semdeg daiwyo mecnierebs Soris
filosofiis prioritetulobis qadageba. erTis mxriv, termini
`filosofia~ mecnierebebis krebsiTi saxelis rangSi iqna
ayvanili da amiT igi gauigivda saerTod `mecnierebis~ termins. meores mxriv, adgili hqonda filosofiis epiTetebiT
Semkobas _ `mecnierebaTa dedofali~, `mecnierebaTa mecniereba~ da sxv. XIX-XX ss-Si pozitivizmSi filosofia ganiwminda
yvela im maxasiaTeblisagan, romelic mas ganasxvavebda ti piuri mecnierebebisagan da amiT Seecadnen igi daeyvanaT kerZo
mecnierebis doneze. amiT filosofias suli amoacales.
filosofiisaTvis sakuTari sulis (arsis) dabrunebis mizniT,

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eqsistencialur filosofiaSi iyo mcdeloba misi mecnierebebisagan sruli gamijvnisa.

imisaTvis, rom pasuxi gaeces, aris Tu ara filosofia
mecniereba, unda dadgindes misi is maxasiaTeblebi, romliTac
igi msgavseba-gansxvavebaSia mecnierebasTan.
rogorc saerTod mecnierebisaTvis, ise filosofiisaTvis
saerTo niSania maTi mecnieruloba. masSi igulisxmeba cnobierebis mier mecnieruli saSualebebiT (cnebebiT, kategoriebiT, msjelobebiT, dasabuTaba-daskvnebiT, ideebiT, TeoriebiT,
hipoTezebiTa da aqsiomebiT, formulebiT da modelebiT; mecnieruli meTodebiTa da xerxebiT) sakvlevi sagnis mimarT,
aucileblobisa da sayovelTaobis niSniT, gonebrivi suraTis,
anu codnis Seqmna. msjeloba exeba mecnierulobas, rogorc
mecnierebis formas, romelic saerToa yvela mecnierebisaTvis.
igi saerToa filosofiisTvisac. Sedegebis mixedviT zogi
mecniereba warmatebulia, zogi naklebad warmatebuli. zogis
sakvlevi sagani SedarebiT gamWvirvalea da iq zusti Sedegebis miRweva xerxdeba. zogis ki imdenadaa rTuli, rom aseTi
zusti daskvnebis gakeTeba Znelia, ris gamoc mis mier miRweuli Sedegebi ufro miaxlovebiTia, magram mecnierulobis TvalsazrisiT es saqmes ar cvlis.
nebismieri mecniereba, imdenadaa mecniereba, ramdenadac
igi mimarTavs mecnierul dasabuTebas. dasabuTeba savaldebuloa filosofiisaTvis. dasabuTebis Tavisebur formebs adgili aqvs miTologiaSic, religiaSic da xelovnebaSic. magram
es araa mecnieruli dasabuTeba. amitom isini mecnierebebad
ar ganixilebian. mecnieruli dasabuTebis aucilebeli elementebia kritikuloba da sxvadasxva saxis argumentireba. aqac,
mecnieruli dasabuTeba SeiZleba metad an naklebad damajerebeli iyos, magram mainc dasabuTebaa. rogorc kerZo mecnierebebSi, ise filosofiaSi uamravi faqtebia dasabuTebiT naklebad damajerebeli, magram isini mainc mecnierebebad rCebian.
Talesis xelSi filosofiam pirvelad SeiZina mecnierulobis forma imiT, rom Talesma mis mier wamoyenebuli filosofiuri debulebis argumentirebuli dasabuTeba ganaxorciela.

Tumca es dasabuTeba, mis epoqaSive, naklebad damajerebeli

aRmoCnda. dReisaTvis mecnierebaSi ukve keTdeba saerTo daskvna imis Taobaze, rom bolomde srulyofili mecnieruli dasabuTebis ganxorcieleba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, magram es ar
auqmebs mecnierebis arsebobas.
filosofiisa da mecnierebebisaTvis savaldebuloa eWvi
da kritikuloba, rac sruliad miuRebelia miTosisa da religiisaTvis. eWvi mecnieruli dasabuTebis survils aRZravs,
kritikuloba ki mecnieruli dasabuTebis garkveul normebSi
moqcevas. eWvi da kritika araa nihilizmi an skepticizmi. igi
mecnierul ZiebaSi sando daskvnebis Ziebis instrumentia. isini adamianis gonebrivi sifxizlis aucilebeli pirobebia.
moazrovne adamianis cnobierebaSi Semodis informaciis uwyveti nakadi. gulubryvilo cnobiereba yvelafers Tanabrad
iRebs. kritikuli cnobiereba kritikisa da eWvis gamfiltrav
sacerSi gaatarebs aRniSnul nakads da itovebs imas, ramac
gauZlo eWvs da kritikas. aq e.w. `Cawyobebi~ gamoricxulia.
sul sxvaa dogmaturad moazrovne cnobiereba. misTvis ucxo
araa arc eWvi da arc kritikuloba. magram isini mimarTulia
im informaciis mimarT, romelnic mtrulia ukve miRebuli
dogmatebis mimarT. amitom dogmaturi azrovneba gzaa avtoritetisadmi morCileba-monobisaken, rac sruliad miuRebelia
rogorc WeSmariti filosofiis, ise saerTod mecnierebisaTvis.
mecnieruli kvlevisaTvis aucilebelia eqsperimenti.
igi sxvadasxvanairia. aris realuri eqsperimenti, roca sakvlev sagans sagangebo eqsperimentul situaciaSi ayeneben da
masze dakvirvebiT Rebuloben mecnierul informacias. xSir
SemTxvevaSi sakvlevi sagnis realur eqsperimentSi dayeneba
SeuZlebelia. amitom qmnian sagnis models da masze xdeba
dakvirveba, magram aris sferoebi, sadac msgavsi modelebis
Seqmnac SeuZlebelia. maTi mecnieruli Seswavla ki aucilebelia. aseT SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven e.w. azrobriv eqsperiments. aq sagnis adgils azrebi, ideebi, idealuri formebi
ikaveben. maTi urTierTaucileblobiTi kavSirebi safuZveli
xdeba mecnieruli daskvnebisa. filosofiur azrovnebaSi xSirad

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mimarTaven realur eqsperimentul monacemebs. amasTanave farTod gamoiyeneba masSi azrobrivi eqsperimenti. amitom am niSniTac igi mecnierebaTa klasSi Sedis.
mecnierebisaTvis savaldebuloa sistemuroba. arCeven
Ria da daxurul sistemebs, magram amjerad es araa mTavari.
mTavaria mecnierebisaTvis sistemuroba. esaa moTxovna imisa,
rom sakvlevi sagnis mTlianoba misi mecnieruli codnis
mTlianobaSi iyos asaxuli. sagnis sistemuroba azris sistemurobaSi unda aisaxos. anu mecnieruli debulebebi ubralo
meqanikur grovas ki ar unda warmoadgendnen, aramed logikuri
aucileblobiT Sekrulni, sadac erTimeores moiTxoven, erTimeores avseben da amiT mTelis saxes Rebuloben. SesaZlebelia
nebismier mecnierebaSi aRmoCenili iqnes azrebs Soris winaaRmdegobebi, magram es aris mecnierebis nakli mocemuli SemTxvevisaTvis, romelic moiTxovs Carevas da daZleva-Sesworebas.
filosofia gamoirCeva Tavisi sistemurobiT. filosofiis
istoria icnobs sxvadasxva saxis filosofiur sistemebs.
filosofia xasiaTdeba iseTi arsebiTi niSnebiTac,
romlebic radikalurad ganasxvavebs mas kerZo mecnierebebisagan. umeteswilad swored es faqtori xdeba misi mecnierebaTa jgufidan amoRebis mcdelobis mizezi.
mecnieruli codna (WeSmariteba), obieqturad, yvela adamianisaTvis Tanabrad misaRebia. mze rom uaxloesi varskvlavia, yvelasaTvis WeSmaritebaa. filosofiis saboloo amocanaa
cxovrebis gaSuqeba. cxovreba ki pirovnulia. amitom SeuZlebelia da dauSvebelicaa, rom filosofiam yvelasaTvis savaldebulo cxovrebis erTi modeli gamoimuSaos. es totalitarizmisaken mimavali gzaa, rac klavs filosofias. amitom
filosofia alternatiul princi pebze agebas moiTxovs.
filosofiuri azri, misgan gansxvavebuli da dapirispirebuli
azrisadmi Semwynarebluria, rasac ver vityviT kerZo mecnieruli azrebis mimarT. aqedan gamomdinare, kerZo mecnieruli
WeSmaritebebi Tu mkacrad obieqturni arian, filosofiuri
WeSmaritebebi ar gamoirCevian mkacri aucileblobiT da amitom ufro Tvalsazrisis formas iZenen.

kerZo mecnierebebs adamiani Sehyavs ualternativo aucileblobis sferoSi. filosofia uars ver ityvis aucileblobis sferoze, magram arc is unda, rom adamiani mTlianad iq
datovos SiSveli aucileblobebis winaSe. misi daniSnuleba
isaa, rom man aRniSnul aucileblobebze dayrdnobiT (da ara
maTTan dapirispirebiT) adamiani Tavisuflebis sferoSi gadaiyvanos da iq daamkvidros.
kerZo mecnieruli Semecneba mkacrad obieqturia. aseTi
mecnieruli xedvidan mTlianad gamoricxulia pirovnuli,
erovnuli da sakacobrio interesebi. filosofiuri Semecneba
obieqturi da subieqturi xedvebis Serwymaa, riTac am intersebis aRdgenas aqvs adgili.
mecniereba realuri sinamdvilis obieqturi gonebrivi
suraTia. magram es suraTi araa TviTmiznobrivi. igi raRac
mizans emsaxureba. aseTi mizani adamianis cxovrebaa. da raki
adamianis cxovreba igive adamianis me aris, saWiroa sinamdvilis da me-s kavSiri. aseTi kavSiris ganxorcieleba filosofiis
pirdapiri movaleobaa.
kerZo mecnierebis monapovari yvela adamians sWirdeba,
magram yvela adamiani mecnieri ver iqneba. filosofiac yvelas sWirdeba. verc yvela adamiani iqneba profesionali
filosofosi. magram raki yovel adamians sWirdeba garkveuli
msoflmxedveloba, amitom yoveli adamiani raRacnairad
TavisTvis unda filosofosobdes.
kerZo mecnierebebs ar sWirdeba uSualo kavSiri
azrovnebis iseT formebTan, rogoricaa miTologia, religia,
xelovneba (laparakia mecnierebaze da ara mecnierze). mas
SeuZlia maTgan damoukideblad arseboba-ganviTareba. filosofias maT gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia imitom, rom filosofia
codnisa da rwmenis mTlianobaa. kerZo mecnierebebi mxolod
azrebiT sazrdoobs da produqciad azrebs awarmoebs. filosofia azrebTan erTad emociebiT, rwmeniT, miTologiuri warmosaxvebiT sazrdoobs da maT arsebobasac amkvidrebs imitom,
rom cxovreba, romelsac Seiswavlis filosofia, umeteswilad
emociebis, gancdebis sferoa, romlebsac xelSewyoba da mar-

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Tva sWirdeba. es filosofiis pirdapiri movaleobaa.

SeiZleba adamianma mecnieruli codna sxvisgan miiRos,
magram vinaidan filosofia cxovrebis gaSuqebaa, mis pirad
cxovrebas sxva ver gaaSuqebs. es misi cxovrebaa, amitom man es
TviTon unda moaxerxos. aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, adamianma
filosofosoba unda iswavlos da ara filosofia. filosofiurma wignebma unda aswavlos, saerTod, cxovrebis raoba zogadad,
xolo is, Tu TviTon, piradad rogor icxovros, es misi damoukidebeli filosofosobis saqmea. adamianis mxridan damoukideblad filosofosoba sxva araferia, Tu ara is, rom man Tavisi
Tavi, Tavisi cxovreba TviTon unda Seqmnas da TviTonve unda
iyos masze pasuxismgebeli.
zemoT naTqvamidan gamomdinare, filosofia pirovnebiseulia. asec unda iyos, radgan filosofia adamianis mier Tavisi Tavis Zieba da Tavis TavSi dabrunebaa. pirovnebis rangSi
SeiZleba idges rogorc calke individi, ise eri. amitom filosofia
pirovnulobisa da erovnulobis niSniT xasiaTdeba. kerZo mecnierebebi ki pirovnulobisa da erovnulobisagan gandgomilia.
isini rogorRac kosmopolituri bunebisani arian. realurad ar
arsebobs qarTuli fizika, qarTuli maTematika, qarTuli biologia... am mecnierebebs, cxadia, asazrdovebs qarTuli erovnuli
energia, magram misi Sinaarsi ar aris erovnuli xasiaTis.
filosofiis Sinaarsi pirovnuli da erovnulobis niSnis matarebelia. igi cxovrebis gaSuqebaa. qarTvelis cxovrebis, qarTveli eris cxovrebis poziciidan, saerTod, cxovrebis gaSuqeba
aucileblad iqneba pirovnulobisa da erovnulobis niSnis matarebeli. germaneli filosofosis m. huserlis azriT, filosofia aris calkeuli pirovnebisa da eris habitusi.
rogorc filosofiaSi, ise kerZo mecnierebebSi ismis
erTeulisa da zogadis raobis da maTi urTierTobebis sakiTxi. gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom mecniereba eZebs zogads
(sayovelTaos) da cdilobs erTeuli mas daukavSiros, misiT
axsnas. filosofiaSi ZiriTadad ismis individis (adamianis)
sakiTxi da cdilobs yvelaferi mas daukavSiros. sazogadoebis sferoSi mxolod aseT midgomas mivyavarT demokratiuli

cxovrebisaken, romlis mTavari principia saxelmwifo, xelisufleba, politikuri partiebi pirovnebisaTvis da ara piriqiT.
kerZo mecnierebebi mravalia da arseboben urTierTdapirispirebis gareSe. piriqiT, isini erTimeoris monacemebiT
sargebloben. arseboben aseve mravali filosofiuri mimarTulebebi (`izmebi~). magram maT Soris mudmivi dapirispireba
da brZolaa imisaTvis, rom Tavi moawonos calke pirovnebas
Tu calke aRebul ers. cnobilia, rom ingliselebs ufro
xiblavdaT empiristuli mimarTulebis filosofia, xolo germanelebs racionalisturi. e.i. saboloo jamSi, aRniSnuli
brZolis Sedegad individis an eris winaSe arsebobis ufleba
mravalTa Soris erTma unda moi povos. esec cxovrebis erTaderTobiTaa gamowveuli.
kerZo mecnierebebi Tavis gzaze naklebad toveben sadao
sakiTxebs. filosofia kidev ufro naklebad gamoimuSavebs
iseT mosazrebebs, romlebic mudmivi kamaTisa da davis sagani
ki ar iqneba, aramed yvelasaTvis misaRebi.
kerZo mecnierebebis Sedegebi Semowmebas eqvemdebareba,
filosofiis ki, iseve rogorc miTologiis, religiis araSemowmebadia.
kerZo mecnierebebi aucileblobis Secnobis instrumentia. filosofia aris aucileblobidan TavisuflebaSi gadasvlis saSualeba.
kerZo mecnierebaSi gamoricxulia mkvlevaris subieqturi faqtori. filosofiisaTvis SemecnebasTan erTad aucilebelia SefasebiT-RirebulebiTi momenti, romelic subieqturi faqtoria da romelic filosofiis arseba qmnis.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare unda davaskvnaT, rom filosofia Tavisi formiT mecnierebaa. igi mecnieruli azrovnebis
specifikuri formaa. magram Tavisi SinaarsiT, mizniTa da funqciebiT igi ver Tavsdeba ti piuri mecnierebebis CarCoebSi,
masze metia da iRebs adamianis sulieri moRvaweobis iseTi
dargis saxes, romelsac bevri saerTo aqvs miTologiasTan,
religiasTan, mecnierebasTan, xelovnebasTan, magram mainc inarCunebs Tavis damoukideblobas.

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9. filosofiis msaxurad yofna. filosofias, Tavisi

xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze, sxvadasxva `Tavgadasavlebi~
hqonda. Tavidan, mTlian sazogadoebaSi igi dafasebis da pativiscemis umaRles safexurze iyo ayvanili. filosofia
umaRles adamianur sibrZned miiCneoda, xolo filosofosebi
gamorCeul brZenkacebad. elitarul wreebSi Cveulebriv normad iTvleboda maTi wridan gamosuli mozardi gaemzadebinaT
filosofiuri ganswavlulobisaTvis, xolo Tu axalgazrda
ver gamoavlenda am sferoSi Sesatyvis interess da unarebs,
amis Semdeg izrunebdnen CaebaT iseT swavlebaSi, romlis Sedegad xdebodnen qimikosebi, eqimebi, afTiaqarebi da sxva. gadmocemis mixedviT, Zveli berZnuli filosofiis erT-erT udides
warmomadgenels heraklites, romelic mefis STamomavali da
taxtis memkvidre iyo, uari uTqvams taxtis dakavebaze da mTlianad filosofiur azrovnebas miscemia; im epoqis berZnul
samyaroSi filosofiis didi dafaseba da misdami ltolva
ganpirobebuli iyo demokratiis ganviTarebis maRali doniT.
saerTod, filosofia iseTi movlenaa, romelic meti ganviTarebisaTvis demokratiulobis maRal dones moiTxovs. filosofias azrovnebis Tavisufleba sWirdeba. sadac aseTi Tavisufleba SezRudulia, amiT SezRudulia filosofiac. istoriis
manZilze demokratias ar hqonia mxolod zeaRmavali sworxazobrivi ganviTareba. iyo misi rogorc aRmavlobis, ise dacemis periodebi. ZiriTadad misi Sesatyvisi iyo filosofiuri
azrovnebis ganviTarebis zigzagebic. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
sazogadoebaSi, sadac adgili aqvs filosofiuri azrovnebis
SezRudvebs, ukve saxezea demokratiulobis deficiti.
Sua saukuneebSi, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela
sferos mimarT mkveTrad gaizarda qristianuli religiis
gavlena. es gavlena Seexo filosofiasac. 529 wels imperator
iustinianes ediqtiT daxurulad iqna gamocxadebuli filosofiuri skolebi. dasrulda antikuri filosofia. iwyeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis klerikalistur princi pebze ageba; sqolastikuri azrovneba ZalaSi Sedis; xdeba filosofiis maRali simaRleebidan CamoqveiTeba, Sedegad misi religiisadmi

daqvemdebareba da mis msaxurad gardaqmna. `filosofia aris

Teologiis msaxuri~ _ es debuleba epoqis parolad iqca.
CaiTvala, rom damoukidebeli filosofia (Tavisufali azrovneba) religiisaTvis saxifaToa. misgan sargebeli mxolod maSin
iqneba, Tu igi religiis mmarTvelobis qveS moeqceva da mis
samsaxurSi Cadgeba. mTavari, riTac SeizRuda filosofia, (es
iyo misi arsi), _ azrovnebis TavisuflebiT! (es imas gavs,
frinvels frTebi rom mokveTon) igi iqca religiis morCilad. misi funqcia ganisazRvra imiT, rom mas unda gaeanalizebina religiuri dogmatebi, oRond ise, rom am dogmatebs
arc dapirispireboda da arc mis azrobriv farglebs unda
gascdenoda. misi saqme isaa, rom es dogmatebi daicvas, mas meti
filosofiuri sicxade, damajerebloba da masebze meti gavlena SesZinos. Tumca, imasac unda gaesvas xazi, rom filosofias
imxela Sinagani Zala aRmoaCnda, rom aseT pirobebSic ki garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, TviTon filosofia sakmaod did zegavlenas axdens religiaze. mxedvelobaSia is garemoeba, rom Sua
saukuneebis Teologiuri moZRvrebebi uars ver amboben
filosofiur memkvidreobaze da sayrdenad ZiriTadad platonisa da aristoteles moZRvrebebs iyeneben.
Sua saukuneebis periods scvlis aRorZinebis epoqa, roca
filosofia cdilobs raRacnairad gaTavisufldes sqolastikis marwuxebisagan. igi ukve ayenebs pretenzias WeSmaritebis damoukideblad Ziebaze. orientirebulia ara imdenad Teologiaze, ramdenadac obieqtur mecnierulobaze. magram radgan
Teologiis gavlena jer kidev Zlieria, masTan kompromisis
mizniT Rebulobs Sua saukuneebidan wamosuli ormagi WeSmaritebis ideas.
XIX-XX saukuneebSi pozitivisturi filosofiisa da
scientizmis Camoyalibebam filosofias kvlav daakisra sxvis
msaxurad yofna. amjerad filosofia SehyavT kerZo mecnierebebis daqvemdebarebaSi. pozitivizmma da scientizmma CaTvala,
rom filosofia dRemde unayofo da fuW saqmianobas eweoda,
vinaidan mis mier wamoyenebuli debulebebi ar eqvemdebarebian Semowmebis normebs. amis gamo misi debulebebis bolomde

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arc dasabuTeba SeiZleba da arc uaryofa. Semowmebadi debulebebi miiRwevian mxolod kerZo mecnierebebSi. amitom Tu
filosofias surs mecnierebis saxiT arseboba, kerZo mecnierebis forma unda miiRos da xeli mokidos maTSi miRweuli
pozitiuri Sedegebis `meored wakiTxvas~ anu, kerZo mecnierebebis Sedegebis logikur-filosofiur gaazrebas da msoflmxedvelobriv suraTSi Casmas. imave meoce saukuneSi, komunisturi reJimis Seqmnam filosofias axali `mmarTveli~ mouvlina. am reJimma filosofia aqcia politikis da ideologiis msaxurad. esec sqolastikis princi pebiT warimarTa. inkviziciur movlenebs aqac mZlavri gasaqani hqonda. filosofia
gadayvanil iqna ualternativobis reJimSi, romelic gansxvavebuli azris Semwynareblobas sruliad gamoricxavda. am reJimis liderebi religiuri wmindanebis simaRleze iyvnen ayvanili. maTi teqstebi dogmatebad formdebodnen. dasabuTebaSi
yvelaze mZlavr argumentad am `wmindanebis~ citatebis damowmebaa, romlebic utyuar WeSmaritebad arian miCneuli. aqac,
rogorc Teologiis msaxuris rolSi yofnis dros, filosofias evaleba reJimis liderebis debulebebisaTvis meti damajereblobisa da popularizaciis mizniT, misi filosofiuri
analizi, gaSla-gafarToveba, gaRrmaveba, magram ara ise, rom aman
gamoiwvios misadmi dapirispireba an mis farglebs gareT
gasvla da misagan dacileba.
komunisturi reJimis garemoSi filosofia, warmodgenili dialeqtikuri materializmis saxiT, arsebul reJimTan
imdenad mZlavrad iyo mibmuli, rom sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis saerTod filosofia mis erT formasTan, _ dialeqtikur materializmTan iqna gaigivebuli. gaCnda imis molodini, rom reJimis daSlasTan erTad unda gauqmebuliyo saerTod filosofiac. samwuxarod, es ganwyobileba dResac grZeldeba, rac filosofiis SezRudva-Seviwrovebis Taviseburi
formaa. filosofia yovelTvis kritikuli da meamboxe sulia.
is epoqis kritikaa, misi mamxilebeli Zalaa. amis gamo, cxadia,
avtoritaruli mmarTveloba filosofiis morgebas an Tavisi
interesebisadmi cdilobs, an sulac aviwrovebs da devnis mas.

filosofiis SezRudva da devna, an sxvis msaxurad qceva, im

briyvi Citis saqmes gavs, romelsac frenis procesSi frTebi
xelisSemSlel faqtorad miaCnia.
istoriulad, filosofia sxvadasxva instanciis mimarT
msaxuris rolSi aRmoCnda. Cndeba kiTxva _ es kargia Tu cudi?
am kiTxvaze pasuxisaTvis unda dazustdes msaxurebis formebi.
erTia, msaxureba diqtatis qveS, roca misi Tavisufleba
SezRudulia da Tavis pirdapir funqcias ver asrulebs; meorea, msaxureba Tavisi socialuri funqciis Sesrulebis mizniT,
roca igi Tavis uSualo movaleobas, _ socialur dakveTas
asrulebs. pirveli cudi da miuRebelia; meore _ kargi, misaRebi da savaldebulo. monis gaTavisufleba misi monobisagan
gaTavisuflebaa da ara garkveuli valdebulebebisagan ganTavisufleba. filosofia Tavisufali unda iyos pirveli
formis msaxurebisagan, magram mas ar SeuZlia, mas ar unda
ganze gaudges meore formis msaxurebas. metic, pirveli formis msaxurebisagan gaTavisufleba imisTvis unda, raTa ukeT
SesZlos meore formis msaxureba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dakargavda Tavis socialur daniSnulebas. maSin ismis axali kiTxva _ visi (risi) msaxuri unda iyos igi? _ filosofia cxovrebis TviTcnobierebaa da amitom igi yovelTvis unda iyos
cxovrebis miukerZoebel samsaxurSi myofi. es ar niSnavs
filosofiis raRac gamorCeulobas. adamians jer ar Seuqmnia
iseTi ram, rac cxovrebis samsaxurSi rom ar iyos Cayenebuli.
cxovrebis, rogorc umaRlesi miznis mimarT, yvelaferi saSualebaa. cxovrebis samsaxurSi arian is movlenebic (religia,
mecniereba, politika-ideologia), istoriulad romelTa samsaxurSic aRmoCnda filosofia. filosofia emsaxureba cxovrebis yvela sferos. maT Soris igi marTlac emsaxureba
religias, mecnierebas, xelovnebas, politikas, magram es araa
monuri samsaxuri. esaa maT Soris TanamSromlobiTi urTierToba, romelic orive mxares aZlierebs.

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10. filosofiis alternativoba da disidentoba. adamianis Tavze sikeTisa da borotebis momtani aTasgvari problemebi trialebs. bevri maTganis gadawyveta sabunebismetyvelo-teqnikuri mecnierebebis kompetenciaSi Sedis, magram rCeba kidev ufro mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, romelTa
gadawyveta am mecnierebebis kompetencias scildeba. aRniSnuli mecnierebebi ZiriTadad `me~-dan gareT xedvaa, romlebic
gvaswavlian imas, rac Cvens gareTaa. magram cxovrebis ZiriTadi motivebi CvenSi, Cvens sulSia. amitom paralelurad adamians sWirdeba sakuTar `me~-Si Caxedva, sakuTari sulis Seswavla. magram SeiZleba Tu ara sakuTar sulSi mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis warmoeba imave wesiT, imave xerxebiT da princi pebiT,
rogorc es keTdeba aRniSnul mecnierebebSi. an miRebuli
Sedegebi imave ganzomilebebSi unda jdebodes Tu ara, rogorSic sabunebismetyvelo-teqnikuri mecnierebebis Sedegebi. sxvanairia subieqtis gareT da misgan damoukideblad arsebuli
sinamdvilis sagnebi da movlenebi. sul sxvanairia subieqtis
imanenturi samyaro da misi movlenebi. amitom am ori sinamdvilis Semswavleli mecnierebebis xerxebis, princi pebis da
Sedegebis gansxvaveba Tavidanve gapirobebulia maTi kvlevis
obieqtebis gansxvavebulobiT. subieqtisaTvis gare sinamdvile
aucileblobis sferoa. iq gamoricxuli araa SemTxveviTobebi. isic am sinamdvilis aucilebeli momentia. magram gare
sinamdvileSi gamoricxulia Tavisufleba. bunebam ar icis
Tavisufleba. kerZo mecnierebebi mudam gare sinamdvileSi
moqmedi aucileblobebis Ziebis procesSia. adamianisaTvis
imanentur samyarod misi suli iTvleba. sulisaTvis misgan
gare sinamdvilea bunebis sagnebic, adamianis sxeulic da misi
fsiqikac. yvela amaTSi aucileblobebia gabatonebuli. aq
yvelaferi mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTobiT warimarTeba, romelic deterministuli xasiaTisaa. amitom am movlenebis ganviTarebas mkacrad gansazRvruli mimarTuleba aqvs. es iTqmis
ara marto dinamikuri kanonebis mixedviT ganviTarebuli procesebis mimarT, aramed, saboloo jamSi, statistikuri kanonebiT ganxorcielebuli procesebis mimarTac. amitom gare

sinamdvileSi rogorc aucileblobis sferoSi ganviTarebul

movlenebs `dominos koWebis~ princi piT ualternativo xasiaTi aqvs. aq mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi SedarebiT zusti
da calsaxaa. meqanikis mecnierebis adreuli da swrafi ganviTareba swored am garemoebam ganapiroba.
adamianis sulis gansakuTrebuloba mis TavisuflebaSia. sulis Tavisufleba, sabolood, adamianisa da misi cxovrebis Tavisuflebis sakiTxs ayenebs. aq SeuZlebelia procesebis zusti gaTvla mizez-Sedegobriobis princi piT. mag.
SeuZlebelia meqanikurad zustad iqnes gaTvlili ama da am
pirovnebas, garkveul dros, garkveul garemoSi zustad ra fiqrebi daeuflebian, ra survilebi gauCndeba da ra mimarTulebas
miiRebs misi nebeloba. adamianis sulieri sfero rom mTlianad emorCilebodes aucileblobebs, maSin igi meqanikur arsebad gardaiqmneboda.
filosofia aris gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebis ganuwyvetlad dabadebebis da msxvrevaTa sfero. verc erT mecnierebaSi ver SexvdebiT Tvalsazrisis aseT simravles, mravalferovnebas da siWreles, xSir SemTxvevaSi radikalurad urTierTsapirispiros, rogorc filosofiaSi. amis mizezi
filosofiuri azrovnebis TaviseburebaSia. es ki alternatiulobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. filosofiis yvelaze didi mteria misi saxelmwifo filosofiad gamocxadeba. es mis ualternativobas niSnavs, rac ZirSive klavs filosofias. kerZo mecnierebebisaTvis Tu ualternativoba maTi bunebrivi moTxovnaa, filosofiis bunebrivi moTxovnaa misi alternatiuloba. komunistur reJimSi filosofia ualternativobis mdgomareobaSi iqna Cayenebuli, ramac misi reJimiT nakarnaxevi
mkacri aucileblobebis marwuxebSi moqceva gamoiwvia.
filosofiuri fiqris sagania cxovreba. misi mizania adamianis cxovrebis gonivruli modeli, am modelis mqone msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibeba. filosofiis ualternativoba
cxovrebis romeliRac modelis ualternativobas niSnavs, rasac
mivyavarT totalitarul reJimamde, sadac mTavari moTxovnaa
pirovnebis masebSi gaTqvefa, yvelani erTimeores unda daems-

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gavson da amiT moxdes pirovnebaTa nivelireba. yvelam erTnairad unda ifiqros, erTnairad iazrovnos, lamis yvelam
erTnairi sizmrebi unda naxos. erTi sityviT, _ erTnairad da
erTi cxovrebiT unda icxovron. es situacia adgils aRar
utovebs adamianebs, xalxebs mamulis (samSoblos), erovnulobis, enobrivi da kulturuli gansxvavebulobis SesaZleblobisaTvis. ualternativo filosofia mTlianad ideologiad
iqceva, romelic ibrZvis yvelasaTvis erTi samSoblos (sabWoTa kavSiri), erTi eris (sabWoTa xalxi), erTi enis (erovnuli
konstituciebidan saxelmwifo enis statusidan erovnuli enebis
amoRebis da maT adgilas yvelasaTvis savaldebulod rusuli
enis damkvidrebis mcdeloba), erTi kulturis (socialisturi
kultura) _ mTlianobaSi, ualternativo erTi cxovrebis SeqmnisaTvis. filosofiis mimarT xSirad gamoTqmula kritikuli
SeniSvna masSi `izmebis~ simravlis arsebobis gamo. magram
xSirad am simravlis arsebobaa utyuari sabuTi filosofiis
alternatiulobis. akrZaleT filosofiaSi `izmebis~ arseboba da igi gadaiqceva totalitarizmis msaxurad. adamiani Tavisufali arsebaa. praqtikulad, raSi gamoixateba misi Tavisufleba? cxadia, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, es kiTxva gulisxmobs ara
yoveldRiur wvrilman yofiT sakiTxebs, aramed cxovrebisaTvis
princi pul da sabediswero problemebs. Tavisufleba arCevanis Tavisuflebaa. risi arCevanis Tavisufleba aqvs adamians?
iqneb adamiani irCevs dabadebas. magram aSkaraa, rom individs
aravin kiTxavs unda Tu ara mas dabadeba. es dabadeba romel
epoqaSi, romel qveyanaSi, romel erSi, romel gvarSi, romel
ojaxSi, qalad Tu vaJad, unda rom moxdes? yvelaferi misTvis,
misgan daukiTxavad garkveuli aucileblobebiT xdeba. yvelaferi misTvis iZulebiT Tavs moxveulia. dabadebis da cxovrebis bolos sikvdilia. iqneb mas sikvdilis arCevanis
Tavisufleba aqvs. igulisxmeba arCevani kiTxvaze _ unda Tu
ara mas sikvdili? marTalia gansakuTrebul situaciaSi Cavardnili adamianebis mcire nawili irCevs sikvdils, magram verc
am arCevans davarqmevT adamianis Tavisuflebas, vinaidan es
`arCevani~ umetes SemTxvevaSi misTvis ufro didi ubedurebis

acilebis mizeziT keTdeba. amasTan erTad, TviTmkvlelobis

faqtebi adamianTa modgomisaTvis ise mcirea, rom mas odnavadac ar SeuZlia ukuagdos sikvdilis fataluri gardauvaloba. miviReT, rom dabadeba _ ara, sikvdili _ ara, maS raSi
gamoixateba adamianis arCevanis Tavisufleba? rCeba erTi gamosavali _ es unda iyos dabadebidan sikvdilisaken mimavali
gza. aqac axali kiTxva ismis. dabadebidan sikvdilamde mimavali gza mravalia. kerZod romeli? adamianis arCevanis Tavisufleba masTanaa dakavSirebuli. adamianis Tavisufleba imaSia,
Tu sikvdilisaken mimaval romel gzas airCevs. es gza misi
cxovreba iqneba. am gzis arCeva misi mxridan sakuTari cxovrebis arCevania. es misi `me~ aris. am arCevaniT igi Tavis Tavs
irCevs. irCevs imas, rogori unda iyos da rogor unda icxovros, ras unda miuZRvnas Tavisi Tavi da Tavisi cxovreba.
aseTi arCevanis dros, cxadia, adamiani arCevans erT romelsame
gzaze SeaCerebs. e.i. airCevs cxovrebis garkveul models da
aq Cndeba morigi kiTxva _ ratom airCia man swored ai aseTi
gza, aseTi cxovreba da ara sxvanairi? imitom, rom mas Tavisi
Sinagani xedviT, Tavisi mrwamsiT, ase esmis cxovrebis arsi,
misi raoba. ase esmis Tavisi Tavi da misi amqveyniuri daniSnuleba. amaSi xedavs Tavisi cxovrebis sazriss. sxvanairi
cxovreba, sxvanairi gza misTvis usazrisoa. es misTvis, rogorc
erTi kacisaTvis, ualternativo cxovrebaa. misi pirovnuli
filosofiuri xedva amas karnaxobs, magram am adamianis gverdiT cxovroben aTasobiT sxva adamianebic. dabadebidan sikvdilisaken mimavali aTasobiT gzis arseboba, aTasobiT mcxovrebi
adamianis mier Seqmnili gzebi TavianTi Tavisufali arCevebiT Seqmnili gzebia. yvelas aqvs ufleba icxovros Tavisi
cxovrebiT. filosofia cxovrebis gagebaa. amitom cxadi xdeba,
yvelasaTvis erTi savaldebulo cxovrebis SeuZlebloba.
cx ovrebis alternatiuloba filosof iis alternativobas moiTxovs.
filosofiis alternativoba ganapirobebs mis disidentur bunebas. kerZo mecnierebaSi dasaqmebuli adamiani SeiZleba disidenti iyos, magram TviTon kerZo mecnierebebi ara-

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https://www.facebook.com/groups/ELLIB/
disidenturni arian, maTi ualternativobis gamo. disidenturi iyo filosofia Tavidanve, aseTi iyo istoriis manZilze
da aseTad agrZelebs arsebobas. TviT sokrate disidenti iyo
da disidenturi filosofiuri azrovnebis msxverpli Seiqmna.
filosofiis disidentoba imiTaa gamowveuli, rom igi epoqis
mamxilebeli TviTkritikaa. cxovreba Seicavs rogorc dadebiT momentebs, ise naklovanebebs. filosofia, rogorc cxovrebis mamxilebeli TviTkritika, aaSkaravebs cxovrebis dadebiT
mxareebTan erTad, mis mankier momentebsac. filosofiis rogorc
profesiis arsi amaSia. vinaidan filosofia yovelTvis funqciobs sazogadoebaSi, romelic raRac socialur-politikuri
reJimiTaa warmodgenili. ismis kiTxva, rogor guobs esa Tu is
reJimi filosofias, mis disidentobas? yvelaferi damokidebulia socialur-politikuri reJimis Taviseburebaze. Tu reJimi demokratiulia da Tavisufali, sazogadoebis agebas da
ganmtkicebas cdilobs, aseT pirobebSi igi guobs da Semwynarebelia nebismieri filosofiuri azris mimarT. metic,
filosofiis mxridan mamxilebeli kritikis saSualebiT igi
gebulobs mis mankier mxareebs da cdilobs mis daZlevas.
amitom filosofiis disidentoba Tavisufali sazogadoebis
Seqmnisa da ganmtkicebis saqmeSi aucilebel da mniSvnelovan
faqtorad iTvleba. amis gamo filosofia devnisa ki ara, xelisSewyobis obieqtia. Tavisufal, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi filosofosebsac ajildovebdnen nobelis premiiT (Tumca
literatures dargSi). TiTqmis yvela nobelianti filosofosi gamoirCeva Tavisi disidentobiT. sabWoTa kavSirsac hyavs
nobelianti moazrovneebi. yvela gamorCeulia imis gamo, rom
isini sabWoTa reJimis mimarT gamokveTili disidentebi arian.
rac Seexeba totalitarul reJims, misTvis misi mankierebis
dafarva arsebiTi Tvisebaa (`rkinis fardis~ arseboba amaze
miuTiTebs). xolo is, vinc cdilobs reJimis mankierebis mxilebas, yvelani devnis obieqtebi xdebian. amitom filosofiis
disidentoba zedapirulad mJRavndeba totalitarul reJimebSi da maTi devnac iq xorcieldeba. sabWoTa totalitarulma
reJimma bevri filosofosi, rogorc disidenti, Seiwira, zogi

sicocxliT, zogi _ azrovnebiT. zogma WeSmaritad filosofosma moaxerxa Tavisi disidentobis SeniRbva. xolo didi
umravlesoba ganudga filosofiis disidentobas. amiT ganudgnen
WeSmarit filosofias.

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11. filosofiis ZiriTadi funqciebi. adamianis

cxovreba erTdroulad aris biologiuri, socialuri da kulturuli movlena. amis gamo igi urTulesi meqanizmia. igi
awyobilia da gaaCnia erTimeoresTan mWidro kavSiri da urTierTganmsazRvreli aTasgvari detali da elementi. yvela
maTgani cxovrebis aucilebeli nawilia da datvirTulia
cxovrebisaTvis sasicocxlo funqciiT. termini `funqcia~
laTinuri sityvaa da daniSnulebas niSnavs. cxovrebis yovel
detals raRac daniSnuleba, raRac saqme akisria. man raRac
funqcia unda Seasrulos, raRaciT unda suli STaberos, gaaZlieros da gaamdidros cxovreba. cxovrebis aseT detalebs
Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani filosofiaa, romelsac Tavisi
gansakuTrebuli funqcia akisria. zogadad igi SeiZleba ase
Camoyalibdes: filosofiis daniSnulebaa adamianis, rogorc
biologiurad dabadebuli cocxali arsebis _ cxovrebisaTvis
mzadmyof socialur-kulturul pirovnebad Camoyalibeba.
filosofiis es zogadi da yovlismomcveli funqcia iSleba
calkeul momentebad, romelTagan unda gamovyoT Semdegi:
1. cxovrebis gaSuqebis funqcia. Cven viciT adamianis cxovrebisaTvis fizikuri sxivebis da mxedvelobis didi
roli. rodesac garemo sxivebiTaa ganaTebuli, Tvals SeuZlia
yvelaferi dainaxos da sivrceSi swori orientacia moaxdinos. magram viciT isic, rom cxovrebaSi aris iseTi ram, romlis TavliT danaxvas ver SevZlebT, raoden uxvi sxivebiTac
unda iyos garemo ganaTebuli. mas `dasanaxad~ sxvanairi sxivebi, sxvanairi ganaTeba da sxvanairi Tvali sWirdeba. es _
`iseTi ram~ cxovrebis raobaa, misi arsia, romlis ver danaxva
Tavis SesatyvisobaSi (ver gacnobiereba-gaazreba) sulier sibrmaves iwvevs. sibrmave ki, iqneba igi fizikuri Tu sulieri,

adamianis invalidobaa. filosofia adamianis cxovrebis gonebriv-msoflmxedvelobrivi Suqis qveS dayenebaa, misi arsis,
misi raobis SesatyvisobaSi danaxva-gaazrebis mizniT, raTa
adamianma moaxerxos mTlian cxovrebaSi swori orientacia.
2. TviTSemecnebis funqcia. f. bekoni gveubneba, _
codna Zalaao. Tavis mxriv, Zala sicocxlisunarianobis wyaroa.
cxovrebaSi adamians aTasi ramis codna sWirdeba. rac meti
icis, miT Zlieria. araviTari codna zedmeti araa, Tuki mas
gonivrulad anu isev codniT moixmar. codnas ori mimarTuleba
aqvs. erTia icode is, rac Sens gareTaa, meore is, Tu ra aris
SenSi, ra xar TviTon Sen. aseTi codna TviTSemecnebiT miiReba. kargia roca ici aTasgvari sagnebi da movlenebi, roca ici
ra aris da ra xdeba Sens gareT, magram ufro kargia da
mniSvnelovani _ sakuTari Tavis codna; roca gacnobierebuli gaqvs ra xdeba SenSi, ra ginda, ra azri aqvs Sens cxovrebas,
ra gziT da rogor unda icxovro, roca SenTvis safuZvlianad
garkveuli gaqvs WeSmariteba da mcdaroba, saTnoeba da boroteba,
mSveniereba da simaxinje, samarTlianoba da usamarTloba, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis arsi. es TviTkritikiT da TviTSemecnebiT ganxorcielebuli filosofiis funqciaa. esaa sokratuli lozungis, _ Seican Tavi Seni! realizacia.
3. cxovrebaSi orientirebis funqcia. adamianis
mxridan cxovrebaSi erT-erTi mTavari gadasawyveti problema
isaa, rac gamoiTqmis kiTxviT _ saiT? ici, rom rogorc mTlian
samyaroSi, ise cxovrebaSi yvelaferi moZravia, cvalebadia, warmavalia. maradiuli TviTon moZraoba-cvalebadobis faqtia.
Senc moZravi da cvalebadi xar. yvelafris da Seni moZraobac
moiTxovs am moZraobaTa mimarTulebis dadgenas. Tu mas
gamokveTili mimarTuleba ara aqvs da qaosuria, esec moZraobaa.
qaosuri moZraobis saxiT masac aqvs Tavisi qaosuri mimarTuleba. moZraobisaTvis mimarTulebis aucilebloba badebs
kritikul kiTxvas _ saiT? saiT mTliani samyaros moZraoba
da saiT sakuTriv Seni moZraoba? mizani is aris, rom Seni
moZraoba orientirebuli da koreqtirebuli iyos samyaros
moZraobis mimarT, raTa maT Soris arsebobdes Tanxvedra. ase-

Ti mizani moiTxovs me-sa da arame-s, anu samyarosa da adamianis

mTlianobaSi gaazrebas. aRniSnuli Tanxvedris pirobebSi
adamiani samyaros Tavis partniorad, Tavis sacxovrebel saxlad aRiqvams; samyaroSi adamianis amgvarad orientirebis gaazreba filosofiis mniSvnelovani funqciaa.
4. jerarsuli yofierebis dadgenis funqcia. roca
kiTxva dgeba _ saiT cxovreba? Tavis mxriv igi axal kiTxvas
badebs. saiTac unda iyos mimarTuli adamianis cxovreba, misi
sasrulobis gamo igi raRac bolo punqtis miRwevas gulisxmobs. bolo punqtSi igulisxmeba ara raRac damasrulebeli
bolo wertili, aramed misi sabolood Camoyalibebuli da
gamokveTili saxe. radgan cxovreba moZraobaSia, kiTxva moiTxovs imis garkvevas, Tu ra aris misi mocemuli realuri Tvisebrivi saxe da idealSi ra unda iyos, Tvisebrivad ras unda
miaRwios. esaa cxovrebis jerarsis Zieba. igi aris cxovrebis
Taviseburi revizia, misi kritika. igi miuTiTebs raRac naklovanebaze da moiTxovs mis daZlevas, raTa gaxdes is, rac jerarsulad unda iyos. jerarsuli yofiereba Taviseburi mowodebaa, `undas~ imperatiulobis winaSe dgomaa. adamianis jerarsuli yofierebis gansazRvra misi adamianad yofnis gansazRvraa.
bunebasa da cxovrebaSi Semosuli sagnebis Seswavlas kerZo
mecnierebebi arsis poziciidan ikvleven. miukerZoeblad isini adgenen imas, Tu ra aris sagani. filosofiis mizania yvelafers, da maT Soris mTavars _ cxovrebas Sexedos `undas~
TvaliT. erTia is, Tu ra aris, magram mTavari isaa, Tu ra unda
iyos. esaa misi jerarsuli Seswavla, rac filosofiis funqciaa.
5. sazrisis dadgenis funqcia. cxovrebaSi Semosuli sagnebisa da movlenebis, da mTlianad, cxovrebis mimarT
adamianis winaSe kiTxva axali formiTac ismis: _ risTvis?!
yoveldRe diliT vdgebiT, dRisiT vSromobT, Rame visvenebT.
asevea meore, meaTe, mease dRe... da ibadeba kiTxva: risTvis
yovelive es? risTvis cxovreba? kiTxva mimarTulia cxovrebis
fundamenturi momentis, misi sazrisis, anu misi ZiriTadi daniSnulebisaken. sazrisi cxovrebis funqciur daniSnulebaze

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miuTiTebs. _ risTvis cxovreba? sazrisi adamianis samyarosTan,

mis sagnebTan da TviT cxovrebasTan dakavSirebis universaluri saSualebaa. saganTan maSin modixar adamianurad gasageb
kavSirSi, Tu ase Tu ise misi sazrisi SenTvis mniSvnelobs.
cxovrob maSin, Tu misi sazrisi SenTvis mniSvnelobs. risTvis
cxovreba? _ cxovrebis sazrisis sakiTxia. cxovrebaSi yvela
sxva sagnebisa da movlenebis sazrisi cxovrebis sazrisiT
ganisazRvreba. TviT cxovrebis sazrisi cxovrebis umaRles
mizanTan mimarTebaSi dgindeba, romelsac dasmul kiTxvaze
mivyavarT pasuxTan _ cxovreba cxovrebisaTvis. e.i. cxovrob
maSin, roca cxovrebas sxva ramis saSualebad ar aqcev. esaa
cxovrebis TviTmizezobriobis da TviTmiznobriobis dafuZneba.
cxovrebis aseTi analizi filosofiis funqciaa.
6. Tavisuflebis da pasuxismgeblobis funqcia.
adamiani cxovrobs maSin, Tu igi Tavisufalia. adamianis adamianobac TavisuflebiT ganisazRvreba. imdenadaa adamianSi
adamianoba, ramdenadac masSia Tavisufleba. adamianis mier
Tavisuflebis mopoveba Tavis Tavis mopovebaa. Tavisufleba
Tanac iseTi movlenaa, rom misi saCuqrad sxvisagan miRebas
ar unda elode. Tu Sen ar gaqvs Tavisuflebis survili, verc
verasodes gaxdebi Tavisufali. e.i. pirvel rigSi saWiroa
adamianis sulSi Tavisuflebis survilis aRZvra. Tavisufleba, igive saTnoebaa, upirvelesi saTnoeba. imitom, rom
Tavisufleba pasuxismgeblobaa, pasuxismgebloba, rogorc sakuTari Tavis, ise sxva adamianebisa da mTeli samyaros mimarT.
amaSi gamoixateba saTnoebis arsi. filosofiis erT-erTi
funqcia swored Tavisuflebis, saTnoebis da pasuxismgeblobis dafuZnebis problemaa.
7. msoflmxedvelobrivi funqcia. adamianis cxovreba
moiTxovs mTliani samyaros, sakuTari Tavis da misi am samyaroSi adgilisa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb mwyobri gonebrivi
da emociuri suraTis, anu msoflmxedvelobis Seqmnas. aRniSnuli suraTi maSinaa qmediTi, Tu igi stiqiuri xasiaTisa ki
ara, aramed mecnierulad kargad gaazrebuli da mecnierulad
mwyobri sistemaa. filosofia swored aseTi msoflmxedvelo-

bis formaa. igi dasabuTebuli msoflmxedvelobaa. amitom

filosofiis msoflmxedvelobrivi funqcia? adamianisaTvis
msoflmxedvelobrivi daniSnulebaa.

1 2. fi l o so fi i s p r a qti k u li mni Svnel o bi s

Sesaxeb. rigiTi moqalaqeebisaTvis (da ara marto maTTvis)
filosofiis praqtikuli mniSvneloba ise cxadi da aSkara
araa, rogorc konkretuli mecnierebebis Sedegebi. es iwvevs
imas, rom konkretuli mecnierebebis winaSe ar dgeba saWiroeba
maTi praqtikuli mniSvnelobis dasabuTebis aucileblobis
Sesaxeb. iTvleba, rom es isedac naTeli da xelSesaxebia. gana
saWiroa maTematikis, fizikis, qimiis, biologiis praqtikuli
mniSvnelobis dasabuTeba? gana amaSi vinmes epareba eWvi?
filosofiis winaSe ki amis saWiroeba periodulad aqtualuri
xdeba xolme. swored periodulad, vinaidan ZiriTadad esaa
epoqis cvalebadobis periodebi. filosofiaSi epoqa, misi
suliskveTebaa asaxuli. epoqebis Secvla filosofiis Secvlas moiTxovs; Secvlas da ara gauqmebas. amitom, ama Tu im
epoqis mier filosofiis saWiroebis mimarT eWvis Setana sxva
araferia, Tu ara im filosofiaSi eWvis Setana, romelic sazogadoebaSi aqamde iyo gabatonebuli. epoqebis cvla RirebulebaTa cvlilebis procesia. Zveli Rirebulebebi garkveulwilad ingreva da maT adgilas Cndeba axali Rirebulebebi.
esa Tu is epoqa ama Tu im RirebulebaTa sistemaa. es niSnavs,
rom epoqis Secvla Rirebulebebis Secvlaa da ara maTi saerTod gauqmeba. filosofia Tu epoqaa cnebebSi asaxuli (hegeli), TviTon epoqa cxovrebaSi adamianebis erTobis garkveuli
RirebulebiTi orientaciaa. istoriaSi gvaswavlian imas, ama
Tu im epoqaSi rogor cxovrobdnen adamianebi. anu ra RirebulebebiT cxovrobdnen. Rirebulebebi ki mravalnairia. aris
inteleqtualuri, ekonomikuri, teqnikuri, zneobrivi, esTetikuri,
samarTlebrivi, religiuri da sxva Rirebulebebi. epoqebis
cvlilebebi yvela aRniSnul RirebulebaSi iwvevs cvlilebebs. galaqtioni gveubneba _ `wiwamurTan rom mokles ilia,

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maSin epoqa gaTavda didi~. epoqebs wlebi da saukuneebi ar

gansazRvraven . arc maTi cvlileba ar iwvevs epoqebis cvlas.
ilias mkvlelobamde saukune Svidi wliT adre Seicvala, magram is Svidi welic ilias mkvlelobamde arsebul epoqas
miekuTvneba. galaqtionis naTqvamSi, pirvel rigSi, imazea miniSneba, rom im `did epoqaSi~, romelic `gaTavda~, qarTveli xalxi
cxovrobda im RirebulebebiT, im orientaciiT, im mimarTulebiT,
saiTkenac ilia uCvenebda. magram sadRac gaCnda ganzraxva,
qarTveli xalxis cxovrebis sxva mimarTulebiT wayvanisa;
Tumca, erisaTvis imdenad didi iyo ilias avtoriteti, rom
SeuZleblad CaiTvala ilias sicocxlis pirobebSi qarTveli
xalxis misgan Camocileba. es gaxda arsebiTi mizezi ilias
mkvlelobisa. ilias mkvleloba da epoqis gaTaveba niSnavda
axali epoqis dasawyissac, sadac RirebulebiTi orientacia
iliaseulisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli iqneboda. faqtia,
es asec moxda. magram isic faqtia, rom es axali epoqac daZvelda, dauZlurda da daamTavra Tavisi arseboba. misi damTavreba
RirebulebiTi orientaciis mkveTri cvlilebebis maniSnebelia. es cvlilebebi unda asaxuliyo filosofiaSi. im dros
arsebul dialeqtikur materializms, (marqsistul filosofias), romelic im epoqis mesityve iyo, amis SesaZlebloba ar
hqonda, radgan igi im epoqis RirebulebiTi sistemaa da ara
sxva romelimesi. aqedan gamomdinare, komunisturi epoqis
damTavrebam, dialeqtikuri materializmis gabatonebuli formiT aqtiurad arsebobis damTavrebac gamoiwvia. Tumca, aqac,
dialeqtikuri materializmis, rogorc filosofiis istoriuli formis damTavreba ar niSnavs saerTod filosofiis
damTavrebas. komunistur epoqas cvlis axali epoqa, romelsac
Tavisi RirebulebiTi sistema eqneba asaxuli axal epoqisaTvis Sesatyvis filosofiaSi. filosofiis saerTod damTavreba epoqebis arsebobis damTavreba iqneboda, rac SedegSi adamianis arsebobis damTavrebas niSnavs. es ki momavlis koSmarul
suraTad mogvevlineboda. romelime epoqis damTavreba misi
amsaxveli filosofiis damTavrebas moiTxovs, magram iqve iwyeba axali epoqa, romelic aSkarad Tu farulad, cnobierad Tu

gaucnobiereblad, iwyebs axali epoqisaTvis Sesatyvisi

filosofiis mSeneblobas. es asea, radgan yovel epoqas sWirdeba mamxilebeli kritikuli TviTcnobiereba. aseTia filosofia. amasTanave rogorc mTliani filosofiis, ise misi Zireuli princi pebis Tavisebureba mis TviTmiznobriv da TviTdasabuTebis safuZvelzea dayrdnobili; anu, SeuZlebelia
filosofiis uaryofa TviTon filosofiis moSveliebis gareSe,
filosofiis realoba ki mis uaryofaSi sabuTdeba.
imasac unda gaewios angariSi, roca filosofiis praqtikul mniSvnelobaze msjeloben da Cndeba fraza _ `ra saWiroa
filosofia~?! iqve unda vikiTxoT sad iTqva es da ra ganwyobiT. Tu mocemul momentSi garkveuli ganwyobis niadagze
romelime erovnebis wiaRSi gaCnda aRniSnuli kritikuli fraza,
es ar niSnavs velodoT imave frazis gaCenas sxva erovnebebis
da qveynebis wiaRSi. komunistur reJimamde sakmaod adre, ruseTSi
TviT ganaTlebis ministrma ganacxada _ ra saWiroa filosofia?! misi sargeblianoba aravis dausabuTebia iseve, rogorc
misi mavne gavlena sazogadoebaze aravis uaruyviao. amis niadagze
man, rogorc ministrma, saerTo saswavleblebSi, maT Soris
universitetebSic akrZala misi swavleba. sabednierod, maSin
marTlmadidebluri eklesia ar ahyva am provokacias. man mtkiced SeinarCuna sasuliero saswavleblebSi filosofiis
savaldebuli swavleba. am dros, evropis ganviTarebul qveynebSi aravis azrad ar mosvlia da princi pSi arc SeiZleboda
mosvlodaT msgavsi gancxadebis gakeTebis survili. es imaze
miuTiTebs, rom filosofiis mimarT msgavsi ganwyoba Cndeba iq,
sadac dawyebulia epoqis kritika. epoqis da misi sulieri
gamoxatulebis _ filosofiis kritika isev filosofiiT warmoebs. filosofiiT filosofiis kritika mxolod imas niSnavs, rom erTi filosofia Seicvalos meoreTi da ara mis
mTlianad gauqmebas.
filosofiisadmi msgavsi ganwyobileba, xSirad epoqis
daRlilobiTaa gamowveuli. adamiani, adamianTa sazogadoeba,
eri sulieri arsebaa. mas periodulad sWirdeba cvlilebebi,
Tundac imitom, rom igi rogorRac daiRala, mobezrda is, ri-

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Tac aqamde cxovrobda. mas sWirdeba siaxle. Tu es asea, maSin

ratom exeba igi filosofias da ara konkretul mecnierebebs?
amaze pasuxi martivia imitom, rom konkretuli mecnierebebi
warmoadgenen adamianis SemecnebiT mimarTebas mis gareT arsebul sinamdvileze. am sferoSic mecnieruli monacemebi xSirad kargaven TavianT mniSvnelobas, magram ara `daRlilobis~
gamo, aramed maTi mecnierulad moZvelebulobis gamo, radgan
maT gverdiT gaCnda imave Temaze ufro zusti da mecnierulad
damtkicebuli Sedegebi, romlebic ikaveben maT adgils. mivaqcioT yuradReba, konkretul mecnierebebSi warsulis Sedegebisadmi dabruneba Tu igi Seicvala gaumjobesebuli axliT,
TiTqmis ar xdeba. sxva viTarebaa filosofiaSi. rogorRac aq
moqmedebs cnobili princi pi `axali kargad daviwyebuli Zvelia~. TiTqmis saukunenaxevris winaT iTqva, rom axal da Tanamedrove evropul filosofias ar uTqvams iseTi ram, rac
raRacnairi formiT moniSnuli ar iyo antikuri berZnuli
filosofiis mier. dResac filosofiur virtualur diskusiebSi kvlav aqtiurad CarTulni arian: warsulis udidesi
filosofosebi. warsulis udidesi moazrovneebi arian homerosi, rusTaveli, servantesi, Seqspiri. maTi qmnilebebiT vtkbebiT, magram maTTan ar vkamaTobT. inteleqtualurad aranakleb
vtkbebiT platonis, aristoteles, rusos, kantis, haidegeris
Sromebis gonebamaxvilobiT da siRrmiT, magram amasTanave dResac
maTTan vagrZelebT virtualur kamaTs, imitom rom filosofia
warsulsac da Tanamedroveobasac erT mTlianobad aqcevs.
metic, epoqis moTxovnilebam SeiZleba ufro aqtualuri gaxados da wina planze wamowios Soreuli warsulis filosofiuri naazrevi. CineTSi, xunveibinebis mZvinvarebis dros iq
moqmedma ideologiurma interesebma wina planze wamowies
Zveli welTaRricxvis VI saukunis moazrovnis konfucis moZRvreba da misi kritika wamoiwyes.
filosofiisadmi adamianebis mier zurgis Seqceva xSirad
ganpirobebulia TviT adamianebis moumzadeblobiT filosofiisaTvis. igulisxmeba ara marto da ara imdenad inteleqtualuri moumzadebloba, ramdenadac cxovrebis ekonomikuri doniT

moumzadebloba. adamians ar scalia da mas verc gaagebineb

filosofiis raobas da saWiroebas, roca misi fiqrebi, zrunva,
saqmianoba mTlianad fizikuri arsebobis SenarCunebiskenaa
mipyrobili. filosofiisadmi adamianis Semobruneba mxolod
maSinaa SesaZlebeli, roca fizikuri arsebobis problema moxsnilia da iwyeba sulier arsebobaze fiqri da zrunva. filosofia sulieri kulturis fenomenia. hegelis azriT, filosofia
azrovnebis Tavisuflebaa. sakvebis Ziebaze gadagebuli adamianis azrovneba ver iqneba Tavisufali. cxovelic sakvebis
maZiebelia. filosofia sWirdeba Tavisufal adamians. misi
Tavisufleba misi filosofiaa. Tavisufali adamiani Tavis
TavTan dabrunebuli adamiania. marTalia, adamiani sxeulisa
da sulis erTianobaa, magram sxeuli mxolod saSualebaa, instrumentia, igi mxolod budea sulisaTvis. adamianis arseba
misi sulia. cxadia, adamianis sxeuls sWirdeba sazrdo, magram
mxolod imisaTvis, rom sulieri sazrdo miiRos. adamiani
imisaTvis ki ar azrovnebs, rom Wamos, aramed imisaTvis Wams,
rom iazrovnos.
ras sTavazobs adamians erTis mxriv konkretuli mecniereba, meores mxriv _ filosofia? rasac konkretuli mecniereba sTavazobs adamians, metad mniSvnelovania. Tanac zedapirzeve Cans da aSkaraa. igi aseTia ZiriTadad imitom, rom mas
SeuZlia dagvapuros, gagvaTbos, gagvaseirnos, gvanebivros. Tumca rogorc mweral g. doCanaSvilis nawarmoebis personaJi
ityvis, _ xinklis WamiT da qafqafa ludis smiT miRebuli
siamovnebis Semdeg, meore dRes rom gamofxizldebi, mixvdebi,
rom igive biTuri xar, rac aqamde iyavio...
filosofia araa arc mwvadi, rom gemrielad da noyierad dagapuros, arc Tbili qurqi, rom siciveSi CagaTbunos;
arc komfortuli avtomobili, rom aRtkinebiT gagaseirnos; da
arc feSenebeluri saxli, rom gancxromaSi gamyofos. igi sxeulebriv aRqmas ar eqvemdebareba. amitom misgan sxeulebriv
siamovnebas princi pulad ar unda velodoT. adamianisaTvis
mTavari safiqrali da gasakeTebeli cxovrebaa. filosofia
mas sTavazobs cxovrebis raobaSi garkvevas. igi adamians sTava-

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zobs kritikulad gaazrebuli cxovrebis ama Tu im wess iseve,

rogorc ilia WavWavaZem Tavisi moTxroba `kacia-adamiani~
mkiTxvels warudgina, rogorc sarke, raSic Tavisi Tavi unda
dainaxos, masSi aRmoaCinos sakuTari naklic da Rirsebac da
mis mixedviT moiwesrigos Tavi, raTa gaxdes ukeTesi. mTliani
filosofiac adamians Tavis Tavs sTavazobs, rogorc sulier
sarkes, romliTac unda ecados Tavi moiwesrigos WeSmaritebis,
saTnoebis, mSvenierebis, samarTlianobis normebiT. da amiT
sxeulebrivad dabadebuli adamiani sulieradac adamianad
Camoyalibdes. oRond filosofiaSi es xdeba ara iliaseuli
basri satiruli eniT, aramed ganyenebuli mecnieruli formebiT. `Seican Tavi Seni!~ gvmoZRvravs kaciobriobis udidesi
maswavlebeli _ sokrate. Semecneba Ziebaa. adamianisaTvis saZiebeli bevri ramaa, magram mTavari saZiebeli mainc sakuTari Tavia. adamianisaTvis praqtikuli mniSvneloba pirvel
rigSi imas aqvs, rac am saqmeSi yvelaze did daxmarebas uwevs.
aseTia filosofia.
dabolos, Tu Cven SevexebiT filosofiis praqtikuli
mniSvnelobis sakiTxs, mis gavlenas ara kerZo pirovnebis, aramed
globaluri masStabiT mTeli kacobriobis bedze, aq kidev
ufro aSkarad ikveTeba filosofiis udidesi roli. antikuri
berZnuli samyaro, iq warmoebda rogorc kerZo mecnieruli
kvlevebi, ise filosofiuri Ziebebi. imdroindelma mecnierulma Sedegebma, kerZod, evklides, arqimedes, hipokrates naazrevma
kacobriobis winsvlis saqmeSi garkveul etapebze cxadia dadebiTi roli Seasrules. magram, masTan SedarebiT, ganuzomelia
is didi roli, romelic Seasrula antikurma berZnulma filosofiam, iseTi didi warmomadgenlebiT, rogorebic iyvnen: parmenide, heraklite, sokrate, platoni, aristotele, mTliani sakacobrio progresis, adamianTa gakeTilSobilebis saqmeSi. berZnuli filosofia win uswrebda qristianobis warmoSobas. igi
mis Teoriul-filosofiur safuZvlad iqca. platonis naazrevi safuZvlad daedo neoplatonizms; aristoteles naazrevi
Toma aqvinelis moZRvrebas, romelmac TeologiaSi warmoSva
Tomizmi da neoTomizmi. berZnuli kultura, romlis RerZi

berZnuli filosofiaa, mTavari da ganmsazRvreli muxti iyo

Sua saukuneebis aRorZinebis epoqis Sedegebisa.
axal droSic mniSvnelovani kerZo mecnieruli miRwevebi, aRmoCenebi, gamogonebebi dafiqsirda, ramac ufro Seuwyo
xeli civilizaciis ganviTarebas. didia iseTi mecnierebis
damsaxureba, rogorebic iyvnen: galilei, kepleri, koperniki,
hiugensi, niutoni da sxvani, magram maT gverdiT, kacobriobis
momavlis bedze, mis sulier da gonebriv ganviTarebaze ufro
didi gavlena moaxdina im drois epoqaSi gaCenilma ganmanaTleblobis moZraobam, romlis sulieri baza filosofia iyo.
inglisSi j. loki; holandiaSi b. spinoza; safrangeTSi volteri, ruso, monteskie; germaniaSi laibnici, herderi, kanti,
goeTe da sxvani. maT daudes safuZveli Tavisufal azrovnebas.
rac Seexeba meoce saukunes, igi mecnierebis ayvavebis
saukuned gaformda. aRmoCenil iqna atomuri energia da Seiqmna
atomuri teqnika; ujredSi aRmoCenili iqna genebi da Seiqmna
genuri inJineria. damuSavebul iqna lazeris Seqmnis teqnologia da lazeruli teqnika. Seiqmna televizia, kompiuteri da
kompiuteruli marTvis teqnologia; adamiani kosmosuri teqnikis SeqmniT gavida kosmosSi, fexi daadga mTvares... yovelive
aman didad gansazRvra dRevandeli kacobriobis materialuri
da teqnikuri SesaZleblobebi. magram mecnierebis da teqnikis
gavlenas kacobriobis yofierebaze, Tu SevadarebT im udides
gavlenas, rac masze moaxdina filosofiur-msoflmxedvelobrivma
konstruqciebma, davinaxavT am ukanasknelis udides Zalas.
meoce saukunis dasawyisidanve msoflioSi gavrcelda
marqsistuli social-politikuri moZRvreba, romlis sayrdenic
misi filosofia iyo. igi ipyrobda msoflio xalxebis cnobierebas, ramac maTi cxovreba sul sxva mimarTulebiT Semoabruna. marqsizmis arsebobam warmoSva misi sapirispiro _ antimarqsistuli Zalebi da am periodis msoflios cxovreba ZiriTadad
am ZalTa dapirispirebis RerZze aigo. msjeloba exeba ara imas,
kargia Tu cudi marqsizmi an antimarqsizmi, aramed imas, rom XX
saukunis msoflios bedi ZiriTadad maTiT iyo gansazRvruli.
marqsizmic da antimarqsizmic filosofiur xedvebs eyrdnoba.

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Tavi II. msoflmxedvelobis raobis Sesaxeb

1. msoflmxedveloba. cneba `msoflmxedvelobaSi~
ori fuZe ikiTxeba: `msoflio~ da `xedva~. Tumca pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT arc erTi da arc meore ar unda gavigoT.
`msoflioSi~ mxolod dedamiwa da misi mosaxleoba ki ar
igulisxmeba, aramed erTiani mTliani samyaro, mTeli universumi, Tavisi erTaderTobiT da usasrulobiT droSi, sivrcesa
da TvisebriobaSi. aseve, arc `xedvaSi~ mxolod grZnobadi
xedva ar igulisxmeba. aq ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
xedvis iseT unarebs, rogoricaa goniTi, warmosaxviTi da
rwmeniTi xedvebi. grZnobad xedvas ar SeuZlia gaarRvios
droisa da sivrcis is zRudeebi, romelSic adamianis fizikuri arsebobaa momwyvdeuli. goniTi xedviT adamiani cdilobs droisa da sivrcis fizikuri sazRvrebi gaarRvios,
SeiWras virtualur droebsa da sivrceebSi, rac saSualebas
aZlevs miliardobiT wlebsa da kilometrebs gadaswvdes.
SeiWras rogorc makro _ ise mikrosferoSi; rogorc warsulSi, ise momavalSi. Tumca, adamianis gonebis SemecnebiTi xedvac SezRudulia. misi mTavari instrumentebia argumentebi
da adamianuri logika. maT miRma mas gadaxedvis saSualeba
ara aqvs. amitom, verc gonebis SemecnebiTi xedviT xerxdeba
samyaros (msoflios) mTlianobaSi wvdoma. mgrZnobelobas da
gonebas daerTvis xedvis axali unari. esaa rwmeniTi xedva.
aq ar igulisxmeba mxolod religiuri rwmena. esaa saerTod
rwmena, anu argumentebisa da adamianuri logikis diqtatisagan gaTavisufleba da xedvis ganxorcieleba varaudze, alRoze, intuiciaze dayrdnobiT. rwmeniTi xedviT adamiani kidev
ufro Sors midis, ufro metis danaxvas axerxebs. rwmeniT
xedvas Tavisi damajereblobac aqvs. esaa damajereblobis
(sarwmunoebis) iseTi forma, romlisaTvisac argumenti da
adamianuri logika zedmeti xdeba. rwmena TviTonaa SiSveli
(upirobo) damajerebloba. is, rac argumentebisa da logikisaTvis absurdulia, sarwmuno da damajerebelia rwmenisaTvis.
amas niSnavs tertulianes sityvebi _ `mwams radgan absur-

dia~. goniTi xedvis damajerebloba Tu obieqturobas eyrdnoba, rwmeniT xedvas subieqturi sayrdeni aqvs. magram es
sulac ar miuTiTebs mis dabal Rirebulebaze. saqme is aris,
rom obieqturi xedvac, sabolood, subieqtur CarCoebSi unda
moeqces. anu goniTi xedvis damajerebloba pirovnebisaTvis
mniSvnelobas maSin iZens, roca igi subieqtur mrwamsSi gadadis. arc rwmeniTi xedvaa usasrulo. adamiani istoriuli
arsebaa. yvela misi xedviTi unarebi istoriuli xasiaTisaa.
es niSnavs, rom adamianis rwmeniTi unaric konkretuli istoriuli etapiTaa ganpirobebuli, rac mis SezRudulobaze miuTiTebs. miviReT, rom adamiani, yvela misi xedviTi unarebiT,
sasrulia. amitom, mis mier Seqmnili mTliani samyaros gonebrivi suraTi _ msoflmxedveloba _ SezRudulia. miuxedavad
amisa, msoflmxedvelobis gansakuTrebuli Tavisebureba is
aris, rom igi maincaa adamianis mcdeloba da pretenzia samyaros mTlianobaSi xedvisa. msoflmxedveloba araa da SeuZlebelia iyos mTliani usasrulo samyaros amomwuravad
amsaxveli, magram mas swored mTliani samyaros asaxvis pretenzia aqvs. msoflmxedveloba pirovnebis Tavisufali arCevania. igi mas irCevs imitom, rom is misTvis WeSmaritebaa.
WeSmaritebis erTaderToba, aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba
sxvebis mier misi miRebis SesaZleblobas amarTlebs. magram,
msoflmxedvelobis sasrulobas SeuZlia pirovneba usasrulo samyaros Seucnobel sferoSi Seiyvanos, rac didi riskis
Semcvelia. es imaTi riskic iqneba, vinc am konkretul msoflmxedvelobas gaiziarebs. aqedan gamomdinare, msoflmxedvelobis arCevani misiT ganpirobebuli riskis gamo pasuximgeblobis aRebacaa, rac, saboloo jamSi, msoflmxedvelobisaTvis moralurobis aucileblobaze miuTiTebs.
adamiani msoflmxedvelobiT cdilobs msoflio, anu
mTeli samyaro, abstraqciisa da warmosaxvis saSualebiT, rogorRac `xelis gulze daidos~, gonebisa da emociis TvaliT
Soridan Semoxedos da Seecados mis mTlianobaSi danaxvas ise,
rom am mTelSi Tavisi me-c aRmoaCinos da TavisTvis daadginos: ra aris mTliani samyaro; ra xdeba, ra procesebs aqvs iq

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adgili; ra Zalebi marTaven mas; ra aris TviTon adamiani da

ra adgili ukavia mTlian samyaroSi. msoflmxedvelobaSi unda
ikiTxebodes pasuxebi adamianis fuZemdeblur kiTxvebze: _ ra
moTxovnebs uyenebs samyaro adamians da ra moTxovnebi SeuZlia wauyenos adamianma samyaros; ra aris adamianis cxovreba
da raSi unda eZios misi sazrisi. saWiroa pasuxebi kritikul
kiTxvebze: _ rogor cxovreba? ra saSualebebiT cxovreba?
saiT cxovreba? dabolos, risTvis cxovreba? am kiTxvebis da
maTze pasuxebis arqonis pirobebSi cxovreba Tavisebur sibneleSi ganxorcieldeba. adamianis cxovrebisaTvis savaldebuloa azrobrivi sinaTle. cxovreba orientirebs da orientirebas moiTxovs. msoflmxedvelobiT aRWurva, cxovrebis arsi
da sazrisi, misi mimarTuleba da mis irgvliv myofi sinamdvile sinaTlis SuqiT aris gacxadebuli. msoflmxedvelobis
gareSe cxovreba iseT sibneleSi arseboba da moqmedebaa, romelic
gacilebiT ufro mZimea, vidre adamianis fizikuri usinaTloba. msoflmxedveloba cxovrebis fundamentur SreebSi SeWrili
sinaTlea, romelic misi ageba-konstruirebis da Semdgomi
srulyofis gaazrebul SesaZleblobas iZleva. riski, rac msoflmxedvelobas Tan sdevs, adamianisagan moiTxovs sifxizles,
windaxedulobas da sibrZnes, vinaidan, arasrulyofil adamians axasiaTebs iluzorulobaSi gadavardna, rac mas ufro
didi sibnelisaken ubiZgebs. msoflmxedvelobiTi iluziebis
tyveobaSi aRmoCenili adamiani SesaZlebelia subieqturad
bednieric iyos. magram, saerTo adamianuri jerarsuli yofierebis gadasaxedidan SeiZleba imdenad arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndes, rom mis mimarT daisvas aSkarad mamxilebeli cnobili kiTxva: _ kacia adamiani?! pirovneba ase imitom
cxovrobs, an imitom cdilobs ase icxovros, rom mas ase esmis
cxovrebis arsi, aseTia misi msoflmxedveloba. sxvanairad
cxovreba SeiZleba aiZulon, magram pirovnulad es misTvis
miuRebelia. msoflmxedveloba yvela adamianisaTvis savaldebuloa, radgan yvelas raRacnairad esmis cxovrebis arsi da
cdilobs ase icxovros. Tumca ar SeiZleba erTi da igive
msoflmxedveloba yvela adamianisaTvis Tanabrad misaRebi iyos.

adamianis Tavisufleba misi cxovrebis alternatiulobas

moiTxovs. msoflmxedvelobisa da misiT awyobili cxovrebis
standartuloba angrevs da auqmebs pirovnebas.
arsebobs msoflmxedvelobis sami istoriuli ti pi:
miTologiuri, religiuri da mecnierul-filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobebi. isini erTimeorisagan mkacri sazRvriT ar
arian gaTiSulni. maT Soris aris urTierTzemoqmedeba, maTi
elementebis erTimeoreSi SeWra da am saxiT arsebobis gagrZeleba.

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2. miTologiuri msoflmxedveloba. biologiaSi

cnobilia cocxali organizmis ontogenezur ganviTarebaSi
filogenezuri ganviTarebis SemWidrovebuli formiT gameoreba. es garemoeba miuTiTebs bavSvis cnobierebaSi miTologiuri
azrovnebis realur arsebobaze. erTi individis cnobierebis
ontogenezur ganviTarebaSi SemWidrovebuli formiT warmodgenilia mTeli kacobriobis cxovrebis ganviTareba. mTeli
kacobriobis azrovnebis pirveli etapi iyo miTologiuri
azrovneba. Semdeg, kacobriobis asakobrivi ganviTarebis kvalobaze, igi gadadis azrovnebis ufro maRal safexurebze. esaa
kacobriobis azrovnebis filogenezuri ganviTareba. SemWidrovebuli formiT igive meordeba erTi individis cnobierebis
ontogenezur ganviTarebaSi. amas adasturebs bavSvis cnobiereba.
igic iwyeba miTologiuri safexuriT, Semdeg asakobriv zrdasTan erTad igi gadadis azrovnebis maRal safexurze. gavixsenoT sabavSvo moTxroba _ `nucas skola~. sadac nucas,
rogorc bavSvis, cxovrebis erTi epizodia moTxrobili. nucam
gadawyvita mis saTamaSo dedofalebs aswavlos kiTxva, rasac
igi didi mondomebiT akeTebs kidec. nucas mTeli es fiqrebi
da qmedebebi, danaxuli didi adamianis TvaliT, gamoiyureba,
rogorc nucas TamaSi. nuca TamaSobs TojinebTan, magram nucas moqmedebas rogor xedavs da rogor aRiqvams TviTon nuca?
misTvis yovelive es TamaSia Tu realuri qmedebebi? saTamaSoebi mxolod saTamaSoebi arian Tu realuri arsebani? yve-

lafridan Cans, rom TviTon bavSvisaTvis TamaSi realuri

cxovrebaa. TamaSSi yvelaferi `viTom~-zea agebuli. bavSvisaTvis `viTom~ ar arsebobs. misTvis Tojinebi realuri cocxali arsebani arian, rom isinic azrovneben, maT realurad
esmiT bavSvis laparaki, rom Tojinebi marTlac swavloben
kiTxvas. maT SeuZliaT raRaciT gaixaron, raRac iwyinon. amitom maT ise elaparakeba da eqceva, rogorc cocxal, sulier
arsebebs. nucam icis, rom igi TamaSobs, magram man ar icis ra
gansxvavebaa TamaSsa da realur qmedebas Soris. mas ar SeuZlia TamaSisa da realuri qmedebis erTimeorisagan gansxvaveba. kacobriobisaTvis miTologiuri periodi esaa swored sinamdvilis iseTi xedva, rogorc bavSvis cnobierebis xedva. igi
kacobriobis bavSvobis periodia. aq yvelaferi: yvela arseba,
qva, xe, balaxi, mdinare, klde, fifqi, Tu wvimis wveTi iseTivea,
iseve fiqrobs, iseve swyins an uxaria, rogorc TviTon adamians. kacobriobis miTologiur periodSi calkeuli individebi siberemde midian, magram isini mainc `bavSvebad~ rCebian,
radgan maTi cxovreba, maTi xedvebi, maT mier samyaros aRqma da
gaazreba rCeba miTologiuri. esaa kacobriobis bavSvobis periodi.
miTologia msoflmxedvelobis pirvelyofili ti pia.
Tumca, es imas ar niSnavs, TiTqos man mTlianad Sewyvita
arseboba. sadReisod misi elementebi gafantulia religiur
da filosofiur msoflmxedvelobebSi. adamianis gonebrivi
ganviTareba warimarTa erTiani mTelis dayofa-danawevrebis
gziT. ganviTarebis rac ufro maRal safexurze adis, miT met
detalebad xdeba mTelis danawevreba. amitom samyaro, rogorc
mTeli, ufro meti mravalferovnebiT warmosdgeba. miTosi
adamianis gonebrivi ganviTarebis is pirveli safexuria, roca
mTlian samyaroSi adamiani ufro metad amCnevs msgavsebas,
vidre gansxvavebas. miTologiuri cnobiereba ar asxvavebs saxesa da asasaxs, fantastikurs da realurs. aq yvelaferi erTimeoresTanaa Serwymuli. miTosi araa zRapari, Tqmuleba, legenda. es ukanasknelni mxatvruli Semoqmedebis literaturuli
formaa, rac individis gacnobierebuli SemoqmedebiTi proce-

sis Sedegia. miTologiuri cnobiereba arsebiTad koleqtiuri

cnobierebaa, romelic ZiriTadad aracnobieri formiT warimarTeba. zRapari marTlac zRaparia, igi arakia (ara-ki), romlis
mTavari formaa `iyo da ara iyo ra~. miTosi realuri cxovrebaa. miTologiuri msoflmxedveloba am realuri cxovrebis
mTlianobis adamianuri gaazrebaa. miTosur cxovrebaSi CarTulia adamiani, romelic dRevandel adamianTan SedarebiT ganixileba rogorc primitivi. miTosi primitivis samyaroa. es ZiriTadad ara azrovnebis, aramed grZnobaTa samyaroa. miTosisaTvis ar arsebobs bunebis is gageba, romelic dRes sabunebismetyvelo mecnierul wignebSia asaxuli. miTosSi ver SexvdebiT obieqturi TvaliT danaxul sinamdviles. aq yvelafers
subieqturobis beWedi azis. subieqturi xedviT, yoveli sagani
adamianis mimarT an keTilia an avis momaswavebeli. adamianic
emociebiT uyurebs sagnebs. zogs siyvarulis TvaliT, zogs
siZulvilis. misi es ganwyobilebebi sagnebis mimarT, saxes
ucvlis saganTa bunebriv fizionomias da adamianuri xedviT
gansazRvrul fizionomias aniWebs. miTosis daniSnuleba is
ki araa, rom mogvces sinamdvilis obieqturi suraTi (es mecnierebis saqmea), aramed is, rom samyaroSi adamianuri sazrisi
dainaxos. es ki saganTa bunebrivi niSnebisa da maTi adamianiseuli sazrisis gaigivebis gziT xdeba. miTosur samyaroSi
adamiani ver gamoarCevs sagnis adamianiseul sazriss sagnis
obieqturi niSnebisagan, adamianis asociaciur kavSirebs saganTa mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebisagan. bunebis sagnebi gansulierebuli movlenebia. yvelaferi gacocxlebulia. adgili aqvs sagnebisa da movlenebis personificirebas. adamiani
gansulierebul personizebul sagnebTan naTesaobiT aRiqvams
Tavs. miTosuri kosmosi unda gavigoT, rogorc samyaro, sadac
adamiani ara bunebis meufea, aramed misi erTi rigiTi nawili,
misi wevri. esaa mistificirebuli samyaro, sadac sayovelTao
konsolidacia sufevs. yvelaferi erT sibrtyezea TanabarmniSvnelovnebis da Tanasworuflebianobis azriT. aq RmerTebic, adamianebic da sagnebic kosmiuri mTlianobis nawilebia.
RmerTebsa da adamianebs Soris aris sxvaoba, magram igi adami-

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anis mxridan ar aRiqmeba mtanjvel viTarebad. igi misTvis

bunebriobaa.
aseT kosmosSi adamianis mTavar amocanad iTvleba gadarCena. miTosi dramatuli sinamdvilea. esec adamianis mier
bunebrivad aRiqmeba, magram masSi aseTive bunebrivi moTxovnaa
gadarCenisa. amitom man unda gamonaxos am mkacr kosmosSi
gadarCenis gza. aseTi gzaa erTeulis zogadSi Sereva da masSi
Cakargva, mimalva; masSi TavSesafris naxva. esaa sagnebis personizeba da maTTan naTesaobiT kavSirSi aRmoCena. sagania
qvac, mcenarec, cxovelic da RmerTic. saganTa personizeba
ritualuri qmedebebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas iZleva,
romlis mizanic gadarCenaa. uazrobaa usulo da ugrZnob sagans, mag. qvas, evedro, moefero, msxverpli Seswiro, misi Sendami
mowyalebis moRebis mizniT. ritualuri qmedebis Sesmena SeuZlia mxolod personas, e.i. vinc pirovnuli TvisebebiT aris
aRWurvili. imisaTvis, rom personizebulma saganma adamianis
Txovna Seisminos, isini erTimeorisaTvis ucxoni ar unda
iyvnen. maTi naTesaobiTi kavSiri unda avalebdes maT urTierTzrunvas. miTosur kosmosSi gadarCenisaTvis adamians sWirdeba mfarveli. saWiroa mfarvelis gulis mogeba. mfarvelia
RmerTi, romlis mimarT aqvs rogorc SiSi, ise imedi. SiSis
daZlevisa da imedis gaZlierebisaTvis saWiroa msxverplSewirva.
miTosi mistificirebuli realobaa. aq wminda fizikuri sagani TiTqmis ar arsebobs. sagani saganicaa da mistificirebuli gansulierebuli arsebac. cxoveli cxovelicaa,
romelzec igi nadirobs, raTa Tavi irCinos, igi wminda sulicaa, igi misi totemia, romelsac msxverpli unda Seswiros da
adidos. miTosi agebulia metamorfozis princi piT, romlis
ZaliTac sagans SeuZlia iolad icvalos saxe. imitom, rom
miTosi ar scnobs bunebaSi mizez-Sedegobrivi mkacri kanonebis arsebobas. aseT metamorfozebs religiaSi saswaulebi daerqmeva. miTosi savsea saswaulebiT, magram maT saswauli ar
erqmevaT mxolod imitom, rom saswaulis dafiqsireba realobis fonze unda xdebodes. miTosSi saswauli da realoba
erTimeoreSi isea gadawnuli, rom maTi erTimeorisagan gansx-

vaveba ver xerxdeba. amitom saswaulebic realobad aRiqmebian.

miTosSi saswauli arsebobs ise, rom misi arsebobis Sesaxeb
adamianma jer ar icis. amas igi religiis meSveobiT gebulobs,
imitom rom religiaSi mkafio garCevaa saswaulisa da realobisa.
uzenaesi Zala miTosSi bedisweraa. bediswera mkacr
aucileblobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. es niSnavs, rom miTosuri
samyaro ar scnobs Tavisuflebas. aq yvelaferi fataluri
aucileblobiTaa gansazRvruli. bedTan SeWidebasac ki araviTari azri ara aqvs. sofokles oidi posi bedisweris msxverplia. bediswera RmerTebze maRla mdgomi Zalaa. amitom RmerTebic uZlurni arian bedisweris winaSe. miTosSi Tu raime
flobs Tavisuflebas es TviTon bedia. miTosur samyaroSi
adamiani arc eZebs Tavisuflebas. miTosSi Tavisufleba adamianisaTvis ufro damangreveli Zalaa, vidre sakuTari me-s
damkvidreba. miTosSi adamianis Tavisuflebis nakadis SeWriT
iwyeba misi transformacia religiad, filosofiad, xelovnebad. miTosis samyaro dogmatebis samyaroa, esaa mkacrad konservatiuli sistema. aq gamoricxulia adamianis kritikuli
azrovneba. cxadia miTosSi adgili aqvs filosofiisaTvis
specifikur sakiTxebs, magram ara adamianis yofierebis gaumjobesebis azriT. miTosis Tanamdevi elementebia totemizmi,
fetiSizmi, magia. miTosis mixedviT adamianis naTesauri kavSiri gamoixateba totemizmiT. yovel totems hyavs wmindanebi
winaprebis saxiT, romelTa identificireba xdeba sxvadasxva
cxovelebTan _ totemTan. oRond totemi realuri cxoveli
araa, miTosuri azrovnebiT, realur cxovelSi mistikurad gansxeulebulia. rodesac Tayvans scemen romelime sagans, romelSic moiazreba mistikuri demonuri Zala, romelsac SeuZlia
didi gavlena moaxdinos adamianis bedze, es fetiSizmia. imis
gamo, rom miTosur saganSi niSani da sazrisi erTi da igivea,
aqedan gamomdinare, saganze zemoqmedeba SesaZlebeli xdeba
misi sazrisis gamomxatvel simboloze zemoqmedebiT. amaSi
gamoixateba magiis arsi. nakli, rac yvelaze arsebiTia miTosuri msoflmxedvelobisaTvis, es isaa, rom mas ar SeuZlia

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pirovnebas pasuxismgebloba daakisros. pasuxismgebloba SeuZlebelia fataluri bedisweris pirobebSi. pasuxismgebloba

sayrdenad Tavisuflebas moiTxovs, rac miTosSi gamoricxulia.

3. religiuri msoflmxedveloba. miTosuri samyaro daunawevrebeli mTelia. aq adgili ara aqvs cisa da miwis
mkveTr da princi pul gayofa-dapirispirebas. miTosisaTvis
ucxo araa ca, magram es ufro kosmiuri caa, vidre zebunebrivi
samyaro. miTosisaTvis yvelaferi miwazea. miwazea cxovelic,
romelic realuri cxovelicaa da masSi mistikuri sazrisis
saxiT Cabudebulia totemic; miwazea sagani, romelic mistikuri magiuri ZaliT aris akumulirebuli. RmerTebi da
demonebic miwaze arian. isini daaxloebiT iseve moqmedeben,
rogorc adamianebi. isini atareben adamianur Tvisebebs _
adamianebiviT mruSoben, cruoben, mzakvroben, arian angarebianni; adamianebTan qorwinebiT kavSirSi Sedian. erTi sityviT,
ar gamoirCevian maRali siwmindiT. isini miwiT arian damZimebulni. miTosi savsea religiuri momentebiT. miTosuri warmosaxvis Zala eyrdnoba rwmenas, romelic religiisTvisac
sayrdeni momentia. religia adamianis naklovanebebis kompensaciaa. adamians ki, rogorc sasrul arsebas, arasdros SeuZlia
amowuros da moicilos Tavisi naklovanebebi. amitom religia
mas yovelTvis sWirdeba. religiis saWiroeba religiuri rwmenis saWiroebaa. aseTi rwmenis saWiroeba sxva saSualebebiT
miRebuli sulieri sazrdos naklovanebebis kompensaciaa. religiisaTvis arsebiTia termini `zebunebrivi~, `zeciuri~. es
daaxloebiT imas niSnavs, rasac filosofiaSi termini `metafizikuri~, anu is, rac bunebis miRmaa. Tumca `zebunebrivisa~ da
`zeciuris~ gansxvaveba `metafizikurisagan~ imaSi mdgomareobs, rom masSi zeaRmaval mimarTulebazea miTiTeba. termin
`metafizikurSi~ aseTi mimarTuleba ar Cans. `zeciuri~ ar
niSnavs caSi arsebuls. cac bunebis nawilia, bunebis nawilia
kosmosic, radgan iq bunebis kanonebi moqmedeben. `zebunebrivi~,

`zeciuri~ niSnavs mTliani bunebis miRma gasvlas (metafizikaSi gasvlas), oRond, es miRma gamoirCeva Tavisi simaRliT.
igi niSnavs cazed maRla myofs. termini `simaRlec~ simboluria da igi niSnavs siwmindes, sinaTles, sikeTes, mSvenierebas, WeSmaritebas Tavisi absoluturi formiT. am sferos
bunebis kanonebi ver swvdebian. termini `saswauli~ niSnavs
movlenas, romlis axsna SeuZlebelia bunebis kanonebis meSveobiT. esaa movlena, romelic zeciuri ZalebiT imarTeba. piriqiT, qristianuli Teologiis TvalsazrisiT, miwieri samyaro
Seiqmna da imarTeba zeciuri sinamdviliT. religiaSi miwisa
da cis mkveTri gansxvavebaa. fenomenebis nawili caSi adis,
nawili miwaze rCeba. caSi adis mistikur-magiuri Zalebi.
religiaSi ca simboloa, radgan adamianis warmosaxvaSi mistikuroba, miuwvdomloba, siwminde, simsubuqe, sinaTle simbolurad yovelTvis casTan aris dakavSirebuli. amitom religiaSi ca yovelTvis datvirTulia warmosaxviTi misteriuli azriT.
is rac miwaze rCeba _ miwieri, bunebrivi da sxeulebrivia.
caSi asuli sulieria. religiaSi RmerTebi Tavisufldebian
miwieri simZimiT, caSi adian da siwmindeebad formdebian.
religiaSi RmerTebi simartivis simaRleze adian. miTologiuri
RmerTebi, TavianTi simravlis gamo (poliTeizmi), ar gamoirCevian srulyofilebiT. monoTeistur religiebSi RmerTis erTaderToba misi srulyofilebis safuZvelia.
termini `religia~ kavSirs niSnavs. kavSiri mxareebs
gulisxmobs. religiis mxareebia religiis subieqti _ morwmune adamiani da religiis obieqti, anu riskenac aris mimarTuli morwmunis rwmena. adamianisaTvis religiis saWiroeba
misTvis avtoritetis saWiroebaa. mas surs avtoritets Seafaros Tavi, misi mfarvelobis qveS aRmoCndes. ki magram ras
gaurbis adamiani da rasTan dapirispirebaSi eZebs igi avtoritetul mfarvels? igi gaurbis sikvdils. misTvis yvela
ubedurebis saTave sikvdilia. roca avtoriteti umaRlesi,
srulyofili, yovlisSemZles formiT gaiazreba, _ vRebulobT
religias, romlis centri RmerTia. miTologiaSi sikvdili,
rogorc movlena saerTod ar arsebobs, anu mas sikvdilad ar

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aRiqvamen. religiaSi sikvdilis faqtis gacnobiereba moxda

da daiwyo masTan SeWidebis gzebis Zieba. religiaSi umaRlesi
avtoriteti RmerTia. religia aris morwmune adamianis SexedulebaTa sistema RmerTze, samyaroze, sakuTar Tavze. mis damokidebulebaze RmerTisa da samyaros mimarT, sxva adamianebis
mimarT. Sexeduleba cxovrebis raobaze da mis sazrisze. religia da RmerTi araa erTi da igive. religia aris adamianis
Taviseburi gza _ mimavali RmerTisaken. religiis mixedviT,
adamianis cxovrebis mizani RmerTTan miaxloebaa, amisaTvis
religiiT naCvenebi gziT siarulia saWiro. religias aqvs
Tavisi arsebiTi niSnebi. esaa: zebunebrivi Zalebis arsebobis
aRiareba; es Zalebi sulieri Zalebia; isini mistificirebuli
Zalebia; es Zalebi Tavisufali nebiT moqmedi Zalebia; isini
personizebuli Zalebia; isini arian samyaros Semoqmedi, msajuli da maregulirebeli Zalebi; adamianis am Zalebisadmi
damokidebulebis safuZvelia maTdami upirobo ndoba, SiSi,
siyvaruli, Tayvaniscema da morCileba; religias aqvs Tavisi
sakuTari ritualebi da religiuri sagnebi. religiis safuZvelia upirobo rwmena. aq pirobebis moTxovnis gamoricxva
xdeba siyvarulisa da ndobis safuZvelze. ndoba gamoricxavs
eWvs. amitom religiisaTvis arsebiTia eWvianobisa da kritikulobis principuli gamoricxva.
filosofiasa da religias Soris urTierToba garkveul
sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. formiT Tu ufro meti
siaxlovea filosofiasa da kerZo mecnierebebs Soris (filosofia formis mixedviT mecnierebaa), SinaarsiT filosofiasTan
yvelaze axlos dgas religia. es gapirobebulia maTi msoflmxedvelobiTi arsiT. e.i. orive msoflmxedvelobriv kiTxvebzea orietirebuli. es kiTxvebi ki ZiriTadad orivesaTvis
erTi da igivea. ras warmoadgens samyaro, ra aris misi dasabami,
ra Zalebi marTaven mas, ra aris adamiani, ra aris misi cxovreba,
rogor da ra mimarTulebiT unda icxovros adamianma, ra aris
cxovrebis umaRlesi mizani da am miznis misaRwevad ra saSualebebis SeuZlia adamians. es msoflmxedvelobrivi kiTxvebi
orivesaTvis savaldebuloa. cxadia, aRniSnul kiTxvebze filoso-

fias da religias umetesad sxvadasxva pasuxebi aqvT, magram

imave kiTxvebze sxvadasxva pasuxebia rogorc filosofiis
SigniT sxvadasxva filosofiur nakadebs Soris, ise sxvadasxva
religiebSi. magram mTavari isaa, rom adgili aqvs pasuxebis
Zibas erTsa da imave kiTxvebze, e.i. safiqrali erTi da igivea.
erTi sityviT, rogorc filosofiis, ise religiis fiqris sagania adamiani da misi cxovrebis sazrisi. maT Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas sxvadasxva gziT
da saSualebebiT cdiloben: filosofia eWvebis aRZvriT da
Semdgom maTi kritikuli azrovnebis saSualebiT daZlevis
(dasabuTebis) gziT. xolo religia siyvarulze da ndobaze
aRmocenebuli upirobo rwmenis meSveobiT. filosofiaSi mecnierulad dasabuTebas aqvs adgili, xolo religiaSi rwmenaze
dayrdnobas. qristianul TeologiaSi cnobilia debuleba,
romlis mixedviT, aris movlenebi, romlebic jer Tu ar ixile,
ver irwmuneb da aris iseTi movlenebic, _ jer Tu ar irwmune,
ver ixilav. pirvelia dasabuTebis gza. es filosofiis gzaa.
aq rwmenis safuZveli xilva, anu dasabuTebaa. meore religiis
gzaa. aq dasabuTebis (xilvis) safuZveli rwmenaa. yvelaferi
rwmenas eyrdnoba. xilvis saSualebas rwmena qmnis. religiuri
gamocxadeba xilvis Taviseburi formaa, magram gamocxadeba
mxolod Rrma morwmuneTa xvedria. amitom qristianuli dogmati gveubneba _ `netar arian morwmuneni~... e.i. faqtiurad
filosofia da religia erTsa da imave saqmes akeTeben, oRond
sxvadasxva gzebiT, saSualebebiT da SedegebiT. rogorc filosofias, ise religias uxdeba winaaRmdegoba _ dapirispireba
erTsa da imave dargebTan. religias dapirispireba uxdeba
mecnierebasTan, politika-ideologiasTan da TviT religiis
SigniT sxva religiur mimdinareobebTan.
religiisa da mecnierebis dapirispirebas xangrZlivi
istoria gaaCnia; religiis da politika-ideologiis dapirispirebis Sedegad sazogadoebaSi xan klerikalisturi garemo
iqmneba da xan adgili aqvs sekularizacias; religiis SigniT,
sxvadasxva sarwmunoebebs Soris Setakebis uamravi magaliTia.
maTgan diokletianes epoqaze da jvarosnul omebze miTiTe-

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bac kmara. istoriulad igive situaciaa filosofiis mimarT.

masac uwevs dapirispireba-Seviwroveba mecnierebis mxridan;
xSirad aseve Seviwrovebuli aRmoCenila politikisa da
ideologiis mxridan. religiac da filosofiac `izmebis~
sferoebia. amitom filosofiaSic aqvs adgili Sexla-Semoxlebs sapirispiro filosofiur nakadebs Soris. TiTqos msgavsi problemebiT datvirTvisa da sxva dargebisagan msgavsi
Semotevebis gamo TviTon religiasa da filosofias Soris
ufro meti urTieTmxardaWera da TanamSromloba unda iyos.
SeiZleba, garkveuli azriT, aseT situaciad CaiTvalos epoqa,
roca filosofia religiis (Teologiis) msaxurad iTvleboda
da roca, Tavis mxriv, religiam sakuTar sayrdenad platonisa
da aristoteles filosofia gaixada (neoplatonizmi _ plotini; Toma aqvineli _ Tomizmi). esaa periodi, roca maTi
Serigebis mizniT Semotanil iqna ormagi WeSmaritebis koncefcia. magram istoria adasturebs imasac, rom religiasa da
filosofias Soris, amasTanave mudam iyo daZabuloba-dapirispireba. filosofia an materialisturia, an idealisturi; an
racionalisturi, an iracionalisturi. religiasa da filosofias Soris dapirispireba gansakuTrebiT mwvave xasiaTisaa, Tu
filosofia materialisturi da racionalisturia. cnobilia
religiis mxridan filosofiurad moazrovne adamianebis devnis magaliTebi: sokrates, jordano brunos da orleaneli
qalwulis _ Jana darkis tragikuli bedi; aristoteles devna;
kopernikis eklesiasTan SesaZlo konfliqtis SiSi, ris gamoc
misi mTavari naSromi gamoica mxolod sikvdilis wina dReebSi. galileo galileis taqtikuri ukandaxeva; dekartes iZulebiTi wasvla holandiaSi; spinozas devna sinagogas mxridan,
kantisa da tolstois konfliqti eklesiasTan da sxva. totalitarul-aTeistur reJimSi materialisturi filosofiac
met agresias avlens religiis mimarT. amis magaliTad sakmarisia sabWoTa kavSiri, romlis ideologiuri sayrdeni dialeqtikuri materializmi iyo. daingra da gauqmda mravali
taZar-monasteri; ganadgurebul iqna sasuliero pirTa didi
raodenoba, rac aSkarad aWarbebs religiis mier ganxorciele-

buli inkviziciis msxverplTa odenobas. magram unda iTqvas,

rom religiisa da filosofiis dapirispireba gamomdinareobs
ara maTi Sinagani bunebidan. yvela dargebs Soris, TavianTi
SemwynareblobiT, swored filosofia da religia gamoirCeva.
maTi dapirispirebis mizezi unda veZioT rogorc filosofiis, ise religiis socialur obieqtivaciaSi. dReisaTvis kerZo
mecnierebebSic damkvidrda azri utyuari, srulyofili WeSmaritebis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb. miTumetes, igi SeuZlebelia
filosofiaSi. am ukanasknelSi ufro Tvalsazrisebis SemuSavebaCamoyalibeba xdeba, romlebic WeSmaritebasTan erTad yovelTvis
Seicaven rwmeniT elementebs. garkveuli informacia, romelic
rwmenis niadagzea miRebuli, Tu koherentobis princi piT Cajdeba arsebul konceptualur konstruqciaSi, igi misaRebi
xdeba.

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4. filosofia da msoflmxedveloba. zemoT miTiTebuli iyo msoflmxedvelobis raobaze da im ZiriTad

kiTxvebze, rac msoflmxedvelobis arsebiT birTvs qmnis. igive
kiTxvebi warmoadgens filosofiis arsebiT kiTxvebs. rogorc
msoflmxedvelobis, ise filosofiis mizania samyaros erTianobis gaazreba da masSi adamianis cxovrebis adgilis gansazRvra;
cxovrebiseuli miznebis dadgena da am miznebis misaRwevad,
adamianisaTvis dasaSvebi saSualebis gonivruli SerCeva; anu
rogorc filosofiis, ise msoflmxedvelobis raoba adamianis
mier Tavisi cxovrebis mTlian samyaroSi gonivrulad ganTavsebaa.
filosofiisa da msoflmxedvelobis urTierTobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gaCnda da arsebobs sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi. aris mosazreba, romelic maT Soris princi pul sxvaobas ver xedavs. misTvis filosofia igive msoflmxedvelobaa. arsebobs amis sruliad sapirispiro Tvalsazrisic, romelic
princi pulad ganasxvavebs filosofiasa da msoflmxedvelobas. aseTi Tvalsazrisi dakavSirebulia pozitivistur SexedulebebTan, romelic cdilobs filosofia mTlianad daiy-

vanos da gauigivos kerZo mecnierebebs. msoflmxedvelobas

gaaCnia Tavisi istoriuli ti pebi. miTologiuri, religiuri
da mecnierul-filosofiuri (amis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve iyo
msjeloba), es ar niSnavs, TiTqos msoflmxedevloba erTdroulad aris miTologiuric, religiuric da mecnierul-filosofiuric. igi SeiZleba Seicavdes samive ti pis elementebs; saqme
ZiriTadad asecaa, magram Tu arsebobs msoflmxedveloba, igi
arsebiTad an miTologiuri unda iyos, an religiuri, an mecnierul-filosofiuri. aqedan gamomdinare, mesame, gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, filosofia utoldeba msoflmxedvelobis calke aRebul erT ti ps, _ mecnierul-filosofiur
msoflmxedvelobas, ris mixedviTac filosofia da filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba erTi da igive movlenaa. xolo Tu
filosofias SevadarebT msoflmxedvelobis ara mxolod calke
aRebul tips, aramed msoflmxedvelobas, rogorc misi ti pebis
mTlianobas, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT igiveobrivni arian, magram, amasTanave, maT Soris gansxvavebac arsebobs. iseve, rogorc
nebismier movlenas, filosofias da msoflmxedvelobasac aqvT
TavianTi Sinaarsi da forma. Sinaarsis mixedviT, filosofia
da msoflmxedveloba arsebiTad erTi da igivea. Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT, yvela filosofiuri problema msoflmxedvelobrivia da yvela msoflmxedvelobrivi sakiTxi
filosofiuria. filosofiaSi TiTqmis ar dasmula iseTi problema, romelic ama Tu im formiT miTologiur an religiur
msoflmxedvelobaSi ar gvxvdebodes. aseT SemTxvevaSi, raRaa
maTSorisgansxvaveba?_isiniformiTgansxvavdebian.mxedvelobaSia saerTod msoflmxedveloba da filosofia. istoriulad Camoyalibda da cnobilia sami formis msoflmxedveloba: miTosuri, religiuri da mecnieruli. samive msoflmxedvelobaa. e.i. samives raRac aerTianebs. esaa maTi Sinaarsi. maT Soris gansxvaveba maTi formaa. miTologiur msoflmxedvelobaSi miTosi miTologiuradaa gaformebuli, religiurSi religiurad, xolo mecnierebaSi mecnierulad. mecnieruli formiT arsebuli msoflmxedveloba igive filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobaa. aqedan gamomdinare filosofia

filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis igiveobrivia da ara saerTod msoflmxedvelobis. miTologiuri da religiuri msoflmxedvelobebi ZiriTadad rwmenaze dayrdnobiT iqmnebian.
maTSi azrovneba ZiriTadad deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa. mecnierul, anu filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi azrovneba kritikuli xasiaTisaa. aq amosavali kiTxvebia: _ ratom? rogor?
_ romlebzec moTxovnilia dasabuTebuli pasuxebi. mecniereba azrebis dasabuTebis sferoa. filosofia, rogorc mecnieruli azrovnebis forma, msoflmxedvelobrivi kiTxvebis dasabuTebuli pasuxebia. amitom filosofia (warmatebuli Tu
warumatebeli) dasabuTebuli msoflmxedvelobaa. filosofia
aris dasabuTeba ara nebismieri mecnieruli sakiTxisa (amas
kerZo mecnierebebSi awarmoeben), aramed ZiriTadad msoflmxedvelobrivi sakiTxebisa. msoflmxedveloba yvelas sWirdeba.
yvelas raRacnairi msoflmxedveloba gaaCnia. msoflmxedveloba
luarsab TaTqariZesac gaaCnia (mas xom cxovrebis Taviseburi
gageba aqvs) da kantsac, magram orive maTgans Tu aqvs filosofia (filosofiuri xedva, filosofiuri ganswavluloba?). kantis mimarT es kiTxva uadgiloa, luarsabis mimarT _ uazro
(Cven viciT misi damokidebuleba wignTan). amitom yvela araa
filosofias naziarebi, yvelas ver movTxovT filosofosobas,
magram msoflmxedveloba yvelasaTvis savaldebuloa. gansxvavebuli formis msoflmxedvelobebis arseboba maT Soris
prioritetulobis sakiTxs ayenebs. aq prioriteti filosofiur msoflmxedvelobas eniWeba, rac adamianisaTvis filosofiis saWiroebaze mianiSnebs. amiT filosofiis msoflmxedvelobriv funqcias esmeba xazi. Tumca, es ar niSnavs aramecnieruli
msoflmxedvelobebis zedmetobas. imis gamo, rom msoflmxedveloba amouwuravi sinamdvilis amowurvis warumatebeli mcdelobaa, misi warumateblobis Sevsebis mizniT codnisa da rwmenis mTlianobis sakiTxi dgeba. es ki, sabolood, filosofiuri da arafilosofiuri msoflmxedvelobebis mTlianobis
moTxovnaa. filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi igulisxmeba
filosofiis ara mxolod romelime kerZo dargi, mag. iseTi,
rogoricaa ontologia (Tumca filosofiuri msoflmxedvelo-

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bis Camoyalibeba daiwyo filosofiis ontologiuri problemebis msoflmxedvelobrivi gaazrebiT); aramed masSi igulisxmeba
filosofiuri azrovnebis yvela dargis moculoba. amitom
filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba moicavs rogorc samyaros
ontologiur suraTs, gnoseologiur Sinaarsebs, agreTve igi
gulisxmobs mTeli sinamdvilis zneobisa da mSvenierebis
normebiT samyaros mTlianobaSi gaazrebas. mokled, filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba esaa rogorc mTliani samyaros raoba,
masSi adamianis cxovrebis adgilisa da misi perspeqtivebis
Sesaxeb mTliani gonebrivi suraTi, aseve, igi adamianis mxridan pasuxismgeblobis aRebaa rogorc mTlian samyaroze, ise
sakuTar Tavze.

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Tavi III. ontologiuri problemebi

1. ontologiis raoba. termini `ontologia berZnuli enidan aris warmoebuli. ontos niSnavs arsebuls, logos
moZRvrebas. e.i. ontologia aris moZRvreba arsebulis Sesaxeb.
imis gamo rom arsebuli ararsebulsac gulisxmobs, ufro
dazustebiT ontologias ganmartaven rogorc moZRvrebas arsebulisa da ararsebulis Sesaxeb. aq centraluria arsebulisa da rogorobis kiTxvebi. am qveynad ra arsebobs, an ra
aris arsebuli da ra ararsebuli, da rogoria isini, anu ra
Sinagani buneba gaaCnia maT.
filosofiaSi ontologia, rogorc misi gamokveTili
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani disci plina, Camoyalibda Tavidanve.
Talesis moZRvrebaSi, romelic klasikuri formis filosofiis dasawyisad iTvleba, mTavaria swored ontologiuri xasiaTis problemis dasma da gadawyvetis mcdeloba. rogorc yvela sxva problemis mimarT, TviTon filosofiuri kvlevis
bunebidan gamomdinare, ontologiis mimarTac iyo mudmivi Ziebebi, azrTa cvlilebebi, zogjer iqamdec ki, rom eWvis qveS
dauyenebiaT misi saWiroeba. miuxedavad amisa, ontologia
mainc rCeba yvela filosofiuri disci plinis safuZvlad.
periodulad isec xdeboda, rom terminebi `ontologia, `metafizika da `filosofia imdenad gaigivebulni iyvnen, rom erTi
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyenebodnen.
filosofiaSi ontologiuri problemebis Camoyalibeba
dakavSirebulia Semdeg garemoebasTan, _ adamianma Tavisi cxovreba unda ganaxorcielos mocemul samyaroSi. sxva samyaro,
sxva sinamdvile, ubralod ar arsebobs. es sinamdvile sagnebisa da movlenebis sinamdvilea. adamians swored am garemocvaSi, maTTan urTierTobaSi mouwevs cxovreba. amitom adamianisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania Tavisi cxovreba
windaxedulad gaiazros, sworad dagegmos da miznobrivad
warmarTos. amisaTvis mas sWirdeba, misTvis savaldebuloa
swori warmodgena iqonios mis garSemo arsebuli sagnebisa da
movlenebis Sesaxeb, raTa maTTan urTierToba marTebulad aaw-

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yos. amitom, adamiani svams filosofiur kiTxvebs: - ra aris

yovelive is, rac mis garSemo arsebobs? ras `iTxoven isini
adamianisagan da maTdami risi moTxovnis wayeneba SeuZlia
adamians? marTlac, realurad arsebulni arian Tu mxolod
iluzorulni? Tavisi arsebiT materialur-nivTierni arian
Tu idealur-sulierni? kanonzomierebis mqoneni arian Tu
qaosurni? sakuTari kanonebiT imarTebian Tu maT sakuTari
kanonebi ar gaaCniaT da garegani ZalebiT arian marTulni?
TavisTavad arsebulni arian Tu maTi arseboba adamianis arsebobazea damokidebuli? an rogorc maTi, ise adamianis arseboba raRac mesame, maTze maRla mdgom arsebaze xom araa damokidebuli? aseTi kiTxvebi kidev bevria, magram maT Soris mTavaria kiTxva, _ ra aris mTliani samyaros siRrmiseuli arseba,
romelic safuZveli da saTavea yvela aRniSnuli problemis?
ontologiuri problemebis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia religiuri Temebic: ra aris da arsebobs Tu ara RmerTi?
ra aris samoTxe? saiqio cxovreba? sulis ukvdaveba? da sxva.
filosofiis mWidro siaxlove religiasTan pirvel rigSi
misi ontologiuri problemiTaa ganpirobebuli. religiac
pirvel rigSi ontologiuri msoflxedvaa.
dasmul ontologiur kiTxvebze rogor pasuxebs gamoimuSavebs adamiani, es didad iqneba ganmsazRvreli imisa, Tu
rogor gaiazrebs da dagegmavs sakuTar cxovrebas. misTvis
umaRlesi mizani cxovrebaa. ontologiuri problemebis gaazreba-gadawyveta am miznis ganxorcielebis saSualebaa. Tu adamiani miva daskvnamde, rom yvelaferi rac mis winaSe arsebulad
aris warmoCenili, sinamdvileSi iluziaa, vTqvaT ise, rogorc
iluzia aRmoCnda dedamiwis irgvliv mzis brunva. aseT SemTxvevaSi mas mouwevs mkveTri koreqtivebi Seitanos cxovrebis
miseul proeqtSi; Tu CaTvlis, rom yvelaferi materialurnivTieri sagnebia, rac mis garSemo qmnis mkacr realobas, maSin
igi valdebuli iqneba aseT realobas angariSi gauwios; Tu
piriqiT daaskvnis, rom yvelaferi idealur-sulieria, maSin
maTTan urTierToba ise unda aawyos rom ufro metad mouxmos
da daeyrdnos sakuTar sulier unarebs da miswrafebebs; Tu

ifiqrebs, rom mTeli sinamdvile misi subieqturi xedvebis

nayofia, rom am sinamdviles misgan damoukidebeli arseboba
ar gaaCnia, maSin sakuTari cxovrebis dagegmvaze es faqtori
udides gavlenas moaxdens; Tu miiRebs RmerTis, samoTxisa da
jojoxeTis, sulis ukvdavebis utyuari arsebobis rwmenas, maSin misi cxovreba sul sxvanairad aewyoba, vidre maTi uaryofis SemTxvevaSi; anu, yvela am da kidev sxva ontologiur
kiTxvebze gamomuSavebuli pasuxebi safuZvlad daedeba im gzis
gamomuSavebas, romelzec adamianis cxovrebam unda gaiaros.

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2. samyaro, rogorc arsebulisa da ararsebulis

mTlianoba. filosofiuri azrovneba samyaros cnebaSi yovelive arsebulisa da ararsebulis erT mTlianobas moiazrebs.
am gagebiT arseboba mTeli samyaros yvelaze farTo da uzogadesi niSania. igi aerTianebs yvelafers. arsebulSi Sedis:
bunebis, sazogadoebis, kulturisa da zebunebrivi samyaros
yvela sagani da movlena, arsebulis cneba moicavs yvela
arsebuls. raRa rCeba ararsebulis cnebis Sinaarsad. ra unda
vigulisxmoT masSi? erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT arsebulis ornairi gageba. pirvels vuwodoT: empiriul-gulubryvilo, xolo meores kritikul-logikuri gageba. pirveli absoluturi araraobaa, xolo meore _ relatiuri. araraoba SeTavsebadia samyarosTan, rogorc mTelTan, SeuTavsebadia monoTeistur RmerTTan (maTi usasrulobis, anu ganusazRvrelobis gamo);
igi SeuTavsebadia sinamdvilis calkeul sagnebsa da movlenebTanac. rac Seexeba relatiur araraobas, igi savaldebuloa
samyaroSi calkeuli sagnebisa da movlenebis arsebobisaTvis.
samyaroSi saganTa simravlis arseboba, am sagnebs Soris zRvaris arsebobas gulisxmobs. sagnisaTvis zRvari misi `araa~
(araraoba), romelic mas sxva sagnebisagan gan-sazRvrul arsebobas aniWebs. igi savaldebuloa yovelive imisaTvis, rac gansazRvrebas eqvemdebareba. logikuri TvalsazrisiT, mTliani
samyaroc, misi substanciac da monoTeisturi RmerTic aseT
gan-sazRvrebas moiTxovs. ararsebuli igive araraobaa. empiri-

ul-gulubryvilo gagebiT arsebuli aris is, rac saerTod

arsad da arasdros ar arsebobs. igi wminda araraobaa. igi
isaa, rac saerTod aranairad araa. aseTi ararsi (araraoba)
uaryofs yvelafers da maT Soris Tavis Tavsac. aseTi araraoba hqondaT mxedvelobaSi Zvel berZen filosofosebs, roca
asabuTebdnen, _ araraoba arc Seimecneba da arc sityviT gamoiTqmebao. es iseTi araraobaa, romelze fiqric ar SegviZlia,
verafers vityviT imitom, rom raRacaze fiqri, am raRacis
arsebobas moiTxovs. is unda arsebobdes rom mas fiqriT mainc
SevexoT da sityvaSi gamovxatoT. raRacaze fiqri, azrovneba,
msjeloba maSinaa SesaZlebeli Tu is arsebobs fiqrSi, azrovnebaSi. misi sityvaSi gamoxatva niSnavs sityvaSi misTvis arsebobis miniWebas. aseT arsebuls (araraobas) rom SevexoT, masze
viazrovnoT da sityvaSi gamovxatoT, igi raime unda iyos.
amitom aseTi formiT gagebuli ararsebuli saerTod ver iqneba azrovnebis sagani.
arsebulis empiriul-gulubryvilo gageba Tu sruliad zedmetia samyarosaTvis da misi gonebrivi suraTisaTvis,
samagierod, misTvis aucilebelia ararsebulis kritikullogikuri gageba. aseTi gagebis mixedviT arsebobs ara marto
is rac aris, aramed isic rac ar aris. es ararsebobis (araraobis) daSvebaa. misi arsebobis aRiarebis aucileblobaa. saqme
is aris, rom Znelia ararsebulis ararsebobaze vimsjeloT ise,
rom winaaRmdegobaSi ar aRmovCndeT. amis magaliTia e.w. `mebrZoli aTeisturi moZraoba. aTeizmi RmerTs ararsebulad
acxadebs. `mebrZoli aTeizmi ebrZvis religias. religia da
RmerTi erTi da igive araa, magram religiis winaaRmdeg brZola mainc RmerTis winaaRmdeg brZolaa. rogor SeiZleba da ra
azri aqvs brZolas imis winaaRmdeg rac ararsebulad (araraobad) aris gamocxadebuli. amis SeuZlebloba da uazroba naTeli gaxda aTeizmisaTvis da gamosavali imaSi naxes rom RmerTi yvela sferodan gamoricxes da adgili adamianis gonebaSi
miuCines. amas niSnavs aTeisturi debuleba _ `RmerTma ki ar
Seqmna adamiani, aramed adamianma Seqmna RmerTi da sakuTar
gonebaSi Caasaxla.~ Tu Seqmna da gonebaSi Caasaxla es niSnavs

rom igi ukve arsebulia. igi araa araraoba, xolo aTeisturi

brZola RmerTis adamianis gonebidanac gandevnas moiTxovda.
devnian arsebuls. ararsebulis devna SeuZlebelia.
ararsebulis (araraobis) raobis mxolod empiriul _
gulubryvilo gagebaze dayvana Seuracmyofelicaa adamianisaTvis, radgan igi misi cxovelis doneze dayvanis mimaniSnebelia. adamianis cxovelisagan gansxvaveba da adamianad yofnis
simaRleze asvla gamoixateba imaSi, ramdenad SeeZlo mas fizikur-empiriuli realobidan sulier yofierebamde amaRleba.
adamianis samyaro gacilebiT didi da Tvisebrivad metia, vidre fizikur-empiriuli realoba. arseboben sagnebi da movlenebi, romlebsac empiriuli realoba ar gaaCniaT. e.i. am mxriv,
isini ararsebulni arian, magram arseboben mexsierebaSi, fantazia-warmosaxvaSi, sityvaSi, winaswar xedvaSi, arseboben mxatvrul
saxeebSi, mecnierul cnebebSi, religiur rwmenaSi, arseboben
zRaprebSi. e.i. sakiTxi exeba ara maT ararsebobas, aramed imas,
Tu sad arseboben. arseboba ki, sadac ar unda iyos igi, mainc
arsebobaa. magaliTad zRapari. Cveulebrivi zRapari iwyeba
Semdegi sityvebiT: `iyo da ara iyo ra e.i. iyo, magram arc
araferi iyo. `ara iyo ra imaze mianiSnebs rom, razec zRaparSia laparaki, realur-empiriulad ararsebulia (araraobaa),
magram sawyisi sityva `iyo daJinebiT imas usvams xazs, rom
igi mainc iyo, rom is arsebulia, Tumca ara fizikur-empiriuli,
aramed idealur-logikuri formiT. iyo da aris zRaparSi.
zRapari flobs realur arsebobas, magram ara fizikur-empiriuls. amoiReT cxovrebidan zRapari, amoiReT misi personaJebi,
erTni rom borot Zalebs asaxiereben, xolo meoreni keTil
Zalebs, amoiReT mxolod imitom, rom isini ar floben fizikur-empiriul realobas da Tqven xelidan gamogeclebaT
mSvenieri SesaZlebloba gulubryvilo bavSvs, zRapruli gulubryvilobis SemweobiT, adreuli asakidanve CaunergoT
borotebis raoba da misadmi siZulvili, CaunergoT sikeTis
raoba da misadmi siyvaruli da misiT gaxarebis unari. zRapari sWirdebaT asakovan adamianebsac. misi cxovrebidan amoRebiT
adamianebs aRar eqnebaT azrovnebis igav-arakuli formebi, aRar

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eqnebaT cxovrebaSi mtruli Zalebisadmi gamklavebis mocemuli saSualebebi, aRar eqnebaT `amooxvris Taviseburi xerxi.
mxatvrul literaturaSic, rac adamianis aucilebeli
sulieri sazrdoa, adgili aqvs sagnebis, movlenebis, personaJebis, gmirebis sulier-idealur arsebobas. istoriuli gmirebi,
romlebic TavianT fizikur-empiriul arsebobas xSirad ufro
adre asruleben cxovrebaSi, adamianebisaTvis magaliTis misacemad, mexsierebaSi idealuri formiT arsebobas ganagrZoben.
arsebobisa da ararsebobis sakiTxi `ho da `ara-s
urTierTobis konkretuli formaa. es sakiTxi, filosofiur
azrovnebas Zveli droidanve ainteresebda. Zveli saberZneTis
eleatur filosofiur skolaSi arsebobisa da ararsebobis
sakiTxi gamoiTqva parmenides formuliT, _ arsi aris da
ararsi ar aris` anu is, rac aris, is aris da rac ar aris is
araraobaa. araraobis arsebobis uaryofam sagnebis erTimeorisagan gamyofi zRvris uaryofa gamoiwvia. amiT zRvris
uaryofam saganTa simravlis arsebobis uaryofa mogvca. saganTa simravlis uaryofa mxolod erTis arsebobis daSvebaa,
erTis arseboba ki gamoricxavs moZraobis SesaZleblobas, amitom mividnen Zenoniseul daskvnamde, _ gasrolili isari
sinamdvileSi uZravia, aqilevsi verasodes ver gaasworebs kus.
imave epoqaSi, aseTi Sedegebis gamosaricxad azrovnebam sapirispiro mimarTulebac mosinja. daSvebuli iqna mxolod gansxvavebuloba, gamoiricxa igiveobis arseboba. princi pSi es niSnavda mxolod araraobis (ararsebulis) aRiarebas da arsebulis uaryofas. aseTi azrovnebis Sedegi iyo karatilosis
debuleba `erT mdinareSi ara Tu meored, erTxelac ver
SexvalT.~ aRniSnuli orive mimarTulebisaTvis saerTo is
iyo, rom azrovnebis calmxrivobis gamo logikur winaaRmdegobad da SeuZleblad iTvleboda ori erTimeoris mimarT
radikalurad sapirispiro movlenis mTlianobaSi gaazreba.
SeuZleblad iTvleboda ho~-s da ara~-s Serigeba erT mTelSi. erTis daSveba meoris uaryofas niSnavda da piriqiT. imave
berZnul filosofiaSi aseTi sapirispiro fenomenebis
mTlianobaSi gaazrebis aucilebloba gaCnda. aman mogvca her-

aklites formulireba yovelive aris da arc aris. es niSnavda rogorc arsebulis arsebobas, ise ararsebulis arsebobas. amasTanave arc arsebuls da arc ararsebuls ar SeuZliaT wminda saxiT damoukideblad arseboba. isini erTimeoris saSualebiT erT mTelSi arseboben. zogadi formiT, es
erTi mTeli samyaroa. mTeli samyaro arsebulisa da ararsebulis, rogorc dapirispirebulTa mTlianobaa. amasTanave, es
aris sasruli sagnebisa da movlenebis arsebobis wesi.

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3. samyaros droulobisa da maradiulobis sakiTxi. arsebulisa da ararsebulis raobis sakiTxi konkretul saxes iRebs samyaros droulobisa da maradisobis sakiTxis saxiT. mTlian samyaros droSi aqvs Tu ara dasawyisi, Tu
igi maradiulia? Tu samyaros droSi dasawyiss davuSvebT,
maSinve Cndeba kiTxva saidan gaCnda igi? es uZvelesi da
tradiciuli kiTxvaa. am kiTxvas mudam svamdnen da masze raRac
pasuxs gamoimuSavebdnen miTologiaSi, religiaSi, kerZo mecnierebaSi da filosofiaSi. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gamomuSaveba
yovelTvis did zegavlenas ganicdida antikuri berZnuli periodidan momdinare cnobili debulebisgan _ `araraobidan
raime ar Cndeba da raime araraobad ar gardaiqmneba.~ filosofiis es spekulaturuli debuleba mogvianebiT fizikurma kvlevebmac daadastura.
kiTxva saidan gaCnda samyaro? iseTi formiTaa dasmuli, romelic Riad Tu farulad Seicavs moments, rac azrovnebas
winaaRmdegobriv mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. rodesac vkiTxulobT
saidan gaCnda samyaro, amiT samyaros gaCenas, anu samyaros
droSi dasawyiss faqtiurad ukve vaRiarebT da amis Semdeg
viwyebT am faqtis gamarTleba-axsnas. rogorc cnobilia, es
kiTxva bibliisTvisac centraluria da misi gadawyveta rwmenis niadagze xdeba. igi dakavSirebulia RmerTis SemoqmedebiT
(kreaciul) aqtTan. amasTanave bibliaSi RmerTis mier samyaros Seqmna marTlac samyaros droSi dasawyisia, vinaidan
samyaros Seqmnamde mis ararsebobasTan erTad ar arsebobda

arc dro. RmerTma samyaro droSi ki ar Seqmna, aramed

drosTan erTad. droc RmerTis qmnilebaa. amaze netarma
avgustinem xazgasmiT miuTiTa. es azri Taviseburi formiT
mecnierebamac daadastura, roca fardobiTobis TeoriaSi xazi
gaesva im garemoebas, rom sagnebi droSi ki ar imyofebian,
rogorc amas niutoni fiqrobda, aramed dros TviTon sagnebi
da procesebi qmnian. samyaros Seqmnis sakiTxi mecnierebam
mecnieruli gziT da xerxebiT anu mecnierul-logikuri dasabuTebis gziT unda gadawyvitos, magram sakiTxis bibliur
gadawyvetaSi aris erTi momenti, romlis gaTvaliswineba, mecnieruli gadawyvetisTvisac savaldebuloa. sakiTxis bibliuri gadawyveta mianiSnebs, rom raRac arsebulis gaCena, manamde
da mis win raRac sxva arsebulis utyuari arsebobis daSvebas
moiTxovs, iseve, rogorc Svilis arseboba yovelTvis gulisxmobs da mas win uswrebs mSoblis arseboba. bibliisaTvis
samyaros winmswrebi RmerTia, romelic droulobis TvalsazrisiT maradiulia. es gamoricxavs TviT RmerTis droSi
gaCenis kiTxvas. magram RmerTis maradisoba imave bibliuri
samyaros maradisobaze mianiSnebs. RmerTis mier samyaros Seqmna, swored rom Seqmnaa. anu esaa moZraoba romelic erTi
raRacis sxva raRacad gardaqmnas iwvevs. RmerTis raobis gagebisaTvis arsebiTad mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom RmerTi
samyaros Tavis Tavidan qmnis; magram, Cveni kiTxvis mimarT amas
princi puli mniSvneloba ara aqvs. RmerTi samyaros imitom
qmnis Tavis Tavidan, rom RmerTi yovlismomcvelia. mTeli
samyaro, arsebobis garkveuli wesiT, masSia. masSia agreTve
RvTaebrivi wesiT arsebuli samyaros, romelic masSia, bunebrivi arsebobis formaSi gadayvanis unaric. miviReT, rom RmerTis mier Seqmnil samyaros, romelic droSi iwyebs arsebobas, sayrdenad udgas maradiulad arsebuli. e.i. yvelafris
Ziri maradisobaa.
vinaidan mecnierebisaTvis miuRebelia problemis iseTi gadawyveta, sadac mecnieruli dasabuTebisaTvis adgili
araa darCenili da Tanac kiTxva ukve farulad Seicavs samyaros gaCenas droSi, _ rCeba ori gza, _ an bibliis msgavsad,

manac unda dauSvas samyaros gaCenamde mis win sxva raRac

arsebulis maradiuli arseboba, rac SesaZlebels gaxdis pasuxs kiTxvaze saidan?~ an samyaros droSi gaCenas win unda
dauyenos wminda, anu absoluturi araraoba, romelic araviTari arsebobis Semcveli araa. aseTi araraoba raime arsebuls sayrdenad ver gamoadgeba. pirveli gza samyaros gaCenis
sakiTxs mTlianad auqmebs. samyaros gaCenamde Tu ukve raime
arsebobs, romelic safuZvelia samyaros gaCenis, es niSnavs, rom
samyaro ukve arsebula mis gaCenamde. amitom misi gaCena ki ar
xdeba, aramed erTi formidan meore formaSi gardaqmna. amitom
is, rac naTqvamia bibliaSi, _ bunebis, rogorc samyaros gaCena
igulisxmeba da ara saerTod samyarosi, romlis aucilebel
nawilad zebunebrivi samyaroc igulisxmeba. saerTod, samyaros
gaCena RmerTis gaCenas udris, rasac religia da biblia ar
dauSvebs. amasTan ar dauSvebs arc adamianuri logika. rac
Seexeba meore gzas igic faqtiurad daiyvaneba pirvel gzaze.
Tu samyaros, rogorc ukve arsebulis win davsvamT ararsebuls,
anu araraobas da samyaros gaCenas mas daukavSirebT, maSin
logika moiTxovs rom is raRac (araraoba) risganac Cndeba
sxva raRaca (samyaro), aucileblad unda flobdes arsebobas,
vinaidan ar SeiZleba wminda araraobidan raime Cndebodes.
msgavsi msgavss warmoSobso _ empedokles mier esec antikur
periodSi iTqva. rogor SeiZleba arseboba, rasac ar flobs
warmomSobi, mianiWos warmoSobils da Tu mainc samyaros win
uswrebs wminda araraoba, maSin igi ar SeiZleba samyaros
arsebobis mizezi iyos. xolo Tu samyaros wminda araraobaSi
ara aqvs arsebobis mizezi, maSin igi TviTmizezobriv movlenad unda CaiTvalos, rac mis maradiulobaze miuTiTebs. Tu
sakiTxs SevxedavT samyaros dasasrulis poziciidan, aqedanac
naTelia rom moZraobisa da cvalebadobis procesSi igi SeiZleba gardaiqmnas aTasnairad. amas faqtebi adasturebs kidec.
magram misi wminda araraobaSi gadasvla SeuZlebelia, vinaidan raime araraobad ar gardaiqmneba. Cven agreTve viciT is
garemoebac, rom rasac dasasruli ara aqvs mas arc dasawyisi
aqvs, dasasruli ukve dasawyisia. es ki samyaros maradiul

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arsebobaze miuTiTebs.
d. uznaZe araraobis problemas rom exeba, misi azriT,
imis miuxedavad, ragind axirebuladac unda mogveCvenos es
mosazreba, _ romelime sagnis ararsebobis cnebaSi meti Sinaarsia moqceuli, vidre amave sagnis arsebobis cnebaSi vinaidan, cneba ararsebuli~, obieqtis Sesaxeb Seicavs (gulisxmobs) agreTve cnebas arsebuli~. amas garda mas daerTvis
kidev erTi warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom es sagani arsebulTa
mTliani sinamdvilidan gamoricxulia.
yovelive aRniSnuli dasmuli sakiTxis iseT gadawyvetas moiTxovs, romlis mixedviTac arsebulsa da ararsebuls
Soris zRvari gadaulaxavi ufskrulis saxiT ki ar daismeba,
aramed ise, rom arseboba da ararseboba erTi mTelis iseTi
sapirispiro mxareebi iyos, romelTac erTimeoris gareSe arseboba ar SeuZliaT. amas moiTxovs ararsebulis relatiuri
gageba. aseT moTxovnas mivyavarT samyaros drosa da sivrceSi
gaCenis ideis moxsnamde, rac samyaros usasrulobis mauwyebeli iqneba drosa da sivrceSi.

