sicocxlis cikli da ganviTareba.

periodizacia (bavSvoba, mowifuloba,

xandazmuloba)

განსახილველი საკითხები:

1. ადამიანის განვითარება, როგორც პროცესი;

2. განვითარების ცნების ანალიზი (ცვლილება, ზრდა, მომწიფება, განვითარება);
3. ადამიანის განვითარებისადმი დამოკიდებულების ისტორია; განვითარების სფეროები;
4. განვითარების ბიოლოგიური პროცესები; გარემოს გავლენა განვითარებაზე; განვითარებაში კრიტიკული
პერიოდების მნიშვნელობის შეფასება;
5. თანდაყოლილისა და შეძენილის ურთიერთობა, წყვეტილობა/უწყვეტობა, სტაბილურობა/არასტაბილურობა;
6. ადამიანის განვითარების გზის პერიოდიზაცია.

adamianis ganviTareba

ganviTarebis fsiqologia aris mecniereba. seriozuli, akademiuri mecniereba,

romelic Sedgeba sxvadasxva dargebisgan da TiToeuli Seiswavlis ama Tu im asaks
_ bavSvis fsiqologia, mozardis fsiqologia, Sua xnis asakis adamianTa
fsiqologia, gerontofsiqologia.

rogorc yvela mecniereba is ganixilavs Semdeg sakiTxebs: sagani,

meTodologia, kvlevis meTodebi. rogorc sxva mecniereba, is cdilobs aRweros
Tavisi sagani specialur terminebSi _ mecnierul cnebebSi, gamoyos igi sxva
mecnierebebis sagnebisgan: magaliTad, zogadi fsiqologiisgan an fsiqo-
fiziologiisgan, romelic aseve Seiswavlis asakobriv sxvaobebs da Taviseburebebs.

ganviTarebis fsiqologia Seiswavlis normaluri adamianis fsiqikuri

ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebs Casaxvidan sikvdilamde.

magram dgeba sakiTxi: ra aris fsiqikuri ganviTareba da vis SeuZlia misi

gansazRvra?

ganviTarebis fsiqologebi aRweren da cdiloben axsnan rogor da ratom icvleba

organizmi, rodis Cndeba esa Tu is unari an funqcia, akvirdebian rogor icvleba
es unarebi da funqciebi droTa ganmavlobaSi.

terminiT "ganviTareba" aRniSnaven garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi momxdar

mizanmimarTul cvlilebaTa rigs. adamiani ki icvleba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze,
dabadebidan sikvdilamde. cxovrebas xSirad ganvixilavT rogorc SeZenis
process (ukeTesobisken svla. magaliTad, bavSvobaSi) da/an piriqiT, raime
danakargis saxiT mimdinare process (gauaresebisken svla. magaliTad,
xandazmulobaSi).

ra axasiaTebs ganviTarebas? _ raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi cvlileba.

raodenobrivi cvlilebebis magaliTad SeiZleba warmovidginoT xe, romelic Tan-
daTan izrdeba da icvleba, xolo Tvisebrivi cvlilebis magaliTia Wupri, romli-
danac uceb pepela Cndeba. maT ganviTarebis etapebi da safexurebic gansxvavebuli
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aqvT da meqanizmebic (anu is, rac iwvevs gadasvlas erTi etapidan/safexuridan meo-
reze).

ra iwvevs am cvlilebebs _ biologiuri memkvidreoba Tu garemos gavlena?

asakobriv cvlilebebs safuZvlad udevs ori procesi:
1. ganviTarebis biologiuri procesebi _ momwifeba, zrda, dabereba. biologiur
ganviTarebas adgili aqvs umartives cocxal organizmebSic ki. yoveli cocxali
arsebis biologiuri ganviTareba mudam finalisken, dasasrulisken aris
mimarTuli. es wesi exeba yvela cocxal organizms adamianis CaTvliT.

▪ momwifeba _ exeba adamians, rogorc biologiur arsebas, mas gansazRvravs

genebSi Cadebuli kodi;

▪ zrda _ aris sistematuri cvlileba, romlis drosac erTsa da imave

sistemaSi adgili aqvs mocemuli elementebis ricxvis, zomis an wonis
raodenobriv gadidebas.

▪ dabereba _ izrdeba ra raodenobrivad, organizmi aRwevs zRvars, romlis

Semdegac zrdis gagrZeleba niSnavs dezintegracias, ukusvlas, daSlas
(mag., biologiuri sikvdilis saxiT).

2. garemos gavlena adamianis ganviTarebaze _ es aris daswavla da socializacia:

▪ daswavla _ individSi piradi gamocdilebis SeZenis an varjiSis Sedegad
gamowveuli cvlilebebis procesia; daswavlis saSualebiT gamocdileba
iwvevs Cveni grZnobebis, azrebisa da qcevebis cvlilebebs. Cven vicvlebiT
im garemos gavleniT, romelSic varsebobT. unarebi SeiZleba dagvyva
genetikurad, magram maTi ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa xelsayreli garemo.
aucilebelia gaviTvaliwinoT individualuri sxvaobebic _ is, riTac
TiToeuli adamiani ase gansxvavdeba sxvebisgan.

▪ socializacia _ procesi, romlis Sedegadac adamiani socialuri jgufis

(ojaxi, gvari, Temi) wevri xdeba. am procesSi is iTvisebs socialur
ganwyobebs, Sexedulebebs, Cveulebebs, Rirebulebebs, socialur rolebs,
konkretuli socialuri jgufis molodinebs. es exmareba adamians
sulieri komfortisa da mikuTvnebulobis gancdis formirebaSi.

gasaTvaliswinebelia biologiuri da garemos faqtorebis urTierTqmedeba.

adamianis qceva momwifebisa da daswavlis procesebis urTierTzemoqmedebis
produqtia (memkvidreobiT miRebuli unari unda momwifdes da organizmma
garemosTan urTierTobis Sedegad gamocdilebac unda SeiZinos).

mniSvnelovania drois faqtori _ rodis xdeba am procesebis sinqronizacia.

arsebobs ganviTarebis kritikuli, optimaluri da mzaobis periodebi:
1. kritikuli periodi _ es is periodia (asakia), rodesac garemos faqtoria
wamyvani da SeuZlia ganviTarebaze gavlenis moxdena. gavlena SeiZleba iyos
dadebiTic da uaryofiTic. magaliTad, 2 Tvis orsulisTvis wiTela saSiSia,
radgan am daavadebam Canasaxze Zalian cudi gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos an
sulac orsulobis Sewyveta gamoiwvios. 7 Tvis orsulisTvis ki araa
saSiSi, daavadeba am periodSi ukve ar axdens mZime gavlenas nayofis
ganviTarebaze. ganviTarebis kritikul periodSi moqmedebs principi "an axla,

2
 an _ arasodes" (esa Tu is faqtori an axla imoqmedebs dadebiTad Tu
uaryofiTad, an arasodes).
2. optimaluri periodi _ gavs kritikul periods. es aris periodi
(konkretuli asaki), romelic saukeTesoa ama Tu im konkretuli unaris
ganviTarebisTvis, Tumca es unari SeiZleba ganviTardes cota adrec da
SedarebiT mogvianebiTac. aq yvelaze xelsayreli pirobebia momwifebul
unarze garemos gavlenisaTvis, magram ar moqmedebs principi "an axla, an _
arasodes". magaliTad, metyvelebis daufleba.
3. mzaobis periodi _ anu roca saukeTeso periodia ama Tu im qcevis
aTvisebisaTvis, Tumca am qcevis aTviseba SesaZlebelia cota adrec da cota
mogvianebiTac. magaliTad, ucxo enis dauflebisTvis, kiTxvis swavlisTvis,
tanvarjiSisTvis arsebobs aseTi periodebi da isini erTmaneTs SeiZleba ar
emTxveodes.

ratom aris saWiro ganviTarebis Seswavla? _ praqtikuli mizniT. magaliTad:

bavSvis aRzrdisa da swavlebis procesis gaumjobesebisTvis, sxvadasxva asakis
adamianis ganviTarebisTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Sesaqmnelad da sxv. adamians es
codna exmareba gaigos rogoria da rogori SeiZleba iyos misi cxovreba.

vin Seiswavlis ganviTarebis process? _ biologebi, fsiqologebi,

sociologebi, anTropologebi, pedagogebi, eqimebi, ekonomistebi, istorikosebic ki.

ra miznebi aqvT ganviTarebis Semswavlel mecnierebs? _ ganviTarebis

procesis aRwera, axsna da optimizacia.
aRwera gvaZlevs faqtebs. aRwerisTvis aucilebelia mxedvelobaSi miviRoT
rogorc ganviTarebis tipuri modelebi (normaluri ganviTareba), ise
individualuri variaciebi (raSi gvanan adamianebi erTmaneTs da ra ganasxvavebs
maT erTmaneTisagan).
am faqtebs Wirdeba axsna _ ratom midis ganviTareba ase an sxvanairad _
rac gacilebiT rTuli gasakeTebelia. mecnierebi axsnas cdiloben TeoriebiT.
arsebobs araerTi Teoria mimarTuli rogorc zogadfsiqologiuri, ise calkeuli
aspeqtebis axsnaze.
am monacemebze dayrdnobiT cdiloben moaxdinon optimizacia, gaaumjobeson
adamianebis ganviTarebis procesi (magaliTad, swavlis problemebis mqone bavSvebis
daxmareba an xandazmulTa mimarT diskriminaciuli damokidebulebis Secvla da
sxv.).

adamianis ganviTareba istoriul planSi

• IV saukuneSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde, karTagenSi, spartaSi da Zvel romSi

bavSvi iyo ojaxis sakuTreba da mSoblebs SeeZloT ise moqceoden, rogorc
nivTs. iyo sastiki mopyrobac _ msxverplad Sewirva da kedelSi Cayolebac
dasturdeba arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT karTagenSi. aRzrdis meTodebi iyo
Zalismieri (mag. spartaSi 6-7 wlis biWebs acilebden ojaxs da zrdiden
rogorc meomrebs umkacres pirobebSi). (ix. plutarqe)

• Sua saukuneebSic aseTive damokidebulebaa. bavSvi moiazreba, rogorc "patara

zomis" mozrdili adamiani. 6-7 wlisas ukve aziarebden didebis cxovrebas _
agzavniden Segirdad an CarTavden SromiT procesSi (mwyemsad an sasoflo-
sameurneo saqmianobaSi). iyo sastiki mopyrobac (magaliTad, "kaci romelic
icinis").
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• XVII saukunidan Seicvala damokidebuleba bavSvobis, rogorc adamianis
cxovrebis gansakuTrebuli periodis, mimarT. bavSvi isev sakuTrebaa, magram ukve
iTvleba, rom damokidebuleba bavSvebisadmi unda iyos saTuTi. ratom Seicvala
ase mkveTrad damokidebuleba? _ socialuri filosofosebis (hobsi, ruso, loki
da sxv.) gavleniT. maT dasves kiTxvebi:

1. bavSvebi dabadebidanve arian "kargebi" da "cudebi"? Tomas hobsis

"pirvelyofili codvis" doqtrinis Tanaxmad, bavSvi Tavidanve atarebs
arasasurvel instinqtebs da tendenciebs; aRmzrdelebma da sazogadoebam ki
unda moTokon es instinqtebi aRzrdis meSveobiT.

2. bavSvebis motivebi, qcevebi Tandayolilia Tu SeZenili? hobsisgan sruliad

gansxvavebulia Jan-Jak rusos azri, romelic Tvlis, rom bavSvi ibadeba
"bunebrivad sufTa" da mas Tavisuflad ganviTarebis saSualeba unda mieces.
misi aRmzrdelobiTi midgomac humanisturia.

3. bavSvix xasiaTis formireba TviTon maszea damokidebuli Tu isini mxolod

pasiuri arsebebi arian, romelTac gamoZerwaven mSoblebi, aRmzrdelebi
sakuTari survilebis da miznebis Sesabamisad? Jan-Jak rusos msgavsad jon
lokic Tvlida, rom bavSvi "sufTa dafaa" da am dafaze SeiZleba is dawero
da is aswavlo, rac ginda.

socialuri filosofosebis mosazrebebi iyo sakmaod subieqturi da rig

SemTxvevebSi mcdaric, radgan naklebad eyrdnoboda obieqtur masalas _
faqtebs.

• XIX saukunidan mecnierebma daiwyes obieqturi informaciis mogroveba bavSvebze

dakvirvebis meSveobiT. ZiriTadad akvirdeboden sakuTar bavSvebs da iwerden
dRiurebis saxiT (e.w. "biografiebi"). cnobilia, magaliTad, darvinis mier
warmoebuli dakvirvebis dRiuri. marTalia dakvirvebis dRiurebis meSveobiT
obieqturi monacemebi grovdeboda, magram am meTods hqonda naklic. dakvirvebebi
ar iyo sistematuri, akvirdeboden sxvadasxva rames (zogi inteleqtis an
mexsierebis ganviTarebas, zogi emociebis gamoxatvis xerxebs, zogi pirovnul
Tvisebebs), sxvadasxva dros (zogi TamaSis an sadilis dros, zogi daZinebis
win); bavSvebi xSirad gansakuTrebuli adamianebis Svilebi iyvnen da maTi
genetikuri memkvidreobac gansxvavdeboda bavSvebis umravlesobis
memkvidreobisagan, zogierTi bavSvi gansakuTrebul pirobebSi izrdeboda,
zogjer dakvirvebis Sedegebis interpretacia iyo tendenciuri da a.S. amitomac
Zneli iyo am monacemebis sistemaSi moyvana da ganzogadeba.

• pirvelad bavSvebis sistemuri Seswavla scada stenli holma. man gamoiyena

kiTxvaris forma. XX saukuneSi ki ukve daiwyo ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis
sistemuri Seswavla _ ra Tqma unda, ufro intensiurad jer bavSvobis asakisa.
magaliTad, Jan piaJes kvlevebi. meore msoflio omis Semdeg ki didi yuradReba
eTmoba sxva asakobrivi jgufebis Seswavlasac.

adamianis ganviTarebaze kulturul-istoriuli faqtorebis gavlenis

gaTvaliswineba SesaZlebelia mxolod kohortebis (erTsa da imave periodSi
dabadebuli adamianebis jgufi an erToblioba) kvleviT.

ganviTarebis kvlevisas aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT:

4
• normatiuli asakobrivi faqtorebi (pubertati, menopauza, daberebis fizikuri
aspeqtebi),

• normatiuli istoriuli faqtorebi (omi, ekonomiuri vardna an aRmavloba,

epidemia)

• aranormatiuli faqtorebi (ganqorwineba, axlobelis dakargva, samuSaos

dakargva, sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla, avadmyofoba, cvlilebebi karieraSi,
gavleniani adamianis an saintereso ideis SemTxveviT gacnoba da sxv.)

kidev ra faqtorebi unda gaviTvaliswinoT, roca vikvlevT ganviTarebis process? -

rasa, sqesi, socialuri mdgomareoba, eTnikuri da kulturuli tradiciebi.

mniSvnelovania ojaxis faqtoris gaTvaliswineba _ droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba

ojaxebis Semadgenloba, ekonomiuri statusi, gansxvavebulia eTnikur-kulturuli
da religiuri tradiciebic.

ganviTarebis sferoebi

adamianis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb informacia moicavs sam sferos:

1. fizikuri ganviTareba (sxeulis zomebis, proporciebis, garegnobis, sxeulis

sistemebis muSaobis, perceptuli da motoruli SesaZleblobebis da fizikuri
janmrTelobis cvlilebebi);
2. kognituri ganviTareba (inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis cvlilebebi,
yuradRebis, mexsierebis, mecnieruli da yoveldRiuri codnis, problemebis
gadaWris unarebis, warmosaxvis, Semoqmedebis unarisa da metyvelebis CaTvliT);
3. emociuri da socialuri ganviTareba (cvlilebebi emociur urTierTobebSi,
TviTSemecnebaSi, sxva adamianebis Sesaxeb codnaSi, interpersonalur unarebSi,
megobrobaSi, axloblur urTierTobebSi da moralur msjelobasa da qcevaSi).
am sferoebis ganviTareba arc erTnairad mimdinareobs da arc paralelurad.
cxovrebis garkveul periodebSi romelime erTi sfero SeiZleba ufro swrafad
ganviTardes, vidre danarCeni. amitom mniSvnelovania vicodeT rodis romel
sferos aqvs wamyvani poziciebi. es ki iwvevs adamianis ganviTarebis gzis garkveul
asakobriv monakveTebad dayofis, periodizaciis aucileblobas.

Ffizikuri ganviTareba Kkognituri ganviTareba fsiqo-socialuri

ganviTareba

sxeulis sigrZe, wona, SegrZnebebbi da aRqma, cvlilebebi pirovnebaSi

cvlilebebi kunTur da mexsiereba, azrovneba, _ me-koncefcia, emociebi
Zvlovan sistemebSi, SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxva, da grZnobebi, motivacia,
cvlilebebi tvinis, azrovneba, interpersonaluri
endokrinuli sistemis, gadawyvetilebis miReba, urTierTobebis
grZnobis organoebis, metyveleba da sxv. ganviTareba _ socialuri
motoruli funqciebi Cvevebi da qcevis
(siaruli xoxva, wera da modelebi
sxv.)

5
 ganviTarebis periodizaciebi

adamianis cxovrebis perioizaciis uZvelesi sistema aris berZnuli. xolo

piTagora adamianis ganviTarebis periodebs weliwadis droebs ukavSirebda:

0 _ 20 wlamde Camoyalibebis periodi (gazafxuli)

20 _ 40 wlamde axalgazrda adamiani (zafxuli)

40 _ 60 wlamde gafurCqvnis asaki (Semodgoma)

60 _ 80 wlamde moxucebuli (zamTari)

romaelebi saubrobdnen cxovrebis xuT fazaze:

0-15 wlebi: adreuli bavSvoba da adreuli saskolo asakis latenturi periodi

15-25 wlebi: mozardobis periodi

25-40 wlebi: mowifulobis pirveli periodi

40-55 wlebi: mowifulobis meore periodi

55 da momdevno wlebi: xandazmuloba

Zvel CineTSi cxovrebis manZilze ganviTarebis Semdeg safexurebs

gamoyofden:

20 wlamde _ axalgazrda

30 wlamde _ qorwinebis asaki

40 wlamde _ sazogadoebriv davalebaTa Sesrulebis asaki

50 wlamde _ sakuTar SecdomaTa gacnobierebis asaki

60 wlamde _ SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis bolo periodi

70 wlamde _ sasurveli asaki

70 wlis Semdeg _ moxucebuloba

sulxan-sabac gvaZlevs asakobriv periodizacias, romelic miesadageba

swavla-ganaTlebis safexurebs maSindel saqarTveloSi:

5 wlamde _ Cviloba

5-10 wlebi _ usuaroba

10-15 weli _ ninveloba

6
15-20 weli _ yrmoba

20-30 weli _ Wabukoba

30-50 weli _ sruli asaki

50 wlis Semdeg _ moxucebuli, beri, mxcovani, mixrwnili

asakobrivi ganviTarebisadmi mecnieruli midgomis formireba moxda ukve XX

saukuneSi. rusi fsiqologis, lev vigotskis azriT, ganviTarebis procesi aris
safexurebrivi. TiToeuli asakisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia axalwarmonaqmnebi.
asakobrivi axalwarmonaqmni aris pirovnebis is socialuri da fsiqikuri
cvlilebebi, romlebic pirvelad Cndebian mocemul asakobriv safexurze da
gansazRvraven bavSvis cnobierebas, mis damokidebulebas garemosadmi, mis Sinagan
da garegan cxovrebas, mTlianad mis ganviTarebas am periodSi.

vigotski Tvlida, rom fsiqologiam unda gaiTvaliswinos ra xdeba embrionuli

ganviTarebis periodSi, radgan es gavlenas axdens individis Semdgom
ganviTarebaze. Tumca es periodi misi Seswavlis sagani araa. bavSvis embrionaluri
ganviTareba eqvemdebareba sxva kanonzomierebebs da is sxva mecnierebis _
embriologiis _ mier Seiswavleba. aseve, genetikac. vigotskis azriT, fsiqologias
es codna sWirdeba mxolod imisTvis, rom Seiswavlos memkvidreobiTobis gavlena
individis socialur ganviTarebaze. amitom man ar Seitana adamianis ganviTarebis
es xana Tavis periodizaciis sistemaSi. am sistemaSi ver moxvda verc Wabukobis
xana, radgan, vigotskis azriT, araa saWiro bavSvobis periodis 25 wlis asakamde
xelovnurad gawelva. 18-25 wlis asaki, misi azriT, ufro Semdgomi, mowifulobis
periodis sawyisi rgoli unda iyos, vidre bavSvobis periodis damamTavrebeli
rgoli. rac Seexeba zrdasrulobis xanas, aq vigotski ar saubrobs konkretul
periodebze.

vigotski gamoyofs ganviTarebis stabilur da kritikul periodebs. misi

azriT, ganviTarebis stabiluri periodebi aris bavSvis pirovnebis mdore, xSirad
SeumCneveli Sinagani cvlilebebis asaki. is xasiaTdeba neli, evoluciuri dinebiT.
met-naklebad didi periodis (Cveulebriv ramdenime weli grZeldeba) ganmavlobaSi
ar xdeba raime fundamenturi, mkveTri cvlileba bavSvis pirovnebaSi. ramdenadme
SesamCnevi cvlilebebi ki Tavs iCens mxolod am periodis dasasrulisaTvis _
bavSvis pirovnebis mikroskopuli, "molekularuli" cvlilebebi grZeldeba
garkveul zRvramde, Semdeg naxtomiseburad xdeba cvlileba da Tavs iCens raime
asakobrivi axalwarmonaqmnis saxiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodSi cvlilebebi
SeumCnevlad midis, Tu SevadarebT bavSvs am asakobrivi periodis dasawyisSi da
boloSi, gansxvaveba gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi xdeba. stabiluri periodebi ukeT
aris Seswavlili, vidre krizisuli periodebi.

Tu stabiluri ganviTarebis periodebs aqvT met-naklebad gamokveTili

sazRvrebi, kritikul periods ufro kulminaciuri nawili axasiaTebs. kritikuli
periodis dasawyisad SeiZleba miviCnioT daaxloebiT 6 Tve am kulminaciur
wertilamde, xolo dasasrulad aseve daaxloebiT 6 Tve mis Semdeg.

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 krizisul periodebSi SedarebiT mokle droSi (grZeldeba Cveulebriv
ramdenime Tve, erTi an, maqsimum, ori wlis ganmavlobaSi) xdeba mkveTri
cvlilebebi bavSvis pirovnebaSi. mTlianad ganviTareba aris swrafi, revoluciuri,
zogjer katastrofuli xasiaTis, aramarto tempis TvalsazrisiT, aramed
Sinaarsobrivadac.

pirveli Tavisebureba aseTi periodis isaa, rom ar aqvs mkveTrad gamokveTili

sazRvrebi (dasawyisi da dasasruli). krizisi Cndeba SeumCnevlad. meores mxriv,
damaxasiaTebelia krizisis mkveTrad gamwvaveba _ Cveulebriv am asakobrivi
periodis SuaSi _ kulminaciuri wertilis arseboba, rodesac krizisi apogeas
aRwevs. es damaxasiaTebelia yvela kritikuli asakisaTvis da mkveTrad ganasxvavebs
maT stabiluri periodebisagan.

meore Tavisebureba isaa, rom bavSvebis mniSvnelovani nawili krizisul

periodebSi xdeba "Znelad aRsazrdeli". bavSvebi TiTqos amovardebian pedagogiuri
zemoqmedebis sistemidan. skolaSi swavlisas krizisul periodebSi SeimCneva
akademiuri moswrebis daqveiTeba, aseve saskolo sagnebisadmi interesebisa da
zogadad, Sromismoyvareobis daqveiTeba. amas, xSirad Tan axlavs met-naklebad
mwvave konfliqtebi mSoblebTan, sxva zrdasrul adamianebTan da TanatolebTan.
bavSvis Sinagani mdgomareoba zogjer dakavSirebulia mtkivneul da mtanjvel
gancdebTan, Sinagan konfliqtebTan. Tumca sulac araa aucilebeli yvelafer amas
yvela bavSvTan hqondes adgili. sxvadasxva bavSvTan kritikuli periodi
sxvadasxvanairad midis, diapazoni Zalian didia da procesic Zalian
individualuri. krizisis gare gamovlinebebi Zalzed mniSvnelovania, magram ara
arsebiTi imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom kritikuli, gardamtexi cvlilebebis periodi
marTlac arsebobs. SeuZlebelia ver davinaxoT, rom am asakSi yvela bavSvi avlens
"Znelad aRsazrdelobas" mezobel stadiebTan SedarebiT. asevea, Tu SevadarebT
akademiur moswrebas _ yvela bavSvTan krizisis periodSi qveiTdeba akademiuri
winsvlis tempi stabilur periodebTan SedarebiT.

kritikuli asakebis mesame Tavisebureba aris ganviTarebis negatiuri xasiaTi.

yvela, vinc am periodebs ikvlevda, werda, rom krizisul periodSi bavSvis
progresuli ganviTareba TiTqos minavlebulia, droebiT SeCerebulia. bavSvi
TiTqos imdenad raRac axals ki ar iZens, aramed ufro kargavs imas, rac manamde
SeiZina: kargavs interesebs, romelic cota xnis win hqonda da romelic mTel mis
yuradRebas da dros iTxovda; icvleba urTierTobebi da TiTqos carieldeba
Sinagani cxovreba. ganviTareba TiTqos cvlis Tavis pozitiur, SemoqmedebiT
mimarTulebas.

calkeuli kritikuli asakis cneba mecnierebaSi Semovida empiriulad, TiTqos

SemTxveviTac ki. pirvelad aRmoaCines 3 wlis krizisi (e.w. "jiutobis xana").
mogvianebiT 13 wlis krizisi, Semdeg 1 wlis krizisi da bolos,
axaldabadebulobis krizisi.

TiToeul krizisul periods, negatiurobis garda, aqvs aseve pozitiuri

mxarec. 3 wlis krizisis dadebiTi mxarea is, rom bavSvis xasiaTi formirdeba; 7
wlis krizisisa _ nebelobis formireba; 13 wlis krizisis ki _ formalur,
8
abstraqtul azrovnebaze gadasvla. yvelgan jer xdeba degradacia, Semdeg
adaptireba axal pirobebTan da axlis warmoqmna. vigotskis azriT, ganviTareba
aris axlis warmoqmnis procesi _ es axlis warmoqmnaa kritikuli periodis arsi.
magram Semdgom stabiluri ganviTarebis stadiaze es axalwarmonaqmnebi iseTive
saxiT ki ar narCundeba, aramed icvlebian, integrirdebian stabiluri periodis
axalwarmonaqmnebSi.

lev vigotski gamoyofs Semdeg etapebs da krizisul periodebs:

• axaldabadebulobis krizisi
• Cvilobis asaki (2 Tvidan _ 1 wlamde)
• 1 wlis krizisi
• adreuli bavSvoba (1 wlidan _ 3 wlamde)
• 3 wlis krizisi
• skolamdeli asaki (3 wlidan _ 7 wlamde)
• 7 wlis krizisi
• saskolo asaki (8 wlidan _ 12 wlamde)
• 13 wlis krizisi
• pubertatis asaki (14 wlidan _ 16 wlamde)
• 17 wlis krizisi

dimitri uznaZis periodizacia ar moicavs adamianis mTeli cxovrebis gzas,

magram Tu arsebiTad ganvixilavT periodizaciis uznaZiseul principebs da
ZiriTad cnebebs (mag., "asakobrivi garemo"-s cneba), naTeli xdeba, rom Tavisuflad
SeiZleba am principebis ganvrcoba, bavSvobis garda, adamianis cxovrebis yvela
sxva periodzec.

uznaZe Tvlis, rom bavSvis ganviTarebis Seswavlas periodebis dadgena unda

uswrebdes win, xolo periodebis dadgenas bavSvis ganviTarebis Seswavla. amitom
periodizacia SeiZleba orgvari iyos: erTi _ winaswari, romelic kvlevas unda
uswrebdes win, raTa mkvlevars garkveuli saorientacio xazebi hqondes momavali
kvleva-ZiebisaTvis da meore _ saboloo, romelic mxolod kvlevis Sedegad
SeiZleba iqnas miRebuli.

magram ra unda daedos safuZvlad periodizacias? periodizaciis principad

iseTi ram unda iqnas arCeuli, rac am periodis Taviseburebas gansazRvravs, rac
mTeli ganviTarebis mimdinareobas mimarTulebasa da Sinaarss aZlevs. bavSvis
ganviTarebis periodebad dayofa SeuZlebelia Tu igi marto biologiur momentze
an marto socialurze iqneba dafuZnebuli.

uznaZis azriT, adamianis TiToeuli periodis ganviTarebas misi asakobrivi

garemo gansazRvravs. TiToeul asaks Tavisi specifiuri garemo aqvs, romelic,
uwinares yovlisa, socialuradaa gansazRvruli. ganviTareba mxolod maSin xdeba
SesaZlebeli, Tu garemos zemoqmedeba cocxali organizmis Sinagan ZalTa
ganviTarebis mocemul dones Seesatyviseba. asakobrivi garemos azri isaa, rom
bavSvze SemTxveviTi stimulebis nacvlad misi Sinagani Zalebis Sesatyvisma
stimulebma imoqmedos. Tu ra stimulebi Seva asakobriv garemoSi _ es imazea
9
damokidebuli, Tu ra xasiaTisa da ra donis Zalebi aqvs bavSvs Sesatyvis asakSi
mocemuli da ukve ganviTarebuli. maSasadame, asakobriv garemos saTanado asakis
Sinagan SesaZleblobaTa done gansazRvravs.

erTi mxriv, bavSvis ZalTa ganviTareba masze moqmed asakobriv garemozea

damokidebuli, xolo, meore mxriv, piriqiT, TviTon asakobrivi garemos Sinaarsi
bavSvis ZalTa ganviTarebis doniT ganisazRvreba.

asakobrivi garemo ganviTarebis procesSi sagulisxmo cvlilebebs ganicdis

da sanam zrdadasrulebuli adamianis garemos saxes miiRebdes, ramdenime
TvalsaCino da gansxvavebuli formaciis saxiT gvevlineba.

d. uznaZe gamoyofs bavSvis ganviTarebis Semdeg safexurebs:

• dedis muclis xana

• axaldabadebulobis xana
• ZuZus bavSvobis xana (meore wlamde)
• skolamdeli asakis winare periodi (2-4 weli)
• skolamdeli asaki (4-7 weli)
• saskolo asaki

rogorc vxedavT, adamianis cxovrebis manZilze ganviTarebis asakobriv

periodebad dayofis mravali varianti arsebobs. Tumca axla ganviTarebis
fsiqologiaSi miRebulia ganviTarebis procesis Semdegi periodizacia:

• prenataluri (mucladyofnis) ganviTarebis periodi Casaxvidan dabadebamde. am 9-

Tvian periodSi aRiniSneba yvelaze swrafi cvlilebebi _ erTujrediani
organizmi garemomcvel samyaroSi arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli mniSvnelovani
SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianad iqceva.
• bavSvoba:
▪ Cviloba da fexis adgma: dabadebidan 2 wlamde. am dros sxeulsa da
tvinSi xdeba dramatuli cvlilebebi, romelic mravalricxovani
motoruli, perceptuli da inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis gamovlenas
uwyobs xels; safuZveli eyreba metyvelebas; pirvel intimur
urTierierTobebs. Cviloba moicavs sicocxlis pirvel wels; fexis adgma
ki – meores, romlis ganmavlobaSi bavSvi pirvel damoukidebel nabijebs
dgams.
▪ adreuli bavSvoba (2-dan 6 wlamde) 2-dan 6 wlamde sxeuli izrdeba da
ixveweba, motoruli unar-Cvevebi umjobesdeba, bavSvi swavlobs sakuTari
Tavis kontrols da damoukideblobas. warmosaxviTi TamaSebi viTardeba,
rac xels uwyobs fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis yvela aspeqts. azrovneba da
metyveleba gasaocari siswrafiT viTardeba, aSkara xdeba zneobrivi
grZnobebis arseboba, bavSvi urTierTobebs amyarebs TanatolebTan.
▪ saSualo bavSvoba (6-dan 12 wlamde) 6-dan 11 wlamde. bavSvebi gare
samyarosa da im pasuxismgeblobebs ecnobian, romlebsac mozardobaSic
Seasruleben. gaumjobesebuli fizikuri SesaZleblobebi, garkveuli
wesebiT organizebul TamaSebSi monawileoba, ufro logikuri azrovneba,
wera-kiTxvis safuZvlebSi gawafva, win gadadgmuli nabijebi

10
 TviTSemecnebaSi, zneobriobasa da megobrobaSi am periodis
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia.
▪ mozardobisa da Wabukobis xana (11-12 wlidan 18 wlamde). es
zrdasrulobaSi gardamavali periodia. sqesobrivi momwifeba xels uwyobs
sxeulis zomis daaxloebas zrdasrulis zomasTan. azrovneba
abstraqtuli da idealisturi, xolo swavla umaRlesi ganaTlebis
misaRebad momzadebasa da samuSaos moZebnaze orientirebuli xdeba.
axalgazrdebi cdiloben ojaxisagan damoukideblobis miRwevas da
pirovnuli faseulobebisa da miznebis gansazRvras.
• mowifuloba:
▪ gardamavali (e.w. "studentobis") xana bevri Tanamedrove
axalgazrdisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki ganviTarebul qveyanaSi
mcxovrebisaTvis, mozrdilis rolze gadasvla droSi gaiwela, rasac
Sedegad ganviTarebis axali periodis, e.w. iZulebiTi zrdasrulobis - 18-
dan 25 wlamde – Camoyalibeba mohyva. miuxedavad imisa, rom iZulebiT
zrdasrulebs siymawvilis periodi gavlili aqvT, zrdasrulis roli jer
kidev ara aqvT srulad miRebuli. stabiluri Sexedulebebis
Camoyalibebamde isini siyvarulSi, karierasa da pirovnul faseulobebSi
alternativebis Ziebas aZliereben. radgan iZulebiTi zrdasruloba
mxolod bolo aTwleulebSi gamovlinda, didi xani ar aris, rac
mkvlevarebma misi Seswavla daiwyes.
▪ adreuli mowifuloba
▪ saSualo mowifuloba
▪ gviani mowifuloba
• xandazmuloba:
▪ adreuli xandazmuloba;
▪ saSualo xandazmuloba;
▪ gviani xandazmuloba.

bavSvoba mowifuloba

adreuli saSualo gviani adreuli saSualo

gviani

(skolam.) (dawy.) mozardoba studentoba "Segirdoba"

1 - - - - 6 - - - - - 12 - - - - - 18 - - - - - 24 - - - - 30 - - -36 - - - 40 - - - 46 - - - 52 - - -
60

xandazmuloba

adreuli saSualo gviani

60 - - - - - 66 - - - - - 72 - - - - - 78 - -- - - 84 - - - - - 90 - - - - - 96 - - - - - 100

ganviTareba da socialuri politika. XXI saukunis dasawyisSi Cven bevrad

ufro meti viciT fizikurad jansaRi da SemecnebiTi da socialuri TvalsazrisiT
mcodne bavSvebis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi faqtorebis Sesaxeb. esenia ojaxi,

11
skola, Temi, farTo sazogadoeba. roca garkveuli saxis socialuri problemebi
farTod vrceldeba (magaliTad, danaSaulebrivi qcevebis mateba mozardebSi;
sxvadasxva asakis adamianebis keTildReoba, siRaribe da ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobebi), saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba maT gadaWras socialuri politikis,
kerZod e.w. sajaro politikis meSveobiT cdilobs. es aris kanonebi da saxelmwifo
programebi, romelTa mizania arsebuli socialuri pirobebis gaumjobeseba.
mniSvnelovania, rom sajaro politikas mxars uWerdes mosaxleobac. amitom unda
gaviTvaliswinoT kulturuli faqtorebic. kerZod, ramdenad dominanturia
individualizmi koleqtivizmTan SedarebiT. individualistur sazogadoebaSi
adamianebs sakuTari Tavi damoukidebel arsebebad warmoudgeniaT da ZiriTadad
pirad saWiroebebze zrunaven. koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi ki adamianebi sakuTar
Tavs jgufis nawilad ganixilaven da individualur miznebTan SedarebiT jgufis
miznebs aniWeben upiratesobas.

12
განსახილველი საკითხები:
ინტერვიუ და კითხვარები; დაკვირვება, ცალკეული შემთხვევის (ქეისი) შესწავლა; ეთნოგრაფიული და
ფსიქოფიზიოლოგიური მეთოდები; კორელაციური და ექსპერიმენტული კვლევები; ბუნებრივი ექსპერიმენტი;
ასაკობრივი კვეთისა და ლონგიტუდური კვლევის მეთოდები; კოჰორტის ეფექტი; კროსკულტურული კვლევები;
განვითარების კვლევის ეთიკური ნორმები.

ganviTarebis fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi

cxovrebis manZilze adamianis ganviTarebis procesis mravalferovneba

da mravalmxrivoba ganapirobebs kvlevis meTodebis simravles. meTodebi,
romlebic gamoiyeneba mowifulobis an Tundac mozardobis asakSi, SesaZloa
sruliad ararelevanturi da Seusabamo iyos Cvilobis an adreuli asakis
bavSvis Sesaswavlad.
rodesac filosofosebi _ hobsi, loki an ruso _ warmoadgendnen
Tavis mosazrebebs bavSvis ganviTarebisa da maTi aRzrdis sakiTxebze, maTi,
umeteswilad dausabuTebeli, mosazrebebi miRebuli iyo rogorc faqti.
adamianebi fiqrobden, rom gonier da ganswavlul adamianebs yovelTvis
saukeTeso ideebi aqvT. adamianebis mxolod mcire nawils Sehqonda eWvi am
didi mecnierebis naTqvamSi, radgan mecnieruli meTodi jer kidev ar iyo
miCneuli codnis Sefasebis kriteriumad.
es sulac ar niSnavs am mecnierTa kritikas. ganviTarebis fsiqologiis
Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi (da bavSvebi) did valSi arian am moazrovneTa
winaSe, ramdenadac maT didi wvlili Seitanes mozardi Taobisadmi
sazogadoebis damokidebulebis SecvlaSi. magram zogjer didi
moazrovneebic SeiZleba cdeboden. sxvadasxva Teoriuli postulatebis
obieqturi kriteriumebiT Sefaseba mecnieruli meTodiT unda moxdes da ara
ama Tu im mecnieris akademiuri, politikuri Tu socialuri damsaxurebis
mixedviT.

obieqturobis principidan gamomdinare mecnieruli kvlevis procesSi

aucilebelia oTxi etapis gavla:
1. problemis dasma _ mkvlevarma unda gansazRvros konkretulad risi
Seswavla surs;
2. hipoTezis formulireba _ mkvlevarma unda ivaraudos, misi azriT, ra
mizezebi iwveven misTvis saintereso movlenas;
3. hipoTezis Semowmeba _ mkvlevarma unda:
• moagrovos monacemebi;
• gaaanalizos miRebuli masala Sesabamisi statistikuri
kriteriumebis mixedviT;
4. daskvnebis gakeTeba _ faqtebis analizidan gamomdinare unda
Camoayalibos daskvnebi ramdenad gamarTlda mkvlevaris hipoTeza da
varaudebi Sesaswavli movlenis mizezebis Taobaze;
5. kvlevis Sedegebis gacnoba sazogadoebisaTvis xdeba zepirmetyvelebiT
(leqciis, konferenciebze moxsenebis saxiT) da werilobiT (samecniero
 Tu popularul JurnalebSi). kvlevis Sedegebis wardgenisas
mniSvnelovania vicodeT aramarto risi Tqma gvinda, aramed isic, Tu
rogor warmovadginoT Cveni kvleva. moxsenebac da statiac unda
Seicavdes ramdenime nawils: Sesavali, kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli meTodis
aRwera, miRebuli monacemebi da maTi analizi, Sedegebis ganxilva da
daskvnebi.

I. monacemTa misaRebad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva strategiebi.

TviTangariSi _ es strategia moicavs iseT meTodebs, rogoricaa
interviu (Loyola Centre-is "Life Story Interview"), kiTxvarebi, klinikuri saubris
meTodi;
dakvirveba bunebriv pirobebSi da struqturirebuli dakvirveba _
dakvirveba gansazRvrul dros, gansazRvrul qcevebze da sxv.
calkeuli SemTxvevis analizi (Case Study) _ informacia
individualur SemTxvevaze, sadac aris mravalmxrivi monacemebi individis
Sesaxeb. aseTia bavSvebis biografiebi dRiurebis saxiT, memuaruli
literatura da sxv.
eTnografia _ kulturaTa sxvaobebis SeswavlisTvis eTnografiuli
masalis mogroveba;
fsiqofiziologiuri meTodebi _ xSirad gamoiyeneba 3 wlamde asakis
bavSvebis inteleqtualuri da emociuri ganviTarebis Sesaswavlad.

kvlevis ZiriTadi meTodebis Rirsebebi da naklovani mxareebi

meTodi Rirseba nakli

interviu da SedarebiT swrafad miRebuli monacemebi
kiTxvarebi SeiZleba didi SeiZleba arazusti iyos an
raodenobis informaciis asaxavdes cdispiris
mogroveba; verbalur unarebs da
standartizebuli dasmuli kiTxvebis gagebis
formati mkvlevars unars
SesaZleblobas aZlevs
sxvadasxva cdispiris
monacemebis pirdapiri
Sedareba gaakeTos.
klinikuri aris moqnili daskvnebi SeiZleba iyos
saubari meTodologia, romlis arasando, radgan sxvadasxva
Tanaxmadac cdispiri cdispiris mimarT gamoiyeneba
ganixileba rogorc sxvadasxva midgomebi;
unikaluri pirovneba; kvlevis moqniloba
Tavisuflad kiTxvis damokidebulia cdispirTa
dasma SeiZleba daexmaros pasuxebis mkvlevaris mxridan
mkvlevars rom cdispirma subieqtur interpretaciebze;
ukeT gaigos dasmuli SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
kiTxvis arsi. mxolod verbalurad
ganviTarebul cdispirebTan
bunebrivi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs dakvirvebad qcevaze SeiZleba
dakvirveba SeviswavloT qceva gavlena moaxdinos
bunebriv garemoSi damkvirveblis arsebobam an
qcevam; uCveulo an
socialurad arasasurveli
qcevebi SeiZleba ar
gamovlindes damkvirveblis
winaSe
struqturirebuli gulisxmobs dakvirveba arabunebriv
dakvirveba standartizebul garemos, garemoSi yovelTvis ar
romelic uzrunvelyofs gadmogvcems bunebriv
TiToeuli bavSvis garemoSi bavSvis qcevis
mxridan mkvlevarisTvis specifikas, Taviseburebas
saintereso qcevis
demonstrirebis
SesaZleblobas. mSvenieri
xerxia davakvirdeT
iSviaT da socialurad
arasasurvel qcevebs
calkeuli Zalian Tavisufali Segrovebuli monacemebis
SemTxveva meTodia, romelic Tavisebureba (specifika)
Case Study gulisxmobs, rom xSirad varirebs. monacemebi
konkretuli cdispiris SeiZleba iyos arazusti an
Sesaxeb msjelobisas da arasando. individualuri
daskvnebis gakeTebisas SemTxvevebis safuZvelze
xdeba araerTi wyarodan gakeTebuli daskvnebi
miRebuli informaciis subieqturia da SeiZleba ver
analizi gamoviyenoT sxva adamianebis
mimarT
eTnografia uzrunvelyofs ufro daskvnebi SeiZleba iyos
zust aRweras damaxinjebuli mkvlevaris
kulturuli rwmenebis, RirebulebebiTa da
Rirebulebebis da Teoriuli poziciiT. ar
tradiciebis, vidre es SeiZleba kvlevis Sedegebis
SesaZlebelia xanmokle gadatana Sesaswavli jgufis
dakvirvebebis an an kulturuli garemos
intervius dros farglebs miRma
fsiqo- sasargebloa ar SeuZlia dabejiTebiT
fiziologiuri ganviTarebis biologiuri identificireba cdispirTa
meTodebi determinantebis grZnobebis an emociebis.
SefasebisTvis da 3 Sesaswavli faqtoris garda
wlamde asakis bavSvebis sxva bevr faqtors SeuZlia
perceptuli, gonebrivi gamoiwvios aseTive
da emociuri sferos fiziologiuri reaqcia
Sesaswavlad, radgan am
asakis bavSvebi ver
gveubnebian amis Sesaxeb
verbalurad
 imisaTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT rogori xasiaTis damokidebuleba
arsebobs movlenebs Soris da davadginoT am kavSirebis mizezebi, saWiroa
kvlevis gegmis/proeqtis Sedgena. arsebobs ori saxis gegma:
1. korelaciuri _ mkvlevari agrovebs informacias imis dasadgenad
arsebobs Tu ara kavSiri or an met cvlads Soris;
2. eqsperimentuli _ zustad gansazRvravs mizezobriv kavSirebs or
cvlads Soris. eqsperimenti arsebobs laboratoriuli da bunebrivi.

kvlevis ZiriTadi proeqtebis Rirsebebi da naklovani mxareebi

proeqti procedura Rirsebebi nakli

korelaciuri informaciis SesaZleblobas ver
Segroveba or an gvaZlevs bunebriv uzrunvelyofs
met cvladze garemoSi gavzomoT cvladebs Soris
mkvlevaris cvladebs Soris arsebuli
Carevis gareSe korelaciebis korelaciebis
sidide da mizezebisa da
mimarTuleba Sedegebis
dadgenas
laboratoriuli xdeba im garemos iZleva cvladebs laboratoriis
eqsperimenti pirobebis Soris mizezobrivi xelovnur
garkveuli urTierTkavSirebis pirobebSi
aspeqtis dadgenis miRebulma
regulireba, SesaZleblobas Sedegebma
romelSic SeiZleba
imyofebian dakargos
cdispirebi sandooba
(damoukidebeli realuri
cvladi) da samyaros
cdispiris pirobebSi
qcevaze
(damokidebuli
cvladi) misi
gavlenis gazomva
savele xdeba bunebriv iZleva bunebriv
eqsperimenti garemoSi mizezobrivi garemoSi
damoukidebeli korelaciebis eqsperimentaluri
cvladis identificirebis procedurebi
manipulireba da SesaZleblobas da SeiZleba iyos
izomeba misi SeiZleba Sedegebis nakleb
zegavlena gavrcoba realuri sasargeblo da
damokidebul samyaros pirobebze kontrolsac
cvladze nakleb
eqvemdebarebodes
bunebrivi (kvazi) xdeba SesaZleblobas mkacri
eqsperimenti informaciis gvaZlevs kontrolis
Sekreba SeviswavloT nakleboba
 adamianebze, gavlena bunebrivi movlenaTa
romlebic movlenebis, bunebriv
imyofebian romlebic Znelia mimdinareobaze
realur an SeuZlebeli an cdispirebze,
samyaroSi Seiqmnas romlebic am
mimdinare eqsperimentSi. movlenebs
movlenebis uzrunvelyofs ganicdian, ar
zemoqmedebis qveS mizezobrivi aZlevs
korelaciebis saSualebas
identifikaciisTvis eqsperimentators
mniSvnelovani danamdvilebiT
gasaRebebis povnas moaxdinos
mizezobrivi
korelaciebis
identifikacia

rogor SeiZleba davgegmoT ganviTarebis tendenciebis kvleva? aris

sami midgoma: asakebs Soris gansxvavebebis kvleva, longituduri kvleva da
jvaredini kvleva.
• asakobrivi kveTis meTodi _ sxvadaxva asakis adamianebs vikvlevT erTsa
da imave dros da erTxel. vadarebT sxvadaxva asakobrivi jgufis
cdispirebs da vadgenT aris Tu ara gansxvaveba ganviTarebis CvenTvis
saintereso sferoSi.
• longituduri kvleva _ erTi da igive cdispirebs vikvlevT periodulad
ramdenime wlis (an mTeli cxovrebis) ganmavlobaSi. es meTodi
saSualebas iZleva davadginoT ramdenad stabiluria individis esa Tu is
maxasiaTebeli;
• jvaredini kvlevis meTodi _ moicavs pirveli da meore meTodebis
saukeTeso mxareebs. xdeba kohortebis SerCeva da maTi Seswavla
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi.
• kulturaTaSorisi Sedarebis meTodi _ gamoiyeneba imis dasadgenad, aris
Tu ara Cvens mier dadgenili kanonzomierebebi da movlenebi adamianis
ganviTarebisTvis universaluri.

asakebs Soris sxvaobaTa kvlevis proeqtis (kveTis meTodi, cross-

sectional method) Tanaxmad, asakiT gansxvavebuli adamianebis gamokvleva
xdeba erTsa da imave dros da mxolod erTxel. koatesisa da hartrupis
(Coates&Hartrup, 1969) eqsperimenti amis kargi magaliTia. maT surdaT gaegoT
ratom xdeba, rom skolamdelebi mozrdili adamianis qcevaze dakvirvebiT
ufro cudad iZenen axal Cvevebs, vidre I da II klasis moswavleebi. bavSvebs
ori asakobrivi jgufidan (4-5 wlianebi da 7-8 wlianebi) uCvenebden mokle
films, romelSic zrdasruli adamiani asrulebda 20 axal moqmedebas,
rogoricaa saTamaSos gatareba fexebs Soris, specialuri rgoliT
saTamaSos daWera da sxv. bavSvebis erT nawili orive asakobrivi jgufidan
eqsperimentatoris TxovniT xmamaRla aRwerda imas, rasac xedavda ekranze.
nawils ki amas ar Txovden. seansis damTavrebis Semdeg bavSvebi gadioden
sxva oTaxSi, sadac bevri saTamaSoebi iyo da unda gaemeorebinaT filmSi
nanaxi moqmedebebi.
eqsperimentiT gamovlinda sami saintereso ram. erTi, rom 4-5 wlis
bavSvebma romelTac ar Txovden filmis demonstrirebisas moqmedebebis
aRweras (e.w. iyvnen pasiuri damkvirveblebi), moaxerxes naklebi moqmedebebis
gameoreba aramarto 7-8 wlis bavSvebTan SedarebiT, aramed amave asakis im
bavSvebTan SedarebiTac, romlebsac unda aReweraT filmSi nanaxi
moqmedebebi. SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom roca gvinda 4-5 wlis bavSvebs
vaswavloT axali moqmedebebi, unda movTxovoT moqmedebis xmamaRla aRwera,
radgan Tavisi iniciativiT amas ar akeTeben. meore, xmamaRla aRweris
SemTxvevaSi umcrosebi iseTive karg Sedegebs aRweven, rogorc 7-8 wlianebi.
mesame, 7-8 wlis bavSvebi, romlebic mxolod pasiurad akvirdeboden filmSi
Sesrulebul moqmedebebs, TiTqmis iseTive warmatebiT daiswavliden axal
moqmedebebs mozrdili adamianis qcevaze dakvirvebiT, rogorc bavSvebis
meore nawili. raze migvaniSnebs es faqti? (amaze pasuxi SeiZleba vipovoT
piaJesa da uznaZis TeoriebSi).
asakobrivi kveTis meTodis mniSvnelovani upiratesobaa is, rom
mecniers SeuZlia informaciis Segroveba drois mokle xanSi. is ar
elodeba ramdenime weli, rom 4-5 wlis bavSvebi gaxdnen 7-8 wlis da mere
Caataros isev kvleva. ubralod xdeba SerCeva sxvadasxva asakis cdispirebis
da maTi erTdroulad gamokvleva. magram am meTods aqvs mniSvnelovani
SezRudvebic. esenia:
a) kohortis efeqti. asakobrivi kveTis meTodiT kvlevisas cdispirebi
arian sxvadasxva asakobrivi kohortidan. kohortaSi igulisxmeba erTi
asakis adamianTa jgufi, romlebic izrdebian erT kulturul garemoSi da
erTsa da imave istoriul pirobebSi. is faqti, rom asakebs Soris
Sedarebisas yovelTvis xdeba sxvadasxva kohortis warmomadgenelTa
Sedareba, sirTules warmoSobs monacemTa interpretaciisas, radgan
nebismieri asakobrivi sxvaoba, romelic kvlevaSi SeiZleba gamovlindes,
yovelTvis ar aris gamowveuli asakiT an ganviTarebiT. SesaZloa es iyos
kulturisa da istoriuli faqtorebis gavleniT gamowveuli cvlilebebi.
magaliTad, omis dros da omis Semdgom wlebSi dabadebuli cdispirebis
Sedareba. Tumca Tu kohortebi viTardebian SedarebiT msgavs pirobebSi
(magaliTad, koatsisa da hartrupis kvlevaSi sami wlis gansxvaveba ar
iZleva mkveTr sxvaobas cdispirTa gamocdilebaSi), monacemebi sando iqneba.
asakobrivi kohortebis efeqti seriozuli problema xdeba roca kvleva
exeba sxvadasxva Taobis warmomadgenlebs.
b) monacemebi individualuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. arsebobs meore
mniSvnelovani SezRudva asakobrivi kveTis meTodis. am meTodiT kvleva
arafers ar gveubneba calkeuli pirovnebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, radgan
TiToeuli, konkretuli individis gamokvleva xdeba mxolod erTxel.
amitom aseTi kvleva ver gvaZlevs pasuxs kiTxvebze: "rodis gaxdeba esa Tu
is konkretuli bavSvi (magaliTad 4 wlis naTis) ufro damoukidebeli?" an
"2 wlis gio, romelic sakmaod agresiulia megobrebis mimarT, 5 wlis
asakSic iqneba aseve agresiuli?"
am problemebis gadaWras mecnierebi cdiloben longituduri
kvlevebis meSveobiT.
 longituduri kvlevis proeqtis mixedviT erTidaigive cdispirebs
regularulad akvirdebian da ikvleven garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi. es
SeiZleba iyos SedarebiT mokle periodi (6 Tvidan erT wlamde) an Zalian
xangrZlivi periodi (ramdenime aTeuli weli an SesaZloa mTeli cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSic). mecnierebi SeiZleba ikvlevden ganviTarebis romelime
konkretul aspeqts (magaliTad inteleqtis an mexsierebis Seswavla),
SesaZloa kvleva atarebdes kompleqsur xasiaTsac (magaliTad, sociumSi
integracia da pirovnuli Tvisebebi). erTi da igive cdispirebis
mravaljeradad testireba da kvleva saSualebas gvaZlevs vnaxoT ramdenad
stabiluria esa Tu is maCvenebeli TiToeul cdispirTan, SesaZlebelia
ganviTarebis tendenciebis da periodebis gamokveTa. amasTan, SesaZlebelia
ganviTarebis procesSi individualuri Taviseburebebis dadgena. aseTi
kvlevis magaliTia berlinSi warmoebuli kvleva xandazmuli (70 welze meti
asakis) adamianebis. 1990 wlidan dRemde grZeldeba es kvleva.
Tumca am saxis kvlevasac aqvs naklovani mxareebi. longituduri
kvlevebi moiTxovs aramarto did dros, aramed did materialur, finansur
da adamianur resursebs da Zviri jdeba. amasTan, SesaZloa garkveuli
periodis gasvlis Semdeg sakvlevma sakiTxma dakargos aqtualoba. is, rac
mniSvnelovania dRes, SesaZloa 20-30 wlis Semdeg aRar iwvevdes iseTive
interess. SesaZloa Tavi iCinos gavarjiSebis efeqtma (garkveuli testuri
davalebebis mravaljer Sesrulebisas cdispiri gavarjiSdeba da ukeT
arTmevs Tavs davalebebs). es ki amcirebs kvlevis Sedegebis sandoobas.
xangrZlivi kvlevis dros xdeba kvlevaSi monawile pirTa ganTesva _
obieqturi (sacxovrebeli adgilis gamocvla, avadmyofoba, sikvdili) Tu
sxva faqtorebis gamo cdispirebi toveben kvlevas. gasaTvaliswinebelia
TaobaTa Tavsebadobis problemac. longitudur kvlevebSi, Cveulebriv, erTi
kohortis warmomadgenlebs ikvleven. magram maTi cxovrebiseuli
gamocdileba SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodes sxva Taobis
gamocdilebisgan. magaliTad, televiziisa da kompiuterebis ar arsebobis
periodSi bavSvebi sxva saqmianobiT avsebden Tavisufal dros (metad
kiTxulobden wignebs, vidre axla). amitomac ver viqnebiT darwmunebuli,
rom 50 wlis win kvlevaSi monawile bavSvebis monacemebi Tavisuflad
gamogvadgeba Tanamedrove pirobebSi bavSvis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis
asaxsnelad.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara SeTavseba orive meTodis dadebiTi mxareebis da

maTi naklovani aspeqtebis Tavidan acileba?
ganviTarebis kvlevis kidev erTi midgoma _ jvaredini kvlevis proeqti
_ warmodgens aseT mcdelobas.
jvaredini kvlevis meTodi gulisxmobs sxvadasxva asakis cdispirebis
dakvirvebas da maT Seswavlas garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi. Tu gvinda
SeviswavloT azrovnebis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi, SegviZlia SevarCioT
10, 15 da 20 wlis cdispirebi da gamovikvlioT maTi azrovnebis unari
garkveuli periodulobiT (magaliTad, yovel 3 welSi erTxel 30 wlis
ganmavlobaSi).
am meTods aqvs sami mniSvnelovani Rirseba. erTi, sxvadasxva asakis
cdispirTa kvlevis monacemTa SedarebiT gavigebT axdens Tu ara,
magaliTadazrovnebis, ganviTarebaze gavlenas kohortis efeqti. meore,
SegviZlia Tvali mivadevnoT ganviTarebis individualur Taviseburebebs.
mesame, SegviZlia SevadaroT rogorc longituduri, ise asakobrivi kveTis
meTodebiT miRebuli monacemebi.

kulturaTaSorisi Sedarebis meTodiT kvlevisas xdeba sxvadasxva

kulturebisa Tu subkulturebis warmomadgeneli cdispirebis dakvirveba,
testireba da Sedareba ganviTarebis erTi an ramdenime aspeqtis mixedviT.
aseTi kvlevebi mravalfunqciuria. magaliTad, maTze dayrdnobiT mkvlevars
SeuZlia gansazRvros ramdenad marTebulia erTi socialuri konteqstidan
SerCeuli bavSvebis (magaliTad, miusafari da upatrono bavSvebi) kvleviT
miRebuli daskvnebis gavrceleba sxva socialuri jgufebis (magaliTad,
saSualo an mdidari klasis warmomadgenelTa Svilebi) an gansxvavebuli
kulturis (magaliTad, argentineli an norvegieli bavSvebi) bavSvebze
ganzogadeba da gavrcoba. kulturaTaSorisi kvlevebi TiTqmis erTaderTi
saSualebaa ganvsazRvroT esa Tu is monacemi (magliTad, stresTan
ganklavebis strategiebi) universaluria yvela adamianisaTvis Tu mxolod
romelime jgufisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom bevri
kroskulturuli kvleva ufro ganmasxvavebeli aspeqtebis kvlevazea
mimarTuli, vidre msgavsebis dadgenaze. magaliTad, aseTi kvlevebiT
dadginda, rom sxvadasxva kulturebi Tu sazogadoebebi gansxvavebulad
udgebian iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa bavSvebze disciplinaruli
zemoqmedebis vadebi da procedurebi (joxiT cema, axsna-ganmarteba da sxv.),
gognebisa Tu biWunebisTvis Sesaferi qcevebi, damokidebuleba
moxucebisadmi. aseve dadginda, rom gansxvavebuli kulturis adamianebi
sxvadasxvanairad aRiqvamen samyaros, gamoxataven grZnobebs. es gviCvenebs,
rom adamianis ganviTarebaze kulturas Zlieri gavlena aqvs.
rogorc vxedavT adamianis ganviTarebis kvlevisTvis idealuri meTodi
ar arsebobs, Tumca TiToeul midgomas Tavisi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seaqvs
adamianis ganviTarebis Seswavlis rTul procesSi.

kvlevis sami proeqtis Rirsebebi da naklovani mxareebi

proeqti procedura Rirseba nakli

asakobrivi erTdroulad gviCvenebs asakobrivi tendenciebi
kveTis meTodi da erTjeradi asakobriv SeiZleba asaxavden
dakvirveba sxvaobebs, ufro garegan sxvaobebs
sxvadasxva migvaniSnebs kohortebs Soris, vidre
asakis ganviTarebis namdvilad asakobriv
adamianebze an SesaZlo cvlilebebs. ar iZleva
sxvadasxva tendenciebze. monacemebs konkretuli
kohortis SedarebiT iafi cdispirebis
warmadgeneli jdeba. moiTxovs ganviTarebis Sesaxeb,
individebis nakleb dros radgan TiToeuli
kvleva maTganis gamkvleva
xdeba mxolod erTxel
longituduri regularuli gvaZlevs moiTxovs sakmaod did
kvlevis dakvirveba monacemebs Tanxebs da dros.
meTodi erT calkeuli cdispirTa daRlam
kohortaze individis SeiZleba SerCeva
garkveuli ganviTarebis gaxados
drois Sesaxeb. SeiZleba arareprezentatuli
ganmavlobaSi dagvanaxos (arawarmomadgenlobiTi),
kavSirebi ris gamoc izRudeba
adreuli miRebuli daskvnebis
viTarebasa da ganzogadebis
Semdgom SesaZlebloba. TaobaTa
ganviTarebis Soris gansxvavebebma
rezultatebs SeiZleba SezRudos
Soris. daskvnebi, romelic
gakeTda ama Tu im
asakobrivi kohortis
Seswavlis Sedegad.
Tanmimdevruli kombinacia ganasxvavebs iTxovs met dros da
kvlevis asakobrivi ganvitarebis fuls, vidre asakobrivi
meTodi kveTisa da WeSmarit kveTis midgoma.
longituduri kanonzomierebebs miuxedavad imisa, rom es
kvlevis asakobrivi aris kvlevis yvelaze
midgomebs kohortebis efeqtiani proeqti, igi
Soris, efeqtisgan. yovelTvis ar iZleva
xorcieldeba gviCvenebs saSualebas davadginoT
sxvadasxva Seesatyviseba Tu vrceldeba Tu ara
kohortebze ara erTi gamovlenili
regularuli kohortis mier evoluciuri
dakvirvebiT gancdili cvlilebebi asakobriv
drois evoluciuri kohortebze, romlebic
garkveul cvlilebebi ar iyo Seswavlili
monakveTebSi Sesabamis mocemul konkretul
cvlilebebs sxva kvlevaSi.
kohortebSi.
xSirad iTxovs
nakleb droiT da
finansur
danaxarjs, vidre
longituduri
midgoma

ganviTarebis kvlevis eTikuri normebi.

mecnierebisa da mkvlevarebis kvleviTi interesi aucileblad unda

ganisazRvrebodes kvlevis eTikuri principebiT. mkvlevarma unda daicvas
cdispiri fizikuri, fiziologiuri da fsiqologiuri zianis miyenebisgan.
mkvlevari unda icnobdes Tavis movaleobebs da icavdes bavSvebisa da
mozrdili cdispirebis uflebebs fsiqologiuri kvlevis Catarebisas.
xSirad dgeba mkvlevaris winaSe sakiTxi _ aqvs Tu ara amaTuim
meTodis, xerxis an proceduris gamoyenebis ufleba. magaliTad:
• dasaSvebia Tu ara bavSvebi da mozardebi CavayenoT iseT situaciaSi,
sadac aRmoCndebian cdunebis winaSe da es TiTqmis danamdvilebiT
gamoiwvevs imas, rom cdispirebi icrueben an daarRveven sxva eTikur
normebs?
• dasaSvebia Tu ara cdispirebs araswori informacia mivawodoT kvlevis
miznebze an sakuTar Tavze (mag. vuTxraT: "Sen cudad gaakeTe testi"
rodesac realurad testi kargad gaakeTa)?
• dasaSvebia Tu ara Cumad dakvirveba bunebriv pirobebSi, rodesac
cdispirebma ar ician, rom gaxden kvlevis obieqti?
• dasaSvebia Tu ara bavSvis konformulobis donis gasarkvevad vuTxraT
mas, rom misi Tanaklaselebis azriT sworia is pasuxi, romelic viciT,
rom ar aris swori?

imisTvis, rom davicvaT eqsperimentSi monawile bavSvebi da

ganvsazRvroT mkvlevarTa movaleobebi amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciam
(APA) 1992 wels da bavSvis ganviTarebis mkvlevarTa sazogadoebam (Society for
Fesearch in Child Development) 1993 wels daamtkices specialuri eTikis wesebi.
maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania:
1. zianis miyenebisgan dacva. umTavresi principia "ar avno!" mkvlevars ar
aqvs ufleba gamoiyenos kvleviTi procedura an meTodi, romelmac
SesaZloa fizikuri an fsiqologiuri ziani miayenos cdaSi monawile
pirs, ganurCevlad imisa bavSvia Tu zrdasruli adamiani.
fsiqologiuri ziani Zneli gansasazRvria, magram roca eWvi aqvs, rom
SeiZleba raime saziano efeqti miiRos, unda gaiaros konsultacia
sxva fsiqologebTan, kolegebTan. Tu aRmoCnda, rom zianis miyenebis
SesaZlebloba arsebobs, mkvlevarma unda monaxos informaciis miRebis
sxva xerxi an uari Tqvas kvlevaze.
2. konfidencialoba. mkvlevarebma saidumlod unda Seinaxon mTeli
informacia, romelic miiRes cdispirisgan. bavSvebs aqvT anonimurobis
ufleba mkvlevaris mier Segrovebul da werilobiT gadmocemul an
araformalur monacemebze. Tumca aSS-s Statebis umravlesobaSi
gamonaklisis saxiT mkvlevars ekrZaleba im bavSvis saxelis damalva,
romelic savaraudod Zaladobis msxverplia.
3. dasabuTebuli Tanxmoba. unda miviRoT, sasurvelia werilobiTi saxiT,
dasabuTebuli Tanxmoba mSoblis an bavSvze pasuxismgebeli sxva
pirebisgan (maswavleblebis, direqtoris). dasabuTebuli Tanxmoba
niSnavs, rom mSobelma an bavSvze pasuxismgebelma sxva pirma miiRo
sruli informacia kvlevis Sesaxeb, ramac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos
masze, rom neba darTos bavSvs gaxdes cdispiri. ufro metic, AAaSS-s
federaluri kanonebis Tanaxmad, 7 wlis da meti asakis yvela bavSvs
aqvs ufleba miiRos gasagebad axsna kvlevis yvela aspeqtis Sesaxeb,
ramac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos maT gadawyvetilebaze miiRos
monawileoba am kvlevaSi TuU ara. mkvlevari valdebulia aseTi axsna
 ganmarteba misces bavSvs misTvis gasagebi saxiT. ra Tqma unda,
nebismieri asakis bavSvebs yovelTvis aqvT ufleba ar miiRon
monawileoba kvlevaSi an nebismier dros Tqvan uari kvlevaSi
monawileobaze. Tumca es debuleba cota bundovania: maSinac ki, Tu
miiReben informacias, rom nebismier dros SeuZliaT datovon kvleva,
patara bavSvebma SeiZleba ar icoden rogor gaakeTon es an ar
daijeron, rom kvlevidan wasvlas ar moyveba dasja raime saxiT.
Tumca bavSvebs ukeT esmiT Tavisi ufleba kvlevaSi monawileobis
Tanxmobaze da iyeneben mas, roca mkvlevari garkveviT auxsnis, rom is
ar gabrazdeba, Tu bavSvi uars ityvis cdaSi monawileobaze an
gamoTqvams kvleviTi programidan gasvlis survils.
4. kvlevis miznebisa da misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba.
Tumca bavSvebs aqvT ufleba icoden ra miznebi aqvs kvlevas, zogierTi
proeqti SesaZloa iTxovdes informaciis dafarvas an cdispiris
motyuebas. Tu mkvlevari Tvlis, rom informaciis dafarva an motyueba
aucilebelia kvlevis Casatareblad, man unda daumtkicos es
fsiqologTa komisias. motyuebis an informaciis dafarvis
gamoyenebisas kvlevis damTavrebis Semdeg aucilebelia misawvdomi
formiT SevatyobinoT amis Sesaxeb cdispirs da avuxsnaT motyuebis
aucilebloba. bavSvebs aseve aqvT ufleba miiRon maTTvis misawvdomi
formiT informacia im kvlevis Sedegebis Sesaxeb, romelSic
monawileoben
 ganviTarebis Teoriebi

biheviorizmi

XX saukunis dasawyisSi amerikaSi moRvawe fsiqologebi Tvlidnen, rom

mecnierulmaFfsiqologiam unda Seiswavlos mxolod qceva, radgan dakvirve-
bisTvis mxolod isaa xelmisawvdomi. ainteresebdaT ara adamianis azrebi,
ocnebebi an grZnobebi, aramed qcevebi _ is rasac SeiZleba daakvirde, daTva-
lo, gazomo. da isinic akvirdeboden ras da rogor akeTebdnen adamianebi.
maTi kvlevebi zustad aRricxavden da akontrolebden stimulebs, romelsac
awodebden eqsperimentebSi, mere akvirdeboden da iwerden qceviT reaqciebs.
ramdenadac maT ainteresebdaT garegani, dakvirvebadi da gazomvadi qcevis
formebi, amitom maT uwodes ~bihevioristebi~. ase Seiqmna mecniereba adamia-
nis qcevis Sesaxeb, anu ~biheviorizmi~ (inglisurad ~behavior~ _ qceva).
bihevioristebi Tvlian, rom adamianebi arc kargebi arian, arc _ cude-
bi. adamianebi arian arsebebi, romlebic ubralod reagireben garemos zemoq-
medebaze, garemodan miRebul stimulebze garkveuli qceviT. arsebobs qcevis
2 tipi:
• respodentuli (Tandayolili sapasuxo reaqcia stimulze)
• operantuli ( daswavlili da ganmtkicebuli).
bihevioristebis azriT, axali qcevis daswavlis procesi,
gamocdilebis miReba mimdinareobs avtomaturad, meqanikurad. adamiani gaigi-
vebulia manqanasTan, romelic iwyebs funqciobas roca masze imoqmedebs
~stimuli~ ( S ), romelic garedan modis da am stimulze sapasuxod SeimuSa-
vebs ~reaqcias~ ( R ). organizmi ( OO) funqcionirebs sqemiT "S - O - R" . sti-
mulsa da reaqcias Soris aris mxolod ~Savi yuTi~ _ fsiqika. adamians ar
SeuZlia zustad aRweros Tavisi grZnobebi da azrebi.
ramdenadac fsiqikis Sinagani muSaoba praqtikulad miuwvdomelia dakvirve-
bisTvis da garedan aRwerisTvis, bihevioristebs ar ainteresebT ra xdeba
stimulsa da reaqcias Soris.

dgeba sakiTxi: rogor xdeba ama Tu im qcevis daswavla?

bihevioristebi Tvliden, rom daswavla xdeba klasikuri da operantuli
ganpirobebulobis meSveobiT.
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis yvelaze cnobili eqsperimentia i. pavlo-
vis cdebi, rodesac igi ikvlevda endokrinuli sistemis funqcionirebas,
kerZod, nerwyvis gamoyofis process da awarmoebda dakvirvebas ZaRlebze _
aZlevda sakvebs da ZaRli gamoyofda nerwyvs.
pavlovma sakvebs uwoda ~upirobo gamRizianebeli~, xolo nerwyvis gamo-
yofas _ ~upirobo reaqcia~, ramdenadac mis aRmocenebas ar sWirdeba aranai-
ri winapiroba. ZaRls awvdiden sakvebs da amas mosdevda bunebrivi reaqcia
nerwyvis gamoyofa.

sakvebi (upirobo gamRizianebeli) ------------- nerwyvis gamoyofa (upirobo

reaqcia)
 pavlovma SeamCnia, rom ZaRls nerwyvis gamoyofa ewyeboda rodesac es-
moda zari, romelic saWmlis gamoCenamde irekeboda.
nerwyvis gamoyofa kvebisas bunebrivi refleqsia, magram zarze ratom
xdeboda nerwyvis gamoyofa? zari xom sakvebi araa? pavlovi Tvlida, rom
moxda dakavSireba zaris sakvebis gamoCenasTan da amiT zari gaxda
"pirobiTi gamRizianebeli" da gamoiwvia bunebrivi reaqcia nerwyvis
gamoyofa

sakvebi (upirobo gamRizianebeli) + zari (pirobiTi gamRizianebeli) ------

---- nerwyvis gamoyofa (upirobo reaqcia)

eqsperimentis mesame etapze ukve mxolod zaris xmaze (an naTuris anTe-
baze) ewyeboda ZaRls nerwyvis gamoyofa. am SemTxvevaSi zari (an naTura)
aris pirobiTi gamRizianebeli, xolo organizmis reaqcia nerwyvis gamoyo-
fiT _ pirobiTi reaqcia, radgan aseT reaqcias Wirdeba manamde, rogorc pi-
roba, zaris xmis Tanxvedra sakvebis miRebasTan.
zari (pirobiTi gamRizianebeli) -------- nerwyvis gamoyofa (pirobiTi reaq-
cia)

adamianebTanac ase xdeba? rodesac sami dRis axalSobilebTanac Catar-

da aseTi eqsperimenti, aRmoCnda, rom bavSvic wovas iwyebda zaris xmaze.
bihevioristebis azriT, igive meqanizmiT SeiZleba aixsnas SiSis aRmo-
ceneba, rogorc pirobiTi reaqcia garkveul stimulze, gansakuTrebiT adre-
ul bavSvobaSi. magaliTad, j. uotsonis eqsperimentSi 11 Tvis alberts aCve-
nebden TeTr Tagvs galiaSi. Tavidan bavSvs aranairi reaqcia ar hqonda. meo-
re etapze, roca aCvenebden Tagvs, iqve ismoda usiamovno xma, romelzec bav-
Svi iwyebda tirils da cdilobda gaqcevas. male bavSvi ase reagirebda ara-
marto Tagvis gamoCenaze, aramed oTaxSi myof sxva TeTri feris sagnebzec.
Tu adamianisaTvis adre neitraluri gamRizianebeli uaryofiT gancdas
daukavSirdeba, SeiZleba aman gamoiwvios pirobiTi reaqciis Secvla? _ ki.
ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes, magaliTad, eqimebis SiSi da sxva fobiebi.
magram SeiZleba ase gaCndes dadebiTi emociuri reaqciebic.
uotsonis eqsperimentis Semdgom etapze patara alberts Tagvs galiaSi
aCveneben maSin, roca sayvarel namcxvars miirTmevda. es axali, dadebiTi
asociacia male cvlida uaryofiT pirobiT reaqcias dadebiTze. aq erTdro-
ulad xdeba ori procesi. Zveli reaqcia TandaTan qreba, radgan aRar iRebs
aqtiurad ganmtkicebas (aRar ukavSirdeba cud xmas) da bavSvi daiswavlis
axal, dadebiT reaqcias.
klasikuri ganpirobebis am meqanizms iyeneben gavrcelebuli fobiebis
(TviTmfrinaviT frena, auditoriis winaSe gamosvlis, xelmZRvanelis an saa-
vadmyofos SiSi da sxv.) SecvlisTvis.

operantuli ganpirobeba
pirobiTi refleqsis gamomuSavebis meTodika ar gamodgeba iseTi rTu-
li qcevebis daswavlisTvis, rogoricaa manqanis tareba, leqsebis kiTxva,
burTis TamaSi. es aris ~operantuli qcevebi~ _ ukve daswavlili qcevebi.
 klasikur da operantul ganpirobebulobas Soris mTavari gansxvaveba
isaa, rom klasikuri ganpirobebisas qceva manamde unda arsebobdes, sanam
moxdeba ganmtkiceba e.i. manamde, sanam daukavSirdeba raime ganmamtkicebels
an jildos. operantuli ganpirobebisas im qcevas, romelic ganmtkicdeba an
jildovdeba, ganmeorebis tendencia aqvs.
Torndaikma Caatara klasikuri eqsperimentebi katebze. galiidan gamos-
vlas an saWmlis miRebas katebi swavlobden berketze TaTis dakvriT. Tor-
ndaikma aRmoaCina ~efeqtis kanoni~: qcevis Sedegi gansazRvravs misi ganmeo-
rebis albaTobas. Tavidan katebi SemTxveviT asrulebden saWiro moqmedebas
da aRebden galias an iRebden sakvebs. magram sakvebis an Tavisuflebis miRe-
bam, rogorc ganmtkicebam, gaaZliera es qceva da kata sul ufro xSirad as-
rulebda am moqmedebas (gaizarda misi albaToba). bolos pirdapir am moqme-
debas asrulebden katebi. e.i. moxda sasurveli qcevis ganmtkiceba da das-
wavla misi waxalisebis, dajildovebis Sedegad.
mravali wlis Semdeg skinerma gaagrZela am mimarTulebiT kvleva. mar-
Talia, mis eqsperimentebSic sakvebia gamoyenebuli ganmamtkiceblad, magram
yoveldRiur cxovrebiseul situaciebSi dadebiTi ganmamtkicebeli SeiZleba
iyos Tavis daqneva, Rimili, saintereso sanaxaoba an warmateba, saintereso
TamaSi. aRmoCnda, rom virTxebis, mtredebis da zogjer adamianebis qcevac
SeiZleba viwinaswarmetyveloT imis mixedviT xdeba Tu ara maTi qcevebis
ganmtkiceba.
skineri ansxvavebda ~sawyis stimuls~, ~individis reaqcias~ da ~gan-
mtkicebas~. skinerTan sawyisi stimuli iyo sinaTlis an bgeriTi signalebi
da sityvebi. aseT "sawyis stimulze" individis mier ganxorcielebuli qceva
("reaqcia") aris ~operantuli qceva~. skinerma am tipis ganpirobebas uwoda
~operantuli ganpirobeba~, radgan individis reaqcia iwvevs ganmtkicebis me-
qanizmis amoqmedebas _ zaris darekvaze kata berketze TaTs Camokravs. dabo-
los, ~ganmamtkicebeli stimuli~ eZleva adekvaturi reaqciis Semdeg _ Tu
katam saTanado moZraoba Seasrula, miiRebs sakvebs. amitomac ganmtkiceba
zrdis operantuli qcevis albaTobas rac niSnavs, rom sxva drosac stimu-
lis (zaris darekva) arsebobisas individs aqvs midrekileba gaimeoros es
reaqcia (TaTi Camokras berkets).

sawyisi stimuli _ operantuli qceva _ ganmamtkicebeli stimuli

magaliTad, 3 wlis bavSvi wigns (stimuli) aTvalierebs (reaqcia). moma-

valSi aseTi qcevis albaToba, rom gaizardos aucilebelia, rom mis aseT
qcevas (wignis Tvaliereba) moyves ganmtkiceba. am SemTxvevaSi efeqtis
momtani iqneba Seqeba, saintereso suraTi an stikeri, romelsac aZleven
bavSvs, roca is wigns aTvalierebs ("pozitiuri ganmtkiceba"). Tu maswavle-
bels da mSobels surT, rom wignis kiTxva bavSvisTvis daukavSirdes garkve-
ul adgils, magaliTad wignis Tvalierebas saklaso oTaxSi an bavSvis magi-
dasTan, es adgili xdeba stimuli. bavSvi iRebs pozitiur ganmtkicebas (Seqe-
bas) wignis TvalierebisTvis mxolod maSin, roca amas saklaso oTaxSi an
Tavis magidasTan akeTebs.
operantuli qceva SeiZleba aseve vaswavloT ganridebis ganpirobebiT,
roca xdeba uaryofiTi, arasasiamovno stimulis zemoqmedebis Sewyveta. amas
uwodeben ~uaryofiT ganmtkicebas~. mag. rodesac gabrazebuli mSobeli dawy-
nardeba da aRar agrZelebs sayvedurebs rogorc ki bavSvi iwyebs gafantuli
saTamaSoebis alagebas. amrigad, operantuli ganpirobebisas individi dais-
wavlis reaqcias garkveul stimulze am stimulis dadebiT ganmtkicebasTan
bevrjer SerwymiT da/an arasasiamovno stimulis moSorebiT.

rogor SeiZleba gamoviyenoT operantuli ganpirobeba rTuli moqmede-

bebis dasaswavlad?
Zalian xSirad qcevis saboloo forma unda aSendes nabij-nabij. maga-
liTad, roca gvinda bavSvs vaswavloT windis Cacma. mSobeli acmevs jer
erT windas TiTqmis mTlianad, bavSvi mxolod amowevs mas, risTvisac Seaqe-
ben. meore dRes mSobels SeuZlia Caacvas naxevramde da bavSvi danarCens ga-
akeTebs (ufro mets, vidre wina dRes). male bavSvi windas Caicvams mSoblis
an sxva adamianis daxmarebis gareSec. analogiuri principebi SeiZleba gamo-
viyenoT roca gvinda bavSvi mivaCvioT tualetis gamoyenebas, an vaswavloT
curva, an mozards davexmaroT daZlios morcxvoba iseT situaciebSi, sadac
yuradRebis centrSi eqceva.
sasurveli qceva yovel etapze ganmtkicdeba raime jildoTi an waxa-
lisebiT. adamiani ase TandaTan warmatebiT daiswavlis sakmaod rTuli amo-
canebis Sesrulebas. kompiuteris daxmarebiT programirebuli swavlebisas
daswavlis principebidan bevri ram aris gamoyenebuli.
rogorc vxedavT, ganmtkiceba emsaxureba sasurveli qcevis gaZliere-
bas. Gganmtkiceba orgvaria: pozitiuri/dadebiTi da negatiuri/uaryofiTi.
pozitiuri ganmtkicebaa mag. kargad naswavl gakveTilSi maRali qulis
dawera. Ee.i. xdeba individisTvis sasurveli stimulis miwodeba im mizniT,
rom swori qceva gaZlierdes.
negatiuri ganmtkicebis dros xdeba sasurveli qcevis gaZliereba
individisTvis arasasurveli an mtkivneuli stimulis aridebiT. mag. Tu vi-
ci, rom maswavlebeli gamibrazdeba, Sevecdebi gakveTili kargad viswavlo.
e.i. xdeba usiamovno stimulis (maswavleblis gabrazeba) aSorebiT sasurve-
li qcevis (gakveTilis swavla) gaZliereba. Ees aris raimesTvis Tavis aride-
ba da ara gaqceva.
dasja emsaxureba arasasurveli qcevis Sesustebas. Aarsebobs misi 2
saxe: dadebiTi/pozitiuri da uaryofiTi/negatiuri. pozitiuroba da nega-
tiuroba gulisxmobs imas, sasjeli an ganmamtkicebeli situacias emateba
(pozitiuri) Tu akldeba (negatiuri) da ara imas, es sasjeli an ganmamtki-
cebeli kargia Tu cudi.
pozitiuri dasjaa mag. cudi qcevis gamo moswavlisTvis yuris aweva.
e.i. xdeba mtkivneuli stimulis miwodeba im mizniT, rom cudi qceva Sesus-
tdes.
negatiuri dasjaa mag. Tu moswavles cudi swavlis gamo maswavlebeli
eqskursiaze ar waiyvans. Ee.i xdeba individisTvis sasurveli stimulis ari-
deba im mizniT, rom cudi qceva Sesustdes.
dasja umetesad araefeqturia, radgan is aqcents akeTebs akrZalvaze
da ara individisTvis raime sasurvelis SeTavazebaze.
ganmamtkicebeli stimulis 3 kategoria arsebobs;
socialuri _ Seqeba, Rimili, yuradReba...
qceviTi _ TamaSi, gasarTob RonisZiebebSi monawileoba...
simboluri _ niSnebi, fuli, Jetoni...
 ganmtkicebis reJimi orgvaria _ uwyveti da perioduli.
• uwyvetis dros sasurveli qceva mtkicdeba yovelTvis, roca ki
iCens Tavs da es E xels uwyobs swori qcevis swrafad daswav-
las, magram ganmtkicebis Sewyvetis Semdeg daswavlili qceva ma-
leve sustdeba;
• periodulis dros sasurveli qcevis ganmtkiceba ar xdeba yo-
velTvis. perioduli ganmtkicebac orgvaria: myari (magaliTad,
yovelkvireuli testi) da cvladi (magaliTad, daugegmavi tes-
ti).

qceviTi analizi
90-ian wlebSi klasikuri da operantuli ganpirobebulobis principe-
bis sistematur kvlevas da gamoyenebas uwodes ~qceviTi analizi~. SemuSavda
mravalricxovani pedagogiuri da Terapiuli programebi calkeuli adamiane-
bis qcevis koreqciis mizniT. amas ~qcevis modifikaciasac~ (Secvlas) uwode-
ben.
qcevis modifikaciis erT-erTi efeqturi xerxia ~Jetonebis sistemis~
gamoyeneba.
erT-erT eqsperimentSi arasrulwlovan damnaSaveTa koloniaSi gemrie-
li saWmeli, darbazSi savarjiSo dro, calke saZinebeli oTaxi, axali Jur-
nalebi da sxv. iyo jildo, romelic mozardebs unda eyidaT JetonebiT. am
Jetonebis damsaxureba ki SeiZleboda wesebis zustad SesrulebiT. amrigad,
Jetonebi xdeba sibejiTis da swavlaSi warmatebis, wesebis dacvis ganmam-
tkicebeli. magram Jetonebi efeqturia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca aR-
mzrdeli ajildovebs patara Tanmimdevrul nabijebs dasaxuli miznisken
mimaval gzaze.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom Jetonebis sistema warmatebiT SeiZleba gamoviye-
noT gonebrivad CamorCenil da autist bavSvebTan muSaobisas, qceviTi prob-
lemis mqone bavSvebTan skolaSic da saxlSic. JetonebiT swavlebis mizania
moswavlis unarebis im doneze ganviTareba, roca am unarebis gamoyeneba xde-
ba realur cxovrebaSi ise, rom qceva Seasrulos Jetonebis miRebis survi-
lis gareSec. aseTi Sedegis misaRwevad nebismieri Jetonebis sistema unda
daigegmos ise, rom individma rac SeiZleba male SeZlos maT gareSe arsebo-
ba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi individebi Jetonebze ise xdebian damokidebuli,
rom qcevis modifikaciis programis efeqti nulamde dadis.

socialuri daswavlis Teoria

rTuli socialuri qcevis asaxsnelad fsiqologebma scades daswav-

lis Teoriis diapazonis gafarToveba da Seiqmna socialuri daswavlis Te-
oria.
wabaZva da modelis qcevis gameoreba

socialuri daswavlis Teoriis warmomadgenelTa azriT, adamianebi

swavloben aramarto uSualo gamocdilebis Sedegad, aramed sxva adamiane-
bis qcevebze da am qcevebis Sedegebze dakvirvebiTac.
 Cven yvela vswavlobT sxvadasxva qcevebs garSemomyofi adamianebis
qcevebze dakvirvebiT, wavbaZavT maT moqmedebebs an piriqiT, gavurbivarT
amas. adreul bavSvobaSi adamianebi ase iTviseben genderul rolebs da im
kulturis zneobriv normebs, romlis wiaRSic izrdebian. isini daiswavlian
agresiis an morCilebis gamoxatvis formebs, iseve rogorc prosocialur
(sazogadoebrivad misaReb) qcevas. zrdasTan erTad bavSvebi iTviseben im
profesiuli, socialuri da eTnikuri sazogadoebebis faseulobebs da Rire-
bulebebs, romelsac miekuTvnebian. aseve zogadsakacobrio moralur faseu-
lobebs.
am Teoriis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli da erT-erTi fuZemde-
belia albert bandura. banduras cnobil eqsperimentSi (Tojina
"bobo"-s eqsperimenti) bavSvebi uyurebdnen moklemetraJian filmebs sadac
akvirdeboden adamianebis sxvadasxva donis agresiul qcevebs. bavSvebis er-
Ti jgufi uyurebda films, romelSic Tojina "bobo"-s mimarT agresiuli
qceva jildovdeboda; meore _ films, romelSic aseTi agresiuli qceva is-
jeboda; mesame jgufi uyurebda films Tojinis mimarT araagresiuli qce-
viT; meoTxe saerTod ar uyurebda films. Semdeg bavSvebs garkveuli droiT
tovebdnen oTaxSi, sadac iyo saTamaSoebi da maT Soris Tojina "bobo". bav-
Svebi, romlebic uyurebdnen agresiis dajildoebas, Semdeg ufro agresiu-
lad iqceoden TojinebiT TamaSisas. xolo is bavSvebi, romlebic uyurebden
agresiis dasjas, naklebad agresiulebi iyvnen TamaSisas. eqsperimentma daa-
dastura, rom bavSvebma SeiZleba iswavlon agresiis garkveuli saxiT gamov-
lena yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sxvaTa qcevebze dakvirvebiT an filmebis da
tele-gadacemebis yurebis Semdegac, sadac agresiis esa Tu is formebia naC-
venebi.
XX saukunis adreul 60-ian wlebSi albert banduram kidev ufro gaa-
farTova socialuri daswavlis Teoria. igi amtkicebs, rom yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi adamianebs SeuZliaT gaacnobieron Tavisi qcevis Sedegebi. isini
amCneven, rom raRac moqmedebas mivyavarT warmatebasTan, zogs _ marcxTan,
zogsac aranairi Sedegi ar aqvs da amis Sesabamisad aregulireben Tavis
qcevas. adamianebs aqvT unari ivaraudon, romeli qceva aris swori garkveul
pirobebSi da winaswar gansWvriton, ra SeiZleba moxdes garkveuli moqmede-
bis Sedegad. qceviT reaqciaTa Sedegze dakvirvebisas isini iReben informa-
cias, rac, Tavis mxriv, xdeba am moqmedebis aRmZvreli da ase xdeba gacnobi-
erebuli ganmtkiceba. adreuli Teoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic ufro
meqanicisturad ganixilaven adamians, socialuri daswavlis Teoria qcevis
daswavlaSi ufro met rols aniWebs azrovnebas.
misi azriT, bavSvebi akvirdebian rogorc sakuTar da sxvebis qcevebs,
aseve sakuTari da sxvebis qcevebis Sedegebsac da maT SeuZliaT iswavlon
sxvaTa qcevebsa da maT Sedegebze dakvirvebiT. magaliTad, Tu mZRolma
dainaxa, rom win mimavali manqana ormoSi Cavarda, is gaiTvaliswinebs im
mZRolis qcevis Sedegs da Seecdeba gverdi auaros am ormos. araa
aucilebeli TviTonac Cavardes im ormoSi, rom iswavlos, rogorc amas
skineri ambobda.
banduras socialuri daswavlis Teoria xazs usvamda sxvebis qcevebze
dakvirvebas, modelirebas da arapirdapir ganmtkicebas. droTa ganmavlobaSi
swavlis banduraseuli Sexedulebebi ufro da ufro met yuradRebas, mo-
delTa socialur gavlenebTan erTad, kognitur faqtorebs uTmobda, maga-
liTad, rogoricaa molodini da rwmena. amitomac misi Teoria cnobilia so-
cialur-kognituri Teoriis saxeliT.
socialur-kognitur TeoriaSi mniSvnelovania rogorc garegani, ise
Sinagani faqtorebi. swavlis procesSi erTmaneTze urTierTmoqmedebs gare-
mo, pirovnuli faqtorebi da qcevebi. pirovnuli faqtorebi (rwmenebi, molo-
dini, damokidebulebebi da codna), fizikuri da socialuri garemo (resur-
sebi, sxvisi qcevis Sedegebi, sxva adamianebi, fizikuri garemo) da qceva (in-
dividualuri qmedeba, arCevani da verbaluri gamonaTqvamebi) gavlenas ax-
denen erTmaneTze. bandura am process urTierTdeterminizms uwodebs.

