Professional Documents
Culture Documents
com/groups/ELLIB/
avTandil ZamaSvili
filosofia
`teqnikuri universiteti@
a. ZamaSvili
filosofia
damtkicebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier
Tbilisi
2009
winamdebare wignSi ganxilulia filosofiis principuli Temebi (filosofiis raobis Sesaxeb, ontologiuri, gnoseologiuri, aqsiologiuri, anTropologiuri,
kulturologiuri problemebi; sulierebis, sicocxlis,
sibrZnis, siyvarulis Sesaxeb).
gankuTvnilia saxelmZRvanelod umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebisaTvis.
redaqtori
filosofiis doqtori
profesori lali gvasalia
Sinaarsi
redaqtoris winaTqma ------------------------------------- 8
avtorisagan ----------------------------------------------------- 11
Tavi I. filosofiis raobis Sesaxeb --------- 13
68
71
76
81
3. samyaros droulobisa da
maradiulobis sakiTxi ----------------------------------------------- 91
4. samyaros arsebis sakiTxi ------------------------------------- 94
5. substanciis raobis sakiTxi -------------------------------- 97
6. materiis raobis sakiTxi ------------------------------------ 102
7. sivrce, dro, moZraoba ------------------------------------------- 105
8. materializmi da idealizmi filosofiaSi ---- 113
9. monizmi dualizmi da pluralizmi ------------------- 118
1. sulieri sinamdvile da
misi Semecnebis siZnele ------------------------------------------- 230
2. cnobiereba da adamiani --------------------------------------- 23 3
3. suli ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 236
4. goni -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 241
5. cnobiereba da TviTcnobiereba ------------------------- 244
6. cnobierebis ti pebi ---------------------------------------------- 251
7. aracnobieri ----------------------------------------------------------- 254
8. cnobiereba da ena ------------------------------------------------- 258
9. suliereba ---------------------------------------------------------------- 262
10. cnobiereba da azrovneba ----------------------------------- 266
11. cnobiereba da adamianis
grZnobad-emociuri cxovreba ---------------------------------- 271
12. azrovnebis ZiriTadi meTodebi ----------------------- 275
Tavi V. gnoseologiuri
problemebi filosofiaSi ------------------------- 17 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
redaqtoris winaTqma
Tqvens xelTaa profesor avTandil ZamaSvilis avtorobiT gamocemuli filosofiis saxelmZRvanelo bakalavriatisa da magistraturis safexurebis studentTaTvis.
me, rogorc am wignis redaqtori, uflebas vitoveb winaswar
ganvacxado, rom ara mxolod saxelmZRvanelos uSualo
adresatebs (filosofiuri azrovnebis samyaroSi karis SemReb
studentobas), aramed avtoris kolegebsa da nebismier mkiTxvelsac aucileblad daeufleba (aristoteles eniT rom vTqvaT) `Secnobis sixaruli~.
Cemi es gancxadeba visme zeaRmatebul xotbad rom ar
moeCvenos, Sevecdebi naTqvami argumentebiT davadasturo.
pirveli da umTavresi is gaxlavT, rom wignis avtorma,
tradiciuli Temebis axleburad gadawyvetis seriozuli mcdelobebiT, Tavi daaRwia gatkepnili gzis miyolas. es gamoixateba ara mxolod mkacri, diskursiuli azrovnebiT, aramed
samsjelod gamotanil filosofiur problemaTa originalobiT da mTlianad, wignis arqiteqtonikis TaviseburebebiT.
meore _ tradiciuli Tema, `ra aris filosofiis sagani?~ _ mimaCnia, rom wignSi aratradiciuli midgomiTaa gadawyvetili. avtoris mier miCneulia, rom filosofiis fiqrisa
da kvlevis sagania cxovreba. adamianisaTvis mTavari msoflmxedvelobriv-filosofiurad gadasawyveti sakiTxebia: ra
aris cxovreba? rogor cxovreba? risTvis cxovreba? ratom
cxovreba? ra gziT cxovreba? da sxva.
wignSi ganxilulia sagnebisa da movlenebis arsebobis
sxvadasxva forma da keTdeba daskvna _ cxovreba, rogorc
arsebobis gansakuTrebuli forma _ mxolod adamianis arsebobis wesia. am qveynad mxolod adamiani cxovrobs. cxovrebasa
da sicocxles Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis analizs, avtori
im daskvnamde mihyavs, rom maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa.
adamianSi sxeuli cocxlobs, xolo suli cxovrobs.
sicocxles ar SeuZlia gaiyvanos adamiani samyarosa da
me-s gareT. aseTi gasvlis gareSe ki adamiani ver iqceva namd-
daebrunebina. avtori saintereso analizs ukeTebs WeSmaritebisa da sibrZnis urTierTobas; rom WeSmaritebas adamiani
Seyavs ualternativo aucileblobis sferoSi, xolo sibrZnes
_ alternatiuli Tavisuflebis sferoSi. da rac mTavaria,
cxovreba (Tavis mxriv) igivea, rac kultura.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, agreTve
filosofiis saxelmZRvanelos avtoris (ufro zustad _ Semoqmedis) rkinis logikas adevnebul mkiTxvels Zalian gauWirdeba
uaris Tqma im erTaderT daskvnaze, rom `filosofia siRrmiseulad da arsebiTad kulturis filosofiaa~ (a. ZamaSvili).
da bolos, gamogitydebiT, rac yvelaze ufro mxiblavs
Rrmad pativsacemi kolegis SemoqmedebaSi, is gaxlavT, rom
azrovnebis samyaroSi Sesvlis mosurne studentebs igi meTodurad, nabij-nabij, TandaTanobiT (da ara erTbaSad!) `urTulebs~
problemebis kvlevis amocanis gadaWras da Tavdajerebuli
miuZRveba im erTaderTi daskvnisaken, rac maT damoukideblad
unda gaakeTon, sxva gzas `moZRvari~ `dasamoZRvrebs~ ar utovebs.
amitomac, baton a. ZamaSvilis `filosofia~ TeTri SuriT
aRZvris obieqti namdvilad gaxlavT, ramdenadac studentebisTvis `daReWili lukmis~ gadasaylapad miwodeba ki ara, _
mowodebaa saazrovnod.
filosofiis doqtori,
profesori lali gvasalia
10
avtorisagan
Tanamedrove Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis dauSvebelia isazrdoos ualternativo filosofiiT, romlis pirobebSi, mravali
filosofiuri mimarTulebidan romelime erTs eniWeba mecnierulobis maRali wodeba, xolo yvela danarCeni antimecnierulad cxaddeba. amasTanave, filosofia aris epoqis mamxilebeli sulieri Zala, rac mis Tavisebur disidentur bunebaze
miuTiTebs. aqedan gamomdinare, warmodgenili wigni daiwera
filosofiis alternatiulobis da disidentobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
wignSi Setanilia rogorc mravali uZvelesi tradiciuli, ise axali aratradiciuli Temebi. magram mizani iyo
yvela isini gaazrebuli da gaSuqebuli yofiliyo axleburi
midgomebiTa da gadawyvetilebebiT.
wignis mizania filosofia metad daukavSiros cxovrebas. amitom filosofiis Ziebis ZiriTad sagnad adamianis
cxovreba CaiTvala. igi wignis mTlianobis Semkvreli Temaa.
yvela sxva problemebi misadmi daqvemdebarebul Temebad aris
warmodgenili. adamiani rac ufro met da mravalnair codnas
flobs, miT ufro Zlieria. magram, sabolood, yvela es codna
cxovrebas ukavSirdeba da mis instrumentad iqceva. risTvis
nebismieri codna? _ cxovrebisaTvis! magram am codnebis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia da uazro gaxdeba, Tu ar viciT is, risTvis
gvinda igi. Tu ar viciT, ra aris cxovreba. adamianisaTvis
yvela codnas Soris mTavaria cxovrebis codna. filosofiuri fiqrebi da ganazrebani swored mas dastrialebs Tavs.
cxovreba arsebiTad sulieri movlenaa. adamiani cxovrobs imdenad, ramdenadac mas aqvs movlenebis gaazrebis da
gancdebis unari. cxovrebis mTlianobaze azrovneba SeuZlebelia ise, Tu ar SevexebiT mis mTavar sulier Zalebs, sibrZnes da siyvaruls. cxovrebis maregulirebeli sulieri
Zalebia cnobiereba da emociebi. cnobierebis aqtivoba umaRles
dones sibrZneSi aRwevs, xolo gancdebisa da emociebis mozRvavebis siZliere siyvarulSi vlindeba. amitom wignis mizania
11
sibrZne da siyvaruli, rac dafiqsirebulia filosofiis etimologiaSi da rac didi xania daviwyebas mieca, Tavis kanonier
uflebebSi aRdges. Sedegad am Temebs wignSi specialuri Tavebi
mieZRvna. xazgasmulia imazec, rom sibrZnisa da siyvarulis
gamovlenis formebia iumori da Rimili, rac xalisiani cxovrebisaTvis adamianis mudmiv Tanmdev normad cxaddeba.
rac Seexeba wignis popularobas. saxelmZRvanelos
yovelTvis sWirdeba gadmocemis iseTi forma, rac studentisaTvis daZlevadi iqneba. igulisxmeba, rom wignSi es done
SenarCunebulia. magram wignSi angariSia gaweuli im aucilebel normazec, romelic moiTxovs teqstis gamartivebam Tavisi
dasaSvebi zRvari ar gadalaxos da amiT gayalbebaSi ar gadavides. didaqtikuri TvalsazrisiTac gaumarTlebelia studentebi ar davtovoT garkveuli Teoriul-problemuri siZneleebis winaSe da ar mivandoT TavisiT SeeWidon da gadawyviton
isini. studenti siZneleebis daZlevaSi izrdeba.
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
filosofiis doqtori, profesori
avTandil ZamaSvili
12
13
moTxovnis wayenebaa. yovelive es imaze miuTiTebs, rom adamians, Sinaarsis mixedviT, Tavidanve unda daewyo filosofiur
sakiTxebze fiqri da masze pasuxebis Zieba. cxadia, igi Tavidanve
ver daiwyebda platonis, an kantis doneze, magram mainc, raRacnairad unda daewyo.
ras fiqroben amis Taobaze mkvlevarebi? maTi nawili
uaryofs Talesamde filosofiis saerTod arsebobas; nawili
mkvlevarebisa, amis SesaZleblobas ar gamoricxavs. a. boWoriSvili aRiarebs Talesamde filosofiis arsebobas da mas `stiqiur filosofias~ uwodebs. T. buaCiZe mas `filosofiis winare
filosofiad~ Tvlis. i. brukeri wers xuTtomian naSroms _
`filosofiis kritikuli istoria samyaros Seqmnidan Cven
dromde~; p. radini _ `pirvelyofili adamiani, rogorc filosofosi~ da sxv. is, rasac yvela aRiarebs, esaa adamianTan msoflmxedvelobis mudmivi Tanxleba. e.i. msoflmxedveloba Cndeba adamianis gaCenasTan erTad. aseT SemTxvevaSi ra urTierTobaa filosofiasa da msoflmxedvelobas Soris? maT Soris
aris rogorc didi sxvaoba, aseve mravali igiveobrivi momentic. wminda saxis msoflmxedveloba mxolod abstraqciaSia.
realurad mas yovelTvis erTvis garkveuli zedsarTavi saxeli, ris Sedegadac vRebulobT msoflmxedvelobis sxvadasxva
ti pebs: _ miTologiuri msoflmxedveloba, religiuri msoflmxedveloba da mecnieruli msoflmxedveloba. samivesaTvis
saerToa termini `msoflmxedveloba~, rac msoflmxedvelobis
Sinaarsze miTiTebas warmoadgens. xolo terminebi `miTologiuri~, `religiuri~, `mecnieruli~ msoflmxedvelobis
konkretul formas niSnavs. msoflmxedvelobis Sinaarsobrivi
mxare aris is, rac filosofiis Sinaarsobriv mxares qmnis. e.i.
filosofia da msoflmxedveloba Sinaarsobrivad igiveobrivni arian. isini gansxvavdebian formis mixedviT: amiT vRebulobT, rom msoflmxedvelobis aRniSnuli sami ti pidan mecnieruli msoflmxedveloba igivea, rasac filosofias uwodeben. xolo Tu adamianis istoriis manZilze arsebul Sinaarsobrivad filosofiur azrovnebas gavyofT or etapad, miviRebT
mecnierebamdel da mecnierul etapebs. es etapebi iqnebian
14
15
16
17
Zalebs Soris erT-erTi mTavaria codna. rac meti icis adamianma, miT Zlieria. Tu unda, rom ufro Zlieri iyos, ufro meti
codna unda SeiZinos. adamianisaTvis saWiroa uamravi ramis
codna, magram misTvis yvelaze gamorCeuli da mniSvnelovani _
sakuTari Tavis codnaa. dRes, kiTxvaze _ aqvs Tu ara cxovels
cnobiereba, mecnierebs, mTel rig faqtebze dayrdnobiT, pasuxi
dadebiTi aqvT. magram razec mecnierebi ar daoben, es isaa, rom
mxolod adamians aqvs `me~-s gancda-gacnobiereba. es ki adamianSi TviTcnobierebis arsebobas niSnavs, romliTac adamiani
refleqsias axdens Tavis Tavze da Seswavlis sagnad sakuTar
Tavs, amiT, Tavis cxovrebas ixdis. adamianisaTvis TviTSemecneba upirvelesi moTxovnaa. delfiuri lozungic `Seican Tavi
Seni!~ _ amisken mouwodebs adamians. xolo TviTSemecnebis
imaze ukeTesi saSualeba adamians jer-jerobiT ar gamougonia,
vidre filosofiaa.
filosofiaSi yvelaferi problemaa. maT Soris TviT
sakvlevi sagnis sakiTxic. mecnierul ZiebaSi problemuroba
garkveuli siZneleebis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. amis erT-erTi
faqtoria filosofiaSi sakiTxebis calsaxad, erTi mniSvnelobiT gadawyvetis siZnele. kerZo mecnierebebSi sakvlevi sagnis
sakiTxi did winaaRmdegobebs ar awydeba. umetes SemTxvevaSi
maTSi miRweulia sagnis gaazrebis stabiluri gageba. faqtia,
rom kerZo mecnierebma, romlebic gacilebiT gvian Camoyalibdnen da arc Tu xangrZlivi istoria aqvT, naTlad gamokveTes
TavianTi sakvlevi sagani da am Temaze ar kamaToben. am mecnierebebSi xom `izmebi~ ZiriTadad ar arsebobs. sxva viTarebaa filosofiaSi. Tumca, es arc kerZo mecnierebis damsaxurebaa da arc filosofiis sisuste. amis mizezi TviT ama Tu im
mecnierebis daniSnulebasa da misi sakvlevi sagnis specifikurobaSia. filosofiaSi misi sakvlevi sagnis problema
mudam aqtualuri da mwvave sakiTxia. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mas periodulad ubrundebian, axleburad svamen da misi
gadawyvetis axlebur gzebs eZeben. amas ramdenime mizezi ganapirobebs. maTgan SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi: 1. filosofiaSi
misi nebismieri kerZo problemis gaazreba-gadawyveta arsebi-
18
19
20
21
22
23
saTvis savaldebuloa. yvela isini samyaros mTliani filosofiuri suraTis SeqmnisaTvis aucilebeli momentebia. magram yvela am mimarTulebaSi adgili aqvs Tavisebur calmxrivobas im
azriT, rom nawili mTelis adgils ikavebs, anu mTliani sinamdvilis, filosofiuri kvlevis mizniT, wina planzea wamoweuli romelime erTi problema, Tundac mniSvnelovani, ise, rom
filosofiis mTlian saqmianobas am erTi problemiT cvlis.
am situaciis daZleva unda moxdes imiT, rom filosofiis
sagnad gamoikveTos iseTi problema, romelic mTlian filosofiur daniSnulebas gadaswvdeba da sinamdviles mTlianobaSi
moicavs, anu yvela aRniSnuli problemis mTlianobis garanti
iqneba.
warmodgenil wignSi filosofiis kvlevis sagnad
gaazrebulia adamianis cxovreba. ara sicocxle, rogorc
es sicocxlis filosofiaSia, aramed cxovreba. cxovreba adamianis arsebobis wesia. adamianis cxovreba garegadamwvdomia
mTeli sinamdvilis mimarT, rogorc arsebulis, ise ararsebulis. adamiani cxovrobs mTlian samyaroSi, adamianis cxovreba
adamianisa da samyaros _ mesa da arames mTlianobaa. yvela
CamoTvlili problema ase Tu ise ukavSirdeba adamianis cxovrebas.
ra aris adamiani? ra aris misi cxovreba? ra aris
cxovrebis sazrisi? risTvis cxovreba? rogor cxovreba? da
sxva. ZiriTadad es kiTxvebi iqneba mocemul wignSi gansaxilveli TiTqmis yvela Temis amosavali punqti.
adekvaturi miznebi da Sesatyvisi samoqmedo programa. mecniereba gagebulia realuri sinamdvilis obieqtur gonebriv
suraTad. igi raRac miznis miRwevis saSualebas da sazrissac
am mizanTan kavSirSi iZens. umaRlesi mizani adamianis cxovrebaa. saWiroa miznisa da saSualebis gaerTianeba. e.i. saWiroa
gare sinamdvilisa da adamianis cxovrebis mTlianobaSi gaazreba. es saqme filosofias daevala. e.i. filosofia
arc calke aRebul bunebas Seiswavlis (es sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaTa saqmea), arc calke aRebul adamians (es humanitarul mecnierebaTa sferoa), filosofia Seiswavlis adamianisa da bunebis, anu me-sa da arame-s mTlianobas. am saqmeSi
filosofiis winaSe dgeba ramdenime kardinaluri sakiTxi.
TiToeuli maTganis gadawyvetis procesSi xdeba mosazrebaTa
mTeli sistemis Camoyalibeba, romlisganac yalibdeba filosofiis calkeuli dargebi. aseTi dargebia: 1. ontologia. misi
ZiriTadi Temaa samyaros raobis sakiTxi. ra aris Cems garSemo
arsebuli samyaro da ra Tavisebureba axasiaTebs mas; 2. moZRvreba
samyaros moZraoba-cvalebadobis Sesaxeb. aq adamianisaTvis
ZiriTadi kiTxvaa _ ra xdeba Cems garSemo? ra procesebs aqvs
adgili? 3. gnoseologia. igi agebulia codnis raobisa da
SesaZleblobis Temaze _ ramdenad adekvaturad meZleva sinamdvile codnaSi; 4. aqsiologia. aqsiologiuri xedviT adamiani cdilobs sinamdvile dainaxos Sefasebis poziciidan
da daadginos ra aris kargi da ra cudi; 5. filosofiuri
anTropologia. aq adamiani cdilobs sakuTari Tavis Semecnebas jerarsuli daniSnulebis poziciidan; 6. kulturis
filosofia (kulturologia). igi adgens, rogor xdeba gare
sinamdvilis gardaqmna-gaadamianureba da Sedegad adamianuri
samyaros Camoyalibeba. ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs aseT samyaros; 7. eTika, anu zneobrivi filosofia, romelic ikvlevs im
zneobriv normebs, rac ayalibebs adamianis zneobriv saxes; 8.
esTetika _ igi adamians da mis cxovrebas Seiswavlis mSvenierebisa da silamazis poziciidan; 9. cxovrebaSi adamianisaTvis zebunebrivi Zalebis rwmena uzenaesi Rirebulebaa.
misi kvleviTaa dakavebuli religiis filosofia.
24
25
samyaros mraval mecnierebebs Soris sakvlev obieqtebad danawileba. Sedegad miviReT, rom filosofia aRmoCnda mefe liris
mdgomareobaSi (es Sedarebac vindelbandisaa) anu, rogorc
lirma Tavis qaliSvilebs ise gaunawila mTeli Tavisi samflobelo, rom TavisTvis aRaraferi darCa, aseve kerZo mecnierebebma ise dainawiles erTiani samyaro sakvlev obieqtebad, rom realuri sinamdvilidan filosofias aRaraferi dautoves. ase aRmoCnda filosofia Tavisebur, miusafar mdgomareobaSi.
filosofiisa da kerZo mecnierebaTa urTierTobebis
aseTi gadawyveta mecnierulad sruliad aradamajerebelia.
aradamajerebelia imis mtkiceba, TiTqos istoriulad sul
pirvelad gaCnda filosofia da mxolod Semdeg kerZo mecnierebebi. nebismieri mecniereba adamianis interesebTanaa
dakavSirebuli. Znelia vifiqroT, TiTqos antikur berZnul
samyaroSi, Tavidan adamianebs sul ar ainteresebdaT kerZo
mecnieruli problemebi, amitom am saqmes jer xels ar kidebdnen. samagierod Zalian iyvnen dainteresebulni wminda
filosofiuri TemebiT. gamodis, rom maSin roca ukve arsebobda miwaze sakuTreba, Turme adamianebs ar ainteresebdaT miwis
azomvis sakiTxi, romelic geometriis codnas moiTxovs, e.i.
geometria ar ainteresebdaT. samagierod ainteresebdaT, vTqvaT, iseTi filosofiuri sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa: samyaros
mTlianobis, misi sasrulobisa da usasrulobis, misi pirvelsawyisis (substanciis), adamianis adgilis am samyaroSi da
sxva. sakiTxis aseT gadawyvetas xSirad amarTleben imiT, rom,
cxadia im epoqis adamianebs sasicocxlod ainteresebdaT (albaT pirvel rigSi) pasuxebi im kiTxvebze, romlebic ismeba da
wydeba kerZo mecnierebebSi, magram amasTan dakavSirebiT, mniSvnelovani faqtori aRmoCnda istoriuli momenti. esaa istoriuli etapi, roca adamianuri azrovneba gamodis miTologiuri
formidan da iZens kritikul mecnierul saxes. amitom kerZo
mecnierebebis embrionul mdgomareobaSi yofnis gamo jer SeuZlebeli iyo maTi calke, damoukideblad arseboba. amis saSualebas ar iZleoda, rogorc mecnieruli saazrovno masalis,
26
27
es daemsgavseba imas, erT binaSi rom ramdenime ojaxi Seasaxlon da yvelas erTad mainc erTi ojaxi daerqvas. Tu filosofia
Tavis TavSi moicavs kerZo mecnierebebs, gamodis rom igi
mainc ar yofila erTi mecniereba. filosofiis erTaderToba
unda niSnavdes mis iseT arsebobas, roca sxva mecniereba ar
arsebobs. da Tu es sxva mecnierebebi mainc arseboben, aRar
aqvs mniSvneloba isini arseboben TviT filosofiaSi Tu
filosofiis gareT. mecnierebaTa simravlesTan gvqonia saqme
da ara filosofiis erTaderTobasTan. meorec, romc davuSvaT,
kerZo mecnierebebis filosofiis wiaRSi arseboba, es aranairad ar unda niSnavdes maT filosofiad gamocxadebas. mecnierebis raobas misi kvlevis sagani da xerxebi gansazRvraven
da ara is, Tu sad aris igi ganTavsebuli. ar SeiZleba fizika,
Tu igi filosofiis wiaRSia, filosofiad gamovacxadoT, xolo
Tu igi gamoeyofa filosofias, mxolod maSin iqceva fizikad.
fizika yovelTvis da yvelgan fizikaa.
filosofiisa da kerZo mecnierebebis urTierTobis
gadawyvetis meore varianti, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos ufro
logikurad gamoiyureba. am variantis mixedviT, piriqiT, filosofia poulobs saTaves da sayrdens kerZo mecnierebebSi. es
varianti umjobesia imiT, rom masSi ukve gamoiricxeba mecnieruli azrovnebis saTaveSi filosofiis pirveloba da erTaderToba. logikurad igi imiTacaa ukeTesi, rom igi filosofiis refleqsur bunebas eyrdnoba. filosofiis erT-erTi
gamokveTili da tradiciuli dargia gnoseologia, anu, moZRvreba
mecnieruli Semecnebis da codnis raobisa da SesaZleblobis
Sesaxeb. gnoseologia gaCnda ara filosofiis ganviTarebis
romelime gviandel etapze, aramed dRidan saerTod filosofiis
gaCenisa. filosofia refleqsuri azrovnebis formaa. refleqsuria gnoseologiac. igi eZebs codnas codnis Sesaxeb. codnis Sesaxeb filosofiuri codna rom daadginos, mas saazrovno
masalad winaswar raRac mecnieruli codna unda hqondes
mocemuli. anu mas raRacnairad win unda uswrebdes konkretuli mecnierebebis mier mopovebuli codna. es logikuri
moTxovna, safuZvel-Sedegis princi piT, kerZo mecnierebebs
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
7. filosofiis zogadoba. sruliad ymawvili, romelmac pirvelad moismina da gaacnobiera sityva `filosofia~ da
gaigo am dargis arseboba, cnobismoyvareobiT ekiTxeba mozrdil
moqalaqes, romelic misi warmodgeniT, swavluli unda iyos:
gTxovT amixsnaT, _ ra aris filosofia? etyoba, arc moqalaqes
hqonda filosofiis raobis ase Tu ise zusti warmodgena,
magram mas ar SeeZlo ymawvili upasuxod daetovebina, amitom
garkveuli dafiqrebis Semdeg miugo: _ filosofia aris iseTi
mecniereba, sadac yvelafers Seiswavlian zogadad, magram konkretulad _ arafers. ymawvilisaTvis moulodneli da gaugebari
iyo mosmenili pasuxi. kiTxva axla sxvanairad dausva: _ maS
vinaa filosofosi? pasuxi daaxloebiT igive iyo: _ filosofosi aris is, vinc zogadad icis yvelaferi, magram konkretulad araferi. aseTi pasuxebiT Secbunebulma ymawvilma bolo
SekiTxvis saxiT sTxova ganemarta ras niSnavs `zogadad Seswavla~, `zogadad codna~. zogadad, anu miaxloebiT, zedapirulad, ara arsebiTad, roca sagnis Sesaxeb raRac ici, magram
arsebiTad da zustad araferi ici _ iyo pasuxi. es SemTxveva
imaze mianiSnebs Tu ra azriT ar unda gavigoT filosofiis
zogadoba. mecnierebebis mimarT ar SeiZleba vimsjeloT metnaklebobis sazomiT. ar SeiZleba romelime mecnierebis mimarT maRali simkacris moTxovnebi iyos dawesebuli, xolo sxva
romelimes mimarT garkveuli liberaluri daTmobebi da SeRavaTebi. dargebs, romlebic mecnierul kvlevaze acxadeben
pretenzias, Tanabrad moeTxovebaT, maTi SesaZleblobis farglebSi, mecnierulobisaTvis dawesebuli normebis dacva; moeTxovebaT maT mier miRebuli Sedegebis arsebiToba, siRrme,
sisuste, kategoriuloba dasabuTebaSi. yvela mecniereba WeSmaritebis maZiebelia. WeSmariteba ki yvelasTvis erTia. aq
filosofia ar SeiZleba gamonaklisi iyos. filosofiaze marTlac miuTiTeben, rogorc zogad mecnierebaze, Tumca zogads
yvela mecniereba ikvlevs, oRond filosofiis zogadoba sul
sxva garemoebaze migvaniSnebs.
gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT calkeuli mecnierebebi Seiswavlian sinamdvilis garkveul nawilebs, mis
kerZo sferoebs. amitom uwodeben maT kerZo mecnierebebs.
xolo filosofia sinamdviles Seiswavlis misi kerZo sferoebis mTlianobaSi, rogorc erTian mTels. amitom uwodeben
mas zogad mecnierebas. Sedegad viRebT, TiTqos, filosofiasa
da kerZo mecnierebebs Soris urTierToba gvar-saxeobiT principze iyos dayrdnobili. is, rom kerZo mecnierebebis kvlevis
areSi eqcevian sinamdvilis calke sferoebi, _ faqtia. isic
faqtia, rom filosofiuri Ziebis sferoSi eqceva mTeli samyaro. miuxedavad amisa, filosofiasa da kerZo mecnierebebs Soris
urTierToba ar SeiZleba gvar-saxeobiTi urTierTobis princi piT iqnes gagebuli. filosofia ar aris kerZo mecnierebebis gvari. miT ufro, kerZo mecnierebebi ar arian filosofiis,
rogorc gvaris, saxeobebi. orive rigis mecnierebebi sxvadasxva saqmes asruleben, magram Tanabari statusiT da Tanabari
uflebebiT arseboben. gvar-saxeobiTi principi bundovans xdis
filosofiis zogadobis namdvil bunebas, ikargeba filosofiis arsebiTi gansakuTrebuloba, romliTac igi gamoirCeva kerZo mecnierebebisagan. saqme is aris, rom filosofiis arsebiT
specifikas is ar warmoadgens, rom igi zogadis kvleviTaa
dakavebuli (princi pSi ara marto filosofia, aramed yoveli
kerZo mecniereba zogadis kvlevas awarmoebs, ramdenadac nebismieri cneba, kanoni, filosofiuria igi Tu kerZo mecnierebis,
zogadia), aramed mis mier saZiebeli zogadis gansakuTrebulobaa. filosofia momarTulia kerZo mecnierebebisagan gansx-
36
37
filosofiis yvela pirveladi princi pi. isini Tavisi substanciurobis gamo uzogadesi principebia ara gvar-saxeobiTi,
anu moculobiTi mimarTebiT, aramed maTi arsebiTi bunebidan
gamomdinare sayovelTao da aucileblobiTi mniSvnelobiT.
maT Zala da mniSvneloba aqvT yovelive arsebulis mimarT.
aqedan Cndeba sinamdvilis nebismieri movlenis filosofiurad ganxilvis SesaZlebloba. nebismieri movlena SeiZleba
gaxdes filosofiuri msjelobis sagani, vinaidan misi siRrmiseuli dafuZneba xdeba swored filosofiis uzogades princi pebze. es princi pebi yvela mecnierebisaTvis, mTeli adamianuri azrovnebisaTvis, pirveladi anu sawyisi amosavali princi pebia.
filosofiis zogadobasTan dakavSirebiT Tavs iCens
princi puli kiTxva _ ras eyrdnoba, raSi poulobs dafuZnebas
filosofiis zogadoba anu aRniSnuli pirveladi princi pebi
da cnebebi? Tu SevecdebiT maT dafuZnebas maTgan gansxvavebul da maTdami winmswreb sayrdenze, maSin isini dakargaven
TavianT substanciurobas da pirveladobas. amiT filosofiis miRma aRmoCndebian, rac, sabolood, filosofiis gauqmeba
iqneba da azrovneba usasrulo regresSi CaiZireba. xolo Tu
maT miviRebT yovelgvari sayrdenis, yovelgvari dafuZnebis
gareSe, maSin filosofia rwmenis sferod gardaiqmneba da esec
filosofiis gauqmebad CaiTvleba. am problemis gadawyvetis
pirveli biZgi gaCnda sokrate-platonis naazrevSi, roca maT
sofistebTan da skeptikosebTan kamaTis procesSi wamoayenes
WeSmaritebis uaryofis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb TviTdamsabuTebeli argumenti. WeSmaritebis uarmyofeli debuleba TviTon
unda iyos WeSmariti. mxolod maSin eqneba mas uaryofis Zala.
WeSmaritebis uaryofa WeSmaritebis arsebobas adasturebs da
ar uaryofs. e.i. WeSmariteba Tavis Tavis TviTdamsabuTebeli
movlenaa. mas sayrdenad misgan gansxvavebuli sxva movlena ar
sWirdeba. axal filosofiaSi, azrovnebis uaryofis SeuZleblobis argumentiT imave Sedegamde midis dekarte, ris bazazec Rebulobs cnobil debulebas `vazrovneb, maSasadame varsebob~. spinozas filosofiaSi es argumenti gamovlinda sub-
38
39
stanciis problemis gadawyvetis momentSi, rogorc im pirveli sawyisisa, rac safuZvlad edeba yovelive arsebuls, magram
TviTon mas ar SeiZleba sxva raime edebodes safuZvlad, TviTmizezobriobaze dayrdnobiT, garda sakuTari Tavisa. aRniSnuli istoriuli memkvidreobis gaTvaliswinebiT, cnobili qarTveli filosofosi savle wereTeli `usasrulo daskvnis~ saxelwodebiT qmnis logikur koncefcias, romlis mixedviT
filosofiis aRniSnuli substanciuri pirveladi principebi,
azrovnebisaTvis iseTi sawyisebia, romlebic gamoirCevian refleqsurobiT, sakuTar Tavs eyrdnobian da TviTdasabuTebadni arian. es iTqmis ara marto zogadis mimarT, aramed yvela im
cnebis Sesaxebac, romlebic filosofiis pirvelad principebs qmnis. yvela isini zogadi bunebisani arian. maTi zogadoba gansazRvravs filosofiis zogadobas. mag. dadebiTis uaryofiT Sedegad isev dadebiTi unda miviRoT; uaryofis uaryofa
uaryofas ki ar auqmebs, aramed mas faqtad aqcevs; aucileblobis uaryofa maSin moxerxdeba, Tu es uaryofa aucileblobis
bunebisaa, es ki aucileblobis dadgenaa da ara misi uaryofa.
formis uaryofa uaryofis formas moiTxovs; Sinaarsis uaryofa garkveuli SinaarsiT unda iyos warmodgenili da a.S.
konkretuli mecnierebis princi pebi yovelTvis gulisxmobs
da eyrdnoba filosofiis aseT pirvelad princi pebs. amitom
filosofiasa da kerZo mecnierebebs Soris urTierToba imdenad gvar-saxeobiTi araa, ramdenadac safuZvel-Sedegis urTierTobaze dayrdnobili.
filosofiasa da kerZo mecnierebebs Soris urTierTobasTan dakavSirdebiT xSiria msjeloba imis Taobaze, rom
filosofia Tavis sayrdens poulobs kerZo mecnierebebSi, xolo
kerZo mecnierebebi filosofiaSi. aseT msjelobas SeuZlia
Segviyvanos logikur wreSi, rac mecnierebisaTvis Cixia. cxadia, mecnierebebs Soris Taviseburi `TanamSromloba~ Cveulebrivi movlenaa. filosofias SeuZlia kerZo mecnierebebs
daesesxos magaliTebi, romlebic imdenad dasabuTebas ar emsaxurebian, ramdenadac dasabuTebulis demonstrirebas. filosofias isic SeuZlia, rom saazrovno masalad gamoiyenos kerZo
8. aris Tu ara filosofia mecniereba. filosofia xasiaTdeba mTeli rigi iseTi niSan-TvisebebiT, romlebic
aSkarad miuTiTebs imaze, rom igi mecnierebaa. amasTanave mas
gaaCnia iseTi maxasiaTeblebic, romlebic aZneleben filosofiis
mecnierebad arsebobisaTvis dadgenil CarCoebSi moTavsebas.
amitom bunebrivad gaCnda kiTxva _ aris Tu ara filosofia
mecniereba? am kiTxvis garSemo Camoyalibda urTierTsapirispiro Tvalsazrisebi. erTni, romlebic filosofias mecnierebad miiCneven, meoreni, romlebic filosofiis mecnierebad arsebobas uaryofen.
filosofiis da mecnierebis urTierTobis sakiTxi istoriulad garkveuli mrudeTi aRiniSneba. rogorc ukve iTqva,
iyo Tvalsazrisi, romelic mecnierebis dasawyiss filosofiis warmoSobas ukavSirebs. filosofiis warmoSobiT daiwyo
mecnierebis istoria. Semdeg daiwyo mecnierebs Soris
filosofiis prioritetulobis qadageba. erTis mxriv, termini
`filosofia~ mecnierebebis krebsiTi saxelis rangSi iqna
ayvanili da amiT igi gauigivda saerTod `mecnierebis~ termins. meores mxriv, adgili hqonda filosofiis epiTetebiT
Semkobas _ `mecnierebaTa dedofali~, `mecnierebaTa mecniereba~ da sxv. XIX-XX ss-Si pozitivizmSi filosofia ganiwminda
yvela im maxasiaTeblisagan, romelic mas ganasxvavebda ti piuri mecnierebebisagan da amiT Seecadnen igi daeyvanaT kerZo
mecnierebis doneze. amiT filosofias suli amoacales.
filosofiisaTvis sakuTari sulis (arsis) dabrunebis mizniT,
40
41
42
43
mimarTaven realur eqsperimentul monacemebs. amasTanave farTod gamoiyeneba masSi azrobrivi eqsperimenti. amitom am niSniTac igi mecnierebaTa klasSi Sedis.
mecnierebisaTvis savaldebuloa sistemuroba. arCeven
Ria da daxurul sistemebs, magram amjerad es araa mTavari.
mTavaria mecnierebisaTvis sistemuroba. esaa moTxovna imisa,
rom sakvlevi sagnis mTlianoba misi mecnieruli codnis
mTlianobaSi iyos asaxuli. sagnis sistemuroba azris sistemurobaSi unda aisaxos. anu mecnieruli debulebebi ubralo
meqanikur grovas ki ar unda warmoadgendnen, aramed logikuri
aucileblobiT Sekrulni, sadac erTimeores moiTxoven, erTimeores avseben da amiT mTelis saxes Rebuloben. SesaZlebelia
nebismier mecnierebaSi aRmoCenili iqnes azrebs Soris winaaRmdegobebi, magram es aris mecnierebis nakli mocemuli SemTxvevisaTvis, romelic moiTxovs Carevas da daZleva-Sesworebas.
filosofia gamoirCeva Tavisi sistemurobiT. filosofiis
istoria icnobs sxvadasxva saxis filosofiur sistemebs.
filosofia xasiaTdeba iseTi arsebiTi niSnebiTac,
romlebic radikalurad ganasxvavebs mas kerZo mecnierebebisagan. umeteswilad swored es faqtori xdeba misi mecnierebaTa jgufidan amoRebis mcdelobis mizezi.
mecnieruli codna (WeSmariteba), obieqturad, yvela adamianisaTvis Tanabrad misaRebia. mze rom uaxloesi varskvlavia, yvelasaTvis WeSmaritebaa. filosofiis saboloo amocanaa
cxovrebis gaSuqeba. cxovreba ki pirovnulia. amitom SeuZlebelia da dauSvebelicaa, rom filosofiam yvelasaTvis savaldebulo cxovrebis erTi modeli gamoimuSaos. es totalitarizmisaken mimavali gzaa, rac klavs filosofias. amitom
filosofia alternatiul princi pebze agebas moiTxovs.
filosofiuri azri, misgan gansxvavebuli da dapirispirebuli
azrisadmi Semwynarebluria, rasac ver vityviT kerZo mecnieruli azrebis mimarT. aqedan gamomdinare, kerZo mecnieruli
WeSmaritebebi Tu mkacrad obieqturni arian, filosofiuri
WeSmaritebebi ar gamoirCevian mkacri aucileblobiT da amitom ufro Tvalsazrisis formas iZenen.
kerZo mecnierebebs adamiani Sehyavs ualternativo aucileblobis sferoSi. filosofia uars ver ityvis aucileblobis sferoze, magram arc is unda, rom adamiani mTlianad iq
datovos SiSveli aucileblobebis winaSe. misi daniSnuleba
isaa, rom man aRniSnul aucileblobebze dayrdnobiT (da ara
maTTan dapirispirebiT) adamiani Tavisuflebis sferoSi gadaiyvanos da iq daamkvidros.
kerZo mecnieruli Semecneba mkacrad obieqturia. aseTi
mecnieruli xedvidan mTlianad gamoricxulia pirovnuli,
erovnuli da sakacobrio interesebi. filosofiuri Semecneba
obieqturi da subieqturi xedvebis Serwymaa, riTac am intersebis aRdgenas aqvs adgili.
mecniereba realuri sinamdvilis obieqturi gonebrivi
suraTia. magram es suraTi araa TviTmiznobrivi. igi raRac
mizans emsaxureba. aseTi mizani adamianis cxovrebaa. da raki
adamianis cxovreba igive adamianis me aris, saWiroa sinamdvilis da me-s kavSiri. aseTi kavSiris ganxorcieleba filosofiis
pirdapiri movaleobaa.
kerZo mecnierebis monapovari yvela adamians sWirdeba,
magram yvela adamiani mecnieri ver iqneba. filosofiac yvelas sWirdeba. verc yvela adamiani iqneba profesionali
filosofosi. magram raki yovel adamians sWirdeba garkveuli
msoflmxedveloba, amitom yoveli adamiani raRacnairad
TavisTvis unda filosofosobdes.
kerZo mecnierebebs ar sWirdeba uSualo kavSiri
azrovnebis iseT formebTan, rogoricaa miTologia, religia,
xelovneba (laparakia mecnierebaze da ara mecnierze). mas
SeuZlia maTgan damoukideblad arseboba-ganviTareba. filosofias maT gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia imitom, rom filosofia
codnisa da rwmenis mTlianobaa. kerZo mecnierebebi mxolod
azrebiT sazrdoobs da produqciad azrebs awarmoebs. filosofia azrebTan erTad emociebiT, rwmeniT, miTologiuri warmosaxvebiT sazrdoobs da maT arsebobasac amkvidrebs imitom,
rom cxovreba, romelsac Seiswavlis filosofia, umeteswilad
emociebis, gancdebis sferoa, romlebsac xelSewyoba da mar-
44
45
cxovrebisaken, romlis mTavari principia saxelmwifo, xelisufleba, politikuri partiebi pirovnebisaTvis da ara piriqiT.
kerZo mecnierebebi mravalia da arseboben urTierTdapirispirebis gareSe. piriqiT, isini erTimeoris monacemebiT
sargebloben. arseboben aseve mravali filosofiuri mimarTulebebi (`izmebi~). magram maT Soris mudmivi dapirispireba
da brZolaa imisaTvis, rom Tavi moawonos calke pirovnebas
Tu calke aRebul ers. cnobilia, rom ingliselebs ufro
xiblavdaT empiristuli mimarTulebis filosofia, xolo germanelebs racionalisturi. e.i. saboloo jamSi, aRniSnuli
brZolis Sedegad individis an eris winaSe arsebobis ufleba
mravalTa Soris erTma unda moi povos. esec cxovrebis erTaderTobiTaa gamowveuli.
kerZo mecnierebebi Tavis gzaze naklebad toveben sadao
sakiTxebs. filosofia kidev ufro naklebad gamoimuSavebs
iseT mosazrebebs, romlebic mudmivi kamaTisa da davis sagani
ki ar iqneba, aramed yvelasaTvis misaRebi.
kerZo mecnierebebis Sedegebi Semowmebas eqvemdebareba,
filosofiis ki, iseve rogorc miTologiis, religiis araSemowmebadia.
kerZo mecnierebebi aucileblobis Secnobis instrumentia. filosofia aris aucileblobidan TavisuflebaSi gadasvlis saSualeba.
kerZo mecnierebaSi gamoricxulia mkvlevaris subieqturi faqtori. filosofiisaTvis SemecnebasTan erTad aucilebelia SefasebiT-RirebulebiTi momenti, romelic subieqturi faqtoria da romelic filosofiis arseba qmnis.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare unda davaskvnaT, rom filosofia Tavisi formiT mecnierebaa. igi mecnieruli azrovnebis
specifikuri formaa. magram Tavisi SinaarsiT, mizniTa da funqciebiT igi ver Tavsdeba ti piuri mecnierebebis CarCoebSi,
masze metia da iRebs adamianis sulieri moRvaweobis iseTi
dargis saxes, romelsac bevri saerTo aqvs miTologiasTan,
religiasTan, mecnierebasTan, xelovnebasTan, magram mainc inarCunebs Tavis damoukideblobas.
46
47
48
49
arc dasabuTeba SeiZleba da arc uaryofa. Semowmebadi debulebebi miiRwevian mxolod kerZo mecnierebebSi. amitom Tu
filosofias surs mecnierebis saxiT arseboba, kerZo mecnierebis forma unda miiRos da xeli mokidos maTSi miRweuli
pozitiuri Sedegebis `meored wakiTxvas~ anu, kerZo mecnierebebis Sedegebis logikur-filosofiur gaazrebas da msoflmxedvelobriv suraTSi Casmas. imave meoce saukuneSi, komunisturi reJimis Seqmnam filosofias axali `mmarTveli~ mouvlina. am reJimma filosofia aqcia politikis da ideologiis msaxurad. esec sqolastikis princi pebiT warimarTa. inkviziciur movlenebs aqac mZlavri gasaqani hqonda. filosofia
gadayvanil iqna ualternativobis reJimSi, romelic gansxvavebuli azris Semwynareblobas sruliad gamoricxavda. am reJimis liderebi religiuri wmindanebis simaRleze iyvnen ayvanili. maTi teqstebi dogmatebad formdebodnen. dasabuTebaSi
yvelaze mZlavr argumentad am `wmindanebis~ citatebis damowmebaa, romlebic utyuar WeSmaritebad arian miCneuli. aqac,
rogorc Teologiis msaxuris rolSi yofnis dros, filosofias evaleba reJimis liderebis debulebebisaTvis meti damajereblobisa da popularizaciis mizniT, misi filosofiuri
analizi, gaSla-gafarToveba, gaRrmaveba, magram ara ise, rom aman
gamoiwvios misadmi dapirispireba an mis farglebs gareT
gasvla da misagan dacileba.
komunisturi reJimis garemoSi filosofia, warmodgenili dialeqtikuri materializmis saxiT, arsebul reJimTan
imdenad mZlavrad iyo mibmuli, rom sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis saerTod filosofia mis erT formasTan, _ dialeqtikur materializmTan iqna gaigivebuli. gaCnda imis molodini, rom reJimis daSlasTan erTad unda gauqmebuliyo saerTod filosofiac. samwuxarod, es ganwyobileba dResac grZeldeba, rac filosofiis SezRudva-Seviwrovebis Taviseburi
formaa. filosofia yovelTvis kritikuli da meamboxe sulia.
is epoqis kritikaa, misi mamxilebeli Zalaa. amis gamo, cxadia,
avtoritaruli mmarTveloba filosofiis morgebas an Tavisi
interesebisadmi cdilobs, an sulac aviwrovebs da devnis mas.
50
51
10. filosofiis alternativoba da disidentoba. adamianis Tavze sikeTisa da borotebis momtani aTasgvari problemebi trialebs. bevri maTganis gadawyveta sabunebismetyvelo-teqnikuri mecnierebebis kompetenciaSi Sedis, magram rCeba kidev ufro mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, romelTa
gadawyveta am mecnierebebis kompetencias scildeba. aRniSnuli mecnierebebi ZiriTadad `me~-dan gareT xedvaa, romlebic
gvaswavlian imas, rac Cvens gareTaa. magram cxovrebis ZiriTadi motivebi CvenSi, Cvens sulSia. amitom paralelurad adamians sWirdeba sakuTar `me~-Si Caxedva, sakuTari sulis Seswavla. magram SeiZleba Tu ara sakuTar sulSi mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis warmoeba imave wesiT, imave xerxebiT da princi pebiT,
rogorc es keTdeba aRniSnul mecnierebebSi. an miRebuli
Sedegebi imave ganzomilebebSi unda jdebodes Tu ara, rogorSic sabunebismetyvelo-teqnikuri mecnierebebis Sedegebi. sxvanairia subieqtis gareT da misgan damoukideblad arsebuli
sinamdvilis sagnebi da movlenebi. sul sxvanairia subieqtis
imanenturi samyaro da misi movlenebi. amitom am ori sinamdvilis Semswavleli mecnierebebis xerxebis, princi pebis da
Sedegebis gansxvaveba Tavidanve gapirobebulia maTi kvlevis
obieqtebis gansxvavebulobiT. subieqtisaTvis gare sinamdvile
aucileblobis sferoa. iq gamoricxuli araa SemTxveviTobebi. isic am sinamdvilis aucilebeli momentia. magram gare
sinamdvileSi gamoricxulia Tavisufleba. bunebam ar icis
Tavisufleba. kerZo mecnierebebi mudam gare sinamdvileSi
moqmedi aucileblobebis Ziebis procesSia. adamianisaTvis
imanentur samyarod misi suli iTvleba. sulisaTvis misgan
gare sinamdvilea bunebis sagnebic, adamianis sxeulic da misi
fsiqikac. yvela amaTSi aucileblobebia gabatonebuli. aq
yvelaferi mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTobiT warimarTeba, romelic deterministuli xasiaTisaa. amitom am movlenebis ganviTarebas mkacrad gansazRvruli mimarTuleba aqvs. es iTqmis
ara marto dinamikuri kanonebis mixedviT ganviTarebuli procesebis mimarT, aramed, saboloo jamSi, statistikuri kanonebiT ganxorcielebuli procesebis mimarTac. amitom gare
52
53
gavson da amiT moxdes pirovnebaTa nivelireba. yvelam erTnairad unda ifiqros, erTnairad iazrovnos, lamis yvelam
erTnairi sizmrebi unda naxos. erTi sityviT, _ erTnairad da
erTi cxovrebiT unda icxovron. es situacia adgils aRar
utovebs adamianebs, xalxebs mamulis (samSoblos), erovnulobis, enobrivi da kulturuli gansxvavebulobis SesaZleblobisaTvis. ualternativo filosofia mTlianad ideologiad
iqceva, romelic ibrZvis yvelasaTvis erTi samSoblos (sabWoTa kavSiri), erTi eris (sabWoTa xalxi), erTi enis (erovnuli
konstituciebidan saxelmwifo enis statusidan erovnuli enebis
amoRebis da maT adgilas yvelasaTvis savaldebulod rusuli
enis damkvidrebis mcdeloba), erTi kulturis (socialisturi
kultura) _ mTlianobaSi, ualternativo erTi cxovrebis SeqmnisaTvis. filosofiis mimarT xSirad gamoTqmula kritikuli
SeniSvna masSi `izmebis~ simravlis arsebobis gamo. magram
xSirad am simravlis arsebobaa utyuari sabuTi filosofiis
alternatiulobis. akrZaleT filosofiaSi `izmebis~ arseboba da igi gadaiqceva totalitarizmis msaxurad. adamiani Tavisufali arsebaa. praqtikulad, raSi gamoixateba misi Tavisufleba? cxadia, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, es kiTxva gulisxmobs ara
yoveldRiur wvrilman yofiT sakiTxebs, aramed cxovrebisaTvis
princi pul da sabediswero problemebs. Tavisufleba arCevanis Tavisuflebaa. risi arCevanis Tavisufleba aqvs adamians?
iqneb adamiani irCevs dabadebas. magram aSkaraa, rom individs
aravin kiTxavs unda Tu ara mas dabadeba. es dabadeba romel
epoqaSi, romel qveyanaSi, romel erSi, romel gvarSi, romel
ojaxSi, qalad Tu vaJad, unda rom moxdes? yvelaferi misTvis,
misgan daukiTxavad garkveuli aucileblobebiT xdeba. yvelaferi misTvis iZulebiT Tavs moxveulia. dabadebis da cxovrebis bolos sikvdilia. iqneb mas sikvdilis arCevanis
Tavisufleba aqvs. igulisxmeba arCevani kiTxvaze _ unda Tu
ara mas sikvdili? marTalia gansakuTrebul situaciaSi Cavardnili adamianebis mcire nawili irCevs sikvdils, magram verc
am arCevans davarqmevT adamianis Tavisuflebas, vinaidan es
`arCevani~ umetes SemTxvevaSi misTvis ufro didi ubedurebis
54
55
https://www.facebook.com/groups/ELLIB/
disidenturni arian, maTi ualternativobis gamo. disidenturi iyo filosofia Tavidanve, aseTi iyo istoriis manZilze
da aseTad agrZelebs arsebobas. TviT sokrate disidenti iyo
da disidenturi filosofiuri azrovnebis msxverpli Seiqmna.
filosofiis disidentoba imiTaa gamowveuli, rom igi epoqis
mamxilebeli TviTkritikaa. cxovreba Seicavs rogorc dadebiT momentebs, ise naklovanebebs. filosofia, rogorc cxovrebis mamxilebeli TviTkritika, aaSkaravebs cxovrebis dadebiT
mxareebTan erTad, mis mankier momentebsac. filosofiis rogorc
profesiis arsi amaSia. vinaidan filosofia yovelTvis funqciobs sazogadoebaSi, romelic raRac socialur-politikuri
reJimiTaa warmodgenili. ismis kiTxva, rogor guobs esa Tu is
reJimi filosofias, mis disidentobas? yvelaferi damokidebulia socialur-politikuri reJimis Taviseburebaze. Tu reJimi demokratiulia da Tavisufali, sazogadoebis agebas da
ganmtkicebas cdilobs, aseT pirobebSi igi guobs da Semwynarebelia nebismieri filosofiuri azris mimarT. metic,
filosofiis mxridan mamxilebeli kritikis saSualebiT igi
gebulobs mis mankier mxareebs da cdilobs mis daZlevas.
amitom filosofiis disidentoba Tavisufali sazogadoebis
Seqmnisa da ganmtkicebis saqmeSi aucilebel da mniSvnelovan
faqtorad iTvleba. amis gamo filosofia devnisa ki ara, xelisSewyobis obieqtia. Tavisufal, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi filosofosebsac ajildovebdnen nobelis premiiT (Tumca
literatures dargSi). TiTqmis yvela nobelianti filosofosi gamoirCeva Tavisi disidentobiT. sabWoTa kavSirsac hyavs
nobelianti moazrovneebi. yvela gamorCeulia imis gamo, rom
isini sabWoTa reJimis mimarT gamokveTili disidentebi arian.
rac Seexeba totalitarul reJims, misTvis misi mankierebis
dafarva arsebiTi Tvisebaa (`rkinis fardis~ arseboba amaze
miuTiTebs). xolo is, vinc cdilobs reJimis mankierebis mxilebas, yvelani devnis obieqtebi xdebian. amitom filosofiis
disidentoba zedapirulad mJRavndeba totalitarul reJimebSi da maTi devnac iq xorcieldeba. sabWoTa totalitarulma
reJimma bevri filosofosi, rogorc disidenti, Seiwira, zogi
sicocxliT, zogi _ azrovnebiT. zogma WeSmaritad filosofosma moaxerxa Tavisi disidentobis SeniRbva. xolo didi
umravlesoba ganudga filosofiis disidentobas. amiT ganudgnen
WeSmarit filosofias.