4. samyaros arsebis sakiTxi. cxovelisaTvis sinamdvilis calkeuli sagnebi misi fizikur-biologiur moTxovnilebas emsaxureba. amitom, es sagani mTlianad, biologiuri
moTxovnilebis TvaliT mis mier danaxuli realobaa. misi
moTxovnebis SezRuduloba misi TvaliT danaxuli sagnis siRaribes iwvevs. cxovelTan SedarebiT adamianis moTxovnebis
mravalferovneba imis safuZvelia, rom man sagnebSi gacilebiT
meti da mniSvnelovani ram aRmoaCinos. am gagebiT sagnebi da
movlenebi adamianis winaSe warmosdgebian rTuli struqturis mqone sistemebis saxiT. abstraqciis meSveobiT sagnebis
pirveli daSla-danawilebis Sedegad vRebulobT maT or mxares. yovel sagans aqvs ori mxare garegani da Sinagani.
igulisxmeba ara sivrcobrivi garegani da Sinagani, aramed,
garegnuloba Sinaganoba dgindeba imis mixedviT Tu adamiani
mas xedvis romeli unariT ukavSirdeba. sagnis garegan mxares

xSirad zedapirul mxares uwodeben. zedapirulia sagnis is

niSan-Tvisebebi, romelic adamians eZleva mis mgrZnobelobaSi. anu is, rasac mxedvelobiT, smeniT, ynosviT, dagemovnebiT da
SexebiT aRiqvams. xSirad sagnis garegan da Sinagan mxareebs
ganasxvaveben maTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT, rogorc TviT sagnisaTvis, ise adamianisaTvis, aseTi midgoma zogjer gaumarTlebelia. magaliTad Tu aviRebT velur yvavilebs, maTi feri,
surneleba, forma garegani mxareebia, magram Zalian mniSvnelovani ara marto adamianisaTvis, aramed TviT mcenarisaTvis;
magram wignisaTvis misi garegani, anu zedapiruli mxarea feri,
formati, ydis, qaRaldis, Sriftis Taviseburebebi da sxva. es
wignis dizainia, rac misTvis mniSvnelovani ramaa, magram ara
arsebiTi da ara gadamwyveti. sagnebisaTvis arsebiTi da gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqonea am saganTa Sinagani mxare. igi
adamians ar eZleva mgrZnobelobaSi; mas TvaliT ver vxedavT,
yuriT ver vismenT, sunsa da gemos ver vgrZnobT, xeliT ver
SevexebiT. adamiani masTan dakavSirebas axorcielebs gonebis
meSveobiT. amitom mas sagnis inteligibelur, anu gonebiT
misawvdom mxares uwodeben. wignis Sinagani mxarea is, rac
masSi adamianis gonebam Cado da iqidan gonebiTve amoikiTxeba.
wignisaTvis arsebiTi da gadamwyveti swored misi es mxarea.
ama Tu im wignis raobas swored wignis es mxare gansazRvravs.
Tavis mxriv, arc sagnis Sinagani mxarea martivi da erTgvarovani. isic struqturuli movlenaa, masSic SeiZleba gamoyofil iqnes sagnisaTvis kidev ufro fundamenturi mniSvnelobis momentebi. maTi erToblioba qmnis sagnis arsebas. sagnis
arseba misi raobis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvrelia. sagani isaa, rac
misi arsebaa. sagnis arsebis dadgena _ sagnis raobis dadgenis
gasaRebia. mecnieruli Semecneba miiswrafis sagnis arsebis
dadgenisaken. saerTod, mecniereba arsebaTa kvleva-Ziebaa. sagnis arseba misi siRrmiseuli mxarea, saidanac ikiTxeba sagnis
mTliani raoba. sagnis arsebis Semecneba ar niSnavs mis mTlian
codnas magram, es misi arsebiTi codnaa. Tavis mxriv, arc
sagnis arsebaa martivi atomaluri movlena. igic rTuli da
amouwuravi fenomenia. amitom es araa iseTi ram, rasac erTxel

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Tu miwvdebi, amiT misi Semecneba damTavrebuli da amowurulia. piriqiT, SemecnebiTi winsvla arsebaSi CaRrmavebis
procesia, rac mravaljerad safexurovan wiaRsvlas warmoadgens. amitom arsebebic iseve amouwuravia, rogorc mTeli samyaro. sagnis garegan da Sinagan mxareebs Soris mWidro kavSiria im gagebiT, rom realurad isini ar arseboben erTimeores gareSe. magram maT Soris ganmsazRvreli Sinagani mxarea.
Sinagani mxare gareganis safuZvelia. Sinagani mxaris ZiriTadi momenti sagnis arsebaa. marTalia, arseba struqturuli
movlenaa (am qveynad yvelaferi struqturis mqonea) magram igi
sagnisaTvis mainc mTliani erTia. yovel sagans erTi arseba
aqvs. sagnis erTaderToba misi arsebis erTaderTobiTaa ganpirobebuli. ra donezec xdeba sagnis arsebis ganxilva, imave
doneze warmoebs TviTon sagnis ganxilvac. yovel adamians
erTi `me~ aqvs da es misi erTi arsebaa. ar arsebobs sagani
misi arsebis gareSe. arc arseba arsebobs sagnisgan damoukideblad wminda saxiT. maTi erTmaneTisagan gancalkeveba azrovnebis mier, mxolod abstraqciaSi xdeba. Tu msjeloba exeba petres, rogorc konkretul pirovnebas, maSin mxedvelobaSia misi
unikaluri pirovnuli arseba. petres erTaderToba misi pirovnuli arsebis erTaderTobiTaa ganpirobebuli. pirovnebis gaoreba,
risi faqtebic realurad arsebobs, misi pirovnuli arsebis
gaxleCa-gaorebaa, rac pirovnebis stagnaciis niSania. Tu mxedvelobaSia petre, rogorc adamiani, maSin adgili unda hqondes
petres pirovnul arsebaSi ufro CaRrmavebas da masSi adamianis arsebis dadgenas. adamianis arsebac erTia da misiTaa
ganpirobebuli samyaros mraval sagansa da movlenas Soris
adamianis erTaderToba. qveyanaze adamianebi uamravia, magram
adamiani, rogorc movlena, erTia. SeiZleba petres ganvixilavdeT rogorc socialur arsebas. maSin petres arsebas kidev
ufro vuRrmavdebiT da mis socialurobas vikvlevT. aseT
SemTxvevaSi socialuris arsebis dadgena xdeba. es arsebac
erTia da amis gamo danarCen movlenebs Soris socialuri
movlenac erT-erTi imaTTagania. Tu kidev ufro CavuRrmavdebiT petres, rogorc cocxal arsebas, maSin sicocxlis arsis

dadgenasTan mivalT da isic erTia. amitom sicocxlec, rogorc

movlena, erTia da a. S. Tu davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom
arsebaSi aseTi CaRrmaveba aris moZraoba erTeuli arsebidan
ufro zogad arsebamde; iqidan _ kidev ufro zogadamde da a.S.
arsebebis aseT ganzogadebebs sinamdvilis ufro da ufro
moculobiT farTo sferoebisken gadavyavarT. bolos mivadgebiT arsebis iseT ganzogadebas, romelic, moculobiT, mTlian
samyaros gadaswvdeba; xolo dadgenili arseba mTliani samyaros arseba iqneba. aqac miviRebT erT arsebas da misaT
gansazRvrul samyaros erTaderTobas. amiT kvlav mivadeqiT
ontologiis mTavar sakiTxs ra aris samyaro, rogorc erTi
mTeli da ra aris misi arseba? samyaros arsebis codnis
gareSe SesaZlebelia gvqondes raRac calkeuli sagnebisa da
movlenebis konkretuli codnebi, magram samyaros mTlianobis
codna ar gveqneba. amis gareSe ki SeuZlebelia adamianis mier
Tavisi cxovrebis mTlianobis gaazreba, rac bundovans da
TiTqmis SeuZlebels xdis adamianis perqspeqtiulobiT xedvas. samyaros arsebas filosofiur enaze substancias uwodeben.

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5. su bsta nci i s r a o bi s sa k i Txi . substancia

filosofiis, konkretulad ontologiis, Zireuli cnebaa. laTinurad igi safuZvels, qvemdebares niSnavs. igulisxmeba yvelaze siRrmiseuli da Zireuli safuZveli. sxvadasxva mecnierebebSi ganixilaven sxvadasxva konkretuli sferoebis aseT
Zireul cnebebs. es maTi arsebaa, anu maTi substancia, amitom
isini am sferoebis mimarT konkretuli substanciebis statuss iZenen. filosofiaSi msjeloba exeba mTlian samyaros.
amitom aq substanciis saxeliT gvevlineba mTeli samyaros
sagnebisa da movlenebis arsebobis saerTo safuZveli. amitom
filosofiuri substancia yvela safuZvelTa safuZvelia; yvela konkretuli substanciebis (arsebebis) saerTo substanciaa (Zireuli arsebaa). igi yvelafris sayrdenia. Zvel berZnul
filosofiaSi substancias aRniSnavdnen sityva arxe~-Ti. igi

pirvelsawyiss niSnavs. iq substanciis problema aseTi formiT daisva: _ ra aris samyaros, yovelive arsebulis saTave,
dasabami. saidan iRebs yovelive Tavis sawyiss? aseTi formiT
dasmuli kiTxvis gadawyveta garkveul sizustes moiTxovs.
saqme is aris, rom samyaro warmodgenilia sagnebis rogorc
raodenobrivi, ise Tvisebrivi simravliT. pirveli sawyisis,
anu substanciis problemis gadawyvetis Zieba niSnavs raRac
erTidan, rogorc pirvelsawyisidan, anu substanciidan, saganTa
simravlis arsebobis axsnas. esaa erTisa da simravlis urTierTobis sakiTxi. rogori urTierTobiT SeiZleba amis axsna?
cnobilia urTierTobis ori ZiriTadi forma. realur sagnebs
Soris urTierToba mizez-Sedegobriv xasiaTs atarebs. Tu
SevecdebiT substanciis problemis, rogorc erTisa da simravlis urTierTobis mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTobis axsnas, did
winaaRmdegobas wavawydebiT. mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierToba
mizezis Sedegisadmi droSi winswrebas gulisxmobs. magram
SeuZlebelia substanciam, rogorc pirvelsawyisma, droSi win
gaaswros simravles. igi pirvelsawyisia da ara dasawyisi.
imis gamo, rom igi im simravlis uzogadesi arsebaa, romelsac
ar SeuZlia imisgan damoukideblad arseboba, risi arsebacaa,
mas, rogorc substancias, ar SeuZlia arsebobiT droSi win
aswrebdes imas, risi substanciac aris igi. arsebobs movlenebs Soris urTierTobis meore forma. esaa safuZvel-Sedegis
urTierToba. magram es aris wminda logikuri urTierToba.
marTalia, droulobis problema aseTi urTierTobisaTvis ar
arsebobs, magram igi materialur realobas moklebuli urTierTobaa. es SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod maSin, Tu substanciasac da sinamdvilesac logikur formebad ganvixilavT. es
cda hegels hqonda, ramac arsebobis ufleba ver moi pova. amitom, arc mis safuZvelze SeiZleba substanciisa da sinamdvilis (erTisa da simravlis) sakiTxis warmatebiT gadawyveta.
maSin, ra gziT unda gadawydes aRniSnuli sakiTxi? aq mniSvnelovania substanciis rogorc arxes, rogorc pirvelsawyisis zusti mniSvnelobiT gageba. gavimeoroT, rom pirvelsawyisi ar niSnavs dasawyiss. usasrulo, anu usawyiso samyaros

dasawyisis mniSvnelobis mqone sawyisis Zieba alogikuria.

pirvelsawyisi ar niSnavs imas, rom Tavidanve iyo wminda
saxiT arsebuli raRac erTi (nedleulis, saSeni masalis saxiT) da Semdeg calkeuli sagnebi da movlenebi, anu saganTa
simravle misgan warmoiSva. es sakiTxisadmi miTologiuri
formis micemaa, rac aradamajerebelia. substanciurobis TvalsazrisiT, erTisa da simravlis urTierTobis sakiTxi imas ki
ar gulisxmobs, erTidan rogor iqmneba simravle, aramed imas
simravles ra aniWebs erTianobas. ra aris simravlis
erTianobis safuZveli. aqedan gamomdinare, substancia,
rogorc samyaros arseba, samyaros erTianobis safuZvelia. is
saganTa simravlis, samyaros saxiT erT mTlianobaSi Semkrebi
gansazRvrulobaa. arsebis Tavisebureba swored es aris. iq,
sadac arsebaa _ erTianobacaa, anu iq simravle erTi saxiT
arsebobs. qarTvelis arseba qarTvelebis mTlianobis gansazRvrulobaa. adamianis arseba adamianebis gamaerTianebeli
gansazRvrulobaa. samyaros arseba substancia mTeli samyaros mTlianobis safuZvelia. iq sadac ar arsebobs arseba, ar
arsebobs mTlianoba. es qaoss niSnavs. magram imis gamo, rom
raimes arsebis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia, realurad arc
qaosi arsebobs. qaosi subieqturi cnebaa.
substancias, rogorc samyaros arsebas, Tavis mxriv TviTonac aqvs Tavisi arseba, rac misi arsebiTi niSnebis mTlianobaSi gamoixateba. amitom, substanciis raobis ukeT gagebis mizniT,
ganvixiloT ZiriTadi aseTi niSnebi. erTi maTgani, rogorc
davinaxeT, es iyo simravlis gamaerTianebeli, anu niSani, romelic
simravles erTian mTelad aqcevs.
substanciis Semdegi niSania misi erTaderToba.
filosofiis istoria icnobs substanciis dualistur da
pluralistur gagebas, magram logikuri Tanmimdevrobis pirobebSi gamarTlebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxolod substanciis
monisturi gageba, romelic mis erTaderTobas aRiarebs. es
gamomdinareobs im niSnidanac, romelzec ukve iyo msjeloba.
substancia arsebaa. arseba erTi unda iyos, raTa man simravle
erTad aqcios. ori substanciis daSveba simravlis erTime-

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orisagan izolirebul or nawilad dayofas da ori damoukidebeli mTelis gaCenas niSnavs. es ewinaaRmdegeba samyaros
mTlianobis ideas.
substanciis Semdegi aucilebeli arsebiTi niSnebia _
igiveoba da uzogadesoba. substancias, rogorc erTs, simravlis erTadqceva maSin SeeZleba, Tu igi simravlis wevrebis
(mTeli sinamdvilis sagnebisa da movlenebis) mimarT Semkrebi
igiveobrivi faqtori iqneba. anu, samyaros mTlianobas igiveobrivi faqtori udevs safuZvlad. igi substanciaa. xolo, imis
gamo, rom substancia simravlis yvela wevrisaTvis igiveobrivi, anu saerTo ram aris, samyaros mimarT igi uzogadesi
niSnis mqone faqtoria, substancia mTeli samyaros gadamwvdom
uzogades faqtors warmoadgens. rogorc mTeli samyaro, ise
misi calkeuli sagnebi da movlenebi mudmiv moZraoba-cvalebadobis procesSia. miuxedavad amisa, samyaro mainc inarCunebs
Tavis TavTan mudmiv igiveobas. samyaro mudam samyaroa. rogor
xdeba, rom is, rac mudmivad icvleba, mainc mudmivad Tavisi
Tavis igiveobrivi rCeba? es SeiZleba maSin, roca is, rac
icvleba, Tavis TavSi Semoinaxavs da inarCunebs imas, rac misi
raobis ganmsazRvrelia da masSi mudam myari da ucvlelia. es
misi arsebaa anu misi substanciaa. es asea safexurebrivad
yvela arsebis, anu yvela substanciis mimarT. petreSi, rogorc
kerZo pirovnebaSi, yvelaferi moZravia, icvleba, izrdeba, berdeba, magram igi mudam petred rCeba imitom, rom masSi pirovnuli
arseba, misi `me~ ucvlelia. es misi pirovnuli substanciaa.
petre samyaros saganTa simravlis erTi wevria; Tumca, aseTivea substancia mTeli samyaros mimarT. isic, rogorc erTi,
mis moZraoba-cvalebadobaSi rom ar dakargos Tavisi garkveuloba, sakuTar TavSi myarad inarCunebs Tavisi raobis ganmsazRvrel substancias, romelic mainc iqneba igiveobrivi
faqtori yoveli cvalebadobis mimarT da amiT samyaros erTianoba-mTlianoba SenarCunebuli iqneba. moZraoba-cvalebadobis procesma rom ar daSalos samyaros mTlianoba, es procesi efuZneba myar mdgradobas. am niSnis matarebelia substancia.

saganTa samyaroSi batonobis mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTobis princi pi. am urTierTobebSi CarTulia substanciac. yovel calkeul sagans arsebobis orgvari safuZveli, orgvari mizezi gaaCnia. erTi, romelic TviTon masSia da am
gagebiT, igi TviTmizezobrivia; meore, romelic mis gareT, sxva
saganSia, im sxvisa _ kidev sxvaSi da a. S. mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebis siRrmiseuli safuZvlisaken mimaval jaWvs mivyavarT im punqtamde, romelSic pirvelad mizezs anu safuZvels
poulobs sinamdvilis yvela sagani da movlena. igi yvelafris sayrdenia, safuZvelia; yvelafris raobis pirveladi amosavali gansazRvrulobaa. esaa substancia. da roca ismis kiTxva
TviTon substancia raSi poulobs Tavis gare mizezs, sayrdens,
safuZvels pasuxi, romelic mkafiod Camoayaliba b. spinozam,
aseTia, _ misi mizezi TviTon masSivea. yvelaferi masSi poulobs pirvelad mizezs. TviTon substancia sxva ramiT ki ara,
mxolod Tavisi TaviT aixsneba. igi TviTmizezobrivi fenomenia, magram TviTmizezobrioba, rogorc ukve iTqva, axasiaTebs
yovel calkeul sagansac. samyaros substanciasa da calkeuli sagnebis arsebebs Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom Tu es ukanasknelni TviTmizezobrivnic arian da amave dros, garegani
mizeziT gansazRvrulnic, substancia mxolod Sinagani mizeziT anu mxolod TviTmizezobrivi fenomenia. mas gareganmsazRvreli faqtori ar gaaCnia. mas gareganad araferi zRudavs. es substanciis sxva niSanze miuTiTebs. esaa misi usasruloba. substanciis usasruloba droSi da sivrceSi mTliani
samyaros usasrulobis safuZvelia. droSi usasruloba mis
maradiulobas niSnavs. substanciis maradiuloba samyaros
maradiulobis safuZvelia. substanciis TviTmizezobrioba,
usasruloba da maradiuloba misi sruli avtonomiurobis, anu
damoukideblobis mauwyebelia. aqac, samyaros SeuzRudaoba, avtonomiuroba, damoukidebloba, _ misi substanciis damoukideblobiT aris ganpirobebuli da misiT aixsneba. rogorc vxedavT, substanciis raobis, misi niSan-Tvisebebis gansazRvra
dakavSirebulia mTliani samyaros raobisa da niSan-Tvisebebis dadgenasTan. es gasagebia imis gamo, rom substancia sam-

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yaros arsebaa, romlis raoba vlindeba samyaroSi, rogorc

Tavisi arsebis, anu substanciis warmoCenaSi. substancia ikiTxeba samyaros raobaSi.

6. materiis raobis sakiTxi. materia erT-erT ZiriTad ontologiur kategoriad (cnebad) iTvleba. istoriulad mis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebi da mosazrebebi icvleboda.
adreul periodSi mas aigivebdnen bunebis romelime stiqiasTan (wyali, miwa, cecxli, haeri). antikuri epoqis filosofosi
Talesi stiqiur materialistad iTvleboda imis gamo, rom
bunebis erT-erTi stiqia, wyali, rogorc materialuri movlena,
pirvel sawyisad gamoacxada; materias aigivebdnen atomebTan,
rogorc bunebis umcires, saSen agurebTan~, Semdeg moxda ise,
rom materia gaigivebul iqna saerTod nivTierebasTan. Tavis
mxriv, nivTiereba masis igiveobrivad miiCneoda. Semdeg keTdeba daskvna materiis gaqrobis Taobaze. gaqroba niSnavs imas,
rom igi iyo da Semdeg gaqra. araraobaSi ki ar gauCinarda,
aramed iqca imad, rac ar iyo. anu sxva raRacad iqca. filosofiaSi arsebobs iseTi mosazrebac, romelic asabuTebs, rom
materia arc arasodes arsebula. amitom ararsebuli verc
gaqreba. es Tvalsazrisi j. berklis ekuTvnis. igi empiristsensualistia. samyaros saSen masalad igi aRiarebs or rames
_ `me~-s da SegrZnebebs. misi sayrdeni princi pia varsebob me
da Cemi SegrZnebebi~. yvelaferi am ori elementidan iwarmoeba. es princi pi samyaroSi materiis arsebobisaTvis adgils
aRar tovebs. amis Taobaze berklis naTqvamis perifraza aseTi
iqneba, _ me filosofiidan vdevni iseT qimeras, rasac materias
eZaxiano, Tuki SeiZleba iseTi ramis dakargva, gaqroba, rac
principSi arc arasdros arsebulao.
rac Seexeba materiis gaqrobas~, igi dakavSirebulia
fizikaSi momxdar garkveul aRmoCenasTan da mis axlebur
interpretaciasTan, sanam atomebi miaCndaT samyaros ganuyofel umcires sawyisebad, es niSnavda, rom raodenobrivad
maTi ricxvi, Tundac usasrulod didi, ucvleli unda yofil-

iyo. atomebis am ucvleli mTlianobis gamoxatuleba aris

masa. atomebis raodenobis ucvleloba masis ucvlelobaa. e.i.
jamuri masa ucvlelia. es materiis ucvlelobas niSnavda.
magram fizikuri movlenebi realurad miuTiTebdnen atomebis
gayofadobaze. gansakuTrebiT amis maCvenebeli iyo radiaqtiuli procesebi. urani mudmivad gamoasxivebs energias. saidan
iRebs igi am energias? misi garedan SeZenis varianti mecnierebam gamoricxa, xolo Tu misi wyaro TviT uranSia, maSin irRveva energiis Senaxvis kanoni. mxolod meoce saukunis dasawyisSi rezerfordis mier dadgenil iqna rom energiis wyaro
atomebis daSlaa. aman materiis raobaSi ufro Rrmad Caxedvis
da metis gagebis SesaZlebloba gaaCina. Tumca dasawyisSi,
atomis daSla da misi energiad gardaqmna materiis gaqrobad
iqna miCneuli imis gamo, rom materiis masasTan gaigivebiT,
energia materiad ar iTvleboda. aman materiis iseTi axleburi gageba moiTxova, romlis energiac materiis formad CaiTvleboda. amiT masis energiaSi gadasvla materiis gaqrobas
ki ar niSnavs, aramed materiis nivTieri formidan energiis
formaSi gadasvlas.
materia materialuri sinamdvilis zogadobis maRali
donea. amitom misi raobis gagebisaTvis saWiroa zogadisa da
erTeulis urTierTobis gagebidan amosvla. zogadi erTeulebis
zogadia. erTeulebi ki zogadis erTeulebi. es niSnavs, rom
zogadi erTeulebidan abstraqciis gziT dgindeba. materia,
rogorc zogadi, materialuri sinamdvilidan abstragirebis
gziT dadgenili zogadia. materiasTan dakavSirebiT, abstraqcias moeTxoveba materialuri sinamdvilis sagnebisa da movlenebisagan abstraqciis meSveobiT gamoyos da ganazogados
is niSnebi, rac saerToa materialuri sinamdvilis uklebliv
yvela sagnisaTvis. sagnebi da movlenebi imyofebian mudmiv
moZraoba-cvalebadobis procesSi. erTi sagani gardaiqmneba
meored, meore mesamed, mesame meoTxed da a. S. miuxedavad aseTi
cvalebadobisa, maTSi SeimCneva iseTi niSnebis arseboba, romlebic aseTi cvalebadobis procesSi ucvlelad gadadian
yovel axal-axal gardaqmnaSi. magaliTad, xe gardaiqmna qaRaldad,

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qaRaldi ferflad, ferfli mtvrad. miuxedavad aseTi gardaqmnebisa, es saerTo niSnebi ucvlelad inarCuneben Tavs xeSic,
qaRaldSic, ferflSic da mtverSic. materialuri sinamdvilis aseTi niSan-Tvisebebis erToblioba abstraqciaSi qmnian
imas, rac materiis cnebaSi igulisxmeba. ra igulisxmeba materialuri sinamdvilis sagnebisaTvis mudmiv Tanamdev da moucilebel niSnebSi, romelTa mTlianoba qmnis am sinamdvilis
zogad matricas? esenia, _ droSi, sivrceSi, moZraobaSi da
obieqturad arseboba. cxadia, realur sinamdvileSi, am niSnebis erToblioba wminda saxiT calke ar arsebobs. wminda
saxiT igi mxolod abstraqciaSia. realurad ki, es niSnebi
sinamdvilis calkeul sagnebSi arseboben. swored amis gamo
am sagnebs materialur sagnebs uwodeben. sagnebs, romelSic es
niSnebi realurad ar arsebobs, maT ar SeiZleba materialuri
sagnebi ewodos. materiis mxolod am niSnebiT amowurva miuTiTebs Tu ara misi, rogorc cnebis siRaribeze? zogadi cnebis buneba yovelTvis mis Sinaarsobriv siRaribes niSnavs.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, materialuri sinamdvilis mimarT igi
uzogadesi anu moculobiT ufarToesi ver iqneboda. formaluri logika gvaswavlis cnebebis Sinaarsisa da moculobis ukuproporciul damokidebulebas. cnebis realobis gazrda misi Sinaarsis gaRaribebis xarjze xdeba. materiis cnebis
moculobis imdenad gazrda, rom igi mTel materialur sinamdviles gadaswvdes, misi Sinaarsis iseT gaRaribebas iwvevs,
romelic mxolod aRniSnuli niSnebis Semcveli iqneba. konkretuli Sinaarsis gamoricxvis gziT, materia aris materialuri
sagnis droSi, sivrceSi, moZraobaSi da obieqturad arsebobis
abstraqtuli matrica. magram Tu materias substanciis rangSi
aviyvanT, rasac materialisturi filosofia akeTebs, maSin igi
aRniSnul niSnebTan erTad iZens yvela im niSans riTac
daxasiaTebul iqna substanciis cneba. Tumca, substanciuri
niSnebi misTvis Tavisi Sinaarsis gamdidrebis da moculobis
daviwroebis maCvenebeli ki ar aris, aramed igi aris misi
mTliani samyarosadmi damokidebulebis gansazRvra.
materiis raobis gageba moiTxovs misi bunebis da mate-

rialuris cnebebTan damokidebulebis gansazRvras. materialuris cneba materiis konkretuli, erTeuli sagnis saxiT
arsebobaa. materia materialuri sagnebis zogadi mxarea. buneba materialuri sagnebis realuri mTlianobaa. materialuri
sagnebi bunebis Semadgeneli erTeuli sagnebia. buneba materialuri sagnebis konkretuli mTlianobiT arsebobaa. materia
bunebis zogad-abstraqtuli formaa. materiisa da materialuris
cnebebis urTierTobasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas im didi
gaugebrobis Sesaxeb, rac aRiniSneboda dialeqtikur materializmSi, materiis cnebis leniniseul gansazRvrebaSi. mis
mixedviT, materiad miCneulia is, rac arsebobs realurad, adamianisgan damoukideblad, moqmedebs adamianis grZnobis organoebze da iwvevs masSi SegrZnebebs. es aris sakiTxisadmi
empiristul-sensualisturi midgoma, rac mecnierebisaTvis miuRebelia. materia sinamdvilis uzogadesi gansazRvrulobaa.
amitom, mas rogorc zogads, ar SeuZlia mgrZnobelobaze zemoqmedeba da masSi SegrZnebebis gamowveva. aseTi ram ar SeuZlia
arc materialuris cnebas, radgan isic zogadi gansazRvrulobaa. materiisa da materialuris cnebebi mxolod gonebiT
miiwvdomeba. aseTi zemoqmedeba SeuZlia mxolod calkeul
materialur sagnebs. amitom am gansazRvrebis miuRebloba imiTaa gamowveuli, rom materiis zogadi cneba Secvlilia calkeuli materialuri sagnebiT.
materiis raobis codna bunebis siRrmiseulad Seswavlis saSualebaa.

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7. sivrce, dro, moZraoba. yoveldRiuri cxovrebis

gadasaxedidan gveCveneba, rom sivrcis, drois da moZraobis
cnebis raoba TiTqmis cxadi da gasagebia. magram aRmovCndebiT
Tu ara konkretuli kiTxvis winaSe, rani arian isini, ra aris
TiToeuli maTganis arseba, maSinve vgrZnobT did siZneleebs.
amis Taobaze jer kidev Soreul warsulSi netar avgustines
uTqvams me kargad vici, Tu ra aris dro, magram roca mekiTxebian ra aris igi, verafers vpasuxobo. sivrcis, moZraobisa da

drois Sesaxeb gamokveTilad viciT is, rom sinamdvilis yoveli movlena da sagani maTSia `SefuTuli~. isini materiis
arsebobis formebia. es fenomenebi aZleven yvela sagans calkeulad arsebobis saxes da amiT mTeli sinamdvilis struqturulobis suraTis Seqmnas iwveven. aseT `SefuTvaSi~ adamiani
aRiqvams SefuTul sagans, magram TviT SefuTvaSi saSualebebis aRqmaSi miRebis unari ara aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare, imis gamo rom sivrce, dro da moZraoba materiis arsebobis formebia, realurad materialur sinamdvileSi adamiani
aRiqvams materialur sagnebs, magram uSualod TviT materiis
aRqma mis mgrZnobelobas ar SeuZlia misi abstraqtulobis
gamo. aman ganapiroba aRniSnuli fenomenebis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad orgvari Sexedulebis Camoyalibeba. pirveli yoveldRiur-gulubryvilo, xolo meore _ mecnierul-kritikuli. TviTon
mecnierebis enaze, pirvels uwodeben substanciur warmodgenas, meores _ relativistur Tvalsazriss. orive SeiZleba
iyos rogorc materialisturi, ise idealisturi xasiaTis Sexeduleba. orives aqvs xangrZlivi istoria, Tumca relativisturma koncefciam, Tavisi mecnierulad dasabuTebuli saxe miiRo
meoce saukunis dasawyisSi a. ainStainis fardobiTobis TeoriaSi.
sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis substanciuri warmodgena maT miiCnevs yvelafrisagan damoukideblad da TavisTavad
arsebul fenomenebad. yvelaferi maTSia, yvelaferi maTSi xdeba, magram TviTon isini yvelafris mimarT indiferentulni
arian. maTSi yvelafers bevri `uflebebi~ aqvs, magram maT
mimarT TviTon am fenomenebs arafris `ufleba~ ara aqvT.
ufro sworad, maT sagnebis mimarT araviTari `interesebi~ ar
gaaCniaT. ukve antikur berZnul filosofiaSi Cndeba sivrcis,
drois da moZraobis Sesaxeb relatiuri Sexedulebis warmoSoba. Zenonis aporiebSi am fenomenebis moCvenebiTobis dasabuTeba, amis maniSnebeli iyo. axal droSi, i. niutonis moZRvrebaSi sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis substanciurma Sexedulebam mecnieruli samosi SeiZina, magram Sinaarsobrivad arsebiTad igive darCa. niutonis fizika asabuTebs sivrcis, droisa

da moZraobis adamianis cnobierebis gareT da misgan damoukideblad arsebobas. igi asabuTebs maT damoukideblobas yvelafrisagan, maT Soris cnobierebisagan damoukideblad arsebuli
sagnebisganac. anu, isini yvelafrisagan damoukidebeli fenomenebi arian. amas daerTvis isic, rom sivrce, dro da moZraoba
iTvleba absolutur da ucvlel sidideebad. absoluturni im
azriT, rom isini mTlian samyaros moicaven da ucvlelni im
gagebiT, rom misi yvelafrisadmi indiferentulobis gamo, yvelgan
da yovelTvis ucvlelni arian. magaliTad, sivrcesTan mimarTebaSi arsebiTia evkliduri geometriis princi pebi, sadac
(evklidur sibrtyeze) samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami yovelTvis
180 gradusia. sxvanairi sivrcis arseboba jer ucnobia. imave
axal droSi, am Tvalsazrisis garkveuli koreqtireba moxda i.
kantis filosofiaSi. niutonisagan gansxvavebiT, kanti Tvlis,
rom sivrce, dro da moZraoba cnobierebis gareT da misgan
damoukideblad arsebuli fenomenebi ki araa, aramed esaa adamianis cnobierebis aprioruli mocemulobani. Tumca, aseT
pirobebSi, niutonis mixedviT, isini mainc rCebian sagnebisagan
damoukidebel ucvlel sidideebad. maTi ucvlelobac kantis
princi puli moTxovnaa. amiT kanti gveubneba sivrciT da
droiT sagnebis `SemfuTavi~ TviTon Cveni cnobierebaa. Cveni
cnobierebis unaria samyaro sivrceSi da droSi moawesrigos
da ase warmoadginos igi. cnobierebis gareT araviTari sivrce,
dro da moZraoba ar arsebobs, amitom codnis niadagze iq arc
msgavsi mowesrigebis daSveba SeiZleba. axal droSi laibnicis filosofiaSi gaCnda relatiuri Tvalsazrisi, romelic
upirispirdeba niutonis pozicias da asabuTebs sivrcis, droisa
da moZraobis damokidebulebas realur sagnebze.
dRevandeli mecnieruli xedva sakiTxisadmi relativistur midgomas aniWebs gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas. fardobiTobis Teoriis mier dadgenil iqna, rom realur samyaroSi aTvlis erTi sistemidan meoreze gadasvlis, anu moZraobis erTi
siCqaridan meoreze gadasvlis dros icvlebian sivrciTi da
drois intervalebi. Zveli fizika Tvlida, rom Tu moZraobis
aTvlis sistemebi erTimeoris mimarT Tanabrad da sworx-

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azovnad moZraoben, maSin sivrciTi da drois intervalebi ar

icvlebian. fardobiTobis Teoriam am warmodgenis koreqtireba moaxdina. man aCvena misi gamoyenebis SezRuduloba. aRmoCnda, rom amas adgili aqvs mxolod maSin, roca moZraobis siCqare mcirea sinaTlis siCqaresTan SedarebiT. am pirobebSi,
sxeulis sivrcobrivi zomebi da drois msvleloba arsebiTad
erTi da igive rCeba. magram roca msjeloba exeba moZraobis
iseT siCqares, romelic axloa sinaTlis siCqaresTan, maSin
sivrciTi da droiTi intervalebi SesamCnevad icvleba. aRmoCnda, rom moZraobis aTvlis sistemis siCqaris aseTi gazrdis SemTxvevaSi, sivrcobrivi intervalebi mcirdeba, xolo
dro `iweleba~ anu neldeba, rac mis gazrdas niSnavs. kosmosuri raketa, romelsac miniWebuli aqvs sinaTlis siCqaresTan
miaxloebuli moZraoba, aseTi siCqaris dros raketa mokldeba,
xolo raketaSi myofi kosmonavtisaTvis, dedamiwaze darCenil
adamianTan SedarebiT, izrdeba. Tanac, sivrcisa da drois aseTi cvalebadoba proporciulia _ ramdenadac mcirdeba sivrce,
imdenadve izrdeba dro. kosmonavtisaTvis drois gazrda gamoixateba yvelafriT. gazrdil dros aCvenebs misi saaTi, misi
biologiuri organoebis muSaobis ritmi. aCvenebs maTi
SenelebiT, rac drois gazrdas niSnavs. yoveldRiuri cxovrebis gadasaxedidan es daujereblad gamoiyureba, rasac is axsna
aqvs, rom Cven adamianebi davibadeT, aRvizardeT da mTel cxovrebas vatarebT im siCqareebSi, rasac adgili aqvs Cvens
garSemo. aq ki yovelTvis sinaTlis siCqareebze gacilebiT
dabali siCqareebia. amitom CvenTvis ioli warmosadgenia mxolod is, rac `Cvenebur~ siCqareebSi xdeba. fardobiTobis
Teoriam daadgina agreTve is, rom dro da sivrce erTimeorisagan damoukidebeli sidideebi ki ar arian, rogorc es substanciur warmodgenaSi moiazreboda, aramed erT mTlianobaSi
imyofebian ise, rom erTimeoris gareSe ar arseboben. amis gamo,
mecnierebaSi drosa da sivrces cal-calke ki aRar moixseneben, aramed erTad dro-sivrcis saxiT. maTi gayofa mxolod Cveni azrovnebiTi abstraqciis Sedegia. mogvianebiT,
fardobiTobis zogad TeoriaSi mTel am mosazrebas daemata

axali elementi, romlis mixedviTac sivrcisa da drois geometria ganisazRvreba mizidulobis Zalis veliT. didi masebis
mqone sxeulebis siaxloves, romelTac aqvT Sesatyvisi didi
mizidulobis mqone velebi, zegavlenas axdenen sivrceze da
droze da amiT Cndeba is movlena, rasac fizikaSi sivrcis
gaRunvas uwodeben. e. i. dro da sivrce damokidebuli yofila
masebis sidideze. oRond aqac mxedvelobaSia udidesi kosmosuri masebi.
sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis relatiuri gaazreba saSualebas iZleva gansazRvros, _ Tu ra aris maTi arseba.
sivrcis arsebobas sagnebis urTierTganlagebiT, anu
maTi TanaarsebobiT aRviqvamT. vambobT _ sagnebi imyofebian
sivrceSi. es swori gamoTqmaa. magram amas isic unda daerTos,
rom am sivrces damoukidebeli arseboba ki ara aqvs, aramed mas
qmnian TviTon sagnebi. sagnebis mier sivrcis Seqmna maTi
mxridan TavianTi Tavis Seqmnis, anu gaformebis aqtia. es
imitom, rom sagnebi ar arseboben garkveuli formis gareSe.
sivrceSi arseboba maTi arsebobis formaa, maTi struqturuli
garkveulobaa. es forma swored maTi ver iqneba, Tu mas TviTonve ar qmnian. amas martivi dakvirvebac cxadyofs. Tqvens
oTaxSi garkveuli adgili ukavia avejs, nivTebs. xangrZlivi
cxovrebis Sedegad miCveuli xarT maT ganlagebas, magram
garkveul momentSi xdeba maTi gadaadgilebebi, romeli nivTis
oTaxidan sruliad gatana, an masSi sruliad axali nivTis
Semotana da Tqven grZnobT rom Tqvens oTaxSi sivrce sagrZnoblad Seicvala. adgilis cneba, sivrcis konkretuli nawilis
gamomxatvelia. xelovnebis iseTi saxe, rogoric arqiteqturaa,
SeuZlebeli iqneboda _ sivrce rom saganTa urTierTganlagebiT ar igebodes. arqiteqtura xelovnebis saxea. igi Taviseburi mxatvrobaa. es aris sivrcis mxatvroba. arqiteqtoris
ZiriTadi mizania Senobebisa da sxva monumenturi qmnilebebis
urTierTganlagebiT Seqmnas iseTi sivrce, romelic adamianis
TvalisaTvis misaRebi iqneba. sagnebis urTierTganlageba sam
mimarTulebas gulisxmobs: gverdiT, maRla da dabla. amitom
am mimarTulebebiT sivrces aqvs sami ganzomileba. fardobi-

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Tobis TeoriaSi sivrcis da drois mWidrod gaerTianebam

moiTxova sivrcisaTvis meoTxe ganzomilebad drois damateba.
sivrceSi ukan dabruneba SesaZlebelia saganTa yofili urTierTganlagebis aRdgeniT. magram Tu sagnebi, romelTa urTierTganlageba adre qmnida garkveul sivrces, magram es sagnebi dReisaTvis fizikurad an mTlianad, an nawilobriv ganadgurebulia da aRdgena _ SeuZlebeli, e. i. SeuZlebelia im
sivrceSi dabruneba. is sivrce SeiZleba mxolod mexsierebaSi
iyos darCenili. magaliTad, Tqven gaxvediT binidan. bina Tqveni samyofi adgilia. adgils sivrcis konkretul nawils uwodeben; da ai kiTxva SegiZliaT Tu ara binaSi dabruneba? anu
SegiZliaT Tu ara imave adgilas dabruneba? Tu am kiTxvaze
vupasuxebT sivrcis niutoniseuli gagebiT, maSin pasuxi uaryofiTi unda iyos, imis gamo, rom mzis orbitaze moZravi dedamiwa, romlis mgzavri Tqven xarT, umokles droSi milionobiT
kilometriT gagiyvanT im adgilidan da iq dabrunebis SesaZlebloba praqtikulad gamoricxulia. magram Tu Tqven am
kiTxvas miudgebiT relatiuri principis mixedviT, maSin SesaZlebelia am kiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxi. bina saganTa sistemaa.
binaSi sagnebi sivrcobriv mimarTebaSi arian. TviTon Tqveni
bina aris sivrcobriv mimarTebaSi sxva movlenebTan da sagnebTan. relatiuri princi pis mixedviT, Tqven SegiZliaT imave
sivrcobriv mimarTebaSi dadgeT aRniSnul sagnebTan da es
iqneba Tqveni imave adgilas dabruneba, anu binaSi dabruneba.
drois arseboba fiqsirdeba realuri sinamdvilis sagnebisa da movlenebis xdomilebebSi. moxda erTi movlena, mas
moyva meore. maT Soris gaCenili intervali qmnis dros. vityviT _ didi dro gavida. Tu aRniSnul or xdomilebas
Soris bevri sxva movlenis xdomilebebi Caetia maSin vambobT didi dro gavida. erT-erTi idioma ase gamoiTqmeba, _
mas Semdeg bevrma wyalma Caiara. anu, mas Semdeg bevri ram
moxda da amitom didi dro gavida. Tu am or xdomilebas
Soris bevri ambebi ar momxdara, vityviT _ mcire dro gavida.
xolo Tu maT Soris araviTari axali ambavi, axali xdomileba
ar jdeba, es ori xdomileba myisierad aRiqmeba, amitom droSi

erTimeores emTxvevian. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom dro aris

materialuri sagnebisa da movlenebis xdomilebebisa da maTi
Tanmimdevrobebis forma. dros erTi mimarTuleba aqvs. warsulidan awmyoze gavliT _ momavlisaken. SeuZlebelia drois
Sebruneba imis gamo, rom SeuZlebelia movlenaTa xdomilebebis Sebruneba. es niSnavs, SeuZlebelia adamiani, romelic
bavSvobidan mivida moxucebulobamde, ukusvla iwyos da moxucebulobidan, yvela ganzomilebiT, isev bavSvobas daubrundes.
amasTanave, SeuZlebelia drois saerTod gaCereba. es iqneboda
moZraobis, anu xdomilebaTa saerTod gaCereba, rac gamoricxulia. adamianisaTvis erT-erTi mTavari Rirebuleba aris dro.
dro qmnis adamians, pirovnebas da pirovneba Tavisi cxovrebis
SeqmniT qmnis dros. cxovrobs is, vinc Tavis dros qmnis. misi
cxovreba mis mier ganxorcielebuli da gancdili movlenebia,
romelTa xdomilebaTa Tanmimdevroba qmnis im dros, rasac
misi cxovrebis dro ewodeba.
roca moZraobis Sesaxeb msjeloben, miuTiTeben moZraobis mravalnairi saxeobis arsebobaze: meqanikuri moZraoba
sxeulis sivrceSi gadaadgileba; fizikuri moZraoba gaTbobis Sedegad sxeulis gafarToeba; qimiuri moZraoba JangviTi
procesi; biologiuri moZraoba dabadeba, zrda, sikvdili;
socialuri moZraoba ganaTlebis sistemis moqmedeba; sulieri
moZraoba azrovnebiTi procesebi. moZraobis gansazRvreba
iseTi unda iyos, romelic yvela CamoTvlil saxeobas Seexeba
da maTTvis sayovelTao iqneba. am moTxovnidan gamomdinare,
moZraobas gansazRvraven rogorc cvalebadobas. e. i. sagani
moZravia, Tu igi raRacnairad ganicdis cvalebadobas. aq imdenad raodenobrivi cvalebadoba ar igulisxmeba, rogorc sagnis Tvisebrivi cvalebadoba. moZraobis raobis dadgenaSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs mis mimarTebas uZraobasTan. moZraoba
Tu sagnis cvalebadobaa, uZraobas sagnis ucvlelobaa. aqedan
gamomdinare, sagnis moZraoba gamoricxavs Tu ara sagnis uZraobas?
filosofiis istoriaSi amis Taobaze iyo Ziebebi, kamaTi. antikur berZnul periodSi iyo Tvalsazrisi, romelsac moZraoba
wminda moZraobaze dayavda da gamoricxavda uZraobas. aman

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https://www.facebook.com/groups/ELLIB/
gamoiwvia kratilosis cnobili daskvna, rom erTsa da imave
mdinareSi araTu meored, erTxelac ver Sexvalo; amis sapirispirod, meore skolis mimdevrebi asabuTebdnen, rom arsebobs
mxolod uZraoba, rom moZraoba mxolod iluzoruli movlenaao. aseTma azrma Zenonis mxridan gasrolili isris moZraoba
gamoricxa. bolos azrovneba midis daskvnamde, rom moZraoba
aris moZraobisa da uZraobis mTlianoba. moZraobisa da uZraobis erTianoba naTeli xdeba Tu mas ganvixilavT msgavsebagansxvavebis zogad-filosofiuri Tvalsawieridan. sakiTxi dgas
sagnis msgavseba-gansxvavebisa sakuTar TavTan, sakuTari Tavisgan. Tu CavTvliT, rom sagani Tavis TavTan absolutur igiveobaSia (msgavsebaSia), maSin igi srulyofili yofila, romelsac moZraoba-cvalebadoba ar sWirdeba. swored aseTad moiazreba RmerTi. amitom mis moZraobaze ar msjeloben. Tu sagani
Tavis Tavisagan absoluturad gansxvavdeba, maSin igi sruliad sxva sagani yofila da ara is, ris moZraobazec gviwevs
msjeloba. es imas niSnavs rom moZraoba maSinaa SesaZlebeli
Tu igi momentis saxiT uZraobasac Seicavs. aseve, uZraoba _
momentis saxiT moZraobas unda Seicavdes. mozardis srulyofilebisaken moZraoba, misi winsvliTi cvalebadobaa, magram
igi SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin Tu igi Tavis TavTan garkveul
igiveobas (uZraobas) inarCunebs.
sagnis moZraoba misi arsebobaa. samyaro isea agebuli,
rom masSi nebismieri sagani maSin arsebobs, Tu igi moZraobaSia. aracocxali arsebisaTvis arseboba maSinaa SesaZlebeli,
Tu igi warmoiSoba, ganicdis cvalebadobas, Semdeg iSleba da
daasrulebs arsebobas. cocxali arsebac maSin arsebobs, Tu
igi ibadeba, izrdeba da kvdeba. yvela es momenti arsebobis
momentebia. amitom miuTiTeben, rom moZraoba sagnebis arsebobis wesia. es niSnavs, rom moZraoba materiis, anu mTeli samyaros arsebobis wesia. materia materialuri sagnebis saxiT
arsebobs. xolo materialuri sagnebi moZraobis wesiT. moZraoba
aris samyaros arsebobis wesi. calkeuli sagnebis moZraobis
wyaro SeiZleba sxva saganSi iyos, magram mTliani samyaros
moZraobis wyaro sxvaSi ver iqneba imis gamo, rom samyaros

iqiT sxva araferia. yoveli sagnis moZraoba, cxadia, sasrulia.

magram samyaros maradiuloba da usasruloba moZraobis maradiulobasa da usasrulobaze miuTiTebs.

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8. materializmi da idealizmi filosofiaSi.

Cven gavecaniT substanciis raobis sakiTxs. gavecaniT mis
arsebiT niSnebs. amiT viciT, rogori unda iyos substancia.
axla saWiroa pasuxi kiTxvaze kerZod, ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos substanciad. ra aris is fenomeni, romelic substanciis
aRniSnuli niSnebiT xasiaTdeba? filosofiis istoriaSi es
mudmivi davisa da kamaTis sagnad rCeba. filosofosebs Soris
SeuTanxmebloba yvelaze metad aq iCens Tavs. berZnuli
filosofiis adreul etapze substanciis rangSi bunebis romelime stiqias asaxelebdnen. Talesi wyals; anaqsimene
haers; heraklite cecxls; qsenofane kolofoneli miwas;
xolo empedokle oTxive stiqias erTad aRebuls. aseT Ziebas Sedegad moyva, substanciis problemis gadawyvetis momentSi, savaldebulo logikuri normis dacvis moTxovna. naTeli Seiqmna rom substanciis saxeliT filosofiaSi Semotanili unda iqnes ara bunebis romelime stiqia, romelic Tavisi
niSnebiT konkretuli movlenaa, aramed zogadi bunebis mqone
fenomeni. logikuroba moiTxovs, rom substancias SeeZlos
mTeli sinamdvilis mTlianobaSi gadawvdoma. konkretuli
movlenis saxiT warmodgenili substanciisaTvis es SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda swored misi konkretulobis gamo. movlenis
konkretuloba yovelTvis misi iseTi niSnebiT daxasiaTebaa,
rac mas konkretulobis viwro CarCoebSi amyofebs da saSualebas ar aZlevs samyaros mTlian zogadobas (sayovelTaobas)
gadaswvdes. amitom substancia, Tavisi arsiT, zogadi unda
iyos. aseTma Ziebam substanciis saxiT wina planze wamowia
anaqsimandres apeironi. anaqsimandres CanafiqriT movlenis
zogadobis miRwevis mizniT, igi ar unda xasiaTdebodes konkretuli niSan-TvisebebiT, radgan aseTi daxasiaTeba movlenas
konkretul saxes miscems. amitom substancia unda iyos niSan-

TvisebebiT ganusazRvreli, raTa igi zogadis saxiT warmosdges. aseT ganusazRvrels ewodeba apeironi. magram am mimarTulebiT azrovnebis moZraobam naTeli gaxada, rom konkretulobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, movlenis niSnebisagan sruli gaZarcva, marTalia ukargavs mas konkretulobas, magram
amiT igi srul araraobaSi gadayavs da Sedegad veRarc qmediTi zogadis funqcias itvirTebs.
filosofiuri azris Semdgomi ganviTareba imaSi gamoixata, rom igi substanciis Ziebis procesSi sakiTxis gadawyvetas umciresis poziciidan miudga. substanciis sakiTxi
mTliani samyaros saSeni masalis sakiTxad iqca. risganaa
agebuli mTliani samyaro? ra udevs saSen masalad? misi dadgenis mizniT, xdeba sagnis, rogorc mTelis logikuri gziT
dayofa-danawileba im mizniT, rom danawilebis gziT miadgnen
iseT umcires nawils, romlis Semdgomi danawileba SeuZlebeli iqneba misi simartivis gamo. martivi ewodeba movlenis
iseT mdgomareobas, romelic Tavis TavSi gansxvavebulobas
aRar Seicavs. amitom misi gayofa aRar SeiZleba. igi Ziri da
safuZvelia yovelive rTulisa, anu struqturuli movlenisa.
amitom isini arian samyaros pirveli saSeni agurebi. aseT
martivs, ganuyofels, berZnulad atomi ewodeba. am gziT
demokritem substanciad atomebi gamoacxada. msgavsi gadawyvetileba iqna miRebuli axal droSic, roca laibnicma substanciad monadebi gamoacxada. gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom
atomebi Tu samyaros umciresi nivTier-materialuri saSeni
agurebia, monada umciresi sulier-idealuri saSeni agurebia.
amiT substanciis problemis gadawyvetam ufro ganzogadebuli xasiaTi miiRo. azrovnebam gamosaval punqtad miiRo is
viTareba, rom marTalia Tvisebrivad samyaro usasrulod mravalferovania, magram mainc aSkaradaa gamokveTili orgvari sagnebisa da movlenebis arseboba. esenia nivTier-materialuri da
sulier-idealuri. pirvelis safuZvelia materia, xolo meorisa _ idea. keTdeba daskvna, _ substanciis sakiTxi unda
gadawydes materiasa da ideas Soris. an erTi unda iyos substancia am meore. Sedegad im filosofiur pozicias romel-

ic miiCnevs, rom samyaros substancia aris materia mas

materializmi ewodeba, xolo gansxvavebuli filosofiuri
pozicia, romelic Tvlis, rom substancia aris suli, idea _
idealizmia. Sesatyvisad, materializmis poziciaze mdgom
adamians materialisti ewodeba, xolo idealizmis poziciaze
mdgoms idealisti.
problemis siZnele amiT ar amoiwureba. Cndeba kidev
ufro didi da mniSvnelovani siZneleebi. amitom aseTi gadawyvetilebebi jer mxolod postulirebis xasiaTs atarebs.
amis Semdeg rogorc materializmis, ise idealizmis winaSe
dgeba garkveuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebis moTxovna.
filosofiisaTvis mTavaria samyaros erTianobis gaazreba. samyaro azrovnebam ise ar unda daSalos nawilebad, ise ar
unda `gatexos~, rom misi gamTlianeba SeuZlebeli gaxdes.
materializmi da idealizmi TavianTi mxridan valdebulni
arian samyaros materialur da sulier sferoebad dayofis
Semdeg, ise gaiazron maT Soris urTierToba, rom maTi mWidro
kavSiri, urTierTgadasvlebi, damajerebeli iyos da amiT aRdgenil iqnes samyaros mTlianoba. amrigad, materializmis da
idealizmis, rogorc filosofiuri mimarTulebebis Camoyalibeba moxda ukve antikur berZnul periodSi. iqidanve iwyeba
maT Soris radikaluri dapirispireba, rasac adgili aqvs istoriis yvela etapze, dRevandeli periodis CaTvliT. TviTon,
rogorc materializmis, ise idealizmis SigniTac didi dapirispireba da azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa, maT SigniTac adgili aqvs
garkveuli `izmebis~ arsebobas, magram yvela isini gaerTianebuli arian an materializmis an idealizmis saxelis qveS.
materializmisa da idealizmis dapirispirebam filosofiaSi
dabada sakiTxi, romelic `moinaTla~ filosofiis ZiriTad
sakiTxad. ukve es saxelwodeba miuTiTebs imaze, rom es sakiTxi filosofiis centralur sakiTxad iqca; rom mis gadawyvetazea damokidebuli TiTqmis yvela sxva filosofiuri
sakiTxis gadawyveta. Tanac, am sakiTxs miekuTvna sami mxare, anu
misi moazrebisa da gadawyvetis sami mimarTuleba. raSi mdgomareobs am sakiTxis arsi. mas Semdeg, rac sinamdvile gaiyo

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materialur da sulier sferoebad, daisva maTi urTierTobis

sakiTxi. es am sakiTxis fundamenturi mxarea. igi saerToa
materializmisTvisac da idealizmisTvisac. maT Soris gansxvaveba da dapirispireba am sakiTxis gadawyvetidan iwyeba.
gadawyvetas is sami mxare aRmoaCnda, rogorebicaa: ontologiuri,
gnoseologiuri da aqsiologiuri mxareebi. ontologiuri
mxariT sakiTxi ase ismis, _ materialuri da sulieri (idealuri) sferoebis urTierTobaSi, arsebobis mxriv, romelia
ganmsazRvreli anu pirveladi da romeli gansazRvruli, anu
meoradi. e.i. romeli romels gansazRvravs. materializmi asabuTebs rom am ori sferos urTierTobaSi materialuri sferoa ganmsazRvreli (pirveladi) sulieri sferos mimarT, xolo
idealizmi radikalurad sapirispiros asabuTebs misi poziciiT, sulieri sferoa ganmsazRvreli (pirveladi) materialuri
sferos mimarT. am ori sferodan romelimes gamsazRvrelad
(pirveladad) aRiareba misi maradiulobis aRiarebas niSnavs.
xolo meores mxriv gansazRvruloba (meoradoba) misi droSi
gaCenis aRiarebas niSnavs. aqedan gamomdinare materializms am
qveynad materialuri sferos arseboba miaCnia maradiulad,
xolo sulieri sfero, misi azriT, warmoSobas iRebs materialuri sferodan. idealizmi, rogorc iTqva, sakiTxs radikalurad sapirispiro mimarTulebiT wyvets. mas maradiulad sulieri
sfero miaCnia. es is poziciaa romelsac religiac ikavebs.
amitom yovelTvis miuTiTebdnen idealisturi filosofiis
religiasTan ufro mWidro siaxloveze; xolo materializmis
_ aTeistur tendenciebTan siaxloveze. materializmisa da
idealizmis mier aseTi poziciebis dakavebiT, maT winaSe Cndeba valdebuleba, _ materializmma unda SesZlos materialuridan sulieris warmoSoba-arsebobis axsna. idealizmma piriqiT,
idealuridan materialuris warmoSoba-arseboba. amis Taobaze
unda iTqvas, rom antikuri periodidan dRemde maT Soris
dapirispireba miedineba ise, rom maT winaSe mdgomi valdebulebis damajereblad Sesruleba jer vercerTma mimarTulebam ver moaxerxa. sakiTxi ki iseTia, rom mas adamiani verasgziT gaemijneba. amitom es sakiTxi da mis garSemo kamaTi mudam

darCeba adamianTa modgmisaTvis mudmiv sakamaTo sagnad.

rogorc zemoT iTqva, materialurisa da sulieris urTierTobas, rac filosofiis arsebiT sakiTxad aris miCneuli,
aqvs kidev ori mxare, ori mimarTuleba: gnoseologiuri da
aqsiologiuri. gnoseologiuri kuTxiT sakiTxi dgas ase, _
Cveni codnis SinaarsisaTvis ganmsazRvreli aris obieqti
Tu subieqti anu obieqturi materialuri sfero Tu TviTon
subieqtis Sinagani sulieri samyaro. am sakiTxis ganxilva
iqneba gnoseologiis problemisadmi miZRvnil nawilSi.
materialurisa da sulieris urTierTobis sakiTxs aqvs
aqsiologiuri mxarec. esaa maTi urTierTobis SefasebiT-RirebulebiTi kuTxiT ganxilva. unda iTqvas, rom es am sakiTxis
yvelaze praqtikuli mxarea. amitom adamianis adamianobisaTvis
ufro aqtualuria. Rirebulebebs Soris urTierToba miznisa
da saSualebis mimarTebiT warmoebs. cxovrebaSi adamianisaTvis mizani, saSualebasTan SedarebiT, yovelTvis ufro maRali rangis Rirebulebad ganixileba. kiTxva aseT formas
iZens adamianisaTvis cxovrebis materialuri mxare aris
mizani, anu pirveladi, xolo cxovrebis suliereba, _ saSualeba anu meoradi, Tu piriqiT? vinc cxovrebaSi materialur
uzrunvelyofas aniWebs pirvelad mniSvnelobas, anu misi mizani esaa, xolo suliereba misTvis mxolod saSualebaa aqsiologiuri TvalsazrisiT, is materialistia. vinc cxovrebaSi
sapirispiro dinebiT miemarTeba, anu misTvis mizani sulierebaa, xolo materialuri uzrunvelyofa mxolod saSualeba
igi idealistia. utrirebuli formiT, esaa sakiTxis ganxilva
kuWisa da gonebis urTierTobis saxiT. vinc gonebas saSualebad aqcevs da kuWis samsaxurs isaxavs miznad, materialistia. vinc piriqiT, kuWs gonebis samsaxurSi ayenebs, idealistia.
filosofiaSi materializmisa da idealizmis arsebobas
Tu WeSmaritebis poziciidan SevxedavT, anu vikiTxavT, romeli
ufro metad flobs WeSmaritebas, aq calsaxa pasuxi SeuZlebelia. TiToeuli mxare arc iseTi WeSmaritebis mflobelia,
rogorc igi TviTon miiCnevs da arc imdenad mcdari, rogorc

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amas mopirispire mxare Tvlis. TiToeuli mxare ufro metad

Tavisi simarTlis dasabuTebas cdilobs, vidre mopirispire
mxaris SeniSvnaze pasuxis gacemas. Sedegad, orive mxare flobs
rogorc WeSmaritebis, ise mcdarobis garkveul elementebs.
aqedan gamomdinare, filosofiaSi rogorc materializmis, ise
idealizmis arseboba sruliad dadebiT movlenad unda Sefasdes, radgan maTi saSualebiT Seiqmna da ganagrZobs arsebobas
filosofiuri azrovnebis modeli da asparezi. jer kidev
antikur periodSi udidesma brZenma da maswavlebelma sokratem
kacobriobas SesTavaza WeSmaritebis Ziebis misgan gamocdili
gza, esaa dialogisa da kamaTis gza. WeSmariteba kamaTSi unda
daibados. kamaTi mokamaTe mxareebis arsebobas gulisxmobs.
Tu erT mxares meore mokamaTe mxare ar upirispirdeba, es
niSnavs rom mas Semakavebeli, makontrolebeli Zala ar gaaCnia. ris gamoc saSualeba eZleva nebismieri sicrue WeSmaritebad gaasaRos. sabWoTa ideologiam, romelmac arsebobis ufleba misca mxolod filosofiis erT saxes (materializms) da
filosofiuri arenidan mTlianad gaZevebul iqna misi sapirispiro azrovneba (idealizmi), amiT pirvelsac waarTva namdvili filosofiis suli. istoriulad ki filosofiaSi materializmi da idealizmi or mokamaTe mxared gaformda da maTi
kamaTis meSveobiT dinjad, magram damajereblad miiwevs win
filosofiuri azrovneba.

9. monizmi, dualizmi da pluralizmi. filosofiaSi arsebobs substanciis problemis monisturi, dualisturi da pluralistuli gadawyveta. dualisturi da pluralistuli gadawyveta monisturi gadawyvetis siZneleebTan
aris dakavSirebuli.
monos berZnuli sityvaa da erTs niSnavs. monizmi
iseTi filosofiuri Tvalsazrisia, romelic samyaros pirvelsawyisad, arsebad anu substanciad miiCnevs erTs, substancia erTia. es erTi, SeiZleba iyos materia, maSin vRebulobT
materialistur monizms; SeiZleba igi iyos suli, idea maSin

idealisturi mimarTulebis monizmTan gvaqvs saqme. `duo~

laTinuri sityvaa da ors niSnavs. dualizmi Tvlis, rom
samyaros substancia erTdroulad da erTimeorisagan damoukideblad oria. esenia materia da suli; `pluralis~ laTinuria da igi mravals, simravles niSnavs. pluralizmi samyaros
pirvelsawyisad miiCnevs erTdroulad mraval substancias.
igulisxmeba ara marto maTi erTeulebis simravle, aramed
maTi Tvisebrivi simravlec.
dualizmi da pluralizmi arsebiTad erTimeoreze daiyvanebian. amaze zemoT ukve iTqva. sakiTxi erTisa da simravlis
urTierTobas exeba. erTidan simravlis arsebobis miRebis
logikuri SesaZleblobis Cvenebaa. erTi garkveuli Tvisebrioba, simravle ki sul sxva Tvisebriobaa. e. i. sakiTxi dgas
erTi Tvisebriobidan misgan gansxvavebul Tvisebriobaze gadasvlis logikuri SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. Tu substanciis
problemis gadawyveta moxdeba ara erTidan simravlis miRebis
gziT, aramed pirdapir simravlidan (oric simravlea) simravleze gadasvliT, es problemis imdenad gamartivebaa, rom igi
Tavis arsebas kargavs. sawyisi simravle ori iqneba, Tu mravali _ amas princi puli mniSvneloba aRar aqvs.
mocemul pirobebSi, sakiTxi isaa _ ratom xdeba filosofiaSi monisturi poziciidan dualistur poziciaze gadasvla. amis mizezi monisturi poziciis dacvis siZnelea. moTxovnaa erTidan simravleze gadasvla. es erTi an materiaa, an
suli. e. i. materiidan unda aixsnas sulis arseboba (materializmi) an piriqiT, sulidan _ materia (idealizmi). mizezi
amis damajereblad vergadawyvetaa. amitom CaiTvala, rom aRniSnuli siZnelis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, pirvelsawyisad
erTdroulad daSvebul iqnes materiac da sulic. aseT pirobebSi,
maTi erTimeorisagan axsnis saWiroeba aRar iarsebebs. materia
materialur movlenebs daedeba safuZvlad, xolo suli (idea)
sulier movlenebs. samyaroSi paraleluri reJimiT iarsebeben materialuri da sulieri movlenebi. magram substanciis
problemis dualisturi gadawyveta faqtiurad miRma tovebs
mTavar ontlogiur sakiTxs esaa samyaros mTlianobisa da

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erTianobis sakiTxi. materialuri da sulieri movlenebis

erTianobas dualizmi da pluralizmi ver wyvets. erTianobisaTvis maT sWirdebaT erTi gamaerTianebeli, anu erTi, monistur niadagze gaazrebuli substancia. ori gayofaa. mizani
gayofilis gaerTianebaa. amitom, am mxriv, pluralizmi kidev
ufro scildeba problemis monistur gadawyvetas, anu samyaros erTianobis ideas. misTvis SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda ara
marto materiidan sulze, an piriqiT, gadasvla, metic, TviT
materialur da sulier sferoebSi aseve logikurad SeuZleblad CaiTvala Tvisebrivad erTi materialuri movlenidan _
misgan Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul movlenaze gadasvla. igive
mdgomareoba aRmoCnda sulier sferoSi. magaliTad, Tu pirvelsawyisi wyalia da misgan gvinda avxsnaT rkinis arseboba
(rkinac da wyalic orive materialuri sagnebia), is rac msgavsebaa (saerToa) wyalsa da rkinas Soris amis axsnis SesaZleblobas iZleva. magram is, riTac rkina gansxvavdeba wylisagan, amis axsnis saSualebas ar iZleva. amitom pluralizmi
samyaroSi imden substancias moiTxovs, ramdeni Tvisebrivad
gansxvavebuli sagani da movlenac arsebobs, ise, rom yvela
maTgans damoukidebeli sawyisi hqondeT. substanciis problemis aseTi gadawyveta samyaros kidev ufro metad yofs calkeul
nawilebad da ukargavs mTlianobas.
aq unda gaesvas xazi im garemoebas, rom pluralizmi Tu
logikurad miuRebelia samyaros mimarT, igi aucilebelia
adamianis cxovrebaSi. aq, am sferoSi, pluralizmi adamianis
Tavisuflebis safuZvelia, rac cxovrebis alternatiulobaze
miuTiTebs.

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Tavi IV. dialeqtika

1. dialeqtikis raobis Sesaxeb. adamianis mier
cxovrebis sazrisis gamomuSavebisa da misi gonivrulad dagegmvisaTvis, ontologiuri problemebis gaazreba-gadawyvetasTan
erTad, saWiroa gaices pasuxi iseT mwvave kiTxvebze rogorebicaa: _ ra xdeba am qveynad? ra xdeba Cems garSemo? ra xdeba Cems
Tavze? ra procesebs aqvs adgili? ra Zalebi ganageben sinamdviles? yvelaferi moZraobaSia Tu uZraobaSi? maradisobasTan
maqvs saqme Tu warmavlobasTan? kanonzomiereba sufevs, Tu
qaosi? am qveynad adgili aqvs Tu ara Tvisebriv siaxles,
progress, Tu mudam erTi da igive meordeba? ras unda velodo
momavalSi? CamoTvlili kiTxvebi qmnian problemebis kompleqss,
rac filosofiaSi cnobilia sinamdvilis moZraoba-cvalebadobis da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis saxeliT. amas, ufro
mokled, dialeqtikis problematikas uwodeben.
adamianisaTvis am kiTxvebs da masze gamomuSavebul
mosazrebebs fundamenturi mniSvneloba eniWeba. magaliTad,
Tu filosofiurma azrovnebam daaskvna, rom amqveynad moZraoba-cvalebadoba mxolod iluziaa; rom araviTar Tvisebriv
winsvlas adgili ara aqvs, rom yvelaferi dRe da RamesaviT,
erTi da imaves cikluri gameorebaa, rom imave situaciaSia
adamianis cxovrebac da rom momavalSi araviTar siaxles ar
unda elodos, _ aseT pirobebSi, adamians mouwevs sakuTari
cxovreba Sesabamisad gaiazros da dagegmos. misi imedebi realobas unda eyrdnobodes. magram Tu filosofiuri azrovneba aRniSnul kiTxvebze sruliad sapirispiro pasuxebs miiRebs, maSin adamians cxovrebis gaazreba da dagegmva, Sesatyvisad, sruliad sapirispiro mimarTulebiT mouwevs. adamianis winaSe aRimarTa sikvdili da mas ganadgurebiT emuqreba.
cxadia, adamians, SiSTan erTad, uCndeba kiTxvebi: ra aris
sikvdili? saiT mivyavar sikvdils? nuTu yvelaferi mTavrdeba da sicocxlis iqiT axali sicocxle araa? nuTu sikvdili
wminda araraobaa? adamiani miiltvis maradisobisaken. es misi
bunebrivi ltolvaa, magram ra aris maradisoba? arsebobs Tu

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ara igi da Tu arsebobs, nuTu iqac igive xdeba, rac sicocxleSi xdeboda? am kiTxvebze ornairi pasuxia SesaZlebeli, _
erTi, gulisxmobs sicocxlis damTavrebiT _ yvelafris damTavrebas. meore imas, rom arsebobs maradisoba da masSi gadasvlis
garkveuli SesaZlebloba, rom sicocxlis iqiT iwyeba Tvisebrivad axali sicocxle. imaze, am ori SesaZlebeli pasuxidan
adamiani romels miiRebs, damokidebulia mis mier sicocxlis
sazrisis Taviseburi gageba da Sesabamisad dagegmva. aqedan
naTelia, Tu ratom gansxvavdeba aTeistis cxovreba Teistis
cxovrebisagan. pirvelis cxovreba ZiriTadad moswrebazea
agebuli, xolo meorisa moTmenaze.
moZraoba-cvalebadoba da ganviTareba, erTi SexedviT,
TiTqmis iseTi faqtia, romlis arseboba eWvs ar unda iwvevdes,
magram rodesac adamianma xeli mokida mis siRrmiseul gaazrebas, ukve antikur periodSi, udidesi siZneleebis winaSe dadga.
zemoT aRniSnuli kiTxvebi, adamianisaTvis imdenad sasicocxlo gaxda, rom maTze igi verasodes aiRebs xels, magram maTze
yvelasTvis misaRebi da damajerebeli pasuxebis miRebac ise
rTuli da Zneli aRmoCnda, rom mTliani problema, mraval sxva
filosofiur problemasTan erTad, adamianisaTvis mudmivad
Tanmdev Temad iqca. misi istoria daiwyo Zv.w. aRricxvis
berZnuli kulturidan da dResac yvela eris filosofiuri
Ziebis problemaa.
termini `dialeqtika~ Zv.w. aR. V-IV saukuneebis saberZneTSi gaCnda. dasawyisSi misi gamoyeneba viwro sferoTi SemoisazRvreboda. am epoqis berZnul kulturaSi demokratiis ganviTarebam politikur, Tu sasamarTlo arenaze kamaTis, diskusiis,
bWobis kulturis daxvewas Seuwyo xeli. amitom termini `dialeqtika~ daibada rogorc kamaTis, diskusiis xelovneba. mizani iyo WeSmaritebis Zieba. aseTi Ziebis saukeTeso saSualebad
swored kamaTi da diskusia iTvleboda. kamaTSi dialeqtikis,
rogorc kamaTis xelovnebis, mizani iyo ara mokamaTe mxaris
daTrgunva, sulierad ganadgureba, rogorc es sofistebs sCvevodaT,
aramed msjelobebSi winaaRmdegobebis aRmoCena da orive mokamaTe mxridan maTi daZleva. kamaTis warmoebis procesSi sokrates

istoriuli damsaxureba cnebiTi azrovnebis damkvidreba da

ironiisa da maievtikis azrovnebiTi meTodebis Semotana iyo;
platonisa cnebebis analizi da sinTezi, rogorc azrovnebis moZraoba _ erTeuli sagnebidan zogadze gadasvlis xerxiT. Semdeg dialeqtikam kidev ufro gaafarTova Tavisi moqmedebis sferoebi rogorc sivrcobrivad, ise temporalurad.
aqamde Tu dialeqtikas cocxal kamaTSi mimarTavdnen, ukve
iwyeba kamaTebi teritoriuladac da istoriuli droiT dacilebul adamianebs Sorisac. aman kamaTis xelovnebis cocxali, verbaluri metyvelebidan weriT metyvelebaSic gadainacvla. amas moyva dialeqtikis princi pebis aRmoCena TviT realuri sinamdvilis arsebobaSi da mis moZraoba-ganviTarebis
procesebSi. amiT, gaCnda oris saxis dialeqtika. pirveli
mimdinare azrovnebiT procesebSi, _ amas subieqturi dialeqtika ewodeba, meore TviT sagnebisa da movlenebis Sinagan
dialeqtikur bunebaSi. es obieqturi dialeqtikis saxeliTaa
cnobili. mocemul SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad am ukanasknelzea
msjeloba.
adamianebi garkveul dromde Tvlidnen, rom sagnebi,
mcenareebi, cxovelebi, adamiani, kosmosuri obieqtebi, Tvisebrivad ucvlelni arian. rodesac pirvelad cvalebadobas miaqcies yuradReba, igi aRmoCenad CaiTvala. samyaros cvalebad
bunebaze Tavis Tvalsazrisebs gamoTqvamdnen CineTis, indoeTis, saberZneTis moazrovneebi. es Tvalsazrisebi ufro metad
spekulaturuli azrovnebis Sedegi iyo, vidre mecnierul monacemebze dayrdnobisa da analizis. gamokveTili formiT, Cvenamde moRweuli aseTi Tvalsazrisi ekuTvnis berZen filosofoss heraklites. samyaro mas warmoudgenia `cocxali cecxlis~ an `mdinaris dinebis~ saxiT. sadac yvelaferi moZravia,
yvelaferi cvalebadi da warmavalia. yvelaferi kargavs Tavis
mdgradobas da gadadis Tavis sapirispiro mdgomareobaSi. sveli Sreba, nedli xmeba, cocxali kvdeba da a.S. samyaros cvalebadobas adasturebs fxizeli dakvirvebebi. amitom es TiTqmis
dadgenil WeSmaritebad unda CaTvliliyo. magram aq kritikulma
azrovnebam bevri winaaRmdegobebi aRmoaCina, ramac aseTi aRi-

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arebis mimarT garkveuli undobloba da eWvi gamoiwvia. amas

daerTo sifrTxile, SiSi imis gamo, rom samyaros cvalebadobis aRiareba gamoricxavda movlenebis mdgradobas, ucvlelobas, mkveTr gansazRvrulobas, rac cxovrebis saimedoobis myari sayrdenia.
heraklites TvalsazrisSi, faqtiurad, sakiTxi daisva
moZraobis arsebis, misi bunebis Sesaxeb. ra bunebis mqonea
moZraoba? igi wminda moZraobaa, wminda uZraobaa Tu moZraobisa da uZraobis organuli mTlianoba? am kiTxvebis mixedviT
gaCnda Sesabamisi Tvalsazrisebi. eleelebis filosofiurma
skolam moZraoba adamianur iluziad CaTvala da masSi mxolod uZraoba dainaxa. amisaTvis maT aRmoaCndaT garkveuli
mtkicebulebebic. sagnis moZraoba SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca moZraobis momentSi sagani inarCunebs garkveul
mdgradobas, TavisTavTan igiveobas, ucvlelobas. mas Tavisi
garkveuloba unda hqondes. mxolod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli
msjeloba mis moZraobaze. asakTan erTad adamianSi icvleba
misi garegnuli fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi, icvleba misi fsiqikuri, nebelobiTi, gonebrivi da sxva gansazRvrulobebi, magram adamianSi aseTi cvlilebebis dafiqsireba imiTaa SesaZlebeli, rom misTvis gankuTvnil droSi igi mainc rCeba imave
pirovnebad, vinc iyo mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. ramdenime
wlis Semdeg adamianis sxeulSi erTi ujredic aRar arsebobs
iqidan, rac mas dabadebidan dahyva. sxeulebrivad igi mTlianad gamoicvala. miuxedavad amisa, igi mainc igivea rac (vinc)
iyo dabadebidan. eleaturi skolis warmomadgeneli Zenoni
miuTiTebs meqanikuri moZraobis daSvebis siZneleze. es aisaxeba mis aporiebSi. erT-erT aporiaSi romelsac saxelad `isari~ ewodeba, igi asabuTebs gasrolili isris moZraobis iluzorulobas da sinamdvileSi mis uZraobas. misi argumenti
aseTia. moZraobis momentSi yovelTvis saxeze gvaqvs manZilisa da drois garkveuli Tanafardoba. Tu gasrolili isris
mier ganvlil manZils da masze daxarjul dros Tanabari
raodenobis umcires monakveTebad davyofT, miviRebT rom drois
umciresi monakveTebi aris manZilis umcires monakveTebze

gaCerebebi. mTliani daxarjuli dro warmoadgens uZraobaTa

jams, rac moZraobis SeuZleblobas niSnavs. uZraobaTa jami
gaCerebas iZleva da ara moZraobas. faqtiurad, Zenoni `isris~
aporiaSi moZraobis bunebis da masSi manZilisa da drois
urTierTobis sakiTxs svams. moZraoba mxolod wminda moZraobaa,
Tu mxolod wminda uZraoba? igi mxolod drois faqtoriT
unda iqnes gaazrebuli, Tu mxolod manZilis faqtoriT? Zenoni moZraobaSi mxolod drois faqtors iTvaliswinebs, romelic uZraobaTa jami gamouvida. amitom moZraobaSi mxolod
uZraoba dainaxa. gasrolili isari sinamdvileSi gaCerebuli
anu uZravia, _ asabuTebs igi.
kratilosma, heraklites Tvalsazrisi ukiduresobaSi
gadaiyvana, kargad gaigo moZraobis SeuZlebloba sakuTriv
moZraobis gareSe. amasTanave imasac fiqrobs, rom moZraoba da
uZraoba SeuTavsebadni da erTimeoris gamomricxavi viTarebebia, amitom igi, Zenonis sapirispirod, moZraobidan mTlianad
gamoricxavs uZraobas. amiT gamoricxavs drois faqtors da
yvelaferi manZilis faqtoriT gaiazreba. Sedegad iRebs wminda cvalebadobas, ucvlelobis gareSe. wminda moZraobas, uZraobis
gareSe. amitom erT mdinareSi erTxel Sesvlac SeuZlebelia
imis gamo, rom TviTon mdinaris arseboba, masSi Sesvlis da
gamosvlis faqtebi, mxolod garkveuli uZraobis pirobebSia
SesaZlebeli. uZraoba ki mTlianad aRigava am qveynidan.
Zenonisa da kratilosis msjelobebma aCvena, rom moZraobacvalebadoba SeuZlebelia maSinac, Tu mas aviRebT wminda
uZraobis saxiT da maSinac, Tu masSi mxolod wminda moZraobas
moviazrebT. moZraoba-cvalebadoba mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, Tu igi moZraobisa da uZraobis organuli erTianobiTaa
warmodgenili. es niSnavs, rom ar arsebobs moZraoba uZraobis
gareSe. es princi pi vrceldeba mTel samyaroze da mis yvela
calkeul saganze. yvelaferi Tavis TavSi winaaRmdegobrivi
bunebisaa imiT, rom igi sapirispiro mxareebis mTlianobaa. am
qveynad ar arsebobs atomaluri movlenebi. anu iseTi, rac
Tavis TavSi araviTar gansxvavebulobas ar Seicavs da amiT
wminda erTgvarovnebaa. wminda erTgvarovneba wminda uZraobas

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qmnis (aseTi RmerTia); wminda gansxvavebuloba wminda moZraobas

(aseTad SeiZleba miviCnioT qaosi). yovelive es imaze miuTiTebs, rom mTeli sinamdvile da misi calkeuli movlenebi,
maT Soris azrovnebac, dialeqtikuri bunebisaa.

2. moZraoba, ganviTareba, progresi. rogorc ukve

iTqva, zogadad, moZraoba cvalebadobaSi gamoixateba. Tu sagani ganicdis raime niSniT, raime ganzomilebiT cvlilebas,
es niSnavs, rom igi moZraobaSia. e.i. moZraoba marto sivrceSi
gadaadgileba, anu sivrceSi adgilis Secvla araa. sivrcis
garda, sagans mravalnair sxva ganzomilebaSi uxdeba arseboba.
nebismieri maTganis Secvla _ sagnis cvalebadobaa anu sagnis
moZraobaa. moZraobis maradiuloba da absoluturoba niSnavs
imas, rom am qveynad yvelaferi usasrulod cvalebadobis procesSia.
ra gansxvavebaa moZraobasa da ganviTarebas Soris? ganviTarebis idea moiTxovs TviTon moZraoba-cvalebadobis bunebaSi garkvevas. aris Tu ara moZraoba-cvalebadoba yvelgan da
yovelTvis erTnairi? moZraoba-cvalebadoba samyaros mravalferovnebis safuZvelia. igi aseT funqcias ver Seasrulebda,
TviTonac rom ar yofiliyo mravalnairi. misi mravalsaxeobis dajgufebis Sedegad vRebulobT moZraoba-cvalebadobis
or ZiriTad saxes: raodenobrivs da Tvisebrivs. e.i. sagnebi da
movlenebi ganicdian rogorc raodenobriv, ise Tvisebriv cvlilebebs. raodenobrivi cvlilebebis dros saganSi icvlebian
misi raodenobrivi mxareebi ise, rom Tvisebrivad igi mainc
ucvlelia, imave sagnad rCeba. magaliTad, garkveul adgilas
da garkveul sezonSi kaliebis an peplebis raodenobrivad
mkveTri gamravleba ar cvlis mis Tvisebriv bunebas. aseve,
nebismieri sagani mainc igive sagnad rCeba, miuxedavad imisa,
rom masSi mkveTrad Seicvala raodenobrivi maCveneblebi (siCqare, aCqareba, masa, wneva da sxva). sagnis raodenobrivi mxare,
mis arsebobaze did gavlenas axdens. sagnisaTvis aseve mniSvnelovania misi raodenobrivi mxaris cvalebadobebi, magram

misTvis mainc arsebiTi mxarea da amitom gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs mis Tvisebriobas. sagnis raobas misi Tvisebrioba gansazRvravs. is, rom sagani aris swored es da ara sxva
raime, misi TvisebriobiTaa gansazRvruli. Tvisebrioba sagnis
arsebiTi mxarea. e.i. TviTon Tvisebriobis ganmsazRvreli
sagnis arsebaa. qaRaldis dakecva an daWmuWnva sivrcobrivad
cvlis mis raodenobriv mxares, magram misi dawvis Sedegad igi
kargavs Tavis arsebas, kargavs Tavis Tvisebriobas, iZens axal
arsebas da axal TvisebriobaSi gadadis, _ iqceva ferflad.
Tvisebrivi cvalebadoba Tvisebrivad axlis gaCenas
niSnavs. termini `axali~-c sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba
iyos gagebuli. SeiZleba sagani egzemplarulad (calobiT)
axali iyos. amas adgili aqvs sagnebis seriuli warmoebis
procesSi, magram es aris mxolod raodenobrivi siaxle. Tvisebrivi siaxlea iseTi sagnis warmoSoba-gaCena rogoric mocemul
momentamde samyaroSi saerTod ar arsebula. velosi pedis gamogoneba Tvisebrivi siaxle iyo im momentisaTvis, roca igi
pirvelad gaakeTes. es iyo manamde arnaxuli sagani. Semdeg
misi seriuli warmoeba velosipedis axal-axal egzemplarebs
iZleva, magram maT arnaxuls veRar vuwodebT. arnaxuli mxolod isaa, rac masSi gaumjobesebis daniSnulebiT Seitanes.
rac Seexeba ganviTarebis cnebas, saWiroa misi dazustebuli gageba. unda gairkves ganviTarebis cnebaSi sagnis mxolod Tvisebrivi cvalebadoba unda vigulisxmoT, Tu es
iseTi Tvisebrivi cvalebadobaa, anu Tvisebrivad iseTi axlis
gaCena, rac ZvelTan SedarebiT win gadadgmuli nabijia, romelic
aumjobesebs Zvels. ganviTarebis terminSi am viTarebazea miTiTeba. igi ganviTarebaa. e.i. mxedvelobaSia viTarebis Secvla. aq ar Cans viTareba ra mimarTulebiT icvleba. amitom
viTarebis Secvla, anu ganviTareba mxolod sagnis Tvisebriv
Secvlas gulisxmobs. Tu sagani Tvisebrivad ar icvleba, igi
ar viTardeba, anu ar ganicdis ganviTarebas. amitom ganviTareba aris iseTi Tvisebrivi cvalebadoba, romlis Sedegad
adgili aqvs Tvisebrivad axlis gaCenas.
rac Seexeba ganviTarebis mimarTulebis sakiTxs, amas

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mivyavarT progresis da regresis cnebebTan. progresi Tvisebrivad iseTi axlis gaCenaa, romelic aumjobesebs Zvels. sxvanairad mas ganviTarebis zeaRmaval mimarTulebas uwodeben.
regresi Tvisebrivad iseTi axlis gaCenaa, romelic auaresebs
Zvels, mas ukusvlas, daRmaval mimarTulebas uwodeben. magram
iolia SevniSnoT, rom termini `gaumjobeseba~, `gauareseba~,
`aRmasvla~, `daRmasvla~ adamianis subieqturi xedvis amsaxveli terminebia. amitom qvemoT saWiro iqneba im konkretuli
sferos SemosazRvra, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba am cnebebis
gamoyeneba. adamianisagan damoukidebel realur sinamdvileSi
progresisa da regresis arsebobac SeuZlebelia da misi dafiqsirebac.

3. kanoni. mTliani sinamdvilis arseboba or `saSen

masalas~ eyrdnoba. erTia, sagnebi da movlenebi, meorea maTi
erTmaneTTan damakavSirebeli saSualeba. esaa kanonebi.. sinamdvileSi usasrulod didia sagnebisa da movlenebis raodenoba. maTi es raodenoba qaosuri ar aris imis gamo, rom masSi
moqmedeben kanonebi. kanonebs erTimeoresTan mWidro kavSirSi
moyavT sagnebi da movlenebi da maT erTiani bunebrivi mTelis Sekrul formas aZleven. kanoni bunebrivi mTlianobis
safuZvelia. sadac kanoni araa, iq arc bunebrivi mTlianobaa.
mTeli nawilebiT igeba.. nawilebs mTelis saxes aZlevs maTi
kanonebiT dakavSireba. yovel sagans aqvs struqturuli agebuleba. sagnis struqturuli elementebi misi Sinaarsobrivi
mxarea. xolo elementebis dakavSirebis wesi misi formaa,
elementebis dakavSireba kanonebiT xorcieldeba. amitom kanoni
sagnebis Sinagani formaa. igi sagnebis arsebobis formaa. imis
gamo, rom ar arsebobs sagani formis gareSe, amitomac ar
arsebobs sagani kanonis gareSe. aqedan gamomdinare, kanoni
arsebobs rogorc sagnis gareT (romelsac igi emorCileba),
aseve TviTon saganSic, ramdenadac igi sagnis arsebobis saSualebaa. saganic struqturuli agebulebisaa. masSi Semavali
elementebic kanonis ZaliT mWidro kavSirSi eqcevian da Re-

buloben mTelis sagnis formas. amitom kanoni sagnis arsebobis wesia.

rogorc mTeli sinamdvile, ise calkeuli sagnebi imyofebian mudmiv moZraoba-cvalebadobis procesSic. am processac aqvs struqturuli agebuleba. aqac moqmedeben calkeuli
elementebi. amitom aqac saWiroa moZraoba-cvalebadobis erTiani mTlianoba. am erTianobis Semtanad aqac kanonebi gvevlinebian. kanonebi aZlevs moZraoba-cvalebadobis procesebs
kanonzomierebis xasiaTs. kanonzomiereba kanoniT ganpirobebulobas, kanonTan SesatyvisobaSi yofnas niSnavs. kanons udidesi
mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis cxovrebaSi. savaraudoa, rom adamianma adamianad Camoyalibeba im droidan daiwyo, roca man
sinamdvileSi kanonebi SeamCnia, daiwyo misi gageba da Tavisi
cxovrebis kanonebze dayrdnobiT warmarTva. adamiani momavliskenaa mimarTuli. momavlis Wvreta kanonebiT xelmZRvanelobas moiTxovs. maSasadame, kanoni arsebiTi faqtoria sinamdvilis erTian-mTlianobisaTvis; misi moZraoba-cvalebadobis kanonzomierebisaTvis; sinamdvilis calkeuli sagnebis
arsebobisa da maTi mTlian sinamdvileSi CarTulobisaTvis;
dabolos, igi arsebiTi faqtoria adamianis cxovrebis agebisa
da misi mowesrigebisaTvis.
kanonis raobis gagebisaTvis saWiroa misi ZiriTadi
niSnebis Camoyalibeba. kanoni aris inteligibeluri movlena.
sinamdvileSi kanons adamiani aRmoaCens gonebis meSveobiT.
mas goniT unda miswvdes. inteligibeluroba swored goniT
wvdomas niSnavs. kanoni ar gveZleva mgrZnobelobaSi. mas TvaliT
ver davinaxavT, yuriT ver movusmenT, xeliT ver SevexebiT, suni
ara aqvs, ver davagemovnebT. cxadia mgrZnobelobiT kanonebs
arapirdapiri gziT vgrZnobT. magaliTad, sagnis simZimis aRqma,
bolosdabolos, mizidulobis kanonis aRqmaa, magram es rom
marTlac mizidulobis kanonis aRqmaa, amas goneba adgens da
ara mgrZnobeloba. mgrZnobelobas mxolod is SeuZlia, rom
simZime aRiqvas. kanonebi arseboben yvelasa da yvelafrisaTvis.
cxovelebisTvisac, mcenareebisTvisac, qvebisTvisac, planetebisTvisac da a.S. kanonebs emorCileba yvelaferi. yvelaferi

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arsebobs kanonebiT, kanonebis aRmoCenis da azrSi gamoxatvis

saSualeba mxolod adamians aqvs.
kanoni materialuri movlenaa Tu idealuri? kanoni ar
arsebobs arc raRac nivTierebis da arc ama Tu im velis
saxiT. amitom igi araa materialuri movlena, vinaidan mas
materialurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ganzomilebebi ar gaaCnia. aris Tu ara igi idealuri movlena? idealuroba ideasTan kavSirs niSnavs. idea azria. idealuroba azriseulobaa.
erTi ram cxadia, kanonebi azrebSic arian SeWrilni da azriseul procesebsac marTaven. magram kanonis azriseulobis
(idealurobis) aRiarebas, romelsac bevri moazrovne uWers
mxars, mecnierulad gadauwyvetad problemebSi SevyevarT. idealuria is, rac WeSmariteba-mcdarobis, samarTlianoba-usamarTlobis, kargisa da cudis, zneobrivisa da uzneos, mSvenierebisa
da simaxinjis, sibrZnisa da sibriyvis ganzomilebebSi Tavsdeba. kanoni TavisTavad arc WeSmaritia da arc mcdari da a.S.
Cveni azrebi mis Sesaxeb aris WeSmariti an mcdari da a.S.
kanonebis idealurobis aRiareba an imas moiTxovs, rom isini
religiur sawyisebze iqnan dayvanilni, an hegeliseuli absoluturi gonis daSvebas. sakiTxisadmi aseT midgomebs aqvT
arsebobis sruli ufleba, oRond isini gadian mecnierulad
dasabuTebis SesaZleblobis sferodan. amitom umjobesia dasmul
kiTxvaze pasuxi gamoiTqvas uaryofiTi msjelobiT, _ kanoni
ar aris materialuri movlena. kanoni ar aris arc iseTi
movlena, romelsac SeuZlia sagnebisagan damoukideblad TavisTavadi arseboba. rogorc sagnebs ar SeuZliaT kanonisagan
damoukideblad, arc kanonebs SeuZliaT sagnebisagan damoukideblad arseboba.
kanoni saganSi da sagnebs Sorisaa. igi sagnebSia misi
elementebis kavSirebis saxiT. aseve igi sagnebs Sorisaa, rogorc
mTeli sinamdvilis elementebis kavSirebis forma. kanoni
saganSi da sagnebs Sorisaa, oRond ara nawilis, aramed momentis saxiT. nawili mTelis erTi patara ubania. momenti mTelis iseTi yovlis momcveli elementia, romelic mTels swvdeba
mis mTlianobaSi. rogorc hegeli ityvis, _ igi mTelis gare-

gadamwvdomi elementia.
kanoni kavSirebis formaa. kanonis arseboba kavSirebis
arsebobaa. magram kanoni araa sagnebs an elentebs Soris
nebismieri kavSiri. igi iseT kavSirs gulisxmobs, romelic
unda xasiaTdebodes savaldebulo niSnebiT.
kanonis, rogorc sagnebs Soris kavSiris savaldebulo
niSania aucilebloba. iq sadac aucilebloba ar moqmedebs,
kanons ara aqvs adgili. msoflio mizidulobis kanoni imitomaa kanoni, rom masSi moqmedebs aucilebloba, romlis ZaliTac maRla asrolili kenWi aucileblad unda Camovardes.
kanoni zogadi, anu sayovelTao xasiaTis kavSiria. anu,
Sesatyvis pirobebSi, misi gavlena vrceldeba gvarSi Semavali
yvela sagnis mimarT. kanonma ar icis gamonaklisebi. da Tu
gamonaklisi mainc SeiniSneba, es imis maniSnebelia, rom kanonis moqmedebis pirobebi raRacnairad Seicvala. kanonis zogadoba imas gveubneba, rom maRla asrolili yvela kenWi unda
Camovardes. sakmarisia Tundac erTi ar daemorCilos kanons,
rom kanonis kanoniereba eWvis qveS dadges.
kanonis kidev erTi niSani imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi
aris sagnebis Sinagani mxareebis kavSiris forma. sagnis Sinagan mxareSi igulisxmeba sagnis struqturuli elementebi.
kanoni aseTi elementebis kavSiris formaa. es ki sagnis Sinagani formaa. amitom kanoni sagnis Sinagani formaa. sagnis
Sinagani mxare misi arsebiTi mxarea. amitom kanoni sagnebis
arsebebs Soris kavSiris formaa. kanonSi yovelTvis arsebebi
aisaxebian. kanonSi saganTa arsebebi avlenen TavianT Tavs.
kanoni sagnebs Soris kavSiris iseTi formaa, romelic
xasiaTdeba ganmeorebadobiT. esec kanonis arsebiTi niSania.
kanonis ganmeorebadobaSi igulisxmeba erTsa da imave pirobebSi
movlenebs Soris procesebis erTi da imave saxiT ganmeorebis
aucilebloba. msoflio mizidulobis kanonis Tanaxmad, erTi
da igive kenWi erTi da igive pirobebSi, aTasjer rom aagdon
maRla, aTasjer unda dabrundes ukan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
kanoni irRveva.
kanoni movlenebs Soris kavSiris iseTi formaa, romel-

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ic xasiaTdeba myari mdgradobiT. mudmiv cvalebad da warmaval procesebSi igi waruvali da ucvleli gansazRvrulobaa. amitom swored misiT xorcieldeba procesebis cvalebadobis mowesrigebul kalapotSi moqceva. amitom kanoni momwesrigebeli Zalaa.
kanonis arsebiTi niSania misi obieqturoba. kanoni, _
iqneba igi bunebaSi, sazogadoebaSi, cnobierebaSi, calkeul
sagnebSi Tu calkeul azrebSi, obieqturia im gagebiT, rom igi
adamianis nebisgan damoukidebeli Zalaa. misi arseboba adamianis nebaze araa damokidebuli. saintereso isaa, rom TviTon
adamianis nebelobaSic moqmedeben kanonebi da, imave azriT,
isinic obieqturni arian. maTi Seswavla xdeba iseT mecnierebaSi, romelsac eTika ewodeba. nebaSi moqmedi kanonebi nebisagan damoukidebelni arian. kanonis subieqturoba kanonis nebis gansazRvrulobaa, rasac adamiani TviTnebobisaken miyavs.
CamoTvlili niSnebis mixedviT, eqsplikaciuri wesiT,
kanoni SeiZleba ase ganvsazRvroT: _ kanoni aris movlenebs
Soris kavSiris iseTi forma, romelic xasiaTdeba aucileblobiT, zogadobiT, SinaganobiTa da arsebiTobiT, mdgradobiT,
obieqturobiT, absoluturobiT da relatiurobiT.
kiTxvaze, _ risTvis kanonebi? anu ra funqciebi akisriaT kanonebs? _ pasuxebi aseTia: 1) movlenebis Semecneba-gageba.
es aris procesi, romelic garkveul kanonebs emorCileba da
romlis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba movlenebSi mimdinare
tendenciebis aRmoCena-dadgena da maTi meSveobiT movlenebis
arsebis gageba; 2) movlenebs Soris adamianis orientireba.
adamians cxovrebis manZilze sWirdeba movlenebs Soris swori
orientireba, rac kanonebis codnaze dayrdnobiT xorcieldeba; 3) adamiani ixedeba warsulSi, akvirdeba awmyos, magram
misTvis yvelaze mTavaria momavlis Wvreta. momavlis
winaswarxedvis erT-erTi saSualebaa kanonebis codna da misiT momavlis gaTvlebi.
arseboben obieqturi da normatiuli kanonebi. kanonis
obieqturobis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve iTqva. mas SeiZleba daematos is, rom obieqturi kanonebis arsebobaSi adamiani saerTod

ar ereva. obieqtur kanonebs hqmnian TviTon sinamdvilis movlenebi maTi stiqiuri urTierTzemoqmedebis gziT. msoflio
mizidulobis kanoni arsebobda adamianis gaCenamde. igi niutonma ki ar Seqmna, aramed aRmoaCina da azrSi Camoayaliba. rac
Seexeba normatiul kanonebs, isini adamianis mier Seqmnili
kanonebia, moqmedeben adamianis cxovrebaSi maTi qcevebisa da
moqmedebebis normebis saxiT. amitom ewodeba maT normatiuli
kanonebi. aseTi kanonebia: zneobis, simarTlis, konstituciuri
kanonebi da sxva. maT qmnian specialuri uflebebiT aRWurvili da daniSnuli adamianebi. amitom, marTalia, isini warmoSobiT subieqturni arian, radgan subieqtebi (adamianebi)
qmnian an auqmeben maT, magram adamianebi maTi Camoyalibebis
procesSi ZiriTadad eyrdnobian da xelmZRvaneloben cxovrebis mier nakarnaxevi obieqturi moTxovnilebiT.
arCeven dinamikur da statistikur kanonebs. dinamikuri
kanoni gamoirCeva aucileblobis maRali xarisxiT. igi gamonakliss gvarSi Semavali saxeebis mimarT ar uSvebs. aseTia ZiriTadad meqanikis kanonebi. statistikuri kanoni ufro tendenciebs gamoxatavs. misi sizuste izrdeba variantebis statistikurad gazrdis pirobebSi. kamaTelma eqvsive ricxvis Cveneba daaxloebiT Tanabrad rom ganaxorcielos, misi gagorebis
ricxvi Zalian unda gaizardos. statistikuri kanonebi albaTuri xasiaTisa arian. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas rom mecniereba arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac arseboben kanonebi. mecnierebis ZiriTadi saqmianoba kanonebis aRmoCena-dadgenaa. e.i. mecnierebis saWiroeba kanonebis arsebobam da maTma inteligibelurobam gamoiwvia.

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4. ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zala, meqanizmi

da mimarTuleba. iyo dro, roca ganviTarebis idea kacobriobisaTvis jer ar iyo cnobili. antikur periodSi msjelobebi iyo sagnebisa da movlenebis erTimeoridan warmoSobaze.
gansakuTrebiT es exeboda kosmiur movlenebs, magram aseTi
msjelobebi ar exeboda Tvisobrivad axlis gaCenas da mis

axsnas. miTologiaSi, zRaprebsa da religiaSi iyo axali movlenebis Sesaxeb Tqmulebebi, magram isini, ZiriTadad, saswaulebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, romelic ufro fantaziis nayofia, vidre realuri sinamdvilis Secnobis Sedegi. bay-baydevis saxis
warmosaxvaSi agebisaTvis, fantazia yvela saSen masalas realuri sinamdvilidan iRebs. mas ar SeuZlia `Seamkos~ igi
iseTi niSan-TvisebebiT, romlebic realobidan ar iqneba aRebuli. maSin raRaa uSualod fantaziis nayofi? esaa sinamdvilidan aRebuli saSeni elementebis kavSirebi. fantazia warmosaxvis unariT Taviseburad akavSirebs im ukve arsebul elementebs, rac realur sinamdvileSi gafantulia sxvadasxva sagnebSi. e.i. fantazias (warmosaxvas) SeuZlia erTimeoresTan
virtualurad daakavSiros iseTi movlenebi, romelnic realurad sulac ar imyofebian aseT kavSirSi.
ganviTarebis problema or sakiTxs ayenebs. pirveli
arsebobs ki igi saerTod sinamdvileSi? meore rogoraa es
SesaZlebeli? pirveli sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi pirispir dgebian spekulatur-Teoriuli mosazrebebi da faqtebi. pirvelis
Zireuli princi pia msgavsi msgavss warmoSobs. es princi pi
filosofiaSi antikuri periodidan modis. igi gamoricxavs
Tvisebrivad axlis gaCenas. am mosazrebas aZlierebda is viTarebac, rom adamianebis umetesoba, romelTa cnobierebaSic
xdeboda ganviTarebis Sesaxeb azrebis Camoyalibeba, TavianTi
socialuri mdgomareobiT ar iyvnen dainteresebulni ganviTarebis saerTod arsebobiT. Zveli yvelasTvis cudi araa.
visTvisac Zveli Zalianac kargia, igi mTeli arsebiT cdilobs mis SenarCunebas. ganviTarebis idea ki aRiqmeba Zvelis
damangrevel Zalad, rac misTvis miuRebelia. aseT pozicias
daupirispirda faqtebi. esaa sinamdvileSi Tvisebrivad axlis
gaCenis faqti. magaliTad, faqtia cocxali saxeobebis mTeli
rigi, romlebic dRes arseboben. mecnieruli kvlevebi istoriulad Soreul warsulSi maT arsebobas ar adastureben. samagierod, C. darvinis gamokvlevebi Tvisebrivad axali saxeobebis
warmoSobas eZRvneba da maT adasturebs. metic, mecnierebis
monacemebiT, zogi, Tvisebrivad axali saxeobis warmoSoba, uax-

loesi periodis saqmea. am ori poziciis dapirispirebaSi,

gamoCnda mesame Tvalsazrisi, romelic rogorRac, maTi morigebis cdas gavs. esaa e.w. wrebrunvis idea. es idea gamokveTili
saxiT ukve aris heraklites naazrevSi. wrebrunvis idea aRiarebs ganviTarebas. ganviTarebiTi moZraoba gaivlis garkveul
etapebs, Semdeg igi wres Sekravs, dasasruli daemTxveva dasawyiss
da mere, ciklurad, yvelaferi isev Tavidan daiwyeba. ase meordeba usasrulod. es Taviseburi `sizifis Sromaa~. esaa erTisa
da imaves erTi da igive TvisebriobiT gameoreba. aq TiTqos
aris moZraoba, aris ganviTareba TviTon wris SigniT, magram
wridan gasvla ver xerxdeba. TviTon wre aRmoCnda ganviTarebis miRma. amitom esaa ganviTarebis ganuviTarebloba.
ganviTarebis ideis mecnierul doneze gaCenas didi
dro dasWirda. Camoyalibebuli formiT igi hegelis filosofiam mogvca. hegeli, rogorc filosofosi, racionalisti da
idealisti iyo. misi filosofia sulis (gonis) filosofiaa.
amitom misi ganviTarebis Teoria sulis ganviTarebas exeba.
amis gamo, mis ganviTarebis Teoriasac idealisturs uwodeben.
esaa hegelis dialeqtikuri Teoria. amasTanave, hegelis ganviTarebis Teoria teleologiuria, ramac Taviseburad gansazRvra
misi xasiaTi. hegelisagan ganviTarebis, anu dialeqtikis Teoria miiRes da Tavis msoflmexdvelobriv interesebs moarges
k. marqsma da f. engelsma. isini materialistebi arian. ZiriTadad, maTi filosofia materiis filosofiaa. amitom, hegelis
sulis ganviTarebis Teoriis materiis ganviTarebis Teoriad
gardaqmnam marqsTan da engelsTan, gamoiwvia maTi kidev ufro
did winaaRmdegobebSi Cavardna. erT-erTi mTavari naSromi _
`komunisturi partiis manifesti~ _ maTi msoflmxedvelobrivi programaa, romlis mTavari mizania Zveli wyobilebis
revoluciuri gziT damxoba da axali komunisturi wyobilebis damyareba. e.i. es programa praqtikulad moiTxovs socialur sferoSi Tvisebrivi siaxlis ganxorcielebas. amisTvis
maT sWirdebaT ganviTarebis ideis miReba da Tavisi interesebisadmi daqvemdebareba. revoluciuri ideis gavrceleba-damkvidreba sasicocxlod moiTxovs misi ganviTarebis Teoriaze

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(dialeqtikaze) dayrdnobas. marqsisa da engelsis dialeqtikam

unda daasabuTos Zvelis msxvrevis da axlis damkvidrebis
aucilebloba. amasTanave, man unda Teoriulad daasabuTos
axlis progresuloba da Zvelis dromoWmuloba. aseTma kategoriulma moTxovnebma didi ziani miayena hegelis dialeqtikis Teorias.
dialeqtikis, anu ganviTarebis TeoriaSi princi puli
mniSvnelobisaa sami sakiTxi: pirveli esaa sinamdvilis
ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalis sakiTxi. ra dauSreteli
Zala iwvevs sinamdvilis mudmiv moZraoba-ganviTarebas? am
kiTxvaze Camoyalibda garkveuli saxis pasuxi, mieca mas kanonis forma da dialeqtikis TeoriaSi daerqva dapirispirebulTa brZolisa da erTianobis kanoni; meore sakiTxi ganviTarebis meqanizms exeba: _ rogor xdeba ganviTareba, anu rogor
xdeba Tvisebrivad axlis warmoSoba, rogoria Zvelidan axalze gadasvlis meqanizmi? pasuxis saxiT am kiTxvaze Camoyalibebulma mosazrebaTa erTobliobamac dialeqtikis TeoriaSi miiRo kanonis forma da mas daerqva raodenobrivi
cvlilebebis Tvisebriv cvlilebebSi gadasvlis kanoni; mesame kiTxva TviTon ganviTarebisaTvis kidev ufro principulia.
ganviTareba Zvelidan Tvisebrivad axalze gadasvlaa. amitom
kiTxva exeba Zvelsa da axals Soris urTierTobas. axali
Zvelis gaumjobesebaa Tu ara? aqedan gamomdinare, _ aqvs Tu
ara saerTod ganviTarebad moZraobas raRac gamokveTili mimarTuleba? am kiTxvaze Camoyalibebul pasuxs, romelsac mieca
kanonis saxe, daerqva uaryofis uaryofis kanoni.
rogorc mTlian dialeqtikis Teorias, ise aRniSnul
kanonebs hegelTan hqonda idealisturi gaazreba, xolo marqssa da engelsTan materialisturi gadawyveta. hegelisaTvis
azri da arsi erTidaigivea. amitom azris ganviTareba igive
arsis ganviTarebaa. arsebobs absoluturi suli (hegelisaTvis
es igivea, rac filosofiuri RmerTi). igi ganicdis ganviTarebas. misi ganviTareba vlindeba garkveul safexurebSi. es safexurebi sxva araferia, Tu ara sulis bunebis saxiT gamovlena.
sulia arseba, buneba misi gamovlenaa. sulisa da bunebis

hegeliseul urTierTobas adareben daTovlil velze adamianis fexiT gavlas. gavlis dros adamiani Tovlze tovebs
nafexurebis kvals. adamiani moZraobs Tovlze. danatovari
kvali ki uZravi rCeba. igivea sulisa da bunebis urTierToba.
suli moZravia, igi ganviTarebad moZraobaSia, buneba ki rogorc
sulis nakvalevis anabeWdebi, uZravia. es imas niSnavs, rom
dialeqtikas Zala aqvs sulis mimarT da ara bunebis mimarT.
marqsisa da engelsis, rogorc materialistebis mizania, pirvel rigSi dialeqtikuri ganviTarebiT, sulisagan damoukideblad arsebuli buneba aamoZraon. xolo suli, piriqiT, bunebis ganviTarebis idealur anabeWdad warmoaCinon.
aRniSnuli sami kanonis mimarT zogadi Sefaseba SeiZleba aseTi iyos: pirvel kanons garkveuli TvalsazrisiT
angariSi unda gaewios; meore kanoni, mis winaSe dasmul kiTxvaze sakmaod aradamajerebel pasuxs iZleva; xolo mesame kanonis ZiriTadi azri unda SeizRudos da mieces moqmedebis
mxolod viwro sfero da ara mTeli samyaros mimarT universalurobis statusi.
yovel sagans aqvs Tavisi garkveuli raodenobrivi da
Tvisebrivi mxareebi. esaa misi struqturuli mdgomareoba, misi
garkveuli viTareba. ra Zalam unda aiZulos igi gamoiyvanos
am viTarebidan, anu ram unda ganaviTaros? dapirispirebulTa
brZolisa da erTianobis kanoni gveubneba saganSi aris
dapirispirebuli mxareebi, maT Soris arsebobs Seurigebeli
winaaRmdegoba. es winaaRmdegoba aris is Zala, romelic mTlian
sagans ar aZlevs imis saSualebas, rom igi mudam darCes imad,
rac aris, SeinarCunos Tavisi garkveuloba da Tavisi arseboba.
aRniSnuli Sinagani winaaRmdegoba, bolos mainc aiZulebs
sagans amoZravdes Tvisebrivad, anu Seicvalos Tvisobrivad.
amiT man unda daamTavros erTi garkveulobiT, anu erTi viTarebiT arseboba da gadavides sxva viTarebaSi, unda ganviTardes. saganSi rom ar yofiliyo sapirispiro mxareebi, ar
yofiliyo maT Soris Seurigebeli winaaRmdegoba, sagani iqneboda `mosvenebul~ mdgomareobaSi. mudam iqneboda is, rac
aris. adgili eqneboda araviTar ganviTarebas. Tu am erTi

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sagnis magaliTs gadavitanT mTel sinamdvileze miviRebT

imave suraTs. amitom es kanoni askvnis samyaro mudmiv moZraobaganviTarebis procesSia masSi sapirispiro mxareTa Soris mudmivi
da Seurigebeli winaaRmdegobis arsebobis gamo.
meore kanoni, mis winaSe dasmul problemas ase wyvets:
yovel sagans aqvs Tavisi raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi gansazRvrulobebi. maT aqvT Tavisi sazRvrebi. e.i. nebismier
sagans arseboba SeuZlia mxolod garkveul raodenobriv da
Tvisebriv sazRvrebs SigniT. am sazRvrebis ngreva misTvis
niSnavs SeuZleblobas _ darCes imad, rac iyo. sagnis SigniT
dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris winaaRmdegoba icvleba, Zlierdeba. amiT saganSi sul ufro matulobs Sinagani daZabuloba.
sanam es daZabuloba ar gascdenia sagnis raodenobriv sazRvrebs,
manam sagani inarCunebs Tavis TavTan igiveobas, inarCunebs
arsebobas. magram moZraobis mudmivoba imas niSnavs, rom winaaRmdegoba ganuwyvetliv izrdeba, romelic Sedegad iwvevs sagnis
raodenobrivi sazRvrebis Secvlas. Tavis mxriv, sagnis raodenobrivi maCveneblebis zRvruli normebis gadalaxva, sagans
saSualebas ar utovebs SeinarCunos Tavis TavTan igiveoba,
SeinarCunos sakuTari Tvisebrioba, radgan mis Tvisebriobas
arseboba mxolod misTvis dawesebul raodenobis zRvrul
normebSi SeuZlia. amitom sagnis raodenobrivma Secvlam gamoiwvia misi Tvisebrivi viTarebis Secvla, misi gan-viTareba,
anu sxva TvisebriobaSi gadasvla.
mesame kanonis azri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom uCvenos: _
sagnis erTi Tvisebriobidan meoreSi gadasvlas aqvs progresuli mimarTuleba; rom axali Zvelis gaumjobesebaa. ganviTareba Zvelisa da axlis urTierTobaSi xorcieldeba. maT
Soris urTierToba SeiZleba iyos samnairi. axalma Zveli an
mTlianad uaryos, an mTlianad SeinarCunos, an nawilobriv
uaryos da nawilobriv SeinarCunos. pirvel SemTxvevaSi ganviTareba SeuZlebeli xdeba Zvelsa da axals Soris kavSiris
sruli gawyvetis gamo. meore SemTxvevaSic ganviTareba SeuZlebelia Zvelisa da axlis sruli igiveobis gamo. mocemuli
kanoni Zvelsa da axals Soris urTierTobas moxsna-Senaxvis

mTlianobis saxiT ganixilavs. axali Zvelis axalia. Zveli

iqca axlad. Zveli gadadis axalSi, axali ubrundeba Zvels. am
procesSi ormagi uaryofaa. pirvelia Zvelis uaryofa anu moxsna. meore ZvelTan dabruneba anu misi Semonaxva. am ormagi
uaryofiT Zveli Tavis Tavs ubrundeba axalSi. maTematikaSi
A-s orjer uaryofa isev gvabrunebs A-sTan. aq orjer uaryofis Semdeg A sruliad ubrundeba da emTxveva Tavis Tavs.
uaryofis uaryofis kanonSic ormagi uaryofa gvabrunebs sawyis
saganTan, magram sawyisisa da bolosi anu Zvelisa da axlis
sruli igiveoba SeuZlebladaa miCneuli, vinaidan Zveli axalSi gamdidrebul axal simaRleze avida, rac ganviTarebis progresuli mimarTulebis maCvenebelia.
rogorc zemoT iTqva, dialeqtikis pirvel kanons marTlac angariSi unda gaewios imis gamo, rom marTlac SeiniSneba mTels sinamdvileSi da aseve calkeul sagnebSi sapirispiro mxareTa arseboba da maT Soris winaaRmdegobrivi urTierTobebi, rac mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs sxvadasxva tendenciebsa da procesebSi.
meore kanonis aradamajerebloba gamoixateba imiT, rom
sagnis Tvisebrivi Secvlis mTavari faqtori Tvisebriobis
gareT, sagnis raodenobiT mxareSia. es ki ewinaaRmdegeba TviT
dialeqtikis princi ps, romelic moiTxovs, rom is, rac sagnis
Tavze xdeba, amis mTavari mizezi TviT sagnis Sinagan bunebaSi
imyofebodes. meorec is, rom am kanonis mixedviT, erTi Tvisebriobidan meoreSi gadasvla naxtomis meSveobiT xdeba. naxtomis raoba ki imdenad bundovani da gaurkvevelia, rom igi im
Sav yuTs gavs, romlis gaxsna da gaSifrva yovlad SeuZlebelia.
mesame kanoni miuTiTebs ganviTarebaSi progresis arsebobaze, Tanac es kanoni iseve, rogorc wina ori, mTeli sinamdvilis universalur kanonad aris gamocxadebuli. e.i. miCneulia rom progresi mTeli sinamdvilis mimarT saerTo movlenaa. es SeuZlebelia imitom, rom progresi SesaZlebelia
mxolod teleologiur sferoSi, _ iq sadac moqmedeben miznebi. progresi miznebTan mimarTebaSi arsebobs da miznebTan

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mimarTebiT dgindeba. dasaxul mizanTan miaxloveba progresis maCvenebelia; misgan dacileba regresia. miznebi gaaCnia
adamians. amitom progress adgili aqvs adamianis cxovrebaSi
kulturaSi. rac Seexeba bunebas mas araviTari miznebi ar
gaaCnia. dedamiwa moZraobs mzis mimarT, mze mTeli Tavisi
sistemiT moZraobs galaqtikis mimarT. aris Tu ara am moZraobaSi
raime mizani. cxadia ara. imitom rom mizani iqaa sadac cnobierebaa. progresi gulisxmobs Sefasebas, gulisxmobs cudisa
da kargis gamokveTas. bunebam saerTod ar icis cudi da kargi.
ai ras wers ilia WavWavaZe amis Taobaze gana yoveli sagani
Tavis kvalobaze ar aris maRali? maRal RvTaebriobis sibrZnis gamomTqmeli? polipi, romelic Zlivs aCens Tavis sulierebas, ise cxadad mogviTxrobs RvTis Zlierebaze, rogorc mze. es
qveynis macxovrebeli mnaTobi. infuzoria, romelic milionobiT arian erT muWa wyalSi, iseve sakvirvelni arian, rogorc
moZraoba medidur caSi milionTa planetaTa. erTi muWa lafis
dakavSireba iseTi sakvirvelia, rogorc vardis mSvenierebis
gamocxadeba. ara, bunebaSi RmerTs ar Seuqmnia maRali da
mdabali sagani, yvela sagani maRalia Tavis kvalobaze da
erTnairad mogviTxrobs im did sulze, romelic acxovrebs
mTel qveyanas. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, hegelis filosofiaSi uaryofis-uaryofis kanons gamarTleba aqvs imis gamo rom
igi sulis filosofiaa da amitom teleologiuri xasiaTisaa.
marqsis filosofia materiis filosofiaa, romlisTvisac ucxoa
teleologiuroba. teleologiuroba dasaSvebia mxolod adamianis cxovrebaSi anu kulturaSic. amitom uaryofis-uaryofis kanons mxolod am sferoSi SeiZleba mieniWos Zala da
mniSvneloba da ara mTliani samyaros mimarT.

5. arseba da movlena. realuri sinamdvilis sagnebsa da movlenebs aqvT adamianis winaSe garkveuli farulobis
tendencia. isini TiTqmis sagangebod cdiloben `SefuTon~
TavianTi Sinagani `saidumloebani~; idumalebisa da uxilavobis
iseTi barierebi aRmarTon adamianis winaSe, rom mas SesaZle-

bloba ar mieces maTSi Semecnebis gziT Caxedvis. adamianis

SemecnebiT xedvas uWirs sagnebis zedapirulobis garRveva da
mis siRrmeSi, yvela farul saidumloebaSi Cawvdoma. sinamdvilis SemecnebiT procesSi dagrovili adamianis gamocdilebebi im unarebisa da meTodebis mopovebaSi gamoixateba, riTac
igi rogorRac aiZulebs sagnebs mis siRrmiseul saidumloebebSi Semavali kari gauRos, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes maTSi
Caxedva da maTi Semecneba. aseTi SemecnebiTi xedvis Sedegad,
ras aRmoaCens adamiani sagnebis farul siRrmeSi? dasawyisisaTvis adamiani rwmundeba imaSi, rom sagnebsa da movlenebs
aqvT ori mxare. garegani da Sinagani. is, rac sagnisaTvis
Sinagania, princi pulad ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre is, rac
misTvis garegania. erTi SexedviT, TiTqos bunebis mier adamianis winaSe sagnebis garegani mxare sulac araa gasaidumloebuli. TiTqos yvelaferi aSkaraa. sagnebis garegani mxare
gveZleva mgrZnobelobaSi. Cven cxadad da aSkarad uSualod
aRviqvamT sagnebs grZnobis organoebSi. xeliT vexebiT, TvaliT
vxedavT, smeniT, ynosviT, dagemovnebiT uSualod aRviqvamT sagnis garegan Sres, magram bunebis mxridan, sagnebis garegani
mxarec Sinagani mxaris `SefuTvas~ emsaxureba. is xSirad Taviseburi satyuaras funqcias asrulebs, riTac adamianebi Rrma
SecdomebSi Seyavs. amas moCvenebas, iluzias, miraJs uwodeben.
didi xnis manZilze, adamianebs eCvenebodaT cis kamaraze, dedamiwidan Tanabar simaRleze, RilebiviT damagrebuli varskvlavebi
rom umciresi mocimcime wertilebia. yvela msgavsi moCvenebebi, mizezi xdeboda kosmosuri atmosferuli da geologiuri
procesebis fantasmagoriuli axsnebis. moCvenebebma ornairi
saxe miiRo. pirveli _ esaa viTareba, roca adamians Tumca
kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli mis mier raRac movlenis iluzoruloba, magram amiT es iluzoruloba ar ixsneba, ar qreba.
magaliTad, TxuTmet saukuneze meti xani adamianebs eCvenebodaT da Tan sjerodaT, rom mze moZraobs dedamiwis garSemo.
magram roca kopernikma heliocentruli Tvalsazrisi damajereblad daasabuTa, amis miuxedavad, adamianebs dResac eCvenebaT
da, rogorc Cans, momavalSic moeCvenebaT, rom swored mze

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moZraobs dedamiwis garSemo. moCvenebis meore saxea situacia,

roca adamianisaTvis cnobili gaxdeba movlenis moCvenebiToba da amiT es moCvenebiTobac mTlianad moixsneba. magaliTad,
bnel da uRrublo RameSi kosmosuri sivrcidan atmosferoSi
Semosuli kosmosuri mtveris mcire nawilaki haerTan xaxunis
Sedegad rom cxeldeba, iwyebs gavarvarebas da dedamiwisaken
moqris kaSkaSa naTebiT. gauTviTcnobierebeli adamianisaTvis
es aRiqmeba, rogorc cis kamaraze varskvlavis mowyveta. magram
roca mas auxsnian am movlenis arss, mas igi aseT moCvenebad
aRar Rebulobs. miuxedavad aseTi moCvenebiTobisa, istoriulad iyo dro, roca adamiani kmayofildeboda sagnis mxolod
garegani mxaris TvisebebiT. mas eWvic ar Sehqonda imaSi, rom
sagnis garegani mxareebis siRrmeSi, raRac ufro mniSvnelovani da gadamwyveti Tvisebebi imalebian. aqedan gamomdinare,
sakuTar cxovrebas misi xilvebis Sesatyvisad agebda. droTa
ganmavlobaSi, istoriuli gamocdilebis kvalobaze, rac ufro
metad uCndeba eWvi sagnis Sesaxeb mxolod garegan mxareze
dayrdnobiT miRebuli codnis srulyofilebis mimarT, istoriulad, ase mivida azrovneba sagnebSi ori mxaris arsebobis
dafiqsirebasTan. es ori mxare gaformda sagnis movlenis da
arsebis cnebebSi. movlena aris sagnis garegani, dakvirvebadi,
ufro metad moZravi da cvalebadi mxare. arseba aris sagnis
Sinagani, siRrmiseuli, faruli, SedarebiT mdgradi mxare, romelic
gansazRvravs mis bunebas, mis saerTo tendenciebs. cneba
`movlena~ ori gagebiT ixmareba. misi erTi gageba gulisxmobs
raRac xdomilobes, raRac process. roca vambobT `sagnebi
da movlenebi~ igulisxmeba sagnebi da procesebi. movlenis
meore gagebaa is, rac upirispirdeba arsebas. movlenebs, rogorc
procesebsac aqvT Tavisi arseba da movlenebSi gamovlena.
movlena arsebebis gamovlenaa. arseba sagnis aucileblobiTi
mxarea. movlena arsebis aucileblobis sxvadasxva saxis konkretul SemTxveviTobebTan Sezavebul-SefuTuli konkretuli
saxiT gamovlenaa. arseba erTia, magram misi gamovlena mravalnairia. sikvdili, rogorc xdomiloba, rogorc procesi movlenaa da masac aqvs Tavis arseba da misi gamovlena. arseba

misi erTia magram mas gamovlenis mravali forma aqvs. arsebis

erTaderToba misi dominanturi aucileblobis erTaderTobiTaa gapirobebuli. movlenis simravles, im SemTxveviTobebis
simravle gansazRvravs, romlebTanac kavSirSi modis arsebis
aucilebloba. movlenaSi gamoixateba sagnis garegani mxareebi. xolo arsebaSi is Sinagani idumalebis dafaruli mxare,
romlis `SefuTvas~ sagnebSi buneba kargad axerxebs. mecnieruli Ziebebi swored am `SefuTuli~ idumalebis gaxsnas, gamoaSkaravebas isaxavs miznad. es xdeba sagnis arsebis wvdomiT.
sagnis Zireuli codna, misi arsebis codnaa. sagnis Sesaxeb
codnaSi ZiriTadad sagnis arsebaa asaxuli. adamianis mxridan,
bunebis siRrmeebSi SemecnebiTi SeWra mis siRrmiseul arsebaSi CaRrmaveba da SeWraa. arsebebi sagnebis substanciuri TviTmizezobrivi gansazRvrulobani arian. arseba, cxadia, ar
amowuravs mTlian sagans, magram igi misi gadamwyveti mxaris
aTvisebaa; sagnis arsebis codna, sagnis SekumSuli, magram arsebiTi gadmocemaa. sagani aris is, rac misi arsebaa. is, rom
sagani aris ai aseTi da ara sxvanairi, es misi arsebiTaa
gansazrvruli. sagnis arsebis Secvla TviTon sagnis Secvlas
niSnavs. sagnis arseba, sagnis gvarSi Semavali yvela saxeobebis gamaerTianebeli Zalaa. igi gvaris yoveli wevrisaTvis
saerToa. arseba ZiriTadad gamoixateba sagnis kanonSi. sagnis
arseba sagnisaTvis iseve garegani da zedapiruli rom yofiliyo, maSin yovelgvari mecniereba zedmeti aRmoCndeboda. movlena aRqmebSi gveZleva, arseba ki _ goniT xedvaSi. SeuZlebelia arseba movlenis gareSe da movlena arsebis gareSe. movlena arsebis gamovlenaa, arseba movlenis arsebaa.