gansxvaveba socialuri swavlisa da socialur-kognitur Teoriebs So-

ris. socialuri swavlis Teoriebma gaafarTova bihevioristuli Sexedule-
bebi ganmtkicebisa da dasjis Sesaxeb. bihevioristuli SexedulebebiT gan-
mtkiceba da dasja pirdapir zegavlenas axdenen qcevaze. socialuri swav-
lis Teoriis mixedviT, iman, Tu rogor waxalisdeba an isjeba sxva adamia-
nis qceva, SeiZleba igive efeqti gamoiwvios damkvirvebelSic. socialur-
kognituri Teoria ganavrcobs socialuri swavlis Teorias da moicavs iseT
kognitur faqtorebs, rogorebicaa rwmenebi, molodinebi da me-koncefcia
(warmodgenebi sakuTar Tavze).

am Teoriis principebi ufro advilad SeiZleba SevamowmoT, vidre sxva

Teoriebis principebi _ zogierTi maTi winaswarmetyveleba araerTxel da-
dasturebula: modelirebisa da qcevis modifikaciis tipebis gamoyenebisas
skolebSi, wonaSi daklebis programebSi da bavSvTa sasjelaRsrulebis da-
wesebulebebSi, Zalian efeqturad gamoiyeneba arasasurveli qcevis Sesac-
vlelad an sasurveli qcevis dasaswavlad.
daswavlis Teoriebi eZeben universalur procesebs/principebs da indi-
vidualuri gansxvavebebis ignorirebas axdenen.
am Teoriebis safuZvelze sakmaod zustad SeiZleba amaTuim qcevis
prognozireba, Tumca ar SeuZliaT axsnan adamianis erT-erTi mTavari miRwe-
va _ rogor eufleba bavSvi metyvelebas, im enas, romelic ismis mis garemo-
Si. enobrivi ganviTareba ver daiyvaneba mxolod wabaZvasa da waxalisebaze.
enobrivi ganviTarebisa da kulturis sxva mxareebis aTvisebisas es Teoriebi
ver iTvaliswineben maT sirTules da kompleqsurobas.

kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriebi

Jan piaJes inteleqtis stadiuri ganviTarebis Teoria

swavlis bihevioristuli, meqanicisturi Teoriebis pasuxad piaJem

ganviTarebis dinamiuri, kognituri modeli SemogvTavaza, romelsac dRes
konstruqtivizmi ewodeba. am modelis mixedviT, swavla da ganviTareba
warmoadgens aRmaval process, romelsac aqtiuri individi axorcielebs. swavlis
bihevioristuli Teoriebisgan gansxvavebiT piaJem ramdenime axali da radikaluri
Tema SemogvTavaza:
 • ganviTarebas stadiuri xasiaTi aqvs;
• bavSvi codnis aqtiuri konstruqtoria;
• ganviTarebis procesi win unda uswrebdes saskolo swavlas;
• ena aris azrovnebis Semadgeneli nawili da ara azrovnebis
maformirebeli.
piaJes azriT, inteleqti aris umniSvnelovanesi procesi, romelic exmareba
organizms garemosTan adaptaciaSi, es aris organizmis unari gaumklavdes
konkretuli situaciis moTxovnebs. adaptaciaSi axalSobils exmareba
Tandayolili meqanizmebi.
piaJe miiCnevda, rom Cvil bavSvebsac ki gaaCniaT irgvliv arsebuli sagnebis
Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis, gadamuSavebis, codnisa da gamocdilebis SeZenis
unari. asakTan erTad, gamocdilebis miRebis Sedegad, xdeba am codnisa da
unarebis gamdidreba da reorganizacia. bavSvebi mudmivad iTviseben axal
informacias da unar-Cvevebs, ganuwyvetliv iReben informacias da aqtiurad
cdiloben moaxdinon am informaciis CarTva (integracia) rTul SemecnebiT
struqturaSi, romelsac piaJe sqemas uwodebs. is Tvlis, rom swavla, sqemebis
konstruireba ZiriTadad TviTregulirebis gziT mimdinareobs _ bavSvi TviTon
agebs codnas.
SemecnebiTi struqturebis, sqemebis konstruireba da gardaqmna asimilaciis
da akomodaciis meSveobiT xdeba. asimilacia gulisxmobs axali obieqtis an
gamocdilebis Zvel sqemaSi CarTvas, akomodacia gulisxmobs Zveli sqemis
gardaqmnas, axali obieqtisTvis morgebas. asimilacia da akomodacia erTad
ganapirobebs gare samyarosadmi bavSvis mudmiv adaptacias, rasac bevri “swavlas”
uwodebs.
ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zalad piaJe organizmis wonasworobisaken
(adaptaciisaken) swrafvas miiCnevs. adamians Tandayolili aqvs garemosTan
komfortuli, harmoniuli urTierTmimarTebis Camoyalibebis survili, swrafva,
romlis miRwevasac igi garemosadmi adaptaciis gziT (asimilaciis da akomodaciis
procesebiT) axerxebs. rodesac wonasworoba irRveva (nebismieri mizezis gamo),
iwyeba asimilaciis da akomodaciis ormxrivi procesi, sanam ar miaRwevs isev
wonasworobas.

piaJem inteleqtis testebze muSaobisas aRmoaCina, rom erTi da igive asakis

bavSvebi xSirad erTsa da imave, an Zalian msgavs Secdomebs uSveben, romlebic
Tavisi SinaarsiT da formiT sruliad gansxvavdebian sxva asakis bavSvebis
Secdomebisagan. am dakvirvebis safuZvelze piaJem ivarauda, rom yvela adamiani
ganviTarebis procesSi gadis kognituri ganviTarebis erTsa da imave safexurebs.
magram am safexurebis gavlis tempi da forma individualurad gansxvavebulia.
piaJe gamoyofs inteleqtis ganviTarebis oTx safexurs:
1. senso-motoruli inteleqtis safexuri bavSvis dabadebidan or wlamde
grZeldeba. Tavidan bavSvi garemosTan urTierTobas iwyebs Tandayolili
refleqsebis meSveobiT. SemdgomSi bavSvi ukve SeZenili gamocdilebiT, sakuTari
SegrZnebebisa da motoruli moqmedebebis safuZvelze cdilobs garemodan
momdinare informaciisa da stimulebis asimilacias da aseve garemos moTxovnebis
mixedviT axdens Tavisi SegrZnebebis, aRqmis da motoruli moqmedebebis sqemebis
akomodacias. am stadiaze bavSvis mier garemos SemecnebaSi wamyvania ara
metyveleba, aramed misi sensoruli (grZnobis organoebiT miRebuli) da motoruli
gamocdileba. mag., bavSvisTvis am safexurze burTi aris is, rac mrgvalia, moZravi,
moxtunave, romelsac SeiZleba fexi daartya, da Seucvalo adgili, sxvadasxva
ferisaa, SeiZleba iyos gluvi an xaoiani. es informacia mexsierebaSi inaxeba
sqemis saxiT. anu sqemaSi warmodgenilia obieqtis Tvisebebi da masTan
dakavSirebuli manipulaciebi.
2. preoperaciuli stadia daaxloebiT oridan Svid wlamde grZeldeba. am
stadiaze bavSvi ukve eufleba metyvelebas. bavSvi aramarto sensoruli da
motoruli moqmedebebis saSualebiT Seimecnebs samyaros, aramed sityvis
saSualebiTac. viTardeba simboluri funqcia _ imis gageba, rom sityva TavisTavad
moqmedeba an obieqti ki ar aris, aramed misi aRmniSvneli. es stadia moicavs or
periods.
1. pirveli periodi grZeldeba 2-dan 4 wlamde, rodesac bavSvs SeuZlia
sagnebis dajgufeba maTi raime TvalsaCino niSniT. bavSvs SeuZlia obieqtebi
daajgufos mxolod erTi TvalsaCino niSniT. magaliTad, sididisa an feris
mixedviT _ didi samkuTxedebi erTad da patara samkuTxedebi erTad; an mwvane
wreebi erTad da yviTeli kvadratebi erTad. Tumca ar SeuZlia daalagos didi
wiTeli samkuTxedebi erTad da patara mwvane kvadratebi erTad. am asakis bavSvis
logika aseTia: "Zroxa aris didi oTxfexa cxoveli, romelsac aqvs rqebi. Tu
cxoveli didia, aqvs oTxi fexi da rqebi _ e.i. es Zroxaa".
amave dros es moqmedebebi jer kidev Seuqcevadia (ar SeuZlia moqmedebis
Sesruleba ukusvliT). magaliTad, martivi operacia 5 + 3 = 8 Seuqcevadia, radgan
bavSvs ar SeuZlia Tqvas, rom 8 - 5 = 3 an 8 - 3 = 5. garda amisa, es moqmedebebi ar
aris operacia (bavSvs ar SeuZlia gonebaSi Seasrulos moqmedeba).
2. meore periodi 4-dan 7 wlamde grZeldeba da misTvis damaxasiaTebelia
TvalsaCino-xatovani azrovneba. bavSvs ukve ramdenime TvalsaCino niSnis mixedviT
SeuZlia obieqtebis dajgufeba. azrovneba TvalsaCino xatebs eyrdnoba, Tumca
logikis wesebi jer kidev ar moqmedebs. magaliTad, bavSvs ar aqvs "raodenobis
Senaxvis" unari. Tu mis Tvalwin wyals ganieridan ufro viwro WurWelSi
gadavasxamT, is aucileblad ityvis, rom viwro WurWelSi ufro meti wyali asxia,
imitom, rom ganierTan SedarebiT wylis done iq ufro maRalia. miuxedavad imisa,
rom yvelaferi es mis Tvalwin xdeboda da man icis, rom wylis raodenoba ar
Secvlila. mis daskvnas TvalsaCino xati gansazRvravs.
aRniSnul stadias imitomac hqvia operaciamdeli stadia, rom bavSvis
moqmedebebs ar aqvs namdvili operaciis xasiaTi _ is Seuqcevadia da
izolirebuli.
3. konkretuli operaciebis stadia Svididan TerTmet wlamde grZeldeba.
bavSvi ukve namdvil operaciebs iyenebs, magram situaciuri amocanis gadawyvetisas.
mis azrovnebaSi ukve formirebulia rogorc Senaxvis, aseve obieqtebis sxvadasxva
niSniT klasificirebis unarebi. mas aseve SeuZlia ricxvebiT operireba da saganTa
dalageba zrdadobisa da klebadobis mixedviT (seriacia), magaliTad, Cxirebis
dalageba yvelaze grZelidan yvelaze moklemde. aseve movlenebis gansxvavebuli
principiT dajgufeba (klasifikacia). magaliTad, cxovelebis suraTebis dalageba
Sinaur da gareul cxovelebad. operaciebi am etapze ufro konkretuli xasiaTisaa
(konkretul situaciaSi warmatebiT Wris amocanas, magaliTad raodenobaze). Tumca
maT uWirT abstraqtuli azrovneba (logikuri operaciebis warmoeba gonebaSi,
konkretuli da realuri situaciisgan ganyenebulad) an ganzogadeba konkretul
gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT (msjelobis Sedegad gamotanili daskvnis gadatana
sxva msgavs situaciaze). magaliTad, SeiZleba Tavisi TvaliT naxos, rom vercxlis
kovzi cxel wyalSi cxeldeba da icodes, rom vercxli liTonia. magram uWirs
daaskvnas, rom yvela liToni cxel wyalSi gacxeldeba.
am stadiaze bavSvebs rogorc wesi, ar uWirT mocemuli (anu maT Tvalwin,
TvalsaCinod arsebuli) informaciis gaanalizeba da kanonzomierebis amokiTxva.
Sesabamisad, am stadiaze bavSvebis umetesoba unda mixvdes, rom am cxrilis qveda
rigSi mocemuli ricxvebi asaxavs zeda rigSi mocemul asoTa rigiTobas anbanSi,
rac SesaZleblobas miscems martivad Seavson darCenili ori ujra.
 a e T m

1 5

TandaTan viTardeba warmodgenebi raodenobis, sigrZis, farTobis, wonis da

moculobis Sesaxeb –konkretuli operaciebis etapze bavSvebi euflebian
‘Seqcevadobis” cnebas. magaliTad, plastelinis raodenoba ucvlelia,
invariantulia, ar Seicvleba, Tu plastilinis burTs mivcemT mogrZo cilindris
formas, an davyofT xuT momcro burTad da Semdeg davubrunebT pirvelad saxes,
formas da zomas. bavSvebi swavloben sagnebisa da movlenebis klasificirebas.
“klasificireba” aRniSnavs bavSvis unars daajgufos sagnebi aramarto TvalsaCino
niSnebis mixedviT (rogoricaa feri, forma da a.S.), aramed arsebiTi niSnebis
mixedviTac da ise gaakeTos daskvnebi. magaliTad, mixvdes xis Savi da TeTri
kvadratebidan romeli ufro metia, Savi Tu xis.
4. formaluri operaciebis stadia, TerTmetidan TxuTmet wlamde
grZeldeba. bavSvebs ukve SeuZliaT gaiazron da gadaWran hipoTeturi problemebi
_ azrovneba aRar aris mijaWvuli TvalsaCino niSnebze da konkretul situaciaze.
am etapze bavSvebs uviTardebaT unari Sexedon problemebs sxvadasxva
kuTxidan, ifiqron abstraqtulad, gaazrebulad SeimuSavon da Seamowmon
hipoTezebi, ganazogadon, imsjelon logikurad (deduqciis meSveobiT) da
Camoayalibon azrebi. maT aseve SeuZliaT abstraqtuli problemebis, magaliTad,
silogizmebis, gadawyveta, maT gamosaxatad gamoyenebuli lingvisturi konkretikis
miuxedavad. am process xSirad “hipoTeturi azrovneba” ewodeba, es niSnavs
msjelobas codnis sistemebis Sesaxeb da ara mxolod sistemebis meSveobiT da maT
farglebSi. dabolos, formaluri operaciebis safexurze myof bavSvebs SeuZliaT
abstraqtuli logikuri msjeloba. maT esmiT iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa dajgufeba,
dawyvileba, gancalkeveba, Canacvleba, uaryofa, toloba da
urTierTdamokidebuleba. garda amisa, maT SeuZliaT gamoiyenon es cnebebi
problemebis gadaWris dros.
yvela bavSvi gaivlis inteleqtis ganviTarebis stadiebs swored am
TanmimdevrobiT. romelime stadiis gamotoveba da "gadaxtoma" SeuZlebelia, radgan
yoveli Semdgomi stadia aigeba wina stadiis safuZvelze da aris azrovnebis ufro
rTuli safexuri. miuxedavad imisa, rom, piaJes TqmiT, am oTxi stadiis
Tanmimdevroba cvlilebas ar eqvemdebareba, TiToeuli stadiisTvis gankuTvnili
asaki mxolod miaxloebiTia _ zogi individi ufro swrafad gaivlis am gzas,
zogic SeiZleba CamorCes am asakis bavSvebis umravlesobas. es niSnavs, rom
ganviTareba individualuria.
bavSvis inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze saubrisas piaJe xazs usvams
socialuri faqtorebis rolsac. socialuri garemo individze zegavlenas axdens
misi ganviTarebis donis Sesabamisad; es zemoqmedeba SeiZleba iyos sruliad
gansxvavebuli. sxvadasxva asakobriv safexurze da asimilcia-akomodaciis
procesebi gansxvavebuli sirTulis SeiZleba aRmoCndes.
radganac piaJes Teoria gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas individualur
konstruqtivizms aniWebs, is ganviTarebas met upiratesoba aZlevs, vidre swavliT
gamowveul cvlilebebs. piaJe amtkicebda, rom bavSvis ganviTareba, swavlis Sedegad
Tu mis gareSe, gardauvalia. amasTan erTad, imisTvis rom swavla efeqtiani iyos
swavlebis done bavSvis ganviTarebis dones unda Seesabamebodes, anu ganviTareba
yovelTvis win uswrebs swavlas. am Teoriis mixedviT ganviTareba individis
aqtiuri gonebrivi zrdis procesia, romelic SedarebiT damoukidebelia
socialuri gavlenisagan.
 piaJes ganviTarebis TeoriaSi azrovnebis da metyvelebis urTierTkavSiri
mniSvnelovania. ganviTarebis adreul stadiebze, metyveleba da azrovneba
erTmaneTTan ar aris ise dakavSirebuli, rom raime Teoriuli mniSvneloba hqondes.
Semecneba SeiZleba normalurad ganviTardes metyvelebis Suamavlobis gareSec.
amasTan erTad, piaJe miiCnevs, rom bavSvis ganviTarebis adreul stadiebze ena
codnis wyaros ar warmoadgens. misi azriT, azrovnebis ganviTareba win uswrebs
metyvelebis ganviTarebas. metyveleba mxolod azrovnebis gamoZaxils warmoadgens.
piaJe aseve msjelobda metyvelebisa da azrovnebis
urTierTdamokidebulebaze ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiebze. magaliTad, is
Tvlida, rom eqvs wlamde bavSvs ar Seswevs logikuri, daskvnebis gakeTebis gziT,
azrovnebis da metyvelebis unari. amis magivrad, mas gaaCnia aralogikuri msjeloba
da egocentruli Sexedulebebi (bavSvs ar SeuZlia sxvisi poziciidan situaciis
aRqma da gaazreba), Sesabamisad, metyveleba egocentrulia (bavSvi metyvelebs ara
komunikaciis mizniT, aramed TavisTvis).
egocentruli metyveleba icvleba socialuri metyvelebiT, romelic
gamoiyeneba sxvebTan komunikaciis mizniT. piaJes azriT, komunikacia da azriani,
mizandasaxuli urTierTobebi SeuZlebelia sanam bavSvis azrovneba da metyveleba
sakmarisad ar ganviTardeba.Ees imitom, rom bavSvebi egocentrulad
fokusirebulni arian TavianT azrovnebaze, metyvelebaze da ar aqceven yuradRebas
TavianT komunikaciur partniorebs, magaliTad, rodesac ori patara bavSvi
gverdigverd TamaSobs, orivem SeiZleba gamoTqvas Tavisi mosazrebebi an fiqrebi,
magram verc erTi ver daimsaxurebs partniorisgan aqtiur yuradRebas. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom maT arc ainteresebT partniori upasuxebs Tu ara, radgan orive
CarTulia TavianT moqmedebebSi da azrebSi. mxolod mogvianebiT moxdeba sxva
adamianebis ideebis da sityvebis CarTva bavSvebis mier codnis aqtiuri
konstruirebis procesSi.

piaJes Teoriis Rirseba da nakli

piaJes ideebi ar iyo popularuli. XX saukunis 60-iani wlebisTvis

mdgomareoba Seicvala. socialuri Semecnebis Seswavlisas kolbergma da selmanma
aRmoaCines, rom goneba kognitur sqemebs qmnis aramarto fizikuri samyaros
Sesaxeb, aramed asakTan erTad TandaTan formirdeba sqemebi genderul
gansxvavebebze, moralur faseulobebze, adamianis emociebze, megobrobis da
socialuri cxovrebis mraval sxva aspeqtze.
piaJes Teoriam udidesi gavlena moaxdina ganaTlebazec. magaliTad, piaJem
yvelas naTlad aCvena, rom individualizebuli swavleba ufro uwyobs xels
inteleqtualur ganviTarebas, vidre pirdapiri instruqciebi. bavSvebi ufro kargad
swavloben maSin, rodesac aqvT damoukideblad gamocdilebis miRebis saSualeba,
raTa TviTon gaiazron, Seimecnon sagnebi, movlenebi da aRmoaCinon
kanonzomierebebi. amisTvis mniSvnelovania sagnebiT manipulirebis saSualeba
hqondeT: Seexon, daTvalon, SeRebon, daawyon da a.S. da ara ijden pasiurad da
mxolod usminon ras etyvis maswavlebeli.
piaJes Sexedulebebs kritikac ar dahklebia. magaliTad, is, rom saTanadod
ar afasebda Cvilebis, skolamdeli da dawyebiTi skolis asakis bavSvebis
inteleqtualur unarebs. kvlevebma aCvena, rom bavSvebs ufro rTuli problemebis
gadaWris unari aqvT, Tu mivcemT maTTvis nacnob amocanebs. piaJes imasac
sayvedurobden, rom saTanadod ar afasebda socialuri garemos, kulturis
faqtors.
 informaciis gadamuSavebis Teoriis pozicia

70-ian wlebSi ganviTarebis Semswavlelma mecnierebma mzera mimarTes

kognituri fsiqologiisa da kompiuteruli mecnierebisaken. informaciis
gadamuSavebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, adamianis tvini gavs kompiuters, romelic iRebs
informacias, gadaamuSavebs mas da gvaZlevs Sedegs, anu pasuxebs, daskvnebs an
problemis gadawyvetis gzebs. am Teoriis warmomadgenlebi kognitur ganviTarebas
ganixilaven rogorc asakobriv cvlilebas, romelic xdeba inteleqtualuri
sferos eleqtronul (Tavis tvini da periferiuli nervuli sistema) da programul
(fsiqikuri procesebi) uzrunvelyofaSi.
piaJes msgavsad, isinic aRiareben, rom biologiuri momwifeba kognituri
ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. magram amtkiceben, rom Tavis tvinisa da
nervuli sistemis momwifeba bavSvebsa da mozardebs aZlevs saSualebas ufro
swrafad gadaamuSaon informacia. amis Sedegad izrdeba yuradRebis koncentraciis,
relevanturi informaciis SemCnevisa da Senaxvis unari. Tumca acnobiereben imasac,
rom mniSvnelovania gamocdilebis miRebac.
yvelaze didi gansxvaveba piaJes Teoriasa da informaciis gadamuSavebis
Teorias Soris imaSi mdgomareobs, rom piaJesTvis ganviTareba aris stadiuri
xasiaTis, xolo kognitivistebisTvis es aris uwyveti procesi. informaciis miRebis,
Senaxvis, da gadamuSavebis strategiebi viTardeba TandaTan bavSvobisa da
mozardobis asakSi. xdeba TandaTanobiTi raodenobrivi cvlilebebi da ara
Tvisebrivi asakobrivi naxtomebi.
miuxedavad bevri Rirsebisa, am Teoriis mimarT kritikuli SeniSvnebic
arsebobs. is, rom daskvnebi keTdeba ZiriTadad laboratoriis pirobebSi
gakeTebuli kvlevebis safuZvelze, rac cvlis yoveldRiur, bunebriv pirobebSi
azrovnebis suraTs. meore, kompiuteris modelSi seriozulad araa dafasebuli
adamianis Semecnebis mravalferovneba _ is, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT warmosaxva,
Semoqmedeba, rasac ver xsnis es Teoria. aseTi kritikis Semdeg momravlda kvlevebi
bavSvebis mogonebebis, yoveldRiuri movlenebis, mSoblebTan da TanatolebTan
msjelobis, socialuri informaciis gadamuSavebis strategiebis da a.S.

lev vigotskis socialur-kulturuli Teoria

vigotskis mixedviT, biologia adamianis ganviTarebis mxolod bazisur

elementebs ayalibebs, xolo maRali donis kognituri procesebis ganviTarebaze,
rogoricaa ena, mexsiereba da abstraqtuli azrovneba TiTqmis mTlianad
socialuri garemoa pasuxismgebeli. piaJes Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac
biologia da ganviTareba ganapirobebs swavlas, vigotski xazs usvams socialur
gavlenas da amtkicebs, rom swavla win uswrebs ganviTarebas.
piaJesgan gansxvavebiT, vigotski miiCnevda, rom yvela fundamentalur
SemecnebiT aqtivobebs socialuri safuZveli gaaCniaT da TiTqmis yovelTvis
aseTad rCeba. vigotskis azriT, swavla da ganviTareba yovelTvis sxvadasxvaა,
magram urTierTSemavsebeli. vigotskim socialuri konstruqtivizmis Teoria Seqmna.
is amtkicebda, rom `pirovnebis ganviTareba sxvebTan urTierTobis Sedegad xdeba~
(1981, gv. 161-165).
radgan bavSvi konkretul socialur da kulturul garemoSi ibadeba, mis
fsiqikur ganviTarebas gansazRvavs socialuri urTierTobebi da kulturuli
monapovari, mag., damwerloba, ricxviTi sistema da sxv. Sesabamisad, bavSvis
azrovnebisa da zogadad, SemecnebiTi (kognituri) sferos ganviTarebac konkretul
socialur-kulturul garemoSi xdeba bavSvisaTvis mniSvnelovani ufrosis
(avtoritetis) saSualebiT. bavSvis fsiqikuri ganviTarebisaTvis socialuri
urTierTobebi wamyvan rols asrulebs.
vigotski bavSvis ganviTarebaSi yovel fsiqikur funqcias or doneze
ganixilavs: pirvelia socialur-interfsiqologiuri done, rac niSnavs imas, rom
bavSvis fsiqika sxvebTan socialur urTierTobebSi yalibdeba; meorea
individualuri done _ intrafsiqologiuri, anu am etapze bavSvis garemosTan
urTierTobiT miRebuli gamocdileba Sida planze gadadis _ xdeba
`internalizacia~ (gaSinagneba), raSic wamyvan rols metyveleba asrulebs.
magaliTad, rodesac mcirewlovani bavSvi wignTan mopyrobas mSoblebTan erTad
iwyebs, is TandaTan iTvisebs aseTi aqtivobisaTvis saWiro wesebs da unarebs.
sabolood bavSvi imdenad iTvisebs am wesebs da unarebs, rom SeuZlia
damoukideblad ikiTxos. TviTregulaciis da damoukideblobis dauflebis
procesSi, bavSvebi iTviseben ara mxolod konceptualur codnas, aramed ojaxis
wevrebTan urTierTqmedebisas socialur faseulobebs da wignierebis yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi gamoyenebis kulturul faseulobebs. vigotskis mixedviT, enas da sxva
niSnebs (magaliTad Jestebs, naxatebs) socialuri gamocdilebis konteqstSi
gamaSualeblis roli ukaviaT.

vigotskis Teoria oTx ZiriTad princips efuZneba:

1. ganviTareba socialur-kulturul konteqstSi unda ganixilebodes
2. bavSvi codnas TviTon agebs, aqtiuria da ara pasiurad iTvisebs
3. swavla win unda uswrebdes ganviTarebas
4. fsiqikur ganviTarebaSi centraluri adgili metyvelebas ukavia
kulturas ornairi gavlena aqvs bavSvis inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze:
• kulturis saSualebiT bavSvi iTvisebs am kulturaSi dagrovil codnas;
• kultura uzrunvelyofs bavSvs azrovnebis saSualebebiT, "iaraRebiT".
metyveleba is iaraRia, romlis saSualebiTac ufrosi gadascems codnasa da
gamocdilebas bavSvs.
vigotski amtkicebda, rom fsiqologiuri da kulturuli saSualebebis
Sedegad rTuli gonebrivi procesebi, rogoric aris mexsiereba, cnebis ganviTareba
da SemoqmedebiToba, transformacias (cvlilebas) ganicdian. ganviTarebas is arc
zrdad da arc safexurobriv procesad ar ganixilavda, aramed Tvisebriv
transformaciebad an revoluciebad, romelic kulturiTaa gaSualebuli.
bavSvis inteleqtualuri ganviTareba xdeba mis mier problemis gadawyvetis
gamocdilebis SeZenis Sedegad, romelsac bavSvi daiswavlis da iZens ZiriTadad
misTvis mniSvnelovani ufrosis saSualebiT. dasawyisSi ufrosi exmareba bavSvs da
warmarTavs mas problemis gadawyvetis procesSi. Semdeg ki, TandaTanobiT aZlevs
bavSvs damoukideblad gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas. Sesabamisad,
ganviTarebis Sefasebisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs imis gamijvnas, Tu risi gakeTeba
SeuZlia bavSvs damoukideblad da risi _ sxvisi daxmarebiT.
amisTvis vigotskis Semoaqvs "ganviTarebis uaxloesi zonis" cneba. bavSvis
unarebi garkveul periodSi/asakSi mwifdeba da is am unarebs damoukideblad
srulfasovnad iyenebs. es aris ganviTarebis "aqtualuri" done. SesaZlebelia, rom
bavSvs mocemul asakSi romelime fsiqikuri unari ki aqvs, magram es unari
ganviTarebis stadiaSia. Sesabamisad, misi srulad gamoyeneba jer ar SeuZlia _ is
damoukideblad ver SeZlebs amocanisaTvis Tavis garTmevas., magram sxvisi
daxmarebiT (Tu ufrosi daexmara), advilad wyvets mas. imave asakis sxva bavSvs ki
SeiZleba jer kidev ar hqondes es unari ganviTarebuli, amitom ufrosis
daxmarebiTac am amocanas ver gaumklavdeba. es ori bavSvi swored "ganviTarebis
uaxloesi zoniT" gansxvavdeba. damoukideblad verc erTi ver wyvets problemas,
magram erTi bevrad ufro winaa, radgan mas ufrosis daxmarebiT SeuZlia
problemur situaciaSi garkveva. vigotskis mixedviT, es bavSvi "ganviTarebis
uaxloes zonaSi" imyofeba. misi Teoriis mixedviT swavleba ise unda iyos agebuli,
rom gaTvaliswinebuli iyos bavSvis "ganviTarebis uaxloesi zona", anu swavleba
odnav win unda uswrebdes ganviTarebas. "ganviTarebis uaxloesi zona", vigotskis
mixedviT, aris `manZili aqtualuri ganviTarebis dones (damoukideblad problemis
gadaWris unari) da potenciur ganviTarebis dones Soris ( ufrosis
xelmZRvanelobiT an TanatolebTan erTad problemis gadaWris unari). (gv. 86;).
bavSvis ganviTarebasTan erTad da ufrosTan urTierTobis procesSi wamyvani
xdeba metyveleba. metyveleba xdeba rogorc sakuTari moqmedebis dagegmvisa da
regulaciis, aseve sxvebze zemoqmedebis iaraRi.
vigotskis adamianTa saqmianobaSi ena yvelaze mniSvnelovan sistemad
miaCnda. vigotskis Teoria enisa da azrovnebis urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb
gansakuTrebiT kargad aris gamovlenili piaJes mimarT mis kritikaSi. piaJe
amtkicebda, rom bavSvis adreuli moqmedebebi egocentrulia da rom socialuri
azrovneba mogvianebiT viTardeba _ mcirewlovani bavSvi Tavidan mxolod
TavisTvis laparakobs, da mcired an saerTod ar aris dainteresebuli
garSemomyof pirebTan urTierTobiT (egocentruli metyveleba). vigotski am
mosazrebas sastikad uaryofda da amtkicebda, rom metyvelebis mTavari funqcia,
bavSvebsa da mozrdilebSi, aris komunikacia, socialuri kontaqti. amitom bavSvis
adreuli metyveleba arsebiTad socialuria. ena gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom Tavi
gavarTvaT socialur situaciebs, ganvaviTaroT cnebebi da davareguliroT
azrovneba.
vigotskis Teoria da mravali kvleva cnebis ganviTarebis sferosac exeba.
cnebebis ganviTareba misTvis ganmeorebadi da dinamiuri procesia: swavla da
ganviTareba SegviZlia davaxasiaToT rogorc cvlileba. swavla da ganviTareba
ar aris sworxazovani da zrdadi, da maTi traeqtoria namdvilad ar aris
ucvleli da Tanmimdevruli, aramed aRsavsea moulodneli naxtomebiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom vigotski safexurobriv ganviTarebas ar emxroba, man
mainc Camoayaliba swavlის zogadi Teoria. misi Teoriis mixedviT, bavSvTa
adreuli warmodgenebi spontanuria, da xasiaTdeba araorganizebulobiT,
mniSvnelobebis da ideebis mxolod erTmaneTis gverdiT arsebobiT. bavSvebi
mxolod TandaTan iZenen logikuri azrovnebis unars da sabolood SeuZliaT
gaigon da gamoiyenon abstraqtuli an mecnieruli cnebebi.
bavSvis zrdasa da qmedebebSi mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs vigotski “swavlas”
uwodebda, xolo piaJe – “ganviTarebas”. orive azrovnebaSi cvlilebebs gamoxatavs.
piaJeseuli perspeqtividan, ganviTareba swavlisaTvis aucilebeli elementia.
vigotskiseuli kuTxidan ki ganviTareba yovelTvis win ar uswrebs swavlas, aramed
swavla SesaZlebels xdis ganviTarebas momavalSi. anu swavla xels uwyobs
ganviTarebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom vigotski swavlebis da swavlis unars adamianebis
fundamentalur Tvisebad miiCnevda.
vigotskim mniSvnelovani ideebi gaaerTiana biologiis, filosofiis,
fsiqologiis, literaturuli krikitis, poetikis, socialuri Teoriis,
lingvistikis da eTnologiis dargebidan. man gardaqmna Cveni azrovneba swavlisa
da bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. is dagvexmara, rom ukeT gagvego adamianis iseTi
qmedebebis xasiaTi da funqciebi, rogoricaa socialuri metyveleba, egocentruli
metyveleba, instrumentebis da niSnebis gamoyeneba. piaJeze metad, man dagvanaxa, Tu
rogori rTuli, dinamiuri, socialurad da semiotikurad gaSualebuli procesia
bavSvisaTvis swavla. swavlisadmi misma aseTma unikalurma midgomam daangria
tradiciuli idea, rom adamianebi gamoyofilni arian im socio-kulturuli
garemodan, romelSic moqmedeben. tradiciuli Teoria man axali TeoriiT Secvala,
romelic amtkicebs Tu rogori urTierTmomcvelni arian individi da sazogadoeba.
 refleqsiis savarjiSo
(keTdeba yoveli Teoriis gavlis Semdeg)

gaecaniT dasmul kiTxvebs da debulebebs, gaiazreT ganvlil

sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi da mosazrebebi CainiSneT. pasuxebi dagexmarebaT
Sesaswavli masalis gaazreba/refleqsiaSi. Tqvens mier gacemuli pasuxebi
gagviziareT.

1. am Teoriis/sakiTxis Seswavlas CemTvis aqvs raime azri? (Tu ki, kerZod

ra? Tu ara, ratom ara?)
2. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom me is gavige?
3. es kiTxva unda davsva, Torem damaviwydeba, kerZod...
4. yuradRebiT var?
5. vaxerxeb imis gakeTebas/gagebas, rasac meubnebian?
6. muSaobisas yuradReba mefanteba?
7. mowesrigebulad vmuSaob?
8. ra TanmimdevrobiT unda viswavlo masala?
9. es kargad gavige, kerZod...
10. es saswavli maqvs, kerZod…...
11. swrafad vmuSaob?
12. sxvas vakvirdebi da saqme gasakeTebeli mrCeba?
13. am sakiTxis garkvevas sakmarisi dro davuTmeT?
14. romelime sakiTxi Tavidan xom ar gaviaroT? kerZod...
15. es sakiTxi ( miuTiTeT konkretulad romeli) rTulia CemTvis, magram
mainc SevZleb!
16. yvelaferi movaswari, rac dagegmili iyo?
17. ra unda gamovasworo?
18. SemiZlia viamayo Cemi muSaobiT?
19. rac saWiroa yvelaferi Caviwere?
20. ocnebebSi xom ar gaverTe?
 ganviTarebis Teoriebi

froidis fsiqo-seqsualuri ganviTarebis Teoria

froidi Tvlida, rom adamianis qcevas gansazRvravs, upirveles

yovlisa, biologiuri, cxoveluri ltolvebi da instinqtebi, siamovnebis
miRebis survili, romlebic aris principulad antisazogadoebrivi.
ramdenadac is, rac adamians Wirdeba da riskenac miiswrafis, aris
ZiriTadad gare, socialur samyaroSi, mas uxdeba adaptireba/Segueba
sazogadoebasTan da am instinqtebisa da ltolvebis moTokva da
regulireba. fsiqoanalizuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, adreul asakSi
garemosTan adaptaciis TvalsazrisiT warumatebloba didi xnis Semdegac

3-სკინერი,
პიაჟე.pdf
iCens Tavs. amitom fsiqoanalitikosebi did yuradRebas
uTmoben adreul bavSvobas (dabadebidan 5 wlis asakamde), radgan swored
am periodSi xdeba ZiriTadad pirovnebis ganviTareba.
froidis fsiqoseqsualuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, pirovneba Sedgeba
sami komponentisgan _ idi, ego da super ego. idis erTaderTi funqciaa
Tandayolili biologiuri instinqtebis dakmayofileba. ego aris
cnobieri, racionaluri. misi funqciaa instinqtebis dakmayofilebis
realisturi saSualebebis moZieba. super ego aris "Sinagani cenzori",
romelsac internalizebuli (gaSinagnebuli) aqvs mSoblebis moraluri
Rirebulebebi da standartebi. super ego moiTxovs, rom egom moZebnos
idis arasasurveli instinqtebis dakmayofilebisTvis socialurad
misaRebi xerxebi.
froidis mixedviT, pirovneba gaivlis ganviTarebis xuT stadias.
fsiqo-seqsualuri ganviTareba iwyeba oraluri stadiiT (dabadebidan
daaxloebiT 1,5 wlamde) rodesac bavSvisTvis piri warmoadgens
siamovnebis miRebis centrs. meore, analur stadiaze (daaxloebiT 1,5
wlidan 3 wlamde) bavSvis siamovneba dakavSirebulia gamoyofis
procesebTan. mesame, falosur stadiaze (3 wlidan 5 wlamde) bavSvis
siamovneba dakavSirebulia genitaliebTan. meoTxe latenturi stadiisTvis
(dawyebiTi skolis asaki) damaxasiaTebelia seqsualurobis mimarT
interesis droebiT Caqroba. bolo, genitaluri stadia iwyeba sqesobrivi
momwifebidan da grZeldeba Semdgomac.

fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis stadiebi z.froidis mixedviT

stadia asaki aRwera

oraluri dabadebidan seqsualuri instinqti centrirebulia pirze,
1 wlamde radgan Cvilebi iReben siamovnebas iseTi
oraluri qmedebebisgan, roforicaa wova,
ReWva da kbena. ZuZuTi kveba CvilebisTvis
aris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani.
magaliTad, Tu Cvils Zalian adre an

1
 mkveTrad movaSorebT ZuZus, SeiZleba
SemdgomSi iyos zedmetad damokidebuli
meuRle
analuri 1 _ 3 weli uneblie Sardva da defekacia xdeba
seqsualuri instiqtis dakmayofilebis
ZiriTadi xerxi. tualetis miCvevis
procedurebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios yvelaze
intensiuri konfliqtebi bavSvebsa da
mSoblebs Soris. amdenad emocionalurma
klimatma, romelsac mSobeli qmnis, SeiZleba
xangrZlivi gavlena moaxdinos bavSvze.
magaliTad, bavSvebi, romelTac sjian
tualetTan dakavSirebuli
"incidentebisTvis", SeiZleba gaxden
Senelebuli, mouwesrigebeli da
mflangveli.
falikuri 3 _ 6 weli bavSvi siamovnebas iRebs genitaliebis
stimulaciiT. bavSvebs uviTardebaT
sapirispiro sqesis mSobelze mimarTuli
incesturi survilebi (rasac ewodeba
"oidiposis kompleqsi" biWebTan da
"eleqtras kompleqsi" gogonebTan). am
konfliqtebidan momdinare SfoTva, ubiZgebs
bavSvebs Tavisive sqesis mSoblis genderuli
rolebis maxasiaTeblebisa da moraluri
standartebis gaSinagnebisken
(internalizaciisken). Cndeba super ego
latenturi 6 _ 11 weli falikuri stadiis travmebs mivyavarT
seqsualuri konfliqtebisa da seqsualuri
survilebis daTrgunvasTan, romelTa
gadatana, warmarTva xdeba saswavlo
aqtivobaSi da moZrav TamaSebSi. ego da
super ego ganagrZobs ganviTarebas imis
mixedviT ramdenad viTardeba bavSvSi
gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari da ramdenad
axdens moraluri faseulobebis
gaSinagnebas (internalizacias)
genitaluri 12 weli da pubertati iwvevs seqsualuri
Semdgom moTxovnilebebis gaRviZebas. mozardebma
unda iswavlon am moTxovnilebebis
gamoxatva sazogadoebisTvis misaRebi
formiT. Tu ganviTareba iyo jansaRi, maSin
momwifebuli seqsualuri instinqti
dakmayofildeba qorwinebaSi da bavSvebis
aRzrdaSi

2
 froidi amtkicebda, rom adreuli bavSvobis periodis gancdebs da
konfliqtebs SeuZliaT seriozuli gavlena moaxdinon zrdasruli
adamianis pirovnebaze, mis interesebsa da saqmianobaze.

froidis Teoriis Rirseba da nakli

ar arsebobs mniSvnelovani dasabuTeba imisa, rom froidis mier
aqcentirebuli oraluri, analuri da genitaluri konfliqtebis
meSveobiT SeiZleba sandod viwinaswarmetyveloT rogori iqneba
zrdasruli pirovnebis struqtura. amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom
froidis mosazrebebi eyrdnoboda SedarebiT mcirericxovani pacientebis
mogonebebs, romelTa gamocdilebis ganzogadeba adamianebis
umravlesobaze ar iqneba gamarTlebuli. magram ar SeiZleba uarvyoT
froidis ideebi mxolod imis gamo, rom zogierTi maTgani ramdenadme
usafuZvlod gveCveneba. froidis yvelaze mniSvnelovani wvlili
fsiqologiaSi iyo aracnobieri motivaciis koncefcia. XIX saukunis Sua
wlebSi rodesac fsiqologia iwyebda damoukideblad ganviTarebas,
mkvlevarebi koncentrirebuli iyvnen cnobierebis calkeuli aspeqtebis
Seswavlaze, rogoricaa SegrZnebebi, aRqmis iluziebi. pirvelma swored
froidma mianiSna, rom fsiqikuri fenomenebis didi umravlesoba
cnobierebis miRmaa darCenili. froidma aseve fasdaudebeli samsaxuri
gauwia mecnierebas imiT, rom yuradReba miaqcia adreul asakSi gancdil
movlenebs, romlebic bevr rameSi gansazRvraven pirovnebis Semdgom
ganviTarebas. mecnierebi dResac kamaToben Tu ramdenad Zlieria
adreuli gancdebis gavlena ganviTarebaze, Tumca bevr Tanamedrove
mkvlevars eWvi ar epareba, rom adreuli gamocdilebis zogierT aspeqts
SeuZlia didi xnis ganmavlobaSi moaxdinos gavlena pirovnebaze.
dabolos, froidma Seiswavla adamianis emociebi _ mijaWvuloba, SiSebi,
SfoTvebi da sxva grZnobebi _ rac xSirad yuradRebis miRma rCebodaT
qcevaze da kognitur ganviTarebaze koncentrirebul mkvlevarebs. froidi
marTlac iyo gamoCenili novatori.

eriksonis fsiqosocialuri ganviTarebis Teoria

froidis Teoria udaod mniSvnelovani iyo, Tumca neofroidistebma,
gansakuTrebiT erik eriksonma, ar gaiziares froidis mosazreba, rom
ganviTarebis mTavari warmmarTveli aris fsiqoseqsualuri momwifeba.

eriksonis Teorias bevri aqvs saerTo froidis TeoriasTan, magram

sxvaobac mniSvnelovania. man gamoyo rva fsiqo-socialuri stadia,
romelsac adamiani gaivlis mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. TiToeuli
moicavs ganviTarebis kriziss. ganviTareba damokidebulia imaze, Tu
ramdenad warmatebiT gadalaxavs adamiani TiToeul kriziss. es
stadiebia:
1. ndoba & undobloba (dabadebidan 1 wlamde): ZiriTadi kiTxva, romelic
dgas am stadiaze adamianis winaSe aris: "SemiZlia Tu ara vendo
samyaros?" Tu is adamianebi, romlebic bavSvze zrunaven,
regularulad awvdian mas sakvebs, amSvideben da siyvaruls iCenen mis
mimarT, Cvili swavlobs ndobas, rom adamianebi saimedoni da sandoni
3
 arian. xolo Tu aRmzrdelebi ugulvebelyofen bavSvis
moTxovnilebebs an cudad eqcevian mas, an damokidebuleba bavSvisadmi
ar aris Tanmimdevruli (xan zrunaven, xan ugulebelyofen), bavSvi
swavlobs undoblobas, rom samyaro arasaimedo da saSiSic kia.
2. avtonomia & sircxvili da eWvi (1-dan 3-wlamde): am stadiaze bavSvi
cdilobs gaarkvios: "SemiZlia Tu ara vmarTo sakuTari sxeuli,
Sevasrulo raime moqmedeba, qceva?" zrdasTan erTad bavSvi iwyebs
damoukideblad Wamas, dabanas, Cacmas, sapirfareSos gamoyenebas. Tu
aRmzrdelebi waaxaliseben, mxars uWeren mis damoukideblad
moqmedebas, bavSvs uviTardeba avtonomiis gancda, rom mas SeuZlia
TviTon gaumklavdes bevr amocanas da problemas. xolo Tu
aRmzrdelebi ar aZleven bavSvs saSualebas Seasrulos is amocanebi,
rac ukve SeuZlia da dascinian mis mcdelobebs iyos damoukidebeli,
bavSvs uviTardeba sircxvilis da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis mimarT
eWvis grZnoba.
3. iniciativa & danaSaulis grZnoba (3-dan 5 wlamde): axla mniSvnelovani
xdeba sxva ram: "SemiZlia gavxde damoukidebeli mSoblebisagan da
gamovikvlio Cemi SesaZleblobebi?" am asakSi bavSvi cdilobs gaakeTos
aramarto is, rac SeuZlia, aramed cdilobs imis gakeTebasac, rac jer
kargad ar SeuZlia. Tu aRmzrdelebi amxneveben da exmarebian
realisturi da Sesaferisi amocanebis gadawyvetaSi, bavSvebs
uviTardebaT iniciativis grZnoba (raimes damoukideblad dagegmvisa da
Sesrulebis unari); xolo Tu bavSvs ar aZleven uflebas TviTon
gaumklavdes am amocanebs, dascinian da sayveduroben, bavSvs uCndeba
danaSaulis grZnoba;
4. bejiToba & arasrulfasovnebis grZnoba ( 6-dan daaxloebiT 11-12
wlamde): am asakSi bavSvi skolaSi midis da axal garemoSi mTavaria
gairkves: "SemiZlia gavxde imdenad kompetenturi, yoCaRi, rom Seveguo
samyaros?" Tu maswavleblebi aqezeben/amxneveben bavSvs CaerTos
sxvadasxva saqmianobaSi da Semdeg aqeben miRwevebisa da
warmatebisTvis, bavSvi bejiTi da Sromismoyvare xdeba; magram Tu
bavSvs dascinian da sjian warumateblobisTvis, is fiqrobs, rom ver
amarTlebs mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis molodinebs, uviTardeba
arasrulfasovnebis SegrZneba sakuTari Tavis mimarT;
5. pirovnebis identoba & socialuri rolebis mimarT gaurkvevloba
(daaxloebiT 11-12 wlidan 20 wlamde): "vin var me? rogoria Cemi
Sexedulebebi, rwmenebi da poziciebi?" amis garkvevaa mTavari
mozardisTvis. am periodSi bavSvi iwyebs fiqrs imaze, Tu ra rols
asrulebs mozrdilTa samyaroSi; cdilobs gaarkvios vin aris, ra aris
misTvis mniSvnelovani da ra miznis miRweva surs cxovrebaSi. amis
gamo, xSirad bevr gansxvavebul rames hkidebs xolme xels. Tumca am
periodis dasasrulisaTvis umravlesobas uyalibdeba pirovnebis,
sakuTari individualobis SegrZneba. magram SeiZleba yvelam ver
moaxerxos es da hqondes gaurkvevlobis gancda.
6. intimuroba & izolacia (20-dan 39 wlamde): zrdasrulobaSi Sesuli
adamianisTvis mTavaria gaarkvios: "SemiZlia mTlianad mivuZRvna Cemi
Tavi sxva adamians?" am periodSi adamiani, romelmac ipova sakuTari
pirovneba, mzad aris Tavisi cxovreba sxva adamianebis cxovrebas
4
 daukavSiros. yalibdeba sxva adamianTan intimuri (axlo) ormxrivi
urTierTobebis damyarebis unari (megobroba, qorwineba) da xSirad am
urTierTobebis SesanarCuneblad daTmobebze wasvlac SeuZlia. xolo
Tu adamians ar aqvs axlo urTierTobebis damyarebis unari, SeiZleba
ganuviTardes martoobis da izolaciis (gariyulobis) grZnoba.
7. generatiuloba/produqtuloba & stagnacia (umoqmedoba) (40-dan 59
wlamde): dgeba periodi, rodesac adamiani cdilobs gaarkvios: "ra
SemiZlia SevTavazo momaval Taobebs?" am asakSi adamianis mTavari
amocanaa sakuTari wvlili Seitanos sazogadoebaSi da momavali
Taobis mrCevelisa da megzuris roli gaswios. roca bavSvebis
aRzrdisa Tu sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblo samuSaos SesrulebiT
adamians wvlili Seaqvs sazogadoebaSi, mas uviTardeba
produqtulobis grZnoba; xolo Tu adamiani sakuTar Tavzea
fiqsirebuli da ar gaaCnia unari an survili sazogadoebaSi CarTvis,
mas uCndeba ukmayofilebis grZnoba, umoqmedobis SegrZneba _ viTardeba
stagnacia
8. me-s mTlianoba/moraluri da eTikuri siZliere & sasowarkveTilebis
gancda (60 wlidan): sicocxlis bolos adamianebi yuradRebas Tavisi
warsuli cxovrebisaken da miRwevebisaken mimarTaven: "kmayofili var
Tu ara ganvlili cxovrebiT?" TuU adamiani Tvlis, rom misi cxovreba
bednieri da nayofieri iyo, mas kmayofilebisa da moraluri siZlieris
SegrZneba uyalibdeba. xolo Tu misi cxovreba imedgacruebiTa da
warumateblobiT iyo savse, SeiZleba sasowarkveTileba daeuflos.

eriksonma gaafarTova fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriis CarCoebi _

bavSvobis, mozardobisa da Wabukobis garda, moicva adamianis cxovrebis
Semdgomi nawilic mis dasasrulamde.
fsiqologiuri ganviTareba, eriksonis azriT, xdeba individis
biologiuri moTxovnilebebisa da sazogadoebis moTxovnaTa
urTierTqmedebis Sedegad sxvadasxva stadiaze. am stadiebs gaivlis yvela
adamiani. xolo TiToeuli stadiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli konfliqti
aucileblad unda gadaiWras.
romelime stadiaze konfliqtis gadaWraSi warumateblobis
kompensireba SesaZlebelia, Tu Semdgom stadiaze Seiqmneba
ganviTarebisTvis xelsayreli pirobebi. Tumca 20 wlis asakidan es
SedarebiT rTulad xdeba, radgan pirovnebis identoba, misi "me" ukve
formirebulia am asakisTvis.
ganviTarebis fsiqoanalizuri Teoria emyareba faqtebs, romlebic,
ZiriTadad, miRebulia klinikuri saubris meTodiT da nakleb dasturdeba
eqsperimentebis meSveobiT. amitom xSirad maTi debulebebi eWvis qveS
dgeba.

eriksonis Teoriis Rirsebebi da nakli

bevri upiratesobas aniWebs eriksonis Teorias, radgan uWirT
daijeron, rom adamiani seqsualuri instinqtebis iseTi Zlieri
gavlenis qveS imyofeba, rogorc amas froidi amtkicebda. gacilebiT
ufro advilia eriksonis ideebis miReba, romelic xazs usvams
adamianis racionalurobas. garda amisa, is aqcents akeTebs iseT
5
socialur konfliqtebze da dilemebze, romelTa msgavsi SeiZleba
yvelas qondes gasaxsenebeli warsulidan, an ganicdides mocemul
momentSi, an advilad warmoidginos momavalSi. SeiZleba msgavsi
ramis SemCneva da dakvirveba nacnob adamianebSic.
eriksonma Tavis fsiqosocialuri ganviTarebis stadiebSi
sworad asaxa cxovrebis bevri centraluri problema. magaliTad,
Cvilebis emocionaluri ganviTareba, bavSvobaSi sakuTar Tavze
warmodgenebis ganviTareba da identobis krizisi, megobrebis da
amxanagebis gavlena socialur ganviTarebaze da sxv. meore mxriv,
eriksonis TeoriaSi SesaZloa ar aris naTlad gansazRvruli
ganviTarebis determinantebi _ es Teoria aRwers adamianis socialur
da emocionalur ganviTarebas da ar moicavs am ganviTarebis
meqanizmebisa da mizezebis adeqvatur axsnas.

fsiqoanalituri Teoria dRes

am ori didi moazrovnis garda sxva fsiqoanalitikosebmac
Seitanes mniSvnelovani wvlili adamianis ganviTarebis SeswavlaSi.
magaliTad, karen hornim faqtobrivad daafuZna disciplina qalebis
fsiqologia; alfred adleri erT-erTi pirveli iyo, vinc gamoTqva
varaudi, rom ded-mamiSvilebs Soris urTierTobebs (metoqeobis
CaTvliT) mniSvnelovani wvlili aqvs socialur da pirovnul
ganviTarebaSi. hari stek salivanma, amerikelma fsiqologma xazi
gausva im garemoebas, rom saSualo bavSvobis xanaSi axlo megobruli
urTierTobebi erTi sqesis warmomadgenlebs Soris amzadebs niadags
SemdgomSi intimuri da sasiyvarulo urTierTobebisTvis. es Teoriebi
koncentrirebulia ufro metad imaze, Tu ra gavlenas axdens
ganviTarebaze socialuri garemo da naklebad (froidisgan
gansxvavebiT) seqsualur instinqtebze.

literatura:
• greis kraigi _ ganviTarebis fsiqologia, me-7 gamocema, gam. "piteri",
sankt-peterburgi, 2000 (rusul enaze) gv. 68-78 da gv. 88-92
• konspeqti

6
 fsiqosocialuri ganviTarebis etapebi eriksonis mixedviT (kraigidan)

sta asaki ganviTarebis socialuri pirobebi fsiqosocialuri mTavari

dia konfliqtis sagani Sedegi socialuri
gamosavali agenti
1 dabadebidan SemiZlia Tu ara mxardaWera, ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba, ndoba & mSobeli,
1 wlamde vendo samyaros? Tanmimdevruloba & mxardaWeris ar qona, deprivacia, meurve,
araTanmimdevruloba undobloba mzrunveli
Cvilebma unda iswavlon andon Tu ara sxvebs maTze zrunva,
ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. Tu meurveebi uaryofen
maT saWiroebebs an araTanmimdevrulebi arian, Cvilebma SeiZleba
miiCnion samyaro saxifaTo adgilad, romelic savsea arasando
adamianebiT.
2 2-dan 3 wlamde SemiZlia Tu ara gonivruli nebadarTuloba, mxardaWera & avtonomia & mSoblebi
vmarTo sakuTari hipermzrunveloba, mxardaWerisa da ndobis arqona
qceva? bavSvebma unda iswavlon iyon "avtonomiurebi", e.i. damoukideblad eWvi
Wamon da Caicvan, Tavs mouaron da a.S. am damoukideblobis
mopovebaSi marcxma SeiZleba bavSvi daaeWvos sakuTar unarebSi da
gamudmebiT ganicdides sircxvils.
3 4-dan 5 wlamde SemiZlia gavxde aqtiurobis waxaliseba, SesaZleblobebis arseboba & iniciativa &
damoukidebeli SesaZleblobebis arqona, aqtiurobis ar mowoneba
mSoblebisagan da bavSvebi cdiloben imoqmedon rogorc mozrdilebi, da cdiloben danaSauli
gamovikvlio Cemi aiRon Tavis Tavze pasuxismgebloba, romelic maT Zalebs aRemateba.
SesaZleblobebis zogjer maT swrafva iwvevs konfliqts ojaxis sxva wevrTa
sazRvrebi? interesebTan, da am konfliqtebma SeiZleba gaaCinos maTSi
danaSaulis grZnoba. am krizisis warmatebiT gadawyveta inarCunebs
wonasworobas: bavSvma unda SeinarCunos iniciativis grZnoba da
amasTan iswavlos ar Selaxos sxvaTa uflebebi, sxvaTa
privilegiebi da pativi sces maT miswrafebebs
4 6-dan 11 wlamde SemiZlia gavxde sistematuri swavleba da aRzrda, dadebiTi magaliTebis arseboba Sromismoyvareoba maswavleb-
imdenad yoCaRi, rom mibaZvisTvis & cudi swavleba, xelmZRvanelobisa da mxardaWeris & lebi da
Seveguo samyaros? arqona. Tanatolebi
bavSvebi unda daeuflon mniSvnelovan socialur da saswavlo
unar-Cvevebs. es aris periodi, rodesac bavSvi adarebs Tavis Tavs arasrulfasovne-
Tanatolebs. Tu bavSvis qceva sakmarisad produqtulia, is iZens bis gancda
socialur da saswavlo unar-Cvevebs, rac saSualebas aZlevs
darwmunebuli iyos sakuTar TavSi. marcxi iwvevs
arasrulfasovnebis grZnobas.
5 12-dan 18 wlamde vin var me? rogoria Sinagani simyare da memkvidreobiToba, naTlad gansazRvruli identuroba & Tanatolebi
(siymawvile da Cemi Sexedulebebi, genderuli modelebis arseboba mibaZvisTvis da dadebiTi

7
 Wabukoba) rwmenebi da ukukavSiri & miznis bundovaneba, bundovani ukukavSiri,
poziciebi? aragamokveTili molodinebi
esaa gzajvaredini bavSvobasa da mozrdilobas Soris. mozardi rolebis aRreva
cdilobs gaarkvios: "vin var me?" mozardebma unda daamyaron
bazisuri socialuri da profesionaluri identoba, Torem isini
darCebian gaurkvevlobaSi im rolebTan dakavSirebiT, romelic maT
unda Seasrulon mozrdilobaSi.
6 axalgazrdoba SemiZlia mTlianad sulieri siTbo, gageba, ndoba & simartove siaxlove Seyvarebule-
20-40 weli mivuZRvna Cemi Tavi am stadiis ZiriTadi amocanaa Rrma megobruli urTierTobebis & bi, meuRleebi
sxva adamians? formireba da siyvarulisa da megobrulobis grZnobis miRweva sxva izolacia da axlo
adamianis mimaT. martoobisa da izolaciis grZnoba, rogorc wesi, megobrebi
Cndeba megobrobisa an intimuri urTierTobebis formirebis (orive
uunarobis SemTxvevaSi. sqesis)
7 mowifuloba ra SemiZlia mizandasaxuloba, produqtuloba & piradi cxovrebis gaRaribeba generatiuloba meuRle,
40-65 weli SevTavazo momaval am stadiaze mozrdilebi xvdebian SromiT saqmianobaSi da momavali & Svilebi da
Taobebs? Taobis aRzrdaSi produqtulobis miRwevis amocanas. stagnacia kulturuli
"generatiulobis" standartebi ganisazRvreba ama Tu im kulturiT. normebi
isini, visac ar aqvT unari an ar surT aiRon Tavze aseTi
pasuxismgeblobebi, stagnacias ganicdian da sakuTar Tavze arian
centrirebuli.
8 xandazmuloba kmayofili var Tu ara cxovrebis gzis dasrulebulobis, gegmebisa da miznebis asrulebis, ego-s mTlianoba
65 da zeviT ganvlili cxovrebiT? sisrulisa da mTlianobis gancda & dasrulebulobis gancdis &
arqona, ganvlili cxovrebiT daukmauofilebloba sasowarkveTa
moxucebuli ganixilavs sakuTar cxovrebas rogorc gaazrebul,
produqtul da bednier gamocdilebas an rogorc gamudmebul
imedgacruebas, ararealizebuli SesaZleblobebiTa da miuRweveli
miznebiT savse. cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba, gansakuTrebiT
socialuri cxovrebis gamocdileba, ganapirobebs am stadiaze
krizisis gamosavals.

8
 humanisturi fsiqologia (a. maslou da k. rojersi)

humanisturi fsiqologiis TvalsazrisiT adamiani ufro metia, vidre

cxoveluri ltolvebis erTianoba an stimulze reaqciebi. am Teoriis fi-
losofiuri safuZvelia egzistencialuri filosofia, romlis Tanaxmadac
sikeTe Tandayolili Tvisebaa.
egzistencialuri filosofiis Tanaxmad, adamiani miiswrafis ipovos
misi pirovnuli arsebobis sazrisi da icxovros Tavisuflad da eTikuri
principebis Sesabamisad. amitom humanisturi fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi
uaryofen ltolvebisa da instinqtebis determinizms, an garemos mxridan
daprogramebas. isini yvelaze maRla ayeneben adamianis potencials da
Tvlian, rom adamianebi TviTon irCeven rogor icxovron. humanisturi
fsiqologiis mimdevrebisTvis Tanabrad mniSvnelovania cnobierebac da
aracnobieric.
am mimarTulebis erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia abraham
maslou. mis "me"-s TeoriaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba TiToeuli
adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TviT-aqtualizaciis (sakuTari potencialis
sruli ganviTarebis) Tandayolil moTxovnilebas.
maslous azriT, adamianis qcevas moTxovnileba gansazRvravs. igi
ganasxvavebs Tandayolil (biologiur) da SeZenil (socialur da pirovnul)
moTxovnilebebs. socialuri da pirovnebis ganviTarebis moTxovnilebebi
adamianis ganviTarebasTan erTad yalibdeba. masloum moTxovnilebebi
warmoadgina piramidis saxiT. mis moTxovnilebaTa ierarqiul modelSi
biologiuri, anu sabaziso moTxovnilebebi yvelaze dabal safexurzea,
xolo pirovnebis ganviTarebisa da sakuTari Tavis realizaciis
moTxovnileba _ yvelaze maRal safexurze.

9
 TviTaqtu
alizacia

esTetikuri
simetria,
wesrigi,
silamaze
kognituri
codna
mniSvneloba

dafaseba

siyvaruli da
mikuTvnebuloba

usafrTxoeba

fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebi

maslous Teoriis mixedviT, adamiani moTxovnilebebs am ierarqiaSi

mocemuli TanmimdevrobiT ikmayofilebs _ mas gadarCenisaTvis jer
biologiuri da fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba esaWiroeba;
amis Semdeg uCndeba mas usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba; roca
dakmayofilebulia usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba, adamians mikuTvnebulobisa
da siyvarulis moTxovnileba uCndeba da a.S. yoveli safexuris
moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis Semdeg aqtualuri xdeba momdevno
safexuris moTxovnileba. anu, adamians maRali donis moTxovnilebebi
gauCndeba maSin, rodesac dakmayofilebuli aqvs dabali donis fizikuri da
emociuri keTildReobisaTvis saWiro moTxovnilebebi. TviT-aqtualizaciis
done sxva doneebisagan gansxvavebiT, danaklisis Sevsebaze ki ar aris
mimarTuli, aramed pirovnebis ganviTarebasa da misi SesaZleblobebis
realizaciaze. miuxedavad maslous modelis ierarqiulobisa, garkveul
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia adamianis qcevas warmarTavdes zeda safexuris
moTxovnileba ise, rom ar iyos dakmayofilebuli qveda safexuris
moTxovnileba.
maslou Tvlida, rom TviT-aqtualizaciis moTxovnileba adamianis
cxovrebaSi asrulebs aranakleb rols, vidre yvela sxva moTxovnileba.
"adamiani unda gaxdes is, rac SeuZlia rom gaxdes". garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, TviT-aqtualizaciis moTxovnileba arasodes ar SeiZleba
iqnas dakmayofilebuli srulad, ramdenadac is Tavis TavSi moicavs
10
WeSmaritebis Ziebas, mcdelobas miaRwios Tanasworobas da samarTlianobas,
mSvenierebis Seqmnasa da misken swrafvas.

humanisturi fsiqologiis kidev erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia

karl rojersi.
karl rojersis pirovnebis Teoriis ZiriTadi cnebebia: "me-koncefcia",
"fenomenologia" da "TviT-aqtualizaciis tendencia".
rojersi miiCnevda, rom adamianis qceva garegan stimulze _ garemo
realobaze ufro metad subieqtur gamocdilebaze _ subieqtur realobazea
damokidebuli. organizms, garemosTan ureTierTqmedebis sakuTari
gamocdilebis safuZvelze, TandaTan uyalibdeba me-s cnobiereba, me-
koncefcia anu sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb warmodgena. me-koncefcia aris
adamianis grZnobebisa da Sexedulebebis erToblioba sakuTar Tavze,
sakuTar fizikur SesaZleblobebsa da Tvisebebze, rogoria sxva adamianebis
damokidebuleba maT mimarT. me-s cnobierebis Camoyalibeba bavSvis
ganviTarebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqtia. amis safuZvelze
afasebs pirovneba sakuTar Tavs, garemos, sxva adamianebis misdami
damokidebulebas da a.S.
rojersis azriT, mniSvnelovania urTierTmimarTeba organizmis
aqtualur gancdasa da me-koncefcias, TviT-aRqmas Soris. rodesac
cnobierebaSi asaxuli gancdebi, anu me-s Sesaxeb warmodgenebi, realurad
asaxavs organizmis mdgomareobas (gancdebs, STabeWdilebebs), pirovneba
kargad aris adaptirebuli da sruli SesaZleblobebiT funqcionirebs.
aseTi adamianis azrovneba realisturia, is grZnobebsa da gancdebs SiSisa
da SfoTvis gareSe iRebs. Tu winaaRmdegobaa me-koncefciasa da organizmis
gancdebs Soris, aseT SemTxvevaSi pirovnebas uCndeba SfoTva da SiSi, misi
qceva TavdacviTi xasiaTisaa, xolo azrovneba _ SezRuduli da rigiduli.
TviT-aqtualizaciis tendencia adamianis me-sa da organizmis
Tandayolili unaria. is gulisxmobs adamianis ganviTarebasa da sakuTari
SesaZleblobebis srulad gamovlenas. pirovnuli zrda da ganviTareba
winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxvis, problemis gadawyvetis gamocdilebis miRebis
Sedegia. marTalia, TviT-aqtualizacia adamianis Tandayolili unaria,
magram rojersis mixedviT, is aRzrdis Sedegad yalibdeba. ufrosebis
bavSvisadmi damokidebuleba gansazRvravs mis TviT-aRqmas, Sexedulebas
sakuTar Tavze da TviT-aqtualizacias. kerZod, rojersi Tvlis, rom
"upirobo pozitiuri damokidebuleba" TviT-aqtualizaciis aucilebeli
pirobaa. aseTi damokidebuleba adamians TviT-pativiscemasa da Rirsebis
grZnobas uyalibebs.
bavSvs unarebis ganviTarebisa da SesaZleblobebis realizaciis
moTxovnileba uaxloes socialur garemosTan (ojaxi, skola, samezoblo)
urTierTobis procesSi uyalibdeba. ufrosebis Sefasebebi, adamianis qcevaze
reagireba mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens me-koncefciis Camoyalibebasa da
pirovnebis TviTSefasebaze. swored ufrosis mxridan upirobo pozitiuri
damokidebuleba, gulwrfeloba, mimRebloba da gagebaa is mniSvnelovani
faqtorebi, rac kongruentuli pirovnebis formirebasa da misi TviT-
aqtualizaciis moTxovnilebis (anu ganviTarebisa da sakuTari Tavis
realizebis moTxovnilebis) Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels.

11
 rojersi miiCnevs, rom samyaro fenomenaluri, piradulia TiToeuli
adamianisaTvis. es imas niSnavs, rom adamiani garemoze reagirebs sakuTari
individualuri aRqmisa da SegrZnebebis safuZvelze. misi garemosTan
urTierTobis gamocdileba imdenad unikaluria, rom SeuZlebelia mis
gancdebs bolomde Cawvdes meore adamiani. swored amitom rojersi Zalian
did mniSvnelobas aniWebs adamianur urTierTobebSi empaTiis (sxva adamianis
grZnobebis gagebisa da gaziarebis, TanagrZnobis unaris) gamovlenas.
adamianis mdidar SesaZleblobebze aqcentirebiT humanisturma
fsiqologiam mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina mozrdili adamianebis
fsiqoTerapiaze da TviTdaxmarebis programebis (mag. daxmarebis programebi
alkoholze damokidebuli adamianebisTvis) Seqmnasa da danergvaze. aseve
bavSvebis aRzrdis meTodebis cvlilebasac Seuwyo xeli, romlebic
TiToeuli bavSvis unikalurobasa da pativiscemaze aris damyarebuli.
pedagogikaSi es gavlena gamoixata skolis SigniT pirovnebaTa Soris
urTierTobebis humanizaciaSi.

piaJe da kognitivistebi amtkiceben, rom inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze

mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvs biologiur momwifebas da aRzrdas. aris ori
midgoma, romlebic aseve aRiarebs bunebas da aRzrdas adamianis
ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan determinantebad. amasTan, eTologia xazs usvams
ganviTarebis biologiur mxares, ekologiuri sistemebis Teoria ki mTavar
rols socialur konteqsts miakuTvnebs.

eTologia _ evoluciuri midgoma

TvalsaCino amerikeli mecnieri arnold gezeli, bihevioristebisgan

gansxvavebiT, Tvlida, rom adamianis ganviTareba ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia
biologiuri momwifebiT. misi azriT, bavSvebi mcenareebis msgavsad
"ifurCqnebian" garkveuli Tandayolili, genebiT ganpirobebuli ganrigis
(paternis) mixedviT. aRzrdis faqtorebs TiTqmis ar iRebda mxedvelobaSi.

marTalia, Tanamedrove mecnierebi ar iziareben gezelis radikalizms,

magram idea, rom biologiuri faqtorebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben
adamianis ganviTarebaSi, cocxalia da eTologiiis ZiriTad debulebas
warmoadgens. eTologia, rogorc mecniereba Camoyalibda XX saukunis 60-ian
wlebSi da pirveli eTologebi swavlobden cxovelebs. mxolod bolo oci
wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoCnda kvlevebi, romlebSic mecnierebma scades
ganesazRvraT adamianis ganviTarebis evoluciuri faqtorebi. eTologia
aris qcevis ganviTarebis evoluciuri wanamZRvrebis mecnieruli kvleva da
imis Seswavla Tu ra gavlenas axdens es qcevebi biologiuri arsebebis
gadarCenasa ("viJivanie") da ganviTarebaze. am midgomis sawyisebi Carlz
darvinis SromebSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes, Tumca Tanamedrove eTologia
eyrdnoba konrad lorencisa da nikolas tinbergenis Sromebs. eseni arian
evropeli zoologebi, romelTa kvlevebma cxovelebze naTeli mofina
kavSirs evoluciur da adaptur (anu gadarCenis xelSemwyob) qcevebs Soris.
eTologebma yuradRebis fokusireba moaxdines Tandayolil anu instinqtur
reaqciebze, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia ama Tu im saxeobis yvela
individisTvis.

12
eTologiis ZiriTadi debulebebi
cxovelebis yvela saxeoba ibadeba didi raodenobiT "biologiurad
daprogramebuli" qcevebiT, romlebic aris: 1) evoluciis produqti da 2)
adapturi xasiaTis. magaliTad, frinvelebs aqvT budis Senebis, garkveul
periodSi simReris an dedis xatis daxsomebis (imprintingi) Tandayolili
moqmedebebis sakmaod rTuli erToblioba. eTologebis azriT, moxda am
biologiurad daprogramebuli maxasiaTeblebis evolucia darvinis mier
aRweril bunebrivi gadarCevis procesSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi yvelaze
adapturi moqmedebebis safuZvlad mdebare genebi vrceldeboda erTidaimave
saxeobis individebSi da xels uwyobda am saxeobis gadarCenas.
sad SeiZleba davakvirdeT am adaptur moqmedebebs da SeviswavloT maTi
mniSvneloba ganviTarebisTvis? umjobesia bunebriv pirobebSi, sadac moxda
am qcevebis evolucia da damtkicda maTi adapturoba.

eTologia da adamianis ganviTareba

instinqturi reaqciebi, romlebic xels uwyoben gadarCenas, ufro advilad
Seiswavleba cxovelebis magaliTze. magram ramdenad axasiaTebT es
reaqciebi adamianebs? da Tu axasiaTebT, aseTi daprogramebuli reaqciebi
rogor axdenen gavlenas ganviTarebaze?
adamianis Semswavleli eTologebi aramarto imas varaudoben, rom bavSvebs
aqvT mravalferovani Tandayolili reaqciebi, aramed amtkiceben, rom es
reaqciebi xels uwyobs specifiuri gancdebis gaCenas, romelic exmareba
individs gadarCenasa da normalur ganviTarebaSi (boulbi, 1963,1973).
magaliTad, Cvilis tirili aris tkivilis, diskomfortis biologiurad
daprogramebuli signali, romelic momvlelis yuradRebas iqcevs.
eTologebis azriT, momvlelebsac aqvT am signalze biologiurad
daprogramebuli reaqciebi (maSinaTve midian CvilTan da akmayofileben mis
moTxovnilebebs). bavSvis tirilis adapturi xasiaTi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
jer erTi, uzrunvelyofs bazisuri moTxovnilebebis (SimSili, wyurvili,
usafrTxoeba) dakmayofilebas da meore, Cvili amyarebs kontaqtebs sxva
adamianebTan da xdeba emociuri mijaWvulobis formireba (boulbi, 1973).
Tumca emociuri mijaWvuloba ar xdeba avtomaturad _ Cvilma jer unda
iswavlos nacnobi da ucnobi saxeebis garCeva da mxolod amis Semdeg
avlens nacnobi adamianisadmi emociuri mijaWvulobis niSnebs. am qcevis
adapturi xasiaTi SeiZleba momdinareobdes momTabare cxovrebis
periodidan. patarebisTvis aucilebeli iyo nacnobi adamianebisadmi
emociurad dakavSireba da ucxo adamianebis morideba, radgan ucxo xSirad
safrTxis Semcveli iyo. amitomac ucxo saxis danaxvaze bavSvi iwyebda
tirils, iqcevda yuradRebas da ase xSirad axerxebda gadarCenas.
magram zogierTma momvlelma SeiZleba ar miaqcios saTanado yuradReba
bavSvis tirils da maSin tirili ar iwvevs socialur kontaqtebs. aseT
bavSvs albaT, ar uviTardeba sando emociuri mijaWvuloba momvlelis
mimarT da SemdgomSi SesaZloa gauCndes frTxili damokidebuleba aramarto
ojaxis wevrebis mimarT. eTologebis erTi nawili sicocxlis pirvel sam
wels Tvlis senzitiur periodad emociuri da socialuri urTierTobebis
("otzivCivost") ganviTarebisTvis (boulbi, 1973). maTi azriT, Tu adreul
asakSi ar iyo SesaZlebeli mWidro emociuri kavSirebis formireba,
13
individs Semdeg bevrad ufro uZneldeba axlo megobruli an intimuri
urTierTobebis damyareba.
rogorc vxedavT, eTologebi aRiareben socialuri gamocdilebis rols,
magram xazs usvamen, rom adamianebi yovelTvis rCebian biologiur
arsebebad, romelTa Tandayolili maxasiaTeblebi gavlenas axdenen
sociumSi miRebul gamocdilebaze.

eTologiuri Tvalsazrisis Rirseba da nakli

eTologTa bevri hipoTeza jer kidev ganixileba rogorc spekulatiuri, da
miuxedavad amisa, maT ukve Seitanes mniSvnelovani wvlili ganviTarebis
fsiqologiaSi _ Segvaxsenes, rom yvela bavSvi biologiuri arsebaa,
romelic ibadeba biologiurad daprogramebuli adapturi TvisebebiT da es
Tvisebebi iwveven garSemomyofi adamianebis garkveul reaqciebs. eTologebma
fasdaudebeli wvlili Seitanes meTodologiaSi, aCvenes ra adamianis
ganviTarebis bunebriv pirobebSi Seswavlis Rirebuleba da moaxdines
adamianis ganviTarebis Sedareba sxva saxeobebis ganviTarebasTan.
rac Seexeba nakls, fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriis msgavsad, eTologebis
mosazrebebis Semowmebac Zalze Znelia. magaliTad, rogor SeiZleba imis
damtkiceba, rom qcevis sxvadasxva motivebi aris Tandayolili, adapturi da
evoluciix Sedegi? garda amisa, evoluciuri koncefciebi advilad SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT ukve momxdaris asaxsnelad, magram ramdenad SeuZlia am
Teorias momavali qcevebis prognozireba? dabolos, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu
arsebobs adamianis qcevis garkveuli motivebis biologiuri safuZveli,
isini ise SeiZleba Seicvalos daswavlis (gamocdilebis miRebis) Sedegad,
rom ar Rirs maTi evoluciuri Rirebulebis kvlevisTvis drois da
resursebis dakargva. adamianis qcevisa da xasiaTis formirebisas
socialuri daswavlis meSveobiT swrafad xdeba Tandayolili evoluciuri
meqanizmebis daZleva.

uri bronfenbreneris ekologiuri sistemebis Teoria

ekologiuri sistemebis Teoria bavSvis ganviTarebas garemomcveli

samyaros mravaldoniani, ierarqiuli kavSirebis rTuli sistemis WrilSi
ganixilavs.
am modelis Tanaxmad, adamianis ganviTareba aris dinamiuri, ori
mimarTulebiT mimdinare (reciprokuli) procesi. individi aqtiurad
gadaastruqturebs Tavis mravaldonian sasicocxlo garemos da
amavdroulad TviTonac ganicdis zemoqmedebas garemosgan.
bronfenbreneris azriT, bavSvis ganviTarebis ekologiuri garemo
Sedgeba oTxi erTmaneTSi budisebr "Casmuli" sistemisgan (rusuli
"matrioSkas" msgavsad), romelic moicavs aramarto bavSvis yoveldRiur
sasicocxlo garemos (saxls, skolas da samezoblos), aramed mis farglebs
miRmac vrceldeba. garemos TiToeuli fena ganviTarebaze arsebiT gavlenas
axdens.
mikrosistema aris bavSvis garemos pirveli done _ ojaxi, sabavSvo
baRi, skola. am dones yvelaze xSirad Seiswavlian fsiqologebi.
14
 mezosistema iqmneba ori an meti mikrosistemis urTierTkavSiriT.
ganviTarebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens formaluri da araformaluri
kavSirebi ojaxsa da skolas an ojaxs, skolasa da TanatolTa jgufebs
Soris.
ekzosistemas qmnis socialuri garemosa da sazogadoebrivi
struqturebi, romelTac uSualo Sexeba TiTqos ar aqvT individTan, magram
gavlenas axdenen mis ganviTarebaze. mag., mSoblebis samsaxuri, adgilobrivi
samedicino an sxva dawesebulebebi (banki, policia, maRazia, afTiaqi), aseve
gafarToebuli ojaxi (naTesavebi), mSoblebis megobrebisa da mezoblebis
wre.
makrosistema sxva doneebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar aris dakavSirebuli
konkretul garemocvasTan, aramed moicavs im kulturis Rirebulebebs,
kanonebs, tradiciebs, romelSic izrdeba da cxovrobs individi. marTalia,
oTxive donis sistemebi axdens gavlenas adamianis ganviTarebaze, magram
bronfenbreneri mainc gansakuTrebul rols aniWebs makrosistemas, radgan
mas SeuZlia gavlenis moxdena yvela sxva doneze.
am modelis Tanaxmad, garemo bavSvze erTferovnad moqmedi statikuri
Zala rodia. is mudmivad cvalebadia. cxovrebis iseTi mniSvnelovani
movlenebi, rogoricaa dis an Zmis dabadeba, skolaSi wasvla, mSoblebis
gayra, bavSvsa da garemos Soris arsebul urTierTobas cvlis da
ganviTarebaze moqmed axal pirobebs uyris safuZvels.
cxovrebiseuli movlenebis cvlilebebi bavSvs Tavs exveva. amave dros
es cvlilebebi bavSvis Sinagan samyaroSic SeiZleba moxdes, radgan asakTan
erTad isini Tavad irCeven, cvlian da qmnian sakuTar garemos da
gamocdilebas. am saqmeSi warmateba maT fizikur, gonebriv da pirovnul
Taviseburebebze da garemo pirobebzea damokidebuli. amrigad, ekologiuri
sistemebis TeoriaSi ganviTareba arc garemo movlenebiT regulirdeba da
arc individis TaviseburebebiT imarTeba. bavSvebi sakuTari garemos
produqtebi da imavdroulad Semqmnelebi arian. bavSvebic da garemoc
urTierTdamokidebulia.

ekologiuri sistemebis Teoriis Rirseba da nakli

es midgoma sxva Teoriebze ukeT gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas aRvweroT
individis ganviTarebaze garemos gavlenebi. am midgomis warmomadgenlebi
Tvlian, rom azri ar aqvs garemos gavlenis Seswavlas laboratoriis
pirobebSi: mxolod ganviTarebadi pirovnebebisa da mudmivad cvalebadi
sistemebis urTierTqmedebaze uSualo dakvirvebiT SeiZleba gavigoT rogor
zemoqmedebs pirovneba Tavis garemoze da ra saxis gavlenas ganicdis
garemos mxridan.
magram dgeba sakiTxi: ramdenad aris es SesaZlebeli am Teoriis mixedviT?
Tu unikaluri pirovneba zemoqmedebs unikalur ekologiur sistemebze da
Tavis mxriv ganicdis gavlenebs, aseTive unikaluri xom ar aris TiToeuli
adamianis ganviTarebac? sxvadasxva dros an sxvadasxva kulturaSi myofi
adamianebis ganviTarebaze sxvadasxva Teoria xom ar unda Seiqmnas?
magaliTad, 20-iani wlebis uzbeki qalebisTvis sxva da 90-iani wlebis
norvegielebisTvis sxva?

15
marTalia, bronfenbreneri Tavis Teorias bio-ekologiur Teorias uwodebs,
magram cota ram aris naTqvami ganviTarebis specifikurad biologiuri
faqtorebis Sesaxeb.

mikro
sistema

mezo
sistema

eqso
sistema

makro
sistema

d uznaZis Sexedulebebi

d.uznaZe jer kidev gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebSi werda: ~bavSvis ganvi-
Tarebis arsebuli Teoriebi rom gangvexila, maSin davrwmundebodiT, rom
calke momqmedi faqtorebis Tvalsazrisi uZluria mozardi adamianis ganvi-
Tarebis faqti gasagebi gaxados, rom namdvilad arc Sina faqtorebis aspeq-
tiT SeiZleba ganviTarebis gansazRvra da arc gare faqtorebis aspeqtiT.
magram SeiZleba ki sazogadod arsebobdes iseTi ram, rac imgvar winaaR-
mdegobaTa mTlianobas warmoadgens, rogoricaa Sinagani da garegani, bio-
logiuri da socialuri?! faqtia, rom cocxali organizmis Sinagani SesaZ-
leblobani mxolod Sesatyvisi gare pirobebis niadagze pouloben realiza-
cias.

16
 ibadeba kiTxva: Tu cocxali organizmis ganviTareba savsebiT imazea da-
mokidebuli, Sexvdeba Tu ara misi Sinagani SesaZleblobebi swored im gare
pirobebs, romelic savsebiT maT Seesatyviseba, maSin rogorRa unda iyos Se-
saZlebeli axaldabadebulis ganviTareba? im auracxeli pirobebidan, ro-
mlebic masze iwyeben zemoqmedebas, mxolod zogierTi Seesatyviseba mis Za-
lebs; miuxedavad amisa, verc erTi cocxali organizmi ver aRwevs ganviTa-
rebis iseT mwvervalebs, rogorsac adamianis Svili. riT unda aixsnas es er-
Ti SexedviT saocari movlena?"
d. uznaZis azriT, bavSvis (adamianis) ganviTareba imitom xdeba SesaZle-
beli, rom igi imTaviTve fizikurs ki ara, aramed socialur garemoSi iwyebs
da ganagrZnobs cxovrebas.
ra Tqma unda, es ara marto axaldabadebulis Sesaxeb iTqmis: TiToeul
asaks Tavisi specifikuri garemo aqvs, romelic fizikuri sinamdvilis xasia-
TiT ki ara, uwinares yovlisa, socialuradaa gansazRvruli. bavSvis (adamia-
nis) ganviTareba, socialurad gansazRvruli asakobrivi garemos zemoqmede-
bis pirobebSi xorcieldeba.
patara adamiani sruliad axal garemoSi iwyebs arsebobas. rogoria es
axali garemo? _ mravalferovani. magram yvelgan, ganviTarebis yvela safe-
xurze bavSvsa da bunebas Soris is socialuri erTeuli dgeba, romelsac
axaldabadebulis mSoblebi ekuTvnian. imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria am socia-
luri erTeulis ekonomiuri da saerTo kulturuli mdgomareoba, muSavdeba
bavSvis movlis garkveuli wesebi, e.i. muSavdeba is, rasac Cven asakobriv ga-
remos vuwodebT.
magram ra gansazRvravs TviTon asakobriv garemos? riT xelmZRvanelobs
bavSvis (adamianis) socialuri wre, rodesac masze moqmed gamRizianebelTa
SerCevasa da modifikacias axdens? ... fizikuri garemo TavisTavad indife-
rentulia bavSvis (adamianis) Sinagan SesaZleblobaTa mimarT da misi zemoq-
medeba SemTxveviTia. magram ganviTareba mxolod maSin xdeba SesaZlebeli,
Tu garemos zemoqmedeba cocxali organizmis Sinagan ZalTa ganviTarebis
mocemul dones Seesatyviseba. Tu amis mixedviT asakobrivi garemos azri
isaa, rom bavSvze (adamianze) SemTxveviT mocemuli stimulebis nacvlad misi
Sinagani Zalebis Sesatyvisma stimulebma imoqmedos, maSin gasagebia, rom ra
stimulebi Seva asakobriv garemoSi imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra xasiaTisa
da ra donis Zalebi aqvs bavSvs (adamians) Sesatyvis asakSi mocemuli. maSa-
sadame, asakobriv garemos saTanado asakis Sinagan SesaZleblobaTa done
gansazRvravs.
amrigad, erTi mxriv, bavSvis (adamianis) ZalTa ganviTareba masze moqmed
asakobriv garemozea damokidebuli, xolo, meore mxriv, piriqiT, TviTon asa-
kobrivi garemos Sinaarsi bavSvis (adamianis) ZalTa ganviTarebis doniT ga-
nisazRvreba.

axaldabadebuli ukve namdvili adamiania aramarto garegnuli Sexedu-

lebiT, aramed im mxrivac, rom yvela mniSvnelovani organoebi da organoTa
sistemebi TiTqmis sruliad mzamzareuli, yovel SemTxvevaSi, imdenad momwi-
febuli mainc aqvs, rom safunqciod bevri araferi aklia.
Canasaxi iseT garemoSi izrdeba da viTardeba, sadac Seguebis aqtebi
sruliad araa saWiro, ramdenadac igi gare pirobaTa uSualo zegavlenisa-
gan daculia. arc fexia saWiro am garemoSi da arc xeli, arc sxva ram or-
17
gano, mitom rom dedis muceli maTi gamoyenebisaTvis araviTar saWiroebas
ar badebs. miuxedavad amisa, Canasaxi yvelafers amas iZens da axalSobil
bavSvs yvelaferi es imdenad ganviTarebuli aqvs, rom zogierTi maTganis
amoqmedebas ukve pirveli dRidanve axerxebs.
maS ra tendenciebi moqmedebs embrionSi? ra warmarTavs mis yofas da
ganviTarebas?
bavSvis organoebi viTardebian da mwifdebian TavisTavad, martooden
Sinagani kanonzomierebis impulsiT: dedis mucelSi organizmi Tavisuflad
da wmindad Slis im SesaZleblobebs, romlebic mas memkvidreobiT aqvs Tan-
dayolili.
TiToeuli funqcia, romelic CanasaxSi potencialuradaa mocemuli da
dedis mucelSi organizmis, Sinagani impulsebis zegavleniT Tavis garkveul
saxes Rebulobs, Tavisi Semdegi ganviTarebisaTvis aucileblad saTanado
garemos zegavlenas moiTxovs. organoebis Semdgomi funqcionaluri ganviTa-
reba aseTi garemos zemoqmedebis gareSe sruliad SeuZlebelia.
dabadebis aqtiT axalSobili individis damoukidebeli arseboba iwyeba.
TviTdacvis instinqti amieridan misi qcevis ZiriTad warmmarTvel Zalad iq-
ceva. magram aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs meore ZiriTad instinqts _ arsebu-
li funqciebis amoqmedebis tendencias.
yovel mocemul asakSi bavSvs Zalebis gansazRvruli maragi esaWiroeba,
raTa misi arseboba SesaZlebeli Seiqmnes. bavSvis Zalebis maragi marto bio-
logiurad aucilebeli funqciebiT ar amoiwureba.
bavSvis SesaZleblobaTa maragSi ZalTa ori jgufi unda gavarCioT: er-
Ti jgufi misTvis biologiurad aris aucilebeli, meore _ biologiur ga-
moyenebas moklebulia.
yoveli mocemuli asakis bavSvis Zalebi da funqciebi moqmedebaSi imyo-
febian: Zalebis erTi jgufi mis sasicocxlo moTxovnilebaTa impulsiT
moqmedebs. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs bavSvis moqmedebis im formebTan, ro-
melnic organizmis aqtualuri moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas isaxaven miz-
nad. Zalebis meore jgufi, romelTa arsebobac marto memkvidreobas eyrdno-
ba, funqcionaluri tendenciis niadagze iCens aqtivobas. cxadia, organizmis
biologiur moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis mizanTan mas kavSiri ara aqvs.