56
57
adamianis invalidobaa. filosofia adamianis cxovrebis gonebriv-msoflmxedvelobrivi Suqis qveS dayenebaa, misi arsis,
misi raobis SesatyvisobaSi danaxva-gaazrebis mizniT, raTa
adamianma moaxerxos mTlian cxovrebaSi swori orientacia.
2. TviTSemecnebis funqcia. f. bekoni gveubneba, _
codna Zalaao. Tavis mxriv, Zala sicocxlisunarianobis wyaroa.
cxovrebaSi adamians aTasi ramis codna sWirdeba. rac meti
icis, miT Zlieria. araviTari codna zedmeti araa, Tuki mas
gonivrulad anu isev codniT moixmar. codnas ori mimarTuleba
aqvs. erTia icode is, rac Sens gareTaa, meore is, Tu ra aris
SenSi, ra xar TviTon Sen. aseTi codna TviTSemecnebiT miiReba. kargia roca ici aTasgvari sagnebi da movlenebi, roca ici
ra aris da ra xdeba Sens gareT, magram ufro kargia da
mniSvnelovani _ sakuTari Tavis codna; roca gacnobierebuli gaqvs ra xdeba SenSi, ra ginda, ra azri aqvs Sens cxovrebas,
ra gziT da rogor unda icxovro, roca SenTvis safuZvlianad
garkveuli gaqvs WeSmariteba da mcdaroba, saTnoeba da boroteba,
mSveniereba da simaxinje, samarTlianoba da usamarTloba, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis arsi. es TviTkritikiT da TviTSemecnebiT ganxorcielebuli filosofiis funqciaa. esaa sokratuli lozungis, _ Seican Tavi Seni! realizacia.
3. cxovrebaSi orientirebis funqcia. adamianis
mxridan cxovrebaSi erT-erTi mTavari gadasawyveti problema
isaa, rac gamoiTqmis kiTxviT _ saiT? ici, rom rogorc mTlian
samyaroSi, ise cxovrebaSi yvelaferi moZravia, cvalebadia, warmavalia. maradiuli TviTon moZraoba-cvalebadobis faqtia.
Senc moZravi da cvalebadi xar. yvelafris da Seni moZraobac
moiTxovs am moZraobaTa mimarTulebis dadgenas. Tu mas
gamokveTili mimarTuleba ara aqvs da qaosuria, esec moZraobaa.
qaosuri moZraobis saxiT masac aqvs Tavisi qaosuri mimarTuleba. moZraobisaTvis mimarTulebis aucilebloba badebs
kritikul kiTxvas _ saiT? saiT mTliani samyaros moZraoba
da saiT sakuTriv Seni moZraoba? mizani is aris, rom Seni
moZraoba orientirebuli da koreqtirebuli iyos samyaros
moZraobis mimarT, raTa maT Soris arsebobdes Tanxvedra. ase-
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
dia~. goniTi xedvis damajerebloba Tu obieqturobas eyrdnoba, rwmeniT xedvas subieqturi sayrdeni aqvs. magram es
sulac ar miuTiTebs mis dabal Rirebulebaze. saqme is aris,
rom obieqturi xedvac, sabolood, subieqtur CarCoebSi unda
moeqces. anu goniTi xedvis damajerebloba pirovnebisaTvis
mniSvnelobas maSin iZens, roca igi subieqtur mrwamsSi gadadis. arc rwmeniTi xedvaa usasrulo. adamiani istoriuli
arsebaa. yvela misi xedviTi unarebi istoriuli xasiaTisaa.
es niSnavs, rom adamianis rwmeniTi unaric konkretuli istoriuli etapiTaa ganpirobebuli, rac mis SezRudulobaze miuTiTebs. miviReT, rom adamiani, yvela misi xedviTi unarebiT,
sasrulia. amitom, mis mier Seqmnili mTliani samyaros gonebrivi suraTi _ msoflmxedveloba _ SezRudulia. miuxedavad
amisa, msoflmxedvelobis gansakuTrebuli Tavisebureba is
aris, rom igi maincaa adamianis mcdeloba da pretenzia samyaros mTlianobaSi xedvisa. msoflmxedveloba araa da SeuZlebelia iyos mTliani usasrulo samyaros amomwuravad
amsaxveli, magram mas swored mTliani samyaros asaxvis pretenzia aqvs. msoflmxedveloba pirovnebis Tavisufali arCevania. igi mas irCevs imitom, rom is misTvis WeSmaritebaa.
WeSmaritebis erTaderToba, aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba
sxvebis mier misi miRebis SesaZleblobas amarTlebs. magram,
msoflmxedvelobis sasrulobas SeuZlia pirovneba usasrulo samyaros Seucnobel sferoSi Seiyvanos, rac didi riskis
Semcvelia. es imaTi riskic iqneba, vinc am konkretul msoflmxedvelobas gaiziarebs. aqedan gamomdinare, msoflmxedvelobis arCevani misiT ganpirobebuli riskis gamo pasuximgeblobis aRebacaa, rac, saboloo jamSi, msoflmxedvelobisaTvis moralurobis aucileblobaze miuTiTebs.
adamiani msoflmxedvelobiT cdilobs msoflio, anu
mTeli samyaro, abstraqciisa da warmosaxvis saSualebiT, rogorRac `xelis gulze daidos~, gonebisa da emociis TvaliT
Soridan Semoxedos da Seecados mis mTlianobaSi danaxvas ise,
rom am mTelSi Tavisi me-c aRmoaCinos da TavisTvis daadginos: ra aris mTliani samyaro; ra xdeba, ra procesebs aqvs iq
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
3. religiuri msoflmxedveloba. miTosuri samyaro daunawevrebeli mTelia. aq adgili ara aqvs cisa da miwis
mkveTr da princi pul gayofa-dapirispirebas. miTosisaTvis
ucxo araa ca, magram es ufro kosmiuri caa, vidre zebunebrivi
samyaro. miTosisaTvis yvelaferi miwazea. miwazea cxovelic,
romelic realuri cxovelicaa da masSi mistikuri sazrisis
saxiT Cabudebulia totemic; miwazea sagani, romelic mistikuri magiuri ZaliT aris akumulirebuli. RmerTebi da
demonebic miwaze arian. isini daaxloebiT iseve moqmedeben,
rogorc adamianebi. isini atareben adamianur Tvisebebs _
adamianebiviT mruSoben, cruoben, mzakvroben, arian angarebianni; adamianebTan qorwinebiT kavSirSi Sedian. erTi sityviT,
ar gamoirCevian maRali siwmindiT. isini miwiT arian damZimebulni. miTosi savsea religiuri momentebiT. miTosuri warmosaxvis Zala eyrdnoba rwmenas, romelic religiisTvisac
sayrdeni momentia. religia adamianis naklovanebebis kompensaciaa. adamians ki, rogorc sasrul arsebas, arasdros SeuZlia
amowuros da moicilos Tavisi naklovanebebi. amitom religia
mas yovelTvis sWirdeba. religiis saWiroeba religiuri rwmenis saWiroebaa. aseTi rwmenis saWiroeba sxva saSualebebiT
miRebuli sulieri sazrdos naklovanebebis kompensaciaa. religiisaTvis arsebiTia termini `zebunebrivi~, `zeciuri~. es
daaxloebiT imas niSnavs, rasac filosofiaSi termini `metafizikuri~, anu is, rac bunebis miRmaa. Tumca `zebunebrivisa~ da
`zeciuris~ gansxvaveba `metafizikurisagan~ imaSi mdgomareobs, rom masSi zeaRmaval mimarTulebazea miTiTeba. termin
`metafizikurSi~ aseTi mimarTuleba ar Cans. `zeciuri~ ar
niSnavs caSi arsebuls. cac bunebis nawilia, bunebis nawilia
kosmosic, radgan iq bunebis kanonebi moqmedeben. `zebunebrivi~,
`zeciuri~ niSnavs mTliani bunebis miRma gasvlas (metafizikaSi gasvlas), oRond, es miRma gamoirCeva Tavisi simaRliT.
igi niSnavs cazed maRla myofs. termini `simaRlec~ simboluria da igi niSnavs siwmindes, sinaTles, sikeTes, mSvenierebas, WeSmaritebas Tavisi absoluturi formiT. am sferos
bunebis kanonebi ver swvdebian. termini `saswauli~ niSnavs
movlenas, romlis axsna SeuZlebelia bunebis kanonebis meSveobiT. esaa movlena, romelic zeciuri ZalebiT imarTeba. piriqiT, qristianuli Teologiis TvalsazrisiT, miwieri samyaro
Seiqmna da imarTeba zeciuri sinamdviliT. religiaSi miwisa
da cis mkveTri gansxvavebaa. fenomenebis nawili caSi adis,
nawili miwaze rCeba. caSi adis mistikur-magiuri Zalebi.
religiaSi ca simboloa, radgan adamianis warmosaxvaSi mistikuroba, miuwvdomloba, siwminde, simsubuqe, sinaTle simbolurad yovelTvis casTan aris dakavSirebuli. amitom religiaSi ca yovelTvis datvirTulia warmosaxviTi misteriuli azriT.
is rac miwaze rCeba _ miwieri, bunebrivi da sxeulebrivia.
caSi asuli sulieria. religiaSi RmerTebi Tavisufldebian
miwieri simZimiT, caSi adian da siwmindeebad formdebian.
religiaSi RmerTebi simartivis simaRleze adian. miTologiuri
RmerTebi, TavianTi simravlis gamo (poliTeizmi), ar gamoirCevian srulyofilebiT. monoTeistur religiebSi RmerTis erTaderToba misi srulyofilebis safuZvelia.
termini `religia~ kavSirs niSnavs. kavSiri mxareebs
gulisxmobs. religiis mxareebia religiis subieqti _ morwmune adamiani da religiis obieqti, anu riskenac aris mimarTuli morwmunis rwmena. adamianisaTvis religiis saWiroeba
misTvis avtoritetis saWiroebaa. mas surs avtoritets Seafaros Tavi, misi mfarvelobis qveS aRmoCndes. ki magram ras
gaurbis adamiani da rasTan dapirispirebaSi eZebs igi avtoritetul mfarvels? igi gaurbis sikvdils. misTvis yvela
ubedurebis saTave sikvdilia. roca avtoriteti umaRlesi,
srulyofili, yovlisSemZles formiT gaiazreba, _ vRebulobT
religias, romlis centri RmerTia. miTologiaSi sikvdili,
rogorc movlena saerTod ar arsebobs, anu mas sikvdilad ar
76
77
78
79
80
81
filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis igiveobrivia da ara saerTod msoflmxedvelobis. miTologiuri da religiuri msoflmxedvelobebi ZiriTadad rwmenaze dayrdnobiT iqmnebian.
maTSi azrovneba ZiriTadad deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa. mecnierul, anu filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi azrovneba kritikuli xasiaTisaa. aq amosavali kiTxvebia: _ ratom? rogor?
_ romlebzec moTxovnilia dasabuTebuli pasuxebi. mecniereba azrebis dasabuTebis sferoa. filosofia, rogorc mecnieruli azrovnebis forma, msoflmxedvelobrivi kiTxvebis dasabuTebuli pasuxebia. amitom filosofia (warmatebuli Tu
warumatebeli) dasabuTebuli msoflmxedvelobaa. filosofia
aris dasabuTeba ara nebismieri mecnieruli sakiTxisa (amas
kerZo mecnierebebSi awarmoeben), aramed ZiriTadad msoflmxedvelobrivi sakiTxebisa. msoflmxedveloba yvelas sWirdeba.
yvelas raRacnairi msoflmxedveloba gaaCnia. msoflmxedveloba
luarsab TaTqariZesac gaaCnia (mas xom cxovrebis Taviseburi
gageba aqvs) da kantsac, magram orive maTgans Tu aqvs filosofia (filosofiuri xedva, filosofiuri ganswavluloba?). kantis mimarT es kiTxva uadgiloa, luarsabis mimarT _ uazro
(Cven viciT misi damokidebuleba wignTan). amitom yvela araa
filosofias naziarebi, yvelas ver movTxovT filosofosobas,
magram msoflmxedveloba yvelasaTvis savaldebuloa. gansxvavebuli formis msoflmxedvelobebis arseboba maT Soris
prioritetulobis sakiTxs ayenebs. aq prioriteti filosofiur msoflmxedvelobas eniWeba, rac adamianisaTvis filosofiis saWiroebaze mianiSnebs. amiT filosofiis msoflmxedvelobriv funqcias esmeba xazi. Tumca, es ar niSnavs aramecnieruli
msoflmxedvelobebis zedmetobas. imis gamo, rom msoflmxedveloba amouwuravi sinamdvilis amowurvis warumatebeli mcdelobaa, misi warumateblobis Sevsebis mizniT codnisa da rwmenis mTlianobis sakiTxi dgeba. es ki, sabolood, filosofiuri da arafilosofiuri msoflmxedvelobebis mTlianobis
moTxovnaa. filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi igulisxmeba
filosofiis ara mxolod romelime kerZo dargi, mag. iseTi,
rogoricaa ontologia (Tumca filosofiuri msoflmxedvelo-
82
83
bis Camoyalibeba daiwyo filosofiis ontologiuri problemebis msoflmxedvelobrivi gaazrebiT); aramed masSi igulisxmeba
filosofiuri azrovnebis yvela dargis moculoba. amitom
filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba moicavs rogorc samyaros
ontologiur suraTs, gnoseologiur Sinaarsebs, agreTve igi
gulisxmobs mTeli sinamdvilis zneobisa da mSvenierebis
normebiT samyaros mTlianobaSi gaazrebas. mokled, filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba esaa rogorc mTliani samyaros raoba,
masSi adamianis cxovrebis adgilisa da misi perspeqtivebis
Sesaxeb mTliani gonebrivi suraTi, aseve, igi adamianis mxridan pasuxismgeblobis aRebaa rogorc mTlian samyaroze, ise
sakuTar Tavze.
84
85
86
87
88
89
eqnebaT cxovrebaSi mtruli Zalebisadmi gamklavebis mocemuli saSualebebi, aRar eqnebaT `amooxvris Taviseburi xerxi.
mxatvrul literaturaSic, rac adamianis aucilebeli
sulieri sazrdoa, adgili aqvs sagnebis, movlenebis, personaJebis, gmirebis sulier-idealur arsebobas. istoriuli gmirebi,
romlebic TavianT fizikur-empiriul arsebobas xSirad ufro
adre asruleben cxovrebaSi, adamianebisaTvis magaliTis misacemad, mexsierebaSi idealuri formiT arsebobas ganagrZoben.
arsebobisa da ararsebobis sakiTxi `ho da `ara-s
urTierTobis konkretuli formaa. es sakiTxi, filosofiur
azrovnebas Zveli droidanve ainteresebda. Zveli saberZneTis
eleatur filosofiur skolaSi arsebobisa da ararsebobis
sakiTxi gamoiTqva parmenides formuliT, _ arsi aris da
ararsi ar aris` anu is, rac aris, is aris da rac ar aris is
araraobaa. araraobis arsebobis uaryofam sagnebis erTimeorisagan gamyofi zRvris uaryofa gamoiwvia. amiT zRvris
uaryofam saganTa simravlis arsebobis uaryofa mogvca. saganTa simravlis uaryofa mxolod erTis arsebobis daSvebaa,
erTis arseboba ki gamoricxavs moZraobis SesaZleblobas, amitom mividnen Zenoniseul daskvnamde, _ gasrolili isari
sinamdvileSi uZravia, aqilevsi verasodes ver gaasworebs kus.
imave epoqaSi, aseTi Sedegebis gamosaricxad azrovnebam sapirispiro mimarTulebac mosinja. daSvebuli iqna mxolod gansxvavebuloba, gamoiricxa igiveobis arseboba. princi pSi es niSnavda mxolod araraobis (ararsebulis) aRiarebas da arsebulis uaryofas. aseTi azrovnebis Sedegi iyo karatilosis
debuleba `erT mdinareSi ara Tu meored, erTxelac ver
SexvalT.~ aRniSnuli orive mimarTulebisaTvis saerTo is
iyo, rom azrovnebis calmxrivobis gamo logikur winaaRmdegobad da SeuZleblad iTvleboda ori erTimeoris mimarT
radikalurad sapirispiro movlenis mTlianobaSi gaazreba.
SeuZleblad iTvleboda ho~-s da ara~-s Serigeba erT mTelSi. erTis daSveba meoris uaryofas niSnavda da piriqiT. imave
berZnul filosofiaSi aseTi sapirispiro fenomenebis
mTlianobaSi gaazrebis aucilebloba gaCnda. aman mogvca her-
aklites formulireba yovelive aris da arc aris. es niSnavda rogorc arsebulis arsebobas, ise ararsebulis arsebobas. amasTanave arc arsebuls da arc ararsebuls ar SeuZliaT wminda saxiT damoukideblad arseboba. isini erTimeoris saSualebiT erT mTelSi arseboben. zogadi formiT, es
erTi mTeli samyaroa. mTeli samyaro arsebulisa da ararsebulis, rogorc dapirispirebulTa mTlianobaa. amasTanave, es
aris sasruli sagnebisa da movlenebis arsebobis wesi.
90
91
3. samyaros droulobisa da maradiulobis sakiTxi. arsebulisa da ararsebulis raobis sakiTxi konkretul saxes iRebs samyaros droulobisa da maradisobis sakiTxis saxiT. mTlian samyaros droSi aqvs Tu ara dasawyisi, Tu
igi maradiulia? Tu samyaros droSi dasawyiss davuSvebT,
maSinve Cndeba kiTxva saidan gaCnda igi? es uZvelesi da
tradiciuli kiTxvaa. am kiTxvas mudam svamdnen da masze raRac
pasuxs gamoimuSavebdnen miTologiaSi, religiaSi, kerZo mecnierebaSi da filosofiaSi. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gamomuSaveba
yovelTvis did zegavlenas ganicdida antikuri berZnuli periodidan momdinare cnobili debulebisgan _ `araraobidan
raime ar Cndeba da raime araraobad ar gardaiqmneba.~ filosofiis es spekulaturuli debuleba mogvianebiT fizikurma kvlevebmac daadastura.
kiTxva saidan gaCnda samyaro? iseTi formiTaa dasmuli, romelic Riad Tu farulad Seicavs moments, rac azrovnebas
winaaRmdegobriv mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. rodesac vkiTxulobT
saidan gaCnda samyaro, amiT samyaros gaCenas, anu samyaros
droSi dasawyiss faqtiurad ukve vaRiarebT da amis Semdeg
viwyebT am faqtis gamarTleba-axsnas. rogorc cnobilia, es
kiTxva bibliisTvisac centraluria da misi gadawyveta rwmenis niadagze xdeba. igi dakavSirebulia RmerTis SemoqmedebiT
(kreaciul) aqtTan. amasTanave bibliaSi RmerTis mier samyaros Seqmna marTlac samyaros droSi dasawyisia, vinaidan
samyaros Seqmnamde mis ararsebobasTan erTad ar arsebobda
92
93
arsebobaze miuTiTebs.
d. uznaZe araraobis problemas rom exeba, misi azriT,
imis miuxedavad, ragind axirebuladac unda mogveCvenos es
mosazreba, _ romelime sagnis ararsebobis cnebaSi meti Sinaarsia moqceuli, vidre amave sagnis arsebobis cnebaSi vinaidan, cneba ararsebuli~, obieqtis Sesaxeb Seicavs (gulisxmobs) agreTve cnebas arsebuli~. amas garda mas daerTvis
kidev erTi warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom es sagani arsebulTa
mTliani sinamdvilidan gamoricxulia.
yovelive aRniSnuli dasmuli sakiTxis iseT gadawyvetas moiTxovs, romlis mixedviTac arsebulsa da ararsebuls
Soris zRvari gadaulaxavi ufskrulis saxiT ki ar daismeba,
aramed ise, rom arseboba da ararseboba erTi mTelis iseTi
sapirispiro mxareebi iyos, romelTac erTimeoris gareSe arseboba ar SeuZliaT. amas moiTxovs ararsebulis relatiuri
gageba. aseT moTxovnas mivyavarT samyaros drosa da sivrceSi
gaCenis ideis moxsnamde, rac samyaros usasrulobis mauwyebeli iqneba drosa da sivrceSi.
4. samyaros arsebis sakiTxi. cxovelisaTvis sinamdvilis calkeuli sagnebi misi fizikur-biologiur moTxovnilebas emsaxureba. amitom, es sagani mTlianad, biologiuri
moTxovnilebis TvaliT mis mier danaxuli realobaa. misi
moTxovnebis SezRuduloba misi TvaliT danaxuli sagnis siRaribes iwvevs. cxovelTan SedarebiT adamianis moTxovnebis
mravalferovneba imis safuZvelia, rom man sagnebSi gacilebiT
meti da mniSvnelovani ram aRmoaCinos. am gagebiT sagnebi da
movlenebi adamianis winaSe warmosdgebian rTuli struqturis mqone sistemebis saxiT. abstraqciis meSveobiT sagnebis
pirveli daSla-danawilebis Sedegad vRebulobT maT or mxares. yovel sagans aqvs ori mxare garegani da Sinagani.
igulisxmeba ara sivrcobrivi garegani da Sinagani, aramed,
garegnuloba Sinaganoba dgindeba imis mixedviT Tu adamiani
mas xedvis romeli unariT ukavSirdeba. sagnis garegan mxares
94
95
Tu miwvdebi, amiT misi Semecneba damTavrebuli da amowurulia. piriqiT, SemecnebiTi winsvla arsebaSi CaRrmavebis
procesia, rac mravaljerad safexurovan wiaRsvlas warmoadgens. amitom arsebebic iseve amouwuravia, rogorc mTeli samyaro. sagnis garegan da Sinagan mxareebs Soris mWidro kavSiria im gagebiT, rom realurad isini ar arseboben erTimeores gareSe. magram maT Soris ganmsazRvreli Sinagani mxarea.
Sinagani mxare gareganis safuZvelia. Sinagani mxaris ZiriTadi momenti sagnis arsebaa. marTalia, arseba struqturuli
movlenaa (am qveynad yvelaferi struqturis mqonea) magram igi
sagnisaTvis mainc mTliani erTia. yovel sagans erTi arseba
aqvs. sagnis erTaderToba misi arsebis erTaderTobiTaa ganpirobebuli. ra donezec xdeba sagnis arsebis ganxilva, imave
doneze warmoebs TviTon sagnis ganxilvac. yovel adamians
erTi `me~ aqvs da es misi erTi arsebaa. ar arsebobs sagani
misi arsebis gareSe. arc arseba arsebobs sagnisgan damoukideblad wminda saxiT. maTi erTmaneTisagan gancalkeveba azrovnebis mier, mxolod abstraqciaSi xdeba. Tu msjeloba exeba petres, rogorc konkretul pirovnebas, maSin mxedvelobaSia misi
unikaluri pirovnuli arseba. petres erTaderToba misi pirovnuli arsebis erTaderTobiTaa ganpirobebuli. pirovnebis gaoreba,
risi faqtebic realurad arsebobs, misi pirovnuli arsebis
gaxleCa-gaorebaa, rac pirovnebis stagnaciis niSania. Tu mxedvelobaSia petre, rogorc adamiani, maSin adgili unda hqondes
petres pirovnul arsebaSi ufro CaRrmavebas da masSi adamianis arsebis dadgenas. adamianis arsebac erTia da misiTaa
ganpirobebuli samyaros mraval sagansa da movlenas Soris
adamianis erTaderToba. qveyanaze adamianebi uamravia, magram
adamiani, rogorc movlena, erTia. SeiZleba petres ganvixilavdeT rogorc socialur arsebas. maSin petres arsebas kidev
ufro vuRrmavdebiT da mis socialurobas vikvlevT. aseT
SemTxvevaSi socialuris arsebis dadgena xdeba. es arsebac
erTia da amis gamo danarCen movlenebs Soris socialuri
movlenac erT-erTi imaTTagania. Tu kidev ufro CavuRrmavdebiT petres, rogorc cocxal arsebas, maSin sicocxlis arsis
96
97
pirvelsawyiss niSnavs. iq substanciis problema aseTi formiT daisva: _ ra aris samyaros, yovelive arsebulis saTave,
dasabami. saidan iRebs yovelive Tavis sawyiss? aseTi formiT
dasmuli kiTxvis gadawyveta garkveul sizustes moiTxovs.
saqme is aris, rom samyaro warmodgenilia sagnebis rogorc
raodenobrivi, ise Tvisebrivi simravliT. pirveli sawyisis,
anu substanciis problemis gadawyvetis Zieba niSnavs raRac
erTidan, rogorc pirvelsawyisidan, anu substanciidan, saganTa
simravlis arsebobis axsnas. esaa erTisa da simravlis urTierTobis sakiTxi. rogori urTierTobiT SeiZleba amis axsna?
cnobilia urTierTobis ori ZiriTadi forma. realur sagnebs
Soris urTierToba mizez-Sedegobriv xasiaTs atarebs. Tu
SevecdebiT substanciis problemis, rogorc erTisa da simravlis urTierTobis mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTobis axsnas, did
winaaRmdegobas wavawydebiT. mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierToba
mizezis Sedegisadmi droSi winswrebas gulisxmobs. magram
SeuZlebelia substanciam, rogorc pirvelsawyisma, droSi win
gaaswros simravles. igi pirvelsawyisia da ara dasawyisi.
imis gamo, rom igi im simravlis uzogadesi arsebaa, romelsac
ar SeuZlia imisgan damoukideblad arseboba, risi arsebacaa,
mas, rogorc substancias, ar SeuZlia arsebobiT droSi win
aswrebdes imas, risi substanciac aris igi. arsebobs movlenebs Soris urTierTobis meore forma. esaa safuZvel-Sedegis
urTierToba. magram es aris wminda logikuri urTierToba.
marTalia, droulobis problema aseTi urTierTobisaTvis ar
arsebobs, magram igi materialur realobas moklebuli urTierTobaa. es SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod maSin, Tu substanciasac da sinamdvilesac logikur formebad ganvixilavT. es
cda hegels hqonda, ramac arsebobis ufleba ver moi pova. amitom, arc mis safuZvelze SeiZleba substanciisa da sinamdvilis (erTisa da simravlis) sakiTxis warmatebiT gadawyveta.
maSin, ra gziT unda gadawydes aRniSnuli sakiTxi? aq mniSvnelovania substanciis rogorc arxes, rogorc pirvelsawyisis zusti mniSvnelobiT gageba. gavimeoroT, rom pirvelsawyisi ar niSnavs dasawyiss. usasrulo, anu usawyiso samyaros
98
99
orisagan izolirebul or nawilad dayofas da ori damoukidebeli mTelis gaCenas niSnavs. es ewinaaRmdegeba samyaros
mTlianobis ideas.
substanciis Semdegi aucilebeli arsebiTi niSnebia _
igiveoba da uzogadesoba. substancias, rogorc erTs, simravlis erTadqceva maSin SeeZleba, Tu igi simravlis wevrebis
(mTeli sinamdvilis sagnebisa da movlenebis) mimarT Semkrebi
igiveobrivi faqtori iqneba. anu, samyaros mTlianobas igiveobrivi faqtori udevs safuZvlad. igi substanciaa. xolo, imis
gamo, rom substancia simravlis yvela wevrisaTvis igiveobrivi, anu saerTo ram aris, samyaros mimarT igi uzogadesi
niSnis mqone faqtoria, substancia mTeli samyaros gadamwvdom
uzogades faqtors warmoadgens. rogorc mTeli samyaro, ise
misi calkeuli sagnebi da movlenebi mudmiv moZraoba-cvalebadobis procesSia. miuxedavad amisa, samyaro mainc inarCunebs
Tavis TavTan mudmiv igiveobas. samyaro mudam samyaroa. rogor
xdeba, rom is, rac mudmivad icvleba, mainc mudmivad Tavisi
Tavis igiveobrivi rCeba? es SeiZleba maSin, roca is, rac
icvleba, Tavis TavSi Semoinaxavs da inarCunebs imas, rac misi
raobis ganmsazRvrelia da masSi mudam myari da ucvlelia. es
misi arsebaa anu misi substanciaa. es asea safexurebrivad
yvela arsebis, anu yvela substanciis mimarT. petreSi, rogorc
kerZo pirovnebaSi, yvelaferi moZravia, icvleba, izrdeba, berdeba, magram igi mudam petred rCeba imitom, rom masSi pirovnuli
arseba, misi `me~ ucvlelia. es misi pirovnuli substanciaa.
petre samyaros saganTa simravlis erTi wevria; Tumca, aseTivea substancia mTeli samyaros mimarT. isic, rogorc erTi,
mis moZraoba-cvalebadobaSi rom ar dakargos Tavisi garkveuloba, sakuTar TavSi myarad inarCunebs Tavisi raobis ganmsazRvrel substancias, romelic mainc iqneba igiveobrivi
faqtori yoveli cvalebadobis mimarT da amiT samyaros erTianoba-mTlianoba SenarCunebuli iqneba. moZraoba-cvalebadobis procesma rom ar daSalos samyaros mTlianoba, es procesi efuZneba myar mdgradobas. am niSnis matarebelia substancia.
saganTa samyaroSi batonobis mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTobis princi pi. am urTierTobebSi CarTulia substanciac. yovel calkeul sagans arsebobis orgvari safuZveli, orgvari mizezi gaaCnia. erTi, romelic TviTon masSia da am
gagebiT, igi TviTmizezobrivia; meore, romelic mis gareT, sxva
saganSia, im sxvisa _ kidev sxvaSi da a. S. mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebis siRrmiseuli safuZvlisaken mimaval jaWvs mivyavarT im punqtamde, romelSic pirvelad mizezs anu safuZvels
poulobs sinamdvilis yvela sagani da movlena. igi yvelafris sayrdenia, safuZvelia; yvelafris raobis pirveladi amosavali gansazRvrulobaa. esaa substancia. da roca ismis kiTxva
TviTon substancia raSi poulobs Tavis gare mizezs, sayrdens,
safuZvels pasuxi, romelic mkafiod Camoayaliba b. spinozam,
aseTia, _ misi mizezi TviTon masSivea. yvelaferi masSi poulobs pirvelad mizezs. TviTon substancia sxva ramiT ki ara,
mxolod Tavisi TaviT aixsneba. igi TviTmizezobrivi fenomenia, magram TviTmizezobrioba, rogorc ukve iTqva, axasiaTebs
yovel calkeul sagansac. samyaros substanciasa da calkeuli sagnebis arsebebs Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom Tu es ukanasknelni TviTmizezobrivnic arian da amave dros, garegani
mizeziT gansazRvrulnic, substancia mxolod Sinagani mizeziT anu mxolod TviTmizezobrivi fenomenia. mas gareganmsazRvreli faqtori ar gaaCnia. mas gareganad araferi zRudavs. es substanciis sxva niSanze miuTiTebs. esaa misi usasruloba. substanciis usasruloba droSi da sivrceSi mTliani
samyaros usasrulobis safuZvelia. droSi usasruloba mis
maradiulobas niSnavs. substanciis maradiuloba samyaros
maradiulobis safuZvelia. substanciis TviTmizezobrioba,
usasruloba da maradiuloba misi sruli avtonomiurobis, anu
damoukideblobis mauwyebelia. aqac, samyaros SeuzRudaoba, avtonomiuroba, damoukidebloba, _ misi substanciis damoukideblobiT aris ganpirobebuli da misiT aixsneba. rogorc vxedavT, substanciis raobis, misi niSan-Tvisebebis gansazRvra
dakavSirebulia mTliani samyaros raobisa da niSan-Tvisebebis dadgenasTan. es gasagebia imis gamo, rom substancia sam-
100
101
6. materiis raobis sakiTxi. materia erT-erT ZiriTad ontologiur kategoriad (cnebad) iTvleba. istoriulad mis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebi da mosazrebebi icvleboda.
adreul periodSi mas aigivebdnen bunebis romelime stiqiasTan (wyali, miwa, cecxli, haeri). antikuri epoqis filosofosi
Talesi stiqiur materialistad iTvleboda imis gamo, rom
bunebis erT-erTi stiqia, wyali, rogorc materialuri movlena,
pirvel sawyisad gamoacxada; materias aigivebdnen atomebTan,
rogorc bunebis umcires, saSen agurebTan~, Semdeg moxda ise,
rom materia gaigivebul iqna saerTod nivTierebasTan. Tavis
mxriv, nivTiereba masis igiveobrivad miiCneoda. Semdeg keTdeba daskvna materiis gaqrobis Taobaze. gaqroba niSnavs imas,
rom igi iyo da Semdeg gaqra. araraobaSi ki ar gauCinarda,
aramed iqca imad, rac ar iyo. anu sxva raRacad iqca. filosofiaSi arsebobs iseTi mosazrebac, romelic asabuTebs, rom
materia arc arasodes arsebula. amitom ararsebuli verc
gaqreba. es Tvalsazrisi j. berklis ekuTvnis. igi empiristsensualistia. samyaros saSen masalad igi aRiarebs or rames
_ `me~-s da SegrZnebebs. misi sayrdeni princi pia varsebob me
da Cemi SegrZnebebi~. yvelaferi am ori elementidan iwarmoeba. es princi pi samyaroSi materiis arsebobisaTvis adgils
aRar tovebs. amis Taobaze berklis naTqvamis perifraza aseTi
iqneba, _ me filosofiidan vdevni iseT qimeras, rasac materias
eZaxiano, Tuki SeiZleba iseTi ramis dakargva, gaqroba, rac
principSi arc arasdros arsebulao.
rac Seexeba materiis gaqrobas~, igi dakavSirebulia
fizikaSi momxdar garkveul aRmoCenasTan da mis axlebur
interpretaciasTan, sanam atomebi miaCndaT samyaros ganuyofel umcires sawyisebad, es niSnavda, rom raodenobrivad
maTi ricxvi, Tundac usasrulod didi, ucvleli unda yofil-
102
103
qaRaldi ferflad, ferfli mtvrad. miuxedavad aseTi gardaqmnebisa, es saerTo niSnebi ucvlelad inarCuneben Tavs xeSic,
qaRaldSic, ferflSic da mtverSic. materialuri sinamdvilis aseTi niSan-Tvisebebis erToblioba abstraqciaSi qmnian
imas, rac materiis cnebaSi igulisxmeba. ra igulisxmeba materialuri sinamdvilis sagnebisaTvis mudmiv Tanamdev da moucilebel niSnebSi, romelTa mTlianoba qmnis am sinamdvilis
zogad matricas? esenia, _ droSi, sivrceSi, moZraobaSi da
obieqturad arseboba. cxadia, realur sinamdvileSi, am niSnebis erToblioba wminda saxiT calke ar arsebobs. wminda
saxiT igi mxolod abstraqciaSia. realurad ki, es niSnebi
sinamdvilis calkeul sagnebSi arseboben. swored amis gamo
am sagnebs materialur sagnebs uwodeben. sagnebs, romelSic es
niSnebi realurad ar arsebobs, maT ar SeiZleba materialuri
sagnebi ewodos. materiis mxolod am niSnebiT amowurva miuTiTebs Tu ara misi, rogorc cnebis siRaribeze? zogadi cnebis buneba yovelTvis mis Sinaarsobriv siRaribes niSnavs.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, materialuri sinamdvilis mimarT igi
uzogadesi anu moculobiT ufarToesi ver iqneboda. formaluri logika gvaswavlis cnebebis Sinaarsisa da moculobis ukuproporciul damokidebulebas. cnebis realobis gazrda misi Sinaarsis gaRaribebis xarjze xdeba. materiis cnebis
moculobis imdenad gazrda, rom igi mTel materialur sinamdviles gadaswvdes, misi Sinaarsis iseT gaRaribebas iwvevs,
romelic mxolod aRniSnuli niSnebis Semcveli iqneba. konkretuli Sinaarsis gamoricxvis gziT, materia aris materialuri
sagnis droSi, sivrceSi, moZraobaSi da obieqturad arsebobis
abstraqtuli matrica. magram Tu materias substanciis rangSi
aviyvanT, rasac materialisturi filosofia akeTebs, maSin igi
aRniSnul niSnebTan erTad iZens yvela im niSans riTac
daxasiaTebul iqna substanciis cneba. Tumca, substanciuri
niSnebi misTvis Tavisi Sinaarsis gamdidrebis da moculobis
daviwroebis maCvenebeli ki ar aris, aramed igi aris misi
mTliani samyarosadmi damokidebulebis gansazRvra.
materiis raobis gageba moiTxovs misi bunebis da mate-
rialuris cnebebTan damokidebulebis gansazRvras. materialuris cneba materiis konkretuli, erTeuli sagnis saxiT
arsebobaa. materia materialuri sagnebis zogadi mxarea. buneba materialuri sagnebis realuri mTlianobaa. materialuri
sagnebi bunebis Semadgeneli erTeuli sagnebia. buneba materialuri sagnebis konkretuli mTlianobiT arsebobaa. materia
bunebis zogad-abstraqtuli formaa. materiisa da materialuris
cnebebis urTierTobasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas im didi
gaugebrobis Sesaxeb, rac aRiniSneboda dialeqtikur materializmSi, materiis cnebis leniniseul gansazRvrebaSi. mis
mixedviT, materiad miCneulia is, rac arsebobs realurad, adamianisgan damoukideblad, moqmedebs adamianis grZnobis organoebze da iwvevs masSi SegrZnebebs. es aris sakiTxisadmi
empiristul-sensualisturi midgoma, rac mecnierebisaTvis miuRebelia. materia sinamdvilis uzogadesi gansazRvrulobaa.
amitom, mas rogorc zogads, ar SeuZlia mgrZnobelobaze zemoqmedeba da masSi SegrZnebebis gamowveva. aseTi ram ar SeuZlia
arc materialuris cnebas, radgan isic zogadi gansazRvrulobaa. materiisa da materialuris cnebebi mxolod gonebiT
miiwvdomeba. aseTi zemoqmedeba SeuZlia mxolod calkeul
materialur sagnebs. amitom am gansazRvrebis miuRebloba imiTaa gamowveuli, rom materiis zogadi cneba Secvlilia calkeuli materialuri sagnebiT.
materiis raobis codna bunebis siRrmiseulad Seswavlis saSualebaa.
104
105
drois Sesaxeb gamokveTilad viciT is, rom sinamdvilis yoveli movlena da sagani maTSia `SefuTuli~. isini materiis
arsebobis formebia. es fenomenebi aZleven yvela sagans calkeulad arsebobis saxes da amiT mTeli sinamdvilis struqturulobis suraTis Seqmnas iwveven. aseT `SefuTvaSi~ adamiani
aRiqvams SefuTul sagans, magram TviT SefuTvaSi saSualebebis aRqmaSi miRebis unari ara aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare, imis gamo rom sivrce, dro da moZraoba materiis arsebobis formebia, realurad materialur sinamdvileSi adamiani
aRiqvams materialur sagnebs, magram uSualod TviT materiis
aRqma mis mgrZnobelobas ar SeuZlia misi abstraqtulobis
gamo. aman ganapiroba aRniSnuli fenomenebis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad orgvari Sexedulebis Camoyalibeba. pirveli yoveldRiur-gulubryvilo, xolo meore _ mecnierul-kritikuli. TviTon
mecnierebis enaze, pirvels uwodeben substanciur warmodgenas, meores _ relativistur Tvalsazriss. orive SeiZleba
iyos rogorc materialisturi, ise idealisturi xasiaTis Sexeduleba. orives aqvs xangrZlivi istoria, Tumca relativisturma koncefciam, Tavisi mecnierulad dasabuTebuli saxe miiRo
meoce saukunis dasawyisSi a. ainStainis fardobiTobis TeoriaSi.
sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis substanciuri warmodgena maT miiCnevs yvelafrisagan damoukideblad da TavisTavad
arsebul fenomenebad. yvelaferi maTSia, yvelaferi maTSi xdeba, magram TviTon isini yvelafris mimarT indiferentulni
arian. maTSi yvelafers bevri `uflebebi~ aqvs, magram maT
mimarT TviTon am fenomenebs arafris `ufleba~ ara aqvT.
ufro sworad, maT sagnebis mimarT araviTari `interesebi~ ar
gaaCniaT. ukve antikur berZnul filosofiaSi Cndeba sivrcis,
drois da moZraobis Sesaxeb relatiuri Sexedulebis warmoSoba. Zenonis aporiebSi am fenomenebis moCvenebiTobis dasabuTeba, amis maniSnebeli iyo. axal droSi, i. niutonis moZRvrebaSi sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis substanciurma Sexedulebam mecnieruli samosi SeiZina, magram Sinaarsobrivad arsebiTad igive darCa. niutonis fizika asabuTebs sivrcis, droisa
da moZraobis adamianis cnobierebis gareT da misgan damoukideblad arsebobas. igi asabuTebs maT damoukideblobas yvelafrisagan, maT Soris cnobierebisagan damoukideblad arsebuli
sagnebisganac. anu, isini yvelafrisagan damoukidebeli fenomenebi arian. amas daerTvis isic, rom sivrce, dro da moZraoba
iTvleba absolutur da ucvlel sidideebad. absoluturni im
azriT, rom isini mTlian samyaros moicaven da ucvlelni im
gagebiT, rom misi yvelafrisadmi indiferentulobis gamo, yvelgan
da yovelTvis ucvlelni arian. magaliTad, sivrcesTan mimarTebaSi arsebiTia evkliduri geometriis princi pebi, sadac
(evklidur sibrtyeze) samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami yovelTvis
180 gradusia. sxvanairi sivrcis arseboba jer ucnobia. imave
axal droSi, am Tvalsazrisis garkveuli koreqtireba moxda i.
kantis filosofiaSi. niutonisagan gansxvavebiT, kanti Tvlis,
rom sivrce, dro da moZraoba cnobierebis gareT da misgan
damoukideblad arsebuli fenomenebi ki araa, aramed esaa adamianis cnobierebis aprioruli mocemulobani. Tumca, aseT
pirobebSi, niutonis mixedviT, isini mainc rCebian sagnebisagan
damoukidebel ucvlel sidideebad. maTi ucvlelobac kantis
princi puli moTxovnaa. amiT kanti gveubneba sivrciT da
droiT sagnebis `SemfuTavi~ TviTon Cveni cnobierebaa. Cveni
cnobierebis unaria samyaro sivrceSi da droSi moawesrigos
da ase warmoadginos igi. cnobierebis gareT araviTari sivrce,
dro da moZraoba ar arsebobs, amitom codnis niadagze iq arc
msgavsi mowesrigebis daSveba SeiZleba. axal droSi laibnicis filosofiaSi gaCnda relatiuri Tvalsazrisi, romelic
upirispirdeba niutonis pozicias da asabuTebs sivrcis, droisa
da moZraobis damokidebulebas realur sagnebze.
dRevandeli mecnieruli xedva sakiTxisadmi relativistur midgomas aniWebs gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas. fardobiTobis Teoriis mier dadgenil iqna, rom realur samyaroSi aTvlis erTi sistemidan meoreze gadasvlis, anu moZraobis erTi
siCqaridan meoreze gadasvlis dros icvlebian sivrciTi da
drois intervalebi. Zveli fizika Tvlida, rom Tu moZraobis
aTvlis sistemebi erTimeoris mimarT Tanabrad da sworx-
106
107
axali elementi, romlis mixedviTac sivrcisa da drois geometria ganisazRvreba mizidulobis Zalis veliT. didi masebis
mqone sxeulebis siaxloves, romelTac aqvT Sesatyvisi didi
mizidulobis mqone velebi, zegavlenas axdenen sivrceze da
droze da amiT Cndeba is movlena, rasac fizikaSi sivrcis
gaRunvas uwodeben. e. i. dro da sivrce damokidebuli yofila
masebis sidideze. oRond aqac mxedvelobaSia udidesi kosmosuri masebi.
sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis relatiuri gaazreba saSualebas iZleva gansazRvros, _ Tu ra aris maTi arseba.
sivrcis arsebobas sagnebis urTierTganlagebiT, anu
maTi TanaarsebobiT aRviqvamT. vambobT _ sagnebi imyofebian
sivrceSi. es swori gamoTqmaa. magram amas isic unda daerTos,
rom am sivrces damoukidebeli arseboba ki ara aqvs, aramed mas
qmnian TviTon sagnebi. sagnebis mier sivrcis Seqmna maTi
mxridan TavianTi Tavis Seqmnis, anu gaformebis aqtia. es
imitom, rom sagnebi ar arseboben garkveuli formis gareSe.
sivrceSi arseboba maTi arsebobis formaa, maTi struqturuli
garkveulobaa. es forma swored maTi ver iqneba, Tu mas TviTonve ar qmnian. amas martivi dakvirvebac cxadyofs. Tqvens
oTaxSi garkveuli adgili ukavia avejs, nivTebs. xangrZlivi
cxovrebis Sedegad miCveuli xarT maT ganlagebas, magram
garkveul momentSi xdeba maTi gadaadgilebebi, romeli nivTis
oTaxidan sruliad gatana, an masSi sruliad axali nivTis
Semotana da Tqven grZnobT rom Tqvens oTaxSi sivrce sagrZnoblad Seicvala. adgilis cneba, sivrcis konkretuli nawilis
gamomxatvelia. xelovnebis iseTi saxe, rogoric arqiteqturaa,
SeuZlebeli iqneboda _ sivrce rom saganTa urTierTganlagebiT ar igebodes. arqiteqtura xelovnebis saxea. igi Taviseburi mxatvrobaa. es aris sivrcis mxatvroba. arqiteqtoris
ZiriTadi mizania Senobebisa da sxva monumenturi qmnilebebis
urTierTganlagebiT Seqmnas iseTi sivrce, romelic adamianis
TvalisaTvis misaRebi iqneba. sagnebis urTierTganlageba sam
mimarTulebas gulisxmobs: gverdiT, maRla da dabla. amitom
am mimarTulebebiT sivrces aqvs sami ganzomileba. fardobi-
108
109
110
111
https://www.facebook.com/groups/ELLIB/
gamoiwvia kratilosis cnobili daskvna, rom erTsa da imave
mdinareSi araTu meored, erTxelac ver Sexvalo; amis sapirispirod, meore skolis mimdevrebi asabuTebdnen, rom arsebobs
mxolod uZraoba, rom moZraoba mxolod iluzoruli movlenaao. aseTma azrma Zenonis mxridan gasrolili isris moZraoba
gamoricxa. bolos azrovneba midis daskvnamde, rom moZraoba
aris moZraobisa da uZraobis mTlianoba. moZraobisa da uZraobis erTianoba naTeli xdeba Tu mas ganvixilavT msgavsebagansxvavebis zogad-filosofiuri Tvalsawieridan. sakiTxi dgas
sagnis msgavseba-gansxvavebisa sakuTar TavTan, sakuTari Tavisgan. Tu CavTvliT, rom sagani Tavis TavTan absolutur igiveobaSia (msgavsebaSia), maSin igi srulyofili yofila, romelsac moZraoba-cvalebadoba ar sWirdeba. swored aseTad moiazreba RmerTi. amitom mis moZraobaze ar msjeloben. Tu sagani
Tavis Tavisagan absoluturad gansxvavdeba, maSin igi sruliad sxva sagani yofila da ara is, ris moZraobazec gviwevs
msjeloba. es imas niSnavs rom moZraoba maSinaa SesaZlebeli
Tu igi momentis saxiT uZraobasac Seicavs. aseve, uZraoba _
momentis saxiT moZraobas unda Seicavdes. mozardis srulyofilebisaken moZraoba, misi winsvliTi cvalebadobaa, magram
igi SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin Tu igi Tavis TavTan garkveul
igiveobas (uZraobas) inarCunebs.
sagnis moZraoba misi arsebobaa. samyaro isea agebuli,
rom masSi nebismieri sagani maSin arsebobs, Tu igi moZraobaSia. aracocxali arsebisaTvis arseboba maSinaa SesaZlebeli,
Tu igi warmoiSoba, ganicdis cvalebadobas, Semdeg iSleba da
daasrulebs arsebobas. cocxali arsebac maSin arsebobs, Tu
igi ibadeba, izrdeba da kvdeba. yvela es momenti arsebobis
momentebia. amitom miuTiTeben, rom moZraoba sagnebis arsebobis wesia. es niSnavs, rom moZraoba materiis, anu mTeli samyaros arsebobis wesia. materia materialuri sagnebis saxiT
arsebobs. xolo materialuri sagnebi moZraobis wesiT. moZraoba
aris samyaros arsebobis wesi. calkeuli sagnebis moZraobis
wyaro SeiZleba sxva saganSi iyos, magram mTliani samyaros
moZraobis wyaro sxvaSi ver iqneba imis gamo, rom samyaros
112
113
TvisebebiT ganusazRvreli, raTa igi zogadis saxiT warmosdges. aseT ganusazRvrels ewodeba apeironi. magram am mimarTulebiT azrovnebis moZraobam naTeli gaxada, rom konkretulobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, movlenis niSnebisagan sruli gaZarcva, marTalia ukargavs mas konkretulobas, magram
amiT igi srul araraobaSi gadayavs da Sedegad veRarc qmediTi zogadis funqcias itvirTebs.
filosofiuri azris Semdgomi ganviTareba imaSi gamoixata, rom igi substanciis Ziebis procesSi sakiTxis gadawyvetas umciresis poziciidan miudga. substanciis sakiTxi
mTliani samyaros saSeni masalis sakiTxad iqca. risganaa
agebuli mTliani samyaro? ra udevs saSen masalad? misi dadgenis mizniT, xdeba sagnis, rogorc mTelis logikuri gziT
dayofa-danawileba im mizniT, rom danawilebis gziT miadgnen
iseT umcires nawils, romlis Semdgomi danawileba SeuZlebeli iqneba misi simartivis gamo. martivi ewodeba movlenis
iseT mdgomareobas, romelic Tavis TavSi gansxvavebulobas
aRar Seicavs. amitom misi gayofa aRar SeiZleba. igi Ziri da
safuZvelia yovelive rTulisa, anu struqturuli movlenisa.
amitom isini arian samyaros pirveli saSeni agurebi. aseT
martivs, ganuyofels, berZnulad atomi ewodeba. am gziT
demokritem substanciad atomebi gamoacxada. msgavsi gadawyvetileba iqna miRebuli axal droSic, roca laibnicma substanciad monadebi gamoacxada. gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom
atomebi Tu samyaros umciresi nivTier-materialuri saSeni
agurebia, monada umciresi sulier-idealuri saSeni agurebia.
amiT substanciis problemis gadawyvetam ufro ganzogadebuli xasiaTi miiRo. azrovnebam gamosaval punqtad miiRo is
viTareba, rom marTalia Tvisebrivad samyaro usasrulod mravalferovania, magram mainc aSkaradaa gamokveTili orgvari sagnebisa da movlenebis arseboba. esenia nivTier-materialuri da
sulier-idealuri. pirvelis safuZvelia materia, xolo meorisa _ idea. keTdeba daskvna, _ substanciis sakiTxi unda
gadawydes materiasa da ideas Soris. an erTi unda iyos substancia am meore. Sedegad im filosofiur pozicias romel-
114
115
116
117
9. monizmi, dualizmi da pluralizmi. filosofiaSi arsebobs substanciis problemis monisturi, dualisturi da pluralistuli gadawyveta. dualisturi da pluralistuli gadawyveta monisturi gadawyvetis siZneleebTan
aris dakavSirebuli.
monos berZnuli sityvaa da erTs niSnavs. monizmi
iseTi filosofiuri Tvalsazrisia, romelic samyaros pirvelsawyisad, arsebad anu substanciad miiCnevs erTs, substancia erTia. es erTi, SeiZleba iyos materia, maSin vRebulobT
materialistur monizms; SeiZleba igi iyos suli, idea maSin
118
119
120
121
ara igi da Tu arsebobs, nuTu iqac igive xdeba, rac sicocxleSi xdeboda? am kiTxvebze ornairi pasuxia SesaZlebeli, _
erTi, gulisxmobs sicocxlis damTavrebiT _ yvelafris damTavrebas. meore imas, rom arsebobs maradisoba da masSi gadasvlis
garkveuli SesaZlebloba, rom sicocxlis iqiT iwyeba Tvisebrivad axali sicocxle. imaze, am ori SesaZlebeli pasuxidan
adamiani romels miiRebs, damokidebulia mis mier sicocxlis
sazrisis Taviseburi gageba da Sesabamisad dagegmva. aqedan
naTelia, Tu ratom gansxvavdeba aTeistis cxovreba Teistis
cxovrebisagan. pirvelis cxovreba ZiriTadad moswrebazea
agebuli, xolo meorisa moTmenaze.
moZraoba-cvalebadoba da ganviTareba, erTi SexedviT,
TiTqmis iseTi faqtia, romlis arseboba eWvs ar unda iwvevdes,
magram rodesac adamianma xeli mokida mis siRrmiseul gaazrebas, ukve antikur periodSi, udidesi siZneleebis winaSe dadga.
zemoT aRniSnuli kiTxvebi, adamianisaTvis imdenad sasicocxlo gaxda, rom maTze igi verasodes aiRebs xels, magram maTze
yvelasTvis misaRebi da damajerebeli pasuxebis miRebac ise
rTuli da Zneli aRmoCnda, rom mTliani problema, mraval sxva
filosofiur problemasTan erTad, adamianisaTvis mudmivad
Tanmdev Temad iqca. misi istoria daiwyo Zv.w. aRricxvis
berZnuli kulturidan da dResac yvela eris filosofiuri
Ziebis problemaa.
termini `dialeqtika~ Zv.w. aR. V-IV saukuneebis saberZneTSi gaCnda. dasawyisSi misi gamoyeneba viwro sferoTi SemoisazRvreboda. am epoqis berZnul kulturaSi demokratiis ganviTarebam politikur, Tu sasamarTlo arenaze kamaTis, diskusiis,
bWobis kulturis daxvewas Seuwyo xeli. amitom termini `dialeqtika~ daibada rogorc kamaTis, diskusiis xelovneba. mizani iyo WeSmaritebis Zieba. aseTi Ziebis saukeTeso saSualebad
swored kamaTi da diskusia iTvleboda. kamaTSi dialeqtikis,
rogorc kamaTis xelovnebis, mizani iyo ara mokamaTe mxaris
daTrgunva, sulierad ganadgureba, rogorc es sofistebs sCvevodaT,
aramed msjelobebSi winaaRmdegobebis aRmoCena da orive mokamaTe mxridan maTi daZleva. kamaTis warmoebis procesSi sokrates
122
123
124
125
misTvis mainc arsebiTi mxarea da amitom gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs mis Tvisebriobas. sagnis raobas misi Tvisebrioba gansazRvravs. is, rom sagani aris swored es da ara sxva
raime, misi TvisebriobiTaa gansazRvruli. Tvisebrioba sagnis
arsebiTi mxarea. e.i. TviTon Tvisebriobis ganmsazRvreli
sagnis arsebaa. qaRaldis dakecva an daWmuWnva sivrcobrivad
cvlis mis raodenobriv mxares, magram misi dawvis Sedegad igi
kargavs Tavis arsebas, kargavs Tavis Tvisebriobas, iZens axal
arsebas da axal TvisebriobaSi gadadis, _ iqceva ferflad.