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6. mizezi da Sedegi (kauzaloba). rogorc mTlian

samyaroSi, ise adamianis cxovrebaSi, sagnebs Soris arsebobs
mravalnairi urTierTobebi. maT Soris, erT-erTi arsebiTi
mniSvnelobis mqonea mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierToba. aseTi
urTierTobebis codna, momavlis ganWvretis mizniT, uaRresad
mniSvnelovania. sinamdvilis gardaqmnis procesSi adamianis

mier cxovreba igeba Tavisi interesebis moTxovnebis mixedviT. SeuZlebeli iqneboda rogorc aseTi gardaqmnis ganxorcieleba, ise misi adamianis miswrafebis mimarTulebiT warmarTva, Tu igi ar iqneba dayrdnobili movlenebs Soris mizezSedegobrivi-urTierTobebis codnaze. filosofiis istoriaSi adgili hqonda mizezobriobis saerTod arsebobis eWvis
qveS dayenebas. aman gamokveTili saxe miiRo d. hiumis filosofiaSi. igi empiristul-sensualistur wanamZRvrebze dayrdnobiT midis daskvnamde, _ adamianis gonebas ar SeuZlia realurad mizezobriobis arsebobis dasabuTeba. amitom igi mis
arsebobas fsiqologiur rwmenas ayrdnobs (amis Sesaxeb msjeloba iqneba gnoseologiur problemasTan dakavSirebiT).
mizez-Sedegobriv urTierTobas mecnierebaSi kauzalobas (laT. kauza-mizezi) uwodeben. kauzaloba movlenebs Soris
iseTi urTierTobaa, romelic apirobebs maT Soris determinaciul gansazRvrulobas. Sedegs Tavisi gansazRvrulobis
safuZveli mizezSi aqvs. xolo mizezi Tavis gamovlenas SedegSi
poulobs amitom mizezi iwvevs Sedegs, xolo Sedegi mizezis
Sedegia. mizezi ewodeba movlenas, romelic garkveul pirobebSi, Sedegis saxiT sxva movlenas iwvevs. Sedegi ewodeba mizeziT gamowveul movlenas. mizezi unda ganvasxvavoT sababisagan. mizezi sagnisaTvis siRrmiseuli da arsebiTi ganmsazRvrelia (determinatoria). sababi misTvis zedapiruli da araarsebiTia. sababi subieqturi movlenaa. bunebam sababi ar icis.
bunebaSi mizezobrioba moqmedebs. sababi mizezi araa, magram
igi mizezis subieqturi danamatia. sababi Tavis Zalas avlens
iq, sadac mizezi momwifebulia. mis gareSe sababi ver sababobs.
sababi mxolod gveCveneba mizezad.
mizezsa da Sedegs Soris urTierTobebi garkveuli
niSniT xasiaTdeba. am niSnebis ararsebobis pirobebSi kauzaluri kavSiri SeuZlebeli xdeba. erT-erTi aseTi savaldebulo niSania mizezsa da Sedegs Soris droiTi da sivrcobrivi
urTierToba. mizezi droSi win aswrebs Sedegs. Sedegi mizezs
droSi Semdeg mosdevs. realur sinamdvileSi, arsebobis niSniT, arc maT TanadroulobasTan gvaqvs saqme. droSi maTi

mimarTebis Sebrunebac SeuZlebelia. anu SeuZlebelia jer

Sedegma daiwyos arseboba da mas miyves misi gamomwvevi mizezis
arseboba. arsebobis TvalsazrisiT mizezsa da Sedegs Soris
droSi dacileba SeiZleba Zalian didi iyos, SeiZleba piriqiT, Zalian mcire iyos. anu mizezi Sedegs SeiZleba swrafad
iwvevdes da SeiZleba Senelebuli droiT. miuxedavad amisa,
mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierToba maTi droSi dacilebas da
Tanmimdevrobas aucileblobiT gulisxmobs. amasTanave, mizezSedegobrivi urTierToba SesaZlebelia ise warimarTos, rom
mizezis moxsniT moixsnas Sedegic. mizezobriobis aseTi formiT gamovlenas adgili aqvs medicinis sferoSi. misgan gansxvavebiT, SeiZleba mizezobrioba isec warimarTos, mizezis moxsnis Semdeg Sedegma mainc SeinarCunos arseboba. mSoblis,
rogorc mizezis moxsnis (sikvdilis) Semdeg Svili (Sedegi)
mainc inarCunebs arsebobas. mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierToba
gulisxmobs mizezisa da Sedegis sivrciT urTierTobebsac,
jer erTi imis gamo, rom sivrcis arseboba gulisxmobs drois
arsebobasac. meorec, sivrces aqvs Tavisi ganzomilebiTi nawilebi. maT erTmaneTTan mimarTebis mTlianobaSi aqvT mniSvneloba. isini am mTlianobas droSi pouloben. kauzaloba
movlenebs Soris zemoqmedebiTi kavSiria. sivrceSi igulisxmeba
mizezsa da Sedegs Soris iseTi siaxlovis arseboba, ris Sedegad mizezs SeuZlia zemoqmedeba iqonios Sedegze da arsebobiT ganapirobos igi. topologiuri TvalsazrisiT, ori movlena, rogori daSorebulic unda iyvnen erTimeorisgan, Tu
erTi zemoqmedebs meoreze da gansazRvravs mis garkveuli
saxiT arsebobas, es niSnavs, rom maT Soris aris iseTi sivrcobrivi siaxlove, rac SesaZlebels xdis maT kauzalur kavSirs.
amasTanave, maTi siaxlovis sidide kauzaluri kavSiris siZlieris ganmsazRvrelicaa.
mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTobebi unda ganvasxvavoT safuZvel-Sedegis urTierTobebisagan. pirveli Tu cnobierebis gareT da misgan damoukideblad arsebuli movlenebis urTierTobaa, meore cnobierebaSi azrebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobaa. amitom igi logikis sferos ganekuTvneba. aqac safuZveli

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Sedegis gamowvevis safuZvelia. Sedegi Tavis gamarTlebas safuZvelSi poulobs. logikur dasabuTebaSi safuZvlis saxiT warmosdgebian amosavali wanamZRvrebi. am wanamZRvrebze dayrdnobiT keTdeba logikuri daskvna, rac Sedegia wanamZRvrebisa.
Cvens xelT arsebuli wanamZRvrebi Tu gveubnebian A didia Bze, xolo B didia C-ze, am sagnebTan realuri kavSiris gareSe
logikurad vaskvniT, _ A didia C-ze. aq mocemuli daskvnis,
rogorc Sedegis safuZveli wanamZRvrebSia. aqedan gamomdinare,
mizez-Sedegisa da safuZvel-Sedegis urTierTobebi gansxvavdebian maTi mimarTebiT drosa da sivrcesTan, Tu mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierToba drosa da sivrceSi yalibdeba; safuZvelSedegisaTvis dro da sivrce sruliad zedmetia. esaa logikis
sfero, sadac yvelaferi droisa da sivrcis miRma dgas. magaliTad, aviRoT mSoblisa da Svilis urTierToba. mSobeli mizezia, Svili Sedegi. realuri arsebobiT droSi mSobeli (mizezi)
win uswrebs Svils (Sedegs). aq SeuZlebelia droSi am Tanmimdevrobis darRveva. SeuZlebelia rogorc droSi maTi dabadebiTi arsebobis Tanadrouloba, aseve maTi droSi dabadebis
Tanmimdevrobis ukuSeqceva. ara dabadebiT, aramed sikvdilTan
mimarTebiT, maT Soris droSi Tanmimdevroba SeiZleba sxvanairad warimarTos, magram igi ver cvlis mizez-Sedegobriobis
drosTan aRniSnul mimarTebas. saqme is aris, rom sikvdilis
faqtiT mSobeli da Svili, rogorc wesi, erTimeoris mimarT
mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirSi ar imyofebian. safuZvel-Sedegis
TvalsazrisiT maT Soris urTierToba sxvanairadaa. am mxriv,
mSobeli rogorc cneba, rogorc safuZveli, Tanadroulia Svilis cnebasTan, rogorc SedegTan. anu cnebis doneze mSobeli
maSin xdeba, maSin ibadeba, roca Svili iwyebs arsebobas, roca
Svili ibadeba anu, logikurad, mSobeli da Svili erTad ibadebian. manam, sanam Svili saerTod ar arsebobda, arc mSobeli
arsebobda, rogorc saxeldobr mSobeli. adamiani sxvadasxva
asakSi iZens saxelebs mama an deda; papa an bebia. es damokidebulia imaze, rodis daibadeba Svili, SviliSvili. es mizezSedegobrivi TvalsazrisiT, xolo logikurad, isini erTad
ibadebian da erTadve ganagrZoben arsebobas.

specifikuri viTarebaa religiur-sulier cxovrebaSi.

aq adgili aqvs naTliisa da naTlulis, moZRvrisa da misi
mrevlis wevris urTierTobas. naTlia, an moZRvari sulieri
mamaa. xolo naTluli, an mrevlis wevri sulieri Svilia. Tu
mizez-Sedegobrivi droulobis TvalsazrisiT, SeuZlebelia
Svilis mamisadmi droSi winswreba, es SesaZlebelia religiursulier cxovrebaSi. saqme is aris, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi
msjeloba exeba sxeulebriv dabadebas, romlisTvisac dro da
sivrce savaldebuloa. xolo meore SemTxvevaSi sulier dabadebas. amisaTvis dro da sivrce sruliad zedmetia. naTlia,
an moZRvari sxeulebrivi dabadebiT SeiZleba umcrosi iyos
naTlulze, an mrevlis wevrze. magram aq es araa mTavari.
mTavari isaa, rom sulieri dabadebiT naTlia an moZRvari,
rogorc sulieri mSobeli, droSi win uswrebs naTluls, an
mrevlis wevrs, rogorc sulieri Svilis sulier dabadebas.
zogjer, igive viTarebaa saerTod kulturaSic. maswavlebeli,
romelic sulier mSoblad gvevlineba moswavlis mimarT, SeiZleba asakobrivad masze umcrosi iyos.
ar SeiZleba ise vifiqroT, TiTqos yvelaferi, rac movlenas droSi win uswrebs, misi gamomwvevi mizezi iyos; xolo
rac droSi Semdeg mosdevs mas, TiTqos misiT gamowveuli
Sedegi iyos. mizez-Sedegobrivi urTerTobisaTvis droiTi
mimarTeba aucilebeli niSania, magram ara mTavari da sakmarisi. misTvis ufro arsebiTia aucileblobiTi xasiaTi. mizezSedegobrivi urTierToba aucileblobiTi xasiaTisaa. mizezi
Sedegs iwvevs ara SemTxveviT, aramed aucileblobiT. gaTboba
aucileblad iwvevs sxeulis gafarToebas. iq, sadac aucileblobiTi kavSiri araa, ar aris arc mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri. aucilebloba savaldebuloa safuZvel-Sedegis urTierTobisTvisac, Tumca esaa logikuri aucilebloba. marTalia,
aris sferoebi, sadac mizezobrioba meti aucileblobiT moqmedebs (meqanikis sfero), aris iseTi sferoebic, sadac mizezobrioba SedarebiT naklebi aucileblobiT xorcieldeba (sazogadoebrivi sfero), magram mizezobrivi urTierTobisaTvis
aucilebloba mainc savaldebuloa. mizez-Sedegobriv urT-

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ierTobaSi CarTulia ara erTi mizezi, aramed mizezebis mTeli kompleqsi, romelic iyofa mTavar da aramTavar mizezebad.
mTavaria is mizezi an mizezebi, rac gadamwyvetia Sedegis
gamowvevaSi. aramTavars gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar eniWeba,
Tumca igi mizezobriobis mTliani kompleqsis nawilia. mizezobriobaSi gamoyofen or saxeobas. garegani mizezobrioba
da Sinagani mizezobrioba. sagnis garegani faqtorebiT mizezobrivad gansazRvra emyareba garegan mizezobriobas. sagnisaTvis Sinagania mizezobrioba, Tu igi sagnisaTvis Sinagani
faqtorebis mizezobriv gansazRvras ganicdis. aseT mizezobriobas TviTmizezobrioba ewodeba. garegan da Sinagan mizezobriobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba aucileblobisa
da SemTxveviTobis gansazRvraSi.
Cven xSirad gvgonia, rom erTi da igive mizezi sxvadasxva Sedegs iwvevs. aqedan askvnian erTsa da imave mizezs
sxvadasxva Sedegis gamowveva SeuZlia; magram Tu davakvirdebiT mizezis struqturul agebulebas, davrwmundebiT, rom aseTi daskvna swori araa. mizezi arasdros araa martivi erTi.
igi rTuli struqturuli agebulebisaa. amitom Sedegebis gansxvavebuloba miuTiTebs yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi mizezis
struqturuli mTlianobis gansxvavebulobaze. swored maTi
gansxvavebuloba aris mizezi gansxvavebuli Sedegebisa. magram
Tu moxerxdeba mizezis sruli igiveobis dacva, miviRebT Sedegis igiveobas. amitom mkacrad erTi da igive mizezi, yvela
pirobebis igiveobis dacvis SemTxvevaSi iwvevs erTsa da imave
Sedegs. zusti saaTebi amis magaliTia. maTSi zustad erTi da
igive meqanizmis CadgmiT daculia saaTis muSaobis erTi da
igive mizezi, rac erTisa da imave drois Cvenebas _ Sedegs
gansazRvravs. mecnierebaSi cnobilia movlena, romlis mixedviT am qveynad absoluturi sizustiT araferi meordeba. amis
axsna imaSi ki ar unda veZioT, rom erTi da igive mizezi
sxvadasxvanair Sedegebs iwvevs, aramed imaSi, rom mTeli sinamdvilis mudmivi cvalebadobis procesSi icvleba garegani
da Sinagani mizezebis erTianobis struqturuli agebuleba,
rac aisaxeba Sesabamisad raRacnairad Secvlil SedegSi.

filosofiur literaturaSi xSiria msjeloba imis

Taobaze, rom mizezobrivi urTierTobis ganxorcielebisaTvis
aucilebelia misTvis saWiro xelsayreli garemo pirobebis
arseboba. garemo pirobebi aris rogorc xelsayreli, ise araxelsayreli pirobebis garkveuli balansi. aRmocendeba Tu ara
Teslidan mcenare, es didadaa damokidebuli rogorc xelsayrel, ise araxelsayrel garegan faqtorebze. magaliTad,
Teslidan mcenaris aRmocenebisaTvis mTavar mizezad miCneulia
masSi saRi Canasaxis arseboba, magram Teslidan mcenaris aRmocenebisaTvis saWiroa kidev xelsayreli garemo pirobebi.
garegani pirobebi sxva araferia, Tu ara is, rasac garegani
mizezebi ewodeba anu isini ubralod pirobebi ki ar arian:
niadagis nayofiereba, tenianoba, temperatura, mzis sxivebis
sinaTle, _ amas garemo pirobebs uwodeben. es sworia, magram
isini pirvel rigSi arian Teslidan mcenaris aRmocenebis
gamomwvevi garegani mizezebi. es pirobebi xom mcenaris aRmocenebas droSi win uswreben da amasTanave Teslidan mcenaris aRmocenebas aucileblobiT ganapirobeben.
mizezebisa da miznebis urTierTobas bunebaSi adgili
ara aqvs, radgan bunebas miznebi ar gaaCnia. miznebi arseboben
da moqmedeben sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. aq maT movlenebis
mizez-Sedegobriv urTierTobebSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.
isini SeiWrebian mizez-Sedegobriv urTierTobaSi da maTi
ganxorcielebis arqiteqtonikas gansazRvraven. metic, mizezobriobaSi miznebma SeiZleba itvirTon mizezis funqcia da
SeiZleba Sedegis funqciiTac mogvevlinon. TiTqmis yvela
Segnebuli, Tavganwiruli, erovnuli gmiroba miznis, rogorc
mTavari mizezis gamovlinebaa. kaxeTis gmirebis, biZina ColoyaSvilis, Salva da elizbar erisTavebis gmirobis mTavari
mizezi maTi mizani iyo qveyana daecvaT mtris mrisxanebisagan; rac Seexeba mizans, rogorc Sedegs, TavisTavad cxadia, rom
yoveli miRweuli mizani aris movlenebis gamiznulad ganxorcielebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis Sedegi.
movlenebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTobebi
mWidro kavSirSia adamianis TavisuflebasTan. SeuZlebelia

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adamianis Tavisufleba mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis srul

tyveobaSi moxvedris SemTxvevaSi. aseT mdgomareobas adamiani
miyavs fatalizmamde. igi mas dominos koWad aqcevs. isic
dauSvebelia, rom adamianma sruliad zurgi Seaqcios mizezSedegobriobas da daikavos iseTi pozicia, TiTqos realur
sinamdvileSi igi saerTod ar arsebobdes. amas adamiani voluntarizmamde miyavs, rac sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi anarqizmis mauwyebelia. adamianis Tavisufleba _ misi nebis realur
sinamdvileSi arsebul mizez-SedegobriobasTan harmoniul
SesatyvisobaSi moyvana da misi cxovrebaSi realizaciaa.

7. erTeuli, zogadi, konkretuli. adamiani cxovrobs mTlian samyaroSi. fizikurad da sulierad mas saqme
aqvs samyaros yvela sferosTan. adamianis garSemo sagnebi da
movlenebi simravleTa udides nakadebs hqmnian. am nakadebSi
swori orientaciisaTvis adamians sWirdeba saganTa simravlis dajgufeba, magram es dajgufeba ar unda iyos TviTneburi,
mas unda hqondes obieqturi safuZveli. aseTi moTxovnis niadagze
adamianma antikuri periodidan daiwyo sxvadasxva terminebis,
cnebebis, kategoriebis gamomuSaveba. am gziT Seiqmna iseTi
cnebebi, rogoricaa: _ erTeuli~, individi~, egzemplari~,
unikaluri~, gansakuTrebuli~, tipiuri~, zogadi~, sayovelTao~,
konkretuli~ da sxva. simravlis filosofiuri gaazrebisaTvis maTgan mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda erTeulis, zogadis da
konkretulis cnebebi. filosofiuri kamaTi ZiriTadad am
cnebebis garSemo atyda. kamaTis sagnad ZiriTadad iqca zogadis raobisa da arsebobis sakiTxi. miCneulia, rom erTeulis
raobisa da arsebobis sakiTxi gansakuTrebul siZneles ar
awydeba. mis arsebobas TiTqmis faqtebiT adastureben. erTeul sagnebs TvaliT vxedavT, xeliT vexebiT. maTi raobis
sakiTxSiac TiTqos iolad moxda SeTanxmeba. erTeulia sagani,
romelic mgrZnobelobaSi gveZleva da sasrulia drosa da
sivrceSi. magram erTeulis sakiTxis aseTi gadawyveta aradamajerebelia. saqme isaa, rom erTeulis gaazrebaSi igive prob-

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lemebi iCens Tavs, rac zogadis raobis gaazrebaSi. mgrZnobelobaSi iseve ar fiqsirdeba erTeuli, rogorc zogadi (amis
Sesaxeb cota qvemoT, roca ganvixilavT konkretulis sakiTxs).
rac Seexeba zogads, mis mimarT problema Seiqmna misi mgrZnobelobaSi mocemis Taobaze. magaliTad, magida, romelic Cven
winaa, erTeulia, magram gamoviyenebT zogad cnebas magida,
romelSic ar igulisxmeba romelime erTeuli magida. igi
yvela magidis saerTo saxelia. igi zogadia. da aq ibadeba
kiTxva _ arsebobs Tu ara realurad zogadi magida? Tu mxolod adamianis mier gamogonili carieli sityvaa, raime realuris arsebobis gareSe? am gziT gaCnda ori urTierTdapirispirebuli Tvalsazrisi, _ nominalizmi da realizmi (laTinurad `nominis~ saxels niSnavs). Sua saukuneebSi roscelinis, dun skotis, xolo axal droSi _ berklisa da hiumis
saxelebTanaa dakavSirebuli nominalizmis arseboba. empirikosTa da sensualistTa saxelmZRvanelo princi pia _ aRqma
anu arseboba~. es niSnavs, arsebobs is, rac aRqmaSi gveZleva.
rac aRqmaSi ar gveZleva, is arc arsebobs. zogadi aRqmaSi ar
gveZleva. zogad magidas, zogad adamians, saerTod zogad sagnebs, verc TvaliT vxedavT, verc xeliT vexebiT, arc feri, suni,
gemo, temperatura aqvT; verc romelime konkretul droSi da
sivrceSi ver CavsvamT. Tu igi saerTod arsebobs, rogor davadginoT misi arseboba? es maSin, roca raimes arsebobis
dadgenis saSualeba mxolod aRqmaa? amiT zogadis realurad
arseboba gamoiricxa. azrovneba mivida daskvnamde zogadi
carieli saxelia (nominis-ia), ris Sedegadac miviReT nominalizmi. nominalizmi ori saxisaa. erTia sakuTriv nominalizmi,
romelic zogads sityvasTan, saxelTan aigivebs. meorea konceptualizmi, romelic zogads azrTan aigivebs da miiCnevs
rom zogadi arsebobs mxolod adamianis cnobierebaSi azrebis,
ideebis, cnebebis saxiT. nominalizmis orive saxeobisaTvis
saerToa is, rom isini uaryofen realur sinamdvileSi zogadis realurad arsebobas.
nominalizms upirispirdeba realizmi. realizmi, rogorc
filosofiuri Tvalsazrisi, Cndeba imaze dafiqrebis niadagze,

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Tu ra Sedegamde miiyvans azrovnebas zogadis realurad arsebobis uaryofa. aseTi uaryofa, erTis mxriv, safuZvels aclis
samyaros mTlianobas. samyaros mTlianoba zogadis realurad
arsebobis gareSe SeuZlebelia; meores mxriv, safuZveli ecleba samyaros Semecnebis SesaZleblobasac. d. hiumis agnosticizmi amis demonstrirebaa. zogadis uaryofa mecnierebis gauqmebis tolfasia. yoveli mecnierebis daniSnulebaa simravleSi
zogadis aRmoCena, amiT kanonis dadgena. zogadis uaryofas
saqme kanonebis uaryofamde miyavs. xolo samyaro, romelSic
kanonebi uaryofilia, qaosis doneze dadis. magram samyaros
mTlianoba masSi kanonebis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. kanonebis
arseboba zogadis utyuari arsebobis niSania. aqedan gamomdinare, realizmi aRiarebs zogadis realurad arsebobas (aqedan,
misi saxeli realizmi). Tavis mxriv, reliazmic oris saxisaa: erTi, romelic aRiarebs zogadis realurad arsebobas,
oRond erTeulisagan mowyvetiT da misgan sruliad damoukideblad; meore, romelic aRiarebs zogadis realur arsebobas,
magram ara erTeulisagan mowyvetiT da misgan damoukideblad,
aramed misi swored erTeulSi arsebobis saxiT. pirveli saxis realizmis klasikuri nimuSi platonis filosofiaSi aris
mocemuli. savaraudoa, rom grZnobadi Semecnebis SezRudulobis gamo, platonmac ver SeZlo miwier realur sinamdvileSi
zogadis arsebobis dasabuTebis gzebis gamonaxva. amasTanave,
zogadis arsebobis saerTod uaryofa misTvis kategoriulad
miuRebelia. aman miiyvana igi mTliani sinamdvilis (samyaros)
or nawilad gayofamde. erTi, esaa miwieri realuri sinamdvile, sadac saxloben erTeuli sagnebi. esaa erTeulebis, cvalebadobis, warmavlobis, drosa da sivrceSi SezRuduli sagnebis
samyaro. aq yvelaferi arsebobs materialur-fizikuri saxiT.
aq arian calkeuli adamianebi, calkeuli cxenebi, calkeuli
samkuTxedebi da a.S. aq adgili ara aqvs zogad adamians, zogad
cxens, zogad samkuTxeds; samyaros meore nawilia e.w. ideaTa
samyaro. mas ideaTa` samyaro ewodeba imis gamo rom aq adgili aqvs arsebobis mxolod idealur formas. arseboben mxolod ideebi. ideebi ki mxolod zogadi bunebisani arian.

platonis Tvalsazrisi gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi konceptualizmisagan imiT, rom, marTalia, misTvisac zogadi ideaSia,
ideis saxiT arsebobs, magram TviTon aseTi zogadi ideebi,
adamianis cnobierebisagan damoukideblad, ideaTa samyaroSi
realurad arseboben. ideaTa samyaroSi amiT realizmis princi pia daculi. ideaTa samyaroSi calkeuli adamianebi ki ar
arseboben, _ arsebobs adamianoba, rogorc calkeuli adamianebis zogadi idea; arsebobs cxenobis idea, rogorc miwieri
calkeuli cxenebis zogadi mxare da a.S. am sferoSi zogadi
ideebi warmodgenilia ara simravlis, aramed wminda erTis
saxiT. oRond is erTi zogadi erTia. adamianoba erTia, magram
igi aris adamianobis zogadi idea, romelic safuZveli xdeba
miwieri erTeuli adamianebis simravlisa. ideaTa samyaroSi
zogadi ideis doneze cxenoba, samkuTxedoba, magidoba da sxva
erTia. es erTi ucvleli, uZravi da maradiulia, romelic
safuZvlad udevs miwieri sinamdvilis calkeuli sagnebis
simravles. platonis realizms maleve daupirispirda misi
mowafe aristotele. man SeniSna, _ Tu zogads gamovacalkevebT
erTeulisagan, maSin isic erTeulad iqceva, rac zogadis gauqmebas
niSnavs. amiT edeba safuZveli meore saxis realizmis gaCenas,
romlis ZiriTadi princi puli moTxovnebi iqneba: _ ar unda
iqnes daSvebuli zogadis arsebobis uaryofa; zogadi da erTeuli sxvadasxva ki ara, erTsa da imave sferoSi unda imyofebodnen; zogadi erTeulisagan ki ar unda gancalkevdes, aramed
TviTon erTeulSi unda iqnes aRmoCenili. amiT miviRebT, rom
zogadi erTeulSia da erTeuli zogadis erTeulia. amasTanave,
Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT daSvebuli iqneba iseTi movlenebis
arseboba, romlebic aranairad ar gveZlevian grZnobadobaSi
da romelic miiwvdomeba mxolod goniTi xedvis meSveobiT.
samyaroSi arsebuli sagnebi da movlenebi erTimeoris
mimarT msgavseba-gansxvavebiT mimarTebaSi imyofebian. yoveli
calkeuli sagani meore sagnisagan raRaciT gansxvavdeba da
raRaciT emsgavseba mas. am qveynad ar arsebobs ori absoluturad msgavsi movlena, rogorc ar arsebobs absoluturad
gansxvavebuli ori movlena. msgavseba da gansxvaveba am sam-

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yaros makonstruirebeli safuZvelia. gansxvaveba erTeuli

sagnebis arsebobis safuZvelia. gansxvavebulobis gareSe erTeuli sagnebi ver iarsebeben. erTeuli imitomaa erTeuli,
rom igi raRaciT gansxvavdeba yvela sxva sagnisa da movlenisagan amas mivyavarT samyaroSi individuaciis princi pamde,
romelsac aviTarebda laibnici. rac Seexeba zogads, igi eyrdnoba samyaroSi saganTa Soris msgavsebis arsebobas. zemoT
ukve iTqva, rom zogadi samyaros erTianobis safuZvelia. es
imitom, rom TviTon zogadi msgavsebas efuZneba. zogads aqvs
Tavisi moculobiTi sazRvrebi, rac iqamde vrceldeba, sadamdec swvdeba aRniSnul moculobaSi Semavali sagnebis msgavseba. qarTvelis cneba, rogorc zogadi, iqamde vrceldeba, sadamdec swvdeba is gansakuTrebuli niSnebi, romlis floba adamians qarTvelis wodebas aniWebs. am niSnebs yvela calkeuli
qarTveli erTimeoresTan msgavsebaSi moyavs. aseT msgavsebas
xSirad aRniSnaven terminiT naTesaoba. adamianebs Soris
naTesaoba msgavsebasac gulisxmobs da zogadsac.
nebismieri sagani garkveul niSan-TvisebaTa erTobliobaa.
masSi aris iseTi niSnebi, rac sagans gamoarCevs sxva sagnebisagan. aseTi niSnebi erTeuli sagnis arsebobis safuZvelia.
aris iseTi niSnebic, riTac mocemuli sagani msgavsebaSia
gvarSi Semaval yvela sxva saganTan. aseTi niSnebi zogadis
arsebobis safuZvelia. orive saxis niSnebi, erTdroulad, erTsa da imave saganSia. amiT ikveTeba imis axsna, Tu rogor
SeiZleba erTsa da imave saganSi iyos mocemuli erTeulic da
zogadic. magaliTad, ganvixiloT erTi kerZo adamiani, romelic erTdroulad qarTlosicaa (misi sakuTari saxeli), qarTvelicaa da adamianic. ra aris am kerZo adamianSi iseTi, ris
wyalobiTac igi qarTlosicaa, qarTvelicaa da adamianic. am
kerZo adamianSi aris niSan-Tvisebebi, rac gamoarCevs mas yvela
sxva adamianisagan. aseTi niSan-Tvisebebis erToblioba qmnis
am adamianSi mis qarTlosobas. esaa misi originaloba, misi
ganumeorebloba, misi individualoba. igi erTxel ibadeba, erTi
cxovrebiT cxovrobs da misi gameoreba aRar moxdeba. igi
erTia. es niSan-Tvisebebi mxolod masSia. ra qmnis mocemul

adamianSi qarTvels? esaa im niSan-TvisebaTa erToblioba, riTac

igi adamianTa garkveuli erTobis msgavsia. es niSan-Tvisebebi
am jgufis yovel wevrSia. igi saerToa yvela wevrisaTvis.
amiT jgufSi Semavali yvela wevri erT mTel organizmad
iqceva. es niSan-Tvisebebi mis wevrebs anaTesavebs, magram
amasTanave, igi ganasxvavebs adamianebs sxva erTobaTagan. raki
mocemuli adamiani am niSan-Tvisebebis mflobelicaa, igi qarTlosTan erTad qarTvelicaa. magram amasTan erTad igi adamianicaa. ra qmnis masSi adamians, esaa im niSan-Tvisebebis
erToblioba, riTac mocemuli kerZo adamiani uklebliv yvela
adamianis msgavsia, rogorc warsulSi, ise awmyosa da momavalSi mcxovrebis. am niSan-TvisebaTa erToblioba qmnis zogadi
adamianis arsebas. es zogadi erTian mTlianobas aniWebs adamianTa mTlian modgmas saxelwodebiT `kacobrioba~.
iolia davinaxoT, rom calke, wminda saxiT, ar arsebobs
arc erTeuli (qarTlosi da mxolod qarTlosi), arc qarTveli
(qarTveli da mxolod qarTveli) da arc zogadi adamiani. realurad arsebobs konkretuli adamiani, romelSic, garkveuli
niSan-Tvisebebis saxiT Casaxlebulia` qarTlosic, qarTvelic
da adamianic. maT cal-calke arseboba ar SeuZliaT. isini
yovelTvis organul erTianobaSi arian da maT erTianobas ewodeba
konkretuli adamiani. amitom konkretuloba erTeulisa da zogadis erTianobaa. realurad, gamocalkevebiT, sinamdvileSi verc
erTeul sagnebs SevxvdebiT. erTeulic iseTive abstraqciaa,
rogorc zogadi. erTeulic zogadi cnebaa. realurad Cven saqme
gvaqvs konkretul sagnebTan, romlebSic imyofebian erTeuli da
zogadi. e.i. is, rac mgrZnobelobaSi gveZleva anu rasac TvaliT
vxedavT, xeliT vexebiT da a.S. marTalia, yofiT cxovrebaSi
erTeul sagnebs vuwodebT, magram meti sizustis pirobebSi maT
erTeuli ki ara, aramed konkretuli sagnebi ewodebaT. erTeuli,
zogadi da konkretuli gamoiTqmis sxva terminebiTac. aracocxali erTeuli sagnis aRmniSvnelia egzemplari. cocxali erTeulis aRmniSvnelia individi, erTeuli adamianis aRmniSvnelia
unikumi (laT. unikumi-ganumeorebeli), konkretuli adamiani gamoiTqmis terminiT pirovneba.

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https://www.facebook.com/groups/ELLIB/
8. aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba. aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis Temas adamianis cxovrebaSi imTaviTve
didi mniSvneloba mieca. praqtikulad adamiani mudam cdilobda kargad garkveuliyo aucilebel da SemTxveviT movlenebSi, gaerCia isini erTimeorisagan da ewarmoebina aucileblobaTa Ziebani. amitom paralelurad, xeli mokida aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis Teoriul gaazrebas, rasac xangrZlivi istoria gaaCnia. aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis
gaazrebas adgili hqonda jer kidev miTologiur azrovnebaSi,
romelic mTlianad eyrdnoba bedisweris batonobas. amas adgili aqvs religiaSic, aq uflis gangeba batonobs, da raRa Tqma
unda, igi adgils mecnierul azrovnebaSic imkvidrebs. am Temis damuSavebam rTuli da zigzagiseburi gza ganvlo. imTaviTve cxadi gaxda, rom aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba urTierTgamomricxavi, sapirispiro movlenebia. amitom sakiTxi aseTi
formiT daisva: _ maTgan romelia realurad gabatonebuli
mTel samyaroSi da romeli romels eqvemdebareba. amasTan
dakavSirebiT, gaCnda sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi. erT-erTi Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, romelsac saTaveebi miTologiaSi aqvs da
romelic mecnieruli formiT pirvelad antikuri periodis
berZenma filosofosma demokritem Camoayaliba, samyaroSi batonobs mxolod aucilebloba. samyaro aucileblobis princi pzea agebuli ise, rom masSi SemTxveviTobisaTvis adgili
ar rCeba. es Tvalsazrisi aucileblobas mxolod mizezobriobas ukavSirebs. aucilebloba mizez-Sedegobriv urTierTobaSi vlindeba. mizezi aucileblobiT iwvevs Sedegs. amasTanave,
uryev WeSmaritebadaa miRebuli debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac
ar arsebobs umizezo movlena. yovel movlenas Tavisi gamomwvevi mizezi aqvs. mizezi Sedegs aucileblobiT iwvevs. e.i.
yvelaferi mkacri aucileblobaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi Cndeba
bunebrivi kiTxva: _ maSin raRaa SemTxveviToba da arsebobs
Tu ara igi saerTod? pasuxi kategoriulia SemTxveviToba
adamianis subieqturi iluziaa. realurad igi ar arsebobs.
magram adamianebi xom realurad aRiqvamen SemTxveviTobebis
arsebobas? aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisis momxreebi am kiTxvaze

pasuxs adamianis ucodinrobas ukavSireben. xSirad zedapirulad ar Cans da adamianma ar icis movlenis gamomwvevi mizezi,
amitom mas movlena eCveneba SemTxveviTad, magram sakmarisia
adamiani metad CauRrmavdes movlenis arsebobas, metad Seiswavlos mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebSi CarTuloba, rom ukve gamoikveTeba movlenis gamomwvevi mizezi da naTeli gaxdeba imis
aucilebloba, rasac adre SemTxveviTad miiCnevda. SemTxveviTobis arsebobis savsebiT uaryofam, yvelgan da yvelaferSi
mizezobriobiT gamowveuli mkacri aucileblobis daSvebam _
xeli Seuwyo fatalizmis gaCenas, romelmac bedisweris arsebobis rwmena gamoiwvia. fatalizmi bedisweris garduvalobas
qadagebs. SemTxveviTobis gamoricxvasTan erTad, igi gamoricxavs adamianis Tavisuflebas. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, samyaros arsebobaSi, rogorc Tavisebur kompiuterSi imTaviTve
Cadebulia winaswar gansazRvruli garkveuli kodi, garkveuli
programa, magram am programis Secvla SeuZlebelia. samyaros
arsebobis istoria am programis realizaciis istoriaa. amitom is, rac moxdeba milioni wlis Semdeg imTaviTve Cadebulia
da gansazRvrulia samyaros aucileblobiT `daprogramebaSi~.
samyaroSi moqmedebs e.w. dominos koWebis efeqti. milioni
dominos koWi rom daayenoT simaRleze da pirveli biZgiT
waaqcioT, aucileblad memilionec waiqceva. aq ar arsebobs
SemTxveviToba, romelsac movlenebis mkacrad mwyobri svlis
darRveva SeeZleboda. amitom, xdomilebaTa bedi, mkacrad gansazRvrulia dasawyisSive. miTologiaSi bediswera arsebiTi
faqtoria. aq yvelaferi bedisweriTaa gansazRvruli. TviT
RmerTebic bedisweras emorCilebian. heqtorisa da aqilevsis
SerkinebaSi zevsi aSkarad heqtoris mxarezea, magram sakiTxi
bedisweram gadawyvita, Sedegad heqtori marcxdeba. sofokles
`oidi pos mefe~-Si axalSobil oidi poss bedis mwerlebma imdenad saSineli da tragikuli bedi dasweres, romlis aRsruleba ar ineba misma mamam _ mefe laiosma da brZana bavSvis
daRupva. esaa bedisweris winaaRmdeg amxedreba, magram aqedan
araferi ar gamovida da movlenebi mainc zustad ise ganviTarda, rogorc bedis mwerlebma gansazRvres.

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bedisweras uaryofs qristianuli religiac da mecnierebac; religia imis gamo, rom daSvebulia RmerTze ufro
maRla mdgomi da yovlisSemZle movlena, samyaros ganagebs
bedi da ara RmerTi. es religiisaTvis miuRebelia. bediswera
gamoricxavs Tavisuflebas, rac aseve miuRebelia religiisaTvis. rac Seexeba mecnierebas, misTvis miuRebelia fatalizmi ukve misi suliskveTebis gamo. fatalizmi Zirs uTxris
adamianis aqtivobas cxovrebaSi. adamiani mxolod garduvali
momavlis morCili momlodine xdeba. mis aqtivobas araviTari
Sedegi ar mohyveba. mecniereba adamianis aqtivobis gzebis
Ziebaa. amasTanave, mecnierebas ar SeuZlia Tvali daxuWos
SemTxveviTobis faqtiur arsebobaze. saWiro Seiqmna aseTi
faqtebis mecnierulad mowesrigeba. statistikuri kanonebis
aRmoCena, swored SemTxveviTi calkeuli movlenebis statistikurad didi ricxvebis Seswavlam ganapiroba.
manamde ki, SemTxveviTobaze reagirebam azrovnebas meore ukiduresobisaken ubiZga. Cndeba mosazreba, romelic sinamdvileSi mizezobriobis da aucileblobis arsebobas saerTod eWvis qveS ayenebs da gzas uxsnis SemTxveviTobis arsebobas. es Tvalsazrisi Teoriuli formiT Camoayaliba axali
drois ingliselma filosofosma devid hiumma. empiristulsensualisturi motivebiT, igi asabuTebs adamianis mier realur sinamdvileSi aucileblobis arsebobis dafiqsirebis
SeuZleblobas. misi azriT, adamians SeuZlia icodes mxolod
is, rac mgrZnobelobaSi eZleva. mizezobrioba da aucilebloba arasodes mgrZnobelobaSi ar eZleva da, princi pSi, arc
SeiZleba rom eZleodes. amitom maT codniT verasodes miwvdeba. adamians SeuZlia aucileblobis arseboba mxolod sjerodes,
magram es iqneba SiSveli dajereba, rwmena, rac mecnierebisaTvis arafris momcemia da mis arsebobas eWvis qveS ayenebs.
amiT iyo ganpirobebuli hiumis mowodeba daewvaT yvela is
wigni, sadac mecnieruli codnis pretenzia iyo gacxadebuli.
realur sinamdvileSi, aucileblobis uaryofa iseve dauSvebelia, rogorc SemTxveviTobis. es ukanaskneli Tu fatalizmsa
da bedisweras uxsnis gzas, aucileblobis uaryofa qaosis,

anarqiis da voluntarizmis safuZveli xdeba.

arc is Tvalsazrisi ivargebda, romlis Tanaxmad daSvebuli iqneboda rogorc aucileblobis, ise SemTxveviTobis
arseboba, oRond ise, rom isini gadanawilebulni iqnebodnen
sxvadasxva movlenebSi. erTi movlena iqneboda aucilebloba
da mxolod aucilebloba, xolo meore _ SemTxveviToba da
mxolod SemTxveviToba. udavod, realuri sinamdvile gacilebiT
rTuli agebulebisaa, sadac yvelaferi erTimeoreze isea gadajaWvuli, rom maTi arseboba erTmaneTis gareSe SeuZlebelia.
amitom, erTi da igive movlena erTsa da imave dros aucileblobacaa da SemTxveviTobac; aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba
rom ar arsebobs erTimeores gareSe, amis gagebisaTvis, saWiroa
am cnebebis raobaSi CaRrmaveba.
zemoT aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisebis arsebiTi nakli is
aris, rom SemTxveviToba da aucilebloba radikalur dapirispirebaSi ganixileba. isini wminda saxiTaa warmodgenili ise,
rom aucileblobidan gamoricxulia SemTxveviToba, xolo SemTxveviToba mTlianad gawmendilia aucileblobisagan. sinamdvileSi piriqiT, sakiTxis swori gadawyveta moiTxovs, rom
aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis raobis da urTierTobis
problema ganxilul iqnes maT mWidro urTierTkavSirSi.
amasTanave, unda miRebul iqnes azri, rom SemTxveviTi ar niSnavs imas, rasac mizezi ara aqvs. mizezi yvelafers gaaCnia,
aucileblobasac da SemTxveviTobasac. da raki mizezi aucileblobis safuZvelia, amitom aucilebloba arsebobs SemTxveviTobaSic iseve, rogorc SemTxveviTobas adgili aqvs aucileblobaSic. yvelaferi ise unda gadawydes, rom aman ar gamoiwvios aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis arc sruliad
gansxvaveba da arc gaigiveba. unda miRweul iqnes maTi rogorc
gansxvaveba, ise igiveoba. Tanac imgvarad, rom msgavsebac da
gansxvavebac, _ orive mizezobriobaze dayrdnobiT aixsnas.
kidev isaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, rom realuri sagnebisa da
movlenebis arsebobis gareSe, calke, wminda saxiT, arc erTad
aRebuli aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba arsebobs. isini
yovelTvis realuri sagnebisa da movlenebis aucilebloba

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da SemTxveviTobaa. nebismieri movlena da sagani mWidro kavSirebiT CarTulia mTeli sinamdvilis erTian, mTlian qsovilSi ise, rom misgan amovardna da izolirebulad arseboba
ar SeuZlia. angariSi unda gaewios im viTarebasac, rom rac
aucilebelia erTi sagnisaTvis, igi SeiZleba SemTxveviTi iyos
meorisaTvis da piriqiT, rac SemTxveviTia pirvelisaTvis, aucilebelia meorisaTvis. yovelive amis gamo, sagnebisa da movlenebis arseboba mudam orgvari faqtoriTaa gansazRvruli. esaa
maTi arsebobis Sinagani da garegani pirobebi. orive piroba
erTdroulad savaldebuloa. ar SeiZleba saxeze iyos erTi
piroba, meore ar arsebobdes da piriqiT. imisaTvis rom saganma
iarsebos, saamiso pirobebi TviTon masSia. esaa misi arsebobis
Sinagani pirobebi, Sinagani gansazRvruloba, esaa misi TviTgansazRvruloba.
substanciis problemasTan dakavSirebiT mis TviTmizezobriv bunebaze gvqonda msjeloba. substancia mTliani sinamdvilis arsebaa. amitom igi am sinamdvilis TviTmizezobrivi sawyisia. amiT sinamdvile Tavis arsebobis mizezs substanciaSi, anu mis arsebaSi poulobs. realur sinamdvileSi,
saganTa Tvisebrivi simravle, substanciaTa simravlea. is, rasac
sakuTriv substancia ewodeba, monisturi TvalsazrisiT, mTel
samyaroSi erTaderTia, magram es sinamdvile arsebobs saganTa
Tvisebrivi simravlis saxiT. yovel sagans Tavisi arseba aqvs,
rac am sagnis substanciuri sayrdenia. sagnebis Tvisebrivi
simravle substanciebis simravlea, magram es ar auqmebs samyaros substanciis erTaderTobas. saqme is aris, rom mTeli
samyaro agebulia gvar-saxeobiTi urTierTobebis princi piT.
siRrmiseul safuZvelSi erTi uzogadesi gvaria, Tavisi substanciuri arsebiT. Semdeg is iSleba saxeobebad, saxeobebi
kidev saxeobebad da a.S. amgvarad, gvar-saxeobebad iSlebian
arsebebi, anu saganTa substanciebi. amiT sagnis substanciasa
(arsebas) da samyaros substancias (arsebas) Soris SenarCunebulia gvar-saxeobiTi urTierToba. samyarosaTvis substancia
aris misi arseba da misi TviTmizezobrivi safuZveli. aseve,
calkeuli sagnisaTvis misi kuTvnili arseba, anu misi sub-

stancia aris misTvis TviTmizezobrivi safuZveli. amis gamo

sagnis arseba sagnis ZiriTadi da arsebiTi gansazRvrulobaa.
swored igi aqcevs sagans imad, rasac es sagani warmoadgens.
esaa misi arsebobis Sinagani, Zireuli, arsebiTi piroba.
sagnis arsebobis garegan pirobebSi Semdegi ram igulisxmeba: samyaros sagnebisa da movlenebis mTlian qsovilSi konkretuli sagnis CarTulobis gamo, igi ganicdis garegan
zemoqmedebas, rac misi arsebobis ganmsazRvreli faqtori xdeba. magaliTad, yoveli cocxali arseba CarTulia arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi, riTac isini erTimeoreze udides zegavlenas axdenen. amitom, romelime maTganis mTliani saxe gansazRvrulia ara marto misi Sinagani Zireuli faqtorebiT,
aramed im garegani pirobebiTac, romelSic mas uxdeba arseboba. is, rom tyeSi uamrav xe-mcenareebs Soris rcxilis xe
swored rcxilad aRmocenda da gaizarda, _ misi Sinagani
arsebiTi faqtorebiTaa gansazRvruli. am faqtorebis gamo
nebismier pirobebSi rcxila rCeba rcxilad. magram is, Tu
rogor gaizrdeba, rogori sxeuli Camouyalibdeba, rogor garegnul formas miiRebs da ramden xans iarsebebs, _ didadaa
damokidebuli misi arsebobis garegan pirobebze. aq igulisxmeba
temperatura da misi cvalebadobis reJimi, miwis qimiuri Semadgenloba da tenianoba, sxvadasxva siZlieris qarebi, mzis
sinaTlis ganawileba, mis garSemo myof sxva cocxal arsebebTan Tanaarsebobis garkveuli balansi da sxva.
garegani pirobebi sagnebisaTvis araa naklebmniSvnelovani. piriqiT, xSirad isini gadamwyvet zemoqmedebas axdenen
sagnis arsebobaze, magram mainc, aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis TvalsazrisiT, amas princi puli mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
magaliTad sagans raRac emarTeba, masSi raRac xdeba,
rac ganpirobebulia sagnis rogorc Sinagani, Zireuli, arsebiTi faqtorebiT, anu am sagnis TviTmizezobriobiT, ise misTvis
garegani pirobebiT. amitom is, rac sagnis mimarT xdeba, misTvis aucileblobacaa da SemTxveviTobac. aucileblobaa imdenad, ramdenadac es xdomileba ganpirobebulia sagnis Sinagani mizezebiT, TviTmizezobriobiT, xolo SemTxveviTia imde-

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nad, ramdenadac mocemul xdomilebas ganapirobebs sagnisaTvis

garegani mizezebi. cocxali arsebebisaTvis sikvdili aucileblobaa, radgan es misi sicocxlis Sinagani unaria. mxolod cocxals SeuZlia sikvdili. qva, klde, kedeli veranairad ver mokvdeba, radgan es araa maTi Sinagani unari. amitom
aucilebloba mudam sagnis Sinagani arsebiTi TviTmizezobriobiT ganisazRvreba. cocxali arsebisaTvis sikvdili
Signidan modis. igi misi Sinagani arsebiTi `moTxovnilebaa~
da amitom misTvis garduvali aucileblobaa. SemTxveviToba
sagnisaTvis garegani mizezebiT gansazRvrulobaa. sagnisaTvis
garegani mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebi TavisTavad atareben
aucileblobas. aucileblobaa agreTve garegani mizezobriobis zemoqmedeba saganze. magram mainc, es zemoqmedeba sagnisaTvis, swored sagnisaTvis da ara TavisTavad, SemTxveviTia
imitom ki ara, TiTqos masSi aucilebloba ar iyos, aramed
mxolod imitom, rom igi araa sagnis Sinagani arsebiT ganpirobebuli. mas sagani Tavisi Sinagani bunebiT ar iwvevs. is
sagans emarTeba sagnisagan damoukidebeli mizezebiT. gasrolili tyviis moxvedra aucileblobiT iwvevs cocxalis
sikvdils, magram cocxali arsebisaTvis aseTi sikvdili mainc
SemTxveviTia, radgan gamomwvevi mizezi tyvia garedan modis
da ara Signidan. sikvdili organizmisaTvis misia da amitom
misTvis aucileblobaa. tyvia misi araa da amitom misTvis
SemTxveviTobaa. tyviam Sinagani sikvdilis unari aamoqmeda.
tyviiT sikvdili Sinagani aucileblobis (sikvdilis) gamovlenis formaa. amitom SemTxveviToba yovelTvis aucileblobis funqciaa. naTqvamis Sedegad, aucilebloba ase SeiZleba
ganisazRvros, _ sagnisTvis aucileblobaa is, rac ganpirobebulia misi Sinagani, arsebiTi mizezobriobiT, anu misi TviTmizezobriobiT da misganve gamomdinareobs, xolo is, rac sagans emarTeba, magram igi ganpirobebulia ara uSualod sagniT,
aramed garegani mizezobriobiT, sagnisaTvis SemTxveviTia. aqedan
gamomdinare sagnisaTvis SemTxveviTia is, rac uSualod ar
gamomdinareobs misi Sinagani bunebidan.

9. forma da Sinaarsi. wesrigi, mowesrigebuloba,

rogorc mTeli samyaros, ise misi yoveli calkeuli sagnisa
da movlenis arsebobis pirobaa. Zvelma berZnebma mTlian samyaros kosmosi uwodes, rac wesrigs, samyaros rogorc mowesrigebul, organizebul sistemas gulisxmobs. bunebaSi arsebobs wesrigis, mowesrigebis stiqiuri forma, anu adamianis
Carevis gareSe, buneba, Tavisi stiqiuri ZalebiT, SeiZleba ase
vTqvaT, TviTon moiwesrigebs Tavs; TviTon aRwevs garkveul
balanss wonasworobas, uromlisodac mas arseboba ar SeuZlia. wesrigi aucilebelia adamianisTvisac. misi samyaro, anu
kultura adamianis RirebulebebiT mowesrigebuli samyaroa.
calkeul pirovnebasac sWirdeba rogorc mTliani misi cxovrebis, aseve yoveldRiuri saqmianobis organizeba-mowesrigeba. Tundac sarkis win ramdenime wuTiT yofna, misi garegnulobis mowesrigebas emsaxureba. ufro mniSvnelovania adamianisaTvis sakuTari, Sinagani, sulieri samyaros mowesrigeba.
wesrigi, mowesrigeba, organizeba, garkveul formaSi yofnas
gulisxmobs. ama Tu im profesiis adamianebs, gansakuTrebiT
sportsmenebs, xSirad uTqvamT `formaSi ara var!~ cxadia,
mocemul SemTxvevaSi misi garegnuli forma ar igulisxmeba
(Tumca isic garkveuli formaa da masac didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba). adamians raRac saqme aqvs Sesasrulebeli da Tu igi
saamisod `formaSi araa~, e.i. _ yvela saWiro ganzomilebiT
araa saqmis Sesasruleblad organizebuli. amitom formis
sakiTxma imTaviTve mii pyro adamianTa yuradReba. rodesac
piTagora samyaros harmoniulobis Sesaxeb an stoelebi samyaros wesrigis, sistemurobis Sesaxeb msjeloben, aq formis
sakiTxi ganixileba. formis sakiTxma udidesi mniSvneloba
SeiZina aristoteles, xolo gacilebiT gvian, hegelis filosofiaSi. forma udidesi mniSvnelobis mqonea sagnebis arsebobasa da maT rogorobaSi.
formas ori cneba upirispirdeba. erTia formis arqona,
uformoba. logikis enaze amas formis mimarT kontradiqtorul cnebas uwodeben. forma mas mTlianad emijneba. forma
mxolod maSin arsebobs, roca ar arsebobs uformoba. mocemul

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SemTxvevaSi amaze araa msjeloba. msjelobaa imis Sesaxeb, rac

formas upirispirdeba, magram mainc ar SeuZlia formis gareSe
arseboba. esaa Sinaarsis cneba. amitom nebismieri wesrigis,
organizebis, sistemurobis sakiTxi formisa da Sinaarsis
garkveul urTierTobas gulisxmobs.
samyaroSi sagnebisa da movlenebis rogorc raodenobrivi, ise Tvisebrivi simravle konkretuli formebisa da
Sinaarsebis simravleze miuTiTebs. magram Tu maTgan movaxdenT abstrahirebas, miviRebT ori saxis formas da ori saxis
Sinaarss. esenia: garegani da Sinagani forma da Sinaarsi.
garegan formaSi igulisxmeba sagnis garegani mowesrigeba, misi
garegani saxe. Sinaarsze garegani forma SeiZleba veraviTar
gavlenas ver axdens, magaliTad, Wiqa, rogorc wylis garegani
forma, wyalze, rogorc Sinaarsze, raime gavlenas ar axdens,
magram tansacmlis mimarT ase ar iTqmis. jariskacisaTvis
jariskacis forma an fexburTelisaTvis fexburTelis maisuri, maTTvis Rirsebis grZnobis gamaaqtiurebeli faqtoria.
Teatralur xelovnebaSi yofila SemTxveva, roca cnobilma
msaxiobma veranairad ver moaxerxa axali rolis, personaJis
saxeSi Sesvla. xolo roca personaJis epoqis Sesatyvisi sacvlebi Seakerina da Caicva, iolad `Cajda~ mis xasiaTSi. da
saerTod, tansacmeli, rogorc garegani forma, sxva funqciebTan erTad iTavsebs adamianis im saqmisaTvis organizebasac, rac
mocemuli tansacmliT axorcielebs.
Sinaarsis mimarT kidev ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs
Sinagan formas. amaze cota qvemoT. manamde imis Sesaxeb, rom
aseve arCeven garegan da Sinagan Sinaarss. aq igulisxmeba
formisaTvis Sinaarsis garegnuloba da Sinaganoba. Sinaarss,
romelic garegani formis mimarT pasiuria, mas garegan Sinaarss uwodeben. magaliTad, igive Wiqa wyali. wyali, rogorc
Sinaarsi, gulgrilia Wiqis, rogorc garegani formis mimarT.
aseTivea Wiqa wylis mimarT. amitom isini, formisa da Sinaarsis mixedviT, erTimeoris mimarT indiferentulni, da amitom
garegnulni arian. cxadia, adamiani araa gulgrili WurWlis
mimarT, romliTac miirTmevs sasmels: WiqiT, jamiT, yanwiT,

doqiT Tu kidev sxva raRaciT. magram aq mTavari isaa, rom

aRniSnuli sasmisebi pasiuria sasmelis mimarT. e.i. mocemul
SemTxvevaSi formisa da Sinaarsis garegnuloba maTi aqtiurobis dabali doniT, anu sruliad ararsebobiT ganisazRvreba.
sxva viTarebaa Sinagan formasa da Sinaarss Soris, aq erTimeoris mimarT indiferentuloba sruliad gamoricxulia. isini
erTmaneTis saSualebiT arseboben da erTmaneTs ganapirobeben. sagnis Sinagan formasa da Sinaarss am sagnis Sinagan
arsebiTobaSi SevyevarT da es mis Sinagan struqturul gansazRvrulobasTan gvakavSirebs. yoveli sagani Tu movlena
rTulia. igi Sedgeba sxvadasxva elementebis, momentebisa da
procesebisagan, rac sagnis struqturas qmnis. esaa misi Sinaarsi. amitom Sinaarsi ewodeba sagnis Semadgeneli elementebis,
momentebisa da procesebis erTianobas. sagani ver iarsebebs,
Tu misi Semadgeneli elementebi daSlili saxiT iqnebian
warmodgenilni. sagani igeba da arsebobs misi Semadgeneli
Sinaarseuli elementebisa da procesebis garkveuli wesiT
erTimeoresTan mWidro kavSirebis Sedegad. amitom, sagnis Sinagan formas uwodeben misi Sinaarseuli elementebis garkveuli wesiT organizebulobas.
e.i. is, Tu rogori wesiT arian sagnis Semadgeneli
struqturuli elementebi erTimeoresTan dakavSirebulni da
sagnis ra saxis mTlianobas qmnian isini, _ sagnis Sinagani
formaa.
ra urTierTobaa sagnis formasa da Sinaarss Soris?
isini erTimeoris gareSe ar arseboben. Tanac erTimeores
ganapirobeben. magram Tu daismeba sakiTxi maTgan prioriteti
romels unda mieniWos, istoriulad es sakiTxi sxvadasxvanairad
wydeboda. antikur periodSi aristotele, xolo axal droSi
kanti formas aZlevdnen upiratesobas. marqsizmis mixedviT,
maT Soris gadamwyveti mniSvneloba Sinaarss mieca. da mainc,
am kiTxvaze pasuxi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra kuTxiT mivudgebiT mas. Tu sakiTxs davsvamT uSualod formisa da Sinaarsis urTierTobis poziciidan, aq upiratesoba Sinaarss
eniWeba. Sinaarsi gansazRvravs mis formas, Sinaarsi moiTxovs

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misTvis garkveul formas. Sinaarss mxolod garkveul formaSi SeuZlia arseboba. magram Tu sakiTxs davsvamT imis mixedviT, mTliani sagnisaTvis romeli ufro mniSvnelovania, misi
forma Tu Sinaarsi, aq upiratesoba formas eniWeba. Sinagani
forma sagnis kanonia. misi arsebobis wesia. misTvis saganTa
samyaroSi CarTvis mTavari faqtori misi formaa. magaliTad,
sadReisod msoflioSi arseboben demokratiuli da diqtatoruli qveynebi. am qveynebis mTeli msoflios qveynebs Soris
CarTuloba ganisazRvreba swored maTi politikur-socialuri formis TaviseburebiT. amitom mTliani sagnisaTvis, saganTa samyaroSi arsebobis TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT mniSvnelovania misi forma da ara misi Sinaarseuli mocemulobebi. es ar niSnavs formalizmis gamarTlebas. formalizms
adgili aqvs socialur sferoSi. bunebam ar icis formalizmi.
socialur sferoSi formalizmi aris siyalbis Taviseburi
forma. esaa situacia, roca socialur sferoSi raRac movlenam ver miaRwia ganviTarebis sasurvel simaRles, magram garkveuli wreebi dainteresebuli arian xelovnurad mainc Seqmnan
aseTi simaRlis miRwevis STabeWdileba. am mizniT, movlenas
aZleven iseT formas, romelic sruliad ar Seesatyviseba mis
Sinaarss. amitom forma da Sinaarsi moiTxoven urTierTSesatyvisobas. Sinaarss mxolod garkveuli formiT SeuZlia arseboba. aseve forma mxolod garkveuli Sinaarsis forma SeiZleba iyos. sagnis forma da Sinaarsi moiTxoven erTmaneTTan
Sesatyvisobas. Sinaarsi arsebobs da viTardeba manam, sanam
amis SesaZleblobas iZleva misi forma. forma _ Sinaarsis
formaa manam, sanam Sinaarsi arsebiTad inarCunebs Tavis TavTan
igiveobas. roca formasa da Sinaarss Soris Sesatyvisoba irRveva iseT doneze rom maTi Tanaarseboba SeuZlebelia sagani,
mocemuli formiTa da SinaarsiT arsebobas amTavrebs.

10. igiveoba da sxvaoba. igiveoba da sxvaoba uzogadesi filosofiuri wyviladi cnebebia. isini moicaven mTlian
sinamdviles. ar arsebobs am qveynad iseTi ram, romlis arsebo-

ba agebuli ar iyos igiveobisa da sxvaobis faqtorze. samyaros konstruqciuli agebuleba eyrdnoba igiveobisa da sxvaobis moments. samyaro erTia, magram igi iseTi erTia, romelic amasTanave erTianicaa. erTianoba iseTi cnebaa, romelic
Tavis TavSi erTsac gulisxmobs da simravlesac. samyaroSi
simravlis arseboba sxvaobis moments eyrdnoba. iq, sadac ar
arsebobs sxvaoba, SeuZlebelia simravlis arseboba. gamoricxeT samyarodan sxvaoba da misgan gamoiricxeba simravlis arseboba. amiT, xelSi SegrCebaT samyaro, rogorc martivi, atomuri erTi. es kargad wamoCnda antikuri periodis eleelTa
filosofiaSi. xolo samyaros erTianoba, anu misi erTi mTelis saxiT arseboba, SesaZlebelia simravlis wevrebs Soris
igiveobis niadagze. iq sadac simravlis wevrebs Soris ar
arsebobs igiveoba, iq SeuZlebelia simravlis erTianobaSi
arseboba. amoiReT samyaros saganTa simravlidan igiveobis
momenti da amiT igi dakargavs erTianobas, rac qaosis saxiT
warmosdgeba. qaosi ki wminda wylis fiqciaa.
sinamdvilis nebismieri sagani, an movlena garkveuli
niSnebis matarebelia. sagani arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac mas
raRac niSnebi gaaCnia. is, rasac Camoscildeba yovelgvari
niSani, araraobaSi gadadis. ase daemarTa anaqsimandres apeirons.
niSnebi warmoadgenen sagnisaTvis realobis mimniWebel faqtorebs. sinamdvilis sagnebisaTvis niSnebis floba aris safuZveli maTi igiveobisa da sxvaobis. Tu erTi da igive niSani
gaaCnia or, an ramdensame sagans, maSin isini am niSnebiT igiveobrivni arian. xolo Tu garkveuli niSani (niSnebi) aqvs erT
sagans da meores _ aqvs, maSin es ori sagani, am niSnebiT
gansxvavebulni arian. igulisxmeba, rom igiveoba da sxvaoba
sagnebs Soris yovelTvis igeba raRac konkretuli niSnebis
mixedviT. erTi da igive niSani (niSnebi) igiveobis safuZvelicaa da sxvaobac. magaliTad, sicocxlis niSans igiveobaSi
moyavs yvela cocxali arseba. amasTanave, igive niSani cocxal
arsebas gamoyofs da ganasxvavebs yvela aracocxali arsebisagan. garkveuli niSnebiT gansxvavebuli ori sagani SeiZleba
igiveobrivni iyvnen sxva niSnebiT da piriqiT. filosofiaSi

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arsebuli princi pi, romelic gveubneba, _ iseve ar arsebobs

ori absoluturad msgavsi sagani, rogorc ori absoluturad
gansxvavebuli, _ miuTiTebs igiveobisa da sxvaobis sayovelTaobaze. SeuZlebelia samyaroSi moiZebnos ori iseTi sagani, romlebic erTdroulad igiveobriv da sxvaobriv mimarTebaSi ar
iyvnen erTmaneTTan. e.i. sagani nebismier sxva saganTan igiveobaSic imyofeba da sxvaobaSic. gamoricxulia maT Soris
rogorc absoluturi igiveoba, aseve absoluturi sxvaoba. absoluturi igiveobis daSveba sxvaobis absolutur gamoricxvas niSnavs. amas absolutamde mivyavarT. xolo absoluturi
sxvaobis daSveba, igiveobis absolutur gamoricxvas niSnavs.
es fiqciaa. aqedan gamomdinare absoluturobis doneze igiveoba da sxvaoba erTimeores gamoricxaven, xolo relatiurobis doneze, isini erTimeores moiTxoven. zogad-Teoriuli
TvalsazrisiT, sagnisaTvis igiveoba-sxvaobis sakiTxi, mis Tavis
TavTan igiveoba-sxvaobis, anu Tavis TavTan toloba-utolobis sakiTxia. sagnis Tavis TavTan igiveoba misi Tavis TavTan
tolobaa. xolo Tu sagani Seicavs Tavisi Tavis mimarT sxvaobas, es misi Tavis TavTan utolobaze miuTiTebs. sagnis
Tavis TavTan absoluturi igiveoba, misi Tavis TavTan iseTi
absoluturi tolobis mqonea, romelic sruliad gamoricxavs
Tavisi Tavis mimarT sxvaobas. aseTad RmerTi moiazreba. realuri sinamdvilis sagnebis mimarT igiveobisa da sxvaobis
relatiuroba imis maniSnebelia, rom yoveli sagani Tavisi
Tavis tolicaa da arcaa toli. e.i. yoveli sagani Tavis Tavs
udris kidec da arc udris. amaSi gamoixateba igiveobisa da
sxvaobis dialeqtikuri erTianoba.
igiveoba da sxvaoba mWidro kavSirSia iseT wyvilad
cnebebTan (da Taviseburi safuZvelicaa maTi), rogorebicaa _
msgavseba da gansxvaveba; toloba da utoloba; wyveta da uwyvetoba; sasruloba da usasruloba; mdgradoba da cvalebadoba; srulyofileba da arasrulyofileba; Tanac ise, rom igiveoba da sxvaoba erTdroulad safuZvelia CamoTvlili wyviladi cnebebis orive wevrisaTvis. magaliTad, wyvetoba da uwyvetoba. wyvetoba eyrdnoba sxvaobis moments, xolo uwyvetoba

igiveobis moments. magram wyvetoba amasTanave eyrdnoba igiveobis momentsac. iseve rogorc uwyvetoba eyrdnoba sxvaobis
moments. saqme is aris, rom TviT igiveoba ar arsebobs sxvaobis gareSe. igiveoba gansxvavebulTa igiveobaa, aseve sxvaoba
ar arsebobs igiveobis gareSe. gansxvavebulni igiveobrivSi
arian gansxvavebulni. igiveobisa da sxvaobis universalobisa
da sayovelTaobis gamo, ZiriTadad is edeba safuZvlad sagnebisa da movlenebis klasifikacias.
istoriulad igiveobisa da sxvaobis faqtorebi sxvadasxva movlenasTan sxvadasxva mimarTebiT ganixileboda.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi, modiT, es ganvixiloT atomisturi
filosofiis centralur cnebasTan atomTan; monisturi
religiis RmerTTan; filosofiurad gaazrebul mTlian samyarosTan da sinamdvilis calkeul sagnebTan mimarTebaSi.
amasTanave, es ganxilva warimarTeba SigniTobis da gareTobis
poziciidan. yoveli movlena, an sagani struqturis mqonea.
amitom SigniTobaSi igulisxmeba gansaxilveli obieqtis SigniT arsebuli struqturuli elementebis urTierToba igiveobisa da sxvaobis niSniT. gareTobaSis igulisxmeba ganxilvis obieqtis igiveobisa da sxvaobis niSniT urTierToba mis
gareT arsebuli sxva sagnebisa da movlenebis mimarT. atomistur filosofiaSi atomi umciresi ganuyofeli mTelia. misi
gayofa SeuZlebelia imis gamo, rom igi Tavis TavSi erTgvarovnebaa, anu igi araa struqturis mqone, ar Seicavs gansxvavebul nawilebs, e.i. ar Seicavs sxvaobas. amitom igi martivi
erTia.
atomi Tavis TavTan mimarTebaSi srul igiveobaSia. igi
absoluturad tolia Tavisi Tavis. e.i. SigniTobis niSniT
atomSi sxvaoba absoluturad gamoricxulia, xolo igiveoba
absoluturobis simaRlezea ayvanili. gareTobis poziciidan,
atomisturi filosofia uSvebs atomebis simravles. uSvebs
agreTve, atomebiT agebuli samyaros mTlianobas. atomTa simravlis daSveba SesaZlebelia sxvaobis daSvebis pirobebSi.
gansxvavebuli atomebiT samyaros mTlianobis ageba maSinaa
SesaZlebeli, roca maT Soris daSvebulia igiveoba. es niSnavs,

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rom igi aRiarebs da eyrdnoba atomebs Soris rogorc sxvaobas (aqedan Rebulobs atomTa simravles), ise maT Soris
igiveobas (es atomebiT nagebi samyaros mTlianobis safuZvelia).
gansxvavebuli viTarebaa monoTeisturi RmerTis mimarT. qristianul religiaSi RmerTis samebis saxiT arseboba ar
niSnavs SigniTobis niSniT masSi simravlis arsebobas. amas
xazs usvams misi erTarsebad yofna. qristianuli RmerTis siwmindes sxvadasxva gageba aqvs. erT-erTi arsebiTi gagebaa isaa,
rom misi siwminde misi simartivea anu misi atomurobaa. monoTeisturi RmerTi, SigniTobis poziciidan atomisturi filosofiis
atomis igiveobrivia. isic daunawevrebeli iseTi erTia, romelic Tavis TavSi ar Seicavs sxvaobas. igi Tavis TavTan absoluturi igiveobaa. es ki mis unaklobas niSnavs. naklis arsebobis
safuZveli sxvaobaa. RmerTidan sxvaobis gamoricxva misgan naklis gamoricxvaa. toloba da utoloba igiveobasa da sxvaobasTanaa kavSirSi. RmerTis Tavis TavTan absoluturi toloba
misgan utolobis gamoricxvaa. tolobis safuZveli igiveobaa.
amitom RmerTis Tavis TavTan absoluturi toloba, misi Tavis
TavTan absoluturi igiveobaa. SigniTobis TvalsazrisiT atomsa da RmerTs Soris Tu arsebobs garkveuli paraleli, igi
maT Soris sruliad gamoricxulia gareTobis TvalsazrisiT.
atomi `gareTis~ gareSe ver iarsebebs. RmerTs aseTi `gareTi~
saerTod ar gaaCnia. misTvis gareT, rogorc aseTi, saerTod ar
arsebobs. aq yvelaferi SigniTobis princi piT wydeba. yvelaferi RmerTSia. `gareTi~ arsebobs iq, sadac arsebobs zRvari. xolo zRvaris arseboba sxvaobis arsebobis pirobebSia
SesaZlebeli. monoTeisturi RmerTi usasrulo arsebaa. mas ar
gaaCnia sxvaobiT gamowveuli zRvari. misTvis `sxva~ saerTod
ar arsebobs. amitom misTvis gareTobasa da SigniTobas Soris
zRvari iSleba (aq zRvaris daSveba sxvaobis daSveba iqneboda.
sxvaoba ki mis naklovanebaze miTiTebaa, rac unda gamoiricxos).
Tumca es ar iTqmis miTologiuri RmerTebis mimarT, romlebic
ar gamoirCevian siwmindiT arc SigniTobis da arc gareTobis
TvalsazrisiT.

rac Seexeba igiveobis da sxvaobis mimarTebas mTlian

samyarosTan, aqac arsebiTad gansxvavebuli viTarebaa. gareTobis TvalsazrisiT, samyaros veraferi udebs sasrulobis zRvars. arc samyaros aqvs `gareTi~. samyarosaTvis `gareTis~
daSveba samyaroTa simravlis daSveba iqneboda, rac arsebobisaTvis sxvaobas moiTxovs. samyaros usasruloba misi erTaderTobis ganmsazRvrelia. amitom samyaro Tavis TavTan srul
igiveobaSia. e.i. gareTobis TvalsazrisiT samyaro sruliad
igiveobrivia Tavis TavTan, rac gamoricxavs masSi sxvaobas.
magram, samyaro iseTi erTaderTia, romelic amasTanave Tavis
TavSi erTianicaa. sakiTxis ase dasmas sakiTxis SigniTobaSi
SevyavarT. samyaro Tavis TavSi Seicavs simravlesac da am
simravlis erTianobasac. simravlis safuZveli sxvaobaa, xolo
simravlis erTianobaSi arsebobis safuZvelia igiveoba. e.i.
samyaro Tavis TavSi igiveobasac flobs da sxvaobasac. mTeli
samyaros konstruqciuli agebulebis safuZveli igiveoba da
sxvaobaa. oRond samyaros SigniT arc igiveoba da arc sxvaoba
ar aris aRebuli absoluturobis doneze. igiveobas sazRvravs
sxvaoba, xolo sxvaobas zRvars igiveoba udebs. e.i. gareTobis
poziciidan Tu masSi gamoricxulia sxvaoba, igi aucilebelia
SigniTobis poziciidan. amasTanave, samyaros SigniT saganTa
simravlis erTianobaSi arseboba mianiSnebs sxvaobasTan erTad igiveobis aucileblobaze.
igiveoba da sxvaoba aucilebeli gansazRvrulobaa
yoveli simravlis erTeuli sagnebisTvisac. erTeulis saxiT
arsebuli sagani SeuZlebelia iyos erTeuli da erTdroulad
ar flobdes rogorc igiveobas, ise sxvaobas. sagani erTeuli
da calkeulia imdenad, ramdenadac igi gamocalkevebulia sxva
sagnebisagan. gamocalkeveba zRvaris dadebaa masa da sagnebs
Soris. zRvari igiveobisa da sxvaobis zRvaria. zRvari Seicavs igiveobas, ramdenadac igi orive mxaris igiveobrivi zRvaria. amasTanave zRvari ors gayris erTmaneTisagan _ sxvadasxva mxareebad. amitom igi igiveobasTan erTad sxvaobis
momentis Semcvelicaa. igiveobis da sxvaobis Semcvelia ara
marto zRvari, TiToeuli erTeuli saganic. sagani imdenadaa

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mocemuli sagani, ramdenadac igi araa sxva sagani. igi aris

TviTon. sagnis Tavis TavTan toloba Tavis `TviTonobaa~.
magram sagani TviTon ver iqneba, Tu igi ar flobs sxva sagnebisagan sxvaobas. amasTanave, erTeuli sagani sxvaobas flobs
ara marto sxva sagnebis mimarT, aramed Tavisi Tavis mimarTac.
amaSi gamoixateba misi sasruloba.
Tu msjelobis sagnad vaqcevT adamians, rogorc sinamdvilis garkveul fenomens, igiveobas da sxvaobas, erTdroulad,
masSic aRmovaCenT. adamianSi erTdroulad mocemulia arsi da
jerarsi. arsi aris is, rac aris. Tavisi RirsebebiTa da naklovanebebiT. jerarsi aris is, rac unda iyos. adamianis cxovreba (misi aRzrda) esaa moZraoba arsidan jerarsisaken.
praqtikulad, es niSnavs adamianis sasrulobas. misi sasruloba misi arasrulyofilebaa. igi araa is, rac unda iyos. aRzrda
misi arasrulyofilebis, misi naklovanebebis daZlevis gzaa
da moZraobaa srulyofilebisaken da jerarsisaken. anu unda
gaxdes is, rac unda iyos. adamianis arasrulyofileba misi
Tavisagan gansxvavebulobaa. xolo srulyofilebisa da jerarsisaken moZraoba esaa moZraoba Tavis TavTan igiveobisaken.
xolo is garemoeba, rom adamiani verasodes miaRwevs absolutur srulyofilebas, imaze miuTiTebs, rom Tavis Tavidan verasodes amowuravs Tavis Tavisagan gansxvavebulobas. ver miaRwevs Tavis TavTan absolutur igiveobas. maSin ratimRa miiswrafis igi absoluturi srulyofilebisaken? (religiur
enaze es kiTxva aseTi iqneba, _ ratom miiswrafis igi RmerTisaken?) Turme imitom, rom misi namdvili adamianuri yofiereba
mxolod am gzaze dausrulebel moZraobaSia. aq mizezi da
mizani erTimeores emTxvevian. dabolos, samyaros saganTa urTierTobac igeba igiveobisa da sxvaobis princi pze dayrdnobiT. saganTa simravlem samyaros harmoniuli mTlianoba unda
Seqmnas. samyaros mTlianobisaTvis sagnebs Soris kavSirebia
saWiro. zogadad, kavSiri gansxvavebulebs Soris igiveobis
dadgenaa. e.i. kavSiri mxareebs Soris kavSiria. mxareebis arseboba maT Soris sxvaobis arsebobaa, magram kavSiris gansxvavebuli mxareebis dakavSirebas niSnavs. es ki SesaZlebelia maT

Soris igiveobis momentis arsebobiT. kanoni kavSiris specifikuri formaa. sadac kavSiri ar arsebobs, iq gamoricxulia
kanonis arseboba. iq, sadac adgili ara aqvs igiveoba-sxvaobis
erTianobas, gamoricxulia kanonis arseboba. kanoni ver iarsebebs wminda saxiT aRebuli mxolod igiveobis da mxolod
sxvaobis pirobebSic. pirveli absolutia, romelic yovelgvari kanonis miRma dgas, meore qaosia, romelic praqtikulad
arc arsebobs. is, rom kanoni kavSiris specifikuri formaa,
niSnavs imas, rom kanonis igiveoba-sxvaobis niadagze iqmneba.
kanonma, rogorc kavSiris formam, gansxvavebul saganTa simravle, igiveobis meSveobiT, mTlianobaSi unda moiyvanos. Semecnebac kavSiris specifikuri formaa. Semecnebis SesaZleblobisTvis, misTvisac savaldebuloa igiveobisa da sxvaobis faqtorebi. gnoseologiuri problemebis ganxilvis procesSi
vnaxavT, ra didi siZneleebis winaSe ayenebda Semecnebas subieqtsa da obieqts Soris igiveobisa da sxvaobis momentebis
gadauwyvetloba. mWidro kavSiria TviT igiveobasa da sxvaobas
Soris. isini erTmaneTis gareSe ar arseboben. igiveoba
yovelTvis gansxvavebulTa igiveobaa, xolo sxvaoba _ igiveobis niadagzea sxvaoba. amitom sxvaoba igiveTa sxvaobaa. iseTi
igiveoba, romelic sruliad gamoricxavs sxvaobas, absoluturobis simaRleze adis. aseTad mxolod RmerTi moiazreba. xolo
sxvaoba, romelic sruliad gamoricxavs igiveobas, wminda fiqciad iqceva. es qaosia, romelic mxolod fiqciaa. absoluturi
TvalsazrisiT misi realuri arseboba SeuZlebelia.

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Tavi V. gnoseologiuri problemebi

filosofiaSi

warmoeba _ codnis raobaSi garkvevas. amitom Semecnebisa da

codnis raobaSi garkveva adamianis mecnierul-filosofiuri
saqmianobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa.

1. bunebis da adamianis kanonebis harmonizacia. realur sinamdvileSi, romelSic cxovreba uxdeba adamians, arsebobs da adamianis nebisagan damoukideblad moqmedebs
obieqturi kanonebi, rasac adamianze zemoqmedebis kolosaluri Zala gaaCnia. Tavis mxriv, TviTon adamiansac aqvs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli adamianuri kanonebi, rac adamianis arsebas
qmnis. adamianis realur sinamdvileSi cxovreba mTeli simkacriT
ayenebs sakiTxs realur sinamdvileSi arsebuli kanonebisa da
sakuTriv adamianis specifikuri kanonebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb.
isini sruliad sxvadasxvagvari kanonebia, ris gamoc maTma
mouwesrigebelma Tanaarsebobam SeiZleba adamianis mimarT mZime
Sedegebi gamoiwvios. am kanonebis mowesrigebis mizniT dauSvebelia, erTis mxriv, maTi harmonizacia moxdes adamianuri
kanonebis sruli CaxSobis gziT, _ es adamianis TviTganadgureba iqneboda, xolo meore mxriv, miRebelia isic, rom adamiani mTlianad Caiketos sakuTar Tavis TavSi da moindomos
sinamdvilis kanonebis sruli ignorireba. aseT SemTxvevaSi
aRniSnuli kanonebi dausjels ar datovebs adamians. sasjeli
ki SeiZleba misi fizikuri ganadgurebac iyos. gamodis, rom
saZiebelia sinamdvilisa da adamianis adamianobis kanonTa
harmonizaciis iseTi gza, roca arc sinamdvilis kanonebi Seewirebian adamianur kanonebs da arc adamianuri kanonebi _
realuri sinamdvilis kanonebs. piriqiT, maT Soris moxdeba
iseTi TanxmobiTi arseboba, ris Sedegadac, erTi mxriv, adamiani izrunebs realur sinamdvileze, xolo meore mxriv, moxdeba ise, rom realuri sinamdvile adamianis winaSe warmosdgeba
ara damsjelis, aramed keTilganwyobili partnioris rolSi.
amisaTvis adamians sWirdeba SemecnebiTi moRvaweoba. kanonebis harmonizacia SesaZlebelia moxdes mxolod amis codnis
safuZvelze. es viTareba adamianisaTvis codnis aucileblobaze miuTiTebs. Tavis mxriv, SemecnebiTi moRvaweobis warmoeba TviTon Semecnebis raobaSi garkvevas moiTxovs; codnis

2. gnoseologiis anu Semecnebis Teoriis raoba. ar arsebobs usagno codna. codna yovelTvis raRacis
codnaa. amitom, zogadad, codna aris cnobierebaSi enis saSualebiT sagnis arsebis idealuri gamoxatuleba. ganasxvaveben
aramecnierul da mecnierul codnas. aramecnierul codnas
miekuTvneba yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT, egreT
wodebul saR azrovnebaze dayrdnobiT miRebuli codna. agreTve
iseTi codna, romelic miRebulia upirobo rwmenis niadagze,
mecnieruli meTodebisa da argumentacia-dasabuTebis gareSe.
masSi ZiriTadad igulisxmeba miTologiuri da religiuri
codna.
adamianis cxovrebaSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba mecnierul codnas aqvs. esaa iseTi codna, romelic miiReba kritikul azrovnebaze dayrdnobiT, mecnieruli meTodebiTa da
argumentaciiT dasabuTebadia, gamoxatavs sagnis arsebas, aucileblobas da zogadobas; gamoiTqmeba mecnieruli terminebiT,
cnebebiT, kategoriebiT, msjelobebiT, romlebic koherentulobis principiT sistemur mTlianobas qmnian; xasiaTdeba obieqturobiT, gameorebadobiT da Semowmebadia.
procesi, romlis Sedegadac miiReba mecnieruli codna,
mecnieruli Semecnebis procesia. xolo erTian mwyobr moZRvrebas mecnieruli Semecnebis Sesaxeb _ Semecnebis Teoria ewodeba.
sxvanairad mas gnoseologias anu codnis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas
uwodeben (Zv. berZnul enaze _ `gnosis~ niSnavs codnas, `logos~ _ moZRvrebas).
gnoseologiis (Semecnebis Teoriis) ZiriTadi mizania
ara romelime konkretuli sagnis Sesaxeb codnis dadgena,
aramed TviTon codnis Sesaxeb codnis dadgena. codna codnis
Sesaxeb, e.i. gnoseologiaSi kvlevis sagani TviTon codnaa,
oRond ara nebismieri codnis, aramed sakiTxi saxeldobr mx-

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olod mecnieruli codnis raobas exeba. ra aris mecnieruli codna da rogoraa igi SesaZlebeli? rogor da ra gziT
yalibdeba amgvari codna. ra gansazRvravs mecnierul codnas,
_ adamianisagan damoukideblad arsebuli sinamdvile, Tu adamianis Sinagani sulieri samyaro? SeuZlia Tu ara adamianis
cnobierebas misgan damoukideblad arsebuli sinamdvilis
mecnierul codnaSi ise gamoxatva, rom misi WeSmaritebis mimarT eWvi ar Cndebodes? mecnierul codnaSi realuri sinamdvilea obieqturad mocemuli Tu am sinamdvilis mxolod adamianuri subieqturi gancda? Semecnebis ganxorcielebisaTvis
ra Tvisebebisa unda iyos Semecnebis sagani (obieqti) Semmecnebeli subieqti da ra kavSirSi unda iyvnen isini erTimeoris
mimarT? rogoria Semecnebis meqanizmi? ra aris WeSmariteba,
rogorc Semecnebis rezultati, ra aris mcdaroba da ra aris
maTi kriteriumi? ai ZiriTadi kiTxvebi, romelTa garSemoc
igeba gnoseologia.

3. Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problema . Semecnebis Teoria sakiTxTa or did jgufs moicavs: pirveli, _
romelic SemecnebiTi procesis geneziss, Semecnebis procesualur dinebas, mis safexurebad gaSlas Seiswavlis; meore, _
romelic ikvlevs Semecnebis logikur SesaZleblobas. igi
mowodebulia Semecnebis logikuri dafuZnebisaTvis. sakiTxTa pirveli jgufi gvixsnis Semecnebas; meore gvisabuTebs mas.
sakiTxTa pirvel jgufs xSirad Semecnebis (codnis) fsiqologias uwodeben; meores _ Semecnebis filosofias. qarTveli
filosofosi sergi danelia pirvels uwodebs Semecnebis fizikas, Tumca misive azriT, Semecnebis fsiqologia da Semecnebis
fizika erTi da igivea, radgan mocemul SemTxvevaSi Semecneba
ganixileba sinamdvilis rigiT movlenad da mas imave midgomiT ganixilaven rogorc fizikaSi romelime rigiTi sagnis
Seswavlis dros. s. danelias azriT, ingliseli filosofosis j. lokis moZRvreba aris Semecnebis Taviseburi fizika,
raki lokisaTvis bunebis movlenebisadmi da Semecnebisadmi

midgomis wesSi araviTari sxvaoba ar arsebobs. Tu fizikis

umTavresi mizania bunebis movlenaTa gamomwvevi mizezebis
garkveva, igive mizani aqvs loksac Semecnebis mimarT. lokisaTvis Semecneba aris bunebis rigiTi movlena da Tavis filosofias miznad usaxavs am movlenis gamomwvevi mizezebis gamokvlevas.
germaneli filosofosis imanuil kantis azriT, sakiTxTa pirveli jgufi es aris guid facti-s sakiTxi; xolo meore
guid jurus-isa. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi Semecneba, rogorc movlena, sasamarTlos winaSea warmdgari. mas arsebobis uflebaSi edavebian. amitom Semecnebam mis winaSe dasmul mamxilebel
kritikul kiTxvebze unda upasuxos, rogorme unda daasabuTos
Tavisi arsebobobis samarTlianoba, unda cxadyos misi, rogorc
faqtis aucilebloba. frankfurtis filosofiuri skolis
warmomadgeneli iurgen habermasi Tavis wignSi `Semecneba da
interesi~ am garemoebis Sesaxeb wers _ axali drois filosofiuri diskusiis sasamarTlo mosmenis saxiT rekonstruqcia
rom mogvendomebina, is erTaderTi kiTxvis gadasaWrelad iqnebodamowveuli_rogoraaSesaZlebelisaimedoSemecnebao?
guid facti-is SemTxvevaSi ki Semecneba pirveladi faqtia. misi
rogorc faqtis realoba raime wanamZRvars ar moiTxovs. igi
TviTonaa pirveladi, amosavali punqti. aq Semecnebas gamarTleba-dasabuTeba ki ara, aramed rogorc realur faqts, gaanalizeba da Seswavla sWirdeba.
Semecnebis ZiriTadi elementebia: Semecnebis obieqti,
romelic Seswavlis sagania; Semecnebis subieqti (maZiebeli
goneba), romelic obieqtis Sesaxeb svams eWviT aRZrul kiTxvebs da eZebs maTze obieqtur pasuxs; SemecnebiTi kavSiri
Semecnebis obieqtsa da subieqts Soris. Semecneba, Tundac igi
intuitivizmis niadagze iyos gaazrebuli, mainc gulisxmobs
subieqtsa da obieqts Soris SemecnebiTi kavSiris arsebobas.
amitom, Semecneba ar arsebobs subieqtisa da obieqtis dapirispirebis gareSe. Semecnebis procesSi subieqti unda daukavSirdes misgan gansxvavebul instancias _ obieqts da azrSi
gamoxatos obieqturad. Semecnebis SesaZleblobebis problema

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swored aq ikveTeba. rogoraa es SesaZlebeli? _ obieqti subieqtis gareT myofi, misgan damoukidebeli obieqturi sagania.
amas filosofiaSi transcendenturobas uwodeben. e.i. obieqti
subieqtis mimarT transcendenturi instanciaa. subieqti Tavis
subieqturobis CarCoebSia momwyvdeuli. es filosofiis enaze
imanenturobas niSnavs. e.i. subieqti Tavis imanentur samyaroSia CaZiruli. es niSnavs, rom subieqtsa da obieqts Soris, anu
transcendentur da imanentur sferoebs Soris absoluturi
sxvaobis mqone ufskruli Zevs. SemecnebiTi kavSirisaTvis am
ufskrulis gadalaxvaa saWiro. aseTi gadalaxvis iniciativa
subieqts evaleba. magram subieqts ar SeuZlia gaarRvios Tavisi subieqturobiTi SeboWiloba, Tavisi imanenturi sfero. anu
realur sinamdviles igi yovelTvis Tavisi subieqturobis
TvaliT umzers. arasodes SeuZlia mas miswvdes obieqturi
xedvis saSualebiT imitom, rom mas obieqturad xedvis fiziologiuri unarebi saerTod ar gaaCnia. igi yovelTvis gare
sinamdvileSi subieqturobidan icqireba. subieqtis obieqtur
sinamdvilesTan, anu imanenturis transcendenturTan damakavSirebeli erTaderTi saSulebaa subieqtis garegani mgrZnobeloba (mxedveloba, smena, ynosva, Sexeba da dagemovneba). isaa
obieqtidan subieqtSi momdinare yvela informaciis erTaderTi gamtari. dauxSeT adamians yvela grZnobis organo da
informaciulad gare sinamdvilisagan absoluturad mowyvetili
aRmoCndeba. aq ibadeba kritikuli kiTxva, _ mgrZnobeloba
subieqts awvdis ki raime obieqtur informacias? anu, mgrZnobelobiT danaxuli gare sinamdvile marTlac iseTia, rogorc
igi TavisTavad arsebobs? adamians wiTeli saTvale gare sinamdviles wiTel ferebSi aCvenebs. Tumca, viciT, rom TavisTavad aRebuli sinamdvile aseTi wiTeli araa. e.i. wiTeli
saTvale adamians saSualebas ar aZlevs sinamdvile mis bunebriv ferebSi dainaxos. aq Cndeba axali kiTxva _ iqneb adamianis Tvalic, iseve, rogorc grZnobis sxva organoebi, iseTi
Taviseburi `wiTeli saTvalea~, romelic saSualebas ar aZlevs
sinamdvile ise dainaxos, rogoric isaa TavisTavad. rom misi
saSualebiT sinamdviles xedavs sul sxvanairad. Semecnebis

SesaZleblobis dasabuTeba moiTxovs imis dadgenas, _ SeuZlia

Tu ara adamians SemecnebiT moRvaweobaSi Tavisi subieqturoba daZlios da sinamdvilis obieqturobiT danaxva daadasturos. Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problema igive mecnieruli codnis, WeSmaritebis, da bolos, TviT mecnierebis SesaZleblobis sakiTxia.

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4. skepticizmi, agnosticizmi da SemecnebiTi

optimizmi. Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problemis dadebiTad, an uaryofiTad gadawyveta gnoseologiaSi warmoSobs or
sapirispiro filosofiur pozicias: skepticisturs da SemecnebiT optimisturs. skepticizmi mecnieruli Semecnebis, mecnieruli codnis, obieqturi WeSmaritebis SesaZleblobisadmi
undoblobaa. esaa Semecnebis SesaZleblobisadmi eWvi, oRond
ara is eWvi, romelic nebismier mecnierul kvlevas win uZRvis
da misi safuZvelia, aramed esaa kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli
eWvi, anu kvlevis uaryofiTi SedegiT dasruleba; darwmuneba
imaSi, rom mecnierul kvlevas arasodes ar mivyavarT obieqtur
WeSmaritebamde. kiTxvaze _ SesaZlebelia Tu ara mecnieruli
codna, WeSmariteba, skeptikosi pasuxobs _ ar vici! istoria
gvamcnobs, rodesac antikuri saberZneTis erT-erTi skeptikosi
_ pironi gardacvlila, misi saflavis qvaze epitafiad wauweriaT _ `mokvdi Sen piron~? amas mosdevs pasuxi _ `ar vici~.
SeuZlebelia am kiTxvaze dadebiTi an uaryofiTi pasuxis
gacema. me sinamdviles, ai ase, Cemeburad vxedav da aRviqvam,
magram princi pulad ar SemiZlia davasabuTo, _ Cemi amgvari
xedva WeSmaritia Tu mcdari; Seesatyviseba Tu ara igi TavisTavad
arsebul sinamdviles. me vici CemiT danaxuli sinamdvile,
magram ar vici da arc SeiZleba vicode es sinamdvile rogoria TavisTavad. e.i. SesaZlebelia Tu ara mecnieruli Semecneba? skepticizmi am kiTxvaze gadaWriT verc `hos~ pasuxobs
da verc `aras~.
skepticizmis ukidures saxeobas warmoadgens agnosticizmi. (agnosticizmi _ a _ uarmyofeli winsarTi, gnosos _

codna. anu mecnieruli codnis SesaZleblobis uarmyofeli

Tvalsazrisi). misTvis Semecnebis SesaZleblobis sakiTxi
ukve princi pulad garkveulia. igi aRniSnul kiTxvaze kategoriuli `ara~-Ti pasuxobs. aseTi Semecneba SeuZlebelia.
Zveli berZeni sofistebis filosofia skepticizmis pirvel
saxeobas warmoadgens. mogvianebiT, imave berZnul filosofiaSi gaCnda axali skeptikuri skola, romlis mTavari warmomadgenlebi iyvnen: pironi, enezideme, karneadi, agri pa da sxv.
axal droSi skepticizmis klasikuri magaliTi iyo d. hiumis
filosofia. SegrZnebebis informaciuli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb skeptikosebi aSkarad uaryofiTad pasuxobdnen. berZeni
sofistis protagoras debuleba _ adamiani aris sazomi yvela saganTa, niSnavda imas, rom sagnebze gamoTqmuli azrebi
yovelTvis adamianis subieqturi motivebiT aris ganpirobebuli da ara TviT sagnebis obieqturobiT, rom es azrebi
subieqtis Sinagani ganwyobis demonstrirebaa da ara saganTa
raobis. amitom yvela adamians sinamdvilis gancda aqvs da
ara misi codna. codna yvelasaTvis savaldebuli WeSmaritebis flobas niSnavs. grZnobad mocemulobaze dayrdnobiT
aseTi WeSmariteba dausabuTebadia. enezideme specialur argumentebs _ `torpebs~ qmnida, rac ZiriTadad SegrZnebebis
informaciuli Rirebulebis uaryofis dasabuTebas warmoadgens.
axal droSi d. hiumma saganTa mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierToba gaixada kvlevis sagnad. Sedegad miiRo, rom mgrZnobelobaSi (gamocdilebaSi) ar gveZleva saganTa mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebi. es niSnavs, rom ar gveZleva aucilebloba.
adamiani xedavs liTonis naWers, xedavs cecxls, xedavs liTonis
cecxlSi Cadebas, da bolos, igi xedavs liTonis gafarToebas.
magram igi ver xedavs da princi pSi arc SeuZlia mgrZnobelobiT dainaxos is aucilebloba, riTac moxda liTonis gafarToeba. aucileblobis wvdomis gareSe ki codna ar SeiZleba
CaiTvalos mecnierul codnad.
Semecnebis optimistur poziciaze myofi filosofiuri
Teoriebi `hosa~ da `aras~ zemoT miTiTebuli pasuxebidan

princi pulad `hos~ pozicias irCeven. isini aRiareben subieqtis mier misgan damoukidebeli sinamdvilis Semecnebis princi pul SesaZleblobas. Tumca erTia aseTi SesaZleblobis
sityvieri aRiareba, meorea misi dasabuTeba. rigma filosofiurma Teoriebma, sityvierad rom aRiarebdnen Semecnebis SesaZleblobas, amis bolomde dasabuTeba ver SesZles.
kritikul azrovnebaze dayrdnobiT Semecnebis SesaZleblobis dasabuTebis pirveli muxti Zveli berZeni filosofosidan _ sokratedan wamovida. misi damsaxureba am saqmeSi
isaa, rom man SeimuSava erTi SexedviT martivi argumenti, romelic
filosofiur azrovnebas, mTeli Semdgomi ganviTarebis gzaze,
mtkice sayrdenad gamoadgeba. esaa WeSmaritebis uaryofis SeuZleblobis argumenti. misi mtkicebiT, WeSmaritebis uaryofa
SeuZlebelia, radgan WeSmaritebis rogorc uarmyofeli debuleba, ise am uaryofis Sedegad miRebuli daskvna WeSmariti
unda iyos. sxvanairad uaryofas azri ar eqneba. es ki WeSmaritebas adasturebs da ara uaryofs. WeSmaritebis uaryofis
SeuZlebloba SemecnebiTi optimizmis safuZvelia. SemecnebiTi optimizmis ganzraxviT Camoyalibdnen iseTi filosofiuri Teoriebi, rogorebicaa: materialisturi empirizmi, racionalizmi, kantis filosofia, dialeqtikuri materializmi da
sxv.

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5. socialur-RirebulebiTi faqtori da Semecnebis SesaZlebloba. Semecneba praqtikul-sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi xorcieldeba da TviTonac socialur-praqtikuli movlenaa. Semecneba wminda gnoseologiuri formiT
bunebaSi ar arsebobs. igi, aseTad danaxuli mxolod abstraqciaSi, anu TeoriaSia. yvelaferi, rac praqtikul SemecnebaSi Semodis socialur RirebulebaTa niSniT formdeba.
SemecnebaSi airekleba socialuri dakveTebi, idealebi, imperativebi. adamianis (subieqtis) sulieri simdidre didad
aris damokidebuli mis realur socialur urTierTobaTa
simdidreze.

SemecnebaSi gnoseologiuri subieqti moRvaweobs. igi

valdebulia gaTavisufldes yovelgvari piradi emociebisagan,
Sefasebebisagan, interesebisagan da Seecados obieqturobis
formiT daadginos saqmis faqtiuri viTareba. miukerZoeblad
upasuxos kiTxvaze _ ra aris sagani?
realur cxovrebaSi agreTve arsebobs aqsiologiuri
subieqti. misi damokidebuleba obieqtisadmi, piriqiT, SefasebiTia. mas igi moswons an ar moswons. SemecnebaSi sagnis
mimarT Tu dgindeba WeSmariteba an mcdaroba, SefasebiT aqtSi
sagani iRebs `kargis~ an `cudis~ Sefasebas. WeSmariteba da
mcdaroba mudam ar emTxveva sagnis mimarT `kargis~ an `cudis~
Sefasebas. is, rac WeSmaritia, _ SeiZleba sulac ar iyos kargi
da piriqiT. gnoseologiuri da aqsiologiiuri subieqtebi
sxvadasxva pirovnebebSi ki ar arian gadanawilebulni, aramed
isini erTsa da imave adamianSia. erTi da igive adamiani, erTdroulad, garkveuli sagnis mimarT gnoseologiuri subieqticaa da aqsiologiuric. igi sagans Seimecnebs kidec da afasebs
kidec. aq dgeba kiTxva _ erT konkretul adamianSi rogoria am
ori subieqtis urTierToba? xom araa maT Soris garkveuli
konfliqti, urTierTzegavlena da am gziT xom ara aqvs adgili, erTgvarad, gnoseologiis aqsiologizacias an aqsiologiis
gnoseologizacias?ufrokonkretulad_gnoseologiuri
subieqti, romlis arseba imaSia, rom Semecnebis procesSi absoluturad Tavisufali unda iyos raime subieqturi dainteresebulobisagan, WeSmaritebis Ziebis procesSi xom ar ganicdis
aqsiologiuri subieqtis mxridan garkveul `zewolas~? saqme
is aris, rom gnoseologiuri subieqti valdebulia yovelgvari subieqturi interesebisagan gaTavisuflebis gziT, sinamdviles obieqturi TvaliT Sexedos. aqsiologiuri subieqtis xedva ki swored interesebis poziciidan xorcieldeba.
orive subieqti `zis~ erTsa da imave adamianSi. amitom, sinamdvilesTan SemecnebiTi mimarTebis dros, SeuZlia Tu ara
gnoseologiur subieqts (adamians) absoluturad gaTavisufldes SefasebiTi mimarTebisagan? Semecnebis SesaZleblobis
dasabuTebaSi es sakiTxi imave princi puli mniSvnelobisaa,

rogorc grZnobadi monacemebisadmi ndobis sakiTxi. misi dadebiTad gadawyveta SemecnebiTi optimizmis mauwyebeli iqneba.
xolo uaryofiTi gadawyveta Taviseburi agnosticizmi.

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6. SemecnebaSi mocemadobis problema. Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problema kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa. igi mravali sakiTxis gadawyvetas moiTxovs. SemecnebaSi socialurRirebulebiTi faqtorebis gaazrebac am Temis erT-erTi aqtualuri sakiTxia. aseve mniSvnelovani sakiTxia SemecnebaSi
mocemadobis problemis ganxilva. igi, rogorRac, Semecnebis
SesaZleblobis problemis ufro konkretuli saxiT warmodgenaa.
Semecnebis procesSi pirispir dgas ori mxare: _ subieqti (Semmecnebeli adamiani), Tavisi imanenturi samyaroTi da
obieqti (Sesamecnebeli sagani), rogorc subieqtisagan damoukidebeli, TavisTavad arsebuli sagani. anu subieqtisagan transcendenturi instancia. subieqtis mxridan obieqtis Semecneba
niSnavs imas, rom man igi Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT unda aiTvisos. aTvisebisaTvis ki saWiroa, rom obieqti subieqts SemecnebaSi moeces. Tu aseTi mocema ver moxerxdeba, cxadia, iq
araviTar Semecnebas adgili ar eqneba. Semecnebis intuitivisturi gziT ganxorcielebac gulisxmobs subieqtisadmi obieqtis mocemas.
adamiani flobs mraval unars, iseTebs, rogorebicaa: _
mgrZnobeloba, gansja, goneba, warmosaxva, nebeloba, rwmenis unari da sxv. yvela es unari CarTuli da amoqmedebulia adamianis nebismier saqmianobaSi. adamiani yvela saqmeSi warmodgenilia rogorc pirovneba. es adamianis mTlianobas niSnavs.
aseT pirobebSi mtkiceba imisa, rom aRniSnuli unarebidan
adamianisaTvis mTavaria, prioritetulia romelime maTgani,
SesaZlebelia ara yvelgan da yvelaferSi, aramed mxolod
romelime konkretul saqmianobaSi. mag. zneobrivi saqcielis
ganxorcielebis dros prioritetuloba eniWeba nebisyofis
unars, mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT procesSi _ warmosaxvis (fan-

taziis) unars, religiuri aqtis aRsrulebisas _ sarwmunoebriv unars, rac Seexeba mgrZnobelobas, igi prioritetulia
adamianis emociur-gancdiT cxovrebaSi, siyvarulSi, megobrobaSi...
gansja _ gonebas damorCilebuli siyvaruli, megobroba mxolod angarebianobaa. cxadia, aseTi qmedebis dros adamianis
sxva unarebi umoqmedo da CaxSobili ar arian. isinic aqtiurad erTvebian aRniSnul qmedebebSi, magram rogorc mxolod
prioritetuli unaris damxmare, xelisSemwyobi unarebis funqciiT. e.i. yvela unari adamianis yvela saqmianobaSia CarTuli, magram TviToeul maTgans prioritetuloba eniWeba mxolod romelime konkretul saqmianobaSi. sxva saqmeSi isini
meoradni xdebian.
SemecnebiTi moRvaweoba adamianis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saqmianobaa. aqac erTdroulad adamianis yvela unaria
CarTuli, magram maTgan prioritetuloba gansjas ekuTvnis. amitom, roca sakiTxi dgeba SemecnebaSi subieqtisaTvis obieqtis
mocemis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, igulisxmeba misi subieqtis
gansjiTi unarisaTvis mocema. subieqtis mgrZnobelobaSi obieqtis
mocema eWvs ar iwvevs. aq sakiTxi arsebiTad imave saxiT dgeba,
rogorc Zveli berZnuli filosofiis eleeluri skolis warmomadgenlis _ Zenonis cnobil aporiaSia dafiqsirebuli. igi
asabuTebs, rom gasrolili isari sinamdvileSi uZravia. es azri,
mgrZnobeloba-emociis poziciidan, absurdulad moCans, magram
Zenoni amas gvisabuTebs ara mgrZnobeloba-emociis pozociidan.
am poziciidan, cxadia, isic, rogorc yvela normaluri adamiani,
aSkarad xedavda isris moZraobas, Citis gafrenas da imasac, rom
TviTonac sivrceSi gadaadgildeboda, magram Zenoni sakiTxs
ayenebs ara mgrZnobelobis poziciidan. igi SemecnebiT saqmianobaSi iyo CarTuli da Tavs valdebulad Tvlida, sakiTxi
ganexila gansjis poziciidan. igi gansjas avalebda daenaxa da
daesabuTebina isris moZraobis SesaZlebloba. Sedegad miiRo
isris moZraobis gansjiTi dasabuTebis SeuZlebloba. is mivida daskvnamde, rom gansjaSi ar gveZleva isris moZraoba. igi
moiTxovs rom isris moZraoba gansjam dainaxos da dauSvas.
magram eleelebis fundamenturi principidan amosvliT, romel-

ic uaryofs ararsis arsebobas da, aqedan gamomdinare, simravlis

arsebobas, man moZraobis gansjaSi mocemis da misi arsebobis
SesaZlebloba saerTod uaryo.
Zveli berZnuli filosofiis Semdeg, SemecnebaSi subieqtisaTvis obieqtis mocemis SesaZleblobis kiTxvis niSnis
qveS dayeneba gamowveulia sxva motiviT. obieqtis transcendenturi da subieqtis imanenturi sferoebi erTimeoris mimarT sruliad gansxvavebulni arian. Semecneba aseTi gansxvavebulobis dakavSirebas moiTxovs. magram nebismieri kavSiri
iqaa SesaZlebeli, sadac dasakavSireblebs Soris arsebobs
raRac igiveobrivi momenti, romelic gansxvavebulebs Soris
damakavSirebel xidad gamodgeba. subieqtisa da obieqtis aseT
damakavSirebel xidad mgrZnobeloba CaiTvala. amis Taobaze
qarTveli filosofosi Salva nucubiZe wignSi _ `aleTologiis
safuZvlebi~ wers _ `rogor xerxdeba gare myari sagnebis da
movlenebis aTviseba-Semecneba? Semecnebis Teoria gamodis ra
am ZiriTadi gayofidan, iZulebulia maT Soris rogorme xidi
gados. da iwyeba dausrulebeli da masTan unayofo cdebis
istoria. miuxedavad sxvadasxva mimarTulebebisa, erTSi yvela
mimarTuleba SeTanxmebulia: kavSiri movlenebsa da Semecnebas Soris (igulisxmeba obieqtsa da subieqts Soris) SegrZnebebis gziT miemarTeba. amis Semdeg daismeba ufro Zlieri
sakiTxebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda aSendes am masalidan
sinamdvilis suraTi~... S. nucubiZe SegrZnebebze miuTiTebs.
SegrZnebebi mgrZnobelobis konkretuli formaa. e.i. kiTxva
exeba imas, Tu rogor unda aSendes, mgrZnobelobaze dayrdnobiT, sinamdvilis mecnieruli suraTi. swored mgrZnobelobaze, radgan isaa subieqtisa da obieqtis damakavSirebeli erTaderTi xidi. gamodis, rom gansjas ara aqvs pirdapiri kavSiri
obieqtTan. igi mas mxolod mgrZnobelobiT ukavSirdeba. subieqtis mier obieqtis mecnieruli Semecneba imiT gamoirCeva,
rom man unda mogvces iseTi codna, romelSic asaxuli iqneba
obieqtis Sinaganoba, arsebiToba, aucilebloba, zogadoba. amisaTvis Sesatyvisi informaciis miRebaa saWiro. amis Taobaze
i. kanti Tavis `wminda gonebis kritikaSi~ ityvis _ `Tu

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Semecnebad unda hqondes obieqturi realoba, e.i. saganTan

mimarTebaSi iyos da masSive unda hqondes mniSvnebloba da
azri, maSin ramenairad SesaZlebeli unda iyos sagani mocemuli iqnes.~ rogorc ZenonTan, kantTanac igulisxmeba sagnis
gansjisaTvis mocemis SesaZlebloba. aqedan kiTxva: _ eZleva
Tu ara gansjas (subieqts), mgrZnobelobis meSveobiT, sagnis
Sesaxeb iseTi informacia, romelic misi mecnieruli Semecnebis ganxorcielebis piroba iqneba? aRmoCnda, rom gansjisaTvis
(subieqtisaTvis) mgrZnobelobas ar SeuZlia aseTi informaciis mocema. mgrZnobeloba sinamdvilis mxolod gancdiTi xedvaa. gansjas ki sinamdvilis gaazrebiTi xedva ekisreba. amis
gamo filosofiaSi Tavi iCina mtkicebam, rom mgrZnobeloba
(SegrZnebebi) sulac araa subieqtisa da obieqtis SemecnebiTi
kavSiris forma. es azri kidev ufro gaaZliera filosofiaSi
fiziologizmisa da fsiqologizmis gaCenam. piriqiT, SegrZnebebi
CaiTvala subieqtis da obieqtis gamTiSvel Cinur kedlad. maS
ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli SemecnebaSi subieqts (gansjas) obieqti moeces mis obieqturobaSi? am sakiTxis gadawyvetas mieZRvna filosofiaSi bevri calkeuli mimarTulebis mier garkveuli koncefciebis Camoyalibeba. maT Sesaxeb qvemoT calke
iqneba msjeloba. mocemul SemTxvevaSi ki xazi unda gaesvas
`mocemadobis~ da `mocemulobis~ terminebs Soris gansxvavebas. es gansxvaveba ukve iqidan Cans, rom grZnobadi informacia
garkveuli mocemulobaa, magram mis xelSi gansja bzisa da
CenCos amara rCeba (hegeli). amitom igi araa gansjisaTvis
mocemadobis problemis gadawyveta. mocemulobaa is, rac uSualod eZleva subieqts. magram subieqts mecnieruli SemecnebisaTvis sWirdeba ara nebismieri informaciis mocema, aramed
iseTis, romelic safuZvlad daedeba mecnieruli codnis dadgenas. mocemadobas SemecnebaSi obieqtis mecnierulad SemecnebisaTvis saWiro informaciis mocemis princi pul SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs. am problemis gadawyvetazea damokidebuli filosofiuri azrovneba ra mimarTulebiT wava _ skepticizmisa Tu SemecnebiTi optimizmis gziT.

7. mocemadobis problema axali drois materialistur empirizmSi. Sua saukuneebis filosofiam suli
da sxeuli rom daaxasiaTa. sapirispiro atributebiT, amiT
isini sabolood gaTiSa erTimeorisagan da ase gadasca
saazrovno masalad axali drois filosofias. Tavis mxriv,
axali drois filosofiam memkvidreoba ukritikod miiRo,
raSic gamoixata misi dogmatizmi. aseTi dogmaturobis Sedegad man Tavis Tavs iseTi winaaRmdegoba Seuqmna, romlis
daZlevis Sinagani resursebi ar aRmoCnda, ris gamoc, hiumis
filosofiis saxiT, saqme skepticizmiT daamTavra. winaaRmdegoba Seqmna im orma ZiriTadma wanamZRvarma, razec agebuli
iyo axali drois filosofiis gnoseologiuri Teoriebi.
pirveli wanamZRvari iyo is, ris Sesaxebac zemoT ukve iTqva,
_ mTeli sinamdvilis erTimeorisagan sruliad gansxvavebul
or sferod gayofa. erT mxares subieqti, Tavisi imanenturi
samyaroTi, meore mxares _ obieqturi sinamdvile. mokled, esaa
buneba. aqedan gamomdinare, am epoqis filosofia subieqtisaTvis obieqtis mocemadobis problemis gadawyvetas subieqtisa da obieqtis sruli gansxvavebulobis poziciidan miadga. subieqti _ subieqturi subieqtia; xolo obieqti _ obieqturi obieqti.
meore wanamZRvaria SemecnebaSi asaxvis poziciaze dgoma. SemecnebaSi asaxvis Teoriis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom pirveli _ aRiarebulia subieqtisagan damoukideblad realuri sinamdvilis (bunebis) arseboba. meore _ Semecnebis obieqti swored es sinamdvilea. amiT asaxvis TeoriaSi
Semecneba imanenturisa da transcendenturis dapirispirebiTaa warmodgenili. asaxvis Teoriis moTxovnaa obieqturi obieqti
aisaxos subieqtur subieqtSi. es niSnavs, rom codnis obieqturobis safuZvels daJinebiT obieqtur (transcendentur)
sferoSi eZebdnen. WeSmaritebis obieqturoba mxolod obieqtiT
unda yofiliyo gansazRvruli, magram imis gamo, rom pirveli
wanamZRvris mixedviT obieqtisa da subieqtis sferoebi gauvali ufskruliTaa gaTiSuli, logikurad SeuZlebeli xdeba
subieqturi subieqtidan davaskvnaT raime obieqtur obieqtze

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kategoriuli aucileblobiT, rac mecnieruli codnis moTxovnaa.

erTimeorisagan gaTiSul subieqtsa da obieqts Soris
SemecnebiTi xidis gadeba moiTxovs imis gadawyvetas, Tu ra
mimarTulebiT unda warimarTos aRniSnuli xidis gadeba.
subieqtisaken mimavali gziT, Tu piriqiT, obieqtidan subieqtisaken mimavali mimarTulebiT. aman axal filosofiaSi warmoSva ori ZiriTadi gnoseologiuri mimarTuleba _ empirizmi
da racionalizmi. Tavis mxriv, empirizmi kidev daiyo sxvadasxva saxeobebad da miviReT j. lokis materialisturi empirizmi, j. berklis subieqtur-idealisturi empirizmi da d.
hiumis empirizmi Tavisi skeptikuri daskvnebiT.
Semecnebis subieqtsa da obieqts Soris aRniSnuli xidis gadebis mimarTulebis arCeva pirdapir kavSirSia Semecnebis TeoriaSi gamoyenebuli subieqtis cnebis raobis gagebasTan. rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, marTalia rogorc empirizmSi, ise racionalizmSi subieqtis cneba gamoirCeva Tavis subieqturobiT, anu subieqturi subieqtia, es ki niSnavs, rom igi
flobs analizis unars, magram ar gaaCnia sinTezirebis unari.
aseTi saerTo niSnis iqiT maTi subieqtis cnebebi mkveTrad
gansxvavdebian.
empirizmi mecnieruli codnis ZiriTad wyaros da
sayrdens gamocdilebaSi, cdaSi xedavs. es moiTxovs imas, rom
cnobierebam codnis agebis mTeli masala gamocdilebidan
miiRos, codnis agebisaTvis gamoiricxos cnobierebidan raRac
damoukidebeli masalis momdinareoba; amisaTvis saWiroa, rom
cnobiereba, am mxriv, srul sicarieles warmoadgendes. aqedan
gamomdinare, empirizms dasWirda ori princi puli debulebis
wamoyeneba. pirveli, esaa _ cnobierebis sufTa dafasTan Sedareba (tabula rasa); meorea j. lokis cnobili debuleba, _
araferia gonebaSi iseTi, rac winaswar mgrZnobelobaSi ar
gvqondes mocemuli. Tu TavisTavad aRebuli cnobiereba (goneba) imdenad sufTa dafaa, rom araviTari sakuTari Sinaarsi ar
gaaCnia, da Tu yvela misi Sinaarseuli elementi, pirvel rigSi,
mgrZnobelobaSia namyofi da gonebam misgan mxolod amis Sem-

deg miiRo, cxadi xdeba, rom subieqtisa da obieqtis SemecnebiT

damakavSirebeli xidi obieqtidan subieqtisaken mimavali gziT
unda aigos. obieqtis subieqtSi informaciuli SeRwevis erTaderTi saSualebaa SegrZnebebi. amitom, am gziT naSeni codnis
obieqturoba unda daeyrdnos SegrZnebebis informaciuli
Rirebulebis sandoobis dasabuTebas. am mxriv, siZnele isaa,
rom gamocdilebidan subieqtSi momdinare informacias gza
ise unda gaewmindos, rom misi subieqtSi SeRwevis momentSi
eWvi ar gaCndes maTi informaciuli Rirebulebis Taobaze.
unda dasabuTdes: pirveli _ moaqvT Tu ara obieqtidan subieqtSi SegrZnebebs zustad is informacia, romelic saWiroa
mecnieruli codnis agebisaTvis? meore _ davuSvaT, moaqvT
kidec, magram sakiTxavia, subieqtis grZnobis organoebi, romlebic warmoadgenen subieqtisaken momavali informaciis Tavisebur gamtarebs, xom ar gardatexen am informacias sakuTari
subieqturobis prizmaSi da amiT xom ar ukargaven maT obieqturobas? am kiTxvebze materialistur empirizms raime damajerebeli pasuxi ara aqvs. j. loki daJinebiT imas asabuTebs,
rom SegrZnebebi da aRqmebi gzaa Semecnebisaken. metic, misi
azriT, rac ufro naklebi grZnobebi aqvs adamians an sxva
arsebas, rac ufro mcirericxovani da mkrTalia maTgan warmoebuli STabeWdilebebi, miT ufro Sors arian Semecnebisagan. amaze, arc Tu ironiis gareSe, sapirispiro mimarTulebis
(racionalizmi) gavlenianma warmomadgenelma, germanelma
filosofosma laibnicma SeniSna _ gamodis, rom cxovelebi
wminda wylis empiristebi ariano. empirizmis mTeli es Sedegebi grZnobadi mocemulobebisadmi sruli ndobiT iyo gamowveuli.

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8. mocemadobis problemis racionalisturi

gadawyveta. problemis empiristuli gadawyvetis aradamajereblobam racionalizms (spinoza, laibnici) mianiSna, rom
es problema radikalurad sapirispiro mimarTulebiT unda
gadawydes. amitom subieqtsa da obieqts Soris SemecnebiTi

xidis gadeba subieqtidan obieqtisaken mimavali gziT unda

warimarTos. empirizmTan SedarebiT es moTxovna gamoiwvevs
princi pebis Zireul cvlilebebs.
aseTi cvlileba, pirvel rigSi, dakavSirebulia subieqtis rogorobis gaazrebasTan. empiristebis mxridan,
obieqtidan subieqtisaken svlam aucileblobiT moiTxova
subieqtis `sufTa dafis~ saxiT gaazreba. racionalizmis
mier mimarTulebis radikalurma cvlam, Sesatyvisad gamoiwvia `sufTa dafis~ empiristuli princi pis mTlianad ukugdeba da mis adgilas subieqtis (cnobierebis) imTaviTve
Sevsebuli dafis saxiT gaazreba. amas TanSobilobis anu
nativizmis princi pi daerqmeva. Tu `sufTa dafa~ cnobierebis sakuTari Sinaarsisagan srul sicarieles niSnavs, TanSobiloba cnobierebis absoluturi savseobaa. mizani isaa,
rom cnobierebas garedan (transcendenturi sferodan) arafris miReba ar dasWirdes imis gamo, rom rac ki am gziT
Semodioda `sufTa dafis~ princi pze gaazrebul subieqtSi,
sasargeblo ar gamodga mecnieruli codnis asagebad. amitom racionalizmSi miznadaa dasaxuli, mocemadobis problema ise gadawydes, rom am saqmeSi gamocdilebiseuli masalisadmi ndobis an arndobis sakiTxi sruliad zedmetad iqces.
Tu `sufTa dafis~ princi piT cnobiereba yvelafers garedan Rebulobs, cnobierebisaTvis TanamSromlobis princi pi
imas niSnavs, rom misi sruli savseobis gamo mas araferi
aklia. amitom arafris miRebas ar axdens, mas garedan araferi
sWirdeba. amasTanave, garedan raimes miReba mas ar SeuZlia
misi monadurobis gamo. cnobiereba monadasTanaa Sedarebuli. monada ki srul savseobasTan erTad, sruli karCaketilobacaa. mas ar gaaCnia araviTari sarkmeli, romlis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli iqneboda masSi SeRweva, an iqidan gamosvla. TanSobilobis niadagze gaazrebuli subieqtisaTvis
(cnobierebisaTvis) misi gnoseologiuri Sinaarsi misTvis
sakuTrivia, TanSobilia.
TanSobiloba ar niSnavs, TiTqos nebismieri codna, mzamzareuli formiT adamians dabadebisTanave Tan dayveba. TanSo-

bilobaSi igulisxmeba, jer erTi, misi cnobierebaSi SesaZleblobis formiT TanSobiloba. cxovelSi absoluturad gamoricxulia misi, vTqvaT, fizikosad gaxdoma. cxovelis gazrda
xdeba da ara aRzrda. aRzrda SesaZleblobis sinamdviled
qcevis procesia. dabadebiT pirdapir fizikosad arc adamiani
ibadeba. magram mis dabadebasTan erTad masSi ibadeba fizikosad aRzrdisa da Camoyalibebis SesaZlebloba. meorec, _ racionalizmi miuTiTebs e.w. mciredi percefciebis saxiT cnobierebaSi TanSobili codnis (unaris) aracnobieri formiT
arsebobas.
TanSobilobis principze dayrdnobiT, empirizmis princips racionalizmma daupirispira formula _ araferia gonebaSi
iseTi ram, rac winaswar mgrZnobelobaSi ar gvqondes mocemuli, garda TviT gonebisa (laibnici). aq or garemoebas esmeva
xazi. pirveli is, rom goneba mgrZnobelobiT araa gansazRvruli; meore _ raki mgrZnobelobisagan damoukideblad goneba
arsebobs gonebaSi, es gonebis TavisTavTan igiveobaa, rac mis
damoukideblobas da sisrules niSnavs.
racionalizmis mizani iyo SegrZnebebisadmi ndobis
sakiTxi, misi zedmetobis gamo, mTlianad moxsniliyo. TanSobilobis saSualebiT es mizani miRweulia. amiT racionalizmma
saerTod moxsna transcendenturis imanenturSi Semosvlis
problema. magram mis winaSe aRimarTa imave eqvivalentobis
mqone axali siZnele, _ imanenturidan transcendentur sferoSi gasvlis moTxovnis saxiT. subieqtisaTvis codna araa garedan miRebuli, igi misTvis TanSobilia, magram mas pretenzia
aqvs swored gareT gasvlis, anu transcendenturi sinamdvilis
asaxvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom monadasaviT Tavis TavSi Caketil subieqts ar gaaCnia transcendentur sinamdvileSi gaxedvis araviTari `sarkmeli~, mainc subieqti gare sinamdvilis
amsaxvelia. amitom dgeba princi puli kiTxva: _ rogor davasabuToT, rom TavisTavSi Caketili subieqti, Tavisi TanSobili
SinaarsiT asaxavs imas, rac mis gareTaa da rasTanac araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs? mocemul kiTxvaze racionalizmi mimarTavs sagnebs Soris arsebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTo-

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bis azrebs Soris arsebul logikur safuZvel-SedegTan gaigivebas. amaze didi gavlena iqonia maTematikis avtoritetma. maTematikaSi, misi formalurobis gamo, operaciebi warmoebs wmindad, gonebis saSualebiT ise, rom realuri sagnebi sulac araa
saWiro. racionalizmma imave princi pis gamoyeneba scada
filosofiaSi. maTi azriT, Tu Cven avxsniT cnebebs Soris
logikur kavSirebs, amiT gasagebi gaxdeba Sesatyvis realur
sagnebs Soris urTierTobac. amitom ityvian _ ideaTa wesrigi
da kavSiri iseTivea, rogorc saganTa wesrigi da kavSiri (spinoza). amiT vRebulobT, rom cnebaTa urTierTobis dasadgenad
saWiro araa subieqtidan gareT gasvla. cnebebs Soris ligikuri
urTierTobebis dadgenis gziT, subieqtidan gausvlelad, vgebulobT subieqtis gareT arsebuli Sesatyvisi sagnebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb. TiTqos mizani miRweulia. magram aq morigi
kiTxva Cndeba, _ sadaa imis garantia, rom marTlac ideaTa
wesrigi da kavSiri iseTivea, rogorc Sesatyvis saganTa Soris
wesrigi da kavSiri? am kiTxvaze pasuxis dros racionalizmisaTvis gadamwyveti aRmoCnda moralur-Teologiuri motivi.
Sedegad imanenturisa da transcendenturis igiveobis garantiad igi yovlad keTil da srulyofil RmerTs acxadebs.
RmerTma ise moawyo es sinamdvile, rom suli da sxeuli, imanenturi da transcendenturi, logikuri da realuri, subieqti da
obieqti mudam winaswar mowyobil harmoniaSia (prestabiluri
harmonia).
saboloo jamSi, problemis racionalisturi gadawyvetac
aradamajerebeli aRmoCnda, vinaidan mTeli dasabuTeba, sabolood, RmerTis ideas daeyrdno. RmerTi rwmenis obieqtia da
ara dasabuTebis. dausabuTebel RmerTze mecnieruli dasabuTebis dayrdnoba gaumarTlebeli gadawyvetilebaa, vinaidan mecnieruli dasabuTeba an ukve dasabuTebul sayrdenze unda
aigos, an iseT sayrdenze, romelic TviTmizezobrivia da amiT
TviTdasabuTebadia.

9. Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problema j. berklisa da d. hiumis filosofiaSi. empirizmis da racionalizmis mxridan Semecnebis SesaZleblobis aradamajerebeli gadawyvetis mizezad berklisa da hiumis filosofiaSi,
sinamdvilis erTimeorisgan sruliad gansxvavebul da gancalkevebul transcendentur da imanentur sferoebad gaxleCa CaiTvala. amas saxelad daerqva `dualisturi realizmi~ an
ufro zustad, _ `samyaros gaoreba.~ miCneul iqna, rom SemecnebaSi adgili aqvs sagnebis dauSvebel da xelovnur gaorebas. erT mxares realuri sagani, rogorc dedani, meore mxares
am sagnis azriseuli asli. anu, erT mxares Cvens gareT arsebuli sagani da meore mxares, subieqtSi arsebuli misi azriseuli asli. Semdeg iwyeba dausrulebeli da amasTan warumatebeli Zieba, xidis xan erT, xan meore mimarTulebiT gadebis,
_ sagnisa da azris SemecnebiTi TvalsazrisiT dakavSirebis
mizniT. magram Sedegebi aradamajerebeli aRmoCnda. warumateblobis mizezad sinamdvilis aseTi gaoreba CaiTvala. erTmaneTisagan sruliad mowyvetil obieqtsa da subieqts Soris
SemecnebiTi kavSiri sruliad SeuZlebelia. amitom gamosavali imaSi dainaxes, rom obieqtsa da subieqts Soris, anu sagansa da azrs Soris, unda moixsnas aseTi gancalkeveba-gaoreba
ise, rom orive erT ontologiur sayrdenze aRmoCndnen, raTa
maTi dakavSirebis, an xidis gadebis siZnele saerTod moixsnas. am mizniT, anu subieqti unda iqnes gatanili obieqtis
sferoSi, an piriqiT, obieqti imTaviTve unda aRmoCndes subieqtis sferoSi.
j. berklisa da d. hiumis filosofia meore gzas irCevs.
maTi mxridan, esaa RonisZieba, romlis ZaliTac transcendenturi sferos gaZarcvis xarjze subieqtma, Tavis imanentur
sferoSi, TandaTan mTeli sinamdvile Semoitana, Caiketa Tavis
TavSi da transcendenturi sinamdvilis saerTod arsebobac
ki, eWvis qveS daayena. j. berklis saxelmZRvanelo debuleba _
`aRqma anu arseboba~, erTis mxriv, imaze miuTiTebs, rom arsebulad unda CavTvaloT mxolod SegrZnebadi movlenebi, rac
ufro mniSvnelovania, TviT arsebulSi ar unda veZioT Seg-

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rZnebebze raRac ufro meti. `aRqma anu arsebobis~ sxvagvarad

gamoTqmaa berklis meore debulebaa: _ `varsebob me da Cemi
SegrZnebebi~. am debulebis azri imaSia, rom mTeli samyarosa
da misi yvela sagnis arsebobis Ziri `me~ var da `Cemi SegrZnebebia~. yvelaferi am Zireuli ori elementis kompleqsia.
sakmarisad iqna miCneuli is debuleba, rom, pirveli _ uarvyoT
subieqtisagan damoukideblad arsebuli realoba; meore, _ es
uaryofa ise warimarTos, rom sinamdvileSi araferi dagvekargos, sinamdvile ar gaRaribdes. SenarCunebul iqnes Semecnebis
obieqti da subieqti da maT Soris SemecnebiTi kavSiris SesaZlebloba.
d. hiumTan ar gvxvdeba berklis aRniSnuli debulebebi,
magram misTvis sruliad misaRebia is empiristul-sensualisturi motivebi, razec es debulebebia dayrdnobili; magram
igive motivebi, logikurobis pirobebSi, ar iZleva aRqmebis
iqiT raimes arsebobis rogorc mtkicebis, ise misi uaryofis
saSualebas. hiumisaTvis es debulebebi mxolod Taviseburi
gafrTxilebaa imis Taobaze, rom Semecneba ar gascdes
gamocdilebis (cdis) farglebs; rom gamocdilebis sfero `me~
da `Cemi SegrZnebebis~ saxiT unda iyos warmodgenili. obieqtis subieqtis sferoSi Setanam koreqtivi gamoiwvia obieqtis
cnebis gagebaSi. aqamde Tu obieqti obieqtur obieqtad iTvleboda, am RonisZiebiT igi subieqtur obieqtad gardaiqmna. rac
Seexeba subieqtis cnebas, igi kvlav subieqtur subieqtad darCa. aman Tavidanve gansazRvra is, rom berkli hiumis wamowyebas
sabolood aradamajereblobis saxe unda hqonoda. kerZod, hiumis skeptikuri Sedegebi swored am momentiT iqna gansazRvruli.
d. hiumma Semecnebis SesaZleblobebis mTlian Temas,
mizez-Sedegobriobis kvleviT, konkretuli saxe misca. mizezSedegobriobis, da aqedan, aucileblobis kvleva gnoseologiur
problemad aqcia. rogoraa SesaZlebeli mizezobrioba? esaa
hiumis mTavari kiTxva. mizezobriobis apriorulobis uaryofam, racionalisturi gzis uaryofa unda mogvces; mizezobriobis gamocdilebidan gamoyvanis SeuZleblobam, _ empiristu-

li gzis uaryofa; xolo mizezobriobis dasabuTebis saerTod

SeuZleblobam _ garduvali skepticizmi unda gamoiwvios.
mizezobriobis apriorulobis SeuZlebloba misi sinTezuri
bunebidan gamoyavs. aprioruli sinTezi, romelsac Semdeg i.
kanti daeyrdnoba, man SeuZleblad CaTvala. mizezobriobis
gamocdilebidan gamoyvanis SeuZleblobas empiristul-sensualisturi motivebiT asabuTebs; xolo mizezobriobis saerTod SeuZleblobas fsiqologiuri analiziT asabuTebs. igi
uCvenebs, rom mizezobrioba esaa _ `amis Semdeg, maSasadame,
amitom.~ magram misTvis `amitom~ (propter hoc). sxva araferia, Tu
ara mravaljer gameorebuli da Cvens sulSi fsiqologiur
Cvevad dafiqsirebuli, _ `amis Semdeg~ (post hoc). es skeptikur
daskvnas niSnavs, rac Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problemis
gadauwyvetelobaa.
rogorc j. berkli, ise hiumi, wina filosofiuri nakadebis msgavsad, codnis obieqturobis gamoyvanas uSualod
obieqtidan cdilobdnen. magram es miT ufro SeuZlebeli
aRmoCnda maTTvis, radgan maTTan obieqtic subieqtur obieqtad
gardaiqmna, romlisganac obieqturobis, anu sayovelTaobisa da
aucileblobis gamoyvana aseve princi pulad SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. aq Cndeba axali kiTxva: _ iqneb codnis obieqturobas
iq eZeben, sadac ar unda eZion? iqneb igi obieqtSi ki ara, _
TviT subieqtSi unda aRmoaCinon? d. hiums sakiTxis ase dayeneba ar gamorCenia. amiT Semecnebis SesaZleblobis dasabuTebis
mTeli imedebi mi pyrobili iqna subieqtze. aRmoaCndeba Tu
ara subieqts codnis obieqturobis Sinagani resursebi? hiumis filosofiis saboloo skeptikuri Sedegebi imas niSnavs,
rom misTvis es kiTxvac uaryofiTi pasuxiT da Semecnebis
SesaZleblobis dausabuTeblobiT damTavrda. magram d. hiumis
skepticizmma mogvca filosofiuri azris winsvlisaTvis mniSvnelovani biZgi. ukiduresad gamwvavebuli skepticizmi maZiebel gonebas saSualebas aRar aZlevs iyos mTvlemare mdgomareobaSi. filosofiaSi xSirad keTdeba Sedareba-paralelebi
sokratesa da kants Soris. erTi ram cxadia, am ori moazrovnis
xelSi kritikulma azrovnebam maRal dones miaRwia. aq sak-

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iTxavia, _warmoiSoboda Tu ara sokrates filosofia mocemuli saxiT, mis win azrovnebas skepticizmi rom ar moZaleboda?
aseve, daibadeboda Tu ara kantis filosofia, mas hiumis skepticizmi rom ar uswrebdes win?!

10. Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problema kantis filosofiaSi. kantis filosofiaSi Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problemis gadawyveta ufro gasagebi iqneba, Tu
mas mivudgebiT masSi amoqmedebuli mTavari principebis poziciidan. es princi pebia: pirveli _ mecnieruli codnis, rogorc
utyuari faqtis, winaswar daSveba maqsimalurad yvela im
atributiT, romliTac srulyofili mecnieruli codna moiazreba, es iqneba codnis sinTezur-aprioruli msjelobis saxiT
arseboba; meore _ Semecnebis sxvagvarad SeuZleblobis princi pi. kiTxvaze: _ Tu codnas ganvixilavT rogorc Semecnebis
saboloo Sedegs, xolo wanamZRvrebs, romlebze dayrdnobiTac
miiReba es codna, rogorc safuZvels, ra mimarTulebiT unda
warimarTos Semecnebis SesaZleblobis dasabuTeba, _ safuZvlidan (wanamZRvrebidan) Sedegisaken (codnisaken), Tu piriqiT,
codnidan wanamZRvrebisaken? kantis wina filosofiur nakadebSi
miRebuli iyo wanamZRvrebidan Sedegisaken mimavali gza. magram Cven ukve viciT, rom yvela maTi mcdeloba warumateblad
dasrulda. wanamZRvrebidan Sedegze gadasvla imas niSnavs,
rom winaswar aravin icoda da arc unda scodnodaT wanamZRvrebis logikuri ganviTareba ra SedegTan miiyvanda. iTvleboda, rom kvlevis Sedegi kvlevis dasawyisSive ar unda
iyos cnobili. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ioli SesaZlebelia,
rom winaswar nagulisxmevma Sedegma, gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad, zemoqmedeba moaxdinos kvlevis xasiaTze. amis
Sedegad kvleva warimarTos araobieqturobis gziT. amasTanave,
am gzis mTavar naklad is miiCneva, rom aq SeuZlebeli iyo
raime myari orientirebis da kriteriumebis amoqmedeba, ris
gamoc yovelTvis gaugebari iqneboda miRweuli Sedegi. hiumi
wanamZRvrebis logikuri ganviTarebiT skeptikur Sedegebamde

mivida. TviTon masve ar moswons igi, magram raki am Sedegebamde wanamZRvrebis logikurma ganviTarebam miiyvana, iZulebulia miiRos igi.
kanti am gzas afasebs rogorc xelis cecebis dogmatur
meTods, sadac winaswari gegmazomieri ZiebiT araferi miiRweva. yvelaferi sinjva-Secdomis did da gaurkvevel mwkrivs
badebs. igi cdilobs SemuSavebul iqnes iseTi meTodi, romelic saSualebas miscems orientirebisa da kriteriumebis ise
amoqmedebas rac kvlevaSi utyuar gzaze dagvayenebs da ar
dauSvebs misgan gadaxvevas. kantis filosofiis radikalizmi,
swored wanamZRvrebis SeTanxmebuli gegmis mixedviT SerCevas
gulisxmobs. wanamZRvrebis gegmazomieri SerCeva, maTi garkveuli gegmisadmi damorCilebas niSnavs. es gegma raRac instanciiT
unda iyos nakarnaxevi. e.i. wanamZRvrebi raRac instanciam
unda daiqvemdebaros. amitom wanamZRvrebis gegmazomieri SerCeva winaswar im instanciis dadgenas moiTxovs, romlis gegmiTac unda moxdes wanamZRvrebis SerCeva. aseT instanciad gamodis apriorulobis formiT warmodgenili mecnieruli codna,
Tavisi zusti mecnierulobis statusiT. kanti swored aqedan
iwyebs. mecnierul codnas, rogorc faqts, rogorc arsebuls,
winaswar uSvebs, xolo Semdeg reduqciuli gziT, mis fundamentur wanamZRvrebSi CaRrmavebas cdilobs. cxadia, es ar iqneba
nebismieri SemTxveviTi wanamZRvrebi. igi iqneba mxolod iseTi, romelsac gaamarTlebs winaswar daSvebuli codna. amis
Taobaze `prolegomenebSi~ kanti wers, _ `iqidan, rasac daveZebT, ukve amovalT, viTomc da igi mocemuli yofiliyos da im
pirobebTan mivalT, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT igi SesaZlebeli aris.~ e. i. wanamZRvrebis SerCeva xelis cecebiT ki ar
moxdeba, aramed winaswar daSvebuli codnis moTxovnebis mixedviT. am gzis upiratesoba imaSia rom orientirebi da kriteriumebi mkveTrad gamoikveTebian da moqmedebas iwyeben. e. i.
kanti winaswar uSvebs mecnierul codnas, xolo Semdeg misi
moTxovnebis mixedviT SeimuSavebs Sesatyvis wanamZRvrebs.
codnis winaswar daSvebam moiTxova meore princi pis _
Semecnebis sxvagvarad SeuZleblobis amoqmedeba. codnis

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winaswar daSvebamde gaumarTlebelia Semecnebis sxvagvarad

SeuZleblobis mtkiceba. codnis winaswar daSveba esaa zRvari
skepticizmsa da SemecnebiT optimizms Soris. es zRvari ar
dauSvebs skepticizmSi gadasvlas. esaa SemecnebiTi optimizmis garantia. amitom, princi pSi, skeptikosi SeiZleba iyos is,
vinc wanamZRvrebidan codnisaken midis. hiumis filosofia
amis magaliTia. kantis mier arCeuli gza imTaviTve gamoricxavs skepticizms, radgan sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia, _ codna faqtia!
aRniSnuli ori princi pi, swored sxvagvarad SeuZleblobis ZaliT, karnaxobs Semecnebis iseT meqanizms, calkeuli
detalebis gamomuSavebas, romlis ZaliTac, dasaxuli mizani
miRweuli aRmoCndeba. kantma Tavisi mTavari miznis koncentrireba moaxdina kiTxvaSi: _ rogoraa SesaZlebeli sinTezuraprioruli msjeloba? codna (Semecneba) yovelTvis msjelobis formiT arsebobs. saZiebelia mecnieruli codnis (Semcirebis) SesaZlebloba. gamodgeba Tu ara aseTi codnis gamosaxatavad nebismieri formis msjeloba? kanti am mizniT arCevs
msjelobebis calkeul niSnebs da ti pebs. maTi analizis
Semdeg formalurad Rebulobs oTxi tipis msjelobas; 1. analizur-aposterioruls; 2. analizur-aprioruls; 3. sinTezuraposterioruls da 4. sinTezur-aprioruls. imave, sxvagvarad
SeuZleblobis princi piT Rebulobs, rom mecnieruli codna
SesaZlebelia da savaldebuloa gaformdes mxolod analizur-aprioruli msjelobiT. Tavis mxriv, sinTezur-aprioruli msjelobis SesaZleblobis sakiTxi iqca TviT mecnieruli Semecnebis SeuZleblobis sakiTxad. am mTavari problemis
gadawyvetisaTvis mas sWirdeba Semecnebis mTeli meqanizmis,
misi calkeuli detalebis, sxvagvarad SeuZleblobis principis dacvis gamomuSaveba ise, rom bolos miiRos ara SemTxveviTi, nebismieri, aramed gegmazomierad Semecnebis iseTi subieqti, iseTi obieqti, iseTi subieqturoba, obieqturobis, anu sayovelTaobis da zogadobis iseTi warmomavloba, iseTi WeSmariteba da misi kriteriumi, mTeli Semecnebis meqanizmis iseTi
konstruqcia, romelic, saboloo jamSi, garantirebuls gaxdis

Semecnebis SesaZleblobis utyuar dasabuTebas. anu mRvdels

sanTlis qarxana Tavad unda Cauvardes kalaTaSi.
kantis filosofiis es rTuli konstruqcia martivi magaliTiT SeiZleba ase gamoiTqvas. teqnikuri saSualebebis gareSe
xeliT Semoxazuli wre, cxadia, araa zusti geometriuli figura,
magram wreze operaciis Catarebis dros misgan imas ki ar amovikiTxavT, riTac uSualod es konkretuli arazusti wre xasiaTdeba. mis uzustobas yuradRebas saerTod ar vaqcevT. misgan
amovikiTxavT mxolod imas, rac winaswar masSi Cado adamianis
geometriulma azrovnebam. es yvela sagnis mimarT zogadi princi pia. adamianis cnobiereba, Tavisi normebiT, qmnis realuri
sagnis idealur modelebs. kanti maT sqemebs uwodebs. Sedegad,
realur sagnebSi SevimecnebT ara imas, riTac isini, aRebulni
TavisTavad, xasiaTdebian, aramed imas rac mis idealur modelSi
(sqemaSi) winaswar iqna Cadebuli cnobierebis mier. amitom ityvis
kanti, _ nivTebis Sesaxeb SevimecnebT mxolod imas, rasac maTSi
winaswar dasaxuli gegmiT vdebT. sagnebSi ver SevimecnebT da
SeuZlebelicaa imis Semecneba rac maTSi ar Cagvidia winaswar.
amas kantis enaze `TavisTavadi nivTi~ daerqva. igi principulad
Seumecnebadad gamocxadda. amitom vimecnebT mxolod imas, rasac
Cveni cnobiereba TviTon qmnis.
kantis es Teoriuli mosazreba exmianeba adamianis kulturul arsebad yofnas. samyaroSi cnobierebas gavyavarT. esaa
cnobierebidan gareT gasvla. magram `gareT~, rogorc movlena,
esec cnobierebis nawarmia. amitom gareT gasvliT TavisTavad
arsebul sinamdvilesTan Tanaarsebobas vaxerxebT ara uSualo, SiSveli urTierTobiT, aramed Cveni cnobierebis mier
Seqmnili modelebiT (sqemebiT). `gareT~-icaaseTi modelia, amitom TavisTavad sinamdvilesTan Tanaarsebobas vaxorcielebT
imdenad, ramdenadac yvela sxva modelebTan erTad masTan gvakavSirebs `gareT~-is modeli, anu gareT ki ar gavdivarT, aramed
adamianur `gareTs~ gavyavarT TavisTavad gareTSi. es niSnavs,
rom Cven vcxovrobT gaadamianurebul sinamdvileSi, _ gaadamianurebul gareTSi. es ki kulturaa.

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11. Semecnebis SesaZlebloba dialeqtikur materializmSi. dialeqtikuri materializmi marqsistuli

filosofiis saxelia. igi iZleva Semecnebis SesaZleblobis
iseT gadawyvetas, romelic, ramdenadme, gansxvavdeba aRniSnuli
Tvalsazrisebisagan. es filosofia Semecnebis TeoriaSi asaxvis pozicias ikavebs. asaxvis Teoria saerTo iyo kantamdeli
filosofiuri nakadebisaTvis. kantma igi kategoriulad uaryo.
dialeqtikurma materializmma misi xelaxali reanimacia moaxdina. asaxvis Teoriis ZiriTadi princi pebia: 1. subieqtisagan
damoukideblad, TavisTavad arsebuli sinamdvilis arseboba.
2. cnobierebis mier am sinamdvilis Secnobadobis aRiareba.
metic, cnobierebisaTvis Semecnebis erTaderTi obieqti swored
igia (cnobiereba sxva araferia, Tu ara Secnobili yofiereba
k. marqsi). 3. codnis (WeSmaritebis) ganmsazRvrelad obieqti
miiCneva. codnis obieqturoba, misi obieqtiT gansazRvrulobaa. rac Seexeba Semecnebis subieqts, SemecnebaSi mas aqtivobis
funqcia ekisreba. es niSnavs-Semecnebis wamowyeba obieqtis
saqme araa. obieqti, rogorRac, gulgrilia misi Semecneba ganxorcieldeba Tu ara. mTvare ar kiTxulobs vin an ra var me.
cnobierebiT da cnobismoyvareobiT (Semecnebis moyvareobiT)
aRWurvili subieqti kiTxulobs _ ra aris mTvare? man unda
asaxos igi. magram, raki subieqti aseT kiTxvas dasvams, masze
gacemuli pasuxis ganmsazRvreli swored mTvare iqneba.
zemoT davinaxeT, rom Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problema grZnobadi monacemebisadmi (SegrZnebebisadmi) gaCenilma
eWvma da undoblobam warmoSva. magram imis gamo, rom gare
sinamdvilesTan damakavSirebeli saSualeba, informaciuli arxi
mxolod mgrZnobelobaa da Tanac mxolod gare sinamdvilea
Semecnebis erTaderTi obieqti, amitom asaxvis TeoriisaTvis
grZnobadobisadmi ndobis mopoveba arsebiTia. aseTi motivis
Zieba iyo adreul filosofiur nakadebSi, magram sabolood
igi aradamajerebeli aRmoCnda. dialeqtikuri materializmisaTvis saWiro Seiqmna aseTi ndobisaTvis ufro damajerebeli
sabuTis mopoveba. am saqmeSi mas did daxmarebas gauwevs is
motivi, romelic gamomuSavebul iqna kantis mier, xolo Semdeg

mTel germanul klasikur filosofiaSi (fixte, Selingi, hegeli). mxedvelobaSia SemecnebaSi Semoqmedebis momentis arsebobis aucilebloba; rom Semecneba mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu obieqtsa da subieqts Soris SemecnebiTi urTierToba maT Soris praqtikul-gardaqmniTi urTierTobis niadagze xorcieldeba.
adamiani Teoretikosad ar ibadeba. Teoretikosad mas
xdis Tavisi praqtikuli cxovreba. amitom adamiani (subieqti)
gare sinamdvilesTan, praqtikul-gardaqmniT urTierTobaSi
imyofeba. es urTierToba ormxrivia: erTis mxriv, Tavisi interesebis aRmsrulebeli adamiani saxes ucvlis, gardaqmnis,
gaaadamianurebs gare sinamdviles; meore mxriv, gare sinamdvilec ukuzegavlenas axdens adamianze, misi unarebis Camoyalibebaze. es iwvevs gare sinamdvilesa da adamians Soris urTierTobis, mizanSewonilobiT ganpirobebuli Sesatyvisobis
gamomuSavebas, Sesatyvisi grZnobadi unarebis Camoyalibebas
adamianSi. cxadia, musikalur yurs SeuZlia musikis Seqmna da
Sesruleba, magram adamianis musikaluri yuri ver Camoyalibdeba masze gare sinamdvilis bgeriTi zemoqmedebis gareSe.
Tvali da mxedveloba ver Camoyalibdeboda masze gare sinamdvilis sxivebis zemoqmedebis gareSe. amitom bgerebi hqmnian
yurs, sxivebi Tvals da a.S. adamianis xuTi grZnobis organos
Camoyalibeba msoflio istoriis nayofiao _ gveubneba k. maqsi.
magram gare sinamdvile adamianSi grZnobis organoebs
ayalibebs ara xelis cecebiT, SemTxveviTobiT, aramed mizanSewonilobiT da Sesatyvisobis princi piT. garemo sinamdvile
adamianSi ayalibebs grZnobis organoebs iseTebad, rom isini
ZiriTad sandod asaxaven sinamdviles. amitom is garemoeba,
rom adamianis grZnobis organoebi yalibdebian gare sinamdvilis zemoqmedebiT da mis Sesatyvisad, _ dialeqtikuri materializmisaTvis grZnobadi monacemebisadmi ndobis myar garantias warmoadgens. amitom igive momenti Semecnebis SesaZleblobis garantiadac cxaddeba. magram aseTi daskvnis mimarT
unda iTqvas, rom fsiqologiisa da fiziologiis Tanamedrove

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monacemebis Tanaxmad, sinamdvileSi saqmis viTareba sul sxvagvaradaa. Tvali rom ferebSi gvaCvenebs sinamdviles, yuri
mas bgerebSi aRiqvams da a.S. _ es subieqturi xedvebia. obieqturad ki, sinamdvileSi arsebobs gamosxivebis sixSireebi, talRebis sigrZeebi da sxv. e.i. mgrZnobeloba ise ar gvaCvenebs
sinamdviles, rogoricaa igi TavisTavad. mecnierul Semecnebas ki _ swored obieqturi situaciis dadgena moeTxoveba.

12. Semecnebis subieqti da obieqti. Semecneba

yovelTvis warmodgenilia ori mxariT. erTia sagani, romelsac Seimecneben, anu Semecnebis obieqti. Semecnebis obieqti
SeiZleba iyos yvelaferi, rac ki adamianis fiqris sagani
gaxdeba, _ materialuri sagnebi, sulier kulturuli movlenebi, rwmenisa da warmosaxvis sagnebi. Tumca adamianis cnobierebas yvela CamoTvlilis Semecnebis unari rodi aRmoaCndeba.
anu, am qveynad yvelaferi Semecnebadi araa. e.i. adamianis
SemecnebiTi moRvaweoba misi praqtikuli cxovrebis
mTlianobas vr moicavs; Semecnebis meore mxarea adamiani,
romelic axorcielebs sagnis (obieqtis) Semecnebas, anu Semecnebis subieqti. amitom yovelTvis, Semecneba maT urTierTobaSi iSleba. es garemoeba Semecnebis SesaZleblobis dasabuTebaSi udides mniSvnelobas iZens. imis mixedviT, Tu rogor
iqneba gaazrebuli subieqtisa da obieqtis cnebebis raoba,
ganisazRvreba Semecnebis SesaZleblobis dasabuTebis gzebi.
gnoseologiuri Teoriebis specifikuroba subieqtisa da obieqtis cnebebis specialur gagebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. gansakuTrebiT xazi unda gaesvas subieqtis cnebas. dgindeba, rom
gnoseologiuri Teoriis gasaRebi masSi CarTuli subieqtis
cnebis raobaSi imyofeba; rom yovel gansxvavebul Teorias
gaaCnia subieqtis mxolod misTvis misaRebi cneba. SeuZlebelia erTi gnoseologiuri Teoriidan meore gansxvavebul
TeoriaSi subieqtis cnebis ucvleli saxiT Semotana ise rom
aman am Teoriebis arsebiTad erTmaneTTan gaigiveba ar gamoiwvios. amitom xdeboda, rom rodesac filosofiuri azris gan-

viTarebis romeliRac etapze Semecnebis problemebis gadawyveta gamouval CixSi Sevidoda, iqidan gamosavali yovelTvis
subieqtis cnebis gagebaSi Zireuli cvlilebebis SetaniT
moiZebneboda. es procesi daiwyo sofistebisa da sokrates
dapirispirebidan da grZeldeba dRemde. rodesac kote baqraZem
kantis filosofias subieqtis filosofia uwoda, mas mxedvelobaSi hqonda kantis filosofiaSi subieqtis cnebis udidesi
mniSvneloba. Tumca aqve imis Tqmac SeiZleba, rom kantis
filosofia obieqtis filosofiac iyo. es Cans Tundac iqedan,
rom roca kanti Tavs kiTxavs _ `ra SemiZlia vicode?~ _ aq
aqcenti `ra~-ze keTdeba, anu Tu yovelgvari sagani ar SeiZleba iqces Semecnebis obieqtad, maS rogori unda iyos igi, rom
Semecnebis obieqtis statusi miiRos? zemoT ganxiluli
gnoseologiuri Teoriis Sedegebi maT mier moxmarebuli Semecnebis subieqtis cnebis TaviseburebiT iyo gansazRvruli.
`sufTa dafis~ princi pze gaazrebulma subieqtma gansazRvra
Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problemis materialur-empiristuli gadawyveta; subieqtis nativistur princi pze gaazrebam _
problemis racionalisturi gadawyveta; subieqtis subieqturma karCaketilobam da mTeli sinamdvilis mis mier `me~ da
`Cemi SegrZnebebi~-s kompleqsad warmodgenam, _ problemis berklisa da hiumiseuli gadawyveta; subieqtis, misi unarebis msoflio istoriis nayofad gaazrebam - dialeqtikur-materialisturi gadawyveta. rac Seexeba kants (da mTel germanul klasikur
filosofias), iq moxda SemecnebaSi subieqtisa da obieqtis
cnebebis yvelaze kritikuli gaazreba, ris Sedegadac radikalurad Semobrunda sakiTxisadmi midgoma. aqamde Tu miaCndaT, rom
Semecneba unda iqnes gamoyvanili subieqtisa da obieqtis
SesaZleblobebidan, kantma CaTvala, rom piriqiT, Semecnebis
moTxovnilebebidan unda iqnes gamoyvanil-Camoyalibebuli
subieqtisa da obieqtis SemecnebiTi unarebi. kantiswina
filosofiur nakadebSi xelis cecebis gziT miiRebdnen subieqtisa da obieqtis garkveuli gagebis cnebebs da mere maTgan
agebdnen iseT Semecnebis Teorias, ris SesaZleblobasac iZleoda dogmaturad miRebuli subieqtisa da obieqtis cnebebi.

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warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi gamosavali an skepticizmi iyo,

an is, rom Tu aseTma da aseTma subieqtma da obieqtma ar mogvca
Semecnebis dafuZnebis SesaZlebloba, maSin maTi cnebebis gageba
unda Seicvalos; Tu es cvlilebac kvlav arasasurvel Sedegs
mogvcems, maSin kidev axliT unda Seicvalos da a.S. amaSi
gamoixateba SemecnebaSi xelis cecebis gziT svla. kantma
moiTxova subieqtisa da obieqtis cnebebis gaazrebuli daqvemdebareba Semecnebis moTxovnebisadmi, rac am cnebebis gegmazomier gaazrebas niSnavs. amiT miRebul unda iqnes subieqtisa da obieqtis cnebebis konstruirebis myari da naTeli gza,
romelic saSualebas iZleva subieqtisa da obieqtis cnebebi
winaswar `daimuxtos~ zustad im programiT, romlis realizaciasac moiTxovs Semecnebis Teoria da romelsac mivyavarT
SemecnebaSi sxvagvari subieqtisa da sxvagvari obieqtis SeuZleblobasTan.
Semecnebis SesaZlebloba gansazRvravs ara marto subieqtisa da obieqtis raobas, aramed maT Soris urTierTobis
aucilebel formebs. Semecneba moiTxovs, rom subieqtsa da
obieqts Soris ar iyos arc absoluturi sxvaoba da arc
absoluturi igiveoba. e.i. maT Soris erTdroulad unda iyos
garkveuli igiveoba da garkveuli sxvaoba. amasTanave, maT Soris
igiveobrivi momenti SemTxveviTi da garedan iZulebiT Tavsmoxveuli ki ar unda iyos, aramed igi gamomuSavebuli unda
iqnes maT Soris genetikur-ontologiuri qmnadobis procesSi.
amitom subieqtsa da obieqts Soris SemecnebiTi urTierToba,
maT Soris SemoqmedebiT urTierTobaze unda xorcieldebodes.
iq, sadac subieqtsa da obieqts Soris SemoqmedebiTi urTierToba araa, Semecneba princi pulad SeuZlebelia. swored subieqtsa da obieqts Soris SemoqmedebiT urTierTobaSi yalibdeba maTTvis aucilebeli igiveobrivi momenti, rasac sabolood mivyavarT princi pebamde: _ rogoricaa subieqti, iseTivea obieqti da rogoricaa obieqti, aseTivea subieqti; ar
arsebobs subieqti obieqtis gareSe da ar arsebobs obieqti
subieqtis gareSe. miuxedavad subieqtsa da obieqts Soris
aseTi igiveobisa, romelic sruliadac ar niSnavs am igiveobis

absoluturobas, subieqtsa da obieqts Soris principul moTxovnad rCeba SemecnebaSi maTi TavisTavadobis sxvadasxva xarisxi.
savaldebulod iTvleba romelime mxare iyos TavisTavadi,
xolo meore mxare misadmi subordinaciul damokidebulebaSi.
es savaldebuloa imisTvis, rom Semecnebis procesSi maTma
sakuTarma kanonebma erTimeoris mimarT konfliqti ar Seqmnan.

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13. Semecnebis safuZveli da safexurebi. zemoT

ukve iTqva, rom Semecnebis TeoriaSi Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problemasTan erTad ganixileba Semecnebis procesualuri
dinebis, misi safuZvlisa da safexurebad gaSlis sakiTxebi.
amjerad, swored amis Sesaxeb unda vimsjeloT.
Semecnebis Teoriam Tavisi saqmianoba unda daiwyos an
uSualod Semecnebis obieqtis da Semecnebis subieqtis
gnoseologiuri dapirispirebiT, an ontologiiT, anu subieqtisa da obieqtis gnoseologiuri dapirispirebis Zirebi maT
ontologiur urTierTobaSi unda daiZebnos. kantiswina
filosofiuri nakadebis warumateblobis mizezi isic iyo,
rom Semecnebis Teoriis agebas ontologiisagan mowyvetiT
cdilobdnen. amaSi gamoixateboda maT naazrevSi transcendenturi da imanenturi sferoebis gauvali ufskruliT gaxleCa.
sabolood, filosofiaSi gakeTda daskvna _ gnoseologia an
unda eyrdnobodes ontologias, an Tavad unda ikisros paralelurad ontologiis funqciac. ratom iqca kantis filosofiaSi `TavisTavadi nivTi~ Seumecneblad? _ swored misi TavisTavadobis gamo. S. nucubiZe amis Taobaze wers, _ `cxadia, rom
TavisTavadi sagani araviTari gziT ar SeiZleba iyos mocemuli subieqtisaTvis, romlisTvisac igi damoukidebelia. Tu
Semecnebasa da sagans Soris araferi saerTo elementi araa.~
Semecneba _ subieqtsa da obieqts Soris azrobrivi kavSiria.
igi SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, Tu maT Soris winaswar
arsobrivi kavSiri arsebobs. obieqtsa da subieqts Soris SemecnebiTi kavSiris ontologiuri safuZveli praqtikaa. praqtika ornairia: Teoriul-sulieri da sagnobriv-materialuri.

SesaZlebelia ama Tu im filosofiurma Teoriam Semecnebis

safuZvlad am oridan romelime erTi airCios. mag. germanuli
klasikuri filosofia praqtikaSi mxolod Teoriul-sulier
moRvaweobas gulisxmobda. dialeqtikur materializmSi praqtika ZiriTadad adamianis sagnobriv-materialuri gardaqmnaa,
magram orive mxolod calmxrivobis maCvenebelia. praqtika
orive mxaris erTianobaa. erTi ram ki cxadia _ praqtikuli
safuZvlis gareSe Semecneba SeuZlebelia. adamians praqtika
ubiZgebs xeli mokidos Semecnebas.
sinamdvilis sagnebsa da movlenebs gaaCniaT ori mxare:
- garegani da Sinagani. orive am mxare TviTon sagnisTvisac
aqvs mniSvneloba da adamianisTvisac. `gareganoba~ da `Sinaganoba~ adamianis TvaliT danaxuli ganzomilebebia. adamianisTvis sagnis garegani mxarea yovelive is, rac grZnobis
organoebiT aRiqmeba. esenia: feri, suni, gemo, temperatura da
sxva. Sinaganad iTvleba sagnis is Taviseburebebi, romelnic
grZnobis organoebSi ar aRiqmeba da princi pSi arc SeiZleba
rom aRqmul iqnes. misi wvdoma mxolod gonebis meSveobiT
xdeba. paralelurad, adamians gaaCnia Semecnebis ori unari:
mgrZnobeloba da goneba. imis mixedviT, Tu Semecnebis procesSi sagnis romeli mxare gvaqvs mocemuli, arCeven Semecnebis
or safexurs. Tu SemecnebaSi gvaqvs mocemuli sagnis garegani
mxare, maSin saqme gvaqvs grZnobad safexurTan; namdvili mecnieruli Semecnebis mizania sagnis Sinagani, arsebiTi, aucilebeli da zogadi mxaris wvdoma. aseTi Semecneba Semecnebis
meore safexuria. mas uwodeben goniT Semecnebas, logikurabstraqtul Semecnebas. Semecnebis grZnobadi safexuri gamoirCeva Tavisi konkretulobiT. meore safexuris mTavari Tavisebureba misi abstraqtulobaa. Semecnebis Sedegad mecnieruli
cnebebis, romlebic xasiaTdebian Tavisi abstraqtulobiT, Camoyalibeba swored Semecnebis meore safexurze xdeba. meore safexuris mTavari iaraRi logikuri azrovnebaa. ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos grZnobad safexurze mxolod mgrZnobeloba
`muSaobdes~, xolo goniTi Semecnebis safexurze mxolod goneba.
rogorc ukve iTqva, pirovnebis mTlianoba mis saqmianobaSi

yvela misi unarebis mTlianobas eyrdnoba. amitom orive safexurze orive qmediTi unaria CarTuli. grZnobadi Semecneba
gonebis CarTvis gareSe, rogorc kanti ityvis _ brmaa. xolo
goneba mgrZnobelobis gareSe, _ carieli. grZnobadi Semecneba,
gonebis gareSe SeuZlebelia, vinaidan Semecneba msjelobis
ganxorcielebas moiTxovs, ara aqvs mniSvneloba grZnobadia
igi Tu goniTi. msjeloba ki gonebis funqciaa. aq, ubralod,
saqme is aris, rom Semecnebis grZnobad safexurze iseTi
msjelobebi warmoebs, romlebic sagnis garegani mxaris gamomxatvelia. Tavis mxriv, abstraqtul-logikuri, anu goniTi
Semecneba moiTxovs grZnobad-empiriul masalas, magram am safexurze xorcieldeba iseTi msjelobebi, romlebic sagnis Sinagani, arsebiTi mxareebis amsaxvelia.
rogorc grZnobad Semecnebas, ise goniT Semecnebas
gaaCnia Semecnebis Tavisi formebi. grZnobebis Semecnebis
formebia, _ SegrZneba, aRqma, warmodgena. SegrZneba aris receptorze sagnis uSualo zemoqmedebis Sedegad misi romelime
erTi, garegani (zedapiruli) mxaris mier gamowveuli gancda.
vardis surnelebis gancda aris CvenSi vardis mier gamowveuli SegrZneba. vardis suns SevigrZnobT, magram mTlianad
vardis yvavils aRviqvamT. anu aRqma mgrZnobelobis mier
sagnis mTlianobaSi gancdaa, SegrZnebebis kompleqsia (mivaqcioT yuradReba, _ aRqma da ara aRTqma. es ukanaskneli religiuri terminia, romelic garkveuli pirobis micemas, dapirebas gulisxmobs. Zveli aRTqma, axali aRTqma). rogorc
SegrZnebis ise aRqmis Tavisebureba isaa, rom isini gulisxmoben subieqtis saganTan uSualo fizikur kontaqts. maTi
arsebobisa da moqmedebis dro aris axla (awmyo dro). warmodgena SegrZneba-aRqmis gadatanaa drois sxva nawilebSi _
momavalSi, an warsulSi mogonebebis, an warmosaxvis meSveobiT sagnebis xatebis Seqmnis gziT. goniTi Semecnebis formebia: cneba, msjeloba, dasabuTeba da daskvna (aqac ganvasxvavoT
erTimeorisagan cneba da mcneba. am SemTxvevaSic mcneba religiuri terminia. moses aTi mcneba da ara aTi cneba. aristoteles hqonda CamoTvlili aTi cneba, anu kategoria da ara

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aTi mcneba. mcneba _ adamianisaTvis SemuSavebuli Taviseburi Segoneba, moqmedebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo normaa). mecnieruli codna aisaxeba cnebebSi, msjelobebSi da dasabuTeba-daskvnebSi. cneba sagnis Sinagani, arsebiTi, aucilebeli
da zogadi mxaris azrobrivi gamoxatulebaa. igi ganyenebulia sagnis yvela araarsebiTi, erTeuli da SemTxveviTi niSnebisagan da amitom abstraqtuli bunebisaa. msjeloba iseTi
winadadebaa, sadac cnebebs Soris logikuri, aucileblobiTi
kavSiris Sedegad, sagnis Sesaxeb raRacas vadasturebT an
uarvyofT. amitom yvela msjeloba winadadebaa, magram yoveli
winadadeba msjeloba araa. `vaSli wiTelia~, msjelobaa, magram `momeci vaSli!~ _ msjeloba araa. mecnieruli codnis
warmoeba ZiriTadad msjelobebSia, radgan mecnierebaSi mTavari _ raRacis mtkiceba an uaryofaa. formalurma logikam
msjelobebi oTx klasad dayo: Tvisebriobis, raodenobis, mimarTebisa da modalobis. TiToeul klasSi Sedis sam-sami
Semdegi saxeoba: Tvisebriobis mixedviT, _ dadebiTi, uaryofiTi da ganusazRvreli msjelobebi; raodenobis mixedviT, _
zogadi, kerZoobiTi da erTeuli msjelobebi; mimarTebis mixedviT, _ kategoriuli, pirobiTi da gayofiTi msjelobebi da
modalobis mixedviT, _ problematuri, asertoruli da apodiqturi msjelobebi. _ dasabuTeba aris sagnis Sesaxeb raRacis
mtkicebis, an uaryofis garkveuli faqtebiTa da argumentebiT
momarageba-uzrunvelyofa. daskvna aris dasabuTebis Sedegi,
romlis msvlelobis momentSi daskvnis saxiT gamomuSavdeba
msjelobis saxiT warmodgenili SedarebiT axali azri. mecnierebaSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli daskvnis formebia induqciuri, deduqciuri da reduqciuri daskvnebi. induqciuria
daskvna, rodesac gvarSi Semavali ramdenime sagnis monacemebze dayrdnobiT vaskvniT gvarSi Semavali yvela sagnis mimarT. e.i. is erTeulidan zogadis Sesaxeb daskvnaa. induqciuri daskvna danaskvSi Seicavs siaxles, magram TviTon daskvna albaTuri xasiaTisaa. deduqciuri daskvna zogadidan erTeulis gamoyvanaa. igi logikurad gamoricxavs albaTobas,
magram siaxlis elements ar Seicavs. reduqciuri daskvna

Sedegidan am Sedegis gamomwvevi wanamZRvrebisaken mimarTuli daskvnaa. reduqciuri daskvna SeiZleba iyos rogorc
induqciuri, ise deduqciuri xasiaTis.

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14. WeSmaritebis sakiTxi. mecnieruli Zieba, saboloo jamSi, WeSmaritebis Ziebaa. es saqme ki imdenad rTuli
da Znelia, rom rogorRac igi Tivis did zvinSi Cavardnili
nemsis Ziebas gavs. WeSmaritebis Zieba da dadgena ki adamianisaTvis sacicocxlod aucilebeli RonisZiebaa. misi Ziebis
sirTule da siZnele gamowveulia TviTon WeSmaritebis bunebiT.
maS, ra aris WeSmariteba? martivi da trivialuri pasuxiT, _
WeSmariteba aris is rac araa mcdaroba. xolo mcdarobaa is,
rac araa WeSmariteba. e.i. cnebis doneze WeSmariteba da mcdaroba sapirispiro movlenebia. adamianis doneze (sul sxvaa
maTi RmerTis doneze gaazreba) isini erTianobaSi arian. amitom pirveli, rasac xazi unda gaesvas, isaa rom WeSmariteba (da
mcdarobac) azris niSania. amitom SeuZlebelia WeSmaritebis,
rogorc azris, mocema mgrZnobelobaSi. azrs ara aqvs feri,
suni, gemo, igi ar gveZleva bgerebis saSualebiT, an SexebaSi.
WeSmariteba azris niSania da amitom mxolod moiazreba. igi
sulieri movlenaa. religiaSi RmerTia WeSmariteba. amitom is
sulieri arsia, _ wminda sulia. WeSmariti, an mcdari SeiZleba
iyos Cveni azrebi sagnebis Sesaxeb da ara TviTon sagnebi.
Cveni azri vardis Sesaxeb aris WeSmariti, an mcdari da ara
TviTon vardi. `WeSmariti vardi~, pirdapiri gagebiT uazro
gamoTqmaa. igi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes mxolod gadataniTi
mniSvnelobiT. amas WeSmaritebis ontologiur gagebas uwodeben, rogorc magaliTad, gamoTqmebSi vxvdebiT `WeSmariti kaci~,
`WeSmariti siyvaruli~. arc kaci da arc siyvaruli, azri ki
ara, _ sinamdvilis realuri movlenebia da amitom isini ar
SeiZleba WeSmaritebad iqnes gamocxadebuli. es gamoTqmebi
SeiZleba gavigoT gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT rogorc _ kacuri kaci, namdvili siyvaruli. WeSmariteba gnoseologiuri
kategoriaa. amitom filosofiaSi msjeloba ZiriTadad exeba

WeSmaritebis gnoseologiur gagebas. `vardi wiTelia~

gnoseologiuri gamoTqmaa, radgan aq fokusireba xdeba vardis
siwiTlis gamomxatvel azrze. Tu gamoTqmebis: `WeSmariti
kaci~, `WeSmariti siyvaruli~ nacvlad vityviT `kacuri kaci~,
`namdvili siyvaruli~, arc aseT SemTxvevaSi iqcevian isini
WeSmaritebad an mcdarobad, anu gnoseologiur winadadebebad.
es aris gamokveTilad SefasebiTi, anu aqsiologiuri debulebebi. xolo Tu mainc daJinebiT SevecdebiT `WeSmarit kacs~,
`WeSmarit siyvaruls~, rogorc gamoTqmebs, gnoseologiuri
gamoTqmebis azri SevZinoT da amiT WeSmaritebis, an mcdarobis statusi mivaniWoT, maSin unda dadgindes da azrSi iqnes
gaformebuli ramdenad marTebulia konkretul kacs `WeSmariti kaci~ an `kacuri kaci~ ewodos, an konkretul siyvaruls _
`WeSmariti siyvaruli~ an `namdvili siyvaruli~.
WeSmaritebis Semdegi aucilebeli niSania misi erTaderToba. am azrSi ukeT Casawvdomad moviSvelioT magaliTebi.
garkveul kiTxvaze SesaZlebelia mravalnairi pasuxi. magaliTad, mravali pasuxia SesaZlebeli kiTxvaze, _ ramdenia orjer ori? magram WeSmariti pasuxi mxolod erTia. SeiZleba
uaresi SemTxvevac, _ roca iseTi kiTxva ismeba, romelzec
mravali pasuxi gaCenilia, magram maTgan arcerTi yofila WeSmariti im ubralo mizeziT, rom WeSmariti pasuxis gamomuSaveba jer ver moxerxda, an aseTi pasuxis gamomuSaveba princi pulad SeuZlebelia. magaliTad arsebobs Tu ara RmerTi, sulis
ukvdaveba, saiqio cxovreba? mecnierul SemecnebaSi (WeSmaritebaSi) amis gamoTqma SeuZlebelia Cveni gonebis sasrulobis
gamo. es kiTxvebi ki usasrulo arsebobis mimarTaa dasmuli.
WeSmaritebasa da mcdarobas Soris princi puli sxvaoba aqacaa. WeSmariteba Tu erTaderTia, mcdaroba mravalia. amitom
mcdarobis migneba didi problema araa. im erTaderT WeSmaritebas iqiT _ yvela varianti mcdaria. amitom mcdarobis
wvdomisaTvis xelis ceceba sruliad misaRebi xerxia. Tivis
did zvinSi Znelia im erTi gadakarguli nemsis mopoveba,
Torem Tivis erTi Reris misaRebad araviTari Zieba araa saWiro.
WeSmaritebis, rogorc garkveuli azris Semdegi auci-

lebeli niSnebia aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba, rac WeSmaritebis obieqturobas niSnavs. filosofiaSi bevri mkvlevari
saerTod uaryofda WeSmaritebis arsebobas misi Semecnebis
sirTulisa da siZnelis gamo. antikur berZnul samyaroSi
sofisturi moZraobis didi warmomadgeneli protagora WeSmaritebis arsebobas uaryofda im azriT, rom SeuZlebelia
yvelasaTvis savaldebulo azris arsebobis gamarTleba misi
gancxadebiT, adamiani aris saganTa sazomi. e.i. WeSmaritebis
ganmsazRvreli adamiania. yovel adamians Tavisi WeSmariteba
aqvs da amitom ar arsebobs yvelasaTvis savaldebulo, mkacrad
gansazRvruli erTi WeSmariteba. magaliTad, vardi, rogorc
garkveuli sagani, erTsa da imave dros da erTsa da imave
mimarTebaSi yvelasaTvis erTi da igive araa da mis Sesaxeb
yvelas Tavisi azri anu yvelas Tavisi WeSmariteba gaaCnia. es
WeSmaritebis erTaderTobis zRvris gadalaxvaa, misi simravled qcevaa. amiT mcdarobac WeSmaritebad cxaddeba, rac mcdarobas, rogorc aseTs, saerTod auqmebs. WeSmariteba arsebobs
imdenad, ramdenadac arsebobs mcdaroba. mcdarobis gauqmeba
WeSmaritebis gauqmebacaa. protagoras xelSi mcdarobis gauqmebiT faqtiurad WeSmariteba iqna gauqmebuli.
WeSmariteba yvelasaTvis aucileblobaa. anu yvelasaTvis
savaldebuloa. msoflio mizidulobis kanonis gamomTqmeli
azri WeSmaritia imitom, rom yvela maRla agdebuli kenWis,
Sesabamis pirobebSi, ukan dabruneba savaldebuloa. am azris
WeSmaritebas adamiani ki ar ganapirobebs, aramed saganTa obieqturi realoba. amaSia am azris aucilebloba. xolo is, rom
igi exeba yvela kenWs da ara mxolod erTs, an ramdenimes, es
misi sayovelTaoba anu zogadobaa. e.i. WeSmariteba iseTi azria
romelic aucilebeli xasiaTisaa da gvarSi Semaval yvela
saganze vrceldeba. WeSmaritebis aucileblobas da zogadobas
mis obieqturobas uwodeben. amitom xSirad WeSmaritebis Zalian
mokle gansazRvreba aseTia, _ WeSmariteba aris obieqturi
azri. amiT WeSmaritebis udides praqtikul mniSvnelobas esmeba xazi.
adamianebi sazogadoebis formiT Tanacxovrebas ewevi-

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an. amisTvis maT WirdebaT momwesrigebeli da gamaerTianebeli Zala. aseT gaerTianebas SeuZlebels gaxdis is, rac yvelasaTvis saerTo araa. Tu WeSmariteba, sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT,
yvelas Tavisi aqvs, igi gamaerTianebel Zalad ver gamodgeba.
gamaerTianebel da momwesrigebel Zalas warmoadgens is Rirebulebebi, rac igiveobrivi, anu saerToa yvelasaTvis. WeSmariteba erT-erTi aseTi saerTo, udidesi Rirebulebaa, romelic
aerTianebs Taobebs, xalxebs, kacobriobas. amitom WeSmariteba
Tavisi aucileblobiTa da sayovelTaobiT (zogadobiT), anu
Tavisi obieqturobiT aris adamianebis gamaerTianebeli Zala.
ontologiurad obieqturoba subieqtis gareT da misgan damoukideblad arsebobas niSnavs. aqvs Tu ara WeSmaritebas aseTi obieqturoba? es kiTxva filosofiaSi davis sagnad
iqca. gaCnda azri WeSmaritebis aseTi obieqturobis arsebobis
Sesaxeb. umetesoba amas SeuZleblad miiCnevs im azriT, rom
WeSmariteba azris niSania. azri ki mxolod cnobierebaSi da
cnobierebis meSveobiT arseboba, maSinac ki, roca WeSmariti
azrebi TiTqos werilobiT teqstebSia Cadebuli da amiT obieqtivirebulia. saqme is aris, rom werilobiT teqstSi (Tumca
yvela sagani Cvens winaSe iSleba rogorc Taviseburi teqsti;
erTi udidesi teqstia mTlianad aRebuli buneba, romelic
adamianisagan amokiTxva-wakiTxvas moiTxovs) azrebi uSualod
SiSveli formiT ki araa Cadebuli, aramed isini iq rogorRac
`ganivTebulni~ arian. es xdeba simboloebis SeqmniT da maTi
meSveobiT, daSifvris gziT. azrebis daSifvra xdeba bgerebiT,
sityvebiT, cifrebiT, naxazebiT, cnebebiT, terminebiT, kategoriebiT da sxva simboloebiT. mecnierebaSi sxva saxis Sifria,
xelovnebaSi sxvanairi, yofiT cxovrebaSi sxvanairi da a.S.
magram igi mainc simboloebiT agebuli Sifria. Sifri simbolur niSanTa sistemaa. teqstSi Sifris saxiT garkveuli
simboloebia, rac raRacas niSnavs. teqstis wakiTxva am niSnebis mniSvnelobis codnazea damyarebuli. qarTuli asoebi, bgerebi
romelTa kompleqsi werilobiT qmnis sityva `deda~-s, garkveuli Sifria. igi rogorc niSani, _ teqtSia, xolo misi mniSvneloba teqstis `gaSifvris~ Sedegad cnobierebaSi Cndeba.

Sifris gaSifvra misi gagebaa. azri rom pirdapir SiSveli

formiT iyos teqstSi Cadebuli, misi amokiTxva yvela eris
warmomadgenels unda SeeZlos, magram igi SeuZlia mxolod
imas, vinc moaxerxa am Sifris Seswavla. simboloTa Sifri ki
sabolood igive enaa. teqstis wakiTxva da gageba SesaZlebelia, Tu es ena ici. cnobierebis gareT da misgan damoukideblad teqstSi Cadebulia da arsebobs simboloebiT Sedgenili niSanTa sistema. maTi wakiTxviT (gaSifvriT) Cndeba Sesatyvisi mniSvneloba, anu azri cnobierebaSi. sityva `deda~-s
wakiTxva mxolod qarTuli Sifris, anu qarTuli enis mcodnis
cnobierebaSi gaaCens dedis mniSvnelobis mqone azrs.
da mainc, SeiZleba Tu ara WeSmaritebis obieqturoba
gavigoT misi cnobierebis gareT da misgan damoukideblad
arsebobis azriT? am mizniT ganvixiloT WeSmaritebis Sinaarsobrivi gansazRvreba, romlis mixedviT WeSmaritebad iTvleba
iseTi azri romelic Seesatyviseba, adeqvaturia masSi asaxuli
sagnis. e.i. WeSmaritia azri, Tu igi sagans sworad asaxavs. aq
WeSmaritebis ori mxarea wina planze wamoweuli _ Sinaarsi
da forma. WeSmaritebas, rogorc garkveul azrs, aqvs Tavisi
Sinaarsi da forma. SinaarsSi igulisxmeba is realuri viTareba, romelic WeSmarit azrSia gamoTqmuli. magaliTad,
msjelobis, _ `bunebaSi yvela cocxali mokvdavia~ Sinaarsia
is obieqtur-realuri viTareba, rac bunebaSi arsebobs cocxali arsebis Tavze misi sicocxlisa da sikvdilis urTierTobiT. es cnobierebis gareT da misgan damoukideblad arsebuli viTarebaa, magram WeSmaritebaSi am viTarebis forma azriseulia. igi WeSmaritebaSi sulierad, azris formiT arsebobs.
WeSmaritebis Sinaarsi ontologiurad obieqturi aRmoCnda.
misi forma azria, rac subieqtis unaria, subieqturia. dasawyisisTvis azris subieqturoba nu dagvabnevs. es araa is subieqturoba romelic adamianis fsiqologiuri da sensualisturi
motivebiTaa ganpirobebuli. msjeloba exeba iseT subieqturobas romelic Sinaarsis msgavsad flobs sayovelT a obas da auc ileblobas anu obieqtu robas.
filosofiaSi aseT subieqturobas didi mniSvneloba mianiWa

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kantma. azrs, rogorc WeSmaritebis formis obieqturobas (aucileblobas, sayovelTaobas) asazrdovebs logikuri da
gnoseologiuri aucileblobebi. WeSmariteba esaa cnobierebis gareT da misgan damoukideblad arsebuli aucileblobis cnobierebis Sinagani aucileblobis saxiT
gaformeba. amitom WeSmaritebas ar SeuZlia arseboba
arc ontologiuri obieqturobisgan damoukideblad, arc
logikur-gnoseologiuri aucileblobis mqone subieqturobisgan damoukideblad. igi maTi mTlianobaa. WeSmaritebis dadgeniT xorcieldeba SemecnebiTi moRvaweobiT trancedenturisa da imanenturi sferoebis erTianoba. obieqturobisa da subieqturobis erTianoba.
WeSmaritebaSi ontologiurisa da gnoseologiuris mTlianoba dadgindeba.
erTimeorisagan ganasxvaveben WeSmaritebis absoluturobas da fardobiTobas. absolutur WeSmaritebad iTvleba
iseTi azri, an azris iseTi momenti, romelic absoluturad
dasrulebulia. mas Semdgomi dazusteba aRar sWirdeba. igi
upirobo WeSmaritebaa, anu WeSmaritebad yofnisaTvis raRac
gansakuTrebul pirobebs ar moiTxovs. igi yvela pirobiT
WeSmaritebaa. fardobiTad iTvleba iseTi WeSmariteba, romelic Semdgom dazustebas moiTxovs, igi cvalebadia da mxolod
garkveul pirobebSia SesaZlebeli. Tvalsazrisis, romelic
uaryofs absoluturi WeSmaritebis arsebobas da aRiarebs
mxolod WeSmaritebis fardobiTobas, relativizmi ewodeba.
wminda, absoluturi WeSmariteba mxolod RmerTs miewereba.
rac Seexeba adamianur WeSmaritebas, igi ganixileba absoluturi da fardobiTi WeSmaritebis mTlianobad; e.i. adamianuri
azri Seicavs rogorc iseT elementebs, romlebic dasrulebulad da srulyofilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, anu is Seicavs
absoluturi WeSmaritebis elementebsac da iseTsac, romelsac Semdegi dazusteba-srulyofa sWirdeba, anu rac fardobiTi xasiaTisaa. absoluturi da fardobiTi WeSmaritebis erTianobas WeSmaritebis konkretuloba ewodeba. amitom WeSmariteba, romelsac adamiani flobs, yovelTvis konkretuli xas-

iaTisaa. agreTve erTimeorisagan arCeven faqtobriv WeSmaritebas da logikur WeSmaritebas. faqtobriv WeSmaritebaSi azris
faqtTan Sesatyvisobaa dafiqsirebuli. logikur WeSmaritebaSi naCvenebia cnebebs Soris logikuri Sesatyvisoba.

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15. WeSmaritebis kriteriumi. arc Semecneba CaiTvleba bolomde dasrulebulad da arc miRebuli azri WeSmaritebad, sanam misi raime sazomiT Semowmeba SeuZlebeli
iqneba. WeSmaritebis aseT sazoms WeSmaritebis kriteriumi
ewodeba. mTeli filosofiis istoriis manZilze kriteriumis
problema udidesi siZnelis winaSe ayenebda filosofiurgnoseologiur azrovnebas. kriteriumTan dakavSirebiT `wvaleba~ daiwyo ukve antikur filosofiaSi da dResac jer kidev
sadao sakiTxad rCeba kriteriumis problemis gadawyvetisas
azrovneba e.w. `mesame adamianis~ siZnelis winaSe aRmoCnda.
WeSmaritebaSi subieqtisa da obieqtis erTianoba unda iqnes
miRweuli. magram rodesac maT Soris igiveobrivi momenti ar
arsebobs, maT damakavSireblad raRac mesame, Sualeduri rgoli unda iyos Semoyvanili, rac igiveobrivi gaxdeba orive
mxarisaTvis. aRniSnuli `mesamis~ TiToeul mxaresTan dasakavSireblad axali `mesameebia~ saWiro da ase usasrulod. amas
problemebis gadawyveta CixSi Seyavs. isic cxadi Seiqmna, rom
kriteriumi ar unda iyos arc subieqti da arc obieqti, _ es
imas daemsgavseboda sasamarTlo procesze msajulad romelime mokamaTe mxare rom daeniSnaT. imTaviTve daiwyo xangrZlivi Ziebebi kriteriumTan dakavSirebiT. erTni WeSmaritebis
kriteriumad adamians gamoacxadeben _ saganTa sazomi adamianiao; meoreni, _ WeSmariti azris sicxades. Tu azri imdenad
cxadia, rom masSi eWvis Setana SeuZlebelia, _ maSin igi WeSmaritia; mesameni, _ logikurobas. Tu azri logikurad gamomdinareobs aqamde mopovebuli azrebidan _ igi WeSmaritia; meoTxeni, _ sargeblianobas, Tu azri saqmeSi momgebianad amuSavda, _
is WeSmaritia; mexuTeni, xmaTa umravlesobiT, _ azrs, romelsac
umravlesoba endoba-WeSmaritia; meeqvseni _ koherentobas, Tu

axali azri umtkivneulod Cajda ukve arsebul sistemaSi _

WeSmaritebaa. meSvideni _ mizez-Sedegobriobis safuZvel-SedegTan gaigivebiT azrebs Soris logikur kavSirebs sagnebze
mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTobis prestabeluri harmoniis axsnaSi. mTel am ZiebebSi erTi ram saerToa _ es iyo mcdeloba
kriteriumad wamoeyenebinaT Semecnebis miRma mdgomi instancia. Semecneba xorcieldeba rogorRac TavisTvis. mis garkveul
etapze damTavrebisa da Sedegis miRebis Semdeg, es rezultati
Semecnebis miRma mdgom instanciasTan miaqvT da misgan cdiloben gaigon WeSmaritebis TvalsazrisiT, ramdenad damakmayofilebelia igi, verc am zogadma princi pma da verc erTma
calke aRniSnulma kriteriumma damajerebloba ver moi pova.
bolos, azrovneba mivida dilemamde, _ an monaxuli unda iqnes
iseTi mesame, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, axali mesame aRar dasWirdeba; an kriteriumis problema ise unda gadawydes, rom damakavSirebeli mesame saerTod saWiro ar iyos. ukanaskneli moTxovna imasac gulisxmobs, rom kriteriumi Semecnebis miRma
instancia ki ar unda iyos, aramed mis xdomilebaSi myofi da
masSi aqtiurad moqmedi. mxolod aseT pirobebSi Seasrulebs
igi kriteriumis funqcias. aRniSnuli dilemis pirveli varianti ganxorcielebul iqna dialeqtikur materializmSi. subieqtisa da obieqtis damakavSirebel mesamed CaiTvala praqtika, romelic Canafiqris mixedviT gamoricxavda axal mesames.
magram es varianti aradamajerebeli aRmoCnda. gvisabuTeben,
rom praqtikaa Semecnebis safuZveli. subieqtisa da obieqtis,
transcendenturisa da imanenturis dakavSireba praqtikis
niadagze xdeba. amitom kriteriumic praqtikaa. am Tvalsazrisis aradamajerebloba Cans, jer erTi, imaSi, rom praqtika
subieqtsa da obieqts praqtikuli interesebiT akavSirebs.
WeSmaritebaSi ki maTi kavSiri Teoriuli interesebiTaa dakavSirebuli da swored Teoriuli dasabuTebis mqone unda iyos.
aq mniSvnelovania is, Tu rogor gavigebT TviTon praqtikis
raobas. Tu masSi vigulisxmebT adamianis mier sinamdvilis
sagnobriv-gardaqmnis process, es erTia, swored asea gagebuli
dialeqtikur materializmSi praqtikis raoba, magram misi ase-

Ti gageba odnavadac ver iZleva saSualebas gamocxadebul

iqnes igi subieqtisa da obieqtis erTianobis safuZvlad. aseT
pirobebSi cnobierebas mainc sWirdeba Tavisi imanenturi samyarodan misTvis ucxo transcedentur samyaroSi gasvla. praqtikis aRniSnuli gagebac mTlianad transcedenturi sferos
nawilia. amitom kriteriumis problema tradiciuli siZneleebis
winaSe rCeba. aris praqtikis gagebis meore variantic. igi
ZiriTadad gamomuSavebul iqna kantisa da misi mimdevrebis
(fixte, Selingi, hegeli) mier da gulisxmobs adamianis Teoriul-sulier gardaqmniT moRvaweobas. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, adamianis SemecnebiT moRvaweobas saqme aqvs swored Teoriul-sulier gardaqmniT moRvaweobaSi Camoyalibebul sinamdvilesTan. am sinamdvilis Seqmnisa da Semecnebis procesi
erTi da imave princi piT xdeba. amiT WeSmariteba ara marto
azria sagnis Sesaxeb, aramed igi misi arsebobis sabuTia. ratom sWirdeboda tradiciul filosofias obieqtisa da azris
iqiT kriteriumad raRac sxva instancia? _ imitom, rom TviTon
isini iyvnen erTimeoris mimarT aseTive sxvani. amitom, roca
mosarigebeli mxareebi erTimeoris mimarT sxvani (ucxoni)
arian, morigebisaTvis maT axali sxva sWirdebaT. magram Tu
maT morigebisaTvis axali mesame sxva aRar sWirdebaT, e.i.
saWiroa TviTon obieqtsa da subieqts Soris moixsnas arsebiTi sxvaoba, raTa moixsnas sxvaoba WeSmaritebasa da kriteriums Soris. es iwvevs Teoriul-sulieri gardaqmnis procesSi
sagnis Seqmnisa da misi Semecnebis igiveobas. amis Semdeg
WeSmaritebis kriteriumad Semecnebis normebis zusti dacva
cxaddeba. WeSmaritebis kriteriumisadmi es midgoma didi xnis
winaT Camoyalibebuli iyo maTematikaSi. mag. Tu movindomebT
mravalniSna ricxvis mravalniSna ricxvze gamravlebas, intuiciurad gonebas ar SeuZlia zusti pasuxis ganWvreta. romc
SeZlos, misi WeSmaritebaSi darwmunebis kriteriumi ar gveqneba. amitom mivmarTavT Semdeg xerxs. jer zustad vayalibebT
gamravlebis zust maTematikur normebs, Semdeg am normebiT
vawarmoebT gamravlebas. miRebuli pasuxis WeSmaritebis dadastureba (kriteriumad yofna) arafers SeuZlia, garda erTi-

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sa. miRebuli namravli WeSmaritad CaiTvleba, Tu gamravlebis

yvela maTematikuri norma skrupulozurad iqneba daculi.
zogadad, es niSnavs, rom Semecnebis normebis dacva aris Semecnebis, anu WeSmaritebis kriteriumi. imis gamo, rom sxvadasxva
mecnierebaSi, sxvadasxva sferoSi, sxvadasxvanair movlenebTan
gvaqvs saqme _ Semecnebac yvelgan specifikuria. aqedan gamomdinare, Semecnebis savaldebulo normebic sxvadasxvanairia.
es imaze miuTiTebs, rom ar SeiZleba yvelgan da yvelaferSi
veZioT yvelasaTvis Tanabrad misaRebi kriteriumi. Semecnebis
formaTa mravalgvarobas mivyavarT WeSmaritebis kriteriumis
mravalferovnebasTan. am gagebiT zemoT CamoTvlilma istoriulad wamoyenebulma kriteriumebma SeiZleba Seasrulon
garkveul sferoSi da garkveul momentSi kriteriumis funqcia, magram maTi universaloba unda gamoiricxos.

16. WeSmariteba, siswore, simarTle da sibrZne.

xSirad werilobiT teqstebSi an zepir metyvelebaSi viyenebT
azrebis amsaxvel iseT terminebs, romlebic garkveul msgavsebaSi modian WeSmaritebasTan, ris gamoc, maT Soris gansxvavebas veRar vamCnevT, an Segnebulad aseT sxvaobas mniSvnelobas
ar vaniWebT da WeSmaritebas da terminebs lamis sinonimuri
mniSvnelobiT movixmarT; aseTi terminebia: siswore, simarTle,
sibrZne. mag. ama Tu im gamoTqmuli azris mimarT SeiZleba
Tqvan _ WeSmariti azria; Tqvan, rom es marTali azria, an is,
rom igi brZnuli azria. am terminebis aseTi `Tavisufali~
gamoyeneba praqtikul cxovrebaSi, rogorc wesi, araviTar winaaRmdegobas da gaugebrobas ar iwvevs, magram aRniSnuli terminebis zustad da daniSnulebiT gamoyenebis pirobebSi maTi aRreva ar SeiZleba. isini sinonimebi ar arian. es terminebi da
maTTan erTad sikeTe da mSveniereba, marTlac kargaven erTmaneTs Soris gansxvavebas, oRond RmerTis doneze. aq yvelaferi
WeSmaritebaSi erTiandeba. TviTon RmerTia WeSmariteba.
azrebi azrovnebis mier iwarmoeba. amitom azri sxvaa
da sxva aris azrovneba. WeSmariteba gnoseologiuri terminia

da igi azris niSania. siswore (`sworia~) logikuri terminia

da igi azrovnebis niSania. Cveni azrebi SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti an mcdari. xolo Cven SeiZleba vazrovnebdeT sworad an
arasworad. sworia is azrovneba, romelic xorcieldeba
logikuri normebis dacviT. xolo azrovneba, romelSic adgili aqvs logikuri normebis uxeS darRvevebs _ araswori
azrovnebaa. esaa alogikuroba. swori azrovneba Semecnebis,
anu WeSmaritebis miRwevis aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi
pirobaa. mas uSualod ar evaleba WeSmaritebasTan miyvana. mas
uSualod arc mcdarobis dadgena evaleba. logikis daniSnulebaa azri, mcdari iqneba igi Tu WeSmariti, swori azrovnebis
Sedegi iyos. gamoiricxos alogikuroba azrovnebaSi. swori
azrovneba logikuri azrovnebaa. es ukanaskneli azrebs Soris
aucileblobiTi kavSirebis ganxorcielebaa. esaa situacia,
roca winaswar safuZvlis (wanamZRvrebis) saxiT mocemuli
gvaqvs garkveuli azrebi (debulebebi) da iqidan aucileblobiT gamogvyavs (vaskvniT) axali azri (debuleba). siswore da
WeSmariteba erTi da igive araa. amitom es axali azri SeiZleba mcdari da SeiZleba WeSmariti iyos, anu swori azrovneba
axali azris WeSmariteba-mcdarobaze `pasuxs ar agebs~. igi
`pasuxismgebelia~ imaze, rom axali azri (danaskvi) aucileblobiT gamomdinareobdes gamosavali safuZvlidan (wanamZRvrebidan). mag. Tu gamosaval safuZvlad gvaqvs debulebebi: pirveli, _ yvela cocxali arseba mokvdavia; meore, _ qva cocxali
arsebaa. swori azrovneba aseTi wanamZRvrebidan amosvliT,
aucileblobiT migviyvans danaskvTan, _ qva mokvdavia, aseTi
danaskvi logikurad sworia, magram gnoseologiurad _ mcdari. e.i. misi mcdarobis mizezi logikaSi (azrovnebis sisworeSi) ki araa, aramed amosavali meore wanamZRvris mcdarobaSia. aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom sxva aris WeSmariteba da sul
sxvaa WeSmaritebis dadgenis procesi. am ukanasknelisaTvis
savaldebuloa rogorc swori (logikuri) azrovneba, ise safuZvlis WeSmariteba. xolo Semecnebis mier ukve dadgenili azris,
rogorc Sedegis, mTavari niSani misi WeSmariteba an mcdarobaa.

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msgavsi situaciaa termin _ `marTalsa~ (simarTle) da

`WeSmaritebas~ Soris. xSirad `WeSmaritebis~ adgilas gamoiyeneba termini _ `marTali~, magram zusti midgomis pirobebSi,
termini `marTali~ adamianis qmedebis, qcevis niSania da ara
azris. Cven vmoqmedebT; Cveni qceva an marTebulia, an umarTebulo: umarTebuloni varT, anu vtyuT qcevebSi. WeSmariteba
Tu gnoseologiuri terminia, simarTle samarTleblivi terminia. amas samarTlebriv sferoSi SevyavarT. samarTali ki
ZiriTadad qcevebis sferoa. SeiZleba azrovnebis sferoSic
aRmovCndeT marTali an mtyuani. es maSin, roca Cveni azrovneba qcevebis statusSi adis. aseT statuss azrovneba aRwevs
maSin, roca Segnebulad, raRac miznis misaRwevad vcdilobT
vicruoT, an ar vicruoT. sicrue ukve qmedebaa, Tumca _ sulieri
qmedeba. azris doneze WeSmariteba da mcdaroba adamians samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis miRma ayenebs. sityvis Tavisufleba azris Tavisuflebaa. azris Tavisufalia samarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobisgan, iqneba igi WeSmariti, Tu mcdari. demokratiis pirobebSi yovel adamians aqvs ufleba iqonios da gamoTqvas sakuTari azri, miuxedevad misi WeSmariteba-mcdarobisa.
magram demokratiac ebrZvis iseTi Segnebuli tyuilis (sicruis) gamoTqmas da gavrcelebas, rasac sxvebi zianis momtan
SecdomaSi Seyavs. termini `samarTali~ warmoebulia `simarTlidan~. samarTalSi, pirvel rigSi, Seracxadia anu samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis matarebelia adamianis (moqalaqis)
qcevebi. amitom, adamianis qcevebi samarTlebrivi kanonebiT
normirebulia, romelTa darRveva idevneba (dasjadia). aqedan
gamomdinare, _ simarTle adamianis qcevis samarTlebriv normebTan Sesatyvisobaa. rusTaveli gveubneba, _ `qmna saqmisa samarTlisa xesa Seiqms xmelsa nedlad.~ aq xazi esmeba `qmnas~
anu qcevas, moqmedebas, romelic samarTlis saqmea, e.i. simarTle
qmedebis, qcevis niSania. ZiriTadad adamianis qcevis niSania
zneobac. rac Seexeba WeSmaritebas, igi im azris niSania, romelic
SesatyvisobaSia masSi asaxul saganTan.
pirdapiri gaigiveba ar SeiZleba arc WeSmaritebisa da
sibrZnisa. cxadia, sibrZne eyrdnoba WeSmaritebas. WeSmariteba

sibrZnisaTvis erT-erTi arsebiTi momentia, magram sibrZne,

TavisTavad, gacilebiT mets niSnavs, vidre WeSmariteba. sibrZneSi adamianis pirovnuli mTlianoba ikiTxeba. adamiani
mcxovrebi arsebaa. mas yvela unari cxovrebis warmarTvisaTvis sWirdeba. cxovrebaSi. yvelaze mTavari cxovrebiseuli
nabijebis gadadgmaa. adamianis cxovreba aseTi nabijebis meSveobiT iqmneba. sibrZne kompleqsuri movlenaa da igi adamianuri unarebis mTlianobiT iqmneba. sibrZne moiTxovs azrovnebas,
azrebs, qmedebebs, nebisyofis simtkices da kidev bevr unars,
magram maT Soris, albaT, mTavar elementebad unda CaiTvalos
arCevanisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari da praqtikuli
qmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, e.i. sibrZne ara uSualo azris, aramed garkveul azrze dayrdnobiT _ arCevanis,
gadawyvetilebis da im praqtikuli nabijis gadadgmis niSania,
romelsac cxovreba pirovnebisaTvis sasurveli mimarTulebiT
miyavs.

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17. intuicia. Semecnebis procesSi, realuri sagani

mgrZnobelobas uSualod eZleva. amas grZnobad Wvretas uwodeben. e.i. mgrZnobeloba uSualod Wvrets sagans. Tvali pirdapir da uSualod xedavs (Wvrets) magidas. es unari cxovelsac
gaaCnia. adamianuri Semecnebis mizania sagnis Sesaxeb WeSmaritebis dadgena. WeSmariteba idealuri movlenaa. mas ara aqvs
materialur-fizikuri Tvisebebi. amitom kiTxvaze, SeuZlia Tu
ara mgrZnobelobas WeSmaritebis iseTnairadve Wvreta, rogorc
realuri sagnebis, _ pasuxi, cxadia, uaryofiTia. es rom SesaZlebeli iyos, maSin rogorc erTma filosofosma ixumra, cxovelebi adamianebTan SedarebiT profesorebad mogvevlinebodneno. mxedvelobaSi hqonda is garemoeba, rom garkveuli
saxeobis cxovelebs mgrZnobelobis unarebi adamianze ukeT
aqvT ganviTarebuli. WeSmaritebas, rogorc idealur movlenas
ar SeuZlia garegan mgrZnobelobaze iseTi zemoqmedebis moxdena,
romliTac igi masSi SegrZnebebs da aRqmebs gamoiwvevs. gare
sinamdvilis adamianis imantentur samyarosTan damakavSirebe-

li xidi fsiqikaa. gare sinamdvilis sagnebi zemoqmedeben

grZnobis organoebis receptorze da iwveven garkveul SegrZnebebs da aRqmebs. es ukanasknelni ar warmoadgenen WeSmaritebas. isini mxolod mgrZnobelobis fsiqikuri pasuxia gamaRizianebelze. amis Semdeg keTdeba, vTqvaT ase _ mtkiceba imis
Sesaxeb, rom goneba (inteleqti) aRniSnul SegrZnebebsa da
aRqmebs gaaanalizebs, Taviseburad daamuSavebs da Sedegad
daadgens sagnis Sesaxeb WeSmaritebas. magram aseTi mtkicebebi
bevr winaaRmdegobebs waawyda. am winaaRmdegobebis daZlevisa
da gadalaxvis mizniT, filosofiurma azrovnebam Semecnebis
TeoriaSi mravali gza mosinja, ris Sedegad warmoiSva empirizmi, racionalizmi, skepticizmi, agnosticizmi, asaxvis Teoria, transcendenturi filosofia. yvela es `izmebi~ iyo im
gamaSualebeli igiveobrivi momentis Zieba, romelic uzrunvelyofda transcendenturi sagnis Sesaxeb cnobierebis imanentur sinamdvileSi WeSmaritebis dadgenis SesaZleblobas; magram bolomde srulyofilad da damajereblad verc erTma
ver SeZlo dasaxuli amocanis Tanmimdevrulad Sesruleba.
amitom Cndeba kiTxva _ iqneb ise, rogorc grZnobad WvretaSi,
mgrZnobelobas uSualod eZleva sagani, inteleqtsa da WeSmaritebas Soris gamaSualebeli rgolis Zieba sruliad zedmetia da gonebasac (inteleqts) uSualod eZleva WeSmariteba?
es inteleqtualuri Wvretis SesaZleblobis sakiTxia. misi
mokled gamoTqmaa intuicia, intuiciis sakiTxi. es niSnavs, rom
saganTan yovelgvari empiriuli, logikuri an apriorul-transcendenturi kavSirebis gareSe gonebas SeuZlia WeSmaritebis
uSualo Wvreta. inteleqtualuri Semecneba WeSmaritebis dadgenamde, azrovnebiTi moZraobebis saxiT, garkveuli winaswari
samuSaoebis Sesrulebas moiTxovs. rac Seexeba inteleqtualur Wvretas, anu intuicias, misi pirdapiri gageba, aseTi
moZraobebis Sesrulebas gamoricxavs. igi uSualod daJinebiT
umzers (sityva `intuicia~, laTinurad swored amas niSnavs)
WeSmaritebas. adgili aqvs WeSmaritebis wvdomis myisierebas
yovelgvari procesualuri safexurebis gasvlis gareSe. e.i.
intuicia cvlis mecnierul Semecnebis process, rogorc misi

meqanizmis, aseve operatiulobis TvalsazrisiT.

filosofiaSi intuiciis problemasac gaaCnia Tavisi
istoria. isic dakavSirebulia Semecnebis TeoriaSi gaCenil
siZneleebTan da maTi daZlevis mizniT moxmobilia intuicia.
antikur saberZneTSi mas mimarTavdnen demokrite, gansakuTrebiT platoni, romelic intuicias gonebis umaRles unarad
Tvlida. intuicia misTvis iyo Taviseburi `Signidan xedva~.
misi saSualebiT goneba wvdeba ucvlel da maradiul ideebs,
romlebic adamianisagan damoukideblad ideaTa samyaroSi
arseboben. ioane petriwi mas absoluturad Seumcdar xedvas
uwodebs. axal droSi dekartis azriT, esa Tu is mecnieruli
Teoria amosaval wertilad aqsiomatur debulebebs iyenebs,
romlebic intuiciis gziT miiReba. kantis filosofiaSi daisva
inteleqtualuri Wvretis sakiTxi, magram man misi SesaZlebloba adamianis sferoSi gamoricxa da igi mxolod RvTaebriv unarad CaTvala. b. paskali amCnevs gonebis SemecnebiT
uZlurebas da mas upirispirebs natif alRos, rac igivea, rasac
intuicias uwodeben. aseve, Tavisi iracionalizmis safuZvels
Sopenhaueri gonebisadmi intuiciiT dapirispirebaSi xedavs.
Semecnebis introspeqtuli meTodic ZiriTadad intuiciur
xedvazea dayrdnobili. me-19-me-20 ss-Si frangi filosofosis
anri bergsonis mecadineobiT intuiciis Tema kidev ufro
gaaqtiurda, ramac filosofiaSi mTeli moZraoba gamoiwvia
`intuitivizmis~ saxelwodebiT. intuiciis realur arsebobas
TviTon faqtebic adastureben, magram misi arsebobisa da kvlevis aucileblobis Sesaxeb naklebad daoben. dava midis imis
Taobaze, Tu ra zomiTaa igi CarTuli SemecnebiT procesSi da
ra funqcia eTmoba mas.
intuiciasTan dakavSirebiT a. bergsonis Tvalsazrisi
Zalian zogadad aseTia. arsebobs realuri sinamdvile. adamians am sinamdvilis WeSmaritebaSi asaxva surs. realur sinamdvileSi mimdinareobs sagnebisa da movlenebis moZraoba. cvalebadobis uwyveti nakadia am nakadSi CarTulia yvela sagani.
maT ori mxare aqvT. erTi, romelic moZraoba-cvalebadobis
miuxedavad, saganSi inarCunebs Tavis garkveulobas, mdgradobas,

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ucvlelobas. dRemde arsebuli mecnierebis istoria imis maCvenebelia, rom adamianis mecnierul Semecnebas saganSi, pirvel
rigSi, swored es mxare ainteresebda. adamiani sagnis warmavlobaSi mis waruvalobas, mis mdgradobas, _ igiveobrivs eZebda; sagnis arseba, rac mecnieruli Ziebis obieqtia, swored
sagnis am mxareSi eguleboda. es mxarea sagnis zogadobis,
aucileblobis matarebeli. erTi sityviT, bergsons imis Tqma
unda, rom aqamde mecnierebis istoria swored sagnis am mxriv
Semecnebis istoriaa. igi upirispirdeba aseT tradicias. mas
miaCnia rom am gziT sinamdvilis Sesaxeb WeSmaritebis wvdoma
SeuZlebelia. saqme is aris, rom bergsonis azriT, sagnebis
arseba ara maT zogadobaSi, aramed maT individualobaSia.
sagnis Seswavla misi individualobis Seswavlaa. sagnis Sesaxeb
dadgenil WeSmaritebaSi swored misi individualoba unda
iyos dafiqsirebuli. zogadoba konkretuli sagnis arseba ki
ar aris, aramed im gvaris arsebaa, romlis wevric mocemuli
sagania. amitom is, rac mdgradia, ucvlelia, zogadia _ gvaris
gamoxatulebaa da ara individisa. amasTanave, yuradsaRebia is
garemoeba, rom bergsoni sicocxlis filosofiis warmomadgenelia da misi interesis obieqtia individis sicocxle,
raSic Semdeg mas daesesxeba eqsistencialisturi filosofia.
sagnis uZravi, mdgradi mxaris Semecneba warimarTeba mecnierul diskursiuli SemecnebiT. aq adgili aqvs analizis process, ris Sedegadac sagani daiyvaneba azriseul Stampze. es
miRebuli mecnieruli cnebaa. bergsonis mier cnebebi Taviseburi statikuri Stampebia, romlebSic sagnebi aisaxebian Tavis
uZraobaSi, gaqvavebulobaSi da amitom ar SeuZliaT sagnis
namdvili arsi gadmoscen. ar SeiZleba maTSi miRweuli iyos
WeSmariteba. am cnebebis meSveobiT mecniereba moZravSi uZravs,
cvalebadSi ucvlels xedavs. yovelive es SeiZleba SevadaroT fotoaparatiT gadaRebul aboboqrebuli zRvis talRebis,
an qarian amindSi aSlili Rrublebis suraTs, sadac dafiqsirebulia am stiqiebis statikuri mdgomareoba. magram am
movlenebis arseba maT moZraobaSia, risi suraTSi dafiqsirebac ver xerxdeba. mecnieruli cnebebi sinamdvilis aseT azro-

briv suraTebs warmoadgenen. magram sagnebs aqvT meore mxarec.

es maTi mudmivad moZravi cvalebadi mxarea, rac maTi individualobis ganmsazRvrelia. masSi aris erTeuli sagnis arseba.
igi mudam mecnieruli Semecnebis miRma rCeba. SeuZlebelia
misi cnebaSi gamoxatva. misi Semecneba xdeba ara diskursis,
aramed intuiciis meSveobiT. saboloo jamSi, bergsoni mTlianad uars ar acxadebs diskursiul Semecnebaze. igi rogorRac intuiciis ganxorcielebis sabaziso viTarebad ganixileba, magram TviTon intuiciuri Semecnebis struqturaSi
Sinaarsobrivad ver monawileobs.
intuiciasTan dakavSirebiT igive SeiZleba iTqvas, rac
hermenevtikuli gagebis mimarT. isic xom intuiciis gziT
xorcieldeba. cxadia, SeuZlebelia diskursiuli Semecnebis
bergsoniseul Sefasebas daeTanxmo, radgan SeuZlebelia zogadis Semecnebis mniSvnelobis gadaWarbeba, magram isic cxadia,
rom diskursiuli Semecneba yovelTvis xasiaTdeba Tavisi
siZneleebiT da arasrulyofilebiT. amitom misi naklovanebebis Semavsebel Zalad intuiciis arseboba sruliad misaRebi
movlenaa. amas adasturebs sibrZne, rogorc adamianis mier
cxovrebis mTavari sulieri iaraRi. sibrZne aucileblad Seicavs intuiciis moments.

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18. mecnieruli Semecnebis ZiriTadi meTodebi. adamianis mier nebismieri saqmis ganxorcieleba misi Sesrulebis garkveul meTodebs moiTxovs. meTodis mTavar daniSnulebad yovelTvis iTvleba dasaxuli miznis meti efeqturobiT miRweva. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis Semecnebis procesSi.
mecnieruli Semecneba sagnis siRrmiseul arsebaSi wvdomas
saWiroebs, sagnebs ki aqvT tendencia misi arsebis SeniRbvis,
dafarvis. amitom garkveuli meTodi, xerxia saWiro, riTac
adamiani aiZulebs sagans, Caaxedos Tavisi arsebis siRrmeSi.
amasTanave, SemecnebiTi procesi ver iqneba mouwesrigebeli,
qaosuri movlena. igi gegmazomier moqmedebas moiTxovs. Semecnebis meTodebi am mxrivac princi pul rols asrulebs. Semec-

nebaSi gamomuSavebulia garkveuli meTodebi, uromelisodac

am sferoSi warmatebebi SeuZlebeli iqneboda. Semecnebis meTodebi Semecnebis procesSi saSualebaTa im kompleqsur erTianobas warmoadgens, romelsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba eZleva mTavari miznis ganxorcielebaSi _ WeSmariteba-mcdarobis
dadgenis saqmeSi. aseTi meTodi mravalia. ganvixiloT zogi
maTgani.
dakvirveba da TviTdakvirveba. es sagnebisa da movlenebis Seswavlis nacadi meTodia. dakvirveba aris sagnis
moZraoba-cvalebadobaSi sistemuri mTlianobis suraTis Seqmna. dakvirveba gamoiyeneba im saganTa da movlenaTa mimarT,
romlebic moZraobaSia da droSi garkveulad icvleba. am
cvalebadobaSi vlindeba maTi arsebiTi buneba. e.i. dakvirveba
SesaZlebelia da praqtikulad saWiroa ganmeorebadi movlenebis mimarT. mzis dabneleba mxolod erTxel rom momxdariyo da misi meored moxdena sruliad gamoricxuliyo, es
SemTxveviTobad CaiTvleboda. amitom amiT adamiani arc dainteresdeboda, radgan mecniereba ikvlevs aucileblobas da ara
SemTxveviTobas. ar dainteresdeboda imitomac, rom masTan
momavali Sexvedris imedi ar eqneboda. verc Seiswavlida, radgan masze dakvirvebis saSualeba ar eqneboda. movlenis gameoreba SesaZleblobas da molodins qmnis adamianis masTan
xelaxali Sexvedris, risTvisac igi momzadebuli unda iyos.
es ki am movlenis codnis niadagze xdeba. codnisaTvis masze
dakvirvebaa saWiro. TviTdakvirveba gamoiyeneba adamianis
sulieri (msoflmxedvelobrivi, fsiqologiuri, zneobrivi, esTetikuri, religiuri, samarTlebrivi) movlenebis Seswavlis
procesSi. erTi adamiani meorisaTvis Taviseburi unikumia.
Seswavlis mizniT, mis sulSi pirdapiri SeRweva da dakvirvebis warmoeba SeuZlebelia. SesaZlebeli mxolod arapirdapiri gziT dakvirvebaa. igulisxmeba misi gamovlenili qmedebebisadmi dakvirveba da iqidan daskvnebis gamotana. agreTve,
radgan adamianebs igiveobrivi, gamaerTianebeli niSnebi aqvT,
SesaZlebeli xdeba sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebiT da analogiiT
daskvnebis gakeTeba _ zogadad adamianis mimarT.

eqsperimenti. xSirad erTmaneTTan aigiveben eqsperimentsa da cdas. filosofiaSi cda igivea, rasac gamocdilebas
uwodeben. masSi igulisxmeba sagnis mgrZnobelobaze zemoqmedeba da garkveuli aRqmis gamowveva. aseT dros ityvian, _
sagani cdaSi, gamocdilebaSi mogveca. eqsperimenti, gansakuTrebiT
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, kvlevis yvelaze mniSvnelovani meTodia. mecnierebas, sadac eqsperimenti kvlevis wamyvani
meTodia, eqsperimentul mecnierebas uwodeben, mag. eqsperimentuli fsiqologia. xSirad uSualo dakvirvebaSi ar mJRavndeba sagnisa da movlenebis arsebiTi mxare. amasTanave, dakvirvebaSi adgili aqvs sagnis bunebriv arsebobaSi Caurevlad, rogorRac `Soridan~ dakvirvebas. eqsperimentis meTodi iTvaliswinebs
sagnis bunebriv arsebobaSi gamiznul, aqtiur Carevas im mizniT
ki ara, rom mis Sinagan arsebaSi raime cvlileba Seitanos,
aramed imisaTvis, rom sagani Caayenos iseT eqstremalur situaciaSi, rodesac mkvlevari rogorme aiZulebs mas, Tavisi Sinagani bunebis kari gauRos da mis arsebaSi Caaxedos. amitom
mkvlevari xelovnurad qmnis iseT situacias, romlis pirobebSic ukeT vlindeba sagnis arsobrivi buneba. esaa eqsperimentis, rogorc kvlevis meTodis Tavisebureba. eqsperimentis calke
saxeobaa e.w. azrobrivi eqsperimetri. aq yvelaferi azrovnebis sferoSi keTdeba, azrebis logikuri kavSirebis meSveobiT.
igi warmoadgens sakvlevi procesis Teoriul modelirebas,
romelic teqnikuri saSualebebiT ki ar warmoebs, aramed ganiWvriteba mxolod azovnebiTi saSualebebiT.
modeli da modelireba. zogierT obieqtze did xarjebTan da riskTan dakavSirebiT uSualod eqsperimentis Catareba ar xerxdeba. amitom qmnian sakvlevi obieqtis msgavs xelovnur analogs, romelSic realizebulia sakvlevi obieqtis
ara yvela niSan-Tviseba, aramed mxolod is maxasiaTeblebi,
romlebze dakvirvebac sakvlevi obieqtis Seswavlis saSualebas iZleva. aseTi xelovnuri analogi warmoadgens sakvlevi
obieqtis models. modelis Seqmna da masze eqsperimentis Catareba _ modelirebaa.
hi poTezurobis meTodi. hi poTeza winaswar varaudze

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agebuli iseTi mosazrebaa, romelic arc bolomde dasabuTebulad CaiTvleba da arc iseTad, romlis arsebobasac araviTari
safuZveli ara aqvs. xSirad, mecnierebaSi monacemebis garkveuli baza, misi arasakmarisobis gamo, problemis calsaxa gadawyvetis saSualebas ar iZleva. amitom `samuSao~ ideis saxiT,
varaudze dayrdnobiT, wamoayeneben problemis gadawyvetis
garkveul variants da cdiloben mis mecnierul dasabuTebas.
sanam igi bolomde dasabuTdeba, an sruliad ukuigdeba _
hi poTezad iTvleba. Tu igi dasabuTdeba, amiT wamoyenebuli
hi poTeza mecnierul Tvalsazrisad gaformdeba. xolo Tu is
mecnieruli mtkicebulebiT uariyofa, maSin igi saerTod moixsneba. hi poTezis nakli is aris, rom igi mecnierul azrovnebaSi rogorRac, xeliT cecebis moqmedebis meTods gulisxmobs,
romelic sakvlevi problemis sirTulis gamo, ver flobs
kvlevis warmarTvis gegmazomier, swored im mimarTulebas, rac
agvacilebda hipoTezurobas da uSualod problemis gadawyvetis mecnierul daskvnamde migviyvanda. hi poTezis mecnierul
mtkicebulebad dadgenis procesi atarebs rTul, xangrZliv
da mravalsafexurovan xasiaTs.
istoriuli da logikuri meTodebi. moZraobis
procesSi myofi sagnis arsebobaSi SeiniSneba orgvari cvlileba. erTis dakvirveba-Seswavla qmnis sagnis Seswavlis
istoriul, xolo meore _ logikur meTods. istoriuli meTodi sagans ganixilavs misi moZraobis detalebSi, yvela cvlilebis zusti dafiqsirebiT, yvela zigzagiT, moZraobis ZiriTadi xazidan yvela gadaxveviT, ukan daxevebiT da regresebiT. SemTxveviTobebi istoriuli meTodis aucilebeli detalebia. logikur meTods ainteresebs sagnis ganviTarebis
mxolod ZiriTadi xazis dadgena. igi sagangebodac cdilobs
ganviTarebis procesSi Camoicilos SemTxveviTobani, ramdenadac moZraobis procesSi, sagnis Sinagani bunebiT ganpirobebuli aucileblobebiT, winsvliTi saerTo xazis dadgena ainteresebs. misTvis zedmetia SemTxveviTi gadaxvevebi, Cavardnebi, mTavaria ganviTarebis momentebs Soris dafiqsirebuli
iqnes aucileblobiTi kavSirebi. qarTveli eris arsebobaSi,

erTis mxriv, amovikiTxavT mis istorias Tavisi detalebiT; es

istoriuli meTodiT dgindeba, meore mxriv _ amovikiTxavT
imas, rom miuxedavad mravali zigzagisa, saboloo jamSi, mis
arsebobaSi adgili aqvs progresisaken mimaval winsvliT
moZraobas. es logikuri meTodiT dgindeba.
analizi. nebismieri sagani struqturuli xasiaTisaa.
igi moicavs misi arsebobisaTvis princi pulad mniSvnelovan,
arsebiT elementebsac da nakleb mniSvnelovan, misTvis araarsebiT
detalebsac. mecnierul kvlevis saZiebeli _ yovelTvis sagnis
arsebis dadgenaa. amisaTvis man sagnis Semadgenel elementebad
azrobriv daSlas, danawilebas unda mimarTos. mizani isaa, rom
mravali elementidan dadgindes arsebiTi elementi.
abstraqcia. igi mecnieruli azrovnebis mniSvnelovani movlenaa. masSi yvelaze metad ikveTeba mecnieruli
azrovnebis Zala da Tavisebureba. abstraqtuli azrovneba
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania formaluri mecnierebebisaTvis
(maTematika, logika). TviT filosofiuri azrovnebisTvisac
mTavari instrumenti _ abstraqciis unaria. abstraqcia, abstrahireba moiTxovs, analizis Sedegad, sagnis daSlili saxiT warmodgenili mravali elementidan, azrobrivad, yvela
SemTxveviTi da araarsebiTi elementidan ganyenebuli, anu gamoyofili da calke azrovnebis sagnad qceuli iyos _ mxolod
arsebiTi elementebi.
sinTezi. analizisa da abstraqciis mizania, rom mecnieruli kvlevis procesSi, mecnierulad azrovneba koncentrirebuli iyos sagnis arsebiT mTlianobaze. abstraqciis meSveobiT ganyenebuli sagnis arsebiT elementebs sWirdeba azrobrivad gaerTianeba-gamTlianeba. aseT azrobriv process sinTezireba, _ sinTezi ewodeba. cxadia, sinTezis Sedegad miRebuli mTeli ukve abstraqtuli movlenaa. saqme is aris, rom
realuri sagnobrivi formiT arc analizi xdeba, arc abstrahirebuli movlenebi arsebobs da arc sinTezirebas aqvs adgili. yvelaferi es _ wmindad azrobrivi formiT ganxorcielebuli procesebia.

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Tavi VI. cnobiereba da azrovneba

1 . su l ier i si na mdvi le da mi si Semecnebi s
siZnele. filosofiaSi mudmiv Temad rCeba mTeli sinamdvilis materialur-sxeulebriv da sulier-idealur sferoebad
dayofa, xolo Semdeg _ am ori sferos, anu sxeulisa da sulis
urTierTkavSiris sakiTxis gadawyvetis dausrulebel mcdelobebTan gvaqvs saqme. realur sinamdvileSi rogorc sxeulis, ise sulis arseboba faqtia. isic aSkaraa, rom samyaro
flobs erTian mTlianobas. aqedan gamomdinare, samyaroSi adgili unda hqondes sxeulisa da sulis mWidro urTierTkavSirs. magram filosofiaSi, da saerTod, mecnierebaSi sxeulisa
da sulis aucileblobiTi kavSiris mecnieruli dasabuTeba
ver moxerxda ise, rom amasTan dakavSirebuiT gaCenil yvela
sakiTxs mecnierulad damakmayofilebeli pasuxebi gascemoda.
problemis gadawyvetis sirTules iwvevs sulis garkveuli
misteriuloba (mistifikacia) da sxeulisa da sulis radikalizacia.
sulis misteriulobaSi igulisxmeba misi garkveuli
idumaleba. SemecnebaSi misi `mouxelTebloba~. adamianisaTvis
suli misi arsebaa, igi misi Sinagani, sakraluri samyaroa.
suli misi pirovnuli me-a, misi cxovrebaa. amitom suli adamianisaTvis yvelaze axlobeli fenomenia, igi misTvis _ uSualod mocemulobaa. igi mas uSualod ganicdis, magram erTia
Cveni Sinagani sulieri mdgomareobis gancda da sul sxvaa
misi obieqturi, Teoriuli Semecneba. gancda fsiqologiursubieqturi xedvaa. Semecneba ki sulis obieqtur-Teoriuli
xedvis ganxorcielebaa. roca movindomebT suls SemecnebiT
davukavSirdeT, SemecnebiT `SevexoT~, rogorRac igi xelidan
gvisxlteba da amis Sesaxeb mxolod zogadi warmodgenebi
gvrCeba. amitom sulis arsebiTi gansazRvreba praqtiukulad
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. SesaZlebelia mxolod misi deskri pciuli gansazRvreba, rac sulis ZiriTadi niSnebis aRweras
gulisxmobs.
adamianma ufro meti da ufro Rrmad icis imis Sesaxeb,

rac mis gareTaa da misgan Sorsaa. ase Tu ise kargad icis is

_ ra aris da ra xdeba Soreul kosmiur sivrceebSi. adamiani
aseve Rrmad SeiWra mikro-samyaroSi, kargad erkveva atomis
agebulebaSi da genebis meqanikaSi, magram gacilebiT naklebi
icis Tavisi sulis Sesaxeb, rac misTvis Sinagani da axlobelia. es gamowveulia TviT am ori sferos TaviseburebebiT.
sulier sferosTan SedarebiT, materialur-sxeulebrivi sinamdvilis Semecneba gacilebiT iolia, vinaidan igi adamians
eZleva grZnobad aRqmebSi; igi, met-naklebad eqvemdebareba mecnierebis mier SemuSavebuli standartebiT gazomva-aRricxvebs,
dakvirvebebs, Semowmebebs; am sinamdvileSi adgili aqvs movlenebis ganmeorebadobas, sadac sagnebisa da movlenebis urTierToba ZiriTadad mizez-Sedegobrivad aris agebuli da amitom
masSi batonobs aucilebloba.
sulier sferoSi gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa. sulieri
movlenebi garegani grZnobis organoebSi ar gveZleva; aq
adgili aqvs sulieri movlenebis idealurobas, miznobriobas, Tavisuflebas, Semoqmedebas. Znelia, an sulac SeuZlebelia maTi imave standartebiT, xerxebiT, meTodebiT Semecneba,
rogorc es keTdeba materialur-sxeulebrivi sinamdvilis
mimarT. Semecnebis procesSi sulier movlenebTan uSualo
kavSirs mxolod TviTdakvirvebaSi aqvs adgili. yvela sxva
meTodi sulier movlenasTan gaSualebul kavSirs eyrdnoba.
sxvis sulSi mimdinare procesebze uSualo dakvirveba SeuZlebelia. TviTdakvirvebaSi sulier procesebTan uSualo
kavSiri ar niSnavs mis uSualod inteleqtualur Wvretas.
uSualod igi mxolod gancdaSi gveZleva. magram sulieri
movlenis gancdidan mis Teoriul Semecnebaze gadasvla dakavSirebulia siZnelesTan. am procesSi damkvirvebelic da
dakvirvebis obieqtic TviTon sulia. amitom TviTdakvirvebaSi adgili aqvs sulis, rogorc Semmecneblis sulis rogorc
Semecnebis obieqtad gadaadgilebas. Tanac es ise xdeba, rom
suli Semmecneblis funqcias mainc inarCunebs. es winaaRmdegobrivi mdgomareoba iwvevs gancdaSi mocemuli sulis
dakvirvebadi suraTis waSla-deformacias, rac xels uSlis

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masze mecnieruli Semecnebis ganxorcielebas. yovelive es

ganapirobebs sulieri sferos misteriulobis burusSi gaxvevas, rac aisaxeba mis SemecnebiT siZneleebSi. sxeulisa da
sulis kavSir-urTierTobas aZnelebs maTi radikalizacia.
kavSiri yovelTvis gansxvavebulTa kavSiria. magram, amasTanave,
kavSiri iqaa SesaZlebeli, sadac gansxvavebulebs Soris arsebobs raRac igiveobrivi momentic, rac maT Soris damakavSirebeli xidis funqcias itvirTebs. miTologiuri da adrindeli filosofiuri azrovnebis mier sxeulsa da suls Soris
princi puli sxvaoba ar igulisxmeboda. suli ganixileboda
gafaqizebuli materialuri nawilakebiT nageb movlenad, magram Semdeg iwyeba sxeulTan sulis radikaluri dapirispireba. es gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa platonis filosofiaSi. ramac Tavisi ganviTareba hpova bibliur-religiur warmodgenebSi. iwyeba sxeulisa da sulis damakavSirebeli igiveobrivi momentis Ziebis xangrZlivi istoria. iyo sxeulidan sulisaken mimavali xidis gadebis mcdelobebi; iyo
piriqiTac, sulidan sxeulisaken mimavali gzis gakvalvis
mcdeloba; iyo maT Soris paralelurobis dasabuTebis mcdeloba; imis mcdelobac iyo, rom sxeulsa da suls Soris
sxvaoba saerTod uareyoT, oRond ara rwmenis niadagze, aramed
mecnieruli dasabuTebiT. am mizniT, zogni sxeulis ontologiur arsebobas mTlianad uaryofdnen da amiT mTeli
sinamdvile solifsistur sulier realobad cxaddeboda; zogni,
piriqiT, sulis sxeulisagan gansxvavebulobas uaryofdnen da,
Sedegad, mTeli samyaro materialur-sxeulebriv realobaze
dayavdaT. religiaSi sxeulisa da sulis kavSiris siZneles
adgili ara aqvs, radgan aq yvelaferi wydeba ara mecnieruli
dasabuTebiT, aramed upirobo religiuri rwmenis saSualebiT.
filosofiaSi sxeulisa da sulis kavSiris siZnele ZiriTadad sulTanaa dakavSirebuli. suli ganixileba iseT fenomenad, romelic amJRavnebs sxeulTan SeuTavseblobas. problemis siZnele miuTiTebs, rogorc sxeulis, ise sulis arsebaSi
ufro Rrmad Caxedvis saWiroebaze. amitom filosofiaSi, erTis mxriv, Tu dgeba materialur-sxeulebrivi sinamdvilis

arsebis filosofiurad gaazrebis moTxovna, meore mxriv, aseve

aucilebelia sulieri sferos arsebisa da raobis filosofiuri Semecneba.

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2. cnobiereba da adamiani. materialuri da sulieri

niSnebiT mTliani sinamdvilis dixotomiuri (materialuri
da aramaterialuri; sulieri da arasulieri) gayofis Sedegad
samyaros or did sferos vRebulobT; erTis mxriv, materialur-sxeulebrivs, meore mxriv, sulier-cnobierebiseul sferoebs. filosofiaSi, materialuri sinamdvilis arsebaSi garkvevasTan erTad, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sulieri sinamdvilisa
da misi arsebis cnobierebis raobis Seswavlas. arsebobs adamianis mravalgvari gansazRvreba. cxadia, TiToeul maTganSi
adamiani gaazrebulia sxvadasxva kuTxiT, magram umetes SemTxvevaSi am gansazRvrebebis amosavali safuZveli aris cnobiereba. magaliTad, adamiani aris moazrovne arseba, adamiani
aris politikuri arseba, adamiani aris metyveli arseba, adamiani aris Semoqmedi arseba, adamiani aris kulturuli arseba,
adamiani aris zneobrivi arseba, adamiani aris Tavisufali
arseba, adamiani aris TviTmkvleli arseba. arc erT am gansazRvrebaSi pirdapiri saxiT cnobiereba ar figurirebs, magram yvela maTganis amosavali safuZveli cnobierebaa. azrovneba,
politika, metyveleba, Semoqmedeba, kultura, zneoba, Tavisufleba ar arsebobs cnobierebis gareSe, anu adamiani am gansazRvrulobebs aRwevs cnobierebis saSualebiT. arc TviTmkvleloba
ar arsebobs cnobierebis gareSe. amitomaa, rom TviTmkvlelobas mxolod adamiani mimarTavs. es misi RirebulebiTi orientaciis Cixuri mdgomareobis gacnobierebis Sedegia. miT ufro
naTeli gaxdeba cnobierebis arsebiTi roli adamianis cxovrebaSi Tu am ukanasknels davayenebT sxvadasxva ganzomilebaSi da SevadarebT sxva arsebebis mdgomareobas. dro bunebis
yvela arsebis saerTo ganzomilebaa. maT Soris adamianisac.
drois ganzomilebiT, sxva arsebebTan SedarebiT, aqvs Tu ara
adamians gamorCeuli mdgomareoba, anu upiratesoba? droSi

igulisxmeba adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba. pasuxi aSkaraa

cxadia, ara. sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT adamians marTlac
mTeli rigi arsebebis mimarT aqvs upiratesoba, magram aseve
mis mimarTac aqvs upiratesoba arsebaTa sxva jgufs. e.i. am
gazomilebiT, sxva arsebaTagan didad gamorCeuli igi ar aris.
iqneb sivrcobrivi ganzomilebiT aqvs mas garkveuli upiratesoba? igulisxmeba adamianis sxeulis gabaritebi. am kiTxvazec pasuxi naTelia. verc am ganzomilebiT flobs adamiani
raime upiratesobas sxva danarCen arsebebTan SedarebiT. fizikuri energetika, anu adamianis mklavis Zala, misi Roniereba
xom araa is ganzomileba, romliTac mas SeuZlia Tavi moiwonos sxva arsebebs Soris? pasuxi aqac uaryofiTia. arc am
ganzomilebiT SeuZlia adamians gamorCeuli adgilis dakaveba. am sami ganzomilebis mTlianobaSi adamiani am qveynad
iseT umcires da umweo arsebad Cndeba, dabadebas ver aswrebs,
rom sikvdili ukve karze ukakunebs. misi arseboba imdenad
xanmoklea, rom mis sasicocxlod gaxarjul droiT ganzomilebas sawuTro, wuTisofeli ewoda.
aRniSnulis sapirispirod, adamians aqvs sxva ganzomilebac, romliTac igi marTlac, samyaros gigantad gvevlineba. esa misi cnobierebaa. misi inteleqti. marTalia, droisa da
sivrcis TvalsazrisiT da fizikuri ZaliT adamiani samyaroSi sakmaod uCinari arsebaa, magram Tavisi cnobierebiT igi
yvela arsebaTa Soris TvalsaCino da sworupovaria. metic,
cnobierebiT adamiani axdens yvela im naklovanebis kompensirebas, rac aRniSnul ganzomilebaSi vlindeba. cxoveli,
romelsac cnobiereba ara aqvs, cocxlobs mxolod awmyoSi.
misTvis warsuli an momavali ar arsebobs. cnobierebis meSveobiT adamianis dro warsulis, awmyos da momavlis mTlianobaa.
amitom SeiZleba adamianma fizikurad as welze met xans ver
icocxlos, magram cnobierebiT mas SeuZlia rogorc warsuls,
ise momavals gadaswvdes aTasobiT da zogjer milioni wlebiTac. cnobierebis saSualebiT, warsulisa da momavlis droebze adamianis sulierad gadawvdomiT, igi Tavis Tavs imdroindel ambebTan miiazrebs da amiT sulierad misi Tanadamswre

xdeba. xolo Tu hermenevtikis principebsac gaviTvaliswinebT,

adamiani ara marto moiazrebs, aramed Tanaganmcdelic iqneba,
rac, Sedegad, cnobierebis saSualebiT aRniSnul epoqebSi adamianis sulier gadasaxlebas niSnavs. cnobierebis meSveobiT
adamianma udides sivrceSi SeaRwia da aiTvisa. adamianis fizikuri Zalis sisustis srul kompensacias axdens misi cnobierebis siZliere, riTac man SesZlo dedamiwis mizidulobis
Zalis daZleva da kosmosSi gasvla. adamiani cnobierebiT
axerxebs movlenebs azrobrivad win gaaswros da maTi marTva
sakuTar nebas dauqvemdebaros. adamiani sxeulisa da sulis
mTlianobaa, magram cxadia, adamianis arseba mis sulSia. misi
suli misi cnobierebaa. aqedan gasagebi unda iyos cnobierebis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba adamianisaTvis. cnobierebiT adamianma SeZlo araTu dedamiwis mizidulobis daZleva. aramed
_ saerTod bunebis miRma gasvla da zebunebriv RvTaebriv
samyarosTan dakavSireba. bibliis mixedviT, RmerTma Seqmna
adamiani Tavis xatad da msgavsad. cxadia, aq fizikuri xateba
ar igulisxmeba. msjeloba exeba sulier xatebas. riTi daimsgavsa RmerTma adamiani? _ cnobierebiT, SemoqmedebiT, TavisuflebiT! marTalia, msgavseba igiveobas ar niSnavs, magram adamianis RmerTTan msgavsebac misi gamorCeulobis umaRlesi donea. e.i. cnobierebas SeuZlia adamians didi sikeTis momtan
Zalad moevlinos, magram masTanave, mas SeuZlia misTvis borotebis mizezic gaxdes. kacobriobis istoriaSi, adamianis progresis, TiTqmis yvela miRwevis, yvela sikeTis saTave cnobierebaa.
magram igive cnobiereba, xSirad adamians evlineba aTasgvari
tanjvis, tkivilisa da ubedurebis saTaved.
yvelaze didi problema, rac cnobierebam Seuqmna adamians, esaa cnobierebis mier adamianisaTvis misi mokvdavobis
gamxela-gacnobiereba. samoTxeSi adam da evas codvaSi Cavardnis ambavi swored amaze mogviTxrobs. adamianis grda, arc erT
mokvdav arsebas ara aqvs Tavisi mokvdavobis winaswari codna.
amitom arc is tragikulobaa maTTvis cnobili, rac sikvdilis gardauvlobis gaazrebas mosdevs. ara aqvT cnobiereba, ara
aqvT gaazreba da ara aqvT tragikulis gancda. es yvelaferi

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aqvs adamians. cnobierebis mier adamianisaTvis misi gardauvali mokvdavobis gamJRavnebas da mis tragikul gancdas mosdevs adamianis brZola sikvdilis winaaRmdeg. iwyeba adamianis mudmivi Zieba, rogor daaRwios Tavi aseT gardauvalobas,
rogor daZlios mis win gamanadgurebel Zalad aRmarTuli
sikvdili. aseT ZiebaSi adamians maSvelad isev cnobiereba
moevlineba. cnobierebas adamiani sulierad gayavs im realobidan, sadac sikvdili daTareSobs da Seyavs iq, sadac sikvdilisaTvis adgili saerTod araa. esaa dakarguli samoTxe. anu
is, sidanac bibliurad modis adamiani. iqiTken mimavali gza
cnobierebiT gakvaluli religiis gzaa. cnobierebam Seqmna
religia sikvdilis damangreveli Zalis aRsakveTad. e.i. erTis mxriv, cnobierebis `xelSi~ adamiani mudam tragikuli
arsebaa, meore mxriv, adamianis sasoeba da nugeSi mudam cnobierebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. adamianis cnobierebaa saTave sxvadasxva ekologiuri problemis. Tu ar CavTvliT bunebriv katastrofebs, yvela sxva eniT aRuwereli ubedurebis
saTavec isev adamianis cnobierebaa. maTi mogvarebisa da gadawyvetis imedi isev cnobierebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. anu
adamiani Tavis Tavs problemebs TviTon uqmnis Tavisi cnobierebiT da isev cnobierebiT cdilobs maT gadawyvetas. aseTi winaaRmdegobrivi fenomenia adamianisaTvis cnobiereba.
mas SeuZlia adamiani swori nabijebiTac ataros, magram Tavisi arasrulyofilebis gamo, mas isic SeuZlia, rom adamians
aTasgvari mcdari nabijebic gadaadgmevinos.

3. suli. sulieri sferos Semecnebis siZneleebi Tavs

iCens am sferos amsaxveli cnebebis Sinaarsobrivi struqturis da moculobiTi sazRvrebis bundovanebis gamo. isini xSirad icvlian azrobriv datvirTvas, erTmaneTSi gadadian, erTmaneTs enacvlebian, rac arTulebs sulieri sferos mecnierul
gaazrebas. am rigis cnebebi sakmaod mravalia (suli, sulieri,
suliereba, goniTi suli, bunebiTi suli, goni, Wkua, fsiqika,
samSvinveli, cnobiereba, azri, azrovneba, gansja, warmosaxva,

idealuri idea, sicocxle, cxovreba da sxva). mocemul SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli cnebebidan unda gamovyoT sulis gonis da
cnobierebis cnebebi, vinaidan arsebiTad isini ganixilebian
sulieri sferos sxva cnebebis Tavisebur amosaval safuZvlad.
sulis raobis gaazrebis istorias gadavyavarT pirvelyofili adamianis epoqaSi, roca adamiani, savaraudod, sakuTar Tavs aRiqvamda daunawevrebeli mTelis saxiT. mas jer
kidev ara aqvs gaCenili azri misi sulisa da sxeulis nawilebiT Sedgenilobis Sesaxeb. ganviTarebis Semdgom etapze
igi ukve acnobierebs masSi sxeulisa da sulis nawilebis
arsebobas, magram jer kidev am nawilebs Soris sxvaoba sakmaod araarsebiTia. sulic, sxeulis msgavsad, materialur-sxeulebriv movlenad moiazreba. maT Soris gansxvaveba mxolod
isaa, rom suli gacilebiT ufro faqizi, msubuqi da moZravi
sxeulebrivi nawilakebisagan Sedgeba, vidre sxeuli. atomistur filosofiaSi sulis saSeni nawilakebi umcires burTulebzea dayvanili. gaTvaliswinebulia, jer erTi is, rom burTis
forma yvelaze srulyofil geometriul figurad iTvleba,
meore _ is, rom burTula sxva sxeuls mxolod erTi wertiliT exeba, raSic mis simsubuqes xedaven. sulis gaazrebis Semdegi etapia, roca xdeba misi sxeulisagan ukve arsebiTi gansxvavebis aRniSvna. suli iwmindeba materialur-sxeulebrivisagan da arasxeulebriv movlenad cxaddeba. igi adamianis Sinagani, idealuri samyaroa, romelsac sruliad gansxvavebuli
niSan-Tvisebebi (unari, niWi, xasiaTi, grZnoba, gancda, fiqrebi,
midrekilebebi da sxva) aqvs, vidre sxeuls. Tumca, jer kidev
miCneulia, rom suli sxeulSia. suls ar SeuZlia sxeulisagan
mocilebiT arseboba, xolo cocxali sxeuli sulis gareSe
kvdeba. amiT suli dakavSirebul iqna sicocxlesTan. sicocxle haeriT sunTqvas moiTxovs. amitom Zvel berZnul filosofiaSi sulis aRmniSvnel terminad gaCnda termini `pnevma~,
rac niSnavs Sebervas, haeriT sunTqvas. termini sulieri, _
sulis mqones niSnavs, amasTanave, igi sicocxlis niSnis flobaa, _ sulieri, anu cocxali arseba, suldgmuli. imazec ki

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aris msjeloba, Tu sxeulis romel nawilSia ganTavsebuli

suli. Zv. w.a. V saukunis berZeni moazrovne diogene apolonieli miiCnevs, rom venebSi suli sisxlTan erTad moZraobs.
suli sisxlSia. mogvianebiT, qristianul TeologiaSi aman
gamoiwvia samsxverplod Sesawiri wminda cxovelis sisxlis
smis akrZalva, vinaidan, am periodisaTvis, mis sisxlSi arsebuli suli warmomavlobiT ukve RmerTs ukavSirdeba, manamde ki,
marTalia `sasicocxlo suli~ sxeulSia, magram zogierTi
bunebrivi movlenebi gulubryvilo azrovnebam safuZvlad daudo
animisturi Sexedulebebis gaCenas. CaiTvala, rom suli droebiT tovebs sxeuls (sizmari, gulwasvla). damoukideblad garkveuli mogzaurobis Semdeg, isev ubrundeba sxeuls. rac Seexeba
sikvdilis moments, esaa sxeulis mier bolo amosunTqva, ris
Semdeg suli sabolood tovebs sxeuls. animisturi (anima,
animus suli, goneba) Sexedulebis mixedviT sxeulisagan
gamosuli suli, rogorc usxeulo arseba, agrZelebs arsebobas.
igi adamianisaTvis uxilavia, mas SeuZlia iqve itrialos. igi
inarCunebs personizebul formas. flobs magiur Zalas, riTac
SeuZlia adamianebis rogorc mfarveloba, ise maTi Serisxva.
amitom adamianebs sWirdebaT maTi gulismogeba da iwyeba maTdami msxverplTSewirva da Tayvaniscema. arsebobs sxeulidan
gamosuli sulis arsebobis sxva mimarTulebiT gagrZelebis
gagebac. homerosTan ukanasknel amosunTqvaze suli tovebs
sxeuls da Cadis hadesSi. piTagorizmTan da orfizmSi suli
iwyebs gadasaxlebebs sxeulidan sxeulebSi, sadac gamoricxuli araa odesme pirvandel sxeuls kvlav daubrundes. amas
metemfsiqozi ewodeba. sulis gaazrebis Semdgomi `saTavgadasavlo~ moZraoba Sedis kosmosSi gaSlis gziT. abstraqciis
unaris ganviTarebis meSveobiT, berZnul naturfilosofiaSi
sulis saTave, dasabami gadis adamianidan da ukavSirdeba im
bunebriv stiqiebs (wyali, cecxli, miwa, haeri) romlebic samyaros sulier Semoqmed Zalebad moiazrebian. maTi meSveobiT
xdeba mTeli bunebis, kosmosis gansuliereba. aseT Sexedulebas mogvianebiT daerqva hiloZoizmi (Zv. berZ. cocxali
materia). romelmac aracocxalis arseboba saerTod uaryo.

sicocxle materiis yvelaze siRrmiseul arsebad gamoacxada.

yvelaferSi sulia, amitom yvelaferi cocxalia.
platonis filosofiaSi suls gansxvavebuli adgili
da funqcia akisria. platonma mTliani samyaro or nawilad
gayo. pirvelia erTeulebis da warmavalobis mqone sxeulebrivi
samyaro. meorea zogadobis, maradisobis, ideaTa samyaro. esaa
maradiuli da absoluturi WeSmaritebis, saTnoebis, mSvenierebis, ideebis samyaro. suli, rogorc sulieri fenomeni, idealur samyaros miekuTvneba. magram mas uxdeba moZraoba am or
samyaros Soris. ideaTa samyaroSi yofnis dros igi uSualod
Wvrets ideebs. (aq vlindeba platonis damokidebuleba intuiciasTan). mis siRrmeebSi aris eidosebi, romlebzec ideebi
garkveul sulier nakvalevs (saxes) toveben. moZraobis Sedegad, sxeulebriv samyaroSi aRmoCenili suli Casaxldeba erTeul sxeulSi. sxeuli amZimebs mas, ris gamoc, suls aviwydeba
ideaTa samyaroSi uSualo Wvretis (intuiciis) Sedegad miRebuli ideaTa cnebiTi codna, magram sxeulebis samyaroSi erTeuli sagnis xilva aRviZebs mis eidosebSi datovil kvals
da iwyeba gaxseneba imisa, rasac uSualod Wvretda ideaTa
samyaroSi. erTeuli cxenis xilva axsenebs zogadi da maradiuli cxenobis ideas. esaa platonis gaxsenebis (anamnezisi)
Teoria, romelic cnebiTi codnis axsnis safuZvelia.
aristotelem suli mTlianad isev bunebis sferoSi
daabruna da Sinaarsisa da formis, SesaZleblobebisa da sinamdvilis sakiTxs daukavSira. misTvis suli sxeulisagan
moucilebelia. suli aqtiuri sawyisia cocxali sxeulis.
suli sicocxlis maniSnebelia. sxeuli potenciurad sicocxliTaa dajildovebuli. materia aris wminda SesaZlebloba.
igi wminda potenciaa. materias, rogorc Sinaarss aqvs Tavisi
forma, romelic aris ganxorcielebuli SesaZlebloba, anu
ganxorcielebuli potencia (enteleqia). forma sulia, romelic aniWebs materias (Sinaarss, SesaZleblobas, potencias) konkretul saganSi ganxorcielebul namdvilobas. moZraoba, anu
procesi gagebulia rogorc SesaZleblobidan sinamdvileze
gadasvla. sagnis namdviloba masSi ganamdvilebuli suliT

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ganisazRvreba. saganSi sulis ganamdvileba, mis mier, rogorc

formis mier, Sinaarsis, rogorc SesaZleblobis sinamdviled
qcevaa. sagani Sinaarsisa da formis mTlianobaa. amitom sulis ganamdvilebis done ganisazRvreba saganSi Sinaarsisa da
formis proporciuli TanafardobiT. aristoteles moZRvrebaSic aqvs adgili sulis miswrafebas siwmindisaken. suli
formaa, igi sagnis kanonia. sagnis arseboba misi formis, anu
misi kanonis arsebobaa (am moments Semdeg kantic gausvams
xazs). sagani moZraobaSia. masSi icvleba Sinaarsisa da formis (sxeulisa da formis) proporciuli Tanafardoba. es moZraoba
teleologiuri mimarTulebisaa. bolo mizani (telosi) im
donis miRwevaa roca Sinaarsis adgils forma ikavebs. es ar
niSnavs sagnis uSinaarsod darCenas. es SeuZlebelia. Sinaarsis funqciasac forma iTavsebs, ris Sedegad vRebulobT formis formas. anu suls, romlis Sinaarsi isev sulia. qristianul TeologiaSi sulis arseboba dakavSirebulia Semoqmed
RmerTTan. Tu qristianobamdel sinamdvileSi suli da sxeuli realuri samyaros nawilebia, qristianul TeologiaSi
suli aris RmerTis gamosxiveba (emanacia). individualuri
suli RmerTis xateba da msgavsebaa adamianSi. igi ukvdavia.
adamianis sulis ukvdaveba dakavSirebulia sulis saiqio cxovrebasTan (samoTxe da jojoxeTi).
axali drois filosofiaSi suli ZiriTadad aris adamianis Sinagani sulieri samyaro. dekartis filosofiaSi
moxda gansxvaveba sulsa da sicocxles Soris. suli igive
azrovnebaa. sxeulis gageba meqanisturi xasiaTisaa. sxeuli,
rogorc meqanikuri organizmis sikvdili, am organizmis moSlasTanaa dakavSirebuli da ara sulTan. dekartidan iwyeba
sulisa da sxeulis, fsiqikurisa da fizikuris mkveTri dapirispireba. igive xdeba spinozas filosofiaSi _ azrovnebisa
da ganfenilobis dapirispirebis saxiT. spinozam mainc mounaxa
maT gansxvavebas gamaerTianebeli safuZveli. esaa substancia,
romlis mimarT ganfeniloba da azrovneba aqcidenciebia. dekartTan ki sulisa da sxeulis dakavSireba gadauWrel problemad darCa, ramac dabada maTi paralelizmis koncefcia. am

koncefciis daZlevis mcdelobiT warimarTa Semdgomi

filosofiuri azrovneba, magram misi mecnierulad damajerebeli gadawyveta yovelTvis garkveul SeniSvnebs imsaxurebs.
istoriulad sulis Sesaxeb msjeloba ise warimarTa, rom
suli moiazreba sxvadasxva struqturuli elementebis mTlianobad. masSi igulisxmeba sicocxle, fsiqika, azrovneba; igi aris
pnevmac da xSirad nusic. sulis raobis Ziebam saqme iqamde
miiyvana, rom sulis cnebidan nel-nela misi sxvadasxva gageba
ganidevna garda fsiqikisa. mecxramete saukunidan igi ZiriTadad gauigivda fsiqikis cnebas. fsiqikac, sulieri movlenaa.
igi ganixileba, rogorc materialur da idealur movlenebs
Soris damakavSirebel fenomeni.

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4. goni. sulieri sferos erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

cnebaa goni. mas didi adgili ukavia rogorc filosofiaSi,
mTeli istoriuli ganviTarebis manZilze, ise religiaSi (TeologiaSi). filosofiis banakebad dayofa gonisaTvis garkveuli funqciis dakisrebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. idealistur
filosofias igi substanciis rangSi ahyavs, yovelive arsebulis pirvelsawyisad acxadebs. materialisturi filosofia
Tumca uaryofs gonis substanciurobas, magram mainc, misTvis
goni Zlieri funqciiT itvirTeba. es gasagebicaa, vinaidan
filosofia adamianis samyarosTan dakavSirebiT azrobrivi
formaa, amitomac mTavari instrumenti goniTi fenomenia. rogorc
filosofiaSi, ise religiaSi (TeologiaSi) goni ganixileba
sulieri sinamdvilis (sulierebis) yvelaze mTavar faqtorad.
yvelaze did simaRled. adamians ar SeeZlo sulieri sferodan imTaviTve imis SemCneva gamoyofa, rac aseTi niSniT
xasiaTdeba. amitom, adamianis arsebobis garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, sulis sxvadasxva elementad danawilebas adgili
ara aqvs. es procesi daiwyo ZiriTadad Zveli berZnuli
klasikuri filosofiis warmoSobasTan erTad. mileTis
filosofiuri skolis mier pirvelsawyisis (`arxe~) problemebis gadawyvetis siZneleebSi Seyvanam _ biZgi misca gonis

sakiTxis Semotanas filosofiaSi. gaCnda terminebi: `nus~-i

da `logos~-i. nusi dakavSirebulia anaqsagoras da diogene
apolonielis saxelebTan. Semdgom is centralur cnebebad
iqceva platonis, aristoteles da mogvianebiT plotinis naazrevSi. termini `logos~-i filosofiaSi Semoitana heraklitem.
saganTa simravlis saxiT warmodgenil samyaroSi heraklite
eZebs am simravlis gamaerTianebel da momwesrigebel sayovelTao Zalas. aseT Zalad man dainaxa samyaroSi gabatonebuli da mTeli sinamdvilisaTvis gadamwvdomi aucileblobis
xasiaTis sayovelTao kanonzomiereba, rasac `logosi~ uwoda.
samyaros aerTianebs da marTavs logosi. heraklite hiloZoistia, amitom logosi sulier Zalad moiazreba, ris gamoc
gonis mniSvnelobas iZens. (`logosi~ Zv. berZ. niSnavs
azrs, sityvas, oRond sityva ara misi verbaluri, aramed azris,
sazrisis mniSvnelobiT. logosidan iwarmoeba sityva logika. miuTiTeben logosis siaxloveze legendad qceuli Zveli
Cineli moazrovnis _ lao-Zis (Zv. w.a. VI sauk.) termin `dao~sTan. isic sayovelTao kanonia, movlenaTa simwyobre. igi
aravis Seuqmnia. yovelives is qmnis da yovelive masSi ukuiqceva. logosi daosagan mxolod imiT gansxvavdeba, rom daos
ara aqvs neba, ara aqvs cnobiereba. is gzaa (`dao~ gzas
niSnavs) `nus~-i Zv. berZ. sityvaa da niSnavs azrs, gonebas.
platonTan nusi aris sulieri Semoqmedi demiurgi. yovelive arsebuls Tavis TavSi atarebs idealuri saxis (eidosi)
formiT. aristotelesTan nusi rogorc goni, kidev ufro mwyobr TvalsazrisSi formdeba. igi aris miznobrivi mizezi. igi
aris saTave, mwvervali samyaros ierarqiuli kibisa. igi pirvelmizezia da amasTanave sayovelTao siyvarulis, anu misken
ltolvis fenomenia. igi umaRlesi mizania. ierarqiis mwvervalze myof nusSi gaerTianebulia azrovneba da azrovnebis
sagani. adamianis doneze adamianuri nusi upirispirdeba sxeuls. neoplatonizmSi da saerTod, qristianul TeologiaSi,
gonis kosmologiur, inteleqtualur gagebas cvlis pirovnuloba. igi RmerTia, absolutia, pirovnuli nebaa, romelic araraobisagan qmnis realobas. berZnul filosofiaSi, nuss, rogorc

gons, saSen masalad elastiuri uformo sxeulebrivi materia

sWirdeba. religiis mixedviT, absoluturi goni yvelafers
araraobisagan (anu Tavis Tavisagan) qmnis. absoluturi goni
RmerTia, RmerTi azria, azri sityvaa, xolo sityva saqmea. absoluturi gonis mier gaazreba, Tqma da gakeTeba erTi da igivea.
`Tqva RmerTma: iyos naTeli! da iqmna naTeli.~ axal filosofiaSi gonebis inteleqtualur gaazrebas aqvs adgili dekartis moZRvrebaSi. xolo hegelis filosofiaSi goni centralur
adgils ikavebs. is, Tu ra sibrtyeze gaviazrebT gons, mogvapovebinebs RmerTis sxvadasxvanair gagebas. Tu goni warmodgenilia cnebebis saxiT, anu roca sinamdvilis sagnebi gansxeulebuli logikuri cnebebia, maSasadame, mTel samyaroSi batonobs
logika. es panlogizmia. hegelis filosofia amis demonstrirebaa. amitom absoluturi goni aq logikur-filosofiuri RmerTia; Tu goni mxolod adamianis gonia, igi araa
samyaros Semoqmedi, magram igi qmnis samyaros Semoqmedis, uzenaesi RmerTis ideas, romelic ganTavsebulia erTaderT adgilas, adamianis cnobierebaSi. adamianis gonis mier Seqmnili
RmerTis aseTi idea aris aTeisturi RmerTi. aTeizmi ebrZvis
RmerTis ideis saxiT cnobierebaSi arsebobasac da cdilobs
mis iq Cakvlas; Tu miCneulia rom goni, rogorc substancia,
bunebis yvela saganSia Cabudebuli, mTel bunebas masSi ganTavsebuli goni marTavs es panTeisturi RmerTia. igi b.
spinozas filosofiis arsebiTi momentia, romlis formula
iyo RmerTi _ anu buneba; Tu goni bunebidan gayvanilia
zebunebriv sferoSi. iq igi flobs absolutur, damoukidebel,
maradiul da srulyofil arsebobas. amasTanave, igi yovelives
Semoqmedia, magram ar flobs pirovnulobas da amitom araa
msajulis funqciiT datvirTuli, ar ereva mis mier Seqmnili
samyaros arsebobaSi is deisturi RmerTia; xolo Tu gons,
deisturi RmerTis aRniSnul niSnebTan erTad, miewereba pirovnulobis niSani da qveynierebas SemoqmedTan erTad, mzrunveli
msajulis saxiTac evlineba es ukve Teisturi RmerTia.
filosofia sapirispiro mimarTulebebis mTlianobaa. amitom,
zog SemTxvevaSi gons miewereba iseTi niSnebi, romlebic mis-

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aRebia erTi filosofiuri mimarTulebisaTvis, magram miuRebelia meore mimarTulebisaTvis. magaliTad, gonis sruli
damoukidebloba materialuri sinamdvilisagan misaRebia idealizmisaTvis, magram miuRebelia materializmisaTvis. Tumca
aris iseTi niSnebi, romelsac gons miawers rogorc saerTod
filosofia, aseve qristianuli Teologia. aseTebia: gonis
Sinaganoba, Tavisufleba, sazrisi, SemoqmedebiTi aqtiuroba,
mTlianoba, Rirebuleba, misTvis kauzalobis princi pis
miusadagoba, utilitarulobis miusadagoba, adamianis obieqturobis wyaro. goni aris sulis umaRlesi done. aris iseTi
niSnebic, romelTac qristianuli Teologia (religia) damatebiT gons miawers. esenia: siyvaruli, umaRles RvTaebriv
sinamdvilesTan mimarTeba da masTan SeerTeba, gonis meSveobiT adamiani aris RmerTis xateba da msgavseba, gonis meSveobiT adamiani yvelafers iRebs RmerTisagan da yvelafers awvdis RmerTs. e.i. goni rogorc RmerTTan kavSiris saSualeba,
goni rogorc RmerTisagan emanacia, gonis RvTaebriv-adamianuroba goni aris RvTaebrivi elementi adamianSi. filonis
azriT, adamianSi adamianis gonia RvTaebrivi da ara TviTon
adamiani. filosofias suli esmoda, ZiriTadad, rogorc goneba. religias ki goni esmis rogorc zebunebrivi sasicocxlo
Zala.
adamianTan dakavSirebiT, mudam aqtualuria adamianSi
subieqturobis da obieqturobis sakiTxi, adamianis Tavisuflebis, zneobriobis, mSvenierebis, obieqturi Rirebulebebis
sakiTxebi. saerTod, aseTi sakiTxebi ismeba gonieri arsebis
mimarT. cxovelebis mimarT, romlebic ganixileba gonis armqone arsebebad, aseT kiTxvebs ar svamen. e.i. CamoTvlili Rirebulebebis safuZveli gonia. amitom goni iTvleba adamianis
cxovrebis Semoqmed da ZiriTad warmmarTvel Zalad.