Sinagan SesaZleblobaTa amoqmedeba SeuZlebelia Sesatyvisi pirobebis

zemoqmedebis gareSe. yvela im Sinagan SesaZleblobaTagan, romelic bavSvis
fsiqofizikur organizms moepoveba, funqcionalur tendencias yvelaze uf-
ro mkafiod is SesaZleblobani gamoiCenen, romelnic garemoSi aucilebels
Sesatyvis pirobebs Sexvdebian. magaliTad, bavSvi yvelgan da yovelTvis er-
Tnairad rodi TamaSobs, aramed misi TamaSis saxeebi da formebi garemos mi-
xedviT icvlebian. mocemul asakSi bavSvs (adamians) umwifdeba ama Tu im
funqciaTa sistemis Sinagani SesaZleblobani da igi garkveul funqciona-
lur tendencias grZnobs. am SemTxvevaSi sakmarisia garemoSi am funqciis
Sesatyvisi pirobebi Sexvdes, rom funqcionalurma tendenciam im wamsve
mkveTrad iCinos Tavi.
garemos zemoqmedebas aq gadamWreli mniSvneloba aqvs da, maSasadame,
imis gareSe funqcionaluri tendenciis garkveuli mimarTulebiT aqtuali-
zacia, sruliad SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

18
 d. uznaZis azriT, fsiqikuri ganviTareba Sinagan SesaZleblobaTa da
maTTvis Sesatyvisi pirobebis Sexvedris niadagze warmoebs. Tu Sinagans Se-
satyvisi garegani ar aqvs, misi aqtivacia, da Sesabamisad, ganviTarebac ar
xdeba. ganviTareba orive momentis Sexvedris Sedegad xdeba SesaZlebeli.

adamianis ganviTarebis arsebuli Teoriebi, SeiZleba daiyos or

jgufad: meqanicisturi da organizmuli.
meqanicisturi midgoma SeiZleba daviyvanoT sam ZiriTad debulebaze:
1. ganviTareba ganpirobebulia an memkvidreobiTobiT, an cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebiT (Tumca SeiZleba aRiarebden garkveul gavlenas
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebisa pirvel SemTxvevaSi da memkvidreobiTobisa
meore SemTxvevaSi).
2. adamiani TamaSobs pasiur rols an mxolod reagirebs garemos
gamRizianeblebze;
3. ganviTareba aris Tanmimdevroba mcire, magram dakvirvebadi da
gazomvadi (dadebiTi an uaryofiTi) gamocdilebebis. meqanicisturi modeli
adamianebs amsgavsebs manqanebs, ganixilavs ra maT rogorc nawilebis
erTobliobas da pasiur arsebebs, romlebic icvlebian gare zemoqmedebis
Sedegad. aseve Tvlis, rom cvlilebebi xdeba TandaTan imis mixedviT Tu
rogor emateba an akldeba axali detalebi (qcevis specifiuri paternebi)
"nawilebis erTobliobas".
organizmuli Teoriebis sami ZiriTadi debulebaa:
1. ganviTareba xdeba gamocdilebisa da genetikuri faqtorebis
urTierTqmedebiT;
2. ganviTarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani wyaroa TviTon ganviTarebadi
adamianis aqtiuroba;
3. ganviTareba Sedgeba Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli stadiebisgan,
romelTa winaswarmetyveleba, winaswar gaTvla aris SesaZlebeli da
romlebic ucvlelia.
organizmuli modelis Tanaxmad, adamianebi arian mTliani arsebebi da
ara nawilebis ubralo erToblioba, aqtiurad monawileoben ganviTarebis
procesSi da icvlebian Sinagani Zalebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad (rogoricaa
instinqtebi an momwifeba); amasTan, momwifebasTan erTad adamianebi gadian
ganviTarebis mkveTrad gamoyofil (diskretul) stadiebs.
bolo dros gamoCnda kidev erTi msoflmxedvelobrivi koncefcia _
konteqstualuri modeli, romlis Tanaxmadac ganviTareba ganixileba
rogorc individisa da garemos urTierTzemoqmedebis produqti.
ganviTarebis procesSi aqtiurad monawileoben adamianebic (organizmuli
modeli) da garemoc (meqanicisturi modeli). ganviTarebas SeiZleba hqondes
universaluri aspeqtebic da garkveuli kulturebis, epoqebisa da
individebisaTvis specifiuri aspeqtebic. arsebobs SesaZlebloba rogorc
Tvisebrivi, ise raodenobrivi cvlilebebis, ris Sedegadac ganviTareba
SeiZleba mimdinareobdes mravalgvari gzebiT, romlebic damokidebulia
Sinagani (buneba) da garegani (garemo) faqtorebis rTul
urTierTmoqmedebaze.
ganviTarebis yvela adreuli Teoria eyrdnoboda erT-erT
msoflmxedvelobriv koncefcias (ix. cxrili 1). arc erTi ZiriTadi Teoria

19
ar eyrdnoba konteqstualur models, magram zogierTi axlosaa masTan.
magaliTad:
• informaciis gadamuSavebis Teoriis warmomadgenlebi Tvlian, rom
bavSvebi da mozardebi aqtiurad gadaamuSaveben garemodan miRebul
monacemebs, Tanac aseTi "aqtiuri procesorebis" SesaZleblobebi bevr
rameSi damokidebulia biologiuri momwifebis procesebze da
mozardebis mier miRebuli socialuri da kulturuli gamocdilebis
specifikaze. (vigotskis socio-kulturuli Teoriac moicavs Tavis TavSi
aseTive varaudebs).
• bronfenbreneris ekologiuri sistemebis Teoriac eyrdnoba
konteqstualur msoflmxedvelobas. erTis mxriv, bronfenbreneri akeTebs
meqanicistur daSvebas, rom adamianebi ganicdian garemos bevri
konteqstis gavlenas _ dawyebuli ojaxidan da mocemuli sazogadoebis
socialur struqturamde. magram amave dros is aRiarebs, rom bavSvebi da
mozardebi arian aqtiuri biologiuri arsebebi, romlebic icvlebian
momwifebasTan erTad, Tanac maTi qceva da biologiurad ganpirobebuli
Tvisebebi gavlenas axdenen imave garemoze, romelic zemoqmedebs maT
ganviTarebaze. amrigad, ganviTarebas bronfenbreneri ganixilavs rogorc
dinamiur urTierTqmedebas aqtiur pirovnebasa da mudmivad cvalebad
gare samyaros Soris, da amis safuZvelze es Teoria iTvleba
konteqstualur Teoriad.
• uznaZis ganwyobis Teoriac SeiZleba Tu ara mivakuTvnoT konteqstualur
TeoriaTa rigs? ratom?

gamomdinare iqidan, rom arc erT ZiriTad Teorias ar SeuZlia axsnas

ganviTarebis yvela aspeqti, magram TiToeuli Seicavs Tavis racionalur
marcvals, dRes bevri mkvlevari emxroba Teoriul ekleqtizms.

diskusia: uznaZis ganwyobis Teoria SeiZleba Tu ara mivakuTvnoT

konteqstualur TeoriaTa rigs? ratom?

ganviTarebis ZiriTadi Teoriebis safuZvlad mdebare filosofiuri

principebi

20
Teoria aqtiuroba/pasiuroba ganviTarebis biologiuri faqtor
uwyvetoba/diskretuloba aRmzrdelobiTTan S
daswavl pirovneba pasiuria: bavSvebis ganviTareba uwyvetia: aqcenti aRzrda ufro mniSvn
is formirebas axdens garemo keTdeba daswavlili reaqciebis ganviTarebis mTavari
Teoria (Tumca bandura amtkicebs, rom (Cvevebis) TandaTanobiT garemodan momavali
ganviTarebadi pirovnebebi damatebaze ara biologiuri faq
aseve axdenen gavlenas Tavis
garemoze)
fsiqoan pirovneba aqtiuria: bavSvis ganviTareba diskretulia: xdeba gaTvaliswineb
a- aqtiurobis wyaro aris aqcenti keTdeba ganviTarebis biologiuri, aseve s
litiku instinqtebi, romlebic fsiqoseqsualur (froidi) an faqtorebis: biolog
ri miimarTeba (sxva adamianebis fsiqosocialur (eriksoni) (instinqtebi, momwife
Teoria daxmarebiT) socialurad stadiebze fsiqoseqsualuri ga
misaRebi arxebisken stadiebisa da fsiqo
krizisebis wanamZRvr
aRzrdis xerxebi gav
mocemuli stadiebis
Sedegebze
piaJes pirovneba aqtiuria: garemosTan ganviTareba diskretulia: gaTvaliswinebulia
kognitu adaptaciis procesSi bavSvebi aqcenti keTdeba kognituri biologiuri, ise soc
ri aqtiurad axdenen sul ufro ganviTarebis Tvisebrivad faqtorebi: bavSvebs
ganviTa rTuli warmodgenebis gansxvavebuli stadiebis adaptaciis Tandayol
re-bis formirebas sakuTar Tavze, ucvlel (invariantul) moTxovnileba, Tanac
Teoria sxvebze da garemoze Tanmimdevrobaze Tavis mxriv, formir
mastimulirebeli ga
romelic uzrunvely
amocanas adaptaciis
eTolog pirovneba aqtiuria: adamianebi ganviTareba uwyveticaa da biologiuri faqtor
ia ibadebian qcevis biologiurad diskretulic: xazi esmeba, rom keTdeba adapturi qc
daprogramebuli paternebiT, adapturi qcevis paternebi biologiurad dapro
romlebic xels uwyoben emateba TandaTan, magram amasTan paternebze, Tumca wa
garemosTan Seguebas da zogierTi adapturi unari adaptaciisaTvis saWi
ganviTarebas Cndeba ucbad (an ar Cndeba) socialuri garemo
Sesabamisi senzitiuri
(mgrZnobiare) periodebis
ganmavlobaSi
informa pirovneba aqtiuria: bavSvebi ganviTareba uwyvetia: aqcenti gaTvaliswinebulia
ci-is aqtiurad gadaamuSaveben keTdeba raodenobriv biologiuri, ise soc
gadamuS garemodan mosul cvlilebebze yuradRebaSi, faqtorebi: informac
a-vebis informacias, rom pasuxi aRqmaSi, mexsierebaSi da gadamuSavebis unareb
Teoria gascen SekiTxvebs, gadaWran problemis gadaWris CvevebSi mniSvnelovnad aris
problemebi da Tavi gaarTvan biologiur momwifeb
gare samyaros sxva amocanebs socialur/kulturul
faqtorebze
vigotsk pirovneba aqtiuria: bavSvebi ganviTareba uwyvetia: gaTvaliswinebulia
is aqtiurad gadaamuSaveben sazogadoebis ufro biologiuri, ise soc
socio- garemos mier mowodebul kompetentur warmomadgenlebTan faqtorebi: aqcenti k

21
kultur informacias, romelic urTierTqmedebisas bavSvebi magram aRiarebulia,
uli mimarTulebas aZlevs maT TandaTan iZenen axal unar- momwifeba gavlenas
Teoria saswavlo saqmianobas da Cvevebs axalwarmonaqmnebze,
azrovnebas formirebasac axdene
garemodan mosuli i
safuZvelze
ekolog pirovneba erTdroulad ganviTareba aris rogorc socialuri faqtore
iuri aqtiuricaa da pasiuric: uwyveti, aseve diskretuli: xazi yuradReba eTmoba ga
sistemeb adamianebi aqtiurad esmeba, rom urTierTqmedebas garemos konteqstebi
is zemoqmedeben garemos mudmivad cvalebad individebsa magram aRiarebulia,
Teoria konteqstze, romelic Tavis da mudmivad cvalebad garemos biologiurad deter
mxriv zemoqmedebs maTze Soris mivyavarT raodenobriv Tvisebebma SeiZleba
cvlilebebamde ganviTarebaSi. maT qcevaze
magram diskretulma movlenebma,
romlebsac adgili aqvs
individebTanac da mis
garemoSic (magaliTad,
pubertatis miRweva an
mSoblebis ganqorwineba),
SeiZleba gamoiwvion mkveTri
Tvisebrivi cvlilebebi
uznaZis pirovneba aqtiuricaa da ganviTareba aris uwyvetic da gaTvaliswinebulia
ganwyob pasiuric: diskretulic: biologiuri, ise soc
is faqtorebi
Teoria

22
 memkvidreoba da garemo.

ganviTarebis prenataluri da neonataluri periodi

1. ganviTareba iwyeba Casaxvis momentidan, rodesac spermatozoidi

SeaRwevs kvercxujredSi da amis Sedegad warmoiqmneba zigota. adamianis
zigota Seicavs 46 qromosomas (23-s TiToeuli mSoblisgan). TiToeuli
qromosoma Sedgeba dezoqsiribonukleinis mJavas (drn) molekulebisagan,
romelTac genebs uwodeben. zigotis ganviTareba xdeba axali somaturi
ujredebis Seqmnis procesis _ mitozis meSveobiT. aseve mniSvnelovania
meiozis procesi, romlis Sedegadac xdeba gametebis (spermatozoidebisa da
kvercxujredebis) producireba.

monozigoturi tyupebi (identuri genotipebiT) viTardebian erTi

zigotidan, romelic iyofa or damoukidebel ujredad. dizigoturi tyupebi
(sxvadasxva genotipebiT) viTardebian ori sxvadasxva kvercxujredidan.

adamianis kvercxujredi, Cveulebriv, Seicavs X-qromosomebs. bavSvis

sqess mama gansazRvravs. Tu spermatozoidi, romelic anayofierebs
kvercxujreds, Seicavs YY-qromosomas, bavSvi iqneba mamrobiTi sqesis, xolo
Tu Seicavs X-qromosomas, maSin _ mdedrobiTi sqesis.

arsebobs genotipis (memkvidreobiT miRebuli genebi) fenotipze

(adamianis dakvirvebadi da gazomvadi maxasiaTeblebi _ grZnobebi, azrebi,
qcevebi) gavlenis mravali varianti. zogierTi Tviseba ganpirobebulia
alelTa wyvili genebiT. dominantur/recesiul niSnebs individSi warmoaCens
dominanturi alelis fenotipi. Tu genuri wyvili aris kodominanturi,
maSin individis fenotipi warmoaCens dominanturi da recesiuli alelis
erTobliobas (magaliTad, A da B antigenebis Tanabari raodenobiT
arseboba heterozigotur individebTan).

sqesTan mijaWvuli Tvisebebic recesiuli genebiT gadadis (magaliTad,

hemofilia da daltonizmi). isini ufro xSirad mamakacebSi Cndebian.
zogierTi Tviseba gadadis genetikuri imprintingiT _ mxolod erTi
mSoblis mxolod erTi aleliT. yvelaze rTuli adamianuri Tvisebebi,
rogoricaa inteleqti da pirovnuli Tvisebebi, aris poligenetikuri _
ganpirobebulia ara erTi, aramed mravali genuri wyviliT.

2. arsebobs qromosomuli da genetikuri anomaliebi. zogjer bavSvebs

aqvT Tandayolili defeqtebi (magaliTad, hentingtonis xorea), romelTac
iwvevs anomaliuri genebi da qromosomebi. qromosomul anomaliebSi yvelaze
xSiria Zalian bevri an Zalian cota sqesis ganmsazRvreli qromosomebis
arseboba.

autosomnuri darRvevebidan yvelaze gavrcelebulia daunis sindromi,

rodesac bavSvi memkvidreobiT iRebs zedmet 23-e qromosomas, rac iwvevs
fizikur gadaxrebs da gonebriv Seferxebas. daunis sindromis Sedegebia
gonebrivi CamorCena, mexsierebisa da metyvelebis problemebi, SezRuduli
leqsika da Senelebuli motoruli ganviTareba. daavadebul individebs
mkveTrad gamoxatuli fizikuri niSnebic axasiaTebs _ dabali, Cafskvnili
aRnagoba, brtyeli saxe, gamovardnili ena, nuSiseburi formis Tvalebi da
arabunebrivi nakeci mTeli xelisgulis gaswvriv. amasTan, axalSobilebi
daunis sindromiT xSirad Tvalis kataraqtiT, siyruiT, gulisa da
nawlavuri defeqtebiT ibadebian. medicinis winsvlasTan erTad daunis
sindromiani individebi sul ufro naklebad iRupebian adreul asakSi. bevri
maTgani 50, zogi ki, 60-80 welsac aRwevs (Roizem & Patterson, 2003). sicocxlis
gaxangrZliveba misasalmebelia, Tumca bevr avadmyofs, romelic 40 welze
metxans cocxlobs, alcheimeris daavadebis simptomebi _ gonebasustobis
yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma aReniSneba (Head & Lott, 2004). am daavadebas 21-
e qromosomis genebi ukavSirdeba. daunis sindromiani bavSvebi mSoblebis
gansakuTrebul mzrunvelobas saWiroeben.

garegnul defeqtebs xSirad sunTqvasTan da WamasTan dakavSirebuli

sirTuleebic sdevs. es bavSvebi arabunebrivad icinian, avlenen sust mzeriT
kontaqts da sagnebsac naklebi sijiutiT Seiswavlian, magram garemosTan
urTierTobis dros mSoblebis gamxnevebis Sedegad isini ukeT viTardebian
(Sigman,1999). maT aseve exmareba erT wlamde da skolamdeli asakis
intervenciuli programebi. Tumca emociuri, socialuri da motoruli unar-
Cvevebi ukeT uviTardebaT, vidre azrovneba (Carr,2002). advili
warmosadgenia, ramdenad ganapirobebs aseTi bavSvebis keTildReobas garemo
faqtorebis zemoqmedeba. daunis sindromian bavSvTa dabadebis riski
dramatulad izrdeba dedis asakTan erTad. ra aris amis mizezi?
genetikosebs miaCniaT, rom kvercxujredi, romelic qalis sxeulSi misive
mucladyofnis periodidan arsebobs, Tavis droze mwifdeba. Sedegad,
qromosomebi saTanadod ar calkevdeba, Tu isini Casaxvisas meiozis process
daasruleben. magram SemTxvevaTa 5-10%-Si zedmeti genetikuri nivTiereba
mamisgan warmoiqmneba. am mutaciis mizezebi ucnobia. zogi mecnieri amas
mamis asaks ukavSirebs, sxvebi miiCneven, rom asaki arafer SuaSia (Fisch da
sxvebi, 2003; Muller da sxvebi 1998).
sqesobrivi qromosomebis anomaliebi. daunis sindromis garda, sxva
autosomnuri daavadebebi, Cveulebriv, imdenad aferxebs ganviTarebas, rom
muclis moSlas iwvevs. dabadebis SemTxvevaSic gadarCena iSviaTia.
sqesobriv qromosomaTa anomaliebi ki, Cveulebriv, nakleb problemebs qmnis.
marTlac, sqesobriv qromosomaTa daavadebebi xSirad zrdasrulobamde arc
mJRavndeba, zogierTi gadaxris dros sqesobrivi momwifebis Seferxeba
xdeba. Zalian xSirad problema dakavSirebulia zedmeti qromosomis (X an
Y-is) arsebobasTan an qalebSi X qromosomis naklebobasTan.
mkvlevarebma mravali mosazreba gaakritikes sqesobriv qromosomaTa
darRvevebis mqone adamianTa Sesaxeb. magaliTad, sulac ar aris
aucilebeli rom XYY sindromiani mamakacebi Cveulebriv XY-ian mamakacebze
agresiulebi, antisocialurebi da konfliqturebi iyvnen. aseve bavSvebis
umetesobas, romelTac sqesobriv qromosomTa darRvevebi aqvT, ar
aReniSnebaT gonebrivi Seferxeba. maTi inteleqtis problemebi metad
specifikuria. verbaluri problemebi (magaliTad, kiTxvisa da sityvaTa
maragis) xSiria sammag X sindromian gogonebSi da klainfelteris
sindromian biWebSi, roca orives aqvs zedmeti memkvidruli X qromosoma.
sapirispirod, gogonebs terneris sindromiT, romlebsac X qromosoma
akliaT, sivrculi aRqmis problemebi aqvT, magaliTad, xatvisas, marjvena-
marcxenis garCevisas, mogzaurobis dros instruqciis dacvisas, aseve
axasiaTebT saxis gamomxatvelobis SesamCnevi cvlilebebi (Geschwind da
sxvebi, 2000; Lawrence da sxvebi, 2003 Simpson da sxvebi, 2003). am kvlevebidan
Cans, rom CveulebrivTan SedarebiT X qromosomis metoba an nakleboba
iwvevs nawilobriv inteleqtur defeqtebs, romlis mizezi genetikosebma
jer-jerobiT ar ician.
qromosomuli anomaliebis mizezebi. naTelia, rom qromosomuli
anomaliebis umravlesoba warmoiSoba meiozis dros mamrobiTi da
mdedrobiTi sqesobrivi ujredebis qromosomebis araTanazomieri
gadanawilebis Sedegad. Tumca mxolod meiozis dros daSvebuli Secdomebi
ar aris qromosomuli anomaliebis erTaderTi mizezi.

daunis sindromisa da sxva qromosomuli anomaliebis gamovlenis

albaToba izrdeba gviani orsulobis SemTxvevaSi, aseve im dedebis
daorsulebisas, romelTac ukve hyavT bavSvi daunis sindromiT. ra SeiZleba
iyos amis mizezi?

erT-erTi hipoTezaa kvercxujredis dabereba. seqsualurad

momwifebuli mamakacebi spermas warmoqmnian mTeli cxovrebis manZilze,
magram qalebs dabadebis momentisTvis ukve aqvT kvercxujredebis mTeli
raodenoba sakvercxeSi. amrigad, 45 wlis qalis kvercxujredis asaki 45
welze metia da is drois an garemos negatiuri faqtorebis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad SeiZleba gadagvardes. garda amisa, kvlevam aCvena, rom dedebs,
romelTac darRveuli aqvT metabolizmi foliuri mJavis da orsulobis
periodSi ar ikvebebian maTi Semcveli produqtebiT (mwvanili, barda, Tevzi,
kvercxi), aseve aqvT saSiSroeba daunis sindromiT daavadebuli bavSvis
gaCenis.

sainteresoa, rom mamis asaki da kveba sust gavlenas axdens

qromosomuli anomaliebis riskze, Tumca mamiseuli gavlena Canasaxis
aranormalurad ganviTarebaze sxvanairad SeiZleba gamoixatos. daunis
sindromiT daavadebulTa daaxloebiT meoTxedi zedmet 21-e qromosomas
mamebisgan iReben da ara dedebisgan (Magenis et al., 1997). amasTan,
qromosomuli anomaliebis riski izrdeba roca mama mwevelia, iRebs
alkoholis did raodenobas an miRebuli aqvs radiaciuli dasxiveba
(Merehood, 2000; Strigini et al.,1990). garda amisa, aRmoCnda, rom 80% gogonebis
terneris sindromiT, viTardebian normaluri (X) kvercxujredidan,
romelic ganayofierda anomaluri spermatozoidiT, romelic ar Seicavs
arc X arc Y qromosomebs (Tolmie,1995).

genetikuri anomaliebi

rogorc vxedavT, bevri genetikuri daavadeba bavSvebze gadadis

janmrTeli mSoblebisgan, romlebic arian anomaluri genis matareblebi.
Tumca genetikuri anomaliebi SeiZleba gamoiwvios aseve mutaciam (cvlileba
erT an ramdenime genSi, romelic xdeba spontanurad an gare faqtorebis
gavleniT, rogoricaa radiacia an toqsiuri qimikatebi).

recesiuli genebiT gardamavali ZiriTadi daavadebebis mokle aRwera

daavadeba aRwera gamovlenis mkurnaloba diagnostika

sixSire prenatalur
periodSi

kistozuri bavSvs aqvs enzimebis 1 axalSobili bronqebis SesaZlebelia

fibrozi nakleboba, romlebic 2500-dan drenaJi.
(kf) ewinaaRmdegebian lorwos TeTrkanianebSi; mkurnaloba
SeRwevas filtvebSi da genebis
saWmlis momnelebel 1 axalSobili Canacvle-biT
traqtSi. bevri kvdeba 15 000-dan afro-
bavSvobaSi an mozardobis amerikelebSi
asakSi, Tumca mkurnalobis
axali meTodebi zogierT
maTgans aZleven cxovrebis
normalurad gagrZelebis
saSualebas.

diabeti nakleboba hormonis, 1 axalSobili dieta. SesaZlebelia

romelic Saqris 2500-dan insulinis
normalurad gadamuSavebis Terapia
saSualebas miscemda
individs. simptomebi _
Zlieri wyurvili da
Sardis gamoyofa.
mkurnalobis ar arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia
gamoiwvios letaluri
Sedegi

diuSenis sqesTan dakavSirebuli 1 biWi 3500 ara. SesaZlebelia

kunTuri darRveva, romelic xels axalSobili sikvdili
diatrofia uSlis kunTebis muSaobas biWidan; gulis
da iwvevs iseT simptomebs, gogonebTan kunTis
rogoricaa gaugebari iSviaTad dasustebiT
metyveleba da motoruli gvxvdeba an
Cvevebis dakargva respirato-
ruli
infeqciiT
xSirad dgeba
7-dan 14
wlamde
asakSi

hemofilia sqesTan dakavSirebuli 1 biWi 3000 sisxlis SesaZlebe-lia

daavadeba, romelsac axalSobili gadasxma.
zogjer uwideben biWidan; Wrilobis
 "sisxldenis daavadeba". gogonebSi Tavidan
bavSvs aqvs ukmarisoba iSviaTad acileba
nivTierebis, romelic gvxvdeba
axdens sisxlis Sededebas.
gakawvris an Wrilobis
SemTxvevaSi daavadebuli
kvdeba sisxlis dakargviT

fenilketo- bavSvs aqvs enzimebis 1 axalSobili 10 dieta SesaZlebe-lia

nuria nakleboba, romelic 000-dan
aucilebelia sakvebis TeTrkanianebSi;
gadamuSavebisTvis, iSviaTad
romelic Seicavs gvxvdeba
fenilalaninis aminomJavas. bavSvebSi
daavadeba Slis nervul afrikuli da
sistemas, iwvevs ra aziuri
hiperaqtiurobas da memkvidreobiT
seriozul gonebriv
CamorCenas

namgalisebr eriTrocitebis animaluri 1 axalSobili sisxlis SesaZlebe-lia

i ujreduli dagrZeleba iwvevs 600 afro- gadasxma.
anemia sxeulSi Jangbadis amerikelidan; analgeti-
araefeqturad miwodebas, kidev ufro kebi. respira-
ris Sedegadac Cndeba metad aris toruli
tkivilis SegrZneba, gavrcelebuli daavadebe-bis
dasieba da organoebis afrikasa da winaaRmdeg
dazianeba, izrdeba samxreT aziaSi mimarTuli
mgrZnobeloba wamlebi.
respiratoruli Zvlis tvinis
daavadebebis mimarT transplan-
tacia
(saWiro
donori Tu
ipoves)

tei-saqsis iwvevs centraluri 1 axalSobili ararsebobs SesaZlebe-lia

daavadeba nervuli sistemis 3600 evropuli
degeneracias sicocxlis warmoSobis
pirveli wlidan; individi ebraelebSi da
Cveulebriv kvdeba 4 wlis frankokanadeleb
asakisTvis Si

warsulSi ojaxuri genetikuri daavadebebis mqone bevri wyvili

amjobinebda, ar gaeCinaT bavSvebi, vidre gaeriskaT anomaliuri bavSvis
dabadeba. dRes, genetikuri konsultacia da prenataluri diagnostika
exmareba maT informirebuli arCevanis gakeTebaSi Casaxvis an srulvadiani
orsulobis Sesaxeb.
genetikuri konsultacia
genetikuri konsultacis mizania daexmaros wyvilebs Seafason
genetikuri darRvevebis mqone bavSvebis gaCenis albaToba da sasikeTod
warmarTon sakuTari arCevani (Shiloh, 1996). konsultacias is individebi
iTxoven, visac bavSvis gaCenasTan dakavSirebiT sirTuleebi hqonda –
magaliTad, ganmeorebiTi muclis moSla an isini, vinc ojaxSi arsebuli
genetikuri problemebis Sesaxeb icis. genetikuri konsultacia esaWiroebaT
qalebs, romlebsac 35 wlamde ar hyoliaT Svili. am asakis mere
qromosomuli anomaliebis saerTo maCvenebeli swrafad izrdeba _ yovel 190
orsulze aris 1, xolo 43 wlis Semdeg yovel 20 orsulze 1 SemTxveva (Wille
da sxvebi, 2004).
Tu ojaxis istoriaSi aris gonebrivi Seferxebis, fizikuri defeqtis
an memkvidruli daavadebebis SemTxvevebi, genetikosi konsultanti esaubreba
wyvils da xatavs ojaxis genealogiis suraTs, romelSic Canan daavadebuli
naTesavebi. genealogia gamoiyeneba momavali mSoblebisTvis SesaZlo
anomaliuri bavSvis gaCenis albaTobis Sesafaseblad. bevri daavadebis
SemTxvevaSi sisxlis testiT an genetikuri analiziT SesaZlebelia imis
dadgena, aris Tu ara mSobeli mavne genis matarebeli. matareblobis
aRmoCena SesaZlebelia yvela recesiuli daavadebisaTvis, iseve, rogorc
myife -X sindromisaTvis.
yvela saWiro informaciis Tavmoyris Semdeg teqnikuri konsultanti
exmareba wyvils Sesabamisi arCevanis ganxilvaSi. es gulisxmobs Casaxvas,
reproduqciuli teqnologiebis arCevas an bavSvis ayvanas.

prenataluri diagnostika da embrionuli medicina

Tu wyvili, romelsac SeiZleba anomaliuri Svili eyolos, bavSvis
Casaxvas gadawyvets, arsebobs prenataluri diagnostikis ramdenime meTodi
– samedicino procedura, romelic bavSvis dabadebamde problemebis
aRmoCenis saSualebas iZleva. prenataluri diagnozis dadgena,
ultrabgeriTi gamokvlevisa da dedis sisxlis analizis garda, yovelTvis
usafrTxo ar aris, radgan SeiZleba ganviTarebadi organizmis dazianeba
gamoiwvios.
prenataluri diagnostika fetaluri medicinis ganviTarebas uwyobs
xels. magaliTad, eqimebs SeuZliaT, saSvilosnoSi nemsis SeyvaniT miawodon
nayofs wamali. qirurgiuli gziT gvardeba iseTi rTuli problemebic,
rogoricaa gulis, filtvebis da diafragmis araswori formireba, saSarde
traqtis garTulebebi, nervuli sistemis defeqtebi, kudusunis simsivneebi.
sisxlis daavadebaTa dros SesaZlebelia nayofisTvis sisxlis gadasxma,
xolo imunodeficitis dros Zvlis tvinis implantaciis saSualebiT
miiRweva imunuri sistemis normaluri funqcionireba.
es teqnologiebi xSirad garTulebebs iwvevs, Cveulebriv, naadrev
tkivilebsa da nayofis mowyvetas (James, 1998). miuxedavad amisa, warmatebis
sul mcire imediT mSoblebi mainc yvela xerxs iyeneben. amitom eqimis valia
informaciis safuZvelze mSoblebs fetalur medicinasTan dakavSirebiT
swori arCevanis gakeTebaSi daexmaros.
genuri inJineriis miRwevebi memkvidruli defeqtebis koreqtirebis
TvalsazrisiT axal imedebs gvisaxavs. rogorc `adamianis genomis proeqtis~
nawili, saerTaSoriso programa miznad isaxavs adamianis genetikuri
nivTierebis (genomis) qimiuri agebulebis gaSifvras. mkvlevarebma Seqmnes
adamianis dnm-is yvela fuZe wyvilis mimdevrobis atlasi. am informaciis
safuZvelze adgenen genomis `anotacias” _ sazRvraven yvela gensa da maT
funqciebs Sesabamisi protein-produqtebisa da maTi `saqmianobis~ CaTvliT.
mTavari mizani 4000 sanimuSo daavadebis mizezis gagebaa, romlebic
gamowveulia rogorc calkeuli genebiT, aseve mravali genisa da garemo
faqtoris rTuli urTierTqmedebiT.
ukve aTasobiT genia gansazRvruli, maTi CaTvliT, romelic asobiT
iseT daavadebaSi monawileobs, rogoricaa kistozuri fibrozi, diuSenis
kunTuri distrofia, hantingtonis daavadeba, marfanis sindromi, namgala
ujredis anemia da kibos mravali forma (National Institutes of Health, 2004).
Sesabamisad xdeba mkurnalobis axali meTodebis SemuSaveba, rogoricaa
genuri Terapia _ mSobiarobis dros genetikuri anomaliebis koreqtireba
dnm-iT, romelsac ujredebSi funqciuri geni miaqvs. mimdinare
eqsperimentebSi genuri Terapia hemofiliiTa da imunuri sistemis
seriozuli disfunqciiT daavadebul pacientebs mdgomareobas umsubuqebs,
Tumca zogierTs rTuli uaryofiTi Sedegi aReniSna (Relph, Harrington, &
Pandha, 2004). sxva meTodiT, romelsac proteomiqsi ewodeba, mecnierebi
davadebuli genis proteinebis modificirebas axdenen (Banks, 2003).
genetikuri mkurnaloba jer kidev Zalze Sors aris calkeuli geniTa
Tu mravali genisa da garemos rTuli kavSirebiT ganpirobebuli defeqtebis
Tavidan acilebisagan. sabednierod, prenataluri diagnostikiT
gamokvleuli fetusebis 95% janmrTelia (Moore & Persaud, 2003). msgavsi
testebis meSveobiT mraval wyvils, romelTac ojaxis istoriis gamo uari
unda eTqvaT fexmZimobaze, janmrTeli bavSvebi hyavT.

kvlevis stadiazea yvelaze perspeqtiuli meTodi _ Canasaxis genuri

Terapia (romelic gulisxmobs calkeuli genebiT manipulirebas an Secvlas
garkveuli defeqtebis gamosworebis mizniT). magram am meTodTan
dakavSirebulia eTikuri sakiTxebi, romelTa gadawyveta aucilebelia, sanam
es meTodi farTod gavrceldeba.

I. prenatalur qirurgiasTan dakavSirebuli sadao sakiTxebi. qirurgiuli

procedurebis umravlesoba jer kidev eqsperimentaluri xasiaTisaa da
xSirad mosdevs muclis moSla da sxva mavne Sedegebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia,
rom saSarde milze operaciis Sedegad nayofis sikvdilis riski TviTon
operaciis gamo aris 10-15%, maSin, roca 20-30% zianisa xdeba seriozuli
garTulebebis gamo. Tumca es yvelaze usafrTxo operaciaa Canasaxze sxva
operaciebTan SedarebiT (yankowitz,1996). namdvilad aris saWiro es
operacia? unda daekisroT Tu ara mSoblebs iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba
Tu gadawyveten gaagrZelon fexmZimoba da uars amboben operaciaze,
romelsac SeuZlia Canasaxs aacilos seriozuli problemebi momavali
ganviTarebisas?

II. genebis Canacvlebis TerapiasTan dakavSirebuli sadao sakiTxebi.

Terapiis yvela arsebuli saxe moicavs normaluri genebis Seyvanas
pacientebis somatur ujredebSi genetikuri daavadebis simptomebis
Semsubuqebis mizniT. Cndeba Tu ara eTikuri problemebi am sferoSi?
avtorTa umetesoba Tvlis, rom ara. aSkaraa, rom mkvlevarebi da
praqtikosebi eTikurad movaleni arian uzrunvelyon Tavisi pacientebis
usafrTxoeba, radgan somaturi genebiT Terapiis meTodebi eqsperimentulia
da SeiZleba gamoiwvion gverdiTi efeqtebi. magram radganac mkurnaloba
Semoifargleba pacientis somaturi ujredebiT, aseTi Terapiis Sedegebi ar
aisaxeba kidev vinme sxvaze, TviTon pacientis garda, romelic Cveulebriv
itanjeba progresirebadi daavadebiT, romlis samkurnalod sxva meTodi ar
arsebobs. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom mkurnaloba somaturi genebiT
advilad gadawonis mis naklovanebebs. bevri ganixilavs mkurnalobis am
meTods rogorc analogiurs, yovel SemTxvevaSi aranakleb misaRebs vidre
sxva samedicino procedurebia (magaliTad, organoTa transplantacia). zogi
araeTikuradac ki CaTvlida mSoblebis gadawyvetilebas akrZalon genebis
CanacvlebiTi Terapia, romelic SeiZleba daexmaros maT sasikvdilod
daavadebul bavSvs. Tqven?

III. Canasaxis genur TerapiasTan dakavSirebuli sadao sakiTxebi. yvelaze

cxare kamaTi gaiSala axali genetikuri teqnologiebis garSemo, romelic
Canasaxis genuri Terapiis saSualebas iZleva. is gvTavazobs anomaliuri
genebis Secvlas an Canacvlebas embrionuli ganviTarebis adreul stadiaze.
ase movaSorebT genetikur darRvevas. am meTodma, romelic SeiZleba
farTod gavrceldes 2040 wlisTvis, SeiZleba migviyvanos saxifaTo
Zalauflebamde _ SesaZlebeli iqneba genotipis Secvla. bevrs moswons es
perspeqtiva, im pirobiT, rom am teqnologias gamoiyeneben mxolod
dadgenili genetikuri darRvevebis aRmosafxvrelad.. magram sxva mecnierebi
aRniSnaven, rom pacientis genotipis myarma modifikaciebma SeiZleba gavlena
moaxdinos aramarto TviT pacientze, aramed mTel mis STamomavlobaze,
romelic memkvidreobiT miiRebs Secvlil gens. Canasaxis genuri Terapia
ignorirebas moaxdenda am STamomavlebis uflebas daeTanxmon an ar
daeTanxmon maTi genuri struqturis modifikacias. zogi avtoris azriT, es
eTikurad dauSvebelia. sxvebi amtkiceben, rom aseTi Terapia migviyvans
pozitiur evgenikamde, rac gulisxmobs xelovnurad genebis seleqcias.
bevrs aseTi perspeqtiva aSinebs. vin unda miiRos gadawyvetileba romeli
Tvisebebia ukeTesi adaptaciisTvis da SerCevis Rirsi? SeiZleba Seiqmnas
raRac ukeTesi, vidre adamianebis rasa, romelic bunebis mier bunebrivi
SerCevis Sedegad miviReT? mTavari, rac awuxebT adamianebis umravlesobas
isaa, rom Canasaxis genurma inJineriam SeiZleba migviyvanos politikur da
socialur borotebamde. "negatiuri evgenikis programis saSineli arsi
(nacistur germaniaSi da aSS-s bevr StatSi sul axlaxans, jer kidev XX
saukuneSi, gamoiyeneboda Zaladobrivi sterilizacia gonebrivad
CamorCenili adamianebis) gvaxsenebs imis Sesaxeb, rom Canasaxis genuri
Terapiis mcdelobebma SeiZleba migviyvanos pandoras yuTTan da masSi myofi
ubedurebebis gamonTavisuflebasTan." (Strachan & Read, 1996; p.586)
 prenataluri ganviTareba

prenataluri ganviTareba, romelic mimdinareobs Casaxvis momentidan

dabadebamde, mimdinareobs gansakuTrebul garemoSi _ dedis
mucelSi/saSvilosnoSi. adamiani yvelaze swrafad swored am periodSi viTardeba.

rodesac spermatozoidi SeaRwevs kvercxujredSi, formirdeba zigota.

erTujrediani zigota rom gadaiqces nayofad, romelic 200 miliardi ujredisgan
Sedgeba, Casaxvis momentidan unda gavides 266 dRe.

prenataluri ganviTareba iyofa sam ZiriTad fazad. pirvelia Canasaxis

periodi _ Casaxvidan implantaciamde (rodesac zigota mWidrod emagreba
saSvilosnos kedels). normalur situaciaSi Canasaxis periodi grZeldeba 14 dRe.

meore faza aris embrionaluri periodi _ iwyeba mesame kviridan da

grZeldeba merve kviris bolomde. am dros formirdeba nayofis yvela ZiriTadi
organo da guli iwyebs pulsacias.

mesame faza aris nayofis periodi _ grZeldeba mecxre kviridan dabadebis

momentamde. am periodSi aqtiurad funqcionirebas iwyebs organoTa yvela ZiriTadi
sistema da organizmi swrafad izrdeba.

prenataluri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi momentebis mokle mimoxilva

trimestri periodi kvira zomebi da ZiriTadi movlenebi

wona

pirveli Canasaxi 1 erTujrediani zigota iyofa da

gadaiqceva blastocistad

2 blactocisti Cainergeba saSvilosnos

kedelSi; iwyeba formireba
struqturebis, romlebic kvebaven da
icaven ganviTarebad organizms _
amnioni, xorioni, placenta da Wiplari

embrioni 3-4 8 mm formirdeba Tavis da zurgis tvini,

guli; iwyebs ganviTarebas struqturebi,
romlebic Semdgom gaxdeba Tvalebi,
yurebi, cxviri, piri, kidurebi bavSvis

5-8 2,5 sm, formirdeba sxeuliს gare struqturebi

daaxloebiT (Tvalebi, yurebi, kidurebi) da Sinagani
6 gr organoebi. embrioni warmoqmnis sakuTar
sisxlis ujredebs da ukve SeuZlia
moZraoba

nayofi 9-12 7,5 sm, 30 gr swrafi zrda da yvela sistemas Soris

kavSirebis gaCena saSualebas aZlevs
nayofs Seasrulos rTuli moZraobebi
kidurebiT da ylapvis moZraobebi
 gadaamuSaos sakvebi nivTierebebi, Sardi
gamoyos

meore nayofi 13-24 40 sm, nayofi swrafad izrdeba. axla deda

daaxloebiT grZnobs mis moZraobebs. SeiZleba
1 kg advilad movisminoT nayofis gulis
cema. bavSvi dafarulia sacxiT,
romelic icavs mis kans gaRizianebisgan,
reagirebs Zlier sinaTleze da
xmamaRal bgerebze

mesame nayofi 25-38 50 sm, 2,5 kg bavSvi ganagrZobs zrdas; organoebis

sistemebi mwifdeba da emzadeba dedis
organizmis gareSe cxovrebisTvis.
Zilisa da sifxizlis ciklebi, aseve
motoruli aqtioba xdeba ufro
regularuli da winaswarganWvretadi.
kanis qveS viTardeba cximis fena. bolo
ori kviris ganmavlobaSi nayofi xdeba
nakleb aqtiuri da meti Zinavs

garemos gavlena

teratogenebi aris daavadebebi, samkurnalwamlo saSualebebi

teratogenebi.
da sxva garemo faqtorebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT ziani moutanon ganviTarebad
embrions an nayofs da gamoiwvion fizikuri naklis warmoqmna, tvinis dazianebebi,
zrdis mkveTrad SeCereba da nayofis sikvdilic ki. axalSobilTa saerTo
raodenobis 95% sruliad normaluria, Tumca dRes mSoblebi Zalzed
SeSfoTebuli arian imiT, ra raodenobis potenciuri safrTxis Semcveli faqtori
emuqreba maT momaval Svils. Tumca bevr SemTxvevaSi ganviTarebis defeqtebis mqone
axalSobil bavSvTa janmrTelobis problemebi iseTi seriozuli araa an droebiTi
xasiaTisaa.

• yvelaze negatiuri gavlena sxeulis nawilze an organoTa sistemaze teratogeni

axdens im periodSi, rodesac es struqtura formirdeba da yvelaze
intensiurad izrdeba;
• yvela embrioni an nayofi erTnairad ar ganicdis teratogenis moqmedebis risks.
es damokidebulia dedis da bavSvis genotipze, aseve prenataluri garemos
Taviseburebebze;
• erTi da igive defeqti SeiZleba gamoiwvios sxvadasxva teratogenma;
• erT teratogens SeuZlia gamoiwvios ramdenime defeqti;
• rac metxans ganicdis organizmi teratogenis zemoqmedebas da rac ufro
Zlieria misi moqmedeba, miT metia albaToba defeqtis gaCenis da miT ufro
seriozulia es defeqti;
• romelime teratogenis moqmedebas dedaze an mamaze SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos
maTi momavali Svilis ganviTarebaze;
• teratogenis xangrZlivmoqmedi efeqti xSirad damokidebulia dabadebis
Semdgomi garemos xarisxze.
 organoTa yvela sistema an sxeulis nawili xasiaTdeba e.w. senzitiuri
periodiT, rodesac is yvelaze metad aris mgrZnobiare teratogenis
zemoqmedebisadmi. esaa periodi, rodesac viTardeba da formirdeba sxeulis es
nawili. gansakuTrebiT embrionalur fazaSi. gasakviri araa, rom embrionalur
periods xSirad uwodeben orsulobis kritikul etaps. rodesac organo an
sxeulis nawili ukve formirebulia, is nakleb mgrZnobiarea teratogenis
zemoqmedebisadmi. Tumca organoTa zogierTi sistema (magaliTad, Tvalebi, garegani
sasqeso organoebi, nervuli sistema) mowyvladia orsulobis mTeli periodis
ganmavlobaSi. amdenad, prenataluri ganviTarebis mTeli periodi SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc maRali mgrZnobelobis periodi. teratogenebis gavlena
patara bavSvebis qcevaze SeiZleba sul odnav iyos SesamCnevi. es darRvevebi
SeiZleba ver davinaxoT dabadebisTanave, magram isini mainc zemoqmedeben fsiqikur
ganviTarebaze. magaliTad, Tu deda orsulobis dros yoveldRiurad iRebda 0,3 l
spirtian sasmels, bavSvTan ver vnaxavT TvalsaCino fsiqikur darRvevebs. da mainc
xSirad xdeba xolme, rom aseTi bavSvebi ufro nela gadaamuSaveben informacias da
aqvT ufro dabali IQ maCvenebeli, vidre maT Tanatolebs, romelTa dedebic
saerTod ar iRebden alkohols orsulobisas. es monacemebi migvaniSneben, rom
alkoholi SeumCnevlad moqmedebs nayofis tvinis ganviTarebaze.

1941 wlidan eqimebma yuradReba miaqcies, rom qalebs romlebmac gadaitanes

wiTura orsulobis dros, uCndebodaT Svilebi iseTi defeqtebiT rogoricaa
sibrmave, siyrue, gulis mankebi da gonebrivi CamorCena. wiTura yvelaze saSiSia
orsulobis periodis pirvel trimestrSi. dRes eqimebi moiTxoven aucilebel
vaqcinacias pirvel orsulobamde.

sxva infeqciuri daavadebebidan yvelaze gavrcelebulia toqsoplazmozi,

romelic bevr cxovels gadaaqvs. didebSi toqsoplazmozi Cndeba sakmaod sustad
da mas xSirad miiCneven Cveulebriv gaciebad. magram Tu qali daavadda
toqsoplazmoziT pirvel trimestrSi, bavSvi SeiZleba daibados Tvalis da Tavis
tvinis mZime defeqtebiT. Tu ufro gvian periodSi daavadda, SeiZleba iyos muclis
moSla. daavadebis Tavidan asacileblad kargad unda movxarSoT an SevwvaT xorci,
kargad gavrecxoT samzareulos nivTebi, romelic um xorcs Seexeba, moveridoT
adgilebs, sadac SeiZleba iyos katis fekaliebi (baRi, katis tualeti). arcerTi
infeqciuri daavadeba ar gvxvdeba ise xSirad da ar moaqvs iseTi safrTxe
embrionisa da nayofisTvis, rogorc sqesobrivi gziT gadamdeb daavadebebs. esenia:
genitaluri herpesi, SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromi (Sidsi).

gavrcelebuli daavadebebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinon embrionis,

nayofis an axaldabadebulis ganviTarebaze

1. sqesobrivi gziT gadamdebi daavadebebi

daavadeba naadrevi fizikuri fsiqikuri dabali wona

mSobiaroba ganviTarebis darRvevebi dabadebisas/
mankiereba naadrevi
dabadeba
 SeZenili
imunodeficitis
sindromi ? ? ? +
(Sidsi)

herpesi + + + +

sifilisi + + + +

2. sxva daavadebebi

daavadeba naadrevi fizikuri fsiqikuri dabali wona

mSobiaroba ganviTarebis darRvevebi dabadebisas/
mankiereba naadrevi
dabadeba

qunTruSa 0 + + +

xolera + 0 ? +

citomegalovirusi + + + +

diabeti + + + 0

gripi + + ? ?

malaria + 0 0 +

ybayura + 0 0 0

wiTura + + + +

toksemia + 0 + ?

toksoplazmozi + + + +

tuberkulozi + + + +

saSarde gzebis
baqteriuli
infeqciebi + 0 0 +

SeniSvna: + _ damtkicebulia kvlevebiT; 0 _ ar aris monacemebi; ? _ SesaZlebelia aseTi

zemoqmedeba
 1960 wels erTma farmakologiurma firmam dasavleT germaniaSi gamouSva
bazarze axali msubuqi trankvilizatori. is iyideboda ureceptod da amsubuqebda
fexmZime qalebSi gulisrevis Setevebs. varaudobden, rom es preparati sruliad
usafrTxoa, radgan cdebi Catarebuli iyo virTxebze da ar hqonda negatiuri
gavlena. es preparati iyo talidomidi. SemdgomSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma
daamtkica, rom preparatebi, romlebic usafrTxoa laboratoriuli
cxovelebisaTvis, adamianisTvis SeiZleba iyos uZlieresi teratogeni. aTasobiT
qals, romlebic iRebden am preparats orsulobis pirveli 2 Tvis ganmavlobaSi,
gauCndaT bavSvebi saSineli Tandayolili defeqtebiT. am bavSvebs xSirad hqondaT
gulis manki, cudad formirebuli Tvalebi, yurebi, cxviri. bevr maTgans hqonda
fokomelia _ struqturuli defeqti, rodesac ar aris mTeli kiduri an misi
romelime nawili da terfebi an xelis mtevnebi SeiZleba mimagrebuli iyos
pirdapir tanze. defeqtis tipi damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu orsulobis romel
etapze iRebda deda am preparats. maT, vinc Casaxvidan 21-e dRes iRebda am
preparats, uCndebodaT bavSvebi yurebis gareSe. Tu 25-dan 27 dRemde iRebda wamals,
bavSvis xelebi iyo Zlier damaxinjebuli an xelebi saerTod ar hqondaT. 28-dan 36
dRemde wamalis miRebisas ziandeboda fexebi. Tu deda 40 dRemde ar iRebda am
wamals, bavSvi ibadeboda defeqtis gareSe. sabednierod, qalebis umravlesobam
gaaCina bavSvebi TvalsaCino defeqtebis gareSe, rac gviCvenebs ramdenad
individualuria teratogenis moqmedeba organizmze.

arasruli sia samkurnalo preparatebis, narkotikebis da qimiuri nivTierebebis,

romlebic zemoqmedeben (an savaraudod zemoqmedeben) nayofze an axalSobilze

dedis mier
gamoyenebuli
nivTiereba moqmedeba nayofze an axalSobilze

alkoholi patara Tavi, saxis defeqtebi, patara wona dabadebisas da

gonebrivi CamorCena

amfetaminebi: naadrevi mSobiaroba, mkvdari nayofis dabadeba, agznebadoba,

dekstroamfetamini, axalSobilis kvebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi
metaamfetamini

antibiotikebi: dedis mier streptomicinis zomaze metad gamoyenebam SeiZleba

streptomicini, gamoiwvios nayofis smenis dakargva. terramicini da
terramicini, tetraciklini SeiZleba gaxdes mizezi naadrevi mSobiarobis,
tetraciklini ConCxis zrdis SezRudvis, kataraqtis da bavSvis kbilebze
laqebis

aspirini: (klinikur dozebSi maTi Semcvleli SeiZleba gaxdes

acetaminofeni)
ibuprofeni

barbituratebi dedis mier miRebuli yvela barbiturati SeaRwevs placentis

barierSi. klinikuri dozebis miRebisas nayofi xdeba
modunebuli da apaTiuri. did dozebSi SeiZleba gamoiwvion
nayofis Jangbadis ukmarisoba da SezRudon misi sigrZeSi zrda.
 erTerTi barbiturats, primidons, ukavSireben gulis mankis,
saxisa da kidurebis Tandayolili defeqtebis gaCenas

halucinogenebi: dieTilamid lizerginis mJavas (lsd) gamoyeneba ramdenadme

zrdis kidurebis defeqtebis gamovlenis albaTobas
(LSD)

marixuana marixuanas gamoyenebas orsulobis dros ukavSireben

axalSobilebSi qcevis darRvevebs

liTiumi gulis mankebi, axalSobilebis moduneba da apaTia

narkotikebi: dedis mier narkotikebis gamoyeneba zrdis naadrevi

mSobiarobis risks. ufro metic, nayofi xSirad TviTon iZens
kokaini, damokidebulebas dedis mier gamoyenebul narkotikze, rac
vlindeba mTel rig garTulebebSi mSobiarobis Semdeg. kokainis
heroini,
xSiri gamoyenebas SeuZlia Zlier gazardos nayofis arteriul
metadoni wneva da tvinSi sisxlis mimoqcevis darRvevis provocirebac ki
moaxdinos

sqesobrivi hormonebi: sqesobrivi hormonebi, romlebac Seicaven damcavi tabletebi da

androgeni, samkurnalo preparatebi, romlebic naadrev mSobiarobas
progesteroni, uSlian xels, SeiZleba moaxdinon mTeli rigi defeqtebis
estrogeni, provocireba, maT Soris patara Tandayolili gulis mankebi,
dieTilstilbestroli kibo saSvilosnos yelis (gogonebTan) da sxva anomaliebi
(DES)

trankvilizatorebi SeuZliaT axalSobilis sunTqvis ukmarisobis provocireba.

(telidomidis garda): valiumi aseve iwvevs kunTuri tonusis dasustebas, modunebas da
apaTias axalSobilebSi
qlorpromazini

rezerpini

valiumi

Tambaqo mSoblebis mier Tambawos moweva zRudavs nayofis sigrZeSi

zrdas da zrdis muclis moSlis, mkvdari nayofis dabadebisa
da axalSobilis uecari sikvdilis risks.

vitaminebi orsulis mier didi raodenobiT vitamini a miRebis SeiZleba

gaxdes mglis xaxis, gulis mankisa da sxva mZime Tandayolili
defeqtebis gaCenis mizezi. popularuli preparati accutane
mozardobaSi gamonayaris sawinaarmdegod miRebuli A
vitaminidan, aris erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri teratogeni da
iwvevs mZime Tandayolil mankebs, Tvalis, kidurebis da
centraluri nervuli sistemis defeqtebs

wyaro: Chavkin, 1995; Chtomitz, Cheung & Lieberman, 2000; Friedman &
Polifka, 1996.

radiacia, qimikatebi da nivTierebebi, romlebic abinZureben garemos, aseve

uqmnian safrTxes orsul qalebs da aramarto orsul qalebs. bavSvebis
janmrTeloba damokidebulia imazec, mamaze imoqmeda Tu ara toqsinebma.
mamakacebze radiaciis, narkotikuli airebis da sxva toqsikuri qimikatebis
xangrZlivma zemoqmedebam SeiZleba daazianos qromosomebi da gaizardos maT
colebSi muclis moSlis albaToba, bavSvebs ki SeiZleba hqondeT sxvadasxva
genetikuri defeqtebi. rogorc Cans, zogierTi nivTiereba (magaliTad, kokaini,
SesaZloa alkoholi da sxva toqsinebi) SeiZleba uSualod zemoqmedebs
spermatozoidze da iwveven maT mutacias da aseTnairad axdenen gavlenas
prenatalur ganviTarebaze Casaxvis momentidan. garemoSi arsebul toqsinebs
SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinon orive mSoblis reproduqtul sistemaze, amitom
momavalma dedebma da maTma meuRleebma unda scadon Seamciron/SezRudon
kontaqtebi cnobil teratogenebTan.

dediseuli sxva faqtorebi. teratogenebis garda embrionsa da nayofze

zemoqmedebas axdens dedis varjiSi, kveba da emociuri mdgomareoba.

varjiSi. janmrTeli karg fizikur mdgomareobaSi myofi orsuli qalisTvis

regularuli zomieri varjiSi, rogoricaa seirnoba, curva, velosipediT siaruli
Tu aerobika, axalSobilis dabadebis droindeli wonis zrdas ukavSirdeba
(Leiferman & Evenson, 2003). Tumca Zalian xSiri, energiuli varjiSi _ 30 wuTze
metxans sirbili kviraSi 4-5 dRe, gansakuTrebiT orsulobis bolo periodSi -
iwvevs axalSobilis mcire wonas (Clapp da sxvebi, 2002; Pivarnik, 1998). janmrTelobis
iseTi problemebis mqone orsulma qalma, rogoricaa sisxlis mimoqcevis
darRvevebi an muclis moSla, regularuli varjiSis dawyebis an gagrZelebis
Taobaze eqimis konsultacia unda miiRos. bolo trimestrSi, rodesac muceli
izrdeba, dedebma, umetes SemTxvevaSi, uari unda Tqvan varjiSze. xSirad dedam,
romelic pirvel TveebSi arafers uCioda, SesaZloa iseTi mcire fizikuri
diskomforti igrZnos, rogoricaa zurgis tkivili, muclidan gulmkerdze miwola
da sunTqvis gaZneleba.

kveba. prenataluri periodis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac bavSvebi sxva periodTan

SedarebiT ufro Cqara izrdebian, isini mTlianad dedis kvebaze arian
damokidebulni. janmrTeli dieta, ris Sedegadac dedis wona 25-30 futiT (10-13,5kg)
izrdeba, deda-Svilis janmrTelobis garantiaa.

meore msoflio omis dros niderlandebSi mZlavrma SimSilobam mecnierebs

prenatalur ganviTarebaze kvebis zemoqmedebis Seswavlis iSviaTi SesaZlebloba
misca. gamokvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom senzitiul periodSi kveba
teratogenebis msgavsad moqmedebs. qalebs, romlebic pirveli trimestris
ganmavlobaSi SimSilobdnen, muclis moSlisa da bavSvis fizikuri defeqtebiT
dabadebis meti safrTxe hqondaT. pirveli trimestris Semdeg nayofTa umetesoba
gadarCa, magram bevri mcire wonisa da patara TaviT daibada (Stein da sxvebi, 1975).
axla ukve viciT, rom prenatalur periodSi arasrulfasovanma kvebam SeiZleba
seriozuli ziani miayenos centralur nervul sistemas. rac ufro mwiria dedis
sakvebi, miT met wonas kargavs Tavis tvini, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca deda cudad
ikvebeba bolo trimestris ganmavlobaSi. am periodSi axalSobilis Tavis tvini
swrafad matulobs zomaSi; srulyofili zomis misaRwevad, deda yvela
aucilebeli nivTierebiT mdidar sakvebs unda iRebdes (Morgane da sxvebi, 1993).

orsulobis periodSi araadekvaturma kvebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios iseTi

organoebis struqturuli cvlilebebi, rogoricaa RviZli, Tirkmlebi, pankreasi
(kuWqveSa jirkvali) da Semdeg mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi janmrTelobis
problemebi Seqmnas. radgan arasrulfasovani kveba imunuri sistemis ganviTarebas
aferxebs, prenatalur periodSi mwiri kvebis pirobebSi myofi bavSvebi advilad
avaddebian respiratoruli daavadebebiT (Chandra, 1991). amasTan, isini advilad
Riziandebian da stimulze ar reagireben. Rarib ojaxebSi amas stresuli ojaxuri
cxovrebac erTvis. asakTan erTad inteleqtis testis dabali qulebi da swavlis
sirTuleebi ufro TvalsaCino xdeba (Pollitt, 1996). rodesac arasrulfasovani kveba
mTeli orsulobis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba, Cvils, Cveulebriv, srulyofil
dietaze meti sWirdeba. maTi damRleli, mousvenari qceva dedebis
naklebmgrZnobiare da uyuradRebo damokidebulebas iwvevs. pasuxad bavSvebi kidev
ufro pasiurebi da gariyulebi xdebian. warmatebulma Carevam deda-Svilis es
gulgrili urTierTobis wre unda gaarRvios. zogjer amas imiT vaxerxebT, rom
mSoblebs CvilebTan efeqtian urTierTobas vaswavliT, zogjer ki, Tavad Cvilebis
stimulirebaze vamaxvilebT yuradRebas, raTa xeli SevuwyoT maT aqtiur CarTvas
fizikur Tu socialur garemoSi (Grantham-McGregor da sxvebi, 1994; Zeskind & Ramey,
1978, 1981).

emociuri stresi. orsulobis dros dedis mier gadatanili Zlieri,

emociuri stresi CvilebSi mravalgvar garTulebas iwvevs. intensiuri SfoTva
ukavSirdeba muclis moSlis maRal maCvenebels, dRenaklulobas, mcirewonianobas,
aseve CvilTa respiratorul daavadebebsa da saWmlis monelebis darRvevebs (Mulder
da sxvebi, 2002; Wadhwa, Sandman & Gagite, 2001), prenataluri zrdis Senelebasa da
garkveul fizikur defeqtebs, rogoricaa gayofili (`kurdRlis”) tuCi, `mglis”
sasa, gulis defeqtebi da pilorostenozi (Cvili bavSvis kuWis gamosasvlelis
daWimuloba, romelsac qirurgiuli Careva sWirdeba) (Carmichael & Shaw, 2000).
kvlevebiT isic dadginda, rom prenatalur periodSi dedis mier gadatanili
stresi 3 wlamde bavSvis gaRizianebadobis, susti motoruli da gonebrivi
ganviTarebisa da adreul bavSvobaSi emociuri da qceviTi sirTuleebis
winapirobaa (De Weerth, van Hees, & Buitelaar, 2003; Graham da sxvebi, 1999; O’Connor da
sxvebi, 2002).

SiSisa da SfoTvisas, mastimulirebeli hormonebi sisxlis nakadSi gadadis.

sisxlis didi nakadi sxeulis im nawilebSi igzavneba, romlebic TavdacvisaTvis
emzadeba _ tvinSi, gulSi, kunTebSi, mklavebSi, fexebsa da xerxemalSi. sisxlis
nakadi sxva organoebSi saSvilosnos CaTvliT, Sesustebulia. Sedegad nayofs
Jangbadi da sakvebi akldeba. stresis hormonebi placentaSic gadadis da nayofis
guliscemisa da aqtivobis donis mkveTr zrdas iwvevs. maT nayofis nevrologiuri
funqcionirebis Secvlac SeuZliaT, ris Sedegadac mogvianebiT cxovrebaSi
stresuli reaqcia maRldeba (Graham da sxvebi, 1999; Monk da sxvebi, 2003). da bolos,
orsuls, romelic xangrZliv SfoTvas ganicdis, ezrdeba infeqciuri daavadebebis
riskis albaToba (dasustebuli imunuri sistemis gamo), aseve mowevis, smis,
arasrulfasovani kvebisa da sxva mavne Cvevebis gamo. stresTan dakavSirebuli
prenataluri garTulebebi mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba, Tu orsuls qmari, ojaxis sxva
wevrebi da megobrebi hyavs, romlebic exmarebian (McLean da sxvebi, 1993; Nuckolls, &
Kaplan, 1972). kavSiri socialur daxmarebasa da janmrTel orsulobas Soris
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mcire Semosavlis mqone qalebisTvis, romlebsac
xSirad atydebaT Tavs stresuli garemoebebi (Hoffman & Hatch, 1996).

dedis asaki. gasuli saukunis bolo meoTxedSi 30 wlis asakSi qalebis

pirveli mSobiaroba gasammagda, xolo 40 wlianebSi _ gaormagda. bevri wyvili
bavSvis gaCenas im dromde gadadebs xolme, sanam samsaxurebriv karieraSi garkveul
safexurs ar miaRwevs da ar ecodinebaT, rom Svilis materialur uzrunvelyofas
SeZleben. qals, romelic bavSvis gaCenas agvianebs, asakTan erTad unayofobis,
muclis moSlisa da bavSvis qromosomuli defeqtebiT dabadebis riski ezrdeba.
arsebobs Tu ara asakovani qalebisaTvis orsulobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva
garTulebebic? _ wlebis ganmavlobaSi mecnierebi am kiTxvas dadebiTad
pasuxobdnen, Tumca 30-40 wlis janmrTel qalebs prenataluri da mSobiarobis
garTulebebis daaxloebiT igive maCveneblebi aqvT, rac 20 wlianebs (Bianco da
sxvebi, 1996; Dildy da sxvebi, 1996; Prysak, Lorenz, & Kisly, 1995). garTulebaTa maCveneblebi
mkveTrad izrdeba 50-55 wlis asakSi (roca menopauzisa da reproduqciul
organoTa asakis gamo cota qals Tu SeuZlia bunebrivi gziT dafexmZimeba) (Salihu
da sxvebi, 2003).

SeiZleba Tu ara fizikurma moumwifeblobam Tineijer dedebs prenataluri

problemebi Seuqmnas? gamokvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, Tineijeris sxeulis zoma da
siZliere fexmZimobas uzrunvelyofs. marTlac, buneba gvarwmunebs, rom Tu gogona
dafexmZimebas SeZlebs, bavSvis tarebisa da gaCenisTvisac mzad aris. TineijerTa
Svilebi mravalnairi problemebiT ibadebian, magram ara dedis asakis gamo. orsul
TineijerTa umetesoba mcireSemosavliani ojaxidanaa, sadac stresi,
arasrulfasovani kveba da janmrTelobis problemebi bunebrivia. aseve bevrs
eSinia, rom samedicino daxmarebis miRebas ver moaxerxebs an, magaliTad,
SeerTebul StatebSi amgvar daxmarebas ver miiRebs janmrTelobis dazRvevis
arqonis gamo (U.S Department of Health and Human Services, 2003c).

bavSvis adaptacia mSobiarobisa da dabadebisadmi. erTi SexedviT mSobiaroba

da dabadeba TiTqos saSineli gamocda unda iyos bavSvisaTvis. Zlieri WinTvebi
did dawolas axdens Tavze da ganmeorebebiT kumSavs placentasa da Wiplars.
amasTan erTad, TandaTan klebulobs bavSvisTvis Jangbadis miwodeba. sabednierod,
janmrTeli bavSvi kargad aris momzadebuli am travmebis gadasatanad. kumSvebis
siZliere bavSvSi didi raodenobiT stresis hormonebis warmoqmnas iwvevs.
arasasurveli stresis hormonebi, romelic mSobiarobisas bavSvSi warmoiqmneba,
orsulobis ganmavlobaSi adaptaciis rols TamaSobs. is bavSvs Jangbadis
naklebobis gadatanaSi exmareba imiT, rom sisxlis did nakads miawvdis tvinsa da
guls. stresis hormonebi bavSvs sunTqvisTvisac amzadebs, raki filtvebis mier
darCenili siTxis STanTqmas da bronqialuri milebis (filtvebisken mimavali
derefnebis) gafarToebas iwvevs. sabolood, stresis hormonebi xels uwyobs
bavSvis gamofxizlebas, rom is kargad gaRviZebuli, axal samyarosTan Sesaxvedrad
mzadmyofi daibados (Lagercrantz & Slotkin, 1986).

rogor gamoiyureba axalSobili? mSoblebi xSirad gaocebulni arian

axalSobilis ucnauri garegnobiT, romelic Zalze Sors aris im xatisagan,
gonebaSi rom hqondaT bavSvis dabadebamde. biWebi gogoebTan SedarebiT odnav
grZelebi da mZimeebi arian. tanTan da mokle, gaRunul fexebTan SedarebiT Tavi
didia. es kombinacia _ didi Tavi (kargad ganviTarebuli tviniT) da patara sxeuli
miuTiTebs, rom adamianis Svili swrafad swavlobs sicocxlis pirvel TveebSi.
ZuZumwovarTa umetesobisagan gansxvavebiT isini bevrad gvian idgamen fexs. maSinac
ki, roca axalSobili bevrad gansxvavdeba mSoblebis idealizebuli xatisagan,
zogierTi niSani mas mainc mimzidvels xdis. mrgvali saxe, savse loyebi, farTo
Subli da didi Tvalebi ufrosebs maTi xelSi ayvanisa da Caxutebis survils
uRviZebs (Berman, 1980; Lorenz, 1943).

axalSobilis fizikuri mdgomareobis Sefaseba: apgaris skala

bavSvebi, romelTac saSvilosnodan gareT gamosvla uZneldebaT,

dauyovnebliv saWiroeben specialur daxmarebas. axalSobilis fizikuri
mdgomareobis SefasebisTvis eqimebi da eqTnebi apgaris skalas iyeneben. rogorc
cxrili gviCvenebs, xuTi damaxasiaTebeli niSnis 0, 1 an 2 quliT Sefaseba
gakeTebulia dabadebidan 1 wuTisa da ganmeorebiT 5 wuTis Semdeg. apgaris 7 da
meti qula bavSvis karg fizikur mdgomareobas miuTiTebs. Tu qula 4-dan 6-mdea,
maSin bavSvs sunTqvis an sxva sasicocxlo funqciebis stimulirebisTvis
specialuri daxmareba esaWiroeba. Tu qula 3 an 3-ze naklebia, axalSobili
seriozuli safrTxis winaSea da gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebaa aucilebeli.
apgaris 2 quliT zogjer im axalSobilTa mdgomareoba fasdeba, romelTac Tavidan
uWirT Segueba, magram ramdenime wuTSi ukeT xdebian (Apgar, 1953).

apgaris testi

niSani 0 qula 1 qula 2 qula

guliscema ar aris 100 dartymaze 100 dartymaze meti

naklebi wuTSi wuTSi

sunTqva ar aris neli an kargi, axalSobili

araregularuli kivis

kunTuri tonusi susti, dune susti, zogierTi Zlieri, aqtiuri

fleqsiebi moqmedebebi
kanis feri mocisfero, tani aris mTeli tani
fermkrTali vardisferi, vardisferi
kidurebi lurji

refleqtoruli pasuxi ar aris moRuSuloba, Zlieri tirili,

agznebadoba grimasebi, susti xvela, cemineba
tirili

SeniSvna: apgari aris akronimi testis xuTi kriteriumis:

• A _ garegnoba (Appearance)
• P _ pulsi (Pulse)
• G _ grimasa (Grimace)
• A _ aqtivobis done (Activity level)
• R _ sunTqva (Respiratory effort)

Sexedulebebi mSobiarobis Sesaxeb

bevr sofelsa Tu tomur kulturaSi orsuli dedebi kargad icnoben

mSobiarobis process. magaliTad, anTropologi margaret midi (Margaret Mead)
acxadebs, rom jararaSi (samxreTi amerika) pukapukanSi (wynari okeanis kunZulebi)
deda mTeli sazogadoebis Tvalwin badebs bavSvs. araindustriul kulturebSi
eqimis gareSec iolad gadian, mSobiarobisas qalTa umetesobas nebismieri exmareba.
dasavleTis mravalricxovan qveynebSi 1800-ani wlebis bolomde mSobiaroba,
Cveulebriv, saxlSi xdeboda da ojaxis mTavari movlena iyo. industriulma
revoluciam xalxis didi mozRvaveba gamoiwvia qalaqebSi, rasac janmrTelobis
axali problemebi mohyva. Sedegad, Svilis gaCenam gadainacvla saxlidan
hospitalSi, sadac dedisa da Svilis janmrTeloba ufro daculi iqneboda. raki
eqimebma Tavis Tavze aiRes bavSvis gaCenis pasuxismgebloba, qalTa codna amasTan
dakavSirebiT Semcirda da naTesavebi da megobrebic ukve aRar Rebulobdnen
monawileobas mSobiarobaSi (Borst, 1995).

1950-1960 wlebisTvis qalebs SekiTxvebi gauCndaT. bevri grZnobda, rom

Zliermoqmedi wamlebisa da samSobiaro instrumentebis gamoyeneba maT sanukvari
gamocdilebis uflebas arTmevda da xSirad bavSvisTvis arc saWiro iyo da arc
usafrTxo. TandaTan evropaSi bunebrivi mSobiarobis moZraoba gaCnda da
CrdiloeT amerikaSic gavrcelda. misi mizani iyo hospitalSi mSobiaroba rac
SeiZleba moxerxebuli da sasargeblo yofiliyo dedebisTvis. dRes bevri
saavadmyofo qmnis saxlis pirobebis msgavs samSobiaro centrebs. aseve arsebobs
damoukidebeli samSobiaro centrebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen mSobiarobis dros
dedis interesTa maqsimalurad gaTvaliswinebas mSobiarobisas mdgomareobis
arCevis, ojaxis wevrTa da megobarTa daswrebisa da mSoblebsa da Cvils Soris
myisieri kontaqtis CaTvliT. Tumca isini samedicino momsaxurebiT hospitals
CamorCebian xolme. swored amitom CrdiloeT amerikel qalTa mcire nawili Tu
ityvis uars hospitalSi mSobiarobaze da bavSvis saxlSi gaCenas arCevs.

bunebrivi anu momzadebuli mSobiaroba. bunebrivi anu momzadebuli

mSobiaroba iseT teqnikas moicavs, romlis mizania tkivilis Semcireba da
samedicino Careva, raTa bavSvis dabadeba SeZlebisdagvarad sasiamovno movlenad
iqces. miuxedavad bunebrivi mSobiarobis mravali programis arsebobisa, umetesoba
inglisSi granTli dik-ridisa (Grantly Dick-Read, 1959) da safrangeTSi ferdinand
lamazes (Ferdinand Lamaze, 1958) SemuSavebul meTodebs eyrdnoba. am eqimebma
daadgines, rom kulturuli ganviTareba qals mSobiarobis SiSs aswavlis.
aRelvebuli, SeSinebuli qali mSobiarobis dros kunTebs Wimavs da zogjer sust
tkivils Zlieri kumSvis TanxlebiT intensiur tkivilad gadaaqcevs.

tipuri bunebrivi mSobiarobis programaSi momavali deda da kompanioni

(partniori, naTesavi, megobari) 3 moqmedebaSi monawileoben:

1. codnis miReba. momavali deda da kompanioni iseT mecadineobebs eswrebian, sadac

mSobiarobis anatomiasa da fiziologias swavloben. dabadebis procesis codna
dedis SiSs amcirebs;

2. relaqsacia da sunTqvis teqnika. momavali dedebi swavloben relaqsacias da

sunTqviT varjiSebs, romelTa mizania saSvilosnos kumSvis tkivilebis gamklaveba;

3. mSobiarobis instruqtori. kompanioni swavlobs, rogor unda daexmaros dedas

mSobiarobis dros relaqsaciasa da sunTqvaSi, gaukeTos zurgis masaJi, dauWiros
sxeuli, gaamxnevos da moeferos.

saxlSi mSobiaroba. saxlSi mSobiaroba yovelTvis popularuli iyo iseT

samrewvelo qveynebSi, rogoricaa inglisi, niderlandi da SvedeTi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom CrdiloeT amerikel qalTa raodenoba, romlebic saxlSi mSobiarobas
amjobinebdnen, 1970-1980 wlebSi gaizarda, mainc mcirea da daaxloebiT 1 procents
Seadgens (Curtin & Park, 1999). am dedebis survilia, rom dabadeba ojaxis cxovrebis
mniSvnelovani nawili iyos. amasTanave, umetesobas unda Tavi aaridos arasaWiro
samedicino procedurebs da Tavad akontrolos sakuTari da Cvilis mdgomareoba,
ris saSualebasac samSobiaro ar iZleva (Wickham, 1999). Tumca, zogjer saxlSi
mSobiaroba eqimis TandaswrebiT xdeba, xSirad mSobiarobas umklavdeba mxolod
meani eqTani, romelsac eqTnis xarisxi da mSobiarobis menejmentSi damatebiTi
momzadeba aqvs gavlili. iseve usafrTxoa saxlSi mSobiaroba, rogorc
samSobiaroSi, Tu ara? janmrTeli qalisTvis, romelsac gamocdili eqimi an eqTani
exmareba, TiTqos marTlac usafrTxoa, radgan garTulebebi ar aris mosalodneli
(Janssen da sxvebi, 2002; Vedam, 2003). Tumca, Tu momvlelebi naklebad gamocdilni
da moumzadebelni arian kritikuli situaciisTvis, bavSvTa daRupvis albaToba
matulobs (Mehlmadrona & Madrona, 1997). Tu dedas garkveuli garTulebis safrTxe
emuqreba, umjobesia, stacionarSi imSobiaros, sadac sicocxlis gadarCenis meti
saSualebaa.
 dRenakluli da mcirewoniani axalSobilebi. 38 kvirian orsulobaze 3 da
meti kviriT adre dabadebuli an 51/2 funtze (2,500g) naklebi wonis Cvilebi
mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi “dRenaklulad” iTvlebodnen. gamokvlevebi
adasturebs, rom dRenaklulebs mravali safrTxe emuqrebaT. axalSobilis wona
misi gadarCenisa da janmrTeli ganviTarebis saukeTeso maCvenebelia. bevr 31/2
funtze (1.500g) naklebi wonis axalSobils seriozuli sirTuleebi elis, rac
ufro da ufro mZafrdeba wonis simciris kvalobaze. xSiri avadmyofoba,
uyuradReboba, zeaqtiuroba, enis amodgmis dagvianeba, inteleqtis testSi dabali
qulebi, skolaSi swavlis siZnele, emociuri da qceviTi problemebi _ es is
sirTuleebia, romlebic SeiZleba bavSvobaSi, mozardobasa da zrdasrulobaSic ki
gahyves (Bhutta da sxvebi, 2002; Hack da sxvebi, 2002; Johnson da sxvebi, 2003). 13-dan
daaxloebiT 1 amerikeli da 18-dan _ 1 kanadeli bavSvi mcirewoniani ibadeba.
miuxedavad am sirTulis moulodnelobisa, ufro xSirad is siRaribeSi mcxovreb
qalTa xvedria (Children’s Defense Fund, 2004; Statistics Canada, 2004d).

udReurebi da mcirewonianebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mcirewonian Cvils

janmrTeli ganviTarebisTvis mravali winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva uxdeba, maTi
umravlesoba normalur cxovrebas agrZelebs; naxevars, vinc dabadebisas 2 funts
iwonida, aranairi garTuleba ara aqvs. imis gasagebad, ratom grZnobs zogierTi
Cvili sxvebze ukeT Tavs, mecnierebma isini dayves 2 jgufad: dRenakluli Cvilebi,
_ srul drosTan SedarebiT ramdenime kviriT an metiT adre dabadebulebi _
Tumca patarebi arian, maTi wona SeiZleba saSvilosnoSi gatarebuli drois
xangrZlivobas Seesabamebodes; mcirewoniani Cvilebi _ orsulobis xangrZlivobis
miuxedavad _ mosalodnelze naklebs iwonian. zogi mcirewoniani udReuri ar aris.
zogi dRenakluli ki, Zalze mcirewonisaa. am ori tipis CvilTagan mcirewonianebs
ufro seriozuli sirTuleebi aReniSnebaT da maT sicocxlis pirvelive wels
daRupvis, dainficirebis an tvinis dazianebis meti safrTxe emuqreba. bavSvobis Sua
asakSi inteleqtis testSi dabali qulebi aqvT, nakleb yuradRebianebi da
socialurad moumwifeblebi arian da skolaSi arasaxarbielo swavliT
gamoirCevian (Minde, 2000; O’Keefe da sxvebi, 2003). mosalodnelia, rom mcirewoniani
Cvilebis mucladyofnisas maTi dedebi ikvebebodnen arasrulfasovnad an placenta
ar funqcionirebda normalurad, an bavSvs Tavad hqonda defeqtebi, rac mis
normalur zrdas uSlida xels.

dRenakluli bavSvebis gaCenam da qcevam SeiZleba naklebad mgrZnobiare da

naklebyuradRebiani gaxados mSobelTa zrunva. srulvadiani fexmZimobis Sedegad
gaCenil CvilebTan SedarebiT dRenaklulebs, gansakuTrebiT ki avadmyofebs, ufro
iSviaTad ixuteben, eferebian da esaubrebian. xSirad dedebi uxeS mopyrobas an
sityvier brZanebebs mimarTaven Cvilisagan sapasuxo reaqciis misaRebad (Barratt,
Roach, & Leavitt, 1996). SeiZleba amiT aixsnas dRenaklulTa, rogorc jgufis mimarT,
cudi mopyrobis riskis albaToba. rodesac aseTi bavSvebi izolirebul, siRaribiT
daTrgunul dedebs uCndebaT, visac maTi srulfasovani kveba, janmrTelobaze
zrunva da movla ar SeuZlia, arasaxarbielo Sedegebis albaToba matulobs
(Bacharach & Baumeister, 1998). amis sapirispirod, stabiluri Semosavlisa da
socialuri mxardaWeris SesaZleblobis mqone mSoblebs, Cveulebriv, SeuZliaT
dRenaklul Cvilze zrunviT gamowveuli stresis daZleva. am SemTxvevaSi sakmaod
sust dRenaklulebsac ki bavSvobis Sua wlebSi normaluri ganviTarebis `dawevis~
kargi Sansi aqvT (Ment da sxvebi, 2003).

dRenaklul bavSvTa daxmareba

dRenaklul bavSvs specialuri organuli miniT gadaxurul sawolSi, e.w.

izolatorSi aTavseben. yuradRebiT kontroldeba temperatura, radgan Cvilebs
jer ar ZaluZT sakuTari sxeulis temperaturis regulireba. infeqciebisagan
bavSvis dasacavad izolatorSi haeri ifiltreba. Tu dRenaklul bavSvs sakvebi
specialuri miliT miewodeba, sunTqvaSi respiratori exmareba, medikamentebi ki
Sidavenuri nemsiT SehyavT, izolatori marTlac Zalze izolirebuli xdeba!
Cveulebriv SemTxvevaSi axlo kontaqtiT dasakmayofilebeli fizikuri
moTxovnilebebi da sxva adamianuri stimulacia meqanikurad kmayofildeba.