Tvisebrivi cvalebadoba Tvisebrivad axlis gaCenas
niSnavs. termini `axali~-c sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba
iyos gagebuli. SeiZleba sagani egzemplarulad (calobiT)
axali iyos. amas adgili aqvs sagnebis seriuli warmoebis
procesSi, magram es aris mxolod raodenobrivi siaxle. Tvisebrivi siaxlea iseTi sagnis warmoSoba-gaCena rogoric mocemul
momentamde samyaroSi saerTod ar arsebula. velosi pedis gamogoneba Tvisebrivi siaxle iyo im momentisaTvis, roca igi
pirvelad gaakeTes. es iyo manamde arnaxuli sagani. Semdeg
misi seriuli warmoeba velosipedis axal-axal egzemplarebs
iZleva, magram maT arnaxuls veRar vuwodebT. arnaxuli mxolod isaa, rac masSi gaumjobesebis daniSnulebiT Seitanes.
rac Seexeba ganviTarebis cnebas, saWiroa misi dazustebuli gageba. unda gairkves ganviTarebis cnebaSi sagnis mxolod Tvisebrivi cvalebadoba unda vigulisxmoT, Tu es
iseTi Tvisebrivi cvalebadobaa, anu Tvisebrivad iseTi axlis
gaCena, rac ZvelTan SedarebiT win gadadgmuli nabijia, romelic
aumjobesebs Zvels. ganviTarebis terminSi am viTarebazea miTiTeba. igi ganviTarebaa. e.i. mxedvelobaSia viTarebis Secvla. aq ar Cans viTareba ra mimarTulebiT icvleba. amitom
viTarebis Secvla, anu ganviTareba mxolod sagnis Tvisebriv
Secvlas gulisxmobs. Tu sagani Tvisebrivad ar icvleba, igi
ar viTardeba, anu ar ganicdis ganviTarebas. amitom ganviTareba aris iseTi Tvisebrivi cvalebadoba, romlis Sedegad
adgili aqvs Tvisebrivad axlis gaCenas.
rac Seexeba ganviTarebis mimarTulebis sakiTxs, amas
126
127
mivyavarT progresis da regresis cnebebTan. progresi Tvisebrivad iseTi axlis gaCenaa, romelic aumjobesebs Zvels. sxvanairad mas ganviTarebis zeaRmaval mimarTulebas uwodeben.
regresi Tvisebrivad iseTi axlis gaCenaa, romelic auaresebs
Zvels, mas ukusvlas, daRmaval mimarTulebas uwodeben. magram
iolia SevniSnoT, rom termini `gaumjobeseba~, `gauareseba~,
`aRmasvla~, `daRmasvla~ adamianis subieqturi xedvis amsaxveli terminebia. amitom qvemoT saWiro iqneba im konkretuli
sferos SemosazRvra, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba am cnebebis
gamoyeneba. adamianisagan damoukidebel realur sinamdvileSi
progresisa da regresis arsebobac SeuZlebelia da misi dafiqsirebac.
128
129
gadamwvdomi elementia.
kanoni kavSirebis formaa. kanonis arseboba kavSirebis
arsebobaa. magram kanoni araa sagnebs an elentebs Soris
nebismieri kavSiri. igi iseT kavSirs gulisxmobs, romelic
unda xasiaTdebodes savaldebulo niSnebiT.
kanonis, rogorc sagnebs Soris kavSiris savaldebulo
niSania aucilebloba. iq sadac aucilebloba ar moqmedebs,
kanons ara aqvs adgili. msoflio mizidulobis kanoni imitomaa kanoni, rom masSi moqmedebs aucilebloba, romlis ZaliTac maRla asrolili kenWi aucileblad unda Camovardes.
kanoni zogadi, anu sayovelTao xasiaTis kavSiria. anu,
Sesatyvis pirobebSi, misi gavlena vrceldeba gvarSi Semavali
yvela sagnis mimarT. kanonma ar icis gamonaklisebi. da Tu
gamonaklisi mainc SeiniSneba, es imis maniSnebelia, rom kanonis moqmedebis pirobebi raRacnairad Seicvala. kanonis zogadoba imas gveubneba, rom maRla asrolili yvela kenWi unda
Camovardes. sakmarisia Tundac erTi ar daemorCilos kanons,
rom kanonis kanoniereba eWvis qveS dadges.
kanonis kidev erTi niSani imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi
aris sagnebis Sinagani mxareebis kavSiris forma. sagnis Sinagan mxareSi igulisxmeba sagnis struqturuli elementebi.
kanoni aseTi elementebis kavSiris formaa. es ki sagnis Sinagani formaa. amitom kanoni sagnis Sinagani formaa. sagnis
Sinagani mxare misi arsebiTi mxarea. amitom kanoni sagnebis
arsebebs Soris kavSiris formaa. kanonSi yovelTvis arsebebi
aisaxebian. kanonSi saganTa arsebebi avlenen TavianT Tavs.
kanoni sagnebs Soris kavSiris iseTi formaa, romelic
xasiaTdeba ganmeorebadobiT. esec kanonis arsebiTi niSania.
kanonis ganmeorebadobaSi igulisxmeba erTsa da imave pirobebSi
movlenebs Soris procesebis erTi da imave saxiT ganmeorebis
aucilebloba. msoflio mizidulobis kanonis Tanaxmad, erTi
da igive kenWi erTi da igive pirobebSi, aTasjer rom aagdon
maRla, aTasjer unda dabrundes ukan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
kanoni irRveva.
kanoni movlenebs Soris kavSiris iseTi formaa, romel-
130
131
ic xasiaTdeba myari mdgradobiT. mudmiv cvalebad da warmaval procesebSi igi waruvali da ucvleli gansazRvrulobaa. amitom swored misiT xorcieldeba procesebis cvalebadobis mowesrigebul kalapotSi moqceva. amitom kanoni momwesrigebeli Zalaa.
kanonis arsebiTi niSania misi obieqturoba. kanoni, _
iqneba igi bunebaSi, sazogadoebaSi, cnobierebaSi, calkeul
sagnebSi Tu calkeul azrebSi, obieqturia im gagebiT, rom igi
adamianis nebisgan damoukidebeli Zalaa. misi arseboba adamianis nebaze araa damokidebuli. saintereso isaa, rom TviTon
adamianis nebelobaSic moqmedeben kanonebi da, imave azriT,
isinic obieqturni arian. maTi Seswavla xdeba iseT mecnierebaSi, romelsac eTika ewodeba. nebaSi moqmedi kanonebi nebisagan damoukidebelni arian. kanonis subieqturoba kanonis nebis gansazRvrulobaa, rasac adamiani TviTnebobisaken miyavs.
CamoTvlili niSnebis mixedviT, eqsplikaciuri wesiT,
kanoni SeiZleba ase ganvsazRvroT: _ kanoni aris movlenebs
Soris kavSiris iseTi forma, romelic xasiaTdeba aucileblobiT, zogadobiT, SinaganobiTa da arsebiTobiT, mdgradobiT,
obieqturobiT, absoluturobiT da relatiurobiT.
kiTxvaze, _ risTvis kanonebi? anu ra funqciebi akisriaT kanonebs? _ pasuxebi aseTia: 1) movlenebis Semecneba-gageba.
es aris procesi, romelic garkveul kanonebs emorCileba da
romlis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba movlenebSi mimdinare
tendenciebis aRmoCena-dadgena da maTi meSveobiT movlenebis
arsebis gageba; 2) movlenebs Soris adamianis orientireba.
adamians cxovrebis manZilze sWirdeba movlenebs Soris swori
orientireba, rac kanonebis codnaze dayrdnobiT xorcieldeba; 3) adamiani ixedeba warsulSi, akvirdeba awmyos, magram
misTvis yvelaze mTavaria momavlis Wvreta. momavlis
winaswarxedvis erT-erTi saSualebaa kanonebis codna da misiT momavlis gaTvlebi.
arseboben obieqturi da normatiuli kanonebi. kanonis
obieqturobis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve iTqva. mas SeiZleba daematos is, rom obieqturi kanonebis arsebobaSi adamiani saerTod
ar ereva. obieqtur kanonebs hqmnian TviTon sinamdvilis movlenebi maTi stiqiuri urTierTzemoqmedebis gziT. msoflio
mizidulobis kanoni arsebobda adamianis gaCenamde. igi niutonma ki ar Seqmna, aramed aRmoaCina da azrSi Camoayaliba. rac
Seexeba normatiul kanonebs, isini adamianis mier Seqmnili
kanonebia, moqmedeben adamianis cxovrebaSi maTi qcevebisa da
moqmedebebis normebis saxiT. amitom ewodeba maT normatiuli
kanonebi. aseTi kanonebia: zneobis, simarTlis, konstituciuri
kanonebi da sxva. maT qmnian specialuri uflebebiT aRWurvili da daniSnuli adamianebi. amitom, marTalia, isini warmoSobiT subieqturni arian, radgan subieqtebi (adamianebi)
qmnian an auqmeben maT, magram adamianebi maTi Camoyalibebis
procesSi ZiriTadad eyrdnobian da xelmZRvaneloben cxovrebis mier nakarnaxevi obieqturi moTxovnilebiT.
arCeven dinamikur da statistikur kanonebs. dinamikuri
kanoni gamoirCeva aucileblobis maRali xarisxiT. igi gamonakliss gvarSi Semavali saxeebis mimarT ar uSvebs. aseTia ZiriTadad meqanikis kanonebi. statistikuri kanoni ufro tendenciebs gamoxatavs. misi sizuste izrdeba variantebis statistikurad gazrdis pirobebSi. kamaTelma eqvsive ricxvis Cveneba daaxloebiT Tanabrad rom ganaxorcielos, misi gagorebis
ricxvi Zalian unda gaizardos. statistikuri kanonebi albaTuri xasiaTisa arian. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas rom mecniereba arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac arseboben kanonebi. mecnierebis ZiriTadi saqmianoba kanonebis aRmoCena-dadgenaa. e.i. mecnierebis saWiroeba kanonebis arsebobam da maTma inteligibelurobam gamoiwvia.
132
133
axsnas. miTologiaSi, zRaprebsa da religiaSi iyo axali movlenebis Sesaxeb Tqmulebebi, magram isini, ZiriTadad, saswaulebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, romelic ufro fantaziis nayofia, vidre realuri sinamdvilis Secnobis Sedegi. bay-baydevis saxis
warmosaxvaSi agebisaTvis, fantazia yvela saSen masalas realuri sinamdvilidan iRebs. mas ar SeuZlia `Seamkos~ igi
iseTi niSan-TvisebebiT, romlebic realobidan ar iqneba aRebuli. maSin raRaa uSualod fantaziis nayofi? esaa sinamdvilidan aRebuli saSeni elementebis kavSirebi. fantazia warmosaxvis unariT Taviseburad akavSirebs im ukve arsebul elementebs, rac realur sinamdvileSi gafantulia sxvadasxva sagnebSi. e.i. fantazias (warmosaxvas) SeuZlia erTimeoresTan
virtualurad daakavSiros iseTi movlenebi, romelnic realurad sulac ar imyofebian aseT kavSirSi.
ganviTarebis problema or sakiTxs ayenebs. pirveli
arsebobs ki igi saerTod sinamdvileSi? meore rogoraa es
SesaZlebeli? pirveli sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi pirispir dgebian spekulatur-Teoriuli mosazrebebi da faqtebi. pirvelis
Zireuli princi pia msgavsi msgavss warmoSobs. es princi pi
filosofiaSi antikuri periodidan modis. igi gamoricxavs
Tvisebrivad axlis gaCenas. am mosazrebas aZlierebda is viTarebac, rom adamianebis umetesoba, romelTa cnobierebaSic
xdeboda ganviTarebis Sesaxeb azrebis Camoyalibeba, TavianTi
socialuri mdgomareobiT ar iyvnen dainteresebulni ganviTarebis saerTod arsebobiT. Zveli yvelasTvis cudi araa.
visTvisac Zveli Zalianac kargia, igi mTeli arsebiT cdilobs mis SenarCunebas. ganviTarebis idea ki aRiqmeba Zvelis
damangrevel Zalad, rac misTvis miuRebelia. aseT pozicias
daupirispirda faqtebi. esaa sinamdvileSi Tvisebrivad axlis
gaCenis faqti. magaliTad, faqtia cocxali saxeobebis mTeli
rigi, romlebic dRes arseboben. mecnieruli kvlevebi istoriulad Soreul warsulSi maT arsebobas ar adastureben. samagierod, C. darvinis gamokvlevebi Tvisebrivad axali saxeobebis
warmoSobas eZRvneba da maT adasturebs. metic, mecnierebis
monacemebiT, zogi, Tvisebrivad axali saxeobis warmoSoba, uax-
134
135
hegeliseul urTierTobas adareben daTovlil velze adamianis fexiT gavlas. gavlis dros adamiani Tovlze tovebs
nafexurebis kvals. adamiani moZraobs Tovlze. danatovari
kvali ki uZravi rCeba. igivea sulisa da bunebis urTierToba.
suli moZravia, igi ganviTarebad moZraobaSia, buneba ki rogorc
sulis nakvalevis anabeWdebi, uZravia. es imas niSnavs, rom
dialeqtikas Zala aqvs sulis mimarT da ara bunebis mimarT.
marqsisa da engelsis, rogorc materialistebis mizania, pirvel rigSi dialeqtikuri ganviTarebiT, sulisagan damoukideblad arsebuli buneba aamoZraon. xolo suli, piriqiT, bunebis ganviTarebis idealur anabeWdad warmoaCinon.
aRniSnuli sami kanonis mimarT zogadi Sefaseba SeiZleba aseTi iyos: pirvel kanons garkveuli TvalsazrisiT
angariSi unda gaewios; meore kanoni, mis winaSe dasmul kiTxvaze sakmaod aradamajerebel pasuxs iZleva; xolo mesame kanonis ZiriTadi azri unda SeizRudos da mieces moqmedebis
mxolod viwro sfero da ara mTeli samyaros mimarT universalurobis statusi.
yovel sagans aqvs Tavisi garkveuli raodenobrivi da
Tvisebrivi mxareebi. esaa misi struqturuli mdgomareoba, misi
garkveuli viTareba. ra Zalam unda aiZulos igi gamoiyvanos
am viTarebidan, anu ram unda ganaviTaros? dapirispirebulTa
brZolisa da erTianobis kanoni gveubneba saganSi aris
dapirispirebuli mxareebi, maT Soris arsebobs Seurigebeli
winaaRmdegoba. es winaaRmdegoba aris is Zala, romelic mTlian
sagans ar aZlevs imis saSualebas, rom igi mudam darCes imad,
rac aris, SeinarCunos Tavisi garkveuloba da Tavisi arseboba.
aRniSnuli Sinagani winaaRmdegoba, bolos mainc aiZulebs
sagans amoZravdes Tvisebrivad, anu Seicvalos Tvisobrivad.
amiT man unda daamTavros erTi garkveulobiT, anu erTi viTarebiT arseboba da gadavides sxva viTarebaSi, unda ganviTardes. saganSi rom ar yofiliyo sapirispiro mxareebi, ar
yofiliyo maT Soris Seurigebeli winaaRmdegoba, sagani iqneboda `mosvenebul~ mdgomareobaSi. mudam iqneboda is, rac
aris. adgili eqneboda araviTar ganviTarebas. Tu am erTi
136
137
138
139
mimarTebiT dgindeba. dasaxul mizanTan miaxloveba progresis maCvenebelia; misgan dacileba regresia. miznebi gaaCnia
adamians. amitom progress adgili aqvs adamianis cxovrebaSi
kulturaSi. rac Seexeba bunebas mas araviTari miznebi ar
gaaCnia. dedamiwa moZraobs mzis mimarT, mze mTeli Tavisi
sistemiT moZraobs galaqtikis mimarT. aris Tu ara am moZraobaSi
raime mizani. cxadia ara. imitom rom mizani iqaa sadac cnobierebaa. progresi gulisxmobs Sefasebas, gulisxmobs cudisa
da kargis gamokveTas. bunebam saerTod ar icis cudi da kargi.
ai ras wers ilia WavWavaZe amis Taobaze gana yoveli sagani
Tavis kvalobaze ar aris maRali? maRal RvTaebriobis sibrZnis gamomTqmeli? polipi, romelic Zlivs aCens Tavis sulierebas, ise cxadad mogviTxrobs RvTis Zlierebaze, rogorc mze. es
qveynis macxovrebeli mnaTobi. infuzoria, romelic milionobiT arian erT muWa wyalSi, iseve sakvirvelni arian, rogorc
moZraoba medidur caSi milionTa planetaTa. erTi muWa lafis
dakavSireba iseTi sakvirvelia, rogorc vardis mSvenierebis
gamocxadeba. ara, bunebaSi RmerTs ar Seuqmnia maRali da
mdabali sagani, yvela sagani maRalia Tavis kvalobaze da
erTnairad mogviTxrobs im did sulze, romelic acxovrebs
mTel qveyanas. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, hegelis filosofiaSi uaryofis-uaryofis kanons gamarTleba aqvs imis gamo rom
igi sulis filosofiaa da amitom teleologiuri xasiaTisaa.
marqsis filosofia materiis filosofiaa, romlisTvisac ucxoa
teleologiuroba. teleologiuroba dasaSvebia mxolod adamianis cxovrebaSi anu kulturaSic. amitom uaryofis-uaryofis kanons mxolod am sferoSi SeiZleba mieniWos Zala da
mniSvneloba da ara mTliani samyaros mimarT.
5. arseba da movlena. realuri sinamdvilis sagnebsa da movlenebs aqvT adamianis winaSe garkveuli farulobis
tendencia. isini TiTqmis sagangebod cdiloben `SefuTon~
TavianTi Sinagani `saidumloebani~; idumalebisa da uxilavobis
iseTi barierebi aRmarTon adamianis winaSe, rom mas SesaZle-
140
141
142
143
mier cxovreba igeba Tavisi interesebis moTxovnebis mixedviT. SeuZlebeli iqneboda rogorc aseTi gardaqmnis ganxorcieleba, ise misi adamianis miswrafebis mimarTulebiT warmarTva, Tu igi ar iqneba dayrdnobili movlenebs Soris mizezSedegobrivi-urTierTobebis codnaze. filosofiis istoriaSi adgili hqonda mizezobriobis saerTod arsebobis eWvis
qveS dayenebas. aman gamokveTili saxe miiRo d. hiumis filosofiaSi. igi empiristul-sensualistur wanamZRvrebze dayrdnobiT midis daskvnamde, _ adamianis gonebas ar SeuZlia realurad mizezobriobis arsebobis dasabuTeba. amitom igi mis
arsebobas fsiqologiur rwmenas ayrdnobs (amis Sesaxeb msjeloba iqneba gnoseologiur problemasTan dakavSirebiT).
mizez-Sedegobriv urTierTobas mecnierebaSi kauzalobas (laT. kauza-mizezi) uwodeben. kauzaloba movlenebs Soris
iseTi urTierTobaa, romelic apirobebs maT Soris determinaciul gansazRvrulobas. Sedegs Tavisi gansazRvrulobis
safuZveli mizezSi aqvs. xolo mizezi Tavis gamovlenas SedegSi
poulobs amitom mizezi iwvevs Sedegs, xolo Sedegi mizezis
Sedegia. mizezi ewodeba movlenas, romelic garkveul pirobebSi, Sedegis saxiT sxva movlenas iwvevs. Sedegi ewodeba mizeziT gamowveul movlenas. mizezi unda ganvasxvavoT sababisagan. mizezi sagnisaTvis siRrmiseuli da arsebiTi ganmsazRvrelia (determinatoria). sababi misTvis zedapiruli da araarsebiTia. sababi subieqturi movlenaa. bunebam sababi ar icis.
bunebaSi mizezobrioba moqmedebs. sababi mizezi araa, magram
igi mizezis subieqturi danamatia. sababi Tavis Zalas avlens
iq, sadac mizezi momwifebulia. mis gareSe sababi ver sababobs.
sababi mxolod gveCveneba mizezad.
mizezsa da Sedegs Soris urTierTobebi garkveuli
niSniT xasiaTdeba. am niSnebis ararsebobis pirobebSi kauzaluri kavSiri SeuZlebeli xdeba. erT-erTi aseTi savaldebulo niSania mizezsa da Sedegs Soris droiTi da sivrcobrivi
urTierToba. mizezi droSi win aswrebs Sedegs. Sedegi mizezs
droSi Semdeg mosdevs. realur sinamdvileSi, arsebobis niSniT, arc maT TanadroulobasTan gvaqvs saqme. droSi maTi
144
145
Sedegis gamowvevis safuZvelia. Sedegi Tavis gamarTlebas safuZvelSi poulobs. logikur dasabuTebaSi safuZvlis saxiT warmosdgebian amosavali wanamZRvrebi. am wanamZRvrebze dayrdnobiT keTdeba logikuri daskvna, rac Sedegia wanamZRvrebisa.
Cvens xelT arsebuli wanamZRvrebi Tu gveubnebian A didia Bze, xolo B didia C-ze, am sagnebTan realuri kavSiris gareSe
logikurad vaskvniT, _ A didia C-ze. aq mocemuli daskvnis,
rogorc Sedegis safuZveli wanamZRvrebSia. aqedan gamomdinare,
mizez-Sedegisa da safuZvel-Sedegis urTierTobebi gansxvavdebian maTi mimarTebiT drosa da sivrcesTan, Tu mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierToba drosa da sivrceSi yalibdeba; safuZvelSedegisaTvis dro da sivrce sruliad zedmetia. esaa logikis
sfero, sadac yvelaferi droisa da sivrcis miRma dgas. magaliTad, aviRoT mSoblisa da Svilis urTierToba. mSobeli mizezia, Svili Sedegi. realuri arsebobiT droSi mSobeli (mizezi)
win uswrebs Svils (Sedegs). aq SeuZlebelia droSi am Tanmimdevrobis darRveva. SeuZlebelia rogorc droSi maTi dabadebiTi arsebobis Tanadrouloba, aseve maTi droSi dabadebis
Tanmimdevrobis ukuSeqceva. ara dabadebiT, aramed sikvdilTan
mimarTebiT, maT Soris droSi Tanmimdevroba SeiZleba sxvanairad warimarTos, magram igi ver cvlis mizez-Sedegobriobis
drosTan aRniSnul mimarTebas. saqme is aris, rom sikvdilis
faqtiT mSobeli da Svili, rogorc wesi, erTimeoris mimarT
mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirSi ar imyofebian. safuZvel-Sedegis
TvalsazrisiT maT Soris urTierToba sxvanairadaa. am mxriv,
mSobeli rogorc cneba, rogorc safuZveli, Tanadroulia Svilis cnebasTan, rogorc SedegTan. anu cnebis doneze mSobeli
maSin xdeba, maSin ibadeba, roca Svili iwyebs arsebobas, roca
Svili ibadeba anu, logikurad, mSobeli da Svili erTad ibadebian. manam, sanam Svili saerTod ar arsebobda, arc mSobeli
arsebobda, rogorc saxeldobr mSobeli. adamiani sxvadasxva
asakSi iZens saxelebs mama an deda; papa an bebia. es damokidebulia imaze, rodis daibadeba Svili, SviliSvili. es mizezSedegobrivi TvalsazrisiT, xolo logikurad, isini erTad
ibadebian da erTadve ganagrZoben arsebobas.
146
147
ierTobaSi CarTulia ara erTi mizezi, aramed mizezebis mTeli kompleqsi, romelic iyofa mTavar da aramTavar mizezebad.
mTavaria is mizezi an mizezebi, rac gadamwyvetia Sedegis
gamowvevaSi. aramTavars gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar eniWeba,
Tumca igi mizezobriobis mTliani kompleqsis nawilia. mizezobriobaSi gamoyofen or saxeobas. garegani mizezobrioba
da Sinagani mizezobrioba. sagnis garegani faqtorebiT mizezobrivad gansazRvra emyareba garegan mizezobriobas. sagnisaTvis Sinagania mizezobrioba, Tu igi sagnisaTvis Sinagani
faqtorebis mizezobriv gansazRvras ganicdis. aseT mizezobriobas TviTmizezobrioba ewodeba. garegan da Sinagan mizezobriobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba aucileblobisa
da SemTxveviTobis gansazRvraSi.
Cven xSirad gvgonia, rom erTi da igive mizezi sxvadasxva Sedegs iwvevs. aqedan askvnian erTsa da imave mizezs
sxvadasxva Sedegis gamowveva SeuZlia; magram Tu davakvirdebiT mizezis struqturul agebulebas, davrwmundebiT, rom aseTi daskvna swori araa. mizezi arasdros araa martivi erTi.
igi rTuli struqturuli agebulebisaa. amitom Sedegebis gansxvavebuloba miuTiTebs yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi mizezis
struqturuli mTlianobis gansxvavebulobaze. swored maTi
gansxvavebuloba aris mizezi gansxvavebuli Sedegebisa. magram
Tu moxerxdeba mizezis sruli igiveobis dacva, miviRebT Sedegis igiveobas. amitom mkacrad erTi da igive mizezi, yvela
pirobebis igiveobis dacvis SemTxvevaSi iwvevs erTsa da imave
Sedegs. zusti saaTebi amis magaliTia. maTSi zustad erTi da
igive meqanizmis CadgmiT daculia saaTis muSaobis erTi da
igive mizezi, rac erTisa da imave drois Cvenebas _ Sedegs
gansazRvravs. mecnierebaSi cnobilia movlena, romlis mixedviT am qveynad absoluturi sizustiT araferi meordeba. amis
axsna imaSi ki ar unda veZioT, rom erTi da igive mizezi
sxvadasxvanair Sedegebs iwvevs, aramed imaSi, rom mTeli sinamdvilis mudmivi cvalebadobis procesSi icvleba garegani
da Sinagani mizezebis erTianobis struqturuli agebuleba,
rac aisaxeba Sesabamisad raRacnairad Secvlil SedegSi.
148
149
7. erTeuli, zogadi, konkretuli. adamiani cxovrobs mTlian samyaroSi. fizikurad da sulierad mas saqme
aqvs samyaros yvela sferosTan. adamianis garSemo sagnebi da
movlenebi simravleTa udides nakadebs hqmnian. am nakadebSi
swori orientaciisaTvis adamians sWirdeba saganTa simravlis dajgufeba, magram es dajgufeba ar unda iyos TviTneburi,
mas unda hqondes obieqturi safuZveli. aseTi moTxovnis niadagze
adamianma antikuri periodidan daiwyo sxvadasxva terminebis,
cnebebis, kategoriebis gamomuSaveba. am gziT Seiqmna iseTi
cnebebi, rogoricaa: _ erTeuli~, individi~, egzemplari~,
unikaluri~, gansakuTrebuli~, tipiuri~, zogadi~, sayovelTao~,
konkretuli~ da sxva. simravlis filosofiuri gaazrebisaTvis maTgan mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda erTeulis, zogadis da
konkretulis cnebebi. filosofiuri kamaTi ZiriTadad am
cnebebis garSemo atyda. kamaTis sagnad ZiriTadad iqca zogadis raobisa da arsebobis sakiTxi. miCneulia, rom erTeulis
raobisa da arsebobis sakiTxi gansakuTrebul siZneles ar
awydeba. mis arsebobas TiTqmis faqtebiT adastureben. erTeul sagnebs TvaliT vxedavT, xeliT vexebiT. maTi raobis
sakiTxSiac TiTqos iolad moxda SeTanxmeba. erTeulia sagani,
romelic mgrZnobelobaSi gveZleva da sasrulia drosa da
sivrceSi. magram erTeulis sakiTxis aseTi gadawyveta aradamajerebelia. saqme isaa, rom erTeulis gaazrebaSi igive prob-
150
lemebi iCens Tavs, rac zogadis raobis gaazrebaSi. mgrZnobelobaSi iseve ar fiqsirdeba erTeuli, rogorc zogadi (amis
Sesaxeb cota qvemoT, roca ganvixilavT konkretulis sakiTxs).
rac Seexeba zogads, mis mimarT problema Seiqmna misi mgrZnobelobaSi mocemis Taobaze. magaliTad, magida, romelic Cven
winaa, erTeulia, magram gamoviyenebT zogad cnebas magida,
romelSic ar igulisxmeba romelime erTeuli magida. igi
yvela magidis saerTo saxelia. igi zogadia. da aq ibadeba
kiTxva _ arsebobs Tu ara realurad zogadi magida? Tu mxolod adamianis mier gamogonili carieli sityvaa, raime realuris arsebobis gareSe? am gziT gaCnda ori urTierTdapirispirebuli Tvalsazrisi, _ nominalizmi da realizmi (laTinurad `nominis~ saxels niSnavs). Sua saukuneebSi roscelinis, dun skotis, xolo axal droSi _ berklisa da hiumis
saxelebTanaa dakavSirebuli nominalizmis arseboba. empirikosTa da sensualistTa saxelmZRvanelo princi pia _ aRqma
anu arseboba~. es niSnavs, arsebobs is, rac aRqmaSi gveZleva.
rac aRqmaSi ar gveZleva, is arc arsebobs. zogadi aRqmaSi ar
gveZleva. zogad magidas, zogad adamians, saerTod zogad sagnebs, verc TvaliT vxedavT, verc xeliT vexebiT, arc feri, suni,
gemo, temperatura aqvT; verc romelime konkretul droSi da
sivrceSi ver CavsvamT. Tu igi saerTod arsebobs, rogor davadginoT misi arseboba? es maSin, roca raimes arsebobis
dadgenis saSualeba mxolod aRqmaa? amiT zogadis realurad
arseboba gamoiricxa. azrovneba mivida daskvnamde zogadi
carieli saxelia (nominis-ia), ris Sedegadac miviReT nominalizmi. nominalizmi ori saxisaa. erTia sakuTriv nominalizmi,
romelic zogads sityvasTan, saxelTan aigivebs. meorea konceptualizmi, romelic zogads azrTan aigivebs da miiCnevs
rom zogadi arsebobs mxolod adamianis cnobierebaSi azrebis,
ideebis, cnebebis saxiT. nominalizmis orive saxeobisaTvis
saerToa is, rom isini uaryofen realur sinamdvileSi zogadis realurad arsebobas.
nominalizms upirispirdeba realizmi. realizmi, rogorc
filosofiuri Tvalsazrisi, Cndeba imaze dafiqrebis niadagze,
151
Tu ra Sedegamde miiyvans azrovnebas zogadis realurad arsebobis uaryofa. aseTi uaryofa, erTis mxriv, safuZvels aclis
samyaros mTlianobas. samyaros mTlianoba zogadis realurad
arsebobis gareSe SeuZlebelia; meores mxriv, safuZveli ecleba samyaros Semecnebis SesaZleblobasac. d. hiumis agnosticizmi amis demonstrirebaa. zogadis uaryofa mecnierebis gauqmebis tolfasia. yoveli mecnierebis daniSnulebaa simravleSi
zogadis aRmoCena, amiT kanonis dadgena. zogadis uaryofas
saqme kanonebis uaryofamde miyavs. xolo samyaro, romelSic
kanonebi uaryofilia, qaosis doneze dadis. magram samyaros
mTlianoba masSi kanonebis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. kanonebis
arseboba zogadis utyuari arsebobis niSania. aqedan gamomdinare, realizmi aRiarebs zogadis realurad arsebobas (aqedan,
misi saxeli realizmi). Tavis mxriv, reliazmic oris saxisaa: erTi, romelic aRiarebs zogadis realurad arsebobas,
oRond erTeulisagan mowyvetiT da misgan sruliad damoukideblad; meore, romelic aRiarebs zogadis realur arsebobas,
magram ara erTeulisagan mowyvetiT da misgan damoukideblad,
aramed misi swored erTeulSi arsebobis saxiT. pirveli saxis realizmis klasikuri nimuSi platonis filosofiaSi aris
mocemuli. savaraudoa, rom grZnobadi Semecnebis SezRudulobis gamo, platonmac ver SeZlo miwier realur sinamdvileSi
zogadis arsebobis dasabuTebis gzebis gamonaxva. amasTanave,
zogadis arsebobis saerTod uaryofa misTvis kategoriulad
miuRebelia. aman miiyvana igi mTliani sinamdvilis (samyaros)
or nawilad gayofamde. erTi, esaa miwieri realuri sinamdvile, sadac saxloben erTeuli sagnebi. esaa erTeulebis, cvalebadobis, warmavlobis, drosa da sivrceSi SezRuduli sagnebis
samyaro. aq yvelaferi arsebobs materialur-fizikuri saxiT.
aq arian calkeuli adamianebi, calkeuli cxenebi, calkeuli
samkuTxedebi da a.S. aq adgili ara aqvs zogad adamians, zogad
cxens, zogad samkuTxeds; samyaros meore nawilia e.w. ideaTa
samyaro. mas ideaTa` samyaro ewodeba imis gamo rom aq adgili aqvs arsebobis mxolod idealur formas. arseboben mxolod ideebi. ideebi ki mxolod zogadi bunebisani arian.
platonis Tvalsazrisi gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi konceptualizmisagan imiT, rom, marTalia, misTvisac zogadi ideaSia,
ideis saxiT arsebobs, magram TviTon aseTi zogadi ideebi,
adamianis cnobierebisagan damoukideblad, ideaTa samyaroSi
realurad arseboben. ideaTa samyaroSi amiT realizmis princi pia daculi. ideaTa samyaroSi calkeuli adamianebi ki ar
arseboben, _ arsebobs adamianoba, rogorc calkeuli adamianebis zogadi idea; arsebobs cxenobis idea, rogorc miwieri
calkeuli cxenebis zogadi mxare da a.S. am sferoSi zogadi
ideebi warmodgenilia ara simravlis, aramed wminda erTis
saxiT. oRond is erTi zogadi erTia. adamianoba erTia, magram
igi aris adamianobis zogadi idea, romelic safuZveli xdeba
miwieri erTeuli adamianebis simravlisa. ideaTa samyaroSi
zogadi ideis doneze cxenoba, samkuTxedoba, magidoba da sxva
erTia. es erTi ucvleli, uZravi da maradiulia, romelic
safuZvlad udevs miwieri sinamdvilis calkeuli sagnebis
simravles. platonis realizms maleve daupirispirda misi
mowafe aristotele. man SeniSna, _ Tu zogads gamovacalkevebT
erTeulisagan, maSin isic erTeulad iqceva, rac zogadis gauqmebas
niSnavs. amiT edeba safuZveli meore saxis realizmis gaCenas,
romlis ZiriTadi princi puli moTxovnebi iqneba: _ ar unda
iqnes daSvebuli zogadis arsebobis uaryofa; zogadi da erTeuli sxvadasxva ki ara, erTsa da imave sferoSi unda imyofebodnen; zogadi erTeulisagan ki ar unda gancalkevdes, aramed
TviTon erTeulSi unda iqnes aRmoCenili. amiT miviRebT, rom
zogadi erTeulSia da erTeuli zogadis erTeulia. amasTanave,
Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT daSvebuli iqneba iseTi movlenebis
arseboba, romlebic aranairad ar gveZlevian grZnobadobaSi
da romelic miiwvdomeba mxolod goniTi xedvis meSveobiT.
samyaroSi arsebuli sagnebi da movlenebi erTimeoris
mimarT msgavseba-gansxvavebiT mimarTebaSi imyofebian. yoveli
calkeuli sagani meore sagnisagan raRaciT gansxvavdeba da
raRaciT emsgavseba mas. am qveynad ar arsebobs ori absoluturad msgavsi movlena, rogorc ar arsebobs absoluturad
gansxvavebuli ori movlena. msgavseba da gansxvaveba am sam-
152
153
154
155
https://www.facebook.com/groups/ELLIB/
8. aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba. aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis Temas adamianis cxovrebaSi imTaviTve
didi mniSvneloba mieca. praqtikulad adamiani mudam cdilobda kargad garkveuliyo aucilebel da SemTxveviT movlenebSi, gaerCia isini erTimeorisagan da ewarmoebina aucileblobaTa Ziebani. amitom paralelurad, xeli mokida aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis Teoriul gaazrebas, rasac xangrZlivi istoria gaaCnia. aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis
gaazrebas adgili hqonda jer kidev miTologiur azrovnebaSi,
romelic mTlianad eyrdnoba bedisweris batonobas. amas adgili aqvs religiaSic, aq uflis gangeba batonobs, da raRa Tqma
unda, igi adgils mecnierul azrovnebaSic imkvidrebs. am Temis damuSavebam rTuli da zigzagiseburi gza ganvlo. imTaviTve cxadi gaxda, rom aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba urTierTgamomricxavi, sapirispiro movlenebia. amitom sakiTxi aseTi
formiT daisva: _ maTgan romelia realurad gabatonebuli
mTel samyaroSi da romeli romels eqvemdebareba. amasTan
dakavSirebiT, gaCnda sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi. erT-erTi Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, romelsac saTaveebi miTologiaSi aqvs da
romelic mecnieruli formiT pirvelad antikuri periodis
berZenma filosofosma demokritem Camoayaliba, samyaroSi batonobs mxolod aucilebloba. samyaro aucileblobis princi pzea agebuli ise, rom masSi SemTxveviTobisaTvis adgili
ar rCeba. es Tvalsazrisi aucileblobas mxolod mizezobriobas ukavSirebs. aucilebloba mizez-Sedegobriv urTierTobaSi vlindeba. mizezi aucileblobiT iwvevs Sedegs. amasTanave,
uryev WeSmaritebadaa miRebuli debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac
ar arsebobs umizezo movlena. yovel movlenas Tavisi gamomwvevi mizezi aqvs. mizezi Sedegs aucileblobiT iwvevs. e.i.
yvelaferi mkacri aucileblobaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi Cndeba
bunebrivi kiTxva: _ maSin raRaa SemTxveviToba da arsebobs
Tu ara igi saerTod? pasuxi kategoriulia SemTxveviToba
adamianis subieqturi iluziaa. realurad igi ar arsebobs.
magram adamianebi xom realurad aRiqvamen SemTxveviTobebis
arsebobas? aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisis momxreebi am kiTxvaze
pasuxs adamianis ucodinrobas ukavSireben. xSirad zedapirulad ar Cans da adamianma ar icis movlenis gamomwvevi mizezi,
amitom mas movlena eCveneba SemTxveviTad, magram sakmarisia
adamiani metad CauRrmavdes movlenis arsebobas, metad Seiswavlos mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebSi CarTuloba, rom ukve gamoikveTeba movlenis gamomwvevi mizezi da naTeli gaxdeba imis
aucilebloba, rasac adre SemTxveviTad miiCnevda. SemTxveviTobis arsebobis savsebiT uaryofam, yvelgan da yvelaferSi
mizezobriobiT gamowveuli mkacri aucileblobis daSvebam _
xeli Seuwyo fatalizmis gaCenas, romelmac bedisweris arsebobis rwmena gamoiwvia. fatalizmi bedisweris garduvalobas
qadagebs. SemTxveviTobis gamoricxvasTan erTad, igi gamoricxavs adamianis Tavisuflebas. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, samyaros arsebobaSi, rogorc Tavisebur kompiuterSi imTaviTve
Cadebulia winaswar gansazRvruli garkveuli kodi, garkveuli
programa, magram am programis Secvla SeuZlebelia. samyaros
arsebobis istoria am programis realizaciis istoriaa. amitom is, rac moxdeba milioni wlis Semdeg imTaviTve Cadebulia
da gansazRvrulia samyaros aucileblobiT `daprogramebaSi~.
samyaroSi moqmedebs e.w. dominos koWebis efeqti. milioni
dominos koWi rom daayenoT simaRleze da pirveli biZgiT
waaqcioT, aucileblad memilionec waiqceva. aq ar arsebobs
SemTxveviToba, romelsac movlenebis mkacrad mwyobri svlis
darRveva SeeZleboda. amitom, xdomilebaTa bedi, mkacrad gansazRvrulia dasawyisSive. miTologiaSi bediswera arsebiTi
faqtoria. aq yvelaferi bedisweriTaa gansazRvruli. TviT
RmerTebic bedisweras emorCilebian. heqtorisa da aqilevsis
SerkinebaSi zevsi aSkarad heqtoris mxarezea, magram sakiTxi
bedisweram gadawyvita, Sedegad heqtori marcxdeba. sofokles
`oidi pos mefe~-Si axalSobil oidi poss bedis mwerlebma imdenad saSineli da tragikuli bedi dasweres, romlis aRsruleba ar ineba misma mamam _ mefe laiosma da brZana bavSvis
daRupva. esaa bedisweris winaaRmdeg amxedreba, magram aqedan
araferi ar gamovida da movlenebi mainc zustad ise ganviTarda, rogorc bedis mwerlebma gansazRvres.
156
157
bedisweras uaryofs qristianuli religiac da mecnierebac; religia imis gamo, rom daSvebulia RmerTze ufro
maRla mdgomi da yovlisSemZle movlena, samyaros ganagebs
bedi da ara RmerTi. es religiisaTvis miuRebelia. bediswera
gamoricxavs Tavisuflebas, rac aseve miuRebelia religiisaTvis. rac Seexeba mecnierebas, misTvis miuRebelia fatalizmi ukve misi suliskveTebis gamo. fatalizmi Zirs uTxris
adamianis aqtivobas cxovrebaSi. adamiani mxolod garduvali
momavlis morCili momlodine xdeba. mis aqtivobas araviTari
Sedegi ar mohyveba. mecniereba adamianis aqtivobis gzebis
Ziebaa. amasTanave, mecnierebas ar SeuZlia Tvali daxuWos
SemTxveviTobis faqtiur arsebobaze. saWiro Seiqmna aseTi
faqtebis mecnierulad mowesrigeba. statistikuri kanonebis
aRmoCena, swored SemTxveviTi calkeuli movlenebis statistikurad didi ricxvebis Seswavlam ganapiroba.
manamde ki, SemTxveviTobaze reagirebam azrovnebas meore ukiduresobisaken ubiZga. Cndeba mosazreba, romelic sinamdvileSi mizezobriobis da aucileblobis arsebobas saerTod eWvis qveS ayenebs da gzas uxsnis SemTxveviTobis arsebobas. es Tvalsazrisi Teoriuli formiT Camoayaliba axali
drois ingliselma filosofosma devid hiumma. empiristulsensualisturi motivebiT, igi asabuTebs adamianis mier realur sinamdvileSi aucileblobis arsebobis dafiqsirebis
SeuZleblobas. misi azriT, adamians SeuZlia icodes mxolod
is, rac mgrZnobelobaSi eZleva. mizezobrioba da aucilebloba arasodes mgrZnobelobaSi ar eZleva da, princi pSi, arc
SeiZleba rom eZleodes. amitom maT codniT verasodes miwvdeba. adamians SeuZlia aucileblobis arseboba mxolod sjerodes,
magram es iqneba SiSveli dajereba, rwmena, rac mecnierebisaTvis arafris momcemia da mis arsebobas eWvis qveS ayenebs.
amiT iyo ganpirobebuli hiumis mowodeba daewvaT yvela is
wigni, sadac mecnieruli codnis pretenzia iyo gacxadebuli.
realur sinamdvileSi, aucileblobis uaryofa iseve dauSvebelia, rogorc SemTxveviTobis. es ukanaskneli Tu fatalizmsa
da bedisweras uxsnis gzas, aucileblobis uaryofa qaosis,
158
159
da SemTxveviTobaa. nebismieri movlena da sagani mWidro kavSirebiT CarTulia mTeli sinamdvilis erTian, mTlian qsovilSi ise, rom misgan amovardna da izolirebulad arseboba
ar SeuZlia. angariSi unda gaewios im viTarebasac, rom rac
aucilebelia erTi sagnisaTvis, igi SeiZleba SemTxveviTi iyos
meorisaTvis da piriqiT, rac SemTxveviTia pirvelisaTvis, aucilebelia meorisaTvis. yovelive amis gamo, sagnebisa da movlenebis arseboba mudam orgvari faqtoriTaa gansazRvruli. esaa
maTi arsebobis Sinagani da garegani pirobebi. orive piroba
erTdroulad savaldebuloa. ar SeiZleba saxeze iyos erTi
piroba, meore ar arsebobdes da piriqiT. imisaTvis rom saganma
iarsebos, saamiso pirobebi TviTon masSia. esaa misi arsebobis
Sinagani pirobebi, Sinagani gansazRvruloba, esaa misi TviTgansazRvruloba.
substanciis problemasTan dakavSirebiT mis TviTmizezobriv bunebaze gvqonda msjeloba. substancia mTliani sinamdvilis arsebaa. amitom igi am sinamdvilis TviTmizezobrivi sawyisia. amiT sinamdvile Tavis arsebobis mizezs substanciaSi, anu mis arsebaSi poulobs. realur sinamdvileSi,
saganTa Tvisebrivi simravle, substanciaTa simravlea. is, rasac
sakuTriv substancia ewodeba, monisturi TvalsazrisiT, mTel
samyaroSi erTaderTia, magram es sinamdvile arsebobs saganTa
Tvisebrivi simravlis saxiT. yovel sagans Tavisi arseba aqvs,
rac am sagnis substanciuri sayrdenia. sagnebis Tvisebrivi
simravle substanciebis simravlea, magram es ar auqmebs samyaros substanciis erTaderTobas. saqme is aris, rom mTeli
samyaro agebulia gvar-saxeobiTi urTierTobebis princi piT.
siRrmiseul safuZvelSi erTi uzogadesi gvaria, Tavisi substanciuri arsebiT. Semdeg is iSleba saxeobebad, saxeobebi
kidev saxeobebad da a.S. amgvarad, gvar-saxeobebad iSlebian
arsebebi, anu saganTa substanciebi. amiT sagnis substanciasa
(arsebas) da samyaros substancias (arsebas) Soris SenarCunebulia gvar-saxeobiTi urTierToba. samyarosaTvis substancia
aris misi arseba da misi TviTmizezobrivi safuZveli. aseve,
calkeuli sagnisaTvis misi kuTvnili arseba, anu misi sub-
160
161
162
163
164
165
misTvis garkveul formas. Sinaarss mxolod garkveul formaSi SeuZlia arseboba. magram Tu sakiTxs davsvamT imis mixedviT, mTliani sagnisaTvis romeli ufro mniSvnelovania, misi
forma Tu Sinaarsi, aq upiratesoba formas eniWeba. Sinagani
forma sagnis kanonia. misi arsebobis wesia. misTvis saganTa
samyaroSi CarTvis mTavari faqtori misi formaa. magaliTad,
sadReisod msoflioSi arseboben demokratiuli da diqtatoruli qveynebi. am qveynebis mTeli msoflios qveynebs Soris
CarTuloba ganisazRvreba swored maTi politikur-socialuri formis TaviseburebiT. amitom mTliani sagnisaTvis, saganTa samyaroSi arsebobis TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT mniSvnelovania misi forma da ara misi Sinaarseuli mocemulobebi. es ar niSnavs formalizmis gamarTlebas. formalizms
adgili aqvs socialur sferoSi. bunebam ar icis formalizmi.
socialur sferoSi formalizmi aris siyalbis Taviseburi
forma. esaa situacia, roca socialur sferoSi raRac movlenam ver miaRwia ganviTarebis sasurvel simaRles, magram garkveuli wreebi dainteresebuli arian xelovnurad mainc Seqmnan
aseTi simaRlis miRwevis STabeWdileba. am mizniT, movlenas
aZleven iseT formas, romelic sruliad ar Seesatyviseba mis
Sinaarss. amitom forma da Sinaarsi moiTxoven urTierTSesatyvisobas. Sinaarss mxolod garkveuli formiT SeuZlia arseboba. aseve forma mxolod garkveuli Sinaarsis forma SeiZleba iyos. sagnis forma da Sinaarsi moiTxoven erTmaneTTan
Sesatyvisobas. Sinaarsi arsebobs da viTardeba manam, sanam
amis SesaZleblobas iZleva misi forma. forma _ Sinaarsis
formaa manam, sanam Sinaarsi arsebiTad inarCunebs Tavis TavTan
igiveobas. roca formasa da Sinaarss Soris Sesatyvisoba irRveva iseT doneze rom maTi Tanaarseboba SeuZlebelia sagani,
mocemuli formiTa da SinaarsiT arsebobas amTavrebs.
10. igiveoba da sxvaoba. igiveoba da sxvaoba uzogadesi filosofiuri wyviladi cnebebia. isini moicaven mTlian
sinamdviles. ar arsebobs am qveynad iseTi ram, romlis arsebo-
ba agebuli ar iyos igiveobisa da sxvaobis faqtorze. samyaros konstruqciuli agebuleba eyrdnoba igiveobisa da sxvaobis moments. samyaro erTia, magram igi iseTi erTia, romelic amasTanave erTianicaa. erTianoba iseTi cnebaa, romelic
Tavis TavSi erTsac gulisxmobs da simravlesac. samyaroSi
simravlis arseboba sxvaobis moments eyrdnoba. iq, sadac ar
arsebobs sxvaoba, SeuZlebelia simravlis arseboba. gamoricxeT samyarodan sxvaoba da misgan gamoiricxeba simravlis arseboba. amiT, xelSi SegrCebaT samyaro, rogorc martivi, atomuri erTi. es kargad wamoCnda antikuri periodis eleelTa
filosofiaSi. xolo samyaros erTianoba, anu misi erTi mTelis saxiT arseboba, SesaZlebelia simravlis wevrebs Soris
igiveobis niadagze. iq sadac simravlis wevrebs Soris ar
arsebobs igiveoba, iq SeuZlebelia simravlis erTianobaSi
arseboba. amoiReT samyaros saganTa simravlidan igiveobis
momenti da amiT igi dakargavs erTianobas, rac qaosis saxiT
warmosdgeba. qaosi ki wminda wylis fiqciaa.
sinamdvilis nebismieri sagani, an movlena garkveuli
niSnebis matarebelia. sagani arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac mas
raRac niSnebi gaaCnia. is, rasac Camoscildeba yovelgvari
niSani, araraobaSi gadadis. ase daemarTa anaqsimandres apeirons.
niSnebi warmoadgenen sagnisaTvis realobis mimniWebel faqtorebs. sinamdvilis sagnebisaTvis niSnebis floba aris safuZveli maTi igiveobisa da sxvaobis. Tu erTi da igive niSani
gaaCnia or, an ramdensame sagans, maSin isini am niSnebiT igiveobrivni arian. xolo Tu garkveuli niSani (niSnebi) aqvs erT
sagans da meores _ aqvs, maSin es ori sagani, am niSnebiT
gansxvavebulni arian. igulisxmeba, rom igiveoba da sxvaoba
sagnebs Soris yovelTvis igeba raRac konkretuli niSnebis
mixedviT. erTi da igive niSani (niSnebi) igiveobis safuZvelicaa da sxvaobac. magaliTad, sicocxlis niSans igiveobaSi
moyavs yvela cocxali arseba. amasTanave, igive niSani cocxal
arsebas gamoyofs da ganasxvavebs yvela aracocxali arsebisagan. garkveuli niSnebiT gansxvavebuli ori sagani SeiZleba
igiveobrivni iyvnen sxva niSnebiT da piriqiT. filosofiaSi
166
167
igiveobis moments. magram wyvetoba amasTanave eyrdnoba igiveobis momentsac. iseve rogorc uwyvetoba eyrdnoba sxvaobis
moments. saqme is aris, rom TviT igiveoba ar arsebobs sxvaobis gareSe. igiveoba gansxvavebulTa igiveobaa, aseve sxvaoba
ar arsebobs igiveobis gareSe. gansxvavebulni igiveobrivSi
arian gansxvavebulni. igiveobisa da sxvaobis universalobisa
da sayovelTaobis gamo, ZiriTadad is edeba safuZvlad sagnebisa da movlenebis klasifikacias.
istoriulad igiveobisa da sxvaobis faqtorebi sxvadasxva movlenasTan sxvadasxva mimarTebiT ganixileboda.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi, modiT, es ganvixiloT atomisturi
filosofiis centralur cnebasTan atomTan; monisturi
religiis RmerTTan; filosofiurad gaazrebul mTlian samyarosTan da sinamdvilis calkeul sagnebTan mimarTebaSi.
amasTanave, es ganxilva warimarTeba SigniTobis da gareTobis
poziciidan. yoveli movlena, an sagani struqturis mqonea.
amitom SigniTobaSi igulisxmeba gansaxilveli obieqtis SigniT arsebuli struqturuli elementebis urTierToba igiveobisa da sxvaobis niSniT. gareTobaSis igulisxmeba ganxilvis obieqtis igiveobisa da sxvaobis niSniT urTierToba mis
gareT arsebuli sxva sagnebisa da movlenebis mimarT. atomistur filosofiaSi atomi umciresi ganuyofeli mTelia. misi
gayofa SeuZlebelia imis gamo, rom igi Tavis TavSi erTgvarovnebaa, anu igi araa struqturis mqone, ar Seicavs gansxvavebul nawilebs, e.i. ar Seicavs sxvaobas. amitom igi martivi
erTia.
atomi Tavis TavTan mimarTebaSi srul igiveobaSia. igi
absoluturad tolia Tavisi Tavis. e.i. SigniTobis niSniT
atomSi sxvaoba absoluturad gamoricxulia, xolo igiveoba
absoluturobis simaRlezea ayvanili. gareTobis poziciidan,
atomisturi filosofia uSvebs atomebis simravles. uSvebs
agreTve, atomebiT agebuli samyaros mTlianobas. atomTa simravlis daSveba SesaZlebelia sxvaobis daSvebis pirobebSi.
gansxvavebuli atomebiT samyaros mTlianobis ageba maSinaa
SesaZlebeli, roca maT Soris daSvebulia igiveoba. es niSnavs,
168
169
rom igi aRiarebs da eyrdnoba atomebs Soris rogorc sxvaobas (aqedan Rebulobs atomTa simravles), ise maT Soris
igiveobas (es atomebiT nagebi samyaros mTlianobis safuZvelia).
gansxvavebuli viTarebaa monoTeisturi RmerTis mimarT. qristianul religiaSi RmerTis samebis saxiT arseboba ar
niSnavs SigniTobis niSniT masSi simravlis arsebobas. amas
xazs usvams misi erTarsebad yofna. qristianuli RmerTis siwmindes sxvadasxva gageba aqvs. erT-erTi arsebiTi gagebaa isaa,
rom misi siwminde misi simartivea anu misi atomurobaa. monoTeisturi RmerTi, SigniTobis poziciidan atomisturi filosofiis
atomis igiveobrivia. isic daunawevrebeli iseTi erTia, romelic Tavis TavSi ar Seicavs sxvaobas. igi Tavis TavTan absoluturi igiveobaa. es ki mis unaklobas niSnavs. naklis arsebobis
safuZveli sxvaobaa. RmerTidan sxvaobis gamoricxva misgan naklis gamoricxvaa. toloba da utoloba igiveobasa da sxvaobasTanaa kavSirSi. RmerTis Tavis TavTan absoluturi toloba
misgan utolobis gamoricxvaa. tolobis safuZveli igiveobaa.
amitom RmerTis Tavis TavTan absoluturi toloba, misi Tavis
TavTan absoluturi igiveobaa. SigniTobis TvalsazrisiT atomsa da RmerTs Soris Tu arsebobs garkveuli paraleli, igi
maT Soris sruliad gamoricxulia gareTobis TvalsazrisiT.
atomi `gareTis~ gareSe ver iarsebebs. RmerTs aseTi `gareTi~
saerTod ar gaaCnia. misTvis gareT, rogorc aseTi, saerTod ar
arsebobs. aq yvelaferi SigniTobis princi piT wydeba. yvelaferi RmerTSia. `gareTi~ arsebobs iq, sadac arsebobs zRvari. xolo zRvaris arseboba sxvaobis arsebobis pirobebSia
SesaZlebeli. monoTeisturi RmerTi usasrulo arsebaa. mas ar
gaaCnia sxvaobiT gamowveuli zRvari. misTvis `sxva~ saerTod
ar arsebobs. amitom misTvis gareTobasa da SigniTobas Soris
zRvari iSleba (aq zRvaris daSveba sxvaobis daSveba iqneboda.
sxvaoba ki mis naklovanebaze miTiTebaa, rac unda gamoiricxos).