5. cnobier eba da TviTcnobiereba. ukve iyo

msjeloba sulisa da gonebis Sesaxeb. isini, sulieri, idealuri, movlenebia. sulier-idealuri movlenaa cnobierebac.

isic adamianis Sinagani samyaros amsaxveli cnebaa. amitom

dgeba kiTxva ra urTierTobaa cnobierebis da sulisa da
gonis cnebebs Soris. istoriulad am cnebebis urTierTobis
sakiTxi yovelTvis garkveul siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. sulieri samyaros SemecnebaSi sfecifikuri siZneleni
aqac Tavis kvals tovebs, ris gamoc maT Soris gamavali zRvrebi xSirad imdenad moZravni da bundovanni arian, rom zogjer
adgili aqvs am cnebebis erTimeoreze dayvanas. isic cxadia,
rom es cnebebi ar SeiZleba Cinuri kedliT iyvnen gaTiSulni.
maT gaaCniaT viwro, specifikuri da farTo, zogadi gagebebi.
aqedan gamomdinare, maTdami sxvadasxva kuTxiT midgomas xan
maT igiveobamde mivyavarT, xan maT Soris gansxvavebaa
gamokveTili. Tu suls aviRebT misi zogadi gagebiT, igi ZiriTadad igivea rac cnobiereba aRebuli misi zogadi, farTo
gagebiT. magram Tu suls aviRebT viwro, specifikuri gagebiT,
igi fsiqikis cnebas uigivdeba. xSir SemTxvevaSi sulisa da
gonis gaigivebasac aqvs adgili. magram mainc maT Soris ufro
gansxvavebas esmeba xazi, vinaidan gonis fsiqikasTan daaxloveba garkveul winaaRmdegobebs hqmnis. rac Seexeba cnobierebis
gonTan damokidebulebas, Tu cnobierebaSi vigulisxmebT mxolod obieqturad azrovnebis unars, rac misi ZiriTadi funqciaa, maSin igi gauigivdeba gonis cnebas. xolo Tu cnobierebas aviRebT mTeli Tavisi struqturuli mTlianobiT, maSin
igi utoldeba sulisa da gonis cnebebis erTian mTlianobas.
cnobierebis struqturul mTlianobaSi, zogadad moiazreba
grZnobiTi, inteleqtualuri, warmosaxviTi da nebelobiTi
Sinaarsebi. esenia: SegrZnebebi, aRqmebi, temperamenti, zogadazrovnebiTi da SemecnebiTi procesebi da mis Sedegad warmoebuli idealuri fenomenebi, codna; pirovnebis sulieri
Tvisebebi: niWi, SemoqmedebiTi unari, warmosaxva, rwmeniTi Sinaarsebi, sazrisianoba, nebelobiTi, zneobrivi da esTetikuri
Sinaarsebi da sxva. erTi sityviT, cnobiereba moicavs yvelafers, rac idealuria.
filosofiaSi cnobierebis sakiTxs udidesi mniSvneloba
eniWeba. filosofia moiazreba, rogorc dargi, sadac `me~-s da

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`arame~-s urTierTobis sakiTxi wydeba. arame me-s gareT da

misgan damoukideblad arsebuli sinamdvilea. me pirovnebaa.
pirovneba sulisa (cnobierebis) da sxeulis mTlianobaa.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi, adamianis sxeuli arame-s nawilad ganixileba, radgan isic bunebaa, bunebis kanonebiT arsebobs. e.i.
arame-s me-s saxiT upirispirdeba suli, anu cnobiereba. aqedan
gasagebia filosofiaSi cnobierebis sakiTxis udidesi mniSvneloba. istoriulad, filosofiuri azrovneba ZiriTadad
warimarTa, erTis mxriv, yofierebis, bunebis, materiis da, meore
mxriv, sulis, gonis, cnobierebis dapirispirebis xaziT, ris
Sedegad gaCnda filosofiuri banakebi `materializmis~ da
`idealizmis~ saxelwodebebiT. materializmSi ZiriTadad cnobierebaa damorCilebuli materialuri yofierebisadmi, xolo
idealizmSi piriqiT, yofiereba emorCileba cnobierebas. cnobiereba iTvleba samyaros arsebobis warmmarTvel Zalad. cnobierebisa da yofierebis urTierTobis sakiTxis gadawyveta
dakavSirebulia adamianis cnobierebis da misi substratis
urTierTobis gadawyvetasTan. substratad ZiriTadad Tavis
tvini moiazreba (amaze jer kidev Cv.w. aR-mde VI saukunis
berZeni eqimi alkemeoni miuTiTebs). tvinis, rogorc substanciis
da cnobierebis urTierToba aCens ornair SesaZleblobas: an
maT erTimeoreze srul igiveobamde dayvanas, rasac mimarTavda
XIX saukunis vulgaruli materializmi (analogiiT, azrebi
TiTqmis imave damokidebulebaSia Tavis tvinTan, rogorc naRveli
RviZlTano), an maTi erTimeorisgan sruli mowyvetiT (roca
cnobiereba araviTar materialur substratTan araa dakavSirebuli). aseTi ukiduresi tendenciebis acilebis mizniT,
saWiroa Sualeduri gzis moZebna, romlis Sedegad vRebulobT,
adamianis cnobierebas sWirdeba materialuri substrati. magram es ar niSnavs TiTqos cnobierebis mier ganxorcielebuli azrovneba da mis Sedegad warmoebuli azrebi cnobierebis
substratis mier iyos gansazRvruli. debuleba _ yofiereba
gansazRvravs cnobierebas _ badebs kiTxvebs: ratom xdeba, rom
ori adamiani, romlebsac ZiriTadad erTnairi materialuri
yofiereba aqvT, erTsa da imave movlenebze sxvadasxvanairad

da xSirad urTierTsapirispirod fiqroben? an erTi da imave

Sexedulebis mqone adamianebs ratom ara aqvT, Sesatyvisad,
erTnairi yofiereba? amaze pasuxi cnobierebis damoukideblobaSi unda veZioT da ara mis kauzalur kavSirSi yofierebasTan. adamiani avtonomiuri arsebaa. es misi damoukidebloba,
Tavisuflebaa. misi avtonomiuroba; misi cnobierebis avtonomiurobaa. magram roca sakiTxi dgeba misi es avtonomiuroba
absoluturia Tu realtiuri, daskvna cxadia adamianis, misi
cnobierebis sruli avtonomiuroba SeuZlebelia. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi igi mowydeboda yvelas da yvelafers. e.i. adamianis cnobierebis avtonomiuroba relatiuri xasiaTisaa. es ki
niSnavs, rom adamianis cnobiereba erTdroulad subieqturicaa da obieqturic. masSi subieqturoba da obieqturoba sxvadasxva proporciulobiTaa. erT adamianSi subieqturoba metia,
obieqturoba naklebi; meoreSi _ piriqiT da a.S. formalurad,
yofierebis mier cnobierebis gansazRvra ZiriTadad maSinaa
SesaZlebeli, roca mocemuli movlenis mimarT cnobiereba
subieqturia. e.i. roca movlenis Sesaxeb gamomuSavebuli azri
ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia movlenisadmi cnobierebis merkantiluri motivebiT. amitom zogjer erTi da igive yofiereba,
marTlac, SesaZlebelia erTsa da imave merkantilur interesebs iwvevdes, magram xSirad es ase araa. erTsa da imave
yofierebas yovelTvis ar SeuZlia cnobierebaSi erTi da igive
azrebi gamoiwvios. yvelaferi rom meqanikuri principiT xdebodes, maSin iqneb SesaZlebeli yofiliyo zogadi debulebis
yofiereba gansazRvravs cnobierebas dacva. magram meqanicizmi aq unda gamoiricxos. cnobierebis, rogorc gonis arseba
mis obieqturobaSia, rac imas niSnavs, rom cnobierebis azrovneba
Tavisufali unda iyos subieqturi interesebiT gamowveuli
yovelgvari garegani zegavlenisgan. cnobierebaSi azrovnebiTi procesebi warimarTeba SemoqmedebiTobis princi piT da
ara meqanicisturad. obieqturi cnobierebis funqciaa empiriul-fsiqologiur SinaarsebSi aRmoaCinos da obieqturi azris
saxiT daafiqsiros is, rac miuwvdomelia mgrZnobelobisaTvis.
esaa misi mecnierul-SemecnebiTi funqcia. saboloo jamSi,

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esaa obieqturi Rirebulebebis dadgenis funqcia. esaa WeSmariteba, saTnoeba, mSveniereba, samarTlianoba, sarwmunoeba. amitom obieqturi cnobiereba safuZvelia mecnierebis, zneobis,
esTetikuri Semoqmedebis, samarTlis religiis da sxva. cnobiereba rogorc `me~, samyarosTan rogorc `arame~-sTan pirispir dgomaSi mudam aqtiuri Zala da mxarea. amaze gansakuTrebiT
gamaxvilebuli iqna yuradReba germanul klasikur filosofiaSi. cnobierebis aqtiuroba upirispirdeba meqanicizms. es
ukanaskneli cnobierebas meqanikuri sarkis funqcias akisrebs.
es rom ase iyos, maSin saerTod aRar daismeboda kiTxva
sinamdvilis cnobierebiseuli idealuri saxe Seesatyviseba
Tu ara TavisTavadi sinamdvilis realur saxes. cnobiereba
adamianis cnobierebaa. amitom sinamdvilis cnobierebiseuli
xedva yovelTvis misi adamianurobiT aris Seferili.
cnobiereba yovelTvis gulisxmobs TviTcnobierebas.
adamianis cnobierebam ori etapi gamoiara. pirvelia misi joguri
wesiT arseboba, meore _ individis pirovnebad formirebis
etapi. jogur cxovrebaSi gabatonebulia joguri cnobiereba.
individi Tavis Tavs ar gamoyofs jogisagan. jogi misi saxlia,
misi samyaroa, misi arsebobis pirobaa. am etapze misi individualuri cnobiereba CaZirulia uCinarobaSi, raTa jogis interesebi metad iyos wina planze wamoweuli. joguri cnobiereba, princi pSi, arc CaiTvleba namdvil adamianur cnobierebad, radgan masSi individi, pirovneba, saerTod ar arsebobs. pirovneba iwyeba maSin, roca misi cnobiereba iwyebs
Semobrunebas sakuTari Tavisadmi, axdens sakuTar Tavze refleqsias da axdens sakuTar me-s gacnobierebas. esaa adamianSi
TviTgacnobierebis gaCenis momenti. adamianis cxovreba Tu,
erTis mxriv, adamianisagan moiTxovs mis gareT arsebuli realuri sinamdvilis codnas, aranakleb, SeiZleba ufro metadac,
igi misgan moiTxovs sakuTari Tavis codnas. anu saWiroa
rogorc imis codna, Tu ra aris, ra xdeba mis gareT, amasTan
erTad saWiroa imis codnac, Tu ra aris TviTon masSi, ra unda,
ra SeuZlia da risi imedi SeiZleba hqondes. delfosis taZris
frontonis warwera `Seican Tavi Seni!~ amis mowodebaa. cno-

bierebis ZiriTadi funqcia Tu arame-zea mi pyrobili, TviTcnobierebis veqtori me-skenaa mimarTuli. es ar niSnavs adamianSi ori cnobierebis arsebobas. cnobiereba erTiani mTliania, ganuyofel-daunawevrebelia. TviTcnobiereba sxva cnobiereba
ki araa, is igive cnobierebaa, oRond sxva obieqtisken mimarTuli. adamians, mis cnobierebas yvelgan da yovelTvis me-sa da
arame-s mTlianobis gaazreba sWirdeba. amitom razec unda
iyos mi pyrobili cnobierebis mzera, mas mudam Tan sdevs me,
Tan sdevs fiqrebi amas me vfiqrob, me vakeTeb, amiT me vamayob,
me mrcxvenia, me visargebleb, me davzaraldebi da sxva. TviTcnobierebis gareSe cnobiereba kargavs azrs. TviTcnobiereba
aris adamianis TviTkontrolis, TviTkritikis, TviTSemecnebis,
TviTpativiscemis, TviTpasuxismgeblobis safuZveli. adamianis
pirovnuli sulieri siZliere misi TviTcnobierebis siZlierea.
Tumca xSirad TviTcnobiereba pirovnebis borotebis siZlieres
ganapirobebs, vinaidan igi gadasulia egoizmSi, roca ZiriTadad sakuTar Tavs xedavs. mis iqiT iwyeba ganurCevloba.
roca mavans Seaxseneben pirovnuli Rirsebis sakiTxs da amas
imperatiuli JReradoba aqvs, es mavanis TviTcnobierebaze
Taviseburi mkveTri Sexeba da misi gamoRviZeba-amoqmedebis
mcdelobaa.
arCeven cnobierebis saxeebs: individualuri cnobiereba da sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba. individualuri cnobiereba
pirovnebis cnobierebaa. pirovnebis pirovnuloba, misi sikeTe
Tu ukeTuroba, misi pirovnuli cnobierebidan modis. pirovnebis
Tavgadasavali umeteswilad misi pirovnuli cnobierebiTaa
ganpirobebuli. pirovnuli cnobierebis siZliere saerTod
pirovnebis siZlierea. Tu ginda Zlieri iyo, pirvel rigSi
izrune Seni cnobierebis gaZlierebaze! sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba mTeli sazogadoebis, eris (erovnuli cnobiereba) cnobierebaa. sazogadoebis, eris siZlierec misi cnobierebis kargad `momarTvaze~ da siZlierezea damokidebuli. Cndeba bunebrivi kiTxva: ra aris sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis materialuri
substrati da ra damokidebulebaSia igi individualur cnobierebebTan. xom ar SeiZleba veZioT mTeli sazogadoebis

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raRac erTi, mTliani Tavi Tavisi mTliani tviniT? cxadia

ara! es absurdia. sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba individualuri
cnobierebis hi postazirebaa. amitom mas ar sWirdeba da arc
aqvs damoukidebeli materialuri substrati. individualuri
cnobierebebis materialuri substrati misi substraticaa.
anu igi individebis Tavebs eyrdnoba. saqme is aris, rom adamianebi (individebi) gamodian cxovrebis arenaze sakuTari individualuri cnobierebiT. cxovrebis arenaze adgili aqvs individebis cnobierebaTa erTmaneTTan Sejaxebas, Sexla-Semoxlas, Widils, dapirispirebas, urTierTSeviwrovebas, bolosdabolos maTi urTierTqmedebis Sedegad qmnian raRac iseT saSualo tolqmeds, romelic aRar emTxveva uSualod romelime
individis pirovnuli cnobierebis pozicias, Rebuloben misgan damoukideblobas da calkeul individebs evlineba sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis, sazogadoebrivi azris saxiT, romelsac udidesi Zala gaaCnia pirovnebaze zemoqmedebis mxriv.
magram TviT sazogadoebriv cnobierebasac gaaCnia misi makontrolebeli da warmmarTveli Zala. esaa ideologia.
ideologias marqsi `yalb cnobierebas~ uwodebda. Tu
msjeloba exeba saerTod ideologias da ara romelime konkretul ideologias, maSin amaSi aris naxevrad simarTle. sazogadoeba cocxali organizmia. igi cxovrebaa. amitom, rogorc
calkeuli pirovnebis cxovrebas, masac sWirdeba marTva. magram misi marTva SeiZleba iyos subieqturi, anu viRacis (viRacebis) piradi interesebiT warmarTuli; SeiZleba igi iyos
obieqturi, anu TviTon sazogadoebis interesebiT marTva. ideologia yalbi cnobierebaa, Tu mis mier sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis marTva-mani pulireba xdeba subieqturi interesebiT,
rasac sazogadoeba yalbi mimarTulebiT miyavs. amitom borotebaa ara saerTod ideologia, aramed ideologia, rogorc yalbi
cnobiereba. ideologia, romlis mizania sazogadoebis marTva
WeSmaritebis, saTnoebis, mSvenierebis, samarTlianobis, sarwmunoebis RirebulebebiT ar SeiZleba yalb cnobierebad CaiTvalos. igi boroteba ki ara, _ sikeTea. amitom igi obieqturi
cnobierebaa. sazogadoebrivad Camoyalibebuli cnobiereba

arsebobs istoriulad Camoyalibebuli calkeuli formebis

saxiT. esenia: filosofia, mecniereba, xelovneba da literatura, zneoba, samarTali, esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, religia da
sxva. roca sakiTxi dgeba aqvs Tu ara cxovels cnobiereba
da pasuxia ara! igulisxmeba, rom mas ara aqvs goni; ara aqvs
obieqturi cnobiereba; mas ara aqvs filosofia, mecniereba,
xelovneba, zneoba, religia, samarTali; mas ara aqvs obieqturi
Rirebulebebi; igulisxmeba, rom mas ara aqvs metyveleba. rom
igi pirutyvia; rom mas ara aqvs abstraqciis unari; ara aqvs
logikuri da cnebiTi azrovneba; mas ara aqvs momavlis xedva.
magram cxovels aqvs cnobiereba, Tu cnobierebaSi gons ki ara,
im suls vigulisxmebT, romelic sicocxles niSnavs. cxovelic sulieri arsebaa. igic suldgmulia. cxovels cnobiereba
aqvs im azriTac, roca cnobiereba fsiqikis azriT aris gagebuli. cxovelic fsiqiuri arsebaa. arsebobs mecniereba zoofsiqologiis saxelwodebiT.
aqvs Tu ara kibernetikul manqanebs cnobiereba da
SeuZliaT Tu ara maT azrovneba? kibernetikuli manqanebis
mier ganxorcielebuli procesebi, cxadia azrovnebiTi procesebia, magram es araa sakuTriv am manqanebis azrovneba. es
araa maTi cnobiereba. maT ukan dgas adamiani, misi cnobiereba,
romelic qmnis manqanisaTvis gankuTvnil programebs. manqana
maT realizacias axdens. e.i. azrovnebs adamiani da ara manqana. cnobiereba aqvs da azrovnebs is, vinc damoukideblad
azrovnebs.

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6. cnobierebis ti pebi. cnobiereba sulier-idealuri

movlenaa. misi daxasiaTebisa da garkveuli niSniT dayofis
mizniT, mogviwevs materialur-sxeulebrivi movlenebis garkveuli ganzomilebebis daxasiaTeba da maTTan dapirispirebaSi
sulier-idealuri fenomenebis gansazRvrulobebis dadgena.
materialuri sagnebi da movlenebi arseboben maT Sesatyvis
ganzomilebebSi. esenia: wona, sigrZiTi da sivrcobrivi ganzomilebebi. temperatura, wneva, Zabva, feri, suni, gemo da sxva. am

https://www.facebook.com/groups/ELLIB/
ganzomilebebiT izomebian mxolod sxeulebriv-materialuri
movlenebi. maRaziaSi Sesuli momxmareblis mxridan gamyidvelis mimarT normalur mimarTvad CaiTvleba Tu igi mas etyvis
amiwoneT erTi kilogrami Zexvi! CamomisxiT xuTi litri
Rvino, momiWeriT sami metri qsovili da a.S. magram am ganzomilebebiT SeuZlebelia gaizomos sulier-idealuri, anu cnobierebiseuli movlenebi. maT ara aqvT wona, sigrZe-siganesimaRle, temperatura, feri, suni da a.S. sulier-idealuri movlenebi SeuZlebelia maRaziaSi uSualod wminda saxiT iyidebodes. wignis maRaziaSi an gamofenebze SegiZliaT iyidoT
wignebi, ferweruli tiloebi, operis partiturebi, an Canawerebi, magram es sulieri movlenebis gaSualebuli formiT SeZenaa.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, normalurad ar CaiTvleba, Tu maRaziaSi
momxmarebeli gamyidvels etyvis amiwoneT erTi kilogrami
idea, momiWeriT sami metri azrebi, CamomisxiT xuTi litri
ocnebebi. aranormaluroba aq imaSia, rom sulier-idealuri
movlenebi am ganzomilebaSi ar Tavsdebian. es maTi ganzomilebebi ar aris. magram es imas ar niSnavs, TiTqos sulieridealuri movlenebi raime, mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebel
specifikur ganzomilebebSi ar Tavsdebodnen. es ganzomilebebia: WeSmariteba-mcdaroba; sikeTe da boroteba; mSveniereba da
simaxinje; samarTlianoba da usamarTloba; kargi da cudi da
sxva. yvela eseni _ sulier-idealuri sagnebisa da movlenebis
adamianuri SefasebiTi ganzomilebebia.
aRniSnuli ganzomilebebis wyviladi formiT warmodgena maTi garkveuli wesiT dajgufebis SesaZleblobas iZleva,
rac formalurad cnobierebis sami ti pis arsebobas gansazRvravs. zemoT msjeloba iyo arsebobis sxvadasxva formebze. iTqva, rom is, ris Sesaxebac msjeloba warmoebs, ukve am
msjelobiT arsebobas iwyebs. arsebobs msjelobaSi. am momentis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia gamovyoT sami ti pis cnobierebis arseboba. esenia: RvTaebrivi cnobiereba, satanuri
cnobiereba da adamianuri cnobiereba. RvTaebrivi cnobierebis sulier-idealuri movlenebis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini ganisazRvrebian aRniSnuli wyviladi kate-

goriebis mxolod dadebiTi mxaris niSniT. anu isini arian

mxolod WeSmariti. mxolod keTili, mxolod mSvenieri, mxolod samarTliani da mxolod kargi. ise, rom maTSi araa
araviTari mwikvli mcdarobis, borotebis, simaxinjis, usamarTlobis da sicudis. swored es garemoeba igulisxmeba RvTaebrivi cnobierebis, anu RvTaebrivi sulis siwmindeSi. mis
siwmindeSi igulisxmeba is garemoebac, rom masSi araa araviTari sxeulebrivi minarevi. materiis erTi atomic masSi ar
igulisxmeba da kidev, _ RvTaebrivi cnobierebis Tavisebureba
imaze miuTiTebs, rom misTvis WeSmariteba, sikeTe, mSveniereba,
samarTlianoba da sikarge gansxvavebuli maxasiaTeblebi ki
araa, aramed RvTaebrivi cnobierebis doneze isini erTimeoris
TanmTxvevni da erTi atomuri mTlianobis Semqmnelni arian.
RvTaebrivi cnobiereba mkveTrad dadebiTi mimarTulebis mqone
cnobierebaa.
cnobierebis meore ti pi, esaa satanuri cnobiereba. cxadia, isic sulieri movlenaa, isic ganisazRvreba wyviladi
cnebebis mxolod erTi rigiT. misi sulier-idealuri movlenebi mxolod mcdarobaa, mxolod borotebaa, mxolod simaxinjea, mxolod usamarTlobaa da mxolod sicudea. ise, rom maTSi
odnavi minarevic ki araa WeSmaritebis, saTnoebis, mSvenierebis,
samarTlianobis da sikargis. amitom igic wminda cnobierebaa.
magram misi siwminde uaryofiTi siwmindea, amitom igi uwmindurobis siwmindea. igi mkveTrad uaryofiTi mimarTulebis mqone
cnobierebaa.
cnobierebis mesame ti pi adamianis cnobierebaa, _ misi
sulieri samyaro. rogorc vxedavT, RvTaebrivi da satanuri
cnobiereba, TavianTi sulierebiT, aboluturad umaRlesi da
absoluturad umdablesi doneebia. Tumca satanuri cnobierebis umdablesi done misi ganviTarebis umdablesi donis mniSvnelobiT ki ar unda gavigoT, aramed esaa radikalurad uaryofiTi mimarTulebis mqone cnobiereba. yvelaferi, rac adamians ekuTvnis, rac adamianuria, saWiroa misi mowesrigeba. garkveul
momwesrigebel normebSi Casma. aq mniSvneloba ara aqvs konkretuli pirovneba Teistia Tu aTeisti. yvelas sWirdeba Tavisi

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cnobierebis mowesrigeba. amitom sWirdeba misi garkveul normebSi Casma. adamianuri cnobierebis mimarT, aseT funqcias RvTaebrivi da satanuri cnobierebebi tvirTuloben. isini gzis
Cvenebaa adamianisaTvis, _ saiT unda iyos mimarTuli, risken
unda iltvodes da ras unda eridos. adamianis cnobiereba
aseT or ukiduresobas Soris Tavsdeba. amas niSnavs gamoTqma
_ adamianSi RmerTic SeiZleba iyos Cabudebuli da satanac.
misTvis idealia RvTaebrivi cnobiereba, xolo antiideali _
satanuri cnobiereba. adamianuri cnobierebis sulieri movlenebi erTdroulad WeSmaritebacaa da mcdarobac; saTnoebac da borotebac, mSvenierebacaa da simaxinjec, samarTlianobacaa da usamarTlobac, kargicaa da cudic. konkretuli adamianebi erTimeorisagan gansxvavdebian am wyviladi ganzomilebebis mxolod proporciebiT. erTis suliereba ufro metada
WeSmaritia meorisaze ufro metad mcdaria, magram ar arsebobs
adamiani, adamianuri cnobiereba, erTi da imave movlenis mimarT raRac donis WeSmaritebas rom ar flobdes da amave dros
raRac doneze ar cdebodes. amaSi gamoixateba adamianuri cnobierebis fardobiToba, rac safuZvelia adamianuri WeSmaritebis, saTnoebis, mSvenierebis, samarTlianobis da sikargis fardobiTobis.

7. aracnobieri. filosofiaSi aracnobieris Temas

azri da mniSvneloba yovelTvis cnobierebasTan kavSirSi
aqvs. cnobierebisagan mowyvetiT, raime movlena filosofiaSi
aracnobierad ar ganixileba. aracnobieri ar niSnavs cnobierebis arqonas. qvas cnobiereba ara aqvs, magram qvis aracnobierebis Sesaxeb filosofiaSi ar msjeloben. aracnobieri
upirobod ar daiyvaneba arc martiv arcodnaze. roca raRaca
movlenis Sesaxeb ara maqvs cnoba, informacia, mis Sesaxeb
araferi vici, igi CemTvis Taviseburi aracnobieria. arcodna
aracnobieris savaldebulo niSania, magram aracnobieri arcodnaze mTlianad ar daiyvaneba. aracnobieri araa nebismieri
arcodna. sagani, romelic jer ar gamxdara Seswavlis obieqti

da amitom mis Sesaxeb codna ara gvaqvs, es mis aracnobierebas

ar niSnavs, vinaidan igi cnobierebis SinaarsSi jer saerTod
araa moqceuli. e.i. aracnobieri da Seumecnebeli an Seumecnebadi araa erTi da igive. kantis filosofiaSi TavisTavadi
nivTi Seumecnebadia, magram igi aracnobierad ar iTvleba.
filosofiaSi, da saerTod mecnierebaSi, aracnobierSi igulisxmeba iseTi fenomeni, romelic cnobierebaSia, magram cnobiereba
mis Sesaxeb ar flobs raime codnas. e.i. aracnobieri cnobieris iseTi Sinaarsia, romelzec cnobierebas refleqsia ar
mouxdenia, an princi pulad SeuZlebelia masze refleqsiis
moxdena. ver acnobierebs mas da amitom aris igi aracnobieri.
aracnobieris problema gamokveTili formiT dgas
filosofiasa da fsiqologiaSi. am ukanasknelSi misi Semotana da damkvidreba dakavSirebulia meoce saukunis dasawyisSi,
avstrieli mecnieris zigmund froidis saxelTan. adamianis
qcevebs sulis siRrmeSi yovelTvis safuZvlad udevs garkveuli motivebi. qcevebis ganmsazRvreli motivebis mTeli rigi
sulis iseT siRrmeSia CaZiruli, risi gacnobierebac verasodes xdeba, magram adamianTa qcevebis ZiriTadi motivacia,
swored iqidan moedineba. aqedan gamomdinare, froidisa da
misi mimdevrebis mecnieruli kvleva swored sulis siRrmiseul aracnobier sferos mieZRvna.
aracnobieris Tema gacilebiT adre gaCnda filosofiaSi. igi sokratesa da platonis saxelebs ukavSirdeba. maTTan
aracnobieri fsiqologiasTan ki araa dakavSirebuli, aramed
igi ganpirobebulia gnoseologiuri problemebis gadawyvetiT.
gnoseologiaSi aracnobieris Semotanis ZiriTadi mizezi _
mis problematikaSi gadauWreli siZneleebis arsebobaa. istoriulad, filosofiaSi aracnobiers ZiriTadad iq mimarTavdnen, sadac gnoseologiuri problemebi gaixlarTeboda gamouval siZneleebSi da maTi daZlevis mizniT, rogorc Tavisebur
saSualebas, mimarTavdnen aracnobiers. sokrates naazrevSi
gnoseologiur siZneled iqca codnis warmoSobis axsna, anu
rogor xdeba arcodnidan codnaze gadasvla. codnis warmoSoba codnis wyvetadobas niSnavs. codnis wyvetadoba ki

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logikur winaaRmdegobas awydeba, rac saqmis skeptikurad

damTavrebas iwvevs. magram aseTi daskvna sokratesaTvis miuRebelia, vinaidan man kargad icis, rom WeSmaritebis uaryofa
SeuZlebelia (WeSmaritebis uaryofa isev WeSmaritebis dadgenaa). WeSmaritebis uaryofis SesaZlebloba codnis uaryofis SeuZleblobaa. an iseTi meqanizmi unda iqnes SemuSavebuli, romelic agvacilebs codnis wyvetadobas. aq sokrate gamosavals aracnobierSi poulobs. misTvis codnis warmoSobis
problema cnebis warmoSobaze daiyvaneba. cneba gvarSi Semavali saxeobebis saerTo arsebiTi niSnebis fiqsirebuli
mTlianobaa. am niSnebis misaRebad saxeobebTan misvlaa saWiro.
magram rogor mivideT kerZo sagnebTan, Tu winaswar ar viciT
am saxeobebis gvari. saxeobebis codnisaTvis winaswar gvaris
codnaa saWiro. gvaris codnisaTvis ki calkeuli saxeobebis
codna zedmetia, magram Tu saxeobebTan misvlamde winaswar
gvaris codna meqneba, es niSnavs, rom mis Sesaxeb cneba ukve
mqonia. cnebas swored gvaris codna moeTxoveba. e.i. misi Zebna
zedmeti yofila. Seqmnili viTareba sokrates ubiZgebs aRiaros codnis uwyvetoba. magram es ar niSnavs, TiTqos Cvens
sulSi uwyveti codna yovelTvis erTi formiT arsebobdes.
igi arsebobs ori formiT cnobierad da aracnobierad.
sokrates filosofiaSi arsebiTi adgili ukavia `maievtikis~
(bebiaqalobis) meTods. mas miaCnda, rom codnis Seqmnas ki ara
aqvs adgili, aramed codnis dabadebas. codnis dabadeba gulisxmobs sulSi misi uwyveti saxiT arsebobas. magram mis dabadebamde sulSi igi aracnobieri saxiT arsebobs. misi dabadeba
misi gamomzeureba, anu misi gacnobierebaa. rogorc bebiaqali
exmareba qals mSobiarobaSi, sokrates miaCnia, rom aseve maswavlebeli moswavles codnas ki ar awvdis, aramed exmareba masSi
aracnobierad arsebuli codnis dabadebaSi.
daaxloebiT, analogiur mdgomareobas aqvs adgili platonis anamnezisis (gaxsenebis) TeoriaSi. mogvianebiT, imave
codnis warmoSobis siZnelem da misgan gamomdinare, codnis
uwyvetobis moTxovnam ganapiroba axal droSi, laibnicis
filosofiaSi `mciredi percefciebis~ Semotana, rac codnis

aracnobieris saxiT arsebobaze mianiSnebs.

germanul klasikur filosofiaSi aracnobierze dayrdnoba kidev ufro niSandoblivi gaxda. kantisaTvis eWvs ar
iwvevs mecnieruli codnis faqtiuri arseboba. mecnieruli
codnisaTvis savaldebuloa zogadobisa da aucileblobis
asaxva, magram is cdebi, rac filosofiaSi kantiswina nakadebSi
Catarda, verafriT adastureben aucileblobisa da zogadobis
saerTod arsebobas. Seqmnili winaaRmdegobrivi situaciidan
gamosavali, kantmac, ZiriTadad, aracnobierze dayrdnobiT gaiazra. misi azriT, adamianSi rogorRac `zis~ orgvari subieqti. erTia empiriuli subieqti, meorea mis siRrmeebSi moqmedi
transcendentaluri subieqti anu transcendentaluri apercefcia. es ukanaskneli empiriuli subieqtis wiaRSi moqmedebs
aracnobierad, ris Sedegad zogadobisa da aucileblobis
normebiT qmnis sagnebis idealur modelebs (sqemebs). realuri
empiriuli sagnebis Semecneba swored am modelebis mixedviT
warmoebs. Sedegad miRebul codnaSi dafiqsirebuli zogadobisa da aucileblobis warmomavloba arc empiriul
gamocdilebas ukavSirdeba da arc cnebaTa logikur analizs.
igi dakavSirebulia transcendentaluri apercefciis warmosaxviTi unaris aracnobier moRvaweobasTan. kantis memkvidreebma (fixte, Selingi, hegeli) ukuagdes kantis TavisTavadi
nivTi. amiT mTeli sinamdvile daiyvanes `me~-ze. aseT pirobebSi Semecneba gaformda TviTSemecnebis saxiT. TviTSemecnebis
mizniT `me~ TavisTavSi unda gaordes subieqtad da obieqtad.
am mizniT mas mouwevs ganviTarebis ori gzis gavla. pirvelze
es gaoreba unda moxdes, meoreze gaorebulTa Soris unda
ganxorcieldes Semecneba. pirveli gza praqtikul-SemecnebiTia, xolo meore Teoriul-SemecnebiTi. `mes~ Teoriuli moRvaweoba misi SemecnebiTi moRvaweobaa. aq gaorebis Sedegad
dadgenili `me~ (empiriuli subieqti) imecnebs `arame~-s (obieqts).
es `mes~ TviTSemecnebaa. rac Seexeba `me~-s praqtikul-SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas, esaa misi Teoriuli moRvaweobis Taviseburi preistoria, sadac, mTeli rigi sinTezebis ganxorcielebis
gziT xdeba misi empiriul `me~-d (subieqtad) da `arame~-d

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(obieqtad) gaoreba. amitom igi, rogorc Semecnebamdeli procesi aracnobieria.

Tanamedrove iracionalisturi da intuitivisturi
filosofiis moRvaweebisaTvis aracnobieri kvlav rCeba saimedo sayrdenad.

8. cnobiereba da ena. cnobierebisa da enis mWidro

urTierTkavSiri dafiqsirebulia debulebaSi ar arsebobs
cnobiereba enis gareSe, iseve rogorc ena ar arsebobs cnobierebis gareSe. maTi es erTmaneTisagan moucilebloba maT
erTian mTlianobaze miuTiTebs. rogorc yvela sagansa da
movlenas, cnobierebasac aqvs Tavisi Sinaarsi da forma. mis
Sinaarss Seadgens rogorc ukve warmoebuli, memkvidreobiT
miRebuli da aTvisebuli, aseve sakuTari cnobierebiT warmoebuli da aTvisebuli azrebi, Sexedulebebi, miznebi, idealebi,
programebi, interesebi da sxva; agreTve, cnobierebis mier uSualod warmoebuli azrovnebiTi procesebi. cnobierebis sayovelTao da universaluri forma aris ena. yvelaferi, rac
cnobierebis Sinaarss warmoadgens, enaSi formdeba. ena aris
cnobierebis materialuri forma. e.i. ena SinaarsiT idealuria,
radgan igi cnobierebis idealuri Sinaarsebis matarebelia,
xolo formiT materialuri. ratom materialuri? saqme is
aris, rom adamians samyarosTan mudmivi dialogisa da komunikaciis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia. cnobiereba da masTan
erTad ena adamianis samyarosTan aseTi komunikacia-dialogis
erTaderTi saSualebaa. cnobierebis Sinaarsi sulier-idealuria. amitom mas cnobierebisagan mowyvetiT, mis gareT, misgan damoukideblad wminda saxiT arseboba ar SeuZlia, vinaidan is, rasTanac adamiani amyarebs komunikacia-dialogs, misi
cnobierebis gareTaa, es mdgomareoba moiTxovs cnobierebis
Sinaarsis cnobierebis gareT gatanas. es ki SesaZlebelia
mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi, unda moxerxdes cnobierebis sulieri
Sinaarsis raRac niSnebiT, simboloebiT materialur sagnebsa
da movlenebSi kodireba, daSifrva, rac formiT materialuri

iqneba (bgeraTa kompleqsi, sityvebi, damwerloba, naxati, notebi,

naxazi, simboloebi da sxva) magram SinaarsiT _ azriseuli.
magaliTad, termini `wigni~ esaa bgeraTa kompleqsi, romelic
TavisTavad materialuri movlenaa da raSic kodirebulia
wignis aRmniSvneli azri, rogorc sulieri fenomenis. istoriulad xSirad xdeba, roca romelime sityvaSi garkveuli
azria kodirebuli, magram Semdeg es sityva icvlis azrs da
SedarebiT sxva azris matarebeli xdeba. xSirad moiuTiTeben
enis konservatiul mxareze. es swored imas niSnavs, rom igi
icvlis Sinaarsobriv mxares, magram forma (ena) ucvlelia. es
yovelTvis iwvevs sityvis etimologiisa da Sinaarsobrivi
mxaris dacilebas, magram cnobierebas amis iolad atana SeuZlia mxolod imitom, rom misTvis enobrivi mxare garkveuli
niSani, simbolo, kodi, Sifria, romlisTvisac mTavaria is, Tu
risi aRmniSvnelia da ara is, _ Tu riTi aRiniSneba. TviTon
termini `wigni~ Zvel qarTulSi werilis aRmniSvnelic iyo.
dReisaTvis igi am mniSvnelobis matarebeli aRaraa. magram
sityva mainc darCa.
rogoria saqmis viTareba martoobaSi Caketil adamianTan dakavSirebiT, romelic mdumared axorcielebs azrovnebas,
fiqrobs raRacaze? aq TiTqos sxvasTan urTierToba da masTan
dialogi-komunikacia saWiro araa. e.i. saWiro araa ena. cxadia,
es mcdari azria. karCaketiloba da gandegiloba ar niSnavs
komunikacia-dialogisagan gaqcevas. xSirad es ufro protestia vidre komunikacia-dialogze uaris Tqma. protesti ki
komunikacia-dialogis Taviseburi formaa. ganmartoveba
gamowveulia komunikacia-dialogis warmosaxviTi formiT ganxorcielebis mizniT. roca Semoqmedi, mecnieri TavisTvis Caiketeba da ase qmnis xelovnebis produqts an mecnierul naSroms,
igi am karCaketilobaSi axorcielebs misTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan komunikacia-dialogs mkiTxvelTan, msmenelTan, damTvalierebelTan, mayurebelTan. aseTi formiT ganxorcielebuli
komunikacia-dialogi xSirad masStaburi da droSi mravali
Taobis gadamwvdomi saSualebaa. xSirad adamians sWirdeba
komunikacia-dialogi sakuTar TavTan da RmerTTan. aqac ufro

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efeqturi formaa ganmartoveba. simunje smenis uqonlobiTaa

gamowveuli. amitom munjs ara aqvs verbaluri ena. magram mas
aqvs Tavisi ena. munji mSvenivradac azrovnebs da Tavisi
azrebis gadmocema-gamoxatvas igi axerxebs JestebiT, mimikiT,
xelebis moZraobiT. TiTebis moZraobebSi mas aso-bgerebis
gadmocemac SeuZlia. ar arsebobs azri, munjis eniT rom ar
gamoiTqmebodes. rogoria viTareba, Tu mdumared azrovnebis
procesSi adamianis azrebs adresati saerTod ara yavs? jer
erTi, aseTi situacia Znelad dasaSvebia, magram mainc davuSvaT
misi SesaZlebloba. azrovneba azrebiT kombinirebaa. esaa, erTis mxriv aqamde ukve gamomuSavebuli azrebis erTimeresTan
dakavSireba, meore mxriv, maTze dayrdnobiT axali azris gamomuSavebis procesi. orive SemTxvevaSi ena savaldebuloa. nebismieri azri maSin iwyebs arsebobas, roca raRac formiT
gaformdeba. azris forma enaa, amitom azrs enis gareSe saerTod ar SeuZlia arseboba. azrovnebis procesSi ukve gamomuSavebuli azrebis moxmareba enis moxmarebaa, radgan es azrebi enaSia gaformebuli. xolo azrovnebis Sedegad gamomuSavebuli axali azri maSin iwyebs arsebobas, roca igi enaSi
gaformdeba. rogorc Rvino raime WurWlis gareSe dasalevi
Rvino araa, aseve azri garkveuli `WurWlis~ anu enis gareSe
jer kidev dabadebuli azri araa. enam azri unda zidos. Tu
sazidi azri ar aris, Tu ena azrisagan daclilia, igi mkvdaria. arc azrovneba arsebobs enis gareSe. Tu azrs ara aqvs
SeZenili Tavisi enobrivi gamoxatuleba, gauformebeli azria
da amitom misi moxelTeba ver xerxdeba. ena monawileobs
azrovnebis yvela aqtSi.
enisa da azrovnebis, rogorc cnobierebis arsebiTi da
aqtiuri mxaris urTierToba, istoriulad, orgvarad moiazreboda. sakiTxi ase dgas, _ azrovnebis procesSi ena asrulebs
gamomuSavebuli azrebis mimarT mxolod aRniSvnis da gadacemis indiferentul funqcias, Tu Tavadac aqtiurad monawileobs azrovnebis procesSi da gavlenas axdens axali azrebis
gamomuSavebaze? erTi Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, ena azrovnebisaTvis garegani, indiferentuli faqtoria. igi ise aRniSnavs

da gadascems azrs, rom araviTari cvlileba, zegavlena ar

Seaqvs masSi. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, azri win uswrebs
enas. roca azrovneba daamTavrebs Tavis saqmes da azri Camoyalibdeba, mxolod amis Semdeg dgeba enis jeri. gamomuSavebul
azrs sityva unda moergos, oRond ise, rom ena mTlianad unda
daemorCilos azrs. magaliTad, sagnisa da misi saxelis mimarTebaSi maTi urTierToba calmxrivia. sagani mTlianad batonobs saxelSi. saxels araviTari zemoqmedeba ar SeuZlia
saganze. dRevandeli imijologia, an piar-teqnologiebi aseT
azrs arafriT Seurigdebian. marTalnic iqnebian, radgan raimes
moazreba sityvamde da sityvis gareSe yovlad SeuZlebelia.
meore Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, ena azrovnebis msvlelobaSi erTveba ara azris gamomuSavebis Semdeg, aramed igi monawileobas mTlian azrovnebiT procesSi da Tanac ise, rom am
procesze aqtiur zegavlenas axdens. es Tvalsazrisi dakavSirebulia XVIII saukunis germaneli moazrovneebis i.g. herderisa da v. humboldtis saxelebTan. mogvianebiT (XXs) mas
ufro meti dinamika SesZines amerikelma lingvistebma: sepirma da uorfma. humboldtis azriT, azrovneba da ena imdenad
ganuyofelni arian, rom ena xalxis gonis garegan movlenad
warmosdgeba. xalxis, eris goni misi enaa da xalxis, eris ena
misi gonia. ena xalxis msoflmxedvelobis matarebelia. yvela
enaSi samyaro Taviseburad aisaxeba. sepirisa da uorfis TvalsazrisiT, sinamdviles aRviqvamT ase da ara sxvagvarad, imitomac, rom Cveni enobrivi modelebi aracnobierad gvibiZgeben
aseTi xedvisaken. amas isini lingvistur determinizms uwodeben, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom ena aqtiurad gansazRvravs
azrovnebiT procesebs. ena rom azrebis mxolod aRniSvnisa
da gadacemis indiferentuli saSualeba yofiliyo, maSin enaTa simravle gaumarTlebeli movlena iqneboda. Tu ena azris
aRniSvnis mxolod teqnikuri saSualebaa, maSin mravali enidan
SearCevdnen romelime erTs, ufro srulyofils, yvela danarCeni zedmetad gamocxaddeboda. maTematikaSi simbolizacia xdeba maTematikuri eniT, romelic erTia yvela xalxisaTvis.
magram aseTi enisTvis eris Svilebi Tavs aRar gaswiravdnen.

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patriotebi icaven sakuTar enas, magram amiT isini icaven ara

azris aRniSvnisa da gadacemis teqnikur saSualebas, aramed
sakuTar suls, sakuTari erovnulobis gamoxatulebas, sakuTar
istorias, sakuTar yofierebas. martin haidegerma enas yofierebis saxli uwoda. axali enis swavla axal samyaroSi Sesvlaa.
didi poetebis, didi mwerlebis, didi mecnierebis arsebobas
marto pirovnuli niWi ki ar ganapirobebs, aramed eris poeturi enis, daxvewili samwerlo enis, zusti samecniero enis
arsebobac.

adamianis winaSe yovelTvis idga sulierebis problema. igi Tavisi cxovrebis ganxorcielebas sulierebisaken mi-

maval gzaSi xedavs. sulierebis moTxovna yovelTvis karg

tonad iTvleba. oficialurad amas aRiareben isinic, vinc
araoficialurad sulierebas upirispirdebian. ase iyo mudam,
asea dResac. sulierebisaken ltolva sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wreebSi sxvadasxvagvaria. sulierebis meti moTxovna aRiniSneba religiaSi, filosofiaSi, xelovnebaSi. suliereba ar
aris sxva unarebs Soris, adamianis erTi, calke aRebuli unari. suliereba mTliani cxovrebis garkveuli wesia. e.i. es
araa nebismieri cxovreba, aramed esaa raRac gansxvavebuli,
Taviseburi cxovreba. adamianis cxovreba gamokristaldeba,
rafinirdeba adamianuri RirebulebebiT. Rirebulebebi mravali da mravalgvaria. ar SeiZleba adamianisaTvis yvela Rirebuleba TanabarmniSvnelovani iyos. ar SeiZleba adamiani aTasgvar RirebulebaTa Soris prioritetuls, misTvis gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovan Rirebulebebs ar gamoyofdes da amiT,
mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis Senobas maTze ar afuZnebdes. adamianis prioritetuli Rirebulebebi misi cxovrebis ZiriTad
RerZad iqceva. yvela danarCeni mas emsaxureba, mas aZlierebs.
namdvili cxovrebiT adamiani misiT cxovrobs. aseTi Rirebulebebia _ adamianis cxovrebis mizezic da mizanic, magram
adamianis cxovrebas sulierebis niSani ver miewereba, Tu igi
mravalgvar RirebulebaTagan prioritetulobas _ SemTxveviT
gamoyofil nebismier Rirebulebas mianiWebs. suliereba ara
nebismier, aramed gansakuTrebul RirebulebaTa gamoyofas da
cxovrebis RerZad maT gaxdomas moiTxovs. kerZod, rogoria es
Rirebulebebi?
iseve, rogorc TviTon adamiani Sedgeba sxeulisa da
sulisagan, misi cxovrebac materialur-sxeulebrivi da sulier-idealuri mxareebis mTlianobaa. maT Soris urTierToba
sxvadasxva kuTxiT arsebobs. am sakiTxebisadmi pirveli midgoma aseTia, _ romeli romels eyrdnoba? sayrdeni, rogorc
safuZveli, aris materialuri cxovreba da maszea amoziduli
sulieri cxovreba, Tu piriqiT _ sayrdenia sulieri cxovreba
da masze daSenebulia materialuri cxovreba? am kiTxvaze
pasuxi _ sayrdenad materialur cxovrebas aRiarebs. magram

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9. suliereba. Cven ukve ganvixileT sulis, gonis,

cnobierebis cnebebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.
suliereba, rogorc cneba da rogorc fenomeni, ar emTxveva arc
erT aRniSnul cnebas. amitom saWiroa sulierebaSi garkvevac.
qarTveli klasikosi romantikosebis poeziaSi wina planze
wamoweuli da upiratesi JReradobis mqone Temaa gardasuli
droebis gmiruli suli, misi maRali suliereba. mis sapirispirod, awmyo SedarebiT muq ferebSia warmodgenili, rac
sulierebis daqveiTebaze mianiSnebs. es gasagebicaa, radgan
awmyo Seulamazebel-gaufiltravi saxiT, mTeli Tavisi simZimiT awveba adamianis cxovrebas. warsulSi ki mexsierebisa da
cnobierebis mier abstrahirebuli da gawmendilia heroikuli
suli, rasac ase mSvenivrad azustebs qarTuli andaza, `wyalni wavlen da wamovlen, qviSani darCebiano~. es imaze mianiSnebs, rom adamianis sulierebas ara aqvs raRac zRvari.
maRal safexurze asul sulierebas ufro meti da meti simaRlis dapyroba `surs~. amitom, TiTqmis yoveli epoqisagan ismis
Civili sulierebis naklebobis Taobaze. sulierebis nakleboba ufro gamwvavebuli formiT igrZnoba socialuri gardaqmnebis epoqebSi, roca adgili aqvs RirebulebaTa mkveTr SexlaSemoxlas, msxvrevebs, amave dros _ sicocxlis xelyofasac.

sayrdeni, dayrdnoba sxva ramaa da sxva aris gansazRvra, determinacia. sayrdeni niSnavs arsebobisa da moqmedebisaTvis pirobebis Seqmnas. sayrdenis arsebobis gareSe verc masze dayrdnoba
iqneba SesaZlebeli. amitom sayrdeni, masze dayrdnobilis
arsebobis ganmsazRvrelia. esaa swored arsebobis TvalsazrisiT
gansazRvra. magram, gansazRvreba marto arsebobis gansazRvras
ar niSnavs. mizez-Sedegobrivi procesi yvelgan, sadac igi
moqmedebs, mudam ganmsazRvreli Zalaa da aseT gansazRvrebas
mravalnairi forma da saxe gaaCnia. adamianis cxovrebis mimarT ganmsazRvrelma Zalam unda gansazRvros saiT wava, ra
mimarTulebas miiRebs adamianis cxovreba, ras emorCileba misi
marTva. adamiani sulieri arsebaa. arsebiTad sulieri movlenaa misi cxovrebac. da Tu sulis, sulieri cxovrebis ganmsazRvrelad materialur mxares davuSvebT, amiT suli, kargavs
Tavis Sinagan, sakuTar gansazRvrulobas, kargavs `TviTonobas~
da iwyeba sxeulis batonoba sulze. TviTmizezobriobis princi pi aqac unda iqnes SenarCunebuli. sulieri cxovreba
kavSirSia materialur mxaresTan, magram TviTmizezobriobis
principidan gamomdinare, Tu sulier cxovrebas ara aqvs TviTgansazRvris unari, _ igi fiqciad iqceva. am azriT, sulieri,
cxovreba, pirvel rigSi, TviTgansazRvrebadi movlenaa.
cxovrebis materialur da sulier mxareebs Soris urTierTobis mimarT ismis Semdegi, ufro princi puli kiTxva
maT urTierTobaSi romelia mizani da romeli saSualeba?
suli unda emsaxurebodes da eqvemdebarebodes sxeuls (materialur mxares), Tu piriqiT, sxeuli unda emsaxurebodes suls.
am kiTxvis utrirebuli forma aseTia goneba unda emsaxurebodes kuWs, Tu kuWi gonebas? imitom Wams adamiani, rom icxovros, Tu imitom cxovrobs adamiani, rom Wamos? anu materialuri cxovrebaa mizani da sulieri cxovreba _ saSualeba,
Tu piriqiT?
suliereba niSnavs cxovrebis miznad sulieri cxovrebis dasaxvas, xolo materialuri cxovreba, _ aRniSnuli miznis miRwevis _ saSualebad gaformebas. aq axali problema
iCens Tavs. rogorc aRiniSna, suliereba mTliani cxovrebis

wesia, anu igi moicavs cxovrebis rogorc materialur, ise

sulier mxareebs. e.i. sulierebiT gamsWvaluli unda iyos ara
marto sulieri cxovreba, aramed materialuric. cxadia, materialuri cxovrebis mniSvnelovani warmmarTveli Zala materialuri interesebia, magram Tu TviT am interesebis siRrmiseuli mmarTveli Zalebi sulieri Zalebi ar iqnebian, adamianis pirovnuloba da misi cxovreba degradaciis gziT warimarTeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, iolad vRebulobT situacias, roca
Tanamdebobrivi skami da naSovni fuli marTavs adamians da
ara adamiani skamsa da fuls. adamianis sulierebis gamovlenis konkretuli SemTxveva isicaa, roca igi garkveul Tanamdebobriv skamze an uars ityvis, an droulad datovebs mas, ramdenadac igrZno Tanamdebobrivi skamis `interesebisa~ da misi
pirovnuli interesebis SeuTavsebloba. adamiani yovelTvis
unda darCes pirovnebad Tavisi sulierebiT. mas SeuZlia daikavos mxolod is Tanamdebobrivi skami, romelic mis sakuTar
sulierebas ar daupirispirdeba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, dakavebuli Tanamdebobrivi skami damkaveblis pirovnebis da misi
cxovrebis gayalbebas gamoiwvevs, rac Taviseburi atavizmia.
pirovneba Tavisi sulierebiT yovelTvis meti unda iyos mis
mier dakavebul skamze, raTa skamma ver daCagros da daimorCilos moazrovne persona.
TviTon sulier sferoSic mravali da mravalnairi
Rirebulebaa Tavmoyrili. pirovnebis da sazogadoebis suliereba im RirebulebaTa prioritetulobas niSnavs, rac cxovrebis
RerZadaa qceuli rogorc materialuri, ise sulieri sferoebis mimarT. aseTi gamorCeuli Rirebulebebia: WeSmariteba,
saTnoeba, mSveniereba, samarTlianoba, sarwmunoeba, Tavisufleba. pirovnebis, an mTliani sazogadoebis sulierebis done
gaizomeba am RirebulebaTa praqtikulad amomoqmedebis da
maTiT cxovrebis doniT. sulierebis dacema am RirebulebebiT cxovrebis daviwyeba-uglvebelyofaa. cxovrebaSi WeSmaritebis RerZul, praqtikul saxelmZRvanelo princi pad damkvidreba (swored damkvidreba da ara erTxel, an xanmokle periodiT misiT cxovreba!) safuZvels uyris movlenebisadmi miuk-

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erZoebel, obieqtur midgomebs, rac gamoricxavs adamianebs Soris

xelovnurad Seqmnili upiratesobebis flobas. amitom obieqturoba adamianis sulierebis aucilebeli da fundamenturi
normaa; saTnoeba da samarTlianoba amkvidrebs adamianebs Soris
pativiscemas, ndobas, urTierTangariSgawevas, erTimeoreze mzrunvelobas; gamoricxavs adamianis saSualebad gamoyenebas; mSvenierebis RirebulebiT cxovreba amkvidrebs mTeli cxovrebis
_ silamazisa da esTetikuri tkbobis normebiT awyobas. Tavisufleba _ pirovnebas da mTlian cxovrebas aniWebs originalurobis, unikalurobis niSans, rac arsebuli gaqvavebuli
standartebis gadalaxvis da SemoqmedebiTi gziT svlis mauwyebelia. yvela erTad, sulierebis mTlianobas qmnis. rac Seexeba sarwmunoebas (religiur cxovrebas), religiaSic, sulierebis niSnad cxovrebis imave RirebulebebiT warmarTva igulisxmeba. qristianuli religia siyvarulze agebuli sarwmunoebaa. yvela aRniSnuli Rirebulebis erT-erTi fundamenturi Ziri siyvarulia. qristiani Tayvans cems siyvarulis
RmerTs!
pirovnebis, mTeli sazogadoebis suliereba ar warmoadgens antagonistur dapirispirebas materialur-sxeulebrivTan. igi mxolod misi gardasaxvaa. esaa pirovnebisa da
mTeli sazogadoebis mxridan arsebobis im gzaze gasvla, romelic
misi kuTvnili, jerarsuli gzaa. am gzaze pirovnebac da sazogadoebac imad xdeba, rac unda iyos. suliereba dakavSirebulia mTlian cxovrebasTan, rogorc inteleqtualur, ise fizikur SromasTan, rogorc sulTan, ise sxeulTan. suliereba
mTeli cxovrebis garegadamwvdomi fenomenia. sabolood igi
kulturas, kulturulobas ukavSirdeba. adamianis sulierebis
moTxovna, misi kulturulobis moTxovnaa. adamianis done misi
sulierebis doniT ganisazRvreba

10. cnobiereba da azrovneba. zemoT ukve iyo

msjeloba cnobierebis sulisa da gonis cnebebTan mimarTebis
Sesaxeb. aRiniSna, rom, rogorc cnobierebis, ise sulisa da

gonis cnebebs aqvT sxvadasxva (viwro da farTo) gageba. amitom,

roca sakiTxi dgeba cnobierebisa da azrovnebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb, aqtualuri xdeba is, Tu ra gagebiT iqna aRebuli
cnobierebis cneba. Tumca, erTi ram imTaviTve cxadia, cnobiereba da azrovneba erTi da igive araa. amasTanave, maT Soris
sxvaobis sruli ufskrulic ar arsebobs.
cnobierebis farTo gageba moicavs adamianis mTlian
sulier simdidres, anu masSi igulisxmeba rogorc suli (fsiqika), ise goni. cnobierebis aseTi gagebiT aSkara xdeba misi
azrovnebasTan gaigivebis SesaZlebloba. fsiqika gancdebis
sferoa da ara azrovnebis! marTalia, azrovnebiT procesebs
mudam Tan axlavs gancdiTi procesebi, magram es garemoeba
saqmes arsebiTad ar cvlis. cnobierebis viwro gageba uigivdeba
gonis cnebas. amitom, cnobierebisa da azrovnebis urTierTobis sakiTxi arsebiTad gonisa da azrovnebis urTierTobis
sakiTxia. cnobierebis (gonis) gareSe adamiani adamianad ar
CaiTvleba. es adamianad yofnis aucilebeli faqtoria. amitom
cnobiereba (goni) adamianis substanciuri gansazRvrulobaa.
cnobiereba, rogorc goni, azrovnebis unaria. arsebobs Tu ara
azrovnebis kidev sxva unaric, _ es calke sakiTxia, magram
udavoa, rom adamiani azrovnebs cnobierebiT (goniT). aqedan
gamomdinare, azrovneba SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc goniTi cnobiereba _ aRebuli mis moqmedebaSi. azrovneba moqmedi
goniTi cnobierebaa. goniTi cnobiereba moqmedebis gareSe
aRaraa azrovneba. azrovneba sulieri procesia, romelsac axorcielebs goniTi cnobiereba.
arsebobs terminebi gonebaClungi (gonebaSezRuduli)
da gonebamaxvili (gonebagaxsnili). gonebaClungic da gonebamaxvilic, orive adamiania. cnobiereba orivesaTvis savaldebuloa, magram erTis gonebaClungoba, gonebaSezRuduloba, misi
azrovnebis sisustea; xolo meoresiTvis gonebamaxviloba,
gonebagaxsniloba, misi azrovnebis siZlierea. adamiani ibadeba cnobierebiT. sxvagvarad mis dabadebas adamianis dabadeba
ver daerqmeva. rac Seexeba adamianis azrovnebas, misi gamomuSavebisTvis adamians sWirdeba meored dabadeba. es iqneba

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misi sulier-kulturuli dabadeba. aseTi dabadeba adamianis

moazrovne arsebad aRzrdas gulisxmobs. igi unda aRizardos
moazrovned. sityva `unda~ Tavisi formiT imperatiuli moTxovnaa. xolo is garemoeba, rom adamiani SeiZleba aRizardos, an
ver aRizardos moazrovned, aRniSnuli `undas~ imperatiulobas ver auqmebs. erTia daunizmiT daavadebuli adamianis dabadeba, rac misi gonebasisustis mizezia (es calke sakiTxia);
meorea, roca sruliad janmrTelad dabadebuli adamiani, araswori aRzrdis gamo, gonebaSezRudulad Camoyalibdeba. miuxedavad amisa, moTxovna adamiani moazrovne arsebad unda
aRizardos! mudmiv mowodebad rCeba. cnobierebis da azrovnebis
gansxvavebaze miuTiTebs cnobierebis zogad-adamianuri gansazRvruloba da pirovnebis individualoba da pirovnuloba.
yoveli calkeuli adamianis pirovnuli gansakuTrebulobis
(unikalurobis) safuZveli misi pirovnuli azrovnebaa.
azrovneba cnobierebis (gonis) mier saazrovno masalis
(informacia, cnebebi, Sexedulebebi, motivebi, miznebi) mTlianobaSi moxelTebis, analizisa da garkveuli mimarTulebiT marTvis sulieri procesia. amitom mas axasiaTebs garkveuli
niSnebi. misi aucilebeli niSania logikuroba. azrovneba an
sworia an araswori. orive logikurobasTan kavSirs niSnavs.
swori azrovneba _ logikis normebis dacvaa; araswori azrovneba logikis normebis darRveva. azrovnebis logikuroba
azrovnebisaTvis miznis arsebobas gulisxmobs. azrovnebis
logikisadmi daqvemdebareba, masSi saazrovno masalis elementebs Soris kavSirebis safuZvel-Sedegis aucileblobiTi
normebiT ganxorcielebas eyrdnoba. amiT azrovneba mtkice
logikur, aucileblobiT sazRvrebSi formdeba, riTac igi Tavis
gamokveTil formas da mimarTulebas iZens. azrovneba logikis
gareSe igivea, rac buneba _ bunebis kanonebis gareSe. orive
situacia Taviseburi qaosi iqneboda. Taviseburi qaosia asociaciuri azrovnebac, roca azrebis marTva warimarTeba ara
logikuri aucielblobiT, aramed fsiqologiuri asociaciuri
kavSirebiT. am ukanasknelSic adgili aqvs garkveul aucileblobebs, magram masSi sruliad gamoricxulia azrovnebis mizno-

brivi moZraoba. amitom asociaciuri azrovneba yovelTvis

fragmentuli xasiaTisaa ise, rom fragmentebs Soris mwyobri
mTlianoba ar arsebobs. logikuri azrovneba azrovnebis
mTlianobis da mizanmimarTulobis safuZvelia. tradiciuli
kiTxva, _ aqvs Tu ara cxovels cnobiereba? _ kamaTis sagani
maSin xdeba, roca cnobiereba ganixileba farTo mniSvnelobiT da masSi moiazreba fsiqikac. aseT SemTxvevaSi cxovels
aqvs cnobiereba, radgan mas aqvs gamokveTili fsiqika, magram
Tvalsazrisi, romelic uaryofs cxovelebSi cnobierebis arsebobas, efuZneba cnobierebis gonTan gaigivebas. cxovels ara
aqvs goni. amitom ara aqvs goniTi azrovneba. es cxoveluri
`azrovnebisaTvis~ garkveuli niSnebis ararsebobaze miuTiTebs,
rac arsebiTia adamianuri azrovnebisaTvis. aseTi niSnebia:
ganyenebul-abstraqtuli azrovneba, cnebiTi azrovneba, SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba, simboluri da saxeebiT azrovneba, teleologiuri azrovneba da sxva. yovelive es cxovelisaTvis
ucxoa. es _ adamianuri azrovnebis gansazRvrulobania. adamianis goniTi azrovnebis damaxasiaTebeli niSania cnobismoyvareoba, rac cxovelisTvis ar arsebobs. cxovelebSic aqvs
adgili garkveuli cnobis, anu informaciis miRebis moTxovnas,
magram igi yovelTvis dakavSirebulia mis vitulur moTxovnebTan. esaa kvebisa da gamravlebis moTxovna. Tavdacvis
moTxovna ukve igulisxmeba kvebisa da gamravlebis moTxovnaSi. adamians, raki igi sxeulisa da sulis mTlianobaa da misi
arseba mis sulierebaSia, garda sxeulebriv-vitaluri moTxovnebisa, amasTanave sulieri moTxovnebic gaaCnia, anu mas sWirdeba sulieri sazrdoc. cnobismoyvareoba adamianisaTvis (goniTi
azrovnebisaTvis) iseTi informaciis moTxovnaa, romelic mis
mxolod sulier moTxovnebTanaa dakavSirebuli. erTi didi
da cnobili pirovneba gulwrfelad acxadebda, rom mas sikvdilisadmi SiSi ki ara, didi interesi aqvs. aSkaraa, rom sikvdili
principulad upirispirdeba mis sxeulebriv arsebobas, xolo
sulier arsebobas, sul cota, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs. da
mainc, imdenad didia misi cnobismoyvareoba, rom igi iolad
sZlevs sikvdilis winaSe SiSs da sakuTar sikvdils Tavisi

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sulieri sazrdos wyarod aqcevs. cxovelisa da adamianis

cnobierebebs Soris sxvaoba naTeli xdeba maTi Semecnebebis
sxvaobidan. cxovelisaTvis garemos Semecneba, faqtiurad mxolod grZnobadia. adamianisaTvis igi aris goniTi Semecneba,
rac goniTi azrovnebiT miiRwevaa. adamianis Semecnebis mTavari instrumenti swored goniTi Semecnebaa, romliTac adamiani axerxebs realuri sinamdvilis grZnobadi mocemulobebidan mis arsebiT mxareebSi CaRrmavdes. goni, rogorc cnobiereba, goniTi azrovneba, cnobierebis iseTi maRali donea,
romliTac sinamdvilis Semecneba xdeba mizandasaxulad, gegmazomierad, SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobiT. adgili aqvs axali ideebisa da Sexedulebebis generacias. goniTi azrovnebiT adamiani axerxebs problemebis azrobrivad aRmoCenas. maszea damokidebuli problemebis siRrmiseuli da masStaburi xedva, gamokveTilad dasma da maTi gadawyveta. es isaa, rac adamianis azrovnebis donis simaRles gansazRvravs.
adamianis sulieri winsvla azrovnebis maRal dones
moiTxovs. termini `didi kaci~ maRali azrovnebis kacze iTqmis, maRali azrovneba maRal zneobas, maRal samarTlianobas
da maRal ganswavlulobas, maRal Tavisuflebas gulisxmobs,
rac safuZvlad edeba didi da keTili saqmeebis keTebas. maRali azrovneba Tandayolil niWTan erTad bejiT wvrTnas
emyareba. misi wvrTnis arena swavlebis procesia. visac aseT
wvrTnaSi ar daezara da sibejiTe vinc gamoiCina, mas warmatebuli cxovrebis meti Sansi eZleva. Tu vikiTxavT, moswavlis,
an studentis mier saswavlebelSi mTavari SenaZeni ra unda
iyos, SeiZleba miuTiTon codnaze, romelic xSirad garkveuli
informaciis SeZenas gulisxmobs. es kargia, magram Tanamedrove daCqarebuli tempebis mqone cxovrebaSi informaciuli
codna sakmaod male Zveldeba; SeiZleba miuTiTon im sabuTze
(atestati, di plomi), romelic pirovnebas garkveuli socialuri uflebebis miRebas aniWebs, magram carieli sabuTi, romelsac zurgs ar umagrebs Sesatyvisi unarebis floba, did samsaxurs ver gauwevs. saswavlebelSi iZenen megobrebs, rac cxovrebaSi sakmaod did SenaZenad iTvleba, magram isic cxadia, rom

megobarTa wre maSinaa namdvili sulieri bednierebis wyaro,

roca Seni azrovnebiTYda Sesatyvisi saqmianobiT tols ar
udeben sxvas. saswavlebelSi moswavlis mTavari SenaZeni mainc
damoukidebeli, maRal goniTi azrovnebisa da im unaris gamomuSaveba unda iyos, romelic adamians gamokveTil pirovnebad
aqcevs. is mzad iqneba cxovrebaSi nebismier gamowvevas SeeWidos, nebismieri problema gadaWras.
adamianis sulieri axalgazrdobis saidumlo misi
azrovnebis siZliereSi da siaxleebisadmi RiaobaSia.

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11. cnobiereba da adamianis grZnobad-emociuri cxovreba. cxovreba, azrovneba _ adamianis adamianad

yofnis arsebiTi gansazRvrulobaa. magram adamianis, misi cxovrebis raoba mxolod amaze ar daiyvaneba da mxolod amiT
ar ganisazRvreba. adamiani cxovrebisaTvis savaldebulo moTxovnaa grZnobad-emociuri muxtiT datvirTva. adamiani cxovrobs
imdenad, ramdenadac mas aqvs realuri sinamdvilis grZnobademociuri gancdebi. maT gareSe cxovreba aRaraa cxovreba.
cxovrebis `savseoba~ emociebisa da gancdebis simdidrea. arsebiTad, adamians sakuTar cxovrebasTan uSualo kavSiri mis
grZnobad-emociur gancdebSi eZleva. cnobiereba cxovrebis
gaazrebaa. cnobiereba, azrovneba sinamdvilis, cxovrebis gaSualebuli asaxvaa. grZnobebiTa da emociebiT adamiani cxovrebas uSualod ganicdis. rodesac msjeloben adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze, mas wlebis raodenobiT iTvlian.
ukeTesi iqneboda igi grZnobebisa da emociebis raodenobiT
daeTvalaT. SesaZlebelia, da xSirad asec xdeba, rom adamianma wlebis raodenobiT sakmaod didxans icocxla, magram
mas mainc ar hqonia didxans sicocxlis gancda. es imitom,
rom misi cxovreba sakmaod mwiri iyo grZnobebiTa da emociebiT. man didxans icxovra, magram ise grZnobda Tavs, TiTqos
arc ucxovria. samagierod, meore adamians, romelmac wlebis
raodenobiT gacilebiT nakleb xans icocxla, cxovrebis
savseobis gancda hqonda, vinaidan misi arsebobis yoveli

weli savse iyo grZnobad-emociuri gancdebiT. eldar Sengelaias filmis _ `TeTri qaravani~ mTavari personaJi amboxebulia imis gamo, rom rogorc TviTon acxadebs, gzebi da bilikebi, mwyemsobaSi rom gauvlia, erTimeores rom gadaebas, iqneb
dedamiwasac Semoswvdes, magram personaJi svams kiTxvas _ `ra
vnaxe?!~ es emocia-gancdebis gareSe ganvlili, uferuli gzebisa da wlebis winaaRmdeg amboxia. aqedan gamomdinare, sazrunavi
mxolod is ki ar aris, wlebis raodenobiT adamianma didxans
icocxlos (amaze gerontologebi muSaoben), aramed ufro metad
is, rom misi cxovrebis yoveli monakveTi savse iyos adamianisaTvis iseTi emociebiT, romlebic mas sixarulsa da bednierebas moutans.
cnobiereba-azrovnebis da grZnoba-emociebis urTierTobam axali drois evropul kulturaSi garkveulad dapirispirebuli saxe miiRo. ganmanaTleblobis racionalizmi ZiriTadad orientirebuli iyo adamianis gonebis (cnobierebis
da azrovnebis) aqtivobaze da mis warmmarTvel Zalad dasaxvaze. aseT orientaciaze Tavisebur reaqcias warmoadgens misi
opoziciuri ideuri moZraoba _ romantizmis saxelwodebiT,
romelic Seecada moexdina adamianis grZnobad-emociuri cxovrebis Taviseburi reabilitacia. amis fonze sayuradReboa
erTi movlena. civilizebuli samyarosaTvis saqveynod cnobilia i. kantis (igi ganmanaTleblobis warmomadgenlad iTvleba) pedantizmi. misi cxovrebis stili, saqmianobis yoveldRiuri grafiki mTlianad damorCilebuli iyo mis inteleqtualur moRvaweobas. kantis gardacvalebis Semdeg, roca aqtiurad daiwyes misi biografiis wera, romantizmis warmomadgenelma hainrix hainem eWvic ki gamoTqva imis Taobaze kants
hqonda ki biografiao?! haine gulisxmobda im garemoebas, rom
misi azriT, kants grZnobad-emociuri cxovrebiT TiTqmis ar
ucxovria. magram haines aseTi eWvis gafantva iolia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom kantis titanuri inteleqtualuri Sroma
SeuZlebeli iqneboda, es Sroma misTvis grZnobad-emociuri
sazrdos Zlieri wyaro rom ar yofiliyo.
cxovrebis individualuroba imaSia, rom Tu erTi adami-

ani cxovrebaSi siamovnebas ZiriTadad artalas da bozbaSis

WamaSi poulobs, meore, gacilebiT metad, _ mecnierul-SemoqmedebiT azrovnebaSi. roca adamiani (mkvlevari) SemecnebiT
procesSi problemis siRrmeebSi SeiWreba da Semecnebis sagnis faruli saidumloebebi misTvis xelmisawvdomi xdeba, amiT
igi aRtacebaSi modis da ganicdis udides inteleqtualur
siamovnebas. bevrs maTematika miaCnia emociurad erT-erT yvelaze `mSral~ sferod, magram mecnieruli Ziebis procesSi
aRmoCenili maTematikuri kanonzomierebebis uSualod gancdas aRfrTovanebaSi mouyvania didi maTematikosebi. isini masSi xedaven udides harmoanias da mSvenierebas, romlis gancdiTi simwvave da siZlieri imdenad didia maTTvis, rom mas
gacilebiT maRla daayeneben, vidre vardis, genialuri musikis
da didebuli leqsisi mSvenierebaa. isicaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, rom Tu erTi adamiani emociebis niaRvrad daiqca, meores
SeuZlia Tavisi grZnobebi garkveul normebSi Casvas, mTlianad saaSkaraoze ar warmoaCinos. magram es ar niSnavs maT
uqonlobas. es maTi marTvis unaria.
adamianis cnobiereba-azrovnebis da grZnobad-emociebis gansxvaveba SesaZlebelia da aucilebelic aris, magram
maTi radikaluri dapirispireba gaumarTlebelia. isini erTmaneTis gareSe ar arseboben. amaze miuTiTebs cxovrebis
mTlianoba. adamianis cxovreba cnobiereba-azrovnebis da grZnoba-emociebis mTlianobaa. namdvili jansaRi cxovreba orive
elementiT Tanabrad gajerebuli cxovrebaa. grZnoba-emociebi
ar unda Seewiros cnobiereba-azrovnebas. arc cnobierebaazrovneba unda moeqces grZnoba-emociebis diqtatis qveS. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi gza exsneba cxovrebaSi adamianTa gulgrilobas
da indiferentizms; xolo meore SemTxvevaSi batondeba sulieri
atmosfero, roca saRi logikuri azrovneba fermkrTaldeba
da adamianebi sasurvels realobad acxadeben. cxovreba obieqturobisa da subieqturobis sayrdenebzea amoziduli. pirvelis safuZveli cnobiereba-azrovnebaa, meoresi grZnoba-emociebi.
adamianis gare sinamdvilesTan uSualo grZnobadi kavSiri SegrZnebebisa da aRqmebis meSveobiT myardeba. SegrZneba-

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aRqmebis Sinaarsi maTi gamomwvevi sagnebia. esaa mgrZnobelobis garegani forma, rasac Tavisi specialuri grZnobis organoebi gaaCnia. adamianisaTvis garegan mgrZnobelobas didi
princi puli mniSvneloba ar eqneboda, igi rom ar gadadiodes
mgrZnobelobis meore, ufro maRal formaSi. mas Sinagani mgrZnobeloba ewodeba. Sinagan mgrZnobelobas ara aqvs sxvadasxva
grZnobebisTvis specialuri organoebi. garegan mgrZnobelobaSi Tu fers sxva organoTi (TvaliT) aRviqvamT, xolo bgeras
sxviT (yuriT), Sinagan mgrZnobelobaSi bednierebis da vTqvaT
sindisis qenjnisaTvis sxvadasxva organoebi saWiro araa. aq
adgili aqvs adamianis daunawevrebel mTlianobas. amas adamianis `geStaltobas~ anu mTlian formas, struqturas uwodeben. garegani mgrZnobeloba Tu afiqsirebs obieqturi sagnis
fers, Sinagan mgrZnobelobaSi fiqsirdeba adamianis (subieqtis) grZnobad-emociuri damokidebuleba SegrZnebaSi mocemuli ferisadmi. igi mas an siamovnebs an aRizianebs, riTac
subieqti gamoxatavs Tavis subieqtur damokidebulebas sagnebis mimarT, Sesatyvisi emociebiT.
garegani da Sinagani mgrZnobelobebis damakavSirebeli
rgolia cnobiereba-azrovneba. garegani mgrZnobelobis informaciuli masala miewodeba cnobiereba-azrovnebas. igi mas
gaatarebs Tavis struqturaSi, gaiazrebs da miawodebs Sinagan
mgrZnobelobas, rac masSi iwvevs Sesatyvis grZnoba-emociebs.
magaliTad axloblis didi warmatebis Sesaxeb informacias
pirovneba iRebs garegani mgrZnobelobiT (garegani grZnobis
organoebiT), miRebuli informacia gadaecema cnobierebas. misi
gaazreba Sinagan mgrZnobelobaSi iwvevs sixarulis, siamayis,
siamovnebis grZnobis gancdas, rac Sesatyvis emociebSi vlindeba. amitom maRali grZnobierebis gancda SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Tu igi cnobierebiT araa gaazrebul-vizirebuli.
cnobiereba-azrovnebis gareSe adamianisaTvis misi grZnoba-emociebi Taviseburi sibecea. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis maRal grZnobebze. adamians sircxvilis grZnoba ar gauCndeba,
Tu igi Tavis danaSauls ar gaacnobierebs; siamayis grZnoba
ar gauCndeba, Tu sazogadoebisaTvis Tavisi namoqmedaris udides

mniSvnelobas ar gaacnobierebs; patriotuli grZnobebi ver

gauCndeba, Tu samSoblos siyvaruli gacnobierebuli ar eqneba; xifaTis SiSis grZnoba ar eqneba, Tu mas xifaTis gancdis
gacnobiereba ar SeeZleba; adamiani ar ganrisxdeba, Tu Tavisi
Tavmoyvareobis Selaxvas ar gaacnobierebs; adamians madlierebis
grZnoba ar gauCndeba, Tu igi ar gaacnobierebs, rom mas afaseben da pativs scemen, misTvis uangarod izrunes.
cnobiereba-azrovneba did zegavlenas axdens garegani
mgrZnobelobis mimarTac. xSiria SemTxveva, roca mraval saganTa Soris saZiebeli erTi sagani adamianis Tvalwinaa, magram misi Tvali ver xedavs mas imitom, rom igi winaswar jer
cnobierebam ar gaacnobiera-gaiazra. yuri ver ismens imas, risi
mosmenac cnobierebam `akrZala~. samagierod, yuri ismens imas,
ris mosmenasac cnobiereba `moiTxovs~. amis magaliTad xSirad moaqvT zarbaznebis gamayruebel gruxunSi dedis unari ver
gaigonos zarbaznebis xmauri, magram gaigonis Cvilis xma. esaa
cnobierebis mzaoba garkveuli xmauris mimarT, romelic gamoixateba ganwyobaSi. ganwyoba ki mTlianad cnobierebis bazaze yalibdeba.
igive iTqmis grZnoba-emociebis mimarTebis Sesaxeb cnobiereba-azrovnebasTan. adamianis cnobierebaSi araferi warimarTeba grZoba-emociebis Tanxlebis gareSe. da ara marto
Tanxlebis, aramed am emociebis adamianze aqtiuri zemoqmedebis gareSe. es gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom adamiani yovelTvis
interesebiT mcxovrebi arsebaa; maSinac ki, roca is ukiduresad cdilobs subieqturi interesebidan gaTavisuflebas da
obieqturobis dacvas. magram aqaa obieqturobis dacvis interesi, grZnobebis gareSe adamianis cxovreba uinteresoa. hegelis
azriT, vnebebis gareSe raime diadis miRweva SeuZlebelia.

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12. azrovnebis ZiriTadi meTodebi. filosofiaSi cnobilia urTierTsapirispiro azrovnebis sxvadasxva meTodebi. aseTebia: 1. logikuri da alogikuri azrovneba; 2.
gulubryvilo da kritikuli azrovneba; 3. abstraqtuli da

konkretul-sagnobrivi azrovneba; 4. dogmaturi da SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba; 5. metafizikuri da dialeqtikuri azrovneba.

azrovnebis es meTodebi unda ganvasxvavoT Semecnebis meTodebisagan.
1. logikuri da alogikuri azrovneba. logika
aris mecniereba swori azrovnebis kanonebisa da normebis
Sesaxeb. logikuri azrovneba swori azrovnebaa. Tavis mxriv,
swori ewodeba iseT azrovnebas, rodesac Cvens cnobierebaSi
azrebs Soris kavSirebi da urTierTganpirobebuloba xorcieldeba Cveni subieqturi nebisagan damoukidebeli aucileblobiT. bunebaSi arseboben realuri sagnebi da movlenebi.
cnobierebaSi arseboben azrebi, ideebi. bunebaSi arsebul sagnebsa da Cvens cnobierebaSi arsebul azrebs Soris saerToa
is, rom oriveni emorCilebian garkveuli kanonebis aucileblobiT Zalas. gansxvaveba ki isaa, rom bunebis sagnebi, cnobierebisagan damoukideblad arsebul bunebis kanonebs emorCilebian, xolo cnobierebaSi arsebuli azrebi _ azrovnebis
logikis kanonebs. aqedan gamomdinare, logikis kanonebs damorCilebul da mowesrigebul azrovnebas logikuri azrovneba
ewodeba; xolo iseT azrovnebas, romelic TviTneburad arRvevs da ar emorCileba logikur normebs, alogikuri azrovneba
ewodeba. adamianisaTvis principuli mniSvneloba aqvs logikur
azrovnebas. misi meSveobiT igi TviTonac warmatebebs aRwevs
da sxvebis TvalSi ndobas imsaxurebs. adamianis mxridan
alogikuri azrovneba imis magvaria, bunebis kanonebis ucodinari rom moxvdeba bunebaSi da masze imoqmedebs misive kanonebis gauTvaliswineblad. adamianis alogikuri azrovnebis
mizezi SeiZleba iyos dabali donis ganswavluloba, avadmyofoba (bodva), gonebrivi CamorCeniloba, SeiZleba amis mizezi
iyos gamiznuli sicrue (sofizmi) da sxva.
2. gulubryvilo da kritikuli azrovneba. gulubryviloba da kritikuloba urTierTsapirispiro movlenebia.
maTi ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSania eWvis (skepsisis) arseboba-ararseboba. gulubryvilo azrovneba eWvis gamoricxvaa.
gamoricxulia ara gaazreba dasabuTebis niadagze, aramed esaa

azrovneba, romelsac eWvi saerTod ar gakarebia. adreuli bavSvoba gulubryvilobis asakad iTvleba imis gamo, rom nebismieri
informaciis sisworis mimarT bavSvs eWvi ar uCndeba. igi samyaros mimarT gulwrfelad gaxsnilia. yvelafers ndobas ucxadebs, arafris danaxva eWvis TvaliT ar SeuZlia. amitom, erTis
mxriv, gulubryviloba sulis Taviseburi siwmindea, magram mkacr
samyaroSi misiT arseboba didi riskis Semcvelia. gulubryvilo azrovnebaSi adamianis mgrZnobeloba da goneba rogorRac
gadaadgilebulia. aq grZnoba win miuZRveba gonebas. goneba mis
mimarT srul ndobas amJRavnebs. Tvali xedavs mzis aRmosavleTidan amosvlas da dasavleTiT Casvlas. goneba am xilvas
sruliad endoba da qmnis geocentrul sistemas (ptolemeusi).
kritikuloba gonebis Taviseburi sifxizlea. igi gonebis TviTkritikaa. kritikaSi maincadamainc viRacis galanZRva da
ganqiqeba ki ar unda vigulisxmoT, aramed esaa WeSmaritebis
dadgenis mizniT, movlenis analizi da garCeva. kritikuli azrovnebis moTxovnaa azrovnebis instrumentad eWvi moviSvelioT da
yvelafers eWvis TvaliT SevxedoT. eWvianoba TviTmizani ki ar
unda iyos, aramed yvela eWvis gamoricxva unda iyos azrovnebis
mizani da amiT ueWvelTan misvla. am meTods frangma filosofosma r. dekartma udidesi mniSvneloba mianiWa. dekartis Semdeg,
mecnieruli azrovnebisaTvis, igi savaldebulo normad iqca.
kritikuli azrovnebiT goneba Tavisufldeba grZnobadobis diqtatisagan. sakuTari xedviT, sakuTar `fexze dgomiT~ goneba azrovnebis
damoukideblobas aRwevs, romlis Sedegad mis winaSe sinamdvile
sul sxvanairad warmoCndeba. igi goniTi xedviT dainaxavs, rom
piriqiT, _ dedamiwa moZraobs sakuTari RerZisa da mzis garSemo
(kopernikis heliocentruli sistema).
3. abstraqtuli da konkretul-sagnobrivi azrovneba. sinamdvilis sagnebi da movlenebi xasiaTdeba rTuli
struqturuli agebulebiT. mas aqvs rogorc arsebiTi, ise
araarsebiTi mxareebi. azrovnebis mizania gonebrivad Camoicilos sagnis araarsebiTi da daadginos misi arsebiTi niSnebi.
amisaTvis mimarTaven gonebis mier abstrahirebis unars. abstraqcia niSnavs sagnis struqturuli agebulebidan, azro-

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brivad, romelime niSnis, Tvisebis gamoyofa-ganyenebas da misi

azrovnebis sagnad gaxdas. iseTi mecnierebebi, rogorebicaa:
maTematika, logika, filosofia, _ gamoirCevian abstraqtulobis maRali doniT, xolo yvela gamoyenebiTi mecnierebisaTvis,
miuxedavad imisa, rom abstraqtuli azrovneba maTTvisac savaldebuloa, ZiriTadi mainc azrovnebis konkretul-sagnobrivi meTodia. konkretul-sagnobrivi azrovneba romelime konkretuli sagnis kvlevasTanaa dakavSirebuli. am procesSi azrovnebis
es meTodi mniSvnelovani da aucilebelia, magram mocemul
SemTxvevaSi konkretul-sagnobriv azrovnebaSi igulisxmeba
cnobierebis iseTi mdgomareoba, roca mas saganze azrovneba
ar SeuZlia, uWirs sagnisagan fizikurad mowyvetis realur
pirobebSi, anu roca sagnis gaazrebisaTvis saganTan realurfizikuri kontaqti sWirdeba; roca saganze fiqri SeuZlia
maSin, Tu es sagani win udevs. es azrovnebis dabali donis
maCvenebelia. mecnierebis abstraqtuloba gamoixateba imaSi,
rom mecnierebi axdenen sakvlevi Sinaarsisagan sagnis ganyenebas da kvlevis obieqtad formas aqceven. roca maTematikaSi
adgenen, rom orjer ori oTxia, aravin kiTxulobs da arc
ainteresebT, konkretulad Sinaarsobrivad am ricxvebSi ra
igulisxmeba, _ vaSlebi, adamianebi Tu planetebi. aq msjeloba
exeba mxolod raodenobaTa formalur urTierTobebs. amitom
aseT mecnierebebs xSirad formalur mecnierebas uwodeben.
aristoteles mier Camoyalibebul logikas formalur logikas uwodeben, ramdenadac igi ganyenebulia azrebis Sinaarsisagan da mxolod azrovnebis formebi ainteresebs. realur
cxovrebaSi adamians yovelTvis urTierToba aqvs konkretul
realur sagnebTan. abstraqciebi wminda saxiT mxolod cnobierebaSi arsebobs. cxadia, mizani yovelTvis konkretuli
sagnebis codna, floba da marTvaa, magram aRmoCndeba, rom aseTi
miznis miRwevis saukeTeso gzaa maTi abstraqtul azrovnebaSi
moqceva. abstraqtul azrovnebaSi adamiani scildeba sagnis
zedapirul mxares da ufro metad iWreba mis siRrmiseul
arsebaSi. sagnis codna, floba da marTva ki SesaZlebelia
misi arsebis wvdomis gziT. mecnieruli cnebebi, kategoriebi,

kanonebi abstraqciis formebia, romlebSic mecnierulad aisaxeba

realuri sinamdvile.
4. dogmaturi da SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba. dogma
berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs absoluturad srulyofil azrs,
absolutur WeSmaritebas, romelsac Tavisi srulyofilebis
gamo aRar sWirdeba Semdgomi Sesworeba, dazusteba. bibliaSi
kanonikuri wignebis debulebebi dogmebadaa gamocxadebuli,
maTi RmerTisgan warmomavlobis gamo. dogmaturi azrovneba
gamoricxavs kritikul azrovnebas. dogmebisadmi damokidebuleba
mxolod katexizisuri SeiZleba iyos, romelic ukritikod unda
miiRo, daizepiro da misiT ixelmZRvanelo. mecnierebasa da
realur cxovrebaSi dogmaturi azrovneba niSnavs adreul
etapze miRebuli azrebis, Sexedulebebis cnobierebaSi daStampuli, gayinuli, gaqvavebuli formiT Senaxvas, maTi axliT
Secvlis dauSveblobas. dogmaturi azrovneba, principSi, gamoricxavs axlis da sapirispiro azris miRebis SesaZleblobas.
dogmatur azrovnebas, xSir SemTxvevaSi iwvevs avtoritetebisadmi morCilebaSi yofnis survili, maTdami monuri qveSevrdomoba, maT iqiT gaxedvis SeuZlebloba. avtoritetebi Seucdomlad arian miCneulni da maTi azrebisadmi upirobo rwmenaa gamocxadebuli. misgan Tavis daRwevis gzaa avtoritetebis msxvreva. es araa maTdami upativismcemloba. didi avtoriteti iyo aristotelesaTvis misi maswavlebeli platoni, magram mowiwebis miuxedavad, aman mas xeli ar SeuSala Tavisi
maswavleblis Zlieri argumentebiT gakritikebaSi.
dogmaturi azrovnebis sapirispiroa SemoqmedebiTi
azrovneba. dogmaturoba Tu Zvelis SenarCunebaa da axlis
miuRebloba, SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba mudam axlis ZiebaSia, es
ki niSnavs Zvelisadmi mudmiv kritikul damokidebulebas. amitom, dogmaturoba Tu azrovnebis uZraobaa, Semoqmedeba azrovnebis mudmiv moZraobaSi yofnaa. esaa azrovnebiTi winsvla.
azrovnebaSi dogmaturobisa da Semoqmedebis Widili _ tradiciisa da novaciis Widilia.
5. calmxrivi (metafizikuri) da dialeqtikuri
azrovneba. sinamdvilis sagnebi da movlenebi erTdroulad

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floben urTierTsapirispiro niSnebs da Tvisebebs, _ aucileblobasac da SemTxveviTobasac; moZraobasac da uZraobasac;

wyvetadobasac da uwyvetobasac da a.S. calmxrivi, anu metafizikuri ewodeba iseT azrovnebas, rodesac saganze msjelobisas
mxedvelobaSia aRebuli sagnis romelime erTi mxare, meore ki
mTlianad CrdilSia moqceuli. anu saganSi danaxulia, vTqvaT,
moZraoba, magram araa danaxuli misi uZraoba, an piriqiT, calmxrivi
azrovnebisaken midrekili, xedavs uZraobas, magram ver amCnevs
mis moZraobas. calmxriv azrovnebas sapirispiro mxareebi pricipulad SeuTavseblad miaCnia. azrovnebis es wesi aris `an-an~-is
princi piT azrovneba. moZravia an uZravia. maTi mTlianoba
SeuZlebelia. azrovnebis dialeqtikuri meTodi swored sapirispiroTa erTianobaSi gaazrebis meTodia. mag. msjeloba `sokrate
adamiania~ martivi dadebiTi msjelobaa, magram sityvier formaSi igi calmxrivi azrovnebis Sedegia im TvalsazrisiT, rom aq
movlenis mxolod cali mxarea dafiqsirebuli. es msjeloba
rogorRac Seicavs sapirispiro msjelobasac. kerZod `sokrate
ar aris adamiani.~ saqme is aris, rom msjelobaSi `sokrate
adamiania~ `sokrate~ erTeulia, xolo `adamiani~ zogadi. msjeloba
`sokrate adamiania~ niSnavs _ `erTeuli zogadia.~ amitom Tu
gasagebi da damajerebelia msjeloba `sokrate adamiania~, daujereblad gamoiyureba msjeloba `erTeuli zogadia.~ ufro damajerebelia msjeloba `erTeuli ar aris zogadi~, es ki niSnavs
`sokrate ar aris adamiani~. aq Cans, rom calke aRebuli romelime mxare Seicavs garkveul arasrulyofilebas. gamosavali
aq isaa, rom sapirispiro mxareebi erT mTlianobaSi iqnes gaazrebuli. maSin unda miviRoT, rom `sokrate adamiania da arcaa
adamiani~, magram aRmoCndeba, rom aseTi azrovneba sruliad dauSvebelia yofiT cxovrebaSi. am sferoSi adamianebi TiTqmis
yovelTvis metafizikurad azrovneben. aseT azrovnebas savle
wereTeli Tavis cnobil wignSi _ `dialeqtikuri logika~ _
msjelobis calmxrivobas uwodebs. magram roca saqme exeba
mecnierul sferos, aRmoCndeba, rom mecnieruli azrovnebisaTvis
dialeqtikuri azrovnebis wesi arsebiTi moTxovnaa.

280

Tavi VII. kulturis filosofia

1. ra aris kultura. samyaro, romelSic damkvidrda
adamiani, aris usasrulo droSi, sivrcesa da TvisebriobaSi.
abstraqciis meSveobiT, SegviZlia masSi gamovyoT oTxgvari,
sagnebi da movlenebi. erTia mgrZnobelobiT misawvdomi (grZnobad-aRqmadi) sagnebi; meorea inteleqtiT misawvdomi (inteligibeluri) sagnebi; mesamea warmosaxviT misawvdomi (fantaziis nayofi) sagnebi da meoTxea rwmeniT misawvdomi (zebunebriv-RvTaebrivi) movlenebi. aseT samyaroSi unda ganaxorcielos adamianma Tavisi adamianuri cxovreba, magram ismis kiTxva
_ ra daxvda adamians samyaroSi da ra undoda rom daxvedroda? anu, uSualod moxmarebisaTvis akmayofilebs Tu ara mas is,
rac samyaroSi mza saxiT daxvda? TiTqos cxovels daxvda
yvelaferi is, rac mas sWirdeba, xolo adamians praqtikulad
araferi, magram situacia sul sxvanairadaa. saqme is aris, rom
adamians daxvda igive, rac cxovels. esaa tyis xili, veluri
mcenareebis nayofi, ylortebi, Teslebi, Zirxvenebi, nadirisa da
Tevzis umi xorci, bunebrivi gamoqvabulebi, mRvimeebi, haeri,
sasmeli wyali. magram aRmoCnda, rom es yvelaferi saarsebod
cxovels akmayofilebs, imitom, rom mas ubralod ar SeuZlia
amiT ar dakmayofildes. adamians ki, rac bunebrivi saxiT
daxvda, ar akmayofilebs da imis safuZvelsac xedavs, rom amiT
ar iyos kmayofili. aqedan gamomdinare, adamiani iwyebs bunebis mimarT moTxovnebis wayenebas. mas unda, rom buneba iqces
iseTad, rogoric mis moTxovnebs daakmayofilebs. adamianis
adamianad Camoyalibeba aqedan iwyeba. aqedanve iwyeba kulturis dabadeba. adamiani iwyebs Tavisi gonebiT, xelebiT, guliT
da nebiT bunebis, bunebriobis gaadamianureba-gardaqmnas da
misTvis iseTi saxis micemas, rogoric adamians akmayofilebs.
bunebaSi aris veluri vaSli (maJalo). gardaqmnis mas da Rebulobs vaSlis kulturas, romelsac seleqciis gziT mianiWa
meti aromatic, gemoc, siuxvec da silamazec... bunebaSi aris
veluri cxovelebi, magram isini moaSinaura, gardaqmna da miiRo Sinauri cxovelebis mTeli jgufi. bunebaSi aris marma-

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rilo lodis saxiT, magram adamianma daamuSava da kulturis

saxiT miiRo qandakeba. ase iqmneba kultura. miuxedavad imisa,
rom kulturis sfero iqmneba adamianis xeliT, igi mainc realurad arsebuli sferoa. kulturis sagani (artefaqti) erTdroulad bunebis movlenac aris da sulieri movlenac. igive
qandakeba bunebis sagania, radgan igi bunebidan aRebuli masalisganaa Seqmnili, magram amasTanave _ sulieri movlenaa, radgan masSi moqandakis sulia gansxeulebuli da ganivTebuli.
Tu daismis kiTxva, _ kulturis sagani ufro metad romel
sferos miekuTvneba? _ pasuxi aSkaraa, cxadia, sulier sferos!
mTeli kultura Tavisi arsiT sulieri movlenaa, Tumca mas
SeuZlia materialur samosSi mogvevlinos. kulturaSi batonobs suli, yvelafers suli ganagebs. kultura aris bunebis humanizebuli sfero, TavisTavad arsebul bunebaSi adamianuri faqtoris Sesvla da misi adamianurad mowesrigeba. nebismieri kulturis sagnidan adamiani imzireba. kulturis saganTan Sexvedra adamianTan Sexvedraa. adamiani cxovrobs
mTlian samyaroSi, magram misi aTviseba da gamoyeneba SeuZlia
mxolod am samyaros kulturis sagnad transformaciis gziT.
arsebobs realuri kultura, termini `kultura~ da kulturis mecnieruli cneba. isini sxvadasxva dros Cndebian.
kultura, rogorc realuri movlena Cndeba adamianis, rogorc
moazrovne arsebis gaCenasTan erTad: termin `kulturis~ gaCena dakavSirebulia antikuri periodis laTinur samyarosTan;
xolo kulturis mecnieruli cnebis SemuSaveba daiwyo axali
drois evropul azrovnebaSi. termini `kultura~ laTinuria
da niSnavs damuSavebas. dasawyisSi laTinebma es termini
gamoiyenes miwis damuSavebis aRsaniSnavad (dRevandeli terminebi: `kultivatori~, `kultivacia~ swored `kulturidan~
momdinareobs). Semdeg miwis damuSavebasTan erTad masSi moiazreba veluri mcenareebisa da cxovelebis seleqciuri damuSaveba. iqmneba sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi. simindi kulturaa, radgan isic aseTi damuSavebis gziTaa miRebuli. amasTan
erTad iwyeba adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis damuSaveba _
kultivireba. erTis mxriv, midis misi sxeulis damuSaveba-

kultivireba silamazis kanonebis mixedviT, _ imarTeba sportuli TamaSebi sxeulis sijansaRisa da silamazis mizniT, iqmneba adamianTa qandakebebi sxeulis silamazis demonstrirebis
mizniT; Semdeg iwyeba adamianis gardaqmniTi moRvaweobis veqtoris Semobruneba adamianis sulis mimarT. moRweulia ciceronis fraza misi `tusklinuri werilebidan~ _ `sulis kultura aris filosofia~, e.i. cicerons adamianis sulis daxvewis, misi galamazebis saukeTeso saSualebad filosofia
miaCnia. es debuleba niSnavs imas, rom filosofia aris daxvewil-damuSavebuli da galamazebuli suli.
ciceronidan moyolebuli _ dRemde kulturis arsebad
iTvleba sagnebSi WeSmaritebis, saTnoebis, mSvenierebis, sarwmunoebis normebiT, adamianis sulis ganivTeba. axali drois
moazrovneebi dainteresdnen kulturis, rogorc faqtiuri movlenis mecnieruli SeswavliT. aqedan iwyeba kulturis raobis mecnieruli gaazrebis istoria. XVIII saukune evropaSi
ganmanaTleblobis periodia. esaa ideuri moZraoba, romelic
aqcents akeTebs mecnieruli codnis gavrcelebaze sazogadoebaSi. igi ebrZvis avtoritetebs da cdilobs daamkvidros mxolod adamianis gonis avtoriteti. igi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli erTis mxriv, axali drois klasikur racionalizmTan,
amasTanave aRorZinebis (renesansis) humanistur tradiciebTan.
aRorZinebamde adamiani damZimebuli iyo rogorc religiuri
dogmatebiT, aseve adamianze bunebis diqtatiT. aRorZinebis
humanizmi hqmnis axal kulturas, romelic RvTaebrivi sibrZnis gverdiT adamianur sibrZnes aRavlens; RvTaebriv SemoqmedebasTan erTad adamianur Semoqmedebasac amkvidrebs. humanistebis mTavari aRmoCena iyo aqtiuri, Semoqmedi adamiani.
es iyo adamianis gonis sekularizacia. aRiarebulia adamianis
gonis Zala, aRiarebulia adamiani Semoqmedi. mkveTrad gaiyo
erTmaneTisagan ori sfero. pirveli _ stiqiuri buneba, meore _
kultura. amitom kulturis cnebiTi gaazreba daiwyo bunebisa
da kulturis dapirispirebiT. es wiTel zolad gasdevs kulturologiur moZRvrebebs. kultura rTuli da mravalferovani
movlena aRmoCnda, ris gamoc misi mecnieruli gansazRvreba

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did siZneleebs waawyda. amaze jer kidev XIX saukunis bolos

miuTiTeben. XX saukunis dasawyisidan kulturis gansazRvrebis statistikasac ki awarmoeben. imave saukunis Sua periodSi
ukve aRniSnaven imas, rom mecnierebaSi gansazRvrebaTa simravliT kulturis cnebam ukve gadaaswro yvela sxva cnebebs (a.
kreberi, k. klakhoni, l. SCepanski).
mocemul SemTxvevaSi umjobesia kulturis cneba jer
ganvsazRvroT deskri pciuli gziT, xolo Semdeg misi TiToeuli arsebiTi niSani gavaanalizoT. kultura aris adamianis Tavisufali, mizandasaxuli, SemoqmedebiTi Sromis Sedegad pirovnuli, erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio
obieqtur RirebulebaTa normebiT, mis sulSi da mis
gareT damyarebuli wesrigi, gaformebuli simboloTa
sistemaSi, romliTac igi axorcielebs komunikaciadialogs mTel samyarosTan. axla imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra azri
unda Caidos am gansazRvrebis calkeul fragmentSi. am gansazRvrebis pirveli fragmenti gamoxatuli sityvebiT _ `kultura aris adamianis...~ miuTiTebs imaze, rom kultura ar
miekuTvneba bunebas. igi adamianis mier iqmneba. kultura anTropocentruli sferoa. adamiania misi Semoqmedi. kultura iqmneba adamianis SromiT. Sroma mravalnairia, Tumca yovelnairi
SromiT kultura ar iqmneba. kerZod, rogori SromiT? sityvaTa
jgufi `Tavisufali mizandasaxuli SemoqmedebiTi Sromis Sedegad~ am kiTxvaze pasuxia. Zalian mokled, TiToeuli maTganis
Sesaxeb.
sityva `Tavisufali~ Tavisufal Sromaze mianiSnebs.
kultura iqmneba adamianis Tavisufali SromiT. Tavisufali
Sroma adamianis Sinagani Tavisufali nebiT gansazRvruli
Sromaa. kultura SeuZlebelia iqmnebodes iseTi SromiT, romelic ar iqneba Tavisufali. SeuZlebelia kulturas qmnides
araTavisufali adamiani, qmnides mona an TviTneba. kulturis
arsebobis safuZveli Tavisuflebaa. magram faqtebi xom gveubnebian, monis xeliT Seqmnili msoflio kulturis Zeglebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb. mag. egvi ptis piramidebi, sveticxoveli.
amaze pasuxi aseTia: jer erTi, istoriuli kulturis Zegleb-

is Seqmnaze monis Sroma imave wesiT aris gamoyenebuli, rogorc

xaris Sroma saxris da maTraxis qveS, Tumca ver vityviT, rom
kulturis Zeglebs xari qmnida. amasTanave, adamiani arasdros
araa an mxolod mona, an mxolod TviTneba, an mxolod Tavisufali. igi yovelTvis, erTdroulad, sxvadasxva proporciiT
monacaa, TviTnebac da Tavisufalic. Tu kerZo piri kulturis
sagans qmnis, igi am saqmeSi CarTulia mxolod rogorc Tavisufali adamiani. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi gamova misi xelidan kulturis sagani. k. gamsaxurdias romanis mixedviT, arsakiZes, rogorc ymas (rogorc monas) ubrZanes taZris aSeneba.
am momentSi igi ymaa, radgan brZanebis qveS dgas. magram is, Tu
rogor taZars aaSenebs, ra simaRles miscems, rogor gaanaTebs,
rogor gaiazrebs mis interiers, Tu eqsteriers, ra formas
miscems, ra CuqurTmebiT Seamkobs da ra masalas gamoiyenebs, aq
misi mbrZanebeli, _ Sinagani Tavisufali nebaa, anu arsakiZe
socialurad aris yma, magram rogorc Semoqmedi _ Tavisufalia.
sityva `mizandasaxuli~ kulturis teleologiurobaze
miuTiTebs. Sromis procesSi adamiani sagans jer akeTebs ideis saxiT, e.i. jer gonebaSi axdens mis konstruirebas, Semdeg
axdens mis materializacias. amitom adamianis Sroma moiTxovs
winaswar gaazrebulobas da mizanmimarTul moRvaweobas. mis
dasawyisSi ukve Cadebulia miznis saxiT dasasruli. dasawyisSi ukve Cans dasasruli. es niSnavs, rom SromiTi moRvaweoba
ar unda iyos instinqturi xasiaTis. igi dafuZnebulia cnobierebaze. dasawyisidan dasasrulamde Sroma cnobierebis
SuqiTaa ganaTebuli. amasTanave, aq mTavaria miznis faqtori.
yvelafers mizani gansazRvravs, amitom dasawyisidan dasasrulamde SemoqmedebiTi procesi ganaTebulia miznis gacnobierebiT. es ki mizandasaxuli moZraobaa.
Semdegi sityvaa `Semoqmedeba~ _ `SemoqmedebiTi Sromis Sedegad~. Semoqmedeba axlis qmnaa. axali ara egzemplarulad, aramed Tvisebrivad axali; axali ara subieqturad, aramed
obieqturad axali. seriuli warmoebis rigiTi seriuli sagani axalia egzemplarulad, magram Zvelia Tvisebrivad. Tu

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davuSvebT kacobriobis ganviTarebis miRma CarCenili adamianis arsebobas, romelsac jer ar gaugonia msoflio mizidulobis kanonis Sesaxeb da mas TviTon damoukideblad aRmoaCens, es misTvis iqneba siaxle da ara kacobriobisaTvis.
amitom igi subieqturi siaxlea, romelic kacobriobas verafriT gaamdidrebs. kultura obieqtur siaxles moiTxovs, es
iseTi siaxlea, romelic mTeli kacobriobisaTvis iqneba siaxle da romelic raRaciT amdidrebs kacobriobas. SemoqmedebiTi Sromis Sedegad aRmoCenili siaxleebi uamravia. kacobriobis saerTo winsvla aseT aRmoCenebzea dayrdnobili. Tu
yvela am aRmoCenas erT saerTo saxels davarqmevT, es iqneba _
Rirebuleba. amitom Semoqmedeba Rirebulebebis aRmoCenisa da
damkvidrebis procesia. adamianis cxovreba, mTeli kultura
Rirebulebebis sistemaa. SemoqmedebiT SromaSi iqmneba originaluri sagani. araSemoqmedebiTi, standartuli saqmianoba
originalebis aslebis warmoebis procesia.
gansazRvrebis Semdegi elementia _ `pirovnuli,
erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebis normebiT~. saqme is aris, rom gansazRvrebis yvela is elementi,
razec ukve iyo msjeloba, SeiZleba mTlianad daicvas da
ganaxorcielos yaCaRma, qurdma, moZaladem. kacobriobis istoriam icis, rom aranakleb gamomgoneblobas da aRmoCenebs aqvs
adgili borotebis ganxorcielebis mizniT. CaiTvleba Tu ara
maTi `qmnilebebi~ kulturis sagnebad? da Tu CaiTvleba, ratom eZaxian aseT adamianebs `velurebs~, `mxecebs~, `nadirebs~.
nadiri xom Sorsaa kulturisagan. kulturis gansazRvrebis
mocemuli elementi gveubneba, _ kulturis sagnad iTvleba
mxolod is movlenebi, romlebic araa amovardnili sakacobrio ganviTarebis magistraluri xazidan; romlebic iqmneba
ara viRacis subieqturi normebiT, aramed pirovnuli (pirovnebis
gamoTiSva ar SeiZleba), erovnuli da sakacobrio Rirebulebebis normebis mixedviT. kulturis keTeba Rirebulebebis keTebaa. axal-axali Rirebulebebi iqmnebian mudmivad. es kulturis sicocxlisunarianobaa, magram axali Rirebulebebi iqmnebian siRrmiseul substanciur Rirebulebebze dayrdnobiT.

isini erovnuli da sakacobrio mudmivi da sasicocxlo Rirebulebebia. mag. iseTebi, rogorebicaa: WeSmariteba, saTnoeba,
mSveniereba, sarwmunoeba, samarTlianoba, ena, samSoblo da sxva.
kulturad CaiTvleba im movlenebis keTeba, romlis Seqmna
aseT erovnul da sakacobrio Rirebulebebis normebze dayrdnobiT iwarmoeba. kulturis sagnad CaiTvleba iseTi qmnileba,
romelic ki ar upirispirdeba, ki ar angrevs erovnul da
sakacobrio RirebulebaTa sistemas, aramed amdidrebs, aSenebs,
aZlierebs, vinaidan kulturas yoveldRiuri sazrdo sWirdeba.
gansazRvrebis Semdegi elementia sityvebi: `mis sulSi da mis gareT damyarebuli...~ kulturas qmnis adamiani,
magram sad? Tavis gareT Tu Tavis sulSi. es elementi gveubneba, rom adamiani kulturas qmnis yvelgan, rasac misi suli,
misi cnobiereba miswvdeba. `mis gareT~ imaze miTiTebaa, rom
adamianis aSenebuli qalaqebi, soflebi, baRebi, yanebi, venaxebi,
qarxnebi da sxva kulturis sagnebia, romlebic adamianis gareT iwyeben arsebobas. kulturis sagnebia TviT adamianSi
zneobrivi, esTetikuri, samarTlebrivi, sarwmunoebrivi normebi
da TviTon adamiani, misi suli, misi `me~ kulturis sagania.
raki adamianis cnobierebas ara aqvs sivrcobrivi sazRvrebi,
mis mier Seqmnili kulturac sivrcobrivad SeuzRudvelia.
adamianis mier kulturis keTebaSi mTavaria ara fizikuri
keTeba, aramed sulieri. cis kamaraze Svidi varskvlavis Tanaarsebobas adamiani, cxadia, fizikurad ar Sexebia, magram mas Seexo
sulierad da daarqva didi daTvis Tanavarskvlavedi. amiT igi
misTvis ukve kulturis sagnad iqca. bibliurad, adamianis
mier pirveli kulturul-SemoqmedebiTi aqti iyo is, roca
RmerTis davalebiT adami cxovelebs saxelebs arqmevs. saxeldeba kulturul-SemoqmedebiTi aqtia, vinaidan sagani simboloSi formdeba.
kulturis raobis gagebaSi da mis mocemul gansazRvrebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ekuTvnis `wesrigs~. kultura
gaadamianurebuli bunebaa, e.i. kulturaSi buneba gardaiqmneba
da Rebulobs adamianisaTvis misaReb saxes, es ki niSnavs, rom
kulturis keTebis dros adgili aqvs bunebis stiqiuri wes-

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rigis adamianur wesrigze gadayvanas. kultura aris humanizebuli wesrigi. kultura iqaa da imaSia, sadac adamianuri normebiT damyarebuli wesrigia. `kulturuloba~ da `wesiereba~
xSirad sinonimebad iTvleba, warmoidgineT ukacrieli adgili, sadac jer adamians fexi ar daubijebia. aq TviTon bunebis mier qarebiT, wvimiT, sicxiT, siciviT, sinaTliT, bunebrivi
movlenebiT, mcenareebiT, frinvelebiT, cxovelebiT, anu stiqiuri ZalebiT damyarebulia garkveuli wonasworoba, garkveuli wesrigi. Semodis masSi adamiani da iwyebs cxovrebas. amiT
iq arsebul wonasworobas arRvevs, arsebuli wesrigis demontaJs da axali, misTvis misaRebi wesrigis damyarebas iwyebs.
teritoriis garkveul nawilze amoZirkvavs xeebs, buCqebs, amoavsebs xramebs, gaitans qvebs da amzadebs miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis;
meore adgilas binas iSenebs, gayavs gzebi, arxebi. ra xdeba
amiT? xdeba is, rom veluri wesrigi Seicvala adamianuri
wesrigiT, anu velur bunebaSi SeiWra kultura. moxda misi
kultivireba. adamianis aseT qmedebas xSirad uaryofiTi Sedegic mosdevs. es maSin, roca igi bunebis gaadamianurebis (kultivirebis) procesSi zedmetad gadaegeba pirad interesebs da
daiviwyebs bunebis `moTxovnebs~. aseT dros iCens Tavs
ekologiuri problemebi. amerikeli anTropologis u. gudinafis azriT (mas kulturad mxolod sulieri kultura miaCnia). kultura araa wminda saxiT arc nivTiereba, arc materialuri movlena, arc adamianebis qcevebi an emociebi. kulturaa movlenebis adamianurad organizebuloba. e.i. kulturad
sagani ki ar miaCnia, aramed sagnis organizebuloba anu misi
adamianuri wesrigi.
gansazRvrebis Semdegi elementia simbolo. kultura
yovelTvis simboloebSia gaformebuli. kulturis uzogadesi
forma simboloa. imas, rasac simboluri arseboba ar aqvs, igi
araa kulturis sagani. saxeli ukve simboloa. saxeli sagnis
simboluri gamoxatvaa. kulturis sagani adamianis samyaros
nawilia, misi binadaria. sagnis adamianis samyaroSi Semosvlis aucilebeli saSvia misi saxeli. Tundac mas saxelad
daerqvas `raRac~, esec aRniSvnaa, esec simboloa. kultura

adamianis enaa, xolo am enis universaluri forma simboloa.

simboloa saxeli, sityva, moZraoba, mimika, simboloebia ricxvebi, naxazebi, formulebi, xatebi, ritualebi, adamiani mTlian
samyaros am simboloebiT esaubreba. mTlian samyaroSi igulisxmeba RmerTi, visTan dialogisTvisac qmnis adamiani
kulturis formas, _ religias; bunebasTan dialogisaTvis ki
qmnis kulturis formebs: mecnierebas da warmoebas; sxva adamianebTan urTierTobisaTvis qmnis kulturis formebs:
zneobas, samarTals, politikas; adamianis sakuTari Tavic samyaros nawilia da masTanac sWirdeba adamians dialogi. amisaTvis qmnis kulturis formebs _ pirovnuli, zneobrivi, samarTlebrivi da sxva normebis saxiT; amasTanave Rirsebis,
Tavmoyvareobis, erTgulebis, mxneobis, Tavdadebis da sxva saxiTac. adamianis samyaros nawilebia: warsuli, awmyo da momavali. maTTan dialogis mizniT iqmneba istoria, kulturologiuri
xedvebi, riTac Taobebs Soris xorcieldeba kulturul-memkvidreobiTi kavSirebi.

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2. buneba da kultura. kulturis niSniT mTliani

samyaros dixotomiuri gayofis Sedegad vRebulobT mis or
did sferos, _ bunebasa da kulturas. amiT iqmneba bunebisa
da kulturis iseTi radikaluri dapirispireba, roca isini,
cnebis doneze, erTimeores sruliad gamoricxaven. buneba
aris is, rac ar aris kultura, xolo kultura aris is, rac ar
aris buneba. maT Soris princi puli gansxvavebaa realurad
arsebobis normebis mixedviTac. buneba arsebobs adamianisagan sruliad damoukideblad im gagebiT, rom misi arsebobisaTvis adamianis arseboba sulac araa savaldebulo. igi
arsebobs adamianisagan damoukideblad (obieqturad), arsebobs TavisTavad, arsebobs usasrulod drosa da sivrceSi.
e.i. arsebobs adamianamde da iarsebebs adamianis Semdegac,
arsebobda da iarsebebs sakuTari ZalebiT, sakuTari kanonebiT. kulturis arsebobac sakuTar Zalebze, sakuTar princi pebze da kanonebze (Rirebulebebze) aris damyarebuli, ma-

gram misi arseboba adamianis arsebobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. kulturas ar SeeZlo arseboba arc adamianamde da arc
adamianis Semdeg. kultura iqmneba adamianis gonebiT, xelebiT, guliT (siyvaruli), da nebiT; SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
buneba yvelaze ukeT Tavs maSin `grZnobs~, roca mis arsebobaSi aravin ar ereva. esaa bunebis bunebrivi mdgomareoba, misi
xeluxlebloba, misi pirvelyofileba, _ misi namdvili saxe.
kulturac maSin `grZnobs~ ukeTesad Tavs, da saerTod, maSin
arsebobs, roca masSi aqtiurad moRvaweobs adamiani. buneba
Tu usasruloa, adamianis sasruloba kulturis sasrulobas
ganapirobebs. buneba adamianis gareTaa, kultura adamianSia.
kultura adamianis sulieri samyaroa. cxadia, adamianis gareT, realur sinamdvileSi realurad arseboben kulturis
sagnebi (artefaqtebi), magram maTSi kulturulobas qmnis adamianis mier sakuTari sulis ara pirdapiri Setana, aramed
jer sulis simbolizeba da Semdeg gasagnebuli simboloebis
Cadeba. velur mcenareebs an cxovelebs, romlebic bunebis
sferos miekuTvnebian, metyvelebis unari rom hqonodaT, albaT adamians (kulturis binadars) etyodnen, _ nu SegvexebiT
da CveniT ukeTesad viarsebebTo. xolo kulturis sagnebi
albaT pirdapir daavaldebulebdnen adamians, _ gverdSi dagvideq, dagvexmare, gvasazrdove... sxvanairad ver viarsebebTo. sakuTari kanoniT arseboba sinamdvilis yvela sferos, sagnis,
movlenis, yvela arsebis `interesebSia~ Cadebuli. adamianis
mimarT es princi pi `Tavisuflebis idead~ formdeba. cxadia,
ara adamianuri Tavisuflebis azriT, magram, raRac msgavsi
viTareba igulisxmeba bunebis mimarTac. vaJa-fSavela gveubneba, _ `buneba mbrZanebelia, igi monaa Tavisa~. monoba Tavisuflebis sawinaaRmdego mdgomareobaa. igi aris garegani maiZulebeli ZaliT, sakuTari me-dan, Tavisi Tavis daviwyebiT _
sxvaSi da sxvisTvis gasvla. xolo Tavisi Tavisadmi monoba,
razec vaJa miuTiTebs, Sinagani ZaliT, Tavisi Tavis gaxsenebiT, Tavis TavSi da Tavis TavisTvis dabrunebaa. Tavisi
Tavisadmi monoba Tavisi kanoniT arseboba, anu TviTarsebobaa (TviTmyofadoba), rac Tavisuflebis safuZvelia, e.i.

Tavisuflebis raRac msgavsi viTarebis, _ TviTarsebobis, TviTmyofadobis `moTxovna~ bunebasac aqvs, xolo garedan masze
eqspansia _ misadmi dapirispirebad formdeba. bunebasTan
aseTi dapirispirebuli mxarea kultura. bunebasTan kulturis aseTi dapirispirebis winaaRmdeg kacobriobis bevr
cnobil moazrovnes aumaRlebia xma, magram paradoqsuloba
imaSia, rom adamians aseTi dapirispirebis gareSe arseboba ar
SeuZlia. bunebasTan kulturis dapirispireba masTan adamianis dapirispirebaa. bunebas SeuZlia dapirispirebis, da saerTod, adamianis kulturis gareSe arseboba, magram TviTon
adamians (kulturas) ar SeuZlia arseboba bunebasTan aseTi
dapirispirebis gareSe. adamianis (kulturis) arseboba iwyeba
im droidan, roca igi daupirispirda bunebas da iZulebul
xdida mas epasuxa adamianis kiTxvebsa da interesebze. nebismieri sagani an movlena arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac mas
sakuTari kanoni gaaCnia. sagnis raoba mis kanonze daiyvaneba.
kanonis arseboba aucileblobis arsebobaa. nebismieri dapirispireba, dapirispirebuli mxareebi aucileblobaTa dapirispirebaa. bunebisa da kulturis dapirispireba maTi aucileblobebis dapirispirebaa. amasTanave, aucilebloba
yovelTvis obieqturobis safuZvelia, rac imas niSnavs, rom
bunebisa da kulturis (adamianis) dapirispirebas aqvs obieqturi xasiaTi. bunebasTan kulturis (adamianis) dapirispireba SeiZleba iyos monuri xasiaTis; SeiZleba iyos barbarosuli da SeiZleba iyos TanamSromlobiTi. bunebasTan kulturis (adamianis) monur mimarTebas ZiriTadad adgili hqonda
pirvelyofili adamianis epoqaSi, roca adamianis sulieri
unarebis ganviTarebis Zalian dabali donis gamo ubralod
mas ar SeeZlo didi urCoba (dapirispireba) gamoemJRavnebina
bunebis mimarT. bunebasTan kulturis (adamianis) barbarosul dapirispirebaze msjelobebs vxvdebiT jer kidev antikuri periodis moazrovneebTan. romaeli moazrovne tacitusi ganixilavs barbarosobis sakiTxs da igi dayavs velurobaze,
TviTnebobaze, ngrevaze. misi azriT, barbarosebi bunebas (miwas) uyureben sadReiso vitaluri moTxovnilebis pozici-

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idan, isini Zaladoben masze, ise eqcevian, rogorc dampyroblebi, isini bunebis mZarcvelebi arian. bunebis mimarT barbarosuli damokidebuleba dResac grZeldeba, ramac warmoSva
aTasgvari ekologiuri problema. rac Seexeba bunebasTan
kulturis (adamianis) TanamSromlobiT dapirispirebas, amis
Sesaxeb msjelobs igive tacitusi. igi Tavisi drois romis
epoqas ganixilavs barbarosobis sapirispiro viTarebad, sadac bunebasa da kulturas Soris urTierToba partnioruli
TanamSromlobis saxiT aris warmodgenili. sakiTxisadmi aseTi
midgoma Teoriul doneze dRes gabatonebul poziciad unda
CaiTvalos, magram realur urTierTobebSi misi dacva da
praqtikuli ganxorcieleba, pirad sargebels gamodevnebuli
adamianebis mxridan, xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli xdeba.
rogorc aRiniSna, bunebas aqvs Tavisi kanonebi. kulturis
kanonebi, saboloo jamSi, adamianis kanonebia. bunebisa da
kulturis dapirispireba, bunebisa da adamianis kanonebis
dapirispirebaa. es niSnavs, rom adamianma unda icxovros bunebaSi, bunebis wiaRSi unda Seqmnas da Camoayalibos Tavisi
kultura, anu Tavisi sulieri samyaro. magram adamianma bunebaSi
unda icxovros ara bunebis, aramed sakuTari kanonebiT. oRond
ise, rom misi kanonebi bunebis kanonebTan konfliqtSi ar
movides. kanonebi aucileblobis formebia. es niSnavs, rom
adamianma Tavisi arsebobis aucileblobebi bunebis aucileblobebis sferoSi unda ganaxorcielos ise, rom am ori saxis
aucileblobebs Soris konfliqti ar gaCndes. konfliqtis
acilebis martivi gzaa adamianis bunebisadmi monuri morCileba. magram es TviT adamianisa da misi kulturis uaryofis gzacaa. adamianis (kulturis) bunebasTan barbarosuli
damokidebuleba, saboloo jamSi, TviT adamians dausjels ar
datovebs. buneba masze, ukana ricxviT, Surs iZiebs. ekologiuri
problemebi amis magaliTebia. bunebasa da adamians (kulturas) Soris partnioruli TanamSromloba gulisxmobs bunebisa da adamianis aucileblobebis gonivrul Serwymas, romelSic ikiTxeba adamianis mxridan Tanabari zrunva rogorc
sakuTar Tavze, ise mis `partniorze~ _ bunebaze. esaa urTier-

Toba, romliTac adamiani bunebas aRiqvams da acnobierebs

rogorc sakuTar sxeuls. bunebis mimarT adamianis, misi kulturis Tavisufleba swored aseT mimarTebas gulisxmobs.

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3. kultura da adamiani. RmerTisaTvis saWiro araa

arc filosofia, arc mecniereba, arc xelovneba da arc TviT
religia (RmerTs, Tavis mxriv, RmerTi ar yavs). filosofiac,
mecnierebac, xelovnebac da religiac SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis
Sedegia. RmerTs, rogorc absolutur, srulyofil, unaklo arsebas, saZiebeli araferi aqvs. Ziebas gasaWiri iwvevs. RmerTs
araviTari gasaWiri ara aqvs, gasaWiri aqvs cxovels, sakmaod
didic, magram cxovels Zebna SeuZlia, magram ara SemoqmedebiTi
Zieba. amisaTvis cnobierebaa saWiro. RmerTi TviTonaa absoluturi goni, absoluturi cnobiereba, magram gasaWiris uqonlobis gamo, RmerTs aseTi Ziebebi ar sWirdeba. cxovels gasaWiri
aqvs, magram cnobierebis arqonis gamo msgavsi Ziebebis Catareba princi pulad ar SeuZlia. rac Seexeba adamians, igi naklovani arsebaa, misi arsebobis aucilebeli normaa gaWirveba. mas
unda is, rac ara aqvs. adamiani, amasTanave moazrovne arsebaa.
mas aqvs cnobiereba, kulturis arsebobis winapiroba erTdroulad swored cnobierebisa da gasaWiris arsebobaa. orive
aqvs adamians. amitom mas SeuZlia da, situaciidan gamomdinare,
valdebulicaa awarmoos SemoqmedebiTi Zieba. e.i. kultura
arsebobs mxolod adamianis arsebobis safexurze. genetikurad
SeuZlebelia erTimeores movwyvitoT kultura da adamiani.
SeuZlebelia, maT droSi erTimeores gadaaswron. adamianze
adre gaCenili kultura adamianis kultura ar iqneba, sxva
kultura ki SeuZlebelia. kulturaze adre gaCenili adamiani,
jer adamianad ar CaiTvleba. adamianis winapari arseba (ereqtusi) adamianad arsebobas maSin iwyebs, roca Tavis cxovelur
sicocxles adamianur cxovrebad gardaqmnis. cxovreba sicocxlis kulturuli formaa. adamians kulturis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia. kulturis gareSe adamiani igivea, rac Tevzi
wylis gareSe. adamiani kulturis nayofia. adamianis adami-

anad Camoyalibeba mxolod kulturis garemoSia SesaZlebeli,

amitom ar arsebobs adamiani kulturis gareSe. Tumca, arc
kultura arsebobs adamianis gareSe; anu, ukve arsebuli kultura arsebobs mxolod adamianis meSveobiT. kultura maSin
cocxlobs da funqciobs, roca mas gamoiyeneben. istoriulad
kulturebi iRupebian or SemTxvevaSi: maSin, roca kulturis
momxmarebeli xalxi, garkveuli ubedurebis Sedegad, mTlianad
iRupeba da kidev maSin, roca RirebulebaTa gadafasebis Sedegad xalxi TviTon ambobs uars mocemul kulturaze. e.i.
adamiani da kultura erTiani mTlianobaa. adamiani adamianis
samyaroa, adamianis samyaro ki misi kulturaa. obieqturi samyaro erTia da zeindividualuria, amasTanave igi zeerovnulia.
kulturebi ki mravalia. aris individualuri, erovnuli da
zogad sakacobrio kultura, romlis saSualebiT adamiani
TavisTavad samyaros Tavis, adamianur samyarod aqcevs. TavisTavad
samyaroSi araferi atarebs adamianur sazriss, kulturaSi (adamianur samyaroSi) yvelaferi adamianuri sazrisis matarebelia. es niSnavs, rom adamianis adamianuroba misi kulturulobaa, xolo kulturis _ misi humanurobaa. ramdenicaa adamianSi
adamianoba, imdenia masSi kulturuloba. aseve, ramdenicaa kulturaSi kulturuloba, imdenia masSi humanuroba; rogoricaa
kultura, iseTivea masSi aRzrdili adamiani; rogoricaa adamianis done, Sesatyvisi donis kulturas qmnis igi. adamianis
mier kulturis Seqmnis procesi _ es aris sakuTari Tavis
Seqmnis procesi; kulturis mier adamianis Seqmna-aRzrdis
procesi es aris mis mier TviTorganizebis procesi. adamiani
qmnis kulturas da masSi arsebobs, kulturas qmnis adamians
da misiT arsebobs. kultura aris adamianis mTel samyarosTan
komunikacia-dialogis saSualeba. kultura aris adamianis ara
marto sulieri sazrdo, aramed igi misi sxeulebrivi sazrdocaa. is, rasac kultura ar Sexebia, arcaa adamianis cxovrebis nawili. adamiani orjer ibadeba. misi pirveli dabadeba
sxeulebrivi dabadebaa. es erTi aqtia. sxeulebrivad dabadebuli iwyebs zrdas. misi meored dabadeba _ kulturuli
dabadeba, es misi cxovrebis uwyveti procesia sikvdilamde.

esaa ara zrdis, aramed aRzrdis procesi. adamianis aRzrdaSi

bevri iRebs monawileobas, magram mainc misi meored dambadebeli da mTavari aRmzrdeli misi kulturaa. rac Seexeba mSoblebs,
pedagogebs, moZRvrebs, adamianis aRzrdaSi maTi funqcia imaSi
gamoixateba, rom igi aziaron mocemul kulturas da masSi
swori orientacia miscen.