Cvilis specialuri stimulireba. erT dros mecnierebi Tvlidnen, rom aseTi

saTuTi bavSvis stimulireba SeiZleba mavnebeli iyos. axla viciT, rom mcire
doziT garkveuli saxis stimuli dRenaklul Cvils ganviTarebaSi exmareba.
zogjer intensiuri zrunvis pirobebSi SeiZleba vnaxoT, rogor irwevian
dRenakluli bavSvebi dakidul hamakSi an wylis sawolebze dedis saSvilosnoSi
arsebuli Tanabari moZraobebis msgavsad. iyeneben stimulaciis sxva formebsac,
magaliTad, mimzidvel mobilurs an magnitofons, romliTac guliscemis, nazi
musikis an dedis xmis mosmena SeiZleba. es RonisZiebebi wonaSi swraf matebas,
dagegmil Zilsa da RviZils uwyobs xels (Marshall-Baker, Lickliter, & Cooper, 1998;
Standley, 1998). Sexeba stimulis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani formaa. patara
cxovelebisTvis kanze Sexeba tvinSi garkveul qimiur reaqcias iwvevs, rac xels
uwyobs fizikur zrdas _ bunebrivia, aseve iqneba adamianebSic. rodesac
dRenaklul bavSvebs dReSi ramdenjerme ukeTebdnen masaJs, isini wonaSi ufro
swrafad imatebdnen, pirveli wlis bolos am stimuls moklebul bavSvebTan
SedarebiT ukeTesi gonebrivi da motoruli ganviTareba axasiaTebdaT (Field, 2001;
Field, Hernandez-Reif, & Freedman, 2004).

ganviTarebad qveynebSi, sadac hospitalizacia yovelTvis ar aris

SesaZlebeli, miRebulia kani kanze anu `kengurusebri zrunva”, romlis drosac
dRenakluli bavSvi dedis mkerds aris mikruli da mas uyurebs. es teqnika
dasavleTis qveynebSi gamoiyeneba, rogorc intensiuri hospitaluri zrunvis
damateba. aseTi movla aumjobesebs Cvilis sxeulis

JangbadiT momaragebas, temperaturis regulirebas, sunTqvas, kvebas da misi zrdis

gadarCenis Sanss (Anderson, 1999; Feldman & Fidelman, 2003). amasTanave, rac ufro meti
grZnobiT da sinaziT asruleben mSoblebi `kengurusebr zrunvas”, miT ukeT
viTardebian Cvilebi (Feldman da sxvebi, 2002, 2003). Tumca, zogierTi Zalian patara
da avadmyofi CvilisaTvis zedmeti stimuli saWiro ar aris. xmauri, kaSkaSa
sinaTle da mudmivi samedicino monitoringi, rac intensiur movlas ukavSirdeba,
SeiZleba damTrgunveli iyos da nerviuloba da gadaRla gamoiwvios. rodesac
eqimebi da eqTnebi bavSvis individualuri saWiroebis mixedviT yuradRebiT arCeven
stimulirebis formasa da moculobas, EEG da FMRI maCveneblebi tvinis ufro
organizebul funqcionirebas 2 kviris asakSi adastureben. aseT bavSvebs
motoruli, SemecnebiTi da emociuri simwifis maRali Sefasebebi aqvT 9 Tvis
asakSi Semowmebis drosac (Als da sxvebi, 2004).

mSobelTa treningi bavSvis movlaSi. amgvari swavleba gulisxmobs

dRenakluli Cvilis mSoblebisTvis misi Taviseburebebis zogad Seswavlas da
movlaSi daostatebas. mSoblebs, romlebsac dRenaklul Cvilze zrunvis
ekonomikuri da adamianuri resursebi aqvT, bavSvis saWiroebebis Secnobisa da
dakmayofilebisaTvis mxolod ramdenime mecadineoba sWirdebaT. Sedegad ki, wlebis
Semdeg iReben Svilis gonebrivi testirebis maRal qulebs, romelic orsulobis
sruli vadis Semdeg gaCenili bavSvebis monacemebs utoldeba (Achenbach da sxvebi,
1990). mSoblis Tbili zrunva Cvils yuradRebis SeCerebis saSualebas aZlevs (mag.,
saintereso saTamaSos Cveneba da misi moqmedebis axsna) da gansakuTrebiT
sasargebloa Semecnebisa da metyvelebis adreuli ganviTarebisaTvis (Smith da
sxvebi, 1996).

axaldabadebulobis xanis funqcia

axaldabadebuli bavSvis garemo gansxvavdeba prenataluri ganviTarebis

garemosgan. axla man TviTon unda miiRos da gadaamuSaos sakvebi, TviTon
isunTqos. gare gamRizianeblebis zemoqmedebis sruli aRkveTa ver xerxdeba _
sinaTle, siTbo-sicive, xmauri da bevri ram masze moqmedebs met-naklebi
intensivobiT. dgeba upirvelesi amocana: is am Secvlil garemos unda Seeguos.
ragind didi mzrunvelobiTac ar unda iyos axaldabadebulis garemo mowyobili,
SeuZlebelia savsebiT davicvaT Zlieri gamRizianeblebisa da STabeWdilebebis
SemoWrisgan da sabolood eReba bolo mis TviTmyof arsebobas, romelic dedis
mucelSi axasiaTebda. axaldabadebulobis xanis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom organizmi, romelsac amieridan gare gamRizianebelTa samyaroSi
mouxdeba cxovreba, maT zemoqmedebas unda mieCvios: igi unda momagrdes imdenad,
rom misi arseboba da ganviTareba am axal pirobebSic SesaZlebeli Seiqnes. aq, am
periodSi unda gadawydes, dahyva Tu ara axaldabadebuls imdenad momwifebuli
Sinagani SesaZleblobebi, rom maTi ganviTareba xelsayreli garemos pirobebSi
gagrZeldes.

axaldabadebulis SesaZleblobebi. 0-ian wlebamde fsiqologebi Tvliden,

rom axaldabadebulebi amCneven mxolod sinaTles da sibneles, xolo umaRlesi
nervuli sistemis centrebi araa amoqmedebuli srulad. qceva TiTqmis mTlianad
refleqsebzea agebuli. axla ukve sxvanairad fiqroben. xangrZlivi dakvirvebebis
Sedegad volfma gamoyo axaldabadebulis 6 mdgomareoba: Tanabari (Rrma) Zili,
nerviuli (zedapiruli) Zili, naxevrad Zili (Zil-RviZilis mdgomareoba), mSvidi
sifxizle, aqtiuri sifxizle da kivili (tirili). Tavidan Warbobs Zilis
mdgomareoba, Semdeg _ aqtiuri sifxizle.
 axaldabadebuli bavSvis aqtivobis doneebi

dRe-RameSi
ramden xans
grZeldeba
mdgomareoba mdgomareobis aRwera axalSobil
ebSi
(saaTebSi)

neli Zili bavSvi mSvidadaa, Tvalebi daxuWuli aqvs da ar 8 - 9

moZraobs. sunTqva neli da regularuli

swrafi Zili bavSvis Tvalebi daxuWulia, magram moZraoben 8 - 9

quTuToebis qveS (Tvalis swrafi moZraobebi).
stimulze bavSvi SeiZleba SekrTes an grimasebi
hqondes saxeze. sunTqva SeiZleba iyos qoSinis
saxis

ZilRviZilis bavSvi CaiZinebs an iRviZebs. Tvalebs xan gaaxels 1/2 - 3

mdgomareoba da xan xuWavs. roca Tvalebi gaxelilia, aris
dabinduli da usicocxlo. sunTqva regularuli,
magram ufro swrafi, vidre neli Zilis fazaSi

fxizeli bavSvis Tvalebi farTodaa gaxelili, naTeli, 2 - 3

umoqmedoba ikvleven sxvadasxva obieqtebs. sunTqva Tanabari,
sxeuli SedarebiT umoqmedodaa.

fxizeli bavSvs Tvalebi gaxelili aqvs, sunTqva 1 - 3

aqtivoba araregularuli. bavSvi SeiZleba agznebul
mdgomareobaSi iyos da misi motoruli aqtivoba
iyos difuzuri

tirili intensiuri tirili, romelic Znelad 1 - 3

SesaCerebelia, Tan axlavs Zlieri motoruli
aqtivoba

wyaro: Wolff, 1966

axalSobilis Camoyalibeba. axalSobili arcTu lamazi arsebaa Tavisi didi

TaviT, `Ripiani~ taniTa da mrude fexebiT. amas garda misi kani, rogorc wesi,
TiTqos danaoWebulia da `moxarSuls~ hgavs. Tumca dabadebidan ramdenime saaTSi
axalSobili avlens mravalgvar unars, romelic saocrad mniSvnelovania misi
gadarCenisTvis da amavdroulad ufrosebSi aRvivebs survils, daexmaron da
moeferon. rogorc wesi, fsiqikuri Tu urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT Cvilebi
dabadebidanve Zalian aqtiurebi arian.

refleqsebi. es aris Tandayolili, avtomaturi sapasuxo reaqcia, romelsac

garkveuli stimulireba iwvevs. swored refleqsi gamoxatavs axalSobilis Cvevis
yvelaze organizebul formas. roca Cvils safens vucvliT, Tu SemTxveviT magidas
SevejaxeT, patara maSinve farTod gaSlis xelebs da Semdeg isev sawyis
mdgomareobas ubrundeba. roca deda Tavis pataras loyaze nazad moefereba, is
dedisken swevs Tavs. cxrilSi mocemulia axalSobilis ZiriTadi refleqsebi.

axalSobilebis ZiriTadi refleqsebi

vitaluri refleqsebi

saxelwodeba reaqcia ganviTareba da mniSvneloba

arsebobis dro

sunTqviTi gamudmebuli mudmivi organizms

gameoreba uzrunvelyofs
SesunTqvis da JangbadiT da xels
amosunTqvis uwyobs
naxSirorJangis
gamoyofas

Tvalis Tvalis daxuWva an mudmivi icavs Tvals

daxamxamebis xamxami Zlieri
sinaTlisgan da
ucxo sxeulebis
moxvedridan

gugis gugis daviwroveba mudmivi icavs Tvals

Zlier sinaTleze; Zlieri
gafarToveba sinaTlisgan,
sibneleSi an axdens
susti ganaTebisas mxedvelobiTi
sistemis
adaptacias susti
ganaTebisadmi

sabaziso (Sexebis) Tavis mitrialeba qreba sicocxlis axdens bavSvis

loyaze pirvel kvireebSi orientirebas
taqtiluri da Caenacvleba sakvebis
gamRizianeblis Tavis nebismierad mimarTulebiT
(Sexeba) motrialeba (dedis ZuZu an
mimarTulebiT rZis boTli)

wovis wova pirSi mudmivi aZlevs bavSvs

Cadebuli obieqtis kvebis
SesaZleblobas
ylapvis ylapva mudmivi aZlevs bavSvs
kvebis
SesaZleblobas

pirveladi refleqsebi

saxelwodeba reaqcia ganviTareba da mniSvneloba

arsebobis dro

babinskis fexis TiTebis Cveulebriv qreba dabadebisas am

refleqsi gaSla da Semdeg sicocxlis refleqsis
SekumSva terfze pirveli 8_12 Tvis arseboba da misi
xelis dakvris ganmavlobaSi gaqroba
sapasuxod sicocxlis pirvel
welSi migviTiTebs
bavSvis nervuli
sistemis
normalur
ganviTarebaze

tacebis refleqsi TiTebis moWera qreba sicocxlis dabadebisas am

obieqtis garSemo pirveli 3-4 TveSi refleqsis
(magaliTad, TiTis da Semdeg arseboba da misi
an fanqris), Caenacvleba gaqroba
romelic bavSvis nebismierad sicocxlis pirvel
xelis guls exeba tacebiT welSi migviTiTebs
bavSvis nervuli
sistemis
normalur
ganviTarebaze

moros refleqsi Zlieri xmauri an xelebis moZraoba dabadebisas am

bavSvis Tavis da zurgis gazneqa refleqsis
mdgomareobis qreba sicocxlis arseboba da misi
mkveTri cvlileba pirvel 4-6 TveSi; gaqroba
aiZulebs win miuxedavad amisa, sicocxlis pirvel
gamowios xelebi moulodnel welSi migviTiTebs
gaizniqos zurgSi xmaurze an bavSvis nervuli
da Semdeg Sekras sxeulis sayrdenis sistemis
xelebi TiTqos gaqrobisas bavSvi normalur
raRacas eWideba agrZelebs ganviTarebaze
reagirebas
molodinis
refleqsiT,
 romelic ar qreba

curvis refleqsi wyalSi bavSvi qreba sicocxlis dabadebisas am

aqtiurad pirveli 4-6 TveSi refleqsis
amoZravebs xelebs arseboba da misi
da fexebs da gaqroba
uneblied ikavebs sicocxlis pirvel
sunTqvas (aZlevs welSi migviTiTebs
amiT sxeuls bavSvis nervuli
tivtivis sistemis
SesaZleblobas); es normalur
refleqsi exmareba ganviTarebaze
bavSvs gaCerdes
wyalze ramdenime
xans, rac
aadvilebs mis
gadarCenas

siarulis vertikalur qreba sicocxlis dabadebisas am

refleqsi mdgomareobaSi Tu pirvel 8 TveSi, refleqsis
bavSvi fexebiT Tu bavSvs ar aqvs arseboba da misi
exeba swor aseTi moZraobebis gaqroba
zedapirs, akeTebs regularuli sicocxlis pirvel
siarulis Sesrulebis welSi migviTiTebs
moZraobebs SesaZlebloba bavSvis nervuli
sistemis
normalur
ganviTarebaze

SeniSvna: naadrevad Sobil bavSvebs dabadebisas SeiZleba ar hqondeT pirveladi

refleqsebi, an sustad iyos gamoxatuli; vitaluri refleqsebi aseT bavSvebTan aseve
SeiZleba iyos susti. miuxedavad amisa, dabadebisas Tu ar iyo refleqsi, rogorc wesi, is
mainc Cndeba dabadebis Semdeg male da qreba cota ufro gvian, vidre normalurad Sobil
bavSvebSi

refleqsebis adapturi mniSvneloba. zogierTi refleqsi Tavis gadarCenis

saSualebas gamoxatavs. Zebnis refleqsi exmareba Cvils advilad ipovos dedis
ZuZu. isini am refleqss maSin amJRavneben, roca moSivdebaT, an vinme loyaze
Seexeba da ara maSin, roca Tavad exeba sakuTar loyas. axalSobils, refleqsi rom
ar hqondes, Cveni saxeobis erTi Taobac ki ver gadarCeboda. dabadebisTanave Cvili
eCveva wovas, rac erTgvar Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, rZe Tavisuflad rom gadmovides
ZuZudan (Craig & Lee, 1999). curvis refleqsi exmareba pataras gadairCinos Tavi. Tu
SemTxveviT wyalSi aRmoCndeba, ase is wylis zedapirze axerxebs gaCerebas.
danarCeni refleqsi Cvilebs albaT mTeli evoluciis ganmavlobaSi exmareboda,
Tavis gadarCenaSi. magaliTad, varaudoben, rom Moro anu `Caxutebis~ refleqsi
saSualebas aZlevda pataras, CabRauWeboda dedas, roca es ukanaskneli mas mTeli
dRis ganmavlobaSi Tan daatarebda. rogorc ki patara Camovardnis safrTxes
igrZnobda, `Caxutebis~ refleqsi saSualebas aZlevda mas Zlierad CabRauWeboda
dedas. sagulisxmoa, rom Cvili mTeli ZaliT ebRauWeba dedas da sakmaod
xangrZlivad SeuZlia es mdgomareoba SeinarCunos (Kessen, 1967; Prechtl, 1958).

refleqsi deda-Svilis Tbili urTierTobis SenarCunebas exmareba. deda

bednieria, roca misi patara eZebs da misive daxmarebiT advilad poulobs ZuZus,
siamovnebiT wovs da Tavisi pawawina TiTebiT dedis TiTebs ebRauWeba. refleqsi
aseve saSualebas aZlevs dedas, daamSvidos Tavisi patara. nebismierma axalgazrda
dedam icis, rom Tavisi pirmSo matyuara sawovaraTi SeiZleba daawynaros da
swored wovis refleqsi exmareba Cvils damSviddes.

refleqsebi da motoruli Cvevebis ganviTareba. zogierTi refleqsi

kompleqsuri motoruli Cvevis erTgvari sawyisia, romelic Semdgom viTardeba.
magaliTad, kisris daWeris refleqsi exmareba pataras TandaTan mieCvios xelis
gawvdenas. roca Cvili `mofarikavis~ mdgomareobaSi wevs, is TavisTavad uyurebs
sakuTar gawvdil xels. es refleqsi saSualebas aZlevs mas erTmaneTs
daukavSiros xedva da xelis moZraoba, ris Sedegadac Semdeg SeZlebs sagnebis
aRebas (Knobloch & Pasamanick, 1974). garkveuli refleqsebi, rogoricaa xelis
Cavleba, curva da fexis dadgma Cvilis Cvevebidan male qreba, Tumca es motoruli
funqciebi mogvianebiT aRdgeba. magaliTad, Ffexis dadgmis refleqsi TiTqos
gviCvenebs, rom pataras SeuZlia siaruli. im CvilebSi, romlebic swrafad imateben
wonaSi es refleqsi swrafad qreba, vinaidan misi fexis kunTebi ar aris sakmarisad
Zlieri imisaTvis, rom pataram Tavisi putkuna fexebi aswios. magram sakmarisia is
wyalSi CavsvaT, rom refleqsi maSinve gaiRviZebs, radgan wylis amomgdebi Zala
amsubuqebs mis fexebs da kunTebic advilad axerxebs maT amoZravebas (Thelen, Fisher,
& Ridley-Johnson, 1984). xolo, roca es dabijebis refleqsi regularulad muSaobs,
Cvili uneblieT dgams nabijs, ris Sedegadac fexis kunTebi Zlierdeba. Sedegad
isini siaruls SedarebiT adre iwyeben da es swored varjiSis wyalobiT xdeba
(Zelazo da sxvebi, 1993). Tumca, SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom savaldebulo ar aris
bavSvis siarulSi gavarjiSeba, radgan yvela bavSvi droulad iwyebs siaruls. rac
Seexeba curvis refleqss, aq saqme ufro rTuladaa. misi gamocda erTgvar
riskTanaa dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom wyalSi Cavardnili bavSvi maSinve
iwyebs xel-fexis gamalebiT moZraobas, man SeiZleba didi raodenobis wyali
gadaylapos. es ki bavSvis sisxlSi marilis koncentraciis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs,
rasac SeiZleba Tavis tvinis SeSupeba da dambla mohyves. am mniSvnelovani
refleqsis arsebobis miuxedavad, misi gamocda sam wlamde ar aris mizanSewonili.

tirili. tirili Cvilis komunikaciis erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa. tirilis

saSualebiT patarebi miaxvedreben mSoblebs, rom sWirdebaT sakvebi, mofereba an
urTierToba undaT. dabadebidan ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi, bavSvebi xSirad
tirian da maTi damSvideba Zneli xdeba. magram droTa ganmavlobaSi mSobeli
Seiswavlis pirmSos tirilis xasiaTs da advilad xvdeba, ra surs mas. tirili
SeiZleba gamoixatos slukuniT an Zlieri tiriliT (Gustafson, Wood, & Green, 2000).
dabadebidan pirvel kvirebSi, Cvilis tirili metad Zlieria, ,,xmovania~, rac
saSualebas aZlevs mSobels Svilis tirilis xma Soridanac gaigos (Gustafson,
Wood, & Cleland, 1994). Cvilebi sakuTari moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad tirian,
ZiriTadad es aris SimSilis SegrZneba. magram zogjer Cvilma SeiZleba itiros
temperaturis cvlilebisas, roca mas gaxdian an tkivilis gamo. Cvilis tirili
misi sxvadasxva mdgomareobiTac SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli. mtirali Cvili
feradi da xmauriani nivTis danaxvisas mSviddeba, Tumca man SeiZleba tirili
wamoiwyos imave nivTebTan Sexebisas, Tu sxva raime diskomforts ganicdis.
niSandoblivia, rom axalSobilebi (iseve, rogorc mozrdili Cvilebi) sxva Cvilis
tirilis gagonebisas Tavadac iwyeben tirils (Dondi, Simion, & Caltran, 1999).
mkvlevarebs miaCniaT, rom es erTgvari Tandayolili sapasuxo reaqciaa, riTac
patara sxvis diskomfortze reagirebs. ufro metic, tirilis sixSire izrdeba
pirvel kvirebSi, piks aRwevs eqvsi Tvis asakSi da Semdeg TandaTan sustdeba.
vinaidan es Cveva sxvadasxva kulturis erebSi erTnair damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa,
mkvlevarebs miaCniaT, rom is gamoxatavs centraluri nervuli sistemis
mowesrigebulobas (Barr, 2001).

ufrosis reaqcia Cvilis tirilze. Semdeg jerze, Cvilis tirilis gagebisas

sakuTar reaqcias daakvirdiT. tirili, mamakacebsa da qalebSi, mSoblebsa da ucxo
adamianebSi, agznebisa da diskomfortis Zlier grZnobas erTnairad iwvevs (Murray,
1985). es Zlieri sapasuxo reaqcia, rwmena imisa, rom bavSvebi gadarCenisTvis
saWiro zrunvas da dacvas iReben, kacobriobaSi dasabamidanaa Cadebuli. garda
amisa, mSoblebi bavSvebis tirilis mizezs yovelTvis zustad ver xsnian, es unari
gamocdilebasTan erTad modis. bavSvis zrdasTan erTad mSoblebi maT tirilSi
aramarto tirilis intensivobas, aramed ufro konkretul signalebs, magaliTad,
zluquns da daZaxebis bgerebs, aqceven yuradRebas (Thompson & Leger, 1999). es
signalebi, tirilis konteqstTan erTad mSoblebs tirilis mizezis amocnobaSi
exmareba. Tu bavSvi ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi mSieria - tirilis mizezi
albaT SimSilia. Tu tirils win fxizloba da TamaSi uswrebs, tirilis mizezi
SesaZloa bavSvis daRliloba iyos. mkveTri, mWaxe, xangrZlivi tirili tkivilis
niSania, romelic momvlelebs dauyovnebli CvilTan misvlisken ubiZgebs. Zalian
intensiuri tirili met usiamovno grZnobas aRZravs da Sesabamisad ufrosebSi met
fiziologiur agznebas iwvevs (Crowe & Zeskind, 1992). msgavsi adapturi reaqciebi
gvarwmunebs, rom gasaWirSi myofi Cvili daxmarebas swrafad miiRebs.

atirebuli Cvilis damSvideba. sabednierod, arsebobs atirebuli bavSvis

sxvadasxva damamSvidebeli saSualeba, Tuki Wmeva da gamocvla ar Svelis. erT-erTi
yvelaze efeqturi saSualeba, rasac dasavleTis qveynebSi mSoblebi dauyovnebliv
mimarTaven, Cvilis xelSi ayvana, misi darweva an masTan erTad siarulia. Cvilis
dawynarebis kidev erTi farTod gavrcelebuli xerxia bavSvis Tbil sabanSi
gaxveva. perus erT-erT civ, maRalmTian raionSi mcxovrebi tomis warmomadgenlebi
sakuTar bavSvebs Zalian bevr tanisamoss acmeven da imisaTvis, rom bavSvi
mTlianad siTboSi iyos, ramodenime Tbil sabanSi axveven. Sedegad, dedis zugze
Tbil boxCaSi Casma, dedis siarulTan erTad ritmuli moZraoba bavSvis tirils
amcirebs da aZinebs mas.es xerxi bavSvebs gansakuTrebiT mkacr klimaturi
pirobebSi zrdisTvis saWiro energies dazogvaSi exmareba (Tronick, Thomas, &
Daltabuit, 1994). magram yvela kvleva ar gviCvenebs, rom mSoblis swrafi sapasuxo
reaqcia CvilTa tirils amcirebs (van IJzendoorn & Hubbard, 2000). tirilis
gamomwvevi pirobebi kompleqsuria da Sesabamisad mSoblebma maT sazogadoebaSi
miRebuli gamocdilebis Sesabamisi mizanSewonili gadawyvetileba unda miiRon,
tirilis miaxloebiTi mizezisa da situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, magaliTad, sakuTar
saxlSi ganmartoebiT yofnisas an xalxiT savse restoranSi sadilobisas.
sabednierod, asakTan erTad tirili klebulobs da misi mizezi ara fizikuri,
aramed ufro fsiqologiuri (yuradRebis moTxovna, imedgacruebis gamoxatva)
xasiaTis xdeba. praqtikulad yvela mkvlevari iziarebs erT mosazrebas, kerZod,
mSoblebs SeuZliaT ufros bavSvebs aswavlon sakuTari saWiroebebis
dakmayofileba ara marto tirilis, aramed sxva ufro azriani saSualebebiT,
magaliTad, JestikuliaciiT, sityvieri an xmovani signalebiT.

paTologiuri tirili. refleqsebisa da Zilis sistemebis msgavsad CvilTa

tirili centralur nervul sistemas distresis signals aZlevs. travmirebuli
tvinis an prenataluri da mSobiarobisas garkveuli sirTuleebis mqone bavSvebis
tirili, janmrTeli Cvilebisgan gansxvavebiT, xSir SemTxvevaSi ufro Zlieri, mWaxe
da xanmoklea (Boukydis & Lester, 1998; Green, Irwin, & Gustafson, 2000). axalSobilTa
iseTi farTod gavrcelebuli problemebisas, rogoricaa gazebis dagroveba,
tirili xangrZlivi, mWaxe da mkveTria (Zeskind & Barr, 1997). miuxedavad imisa, rom
gazebis dagrovebis mizezi ucnobia, zogi axalSobili, romelic gansakuTrebiT
Zlierad reagirebs arasasiamovno stimulze, mgrZnobiareni arian. Zlieri tirilis
gamo maTi dawynareba sxva bavSvebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT rTulia. gazebis
problema ZiriTadad 3-6 Tvis asakSi qreba (Barr & Gunnar, 2000; St James-Roberts da
sxvebi, 2003). bevri mSobeli tirilis dros bavSvis daxmarebas zedmeti yuradRebiTa
da zrunviT cdilobs. magram zogjer CvilTa tirili imdenad arasasiamovnoa da
maTi dawynareba imdenad rTulia, rom mSobeli Riziandeba da brazdeba. ufro xSir
SemTxvevaSi dRenakluli da avadmyofi bavSvebi sastiki mopyrobis obieqtebi
xdebian. maTi Zlierad gaRizianebuli mSoblebi zogjer sakuTar Tavze kontorlis
dakargvis da Sesabamisad, bavSvisTvis zianis miyenebis faqtorad Cvilis gamWol,
xangrZliv tirils asaxeleben, (Zeskin & Lester, 2001).
 bavSvoba: fizikuri ganviTareba. kognituri funqciebis ganviTareba

Cvilis fizikuri da motoruli ganviTareba

cxovelebTan SedarebiT, primatebi (adamianebis CaTvliT) ufro
xangrZliv fizikur zrdas saWiroeben. virTxebsa da TagvebSi, mxolod
ramdenime kvira aSorebs dabadebas pubertaciisagan, rac maTi sococxlis
xangrZlivobis მხოლოდ 2 procentia. SimpanzeebSi ki, romlebic evoluciuri
ierarqiiT adamianebTan yvelaze axlos dganan, es periodi 7 wels
grZeldeba, rac maTi sicocxlis xangrZlivobis 16 procents Seadgens.
fizikuri umwifaroba kidev ufro gawelilia adamianebSi, romelTaA zrda
sicocxlis daaxlovebiT 20 weli grZeldeba. am gagrZelebul fizikur
umwifrobas aqvs Tavisi calsaxa adaptaciuri mniSvneloba: is faqti, rom
bavSvebi ufrosebze damokidebulni arian, iZleva damatebiT dros rTuli
socialuri cxovrebisTvis aucilebeli unar-Cvevebis SesaZenad.
sxeulis zomis cvlileba. fizikuri zrdis yvelaze TvalSi sacemi
niSania bavSvis mTliani sxeulis zomis cvlileba. pirveli wlis bolos
Cveulebrivi bavSvis tipuri zoma 50%-iT metia, vidre dabadebisas iyo, ori
wlis asakSi ki 75%-iT metia. wonac mniSvnelovnad icvleba. 5 Tvis bavSvs
wona dabadebisas arsebul wonasTan SedarebiT ormagdeba. 1 wlis asakSi
gasammagebulia, 2 wlis asakisTvis ki _ ukve gaoTxmagebuli. sabednierod,
zrda neldeba adreul da bavSvobis Sua xanaSi. pubertacia (momwifeba)
swraf aqseleracias anu zrdis daCqarebas ganapirobebs. magaliTad,
mozardebi wonaSi daaxloebiT 40 procents imateben.
sxeulis proporciis cvlileba. bavSvis sxeulis mTliani zomis
cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba misi sxvadasxva nawilic, oRond
gansxvavebuli tempiT izrdeba. prenatalur periodSi jer Tavi viTardeba
martivi embrionidan, xolo Semdeg mohyveba sxeulis sxva nawilebi.
dabadebis Semdeg Tavi da mkerdi ufro swrafad izrdeba, fexebi da torsi
ki nel-nela. Cvilobasa da bavSvobis periodSic fizikuri zrda mihyveba
tendencias sxeulis centridan periferiisken. jer Tavi, mkerdi da torsi
izrdeba, Semdeg mklavebi, fexebi da bolos _ xelebi da terfebi.
pubertaciis periodSi ki zrda piriqiT xdeba _ jer xelebi, fexebi da
terfebi izrdeba, Semdeg torsi, rac ganapirobebs mozardis simaRleSi
matebas. es xsnis ratom arian mozardebi mouxerxeblebi da
araproporciulebi – grZelfexa, didi terfebiTaA da xelebiT.
Cvilobasa da bavSvobaSi biWebisa da gogonebis proporciebis
msgavseba, sruliad gansxvavebuli xdeba mozardobis periodSi, rac ConCxze
sqesis hormonebis zemoqmedebiT aixsneba. biWebs mxrebi ufarTovdeba
TeZoebTan SedarebiT, gogonebis TeZoebi ki welTan SedarebiT ufro ganieri
xdeba. rasakvirvelia, biWebi ufro didebi arian da maTi fexebic sxeulis
sxva nawilebTan SedarebiT ufro grZelia. mizezi isaa, rom biWebs win
mozardobis zrdis damatebiTi 2 weli aqvT da es is periodia, rodesac
fexebi yvelaze swrafad izrdeba.

kunTovan-cximovani agebulebis cvlileba. sxeulis cximi, romlis

umetesi raodenoba kanqveS aris moTavsebuli, izrdeba prenataluri
sicocxlis bolo ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi da grZeldeba dabadebis
Semdeg, xolo piks aRwevs 9 wlis asakSi. `Cvilis cximis~ es adreuli mateba
xmardeba bavSvis mudmivi temperaturis SenarCunebas. 2 wlis asakSi
bavSvebis umetesoba xdeba da bavSvobis Sua periodamde daTxelebas
agrZelebs. (Fomon & Nelson, 2002). dabadebisas gogonebs odnav ufro meti
cximi aqvT, vidre biWebs da es gansxvaveba skolis wlebSic SenarCundeba da
Semdeg ufro Rrmavdeba. 8 wlis asakisTvis gogonebs cximi ematebaT
mklavebze, fexebsa da sxeulze. ase grZeldeba pubertaciis periodis
ganmavlobaSic. mozard biWebs ki piriqiT _ umcirdebaT cximi mklavebsa da
fexebze (Siervogal da sxvebi, 2000).
kunTi Cvilobasa da bavSvobis ganmavlobaSi nela akumulirdeba da
mozardobaSi mniSvnelovnad imatebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom pubertaciis
periodSi orive sqess emateba kunTovani qsovili, es mateba biWebSi 150%-iT
ufro metia. maT uviTardebaT ufro didi kunTebi, guli da filtvebi (Rogol,
Roemmich, & Clark, 2002). sisxlSi wiTeli burTulebis ricxvi da amasTan
erTad filtvebisTvis Jangbadis miwodebis unaric imatebs biWebSi da ara
gogonebSi. biWebi gogonebze gacilebiT ufro met kunTis Zalas iZenen, ris
gamoc maT gardamaval asakSi ufro sportuli aRnagoba aqvT (Ramos da
sxvebi, 1998).
ConCxis zrda. erTi da imave asakis bavSvebi fizikuri zrdis xarisxiT
gansxvavdebian. bavSvis fizikuri momwifebis Sefasebis saukeTeso gzaa
ConCxis asakis dadgena. es aris sxeulis Zvlebis ganviTarebis gazomva.
embrionis ConCxi Tavdapirvelad formirdeba rbili, drekadi qsovilisagan,
romelsac xrtili hqvia. orsulobis meeqvse kvirisTvis xrtilis ujredebi
iwyebs gaZvalebas, rac SemdgomSi mTeli bavSvobisa da mozardobis
periodis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba (Tanner, Healy, & Cameron, 2001).
ConCxis asakis gamokvlevam aCvena, rom gogonebi mniSvnelovnad
uswreben biWebs. dabadebisas sqesobrivi gansxvaveba udris 4-6 kviras,
Cvilobasa da bavSvobaSi ki gansxvaveba Rrmavdeba (Humphrey, 1998). gogonebs
sxva organoebic ufro swrafad uviTardebaT. maTi fizikuri momwifebis
gamo isini gacilebiT ufro gamZleni arian garemos mavne zemoqmedebis
mimarT. gogonebs ganviTarebis gacilebiT naklebi problema aqvT, vidre
biWebs da Cvilobasa da bavSvobis periodSi maTi sikvdilianobac ufro
naklebia.
motoruli unar-Cvevebis daxvewa. zomis, proporciisa da kunTis Zalis
cvlileba xels uwyobs axali motoruli unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas. sxeuli
rac ufro daxvewili xdeba da zeda nawili umsubuqdeba, simZimis centri
gadainacvlebs qvemo tanisken. Sedegad, balansi umjobesdeba da gzas
uTmobs axal motorul unar-Cvevebs, romlebic msxvili kunTebis meSveobiT
xorcieldeba.

wvrili da msxvili motorikis ganviTareba sicocxlis pirveli 2 wlis

ganmavlobaSi

motoruli unari dauflebis saSualo asakobrivi diapazoni,

statistikuri asaki romlis farglebSic am
unars eufleba
 bavSvebis 90%
uWiravs Tavi 6 kvira 3 kvira-4 Tve
vertikalur
mdgomareobaSi
yofnisas
mucelze wolisas 2 Tve 3 kvira-4 Tve
xelebze wamoiwevs
gadabrundeba 2 Tve 3 kvira-5 Tve
gverdidan zurgze
xels tacebs kubebs 3 Tve 3 kvira 2-7 Tve
gadabrundeba zurgidan 4,5 Tve 2-7 Tve
gverdze
damoukideblad jdeba 7 Tve 5-9 Tve
cocavs 7 Tve 5-11 Tve
cdilobs wamodges 8 Tve 5-12 Tve
TamaSobs "ladoSki" 9 Tve 3 kvira 7-15 Tve
damoukideblad dgeba 11 Tve 9-16 Tve
damoukideblad dadis 11 Tve 3 kvira 9-17 Tve
agebs koSks ori kubiT 13 Tve 3 kvira 10-19 Tve
energiulad jRabnis 14 Tve 10-21 Tve
adis kibeze sxvisi 16 Tve 12-23 Tve
daxmarebiT
xtis adgilze 23 Tve 2 kvira 17-30 Tve
dadis TiTis wverebze 25 Tve 16-30 Tve
komentari: ganviTarebis es etapebi asaxaven zogad tendenciebs. Baily, 1969,1993

msxvili motorikis ganviTareba adreuli da saSualo bavSvobis periodSi

asaki msxvili motoruli unarebi

2-3 weli dadis ufro riTmulad; swrafi siaruli icvleba
sirbiliT; xtunavs, cekvavs, isvris da iWers zemo
kidurebis tlanqi, mouqneli moZraobiT; fexiT miagorebs
saTamaSos; cotaTi dadis samTvliani velosipediT
3-4 weli kibeze adis (rig-rigobiT adgams fexebs) da Camodis
(irCevs erT wamyvan fexs); xtis da cekvavs, zeda kidurebi
xdeba moqnili; isvris da iWers sagnebs da nakleb iyenebs
zeda tans; burTis daWerisas jer kidev ikravs mkerdze;
marTavs samTvlian velosipeds
4-5 weli Camodis kibeze Tavisuflad; ufro moqnilad darbis, xtis
erT fexze; burTs isvris sxeulis trialiT da wonis
fexze gadataniT, iWers burT xelis mtevnebiT; swrafad
dadis samTvliani velosipediT da marTavs mas
5-6 weli izrdeba sirbilis siswrafe; darbis Tavisuflad; isvris
sagnebs mTeli taniT da sworad iWers burTs; marTavs
saswavlo pedalebian orTvlian velosipeds
7-12 weli izrdeba sirbilis siswrafe; vertikaluri naxtomis
 simaRle izrdeba 4-dan 12 diuimamde, sigrZeSi naxtomi ki
3-dan 5 futamde. xtis akuratulad cali da orive fexiT
kvadratidan kvadratze; izrdeba xeliT nasrolisa da
fexis dartymis sizuste. tyorcna ufro swrafi da did
manZilze; dartymisas iyenebs mTel sxeuls da
aumjobesebs dartymis sizustes da Zalas;

fizikuri ganviTareba adreul da Sua bavSvobaSi

2 wlis asakidan skolamdelTa siarulis manera xdeba Tanabari da

imdenad usafrTxo, rom isini male swydebian miwas: pirvelad sirbilis da
xtunvis meSveobiT, 3-6 wlis _ asakSi skupiT, jiriTiTa da askinkiliT. zeda
da qveda tanis mZraobis unari TandaTanobiT erTiandeba ufro efeqtian
qmedebebSi (Getchell & Roberton, 1989). magaliTad, 2 da 3 wlis bavSvebi xistad
isvrian burTs da mxolod mklavebs iyeneben. 4 da 5 wlis asakisTvis isini
ukve mxrebs, torss, qveda tans da fexebs iyeneben Tanabari, moqnili
moZraobiT, risi meSveobiTac burTs ufro swrafad da Sors isvrian.
skolis wlebSi gaumjobesebuli balansi, Zala, sisxarte da moqniloba
aumjobesebs da xvews sirbilis, xtunvisa da burTiT TamaSis unars. bavSvebi
swrafad darbian saTamaSo moedanze, CarTuli arian klasobanas TamaSSi,
fexs urtyamen da atareben fexburTis burTs, klaselebis mier nasrol
burTs CogniT igerieben.
igive principi, romelic marTavs motorul ganviTarebas pirveli 2
wlis ganmavlobaSi, grZeldeba da moqmedebs bavSvobasa da mozardobaSi.
bavSvebi axdenen manamde SemuSavebuli unar-Cvevebis integracias ufro
rTuli moqmedebis dinamikur sistemaSi. Semdeg isini imeoreben TiToeul
unars da rac ufro didi da Ronieri xdeba maTi centraluri nervuli
sistema, ukeT ganviTarebulebi xdebian, maTi miznebi da interesebi ufro
naTelia da garemo axal saintereso da sarisko gamowvevas sTavazobs.
msoflioSi gavrcelebuli sxeulis zomis variaciebi. nebismieri
skolis nebismier klass rom gadavavloT Tvali, aRmovaCenT individualur
gansxvavebas fizikur zomaSi. es sxvaoba kidev ufro aSkara xdeba, Tu
erTmaneTs sxvadasxva eris bavSvebs SevadarebT. mTel msoflioSi 22,5 sm
gansxvaveba arsebobs yvelaze dabal da yvelaze maRal 8 wlis bavSvebs
Soris. yvelaze dabali bavSvebi arian samxreT afrikaSi, aziaSi, wynari
okeanis kunZulebsa da afrikis zogierT nawilSi, iseTi eTnikuri jgufebis
CaTvliT, rogoricaa kolumbielebi, birmelebi, taielebi, vietnamelebi,
eTiopielebi da bantus xalxi. yvelaze maRlebi cxovroben avstraliaSi,
CrdiloeT da centralur evropaSi, kanadasa da SeerTebul StatebSi,
agreTve CexeTSi, holandiaSi, latviaSi, norvegiaSi, SvedeTsa da afrikis
mosaxleobaSi (Meredith, 1978).
eTnikuri variaciebis zrdis xarisxic saerToa. magaliTad, afro-
amerikeli da azieli bavSvebi ufro adre momwifdebian xolme, vidre
Crdiloamerikeli da TeTrkaniani bavSvebi, romlebic evropel bavSvebs
odnav uswreben (Berkey da sxvebi, 1994; Eveleth & Tanner, 1990). es aRmoCenebi
yuradRebas gvamaxvilebinebs imaze, rom zrdis normebs (asakTan
dakavSirebul simaRlisa da wonis saSualo maCveneblebs) frTxilad unda
movekidoT, gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, sadac intensiuri emigracia
aRiniSneba da mravali eTnosis warmomadgenlebi cxovroben.
ra ganapirobebs am gansxvavebebs? orive _ rogorc memkvidreoba, ise
garemo. sxeulis zoma zogjer konkretul klimatur pirobebTan
evoluciuri adaptaciis Sedegia. magaliTad, maRali, gamxdari aRnagoba
damaxasiaTebelia cxeli, tropikuli regionebisTvis, dabali, Cafskvnili
garegnoba _ civi, arqtikuli zonisTvis. iq, Cveulebriv ganviTarebul
qveynebSi, sadac sakvebi uxvadaa da infeqciuri daavadebebic
kontrolirdeba, maRali bavSvebi izrdebian, amis sapirispirod, patara
tanis bavSvebi, rogorc wesi, cxovroben naklebad ganviTarebul regionebSi,
sadac SimSili, siRaribe da avadmyofoba Cveuli ramaa (Bogin, 2001). rodesac
ojaxebi Raribi qveynebidan mdidar qveyanaSi gadadian, maTi bavSvebi ara
marto maRlebi izrdebian, aramed ufro grZelfexebac xdebian. magaliTad,
amerikaSi dabadebuli maias tomis emigranti gvatemaleli skolis asakis
bavSvebi saSualod 4 inCiT ufro maRlebi arian da TiTqmis 3 inCiT ufro
grZeli fexebi aqvT, vidre gvatemalis maias tomis soflebSi mcxovreb maT
Tanatolebs (Bogin da sxvebi, 2002).
gaumjobesebuli janmrTeloba da kveba gansazRvravs zrdis am sam
parametrs. zrdis tendencia ufro nelia dabali Semosavlis mqone
bavSvebisTvis, romelnic cudad ikvebebian da ufro xSirad emarTebaT
simaRlis SemaCerebeli daavadebebi. msoflios im regionebSi ki, sadac
siRaribe, SimSili da daavadebebia gavrcelebuli, aranairi cvlileba an
Semcireba ar aRiniSneba (Barnes-Josiah & Augustin, 1995; Cole, 2000).
samrewvelo qveynebis umravlesobaSi simaRleSi mateba Senelebulia
da SeCerebulia adreuli menstruaciis tendencia. Tumca Warbi wona da
simsuqne xels uwyobs adreul menstruacias CrdiloeT amerikasa da evropis
ramdenime qveyanaSi, rogoricaa dania, fineTi da holandia (Parent da sxvebi,
2003).
fizikuri zrdis asinqronia. fizikuri zrda asinqronulia. sxeulis
zoma (simaRlisa da wonis mixedviT) da sxvadasxva Sinagani organoebi
mihyvebian zrdis zogad mruds: swrafia zrda Cvilobis periodSi, neli
adreul da Sua bavSvobaSi da swrafi mozardobisas. genitaliebi nela
viTardeba dabadebidan 4 wlis asakamde, odnav icvleba bavSvobis Sua
periodSi da swrafad izrdebian mozardobisas. limfuri jirkvlebi ki amis
sapirispirod saocari siswrafiT izrdebian Cvilobasa da bavSvobaSi, xolo
mozardobis periodSi ki maTi zrdis tempi iklebs. limfuri sistema
exmareba adamians infeqciis daZlevasa da sakvebis SewovaSi, riTac xels
uwyobs bavSvis janmrTelobisa da sicocxlis SenarCunebas (Malina &
Bouchard, 1991). pirveli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi tvini ufro swrafad
izrdeba, vidre sxeulis sxva nawilebi.

pubertacia: fizikuri gadasvla mozardobaze

pubertaciis dros axalgazrdebi aRweven zrdasruli adamianis
sxeulis zomas da uCndebaT STamomavlobis warmoqmnis unari. amas Tan sdevs
sxeulis swrafi zrda, nakvTebis fizikuri cvlileba. zogierTi mas eZaxis
pirvelad sqesobriv maxasiaTeblebs, rac pirdapir moicavs reproduqtiul
organos. sxvebs meorad sqesobriv maxasiaTeblebs uwodeben, isini Cans
garegan sxeulze da sqesobrivi mowifulobis niSania. es maxasiaTeblebi
mkacrad gansazRvruli rigiT iCens Tavs, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi
gamoCenisa da dasrulebis asaki cvalebadobs. Cveulebriv, pubertatul
ganviTarebas 4 weli sWirdeba, Tumca zogierTi mozardi mas 2 welSi
asrulebs, sxvebs ki 5-6 weli sWirdeba.
pubertatiuli zrdis individualuri da jgufuri gansxvavebebi.
memkvidreobas Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs pubertaciis drois
dadgomisTvis. identur tyupebs, menarqe Cveulebriv, erTmaneTisgan erTi an
ori Tvis gansxvavebiT ewyeba, fraternaluri tyupebSi ki es gansxvaveba
daaxloebiT 12 Tvea (Kaprio da sxvebi, 1995). kvebasa da varjiSs SeuZlia
gamoiwvios gansxvaveba. mdedrobiT sqesSi sxeulis wonisa da cximis
mkveTrma matebam SeiZleba seqsualur mowifulobas Seuwyos xeli da
piriqiT, gogonebs, vinc energiulad iwyebs varjiSs pataraobidan da cotas
Wams (orive maTgani amcirebs sxeulSi cximis Semcvelobas) Cveulebriv,
gviandeli pubertacia axasiaTebs. (Anderson, Dallal, & Must, 2003; Delemarre-van
de Waal, 2002).
msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi da sxvadasxva Semosavlis da
eTnikurobis mqone jgufebSi pubertatuli zrda gansxvavebulia. fizikur
janmrTelobas Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs. Rarib regionebSi, sadac cudi
kveba da infeqciuri daavadebebi Cveuli ramaa, menarqe Zalian igvianebs.
afrikis bevr qveyanaSi is ar xdeba xolme 14-16 wlis asakamde. ganviTarebadi
qveynebis farglebSi, maRali Semosavlis mqone ojaxis gogonebs menarqe 6
Tvidan 3 wlamde ufro adre aqvT, vidre dabali ekonomikuri mdgomareobis
mqone ojaxis gogonebs (Parent da sxvebi, 2003).

pubertatiuli cvlileba, emocia da socialuri qceva

pubertacias SeuZlia zegavlena moaxdinos emociur statusze da
socialur qcevaze.
mozardebis uguneboba. miuxedavad imisa, rom gamokvlevam aCvena
sasqeso hormonebis maRali donis kavSiri ugunebobasTan, es kavSiri mainc
ar aris Zlieri (Buchanan, Eccles, & Becker, 1992). kveTisa da longituduri
gamokvlevis mizniT Catarda bavSvebis, mozardebisa da zrdasrulebis
xasiaTis monitoringi peijerebis meSveobiT. cudi guneba dakavSirebuli iyo
uaryofiT cxovrebiseul movlenebTan, rogoricaa mSoblebTan urTierTobis
sirTule, disciplinuri qmedebebi skolaSi da SeyvarebulTan daSoreba.
negatiuri movlenebi ganuxrelad imatebda bavSvobidan mozardobamde da
Tineijerebic maTze ufro didi emociiT pasuxobdnen, vidre bavSvebi (Larson
& Ham, 1993).
zrdasruli adamianis guneb-ganwyobilebasTan SedarebiT 12-16 wlis
mozardebis guneba naklebad stabiluri iyo da xSirad icvleboda
mxiarulidan mowyenilobisken da piriqiT. xasiaTis aseTi cvalebadoba
dakavSirebulia situaciur cvlilebebze. mozardebisTvis yvelaze
sasiamovno iyo dro, romelic gatarebuli aqvT megobrebTan da sasurvel
garTobaSi. dabali qulebi miiRo: klasma, samuSaom, skolis darbazma,
skolis biblioTekam da religiurma msaxurebam. ar aris gasakviri, rom
mozardebi maRal qulebs aZleven saRamoebs gamosasvlel dReebSi,
gansakuTrebiT damamTavrebel klasebSi gadasvlis Semdeg. damamTavrebel
klasebSi gadasvla dakavSirebulia megobrebTan da romantikul
partniorebTan Sexvedrebis gaxSirebasTan. Tineijerebi, vinc amovardnilia
scenaridan – anu kvira saRamoebs saxlSi atareben – xSirad did simartoves
ganicdian (Larson & Richards, 1998).
mozardis guneb-ganwyobilebis cvlilebis kidev erTi mizezia Zilis
grafikSi darRveva. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tineijerebs imdenive Zili (9
saaTi) sWirdebaT, rac bavSvobis Sua periodSi, isini gacilebiT ufro gvian
wvebian dasaZineblad, vidre bavSvobaSi. biologiurma cvlilebebma
SesaZloa ganapirobos Zilis `fazis gadavadeba~, radgan is Zlierdeba
pubertatiuli mowifulobis periodSi. magram Tanamedrove axalgazrdebs
ufro meti socialuri aqtivobiT datvirTuli saRamoebiT, ganaxevrebuli
samuSao dRis reJimiT, televizorebiT, telefonebiTa da kompiuterebiT
aRWurvili saZinebeli oTaxebiT –ufro akliaT Zili, vidre wina Taobis
mozardebs (Carskadon da sxvebi, 2002; Fins & Wohlgemuth, 2001). imis gamo, rom
arasakmarisi Zili iwvevs yuradRebis koncentraciis, emociisa da qcevis
darRvevas, Zilnakluli mozardebi ufro metad itanjebian depresiisgan,
skolaSi cudad swavloben da CarTuli arian maRali riskis mqone qcevaSi,
smisa da manqanis saxifaTod tarebis CaTvliT. gakveTilebis ufro gvian
dawyeba anazRaurebs Zilis danakargs, magram ar spobs mas (Dahl & Lewin,
2002). sabednierod, ugunebobis Taobaze xSiri Setyobineba mcirdeba 18 wlis
asakis Semdeg (Larson da sxvebi, 2002; Holsen, Kraft, & Vitterso, 2000).
mSobeli-Svilis urTierToba. rodesac bavSvi Sedis mozardobaSi, is
xSirad ewinaaRmdegeba ojaxTan erTad drois gatarebas da amisTvis
argumentebic aqvs. bevri gamokvlevis Tanaxmad pubertaciis periodSi
mSoblebTan konfliqti imatebs. am dros mSoblebica da Tineijerebic
amboben, rom erTmaneTTan nakleb siaxloves grZnoben (Laursen, Coy, & Collins,
1998; Steinberg & Morris, 2001). konfliqtis sixSire gasaocrad erTgvarovania
Crdiloamerikul subkulturaSi. is iseve xSiria evropuli warmoSobis
ojaxebSi, rogorc Cinur, filipinur da meqsikur ojaxebSi,
romelTaAtradiciac mSoblebis avtoritets pativs scems (Fulgini, 1998).
industriul qveynebSi bavSvebi ekonomikurad damokidebulebi rCebian
mSoblebze, kidev didxans imis mere, rac pubertacias miaRweven, ar
SeuZliaT ojaxis datoveba. winaaRmdegoba izrdeba imis gamoc, rom bavSvebi
fizikurad ufro mowifulebi gaxdnen da iTxoven, rom ise moepyran, rogorc
ufross. mSobel-mozardis uTanxmoeba fokusirebulia ZiriTadad
yoveldRiur sakiTxebze, rogoricaa manqanis tareba, paemanis partniorebi
(Adams & Laursen, 2001). Tumca am disputebis miRma seriozuli problemaa –
es aris mSoblebis mcdeloba, daicvan TavianTi Tineijeri Svilebi
narkotikebisgan, avtosagzao SemTxvevebisgan da naadrevi seqsisgan. rac
ufro didia gansxvaveba mSoblebisa da mozardebis Sexedulebebs Soris
Tineijeris mzaobaze iyos gamgone, miT ufro metia uTanxmoeba da Cxubi
(Dekovic, Noom, & Meeus, 1997).
imis gamo, rom mSoblebis mier akrZalva metia gogonebis
mimarT,MmSoblebisa da qaliSvilebis konfliqti ufro intensiuria (Allison &
Schultz, 2004). es Seusabamoba cvalebadobs kulturis mixedviT; magaliTad,
naklebad aSkaraa kanadaSi, vidre italiaSi, sadac genderuli Rirebulebebi
tradiciulia (Claes da sxvebi, 2003). da mainc, mSoblebisa da Tineijerebis
mxolod mcire raodenobas aqvs gamudmebuli uTanxmoeba. sinamdvileSi
mSoblebi da mozardebi avlenen, rogorc konfliqts, ise siyvaruls da,
rogorc wesi, Tanxmdebian iseT sayovelTao faseulobebze, rogoricaa
patiosneba da ganaTleba ( Arnett, 1999).
adreuli da gviandeli hubertacia. mniSvnelovan fizikur
cvlilebasTan erTad pubertacias agreTve Zalian didi zegavlena aqvs
fsiqologiur adaptaciaze. ramdenime gamokvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom
orive, rogorc ufrosebi, ise Tanatolebi, adre dakacebul biWebs
ganixilaven rogorc ufro TviTdarwmunebul da fizikurad mimzidvel
adamianebad. isini popularulebi arian TanatolebSi, lideroben skolaSi
da sportSi miRwevebi aqvT. da piriqiT, gvian Camoyalibebuli biWebi ar
sargebloben didi mowonebiT. Tanatolebi da ufrosebi maT miiCneven
mSfoTvare, ukiduresad molaybe da yuradRebis maZiebel adamianebad
(Brooks-Gunn, 1998; Clausen, 1975; Jones, 1965). miuxedavad imisa, rom adre
mowifuli biWebi kargad adaptirebulad iTvlebian, maT ufro meti
fsiqologiuri stresi aqvT, vidre ufro gvian Camoyalibebul Tanatolebs
(Ge, Conger, & Elder, 2001b).
adre mowifuli gogonebi ki arapopularulebi arian, gamoirCevian
moridebulobiT, akliaT TviTdarwmunebuloba, mSfoTvareni arian da
lideruli poziciebi Zalze iSviaTad ukaviaT (Ge, Conger, & Elder, 1996;
Graber da sxvebi, 1997; Jones & Mussen, 1958). es gogonebi CarTulebi arian
deviantur qcevaSi (Tvrebian, aqvT adreuli sqesobrivi kavSirebi) da
naklebi warmateba aqvT skolaSi ( Caspi da sxvebi, 1993; Dick da sxvebi, 2000).
da piriqiT, maTi gvian mowifuli Tanatolebi ufro warmatebulebi arian _
fizikurad mimzidvelebi, energiulebi, socialurebi da lideroben skolaSi.
am tendenciisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs or faqtors: (1) ramdenad axlos
midis da esadageba mozardis sxeuli kulturul warmodgenas fizikur
mimzidvelobaze da (2) ramdenad kargad ergebian isini fizikurad Tavis
Tanatolebs.
fizikuri mimzidvelobis roli. gadafurcleT sayvareli Jurnalis
gverdebi. dainaxavT sazogadoebis Sexedulebas mimzidvel qalze, rogorc
Txel da grZelfexa arsebaze. kargi garegnobis kaci ki iqneba maRali,
mxrebganieri da kunTiani ymawvili. qalis imiji esadageba gogonas formas,
rac upiratesobas aniWebs gvian mowiful gogonebs, mamakacis imiji ki _
esadageba adre dakacebuli biWis iersaxes.
rac ufro uaxlovdeba gogona mozardobis periods, miT ufro
negatiuri xdeba misi warmodgena da damokidebuleba Tavis sxeulze. es aris
sxeulis xati (Body Image). umetesobas unda, rom iyos ufro gamxdari
(Rosen, 2003). adre mowifuli gogonebi ufro ukmayofiloni arian TavianTi
sxeuliT, vidre droulad da gvian mowifuli Tanatolebi. biWebSi
sapirispiro mdgomareobaa: adreuli pubertacia dakavSirebulia sxeulis
Sesaxeb pozitiur warmodgenasTan, maSin rodesac gviandeli mowifuloba
winaswarmetyvelebs ukmayofilebas fizikuri `me~-Ti (Alsaker, 1995).
miuxedavad imisa, rom gansxvaveba adre da gvian mowiful biWebs Soris
qreba, radgan gvian Camoyalibebulebic aRweven pubertacias, adre mowifuli
gogonebis sxeulis negatiuri xati uaresdeba. axalgazrdebis kmayofileba
TavianTi garegnobiT Zlier zegavlenas axdens maT TviTSefasebasa da
fsiqologiur keTildReobaze (Usmani & Daniluk, 1997).
TanatolebTan urTierTobis mniSvneloba. megobrebTan SeTvisebis
gansxvavebuloba ixsneba naadrevi da gviani mowifulebiTac. am
TvalsazrisiT, adre daqalebul gogonebs da gvian mowiful biWebs
sirTuleebi aqvT, radgan isini fizikuri ganviTarebis msxverplni arian. ar
aris gasakviri, rom mozardebi Tavs ufro komfortulad grZnoben im
megobrebTan, visi fizikuri mowifulobis xarisxi maTsas miesadageba (Stattin
& Magnusson, 1990). imis gamo, rom Zalian cota megobars pouloben, romelic
maT fizikur statuss miesadageba, orive sqesis adre mowifuli mozardebi
eZeben ufros kompanionebs da amas zogjer arasasurveli Sedegi aqvs.
ufrosi megobrebi waaxaliseben maT, CaerTon iseT aqtivobaSi,
romlisTvisac jer kidev ara aqvT mzaoba gamomuSavebuli da emociurad ver
gaumklavdebian amas, seqsualuri aqtivobis, narkotikis da wvrilmani
delinkventuri qmedebebis CaTvliT (Ge da sxvebi, 2002). SesaZloa amitomac
aris, rom orive sqesis araerTi adre mowifuli mozardi gvatyobinebs
depresiis gancdaze da akademiuri moswrebis gauaresebaze (Graber, 2003;
Kaltiala-Heino, Kosunen, & Rimpela, 2003).
grZelvadiani Sedegebi. gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom adre daqalebuli
gogonebi gansakuTrebiT arian midrekilebi xangrZlivi Semdgomi
sirTuleebisken. erTi gamokvlevis Tanaxmad adre dakacebuli biWebis
depresia mcirdeba 11-13 wlebs Soris; rogorc Cans, pubertacia droebiTi
stresia. da piriqiT, depresiuli adre mowifuli gogonebi depresiulebi
rCebian (Ge da sxvebi, 2003). sxva gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, romelSic
akvirdeboden axalgazrdebs 14-24 wlis asakamde, adre mowifuli biWebi
SedarebiT karg adaptacias aCvenebdnen. adre mowifuli gogonebi ki
avlendnen imave problemebs, hqondaT cudi urTierToba ojaxTan da
megobrebTan, mcire socialuri qseli da cxovrebisgan nakleb kmayofilebas
iRebdnen zrdasrulobisas, vidre maTi droulad ganviTarebuli
Tanatolebi (Graber da sxvebi, 2004). sxva monacemebi imaze metyvelebs, rom
adre mowifuli gogonebis miRwevebi da sirTuleebi narkotikebis
moxmarebaSi narCundeba moaxlovebul zrdasrul asakSi alkoholis didi
raodenobiT moxmarebisa da dabali akademiuri moswrebis formiT (Andersson
& Magnusson, 1990; Stattin & Magnusson, 1990).
naTelia, rom adre mowiful maRali riskis qveS myof axalgazrdebs
esaWiroebaT daxmareba. unda moxdes mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis
uzrunvelyofa rCeviTa da socialuri daxmarebiT, raTaAisini ufro ukeT
moemzadon da Tavi gaarTvan mozardobis Tanamdev gamowvevebs.

pubertacia da mozardTa janmrTeloba

pubertaciis dadgomas Tan sdevs janmrTelobis axali problemebi.
kvebis darRveva Tavs iCens bevr axalgazrdaSi, romlebic imaze wuxan, rom
Sors arian mimzidvelobisa da aRnagobis maTeuli idealisagan.
homoseqsuali Tineijerebi pirispir xvdebian saSinel sirTuleebs
pozitiuri seqsualuri pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesSi. seqsualur
aqtivobas ki mosdevs sqesobrivi gziT gadamtani daavadebis riski da
adreuli orsuloba. Tu mozards eZleva didi avtonomia, misi piradi
gadawyvetileba mniSvnelovani xdeba janmrTelobisa da sxva sferoebSic.
biologiuri, fsiqologiuri, ojaxisa da kulturis faqtorebi Tanabar
gavlenas axdens am problemebze.
kvebis darRvevebi. gogonebi, vinc pubertacias adre aRwevs,
ukmayofiloebi arian sakuTari sxeulis aRnagobiT da izrdebian iseT
ojaxebSi, sadac wonasa da sigamxdreze dardi da wuxili didia, kvebis
problemebis riskis qveS arian. mozardobaSi daculi mkacri dieta kvebis
Semdgomi darRvevis yvelaze Zlieri winapirobaa (Patton da sxvebi, 1999).
kvebis ori yvelaze seriozuli darRvevaa nervul-fsiqikuri anoreqsia da
nervul-fsiqikuri bulemia.
nervul-fsiqikuri anoreqsia kvebis tragikuli darRvevaa, rodesac
axalgazrdebi SimSiliT Tavs iklaven gasuqebis akviatebuli SiSis gamo.
Crdiloamerikeli da dasavleT evropeli gogonebis 1% -ze odnav naklebi
seriozulad aris daavadebuli. bolo naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi
SemTxvevebma moimata, radgan provocirebulni arian qaluri sigamxdris
kulturiT. aziel-amerikeli, laTinoamerikeli, samxreT amerikeli da
TeTrkaniani amerikeli gogonebi ufro didi riskis qveS imyofebian, vidre
afroamerikelebi, romlebic ufro kmayofilni arian Tavisi zomiTa da
formiT (Faiburn & Harrison, 2003; Wildes, Emery, & Simons, 2001). anoreqsiis
SemTxvevebi biWebSi 10%-s Seadgens. maTgan naxevari homoseqsuali an
biseqsualia, romelic ukmayofiloa da Zlieri, mamakacuri garegnobis gamo
arakomfortulad grZnobs Tavs (Robb & Dadson, 2002). nervul-fsiqikuri
anoreqsia Tanabrad damaxasiaTebelia yvela socialur-ekonomikuri
statusis mqone jgufis warmomadgenlebisaTvis (Rogers da sxvebi, 1997).
anoreqsiiT daavadebulebs sxeuli Zalze damaxinjebuli aqvT. garda
imisa, rom Zalian cotas iwonian da normalurze bevrad dabali wona aqvT,
sakuTar Tavs mainc msuqnad ganixilaven. umetesoba sakuTar dietas igonebs,
Tanac imdenad mkacrs, rom SimSilis dasaTrgunad isini Tavs ebrZvian, rom
ar Wamon. amasTan, wonaSi kleba rom daaCqaron, daZabuladac varjiSoben.
`srulyofili~ sigamxdris misaRwevad anoreqsiiT daavadebulni sxeulis
wonis 25-50%-s kargaven. imis gamo, rom normalur menstrualur cikls
sxeulis cximis daaxloebiT 15% sWirdeba, menarqe saerTod ar dgeba an
cikli wydeba. cudi kvebis gamo aqvT fermkrTali kani, mtvrevadi ufero
frCxilebi, Txeli muqi Tma mTels sxeulze da ukiduresi mgrZnobeloba
sicivis mimarT. Tu es gagrZeldeba, maSin SesaZloa, gulis kunTma
ganicados atrofia, Tirkmelma funqcionireba Sewyvitos da moxdes Tavis
tvinisa da Zvlis masis Seuqcevadi kleba. anoreqsiiT daavadebulTa
daaxloebiT 6% iRupeba sxvadasxva darRvevis, fizikuri garTulebis an
TviTmkvlelobis gamo (Schmidt, 2000).
nervul-fsiqikuri anoreqsiis mizezebi TviT adamianSi, ojaxsa da
kulturaSi unda veZeboT. darRveva iwyeba ojaxebSi da Tanxvedra didia
identur tyupebSi, rac xazs usvams genetikur zegavlenas (Klump, Kaye, &
Strober, 2001). bavSvobaSi arsebuli kvebis problema – uaris Tqma saWmelze
an cotas Wama, dakavSirebulia anoreqsia nervozasTan mozardobaSi (Rosen,
2003). anoreqsiiT daavadebul bevr adamians sakuTari qcevisa da
moqmedebebis ukiduresad maRali standarti aqvs, isini emociurad
Caketilebi arian da Tavs arideben ojaxis gareT axlo kavSirebs, amitom es
gogonebi Zalian xSirad kargi moswavleebic arian, romlebic
pasuxismgeblobiT gamoirCevian, kargad iqcevian da bevr aspeqtSi
mSoblebisaTvis idealuri qaliSvilebi arian. mSobeli-mozardis
urTierTobisas vlindeba avtonomiurobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi.
xSirad amgvari gogonebis dedebs Svilebis garegnobis, miRwevebisa da
socialuri mimReblobis TvalsazrisiT maRali molodini aqvT da zedmetad
icaven da akontroleben Svilebs. mamebi ki emociurad distanciurebi arian.
imis magivrad, rom Riad gamoxaton amboxi, anoreqsiiT daavadebuli
gogonebi amas farulad akeTeben. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, bolomde naTeli
ar aris darRvevas win mSobeli-Svilis cudi urTierToba uZRvis, sapasuxo
reaqciad Cndeba Tu orive erTadaa imis gamo, rom, rogorc wesi, anoreqsiis
mqone gogonebi uaryofen raime problemis arsebobas, maTi mkurnaloba
rTuli xdeba. xSirad hospitalizacia xdeba aucilebeli, rom
sicocxlisTvis saxifaTo uWmeloba aviciloT Tavidan. ojaxuri Terapia
mizanmimarTulia imaze, rom Secvalos mSobeli-Svilis urTierToba da
molodinebi. es yvelaze ufro warmatebuli mkurnalobaa (Patel, Pratt, &
Graydanus, 2003). rogorc damatebiTi midgoma _ qcevis modifikacia, rodesac
hospitalizebul anoreqsiiT daavadebulebs wavaxalisebT SeqebiT,
socialuri kontaqtiT da varjiSis SansiT, isini Wamen da wonaSi imateben _
sasargebloa. miuxedavad amisa, anoreqsiiT daavadebulTa 50%-ze naklebi
janmrTeldeba srulad (Seinhausen, 2002).
bevrisTvis kvebis problema SedarebiT msubuqi formiT grZeldeba _
daaxloebiT 10%-Si naklebad mwvave niSnebi aRiniSneba, Tumca
janmrTelobisTvis esec mavne darRvevaa: es aris nervul-fsiqikuri bulimia
_ bulemia nervoza.
nervul-fsiqikuri bulemiis dros axalgazrdebi (gansakuTrebiT
gogonebi, Tumca homoseqsuali da biseqsuali biWebic mowyvladebi arian)
icaven mkacr dietas da qancgawyvetamde varjiSoben, rasac Tan sdevs
xelovnurad gamowveuli Rebineba da safaRaraTo saSualebebis miReba.
bulemia ufro xSirad gvxvdeba, vidre anoreqsia nervoza da azianebs
daaxloebiT Tineijeri gogonebis 2-3%-s, romelTa mxolod 5% manamde iyo
anoreqsiuli. ori gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, bulemia, anoreqsiis msgavsad,
memkvidreobiTi zegavlenis qveS aris (Klump, Kaye, & Strober, 2001). pirovnuli
faqtorebi, romlebic zrdian risks, aris Warbi wona da naadrevi
pubertacia. zogierTi bulimiuri pacienti anoreqsiiT daavadebulebis
msgavsad miiswrafis srulyofilebisaken. sxvebs, ki akliaT TviTkontroli,
ara marto WamaSi, aramed cxovrebis sxva sferoebSic, SesaZloa maRaziis
umniSvnelo qurdobac Caidinon da arc alkoholis borotad gamoyeneba iyos
maTTvis ucxo. miuxedavad imisa, rom bulimiiT daavadebulebs anoreqsiiT
daavadebulTa msgavsad paTologiuri SfoTva aReniSnebaT, wonis
momatebasTan dakavSirebiT, ufro metad, SesaZloa ganicdiden TavianTi
mSoblebis gulgrilobas da emociuri miuwvdomlobas, vidre zedmeti
kontrols (Fairburn & Harrison, 2003; Fairburn da sxvebi, 1997). bulimiiT
daavadebulni anoreqsiiT daavadebulTagan imiT gansxvavdebian, rom maT
ician sakuTari kvebis aranormaluri Cvevis Sesaxeb, depresiulebi arian,
damnaSaved grZnoben Tavs amis gamo da, Cveulebriv, sasowarkveTilad
iTxoven daxmarebas. Sedegad, bulemia ufro advili samkurnaloa
xelSemwyobTa daxmarebiT, kvebis Sesaxeb ganaTlebis, codnis, Wamis Cvevisa
da sakvebze azris gadaxedvis meSveobiT.

fizikur zrdaze moqmedi faqtorebi

fizikuri zrda, ganviTarebis sxva aspeqtebis msgavsad, genetikuri da

garemo faqtorebis mudmivi da rTuli urTierTqmedebis Sedegia.
memkvidreobiToba. rodesac kveba da janmrTeloba adekvaturia,
simaRle da fizikuri zrdis tempi didad aris damokidebuli
memkvidreobiTobaze. da mainc, Zalian bevri Sinagani organo, tvinidan
dawyebuli gulisa da saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis CaTvliT, SesaZloa
mudmivad safrTxis qveS iyos (Hales & Ozanne, 2003).
genebi zegavlenas axdens sxeulis mier hormonebis warmoqmnis
kontrolsa da hormonebis mimarT sensitiurobaze. mutacias SeuZlia am
procesis Sewyveta da amis Sedegad fizikuri zomis Semcireba. drodadro
SemTxveviTi mutacia farTod vrceldeba mosaxleobaSi. magaliTad, kongos
respublikis efeebis tomi, romelTa simaRlec Cveulebrivi zrdasruli
adamianis zomaze naklebia. adreul bavSvobaSi efes bavSvebis zrdis tempi
mcirdeba. 5 wlis asakisTvis isini gacilebiT ufro dablebi arian, vidre 5
wlis Crdiloamerikeli bavSvebi. genetikuri mizezis gamo zrdis hormoni
(zh) naklebad moqmedebs efes axalgazrdebze, vidre sxva bavSvebze (Bailey,
1990). efes tomis sidablis mizezi SesaZloa kaloriebze maTi
moTxovnilebis Semcireba iyos, radgan centraluri afrikis tropikul
tyeebSi sakvebi naklebia da maTi aRnagobis gamo aqaurebi ufro msubuqad
gadaadgildebian usier tyeSi. genetikuri wyoba da aRnagoba zegavlenas
axdens sxeulis wonazec, rogorc amas vxedavT naSvilebi bavSvebis wonis
magaliTze, romelic ufro zust korelaciaSia maTi genetikuri mSoblebis
wonasTan, vidre mSvilebel mSoblebTan (Sorensen,Holst, & Stunkard, 1998).
wonis regulaciisTvis garemos, kerZod kvebas, Zalian didi
mniSvneloba aqvs.
kveba. kveba mniSvnelovania ganviTarebis nebismier etapze,
gansakuTrebiT ki _ sicocxlis pirveli 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi, radgan
sxeuli da tvini Zalian swrafad izrdeba. yoveli zedmeti kilogramisaTvis
Cvils orjer meti energia sWirdeba, vidre zrdasrul adamians.
ZuZuTi kveba da xelovnuri kveba. Cvilebs ara marto sakmarisi sakvebi
sWirdebaT, aramed es sakvebi kargi xarisxisac unda iyos. adreul
CvilobaSi, ZuZuTi kveba idealurad miesadageba bavSvis saWiroebebs.
msoflios Rarib regionebSi dedis rZiT ZuZuTi gazrdili bavSvebi
naklebad ganicdian cudi kvebis Sedegebs, vidre xelovnurad gazrdili
bavSvebi da 6-14-jer met SemTxvevaSi aRweven 1 wlis asaks. ramdenime kviriani
ZuZuTi kvebac ki garkveuli dacvaa respiratoruli da infeqciuri
daavadebebisagan, romelic gamanadgurebelia ganviTarebadi qveynebis
bavSvebisTvis. es kargia imitomac, rom sanam deda ZuZus aWmevs bavSvs, is
savaraudod ufro iSviaTad fexmZimdeba, rac da-Zmas Soris asakobrivi
intervalis gazrdis saSualebas iZleva da, Tavis mxriv, Rarib qveynebSi
Cvilebisa da bavSvebis sikvdilianobis Semcirebis ZiriTadi faqtoria
(Darnton-Hill & Coyne, 1998). (Tumca unda gvaxsovdes, rom ZuZuTi kveba mainc ar
aris fexmZimobisgan dacvis garantia). da mainc, ganviTarebadi qveynebis
bevrma dedam ar icis ZuZuTi kvebis upiratesobis Sesaxeb. afrikaSi, Sua
aRmosavleTsa da laTinur amerikaSi dedebis 40 procentze naklebi mxolod
ZuZuTi kvebavs bavSvebs, 60 procentze naklebi nawilobriv kvebavs Svilebs
ZuZuTi sicocxlis pirveli 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. metic, am dedebis 30-60%
ori wlisTvis wyvets ZuZus micemas (Lauer da sxvebi, 2004). bevri Svils
aZlevs dabali xarisxis sakvebs, rogoricaa brinjis naxarSi an wyalSi
gaxsnili Zroxis an Txis rZe. am sakvebis dabinZureba xdeba cudi
sanitariuli meTvalyureobis gamo da xSirad bavSvebis daavadebis mizezi
xdeba. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciamM mouwoda yvela saadavdmyofos
da samSobiaros, rom xeli Seuwyon ZuZuTi kvebas, Tu ki dedebi ar arian
virusis an baqteriuli infeqciis matareblebi (iseTisa rogoricaa Sidsi an
tuberkulozi), romlebic SeiZleba gadaeces bavSvs. nawilobriv bunebrivi
Sobadobis moZraobis wyalobiT, ukve or aTwleulze metia, rac ZuZuTi
kveba ufro gavrcelebuli xdeba industriul qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT
ganaTlebul qalebSi. dedis rZe imdenad advilad mosanelebelia, rom
bavSvs sakmaod swrafad Sivdeba-yovel 1 an 2 saaTSi, maSin rodesac
xelovnur kvebaze myof bavSvebs SivdebaT yovel 3-4 saaTSi. amis gamo bevri
dasaqmebuli dedisTvis ZuZuTi kveba mouxerxebelia. amitom ar aris
gasakviri, rom dedebi, vinc samuSaos mSobiarobis Semdeg male ubrundebian,
adre wyveten Svilebis ZuZuTi kvebas (Arora da sxvebi, 2000). dedebs, visac
mTeli drois ganmavlobaSi ar SeuZliaT TavinT SvilebTan yofna, ZuZuTi
kvebas umateben xelovnur kvebas. amerikisa da kanadis jandacvis
saagentoebi urCeven dedebs, bavSvebi 6 Tvemde mxolod ZuZuTi kvebon.
SeerTebul StatebSi rekomendacias iZlevian, rom 1 wlamde Cvilis kvebaSi
iyos CarTuli dedis rZe. kanadaSi 2 wlamde da met asakSicaa
rekomendebuli dedis rZiT bavSvis kveba (Health Canada , 2004c; Satcher, 2001).
qalebi, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT an ar undaT ZuZuTi bavSvis gazrda
zogjer dardoben, rom Svilebs janmrTeli fsiqologiuri ganviTarebisTvis
aucilebel da arsebiT gamocdilebas akleben. da mainc, industriul
qveynebSi ZuZuTi gazrdili da xelovnur kvebaze myofi baSvebi
erTmaneTisgan emociuri adaptaciiT ar gansxvavedebian (Fergusson &
Woodward, 1999). zogierTi gamokvleva bevri faqtoris gakontrolebis
Semdeg ZuZuTi gazrdili bavSvebis inteleqtis testiT miRebuli Sedegebi
odnav ukeTesia, Tumca sxva gamokvlevebis mixedviT kognituri gansxvaveba
ar aRiniSneba (Gomez-Sanchiz da sxvebi, 2003; Jain, Concat, & Lenethal, 2002).

ratom unda vkveboT bavSvi ZuZuTi

upiratesobebi kvebisa axsna

da janmrTelobis
TvalsazrisiT
uzrunvelyofs cximisa sxva ZuZumwovrebis rZesTan SedarebiT adamianis rZeSi
da proteinebis maRalia cximisa da proteinebis Semcveloba. es balansi,
swor balanss iseve rogorc dedis rZis unikaluri cximi da
 proteinebi, idealuria nervuli sistemis swrafi
mielinaciisTvis.
uzrunvelyofs meZuZur dedas ar sWirdeba Cvilis kvebisTvis sxva
srulyofil sakvebis damateba 6 Tvemde. yvela ZuZumwovris rZeSi
kvebas dabalia rkinis Semcveloba, xolo adamianis rZeSi
Semavali rkina ki advilad Seiwoveba Cvilis saWmlis
momnelebeli sistemiT. amitom xelovnur kvebaze
myof Cvilebs sWirdebaT rkiniT gamdidrebuli
formulis damateba.
uzrunvelyofs pirveli ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi ZuZuTi gazrdili
janmrTel bavSvebi wonasa da simaRleSi ufro swrafad imateben,
fizikur zrdas vidre xelovnur kvebaze myofebi, romlebic pirveli
wlis bolos aRweven normalur simaRles. erTi wlis
ZuZuze myofi bavSvebi ufro Txelebi arian (kunTovani
cximis Semcveloba ufro maRali aqvT). es zrdis is
modelia, romelic mogvianebiT Warb wonasa da simsuqnes
Tavidan agvacilebs.
icavs bevri ZuZuTi kvebas gadaaqvs antisxeulebi da infeqciasTan
daavadebisgan mebrZoli sxva agentebi dedidan Svilze da aZlierebs
imunuri sistemis funqcionirebas. Sedegad, xelovnuri
sakvebiT gazrdil bavSvebTan SedarebiT, ZuZuTi
gazrdil bavSvebs naklebad aReniSnebaT alergiuli,
respiratoruli da kuW-nawlavis daavadebebi.
adamianis rZis komponentebi, romlebic daavadebebisgan
icaven, SeiZleba daematos formulas, magram ZuZuTi
kveba mainc ufro Zlieri imuninetiT uzrunvelyofs
icavs ybis sawovaris magivrad dedis ZuZus wova icavs araswori
araswori Tankbilvisgan anu mdgomareobisgan, rodesac qveda da
ganviTarebisa zeda yba erTmaneTs sworad ar edeba. is agreTve icavs
da kbilebis kbilebs gafuWebisgan, radgan Cvilebs, vinc xelovnur
gafuWebisgan kvebazea, piris RruSi rCeba tkbili siTxe.
uzrunvelyofs imis gamo, rom ZuZuTi gazrdil bavSvebs sxva tipis
saWmelis baqteria aqvT kuW-nawlavSi, vidre xelovnur kvebaze
monelebas myofT, maT iSviaTad awuxebT kuWis Sekruloba da sxva
gastroenteruli problemebi.
aadvilebs myar sakvebze dedis rZiT gazrdili bavSvebi axal myar sakvebs ufro
gadasvlas advilad eguebian, vidre xelovnur kvebaze myofebi. amas,
SesaZloa ganapirobebdes dedis rZidan miRebuli
nairferovani gemos, romelic sakvebidan gadadis rZeSi.
.
kveba bavSvobasa da mozardobaSi. 1 wlisTvis Cvilis racioni ukve
yvela saxis jgufis sakvebs unda Seicavdes. rodesac bavSvi 2 wels aRwevs,
mis madas ver iwinaswarmetyveleb. skolamdeli asakis bavSvebi kargad Wamen
erT kvebaze da meoreze TiTqmis ar ekarebian saWmels, bevric amorCeviT da
faqizad Wams. mada qveiTdeba, rodesac zrda mcirdeba. ufro metic,
skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis sifrTxile axali sakvebis mimarT adaptaciuri
funqciis matarebelia. nacnob sakvebze mijaWvuloba niSnavs imas, rom
naklebia albaToba imisa, rom bavSvebi Caylapaven saxifaTo nivTierebas,
rodesac ufrosebi iq ar arian, raTa bavSvebi daicvan (Birch & Fisher, 1993).
mSoblebi ar unda Seawuxos bavSvebis mier Wamidan Wamamde miRebuli
sakvebis sxvadasxva raodenobam. droTaA ganmavlobaSi, skolamdeli asakis
bavSvebi kompensacias akeTeben imiTi, rom Tu erT kvebaze cotas Wamen,
meoris dros inazRaureben raodenobas (Hursti, 1999). bavSvebSi aRiniSneba
tendencia, mibaZon maT sayvarel adamianebs sakvebis arCevaSi. magaliTad, Tu
deda rZes da limonaTs svams, misi 5 wlis gogonac irCevs rZes an gazian
sasmels (Fosher da sxvebi, 2001). meqsikaSi, sadac bavSvebi xedaven, rogor
uyvarT maT mSoblebs wiwakiani sakvebi, enTuziazmiT miirTmeven Cilis, maSin
rodesac amerikeli bavSvebi masze uars amboben (Birch, Zimmerman, & Hind,
1980). miuxedavad imisa, rom bavSvebis janmrTeli kveba damokidebulia
sasargeblo sakvebian garemoze, mSoblebis metismeti kontroli Wamaze
zRudavs bavSvis Sanss, ganaviTaros TviT-kontroli. zogierTi mSobeli
bavSvs qrTams sTavazobs (`daamTavre bostneuli da namcxvars dagimateb~),
es is SemTxvevaa, roca bavSvebs naklebad uyvarT jansaRi sakvebi da ufro
metad etanebian tkbileulsa da nugbars (Birch, Fisher, & Davison, 2003).
rodesac pubertaciis periodi dgeba, sxeulis swrafi zrda iwvevs
sakvebis raodenobis momatebas. es sakvebis moTxovnilebis zrda iseT dros
dgeba, rodesac kvebis Cveva cudad aris Camoyalibebuli. nebismieri
asakobrivi jgufidan yvelaze xSirad mozardebi toveben dilis sauzmes
(Cveva, romelic simsuqnesTan aris dakavSirebuli), STanTqaven cariel
kaloriebs da naucbadevad Wamen (Videon & Manning, 2003).
miuxedavad imisa, rom swrafi kvebis restornebi, romlebic
Tineijerebis Sekrebis sayvareli adgilia, axla ukve janmrTel meniusac
sTavazoben momxmarebels, mozardebs mainc sWirdebaT ufrosi, romelic maT
alternativis SerCevaSi daexmareba. swrafi kvebis da skolis sakvebis yidva
(sasauzmeebisa da savaWro avtomatebis CaTvliT) mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli maRali cximianobis mqone sakvebisa da ualkoholo sasmelis
moxmarebasTan, rac imas niSnavs, rom Tineijerebi Zalian xSirad arajansaR
sakvebs irCeven (Bowman da sxvebi, 2994; Kubik da sxvebi, 2003).
mozardebSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli kvebis problemaa rkinis deficiti.
daRlil, apaTiur, gaRizianebul mozards SesaZloa anemia hqondes _ amitom
is emociurad daTrgunuli da ubeduri gvgonia, mas ki samedicino daxmareba
sWirdeba. Tineijerebis umetesoba ar iRebs sakmarisi raodenobiT kalciums,
maT agreTve akliaT riboflavini (vitamini BA) da magneziumi (orive xels
uwyobs metabolizms) (Cavadini, Siega-Riz, & Popkin, 2000). ojaxuri sadilebi
janmrTel kvebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, rac niSnavs xilis, bostneulis,
marcvleulis (fafeulis) da kalciumiT mdidari sakvebis miRebas
Tineijerebis mier. mozardTa mSoblebi iSviaTad sadiloben SvilebTan
erTad. saojaxo sadilebis mowyobas, miuxedavad dakavebuli grafikisa
mniSvnelovnad SeuZlia Tineijeris kvebis reJimis gamosworeba.
cudi kveba. ganviTarebad qveynebSi da omis Sedegad gapartaxebul
regionebSi, sadac sakvebi limitirebulia, cudi kveba sayovelTaod aris
gavrcelebuli. bolo monacemebis Tanaxmad 5 wlamde bavSvebis erTi
mesamedi mTel msoflioSi cudad ikvebeba (UNICEF, 2004). 4-7%-s ki ori
kvebismieri daavadeba aReniSneba.
marazmi (anu organizmis ukiduresi gamofitva) yvela arsebiTi
nivTierebis naklebobiTaa gamowveuli. is, rogorc wesi, Tavs iCens,
sicocxlis pirvel wels, rodesac Cvilis deda imdenad cudad ikvebeba, rom
rZe ar aqvs sakmarisi raodenobiT da xelovnuri kvebac araadekvaturia.
moSimSile bavSvi avadmyofurad gamxdaria da sikvdilis safrTxis winaSe
dgas.
kvaSiorkori gamowveulia proteinebis dabali raodenobis Semcveli
daubalansebeli kvebiT. daavadeba Cveulebriv 1-3 wlis asakSi ZuZudan
moSorebis Semdeg iwyeba. rogorc wesi, es im regionebSi xdeba, sadac
bavSvebi sakmaris kaloriebs mxolod saxamebelis Semcveli sakvebidan
iReben, magram am sakvebSi cotaa proteinebi. amaze bavSvis sxeuli imiTi
reagirebs, rom xarjavs Tavis sakuTari proteinebis marags, male muceli
udiddeba, fexebi usivdeba, Tmebi scviva da kanze gamonayari uCndeba. erT
dros sxivianTvalebiani, cnobismoyvare patara gaRizianebuli da apaTiuri
xdeba. is bavSvebi, vinc gadaitans cudi kvebis am formas da cocxali
gadarCeba, sxeulis yvela ganzomilebis mixedviT saSualoze dabali rCeba
(Galler, Ramsey, & Solimano, 1985).
rodesac maTi kveba umjobesdeba, isini xSirad Warbwonianebi xdebian.
bevri Raribi qveynis Seswavlam aCvena, rom zrdaSeferxebuli bavSvebi ufro
msuqnebi arian, vidre maTi janmrTeli Tanatolebi (Branca & Ferrari, 2002).
cudma kvebam, SesaZloa moSalos madis makontrolebeli centrebi tvinSi,
amis Sedegad bavSvi zedmets Wams maSin, rodesac uxvad aqvs sakvebi.
swavlac da qcevac seriozulad ziandeba. marazmis xangrZlivi
gamokvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom gaumjobesebul kvebas ar mohyva Tavis
zomis gazrda (Stoch da sxvebi, 1982). cudi kveba aferxebs nervuli Zafebis
zrdasa da mielinizacias da iwvevs Tavis tvinis wonis permanentul
danakargs. aseT bavSvebs aqvT inteleqtis dabali qulebi, faqizi motorikis
cudi koordinacia da ver axdenen yuradRebis koncentracias (Galler da
sxvebi, 1990; Liu da sxvebi, 2003). isini SiSis gamomwvev situaciaze ufro meti
stresiT pasuxoben, SesaZloa imitom, rom aqvT mudmivi SimSilis
Semawuxebeli gancda (Fernald & Grantham-McGregor, 1998). ganviTarebaSi
CamorCena da apaTiuroba amcirebs kvebis deprivaciis mqone bavSvis
yuradRebis koncentraciisa da Semecnebis unars da iwvevs sensitiur
zrunvas mSoblebis mxridan, romelTa cxovrebac ukve daRdasmulia
siRaribiTa da cxovrebis stresuli pirobebiT (Grantham-McGregor & Ani, 2001;
Lozoff da sxvebi, 1998). aqedan gamomdinare, cudi kvebis mqone bavSvebis
mdgomareobaSi Carevam unda gaaumjobesos ojaxis situacia iseve, rogorc
bavSvebis kveba. kidev ufro ukeTesi iqneboda prevencia – maRali xarisxis
sakvebiT uzrunvelyofa da samedicino daxmareba, sanam cudi kvebis
sazareli Sedegebi iCendes Tavs.
araadekvaturi kveba sayovelTao cnebaa ganviTarebad qveynebSi: es
aris saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso krizisi. imis gamo, rom mTavrobis mier
dafinansebuli kvebis programebi ver aRwevs yvela gaWirvebul ojaxamde,
amerikeli bavSvebis 16% da kanadelebis 13% safrTxis Semcveli sakvebis
msxverpli xdeba anu maT janmrTeli da aqtiuri cxovrebisTvis arasakmarisi
sakvebi aqvT. sakvebis ukmarisobiT gamowveuli safrTxe gansakuTrebiT
maRalia Raribi mSoblebisa (30%) da dabali Semosavlis mqone eTnikur
umciresobaTa ojaxebSi – magaliTad, laTinoamerikelTa da
afroamerikelTa ojaxebSi (22%), kanadel aborigenebSi (31%) (U.S. Department
of Agriculture, 2003; Government of Canada, 2004b). miuxedavad imisa, rom am
kategoriis bavSvebis mcire raodenoba aris daavadebuli kvaSiorkoriT da
marazmiT, maTi fizikuri zrda da swavlis unari jer isev riskis
qveSAimyofeba.