Tumca es ar iTqmis miTologiuri RmerTebis mimarT, romlebic
ar gamoirCevian siwmindiT arc SigniTobis da arc gareTobis
TvalsazrisiT.
170
171
Soris igiveobis momentis arsebobiT. kanoni kavSiris specifikuri formaa. sadac kavSiri ar arsebobs, iq gamoricxulia
kanonis arseboba. iq, sadac adgili ara aqvs igiveoba-sxvaobis
erTianobas, gamoricxulia kanonis arseboba. kanoni ver iarsebebs wminda saxiT aRebuli mxolod igiveobis da mxolod
sxvaobis pirobebSic. pirveli absolutia, romelic yovelgvari kanonis miRma dgas, meore qaosia, romelic praqtikulad
arc arsebobs. is, rom kanoni kavSiris specifikuri formaa,
niSnavs imas, rom kanonis igiveoba-sxvaobis niadagze iqmneba.
kanonma, rogorc kavSiris formam, gansxvavebul saganTa simravle, igiveobis meSveobiT, mTlianobaSi unda moiyvanos. Semecnebac kavSiris specifikuri formaa. Semecnebis SesaZleblobisTvis, misTvisac savaldebuloa igiveobisa da sxvaobis faqtorebi. gnoseologiuri problemebis ganxilvis procesSi
vnaxavT, ra didi siZneleebis winaSe ayenebda Semecnebas subieqtsa da obieqts Soris igiveobisa da sxvaobis momentebis
gadauwyvetloba. mWidro kavSiria TviT igiveobasa da sxvaobas
Soris. isini erTmaneTis gareSe ar arseboben. igiveoba
yovelTvis gansxvavebulTa igiveobaa, xolo sxvaoba _ igiveobis niadagzea sxvaoba. amitom sxvaoba igiveTa sxvaobaa. iseTi
igiveoba, romelic sruliad gamoricxavs sxvaobas, absoluturobis simaRleze adis. aseTad mxolod RmerTi moiazreba. xolo
sxvaoba, romelic sruliad gamoricxavs igiveobas, wminda fiqciad iqceva. es qaosia, romelic mxolod fiqciaa. absoluturi
TvalsazrisiT misi realuri arseboba SeuZlebelia.
172
173
1. bunebis da adamianis kanonebis harmonizacia. realur sinamdvileSi, romelSic cxovreba uxdeba adamians, arsebobs da adamianis nebisagan damoukideblad moqmedebs
obieqturi kanonebi, rasac adamianze zemoqmedebis kolosaluri Zala gaaCnia. Tavis mxriv, TviTon adamiansac aqvs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli adamianuri kanonebi, rac adamianis arsebas
qmnis. adamianis realur sinamdvileSi cxovreba mTeli simkacriT
ayenebs sakiTxs realur sinamdvileSi arsebuli kanonebisa da
sakuTriv adamianis specifikuri kanonebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb.
isini sruliad sxvadasxvagvari kanonebia, ris gamoc maTma
mouwesrigebelma Tanaarsebobam SeiZleba adamianis mimarT mZime
Sedegebi gamoiwvios. am kanonebis mowesrigebis mizniT dauSvebelia, erTis mxriv, maTi harmonizacia moxdes adamianuri
kanonebis sruli CaxSobis gziT, _ es adamianis TviTganadgureba iqneboda, xolo meore mxriv, miRebelia isic, rom adamiani mTlianad Caiketos sakuTar Tavis TavSi da moindomos
sinamdvilis kanonebis sruli ignorireba. aseT SemTxvevaSi
aRniSnuli kanonebi dausjels ar datovebs adamians. sasjeli
ki SeiZleba misi fizikuri ganadgurebac iyos. gamodis, rom
saZiebelia sinamdvilisa da adamianis adamianobis kanonTa
harmonizaciis iseTi gza, roca arc sinamdvilis kanonebi Seewirebian adamianur kanonebs da arc adamianuri kanonebi _
realuri sinamdvilis kanonebs. piriqiT, maT Soris moxdeba
iseTi TanxmobiTi arseboba, ris Sedegadac, erTi mxriv, adamiani izrunebs realur sinamdvileze, xolo meore mxriv, moxdeba ise, rom realuri sinamdvile adamianis winaSe warmosdgeba
ara damsjelis, aramed keTilganwyobili partnioris rolSi.
amisaTvis adamians sWirdeba SemecnebiTi moRvaweoba. kanonebis harmonizacia SesaZlebelia moxdes mxolod amis codnis
safuZvelze. es viTareba adamianisaTvis codnis aucileblobaze miuTiTebs. Tavis mxriv, SemecnebiTi moRvaweobis warmoeba TviTon Semecnebis raobaSi garkvevas moiTxovs; codnis
2. gnoseologiis anu Semecnebis Teoriis raoba. ar arsebobs usagno codna. codna yovelTvis raRacis
codnaa. amitom, zogadad, codna aris cnobierebaSi enis saSualebiT sagnis arsebis idealuri gamoxatuleba. ganasxvaveben
aramecnierul da mecnierul codnas. aramecnierul codnas
miekuTvneba yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT, egreT
wodebul saR azrovnebaze dayrdnobiT miRebuli codna. agreTve
iseTi codna, romelic miRebulia upirobo rwmenis niadagze,
mecnieruli meTodebisa da argumentacia-dasabuTebis gareSe.
masSi ZiriTadad igulisxmeba miTologiuri da religiuri
codna.
adamianis cxovrebaSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba mecnierul codnas aqvs. esaa iseTi codna, romelic miiReba kritikul azrovnebaze dayrdnobiT, mecnieruli meTodebiTa da
argumentaciiT dasabuTebadia, gamoxatavs sagnis arsebas, aucileblobas da zogadobas; gamoiTqmeba mecnieruli terminebiT,
cnebebiT, kategoriebiT, msjelobebiT, romlebic koherentulobis principiT sistemur mTlianobas qmnian; xasiaTdeba obieqturobiT, gameorebadobiT da Semowmebadia.
procesi, romlis Sedegadac miiReba mecnieruli codna,
mecnieruli Semecnebis procesia. xolo erTian mwyobr moZRvrebas mecnieruli Semecnebis Sesaxeb _ Semecnebis Teoria ewodeba.
sxvanairad mas gnoseologias anu codnis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas
uwodeben (Zv. berZnul enaze _ `gnosis~ niSnavs codnas, `logos~ _ moZRvrebas).
gnoseologiis (Semecnebis Teoriis) ZiriTadi mizania
ara romelime konkretuli sagnis Sesaxeb codnis dadgena,
aramed TviTon codnis Sesaxeb codnis dadgena. codna codnis
Sesaxeb, e.i. gnoseologiaSi kvlevis sagani TviTon codnaa,
oRond ara nebismieri codnis, aramed sakiTxi saxeldobr mx-
174
175
olod mecnieruli codnis raobas exeba. ra aris mecnieruli codna da rogoraa igi SesaZlebeli? rogor da ra gziT
yalibdeba amgvari codna. ra gansazRvravs mecnierul codnas,
_ adamianisagan damoukideblad arsebuli sinamdvile, Tu adamianis Sinagani sulieri samyaro? SeuZlia Tu ara adamianis
cnobierebas misgan damoukideblad arsebuli sinamdvilis
mecnierul codnaSi ise gamoxatva, rom misi WeSmaritebis mimarT eWvi ar Cndebodes? mecnierul codnaSi realuri sinamdvilea obieqturad mocemuli Tu am sinamdvilis mxolod adamianuri subieqturi gancda? Semecnebis ganxorcielebisaTvis
ra Tvisebebisa unda iyos Semecnebis sagani (obieqti) Semmecnebeli subieqti da ra kavSirSi unda iyvnen isini erTimeoris
mimarT? rogoria Semecnebis meqanizmi? ra aris WeSmariteba,
rogorc Semecnebis rezultati, ra aris mcdaroba da ra aris
maTi kriteriumi? ai ZiriTadi kiTxvebi, romelTa garSemoc
igeba gnoseologia.
3. Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problema . Semecnebis Teoria sakiTxTa or did jgufs moicavs: pirveli, _
romelic SemecnebiTi procesis geneziss, Semecnebis procesualur dinebas, mis safexurebad gaSlas Seiswavlis; meore, _
romelic ikvlevs Semecnebis logikur SesaZleblobas. igi
mowodebulia Semecnebis logikuri dafuZnebisaTvis. sakiTxTa pirveli jgufi gvixsnis Semecnebas; meore gvisabuTebs mas.
sakiTxTa pirvel jgufs xSirad Semecnebis (codnis) fsiqologias uwodeben; meores _ Semecnebis filosofias. qarTveli
filosofosi sergi danelia pirvels uwodebs Semecnebis fizikas, Tumca misive azriT, Semecnebis fsiqologia da Semecnebis
fizika erTi da igivea, radgan mocemul SemTxvevaSi Semecneba
ganixileba sinamdvilis rigiT movlenad da mas imave midgomiT ganixilaven rogorc fizikaSi romelime rigiTi sagnis
Seswavlis dros. s. danelias azriT, ingliseli filosofosis j. lokis moZRvreba aris Semecnebis Taviseburi fizika,
raki lokisaTvis bunebis movlenebisadmi da Semecnebisadmi
176
177
swored aq ikveTeba. rogoraa es SesaZlebeli? _ obieqti subieqtis gareT myofi, misgan damoukidebeli obieqturi sagania.
amas filosofiaSi transcendenturobas uwodeben. e.i. obieqti
subieqtis mimarT transcendenturi instanciaa. subieqti Tavis
subieqturobis CarCoebSia momwyvdeuli. es filosofiis enaze
imanenturobas niSnavs. e.i. subieqti Tavis imanentur samyaroSia CaZiruli. es niSnavs, rom subieqtsa da obieqts Soris, anu
transcendentur da imanentur sferoebs Soris absoluturi
sxvaobis mqone ufskruli Zevs. SemecnebiTi kavSirisaTvis am
ufskrulis gadalaxvaa saWiro. aseTi gadalaxvis iniciativa
subieqts evaleba. magram subieqts ar SeuZlia gaarRvios Tavisi subieqturobiTi SeboWiloba, Tavisi imanenturi sfero. anu
realur sinamdviles igi yovelTvis Tavisi subieqturobis
TvaliT umzers. arasodes SeuZlia mas miswvdes obieqturi
xedvis saSualebiT imitom, rom mas obieqturad xedvis fiziologiuri unarebi saerTod ar gaaCnia. igi yovelTvis gare
sinamdvileSi subieqturobidan icqireba. subieqtis obieqtur
sinamdvilesTan, anu imanenturis transcendenturTan damakavSirebeli erTaderTi saSulebaa subieqtis garegani mgrZnobeloba (mxedveloba, smena, ynosva, Sexeba da dagemovneba). isaa
obieqtidan subieqtSi momdinare yvela informaciis erTaderTi gamtari. dauxSeT adamians yvela grZnobis organo da
informaciulad gare sinamdvilisagan absoluturad mowyvetili
aRmoCndeba. aq ibadeba kritikuli kiTxva, _ mgrZnobeloba
subieqts awvdis ki raime obieqtur informacias? anu, mgrZnobelobiT danaxuli gare sinamdvile marTlac iseTia, rogorc
igi TavisTavad arsebobs? adamians wiTeli saTvale gare sinamdviles wiTel ferebSi aCvenebs. Tumca, viciT, rom TavisTavad aRebuli sinamdvile aseTi wiTeli araa. e.i. wiTeli
saTvale adamians saSualebas ar aZlevs sinamdvile mis bunebriv ferebSi dainaxos. aq Cndeba axali kiTxva _ iqneb adamianis Tvalic, iseve, rogorc grZnobis sxva organoebi, iseTi
Taviseburi `wiTeli saTvalea~, romelic saSualebas ar aZlevs
sinamdvile ise dainaxos, rogoric isaa TavisTavad. rom misi
saSualebiT sinamdviles xedavs sul sxvanairad. Semecnebis
178
179
princi pulad `hos~ pozicias irCeven. isini aRiareben subieqtis mier misgan damoukidebeli sinamdvilis Semecnebis princi pul SesaZleblobas. Tumca erTia aseTi SesaZleblobis
sityvieri aRiareba, meorea misi dasabuTeba. rigma filosofiurma Teoriebma, sityvierad rom aRiarebdnen Semecnebis SesaZleblobas, amis bolomde dasabuTeba ver SesZles.
kritikul azrovnebaze dayrdnobiT Semecnebis SesaZleblobis dasabuTebis pirveli muxti Zveli berZeni filosofosidan _ sokratedan wamovida. misi damsaxureba am saqmeSi
isaa, rom man SeimuSava erTi SexedviT martivi argumenti, romelic
filosofiur azrovnebas, mTeli Semdgomi ganviTarebis gzaze,
mtkice sayrdenad gamoadgeba. esaa WeSmaritebis uaryofis SeuZleblobis argumenti. misi mtkicebiT, WeSmaritebis uaryofa
SeuZlebelia, radgan WeSmaritebis rogorc uarmyofeli debuleba, ise am uaryofis Sedegad miRebuli daskvna WeSmariti
unda iyos. sxvanairad uaryofas azri ar eqneba. es ki WeSmaritebas adasturebs da ara uaryofs. WeSmaritebis uaryofis
SeuZlebloba SemecnebiTi optimizmis safuZvelia. SemecnebiTi optimizmis ganzraxviT Camoyalibdnen iseTi filosofiuri Teoriebi, rogorebicaa: materialisturi empirizmi, racionalizmi, kantis filosofia, dialeqtikuri materializmi da
sxv.
180
181
5. socialur-RirebulebiTi faqtori da Semecnebis SesaZlebloba. Semecneba praqtikul-sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi xorcieldeba da TviTonac socialur-praqtikuli movlenaa. Semecneba wminda gnoseologiuri formiT
bunebaSi ar arsebobs. igi, aseTad danaxuli mxolod abstraqciaSi, anu TeoriaSia. yvelaferi, rac praqtikul SemecnebaSi Semodis socialur RirebulebaTa niSniT formdeba.
SemecnebaSi airekleba socialuri dakveTebi, idealebi, imperativebi. adamianis (subieqtis) sulieri simdidre didad
aris damokidebuli mis realur socialur urTierTobaTa
simdidreze.
rogorc grZnobadi monacemebisadmi ndobis sakiTxi. misi dadebiTad gadawyveta SemecnebiTi optimizmis mauwyebeli iqneba.
xolo uaryofiTi gadawyveta Taviseburi agnosticizmi.
182
183
6. SemecnebaSi mocemadobis problema. Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problema kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa. igi mravali sakiTxis gadawyvetas moiTxovs. SemecnebaSi socialurRirebulebiTi faqtorebis gaazrebac am Temis erT-erTi aqtualuri sakiTxia. aseve mniSvnelovani sakiTxia SemecnebaSi
mocemadobis problemis ganxilva. igi, rogorRac, Semecnebis
SesaZleblobis problemis ufro konkretuli saxiT warmodgenaa.
Semecnebis procesSi pirispir dgas ori mxare: _ subieqti (Semmecnebeli adamiani), Tavisi imanenturi samyaroTi da
obieqti (Sesamecnebeli sagani), rogorc subieqtisagan damoukidebeli, TavisTavad arsebuli sagani. anu subieqtisagan transcendenturi instancia. subieqtis mxridan obieqtis Semecneba
niSnavs imas, rom man igi Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT unda aiTvisos. aTvisebisaTvis ki saWiroa, rom obieqti subieqts SemecnebaSi moeces. Tu aseTi mocema ver moxerxdeba, cxadia, iq
araviTar Semecnebas adgili ar eqneba. Semecnebis intuitivisturi gziT ganxorcielebac gulisxmobs subieqtisadmi obieqtis mocemas.
adamiani flobs mraval unars, iseTebs, rogorebicaa: _
mgrZnobeloba, gansja, goneba, warmosaxva, nebeloba, rwmenis unari da sxv. yvela es unari CarTuli da amoqmedebulia adamianis nebismier saqmianobaSi. adamiani yvela saqmeSi warmodgenilia rogorc pirovneba. es adamianis mTlianobas niSnavs.
aseT pirobebSi mtkiceba imisa, rom aRniSnuli unarebidan
adamianisaTvis mTavaria, prioritetulia romelime maTgani,
SesaZlebelia ara yvelgan da yvelaferSi, aramed mxolod
romelime konkretul saqmianobaSi. mag. zneobrivi saqcielis
ganxorcielebis dros prioritetuloba eniWeba nebisyofis
unars, mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT procesSi _ warmosaxvis (fan-
taziis) unars, religiuri aqtis aRsrulebisas _ sarwmunoebriv unars, rac Seexeba mgrZnobelobas, igi prioritetulia
adamianis emociur-gancdiT cxovrebaSi, siyvarulSi, megobrobaSi...
gansja _ gonebas damorCilebuli siyvaruli, megobroba mxolod angarebianobaa. cxadia, aseTi qmedebis dros adamianis
sxva unarebi umoqmedo da CaxSobili ar arian. isinic aqtiurad erTvebian aRniSnul qmedebebSi, magram rogorc mxolod
prioritetuli unaris damxmare, xelisSemwyobi unarebis funqciiT. e.i. yvela unari adamianis yvela saqmianobaSia CarTuli, magram TviToeul maTgans prioritetuloba eniWeba mxolod romelime konkretul saqmianobaSi. sxva saqmeSi isini
meoradni xdebian.
SemecnebiTi moRvaweoba adamianis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saqmianobaa. aqac erTdroulad adamianis yvela unaria
CarTuli, magram maTgan prioritetuloba gansjas ekuTvnis. amitom, roca sakiTxi dgeba SemecnebaSi subieqtisaTvis obieqtis
mocemis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, igulisxmeba misi subieqtis
gansjiTi unarisaTvis mocema. subieqtis mgrZnobelobaSi obieqtis
mocema eWvs ar iwvevs. aq sakiTxi arsebiTad imave saxiT dgeba,
rogorc Zveli berZnuli filosofiis eleeluri skolis warmomadgenlis _ Zenonis cnobil aporiaSia dafiqsirebuli. igi
asabuTebs, rom gasrolili isari sinamdvileSi uZravia. es azri,
mgrZnobeloba-emociis poziciidan, absurdulad moCans, magram
Zenoni amas gvisabuTebs ara mgrZnobeloba-emociis pozociidan.
am poziciidan, cxadia, isic, rogorc yvela normaluri adamiani,
aSkarad xedavda isris moZraobas, Citis gafrenas da imasac, rom
TviTonac sivrceSi gadaadgildeboda, magram Zenoni sakiTxs
ayenebs ara mgrZnobelobis poziciidan. igi SemecnebiT saqmianobaSi iyo CarTuli da Tavs valdebulad Tvlida, sakiTxi
ganexila gansjis poziciidan. igi gansjas avalebda daenaxa da
daesabuTebina isris moZraobis SesaZlebloba. Sedegad miiRo
isris moZraobis gansjiTi dasabuTebis SeuZlebloba. is mivida daskvnamde, rom gansjaSi ar gveZleva isris moZraoba. igi
moiTxovs rom isris moZraoba gansjam dainaxos da dauSvas.
magram eleelebis fundamenturi principidan amosvliT, romel-
184
185
7. mocemadobis problema axali drois materialistur empirizmSi. Sua saukuneebis filosofiam suli
da sxeuli rom daaxasiaTa. sapirispiro atributebiT, amiT
isini sabolood gaTiSa erTimeorisagan da ase gadasca
saazrovno masalad axali drois filosofias. Tavis mxriv,
axali drois filosofiam memkvidreoba ukritikod miiRo,
raSic gamoixata misi dogmatizmi. aseTi dogmaturobis Sedegad man Tavis Tavs iseTi winaaRmdegoba Seuqmna, romlis
daZlevis Sinagani resursebi ar aRmoCnda, ris gamoc, hiumis
filosofiis saxiT, saqme skepticizmiT daamTavra. winaaRmdegoba Seqmna im orma ZiriTadma wanamZRvarma, razec agebuli
iyo axali drois filosofiis gnoseologiuri Teoriebi.
pirveli wanamZRvari iyo is, ris Sesaxebac zemoT ukve iTqva,
_ mTeli sinamdvilis erTimeorisagan sruliad gansxvavebul
or sferod gayofa. erT mxares subieqti, Tavisi imanenturi
samyaroTi, meore mxares _ obieqturi sinamdvile. mokled, esaa
buneba. aqedan gamomdinare, am epoqis filosofia subieqtisaTvis obieqtis mocemadobis problemis gadawyvetas subieqtisa da obieqtis sruli gansxvavebulobis poziciidan miadga. subieqti _ subieqturi subieqtia; xolo obieqti _ obieqturi obieqti.
meore wanamZRvaria SemecnebaSi asaxvis poziciaze dgoma. SemecnebaSi asaxvis Teoriis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom pirveli _ aRiarebulia subieqtisagan damoukideblad realuri sinamdvilis (bunebis) arseboba. meore _ Semecnebis obieqti swored es sinamdvilea. amiT asaxvis TeoriaSi
Semecneba imanenturisa da transcendenturis dapirispirebiTaa warmodgenili. asaxvis Teoriis moTxovnaa obieqturi obieqti
aisaxos subieqtur subieqtSi. es niSnavs, rom codnis obieqturobis safuZvels daJinebiT obieqtur (transcendentur)
sferoSi eZebdnen. WeSmaritebis obieqturoba mxolod obieqtiT
unda yofiliyo gansazRvruli, magram imis gamo, rom pirveli
wanamZRvris mixedviT obieqtisa da subieqtis sferoebi gauvali ufskruliTaa gaTiSuli, logikurad SeuZlebeli xdeba
subieqturi subieqtidan davaskvnaT raime obieqtur obieqtze
186
187
188
189
bilobaSi igulisxmeba, jer erTi, misi cnobierebaSi SesaZleblobis formiT TanSobiloba. cxovelSi absoluturad gamoricxulia misi, vTqvaT, fizikosad gaxdoma. cxovelis gazrda
xdeba da ara aRzrda. aRzrda SesaZleblobis sinamdviled
qcevis procesia. dabadebiT pirdapir fizikosad arc adamiani
ibadeba. magram mis dabadebasTan erTad masSi ibadeba fizikosad aRzrdisa da Camoyalibebis SesaZlebloba. meorec, _ racionalizmi miuTiTebs e.w. mciredi percefciebis saxiT cnobierebaSi TanSobili codnis (unaris) aracnobieri formiT
arsebobas.
TanSobilobis principze dayrdnobiT, empirizmis princips racionalizmma daupirispira formula _ araferia gonebaSi
iseTi ram, rac winaswar mgrZnobelobaSi ar gvqondes mocemuli, garda TviT gonebisa (laibnici). aq or garemoebas esmeva
xazi. pirveli is, rom goneba mgrZnobelobiT araa gansazRvruli; meore _ raki mgrZnobelobisagan damoukideblad goneba
arsebobs gonebaSi, es gonebis TavisTavTan igiveobaa, rac mis
damoukideblobas da sisrules niSnavs.
racionalizmis mizani iyo SegrZnebebisadmi ndobis
sakiTxi, misi zedmetobis gamo, mTlianad moxsniliyo. TanSobilobis saSualebiT es mizani miRweulia. amiT racionalizmma
saerTod moxsna transcendenturis imanenturSi Semosvlis
problema. magram mis winaSe aRimarTa imave eqvivalentobis
mqone axali siZnele, _ imanenturidan transcendentur sferoSi gasvlis moTxovnis saxiT. subieqtisaTvis codna araa garedan miRebuli, igi misTvis TanSobilia, magram mas pretenzia
aqvs swored gareT gasvlis, anu transcendenturi sinamdvilis
asaxvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom monadasaviT Tavis TavSi Caketil subieqts ar gaaCnia transcendentur sinamdvileSi gaxedvis araviTari `sarkmeli~, mainc subieqti gare sinamdvilis
amsaxvelia. amitom dgeba princi puli kiTxva: _ rogor davasabuToT, rom TavisTavSi Caketili subieqti, Tavisi TanSobili
SinaarsiT asaxavs imas, rac mis gareTaa da rasTanac araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs? mocemul kiTxvaze racionalizmi mimarTavs sagnebs Soris arsebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTo-
190
191
bis azrebs Soris arsebul logikur safuZvel-SedegTan gaigivebas. amaze didi gavlena iqonia maTematikis avtoritetma. maTematikaSi, misi formalurobis gamo, operaciebi warmoebs wmindad, gonebis saSualebiT ise, rom realuri sagnebi sulac araa
saWiro. racionalizmma imave princi pis gamoyeneba scada
filosofiaSi. maTi azriT, Tu Cven avxsniT cnebebs Soris
logikur kavSirebs, amiT gasagebi gaxdeba Sesatyvis realur
sagnebs Soris urTierTobac. amitom ityvian _ ideaTa wesrigi
da kavSiri iseTivea, rogorc saganTa wesrigi da kavSiri (spinoza). amiT vRebulobT, rom cnebaTa urTierTobis dasadgenad
saWiro araa subieqtidan gareT gasvla. cnebebs Soris ligikuri
urTierTobebis dadgenis gziT, subieqtidan gausvlelad, vgebulobT subieqtis gareT arsebuli Sesatyvisi sagnebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb. TiTqos mizani miRweulia. magram aq morigi
kiTxva Cndeba, _ sadaa imis garantia, rom marTlac ideaTa
wesrigi da kavSiri iseTivea, rogorc Sesatyvis saganTa Soris
wesrigi da kavSiri? am kiTxvaze pasuxis dros racionalizmisaTvis gadamwyveti aRmoCnda moralur-Teologiuri motivi.
Sedegad imanenturisa da transcendenturis igiveobis garantiad igi yovlad keTil da srulyofil RmerTs acxadebs.
RmerTma ise moawyo es sinamdvile, rom suli da sxeuli, imanenturi da transcendenturi, logikuri da realuri, subieqti da
obieqti mudam winaswar mowyobil harmoniaSia (prestabiluri
harmonia).
saboloo jamSi, problemis racionalisturi gadawyvetac
aradamajerebeli aRmoCnda, vinaidan mTeli dasabuTeba, sabolood, RmerTis ideas daeyrdno. RmerTi rwmenis obieqtia da
ara dasabuTebis. dausabuTebel RmerTze mecnieruli dasabuTebis dayrdnoba gaumarTlebeli gadawyvetilebaa, vinaidan mecnieruli dasabuTeba an ukve dasabuTebul sayrdenze unda
aigos, an iseT sayrdenze, romelic TviTmizezobrivia da amiT
TviTdasabuTebadia.
9. Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problema j. berklisa da d. hiumis filosofiaSi. empirizmis da racionalizmis mxridan Semecnebis SesaZleblobis aradamajerebeli gadawyvetis mizezad berklisa da hiumis filosofiaSi,
sinamdvilis erTimeorisgan sruliad gansxvavebul da gancalkevebul transcendentur da imanentur sferoebad gaxleCa CaiTvala. amas saxelad daerqva `dualisturi realizmi~ an
ufro zustad, _ `samyaros gaoreba.~ miCneul iqna, rom SemecnebaSi adgili aqvs sagnebis dauSvebel da xelovnur gaorebas. erT mxares realuri sagani, rogorc dedani, meore mxares
am sagnis azriseuli asli. anu, erT mxares Cvens gareT arsebuli sagani da meore mxares, subieqtSi arsebuli misi azriseuli asli. Semdeg iwyeba dausrulebeli da amasTan warumatebeli Zieba, xidis xan erT, xan meore mimarTulebiT gadebis,
_ sagnisa da azris SemecnebiTi TvalsazrisiT dakavSirebis
mizniT. magram Sedegebi aradamajerebeli aRmoCnda. warumateblobis mizezad sinamdvilis aseTi gaoreba CaiTvala. erTmaneTisagan sruliad mowyvetil obieqtsa da subieqts Soris
SemecnebiTi kavSiri sruliad SeuZlebelia. amitom gamosavali imaSi dainaxes, rom obieqtsa da subieqts Soris, anu sagansa da azrs Soris, unda moixsnas aseTi gancalkeveba-gaoreba
ise, rom orive erT ontologiur sayrdenze aRmoCndnen, raTa
maTi dakavSirebis, an xidis gadebis siZnele saerTod moixsnas. am mizniT, anu subieqti unda iqnes gatanili obieqtis
sferoSi, an piriqiT, obieqti imTaviTve unda aRmoCndes subieqtis sferoSi.
j. berklisa da d. hiumis filosofia meore gzas irCevs.
maTi mxridan, esaa RonisZieba, romlis ZaliTac transcendenturi sferos gaZarcvis xarjze subieqtma, Tavis imanentur
sferoSi, TandaTan mTeli sinamdvile Semoitana, Caiketa Tavis
TavSi da transcendenturi sinamdvilis saerTod arsebobac
ki, eWvis qveS daayena. j. berklis saxelmZRvanelo debuleba _
`aRqma anu arseboba~, erTis mxriv, imaze miuTiTebs, rom arsebulad unda CavTvaloT mxolod SegrZnebadi movlenebi, rac
ufro mniSvnelovania, TviT arsebulSi ar unda veZioT Seg-
192
193
https://www.facebook.com/groups/ELLIB/
194
195
iTxavia, _warmoiSoboda Tu ara sokrates filosofia mocemuli saxiT, mis win azrovnebas skepticizmi rom ar moZaleboda?
aseve, daibadeboda Tu ara kantis filosofia, mas hiumis skepticizmi rom ar uswrebdes win?!
10. Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problema kantis filosofiaSi. kantis filosofiaSi Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problemis gadawyveta ufro gasagebi iqneba, Tu
mas mivudgebiT masSi amoqmedebuli mTavari principebis poziciidan. es princi pebia: pirveli _ mecnieruli codnis, rogorc
utyuari faqtis, winaswar daSveba maqsimalurad yvela im
atributiT, romliTac srulyofili mecnieruli codna moiazreba, es iqneba codnis sinTezur-aprioruli msjelobis saxiT
arseboba; meore _ Semecnebis sxvagvarad SeuZleblobis princi pi. kiTxvaze: _ Tu codnas ganvixilavT rogorc Semecnebis
saboloo Sedegs, xolo wanamZRvrebs, romlebze dayrdnobiTac
miiReba es codna, rogorc safuZvels, ra mimarTulebiT unda
warimarTos Semecnebis SesaZleblobis dasabuTeba, _ safuZvlidan (wanamZRvrebidan) Sedegisaken (codnisaken), Tu piriqiT,
codnidan wanamZRvrebisaken? kantis wina filosofiur nakadebSi
miRebuli iyo wanamZRvrebidan Sedegisaken mimavali gza. magram Cven ukve viciT, rom yvela maTi mcdeloba warumateblad
dasrulda. wanamZRvrebidan Sedegze gadasvla imas niSnavs,
rom winaswar aravin icoda da arc unda scodnodaT wanamZRvrebis logikuri ganviTareba ra SedegTan miiyvanda. iTvleboda, rom kvlevis Sedegi kvlevis dasawyisSive ar unda
iyos cnobili. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ioli SesaZlebelia,
rom winaswar nagulisxmevma Sedegma, gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad, zemoqmedeba moaxdinos kvlevis xasiaTze. amis
Sedegad kvleva warimarTos araobieqturobis gziT. amasTanave,
am gzis mTavar naklad is miiCneva, rom aq SeuZlebeli iyo
raime myari orientirebis da kriteriumebis amoqmedeba, ris
gamoc yovelTvis gaugebari iqneboda miRweuli Sedegi. hiumi
wanamZRvrebis logikuri ganviTarebiT skeptikur Sedegebamde
mivida. TviTon masve ar moswons igi, magram raki am Sedegebamde wanamZRvrebis logikurma ganviTarebam miiyvana, iZulebulia miiRos igi.
kanti am gzas afasebs rogorc xelis cecebis dogmatur
meTods, sadac winaswari gegmazomieri ZiebiT araferi miiRweva. yvelaferi sinjva-Secdomis did da gaurkvevel mwkrivs
badebs. igi cdilobs SemuSavebul iqnes iseTi meTodi, romelic saSualebas miscems orientirebisa da kriteriumebis ise
amoqmedebas rac kvlevaSi utyuar gzaze dagvayenebs da ar
dauSvebs misgan gadaxvevas. kantis filosofiis radikalizmi,
swored wanamZRvrebis SeTanxmebuli gegmis mixedviT SerCevas
gulisxmobs. wanamZRvrebis gegmazomieri SerCeva, maTi garkveuli gegmisadmi damorCilebas niSnavs. es gegma raRac instanciiT
unda iyos nakarnaxevi. e.i. wanamZRvrebi raRac instanciam
unda daiqvemdebaros. amitom wanamZRvrebis gegmazomieri SerCeva winaswar im instanciis dadgenas moiTxovs, romlis gegmiTac unda moxdes wanamZRvrebis SerCeva. aseT instanciad gamodis apriorulobis formiT warmodgenili mecnieruli codna,
Tavisi zusti mecnierulobis statusiT. kanti swored aqedan
iwyebs. mecnierul codnas, rogorc faqts, rogorc arsebuls,
winaswar uSvebs, xolo Semdeg reduqciuli gziT, mis fundamentur wanamZRvrebSi CaRrmavebas cdilobs. cxadia, es ar iqneba
nebismieri SemTxveviTi wanamZRvrebi. igi iqneba mxolod iseTi, romelsac gaamarTlebs winaswar daSvebuli codna. amis
Taobaze `prolegomenebSi~ kanti wers, _ `iqidan, rasac daveZebT, ukve amovalT, viTomc da igi mocemuli yofiliyos da im
pirobebTan mivalT, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT igi SesaZlebeli aris.~ e. i. wanamZRvrebis SerCeva xelis cecebiT ki ar
moxdeba, aramed winaswar daSvebuli codnis moTxovnebis mixedviT. am gzis upiratesoba imaSia rom orientirebi da kriteriumebi mkveTrad gamoikveTebian da moqmedebas iwyeben. e. i.
kanti winaswar uSvebs mecnierul codnas, xolo Semdeg misi
moTxovnebis mixedviT SeimuSavebs Sesatyvis wanamZRvrebs.
codnis winaswar daSvebam moiTxova meore princi pis _
Semecnebis sxvagvarad SeuZleblobis amoqmedeba. codnis
196
197
198
199
mTel germanul klasikur filosofiaSi (fixte, Selingi, hegeli). mxedvelobaSia SemecnebaSi Semoqmedebis momentis arsebobis aucilebloba; rom Semecneba mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu obieqtsa da subieqts Soris SemecnebiTi urTierToba maT Soris praqtikul-gardaqmniTi urTierTobis niadagze xorcieldeba.
adamiani Teoretikosad ar ibadeba. Teoretikosad mas
xdis Tavisi praqtikuli cxovreba. amitom adamiani (subieqti)
gare sinamdvilesTan, praqtikul-gardaqmniT urTierTobaSi
imyofeba. es urTierToba ormxrivia: erTis mxriv, Tavisi interesebis aRmsrulebeli adamiani saxes ucvlis, gardaqmnis,
gaaadamianurebs gare sinamdviles; meore mxriv, gare sinamdvilec ukuzegavlenas axdens adamianze, misi unarebis Camoyalibebaze. es iwvevs gare sinamdvilesa da adamians Soris urTierTobis, mizanSewonilobiT ganpirobebuli Sesatyvisobis
gamomuSavebas, Sesatyvisi grZnobadi unarebis Camoyalibebas
adamianSi. cxadia, musikalur yurs SeuZlia musikis Seqmna da
Sesruleba, magram adamianis musikaluri yuri ver Camoyalibdeba masze gare sinamdvilis bgeriTi zemoqmedebis gareSe.
Tvali da mxedveloba ver Camoyalibdeboda masze gare sinamdvilis sxivebis zemoqmedebis gareSe. amitom bgerebi hqmnian
yurs, sxivebi Tvals da a.S. adamianis xuTi grZnobis organos
Camoyalibeba msoflio istoriis nayofiao _ gveubneba k. maqsi.
magram gare sinamdvile adamianSi grZnobis organoebs
ayalibebs ara xelis cecebiT, SemTxveviTobiT, aramed mizanSewonilobiT da Sesatyvisobis princi piT. garemo sinamdvile
adamianSi ayalibebs grZnobis organoebs iseTebad, rom isini
ZiriTad sandod asaxaven sinamdviles. amitom is garemoeba,
rom adamianis grZnobis organoebi yalibdebian gare sinamdvilis zemoqmedebiT da mis Sesatyvisad, _ dialeqtikuri materializmisaTvis grZnobadi monacemebisadmi ndobis myar garantias warmoadgens. amitom igive momenti Semecnebis SesaZleblobis garantiadac cxaddeba. magram aseTi daskvnis mimarT
unda iTqvas, rom fsiqologiisa da fiziologiis Tanamedrove
200
201
monacemebis Tanaxmad, sinamdvileSi saqmis viTareba sul sxvagvaradaa. Tvali rom ferebSi gvaCvenebs sinamdviles, yuri
mas bgerebSi aRiqvams da a.S. _ es subieqturi xedvebia. obieqturad ki, sinamdvileSi arsebobs gamosxivebis sixSireebi, talRebis sigrZeebi da sxv. e.i. mgrZnobeloba ise ar gvaCvenebs
sinamdviles, rogoricaa igi TavisTavad. mecnierul Semecnebas ki _ swored obieqturi situaciis dadgena moeTxoveba.
viTarebis romeliRac etapze Semecnebis problemebis gadawyveta gamouval CixSi Sevidoda, iqidan gamosavali yovelTvis
subieqtis cnebis gagebaSi Zireuli cvlilebebis SetaniT
moiZebneboda. es procesi daiwyo sofistebisa da sokrates
dapirispirebidan da grZeldeba dRemde. rodesac kote baqraZem
kantis filosofias subieqtis filosofia uwoda, mas mxedvelobaSi hqonda kantis filosofiaSi subieqtis cnebis udidesi
mniSvneloba. Tumca aqve imis Tqmac SeiZleba, rom kantis
filosofia obieqtis filosofiac iyo. es Cans Tundac iqedan,
rom roca kanti Tavs kiTxavs _ `ra SemiZlia vicode?~ _ aq
aqcenti `ra~-ze keTdeba, anu Tu yovelgvari sagani ar SeiZleba iqces Semecnebis obieqtad, maS rogori unda iyos igi, rom
Semecnebis obieqtis statusi miiRos? zemoT ganxiluli
gnoseologiuri Teoriis Sedegebi maT mier moxmarebuli Semecnebis subieqtis cnebis TaviseburebiT iyo gansazRvruli.
`sufTa dafis~ princi pze gaazrebulma subieqtma gansazRvra
Semecnebis SesaZleblobis problemis materialur-empiristuli gadawyveta; subieqtis nativistur princi pze gaazrebam _
problemis racionalisturi gadawyveta; subieqtis subieqturma karCaketilobam da mTeli sinamdvilis mis mier `me~ da
`Cemi SegrZnebebi~-s kompleqsad warmodgenam, _ problemis berklisa da hiumiseuli gadawyveta; subieqtis, misi unarebis msoflio istoriis nayofad gaazrebam - dialeqtikur-materialisturi gadawyveta. rac Seexeba kants (da mTel germanul klasikur
filosofias), iq moxda SemecnebaSi subieqtisa da obieqtis
cnebebis yvelaze kritikuli gaazreba, ris Sedegadac radikalurad Semobrunda sakiTxisadmi midgoma. aqamde Tu miaCndaT, rom
Semecneba unda iqnes gamoyvanili subieqtisa da obieqtis
SesaZleblobebidan, kantma CaTvala, rom piriqiT, Semecnebis
moTxovnilebebidan unda iqnes gamoyvanil-Camoyalibebuli
subieqtisa da obieqtis SemecnebiTi unarebi. kantiswina
filosofiur nakadebSi xelis cecebis gziT miiRebdnen subieqtisa da obieqtis garkveuli gagebis cnebebs da mere maTgan
agebdnen iseT Semecnebis Teorias, ris SesaZleblobasac iZleoda dogmaturad miRebuli subieqtisa da obieqtis cnebebi.
202
203
absoluturobas, subieqtsa da obieqts Soris principul moTxovnad rCeba SemecnebaSi maTi TavisTavadobis sxvadasxva xarisxi.
savaldebulod iTvleba romelime mxare iyos TavisTavadi,
xolo meore mxare misadmi subordinaciul damokidebulebaSi.
es savaldebuloa imisTvis, rom Semecnebis procesSi maTma
sakuTarma kanonebma erTimeoris mimarT konfliqti ar Seqmnan.
204
205
yvela misi unarebis mTlianobas eyrdnoba. amitom orive safexurze orive qmediTi unaria CarTuli. grZnobadi Semecneba
gonebis CarTvis gareSe, rogorc kanti ityvis _ brmaa. xolo
goneba mgrZnobelobis gareSe, _ carieli. grZnobadi Semecneba,
gonebis gareSe SeuZlebelia, vinaidan Semecneba msjelobis
ganxorcielebas moiTxovs, ara aqvs mniSvneloba grZnobadia
igi Tu goniTi. msjeloba ki gonebis funqciaa. aq, ubralod,
saqme is aris, rom Semecnebis grZnobad safexurze iseTi
msjelobebi warmoebs, romlebic sagnis garegani mxaris gamomxatvelia. Tavis mxriv, abstraqtul-logikuri, anu goniTi
Semecneba moiTxovs grZnobad-empiriul masalas, magram am safexurze xorcieldeba iseTi msjelobebi, romlebic sagnis Sinagani, arsebiTi mxareebis amsaxvelia.
rogorc grZnobad Semecnebas, ise goniT Semecnebas
gaaCnia Semecnebis Tavisi formebi. grZnobebis Semecnebis
formebia, _ SegrZneba, aRqma, warmodgena. SegrZneba aris receptorze sagnis uSualo zemoqmedebis Sedegad misi romelime
erTi, garegani (zedapiruli) mxaris mier gamowveuli gancda.
vardis surnelebis gancda aris CvenSi vardis mier gamowveuli SegrZneba. vardis suns SevigrZnobT, magram mTlianad
vardis yvavils aRviqvamT. anu aRqma mgrZnobelobis mier
sagnis mTlianobaSi gancdaa, SegrZnebebis kompleqsia (mivaqcioT yuradReba, _ aRqma da ara aRTqma. es ukanaskneli religiuri terminia, romelic garkveuli pirobis micemas, dapirebas gulisxmobs. Zveli aRTqma, axali aRTqma). rogorc
SegrZnebis ise aRqmis Tavisebureba isaa, rom isini gulisxmoben subieqtis saganTan uSualo fizikur kontaqts. maTi
arsebobisa da moqmedebis dro aris axla (awmyo dro). warmodgena SegrZneba-aRqmis gadatanaa drois sxva nawilebSi _
momavalSi, an warsulSi mogonebebis, an warmosaxvis meSveobiT sagnebis xatebis Seqmnis gziT. goniTi Semecnebis formebia: cneba, msjeloba, dasabuTeba da daskvna (aqac ganvasxvavoT
erTimeorisagan cneba da mcneba. am SemTxvevaSic mcneba religiuri terminia. moses aTi mcneba da ara aTi cneba. aristoteles hqonda CamoTvlili aTi cneba, anu kategoria da ara
206
207
aTi mcneba. mcneba _ adamianisaTvis SemuSavebuli Taviseburi Segoneba, moqmedebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo normaa). mecnieruli codna aisaxeba cnebebSi, msjelobebSi da dasabuTeba-daskvnebSi. cneba sagnis Sinagani, arsebiTi, aucilebeli
da zogadi mxaris azrobrivi gamoxatulebaa. igi ganyenebulia sagnis yvela araarsebiTi, erTeuli da SemTxveviTi niSnebisagan da amitom abstraqtuli bunebisaa. msjeloba iseTi
winadadebaa, sadac cnebebs Soris logikuri, aucileblobiTi
kavSiris Sedegad, sagnis Sesaxeb raRacas vadasturebT an
uarvyofT. amitom yvela msjeloba winadadebaa, magram yoveli
winadadeba msjeloba araa. `vaSli wiTelia~, msjelobaa, magram `momeci vaSli!~ _ msjeloba araa. mecnieruli codnis
warmoeba ZiriTadad msjelobebSia, radgan mecnierebaSi mTavari _ raRacis mtkiceba an uaryofaa. formalurma logikam
msjelobebi oTx klasad dayo: Tvisebriobis, raodenobis, mimarTebisa da modalobis. TiToeul klasSi Sedis sam-sami
Semdegi saxeoba: Tvisebriobis mixedviT, _ dadebiTi, uaryofiTi da ganusazRvreli msjelobebi; raodenobis mixedviT, _
zogadi, kerZoobiTi da erTeuli msjelobebi; mimarTebis mixedviT, _ kategoriuli, pirobiTi da gayofiTi msjelobebi da
modalobis mixedviT, _ problematuri, asertoruli da apodiqturi msjelobebi. _ dasabuTeba aris sagnis Sesaxeb raRacis
mtkicebis, an uaryofis garkveuli faqtebiTa da argumentebiT
momarageba-uzrunvelyofa. daskvna aris dasabuTebis Sedegi,
romlis msvlelobis momentSi daskvnis saxiT gamomuSavdeba
msjelobis saxiT warmodgenili SedarebiT axali azri. mecnierebaSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli daskvnis formebia induqciuri, deduqciuri da reduqciuri daskvnebi. induqciuria
daskvna, rodesac gvarSi Semavali ramdenime sagnis monacemebze dayrdnobiT vaskvniT gvarSi Semavali yvela sagnis mimarT. e.i. is erTeulidan zogadis Sesaxeb daskvnaa. induqciuri daskvna danaskvSi Seicavs siaxles, magram TviTon daskvna albaTuri xasiaTisaa. deduqciuri daskvna zogadidan erTeulis gamoyvanaa. igi logikurad gamoricxavs albaTobas,
magram siaxlis elements ar Seicavs. reduqciuri daskvna
Sedegidan am Sedegis gamomwvevi wanamZRvrebisaken mimarTuli daskvnaa. reduqciuri daskvna SeiZleba iyos rogorc
induqciuri, ise deduqciuri xasiaTis.
208
209
14. WeSmaritebis sakiTxi. mecnieruli Zieba, saboloo jamSi, WeSmaritebis Ziebaa. es saqme ki imdenad rTuli
da Znelia, rom rogorRac igi Tivis did zvinSi Cavardnili
nemsis Ziebas gavs. WeSmaritebis Zieba da dadgena ki adamianisaTvis sacicocxlod aucilebeli RonisZiebaa. misi Ziebis
sirTule da siZnele gamowveulia TviTon WeSmaritebis bunebiT.
maS, ra aris WeSmariteba? martivi da trivialuri pasuxiT, _
WeSmariteba aris is rac araa mcdaroba. xolo mcdarobaa is,
rac araa WeSmariteba. e.i. cnebis doneze WeSmariteba da mcdaroba sapirispiro movlenebia. adamianis doneze (sul sxvaa
maTi RmerTis doneze gaazreba) isini erTianobaSi arian. amitom pirveli, rasac xazi unda gaesvas, isaa rom WeSmariteba (da
mcdarobac) azris niSania. amitom SeuZlebelia WeSmaritebis,
rogorc azris, mocema mgrZnobelobaSi. azrs ara aqvs feri,
suni, gemo, igi ar gveZleva bgerebis saSualebiT, an SexebaSi.
WeSmariteba azris niSania da amitom mxolod moiazreba. igi
sulieri movlenaa. religiaSi RmerTia WeSmariteba. amitom is
sulieri arsia, _ wminda sulia. WeSmariti, an mcdari SeiZleba
iyos Cveni azrebi sagnebis Sesaxeb da ara TviTon sagnebi.
Cveni azri vardis Sesaxeb aris WeSmariti, an mcdari da ara
TviTon vardi. `WeSmariti vardi~, pirdapiri gagebiT uazro
gamoTqmaa. igi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes mxolod gadataniTi
mniSvnelobiT. amas WeSmaritebis ontologiur gagebas uwodeben, rogorc magaliTad, gamoTqmebSi vxvdebiT `WeSmariti kaci~,
`WeSmariti siyvaruli~. arc kaci da arc siyvaruli, azri ki
ara, _ sinamdvilis realuri movlenebia da amitom isini ar
SeiZleba WeSmaritebad iqnes gamocxadebuli. es gamoTqmebi
SeiZleba gavigoT gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT rogorc _ kacuri kaci, namdvili siyvaruli. WeSmariteba gnoseologiuri
kategoriaa. amitom filosofiaSi msjeloba ZiriTadad exeba
lebeli niSnebia aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba, rac WeSmaritebis obieqturobas niSnavs. filosofiaSi bevri mkvlevari
saerTod uaryofda WeSmaritebis arsebobas misi Semecnebis
sirTulisa da siZnelis gamo. antikur berZnul samyaroSi
sofisturi moZraobis didi warmomadgeneli protagora WeSmaritebis arsebobas uaryofda im azriT, rom SeuZlebelia
yvelasaTvis savaldebulo azris arsebobis gamarTleba misi
gancxadebiT, adamiani aris saganTa sazomi. e.i. WeSmaritebis
ganmsazRvreli adamiania. yovel adamians Tavisi WeSmariteba
aqvs da amitom ar arsebobs yvelasaTvis savaldebulo, mkacrad
gansazRvruli erTi WeSmariteba. magaliTad, vardi, rogorc
garkveuli sagani, erTsa da imave dros da erTsa da imave
mimarTebaSi yvelasaTvis erTi da igive araa da mis Sesaxeb
yvelas Tavisi azri anu yvelas Tavisi WeSmariteba gaaCnia. es
WeSmaritebis erTaderTobis zRvris gadalaxvaa, misi simravled qcevaa. amiT mcdarobac WeSmaritebad cxaddeba, rac mcdarobas, rogorc aseTs, saerTod auqmebs. WeSmariteba arsebobs
imdenad, ramdenadac arsebobs mcdaroba. mcdarobis gauqmeba
WeSmaritebis gauqmebacaa. protagoras xelSi mcdarobis gauqmebiT faqtiurad WeSmariteba iqna gauqmebuli.