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4. kultura, rogorc RirebulebaTa sistema. mas

Semdeg, rac adamianma xeli mokida kulturis mecnierul Seswavlas da gamoikveTa kulturis RirebulebaTa sistemis saxiT arseboba, wina planze wamoiwia Rirebulebis raobis kvlevam. adamians rom ar hqondes RirebulebiTi orientaciis
unari, rom ar hqondes RirebulebiTi cnobiereba, araviTari
kultura ar iarsebebda. ar iarsebebda arc adamiani, swored
rogorc adamiani. adamiani sinamdvilesTan ramdenime mimarTebaSi imyofeba. maTgan ZiriTadia: praqtikuli, SemecnebiTi da
SefasebiTi. SemecnebiTi mimarTebiT adamiani cdilobs sinamdvile asaxos miukerZoebeli obieqturobiT. Sedegad, asaxuli sinamdvile gamoxatos WeSmariteba-mcdarobis formiT. mizani WeSmaritebis dadgenaa, magram aseT Ziebebs abezari mcdari azrebic mudmivad Tan sdeven. SemecnebaSi adamianis miukerZoebloba da obieqturoba ar niSnavs, TiTqos adamians interesebi saerTod ar hqondes. piriqiT, SemecnebaSi obieqturoba cxovrebaSi interesebisadmi momsaxurebisaTvis sWirdeba,
amitom, cxovrebis mTlianoba dauinteresebeli SemecnebiTi
xedvis gverdiT, adamianisagan sinamdvilis misi interesebis
TvaliT xedvasac moiTxovs. es imis moTxovnaa, rom adamianma
movlenebs Sexedos misi survilebisa da interesebis poziciidan. adamiani aris ara marto Semmecnebeli, aramed Semfasebeli arsebac. SefasebiT aqtSi adamiani sinamdviles ganixilavs mowoneba-dawunebis, kargisa da cudis ganzomilebebSi.
Sefasebis aqtSi dgindeba Sefasebis obieqtis Rirebuleba.
SefasebiTi aqti aris adamianis sagnisadmi RirebulebiTi mimarTeba. TviTon Sefaseba ki araa Rirebuleba. Sefasebis aqt-

Si ikveTeba sagnis Rirebuleba. Sefasebis aqtSi adamiani cdilobs sagani dainaxos ara ise, rogorc igi arsebobs TavisTavad, aramed imis mixedviT, Tu ras warmoadgens sagani adamianisaTvis. Sedegad adamiani adgens sagnis Rirebulebas. miuxedavad SemecnebiTi da SefasebiTi aqtebis gansxvavebisa, isini
ar arseboben erTimeoris gareSe. swori Sefaseba SesaZlebelia swori Semecnebis niadagze, swori Sefaseba Tanmimdevruli Semecnebis ganxorcielebis safuZvelia.
cnobierebas, romelic axorcielebs Sefasebas RirebulebiTi cnobiereba, RirebulebiTi subieqti an aqsiologiuri
subieqti ewodeba. aqsiologia (berZ. aqsia _ Rirebuleba, logosi
_ moZRvreba) aris filosofiuri moZRvreba Rirebulebebis
Sesaxeb.
ar arsebobs usagno Rirebuleba. igi yovelTvis raRacis Rirebulebaa. aseve, Rirebuleba yovelTvis viRacis Rirebulebaa. igi ar arsebobs RirebulebiTi subieqtis gareSe.
amrigad, Rirebulebis arseboba, erTis mxriv, miuTiTebs garkveuli
sagnis arsebobaze, rasac miewereba Rirebuleba; meore mxriv,
igi miuTiTebs im subieqtis (adamianis) arsebobaze, visTvisac
es sagani Rirebulia. miuxedavad amisa, Rirebuleba araa raRac
iseTi niSani an Tviseba, romelic uSualod saganSi, adamianSi
an oriveSi erTad arsebobdes. saganSi arsebobs sagnis bunebrivi niSan-Tvisebebi; adamianSi arsebobs misi interesebi.
adamianisa da sagnis Sexvedris momentSi erTimeores xvdebian
sagnis niSan-Tvisebebi da adamianis interesebi. am SexvedraSi
ibadeba Rirebuleba. anu, aq ikveTeba is, Tu rogor exmianeba
sagnis niSan-Tvisebebi adamianis interesebs da rogor Cndeba
sagnis mniSvneloba adamianisaTvis. cxadia, sagnis gareSe SeuZlebelia misi mniSvnelobis arseboba adamianisaTvis, aseve
SeuZlebelia mniSvneloba imis gareSe, visTvisac mniSvnelobas warmoadgens igi. amitom Rirebuleba aris sagnis mniSvneloba adamianisaTvis.
SefasebiT aqtSi saganma SeiZleba miiRos dadebiTi an
uaryofiTi Sefaseba. amitom arseboben dadebiTi anu kargi da
uaryofiTi anu cudi Rirebulebebi, romlebic Tavis SigniT

rangobrivad lagdebian: kargi, SesaniSnavi, brwyinvale da sxva.

cudi, Zalian cudi, sazizRari da sxva. Rirebulebebis aseT
rangobriv ganlagebas RirebulebiTi Skala ewodeba. arsebobs
kulturologiuri kanoni, romlis mixedviT dabali rangis
Rirebuleba SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes saSualebad ufro
maRali rangis Rirebulebis, rogorc miznis misaRwevad. dauSvebelia maRali rangis Rirebuleba saSualebad iqnes gamoyenebuli ufro dabali rangis Rirebulebis, rogorc miznis
misaRwevad. es maSin, Tu mTeli es RonisZieba saSualebad araa
mimarTuli kidev ufro maRali rangis Rirebulebis misaRwevad.
umaRles Rirebulebad miCneulia cxovreba. amitom cxovrebis mimarT yvelaferi saSualebaa. cxovreba adamianis
cxovrebaa. cxovrebis umaRles Rirebulebad dasaxva adamianis
umaRles Rirebulebad dasaxvaa. amitom aRniSnuli kanoni gveubneba, _ adamiani ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli saSualebad. adamiani mudam umaRlesi mizania da ara saSualeba. esaa RirebulebiTi xedvis zneobriv sibrtyeze gadatana, rac adamians
mudmivi zrunvis sagnad aqcevs. mocemuli Tvalsazrisi mecnieruli analizis formiT ganaviTara i. kantma.
kultura RirebulebaTa sistemaa, e.i. kulturis arseboba SeuZlebelia Rirebulebebis arsebobis gareSe, magram kultura, gansakuTrebiT erovnuli da zogad-sakacobrio kultura,
maSinac SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu Rirebuleba ar iqneba obieqturi xasiaTis. Rirebuleba mniSvnelobaa. Rirebulebis obieqturoba imas niSnavs, rom igi mniSvnelobs ara marto erTi
pirovnebisaTvis, aramed adamianTa garkveuli jgufisaTvis.
adamianTa erToba rac ufro farTovdeba, amiT izrdeba Rirebulebis obieqturoba. erovnuli Rirebulebebis obieqturoba
imas niSnavs, rom igi mniSvnelobs mTeli erisaTvis. sakacobrio Rirebulebis obieqturoba mniSvnelobs mTeli kacobriobisaTvis. ras niSnavs mTeli erisaTvis, an mTeli kacobriobisaTvis mniSvneloba? _ es niSnavs, rom mocemuli Rirebuleba, mag. qarTveli erisaTvis qarTuli ena, mTeli kacobriobisaTvis WeSmariteba, saTnoeba, _ mniSvnelobs yvela qarTveli-

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saTvis, mniSvnelobs yvela adamianisaTvis da es mniSvneloba

aucileblobis rangSia ayvanili. amitom, Rirebulebis obieqturoba misi aucileblobaa da garkveul farglebSi, sayovelTaoba anu zogadobaa. Rirebuleba Tavisi genetikiT da arsebobis
wesiT adamianTan aris dakavSirebuli. adamiani subieqtia, amitom Rirebuleba xom araa subieqturi movlena? cxadia, arsebobs subieqturi Rirebulebebic, romlebic raRac saSualebebiT SeaRweven xolme jansaRi kulturis (erovnul da sakacobrio) sistemaSi, magram kultura arsebiTad, obieqturi Rirebulebebis sistemaa. rogoraa SesaZlebeli Rirebulebis obieqturoba? amis Sesaxeb filosofiaSi aris sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisebi. aris e.w. naturalisturi Tvalsazrisi, romelic
Rirebulebas bunebis sagnis iseTive bunebriv niSnebad miiCnevs, rogorc mis simZimes, simkvrives da sxva. arsebobs Rirebulebis idealurobis Teoria, romelic Rirebulebas idealur movlenad miiCnevs, magram Tvlis, rom igi arsebobs realur sinamdvileSi sruliad damoukideblad, anu obieqturad.
obieqturisa da subieqturis cnebebs Tu ganvixilavT materialurisa da sulieris cnebebTan mimarTebaSi, miviRebT: rac
materialuria, is obieqturia; rac subieqturia _ sulieria;
magram is, rac sulieria, mxolod subieqturi araa. gamodis, rom
subieqturobasa da obieqturobas Soris zRvari gadis sulieri
sferos SigniT. Rirebuleba sulieri movlenaa, amitom igi
SeiZleba iyos subieqturic da obieqturic. Rirebulebis obieqturoba iseve unda iqnes gagebuli, rogorc yvela sulieri
movlenis obieqturoba (rogorc WeSmaritebis, saTnoebis, mSvenierebis, samarTlianobis, sibrZnis da sxva). sulieri movlenis obieqturoba yovelTvis ganisazRvreba misi sayovelTaobiT da aucileblobiT. is rac erT adamians exeba da exeba
SemTxveviTad, SeuZlebelia igi obieqturad CaiTvalos.
rogoraa SesaZlebeli Rirebulebis sayovelTaoba da
aucilebloba, anu misi obieqturoba? vinaidan genetikurad
Rirebuleba subieqtTanaa dakavSirebuli, amitom Rirebulebis
obieqturoba SesaZlebelia subieqtis obieqturobiT. subieqti SeiZleba iyos ornairi: subieqturi subieqti da obieqturi

subieqti. subieqtur subieqtSi igulisxmeba empiriul-individualuri adamiani, moqceuli Tavis viwro fsiqo-biologiur
CarCoebSi. aseTi subieqti ver iqneba kulturis Semoqmedi. igi
unda iyos obieqturi subieqti. am ukanasknelSi igulisxmeba
adamiani, romelic gaarRvevs Tavis subieqturobiT SeboWilobas, Tavis viwro fsiqo-biologiur CarCoebs da amaRldeba
pirovnebis doneze. es niSnavs mis mier individualurobis,
ganumeoreblobis, ti piurobis (dadebiTi ti piuri erovnuli
da sakacobrio niSnebis qonas) da gamokveTili Tavisuflebis
maRali donis flobas. esaa adamianis obieqtivireba. adamiani
xdeba obieqturi. esaa subieqturi subieqtis obieqturi subieqtis doneze amaRleba. amiT Rirebulebis obieqturobis wyaro
subieqtis obieqtivirebiT miiRweva. TavisTavad, Rirebuleba
arc obieqturia da arc subieqturi. TavisTavad Rirebuleba,
saerTod, arc arsebobs. Rirebuleba yovelTvis viRacis Rirebulebaa, amitom Rirebulebis subieqturoba Tu obieqturoba
damokidebulia imaze, Tu visi Rirebulebaa igi. subieqturi
subieqtis Rirebuleba yovelTvis subieqturi Rirebuleba
iqneba. obieqturi Rirebuleba mxolod obieqturi subieqtis
Rirebuleba SeiZleba iyos; aqedan gamomdinare Rirebulebis
obieqturoba moiTxovs adamianis obieqtivirebas. anu subieqturi subieqtis obieqtur subieqtad transformirebas. adamianis, rogorc moazrovne arsebis, biologiuri saxeobidan kulturul-SemoqmedebiTad moRvawe subieqtad gardaqmna aqcevs
mas pirovnebad. esaa individis amaRleba fsiqo-biologiuri
subieqtis _ kulturis subieqtis rangSi. amiT igi aRwevs
Tavis individualurobas, ganumeoreblobas, tipiurobas. aseTi
subieqti sinamdviles uyurebs ara viwro empiriulobis poziciidan, aramed misi xedva zogad-ti piuria. empiriuli subieqti
xedavs mxolod calkeul movlenebs. misi xedva zedapirulia,
misTvis miuwvdomelia zogadoba da aucilebloba. obieqturi
anu kulturis subieqti sagnebSi xedavs gacilebiT mets da
principuli mniSvnelobis mqones. misTvis xedvis mTavari unaria
goni, goniTi xedva. obieqturi Rirebulebebi faqtia (WeSmariteba, saTnoeba, mSveniereba, samarTlianoba da sxva). igi obieq-

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turi subieqtis faqtiur arsebobaze miuTiTebs. WeSmaritebis

arseboba niSnavs im subieqtis arsebobas, romelsac WeSmariteba mxolod ki ar unda surdes, aramed, amasTanave misi miRwevisaTvis SeeZlos yvela im normis dacva, romelsac WeSmaritebis dadgenis SemecnebiTi procesi valdebulebis saxiT uwesebs
mas; misTvis saTnoeba mxolod sasurveli ki ar unda iyos,
masTan erTad mas TviTon unda SeeZlos zneobis savaldebulo normebis dacva; samarTlianoba mxolod survili araa,
pirvel rigSi misi dacvis unaria saWiro. Tu aqvs adamians
survili flobdes obieqtur Rirebulebebs, amisaTvis TviTon
unda iyos obieqturi. es ki niSnavs ifiqros, iazrovnos da
imoqmedos sayovelTao da aucilebeli normebiT. ise rom, arc
Tavis individualuroba unda dakargos. subieqtis obieqturoba niSnavs mis Tavisuflebas.
adamianis mTeli cxovreba dakavSirebulia RirebulebebTan. cxovreba kulturaa, kultura RirebulebaTa sistemaa.
cxovrebaSi adamianis bedniereba Tu ubedureba mTlianad RirebulebebTanaa dakavSirebuli. Rirebulebebis SeZena bednierebis wyaroa; Rirebulebebis dakargva iwvevs ubedurebis gancdas. rac ufro meti da maRali rangis Rirebulebebi gaaCnia
adamians, misTvis misi cxovreba met kmayofilebas iwvevs, xolo
rac ufro naklebi da dabali rangis Rirebulebebis mflobelia, misTvis cxovreba meti tanjvisa da tkivilis wyaroa.
Rirebulebebis mTlianad dakargva iwvevs yvelafris mimarT
indiferentizms da aqedan TviTmkvlelobamde cota manZili
rCeba. ilia WavWavaZis gabaaseba lelT RuniasTan Rirebulebis Temazea Semdgari. lelT Runia awmyosTan SedarebiT winandel dros amjobinebs imitom, rom maSin `Cveni Tavi Cvenad
gveyudnebodao~ e.i. es ase iyo imitom, rom maSin Cveni sakuTari
RirebulebebiT vcxovrobdiTo. axla, marTalia, aRaraa omi,
dawiokeba, magram aRaraa arc Cveni Rirebulebebi, amitom axla
Cveni Tavi aRar gvekuTvnis. kacobriobaSi rac omebi yofila,
yvelafris Zireuli motivi Rirebulebebis warTmevas an dabrunebas ukavSirdeba. mSvidoba, uSualod omis ararseboba ki
araa, aramed esaa cxovrebis im situaciaSi yofna, roca flob

sakuTar Rirebulebebs da misi dacvac SegiZlia. mSvidoba

araa situacia, roca flob Sens Rirebulebebs, magram misi
dacvis SesaZlebloba ara gaqvs. cxadia, rom mSvidobad ar
CaiTvleba arc e.w. `iZulebiTi mSvidoba~. mSvidobas Tavis
subieqti hyavs. igi misi mSvidobaa. xolo mis mimarT ganxorcielebuli `iZulebiTi mSvidoba~ swored misi mSvidoba araa.
aseTi `mSvidoba~ masze Zaladobaa, rac borotebaa. boroteba
ar SeiZleba mSvidobiani iyos.

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5. Tavisufleba, rogorc kulturis safuZveli.

ukve iTqva, rom kulturas qmnis Tavisufali adamiani Tavisufali SromiT. sanam adamianis winapari arseba ar flobda
Tavisuflebas, ver qmnida veraviTar kulturas, _ arc iyo
adamiani. Tavisuflebis SeZeniT iwyeba adamianis istoria.
Tavisuflebis winsvlis safexurebi adamianis, kulturis winsvlis safexurebia. Tavisufleba adamianad yofnis niSania.
amitom Tavisufleba kulturis safuZvelia.
Tavisuflebis raobis da misi kulturasTan urTierTobis ukeT gagebis mizniT jer ganvixiloT iseTi movlenebi,
rasac hqvia monoba da TviTneboba. cxovelebi ar floben arc
Tavisuflebas, arc monobas da arc TviTnebobas. samive movlena adamianis xvedria. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tavisuflebac,
monobac da TviTnebobac, magram Tavisufleba Tu misi sikeTis
wyaroa, monoba da TviTneboba ubedurebis safuZvelia. Tavisufleba Tu kulturis safuZvelia, monoba da TviTneboba kulturis ngrevis pirobaa. Tavisuflebis, monobis da TviTnebobis savaldebulo niSania cnobiereba. cnobierebis armqone
arseba ver CaiTvleba verc Tavisuflad, verc monad da verc
TviTnebad. irmis silaRe, Citis Tavisufleba an fraza _ `Tavisufleba lomTa xvedria~, _ movlenis mxolod subieqtur-poeturi xedvaa.
imisaTvis, rom gasagebi iyos rogorc Tavisuflebis, ise
monobisa da TviTnebobis raoba, davubrundeT ramdenjerme
aRniSnul `me~-s da `arame~-s urTierTobebis models. iTqva,

rom filosofiaSi mTeli samyaro gayofilia or nawilad.

esaa me da arame. arame-Si igulisxmeba ara mxolod buneba, rac
fizikurad upirispirdeba me-s. buneba TviTon adamianSicaa.
misi sxeuli, sxeulebrivi interesebi, misi fsiqika da fsiqikuri movlenebic arame-s miekuTvneba. sazogadoebrivi movlenebis udidesi nawilic arame-Si Semavali fenomenebia. meSi ZiriTadad adamianis sulier-goniTi samyaro igulisxmeba.
mTeli samyaro me-s da arame-s mTlianobaa. filosofiis ZiriTadi amocanaa swored me-s da arame-s urTierTobebis gaazreba. rogorc me-s, ise arame-s aqvT TavianTi gamokveTili gansazRvrulobebi. maTi es gansazRvrulobani kuTvnili aucileblobebiT aris gapirobebuli. e.i. orive arsebobs imdenad,
ramdenadac maT sakuTari saxe, anu sakuTari aucilebloba
gaaCniaT. rasac aucilebloba ara aqvs, is saerTod arc arsebobs. me-s da arame-s urTierTobebis garkveva maTi aucileblobaTa urTierTobis garkvevaa. cxadia, am urTierTobebis
garkvevas me moiTxovs. es mis interesebSi Sedis. aRniSnuli
urTierTobis garkveva SemecnebiTi procesia. SemecnebaSi ki
aqtiuri mxare yovelTvis me aris. arame ar ayenebs misi Semecnebis moTxovnebs. misi `moTxovna~ mxolod isaa, rom me-m angariSi gauwios arame-s. rogor moaxerxebs amas me, _ es arame-s ar
ainteresebs. mTvare ar iTxovs adamianisagan Semimecneo, mTvare `moiTxovs~ adamianisagan misi Semecnebis procesSi misadmi angariSis gawevas. xolo imisaTvis, rom adamianma mas
angariSi gauwios, igi obieqturi unda iyos.
me-s da arame-s aucileblobaTa urTierTobis sami forma ikveTeba, rac safuZvlad edeba adamianis monobas, TviTnebobas da Tavisuflebas. monoba, me-s da arame-s aucileblobaTa urTierTobis iseTi formiT gaazreba-gadawyvetaa, roca
adamiani arame-s aucileblobas mTlianad abatonebs sakuTari
me-s aucileblobaze. es ki xdeba sakuTari me-s aucileblobis
CrdilSi dayenebiT, ukana planze gadasroliT, an sulac me-s
CakvliT. amiT me mTlianad emorCileba arame-s. SeiZleba es
xdebodes masze garegani maiZulebeli Zalis zewoliT, magram
SeiZleba es xdebodes sakuTari nebiTac. aseT adamianebs mo-

nuri sulis adamianebs uwodeben.

monobis, TviTnebobis da Tavisuflebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebulia pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi. monas, gansakuTrebiT
monuri sulis mqones, dakarguli aqvs pasuxismgebloba sakuTari me-s winaSe. imisaTvis, rom adamiani mona ar iyos, pirvel
rigSi, saWiroa mas undodes, ar iyos mona. imisaTvis, rom adamiani Tavisufali iyos, mas, pirvel rigSi, saWiroa undodes
Tavisufleba. visac Tavisufleba ar unda, verasdros iqneba
Tavisufali. Tumca TavisuflebisaTvis marto survili ar
aris sakmarisi. monobisaTvis monad yofnis survili sruliad
sakmarisia. es ar ukavSirdeba tician tabiZis sityvebs _ `davbadebulvar, rom viyo mona da saqarTvelos medgas uReli!~ es
fraza ufro Tavisuflebis himnia, vidre monobis survili.
monoba pirovnebis ganadgurebaa, qveynis uRlis dadgma da misi
Rirseulad tareba did pirovnebaTa xvedria.
TviTneboba me-s da arame-s aucileblobaTa urTierTobis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT gadawyvetaa. aq arame-s aucilebloba ewireba me-s aucileblobas. amas igi axerxebs arames aucileblobis subieqtur-warmosaxviTi ugulvebelyofiT,
misadmi zurgis SeqceviT, angariSgauwevlobiT. TviTneba egoistia. sakuTari me-s iqiT naklebad iyureba, amitom Tavisi
aRviraxsnili moqmedebebiT ZiriTadad anadgurebs imas, rac
sxvebisaTvis Rirebulebaa (sxvebic misTvis arame-a) misi sakuTar me-Si Caketvis gamo, sakuTar namoqmedarze araviTar pasuxismgeblobas ar atarebs sxvebis, anu arame-s winaSe. garegnulad TviTneba TiTqos Camogavs Tavisufals, radgan orive
sakuTari nebiT moqmedebazea, magram TviTnebobis yvelaze uaryofiTi mxare, rac mis arsebad iqceva, misi upasuxismgeblobaa
arame-s winaSe. amitom misi moCvenebiTi Tavisufleba `giJis
Tavisuflebad~ iwodeba.
monobasa da TviTnebobasTan dakavSirebiT, raSia Tavisuflebis arsi? aqac modeli isev me-s da arame-s dapirispirebaa.
Tavisuflebis raobis gaazreba moiTxovs gamoiricxos me-s
aucileblobis arame-s aucileblobisadmi Sewirva. igi moiTxovs pirovnebis dacvas. amitom unda gamoiricxos me-s mimarT

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monuri upasuxismgebloba. Tavisufleba aseve gamoricxavs arames aucileblobis me-s aucileblobisadmi Sewirvas. amasTanave
igi moiTxovs me-s mxridan arame-s mimarT pasuxismgeblobis
aRebas, e.i. Tavisufleba moiTxovs pasuxismgeblobas rogorc
me-s mimarT, ise arame-s mimarT. igi gamoricxavs maTi aucileblobebis urTierTSewirvas. orive mxare unda dadges sakuTar
fexze, anu sakuTar aucileblobaze da orive iyos Tanabari
mzrunvelobis obieqti, daculi unda iqnes orive mxaris uflebebi. mxolod aseT pirobebSia SesaZlebeli zneoba, samarTali,
WeSmariteba.
axla dgeba princi puli kiTxva, _ rogoraa SesaZlebeli
me-s da arame-s aucileblobaTa urTierTobis ganxorcieleba
ise, rom wamoyenebuli moTxovnebi ar iqnes darRveuli. kacobriobis istoriaSi Tavisuflebis problema adamianis mudmivi
fiqris sagania; Tavisuflebis raobis Zieba, misTvis sakuTari
raobis da samyaroSi misi adgilis Ziebaa. istoriulad am
sakiTxis gadawyvetas, TiTqmis yovelTvis afuZnebdnen Tavisuflebis aucileblobasTan dapirispirebis gzas. xSiri iyo
cduneba _ Tavisufleba gaeazraT rogorc aucileblobisagan
Tavis daxsna. sapirispiro gza _ anu Tavisuflebis aucileblobisagan araTu Tavdaxsna, aramed masSi Cakargva anu monobis
gzaa. kacobriobis istoriaSi, monoba yovelTvis arsebobda da
arc dResaa umisoba, magram Teoriuli gaazrebis doneze mas
momxreebic ar yolia, garkveuli kuTxiT, konfucis moZRvrebas
Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi. rac Seexeba Tavisuflebas, rogorc
aucileblobisagan Tavdaxsnas, Tavisufleba marTlac Seicavs
aseT gagebas momentis saxiT. saqme is aris, rom Tavisuflebas
aqvs Tavisi mxareebi. esaa negatiuri da pozitiuri Tavisufleba. isini erTimeoris gareSe ar arseboben. iseve rogorc saerTod uaryofa da `hoyofa~ ar arsebobs uerTmaneTod. negatiuri
Tavisufleba raRacisagan gaTavisuflebas, raRacis Camocilebas, raRacis ukugdebas gulisxmobs. saboloo jamSi yovelTvis
es raRaca _ raRac aucileblobaa. patimris sapatimrodan gaTavisufleba im aucileblobidan gaTavisuflebaa, ris zewoliTac igi aRmoCnda sapatimroSi. TviTnebas Tavisufleba mx-

olod negatiuri Tavisuflebaa, magram Tu Tavisufleba mxolod negatiur Tavisuflebaze daiyvaneba, praqtikulad esaa
sruli nihilizmi da gza araraobisaken. Teoriulad igi principulad SeuZlebelia, radgan SeuZlebelia raRacis uaryofa _
mis adgilas sxva raRacis dadgenis gareSe, e.i. Tavisufleba,
erTis mxriv, Tu raRac aucileblobisagan gaTavisuflebaa, meore mxriv, es imitom keTdeba, rom sxva aucileblobasTan moxvdes mWidro kavSirSi, anu Tavisuflebis raoba aucileblobis
srul ukugdebaSi ar unda veZioT. igi aucileblobasTan mWidro
kavSirSi unda gadawydes. es imitom, rom adamiani saerTod
Camwyvdeulia aucileblobis sferoSi da misgan Tadaxsna principulad ar SeuZlia. RmerTis mimarT aseTi problema ar dgas,
radgan igi absoluturi Tavisuflebaa, anu mas, raime aucileblobiT, zRudeebi ar boWaven. adamianis Tavisufleba arasdros
iqneba absoluturi. mis Tavisuflebas yovelTvis mouwevs garkveuli daTmobebi mis pirispir mdgomi aucileblobebis winaSe. es
ki SesaZlebelia me-s da arame-s aucileblobaTa koordinirebuli harmonizebis gziT, maT Soris TanxmobiTi urTierTobis
miRwevis gziT (SeiZleba asec iTqvas _ maT Soris mSvidobiani
TanaarsebobiT). me-s aucilebloba raRacas uTmobs arame-s
aucileblobas, asevea arame-s aucilebloba, igi garkveul SesaZleblobas uqmnis me-s aucileblobis ganxorcielebas. amiT
me-s aucilebloba icavs arame-s aucileblobas, xolo arame-s
aucilebloba icavs me-s aucileblobas. es Teoriul enaze.
praqtikulad, es niSnavs, rom adamiani Sedis sacxovreblad
arame-Si. am ukanasknels Tavis kanonebi (aucileblobebi) gaaCnia. adamiani iwyebs arame-Si (bunebaSi) cxovrebas, magram arames kanonebiT ki ara, aramed Tavisi sakuTari kanonebiT. misi
Tavisufleba ki imiT gamoixateba, rom igi bunebaSi marTalia,
Tavisi kanonebiT cxovrobs, magram bunebis kanonebs ar upirispirdeba, ar iwyebs mis ugulvebelyofas, ar iwyebs maT ngrevas, moqmedebs im farglebSi (misi fardobiTi Tavisufleba
swored amiT gamoixateba), ris saSualebasac iZleva princi pi
_ icxovro arame-Si sakuTari kanonebiT ise, rom arame-s kanonebi ar SebRalo.

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da ai kidev erTi kiTxva. rogor unda dadgindes adamianis Tavisufali samoqmedo farglebis sazRvrebi? misi dadgena xdeba rogorc arame-s aucileblobebis, ise me-s aucileblobebis SemecnebiT. esaa imis dadgena, ra unda me-s da ris
SesaZleblobas aZlevs mas arame. adamianis Tavisufleba am
sazRvrebSi moqmedebaa, magram es sazRvrebi araa gaqvavebuli.
igi moZravia da mudmiv gafarTovebas ganicdis. esaa adamianis
Tavisuflebis gafarToveba, rac xorcieldeba Semecnebis garRmavebis gziT. metis Semecneba, meti SesaZleblobis aRmoCenaa.
xolo meti SesaZlebloba meti Tavisuflebaa. ginda ufro
metad iyo Tavisufali? SeiZine meti codna! codna aucileblobis codnaa. amitom filosofiaSi Tavisufleba aucileblobisagan ara gandgomasTan, aramed mis SecnobasTan iqna
dakavSirebuli (Tavisufleba Secnobili aucileblobaa _
spinoza, hegeli). aucileblobis Secnoba saSualebaa me-s da
arame-s aucileblobaTa gonivruli, koordinirebuli urTierTobis. Tavisuflebac swored esaa.
ratom ar SeiZleba monoba da TviTneboba kulturis
qmnadobis wyaro iyos? _ imitom, rom monoba da TviTneboba
adamianis araTavisufali mdgomareobaa. ratom unda CaiTvalos Tavisufleba kulturis SesaZleblobis safuZvlad? _
kultura arc bunebrivi movlenaa da arc cidan vardeba TavisiT. igi ibadeba adamianis bunebasTan WidilSi. buneba Tavisi
bunebrivi saxiT ver pasuxobs adamianis adamianur moTxovnebs.
amitom adamiani iwyebs bunebis gardaqmna-gaadamianurebas _
Tavisi moTxovnebis mixedviT. magram aseTi gardaqmna SesaZlebelia, erTi mxriv, imis codniT, Tu ra aris adamiani, ra unda da
ra SeuZlia; meore mxriv, imis codniT, Tu ra aris buneba, ra
aucileblobebi (kanonebi) moqmedeben masSi da es kanonebi ris
SesaZleblobas uqmnis adamians. kulturul-SemoqmedebiTi
procesi am ori mxaris codnaze dayrdnobiT warimarTeba.
xolo adamianis Tavisufleba _ am mxareebis aucileblobaTa
gonivrulad Serwymuli, koordinirebuli da harmoniaSi moyvanili urTierTobiT moqmedebaa. adamianis Tavisufleba realurad yovelTvis arsebobs adamianis moqmedebebSi.

6. kulturis subieqti. kultura ar arsebobs adamianis gareSe. mas viRac hqmnis, viRac misi memkvidrea, viRac Tavs
valdebulad Tvlis daicvas igi da, Tu saWiro iqneba, misTvis
Tavic gawiros. vinaa es viRac? esaa kulturis subieqtis
vinaobis sakiTxi. vinaa kulturis subieqti? cxadia, adamiani. magram adamiani individi, eri Tu mTeli kacobrioba?
aRniSnul kiTxvaze Camoyalibda gansxvavebuli pasuxebi.
erTni miiCneven rom kulturis subieqtia adamiani
individi. kulturas qmnis adamiani Tavisi gonebiT, xelebiT,
guliT da nebiT. aseTi Tvalsazrisi ver miiCneva marTebulad,
radgan Tu kultura mxolod adamiani-individisaa da meti
aravis, yovel calkeul individs Tavisi kultura eqneboda.
Tu imdenia kultura, ramdenic individia, aseT kulturas, mTlianad ekargeba raime Rirebuleba.
meore Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, kulturis subieqti eria.
erebi qmnian istoriuli arsebobis manZilze TavianT kulturas. arseboben mxolod erovnuli kulturebi, romlis mTavari
fenomenia ena, eri, samSoblo, sarwmunoeba. magram kulturis
subieqtad arc eris miCneva iqneba marTebuli. amiT erovnuli
kulturebis erTmaneTisgan gaTiSvas, izolacias miviRebT.
kulturebi Tavisi bunebiT erovnuli xasiaTisani arian, magram ar arian karCaketilni, aramed Ria sistemebia. kulturaTa
Riaobam maTi dialogis, erTimeoreSi SeRwevis SesaZlebloba
unda Seqmnas.
arsebobs iseTi Tvalsazrisic romelic kulturis
srulyofil formad mxolod zogadsakacobrio kulturas miiCnevs. aseT pirobebSi kulturis subieqtad mTeli kacobrioba cxaddeba. yvela ers Tavisi me-dan raRac miaqvs sakacobrio
kulturis asagebad. yvela Tanabrad monawileobs mis mSeneblobaSi. aseTi Tvalsazrisi mcdarobasTan erTad, potenciurad,
borotebis Semcvelicaa. misi mcdaroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom,
saboloo jamSi, igi arsebobis uflebas erTaderT kulturas
utovebs. vinaidan kacobrioba erTia, erTi unda iyos misi
kulturac. e.i. yoveli calkeuli kultura mas unda Seerwyas
da masSi CainTqas, rogorc okeaneSi ikargeba masSi Camavali

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mdinare. adamianTa cxovrebas ki silamazesa da momxibvlelobas swored kulturaTa simravle aniWebs. mxolod sakacobrio
kulturis aRiareba (kosmopolituri azrovnebis sayrdeni) da
kulturis subieqtad mTeli kacobriobis gamocxadeba faruli formiT im borotebas Seicavs rasac didi da Zlieri
erebis mier mcire da susti erebis asimilireba hqvia. amis
Taobaze angia boWoriSvili werda, mcdaria is Sexeduleba,
romlis mixedviTac TiTqos erovnuli kultura an sul ar
arsebobdes, an mcire Rirebulebis warmonaqmni iyos da momavalSi mTlianad gaTqvefa elodes sakacobrio kulturaSi.
amas amtkicebda kolonializmis zogi faruli Tu aSkara momxre da Tanac sakacobrio kulturaSi im eris kulturas
gulisxmobda, romelsac TviTon ekuTvnis aseTi azrebi gabatonebuli eris warmomadgenlis mier aris moCmaxuli.
zemoT mocemuli msjelobidan gamomdinareobs, rom wminda
saxiT aRebuli kulturis subieqti ar unda iyos arc adamiani-individi, arc eri da arc kacobrioba. kultura RirebulebaTa sistemaa da misi konkretuloba niSnavs rom nebismieri
kultura erTdroulad aris adamiani-individisac, erisac da
mTeli kacobriobisac. amitom kulturis subieqtia samive ise,
rom maTi mTlianoba warmodgenilia konkretul _ istoriul
adamianSi. es niSnavs kulturis subieqtia konkretul-istoriuli adamiani, romelic qmnis kulturas ara marto TavisTvis
da Tavisi saxeliT, aramed sakuTari eris da mTeli kacobriobisaTvis da maTi saxeliT. mis mier Seqmnili kulturis
sagani atarebs pirovnul-individualur, erovnul da zogadsakacobrio elementebs.

7. kulturis teleologiuroba. kultura teleologiuri sinamdvilea, anu igi aris miznobrivi fenomeni.
masSi batonoben miznebi. yvelaferi warimarTeba miznebis
mixedviT. kultura miznobriobis princi pebze awyobili wesrigia. adamianis cxovrebis momwesrigebeli Zalebi miznebia.
yvelaferi miznobrivad warimarTeba. bunebis kulturisagan

princi puli gansxvaveba isaa, rom masSi miznobrioba princi pulad gamoricxulia. miznebi arsebobs iq, sadac cnobierebaa
CarTuli. miznebis dasaxva da miznobrivad moqmedeba cnobierebis saqmea. bunebaSi moqmedebs ara miznobrioba, aramed
mizanSewonilobis stiqiuri princi pi, romelSic gamoricxulia cnobierebis faqtori. kulturis miznobriobisaTvis
mTavaria cnobiereba, adamianis suli. buneba mudmiv moZraobacvalebadobis procesSia, magram ara raRac miznisaken, an raRac
miznisaTvis, aramed, ubralod, bunebas sxvanairad arseboba ar
SeuZlia. misi arsebobis wesi misi moZraoba-cvalebadobaa.
planetebi moZraoben mzis garSemo, magram ara raRac miznis
misaRwevad, aramed imitom, rom esaa mzis sistemis arsebobis
wesi. kulturaSi, raki igi cnobierebis mqone adamianis samyaroa, yvelaferi miznebis mixedviT warimarTeba. amitom bunebam
ar icis araviTari ganviTareba, araviTari progresi an regresi. TviTon terminebi `progresi~ da `regresi~ SefasebiTi
terminebia. Sefaseba Semfasebels gulisxmobs. Semfasebeli
adamiania, anu progresi da regresi iqaa, sadac adamiania. progresuli an regresuli adamianisaTvis mniSvnelobs. buneba
ganicdis cvlilebebs, magram misi Secvla TviT bunebisaTvis
arc progresia da arc regresi. es isaa, rac gansazRvra bunebis
saganTa urTierTobis mizanSewonilobam. sanam adamiani praqtikul nabijs gadadgams, igi isaxavs garkveul mizans, qmnis mis
idealur models da iwyebs misken moZraobas. adamianSi raRacis survilis gaCena, misi modelis ideaSi warmoSoba da swrafva
am ideis gansaxorcieleblad aris misi miznobrivi moqmedeba.
kultura RirebulebebiT aris dasaxlebuli; Rirebulebebi
SefasebiT aqtSi dgindebian. Sefaseba kargisa da cudis dadgenaa. amisaTvis ki garkveuli sazomia saWiro. sazomis funqcias miznebi asruleben. is, rac maaxlovebs mizanTan kargia,
rac maSorebs mizans, xels miSlis miznis miRwevaSi cudia.
amitom progresi mizanTan miaxlovebiT izomeba, regresi _
miznisagan dacilebiT.
kulturis teleologiuroba iwvevs masSi aucilebeli da sakmao winaaRmdegobis kanonis amoqmedebas. misi arsi

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SemdegSia. stiqiur bunebaSi moqmedebs uzogadesi kanoni, romelsac naklebi winaaRmdegobis kanoni ewodeba. am kanonis Camoyalibeba dakavSirebulia frangi moazrovnis pier fermas saxelTan. esaa stiqiur bunebaSi moqmedi kanoni. mis mixedviT,
bunebis yoveli sagani moZraobs im mimarTulebiT, saiTac mas
yvelaze naklebi winaaRmdegoba eRobeba. dagorebuli burTula msoflio mizidulobis kanoniT gagordeba iqiT, saiTac
naklebi winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeba. mdinare mtkvris moZraobis
traeqtoria imiT ar aris ganpirobebuli, rom mas swored am
traeqtoriiT da swored kaspiis zRvaSi Casvla hqonda miznad.
cxadia, mtkvars araviTari mizani ar hqonia da arc SeiZleboda hqonoda, radgan mizani cnobierebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.
sxva situaciaa kulturis sferoSi. aq msjeloba exeba arc
mdinares da arc burTulas. is adamianis cnobierebis asparezia. adamiani cnobierebiT aRWurvili arsebaa. cnobierebiT
igi Segnebulad isaxavs iseT miznebs, rac uzrunvelyofs mis
adamianur arsebobas. miznebis miRweva adamians ZiriTadad
uwevs bunebasTan WidilSi. bunebasTan Widili bunebis ZalebTan
Widilia. kultura bunebis gaadamianurebis procesia. amitom
mas sWirdeba bunebis ZalebTan dapirispireba, anu bunebis
Zalebis daZleva da sakuTari miznis am gziT miRweva. miznis
dasaxva da misi miRweva ki imas niSnavs, rom aq sruliad
gamousadegaria naklebi winaaRmdegobebis kanoniT moqmedeba.
adamians miznis misaRwevad sWirdeba imxela Zalebi, rac aucilebelia da amave dros sakmarisi iqneba im sawinaaRmdego
Zalebis gadasalaxad, romlebic miznis miRwevis saqmeSi win
eRobebian, anu es Zala unda iyos sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom
adamianma daZlios mis win aRmarTul winaaRmdegobebi. amitom aseT kanons unda vuwodoT aucilebeli da sakmao winaaRmdegobis kanoni.

8. kulturis saxeebi, formebi, ti pebi. kultura

erTiani, organulad mTliani realobaa. cxadia, igi araa atomaluri movlena, aramed rTuli struqturuli agebulebis mqone

sinamdvilea. realurad, misi danawileba elementebis saxiT

SeuZlebelia. amis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia mxolod abstraqtulazrovnebiTi procesis meSveobiT. mocemul SemTxvevaSi zogadi formiT SevexebiT kulturis mxolod ZiriTad elementebs.
kultura ZiriTadad iyofa sam did nawilad, sam saxed.
esenia: materialuri, socialuri da sulieri kultura. nebismieri movlenis azrobrivi dayofa xdeba raRac garkveuli
niSnis mixedviT. am saqmeSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs Rirebulebebis Taviseburebas. kulturisaTvis mTavaria Rirebuleba. kultura RirebulebaTa sistemaa. Rirebulebebi ki sxvadasxvanairia. arsebobs kulturis sagnebi, romelTaTvisac
dominanturi mniSvneloba aqvs materialur Rirebulebas. aris
iseTi kulturuli movlenebi, romlebic socialur Rirebulebas floben; xolo iseT kulturas, romlisTvisac mTavaria
swored sulieri Rirebulebebi, sulieri kultura ewodeba.
materialur RirebulebaSi igulisxmeba is, rac upasuxebs adamianis materialur interesebs. amasTanave, materialuri Rirebulebebi ZiriTadad gansxeulebulia materialur masalaSi.
misi ZiriTadi `samosi~ materiaa. amis gamo materialuri Rirebulebebis Semcveli kulturis sagnebi adamianisagan obieqtivirebulia da arsebobas iwyeben mis gareT, bunebis realuri
sagnebis gverdiT. materialuri kultura, ZiriTadad, adamianis
sulis _ gare sinamdvilesTan mimarTebis kulturaa. esaa adamianis sulis pasuxismgebloba bunebis mimarT.
socialuri garemo adamianTa urTierTobebis garemoa
misi maregulirebeli institutebiT (saxelmwifo, samarTali,
politika, ideologia, masmedia da sxva). socialuri kultura
_ socialuri garemos, socialuri urTierTobebis, maTi mowesrigebulobis Taviseburi formaa. esa adamianTa sulebis urTierTobis sfero. igi adamianTa sulebis erTmaneTisadmi pasuxismgeblobis sferoa. aRniSnuli pasuxismgebloba ra donisa da formis iqneba, amiT ganisazRvreba socialuri kulturis konkretuli saxe. misi ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi socialuri Rirebulebebia, romelic pasuxobs adamianTa socialuri urTierTobebis interesebs.

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suliereba adamianis Sinagani samyaroa. esaa adamianis

sulis sakuTar TavTan mimarTeba. igi sakuTari Tavis winaSe
pasuxismgeblobaa, romlis ZiriTadi makontrolebeli da msajuli _ cenzori sindisia. adamianis Sinagani samyaros, misi
sulis adamianuri normebiT mowesrigeba qmnis sulier kulturas, romlisTvisac mTavari Rirebulebaa sulieri Rirebuleba. rogorc ukve iTqva, Rirebuleba yovelTvis sulieri
movlenaa. am SemTxvevaSi, terminSi _ `sulieri Rirebuleba~,
igulisxmeba Rirebuleba, romelic ZiriTadad sulieri interesis sazrdos warmoadgens. amasTanave, sulieri kultura arsebobs adamianis SigniT, igi intersubieqturi movlenaa. amitom
igi formiTac da SinaarsiTac idealuri movlenaa.
materialur kulturas aqvs ori gamokveTili qvesaxe.
esaa pirovnul-individualuri materialuri kultura, aseve _
erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio materialuri kultura.
pirovnul-individualur kulturaSi igulisxmeba mis pirad
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli materialuri sagnebi, rac uSualod
misi cxovrebis nawilebia da mis pirad interesebs emsaxureba.
ukve iTqva da viciT, rom kulturaa is, rac adamianis xeliTaa
Seqmnili. pirad sakuTrebaSi myofi materialuri sagnebi, rogorc
adamianis xeliT Seqmnili nivTebi, kulturis sagnebia. aseTia
ara marto saojaxo nivTebi, aramed damuSavebas daqvemdebarebuli sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebic. pirovnul-individualur
kulturas miekuTvneba agreTve _ uSualod pirovnebis garegnuli mowesrigebuloba. misi Cacmulobisa da samSvenisebiT
aRkazmulobis kultura, metyvelebis kultura, qcevebisa da
manerebis, moZraobis kultura, maRali gemovnebiT SerCeuli
sunamoebis gamoyenebis kultura da sxva. erTi sityviT, esaa
pirovnebis habitusi, saidanac yvelaferi iwyeba.
is, rac mTeli erisa da kacobriobis mofrTxilebis,
zrunvisa da dacvis obieqtia, warmoadgens erovnul da sakacobrio materialur kulturas. igi Sedis erovnuli xelisuflebisa da iuneskos (gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia ganaTlebis, mecnierebis da kulturis dargSi) mfarvelobaSi.
Satilis arqiteqturuli kompleqsi, svanuri koSkebi, egvi ptis,

samxreT amerikisa da aRmosavleTis qveynebis uZvelesi piramidebi _ materialuri kulturis Zeglebis nimuSebia.
sulieri kulturac iyofa qvesaxeebad: calkeuli
pirovnebis sulieri kultura, misi sulieri samyaro, misi fiqrebi,
azrebi, Sexedulebebi, miznebi, zneoba, esTetikuroba, samarTlianoba, sarwmunoeba, msoflmxedveloba; erTi sityviT, misi sulieri
saxe. pirovnebis adamianurobis gansazRvruloba ZiriTadad
mis sulier saxeSi vlindeba. meore, esaa erovnuli an sakacobrio sulieri kultura. mTliani eri cocxali organizmia,
romelsac aqvs Tavisi erovnuli sxeuli da Tavisi suli.
erovnuli sxeulis mTlianobas qmnis eris Svilebis mTlianoba.
erovnul sulier kulturas _ erovnul cnobierebas, erovnul
suls uwodeben. esaa mTeli eris sulieri Rirebulebebis
bazaze Camoyalibebuli erovnuli Sexedulebebis, miswrafebebis, miznebis, idealebis, religiuri mrwamsis, misi enis, mexsierebis Sinaarsi, misi sulieri moRvaweobiT Seqmnili da
istoriulad dagrovili sulieri simdidre. eris sulieri
kultura mTeli eris sulieri yofierebaa. misiT cxovrobs da
momavlisken misiT ikvlevs gzas mTeli eri. amasTanave mas
icavs da mfarvelobs eri. eris sulieri kultura misi TiToeuli patrioti SvilisaTvis imdenad axlobeli da mniSvnelovania, rom mis dasacavad mzadaa sakuTari sicocxle
gaiRos. eris Svilebis patriotoba, pirvel rigSi, erovnuli
kulturis dacvisaTvis mzadyofnaSi gamoixateba. saqme is aris,
rom eris Svilis mier erovnuli kulturis dacva, saboloo
jamSi, sakuTari me-s dacvaa. erovnuli kulturis dakargva
sakuTari me-s dakargvaa, vinaidan misi me, misi pirovnuli suli,
_ erovnuli suliTaa aRzrdili da nasazrdoebi. pirovnul
suls, pirovnul sulier kulturas mxolod erovnul sulTan,
erovnul sulier kulturasTan mWidro kavSirSi yofniT SeuZlia arseboba. erovnuli kulturis dakargva erovnebis
dakargvaa. erovnebadakarguli adamiani veRar iqneba patrioti.
patriotobis gareSe darCenili uTvistomo adamiani veeberTela
samyaroSi ferfliviT gafantuli kosmopolitia.
realurad calke, wminda saxiT, ver SexvdebiT kultur-

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is iseT sagans, romelic an mxoloddamxolod materialuri

kulturis nimuSi iqneba, an mxolod socialuri kulturis, an
mxolod sulieri kulturis sagani. zogadad, kulturis materialuri, socialuri da sulieri kulturis saxeebad dayofa
mxolod abstraqciis nayofia. realurad maTi dayofa, erTimeorisagan gancalkeveba SeuZlebelia. magaliTad wigni. igi
kulturis sagania, magram, kerZod, kulturis romel saxeobas
miekuTvneba igi? materialurs, socialurs Tu suliers. wigni
SeuZlebelia da arc arsebobs materialuri mxaris gareSe.
amitom igi garkveuli azriT materialuri kulturis sagania.
wigni ar arsebobs arc socialuri kulturis niSnis gareSe.
igi socialuri dakveTis funqciiTaa datvirTuli. wigni
sulieri kulturis saganicaa, radgan igi aris adamianTa
sulierebis matarebeli. terminebi `wigniereba~ da `suliereba~ xSirad sinonimebad gamoiyeneba. sveticxoveli, ramdenadac
igi qvaSia gansxeulebuli, materialuri kulturis Zeglia,
ramdenadac XI saukunis saqarTvelos socialuri ganviTarebis anabeWdia, _ socialuri kulturis gamomxatvelia; xolo
ramdenadac igi qarTveli eris qristianuli sarwmunoebis
taZaria sulieri kulturis Zeglia. e.i. kulturis yovel
saganSi erTdroulad warmodgenilia materialuri, socialuri da sulieri kulturis elementebi. magram kulturis esa
Tu is sagani kulturis romel saxeobas miekuTvnos, imiT
ganisazRvreba, Tu romeli saxis Rirebulebaa masSi dominanturi. kulturis sagani, romlisTvisac dominanturia materialuri Rirebuleba ZiriTadad materialur kulturas
miekuTvneba; romlisTvisac dominanturia socialuri Rirebuleba sicialur kulturas miekuTvneba, xolo romlisTvisac
dominanturia sulieri Rirebuleba sulieri kulturis sagania. adamianis cxovreba isea awyobili, rom garkveuli momentisa da situaciis mixedviT, adgili aqvs (adamianisaTvis mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT) am sami saxis kulturaTa gadanacvlebebs. xan materialuri kulturis mniSvneloba wamoiwevs
wina planze, xan socialuri kulturis, xan ki _ sulieri
kulturaa prioritetuli. magram Tu sakiTxs mivudgebiT siR-

rmiseuli arsebis TvalsazrisiT, aRmoCndeba, rom kulturis

siRrmiseuli arseba mis sulierebaSia. kultura arsebiTad
sulieri movlenaa. kulturis materialuroba, an socialuroba miuTiTebs, erTis mxriv, kulturis formaze. materialuri
kultura materiaSi gansxeulebuli kulturaa. anu igi sulis
sxeulis formiT arsebobaa; socialuri kultura sulis socialurobis formiT arsebobaa. meore mxriv, kulturis materialuroba, socialuroba miuTiTebs kulturaSi dominanturi
Rirebulebis mniSvnelobaze adamianisaTvis. igi SeiZleba ufro
mniSvnelovani iyos materialurad da socialurad. suli emsaxureba ar marto sakuTar Tavs, aramed materialur da socialur sferoebsac jansaR sxeulSi da jansaR socialur
garemoSi yofniT; magram rogorc materialuri, ise socialuri
kultura imitom da imdenad CaiTvleba saerTod kulturebad,
ramdenadac maTSi realizebulia adamianis suli.
suli adamianis samyaroSi xedvis unaria. adamianis suli
yvelgan da yovelTvis inarCunebs Tavis mTlianobas, magram
mTliani suli samyaros Semecnebis (xedvis) procesSi sxvadasxva formas iZens. igulisxmeba ZiriTadad erTi da igive
sinamdvilis (Sinaarsis) sxvadasxva formiT gamoxatva. ase miiReba sulieri kulturis iseTi formebi rogorebicaa: miTosi,
religia, filosofia, zneoba, xelovneba. zemoT, sxvadasxva formiT msjeloba iyo miTosis, religiis, filosofiis da mecnierebis Sesaxeb. amitom, mocemul SemTxvevaSi SemovifarglebiT
mxolod zneobisa da xelovnebis, rogorc sulieri kulturis
formebis Sesaxeb zogadi msjelobebiT.
kulturis centria adamiani. filosofia adamianis TviTcnobierebaa. e.i. filosofia adamianad yofnis saSualebaa. magram adamianis mizani zneobaa. adamianis adamianoba mis zneobriobaSi gamoixateba. kacobriobis istoriaSi adamianis mier
periodulad atexili bunti kulturis mimarT, sakuTriv kulturis winaaRmdeg ki ar yofila mimarTuli, aramed kulturis
siRrmeSi gaCenili zneobrivi deficitis mimarT. kulturis
winaaRmdeg adamianis amxedreba iqneboda sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg amboxi. kulturaze uaris Tqma sakuTar Tavze uaris Tqmaa.

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es ki uazrobaa, magram adamians SeuZlia da movalecaa aujanydes sakuTar nakls, amitom istoriulad aseTi ajanyebebis
faqtebi mimarTulia saerTo kulturis siRrmeSi misi zneobrivi deficiturobisaken.
esaa situacia, roca warmoebis, mecnierebis, teqnikisa da
teqnologiebis ganviTareba scildeba zneobrivi normebiT xelmZRvanelobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, adamianis cxovreba, saerTod
kultura, gaSlil mkacr okeaneSi umarTav xomalds gavs, misi
mgzavrebisaTvis aTasgvari xifaTis Semcveli rom aris. zneobrivi kultura adamianis yvela sxva saqmianobis makontrolebeli Zalaa. zneoba adamianis sulis moraluri normebiT mowesrigebaa, romelic xdeba yvela sxva dasaSvebi kulturuli wesrigis saTave da safuZveli. kultura SemoqmedebiTi procesia.
Semoqmedeba axlis aRmoCena-dadgenaa. amitom zneobis mimarT ismis kiTxva, _ Tu masSi axlis aRmoCena-dadgena yoveldRiuri
moTxovnaa, xom ar niSnavs es zneobis normebis yoveldRiur cvalebadobas, rac rogorc pirovnebisaTvis, ise sazogadoebisTvis saxifaTo ryevebis gamomwvevi iqneba. da Tu masSi axlis aRmoCenebs
adgili ara aqvs, maSin igi ar yofila SemoqmedebiTi procesi, e.i
ar yofilad kultura. am kiTxvaze pasuxi aseTia: kultura iseTi
cocxali organizmia, romelsac yoveldRiuri sazrdo sWirdeba.
sportsmenma, romelmac didi Sromisa da Zalisxmevis Sedegad
SesaZleblobebis maRal dones miaRwia, ar niSnavs, rom mas uzrunvelad SeuZlia am donis SenarCuneba. misi SenarCunebisaTvis
igive Zalisxmeva da kidev ufro metic sWirdeba. aseTive situaciaa kulturis mimarT. wina Taobebis maRalkulturuloba ar
niSnavs axali Taobis maRali kulturiT uzrunvelyofas. amisTvis
axal Taobasac sWirdeba wina Taobebis msgavsi da kidev ufro
meti Zalisxmeva. zneoba arsebobs zneobrivi qcevebis saxiT. wina
Taobebis mier gamomuSavebuli zneobrivi normebi, misi ganxoricielebisaTvis zneobriv nebas moiTxovs. nebis amoqmedeba da
ganxorcieleba didi zneobrivi tvirTis zidvis survilsa da
SesaZleblobas moiTxovs, agreTve, rac mTavaria, _ yvela sulieri
Zalis zneobrivi nebisadmi damorCilebas. yoveli aseTi aqtis
ganxorcieleba aris individis SemoqmedebiTi miRweva, misi gama-

rjveba situaciaze da sakuTar Tavze. pirovnebis mxridan, yoveldRiuri zneobrivi Semoqmedebis ganxorcieleba swored aseTi Zalebis
mobilizaciisa da amoqmedebis SesaZleblobaa. sikeTis qmna saCveneblad erTxel ki ar unda xdebodes da Semdeg farulad aTasjer
borotebis Cadena, aramed yoveldRe. `yoveldRe Sens Tavsa hkiTxe
aba dRes me vis ra varge~ (i. WavWavaZe).
xelovneba warmoadgens adamianis mier sinamdvilis mxatvruli formebiT asaxvas. n. WavWavaZe wignSi `kultura da
Rirebulebani~ wers, _ xelovneba Tavisi arsebiT aris subieqtivirebuli obieqturi da obieqtivirebuli subieqturi; idealizebuli realuri da realizebuli idealuri; gansulierebul-gagoniTebuli materialuri da materializebuli sulier-goniTi. es niSnavs xelovnebaSi adgili aqvs jer obieqturi, realuri, materialuri sagnebis adamianis sulTan dakavSirebas da am gziT sagnis subieqtur, idealur, gansulierebul-gagoniTebul formaSi gardaqmnas. Semdeg adamianis sulidan, piruku gziT, subieqtivirebulis, idealizebulis, gansulierebul-gagoniTebulis xelaxal obieqtivirebas, realizacias, materializacias. amiT Sesrulda moZraoba. am moZraobam
wre Sekra. TiTqos gamosavali da dasasruli erTmaneTs unda
daemTxves. radgan moZraoba daiwyo obieqturiT da damTavrda
obieqtivirebuliT. magram es moZraoba imitom Sesrulda, rom
maT Soris sxvaoba iqnes miRweuli. dasawyisSi warmodgenilia
bunebis sagani. dasasrulSi mis adgils ikavebs xelovnebis
qmnileba. xolo Sesrulebuli moZraoba xelovnebis SemoqmedebiTi procesis ganxorcieleba iyo, ramac bunebis sagani gaamdidra subieqturi SinaarsiT. axla igi wminda obieqturi ki
aRaraa, aramed igi obieqtur-subieqturia. amitom xelovneba
aris adamianis mier sakuTar cxovrebaSi gancdili movlenis
mxatvrul-simbolur saxeebSi gamovlena. xelovnebis samyaro
adamianis gancdebis mxatvruli saxeebiT gasagnebuli samyaroa. xelovnebis Zireuli elementebia _ gancda da mxatvruloba. xelovnebis daniSnulebaa mTeli samyaros mowesrigeba
mxatvrul-esTetikuri saSualebebiT, rac adamianebSi Zlier
emociebsa da nairgvar gancdebs iwvevs, amitom xelovneba
sulieri kulturis mniSvnelovani formaa. igi warmoadgens

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sinamdvilis mowesrigebas silamazisa da mSvenierebis normebiT. cxadia, xelovnebaSi goni sulac araa CrdilSi moqceuli. es rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo xelovneba cxovelebsac
eqnebodaT. mTeli is dinamika, razec xelovnebasTan dakavSirebiT adamianis sulier moZraobebze iTqva warimarTeba adamianis maRali gonierebiT. xelovneba romelic ar eyrdnoba
WeSmaritebas, xelovneba ver iqneba. WeSmariteba ibadeba mecnierul da mxatvrul azrovnebaSi mecnieruli WeSmariteba,
rogorc Taviseburi masala, gardaiqmneba mxatvrul saxed.
kultura Tavis TavSi mraval Rirebulebas moicavs. am
Rirebulebebs Soris aris urTierTkavSirebi. RirebulebaTa
dinamika iwvevs erTi, an ramdenime Rirebulebis wina planze
wamowevas da maT gabatonebas sxva Rirebulebebze. aseTi gabatonebuli Rirebuleba safuZvlad edeba yvela sxva Rirebulebas da ganapirobebs kulturis sistemaSi Semavali Rirebulebebis mowesrigebas; imis mixedviT, Tu romel kulturaSi, fuZemdebluri statusiT, romeli Rirebulebaa warmodgenili, erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben kulturis istoriul tipebs. mTliani
kultura RirebulebaTa sistemaa. Tu sistemaSi erTi, an ramdenime Rirebuleba safuZvlad edeba mTlian sistemas, maSin es
aris kulturis ti pi. fuZemdebluri Rirebulebebi warmoadgenen kulturis ti pis safuZvels. am niSniT gamoyofen ori
ti pis kulturas. esenia aRmosavleTis (igulisxmeba aRmosavleTis qveynebis) da dasavleTis (dasavleTis qveynebis)
kultura.
ukve iTqva imis Sesaxeb, rom kulturis safuZveli Tavisuflebaa. iTqva isic, rom arsebobs Tavisuflebis ori saxe
negatiuri da pozitiuri Tavisufleba. praqtikulad SeuZlebelia maTi erTimeorisgan mowyveta da romelime erTis arseboba, magram maT proporciul urTierTobaSi SeiZleba romelimem daikavos dominanturi mdgomareoba. es garemoeba edeba
safuZvlad ori ti pis kulturis arsebobas. aRmosavleTis
kultura ZiriTadad eyrdnoba negatiur Tavisuflebas. dasavleTis kultura Tavisuflebis pozitiur gagebas. Tavisuflebis
ganxorcielebis socialuri forma da instrumenti saxelmwi-

foa. aRmosavluri saxelmwifo, rogorc kulturis fenomeni,

ZiriTadad despoturia. dasavleTisa _ ZiriTadad demokratiuli. aRmosavleTis saxelmwifos princi pia pirovneba saxelmwifosaTvis. aq Tavisufali adamianebi ar arian. aris saxelmwifo da yvela, rangobrivad, saxelmwifos monad ganixileba.
dasavluri saxelmwifo, romelic pozitiur Tavisuflebazea
agebuli, piriqiT _ ganixileba pirovnebis samsaxurSi Cayenebulad. demokratiis mTavari princi pi swored esaa. am gagebiT
saxelmwifo iqmneba individebisaTvis, maTi interesebis dasacavad. saxelmwifo individebis Tavisuflebas unda emsaxuros.

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9. kulturis surogatebi. rogorc ukve aRiniSna,

kulturas qmnis da asazrdovebs adamiani. adamianebs Soris
pirovnulad aris gansxvavebulobis didi amplituda. isini
erTimeorisagan gansxvavdebian inteleqtis ganviTarebis doniT,
emociurobiT, warmosaxvis unariT, nebisyofis siZlieriT,
fsiqologiuri xasiaTiT da sxva. aqedan gamomdinare, bevri
maTgani maRldeba im doneze, romliTac SeuZlia Seqmnas kulturis mniSvnelovani Rirebulebebi. ufro bevria iseTebi,
romlebsac ara aqvT amis Sesatyvisi unarebi, raime gamorCeul
Rirebulebas ver qmnian, amasTanave gacnobierebuli aqvT TavianTi SesaZleblobebis SezRuduloba da TavianT moRvaweobas
ufro mokrZalebul saqmianobas axmareben, magram arian iseTebic, romlebic gamoirCevian TavianTi usafuZvlo ambiciurobiT. anu iswrafvian imisken, risi keTebis unaric obieqturad
ar gaaCniaT. umeteswilad, es ukanasknelni xdebian e.w. kulturis surogatebis mkeTebelni.
kulturis Tanmdevia iseTi movlenebi, romlebic formalurad Rirebuli kulturis kuTvnilebis pretenziiT arian
warmodgenilni, sinamdvileSi mxolod misi surogatebi arian.
anu is, rac Rirebuli kulturis mxolod imitaciaa, misi yalbi formaa, misi _ falsifikaciaa. aseTi `Sedevrebis~ arsebobis mizezi unda veZioT sicrueSi, epigonobasa da plagiatobaSi, an iseT socialur borotebaSi, rasac formalizs uwodeben.

kultura iqmneba iq, sadac Taviseburad axlis Zieba

warmoebs. aseTi Zieba cnobierebas moiTxovs. amitom msgavsi
Zieba bunebisaTvis ucxoa. Tumca cxadia, bunebisaTvis ucxo
araa Taviseburi siaxleebi. magram isini miiRweva obieqturi
mizanSewonilobis principebiT. Taviseburi `sicrue~ cxovelebsac axasiaTebT aTasgvari SeniRbva-komufliaJebis saxiT. magram isini Sors dganan adamianis cnobierebiseuli sicruisagan. cxovels, Tavisi mdgomareobis gansakuTrebulobis gamo,
sruliad ara aqvs Tvisebrivi siaxlis Sinagani moTxovna.
piriqiT, aseTi siaxle xSirad mas afrTxobs kidec. Wilyvavebs
Soris, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, Tu gaCnda TeTri Wilyvavi, es
danarCenebisaTvis siaxlea. amitom mas axlos ar ikareben da
devnian. cxovelisaTvis arsebiTia Tvisebrivi stabiluroba.
stabiluroba rogorc garemosi, ise sakuTari organizmis da
qcevebis. Tvisebrivi siaxle xSirad cxovelisaTvis damRupvelia. gamyinvareba Tvisebrivi siaxle iyo bunebaSi, romelsac
Seewira cxovelTa mravali saxeoba. amitomaa rom cxoveli
bunebis mimarT araa da arc unda iyos meamboxe. adamiani aris
bunebis mimarT meamboxe arseba. mis mier kulturis Seqmna
bunebaSi Tvisebrivi siaxleebis Setanaa. adamianisaTvis Tvisebrivi siaxle misi arsebiTi moTxovnaa. adamianis cxovreba
moiTxovs siaxleebs, ganaxlebebs. adamianisaTvis autanelia
rutinuli cxovreba.
Tvisebrivi siaxle SeiZleba axali iyos rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, ise formis saxiT. es iqneba namdvili srulfasovani siaxle, romelic cxovrebas axal mZlavr biZgs aZlevs,
magram xSirad isec xdeba, rom siaxle ara Sinaarsobrivad,
aramed mxolod formaluradaa siaxle, rac namdvili siaxlis
imitaciaa. formalur siaxleebs gansakuTrebuli adgili aqvs
socialur kulturaSi. magaliTad, aviRoT pirovneba, romelmac sxvadasxva saSualebebiT sazogadoebaSi garkveuli administraciuli Tanamdeboba daikava. igi ambiciuria, magram Sesatyvisi unarebi ar gaaCnia. mas Tavidanve, Sinagan moTxovnilebad uCndeba Tavisi Tanamdebobaze mosvla mis mier inicirebuli siaxleebiT aRniSnos, raTa amiT swrafad amaRldes misi

renome da prestiJi, oRond mas ar gaaCnia unari, ar SeuZlia

namdvili sikeTis momtani, Sinaarsiani Tvisebrivi siaxleebis
mofiqreba da ganxorcieleba. amitom mimarTavs siaxlis imitacias, anu formalur siaxles. socialur kulturaSi aseTi
siaxleebi kulturis surogatebis saxes iZens. isini sikeTis
momtani ki ara, _ ufro damangreveli Zalaa sazogadoebisaTvis,
vidre is Zveli, romlis axliT Secvlasac lamobs Cinovniki.
kulturis surogatebi, kulturis damamZimebeli movlenebia.

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10. kulturis sagnebis (artefaqtebis) Semecneba. adamiani Seimecnebs rogorc bunebis sagnebsa da movlenebs, aseve kulturis qmnilebebs. (sazogadoeba, sazogadoebrivi
movlenebi, Tavisi arsebiTi mxariT kulturis sferos miekuTvneba).
kulturis sagnebis Semecneba garkveulad gansxvavdeba
bunebis sagnebis Semecnebisagan. es gansxvaveba, erTis mxriv,
kulturisa da bunebis sagnebs Soris gansxvavebiTaa gapirobebuli. meores mxriv, igi gamowveulia Semmecnebeli subieqtis
gansxvavebuli interesebiT. bunebis sagnebSi SemecnebiTi saZiebelia misi bunebrivi maxasiaTeblebi. es iqneba misi bunebrivi niSan-Tvisebebi, Tu obieqturi mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebi. e.i saZiebelia obieqturi viTarebebi. kulturis sagansac aqvs msgavsi obieqturi niSan-Tvisebebi. magram Tu maTi am
kuTxiT Semecneba ganxorcieldeba, maSin isinic, bunebrivi
sagnebis saxiT iqnebian warmodgenilni da ara kulturis
sagnebis saxiT. kulturis sagnebi ar Cndebian bunebrivi gziT.
isini arian adamianis SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis nayofi, maTSi Setanilia da gasagnobrivebulia adamianis suli. amitom aseTi
sagnis Semecneba miznad isaxavs ara imas, ra aris masSi bunebrivi mocemulobani, aramed imas, ra Seitana masSi adamianis
sulma. kulturis sagnis Semoqmedma masSi Tavisi suli (ideebi,
emociebi, xedvebi da idealebi) Cado da gaasagrZnobriva. xolo
am sagnis Semmecnebelma subieqtma misgan unda amoikiTxos is,
rac masSi Semoqmedma Cado. amitom kulturis sagnis Semecneb-

is dros adamiani Seimecnebs adamians. adamiani Semmecnebeli

Seimecnebs adamians Semoqmeds. e.i. kulturis sagnis Semecneba
miznad isaxavs ara mocemuli sagnis materialur-fizikuri
parametrebis dadgenas, aramed im sazrisSi wvdomas, rac masSi
gaasagrZnobriva misma Semoqmedma. sazrisSi wvdoma misi gagebaa. xolo imisaTvis, rom Semmecnebelma gaigos kulturis
sagnis sazrisi, saWiroa gaaanalizos da Cawvdes Semoqmedis
mizans, interesebs, idealebs. unda daadginos misi RirebulebiTi
orientacia, misi jerarsuli mrwamsi da sxva.
Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problema kulturis sagnebis SemecnebisTvisac niSandoblivia. kulturis sagnebis Semecnebis procesSi adgili aqvs Tavisebur dialogs adamianebs
Soris, erTi adamiani mowodebulia Cawvdes meore adamianis
mier Seqmnili sagnis sazriss. e.i. erTi adamiani cdilobs
gaugos meore adamians. magram, rogoraa es SesaZlebeli? problemuroba aq SemdegSia. adamianma unda gaugos meore adamians.
adamianebi ki xasiaTdebian TavianTi unikumobiT, ganumeoreblobiT. yoveli pirovneba sagangebod cdilobs sakuTari
sulis siRrmeSi aravin Caaxedos, saTuTad Seinaxos Tavisi
intimuri samyaro. misi es samyaro sxvebisaTvis monadasaviT
SeuRwevadia. gageba ki SesaZlebelia masSi SeRwevisa da Signidan
`wakiTxvis~ gziT. subieqtis `obieqtTan~ (SemoqmedTan) piradi
komunikacia-dialogi kulturis sagnis gagebas ver Svelis,
jer erTi imitom, rom isini SeiZleba istoriulad daSorebul epoqebSi da sxvadasxva geografiul sivrceebSi imyofebodnen. amitom, aseTi komunikacia-dialogi fizikurad gamoricxuli iqneba. meorec, isaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, rom pirad
dialogSi bevri barieri iCens Tavs. esaa imave intimurobis
dacvis grZnoba; esaa is, rom SemoqmedebiTi procesi xSirad
impulsur sawyisebze igeba, romlis gancda SeiZleba da ara
gaazreba. amitom Semoqmeds ar SeuZlia konceptualurad raime
ganmartebiTi msjeloba; isicaa, rom SemoqmedebiTi procesi
mTlianad aracnobieri mistiuri siRrmeebiTaa ganpirobebuli. iqneb kulturis sagnebis Semecnebis procesSic skepticizmi da aganosticizmi gardauvalia? unda aRiniSnos, rom

aseTi SemecnebisaTvis skepticizmi da agnoticizmi mudmivi

Tanmdevia. aseTi Semecnebis Sedegi mudam warmosdgeba, rogorc
garkveuli interpretacia da ara rogorc mkacri WeSmariteba.
igi yovelTvis tovebs sxvanairi interpretaciis SesaZleblobas. amaSi vlindeba kulturis sagnis Semmecneblis Tavisufleba.
zemoT ukve warmodgenili iyo bunebis sferoSi Semecnebis SesaZleblobis gadawyvetis sqema. ZiriTadad imave
sqemas eyrdnoba Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problema kulturis sferoSic. aqac mTavaria igiveobis momentis arseboba. Semecneba iqaa SesaZlebeli, sadac Sesamecnebelsa da
Semmecnebels Soris igiveobrivi momenti arsebobs. i. kantis `wminda gonebis kritikis~ pirveli gamocemis _ mkiTxvelis mier vergageba imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom igi imdenad
originaluri naSromi iyo, rac Sesatyvisi mkiTxvelis aRzrdas moiTxovda. sanam aseTi mkiTxveli ar aRizarda, misi
adekvaturi gageba SeuZlebeli Seiqmna. qarTvelisaTvis `vefxistyaosnis~ gageba niSnavs, gaugos rusTavels. rusTavels
unda gaugos imitom da imdenad, ramdenadac igi maszea
aRzrdili. am aRzrdaSi miRweulia masa da rusTavels Soris
igiveoba. rusTavelma `vefxistyaosnis~ SeqmniT aRzarda misi
mkiTxvelic. `vefxistyaosnis~ ukeT gageba masze aRzrdil
adamianis SeuZlia. amitom qarTvels `vefxistyaosnis~ ukeT
gageba SeuZlia, vidre russ. samagierod, qarTvels ise ar
SeuZlia gaugos puSkins, rogorc russ. amitom kulturis
sagnis Semecneba (gageba) SigniTobis (erTis mier meoris
sulierad aRzrdis) faqtorzea damyarebuli. erTi adamiani
qmnis kulturis sagans, meore iziarebs mas, vinaidan kulturis Seqmna, sabolood, adamianis Seqmnaa, amitom kulturis
sagnis Semoqmedi saganTan erTad sulierad qmnis Tanamoazres, Tanaganmcdels (es iTqmis ara marto xelovnebis qmnilebis mimarT, igi iTqmis yofiTi sagnebis mimarTac. TviTmfrinavis Semoqmedma mfrinavis profesiac Seqmna). magram
imis gamo, rom meorec adamiania da Tavis mxriv, isic kulturul-Semoqmedia, isic qmnis raRacas da am raRacis SeqmniT

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sulierad qmnis pirvel adamians, rogorc am raRacis momxmarebels. ase mTeli eris, mTeli kacobriobis masStabiT
yvelani erTad qmnian kulturas da am procesSi isini erTimeores sulierad qmnian. amitom isini erTmaneTis mimarT
ucxoni ar arian. SigniTobis princi piT, igiveobriv
mTlianobaSi arian da esaa maTi erTmaneTis gagebis safuZveli. `vefxistyaosans~ kiTxuloben kontinentebis xalxebic, raSia maTi gagebis safuZveli? cxadia, `vefxistyaosani~
ise axlobeli veravisTvis iqneba da ise kargad mas veravin
gaigebs, rogorc qarTveli, magram mas raRac doneze mainc
gebuloben da unda gaigon kidec, vinaidan eris garda arsebobs adamianTa ufro farTo forma kacobrioba, ufro
farTo gvari adamiani. kontinentis xalxebic da rusTavelic
miekuTvnebian kacobriobas, adamianTa gvars, e.i. arc isini
arian erTimeores mimarT ucxoni. amitom gageba SesaZlebelia. gagebis done da xarisxi igiveobrivSi siaxlovis doniT
ganisazRvreba.
Semecnebis Sedegi WeSmaritebis dadgenaa. bunebis sagnis Semecnebis Sedegad dadgenili WeSmariteba obieqturi azria.
mas ar unda hqondes subieqturi gansazRvrulobebi. zogadad,
kulturis sagnis Semecnebis procesSic miiRweva WeSmariteba,
magram igi ar SeiZleba iyos mkacrad obieqturi xasiaTis,
radgan igi SemecnebiT-SefasebiTi aqtis mTlianobaSi dgindeba. amitom kulturis sagnis gageba (Semecneba) ufro metad
gamoixateba terminiT simarTle. mocemul SemTxvevaSi am
termins ara aqvs iuridiuli datvirTva. igi ufro mxatvrulRirebulebiTi terminia. magaliTad mxatvruli simarTle,
romelic xSirad realur, istoriul simarTleze ifro namdvilnairi da damajerebelia _ Semoqmedis genialobisa da
ganumeoreblobis wyalobiT.

11. gageba (hermenevtika). adamiani cxovrobs rogorc

bunebaSi, aseve sazogadoebaSi. ganzogadebis mixedviT, sazogadoebis mravalnairi cneba arsebobs. mocemul SemTxvevaSi,

masSi unda vigulisxmoT adamianTa mTliani erTianobis samyaro. mTeli kacobrioba mTeli Tavisi warsuliT, dRevandelobiT da momavali TaobebiT. pirovnebas sakuTari me-s gancda,
gamorCeulad, adamianTa Soris urTierTobaSi uCndeba. igi
komunikabelur-dialoguri arsebaa. mas dialogis survili
aqvs ara marto TanamedroveebTan, aramed istoriulad Soreul
warsulSi mcxovreb adamianebTan, xalxebTan da momaval
TaobebTan. dialogi aucileblad moiTxovs maT Soris gagebis SesaZleblobas. warsulma Taobebma, erebma, xalxebma, kulturebma Seqmnes da datoves xelovneba, miTologiuri, religiuri, politikur-samarTlebrivi da sxva saxis teqstebi.
am teqstebSi maTi sulia dafiqsirebuli. es dRevandeli
TaobebisaTvis garkveuli sulieri, memkvidreobiTi simdidrea.
saWiroa misi aTviseba da gamoyeneba. amisaTvis aucilebelia
teqstebis ara ubralod wakiTxva, aramed maTi avtorebis sulSi
Cawvdoma da gageba. teqstSi sulis pirdapiri gadmocema SeuZlebelia. am gziT suli ar gadaicema. unda moxdes garkveuli simboloebis gaSifrva. teqsti simboloebis krebulia.
wakiTxviT vkiTxulobT simboloebs, magram saWiroeba moiTxovs am simboloebis gagebas. gagebis gziT xdeba sulierebaSi
wvdoma. igive urTierTobaa dRevandel da momaval Taobebs
Soris. dRevandeli Taobebic dautoveben momaval Taobebs
garkveul sulier memkvidreobas, sxvadasxva teqstebSi garkveuli simboloebiT daSifruli saxiT da momaval Taobebsac
dasWirdebaT maTi gaSifrva-gageba. aqedan naTeli xdeba gagebis arsisa da misi SesaZleblobebis udidesi mniSvneloba.
amitom gagebis cneba Tanamedrove filosofiisaTvis erT-erT
aqtualur Temad iqca. mis Sesaswavlad Camoyalibebulia specialuri filosofiuri dargi `hermenevtikis~ saxelwodebiT. Zvel berZnul miTologiaSi hermesi aris Taviseburi
kurieri, macne RmerTebsa da adamianebs Soris. igi adamianebs
agebinebs RmerTebis neba-survils, xolo RmerTebs adamianebis Txovnebs. amitom termini `hermenevtika~ daukavSires hermesis saxels. filosofiuri azrovnebis am specialuri dargis daniSnulebaa gagebiTi kavSiris analizi da kvleva or

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mxares Soris. Tavidan hermenevtikaSi igulisxmeboda

winaswarmetyvelebis misteriuli naTqvamebis gaSifrva-gageba. Semdeg masSi igulisxmeba Zveli teqstebis gageba. Sua
saukuneebSi hermenevtika dakavSirebuli iyo TeologiasTan,
bibliis katexizisuri meTodiT gagebasTan (egzegetika);
aRorZinebis epoqaSi Cndeba filologiuri xasiaTis hermenevtika. Tanamedrove, filosofiuri hermenevtikis Camoyalibeba
daiwyo XIX saukuneSi. igi ukavSirdeba iseTi moazrovneebis
saxelebs, rogorebic iyvnen f. Sleiermaxeri, v. dilTai, g.
gadameri da sxvani.
bunebis realuri movlenebis Semecnebis procesSi xSirad Cndeba kiTxvebi: _ ratom an rogor gaCnda es movlena?
ratom SeCerda? ratomaa ase da ara ise? da sxva. kerZo mecnierebebSi am kiTxvebs mosdevs ZiriTadad maTematikur da
mizez-Sedegobriv urTierTobebze agebuli pasuxebi, romlebic
ZiriTadad axsna-ganmartebiTi xasiaTisani arian, magram esa
Tu is axsna-ganmarteba xan gasagebia, xan araa gasagebi. gageba
erTis sulidan meores sulSi xedvaa. maTematikurad da mizezSedegobriobiT ganxorcielebuli axsna-ganmarteba gagebis
procesSi nakleb efeqturia. erTia `gaugo~ usulo sagans,
meorea gaugo sulier arsebas _ adamians. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
maTematika da mizez-Sedegobrioba gamosadegia. meore SemTxvevaSi naklebad gamosadegi, an mTlianad gamousadegaria. adamianis, misi sulis maTematikur ganzomilebebze da mizezSedegobriv urTierTobebze dayvana misi meqanikur arsebad
qcevis mcdelobaa. hermenevtikis warmomadgenlebi gagebasgancdas, gancdis mTlianobas ukavSireben. msjeloba exeba
sulier sagans. misi gageba sami elementis mTlianobas moiTxovs. esenia am sagnis gancda, misi simboloSi gamoxatva da am
simbolos gaSifrva-gageba. gageba araa racionalur-logikuri
azrovnebiT miRweuli Sedegi. gageba intuiciuri _ iracionaluri wvdomaa. igi Taviseburi mixvedraa. gagebisaTvis
sulieri sferos mTlianobaa saWiro, anu erTi ugebs meores.
ugebs mxolod maSin da imis meSveobiT, rom orive sulier
mTlianobaSi imyofebian, suliT naTesavebi arian. ginda gai-

go istoriuli movlenebi? _ unda SeaRwio istoriuli personaJebis sulier samyaroSi da maTi mamoZravebeli motivebi
Tavad ganicado. hermenevtikisaTvis gagebis ZiriTadi sferoa
adamianTa samyaro, sazogadoeba, istoria, kultura. faqtebi,
romlebic sazogadoebas ganekuTvneba, hermenevtikis poziciidan, Cven SegviZlia mxolod Sinagan gancdaze dayrdnobiT,
Sinagani mdgomareobebiT, siyvaruliT an siZulviliT gavigoT. buneba gamocxadebulia adamianisaTvis ucxo sferod.
sazogadoeba aris hermenevtikis sfero. cxovreba pirvel rigSi sulieri procesia. es isaa, rasac adamiani fiqrobs, grZnobs,
rac surs adamians. cxovreba aris mudmivi nakadi SegrZnebebis, survilebis, aRqmebis, warmodgenebis da a.S. rasac azrovnebis
logikuri kategoriebiT, gonebiT ver SevimecnebT. aq mTavaria Sinagani gancda. esaa cnobierebis faqtebis intuiciuri
gancda; anu mecnierebas mxolod racionaluri Semecnebis
gziT ar SeuZlia mTliani cxovrebis Semecneba. saqme gagebis
intuiciur gancdas exeba. amitom hermenevtika esaa ara mecnieruli Semecnebis Sesaxeb mecniereba, romelic Tavisi
bunebiT iracionaluri xasiaTisaa. kulturis sferoSi kulturis sagnis gageba niSnavs Cawvde mis sazriss, emociur
impulsebs, romlis niadagze igi Seiqmna kulturis grZnobad
saganSi, rac garegania sulisaTvis, imis amokiTxva da gageba
SeiZleba, rac Semoqmedma sulma Cado masSi sulierebis
sazrisiT. adamianis cxovreba, rogorc sulieri samyaro, aerTianebs adamianis me-s, rogorc mis suls, sazogadoebriv suls
da epoqis suls. sulTa am mTlianobaSi moxvedrili nebismieri sazogadoebriv-istoriul-kulturuli movlena, rogorc
cxovrebis nawili, gaigeba swored sulis aseTi mTlianobis
bazaze. es niSnavs, rom kulturis konkretuli sagnis gageba
moiTxovs sakuTari me-s, im sazogadoebis da im epoqis gancdaTa mTlianobas, romelsac mocemuli sagani ekuTvnis. aseTi
gancda aris gagebis SesaZleblobis matarebeli. hermenevtika
imis dasabuTebaa, rom, imisaTvis, raTa erTma gaugos meores, man
unda moaxerxos droiT, sivrciT, RirebulebiT, emociebiT meoris igiveobrivi gaxdes da rogorme `Cajdes~ mis kanSi. amiT

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Tavisi Tavi daayenos mis adgilas miRweuli gageba iracionalur-intuiciuri xasiaTisa iqneba.
hermenevtikis mtkiceba sazogadoebisa da kulturis
sferoebSi mecnierul-cnebiTi Semecnebis umarTebulobis Sesaxeb aradamajerebelia, magram am movlenebis hermenevtikuli
(iracionaluri) Semecnebis moTxovna dadebiTad unda CaiTvalos, radgan igi racionaluri Semecnebis naklovanebebis Semavsebel mxared warmosdgeba.

Tavi VIII. cxovrebis Sesaxeb

1. cxovrebis raobis Sesaxeb. reJisor leonid
gaidais mxatvrul filmSi `kavkasieli tyve qali~ ludis
smiT aRtkinebuli personaJebi replikebs isvrian. erTi paTetikurad mWevrmetyvelebs, `rogorc ityvian, cxovreba kargia!~
meore enakvimatobs da ufro Sors midis, `magram kargad
cxovreba kidev ukeTesia!~ swored amis Sesaxeb, Tu ras ewodeba
cxovreba, ras qvia kargi cxovreba, xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze, bevr did moazrovnes gamouTqvams Tavisi azri. am kiTxvaze yvela normaluri adamiani wuTierad mainc Cafiqrebula,
vinaidan es aris yvela adamianuri kiTxvisa da fiqris saTave,
maTi cxovreba da cxovrebiseuli impulsi. es adamianisaTvis
kardinaluri kiTxvaa. am kiTxviT, cxovrebis, rogorc adamianisaTvis yvelafris mizezisa da miznis, rogorc umaRlesi
Rirebulebis, TviTcnobierebis sinaTleze gamotana da gaSuqeba xdeba.
cxovrebis raobis ukeT gagebis mizniT, jer gavecnoT
ori didi moazrovnis lev tolstoisa da dimitri uznaZis
mosazrebebs.

2. lev tolstoi cxovrebis raobis Sesaxeb.

tolstoi msjelobas iwyebs cnobili da trivialuri kiTxviT rogor unda vicxovro? pasuxic martivi da trivialuria rac SeiZleba kargad! mere kiTxvebi ufro mZimdeba,
rTuldeba da iwyeba cxovrebis raobaSi CaRrmaveba. dasawyisisaTvis, _ aRniSnavs l. tolstoi, cxadia is, rom cxovreba
Cemgan sadRac Sors ki araa, aramed aqvea, Cems sxeulSia. magram
konkretulad sxeulis romel nawilSia igi? aRmoCndeba rom
cxovrebis romelime konkretul nawilSi aRmoCena SeuZlebelia. cxovrebas ver aRmovaCenT verc droSi, sivrceSi, mizezSedegobriv urTierTobebSi. maSin Cndeba axali kiTxvebi: _
saidan viciT rom namdvilad vcxovrobT? is rom vcxovrob
vici iqidan, rom me maqvs survilebi. me Cems Tavs vusurveb

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kargs. survilebis CemSi arseboba, CemSi cxovrebis arsebobis

maniSnebelia. cxovrebis Sesaxeb vici is, rom yvelaferi, rac
CemSia, mniSvnelovania CemTvis. isini emsaxurebian Cems kargad
yofnas. vici isic, ramdenad igi miwyobs xels cxovreba Cems
kargad yofnaSi. esec Cemi sixarulis wyaroa. e.i. yvelaferi
rac CemSia da Cems gareTaa Cemia da CemTvisaa. magram me vici
isic, rom Cems garSemo Cems garda, arsebobs cocxal arsebaTa
mTeli samyaro. yoveli maTgani arsebobs CemTvis sruliad
ucxo, sakuTari miznebiTa da survilebiT, rac CemTvis mtrul
garemos qmnis. isic vici, rom yvela sxvisi cxovrebis arsebobas vadgen Cemi cxovrebis arsebobiT. yvelaferi Cemi cxovrebiT izomeba. sxvisi cxovreba Cemi cxovrebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. me SeiZleba sxvisTvis mindodes sikeTe, magram mxolod imitom, rom CemTvis kargia da sasiamovnoa sikeTiT
gaxarebuli arsebis cqera. amitom Cemi sxvisTvis nasurvebi
sikeTe sul sxvanairia, vidre is, rac CemTvis minda. me CemTvis
minda imisaTvis, rom me kargad viyo. xolo sxvisTvis sikeTe,
saboloo jamSi, imisTvis minda, rom isev me viyo kargad. sxvisTvis Tu usiamovneba ar minda, mxolod imitom, rom me TviTon averido usiamovnebis cqeras. yvelaferi Cemi cxovrebiT
izomeba. magram male vxvdebi, rom sikeTe, rac me CemTvis minda,
sxvebis gareSe misi miReba SeuZlebelia imitom, rom is sxvebis
xelSia. da roca amis gamo sxvebSi vixedebi, aRmovaCen, rom
yvela sxvas iseTive cxovreba aqvs, rogoric me. isini mxolod
Tavis cxovrebas da sikeTes grZnoben cocxlad. sxvisas isinic Soridan uqceren. amasTan erTad, maTi sikeTec sxvebis
xelSia. yoveli arseba eZebs Tavis kuTvnil sikeTes da amisaTvis mzadaa sxvebs SeebrZolos da waarTvas kidec sikeTe.
yvela ibrZvis sikeTis misaRebad da mzad arian gaanadguron
yvelani, vinc win aRudgebian. cxovreba brZolaa, romelsac
mudam Tan sdevs tanjva. vici, rom Cems gareT arsebuli yoveli
arseba CemsaviT flobs Tavis survilebs da miznebs da am
miznebis misaRwevad mzadaa yvelaferi, da maT Soris mec, saSualebad gamixados. Tu dasWirda, momspos kidec. vici rom aseT
yofaSi ganadgureba melis.

tolstois gadmocemiT, adamianSi rogorRac ori `me~

aris Cabudebuli. maT erTimeoresTan morigeba ar SeuZliaT.
erTi `me~ pretenziulad acxadebs namdvilad mxolod me
vcxovrob! yvela sxvisi cxovreba mxolod moCvenebaa. mTeli
samyaros daniSnuleba mxolod imaSia, rom me viyo kargad. Cemi
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis me mWirdeba mTeli
samyaro. me minda cxovreba, maradiuli cxovreba! meore `me~
ambobs, mTeli samyaro SenTvis ki araa, aramed Tavisi sakuTari
miznebisaTvis. Sen mogwons Tu ara es, amaze samyaro sulac ar
naRvlobs. yoveli cocxali arseba arsebobs sakuTari survilebis dasakmayofileblad. samyaro isea mowyobili, rom erTis
interesTa dakmayofileba yovelTvis xdeba meoris xarjze,
meoris sazianod. amitom cocxlebs Soris daundobeli brZolaa gaCaRebuli. Senc CarTuli xar am brZolaSi. adre Tu
gvian am brZolas waageb da Senc gagsresen. amitom Sen ver
icxovreb maradiulad. Sen SeiZleba male, SeiZleba exlave
mokvde. Seni sikvdiliT qrebian isinic vinc giyvarda. Senc da
yoveli cocxali arseba yoveli moZraobiT, yoveli qmedebiT
klavT sicocxles. da am situaciis Secvla ar SeiZleba.
SeiZleba ar imoZrao, ar iZino, ar Wamo, sunTqviTac ki ar
isunTqo, magram SeuZlebelia ar ifiqro. fiqrob da fiqri
kidev ufro wamlavs Sens cxovrebas imitom, rom mas Semdeg, rac
Segnebul cxovrebas iwyeb da igeb, rom rogor warmatebuladac unda icxovro, ukmarisobis gancda mainc mudam Tan gdevs.
kidev ufro meti ginda, rac kidev ufro gaafTrebul brZolaSi
gagdebs. da aq cnobiereba CagCiCinebs ase cxovreba ar
SeiZleba! roca amas adamiani naTlad gebulobs, igi xedavs,
rom misTvis Znelia misi kuTvnili sikeTis miReba, uromlisodac cxovreba ar SeuZlia. rac dro gadis, adamiani amaSi ufro
metad rwmundeba; maSinac ki, roca brZolaSi sxvebs ajobebs,
mopovebuli sikeTe misTvis namdvil kmayofilebas aRar iZleva, radgan iZulebulia ucqiros sxvis tanjvas, rac mis tanjvadac iqceva. amasTan iwyeba sibere, avadmyofoba da sul ufro
uaxlovdeba sikvdils. ai axla igebs, rom cxovreba sxva araferia, Tu ara sikvdilTan miaxloeba. sikvdili ki spobs masac

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da imasac, rac misTvis sikeTe iyo. cxovrebis mudmivi SenarCuneba undoda, magram cxovreba da sikeTec xelidan ecleba.
bolos, Rebulobs ras? Rebulobs imas, rom Turme rasac namdvil cxovrebas da namdvil sikeTes uwodebda, is ispoba, qreba.
igi arc yofila namdvili cxovreba, rom misi gamaradiseba
SeuZlebelia. xolo is, rasac moCvenebiT cxovrebad da
moCvenebiT sikeTed miiCnevda, _ darCeba da icxovrebs maradiulad. gamodis, rom is erTaderTi cxovreba, romelsac adamiani
grZnobs da ufrTxildeba, macduri da SeuZlebelia. xolo
cxovreba mis gareT, is, romelic mas ar uyvars, ver grZnobs da
ar icis, swored is aris mTliani namdvili cxovreba. aqedan
gamomdinare, l. tolstoi askvnis, Cveni cxovreba aris moZraoba or zRvars Soris. erTia Cveni iseTi arseboba, roca mTlianad CarTulni varT sakuTari pirovnuli sikeTis mosapoveblad da sul ar vkiTxulobT Cvens gareT arsebulTa beds;
meorea _ sruli gamijvna sakuTari interesebisagan, mTeli
yuradRebis gadatana gare sinamdvileze. sikeTis mosurneoba
Cvens gareT arsebuli sinamdvilisTvis da mis binadarTaTvis.
rac ufro axlos varT pirvel zRvarTan, miT ufro aranamdvilia Cveni cxovreba. rac ufro axlos varT meore zRvarTan,
Cveni cxovreba namdvili da WeSmaritia. yoveli adamianis
xvedria _ imoZraos am or zRvars Sua. swored moZraobaa
cxovreba.
cxovrebis Sesaxeb tolstois vrclad warmodgenil
TvalsazrisSi Tu gamovkveTavT ZiriTad momentebs, esenia:
cxovrebis arsebobis survilebis arsebobasTan dakavSireba;
cxovreba rogorc Seurigebeli brZolis asparezi, sadac yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi wydeba; cxovreba rogorc tanjva; cxovrebis sasruloba da usasruloba; cxovreba da sikvdili; cxovreba rogorc moZraoba me-sa da sxvas Soris. amasTanave
gamokveTilia egocentruli princi pebiT ganxorcielebuli
cxovrebis kritikuli Sefaseba da xazi esmeba im cxovrebis
upiratesobas, romelic xorcieldeba zneobriv motivebze
dafuZnebiT. misi azriT, namdvili cxovreba maSinaa, roca Seni
sikeTe ar upirispirdeba sxvebis sikeTes. igi maT gverdiTaa,

maTi nawilia da maTTan erTad qmnis erTian, mTlian sakacobrio cxovrebas. mxolod aseT cxovrebas SeuZlia eziaros
usasrulobas.

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3. dimitri uznaZe cxovrebis raobis Sesaxeb.

tolstoi, rogorc literatori, Tavis mosazrebas gadmoscems
ufro metad mxatvrul-literaturuli da eTikuri azrovnebiT.
am TemasTan dakavSirebiT, uznaZis azrovneba mTlianad profesiul-filosofiuri formiT warimarTeba.
dimitri uznaZe cxovrebis raobis gaazrebas martivi
magaliTis analiziT axdens: _ magidasTan vzivar da am
striqonebs vwer, acxadebs igi. esaa amoRebuli nagleji Cemi
cxovrebidan. cxovrebis am naglejSi ikveTeba Semdegi momentebi: subieqti _ (me), obieqti _ (qaRaldi), maTi urTierTdamokidebuleba _ (wera). wera subieqtis funqciaa. me wers. misi es
moqmedeba SemTxveviTi ki araa, aramed survilis Zalis aucileblobiTaa ganpirobebuli. me azrebis matarebelia. azrebi
idealurni arian. e.i. isini ar arian droiTa da sivrciT
SezRudulni, maTSi Caketil-Camwyvdeulni. aseTi azrebi swvdeba
samyaroSi yvelas da yvelafers. oRond idealurad da ara
fizikur-realurad. Cems cnobierebaSi idealurad vwvdebi
CemTvis uSores sivrceebs da droebs, magram imis gamo, rom
TviTon Cemi cnobiereba Camwyvdeulia Cems sxeulSi, _ Cemi
azrebi moqceulni arian CemSi. amitom maT Sesaxeb vici mxolod me. isini Cemgan gareT ver gadian. imisaTvis, rom CemSi
arsebulma azrebma SeZlon gavidnen Cems gareT da sxvebisaTvis xelmisawvdomni Seiqmnen, _ mWirdeba sakuTari sxeulis
gaaqtiureba. misi instrumentad gamoyeneba. amisaTvis Cem xelebs, Cem moZraobebs vumorCileb Cem nebas, viReb xelSi kalams,
viReb qaRalds da werilobiT vafiqsireb Cem azrebs, risi
wakiTxva da gageba SeuZliaT Cemgan Zalian Sorsac ki, rogorc
droSi, ise sivrceSi. e.i. subieqti sivrcisa da drois realur
garRveva-gadalaxvas axerxebs Tavisi sxeulis gaaqtiurebiT.
cxovrebis am patara `naglejSi~ gamoikveTa moazrovnis

ori aucilebeli elementi. pirveli subieqtia, esaa suli,

romelic idealuria, Semoufargavia da miiswrafis realuri
Semofarglulobis garRvevisaken. meorea subieqtis sxeuli,
romelic aris sulis realurad Semomfarglavi. amasTanave,
TviTon subieqtis sxeulic realurad Semofarglulia sxvadasxva zRudeebiT. pirvel rigSi, _ bunebiT da sazogadoebiT.
subieqtis, rogorc sulis am Semofarglulobis garRvevis
erTaderTi saSualebaa subieqtis sxeuli.
amrigad, mocemul magaliTze vxedavT, rom cxovreba brZolaa aqtiur sulsa (cnobiereba) da pasiur sxeulebriv garemos
Soris. kacobriobis mTeli istoriuli cxovreba aseTi brZolaa. adamianis cnobierebis winaSe samyaro, aRebuli adamianisagan damoukideblad uazro da umiznoa. igi Taviseburi qaosia.
iq yvelaferi wesrigSi maSin modis, azrsa da mizansac maSin
iZens, roca masSi SeiWreba adamianis suli (goneba). qaosSi
iWreba adamianis azri da mizani da Rebulobs mowesrigebul
saxes. aqtiuri sulisa da pasiuri nivTierebiTi samyaros Widilis Sedegad myardeba garkveuli wesrigi. esaa adamianis
cxovreba. amgvarad, arsebiTi ZarRvi cxovrebisa, gardaqmnaSi,
SemoqmedebaSi marxia. aqtiuri suli ebrZvis da gardaqmnis
yvelafers, rasac pasiurobis beWedi azis da am ambebSi, am
gardaqmnaSi aris adamianis istoriuli cxovrebis ambavi.
cxovrebis am erTi konkretuli magaliTis uznaZiseul
analizSi ikveTeba misi arsebiTi elementebi. ikveTeba is, rom
iq, sadac cxovrebaa, iqve aucilebladaa adamianuri miznebi,
romlebic adamianuri survilebis niadagze Cndebian. am miznebis
misaRwevad saWiroa sulieri da fizikuri Zalebi. sulieri
Zalebidan xazi esmeba mgrZnobelobas, gonebasa da nebas. maTgan neba prioritetul Zaladaa miCneuli, rac adamianis cxovrebaSi zneobis prioritetulobas edeba safuZvlad, xazi
esmeba sulieri Zalebis amoqmedebisaTvis fizikuri Zalebis
gaaqtiurebis saWiroebas. am mizniT aqcenti keTdeba adamianis
sxeulze, rogorc sulis saarsebo budesa da samoqmedo instrumentze. cxovrebis arsebiT momentadaa warmodgenili aqtiuri sulisa da pasiuri nivTieri sinamdvilis dapirispire-

ba. aqtiur suls arseboba uwevs pasiuri nivTieri sinamdvilis garemocvaSi. adamianis cxovrebis asparezi mTeli samyaroa. am samyarosTan adamianis damokidebuleba ornairia: _
idealuri da realuri. idealurad adamiani mTel samyaros
wvdeba. es maSin xdeba, roca suli axerxebs, warmosaxvis unaris
meSveobiT gaTavisufldes sxeulebrivi simZimisagan da mTlian
samyaroSi daiwyos Tavisufali navardi. magram realur cxovrebaSi suli realuri ZalebiTaa damZimebuli, romelic
garkveulad boWavs sulis Tavisuflebas. cxovrebis realuroba niSnavs realurad daeuflo realur samyaros. magram rogor?
am kiTxvaze pasuxSi ikveTeba uznaZiseuli gagebis siRrmiseuli arseba. `arsebiTi ZarRvi cxovrebisa gardaqmnaSi anu
SemoqmedebaSi marxia~; aqtiuri suli ebrZvis da gardaqmnis
yvelafers, rasac pasiurobis beWedi azis.

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4. cxovreba rogorc kultura. cxovrebis uznaZiseuli analizidan unda mivideT daskvnamde, rom adamianuri
cxovreba sxva araferia, Tu ara kultura, _ ara viwro, aramed
farTo filosofiuri gagebiT. garemo, romelSic sacxovreblad Semovida adamiani _ aris stiqiuri garemo. es garemo
imarTeba sakuTari stiqiuri (bunebis) kanonebiT. adamianis
cxovreba unda aewyos ara stiqiuri kanonebiT, aramed wmindad
adamianuri normebiTa da princi pebiT; icxovros stiqiur
bunebaSi, magram ara bunebis, aramed adamianuri kanonebiT ai,
aqedan iRebs saTaves yvela is kiTxva da problema, romlebic
Cndeba bunebasa da adamians Soris urTierTobaSi da rac
edeba safuZvlad cxovrebis raobisa da SesaZleblobebis problemebs.
ismis kiTxva, _ stiqiur garemos, romelSic unda icxovros adamianma, SeuZlia adamians misces yvelaferi is, rac
mis adamianurad cxovrebas sWirdeba? aq pasuxi aSkaraa. adamiani, uSualo formiT, stiqiuri bunebisagan ver iRebs verafers,
rac mis Rirseul cxovrebas esaWiroeba. bunebaSi adamiani
uSualod poulobs imasve, rac bunebisagan eZleva cxovelebs:

tyis xili, mcenareebis ylortebi da Zirxvenebi, nadirisa da

Tevzis umi xorci, gamoqvabulebi mRvimeebi... Tu adamiani amiT
dakmayofildeba, misi cxovreba verafriT iqneba gansxvavebuli
cxovelis arsebobisagan. adamians sWirdeba adamianuri sakvebi,
tansacmeli, bina, komforti, rac mTavaria, adamians sWirdeba
sulieri sazrdo, mecniereba, xelovneba, religia, sWirdeba wignebi,
Jurnal-gazeTebi, Teatri, koncertebi... yovelive es da kidev
bevri sxva msgavsi movlena, bunebaSi bunebrivi gziT ar Cndeba.
ra unda qnas adamianma da rogor moiqces igi? stiqiur bunebaSi adamianis arsebobis cxovrebad gardaqmna-Camoyalibeba, misi
aseT paradoqsul situaciaSi yofniTaa gamowveuli. buneba
uSualo saxiT iZleva raRacas. adamians ki misi adamianad
yofnisaTvis sul sxva ram unda. saxeze gvaqvs bunebis realobasa da adamianis moTxovnebs Soris Widili. aq adamianma
gamosavali moZebna imaSi, rom bunebisaTvis mkacri moTxovnebi
waeyenebina. amitom adamianis arsebobis cxovrebad gardaqmnaCamoyalibeba im droidan iwyeba, roca man pirvelad moTxovnebi wauyena bunebas da Tavis TavSi aRmoaCnda is Zala, romliTac man buneba aiZula misi moTxovnebisaTvis epasuxa. yovelive es mimarTuli iyo imisken, rom bunebriv sagnebsa da
movlenebs, romlebic ver akmayofilebdnen adamianis gazrdil
moTxovnebs, iseTi forma da Tvisebebi mieRoT, romlebic adamianisTvis misaRebi iqneboda. amisaTvis saWiro iyo, Sesabamisad gardaqmniliyo rogorc adamiani, ise buneba. adamiani
unda Camoyalibebuliyo inteleqtis mqone maZiebel-Semoqmed
arsebad. misi Ziebisa da Semoqmedebis nayofi iqneboda sakuTari nebiT, gonebiT, xelebiTa da guliT stiqiur bunebaSi
arsebuli bunebrivi sagnebis im ti pis sagnebad gardaqmna,
romlebic daakmayofilebdnen adamianur moTxovnebs. adamianis am mizniT gardaqmna TavisTavad niSnavs, Sesatyvisad, bunebis
gardaqmnis aucileblobas. aseTi gardaqmnebis Sedegad vRebulobT adamianis sakvebs, tansacmels, saojaxo, sayofacxovrebo
da sameurneo nivTebs, sacxovrebel da sxva daniSnulebis Senobebs, satransporto saSualebebs, vRebulobT fabrika-qarxnebs da iq Seqmnil produqcias, vRebulobT qalaqebs, soflebs,

dabebs, socialur-politikur institutebs, saxelmwifo, sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo, sainformacio, sarwmunoebriv, saganmanaTleblo, samedicino da sportul dawesebulebebs; vRebulobT
fermweris, moqandakis, arqiteqtoris, poetis, mwerlis, kompozitoris, reJisoris, diriJorisa da musikos-Semsruleblis Semoqmedebis nimuSebs, vRebulobT religiur, filosofiur mecnierul Teoriebsa da moZRvrebebs, eTikur da esTetikur
traqtatebs, samarTlebriv kodeqsebs da sxva. aq motanili
CamonaTvali vrcelia da igi aSkaras xdis pasuxs kiTxvaze
CamoTvlili movlenebis gareSe daerqmeoda Tu ara adamianis
arsebobas cxovreba? cxadia, ara!
aRniSnuli artefaqtebis SeqmnisaTvis adamians sWirdeba orgvari masala: idealuri da nivTieri. xuTi saukunis win
miqelanjelom Seqmna moses qandakeba. amisaTvis mas dasWirda,
erTi mxriv, Sesatyvisi sulieri Zalebi: inteleqti, niWi, neba,
siyvaruli, Tavisufleba, azrebi, ideebi, ideali, mxatvrisa da
moqandakis warmosaxvis unari da xedvebi. mas dasWirda fizikuri Zalebi, sakuTari sxeulisa da sakuTari xelebis saxiT.
mas dasWirda maRali ostatoba. yvelaferi es man sakuTari medan miiRo. meore mxriv, mas dasWirda nivTieri masala. mocemul
SemTxvevaSi marmarilo. igi man miiRo bunebisagan. bunebaSi
marmarilo Zevs qanebis, lodis saxiT. moqandakem igi unda
gardaqmnas moses qandakebad. aq kvlav mivadeqiTYuznaZis sityvebs: `cxovreba aqtiuri sulis pasiur bunebriobaSi SeWris
da misi gardaqmnis procesia~. marmarilos lodi, romelic
bunebaSi Zevs esaa pasiuri bunebrivi masala. igi arafers
adamianurs ar Seicavs, magram roca mas ukavSirdeba moqandake
da masSi misi miznebis, ideebis anu misi sulierebis SeWra da
gabatoneba iwyeba, marmarilo ivseba adamianurobiT, xdeba misi
gardaqmna-gaadamianureba. moses qandakebaSi, ukana planze gadadis marmarilo, rogorc bunebrivi nivTiereba. wina planzea
wamoweuli is suli, romelic masSi Caamkvidra da ganasxeula
moqandakem. moses qandakebaSi vxedavT da iqidan gvelaparakeba
ara marmarilo, aramed miqelanjelo buonaroti moses Sesaxeb.
es gaxda SoTa niSnianiZesaTvis STagonebis wyarod, raTa leqsad

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gardaesaxa: _
`qvadqceul moses fiqriT vexebi, viT STagonebas JamTan
naomars
da marmarilos Tbil natexebiT Tvali evseba araraobas...~
miwis siRrmeSi, bunebrivi qanebis saxiT arsebuli marmarilo cxadia, civia. amasTanave, sulierad igi marTlac
araraobaa. magram roca mas Seexo moqandakis mxurvale xelebi,
gaaTbo igi da suli STabera, poetur warmosaxvaSi iSva simbolizirebuli fraza `da marmarilos Tbil natexebiT Tvali evseba araraobas...~
moses qandakeba kulturis sagania (artefaqti). ase iqmneba kulturis yvela sagani. ase iqmneba mTliani kultura. aq
gamonaklisi ar arsebobs. es exeba rogorc xelovnebis sferos
ise mTlian cxovrebas. ase iqmneba rigiTi Sromis iaraRebi,
rigiTi yofiTi sagani. ase iqmneba rogorc qandakeba, ise guTani, qvevri, kovzi... ase iqmneba saerTod cxovreba. cxovrebaSi
Rirebulebis saxiT ver SexvdebiT iseT sagans, amasTanave kulturis sagani rom ar iyos. da piriqiT, rac artefaqtad iTvleba, yvelaferi cxovrebis sagania. swored kultura aris adamianis cxovreba. cxovreba erTis mxriv, mTliani kulturaa, meore mxriv, TviTon cxovrebac kulturis Taviseburi, erTi grandiozuli sagania, radgan isic adamianis sulieri Zalebis da
bunebis nivTieri masalis saSualebiT iqmneba. iqmneba imave
gziT da kanonebiT, rogorc qandakeba, guTani, qvevri, kovzi. is
garemoeba, rom arsebobs mxolod adamianuri kultura, miuTiTebs imaze, rom mxolod adamiani cxovrobs. cxovrebis gamorCeuloba kulturis sxva sagnebisagan imiT gamoixateba, rom
igi kulturis sagnebis mTlianobaSi Semkrebi movlenaa. xeluxlebeli bunebis uSualod adamianis cxovrebaSi Semotana
SeuZlebelia. man unda gaiaros Taviseburi sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqti, sadac igi gardaiqmneba, gaadamianurdeba, miiRebs
kulturis sagnis saxes da mxolod amis Semdeg iqceva Rirebulebad, anu cxovrebis nawilad.
cxovreba adamianis arsebobis formaa. arseboba sinamdvilis uklebliv yvela sagnisa da movlenis niSan-Tvisebaa.

adamianisaTvis yoveli sagnis upirvelesi niSania misi arseboba. rom igi aris. CvenTvis yvelaferi aris (arsebobs) rasTanac movdivarT raimegvar SexebaSi, iqneba es fizikuri, biologiuri, fsiqologiuri, azrobrivi, religiuri, Tu sityvieri
kavSiri. Cven SegviZlia eWvi SevitanoT iseTi ramis arsebobaSi, rasTanac aranairi kavSiri ara gvaqvs. ar arsebuls sityvaSic ki ver gamovTqvamT, vinaidan rasac sityvaSi vafiqsirebT,
sityviT vexebiT, amiT igi sityvaSi iwyebs arsebobas. religiuradac yovelive arsebulis dasabami sityvaa. TviTon RmerTia
sityva. bay-bay devis arseboba im droidan iwyeba, roca igi
pirvelad gamoTqves sityviT. igi sityvaSi, zRaparSi arsebobs.
nu vityviT, rom es araa misi realuri arseboba. es marTlac
araa misi fizikuri arseboba, magram igi mainc realuria, radgan mas adamianze zemoqmedebis realuri Zala gaaCnia. ra
iqneboda adamianis, gansakuTrebiT bavSvis samyaro zRaprebis
gareSe?! arsebobs Tu ara RmerTi, saiqio, sulis ukvdaveba?
arsebobs, radgan vukavSirdebiT fiqrebiT, rwmeniT, imediT. es
realobaa, radgan adamianze udidesi realuri ZaliT axdens
zemoqmedebas. aTeizmi, panTeizmi, deizmi da Teizmi RmerTis
arsebobis sakiTxis ki ara, _ misi arsebobis formis sakiTxis
gadawyvetaa.
naTelia, rom TviTon arseboba yovelTvis da yvelafrisTvis erTnairi araa. mas aqvs sxvadasxva forma. arsebobs
qva. misi arseboba fizikuria; arseboben mcenareebi da cxovelebi. maTi arseboba sicocxlea, rac arsebobis biologiuri
formaa; arseboben azrebi. es arseboba idealuri formisaa;
arsebul RirebulebaTa arsebobis forma mniSvnelobiTia;
biblia gvaswavlis RmerTis arsebobas. RmerTi arsebobis
umaRles formas flobs, romelsac RvTaebrivi arseboba ewodeba. rac Seexeba adamians, misi arsebobis forma cxovrebaa.
cxovrobs mxolod adamiani. RmerTi cxovrebaze maRla
mdgomi arsebaa. qva, mcenare da cxoveli cxovrebaze dabla
mdgomi arsebebia. cxovreba mraval arsebiT elements Seicavs,
magram mocemul momentSi yvelaze mniSvnelovnad ori faqtori unda CaiTvalos. es aris azrovneba da naklovaneba anu

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gaWirveba. adamianis cxovreba ar arsebobs maT gareSe. mcenares

da cxovels gaWirveba da naklovaneba sakmaoze meti aqvT,
magram cnobierebis uqonlobis gamo maTi arseboba cxovrebis
doneze ver maRldeba. cnobiereba aqvs RmerTs. Tavad RmerTia
absoluturi, yovlad srulyofili da yovlisSemZle cnobiereba,
magram misi srulyofilebis gamo igi unakloa, man ar icis
gaWirveba. igi usasrulo arsebaa. amitom arc misi arseboba
CaiTvleba cxovrebad. ver vityviT rom RmerTi cxovrobs, Tundac imitom, rom cxovreba aucileblobiT Seicavs sikvdils.
adamianisaTvis yvela gaWirvebis saTave sikvdilis gacnobiereba
da mis pirispir dgomaa. RmerTi ki ukvdavia.
bibliis mixedviT, adamsa da evas samoTxeSi ar hqoniaT
araviTari gasaWiri, araviTari nakluloba. maT naklis saxiT
hqondaT mxolod erTi akrZalva. Tumca am akrZalvis naklulobac ar icodnen, mas naklad ver aRiqvamdnen. amitom iyvnen
srul netarebaSi. ar icodnen imis gamo, rom maTi codnis
unari, maTi azrovneba jer gaRviZebuli ar iyo. amitom maT ar
hqondaT sikeTisa da borotebis garCevis RvTaebrivi unari.
maT isic ki ar icodnen, ra aris siSiSvle, rom isini SiSvlebi
arian, siSiSvle ki _ sircxvilTan wilnayaria; maT ar hqondaT seqsualuri ltolva, maT ar icodnen tanjva-avadmyofoba,
ar icodnen arc sikvdili. akrZalva moiTxovda, ar eWamaT
nayofi xe-Secnobisa, vinaidan masTan ziarebiT moxdeboda maTi
azrovnebis gamoRviZeba. amiT adamiani aucileblad Seuqmnida
Tavis Tavs satanjvels, borotebas, ubedurebas. es ki mwikvlia,
rac samoTxeSi dauSvebelia. samoTxe umwikvlo garemoa. miviReT,
rom samoTxeSi adamians ara aqvs arc sikeTisa da borotebis
gamrCevi gaRviZebuli cnobiereba da arc araviTari gasaWiri.
amitom adamisa da evas samoTxeSi yofnas cxovreba ar daerqmeva. samoTxiseul netarebaSi arseboba mxolod siamovnebaa.
cxovreba ki iqaa, sadac siamovnebis gverdiT tanjvacaa. mere
xdeba adamianis pirvel codvaSi Cavardna. es mwikvlis gaCenaa,
risTvisac samoTxis umwikvlobis dacvis mizniT, RmerTs adami
da eva gayavs samoTxidan, rogorc ukve codvaSi anu mwikvlSi
Cavardnilebs. es araa RmerTis mier maTi devna. RmerTis miza-

nia samoTxe daicvas gaCenili mwikvlisagan da adamsa da

evasac codvaTagan ganwmendis gza uCvenos. es ambavi gvagonebs
janmrTeli adamianebis dasacavad _ keTrovanebis gayvanas
sxva adgilas.
samoTxidan devnili adami da eva, raki maT ukve gaeRviZa
cnobiereba, _ unda gamravldnen da iarsebon TavianTi xeliT
mopovebuli sarCoTi. amitom evas etyvis gamravldiT, oRond
`tanjviTa Sobde Svilsa Sensa!~ adams xvedrad miuzRo
`ofliTa SeniTa sWamde pursa Sensa! miwa xar da miwad miiqcevi!~ ra iyo es? _ es iyo adamisa da evas (adamianebis)
samoTxidan, anu RvTaebrivi arsebobis garemodan arsebobis
sruliad axal formaSi adamianur cxovrebaSi gadayvana,
sadac erTimeoris gareSe ar arsebobs bedniereba da ubedureba, lxini da Wiri, sicocxle da sikvdili. bibliurad, aqedan
iwyeba adamianTa modgmis cxovrebis istoria. aqedan iwyeba
adamianTa dabadeba (da ara maTi Seqmna), aqedan iwyeba adamianTa sicocxlisa da sikvdilis istoria. am istoriaSi icvleboda bevri ram, magram mudam ucvleli rCeba aRniSnuli modeli. dabadeba anu bavSvis Soba bednierebaa, magram igi tanjviTi Sobaa. sarCos qona bednierebaa, magram igi `ofliTa SeniTa~ moi poveba. sicocxle bednierebaa, magram misi bolo `miwad qcevaa~. esaa realuri cxovreba, romelic Tavisi arsiT
mudam paradoqsulia. paradoqsulobis umaRlesi gamovlenaa
sikvdilisa da sicocxlis erTimeorisgan moucilebloba.
cxovreba gacilebiT metia, vidre sicocxle. Tumca pirveli meores momentis saxiT Seicavs. adamianSi sxeuli cocxlobs, suli cxovrobs. sicocxle bunebis stiqiuri kanonebiT
warimarTeba. misTvis yvelaferi misaRebia, rac sicocxlis
SenarCunebas emsaxureba. sicocxle TavisTavad ar moiTxovs
Tavisuflebas, Segnebul moRvaweobas. igi eqvemdebareba mizanSewonilobis princi ps. misTvis sruliad ucxoa miznobrioba (teleologiuroba), jerarsuli yofiereba, rac arsebiTia
cxovrebisaTvis.
adamiani ori mimaTulebiT axorcielebs azrobriv
moZraobas. erTia svla siRrmisaken, esaa svla substanciisaken

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anu pirveladi TviTmizezobrivisaken; meorea piruku, _ svla

simaRlisaken. esaa umaRlesi mizani, rac sabolood TviTmiznobrivis saxiT formdeba. adamianis cxovreba ganTavsebulia TviTmizezobrividan TviTmiznobrivamde. samyaroSi sagnebsa da movlenebs Soris uwyveti mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis jaWvia, romlis TiToeuli rgoli aucileblobiTi kavSiriTaa erTmaneTTan gadajaWvuli da ase qmnis samyaros
mTlianobas. am kavSirSi, jaWvis erTi rgoli, erTdroulad
mizezicaa da Sedegic. Tu saganTa mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis mTlian jaWvs wiaRsvliT siRrmisaken gavuyvebiT, unda
mivadgeT jaWvis iseT rgols, romelic pirvelia, pirvel mizezia, igi safuZvelia yovelive arsebulisa, magram TviTon mas
safuZveli sxvaSi ara aqvs. igi TviTmizezobrivia (filosofiaSi mas substancias uwodeben, romlis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve iyo
msjeloba).
realuri sinamdvilis mTlianoba adamianis cxovrebis
poziciidan danaxuli mTlianobaa. adamiani, mis cxovrebaSi,
imis gamo, rom igi sxeulisa da sulis mTlianobaa, or aucilebel mxares moicavs esenia buneba da kultura. mizezSedegobriv wiaRsvlas CavyavarT sinamdvilis TviTmizezobriv sawyisamde. TviTmizezobrivis (substanciis) dadgena adamianisa da samyaros arsebobis sayrdeni safuZvlis dadgenaa.
magram adamianisaTvis yvela es RonisZieba fuW saqmianobad
CaiTvleba, Tu ar dadginda adamianis arsebobis sazrisi. unda
gaices pasuxi kiTxvaze risTvis adamianis arseboba? am
mizniT TviTmizezobrividan iwyeba aRmasvla. igi bunebidan
gadadis kulturaSi da iq eZebs aseTi moZraobis umaRles
gadmosaxeds. cxadia, rogorc wiaRsvlis dros, ise aRmasvlisas
ar unda iyos usasrulo procesi, raTa man usasrulo regresSi
ar gadaiyvanos adamiani. wiaRsvla SeCerda iseT punqtze, romelsac Tavisi mizezi sakuTar TavSi aqvs igi TviTmizezobrivia. msgavsi viTareba unda iqnes miRweuli aRmasvliT procesSic. bunebaSi arsebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTobebi, kulturis sferoSi miznisa da saSualebebis urTierTobis formas iReben. kultura Rirebulebebis sferoa. igi Rirebuleba-

Ta sistemaa. movlenebis miznisa da saSualebebis zeaRmavali

mimarTulebiT gansazRvra, Rirebulebebis ierarqiul Skalad
ganlagebaa. kiTxvaze risTvis wigni? vpasuxobT codnisaTvis; risTvis codna? profesiisaTvis; risTvis profesia?
samsaxurisaTvis da a.S. miznisa da saSualebebis am jaWvSi
wignis mimarT codna mizania, xolo profesiis mimarT saSualeba. da ai kiTxva: RirebulebaTa Skalis umaRles safexurze adamianisaTvis romeli Rirebuleba aris ganTavsebuli?
romelia is Rirebuleba (movlena), romelic adamianisaTvis
mxolod mizania da sxva raimes mimarT saSualebad ar gamoiyeneba. anu, adamianisaTvis ra aris umaRlesi mizani? esaa
cxovreba! cxovrebis mimarT yvelaferi saSualebaa.
TviTon cxovreba Tu SeiZleba vaqcioT sxva ramis mimarT saSualebad? SeiZleba, oRond Tu es sxva rame isev
cxovrebaa. amitom kiTxvaze risTvis cxovreba? pasuxi naTelia, cxovreba cxovrebisaTvis! miznisa da saSualebebis zeaRmaval jaWvSi cxovreba TviTmiznobriv movlenad formdeba.
xSirad adamiani axorcielebs Tavganwirvas RmerTisaTvis, sarwmunoebisaTvis, samSoblosaTvis, enisaTvis, TavisuflebisaTvis,
SvilisaTvis, saerTod ki _ adamianisaTvis. misi mxridan es
araa Tavisi cxovrebis sxva ramisTvis saSualebad gamoyeneba.
umaRlesi mizani yvela am SemTxvevaSi cxovrebaa. igive ikiTxeba macxovris jvarcmaSi. aq igi sikvdiliT sikvdils amxobs
da ganamtkicebs sicocxles. adamianis arasrulyofileba da
sasruloba misi sisustea. susti mfarvels iTxovs. adamiani
srulyofil mfarvels RmerTSi poulobs. mfarveli misi damcvelia, e.i. cxovrebis mimarT saSualebaa, magram es arc aTeizmia
da arc mkrexeluri debuleba. cxovrebaze Seyvarebul adamians sWirdeba yvelaferi is rac mis cxovrebas ganamtkicebs.
mas sWirdeba RmerTi, samSoblo, sakuTari kultura, moyvasi da
yvelaferi is, risTvisac Tavganwirva SeuZlia imitom, rom
TavganwirviTac icavs Tavis cxovrebas. cxovrebamoZulebulisaTvis yvelaferi zedmeti xdeba.
adamiani, pirovneba igivea, rac misi cxovrebaa. cxovrebis TviTmiznobrioba adamianis `me~-s TviTmiznobriobaa. arc

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es niSnavs egoizmis an narcisizmis gamarTlebas. yvelaferi

siyvaruliT ganisazRvreba. saTave yovelgvari siyvarulisa,
sakuTari `me~-s siyvarulia. visac sakuTari `me~ ar uyvars, igi
yvelafris mimarT indiferentulia, mas sxva ramis siyvarulis
safuZveli ara aqvs. egoizmi maSin gvaqvs, roca pirovneba
mTeli Tavisi cxovrebidan, rogorc mTelidan, sakuTar `me~-s
gamoyofs da ZiriTadad masze iwyebs mzrunvelobas, magram
rogorc aRiniSna, `me~ igive `me~-s cxovrebaa, cxovreba, rogorc
daunawilebeli mTeli. es ukanaskneli mTeli samyaroa. esaa
`me~-s samyaro, sadac iseTi mniSvnelobis Rirebulebebia,
romelTaTvisac pirovnebas uRirs Tavganwirva. am samyaroSi
Semosuli sxva adamianebic `me~-ebi arian. amitom isinic im
umaRles miznad ganixilebian, romlebic ar unda iqcnen raRacis saSualebad. es ki `me~-s iseTi siyvarulia, romelic sxva
`me~-ebis siyvarulsac gulisxmobs. filosofiisa da eTikuri
principebis sruli damTxveva am punqtSi xdeba. ufro sworad,
filosofia eTikis saxes iRebs.
TviTmizezobrividan (substanciidan) TviTmiznobrivamde
(umaRles miznamde `me~-mde, rogorc `me~-s cxovrebamde)! am
sazRvrebSi Tavsdeba adamianis TvaliT (gonebiT, warmosaxviT)
da guliT (rwmeniT, siyvaruliT) danaxuli samyaro da misi
cxovreba. adamianis cxovreba miznobrivi (teleologiuri)
bunebisaa. adamiani cxovrobs mxolod maSin, roca mas garkveuli miznebi amoZravebs. umizno cxovreba uazro cxovrebaa.
cxovreba aris sicocxleSi cnobierebis faqtoris
mZlavrad SeWra, misiT gakontroleba da dalageba. adamiani
maSin cxovrobs, roca mas sakuTari `me~-s xedva da misi kritikis unari uCndeba. esaa misi TviTkritika. cxovels arc
`me~-s gancda aqvs da arc TviTkritikis unari. amitom igi arc
cxovrobs. cxovreba bunebis karnaxiT da misi kanonebiT ki ar
warimarTeba, aramed misi ganxorcielebisa da warmarTvis Zalaa TviTon adamiani. amitom sicocxle heterogenulobis
princi piT xorcieldeba. adamianis cxovreba ki misi avtonomiurobiT. cxovrebaSi cnobierebis faqtoris dominantoba ar
niSnavs adamianis gancdebisa da emociebis daTrgunvas. piri-

qiT, es niSnavs emociebisa da gancdebis adamianuri (da ara

cxoveluri) formiT aRzrda-ganviTarebas. es aRzrda warimarTeba adamianis sicocxleSi Rirebulebebis SemosvliT da
emociebisa da gancdebis misi normebiT marTviT. adamianis
cxovreba mis RirebulebaTa sistemaa, romelic adamians uwesebs
or momwesrigebel napirs. am napirebs Soris unda gaformdes
misi cxovreba. esaa akrZalvebis da valdebulebebis napirebi.
es napirebi yovelgvar sicocxles ukve dasaSvebad aRar miiCnevs. cxovreba adamianis jerarsuli arsebobaa, rac mxolod dasaSveb sicocxles amarTlebs. amitom rig SemTxvevaSi, sicocxlesTan SedarebiT sikvdils amjobineben. (`sjobs
sicocxlesa naZraxsa, sikvdili saxelovani~ an `me meSinia
iseT sicocxlis, sikvdils rom gavs da uaresia~). dasaSvebia
iseTi sicocxle, romelic aigeba WeSmaritebis, samarTlianobis, mSvenierebis, zneobriobisa da Tavisuflebis, patriotobis,
megobrobis, siyvarulis RirebulebebiT. rig SemTxvevebSi, cxovrebis mier sicocxlis uaryofa isev cxovrebis TviTdamkvidrebis gzaa. esaa gza gmirobisa da Tavdadebisaken. rig SemTxvevaSi ki es aris cxovrebis ukuRmarTobis mimarT, an cxovrebis Rirebulebebisagan gaZarcvis Sedegad _ mis wminda biologiur sicocxleze dayvanis mimarT protesti (TviTmkvlelobis saxiT). sicocxleSi azrovnebis, Rirebulebebis, miznebisa da idealebis, Tavisuflebis SeWra, saboloo jamSi, sxva
araferia, Tu ara sicocxlis kulturis saxiT gaformeba. amitom cxovreba kulturis saxiT ganxorcielebuli sicocxlea,
misi siRrmiseuli arsi da arsebobis yvela formisagan gansxvaveba swored es aris.