simsuqne
dRes Crdiloamerikeli bavSvebisa da mozardebis daaxloebiT erTi
mesamedi Warbwoniania, naxevari an meti ki TiTqmis am mdgomareobaSia.
kanadel axalgazrdaTa 15%, xolo amerikelTa 16% msuqania, rac imas
niSnavs, rom maTi sxeulis wona 20%-iT ufro didia, vidre es bavSvis asaks,
sqessa da fizikur aRnagobas Seesabameba (U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, 2004d;Willms, Tremblay, & Katzmarzyk, 2003). bolo ramdenime
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi Warbi wonisa da simsuqnis mateba didi iyo bevr
dasavlur qveyanaSi, amgvari tendencia SeimCneva kanadaSi, fineTSi, did
britaneTSi, irlandiaSi, axal zelandiasa da gansakuTrebiT amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi. mciredi mateba aRiniSneba sxva samrewvelo qveynebSic,
rogoricaa avstralia, germania, israeli, holandia da SvedeTi. simsuqnis
xarisxi agreTve didi tempiT matulobs ganviTarebad qveynebSi, radgan
urbanizacia ubiZgebs adamianebs umoZrao cxovrebis stilisken da kvebis
iseTi racionisken, romelic mdidaria xorciTa da sxva rafinirebuli
produqtiT (World Press Review, 2004; Wrontiak da sxvebi, 2004). Warbi wona da
simsuqne asakTan erTad matulobs. amgvari axalgazrdebis 80% Warbi wonis
mqone zrdasrulebad gadaiqcevian. serozuli emociuri da socialuri
sirTuleebis garda, msuqani bavSvebi mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi
problemis winaSe dganan. maRali arteriuli wneva, qolesterinis maRali
done da respiratoruli paTologiebi adreul saskolo asakSi ukve iCenen
Tavs. es is simptomebia, romlebic gulis daavadebebis, diabetis, RviZlisa
da naRvlis buStis daavadebebis, Zilisa da saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis
darRvevis, kibos umetesi formebisa da naadrevi sikvdilianobis winapirobaa
(Calle da sxvebi, 2003; Krebs & Jacobson, 2003). marTlac, ufrosebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli diabeti, romelic iSviaTad gvxvdeboda bavSvebSi, swrafad
matulobs Warbwonian mozardebSi da janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebul
problemebs amZafrebs (Bobo da sxvebi, 2004).
simsuqnis mizezebi. yvela bavSvi simsuqnis erTnairi riskis qveS ar
imyofeba. Warbwonian bavSvebs Warbwoniani mSoblebi hyavT. simsuqnisadmi
midrekileba gacilebiT ufro metia identur tyupebSi. memkvidreobas
mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod wonis matebisTvis (Salbe da sxvebi, 2002a). metad
mniSvnelovania Warbi wonisa da simsuqnis kavSiri industriul qveynebSi,
gansakuTrebiT dabalSemosavlian da eTnikuri umciresobaTa
warmomadgenlebSi, rogorebic arian afroamerikeli, laTinoamerikeli,
aborigeni amerikeli da kanadeli bavSvebi da zrdasrulebi (Anand da sxvebi,
2001; Kim da sxvebi, 2002). faqtorebi, romlebic amas ganapirobebs, codnis da
informaciis naklebobaa janmrTeli kvebis Sesaxeb, cximis maRali
Semcvelobisa da iafi sakvebis yidvis tendencia da ojaxuri stresi, ris
gamoc zogierTi individi bevrs Wams. gaixseneT, rom is bavSvebic, visac
sakvebi aklia bavSvobaSi, mogvianebiT Warbwonianobis riskis qveS arian.
mSoblebis kvebis stilic garkveul rols asrulebs. Warbi wonis mqone
bavSvebi, savaraudod, ufro met maRalkaloriul, agreTve tkbil da cximian
sakvebs iReben. SesaZloa imitom, rom amgvari sakvebi sWarbobs maTi
mSoblebis mier SeTavazebul meniuSi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, midrekilni
arian Warbwonianobisken. 3000 amerikelis gamokiTxvis Sedegad gairkva, rom
maTi umravlesoba Tavis 4-24 Tvis bavSvebs yoveldRiurad sTavazoben
kartofilis Cipsebs, picas, kanfetebs, tkbili xilis sasmels da sodas.
saSualod, Cvilebi 20%-iT, mcirewlovani bavSvebi ki saWiroze 30%-iT met
kalorias iReben (Briefel da sxvebi, 2004). zogierTi mSobeli ukiduresad bevrs
aWmevs bavSvs da amas imiTi xsnis, rom bavSvs diskomforti aqvs imitom, rom
Sia. sxvebi ki Zalian zRudaven da akontroleben bavSvebs, konkretulad ki
imas, rodis, ras da ramdens Wams maTi bavSvi da nerviuloben, rom bavSvma
ar moimatos (Birch, Fisher, & Davison, 2003; Spruijt-Metz da sxvebi, 2002).
calkeul SemTxvevaSi mSoblebi ver exmarebian Svilebs sakvebis
miRebis daregulirebaSi. Warbi wonis mqone bavSvebis mSoblebi xSirad
iyeneben sakvebs, raTaAwaaxalison sxva tipis qceva – es is gamocdilebaa,
romlis gamoc bavSvebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben nugbars (Sherry da sxvebi,
2004).
amgvari gamocdilebis gamo, msuqan bavSvebs male uyalibdeba cudi
kvebis Cveva. isini gacilebiT ufro metad reagireben, sakvebTan
dakavSirebul gare gamRizianebelze, rogoricaa gemo, sanaxaoba, ynosva,
dRis monakveTi da sakvebTan dakavSirebul sityvebi da naklebad reagireben
SimSilis namdvil moTxovnilebaze, vidre normaluri wonis mqone
individebi (Graet & Crombez, 2003; Jansen da sxvebi, 2003). isini agreTve Wamen
swrafad da naklebi mondomebiT ReWaven sakvebs. es qcevis is modelia,
romelic 18 Tvis asakSi ukve Cndeba (Drabman da sxvebi, 1979).
Warbwoniani bavSvebi da maTi mSoblebic, normaluri wonis bavSvebTan
SedarebiT, fizikurad naklebad aqtiuri arian (Davison & Birch, 2002).
inaqturoba aris Warbi wonis rogorc mizezi, ise Sedegi. gamokvlevis
Tanaxmad bavSvebis simsuqnis matebis mizezi isicaa, rom Crdiloamerikeli
bavSvebis umetesoba drois did nawils atarebs televizorTan. gamokvlevis
Tanaxmad, romelmac Seiswavla 4-11 wlis bavSvebis televizoris yurebis
stili, aRmoCnda, rom rac ufro met xans uyurebs bavSvi televizors, miT
ufro bevr qons agrovebs da is bavSvebi, vinc yovel dRe 3 saaTze met xans
uyurebs televizors, 40%-iT ufro msuqnebi arian, vidre isini vinc 1 saaTze
mets ar uZRvnis televizors (Proctor da sxvebi, 2003). televizoris yureba
didad amcirebs dros, romelic eZRvneba fizikur savarjiSoebs,
satelevizio reklamebi ki mouwodeben bavSvebs, miirTvan gamasuqebeli,
arajansaRi nugbari. rac ufro msuqani xdeba bavSvi, miT ufro metad
anacvlebs aqtiur TamaSs umoZrao garTobiT, mjdomare stiliT, WamiT da
kidev ufro metad suqdeba (Slabe da sxvebi, 2002b).
simsuqnis Sedegebi. samwuxarod fizikuri mimzidveloba mimReblobis
Zlieri winapirobaa dasavlur sazogadoebaSi. rogorc bavSvebs, ise
zrdasrulebs msuqani axalgazrdebi ar moswonT da maT zarmacebad,
feTxumebad, uSnoebad, sulelebad, TavSi daurwmuneblebad da matyuarebad
miiCneven. msuqani bavSvebi skolaSi xSirad socialur izolaciaSi eqcevian
(Kilpatrick & Sanders, 1978; Strauss & Pollack, 2003). Sua bavSvobaSi msuqnebs aqvT
meti emociuri, socialuri da swavlis sirTule da meti problemuri qceva,
vidre normaluri wonis mqone maT Tanatolebs. bavSvobidan mozardobamde
mudmivi simsuqne winaswarmetyvelebs seriozul darRvevaze
daumorCileblobisa da agresiis CaTvliT, iseve, rogorc mZime depresiaze
(Mustillo da sxvebi, 2003; Schwimmer, Burwinkle, & Varni, 2003). ubedureba da
zedmeti Wama erTmaneTTan kavSirSia da bavSvic msuqani rCeba. simsuqnis
fsiqologiuri problema mudmiv diskriminaciasTan kombinaciaSi niSnavs
cxovrebis Semcirebul Sanss. zrdasrul asakSi Warbi wonis mqone
individebs, romlebmac ramdenime welia, skola daamTavres, aqvT dabali
Semosavali da, rogorc wesi, ar arian daojaxebulni, vidre sxva Tundac
janmrTelobis qronikuli problemebis mqone axalgazrdebi. es Sedegebi
gansakuTrebiT mZafria mdedrobiTi sqesisTvis (Gortmaker da sxvebi, 1993).
simsuqnis mkurnaloba. bavSvobis simsuqne rTuli da gansakurnebelia
imitom, rom es ojaxidan momdinare darRvevaa. britanul gamokvlevaSi
mxolod Warbi wonis mqone mSoblebis erTi meoTxedi Tvlis, rom maT
Svilebs Warbi wonis problema aqvT (Jeffrey, 2004). simsuqneSi yvelaze
efeqturi Careva ojaxze aris dafuZnebuli da fokusirebulia cvalebad
atitudebsa da qcevaze. erT gamokvlevaSi orivem, rogorc mSobelma, ise
bavSvma, gadaxeda Tavis kvebis stils da yoveldRiurad erTmaneTs stimuls
aZlevdnen SeqebiTa da qulebiT, romelsac erTad gatarebuli drois
ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTs uwerdnen swori kvebis gamo. rac ufro mets
iklebda mSobeli, miT ufro mets iklebda bavSvic - es is Sedegia, romelic
xels uwyobs ojaxze dafuZnebul progress (Wrotniak da sxvebi, 2004).
wonis kleba ufro didi iyo, rodesac mkurnaloba fokusirebuli iyo,
rogorc kvebiT, ise cxovrebis stilze, regularuli, energiuli varjiSis
CaTvliT. 5-10 wlis dakvirvebam aCvena, rom bavSvebi daklebul wonas ufro
kargad inarCunebdnen, vidre maTi mSoblebi (Epstein, Roemmich, & Raynor, 2001).
adreuli Careva mniSvnelovania mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi cvlilebis
misaRwevad. skolas SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos simsuqnis klebas regularuli
fizikuri savarjiSoebisa da ufro janmrTeli sakvebis miwodebis gziT.
saskolo sauzmeulis Sedgeniloba didad moqmedebs sxeulis wonaze, radgan
bavSvebi TavianTi dRiuri energiis erT mesameds skolaSi xarjaven.
magaliTad, singapurSi saskolo Careva, romelic moicavs kvebis Seswavlas,
cximis dabali Semcvelobis mqone produqtis SerCevasa da yoveldiur
fizikur aqtivobas, bavSvebsa da mozardebs xels uwyobs wona 11%-dan 14%-
mde Seamciron (Schmitz & Jeffery, 2000).

infeqciuri daavadebebi
Cveulebriv, kargad nakveb bavSvTa zrdaze daavadebebi zegavlenas ar
axdens. magram rodesac bavSvebi cudad ikvebebian, daavadeba urTierTqmedebs
cud kvebasTan da kravs mankier wres, ramac SesaZloa gamousworebeli
Sedegebi gamoiRos.
infeqciuri daavadebebi da cudi kveba. ganviTarebad qveynebSi, sadac
mosaxleobis udidesi nawili cxovrobs siRaribeSi, iseTi daavadebebi,
rogoricaa wiTela, Cutyvavila, ufro adre emarTebaT. igive daavadebebi ki,
3 wlamde Tavs ar iCens ganviTarebul qveynebSi. cudi kveba Trgunavs imunur
sistemas da bavSvi daavadebebis mimarT ufro aramdgradi xdeba. mTels
msoflioSi mcirewlovanTa 10 milioni wliuri sikvdilianobidan
ganviTarebad qveynebze modis 5,98% da 70%, romelic infeqciuri
daavadebebiT aris gamowveuli (World Health Organization, 2003).
daavadeba Tavis mxriv iwvevs uWmelobas, rac fizikur zrdas da
kognitur ganviTarebas aferxebs. avadmyofoba amcirebs madas da zRudavs
sxeulis unars gadaamuSaos sakvebi. es Sedegi gansakuTrebiT savalaloa
nawlavuri infeqciis mqone bavSvebSi. ganviTarebad qveynebSi diarea farTod
aris gavrcelebuli. is matulobs adreul bavSvobaSi dabinZurebuli
wylisa da sakvebis miRebis Sedegad da wliurad 1 milioni bavSvis
sikvdils iwvevs (Tharpar & Sanderson, 2004). braziliis da perus Rarib
raionebSi da qoxmaxebis macxovreblebSi Catarebuli gamokvelevebis
Tanaxmad, rac ufro xSiria diarea adreul asakSi, miT ufro dablebi
izrdebian bavSvebi da ufro dabal qulebs iReben skolaSi ineteleqtis
maCvenebel testebSi (Checkley da sxvebi, 2003; Niehaus da sxvebi, 2002). diareiT
gamowveuli zrdis Seferxebis umetesi wili da sikvdilianoba SeiZleba
Tavidan aviciloT ufaso oraluri rehidrataciis Terapiis meSveobiT
(ORT), rodesac daavadebul bavSvs aZleven glukozis da marilis
wyalxsnars, romelic swrafad anacvlebs im fluidebs, romelic sxeulma
dakarga. 1990 wlidan dawyebuli sazogadoebrivi jandacvis muSakebma
aswavles ojaxebis naxevars is, Tu ganviTarebad qveynebSi rogor gamoiyenon
ORT, agreTve cinkis, im mineralis deficitis Sevseba, romelic arsebiTia
imunuri sistemis funqcionirebisTvis, TveSi mxolod 30 centi Rirs da
mwvave da xangrZliv diareas mniSvnelovnad amcirebs (Bhandari da sxvebi, 2002).
yovelwliurad milionobiT bavSvis sicocxlea gadarCenili am Carevis
meSveobiT.

imunizacia. industriul qveynebSi bavSvTa daavadebebi mniSvnelovnad

Semcirda bolo naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi, ZiriTadad Cvilebisa da
bavSvebis farTod gavrcelebuli imunizaciis meSveobiT. da mainc, amerikeli
Cvilebisa da mcirewlovani bavSvebis 20% srulad acrili ar aris. imaTi
80%, visac sruli vaqcinacia gaukeTdaA2 wlamde, ver iReben srul
imunizacias, romelic maT adreul bavSvobaSi sWirdebaT. amerikel
skolamdelTa sul 23% ver iRebs saWiro imunizacias. es procenti Rarib
bavSvebSi 40%-iT imatebs (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003b).
piriqiT, daniasa da norvegiaSi mxolod 10 procents aklia imunizacia,
kanadaSi ki _ 7 procentze naklebs (Health Canada, 2000; United Nations, 2002).
rogor moaxerxes am qveynebma, mieRwiaT ufro intensiuri imunizaciisTvis,
vidre amerikis SeerTebul StatebSia? dasavleTis qveynebTan SedarebiT
ufro met amerikel bavSvs ar miuwvdeba xeli mkurnalobaze. 1994 wels es
ojaxebi Tavis rigs elian sajaro jandacvis xalxmraval klinikaSi –
aseTia jandacvis dazRvevis armqone adamianebis xvedri. samwuxarod, yvela
mSobels ar aZlevs ganrigi imis saSualebas, rom didxans rigSi icados,
amitom maTi bavSvebi aucrelebi rCebian. araadekvaturi imunizaciis erTi
mizezia vaqcinis fulis gadaxdis uunaroba. is mSoblebi, romlebic
yoveldRiurad stress ganicdian an ar arian janmrTelebi, ver axerxeben
vaqcinaciis drois dagegmvas. sxvebs, visac ar hyavT pirveladi daxmarebis
eqimi, ar undaT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sajaro jandacvis
klinikebSi did rigSi cda (Dombrowski, Lantz, & Freed, 2004; Hughes & Ng, 2003).
araswori informaciac, magaliTad, warmodgena, rom vaqcina ar muSaobs an
asustebs imunur sistemas, garkveul rols asrulebs.
zogierTi mSobeli imyofeba mediis gavlenis qveS, rom wiTela-ybayura-
wiTuris vaqcina zrdis autizmiT daavadebas bavSvebSi, Tumca farTo
masStabis gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, kavSiri autizmsa da imunizacias Soris
dadasturebuli ar aris (Dales, Hammer, & Smith, 2001; Stehr-Green da sxvebi,
2003). im regionebSi, sadac bevri mSobeli uars ambobs bavSvis imunizaciaze,
aRiniSneba yivanaxvelis afeTqeba, romelic sicocxlisTvis saxifaToa
(Tuyen & Bisgard, 2003). mSoblebis gaTviTcnobirebulobis donis amaRlebisken
mimarTuli sajaro ganaTlebis programa, rom drouli imunizacia
usafrTxo da mniSvnelovania, metad saWiroa.
emociuri keTildReoba. ar SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom siyvaruli da
stimulacia ganapirobebs janmrTel fizikur zrdas, magram iseve
sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa, rogorc sakvebi. zrdis araorganul
Seferxebas mSoblebis mxridan siyvarulis nakleboba iwvevs da Cveulebriv
18 Tvis asakisTvis iCens Tavs. bavSvebs, visac amgvari Seferxeba aqvT,
marazmis yvela niSani aReniSneba. maTi sxeuli gadaRlilia da isini
Caketilebi da apaTiurebi arian. aseT SemTxvevaSi zrdis Seferxebis raime
organuli (an biologiuri) mizezi ar dasturdeba. bavSvs sakmarisi
raodenobis sakvebs sTavazoben, mas raime mwvave da seriozuli daavadeba ar
aReniSneba. amgvari bavSvebis qceva diagnozisTvis ZiriTadi gasaRebia.
Cvilebi Tvals ar aSoreben ufrosebs, aRelvebiT akvirdebian maT yovel
moZraobas, iSviaTad iRimebian, rodesac deda uaxlovdeba da ar exutebian
mas xelSi ayvanisas (Steward, 2001).
ojaxuri viTareba, romelic zrdis Seferxebas, Tan sdevs xsnis amgvar
tipur reaqciebs. kvebis dros, safenebis gamocvlisas da TamaSisas am
bavSvebis dedebi arian civebi da distanciurebi, zogjer ki
makontrolebeli, mouTmeneli da mtrulad ganwyobilic ki (Hagekull, Bohlin, &
Rydell, 1997). sapasuxod, Cvili cdilobs Tavi daicvas imiTi, rom akvirdeba
ufrosis qcevas da rodesac is uaxlovdeba, bavSvi cdilobs mzera aaridos.
Zalian xSirad gaumarTlebeli qorwineba da mSoblis fsiqologiuri
problema zegavlenas axdens am problemaze (Drotar, Pallotta, & Eckerle, 1994;
Duniz da sxvebi, 1996). zogjer bavSvi advilad Riziandeba da aCens kvebis cud
Cvevebs iseTs, rogoricaa cudi wova da Rebineba – aseT viTarebaSi ki
Semdgom kidev ufro metad iZabeba bavSvisa da mSoblis urTierToba
(Wooster, 1999). rodesac mkurnaloba adre iwyeba imiTi, rom exmarebian
mSoblebs an bavSvi gadahyavT bavSvTaAsaxlSi, zrdaSeCerebuli bavSvebi
swrafad ewevian TavianT Tanatolebs. magram Tu darRveva bavSvobaSi ar
gamosworda, umetesoba dabali rCeba da avlens xangrZliv kognitur da
emociur sirTuleebs. ukiduresi emociuri deprivacia xels uSlis zrdis
hormonis gamomuSavebas da iwvevs fsiqologiur jujobas _ zrdis
darRvevas, romelic Cveulebriv Tavs iCens 2-15 wlis asakSi. misTvis
damaxasiaTebelia sidable,Gzrdis hormonis Semcirebuli sekrecia, ConCxis
umwifari asaki da adaptaciis seriozuli problemebi, romelic gvexmareba
jujoba normaluri sidablisgan ganvasxvavoT (Doeker da sxvebi, 1999; Voss,
Mulligan, & Betts, 1998). rodesac amgvari bavSvebi Sordebian emociurad
maTTvis araadekvatur garemos, maTi done swrafad ubrundeba normalurs da
isini swrafad izrdebian. magram Tu mkurnaloba dagvianebulia, jujoba
SeiZleba samudamo gaxdes.

kognituri ganviTareba

mecnierebi fiqroben, rom perceptuli, motoruli, kognituri da

emociuri ganviTareba erTiani dinamiuri procesia.

adreuli motoruli ganviTarebis fsiqologiuri Sedegi

bavSvis mzardi aqtiuroba aris bunebrivi da aucilebeli, ramdenadac
exmareba gare samyaros SemecnebaSi da socialur urTierTobebis agebaSi.
sakuTari sxeulis moZraobaze kontrolis unaris gaZlierebas aqvs
didi mniSvneloba kognituri da socialuri ganviTarebisTvis. bavSvebi,
romlebmac iswavles aqtiurad moZraoba, ufro gabedulad Seiswavlian
axal obieqtebs da axal adamianebs, radgan ician, rom saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi SeuZliaT gaiqcnen ukan mSoblebTan. axali motoruli Cvevebis
gaCena xdeba stimuli perceptuli ganviTarebisTvisac. bavSvebi, romlebsac
SeuZliaT cocva, ukeT pouloben damalul sagnebs, vidre imave asakis
bavSvebi, romlebic damoukideblad ver gadaadgildebian. bavSvebi,
romelTac SeuZliaT damoukideblad cocva da siaruli, ukeT acnobiereben,
rom maT moZraobasTan erTad sagnebic moZraoben. es gancda, Tavis mxriv,
exmareba sivrceSi orientaciaSi, aumjobesebs sxeulis gamarTulad daWeris
unars, exmareba ukeT cocvasa da siarulSi. aseve distanciisa da simaRlis
jansaRi SiSis ganviTarebasac exmareba es. adamianis ganviTareba
mTlianobiTi xasiaTis procesia, romelSic motoruli Cvevebis clilebebi
pirdapir gavlenas axdenen sxva aspeqtebze.

piaJes kognituri ganviTarebis Teoria

rogor viTardeba kognituri unarebi piaJes mixedviT?
biologiaSi Tavisi winamorbedebis gavleniT, piaJe kognitur
ganviTarebas ganixilavda, rogorc adaptaciis process, romlis drosac
azrovneba TandaTan gare realobas ukeT ergeba. piaJes konstruqtivistuli
midgoma gulisxmobs, rom garemoze zemoqmedebis gziT bavSvebi oTx ucvlel
da universalur safexurs gadian, romlis drosac kognituri unarebis
yvela aspeqti erTnair cvlilebebs gadis. piaJes mixedviT, Cvilebi mxolod
meore wlis bolosTvis iZenen mentaluri reprezentaciis gziT samyarosadmi
kognituri midgomis unars. piaJes TeoriiT, fsiqologiuri struqturebi, anu
sqemebi, ori saxiT icvleba. pirveli aris adaptaciis saSualeba, romelic
Sedgeba ori damatebiTi qmedebisgan: asimilaciisa da akomodaciisgan. meore
aris organizaciis saSualeba, sqemebis gadawyobiT mkacrad
urTierTdakavSirebul kognituri sistemis formad. wonasworoba aris
dabalanseba asimilaciasa da akomodacias Soris, rasac TandaTan mivyavarT
ufro efeqtur sqemebTan.

senso-motoruli safexuri: dabadebidan 2 wlamde

senso-motorul safexurze bavSvis refleqsebi TandaTan gardaiqmneba
ufro moqnil qmedebad. Cvilebi aviTareben mizanmimarTul qcevas da iwyeben
saganTa mudmivobis aRqmas. senso-motoruli ganviTareba mTavrdeba
sensomotoruli problemebis swrafi gadaWriT, saganTa mudmivobis
problemis srulad aTvisebiT, imitaciiTa (wabaZviT) da TamaSiT.

winaoperaciuli safexuri: 2-dan 7 wlamde

metyveleba, TamaSi da xatva winaoperaciul safexurze viTardeba.
asakis matebasTan erTad TamaSebi sul ufro rTuli xdeba da
sociodramatul TamaSSi gadaizrdeba. skolamdeli asakis ganmavlobaSi
naxatebi najRabnebidan metad detaluri da realobis msgavs
reprezentaciul formebamde viTardeba.
piaJes mixedviT, skolamdelebs jer ara aqvT operaciebis Sesrulebis
unari, radgan isini egocentrulebi arian; xSirad isini ver axerxeben
sxvebis TvalTaxedva gaiTvaliswinon. egocentrizmi bavSvebs akomodaciisgan
icavs da amitom xels uwyobs animisturi azrovnebis, centraciis
ganviTarebas, yuradRebis gadatanas zedapirul niSnebze da xels uSlis
Seqcevadobas problemebis gadaWrisas. am siZneleebis gamo bavSvebs ara aqvT
konservacia da ierarqiuli klasifikaciis amocanebis gadawyvetis unari.
Собираемся записаться на прием к стоматологу на послезавтра. Настя (4 года) спрашивает:
— А мы не завтра пойдем?
— Нет, — отвечаю, — послезавтра.
— А давай лучше запишемся на вчера!

Забираю дочь из садика, на лбу огромная шишка. Объяснение:

— Я бежала, а стена стояла.

***

Папа, 26 лет, и дочь, 4 года:

— Папа, а мы на планете живем?
— Да.
— А планета в космосе?
— Ну да.
— Значит, мы космонавты!

Олег (3 года 3 месяца) учить стихи не считает нужным, предпочитает пересказывать своими словами. Вчера выдал:
— Идет, качается. На ходу вздыхает. Все. Упал.

konkretuli operaciuli safexuri: 7-dan 11 wlamde

konkretuli operaciuli safexuris ganmavlobaSi azrovneba bevrad
ufro logikuri da mowesrigebulia, vidre adre iyo. isini ukeT asruleben
ierarqiul klasifikacias da seriacias. Sua bavSvobaSi konkretuli
operaciuli azrovneba SezRudulia, radgan bavSvebs abstraqtuli ideebis
Sesaxeb msjeloba uWirT.
ras ambobs Semdgomi kvlevebi piaJes konkretuli operaciuli
safexuris Sesaxeb? rogorc Cans, konkretul operaciebze did gavlenas
axdens swavleba, konteqsti da kulturuli tradiciebi.

formaluri operaciuli safexuri: 11 weli da ufrosi

piaJes formaluri operaciebis safexurze abstraqtuli azrovneba
viTardeba.
mozardebi hipoTezur-deduqciur msjelobas iwyeben. problemis winaSe
aRmoCenisas isini yvela SesaZleblobas gaiazreben, maTi CaTvliT, romlebic
TvalsaCino ar aris, da garkveuli sistemiT, rigrigobiT mosinjaven maT.
aseve ymawvilebs SeuZliaT sityvieri mtkicebis logika realuri samyaros
garemoebebisgan gancalkevebiT Seafason.
imis gamo, rom abstraqtuli azrovneba idealizms uwyobs xels,
Tineijerebi bralmdebeli kritikosebi xdebian. kogniturobaSi winsvlis
miuxedavad, gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi mozardebi mozrdilebze nakleb
daxelovnebulebi arian.
ras ambobs momdevno kvlevebi piaJes formaluri operaciuli
safexuris sisworis Sesaxeb?
saskolo asakis bavSvebi ganzogadebis sawyisebs avlenen, magram isini
mozardebiviT daxelovnebulebi ar arian. maT ar SeuZliaT daaxarisxon is
mtkicebulebebi, romlebic erTbaSad sam an met variants Seicavs. aseve, imis
gamo, rom isini yuradRebiT ar fiqroben mTavar winapirobaze,
TvalTaxedvidan uSveben logikis yvelaze ZiriTad wesebs. mozardebi da
mozrdilebi gacilebiT ukeT azrovneben abstraqtulad im situaciebSi,
romlebis didi gamocdilebac aqvT. aseve, formaluri operaciuli
msjelobis nacvlad isini xSirad mimarTaven naklebad momTxovn, intuiciur
gansjas. Tanac, bevr tomobriv da sasoflo sazogadoebebSi formalur
operaciul amocanebs yvela ver eufleba. es Sedegebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom
piaJes umaRles safexurs xels uwyobs swavlis iseTi specifikuri
SesaZleblobebi, romlebic skolaSia xelmisawvdomi.

inteleqtis gansazRvra
kognituri ganviTarebisadmi fsiqometriuli midgoma safuZvelia
inteleqtis mravali testisa, romelTac bavSvebis gonebrivi unarebis
individualur gansxvavebaTa Sesafaseblad iyeneben. 1900-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi alfred binem Caatara pirveli warmatebuli testi, sadac is
gonebrivi sistemis erTaderT mTlian sazoms iyenebda.
 faqtorebis analizi warmoiSva, rogorc ZiriTadi iaraRi imis
gansasazRvrad, ra aris inteleqti _ erTi Tviseba Tu bevri unarebis
erTianoba. spirmenisa da TersTounis kvlevis Sedegad ori skola
aRmocenda. pirveli, romelic spirmens uWerda mxars, testis sakiTxebs
zogadi gonierebis amsaxvelad miiCnevda, magram “specifikuri gonebis~
sxvadasxva tipis arsebobas aRiarebda. meore skola, romelic TersTouns
uWerda mxars, inteleqts pirveladi gonebrivi unarebis erTobliobad
miiCnevda.
keteli ganasxvavebs kristalizebul da fluidur inteleqts.
gardneris mravaljeradi inteleqtis Teoriis mixedviT arsebobs sul
mcire 8 tipis gansxvavebuli inteleqti. yovel maTgans aqvs unikaluri
biologiuri safuZveli da ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli mimarTuleba.
gardneris Teoriam gavlena moaxdina gansakuTrebuli niWis bavSvTa
aRzrdis meTodebze. sxva adamianebis fiqrebisa da gancdebis gagebis
unarebi da socialur problemebTan efeqturad gamklaveba, rac
formalurad cnobili iyo rogorc socialuri inteleqti, amJamad emociur
gonierebad ganixileba.

gonebrivi unarebis Sefaseba

stenford-bines gonebrivi unarebis skalis, mexuTe gamocema da
bavSvis gonierebis veqsleris skala IV yvelaze xSirad maRali gonebrivi
monacemebis mqone da swavlis problemebis mqone bavSvebis gamosavlenad da
diagnostirebisTvis gamoiyeneba. orive axdens zogadi gonierebis unarebis
Sefasebas, agreTve subtesturi qulebis gamosaxvas.
gonebrivi unarebis testebTan MmWidrodaa dakavSirebuli unarebis
testi, romelic specializebuli qmedebis Seswavlis potencias afasebs da
miRwevebis testi, romelic codnisa da unarebis amJamindel miRwevebs
swavlobs. miuxedavad amisa, testebis am sam tips Soris gansxvaveba ar aris
aSkara, yvela maTganSi SeiZleba msgavsi sakiTxebis moZebna.
Cvilobis asakSi Catarebuli testebis umravlesoba exeba motorul
reaqciebs. maTi meSveobiT Znelia bavSvobis periodis gonebrivi
SesaZleblobebis ganWvreta, radgan ar ikvlevs gonebrivi unarebis imave
aspeqtebs, rac ufro mozrdil asakSi fasdeba.
rogor iTvlian da anawileben IQ-s qulebs? gonierebis testis qulebi
miiReba inteleqtis koeficientis IQ-s gamoTvliT. is testis Semsruleblis
qulas udarebs imave asakis adamianTa standartizaciis qulebs. IQ maRalia
Tu dabali, imiT fasdeba, ramdenad gansxvavdeba testis Sedegebi
standartuli nimuSisagan.

ras da ramdenad warmatebulad winaswarmetyvelebs gonierebis testebi?

 siRaribeSi mcxovreb bavSvebSi xSirad aRiniSneba garemos deficitiT
gamowveul IQ-s Semcireba an aRzrdasTan dakavSirebuli Sedegebi. IQ
efeqturad gansazRvravs akademiur moswrebas, profesiul miRwevebsa da
fsiqologiuri Sefasebebis zogierT aspeqts. da mainc, IQ –s meSveobiT arc
ise srulyofilad SeiZleba cxovrebiseuli warmatebebis ganWvreta; amaSi
ojaxuri garemocva, pirovnuli Tvisebebi, motivacia da praqtikuli
gonierebac aSkarad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.
IQ -s eTnikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri variaciebi. gonierebis
testirebaSi Savkaniani da dabali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis mqone
bavSvTa qulebi, Cveulebriv, ufro dabalia, vidre TeTrkaniani da saSualo
ekonomikuri statusis mqone bavSvebisa.
Svilad ayvanis SemTxvevebis kvlevebi adasturebs, rom ukeTesi
aRzrdis pirobebs SeuZlia gazardos bavSvis IQ-s absoluturi Sedegi. imave
dros, naSvileb bavSvTa qulebi ufro xSirad Seesabameba biologiuri
naTesavebisas, vidre maTsas, vinc isini Svilad aiyvana, rac aseve asabuTebs
memkvidreobiTobis gavlenas. ekonomikurad Zlier TeTrkanianTa ojaxebSi
aRzrdil Savkanian bavSvebs, bavSvobaSive, sagrZnoblad maRal qulebi aqvT
IQ-Si. aranairi sabuTi ar arsebobs imis dasamtkiceblad, rom memkvidreobi-
Toba ganapirobebs im eTnikur gansxvavebebs, romlebic buneba–aRzrdis
winaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb debatebis umTavresi Tema gaxda.

metyvelebis ganviTareba
arsebobs Tu ara metyvelebis ganviTarebis sensitiuri periodi? am
mosazrebis Sesamowmeblad mecnierebi im bavSvebs akvirdebodnen, visac
cudad epyrobdnen an pataraobisas SezRuduli hqondaT kontaqti
adamianebTan. yvelaze guldasmiT Seiswavles Jeni, normalurad
ganviTarebuli bavSvi, romelmac pirveli sityvebi wlinaxevris asakSi
swored maSin warmoTqva, roca is mSoblebis saxlis ukana oTaxSi Caketes.
Jeni 13 wlisa da 6 Tvis iyo, roca ipoves. mas aravin elaparakeboda da
odnavi xmaurisTvisac ki scemdnen. maswavleblebTan ramdenimewliani
trenirebis Semdeg Jenim aiTvisa mravali sityva da SeZlo dialogis kargad
gageba, magram gramatikisa da komunikaciis unari mainc SezRuduli rCeboda
(Curtiss, 1977, 1989). Jenisa da mravali sxva msgavsi SemTxveva adasturebs
sensitiuri periodis arsebobas, magram es daskvnebi mainc aradamajerebelia.
mudmivad cudi mopyroba bavSvis Tavis tvinis zrdas da mis
funqcionirebas aferxebs. amas ufro SeeZlo im deficitis gamowveva,
romelic Jenis hqonda. Sedegebi ufro damajerebeli daskvnebis saSualebas
iZleva gamokvlevebi im smenadaqveiTebuli mozardebis, vinc sxvadasxva
dros Seiswavla amerikuli Jestebis ena (aJe). imaT, visma mSoblebmac arCies
bavSvebisTvis eswavlebinaT jer salaparako ena tuCebis moZraobis
saSualebiT da xels uSlis JestebiT raimes gadmocemas, ver Seiswavles
salaparako ena, radganac smena ar hqondaT. lenerbergis prognozis
Tanaxmad, isini, vinc mozrdilobisas iswavla amerikuli Jestebis ena, ver
gaiwafnen ise kargad, rogorc isini, vinc pataraobidanve am enaze
metyvelebda (Mayberry, 1994, Newport, 1991). zusti asaki, roca metyvelebis
swavla uaresdeba, jer dadgenili ar aris.

pirveli bgerebi
daaxloebiT ori Tvis asakSi Cvilebi warmoTqvamen pirvel xmovnebs,
rasac `RuRuns~ uwodeben. amas emateba Tanxmovnebi da 4 Tvis asakSi Cvilebi
`titins~ iwyeben – xmovan-Tanxmovnebis kombinacias `nananana~, `babababa~
xangrZlivad imeoreben. Cvilebi (smenadaqveiTebulebic ki) titins
daaxloebiT erTi Tvis asakSi iwyeben da msgavs bgerebs warmoTqvamen. magram
am marcvlebis ganviTarebisTvis Cvilebs aucileblad unda esmodeT
adamianis laparaki. Tu bavSvs smena daqveiTebuli aqvs, bgerebis areali
farTovdeba, sruli siyruis SemTxvevaSi ki mTlianad qreba (Oller, 2000).
Cvilebi Tavidan bgerebis SezRudul raodenobas warmoTqvamen, mere ki
zrdian maT (Oller da sxvebi, 1997). daaxloebiT 7 Tvis asakisTvis `titini~
moicavs xmovan-Tanxmovanis im kombinaciebs, rac Cveulebrivi
metyvelebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, zogi maTgani ki pirvel sityvad iqceva
(Boysson-Bardies &Vihman, 1991). smenadaqveiTebuli bavSvebi, romelTac
JestebiT elaparakebian, xelebiT iseve `titineben~, rogorc maTi
Cveulebrivi Tanatolebi, roca maT elaparakebian (Petitto & Marentette, 1991).
garda amisa, smenis mqone bavSvebi, romelTac smenadaqveiTebuli, Jestebis
eniT molaparake mSoblebi hyavT, xelebs iseTive ritmiT amoZraveben,
rogorc dabadebidan JestebiT molaparakeebi (Petitto da sxvebi, 2001, 2004).
metyvelebis ritmisadmi aseTi mgrZnobeloba, rac ara mxolod metyvelebis
gageba-aTvisebaSi mJRavndeba, aramed Cvilebis `titinSic~, xelebiT iqneba es
gadmocemuli Tu bgerebiT, exmareba mniSvnelobis mqone metyvelebis
erTeulebis aRmoCenasa da gadmocemas. mousmineT cota ufrosi Cvilis
titins da SeamCnevT, rom zogierTi bgera mxolod garkveul konteqstSi
Cndeba – magaliTad,, roca sagans ikvlevs, wigns uyurebs an sworad dadis
(Blake & Boysson-Bardies, 1992). rogorc Cans, sanam alaparakdebian, Cvilebi
jer eqsperimentebs atareben enis bgeraTa sistemasa da mniSvnelobaze. imis
Semdeg, rac pirvel sityvebs warmoTqvamen, titini kidev 4-5 Tve grZeldeba.

fonologiuri ganviTareba
Tu mogismeniaT, erTi an ori wlis bavSvi rogor cdilobs pirveli
sityvebis warmoTqmas, aucileblad gaigebdiT uamrav saintereso sityvas
`nanas~ `bananis~ nacvlad, `babas~ puris nacvlad da sxv. aseve bevri sityvis
iseT gamoTqmas, romelic ar aris mozrdilebis leqsikaSi – maTi `Targmna~
mSobels unda sTxovoT. fonologiuri ganviTareba rTuli procesia,
romelSic bavSvis bevri unaria CarTuli: man yuradRebiT unda moisminos
bgeris gamoTqmebi, warmoTqvas marcvlebi da isini gasageb sityvebad da
frazebad gaaerTianos. erTidan oTx wlamde bavSvebi amas warmatebiT
arTmeven Tavs. garSemomyofi adamianebis laparakis mibaZvisas, isini
eyrdnobian TavianT unikalur unars – gaarCion mSobliuri enis fonemuri
kategoriebi. es unari pirveli wlis bolosTvis ukve kargadaa
ganviTarebuli. pirvel sityvebze zegavlenas isic axdens, rom bavSvebs
Tavidan mxolod cota bgeris warmoTqma SeuZliaT (Hura & Echols, 1996;
Vihman, 1996). umartivesi bgeriTi frazebi TanxmovniT iwyeba, xmovniT
mTavrdeba da ganmeorebiT marcvlebs Seicavs, magaliTad, `Mama~ `Dada~,
`bye-bye~, `nigh-nigh~ (night-night-s magivrad). zogjer patarebi erTsa da imave
bgeras sxvadasxva sityvis gadmosacemad iyeneben. es Tviseba maT metyvelebas
gaugebars xdis (Ingram, 1999). erTi axalfexadgmuli bavSvi erT marcvals 12
sityvis gadmosacemad iyenebda.
am dakvirvebaTa mixedviT, adreuli fonologiuri da semantikuri
ganviTareba erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. mTels msoflioSi, mSoblebis
aRmniSvneli marcvlebi, `Mama~ `Dada~ da `Papa~ (`deda, `mama~, papa~)
erTmaneTs waagavs. arc isaa gasakviri, rom bavSvebi swored am sityvebs
warmoTqvamen pirvelad, amasTanave, bavSvisken mimarTuli metyvelebisas
ufrosebi xSirad gamartivebul sityvebs xmaroben. magaliTad, kurdReli
xdeba ”Bunny~, matarebeli ki “choo-choo”. sityvis aseTi formebi pataras enis
amodgmaSi exmareba. erTi wlis bavSvebi enis amodgmisas pirvelad im nacnob
sityvebs swavloben, romelic xSirad esmiT. aseTia `dog~, `baby~ da `ball~
(`aua~, `baia~ `burTi~). rac ufro didxans uyureben sagans, miT ufro ukeT
amboben sityvas. axali sityvis swavlisas axalfexadgmuli bavSvebi xSirad
ver xvdebian yvela bgeras da amitom SecdomiT warmoTqvamen maT.
sxvadasxva enaze molaparake bavSvebi erTnair Secdomebs uSveben,
magaliTad, kantonur, Cexur, inglisur, frangul, kiSes (gvatemaleli maias
tomis ena), espanur da Svedur enebze molaparake bavSvebi. magram gansxvaveba
fonologiur ganviTarebaSi mainc arsebobs, igi enis bgeraTa sistemisa da
zogi bgeris mniSvnelobis Sesabamisi gagebis sirTulezea damokidebuli.
kantonurad molaparake bavSvebi ufro swrafad viTardebian, vidre
inglisurad molaparakeebi. kantonurSi bevri sityva mxolod erTi
marcvlisgan Sedgeba, magram warmoTqmisas intonaciis Secvlam SeiZleba
misi mniSvneloba Secvalos.

adreuli faza
sityvebs bavSvebi pirveli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi amboben pirveli
sityvebi an mniSvnelovan adamianebze miuTiTebs (`deda~, mama~), an
cxovelebze (`ZaRli~, `kata~), an moZrav sagnebze (`burTi~, `manqana~,
`fexsacmeli~) an sakvebze (`rZe~, `vaSli~), an nacnob moqmedebebze (`nana-
nana~, `kidev,~ `adeqi~), an nacnobi moqmedebebis Sedegebze (`WuWyiani~,
`sveli~, `cxeli~) (Hart, 2004; Nelson, 1973). axalfexadgmulebi iSviaTad
asaxeleben iseT sagnebs, romlebic, ubralod iqve dgas, magaliTad,
`magidas~ an `larnaks~.
Semecnebis garda, emociebic did gavlenas axdens sityvebis adreul
dauflebaze. Tavdapirvelad, roca wlinaxevris bavSvi sagnis, adamianis an
movlenis aRmniSvnel sityvas swavlobs, mas neitralurad warmoTqvams. maT
yuradRebis mokreba sWirdeba, raTa iswavlon, emociebi ki yuradRebas
ufantavs. rodesac sityvebs ukeT Seiswavlian, axalfexadgmulni
laparakoben da emociebsac gamoxataven (Bloom, 1998).
axalfexadgmulni nel-nela zrdian sityvaTa marags, daaxloebiT 1-3
sityvamde kviraSi. axlad Seswavlili sityvebis raodenoba TandaTanobiT
matulobs. sityvebs ufro adre aRiqvamen, vidre warmoTqvamen. umetesoba ki
myarad, nel-nela zrdis Seswavlili sityvebis raodenobas, rac skolamdel
periodamde grZeldeba, rodesac bavSvebi yoveldRiurad daaxloebiT 9 axal
sityvas swavloben.

sityvaTa tipebi
patara bavSvebis leqsikonSi yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba sami saxis –
sagnebis, moqmedebebisa da mdgomareobis aRmniSvneli sityvebi.

sagnebisa da moqmedebebis aRmniSvneli sityvebi.

bevrma pataram metyvelebis sawyis etapze icis ufro meti sagnis
aRmniSvneli sityva, vidre moqmedebisa (Au, Dapretto, & Song 1994; Ceselli da
sxvebi, 1995). Tu moqmedebas, romlis meSveobiTac bavSvi samyaros Seimecnebs,
ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs, maSin ratom amaxvileben yuradRebas patarebi
sagnebis dasaxelebaze?
amis erT-erTi mizezi isicaa, rom arsebiTi saxelebi iolad aRsaqmel
konceptebs Seesabameba (magaliTad, rogoricaa magida, Citi an ZaRli).
rodesac ufrosebi asaxeleben nivTs, Tan sagans uCveneben da saxels
imeoreben, amiT bavSvs sityvis mniSvnelobis gagebaSi exmarebian. amitomac
axalfexadgmulni xalisiT usadageben sagnebs maT Sesabamis dasaxelebebs.
zmnebis mniSvneloba ki, saxelebisgan gansxvavebiT, ufro rTuli
misaxvedria – sagansa da moqmedebas Soris urTierTobaSi garkvevas
moiTxovs. magaliTad, `wasvla~, gulisxmobs pirovnebas, romelic sadRac
midis, `damagreba~ gulisxmobs adamians, romelic raRacas amagrebs.

sxvadasxva mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebi.

2 wlidan orwlinaxevramde bavSvebi xSirad iyeneben sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobis sityvebs sagnis zomisa da feris gansasazRvrad (magaliTad,,
didi, wiTeli), agreTve kuTvnilebis aRsaniSnavad (Cemi saTamaSo). maleve
Cndeba sagnebis funqciis aRmniSvneli sityvebic (magaliTad,, satvirTo
manqana) (Nelson, 1976). rodesac es sityvebi mniSvnelobasTanaa
dakavSirebuli, zogadi gansxvavebani specifikur sityvebze adre Cndeba. im
sityvebs Soris, romlebic sagnis sidides Seexeba, bavSvebi pirvelad
~didsa~ da `pataras~ swavloben, Semdeg, `~maRalsa~ da dabals~, `farTosa~
da `viwrosa~, `Rrmasa~ da `wyalmarCxs~. aseve xdeba drois aRmniSvneli
sityvebTanac – samidan xuT wlamde bavSvebi pirvelad euflebian sityvas
`axla~, Semdeg ki `mere~, `win~, `adre~, rasac mosdevs `dRes~, `guSin~, `xval~
(Stevenson & Pollitt, 1987).

dawyebiTi klasebis dasawyissa da dasasruls Soris leqsikuri maragi

oTxjer izrdeba da sabolood 40 000 sityvas aWarbebs. saSualod, skolis
moswavleebi 20 000 axal sityvas swavloben.
radganac werilobiTi ena gacilebiT met gansxvavebul da rTul
sityvas moicavs, vidre salaparako ena, Sua bavSvoba da mozardobisas,
kiTxva sityvaTa maragis gamdidrebas uwyobs xels. bavSvebi, romlebic
yoveldRe, sul mcire, 21 wuTis ganmavlobaSi damoukideblad kiTxuloben,
weliwadSi daaxloebiT 2 milionamde axal sityvas ecnobian (Cunningham &
Stanovich, 1998). abstraqtuli azrovnebis unari mozardebs saSualebas
aZlevs TavianT leqsikas daumaton alogikuri da filosofiuri sityvebi.
isini sarkazmsa da ironiasac kargad euflebian (Winner, 1988). rodesac deda
im saWmels umzadebs, rac ar uyvars, 16 wlis mozardma SeiZleba
enamoswrebulad Tqvas: `ah, Cemi sayvareli kerZi!~ saskolo asakis bavSvebi
xSirad xvdebian, rom sarkastuli SeniSvna aragulwrfelia, Tu is
gadaWarbebulad damcinavi xmis intonaciiTa warmoTqmuli. magram
mozardebsa da mozrdilebs ukve mxolod gansxvavebis SemCneva hyofniT
naTqvamsa da mniSvnelobas Soris, rom nagulisxmev azrs mixvdnen (Capelli,
Nakagawa & Madden, 1990). garda amisa, mozardebi ukeT xvdebian metaforul
enas. yvelaze rTuli da sainteresoa daxvewili urTierTobebis
gamomxatveli andazebi. maT Tqmas azri mxolod garkveul viTarebaSi aqvs.
xatovani enis gageba saSualebas aZlevs mozardebs, rom ufrosebis
mxatvruli Semoqmedeba kargad Seafason.

gramatikuli ganviTareba
bavSvebs gramatika maSin sWirdebaT, rodesac gamoTqmebSi erTze met
sityvas iyeneben.
daaxloebiT wlinaxevarsa da orwlinaxevars Soris, rodesac
produqtiul maragSi 200 sityvaa, bavSvebi or sityvas aerTeben, rogoricaa,
`mommy shoe~ (deda fexsacmeli), `go car~ (manqana midis), `more cookie~ (kidev
namcxvari). amgvar orsityvian winadadebebs telegraful metyvelebas
uwodeben, radgan depeSis msgavsad yuradRebas mTavar sityvebze amaxvileben,
SedarebiT umniSvnelo sityvebs – magaliTad, can, ( SeZleba) the, to ki
toveben.
orenovneba: ori enis daufleba bavSvobisas
mTels msoflioSi mravali orenovani bavSvi izrdeba anu swavlobs
or enas, zogjer ki – metsac.
bavSvebi ori gziT xdebian orenovnebi: (1) erTdroulad iTviseben
orive enas; (2) erTi enis met-naklebad dauflebis Semdeg swavloben meores.
orenovani mSoblebis Svilebs, romlebic orive enas adreul bavSvobaSi
swavloben, araviTari problema ar gaaCniaT metyvelebis ganviTarebaSi.
isini Tavidanve ganacalkeveben xolme enis sistemebs, ganasxvaveben maT
bgerebs, erTnairi raodenobis sityvebs swavloben orive enaSi da adreve
iZenen enis maxasiaTeblebs tipuri ganrigis mixedviT (Bosch & Sebastian-
Galles, 2001; Holowka, Brosseau-Lapre, & Petitto, 2002). skolamdelebi mSobliuris
msgavsad kargad swavloben im enas, romelzec garSemomyofi sazogadoeba
saubrobs da Tu dasWirdaT, mSobliuris msgavsad iyeneben mas (Genesee,
2001). magram rodesac saskolo asakis bavSvebi meore enas mas Semdeg
swavloben, roca ukve floben mSobliurs, daaxloebiT 3-5 weli sWirdebaT,
rom ena iseve Seiswavlon, rogorc maTma mSobliur enaze molaparake
Tanatolebma (Hakuta, 1999).
bolo dromde amerikaSi gavrcelebuli iyo Sexeduleba, rom
orenovneba bavSebSi kognitur da lingvistur deficitsa da sakuTari
fesvebisgan mowyvetas iwvevs, radgan fiqrobdnen, rom orenovani bavSvi sust
identifikacias axdenda im kulturasTan, romlis garemocvaSic cxovrobda.
dResdReobiT, mravali kvleva adasturebs, rom bavSvebi, romlebic
srulyofilad floben or enas, kogniturad ukeT viTardebian, ukeT
asruleben seleqciuri yuradRebis, analitikuri msjelobis, cnebaTa
Camoyalibebisa da kognituri moqnilobis testebs (Bialystok, 1999, 2001). maT
ukeT esmiT, rom sityvebi pirobiTi simboloebia, ukeT Seimecneben enis
bgerebis zogierT aspeqts da ukeT amCneven Secdomebs gramatikasa da
mniSvnelobaSi – es xels uwyobs warmatebebs kiTxvaSi (Bialystok & Herman,
1999; Campbell & Sais, 1995).
orenovnebis upiratesoba myari safuZvelia bilingvuri
saganmanaTleblo programebis skolaSi dasanergad. aSS-sa da kanadaSi
imigrant bavSvebs ar uwyoben xels, rom mSobliuri ena skolaSi
Seiswavlon. Tumca, bilingvizmi imis saukeTeso magaliTs gvaZlevs, rogor
iqceva erTi Seswavlili ena gonebis mniSvenelovan instrumentad da rogor
aCqarebs kognitur ganviTarebas.
 bavSvoba _ emociuri, socialuri, genderuli
da moraluri ganviTareba

emociebis gamoxatvis ganviTareba

kvlevebma cxadyo, rom, miuxedavad gansxvavebuli kulturisa, mTels
msoflioSi saxis sxvadasxva gamometyveleba erTi da imave emociebs
ukavSirdeba (Ekman, 2003; Ekman & Friesen, 1972).
bazisuri emociebi – bedniereba, interesi, gaoceba, SiSi, brazi, sevda
da zizRi – adamianisa da sxva primatebisaTvis universaluri emociebia,
romelTac gadarCenisaTvis brZolis xangrZlivi evoluciis istoria aqvT
da pirdapir SegviZlia amovicnoT saxis gamometyvelebiT. mkvlevarTa
umravlesobis yuradRebas oTxi emocia – bedniereba, brazi, sevda da SiSi –
ipyrobs.
bednierebis gamoxatva netari RimiliT iwyeba da Semdeg sicilSi
gadadis. bavSvebi kargad grZnoben, rom maTi Rimili mzrunvelTa ufro meti
siTbosa da yuradRebis gamoxatvas ganapirobebs, da swored amitom bavSvebi
ufro xSirad cdiloben gaiRimon. bedniereba mSobelsa da bavSvs Soris
Tbil urTierTkavSirs ayalibebs, rac Cvils ganviTarebaSi exmareba.
pirveli kvirebis ganmavlobaSi, axalSobilebi simaZRris, Tvalis
swrafi moZraobis (REM) Zilis, nazad Sexebis, dedis xmis gagonebisas da
rwevis dros iRimebian. cxovrebis pirveli Tvis bolos isini saintereso
sagnebis danaxvisas iRimebian, magram es sagnebi moZravi da TvalSisacemi
unda iyos, magaliTad, rogoricaa Tvalwin kaSkaSa saganis gaelveba. 6-dan 10
kviramde asakis Cvilis saxeze e.w. socialuri Rimili Cndeba (Sroufe & Waters,
1976). sami Tvis Cvili ki ufro xSirad misTvis nacnob adamianebTan
interaqciisas iRimeba (Ellsworth, Muir, & Hains, 1993). bavSvebi sicils pirvelad
daaxloebiT 3-4 Tvis asakSi iwyeben. Rimilis msgavsad, pirveli sicili
Cndeba Zlieri aqtiuri gamaRizianeblis pasuxad, magaliTad, rodesac
mSobeli bavSvs mxiaruli xmiT eubneba: `dagiWire, dagiWire!” da mucelze
kocnis. rac ufro mets igebs Cvili samyaros Sesaxeb, miT ufro icinis im
movlenebze, romlebic gaocebis elementebs Seicavs, magaliTad, iseTi
TamaSis dros rogoricaa `Wi-taa~ (Sroufe & Wunsch, 1972).
daaxloebiT 6 Tvis Cvilebi ufro xSirad nacnob adamianebTan
interaqciisas iRimian da icinian. ufrosebis msgavsad, 10-12 Tvis bavSvebi
konteqstidan gamomdinare sxvadasxvagvarad iRimebian. isini mSoblis
salamze farTo, zeviT aweuli loyebiT iRimebian; megobrulad ganwyobil
ucnob adamianebs TavSekavebulad, uxmod uRimian; mastimulirebeli TamaSis
dros gulianad, Ria piriT iRimebian (Dickson, Forgel, & Messinger, 1998). ori
wlis asakSi Rimili gaazrebuli socialuri signali xdeba.
brazi da sevda. axalSobilebi sxvadasxva arasasiamovno SegrZnebaze,
magaliTad, SimSilze, mtkivneul samedicino proceduraze, sxeulis
temperaturis cvlilebasa da Zalian Zlier an Zalian mcire stimulaciaze
zogadi distresiT pasuxoben. 4-6 Tvidan or wlamde bavSvebSi brazis
gamoxatvis sixSire da intensivoba izrdeba. Cvilebi sxvadasxva situaciaSi
brazdebian, magaliTad, rodesac maTTvis saintereso sagans waarTmeven an
zRudaven maT moZraobas, momvleli sul mcire xniT martos datovebs,
dasaZineblad awvens an mosalodnel Sedegs ver aRwevs, davuSvaT Zafs
gamoqaCavs, magram is sasiamovno naxatebs ver dainaxavs da melodiebs ver
moismens (Camras et al., 1992; Stenberg & Campos, 1990; Sullivan & Lewis, 2003).
ratom izrdeba sibrazis reaqcia asakTan erTad? Cvilebi tkivilis
gamomwvev faqtors an miuRwevel mizans ukeT gansazRvraven. da amis
Sedegad, maTi brazi garkveulwilad ufro intensiuri xdeba, magaliTad,
maSin, Tu mzrunveli, romlisganac Tbil mopyrobas arian Cveuli,
diskomforts uqmnis (Stenberg, Campos, & Emde, 1983). brazis zrdis
regulireba SesaZlebelia. sevda SeiZleba gamoiwvios tkivilma, raime sagnis
gamorTmevam, xanmokle ganSorebam, magram tkiviliT gamowveuli sevda,
brazTan SedarebiT, ufro iSviaTia (Alessandri, Sullivan, & Lewis, 1990; Izard,
Hembree, & Huebner, 1987; Shiller, Izard, & Hembree, 1986). CvilebSi sevda, rogorc
wesi, nacnob, mosiyvarule mzrunvelebTan ganSorebisas an mzrunvelsa da
Cvils Soris komunikaciis seriozuli darRvevis SemTxvevaSi Cndeba.
SiSi. brazis msgavsad, SiSi cxovrebis pirveli wlis meore naxevarSi
Cndeba.
siRrmis SiSi. imisaTvis, rom bavSvi miswvdes raime sagans mas siRrmis
grZnoba unda hqondes. rodesac Cvilebi cocvas iwyeben, siRrmis SegrZneba
sagnebTan dajaxebasa da kibeebze dagorebis Tavidan aridebaSi exmareba.
eleonora gibsonisa da riCard volkmanis (1960) mier SemuSavebul iqna
kargad cnobili warmosaxviTi ufskruli, romelic siRrmis SegrZnebis
adreul gamokvlevebSi gamoiyeneba. es aris miniT dafaruli Wadrakis dafis
msgavsi zedapiri. Wadrakuli gamosaxulebis erTi nawili minas zed edeba,
xolo meore siRrmeSia Caweuli. am testis Catarebisas mkvlevarebma
daafiqsires, rom bavSvebma cocviT Tavisuflad gadalaxes is mxare, sadac
Wadrakis dafis gamosaxuleba minasTan axlos iyo moTavsebuli, xolo
bavSvebis umetesma nawilma im adgilis mimarT, sadac Wadrakis dafis
zedapiri Rrmad iyo Caweuli, SiSi gamoxates. maT daaskvnes, rom im
periodisaTvis, rodesac Cvilebi cocvas iwyeben, umetess maTgans siRrmis
SegrZneba aqvs da vardnis Tavidan acilebas cdiloben.
ZiriTadad, Cvili SiSs ucxo ufrosebis mimarT gamoxatavs – esaa
reaqcia, romelsac ucxoobis SfoTva ewodeba. bevri Cvili da
axalfexadgmuli bavSvi ucxoebis mimarT daZabulobas ganicdis, magram am
grZnobas yovelTvis ar mosdevs reaqcia. amas ganapirobebs ramdenime
faqtori: temperamenti (zogi bavSvi ufro mSiSaraa), ucxoebTan
urTierTobis gamocdileba da arsebuli situacia (Thompson & Limber, 1991).
axal garemoSi ucxo ufrosis mier Cvili bavSvis xelSi ayvanam SesaZloa
ucxoobis SfoTva gamoiwvios. magram Tu ufrosi gaunZrevlad zis maSin
rodesac bavSvi gadaadgildeba da mSobelic iqvea, Cvilebi dadebiT
(pozitiur) emociasa da cnobismoyvareobas amJRavneben (Horner, 1980). ucxoTa
interaqciis stili (urTierTqmedebis manera) – siTbos gamoxatva,
mimzidveli da saintereso saTamaSos SeTavazeba, nacnobi TamaSis wamowyeba,
nela da ara uecrad miaxloeba – bavSvis SiSs amcirebs.
kroskulturulma kvlevebma gviCvena, rom Cvilebis mier miRebulma
gamocdilebam SesaZloa ucxoobis SfoTva Seamciros. kongos (dasavleTi
afrika) monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa tomebSi dedis sikvdilobis
maCvenebeli maRalia. CvilTa gadarCenis mizniT Camoyalibda koleqtiuri
mzrunvelobis sistema. am sistemis farglebSi Cvili dabadebidan erTi
ufrosidan meore ufrosis xelSi gadadis. amis Sedegad aseTi Cvilebi
ucxoobis SfoTvas naklebad ganicdian (Tronick, Morelli, & Ivey, 1992). israelis
kibucebi (sasoflo-sameurneo komuna) ki izolirebul komunebad cxovroben,
rac xSirma teroristulma Tavdasxmebma ganapiroba. swored amitom maTSi
ucxoTa mimarT SiSi Zlieria.
droTa ganmavlobaSi, bavSvis kognitur ganviTarebasTan erTad,
ucxoobis SfoTva da sxva SiSebic mcirdeba. axalfexadgmul bavSvs
kognituri ganviTareba saSiSi da arasaSiSi adamianebisa Tu situaciebis
ukeT gansxvavebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.

me-s cnobierebasTan dakavSirebuli emociebi

bazisuri emociebis garda, adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
meoreuli, ufro rTuli emociebis gamoxatva, magaliTad, rogoricaa
sircxvili, dabneva, danaSaulis grZnoba, Suri da siamaye. aseT emociebs me-s
cnobierebasTan dakavSirebuli emociebi ewodeba, vinaidan TiToeul maTgans
adamianis me-sTvis ziani moaqvs da axdens me-s gancdis gamZafrebas.
magaliTad, Tu gvrcxvenia an uxerxulad varT, sakuTari qcevisadmi
uaryofiTi grZnoba gviCndeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi vcdilobT situacias
gaveridoT an moviqceT ise, rom sxvebisTvis Cveni nakli an warumatebloba
SesamCnevi aRar iyos. danaSulis grZnoba vinmesTvis zianis miyenebis dros
Cndeba. aseT situaciaSi Cveni Cadenili araswori saqcielis gamosworebasa
da urTierTobis aRdgenas vcdilobT. siamaye ki piriqiT, sakuTari
miRwevebiT kmayofilebas asaxavs, romlis drosac survili gviCndeba sxvebs
movuyveT `rogor mivaRwieT dasaxul mizans da ra gegmebis ganxorcielebas
vapirebT momavalSi~ (Saarni, Mumme, & Campos, 1998).
me-s cnobierebasTan dakavSirebuli emociebi Cndeba ori wlis asakSi,
rodesac axalfexadgmuli bavSvebi sakuTar me-s rogorc gamocalkevebul,
unikalur individad aRiqvamen. 18-24 Tvis bavSvebi simorcxvis an
dabneulobis SemTxvevaSi Tvalebs xrian, Tavs xrian da saxes xelebSi
malaven. rodesac bavSvi danaSauls grZnobs, esec SesamCnevia; 22 Tvis
bavSvma warTmeuli saTamaSo ganawyenebul megobars daubruna. siamayis
grZnobac amave periodSi Cndeba, xolo Suri – sami wlis asakSi (Barrett,
1998; Garner, 2003; Lewis da sxvebi, 1989).
am grZnobebis gaRvivebaSi kulturas didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
dasavleTis individualistur erebSi bavSvebs pirovnuli miRwevebiT
amayobas aswavlian, magaliTad, Tu burTi yvelaze Sors isrola, gaimarjva
TamaSSi, miiRo kargi niSnebi. koleqtivistur qveynebSi, magaliTad,
rogoricaa CineTi da iaponia, yuradRebis gamaxvileba mxolod pirovnul
warmatebaze uxerxulobisa da TviTdamcirebis grZnobas aCens. aseT
qveynebSi miCneulia, rom adamiani, romelic sxvebze, magaliTad, mSoblebze,
maswavlebelze, damqiravebelze ar zrunavs, kulturul tradiciebs arRvevs.
aseT adamians sircxvilis didi grZnoba uCndeba (Akimoto & Sanbonmatsu, 1999;
Lewis, 1992).
3 wlis asakSi me-s cnobierebasTan dakavSirebuli emociebi ukve
TviTSefasebasTanaa dakavSirebuli (Lewis, 1995; Stipek, 1995). skolamdelebi
rTuli amocaniT ufro metad amayoben, vidre martiviT da gacilebiT met
sircxvils ganicdian martiv, vidre rTul saqmeSi warumateblobis
SemTxvevaSi, (Lewis, Alessandri, & Sullivan, 1992). TviTSefasebis reaqciaze
mSoblis qcevas didi gavlena aqvs. bavSvebSi, romlebsac mSoblebi xSirad
mis uaryofiT an araswor saqcielze miuTiTeben (`es cudi saqcielia!
megona, kargi gogo iyavi~), me-s cnobierebasTan dakavSirebuli emociebi
ufro mZafria – warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi gadametebuli sircxvilis,
warmatebis SemTxvevaSi ki gadametebuli siamayis grZnoba aqvT. iseT
bavSvebSi, romelTa mSoblebi, piriqiT, ZiriTad yuradRebas Cadenili
saqcielis gamosworebaze amaxvileben (`ase ukve scade; modi, amjerad
sxvanairad gavakeToT~), sircxvilis da siamayis grZnoba zomieria. aseTi
bavSvebi siZneleebs gacilebiT ukeT umklavdebian (Kelley, Brownell, & Campbell,
2000; Lewis, 1998).
dasavlel bavSvebSi sakuTari arasrulfasovnebis grZnoba (`idioti
var~, `saSineli adamiani var~) sircxvilis Zlier grZnobas iwvevs. is
adaptaciasTan dakavSirebul problemas – gulCaTxrobilobasa da
depresias, agreTve sircxvilis grZnobis situaciasa da adamianebis mimarT
brazsa da agresias ukavSirdeba (Lindsay-Hartz, de Rivera, & Mascolo, 1995; Mills,
2005).
miuxedavad imisa, rom sircxvilis grZnobas bavSvis adaptaciaze didi
zegavlena aqvs, is, SesaZloa, kulturidan gamomdinare Seicvalos.
magaliTad, Cinel mSoblebs sjeraT, rom cudi saqcielis Cadenis
SemTxvevaSi bavSvi sircxvils aucileblad unda grZnobdes. isini bavSvebs
ukve 21/2 wlidan sircxvilis grZnobis gamoyenebiT kargisgan cudis garCevas
aswavlian, magram imas ar iTvaliswineben, rom gadaWarbebulma sircxvilis
grZnobam SesaZloa bavSvis TviTSefasebas ziani miayenos (Fung, 1999). araa
gasakviri arc is garemoeba, rom ukve 3 wlis asakSi Cineli bavSvebis
sityvaTa marags sityva `sircxvili~ emateba, gacilebiT adre, vidre es
xdeba Crdilo-amerikel TanatolebSi (Shaver, Wu, & Schwartz, 1992).
skolis asakis bavSvebi, skolamdelTagan gansxvavebiT, simorcxvis,
siamayisa da danaSaulis grZnobas ufrosebis miTiTebebisa da waqezebis
gareSec ganicdian. imisaTvis, rom bavSvSi siamayis an danaSaulis grZnoba
gaCndes, ufrosis daswreba araa saWiro (Harter & Whitesell, 1989). amasTanave,
skolis asakis bavSvebi yvela warumateblobas ar aRiareben. isini aqcents
akeTeben mxolod gamiznulad Cadenil cud saqcielze, rogoricaa
pasuxismgeblobis ignorireba an tyuili (Ferguson, Stegge, & Damhuis, 1991).

emociis gamoxatvis wesebis Seswavla

yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs emociis gamoxatvis wesebi, romelic
adgens rodis, rogor da ranairadaa SesaZlebeli emociebis gamoxatva.
mSoblebi bavSvebSi emociis gamoxatvis formirebas adreuli asakidan
iwyeben. bavSvebi emociebis gamoxatvis Sesabamis wesebs nel-nela euflebian.
patarebs mxolod 3 wlis asakidan SeuZliaT iseTi grZnobebis gamoxatva,
romelsac im momentSi ar ganicdian. aseTi emociuri `niRabi~ ZiriTadad
bednierebisa da gakvirvebis gamoxatviT Semoifargleba.
yvela asakis bavSvebisTvis (ufrosebis CaTvliT) gabrazebuli, nawyeni
an gaRizianebuli adamianis rolis TamaSi gacilebiT rTulia, vidre
bednierisa (Lewis, Sullivan, & Vasen, 1987). am tendenciebs ganapirobebs
socialuri zewola. harmoniuli urTierTobebis gasaRviveblad sxvadasxva
kulturis warmomadgenlebi bavSvebs komunikaciisTvis dadebiTi emociebis
gamoxatvas da uaryofiTi grZnobebis daTrgunvas aswavlian. bavSvebi
mSoblebTan, maswavleblebTan da TanatolebTan interaqciisas swavloben
uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis iseT formas, romelic sxvebSi maTTvis
sasurvel sapasuxo reaqcias gamoiwvevs. skolis asakis bavSvebi tirils,
butiaobas an agresias sul ufro da ufro xSirad cvlian verbaluri
strategiebiT. (Shipman da sxvebi, 2003).
koleqtivisturi kulturis qveynebSi emociis gamoxatvis wesebze did
yuradRebas amaxvileben. garda amisa, am qveynebSi uaryofiTi emociebis
gamoxatvis sxvadasxva formaa miRebuli. aRniSnulis sailustraciod,
mkvlevarebma nepalSi sxvadasxva koleqtivisturi kulturis mqone sofleli
bavSvebis reaqciebi Seiswavles. bavSvebs emociurad datvirTuli
(TanatolTa agresiisa da mSoblebis mier arasamarTliani dasjis Sesaxeb)
moTxroba waukiTxes Semdeg ki bavSvebs azris gamoTqma sTxoves. indusi
bavSvebis didi nawili ambobda, rom aseT situaciaSi gabrazdebodnen da
sakuTari grZnobebis damalvas Seecdebodnen. budistma bavSvebma ki piriqiT,
situacia ise axsnes, rom maTSi brazi ar gaCenila; isini ambobdnen, rom
msgavs situaciaSi aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi ityodnen `rac aris – aris~ da
Tvlian, `ra azri aqvs gabrazebas, faqti xom ukve moxda~. Sesabamisad indus
dedebTan gasaubrebisas gairkva, rom isini sakuTar Svilebs emociuri
qcevebis kontrolisken xSirad ubiZgeben, budisti dedebi ki religias
mimarTavdnen da Svilebs simSvidisken mouwodebdnen (Cole & Tamang, 1998).
amerikeli bavSvebi, orive zemoaRniSnul jgufebTan SedarebiT, sibrazis
gamoxatvas amjobinebdnen. daumsaxurebel sasjelze maTi pasuxi Semdegi iyo
`Tu me vetyvi, rom gabrazebuli var, is Sewyvets CemTvis tkivilis
moyenebas!~ (Cole, Bruschi, & Tamang, 2002). yuradReba miaqcieT, Tu raoden
zustad Seesabameba es pasuxi dasavleTis individualisturi qveynebis
realobas, sadac didi aqcenti adamianis uflebebis dacvasa da
TviTgamoxatvaze keTdeba.

mijaWvulobis ganviTareba
mijaWvuloba Zlieri, grZnobiTi kavSiria, romelic adamianebs maTTvis
emociurad mniSvnelovani adamianebis mimarT aqvT. aseT kavSirs siamovneba
moaqvs maTTan urTirTobisas da simyudrove da Sveba _ stresis dros.
cxovrebis pirveli wlis meore naxevrisTvis, Cvilebi mijaWvulebi arian
axlo adamianebze, romlebic maT moTxovnilebebze reagireben. daakvirdiT,
rogor gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven bavSvebi sakuTar mSoblebs _
rogor iRimeba bavSvi dedis oTaxSi Semosvlisas. xelSi ayvanisas is saxeze
xeliT moferebas, dedis Tmis gamokvlevas iwyebs, exuteba, SiSis SemTxvevaSi
dedasTan micocdeba da ebRauWeba.
pirvelad froidma wamoayena mosazreba, rom dedasTan Cvilis
emociuri kavSiri yvela sxva gviandeli urTierTobis safuZvelia. garda
amisa, froidi marTali iyo, rodesac Tvlida, rom Cvilisa da mSoblis
kavSiris xarisxs arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. Tanamedrove kvlevebis
Sedegebidan gamomdinare, individis mijaWvulobis ganviTareba
damokidebulia aramarto Cvilis adreul gamocdilebaze, aramed mSobelsa
da bavSvs Soris xangrZliv urTierTobazec.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sakvebis miReba dedebsa da Svilebs Soris axlo
urTierTobebis CamoyalibebisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtoria, mijaWvuloba
SimSilis grZnobis dakmayofilebaze ar aris damokidebuli. 1950-ian wlebSi
kargad cnobili eqsperimenti Catarda. am eqsperimentis farglebSi makakebs
rbili qsoviliT dafaruli da foladis badisgan gakeTebuli „surogatuli
dedebi” zrdidnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom foladis badisgan gakeTebul
dedas boTli eWira da Cvili makakebi sakvebis misaRebad masze unda
acocebuliyvnen, isini rbili qsoviliT dafarul dedas ebRauWebodnen
(Harlow & Zimmerman, 1959). maT msgavsad, Cvili bavSvebi mijaWvulobas ojaxis
im wevrebis (mamis, da-Zmis, bebia-papis) mimarTac ganicdian, romlebic maT
iSviaTad aWmeven. garda amisa, SeamCnevdiT, rom dasavleTis kulturis
axalfexadgmul bavSvebSi, romlebsac calke sZinavT da dRis ganmavlobaSi
mSoblebTan erTad dros iSviaTad atareben, zogjer Zlieri emociuri
moTxovnileba uCndebaT usafrTxoebis mizniT sayvarel saTamaSos –
daTunias an sabans Caexuton, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini Cvilis kvebaSi
monawileobas arasdros ar iReben!

boulbis eTologiuri Teoria

dReisaTvis mijaWvulobis eTologiuri Teoria momvlelTan bavSvis
emociur kavSirebs ganixilavs, rogorc gadarCenis xelSemwyob evoluciur
reaqcias. es farTod aRiarebuli Sexedulebaa. jon boulbi (1969), romelmac
pirvelma daiwyo bavSvsa da mzrunvels Soris kavSiris ideis Seswavla,
Tavdapirvelad fsiqoanalitikosi iyo. mis TeoriaSi fsiqoanalitikuri
midgomaa asaxuli. misi azriT, mSobelsa an momvlelze mijaWvulobis
Tvisebriv xarisxs didi zegavlena aqvs bavSvis ndobaze damyarebuli
urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis unarsa da misi usafrTxoebis grZnobaze.
bavSvebs mSobelTan kontaqti sakvebiT uzrunvelyofs. miuxedavad amisa,
boulbim aRniSna, rom kveba mijaWvulobis safuZveli ar aris. mijaWvulobis
kavSirs Zlieri biologiuri fesvebi aqvs.
boulbi gamoyofs mijaWvulobis ganviTarebis oTx fazas:
1. mijaWvulobamdeli faza (dabadebidan 6 kviramde). Tandayolili
signalebi – CaWideba, Rimili, tirili da ufrosis TvalebSi yureba –
axalSobilebs sxva adamianebTan axlo kontaqtSi SesvlaSi exmareba. am
asakis bavSvebi sakuTari dedis sunsa da xmas cnoben. mokle periodSi isini
dedis saxis nakvTebis garCevas iwyeben. magram, miuxedavad amisa, bavSvi
dedaze mijaWvuli jer kidev ar aris, radgan ucnob ufrosTan darCenas ar
ewinaaRmdegeba.
2. mijaWvulobis Camoyalibebis faza (6 kviridan – 6-8 Tvemde). am fazis
dros Cvili axlobel momvlelsa da ucxo adamianebze gansxvavebulad
reagirebs. magaliTad, bavSvi dedasTan ufro Tavisuflad iRimis, icinis da
RuRunebs, dedis mier xelSi ayvanis SemTxvevaSi ki gacilebiT swrafad
mSviddeba. bavSvebSi iwyeba ndobis grZnobis ganviTareba – molodini imisa,
rom momvleli signalis miRebisas reagirebas moaxdens – magram, miuxedavad
amisa, isini momvlelTan ganSorebis winaaRmdegi ar arian.
3. mkveTrad gamoxatuli mijaWvulobis faza (6-8 Tvidan 18 – 24 Tvemde
wlamde). am dros axlobeli mzrunvelis mimarT mijaWvuloba aSkaraa.
bavSvebSi Cndeba ganSorebis SfoTva – Cvilis reaqcia axlobeli
mzrunvelis wasvlaze – roca bavSvs mSobeli, romelsac is eyrdnoboda,
tovebs, mousvenari xdeba da SfoTvas ganicdis. ganSorebis SfoTva
yovelTvis ar aRiniSneba, da igi ucxoobis SfoTvis msgavsad Cvilis
temperamentsa da arsebul situaciazea damokidebuli.
bavSvebi mSobelTan ganSorebis gamo protests gamoxataven. ufro
mozrdili Cvilebi da axalfexadgmuli bavSvebi masTan ganSorebis Tavidan
aridebas da mSobelTan kontaqtis SenarCunebas sxvadasxva xerxebiT
cdiloben. isini maT dahyvebian, cdiloben „aacocdnen”.
4. ormxrivi urTierTobis Camoyalibeba (18 Tvidan – 2 wlamde da
Semdeg). cxovrebis meore wlis bolosTvis warmodgenisa da metyvelebis
swrafi ganviTareba axalfexadgmul bavSvebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs
gaacnobieron zogierTi is faqtori, romelic mSoblis mosvla-wasvlaze
axdens gavlenas da garkveulwilad gaTvalon mSoblis dabruneba. amis
Sedegad, daSorebis mimarT protesti klebulobs. bavSvebi ukve
mzrunvelTan molaparakebasa da `vaWrobas~ iwyeben, Txovnisa da
darwmunebis meSveobiT maTi miznis Secvlas cdiloben. magaliTad, 2 wlis
bavSvi mSoblebs wignis wakiTxvas sTxovs, vidre mas ZiZasTan datoveben.
asakTan erTad bavSvis damokidebuleba momvlelTan fizikur
siaxloveze sul ufro klebulobs, xolo ndoba da imis rwmena, rom
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi isini xelmisawvdomi iqnebian da Tanadgomas
aRmouCenen, izrdeba.

kulturuli saxesxvaobebi
kroskulturulma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom mijaWvulobis modelebs
sxvadasxva kulturis qveynebSi sxvadasxva interpretacia aqvs. magaliTad,
germanel bavSvebSi, amerikel bavSvebTan SedarebiT, garidebis formis
mijaWvuloba Warbobs. magram germaneli mSoblebi Cvilebs
damoukideblobisken aqezeben, amgvarad bavSvebis qceva SesaZloa
kulturuli tradiciebisa da gamocdilebis Sedegi iyos (Grossmann da
sxvebi, 1985). afrikaSi maleli xalxis Cvilebze Catarebulma kvlevam
gviCvena, rom arc erT Cvils dedis mimarT garidebis formis mijaWvuloba
ar aReniSna (True, Pisani, & Oumar, 2001). miuxedavad imisa, rom ZiriTad
mzrunvelebad bebiebi gvevlinebian, maleli dedebi bavSvebTan axlos
rCebian da SimSilis an distresis SemTxvevaSi dauyovnebliv reagireben.
iaponeli Cvilebic naklebad ganicdian garidebis formis mijaWvulobas.
bavSvebis gasakvirad didi raodenoba ambivalentur mijaWvulobas ganicdis,
magram SesaZloa es realurad safrTxis mqone mijaWvuloba sulac ar iyos.
iaponeli dedebi sakuTar Cvilebs sxvisi zrunvis qveS Zalian iSviaTad
toveben. amitom ucnob situaciaSi isini gacilebiT did sterss ganicdian,
vidre dedasTan ganSorebas SeCveuli Cvilebi (Takahashi, 1990). garda amisa,
iaponeli mSoblebi Cvilebis mxridan yuradRebis Ziebas da dedaze
mijaWvulobas didad afaseben. isini Tvlian, rom Cvilis mier siaxlovis
Zieba da mSoblebze damokidebuleba normaluri mdgomareobaa (Rothbaum da
sxvebi, 2000a).
mravlobiTi mijaWvuloba: mamis gansakuTrebuli roli
bavSvebs mijaWvuloba uviTardebaT nacnobi axlobeli adamianebis
mimarT – ara marto dedebis, aramed mamebis, da-Zmebis, bebia-babuebisa da
profesiuli momvlelebis mimarTac. mijaWvulobis xarisxi sxvadasxvaa da
TviToeuli done Cvilis gamocdilebazea damokidebuli. boulbim (1969)
sakuTar TeoriaSi mravlobiT mijaWvulobas sakmarisi adgili dauTmo. mas
sjeroda, rom Cvilebs, gansakuTrebiT distresis dros, sakuTari
mijaWvulobis damyarebis midrekileba erT, maTTvis gansakuTrebulad
mniSvnelovan adamianTan aqvT. SfoTvis an dardis dros bavSvebis umetesoba
upiratesobas dedisgan damSvidebas aniWeben. magram es upiratesoba
cxovrebis meore wlis ganmavlobaSi klebulobs. da rodesac bavSvebi
distress ar ganicdian, orive mSoblisken miiweven, xelSi ayvanas sTxoven,
`elaparakebian~ da uRimian maT (Lamb, 1997).
dedis msgavsad, mamis sensitiurobac usafrTxo mijaWvulobis
momaswavebelia. es bavSvebTan gatarebuli xangrZlivi drois mixedviT ufro
Zlierdeba (van Ijzendoorn & De Wolff, 1997). 1-5 wlis bavSvebze sruli
datvirTviT mzrunveli mamebi, iseve wuxan im zegavlenaze, rasac bavSvis
keTildReobaze yoveldRiuri ganSoreba axdens (Deater-Deckard da sxvebi,
1994).
Cvilis fsiqofizikur zrdasTan erTad, sxvadasxva kulturis
warmomadgenel – avstraliel, indoel, ebrael, italiel, iaponel da
amerikel mSoblebs – bavSvebis mimarT sxvadasxva urTierTobebi
uyalibdebaT. dedebi met dros fizikur zrunvas da siyvarulis gamoxatvas
uTmoben. mamebi ki gasarTob saTamaSo interaqcias, rasac bavSvebTan
usafrTxo mijaWvulobis CamoyalibebisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
(Lamb, 1987; Roopnarine da sxvebi, 1990). dedisa da mamis mier bavSvebis
garTobis stilic sxvadasxvagvaria.
Tu xSir SemTxvevaSi dedebi, Cvilebs saTamaSoebiT arToben,
esaubrebian maT, eTamaSebian iseT TamaSebs, rogoricaa `taSi-taSi~ da `Wi-
taa~, mamebi sTavazoben iseT TamaSebs, romelTac fizikuri datvirTva
sWirdebaT, miT ufro mamrobiTi sqesis Cvilebs (Yogman, 1981). dasaqmebuli
dedebi, umuSevar dedebTan SedarebiT, sakuTar bavSvebs ufro mxiaruli
stimuliaciiT uzrunvelyofen, xolo mamebi bavSvze zrunviT arian
dakavebulebi (Cox da sxvebi, 1992). bavSvis mzrunvelobiT maqsimalurad
dakavebul mamebSi tradiciuli genderuli stereotipebi naklebia. isini
Zalian megobrulebi da Tbilebi arian (Cabrera da sxvebi, 2000; Levy-Shiff &
Israelashvili, 1988).
1 - dan 2 wlamde asakis bavSvsa da mzrunvels Soris mijaWvulobis
xarisxis gansasazRvrad farTodaa gavrcelebuli laboratoriuli teqnika
– ucnobi situacia gamoiyeneba. meri einsvorsi da misi kolegebis azriT,
Tu mijaWvuloba saTanadod viTardeba, Cvilebma da axalfexadgmulma
bavSvebma ucnobi saTamaSo oTaxis gamosakvlevad mSoblebi usafrTxoebis
bazisad da garantiad unda gamoiyenon, amasTan ucxo ufrosTan datovebisas,
Tavs naklebad mSvidad unda grZnobdnen. ucnobi situacia 8 mokle
epizodisagan Sedgeba. am epizodebis dros bavSvebs mzrunvels cota xniT
ramdenimejer aSoreben da mere kvlav axvedreben mas. am epizodebze
Cvilebis reaqciis dakvirvebis Sedegad mkvlevarebma usafrTxo
mijaWvulobis modeli da sami safrTxis mqone modeli gamoyves, ramdenime
SemTxvevis klasificireba ki ver moxerxda (Ainsworth da sxvebi, 1978; Barnett &
Vondra, 1999; Main & Solomon, 1990). bavSvebis reaqcia xelaxla Sexvedraze
gansazRvravs mijaWvulobis xarisxs. esenia:
• usafrTxo mijaWvuloba – Cvilebi mSobels iyeneben, rogorc usafrTxo
baziss. ganSorebis SemTxvevaSi isini tirian an ar tirian. tirilis
SemTxvevaSi misi mizezi mSoblebis aryofnaa da is, rom ucxo adamianTan
SedarebiT, sakuTar mSobels upiratesobas aniWeben. mSoblis
dabrunebisTanave isini aqtiurad iwyeben kontaqtis Ziebas, da tirils
dauyovnebliv wyveten. Crdiloamerikeli Cvilebis daaxloebiT 65-ma
procentma qcevis es modeli gamoavlina.
• ganridebiTi mijaWvuloba – Cvilebi mSoblis yofna-aryofnaze ar
reagireben. dedis mier misi datovebis Semdeg xSir SemTxvevaSi distress
ar ganicdian. ucxo adamianebze daaxloebiT iseve reagireben, rogorc
mSoblebze. saxlSi dabrunebul mSobels Tavs arideben an Zalian
uRimRamod xvdebian. Crdiloamerikeli Cvilebis daaxloebiT 20
procentma qcevis es modeli gamoaJRavna.
• rezistentuli mijaWvuloba – bavSvebi ganSorebamde mSoblebTan axlo
kontaqtis ZiebaSi arian, mSoblis wasvlisas distress ganicdian da misi
dabrunebisas ki gamoxataven Sereul grZnobebs – ekvris da ubrazdeba
mas, ayvanisas ewinaaRmdegeba, zogjer urtyams kidec, ayvanisas zogjer
tirils agrZelebs, magram mSobels ebRauWeba. misi damSvideba sakmaod
rTulia. Crdiloamerikeli Cvilebis daaxloebiT 5-10 procenti am
kategorias ganekuTvneba.
• organizaciisa da mimarTulebis armqone mijaWvuloba. asaxavs Zlier
safrTxes. am kategoriis bavSvebi mSoblis dabrunebaze dabneviT da
winaaRmdegobrivad reagireben. mSoblis mier xelSi ayvanis SemTxvevaSi
SesaZloa isini sxva mxares iyurebodnen. umravlesoba sakuTar
dezorientacias saxis gakvirvebuli gamometyvelebiT gamoxatavs. zogi
bavSvi damSvidebis Semdeg tirils isev iwyebs. Crdiloamerikeli
Cvilebis daaxloebiT 5-10 procenti am kategorias ganekuTvneba.
zemoaRniSnuli procedura mijaWvulobis usafrTxoebis Sefasebis
umniSvnelovanesi saSualebaa.
erT-erTi farTo longituduri kvlevisas alan sraufma da misma
kolegebma aRmoaCines, rom skolamdeli asakis bavSvebma, romlebsac
pataraobisas mSoblebis mimarT usafrTxo mijaWvuloba hqondaT, 2 wlis
asakSi problemis mogvarebisas ufro meti enTuziazmi, moqniloba da
simtkice gamoavlines, xolo 4 wlis asakSi am bavSvebs, maswavleblebis
azriT, hqondaT maRali socialuri TviTSefasebis unari da empaTiurebi
iyvnen. amis sapirispirod, garidebis mijaWvulobis mqone Tanatolebs
maswavleblebi izolirebul da gancalkevebul bavSvebad, xolo
rezistentuli mijaWvulobis bavSvebs gamanadgurebel da rTul bavSvebad
axasiaTebdnen. xelaxali kvleva sazafxulo banakSi Catarda. monawileebi
Cvilobis periodSi mSoblebis mimarT usafrTxo mijaWvulobis mqone 11
wlis bavSvebi iyvnen. kvlevam cxadyo, rom am bavSvebs, banakis
xelmZRvanelebis SefasebiT, megobrebTan ufro adekvaturi, axlo
urTierTobebi da ukeTesi socialuri unar-Cvevebi hqondaT (Elicker, Englund, &
Sroufe, 1992; Matas, Arend, & Sroufe, 1978; Shulman, Elicker, Sroufe, 1994). magram
sapirispiros damadasturebeli masalebic arsebobs. sxva longituduri
kvlevisas usafrTxo mijaWvulobis Cvilebi safrTxis mqone mijaWvulobis
CvilebTan SedarebiT, zog SemTxvevaSi ukeT ganviTardnen, zog SemTxvevaSi
ki – ara (Lewis, 1997; Schneider, Atkinson, & Tardif, 2001; Stams, Juffer, & van
Ijzendoorn, 2002).
usafrTxo mijaWvuloba Cvilobis periodSi mniSvnelovania, vinaidan
is mSobelsa da bavSvs Soris urTierTobis dadebiT ganviTarebas
ganapirobebs. bevri kvleva adasturebs, rom adreuli siTbo, mSobelsa da
bavSvs Soris xangrZlivi dadebiTi kavSiri xels uwyobs bavSvis
ganviTarebis yvela aspeqts – ukeTesi TviTSefasebis grZnobas, emociis
ukeTes gagebas, maswavleblebTan da megobrebTan xelsayreli urTierTobas,
ufro efeqtur socialuri unar-Cvevebi, pasuxismgeblobis Zlieri grZnobas
skolaSi akademiuri miRwevebis ufro Zlieri motivaciaa (Thompson,
Easterbooks, & Padilla-Walker, 2003).

me-s gaCena da `me-koncefciis~ ganviTareba

me-koncefcia
sxvaTa Sinagani fsiqikuri samyaros SecnobasTan erTad bavSvebi ufro
yuradRebiT iwyeben sakuTar Tavze fiqrs. adreuli bavSvobis periodSi
bavSvebSi me-koncefcias eyreba safuZveli anu im damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebis, unar-Cvevebis, damokidebulebebisa da faseulobebis nakrebs,
romelic, individis azriT mis arss gansazRvravs.
adreuli bavSvoba. Tu 3-5 wlis bavSvs sakuTar Tavze saubars vTxovT,
albaT, aseT pasuxs movismenT: `me gio mqvia. naxe, axali maisuri maqvs. 4
wlisa var. TviTon vixexav kbilebs da xelebsac TviTon viban. axali
konstruqtori maqvs da es diidi, diidi koSki avaSene~. es winadadebebi
miuTiTebs, rom skolamdelebs Zalze konkretuli me-koncefcia aqvT.
Cveulebriv, isini saubroben SesamCnev Taviseburebebze _ saxelze, fizikur
garegnobaze, sakuTrebasa da yoveldRiur qcevaze (Harter, 1996; Watson, 1990).
Sua bavSvoba. mniSvnelovani cvlileba 8-11 wlis asakSi xdeba, rac
kargad Cans 11 wlis gogonas pasuxidan:
“me lika mqvia, me adamiani var. gogo var. samarTliani adamiani var.
lamazi ar var. arc ise kargad vswavlob. Zalian kargi pianisti var. Cemi
asakisaTvis odnav maRali var. zogi gogo momwons. zogi biWi momwons.
Zvelmoduri var. CogburTs vTamaSob. Zalian kargi mocurave var. vcdilob
sasargeblo adamiani viyo. yovelTvis mzad var yvelas davumegobrde.
ZiriTadad kargi adamiani var, magram zogjer moTminebas vkargav. zogierT
biWsa da gogos ar movwonvar. ar vici, biWebs movwonvar Tu ara~ (Montemayor
& Eisen, 1977).
specifikuri qcevebis nacvlad bavSvi unar-Cvevebs usvams xazs: `Zalian
kargi pianisti var~ (Damon & Hart, 1988). is aseve mkafiod aRwers sakuTar
pirovnebas da axsenebs rogorc dadebiT, aseve uaryofiT Tvisebebs _
`samarTliani~, magram `arc ise lamazi~, “kargi pianisti~, magram `arc ise
kargi moswavle~. ufrosi klasebis moswavleebi ufro naklebad aRweren
sakuTar Tavs ararealisturad dadebiTad (Harter, 2003). skolis asakis
bavSvebi xSirad socialur Sedarebebs axdenen, sakuTar garegnobaze, unar-
Cvevebsa da qcevaze sxvebTan mimarTebiT msjeloben. miuxedavad imisa, rom 4-
6 wlis bavSvs sakuTari Tavis Sedareba mxolod erT TanatolTan SeuZlia,
mozrdilebi ufro mravalmxriv Sedarebebs axdenen. Sesabamisad askvnian,
rom zogierTi saqmianoba sxvebTan SedarebiT `Zalian kargad~ gamosdiT,
zogi `ise ra~, zogi ki _ `cudad~ (Butler, 1998).
mozardoba. adreuli mozardobisas bavSvebi calkeul Tvisebebs
(`gonieri~ da `niWieri~) ufro abstraqtul maxasiaTebelSi (`sazriani~)
aerTianeben. Tumca sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb amgvari ganzogadebebi
urTierTdaukavSirebeli da xSirad winaaRmdegobrivia. magaliTad, 12-14
wlianebma SesaZloa iseTi urTierTsawinaaRmdego Tvisebebi axsenon,
rogoricaa `Wkviani~ da `Tavqariani~ an `morcxvi~ da `gulRia~. am
Seusabamobis mizezi socialuri wnexia, romelic maT gansxvavebul
urTierTobebSi (mSoblebTan, TanaklaselebTan, megobrebTan da
SeyvarebulTan) sakuTari Tavis sxvadasxvagvarad warmoCenas aiZulebs.
mozardebis socialuri samyaros sazRvrebis gafarToebasTan erTad
winaaRmdegobrivi TviTaRwera ufro damaxasiaTebeli xdeba da
mozardebisaTvis mtanjveli pasuxia kiTxvaze `rogori var sinamdvileSi~
(Harter, 1999, 2003).
skolis asakis bavSvebTan SedarebiT Tineijerebi met mniSvnelobas
aniWeben iseT socialur Rirsebebs, rogoricaa megobruli, yuradRebiani,
guliani da Tanamdgomi. sakuTar Tavze mozardTa gancxadebebSi kargad Cans,
raoden mniSvnelovania maTTTvis, rom sxvebis TvalSi dadebiTad gamoCndnen.
amas garda, pirovnuli da zneobrivi faseulobebi mozardTa me-koncefciis
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi xdeba. magaliTad, qvemoT mocemulia, rogor
warmogvidgeba 16 wlis levani sakuTar TavTan da sxvebTan gulwrfelobis
TvalsazrisiT:
`sakuTar TavTan da sxvebTan gulwrfeloba miyvars... adamiani yvelas
TvalSi saukeTeso unda iyos. Tu mecodineba, rom matyueben da TaRliToben,
Cems TvalSi aseTebs fasi ekargebaT... megobrul garemoSi uadgiloa imaze
laparaki, rom sakuTar Tavad yofna kargia. aucilebeli ar aris
Seesabamebode, sakmarisia is iyo, rac sinamdvileSi xar, Tu ici, rom
bednieri xar... molaybe adamiani ara var, ganurCevlad yvelas rom ekiTxeba
`gamarjoba, rogora xar?~... magram Tu vinmes CemTan saubari surs, mzad var.
ar miyvars utyvad yofna~ (Damon & Hart, 1998).
levani gvTavazobs sakuTari pirovnuli Tvisebebisa da faseulobebis
kargad integrirebul Sefasebas, romelic Zalze gansxvavdeba bavSvebis
fragmentuli, CamonaTvalisebri TviT-aRwerisagan.