WeSmariteba yvelasaTvis aucileblobaa. anu yvelasaTvis
savaldebuloa. msoflio mizidulobis kanonis gamomTqmeli
azri WeSmaritia imitom, rom yvela maRla agdebuli kenWis,
Sesabamis pirobebSi, ukan dabruneba savaldebuloa. am azris
WeSmaritebas adamiani ki ar ganapirobebs, aramed saganTa obieqturi realoba. amaSia am azris aucilebloba. xolo is, rom
igi exeba yvela kenWs da ara mxolod erTs, an ramdenimes, es
misi sayovelTaoba anu zogadobaa. e.i. WeSmariteba iseTi azria
romelic aucilebeli xasiaTisaa da gvarSi Semaval yvela
saganze vrceldeba. WeSmaritebis aucileblobas da zogadobas
mis obieqturobas uwodeben. amitom xSirad WeSmaritebis Zalian
mokle gansazRvreba aseTia, _ WeSmariteba aris obieqturi
azri. amiT WeSmaritebis udides praqtikul mniSvnelobas esmeba xazi.
adamianebi sazogadoebis formiT Tanacxovrebas ewevi-
210
211
an. amisTvis maT WirdebaT momwesrigebeli da gamaerTianebeli Zala. aseT gaerTianebas SeuZlebels gaxdis is, rac yvelasaTvis saerTo araa. Tu WeSmariteba, sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT,
yvelas Tavisi aqvs, igi gamaerTianebel Zalad ver gamodgeba.
gamaerTianebel da momwesrigebel Zalas warmoadgens is Rirebulebebi, rac igiveobrivi, anu saerToa yvelasaTvis. WeSmariteba erT-erTi aseTi saerTo, udidesi Rirebulebaa, romelic
aerTianebs Taobebs, xalxebs, kacobriobas. amitom WeSmariteba
Tavisi aucileblobiTa da sayovelTaobiT (zogadobiT), anu
Tavisi obieqturobiT aris adamianebis gamaerTianebeli Zala.
ontologiurad obieqturoba subieqtis gareT da misgan damoukideblad arsebobas niSnavs. aqvs Tu ara WeSmaritebas aseTi obieqturoba? es kiTxva filosofiaSi davis sagnad
iqca. gaCnda azri WeSmaritebis aseTi obieqturobis arsebobis
Sesaxeb. umetesoba amas SeuZleblad miiCnevs im azriT, rom
WeSmariteba azris niSania. azri ki mxolod cnobierebaSi da
cnobierebis meSveobiT arseboba, maSinac ki, roca WeSmariti
azrebi TiTqos werilobiT teqstebSia Cadebuli da amiT obieqtivirebulia. saqme is aris, rom werilobiT teqstSi (Tumca
yvela sagani Cvens winaSe iSleba rogorc Taviseburi teqsti;
erTi udidesi teqstia mTlianad aRebuli buneba, romelic
adamianisagan amokiTxva-wakiTxvas moiTxovs) azrebi uSualod
SiSveli formiT ki araa Cadebuli, aramed isini iq rogorRac
`ganivTebulni~ arian. es xdeba simboloebis SeqmniT da maTi
meSveobiT, daSifvris gziT. azrebis daSifvra xdeba bgerebiT,
sityvebiT, cifrebiT, naxazebiT, cnebebiT, terminebiT, kategoriebiT da sxva simboloebiT. mecnierebaSi sxva saxis Sifria,
xelovnebaSi sxvanairi, yofiT cxovrebaSi sxvanairi da a.S.
magram igi mainc simboloebiT agebuli Sifria. Sifri simbolur niSanTa sistemaa. teqstSi Sifris saxiT garkveuli
simboloebia, rac raRacas niSnavs. teqstis wakiTxva am niSnebis mniSvnelobis codnazea damyarebuli. qarTuli asoebi, bgerebi
romelTa kompleqsi werilobiT qmnis sityva `deda~-s, garkveuli Sifria. igi rogorc niSani, _ teqtSia, xolo misi mniSvneloba teqstis `gaSifvris~ Sedegad cnobierebaSi Cndeba.
212
213
kantma. azrs, rogorc WeSmaritebis formis obieqturobas (aucileblobas, sayovelTaobas) asazrdovebs logikuri da
gnoseologiuri aucileblobebi. WeSmariteba esaa cnobierebis gareT da misgan damoukideblad arsebuli aucileblobis cnobierebis Sinagani aucileblobis saxiT
gaformeba. amitom WeSmaritebas ar SeuZlia arseboba
arc ontologiuri obieqturobisgan damoukideblad, arc
logikur-gnoseologiuri aucileblobis mqone subieqturobisgan damoukideblad. igi maTi mTlianobaa. WeSmaritebis dadgeniT xorcieldeba SemecnebiTi moRvaweobiT trancedenturisa da imanenturi sferoebis erTianoba. obieqturobisa da subieqturobis erTianoba.
WeSmaritebaSi ontologiurisa da gnoseologiuris mTlianoba dadgindeba.
erTimeorisagan ganasxvaveben WeSmaritebis absoluturobas da fardobiTobas. absolutur WeSmaritebad iTvleba
iseTi azri, an azris iseTi momenti, romelic absoluturad
dasrulebulia. mas Semdgomi dazusteba aRar sWirdeba. igi
upirobo WeSmaritebaa, anu WeSmaritebad yofnisaTvis raRac
gansakuTrebul pirobebs ar moiTxovs. igi yvela pirobiT
WeSmaritebaa. fardobiTad iTvleba iseTi WeSmariteba, romelic Semdgom dazustebas moiTxovs, igi cvalebadia da mxolod
garkveul pirobebSia SesaZlebeli. Tvalsazrisis, romelic
uaryofs absoluturi WeSmaritebis arsebobas da aRiarebs
mxolod WeSmaritebis fardobiTobas, relativizmi ewodeba.
wminda, absoluturi WeSmariteba mxolod RmerTs miewereba.
rac Seexeba adamianur WeSmaritebas, igi ganixileba absoluturi da fardobiTi WeSmaritebis mTlianobad; e.i. adamianuri
azri Seicavs rogorc iseT elementebs, romlebic dasrulebulad da srulyofilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, anu is Seicavs
absoluturi WeSmaritebis elementebsac da iseTsac, romelsac Semdegi dazusteba-srulyofa sWirdeba, anu rac fardobiTi xasiaTisaa. absoluturi da fardobiTi WeSmaritebis erTianobas WeSmaritebis konkretuloba ewodeba. amitom WeSmariteba, romelsac adamiani flobs, yovelTvis konkretuli xas-
iaTisaa. agreTve erTimeorisagan arCeven faqtobriv WeSmaritebas da logikur WeSmaritebas. faqtobriv WeSmaritebaSi azris
faqtTan Sesatyvisobaa dafiqsirebuli. logikur WeSmaritebaSi naCvenebia cnebebs Soris logikuri Sesatyvisoba.
214
215
15. WeSmaritebis kriteriumi. arc Semecneba CaiTvleba bolomde dasrulebulad da arc miRebuli azri WeSmaritebad, sanam misi raime sazomiT Semowmeba SeuZlebeli
iqneba. WeSmaritebis aseT sazoms WeSmaritebis kriteriumi
ewodeba. mTeli filosofiis istoriis manZilze kriteriumis
problema udidesi siZnelis winaSe ayenebda filosofiurgnoseologiur azrovnebas. kriteriumTan dakavSirebiT `wvaleba~ daiwyo ukve antikur filosofiaSi da dResac jer kidev
sadao sakiTxad rCeba kriteriumis problemis gadawyvetisas
azrovneba e.w. `mesame adamianis~ siZnelis winaSe aRmoCnda.
WeSmaritebaSi subieqtisa da obieqtis erTianoba unda iqnes
miRweuli. magram rodesac maT Soris igiveobrivi momenti ar
arsebobs, maT damakavSireblad raRac mesame, Sualeduri rgoli unda iyos Semoyvanili, rac igiveobrivi gaxdeba orive
mxarisaTvis. aRniSnuli `mesamis~ TiToeul mxaresTan dasakavSireblad axali `mesameebia~ saWiro da ase usasrulod. amas
problemebis gadawyveta CixSi Seyavs. isic cxadi Seiqmna, rom
kriteriumi ar unda iyos arc subieqti da arc obieqti, _ es
imas daemsgavseboda sasamarTlo procesze msajulad romelime mokamaTe mxare rom daeniSnaT. imTaviTve daiwyo xangrZlivi Ziebebi kriteriumTan dakavSirebiT. erTni WeSmaritebis
kriteriumad adamians gamoacxadeben _ saganTa sazomi adamianiao; meoreni, _ WeSmariti azris sicxades. Tu azri imdenad
cxadia, rom masSi eWvis Setana SeuZlebelia, _ maSin igi WeSmaritia; mesameni, _ logikurobas. Tu azri logikurad gamomdinareobs aqamde mopovebuli azrebidan _ igi WeSmaritia; meoTxeni, _ sargeblianobas, Tu azri saqmeSi momgebianad amuSavda, _
is WeSmaritia; mexuTeni, xmaTa umravlesobiT, _ azrs, romelsac
umravlesoba endoba-WeSmaritia; meeqvseni _ koherentobas, Tu
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
ucvlelobas. dRemde arsebuli mecnierebis istoria imis maCvenebelia, rom adamianis mecnierul Semecnebas saganSi, pirvel
rigSi, swored es mxare ainteresebda. adamiani sagnis warmavlobaSi mis waruvalobas, mis mdgradobas, _ igiveobrivs eZebda; sagnis arseba, rac mecnieruli Ziebis obieqtia, swored
sagnis am mxareSi eguleboda. es mxarea sagnis zogadobis,
aucileblobis matarebeli. erTi sityviT, bergsons imis Tqma
unda, rom aqamde mecnierebis istoria swored sagnis am mxriv
Semecnebis istoriaa. igi upirispirdeba aseT tradicias. mas
miaCnia rom am gziT sinamdvilis Sesaxeb WeSmaritebis wvdoma
SeuZlebelia. saqme is aris, rom bergsonis azriT, sagnebis
arseba ara maT zogadobaSi, aramed maT individualobaSia.
sagnis Seswavla misi individualobis Seswavlaa. sagnis Sesaxeb
dadgenil WeSmaritebaSi swored misi individualoba unda
iyos dafiqsirebuli. zogadoba konkretuli sagnis arseba ki
ar aris, aramed im gvaris arsebaa, romlis wevric mocemuli
sagania. amitom is, rac mdgradia, ucvlelia, zogadia _ gvaris
gamoxatulebaa da ara individisa. amasTanave, yuradsaRebia is
garemoeba, rom bergsoni sicocxlis filosofiis warmomadgenelia da misi interesis obieqtia individis sicocxle,
raSic Semdeg mas daesesxeba eqsistencialisturi filosofia.
sagnis uZravi, mdgradi mxaris Semecneba warimarTeba mecnierul diskursiuli SemecnebiT. aq adgili aqvs analizis process, ris Sedegadac sagani daiyvaneba azriseul Stampze. es
miRebuli mecnieruli cnebaa. bergsonis mier cnebebi Taviseburi statikuri Stampebia, romlebSic sagnebi aisaxebian Tavis
uZraobaSi, gaqvavebulobaSi da amitom ar SeuZliaT sagnis
namdvili arsi gadmoscen. ar SeiZleba maTSi miRweuli iyos
WeSmariteba. am cnebebis meSveobiT mecniereba moZravSi uZravs,
cvalebadSi ucvlels xedavs. yovelive es SeiZleba SevadaroT fotoaparatiT gadaRebul aboboqrebuli zRvis talRebis,
an qarian amindSi aSlili Rrublebis suraTs, sadac dafiqsirebulia am stiqiebis statikuri mdgomareoba. magram am
movlenebis arseba maT moZraobaSia, risi suraTSi dafiqsirebac ver xerxdeba. mecnieruli cnebebi sinamdvilis aseT azro-
224
225
18. mecnieruli Semecnebis ZiriTadi meTodebi. adamianis mier nebismieri saqmis ganxorcieleba misi Sesrulebis garkveul meTodebs moiTxovs. meTodis mTavar daniSnulebad yovelTvis iTvleba dasaxuli miznis meti efeqturobiT miRweva. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis Semecnebis procesSi.
mecnieruli Semecneba sagnis siRrmiseul arsebaSi wvdomas
saWiroebs, sagnebs ki aqvT tendencia misi arsebis SeniRbvis,
dafarvis. amitom garkveuli meTodi, xerxia saWiro, riTac
adamiani aiZulebs sagans, Caaxedos Tavisi arsebis siRrmeSi.
amasTanave, SemecnebiTi procesi ver iqneba mouwesrigebeli,
qaosuri movlena. igi gegmazomier moqmedebas moiTxovs. Semecnebis meTodebi am mxrivac princi pul rols asrulebs. Semec-
eqsperimenti. xSirad erTmaneTTan aigiveben eqsperimentsa da cdas. filosofiaSi cda igivea, rasac gamocdilebas
uwodeben. masSi igulisxmeba sagnis mgrZnobelobaze zemoqmedeba da garkveuli aRqmis gamowveva. aseT dros ityvian, _
sagani cdaSi, gamocdilebaSi mogveca. eqsperimenti, gansakuTrebiT
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, kvlevis yvelaze mniSvnelovani meTodia. mecnierebas, sadac eqsperimenti kvlevis wamyvani
meTodia, eqsperimentul mecnierebas uwodeben, mag. eqsperimentuli fsiqologia. xSirad uSualo dakvirvebaSi ar mJRavndeba sagnisa da movlenebis arsebiTi mxare. amasTanave, dakvirvebaSi adgili aqvs sagnis bunebriv arsebobaSi Caurevlad, rogorRac `Soridan~ dakvirvebas. eqsperimentis meTodi iTvaliswinebs
sagnis bunebriv arsebobaSi gamiznul, aqtiur Carevas im mizniT
ki ara, rom mis Sinagan arsebaSi raime cvlileba Seitanos,
aramed imisaTvis, rom sagani Caayenos iseT eqstremalur situaciaSi, rodesac mkvlevari rogorme aiZulebs mas, Tavisi Sinagani bunebis kari gauRos da mis arsebaSi Caaxedos. amitom
mkvlevari xelovnurad qmnis iseT situacias, romlis pirobebSic ukeT vlindeba sagnis arsobrivi buneba. esaa eqsperimentis, rogorc kvlevis meTodis Tavisebureba. eqsperimentis calke
saxeobaa e.w. azrobrivi eqsperimetri. aq yvelaferi azrovnebis sferoSi keTdeba, azrebis logikuri kavSirebis meSveobiT.
igi warmoadgens sakvlevi procesis Teoriul modelirebas,
romelic teqnikuri saSualebebiT ki ar warmoebs, aramed ganiWvriteba mxolod azovnebiTi saSualebebiT.
modeli da modelireba. zogierT obieqtze did xarjebTan da riskTan dakavSirebiT uSualod eqsperimentis Catareba ar xerxdeba. amitom qmnian sakvlevi obieqtis msgavs xelovnur analogs, romelSic realizebulia sakvlevi obieqtis
ara yvela niSan-Tviseba, aramed mxolod is maxasiaTeblebi,
romlebze dakvirvebac sakvlevi obieqtis Seswavlis saSualebas iZleva. aseTi xelovnuri analogi warmoadgens sakvlevi
obieqtis models. modelis Seqmna da masze eqsperimentis Catareba _ modelirebaa.
hi poTezurobis meTodi. hi poTeza winaswar varaudze
226
227
agebuli iseTi mosazrebaa, romelic arc bolomde dasabuTebulad CaiTvleba da arc iseTad, romlis arsebobasac araviTari
safuZveli ara aqvs. xSirad, mecnierebaSi monacemebis garkveuli baza, misi arasakmarisobis gamo, problemis calsaxa gadawyvetis saSualebas ar iZleva. amitom `samuSao~ ideis saxiT,
varaudze dayrdnobiT, wamoayeneben problemis gadawyvetis
garkveul variants da cdiloben mis mecnierul dasabuTebas.
sanam igi bolomde dasabuTdeba, an sruliad ukuigdeba _
hi poTezad iTvleba. Tu igi dasabuTdeba, amiT wamoyenebuli
hi poTeza mecnierul Tvalsazrisad gaformdeba. xolo Tu is
mecnieruli mtkicebulebiT uariyofa, maSin igi saerTod moixsneba. hi poTezis nakli is aris, rom igi mecnierul azrovnebaSi rogorRac, xeliT cecebis moqmedebis meTods gulisxmobs,
romelic sakvlevi problemis sirTulis gamo, ver flobs
kvlevis warmarTvis gegmazomier, swored im mimarTulebas, rac
agvacilebda hipoTezurobas da uSualod problemis gadawyvetis mecnierul daskvnamde migviyvanda. hi poTezis mecnierul
mtkicebulebad dadgenis procesi atarebs rTul, xangrZliv
da mravalsafexurovan xasiaTs.
istoriuli da logikuri meTodebi. moZraobis
procesSi myofi sagnis arsebobaSi SeiniSneba orgvari cvlileba. erTis dakvirveba-Seswavla qmnis sagnis Seswavlis
istoriul, xolo meore _ logikur meTods. istoriuli meTodi sagans ganixilavs misi moZraobis detalebSi, yvela cvlilebis zusti dafiqsirebiT, yvela zigzagiT, moZraobis ZiriTadi xazidan yvela gadaxveviT, ukan daxevebiT da regresebiT. SemTxveviTobebi istoriuli meTodis aucilebeli detalebia. logikur meTods ainteresebs sagnis ganviTarebis
mxolod ZiriTadi xazis dadgena. igi sagangebodac cdilobs
ganviTarebis procesSi Camoicilos SemTxveviTobani, ramdenadac moZraobis procesSi, sagnis Sinagani bunebiT ganpirobebuli aucileblobebiT, winsvliTi saerTo xazis dadgena ainteresebs. misTvis zedmetia SemTxveviTi gadaxvevebi, Cavardnebi, mTavaria ganviTarebis momentebs Soris dafiqsirebuli
iqnes aucileblobiTi kavSirebi. qarTveli eris arsebobaSi,
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
aqvs adamians. cnobierebis mier adamianisaTvis misi gardauvali mokvdavobis gamJRavnebas da mis tragikul gancdas mosdevs adamianis brZola sikvdilis winaaRmdeg. iwyeba adamianis mudmivi Zieba, rogor daaRwios Tavi aseT gardauvalobas,
rogor daZlios mis win gamanadgurebel Zalad aRmarTuli
sikvdili. aseT ZiebaSi adamians maSvelad isev cnobiereba
moevlineba. cnobierebas adamiani sulierad gayavs im realobidan, sadac sikvdili daTareSobs da Seyavs iq, sadac sikvdilisaTvis adgili saerTod araa. esaa dakarguli samoTxe. anu
is, sidanac bibliurad modis adamiani. iqiTken mimavali gza
cnobierebiT gakvaluli religiis gzaa. cnobierebam Seqmna
religia sikvdilis damangreveli Zalis aRsakveTad. e.i. erTis mxriv, cnobierebis `xelSi~ adamiani mudam tragikuli
arsebaa, meore mxriv, adamianis sasoeba da nugeSi mudam cnobierebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. adamianis cnobierebaa saTave sxvadasxva ekologiuri problemis. Tu ar CavTvliT bunebriv katastrofebs, yvela sxva eniT aRuwereli ubedurebis
saTavec isev adamianis cnobierebaa. maTi mogvarebisa da gadawyvetis imedi isev cnobierebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. anu
adamiani Tavis Tavs problemebs TviTon uqmnis Tavisi cnobierebiT da isev cnobierebiT cdilobs maT gadawyvetas. aseTi winaaRmdegobrivi fenomenia adamianisaTvis cnobiereba.
mas SeuZlia adamiani swori nabijebiTac ataros, magram Tavisi arasrulyofilebis gamo, mas isic SeuZlia, rom adamians
aTasgvari mcdari nabijebic gadaadgmevinos.
idealuri idea, sicocxle, cxovreba da sxva). mocemul SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli cnebebidan unda gamovyoT sulis gonis da
cnobierebis cnebebi, vinaidan arsebiTad isini ganixilebian
sulieri sferos sxva cnebebis Tavisebur amosaval safuZvlad.
sulis raobis gaazrebis istorias gadavyavarT pirvelyofili adamianis epoqaSi, roca adamiani, savaraudod, sakuTar Tavs aRiqvamda daunawevrebeli mTelis saxiT. mas jer
kidev ara aqvs gaCenili azri misi sulisa da sxeulis nawilebiT Sedgenilobis Sesaxeb. ganviTarebis Semdgom etapze
igi ukve acnobierebs masSi sxeulisa da sulis nawilebis
arsebobas, magram jer kidev am nawilebs Soris sxvaoba sakmaod araarsebiTia. sulic, sxeulis msgavsad, materialur-sxeulebriv movlenad moiazreba. maT Soris gansxvaveba mxolod
isaa, rom suli gacilebiT ufro faqizi, msubuqi da moZravi
sxeulebrivi nawilakebisagan Sedgeba, vidre sxeuli. atomistur filosofiaSi sulis saSeni nawilakebi umcires burTulebzea dayvanili. gaTvaliswinebulia, jer erTi is, rom burTis
forma yvelaze srulyofil geometriul figurad iTvleba,
meore _ is, rom burTula sxva sxeuls mxolod erTi wertiliT exeba, raSic mis simsubuqes xedaven. sulis gaazrebis Semdegi etapia, roca xdeba misi sxeulisagan ukve arsebiTi gansxvavebis aRniSvna. suli iwmindeba materialur-sxeulebrivisagan da arasxeulebriv movlenad cxaddeba. igi adamianis Sinagani, idealuri samyaroa, romelsac sruliad gansxvavebuli
niSan-Tvisebebi (unari, niWi, xasiaTi, grZnoba, gancda, fiqrebi,
midrekilebebi da sxva) aqvs, vidre sxeuls. Tumca, jer kidev
miCneulia, rom suli sxeulSia. suls ar SeuZlia sxeulisagan
mocilebiT arseboba, xolo cocxali sxeuli sulis gareSe
kvdeba. amiT suli dakavSirebul iqna sicocxlesTan. sicocxle haeriT sunTqvas moiTxovs. amitom Zvel berZnul filosofiaSi sulis aRmniSvnel terminad gaCnda termini `pnevma~,
rac niSnavs Sebervas, haeriT sunTqvas. termini sulieri, _
sulis mqones niSnavs, amasTanave, igi sicocxlis niSnis flobaa, _ sulieri, anu cocxali arseba, suldgmuli. imazec ki
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
aRebia erTi filosofiuri mimarTulebisaTvis, magram miuRebelia meore mimarTulebisaTvis. magaliTad, gonis sruli
damoukidebloba materialuri sinamdvilisagan misaRebia idealizmisaTvis, magram miuRebelia materializmisaTvis. Tumca
aris iseTi niSnebi, romelsac gons miawers rogorc saerTod
filosofia, aseve qristianuli Teologia. aseTebia: gonis
Sinaganoba, Tavisufleba, sazrisi, SemoqmedebiTi aqtiuroba,
mTlianoba, Rirebuleba, misTvis kauzalobis princi pis
miusadagoba, utilitarulobis miusadagoba, adamianis obieqturobis wyaro. goni aris sulis umaRlesi done. aris iseTi
niSnebic, romelTac qristianuli Teologia (religia) damatebiT gons miawers. esenia: siyvaruli, umaRles RvTaebriv
sinamdvilesTan mimarTeba da masTan SeerTeba, gonis meSveobiT adamiani aris RmerTis xateba da msgavseba, gonis meSveobiT adamiani yvelafers iRebs RmerTisagan da yvelafers awvdis RmerTs. e.i. goni rogorc RmerTTan kavSiris saSualeba,
goni rogorc RmerTisagan emanacia, gonis RvTaebriv-adamianuroba goni aris RvTaebrivi elementi adamianSi. filonis
azriT, adamianSi adamianis gonia RvTaebrivi da ara TviTon
adamiani. filosofias suli esmoda, ZiriTadad, rogorc goneba. religias ki goni esmis rogorc zebunebrivi sasicocxlo
Zala.
adamianTan dakavSirebiT, mudam aqtualuria adamianSi
subieqturobis da obieqturobis sakiTxi, adamianis Tavisuflebis, zneobriobis, mSvenierebis, obieqturi Rirebulebebis
sakiTxebi. saerTod, aseTi sakiTxebi ismeba gonieri arsebis
mimarT. cxovelebis mimarT, romlebic ganixileba gonis armqone arsebebad, aseT kiTxvebs ar svamen. e.i. CamoTvlili Rirebulebebis safuZveli gonia. amitom goni iTvleba adamianis
cxovrebis Semoqmed da ZiriTad warmmarTvel Zalad.
244
245
246
247
esaa obieqturi Rirebulebebis dadgenis funqcia. esaa WeSmariteba, saTnoeba, mSveniereba, samarTlianoba, sarwmunoeba. amitom obieqturi cnobiereba safuZvelia mecnierebis, zneobis,
esTetikuri Semoqmedebis, samarTlis religiis da sxva. cnobiereba rogorc `me~, samyarosTan rogorc `arame~-sTan pirispir dgomaSi mudam aqtiuri Zala da mxarea. amaze gansakuTrebiT
gamaxvilebuli iqna yuradReba germanul klasikur filosofiaSi. cnobierebis aqtiuroba upirispirdeba meqanicizms. es
ukanaskneli cnobierebas meqanikuri sarkis funqcias akisrebs.
es rom ase iyos, maSin saerTod aRar daismeboda kiTxva
sinamdvilis cnobierebiseuli idealuri saxe Seesatyviseba
Tu ara TavisTavadi sinamdvilis realur saxes. cnobiereba
adamianis cnobierebaa. amitom sinamdvilis cnobierebiseuli
xedva yovelTvis misi adamianurobiT aris Seferili.
cnobiereba yovelTvis gulisxmobs TviTcnobierebas.
adamianis cnobierebam ori etapi gamoiara. pirvelia misi joguri
wesiT arseboba, meore _ individis pirovnebad formirebis
etapi. jogur cxovrebaSi gabatonebulia joguri cnobiereba.
individi Tavis Tavs ar gamoyofs jogisagan. jogi misi saxlia,
misi samyaroa, misi arsebobis pirobaa. am etapze misi individualuri cnobiereba CaZirulia uCinarobaSi, raTa jogis interesebi metad iyos wina planze wamoweuli. joguri cnobiereba, princi pSi, arc CaiTvleba namdvil adamianur cnobierebad, radgan masSi individi, pirovneba, saerTod ar arsebobs. pirovneba iwyeba maSin, roca misi cnobiereba iwyebs
Semobrunebas sakuTari Tavisadmi, axdens sakuTar Tavze refleqsias da axdens sakuTar me-s gacnobierebas. esaa adamianSi
TviTgacnobierebis gaCenis momenti. adamianis cxovreba Tu,
erTis mxriv, adamianisagan moiTxovs mis gareT arsebuli realuri sinamdvilis codnas, aranakleb, SeiZleba ufro metadac,
igi misgan moiTxovs sakuTari Tavis codnas. anu saWiroa
rogorc imis codna, Tu ra aris, ra xdeba mis gareT, amasTan
erTad saWiroa imis codnac, Tu ra aris TviTon masSi, ra unda,
ra SeuZlia da risi imedi SeiZleba hqondes. delfosis taZris
frontonis warwera `Seican Tavi Seni!~ amis mowodebaa. cno-
bierebis ZiriTadi funqcia Tu arame-zea mi pyrobili, TviTcnobierebis veqtori me-skenaa mimarTuli. es ar niSnavs adamianSi ori cnobierebis arsebobas. cnobiereba erTiani mTliania, ganuyofel-daunawevrebelia. TviTcnobiereba sxva cnobiereba
ki araa, is igive cnobierebaa, oRond sxva obieqtisken mimarTuli. adamians, mis cnobierebas yvelgan da yovelTvis me-sa da
arame-s mTlianobis gaazreba sWirdeba. amitom razec unda
iyos mi pyrobili cnobierebis mzera, mas mudam Tan sdevs me,
Tan sdevs fiqrebi amas me vfiqrob, me vakeTeb, amiT me vamayob,
me mrcxvenia, me visargebleb, me davzaraldebi da sxva. TviTcnobierebis gareSe cnobiereba kargavs azrs. TviTcnobiereba
aris adamianis TviTkontrolis, TviTkritikis, TviTSemecnebis,
TviTpativiscemis, TviTpasuxismgeblobis safuZveli. adamianis
pirovnuli sulieri siZliere misi TviTcnobierebis siZlierea.
Tumca xSirad TviTcnobiereba pirovnebis borotebis siZlieres
ganapirobebs, vinaidan igi gadasulia egoizmSi, roca ZiriTadad sakuTar Tavs xedavs. mis iqiT iwyeba ganurCevloba.
roca mavans Seaxseneben pirovnuli Rirsebis sakiTxs da amas
imperatiuli JReradoba aqvs, es mavanis TviTcnobierebaze
Taviseburi mkveTri Sexeba da misi gamoRviZeba-amoqmedebis
mcdelobaa.
arCeven cnobierebis saxeebs: individualuri cnobiereba da sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba. individualuri cnobiereba
pirovnebis cnobierebaa. pirovnebis pirovnuloba, misi sikeTe
Tu ukeTuroba, misi pirovnuli cnobierebidan modis. pirovnebis
Tavgadasavali umeteswilad misi pirovnuli cnobierebiTaa
ganpirobebuli. pirovnuli cnobierebis siZliere saerTod
pirovnebis siZlierea. Tu ginda Zlieri iyo, pirvel rigSi
izrune Seni cnobierebis gaZlierebaze! sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba mTeli sazogadoebis, eris (erovnuli cnobiereba) cnobierebaa. sazogadoebis, eris siZlierec misi cnobierebis kargad `momarTvaze~ da siZlierezea damokidebuli. Cndeba bunebrivi kiTxva: ra aris sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis materialuri
substrati da ra damokidebulebaSia igi individualur cnobierebebTan. xom ar SeiZleba veZioT mTeli sazogadoebis
248
249
250
251
https://www.facebook.com/groups/ELLIB/
ganzomilebebiT izomebian mxolod sxeulebriv-materialuri
movlenebi. maRaziaSi Sesuli momxmareblis mxridan gamyidvelis mimarT normalur mimarTvad CaiTvleba Tu igi mas etyvis
amiwoneT erTi kilogrami Zexvi! CamomisxiT xuTi litri
Rvino, momiWeriT sami metri qsovili da a.S. magram am ganzomilebebiT SeuZlebelia gaizomos sulier-idealuri, anu cnobierebiseuli movlenebi. maT ara aqvT wona, sigrZe-siganesimaRle, temperatura, feri, suni da a.S. sulier-idealuri movlenebi SeuZlebelia maRaziaSi uSualod wminda saxiT iyidebodes. wignis maRaziaSi an gamofenebze SegiZliaT iyidoT
wignebi, ferweruli tiloebi, operis partiturebi, an Canawerebi, magram es sulieri movlenebis gaSualebuli formiT SeZenaa.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, normalurad ar CaiTvleba, Tu maRaziaSi
momxmarebeli gamyidvels etyvis amiwoneT erTi kilogrami
idea, momiWeriT sami metri azrebi, CamomisxiT xuTi litri
ocnebebi. aranormaluroba aq imaSia, rom sulier-idealuri
movlenebi am ganzomilebaSi ar Tavsdebian. es maTi ganzomilebebi ar aris. magram es imas ar niSnavs, TiTqos sulieridealuri movlenebi raime, mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebel
specifikur ganzomilebebSi ar Tavsdebodnen. es ganzomilebebia: WeSmariteba-mcdaroba; sikeTe da boroteba; mSveniereba da
simaxinje; samarTlianoba da usamarTloba; kargi da cudi da
sxva. yvela eseni _ sulier-idealuri sagnebisa da movlenebis
adamianuri SefasebiTi ganzomilebebia.
aRniSnuli ganzomilebebis wyviladi formiT warmodgena maTi garkveuli wesiT dajgufebis SesaZleblobas iZleva,
rac formalurad cnobierebis sami ti pis arsebobas gansazRvravs. zemoT msjeloba iyo arsebobis sxvadasxva formebze. iTqva, rom is, ris Sesaxebac msjeloba warmoebs, ukve am
msjelobiT arsebobas iwyebs. arsebobs msjelobaSi. am momentis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia gamovyoT sami ti pis cnobierebis arseboba. esenia: RvTaebrivi cnobiereba, satanuri
cnobiereba da adamianuri cnobiereba. RvTaebrivi cnobierebis sulier-idealuri movlenebis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini ganisazRvrebian aRniSnuli wyviladi kate-
252
253
cnobierebis mowesrigeba. amitom sWirdeba misi garkveul normebSi Casma. adamianuri cnobierebis mimarT, aseT funqcias RvTaebrivi da satanuri cnobierebebi tvirTuloben. isini gzis
Cvenebaa adamianisaTvis, _ saiT unda iyos mimarTuli, risken
unda iltvodes da ras unda eridos. adamianis cnobiereba
aseT or ukiduresobas Soris Tavsdeba. amas niSnavs gamoTqma
_ adamianSi RmerTic SeiZleba iyos Cabudebuli da satanac.
misTvis idealia RvTaebrivi cnobiereba, xolo antiideali _
satanuri cnobiereba. adamianuri cnobierebis sulieri movlenebi erTdroulad WeSmaritebacaa da mcdarobac; saTnoebac da borotebac, mSvenierebacaa da simaxinjec, samarTlianobacaa da usamarTlobac, kargicaa da cudic. konkretuli adamianebi erTimeorisagan gansxvavdebian am wyviladi ganzomilebebis mxolod proporciebiT. erTis suliereba ufro metada
WeSmaritia meorisaze ufro metad mcdaria, magram ar arsebobs
adamiani, adamianuri cnobiereba, erTi da imave movlenis mimarT raRac donis WeSmaritebas rom ar flobdes da amave dros
raRac doneze ar cdebodes. amaSi gamoixateba adamianuri cnobierebis fardobiToba, rac safuZvelia adamianuri WeSmaritebis, saTnoebis, mSvenierebis, samarTlianobis da sikargis fardobiTobis.
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
adamianis winaSe yovelTvis idga sulierebis problema. igi Tavisi cxovrebis ganxorcielebas sulierebisaken mi-
262
263
sayrdeni, dayrdnoba sxva ramaa da sxva aris gansazRvra, determinacia. sayrdeni niSnavs arsebobisa da moqmedebisaTvis pirobebis Seqmnas. sayrdenis arsebobis gareSe verc masze dayrdnoba
iqneba SesaZlebeli. amitom sayrdeni, masze dayrdnobilis
arsebobis ganmsazRvrelia. esaa swored arsebobis TvalsazrisiT
gansazRvra. magram, gansazRvreba marto arsebobis gansazRvras
ar niSnavs. mizez-Sedegobrivi procesi yvelgan, sadac igi
moqmedebs, mudam ganmsazRvreli Zalaa da aseT gansazRvrebas
mravalnairi forma da saxe gaaCnia. adamianis cxovrebis mimarT ganmsazRvrelma Zalam unda gansazRvros saiT wava, ra
mimarTulebas miiRebs adamianis cxovreba, ras emorCileba misi
marTva. adamiani sulieri arsebaa. arsebiTad sulieri movlenaa misi cxovrebac. da Tu sulis, sulieri cxovrebis ganmsazRvrelad materialur mxares davuSvebT, amiT suli, kargavs
Tavis Sinagan, sakuTar gansazRvrulobas, kargavs `TviTonobas~
da iwyeba sxeulis batonoba sulze. TviTmizezobriobis princi pi aqac unda iqnes SenarCunebuli. sulieri cxovreba
kavSirSia materialur mxaresTan, magram TviTmizezobriobis
principidan gamomdinare, Tu sulier cxovrebas ara aqvs TviTgansazRvris unari, _ igi fiqciad iqceva. am azriT, sulieri,
cxovreba, pirvel rigSi, TviTgansazRvrebadi movlenaa.
cxovrebis materialur da sulier mxareebs Soris urTierTobis mimarT ismis Semdegi, ufro princi puli kiTxva
maT urTierTobaSi romelia mizani da romeli saSualeba?
suli unda emsaxurebodes da eqvemdebarebodes sxeuls (materialur mxares), Tu piriqiT, sxeuli unda emsaxurebodes suls.
am kiTxvis utrirebuli forma aseTia goneba unda emsaxurebodes kuWs, Tu kuWi gonebas? imitom Wams adamiani, rom icxovros, Tu imitom cxovrobs adamiani, rom Wamos? anu materialuri cxovrebaa mizani da sulieri cxovreba _ saSualeba,
Tu piriqiT?
suliereba niSnavs cxovrebis miznad sulieri cxovrebis dasaxvas, xolo materialuri cxovreba, _ aRniSnuli miznis miRwevis _ saSualebad gaformebas. aq axali problema
iCens Tavs. rogorc aRiniSna, suliereba mTliani cxovrebis
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
weli savse iyo grZnobad-emociuri gancdebiT. eldar Sengelaias filmis _ `TeTri qaravani~ mTavari personaJi amboxebulia imis gamo, rom rogorc TviTon acxadebs, gzebi da bilikebi, mwyemsobaSi rom gauvlia, erTimeores rom gadaebas, iqneb
dedamiwasac Semoswvdes, magram personaJi svams kiTxvas _ `ra
vnaxe?!~ es emocia-gancdebis gareSe ganvlili, uferuli gzebisa da wlebis winaaRmdeg amboxia. aqedan gamomdinare, sazrunavi
mxolod is ki ar aris, wlebis raodenobiT adamianma didxans
icocxlos (amaze gerontologebi muSaoben), aramed ufro metad
is, rom misi cxovrebis yoveli monakveTi savse iyos adamianisaTvis iseTi emociebiT, romlebic mas sixarulsa da bednierebas moutans.
cnobiereba-azrovnebis da grZnoba-emociebis urTierTobam axali drois evropul kulturaSi garkveulad dapirispirebuli saxe miiRo. ganmanaTleblobis racionalizmi ZiriTadad orientirebuli iyo adamianis gonebis (cnobierebis
da azrovnebis) aqtivobaze da mis warmmarTvel Zalad dasaxvaze. aseT orientaciaze Tavisebur reaqcias warmoadgens misi
opoziciuri ideuri moZraoba _ romantizmis saxelwodebiT,
romelic Seecada moexdina adamianis grZnobad-emociuri cxovrebis Taviseburi reabilitacia. amis fonze sayuradReboa
erTi movlena. civilizebuli samyarosaTvis saqveynod cnobilia i. kantis (igi ganmanaTleblobis warmomadgenlad iTvleba) pedantizmi. misi cxovrebis stili, saqmianobis yoveldRiuri grafiki mTlianad damorCilebuli iyo mis inteleqtualur moRvaweobas. kantis gardacvalebis Semdeg, roca aqtiurad daiwyes misi biografiis wera, romantizmis warmomadgenelma hainrix hainem eWvic ki gamoTqva imis Taobaze kants
hqonda ki biografiao?! haine gulisxmobda im garemoebas, rom
misi azriT, kants grZnobad-emociuri cxovrebiT TiTqmis ar
ucxovria. magram haines aseTi eWvis gafantva iolia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom kantis titanuri inteleqtualuri Sroma
SeuZlebeli iqneboda, es Sroma misTvis grZnobad-emociuri
sazrdos Zlieri wyaro rom ar yofiliyo.
cxovrebis individualuroba imaSia, rom Tu erTi adami-
272
273
aRqmebis Sinaarsi maTi gamomwvevi sagnebia. esaa mgrZnobelobis garegani forma, rasac Tavisi specialuri grZnobis organoebi gaaCnia. adamianisaTvis garegan mgrZnobelobas didi
princi puli mniSvneloba ar eqneboda, igi rom ar gadadiodes
mgrZnobelobis meore, ufro maRal formaSi. mas Sinagani mgrZnobeloba ewodeba. Sinagan mgrZnobelobas ara aqvs sxvadasxva
grZnobebisTvis specialuri organoebi. garegan mgrZnobelobaSi Tu fers sxva organoTi (TvaliT) aRviqvamT, xolo bgeras
sxviT (yuriT), Sinagan mgrZnobelobaSi bednierebis da vTqvaT
sindisis qenjnisaTvis sxvadasxva organoebi saWiro araa. aq
adgili aqvs adamianis daunawevrebel mTlianobas. amas adamianis `geStaltobas~ anu mTlian formas, struqturas uwodeben. garegani mgrZnobeloba Tu afiqsirebs obieqturi sagnis
fers, Sinagan mgrZnobelobaSi fiqsirdeba adamianis (subieqtis) grZnobad-emociuri damokidebuleba SegrZnebaSi mocemuli ferisadmi. igi mas an siamovnebs an aRizianebs, riTac
subieqti gamoxatavs Tavis subieqtur damokidebulebas sagnebis mimarT, Sesatyvisi emociebiT.
garegani da Sinagani mgrZnobelobebis damakavSirebeli
rgolia cnobiereba-azrovneba. garegani mgrZnobelobis informaciuli masala miewodeba cnobiereba-azrovnebas. igi mas
gaatarebs Tavis struqturaSi, gaiazrebs da miawodebs Sinagan
mgrZnobelobas, rac masSi iwvevs Sesatyvis grZnoba-emociebs.
magaliTad axloblis didi warmatebis Sesaxeb informacias
pirovneba iRebs garegani mgrZnobelobiT (garegani grZnobis
organoebiT), miRebuli informacia gadaecema cnobierebas. misi
gaazreba Sinagan mgrZnobelobaSi iwvevs sixarulis, siamayis,
siamovnebis grZnobis gancdas, rac Sesatyvis emociebSi vlindeba. amitom maRali grZnobierebis gancda SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Tu igi cnobierebiT araa gaazrebul-vizirebuli.
cnobiereba-azrovnebis gareSe adamianisaTvis misi grZnoba-emociebi Taviseburi sibecea. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis maRal grZnobebze. adamians sircxvilis grZnoba ar gauCndeba,
Tu igi Tavis danaSauls ar gaacnobierebs; siamayis grZnoba
ar gauCndeba, Tu sazogadoebisaTvis Tavisi namoqmedaris udides
274
275
12. azrovnebis ZiriTadi meTodebi. filosofiaSi cnobilia urTierTsapirispiro azrovnebis sxvadasxva meTodebi. aseTebia: 1. logikuri da alogikuri azrovneba; 2.
gulubryvilo da kritikuli azrovneba; 3. abstraqtuli da
azrovneba, romelsac eWvi saerTod ar gakarebia. adreuli bavSvoba gulubryvilobis asakad iTvleba imis gamo, rom nebismieri
informaciis sisworis mimarT bavSvs eWvi ar uCndeba. igi samyaros mimarT gulwrfelad gaxsnilia. yvelafers ndobas ucxadebs, arafris danaxva eWvis TvaliT ar SeuZlia. amitom, erTis
mxriv, gulubryviloba sulis Taviseburi siwmindea, magram mkacr
samyaroSi misiT arseboba didi riskis Semcvelia. gulubryvilo azrovnebaSi adamianis mgrZnobeloba da goneba rogorRac
gadaadgilebulia. aq grZnoba win miuZRveba gonebas. goneba mis
mimarT srul ndobas amJRavnebs. Tvali xedavs mzis aRmosavleTidan amosvlas da dasavleTiT Casvlas. goneba am xilvas
sruliad endoba da qmnis geocentrul sistemas (ptolemeusi).
kritikuloba gonebis Taviseburi sifxizlea. igi gonebis TviTkritikaa. kritikaSi maincadamainc viRacis galanZRva da
ganqiqeba ki ar unda vigulisxmoT, aramed esaa WeSmaritebis
dadgenis mizniT, movlenis analizi da garCeva. kritikuli azrovnebis moTxovnaa azrovnebis instrumentad eWvi moviSvelioT da
yvelafers eWvis TvaliT SevxedoT. eWvianoba TviTmizani ki ar
unda iyos, aramed yvela eWvis gamoricxva unda iyos azrovnebis
mizani da amiT ueWvelTan misvla. am meTods frangma filosofosma r. dekartma udidesi mniSvneloba mianiWa. dekartis Semdeg,
mecnieruli azrovnebisaTvis, igi savaldebulo normad iqca.
kritikuli azrovnebiT goneba Tavisufldeba grZnobadobis diqtatisagan. sakuTari xedviT, sakuTar `fexze dgomiT~ goneba azrovnebis
damoukideblobas aRwevs, romlis Sedegad mis winaSe sinamdvile
sul sxvanairad warmoCndeba. igi goniTi xedviT dainaxavs, rom
piriqiT, _ dedamiwa moZraobs sakuTari RerZisa da mzis garSemo
(kopernikis heliocentruli sistema).
3. abstraqtuli da konkretul-sagnobrivi azrovneba. sinamdvilis sagnebi da movlenebi xasiaTdeba rTuli
struqturuli agebulebiT. mas aqvs rogorc arsebiTi, ise
araarsebiTi mxareebi. azrovnebis mizania gonebrivad Camoicilos sagnis araarsebiTi da daadginos misi arsebiTi niSnebi.
amisaTvis mimarTaven gonebis mier abstrahirebis unars. abstraqcia niSnavs sagnis struqturuli agebulebidan, azro-
276
277
278
279
280
281
kultivireba silamazis kanonebis mixedviT, _ imarTeba sportuli TamaSebi sxeulis sijansaRisa da silamazis mizniT, iqmneba adamianTa qandakebebi sxeulis silamazis demonstrirebis
mizniT; Semdeg iwyeba adamianis gardaqmniTi moRvaweobis veqtoris Semobruneba adamianis sulis mimarT. moRweulia ciceronis fraza misi `tusklinuri werilebidan~ _ `sulis kultura aris filosofia~, e.i. cicerons adamianis sulis daxvewis, misi galamazebis saukeTeso saSualebad filosofia
miaCnia. es debuleba niSnavs imas, rom filosofia aris daxvewil-damuSavebuli da galamazebuli suli.
ciceronidan moyolebuli _ dRemde kulturis arsebad
iTvleba sagnebSi WeSmaritebis, saTnoebis, mSvenierebis, sarwmunoebis normebiT, adamianis sulis ganivTeba. axali drois
moazrovneebi dainteresdnen kulturis, rogorc faqtiuri movlenis mecnieruli SeswavliT. aqedan iwyeba kulturis raobis mecnieruli gaazrebis istoria. XVIII saukune evropaSi
ganmanaTleblobis periodia. esaa ideuri moZraoba, romelic
aqcents akeTebs mecnieruli codnis gavrcelebaze sazogadoebaSi. igi ebrZvis avtoritetebs da cdilobs daamkvidros mxolod adamianis gonis avtoriteti. igi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli erTis mxriv, axali drois klasikur racionalizmTan,
amasTanave aRorZinebis (renesansis) humanistur tradiciebTan.
aRorZinebamde adamiani damZimebuli iyo rogorc religiuri
dogmatebiT, aseve adamianze bunebis diqtatiT. aRorZinebis
humanizmi hqmnis axal kulturas, romelic RvTaebrivi sibrZnis gverdiT adamianur sibrZnes aRavlens; RvTaebriv SemoqmedebasTan erTad adamianur Semoqmedebasac amkvidrebs. humanistebis mTavari aRmoCena iyo aqtiuri, Semoqmedi adamiani.
es iyo adamianis gonis sekularizacia. aRiarebulia adamianis
gonis Zala, aRiarebulia adamiani Semoqmedi. mkveTrad gaiyo
erTmaneTisagan ori sfero. pirveli _ stiqiuri buneba, meore _
kultura. amitom kulturis cnebiTi gaazreba daiwyo bunebisa
da kulturis dapirispirebiT. es wiTel zolad gasdevs kulturologiur moZRvrebebs. kultura rTuli da mravalferovani
movlena aRmoCnda, ris gamoc misi mecnieruli gansazRvreba
282
283
284
285
davuSvebT kacobriobis ganviTarebis miRma CarCenili adamianis arsebobas, romelsac jer ar gaugonia msoflio mizidulobis kanonis Sesaxeb da mas TviTon damoukideblad aRmoaCens, es misTvis iqneba siaxle da ara kacobriobisaTvis.
amitom igi subieqturi siaxlea, romelic kacobriobas verafriT gaamdidrebs. kultura obieqtur siaxles moiTxovs, es
iseTi siaxlea, romelic mTeli kacobriobisaTvis iqneba siaxle da romelic raRaciT amdidrebs kacobriobas. SemoqmedebiTi Sromis Sedegad aRmoCenili siaxleebi uamravia. kacobriobis saerTo winsvla aseT aRmoCenebzea dayrdnobili. Tu
yvela am aRmoCenas erT saerTo saxels davarqmevT, es iqneba _
Rirebuleba. amitom Semoqmedeba Rirebulebebis aRmoCenisa da
damkvidrebis procesia. adamianis cxovreba, mTeli kultura
Rirebulebebis sistemaa. SemoqmedebiT SromaSi iqmneba originaluri sagani. araSemoqmedebiTi, standartuli saqmianoba
originalebis aslebis warmoebis procesia.
gansazRvrebis Semdegi elementia _ `pirovnuli,
erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebis normebiT~. saqme is aris, rom gansazRvrebis yvela is elementi,
razec ukve iyo msjeloba, SeiZleba mTlianad daicvas da
ganaxorcielos yaCaRma, qurdma, moZaladem. kacobriobis istoriam icis, rom aranakleb gamomgoneblobas da aRmoCenebs aqvs
adgili borotebis ganxorcielebis mizniT. CaiTvleba Tu ara
maTi `qmnilebebi~ kulturis sagnebad? da Tu CaiTvleba, ratom eZaxian aseT adamianebs `velurebs~, `mxecebs~, `nadirebs~.
nadiri xom Sorsaa kulturisagan. kulturis gansazRvrebis
mocemuli elementi gveubneba, _ kulturis sagnad iTvleba
mxolod is movlenebi, romlebic araa amovardnili sakacobrio ganviTarebis magistraluri xazidan; romlebic iqmneba
ara viRacis subieqturi normebiT, aramed pirovnuli (pirovnebis
gamoTiSva ar SeiZleba), erovnuli da sakacobrio Rirebulebebis normebis mixedviT. kulturis keTeba Rirebulebebis keTebaa. axal-axali Rirebulebebi iqmnebian mudmivad. es kulturis sicocxlisunarianobaa, magram axali Rirebulebebi iqmnebian siRrmiseul substanciur Rirebulebebze dayrdnobiT.
isini erovnuli da sakacobrio mudmivi da sasicocxlo Rirebulebebia. mag. iseTebi, rogorebicaa: WeSmariteba, saTnoeba,
mSveniereba, sarwmunoeba, samarTlianoba, ena, samSoblo da sxva.
kulturad CaiTvleba im movlenebis keTeba, romlis Seqmna
aseT erovnul da sakacobrio Rirebulebebis normebze dayrdnobiT iwarmoeba. kulturis sagnad CaiTvleba iseTi qmnileba,
romelic ki ar upirispirdeba, ki ar angrevs erovnul da
sakacobrio RirebulebaTa sistemas, aramed amdidrebs, aSenebs,
aZlierebs, vinaidan kulturas yoveldRiuri sazrdo sWirdeba.
gansazRvrebis Semdegi elementia sityvebi: `mis sulSi da mis gareT damyarebuli...~ kulturas qmnis adamiani,
magram sad? Tavis gareT Tu Tavis sulSi. es elementi gveubneba, rom adamiani kulturas qmnis yvelgan, rasac misi suli,
misi cnobiereba miswvdeba. `mis gareT~ imaze miTiTebaa, rom
adamianis aSenebuli qalaqebi, soflebi, baRebi, yanebi, venaxebi,
qarxnebi da sxva kulturis sagnebia, romlebic adamianis gareT iwyeben arsebobas. kulturis sagnebia TviT adamianSi
zneobrivi, esTetikuri, samarTlebrivi, sarwmunoebrivi normebi
da TviTon adamiani, misi suli, misi `me~ kulturis sagania.
raki adamianis cnobierebas ara aqvs sivrcobrivi sazRvrebi,
mis mier Seqmnili kulturac sivrcobrivad SeuzRudvelia.
adamianis mier kulturis keTebaSi mTavaria ara fizikuri
keTeba, aramed sulieri. cis kamaraze Svidi varskvlavis Tanaarsebobas adamiani, cxadia, fizikurad ar Sexebia, magram mas Seexo
sulierad da daarqva didi daTvis Tanavarskvlavedi. amiT igi
misTvis ukve kulturis sagnad iqca. bibliurad, adamianis
mier pirveli kulturul-SemoqmedebiTi aqti iyo is, roca
RmerTis davalebiT adami cxovelebs saxelebs arqmevs. saxeldeba kulturul-SemoqmedebiTi aqtia, vinaidan sagani simboloSi formdeba.
kulturis raobis gagebaSi da mis mocemul gansazRvrebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ekuTvnis `wesrigs~. kultura
gaadamianurebuli bunebaa, e.i. kulturaSi buneba gardaiqmneba
da Rebulobs adamianisaTvis misaReb saxes, es ki niSnavs, rom
kulturis keTebis dros adgili aqvs bunebis stiqiuri wes-
286
287
rigis adamianur wesrigze gadayvanas. kultura aris humanizebuli wesrigi. kultura iqaa da imaSia, sadac adamianuri normebiT damyarebuli wesrigia. `kulturuloba~ da `wesiereba~
xSirad sinonimebad iTvleba, warmoidgineT ukacrieli adgili, sadac jer adamians fexi ar daubijebia. aq TviTon bunebis mier qarebiT, wvimiT, sicxiT, siciviT, sinaTliT, bunebrivi
movlenebiT, mcenareebiT, frinvelebiT, cxovelebiT, anu stiqiuri ZalebiT damyarebulia garkveuli wonasworoba, garkveuli wesrigi. Semodis masSi adamiani da iwyebs cxovrebas. amiT
iq arsebul wonasworobas arRvevs, arsebuli wesrigis demontaJs da axali, misTvis misaRebi wesrigis damyarebas iwyebs.
teritoriis garkveul nawilze amoZirkvavs xeebs, buCqebs, amoavsebs xramebs, gaitans qvebs da amzadebs miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis;
meore adgilas binas iSenebs, gayavs gzebi, arxebi. ra xdeba
amiT? xdeba is, rom veluri wesrigi Seicvala adamianuri
wesrigiT, anu velur bunebaSi SeiWra kultura. moxda misi
kultivireba. adamianis aseT qmedebas xSirad uaryofiTi Sedegic mosdevs. es maSin, roca igi bunebis gaadamianurebis (kultivirebis) procesSi zedmetad gadaegeba pirad interesebs da
daiviwyebs bunebis `moTxovnebs~. aseT dros iCens Tavs
ekologiuri problemebi. amerikeli anTropologis u. gudinafis azriT (mas kulturad mxolod sulieri kultura miaCnia). kultura araa wminda saxiT arc nivTiereba, arc materialuri movlena, arc adamianebis qcevebi an emociebi. kulturaa movlenebis adamianurad organizebuloba. e.i. kulturad
sagani ki ar miaCnia, aramed sagnis organizebuloba anu misi
adamianuri wesrigi.
gansazRvrebis Semdegi elementia simbolo. kultura
yovelTvis simboloebSia gaformebuli. kulturis uzogadesi
forma simboloa. imas, rasac simboluri arseboba ar aqvs, igi
araa kulturis sagani. saxeli ukve simboloa. saxeli sagnis
simboluri gamoxatvaa. kulturis sagani adamianis samyaros
nawilia, misi binadaria. sagnis adamianis samyaroSi Semosvlis aucilebeli saSvia misi saxeli. Tundac mas saxelad
daerqvas `raRac~, esec aRniSvnaa, esec simboloa. kultura
288
289
gram misi arseboba adamianis arsebobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. kulturas ar SeeZlo arseboba arc adamianamde da arc
adamianis Semdeg. kultura iqmneba adamianis gonebiT, xelebiT, guliT (siyvaruli), da nebiT; SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
buneba yvelaze ukeT Tavs maSin `grZnobs~, roca mis arsebobaSi aravin ar ereva. esaa bunebis bunebrivi mdgomareoba, misi
xeluxlebloba, misi pirvelyofileba, _ misi namdvili saxe.
kulturac maSin `grZnobs~ ukeTesad Tavs, da saerTod, maSin
arsebobs, roca masSi aqtiurad moRvaweobs adamiani. buneba
Tu usasruloa, adamianis sasruloba kulturis sasrulobas
ganapirobebs. buneba adamianis gareTaa, kultura adamianSia.
kultura adamianis sulieri samyaroa. cxadia, adamianis gareT, realur sinamdvileSi realurad arseboben kulturis
sagnebi (artefaqtebi), magram maTSi kulturulobas qmnis adamianis mier sakuTari sulis ara pirdapiri Setana, aramed
jer sulis simbolizeba da Semdeg gasagnebuli simboloebis
Cadeba. velur mcenareebs an cxovelebs, romlebic bunebis
sferos miekuTvnebian, metyvelebis unari rom hqonodaT, albaT adamians (kulturis binadars) etyodnen, _ nu SegvexebiT
da CveniT ukeTesad viarsebebTo. xolo kulturis sagnebi
albaT pirdapir daavaldebulebdnen adamians, _ gverdSi dagvideq, dagvexmare, gvasazrdove... sxvanairad ver viarsebebTo. sakuTari kanoniT arseboba sinamdvilis yvela sferos, sagnis,
movlenis, yvela arsebis `interesebSia~ Cadebuli. adamianis
mimarT es princi pi `Tavisuflebis idead~ formdeba. cxadia,
ara adamianuri Tavisuflebis azriT, magram, raRac msgavsi
viTareba igulisxmeba bunebis mimarTac. vaJa-fSavela gveubneba, _ `buneba mbrZanebelia, igi monaa Tavisa~. monoba Tavisuflebis sawinaaRmdego mdgomareobaa. igi aris garegani maiZulebeli ZaliT, sakuTari me-dan, Tavisi Tavis daviwyebiT _
sxvaSi da sxvisTvis gasvla. xolo Tavisi Tavisadmi monoba,
razec vaJa miuTiTebs, Sinagani ZaliT, Tavisi Tavis gaxsenebiT, Tavis TavSi da Tavis TavisTvis dabrunebaa. Tavisi
Tavisadmi monoba Tavisi kanoniT arseboba, anu TviTarsebobaa (TviTmyofadoba), rac Tavisuflebis safuZvelia, e.i.