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5. cxovreba rogorc umaRlesi mizani. mizani,

miznobrioba (teleologiuroba) adamianis cxovrebis erT-erTi
mTavari faqtoria. bunebisa da adamianis cxovrebis arsebiTi
ganmasxvavebeli niSani miznis arsebobaa. buneba ZiriTadad
agebulia mizez-Sedegobriv urTierTobaze. adamianis cxovreba ar niSnavs mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTobidan srul amo-

vardnas. miuxedavad amisa, igi ZiriTadad miznobrivi xasiaTisaa. arsebobs, rogorc mecnierebaSi, ise yofiT cxovrebaSi e.w.
mizanSewonilobis cneba. igi xan kanonzomierebis cnebasTanaa
gaigivebuli, xan miznobriobis cnebasTan. mizanSewonilobis
kanonzomierebasTan gaigiveba maSin gvaqvs, roca masSi igulisxmeba sagani an movlena, romelsac miRebuli aqvs is niSan-Tvisebebi, rac gamowveulia masze sxvadasxva Zalebis kompleqsuri
zemoqmedebis Sedegad. garkveul ekologiur garemoSi aRmocenebuli mcenare Rebulobs iseT niSan-Tvisebebs, rogor garemoSic mas uwevs arseboba. misi garemo masze moqmedi Zalebis
garemoa. amitom am mcenaris Tavisebureba mizanSewonilia mis
garemosTan. yovel cocxal arsebas garkveul niSaSi uxdeba
arseboba. es niSa garkveuli Zalebia, romlebic zemoqmedeben
mis binadarze. es ukanaskneli yalibdeba niSaSi moqmedi Zalebis
Sesatyvisad, amitom miuTiTeben niSis binadris mizanSewonilobaze niSis mimarT. mizanSewonilobis aseTi gageba igivdeba kanonzomierebis cnebasTan. masSi gamoricxulia cnobierebis elementi da dafiqsirebulia sagnis Sesatyvisoba im Zalebis
mimarT, romlebic zemoqmedeben sagnis arsebobaze. es Zalebi
bunebis kanonebia. e.i. sagani Sesatyvisia kanonebis, anu sagnebi
da movlenebi kanonzomieri, kanonTan Sesatyvisi movlenebia.
azrovnebis istoriaSi xSiri iyo mcdeloba, mTeli samyaros teleologiurad gaazreba daemkvidrebinaT mizanSewonilobaze. magram aseTi Tvalsazrisis ramenairad dacva SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod maSin, Tu teleologiuroba uzenaes
arsebas ukavSirdeboda. sxvanairad, cnobierebis gareSe, kanonebs zemoqmedebis Zala aqvT, magram garkveuli miznis dasaxva
da movlenebis swored misken warmarTva ver xerxdeba. xolo
roca mizanSewonilobaSi igulisxmeba cnobierebis mier
winaswar dasaxul mizanTan Sesatyvisoba, _ es ukve miznobriobaa. e.i. pirvel SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba kanonebiT ganpirobebuloba. meore SemTxevaSi, cxadia, kanonebis Zala gamoricxuli araa, magram es Zala damorCilebulia garkveuli miznis
miRwevisadmi. pirveli bunebis sferoa, meore adamianis cxovreba. cxovreba RirebulebaTa samyaroa. cxovrebis makon-

struirebeli Rirebulebebi erTimeoris mimarT lagdebian

miznisa da saSualebebis uwyveti mwkrivis saxiT. yoveli axali mizani, winamaval Rirebulebebze dayrdnobiT miiRweva.
amitom dasaxuli miznisaken mimaval gzaze erTi lokaluri
mizani, rogorc Rirebuleba, meore ufro maRali miznis (Rirebulebis) misaRwevad saSualebis saxiT gamoiyeneba. miRweuli
mizani, Tavis mxriv, saSualebad iqceva. axali kidev ufro
maRali miznis misaRwevad da a.S. ase Rebulobs mTeli cxovreba miznisa da saSualebebis ierarqiuli Skalis saxes. es
Skala ise igeba, rom misi yoveli wevri (Rirebuleba) erTdroulad saSualebacaa da mizanic. saSualebaa _ masze ufro
maRali rangis Rirebulebis, rogorc miznis mimarT da mizania _ masze ufro dabali rangis Rirebulebis mimarT. es
princi pi daculi unda iqnes rogorc RirebulebaTa Skalis
pirveli wevris, ise umaResi wevris, anu umaRlesi Rirebulebis
mimarT. Skalis umaRles wevrad, umaRles Rirebulebad, anu
umaRles miznad miCneulia adamiani. adamiani, rogorc Rirebuleba! amas gansakuTrebiT xazi gausva i. kantma. e.i. umaRlesi mizani adamiania. adamiani ki _ misi cxovrebaa. amitom
umaRlesi Rirebuleba da mizani cxovrebaa. yvelaferi, rac
adamianis cxovrebaSi Semodis, unda ganvixiloT, umaRlesi
miznisadmi, cxovrebisadmi daqvemdebarebul saSualebad. cxovrebis mimarT saSualebaa warmoeba, mecniereba, religia,
filosofia, xelovneba da sxva, romlebic TavisTavad, sakmaod
maRali rangis Rirebulebebad da miznebad ganixilebian. kiTxvaze risTvis warmoeba? vpasuxobT cxovrebisaTvis! risTvis
mecniereba? cxovrebisaTvis! risTvis filosofia, religia,
xelovneba? cxovrebisaTvis; da Tu vikiTxavT risTvis cxovreba? pasuxi erTaderTia cxovrebisaTvis? e.i. cxovreba
cxovrebisaTvis. amaSi gamoixateba cxovrebis TviTmiznobrivi
buneba. imis gamo, rom cxovreba umaRles Rirebulebad anu
umaRles miznad CaiTvala, igi yvelafers Tavisi Tavis mimarT
saSualebad aqcevs. xolo Tu romelime momentSi cxovreba
raRac sxva miznis mimarT TviTon iqceva saSualebad, es isev
cxovrebaze zrunviT unda iyos ganpirobebuli, vinaidan cx-

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ovrebaze maRali Rirebuleba (mizani) ar arsebobs, xolo cxovrebis masze ufro dabali Rirebulebis mimarT saSualebad
gamoyeneba Seuwynarebel viTarebad iTvleba. Seuwynarebeli
iyo 30 vercxlis miRebis saSualebad macxovris gacema. Tu
cxovrebas mxolod umaRles miznad ganvixilavT da amasTanave
ara saSualebad, maSin patriotis mier samSoblosaTvis sakuTari sicocxlis Segnebulad Sewirva miuRebel (sulelur)
saqcielad CaiTvleboda. xolo Tu cxovreba, rogorc Rirebuleba, mxolod saSualebaa da ara mizanic, maSin igi monur,
gaufasurebul movlenad warmosdgeba. Tavganwirva maSin iTvleba gmirobad da zneobriobis umaRles gamovlenad, roca
cxovreba umaRlesi Rirebulebis, anu umaRlesi miznis rangSia ayvanili. samsxverploze macxovris tarigad misvla adamianebis winaSe Catarebuli gakveTilia. sicocxleze Seyvarebuli adamianis sicocxlisaTvis Tavganwirva gmirobaa da ara
sicocxlismoZuleoba.

6. pirovnebis da misi cxovrebis identoba.

pirovnebisa da misi cxovrebis identobis sakiTxi am cnebebis
analizs moiTxovs. calke ukve gvqonda msjeloba cxovrebis
raobis Sesaxeb. amjerad SemovifarglebiT mxolod pirovnebis cnebiT. adamianSi erTdroulad Tavmoyrilia fizikuri,
biologiuri, fsiqologiuri, socialuri da sulieri niSanTvisebebi. zogi TanSobilobis gziT, zogic _ SeZenili. magram pirovnebas, ZiriTadad ayalibebs misi socialur-sulieri
maxasiaTeblebi. aris Tu ara yoveli adamiani pirovneba? is,
rom yoveli pirovneba adamiania, davas ar iwvevs, magram arseboben Tu ara, an SesaZlebelia Tu ara, iarsebos iseTma adamianma, romelic pirovnebad ver CaiTvleba? pirovnebad ver CaiTvlebian verc sulierad avadmyofebi. cxadia, isinic adamianebi arian, magram aseTi avadmyofobisas maTi Seuracxadobis
gamo, isini pirovnebebad ar CaiTvlebian. aseve, pirovnebebad
verc isini CaiTvlebian, romlebsac, garkveuli mizezebis gamo,
sruliad dakarguli aqvT iseT RirebulebaTa moTxovnileba,

rogoricaa: Tavisufleba, WeSmariteba, saTnoeba, mSveniereba,

samarTlianoba. adamiani ibadeba orjer. pirvelia misi biologiuri dabadeba. am momentisaTvis igi adamiania, magram
pirovnebad ar CaiTvleba. aseTi dabadeba araa misi pirovnebad
dabadeba. meored dabadeba ki _ socialur-sulieri, anu kulturuli dabadebaa. es ukanaskneli araa erTjeradi dabadeba.
es pirovnebad Camoyalibeba-gaformebis procesi sikvdilamde
grZeldeba. am procesSi adamiani iZens iseT maxasiaTeblebs,
uromlebodac adamiani pirovnebad ver CaiTvleba. esaa Seracxadoba, Segnebuloba, zneobrioba, esTetikuri gemovneba, TviTcnobiereba, TviTSefaseba, kritikuloba, TviTkritika, eWvi, princi puloba, mzrunveloba, individualuroba, Tanmimdevruloba,
Tavisufleba, msoflmxedveloba da sxva. pirovneba ZiriTadad
socialur garemoSi yalibdeba. adamianebTan komunikaciis gareSe
SeuZlebelia pirovnebis Camoyalibeba. amitom pirovneba sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa subieqtia. erTi sityviT, pirovnebad yofnisaTvis socialur-sulieri faqtorebis arseboba eWvs
ar iwvevs. eWvs arc biologiur-fsiqologiuri faqtorebis
arsebobis aucilebloba iwvevs. adamiani pirovnebad ar ibadeba, magram biologiuri dabadebiT mas Tan dayveba iseTi faqtorebi, romelTa gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda srulyofili
pirovnebis Camoyalibeba. adamiani, rogorc pirovneba, biologiurfsiqologiuri sayrdenidanaa amozrdili da am sayrdens mudam
moiTxovs. pirovnebis iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, rogorebicaa: xasiaTi, temperamenti, niWi, talanti, swored misi biologiurfsiqologiuri sawyisebidan modis. sul sxvaa is, rom aseTi
sawyisebis Semdgomi ganviTareba, an maTi Cakvla, socialuri
faqtorebiT xdeba.
adamianis pirovnebad yofnis erT-erTi arsebiTi niSania misi mTlianoba. igi, rogorc bio-socialur-sulieri arseba, flobs mraval unarsa da niSan-Tvisebas. SesaZlebelia
adamianSi es unarebi ise iyos warmodgenili, rom maT Soris
ar sifevdes mowesrigebuli harmonia. amis gamo isini ver
qmnian adamianis mTlianobas, ris Sedegadac es unarebi Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT savse, rogorRac `daSlili~ saxiT war-

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mosdgeba, rac adamianis mouwesrigeblobas, araTanmimdevrulobas, sabolood, mis depersonalizacias iwvevs. pirovneba adamianis yvela unarisa da maxasiaTeblis iseTi mWidrod Sekruli
mTlianobaa, saidanac SeuZlebelia romelime Tvisebis ise
gamocalkeveba, rom misi mTlianobis saxe ar dairRves. esaa
adamianis, rogorc pirovnebis, ganuyofel-daunawevrebeli
mTlianoba. adamiani mudam winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse sinamdvileSia CarTuli. TviTon adamianSic, winaaRmdegobaTa oromtrialia, magram rogorc pirovneba igi Tavis TavTan arawinaaRmdegobrivia. pirovnuloba, adamianis Tavis TavTan igiveobaa. roca pirovnebas Widili uxdeba `hosa~ da `aras~ Soris, es
pirovnebis Sinagani winaaRmdegobrioba ki ara, aramed pirovnebis
winaaRmdegobriv mdgomareobaSi aRmoCenaa, saidanac mainc unda
gamovides rogorc mTeli. es misi Tanmimdevrulobaa. adamians,
Tumca winaaRmdegobebiT savse sinamdvileSi uxdeba cxovreba,
magram misi pirovnuloba imaze miuTiTebs, rom igi Tavis
TavTan mainc inarCunebs simtkices, mdgradobas, erTianobas.
amas eZRvneba vaJa fSavelas leqsi `damsetyve cao!~ gautexeli
gulis da mouRalavi mklavis mqone adamiani mimarTavs cas, _
`rac unda Wiri momkerZo, bilwT ar Savekvri zaviTa, mcnebas
ver Semacvlevineb mozRvavebulis aviTa.~ imaveze miuTiTebs
cnobili princi pi _ aqa vdgevar da sxvagvarad ar ZalmiZs; an
im erT leqsSi naTqvami sityvebi: _ ver iqaams wuTisofeli
fexze ro damikidosao.
refleqsiiTa da TviTcnobierebiT adamiani axerxebs
Semoubrundes sakuTar Tavs, cnobierebis Suqze ganWvritos,
raTa dainaxos da gaiazros igi _ rogorc `me~.
`me~ pirovnebaa. gamokveTili `me~-s qona mkveTrad Camoyalibebul pirovnebaze miuTiTebs. pirovnebad yofnisaTvis
savaldebuloa gamokveTili sakuTari poziciebis, principebis,
Rirebulebebis, miznebis da am mizanTa miRwevis misTvis misaRebi saSualebebis qona. yovelive es aris im elementTa
garkveuli sistema, riTac iqsoveba da ixveweba adamianis cxovreba. TviTcnobierebisa da refleqsiis meSveobiT sakuTar
`me~-Si aRmoaCens da gaicnobierebs sakuTar cxovrebas. mizan-

ic esaa, adamians yvelaze metad sakuTari cxovrebis gaazreba

sWirdeba. amitom `me~ pirovnebaa. xolo pirovneba, princi pSi,
sxva araferia, Tu ara misi cxovreba mTeli Tavisi SinaarsiT,
Tavisi gamorCeulobiT, Tavisi fiqrebiT, miznebiT, Tavisi saqmeebiT, _ an ukve miRweuliT, an jerac miuRweveliT, an kidev
warmatebuliT. cxovreba marcxisa da gamarjvebis mTlianobaa.
amitom igi gajerebulia tanjva-tkiviliT da kmayofilebabednierebiT. aiReT nebismieri pirovneba, iqneba igi gamoCenili istoriuli gmiri Tu uCinari moqalaqe, misi `me~ _ misi
biografiis koncentrirebuli saxea. biografia ki mis mier
ganvlili individualuri cxovrebis aRweraa, misi Tavgadasavalia.
adamianis cxovrebis aucilebeli elementebia misi
emociebi, gancdebi, misi fiqrebi, interesebi, miznebi, idealebi.
cxovrebis elementebia misi problemebi, misi gamokveTili Tu
SedarebiT bundovani poziciebi. cxovrebis aucilebel elementebad iTvleba agreTve mis garSemo arsebuli is sagnebi da
movlenebi, romlebic pirovnebis SefasebiT areSi eqcevian,
iZenen garkveul sazriss, ris Sedegad zogi kargis, zogi cudis
mniSvnelobiT Semodis mis cxovrebaSi, ikavebs masSi garkveul
adgils, ris Sedegadac yalibdeba `me~-s pirovnuli samyaro
anu misi cxovreba.
pirovnebisa da misi pirovnuli samyaros, anu misi cxovrebis identifikaciis sakiTxi badebs kiTxvas: _ xom SeiZleba davasaxeloT romelime konkretuli pirovneba da aRmovaCinoT, rom misi pirovneba da misi cxovreba sruliadac ar
arian identurni. vTqvaT ase, igi rogorc pirovneba SesaniSnavia, kargia, keTilia, kacTmoyvarea da a.S. magram misi cxovreba mowonebas ver imsaxurebs. misi cxovreba rogorRac ver
`aewyo~ `ver Sedga~ mocemuli pirovnebis Sesatyvisad, mis
darad, mis doneze. amitom, TiTqos SeuZlebelia mocemul
pirovnebas da mis pirad cxovrebas Soris identobis dafiqsireba. TiTqos pirovneba ki kargia, magram misi cxovreba
cudad warimarTa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnebisa da misi cxovrebis

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urTierToba zedapiruli xedviT SeiZleba ase gamoiyurebodes,

Tu ufro siRrmiseulad, obieqturi TvaliT SevxedavT movlenebs, davrwmundebiT, rom pirovnebasa da mis cxovrebas Soris
identoba mudam fiqsirdeba. kargi da cudi _ Sefasebis aqtSi
dgindeba. amitom pirovnebisa da misi cxovrebis identobis
dadgena Sefasebis safuZvelze xdeba. identoba moiTxovs, orive
mxarem identuri Sefaseba miiRos. pirovnebisa da misi cxovrebis identifikaciis sakiTxi apriorulad ukve gulisxmobs,
rom SeuZlebelia kargi pirovnebis cxovreba Sefasdes rogorc
cudi, da cudi cxovrebis mqone adamianis pirovneba, _ rogorc
kargi. kargi pirovneba imitom aris kargi, rom igi kargi cxovrebiT cxovrobs, xolo cudi pirovneba cudi cxovrebiT.
mTavaria is, Tu ra aris kargi an cudi cxovreba da ra kriteriumebiT da vis mier xdeba Sefaseba. Tu erTi pirovnebis
cxovreba ar moswons meore pirovnebas, es jer kidev ar niSnavs,
rom pirvelis cxovreba marTlac cudia. meore pirovneba pirvelis cxovrebas afasebs sakuTari pirovnuli Tvalsawieridan
da radgan pirveli pirovnebis cxovreba meoris pirovnul
xedvasTan SesatyvisobaSi ver modis, amitom igi mas uaryofiTad afasebs. saqme ki moiTxovs, rom pirvelis cxovreba SesatyvisobaSi iyos ara vinme meoris, mesamis Tu measis xedvasTan,
aramed missave sakuTar pirovnul xedvasTan. pirovnebam Tavis
cxovrebaSi sakuTari Tavi unda dainaxos. amitom pirovnebis
cxovreba kargia, Tu TviTon am pirovnebas moswons igi. pirovnebisa da misi cxovrebis individualoba, misi Sefasebis dros
daculi unda iqnes. pirovneba imas niSnavs, rom igi Tavisi
pirovnuli princi pebiT da poziciiT irCevs da axorcielebs
misTvis misaReb cxovrebas, Tavisi cxovrebis Semoqmedi TviTonaa, rogorc mas moswons da unda, iseT cxovrebas irCevs is
da masze pasuxismgebeli TviTonaa.
isic udavo faqtia, rom adamianebi, araabsoluturobis
da arasrulyofilebis gamo, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ver axerxeben
swored iseTi cxovrebis ganxorcielebas, rogoric maT undodaT. e.i. maT mier ganxorcielebuli cxovreba ar emTxveva maT
winaswar ganzraxulobas. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom TviTon

maTve Tu ar moswonT TavianTi cxovreba (kacma rom Tqvas,

qveyanaze iseTi adamianebi Warboben, romlebic sakuTari cxovrebiT ukmayofiloni arian) es garemoeba imas adasturebs,
rom pirovneba da misi cxovreba (am pirovnebis TvalsazrisiT),
araidenturni arian? aq marTlac gvaqvs saqme araidenturobasTan. oRond esaa araidenturoba pirovnebasa da mis idealur ganzraxvas Soris. magram cxovreba mxolod SiSveli
idealuri ganzraxva araa. ufro metad igi realurad aRsrulebuli ganzraxvaa. roca pirovneba iseT idealur ganzraxvas
SeeWideba, romlis realurad aRsrulebisaTvis mas ar aRmoaCndeba sakmarisi subieqturi da obieqturi faqtorebi, es niSnavs,
rom man sworad ver gaTvala movlenebi, es misi Secdomaa, rac
misi pirovnuli naklia. amitom miRebuli realuri Sedegis
nakli isev pirovnebiTaa ganpirobebuli. saboloo jamSi,
pirovnebis mier sakuTari cxovrebis kritika, sakuTari Tavis
kritikaa. igi, rogorc TviTkritika, sakuTari Tavis mxilebaa.
Sedegad ki vRebulobT TviTmxilebuli pirovnebis da misive
realuri cxovrebis identobas.
zemoT iTqva imis Taobaze, rom adamianis biologiuri
dabadebiT pirovnebad ar ibadeba; rom igi misi meored dabadebis, anu kulturuli aRzrdis procesSi gamokristaldeba
pirovnebad. realuri sinamdvilis mixedviT es swored asea,
magram sinamdviles upirispirdeba SesaZleblobis faqtori.
rogoria viTareba am TvalsazrisiT? cxoveli pirovnebad ar
ibadeba arc realuri sinamdvilis mixedviT da arc SesaZleblobis azriT. biologiurad dabadebuli cxoveli kulturul aRzrdas ar eqvemdebareba. cxovelis gazrda SeiZleba da
ara misi aRzrda. cxovelis gawvrTna sul sxva ramea, vidre
misi azRrda. aRzrdaSi adamians sakuTari `me~ uyalibdeba.
cxovels `me~ saerTod ar gaaCnia. cirkSi finia ZaRls ayefeben imdenjer, ramdenic Seesatyviseba mis winaSe `dasmuli~
martivi ariTmetikuli amocanis pasuxs. es, mTlianad, garkveuli signalebis Sedegad ZaRlSi Sesatyvisi instinqtis gamomuSavebaa, magram veraviTari mwvrTnelebi, an momTviniereblebi
misgan maTematikoss ver aRzrdian imitom, rom dabadebiT mas

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amis SesaZlebloba ar dahyva. dabadebiT, arc adamiani ibadeba

meTematikosad, fizikosad an filosofosad, magram adamianis
gansakuTrebuloba is aris, rom dabadebiT masSi ibadeba SesaZlebloba, kulturuli aRzrdis Sedegad daeuflos am profesiebs; daeuflos im niSnebs da unarebs, rac qmnis adamianis
pirovnebas, e.i. iqces pirovnebad. anu adamiani dabadebiT pirovnebad ibadeba mxolod SesaZleblobis saxiT, magram biologiurad
dabadebuli adamianis es SesaZlebloba SeiZleba realizirebuli iqnes, anu SesaZlebloba gadavides sinamdvileSi da igi
didi pirovnebac gaxdes, Tumca isic SeiZleba, rom masSi es
SesaZlebloba mTlianad Cakvdes da pirovnebad ver iqces.
imisaTvis, rom adamini pirovnebad aRizardos, saWiroa
Semdegi pirobebi: pirveli, _ biologiurad Tandayolili
unarebi; samyarosadmi Riaoba, anu mzaoba, miiRos da aiTvisos
is masala, rac mas aRzrdis procesSi miewodeba, xasiaTi, temperamenti, niWi, talanti; meore, _ saWieoa aRmzrdeli (mSobeli,
maswavlebeli, moZRvari) da mis mier aRsazrdelisaTvis SerCeuli masazrdovebeli masala; mesame, _ xelsayreli socialur-kulturuli garemo.

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Tavi IX. sibrZnis Sesaxeb

1. sibrZne. sibrZne da cxovreba. sibrZne, sibrZnis
siyvaruli rom filosofiis niSandoblivi moTxovnaa, es dafiqsirebulia mis saxelwodebaSi (filosofia, anu sibrZnis siyvaruli). antikuri berZnuli samyarodan dRemde am saxelwodebaSi `sofia~-s xeluxleblad SenarCuneba arc arqaul gadmonaSTad unda CaiTvalos da arc siZvelisadmi xarkis moxdad.
igi filosofiis erT-erTi arsebiTi mxaris maCvenebelia. marTalia, hegeli sagangebod cdilobda filosofia sibrZnis
siyvarulidan wminda mecnierebad gardaeqmna, magram, hegelis
Semdegac, aseTma scientisturi mimarTulebis mcdelobam sabolood uaryofiTi Sefaseba daimsaxura. filosofiaSi Ziebis
ZiriTad sagnad WeSmaritebis dasaxva ukve scientizmis Taviseburi gamovlenaa.
filosofia adamianis cxovrebisaTvis momzadebas emsaxureba. aseTi momzadeba ar ukavSirdeba mis romelime konkretul asaks. igi grZeldeba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. cxovrebisaTvis momzadeba adamianis mier mTeli rigi
saSualebebiT `aRWurva-SeiaraRebas~ moiTxovs. maT Soris yvelaze mTavari da qmediTi saxelmZRvanelo iaraRia sibrZne.
TavisTavad aRebuli sibrZne idealuri, sulieri movlenaa.
igi ar miekuTvneba materialur sferos. miuxedavad amisa, sibrZne aris adamianis mTliani cxovrebis saxelmZRvanelo saSualeba. cxovrebis mTlianobaSi Sedis rogorc adamianis
sulieri, ise materialuri cxovreba. sibrZne orive sferos
marTvis gonivruli instrumentia. igi cxovrebiseuli warmatebebis sawindaria. sibriyve, siregvne, rac sibrZnis anti poduri movlenaa, cxovrebaSi warumateblobis, marcxis mizezia.
adamiani aRWurvilia sxvadasxva sulieri ZalebiT. misi
pirovnuli mTlianoba am Zalebis harmoniuli mTlianobiT
iqmneba, rac srulyofil gamoxatvas adamianis sibrZneSi poulobs. sibrZne adamianis, rogorc pirovnebis sulieri mTlianobaa,
misi sulieri saxea. sibrZneSi adamianis calkeuli sulieri
unarebi erTimeores moiTxoven, isini erTimeores apirobeben.

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adamianis sibrZnis rRveva mis sulier Zalebs Soris disharmoniis gaCenis maniSnebelia. miuxedavad imisa, rom cxovreba,
aRebuli TavisTavad, rTuli da mravalmxrivia, bevri winaaRmdegobebisa da moulodnelobebis Semcvelia, igi mainc erTi
mTeli cxovrebaa. TviTon adamianic misi struqturulobis
gamo mTlianobaa sxvadasxva unarebis, Tvisebebis, interesebis,
miswrafebebis. da mainc, isic erTi mTeli pirovnebaa. misi
mTlianobis saxe misi sibrZne an misi sibriyvea. Tqva kacze,
rom igi brZenia, misi raRac erTi niSniT daxasiaTeba ki araa,
esaa misi kompleqsur mTlianobaSi xedva da am mTlianobis
fokusireba erT wertilSi, erT ganzomilebaSi mis sibrZneSi. adamianis sibrZnisa da sibriyvis maCvenebeli misi sulieri
unarebis garkveuli balansia. erTian mTlian cxovrebaSi Sedis erTiani mTliani adamiani pirovneba da misi cxovrebis
zigzagebi ZiriTadad misi sibrZne-sibriyviT ganisazRvreba.
sibrZne araa romelime calkeuli profesia, calkeuli xeloba,
igi araa raRac calkeuli sagnis an movlenis keTebis unari.
sibrZne aris piradi cxovrebis keTeba, rac yvela profesias,
yvela saqmes mTlianobaSi gadawyvets. sibrZne adamianis cxovrebasTan sulieri mimarTebisaTvis mzaobis maRali donea.
cxovrebisaTvis mzaobis maRali done (sibrZne) adamianis Tavisuflebis garantiaa. meore mxriv, sibrZne iseve ganapirobebs
Tavisuflebas, rogorc Tavisufleba aris sibrZnis gamovlenis aucilebeli piroba.
xSirad sibrZnes aigiveben gonivrulobis, Wkvianobis
cnebebTan. gvesmis gamoTqmebi `gonieri kacia~ `gonivrulad
moiqca~ an `Wkviani kacia~ `WkuiT moiqca~. am gamoTqmebSi
xazgasma xdeba imaze, rom adamiani gadawyvetilebis miRebis
momentSi ufro metad eyrdnoboda da xelmZRvanelobda WkuagonebiT, vidre sxva adamianuri unariT; magaliTad, emociaze
dayrdnobiT. cxadia, gonivruloba, Wkuianoba _ sibrZnis aucilebeli elementebia. uWkuosi da ugunuris sibrZne SeuZlebelia, magram sibrZnis mTlianad Wkua-gonebaze dayvanac sakmarisi araa. rogori Zlieri Wkua-gonebis (inteleqtis) mqonec
unda iyos pirovneba, Tu mas amasTan erTad, Sesabamis doneze,

sxva adamianuri unarebic ar gaaCnia, misi sibrZne verc maSin

Sedgeba. sibrZnes yvela adamianuri sulieri Zalis mTlianoba qmnis. sibrZne _ adamianis moRvaweobiT, am Zalebis erTian
mTlianobaSi gamovlenaa.

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2. miTologiuri sibrZne. cxadia, sibrZnis Sesaxeb

msjelobebs, misi raobisa da Rirebulebis Sesaxeb adamianis
warmodgenebs adgili hqonda jer kidev Soreul miTologiur
azrovnebaSi. amave Rirebulebebs mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs
religiur azrovnebaSic. rac Seexeba filosofias, istoriuli
moZraobis kvalobaze, masSi icvleboda filosofiuri problemebi da tendenciebi, icvleboda prioritetebi, xdeboda maTi
gadaadgilebebi; erTi sityviT, filosofiuri azrovneba mudmiv moZraobaSi iyo. amis gamo filosofiaSi icvleboda sibrZnis raobis gaazrebac da misadmi damokidebulebac.
miTologiaSi sibrZne gaigivebulia yovlismcodneobasTan. igi ZiriTadad uzenaesi codnis gamaerTianebeli
cnebaa. e.i. igulisxmeba ara im sagnebis codna, romlebic
adamians yovel wuTs sWirdeba, aramed imaTi, rac rigiTi adamianisaTvis uxilavi, miuwvdomeli da gasaidumloebulia; anu
miTologiaSi sibrZne providenciuli movlenaa. aseT sibrZnes
floben mxolod RmerTebi. adamianebs Soris ki sibrZnes euflebian mxolod RmerTebis rCeuli da xeldasxmuli pirebi.
sibrZnis mflobeli, anu brZeni yovlismcodnea. igi yovelive
imis mcodnea, rac iyo da rac iqneba momavalSi. amitom brZenni
warmosdgebian rogorc winaswarmetyvelni, rogorc orakulni
berZnebisa da romaelebisaTvis; qurumebi Zveli egviptelebisaTvis; magebi sparselebisaTvis; mogvebi ebraelebisaTvis.
miTologiuri sibrZnis arsebiTi niSania ezoterikuloba da
misteriuloba. brZenisaTvis sibrZne Sinagania, sibrZne avtonomiurobaa. amitom igi misteriulia sxvebisaTvis. uzenaesi codna,
anu sibrZne mxolod rCeulTa, gandobilTa kuTvnilebaa. es
maTi Sinagani, dafaruli saidumloebaa, romlis sxvisTvis gamxela akrZalulia. amitom am normis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi

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isini sastikad isjebian. miTologiaSi amis mkafio magaliTia

promeTevsis tragikuli bedi. cecxli sibrZnis, codnis simboloa. miTologiis mixedviT, promeTevsma RmerTebs mostaca
cecxli da adamianebs gadasca, risTvisac RmerTebma igi sastikad dasajes, kavkasiis kldes miajaWves samudamod. miTologiuri sibrZnis Tavisebureba gamoixateba kidev imaSi,
rom igi codnaa; marTalia ara yvelanairi, aramed mxolod
uzenaesi, magram sibrZneSi yvelaferi mainc codnaze daiyvaneba. e.i. codnisa da sibrZnis gansxvaveba jer kidev miRweuli
araa.

3. religiuri sibrZne. rogorc miTologiaSi, religiur azrovnebaSic sibrZne uzenaesi (srulyofili, absoluturi) WeSmaritebis flobaa. igi aqac RmerTTanaa dakavSirebuli. metic, masTan gaigivebulia. RmerTi ara marto
brZenia, aramed Tavadaa sibrZne. igi srulyofili WeSmaritebaa, magram sibrZnis miTologiuri gagebidan filosofiuri
gagebisaken mimaval gzaze, sibrZnis religiur gagebaSi win
gadadgmuli nabiji is aris, rom sibrZne aRaraa mxolod
uzenaesi codna. igi amaze raRac ufro metia. mas emateba
zneobrivi motivic. religiisa da filosofiis garkveuli
`naTesaobrivi~ siaxlove imaSi gamoixateba, rom maTi fiqris
sagani praqtikulad mcxovrebi adamianis cxovrebaa. orives
saboloo mizania adamianis xelSewyoba misTvis Sesaferisi
Rirseuli cxovrebis mopovebasa da ganxorcielebaSi. cxovrebisTvis ki adamians codnasTan erTad sWirdeba kidev
sxva Zalebisa da unarebis gamomuSaveba, rac Tavs iCens adamianis praqtikul moqmedebebSi. erTi sityviT, religiis (da
filosofiis) daniSnuleba isaa, rom adamians daexmaros cxovrebiseuli swori gzis arCevansa da mis ganxorcielebaSi.
amitom, miTologiuri sibrZnisagan gansxvavebiT, romlisken
mimavali gzac rigiTi adamianisaTvis saimedodaa Carazuli,
religiaSi RvTaebrivi sibrZne ufro metad unda dauaxlovdes
adamianis interesebs. amis paralelurad, religiurma sibrZnem,

miTologiuris msgavsad, raRac doneze mainc unda SeinarCunos ezoterikuloba da misteriuloba. e.i. providenciuloba
religiuri sibrZnisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli. amitom religiuri RvTaebrivi sibrZne rogorRac or nawilad iyofa.
erTia adamianidan RmerTisaken mimavali gza; meore _ piriqiT, _ RmerTidan adamianisken mimavali. sibrZnis pirveli
saxe (pirveli gza) rigiTi adamianisTvis iseve xasiaTdeba da
rCeba ezoterikulobisa da misteriulobis niSniT, rogorc
mTliani miTologiuri sibrZne. aseTi mistikaa saerTod religiis arsebobis safuZveli. igi aris religiuri cxovrebis
Taviseburi mwvervali. RmerTTan miaxloveba da masTan ziareba
yovelTvis mistikuri movlenaa. aseTi misteriulobis aRiarebaa Svidi saeklesio saidumloeba marTlmadideblobisaTvis. tertulianis debulebac, `mwams, radgan absurdia~ _
mTlianad misteriulobazea dafuZnebuli. misteriulia saerTod religiuri upirobo rwmena. mistika aris religiuri
Tavisuflebis sfero.
religiuri sibrZnis meore saxeoba (meore gza) aris
RmerTidan adamianze daSveba. RmerTi adamians unda daukavSirdes, unda daexmaros imaSi, rom man pirveli gzis gavla
ukeT da misteriulad dawesebul normebSi ganaxorcielos.
religiuri RvTaebrivi sibrZnis mitanis erTaderTi gzaa RvTaebrivi gamocxadeba. RmerTis gamocxadeba sxva araferia, Tu
ara RvTaebrivi sibrZnis gamocxadeba. RmerTi TviTonaa sibrZne. amiT RvTaebrivi sibrZne adamianisaTvis xelmisawvdomi
xdeba RvTaebrivi gamocxadebis niadagze Seqmnili wminda wignebis meSveobiT. Tumca es wignebic garkveuli RvTaebrivi simbolikiT aris gasaidumloebuli. e.i. isic garkveulwilad
mistificirebulia. misi wvdomisa da gagebisaTvis adamians
sWirdeba am simbolikis gaSifrvis codna; e.i. erTis mxriv,
wminda wignebis saxiT, RmerTi adamians RvTaebriv sibrZnes
aziarebs, meore mxriv, uniSnavs gandobil maswavleblebs, romlebic daexmarebian am wignebis gaSifrva-gagebaSi; anu aqac
saWiro xdeba RmerTsa da adamians Soris moSuale rgolad,

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TviT RmerTis mier saidumloebiT xeldasxmuli maswavleblebi winaswarmetyvelTa, mefeTa, msajulTa, mociqulTa,
mRvdelmsaxurTa da TviT gankacebis saxiT movlenili ZeRmerTi.
RvTaebrivi sibrZnis ori nawilis saxiT warmodgenaSi,
ar unda davinaxoT SeuTavsebeli winaaRmdegoba RmerTis mier
samoTxidan adamisa da evas gayvanis faqtsa da gamocxadebas
Soris. aq winaaRmdegoba TiTqos imaSia, rom Tu samoTxidan
adamisa da evas gayvana maT mier akrZalul RvTaebriv sibrZnesTan ziarebis gamo xdeba (xe Secnobis nayofTan ziareba,
rac RmerTma akrZala, RvTaebriv sibrZnesTan ziarebis simboloa), _ gamocxadebis meSveobiT RmerTi TviTon aziarebs
adamians RvTaebriv sibrZnesTan. gamodis, rom erTi da imave
saqmis gamo pirvel SemTxvevaSi RmerTi sjis adamians, xolo
meore SemTxvevaSi, piriqiT, mzrunvelobs masze da amitom gamocxadebiT wyalobs. aq winaaRmdegoba ixsneba, Tu mivaqcevT yuradRebas imas, rom adamisa da evas codvaSi Cavardna dakavSirebulia aRniSnul pirvel gzasTan, anu adamianis RmerTTan miaxlovebis gzasTan. am gzas adamianisaTvis miaxlovebis garkveuli zRvari aqvs, romlis gadalaxvac akrZalulia. aq misteriulobis mkacrad dacvis moTxovna muSaobs. meore gzas aseTi
zRvari ara aqvs. RmerTis adamianTan miaxloveba im saxiT da im
doneze moxdeba, rogorc amas TviTon RmerTi inebebs. gamocxadebis mizani codvis gamosyidva da dakarguli samoTxis dabrunebaa. es RmerTis mier aRTqmiT dawesebuli gziT unda moxdes.
unda davaskvnaT, rom religiuri sibrZnis arsebiTi sxvaoba,
miTologiur sibrZnesTan SedarebiT, isaa, rom igi aRaraa mxolod uzenaesi misteriuli codna. igi amasTanave aris adamianis sulieri cxovrebis Taviseburi saxelmZRvanelo modeli.
RmerTi, rogorc Zveli, ise axali aRTqmiT adamians cxovrebis
wess (rjuls) sTavazobs. am wesis Tanmimdevruli dacviT, adamiani gaivlis tanjviT aRsavse grZelsa da urTules gzas. misi
mxridan, es iqneba Cadenili codvebis gamosyidva, ris Sedegadac
igi moaxerxebs dakargul samoTxeSi dabrunebas.

4. sibrZne filosofiaSi. filosofiuri moZRvrebebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT. erTni, romlebic gamoirCevian
religiuri tendenciurobiT, Taviseburi klerikalobiT, an sulac
religiur formas iZenen; xolo meoreni, romlebic cdiloben
da garkveulad axerxeben kidec religiisgan distancirebas,
sekularizacias. pirveli jgufis filosofiur moZRvrebebSi
SenarCunebulia sibrZnis religiuri gaazrebis iseTi niSani,
rogoricaa sibrZnis wyarod RmerTis miCneva da aqedan gamomdinare, sibrZnis misteriulobis SenarCuneba. meore jgufis
filosofiur koncefciebSi sibrZnis wyarosa da misteriulobis sakiTxebi arareligiur gadawyvetas pouloben. sibrZnis
raobis filosofiur gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebiT religiuri
da arareligiuri tendenciebis nimuSebad SeiZleba ganvixiloT piTagorasa da heraklites Sexedulebebi.
piTagoras azriT, brZeni mxolod RmerTia, adamians ki,
ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia iyos sibrZnis moyvaruli, anu
filosofosi. es niSnavs, rom filosofia piTagorasTan gamocxadebulia adamianur sibrZned. aman daudo safuZveli tradicias, filosofiis swavlebas, sxvagvarad, sibrZnismetyvelebis
swavleba darqmeoda. amasTanave piTagora, msgavsad miTologiuri
da religiuri sibrZnisa, rogorRac inarCunebs, filosofiuri
sibrZnis misteriulobasac. es Cans iqidan, rom piTagorelTa
kavSiri (`piTagoras ordeni~) saidumlo religiuri organizaciis saxiT iyo Camoyalibebuli, sadac mopovebul yovel axal
brZnul azrs mkacrad gasaidumloebuli formiT inaxavdnen.
misi gamJRavneba sastikad isjeboda. miuxedavad amisa, filosofiisaTvis piTagorasTan sayuradRebo mainc isaa, rom adamianuri
sibrZne, anu filosofia, mxolod codna ki araa, aramed, amasTanave,
igi aris codnisa da adamianis qcevebis harmoniuli erTianoba, uromlisodac misi cxovreba ar iqneba namdvili da Rirseuli. adamianuri sibrZnis wyaro aris ara rwmena, rogorc es
miTologiaSi da religiaSia, aramed Semecneba da adamianis
nebeloba, romelic ubiZgebs mas zneobrivi srulyofilebisaken.
heraklites moZRvreba aSkarad upirispirdeba sinamdvi-

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lis miTologiur-religiur gaazrebas. misTvis sibrZne mxolod adamianuri sibrZnis saxiT arsebobs. igi iqmneba adamianis gonebis SemecnebiTi moRvaweobiT. amitom sibrZnis aucilebeli momentia codna, magram heraklites azriT, sibrZned ar
SeiZleba CaiTvalos arc nebismieri codna da arc bevri
codna. sibrZniseuli codnis sagania logosis wvdoma. heraklites azriT, samyaro usasrulod mravali, erTimeoresgan
gansxvavebuli sagnebis harmoniuli mTlianobaa. mas aucileblad unda hqondes aseTi mTlianobis wyaro da safuZveli.
esaa samyarosaTvis mTlianobis mimniWebeli kanonzomiereba,
romelsac heraklite logoss uwodebs. adamianis sibrZne
logosis wvdomaa, magram heraklitec Tvlis, rom sibrZnisaTvis
marto logosis wvdoma ar kmara. mas unda daerTos adamianis
swrafva Tavisi Tavi harmoniaSi moiyvanos logosTan. amisaTvis adamianma unda SeZlos kargad daimorCilos sakuTari
subieqturi tendenciebi. dadges sakuTar Tavze maRla da amiT
amaRldes zneobriobis simaRleze. es mxolod brZens SeuZlia. amitom brZenis (sibrZnis) aucilebeli niSania sakuTari
Tavis zneobrivi normebiT marTva, _ simSvide, emociebisagan
TavSekaveba, sidinje. saboloo jamSi, heraklites mixedviT, sibrZne niSnavs adamianis mier Tavisi garemomcveli sinamdvilis kargad mosmenas (logosis mosmena da Semecneba) da sakuTari qmedebebis masTan harmoniaSi moyvanas.
sokrates cnobil debulebaSi, _ `me is vici, rom ar
vici~ _ SeiZleba amovikiTxoT mcodnis oTxi ti pi. 1. arcodnis armcodne. esaa codnis nulovani done. kaci, romelmac
isic ar icis, rom araferi icis; 2. arcodnis mcodne. codnis
SedarebiT maRali done. es isaa, razec sokrate uSualod
miuTiTebs; 3. codnis armcodne. es faqtiurad aracnobieri
codnaa, rac sokratesTan `maievtikis~ meTodSia gamJRavnebuli; 4 codnis mcodne. esaa codnis umaRlesi done. aseTi
mcodne RmerTia. amitom misi codna ganixileba sibrZned. aseT
pirobebSi mTavari, rasac iZiebda sokrate, iyo codnis raobis
garkveva. masac mimarTavdnen rogorc brZens, magram igic daaxloebiT iseve pasuxobda, rogorc piTagora, brZeni mcodnea, me

mcodne ki ar var, aramed codnis, sibrZnis raobis mkvlevari.

brZenia, visac SeuZlia hqondes codnis codna. aseTia RmerTi.
mogvianebiT sibrZnes imave moTxovnas uyenebs laibnici. malbranSisadmi miweril werilSi miuTiTebs, sibrZne aris mxolod umaRlesi sikeTis codnao. unda iTqvas, rom es moTxovna dResac savaldebuloa sibrZnisaTvis. filosofiuri azrovnebis RerZad mudam iTvleba adamianis mier sakuTari cxovrebis
ise warmarTva, rom yovelTvis daculi iqnes harmonia masa da
gare sinamdviles Soris, riTac miRweuli iqneba iseTi urTierToba, romlis farglebSic adamiani gare sinamdviles ganixilavs ara rogorc misTvis sruliad ucxo sxeuls, romelsac
raRac unda gamoglijos, waarTvas, aramed Sexedavs mas, rogorc
misi sxeulisa da cxovrebis gagrZelebas, mis Semadgenel nawils, romelsac raRac, misTvis saWiro unda daubrunos da ase
Tanabrad izrunos rogorc sakuTar Tavze, ise gare sinamdvileze.
adamianis mxridan, imTaviTve gaCnda sibrZnis maRali
Sefaseba, pativiscema, misadmi mowiwebiTi damokidebuleba. aseTi damokidebuleba SenarCunebulia dRemde, magram imave Zvel
berZnul filosofiaSi, sibrZnis maRali avtoritetisa da misadmi adamianebis ndobis Sedegad, Cndeba misiT spekulaciis
mcdelobac. es procesi dResac inarCunebs arsebobas. mxedvelobaSia sofistika da demagogiis, rogorc movlenis arseboba. is, rasac sofistika ewodeba, aris spekulireba sibrZnis
maRali avtoritetiT. amitom sofistoba niSnavs sityvieri
`ekvilibristikiT~ mcdari azrebis sibrZned warmoCenas, maSin,
roca sinamdvileSi isini sibrZnis mxolod falsifikatebia.
terminis etimologiiT, sofistoba sibrZnesTan yvelaze axloa. `filosofiidan~ amoRebulia `fileo~ da datovebulia
mxolod `sofia~. sofistikis Ziri _ `sofia~, anu sibrZnea.
sofistoba sibrZnis xalxSi gavrcelebis, sibrZnis maswavleblobis niSniT gaformda. sofisti sibrZnis maswavleblis
saxeli iyo. amiT Zvel berZnul samyaroSi gaCnda Taviseburi
ganmanaTleblobis pirveli nakadi, romlis mizani unda yofiliyo sibrZnis misteriulobis moxsna da xalxis winaSe

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sicxadeze gamotana. dasawyisSi movlenebi marTlac am mimarTulebiT viTardeboda. amitom berZeni xalxis cxovrebaSi
sofistebma dasawyisSi sakmaod dadebiTi roli Seasrules.
isini aswavlidnen da gonebrivad wvrTnidnen axalgazrdebs,
amzadebdnen maT cxovrebis asparezze, sasamarTlo da politikuri diskusiebidan, kamaTebidan, paeqrobebidan _ logikisa
da zneobis normebis dacviT, gamarjvebulad gamosvlas. magram
Semdeg es moZraoba calmxrivobaSi gadavida da miviReT is,
rasac dRes, odiozurobis azriT, sofistikas uwodeben. pirvel
rigSi, sofistebis xelSi dairRva sibrZniseuli codnis raobis gaazreba. rogorc iTqva, heraklitesTan sibrZned iTvleboda ara nebismieri wvrilmanis codna, aramed mxolod is, rac
zogadi, aucilebeli da arsebiTia adamianisa da mTeli sinamdvilisaTvis. sofistebTan sibrZned gamocxadda adamianis
mier nebismieri azris (imis miuxedavad, TavisTavad igi mcdaria Tu WeSmariti) dasabuTebis unari. e.i. mizani dasabuTebaa.
mizani ki amarTlebs saSualebas. nikolo makiavelis es debuleba sofistebis xelSi praqtikulad ukve ZalaSia. dasabuTeba ki mokamaTe mxaris darwmunebas niSnavs. da roca
praqtikul cxovrebaSi, dasabuTeba-darwmunebis procesSi praqtikuli interesebi blomad SeiWrebian, maSin sofisti, mokamaTis darwmunebis mizniT, farulad Tavidan icilebs dasabuTeba-darwmunebisaTvis logikisa da zneobis normebiT xelmZRvanelobas da miznis misaRwevad, SefarviT, viTom logikuri,
sinamdvileSi (ZiriTadad formaluri logikis igiveobis kanonis darRveviT) alogikuri azrovnebiTi konstruqciebi Seaqvs.
amaSi gamoixateba sityvieri ekvilibristika, romlis ZaliTac
SeuZlia mokamaTes dausabuTos, rom mas rqebi aqvs, vinaidan
sofisturi xerxebiT, rac ar daukargavs, aqvs. rqebi ar daukargavs, e.i. rqebi aqvs.
antikuri periodidan moyolebuli, dRemde mudam SeimCneva filosofiisa da sibrZnis erTimeorisgan moucileblobis warmodgena. istoriulad, sibrZnisa da filosofiis gaigivebis mcdelobebi ufro meti iyo, vidre maTi gansxvavebisa.
netar avgustines aqvs aseTi fraza _ `brZenkacebi, anu filoso-

fosebio~, rac misi mxridan sibrZnisa da filosofiis igiveobis aRiarebaa. aseve xSirad gaigivebulia sibrZnismetyveleba
da filosofia. aseT gaigivebas vxvdebiT qarTul ganmartebiT
leqsikonSic, sadac pirdapir weria sibrZnismetyveleba igivea,
rac filosofia. v. dalis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi amave azrs
amovikiTxavT brZeni aris filosofosio. im erTaderT
fakultets, romliTac 1918 wels gaixsna pirveli qarTuli
universiteti, sibrZnismetyvelebis fakulteti ewodeboda. es
viTareba pirvel rigSi imaze miuTiTebs, rom sibrZnesa da
filosofias Soris bevri saerToa. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom
rogorc sibrZne, ise filosofia adamianis cxovrebazea orientirebuli. orive maTgani mZlavrad iWreba cxovrebis raobis
gaazrebaSi da marTvaSi. orives sazrunavi sawuTros sworad
gaazreba, dagegmva da gavlaa. miuxedavad amisa, filosofiisa da
sibrZnis sruli gaigiveba mainc ar SeiZleba. filosofia
cxovrebis Teoriuli gaazrebaa. es imas niSnavs, rom filosofia sibrZnis mxolod Teoriuli gaazrebaa. sibrZne, ZiriTadad, cxovrebis praqtikuli saxelmZRvaneloa. sibrZne sazrdoobs filosofiiT, magram sibrZne masze ufro metia imis
gamo, rom filosofia filosofiuri codnaa, sibrZne marto
codna araa. mas Tan erTvis praqtikuli arCevani, gadawyvetilebebi, saqmeebi.

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5. sibrZnis praqtikuloba. sofistebis moRvaweobaSi,

miuxedavad logikisa da zneobis normebidan gamiznulad gadaxvevebisa, sibrZnis aucilebel niSnad mainc gamoikveTa misi
praqtikuli buneba. sibrZne, cxadia, eyrdnoba adamianis Teoriul azrovnebas, garkveul codnas, magram misi arseba mis praqtikulobaSi unda veZioT. sibrZne aris adamianis cxovrebis
praqtikuli iaraRi. adamianis sibrZne mJRavndeba mis irgvliv,
_ garemoSi, droSi, sivrceSi, misTvis saWiro da SesaZlebeli
miznis dasaxvaSi da misi miRwevis SesaZleblobaSi. adamianis
sibrZne mJRavndeba mis SesaZleblobaSi sworad gaTvalos
sakuTari unarebi, SesaZleblobebi, amasTanave sworad gaerkves

sakuTar interesebSi, yovelnairad sworad ganWvritos is garemo,

romelSic mouwevs miznis dasaxva da realuri faqtorebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, misi ganxorcieleba. adamiani teleologiuri
arsebaa. mTeli misi cxovreba garkveuli miznebis wyebaa. misi
bedniereba Tu mwuxareba mis miznebTanaa dakavSirebuli. rac
ufro bevri da maRali rangis miznebiT itvirTeba adamiani,
miT ufro, Tumca mZime, magram mainc sasiamovnoa misTvis es
tvirTi, miT metad ganicdis sakuTar Rirsebas da amiT ufro
bednieria. xolo rac ufro mcire da dabali rangis miznebiTaa adamiani dakavebuli, miT ufro ukmayofiloa Tavisi cxovrebiT. kidev ufro autanelia saerTod umiznod cxovreba.
adamianis TviTmkvleloba xSirad cxovrebis umiznobasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. miznis arqona cxovrebis sazrisis dakargvas
iwvevs. aqedan ki TviTmkvlelobamde erTi nabijiRaa darCenili. amitom, rogoric nakiTxi, ganaTlebuli da mcodnec unda
iyos adamiani, igi brZenad ver CaiTvleba, Tu ar SeuZlia (an
cudad SeuZlia) SearCios miznebi, sworad dasaxos da ganaxorcielos isini. aseT pirobebSi igi, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, mxolod
meocnebe adamiani iqneba. sibrZne araa romelime konkretuli
saqmis keTebis niWi. niWi aris adamianis iseTi konkretuli
unari, romelic SesaZleblobas aZlevs mas mis winaSe mdgomi
raime konkretuli amocana droulad da warmatebiT Seasrulos. mTeli cxovreba adamianisaTvis aseTi konkretuli
amocanebis organuli mTlianobaa. aq adamians mxolod erTi
konkretuli saqmis keTebis unari ar yofnis. aq sakeTebelia
mTeli cxovreba. sibrZne adamianis praqtikul cxovrebiseul
nabijebSi vlindeba. sibrZne aris adamianis niWi, romelic
vlindeba azrovnebis, arCevanis, gadawyvetilebebis da praqtikuli qmedebebis mTlianobaSi da romelic mimarTulia
cxovrebis praqtikul marTvaze. SeiZleba pirovneba sakuTar
cxovrebas warmarTavdes brZnulad. SeiZleba mas Cabarebuli
hqondes adamianTa jgufis, organizaciis, an mTeli qveynis
cxovrebis marTva da adamianis am yvelafersac, warmarTavdes
brZnulad. amitom brZenad SeiZleba mogvevlinos rogorc rigiTi
moqalaqe, ise qveynis mmarTveli. sibrZne aris imis niWi, adami-

anma misi erTaderTi sicocxle ras da rogor miuZRvnas, risTvis

da rogor daxarjos. yvela adamianuri niWi miznebis, daniSnulebis mixedviT cxovrebis niWis nawilebia da mis mTlianobas
qmnis. amitom Tu adamians SeuZlia garemos, droisa da sivrcis
gaTvaliswinebiT, swori miznebis dasaxva da aRsruleba, da Tu
misi es qmedebebi, saboloo jamSi, warmatebulad jdeba mis
mTlian cxovrebaSi ise, rom amiT konfliqtSi ar modis gare
sinamdvilesTan (igulisxmeba buneba, sazogadoeba, sxva kerZo
adamianebi), igi amiT Tavis sibrZnes avlens. es mis praqtikul
cxovrebaSi gamoixateba. igi amiT praqtikulad brZenia. sibrZnis kriteriumi _ zneobis normebis darRvevis gareSe ganxorcielebuli cxovrebis praqtikuli warmatebulobis xarisxia.
Tu adamianis mier ganxorcielebuli praqtikuli qmedeba ar
ewinaaRmdegeba zneobis normebs, ar upirispirdeba sxvebis
cxovrebas da misi ganxorcielebis ufro ukeTesi varianti
ver daiZebna, Tu misma aseTma qmedebam, rogorc misi, ise sxvebis
cxovrebis Tundac odnavi gaumjobeseba gamoiwvia, maSin misi
qmedeba, Tundac igi ar eyrdnobodes wignebSi dagrovil tradiciul codnas, gadiodes logikurobis, samarTlis da sarwmunoebis miRebuli normebidan (am TvalsazrisiT, arc aluda
qeTelauris saqcieli iyo uzado), brZnuli qmedebis saxes
iRebs. xSir SemTxvevaSi, adamianTa aseTi qmedebebi, maTi daumorCilebloba arsebuli normebisadmi, sazogadoebis mxridan
iwvevs gakicxvas, dasjas da mokveTasac ki, magram es ar auqmebs
maT qmedebaSi sibrZnis arsebobas. cxovreba, pirvel rigSi,
praqtikuli sferoa da mas sWirdeba praqtikuli midgoma, princi piT rogor ajobebs? cxadia praqtikulobaSi ar unda
vigulisxmoT sixarbe, momxveWeloba, merkantiluroba.

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6. sibrZnis relatiuroba. adamianuri sibrZne

yovelTvis relatiuria. amiT igi gansxvavdeba RvTaebrivi
sibrZnisagan. RvTaebrivi uzenaesi sibrZnea, romelic dasrulebuli, srulyofili xasiaTisaa da amdenad absoluturia. adamianuri sibrZne, rogor maRal xarisxSic unda iyos igi war-

modgenili, absoluturobis doneze ver iqneba ganxiluli.

sibrZne adamianis erT-erTi arsebiTi niSania. amis mizezi
bunebriv miswrafebaSia, yvelafers miaRwios rac SeiZleba
naklebi danaxarjebiT (igulisxmeba naklebi dro, riskebis
nakleboba, naklebi materialuri da sulieri danaxarjebi da
sxva) da metis miRwevebiT. amasTanave, adamianisaTvis mudam
Tanmdevi Tvisebaa ukmayofilebis gancda, rac SedegTan SedarebiT survilis metobiTaa gamowveuli, magram adamianis
sibrZnis arsebiTi ganmsazRvrelia misi SedarebiToba da raRac
gamokveTili pirobebis mier misi gansazRvruloba. absoluturi (absoluti) RmerTia. igi aseTia ara viRacasTan, an raRacasTan SedarebiT, aramed TavisTavad. amasTanave, igi aseTia
raRac pirobebis arsebobis gamo ki ara, aramed upirobod, mas
araviTari ganmsazRvreli piroba (Zala) ar gaaCnia. anu absoluturia is, rac TavisTavadia da yovelgvari Sedarebis miRma
dgas. RvTaebriv sibrZnes arc raime ganmsazRvreli piroba
upirispirdeba da arc raimesTan SedarebiT dgoma uxdeba. am
gagebiT RmerTis sibrZne absoluturia, iseve rogorc absoluturia RvTaebrivi WeSmariteba. adamianuri sibrZnis relatiuroba mJRavndeba imaSi, rom misi qmedebebis sibrZne garkveuli pirobiTaa gansazRvruli. igi aseTia mocemul pirobebSi.
sxva pirobebSi igi SeiZleba brZnuli aRar yofiliyo. amasTanave,
adamianis cxovrebiseuli nabijebi brZnulia sxva nabijebTan
SedarebiT. Sedareba gveubneba `brmaTa Soris calTvalio
ars pirveli sardalio~. anu briyvuli cxovrebiseuli nabijebis
gverdiT, pirovnebis garkveuli nabiji brZnuli Cans, magram es
ar niSnavs mis srulyofilebas. SesaZlebelia, masze aSkarad
brZnuli nabijebis gverdiT igi ise gafermkrTaldes, rom
briyvulobis niSniT warmosdges. aqedan is gamomdinareobs,
rom absoluturobisa da relatiurobis Sesabamisad, RvTaebrivi da adamianuri sibrZnis kidev erTi arsebiTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani _ esaa ucvleloba da cvalebadoba. is rac
absoluturia, _ unakloa, dasrulebulia, srulyofilia. amitom igi ucvlelia, mdgradia. amis sapirispirod, rac relatiuria, _ naklovania, dausrulebelia, arasrulyofilia, amitom

misTvis am naklovanebis dasaZlevad cvalebadoba aucilebelia. da bolos, sibrZnis absoluturoba da relatiuroba maT
simartivesa da struqturulobaSi gamoixateba. RvTaebrivi
sibrZne absoluturia imitom, rom martivia. misi simartive
misi siwmindea. xolo misi siwminde imaSi gamoixateba, rom igi
erTgvarovania, ar Seicavs araviTar gansxvavebulobas. mis gansxvavebul nawilebad dayofa SeuZlebelia aseTi gansxvavebulobis uqonlobis gamo. adamianuri sibrZne rTulia, struqturuli agebulebisaa. igi Seicavs erTimeorisgan gansxvavebul
mravalgvar elements. maT Soris, igi Seicavs rogorc sakuTriv
brZnul elementebs, ise briyvuls. adamianuri sibrZne, maTi
erTianobaa. es iwvevs imas, rom Tu RmerTi mudam brZenia,
adamiani garkveul momentSi SeiZleba brZenis saxiT mogvevlinos, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ briyvisa. cxadia, misTvis
mizania sibrZnis gziT siaruli, magram misi sasrulobis gamo
mas `SeuZlia~ Secdomebis, cdunebebis daSveba, rac aacilebs
brZnuli gziT svlas. aqedan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba vasabuToT, TiTqos erTni mxolod brZenni arian, xolo meoreni
briyvni. ufro swori iqneba, Tu vifiqrebT, rom erTi da igive
adamiani garkveul momentSi sibrZnes iCendes, xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi sibriyves. amitom adamianSi relatiuria (fardobiTia) rogorc sibrZne, ise sibriyve. adamianis cxovreba
rTuli da grZeli gzaa, sadac mas elodeba aTasnairi gamocda,
cduneba, riski, gambedaoba, tanjva, sixaruli da a.S. misi mizania
es gza ise ganvlos, rom mis mier gadadgmuli cxovrebiseuli
nabijebidan rac SeiZleba meti iyos brZnuli nabijebi, xolo
briyvuli _ naklebi. adamianis mTliani cxovrebiseuli portreti mis mier ganxorcielebuli brZnuli da briyvuli nabijebiT iZerweba.

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7. sibrZne da WeSmariteba. istoriulad moxda ise,

rom filosofiis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze sibrZnis TemiT dainteresebam filosofiaSi ukana planze gadainacvla
da CrdilSi moeqca. mis nacvlad, wina planze aRmoCnda WeS-

maritebis problemis kvleva. axali drois filosofiaSi Semecnebisa da WeSmaritebis problema filosofiuri azrovnebis centrad iqca. udaoa, WeSmaritebis kvleva filosofiuri
moRvaweobis aucilebel amocanad unda CaiTvalos Tundac
imitom, rom sibrZne WeSmaritebiT xelmZRvanelobas gulisxmobs. magram adamianis praqtikul cxovrebaSi, rac misi uSualo mizania, TviT WeSmaritebasac ekargeba azri, Tu misi brZnulad aTviseba ar xdeba.
WeSmariteba cxovrebis aucilebeli elementia, magram
ara sakmarisi. cxovrebis mxolod WeSmaritebaSi gaformeba
amouwuravis amowurvis warumatebeli mcdelobaa. amaze kantma
energiulad miuTiTa, roca dauSva TavisTavadi nivTis _ arseboba, uaryo misi WeSmaritebaSi gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba da
masze msjeloba rwmenas daayrdno anu goniT xedvas zRvari
daudo da mis gverdiT adgili dauTmo rwmeniT xedvas da Tu
mainc davuSvebT mTliani cxovrebis WeSmaritebaSi gaformebis SesaZleblobas, maSin cxovreba mTlianad mecnierebis CarCoebSi eqceva da aq sakiTxavia aseT cxovrebas adamianisaTvis eqneboda raime xibli da gamarTleba? eqneboda aseT
cxovrebas adamianuri saxe? cxadia, ara! Tundac imitom, rom
WeSmaritebidan danaxuli cxovreba neitraluri (obieqturi)
unda iyos adamianis subieqturi gancdebis mimarT. cxovrebaSi
adamians aucileblad sWirdeba WeSmariteba, magram misTvis
kidev ufro mniSvnelovania cxovrebis emociuri gancda. es ki
SeuZlebelia cxovrebiseuli sibrZnis gareSe. swored sibrZnea
cxovrebaSi emociuri gancdebis gamformebeli, momwesrigebeli da warmmarTveli sulieri Zala. sibrZneSi ikveTeba cxovrebiseuli moulodnelobani, riski, teleologiuroba, ganumeorebloba da originaloba. sibrZneSi ikveTeba adamianis
Tavisufleba. sibrZneSi ikveTeba cxovrebis xibli, mimzidveloba da adamianuroba.
sibrZnesa da WeSmaritebas Soris saerToa is, rom orive
sulieri movlenaa. magram WeSmariteba adamianis Teoriuli
moRvaweobis Sedegia, xolo sibrZne, imis miuxedavad, rom igi ar
upirispirdeba adamianis Teoriul moRvaweobas (gansxvaveba da

dapirispireba sxvadasxva movlenebia!), mTlianad adamianis

praqtikul sferoSi Tavsdeba. cxadia, Teoriuli moRvaweobiT
dadgenili WeSmaritebis gamoyeneba swored praqtikul sferoSi xdeba, magram praqtikaSi WeSmaritebiT xelmZRvaneloba, upirobod ar niSnavs brZnulad moqmedebas. arc brZnuli moqmedeba niSnavs aucileblad WeSmaritebis gziT svlas.
WeSmaritebas adamiani Seyavs aucileblobis sferoSi.
WeSmariteba adamianze aucileblobis ZaliT zemoqmedebs. mcdarobasac SeuZlia adamianze aseTive ZaliT zemoqmedeba, magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu adamiani cdeba da obieqturad
mcdar azrs subieqturad WeSmaritad miiCnevs. kargad gacnobierebul mcdarobas maiZulebeli ZaliT adamianze zemoqmedeba
ar SeuZlia. es niSnavs, rom aucileblobiT mtkicebis an uaryofis Zala mxolod WeSmaritebas aqvs. mcdarobasac aqvs Tavisi aucilebloba, magram igi aucileblobaa mxolod misTvis,
vinc uneburad cdeba. amitom esaa subieqturi aucilebloba.
WeSmaritebis aucileblobis Zala yvelasadmia mimarTuli, amitom igi sayovelTaoa da obieqturi. azri, romelic erTjeradi movlenebis amsaxvelia, ver iqceva praqtikul cxovrebaSi
saxelmZRvanelo princi pad. amitom WeSmaritebaSi aisaxebian
ganmeorebadi movlenebi da saganTa gvaris zogadobebi. aqedan
vRebulobT WeSmaritebis zogadobas.
aucileblobisa da zogadobis (sayovelTaobis) meSveobiT WeSmariteba warmoadgens sinamdvilis mastandartirebel
saSualebas. is sinamdvilis gansakuTrebuli sulieri yalibi,
matricaa. Cveni grZnobadi xedvis winaSe sinamdvile gadaSlilia rogorc mudmiv moZraoba-cvalebadobis procesSi myofi realoba. mgrZnobelobisaTvis esaa gansxvavebulTa samyaro. imisaTvis, rom aseTma samyarom gonebis winaSe qaosis saxe
ar miiRos, saWiroa misi ise mowesrigeba, rom goniT CarCoebSi
moeqces. amisaTvis goneba masSi eZebs iseT elementebs, romlebic samyaros momwesrigebel funqcias itvirTeben. Semecneba princi pulad iqaa SesaZlebeli, sadac aseTi elementebis
daZebnis SesaZleblobaa. maTi saSualebiT adamianma qaosSi
wesrigi unda aRmoaCinos. aseTi ram SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Tu

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goneba moZraobebis siRrmeSi uZraobas ver dainaxavda, cvalebadobaSi ucvlels, warmavlobaSi waruvals, erTeulSi zogads,
gansxvavebulobaSi igiveobrivs. realuri sinamdvilisaTvis
es fundamenturi momentebi _ momwesrigebeli da kanonzomierebis mimcemia. isini sinamdvilis realuri myari standartebia, Taviseburi konstantebia. WeSmaritebas yovelTvis maTi
gamoxatva ekisreba. amitom WeSmariteba realuri sinamdvilis
azrobrivi standartia. mecnierebis mier dadgenili yoveli
kanoni, romelic azrSi WeSmaritebis statuss iZens, sinamdvilis Taviseburi standartia. es ukanasknelia Tundac maTematikis martivi movlena gamravlebis tabula. am standartebSi moqceuli gvaris saxeobebi icvlebian, magram TviTon gvari
ucvleli rCeba. amitom gvaric garkveuli standartia. aqedan
gamomdinare, WeSmariteba gvayenebs rogorc aucileblobis, ise
sayovelTaobis standartebis winaSe. anu, igi adamians garkveuli CarCoebiT SezRudulobaSi aqcevs. amiT WeSmariteba Tavisi aucileblobiTa da sayovelTaobiT, aqedan _ misi standartulobiT upirispirdeba adamianis jerarsrul yofierebas
mis Tavisuflebas. Tavisufleba msgavsi SezRudulobis moxsnaa. viTarebis paradoqsuloba imaSi gamoixateba, rom, erTis
mxriv, Tu WeSmariteba upirispirdeba adamianis Tavisuflebas,
meores mxriv, adamianis Tavisufleba principulad SeuZlebelia WeSmaritebis gareSe. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom namdvili
adamianuri yofierebis, anu Tavisuflebis miRwevisaTvis WeSmariteba (codna) aucilebel momentad unda CaiTvalos, magram
ara sakmarisad. saWiroa mas daerTos iseTi faqtorebi, romlebic adamianis cxovrebas sibrZneSi gadaiyvans.
adamianisaTvis erT-erTi mTavari sulieri Zalaa imedi.
imedi yovelTvis momavalTanaa dakavSirebuli. amasTanave, adamiani teleologiuri arsebaa. miznebis dasaxva da misiT
cxovreba momavliT cxovrebaa. momavlis Wvreta ki SeuZlebelia gonebis SemecnebiTi moRvaweobisa da WeSmaritebis wvdomis gareSe. WeSmaritebaSi dafiqsirebuli aucileblobebisa da sayovelTaobis saSualebebiT ganxorcielebuli gaTvlebiT SesaZlebelia momavlis gonebrivi Wvreta. magram re-

aluri sinamdvile, aucileblobisa da zogadobis garda, savsea

aTasgvari SemTxveviTobebiTa da calkeulobebiT, romlebic
veraviTar WeSmaritebiT dadgenil normebSi ver Tavsdebian.
aucileblobisa da zogadobis codna Tu momavlis xedvis da
misgan gamomdinare imedis molodinis safuZvelia, SemTxveviToba da calkeuloba SeuZlebels xdis momavlis gamWvirvaled xedvas da amiT moulodnelobebs da imedis arqonas udebs
safuZvels. maTi arsebobis gamo cxovreba aRsavsea aTasgvari
xifaTebiTa da riskebiT. cxovreba riskebis sferoa. adamiani
rom mxolod WeSmaritebas eyrdnobodes da realuri sinamdvilec WeSmaritebasTan adekvaturi iyos, igi ar gadaeyreboda
araviTar xifaTs, ar mouwevda raime riskis gaweva, ar aRmoCndeboda moulodnelobis winaSe. WeSmaritebiT yvelaferi winaswar
gaTvlili da gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda. magram aseTi cxovreba sruliad rutinul xasiaTs miiRebda, xolo masSi mcxovrebi adamiani ti piur rutiniorad iqceoda.
WeSmaritebas adamiani Seyavs ualternativobis sferoSi, rac WeSmaritebis erTaderTobiT aris gamowveuli. aq ibadeba
kiTxva, _ niSnavs Tu ara WeSmaritebis ualternativoba cxovrebis ualternativobas? pasuxi aSkaraa cxadia, ara! cxovrebis ualternativoba adamianis Tavisuflebis da TviT
cxovrebis gauqmebaa, magram cxovrebis alternatiuloba mWidro
kavSirSia WeSmaritebis ualternativobasTan. maTi kavSirisaTvis saWiroa WeSmaritebisa da sibrZnis harmoniuli kavSiri. faqtiurad, esaa is, rasac filosofiaSi aucileblobisa da
Tavisuflebis urTierTobis problemas uwodeben. mocemul
SemTxvevaSi, es problema WeSmaritebisa da sibrZnis urTierTobis formiT warmosdgeba. WeSmariteba Tu aucileblobis
formaa, sibrZne Tavisuflebis samyaroa.
rogorc sibrZne, ise WeSmariteba dakavSirebulia codnasTan. Tumca codnisadmi maTi mimarTeba sxvadasxvanairia.
WeSmariteba azris niSania. WeSmaritebaSi azri sayovelTaobisa da aucileblobis, anu obieqturobis niSans iZens. SemecnebaSi elementis saxiT sibrZnec Seicavs azrs. amitom sibrZnec azris niSania. arsebobs gamoTqma `brZnuli azri~.

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qarTul enaze gamocemulia wigni saTauriT `brZnuli azrebis samyaroSi~ (1967 w). magram azri sibrZnis niSans iZens ara
SemecnebaSi, aramed praqtikul saqmianobaSi misi amoqmedebis
gziT. amis Taobaze ityvis SoTa rusTaveli `ara viqm, codna
ras margebs filosofosTa brZnobisa~-o. anu, erTis mxriv, Tu
imazea miTiTeba, rom sibrZnis arsi ufro adamianis praqtikul
qmedebaSi unda veZioT, meore mxriv, aseTi qmedebebi aucileblobiT gulisxmobs garkveul codnaze dayrdnobas. uazrobisa da uvicobis pirobebSi gamoricxulia raime sibrZne.
arc WeSmaritebaa da arc sibrZnea nebismieri azris
niSani. WeSmariteba Tu SemecnebiTi unarebiT dadgenili azris
niSania, sibrZne aris iseTi azris niSani, romelic praqtikuli saqmianobis Sedegad sibrZnis Semadgenel aucilebel
elementad iqceva. sibrZne ki iseTi movlenaa, romelmac Tavis
elementad SeiZleba aqcios ara mxolod WeSmariti azri.
adamiani sasruli arsebaa. sasrulia misi SemecnebiTi
unarebis SesaZleblobanic. es niSnavs, rom adamians ar SeuZlia yvelafris Semecneba da WeSmaritebaSi gamoxatva.
amasTanave, adamianis mier dadgenili nebismieri WeSmariteba
TiTqmis arasodesaa srulyofili. is, rom orjer ori oTxia, am
WeSmaritebis srulyofilebis mimarTac gamoiTqmis garkveuli
eWvi. e.i. nebismier ukve dadgenil WeSmaritebebs mudam sWirdebaT kritikuli Semowmeba, Sesworeba, dazusteba. es usasrulo
procesia. praqtikul cxovrebaSi ki adamiani konkretul droSi realurad dgas konkretuli problemis gadaWris winaSe.
mocemuli problema Seicavs iseT momentebs, romelTa gadawyvetaSic garkveul daxmarebas gauwevs adamianTa xelT arsebuli ukve dadgenili WeSmaritebebi; magram mocemuli problema
savsea iseTi momentebiTac, romlis Sesaxeb adamiani ar flobs
araviTar WeSmaritebas. es maSin, roca realuri cxovreba aiZulebs adamians dauyovnebliv gadawyvitos mis winaSe mdgomi
konkretuli problema. igi valdebulia gadadgas praqtikuli
nabiji, amisaTvis mas sWirdeba imis damajerebloba, rom mis
mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba ufskrulisaken ar waiyvans.
amis Taobaze WeSmaritebam garkveuli informacia miawoda, ma-

gram igi aSkarad ar kmara momavlis realuri ganWvretisaTvis.

praqtikuli moqmedebisaTvis bevri saWiro informaciis mimarT WeSmariteba dums. aseT pirobebSi adamianma ra qnas, riTi
ixelmZRvanelos, riTi unda Seavsos is nakli, rasac problemis gadawyvetaSi WeSmaritebis `uZlureba~ qmnis? aseT SemTxvevaSi adamiani damajereblobis sayrdens sxvadasxva sulieri
Zalebis erTianobaSi poulobs. esaa: alRo, varaudi, intuicia,
dakvirveba, gamocdileba, nebisyofa, riskianoba.
cxovreba adamianisagan moiTxovs momavlis imedian xedvas. aRmoCnda, rom adamiani aseT xedvas sxvadasxva `TvaliT~
axorcielebs. maTgan erTia WeSmariteba. igi dasabuTebas dayrdnobili xedvaa. amitom igi dasabuTebiT mopovebuli damajereblobis garantiaa. magram, Turme risi danaxvac aris saWiro,
WeSmaritebas yvela maTganze informaciis mowodeba ar SeuZlia. igi yvelgan imis danaxvas cdilobs, rac zogadia, aucilebelia, ganmeorebadia. WeSmariteba sagnebis abstraqtuli
xedvaa, magram sagnebisa da movlenebisaTvis es mxolod ConCxia, zogadi sqemaa. adamians realur cxovrebaSi saqme aqvs realur, SemTxveviTobebiT, konkretulobiT, ganumeoreblobiT
xorcSesxmul sagnebTan. praqtikuli cxovreba adamianisagan
swored aseTi sinamdvilis danaxvas da misi xedvisadmi ndobis
damajereblobas moiTxovs. aseTi damjereblobis garantias
adamiani CamoTvlili unarebis mTlianobaSi poulobs. aq ar
arsebobs mecnieruli argumentebi, dasabuTebebi. maT adgils
adamianis praqtikuli gamocdileba da dakvirveba ikavebs, romelTa niadagze Cndeba adamianis rwmeniTi, anu damajereblobiTi
xedvis unari. esaa is xedva romelic sibrZnis safuZvels
warmoadgens.
pirovnebaSi aRniSnuli unarebis gamomuSaveba-Camoyalibeba xangrZlivi procesia. amitomaa, rom sibrZne yovelTvis
dakavSirebulia xandazmulobasTan. bavSvis ama Tu im sferoSi
niWiereba SesaZlebelia, magram SeuZlebelia misi sibrZne.
RmerTis, rogorc absoluturi sibrZnis, xatmwerebis mier TeTr
wverSi gamoxatva, siwmindesTan erTad, mis xandazmulobazec
miuTiTebs. adamianis praqtikul moRvaweobaSi WeSmaritebis

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ukmarisoba imas niSnavs, rom usasrulo samyaroSi WeSmaritebis sasrulobis gamo adamians ar SeuZlia uari Tqvas sakuTar
da sxvaTa praqtikul gamocdilebasa da dakvirvebebze gaCenil alRoze, varaudze. amitom adamianuri sibrZne momentis
saxiT Seicavs rogorc mecnierul codnas WeSmaritebas, ise
aRniSnul unarebze dayrdnobil rwmeniT xedvas.
WeSmaritebaSi Rirebulebis sakiTxi saerTod ar dgeba.
igi ganyenebuli obieqturi xedvaa. adamianur sibrZneSi ikveTeba realur sinamdvilesTan adamianis subieqturi (emociuri)
damokidebuleba. esaa SefasebiTi aqti, romelSic ibadeba adamianuri Rirebulebani. es qmnis adamianis cxovrebis realur
qsovils. mxolod obieqturi Semecneba (WeSmariteba) ver iqceva subieqturi cxovrebis saxelmZRvanelo instrumentad. masTan erTad saWiroa sakuTriv subieqturi xedvac. adamianis
sibrZne mis mier cxovrebis rogorc obieqtur (WeSmaritebaze)
ise subieqtur (varaudze, alRoze, intuiciaze, gamocdilebaze)
faqtorebze dayrdnobas moiTxovs.

8. sibrZne, Sefaseba, arCevani, Tavisufleba, pasuxismgebloba. praqtikul cxovrebaSi adamians saqme aqvs
mraval saganTan da movlenasTan. igulisxmeba rogorc materialuri, aseve sulieri movlenebi _ azrebis, ideebis, Tvalsazrisebis saxiT. mas daerTvis religiuri, politikuri, msoflmxedveluri Sexedulebebi da a.S. maTi simravle maT gansxvavebulobaze, xSir SemTxvevaSi maT radikalur dapirispirebaze metyvelebs. pirovnebis gansakuTrebuloba da unikumoba
moiTxovs sagnebisa da movlenebis simravlidan airCios misTvis misaRebi mravalTa Soris romelime erTi da praqtikul
cxovrebaSi misiT icxovros, misiT ixelmZRvanelos. swori
arCevani Sefasebis niadagze keTdeba. adamianisaTvis sagnebisa
da movlenebis obieqtur (SemecnebiTi) da subieqturi (SefasebiTi) xedvebi erTimeores mimarT miznisa da saSualebis urTierTobaSi Tavsdebian. obieqturi xedva (Semecneba) saSualebaa subieqturi xedvis (Sefaseba) rogorc miznis mimarT. e.i.

obieqturi xedva (WeSmariteba) adamianisaTvis TviTmizani ki

araa, igi mxolod saSualebaa imisaTvis rom pirovnebam Tavisi
subieqturi cxovreba ganaxorcielos, es ki subieqturi xedvis
pirobebSia SesaZlebeli. aseTi xedvis poziciidan pirovneba
SefasebiT aqtSi adgens rogoria sagani misTvis kargi Tu
cudi. es gamoricxavs adamianis indiferentobas ara marto
calkeuli movlenebis mimarT, aramed saerTod cxovrebis mimarT. Tavis mxriv indiferentoba gamoricxavs sibrZnis SesaZleblobas, sibrZne cxovrebisaTvis aqtiuri poziciaa. indiferentoba cxovrebis mimarT iseTi gulgrilobaa romlisTvisac sibrZnec da sibriyvec Tanabar mniSvnelobas iZens.
cxovrebis mTavari wyaro imedi anu sasoebaa. imedis anu sasoebis dakargva sasowarkveTaSi Cavardnaa. gavixsenoT `vefxistyaosnidan~ tarielis Sepasuxeba avTandilTan `brZeni vin brZeni ra brZeni! xeli viTa iqms brZnobasa~-o. mijnuris dakargvis
gamo tarieli sasowarkveTaSia. igi yvelafris mimarT kargavs
interess. sicocxlis survilic ekargeba da aq misTvis sibrZnis Sexseneba absurdulad miaCnia. marTalicaa, sibrZne sicocxleze Seyvarebulis da cxovrebisaTvis SemarTuli adamianis saqmea. sibrZne maRal da aqtiur gonierebas moiTxovs,
sasowarkveTili da xelad qceuli adamianis goneba ki dabindulia.
SefasebiT aqtSi adamiani adgens misTvis kargsa da
misaReb obieqts, romliTac unda gaamdidros da gaaZlieros
sakuTari cxovreba. aseve adgens misTvis cudsa da miuRebel
obieqtebs da cdilobs maT aeridos. amitom sibrZne SeuZlebelia adamianis mier SefasebiTi aqtis gareSe. Sefaseba imis
saqmea vinc ZiebaSia. maZieblad yofna cxovrebis moTxovnilebaa. vin ZiebaSi ara misi sibrZne gamoricxulia, vinaidan sibrZne ZiebaSi orientirebis saSualebaa. Sefaseba araa TavisTavad
sibrZne. sibrZne adamianis arc erTi calke aRebuli saqmianoba araa. sibrZne am saqmianobebSi mJRavndeba. calke wminda
saxiT sibrZne ar arsebobs. sibrZne vlindeba SefasebaSi. amitom SeuZlebelia pirovnebam movlenebi sworad ver Seafasos
da Sedegad brZnuli gadawyvetileba ver miiRos. e.i. sworad,

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kargad Sefasebis unari sibrZnis aucilebeli niSania.

adamianis rogorc SemecnebiTi ise SefasebiTi moRvaweoba misi sulier-Teoriuli moRvaweobaa. Teoria praqtikas unda daukavSirdes da masSi naxos ganxorcieleba. amisaTvis saWiroa maTi damakavSirebeli rgoli. aseTia arCevani
da gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari. SeiZleba iTqvas rom sibrZnis yvelaze koncentrirebulad gamovlena xdeba arCevanSi
da gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. es imaze miuTiTebs rom sibrZne
Zlier fsiqologiur da nebelobiT Zalebs eyrdnoba. SeiZleba adamiani flobdes sibrZnisaTvis saWiro yvela Zlier sulier
Zalebs, magram Tu mas ar aRmoaCndeba Sesatyvisi fsiqologiuri
da nebelobiTi Zalebi, Tu igi gaubedavi, meryevi, susti nebisyofis mqone pirovneba iqneba, es misi sisustea da ara sibrZniT
gamoxatuli misi Zliereba.
sinamdvilis gaadamianurebis procesSi adamians uxdeba
arCevnebis gakeTeba. ra mimarTulebiT unda waiyvanos da ra
saxe unda misces gaadamianurebul garemos, roca igi mraval
variants Soris romelime erTs aZlevs upiratesobas. es misi
arCevania. arCevanis obieqti sxvadasxva ramaa. aris arCevani
romelic dakavSirebulia iseT wvrilman da droebiT sagnebTan, romelsac raime princi puli gavlenis moxdena ar SeuZlia
adamianis cxovrebaze. magram aris iseTi arCevani romelic
didad gansazRvravs adamianis Semdgom mTlian cxovrebas. maT
Soris aris iseTi arCevnebi romlebic yvela sxva arCevnebs
safuZvlad edeba da gansazRvravs cxovrebis mTlian xasiaTs.
esenia profesiis, megobarTa wris, msoflmxedvelobrivi, religiuri, zneobrivi orientaciis arCevnebi. mTlianobaSi esaa
universaluri filosofiuri arCevani, romliTac yalibdeba
adamianis cxovrebis wesi, cxovrebis habitusi. meoce saukunis
frangi filosofosis _ Jan pol sartris azriT, filosofiuri arCevani aris cxovrebis `pirveladi proeqti~, romelic
misi yvela detalis ganmsazRvrelia.
arCevani SesaZlebelia Tavisuflebis pirobebSi. arCevans nebeloba awarmoebs. amitom nebis Tavisufleba arCevanis
Tavisuflebas qmnis, ris gamoc Tavisufleba sibrZnis Sesa-

Zleblobis aucilebeli pirobaa. TavisuflebasTan yovelTvis

dakavSirebulia misi aucileblobasTan mimarTebis sakiTxi.
kosmiurad adamiani ganTavsebulia aucileblobis samyaroSi.
kiTxvaze adamiani mTlianad da savsebiT unda daemorCilos
mis win aRmarTul aucileblobebs, sruliad unda gaemijnos
maT, Tu unda moinaxos amaTgan gansxvavebuli mesame gza,
vRebulobT adamianis monad, TviTnebad, an Tavisufal arsebad
gaformebis gzebs. mona isaa, vinc arafers irCevs, igi mTlianad
emorCileba mis winaSe mdgom, misTvis ucxo, obieqtur aucileblobebs. amitom igi aRarc pasuxismgebelia Tavisi qcevis
Sedegze. TviTneba zurgs Seaqcevs misTvis ucxo, obieqtur
aucileblobebs sakuTari nebiT (amitomaa igi TviTneba!) da
akeTebs arCevans. misi arCevani mTlianad misi subieqturi
motivebiT, anu subieqturi aucileblobiT aris gansazRvruli
da mainc, arCevanis Sedegze araviTar pasuxismgeblobas ar
kisrulobs. am tipis arCevani sibrZnis ki ara, TavkerZobisa da
borotebis safuZvelia. Tavisufali pirovneba ki obieqturi
aucileblobisa da sakuTari nebis (subieqturi aucileblobis) Tanafardobaze dayrdnobiT akeTebs arCevans ise, rom
pasuxismgebelia Tavisi arCevaniT gansazRvrul qmedebaze. es
ar niSnavs Tavisufali adamianis arCevanis avtomatur determinacias obieqturi aucileblobiT. yvelafers akontrolebs
da marTavs misi neba (subieqturi aucilebloba). swored es
iwvevs pirovnebis pasuxismgeblobas. aqedan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia rogorc monis, ise TviTnebas sibrZne, radgan arcerTi flobs Tavisuflebas. isini ar floben arc pasuxismgeblobas. monas obieqturad ar SeuZlia iyos pasuxismgebeli,
xolo TviTneba subieqturad gaurbis pasuxismgeblobas. Tavisufali adamianis arCevanSi Cans misi valdebulebac obieqturi garemos mimarT, aseve saxezea misi myari pozicia _
SeinarCunos am garemoSi Tavisi pirovnuloba, TviTmyofadoba.
amitom misi pasuxismgebloba yovelTvis orgvari elferis
Semcvelia: erTia obieqturi aucileblobis winaSe pasuxismgebloba, anu ZiriTadad im garemos mimarT, romelSic uxdeba cxovreba, xolo meorea _ pasuxismgebloba sakuTari Tavis

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winaSe. Tavisufleba yovelTvis pasuxismgeblobis matareblobas

niSnavs. mxolod pasuxismgebeli SeiZleba iyos Tavisufali.
pasuxismgeblobis arqona upasuxismgeblobaa. es ki TviTnebobis arsebiTi niSania.
naTqvamidan unda davaskvnaT, adamianis sibrZne vlindeba Sefasebis, arCevanisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis unarebSi. sibrZne Tavisufali adamianis unaria. TviT Tavisufleba
_ sakuTriv Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis mTlianobaa.
amitom sibrZnis aucilebeli sayrdenia pasuxismgebloba.

9. sibrZne, SemoqmedebiToba, saqme, mizani. adamiani imdenadaa Tavisufali, ramdenadac flobs arCevanis
SesaZleblobas. arCevani ki mxolod alternatiul realobaSia SesaZlebeli. amitom arCevans da gadawyvetilebebis miRebas adamiani Seyavs alternativebiT savse sinamdvileSi. mTeli cxovreba alternativebis sferoa. igi savsea aTasgvari
moulodnelobebiT, ris gamoc adamians uxdeba sxvadasxva xifaTebisa da riskebis winaSe dgoma. es yvelaferi Seicavs
adamianis marcxisa da warumateblobis SesaZleblobebs. Tavisi SezRuduli SemecnebiTi SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare,
adamiani cxovrebaSi ver moaxerxebs da bolomde ver ascdeba
aRniSnul moulodnelobebs, riskebsa da xifaTebs. WeSmariteba maTgan Tavdaxsnis mxolod SezRuduli saSualebaa. WeSmaritebis erTaderToba _ im erTaderTi viwro gzis, Taviseburi,
alesili danis piris aRmoCena da masze gavlaa, riTac xerxdeba moulodnelobebis, riskebisa da xifaTebis Tavidan acileba. mcdarobis simravle, faqtiurad, riskebisa da xifaTebis
simravlea. WeSmaritebebi cxovrebis mTlian gzaze iseTi fragmentebia, romelTa Soris, swored rogorc fragmentebs Soris,
aTasnairi Zlieri, gaurkvevlobiTi `Cavardnebia~, rac adamians
xifaTisa da riskebis winaSe ayenebs. cxovrebaSi aseTi `Cavardnebis~ gamouricxaoba, riskebisa da xifaTebis gamouricxaobaa. amitom konkretul situaciebSi, riskebisa da xifaTebis
WeSmaritebis meSveobiT Tavidan acileba _ mxolod nawilo-

briv xdeba. meore nawilis mimarT ki, mizani ufro isaa, rom
maTi damangreveli Zala gonivruli nabijebis meSveobiT _
SesaZlo minimumamde davides. amisaTvis garkveuli unaria saWiro.
esaa adamianuri sibrZne. sibrZniT adamiani axerxebs iseTi
gawonasworebuli nabijebiTa da swori orientaciiT svlas,
rasac minimumamde dayavs riski da xifaTi, an sulac icilebs
maT damangrevel Zalas. Tu sportul enaze vityviT, realur
cxovrebaSi, riskebsa da xifaTebs Soris sibrZne, Taviseburi
slalomiT svlis SesaZleblobaa. igi gamoricxavs mouqnelobas da Sablonurobas. piriqiT, igi yovelTvis mobilurobis,
SemoqmedebiTi bunebisaa. amitom sibrZne adamianis Zlierebaa.
igi xifaTebisa da riskebisagan gaqcevas ki ar niSnavs, aramed
adamianis mzadyofnas _ maTTan pirispir Sesaxvedrad. msgavs
situaciaSi, sibriyve adamianis sruli umweobaa. sibrZne, rogorc
xifaTebisa da riskebis pirispir dgomis mzadyofna, ar niSnavs
winaswar gamzadebuli saSualebebiT mzadyofnas. esaa unarianobiT mzadyofna, anu imis unaris qona, rom sruliad axal,
arastandartul situaciaSi adamianma Tavi gaarTvas mis winaSe
aRmarTul saSiSroebebs, esaa brZolis unari, romliTac adamiani, ara Sablonurad, aramed moqnili xerxebiT, SemoqmedebiTi
modgomiT, konkretulad axerxebs konkretuli problemis gadawyvetas. amaSi vlindeba adamianis sibrZne. amitom adamianis
gonivruli cxovrebis umaRlesi forma misi sibrZnea. xolo
Tu cxovrebas marTlac daviyvanT iseT standartul da Sablonur modelze, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba aucileblobiT,
yvelafris winaswar gaTvla-gaTvaliswinebiT icxovro winaswar
mkacrad dadgenili normebiTa da princi pebiT (WeSmaritebebiT), es, marTalia, gamoricxavs moulodnelobebs, xifaTebs, Secdomebsa da mis Sedegebs, magram amasTanave, cxovreba dakargavs
yovelgvar adamianur Rirebulebas. cxovrebiseuli moulodnelobebi adamians ayenebs aramarto Tavsatexi problemebis
winaSe, aramed is maintrigebeli Zalacaa, adamianSi mudmivad
rom asazrdoebs cxovrebiseuli siaxleebis mimarT interessa
da ltolvas. WeSmaritebebis swavla-dazepireba SesaZlebelia misi zogadobis gamo. masSi ganmeorebadi movlenebia asax-

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uli. sibrZnis Seswavla-dazepireba uazrobaa misi ganumeoreblobisa da unikumobis wyalobiT. gameorebuli sibrZne _
sibrZne ki araa, aramed farsia. Tumca sxva SemTxvevaSi misi
gameoreba sruliad gansxvavebul Sedegs gamoiRebda. i. kanti
werda, _ filosofosma studetebs `azrebi ki ar unda aswavlos, aramed azrovneba~. Tu amis perifrazs movaxdenT, sibrZnis mimarT miviRebT Semdegs, calkeul sibrZneTa, rogorc
magaliTebis, Seswavla-dazepireba ki ar unda xdebodes, aramed
sibrZnis unaris gamomuSaveba. brZnoba sibrZnis unaria,
romelic yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, SemoqmedebiTad axal,
arastandartul gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisa da praqtikuli
nabijebis gadadgmis unars warmoadgens.
sibrZne azrisa da saqmis (praqtikuli qmedebis) erTianobaa. saqmis, qmedebis gareSe sibrZne azrs kargavs. cxovrebis nebismier proeqts, azrovnebaSi, ganxorcielebuls azri
aqvs maSin, roca is praqtikaSia ganxorcielebuli. rusTavelis zemoT motanili debuleba `ara viqm, codna ras margebs
filosofosTa brZnobisa~ _ imaze metyvelebs, rom azri sibrZned _ praqtikaSi, saqmeSi amoqmedebiT formdeba. ar SeiZleba sibrZne daerqvas imas, rac ganyenebulad iqneb kargadac ici,
zneobriv, samarTlebriv, religiur wessac mxolod Teoriulad iazreb, magram realur-praqtikul qcevebSi ar, an ver
axerxeb am normebis dacvas, imis gamo, rom ar aRmogaCnda
Sesatyvisi nebisyofa, gambedaoba, riski da a.S., _ maSasadame,
Sors dgaxar sibrZnisgan. azrovnebis istoriam icis sokrates
qmedeba, roca mas eyo princi puloba, gambedaoba da nebisyofa,
emoqmeda ara merkantiluri motivebiT, aramed sakuTari
filosofiuri mrwamsiT. mas Rrmad sjeroda sulis ukvdaveba.
amitom misTvis kritikul situaciaSi, imis miuxedavad, rom
mowafeebma sapyrobilidan misi farulad gayvana winaswar
moamzades, sokrate uars ambobs amaze da Tavisi xeliT iRebs
sasikvdilo Sxams. amiT man mowafeebs damajerebeli da amdenad, brZnuli gakveTili Cautara, rameTu TvalnaTliv daanaxa
uZlieresi nebisyofis gansxeulebuli simtkice.
qristianul religiaSi qriste ganixileba rogorc

srulyofili RmerTi da srulyofili kaci. misi, rogorc

RmerTkacis azrebi da qmedebebi uzenaesi sibrZnis mTlianobaa
(de iyos naTeli! da iqmna naTeli) sityva da saqme erTidaigivea. azriT da saqmiT, sityvierad da saswaulebiT adamianebs moZRvravda da unergavda sarwmunoebas. kulminacia iyo
vnebis kvira. jvris tvirTiT da golgoTaze sakuTari mxrebiT
ataniT, tanjva-wamebiT, jvarcmiT, SesudrviT, aRdgomiT, amaRlebiT _ adamianebs sityviT da saqmiT Cautara brZnuli
gakveTili, RmerTkacma Tavisi magaliTiT da saqmiT uCvena
adamianebs _ rogor SeiZleba dakargul samoTxeSi dabruneba.
saqmiT gaacxada adamianTa damoZRvris RvTaebrivi sibrZne, _
`moTminebiTa SeniTa moi pove sasufeveli Seni!~
davubrundeT dedamiwaze dasadgurebul codvilebs.
daTa TuTaSxias qmedebaSic azrisa da saqmis mTlianobis sibrZnea. sikeTis qmna daTas cxovrebiseuli mrwamsia,
mTeli cxovreba ver egueba siyalbesa da borotebas, ukeTurebas ebrZvis gamudmebiT. bolos, sakuTar sikvdilsac borotebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi iyenebs. momakvdavi, sakuTari gvamis
kacTa TvalTagan gauCinarebisTvis zrunavs, raTa Svils `mamis mkvlelis~ saxeli aacdinos, fulis boroti gziT Sovnis
survili Cauklas, sikeTisa da siwmindis qristianuli gakveTili
Cautaros.
sibrZne moiTxovs da eyrdnoba nebisyofis Zalas. SeiZleba adamians gaaCndes garkveuli codna, dakvirveba, gamocdileba,
gaaCndes Sefasebis, arCevanisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari,
magram misgan sibrZnes ar unda velodoT, Tu mas nebisyofis
realuri simtkice da Zala ar gaaCnia, romliTac mis mier
miRebul gadawyvetilebasa da arCevans realur praqtikul
qmedebaSi gadaiyvans. aseTi nebisyofis Zala uzrunvelyofs
adamianis gonivrul simamaces da gambedaobas, uromlisodac
sibrZne SeuZlebelia. amitom sibrZne aris gmirobisa da simamacis safuZveli. sibrZne praqtikulad brZnuli nabijebis gadadgmaa.
brZnuli praqtikuli nabiji moiTxovs Tavis kriteriums (sazoms). imis gamo, rom sibrZne adamianis praqtikuli

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moRvaweobis sferos kuTvnilebaa, misi kriteriumis sakiTxi,

WeSmaritebis kriteriumTan SedarebiT, ufro gamWvirvalea.
sibrZnis kriteriumis sakiTxi ikveTeba mis teleologiurobaSi. sibrZneSi gamokveTil da warmmarTvel funqcias asrulebs
adamianis mier dasaxuli mizani. WeSmaritebaSi araviTari mizani ar Cans. mizani SefasebiT-RirebulebiT orientaciaSi
Cndeba. debuleba `orjer ori oTxia~ Tumca WeSmaritebaa,
magram igi arafers gveubneba imis Sesaxeb es kargia, Tu cudi.
e.i. aq raime praqtikuli mizani ar ikveTeba. adamianis praqtikuli nabiji brZnulia, Tu mas adamianuri RirebulebebiT
gamarTlebuli da SedarebiT mokle, xelsayreli gziT mivyavarT dasaxul mizanTan. cotne dadianis qmedeba Seicavda
moulodnelobas, udides xifaTs da risks, sabolood misma
qmedebam sasurvel mizans (Sedegs) miaRwia. amitom, misi mxridan es iyo ara marto simamace da gmiroba, aramed brZnuli
nabiji. igive iTqmis dimitri yifianis praqtikuli nabijis
Sesaxeb, es nabiji dakavSirebulia TbilisSi 1886 wels momxdar tragikul faqtTan. sasuliero seminariis qarTveli moswavle klavs seminariis reqtors. misi dakrZalvis procesiaze
ruseTidan movlinebuli egzarqosi pavle Tavis sityvaSi wyevlis mkvlelis gamomzrdel qveyanas. amiT ukiduresad Seuracxyofilia sazogadoeba. dimitri yifiani, romelmac kargad
icis egzarqosis Zlieri kavSirebis Sesaxeb xelisuflebis
maRal eSelonebTan, icis ramdenad saxifaTo da sariskoa misTvis aseTi nabijis gadadgma, sakuTari Rirsebis karnaxiT
mainc mimarTavs egzarqoss werilobiT da mouwodebs `Seuracxmyofeli adamiani Seuracxyofili qveynidan dauyovnebliv
iqnes gasuli~. dimitri yifianis am nabijs mohyva Sedegad
misi devna, rac misi mkvlelobiT dasrulda. marTalia dimitri yifiani ewireba Tavis gabedul nabijs, magram roca mas,
mkvlelobamde gadasaxlebaSi myofs, moskovidan qarTveli studentebi werdnen, `Tqvenma am nabijma piradad Tqven Tumca
didi usiamovneba SegamTxviaT, magram Tqvens mier `ganatyorcni isari ar ascdenia mizanso~, _ ra igulisxmeboda am mizanSi? egzarqosis mier qarTveli eris dawyevlis Semdeg, mefis

TviTmpyrobelobiT daSinebul sazogadoebaSi daisadgura qedmoxrilobis mdumarebam. aqtiurad xmis amoRebas veravin bedavda. iyo mxolod kuluaruli CurCuli da pasiuri protesti.
saWiro iyo meti gambedaoba da simamace, saWiro iyo erovnuli
da kacobis Rirsebis gamosafxizleblad da dasacavad gabeduli xmamaRali sityvis Tqma. es misia dimitri yifianma ikisra.
da ai, aq misi `ganatyorcni isari ar ascdenia mizans~. miuxedavad imisa, rom dimitri Seewira Tavis am qmedebas, mainc, misi
mamxilebeli sityva Sefasda rogorc brZnuli nabiji, vinaidan miaRwia mTavar sawadels. misi xmamaRali gancxadeba eris
xmamaRal gancxadebad CaiTvala, rac imis maCvenebeli iyo, rom
erSi bolomde mainc ver Cakla erovnuli Rirseba ruseTis
mefis TviTmpyrobelobam.
sibrZnis mizanTan dakavSireba ar niSnavs makiaveliseuli princi pis `mizani amarTlebs saSualebas~ dacvas. makiavelis am principSi ar Cans, rogor mizanze da rogor saSualebazea msjeloba. aq ar Cans is, Tu ra aris, ra Rirebulebis mqonea
mizani da arc is Tu ra Rirebulebis mqone saSualebiT miiRweva igi. amitom es aRarcaa sibrZne. namdvili sibrZne iseTi
praqtikuli nabijia, romelSic rogorc mizani, ise misi miRwevis saSualeba gamarTlebulia pirovnuli, erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio RirebulebebiT da am Rirebulebebs eyrdnoba.

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10. sibrZne da emociebi. sibrZnis gansazRvreba. sibrZne xasiaTdeba kidev iseTi niSnebiT, rogoricaa sifrTxile, sifxizle, sidinje, windaxeduleba. cxadia, es niSnebi damaxasiaTebelia sibrZnisaTvis, magram isini moiTxoven
garkveuli zRvaris arsebobas, romelic ar dauSvebs maT gadasvlas sapirispiro ukiduresobaSi. igulisxmeba zedmeti sifrTxiliT gamowveuli gaubedaoba; zedmeti sifxizliT gamowveuli ukiduresi daZabuloba; zedmeti sidinjiT gamowveuli
pasiuroba; zedmeti windaxedulebiT gaumarTlebeli aCqareba
da Sedegad windauxedaobaSi gadasvla. sibrZne am or ukiduresobebs Soris zomierebis anu `oqros Sualedis~ Senar-

Tavi X. siyvaruli

Cunebas gulisxmobs anu rogorc berZnebi ityodnen mezotes

dakavebas da misiT xelmZRvanelobas.
calke sakiTxia sibrZnisa da emociebis urTierTobis
Tema. es sakiTxic zomierebis farglebSi unda iqnes gaazrebuli.
sibrZne ar niSnavs emociebze arc mTlianad uaris Tqmas da arc
emociebis tyveobaSi Cavardnas. sibrZne gonebisa da emociebis
balansirebul harmonias moiTxovs. cxadia, aris sferoebi, sadac
saWiroa da amitom adgili aqvs, miznis ukeT miRwevisaTvis, emociebis
maqsimalur SezRudvebs (magaliTad mecnierebis sfero), aris
iseTi sferoebic, sadac piriqiT, metad mniSvnelovania mowesrigebuli emociebis gamovlena da wina planze wamoweva (xelovneba, literatura, religia, zneoba), magram yoveli es sfero
mTliani cxovrebis nawilebia. mTlianobaSi aRebuli cxovreba
ki gonebisa da grZnobebis harmoniul erTianobas moiTxovs.
amasTanave, xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom sibrZnisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli TavSekavebuloba emociebze uaris Tqmas ki ar
niSnavs, aramed mis gonivrul marTvas. Tanac sibrZneSi gonebisa
da grZnobebis harmonia gulisxmobs ara cxovrebis nebismier
wvrilmanTan mimarTebas, aramed cxovrebis princi puli da gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone movlenebTan damokidebulebas.
mTlianobaSi, rac aq iTqva sibrZnis Sesaxeb, amaze dayrdnobiT CamovayaliboT misi gansazRvreba. ama Tu im cnebis gansazRvrebisas mimarTaven sxvadasxva logikur wess. es damokidebulia TviTon movlenaTa Taviseburebebze. arsebobs gansazRvrebis
e.w. gvar-saxeobiTi wesi; gansazRvreba SeiZleba iyos cnebaSi
asaxuli movlenis ZiriTadi arsebis gamoxatuleba. sibrZnesTan
dakavSirebiT, misi rTuli bunebis gamo umjobesia igi ganisazRvros e.w. deskripciuli (aRweriTi) wesiT, romelic sibrZnis arsebiTi niSnebis aRweriTi mTlianobiT iqmneba.
sibrZne aris principul Rirebulebebze da Tavisufal
nebaze dayrdnobiT mopovebuli sulieri unarebis mTlianobiT (codna, rwmena, intuicia, alRo, gamocdileba, Sefaseba, arCevani da gadawyvetilebis miReba) adamianis maRali miznebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis matarebeli praqtikuli qmedebebis
ganxorcieleba.

1 . si yva r u li r o go rc fi l o sofi u r i Tema .

filosofia cxovrebis Teoriul gaazrebas iZleva. cxovrebis
fundamenturi sayrdeni siyvarulia. amitom filosofiaSi siyvarulis Temas principuli mniSvneloba aqvs. amaze metyvelebs
is, rom filosofiis saxelwodebaSi dRemde xeluxleblad
SenarCunebulia `fileo~, anu siyvaruli iseve, rogorc `sofia~,
anu sibrZne. siyvarulis Tema, sulieri kulturis ori gansxvavebuli formis _ xelovnebisa da filosofiisaTvis erTnairad umniSvnelovanesia. usiyvarulod arc filosofiuri
azrovneba arsebobs da arc mxatvruli Semoqmedeba. amitom
kacobriobis udides adamianebs mudam siyvaruli asuldgmulebda. `siyvarulo, Zalsa Sensao~, _ ityvis poeti da adamianTa
cxovrebis istoria marTlac adasturebs, rom yvela Rirebuleba `siyvaruls uSenebia~. Rirebulebebis gareSe ki cxovreba uazrobad iqceva. magram isic faqtia, rom siyvarulis
saxeliT am qveynad bevri tragediac datrialebula. aqedan
gamomdinare, adamianisaTvis yovelTvis fiqrisa da mowiwebis
sagani iqneba cxovreba da misi yvelaze qmediTi Zala siyvaruli.
xSirad, kerZod adamianis cxovrebas afaseben, rogorc
Semdgars an Seumdgars. cxadia, aseTi Sefaseba pirobiTia, magram Tu mas cxovrebis Sefasebis sazomad miviRebT, maSin
Seumdgarad unda CaiTvalos iseTi cxovreba, romelmac misi
masazrdoebeli siyvarulis gareSe Caiara. esaa cxovreba, romelsac siyvaruli daaklda. siyvarulis dakleba simwris da tanjvis matebas niSnavs. Semdgarad CaiTvleba iseTi cxovreba,
romelic yvelgan da yovelTvis siyvaruliTaa galamazebuli
da gakeTilSobilebuli ise, rom adgils aRar tovebs wuxilisa da kaeSnisaTvis. siyvaruli adamianis siamovnebis, netarebis da bednierebis wyaroa. cxovreba maSin aRwevs Tavis simaRles, roca masSi yvelaferi siyvaruliTaa nasazrdoebi. siyvaruli aris cxovrebis elementebis erT-mTlianobaSi Semkrebi sulieri Zala. adamiani bednieria maSin, roca cxovreba

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sinaTliTa da xalisiTaa savse. siyvaruli cxovrebis sinaTlisa

da xalisis momcemi Zalaa.

2. siyvarulis raobis Sesaxeb. siyvaruli grZnobaemociaa. samyarosTan siyvaruliT kavSiri, grZnoba-emociuri

kavSiria. siyvaruli samyaroSi guliT xedvaa. kiTxva ra
aris siyvaruli? _ inteleqturaluri kiTxvaa. igi moiTxovs
siyvarulis, inteleqtualuri xedvis meSveobiT, codnaSi gadayvanas da misi saSualebiT gamoxatvas. grZnoba-gancda Tavisi
konkretulobiT gamoirCeva. inteleqtualuri codna ki gamoirCeva Tavisi abstraqtulobiT. abstraqcia moiTxovs cvalebadi grZnoba-gancdebis. cvalebadi da warmavali momentebisagan gaTavisuflebas da mudmivi da arsebiTi faqtorebis gamoyofas, magram gansakuTrebuli viTarebaa siyvarulTan. igi ise
unda ganisazRvros, rom misi grZnobad-emociuri muxti ar miiCqmalos. amasTanaa dakavSirebuli is sirTule, rac siyvarulis raobis dadgenaSi iCens Tavs.
siyvaruli, ra saxeobisac unda iyos igi, yovelTvis
gulisxmobs masSi ori mxaris arsebobas. esenia: siyvarulis
subieqti, anu Seyvarebuli da siyvarulis obieqti, anu sagani,
rac uyvars subieqts. siyvaruli ibadeba subieqtSi. magram
ibadeba imis gamo, rom subieqti obieqtSi aRmoaCens iseT Taviseburebebs, rac exmianeba mis interesebs. Sedegad, masSi aRZravs
siyvarulis grZnobas, gancdas, rac masSi iwvevs siamovnebisa
da bednierebis grZnobas. siyvarulis sapirispiro movlenaa
siZulvili. esaa viTareba, roca subieqti obieqtSi aRmoaCens
iseT gansazRvrulobebs, rac ki ar exmianeba, aramed mkacrad
upirispirdeba subieqtis interesebs da masSi iwvevs usiamovnebasa da gaRizianebas. am garemoebaze miuTiTebs b. spinoza. misi azriT siyvaruli sxva araferia, Tu ara siamovneba
(sixaruli); xolo siZulvili usiamovneba (wuxili). albaT,
ufro swori iqneboda gvefiqra, rom siamovneba da usiamovneba,
erTdroulad siyvarulisa da siZulvilis safuZvelicaa da
maTi gamovlenis formac, esaa sagnisadmi (obieqtisadmi) Cveni

siamovneba an usiamovneba, Cveni misadmi siyvarulis, an siZulvilis gamoxatuleba. SeuZlebelia sagani, romelic ar giyvars,
gsiamovnebdes. igive iTqmis usiamovneba-siZulvilze. amave dros,
TviT siyvarulisa da siZulvilis gaCenis saTave da safuZveli siamovneba da usiamovnebaa. SeuZlebelia imis Seyvareba,
rasTanac siamovneba ar gvakavSirebs; an imis SeZuleba, rasTan
kavSiric usiamovno araa.
`vefxistyaosanSi~ naTqvami `SiSi Seiqms siyvarulsa~o imaze mianiSnebs, rom SiSi da siZulvili erTi da igive
araa. siZulvils ar SeuZlia siyvarulis Seqmna. SeuZlebelia
imis siyvaruli, rac saZulvelia. Tumca arc yovelgvar SiSs
SeuZlia siyvarulis Seqmna. mtrisadmi SiSi ver Seqmnis misadmi siyvaruls. magram SiSi arsebobs ara marto mtrisadmi
(SiSi araa simxdale iseve, rogorc gmiroba-gambedoba ar niSnavs SiSis arqonas), arsebobs SiSi moyvasisadmic; SiSi imisa,
rom moyvasisagan wyroma ar daimsaxuros da amitom mitovebuli ar iqnes misgan. rusTavels swored aseTi SiSi aqvs mxedvelobaSi. aRniSnuli fraziT rusTaveli mociqulis citirebas axdens. poemaSi vkiTxulobT `marTlad ityvis mociqulio~o. amas mosdevs citirebis aRmniSvneli brWyalebSi Casmuli
sityvebi `SiSi Seiqms siyvarulsa~-o. cxadia, mociquli SiSisa da siyvarulis aRniSnul mimarTebas religiur WrilSi
gulisxmobs. qristianuli religia RvTisadmi moSiSobas qadagebs, magram es ar niSnavs misadmi siZulvils. es araa adamianis damTrgunveli SiSi iseve, rogorc bavSvis ridi mSoblisadmi ar niSnavs misadmi siZulvils. qristianuli religia
RmerTis mimarT SiSTan erTad siyvarulsac qadagebs; Tanac
ise, rom RmerTis mimarT SiSi da siyvaruli erTimeores ki ar
gamoricxaven, aramed apirobeben. RvTisadmi SiSia saWiro, raTa
misadmi siyvaruls vufrTxildeT. rom ar iyos RmerTisadmi
siyvaruli, mis mimarT ar iqneboda arc aRniSnuli saxis SiSi.
da piriqiT, rom ar iyos SiSi RmerTis gawyromisa, misadmi
siyvaruls damcavi meqanizmi moeSleboda. religiur adamians
RmerTisadmi siyvarulis niadagze uCndeba SiSi, sifrTxile,
rom ar aRmoCndes iseT codvaSi, ris gamoc RmerTi mas gauw-

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yreba da ganudgeba; RvTisadmi SiSi imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom

grZnobad samyaroSi daTesili sikeTec da borotebac win
daxvdeba adamians RvTis samsjavroze. amitom codviT damZimebuls, diaxac, unda hqondes gankiTxvis SiSi, magram Tu mas
wrfeli monanieba SeuZlia, Tu WeSmariti morwmunea, mieteveba!
jvarcmulma iesom mis gverdis Zelzegasmul avazaksac arguna
sasufeveli _ mis TvalebSi WeSmariti rwmenis naperwkali
rom dainaxa. igive iTqmis siyvarulis yvela sxva saxeze. siyvaruls yvelgan gafrTxileba sWirdeba. misadmi sifrTxile
ukve gulisxmobs masSi SiSis elementebis arsebobas.
rogorc iTqva, siyvarulsac gaaCnia Tavisi subieqti
(Seyvarebuli) da obieqti (is rac an vinc uyvars). siyvaruli
aseT subieqtsa da obieqts Soris ganxorcielebuli mimarTebis sfecifikuri formaa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iq, sadac subieqtisa da obieqtis urTierTobis sakiTxi dgeba, mniSvneloba
ara aqvs isini gnoseologiuri, aqsiologiuri, religiuri Tu
raime sxva saxis unarmqoneni arian. am urTierTobis ganxorcielebisaTvis maT Soris sayrdenad yovelTvis cxaddeba igiveobrivi momenti. siyvarulis saqmeSi subieqtsa da obieqts
Soris igiveobrivi momenti gvevlineba siyvarulis arsebiT
niSnad. rogorc wesi, siyvarulis obieqti xdeba is, visSic
subieqti Tavisi interesebis Sesatyvis niSan-Tvisebebs aRmoaCens. amitom, zogadad, siyvaruli SeiZleba ganisazRvros
rogorc siyvarulis subieqtisa da obieqtis identificireba.
esaa oris erTad qceva. amis karg demonstrirebas iZleva biblia. RmerTma adams gamouRo nekni da misgan Seqmna eva. da ai
kiTxva: _ ratom dasWirda RmerTs, evas aseTi barbarosulqirurgiuli gziT Seqmna. mas, romelmac mTeli xiluli samyaro kreaciulad araraobisgan Seqmna, SeuZlebelia igive masalisa da meTodebis simravle Semokleboda evas Sesaqmnelad. igi
xom unaklo da yovlisSemZlea? magram aq masalis dakleba
arafer SuaSia. saqme gvaqvs RvTaebriv sibrZnesTan. RmerTs
unda adamsa da evas Soris iyos siyvaruli. amisaTvis saWiroa
maT Soris igiveobrivi (erTobis) momenti. amitom, aRniSnuli
qirurgiuli meTodiT evas Seqmna esaa simbolo maT Soris

igiveobrivi momentis, maTi erTobis arsebobis, maTi erTarsobis. adami evaSi Seicnobs sakuTar Tavs. ityvis: - `es ki
marTla Zvalia Cemi ZvalTagani da xorci Cemi xorcTagani~-o.
amas bibliaSi mosdevs ufro ganzogadebuli debuleba `amitom miatovebs kaci ded-mamas da miewebeba Tavis dedakacs,
raTa erTxorcad iqcnen~. oris erTxorcad qceva anu oris
erTad, igiveobriviT gaerTianebulad qceva aris siyvarulis
safuZveli da arsi.
aq xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom saerTod, or
movlenas Soris identificireba SeiZleba xdebodes sxvadasxva niSniT. siyvarulTan dakavSirebiT identificireba yovelTvis
dakavSirebulia grZnoba-emociebis faqtorebTan.
siyvaruli adamianis mTel samyarosTan da mis calkeul
sagnebTan dadebiTi emociur-gancdiTi kavSiria. siyvarulis
arseboba, siyvarulis subieqtSi (SeyvarebulSi) ori gancdis
arsebobas gulisxmobs. pirveli, obieqtisadmi siyvarulis gancda; meore, Tavisi Tavis gancda, rom mas uyvars, rom igi Seyvarebulia. es niSnavs, rom siyvarulis subieqtma Tavis TavSi unda
aRmoaCinos siyvarulis obieqti da TviTon Tavisi Tavi, rogorc
masze Seyvarebuli. e.i. unda aRmoaCinos, rom obieqti (sagani),
romelic uyvars, masSia, masSi Semovida da TviTon obieqtSia,
obieqtSi gavida. siyvarulSi adgili aqvs erTdroulad obieqtis subieqtSi Casaxlebas da subieqtis obieqtSi gansaxlebas.
es moZraoba, cxadia, sulieri procesia, rogorc TviT siyvarulia sulieri fenomeni. obieqtis subieqtSi Semosvla da
iq Casaxleba ar niSnavs misi TviTmyofadobis, misi TviTgansazRvulobis daknineba-gauferulebas. piriqiT, subieqtis xedvaSi igi ganuzomlad gandidebulia imdenad, rom igi mTel
samyaros utoldeba. amitom siyvarulis obieqtis subieqtSi
Semosvla mTeli samyaros Semosvlaa. subieqti siyvaruliT
eufleba mTel samyaros. siyvarulis Sedegad subieqtis winaSe
mTeli samyaro sul sxva ferebiT da JReradobiT warmosdgeba;
iseTiT, riTac igi metad eziareba bednierebas. amasTanave, subieqti gadis Tavisi Tavidan siyvarulis obieqtSi da TavisTavs
mxolod masSi xedavs. e.i. amiT subieqti gadis mTlian sam-

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yaroSi da Tavis Tavs samyaroSi xedavs. am gasvliT igi sxvaSi
aRmoCndeba. magram es sxva ukve misi sxvaa. amitom aseT sxvaSi
yofniT Tavis TviTmyofadobas ki ar kargavs, aramed masSi
yofniT yvelaze metad grZnobs Tavis TavTan yofnas, Tavis
TviTmyofadobas. aqamde Tu saganTa samyaros ganicdida, rogorc
misgan damoukideblad, TavisTavad arsebul samyaros, axla igi
mas aRiqvams, rogorc mis sakuTar samyaros. esaa misi gabrwyinebuli jerarsuli samyaro. igi bednieria. subieqti Tavis
TavTan yvelaze kargad maSin grZnobs, roca igi gasulia siyvarulis obieqtSi. Tavis TavTan aseTi yofna ki Tavis cxovrebaSi yofnaa. siyvarulis Sedegad, subieqti sxvaSi yofniT da
im sxvis masSi yofniT, yvelaze ukeT grZnobs, rom igi cxovrobs, rom cxovreba bednierebaa.
hegeli `religiis filosofiaSi~ siyvarulis Temas exeba da wers siyvaruli aris oris gansxvaveba, Tumca imaTi,
romlebic erTimeorisaTvis sruliad ganuyofelni arian. am
igiveobisa da ganuyoflobis gancda da gacnobierebaa siyvaruli. giyvardes, niSnavs iyo is, rac Sens gareTaa. igulisxmeba
Seni TviTcnobiereba, magram ara SenSi, aramed sxvaSi. es iseTi
sxva aris, romelSic aRwev kmayofilebas, romelSic Sen euflebi samyaros Sens TavTan erTad. Sen xar mxolod imdenad,
ramdenadac SenSia mTeli samyaro da Seni sakuTari Tavi.
siyvarulSi adamiani Tavis Tavs poulobs sxvaSi, vinaidan
siyvaruli aris mxareebis sicocxlis erT mTlianobaSi moqceva. hegelis azriT, roca adamiani, misi TviTcnobiereba, uars
ambobs sakuTar Tavze da gadis sxvaSi, es aris uaris Tqma
sakuTar abstraqtul pirovnulobaze. xolo im sxvaSi sakuTari Tavis povna da masTan dabruneba aris sakuTar
pirovnebasTan dabruneba, oRond ukve gamdidrebuli konkretuli SinaarsiT. amitom es aris sakuTar konkretul pirovnulobasTan dabruneba. konkretuloba konkretuli realuri
Sinaarsis SeZenaa. anu adamiani, Tavis cxovrebaSi realur
konkretul Sinaarss iZens mxolod siyvarulSi. cxovrebaSi
yoveli SenaZeni, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, vizirebulia siyvaruliT.

siyvaruli moiTxovs or qmedebas sakuTari Tavis

moxsnas sxvaSi gasvlis gziT da im sxvaSi sakuTar TavTan
dabrunebas. amiT siyvaruli dauSveblad xdis TavkerZobas,
egoizms da ukidures altruizms. TavkerZoba, egoizmi SeuZlebels xdis sakuTari Tavis moxsnas, sxvaSi gasvlas. xolo
ukiduresi altruizmi sakuTari Tavis iseTi moxsnaa, sxvaSi
iseTi gasvlaa, rac sakuTari Tavis Seuqcevadi mTliani daviwyebiT, ukve gamoricxavs sakuTar TavTan dabrunebas. siyvarulSi
sakuTari Tavis moxsna da masTan dabruneba erTmaneTs ki ar
gamoricxaven, aramed isini identobis niadagze hqmnian
mTlianobas.
adamianebi, romelTac akavSirebT siyvaruli, erTimeoris
mimarT grZnoben da avlenen pativiscemas, ndobas, pasuxismgeblobas, gulwrfelobas, gulaxdilobas, mowiwebas, gafrTxilebas, mzrunvelobas. erTmaneTisTvis undaT sikeTe imitom, rom
maT akavSirebT siyvaruli. anu maT Soris damyarebulia sulieri
identifikacia. isini erTni arian lxinSic da mwuxarebaSic.
cxadia, adamiani yvela amgvar damokidebulebas, pirvel rigSi,
avlens sakuTari Tavis mimarT. mas upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari Tavi unda uyvardes. warmovidginoT, vin unda iyos pirovneba,
romelic sakuTar Tavs pativs ar scems, ar endoba, araa Tavisi
Tavis mimarT pasuxismgebeli, gulwrfeli, ar mzrunvelobs
sakuTar Tavze da ar ufrTxildeba mas, TavisTvis sikeTe ar
unda. ratomaa siyvaruli sakuTar TavTan da ara raime an vinme
sxvasTan identificireba? imitom, rom siyvaruli yovelTvis
konkretuli subieqtis siyvarulia. igi Cemi siyvarulia, xolo
siyvaruli rom Cemi iyos igi CemTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.
aseTi kavSiri ki maSinaa SesaZlebeli, roca pirveladi siyvaruli sakuTari Tavis siyvarulia. esaa iseTi siyvaruli,
romelic ki ar axSobs sxvisi siyvarulis SesaZleblobebs,
aramed piriqiT, igi yvela sxva siyvarulis pirveladi safuZvelia. anu esaa me-s identificireba sakuTar TavTan, sakuTar
TavTan igiveoba. es araa TavkerZoba, pativmoyvareoba, egoizmi
an narcisizmi. esaa yvela siyvarulis SesaZleblobis safuZveli. visac sakuTari Tavi ar uyvars, mas ar SeuZlia, misTvis

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zedmeticaa sxvisi siyvaruli. sakuTari Tavis siyvaruli sakuTari cxovrebis siyvarulia. xolo visac cxovreba ar uyvars,
misTvis yvelaferi zedmetia. sakuTari Tavis, anu sakuTari
cxovrebis siyvaruliT iwyeba yvela danarCenis siyvaruli.
igi mogiwodebs da gaiZulebs ganamtkico Seni Tavi, Seni cxovreba. am mizniT eZeb yovelive imas, risi identifikaciac
SeiZleba sakuTar TavTan. am Ziebis Sedegad Sens cxovrebaSi
Semodian sxvadasxva movlenebi. ase Semodis RmerTi, buneba,
sxva adamianebi, samSoblo, ena... yvelaferi is, rac SenTvis
sazrisis mqonea da Rirebulebaa. ase iqmneba Seni ganumeorebeli samyaro. amiT gasagebi xdeba sakuTari Tavisadmi aRniSnuli damokidebuleba. magram adamiani amgvar damokidebulebas
avlens sxvebis mimarTac imis gamo, rom mas sxva uyvars. anu igi
mas sakuTar TavTan yavs gaigivebuli. amitom masze zrunva
emTxveva sakuTar Tavze mzrunvelobas. misi sixaruli sakuTari sixarulia, misi mwuxareba misTvisac mwuxarebaa.

3. siyvarulis klasifikacia. siyvaruli rTuli

da mravalferovani movlenaa. misi klasifikacia SeiZleba
movaxdinoT sxvadasxva niSniT. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, amas gavakeTebT siyvarulis sagnis, survilis, siyvarulis mxareebis da TanagrZnobis niSniT.
sagnis mixedviT siyvaruli imdenad mravalferovania,
rom misi amowurva TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. aq igulisxmeba RmerTisadmi, bunebisadmi, sicocxlisadmi, cxovrebisadmi siyvaruli; igulisxmeba patriotuli, deda-Sviluri, mama-Sviluri,
dedmamiSviluri, qal-vaJis, megobruli, filantropuli, profesiuli, kolegialuri, gemoTmoyvaruli, bibliofiluri, melomanuri da sxva saxis siyvaruli. pacifizmi ufro socialurpolitikuri msoflmxedveluri movlenaa, vidre siyvarulis
kerZo saxeoba. saqme is aris, rom siyvaruli ZiriTadad adamianis sinamdvilisadmi emociur-gancdiTi damokidebulebaa, vidre inteleqtualuri. cxadia, inteleqti siyvarulidan araa
mTlianad gamoricxuli, magram igi masSi emocia-gancdasTan

SedarebiT ukana planze imyofeba da misi funqcia siyvarulis

gacnobiereba da misi gonivruli da kulturuli warmarTvaa,
da ara masSi uxeSi Careva. am sazomiT, pacifizmi ufro inteleqtualuri fenomenia, vidre gancdiTi.
survilis mixedviT , sakacobrio Rirebulebebis
poziciidan, arsebobs sasurveli da arasasurveli siyvaruli.
zemoT CamoTvlili siyvarulis yvela saxe sasurveli siyvarulia. sasurvelia imdenad, ramdenadac yvela maTgani aZlierebs
da ganamtkicebs adamians da adamianobas. aZlierebs adamianis
cxovrebas da arsebobas am samyaroSi. arasasurvelia ZiriTadad e.w. avadmyofuri siyvaruli. principSi, garkveuli metaforuli gagebiT, rogorc simReraSia naTqvami, siyvaruli ukve
sneulebaa, oRond sxva sneulebebisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom
igi yvelaze metad sasurvelia, anu gamakeTilSobilebelia.
arasasurveli siyvaruli mkveTrad upirispirdeba sakacobrio
Rirebulebebs. amitom esaa ara gamakeTilSobilebeli, aramed
adamianisa da misi cxovrebis damamaxinjebeli, damangreveli
movlenaa. mis saxeebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos dapyrobiTi omebisadmi siyvaruli (ltolva), rogoric hqondaT aleqsandre
makedonels, TaTar-monRolebis liderebs, napoleons, hitlers,
stalins, ruseTis dRevandel mmarTvel Zalebs. mis saxeobebs
miekuTvneba agreTve alkoholizmi, narkomania, aratradiciuli
seqsi, mazoxizmi, sadizmi da sxva. arasasurveli, anu avadmyofuri siyvaruli Cveulebrivi avadmyofobisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom igi Seracxadis avadmyofobaa da amdenad pasuxismgeblobis matarebeli (Cveulebriv avadmyofs, avadmyofobisaTvis
pasuxismgeblobas ar daakisreben).
mxareebis niSniT, siyvarulSi warmodgenilia ori
ZiriTadi mxare. erTia siyvarulis subieqti anu Seyvarebuli;
meorea siyvarulis obieqti anu siyvarulis adresati. rogorc
yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, sadac subieqtisa da obieqtis urTierTobaa dafiqsirebuli (gnoseologiaSi, aqsiologiaSi, religiaSi da sxva), siyvarulSic aqtiuri mxare subieqtia. siyvarulis gancdis matarebeli isaa. isaa Seyvarebuli. Tumca siyvarulSi arc obieqti CaiTvleba sruliad pasiur mxared.