TviTSefaseba: me-koncefciis SefasebiTi mxare

me-konceficiis kidev erTi komponentia TviTSefaseba _ msjeloba
sakuTar Rirebulebaze da am msjelobebTan dakavSirebuli gancdebi. maRali
TviTSefaseba moicavs me-s Taviseburebebisa da unar-Cvevebis realistur
Sefasebas. TviTSefaseba TviTganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
aspeqtia, radgan sakuTari unaris Sefaseba gavlenas axdens emociur
cxovrebaze, momaval qcevasa da xangrZliv fsiqologiur Seguebaze.
TviTSefasebis struqtura
faqtoruli analizis gamoyenebiT mkvlevarebma TviTSefasebis
mravalsaxovaneba Seiswavles. maT daadgines, ramdenad swori iyo bavSvebis
mier sakuTari Tavis Semdegi Sefasebebi:
`saojaxo saqmeebs kargad vasruleb~, `TamaSis dros yovelTvis mirCeven
xolme~, `bavSvebis umetesobas movwonvar~. 4 wlis bavSvebs garkveulwilad
sakuTar Tavze msjeloba ukve axasiaTebs, magaliTad, baRSi swavlis,
megobrebis, mSoblebTan urTierTobisa da fizikuri momxibvlelobis
Sesaxeb (Marsh, Ellis, & Craven, 2002). Tumca, asakiT ufrosebTan SedarebiT,
maTi codna mainc SezRudulia.
7-8 wlis asakSi dasavleTis mraval qveyanaSi bavSvebs aqvT farTo
TviTSefaseba sul mcire, 4 mimarTulebiT: akademiuri (swavlasTan
dakavSirebuli, SemecnebiTi) unarebi, socialuri unarebi,
fizikur/sportuli unarebi da garegnoba.
miuxedavad individualur Taviseburebebisa, bavSvobisa da mozardobis
asakSi zogad TviTSefasebaSi fizikuri garegnoba sxva faqtorebze maRla
dgas (Hymel da sxvebi, 1999). mniSvneloba, romelsac sazogadoeba da media
garegnobas aniWebs, arsebiTad gansazRvravs bavSvebis sakuTari TaviT
kmayofilebas. mozardoba TviTSefasebas ramdenime axali kriteriumiT
amdidrebs _ axlo megobroba, sxva sqesisaTvis mimzidveloba da saqmis
codna am periodis mniSvnelovan faseulobebs asaxavs (Harter, 1999, 2003).
amasTan erTad, mozardebi im adamianebsac ansxvaveben, romelTa azrsac
iTvaliswineben TviTSefasebis dros. zogierTisaTvis mSoblebis azria
arsebiTi, zogisaTvis maswavleblebis, zogisTvis ki _ Tanatolebisa.

ra axdens gavlenas TviTSefasebaze

Sua bavSvobidan mozardobamde TviTSefasebaSi TandaTan ikveTeba
individualuri gansxvavebebi (Trzesniewski, Donnellan, & Robins, 2003).
imavdroulad dadebiTi urTierToba myardeba TviTSefasebas, sxvadasxva
aqtivobaTa Sefasebasa da am aqtivobebSi warmatebas Soris, rac asakTan
erTad Zlierdeba. kanadaSi Catarebulma erT-erTma kvlevam cxadyo, rom
dawyebiT klasebSi akademiurma TviTSefasebam miRwevebi ganapiroba 10 wlis
Semdeg _ adreul zrdasrulobis asakSi (Guay, La Rose, & Boivin, 2004). maRali
socialuri TviTSefasebis mqone bavSvebs, rogorc wesi, klaselebi metad
afaseben (Harter, 1999).
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom asakis, sqesis, socialur-ekonomikuri
statusisa da eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad, maRali TviTSefasebis
mqone individebi gamoirCevian ukeTesi SeguebiT, komunikabelurobiTa da
yuradRebianobiT. dabali TviTSefasebis mqoneT ki mudam Seguebis
sirTuleebi axasiaTebT (DuBois da sxvebi, 1999; Robins da sxvebi, 2001). Tumca
Seguebis unarSi calkeuli faqtorebi met rols asrulebs. is mozardebi,
romlebsac mSoblebTan arasaxarbielo urTierToba aqvT, xSirad
agresiulebi da sakuTar TavSi Caketilebi arian. dabali akademiuri
TviTSefaseba SfoTvasa da uyuradRebobas ukavSirdeba, xolo is, vinc
TanatolebTan urTierTobiT aris ukmayofilo, aforiaqebuli da
daTrgunulia (Leadbeater da sxvebi, 1999: Marsh, Parada, & Ayotte, 2004).
 kultura. me-koncefciis msgavsad kulturas arsebiTi gavlena aqvs
TviTSefasebaze. SesaZloa, socialuri Sedarebis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobis xazgasma udevs safuZvlad amerikel bavSvebTan SedarebiT
Cineli da iaponeli bavSvebis dabal TviTSefasebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom
am ukanasknelT ufro maRali akademiuri miRwevebi aqvT. es gansxvaveba
asakTan erTad izrdeba (Hawkins, 1994; Twenge & Crocker, 2002). aziur saklaso
oTaxSi mZafri konkurencia da miRwevaTa maRali Tamasaa. amave dros azieli
bavSvebi TviTSefasebis xelSewyobis mizniT socialur Sedarebebs ufro
iSviaTad iSvelieben. raki azielTa kulturaSi socialuri harmonia
mniSvnelovania, isini sakuTar Tavze aSkarad TavSekavebulad msjeloben,
magram sityvauxvebi arian sxvaTa qebisas (Fabro da sxvebi, 1997).
fizikuri momxibvlelobasTan, aTletur Tavdadebasa da miRwevebTan
dakavSirebuli genderulad stereotipuli molodinebi damRupvel gavlenas
axdens mravali gogonas TviTSefasebaze. mozardobisas sakuTari
Rirebulebis grZnoba gogonebs biWebze odnav dabali aqvT, risi mizezic
nawilobriv is aris, rom naklebad Tavdajerebulni arian sakuTari
fizikuri garegnobis, akademiuri da sportuli unarebis gamo. miuxedavad
farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebisa, rom biWebis saerTo TviTSefaseba
gacilebiT maRalia gogonebisaze, sinamdvileSi genderuli sxvaoba
umniSvneloa (Cole da sxvebi, 2001; Marsh & Ayotte, 2003; Young & Mroczek, 2003).
TeTrkanian TanatolebTan SedarebiT afroamerikel bavSvebs umniSvnelod
maRali TviTSefaseba aqvT, SesaZloa, Tbili, mravalricxovani ojaxis da
eTnikuri siamayis ufro Zlieri grZnobis gamo (Gray-little & Hafdahl, 2000).
amasTan, afroamerikel gogonebs TeTrkanianebze metad moswonT sakuTari
garegnoba da TanatolebTan urTierToba da Sesabamisad, adreul
mozardobaSi TviTSefasebis dacemis naklebi albaToba aqvT (Eccles da
sxvebi, 1999). da bolos, Tu bavSvebi da mozardebi iseT skolaSi swavloben
da iseT samezobloSi cxovroben, sadac maTi socialur-ekonomikuri
statusi da eTnikuri jgufebi kargad aris warmodgenili, maT
mikuTvnebulobis ufro Zlieri grZnoba da TviTSefasebis naklebi
sirTuleebi aqvT (Gray-Little & Carels, 1997).
bavSvis aRzrdis praqtika. bavSvebi da mozardebi, romelTac mSoblebi
siTboTi da waxalisebiT zrdian da maT mimarT asakis Sesabamisi qcevis
mimarT gonivruli molodinebi aqvT, gansakuTrebiT daculad da mSvidad
grZnoben Tavs (Carlson, Uppal, & Prosser, 2000; Feiring & Taska, 1996). Tbili,
dadebiTi urTierToba axalgazrdebs agrZnobinebs, rom maR Rirsebebs
aRiareben da pativs scemen. mtkice, magram Sesabamisi molodinebi ki, maT
keTilgonivruli arCevanis gakeTebasa da sakuTari Tavis racionaluri
standartebis mixedviT SefasebaSi exmareba. roca mSobeli Zalze xSirad
exmareba bavSvs da mis nacvlad iRebs gadawyvetilebebs, mas bavSvobasa da
mozardobaSi dabali TviTSefasebis awuxebs. aseTi zedamxedveli mSoblebi
bavSvebs araadekvaturobis gancdas uCenen. Svilebis dabali TviTSefasebis
mizezi xdebian is mSoblebic, romlebic mudam akritikeben da Seuracxyofen
Svilebs (Kernis, 2002; Pomerantz & Eaton, 2000). aseT pirobebSi mozardebs
mudmivi darwmuneba sWirdebaT da maTi TviTSefaseba Tanatolis an ufrosis
yovel SefasebiT SeniSvnaze meryeobs. TviTSefasebis dasadastureblad
ufrosebze metad bevri Tanatolebs endoba, rac riskis faqtoria Seguebis
sirTuleebisaTvis (DuBois da sxvebi, 1999, 2002).
amis sapirispirod zedmetad mimtevebeli, momTmeni aRzrda
ararealurad maRal TviTSefasebas ganapirobebs, rac aseve sazianoa
ganviTarebisaTvis. bavSvebi, romlebic sxvaze aRmatebulad grZnoben Tavs,
gaafTrebiT icaven TavianT `gaberil~ imijs da Seguebis sirTuleebi
axasiaTebT simdablisa da agresiis CaTvliT (Hughes, Cavell, & Grossman, 1997).

identurobis Camoyalibeba: vin unda gavxde?

identurobis grZnoba moicavs imis gansazRvras, vin varT, ras
vafasebT da ra cxovrebiseuli miznebi gvamoZravebs.
me-s namdvili bunebis amgvari Zieba gulisxmobs _ profesias,
pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebs, sazogadoebriv saqmianobas, eTnikuri
jgufis wevrobas, zneobriv, politikur da religiur idealebsa da
seqsualuri orientaciis gamoxatvas. miuxedavad imisa, rom identurobas
safuZveli Zalze adreul asakSi eyreba, gvian mozardobamde da
zrdasrulobamde adamians es sakiTxi ar ainteresebs. eriqsonis azriT,
kompleqsur sazogadoebebSi mozardebi ganicdian identurobis kriziss _
droebiT distress, romlis mizezi faseulobaTa da miznebis arCevis
dilemebis winaSe yofnaa. Camoyalibebis Semdegac identuroba mTeli
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi ixveweba.
Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi eTanxmebian eriqsonis im mosazrebas, rom
faseulobebis, gegmebisa da prioritetebis eWvqveS dayeneba pirovnuli
simwifisaTvis aucilebelia, magram isini am process `krizisad~ aRar
moixsenieben (Grotevant, 1998). miuxedavad imisa, rom identurobis ganviTareba
zogierTi axalgazrdisaTvis mtkivneulia, umravlesoba am gzas iolad
gadis. Cveulebriv, es aris Ziebis procesi, romelsac prioritetebis arCeva
mosdevs. axalgazrdebi cxovrebiseul SesaZleblobebs arCeven, sakuTar
Tavsa da garemomcvel samyaroze arsebiT informacias agroveben da mas
Sorsmimavali gadawyvetilebebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT axarisxeben da am
procesSi TandaTanobiT da Tanamimdevrulad ayalibeben sakuTar me-s (Arnett,
2000a; Moshman, 1999).

ra axdens gavlenas identobis ganviTarebaze

mozardTa identobis Camoyalibeba mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi
mimdinare dinamikuri procesia. pirovnuli Tu konteqstis cvlileba
identobis xelaxal formirebas uwyobs xels. (Kunnen & Bosma, 2003).
identobis ganviTarebaze mravali faqtori moqmedebs.
individualoba. identobis statusi individualuri Taviseburebebis
mizezicaa da Sedegic. mozardebs, romlebic absoluturi WeSmaritebis
miRwevas SesaZleblad miiCneven, identobis dakargvis tendencia aqvT, xolo
maT, visac imis rwmena akliaT, rom rodesme rames danamdvilebiT iswavlian,
identobis aRrevis safrTxe emuqrebaT. im mozardebs, romlebic
iTvaliswineben, rom alternativaTa Soris arCevanis gakeTebisas
racionaluri kriteriumebis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT, savaraudod, identobis
moratriumis an miRwevis statusi aqvT (Berzonsky & Kuk, 2000; Boyes & Chandler,
1992). es moqnili, obieqturi midgoma maT sagrZnoblad exmareba saswavlo,
profesiuli da sxva cxovrebiseuli miznebis gansazRvrasa da SesrulebaSi.
ojaxi. rodesac mSoblebi uzrunvelyofen rogorc emociur
mxardaWeras, aseve Semecnebis Tavisuflebas, maT patarebs aqtivobis jansaRi
grZnoba uviTardebaT. swored aseTive kavSiri arsebobs mozardobaSi
aRzrdasa da identobas Soris. roca mozardisaTvis erTgvari usafrTxoebis
safuZveli ojaxia, romelsac isini Tavdajerebulebi toveben samyaros
gasacnobad, identobis ganviTarebas xeli ewyoba. mozardebs, romlebsac
mSoblebis mimarT mijaWvulobis gancda aqvT da imavdroulad Tavisuflad
SeuZliaT sakuTari azris gamoxatva, identobis miRwevis an moratoriumis
statusi aqvT (Berzonsky, 2004; Grotevant & Cooper, 1998). rogorc wesi,
identobadakargul mozardebs mSoblebTan mWidro kavSiri aqvT, Tumca
jansaRi daSorebis SesaZleblobas arian moklebulni.
Tanatolebi. mraval TanatolTan urTierTobis kvaldakval mozardTa
Sexedulebebi da faseulobebi farTovdeba. SesaZleblobaTa ganxilvisas
axlo megobrebi emociuri mxardaWeriT exmarebian da identobis
ganviTarebas uwyoben xels (Josselson, 1992). megobrobiT mozardebi sakuTar
Tavsac Rrmad Seicnoben. erT-erT kvlevaSi 15 wlis mozardebis Tbilma,
ndobiT savse urTierTobam ganapiroba is, rom isini urTierTobebis
sakiTxebiT, kerZod ki imiT dainteresdnen, ras afasebdnen yvelaze metad
megobarsa da partniorSi (Meeus, Oosterwegel, & Vollebergh, 2002). meore
kvlevis Tanaxmad kolejis moswavleTa mijaWvuloba megobrebisadmi, maT
profesiebis Sefasebasa da arCevaSi exmareba (Felsman & Blustein, 1999). da
bolos, megobrebi, mSoblebis msgavsad, erTgvari usafrTxoebis safuZveli
SeiZleba gaxdnen arCevanis pirispir myofi mozardebisaTvis.
skola da Temi. identobis ganviTareba damokidebulia skolasa da
sazogadoebazec, romlebic mozardebs Semecnebis mravalferovan
SesaZleblobas sTavazoben.
skolas identobis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis mravali forma gaaCnia _
sagnebi, romlebic maRali donis azrovnebas uwyobs xels, programiT
gauTvaliswinebeli da sazogadoebrivi aqtivobebi, romlebic Tineijerebs
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas gamoumuSavebs, maswavleblebi da konsultantebi,
romlebic dabali socialur-ekonomikuri statusisa da eTnikuri
umciresobis warmomadgenel moswavleTa kolejSi swavlis stimulirebaze
zrunaven da profesiuli swavlebis programebi, romelic moswavleebs
zrdasrulTa realur SromiT samyaroSi CarTvis saSualebas aZlevs (Cooper,
1998).
SesaZleblobaTa regionuli mravalferovneba identobis ganviTarebaSi
gansxvavebebs qmnis. magaliTad, 13-17 wlis asakSi Semecnebisa da kvlevis
survili qalaqSi mcxovreb avstraliel mozardebSi izrdeba, xolo soflis
mcxovreblebSi _ mcirdeba. SesaZloa amis mizezi avstraliis soflebSi
swavlisa da profesiuli arCevanis dabali donea (Nurmi, Poole, & Kalakoski,
1996). sacxovrebeli adgilis miuxedavad, mozardebisaTvis mudam
sasargebloa zrdasrulebTan da ufros TanatolebTan saubari, romlebic
identobis sakiTxebze fiqroben.
sazogadoeba. identobis ganviTarebaze farTo kulturuli konteqsti
da istoriuli periodi moqmedebs. Tanamedrove axalgazrdebis identobis
zonebSi genderuli rolebis upiratesobebisa da profesiuli arCevanis
Sesaxeb Sexedulebebi ufro adre yalibdeba, vidre religiur da politikur
faseulobebze (Flanagan, da sxvebi, 1999; Kerestes & Youniss, 2003).

genderuli sqemebis formireba

adreul bavSvobaSi patarebi gadaiReben xolme im kulturuli garemos

sqesTan dakavSirebul standartebs, romelSic izrdebian. gogonebi qalis
tipiuri qcevis gansaxierebisTvis iyeneben Tojinebs, kabebs, WurWels da a.S.
biWebi ki ufro aqtiur, SejibrebiT, mamakacur TamaSebSi arian CarTuli
(iyeneben burTs, Tofebs, joxebs, manqanebs da a.S).
ra aiZulebs patara bavSvebs iTamaSon am saxiT? rogor icvleba
asakTan erTad aseTi qceva? axdens Tu ara gavlenas socialuri molodinebi
imaze, rom bavSvi Tavis Tavs aRiqvams rogorc qals an mamakacs? da xom ar
zRudaven es molodinebi mis ganviTarebas? sazogadod miRebuli
warmodgenebi qalisa da mamakacis Tvisebebze ramdenad asaxaven realobas?
marTalia, rom saSualo statistikuri biWuna agresiulia, midrekilia
Sejibrisken, aqvs kargi maTematikuri unarebi da ganviTarebuli sivrciTi
warmosaxva, xolo saSualostatistikuri gogona aris pasiuri, kargad
aRzrdili da ukeT aqvs ganviTarebuli metyveleba? ramdenad didia
gansxvavebebi sqesTa Soris? ramdenad arian isini ganpirobebuli
memkvidreobiT da ramdenad _ garemos gavleniT? swored es sakiTxebi dgas
mecnierTa winaSe, romlebic ikvleven genderul tipizacias.
genderuli tipizaciis kvlevebi SesaZloa yvelaze metad aris
dakavSirebuli socialur cvlilebebTan. bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi
arsebiTad Seicvala qalis uflebebi sazogadoebaSi. Sedegad, seriozulad
Seicvala fsiqologTa Sexedulebebic. 1970-ian wlebamde iTvleboda, rom
sqesis gansazRvrisTvis tipiuri Sexedulebebisa da qcevebis daufleba
aucilebelia sociumTan adaptaciisTvis. dRes bevri mkvlevari aRiarebs,
rom sqesTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi maxasiaTebeli, magaliTad gazrdili
agresiuloba da SejibrebiTobisken midrekileba mamakacebSi an pasiuroba
da damorCilebisken swrafva qalebSi, aris seriozuli safrTxe adamianis
fsiqikuri janmrTelobisTvis.
amitom saWiro gaxda gadaexedaT genderul tipizaciasTan
dakvSirebul Teoriuli mosazrebebisTvisac. dRes ZiriTad midgomebad
aRiarebulia ori: socialuri daswavlis Teoria, romelic aqcents akeTebs
modelirebasa da ganmtkicebaze, da kognituri ganviTarebis Teoria,
romelic Tvlis, rom bavSvi aqtiurad iazrebs Tavis socialur garemos.
arcerTi midgoma TavisTavad ar aris sakmarisi. genderuli sqemebis Teoria
cdilobs SeaTavsos orive am Teoriis elementebi.
 axali Teoriebis ganviTarebasTan erTad gaCnda axali terminebic.
mniSvnelovania azrTa sxvadasxvaoba terminebze "sqesobrivi" (sex) da
"genderuli" (gender). zogi mkvlevari maT xmarobs rogorc sinonimebs. sxvebi
sityviT "sqesobrivi" aRniSnaven sqesTa Soris biologiurad ganpirobebul
gansxvavebas, xolo sityviT "genderuli" _ socialurad ganpirobebul
gansxvavebebs. Tumca arian iseTebic, romlebic amboben, rom jer kidev
sakmaod araa Seswavlili sqesTa Soris sxvaobebi da araa marTebuli aseTi
terminebis damkvidreba.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs kidev ramdenime termins. genderuli
stereotipebi _ aris sazogadod miRebuli warmodgenebi ra maxasiaTeblebi
unda hqondes qalsa da mamakacs. genderuli rolebi _ aris gamovlineba
genderuli stereotipebisa yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. genderuli identoba
asaxavs pirad warmodgenebs sqesis Sesaxeb. ramdenad mivakuTvnebT sakuTar
Tavs mamakacur da qalur Tvisebebs. dabolos, genderuli tipizacia _ aris
sqesTan dakavSirebuli warmodgenebis, genderuli rolebisa da genderuli
identobis ganviTarebis procesi.

genderuli stereotipebi da genderuli rolebi.

jer kidev aristotele ambobda: "qali ufro TanaugrZnobs, vidre kaci
da bevrad ufro midrekilia cremlebisken... kaci ki...ufro xSirad daexmareba
gasaWirSi, ufro mamacia, vidre qali...". "kaci fiqrobs TaviT, qali _ guliT;
kaci brZaneblobs, qali _ emorCileba... " _ kvers ukravda alfred lord
tenisoni.
bolo ocdaaTma welma mniSvnelovnad Secvala Cveni warmodgenebi ama
Tu im sqesisTvis damaxasiaTebeli rolebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, Cven
jer kidev Cveni stereotipebis tyveobaSi vimyofebiT. 60-ian wlebSi
mecnierebma daiwyes gamokiTxvebis Catareba romelSic Txovden respodentebs
daesaxelebinaT, maTi azriT, mamakacis da qalis tipiuri Tvisebebi. am
kvlevebis Sedegebi sakmaod msgavsi aRmoCnda.

tipiurad mamakacuri da tipiurad qaluri pirovnuli Tvisebebi

mamakacuri Tvisebebi qaluri Tvisebebi

aqtiuroba sxvebis grZnobebze zrunva

liderobisken swrafva delikaturoba

saqmeSi alRoiania cremlebisken midrekileba

agresiuloba Tavis sxvebisTvis miZRvna

ambiciuroba emociuroba

metoqeobisken midrekileba agznebuloba krizisul situaciebSi

advilad ar nebdeba advilad wyins

dominirebisken midrekileba mokrZalebuli xasiaTis

upiratesobis grZnoba orinetireba saxlze (ojaxze)

Mdgradia zewolis mimarT sikeTe

damoukidebloba bavSvebis siyvaruli

gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari akuratuloba

mdgradoba sxvisi gavlenisadmi swrafva daimsaxuros Seqeba

gulaxdiloba pasiuroba

uxeSoba taqti

sakuTar TavSi darwmunebuloba gageba

safuZvliania siTbo sxvebTan urTierTobebSi

rogorc vxedavT, instrumentaluri Tvisebebi, magaliTad

kompetenturoba, racionaluroba da Semtevi xasiaTi, tradiciulad iTvleba
mamakacur Tvisebebad. eqspresiuli Tvisebebi, rogoricaa TanagrZnoba,
zrunva da mgrZnobiaroba _ tipiur qalur Tvisebebad. miuxedavad aqtiuri
politikuri da feministuri moZraobisa 70-80-ian wlebSi, dRes es
stereotipebi praqtikulad ar Secvlila. ufro metic, 30 qveyanaSi
Catarebuli kvlevebi adastureben, rom instrumentaluri da eqspresiuli
Tvisebebis Sepirispireba farTod aris gavrcelebuli mTels msoflioSi.
pirovnuli Tvisebebis garda, arsebobs sxva genderuli stereotipebic.
esaa:
• fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi (magaliTad, mamakacis simaRle, Zala da
gamZleoba; qalis sirbile, daxvewiloba da gracia),
• profesia (satvirTo manqanis mZRoli, sadazRvevo agenti da farmacevti
kacisTvis; dawyebiTi skolis maswavlebeli, mdivani da eqTani qalisTvis),
• saqmianobis saxe da qcevis stili (saojaxo nivTebis SekeTebis unari da
jgufSi liderobisken swrafva kacebTan; bavSvebis movlisa da ojaxSi
simyudrovis Seqmnis unari qalebTan).
genderuli stereotipebis formireba
imis gasagebad, Tu ramdenad adre iwyeba bavSvebSi genderuli
stereotipebis formireba, mkvlevarebi 12-, 18- da 23-Tvis patarebs uCvenebden
sxvadasxva saTamaSoebis (manqanebis, Tojinebis) fotoebs da gansazRvravden
romel saTamaSoze SeaCerebden yuradRebas ufro met xans bavSvebi. 12-Tvis
bavSvebi praqtikulad ar amJRavnebden raime upiratesobas. Tumca ukve 18-
Tvis asakSi biWebi gogonebze miSvnelovnad met xans aTvalierebden
manqanebis fotos; gogonebi ki, piriqiT, biWebTan SedarebiT met xans
uyurebden Tojinebs. 23-Tvis asakSi ki stereotipebi biWebTan ufro Zlierad
gamovlinda.
1,5 _ 3 wlis asakSi genderuli stereotipebi mkveTrad Zlierdeba da
farTovdeba. skolamdelebi garkveul sqesTan akavSireben saTamaSoebs
("daTuniebi biWebisTvis" an "peplebi gogonebisTvis"), tansacmels,
instrumentebs, saojaxo novTebs, TamaSebs, saqmianobas da ferebsac ki
(magaliTad, cisferi da vardisferi). 4 wlis biWebi nacionalur kiltSi
gamowyobili Sotlandielis danaxvaze xSirad amboben: "kacebi qvedabolos
ar atareben!". aseve amtkiceben, rom ar SeiZleba gogonebi iyon
policielebi, biWebma ki mouaron Cvilebs. es aris garemodan momdinare
genderuli stereotipebi da azrovnebis arasaTanadod ganviTareba am
stadiaze (TvalsaCino azrovnebis stadia piaJes mixedviT). skolamdelTa
umravlesoba ver iazrebs, rom saqmianoba, saTamaSoebi, tansacmeli,
varcxniloba ar gansazRvravs adamianis mikuTvnebulobas qalebis an
mamakacebis jgufTan. maT uWirT imis gageba, rom qalebi da mamakacebi
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan sxeulis agebulebiT, magram SeiZleba gavden
erTmaneTs bevr sxva rameSi (bavSvi am asakSi azrovnebs TvalsaCino niSnebze
dayrdnobiT da ar SeuZlia arsebiTi niSnebiT klasifikacia _ rogorc
adasturebs piaJe). 5 wlis asakisTvis bavSvs ukve kargad aqvs formirebuli
genderuli stereotipebi saqmianobasa da profesiasTan dakavSirebuli.

genderuli stereotipebis formireba saSualo bavSvobisa da mozardobis

xanaSi.
saSualo bavSvobaSi da mozardobis xanaSi bavSvi iZens codnas
TiToeuli sqesisTvis damaxasiaTebel pirovnul Tvisebebze da miRwevebze.
am asakSi bavSvebi aseve iwyeben gacnobierebas, rom stereotipuli Tvisebebi
mxolod sqesTan dakavSirebuli Tvisebebia, magram TavisTavad sqesisadmi
mikuTvnebas ar gansazRvraven _ Sedegad, warmodgenebi qalebisa da kacebis
Tvisebebze da unarebze xdeba ufro moqnili.
pirovnuli Tvisebebi. bevr qveyanaSi Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom
stereotipebi mamakacur da qalur Tvisebebze TandaTan formirdeba gvian
bavSvobaSi da mTlianad formirdeba 11 wlis asakisTvis. kanadeli
mkvlevarebi didi xnis manZilze ikvlevden pirovnuli Tvisebebis Semecnebas
bavSvebSi da naxes, rom upirveles yovlisa formirdeba "favoritizmi
sakuTari sqesisadmi". skolamdelebi yvelaze ukeT icnoben maTi sakuTari
sqesisTvis damaxasiaTebel dadebiTi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb stereotipebs.
Semdeg TandaTan iZenen stereotipebs "dadebiT qalur" da "dadebiT
mamakacur"' Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.
warmatebis miRwevis sferoebi. skolaSi Sesvlis Semdeg bavSvebi
xvdebian akademiuri sagnebis da unar-Cvevebis dayofas "mamakacurad" da
"qalurad". kiTxva, marTlwera, xelovneba da musika tradiciulad iTvleba
ufro Sesaferisad gogonebisTvis, xolo maTematika, sporti da meqanika _
biWebisTvis. es stereotipebi gavlenas axdenen bavSvebis kompetenturobis
gancdaze ama Tu im sferoSi. biWebi ufro myarad grZnoben Tavs
maTematikasa da zust mecnierebebSi, gogonebi ki ufro kompetenturad
Tvlian Tavs kiTxvasa da marTlweraSi. es kanonzomiereba Cndeba maSinac,
roca adareben sxvadasxva sqesis bavSvebs praqtikulad erTnairad
ganviTarebuli unar-CvevebiT.
ufro metic, gogonebi rogorc Cans, iTviseben stereotips gonebriv
ganviTarebaSi qalTan SedarebiT mamakacebis upiratesobis Sesaxeb, romelic
gadaaqvT sakuTar Tavzec. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi (aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi
evropa, iaponia, ruseTi da aSS) 2000-ze meti II _ VI klasebis moswavleTa
Seswavlam aCvena, rom saskolo niSnebi gogonebs stabilurad ufro maRali
aqvT biWebTan SedarebiT. miuxedavad amisa, gogonebi ar iyvnen darwmunebuli
sakuTar unarebSi. biWebisgan ganxvavebiT, gogonebi aufasureben sakuTar
talants. Tu gogona sirTuleebs xvdeba skolaSi swavlisas, maswavleblebi
da mSoblebi xSirad eubnebian, rom mas ar aqvs sakmarisi unarebi/niWi.
rogorc Cans, genderuli stereotipebi akademiur unarebTan dakavSirebiT
bevr qveyanaSi gvxvdeba.
genderuli stereotipebis moqniloba. zogierT kvlevaSi (magaliTad,
kanadaSi Catarebul kvlevaSi) bavSvebs ekiTxebian SeuZliaT Tu ara qalebs
da mamakacebs hqondeT garkveuli Tvisebebi an Seasrulon garkveuli
moqmedebebi. am kiTxvaze pasuxis mixedviT zomaven genderuli stereotipis
moqnilobas.
genderuli stereotipebi xdeba ufro moqnili bavSvebSi kognituri
unarebis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad _ ramdenad aqvT unari gaaerTianon
winaaRmdegobrivi socialuri informacia, rom adamianis sqesi ar
ganisazRvreba misi pirovnuli TvisebebiT, saqmianobiT da qceviT. bavSvebi
cdiloben ganixilon sqesTa Soris gansxvavebebi rogorc socialuri
gavlenis Sedegi da ara rogorc mxolod biologiuri faqtorebis Sedegi.
miuxedavad amisa, is faqti, rom gogonebisTvis da biWebisTvis
dasaSvebia genderuli Tvisebebis Sereva, es ar niSnavs, rom maT es
yovelTvis moswonT. bavSvebic da mozrdili adamianebic ufro
Semwynarebeli arian im gogonebis mimarT, romlebic arRveven genderul
rolebs. Tumca isini sastikad ver iReben situaciebs, roca genderul
rolebis CarCos scdebian biWebi (magaliTad, kabaSi gamowyoba an TojinebiT
TamaSi) da aseT qcevas ganixilaven TiTqmis rogorc zneobriv dacemas!
mamakacebis qcevebis garkveuli "kros-genderuli" formebi uaryofiT
Sefasebas iReben nebismier asakSi, rac adasturebs rom mamakacebze da
biWebze metia zewola sociumis mxridan, raTa Seesatyviseboden
sazogadoebis mier gansazRvrul rolebs.

individualuri da jgufuri sxvaobebi genderuli stereotipebis

formirebaSi
11-12 wlisTvis TiTqmis yvela bavSvs aqvs farTo codna genderul
stereotipebze, Tumca sxvadasxvanairad esmiT isini. genderuli
stereotipebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi _ saqmianoba, qceva, profesiuli
saqmianoba da pirovnuli Tvisebebi _ pirdapir ar aris erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli. bavSvma, romelsac aqvs ufro farTo codna erT sferoSi,
SeiZleba Zalian cota ram icodes genderuli stereotipebis sxva
Semadgenlebze. es niSnavs, rom genderuli stereotipebis formireba gavs
rTul mozaikas, romelsac TiToeuli bavSvi Taviseburad agebs.
genderuli stereotipebis formirebaSi arsebobs aseve jgufebs Soris
sxvaobebic. yvelaze Zlieria sqesTa Soris sxvaobebi: aSS-Si da sxva
qveynebSi Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT, biWebi ufro mkacr genderul
stereotipebs misdeven bavSvobaSic da WabukobaSic. Tumca zogierT
kvlevaSi ar dasturdeba sxvaoba gogonebsa da biWebs Soris am
tvalsazrisiT.
WabukobaSi da mowiful asakSi ufro maRali socialur-ekonomiuri
statusis mqone adamianebi, rogorc wesi, avlenen genderuli stereotipebis
met moqnilobas, vidre ufro dabali statusis mqone adamianebi. aseTi
gansxvavebebis gaCenisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs ganaTlebas.
stereotipebis moqniloba kargad gviCvenebs ramdenad aris saSualo
bavSvobaSi genderuli stereotipebi Camoyalibebuli. bavSvebi, romlebic
Tvlian, rom zogierTi stereotipuli maxasiaTeblebi misaRebia orive
sqesisTvis (magaliTad, manqanebiT TamaSi dasaSvebia gogonebisTvisac),
bevrad ufro xSirad irCeven megobrebs TamSisa da mecadineobisTvis
arsebuli stereotipebis sapirispirod. es niSnavs, rom genderuli
stereotipebi gavlenas axdenen bavSvis qcevaze mxolod maSin, rodesac is
CarTavs am stereotipebs Tavis genderul identobaSi.

genderuli identoba
genderuli identoba _ rogor aRiqvams adamiani sakuTar Tavs rogorc
qaluri an mamakacuri Tvisebebis matarebels.
 rogor xdeba bavSvebSi genderuli identobis ganviTareba? socialuri
daswavlis Teoriis mixedviT, qceva Cndeba sakuTari Tavis aRqmamde.
skolamdelebi wabaZvis da ganmtkicebis meSveobiT iZenen Tavisi sqesisaTvis
tipiuri qcevebs. da mxolod Semdeg gardaqmnian Tavis qcevas warmodgenebSi
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, rogorc garkveuli sqesis adamianze. kognituri
ganviTarebis Teoria, piriqiT, Tvlis, rom sakuTari Tavis aRqma Cndeba
qcevamde. skolamdel asakSi bavSvebi jer iZenen sakuTari sqesis
ucvlelobis gagebas. Semdeg acnobiereben genderul mudmivobas _ rom sqesi
dakavSirebulia biologiur faqtorebTan da ar icvleba tansacmlis,
varcxnilobis da TamaSis mixedviT. dabolos iyeneben amas Tavisi qcevebis
warmarTvisTvis.
genderuli mudmivobis ganviTareba. kolbergma ivarauda, rom 6- wlis
asakamde bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT sakuTari sqesis mudmivobis gageba iseve,
rogorc piaJes sxva davalebebis gaazrebisas. sqesis mudmivobas igeben
TandaTanobiT da gaivlian sam stadias ganviTarebis.
"sqesis Sesatyvisi" qceva skolamdel asakSi imdenad adre Cndeba, rom
wabaZva da ganmtkiceba mniSvnelovan rols unda TamaSobden mis
formirebaSi. Tumca gacnobiereba genderuli mudmivobis, rogorc Cans, xels
uwyobs genderuli stereotipebis formirebas. Tumca es gavlena ar unda
iyos Zalian didi.
genderuli identoba saSualo bavSvobis periodSi. saSualo
bavSvobaSi genderuli identoba gogonebTan da biWebTan viTardeba
gansxvavebulad. 3-6 klasebSi biWebis genderuli identoba ivseba
"mamakacuri" maxasiaTeblebiT. da piriqiT, "qaluri" maxasiaTeblebi
gogonebTan sustdeba. gogonebTan ufro xSirad vlindeba androginia, vidre
biWebTan. gansxvaveba imaSic Cndeba, Tu ra saqmianobas irCeven. biWebi,
rogorc wesi, upiratesobas aZleven "kacur" saqmeebs, maSin roca gogonebi
mosinjaven mravali saxis saqmianobas _ saWmlis momzadebis, kervisa da
bavSvebis movlis qcevebTan erTad gogonebi monawileoben gunduri saxis
sportul saxeobebSi, akeTeben samecniero proeqtebs da aSeneben
cixesimagreebs. skolis asakSi orive sqesis bavSvebi iwyeben imis gagebas,
rom sazogadoebaSi ufro prestiJulad iTvleba tipiurad "mamakacuri"
Tvisebebi. magaliTad, Tu vetyviT 11 wlis bavSvs, rom misTvis ucnobi
profesia aris tipiurad mamakacuri, is CaTvlis am profesias ufro
prestiJulad, vidre igive saqmianobas qali rom akeTebdes. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT mWidro kavSirs "mamakacur profesiasa" da maRal
socialur statuss Soris, araa gasakviri, rom gogonebi Tavis identobaSi
"kacuri" Tvisebebis CarTvas iwyeben, xolo mamakacuri profesiebi
momxiblavad miaCniaT.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs agreTve ufrosebisgan da Tanatolebisgan
miRebul informacias. mSoblebi (gansakuTrebiT mamebi) bevrad nakleb
Semwynarebeli arian vaJiSvilebTan, vidre qaliSvilebTan, rodesac isini
CarTuli arian maTi sqesisTvis aratipiur saqmianobaSi. "axtajana" gogonam
SeiZleba gaagrZelos biWebTan TamaSi ise, rom ar gamoiwvios Tanatoli
gogonebis ukmayofileba, maSin roca gogonebis TamaSebSi CarTul biWs
dascineben da gariyaven.
genderuli identoba mozardobis xanaSi. mozardobis asaki aris
genderuli intensifikaciis periodi. Zlierdeba qcevaze da warmodgenebze
genderuli stereotipebis gavlena, xolo genderuli identoba xdeba ufro
tradiciuli. genderuli intensifikacia gvxvdeba orive sqesis mozardebTan,
magram ufro Zlierad aris gamokveTili gogonebTan, romlebisTvisac
damaxasiaTebeli iyo bavSvobaSi androginia. miuxedavad amisa, am asakSi
mozardi gogonebi naklebad ganicdian gavlenas genderuli stereotipebis,
vidre biWebi.
ra iwvevs genderul intensifikacias? mas safuZvlad udevs
biologiuri, socialuri da kognituri faqtorebi. sqesobrivi momwifebis
Sedegad ufro mkveTri xdeba sxvaoba gogonebsa da biWebs Soris. sqesobriv
momwifebasTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebi aseve aZlierebs garSemomyofTa
mxridan zewolas. mSoblebi, gansakuTrebiT visac tradiciuli warmodgenebi
aqvs genderul rolebze, ufro aSkarad, vidre adre iwyeben waxalisebas im
saqmianobis da qcevebis, romlebic "Seesatyviseba sqess".
pirovnuli identobis momwifebasTan erTad mozardebs nakleb
ainteresebT sxva adamianebis azri da met dros uTmoben Rirebulebebis
Ziebas. Sedegad, sakuTari Tavis aRqma xdeba nakleb stereotipuli.

genderuli tipizaciis ZiriTadi etapebi

asaki genderuli stereotipebis formireba genderuli identoba
da genderuli rolebis miReba
1-5 weli Cndeba da Zlierdeba "sqesisTvis genderuli mudmivoba
Sesatyvisi" saTamaSoebis arCevis viTardeba stadiurad
tendencia
genderuli stereotipebi vrceldeba
saqmianobaze, profesiebze da qcevaze
Cndeba da Zlierdeba TanatolTa
dayofa sqesis mixedviT
gogonebTan Cndeba wyvilebSi TamaSis
tendencia, biWebTan _ did jgufebSi
6-11 weli izrdeba genderul stereotipebTan biWebSi Zlierdeba
dakavSirebuli codnis maragi, "mamakacuri" identoba,
gansakuTrebiT pirovnuli Tvisebebis gogonebTan
da miRwevebis sferoSi genderuli identoba
genderuli stereotipebi xdeba ufro xdeba ufro
 moqnili androginuli

12-20 weli genderuli rolebisadmi Sesatyvisoba mozardobis asakSi

mozardobis asakSi Zlierdeba, Semdeg genderuli identoba
sustdeba. xdeba ufro
dayofa sqesis mixedviT nakleb tradiciuli, ris
gamokveTili xdeba Semdegac Zalian
stereotipuli
TviTaRqma sustdeba

SeniSvna: cxrilSi mocemulia ZiriTadi asakobrivi tendenciebi.

individualuri sxvaobebi vlindeba TiToeul etapze

kolbergis moraluri ganviTarebis Teoria

kolbergis moraluri Teoria xsnis rogor iTvisebs bavSvi

sazogadoebaSi miRebul eTikur normebs, "karg" da "cud", "swor" da
"araswor" Rirebulebebs. bavSvis fsiqikuri ganviTarebis Sesabamisad igi
gamoyofs moraluri ganviTarebis sam dones (winprekonvenciuri,
konvenciuri, postkonvenciuri) da TiToeulSi or safexurs.
I done _ prekonvenciuri morali (0-10 wlebi). am doneze bavSvi
"swori" da "araswori" qcevebis Sesaxeb msjelobs imis mixedviT, Tu ra
Sedegi mohyveba mis qmedebas _ dasja, waxaliseba Tu dajildoeba. am doneze
myofi bavSvisTvis morali mis gareT arsebuli ram aris, rasac unda
daemorCilos. bavSvi fiqrobs, rom sworia is, razec misTvis avtoritetuli
adamiani (mSobeli, maswavlebeli, ufrosi adamiani) ambobs, rom es sworia. am
doneze sami safexuria:
nulovani safexuri: bavSvis Sexedulebebs "swori", "kargi" da "cudi",
"araswori" qcevis Sesaxeb ganapirobebs is, Tu ra aniWebs mas siamovnebas an
usiamovnebas. mas jer kidev ara aqvs Tavisi survilebisagan damoukidebeli
moTxovnebisa Tu wesebis gagebis unari.mag., "me Sokoladi unda SevWamo,
radgan msiamovnebs", e.i. es "sworia", "kargia"; "fafa ar msiamovnebs da misi
Wama cudia".
1. safexuri: morCileba da dasja. am safexurze bavSvi Tvlis, rom
wesebi avtoritetebma Seqmnes da maT unda daemorCilos. Tu
daarRvevs_daisjeba. moqmedebis Sedegi ganapirobebs mis "siswores". mag. "me
gavtexe fanjara. Tu dedam daminaxa da damsaja _ es cudi saqcielia, Tu
ver daminaxa da ar davisaje _ es kargi saqcielia".
2. safexuri: instrumentuli fardobiToba. am safexurze swori da
kargi qceva aris is, rac akmayofilebs individis moTxovnilebebs da
zogjer mis garSemo myofTa moTxovnilebebsac. bavSvi acnobierebs, rom
SeiZleba arsebobdes dawesebuli wesisagan gansxvavebuli Sexedulebac, rom
adamianebs SeiZleba gansxvavebuli Sexedulebac hqondeT da isini
individualuri interesebidan gamomdinare iqceoden. es ukve
urTiertgaziarebis elementebia, magram misi interpretacia yovelTvis
fizikuri, pragmatuli xasiaTisaa. mag.,"Tu Sen momcem kanfet, mec mogcem
burTs".
II done _ konvenciuri morali (10-16 wlebi). am doneze individistvis
misi ojaxis, sazogadoebis molodinebis gamarTleba mniSvnelovani
Rirebulebaa. individi sakuTar tavs aRiqvams am sazogadoebis Tu jgufis
nawilad. individi emorCileba da iRebs sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul
normebsa da molodinebs. is ara Tu icavs, aramed mxars uWers da
ganamtkicebs arsebul normebs. aqac ori safexuria:
3. safexuri: interpersonaluri Tanxmoba: "kargi biWi-kargi gogo".
ganviTarebis am safexurze bavSvi fiqrobs, rom kargi qceva aris is, rac
sxvebs aniWebs siamovnebas, gulisxmobs sxvis daxmarebas da imsaxurebs
sazogadoebis mowonebas. mag., "megobars vaTxove saTamaSo, radgan kargi biWi
var da gavaxare megobari". aseTi Sexeduleba kargi pirovnebaTSorisi
urTiertobebis ganviTarebisa da SenarCunebis saSualebaa.
4. safexuri: kanoni da wesrigi. am safexurze individi Tvlis, rom
kargi da swori qceva avtoritetis pativiscema, movaleobis Sesruleba da
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvaa.
III done _ postkonvenciuri morali ( 16 wlidan). am doneze pirovneba
cdilobs avtoritetuli Rirebulebebisagan damoukideblad Camoayalibos
sakuTari RirebulebaTa sistema da principebi. eTikuri principebi
pirovnebis ganuyofeli nawili xdeba da ar aRiqmeba arc Tavsmoxveulad da
arc avtoritetis pativiscemis niSnad. es pirovnebis Tavisufali arCevania.
aqac ori safexuria:
5. safexuri: socialuri kontraqti. am safexurze swori da misaRebi
qceva ganisazRvreba individis im uflebebisa da standartebis mixedviT,
rac miRebulia sazogadoebaSi kritikuli Sefasebisa da SeTanxmebis
Sedegad. am safexurze individi acnobierebs, rom pirovnuli Rirebulebebi
da Sexedulebebi fardobiTia, sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxva jgufs SeiZleba
gansxvavebuli eTikuri Sexedulebebi hqondes; amitom saWiroa
sazogadoebrivi Tanxmoba imaze, Tu ra aris swori da misaRebi, rac
konkretul sazogadoebaSi uflebebisa da movaleobebis WrilSi aRiwereba.
es safexuri ufro sazogadoebriv poziciazea orientirebuli _ eTikuria
(anu sworia) is qcevebi, romlebic sazogadoebis wevrebis uflebebs ar
arRvevs.
6. safexuri: universaluri eTikuri orientacia. pirovneba sakuTar
sindisTan TanxmobiT irCevs im universalur eTikur principebs, romlebic
Tavisufalia pragmatulobisa da formaluri kanonierebsagan. es principebi
exeba zogadad samarTlianobas, Tanasworobasa da pirovnebis pativiscemas.
adamianis moraluri ganviTarebis done dgindeba imis mixedviT, Tu rogor
afasebs igi ama Tu im movlenas moraluri TvalsazrisiT.

qvemoT aRwerilia konkretuli SemTxveva. waikiTxeT da gaaanalizeT,

gansazRvreT moraluri ganviTarebis romel stadiebs Seesabameba bavSvebis
msjeloba:
evropis erT-erT qveyanaSi erTi qali kibos daavadebis mZime formiT
kvdeboda. iyo mxolod erTi wamali, romelsac, eqimebis azriT, SeeZlo misi
gadarCena _ radiumis gansakuTrebuli forma, romelic cota xnis win imave
qalaqSi aRmoaCina erTma farmakologma. am wamlis damzadeba Zalian Zviri
jdeboda, magram farmakologi wamlis TviTRirebulebaze aTjer mets iTxov-
da. is ixdida radiumisTvis 200 dolars, xolo wamlis mcire odenobisTvis
iTxovda 2000 dolars. avadmyofi qalis qmarma, haincma, mimarTa yvelas, vi-
sac icnobda, rom fuli esesxa, magram SesZlo Seegrovebina mxolod 1000
dolari _ saWiro Tanxis naxevari. man uTxra farmakologs, rom misi coli
kvdeba da Txova wamali ufro iafad an kreditiT mieca. magram farmakolog-
ma upasuxa: ”ara, me aRmovaCine axali wamali da minda amaze fulis gakeTe-
ba”. hainci sasowarkveTili iyo da daiwyo fiqri, xom ar Sesuliyo sawyobSi
Cumad da xom ar moepara es wamali.
unda moiparos haincma wamali? ratom?

moraluri msjelobis stadiebi kolbergis mixedviT

doneebi da aRwera dadebiTi uaryofiTi

stadiebi argumentebi argumentebi
prekonvenciona-
luri done
stadia 1. dasjis normebis dacva man unda moipa- haicma ar unda
Tavidan acileba sasjelis acile- ros es wamali. es moiparos es wama-
da damorCileba bis mizniT. da- arc ise cudi saq- li; man is unda
morCileba damor- cielia. wamali, iyidos. Tu moipa-
CilebisTvis da romelsac is moi- ravs, SeiZleba ci-
fizikuri zianis paravda, Rirs xeSi moxvdes da
armiyeneba adamia- 200$; is xom 2000$- mere mainc moux-
nebisa da nivTe- ian wamals ar mo- deba wamlis dab-
bisTvis. iparavda. runeba.
stadia 2. xelsay- normebis dacva haincma unda moi- ar unda moiparos.
reli daxmarebis mxolod maSin, paros wamali, farmakologi rai-
gacvla-gamocvla roca amas sarge- rom coli gada- me sasircxvilos
beli moaqvs; moq- arCinos. is SeiZ- ar akeTebs; mas
medeba mxolod leba cixeSi ga- ubralod mogebis
sakuTar intere- uSvan, magram co- naxva unda. swo-
sebSi, sakuTari li darCeba. red imisTvis ake-
miTxovnilebebis Teben adamianebi
dakmayofileba da bizness, rom fu-
aRiareba imis, li iSovon.
rom sxvebsac aqvT
igives gakeTebis
ufleba. sworia
is, rac samarTli-
ania: tolfasi
gacvla, molapa-
rakeba
konvencionaluri
done
stadia 3. kargi qceva Seesabameba haincis adgila me man ar unda moipa-
biWi/kargi gogo axlo adamianebis moviparavdi wa- ros. Tu misi co-
molodinebs an mals Cemi colis- li mokvdeba, is
Seesabameba imas, Tvis. ar SeiZleba ar iqneba damnaSa-
rasac xalxi sa- fasis dadeba siy- ve. imitom ki ara
erTod moelis varulze, misi rom uguloa an
adamianisgan Svi- yidva ar SeiZle- ise Zalian ar uy-
lis, Zmis, megob- ba. sicocxlesac vars Tavisi co-
ris da a.S. rol- ar aqvs fasi. li, rom misTvis
Si. iyo “kargi” yvelaferi gaake-
mniSvnelovania da Tos. es farmako-
niSnavs imoqmedo logi ugulo ego-
keTilSobili isti.
survilebiT, iz-
runo sxvebze,
gqondes urTier-
Tobebi ndobis,
erTgulebis, pati-
viscemisa da mad-
lierebis safuZ-
velze.
stadia 4. kanoni movaleobebisa da qorwinebisas Sen araferia gasakvi-
da wesebi valdebulebebis fics deb rom ri imaSi, rom ha-
Sesruleba. kano- geyvareba Seni incs surs Tavisi
nebis darRveva Se- coli da izruneb colis gadarCena;
saZlebelia mxo- masze. qorwineba magram qurdoba
lod ukidures mxolod siyvaru- ar SeiZleba ara-
SemTxvevebSi, ro- li araa, es mova- sodes. man icis,
desac isini wina- leobacaa. ro- rom qurdobiT is
aRmdegobaSi Sedi- gorc iuridiuli arTmevs faseul
an socialur dokumenti. wamals adamians,
valdebulebebTan. romelmac is da-
adamianis valia amzada.
moutanos sargeb-
loba sazogadoe-
bas, jgufs an so-
cialur insti-
tuts.
postkonvenciona-
luri done
stadia 5. socia- imis aRiareba, am movaleobebis- aq ar SeiZleba
luri/sazogado- rom adamianebs Tvis ar aris ka- yvelafris rome-
ebrivi kontraqti aqvT sxvadasxva noni. wamlis mo- lime erTisTvis
Rirebulebebi da parva iqneboda dabraleba, magram
gansxvavebuli az- araswori, magram gansakuTrebuli
rebi, rom Rirebu- gamarTlebuli. garemoebebi ar
 lebebisa da nor- gvaZlevs kanonis
mebis umravleso- sakuTar xelSi
ba fardobiTia. es aRebis uflebas.
fardobiTi norme- ar SeiZleba, rom
bi unda daicva vinc sasowarkve-
samarTlianobis Tilia, yvelam
gamo da imitom, qurdoba daiwyos.
rom es sazogado- mizani SesaZloa
ebrivi SeTanxmeba- keTilSobilia,
a. Tumca zogier- magram miznebi
Ti Rirebuleba , ver amarTleben
rogoricaa si- saSualebebs.
cocxle da Tavi-
sufleba, daculi
unda iyos nebismi-
er sazogadoebaSi,
umravlesobis az-
risgan damouki-
deblad.
stadia 6. univer- damoukideblad es situacia aiZu- haincis winaSe
saluri eTikuri miRebuli eTikuri lebs mas airCi- dgas sakiTxi,
principebi normebis dacva. os qurdobis Se- ifiqros Tu ara
konkretul kano- saZleblobasa da sxva adamianebis
nebs da socia- colis sikvdilis sicocxleze, rom-
lur SeTanxmebebs SesaZleblobas lebsac iseve Wir-
Zala aqvT imitom, Soris. situacia- debaT es wamali,
rom isini aseT Si, sadac saWiroa rogorc mis
principebs efuZne- aseTi arCevanis cols. haincma un-
ba. Tu kanonebi gakeTeba, zneobis da imoqmedos ara
arRveven am prin- TvalsazrisiT, misi colisadmi
cipebs, unda imoq- sworia qurdobis arsebuli grZno-
medo principebis gadawyveta. man bis Sesabamisad,
Sesabamisad, rad- unda imoqmedos aramed yvela im
gan isini univer- sicocxlis Se- adamianis sicocx-
saluria: Tanaswo- narCunebisa da lis pativiscemiT,
roba da adamia- sicocxlis uf- visac es wamali
nis, rogorc da- lebis pativisce- Wirdeba.
moukidebeli pi- mis principiT.
rovnebis, Rirsebe-
bis pativiscema.

moraluri argumentaciis ganviTareba

yvelaze naTeli dadastureba kolbergis Teoriisa iqneboda imis de-
monstracia, rom konkretuli bavSvebi gadian moraluri ganviTarebis
swored am stadiebs. en kolbim da misma kolegebma 20 wliani longituduri
kvleva Caatares amis dasamtkiceblad. maT 3-4 wliani SualedebiT xuTjer
aiRes interviu 10-dan 36 wlis asakamde cdispirebisgan. aRmoCnda, rom mora-
luri argumentacia viTardeba TandaTan: iwyeba prekonvencionaluri stadi-
iT, romelic male tovebs avanscenas mozardobis asakSi da adgils uTmobs
konvencionalur azrovnebas. konvencionaluri azrovneba mozrdilobis asak-
Sic rCeba moraluri argumentaciis safuZvlad. cdispirebidan mxolod mci-
re raodenoba gascda aseTi azrovnebis sazRvrebs da gadaviden postkonven-
ciuri moralis safexurze. magram stadiebi iseTive TanmimevrobiT gaiara
yvelam, rogorc kolbergi ambobda da arcerTs ar gamoutovebia romlime
stadia. aseTive Sedegebi miiRes israelSi 9 wliani da TurqeTSi 12 wliani
longituduri kvlevebis Semdegac. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom mTels msof-
lioSi individTa umravlesoba aRwevs mxolod 3 da 4 stadiebs.
kulturuli sxvaobebi moralur azrovnebaSi
gansazRvreT, qvemoT moyvanili qcevebi yvela arasworia? Tu “diax”,
ramdenad seriozulia es qceva?
1. qmari sastikad scems cols imis gamo, rom igi qmris nebarTvis gareSe
wavida kinoSi, risi gakeTebac qmarma aukrZala.
2. dam da Zmam gadawyvites SeuRleba da Svilebis gaCena.
3. mamis sikvdilidan meore dRes ufrosma vaJma gaikeTa axali varcxniloba.
es aris 3 im 39 qcevidan, romelic SesTavazes riCard Svederma, manama-
han manapatrma da jon milerma gansaxilvelad 5-13 wlis bavSvebs da moz-
rdilebs indoeTSi da aSS-Si. gagikvirdebaT, roca gaigebT, rom indoelma
bavSvebma da mozrdilebma miuTiTes vaJiSvilis qcevaze (romelic Tavs uv-
lis mamis sikvdilis Semdeg), rogorc erT-erT yvelaze amoralur qcevaze
yvela 39 qcevidan. xolo qmris qceva, romelic cols scems, saerTod ar iyo
maT mier aRiarebuli amoralur qcevad. amerikelma bavSvebma da mozrdi-
lebma, ra Tqma unda, miiCnies colis cema ufro seriozul danaSaulad, vid-
re samgloviaro ritualis wesebis darRveva. marTalia, indoelebs da ameri-
kelebs saerTo azri aqvT zogierT qcevaze (magaliTad incesti da-Zmas So-
ris) rogorc moralis seriozul darRvevaze, magram ar daeTanxmen erTma-
neTs bevr sxva qcevasTan dakavSirebiT.
garda amisa, indoeli bavSvebi da mozrdilebi ganixilaven gardacvli-
li mamisadmi upativcemulo damokidebulebas Tavisi kulturis farglebSi
rogorc universalur moralur wess. isini Tvlian, rom ukeTesi iqneboda
yvelam misdios am wess. indoelebi kategoriulad ar eTanxmebian imas, rom
wesebi SeiZleba Seicvalos, Tu es surs maTi sazogadoebis umravlesobas.
indoelebs aseve sjeraT, rom qvrivi seriozulad daarRvevs moralur nor-
mebs, Tu SeWams Tevzs an Caicmevs ferad tansacmels an Tu qali ojaxisTvis
moamzadebs saWmels menstrualuri periodis dros. orTodoqsi indoelebi-
saTvis qcevis es wesebi momdinareobs bunebrivi kanonidan; es ar aris ubra-
lod sazogadoebis wevrebis mier dadgenili socialuri konvenciebi (SeTan-
xmeba). indoelebi aseve Tvlian qmris moralur movaleobad cemos urCi co-
li imisTvis, rom danamtkicos Tavisi roli, rogorc ojaxis ufrosma.
rogor gavlenas axdens aseTi kulturuli warmodgenebi moralur gan-
viTarebaze? moraluri azrovnebis ganviTareba, Seswavlili Svederis mier
indoeTSi, sakmaod gansxvavdeba ganviTarebis tendenciebisgan amerikaSi. asak-
Tan erTad indoeli bavSvebi ganixilaven sul ufro met problemebs dakav-
Sirebuls universalur moralur principTan, maSin roca amerikeli bavSvebi
ganixilaven am Suqze sul ufro cota problemebs (sul ufro akavSireben
maT nebismier socialur konvenciebTan, romlebsac SeuZliaT problemaTa
gansxvavebulad gadawyveta kulturul ganwyobebidan gamomdinare).
am kvlevebze dayrnobiT Svederi Tvlis, rom swored kultura gan-
sazRvravs moralurad misaRebs da miuRebels da Semdeg exmareba bavSvebs
moaxdinon Tavis normebTan adaptacia. marTlac, bavSvebi koleqtivisturi
sazogadoebidan (rogoricaa CineTi), TandaTan eguebian komunistur-koleqti-
vistur idealebs Tavisi sazogadoebisa, iqcevian ra prosocialurad, rCebi-
an mokrZalebuli da morCili im donemde, rom urCevniaT moityuon da uari
Tqvan Tavis pasuxismgeblobaze kargi qcevisTvis, vidre aRiaronrom keTili
saqme gaakeTes da daimsaxuron mowoneba amisTvis. magram bavSvebi koleqti-
visturi sazogadoebidan, romelic Camoyalibda CineTSi, swavloben aramar-
to imas, rom prosocialuri qceva aucilebelia da savaldebulo, aramed
imasac, rom keTili saqmeebi bunebrivia da maTTvis ar unda moelode qebas
da jildos, pativs. dasavleTis individualistur kulturebSi bavSvebs as-
wavlian, rom prosocialuri qcevebi saqebia, adamiani ki, romelmac Tavgan-
wirvis aqti Caidina, jildos Rirsia.
sainteresoa, rom mniSvneloba aqvs aseve subkulturul gavlenas mora-
lur azrovnebaze. sazogadoebis dabali, ~daqvemdebarebuli~ fenebis warmo-
madgenlebi (magaliTad, arabi qalebi da brazilieli bavSvebi) ufro metad,
vidre maTi Tanatolebi maRali wreebidan, Tvlian sakuTar Tavs ufro mova-
led daemorCilon xelisuflebas.
aSkaraa, rom es monacemebi ewinaaRmdegebian kognituri ganviTarebis
poziciebs, romlis mixedviTac moraluri ganviTarebis yvela mniSvnelovani
aspeqti universaluria. piriqiT, isini miuTiTeben imaze, rom mniSvnelovania
swored konteqsti moraluri ganviTarebis, ramdenadac bavSvebis moraluri
msjelobebi gaSualebulia Sesabamisi kulturiT da subkulturiT.
 ბავშვობა - ემოციური და სოციალური განვითარება,
გენდერული და ზნეობრივი განვითარება.

emociaTa funqciebi
emocia situaciis pirovnuli mniSvnelobis swrafi Sefasebaa, romelic
garkveuli qmedebebisTvis gvamzadebs. magaliTad, bednierebis SemTxvevaSi
vcdilobT gavixangrZlivoT situacia, sevda pasiurobisken gvibiZgebT, SiSs
gavurbivarT, sibrazis SemTxvevaSi ki winaaRmdegobebis daZlevas vcdilobT.
emociisadmi funqciuri midgomis amsaxveli bolodroindeli
Teoriebis Tanaxmad, emociis ZiriTadi funqcia pirovnuli miznebis
miRwevisadmi mimarTuli qcevis gamowvevaa (Barrett & Campos, 1987; Campos,
Frankel, & Camras, 2004; Frijda, 2000; Saarni, Mumme, & Campos, 1998). nebismieri
movlenisadmi pirovnul damokidebulebas sxvadasxva mizezi aqvs. pirveli –
SesaZloa, mizani gvqonda dasaxuli, magaliTad, testis kargad Cabareba, da
testirebis situaciam Zlieri emocia gamoiwvios; meore – sxva adamianebis
socialurma qcevam, SesaZloa, ama Tu im situaciis mniSvneloba Secvalos,
magaliTad, stumrad mosul megobars Rimilze RimiliTve pasuxobT; mesame –
sulieri mdgomareoba – yoveli xma, surneli, Sexeba, mogoneba an warmosaxva
– SesaZloa pirovnuli gaxdes, rac dadebiT an uaryofiT emocias
gamoiwvevs. xolo Cveni emociuri reaqcia, Tavis mxriv, imave grZnobis kidev
erTxel gamocdis survils gviCenT.
funqciuri Teoriis mimdevrebis azriT, emociebi Cveni cxovrebis
nebismier aspeqtSi – SemecnebiTi damuSavebisas, socialuri qcevisas da
TviT fizikur sijansaReSic ki – arsebiT rols asrulebs (Halle, 2003).

emociebi da socialuri qceva

bavSvebis iseTi emociuri signalebi, rogoricaa sicili, tirili da
interesi, sxva adamianebis qcevaze did gavlenas axdens, xolo sxvaTa
emociuri reaqcia bavSvis socialur qcevas aregulirebs. mzrunvelsa da
Cvil bavSvs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis detalurma analizma
gamoavlina, rom sam Tvemde urTierTobis kompleqsuri sistema im stadiaSia,
rodesac partniorebi erTmaneTis signalebze saTanadod da droulad
pasuxoben (Weinberg da sxvebi, 1999). ramdenime kvlevis dros emociuri
signalebis gacvla xelovnurad Sewyvites, kerZod, mSoblebs `gayinuli~
saxis miReba sTxoves, raTa maT ar gadaecaT bavSvisTvis raime signali.
bavSvebi saxis mimikiT, sxvadasxva bgerebiTa da sxeulis moZraobiT
mSoblebSi ukve Cveuli sapasuxo reaqciis gamowvevas cdilobdnen. rodesac
maTi yvela mcdeloba amao aRmoCnda, zurgi Seaqcies, warbebi SeWmuxnes da
tirili daiwyes (Hernandez & Carter, 1996; Moore, Cohn, & Campbell, 2001).
uemocio saxeze reaqcia amerikel, kanadel da Cinel bavSvebSi identuria
(Kisilevsky da sxvebi, 1998). aSkaraa, rom patara bavSvebic ki partniorTan
pirispir yofnis dros sapasuxo emociur reaqcias elodebian.
asakTan erTad emociis gamoxatva Segnebuli xdeba. swored misi
meSveobiT amyareben Cvilebi urTierTobas, xolo sxvaTa gegmebisa da
ganzraxvebis gasagebad bavSvebi maT emociur reaqciebs akvirdebian.
magaliTad, ZiriTadad dedebiarian Cvil bavSvebTan dadebiTi emociebis
urTierTgacvlis iniciatorebi, Tumca ukve 9 Tvis bavSvebi Tavad xdebian
iniciatorebi – isini iRimian manam, sanam deda ar gauRimebs (Cohe & Tronick,
1987). metic, bavSvebi cxovrebis pirveli wlis bolos kargad euflebian
momvlelis mzeris mimarTulebiT yurebas.
sxvaTa emociebis Sefasebis e.w. socialuri referenciis, saSualebiT
bavSvebi yoveldRiur situaciaSi moqcevas swavloben. erTxel, rodesac 18
Tvis bavSvi pirvelad gaxda misi axaldabadebuli dis tirilis momswre, igi
dedis reaqcias daakvirda. imave situaciis gameorebisas is das miuaxlovda,
nazad moefera da daawynara _ `nu, nu stiri~.

emocia da janmrTeloba
mravali kvleva gviCvenebs, rom emociebi gavlenas axdens bavSvis
fizikur keTildReobaze. SiSiT, depresiiT, sibraziT, gaRizianebiT
gamoxatuli mudmivi fsiqosocialuri stresi Cvilobidan zrdasrulobamde
janmrTelobis sxvadasxva problemas ganapirobebs. magaliTad, stresis
dros guliscemis da wnevis momateba, imunuri sistemis daqveiTeba
organizmis is reaqciebia, romlebmac SesaZloa gamoiwvios
gulsisxlZarRvTa da infeqciuri daavadebebi, simsivnis sxvadasxva forma.
stresi aseve saWmlis monelebis process anelebs, radgan sisxli miedineba
tvinisa da gulisken da organizms moqmedebisTvis amzadebs. Sedegad, man
SeiZleba gamoiwvios kuW-nawlavis problemebi: kuWis Sekruloba (yabzoba),
faRaraTi, koliti da TviT wylulic ki (Kemeny, 2003; Ray, 2004).
mkvlevarebma kanaduri ojaxebi Seiswavles. am ojaxebs rumineTis
bavSvTa saxlebidan 8 Tveze meti asakis ukiduresi siRatakis Sedegad
qronikuli stresis qveS myofi bavSvebi hyavdaT naSvilebi. TanatolebTan
SedarebiT, romelTa gaSvileba dabadebidan Zalian mokle periodSi moxda,
am bavSvebma stresisadmi ukiduresi reaqciuloba gamoavlines, rac stresis
hormonis _ kortizonis maRali koncentraciiT gamoixata – sapasuxo
fiziologiuri reaqcia dakavSirebulia fizikuri zrdis SenelebasTan,
swavlisa da qcevis problemebTan, sibrazisa da sxva impulsuri reaqciebis
kontrolisa da koncentraciis deficitTan. im bavSvebSi, romlebmac bavSvTa
saxlSi meti dro gaatares, ayvanidan 61/2 wlis Semdegac ki kortizonis
done organizmSi ufro maRali iyo (Gunner da sxvebi, 2001; Gunner & Cheatham,
2003). miuxedavad imisa, rom axlad SeZenil ojaxebSi maT gacilebiT
ukeTesi pirobebi hqondaT, bavSvTa saxlis bavSvebSi kvlav SeimCneoda
sakvebTan dakavSirebuli paTologiuri SiSi, kerZod, sakvebis damalva,
danayrebis SegrZnebis arqona, Zlieri nerviuloba sakvebTan miaxloebis
droebiTi akrZalvis gamo (Gunnar, Bruce, & Grotevant, 2000; Johnson, 2000).
sabednierod, zrunvam stresze reaqcia emociurad travmirebul
bavSvebSi Seamcira. erT-erTi kvlevisas mecnierebma rTulad samarTavi
skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisTvis intervenciis specialuri meTodi
SeimuSaves. ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi bavSvebTan fsiqiatri muSaobda,
araRviZli mSoblebi ki did socialur daxmarebasa da bavSvis sworad
aRzrdasTan dakavSirebul konsultaciebs iRebdnen. 5 kviris Semdeg
bavSvebSi kortizonis done da qcevasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi
Semcirda (Fisher da sxvebi, 2000). xolo im bavSvebSi, romlebmac
intervenciuli Terapia ar gaiares, kortizonis done da qcevasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi gaizarda.

emociebis gamoxatvis ganviTareba

Cvili bavSvis emociebis gansazRvra sakmaod rTulia, vinaidan mas
sakuTari grZnobebis axsna ar SeuZlia. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvilebis mier
gamocemuli bgerebi da sxeulis moZraoba garkveul informacias gvaZlevs,
saxis gamometyvelebiT miRebuli informacia ufro utyuaria. kvlevebma
cxadyo, rom, miuxedavad gansxvavebuli kulturisa, mTels msoflioSi saxis
sxvadasxva gamometyveleba erTi da imave emociebs ukavSirdeba (Ekman, 2003;
Ekman & Friesen, 1972).
bazisuri emociebi – bedniereba, interesi, gaoceba, SiSi, brazi, sevda
da zizRi – adamianisa da sxva primatebisaTvis universaluri emociebia,
romelTac gadarCenisaTvis brZolis xangrZlivi evoluciis istoria aqvT
da pirdapir SegviZlia amovicnoT saxis gamometyvelebiT. ibadebian Tu ara
bavSvebi am bazisuri emociebis gamoxatvis unariT?
miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveuli emociebis signalebi arsebobs,
bavSvis adreuli emociuri cxovreba gamoirCeva ori mniSvnelovani emociuri
mdgomareobiT: sasiamovno stimulisadmi mizidulobiTa da arasasiamovno
stimulisgan Tavis aridebiT (Camras da sxvebi, 2003; Fox, 1991; Sroufe, 1979).
Cvilis emociebis amosacnobad mzrunvelebma sxva informacia, gansakuTrebiT
ki konteqsti – danayrda Tu ara, kargad eZina Tu ara, kargad grZnobs Tavs
Tu ara – unda gamoiyenon. emociebi mxolod TandaTanobiT xdeba aSkara da
kargad organizirebul signalebad yalibdeba.
dinamikuri sistemebis perspeqtivis warmomadgenelTa SexedulebiT,
bavSvebi, centraluri nervuli sistemis ganviTarebasa da maTi miznebisa da
gamocdilebis cvlilebasTan erTad, axdenen calkeuli gamocdilebis
koordinirebas ufro efeqtur sistemebSi. linda kamrasma (1992) 6-14 kviris
qaliSvilis saxis gamometyvelebis videokasetaze gadaRebis Semdeg
aRmoaCina, rom adreuli kvirebis ganmavlobaSi misi Cvili saxis gabrazebul
gamometyvelebas iRebda maSin, rodesac tirils apirebda da sevdians –
rodesac wynardeboda. Tavdapirvelad am emociebis gamoxatva bavSvis
gamocdilebasTan da survilebTan dakavSirebuli ar iyo. bavSvma mxolod
asakTan erTad iswavla, rodis ra emocia unda gamoexata, magaliTad, brazi
- miznis miuRwevlobis, xolo mowyeniloba – raime sirTulis daZlevis
SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi.
erT-erTi Sexedulebis mixedviT sensitiur, mzrunvel momvlelTan
komunikacia Cvilebs ufrosTa msgavsi calkeuli emociis gamoxatvis
ganviTarebaSi exmareba (Gergely & Watson, 1999). daaxloebiT 6 TvisTvis saxis
gamometyveleba, gamoxedva, xma da sxeulis moZraoba gamokveTil,
organizebul saxes iRebs da movlenebs zustad Seesabameba. magaliTad,
bavSvebi mSoblis mxiarul interaqciaze saxis mxiaruli gamometyvelebiT,
xalisiani bgerebis gamocemiTa da nebieri mdgomareobiT pasuxoben, TiTqos
eubnebian `ra sasaciloa!~. Aarakontaqtur mSobels, sapirispirod – saxis
sevdiani gamometyvelebiT, mSfoTvare bgerebis gamocemiT, TavCaqindvriT
(TiTqos eubnebian `mowyenili var~) an saxis gabrazebuli gamometyvelebiT,
tiriliTa da xelSi ayvanis JestikulaciiT (TiTqos eubnebian `Secvale es
arasasiamovno situacia!~) pasuxoben. pirveli wlis Sua periodSi emociis
gamoxatva imdenad kargad organizebuli da konkretuli xdeba, rom maTi
meSveobiT CvilTa Sinagani mdgomareobis amocnoba SegviZlia (Weinberg &
Tronick, 1994; Yale da sxvebi, 1999).

mkvlevarTa umravlesobis yuradRebas oTxi emocia – bedniereba,

brazi, sevda da SiSi – ipyrobs.

bedniereba
bedniereba, romlis gamoxatva netari RimiliT iwyeba da Semdeg
sicilSi gadadis, ganviTarebis mraval aspeqts uwyobs xels. Cvilebi
iRimian da icinian axali unaris dauflebisas, motorul da kognitur
unarebSi daxelovnebisas ki siamovnebas gamoxataven. bavSvebi kargad
grZnoben, rom maTi Rimili mzrunvelTa ufro meti siTbos da yuradRebis
gamoxatvas ganapirobebs, da swored amitom bavSvebi ufro xSirad cdiloben
gaiRimon. bedniereba mSobelsa da bavSvs Soris Tbil urTierTkavSirs
ayalibebs, rac Cvils ganviTarebaSi exmareba.
pirveli kvirebis ganmavlobaSi, axalSobilebi simaZRris, Tvalis
swrafi moZraobis (REM) Zilis, nazad Sexebis, dedis xmis gagonebisas da
rwevis dros iRimebian. cxovrebis pirveli Tvis bolos isini saintereso
sagnebis danaxvisas iRimebian, magram es sagnebi dinamikuri da TvalSisacemi
unda iyos, magaliTad, rogoricaa Tvalwin kaSkaSa saganis gaelveba.
6-dan 10 kviramde asakis Cvilis saxeze e.w. socialuri Rimili Cndeba
(Sroufe & Waters, 1976). sami Tvis Cvili ki ufro xSirad misTvis nacnob
adamianebTan interaqciisas iRimeba (Ellsworth, Muir, & Hains, 1993). es
cvlilebebi misi SemecnebiTi unaris, kerZod, vizualuri gamosaxulebebis
(maT Soris adamianis saxeebis) mimarT mgrZnobiarobis ganviTarebis
paralelurad mimdinareobs.
bavSvebi sicils pirvelad daaxloebiT 3-4 Tvis asakSi iwyeben. sicili
RimilTan SedarebiT informaciis ufro swraf damuSavebas gulisxmobs.
Rimilis msgavsad, pirveli sicili Cndeba Zlieri aqtiuri gamaRizianeblis
pasuxad, magaliTad, rodesac mSobeli bavSvs mxiaruli xmiT eubneba:
`dagiWire, dagiWire!” da mucelze kocnis. rac ufro mets igebs Cvili
samyaros Sesaxeb, miT ufro icinis im movlenebze, romlebic gaocebis
elementebs Seicavs, magaliTad, iseTi TamaSis dros rogoricaa `Wi-taa~
(Sroufe & Wunsch, 1972).
daaxloebiT 6 Tvis Cvilebi ufro xSirad nacnob adamianebTan
interaqciisas iRimian da icinian. Ees mSobelsa da bavSvs Soris kavSirs
aZlierebs. ufrosebis msgavsad, 10-12 Tvis bavSvebi konteqstidan gamomdinare
sxvadasxvagvarad iRimebian. isini mSoblis salamze farTo, zeviT aweuli
loyebiT iRimebian; megobrulad ganwyobil ucnob adamianebs
TavSekavebulad, uxmod uRimian; mastimulirebeli TamaSis dros gulianad,
Ria piriT iRimebian (Dickson, Forgel, & Messinger, 1998). ori wlis asakSi
Rimili gaazrebuli socialuri signali xdeba. axladfexadgmuli bavSvebi
saintereso saTamaSoTi TamaSs wyveten yuradRebian, mosiyvarule ufrosTan
komunikaciis dasamyareblad.
brazi da sevda
axalSobilebi sxvadasxva arasasiamovno SegrZnebaze, magaliTad,
SimSilze, mtkivneul samedicino proceduraze, sxeulis temperaturis
cvlilebasa da Zalian Zlier an Zalian mcire stimuliaciaze zogadi
distresiT pasuxoben. 4-6 Tvidan or wlamde bavSvebSi brazis gamoxatvis
sixSire da intensivoba izrdeba. ufrosi Cvilebi sxvadasxva situaciaSi
brazdebian, magaliTad, rodesac maTTvis saintereso sagans waarTmeven an
movlenas CamoaSoreben, zRudaven maT moZraobas, momvleli sul mcire xniT
martos datovebs, dasaZineblad awvens an mosalodnel Sedegs ver aRwevs,
davuSvaT Zafs gamoqaCavs, magram is sasiamovno naxatebs ver dainaxavs da
melodiebs ver moismens, raRac momentSi dasaxul Sedegs ver aRwevs (Camras
et al., 1992; Stenberg & Campos, 1990; Sullivan & Lewis, 2003).
ratom izrdeba sibrazis reaqcia asakTan erTad? kognituri da
motoruli ganviTareba did gavlenas axdens sibrazis reaqciis zrdaze. mas
Semdeg, rac Cvilebi ganzraxuli moqmedebis unars iZenen, sakuTari
moqmedebebisa da am moqmedebebiT gamowveuli efeqtis Sefasebas iwyeben
(Alessandri, Sullivan, & Lewis, 1990). amasTanave ufrosi Cvilebi tkivilis
gamomwvev faqtors an miuRwevel mizans ukeT gansazRvraven. da amis
Sedegad, maTi brazi garkveulwilad ufro intensiuri xdeba, magaliTad,
maSin, Tu mzrunveli, romlisganac Tbil mopyrobas arian Cveuli,
diskomforts uqmnis (Stenberg, Campos, & Emde, 1983).
brazis zrdis regulireba SesaZlebelia. axlad SeZenili motoruli
unari bavSvebs sibraziT mobilizebuli energiis gamoyenebiT Tavdacvis an
sirTulis daZlevis saSualebas aZlevs (Izard & Ackerman, 2000).
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi bavSvis gabrazeba
mzrunvelebs misi mdgomareobis Semsubuqebisaken ubiZgebs, magaliTad,
SesaZloa, bavSvis mier ganSorebiT gamowveuli sirTuleebis daZlevas
SeuSalon xeli. sevda SeiZleba gamoiwvios tkivilma, raime sagnis
gamorTmevam, xanmokle ganSorebam, magram tkiviliT gamowveuli sevda,
brazTan SedarebiT, ufro iSviaTia (Alessandri, Sullivan, & Lewis, 1990; Izard,
Hembree, & Huebner, 1987; Shiller, Izard, & Hembree, 1986). CvilebSi sevda, rogorc
wesi, nacnob, mosiyvarule mzrunvelebTan ganSorebisas an mzrunvelsa da
Cvils Soris komunikaciis seriozuli darRvevis SemTxvevaSi Cndeba.

SiSi
brazis msgavsad, SiSi cxovrebis pirveli wlis meore naxevarSi Cndeba.
Cvilebi axali saTamaSoTi TamaSis dawyebamde yoymanoben, axlad
cocvadawyebuli bavSvebi ki simaRlis SiSs amJRavneben.
siRrmis aRqma es aris SesaZlebloba ganvsazRvroT distancia sagnebs
Soris, agreTve Cvensa da sagans Soris. imisaTvis, rom bavSvi miswvdes raime
sagans mas siRrmis grZnoba unda hqondes. mogvianebiT, rodesac Cvilebi
cocvas iwyeben, siRrmis SegrZneba sagnebTan dajaxebasa da kibeebze
dagorebis Tavidan aridebaSi exmareba.

suraTze asaxulia eleonora gibsonisa da riCard volkmanis (1960)

mier SemuSavebuli kargad cnobili warmosaxviTi ufskruli, romelic
siRrmis SegrZnebis adreul gamokvlevebSi gamoiyeneba. es aris organuli
miniT dafaruli Wadrakis dafis msgavsi zedapiri. Wadrakuli
gamosaxulebis erTi nawili minas zed edeba, xolo meore siRrmeSia
Caweuli. am testis Catarebisas mkvlevarebma daafiqsires, rom bavSvebma
cocviT Tavisuflad gadalaxes is mxare, sadac Wadrakis dafis
gamosaxuleba minasTan axlos iyo moTavsebuli, xolo bavSvebis umetesma
nawilma im adgilis mimarT, sadac Wadrakis dafis zedapiri Rrmad iyo
Caweuli, SiSi gamoxates. maT daaskvnes, rom im periodisaTvis, rodesac
Cvilebi cocvas iwyeben, umetess maTgans siRrmis SegrZneba aqvs da vardnis
Tavidan acilebas cdiloben. gibsonisa da volkis kvlevam cxadyo, rom
cocva da vardnis acileba erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram is ar
gvaZlevs informacias, rogor da ra saxiT arian dakavSirebuli an siRrmis
pirveladi SegrZneba rodis Cndeba. siRrmis SegrZnebis ganviTarebis ukeT
gagebis mizniT, Tanamedrove kvlevebma yuradReba bavSvebis mier garkveuli
siRrmiseuli signalebis gansazRvris SesaZleblobaze gaamaxviles. am
mizniT maT is meTodebi gamoiyenes, romlebic cocvas ar saWiroebdnen.