Tavisuflebis raRac msgavsi viTarebis, _ TviTarsebobis, TviTmyofadobis `moTxovna~ bunebasac aqvs, xolo garedan masze
eqspansia _ misadmi dapirispirebad formdeba. bunebasTan
aseTi dapirispirebuli mxarea kultura. bunebasTan kulturis aseTi dapirispirebis winaaRmdeg kacobriobis bevr
cnobil moazrovnes aumaRlebia xma, magram paradoqsuloba
imaSia, rom adamians aseTi dapirispirebis gareSe arseboba ar
SeuZlia. bunebasTan kulturis dapirispireba masTan adamianis dapirispirebaa. bunebas SeuZlia dapirispirebis, da saerTod, adamianis kulturis gareSe arseboba, magram TviTon
adamians (kulturas) ar SeuZlia arseboba bunebasTan aseTi
dapirispirebis gareSe. adamianis (kulturis) arseboba iwyeba
im droidan, roca igi daupirispirda bunebas da iZulebul
xdida mas epasuxa adamianis kiTxvebsa da interesebze. nebismieri sagani an movlena arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac mas
sakuTari kanoni gaaCnia. sagnis raoba mis kanonze daiyvaneba.
kanonis arseboba aucileblobis arsebobaa. nebismieri dapirispireba, dapirispirebuli mxareebi aucileblobaTa dapirispirebaa. bunebisa da kulturis dapirispireba maTi aucileblobebis dapirispirebaa. amasTanave, aucilebloba
yovelTvis obieqturobis safuZvelia, rac imas niSnavs, rom
bunebisa da kulturis (adamianis) dapirispirebas aqvs obieqturi xasiaTi. bunebasTan kulturis (adamianis) dapirispireba SeiZleba iyos monuri xasiaTis; SeiZleba iyos barbarosuli da SeiZleba iyos TanamSromlobiTi. bunebasTan kulturis (adamianis) monur mimarTebas ZiriTadad adgili hqonda
pirvelyofili adamianis epoqaSi, roca adamianis sulieri
unarebis ganviTarebis Zalian dabali donis gamo ubralod
mas ar SeeZlo didi urCoba (dapirispireba) gamoemJRavnebina
bunebis mimarT. bunebasTan kulturis (adamianis) barbarosul dapirispirebaze msjelobebs vxvdebiT jer kidev antikuri periodis moazrovneebTan. romaeli moazrovne tacitusi ganixilavs barbarosobis sakiTxs da igi dayavs velurobaze,
TviTnebobaze, ngrevaze. misi azriT, barbarosebi bunebas (miwas) uyureben sadReiso vitaluri moTxovnilebis pozici-
290
291
idan, isini Zaladoben masze, ise eqcevian, rogorc dampyroblebi, isini bunebis mZarcvelebi arian. bunebis mimarT barbarosuli damokidebuleba dResac grZeldeba, ramac warmoSva
aTasgvari ekologiuri problema. rac Seexeba bunebasTan
kulturis (adamianis) TanamSromlobiT dapirispirebas, amis
Sesaxeb msjelobs igive tacitusi. igi Tavisi drois romis
epoqas ganixilavs barbarosobis sapirispiro viTarebad, sadac bunebasa da kulturas Soris urTierToba partnioruli
TanamSromlobis saxiT aris warmodgenili. sakiTxisadmi aseTi
midgoma Teoriul doneze dRes gabatonebul poziciad unda
CaiTvalos, magram realur urTierTobebSi misi dacva da
praqtikuli ganxorcieleba, pirad sargebels gamodevnebuli
adamianebis mxridan, xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli xdeba.
rogorc aRiniSna, bunebas aqvs Tavisi kanonebi. kulturis
kanonebi, saboloo jamSi, adamianis kanonebia. bunebisa da
kulturis dapirispireba, bunebisa da adamianis kanonebis
dapirispirebaa. es niSnavs, rom adamianma unda icxovros bunebaSi, bunebis wiaRSi unda Seqmnas da Camoayalibos Tavisi
kultura, anu Tavisi sulieri samyaro. magram adamianma bunebaSi
unda icxovros ara bunebis, aramed sakuTari kanonebiT. oRond
ise, rom misi kanonebi bunebis kanonebTan konfliqtSi ar
movides. kanonebi aucileblobis formebia. es niSnavs, rom
adamianma Tavisi arsebobis aucileblobebi bunebis aucileblobebis sferoSi unda ganaxorcielos ise, rom am ori saxis
aucileblobebs Soris konfliqti ar gaCndes. konfliqtis
acilebis martivi gzaa adamianis bunebisadmi monuri morCileba. magram es TviT adamianisa da misi kulturis uaryofis gzacaa. adamianis (kulturis) bunebasTan barbarosuli
damokidebuleba, saboloo jamSi, TviT adamians dausjels ar
datovebs. buneba masze, ukana ricxviT, Surs iZiebs. ekologiuri
problemebi amis magaliTebia. bunebasa da adamians (kulturas) Soris partnioruli TanamSromloba gulisxmobs bunebisa da adamianis aucileblobebis gonivrul Serwymas, romelSic ikiTxeba adamianis mxridan Tanabari zrunva rogorc
sakuTar Tavze, ise mis `partniorze~ _ bunebaze. esaa urTier-
292
293
294
295
Si ikveTeba sagnis Rirebuleba. Sefasebis aqtSi adamiani cdilobs sagani dainaxos ara ise, rogorc igi arsebobs TavisTavad, aramed imis mixedviT, Tu ras warmoadgens sagani adamianisaTvis. Sedegad adamiani adgens sagnis Rirebulebas. miuxedavad SemecnebiTi da SefasebiTi aqtebis gansxvavebisa, isini
ar arseboben erTimeoris gareSe. swori Sefaseba SesaZlebelia swori Semecnebis niadagze, swori Sefaseba Tanmimdevruli Semecnebis ganxorcielebis safuZvelia.
cnobierebas, romelic axorcielebs Sefasebas RirebulebiTi cnobiereba, RirebulebiTi subieqti an aqsiologiuri
subieqti ewodeba. aqsiologia (berZ. aqsia _ Rirebuleba, logosi
_ moZRvreba) aris filosofiuri moZRvreba Rirebulebebis
Sesaxeb.
ar arsebobs usagno Rirebuleba. igi yovelTvis raRacis Rirebulebaa. aseve, Rirebuleba yovelTvis viRacis Rirebulebaa. igi ar arsebobs RirebulebiTi subieqtis gareSe.
amrigad, Rirebulebis arseboba, erTis mxriv, miuTiTebs garkveuli
sagnis arsebobaze, rasac miewereba Rirebuleba; meore mxriv,
igi miuTiTebs im subieqtis (adamianis) arsebobaze, visTvisac
es sagani Rirebulia. miuxedavad amisa, Rirebuleba araa raRac
iseTi niSani an Tviseba, romelic uSualod saganSi, adamianSi
an oriveSi erTad arsebobdes. saganSi arsebobs sagnis bunebrivi niSan-Tvisebebi; adamianSi arsebobs misi interesebi.
adamianisa da sagnis Sexvedris momentSi erTimeores xvdebian
sagnis niSan-Tvisebebi da adamianis interesebi. am SexvedraSi
ibadeba Rirebuleba. anu, aq ikveTeba is, Tu rogor exmianeba
sagnis niSan-Tvisebebi adamianis interesebs da rogor Cndeba
sagnis mniSvneloba adamianisaTvis. cxadia, sagnis gareSe SeuZlebelia misi mniSvnelobis arseboba adamianisaTvis, aseve
SeuZlebelia mniSvneloba imis gareSe, visTvisac mniSvnelobas warmoadgens igi. amitom Rirebuleba aris sagnis mniSvneloba adamianisaTvis.
SefasebiT aqtSi saganma SeiZleba miiRos dadebiTi an
uaryofiTi Sefaseba. amitom arseboben dadebiTi anu kargi da
uaryofiTi anu cudi Rirebulebebi, romlebic Tavis SigniT
296
297
subieqti. subieqtur subieqtSi igulisxmeba empiriul-individualuri adamiani, moqceuli Tavis viwro fsiqo-biologiur
CarCoebSi. aseTi subieqti ver iqneba kulturis Semoqmedi. igi
unda iyos obieqturi subieqti. am ukanasknelSi igulisxmeba
adamiani, romelic gaarRvevs Tavis subieqturobiT SeboWilobas, Tavis viwro fsiqo-biologiur CarCoebs da amaRldeba
pirovnebis doneze. es niSnavs mis mier individualurobis,
ganumeoreblobis, ti piurobis (dadebiTi ti piuri erovnuli
da sakacobrio niSnebis qonas) da gamokveTili Tavisuflebis
maRali donis flobas. esaa adamianis obieqtivireba. adamiani
xdeba obieqturi. esaa subieqturi subieqtis obieqturi subieqtis doneze amaRleba. amiT Rirebulebis obieqturobis wyaro
subieqtis obieqtivirebiT miiRweva. TavisTavad, Rirebuleba
arc obieqturia da arc subieqturi. TavisTavad Rirebuleba,
saerTod, arc arsebobs. Rirebuleba yovelTvis viRacis Rirebulebaa, amitom Rirebulebis subieqturoba Tu obieqturoba
damokidebulia imaze, Tu visi Rirebulebaa igi. subieqturi
subieqtis Rirebuleba yovelTvis subieqturi Rirebuleba
iqneba. obieqturi Rirebuleba mxolod obieqturi subieqtis
Rirebuleba SeiZleba iyos; aqedan gamomdinare Rirebulebis
obieqturoba moiTxovs adamianis obieqtivirebas. anu subieqturi subieqtis obieqtur subieqtad transformirebas. adamianis, rogorc moazrovne arsebis, biologiuri saxeobidan kulturul-SemoqmedebiTad moRvawe subieqtad gardaqmna aqcevs
mas pirovnebad. esaa individis amaRleba fsiqo-biologiuri
subieqtis _ kulturis subieqtis rangSi. amiT igi aRwevs
Tavis individualurobas, ganumeoreblobas, tipiurobas. aseTi
subieqti sinamdviles uyurebs ara viwro empiriulobis poziciidan, aramed misi xedva zogad-ti piuria. empiriuli subieqti
xedavs mxolod calkeul movlenebs. misi xedva zedapirulia,
misTvis miuwvdomelia zogadoba da aucilebloba. obieqturi
anu kulturis subieqti sagnebSi xedavs gacilebiT mets da
principuli mniSvnelobis mqones. misTvis xedvis mTavari unaria
goni, goniTi xedva. obieqturi Rirebulebebi faqtia (WeSmariteba, saTnoeba, mSveniereba, samarTlianoba da sxva). igi obieq-
298
299
300
301
302
303
monuri upasuxismgebloba. Tavisufleba aseve gamoricxavs arames aucileblobis me-s aucileblobisadmi Sewirvas. amasTanave
igi moiTxovs me-s mxridan arame-s mimarT pasuxismgeblobis
aRebas, e.i. Tavisufleba moiTxovs pasuxismgeblobas rogorc
me-s mimarT, ise arame-s mimarT. igi gamoricxavs maTi aucileblobebis urTierTSewirvas. orive mxare unda dadges sakuTar
fexze, anu sakuTar aucileblobaze da orive iyos Tanabari
mzrunvelobis obieqti, daculi unda iqnes orive mxaris uflebebi. mxolod aseT pirobebSia SesaZlebeli zneoba, samarTali,
WeSmariteba.
axla dgeba princi puli kiTxva, _ rogoraa SesaZlebeli
me-s da arame-s aucileblobaTa urTierTobis ganxorcieleba
ise, rom wamoyenebuli moTxovnebi ar iqnes darRveuli. kacobriobis istoriaSi Tavisuflebis problema adamianis mudmivi
fiqris sagania; Tavisuflebis raobis Zieba, misTvis sakuTari
raobis da samyaroSi misi adgilis Ziebaa. istoriulad am
sakiTxis gadawyvetas, TiTqmis yovelTvis afuZnebdnen Tavisuflebis aucileblobasTan dapirispirebis gzas. xSiri iyo
cduneba _ Tavisufleba gaeazraT rogorc aucileblobisagan
Tavis daxsna. sapirispiro gza _ anu Tavisuflebis aucileblobisagan araTu Tavdaxsna, aramed masSi Cakargva anu monobis
gzaa. kacobriobis istoriaSi, monoba yovelTvis arsebobda da
arc dResaa umisoba, magram Teoriuli gaazrebis doneze mas
momxreebic ar yolia, garkveuli kuTxiT, konfucis moZRvrebas
Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi. rac Seexeba Tavisuflebas, rogorc
aucileblobisagan Tavdaxsnas, Tavisufleba marTlac Seicavs
aseT gagebas momentis saxiT. saqme is aris, rom Tavisuflebas
aqvs Tavisi mxareebi. esaa negatiuri da pozitiuri Tavisufleba. isini erTimeoris gareSe ar arseboben. iseve rogorc saerTod uaryofa da `hoyofa~ ar arsebobs uerTmaneTod. negatiuri
Tavisufleba raRacisagan gaTavisuflebas, raRacis Camocilebas, raRacis ukugdebas gulisxmobs. saboloo jamSi yovelTvis
es raRaca _ raRac aucileblobaa. patimris sapatimrodan gaTavisufleba im aucileblobidan gaTavisuflebaa, ris zewoliTac igi aRmoCnda sapatimroSi. TviTnebas Tavisufleba mx-
olod negatiuri Tavisuflebaa, magram Tu Tavisufleba mxolod negatiur Tavisuflebaze daiyvaneba, praqtikulad esaa
sruli nihilizmi da gza araraobisaken. Teoriulad igi principulad SeuZlebelia, radgan SeuZlebelia raRacis uaryofa _
mis adgilas sxva raRacis dadgenis gareSe, e.i. Tavisufleba,
erTis mxriv, Tu raRac aucileblobisagan gaTavisuflebaa, meore mxriv, es imitom keTdeba, rom sxva aucileblobasTan moxvdes mWidro kavSirSi, anu Tavisuflebis raoba aucileblobis
srul ukugdebaSi ar unda veZioT. igi aucileblobasTan mWidro
kavSirSi unda gadawydes. es imitom, rom adamiani saerTod
Camwyvdeulia aucileblobis sferoSi da misgan Tadaxsna principulad ar SeuZlia. RmerTis mimarT aseTi problema ar dgas,
radgan igi absoluturi Tavisuflebaa, anu mas, raime aucileblobiT, zRudeebi ar boWaven. adamianis Tavisufleba arasdros
iqneba absoluturi. mis Tavisuflebas yovelTvis mouwevs garkveuli daTmobebi mis pirispir mdgomi aucileblobebis winaSe. es
ki SesaZlebelia me-s da arame-s aucileblobaTa koordinirebuli harmonizebis gziT, maT Soris TanxmobiTi urTierTobis
miRwevis gziT (SeiZleba asec iTqvas _ maT Soris mSvidobiani
TanaarsebobiT). me-s aucilebloba raRacas uTmobs arame-s
aucileblobas, asevea arame-s aucilebloba, igi garkveul SesaZleblobas uqmnis me-s aucileblobis ganxorcielebas. amiT
me-s aucilebloba icavs arame-s aucileblobas, xolo arame-s
aucilebloba icavs me-s aucileblobas. es Teoriul enaze.
praqtikulad, es niSnavs, rom adamiani Sedis sacxovreblad
arame-Si. am ukanasknels Tavis kanonebi (aucileblobebi) gaaCnia. adamiani iwyebs arame-Si (bunebaSi) cxovrebas, magram arames kanonebiT ki ara, aramed Tavisi sakuTari kanonebiT. misi
Tavisufleba ki imiT gamoixateba, rom igi bunebaSi marTalia,
Tavisi kanonebiT cxovrobs, magram bunebis kanonebs ar upirispirdeba, ar iwyebs mis ugulvebelyofas, ar iwyebs maT ngrevas, moqmedebs im farglebSi (misi fardobiTi Tavisufleba
swored amiT gamoixateba), ris saSualebasac iZleva princi pi
_ icxovro arame-Si sakuTari kanonebiT ise, rom arame-s kanonebi ar SebRalo.
304
305
da ai kidev erTi kiTxva. rogor unda dadgindes adamianis Tavisufali samoqmedo farglebis sazRvrebi? misi dadgena xdeba rogorc arame-s aucileblobebis, ise me-s aucileblobebis SemecnebiT. esaa imis dadgena, ra unda me-s da ris
SesaZleblobas aZlevs mas arame. adamianis Tavisufleba am
sazRvrebSi moqmedebaa, magram es sazRvrebi araa gaqvavebuli.
igi moZravia da mudmiv gafarTovebas ganicdis. esaa adamianis
Tavisuflebis gafarToveba, rac xorcieldeba Semecnebis garRmavebis gziT. metis Semecneba, meti SesaZleblobis aRmoCenaa.
xolo meti SesaZlebloba meti Tavisuflebaa. ginda ufro
metad iyo Tavisufali? SeiZine meti codna! codna aucileblobis codnaa. amitom filosofiaSi Tavisufleba aucileblobisagan ara gandgomasTan, aramed mis SecnobasTan iqna
dakavSirebuli (Tavisufleba Secnobili aucileblobaa _
spinoza, hegeli). aucileblobis Secnoba saSualebaa me-s da
arame-s aucileblobaTa gonivruli, koordinirebuli urTierTobis. Tavisuflebac swored esaa.
ratom ar SeiZleba monoba da TviTneboba kulturis
qmnadobis wyaro iyos? _ imitom, rom monoba da TviTneboba
adamianis araTavisufali mdgomareobaa. ratom unda CaiTvalos Tavisufleba kulturis SesaZleblobis safuZvlad? _
kultura arc bunebrivi movlenaa da arc cidan vardeba TavisiT. igi ibadeba adamianis bunebasTan WidilSi. buneba Tavisi
bunebrivi saxiT ver pasuxobs adamianis adamianur moTxovnebs.
amitom adamiani iwyebs bunebis gardaqmna-gaadamianurebas _
Tavisi moTxovnebis mixedviT. magram aseTi gardaqmna SesaZlebelia, erTi mxriv, imis codniT, Tu ra aris adamiani, ra unda da
ra SeuZlia; meore mxriv, imis codniT, Tu ra aris buneba, ra
aucileblobebi (kanonebi) moqmedeben masSi da es kanonebi ris
SesaZleblobas uqmnis adamians. kulturul-SemoqmedebiTi
procesi am ori mxaris codnaze dayrdnobiT warimarTeba.
xolo adamianis Tavisufleba _ am mxareebis aucileblobaTa
gonivrulad Serwymuli, koordinirebuli da harmoniaSi moyvanili urTierTobiT moqmedebaa. adamianis Tavisufleba realurad yovelTvis arsebobs adamianis moqmedebebSi.
6. kulturis subieqti. kultura ar arsebobs adamianis gareSe. mas viRac hqmnis, viRac misi memkvidrea, viRac Tavs
valdebulad Tvlis daicvas igi da, Tu saWiro iqneba, misTvis
Tavic gawiros. vinaa es viRac? esaa kulturis subieqtis
vinaobis sakiTxi. vinaa kulturis subieqti? cxadia, adamiani. magram adamiani individi, eri Tu mTeli kacobrioba?
aRniSnul kiTxvaze Camoyalibda gansxvavebuli pasuxebi.
erTni miiCneven rom kulturis subieqtia adamiani
individi. kulturas qmnis adamiani Tavisi gonebiT, xelebiT,
guliT da nebiT. aseTi Tvalsazrisi ver miiCneva marTebulad,
radgan Tu kultura mxolod adamiani-individisaa da meti
aravis, yovel calkeul individs Tavisi kultura eqneboda.
Tu imdenia kultura, ramdenic individia, aseT kulturas, mTlianad ekargeba raime Rirebuleba.
meore Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, kulturis subieqti eria.
erebi qmnian istoriuli arsebobis manZilze TavianT kulturas. arseboben mxolod erovnuli kulturebi, romlis mTavari
fenomenia ena, eri, samSoblo, sarwmunoeba. magram kulturis
subieqtad arc eris miCneva iqneba marTebuli. amiT erovnuli
kulturebis erTmaneTisgan gaTiSvas, izolacias miviRebT.
kulturebi Tavisi bunebiT erovnuli xasiaTisani arian, magram ar arian karCaketilni, aramed Ria sistemebia. kulturaTa
Riaobam maTi dialogis, erTimeoreSi SeRwevis SesaZlebloba
unda Seqmnas.
arsebobs iseTi Tvalsazrisic romelic kulturis
srulyofil formad mxolod zogadsakacobrio kulturas miiCnevs. aseT pirobebSi kulturis subieqtad mTeli kacobrioba cxaddeba. yvela ers Tavisi me-dan raRac miaqvs sakacobrio
kulturis asagebad. yvela Tanabrad monawileobs mis mSeneblobaSi. aseTi Tvalsazrisi mcdarobasTan erTad, potenciurad,
borotebis Semcvelicaa. misi mcdaroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom,
saboloo jamSi, igi arsebobis uflebas erTaderT kulturas
utovebs. vinaidan kacobrioba erTia, erTi unda iyos misi
kulturac. e.i. yoveli calkeuli kultura mas unda Seerwyas
da masSi CainTqas, rogorc okeaneSi ikargeba masSi Camavali
306
307
mdinare. adamianTa cxovrebas ki silamazesa da momxibvlelobas swored kulturaTa simravle aniWebs. mxolod sakacobrio
kulturis aRiareba (kosmopolituri azrovnebis sayrdeni) da
kulturis subieqtad mTeli kacobriobis gamocxadeba faruli formiT im borotebas Seicavs rasac didi da Zlieri
erebis mier mcire da susti erebis asimilireba hqvia. amis
Taobaze angia boWoriSvili werda, mcdaria is Sexeduleba,
romlis mixedviTac TiTqos erovnuli kultura an sul ar
arsebobdes, an mcire Rirebulebis warmonaqmni iyos da momavalSi mTlianad gaTqvefa elodes sakacobrio kulturaSi.
amas amtkicebda kolonializmis zogi faruli Tu aSkara momxre da Tanac sakacobrio kulturaSi im eris kulturas
gulisxmobda, romelsac TviTon ekuTvnis aseTi azrebi gabatonebuli eris warmomadgenlis mier aris moCmaxuli.
zemoT mocemuli msjelobidan gamomdinareobs, rom wminda
saxiT aRebuli kulturis subieqti ar unda iyos arc adamiani-individi, arc eri da arc kacobrioba. kultura RirebulebaTa sistemaa da misi konkretuloba niSnavs rom nebismieri
kultura erTdroulad aris adamiani-individisac, erisac da
mTeli kacobriobisac. amitom kulturis subieqtia samive ise,
rom maTi mTlianoba warmodgenilia konkretul _ istoriul
adamianSi. es niSnavs kulturis subieqtia konkretul-istoriuli adamiani, romelic qmnis kulturas ara marto TavisTvis
da Tavisi saxeliT, aramed sakuTari eris da mTeli kacobriobisaTvis da maTi saxeliT. mis mier Seqmnili kulturis
sagani atarebs pirovnul-individualur, erovnul da zogadsakacobrio elementebs.
7. kulturis teleologiuroba. kultura teleologiuri sinamdvilea, anu igi aris miznobrivi fenomeni.
masSi batonoben miznebi. yvelaferi warimarTeba miznebis
mixedviT. kultura miznobriobis princi pebze awyobili wesrigia. adamianis cxovrebis momwesrigebeli Zalebi miznebia.
yvelaferi miznobrivad warimarTeba. bunebis kulturisagan
princi puli gansxvaveba isaa, rom masSi miznobrioba princi pulad gamoricxulia. miznebi arsebobs iq, sadac cnobierebaa
CarTuli. miznebis dasaxva da miznobrivad moqmedeba cnobierebis saqmea. bunebaSi moqmedebs ara miznobrioba, aramed
mizanSewonilobis stiqiuri princi pi, romelSic gamoricxulia cnobierebis faqtori. kulturis miznobriobisaTvis
mTavaria cnobiereba, adamianis suli. buneba mudmiv moZraobacvalebadobis procesSia, magram ara raRac miznisaken, an raRac
miznisaTvis, aramed, ubralod, bunebas sxvanairad arseboba ar
SeuZlia. misi arsebobis wesi misi moZraoba-cvalebadobaa.
planetebi moZraoben mzis garSemo, magram ara raRac miznis
misaRwevad, aramed imitom, rom esaa mzis sistemis arsebobis
wesi. kulturaSi, raki igi cnobierebis mqone adamianis samyaroa, yvelaferi miznebis mixedviT warimarTeba. amitom bunebam
ar icis araviTari ganviTareba, araviTari progresi an regresi. TviTon terminebi `progresi~ da `regresi~ SefasebiTi
terminebia. Sefaseba Semfasebels gulisxmobs. Semfasebeli
adamiania, anu progresi da regresi iqaa, sadac adamiania. progresuli an regresuli adamianisaTvis mniSvnelobs. buneba
ganicdis cvlilebebs, magram misi Secvla TviT bunebisaTvis
arc progresia da arc regresi. es isaa, rac gansazRvra bunebis
saganTa urTierTobis mizanSewonilobam. sanam adamiani praqtikul nabijs gadadgams, igi isaxavs garkveul mizans, qmnis mis
idealur models da iwyebs misken moZraobas. adamianSi raRacis survilis gaCena, misi modelis ideaSi warmoSoba da swrafva
am ideis gansaxorcieleblad aris misi miznobrivi moqmedeba.
kultura RirebulebebiT aris dasaxlebuli; Rirebulebebi
SefasebiT aqtSi dgindebian. Sefaseba kargisa da cudis dadgenaa. amisaTvis ki garkveuli sazomia saWiro. sazomis funqcias miznebi asruleben. is, rac maaxlovebs mizanTan kargia,
rac maSorebs mizans, xels miSlis miznis miRwevaSi cudia.
amitom progresi mizanTan miaxlovebiT izomeba, regresi _
miznisagan dacilebiT.
kulturis teleologiuroba iwvevs masSi aucilebeli da sakmao winaaRmdegobis kanonis amoqmedebas. misi arsi
308
309
SemdegSia. stiqiur bunebaSi moqmedebs uzogadesi kanoni, romelsac naklebi winaaRmdegobis kanoni ewodeba. am kanonis Camoyalibeba dakavSirebulia frangi moazrovnis pier fermas saxelTan. esaa stiqiur bunebaSi moqmedi kanoni. mis mixedviT,
bunebis yoveli sagani moZraobs im mimarTulebiT, saiTac mas
yvelaze naklebi winaaRmdegoba eRobeba. dagorebuli burTula msoflio mizidulobis kanoniT gagordeba iqiT, saiTac
naklebi winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeba. mdinare mtkvris moZraobis
traeqtoria imiT ar aris ganpirobebuli, rom mas swored am
traeqtoriiT da swored kaspiis zRvaSi Casvla hqonda miznad.
cxadia, mtkvars araviTari mizani ar hqonia da arc SeiZleboda hqonoda, radgan mizani cnobierebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.
sxva situaciaa kulturis sferoSi. aq msjeloba exeba arc
mdinares da arc burTulas. is adamianis cnobierebis asparezia. adamiani cnobierebiT aRWurvili arsebaa. cnobierebiT
igi Segnebulad isaxavs iseT miznebs, rac uzrunvelyofs mis
adamianur arsebobas. miznebis miRweva adamians ZiriTadad
uwevs bunebasTan WidilSi. bunebasTan Widili bunebis ZalebTan
Widilia. kultura bunebis gaadamianurebis procesia. amitom
mas sWirdeba bunebis ZalebTan dapirispireba, anu bunebis
Zalebis daZleva da sakuTari miznis am gziT miRweva. miznis
dasaxva da misi miRweva ki imas niSnavs, rom aq sruliad
gamousadegaria naklebi winaaRmdegobebis kanoniT moqmedeba.
adamians miznis misaRwevad sWirdeba imxela Zalebi, rac aucilebelia da amave dros sakmarisi iqneba im sawinaaRmdego
Zalebis gadasalaxad, romlebic miznis miRwevis saqmeSi win
eRobebian, anu es Zala unda iyos sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom
adamianma daZlios mis win aRmarTul winaaRmdegobebi. amitom aseT kanons unda vuwodoT aucilebeli da sakmao winaaRmdegobis kanoni.
310
311
samxreT amerikisa da aRmosavleTis qveynebis uZvelesi piramidebi _ materialuri kulturis Zeglebis nimuSebia.
sulieri kulturac iyofa qvesaxeebad: calkeuli
pirovnebis sulieri kultura, misi sulieri samyaro, misi fiqrebi,
azrebi, Sexedulebebi, miznebi, zneoba, esTetikuroba, samarTlianoba, sarwmunoeba, msoflmxedveloba; erTi sityviT, misi sulieri
saxe. pirovnebis adamianurobis gansazRvruloba ZiriTadad
mis sulier saxeSi vlindeba. meore, esaa erovnuli an sakacobrio sulieri kultura. mTliani eri cocxali organizmia,
romelsac aqvs Tavisi erovnuli sxeuli da Tavisi suli.
erovnuli sxeulis mTlianobas qmnis eris Svilebis mTlianoba.
erovnul sulier kulturas _ erovnul cnobierebas, erovnul
suls uwodeben. esaa mTeli eris sulieri Rirebulebebis
bazaze Camoyalibebuli erovnuli Sexedulebebis, miswrafebebis, miznebis, idealebis, religiuri mrwamsis, misi enis, mexsierebis Sinaarsi, misi sulieri moRvaweobiT Seqmnili da
istoriulad dagrovili sulieri simdidre. eris sulieri
kultura mTeli eris sulieri yofierebaa. misiT cxovrobs da
momavlisken misiT ikvlevs gzas mTeli eri. amasTanave mas
icavs da mfarvelobs eri. eris sulieri kultura misi TiToeuli patrioti SvilisaTvis imdenad axlobeli da mniSvnelovania, rom mis dasacavad mzadaa sakuTari sicocxle
gaiRos. eris Svilebis patriotoba, pirvel rigSi, erovnuli
kulturis dacvisaTvis mzadyofnaSi gamoixateba. saqme is aris,
rom eris Svilis mier erovnuli kulturis dacva, saboloo
jamSi, sakuTari me-s dacvaa. erovnuli kulturis dakargva
sakuTari me-s dakargvaa, vinaidan misi me, misi pirovnuli suli,
_ erovnuli suliTaa aRzrdili da nasazrdoebi. pirovnul
suls, pirovnul sulier kulturas mxolod erovnul sulTan,
erovnul sulier kulturasTan mWidro kavSirSi yofniT SeuZlia arseboba. erovnuli kulturis dakargva erovnebis
dakargvaa. erovnebadakarguli adamiani veRar iqneba patrioti.
patriotobis gareSe darCenili uTvistomo adamiani veeberTela
samyaroSi ferfliviT gafantuli kosmopolitia.
realurad calke, wminda saxiT, ver SexvdebiT kultur-
312
313
https://www.facebook.com/groups/ELLIB/
314
315
es ki uazrobaa, magram adamians SeuZlia da movalecaa aujanydes sakuTar nakls, amitom istoriulad aseTi ajanyebebis
faqtebi mimarTulia saerTo kulturis siRrmeSi misi zneobrivi deficiturobisaken.
esaa situacia, roca warmoebis, mecnierebis, teqnikisa da
teqnologiebis ganviTareba scildeba zneobrivi normebiT xelmZRvanelobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, adamianis cxovreba, saerTod
kultura, gaSlil mkacr okeaneSi umarTav xomalds gavs, misi
mgzavrebisaTvis aTasgvari xifaTis Semcveli rom aris. zneobrivi kultura adamianis yvela sxva saqmianobis makontrolebeli Zalaa. zneoba adamianis sulis moraluri normebiT mowesrigebaa, romelic xdeba yvela sxva dasaSvebi kulturuli wesrigis saTave da safuZveli. kultura SemoqmedebiTi procesia.
Semoqmedeba axlis aRmoCena-dadgenaa. amitom zneobis mimarT ismis kiTxva, _ Tu masSi axlis aRmoCena-dadgena yoveldRiuri
moTxovnaa, xom ar niSnavs es zneobis normebis yoveldRiur cvalebadobas, rac rogorc pirovnebisaTvis, ise sazogadoebisTvis saxifaTo ryevebis gamomwvevi iqneba. da Tu masSi axlis aRmoCenebs
adgili ara aqvs, maSin igi ar yofila SemoqmedebiTi procesi, e.i
ar yofilad kultura. am kiTxvaze pasuxi aseTia: kultura iseTi
cocxali organizmia, romelsac yoveldRiuri sazrdo sWirdeba.
sportsmenma, romelmac didi Sromisa da Zalisxmevis Sedegad
SesaZleblobebis maRal dones miaRwia, ar niSnavs, rom mas uzrunvelad SeuZlia am donis SenarCuneba. misi SenarCunebisaTvis
igive Zalisxmeva da kidev ufro metic sWirdeba. aseTive situaciaa kulturis mimarT. wina Taobebis maRalkulturuloba ar
niSnavs axali Taobis maRali kulturiT uzrunvelyofas. amisTvis
axal Taobasac sWirdeba wina Taobebis msgavsi da kidev ufro
meti Zalisxmeva. zneoba arsebobs zneobrivi qcevebis saxiT. wina
Taobebis mier gamomuSavebuli zneobrivi normebi, misi ganxoricielebisaTvis zneobriv nebas moiTxovs. nebis amoqmedeba da
ganxorcieleba didi zneobrivi tvirTis zidvis survilsa da
SesaZleblobas moiTxovs, agreTve, rac mTavaria, _ yvela sulieri
Zalis zneobrivi nebisadmi damorCilebas. yoveli aseTi aqtis
ganxorcieleba aris individis SemoqmedebiTi miRweva, misi gama-
rjveba situaciaze da sakuTar Tavze. pirovnebis mxridan, yoveldRiuri zneobrivi Semoqmedebis ganxorcieleba swored aseTi Zalebis
mobilizaciisa da amoqmedebis SesaZleblobaa. sikeTis qmna saCveneblad erTxel ki ar unda xdebodes da Semdeg farulad aTasjer
borotebis Cadena, aramed yoveldRe. `yoveldRe Sens Tavsa hkiTxe
aba dRes me vis ra varge~ (i. WavWavaZe).
xelovneba warmoadgens adamianis mier sinamdvilis mxatvruli formebiT asaxvas. n. WavWavaZe wignSi `kultura da
Rirebulebani~ wers, _ xelovneba Tavisi arsebiT aris subieqtivirebuli obieqturi da obieqtivirebuli subieqturi; idealizebuli realuri da realizebuli idealuri; gansulierebul-gagoniTebuli materialuri da materializebuli sulier-goniTi. es niSnavs xelovnebaSi adgili aqvs jer obieqturi, realuri, materialuri sagnebis adamianis sulTan dakavSirebas da am gziT sagnis subieqtur, idealur, gansulierebul-gagoniTebul formaSi gardaqmnas. Semdeg adamianis sulidan, piruku gziT, subieqtivirebulis, idealizebulis, gansulierebul-gagoniTebulis xelaxal obieqtivirebas, realizacias, materializacias. amiT Sesrulda moZraoba. am moZraobam
wre Sekra. TiTqos gamosavali da dasasruli erTmaneTs unda
daemTxves. radgan moZraoba daiwyo obieqturiT da damTavrda
obieqtivirebuliT. magram es moZraoba imitom Sesrulda, rom
maT Soris sxvaoba iqnes miRweuli. dasawyisSi warmodgenilia
bunebis sagani. dasasrulSi mis adgils ikavebs xelovnebis
qmnileba. xolo Sesrulebuli moZraoba xelovnebis SemoqmedebiTi procesis ganxorcieleba iyo, ramac bunebis sagani gaamdidra subieqturi SinaarsiT. axla igi wminda obieqturi ki
aRaraa, aramed igi obieqtur-subieqturia. amitom xelovneba
aris adamianis mier sakuTar cxovrebaSi gancdili movlenis
mxatvrul-simbolur saxeebSi gamovlena. xelovnebis samyaro
adamianis gancdebis mxatvruli saxeebiT gasagnebuli samyaroa. xelovnebis Zireuli elementebia _ gancda da mxatvruloba. xelovnebis daniSnulebaa mTeli samyaros mowesrigeba
mxatvrul-esTetikuri saSualebebiT, rac adamianebSi Zlier
emociebsa da nairgvar gancdebs iwvevs, amitom xelovneba
sulieri kulturis mniSvnelovani formaa. igi warmoadgens
316
317
sinamdvilis mowesrigebas silamazisa da mSvenierebis normebiT. cxadia, xelovnebaSi goni sulac araa CrdilSi moqceuli. es rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo xelovneba cxovelebsac
eqnebodaT. mTeli is dinamika, razec xelovnebasTan dakavSirebiT adamianis sulier moZraobebze iTqva warimarTeba adamianis maRali gonierebiT. xelovneba romelic ar eyrdnoba
WeSmaritebas, xelovneba ver iqneba. WeSmariteba ibadeba mecnierul da mxatvrul azrovnebaSi mecnieruli WeSmariteba,
rogorc Taviseburi masala, gardaiqmneba mxatvrul saxed.
kultura Tavis TavSi mraval Rirebulebas moicavs. am
Rirebulebebs Soris aris urTierTkavSirebi. RirebulebaTa
dinamika iwvevs erTi, an ramdenime Rirebulebis wina planze
wamowevas da maT gabatonebas sxva Rirebulebebze. aseTi gabatonebuli Rirebuleba safuZvlad edeba yvela sxva Rirebulebas da ganapirobebs kulturis sistemaSi Semavali Rirebulebebis mowesrigebas; imis mixedviT, Tu romel kulturaSi, fuZemdebluri statusiT, romeli Rirebulebaa warmodgenili, erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben kulturis istoriul tipebs. mTliani
kultura RirebulebaTa sistemaa. Tu sistemaSi erTi, an ramdenime Rirebuleba safuZvlad edeba mTlian sistemas, maSin es
aris kulturis ti pi. fuZemdebluri Rirebulebebi warmoadgenen kulturis ti pis safuZvels. am niSniT gamoyofen ori
ti pis kulturas. esenia aRmosavleTis (igulisxmeba aRmosavleTis qveynebis) da dasavleTis (dasavleTis qveynebis)
kultura.
ukve iTqva imis Sesaxeb, rom kulturis safuZveli Tavisuflebaa. iTqva isic, rom arsebobs Tavisuflebis ori saxe
negatiuri da pozitiuri Tavisufleba. praqtikulad SeuZlebelia maTi erTimeorisgan mowyveta da romelime erTis arseboba, magram maT proporciul urTierTobaSi SeiZleba romelimem daikavos dominanturi mdgomareoba. es garemoeba edeba
safuZvlad ori ti pis kulturis arsebobas. aRmosavleTis
kultura ZiriTadad eyrdnoba negatiur Tavisuflebas. dasavleTis kultura Tavisuflebis pozitiur gagebas. Tavisuflebis
ganxorcielebis socialuri forma da instrumenti saxelmwi-
318
319
320
321
10. kulturis sagnebis (artefaqtebis) Semecneba. adamiani Seimecnebs rogorc bunebis sagnebsa da movlenebs, aseve kulturis qmnilebebs. (sazogadoeba, sazogadoebrivi
movlenebi, Tavisi arsebiTi mxariT kulturis sferos miekuTvneba).
kulturis sagnebis Semecneba garkveulad gansxvavdeba
bunebis sagnebis Semecnebisagan. es gansxvaveba, erTis mxriv,
kulturisa da bunebis sagnebs Soris gansxvavebiTaa gapirobebuli. meores mxriv, igi gamowveulia Semmecnebeli subieqtis
gansxvavebuli interesebiT. bunebis sagnebSi SemecnebiTi saZiebelia misi bunebrivi maxasiaTeblebi. es iqneba misi bunebrivi niSan-Tvisebebi, Tu obieqturi mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebi. e.i saZiebelia obieqturi viTarebebi. kulturis sagansac aqvs msgavsi obieqturi niSan-Tvisebebi. magram Tu maTi am
kuTxiT Semecneba ganxorcieldeba, maSin isinic, bunebrivi
sagnebis saxiT iqnebian warmodgenilni da ara kulturis
sagnebis saxiT. kulturis sagnebi ar Cndebian bunebrivi gziT.
isini arian adamianis SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis nayofi, maTSi Setanilia da gasagnobrivebulia adamianis suli. amitom aseTi
sagnis Semecneba miznad isaxavs ara imas, ra aris masSi bunebrivi mocemulobani, aramed imas, ra Seitana masSi adamianis
sulma. kulturis sagnis Semoqmedma masSi Tavisi suli (ideebi,
emociebi, xedvebi da idealebi) Cado da gaasagrZnobriva. xolo
am sagnis Semmecnebelma subieqtma misgan unda amoikiTxos is,
rac masSi Semoqmedma Cado. amitom kulturis sagnis Semecneb-
322
323
sulierad qmnis pirvel adamians, rogorc am raRacis momxmarebels. ase mTeli eris, mTeli kacobriobis masStabiT
yvelani erTad qmnian kulturas da am procesSi isini erTimeores sulierad qmnian. amitom isini erTmaneTis mimarT
ucxoni ar arian. SigniTobis princi piT, igiveobriv
mTlianobaSi arian da esaa maTi erTmaneTis gagebis safuZveli. `vefxistyaosans~ kiTxuloben kontinentebis xalxebic, raSia maTi gagebis safuZveli? cxadia, `vefxistyaosani~
ise axlobeli veravisTvis iqneba da ise kargad mas veravin
gaigebs, rogorc qarTveli, magram mas raRac doneze mainc
gebuloben da unda gaigon kidec, vinaidan eris garda arsebobs adamianTa ufro farTo forma kacobrioba, ufro
farTo gvari adamiani. kontinentis xalxebic da rusTavelic
miekuTvnebian kacobriobas, adamianTa gvars, e.i. arc isini
arian erTimeores mimarT ucxoni. amitom gageba SesaZlebelia. gagebis done da xarisxi igiveobrivSi siaxlovis doniT
ganisazRvreba.
Semecnebis Sedegi WeSmaritebis dadgenaa. bunebis sagnis Semecnebis Sedegad dadgenili WeSmariteba obieqturi azria.
mas ar unda hqondes subieqturi gansazRvrulobebi. zogadad,
kulturis sagnis Semecnebis procesSic miiRweva WeSmariteba,
magram igi ar SeiZleba iyos mkacrad obieqturi xasiaTis,
radgan igi SemecnebiT-SefasebiTi aqtis mTlianobaSi dgindeba. amitom kulturis sagnis gageba (Semecneba) ufro metad
gamoixateba terminiT simarTle. mocemul SemTxvevaSi am
termins ara aqvs iuridiuli datvirTva. igi ufro mxatvrulRirebulebiTi terminia. magaliTad mxatvruli simarTle,
romelic xSirad realur, istoriul simarTleze ifro namdvilnairi da damajerebelia _ Semoqmedis genialobisa da
ganumeoreblobis wyalobiT.
masSi unda vigulisxmoT adamianTa mTliani erTianobis samyaro. mTeli kacobrioba mTeli Tavisi warsuliT, dRevandelobiT da momavali TaobebiT. pirovnebas sakuTari me-s gancda,
gamorCeulad, adamianTa Soris urTierTobaSi uCndeba. igi
komunikabelur-dialoguri arsebaa. mas dialogis survili
aqvs ara marto TanamedroveebTan, aramed istoriulad Soreul
warsulSi mcxovreb adamianebTan, xalxebTan da momaval
TaobebTan. dialogi aucileblad moiTxovs maT Soris gagebis SesaZleblobas. warsulma Taobebma, erebma, xalxebma, kulturebma Seqmnes da datoves xelovneba, miTologiuri, religiuri, politikur-samarTlebrivi da sxva saxis teqstebi.
am teqstebSi maTi sulia dafiqsirebuli. es dRevandeli
TaobebisaTvis garkveuli sulieri, memkvidreobiTi simdidrea.
saWiroa misi aTviseba da gamoyeneba. amisaTvis aucilebelia
teqstebis ara ubralod wakiTxva, aramed maTi avtorebis sulSi
Cawvdoma da gageba. teqstSi sulis pirdapiri gadmocema SeuZlebelia. am gziT suli ar gadaicema. unda moxdes garkveuli simboloebis gaSifrva. teqsti simboloebis krebulia.
wakiTxviT vkiTxulobT simboloebs, magram saWiroeba moiTxovs am simboloebis gagebas. gagebis gziT xdeba sulierebaSi
wvdoma. igive urTierTobaa dRevandel da momaval Taobebs
Soris. dRevandeli Taobebic dautoveben momaval Taobebs
garkveul sulier memkvidreobas, sxvadasxva teqstebSi garkveuli simboloebiT daSifruli saxiT da momaval Taobebsac
dasWirdebaT maTi gaSifrva-gageba. aqedan naTeli xdeba gagebis arsisa da misi SesaZleblobebis udidesi mniSvneloba.
amitom gagebis cneba Tanamedrove filosofiisaTvis erT-erT
aqtualur Temad iqca. mis Sesaswavlad Camoyalibebulia specialuri filosofiuri dargi `hermenevtikis~ saxelwodebiT. Zvel berZnul miTologiaSi hermesi aris Taviseburi
kurieri, macne RmerTebsa da adamianebs Soris. igi adamianebs
agebinebs RmerTebis neba-survils, xolo RmerTebs adamianebis Txovnebs. amitom termini `hermenevtika~ daukavSires hermesis saxels. filosofiuri azrovnebis am specialuri dargis daniSnulebaa gagebiTi kavSiris analizi da kvleva or
324
325
go istoriuli movlenebi? _ unda SeaRwio istoriuli personaJebis sulier samyaroSi da maTi mamoZravebeli motivebi
Tavad ganicado. hermenevtikisaTvis gagebis ZiriTadi sferoa
adamianTa samyaro, sazogadoeba, istoria, kultura. faqtebi,
romlebic sazogadoebas ganekuTvneba, hermenevtikis poziciidan, Cven SegviZlia mxolod Sinagan gancdaze dayrdnobiT,
Sinagani mdgomareobebiT, siyvaruliT an siZulviliT gavigoT. buneba gamocxadebulia adamianisaTvis ucxo sferod.
sazogadoeba aris hermenevtikis sfero. cxovreba pirvel rigSi sulieri procesia. es isaa, rasac adamiani fiqrobs, grZnobs,
rac surs adamians. cxovreba aris mudmivi nakadi SegrZnebebis, survilebis, aRqmebis, warmodgenebis da a.S. rasac azrovnebis
logikuri kategoriebiT, gonebiT ver SevimecnebT. aq mTavaria Sinagani gancda. esaa cnobierebis faqtebis intuiciuri
gancda; anu mecnierebas mxolod racionaluri Semecnebis
gziT ar SeuZlia mTliani cxovrebis Semecneba. saqme gagebis
intuiciur gancdas exeba. amitom hermenevtika esaa ara mecnieruli Semecnebis Sesaxeb mecniereba, romelic Tavisi
bunebiT iracionaluri xasiaTisaa. kulturis sferoSi kulturis sagnis gageba niSnavs Cawvde mis sazriss, emociur
impulsebs, romlis niadagze igi Seiqmna kulturis grZnobad
saganSi, rac garegania sulisaTvis, imis amokiTxva da gageba
SeiZleba, rac Semoqmedma sulma Cado masSi sulierebis
sazrisiT. adamianis cxovreba, rogorc sulieri samyaro, aerTianebs adamianis me-s, rogorc mis suls, sazogadoebriv suls
da epoqis suls. sulTa am mTlianobaSi moxvedrili nebismieri sazogadoebriv-istoriul-kulturuli movlena, rogorc
cxovrebis nawili, gaigeba swored sulis aseTi mTlianobis
bazaze. es niSnavs, rom kulturis konkretuli sagnis gageba
moiTxovs sakuTari me-s, im sazogadoebis da im epoqis gancdaTa mTlianobas, romelsac mocemuli sagani ekuTvnis. aseTi
gancda aris gagebis SesaZleblobis matarebeli. hermenevtika
imis dasabuTebaa, rom, imisaTvis, raTa erTma gaugos meores, man
unda moaxerxos droiT, sivrciT, RirebulebiT, emociebiT meoris igiveobrivi gaxdes da rogorme `Cajdes~ mis kanSi. amiT
326
327
Tavisi Tavi daayenos mis adgilas miRweuli gageba iracionalur-intuiciuri xasiaTisa iqneba.
hermenevtikis mtkiceba sazogadoebisa da kulturis
sferoebSi mecnierul-cnebiTi Semecnebis umarTebulobis Sesaxeb aradamajerebelia, magram am movlenebis hermenevtikuli
(iracionaluri) Semecnebis moTxovna dadebiTad unda CaiTvalos, radgan igi racionaluri Semecnebis naklovanebebis Semavsebel mxared warmosdgeba.
328
329
330
331
da imasac, rac misTvis sikeTe iyo. cxovrebis mudmivi SenarCuneba undoda, magram cxovreba da sikeTec xelidan ecleba.
bolos, Rebulobs ras? Rebulobs imas, rom Turme rasac namdvil cxovrebas da namdvil sikeTes uwodebda, is ispoba, qreba.
igi arc yofila namdvili cxovreba, rom misi gamaradiseba
SeuZlebelia. xolo is, rasac moCvenebiT cxovrebad da
moCvenebiT sikeTed miiCnevda, _ darCeba da icxovrebs maradiulad. gamodis, rom is erTaderTi cxovreba, romelsac adamiani
grZnobs da ufrTxildeba, macduri da SeuZlebelia. xolo
cxovreba mis gareT, is, romelic mas ar uyvars, ver grZnobs da
ar icis, swored is aris mTliani namdvili cxovreba. aqedan
gamomdinare, l. tolstoi askvnis, Cveni cxovreba aris moZraoba or zRvars Soris. erTia Cveni iseTi arseboba, roca mTlianad CarTulni varT sakuTari pirovnuli sikeTis mosapoveblad da sul ar vkiTxulobT Cvens gareT arsebulTa beds;
meorea _ sruli gamijvna sakuTari interesebisagan, mTeli
yuradRebis gadatana gare sinamdvileze. sikeTis mosurneoba
Cvens gareT arsebuli sinamdvilisTvis da mis binadarTaTvis.
rac ufro axlos varT pirvel zRvarTan, miT ufro aranamdvilia Cveni cxovreba. rac ufro axlos varT meore zRvarTan,
Cveni cxovreba namdvili da WeSmaritia. yoveli adamianis
xvedria _ imoZraos am or zRvars Sua. swored moZraobaa
cxovreba.
cxovrebis Sesaxeb tolstois vrclad warmodgenil
TvalsazrisSi Tu gamovkveTavT ZiriTad momentebs, esenia:
cxovrebis arsebobis survilebis arsebobasTan dakavSireba;
cxovreba rogorc Seurigebeli brZolis asparezi, sadac yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi wydeba; cxovreba rogorc tanjva; cxovrebis sasruloba da usasruloba; cxovreba da sikvdili; cxovreba rogorc moZraoba me-sa da sxvas Soris. amasTanave
gamokveTilia egocentruli princi pebiT ganxorcielebuli
cxovrebis kritikuli Sefaseba da xazi esmeba im cxovrebis
upiratesobas, romelic xorcieldeba zneobriv motivebze
dafuZnebiT. misi azriT, namdvili cxovreba maSinaa, roca Seni
sikeTe ar upirispirdeba sxvebis sikeTes. igi maT gverdiTaa,
maTi nawilia da maTTan erTad qmnis erTian, mTlian sakacobrio cxovrebas. mxolod aseT cxovrebas SeuZlia eziaros
usasrulobas.