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masSi subieqti aRmoaCens iseT niSan-Tvisebebs, romlis mimarT

igi gulgrili ar rCeba da masSi iRviZebs, aRiZvreba obieqtisadmi siyvarulis grZnoba. siyvaruli udidesi Rirebulebaa
da rogorc yvela Rirebuleba, isic subieqtisa da obieqtis
urTierTobaSi ibadeba. amitom siyvaruli SeuZlebelia rogorc
erTis, ise meoris gareSe.
mxareebis niSniT, arsebobs siyvarulis ori saxe. erTia
iseTi siyvaruli, romelSic adamiani saerTod ar aris CarTuli. aseTia siyvaruli garkveuli saxis cxovelebs Soris;
meorea siyvaruli sadac aqtiurad CarTulia adamiani. aseTi
siyvaruli Tavis mxriv, ornairia. erTi, roca siyvarulis erTi
mxare adamiania, xolo meore mxare ara adamiani (igulisxmeba
RmerTi, buneba, samSoblo, bunebis calkeuli sagnebi da sxva);
meorea siyvaruli, romlis orive mxare (subieqtic da obieqtic)
adamianebi arian. esaa siyvaruli uSualod adamianebs Soris.
TanagrZnobis niSniTac siyvaruli ori saxisaa:
calmxrivi da ormxrivi siyvaruli. calmxrivia siyvaruli,
rodesac siyvarulis erT mxares TanagrZnobiT (imave grZnobiT) ar pasuxobs siyvarulis meore mxare; aqac ori SemTxvevaa.
erTi, roca siyvarulis erTi mxarea adamiani (subieqti) xolo
meore mxarea ara adamiani (obieqti) (buneba, misi calkeuli
sagnebi. cxadia, maT ar SeuZliaT adamianis maTdami siyvaruls
imave grZnobiT upasuxon). gamonaklisad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
zogierTi Sinauri cxovelis damokidebuleba sakuTari patronisadmi, romelic aRiqmeba misi mxridan siyvarulis gamovlinebad. meore SemTxvevaa siyvaruli, romlis orive mxare
adamiania, magram erTis siyvaruls meore imave grZnobiT ar
pasuxobs. aseT dros siyvarulis subieqti mxolod subieqtia
da igi ver xdeba siyvarulis obieqti. igi tanjuli Seyvarebulia. aseve siyvarulis obieqti mxolod obieqtia da igi ver
xdeba siyvarulis subieqti _ misi Seyvarebulis grZnobisadmi
indiferentulobis gamo. calmxrivobis gamo aseTi siyvaruli
ar iTvleba srulyofil siyvarulad. igi Seyvarebuli mxarisaTvis siamovnebaze metad tanjvis wyarod iqceva.
xSirad msjeloben siyvarulze, romelsac platonurs

uwodeben. aseTad miCneulia iseTi siyvaruli, roca mis mxareebs Soris arsebobs sulieri miswrafeba, sulieri TanagrZnoba, magram gamoricxulia maT Soris sneulebriv-xorcieli kavSiri. esaa abstraqtul-ganyenebuli siyvaruli, romelic realurad daiyvaneba an aq ganxilul calmxrivi siyvarulis ukanasknel variantze, an ubralod megobrul siyvarulze.
ormxrivia siyvaruli, rodesac siyvarulis mxareebi
erTimeores TanagrZnobiT pasuxoben, orive mxares aqvs erTmaneTis mimarT sulieri da sxeulebrivi ltolva. ormxriv
siyvarulSi siyvarulis orive mxare, erTdroulad da calcalke, siyvarulis subieqticaa da obieqtic. Seyvarebulica
da siyvarulis adresatic.
Tavis mxriv ormxrivi siyvarulic ornairia. erTia is,
roca saqme gvaqvs pirovnebis mxridan sakuTari Tavis siyvarulTan. aqac siyvaruli ori mxariT aris warmodgenili.
orive adamiania. magram misi Tavisebureba imaSia, rom aq adgili aqvs ara oris erTad qcevas, aramed piriqiT, erTis orad
qcevas. anu es ori mxare erTidaigive adamiania. esaa pirovnebis rogorc me, romelic abstraqciis gziT iyofa rogorc me da
arame. e.i. erTidaigive pirovneba siyvarulis subieqticaa da
mis pirispir mdgomi siyvarulis adresatic. siyvaruli maT
Soris yalibdeba. aseTma siyvarulma SeiZleba miiRos mimarTuleba, romelsac egoizmi, pativmoyvareoba, narcisizmi ewodeba.
esaa sakuTari Tavis iseTi siyvaruli, romelic Crdilavs da
axSobs sxvisi Seyvarebis SesaZleblobas. sakuTari Tavis siyvaruli savaldebuloa siyvarulis yvelanairi saxeobisaTvis.
magram igi unda iyos iseTi, romelic arc egoizmSi da arc
ukidures altruizmSi gadaizrdeba. es maSinaa SesaZlebeli,
roca sakuTari Tavis siyvaruli ki ar axSobs, aramed piriqiT,
safuZvlad edeba sxvisi Seyvarebis perspeqtivas. sakuTari Tavis
aseTi siyvaruli SesaZlebelia iseT ormxriv siyvarulSi, roca
misi mxareebi sxvadasxva pirovnebebi arian.
imis gamo, rom siyvaruli aris sinamdvilesTan grZnobad-emociuri kavSiris forma, xSirad uTqvamT `siyvaruli brmaa~o. cxadia aq ar igulisxmeba siyvarulis romelime konkretu-

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li saxe. miCneulia rom `sibrmave~ siyvarulis sayovelTao

niSania. cnobiereba sulis sinaTlis wyaroa, radganac cxovels cnobiereba ara aqvs, am gagebiT cxovelTa samyaroSi
siyvaruli marTlac brmaa. magram, adamianis cxovrebaSic, sadac cnobiereba wamyvani sulieri Zalaa, siyvaruli xSirad
brmaa. es maSin, roca igi mTlianad grZnobebiT aris agebuli
da masSi araa CarTuli cnobiereba. siyvarulis aseTi sibrmave adamianisaTvis xSirad kargi Sedegis momcemia. magram
isec xdeba, rom brma siyvaruls arcTu sasikeTo Sedegamde
miyavs adamiani. siyvarulSi cnobierebis CarTvis sakiTxi
garkveuli zomierebis dacvas moiTxovs. igi ar SeiZleba iyos
imdenad wina planze wamoweuli da uxeSi Zala, rom siyvaruli
angariSianobis (angarebis) arenad aqcios. magram siyvarulidan arc imdenad unda gamoiricxos rom, igi brma siyvarulamde daiyvanos. adamianis siyvarulsac sWirdeba garkveuli sinaTle, misi gaZlierebisa da swori orientaciis micemisaTvis.
es cnobierebis funqciaa. siyvarulis saqmeSi cnobiereba
savaldebuloa. magram grZnobebTan mimarTebaSi igi yovelTvis
ukana planze unda imyofebodes da mas emsaxurebodes.

4. siyvaruli rogorc sicocxlis safuZveli.

adamianis cxovrebaSi sicocxle sxvadasxva formiT da energiiT vlindeba. Tumca, cxadia, siyvaruli ara mxolod adamianis
unaria. igi sicocxlis, mTliani cocxali sinamdvilis arsebobis sayovelTao safuZvelia. is msoflmxedveloba, romelic
mTlian samyaros cocxal samyarod warmoidgens, misTvis siyvaruli mTeli samyaros suli da energiaa. cocxali sinamdvilis mimarT siyvarulis fundamentur mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs
platoni, nikoloz kuzaneli, teiar de Sardeni da sxva. galaqtionis sityvebi ar unda CaiTvalos mxolod gadaWarbebul
poetur paTetikad, roca igi miuTiTebs sios, mzis, tyis, silamazis da TviT ukvdavebis usiyvarulod ararsebobaze. ukvdaveba xom sicocxlis arsebobaa. e.i. sicocxle ar arsebobs
usiyvarulod. cxovelebSic es kargad SeiniSneba sakvebis Zie-

biT, gamravlebis instinqtiT (sqesobrivi ltolviT), mSobliuri instinqtebiT, socialuri solidarobiT da sxva.
sicocxle cocxal arsebebs imxela datvirTvebs akisrebs, rom maTTvis SeuZlebeli iqneboda am tvirTis moTminebiT da bejiTad zidva, Tu maT kompensaciis saxiT, rogorc
Taviseburi sanacvlo fasi, ar eqnebodaT am tvirTis Semamsubuqebeli da damabalansebeli iseTi unari, romelic `jadosnuri~ ZaliT ara marto SeaZlebinebda am tvirTis udrtvinvelad zidvas, aramed es tvirTi maT imdenad Zlier vnebaTa
aRtkinebaSi, siamovnebaSi da netarebaSi amyofebdaT, rom isini
mas ar gacvlidnen arafer sxvaze. es unari siyvarulia.
sicocxlisaTvis arsebiTi moTxovnaa kveba da gamravleba. kvebac da gamravlebac warimarTeba siyvarulis niadagze. cxoveluri organizmisaTvis mniSvnelovania kvebis procesis cikluri warmarTva. amisaTvis buneba maTSi gamoimuSavebs
SimSilisa da nayrovanebis grZnobas. es grZnobebi emyareba
siyvarulis (siamovnebis) da siZulvilis (usiamovnebis) gancdebs.
SimSili organizmSi aRviZebs Wamis mimarT `mindas~, Wamis
survils (siyvaruls). nayrovaneba aRviZebs `aRar mindas~, Wamisadmi usiamovnebas (siZulvils). amitom SimSilis grZnoba
organizmisaTvis signalia, mowodeba, Wamisken imisaTvis rom
sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad bunebam aiZulos organizmi, raTa
is ikvebos, organizmSi Cado SimSilis mtanjveli da WamiT
miRebuli siamovnebis grZnobebi. anu Cado SimSilis siZulvili da Wamis siyvaruli. cxadia, aseTi siZulvili da siyvaruli Tavisi bunebiT biologiuri xasiaTisaa, magram mainc
siZulvili da siyvarulia. mas Semdeg, rac organizmi Wamis
Sedegad miiRebs sakmaris sakvebs, bunebam unda aiZulos igi, _
Sewyvitos Wama. amisaTvis masSi Cado moyirWebis da danayrebis
gancda, ris Sedegadac, Cndeba Wamisadmi usiamovnebis grZnoba,
rac mas Wamas awyvetinebs. SeuZlebelia cocxali organizmis
arseboba kvebis gareSe. misi kvebis aRmZravi da maorganizebeli Zalaa SimSilisa da nayrovanebis cikluri monacvleoba.
SimSili da nayrovaneba ki _ siyvarulisa da siZulvilis
biologiuri formebia.

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igive situaciaa cocxali organizmebis gamravlebis

procesSi. aqac gadamwyvet funqcias asrulebs siyvaruli. Tu
vikiTxavT siyvarulis saxiT, ratom Cado bunebam, ara marto
adamianis, aramed nebismieri cxovelis sqesobriv aqtSi udidesi vnebaTaRelva, siamovneba da misadmi ltolva, pasuxi naTelia, imitom, rom esaa bunebis mier gaRebuli Taviseburi
xarki aRmatebiT xarisxSi imis fasad, rom sicocxlem iarsebos,
imZlavros da grZeldebodes. davuSvaT, moixsna da gaqra sqesobrivi aqtiT gamowveuli vnebaTa afeTqebebi, misadmi dauokebeli ltolva, amiT maSinve didi xifaTi Seeqmneba saerTod
sicocxlis arsebobas. mas is sapirwone gamoecleba, romlis
`fasad~ sicocxle Tavis Tavs gamoisyidis.
siyvarulis vnebebiT aRtkinebul sqesobriv aqts mosdevs axali sicocxlis dabadeba. aqac sadarajoze fxizladaa
siyvaruli. rogorc bavSvis dabadeba adamianisaTvis, ise naSieris gaCena cxovelisaTvis, udidesi tkivili da tvirTia, magram am tkivilisa da tvirTis sapirwoned, mSobiarobasTan
erTad, mSoblebSi ibadeba axali, udidesi siyvaruli axalSobilis mimarT. sicocxle ar SeiZleba miatovos siyvarulma.
mSoblebis ganuzomeli da Tavganwiruli siyvaruli Svilebisadmi amsubuqebs gazrdis (aRzrdis) mZime tvirTs. magram siyvarulis gamo, es tvirTic ara imdenad tanjvis aramed siamayis,
siamovnebis da bednierebis uRelia, romelic ar gaicvleba
sxva tvirTze. esec bunebis mxridan mSoblebis mimarT gadaxdili aRmatebuli xarkia imis fasad, rom maT ararad Caagdon
yovelgvari tkivili da siZneleebi, romelic maTi dabadebulis aRzrdaSi (gazrdaSi) SexvdebaT. bavSvis (naSieris) aRzrda (gazrda) Tu didi tvirTia mSoblebisaTvis, romelic xSirad maTgan TviTSewirvas moiTxovs, masTan erTad dabadebuli
siyvaruli da misiT gamowveuli siamovneba da bedniereba
sruli `anazRaurebaa~ am tvirTis zidvisa. siyvaruliT buneba mSoblebs `aiZulebs~ erTgulad da Tavdadebulad izrunon
dabadebulis gazrda-aRzrdaze.
igive unda iTqvas patriotebis Tavdadebaze mamulisaTvis; morwmuneTa mowameobriv aRsrulebaze sarwmunoebi-

saTvis; dedmamisSvilebsa da megobrebs Soris urTierT

Tavdadebaze...yvela SemTxvevaSi, mTavari moqmedi Zala siyvarulia. nebismieri namdvili gmiroba siyvaruliTaa nasazrdoebi. siyvaruli aris gambedaobisa da SiSis gadamlaxavi
Zala. ar arsebobs siyvaruli, romelic mxolod siamovnebis
wyaro iqneba da tanjvis saxiT Sesatyvisi `fasis~ gaRebas ar
moiTxovdes. mTavari isaa, rom am saqmeSi tanjvam ar gadaametos,
ar ajobos siamovneba-bednierebas. sicocxlis yovel momentSi,
saboloo jamSi, siyvaruli uzrunvelyofs siamovneba-bednierebis metobas usiamovneba-tanjvasTan SedarebiT.
adamianebs gamorCeulad uyvarT saerTod bavSvebi. cxovelebsac gamorCeuli siyvaruli aqvT rogorc sakuTari, ise
sxvisi da sxva saxeobis cxovelebis naSierebis mimarT.
satelevizio `disqaverSi~ naCvenebi iqna kadrebi imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ori kviris ganmavlobaSi rogor meurneobs mZvinvare lomi
sami dRis dabadebul antilopis norC naSiers. maunglobis
fenomeni, ara ki plingis mier mogonili, aramed bunebaSi realurad arsebuli, miuTiTebs cxovelebis siyvaruls adamianis bavSvis mimarT. oRond ara imis gamo, rom igi adamianis
Svilia, aramed imitom, rom igi bavSvia _ norCia! aseve, adamianebsac aqvT siyvaruli cxovelTa patara naSierebis mimarT.
swored imitom, rom isini patarebi arian. cxadia, ulmobel
garemoSi mainc adgili aqvs cxovelebis mxridan sxva saxeobis cxovelTa naSierebis SeWmas. adamianic, Tumca avlens
siyvaruls wiwilis, baktnis, ciknis Tu xbos mimarT, magram
mainc didi siamovnebiT miirTmevs maT xorcs. Tumca es ver
auqmebs adamianis siyvaruls maT mimarT. aki amboben xolme _
yvelaferi rac pataraa (norCia) sayvareliao. asakSi Sesul
adamianebs gamZafrebuli siyvaruli aqvT SviliSvilis mimarT. misadmi siyvaruli aWarbebs kidec Svilisadmi siyvaruls.
rac Seexeba damokidebulebas moxucebulebisadmi, aradamajerebelia maTi iseTive siyvaruli, rogorc bavSvis siyvarulia.
aradamajerebelia moxucebulis saerTod siyvaruli. Tu moxucebuli axlobelia, misadmi siyvaruli axloblis siyvarulia
da ara rogorc moxucebulisa. saerTod, moxucebulebisadmi

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damokidebuleba imdenad siyvaruliT araa gansazRvruli, ramdenadac madlierebiT da pativiscemiT. misadmi madliereba
ganpirobebulia imiT, rom kerZo adamianebma mocemul etapamde
mis `mxrebze dgomiT~ moaRwia. magram adamianis mzera mainc
momavliskenaa mi pyrobili. mas xiblavs da uyvars, rac momavlis perspeqtivas uqmnis. momavalSi adamiani bavSvs xedavs da
ara moxucebuls, ufro sworad _ bavSvSi xedavs momavals da
ara moxucebulSi. adamianis mudmivi fiqrisa da sazrunavis
sagania sikvdilTan Widili, misi daZleva da sicocxlis gamaradJameba. amis erT-erTi qmediTi saSualebaa sakuTari me-s
STamomavlobaSi gatana da masTan dakavSireba. rodis mokvdebio, gamomcdelad ekiTxebian moxucs, _ maSin, roca SviliSvili mokvdebao. igulisxmeba, rom sxeulebrivad SviliSvilze
adre mokvdeba, magram sulierad igi mainc icocxlebs manam,
sanam icocxlebs SviliSvili. ra aris yovelive es? _ esaa
sicocxlis siyvarulis ZaliT arseboba da misiT gamovlena.
esaa siyvarulis obieqtSi sicocxlis perspeqtivis xedva.
sicocxlis sapirispiro movlenaa sikvdili; siyvarulisa
_ siZulvili. yvelanairi siyvaruli saTaves sicocxlis siyvarulisagan iRebs. yvelanair siZulvils dasabams sikvdilis
siZulvili aZlevs. miuxedavad amisa, siyvarulic da siZulvilic sicocxlis damcavi Zalebia. siyvaruli asazrdoebs da
asuldgmulebs sicocxles. xolo siZulvili icavs mas mtruli Zalebis muqarisagan. siZulvili sicocxlis siZulvili
ki araa, igi aris sicocxlis mimarT mtruli Zalebis siZulvili. saboloo jamSi, esaa sikvdilis siZulvili. gvZuls,
radgan gviyvars. sikvdili gvZuls, radgan gviyvars sicocxle.
sicocxle rom ar gviyvardes, sikvdils ar SeviZulebdiT.
sikvdilis siyvaruli ar arsebobs. sikvdilis siZulvili ki
sikvdilisadmi dapirispirebuli Zalaa da ara sikvdilis damcavi. aq dgeba kiTxva: _ sicocxlis msgavsad, ratom ar gaaCnia
sikvdils masazrdoebeli da damcavi Zalebi? imitom, rom mas
ar sWirdeba misTvis damoukidebeli aseTi Zalebi. es sWirdeba sicocxles. cocxali arsebis siyvaruli (mzrunveloba)
sicocxlisadmi, misi sakuTar Tavze mzrunvelobaa. esaa misi

sakuTari Tavis siyvaruli. sikvdils uSualo mzrunveli subieqti ar yavs. ar yavs damoukidebeli mosiyvarule da damcavi
Zalebi. sikvdili ar unda CaiTvalos arc TviTmizezobriv,
TviTarsebad movlenad. amitom, TiTqos amqveynad igi saerTod
unda gamqraliyo. magram viciT, rom qveyanaze sikvdili, ise
daTareSobs, rogorc masze `danavardobs~ sicocxle. sicocxlea misi masazrdoebeli da damcavi Zala. siyvaruli da siZulvili asazdovebs da icavs sicocxles, magram igive Zalebi,
pirdapiri gziT, asazrdoeben da icaven sikvdilsac. saqme is
aris, rom sikvdili iqaa, sadac sicocxlea. rom ar yofiliyo
sicocxle, ar iqneboda sikvdili. amitom sicocxlis dacva
sikvdilis dacvasac iwvevs. sicocxlis gamravleba, sikvdilis
gamravlebacaa. sicocxlis dabadeba sikvdilis dabadebacaa.
sikvdili aris sicocxlisaTvis moucilebeli da mudam
Tanmdevi movlena. Tu vikiTxavT, _ ra iqneboda sicocxle,
saerTod rom ar arsebuliyo sikvdili, daaxloebiT es igivea,
rom vikiTxoT ra iqneboda, rom yofiliyo mxolod sinaTle
da ar yofiliyo sibnele? ra iqneboda, rom saerTod ar arsebuliyo mcdaroba, simaxinje, uzneoba, usamarTloba; ar arsebuliyo saerTod cudia. cxadia, aseT pirobebSi dakargavda sazriss
da mniSvnelobas WeSmaritebac, saTnoebac, mSvenierebac, samarTlianobac da kargic. mxolod sinaTlis arseboba migviyvanda situaciamde, razec galaqtionma brZana: _ `wminda sinaTlis diad badeSi, ise cotaa gasagebeli, rogorc rom wminda
siwyvdiadeSi~. sicocxle mimzidveli da sazrunavia imis gamo,
rom arsebobs iseTi safrTxobela, rogoricaa sikvdili.
sikvdili sicocxles drois CarCoebSi aTavsebs, reglaments
uwesebs. amiT cocxal arsebas aiZulebs, iyos ara mconare,
aramed _ aqtiuri, maZiebeli, droSi Caetios da Tavisi mosaswrebi moaswros. sikvdilis mniSvneloba sicocxlis mimarT kargad SeniSna vaJa fSavelam `Seni Wirime sikvdilo,
sicocxle fasobs SeniTao~-o.
sicocxlis dacva ZiriTadad misi sikvdilisagan dacvaa.
amitom, erTi SexedviT, sicocxle xom yvelaze kargad maSin
iqneboda daculi, Tu sikvdili, rogorc fenomeni, saerTod ar

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iarsebebda. religia, samoTxisa da sulis ukvdavebis meSveobiT ZiriTadad am gzas misdevs. magram es rwmenis gzaa. mecnierebas dasabuTebis gza sWirdeba. sulis ukvdavebis dasabuTeba ki SeuZlebelia. amasTanave, vinaidan arc sicocxle
arsebobs sikvdilis gareSe, amitom sicocxlis siyvaruliT
dacva sikvdilis saerTod gauqmebas ki ar moiTxovs, aramed
sikvdilis gadawevas da amiT sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebas.
sicocxlis gaxangrZliveba, rogorc individisaTvis, ise gvarisa
da mTeli cocxali samyarosaTvis maSin miiRweva, roca igi
gaJRenTili da nasazrdoebia uZRebi siyvaruliT. vambobT
`uZRebi~, raTa uaryofil iqnes e.w. `sikvdilis instinqti~. es
ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisi sicocxliT `ZRomas~ anu mis `moyirWebas~ emyareba. aseT Tvalsazriss aviTarebda rusi biologi
i. meCnikovi. igi miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom adamianis asakis
zrdasTan erTad, sicocxlis siyvaruli (survili) ki ar mcirdeba, aramed ufro izrdeba. am faqtis sapirispirod, igi momxre
iyo adamianSi `sikvdilis instinqti~-s ganviTarebis. es niSnavs, xnier adamianSi, asakis zrdasTan erTad nel-nela mcirdebodes sicocxlisadmi siyvaruli da izrdebodes sikvdilis
survili ise, rogorc daRlilobis Semdeg, adamianSi aRiZvreba
Zilis moTxovnileba. imis gamo, rom adamianSi sicocxlis
siyvaruli da sikvdilis siZulvili ar neldeba, yoveli konkretuli sikvdili unda CaiTvalos udrood, radgan igi dakavSirebuli araa sikvdilis survilTan. es ki tragikulobis
mauwyebelia. evTanaziac iZulebiTi RonisZiebaa da isic tragediaa. amitom `sikvdilis instinqti~ ver Rebulobs Tavisufal ganviTarebas, rac meCnikovisaTvis samwuxaro faqtad iTvleba. misi idealia `orTobiozi~, anu adamianis sicocxlis
ganviTareba ise, roca igi yovelgvari avadmyofobis gareSe
gaivlis cxovrebis grZel gzas da miva im bolo etapTan, roca
igrZnobs sicocxliT daRlilobas. amiT mas gauCndeba sicocxliT ZRomis, moyirWebis grZnoba da mis adgilas masSi
ibadeba iseTi sikvdilis Sinagani survili, romelic tragikulobasTan aRar iqneba dakavSirebuli. es imas gavs, mSieri
adamiani, romelsac hqonda Wamis Zlieri survili da kargad

dapurda, Sedegad moexsna SimSilis grZnoba da amiT moexsna

Wamis survili; magram erTia Wamis survili da sul sxvaa
sicocxlis siyvaruli (survili). Tu SimSilis grZnoba da
Wamis survili ciklurad ar moixsneba da kvlav ar aRdgeba, _
es bulemiuri avadmyofobaa. magram WamiT gaumaZRroba Tu avadmyofobaa, sicocxliT gaumaZRroba avadmyofoba ki ara, _ sicocxlis sijansaRe da cxovelunarianobaa. sicocxliT moyirWeba da sikvdilis survili mTlianad upirispirdeba sicocxlis arsebobis fundamentur Zalas _ siyvaruls. ras unda
niSnavdes sicocxliT moyirWeba, _ sxvas arafers, Tu ara sicocxlis siyvarulis gaqrobas, anu gaqrobas yovelive imis
siyvarulisa, riTac aqamde cxovrobda. es usiyvarulod darCenaa, romelic gacilebiT ufro mtanjvelia, vidre nebismieri
satanjveli. sicocxlis dacva mudmivi moTxovnaa. mudmivia
misi siyvaruli. gamoricxulia misiT ZRoma. sicocxlis siyvaruli sicocxlis TviTSenaxvis kanonia. amitomaa, rom medicinaSi sicocxlisaTvis brZola bolo momentamde savaldebulo qmedebad iTvleba.
rac Seexeba TviTmkvlelobas, cxadia, igi ar niSnavs
sikvdilis siyvaruls. formula mZuls radgan miyvars, amarTlebs mtris mokvlas. magram TviTmkvleloba mtris mokvla
araa. igi pirdapiri agresiaa sakuTari sicocxlis mimarT. es
riTi avxsnaT? saqme is aris, rom TviTmkvlelobis faqtebi
cxovelTa samyaroSi saerTod ar arsebobs. igi mxolod adamianis unaria. riTia es gamowveuli? cxovelTa samyaroSi sicocxlis warmmarTveli erTaderTi Zala siyvarulia. mas ar
SeuZlia, masSi araa mocemuli unari rom daupirispirdes sicocxles. piriqiT, siyvaruli sicocxleze mxolod zrunvaa.
rac Seexeba adamians, mis cxovrebaSi siyvarulis gverdiT
Cndeba sicocxlis masuldgmulebeli iseTi mZlavri warmmarTveli sulieri Zala, rogoricaa cnobiereba. TviTmkvleloba
yovelTvis cnobierebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. marTalia,
xSirad TviTmkvlelobaSi afeqtebs garkveuli adgili ukaviaT, magram, rogorc wesi, isini yovelTvis cnobierebiT Semzadebuli aqtis bolo damatebiTi momentia. adamianis cxovreba

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RirebulebebiT naSeni nagebobaa. roca adamiani kargavs im

Rirebulebebs, rac mas siyvaruliT asazrdovebda da misi cxovrebis sazrisis ganmsazRvreli iyo da sxva RirebulebebiT,
sxvanairad cxovreba misTvis uazro da miuRebelia, es masSi
iwvevs udides tanjvas da wamebas. iwyeba cxovrebis mier
aseTi tanjvisagan Tavdaxsnis gzebis Zieba. aseT pirobebSi,
roca cnobierebis SefasebiT, sikvdili ufro nakleb mtanjvelad CaiTvleba, vidre sazrisis mimcem RirebulebaTagan gaZarcvuli uazro cxovreba, _ TviTmkvlelobas gza exsneba.
TviTmkvlelobis faqtebis arsebobis miuxedavad, igi sicocxlisaTvis mainc SemTxveviTi, gamonaklisi movlenebia da ara
savaldebulo kanoni. sicocxlisaTvis savaldebulo sikvdilia.

5. siyvaruli rogorc cxovrebis safuZveli.

cxovreba ar arsebobs sicocxlis gareSe. cxovreba kulturis
formaSi ganxorcielebuli sicocxlea. kultura ki RirebulebaTa sistemaa. amitom cxovreba RirebulebebiT nagebi da
ganxorcielebuli sicocxlea. aqedan gamomdinare, is, rom siyvaruli aris sicocxlis masazrdovebeli da cxovelmyofeli
sulieri Zala, ukve niSnavs imas, rom igi aseTivea cxovrebis
mimarT. arc cxovreba arsebobs usiyvarulod. metic, siyvaruli cxovrebisTvisac fuZemdebluri da warmmarTveli sulieri
Zalaa, uromlisodac igi yovelgvar sazriss kargavs.
siyvarulTan dakavSirebiT, ra gansxvavebaa sicocxlesa
da cxovrebas Soris? arsebiTad igive, ra gansxvavebacaa
cxovelsa da adamians Soris. cxoveli cocxlobs, adamiani
cxovrobs, magram adamiani sxeulisa da sulisagan Sedgeba.
amitom adamianSi sxeuli cocxlobs, xolo suli cxovrobs.
e.i. adamiani cocxlobs kidec da cxovrobs kidec. Tumca
sicocxle masSi safuZvelia, cxovreba ki mizani. cxovelis
sicocxlis masuldgmulebeli Zalaa siyvaruli. xolo siyvarulis warmmarTveli Zalaa instinqtebi. adamianis cxovrebaSic siyvarulis gverdiT arseboben garkveuli instinqtebi,
magram isini ukiduresad SezRudul-Semcirebulni arian da

maT adgils ikavebs cnobiereba, romlis gamovlenis umaRlesi

formaa sibrZne. amitom, adamianis cxovreba imarTeba ZiriTadad siyvaruliT (emocia-grZnobebiT) da cnobiereba-azrovnebiT,
anu siyvaruliT da sibrZniT. germaneli romantikosis f.
Slegelis azriT, mxolod siyvaruliT da azrovnebiT xdeba
adamiani adamianad. vinc bunebas Seimecnebs siyvarulis gareSe,
igi mas verasodes Seimecnebs. cxovrebis mxolod wminda mecnieruli xerxebiT Semecneba araa misi namdvili Semecneba.
arc mxolod siyvaruliT Semecnebaa namdvili Semecneba. namdvili da srulyofili Semecneba ara marto gonebiT xedvaa,
aramed guliT anu siyvaruliT xedvacaa. cnobierebiT SevimecnebT arsebul sinamdviles, arsis sferos. magram jerarsruli
yofierebis Semecneba SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu goniT xedvas
guliT xedvac ar daemata, anu Tu cnobierebiT Semecnebas ar
daemata siyvaruliT Semecnebac. adamianis mizani swored jerarsul sinamdvileSi SeRwevaa. cnobierebiT Semecnebis procesSi vadgenT WeSmariteba-mcdarobas im mizniT, rom mis safuZvelze cxovrebaSi gamovricxoT da Tavidan aviridoT Secdomebi, ganvaxorcieloT swori orientaciebi. cnobierebiT
Semecnebis procesSi sinamdvilesTan vamyarebT Teoriul-azrobriv kavSirs. es kavSirebi warimarTeba mecnieruli cnebebiT,
debulebebiT, formulebiT, romlebSic sinamdvilis sagnebi da
movlenebi warmodgenilni arian imdenad `mSrali~ sqemebiT,
rom ar floben raime sicocxliseul emociur datvirTvas.
saWiroa maTi `gacocxleba~-gaadamianureba. siyvaruls swored
es funqcia akisria. siyvaruliT SemecnebaSi dgindeba Rirebulebebi. rasac siyvaruli Seexeba, yvelaferi iZens Rirebulebis saxes; yvelaferi iZens emociurobis elfers; yvelaferi rogorRac `cocxldeba~. siyvaruliT adamiani sinamdvilesTan grZnobad-emociur kavSirSia. emociebi da gancdebi
adamianis mTel cxovrebas aniWebs garkveul `ferebs~, `JReradobas~ da amiT aZlevs adamianur saxes, ris gareSec adamianis
cxovreba yovelgvar sazriss dakargavda. cnobierebas SeuZlia
mTlian sinamdviles codnisa da rwmenis saSualebiT gadaswvdes da Tavis areSi moaqcios. siyvaruls es ar SeuZlia. is,

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rac arsebobs cnobierebisaTvis, xSirad ar arsebobs siyvarulisaTvis. adamianisaTvis, romelsac Tavisi Sinagani, gamokveTili
interesebi gaaCnia, ar SeiZleba yvelafers Tanabari mniSvneloba hqondes, yvelafris mimarT Tanabari emociebiT iyos
dakavSirebuli. mas raRac moswons, raRac ar moswons; raRacis
mimarT indiferentulia. yvelafris mimarT Tanabari emociebis qona auqmebs TviT emociebs. yvelafris Tanabari siyvaruli ukve arafris siyvarulia. siyvarulisTvisac niSandoblivia
arCeviToba-gamorCeuloba, rac bolosdabolos, cxovrebis arCeviTobas edeba safuZvlad. adamianis cxovrebas avsebs da qmnis
is sagnebi da movlenebi, romlebic RirebulebiTi Sefasebis
momentSi mowonebas imsaxureben. cxovrebidan gadian is sagnebi da movlenebi, romlebic garkveuli gadafasebiT, kargaven
mowonebas da dawunebulni xdebian. saerTod, cxovrebis miRma
rCebian isini, romelTa mimarT adamiani indiferentulia. qarTvelis mieraa naTqvami, Tu kacs ar unda, riyeze qvas ar dainaxavso, magram roca kacs unda, RorRis udides masaSi oqros
umcires namcecebsac aRmoaCens, xolo rogorc konfuci ityoda,
roca kacs unda, bnel oTaxSi Sav katas aRmoaCens maSinac ki,
roca igi iq saerTod ar aris.
cxovreba aris mudmiv moZravi da cvalebadi areali,
sadac adgili aqvs mudmivad maRali Rirebulebebis Semotanas
da iqidan moZvelebuli, Rirebulebadakarguli, movlenebis
gatanas. e.i. cxovrebaSi, Rirebulebebis saxiT, raRacaa Semosatani da raRac _ iqidan gasatani. Semosatani Rirebulebebi
saSvs Rebuloben siyvarulis ZaliT, xolo gasatani Rirebuleba, dakarguli sagnebi cxovrebidan idevnebian siZulvilis ZaliT. iwyeba cxovrebaSi mowonebulTa (Semosatanis)
dacvisa da dawunebulTa (gasatanTa) devnis dausrulebeli
procesi, rac cxovrebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi RerZia.
adamianis axalgazrdoba da xandazmuloba mxolod
wlebis raodenobiT ar ganisazRvreba. ufro arsebiTia siaxlis grZnoba da moTxovna. manam, sanam adamians, pirovnebas,
siaxlis grZnoba da moTxovnileba aqvs, sanam igi siaxleebs
gaxsnilad xvdeba, Tundac igi xandazmuli iyos, mainc suli-

erad axalgazrdad CaiTvleba. xolo Tu pirovneba, romelic

ar aris xandazmuli, magram siaxleebis mimarT rogorRac Caketilia da mxolod Zveli RirebulebebiTaa daStampuli, igi
sulierad ukve moxucia. sulieri axalgazrdoba kritikulad
moazrovnis xvedria, sulieri moxucebuloba _ dogmaturad
moazrovnisa. kritikulad moazrovnisaTvis iolia daemSvidobos Rirebulebas, romelSic kritikam, Tundac Zalian didi
xnis Semdeg, Seuwynarebeli wuni Seitana. dogmaturad
moazrovnebisaTvis Zneli da SeuZlebelia rogorc Zvel RirebulebebSi wunis aRmoCena, ise maTze uaris Tqma. cxovrebis
mudmivi moZraoba-cvalebadoba, masSi Rirebulebebis moZraobacvalebadobiTaa gamowveuli. sulieri sibere maTi cvalebadobis Seneleba-gaZnelebiTaa ganpirobebuli.
adamianis cxovreba iqsoveba da yalibdeba RirebulebebiT. cxovreba RirebulebaTa sistemaa. umaRlesi Rirebuleba
TviTon cxovrebaa. igi, rogor Rirebuleba, adamianisagan moiTxovs
dacvas, gafrTxilebas da mzrunvelobas. amis saukeTeso saSualebaa misadmi usazRvro siyvaruli. cxovrebisaTvis, pirvel
rigSi, TviT cxovrebis siyvarulia saWiro; siyvaruli sicocxlesTan erTad, cxovrebis TviTSenaxvis sayovelTao kanonia.
kerZo piris mxridan, cxovrebis siyvarulis dakargva da misi
moZuleba pirdapiri gzaa TviTmkvlelobisaken. cxovrebis
simZlavre misadmi siyvarulis simZlavriTaa ganpirobebuli.
amis miuxedavad, uazroa mowodeba _ giyvardes sicocxle da
cxovreba! es igivea mouwodo dedamiwas ibrunos sakuTari
RerZisa da mzis orbitis garSemo; mouwodo samkuTxeds rom
misi kuTxeebis jami udrides 2d-s; mouwodo mcenareebs gazafxulobiT iyvavilon da SemodgomiT baRebSi xili mwifdebodes.
es imas niSnavs, rom siyvaruli aucileblobis sferoa.

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Tu sicocxlis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala siyvarulia,

cxovrebaSi siyvarulis gverdiT kidev Semodis meore mmarTveli Zala cnobiereba. cnobierebis gareSe, sinamdvileSi mxolod siyvaruliTY(guliT) xedva adamians cxovelis arsebobamde daiyvanda; xolo siyvarulis gareSe, mxolod cno-

bierebiT xedva mis arsebobas robotis arsebobas daamsgavsebda. cxovreba orive unariT xedvas da marTvas moiTxovs. amitom filosofiaSi srul uflebaSi unda aRsdges mis etimologiaSi dafiqsirebuli `sibrZnis siyvaruli.~ oRond ara mxolod gandgomili etimologiuri mniSvnelobiT, aramed
filosofiis siRrmiseuli azriTac. rogoria maTi urTierToba? es ganisazRvreba dasaxuli miznis mixedviT. nebismieri
miznis realizacia xorcieldeba orive unariT. zogi miznis
realizacia ufro metad cnobierebis unars eyrdnoba, zogisa
ki _ siyvarulisas. erTi SexedviT, TiTqos arsebobs adamianis
saqmianobis iseTi sferoebi, sadac dasaxuli miznis miRweva
mxolod romelime erT unars eyrdnoba, _ meoris Segnebulad
gamoricxvis gziT. magaliTad, mecnieruli da samarTlebrivi
obieqturobis miRweva, urTulesi teqnikuri aparatis marTva,
an urTulesi qirurgiuli operaciis Catareba TiTqos mTlianad cnobierebiT warimarTeba; xolo iseTi movlenebi, rogorebicaa qal-vaJis siyvaruli, eWvianoba, SurisZieba, TviTmkvleloba
an gmiruli Tavganwirva, TiTqos mTlianad emociebiT warimarTeba. magram siRrmiseuli analizi gviCvenebs, rom yvela
aRniSnuli movlena warimarTeba orive unaris meSveobiT. magaliTad, aviRoT TviTmkvlelobis faqti. cxovelTa samyaroSi igi, rogorc movlena, saerTod ar arsebobs im ubralo
mizezis gamo, rom cxovelebs cnobiereba ar gaaCniaT. maTi
sicocxle mTlianad siyvaruliT imarTeba. rogorc Cans, adamians rom cnobiereba ar hqonoda, isic arasdros mimarTavda
TviTmkvlelobas, magram amiT igi veRarc adamianad iarsebebda.
e.i. TviTmkvleloba cnobierebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. siyvaruliT warmarTul cxovrebas cnobiereba kritikuli kontrolis areSi aTavsebs. cnobierebis mxridan, cxovrebis kritikuli kontroli _ SefasebiTi aqtia. mTliani cxovreba
dgeba SefasebiT aqtSi. roca cxovreba Sefasebis aqtSi miiRebs da gaacnobierebs mis araadamianurobas, aqedan iwyeba
fiqri TviTmkvlelobaze. cxovrebis araadamianurobaSi igulisxmeba situacia, rodesac adamiani kargavs imas (Rirebulebas), uromlisodac misi cxovreba kargavs yovelgvar azrs. am

naklovanebiT, mis winaSe yvelaferi ufasurdeba da cxovreba

gadaiqceva tanjvisa da wamebis wyarod. igi eZebs aseTi yofierebisagan Tavdaxsnas, cdilobs misgan gaqcevas da bolos
TavSesafars sikvdilSi poulobs. sikvdili, cxadia, didi ubedurebaa, magram pirovneba mis cxovrebas ufro did ubedurebad
aRiqvams. TviTmkvlelobis gadawyvetileba warmoudgenlad
udidesi tvirTia. amitom pirovnebas udidesi wnexis qveS amyofebs, romelic iwvevs mis afeqtur mdgomareobaSi gadayvanas.
amitom xSirad miiCneven, rom TviTmkvleloba mxolod emociebis Sedegia, magram realurad igi momzadebulia cnobierebiT
da amTavrebs mas emociebi. es araa arc saerTod cxovrebis
siZulvili da ars sikvdilis siyvaruli. esaa kerZo, piradi
cxovrebis miuRebloba.
adamianis cxovreba arsebiTad Tavisuflebis sferoa.
esaa cxovrebaSi siyvarulisa da Tavisuflebis urTierTobis
Taviseburi forma. siyvaruli nebas ar eqvemdebareba. igi nebiT
ar imarTeba. Tavisufleba ki swored nebis Tavisuflebaa, anu
nebiT moqmedebaa, oRond ise, rom igi TviTnebobaSi ar gadadis.
TviTnebobac nebiT moqmedebaa, magram ise, rom cnobierebiT ar
imarTeba, misi ZiriTadi princi pia _ SiSveli `minda~, romelic araviTar angariSs ar uwevs obieqtur situacias. Tavisuflebis neba cnobierebiT marTuli nebaa. misi samoqmedo princi pia imperatiuli `me unda~. aseTi `unda~ TavisTavSi Seicavs `mindas~, oRond iseTs, romelic vizirebulia, anu nebadarTulia obieqturi aucileblobiT. da raki Tavisufleba
cnobierebiT imarTeba, amitom tradiciuli problema aucileblobisa da Tavisuflebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb Rebulobs
konkretul formas. esaa siyvarulisa da cnobierebis urTierTobis sakiTxi.
siyvaruliT moTxovnili `mindac~ aucileblobaa. cnobierebiT nakarnaxevi `me undac~ aucileblobis moTxovnaa.
amitom adamianis cxovrebaSi siyvarulisa da cnobierebis
urTierToba ori aucileblobis urTierTobaa. Tavisufleba
aseT ori aucileblobis erT mTlianobaSi ukonfliqtod Serwymaa. Tavisufleba sisuste ki araa, aramed adamianis mxridan

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igi moiTxovs udides Zalas. ginda iyo Tavisufali, unda iyo

Zlieri! igulisxmeba ara fizikuri, aramed nebis siZliere.
imis gamo, rom Tavisufleba arCevanTanaa dakavSirebuli, Cemi
Tavisufleba imas niSnavs, rom CemSi movnaxav nebelobiT Zalebs,
romliTac SevZleb yvelafers ar davemorCilo. rasac maZalebs garegani aucilebloba. amiT gamovricxav Cems monobas;
arc yvelafer imas Caviden, riskenac Cemi Sinagani `minda~, anu
siyvaruli mibiZgebs. amiT gamovricxav Cems TviTnebobas. Caviden mxolod imas, raSic miRweuli iqneba cnobierebiT da
siyvaruliT nakarnaxevi aucileblobebis harmoniuli Serwyma. amaSi vlindeba Cemi Tavisufleba. e.i. Tavisufleba siyvarulisa da cnobierebis TanamSromlobiT miiRweva.
roca hegeli analizs ukeTebs bibliur dogmas `giyvardes moyvasi Seni, rogorc sakuTari Tavi!~ _ aq aSkara
valdebulebaa sakuTari Tavis siyvarulisa. Tumca misi azriT,
sakuTari Tavis siyvarulis moTxovna imdenad TavisTavad cxadia,
rom igi trivialuri xdeba. sakuTari Tavis siyvarulSi, unda
davinaxoT sakuTari cxovrebis siyvaruli imitom, rom pirovneba
igivea, rac misi cxovreba. e.i. bibliuri dogma savaldebulod
miiCnevs cxovrebis siyvaruls, magram am dogmaSi amaze arapirdapiri miniSnebaa. pirdapir moyvasis siyvarulis valdebulebazea naTqvami. magram moyvasic xom pirovnebis cxovrebis
nawilia. amitom esec cxovrebis siyvarulis mowodebaa. hegeli aRniSnul dogmats aseT redaqcias aZlevs `giyvardes
moyvasi Seni, ise TiTqos igi Sen xar!~ amiT, siyvarulis raobis
gagebaSi hegeli pirdapir mianiSnebs siyvarulis mxareebis
identifikaciaze. bibliaSi aris sxva adgilic, sadac or mamakacs Soris msgavs megobrul siyvarulzea miTiTeba goliaTze gamarjvebul daviTs megobrulad Seiyvarebs mefe saulis Ze ionaTani. `Sekra ionaTanma daviTTan kavSiri, radgan
Seiyvara igi, rogorc sakuTari Tavi~. siyvaruli grZnobaa.
hegelis azriT, igi iseTi grZnobaa, romelic cxovrebaze arc
meti unda iyos da arc naklebi anu siyvaruli udris cxovrebas. Tu giyvars, cxovrob! Tu siyvaruli SenTvis sruliad
ucxoa, arc cxovrob! siyvarulisa da cxovrebis igiveoba

niSnavs imas, rom siyvaruli ar SeiZleba vaqcioT saSualebad,

vinaidan, ar SeiZleba cxovrebis saSualebad qceva. cxovreba
cxovrebisaTvis, siyvaruli siyvarulisaTvis, anu orive TviTmiznobrivi movlenaa. ar unda vikiTxoT risTvis siyvaruli?
ratom giyvars? es kiTxvebi siyvaruls saSualebad aqcevs, rac
dauSvebelia. siyvaruli siyvarulisaTvis da meti araferi,
giyvars da meti araferi. Tu ici, ratom giyvars, es ukve angariSia da ara siyvaruli. siyvaruli mTelis siyvarulia. Tu
mTelidan raRac gamoyavi da siyvaruli imas daukavSire, mTelSi rCeba sxva nawilebi, romlebic aseT mimarTebas ar imsaxurebs. e.i. mTelisadmi siyvaruli ar yofila. es siyvarulSi
bzaris arsebobaa, rac siyvarulis momavals eWvis qveS ayenebs.
siyvaruli yovelTvis erTianobaa. esaa mTelis erTianoba.
Seyvarebuls siyvarulis mTeli obieqti uyvars. masSi naklis
aRmoCena ar SeuZlia. imitom ki ara, rom realurad masSi nakli
ar arsebobs, aramed imitom, rom siyvaruli naklis danaxvis
saSualebas ar iZleva.
siyvaruli sayrdenia zneobis, samarTlianobis, Tavisuflebis. mxolod siyvarulSi aris SesaZlebeli Tavisufleba,
vinaidan nebis mxolod siyvaruliT gansazRvruli moqmedeba
CaiTvleba nebis Tavisuflebad. samarTlianad da zneobrivad
sxvebisadmi Segnebuli mopyroba SesaZlebelia mxolod misadmi siyvarulis pirobebSi. sxvas samarTlianad da zneobrivad
vepyrobiT, roca igi gviyvars. mas ise veqceviT, rogorc sakuTar Tavs imitom, rom Cvensa da maT Soris sxvaobas siyvaruli
arsebiTad auqmebs. adamianebs Soris zneobrivi urTierToba,
maT Soris pasuxismgeblobis arsebobas gulisxmobs. upasuxismgebloba uzneobaa. pasuxismgebloba ki iqaa SesaZlebeli,
sadac siyvarulia. siyvaruli gvakisrebs pasuxismgeblobas.
siZulvili aris adamianis ara avadmyofuri zizRi saZulveli
obieqtisadmi, aramed igi aris mtrobisadmi principuli Seurigebloba. siyvaruli Tu mxareebs Soris identificirebaa, siZulvili mxareebs Soris urTierTgamoricxvaa, romelic iqceva
maT Soris mtrobis safuZvlad. mtris siZulvili mtris, rogorc
adamianis siZulvili ki araa, aramed misi Sendami mtrobis

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siZulvilia. gZuls imitom, rom giyvars! rom ar giyvardes arc

siZulvili iqneboda. amitom siZulvils siyvarulisagan
damoukidebeli arseboba ar gaaCnia. siZulvils siyvaruli
aCens. igi siyvarulis TviTSenaxvis meqanizmis aucilebeli
momentia. visac siZulvili ar SeuZlia, mas arc siyvaruli
SesZlebia. adamianis mxridan siZulvilis SeZleba imas ki ar
niSnavs, rom igi bunebiT moZulea. piriqiT, igi bunebiT mosiyvarulea. siyvaruli ki adamianSi gamoimuSavebs siZulvils
yvelafer imisadmi, rac mis siyvaruls mtrobs. siZulvili
iwyeba eWvianobiT. eWvianobas ki warmoSobs siyvarulisadmi
gafrTxileba. amitom, dasaSveb sazRvrebSi eWvianobac adamiasaTvis normaluri moTxovnaa. igi Taviseburi sifxizlea sakuTari siyvarulis (cxovrebis) mimarT, magram ise, rom ar moxdes
misi hi pertrofireba, romelic avadmyofur formaSi gadava,
yvelafers amaxinjebs da pirovneba miyavs arsebiTad Seqspiris
otelos mdgomareobamde. gmirobisa da Tavganwirvis safuZveli siyvarulia da ara siZulvili. princi pSi, Tavganwirvac
xom kacis kvlaa, oRond ganxorcielebuli `ara kac klas~
normiT. dimitri Tavdadebulis Tavganwirva (Tavdadeba) sakuTari Tavis kvla iyo, romelic sakuTari Tavis siZulviliT ki
ara, aramed swored sakuTari Tavis, sakuTari Rirsebisa da
qveynis siyvaruliT iyo nakarnaxebi. amitom, marTalia, safuZveli, rogorc instrumenti, Sendami mtrobis safuZvelia, magram
misi siRrmiseuli sayrdeni imaze miuTiTebs, rom igi is sulieri
Zalaa, romelic icavs Sens siyvaruls. adamianisadmi yovelgvari qmedeba, maT Soris siZulvilic, pirvelad impulss siyvarulidan iRebs. aqedan gamomdinare, omi da omiT gamowveuli
kacis kvla `ara kac klas~ zneobrivi princi pidan Rebulobs
saTaves. romanSi `daTa TuTaSxia~, roca daTas megobrebs Soris
imarTeba inteleqtualuri msjeloba, xazi esmeba viTarebas,
romlis mixedviT, momxvdur mters klav, magram imitom, rom igi
cdilobs daangrios is, rac Sen giyvars. Seni mizania daicva
da gadaarCino is, rac giyvars. e.i. kacis (mtris) kvlis pirveli impulsi siyvarulidan modis. omSi kacis kvla rom saboloo mizani iyos, maSin saerTod ar iarsebebda samxedro

tyveTa ayvanis da maTdami zneobrivi mopyrobis saerTaSoriso

valdebuleba. am valdebulebebis darRvevis faqtebi istoriulad mudam iyo da albaT momavalSic iqneba, magram TavisTavad aRebuli tyveobis arsebobis instituti imas gulisxmobs,
rom erTsa da imave pirovnebaSi aRmoaCinon mteric da adamianic. tyveSi adamiani daicvan, gadaarCinon, xolo masSi arsebuli mteri daamarcxon, anu ki ar moklan, aramed ganaiaraRon da
gaauvnebelyon ise, rom mas Sens mimarT mtroba ar SeeZlos. e.i.
ebrZvi mtrobas da ara adamians. adamianis mier ganxorcielebuli yvela diadi saqme, yvela gmiroba, yvela Tavganwirva
siyvaruliTaa nasazrdoebi. samsxverploze qristes tarigad
misvlac uflis adamianebis mimarT siyvaruliT iyo nakarnaxebi.

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Tavi XI. adamiani

1. adamiani rogorc filosofiuri problema.
adamiani, rogorc sinamdvilis gansakuTrebuli movlena, mravali mecnierebis fiqrisa da kvlevis sagania; Tanac ise, rom
princi pi, erTi mecniereba _ erTi sakvlevi obieqti ar irRveva. es ki imas niSnavs, rom adamianis Semswavleli yoveli
kerZo mecniereba mis kvleva-Seswavlas axdens romelime im
erT ganzomilebaSi, romliTac arc erTi sxva kerZo mecniereba araa dakavebuli. fiziologia Seiswavlis adamianis organizmSi mimdinare sasicocxlo procesebs; anatomia _ adamianis sxeulis agebulebas; fsiqologia _ adamianis fsiqikas;
sociologia _ adamians, rogorc sociumis aqtiur warmomadgenels; eTika _ adamians, rogorc zneobriv arsebas; esTetika
_ rogorc mSvenierebis Semoqmeds da ganmcdels; pedagogika _
rogorc aRzrdis obieqts da sxva. filosofiaSi sakiTxi dgeba adamianis mTlianobaSi ganxilvis Sesaxeb. oRond filosofiis mier adamianis mTlianobaSi kvleva ar niSnavs adamianis
konkretuli kvlevis procesSi kerZo mecnierebaTa mier miRweuli Sedegebis mTlianobaSi moqcevas. aq adamianis Sesaxeb
ufro princi pul da fundamentur kiTxvebze warmoebs mecnieruli Ziebebi. axali drois filosofiaSi i. kantma adamianis raobis kvleva Semdeg kiTxvebs daukavSira: 1. ra SemiZlia
vicode? 2. ra unda vakeTo? 3. risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes?
pirveli kiTxva eZRvneba adamianis Teoriul-SemecnebiT moRvaweobas; meore _ mis praqtikul moRvaweobas, xolo mesame
kiTxvaSi Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweobebi mTlianobaSi eqceva, romliTac mzaddeba pasuxi kiTxvaze _ ra aris
adamiani? es igivea, pasuxi kiTxvaze _ raSi mdgomareobs cxovrebis raoba da misi sazrisi. e.i. kanti adamianis raobas
misi cxovrebis raobas ukavSirebs.
adamianis raobis sakiTxi kiTxvebis ufro farTo speqtrs
SeiZleba davukavSiroT. ase magaliTad, ra aris adamiani, rogorc
erTiani mTliani fenomeni? ra aris misi siRrmiseuli arseba?
ra adgili ukavia mas mTlian samyaroSi? rogor da ra gziT

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unda icxovros am samyaroSi? ra qvia mis arsebobas da ra

Zalebzea igi dayrdnobili? ra unda mas samyarosgan da ra
moelis samyaros misgan? da sxva. adamianis filosofiur kvlevas filosofiuri anTropologia ewodeba. aseTma filosofiurma dargma gamokveTili saxe miiRo meoce saukunis pirvel
naxevarSi germaneli filosofosis m. Seleris moRvaweobaSi.
Tumca adamianis Sesaxeb filosofiuri msjelobebi iwyeba
antikur berZnul samyaroSi da iudeistur-qristianul religiaSi. mis Sesaxeb farTo msjelobebi warmoebda da dResac
warmoebs sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, gansakuTrebiT k.
lineisa da C. darvinis moZRvrebebSi.

2. adamianis Teologiuri, sabunebismetyvelomecni eru l i da meta fizi ku ri ga geba. istoriuli

tradiciis mixedviT, adamiani ganixileba cxovelsa da RmerTs
Soris moqceul arsebad. igi cxovelze maRal safexurze mdgomia
da RmerTze dabla myofi. aman ganapiroba is garemoeba, romlis mixedviTac adamianis filosofiurad gaazrebis aTvlis
wertilad rig SemTxvevebSi RmerTia miCneuli, xolo sxva
SemTxvevaSi cxoveli. sakiTxisadmi aseTi midgoma ver iZleva
mecnierulad damajerebel Sedegebs.
adamianis Teologiuri midgomiT gaazrebis pirobebSi,
mecnieruli sizustis dacva SeuZlebeli xdeba. aRniSnuli
midgomiT, adamiani ganixileba RmerTis qmnilebad, Tanac iseT
qmnilebad, romelic TviT uzenaesi Semoqmedis xateba da msgavsebaa. riTi hgavs adamiani RmerTs? amaze miaxlovebiT SeiZleba gaices pasuxi _ azrovnebiT, SemoqmedebiT, TavisuflebiT,
saTnoebiT, mSvenierebiT, samarTlianobiT. Tumca, am pasuxis
wyaro isev adamianis warmosaxvis unaria da ara misi uSualod
RmerTTan Sedareba. RmerTTan SedarebisaTvis RmerTis Semecnebaa saWiro, rac princi pulad SeuZlebelia. amitom, ufro
Znelia pasuxi kiTxvaze _ ramdenad hgavs, anu rogoria msgavsebis xarisxi? Teologiuri midgomiT, adamianis raobis gagebis
sazomi RmerTis raobis gagebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. adamianis

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raobis codna RmerTis raobis codnasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

adamianis raobis codna RmerTis raobis codnas moiTxovs,
magram adamianisaTvis RmerTis gageba (SemecnebaSi gamoxatva)
ganuxorcielebeli wamowyeba iqneboda, vinaidan sasrul adamians ar SeuZlia miswvdes miuwvdomels da usasrulo RmerTi codnaSi srulyofilad asaxos. bibliur debulebas imis
Taobaze, rom RmerTma adamiani Seqmna Tavis msgavsad da xatebad, sulac ara aqvs miznad RmerTis raobis da adamianis
masTan msgavsebis xarisxis dadgena. es debuleba adamianisadmi bibliuri mowodebaa, rom man cxovrebaSi imoZraos RmerTisaken, ecados miaRwios masTan rac SeiZleba met msgavsebas.
Tumca am metobas zRvari ara aqvs, anu esaa adamianisadmi
mowodeba rac SeiZleba metad srulyos Tavisi Tavi. adamianis
meti srulyofileba meti msgavseba da siaxlovea RmerTTan,
miuxedavad imisa, rom RmerTis srulyofilebis donis Semecneba adamianisaTvis miuwvdomelia.
da mainc, adamianis raobis Teologiur gaazrebaSi aris
erTi sayuradRebo momenti. esaa adamianis suliereba. RmerTi
wminda sulieri arsebaa. adamianis RmerTis msgavsad da xatebad warmodgena mis sulierebaze miuTiTebs. SeuZlebelia
adamiani RmerTis msgavsi iyos sxeulebrivad, raki RmerTs
araferi sxeulebrivi ar miewereba.
Teologiuri gagebis sapirispirod, sxeulebriobaze
xazgasmaa adamianis sabunebismetyvelo-mecnierul gagebaSi. aq
adamianis gagebis aTvlis wertili cxovelia. miCneulia, rom
cxoveli ganviTarebis dabali donea, xolo adamiani aris
cxovelis ganviTarebis umaRlesi done. amaze miuTiTebs k.
lineis da C. darvinis moZRvrebebi. e.i. adamianis codna cxovelis codnazea mibmuli. maT Soris gansxvaveba mxolod xarisxobrivadaa daSvebuli da ara arsebiTad. adamianis cxovelisagan arsebiTi gansxvaveba gamoricxavs misi gagebisaTvis aTvlis wertilad cxovelis miCnevas. sakiTxisadmi aseTi midgomac SeuZlebels xdis mis damajerebel mecnierul gadawyvetas. adamianis cxovelTan Sedareba mTlianad bunebis sferoSi Tavsdeba. bunebam ki, rogorc i. WavWavaZe miuTiTebs, ar icis

maRali da dabali, kargi da cudi. bunebam saerTod ar icis

ganviTareba, rogorc aseTi. bunebaSi moqmedebs mizanSewonilobis princi pi. am princi pis mixedviT, yoveli cocxali
arseba iseTad yalibdeba, rogorsac xdis mas mis garemoSi
(niSaSi) moqmedi mizanSewoniloba. Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT
Txunelasa da ciyvs, sisulele iqneboda gvemtkicebina, romelime erTi maTganis maRali done, meoresTan SedarebiT. isini
Tav-TavianT niSaSi arseboben da iseTebi arian, rogoric maTma `konstruqtorma~, anu maT niSaSi moqmedma mizanSewonilobam Camoayaliba. am niSaSi bunebam, anu mizanSewonilobam Txunelas araferi daaklo Txunelad yofnisaTvis da arc ciyvs
_ mis niSaSi ciyvad arsebobisaTvis. am gagebiT, bunebaSi
yoveli cocxali organizmi srulyofili biologiuri
meqanizmia.
adamiani sxeulisa da sulis mTlianobaa. cxovels
suliereba ar gaaCnia. amitom adamianis cxovelTan Sedareba
adamianis sulierebaze verafers gvetyvis. e.i. maTi Sedareba
mxolod sxeulebrivad SeiZleba. magram isic xom yovelgvar
princi pulobas moklebuli iqneboda, adamianisa da cxovelis
Sedarebis dros gvemtkicebina, _ imis gamo, rom adamianis tani
gacilebiT naklebad Tmiania, vidre Simpanzes sxeuli, adamiani
SimpanzesTan SedarebiT ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurzea
dasayenebelio.
adamianis raobis rogorc aRniSnuli Teologiuri, ise
sabunebismetyvelo-mecnieruli gagebis nakli isaa, rom maTSi
adamiani gvar-saxeobiT urTierTobaSia ganxiluli, magram arc
RmerTia adamianisaTvis gvari da arc cxoveli (adamianisa da
cxovelis gvar-saxeobiTi urTierTobis ganxilva SesaZlebelia mxolod sxeulis niSniT). adamianSi mTavari misi sulia,
rasac gvari ar gaaCnia. amitom, saerTod, adamianis gvar-saxeobiT mimarTebaSi ganxilva aradamajerebelia.
istoriulad, agreTve cnobilia adamianis filosofiurad gagebis mcdelobac, rac antikuri berZnuli samyarodan
moedineba. igi dakavSirebulia adamianis cnobierebasTan. adamians rom cnobiereba gaaCnia, amis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom

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adamianisa da cxovelis cnobierebis niSniT gansxvaveba maTi

xarisxobrivi gansxvavebaa, vinaidan cnobierebisa da azrovnebis garkveuli doniT arseboba, cxovelebSic dasturdeba. Tumca esaa cxovelis praqtikuli da ara Teoriuli azrovneba,
maT Soris xarisxobrivi gansxvaveba ki adamianis arsebaze ver
miuTiTebs. amasTanave es Tvalsazrisic adamianis raobis gagebis
sayrdens adamianis gareT eZebs. adamianis cnobierebis arseboba dakavSirebulia adamianze maRla mdgomi arsebis da misi
cnobierebis arsebobasTan, anu RmerTTan (es momenti axal
droSi r. dekartem RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebisTvis gamoiyena). SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom aRniSnuli samive Tvalsazrisis nakli is aris, rom yvela maTganSi adamianis raobis
gagebis sayrdens adamianis gareT eZeben.

ram mocemulia mxolod SesaZleblobis saxiT. adamianSi mocemuli SesaZleblobani ori saxisaa. erTi, romelTa realizacia
da sinamdviled qceva misi sicocxlis, misi cxovelunarianobis
SenarCunebas da gaZlierebas emsaxureba. mag. axalSobilSi SesaZleblobis saxiT Tandayolilia unari gaxdes mSobeli. SesaZleblobis meore saxea misi sulieri SesaZleblobebi, _ gaxdes
pirovneba. adamianis raoba, misi arseba, swored aseTi sulieri
SesaZleblobebidan amoizrdeba da gamokristaldeba; mexuTe, _
iseve, rogorc nebismier arsebas, adamianis arsebasac Tavisi
gamovlenis sfero da SesaZlebloba sWirdeba, amitom unda
ganisazRvros aseTi sfero.

3. normebi, romlebiTac unda ixelmZRvanelos

adamianis filosofiurma gagebam. adamianis raobis gageba unda daeyrdnos Semdegi normebis dacvasa da realizacias.
pirveli, _ adamianis raobis sayrdeni TviTon masSi unda dadgindes da ara mis gareT. amas moiTxovs adamianis avtonomiuroba; meore, _ am procesSi adamianis Sedareba sxva arsebebTan
(cxovelTan, RmerTTan) SesaZlebelia da rig SemTxvevaSi aucilebelic, magram igi ar unda emsaxurebodes maT Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebis xarisxobrivi maCveneblis dadgenas. es ki maSin
xdeba, roca Sedarebis orive mxareSi vpoulobT erTsa da imave
maxasiaTebels, oRond sxvadasxva xarisxiTa da doniT. Sedareba
unda iyos ufro principuli da kategoriuli xasiaTis, romlis
ZaliTac dadgindeba _ ra aris adamianSi iseTi, rac mis arsebas
qmnis da rac kategoriulad gamoiricxeba sxva arsebaSi; mesame,
_ gamomdinare wina normidan, radgan adamianis adamianoba mis
sulSia, xolo adamianis suls gvari ar gaaCnia, amitom adamianis raobis gageba ar unda efuZnebodes gvar-saxeobiT midgomas; meoTxe, _ biologiurad dabadebul adamianSi dabadebidanve
mravali gansazRvruloba mocemulia realuri sinamdvilis saxiT.
mag. sicocxle masSi ukve sinamdvilis saxiTaa mocemuli. bevri

4. garemosadmi cxovelisa da adamianis damokidebulebis gansxvaveba. adamianic da cxovelic ibadeba.

ibadebian yovelgvari arCevanis gareSe. maTTvis ar ukiTxavT
da arc maT aurCeviaT is, Tu sad, rodis, ra garemoSi, romel
sqesad undodaT dabadeba. maT arc is SeeZloT aerCiaT, _
ukvdavni undodaT yofiliyvnen Tu mokvdavni. maTTvis esec
garedan iZulebiT Tavsmoxveuli mkacri aucileblobaa. isini
ibadebian ise, rom aseTi ndomis unaric ar gaaCniaT. aq cxovelsa da adamians Soris didi gansxvaveba araa. kidev, riTic
isini emsgavsebian erTmaneTs, isaa, rom adamiani daibada adamianad, xolo cxoveli cxovelad da maT es TavianTi xvedri,
undaT Tu ar undaT, bolomde unda zidon. adamiani yovelTvis
unda iyos adamiani, xolo cxoveli darCes cxovelad. dabadebis etapze maTi es siaxlove cxovelis siaxlove ki araa
adamianTan, aramed esaa adamianis siaxlove cxovelis donesTan, vinaidan am etapze adamiani warmodgenilia ZiriTadad
da arsebiTad sxeulebrivad. amitom cxovelTan erTad, realuri sinamdvilis TvalsazrisiT, isic cxovelad CaiTvleba.
jer masSi realurad ganamdvilebuli adamiani araa mocemuli.
maT Soris sxvaoba amis Semdeg iwyeba. cxoveli mTlianad da udrtvinvelad Rebulobs da egueba misTvis wilxvedr
garemos. aseve udrtvinvelad egueba da aRasrulebs dabade-

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bidan Tavis cxovelur yofnas. mas ar SeuZlia Tavis am xvedrSi

misTvis kuTvnili iRblianoba an uiRbloba amoikiTxos. amitom masSi ar Cndeba araviTari protestis grZnoba, igi ar aris
situaciis mimarT meamboxe, amitom igi ar cdilobs arc garemos Secvlas da arc sakuTari Tavis. metic, aseTi Secvlebi
misTvis Zalian saxifaToc iqneboda. cxoveli egueba garemos,
amitom garemosa da misi biologiuri mdgomareobis stabiluroba misi arsebobis stabilurobis garantiaa. yovelgvari
siaxle misTvis avis mauwyebelia. cxovels rom Tqma SesZleboda, b. brehtis cnobil frazas aseTi perifraziT mimarTavda
Tavis TanamoZmeebs: `geSinodeT siaxlis!~ magram Tu es fraza
adamianebisTvisac savaldebulo gaxdeba, es adamianobis gauqmebis mauwyebeli iqneboda. adamianis arseba, cxovelis sapirispirod, siaxlis ZiebaSia. adamianis miswrafebaa Secvalos
rogorc garemo, ise sakuTari Tavi. garemo, anu niSa, unda
aqcios sakuTar samyarod, xolo sakuTari Tavi pirovnebad.
zemoT wamoyenebuli debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom biologiuri dabadebiT adamiani jer isev cxovelad CaiTvleba,
da rom masSi ganamdvilebuli adamiani jer araa mocemuli,
logikis ZaliT badebs problemur sakiTxs _ yoveli movlena
arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac mas Tavisi gamokveTili arseba
aqvs. biologiurad dabadebuls Tu adamians uwodeben, es niSnavs, rom mas adamianis arseba ukve aqvs. SeuZlebelia nebismieri sagani gaCndes, cocxali arseba daibados, maT Soris
adamiani da mas Tavisi arseba ar hqondes. movlenis gaCena misi
arsebis gaCenaa. SeuZlebelia adamiani pirovnebad Camoyalibebamde uarsebod iyos darCenili, Tanac maSin, roca pirovnebad Camoyalibebis procesi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba. am paradoqsul viTarebasTan dakavSirebul pasuxs
adamianis jerarsul arsebobasTan mivyavarT.

5. adamiani rogorc jerarsuli arseba. imis gamo,

rom adamiani Sedgeba sxeulisa da sulisagan, igi orjer ibadeba,
sxeulebrivad da sulierad. cxadia, rogorc sxeuli, ise suli

biologiurad dabadebisTanave ukve dasrulebuli saxiT araa

mocemuli. sxeulsac sWirdeba Semdgomi ganviTareba-Camoyalibeba da sulsac. adamianis sxeulis ganviTareba-Camoyalibebasac
aqvs biologiuri da jerarsuli mimarTulebebi. am ukanasknels
yuradReba miapyres jer kidev antikur berZnul samyaroSi,
rodesac xeli mokides adamianis sxeulis silamazisa da mSvenierebis normebSi moqcevas, magram isic unda iTqvas, rom raoden
srulyofiladac unda iqces adamianis sxeuli, mxolod misiT
biologiuri adamiani kulturul adamianiad ver gardaiqmneba.
mTavari _ adamianis sulierebaa. orives ganviTareba-Camoyalibeba garkveul kanonzomierebas, garkveul aucileblobas emorCileba. aucilebloba unda~-s kategoriuli moTxovnis winaSe
dgomaa. maT Soris sxvaoba swored unda~- sTanaa dakavSirebuli. sxeulis ganviTarebac unda~-s emorCileba da sulisac.
magram unda~, ris winaSec dgas sxeuli, gansxvavdeba im unda~sagan, romliTac imarTeba sulis ganviTareba. sxeulis mmarTveli unda~ misi bunebrivi biologiuri aucileblobis undaa~. rac Seexeba sulis ganviTareba-Camoyalibebis mmarTvel
unda~-s (aucileblobas) igi TviTon adamianiT ganisazRvreba,
esaa adamianis jerarsuli unda~.
jerarsi aris is, rac unda iyos. jerarsi gulisxmobs
biologiuri arsebobis mimarT Tavisebur revizias, Tavisebur
kritikas. igi miuTiTebs bunebriv biologiur arsebobaSi raRac
naklovanebebze, adamianisaTvis raRacis miuReblobaze da moiTxovs misgan gaxdes imad, rac unda iyos, anu rac adamianisaTvis
misaRebi iqneba. amiT man unda miaRwios arsebobis sxvanair
wess. amitom, Tavisi bunebiT, jerarsi mowodebaa, aseTi unda~s imperatiulobis winaSe dgomaa.
jerarsTan dakavSirebiT, drois faqtori iCens Tavs.
gamoTqma jerarsi aris is, rac unda iyos, TiTqos momavalze
miuTiTebs, TiTqos msjelobaa imaze, rac ar aris, magram momavalSi unda iyos. drois mimarT jerarsis aseTi gageba
gaumarTlebelia. aseTi jerarsi komunizmis ideas gavs, romelic mudam momavalSia da ver axerxebs awmyoSi gadmosvlas.
hegeli dascinoda jerarsis aseT gagebas. miaCnda, rom ase

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gagebul jerarsSi mudam aris uZlureba, romelic imiT vlindeba, rom raRac ki aris aRiarebuli kanonzomierad da samarTlianad, magram mainc ar ZaluZs gza gaikvlios da ganxorcieldes jerarsulad. unda~ aucileblobis moTxovnis
logikuri formaa, romelic saerTod drois miRma imyofeba.
jerarsis ukeT gagebis mizniT, Tu mas SevadarebT idealis
cnebas, davinaxavT rom iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa idealuroba,
srulyofileba da teleologiuroba orivesaTvis savaldebuloa. maT Soris gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom ideali Tu
epoqiT (droiT) aris gansazRvruli, jerarsi _ realur-fizikuri drois mimarT zedroul-zeistoriulia. jerarsuli unda~
droiT ki araa ganpirobebuli, aramed arsobrivi yofierebiT.
es imis mauwyebelia, rom idealis miRweva, ganxorcieleba niSnavs mis, rogorc idealuri miznis moxsnas da axliT Secvlas.
jerarsi ki mudmiv moTxovnad rCeba. masze dro ver moqmedebs.
igi adamiand yofnis mudmivi formaa.
biologiurad dabadebuli adamianis arseboba aris misi
naklovanebebiTa da RirsebebiT iseTia, rogorsac misi bunebriv-biologiuri arseboba moiTxovs. adamianis garemosadmi
da sakuTari Tavisadmi meamboxeoba ki imas moiTxovs, ukritikod ar iqnes miRebuli bunebrivad arsebuli arc garemo da
arc sakuTari Tavi. man isini unda gardaqmnas, gaaadamianuros
da aqcios imad, rasac jerarsuli unda~ moiTxovs. jerarsis
mowodebaa adamiani iyos iseTi, rogoric adamianis arsobrivi
yofierebis Sesaferia. biologiuri arsebobidan adamianur
jerarsul yofierebaSi gadasvla ar niSnavs arsebis armqone
mdgomareobidan arsebis mqone mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas. igi
arc arsebis arsebiT cvlilebas niSnavs. es niSnavs, arsebis
bunebriv-biologiuri aucileblobiT arsebobidan, mis kulturul-adamianuri aucileblobiT gansazRvrul arsebobaze
gadasvlas. amaze miuTiTebs egzistencialur filosofiaSi
wamoyenebuli moTxovna, rom adamiani Tavis me-s, Tavis cxovrebas, anu Tavis yofierebas TviTon qmnis da TviTonvea masze
pasuxismgebeli.
es motivi religiaSic SeiniSneba. amasTan dakavSire-

biT, sayuradReboa aRorZinebis epoqis italieli moazrovnis

_ jovani piko della mirandolas mosazreba. mas miaCnia, rom
adamiani kavSirSia miwierTanac da zeciurTanac; umdablesTanac
da umaRlesTanac. dabadebis momentSi kosmiurad araa myarad
dafiqsirebuli, Tu kerZod romel mxares miekuTvneba. yvelaferi damokidebulia mis arCevanze, romliTac man Tavisi
Tavi unda gansazRvros. piko della mirandolas sityvebiT
RmerTi adams ase mimarTvas, _ adam, me Sen gayeneb samyaros
centrSi, raTa SenTvis moxerxebuli iyos yvlaferi, rac qveynad aris, iqidan uWvrito. me Sen ar Segqmen arc zeciurad da
arc miwierad, arc mokvdavad da arc ukvdavad, raTa Sen TviTon,
Tavisufalma da didma ostatma, Camoayalibo Seni saxe iseTad,
rogorsac Sen amjobineb. Sen SegiZlia gardaisaxo umdablesad, ugono arsebad, magram Seni survilis mixedviT, SegiZlia
gardaisaxo umaRlesad RvTaebriobaSi. amiT adamianis Tavisufleba arsebiTad gamoixateba imaSi, rom man Tavisi Tavisufali arCevaniT Tavisi Tavi unda Seqmnas da Camoayalibos.
aqedan gamomdinare, rogorc Cans, bibliuri azri imis Sesaxeb,
rom RmerTma Seqmna adamiani, niSnavs imas, rom RmerTma adamianSi Cado yvela is unari, romliTac, misi arCevanis mixedviT, mas
SeeZleba Tavisi Tavis Seqmnas iseTad, rogoradac igi amjobinebs.

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6. TviTcnobiereba rogorc adamianis arsebiTi gansazRvruloba. maS raSi unda veZioT yvela sxva
saxis arsebisagan adamianis princi puli gansxvaveba? iqneb
azrovnebaSi? magram cxovelebSi azrovnebac fiqsirdeba. Tumca cxoveluri `azrovneba~ adamianurisagan imiT gansxvavdeba,
rom igi sruliad praqtikuli sagnobrivi azrovnebaa. amitom unda vivaraudoT, rom Tavisi aseTi `azrovnebiT~ cxovelebic
qmnian Tavisi garemos (da ara Tavis Tavis) maTeul praqtikul suraTs~, romelic mTlianad maT biologiur sicocxlisunarianobas emsaxureba, sadac mTavaria kveba, gamravleba
da gadarCena. amitom aseTi e.w. azrovnebiT, cxoveli mainc

mTlianad garemos tyveobaSia. mas ar SeuZlia azrovnebiT

daupirispirdes garemos da Tavis Tavs. misi mizani~ ufro
garemosTan Serwymulad arsebobaa.
adamianis azrovneba, praqtikulTan erTad, Teoriuli
azrovnebacaa. esaa abstraqtuli azrovneba, romelic SeiZleba
ganxorcielebul iqnes cnebebSi, mxatvrul saxeebSi, sxvadasxva saxis simboloebSi. cxadia, aseTi azrovneba cxovelebSi
sruliad ar SeiniSneba, rac adamianis gansakuTrebulobis maniSnebelia. adamianisaTvis Teoriuli azrovnebis centraluri
punqti misi TviTcnobierebaa. cxovels ar gaaCnia TviTcnobiereba da amitom arc Teoriulad azrovneba SeuZlia. adamianis nebismieri azrovneba, cnobierad Tu aracnobierad, misi
TviTcnobierebis TanxlebiT warimarTeba. TviTcnobiereba
refleqsuri cnobierebaa. cxovelis xedva Tu mudam gare sinamdvilezea mi pyrobili, adamianis TviTcnobierebiT Tavisi
xedvis veqtors sakuTar Tavze, sakuTar TavSi, sakuTar me-ze
miapyrobs. aq Tavs iCens kiTxvebi: ra aris samyaro? ra var me?
roca raime movlena, iqneba es samyaro Tu sakuTari me, Teoriuli xedvis obieqti xdeba, es niSnavs, rom moazrovne `me~
transcendentirebas (amas egzistencialur filosofiaSi me-s
eksistencirebas uwodeben) axdens azrovnebis obieqtisagan.
sakuTari me-s Teoriuli gaazreba Tu ar moxerxda, SeuZlebelia misgan transcendentireba, anu me-sgan gasvla, misgan gandgoma-distancireba da masze Soridan Semoxedva. aseTive mdgomareobaa samyaros mimarT. adamianis msoflmxedvelobrivi xedva
aucileblobiT moiTxovs samyarosagan, Tavisi Tavis CaTvliT,
transcendentireba-distancirebas. mravalsarTuliani da
amasTanave, mravaloTaxiani saxlis erT romelsame oTaxSi myof
adamians ar SeuZlia fizikurad Senobis mTlianobaSi danaxva
manam, sanam igi Senobis gareT ar gava da iqidan ar Semoxedavs.
marTalia adamianis samyarodan fizikuri gasvla SeuZlebelia, magram igi amas axerxebs Teoriulad. adamianis samyarodan
da me-dan gareT gasvla adamianis is arsebaa, romelic mas
yvela sxva cocxali arsebisgan gamoarCevs. aseTi gasvliT
igi maRla dgeba smyarozec da sakuTar Tavzec. es mediduroba

da qedmaRloba ki araa, es misi arsebaa. es niSnavs kritikulobas da momTxovnelobas samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis mimarT.
es samyaroze da sakuTar Tavze (saerTod adamianze) mzrunvelobis safuZvelicaa.

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7. adamiani rogorc gzadmyofi arseba. adamianis gasvla samyaros da sakuTari me-s gareT sxvas arafers
niSnavs, Tu ara mis mier Tavisuflebis mopovebas. esaa samyaros da sakuTari subieqturi aucileblobebisagan Tavdaxsna. ramdenadac da ra zomiTac adamiani axrexebs aseT gasvlebs,
imdenad da im zomiT aRwevs igi Tavisuflebas. xolo ramdenadac Tavisufalia adamiani, imdenad CaiTvleba igi sakuTriv
adamianad. xolo is, rom adamians ar SeuZlia samyarodan da
sakuTari me-dan mTlianad da absoluturad gasvla, es niSnavs,
rom mas ar SeuZlia miaRwios absolutur Tavisuflebas; rom
misi Tavisufleba yovelTvis fardobiTia, xolo es, Tavis mxriv,
niSnavs, rom adamians ar SeuZlia miaRwios Tavis srulyofilebas. da bolos, es niSnavs, rom adamiani, Tavisi qmnadobiT,
mudam gzaSia. adamiani gzadmyofi arsebaa. wignSi `saubrebi bibliaze~ zurab kiknaZe aviTarebs azrs, rom adamiani
bibliuradac gzadmyofi arsebaa. rom `abraami mTeli Tavisi
cxovrebiT gamoxatavs mwiri da moxetiale adamianis saxex...~
rom `mwirobda ara mxolod abraami, aramed misi uSualo STamomavlobac _ isaki da iakobi.~
cxovreba gzaa. amas gvaswavlis rogorc Zv. w. aR. VI
saukunis Cineli moazrovne lao Zis `dao~, rac gzas niSnavs;
amas gvaswavlis g. haidegeris `TemSara~. gzebi aTasgvaria.
isini miemarTebian sxvadasxva marSrutiT da sxvadasxva daniSnulebebisaken. yoveli adamianis kerZo cxovreba misi kuTvnili gzaa. cxovrebiseuli gzebis simravle adamianTa simravlea, xolo adamianTa simravle maTi unikaluri cxovrebaTa
simravlea. yvela mTagani gzaSi imyofeba. yvela maTgani dausrulebeli da arasrulyofilia. f. nicSes aqvs gamoTqma _
`adamiani jer daudgeneli cxoveliao~. es adamianis daumTavre-

blobaze anu misi gzadyofnaze miuTiTebs. sabunebismetyvelo

anTropologia asabuTebs, rom fizikuri parametrebiT adamianma Camoyalibeba maSin daamTavra, roca igi moazrovne arsebad
(homo sapiens-ad) Camoyalibda. mis daumTavreblobaSi da gzadyofnaSi igulisxmeba misi sulierad gzadyofna. adamiani
mTlian samyaroSi cxovrobs. samyarosTan urTierTobas igi
ZiriTadad agebs sulieri Zalebis xelmZRvanelobiT. samyaro
mudmivad cvalebadia, amitom mudmivad cvalebadi da mobiluri
unda iyos adamianis sulic, rac adamianisaTvis arsebiTad
mniSvnelovania.
ismeba kiTxva: _ Tu adamians ar SeuZlia miaRwios srulyofilebas, Tu igi mudam gzaSia da ar SeuZlia jerarsulad
daniSnul punqtTan misvla, maSin ra mniSvneloba aqvs samyarodan
da me-dan gareT gasvlas? ra azri aqvs mis gzad yofnas? jer
erTi samyarodan da me-dan transcendireba sxva araferia, Tu ara
maT mimarT obieqtur mimarTebaSi dadgoma. adamianis obieqturoba ki misi adamianad yofnis aucilebeli pirobaa.
adamiani rogorc arseba, rogorc me, subieqtia. yvelafers
igi Tavisi subieqturi xedviT umzers. filosofiaSi mudam
iyo msjeloba imis Taobaze, rom adamiani imdenadaa Tavisi
subieqturobiT SeboWili, rom mas ar SeuZlia aRniSnuli
subieqturobisagan ganTavisufleba da obieqturobis simaRleze dadgoma. obieqturobis safuZvels yovelTvis adamianis
(subieqtis) gareT eZebdnen. adamianSi mxolod subieqturobis
mizezs xedavdnen. i. kantis mier filosofiaSi momxdari kopernikiseburi gadatrialeba swored imas ukavSirdeba, rom man
adamianisaTvis obieqturobis sayrdeni misi subieqturobis
wiaRSi aRmoaCina da adamianis arsic swored mas daukavSira.
kantis es migneba dResac moiTxovs angariSis gawevas.
adamians ar SeuZlia da arc sasurvelia ganTavisufldes Tavisi subieqturobisagan, magram Tavisi subieqturobis dacva sxva subieqtebTan TanaarsebobaSi mxolod obieqturobis simaRleze dgomiT SeuZlia. es ki praqtikulad imas
niSnavs, rom kerZo pirma (subieqtma) Tavisi subieqturobis
gverdiT, imave uflebiT aRiaros da pativi sces misi msgavsi

sxva subieqtebis subieqturobas.

Tu xelaxla davubrundebiT kiTxvas _ ra azri aqvs
adamianis mudmivad gzadyofnas, daniSnul jerarsul punqtTan
misvlis gareSe? amaze sxvanairi pasuxi aseTia, _ mizani imdenad
srulyofilebis miRweva araa, ramdenadac srulyofilebis procesis gzaze yofna. cxovreba, rogorc gza, TviTonac dausrulebeli gzaa da amasTanave igi srulyofilebis dausruleblobaa.
adamianis jerarsuli yofiereba aseT gzaze dgoma da moZraobaa.
rogorc religiaSi RmerTisaken moZraoba ar niSnavs RmerTTan
amaRlebis mcdelobas (amaze aSkarad xazi gaesva babilonis
godolis bibliur istoriaSi), aramed swori gziT svla, igive
viTarebaa jerarsuli yofierebisaken moZraobaSi.

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8. tyuili adamianis cxovrebaSi. jerarsuli yofierebisaken moZraobas pirovneba SeiZleba axorcielebdes gulwrfelobis niadagze. SeiZleba igi mas axorcielebdes tyuilis anu TaRliTobis gziT. es ukanaskneli saSualeba anu
tyuili (rogorc sxvisi, ise sakuTari Tavis motyueba) CaiTvleba Tu ara jerarsul movlenad? tyuili cxovrebaSi sxvadasxva
miznebs emsaxureba. ZiriTadad igi an imas, rom raRac daumsaxurebel sikeTes daeuflos, an piriqiT, misiT Tavi daicvas. am
ukanasknel SemTxvevas eZRvneba SoTa niSnianiZis leqsi `niRbebi~, _ rom ar gamTvalos kacTa sixarbem... saxes vifarav Wreli
niRbebiTo. cxovrebaSi aTasgvari Sexla-Semoxlebis da adamianebs Soris qiSpoba-Widilis gamo niRbebis (tyuilis simbolo) aucileblobaze rom miuiTebs, leqsis bolos ase amTavrebs:
`... am wyeul niRbebs imitom vicvli
rom Cemi saxe SevinarCuno,
cxovrebas kidev gavuZlo vinZlo,
vicxovro, vwero da vifaCuno.
da roca dRiur fisfusis miRma
Rame sakuTar suls Camaxutebs
me gadavxedav Camoxsnil niRbebs
rogorc naomar rkinis Cafxutebs.~

sakuTari jansaRi cxovrebis dacvis mizniT, roca sxva

saSualeba ar arsebobs, tyuili (niRbebi) garkveulad gamarTlebulia. mTavaria ras emsaxureba igi, keTil Tu borot
saqmes. gamarTlebulia, roca igi adamianobis SenarCunebas
emsaxureba; gamarTlebulia sulxan-sabas `sibrZne sicruisa~Si; gamarTlebulia fsiqo-Terapiul mkurnalobaSi misi garkveuli doziT gamoyenebiT; gamarTlebulia tyved Cavardnili
patrioti mebrZolis mier tyuilis saSualebiT samxedro informaciis dafarvaSi; gamarTlebulia is tyuili, Tevdore
mRvdlis gmiruli saqcieli rom eyrdnoba; gamarTlebulia
zRapris, legendis, Tqmulebis tyuiliT garkveul SelamazebaSi; gamarTlebulia, saerTod, xelovnebaSi garkveuli pirobiTobis SetanaSi, sadac gabatonebulia `viTom~ (Teatri, kino).
`viTom~ yovelTvis Seicavs tyuilis elements. rolSi Sesuli msaxiobi Tavis saqmes `viTomis~ gziT axorcielebs. viTom
TviTon ki ara, aramed is personaJia, visac TamaSobs. speqtaklis mixedviT, viTom avadaa, viTom Seyvarebulia, viTom mokles,
viTom mteria. es misi `viTom~ (tyuili) mayurebelmac kargad
icis, magram aseTi tyuilisaTvis ki ar kicxavs, aramed mxurvale taSiT ajildovebs. es logikurad niSnavs imas, rom
mTel rig SemTxvevebSi tyuili taSis Rirsia. magram sruliad
gaumarTlebelia tyuilis meSveobiT sakuTari Tavis sxvis
TvalSi jerarsuli simaRlis moCvenebiTobis Seqmna. es TvalTmaqcobaa, rac zneobrivad miuRebelia. aseTi tyuili, cxadia, ar
CaiTvleba jerarsul movlenad. saqme is ki araa, sxvas rogor
moaCvenebs Tavs, aramed yovelgvari moCvenebiTobis gareSe, rogori
unda iyos adamiani maSin, roca `Rame sakuTar suls Caaxutebs.~
jerarsuli yofiereba imTaviTve gamoricxavs msgavs tyuils
da TvalTmaqcobas.

9. kultura (cxovreba), rogorc adamianis arsebiTi niSnebis mTlianoba. adamianis raobis gansazRvra
misi yvela movlenisagan gamorCeuli arsebis dadgenas moiTxovs. istoriulad, adamianis arsebiT niSnad mraval sxvadasxva

moments miiCnevdnen. ai, zogierTi maTgani: Teoretikosoba, msoflmxedvelobis qona, politikosoba, azrovneba, cnobiereba, TviTcnobiereba, teleologiuroba, sazogadoebrivi arseba, iaraRismkeTebloba, Tavisufleba, kulturuloba, komunikacia-dialoguroba,
SemoqmedebiToba, Rirseba, Tavmoyvareoba, zneobrioba, mediduroba,
eWvianoba, metyveleba, ena, religiuroba, samarTlianoba, nebisyofa, fantazioroba, suliereba. zogi adamians gansazRvravs rogorc
TviTmkvlel arsebas. adamianis erT-erTi gansazRvrebiT, misi
arseba sakuTari Tavis mimarT `ara~-s Tqmis unaria. esec
sayuradRebo niSania. xSir SemTxvevaSi `ara~-s cxovelic emorCileba. magram cxovelisaTvis `ara~ misgan garegani maiZulebeli Zalisagan moedineba. adamianis arseba gamoixateba imiT, rom
mas SeuZlia daupirispirdes sakuTar Tavs, RirebulebaTa dapirispirebis procesSi, dabali rangis Rirebulebebi Seswiros
ufro maRali rangis Rirebulebebs da amiT sakuTar Tavs
Sinagani nebiT uTxras `ara~ garkveul Rirebulebebze. esaa
sakuTari nebiT, xasiaTis simtkiciT da Camoyalibebuli cxovrebiseuli princi pebiT raRacisadmi mtanjveli TavSekaveba.
ase uTxra `ara~ sokratem, jordano brunom, qeTevan wamebulma im
moTxovnebs, romlebic maT mimarT iyo wayenebuli. amaSi gamomJRavnda maTi adamianobis maRali done.
adamianis arsebis yvela CamoTvlili niSani SeiZleba
amovikiTxoT mis erT mTavar da arsebiT niSanSi. esaa adamianis
arsebobis wesi. ukve iTqva imis Sesaxeb, rom qva arsebobs arsebobis fizikuri wesiT; mcenare da cxoveli _ arsebobis biologiuri wesiT; RmerTi RvTaebrivi wesiT. adamianis arsebobis wesi ki cxovrebaa. adamiani aris mcxovrebi arseba. cxovrebisaTvis sicocxle aucilebeli sayrdeni faqtoria, vinaidan sxeuli sulisaTvis saarsebo budea, magram cxovreba
masze gacilebiT metia da maRla mdgomi arsebobis wesia. sicocxle niSnavs CarCenas samyaroSi da samyaros karnaxiT arsebobaSi. cxovreba niSnavs samyarodan da sakuTari subieqturobidan gasvlas, garemosa da sakuTari Tavis gaadamianurebas.
amiT TavisTavad arsebuli samyaros adamianur samyarod gardaqmnas, Sedegad RirebulebaTa sistemis Seqmnas da misiT arse-

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bobas. cxovrebas adamiani gayavs fizikuri samyarodan sulier

samyaroSi, sadac iqmneba mecniereba, xelovneba, miTologia, filosofia, religia, zneobrivi, esTetikuri da samarTlebrivi normebi.
cxovreba kulturaa. amitom adamianis arseba mis kulturulobaSia. imdenia adamianSi adamianoba, ramdenicaa masSi
kulturuloba. xolo adamianis kulturuloba niSnavs mis
arsebobas WeSmaritebis, saTnoebis, mSvenierebis, samarTlianobis, Tavisuflebis, siyvarulisa da sibrZnis normebiT. adamianis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebia: ironia, iumori, satira, eWvi.
cxovreba, rogorc adamianis Tavis Tavze amaRleba, niSnavs imas,
rom ironia, iumori, satira, eWvi, pirvel rigSi mas SeuZlia
mimarTos sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg (adamiani xom TviTkritikuli unda iyos!) yvelaze didi gamarjveba misi sakuTar
Tavze gamarjvebaa, yvelaze jansaRi iumori, satira, ironia, eWvi,
an kritika _ sakuTari Tavisadmia mimarTuli. sxvaze gamarjveba SeiZleba am sxvisi daCagvra iyos; sxvis mimarT warmoebuli
ironia, satira, groteski, sarkazmi xom, umetes SemTxvevaSi, cinizmSi
gadaizrdeba, rac zneobrivad gaumarTlebelia, ramdenadac komikuris es daundobeli saxeebi sulier tkivils ayeneben adamians, rac fizikur tkivilze uaresia.

10. bedi. imis gamo, rom filosofiuri analiziT da

daskvniT, adamiani TviTonaa Tavisi me-s da cxovrebis Semoqmedi da masze pasuxismgebeli, dgeba kiTxva: _ ra adgili ukavia
mis cxovrebaSi imas, rasac tradiciulad beds uwodeben?
bedis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi saTaves miTologiuri msoflmxedvelobidan iRebs. igi, adamianTa modgmisaTvis, misi ganviTarebis uklebliv yvela etapze Tanmdevia. es asea dRevandelobisTvisac. unda vifiqroT, rom bedis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi
adamianis mier Tavisi arasrulyofilebis (naklovanebebis)
gacnobierebis Sedegia. adamianis naklovanebaSi unda vigulisxmoT misi mdgomareoba, roca is cdilobs `Seswvdes~ ufro mets,
vidre amis misaRwevi unarebi gaaCnia; anu roca survilebi da
miswrafebebi aRemateba mis SesaZleblobebs. savaraudoa, rom

adamianma misaRwevis vermiRwevis mizezi me-dan gareT gaitana

da sxva Zalas daukavSira. es Zala aris bedi. man ifiqra, imas,
rac Cems Tavze xdeba, me ar vwyvet, amas bedi wyvets. me isic ki
ar SemiZlia (aqac sakuTari umweobis aRiareba!), rom bedis
gangebas SevebrZolo da rogorme avirido igi. amiT adamianis
warmatebebic da warumateblobebic beds daukavSirda. bedis
ideis SemotaniT adamianma cxovrebaSi Tavisi umweoba, bedis
winaSe, Tavisi ganwiruloba aRiara, moixsna pasuxismgebloba
cxovrebisa da sakuTari Tavis winaSe, Tavisi Tavi pasiurobis
mdgomareobaSi gadaiyvana da aqtivobis mTeli energia beds
miando. Tanac ise, rom bedi gamocxadebulia misi nebisagan
damoukidebel Zalad. adamianis mimarT bedi idumali da brma
Zalaa. igi Semecnebas ar eqvemdebareba.
amasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom cxadia, adamianis
survilebis da miswrafebebis misi SesaZleblobebis mimarT
aRmatebuleba da winswreba adamianis naklovanebaze miuTiTebs,
magram es iseTi naklovanebaa, romelic SeiZleba gadaiqces
adamianis Ziebis, Semoqmedebis da miRwevebis uSret wyarod. es
viTareba SeiZleba SevadaroT im mdgomareobas, roca daxril
sibrtyeze burTulas dadeba, Semakavebeli sagoravis gareSe,
misi amoZravebis (dagorebis) mizezi xdeba. magram burTulasa
da adamians Soris princi puli gansxvavebacaa. burTulas
amoZraveba (dagoreba) msoflio mizidulobis kanoniT xdeba.
igi naklebi winaaRmdegobis kanoniT aucileblad qvemoT
dagordeba. adamiani kulturuli arsebaa. misi suli ar emorCileba msoflio mizidulebis kanons. igi teleologiuri
arsebaa. amitom adamians miznebi sul ufro maRlisken mouwodebs, sadac winaaRmdegobebi gacilebiT Zlierdebian. mas aq
naklebi winaaRmdegobis kanoni miznisken ver waiyvans. misTvis saWiroa iseTi Zalis mqone unarebi, romlebic dasaxuli
simaRleebis misaRwevad aucilebeli da sakmarisi iqneba. aseT
kanons, romelic kulturis sferosaTvis niSandoblivia, aucilebeli da sakmao winaaRmdegobis kanoni ewodeba. burTulas
ar `ainteresebs~ saiT gagordeba. moZraoba winaaRmdegobebis
gadalaxvaa, amitom winaaRmdegobebi yvela mimarTulebiTaa.

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igi Tavis moZraobaSi mxolod nakleb winaaRmdegobas `eZebs~,

wava iqiT, saiTac naklebi winaaRmdegoba daxvdeba. adamianisaTvis mTavaria imxela Zalebis qona, romelic aucilebeli
da sakmarisi iqneba miznisken mimaval gzaze aRmarTuli winaaRmdegobebis dasaZlevad, e.i. adamianis SemTxvevaSi naklebi winaaRmdegobis Ziebas ki ara aqvs adgili, aramed miznisaken mimaval
gzaze aRmarTuli winaaRmdegobebis daZlevisaTvis sakmarisi
Zalebis Ziebas. miznis miRweva aucilebeli da sakmao
winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxvas moiTxovs. amaSi vlindeba
aucilebeli da sakmao winaaRmdegobis princi pis arsi. adamianis aseTi moZraoba simaRleebisaken moZraobaa, radgan mizans
arsebuli donidan ufro maRal doneze ahyavs igi.
idumalebis, Seumecnebadobisa da dausabuTeblobis gamo
bedi mecnierebisaTvis miuRebeli movlenaa. mecniereba adamianis cxovrebis gaazrebas bedze ver daayrdnobs. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi es iqneboda mecnierebis mxridan sakuTari mecnierulobis gauqmeba.
bedi miuRebelia religiisaTvisac. es imitom, rom bedis
daSvebiT RmerTi bedTan maSinve konkurenciul garemoSi aRmoCndeba, rac monoTeisturi religiisaTvis dauSvebelia. RmerTis usasruloba da yovlisSemZleoba mis SeuzRudaobas anu
arakonkurenciul garemoSi arsebobas niSnavs. Tumca poliTeistur religiebSi adgili aqvs bedisa da RmerTebis Tanaarsebobas, Tanac ise, rom bedi yovelTvis maRla dgas poliTeistur
RmerTebze. TviT zevsic emorCileba bedis gangebas.
bedis gangebaSi gamoricxulia adamianis Tavisufleba.
monoTeisturi RmerTis gangebaSi gamiznulad Cadebulia adamianis Tavisufleba. oRond ara mzamzareuli, aramed SesaZleblobis saxiT. RmerTi adamians aRWuravs iseTi unarebiT, rom
Tu igi moindomebs, am unarebis meSveobiT SeuZlia miaRwios
Tavisuflebas. amiT RmerTi adamians aqtivobis SesaZleblobas ara marto uqmnis, aramed amisken mouwodebs kidec. miuxedavad imisa, rom bedis winaaRmdegia rogorc mecniereba, ise
religia, mainc adamianis naklovanebebi, sasruloba, arasrulyofileba da garkveuli umweoba mudam nayofierad asazrdovebs

bedis arsebobis ideas.

bedTan dakavSirebiT qarTul enaSi mravali sityva da
gamoTqmaa Seqmnili: bednieri, ubeduri, gambedavi, gaubedavi, bediswera, bedis muxTloba, bedgamwyrali, bedukuRmarTi, bedis
maZiebeli, bedis Sekvra, bedTan Serigeba, bedSi Cagdeba, bedis
kveri, bedis wyaloba, bedis amara, bedis varskvlavi, bedis gaRimeba da sxva.
bedis idea ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia deterministul
miTologiur msoflmxedvelobasTan. mkacri determinizmi SemTxveviTobisaTvis adgils aRar tovebs. aq bediT yvelaferi imTaviTve gansazRvrulia. misgan gadaxveva princi pulad SeuZlebelia. miTologiuri bedi RmerTebze maRal simaRlezea
ayvanili.
zog SemTxvevaSi, adgili aqvs bedis personizebas. antikur berZnul samyaroSi bedi personizebuli formiT triaduli qalebis _ moirebis saxiTaa warmodgenili. Tumca maT ara
aqvT individualobis gamokveTili saxe. maTi tradiciulobis
Taviseburi formaa, mogvianebiT, filosofiaSi gaCenili triaduli cnebebi: _ Tezisis, antiTezisisa da sinTezis saxiT,
romelTa mTlianobaSi aisaxeba cxovrebis winaaRmdegobrivi
da amasTanave misi erTianobis xasiaTi.
marTalia, bedi mkacri aucileblobis ideazea agebuli,
magram am aucileblobis misteriuloba, idumaleba da Seumecnebadoba iwvevs aRniSnuli aucileblobebis adamianis winaSe
SemTxveviTobis formiT warmoCenas. aqedan gamomdinare, imis
gamo, rom Semecneba yovelTvis aucileblobis Semecnebaa, bedis gardauvaloba ki Seumecnebadi aRmoCnda, Tanac igi ZiriTadad SemTxveviTobis formiT vlindeba, amiT bedis SemTxveviTobis Semecneba kidev ufro SeuZlebeli xdeba. amitom,
adamianis mimarTeba bedisadmi Semecnebis nacvlad xdeba gamocnobiTi xasiaTis. aqedan modis bedis gamocnobis sxvadasxva
xerxebi da formebi: mkiTxaobis, naTelmxilvelobis,
winaswarmetyvelebis da sxva saSualebebiT (cnobilia mkiTxaobis xerxebi: yavis naleqze, xelis gulze, anu xiromantia,
kartiT, bedis kveriT, TuTiyuSiT da sxva saSualebebiT).

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bedis SemTxveviTobasTan kavSiri gansakuTrebiT aSkara

maSinaa, roca bedi asocirdeba iRbalTan (bed-iRbali), yismaTTan. ityvian xolme _ `bedma gauRima~, `bedi swyalobs~. am
gamonaTqvamebSi naTlad ikiTxeba bedis imgvari xasiaTi, rac
mis SemTxveviTobaze metyvelebs. Cveulebriv, rodesac adamiani
damsaxurebulad miiRebs imas, rac ekuTvnis, _ es aris kanonzomiereba da samarTlianoba. bedSi damsaxureba sruliad ar
Cans. bedma SeiZleba `gauRimos~ imas, visac es arafriT daumsaxurebia. miTebsa da zRaprebSi xSirad vxvdebiT SemTxveviTobebsa da moulodnelobebs, ris wyalobiTac, sruliad SemTxveviTi viTarebis gamo (vTqvaT, mxarze mtredis dajdomiT)
qveynis mefe xdeba yvelaze mdabio da uCinari adamiani. msgavs
SemTxvevebs adgili aqvs religiaSic. magaliTad, uflisagan
msajulad knini gedeonis xeldasxma. bedis aucileblobis
SemTxveviTobis formiT gamovlenis Taviseburi magaliTia
agreTve, miron-lukiis mTavarepiskoposad wm. nikolozis arCeva. manamdeli misi cxovreba sruliad kanonzomiers da damsaxurebuls xdis mis arCevas, magram es arCeva xorcieldeba mainc
SemTxveviTobis formiT. uflis gangebiT, episkoposad unda
airCion is, vinc pirveli Seva taZarSi, saxelad nikolozi.
Tumca, rogorc gedeonis, ise wm. nikolozis SemTxvevaSi, ZalaSia ara ganyenebuli bedis, aramed RvTis gangeba.
rogorc Soreul warsulSi, sadReisodac bedis gamocnobas xSirad astrologebi horoskopebisa da astrologiuri
gaTvlebis meSveobiT cdiloben. maT mier astrologiuri
daskvnebis kosmosur procesebTan dakavSireba TiTqos maTi
moRvaweobis mecnierulobis safuZvels qmnis, magram realurad esec bedis mkiTxaobis Taviseburi formaa. cxadia, am
qveynad sayovelTao kavSirebidan amovardnili araferia. es
safuZvels iZleva vifiqroT, rom kosmosur (astralur) procesebs SeuZliaT gavlena iqonion dedamiwaze da mis binadrebze (adamianebze), magram adamianis adamianoba, misi samyarodan da sakuTari me-dan transcendentireba imas niSnavs,
rom arsebiTad da ZiriTadad misi `bedis~ Semoqmedad TviTon
adamiani gvevlineba. bedis idea Tavisufali adamianisaTvis

miuRebelia. bedi upirispirdeba Tavisuflebas, upirispirdeba

adamianis aqtivobas da pasuxismgeblobas, rac civilizebuli
adamianisaTvis miuRebelia. nikoloz baraTaSvilis bedTan
Seurigebloba misi Tavisuflebis wyurvilia. igi merans mouwodebs _ `gardamatare bedis samZRvari, Tu aqamomde ar emona
mas, arc aw emonos Seni mxedari~.
axla, rac Seexeba miSel nostradamusis winaswarmetyvelebebs. mis Sesaxeb msjelobebi, analizi, garkveuli mosazrebebis gamoTqma dResac grZeldeba, sadac SeiniSneba misi mecnierulad axsnis garkveuli mcdelobebi. es ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba kerZo pirovnebaSi Tandayolili unikaluri unaris arsebobas, romliTac drois sami nawilis _ warsulis, awmyosa da
momavlis `axlas~ mTlianobaSi, intuiciur WvretaSi mocema
xdeba. xom SeiniSneba calkeul adamianebSi mravalniSna ricxvis
mravalniSna ricxvze intuiciurad gamravlebis unari. msgavsi
viTarebiT cdiloben axsnan nostradamusis fenomeni. warmovidginoT mgzavri A punqtidan midis B punqtSi. am punqtebs
Soris manZili aTobiT kilometria da Tanac toponimika mTagoriania, rac SeuZlebels xdis mTeli manZilis mTlianobaSi
danaxvas. garkveuli manZilis gavlis Semdeg, mgzavrs aRar
SeuZlia arc gamovlili da aRarc darCenili manZilis raRac
nawilis danaxva. igi xedavs mxolod im adgils, sadac mocemul
SemTxvevaSi imyofeba. es iTqva manZilis (sivrcis) mimarT.
imav e midg omiT x deba ms jeloba drois mimar T ac.
winaswarmetyveleba xom mudam momaval dros ukavSirdeba. drois
mixedviT warsuli ukve gavlilia da aRaraa, arc momavali
aris damdgari, realuri aris mxolod awmyo. adamiani yovelTvis
awmyos Wvrets e.i. adamiani aqac drois sami nawilidan uSualod aRiqvams awmyos. axla mgzavri mfrinavi aparatis saSualebiT aviyvanoT iseT simaRleze, saidanac SeeZleba manZilis samive nawilis (gavlilis, aq yofnis da gasavlelis)
uwyvet mTlianobaSi danaxva. nostradamusis winaswarmetyvelebas mis aseT amaRlebis unars ukavSireben, rac cxadia adamianebs Soris unikaluri SemTxvevaa. oRond msjelobaa ukve ara
sivrcobrivad fizikuri amaRlebis Sesaxeb, aramed temporalur,

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iseT sulier amaRlebaze, rodesac SesaZlebeli xdeba warsulis, awmyos da momavlis uwyvet mTlianobaSi Wvreta. dro
xdomilebaTa Tanmimdevrobaa. drois samive momentis intuiciuri Wvreta momavali drois Wvretasac gulisxmobs. momavali
drois Wvreta ki momavali xdimolebaTa Wvretaa. nostradamusis winaswarmetyvelebis aseTi axsna mecnierulad did winaaRmdegobebs awydeba. jer erTi, mgzavris didi simaRlidan gamovlili da gasavleli gzis mTlianobaSi danaxva grZnobadi
Wvretaa. drois momentebis mTlianobaSi danaxva ki inteleqtualur Wvretas moiTxovs, inteleqtualuri Wvretis aRiarebas ki mecnierulobis sferodan rwmenis sferoSi gadavyavarT.
meorec isaa, rom xdimolebebi yovelTvis mizez-Sedegobrivi
urTierTobebiTaa ganpirobebuli. mizez-Sedegobriv urTierTobaSi ki erTdroulad CarTulni arian mizezobrivi da TviTmizezobrivi aucileblobiTi da SemTxveviTi, obieqturi da
subieqturi faqtorebi. adamians mecniereba momavlis ganWvretisaTvis sWirdeba, amitom awarmoebs igi mecnierul Ziebebs.
magram imis gamo, rom mecnieruli winaswar xedva mxolod
aucileblobaze dayrdnobiT xdeba, igi verasdros iqneba bolomde zusti da utyuari, gansakuTrebiT Tu igi exeba socialur sferos. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom nostradamusis
winaswarmetyvelebebi mecnierulad iseve idumalebiT aRvsili
fenomenia, rogorc bedis mkiTxaobis sxva formebi. amitom
nostradamusis fenomenis Sesaxeb aRniSnuli midgoma jer mxolod varaudi da mosazrebaa da araa mecnieruli dasabuTeba.
xSirad beds an mxolod karg xvedrs ukavSireben, an
mxolod cuds. roca amboben _ `bedi momec da sanagveze gadamagdeo~, e.i. adamianis cxovrebis, misi warmatebis mTavar konstruqtorad bedia miCneuli. aq bedisadmi sruli ndoba da
mxolod keTili xvedris molodinia. xolo roca gamoiyeneba
sityvebi: ubeduri, bedgamwyrali, bedukuRmarTi da sxva, am SemTxvevaSi bedisagan mxolod cudi xvedris molodinia. magram
bedis idumaleba da Seucnobadoba imaze miuTiTebs, rom winaswar
ar icis adamianma misgan ras unda elodos, warmatebas Tu
warumateblobas, amitom SesaZleblobis TvalsazrisiT bedis-

agan mosalodnelia rogorc kargi, ise cudi xvedri. bedis

latariuloba amaSi gamoixateba. roca amboben _ `cda bedis
monaxevreao~, aq adgili aqvs kargisa da cudis SesaZleblobaTa monaxevreobas.

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11. adamianisa da cxovrebis calmxrivobis Sesaxeb. iumori da Rimili. zemoT msjeloba iyo calmxrivi
azrovnebis da misi naklovanebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, calmxrivi
SeiZleba aRmoCndes ara marto azrovneba, aramed TviT adamianic da misi cxovrebac. calmxrivoba ewodeba mTelis abstraqtulad or sapirispiro mxared gayofas, maTgan mxolod erTi
mxaris aRebas da mTelis adgilas mis gabatonebas. rogorc
adamianis, ise cxovrebis calmxrivoba xSirad vlindeba sxvadasxva rameSi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, magaliTisTvis, mivuTiTebT
calmxrivobis mxolod TiTo gamovlenas. adamianis
calmxrivobasTan gvaqvs saqme maSin, roca kerZo pirovnebas
aqvs Camoyalibebuli tendencia, yvelaferSi, _ sagnebSi, movlenebSi, adamianebSi aRmoaCinos da dainaxos mxolod cudi (negativi). amis gamo yvelafris mimarT ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams,
wuwunebs, iboRmeba, yvelaferze Civis da xSirad ilanZReba
kidec. misTvis, imave sagnebsa da movlenebSi SeumCnevelia da
TiTqos arc arsebobs raime kargi, mosawoni (pozitivi). adamianis aseTi calmxrivoba misi pesimizmis da Taviseburi mazoxizmis safuZvelia, rac pirovnebis damangreveli Zalaa.
adamianebs Soris adgili aqvs amis sapirispiro
calmxrivobasac, roca kerZo pirovnebas aqvs tendencia yvelaferSi SeamCnios da yuradReba miapyros kargs, dadebiTs
(pozitivs) maSinac ki, roca aseTi dadebiTi saganSi, movlenaSi
SesaZloa obieqturad arc arsebobdes. esaa Taviseburi gulubryvilo optimizmi.
pirveli calmxrivoba Tu samyaroSi `muqi saTvaleebiT~ xedvaa, raSic yvelaferi simaxinjed aRiqmeba; meore ufro
`vardisferi saTvaleebiT~ mzeraa, riTac yvelaferi lamazad
gamoiyureba. arsebuli sinamdvile adamianisagan moiTxovs

kritikul xedvebs, riTac mkafiod ganirCeva erTmaneTisagan

kargi da cudi. cxadia, pozitivisa da negativis mTlianobaSi
xedva da gancda ar moiTxovs, rom adamiani erTi TvaliT
icinodes, xolo meoriT icremlebodes. adamianis samyarodan
da me-dan gasvla niSnavs sakuTar subieqturobaze maRla dgomas. jerarsuli yofiereba mas mouwodebs am simaRlidan misi
qcevis saxelmZRvanelo norma iyos iumori da Rimili. saqme
isaa, rom am simaRlidan mas marTlac ori `TvaliT~ uxdeba
samyaroSi xedva. magram es ori Tvali erTimeoris mimarT
dapirispirebulni ki ar arian, aramed isini erTimeores avseben. erTia kritikul-obieqturi Tvali, xolo meore siyvarulis Tvali. iumori kritikis gamoxatvis saSualebaa, xolo
Rimili siyvarulisa. namdvili adamianuri kritika isaa, rac
keTilmosurneobiTaa gamsWvaluli. es im iumoriT xerxdeba,
romelic dacinvaSi ki ar gadadis, aramed ufro mzrunvelobiTi rCevaa. xolo namdvili siyvarulis gamoxatvis saukeTeso
saSualebaa Tbili da sandomiani Rimili. iumoriT da RimiliT adamiani, sul cota, or mizans aRwevs. erTi is, rom
Tavis Tavs muxtavs keTili sawyisebiT; xolo meore _ sxva
adamianebs Tavis Tavisadmi keTilad ganawyobs da amiT iiolebs maTTan komunikacia-dialogis ganxorcielebas.
adamianis cxovrebaSic SeiZleba gamovyoT misi ganviTarebis ori iseTi tendencia, rac cxovrebis calmxrivobaSi
gadadis. orive calmxrivobas am SemTxvevaSic safuZvlad negativi da pozitivi udevs. negativis mixedviT, cxovrebam SeiZleba miiRos iseTi mimarTuleba, romliTac igi mTlianad iqceva
adamianis tanjva-wamebis uwyvet jaWvad. magram isic SeiZleba,
rom cxovrebis msvleloba mTlianad siamovneba-gancxromaSi
warimarTos. orive calmxrivobaa da adamianis jerarsuli yofierebisaTvis SeuTavsebadi. cxadia, iseTi cxovreba, romelic mxolod tanjva-wamebaa da masSi odnavadac ar SeiniSneba siamovneba-sixarulis gamonaTeba, adamianisaTvis RirsebasTan SeuTavsebadi cxovrebaa. adamians adamianurad Rirseuli cxovreba sWirdeba, magram ratom unda iyos adamianisaTvis miuRebeli cxovreba,
romelic mxolod siamovneba-gancxromaSi warimarTeba? saqme

isaa, rom cxovreba mudam sitkbo-simwaris mTlianobaa Tundac

imitom, rom SeuZlebelia sitkbos jerovnad gancda, Tu simwris
gancda adamians ar ugemia; SeuZlebelia sicocxlis siyvaruli,
Tu sikvdilis siZulvili araa; Tu ar etkina, Tu ar Secivda, Tu
ar moSivda, Tu ar daiRala, Tu ar iwvala, Tu ofli ar daRvara,
Tu marcxi ar iwvnia; da mainc, yvela sikeTe amis gareSe nobaTad mosdis, aseTi adamianis cxovreba calmxrivobis naklovanebis mqonea da amitom mas namdvili adamianuri cxovreba ar
daerqmeva. calmxrivobis gamo, esaa Taviseburad gayalbebuli
cxovreba. siyalbea, roca adamiani amtkicebs _ me vici ra aris
civi zamTario, magram mas igi uxilavs mxolod Tavisi CaTbunebuli binis fanjrebidan, an Tbil samosSi Cafumfulebuls,
Tovlian velze komfortuli manqaniT gaseirnebisas. yvelaferi
mxolod kargi RvTiur samoTxeSia. adamianis cxovreba samoTxe
ar aris, amitom masSi mxolod kargi ver iqneba iseve, rogorc
masSi mxolod cudi ar unda iyos. adamianis jerarsuli yofiereba ver iTavsebs veraviTar calmxrivobas. yvelaferi sapirispiro mxareTa erTianobaa. igi aris problemebis, riskebis,
xifaTebis sfero, romelic namdvil mcxovrebs ar tovebs nebivroba-gancxromaSi. problemebis winaSe dgoma Tu erTis mxriv
tanjva-wamebaa, meore mxriv, maTTan SeWidebis da maTi gadawyvetiT miRebuli siamovnebis uSrati wyaroa.

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441

12. cxovrebaSi adamianTa erTsulovnebis Taviseburebis Sesaxeb. adamianis cxovreba ganTavsebulia rogorc
bunebaSi, ise sazogadoebaSi. adamianebi, Tavisi interesebisa da
moTxovnilebebis mixedviT, qmnian TavianT sazogadoebas. sazogadoebac cocxali organizmia. isic (sazogadoeba) Tavis
cxovrebas qmnis da misiT arsebobs. sazogadoebaSi Semavali
yoveli calkeuli adamiani mTliani sazogadoebis calkeuli
wevria. sazogadoebis gareSe adamians arseboba ar SeuZlia.
sazogadoebis keTildReobis erT-erTi qvakuTxedi mis wevrebs
Soris erTianobaa. maTi erTianobis saTave maTi cnobierebebidan moedineba. sabolood, es sazogadoebis wevrebs erTnair-

ad fiqris, azrovnebis, erTiani daskvnebis gakeTebas avalebs. es

maTi erTsulovnebaa. sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris erTsulovneba
Zalian kargia, radgan igi sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis Tanxmobis
miRwevis safuZvelia. Tanxmobis gareSe ki sazogadoebaSi
yovelTvis isadgurebs areuloba, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
ritmidan amovardna; magram aq sakiTxavia, _ ris xarjze miiRweva
yvelas erTnairad fiqri, erTnairad azrovneba, erTnairi daskvnebi
anu erTsulovneba? Tu igi miiRweva yvelas mxridan romelime
erTis mimarT iZulebiTi morCilebis gziT, kanoniT, _ rogorc
fiqrobs erTi, ase unda ifiqros yvelam da es `unda~ ufro
brZanebis formaa, vidre mowodeba (rCeva) _ es Zalian cudia
rogorc sazogadoebisaTvis, aseve adamiani-pirovnebisaTvis imitom, rom is erTi diqtatoris statuss iZens, xolo yvela
danarCeni mis mimarT monur morCilebaSi myofis mdgomareobas
ikavebs. istoriam warsulidan icis da dResac faqtebi amaze
naTlad metyveleben, rom Tu is erTi dagmobs raimes, igive unda
gaxdes yvelas dasagmobi; icinis is erTi? e.i. unda gaicinos
yvelam; is erTi dums? _ unda dadumdes yvela; cekvavs is erTi?
_ unda akuntruSdes yvela; aq gasaocari sulac araa is, Tu
yvelas aseTi erTnairad fiqri, erTsulovneba rogor xerxdeba.
saqme isaa, rom is yvela saerTod arc fiqrobs, maTi movaleoba
fiqri saerTod araa. rac cotas ifiqreben, miT ukeTesi. maTi
saqmea im erTs `xmaSi ayvnen~. xSirad isec xdeba, rom im erTis
naTqvams zustad sityva-sityviT imeoreben imis SiSiT, rom imave
azris sxva sityvebiT warmoTqmis procesSi im erTis naTqvamis
mimarT, raime gadaxveva ar iqnes daSvebuli. xedavT, rogori
harmoniaa, rogori Tanxmobaa im erTsa da yvelas Soris! TiTqos
es viTareba sikeTis momtani unda iyos rogorc mTeli sazogadoebis, ise calkeuli pirovnebisaTvis. igi marTlac, garkveuli
sikeTis momtani iqneba Tu is erTi azrovnebs, metyvelebs da
moqmedebs WeSmaritebis, saTnoebis, mSvenierebis, samarTlianobisa da partiotizmis normebiT. xolo yvelani masTan TanxmobaSi arian. es Zalian kargi! magram ras vRebulobT, roca
yvelaferi piriqiT xdeba; roca im erTis azrovneba, metyveleba,
moqmedebebi mkveTrad upirsi pirdebian sulierebis aRniSnul

normebs da mainc, mis yvela azrs, sityvas da wamowyebas aRniSnuli yvelani morCilad eTanxmebian. aq problema imdenad im
`erTSi~ araa, ramdenadac `yvelaSi~. roca `yvelani~ ar arian
pirovnebaTa erToba. maTi morCili Tanxmobis Sedegad erTsulovneba mainc miRweulia, magram aseTi erTsulovneba sikeTis
momtani aRaraa. cxadia, im erTis interesebSi Sedis, rom yvelani mas eTanxmebodnen, magram TviTon mTliani sazogadoebis,
misi progresis interesebi moiTxovs, rom sazogadoebis wevrebi
darCnen pirovnebebad TavianTi gamokveTili poziciiT, romelic nasazrdovebia erovnuli da sakacobrio RirebulebebiT.
jansaRi sazogadoeba pirovnebaTa sazogadoebaa. pirovnebadakargul adamianTa aseT masas Cveulebriv brbos uwodeben. brbo
aris depersonizebul adamianTa masa. miviReT, rom am gziT
miRebul erTnairad fiqrs, erTnairad azrovnebas anu aseT
erTsulovnebas ewirebian pirovnebebi, rac savalalo Sedegia.
xolo maSin, roca yvela, ara im erTis Semyured, aramed
damoukideblad TavisiT fiqrobs, TavisiT azrovnebs da TavisiT gamoaqvs daskvnebi, mere xdeba ise, rom erTimeoreze zrunviT da erTimeoris interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, yovelgvari
garegani karnaxisa da Zaladobis gareSe erTimaneTTan TanxmobaSi modian da amis Sedegad vityviT, _ yvela erTnairad
fiqrobs da am gziT aRweven erTsulovnebas _ es Zalian kargi!
Tumca es Znelad gansaxorcielebelia. Zaladobisa da diqtaturis gza iolia. iolia morCilebis gzac. aq arc didi niWia
saWiro da arc didi siyvaruli. Znelia demokratiis gza. niWi
da siyvaruli aq gacilebiT metia saWiro. Zaladobis gza
iolia, magram antiRirebulebaa. demokratiis gza Znelia, magram swored isaa Rirebuleba. amitom demokratia yovelTvis
Zneli gzaa. magram arc amaSia raime ucnauri. saqme isaa, rom
adamianad yofna, imas, rasac namdvili adamiani ewodeba, adamianuri cxovreba, yovelTvis Znelia da did fizikur, fsiqologiur,
inteleqtualur da nebelobiT Zalebs moiTxovs. ginda iyo
adamiani? ginda icxovro adamianurad? _ mzad unda iyo aseTi
gamowvevebisa da siZneleebis pirispir dgomisaTvis.

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443

13. adamianis aqtivoba da mobiloba. adamians

cxovrebaSi moeTxoveba aqtivoba da mobiloba. cxovreba TviTonaa aqtiuri fenomeni. igi adamianisagan, rogorc mcxovrebisagan, moiTxovs iyos aqtiuri, fxizeli, SemarTuli aTasgvar
gamowvevebTan Sesaxvedrad. cxovrobs is, vinc aqtiuria. cxovrebaSi adamiani Taviseburi mebrZolia, romelic ar dauSvebs
cxovrebisadmi `Tvalis moxuWvas~. ilia WavWavaZe `oTaraanT
qvrivSi~ wers _ `Tu wuTisofels erTs bewo xans Tvali
mouxuWe, ise gagTelavs, rogorc didoeli leki nabadsa.~
adamianis aqtivoba yovelTvis unda Tavsdebodes cxovrebis momwesrigebel or napirs Soris. esaa valdebulebis
da akrZalvis, anu `hosa~ da `aras~ napirebi. SoTa rusTavelis
frazaSi, _ `rac ara gwaddes igi qmen, nu sdev wadilTa nebasa~
amoikiTxeba aRniSnuli orive napiri. valdebulebiTi napiri
pirdapiraa naTqvami `rac ara gwaddes igi qmen~. meorea _
akrZalviTi. mocemul frazaSi enTimemurad aris miniSneba _
rac gwadia, is ar qna! anu nu sdev wadilTa nebasao! `ar minda~c ndomis formaa. raRacis arwadilis Taviseburi wadilia.
amitom arwadilis kanoniT moqmedebac da wadilis kanoniT
moqmedebac orive wadilis nebis gamodevnebaa, rasac krZalavs
rusTaveli. aseTi akrZaluli wadilis adgils jerarsuli
imperatiuli `unda~ ikavebs.
cxoveli samyarosaTvis dasrulebuli arsebaa. misi gzad
yofna gamoricxulia. zoologebis mtkicebiT, niangi rac iyo
milioni wlis winaT, dResac arsebiTad igivea. cxovelisaTvis
es dasrulebuloba erTis mxriv, misTvis kargia, radgan igi
Tavis niSis mimarT srul SesatyvisobaSia. meore mxriv, es
viTareba misTvis saxifaToa, radgan garemos (niSis) mkveTri
Secvla mis garduval daRupvas gamoiwvevs. adamianis dausrulebuloba anu misi gzad yofna mas xdis samyarosadmi moqnils, mobilurs, arsebobiT elastiurs. yvela axal-axal situaciaSi, cxovelis statikurobis sapirispirod, adamiani Tavisi
dinamiurobiT Tavis TavSi aRzrdis da avlens axal-axal
SesaZleblobebs. niangs rac SeeZlo milioni wlis winaT,
ZiriTadad igive SeuZlia dResac. adamianis SesaZleblobebi

ki sul ufro icvleba da Zlierdeba. rac SeeZlo mas Tundac

aTobiT wlis winaT, dReisaTvis gacilebiT meti SeuZlia.
adamiani mudmivad swavlobs, gamoimuSavebs da avlens imis
SeZlebas, ris winaSec ayenebs mas cvladi samyaro. es iTqmis
ara mxolod zogadad adamianze, aramed konkretul istoriul
pirovnebazec. yoveli calkeuli adamianis valdebulebaa kargad auRos alRo cxovrebis dinamikas da Sesatyvisad cvalos
cxovrebiseuli nabijebi. cxovreba cvlilebebis sferoa. adamianis winaSe sagnebisa da movlenebis moralurad moZvelebis fenomeni cxovrebaSi cvalebadobis aucileblobaze mianiSnebs. iseT konservatiul sferosac ki, rogoricaa religia,
uWirs cvlilebebis gareSe arseboba. aSS-is axali prezidentis barak obamas mTavari saarCevno gzavnili swored cvlilebebis aucileblobas moiTxovda. cvlilebebisagan CamorCena an maTi dagvianeba cxovrebisagan CamorCenaa. cxovrebisagan CamorCena adamianis adamianobis donis daqveiTebaa. cxovrebaSi, rogorc kerZo pirovneba, ise eri, sazogadoeba valdebulia gamoavlinos taqtikuri ganswavluloba da unarebi,
raTa saWiroebis mixedviT cvalos Tavisi aqtivobis da mobilobis miznebi da mimarTulebebi. oRond ise, rom paralelurad mudam mtkiced da ucvlelad darCes princi puli xasiaTis Rirebulebebi, romlebic maTi raobis ganmsazRvreli fundamenturi pirobebia. es niSnavs, SenarCunebuli unda iqnes
sakuTari me rogorc piradi cxovreba.

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445

14. adamianis ZiriTadi funqciebi. cxovrebaSi

adamians mravali funqciebis Sesruleba uwevs. yvela maTganis
CamoTvlac ki SeuZlebelia. amitom mivuTiTebT mxolod sam
ZiriTad funqciaze.
adamianis amqveyniuri daniSnuleba xSirad gamouTqvamT
sityvebiT _ xe unda dargos, saxli aaSenos da wigni daweros.
cxadia, ioli SesaZlebelia, romelime calkeulma pirovnebam,
pirdapiri gagebiT, yvela es misi daniSnuleba ver Seasrulos.
magram am SemTxvevaSi esaa naTqvami ara pirdapiri azriT, aramed

simbolurad. am simboloebSi raRac igulisxmeba da yvela

adamianisaTvis maTi aRsruleba SedarebiT ufro realuria.
igi miuTiTebs adamianis funqciur daniSnulebaze, ise ar wavides am qveynidan, rom Seusrulebeli darCes misi biologiuri,
kulturul-SemoqmedebiTi da socialuri funqciebi.
xe cocxali arsebaa. misi dargva sicocxlis Semdgomi
gamravleba-gaZlierebaa. simbolurad es miuTiTebs adamianis
savaldebulo funqciaze, rom man unda wili daidos STamomavlobis gamravleba-gaZlierebaSi. raki misma mSoblebma mas
daaxarjes mzrunvelobiT da siyvaruliT gamTbari udidesi
energia, es energia masTan ar unda Sewydes, igi kidev ufro
unda gaZlierdes da gaagrZelos Semdgomi moZraoba Taobebidan TaobebSi. amisaTvis manac unda Seasrulos igive funqcia, Svas da azRardos Rirseuli Svilebi.
saxli Rirebulebaa. misi aSeneba dadebiTi Rirebulebis Seqmnaa. anu, es niSnavs, _ adamianis funqciaa (valdebulebaa)
cxovrebaSi Semoitanos garkveuli dadebiTi Rirebulebebi da
amiT cxovrebas, adamianis yofierebas raRac Sematos, raRaciT
gaamdidros da cxovrebis gamSvenierebaSi Tavisi wvlili
Seitanos. am mizniT man unda Seasrulos Tavisi kulturulSemoqmedebiTi funqcia. man unda iRvawos adamianuri samyaros
Seqmnis procesSi.
da bolos, wigni. igi adamianis mier xangrZlivi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT da ganswavlulobiT dagrovili
sulierebis brZnuli da mdidari saganZuria. adamiani mas wers,
da STamomavlobas gadascems maTi sulis sazrdod, raTa isini
sulierad kidev ufro gamdidrdnen da gaZlierdnen. amasTanave
wigniT igi mWidro kavSirSi rCeba STamomavlobasTan da maTTan komunikacia-dialogs axorcielebs. cxadia, yvela adamiani
wigns ar wers, magram mTavari ara es, aramed isaa, rom yvelas
funqcia-movaleobaa STamomavlobas raRac formiT gadasces
Tavisi cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba. amiT igi asrulebs Tavis
socialur funqcias. am funqciebis cudad Tu kargad Sesruleba ganmsazRvrelia adamianis sakuTari me-s da samyaros
winaSe valmoxdilobis esa Tu is done.

446

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gadaeca

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30.01.2009.

xelmowerilia

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tiraJi 300 egz.

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