ZiriTadad, Cvili SiSs ucxo ufrosi adamianebis mimarT gamoxatavs –

esaa reaqcia, romelsac ucxoobis SfoTva ewodeba. bevri Cvili da
axalfexadgmuli bavSvi ucxoebis mimarT daZabulobas ganicdis, magram am
grZnobas yovelTvis ar mosdevs reaqcia. amas ganapirobebs ramdenime
faqtori: temperamenti (zogi bavSvi ufro mSiSaraa), ucxoebTan
urTierTobis gamocdileba da arsebuli situacia (Thompson & Limber, 1991).
axal garemoSi ucxo ufrosis mier Cvili bavSvis xelSi ayvanam SesaZloa
ucxoobis SfoTva gamoiwvios. magram Tu ufrosi gaunZrevlad zis maSin,
rodesac bavSvi gadaadgildeba da mSobelic iqvea, Cvilebi dadebiT
(pozitiur) emociasa da cnobismoyvareobas amJRavneben (Horner, 1980). ucxoTa
interaqciis stili (urTierTqmedebis manera) – siTbos gamoxatva,
mimzidveli da saintereso saTamaSos SeTavazeba, nacnobi TamaSis wamowyeba,
nela da ara uecrad miaxloeba – bavSvis SiSs amcirebs.
kroskulturulma kvlevebma gviCvena, rom Cvilebis mier miRebulma
gamocdilebam SesaZloa ucxoobis SfoTva Seamciros. kongos (dasavleTi
afrika) monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa tomebSi dedis sikvdilobis
maCvenebeli maRalia. CvilTa gadarCenis mizniT Camoyalibda koleqtiuri
mzrunvelobis sistema. am sistemis farglebSi Cvili dabadebidan erTi
ufrosidan meore ufrosis xelSi gadadis. amis Sedegad aseTi Cvilebi
ucxoobis SfoTvas naklebad ganicdian (Tronick, Morelli, & Ivey, 1992). israelis
kibucebi (sasoflo-sameurneo komuna) ki izolirebul komunebad cxovroben,
rac xSirma teroristulma Tavdasxmebma ganapiroba. swored amitom maTSi
ucxoTa mimarT SiSi Zlieria.
cxovrebis pirveli wlis bolos, rodesac Cvilebi sakuTari emociebis
gamoxatvas sxvaTa mier gamoxatul emociur signalebze dakvirvebiT
swavloben, kibuceli bavSvebi qalaqSi gazrdil TanatolebTan SedarebiT
ucxoobis Zlier SfoTvas gamoxataven (Saarni, Mumme, & Campos, 1998). 6 Tvis
cocvadawyebul da axalfexadgmul bavSvebSi SiSis grZnoba
cnobismoyvareobis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba. sifrTxilisa da
windaxedulobis grZnobis ganviTarebisas bavSvebi garemos gamosakvlevad da
emociuri mxardaWerisaTvis nacnob mzrunvels usafrTxoebis sayrdenad
iyeneben. rogorc adaptaciuri sistemis nawili, ucxo adamianTan
urTierTobisas bavSvebSi yalibdeba ori urTierTsapirispiro tendencia:
miaxloeba (interesiTa da megobrulobiT gamoxatuli) da Tavis arideba
(SiSiT gamoxatuli). CvilTa qceva am ori tendenciis balansia.
droTa ganmavlobaSi, bavSvis kognitur ganviTarebasTan erTad,
ucxoobis SfoTva da sxva SiSebic mcirdeba. axalfexadgmul bavSvs
kognituri ganviTareba saSiSi da arasaSiSi adamianebisa Tu situaciebis
ukeT gansxvavebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. es cvlileba adaptirebadia,
vinaidan bavSvis ganviTarebaSi aramarto mzrunvelebi, aramed sxva
ufrosebic mniSvnelovan rols asruleben. amasTan, bavSvi sirTulis
daZlevis rac ufro gansxvavebul strategiebs eufleba, miT ufro
klebulobs SiSic.

me-s cnobierebasTan dakavSirebuli emociebi

bazisuri emociebis garda, adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
meoreuli, ufro rTuli emociebis gamoxatva, magaliTad, rogoricaa
sircxvili, dabneva, danaSaulis grZnoba, Suri da siamaye. aseT emociebs me-s
cnobierebasTan dakavSirebuli emociebi ewodeba, vinaidan TiToeul maTgans
adamianis me-sTvis ziani moaqvs da axdens me-s gancdis gamZafrebas.
magaliTad, Tu gvrcxvenia an uxerxulad varT, sakuTari qcevisadmi
uaryofiTi grZnoba gviCndeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi vcdilobT situacias
gaveridoT an moviqceT ise, rom sxvebisTvis Cveni nakli an warumatebloba
SesamCnevi aRar iyos. danaSulis grZnoba vinmesTvis zianis miyenebis dros
Cndeba. aseT situaciaSi Cveni Cadenili araswori saqcielis gamosworebasa
da urTierTobis aRdgenas vcdilobT. siamaye ki piriqiT, sakuTari
miRwevebiT kmayofilebas asaxavs, romlis drosac survili gviCndeba sxvebs
movuyveT `rogor mivaRwieT dasaxul mizans da ra gegmebis ganxorcielebas
vapirebT momavalSi~ (Saarni, Mumme, & Campos, 1998).
me-s cnobierebasTan dakavSirebuli emociebi Cndeba ori wlis asakSi,
rodesac axalfexadgmuli bavSvebi sakuTar me-s rogorc gamocalkevebul,
unikalur individad aRiqvamen. 18-24 Tvis bavSvebi simorcxvis an
dabneulobis SemTxvevaSi Tvalebs xrian, Tavs xrian da saxes xelebSi
malaven. rodesac bavSvi danaSauls grZnobs, esec SesamCnevia; 22 Tvis
bavSvma warTmeuli saTamaSo ganawyenebul megobars daubruna. siamayis
grZnobac amave periodSi Cndeba, xolo Suri – sami wlis asakSi (Barrett,
1998; Garner, 2003; Lewis da sxvebi, 1989).
TviTSegnebis garda, me-s cnobierebasTan dakavSirebul emociebs
damatebiTi komponenti esaWiroeba, magaliTad, ufrosebis mier bavSvisTvis
micemuli miTiTebebi, rodis unda gauCndes maT siamayis, sircxvilis an
danaSaulis grZnoba. am grZnobebis gaRvivebaSi kulturas didi mniSvneloba
aqvs. dasavleTis individualistur erebSi bavSvebs pirovnuli miRwevebiT
amayobas aswavlian, magaliTad, Tu burTi yvelaze Sors isrola, gaimarjva
TamaSSi, miiRo kargi niSnebi. koleqtivistur qveynebSi, magaliTad,
rogoricaa CineTi da iaponia, yuradRebis gamaxvileba mxolod pirovnul
warmatebaze uxerxulobisa da TviTdamcirebis grZnobas aCens. aseT
qveynebSi miCneulia, rom adamiani, romelic sxvebze, magaliTad, mSoblebze,
maswavlebelze, damqiravebelze ar zrunavs, kulturul tradiciebs arRvevs.
aseT adamians sircxvilis didi grZnoba uCndeba (Akimoto & Sanbonmatsu, 1999;
Lewis, 1992).
bavSvebi, TviTSefasebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, Seqebisa da gakicxvis
an msgavsis mimarT mgrZnobiareni xdebian. 3 wlis asakSi me-s cnobierebasTan
dakavSirebuli emociebi ukve TviTSefasebasTanaa dakavSirebuli (Lewis, 1995;
Stipek, 1995). skolamdelebi ufro rTuli amocaniT metad amayoben, vidre
martivisa da gacilebiT met sircxvils ganicdian martiv saqmeSi
warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi, vidre rTuli (Lewis, Alessandri, & Sullivan, 1992).
am adreuli TviTSefasebis reaqciaze mSoblis qcevas didi gavlena aqvs.
bavSvebSi, romlebsac mSoblebi xSirad mis uaryofiTze an araswor
saqcielze (`es cudi saqcielia! megona, kargi gogo iyavi~) miuTiTeben, me-s
cnobierebasTan dakavSirebuli emociebi ufro mZafria – warumateblobis
SemTxvevaSi gadametebuli sircxvilis, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi ki
gadametebuli siamayis grZnoba aqvT. iseT bavSvebSi, romelTa mSoblebi,
piriqiT, ZiriTad yuradRebas Cadenili saqcielis gamosworebaze (`ase ukve
scade; modi, amjerad sxvanairad gavakeToT~) amaxvileben, sircxvilis da
siamayis grZnoba zomieria. aseTi bavSvebi siZneleebs gacilebiT ukeT
umklavdebian (Kelley, Brownell, & Campbell, 2000; Lewis, 1998).
dasavlel bavSvebSi sakuTari arasrulfasovnebis (`idioti var~,
`saSineli adamiani var~) grZnoba sircxvilis Zlier grZnobas iwvevs. is
adaptaciasTan dakavSirebul problemas – gulCaTxrobilobasa da
depresias, agreTve sircxvilis grZnobis maprovocirebel situaciasa da
adamianebis mimarT brazsa da agresias ukavSirdeba (Lindsay-Hartz, de Rivera, &
Mascolo, 1995; Mills, 2005). danaSaulis grZnoba, romelic garkveul
situaciebSi Cndeba da romelsac sircxvilis grZnoba ar mosdevs, piriqiT,
adaptaciis karg unarTan aris dakavSirebuli. SesaZloa aRniSnuls is
ganapirobebs, rom danaSaulis grZnoba bavSvebs saziano impulsebis
daZlevaSi exmareba. danaSaulis grZnoba bavSvs mis mier Cadenili cudi
saqcielis gamosworebisa da ufro gonivruli qcevisaken ubiZgebs (Ferguson
da sxvebi, 1999; Tangney, 2001).
miuxedavad imisa, rom sircxvilis grZnobas bavSvis adaptaciaze didi
zegavlena aqvs, is, SesaZloa, kulturidan gamomdinare Seicvalos. aziaSi,
koleqtivistur qveynebSi, sadac adamiani sakuTari Tavis identifikacias
Tavisive socialur jgufebTan axdens, sircxvilis grZnoba miiCneva, rogorc
sxvebis mier gakeTebuli Sefasebis mniSvnelovani adapturi Semxsenebeli
(Bedford, 2004). magaliTad, Cinel mSoblebs sjeraT, rom cudi saqcielis
Cadenis SemTxvevaSi bavSvi sircxvils aucilebelad unda grZnobdes. isini
bavSvebs ukve 21/2 wlidan sircxvilis grZnobis gamoyenebiT kargisgan cudis
garCevas aswavlian, magram imas ar iTvaliswineben, rom gadaWarbebulma
sircxvilis grZnobam SesaZloa bavSvis TviTSefasebas ziani miayenos (Fung,
1999). araa gasakviri arc is garemoeba, rom ukve 3 wlis asakSi Cineli
bavSvebis sityvaTa marags sityva `sircxvili~ emateba, gacilebiT adre,
vidre es xdeba Crdilo-amerikel TanatolebSi (Shaver, Wu, & Schwartz, 1992).
bavSvebSi daxvewilobisa da kargi qcevis, pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis
Sinagani standartebis CamoyalibebasTan erTad, garemoebebi, romlis
drosac isini me-s cnobierebasTan dakavSirebul emociebs ganicdian,
icvleba. skolis asakis bavSvebi, skolamdelTagan gansxvavebiT, simorcxvis,
siamayisa da danaSaulis grZnobas ufrosebis miTiTebebisa da waqezebis
gareSec ganicdian. imisaTvis, rom bavSvSi siamayis an danaSaulis grZnoba
gaCndes, ufrosis daswreba araa saWiro (Harter & Whitesell, 1989). amasTanave,
skolis asakis bavSvebi yvela warumateblobas ar aRiareben. isini aqcents
akeTeben mxolod gamiznulad Cadenil cud saqcielze, rogoricaa
pasuxismgeblobis ignorireba an tyuili (Ferguson, Stegge, & Damhuis, 1991).
ufros bavSvSi es cvlilebebi moralis ufro Camoyalibebul grZnobaze
migviTiTebs.

emociuri TviTregulacia
Cviloba. cxovrebis pirveli Tveebis ganmavlobaSi Cvilebs sakuTari
emociuri mdgomareobis regulirebis mxolod SezRuduli unari aqvT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom maT SeuZliaT arasasiamovno stimulators zurgi
Seaqcion, grZnobebis gamZafrebisas tuCebi amoZravon da wovon, Sinagani da
gare stimulebis gavlenis qveS advilad eqcevian. Sedegad, isini momvlelis
qmedebebze – gaRizianebuli bavSvis xelSi ayvanaze, darwevasa da nazi xmiT
saubare - arian damokidebulni.
iseTi mSoblebis Cvilebi, romlebic bavSvebis emociur signalebs
garemoebis mixedviT `amoicnoben~ da am signalebze gulisxmier reaqcias
iZlevian, naklebad nerviulebi, metad cnobismoyvareni arian da advilad
wynardebian. mSoblebi, romlebic elodebian manam, sanam Cvilebis signali
Zalian intensiuri ar xdeba, bavSvebSi mZafri distresis swrafad gamowvevas
uwyoben xels (Eisenberg, Cumberland, & Spinrad, 1998). momavalSi,
mSoblebisTvis aseTi bavSvebis dawynareba rTulia, bavSvebs ki sakuTari
Tavis damSvidebis swavla uZneldebaT. Tu momvlelebi ar aregulireben
CvilTa stresul gamocdilebas, stresis CamxSobi Tavis tvinis struqtura
SesaZloa saTanadod veRar ganviTardes. Sedegi ki, emociebis regulirebis
Semcirebuli unaris mqone mSfoTvare, emociuri reaqciebis mqone bavSvia
(Nelson & Bosquet, 2000). erT-erTma kvlevam cxadyo, rom 5 Tvis bavSvebi,
romlebic xelebis moZraobis SezRudvisas advilad iwyebdnen intensiurad
tirils, 10 Tvis asakSi, saTamaSos xelidan gamorTmevis SemTxvevaSi,
emociis regulirebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebis winaSe dgebodnen
(Braungart & Stifter, 1996).
cxovrebis meore wlis bolos, sakuTari Tavis warmoCenisa da
metyvelebis dawyebasTan erTad, emociis regulirebis axali meTodebi
Cndeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom distresul mdgomareobaSi yofnisas 2 wlis
bavSvebs xSir SemTxvevaSi cota xniT SeuZliaT yuradRebis gadatana, amas
ufrosis daxmarebiT ukeT axerxeben (Grolnik, Bridges, & Connell, 1996).
amasTanave, maTi metyveleba imdenad gamarTuli araa, rom emociebis
samarTavad gamoiyenon. magram, rogorc ki bavSvebi Sinagani mdgomareobis
axsnas iwyeben, mzrunvelebs maTTvis daxmarebis SesaZleblobas aZleven.
magaliTad, monstrebze zRaparis Txrobisas 22 Tvis bavSvma wamoiyvira:
`dediko, meSinia.~ dedam wigni gadado da gogonas Caexuta.

adreuli bavSvoba. 2 wlis asakis Semdeg, bavSvebi sakuTar grZnobebze

xSirad saubroben da maT gakontrolebas aqtiurad cdiloben, 3-4 wlis
asakSi ki emociuri TviTregulaciis sxvadasxva saxis strategiebze
saubroben. magaliTad, maT ician, rom emociebis CaxSoba SesaZlebelia
sensoruli mimRebebis SezRudvis saSualebiT (arasasiamovno suraTis
yurebisas xelebis Tvalebze afareba an arasasiamovno xmis gagonebisas
xelebis yurebze mifareba), sakuTar TavTan saubriT (`dedikom Tqva, male
movalo~) an miznebis SecvliT (CaTvalon, rom saerTod ar undaT TamaSi,
rodesac TamaSs daatovebineben).
skolamdelebTan uaryofiTi emociebis gamomwvevi wyarodan yuradRebis
gadatana emociis marTvis efeqtur strategiad rCeba. sami wlis bavSvebs,
romlebsac yuradRebis gadatana SeuZliaT, maswavleblebis SefasebiT
skolis asakSi urTierTobaSi maRali, xolo problemuri qcevebis dabali
maCvenebeli aqvT (Gilliom da sxvebi, 2002).
ufrosebis mier grZnobebis marTvaze dakvirvebiT skolamdeli asakis
bavSvebi emociebis regulirebis strategiebs swavloben. Tbili, momTmeni
mSoblebi, romlebic bavSvebs sityvierad da strategiebis SeTavazebiT
grZnobebis gagebasa da kontrolSi exmarebian, maTSi stresuli
mdgomareobidan gamosvlis unars aZliereben (Gottman, Katz, & Hooven, 1997).
xolo im bavSvebs, romelTa mSoblebic dadebiT emociebs iSviaTad
gamoxataven, sakuTari Svilebis grZnobebis ignorirebas axdenen, sakuTar
sibrazesa da gaRizianebas ver akontroleben, emociis marTvaSi mudmivi
problemebi aqvT, rac bavSvis fsiqologiur adaptaciaze seriozulad
moqmedebs (Calkins & Johnson, 1998; Eisenberg da sxvebi, 2001; Gilliom da sxvebi, 2002;
Katz & Windecker-Nelson, 2004).
rogorc Cvilebs, ise skolamdeli asakis bavSvebsac, Zlieri
uaryofiTi emociis gancdisas, uWirT sakuTari emociebis SezRudva da
gamaRizianebeli movlenisgan yuradRebis gadatana. emociis regulaciis
SezRuduli unaris mqone umcrosi bavSvebi sxvaTa distresze gaRizianebiT
pasuxoben _ imedgacruebaze braziTa da agresiiT reagireben,
maswavleblebsa da Tanatolebs cudad ewyobian, skolis rutinasTan
morgebis sirTuleebs ganicdian (Chang da sxvebi, 2003; Denham da sxvebi,
2002; Shields da sxvebi, 2001). radgan aseTi bavSvebi rTulad aRsazrdelebi
arian, xSirad araefeqturi aRzrdis msxverplni xdebian, rac maTSi
emociuri TviTregulaciis mwir SesaZleblobas tovebs.
ra Tqma unda, zogjer emociis regulirebis kargi unaris mqone
bavSvebsac uWirT grZnobebis marTva. skolamdelTa cocxali warmosaxvis
unari da miTiuris realurisagan gansxvavebis jer kidev bolomde
Camouyalibebeli SesaZlebloba, bavSvobis adreuli periodisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel SiSs iwvevs.

Sua bavSvoba da mozardoba

emociis TviTregulaciis swrafi Camoyalibeba skolaSi Sesvlis
Semdeg iwyeba. bavSvebi sakuTari miRwevebis Tanaklaselebis miRwevebTan
Sedarebas iwyeben _ maTTvis Tanatolebis mowoneba mniSvnelovani xdeba.
bavSvebma uaryofiTi emociebis marTva unda iswavlon, vinaidan es maTi
TviTRirebulebis grZnobas emuqreba.
skolis wlebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli SiSebia dabali akademiuri
maCvenebeli da Tanaklaselebisgan uaryofa. bavSvebis mier samyaros
realobis Secnoba, piradi zianis albaToba (dayaCaRebisa da mokvlis) da
mediamovlenebi (omi da ubeduri SemTxvevebi, katastrofebi) maTSi
mRelvarebas sul ufro xSirad iwvevs (Gullone, 2000). moswavleTa SiSebze
kulturac moqmedebs. magaliTad, CineTSi, sadac TavSekavebuloba da
socialur standartebTan Sesabamisoba Zalze Rirebulia, bavSvebis didi
nawilisTvis warumatebloba da ufrosTa kritika Cum SiSs aCens. miuxedavad
amisa, Cineli bavSvebi zogadad zedmetad gaubedavebi ar arian. SiSis
simZafre maTSi dasavleTis bavSvebis msgavsia (Ollendick da sxvebi, 1996). 10
wlis asakSi bavSvebis didi nawili emociebis marTvis or ZiriTad
strategias Soris moZraobs. problemebze centrirebuli marTvisas bavSvebi
situacias afaseben, rogorc cvalebads, acnobiereben sirTuleebs da
wyveten, rogor daZlion da gadalaxon es sirTuleebi. Tu ver axerxeben
problemis mogvarebas, emociaze centrirebul marTvaze erTvebian, rodesac
bavSvebi distress Sinaganad akontroleben da Sedegi praqtikulad veRar
Seicvleba (Kliewer, Fearnow, & Miller, 1996; Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994). magaliTad,
ufrosi moswavleebi SfoTvis aRmZvreli testis dros an maTze megobris
gabrazebis SemTxvevaSi problemis mogvarebis SesaZleblobas afaseben da
socialuri mxardaWeris, rogorc saukeTeso strategiis, Ziebas iwyeben.
magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sedegi maT kontrols ar eqvemdebareba,
magaliTad, miiRo cudi niSani – isini yuradRebis gadatanas an situaciis im
kuTxiT Seafasebas cdiloben, romelic arsebuli mdgomareobis miRebaSi
daexmareba: `SesaZloa, yvelaferi gacilebiT cudad damTavrebuliyo, meore
testic iqneba~.
skolamdelTagan gansxvavebiT, skolis asakis bavSvebi emociis
regulirebisaTvis gacilebiT xSirad mimarTaven Sinagan strategiebs –
cvlilebas, rasac situaciis Sefasebis, misi gaazrebisa da grZnobebis
gansazRvris gaumjobesebuli SesaZlebloba ganapirobebs (Brenner & Salovery,
1997). amis Sedegad SiSebi TandaTanobiT mcirdeba (Gullone, 2000).
kognituri ganviTareba da socialuri gamocdilebis SeZena bavSvebs
marTvis sxvadasxva strategiis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. emociuri
TviTregulaciis saTanado ganviTareba, axalgazrda adamianebSi aRvivebs
emociuri TviTSefasebis grZnobas - sakuTari emociuri gamocdilebis
kontrolis grZnobas (Saarni, 2000). es grZnoba sasikeTo TviTSefasebisa da
optimisturi Sexedulebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels, romlebic SemdgomSi
maT emociuri problemebis gadalaxvaSi exmareba.

emociis gamoxatvis wesebis Seswavla

Sinagani emociuri mdgomareobis regulirebis garda, bavSvebma
sxvebTan moqcevis wesebi unda iswavlon. skolamdeli asakis bavSvebs
sakuTari emociebis gamoxatvis modificirebis garkveuli unari aqvT.
magaliTad, rodesac 2 wlis bavSvs ar misces namcxvari, jer gaCerda,
Semdeg Tavisi gadasafarebeli aiRo, metlaxiT dafaruli samzareulodan
sastumro oTaxSi gavida, sadac iatakze dafenili xaliCa eguleboda da
amitom iq ufro komfortulad igrZnobda Tavs, dawva da xmamaRla tirili
daiwyo!
Tavdapirvelad, bavSvebi piradi saWiroebidan gamomdinare cvlian
sakuTari emociebis gamoxatvas, rac realurad gancdil grZnobebTan
SedarebiT gadaWarbebulia (magaliTad, zemoT naxsenebi bavSvi, romelmac
verc yuradReba da verc namcxvari ver miiRo). Zalian male, isini
gamomxatveli qcevebis daTrgunvas swavloben, maT sxva reaqciebiT cvlian,
magaliTad, SfoTvis an imedgacruebis SemTxvevaSi iRimebian.
yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs emociis gamoxatvis wesebi, romelic
adgens rodis, rogor da ranairadaa SesaZlebeli emociebis gamoxatva.
cxovrebis pirveli Tveebidan mSoblebi Cvilebis uaryofiTi emociebis
CaxSobas ara brazis an sevdis, aramed ufro interesis, bednierebisa da
gakvirvebis imitirebis meSveobiT cdiloben. radgan biWebs uaryofiTi
emociebis daregulirebisaTvis meti dro esaWiroebaT, maT gogonebTan
SedarebiT metad arToben (Malatesta da sxvebi, 1986; Weinberg da sxvebi, 1999).
Sedegad, kargad nacnobi sxvaoba – mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebi
ufro emociurebi arian, xolo mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebi
emociurad kontrolirebadi – adreul asakSi Rvivdeba.
mSoblebi adreuli asakidan iwyeben bavSvebSi emociis gamoxatvis
formirebas. bavSvebi emociebis gamoxatvis Sesabamis wesebs nel-nela
euflebian. patarebs mxolod 3 wlis asakidan SeuZliaT iseTi grZnobebis
gamoxatva, romelsac im momentSi ar ganicdian. aseTi emociuri `niRabi~
ZiriTadad bednierebisa da gakvirvebis gamoxatviT Semoifargleba.
yvela asakis bavSvebisTvis (ufrosebis CaTvliT) gabrazebuli, nawyeni
an gaRizianebuli adamianis rolis TamaSi gacilebiT rTulia, vidre
bednierisa (Lewis, Sullivan, & Vasen, 1987). am tendenciebs ganapirobebs
socialuri zewola. harmoniuli urTierTobebis gasaRviveblad sxvadasxva
kulturis warmomadgenlebi bavSvebs komunikaciisTvis dadebiTi emociebis
gamoxatvas da uaryofiTi grZnobebis daTrgunvas aswavlian. bavSvebi
mSoblebTan, maswavleblebTan da TanatolebTan interaqciisas swavloben
uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis iseT formas, romelic sxvebSi maTTvis
sasurvel sapasuxo reaqcias gamoiwvevs. skolis asakis bavSvebi tirils,
butiaobas an agresias sul ufro da ufro xSirad cvlian verbaluri
strategiebiT. (Shipman da sxvebi, 2003). am kvlevebis masalebis mixedviT
bavSvebi emociebis gamoxatvis wesebs TandaTanobiT gamiznulad euflebian.
sabavSvo baRis bavSvebi ZiriTadad wesebs sasjelis aridebis da sxva
ufrosebisgan mowonebis damsaxurebis gamo emorCilebian. mesame klaseli
bavSvebi socialuri harmoniis uzrunvelsayofad emociis gamoxatvis wesebis
arsebobis saWiroebas acnobiereben (Joes, Abbey, & Cumberland, 1998). skolis
asakis bavSvebi, romlebic emociis gamoxatvis wesebs sxvebis grZnobebis
Sesabamisad aregulireben, maswavleblis Sefasebis mixedviT gamorCeulad
gulisxmieri da socialurad pasuxismgebeli arian. isini TanatolebSi didi
mowonebiT sargebloben (Garner, 1996; McDowell & Parke, 2000).
koleqtivisturi kulturis qveynebSi emociis gamoxatvis wesebze did
yuradRebas amaxvileben. garda amisa, am qveynebSi uaryofiTi emociebis
gamoxatvis sxvadasxva formaa miRebuli. aRniSnulis sailustraciod,
mkvlevarebma nepalSi sxvadasxva koleqtivisturi kulturis mqone sofleli
bavSvebis reaqciebi Seiswavles. bavSvebs emociurad datvirTuli
(TanatolTa agresiisa da mSoblebis mier arasamarTliani dasjis Sesaxeb)
moTxroba waukiTxes, Semdeg ki bavSvebs azris gamoTqma sTxoves. indusi
bavSvebis didi nawili ambobda, rom aseT situaciaSi gabrazdebodnen da
sakuTari grZnobebis damalvas Seecdebodnen. budistma bavSvebma ki piriqiT,
situacia ise axsnes, rom maTSi brazi ar gamCdara; isini ambobdnen, rom
msgavs situaciaSi aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi ityodnen `rac aris – aris~ da
Tvlian, `ra azri aqvs gabrazebas, faqti xom ukve moxda~. Sesabamisad indus
dedebTan gasaubrebisas gairkva, rom isini sakuTar Svilebs emociuri
qcevebis kontrolisken xSirad ubiZgeben, budisti dedebi ki religias
mimarTavdnen da Svilebs simSvidisken mouwodebdnen (Cole & Tamang, 1998).
amerikeli bavSvebi, orive zemoaRniSnul jgufebTan SedarebiT, sibrazis
gamoxatvas amjobinebdnen. daumsaxurebel sasjelze maTi pasuxi Semdegi iyo
`Tu me vetyvi, rom gabrazebuli var, is Sewyvets CemTvis tkivilis
moyenebas!~ (Cole, Bruschi, & Tamang, 2002). yuradReba miaqcieT, Tu raoden
zustad Seesabameba es pasuxi dasavleTis individualisturi qveynebis
realobas, sadac didi aqcenti adamianis uflebebis dacvasa da
TviTgamoxatvaze keTdeba.

sxvaTa emociebis gageba da sapasuxo reaqcia

emociis gamoxatva bavSvebis mier sxvaTa emociuri signalebis
`gadaTargmnis~ SesaZleblobasTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli. Cven viciT,
rom bavSvebi cxovrebis pirveli ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi mzrunvelis
emociur tons masTan pirispir urTierTobisas gansazRvraven. TandaTanobiT
bavSvebi sxvaTa emociebs garkveulwilad gadamdebi emociis avtomaturi
procesis meSveobiT amoicnoben, zustad iseve, rogorc Cven sxvisi
bednierebis an sevdis Semxedvare imave grZnobiT vimsWvalebiT. daaxloebiT
4 Tvis asakSi Cvilebi rodesac isini gviyureben, gviRimian an xmebs
gamoscemen partniorisagan imave reaqcias moelian (Rochat, Striano, & Blatt,
2001). amgvari urTierTgacvlis safuZvelze bavSvebi sxvadasxva emociis
gamoxatvas euflebian (Montague & Walker-Andrews, 2001).
daaxloebiT 5 Tvis asakSi Cvilebi saxis gamometyvelebas organizebul
modelebad aRiqvamen. maT SeuZliaT xmis tembri mosaubre adamianis saxis
Sesabamis gamometyvelebas miusadagon (ix. me-4 Tavi). bavSvebs emociur
gamoxatvaze organizebuli reaqcia aqvT. es ki migviTiTebs imaze, rom
signalebi maTTvis gasagebi gaxda. erTiani yuradRebis Camoyalibebis unaris
gaumjobesebasTan erTad Cvilebi acnobiereben, rom emociis gamoxatvaSi
aramarto azri devs, aramed garkveul sagnebze an movlenebze gaazrebuli
reaqciacaa (Moses da sxvebi, 2001 Walker-Andrews, 1997). amis gacnobierebasTan
erTad, Cvilebi sando mzrunvelebisgan emociuri informaciis aqtiur Ziebas
iwyeben.

socialuri gamocdileba da emociis aRqma

deda skolamdeli asakis SvilebTan saubrisas rac ufro xSirad
asaxelebs ama Tu im emociis ganmsazRvrel sityvas, rac ufro metad
ganmartavs mas, bavSvebi miT ufro met ` emociur sityvas~ iyeneben. dedis
mier emociuri azrebis xelSewyoba (`risi eSinia mas?~) 2 wlis bavSvis
emociuri metyvelebis kargi winapirobaa. skolamdeli asakis ufrosi
bavSvebisaTvis ganmarteba (`is sevdiania, radgan misi ZaRli gaiqca~) ufro
mniSvnelovania (Cervantes & Callanan, 1998). is skolamdeli bavSvebi, romelTa
mSoblebic sakuTar emociur reaqciebs xSirad acnobiereben da sxvadasxva
emociebis Sesaxeb saTanado codnas aZleven sakuTar Svils, ufro gviandel
asakSi msgavsi emociebis gancdisas ukeT axdenen sxvaTa emociebis Sefasebas
(Denham & Kochanoff, 2002). isic, rom ojaxis wevrebi raime Temis ganxilvisas
erTmaneTs ar eTanxmebian, aseve xelSemwyobia. erTerTma kvlevam cxadyo,
rom im dedebs, romlebmac 2-1/2 wlis bavSvebTan konfliqtisas Tavisi
grZnobebi axsnes da garkveuli kompromisi gamonaxes, iseTi Svilebi hyavdaT,
romlebsac 3 wlis asakSi emociis aRqma ukeT SeeZloT da isini uTanxmoebis
mosagvareblad iseTive strategiebs iyenebdnen, rogorc maTi dedebi (Laible &
Thompson, 2002). msgavsi dialogi bavSvebs emociis mizezebisa da
Tanmimdevrobis gaazrebaSi exmareba. garda amisa, dedebTan Tbili,
usafrTxo urTierTobis mqone 3–5 wlis bavSvebs emociebis aRqmis ukeTesi
SesaZlebloba aqvT. SesaZloa amas isic ganapirobebs, rom usafrTxo
mijaWvuloba dedasa da bavSvs Soris grZnobebze saubrebTan aris
dakavSirebuli (Laible & Thompson, 1998, 2000).
skolamdeli asakis bavSvebi ufrosebTan saubrisas rac ufro met
informacias iReben emociasTan dakavSirebiT, miT ufro cdiloben sakuTari
codnis sxva situaciebSi gadatanas, magaliTad, emociuri saubrebisas da-
ZmebTan da megobrebTn, gansakuTrebiT ki sociodramatuli TamaSis dros
(Brown, Donelan-McCall & Dunn, 1996; Hughes & Dunn, 1998). aseve, emociis
aRqmas iseTi TamaSebi exmareba, romlis drosac bavSvebi, miT ufro da-
ZmebTan TamaSisas, sxvadasxva gamogonili personaJis rols asruleben
(Youngblade & Dunn, 1995). daZmuri urTierToba da grZnobebis xSiri
gamoxatva emociebis adreuli SeswavlisaTvis xelsayreli situaciaa.
rodesac mSoblebi da-Zmebs Soris uTanxmoebisas erevian da maT morigebas
cdiloben, skolamdeli asakis bavSvebi sakuTari da-Zmis grZnobebis mimarT
ufro sensitiurebi xdebian (Perlman & Ross, 1997). isini da-Zmebis grZnobebs
(`Sen gabrazdebi me Tu es ar giwilade~) sul ufro xSirad iTvaliswineben
da winaswar gansazRvraven maT. amitom, isini erTmaneTSi naklebad Cxuboben.
emociebis codna bavSvebs sxvebTan urTierTobebSi exmareba. 3-5 wlis asakSi
megobrisTvis tkivilis miyenebis Semdeg mis gamosworebas cdiloben (Brown
& Dunn, 1996; Dunn, Brown, & Maguire, 1995). agreTve, bavSvebi sxvaTa grZnobebs
rac ufro metad iTvaliswineben, miT ufro met siyvaruls imsaxureben
Tanatolebis mxridan (Fabes da sxvebi, 2001). isini TiTqos acnobiereben, rom
sxvaTa emociebis codna da sakuTaris axsna – ganmarteba urTierTobis
xarisxs zrdis.

empaTia da simpaTia
empaTiisas emociebis gageba da gamoxatva urTierTdakavSirebulia,
vinaidan empaTiuri sapasuxo reaqciisaTvis, rogorc sxvaTa emociebis codna,
ise TanagrZnobaa saWiro. Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi SeTanxmdnen, rom
empaTia moicavs kognituri unarisa da afeqtis kompleqsur
urTierTqmedebas: sxvadasxva emociis gansazRvris SesaZleblobas, sxvebis
emociuri mdgomareobis miRebis unarsa da am pirovnebis TanagrZnobas an
emociur reagirebas. skolamdeli asakis periodidan dawyebuli, empaTia
prosocialuri anu altruistuli qcevis – moqmedebebs, romlebic
mimarTulia sxvaTaAsasargeblod sakuTari TavisaTvis yovelgvari jildos
moTxovnis gareSe - mniSvnelovani motivatoria (Eisenberg & Fabes, 1998).
miuxedavad amisa, empaTia yovelTvis keTil da TanagrZnobis qmedebebs ar
gulisxmobs. zogierT bavSvebSi sevdiani ufrosis an Tanatolis
TanagrZnobisas pirovnuli distresi mZafrdeba. am grZnobaTa dasaZlevad
bavSvi fokusirebas sakuTar Relvaze ufro axdens, vidre im pirovnebaze,
romelsac es sWirdeba. amis Sedegad, empaTiis gadazrda simpaTiaSi –
wuxilis an dardis gamoxatuleba da gancda sxva adamianis mimarT – ar
xdeba.

empaTiis ganviTareba
empaTias sakmaod Rrma fesvebi aqvs. axalSobilebi sxva bavSvebis
tirilis pasuxad Tavadac iwyeben tirils. SesaZloa es empaTiuri sapasuxo
reaqciis primitiuli reaqciaa (Dondi, Simion, & Caltran, 1999). sensitiur,
pirispir urTierTobaSi Cvilebi sakuTar mzrunvelebTan amyareben emociur
`kavSirs~ – esaa gamocdilebebi, romlebic empaTiisa da sxvebze zrunvis
fundamentia (Zahn-Waxler, 1991). me-s cnobierebasTan dakavSirebuli
emociebis msgavsad, realuri empaTia bavSvisgan imis gagebas moiTxovs, rom
sakuTari `me~ sxva adamianebisgan gansxvavdeba. TviTSegnebis ganviTarebasTan
erTad, daaxloebiT 2 wlis bavSvebi TanagrZnobas iwyeben. isini aramarto
TanaugrZnoben sxvis ubedurebas, aramed xSirad mis Semsubuqebasac
cdiloben. magaliTad, erTi 21 Tvis bavSvi viTom ganawyenebuli dedis
gamxnevebas damamSvidebeli sityvebiT, CaxutebiT cdilobda da Tan
mkvlevars daxmarebas sTxovda (Zahn-Waxler & Radke-Yarrow, 1990). metyvelebis
ganviTarebasTan erTad bavSvebi sxvaTa damSvidebas sul ufro metad
cdiloben sityvebiT – es cvlileba empaTiis asaxvis ufro maRal doneze
migviTiTebs. magaliTad, rodesac 6 wlis bavSvma dedis distresi SeniSna,
rac mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi sastumros uSedego ZiebiT iyo gamowveuli,
damSvideba dauwyo: `deda, Zalian gulmosuli xar, ara? Sen Zalian nawyeni
xar. albaT yvelaferi kargad iqneba. vfiqrob, rom lamaz adgils vipoviT
da yvelaferi kargad iqneba~ (Bretherton da sxvebi, 1986, p.540).
empaTia adreuli saskolo asakis ganmavlobaSi izrdeba, radgan am
periodSi bavSvebi sul ufro mravalferovani emociebis gagebas iwyeben da
sxvaTa grZnobebis Sefasebisas mraval signals iTvaliswineben (Ricard &
Kamberk-Kilicci, 1995). gviandeli bavSvobisa da siymawvilis periodSi sxvebis
mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebis unaris gamomuSavebis meSveobiT bavSvebi
empaTiur reaqcias aZleven ara mxolod adamianis myisier distresze, aramed
zogadad mis yoveldRiur mdgomareobaze. (Hoffman, 2000). Raribebis,
daCagrulebisa da avadmyofi adamianebis TanagrZnoba saWiroebs sxvaTaA
mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebis ufro daxvewil formas, romlis drosac
axalgazrda adamiani acnobierebs, rom miuxedavad konkretuli situaciisa,
adamianebi mudmivad emociuri cxovrebiT cxovroben. i

individualuri gansxvavebebi
temperamenti did rols asrulebs imaSi, gaCndeba Tu ara empaTia da
gamoiwvevs Tu ara is TanagrZnobas, prosocialur qcevebs an pirovnul
distress - sakuTar Tavze fokusirebul reaqcias. orma kvlevam gviCvena,
rom empaTia nawilobriv memkvidreobiTia (Zahn-Waxler da sxvebi, 2001).
socializebuli, TviTdajerebuli da emociis kargi regulaciis mqone
bavSvebi ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi sxvaTa distresis dros maT daxmarebas,
TanagrZnobasa da damSvidebas cdiloben, emociis cudi regulaciis mqone
bavSvebi nakleb TanagrZnobas da prosocialur qcevebs amJRavneben
(Eisenberg da sxvebi, 1996, 1998). agresiuli bavSvebis Zlieri mtruli grZnoba
sxvaTa mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebis unars asustebs, uaryofiT grZnobebze
impulsuri reaqciebi ki auaresebs empaTiisa da simpaTiis gamoxatvis unars.
umetesobam sxvebis mimarT bavSvobis asakis Sua periodisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli zrunvis momatebis nacvlad misi Semcireba gviCvena
(Hastings da sxvebi, 2000). rac Seexeba morcxv bavSvebs, maT TanagrZnoba
SesaZloa ar gamoxaton, radgan sxvebis distresis dros maTi SfoTviT
daTrgunva Zalian advilia (Eisenberg da sxvebi, 1996).
empaTiasa da simpaTiaSi individualuri gansxvavebi bavSvebis saxis
gamometyvelebasa da fsiqofiziologiur sapasuxo reaqciebSi aSkarad
aisaxeba. Catarebuli seriuli kvlevebis dros bavSvebs videofiri uCvenes.
am firze asaxuli iyo miwaze garTxmuli da mtirali ori bavSvi. im
bavSvebma, romlebmac TanagrZnoba da wuxili gamoxates saxis
gamometyvelebiTa da fiziologiuri signalebiT – interesiT, gulis cemis
SemcirebiT, rac maTi yuradRebis maniSnebeli iyo – Cveulebisamebr
prosocialuri qcevebi gamoamJRavnes, rodesac maT bavSvebisTvis daxmarebis
aRmoCena SesTavazes. is bavSvebi ki, romlebmac saxis gamometyvelebiT da
fiziologiuri signalebiT gamoxates distresi (SeWmuxvna, tuCebis kvneta
da gulis cemis momateba), naklebad prosocialurebi iyvnen (Fabes da sxvebi,
1994; Miller da sxvebi, 1996). es aisaxa Tavis tvinis encefalogramazec. empaTia
tvinis talRebis aqtivobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. marcxena naxevarsferos
zomieri zrda dadebiT emociebs uwyobs xels. amitom bavSvebSi, romlebmac
empaTia mimikiT gamoxates, swored marcxena naxevarsferos zrda aRiniSneba,
xolo bavSvebSi, romlebmac sxvaTa emociebze empaTia ar gamoamJRavnes,
marcxena naxevarsferos (romelic uaryofiT emociebze pasuxobs) swrafi
zrda (Jones, Field, & Davalos, 2000; Pickens, Field, & Nawrocki, 2001).

aRzrda empaTiasa da simpaTiaze gavlenas axdens

bavSvebi, romlebTan mSoblebs Tbili damokidebuleba aqvT, rac xels
uwyobs emociur gamoxatvas, maTi grZnobebis mimarT sensitiur, empaTiur
damokidebulebas gamoxataven, sxvaTa distress iziareben – es urTierToba
ymawvilobis periodSi rCeba da mozrdilobaSic ki Cndeba (Eisenberg &
McNally, 1993; Koestner, Franz, & Weinberger, 1990; Strayer & Roberts, 2004).
simpaTiis modelirebasTan erTad mSoblebs SeuZliaT sakuTar Svilebs
sikeTis mniSvnelovaneba auxsnan da Caerion Seusabamo emociis
gamomJRavnebisas – es is qcevebia, romlebic bavSvebSi TanagrZnobis
reaqciis maRal dones gansazRvravs (Eisenberg, 2003). mSoblebs SeuZliaT
bavSvebi im SesaZleblobebiTac uzrunvelyon, romliTac TanagrZnobis
gamoxatvas SeZleben, magaliTad, saqvelmoqmedo da sazogadoebrivi
saqmianobis meSveobiT.
zedmetad mkacri aRzrda xels uSlis adreul asakSi empaTiisa da
simpaTiis Camoyalibebas. erT-erTi gamokvlevis dros, mkvlevarebi bavSvTa
zrunvis centrSi akvirdebodnen axalfexadgmul bavSvebs, romlebsac
uxeSad epyrobodnen. normalur pirobebSi gazrdil TanatolebTan
SedarebiT, es bavSvebi mowyenili da sevdiani megobrebis mimarT
TanagrZnobas naklebad gamoxatavdnen. piriqiT, maTi reaqcia SiSi, brazi da
fizikuri Seteva iyo (Klimes-Dougan & Kistner, 1990). bavSvebis reaqcia
sakuTari mSoblebis qcevas hgavda, romlebsac, Tavis mxriv, sxvaTa
gasaWiris mimarT arasensitiuri reaqcia hqondaT.
Cven mier ukve ganxiluli sxva Sedegebis msgavsad, am kvlevis
Sedegebmac bavSvebis emociis mravalferovani gamoxatvis SesaZleblobebi
gamoaaSkarava.

mijaWvulobis ganviTareba
mijaWvuloba Zlieri, grZnobiTi kavSiria, romelic adamianebs maTTvis
emociurad mniSvnelovani adamianebis mimarT aqvT. aseT kavSirs siamovneba
moaqvs maTTan urTirTobisas da simyudrove da Sveba _ stresis dros.
cxovrebis pirveli wlis meore naxevrisTvis, Cvilebi mijaWvulebi arian im
adamianebze, romlebic maT moTxovnilebebze reagireben. daakvirdiT, rogor
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven bavSvebi sakuTar mSoblebs _ rogor
iRimeba bavSvi dedis oTaxSi Semosvlisas. xelSi ayvanisas is saxeze xeliT
moferebas, dedis Tmis gamokvlevas iwyebs, exuteba, SiSis SemTxvevaSi
dedasTan micocdeba da ebRauWeba.
froidma pirvelad wamoayena mosazreba, rom dedasTan Cvilis
emociuri kavSiri yvela sxva gviandeli urTierTobis safuZvelia. garda
amisa, froidi marTali iyo, rodesac Tvlida, rom Cvilisa da mSoblis
kavSiris xarisxs arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. Tanamedrove kvlevebis
Sedegebidan gamomdinare, es mosazreba gadaxedvas saWiroebs: individis
mijaWvulobis ganviTarebaze xangrZlivi efeqti damokidebulia aramarto
Cvilis adreul gamocdilebaze, aramed mSobelsa da bavSvs Soris
xangrZliv urTierTobazec. mijaWvuloba mwvave Teoriuli debatebis sagania.
fsiqoanalitikuri TvalsazrisiT mSoblebsa da mSoblis funqciis mqone
pirebsa da bavSvebs Soris am axlo emociuri kavSiris CamoyalibebaSi kvebas
mTavari adgili ukavia. biheviorizmi kvebas aseve did mniSvnelobas aniWebs,
magram amas sxva mizezebiT xsnis. kargad cnobili bihevioristuli
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, rodesac mSobeli an momvleli bavSvis SimSilis
moTxovnilebas (pirveladi fiziologiuri moTxovnileba) akmayofilebs,
Cvili mis naz moferebas, Tbil Rimils, damamSvidebel sityvebs (meoreuli
fiziologiuri moTxovnileba) ufro met yuradRebas aqcevs, upiratesobas
aniWebs da amas daswavlis xasiaTi aqvs, radganac es movlenebi
daZabulobisa da SimSilisgan ganTavisuflebasTanaa dakavSirebuli da
Serwymuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sakvebis miReba dedebsa da Svilebs Soris axlo
urTierTobebis CamoyalibebisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtoria, mijaWvuloba
SimSilis grZnobis dakmayofilebaze ar aris damokidebuli. 1950-ian wlebSi
kargad cnobili eqsperimenti Catarda. am eqsperimentis farglebSi makakebs
rbili qsoviliT dafaruli da foladis badisgan gakeTebuli „surogatuli
dedebi` zrdidnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom foladis badisgan gakeTebul
dedas boTli eWira da Cvili makakebi sakvebis misaRebad masze unda
acocebuliyvnen, isini rbili qsoviliT dafarul dedas ebRauWebodnen
(Harlow & Zimmerman, 1959). maT msgavsad, Cvili bavSvebi mijaWvulobas ojaxis
im wevrebis (mamis, da-Zmis, bebia-papis) mimarTac ganicdian, romlebic maT
iSviaTad aWmeven. garda amisa, SeamCnevdiT, rom dasavleTis kulturis
axalfexadgmul bavSvebSi, romlebsac calke sZinavT da dRis ganmavlobaSi
mSoblebTan erTad dros iSviaTad atareben, zogjer Zlieri emociuri
moTxovnileba uCndebaT usafrTxoebis mizniT sayvarel saTamaSos –
daTunias an sabans Caexuton, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini Cvilis kvebaSi
monawileobas arasdros ar iReben!
fsiqoanalitikur da bihevioristul midgomaSi kidev erTi problemaa
is, rom isini mijaWvulobis urTierTobis CamoyalibebaSi ZiriTad rols
mSobels aniWeben, Cvilebis xasiaTis Taviseburebebs ki Zalzed umniSvnelo
yuradRebas aqceven.

boulbis eTologiuri Teoria

dReisaTvis mijaWvulobis eTologiuri Teoria momvlelTan bavSvis
emociur kavSirebs ganixilavs rogorc gadarCenis xelSemwyob evoluciur
reaqcias. es farTod aRiarebuli Sexedulebaa. jon boulbi (1969), romelmac
pirvelma daiwyo bavSvsa da mzrunvels Soris kavSiris ideis Seswavla,
Tavdapirvelad fsiqoanalitikosi iyo. mis TeoriaSi fsiqoanalitikuri
midgomaa asaxuli. kerZod, mSobelsa an momvlelze mijaWvulobis Tvisebriv
xarisxs bavSvis ndobaze damyarebuli urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis unarsa
da mis usafrTxoebis grZnobaze didi zegavlena aqvs. garda amisa, boulbi
konrad lorencis imprintingis kvleviTac iyo dainteresebuli. mas
sjeroda, rom adamianis Cvilebs, cxovelTa naSieris mskavsad, iseTi
Tandayolili qcevebi aqvT, romelTa meSveobiTac isini mSoblebs
saSiSroebisgan dacvisa da garemosTan gacnobasa da sxvadasxva unaris
dauflebaSi daxmarebisaTvis mudmivad maT gverdze yofnas aiZuleben (Waters
& Cummings, 2000). aseve, bavSvebs mSobelTan kontaqti sakvebiT
uzrunvelyofs. miuxedavad amisa, boulbim aRniSna, rom kveba mijaWvulobis
safuZveli ar aris. mijaWvulobis kavSirs Zlieri biologiuri fesvebi aqvs.
misi gagebis saukeTeso saSualebas misi evoluciuri kuTxiT ganxilva
iZleva, sadac saxeobis gadarCenas – usafrTxoebisa da kompetenciis
uzrunvelyofis meSveobiT – udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs.
boulbis mixedviT Cvilis urTierToba mSobelTan iwyeba
Tandayolili signalebiT, romlebic aiZuleben ufross bavSvs yuradReba
miaqcios. droTa ganmavlobaSi yalibdeba namdvili mosiyvarule kavSiri,
romelsac rogorc emociuri da kognituri SesaZleblobebi, aseve warsulSi
Tbili, sensitiuri mzrunveloba uwyobs xels.
boulbi gamoyofs mijaWvulobis ganviTarebis oTx fazas:
1. mijaWvulobamdeli faza (dabadebidan 6 kviramde). Tandayolili
signalebi – CaWideba, Rimili, tirili da ufrosis TvalebSi yureba –
axalSobilebs sxva adamianebTan axlo kontaqtSi SesvlaSi exmareba.
sapasuxo reaqciis miRebisTanave, Cvilebi mSoblebis maT gverdSi yofnisken
waqezebas cdiloben, radgan maTTan siaxlove Cvilebs awynarebs da
komforts uqmnis. am asakis bavSvebi sakuTari dedis sunsa da xmas cnoben.
mokle periodSi isini dedis saxis nakvTebis garCevas iwyeben. magram,
miuxedavad amisa, bavSvi dedaze mijaWvuli jer kidev ar aris, radgan ucnob
ufrosTan darCenas ar ewinaaRmdegeba.
 2. mijaWvulobis Camoyalibebis faza (6 kviridan – 6-8 Tvemde). am fazis
dros Cvili axlobel momvlelsa da ucxo adamianebze gansxvavebulad
reagirebs. magaliTad, bavSvi dedasTan ufro Tavisuflad iRimis, icinis da
RuRunebs, dedis mier xelSi ayvanis SemTxvevaSi ki gacilebiT swrafad
mSviddeba. Cvili mSoblebTan interaqciis Sedegad distresisgan Svebas
grZnobs, amis Sedegad isini swavloben, rom maTi qmedebebi irgvliv myofTa
qcevebs ganapirobebs. bavSvebSi iwyeba ndobis grZnobis ganviTareba–
molodini imisa, rom momvleli signalis miRebisas reagirebas moaxdens –
magram, miuxedavad amisa, isini momvlelTan ganSorebis winaaRmdegi ar
arian.
3. mkveTrad gamoxatuli mijaWvulobis faza (6-8 Tvidan 18 – 24 Tvemde
wlamde). am dros axlobeli mzrunvelis mimarT mijaWvuloba aSkaraa.
bavSvebSi Cndeba ganSorebis SfoTva – Cvilis distresuli reaqcia
axlobeli mzrunvelis wasvlaze – roca bavSvs mSobeli, romelsac is
eyrdnoboda, tovebs, mousvenari xdeba da SfoTvas ganicdis. ganSorebis
SfoTva yovelTvis ar aRiniSneba, da igi ucxoobis SfoTvis msgavsad Cvilis
temperamentsa da arsebul situaciazea damokidebuli.
bevr kulturaSi es SfoTva 6-dan 15 Tvemde matulobs. misi gamoxatva
imaze migviTiTebs, rom Cvilebi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mzrunvels ver
xedaven, kargad acnobiereben, rom is sadRac Soriaxlosaa. garda amisa,
bavSvebi, romlebsac piaJeseuli obieqtis mudmivobis gancda jer kidev ar
aqvT ganviTarebuli, dedasTan ganSorebisas SfoTvas xSir SemTxvevaSi ar
ganicdian (Lester da sxvebi, 1974).
garda imisa, rom bavSvebi mSobelTan ganSorebis gamo protests
gamoxataven, ufro mozrdili Cvilebi da axalfexadgmuli bavSvebi masTan
ganSorebis Tavidan aridebas da mSobelTan kontaqtis SenarCunebas
sxvadasxva xerxebiT cdiloben. isini maT dahyvebian, cdiloben „aacocdnen`,
sxvebTan SedarebiT misTvis upiratesobis miniWebis demonstrirebas axdenen.
4. ormxrivi urTierTobis Camoyalibeba (18 Tvidan – 2 wlamde da
Semdeg). cxovrebis meore wlis bolosTvis warmodgenisa da metyvelebis
swrafi ganviTareba axalfexadgmul bavSvebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs
gaacnobieron zogierTi is faqtori, romelic mSoblis mosvla-wasvlaze
axdens gavlenas da garkveulwilad gaTvalon mSoblis dabruneba. amis
Sedegad, daSorebis mimarT protesti klebulobs. bavSvebi ukve
mzrunvelTan molaparakebasa da `vaWrobas~ iwyeben, Txovnisa da
darwmunebis meSveobiT maTi miznis Secvlas cdiloben. magaliTad, 2 wlis
bavSvi mSoblebs wignis wakiTxvas sTxovs, vidre mas ZiZasTan datoveben.
mSoblebTan erTad gatarebuli damatebiTi dro bavSvs saSualebas aZlevs
gaigos, sad midian isini (`biZia CarlTan sadilad~) da rodis apireben
dabrunebas (`Sen daZinebuli iqnebi~).
msgavsi informacia bavSvs mSoblebTan ganSorebiT gamowveuli
SfoTvis daZlevaSi exmareba. asakTan erTad bavSvis damokidebuleba
momvlelTan fizikur siaxloveze sul ufro klebulobs, xolo ndoba da
imis rwmena, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi isini xelmisawvdomi iqnebian da
Tanadgomas aRmouCenen, izrdeba. boulbis azriT (1980), zemoaRniSnuli oTxi
fazis ganmavlobaSi am gancdebidan da gamocdilebidan bavSvebi ayalibeben
myar mosiyvarule kavSirs, rasac mSoblebis aryofnisas usafrTxoebis
safuZvlad iyeneben. es Sinagani xati moqmedebs rogorc Sinagani samuSao
modeli, rogorc molodinTa mTeli kompleqti erTgul pirTa
xelmisawvdomobis Taobaze, stresis dros maT mier mxardaWeris aRmoCenis
SesaZleblobasa da maTTan me-s urTierTobaze. es Sinagani samuSao modeli
pirovnebis sasicocxlo nawili da momavalSi axlo urTierTobebis
warmmarTveli xdeba (Bretherton & Munholland, 1999). asakis matebis kvalobaze
kognituri, emociuri da socialuri SesaZleblobebis zrdasTan,
mSoblebTan interaqciis momatebasTan, ufrosebTan, da – ZmebTan da
megobrebTan axlo kavSirebis damyarebasTan erTad, bavSvebi Sinagan samuSao
models mudmivad `aaxleben~ – asworeben da afarToeben.

mijaWvulobis stabiluroba
1 da 2 wlis bavSvebis mijaWvulobis stabilurobis kvlevaTa Sedegebi
mravalferovani iyo. zogierTis monacemebiT, bavSvebis 70-90 procents
mSoblebze reaqcia ucvleli hqonda; sxva kvlevebis mixedviT ki mxolod 30-
40 procents Seadgenda (Thompson, 1998, 2000). im bavSvebze axlodan
dakvirveba, romelTa reaqcia igive rCeba da imaTze, visi reaqciac icvleba,
ufro Tanmimdevrul suraTs mogvcems. mijaWvulobis xarisxi saSualo
socioekonomikuri statusis (ses) bavSvebSi, romelTa sacxovrebeli
pirobebic damakmayofilebelia, Cveulebriv, usafrTxo da stabiluria.
safrTxis mqone mijaWvuloba usafrTxo mijaWvulobiT icvleba umetesad im
CvilebSi, romlebsac adaptaciis kargi donis, kargi ojaxuri mdgomareobisa
da megobruli kavSirebis mqone dedebi hyavT.
SesaZloa bevri adamiani fsiqologiurad mzad araa gaxdes mSobeli,
magram socialuri xelSewyobis meSveobiT Zalian male iTaviseben am rols.
dabali ses-is ojaxebSi, sadac yoveldRiuradaa stresi, xSiria mSoblebis
fsiqologiuri problemebi, mwiria socialuri daxmareba, mijaWvulobis
statusi usafrTxo models Sordeba an erTi safrTxis mqone modelidan
meoreSi gadainacvlebs (Belsky da sxvebi, 1996; Hommerding, & Shaw, 1999;
Vondra da sxvebi, 2001). am Sedegebma cxadyo, rom usafrTxo mijaWvulobis
bavSvebi, safrTxis mqone mijaWvulobis mqoneTagan gansxvavebiT, romelTa
urTierToba mzrunvelTan myifea da aramtkice, sakuTari mijaWvulobis
statuss ufro xSirad inarCuneben. gamonaklisia dezorganizebuli/
dezorientirebuli mijaWvuloba – safrTxis mqone urTierTobis paterni,
romelic iseTive stabiluria, rogorc usafrTxo mijaWvuloba. bavSvebis
daaxloebiT 70 procenti dabadebidan meore wlis ganmavlobaSi
mijaWvulobis am models inarCunebs (Barnett, Ganiban, & Cicchetti, 1999; Hesse &
Main, 2000). rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, dezorganizebuli/ dezorientirebuli
mijaWvulobis mqone Cvilebi msxverplni arian ukiderasad uaryofiTi
aRzrdis, ramac emociis TviTregulacia SesaZloa imdenad daazianos, rom
bavSvebSi dabneuloba xangrZlivad SenarCundes.
saerTod, bevri bavSvi mijaWvulobis xarisxis arastabilurobas
cotaxans amJRavnebs. ramdenime kvlevam gviCvena mijaWvulobis xarisxis
Zalze xangrZlivi stabiluroba, magaliTad, Cvilobidan bavSvobis Sua
periodamde, mSoblebTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb saubrebis mixedviT –
mozardobis periodamde, zog SemTxvevaSi ki zrdasrulobisasac (Hamilton,
2000; Waters da sxvebi, 2000). magram kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT xazgasmiT, rom
monawileebi saSualo ses-is ojaxebidan iyvnen da umetesobas stabiluri
ojaxuri pirobebi hqonda. xolo monawileebs ukiduresad gaWirvebuli
ojaxebidan, Cvilobis periodSi usafrTxo mijaWvuloba safrTxis mqone
mijaWvulobiT Secvala, ramac Tavi zrdasrul asakSic iCina. bavSvTan
cudad mopyrobam, dedis depresiam da ojaxis gaWirvebam mozardobis
adreul periodSi es axalgazrda adamianebi im ramdenime axalgazrda
adamianisgan ganasxvava, romlebmac usafrTxo mijaWvuloba SeinarCunes.
organizaciisa da mimarTulebis armqone mijaWvulobis mqone monawileebSi
safrTxis mqone mijaWvulobam didxans gastana. isini sakuTari mSoblebis
mimarT dabneul, ambivalentur grZnobebs gamoxatavdnen. am kategoriis
bavSvebis met nawils cudad epyrobodnen (Weinfield, Whaley, & Egeland, 2004;
Weinfield, Sroufe, & Egeland, 2000).

kulturuli saxesxvaobebi
kroskulturulma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom mijaWvulobis modelebs
sxvadasxva kulturis qveynebSi sxvadasxva interpretacia aqvs. magaliTad,
germanel bavSvebSi, amerikel bavSvebTan SedarebiT, garidebis formis
mijaWvuloba Warbobs. magram germaneli mSoblebi Cvilebs
damoukideblobisken aqezeben, amgvarad bavSvebis qceva SesaZloa
kulturuli tradiciebisa da gamocdilebis Sedegi iyos (Grossmann da
sxvebi, 1985). afrikaSi maleli xalxis Cvilebze Catarebulma kvlevam
gviCvena, rom arc erT Cvils dedis mimarT garidebis formis mijaWvuloba
ar aReniSna (True, Pisani, & Oumar, 2001). miuxedavad imisa, rom ZiriTad
mzrunvelebad bebiebi gvevlinebian, maleli dedebi bavSvebTan axlos
rCebian da SimSilis an distresis SemTxvevaSi dauyovnebliv reagireben.
iaponeli Cvilebic naklebad ganicdian garidebis formis mijaWvulobas.
bavSvebis gasakvirad didi raodenoba rezistentul, ambivalentur
mijaWvulobas ganicdis, magram SesaZloa es realurad safrTxis mqone
mijaWvuloba sulac ar iyos. iaponeli dedebi sakuTar Cvilebs sxvisi
zrunvis qveS Zalian iSviaTad toveben. amitom ucnob situaciaSi SemTxvevaSi
isini gacilebiT did sterss ganicdian, vidre dedasTan ganSorebas
SeCveuli Cvilebi (Takahashi, 1990). garda amisa, iaponeli mSoblebi Cvilebis
mxridan yuradRebis Ziebas da dedaze mijaWvulobas didad afaseben, es ki
rezistentuli mijaWvulobis nawilia. isini Tvlian, rom Cvilis mier
siaxlovis Zieba da mSoblebze damokidebuleba normaluri mdgomareobaa
(Rothbaum da sxvebi, 2000a). dReisaTvis, kulturuli gansxvavebis miuxedavad,
mijaWvulobis klasifikacia yvela sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebSia
Seswavlili (van Ijzendoorm & Sagi, 1999).

usafrTxo mijaWvulobaze moqmedi faqtorebi

ra faqtorebi axdenen gavlenas usafrTxo mijaWvulobaze?
mkvlevarebma yuradReba gaamaxviles sam faqtorze: (1) axlo urTierTobis
Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobaze; (2) mzrunvelobis Tvisebriv xarisxze; (3)
bavSvis xasiaTsa da (4) ojaxis konteqstze.

mijaWvulobis Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobebi

ra xdeba, rodesac bavSvs mzrunvelTan axlo kavSiris Camoyalibebis
SesaZlebloba ara aqvs? rene spicma (1946) dakvirveba ganaxorciela
specialur dawesebulebaSi dedebis mier 3 – 12 Tvis asakSi mitovebul
Cvilebze, romlebic did oTaxSi moaTavses. TiToeul bavSvs Svid sxva
bavSvTan erTad erTi momvleli uvlida. laRi da xalisiani qcevisgan
gansxvavebiT, romelic maT axasiaTebdaT ganSorebamde, Cveul garemosTan
ganSorebisas tirili daiwyes, daikles wonaSi da cudad eZinaT. Tu mudmivi
mzrunveli ar ikavebs dedis adgils, depresia swrafad Rrmavdeba.
dawesebulebaSi moTavsebul am Cvilebs emociuri problemebi
aReniSnebodaT, vinaidan erT an ramdenime ufrosTan kavSiris damyarebis
SesaZlebloba ar miecaT (Rutter, 1996).
sxva kvlevebis Catarebisas, romlis Sedegebic am daskvnas eTanxmeba,
mkvlevarebma dakvirveba im Cvilebis ganviTarebaze moaxdines, romlebic
iseT dawesebulebebSi cxovrobdnen, sadac wignebiTa da saTamaSoebiT
mdidari garemo da kargi, yuradRebiani mzrunvelobis atmosfero sufevda.
garda amisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom am dawesebulebaSi
personalis denadoba imdenad swrafi iyo, rom bavSvebs 41/2 asakisaTvis
saSualod 50-mde mzrunveli hyavda gamocvlili! am bavSvebis umetesi nawili
4 wlis Semdeg sxvadasxva ojaxma iSvila. umetesobam axal mSoblebTan
Zalian axlo kavSiri daamyara. es ki imis maniSnebelia, rom pirveladi
mijaWvulobis kavSiris ganviTareba iseT gviandel asakSia SesaZlebeli,
rogoricaa cxovrebis pirveli 4-6 weli (Tizard & Rees, 1975). magram es
bavSvebi mijaWvulobasTan dakavSirebul sirTuleebs mainc ganicdidnen,
kerZnod, aReniSnebodaT ufrosis yuradRebis Zlieri survili, ucnobi
ufrosebisa da megobrebis mimarT `zedmetad megobruli grZnoba~ da
megobrebis viwro wre. rumineTis bavSvTa saxlebidan ayvanil bavSvebs,
romlebmac cxovrebis pirveli 6 Tve an meti bavSvTa saxlSi gaatares,
urTierTobasTan dakavSirebuli msgavsi problemebi hqondaT (Hodges & Tizard,
1989; O’Connor da sxvebi, 2003). miuxedavad imisa, rom amaSi sruli
darwmunebisaTvis zrdasrul asakSi Semdgomi dakvirvebaa aucilebeli,
zemoT aRniSnuli Sedegebi mainc iZleva imis saSualebas, vifiqroT, rom
srulfasovani, normaluri ganviTareba adreul asakSi momvlelebTan axlo
kavSirebis Camoyalibebazea damokidebuli. Tanamimdevruli da Sesatyvisi
reagireba da misi nazi da yuradRebiani movla – rogorc biologiur, aseve
deda-Cvilis wyvilebSi, sxvadasxva kulturebSi da ses jgufebSi usafrTxo
mijaWvulobasTan aris dakavSirebuli (DeWolff & van Ijzendoorn, 1997; Posada da
sxvebi, 2002, 2004; Stams, Juffer, & van Ijzendoorn, 2002; van Ijzendoorn da sxvebi,
2004). ZiriTadad, safrTxis mqone mijaWvulobis Cvilebs iseTi dedebi hyavT,
romlebsac sakuTar SvilebTan Zalian mwiri fizikuri kontaqti aqvT,
uxeSad eqcevian maT, uaryofiTad ganwyobilebi da agznebulebi arian
(Ainsworth da sxvebi, 1978; Isabella, 1993; Pederson & Moran, 1996).
Crdiloamerikeli bavSvebis kvlevam ganacalkeva komunikaciis
gansakuTrebuli formis e.w. interaqciuli sinqroniis meSveobiT usafrTxo
da safrTxis mqone bavSvebis gamocdilebac. interaqciuli sinqronia
SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc sensiturad awyobili urTierTSewyobili
`emociuri cekva~, romlis drosac momvleli Cvilis signalze drouli,
Sesatyvisi riTmuli stiliT pasusobs da orive partniori miesadageba
emociur mdgomareobas, gansakuTrebiT dadebiTs (Isabell & Belsky, 1991;
Kochanska, 1998). rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Cvilebs emociis regulaciaSi
exmareba sensitiuri, pirispir TamaSi, rodesac interaqciul sinqronia
aRiniSneba. viciT, rom sensitiuri pirispir TamaSi, romlis drosac
interaqciul sinqroniaTa sinqronuloba aRmocendeba, Cvilebs emociis
regulaciaSi exmareba. ufrossa da Cvils Soris zomieri koordinacia
mijaWvulobis usafrTxoebis sarwmuno prediqtoria, vidre `mWidro~
koordinacia, romlis drosac ufrosebi faqtobriv Cvilebis yvela
signalze reagireben (Jaffe da sxvebi, 2001). SesaZloa Tbili, sensitiuri
momvlelebi komunikaciis msubuq, moqnil meTods iyeneben, romlis drosac
emociur SeuTavseblobas mSvidad Rebuloben da asworeben. amis Sedegad
isini sinqronul mdgomareobas ubrundebian. damatebiT isic unda aRiniSnos,
rom sxvadasxva kulturaSi dedis sensitiurobisadmi midgoma, maTi
Rirebulebebisa da bavSvis ganviTarebisaken mimarTul miznebzea
damokidebuli. magaliTad, keniaSi, gusiis tomSi, dedebi sakuTar bavSvebs
iSviaTad eferebian, ixuteben an eTamaSebian, magram sakuTari Cvilebis
moTxovnilebebze adekvaturad reagireben da Zalze gulisxmierebi arian.
amis Sedegad gusiis tomis CvilTa umetesobas usafrTxo mijaWvuloba
uviTardeba da dedebs usafrTxo bazisad iyeneben (LeVine da sxvebi, 1994).
yovelive es ki imaze migviTiTebs, rom usafrTxoeba pirobiT viTardeba
momentidan gamomdinare, yuradRebian mzrunvelobazea damokidebuli da ara
interaqciis aucileblobiT. Puerto_rikoeli dedebi, romlebic
morCilebasa da socialurad misaReb da adekvatur qcevebs didad afaseben,
xSirad fizikurad marTaven da garkveul CarCoebSi aqceven bavSvis
qmedebebs. esaa mijaWvulobis usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli
mzrunvelobis stili, romelic maTi kulturuli tradiciebisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli.
msgavsi fizikuri kontroli dasavluri kulturis erebSi, sadac
amgvari midgoma uxeSi Carevis, intruziuli urTierTobis stiladaa
miCneuli, safrTxis mqone mijaWvulobis prediqtoria (Carlson & Horwood,
2003).
usafrTxod mijaWvul CvilebTan SedarebiT mijaWvulobisagan
garidebuli bavSvebi gadaWarbebuli stimuliaciis mqone mzrunvelobas
iReben. magaliTad,SesaZloa, aseT bavSvebs dedebi energiulad esaubrebian
im dros, rodesac Svilebi sxva saxis garTobas cdiloben an daZineba
undaT. aseTi Cvilebi dedasTan damTrgunveli interaqciisgan Tavis
daRwevas cdiloben. rezistentuli Cvilebi xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego
zrunvas iReben: aseTi dedebi Cvilis signalze ar reagireben, magram
rodesac bavSvi garemos gamokvlevasa da Seswavlas iwyebs, erevian da misi
yuradRebis miqcevas cdiloben. amis Sedegad bavSvebi dedaze brazdebian da
maTze zedmetad damokidebulebi xdebian dedis uyuradRebobis gamo (Cassidy
& Berlin, 1994; Isabella & Belsky, 1991). rodesac mzrunveloba zedmetad
araadekvaturia, is mijaWvulobis Sewyvetis momaswavebelia.
bavSvTan uxeSi mopyroba da misi ugulebelyofa safrTxis mqone
mijaWvulobis samive formasTanaa dakavSirebuli. CvilebSi, romlebsac
cudad epyrobodnen, organizaciisa da mimarTulebis armqone mijaWvuloba
gansakuTrebiT maRalia (Barnett, Ganiban, & Cicchetti, 1999, van Ijzendoorn,
Schuengel, & Bakermans; Kranenburg, 1999). am tipis daurwmunebuli, meryevi
qcevebis gaRvivebas uwyobda xels depresiuli dedebi, romlebmac sulieri
travma gadaitanes (magaliTad, sayvareli adamianis dakargva), (Teti da sxvebi,
1995; van Ijzendoorn, 1995). dakvirvebebma cxadyo, rom zog aseT dedas
SemaSinebeli, urTierTsapirispiro da usiamovno qcevebi aqvs, magaliTad,
SeSinebuli iyurebian, dascinian bavSvebs, maTgan Sors iWeren Tavs da
distanciaze hyavT isini (Goldberg da sxvebi, 2003; Lyons-Ruth, Bronfman, &
Persons, 1999; Schuengel, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van Ijendoorn, 1999). bavSvis
dezorganizebuli qcevebi asaxavs mSoblebis mimarT urTierTsapirispiro
reaqcias, romlebic erT SemTxvevaSi bavSvis damSvidebas cdiloben, sxva
SemTxvevaSi ki SiSs hgvrian mas.

Cvilis Taviseburebebi
radgan mijaWvuloba mSoblebTan Camoyalibebuli urTierTobis
Sedegia, Cvilis damaxasiTebeli Tvisebebi am urTierTobis Camoyalibebis
sirTulesa da siioleze zemoqmedebs. naadrevi mSobiaroba, garTulebuli
mSobiaroba da axalSobilis avadmyofoba zedmetad daZabul/gadamRlel
mzrunvelobas ganapirobebs. stresul, ukiduresad gaWirvebul ojaxebSi
msgavsi sirTuleebi safrTxis mqone mijaWvulobasTanaa dakavSirebuli
(Wille, 1991). magram Tu mSoblebs aqvT dro da moTmineba bavSvis
gansakuTrebul saWiroebebze moaxdinon reagireba da Cvilebi dadebiTad
Seafason, riskis qveS myofi axalSobiliT gamowveuli SiSi usafrTxo
mijaWvulobaSi advilad gadaizrdeba (Cox, Hopkins, & Hans, 2000; Pederson &
Moran, 1995).
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvilebs aqvT sxvadasxva temperamenti, romlis
roli usafrTxo mijaWvulobaSi sakamaToa. zog mkvlevars sjera, rom
gaRizianebul da gaubedav Cvilebs, miuxedavad mSoblis sensitiurobisa,
xanmokle ganSorebaze SesaZloa SfoTvis reaqcia hqondeT (Kagan, 1998). am
azris gaTvaliswinebiT emociurad moreagire, rTul bavSvebSi mogvianebiT
safrTxis mqone mijaWvulobis Camoyalibebis albaToba didia (van Ijzendoorn
da sxvebi, 2004; Vaughn & Bost, 1999).
sxva Sedegebis mixedviT ki, Cvilis sirTuleebsa da safrTxis mqone
mijaWvulobas Soris arsebul urTierTobaSi didi mniSvneloba aRzrdas,
kerZod, mzrunvel damokidebulebas eniWeba. 2 wlamde asakis bavSvebis
Seswavlisas gamovlinda, rom rTul Cvilebs xSir SemTxvevaSi zedmetad
nervuli (paTologiuri SiSis mqone) dedebi hyavT anu es aris - kombinacia,
romlis Sedegic ori wlis asakSi `disharmoniuli urTierTobaa~ (ix. sqema
10.8) (Symons, 2001). Cvilis sirTuleebi da dedis SfoTva
urTierTzemoqmedebs da oriveze Rrma kvals tovebs. es aRzrdisa da
mSobelsa da Cvils Soris usafrTxo kavSiris Sesustebas ganapirobebs.
organizaciisa da mimarTulebis armqone mijaWvulobis mqone 12-18 Tvis
bavSvebze Catarebulma kvlevam uaryofiTi emociuri reaqciurobis swrafi
mateba gviCvena. rTulma temperamentma mijaWvulobis dezorganizacia ar
ganapiroba; piriqiT, is sirTuleebs win uswrebda da xelsac uwyobda
(Barnett, Ganiban, & Cicchetti, 1999).
da marTlac, mravalma kvlevam daadastura, rom mzrunvelobas
mijaWvulobis usafrTxoebaze Cvilis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis
zegavlenis gabaTileba SeuZlia. rodesac mkvlevarebmagaaerTianes aTasze
met deda-Cvilis wyvilze dakvirvebis monacemebi, aRmoaCnda, rom dedis
problemebi – magaliTad, fsiqikuri aSliloba, arasrulwlovani mSoblebi
da bavSvTan uxeSi mopyroba –safrTxis mqone mijaWvulobis swraf zrdas
ukavSirdeboda. bavSvis problemebs ki, rogoricaa – ganviTarebaSi
Seferxeba seriozul fizikur uunarobamde da fsiqologiur moSlilobamde,
mijaWvulobis xarisxze Zalze mcire gavlena aqvs (van Ijzendoorn da sxvebi,
1992).
da bolos, Tu bavSvis xasiaTi gansazRvravs mijaWvulobis
usafrTxoebas, mosalodnelia, rom mijaWvuloba sul cota saSualod
zomierad memkvidreobiTia, zustad iseve, rogorc temperamenti. tyupebis
Sedarebam cxadyo, rom mijaWvulobis memkvidreobiTi faqtori nulis tolia
(O’Connor & Croft, 2001). erTi kvercxujredis tyupebSi usafrTxo mijaWvuloba
sxvadasxva kvercxujredis tyupebisgan (an da-Zmisgan) didad
ar gansxvavdeba. da-Zmebis daaxloebiT ori mesameds – erTi kvercxujredis
tyupebs, sxvadasxva kvercxujrediani tyupebs, aratyupebs, aranaTesauri
kavSiris mqone da-Zmas an naSvileb Cvilebs – sakuTar mSoblebTan
mijaWvulobis msgavsi modelebi uyalibdebaT. radgan da-Zmas sxvadasxva
temperamenti aqvs (Dozier da sxvebi, 2001; van Ijzendoorn, 1995) es migviTiTebs
imaze, rom mijaWvulobis usafrTxoebaze zegavlenis uZlieresi garemo
faqtori gauziarebeli gamocdileba da gancdebia, romlebic asaxaven
mSoblebis mcdelobas, sakuTari mzrunveloba yoveli bavSvis individualur
moTxovnilebebs moargos.
mTavari mizezi imisa, rom bavSvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi mWidro
kavSirSi ar aris mijaWvulobis xarisxTan, aris is, rom es zegavlena
Sesatyvisobis modelis efeqturobazea damokidebuli. am perspeqtividan
bavSvi bevr Tvisebas usafrTxo mijaWvulobamde mihyavs manam, sanam
mzrunveli sakuTar sensitiur qcevebs bavSvis saWiroebebis mixedviT cvlis
(Seifer & Schiller, 1995; Sroufe, 1985). Careva, romelic mSoblebs rTul
CvilebTan sensitiuri interaqciis damyarebas aswavlis, rogorc
mzrunvelobis xarisxis, aseve usafrTxo mijaWvulobis gazrdisTvis Zalze
warmatebulia (Bakermans-Kranenburg da sxvebi, 2003). magram Tu mSoblebis –
pirovnebidan an cxovrebis stresuli pirobebidan gamomdinare
SesaZlebloba SezRudulia – avadmyofi, uunaro anu invalidi da rTuli
temperamentis mqone Cvilebi mijaWvulobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis
safrTxis winaSe dganan.

ojaxuri pirobebi
mzrunvelobis xarisxis kargad gageba mxolod mSoblisa da bavSvis
urTierTobis ufro farTo konteqstis Sefasebis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli.
samsaxuris dakargva, CaSlili qorwineba, finansuri problemebi da sxva
stresuli movlenebi mSoblis mzrunvelobis sensitiurobis cvlilebas
ganapirobebs, ris Sedegadac ingreva mijaWvulobac. msgavs stresul
movlenebs, araxelsayreli mzrunvelobiT an gaRizianebuli interaqciiT,
mzrunvelTan bavSvis usafrTxoebis gancdis Secvla SeuZlia (Thompson &
Raikes, 2003).
ojaxSi axalSobili dis an Zmis gamoCena mijaWvulobis xarisxze
ojaxuri pirobebis zemoqmedebas kargad asaxavs. erT-erTi kvlevis dros
dakvirveba ojaxSi ufros bavSvebze ganxorcielda. am kvlevis Sedegebma
gviCvena, rom bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg im skolamdeli asakis ufrosi
(pirveli) bavSvebis usafrTxo mijaWvuloba Semcirda, romelTa dedebic
bavSvis gaCenamde depresiuli da mSfoTvareni iyvnen. msgavsi depresia an
SfoTis simptomebi, rogorc col-qmrul usiamovnebebTan (rac SesaZloa
pirvelma bavSvebma igrZnes da ganicades), aseve dedasa da pirvel bavSvs
Soris arasaxarbielo interaqciasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. magram
skolamdeli asakis im bavSvebma, romelTa dedebs meuRleebTan kargi da
stabiluri urTierToba hqondaT, meore bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg masze
mzrunvelobas kargad gaarTves Tavi, amavdroulad ufrosi Svilebis
mimarTac sensitiuriebi darCnen da usafrTxo mijaWvuloba SeinarCunes (Teti
da sxvebi, 1996). socialuri xelSewyoba, gansakuTrebiT ki dedasa da mamas
Soris kargi urTierToba da orives mxridan mzrunveloba, ojaxur stress
amcirebs da Zlier usafrTxo mijaWvulobas ganapirobebs (Owen & Cox, 1997).
mSoblebis Sinagani samuSao modeli mSoblebs ojaxSi mijaWvulobis
gamocdilebis konteqsti, SemoaqvT, ris safuZvelzec sakuTar Sinagan muSa
models ageben. isini SvilebTan swored sakuTari Sinagani muSa modelis
mixedviT amyareben kavSirs. mSoblebis mijaWvulobasTan dakavSirebuli
sulieri mdgomareobis Sefasebis mizniT
meri meinma da misma kolegebma gadawyvites CaetarebinaT ufrosebTan
mijaWvulobis sakiTxebze interviu-gasaubreba da ufrosebs bavSvobaSi
sakuTari mijaWvulobis gamocdilebis gaxseneba sTxoves (Main & Goldwyn,
1998). 10.3 cxrili asaxavs dedis muSa modelis xarisxsa da maTi Svilebis,
Cvilobisa da adreuli bavSvobis periodSi usafrTxo mijaWvulobas Soris
kavSirs. Sedegebi identuria, rogorc kanadaSi, aseve germaniaSi, did
britaneTSi, niderlandebsa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. mSoblebs,
romlebic sakuTari bavSvobis gaxsenebisas obieqturebi da
gawonasworebulebi iyvnen, ZiriTadad usafrTxod mijaWvuli Cvilebi
hyavdaT, im mSoblebs ki, romlebmac uaryves adreuli urTierTobebis
mniSvneloba an urTierTsapirispiro faqtebs gaRizianebiT aRwerdnen
ZiriTad safrTxis mqone mijaWvulobisa (Steele, Steele, & Fonagy, 1996; van
Ijzendoorn, 1995). mzrunvelobis gamomxatveli qceva am kavSirebis
ganmartebaSi gvexmareba. avtonomiuri/usafrTxo kontaqtis mqone dedebi
sakuTari Svilebis mimarT ZiriTadad ufro Tbili da sensitiurebi arian.
garda amisa, isini ufrosi Svilebis daxmarebas, maTi codnisa da
daxelovnebisaken waqezebas metad cdiloben. Svilebi ki, Tavis mxriv, ufro
meti siyvaruliTa da mSvidi interaqciiT pasuxoben (Pederson da sxvebi, 1998;
Slade da sxvebi1999).
magram ar unda CavTvaloT, rom mSoblis bavSvobis yvela gamocdileba
sakuTar CvilebTan mijaWvulobis xarisxSi pirdapir gadadis. Sinagani
samuSao modelebi aRdgenil, rekonstruirebul mogonebebia, romlebzec
mravali faqtori moqmedebs, maT Soris cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi
Camoyalibebuli urTierTobebi, pirovnebis damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebi da mimdinare cxovrebiT dakmayofilebis xarisxi. longituduri
kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom Cvilobis periodSi zogierT uaryofiT
cxovrebiseul movlenas adamianis sakuTari mijaWvulobis usafrTxoebasa
da zrdasrul asakSi usafrTxo Sinagan samuSao models Soris kavSiris
Sesusteba SeuZlia. safrTxis mqone mijaWvulobis bavSvebi, romlebic
safrTxis mqone Sinagani samuSao modelis mqone ufrosebad Camoyalibdnen,
maTive saubris mixedviT, ojaxuri krizisebiT, usiamovno konfliqtebiT
saves cxovreba hqondaT (Waters da sxvebi, 2000; Weinfield, Sroufe, & Egeland,
2000). amis Sedegad Cveni aRzrdis adreuli gamocdileba ar gansazRvravs
imas sensitiuri mSoblebi gavxdebiT Tu arasensitiuri. ufro marTebuli
iqneba Tu vityviT, rom bavSvobis Cveneuli xedva – SesaZlebloba,
SevurigdeT uaryofiT movlenebs, samuSao modelebSi movaxdinoT axali
informaciis integrireba da Cveni mSoblebis qcevebs gagebiT da
mimteveblurad mivudgeT – gacilebiT met zegavlenas axdens Cvens mier
bavSvis aRzrdaze, vidre Cvens mier realurad gamocdili zrunva (Main,
2000).

mravlobiTi mijaWvuloba: mamis gansakuTrebuli roli

ukve aRvniSneT, rom bavSvebs mijaWvuloba uviTardebaT nacnobi
axlobeli adamianebis mimarT – ara marto dedebis, aramed mamebis, da-Zmebis,
bebia-babuebisa da profesiuli momvlelebis mimarTac. mijaWvulobis
xarisxi sxvadasxvaa da TviToeuli done Cvilis gamocdilebazea
damokidebuli. boulbim (1969) sakuTar TeoriaSi mravlobiT mijaWvulobas
sakmarisi adgili dauTmo. mas sjeroda, rom Cvilebs, gansakuTrebiT
distresis dros, sakuTari mijaWvulobis damyarebis midrekileba erT,
maTTvis gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovan adamianTan aqvT. SfoTvis an dardis
dros bavSvebis umetesoba upiratesobas dedisgan damSvidebas aniWeben.
magram es upiratesoba cxovrebis meore wlis ganmavlobaSi klebulobs. da
rodesac bavSvebi distress ar ganicdian, orive mSoblisken miiweven, xelSi
ayvanas sTxoven, `elaparakebian~ da uRimian maT (Lamb, 1997).
dedis msgavsad, mamis sensitiurobac usafrTxo mijaWvulobis
momaswavebelia. es bavSvebTan gatarebuli xangrZlivi drois mixedviT ufro
Zlierdeba (van Ijzendoorn & De Wolff, 1997). 1-5 wlis bavSvebze sruli
datvirTviT mzrunveli mamebi, bavSvTan ganSorebisas dedis msgavs
grZnobebs avlenen. isini iseve wuxan im zegavlenaze, rac bavSvis
keTildReobaze yoveldRiur ganSorebas axdens (Deater-Deckard da sxvebi,
1994).
Cvilis fsiqofizikur zrdasTan erTad, sxvadasxva kulturis
warmomadgenel – avstraliel, indoel, ebrael, italiel, iaponiel da
amerikel mSoblebs – bavSvebis mimarT sxvadasxva urTierTobebi
uyalibdebaT. dedebi met dros fizikur zrunvas da siyvarulis gamoxatvas
uTmoben. mamebi ki gasarTob saTamaSo interaqcias, rasac bavSvebTan
usafrTxo mijaWvulobis CamoyalibebisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
(Lamb, 1987; Roopnarine da sxvebi, 1990). dedisa da mamis mier bavSvebis
garTobis stilic sxvadasxvagvaria.
Tu xSir SemTxvevaSi dedebi, Cvilebs saTamaSoebiT arToben,
esaubrebian maT, eTamaSebian iseT TamaSebs, rogoricaa `taSi-taSi~ da `Wi-
taa~, mamebi sTavazoben iseT TamaSebs, romelTac fizikuri datvirTva
sWirdebaT, miT ufro mamrobiTi sqesis Cvilebs (Yogman, 1981). zogierT
ojaxSi suraTi – `deda rogorc mzrunveli~ da `mama – TamaSSi moTamaSe
partniori~ – qalebis dasaqmebulobis zrdasTan erTad Seicvala.
dasaqmebuli dedebi, umuSevar dedebTan SedarebiT, sakuTar bavSvebs ufro
mxiaruli stimuliaciiT uzrunvelyofen, xolo mamebi bavSvze zrunviT
arian dakavebulebi (Cox da sxvebi, 1992). bavSvis mzrunvelobiT
maqsimalurad dakavebul mamebSi tradiciuli sqesobrivi stereotipebi
naklebia. isini Zalian megobrulebi da Tbilebi arian (Cabrera da sxvebi,
2000; Levy-Shiff & Israelashvili, 1988).
bavSvis aRzrdaSi mamis Careva ojaxSi urTierTobebis, ganwyobisa da
qcevis kompleqsuri sistemis farglebSi xdeba. Tu orsuloba dagegmili da
sasurvelia da ara moulodneli da SemTxveviTi, Tanac mSoblebs sjeraT,
rom mamakacs Cvilis aRzrda SeuZlia, maSin mamebi bavSvze mzrunvelobas
met dros uTmoben (Beitel & Parke, 1998; Brown & Eisenberg, 1995). Tbili
colqmruli kavSiri orive mSobels, miT ufro mamebs, bavSvis aRzrdiT
dakavebaSi exmareba (Braungert-Rieker, Courtnry, & Garwood, 1999; Frosch,
Mangelsdorf, & McHale, 2000). momdevno gverdze CarCoSi moyvanilia informacia
kulturuli zegavlenis Sesaxeb, romelSic am daskvnis kroskulturuli
damamtkicebeli sabuTebia da bavSvis ganviTarebaSi mamis siTbos Zlieri
rolia asaxuli.

mijaWvuloba da gviandeli ganviTareba

fsiqoanalitikuri da eTologiuri Teoriebis mixedviT siyvarulisa
da usafrTxoebis Sinagani grZnobebi, romlebic mijaWvulobis jansaRi
urTierTobis Sedegia, fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis yvela aspeqts uwyobs
xels. erT-erTi farTo longituddinuri kvlevisas alan sraufma da misma
kolegebma aRmoaCines, rom skolamdeli asakis bavSvebma, romlebsac
pataraobisas mSoblebis mimarT usafrTxo mijaWvuloba hqondaT, 2 wlis
asakSi problemis mogavrebisas ufro meti enTuziazmi, moqniloba da
simtkice gamoavlines, xolo 4 wlis asakSi am bavSvebs, maswavleblebis
azriT unari hqondaT maRali TviTSefasebis socialuri da empaTiurebi
iyvnen. amis sapirispirod, garidebis mijaWvulobis mqone Tanatolebs
maswavleblebi izolirebul da gancalkevebul bavSvebad, xolo
rezistentuli mijaWvulobis bavSvebs gamanadgurebel da rTul bavSvebad
axasiaTebdnen. xelaxali kvleva sazafxulo banakSi Catarda. monawileebi
Cvilobis periodSi mSoblebis mimarT usafrTxo mijaWvulobis mqone 11
wlis bavSvebi iyvnen. kvlevam cxadyo, rom am bavSvebs, banakis
xelmZRvanelebis SefasebiT, megobrebTan ufro adekvaturi, axlo
urTierTobebi da ukeTesi socialuri unar-Cvevebi hqondaT (Elicker, Englund, &
Sroufe, 1992; Matas, Arend, & Sroufe, 1978; Shulman, Elicker, Sroufe, 1994).
am Sedegebis safuZvelze bevri mkvlevari Tvlis, rom Cvilobis
periodSi usafrTxo mijaWvuloba ufro gviandel gaumjobesebul kognitur,
emociur da socialurunarCvevebs ganapirobebs. magramsapirispiros
damadasturebeli masalebic arsebobs. sxva longituduri kvlevisas
usafrTxo mijaWvulobis Cvilebi safrTxis mqone mijaWvulobis CvilebTan
SedarebiT, zog SemTxvevaSi ukeT ganviTardnen, zog SemTxvevaSi ki – ara
(Lewis, 1997; Schneider, Atkinson, & Tardif, 2001; Stams, Juffer, & van Ijzendoorn, 2002).
dezorganizebuli/ dezorientirebuli mijaWvuloba ki mainc gamonaklisad
rCeba da skolamdel da skolis asakis bavSvebSi ucvlelad Zalze mtrul
ganwyobasTan da agresiasTanaa
dakavSirebuli (Lyons-Ruth, 1996; Lyons-Ruth, Easterbrooks, & Cibelli, 1997).
 riT aixsneba adreuli mijaWvulobis xarisxis Sesaxeb kvlevis
monacemebisa da Sedegebis zogierTi Seusabamoba? bevr masalaze
dayrdnobiT mzrunvelobis uwyvetobagansazRvravs, ramdenad iqneba
dakavSirebuli usafrTxo mijaWvuloba gviandel ganviTarebasTan (Lamb da
sxvebi, 1985; Thompson, 2000). bavSvebi ukeT viTardebian, Tu mSoblebis
sensitiuri reagireba aramarto Cvilobis periodSi, aramed Semdeg wlebSic
xorcieldeba.
mSoblebis xangrZlivi arasensitiuroba maT bavSvebSi xangrZlivi
garidebis, rezistentuli da dezorganizirebuli mijaWvulobis Zlier, myar
qcevebs ayalibebs da bavSvebs ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebis
riskis qveS ayenebs. msgavsi daskvnis gamotanaSi cxovrebis pirveli
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi mSoblebis movlasa da bavSvebis adaptaciis
unars Soris arsebul kavSirsa da urTierTobaze dakvirveba gvexmareba.
gaixseneT, dezorganizebuli/dezorientirebuli mijaWvulobis
Cvilebis dedebs fsiqologiuri problemebi aqvT, xolo maTi mzrunveloba
Zalze cudad adapturia, bavSvebis adaptaciis mwir unars ganapirobebs
(Lyons-Ruth, Bronfman, & Parsons, 1999). metic, rodesac aTasze met 1 wlidan 3
wlamde bavSvze dakvirveba Caateres, gairkva, rom usafrTxo mijaWvulobis
istoriis mqone bavSvebSi, romlebic dedis sensitiur mzrunvelobas
iRebdnen, kognituri, emociuri da socialuri unar-Cvevebis Sedegebi maRali
iyo, xolo safrTxis mqone mijaWvulobis bavSvebma Zalian dabali Sedegebi
aCvenes, dedis sensitiuri mzrunvelobis mqone, Sereuli mijaWvulobis
bavSvebSi ki, Sualeduri Sedegebi aRiniSna (Belsky & Fearon, 2002). ufro
zustad, safrTxis mqone mijaWvulobis Cvilebma, romelTa dedebic bavSvebis
mimarT adreul periodSi ufro sensitiurebi gaxdnen, ganviTarebis aRdgenis
niSnebi gviCvenes.
es ar gagonebT pirvel TavSi ganxilul sicocxlisunarianobis
sakiTxs? bavSvs, romelsac mSoblebis mzrunveloba gauumjobesda an ojaxis
miRma sxva mosiyvarule adamiani gamouCnda, araxelsayreli rTuli
mdgomareobis daZleva SeuZlia. xolo is bavSvi, romelsac Cvilobisas
sensitiur mzrunveloba hqonda, magram gveiandel asakSi saTanado
kavSirebis naklebobas ganicdis, seriozuli problebebis winaSe dgas.
usafrTxo mijaWvuloba Cvilobis periodSi mniSvnelovania, vinaidan
is mSobelsa da bavSvs Soris urTierTobis dadebiT ganviTarebas
ganapirobebs da mSoblis sensitiurobis gagrZelebis albaTobas zrdis.
bevri kvleva adasturebs, rom adreuli siTbo, mSobelsa da bavSvs Soris
xangrZlivi dadebiTi kavSiri xels uwyobs bavSvis ganviTarebis yvela
aspeqts– ukeTesi TviTSefasebis grZnobas, emociis ukeTes gagebas,
maswavleblebTan da megobrebTan xelsayreli urTierTobas, ufro efeqtur
socialuri unar-Cvevebi, pasuxismgeblobis Zlieri grZnobas skolaSi
akademiuri miRwevebis ufro Zlieri motivaciaa (Thompson, Easterbooks, &
Padilla-Walker, 2003). magram adreuli mijaWvulobis usafrTxoebis efeqti
pirobiTia – is Cvilis momavali urTierTobebis xarisxzea damokidebuli.
da bolos, Cvens mier zemomoyvanili da Semdeg TavebSi ganxiluli
informaciis Tanaxmad, mijaWvuloba erT-erTi im kompleqsur
zegavlenaTagania, romelic zegavlenas axdens bavSvis fsiqologiur
ganviTarebaze.
me-s gaCena da `me-koncefciis~ ganviTareba
arsebiTad yvela mkvlevari eTanxmeba mosazrebas me-s ori
gansxvavebuli aspeqtis Sesaxeb, romelic saukuneze meti xnis win
filosofosma uiliam jeimsma (William James, 1890/1963) gansazRvra:
me-subieqti (I-self), rogorc mcodne da moqmedi, moicavs Semdegis
gacnobierebas: TviTcodna (self-awareness) anu `me~ gamocalkevebulia
garemomcveli samyarosagan da sxvaTaTvis miuwvdomeli piradi Sinagani
cxovreba aqvs; TviTmdgradoba (selfcontinuity) anu `me~ droTa ganmavlobaSi
erTi da igive adamiania; TviTkoherentuloba (self-coherency) anu `me~
calkeuli, Tanmimdevruli, Semofargluli arsebaa; da TviTkontroli anu
`me~ akontrolebs sakuTar fiqrebsa da qmedebebs.
me-obieqti (Me-self) _ codnisa da Sefasebis obieqti. is moicavs yvela
maxasiaTebels, romelic me-s gamorCeulsa da unikalurs xdis: materialur
Taviseburebebs, fizikur garegnobasa da sakuTrebas; fsiqologiuri
Taviseburebebi moicavs survilebs, damokidebulebebs, rwmenas, azrovnebis
procesebsa da pirovnul Tvisebebs; socialur Taviseburebebs anu rolebsa
da sxvebTan urTierTobas.