332
333
ba. aqtiur suls arseboba uwevs pasiuri nivTieri sinamdvilis garemocvaSi. adamianis cxovrebis asparezi mTeli samyaroa. am samyarosTan adamianis damokidebuleba ornairia: _
idealuri da realuri. idealurad adamiani mTel samyaros
wvdeba. es maSin xdeba, roca suli axerxebs, warmosaxvis unaris
meSveobiT gaTavisufldes sxeulebrivi simZimisagan da mTlian
samyaroSi daiwyos Tavisufali navardi. magram realur cxovrebaSi suli realuri ZalebiTaa damZimebuli, romelic
garkveulad boWavs sulis Tavisuflebas. cxovrebis realuroba niSnavs realurad daeuflo realur samyaros. magram rogor?
am kiTxvaze pasuxSi ikveTeba uznaZiseuli gagebis siRrmiseuli arseba. `arsebiTi ZarRvi cxovrebisa gardaqmnaSi anu
SemoqmedebaSi marxia~; aqtiuri suli ebrZvis da gardaqmnis
yvelafers, rasac pasiurobis beWedi azis.
334
335
4. cxovreba rogorc kultura. cxovrebis uznaZiseuli analizidan unda mivideT daskvnamde, rom adamianuri
cxovreba sxva araferia, Tu ara kultura, _ ara viwro, aramed
farTo filosofiuri gagebiT. garemo, romelSic sacxovreblad Semovida adamiani _ aris stiqiuri garemo. es garemo
imarTeba sakuTari stiqiuri (bunebis) kanonebiT. adamianis
cxovreba unda aewyos ara stiqiuri kanonebiT, aramed wmindad
adamianuri normebiTa da princi pebiT; icxovros stiqiur
bunebaSi, magram ara bunebis, aramed adamianuri kanonebiT ai,
aqedan iRebs saTaves yvela is kiTxva da problema, romlebic
Cndeba bunebasa da adamians Soris urTierTobaSi da rac
edeba safuZvlad cxovrebis raobisa da SesaZleblobebis problemebs.
ismis kiTxva, _ stiqiur garemos, romelSic unda icxovros adamianma, SeuZlia adamians misces yvelaferi is, rac
mis adamianurad cxovrebas sWirdeba? aq pasuxi aSkaraa. adamiani, uSualo formiT, stiqiuri bunebisagan ver iRebs verafers,
rac mis Rirseul cxovrebas esaWiroeba. bunebaSi adamiani
uSualod poulobs imasve, rac bunebisagan eZleva cxovelebs:
dabebs, socialur-politikur institutebs, saxelmwifo, sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo, sainformacio, sarwmunoebriv, saganmanaTleblo, samedicino da sportul dawesebulebebs; vRebulobT
fermweris, moqandakis, arqiteqtoris, poetis, mwerlis, kompozitoris, reJisoris, diriJorisa da musikos-Semsruleblis Semoqmedebis nimuSebs, vRebulobT religiur, filosofiur mecnierul Teoriebsa da moZRvrebebs, eTikur da esTetikur
traqtatebs, samarTlebriv kodeqsebs da sxva. aq motanili
CamonaTvali vrcelia da igi aSkaras xdis pasuxs kiTxvaze
CamoTvlili movlenebis gareSe daerqmeoda Tu ara adamianis
arsebobas cxovreba? cxadia, ara!
aRniSnuli artefaqtebis SeqmnisaTvis adamians sWirdeba orgvari masala: idealuri da nivTieri. xuTi saukunis win
miqelanjelom Seqmna moses qandakeba. amisaTvis mas dasWirda,
erTi mxriv, Sesatyvisi sulieri Zalebi: inteleqti, niWi, neba,
siyvaruli, Tavisufleba, azrebi, ideebi, ideali, mxatvrisa da
moqandakis warmosaxvis unari da xedvebi. mas dasWirda fizikuri Zalebi, sakuTari sxeulisa da sakuTari xelebis saxiT.
mas dasWirda maRali ostatoba. yvelaferi es man sakuTari medan miiRo. meore mxriv, mas dasWirda nivTieri masala. mocemul
SemTxvevaSi marmarilo. igi man miiRo bunebisagan. bunebaSi
marmarilo Zevs qanebis, lodis saxiT. moqandakem igi unda
gardaqmnas moses qandakebad. aq kvlav mivadeqiTYuznaZis sityvebs: `cxovreba aqtiuri sulis pasiur bunebriobaSi SeWris
da misi gardaqmnis procesia~. marmarilos lodi, romelic
bunebaSi Zevs esaa pasiuri bunebrivi masala. igi arafers
adamianurs ar Seicavs, magram roca mas ukavSirdeba moqandake
da masSi misi miznebis, ideebis anu misi sulierebis SeWra da
gabatoneba iwyeba, marmarilo ivseba adamianurobiT, xdeba misi
gardaqmna-gaadamianureba. moses qandakebaSi, ukana planze gadadis marmarilo, rogorc bunebrivi nivTiereba. wina planzea
wamoweuli is suli, romelic masSi Caamkvidra da ganasxeula
moqandakem. moses qandakebaSi vxedavT da iqidan gvelaparakeba
ara marmarilo, aramed miqelanjelo buonaroti moses Sesaxeb.
es gaxda SoTa niSnianiZesaTvis STagonebis wyarod, raTa leqsad
336
337
gardaesaxa: _
`qvadqceul moses fiqriT vexebi, viT STagonebas JamTan
naomars
da marmarilos Tbil natexebiT Tvali evseba araraobas...~
miwis siRrmeSi, bunebrivi qanebis saxiT arsebuli marmarilo cxadia, civia. amasTanave, sulierad igi marTlac
araraobaa. magram roca mas Seexo moqandakis mxurvale xelebi,
gaaTbo igi da suli STabera, poetur warmosaxvaSi iSva simbolizirebuli fraza `da marmarilos Tbil natexebiT Tvali evseba araraobas...~
moses qandakeba kulturis sagania (artefaqti). ase iqmneba kulturis yvela sagani. ase iqmneba mTliani kultura. aq
gamonaklisi ar arsebobs. es exeba rogorc xelovnebis sferos
ise mTlian cxovrebas. ase iqmneba rigiTi Sromis iaraRebi,
rigiTi yofiTi sagani. ase iqmneba rogorc qandakeba, ise guTani, qvevri, kovzi... ase iqmneba saerTod cxovreba. cxovrebaSi
Rirebulebis saxiT ver SexvdebiT iseT sagans, amasTanave kulturis sagani rom ar iyos. da piriqiT, rac artefaqtad iTvleba, yvelaferi cxovrebis sagania. swored kultura aris adamianis cxovreba. cxovreba erTis mxriv, mTliani kulturaa, meore mxriv, TviTon cxovrebac kulturis Taviseburi, erTi grandiozuli sagania, radgan isic adamianis sulieri Zalebis da
bunebis nivTieri masalis saSualebiT iqmneba. iqmneba imave
gziT da kanonebiT, rogorc qandakeba, guTani, qvevri, kovzi. is
garemoeba, rom arsebobs mxolod adamianuri kultura, miuTiTebs imaze, rom mxolod adamiani cxovrobs. cxovrebis gamorCeuloba kulturis sxva sagnebisagan imiT gamoixateba, rom
igi kulturis sagnebis mTlianobaSi Semkrebi movlenaa. xeluxlebeli bunebis uSualod adamianis cxovrebaSi Semotana
SeuZlebelia. man unda gaiaros Taviseburi sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqti, sadac igi gardaiqmneba, gaadamianurdeba, miiRebs
kulturis sagnis saxes da mxolod amis Semdeg iqceva Rirebulebad, anu cxovrebis nawilad.
cxovreba adamianis arsebobis formaa. arseboba sinamdvilis uklebliv yvela sagnisa da movlenis niSan-Tvisebaa.
adamianisaTvis yoveli sagnis upirvelesi niSania misi arseboba. rom igi aris. CvenTvis yvelaferi aris (arsebobs) rasTanac movdivarT raimegvar SexebaSi, iqneba es fizikuri, biologiuri, fsiqologiuri, azrobrivi, religiuri, Tu sityvieri
kavSiri. Cven SegviZlia eWvi SevitanoT iseTi ramis arsebobaSi, rasTanac aranairi kavSiri ara gvaqvs. ar arsebuls sityvaSic ki ver gamovTqvamT, vinaidan rasac sityvaSi vafiqsirebT,
sityviT vexebiT, amiT igi sityvaSi iwyebs arsebobas. religiuradac yovelive arsebulis dasabami sityvaa. TviTon RmerTia
sityva. bay-bay devis arseboba im droidan iwyeba, roca igi
pirvelad gamoTqves sityviT. igi sityvaSi, zRaparSi arsebobs.
nu vityviT, rom es araa misi realuri arseboba. es marTlac
araa misi fizikuri arseboba, magram igi mainc realuria, radgan mas adamianze zemoqmedebis realuri Zala gaaCnia. ra
iqneboda adamianis, gansakuTrebiT bavSvis samyaro zRaprebis
gareSe?! arsebobs Tu ara RmerTi, saiqio, sulis ukvdaveba?
arsebobs, radgan vukavSirdebiT fiqrebiT, rwmeniT, imediT. es
realobaa, radgan adamianze udidesi realuri ZaliT axdens
zemoqmedebas. aTeizmi, panTeizmi, deizmi da Teizmi RmerTis
arsebobis sakiTxis ki ara, _ misi arsebobis formis sakiTxis
gadawyvetaa.
naTelia, rom TviTon arseboba yovelTvis da yvelafrisTvis erTnairi araa. mas aqvs sxvadasxva forma. arsebobs
qva. misi arseboba fizikuria; arseboben mcenareebi da cxovelebi. maTi arseboba sicocxlea, rac arsebobis biologiuri
formaa; arseboben azrebi. es arseboba idealuri formisaa;
arsebul RirebulebaTa arsebobis forma mniSvnelobiTia;
biblia gvaswavlis RmerTis arsebobas. RmerTi arsebobis
umaRles formas flobs, romelsac RvTaebrivi arseboba ewodeba. rac Seexeba adamians, misi arsebobis forma cxovrebaa.
cxovrobs mxolod adamiani. RmerTi cxovrebaze maRla
mdgomi arsebaa. qva, mcenare da cxoveli cxovrebaze dabla
mdgomi arsebebia. cxovreba mraval arsebiT elements Seicavs,
magram mocemul momentSi yvelaze mniSvnelovnad ori faqtori unda CaiTvalos. es aris azrovneba da naklovaneba anu
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
vardnas. miuxedavad amisa, igi ZiriTadad miznobrivi xasiaTisaa. arsebobs, rogorc mecnierebaSi, ise yofiT cxovrebaSi e.w.
mizanSewonilobis cneba. igi xan kanonzomierebis cnebasTanaa
gaigivebuli, xan miznobriobis cnebasTan. mizanSewonilobis
kanonzomierebasTan gaigiveba maSin gvaqvs, roca masSi igulisxmeba sagani an movlena, romelsac miRebuli aqvs is niSan-Tvisebebi, rac gamowveulia masze sxvadasxva Zalebis kompleqsuri
zemoqmedebis Sedegad. garkveul ekologiur garemoSi aRmocenebuli mcenare Rebulobs iseT niSan-Tvisebebs, rogor garemoSic mas uwevs arseboba. misi garemo masze moqmedi Zalebis
garemoa. amitom am mcenaris Tavisebureba mizanSewonilia mis
garemosTan. yovel cocxal arsebas garkveul niSaSi uxdeba
arseboba. es niSa garkveuli Zalebia, romlebic zemoqmedeben
mis binadarze. es ukanaskneli yalibdeba niSaSi moqmedi Zalebis
Sesatyvisad, amitom miuTiTeben niSis binadris mizanSewonilobaze niSis mimarT. mizanSewonilobis aseTi gageba igivdeba kanonzomierebis cnebasTan. masSi gamoricxulia cnobierebis elementi da dafiqsirebulia sagnis Sesatyvisoba im Zalebis
mimarT, romlebic zemoqmedeben sagnis arsebobaze. es Zalebi
bunebis kanonebia. e.i. sagani Sesatyvisia kanonebis, anu sagnebi
da movlenebi kanonzomieri, kanonTan Sesatyvisi movlenebia.
azrovnebis istoriaSi xSiri iyo mcdeloba, mTeli samyaros teleologiurad gaazreba daemkvidrebinaT mizanSewonilobaze. magram aseTi Tvalsazrisis ramenairad dacva SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod maSin, Tu teleologiuroba uzenaes
arsebas ukavSirdeboda. sxvanairad, cnobierebis gareSe, kanonebs zemoqmedebis Zala aqvT, magram garkveuli miznis dasaxva
da movlenebis swored misken warmarTva ver xerxdeba. xolo
roca mizanSewonilobaSi igulisxmeba cnobierebis mier
winaswar dasaxul mizanTan Sesatyvisoba, _ es ukve miznobriobaa. e.i. pirvel SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba kanonebiT ganpirobebuloba. meore SemTxevaSi, cxadia, kanonebis Zala gamoricxuli araa, magram es Zala damorCilebulia garkveuli miznis
miRwevisadmi. pirveli bunebis sferoa, meore adamianis cxovreba. cxovreba RirebulebaTa samyaroa. cxovrebis makon-
346
347
ovrebaze maRali Rirebuleba (mizani) ar arsebobs, xolo cxovrebis masze ufro dabali Rirebulebis mimarT saSualebad
gamoyeneba Seuwynarebel viTarebad iTvleba. Seuwynarebeli
iyo 30 vercxlis miRebis saSualebad macxovris gacema. Tu
cxovrebas mxolod umaRles miznad ganvixilavT da amasTanave
ara saSualebad, maSin patriotis mier samSoblosaTvis sakuTari sicocxlis Segnebulad Sewirva miuRebel (sulelur)
saqcielad CaiTvleboda. xolo Tu cxovreba, rogorc Rirebuleba, mxolod saSualebaa da ara mizanic, maSin igi monur,
gaufasurebul movlenad warmosdgeba. Tavganwirva maSin iTvleba gmirobad da zneobriobis umaRles gamovlenad, roca
cxovreba umaRlesi Rirebulebis, anu umaRlesi miznis rangSia ayvanili. samsxverploze macxovris tarigad misvla adamianebis winaSe Catarebuli gakveTilia. sicocxleze Seyvarebuli adamianis sicocxlisaTvis Tavganwirva gmirobaa da ara
sicocxlismoZuleoba.
348
349
mosdgeba, rac adamianis mouwesrigeblobas, araTanmimdevrulobas, sabolood, mis depersonalizacias iwvevs. pirovneba adamianis yvela unarisa da maxasiaTeblis iseTi mWidrod Sekruli
mTlianobaa, saidanac SeuZlebelia romelime Tvisebis ise
gamocalkeveba, rom misi mTlianobis saxe ar dairRves. esaa
adamianis, rogorc pirovnebis, ganuyofel-daunawevrebeli
mTlianoba. adamiani mudam winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse sinamdvileSia CarTuli. TviTon adamianSic, winaaRmdegobaTa oromtrialia, magram rogorc pirovneba igi Tavis TavTan arawinaaRmdegobrivia. pirovnuloba, adamianis Tavis TavTan igiveobaa. roca pirovnebas Widili uxdeba `hosa~ da `aras~ Soris, es
pirovnebis Sinagani winaaRmdegobrioba ki ara, aramed pirovnebis
winaaRmdegobriv mdgomareobaSi aRmoCenaa, saidanac mainc unda
gamovides rogorc mTeli. es misi Tanmimdevrulobaa. adamians,
Tumca winaaRmdegobebiT savse sinamdvileSi uxdeba cxovreba,
magram misi pirovnuloba imaze miuTiTebs, rom igi Tavis
TavTan mainc inarCunebs simtkices, mdgradobas, erTianobas.
amas eZRvneba vaJa fSavelas leqsi `damsetyve cao!~ gautexeli
gulis da mouRalavi mklavis mqone adamiani mimarTavs cas, _
`rac unda Wiri momkerZo, bilwT ar Savekvri zaviTa, mcnebas
ver Semacvlevineb mozRvavebulis aviTa.~ imaveze miuTiTebs
cnobili princi pi _ aqa vdgevar da sxvagvarad ar ZalmiZs; an
im erT leqsSi naTqvami sityvebi: _ ver iqaams wuTisofeli
fexze ro damikidosao.
refleqsiiTa da TviTcnobierebiT adamiani axerxebs
Semoubrundes sakuTar Tavs, cnobierebis Suqze ganWvritos,
raTa dainaxos da gaiazros igi _ rogorc `me~.
`me~ pirovnebaa. gamokveTili `me~-s qona mkveTrad Camoyalibebul pirovnebaze miuTiTebs. pirovnebad yofnisaTvis
savaldebuloa gamokveTili sakuTari poziciebis, principebis,
Rirebulebebis, miznebis da am mizanTa miRwevis misTvis misaRebi saSualebebis qona. yovelive es aris im elementTa
garkveuli sistema, riTac iqsoveba da ixveweba adamianis cxovreba. TviTcnobierebisa da refleqsiis meSveobiT sakuTar
`me~-Si aRmoaCens da gaicnobierebs sakuTar cxovrebas. mizan-
350
351
352
353
354
355
adamianis sibrZnis rRveva mis sulier Zalebs Soris disharmoniis gaCenis maniSnebelia. miuxedavad imisa, rom cxovreba,
aRebuli TavisTavad, rTuli da mravalmxrivia, bevri winaaRmdegobebisa da moulodnelobebis Semcvelia, igi mainc erTi
mTeli cxovrebaa. TviTon adamianic misi struqturulobis
gamo mTlianobaa sxvadasxva unarebis, Tvisebebis, interesebis,
miswrafebebis. da mainc, isic erTi mTeli pirovnebaa. misi
mTlianobis saxe misi sibrZne an misi sibriyvea. Tqva kacze,
rom igi brZenia, misi raRac erTi niSniT daxasiaTeba ki araa,
esaa misi kompleqsur mTlianobaSi xedva da am mTlianobis
fokusireba erT wertilSi, erT ganzomilebaSi mis sibrZneSi. adamianis sibrZnisa da sibriyvis maCvenebeli misi sulieri
unarebis garkveuli balansia. erTian mTlian cxovrebaSi Sedis erTiani mTliani adamiani pirovneba da misi cxovrebis
zigzagebi ZiriTadad misi sibrZne-sibriyviT ganisazRvreba.
sibrZne araa romelime calkeuli profesia, calkeuli xeloba,
igi araa raRac calkeuli sagnis an movlenis keTebis unari.
sibrZne aris piradi cxovrebis keTeba, rac yvela profesias,
yvela saqmes mTlianobaSi gadawyvets. sibrZne adamianis cxovrebasTan sulieri mimarTebisaTvis mzaobis maRali donea.
cxovrebisaTvis mzaobis maRali done (sibrZne) adamianis Tavisuflebis garantiaa. meore mxriv, sibrZne iseve ganapirobebs
Tavisuflebas, rogorc Tavisufleba aris sibrZnis gamovlenis aucilebeli piroba.
xSirad sibrZnes aigiveben gonivrulobis, Wkvianobis
cnebebTan. gvesmis gamoTqmebi `gonieri kacia~ `gonivrulad
moiqca~ an `Wkviani kacia~ `WkuiT moiqca~. am gamoTqmebSi
xazgasma xdeba imaze, rom adamiani gadawyvetilebis miRebis
momentSi ufro metad eyrdnoboda da xelmZRvanelobda WkuagonebiT, vidre sxva adamianuri unariT; magaliTad, emociaze
dayrdnobiT. cxadia, gonivruloba, Wkuianoba _ sibrZnis aucilebeli elementebia. uWkuosi da ugunuris sibrZne SeuZlebelia, magram sibrZnis mTlianad Wkua-gonebaze dayvanac sakmarisi araa. rogori Zlieri Wkua-gonebis (inteleqtis) mqonec
unda iyos pirovneba, Tu mas amasTan erTad, Sesabamis doneze,
356
357
https://www.facebook.com/groups/ELLIB/
3. religiuri sibrZne. rogorc miTologiaSi, religiur azrovnebaSic sibrZne uzenaesi (srulyofili, absoluturi) WeSmaritebis flobaa. igi aqac RmerTTanaa dakavSirebuli. metic, masTan gaigivebulia. RmerTi ara marto
brZenia, aramed Tavadaa sibrZne. igi srulyofili WeSmaritebaa, magram sibrZnis miTologiuri gagebidan filosofiuri
gagebisaken mimaval gzaze, sibrZnis religiur gagebaSi win
gadadgmuli nabiji is aris, rom sibrZne aRaraa mxolod
uzenaesi codna. igi amaze raRac ufro metia. mas emateba
zneobrivi motivic. religiisa da filosofiis garkveuli
`naTesaobrivi~ siaxlove imaSi gamoixateba, rom maTi fiqris
sagani praqtikulad mcxovrebi adamianis cxovrebaa. orives
saboloo mizania adamianis xelSewyoba misTvis Sesaferisi
Rirseuli cxovrebis mopovebasa da ganxorcielebaSi. cxovrebisTvis ki adamians codnasTan erTad sWirdeba kidev
sxva Zalebisa da unarebis gamomuSaveba, rac Tavs iCens adamianis praqtikul moqmedebebSi. erTi sityviT, religiis (da
filosofiis) daniSnuleba isaa, rom adamians daexmaros cxovrebiseuli swori gzis arCevansa da mis ganxorcielebaSi.
amitom, miTologiuri sibrZnisagan gansxvavebiT, romlisken
mimavali gzac rigiTi adamianisaTvis saimedodaa Carazuli,
religiaSi RvTaebrivi sibrZne ufro metad unda dauaxlovdes
adamianis interesebs. amis paralelurad, religiurma sibrZnem,
miTologiuris msgavsad, raRac doneze mainc unda SeinarCunos ezoterikuloba da misteriuloba. e.i. providenciuloba
religiuri sibrZnisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli. amitom religiuri RvTaebrivi sibrZne rogorRac or nawilad iyofa.
erTia adamianidan RmerTisaken mimavali gza; meore _ piriqiT, _ RmerTidan adamianisken mimavali. sibrZnis pirveli
saxe (pirveli gza) rigiTi adamianisTvis iseve xasiaTdeba da
rCeba ezoterikulobisa da misteriulobis niSniT, rogorc
mTliani miTologiuri sibrZne. aseTi mistikaa saerTod religiis arsebobis safuZveli. igi aris religiuri cxovrebis
Taviseburi mwvervali. RmerTTan miaxloveba da masTan ziareba
yovelTvis mistikuri movlenaa. aseTi misteriulobis aRiarebaa Svidi saeklesio saidumloeba marTlmadideblobisaTvis. tertulianis debulebac, `mwams, radgan absurdia~ _
mTlianad misteriulobazea dafuZnebuli. misteriulia saerTod religiuri upirobo rwmena. mistika aris religiuri
Tavisuflebis sfero.
religiuri sibrZnis meore saxeoba (meore gza) aris
RmerTidan adamianze daSveba. RmerTi adamians unda daukavSirdes, unda daexmaros imaSi, rom man pirveli gzis gavla
ukeT da misteriulad dawesebul normebSi ganaxorcielos.
religiuri RvTaebrivi sibrZnis mitanis erTaderTi gzaa RvTaebrivi gamocxadeba. RmerTis gamocxadeba sxva araferia, Tu
ara RvTaebrivi sibrZnis gamocxadeba. RmerTi TviTonaa sibrZne. amiT RvTaebrivi sibrZne adamianisaTvis xelmisawvdomi
xdeba RvTaebrivi gamocxadebis niadagze Seqmnili wminda wignebis meSveobiT. Tumca es wignebic garkveuli RvTaebrivi simbolikiT aris gasaidumloebuli. e.i. isic garkveulwilad
mistificirebulia. misi wvdomisa da gagebisaTvis adamians
sWirdeba am simbolikis gaSifrvis codna; e.i. erTis mxriv,
wminda wignebis saxiT, RmerTi adamians RvTaebriv sibrZnes
aziarebs, meore mxriv, uniSnavs gandobil maswavleblebs, romlebic daexmarebian am wignebis gaSifrva-gagebaSi; anu aqac
saWiro xdeba RmerTsa da adamians Soris moSuale rgolad,
358
359
TviT RmerTis mier saidumloebiT xeldasxmuli maswavleblebi winaswarmetyvelTa, mefeTa, msajulTa, mociqulTa,
mRvdelmsaxurTa da TviT gankacebis saxiT movlenili ZeRmerTi.
RvTaebrivi sibrZnis ori nawilis saxiT warmodgenaSi,
ar unda davinaxoT SeuTavsebeli winaaRmdegoba RmerTis mier
samoTxidan adamisa da evas gayvanis faqtsa da gamocxadebas
Soris. aq winaaRmdegoba TiTqos imaSia, rom Tu samoTxidan
adamisa da evas gayvana maT mier akrZalul RvTaebriv sibrZnesTan ziarebis gamo xdeba (xe Secnobis nayofTan ziareba,
rac RmerTma akrZala, RvTaebriv sibrZnesTan ziarebis simboloa), _ gamocxadebis meSveobiT RmerTi TviTon aziarebs
adamians RvTaebriv sibrZnesTan. gamodis, rom erTi da imave
saqmis gamo pirvel SemTxvevaSi RmerTi sjis adamians, xolo
meore SemTxvevaSi, piriqiT, mzrunvelobs masze da amitom gamocxadebiT wyalobs. aq winaaRmdegoba ixsneba, Tu mivaqcevT yuradRebas imas, rom adamisa da evas codvaSi Cavardna dakavSirebulia aRniSnul pirvel gzasTan, anu adamianis RmerTTan miaxlovebis gzasTan. am gzas adamianisaTvis miaxlovebis garkveuli zRvari aqvs, romlis gadalaxvac akrZalulia. aq misteriulobis mkacrad dacvis moTxovna muSaobs. meore gzas aseTi
zRvari ara aqvs. RmerTis adamianTan miaxloveba im saxiT da im
doneze moxdeba, rogorc amas TviTon RmerTi inebebs. gamocxadebis mizani codvis gamosyidva da dakarguli samoTxis dabrunebaa. es RmerTis mier aRTqmiT dawesebuli gziT unda moxdes.
unda davaskvnaT, rom religiuri sibrZnis arsebiTi sxvaoba,
miTologiur sibrZnesTan SedarebiT, isaa, rom igi aRaraa mxolod uzenaesi misteriuli codna. igi amasTanave aris adamianis sulieri cxovrebis Taviseburi saxelmZRvanelo modeli.
RmerTi, rogorc Zveli, ise axali aRTqmiT adamians cxovrebis
wess (rjuls) sTavazobs. am wesis Tanmimdevruli dacviT, adamiani gaivlis tanjviT aRsavse grZelsa da urTules gzas. misi
mxridan, es iqneba Cadenili codvebis gamosyidva, ris Sedegadac
igi moaxerxebs dakargul samoTxeSi dabrunebas.
4. sibrZne filosofiaSi. filosofiuri moZRvrebebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT. erTni, romlebic gamoirCevian
religiuri tendenciurobiT, Taviseburi klerikalobiT, an sulac
religiur formas iZenen; xolo meoreni, romlebic cdiloben
da garkveulad axerxeben kidec religiisgan distancirebas,
sekularizacias. pirveli jgufis filosofiur moZRvrebebSi
SenarCunebulia sibrZnis religiuri gaazrebis iseTi niSani,
rogoricaa sibrZnis wyarod RmerTis miCneva da aqedan gamomdinare, sibrZnis misteriulobis SenarCuneba. meore jgufis
filosofiur koncefciebSi sibrZnis wyarosa da misteriulobis sakiTxebi arareligiur gadawyvetas pouloben. sibrZnis
raobis filosofiur gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebiT religiuri
da arareligiuri tendenciebis nimuSebad SeiZleba ganvixiloT piTagorasa da heraklites Sexedulebebi.
piTagoras azriT, brZeni mxolod RmerTia, adamians ki,
ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia iyos sibrZnis moyvaruli, anu
filosofosi. es niSnavs, rom filosofia piTagorasTan gamocxadebulia adamianur sibrZned. aman daudo safuZveli tradicias, filosofiis swavlebas, sxvagvarad, sibrZnismetyvelebis
swavleba darqmeoda. amasTanave piTagora, msgavsad miTologiuri
da religiuri sibrZnisa, rogorRac inarCunebs, filosofiuri
sibrZnis misteriulobasac. es Cans iqidan, rom piTagorelTa
kavSiri (`piTagoras ordeni~) saidumlo religiuri organizaciis saxiT iyo Camoyalibebuli, sadac mopovebul yovel axal
brZnul azrs mkacrad gasaidumloebuli formiT inaxavdnen.
misi gamJRavneba sastikad isjeboda. miuxedavad amisa, filosofiisaTvis piTagorasTan sayuradRebo mainc isaa, rom adamianuri
sibrZne, anu filosofia, mxolod codna ki araa, aramed, amasTanave,
igi aris codnisa da adamianis qcevebis harmoniuli erTianoba, uromlisodac misi cxovreba ar iqneba namdvili da Rirseuli. adamianuri sibrZnis wyaro aris ara rwmena, rogorc es
miTologiaSi da religiaSia, aramed Semecneba da adamianis
nebeloba, romelic ubiZgebs mas zneobrivi srulyofilebisaken.
heraklites moZRvreba aSkarad upirispirdeba sinamdvi-
360
361
lis miTologiur-religiur gaazrebas. misTvis sibrZne mxolod adamianuri sibrZnis saxiT arsebobs. igi iqmneba adamianis gonebis SemecnebiTi moRvaweobiT. amitom sibrZnis aucilebeli momentia codna, magram heraklites azriT, sibrZned ar
SeiZleba CaiTvalos arc nebismieri codna da arc bevri
codna. sibrZniseuli codnis sagania logosis wvdoma. heraklites azriT, samyaro usasrulod mravali, erTimeoresgan
gansxvavebuli sagnebis harmoniuli mTlianobaa. mas aucileblad unda hqondes aseTi mTlianobis wyaro da safuZveli.
esaa samyarosaTvis mTlianobis mimniWebeli kanonzomiereba,
romelsac heraklite logoss uwodebs. adamianis sibrZne
logosis wvdomaa, magram heraklitec Tvlis, rom sibrZnisaTvis
marto logosis wvdoma ar kmara. mas unda daerTos adamianis
swrafva Tavisi Tavi harmoniaSi moiyvanos logosTan. amisaTvis adamianma unda SeZlos kargad daimorCilos sakuTari
subieqturi tendenciebi. dadges sakuTar Tavze maRla da amiT
amaRldes zneobriobis simaRleze. es mxolod brZens SeuZlia. amitom brZenis (sibrZnis) aucilebeli niSania sakuTari
Tavis zneobrivi normebiT marTva, _ simSvide, emociebisagan
TavSekaveba, sidinje. saboloo jamSi, heraklites mixedviT, sibrZne niSnavs adamianis mier Tavisi garemomcveli sinamdvilis kargad mosmenas (logosis mosmena da Semecneba) da sakuTari qmedebebis masTan harmoniaSi moyvanas.
sokrates cnobil debulebaSi, _ `me is vici, rom ar
vici~ _ SeiZleba amovikiTxoT mcodnis oTxi ti pi. 1. arcodnis armcodne. esaa codnis nulovani done. kaci, romelmac
isic ar icis, rom araferi icis; 2. arcodnis mcodne. codnis
SedarebiT maRali done. es isaa, razec sokrate uSualod
miuTiTebs; 3. codnis armcodne. es faqtiurad aracnobieri
codnaa, rac sokratesTan `maievtikis~ meTodSia gamJRavnebuli; 4 codnis mcodne. esaa codnis umaRlesi done. aseTi
mcodne RmerTia. amitom misi codna ganixileba sibrZned. aseT
pirobebSi mTavari, rasac iZiebda sokrate, iyo codnis raobis
garkveva. masac mimarTavdnen rogorc brZens, magram igic daaxloebiT iseve pasuxobda, rogorc piTagora, brZeni mcodnea, me
362
363
sicxadeze gamotana. dasawyisSi movlenebi marTlac am mimarTulebiT viTardeboda. amitom berZeni xalxis cxovrebaSi
sofistebma dasawyisSi sakmaod dadebiTi roli Seasrules.
isini aswavlidnen da gonebrivad wvrTnidnen axalgazrdebs,
amzadebdnen maT cxovrebis asparezze, sasamarTlo da politikuri diskusiebidan, kamaTebidan, paeqrobebidan _ logikisa
da zneobis normebis dacviT, gamarjvebulad gamosvlas. magram
Semdeg es moZraoba calmxrivobaSi gadavida da miviReT is,
rasac dRes, odiozurobis azriT, sofistikas uwodeben. pirvel
rigSi, sofistebis xelSi dairRva sibrZniseuli codnis raobis gaazreba. rogorc iTqva, heraklitesTan sibrZned iTvleboda ara nebismieri wvrilmanis codna, aramed mxolod is, rac
zogadi, aucilebeli da arsebiTia adamianisa da mTeli sinamdvilisaTvis. sofistebTan sibrZned gamocxadda adamianis
mier nebismieri azris (imis miuxedavad, TavisTavad igi mcdaria Tu WeSmariti) dasabuTebis unari. e.i. mizani dasabuTebaa.
mizani ki amarTlebs saSualebas. nikolo makiavelis es debuleba sofistebis xelSi praqtikulad ukve ZalaSia. dasabuTeba ki mokamaTe mxaris darwmunebas niSnavs. da roca
praqtikul cxovrebaSi, dasabuTeba-darwmunebis procesSi praqtikuli interesebi blomad SeiWrebian, maSin sofisti, mokamaTis darwmunebis mizniT, farulad Tavidan icilebs dasabuTeba-darwmunebisaTvis logikisa da zneobis normebiT xelmZRvanelobas da miznis misaRwevad, SefarviT, viTom logikuri,
sinamdvileSi (ZiriTadad formaluri logikis igiveobis kanonis darRveviT) alogikuri azrovnebiTi konstruqciebi Seaqvs.
amaSi gamoixateba sityvieri ekvilibristika, romlis ZaliTac
SeuZlia mokamaTes dausabuTos, rom mas rqebi aqvs, vinaidan
sofisturi xerxebiT, rac ar daukargavs, aqvs. rqebi ar daukargavs, e.i. rqebi aqvs.
antikuri periodidan moyolebuli, dRemde mudam SeimCneva filosofiisa da sibrZnis erTimeorisgan moucileblobis warmodgena. istoriulad, sibrZnisa da filosofiis gaigivebis mcdelobebi ufro meti iyo, vidre maTi gansxvavebisa.
netar avgustines aqvs aseTi fraza _ `brZenkacebi, anu filoso-
fosebio~, rac misi mxridan sibrZnisa da filosofiis igiveobis aRiarebaa. aseve xSirad gaigivebulia sibrZnismetyveleba
da filosofia. aseT gaigivebas vxvdebiT qarTul ganmartebiT
leqsikonSic, sadac pirdapir weria sibrZnismetyveleba igivea,
rac filosofia. v. dalis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi amave azrs
amovikiTxavT brZeni aris filosofosio. im erTaderT
fakultets, romliTac 1918 wels gaixsna pirveli qarTuli
universiteti, sibrZnismetyvelebis fakulteti ewodeboda. es
viTareba pirvel rigSi imaze miuTiTebs, rom sibrZnesa da
filosofias Soris bevri saerToa. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom
rogorc sibrZne, ise filosofia adamianis cxovrebazea orientirebuli. orive maTgani mZlavrad iWreba cxovrebis raobis
gaazrebaSi da marTvaSi. orives sazrunavi sawuTros sworad
gaazreba, dagegmva da gavlaa. miuxedavad amisa, filosofiisa da
sibrZnis sruli gaigiveba mainc ar SeiZleba. filosofia
cxovrebis Teoriuli gaazrebaa. es imas niSnavs, rom filosofia sibrZnis mxolod Teoriuli gaazrebaa. sibrZne, ZiriTadad, cxovrebis praqtikuli saxelmZRvaneloa. sibrZne sazrdoobs filosofiiT, magram sibrZne masze ufro metia imis
gamo, rom filosofia filosofiuri codnaa, sibrZne marto
codna araa. mas Tan erTvis praqtikuli arCevani, gadawyvetilebebi, saqmeebi.
364
365
366
367
misTvis am naklovanebis dasaZlevad cvalebadoba aucilebelia. da bolos, sibrZnis absoluturoba da relatiuroba maT
simartivesa da struqturulobaSi gamoixateba. RvTaebrivi
sibrZne absoluturia imitom, rom martivia. misi simartive
misi siwmindea. xolo misi siwminde imaSi gamoixateba, rom igi
erTgvarovania, ar Seicavs araviTar gansxvavebulobas. mis gansxvavebul nawilebad dayofa SeuZlebelia aseTi gansxvavebulobis uqonlobis gamo. adamianuri sibrZne rTulia, struqturuli agebulebisaa. igi Seicavs erTimeorisgan gansxvavebul
mravalgvar elements. maT Soris, igi Seicavs rogorc sakuTriv
brZnul elementebs, ise briyvuls. adamianuri sibrZne, maTi
erTianobaa. es iwvevs imas, rom Tu RmerTi mudam brZenia,
adamiani garkveul momentSi SeiZleba brZenis saxiT mogvevlinos, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ briyvisa. cxadia, misTvis
mizania sibrZnis gziT siaruli, magram misi sasrulobis gamo
mas `SeuZlia~ Secdomebis, cdunebebis daSveba, rac aacilebs
brZnuli gziT svlas. aqedan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba vasabuToT, TiTqos erTni mxolod brZenni arian, xolo meoreni
briyvni. ufro swori iqneba, Tu vifiqrebT, rom erTi da igive
adamiani garkveul momentSi sibrZnes iCendes, xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi sibriyves. amitom adamianSi relatiuria (fardobiTia) rogorc sibrZne, ise sibriyve. adamianis cxovreba
rTuli da grZeli gzaa, sadac mas elodeba aTasnairi gamocda,
cduneba, riski, gambedaoba, tanjva, sixaruli da a.S. misi mizania
es gza ise ganvlos, rom mis mier gadadgmuli cxovrebiseuli
nabijebidan rac SeiZleba meti iyos brZnuli nabijebi, xolo
briyvuli _ naklebi. adamianis mTliani cxovrebiseuli portreti mis mier ganxorcielebuli brZnuli da briyvuli nabijebiT iZerweba.
368
369
maritebis problemis kvleva. axali drois filosofiaSi Semecnebisa da WeSmaritebis problema filosofiuri azrovnebis centrad iqca. udaoa, WeSmaritebis kvleva filosofiuri
moRvaweobis aucilebel amocanad unda CaiTvalos Tundac
imitom, rom sibrZne WeSmaritebiT xelmZRvanelobas gulisxmobs. magram adamianis praqtikul cxovrebaSi, rac misi uSualo mizania, TviT WeSmaritebasac ekargeba azri, Tu misi brZnulad aTviseba ar xdeba.
WeSmariteba cxovrebis aucilebeli elementia, magram
ara sakmarisi. cxovrebis mxolod WeSmaritebaSi gaformeba
amouwuravis amowurvis warumatebeli mcdelobaa. amaze kantma
energiulad miuTiTa, roca dauSva TavisTavadi nivTis _ arseboba, uaryo misi WeSmaritebaSi gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba da
masze msjeloba rwmenas daayrdno anu goniT xedvas zRvari
daudo da mis gverdiT adgili dauTmo rwmeniT xedvas da Tu
mainc davuSvebT mTliani cxovrebis WeSmaritebaSi gaformebis SesaZleblobas, maSin cxovreba mTlianad mecnierebis CarCoebSi eqceva da aq sakiTxavia aseT cxovrebas adamianisaTvis eqneboda raime xibli da gamarTleba? eqneboda aseT
cxovrebas adamianuri saxe? cxadia, ara! Tundac imitom, rom
WeSmaritebidan danaxuli cxovreba neitraluri (obieqturi)
unda iyos adamianis subieqturi gancdebis mimarT. cxovrebaSi
adamians aucileblad sWirdeba WeSmariteba, magram misTvis
kidev ufro mniSvnelovania cxovrebis emociuri gancda. es ki
SeuZlebelia cxovrebiseuli sibrZnis gareSe. swored sibrZnea
cxovrebaSi emociuri gancdebis gamformebeli, momwesrigebeli da warmmarTveli sulieri Zala. sibrZneSi ikveTeba cxovrebiseuli moulodnelobani, riski, teleologiuroba, ganumeorebloba da originaloba. sibrZneSi ikveTeba adamianis
Tavisufleba. sibrZneSi ikveTeba cxovrebis xibli, mimzidveloba da adamianuroba.
sibrZnesa da WeSmaritebas Soris saerToa is, rom orive
sulieri movlenaa. magram WeSmariteba adamianis Teoriuli
moRvaweobis Sedegia, xolo sibrZne, imis miuxedavad, rom igi ar
upirispirdeba adamianis Teoriul moRvaweobas (gansxvaveba da
370
371
goneba moZraobebis siRrmeSi uZraobas ver dainaxavda, cvalebadobaSi ucvlels, warmavlobaSi waruvals, erTeulSi zogads,
gansxvavebulobaSi igiveobrivs. realuri sinamdvilisaTvis
es fundamenturi momentebi _ momwesrigebeli da kanonzomierebis mimcemia. isini sinamdvilis realuri myari standartebia, Taviseburi konstantebia. WeSmaritebas yovelTvis maTi
gamoxatva ekisreba. amitom WeSmariteba realuri sinamdvilis
azrobrivi standartia. mecnierebis mier dadgenili yoveli
kanoni, romelic azrSi WeSmaritebis statuss iZens, sinamdvilis Taviseburi standartia. es ukanasknelia Tundac maTematikis martivi movlena gamravlebis tabula. am standartebSi moqceuli gvaris saxeobebi icvlebian, magram TviTon gvari
ucvleli rCeba. amitom gvaric garkveuli standartia. aqedan
gamomdinare, WeSmariteba gvayenebs rogorc aucileblobis, ise
sayovelTaobis standartebis winaSe. anu, igi adamians garkveuli CarCoebiT SezRudulobaSi aqcevs. amiT WeSmariteba Tavisi aucileblobiTa da sayovelTaobiT, aqedan _ misi standartulobiT upirispirdeba adamianis jerarsrul yofierebas
mis Tavisuflebas. Tavisufleba msgavsi SezRudulobis moxsnaa. viTarebis paradoqsuloba imaSi gamoixateba, rom, erTis
mxriv, Tu WeSmariteba upirispirdeba adamianis Tavisuflebas,
meores mxriv, adamianis Tavisufleba principulad SeuZlebelia WeSmaritebis gareSe. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom namdvili
adamianuri yofierebis, anu Tavisuflebis miRwevisaTvis WeSmariteba (codna) aucilebel momentad unda CaiTvalos, magram
ara sakmarisad. saWiroa mas daerTos iseTi faqtorebi, romlebic adamianis cxovrebas sibrZneSi gadaiyvans.
adamianisaTvis erT-erTi mTavari sulieri Zalaa imedi.
imedi yovelTvis momavalTanaa dakavSirebuli. amasTanave, adamiani teleologiuri arsebaa. miznebis dasaxva da misiT
cxovreba momavliT cxovrebaa. momavlis Wvreta ki SeuZlebelia gonebis SemecnebiTi moRvaweobisa da WeSmaritebis wvdomis gareSe. WeSmaritebaSi dafiqsirebuli aucileblobebisa da sayovelTaobis saSualebebiT ganxorcielebuli gaTvlebiT SesaZlebelia momavlis gonebrivi Wvreta. magram re-
372
373
qarTul enaze gamocemulia wigni saTauriT `brZnuli azrebis samyaroSi~ (1967 w). magram azri sibrZnis niSans iZens ara
SemecnebaSi, aramed praqtikul saqmianobaSi misi amoqmedebis
gziT. amis Taobaze ityvis SoTa rusTaveli `ara viqm, codna
ras margebs filosofosTa brZnobisa~-o. anu, erTis mxriv, Tu
imazea miTiTeba, rom sibrZnis arsi ufro adamianis praqtikul
qmedebaSi unda veZioT, meore mxriv, aseTi qmedebebi aucileblobiT gulisxmobs garkveul codnaze dayrdnobas. uazrobisa da uvicobis pirobebSi gamoricxulia raime sibrZne.
arc WeSmaritebaa da arc sibrZnea nebismieri azris
niSani. WeSmariteba Tu SemecnebiTi unarebiT dadgenili azris
niSania, sibrZne aris iseTi azris niSani, romelic praqtikuli saqmianobis Sedegad sibrZnis Semadgenel aucilebel
elementad iqceva. sibrZne ki iseTi movlenaa, romelmac Tavis
elementad SeiZleba aqcios ara mxolod WeSmariti azri.
adamiani sasruli arsebaa. sasrulia misi SemecnebiTi
unarebis SesaZleblobanic. es niSnavs, rom adamians ar SeuZlia yvelafris Semecneba da WeSmaritebaSi gamoxatva.
amasTanave, adamianis mier dadgenili nebismieri WeSmariteba
TiTqmis arasodesaa srulyofili. is, rom orjer ori oTxia, am
WeSmaritebis srulyofilebis mimarTac gamoiTqmis garkveuli
eWvi. e.i. nebismier ukve dadgenil WeSmaritebebs mudam sWirdebaT kritikuli Semowmeba, Sesworeba, dazusteba. es usasrulo
procesia. praqtikul cxovrebaSi ki adamiani konkretul droSi realurad dgas konkretuli problemis gadaWris winaSe.
mocemuli problema Seicavs iseT momentebs, romelTa gadawyvetaSic garkveul daxmarebas gauwevs adamianTa xelT arsebuli ukve dadgenili WeSmaritebebi; magram mocemuli problema
savsea iseTi momentebiTac, romlis Sesaxeb adamiani ar flobs
araviTar WeSmaritebas. es maSin, roca realuri cxovreba aiZulebs adamians dauyovnebliv gadawyvitos mis winaSe mdgomi
konkretuli problema. igi valdebulia gadadgas praqtikuli
nabiji, amisaTvis mas sWirdeba imis damajerebloba, rom mis
mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba ufskrulisaken ar waiyvans.
amis Taobaze WeSmaritebam garkveuli informacia miawoda, ma-
374
375
ukmarisoba imas niSnavs, rom usasrulo samyaroSi WeSmaritebis sasrulobis gamo adamians ar SeuZlia uari Tqvas sakuTar
da sxvaTa praqtikul gamocdilebasa da dakvirvebebze gaCenil alRoze, varaudze. amitom adamianuri sibrZne momentis
saxiT Seicavs rogorc mecnierul codnas WeSmaritebas, ise
aRniSnul unarebze dayrdnobil rwmeniT xedvas.
WeSmaritebaSi Rirebulebis sakiTxi saerTod ar dgeba.
igi ganyenebuli obieqturi xedvaa. adamianur sibrZneSi ikveTeba realur sinamdvilesTan adamianis subieqturi (emociuri)
damokidebuleba. esaa SefasebiTi aqti, romelSic ibadeba adamianuri Rirebulebani. es qmnis adamianis cxovrebis realur
qsovils. mxolod obieqturi Semecneba (WeSmariteba) ver iqceva subieqturi cxovrebis saxelmZRvanelo instrumentad. masTan erTad saWiroa sakuTriv subieqturi xedvac. adamianis
sibrZne mis mier cxovrebis rogorc obieqtur (WeSmaritebaze)
ise subieqtur (varaudze, alRoze, intuiciaze, gamocdilebaze)
faqtorebze dayrdnobas moiTxovs.
8. sibrZne, Sefaseba, arCevani, Tavisufleba, pasuxismgebloba. praqtikul cxovrebaSi adamians saqme aqvs
mraval saganTan da movlenasTan. igulisxmeba rogorc materialuri, aseve sulieri movlenebi _ azrebis, ideebis, Tvalsazrisebis saxiT. mas daerTvis religiuri, politikuri, msoflmxedveluri Sexedulebebi da a.S. maTi simravle maT gansxvavebulobaze, xSir SemTxvevaSi maT radikalur dapirispirebaze metyvelebs. pirovnebis gansakuTrebuloba da unikumoba
moiTxovs sagnebisa da movlenebis simravlidan airCios misTvis misaRebi mravalTa Soris romelime erTi da praqtikul
cxovrebaSi misiT icxovros, misiT ixelmZRvanelos. swori
arCevani Sefasebis niadagze keTdeba. adamianisaTvis sagnebisa
da movlenebis obieqtur (SemecnebiTi) da subieqturi (SefasebiTi) xedvebi erTimeores mimarT miznisa da saSualebis urTierTobaSi Tavsdebian. obieqturi xedva (Semecneba) saSualebaa subieqturi xedvis (Sefaseba) rogorc miznis mimarT. e.i.
376
377
378
379
9. sibrZne, SemoqmedebiToba, saqme, mizani. adamiani imdenadaa Tavisufali, ramdenadac flobs arCevanis
SesaZleblobas. arCevani ki mxolod alternatiul realobaSia SesaZlebeli. amitom arCevans da gadawyvetilebebis miRebas adamiani Seyavs alternativebiT savse sinamdvileSi. mTeli cxovreba alternativebis sferoa. igi savsea aTasgvari
moulodnelobebiT, ris gamoc adamians uxdeba sxvadasxva xifaTebisa da riskebis winaSe dgoma. es yvelaferi Seicavs
adamianis marcxisa da warumateblobis SesaZleblobebs. Tavisi SezRuduli SemecnebiTi SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare,
adamiani cxovrebaSi ver moaxerxebs da bolomde ver ascdeba
aRniSnul moulodnelobebs, riskebsa da xifaTebs. WeSmariteba maTgan Tavdaxsnis mxolod SezRuduli saSualebaa. WeSmaritebis erTaderToba _ im erTaderTi viwro gzis, Taviseburi,
alesili danis piris aRmoCena da masze gavlaa, riTac xerxdeba moulodnelobebis, riskebisa da xifaTebis Tavidan acileba. mcdarobis simravle, faqtiurad, riskebisa da xifaTebis
simravlea. WeSmaritebebi cxovrebis mTlian gzaze iseTi fragmentebia, romelTa Soris, swored rogorc fragmentebs Soris,
aTasnairi Zlieri, gaurkvevlobiTi `Cavardnebia~, rac adamians
xifaTisa da riskebis winaSe ayenebs. cxovrebaSi aseTi `Cavardnebis~ gamouricxaoba, riskebisa da xifaTebis gamouricxaobaa. amitom konkretul situaciebSi, riskebisa da xifaTebis
WeSmaritebis meSveobiT Tavidan acileba _ mxolod nawilo-
briv xdeba. meore nawilis mimarT ki, mizani ufro isaa, rom
maTi damangreveli Zala gonivruli nabijebis meSveobiT _
SesaZlo minimumamde davides. amisaTvis garkveuli unaria saWiro.
esaa adamianuri sibrZne. sibrZniT adamiani axerxebs iseTi
gawonasworebuli nabijebiTa da swori orientaciiT svlas,
rasac minimumamde dayavs riski da xifaTi, an sulac icilebs
maT damangrevel Zalas. Tu sportul enaze vityviT, realur
cxovrebaSi, riskebsa da xifaTebs Soris sibrZne, Taviseburi
slalomiT svlis SesaZleblobaa. igi gamoricxavs mouqnelobas da Sablonurobas. piriqiT, igi yovelTvis mobilurobis,
SemoqmedebiTi bunebisaa. amitom sibrZne adamianis Zlierebaa.
igi xifaTebisa da riskebisagan gaqcevas ki ar niSnavs, aramed
adamianis mzadyofnas _ maTTan pirispir Sesaxvedrad. msgavs
situaciaSi, sibriyve adamianis sruli umweobaa. sibrZne, rogorc
xifaTebisa da riskebis pirispir dgomis mzadyofna, ar niSnavs
winaswar gamzadebuli saSualebebiT mzadyofnas. esaa unarianobiT mzadyofna, anu imis unaris qona, rom sruliad axal,
arastandartul situaciaSi adamianma Tavi gaarTvas mis winaSe
aRmarTul saSiSroebebs, esaa brZolis unari, romliTac adamiani, ara Sablonurad, aramed moqnili xerxebiT, SemoqmedebiTi
modgomiT, konkretulad axerxebs konkretuli problemis gadawyvetas. amaSi vlindeba adamianis sibrZne. amitom adamianis
gonivruli cxovrebis umaRlesi forma misi sibrZnea. xolo
Tu cxovrebas marTlac daviyvanT iseT standartul da Sablonur modelze, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba aucileblobiT,
yvelafris winaswar gaTvla-gaTvaliswinebiT icxovro winaswar
mkacrad dadgenili normebiTa da princi pebiT (WeSmaritebebiT), es, marTalia, gamoricxavs moulodnelobebs, xifaTebs, Secdomebsa da mis Sedegebs, magram amasTanave, cxovreba dakargavs
yovelgvar adamianur Rirebulebas. cxovrebiseuli moulodnelobebi adamians ayenebs aramarto Tavsatexi problemebis
winaSe, aramed is maintrigebeli Zalacaa, adamianSi mudmivad
rom asazrdoebs cxovrebiseuli siaxleebis mimarT interessa
da ltolvas. WeSmaritebebis swavla-dazepireba SesaZlebelia misi zogadobis gamo. masSi ganmeorebadi movlenebia asax-
380
381
uli. sibrZnis Seswavla-dazepireba uazrobaa misi ganumeoreblobisa da unikumobis wyalobiT. gameorebuli sibrZne _
sibrZne ki araa, aramed farsia. Tumca sxva SemTxvevaSi misi
gameoreba sruliad gansxvavebul Sedegs gamoiRebda. i. kanti
werda, _ filosofosma studetebs `azrebi ki ar unda aswavlos, aramed azrovneba~. Tu amis perifrazs movaxdenT, sibrZnis mimarT miviRebT Semdegs, calkeul sibrZneTa, rogorc
magaliTebis, Seswavla-dazepireba ki ar unda xdebodes, aramed
sibrZnis unaris gamomuSaveba. brZnoba sibrZnis unaria,
romelic yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, SemoqmedebiTad axal,
arastandartul gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisa da praqtikuli
nabijebis gadadgmis unars warmoadgens.
sibrZne azrisa da saqmis (praqtikuli qmedebis) erTianobaa. saqmis, qmedebis gareSe sibrZne azrs kargavs. cxovrebis nebismier proeqts, azrovnebaSi, ganxorcielebuls azri
aqvs maSin, roca is praqtikaSia ganxorcielebuli. rusTavelis zemoT motanili debuleba `ara viqm, codna ras margebs
filosofosTa brZnobisa~ _ imaze metyvelebs, rom azri sibrZned _ praqtikaSi, saqmeSi amoqmedebiT formdeba. ar SeiZleba sibrZne daerqvas imas, rac ganyenebulad iqneb kargadac ici,
zneobriv, samarTlebriv, religiur wessac mxolod Teoriulad iazreb, magram realur-praqtikul qcevebSi ar, an ver
axerxeb am normebis dacvas, imis gamo, rom ar aRmogaCnda
Sesatyvisi nebisyofa, gambedaoba, riski da a.S., _ maSasadame,
Sors dgaxar sibrZnisgan. azrovnebis istoriam icis sokrates
qmedeba, roca mas eyo princi puloba, gambedaoba da nebisyofa,
emoqmeda ara merkantiluri motivebiT, aramed sakuTari
filosofiuri mrwamsiT. mas Rrmad sjeroda sulis ukvdaveba.
amitom misTvis kritikul situaciaSi, imis miuxedavad, rom
mowafeebma sapyrobilidan misi farulad gayvana winaswar
moamzades, sokrate uars ambobs amaze da Tavisi xeliT iRebs
sasikvdilo Sxams. amiT man mowafeebs damajerebeli da amdenad, brZnuli gakveTili Cautara, rameTu TvalnaTliv daanaxa
uZlieresi nebisyofis gansxeulebuli simtkice.
qristianul religiaSi qriste ganixileba rogorc
382
383
TviTmpyrobelobiT daSinebul sazogadoebaSi daisadgura qedmoxrilobis mdumarebam. aqtiurad xmis amoRebas veravin bedavda. iyo mxolod kuluaruli CurCuli da pasiuri protesti.
saWiro iyo meti gambedaoba da simamace, saWiro iyo erovnuli
da kacobis Rirsebis gamosafxizleblad da dasacavad gabeduli xmamaRali sityvis Tqma. es misia dimitri yifianma ikisra.
da ai, aq misi `ganatyorcni isari ar ascdenia mizans~. miuxedavad imisa, rom dimitri Seewira Tavis am qmedebas, mainc, misi
mamxilebeli sityva Sefasda rogorc brZnuli nabiji, vinaidan miaRwia mTavar sawadels. misi xmamaRali gancxadeba eris
xmamaRal gancxadebad CaiTvala, rac imis maCvenebeli iyo, rom
erSi bolomde mainc ver Cakla erovnuli Rirseba ruseTis
mefis TviTmpyrobelobam.
sibrZnis mizanTan dakavSireba ar niSnavs makiaveliseuli princi pis `mizani amarTlebs saSualebas~ dacvas. makiavelis am principSi ar Cans, rogor mizanze da rogor saSualebazea msjeloba. aq ar Cans is, Tu ra aris, ra Rirebulebis mqonea
mizani da arc is Tu ra Rirebulebis mqone saSualebiT miiRweva igi. amitom es aRarcaa sibrZne. namdvili sibrZne iseTi
praqtikuli nabijia, romelSic rogorc mizani, ise misi miRwevis saSualeba gamarTlebulia pirovnuli, erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio RirebulebebiT da am Rirebulebebs eyrdnoba.
384
385
10. sibrZne da emociebi. sibrZnis gansazRvreba. sibrZne xasiaTdeba kidev iseTi niSnebiT, rogoricaa sifrTxile, sifxizle, sidinje, windaxeduleba. cxadia, es niSnebi damaxasiaTebelia sibrZnisaTvis, magram isini moiTxoven
garkveuli zRvaris arsebobas, romelic ar dauSvebs maT gadasvlas sapirispiro ukiduresobaSi. igulisxmeba zedmeti sifrTxiliT gamowveuli gaubedaoba; zedmeti sifxizliT gamowveuli ukiduresi daZabuloba; zedmeti sidinjiT gamowveuli
pasiuroba; zedmeti windaxedulebiT gaumarTlebeli aCqareba
da Sedegad windauxedaobaSi gadasvla. sibrZne am or ukiduresobebs Soris zomierebis anu `oqros Sualedis~ Senar-
Tavi X. siyvaruli
386
387
siamovneba an usiamovneba, Cveni misadmi siyvarulis, an siZulvilis gamoxatuleba. SeuZlebelia sagani, romelic ar giyvars,
gsiamovnebdes. igive iTqmis usiamovneba-siZulvilze. amave dros,
TviT siyvarulisa da siZulvilis gaCenis saTave da safuZveli siamovneba da usiamovnebaa. SeuZlebelia imis Seyvareba,
rasTanac siamovneba ar gvakavSirebs; an imis SeZuleba, rasTan
kavSiric usiamovno araa.
`vefxistyaosanSi~ naTqvami `SiSi Seiqms siyvarulsa~o imaze mianiSnebs, rom SiSi da siZulvili erTi da igive
araa. siZulvils ar SeuZlia siyvarulis Seqmna. SeuZlebelia
imis siyvaruli, rac saZulvelia. Tumca arc yovelgvar SiSs
SeuZlia siyvarulis Seqmna. mtrisadmi SiSi ver Seqmnis misadmi siyvaruls. magram SiSi arsebobs ara marto mtrisadmi
(SiSi araa simxdale iseve, rogorc gmiroba-gambedoba ar niSnavs SiSis arqonas), arsebobs SiSi moyvasisadmic; SiSi imisa,
rom moyvasisagan wyroma ar daimsaxuros da amitom mitovebuli ar iqnes misgan. rusTavels swored aseTi SiSi aqvs mxedvelobaSi. aRniSnuli fraziT rusTaveli mociqulis citirebas axdens. poemaSi vkiTxulobT `marTlad ityvis mociqulio~o. amas mosdevs citirebis aRmniSvneli brWyalebSi Casmuli
sityvebi `SiSi Seiqms siyvarulsa~-o. cxadia, mociquli SiSisa da siyvarulis aRniSnul mimarTebas religiur WrilSi
gulisxmobs. qristianuli religia RvTisadmi moSiSobas qadagebs, magram es ar niSnavs misadmi siZulvils. es araa adamianis damTrgunveli SiSi iseve, rogorc bavSvis ridi mSoblisadmi ar niSnavs misadmi siZulvils. qristianuli religia
RmerTis mimarT SiSTan erTad siyvarulsac qadagebs; Tanac
ise, rom RmerTis mimarT SiSi da siyvaruli erTimeores ki ar
gamoricxaven, aramed apirobeben. RvTisadmi SiSia saWiro, raTa
misadmi siyvaruls vufrTxildeT. rom ar iyos RmerTisadmi
siyvaruli, mis mimarT ar iqneboda arc aRniSnuli saxis SiSi.
da piriqiT, rom ar iyos SiSi RmerTis gawyromisa, misadmi
siyvaruls damcavi meqanizmi moeSleboda. religiur adamians
RmerTisadmi siyvarulis niadagze uCndeba SiSi, sifrTxile,
rom ar aRmoCndes iseT codvaSi, ris gamoc RmerTi mas gauw-
388
389
igiveobrivi momentis, maTi erTobis arsebobis, maTi erTarsobis. adami evaSi Seicnobs sakuTar Tavs. ityvis: - `es ki
marTla Zvalia Cemi ZvalTagani da xorci Cemi xorcTagani~-o.
amas bibliaSi mosdevs ufro ganzogadebuli debuleba `amitom miatovebs kaci ded-mamas da miewebeba Tavis dedakacs,
raTa erTxorcad iqcnen~. oris erTxorcad qceva anu oris
erTad, igiveobriviT gaerTianebulad qceva aris siyvarulis
safuZveli da arsi.
aq xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom saerTod, or
movlenas Soris identificireba SeiZleba xdebodes sxvadasxva niSniT. siyvarulTan dakavSirebiT identificireba yovelTvis
dakavSirebulia grZnoba-emociebis faqtorebTan.
siyvaruli adamianis mTel samyarosTan da mis calkeul
sagnebTan dadebiTi emociur-gancdiTi kavSiria. siyvarulis
arseboba, siyvarulis subieqtSi (SeyvarebulSi) ori gancdis
arsebobas gulisxmobs. pirveli, obieqtisadmi siyvarulis gancda; meore, Tavisi Tavis gancda, rom mas uyvars, rom igi Seyvarebulia. es niSnavs, rom siyvarulis subieqtma Tavis TavSi unda
aRmoaCinos siyvarulis obieqti da TviTon Tavisi Tavi, rogorc
masze Seyvarebuli. e.i. unda aRmoaCinos, rom obieqti (sagani),
romelic uyvars, masSia, masSi Semovida da TviTon obieqtSia,
obieqtSi gavida. siyvarulSi adgili aqvs erTdroulad obieqtis subieqtSi Casaxlebas da subieqtis obieqtSi gansaxlebas.
es moZraoba, cxadia, sulieri procesia, rogorc TviT siyvarulia sulieri fenomeni. obieqtis subieqtSi Semosvla da
iq Casaxleba ar niSnavs misi TviTmyofadobis, misi TviTgansazRvulobis daknineba-gauferulebas. piriqiT, subieqtis xedvaSi igi ganuzomlad gandidebulia imdenad, rom igi mTel
samyaros utoldeba. amitom siyvarulis obieqtis subieqtSi
Semosvla mTeli samyaros Semosvlaa. subieqti siyvaruliT
eufleba mTel samyaros. siyvarulis Sedegad subieqtis winaSe
mTeli samyaro sul sxva ferebiT da JReradobiT warmosdgeba;
iseTiT, riTac igi metad eziareba bednierebas. amasTanave, subieqti gadis Tavisi Tavidan siyvarulis obieqtSi da TavisTavs
mxolod masSi xedavs. e.i. amiT subieqti gadis mTlian sam-
390
391
https://www.facebook.com/groups/ELLIB/
yaroSi da Tavis Tavs samyaroSi xedavs. am gasvliT igi sxvaSi
aRmoCndeba. magram es sxva ukve misi sxvaa. amitom aseT sxvaSi
yofniT Tavis TviTmyofadobas ki ar kargavs, aramed masSi
yofniT yvelaze metad grZnobs Tavis TavTan yofnas, Tavis
TviTmyofadobas. aqamde Tu saganTa samyaros ganicdida, rogorc
misgan damoukideblad, TavisTavad arsebul samyaros, axla igi
mas aRiqvams, rogorc mis sakuTar samyaros. esaa misi gabrwyinebuli jerarsuli samyaro. igi bednieria. subieqti Tavis
TavTan yvelaze kargad maSin grZnobs, roca igi gasulia siyvarulis obieqtSi. Tavis TavTan aseTi yofna ki Tavis cxovrebaSi yofnaa. siyvarulis Sedegad, subieqti sxvaSi yofniT da
im sxvis masSi yofniT, yvelaze ukeT grZnobs, rom igi cxovrobs, rom cxovreba bednierebaa.
hegeli `religiis filosofiaSi~ siyvarulis Temas exeba da wers siyvaruli aris oris gansxvaveba, Tumca imaTi,
romlebic erTimeorisaTvis sruliad ganuyofelni arian. am
igiveobisa da ganuyoflobis gancda da gacnobierebaa siyvaruli. giyvardes, niSnavs iyo is, rac Sens gareTaa. igulisxmeba
Seni TviTcnobiereba, magram ara SenSi, aramed sxvaSi. es iseTi
sxva aris, romelSic aRwev kmayofilebas, romelSic Sen euflebi samyaros Sens TavTan erTad. Sen xar mxolod imdenad,
ramdenadac SenSia mTeli samyaro da Seni sakuTari Tavi.
siyvarulSi adamiani Tavis Tavs poulobs sxvaSi, vinaidan
siyvaruli aris mxareebis sicocxlis erT mTlianobaSi moqceva. hegelis azriT, roca adamiani, misi TviTcnobiereba, uars
ambobs sakuTar Tavze da gadis sxvaSi, es aris uaris Tqma
sakuTar abstraqtul pirovnulobaze. xolo im sxvaSi sakuTari Tavis povna da masTan dabruneba aris sakuTar
pirovnebasTan dabruneba, oRond ukve gamdidrebuli konkretuli SinaarsiT. amitom es aris sakuTar konkretul pirovnulobasTan dabruneba. konkretuloba konkretuli realuri
Sinaarsis SeZenaa. anu adamiani, Tavis cxovrebaSi realur
konkretul Sinaarss iZens mxolod siyvarulSi. cxovrebaSi
yoveli SenaZeni, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, vizirebulia siyvaruliT.
392
393
zedmeticaa sxvisi siyvaruli. sakuTari Tavis siyvaruli sakuTari cxovrebis siyvarulia. xolo visac cxovreba ar uyvars,
misTvis yvelaferi zedmetia. sakuTari Tavis, anu sakuTari
cxovrebis siyvaruliT iwyeba yvela danarCenis siyvaruli.
igi mogiwodebs da gaiZulebs ganamtkico Seni Tavi, Seni cxovreba. am mizniT eZeb yovelive imas, risi identifikaciac
SeiZleba sakuTar TavTan. am Ziebis Sedegad Sens cxovrebaSi
Semodian sxvadasxva movlenebi. ase Semodis RmerTi, buneba,
sxva adamianebi, samSoblo, ena... yvelaferi is, rac SenTvis
sazrisis mqonea da Rirebulebaa. ase iqmneba Seni ganumeorebeli samyaro. amiT gasagebi xdeba sakuTari Tavisadmi aRniSnuli damokidebuleba. magram adamiani amgvar damokidebulebas
avlens sxvebis mimarTac imis gamo, rom mas sxva uyvars. anu igi
mas sakuTar TavTan yavs gaigivebuli. amitom masze zrunva
emTxveva sakuTar Tavze mzrunvelobas. misi sixaruli sakuTari sixarulia, misi mwuxareba misTvisac mwuxarebaa.
394
395
uwodeben. aseTad miCneulia iseTi siyvaruli, roca mis mxareebs Soris arsebobs sulieri miswrafeba, sulieri TanagrZnoba, magram gamoricxulia maT Soris sneulebriv-xorcieli kavSiri. esaa abstraqtul-ganyenebuli siyvaruli, romelic realurad daiyvaneba an aq ganxilul calmxrivi siyvarulis ukanasknel variantze, an ubralod megobrul siyvarulze.
ormxrivia siyvaruli, rodesac siyvarulis mxareebi
erTimeores TanagrZnobiT pasuxoben, orive mxares aqvs erTmaneTis mimarT sulieri da sxeulebrivi ltolva. ormxriv
siyvarulSi siyvarulis orive mxare, erTdroulad da calcalke, siyvarulis subieqticaa da obieqtic. Seyvarebulica
da siyvarulis adresatic.
Tavis mxriv ormxrivi siyvarulic ornairia. erTia is,
roca saqme gvaqvs pirovnebis mxridan sakuTari Tavis siyvarulTan. aqac siyvaruli ori mxariT aris warmodgenili.
orive adamiania. magram misi Tavisebureba imaSia, rom aq adgili aqvs ara oris erTad qcevas, aramed piriqiT, erTis orad
qcevas. anu es ori mxare erTidaigive adamiania. esaa pirovnebis rogorc me, romelic abstraqciis gziT iyofa rogorc me da
arame. e.i. erTidaigive pirovneba siyvarulis subieqticaa da
mis pirispir mdgomi siyvarulis adresatic. siyvaruli maT
Soris yalibdeba. aseTma siyvarulma SeiZleba miiRos mimarTuleba, romelsac egoizmi, pativmoyvareoba, narcisizmi ewodeba.
esaa sakuTari Tavis iseTi siyvaruli, romelic Crdilavs da
axSobs sxvisi Seyvarebis SesaZleblobas. sakuTari Tavis siyvaruli savaldebuloa siyvarulis yvelanairi saxeobisaTvis.
magram igi unda iyos iseTi, romelic arc egoizmSi da arc
ukidures altruizmSi gadaizrdeba. es maSinaa SesaZlebeli,
roca sakuTari Tavis siyvaruli ki ar axSobs, aramed piriqiT,
safuZvlad edeba sxvisi Seyvarebis perspeqtivas. sakuTari Tavis
aseTi siyvaruli SesaZlebelia iseT ormxriv siyvarulSi, roca
misi mxareebi sxvadasxva pirovnebebi arian.
imis gamo, rom siyvaruli aris sinamdvilesTan grZnobad-emociuri kavSiris forma, xSirad uTqvamT `siyvaruli brmaa~o. cxadia aq ar igulisxmeba siyvarulis romelime konkretu-
396
397
biT, gamravlebis instinqtiT (sqesobrivi ltolviT), mSobliuri instinqtebiT, socialuri solidarobiT da sxva.
sicocxle cocxal arsebebs imxela datvirTvebs akisrebs, rom maTTvis SeuZlebeli iqneboda am tvirTis moTminebiT da bejiTad zidva, Tu maT kompensaciis saxiT, rogorc
Taviseburi sanacvlo fasi, ar eqnebodaT am tvirTis Semamsubuqebeli da damabalansebeli iseTi unari, romelic `jadosnuri~ ZaliT ara marto SeaZlebinebda am tvirTis udrtvinvelad zidvas, aramed es tvirTi maT imdenad Zlier vnebaTa
aRtkinebaSi, siamovnebaSi da netarebaSi amyofebdaT, rom isini
mas ar gacvlidnen arafer sxvaze. es unari siyvarulia.
sicocxlisaTvis arsebiTi moTxovnaa kveba da gamravleba. kvebac da gamravlebac warimarTeba siyvarulis niadagze. cxoveluri organizmisaTvis mniSvnelovania kvebis procesis cikluri warmarTva. amisaTvis buneba maTSi gamoimuSavebs
SimSilisa da nayrovanebis grZnobas. es grZnobebi emyareba
siyvarulis (siamovnebis) da siZulvilis (usiamovnebis) gancdebs.
SimSili organizmSi aRviZebs Wamis mimarT `mindas~, Wamis
survils (siyvaruls). nayrovaneba aRviZebs `aRar mindas~, Wamisadmi usiamovnebas (siZulvils). amitom SimSilis grZnoba
organizmisaTvis signalia, mowodeba, Wamisken imisaTvis rom
sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad bunebam aiZulos organizmi, raTa
is ikvebos, organizmSi Cado SimSilis mtanjveli da WamiT
miRebuli siamovnebis grZnobebi. anu Cado SimSilis siZulvili da Wamis siyvaruli. cxadia, aseTi siZulvili da siyvaruli Tavisi bunebiT biologiuri xasiaTisaa, magram mainc
siZulvili da siyvarulia. mas Semdeg, rac organizmi Wamis
Sedegad miiRebs sakmaris sakvebs, bunebam unda aiZulos igi, _
Sewyvitos Wama. amisaTvis masSi Cado moyirWebis da danayrebis
gancda, ris Sedegadac, Cndeba Wamisadmi usiamovnebis grZnoba,
rac mas Wamas awyvetinebs. SeuZlebelia cocxali organizmis
arseboba kvebis gareSe. misi kvebis aRmZravi da maorganizebeli Zalaa SimSilisa da nayrovanebis cikluri monacvleoba.
SimSili da nayrovaneba ki _ siyvarulisa da siZulvilis
biologiuri formebia.
398
399
400
401
damokidebuleba imdenad siyvaruliT araa gansazRvruli, ramdenadac madlierebiT da pativiscemiT. misadmi madliereba
ganpirobebulia imiT, rom kerZo adamianebma mocemul etapamde
mis `mxrebze dgomiT~ moaRwia. magram adamianis mzera mainc
momavliskenaa mi pyrobili. mas xiblavs da uyvars, rac momavlis perspeqtivas uqmnis. momavalSi adamiani bavSvs xedavs da
ara moxucebuls, ufro sworad _ bavSvSi xedavs momavals da
ara moxucebulSi. adamianis mudmivi fiqrisa da sazrunavis
sagania sikvdilTan Widili, misi daZleva da sicocxlis gamaradJameba. amis erT-erTi qmediTi saSualebaa sakuTari me-s
STamomavlobaSi gatana da masTan dakavSireba. rodis mokvdebio, gamomcdelad ekiTxebian moxucs, _ maSin, roca SviliSvili mokvdebao. igulisxmeba, rom sxeulebrivad SviliSvilze
adre mokvdeba, magram sulierad igi mainc icocxlebs manam,
sanam icocxlebs SviliSvili. ra aris yovelive es? _ esaa
sicocxlis siyvarulis ZaliT arseboba da misiT gamovlena.
esaa siyvarulis obieqtSi sicocxlis perspeqtivis xedva.
sicocxlis sapirispiro movlenaa sikvdili; siyvarulisa
_ siZulvili. yvelanairi siyvaruli saTaves sicocxlis siyvarulisagan iRebs. yvelanair siZulvils dasabams sikvdilis
siZulvili aZlevs. miuxedavad amisa, siyvarulic da siZulvilic sicocxlis damcavi Zalebia. siyvaruli asazrdoebs da
asuldgmulebs sicocxles. xolo siZulvili icavs mas mtruli Zalebis muqarisagan. siZulvili sicocxlis siZulvili
ki araa, igi aris sicocxlis mimarT mtruli Zalebis siZulvili. saboloo jamSi, esaa sikvdilis siZulvili. gvZuls,
radgan gviyvars. sikvdili gvZuls, radgan gviyvars sicocxle.
sicocxle rom ar gviyvardes, sikvdils ar SeviZulebdiT.
sikvdilis siyvaruli ar arsebobs. sikvdilis siZulvili ki
sikvdilisadmi dapirispirebuli Zalaa da ara sikvdilis damcavi. aq dgeba kiTxva: _ sicocxlis msgavsad, ratom ar gaaCnia
sikvdils masazrdoebeli da damcavi Zalebi? imitom, rom mas
ar sWirdeba misTvis damoukidebeli aseTi Zalebi. es sWirdeba sicocxles. cocxali arsebis siyvaruli (mzrunveloba)
sicocxlisadmi, misi sakuTar Tavze mzrunvelobaa. esaa misi
sakuTari Tavis siyvaruli. sikvdils uSualo mzrunveli subieqti ar yavs. ar yavs damoukidebeli mosiyvarule da damcavi
Zalebi. sikvdili ar unda CaiTvalos arc TviTmizezobriv,
TviTarsebad movlenad. amitom, TiTqos amqveynad igi saerTod
unda gamqraliyo. magram viciT, rom qveyanaze sikvdili, ise
daTareSobs, rogorc masze `danavardobs~ sicocxle. sicocxlea misi masazrdoebeli da damcavi Zala. siyvaruli da siZulvili asazdovebs da icavs sicocxles, magram igive Zalebi,
pirdapiri gziT, asazrdoeben da icaven sikvdilsac. saqme is
aris, rom sikvdili iqaa, sadac sicocxlea. rom ar yofiliyo
sicocxle, ar iqneboda sikvdili. amitom sicocxlis dacva
sikvdilis dacvasac iwvevs. sicocxlis gamravleba, sikvdilis
gamravlebacaa. sicocxlis dabadeba sikvdilis dabadebacaa.
sikvdili aris sicocxlisaTvis moucilebeli da mudam
Tanmdevi movlena. Tu vikiTxavT, _ ra iqneboda sicocxle,
saerTod rom ar arsebuliyo sikvdili, daaxloebiT es igivea,
rom vikiTxoT ra iqneboda, rom yofiliyo mxolod sinaTle
da ar yofiliyo sibnele? ra iqneboda, rom saerTod ar arsebuliyo mcdaroba, simaxinje, uzneoba, usamarTloba; ar arsebuliyo saerTod cudia. cxadia, aseT pirobebSi dakargavda sazriss
da mniSvnelobas WeSmaritebac, saTnoebac, mSvenierebac, samarTlianobac da kargic. mxolod sinaTlis arseboba migviyvanda situaciamde, razec galaqtionma brZana: _ `wminda sinaTlis diad badeSi, ise cotaa gasagebeli, rogorc rom wminda
siwyvdiadeSi~. sicocxle mimzidveli da sazrunavia imis gamo,
rom arsebobs iseTi safrTxobela, rogoricaa sikvdili.
sikvdili sicocxles drois CarCoebSi aTavsebs, reglaments
uwesebs. amiT cocxal arsebas aiZulebs, iyos ara mconare,
aramed _ aqtiuri, maZiebeli, droSi Caetios da Tavisi mosaswrebi moaswros. sikvdilis mniSvneloba sicocxlis mimarT kargad SeniSna vaJa fSavelam `Seni Wirime sikvdilo,
sicocxle fasobs SeniTao~-o.
sicocxlis dacva ZiriTadad misi sikvdilisagan dacvaa.
amitom, erTi SexedviT, sicocxle xom yvelaze kargad maSin
iqneboda daculi, Tu sikvdili, rogorc fenomeni, saerTod ar
402
403
iarsebebda. religia, samoTxisa da sulis ukvdavebis meSveobiT ZiriTadad am gzas misdevs. magram es rwmenis gzaa. mecnierebas dasabuTebis gza sWirdeba. sulis ukvdavebis dasabuTeba ki SeuZlebelia. amasTanave, vinaidan arc sicocxle
arsebobs sikvdilis gareSe, amitom sicocxlis siyvaruliT
dacva sikvdilis saerTod gauqmebas ki ar moiTxovs, aramed
sikvdilis gadawevas da amiT sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebas.
sicocxlis gaxangrZliveba, rogorc individisaTvis, ise gvarisa
da mTeli cocxali samyarosaTvis maSin miiRweva, roca igi
gaJRenTili da nasazrdoebia uZRebi siyvaruliT. vambobT
`uZRebi~, raTa uaryofil iqnes e.w. `sikvdilis instinqti~. es
ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisi sicocxliT `ZRomas~ anu mis `moyirWebas~ emyareba. aseT Tvalsazriss aviTarebda rusi biologi
i. meCnikovi. igi miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom adamianis asakis
zrdasTan erTad, sicocxlis siyvaruli (survili) ki ar mcirdeba, aramed ufro izrdeba. am faqtis sapirispirod, igi momxre
iyo adamianSi `sikvdilis instinqti~-s ganviTarebis. es niSnavs, xnier adamianSi, asakis zrdasTan erTad nel-nela mcirdebodes sicocxlisadmi siyvaruli da izrdebodes sikvdilis
survili ise, rogorc daRlilobis Semdeg, adamianSi aRiZvreba
Zilis moTxovnileba. imis gamo, rom adamianSi sicocxlis
siyvaruli da sikvdilis siZulvili ar neldeba, yoveli konkretuli sikvdili unda CaiTvalos udrood, radgan igi dakavSirebuli araa sikvdilis survilTan. es ki tragikulobis
mauwyebelia. evTanaziac iZulebiTi RonisZiebaa da isic tragediaa. amitom `sikvdilis instinqti~ ver Rebulobs Tavisufal ganviTarebas, rac meCnikovisaTvis samwuxaro faqtad iTvleba. misi idealia `orTobiozi~, anu adamianis sicocxlis
ganviTareba ise, roca igi yovelgvari avadmyofobis gareSe
gaivlis cxovrebis grZel gzas da miva im bolo etapTan, roca
igrZnobs sicocxliT daRlilobas. amiT mas gauCndeba sicocxliT ZRomis, moyirWebis grZnoba da mis adgilas masSi
ibadeba iseTi sikvdilis Sinagani survili, romelic tragikulobasTan aRar iqneba dakavSirebuli. es imas gavs, mSieri
adamiani, romelsac hqonda Wamis Zlieri survili da kargad
404
405
406
407
rac arsebobs cnobierebisaTvis, xSirad ar arsebobs siyvarulisaTvis. adamianisaTvis, romelsac Tavisi Sinagani, gamokveTili
interesebi gaaCnia, ar SeiZleba yvelafers Tanabari mniSvneloba hqondes, yvelafris mimarT Tanabari emociebiT iyos
dakavSirebuli. mas raRac moswons, raRac ar moswons; raRacis
mimarT indiferentulia. yvelafris mimarT Tanabari emociebis qona auqmebs TviT emociebs. yvelafris Tanabari siyvaruli ukve arafris siyvarulia. siyvarulisTvisac niSandoblivia
arCeviToba-gamorCeuloba, rac bolosdabolos, cxovrebis arCeviTobas edeba safuZvlad. adamianis cxovrebas avsebs da qmnis
is sagnebi da movlenebi, romlebic RirebulebiTi Sefasebis
momentSi mowonebas imsaxureben. cxovrebidan gadian is sagnebi da movlenebi, romlebic garkveuli gadafasebiT, kargaven
mowonebas da dawunebulni xdebian. saerTod, cxovrebis miRma
rCebian isini, romelTa mimarT adamiani indiferentulia. qarTvelis mieraa naTqvami, Tu kacs ar unda, riyeze qvas ar dainaxavso, magram roca kacs unda, RorRis udides masaSi oqros
umcires namcecebsac aRmoaCens, xolo rogorc konfuci ityoda,
roca kacs unda, bnel oTaxSi Sav katas aRmoaCens maSinac ki,
roca igi iq saerTod ar aris.
cxovreba aris mudmiv moZravi da cvalebadi areali,
sadac adgili aqvs mudmivad maRali Rirebulebebis Semotanas
da iqidan moZvelebuli, Rirebulebadakarguli, movlenebis
gatanas. e.i. cxovrebaSi, Rirebulebebis saxiT, raRacaa Semosatani da raRac _ iqidan gasatani. Semosatani Rirebulebebi
saSvs Rebuloben siyvarulis ZaliT, xolo gasatani Rirebuleba, dakarguli sagnebi cxovrebidan idevnebian siZulvilis ZaliT. iwyeba cxovrebaSi mowonebulTa (Semosatanis)
dacvisa da dawunebulTa (gasatanTa) devnis dausrulebeli
procesi, rac cxovrebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi RerZia.
adamianis axalgazrdoba da xandazmuloba mxolod
wlebis raodenobiT ar ganisazRvreba. ufro arsebiTia siaxlis grZnoba da moTxovna. manam, sanam adamians, pirovnebas,
siaxlis grZnoba da moTxovnileba aqvs, sanam igi siaxleebs
gaxsnilad xvdeba, Tundac igi xandazmuli iyos, mainc suli-
408
409
bierebiT xedva mis arsebobas robotis arsebobas daamsgavsebda. cxovreba orive unariT xedvas da marTvas moiTxovs. amitom filosofiaSi srul uflebaSi unda aRsdges mis etimologiaSi dafiqsirebuli `sibrZnis siyvaruli.~ oRond ara mxolod gandgomili etimologiuri mniSvnelobiT, aramed
filosofiis siRrmiseuli azriTac. rogoria maTi urTierToba? es ganisazRvreba dasaxuli miznis mixedviT. nebismieri
miznis realizacia xorcieldeba orive unariT. zogi miznis
realizacia ufro metad cnobierebis unars eyrdnoba, zogisa
ki _ siyvarulisas. erTi SexedviT, TiTqos arsebobs adamianis
saqmianobis iseTi sferoebi, sadac dasaxuli miznis miRweva
mxolod romelime erT unars eyrdnoba, _ meoris Segnebulad
gamoricxvis gziT. magaliTad, mecnieruli da samarTlebrivi
obieqturobis miRweva, urTulesi teqnikuri aparatis marTva,
an urTulesi qirurgiuli operaciis Catareba TiTqos mTlianad cnobierebiT warimarTeba; xolo iseTi movlenebi, rogorebicaa qal-vaJis siyvaruli, eWvianoba, SurisZieba, TviTmkvleloba
an gmiruli Tavganwirva, TiTqos mTlianad emociebiT warimarTeba. magram siRrmiseuli analizi gviCvenebs, rom yvela
aRniSnuli movlena warimarTeba orive unaris meSveobiT. magaliTad, aviRoT TviTmkvlelobis faqti. cxovelTa samyaroSi igi, rogorc movlena, saerTod ar arsebobs im ubralo
mizezis gamo, rom cxovelebs cnobiereba ar gaaCniaT. maTi
sicocxle mTlianad siyvaruliT imarTeba. rogorc Cans, adamians rom cnobiereba ar hqonoda, isic arasdros mimarTavda
TviTmkvlelobas, magram amiT igi veRarc adamianad iarsebebda.
e.i. TviTmkvleloba cnobierebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. siyvaruliT warmarTul cxovrebas cnobiereba kritikuli kontrolis areSi aTavsebs. cnobierebis mxridan, cxovrebis kritikuli kontroli _ SefasebiTi aqtia. mTliani cxovreba
dgeba SefasebiT aqtSi. roca cxovreba Sefasebis aqtSi miiRebs da gaacnobierebs mis araadamianurobas, aqedan iwyeba
fiqri TviTmkvlelobaze. cxovrebis araadamianurobaSi igulisxmeba situacia, rodesac adamiani kargavs imas (Rirebulebas), uromlisodac misi cxovreba kargavs yovelgvar azrs. am
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
ram mocemulia mxolod SesaZleblobis saxiT. adamianSi mocemuli SesaZleblobani ori saxisaa. erTi, romelTa realizacia
da sinamdviled qceva misi sicocxlis, misi cxovelunarianobis
SenarCunebas da gaZlierebas emsaxureba. mag. axalSobilSi SesaZleblobis saxiT Tandayolilia unari gaxdes mSobeli. SesaZleblobis meore saxea misi sulieri SesaZleblobebi, _ gaxdes
pirovneba. adamianis raoba, misi arseba, swored aseTi sulieri
SesaZleblobebidan amoizrdeba da gamokristaldeba; mexuTe, _
iseve, rogorc nebismier arsebas, adamianis arsebasac Tavisi
gamovlenis sfero da SesaZlebloba sWirdeba, amitom unda
ganisazRvros aseTi sfero.
420
421
422
423
gagebul jerarsSi mudam aris uZlureba, romelic imiT vlindeba, rom raRac ki aris aRiarebuli kanonzomierad da samarTlianad, magram mainc ar ZaluZs gza gaikvlios da ganxorcieldes jerarsulad. unda~ aucileblobis moTxovnis
logikuri formaa, romelic saerTod drois miRma imyofeba.
jerarsis ukeT gagebis mizniT, Tu mas SevadarebT idealis
cnebas, davinaxavT rom iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa idealuroba,
srulyofileba da teleologiuroba orivesaTvis savaldebuloa. maT Soris gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom ideali Tu
epoqiT (droiT) aris gansazRvruli, jerarsi _ realur-fizikuri drois mimarT zedroul-zeistoriulia. jerarsuli unda~
droiT ki araa ganpirobebuli, aramed arsobrivi yofierebiT.
es imis mauwyebelia, rom idealis miRweva, ganxorcieleba niSnavs mis, rogorc idealuri miznis moxsnas da axliT Secvlas.
jerarsi ki mudmiv moTxovnad rCeba. masze dro ver moqmedebs.
igi adamiand yofnis mudmivi formaa.
biologiurad dabadebuli adamianis arseboba aris misi
naklovanebebiTa da RirsebebiT iseTia, rogorsac misi bunebriv-biologiuri arseboba moiTxovs. adamianis garemosadmi
da sakuTari Tavisadmi meamboxeoba ki imas moiTxovs, ukritikod ar iqnes miRebuli bunebrivad arsebuli arc garemo da
arc sakuTari Tavi. man isini unda gardaqmnas, gaaadamianuros
da aqcios imad, rasac jerarsuli unda~ moiTxovs. jerarsis
mowodebaa adamiani iyos iseTi, rogoric adamianis arsobrivi
yofierebis Sesaferia. biologiuri arsebobidan adamianur
jerarsul yofierebaSi gadasvla ar niSnavs arsebis armqone
mdgomareobidan arsebis mqone mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas. igi
arc arsebis arsebiT cvlilebas niSnavs. es niSnavs, arsebis
bunebriv-biologiuri aucileblobiT arsebobidan, mis kulturul-adamianuri aucileblobiT gansazRvrul arsebobaze
gadasvlas. amaze miuTiTebs egzistencialur filosofiaSi
wamoyenebuli moTxovna, rom adamiani Tavis me-s, Tavis cxovrebas, anu Tavis yofierebas TviTon qmnis da TviTonvea masze
pasuxismgebeli.
es motivi religiaSic SeiniSneba. amasTan dakavSire-
424
425
6. TviTcnobiereba rogorc adamianis arsebiTi gansazRvruloba. maS raSi unda veZioT yvela sxva
saxis arsebisagan adamianis princi puli gansxvaveba? iqneb
azrovnebaSi? magram cxovelebSi azrovnebac fiqsirdeba. Tumca cxoveluri `azrovneba~ adamianurisagan imiT gansxvavdeba,
rom igi sruliad praqtikuli sagnobrivi azrovnebaa. amitom unda vivaraudoT, rom Tavisi aseTi `azrovnebiT~ cxovelebic
qmnian Tavisi garemos (da ara Tavis Tavis) maTeul praqtikul suraTs~, romelic mTlianad maT biologiur sicocxlisunarianobas emsaxureba, sadac mTavaria kveba, gamravleba
da gadarCena. amitom aseTi e.w. azrovnebiT, cxoveli mainc
da qedmaRloba ki araa, es misi arsebaa. es niSnavs kritikulobas da momTxovnelobas samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis mimarT.
es samyaroze da sakuTar Tavze (saerTod adamianze) mzrunvelobis safuZvelicaa.
426
427
7. adamiani rogorc gzadmyofi arseba. adamianis gasvla samyaros da sakuTari me-s gareT sxvas arafers
niSnavs, Tu ara mis mier Tavisuflebis mopovebas. esaa samyaros da sakuTari subieqturi aucileblobebisagan Tavdaxsna. ramdenadac da ra zomiTac adamiani axrexebs aseT gasvlebs,
imdenad da im zomiT aRwevs igi Tavisuflebas. xolo ramdenadac Tavisufalia adamiani, imdenad CaiTvleba igi sakuTriv
adamianad. xolo is, rom adamians ar SeuZlia samyarodan da
sakuTari me-dan mTlianad da absoluturad gasvla, es niSnavs,
rom mas ar SeuZlia miaRwios absolutur Tavisuflebas; rom
misi Tavisufleba yovelTvis fardobiTia, xolo es, Tavis mxriv,
niSnavs, rom adamians ar SeuZlia miaRwios Tavis srulyofilebas. da bolos, es niSnavs, rom adamiani, Tavisi qmnadobiT,
mudam gzaSia. adamiani gzadmyofi arsebaa. wignSi `saubrebi bibliaze~ zurab kiknaZe aviTarebs azrs, rom adamiani
bibliuradac gzadmyofi arsebaa. rom `abraami mTeli Tavisi
cxovrebiT gamoxatavs mwiri da moxetiale adamianis saxex...~
rom `mwirobda ara mxolod abraami, aramed misi uSualo STamomavlobac _ isaki da iakobi.~
cxovreba gzaa. amas gvaswavlis rogorc Zv. w. aR. VI
saukunis Cineli moazrovne lao Zis `dao~, rac gzas niSnavs;
amas gvaswavlis g. haidegeris `TemSara~. gzebi aTasgvaria.
isini miemarTebian sxvadasxva marSrutiT da sxvadasxva daniSnulebebisaken. yoveli adamianis kerZo cxovreba misi kuTvnili gzaa. cxovrebiseuli gzebis simravle adamianTa simravlea, xolo adamianTa simravle maTi unikaluri cxovrebaTa
simravlea. yvela mTagani gzaSi imyofeba. yvela maTgani dausrulebeli da arasrulyofilia. f. nicSes aqvs gamoTqma _
`adamiani jer daudgeneli cxoveliao~. es adamianis daumTavre-
428
429
8. tyuili adamianis cxovrebaSi. jerarsuli yofierebisaken moZraobas pirovneba SeiZleba axorcielebdes gulwrfelobis niadagze. SeiZleba igi mas axorcielebdes tyuilis anu TaRliTobis gziT. es ukanaskneli saSualeba anu
tyuili (rogorc sxvisi, ise sakuTari Tavis motyueba) CaiTvleba Tu ara jerarsul movlenad? tyuili cxovrebaSi sxvadasxva
miznebs emsaxureba. ZiriTadad igi an imas, rom raRac daumsaxurebel sikeTes daeuflos, an piriqiT, misiT Tavi daicvas. am
ukanasknel SemTxvevas eZRvneba SoTa niSnianiZis leqsi `niRbebi~, _ rom ar gamTvalos kacTa sixarbem... saxes vifarav Wreli
niRbebiTo. cxovrebaSi aTasgvari Sexla-Semoxlebis da adamianebs Soris qiSpoba-Widilis gamo niRbebis (tyuilis simbolo) aucileblobaze rom miuiTebs, leqsis bolos ase amTavrebs:
`... am wyeul niRbebs imitom vicvli
rom Cemi saxe SevinarCuno,
cxovrebas kidev gavuZlo vinZlo,
vicxovro, vwero da vifaCuno.
da roca dRiur fisfusis miRma
Rame sakuTar suls Camaxutebs
me gadavxedav Camoxsnil niRbebs
rogorc naomar rkinis Cafxutebs.~
9. kultura (cxovreba), rogorc adamianis arsebiTi niSnebis mTlianoba. adamianis raobis gansazRvra
misi yvela movlenisagan gamorCeuli arsebis dadgenas moiTxovs. istoriulad, adamianis arsebiT niSnad mraval sxvadasxva
moments miiCnevdnen. ai, zogierTi maTgani: Teoretikosoba, msoflmxedvelobis qona, politikosoba, azrovneba, cnobiereba, TviTcnobiereba, teleologiuroba, sazogadoebrivi arseba, iaraRismkeTebloba, Tavisufleba, kulturuloba, komunikacia-dialoguroba,
SemoqmedebiToba, Rirseba, Tavmoyvareoba, zneobrioba, mediduroba,
eWvianoba, metyveleba, ena, religiuroba, samarTlianoba, nebisyofa, fantazioroba, suliereba. zogi adamians gansazRvravs rogorc
TviTmkvlel arsebas. adamianis erT-erTi gansazRvrebiT, misi
arseba sakuTari Tavis mimarT `ara~-s Tqmis unaria. esec
sayuradRebo niSania. xSir SemTxvevaSi `ara~-s cxovelic emorCileba. magram cxovelisaTvis `ara~ misgan garegani maiZulebeli Zalisagan moedineba. adamianis arseba gamoixateba imiT, rom
mas SeuZlia daupirispirdes sakuTar Tavs, RirebulebaTa dapirispirebis procesSi, dabali rangis Rirebulebebi Seswiros
ufro maRali rangis Rirebulebebs da amiT sakuTar Tavs
Sinagani nebiT uTxras `ara~ garkveul Rirebulebebze. esaa
sakuTari nebiT, xasiaTis simtkiciT da Camoyalibebuli cxovrebiseuli princi pebiT raRacisadmi mtanjveli TavSekaveba.
ase uTxra `ara~ sokratem, jordano brunom, qeTevan wamebulma im
moTxovnebs, romlebic maT mimarT iyo wayenebuli. amaSi gamomJRavnda maTi adamianobis maRali done.
adamianis arsebis yvela CamoTvlili niSani SeiZleba
amovikiTxoT mis erT mTavar da arsebiT niSanSi. esaa adamianis
arsebobis wesi. ukve iTqva imis Sesaxeb, rom qva arsebobs arsebobis fizikuri wesiT; mcenare da cxoveli _ arsebobis biologiuri wesiT; RmerTi RvTaebrivi wesiT. adamianis arsebobis wesi ki cxovrebaa. adamiani aris mcxovrebi arseba. cxovrebisaTvis sicocxle aucilebeli sayrdeni faqtoria, vinaidan sxeuli sulisaTvis saarsebo budea, magram cxovreba
masze gacilebiT metia da maRla mdgomi arsebobis wesia. sicocxle niSnavs CarCenas samyaroSi da samyaros karnaxiT arsebobaSi. cxovreba niSnavs samyarodan da sakuTari subieqturobidan gasvlas, garemosa da sakuTari Tavis gaadamianurebas.
amiT TavisTavad arsebuli samyaros adamianur samyarod gardaqmnas, Sedegad RirebulebaTa sistemis Seqmnas da misiT arse-
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
iseT sulier amaRlebaze, rodesac SesaZlebeli xdeba warsulis, awmyos da momavlis uwyvet mTlianobaSi Wvreta. dro
xdomilebaTa Tanmimdevrobaa. drois samive momentis intuiciuri Wvreta momavali drois Wvretasac gulisxmobs. momavali
drois Wvreta ki momavali xdimolebaTa Wvretaa. nostradamusis winaswarmetyvelebis aseTi axsna mecnierulad did winaaRmdegobebs awydeba. jer erTi, mgzavris didi simaRlidan gamovlili da gasavleli gzis mTlianobaSi danaxva grZnobadi
Wvretaa. drois momentebis mTlianobaSi danaxva ki inteleqtualur Wvretas moiTxovs, inteleqtualuri Wvretis aRiarebas ki mecnierulobis sferodan rwmenis sferoSi gadavyavarT.
meorec isaa, rom xdimolebebi yovelTvis mizez-Sedegobrivi
urTierTobebiTaa ganpirobebuli. mizez-Sedegobriv urTierTobaSi ki erTdroulad CarTulni arian mizezobrivi da TviTmizezobrivi aucileblobiTi da SemTxveviTi, obieqturi da
subieqturi faqtorebi. adamians mecniereba momavlis ganWvretisaTvis sWirdeba, amitom awarmoebs igi mecnierul Ziebebs.
magram imis gamo, rom mecnieruli winaswar xedva mxolod
aucileblobaze dayrdnobiT xdeba, igi verasdros iqneba bolomde zusti da utyuari, gansakuTrebiT Tu igi exeba socialur sferos. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom nostradamusis
winaswarmetyvelebebi mecnierulad iseve idumalebiT aRvsili
fenomenia, rogorc bedis mkiTxaobis sxva formebi. amitom
nostradamusis fenomenis Sesaxeb aRniSnuli midgoma jer mxolod varaudi da mosazrebaa da araa mecnieruli dasabuTeba.
xSirad beds an mxolod karg xvedrs ukavSireben, an
mxolod cuds. roca amboben _ `bedi momec da sanagveze gadamagdeo~, e.i. adamianis cxovrebis, misi warmatebis mTavar konstruqtorad bedia miCneuli. aq bedisadmi sruli ndoba da
mxolod keTili xvedris molodinia. xolo roca gamoiyeneba
sityvebi: ubeduri, bedgamwyrali, bedukuRmarTi da sxva, am SemTxvevaSi bedisagan mxolod cudi xvedris molodinia. magram
bedis idumaleba da Seucnobadoba imaze miuTiTebs, rom winaswar
ar icis adamianma misgan ras unda elodos, warmatebas Tu
warumateblobas, amitom SesaZleblobis TvalsazrisiT bedis-
438
439
11. adamianisa da cxovrebis calmxrivobis Sesaxeb. iumori da Rimili. zemoT msjeloba iyo calmxrivi
azrovnebis da misi naklovanebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, calmxrivi
SeiZleba aRmoCndes ara marto azrovneba, aramed TviT adamianic da misi cxovrebac. calmxrivoba ewodeba mTelis abstraqtulad or sapirispiro mxared gayofas, maTgan mxolod erTi
mxaris aRebas da mTelis adgilas mis gabatonebas. rogorc
adamianis, ise cxovrebis calmxrivoba xSirad vlindeba sxvadasxva rameSi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, magaliTisTvis, mivuTiTebT
calmxrivobis mxolod TiTo gamovlenas. adamianis
calmxrivobasTan gvaqvs saqme maSin, roca kerZo pirovnebas
aqvs Camoyalibebuli tendencia, yvelaferSi, _ sagnebSi, movlenebSi, adamianebSi aRmoaCinos da dainaxos mxolod cudi (negativi). amis gamo yvelafris mimarT ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams,
wuwunebs, iboRmeba, yvelaferze Civis da xSirad ilanZReba
kidec. misTvis, imave sagnebsa da movlenebSi SeumCnevelia da
TiTqos arc arsebobs raime kargi, mosawoni (pozitivi). adamianis aseTi calmxrivoba misi pesimizmis da Taviseburi mazoxizmis safuZvelia, rac pirovnebis damangreveli Zalaa.
adamianebs Soris adgili aqvs amis sapirispiro
calmxrivobasac, roca kerZo pirovnebas aqvs tendencia yvelaferSi SeamCnios da yuradReba miapyros kargs, dadebiTs
(pozitivs) maSinac ki, roca aseTi dadebiTi saganSi, movlenaSi
SesaZloa obieqturad arc arsebobdes. esaa Taviseburi gulubryvilo optimizmi.
pirveli calmxrivoba Tu samyaroSi `muqi saTvaleebiT~ xedvaa, raSic yvelaferi simaxinjed aRiqmeba; meore ufro
`vardisferi saTvaleebiT~ mzeraa, riTac yvelaferi lamazad
gamoiyureba. arsebuli sinamdvile adamianisagan moiTxovs
440
441
12. cxovrebaSi adamianTa erTsulovnebis Taviseburebis Sesaxeb. adamianis cxovreba ganTavsebulia rogorc
bunebaSi, ise sazogadoebaSi. adamianebi, Tavisi interesebisa da
moTxovnilebebis mixedviT, qmnian TavianT sazogadoebas. sazogadoebac cocxali organizmia. isic (sazogadoeba) Tavis
cxovrebas qmnis da misiT arsebobs. sazogadoebaSi Semavali
yoveli calkeuli adamiani mTliani sazogadoebis calkeuli
wevria. sazogadoebis gareSe adamians arseboba ar SeuZlia.
sazogadoebis keTildReobis erT-erTi qvakuTxedi mis wevrebs
Soris erTianobaa. maTi erTianobis saTave maTi cnobierebebidan moedineba. sabolood, es sazogadoebis wevrebs erTnair-
normebs da mainc, mis yvela azrs, sityvas da wamowyebas aRniSnuli yvelani morCilad eTanxmebian. aq problema imdenad im
`erTSi~ araa, ramdenadac `yvelaSi~. roca `yvelani~ ar arian
pirovnebaTa erToba. maTi morCili Tanxmobis Sedegad erTsulovneba mainc miRweulia, magram aseTi erTsulovneba sikeTis
momtani aRaraa. cxadia, im erTis interesebSi Sedis, rom yvelani mas eTanxmebodnen, magram TviTon mTliani sazogadoebis,
misi progresis interesebi moiTxovs, rom sazogadoebis wevrebi
darCnen pirovnebebad TavianTi gamokveTili poziciiT, romelic nasazrdovebia erovnuli da sakacobrio RirebulebebiT.
jansaRi sazogadoeba pirovnebaTa sazogadoebaa. pirovnebadakargul adamianTa aseT masas Cveulebriv brbos uwodeben. brbo
aris depersonizebul adamianTa masa. miviReT, rom am gziT
miRebul erTnairad fiqrs, erTnairad azrovnebas anu aseT
erTsulovnebas ewirebian pirovnebebi, rac savalalo Sedegia.
xolo maSin, roca yvela, ara im erTis Semyured, aramed
damoukideblad TavisiT fiqrobs, TavisiT azrovnebs da TavisiT gamoaqvs daskvnebi, mere xdeba ise, rom erTimeoreze zrunviT da erTimeoris interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, yovelgvari
garegani karnaxisa da Zaladobis gareSe erTimaneTTan TanxmobaSi modian da amis Sedegad vityviT, _ yvela erTnairad
fiqrobs da am gziT aRweven erTsulovnebas _ es Zalian kargi!
Tumca es Znelad gansaxorcielebelia. Zaladobisa da diqtaturis gza iolia. iolia morCilebis gzac. aq arc didi niWia
saWiro da arc didi siyvaruli. Znelia demokratiis gza. niWi
da siyvaruli aq gacilebiT metia saWiro. Zaladobis gza
iolia, magram antiRirebulebaa. demokratiis gza Znelia, magram swored isaa Rirebuleba. amitom demokratia yovelTvis
Zneli gzaa. magram arc amaSia raime ucnauri. saqme isaa, rom
adamianad yofna, imas, rasac namdvili adamiani ewodeba, adamianuri cxovreba, yovelTvis Znelia da did fizikur, fsiqologiur,
inteleqtualur da nebelobiT Zalebs moiTxovs. ginda iyo
adamiani? ginda icxovro adamianurad? _ mzad unda iyo aseTi
gamowvevebisa da siZneleebis pirispir dgomisaTvis.
442
443
444
445
446
gadaeca
warmoebas
30.01.2009.
xelmowerilia
dasabeWdad
https://www.facebook.com/groups/ELLIB/
sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,
kostavas 77