TviTcnobiereba
sicocxlis pirvelive TveebSi Cvilebi sarkeSi sakuTar gamosaxulebas
uRimian. rodis acnobierebs bavSvi, rom sarkidan daJinebiT momzirali da
mocinari momxiblavi arseba Tavad is aris?
me-subieqtis sawyisebi dabadebisas Cvilebi grZnoben, rom isini
garemosagan fizikurad gamocalkevebulebi arian. magaliTad, axalSobilebi
gacilebiT myar refleqss avlenen garegani stimulaciis (loyaze sxvisi
Sexeba) pasuxad, vidre TviT-stimulaciis (sakuTari xeliT sakuTar loyaze
Sexeba) pasuxad (Rochat & Hespos, 1997). axalSobilis intermodaluri aRqmis
(ix. Tavi 4) gasaocari unari xels uwyobs me-subieqtis Camoyalibebas
(Rochat, 2003). raki grZnoben sakuTar Sexebas, grZnoben da xedaven sakuTari
kidurebis moZraobas, grZnoben da esmiT sakuTari tirili, bavSvebi
inermadalur Sesabamisobebs adgenen, rac maT sxeuls garemomcveli
sxeulebisa da obieqtebisagan gamoacalkevebs. pirveli ramdenime Tvis
ganmavlobaSi Cvilebi sakuTar vizualur gamosaxulebas sxva stimulisagan
arCeven, miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTcodna kvlav mxolod aRqmiTa da
moqmedebiT aris Semofargluli. rodesac patarebs aCveneben gverdigverd
moTavsebuli sakuTari fexebis videogamosaxulebebs, romelTagan erTi maTi
TvalTaxedviT aris gadaRebuli (videokamera bavSvis ukan aris
moTavsebuli), xolo meore _ damkvirveblis TvalTaxedviT (video kamera
bavSvis win aris moTavsebuli), sami Tvisani ufro xangrZlivad
damkvirveblis TvaliT danaxuls uyureben (ix. sqema 11.2a). meore SemTxvevaSi
isini sakuTari fexebis Sebrunebul videogamosaxulebas ufro xangrZlivad
akvirdebian,
vidre Cveulebriv mdgomareobaSi gadaRebuls (ix. sqema 11.2b) (Rochat, 1998). 4
Tvis Cvilebi sxvebis videogamosaxulebebs ufro uyureben da uRimian, vidre
sakuTari Tavisas, rac imas mianiSnebs, rom sxva adamians (me-s opozitiurs)
potenciur socialur partniorad ganixilaven (Rochat & Striano, 2002).
mravali Teoretikosi varaudobs, rom me-subieqtis ganviTareba Cvilis
mier imis faqtis gacnobirebis kvaldakval mimdinareobs, rom maTi
(Cvilebis) qmedebebi obieqtebsa da adamianebs winaswargansazRvruli
reaqciisaken ubiZgebs (Harter, 1998). am mosazrebas adasturebs is, rom roca
mSoblebi waaxaliseben Cvilis mier `kvleva-Ziebas~ da gulisyuriT
ekidebian mis signals (usafrTxo mijaWvulobis maCveneblebi), mas
warmatebiT uyalibdeba me-s rogorc agentis gancda (ix. sqema 11.3a).
magaliTad, aseTi mSoblebis Svilebi 1-dan 2 wlamde me-sTan dakavSirebul
ufro rTul moqmedebebs asruleben warmosaxviTi TamaSis dros _ me-d
moniSnaven Tojinas (sakuTar Tavad warmoadgenen), romelic wyals svams da
daTunias kocnis (Pipp, Easterbrooks, & Harmon, 1992).
garemomcvel samyaroSi qmedebaTa kvaldakval Cvilebi iseT Sedegebs
amCneven, romlebic maT sakuTari Tavis, sxva adamianebisa da obieqtebis
daxarisxebaSi exmareba (Rochat, 2001). magaliTad, saTamaSo manqanis
moZraobisa da Cvilis moZraobis gansxvavebuli xasiaTi pataras informacias
awvdis me-sa da fizikur samyaros Soris garkveul mimarTebaze. dedisadmi
`miZRvnili~ sicili da RuRuni da sapasuxo sicili da alersi mas me-sa da
socialur samyaros Soris urTierTkavSiris gansazRvraSi exmareba. es
kontrastebi Cvils me-s xatis CamoyalibebaSi exmareba, romelic
gancalkevebulia, magram amave dros mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli gare
realobasTan.
me-obieqtis sawyisebi sicocxlis meore wlis ganmavlobaSi me-obieqtis
CamoyalibebasTan erTad bavSvebi ukve Segnebulad ecnobian me-s fizikur
Taviseburebebs. erT-erTi kvlevisas 9-24 Tvis bavSvebi sarkis win dasves da
dedebs maTi wiTeli saRebaviT moTxupnuli cxviris gasufTaveba sTxoves.
asakiT umcrosebi sarkes exebodnen, TiTqos wiTeli laqa sarkidan
momziral maTive gamosaxulebas hqonda da ara maT. 15 Tvisani sakuTar
cxvirebs iwmendnen, rac imis maCvenebeli iyo, rom ukve icodnen sarkidan
momzirali me iyo (Lewis & Brooks-Gunn, 1979). amis garda, zogierTi maTgani
sulelurad iqceoda an imorcxvebda sarkis win, xalisiT akvirdeboda
sakuTar gamosaxulebas (Bullock & Lutkenhaus, 1990).
daaxloebiT 2 wlis asakSi TviTaRiareba _ sakuTari Tavis, rogorc
fizikurad unikaluri arsebis aRqma _ kargad aris Camoyalibebuli. bavSvebi
TavisTavs scnoben fotoebze da sakuTar Tavze saubrisas TiTqmis yvela
iyenebs sakuTar saxels an piris nacvalsaxels (`me~ an `Cemi~) (Lewis &
Brooks-Gunn, 1979). bavSvebis mier me-obieqtis ufro srulyofilad
gacnobierebas kidev erTi weli dasWirdeba. roca 2-3 wlisebs sakuTar Tavs
`cocxal~ videoSi (video drois realuri masStabiT) aCveneben, ekranze
danaxvisTanave bavSvebi Tmebze mikruli webovani furclis moZrobas
cdiloben (acnobiereben, rom videoSi sakuTar Tavs xedaven). magram Tu
videos aCveneben Caweridan ramdenime wuTSi, 4 wlamde bavSvebi Tmaze
mikrul qaRalds ar iZroben, Tumca kiTxvaze, vin iyo televizorSi,
dabejiTebiT pasuxoben _ `me~ (Povinelli, 2001).
me-subieqtis msgavsad me-obieqtis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba sensitiuri
mzrunvelobiT aris SesaZlebeli. Tu ki bavSvs mSobelTan usafrTxo, anu
ndobaze dafuZnebuli kavSiri aqvs U(usafrTxo mijaWvuloba), maSin is
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis Sesaxeb (mag., sakuTari
da mSoblebis sxeulis nawilebis Sesaxeb) ufro rTul codnas amJRavnebs,
vidre misi Tanatolebi (ix. sqema 11.3 b) (Pipp, Easterbrooks, & Brown, 1993).
TviTcodna da adreuli emociuri da socialuri ganviTareba
TviTcodna swrafad xdeba bavSvis emociuri da socialuri cxovrebis
ZiriTadi nawili. me-10 Tavidan Tu gavixsenebT, TviTSemecnebis emociebi
bavSvis mier `me~-s gancdis gaRrmavebazea damokidebuli. TviTcodna sxva
adamianis Tvalsazrisis miRebis safuZvelic xdeba. magaliTad, is
dakavSirebulia TanagrZnobasa da TviTSemecnebasTan dakavSirebuli qcevis
safuZvlebTan: morcxvobasa da uxerxulobasTan. amasTanave, sarkisebri
TviTcnobiereba win uZRvis TanatolTa mudmiv, ormxriv mibaZvas _ Tanatoli
abraxunebs an ukan brundeba, patarac baZavs qcevas (Asendorpf, Warkentin, &
Baudonniere, 1996). es imis maCvenebelia, rom aramarto bavSvia TanatoliT
dainteresebuli, aramed icis, rom Tavadac
interesis sagani xdeba. ori wlis asakSi TviTSemecneba sakuTrebis grZnobas
uyris safuZvels. rac ufro myaria 2 wlis bavSvis TviTSemecneba, miT ufro
mesakuTrul grZnobebs amJRavnebs (Levine, 1983; Fasig, 2000). myari me-s gancda
saSualebas aZlevs bavSvebs iTanamSromlon sagnebis, TamaSisa da martivi
problemebis gadaWris Taobaze warmoqmnili kamaTis dros (Brownell & Carriger,
1990; Caplan da sxvebi, 1991). aqedan gamomdinare, TanatolTa megobruli
urTierTobis xelSewyobis mizniT mSoblebsa da maswavleblebs SeuZliaT
maTi mesakuTruli grZnobebi sakuTari uflebebis dacvis niSnad miiCnion
(`diax, es Seni saTamaSoa~) da
Semdeg xeli Seuwyon kompromiss (`iqneb cota xniT sxvas aTxovo~), imis
nacvlad, rom daJinebiT moiTxovon maTgan gaziareba.

kategoriuli da gaxsenebuli `me~

ena TviTganviTarebis mZlavri instrumentia, radgan bavSvebs me-s ufro
naTlad warmodgenisa da gamoxatvis saSualebas aZlevs da amiT xels
uwyobs skolamdelTa TviTcodnis gaRrmavebas. 18-30 Tvis bavSvebs asakis
(`bavSvi~, `biWi~ an `kaci~), sqesis (`biWi~ da `gogo~, `qali~ da `kaci~),
fizikuri Taviseburebebisa (`didi~, `Zlieri~) da TviT sikargisa da sicudis
(`me kargi gogo var~, `tomi cudi biWia~) safuZvelze sakuTari Tavisa da
sxvebis klasifikaciis kvaldakval kategoriuli me uviTardebaT. isini ukve
sakuTari kompetenciebis Sesaxebac saubroben (`gavakeTe!~ `ar SemiZlia~)
(Stipek, Gralinski, & Kopp, 1990).
gavixsenoT me-7 Tavidan, rom ufrosi-bavSvis saubrebi warsulis
Sesaxeb avtobiografiul mexsierebas ayalibebs. es cxovrebiseuli ambebi
bavSvs uyalibebs gaxsenebul me-s _ ufro koherenes tul da mdgrad
portrets, vidre amas pirveli ramdenime wlis izolirebuli, epizoduri
mexsiereba SeZlebda. pirovnuli ambebis moyoliT bavSvebs uyalibdebaT
Tvalsazrisi, rom `me~ sxvaTa samyaroSi mcxovrebi unikaluri, mdgradi
arsebaa. 2 wlis asakisaTvis mSoblebi amgvar saubrebs wesebisa da
standartebis gasacnobad, agreTve bavSvis Sesaxeb SefasebiTi
informaciisaTvis iyeneben (`kartofilis piures roca akeTeb, rZe unda
daumato. es mniSvnelovania!~) (Burger & Miller, 1999; Nelson, 2003). CanarTi
`kulturis gavlena~ gviCvenebs, rom amgvari Txroba mSoblisaTvis bavSvis
me-s kulturuli faseulobebiT gamdidrebis ZiriTadi saSualebaa.

me-koncefcia
sxvaTa Sinagani fsiqikuri samyaros SecnobasTan erTad bavSvebi ufro
yuradRebiT iwyeben sakuTar Tavze fiqrs. adreuli bavSvobis periodSi me-
obieqti anu sakuTari Taviseburebebis codna da Sefaseba, farTovdeba
(Harter, 2003). bavSvebSi me-koncefcias eyreba safuZveli anu im
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis, unar-Cvevebis, damokidebulebebisa da
faseulobebis nakrebs, romelic, individis azriT mis arss gansazRvravs.
adreuli bavSvoba Tu 3-5 wlis bavSvs sakuTar Tavze saubars vTxovT,
albaT, aseT pasuxs movismenT: `me tomi mqvia. naxe, axali maisuri maqvs. 4
wlisa var. TviTon vixexav kbilebs da xelebsac TviTon viban. axali
konstruqtori maqvs da es diidi, diidi koSki avaSene~. es winadadebebi
miuTiTebs, rom skolamdelebs Zalze konkretuli me-koncefcia aqvT.
Cveulebriv isini saubroben SesamCnev Taviseburebebze _ saxelze, fizikur
garegnobaze, sakuTrebasa da yoveldRiur qcevaze (Harter, 1996; Watson, 1990).
samnaxevari wlisaTvis bavSvebi sakuTar Tavs Cveuli emociebisa da
damokidebulebebisaRmniSvneli cnebebiTa da terminebiT aRweren. magaliTad,
`bednieri var, roca Cems megobrebTan vTamaSob~ an `ar miyvars ufrosebTan
yofna~. es miuTiTebs sakuTari gamorCeuli Taviseburebebis gacnobierebis
dawyebaze (Eder & Mangelsdorf, 1997). individualurobis gacnobierebis am
imedismomcemi dasawyisis maCvenebelia isic, rom xasiaTis Taviseburebis
aRmniSvneli sityvebis Cvenebisas, magaliTad, `morcxvi~ an `Zunwi~, 4 wlisebi
Sesatyvis motivebsa da grZnobebs usadageben. magaliTad, maT ician, rom
morcxv adamians ar siamovnebs ucnobebTan yofna (Heyman & Gelman, 1999).
Tumca skolamdelebi
uSualod Tvisebas ar aRniSnaven; isini ar amboben `kargi damxmare var~ an
`morcxvi var~. am unaris CamoyalibebisaTvis meti SemecnebiTi simwifea
saWiro.
Sua bavSvoba droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi tipur qcevebsa da Sinagan
mdgomareobaze maTeul dakvirvebebs zogad dispoziciebad ayalibeben.
mniSvnelovani cvlileba 8-11 wlis asakSi xdeba, rac kargad Cans am 11 wlis
gogos pasuxidan:
me X mqvia, me adamiani var. gogo var. samarTliani adamiani var. lamazi
ar var. arc ise kargad vswavlob. Zalian kargi violonCelisti var. Zalian
kargi pianisti var. Cemi asakisaTvis odnav maRali var. zogi gogo momwons.
zogi biWi momwons. Zvelmoduri var. CogburTs vTamaSob. Zalian kargi
mocurave var. vcdilob ssargeblo adamiani viyo. yovelTvis
mzad var yvelas davumegobrde. ZiriTadad kargi adamiani var, magram
zogjer moTminebas vkargav. zogierT biWsa da gogos ar movwonvar. ar vici,
biWebs movwonvar Tu ara~ (Montemayor & Eisen, 1977).
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom specifikuri qcevebis nacvlad bavSvi unar-
Cvevebs usvams xazs: `Zalian kargi violonCelisti var~ (Damon & Hart, 1988).
is aseve mkafiod aRwers sakuTar pirovnebas da axsenebs rogorc dadebiT,
aseve uaryofiT Tvisebebs _ `samarTliani~, magram `arc ise lamazi~, kargi
violonCelisti [da] pianisti~, magram `arc ise kargi moswavle~. ufrosi
klasebis moswavleebi ufro naklebad aRweren sakuTar Tavs
ararealisturad dadebiTad _ `yvelaferi an araferi~ formiT (Harter, 2003).
am kompetenturi TviTaRweris ZiriTadi mizezi isaa, rom skolis
asakis bavSvebi xSirad socialur Sedarebebs axdenen, sakuTar garegnobaze,
unar-Cvevebsa da qcevaze sxvebTan mimarTebiT msjeloben. miuxedavad imisa,
rom 4-6 wlis bavSvs sakuTari Tavis Sedareba mxolod erT TanatolTan
SeuZlia, mozrdilebi ufro mravalmxriv Sedarebebs axdenen. Sesabamisad
askvnian, rom zogierTi saqmianoba sxvebTan SedarebiT `Zalian kargad~
gamosdiT, zogi `ise ra~, zogi ki _ `cudad~ (Butler, 1998).
mozardoba adreuli mozardobisas bavSvebi calkeul Tvisebebs
(`gonieri~ da `niWieri~) ufro abstraqtul maxasiaTebelSi (`sazriani~)
aerTianeben. Tumca sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb amgvari ganzogadebebi
urTierTdaukavSirebeli da xSirad winaaRmdegobrivia. magaliTad, 12-14
wlisebma SesaZloa iseTi urTierTsawinaaRmdego Tvisebebi axsenon,
rogoricaa `Wkviani~ da `Tavqariani~ an `morcxvi~ da `gulRia~. am
Seusabamobis mizezi socialuri wnexia, romelic maT gansxvavebul
urTierTobebSi (mSoblebTan, TanaklaselebTan, megobrebTan da
SeyvarebulTan) sakuTari Tavis sxvadasxvagvarad warmoCenas aiZulebs.
mozardebis socialuri samyaros sazRvrebis gafarToebasTan erTad
winaaRmdegobrivi TviTaRwera ufro damaxasiaTebeli xdeba da
mozardebisaTvis mtanjvali pasuxia kiTxvaze `rogori var sinamdvileSi~
(Harter, 1999, 2003). Sua mozardobidan gvian mozardobamde bavSvebi sakuTar
Tvisebebs organizebul sistemad aqceven. maT mier TvisebaTa aRweraSi
(`marTlac ficxi var~, `arc ise gulwrfeli var~) ukve cxadad Cans, rom
kargad uwyian sxvadasxva situaciaSi fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis
cvalebadoba. asakiT ufrosi mozardebi amateben integrirebul
principebsac, romlebic adrindel rTul winaaRmdegobebs gasagebs xdis.
magaliTad, erT-erTma aRniSna: `situacias Zalze advilad veguebi. roca
megobrebTan var, romlebic Cems naTqvams mniSvnelovnad miiCneven, bevrs
vlaparakob. ojaxis wevrebTan ki Cumad var, radgan maT sinamdvileSi Cemi
mosmena arasdros ainteresebT~ (Damon, 1990).
skolis asakis bavSvebTan SedarebiT Tineijerebi met mniSvnelobas
aniWeben iseT socialur Rirsebebs, rogoricaa megobruli, yuradRebiani,
guliani da Tanamdgomi. sakuTar Tavze mozardTa gancxadebebSi kargad Cans,
raoden mniSvnelovania maTTTvis, rom sxvebis TvalSi dadebiTad gamoCndnen.
amas garda, pirovnuli da zneobrivi faseulobebi mozardTa me-koncefciis
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi xdeba. magaliTad, qvemoT mocemulia, rogor
warmogvidgeba 16 wlis beni sakuTar TavTan da sxvebTan gulwrfelobis
TvalsazrisiT:
`sakuTar TavTan da sxvebTan gulwrfeloba miyvars... adamiani yvelas
TvalSi saukeTeso unda iyos. Tu mecodineba, rom matyueben da TaRliToben,
Cems TvalSi aseTebs fasi ekargebaT... megobrul garemoSi uadgiloa imaze
laparaki, rom sakuTar Tavad yofna kargia. aucilebeli ar aris
Seesabamebode, sakmarisia is iyo, rac sinamdvileSi xar, Tu ici, rom
bednieri xar... molaybe adamiani ara var, ganurCevlad yvelas rom ekiTxeba
`gamarjoba, rogora xar?~... magram Tu vinmes CemTan saubari surs, mzad var.
ar miyvars utyvad yofna~ (Damon & Hart, 1998).
 beni gvTavazobs sakuTari pirovnuli Tvisebebisa da faseulobebis
kargad integrirebul Sefasebas, romelic Zalze gansxvavdeba bavSvebis
fragmentuli, CamonaTvalisebri TviT-aRwerisagan. rodesac mozardebi me-
koncefciaSi myar Sexedulebebsa da momaval gegmebsac CarTaven isini `me~-s
imgvar harmonias uaxlovdebian, romelic arsebiTia identurobis
ganviTarebisaTvis.

Semecnebis, sazogadoebisa da kulturis

gavlena me-koncefciaze
ra faqtorebs efuZneba Sesworebebisa da damatebebis Setana me-
koncefciaSi? SemecnebiTi ganviTareba ueWvelad axdens gavlenas `me~-s
struqturis cvlilebaze. me-6 TavSi vnaxeT, rom skolis asakis bavSvebs
sakuTar fizikur samyaroze msjelobisas ukeT SeuZliaT situaciis
ramdenime aspeqtis koordinireba, socialur sferoSic tipuri
gamocdilebisa da qcevis kombinirebas axdenen myar fsiqologiur
dispoziciebSi, akavSireben dadebiT da uaryofiT Tvisebebs da adareben
sakuTar da TanatolTa Taviseburebebs (Harter, 1999, 2003). Sua bavSvobaSi
maT ufro cxadi warmodgena eqmnebaT Tvisebebisa da specifikuri
survilebis kavSirze (mag. `guluxv~ adamians gaziareba surs) da qcevaze
maT gavlenaze (Yuill & Pearson, 1998). amis gamo SesaZloa ufro xSirad
axseneben Tvisebebs. formaluri operaciuli azrovneba mozardis me-s
rTul, kargad organizebul, Sinaganad myar portretad gardaqmnis (Harter,
1999, 2003).
me-s cvalebadi Sinaarsi SemecnebiTi unarebisa da sxvaTa sapasuxo
reaqciis produqtia. sociologma jorj herbert midma (George Herbert Mead,
1934) `me~ warmoadgina ganzogadebul sxvad, erTgvar nazavad imisa, rasac
Cveni warmodgeniT CvenTvis mniSvnelovani adamianebi fiqroben Cvenze. misi
azriT, fsiqologiuri `me~ maSin Cndeba, roca bavSvis me-subieqti miiRebs me-
obieqtis Tvalsazriss, romelic bavSvis mimarT sxvaTa damokidebulebis
msgavsia. midis mosazreba mianiSnebs, rom perspeqtivis gamoyenebis unari
(proeqciis unari), kerZod ki daxvewili unari imisa, daaskvna, ras fiqroben
sxva adamianebi _ arsebiTia individualur Taviseburebebze dafuZnebuli me-
koncefciis ganviTarebisaTvis. Sua bavSvobasa da mozardobaSi adamianebi
ukeT `kiTxuloben~ sxvisgan mosul `Setyobinebebs~ da ukeT iyeneben maT me-
s gansazRvrisas.
skolis asakSi sxvaTa molodinis gacnobierebiT bavSvebi ayalibeben
idealur me-s, romelsac TavianTi realuri me-s Sesafaseblad iyeneben.
rogorc male vnaxavT, am or me-s Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba xelyofs
sakuTari Rirsebis grZnobas da mowyenilobis, uimedobisa da depresiis
mizezi xdeba.
Sua bavSvobaSi skolisa da sazogadoebis mravalgvar garemoSi
urTierTobiT patarebi sxvebisagan sakuTar Tavze met informacias iReben.
bavSvebis mier sakuTari Tavis aRwerisas socialuri jgufebis xSiri
xseneba am cvlilebas asaxavs. `me skauti var da qalaqis fexburTis gundis
moTamaSe~, aRniSna erT-erTma 10 wlis biWma. TandaTan mozardobaSi
gadasvlisas, sakuTari me-s gansazRvris wyaroebi ufro SerCeviTi xdeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mSoblebis gavlena kvlavac didia, me-koncefcia sul
ufro da ufro damokidebuli xdeba megobrebis sapasuxo reaqciaze
(Oosterwegel & Oppenheimer, 1993).
unda gvaxsovdes, rom me-koncefciis Sinaarsi kulturaTa Sesabamisad
icvleba. wina TavebSi aRvniSneT, rom azieli mSoblebisaTvis harmoniuli
urTierTdamokidebulebaa mniSvnelovani, xolo dasavleli mSoblebisaTvis
_ damoukidebloba da Tavdajerebuloba. Sesabamisad, CineTsa da iaponiaSi
`me~ socialur jgufTan kavSirSi ganisazRvreba. SeerTebul StatebSi ki,
`me~, rogorc wesi, TviTkmari individis `sakuTreba~ xdeba (Markus & Kitayama,
1991). Tu CanarTs `kulturis gavlena~ mivubrundebiT, am gansxvavebas
TvalnaTliv SevamCnevT imis magaliTze, rogor uyvebian dedebi TavianT
patara bavSvebs.
dasavleTis mraval qvekulturaSi myari koleqtivisturi
faseulobebic arsebobs. erT-erTi kvlevisas mecnierebma puerto rikos
meTevzeTa soflisa da SeerTebuli Statebis patara qalaqis bavSvebis mier
sakuTari Tavis daxasiaTebebs mouyares Tavi. puertorikoeli bavSvebis
daxasiaTebebSi sityvebi, zrdilobiani~, `Tavaziani~ da `damjeri~ sWarbobda
da am socialur Taviseburebebze sxvaTa dadebiT reaqcias emyareboda.
amis sapirispirod amerikeli bavSvebi iseT individualistur
Taviseburebebs aRniSnavdnen, rogoricaa interesebi, upiratesobebi da unar-
Cvevebi (Damon, 1988). am daxasiaTebebidan Cans, rom individualisturi
kulturis warmomadgeneli bavSvebi ufro egoistebi da konkurentulebi
arian, xolo koleqtivisturi kulturis warmomadgenlebi sxvaTa
keTildReobaze ufro zrunaven. es aRmoCena xazs usvams me-koncefciaze
socialuri garemos mZlavr gavlenas.

TviTSefaseba: me-koncefciis
SefasebiTi mxare
Cven ganvixileT, rogor icvleba me-koncefciis zogadi struqtura da
Sinaarsi asakTan erTad. me-konceficiis kidev erTi komponentia
TviTSefaseba _ msjeloba sakuTar Rirebulebaze da am msjelobebTan
dakavSirebuli gancdebi. maRali TviTSefaseba moicavs me-s Taviseburebebisa
da unar-Cvevebis realistur Sefasebas, rac Serwymulia
sakuTari Tavis aRiarebasa da sakuTari Tavis RirsebasTan.
TviTSefaseba TviTganviTarebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtia,
radgan sakuTari unaris Sefaseba gavlenas axdens emociur cxovrebaze,
momaval qcevasa da xangrZliv fsiqologiur Seguebaze. kategoriuli me-s
gaCenasTan erTad, Tavisi dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi TvisebebiT, bavSvebi
TviTSemfasebeli arsebebi xdebian. 2 wlis asakisaTvis isini iseTi
miRwevebis gamo, rogoricaa Tavsatexis amoxsna, mSoblebis yuradRebas
iTxoven, Sedegs aCveneben da eubnebia: `dediko. naxe!~ garda amisa, isini
ufrosis mier micemuli davalebis warmatebiT Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi
icinian, xolo warumateblobisas Tvals arideben an Subls iWmuxnian
(Stipek, Recchia, & McClintic, 1992). TviTSefasebas adreul asakSi eyreba
safuZveli da misi struqtura asakTan erTad srulyofili xdeba.

TviTSefasebis struqtura
 wuTiT sakuTar TviTSefasebaze dafiqrdiT. sakuTari pirovnuli
Rirebulebis saerTo Sefasebis garda, araerTi mimarTulebiT msjelobT
Tqven mier sxvadasxva saqmianobebis Sesrulebis Taobaze. faqtoruli
analizis gamoyenebiT mkvlevarebma TviTSefasebis mravalsaxovaneba
Seiswavles. maT daadgines, ramdenad swori iyo bavSvebis mier sakuTari
Tavis Semdegi Sefasebebi:
`saojaxo saqmeebs kargad vasruleb~, `TamaSis dros yovelTvis mirCeven
xolme~, `bavSvebis umetesobas movwonvar~. 4 wlis bavSvebs garkveulwilad
sakuTar Tavze msjeloba ukve axasiaTebs, magaliTad, baRSi swavlis,
megobrebis, mSoblebTan urTierTobisa da fizikuri momxibvlelobis
Sesaxeb (Marsh, Ellis, & Craven, 2002). Tumca, asakiT ufrosebTan SedarebiT,
maTi codna mainc SezRudulia.
TviTSefasebis struqtura damokidebulia bavSvebisaTvis xelmisawvdom
Sesafasebel informaciasa da misi damuSavebis unarze. 7-8 wlis asakSi
dasavleTis mraval qveyanaSi bavSvebs aqvT farTo TviTSefaseba sul mcire,
4 mimarTulebiT: akademiuri (swavlasTan dakavSirebuli, SemecnebiTi)
unarebi, socialuri unarebi, fizikur/sportuli unarebi da garegnoba. maT
Soris aris ufro daxvewili kategoriebi, romelic asakTan erTad ufro
cxadi xdeba (Marsh, 1990; Marsh & Ayotte, 2003; Van den Berg & De Rycke, 2003).
magaliTad, akademiuri TviTSefaseba enebSi, maTematikasa da sxva sagnebSi
calkeul unarebad iyofa, socialuri TviTSefaseba TanatolebTan da
mSoblebTan urTierTobis, xolo fizikur/sportuli _ sportis calkeul
saxeobebSi warmatebis unarebad.
garda amisa, skolis asakis bavSvTa axlad Camoyalibebuli unari
sakuTari Tavis myar dispoziciaTa saxiT warmodgenis saSualebas aZlevs
calkeuli TviTSefasebebi gaaerTianon sakuTar zogad fsiqologiur
portretad _ saerTo TviTSefasebad warmoadginon (Harter, 1999, 2003).
amrigad, TviTSefaseba 11.6 sqemaze gamosaxul ierarqiul struqturad
warmogvidgeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom calkeuli TviTSefasebebi Tanabrad ar
monawileobs zogad TviTSefasebaSi. bavSvebi konkretul TviTSefasebebs met
mniSvnelobas aniWeben da, Sesabamisad, me-s mTlian xatSi maT meti wona aqvT.
miuxedavad individualur TaviseburebaTa arsebobisa, bavSvobisa da
mozardobis asakSi fizikuri garegnoba saerTo TviTSefasebaSi sxva
faqtorebze maRla dgas (Hymel da sxvebi, 1999). mniSvneloba, romelsac
sazogadoeba da media garegnobas aniWebs, arsebiTad gansazRvravs bavSvebis
sakuTari TaviT kmayofilebas. mozardoba TviTSefasebas ramdenime axali
kriteriumiT amdidrebs _ axlo megobroba, sxva sqesisaTvis mimzidveloba
da saqmis codna am periodis mniSvnelovan faseulobebs asaxavs (Harter, 1999,
2003). amasTan erTad, mozardebi im adamianTa diferenciaciasac axdenen,
romelTa azrs TviTSefasebis dros iTvaliswineben. zogierTisaTvis
mSoblebis azria arsebiTi, zogisaTvis maswavleblebis, zogisTvis ki _
Tanatolebisa. es gansxvaveba avlens, Tineijeris azriT, romeli konteqstis
warmomadgeneli afasebs da scems pativs mas (Tineijers), rogorc pirovnebas
(Harter, Waters, & Whitesell, 1998).

ra axdens gavlenas TviTSefasebaze

 Sua bavSvobidan mozardobamde TviTSefasebaSi TandaTan ikveTeba
individualuri gansxvavebebi (Trzesniewski, Donnellan, & Robins, 2003).
imavdroulad dadebiTi urTierToba myardeba TviTSefasebas, sxvadasxva
aqtivobaTa Sefasebasa da am aqtivobebSi warmatebas Soris, rac asakTan
erTad Zlierdeba. magaliTad, akademiuri TviTSefaseba gansazRvravs
ramdenad mniSvnelovnad, sasargeblod da saxalisod miaCniaT bavSvebs
skolis sagnebi, maT mzaobas, dauTmon dro da energia am sagnebis swavlas
da maT miRwevebs (Jacobs da sxvebi, 2002; Valentine, DuBois, & Cooper, 2004).
kanadaSi Catarebuli erT-erTma kvlevam cxadyo, rom dawyebiT klasebSi
akademiurma TviTSefasebam miRwevebi ganapiroba 10 wlis Semdeg _ adreul
zrdasrulobis asakSi (Guay, La Rose, & Boivin, 2004). maRali socialuri
TviTSefasebis mqone bavSvebs, rogorc wesi, klaselebi metad afaseben
(Harter, 1999). me-5 TavSi vnaxeT, rom sportuli unar-Cvevebi momaval
sportul miRwevebTan pirdapir kavSirSia.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom asakis, sqesis, socialur-ekonomikuri
statusisa da eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad, maRali TviTSefasebis
mqone individebi gamoirCevian ukeTesi SeguebiT, komunikabelurobiTa da
yuradRebianobiT. dabali TviTSefasebis mqoneT ki mudam Seguebis
sirTuleebi axasiaTebT (DuBois da sxvebi, 1999; Robins da sxvebi, 2001). Tumca
Seguebis unarSi calkeuli faqtorebi met rols asrulebs. is mozardebi,
romlebsac mSoblebTan arasaxarbielo urTierToba aqvT, xSirad
agresiulebi da sakuTar TavSi Caketilebi arian. dabali akademiuri
TviTSefaseba SfoTvasa da uyuradRebobas ukavSirdeba, xolo is, vinc
TanatolebTan urTierTobiT aris ukmayofilo, aforiaqebuli da
daTrgunulia (Leadbeater da sxvebi, 1999: Marsh, Parada, & Ayotte, 2004).
miuxedavad imisa, rom, faqtobrivad, yvela mozardisaTvis sxvaTa azri
Zalze mniSvnelovania, is, vinc mTlianad sazogadoebis mowonebaze aris
damokidebuli, TviTSefasebas gamudmebiT, daaxloebiT kviraSi erTxel,
icvlis (Harter & Whitesell, 2003). 5 wlidan bavSvebma ician, rom TviTSefasebas
mniSvnelovani Sedegebi aqvs. isini amboben, rom is individebi, romelTac
sakuTari Tavi moswonT, ukeT arTmeven Tavs davalebebs da advilad Zleven
TanatolTa winaaRmdegobebs (Daniels, 1998). raki TviTSefaseba bavSvTa
qcevaSi individualur gansxvavebebs ukavSirdeba, mkvlevarebi dainteresdnen
im faqtorTa gansazRvriT, romelic zogjer maRali, xolo zogjer dabali
TviTSefasebis mizezia.
kultura me-koncefciis msgavsad kulturas arsebiTi gavlena aqvs
TviTSefasebaze. SesaZloa, socialuri Sedarebis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobis xazgasma udevs safuZvlad amerikel bavSvebTan SedarebiT
Cineli da iaponeli bavSvebis dabal TviTSefasebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom
am ukanasknelT ufro maRali akademiuri miRwevebi aqvT. es gansxvaveba
asakTan erTad izrdeba (Hawkins, 1994; Twenge & Crocker, 2002). aziur saklaso
oTaxSi mZafri
konkurencia da miRwevaTa maRali Tamasaa. amave dros azieli
bavSaxalgazrdobis vebi TviTSefasebis xelSewyobis mizniT socialur
Sedarebebs ufro iSviaTad iSvelieben. raki azielTa kulturaSi
socialuri harmonia mniSvnelovania, isini sakuTar Tavze aSkarad
TavSekavebulad msjeloben, magram sityvauxvebi arian sxvaTa qebisas (Fabro
da sxvebi, 1997).
fizikuri momxibvlelobasTan, aTletur Tavdadebasa da miRwevebTan
dakavSirebuli genderulad stereotipuli molodinebi damRupvel gavlenas
axdens mravali gogonas TviTSefasebaze. mozardobisas sakuTari
Rirebulebis grZnoba gogonebs biWebze odnav dabali aqvT, risi mizezic
nawilobriv is aris, rom naklebad Tavdajerebulni arian sakuTari
fizikuri garegnobis, akademiuri da sportuli unarebis gamo. miuxedavad
farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebisa, rom biWebis saerTo TviTSefaseba
gacilebiT maRalia gogonebisaze, sinamdvileSi genderuli sxvaoba mxolod
umniSvneloa (Cole da sxvebi, 2001; Marsh & Ayotte, 2003; Young & Mroczek, 2003).
SesaZloa, gogonebi sakuTar Tavze odnav kargad imitom fiqroben, rom am
uaryofiT kulturul Sexedulebas iTviseben. TeTrkanian TanatolebTan
SedarebiT afroamerikel bavSvebs umniSvnelod maRali TviTSefaseba aqvT,
SesaZloa, Tbili, mravalricxovani ojaxis da eTnikuri siamayis ufro
Zlieri grZnobis gamo (Gray-little & Hafdahl, 2000). amasTan, afroamerikel
gogonebs TeTrkanianebze metad moswonT sakuTari garegnoba da
TanatolebTan urTierToba da Sesabamisad, adreul mozardobaSi
TviTSefasebis dacemis naklebi albaToba aqvT (Eccles da sxvebi, 1999). da
bolos, Tu bavSvebi da mozardebi iseT skolaSi swavloben da iseT
samezobloSi cxovroben, sadac maTi socialur-ekonomikuri statusi da
eTnikuri jgufebi kargad aris warmodgenili, maT mikuTvnebulobis ufro
Zlieri grZnoba da TviTSefasebis naklebi sirTuleebi aqvT (Gray-Little &
Carels, 1997).

bavSvis aRzrdis praqtika

bavSvebi da mozardebi, romelTac mSoblebi siTboTi da waxalisebiT
zrdian da maT mimarT asakis Sesabamisi qcevis gonivruli molodinebi aqvT,
gansakuTrebiT daculad da mSvidad grZnoben Tavs (Carlson, Uppal, & Prosser,
2000; Feiring & Taska, 1996). Tbili, dadebiTi urTierToba axalgazrdebs
agrZnobinebs, rom maR Rirsebebs aRiareben da pativs scemen. mtkice, magram
Sesabamisi molodinebi ki, maT keTilgonivruli arCevanis gakeTebasa da
sakuTari Tavis racionaluri standartebis mixedviT SefasebaSi exmareba.
roca mSobeli Zalze xSirad exmareba bavSvs da mis nacvlad iRebs
gadawyvetilebebs, isini bavSvobasa da mozardobaSi dabali TviTSefasebis
awuxebs. aseTi zedamxedveli mSoblebi bavSvebs araadekvaturobis gancdas
uCenen. Svilebis dabali TviTSefasebis mizezi xdebian is mSoblebic,
romlebic mudam akritikeben da Seuracxyofen Svilebs (Kernis, 2002; Pomerantz
& Eaton, 2000). aseT pirobebSi mozardebs mudmivi darwmuneba sWirdebaT da
maTi TviTSefaseba Tanatolis an ufrosis yovel SefasebiT SeniSvnaze
meryeobs. TviTSefasebis dasadastureblad ufrosebze metad bevri
Tanatolebs endoba, rac riskis faqtoria Seguebis sirTuleebisaTvis
(DuBois da sxvebi, 1999, 2002).
amis sapirispirod zedmetad mimtevebeli, momTmeni aRzrda
ararealurad maRal TviTSefasebas ganapirobebs, rac aseve sazianoa
ganviTarebisaTvis. bavSvebi, romlebic sxvaze aRmatebulad grZnoben Tavs,
gaafTrebiT icaven TavianT `gaberil~ imijs da Seguebis sirTuleebi
axasiaTebT simdablisa da agresiis CaTvliT (Hughes, Cavell, & Grossman, 1997).
Crdiloamerikuli kulturuli faseulobis erT-erTi problema is
aris, rom zedmet mniSvnelobas aniWebs me-s, rac, SesaZloa, mSoblebis
mxridan Svilebis Tavze xelis gakoleqtivisturi dasmisa da gadaWarbebul
TviTSefasebis mizezi xdeba. 11.7 sqemaze naCvenebia, rom ukanaskneli
ramdenime dekadis ganmavlobaSi SeerTebuli StatebSi bavSvebisa da
mozardebis TviTSefaseba mkveTrad amaRlda. es is periodia, roca
mravalricxovani popularuli literatura mSoblebs sakuTari Svilebis
TviTSefasebis xelSewyobas urCevda (Twenge & Campbell, 2001). wina TaobebTan
SedarebiT amerikel axalgazrdebs naklebi miRwevebi aqvT, ufro
antisocialur qcevasa da Seguebis sxva sirTuleebs avlenen (Berk, 2005).
kvleva adasturebs, rom realuri miRwevebis gareSe bavSvisaTvis
usargebloa iseTi komplimenti, rogoricaa `araCveulebrivi xar~. amis
nacvlad, dadebiTi, saimedo TviTimijis xelSesawyobad bavSvebi Rirebuli
miznebisaken unda mivmarToT. marTlac, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi
skolis asakis bavSvebze dakvirveba miRwevebsa da TviTSefasebas Soris
ormxriv kavSirs avlens: warmatebuli saqmianoba TviTSefasebas uwyobs
xels, xolo TviTSefaseba _ warmatebul saqmianobas (Guay, Marsh, & Boivin,
2003).
risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT zrdasrulebs motivaciasa da TviTSefasebas
Soris am ormxrivad sasargeblo urTierTobis xelSesawyobad? amaze pasuxs
gvaZlevs ufrosebis mier bavSvebisaTvis gagzavnil SetyobinebaTa zusti
Sinaarsis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvleva.

miRwevasTan dakavSirebuli atribuciebi

atribuciebi qcevis mizezebis sazogado, yoveldRiuri axsnaa, pasuxia
kiTxvaze _ `ratom moviqeci me an sxva ase da ara sxvagvarad?~ sakuTari da
sxvaTa qcevis mizezebs vajgufebT or farTo kategoriad: garegan anu
garemo mizezebad da Sinagan anu fsiqologiur mizezebad. fsiqologiur
mizezebs vyofT or tipad: unari da Zalisxmevdad.
mizezis gansazRvrisas viyenebT garkveul wesebs: Tuki qcevas mravali
adamiani imeorebs, magram mxolod garkveul situaciaSi (magaliTad, q-ni
aplis mTelma klasma maRali Sefaseba miiRo frangulis testSi), vaskvniT,
rom garegani mizezia (testi advili iyo). magram Tu individi qcevas mraval
situaciaSi avlens (sali yovelTvis maRal Sefasebas iRebs frangulis
testSi), vambobT, rom qceva Sinaganma mizezma _ unarma, Zalisxmevam an
orivem erTad ganapiroba.
me-8 TavSi naxeT, rom miuxedavad inteleqtiT nawinaswarmetyvelevi
saskolo warmatebebisa, inteleqtisa da warmatebis urTierTkavSiri arc ise
pirdapiria. bavSvebSi miRwevis moti- vacias _ rTuli amocanis gadaWris
Seupovrobis tendencias _ Soris gansxvavebiT SegviZlia avxsnaT, ratom
aqvT naklebi inteleqtis mqone moswavleebs meti warmateba skolaSi ufro
gonier TanatolebTan SedarebiT. dRes mecnierebi miRwevasTan dakavSirebul
atribuciebs miiCneven mTavar mizezad, romlis saSualebiT SegviZlia
gavigoT, ratom avlens zogierTi moswavle iniciativas warmatebisaken
mimaval gzaze winaaRmdegobis Sexvedrisas da zogi ratom Caiqnevs xels
uimedod.
miRwevasTan dakavSirebuli atribuciebis gaCena sicocxlis meore
wlis dasasruls bavSvebi sakuTari miRwevebis Sefasebas ufrosebisagan
moelian (Stipek, Recchia, & McClintic, 1992). 3 wlisani ki ukve sakuTari
warmatebisa da marcxis atribucias axdenen (mizezebs xsnian). es
atribuciebi gavlenas axdens warmatebis maTeul molodinze, rac Tavis
mxriv moqmedebs momavalSi ZalisxmevisaTvis maT mzadyofnaze.
mravali kvleva adasturebs skolamdelTa `swavlis optimizms~ anu
maT zedmetad sjeraT sakuTari unarisa, xSirad saTanadod ver afaseben
amocanis sirTules da warmatebis dadebiTi molodini aqvT. rodesac
bavSvebs uyvebian, rom erTi adamiani meoreze cudad xsnis amocanas da
mizezis axsnas sTxoven, isini pasuxoben, rom mas, vinc marcxi ganicada,
mcdelobis SemTxvevaSi warmatebis miRweva SeuZlia (Schuster, Ruble, & Weinert,
1998). skolamdelebs gaazrebulad jer kidev ar SeuZliaT sakuTari
warmatebisa da marcxis mizezebis zusti axsna. isini warmatebis mizezebs
aerTianeben: Tu adamiani Zalian mondomebulia, is gonieri adamiania,
romelic warmatebas miaRwevs.
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, 3 wlis asakSi zogierTi bavSvi rTuli
amocanis gadaWrisas advilad Caiqnevs xolme xels. isini askvnian, rom
amocanis gadaWra ar SeuZliaT da marcxis Semdeg sircxvilsa da
sasowarkveTas gamoxataven. aseT `araSeupovrebs~ sakuTar Rirebulebasa da
saqmianobaze dedis mxridan kritikuli sapasuxo reaqcia aqvT. enTuziasti,
Zlieri motivaciis mqone maTi Tanatolebis dedebi ki, moTminebiT udganan
Svilebs gverdiT da warmatebis Sesaxeb informacias sTavazoben (Kelley,
Brownell, & Campbell, 2000). araSeupovar skolamdelebze dakvirvebisas,
rodesac isini Tojinas iyeneben marcxze ufrosis reaqciis
gansaxierebisaTvis, Cans, rom ufro metad gakicxvas elodebian. magaliTad,
warumateblobas ase xsnian: `is imitom daisaja, rom Tavsatexi ver amoxsna~,
maSin, roca Seupovrebi amboben, `is Zalian ecada, magram Tavsatexis amoxsna
ver SeZlo. isev unda scados~ (Burhans & Dweck, 1995).
skolamdelebi advilad iTviseben ufrosebis Sefasebebs. Seupovrebi
sakuTar Tavs `kargebad~ afaseben, araSeupovrebi ki _ `cudebad~, romlebic
uaryofiT reaqcias imsaxureben (Heyman, Dweck, & Cain, 1992). es ukanasknelni
TviTSefasebas mTlianad sxvaTa azrze afuZneben da ara Sinagan
standartebze. Sesabamisad, isini warmatebisaTvis gamiznuli qcevis cudi
adaptaciis adreul niSnebs avlenen, rac ufro damaxasiaTebeli Sua
bavSvobaSi xdeba.

daostatebaze orientirebuli da SeZenili ususurobis mqone bavSvebis

Sedareba
azrovnebis ganviTarebuli unarisa da xSiri SefasebiTi ukukavSiris
Sedegad skolis asakis bavSvebs droTa ganmavlobaSi sakuTari saqmianobis
Sedegebis axsnisas unaris, Zalisxmevisa da garegani faqtorebis gansxvaveba
SeuZliaT (Dweck, 2002). maTTvis, visac warmatebis Zlieri motivacia aqvs,
daostatebaze orientirebuli atribuciaa damaxasiaTebeli _ isini sakuTar
warmatebas unars miaweren. unari ki is maxasiaTebelia, romlis daxvewa
SesaZlebelia ZalisxmeviT da misi imedic SeuZliaT hqondeT axali
sirTuleebis dros. es gadaWarbebuli Sexeduleba unarze anu Sexeduleba,
rom ZalisxmeviT SesaZlebelia unaris Secvla, gavlenas axdens
daostatebaze orientirebuli bavSvebis mier uaryofiTi movlenebis
interpretaciaze. isini marcxs iseT faqtorebs miaweren, romelTa Secvla an
kontroli SesaZlebelia, magaliTad, arasakmaris Zalisxmevas an rTul
davalebas (Heyman & Dweck, 1998). amdenad, warmatebasa Tu marcxs isini
swavlis mimarT sibejiTiTa da SeupovarobiT pasuxoben.
samwuxarod, is bavSvebi, romlebsac SeZenili ususuroba uviTardebaT,
sakuTar marcxs unars ukavSireben, xolo warmatebis SemTxvevaSi askvnian,
rom iRbalis msgavsi garegani movlenebia amisi mizezi. maT daostatebaze
orientirebuli Tanatolebisagan gansxvavebiT, unari iseTi maxasiaTebeli
hgoniaT, romlis Secvla SeuZlebelia da miaCniaT, rom unaris ganviTareba
ZalisxmeviT ar SeiZleba (Cain & Dweck, 1995). ase rom, rTuli amocanis dros
aseTi bavSvebi kontrols kargaven. isini realuri mondomebis gareSe
advilad nebdebian da acxadeben, rom `ar SeuZliaT amis gakeTeba~.
bavSvTa atribuciebi gavlenas axdens maT miznebze. daostatebaze
orientirebuli bavSvebi swavlis miznebze (learning goals) akeTeben
aqcents _ unar-Cvevebs ZalisxmeviTa da informaciis moZiebiT imaRleben.
amis sapirispirod, SeZenili ususurobis mqone bavSvebi Sesrulebis
(performance goals) miznebze arian orientirebulni _ unaris Sesaxeb
mowyvladi warmodgenis gamo cdiloben, dadebiTi Sefaseba damsaxuron,
xolo uaryofiTi Tavidan aicilon. erT-erT kvlevaSi gamoCnda, rom rac
ufro TviTkritikuli atribuciebi hqondaT me-4 _ me-6 klaselebs, miT ufro
naklebad afasebdnen sakuTar codnas, naklebi icodnen swavlis efeqtiani
strategiebis Sesaxeb, metad cdilobdnen sirTuleebis Tavidan acilebas da
miT ufro arasaxarbielo akademiuri Sedegebi hqondaT. es Sedegebi kidev
ufro amyarebda maT Sexedulebas unarze, rogorc ucvlelze (Pomerantz &
Saxon, 2001).
raki SeZenili ususurobis mqone bavSvebs Zalisxmevis warmatebasTan
dakavSireba uWirT, maT ver uviTardebaT seriozuli warmatebebisaTvis
saWiro metaSemecnebiTi da TviTmaregulirebeli unarebi (ix. me-7 Tavi).
efeqtiani saswavlo strategiaTa deficiti, arasakmarisi Seupovroba da
kontrolis dakargvis gancda erTimeores uwyobs xels da mankier cikls
warmoqmnis (Heyman & Dweck, 1998). mozardebs unarisa da Zalisxmevis
kavSirurTierTobaze savsebiT mkafio warmodgena aqvT. isini acnobiereben,
rom gansxvavebuli unaris mqone adamians gansxvavebuli xarisxis
ZalisxmeviT erTi da imave Sedegebis miRweva SeuZlia (Butler, 1999). Tuki
mozardebs sakuTari unari fiqsirebulad da arasaxarbielod miaCniaT, isini
askvnian, rom rTuli davalebis SesrulebaSi daostateba _ Zalze maRal
Zalisxmevad _ ar Rirs. marcxis mtkivneuli grZnobisagan Tavdasacavad es
SeZenili ususurobis mqone axalgazrdebi naklebi sirTulis saswavlo
kursebsa da karieras irCeven. 11.8 sqemaze naCvenebia, rom SeZenili
ususuroba bavSvebs sakuTari potencialis realizaciaSi uSlis xels.

ra axdens gavlenas miRwevasTan dakavSirebul atribuciaze ra

 ganapirobebs bavSvebSi daostatebaze orientirebuli da SeZenili
ususurobis gansxavebul atribuciebs? skolamdelebisaTvis ufrosebTan
urTierTobaa gadamwyveti. SeZenili ususurobis mqone bavSvis mSoblebi,
rogorc wesi, uCveulod maRal standartebs uweseben Svils, Tumca miaCniaT,
rom is didad ar gamoirCeva unariT da sxvebze meti unda imuSaos
warmatebis misaRwevad. marcxis SemTxvevaSi mSobelma SesaZloa uTxras: `ver
SeZeli gakeTeba, ara? ara uSavs, daanebe Tavi~ (Hokoda & Fincham, 1995). xolo
warmatebis SemTxvevaSi misi reaqcia SeiZleba aseTi iyos: `mikvirs, maRali
Sefaseba rom miiRe~ an bavSvis Tviseba Seafasos, magaliTad, `ra gonieri
xar~. Tvisebis Sefaseba xels uwyobs Sexedulebas
unaris mudmivobaze, rac marcxis SemTxvevaSi bavSvs sakuTar kompetenciaSi
aeWvebs da sirTulis daZlevaze xels aRebinebs (Mueller & Dweck, 1998).
maswavleblis reaqciac axdens gavlenas bavSvebis atribuciebze. roca
maswavlebeli zrunavs da exmareba da swavlis miznebs Sesrulebis miznebze
win ayenebs, mas, rogorc wesi, daostatebaze orientirebuli moswavleebi
hyavs (Anderman da sxvebi, 2001; Daniels, Kalkman, & McCombs, 2001). me-3-dan me-8
klasamde 1600 moswavlis Seswavlisas aRmoCnda, rom is bavSvebi, romlebsac
maswavlebeli dadebiT, mastimulirebel saswavlo garemos uqmnida, ufro
bejiTad muSaobdnen. es is faqtoria, romelic warmatebas da Zalisxmevis
rolis Sesaxeb moswavleTa rwmenas ganapirobebs. amis sapirospirod,
aramastimulirebel
garemoSi myof moswavleebs miaCndaT, rom maTi saqmianoba garedan
kontroldeboda (maswavleblis an SemTxvevis mier). amgvari midgoma
sasawavlo aqtivobebze uaris Tqmisa da miRwevebis Semcirebis winapirobaa,
rac moswavleebs eWvs uCens sakuTari unarCvevebisadmi (Skinner, Zimmer-
Gembeck, & Connell, 1998).
zogierT bavSvs ufrosebis ukukavSiris gamo gansakuTrebulad
emuqreba sakuTari saqmianobis kritikis safrTxe. miuxedavad SedarebiT
maRali miRwevebisa, warumateblobaSi gogonebi biWebze metad
`adanaSauleben~ sakuTar unars. warumateblobisas maswavleblebisa da
mSoblebisagan unaris `dadanaSaulebis~ Sesaxeb reaqcias gogonebi ufro
xSirad iReben (Cole da sxvebi, 1999; Ruble & Martin, 1998). ramdenime
kvlevam daadastura, rom afroamerikeli da meqsikuri warmoSobis amerikeli
bavSvebi maswavleblisagan naklebad keTilganwyobil sapasuxo reaqcias
iRebdnen (Irvine, 1986; Losey, 1995). garda amisa, roca eTnikuri umciresobis
warmomadgeneli bavSvebi sakuTari ojaxis wevrTa magaliTze xedaven, rom
sazogadoeba miRwevebisaTvis gaweuli Zalisxmevis gamo maT mSoblebs
arasaTanado pativs miagebs, Tavad bavSvebic aRar iCenen mondomebas (Ogbu,
1997).
da bolos, kulturulma fasulobebma SesaZloa gavlena moaxdinos
bavSvebSi SeZenili ususurobis Camoyalibebaze. CrdiloamerikelebTan
SedarebiT aziel mSoblebsa da maswavleblebs miaCniaT, rom warmateba
unarze metad Zalisxmevazea damokidebuli da sibejiTe da mondomeba
zneobrivi pasuxismgeblobaa (Grant & Dweck, 2001; Tuss, Zimmer, & Ho, 1995).
kibucizmze (sasoflo-sameurneo komuna israelSi) gazrdil israelelTa
Svilebs SeZenili ususurobisagan saklaso oTaxebi icavs, sadac
ostatobasa da pirovnebaTSoris harmonias unarsa da konkurenciaze metad
aqezeben (Butler & Ruzany, 1993).
daostatebaze orientirebuli midgomis xelSewyoba atribuciaTa
kvleva adasturebs, rom zogjer ufrosebis mxridan kargi ganzraxviT
micemuli reaqciac uaryofiTad moqmedebs bavSvebis kompetencize.
gavarjiSeba atribuciis SecvlaSi iseTi Carevaa, romlis mizania SeZenili
ususurobis mqone bavSvebs Caunergos rwmena, rom marcxis daZlevas ufro
meti ZalisxmeviT SeZleben. xSirad bavSvebs dasawyisSive Segnebulad iseTi
sirTulis amocanas aZleven, romelic garkveul marcxs ganacdevinebs.
Semdeg kimravaljeradi sapasuxo reaqciis meSveobiT sakuTar atribuciaTa
gadaxedvaSi exmarebian _ `Tu metad moindomeb, amis gakeTebas SeZleb~.
warmatebis Semdeg bavSvebs damatebiTi sapasuxo reaqciiT uzrunvelyofen _
`namdvilad kargad gaarTvi Tavi~ an `marTlac Zalian moindome~, ise, rom
isini sakuTari warmatebis mizezad ukve unarsa da Zalisxmevas miiCneven da
ara SemTxvevas.
kidev erTi midgomaa naklebmondomebuli moswavleebis waqezeba ara
niSnebis, aramed daostatebis mimarTulebiT. farTomasStabianma gamokvlevam
aCvena, rodesac saklaso garemo axali codnis SeZenis Sinagan faseulobas
usvamda xazs, naklebmondomebul moswavleebs akademiuri TviTSefasebisa da
motivaciis TvalsazrisiT STambeWdavi Sedegebi hqondaT (Ames, 1992). aseve
sasargebloa metaSemecnebisa da TviTregulaciis swavleba am sferoebSi
ganviTarebis naklovanebaTa sakompensaciod da imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom
ganaxlebuli Zalisxmeva Tavis saqmes gaakeTebs (Borkowski & Muthukrisna, 1995).
sasurveli Sedegis misaRwevad atribuciis Secvlis dawyeba adreul
asakSi, manamaa upriani, sanam Sexeduleba sakuTar Tavze Znelad Sesacvleli
gaxdeba (Eccles, Wigfield, & Schiefele, 1998). umjobesia SeZenili ususurobis
Tavidan acileba im strategiebis saSualebiT, romelic Sejamebulia
CanarTSi `codnis gamoyeneba~. TviTSefasebis ganviTarebis zogad mokle
mimoxilvaSi stadiaTa(miRwevaTa) cxrili dagexmarebaT.

identurobis Camoyalibeba:
vin unda gavxde?
mozardebis kargad organizebuli TviTaRwera da diferencirebuli
TviTSefaseba sakuTari identurobis SemecnebiT safuZvels uzrunvelyofs.
fsiqoanalitikosma erik eriqsonma (1950, 1968) pirvelad aRiara identuroba
produqtiuli, Tavis TavSi darwmu nebuli zrdasrulobisaken mimaval gzaze
mTavar pirovnul miRwevad da arsebiT
safexurad. identurobis Seqmna moicavs imis gansazRvras, vin varT, ras
vafasebT da ra cxovrebiseuli miznebi gvamoZravebs. erT-erTma eqspertma
identuroba gansazRvra, rogorc me-s Sesaxeb Teoria, sadac me racionaluri
agentia.
gansazRvruli mizniT moqmedebs, pasuxismgeblobas iRebs moqmedebaze
da maTi axsna SeuZlia (Moshman, 1999). me-s namdvili bunebis amgvari Zieba
mraval arCevans gulisxmobs _ profesias, pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebs,
sazogadoebriv saqmianobas, eTnikuri jgufis wevrobas, zneobriv,
politikur da religiur idealebsa da seqsualuri orientaciis gamoxatvas.
eriqsonis azriT, harmoniuli, dadebiTi identurobisaken gza Cvilobisa da
bavSvobis warmatebul fsiqologiur Sedegebze gadis (eriqsoniseuli
safexurebis gasameoreblad ix. 1-li Tavi). miuxedavad imisa, rom
identurobas safuZveli Zalze adreul asakSi eyreba, gvian mozardobamde
da zrdasrulobamde adamians es sakiTxi ar ainteresebs. eriqsonis azriT,
kompleqsur sazogadoebebSi mozardebi ganicdian identurobis kriziss _
droebiT distress, romlis mizezi faseulobaTa da miznebis arCevis
dilemebis winaSe yofnaa. isini, vinc am
Sinagan faseulobaTa gadafasebis process gaivlian, sabolood pirovnul
simwifes aRweven, bavSvobaSi me-s ganmsazRvrel TvisebaTa analizs akeTeben
da mas axal Sexedulebebs ukavSireben. Semdeg mas ayalibeben myar Sinagan
safuZvlad, romelic yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gansxvavebuli rolebis
Sesrulebisas igiveobis grZnobas uzrunvelyofs.
Camoyalibebis Semdegac identuroba mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi
ixveweba adreuli Sexedulebebisa da arCevanis gadafasebis mimarTulebiT.
Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi eTanxmebian eriqsonis im mosazrebas, rom
faseulobebis, gegmebisa da prioritetebis eWvqveS dayeneba pirovnuli
simwifisaTvis aucilebelia, magram isini am process `krizisad~ aRar
moixsenieben (Grotevant, 1998). miuxedavad imisa, rom identurobis ganviTareba
zogierTi axalgazrdisaTvis mtkivneulia, umravlesoba am gzas iolad
gadis. Cveulebriv, es aris Ziebis procesi, romelsac prioritetebis arCeva
mosdevs. axalgazrdebi cxovrebiseul SesaZleblobebs arCeven, sakuTar
Tavsa da garemomcvel samyaroze arsebiT informacias agroveben da mas
Sorsmimavali gadawyvetilebebis miRebis TavlsazrisiT axarisxeben da am
procesSi TandaTanobiT da Tanamimdevrulad ayalibeben sakuTari me-s
organizebul struqturas (Arnett, 2000a; Moshman, 1999).
eriqsonma mozardoba, pirovnuli dabneulobis uaryofiTi Sedegebad
aRwera. zogierTi axalgazrda izRudeba da mimarTulebas kargavs, ris
mizezic SesaZloa adreuli konfliqtebis uaryofiTi gadaWra an
sazogadoebis mier maTi unarisa da survilis Sesabamisi arCevanis
SezRudvaa. amis Sedegad, isini moumzadeblebi arian zrdasrulobis
fsiqologiuri sirTuleebisaTvis.
eTanxmeba Tu ara Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi eriqsonis mosazrebas
identurobis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb? qvemoT vnaxavT, rom axalgarzdebis mier
me-s gansazRvris gzebi Zalze hgavs eriqsonis mier aRwerils.

ra axdens gavlenas identobis ganviTarebaze

mozardTa identobis Camoyalibeba mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi
mimdinare dinamikuri procesis safuZvelia, romelic aerTianebs pirovnebasa
da konteqsts. pirovnuli Tu konteqstis cvlileba identobis xelaxal
formirebas uwyobs xels. (Kunnen & Bosma, 2003). identobis ganviTarebaze
mravali faqtori moqmedebs.
individualoba rogorc vnaxeT, identobis statusi individualuri
Taviseburebebis mizezicaa da Sedegic. mozardebs, romlebic absoluturi
WeSmaritebis miRwevas SesaZleblad miiCneven, identobis dakargvis
tendencia aqvT, xolo maT, visac imis rwmena akliaT, rom rodesme rames
danamdvilebiT iswavlian, identobis aRrevis safrTxe emuqrebaT. im
mozardebs, romlebic iTvaliswineben, rom alternativaTa Soris arCevanis
gakeTebisas racionaluri kriteriumebis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT, savaraudod,
identobis moratriumis an miRwevis statusi aqvT (Berzonsky & Kuk, 2000;
Boyes & Chandler, 1992). es moqnili, obieqturi midgoma maT sagrZnoblad
exmareba saswavlo, profesiuli da sxva cxovrebiseuli miznebis
gansazRvrasa da SesrulebaSi.
ojaxi albaT gaxsovT, rom rodesac mSoblebi uzrunvelyofen
rogorc emociur xelSewyobas, aseve Semecnebis Tavisuflebas, maTi
Cvilebsa da axlad fexadgmul Svilebs aqtivobis jansaRi grZnoba
uviTardebaT. swored aseTive kavSiri arsebobs mozardobaSi aRzrdasa da
identobas Soris. roca mozardisaTvis erTgvari usafrTxoebis safuZveli
ojaxia, romelsac isini Tavdajerebulebi toveben samyaros gasacnobad,
identobis ganviTarebas xeli ewyoba. mozardebs, romlebsac mSoblebis
mimarT mijaWvulobis gancda aqvT da Tvlian, rom isini karg
xelmZRvanelobas uweven, magram imavdroulad Tavisuflad SeuZliaT
sakuTari azris gamoxatva, identobis miRwevis an moratoriumis statusi
aqvT (Berzonsky, 2004; Grotevant & Cooper, 1998). rogorc wesi,
identobadakargul mozardebs mSoblebTan mWidro kavSiri aqvT, Tumca
jansaRi daSorebis SesaZleblobas arian moklebulni. da bolos, aRreuli
identobis mqone mozardebi jerovnad ver afaseben mSoblebTan
mijaWvulobis mniSvnelobas, maTgan mxardaWeris, siTbosa da Ria
urTierTobebis arasaxarbielo doniT gamoirCevian (Reis & Youniss, 2004;
Zimmerman & Becker- Stoll, 2002).
Tanatolebi mraval TanatolTan urTierTobis kvaldakval mozardTa
Sexedulebebi da faseulobebi farTovdeba. SesaZleblobaTa ganxilvisas
axlo megobrebi emociuri mxardaWeriT, rolebis modelirebiT exmarebian
da identobis ganviTarebas uwyoben xels (Josselson, 1992). megobrobiT
mozardebi sakuTar Tavsac Rrmad Seicnoben. erT-erT kvlevaSi 15 wlis
mozardebis Tbilma, ndobiT savse urTierTobam ganapiroba is, rom isini
urTierTobebis sakiTxebiT, kerZod ki imiT dainteresdnen, ras afasebdnen
yvelaze metad megobarsa da partniorSi (Meeus, Oosterwegel, & Vollebergh,
2002). meore kvlevisas kolejis moswavleTa mijaWvuloba megobrebisadmi,
maT profesiebis Sefasebasa da arCevaSi exmareba (Felsman & Blustein, 1999). da
bolos, megobrebi, mSoblebis msgavsad, erTgvari usafrTxoebis safuZveli
SeiZleba gaxdnen SesaZleblobaTa pirispir myofi mozardebisaTvis.
skola da Temi identobis ganviTareba damokidebulia skolasa da
sazogadoebazec, romlebic mozardebs Semecnebis mravalferovan
SesaZleblobas sTavazoben.
skolas SeuZlia gamoiyenos identobis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis
mravali forma gaaCnia _ klasebi, romlebic maRali donis azrovnebas
uwyobs xels, programiT gauTvaliswinebeli da sazogadoebrivi aqtivobebi,
romlebic Tineijerebs pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas gamoimuSavebs,
maswavleblebi da konsultantebi, romlebic dabali socialur-ekonomikuri
statusisa da eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenel moswavleTa kolejSi
swavlis stimulze zrunaven da profesiuli swavlebis programebi, romelic
moswavleebs zrdasrulTa
realur SromiT samyaroSi CarTvis saSualebas aZlevs (Cooper, 1998).
 SesaZleblobaTa regionuli mravalferovneba identobis ganviTarebaSi
gansxvavebebs qmnis. magaliTad, 13-17 wlis asakSi Semecnebisa da kvlevis
survili qalaqSi mcxovreb avstraliel mozardebSi izrdeba, xolo soflis
mcxovreblebSi _ mcirdeba. SesaZloa amis mizezi avstraliis soflebSi
swavlisa da profesiuli arCevanis dabali donea (Nurmi, Poole, & Kalakoski,
1996). sacxovrebeli adgilis miuxedavad, mozardebisaTvis mudam
sasargebloa zrdasrulebTan da ufros TanatolebTan saubari, romlebic
identobis sakiTxebze fiqroben.
sazogadoeba identobis ganviTrebaze farTo kulturuli konteqsti
da istoriuli periodi moqmedebs. Tanamedrove axalgazrdebis identobis
zonebSi genderuli rolebis upiratesobebisa da profesiul arCevanis
sesaxeb Sexedulebebi ufro adre yalibdeba, vidre religiur da politikur
faseulobebze (Flanagan, da sxvebi, 1999; Kerestes & Youniss, 2003). wina TaobaSi
ki, rodesac vietnamis omma amerikelebi gayo da aTasobiT axalgazrdis
cxovreba daangria, amerikeli axalgazrdobis politikuri rwmena swrafad
Camoyalibda (Archer, 1989). homoseqsuali, lesboseli, biseqsuali (ix. me-5
Tavi) da eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgeneli axalgazrdobis myari
identobis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebul specifikur problemebSi
sazogadoebac monawileobs. swored amas aRwers CanarTi `kulturis
gavlena~. identurobis Seswavla, rasac axalgazrdebi 13-21 wlis asakSi
mimarTaven, cxovrebis gansakuTrebulad savse, datvirTuli periodia.
gamocdileba yovelTvis sasiamovno rodia _ bevr axalgazrdas
imedgacrueba elis, iZulebulia Tavis miznebs gadaxedos da
sakuTari sazogadoebisa da samyaros movlenebze aforiaqdes (Arnett, 2000b;
Cohen da sxvebi, 2003). miuxedavad yvelafrisa, isini momavals optimisturad
uyureben (Harris Poll, 2001). im gzebis gasacnobad, rogor SeuZliaT ufrosebs
mozardebisaTvis jansaRi identurobis ganviTarebaSi xelSewyoba, ixileT
CanarTi, `codnis gamoyeneba~.

sxva adamianebze fiqri

bavSvebis mier sxva adamianebis gageba, daskvnebi, romelsac isini
sxvaTa pirovnul Taviseburebebsa da Sexedulebebze akeTeben, did gavlenas
axdens Tavad maTi TviTSecnobis ganviTarebaze. asakTan erTad socialuri
Semecnebis es aspeqtebic ufro diferencirebuli da kargad organizebuli
xdeba.

sxva pirovnebis aRqma

pirovnebis aRqma (person perception) mianiSnebs im gzaze, romliTac
nacnobi adamianebis Taviseburebebs vafasebT. mecnierebi bavSvis mier
nacnobi adamianebis aRweris gziT swavloben pirovnebis aRqmas. amisaTvis
bavSvebis me-koncefciaze koncentrirebul meTodTa msgavs meTodebs
iyeneben. magaliTad, mkvlevarma SesaZloa aseTi kiTxva dasvas, `SegiZlia
miTxra rogori adamiania _____?~
adamianebis pirovnebebad aRqma TviTaRweris msgavsad, bavSvebis mier
sxva adamianebis aRwerac 8 wlamde gancdil emociebze, damokidebulebebze,
konkretul aqtivobebsa da qcevazea koncentrirebuli. droTa ganmavlobaSi
bavSvebi nacnobi adamianebis moqmedebis mdgradobas aRmoaCenen da pirovnul
Taviseburebebze iwyeben saubars.
Tavdapirvelad es saubari mWidrod ukavSirdeba qcevas da Sedgeba
savaraudo dispoziciebisagan: `is mudam ebrZvis adamianebs~ an `is qurdobs
da cruobs~ (Rholes, Newman, & Ruble, 1990). mogvianebiT bavSvebi uSualod
Taviseburebebs moixsenieben, magram bundovan, stereotipul enas iyeneben,
magaliTad, `kargi~, `sasiamovno~ an `gonieri~. TandaTanobiT aRwera ufro
mkafio xdeba, magaliTad, `gulwrfeli~, `saimedo~, `keTil Sobili~,
`Tavaziani~ da `TavkerZa~, amasTan, bavSvebi ufro darwmunebulebi xdebian
amgvar dispoziciaTa stabilurobaSi (Dreoge & Stipek, 1993; Ruble & Dweck,
1995).
mozardobisas abstraqtuli azrovnebis Camoyalibebis kvaldakval
sxvaTa pirovnebis Sesaxeb daskvnebi organizebul (O’ Mahoney, 1989). amis
Sedegad 14-16 wlis asakSi Tineijerebi nacnobi adamianebis iseT mdidar
Sefasebas akeTeben, romelSic integrirebulia fizikuri Taviseburebebi,
tipuri qceva da Sinagani dispozicia.
eTnikurobisa da socialuri klasebis aRqma pirovnebis aRqma
adamianTa mravalferovnebisa da gansxvavebulobis gagebasac moicavs. 3-4
wlis bavSvebis umravlesobas rasisa da eTnikurobis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi
koncefciebi ukve Camoyalibebuli aqvT, ris safuZvelzec ganasxvaveben
`Savebsa~ da `TeTrkanianebs~ suraTebze, Tojinebsa da adamianebze (Aboud,
2003; Katz & Kofkin, 1997). bavSvebisaTvis miuwvdomelia socialur klasTa
indikatorebi _ ganaTleba da profesiuli prestiJi, Tumca mdidars
Raribisagan iseTi fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben,
rogoricaa Cacmuloba, sacxovrebeli da sakuTreba (Ramsey, 1991).
skolis adreul wlebSi bavSvebi socialuri jgufebis mimarT
gabatonebul sazogadoebriv damokidebulebebs iTviseben. raki aSS-is
dasavleTSi rasa, eTnikuroba da socialuri klasebi mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli, bavSvebi Zalauflebasa da privilegias TeTrkanianebs
ukavSireben, xolo siRaribesa da sxvaze damokidebulebas- feradkanianebs
(Ramsey, 1995). rogor ecnobian bavSvebi am damokidebulebebs? maTi gadaReba
aucileblad mSoblebisa da megobrebis pirdapiri gziT rodi xdeba. erT-
erTi gamokvlevisas, miuxedavad imisa, rom TiTqos skolis asakis
TeTrkanian moswavleebs mSoblebisa da megobrebis rasobrivi
damokidebulebebi unda hqonodaT, mecnierebma msgavseba ver aRmoaCines
(Aboud & Doyle, 1996). savaraudod didad arc TeTrkanian mSoblebs da arc
megobrebs ar exalisebaT sakuTari rasobrivi da eTnikuri Sexedulebebis
Sesaxeb bavSvebTan msjeloba. aseTi SezRuduli da bundovani informaciis
pirobebSi SesaZloa bavSvebma informaciuli sicariele mediis an nebismieri
sxva wyaros saSualebiT Seavson, xolo Semdeg sxvaTa Sesafaseblad
sakuTar damokidebulebas daeyrdnon.
am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, kvleva adasturebs, rom informaciis did
nawils jgufis statusis Sesaxeb bavSvebi garesamyaros farul
SetyobinebaTa saSualebiT iReben. bolodroindel eqsperimentSi 7-12 wlis
asakis sazafxulo skolis moswavleebi SemTxveviTi daniSvnis gziT
gaanawiles socialur jgufebSi, romlebic feradi (yviTeli da lurji)
maisurebiT ganirCeodnen. mkvlevarebma klasSi dakides plakatebi, romelzec
ucnobi `yviTeli jgufis~ wevrebi maRali statusis mqoned, magaliTad,
sportul da marTlweris SejibrebebSi gamarjvebulebad iyvnen
gamosaxulni. rodesac maswavleblebma am xelovnurad Seqmnili socialuri
jgufebis mixedviT gansazRvres, ra adgils daikavebdnen klasSi, ra
davalebs Seasrulebdnen da a.S., aRmoCnda, rom ”maRali statusis” jgufis
bavSvebma sakuTari jgufi metad keTilganwyobilad, xolo ”dabali
statusis” jgufis wevrebma sakuTari jgufi naklebad keTilganwyobilad
Seafases. maswavlebleblebis mier socialuri dajgufebebis
ugulebelyofisTanave winaswarSeqmnili mcdari Sexeduleba aRar
gamovlinda (Bigler, Brown, & Markell, 2001). es kvleva gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebSi
stereotipebis Camoyalibebas yovelTvis garkveuli safuZveli (am
SemTxvevaSi plakatze mocemuli informacia) rodi sWirdeba. xSirad
avtoritetuli adamianis mier maRali statusis dadastureba sxvebSi
mikerZoebul damokidebulebas ayalibebs.

Sidajgufuri (In-Group) da garejgufuri (Out-Group) mikerZoebebi:

winaswarSeqmnili
mcdari azris Camoyalibeba. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi bavSvebi kanis
fers Sefasebis safuZvlad iyeneben. kanis ferma SesaZloa fexqveS gaTelos
umciresobis jgufis wevrTa aSkarad momxibvleli Tvisebebi. erT
avstraliur kvlevaSi TeTrkanian 5-7 wlisebs, romlebmac gamofenisaTvis
naxatebi daxates, uTxres, rom naxatebis xarisxis (`saukeTesoa~ an
`damakmayofilebeli~) safuZvelze isini maTive msgavsi `mxatvrebis~ jgufs
miakuTvnes.
bavSvebma Tavisi naxati dafaze jgufis wevrTa fotoebis _ ori
TeTrkaniani bavSvis _ gverdiT miakres. Semdeg maT sxva, eTnikurad msgavsi
(TeTrkaniani) an gansxvavebu li (azieli an wynari okeanis kunZulebis
mkvidrTa) jgufis wevrTa fotoebi naxes. aRmoCnda, rom bavSvebma sakuTari
da imave eTnikuri warmomadgenlebisagan Semdgari jgufi sxva, gansxvavebuli
eTnikuri warmoSobis wevrebisagan Semdgar jgufTan SedarebiT ufro
mimzidvelad miiCnies, miuxedavad imisa, rom am ukanasknelT ukeTesi
namuSevrebi hqondaT (Nesdale da sxvebi, 2004).
rogorc es gamokvlevebi adasturebs, TeTrkaniani bavSvebi, rogorc
wesi, sakuTar Sidajgufur eTnikurobas ufro keTilganwyobilad, xolo
garejgufs naklebad keTilganwyobilad an uaryofiTad afaseben _ esaa
mikerZoeba, romelic zrdasrulebsac axasiaTebT. Sidajgufuri favoritizmi
Tavdapirvelad skolamdel asakSi vlindeba da 7-8 wlis asakSi Zlierdeba,
e. i. bavSvebi Tavdapirvelad ubralod sakuTar jgufs aniWeben
upiratesobas, me-sa da sxva msgavsTa ganzogadebas axdenen (Cameron da
sxvebi, 2001; Bennett da sxvebi, 2004). garejgufuri mikerZoeba jgufis SigniT
da mis gareT ufro rTul socialur Sedarebas moiTxovs.
miuxedavad amisa, TeTrkanian bavSvebs didi dro ar sWirdebaT garejgufuri
eTnikuri umciresobisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebulebis Camosayalibeblad,
gansakuTrebiT mwiri uSualo gamocdilebis pirobebSi. roca TeTrkanianTa
sazogadoebaSi mcxovreb 4-7 wlis TeTrkanian kanadelebs dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi zedsarTavebis daxarisxeba sTxoves yuTebSi, romelic
pirobiTad TeTrkanian da Savkanian bavSvebs aRniSnavda,
garejgufuri mikerZoeba 5 wlis asakSi SeiniSna (ix. sqema 11.9). amis garda,
rac ufro dadebiTad afasebdnen bavSvebi Tavis Sidajgufs, miT ufro
uaryofiTad afasebdnen garejgufs (Aboud, 2003). ufro myari Sidajgufuri
mikerZoebis mqone bavSvebi am mikerZoebas gare jgufebze uaryofiTi
Sefasebis safuZvlad iyenebdnen.
samwuxarod, mravali eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgeneli bavSvi
avlens: sawinaaRmdego paterns _ garejgufur favoritizms. sakuTari
kulturis eTnikur stereotipebs iTviseben, isini dadebiT Taviseburebebs
privilegirebul eTnikur umravlesobas miaweren, xolo uaryofiTs _
sakuTar jgufs. am mikerZoebis damadasturebeli kvlevis dros mecnierebma
5-7 wlis afroamerikelebs istoriebidan im informaciis gaxseneba sTxoves,
romelic SavkanianTa stereotipebs Seesabameboda an ar Seesabameboda.
ZiriTadad bavSvebma gaixsenes stereotipuli Taviseburebebi _ tendencia,
romelic myaria im adamianebSi, romlebic afroamerikelTa uaryofiT
kulturul Sexedulebebs eTanxmebian an sakuTari kanis fers Riad miiCneven
da, Sesabamisad, sakuTar Tavs TeTrkanian umravlesobasTan aigiveben
(Averhart & Bigler, 1997). swored aseve kanadelma mecnierebma daadgines, rom
me=2- me=4 klaseli indieli kanadelebi dadebiT Tvisebebs TeTrkanian
kanadelebs miaweren, xolo uaryofiTs _ indielebs (Corenblum, 2003).
TeTrkaniani kanadeli Tanatolebis msgavsad kanadeli indieli bavSvebi
TeTrkaniani kanadeli bavSvis mier davalebis warmatebiT Sesrulebas misi
unariT an ZalisxmeviT xsnian, xolo kanadeli indieli bavSvis aseTive
warmatebas_ iRbliT an davalebis simartiviT (Corenblum da sxvebi, 1996).
socialuri konteqsti, romelic adamianebs kanis feris mixedviT
aufasurebs, umciresobis warmomadgenel bavSvebs eTnikur SexedulebaTa
gacnobierebis mimarT mgrZnobiares xdis.
gaixseneT, rom asakTan erTad bavSvebi TandaTanobiT met yuradRebas
aqceven dispoziciebs da adamianebs Soris ufro srulyofil ganasxvaveben.
socialuri samyaros mravalgvari gziT klasificirebis unari skolis
asakis moswavleebs imis gacnobierebis saSualebas aZlevs, rom adamianebi
`msgavsebic~ arian da `gansxvavebulebic~ _ aucilebeli rodia, sxvadasxva
garegnobis adamianebs gansxvavebuli fiqrebi, grZnobebi da moqmedebebi
axasiaTebdeT (Aboud & Amato, 2001). amis Sedegad, mikerZoeba _ uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba umciresobis mimarT – mcirdeba. 7-8 wlis asakis Semdeg,
rogorc umciresobis, aseve umravlesobis warmomadgeneli bavSvebi
Sidajgufur favoritizms erTnairad gamoxataven, xolo TeTrkaniani
bavSvebis mier sxva jgufebis warmomadgenlebis tendencia sustdeba (Ruble
da sxvebi, 2004). skolis asakis bavSvebisa da mozardebis umravlesoba
sityvier formulirebas ukeTebs kanis feris mixedviT adamianis gamoricxvis
tendencias TanatolTa jgufidan da saswavlo aqtivobebidan da amgvar
diskriminacias usamarTlod miiCnevs (Killen da sxvebi, 2002).
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, bavSvebi gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT, ra
zomiT mZlavrobs maTSi eTnikuri da socialur-klasobrivi mikerZoeba.
amaze gavlenas axdens Semdegi pirovnuli da garemo faqtorebi: myari
Sexeduleba pirovnul Tvisebebze. is bavSvebi, romlebsac sjeraT, rom
pirovnulobis simyare adamianebs kargebad da cudebad `axarisxeben~ da maTi
qcevis miRma arsebul motivebs ugulebelyofen. myar TaviseburebaTa es
momxreebi (maTgan gansxvavebiT, visac pirovnuloba cvalebad fenomenad
miaCnia) SezRuduli informaciis safuZvelze swarfad ayalibeben
Sexedulebebs individebis an jgufebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, isini askvnian,
rom `axali klaseli, romelic imitom icrueba, rom sxvebs Tavi moawonos,~
cudi bavSvia an `bavSvi, romelic Tanaklasels eubneba, rom misi naxati
uSnoa,~ sazizRari bavSvebiT savse skolaSi swavlobs (Heyman & Dweck, 1998;
Levy & Dweck, 1999).
maRali TviTSefaseba. gasaocaria, rom maRali TviTSefasebis mqone
bavSvebs (da zrdasrulebs) metad axasiaTebT usamarTlo eTnikuri
mikerZoebebi (Baumeister da sxvebi, 2003; Bigler, Brown, & Markell, 2001). is
individebi, romlebsac sakuTar Tavze gadaWarbebuli Sexeduleba aqvT,
Tavis upiratesi TviTSefasebis dasadastureblad xelmokle individebsa da
jgufebs aknineben. mecnierebma jer zustad ar ician, ra motivi amoZravebT
adamianebs, roca sakuTar Tavze dadebiTi warmodgenis SesanarCuneblad
amgvar saSualebebs iyeneben.
socialuri samyaro, romelSic adamianebi jgufebad arian
daxarisxebulni. rac ufro metad usvamen zrdasrulebi xazs jgufTa Soris
gansxvavebebs, miT ufro zrdian SesaZleblobas, rom TeTrkaniani bavSvebi
Sidajgufur favoritizmsa da garejgufur mikerZoebas gamoavlenen (Bigler,
Brown, & Markell, 2001; Kowalski & Lo, 1999).
mikerZoebis Semcireba bavSvebSi. kvlevaTa umravlesoba adasturebs,
rom bavSvebsa da zrdasrulebSi mikerZoebis Semcirebis efeqtiani gza
jgufTaSorisi urTierTobebia. rodesac gansxvavebuli eTnikuri
warmomavlobis individebs Tanabari statusi aqvT, saerTo miznebisaken
miiswrafian da pirovnulad ecnobian erTmaneTs. erToblivi jgufis
bavSvebi, romlebic sxvadasxva warmoSobisa da TaviseburebaTa mqone
TanatolebTan erTad saerTo miznebis misaRwevad swavloben, sityviTa da
qceviT nakleb mikerZoebas avlenen (Pettigrew, 1998). Zalze rTulia
Camoyalibebul eTnikuri mikerZoebasTan brZola. miuxedavad imisa, rom
erTobliv swavlebaSi CarTuli bavSvebi gacilebiT dadebiTad axasiaTeben
eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenlebs, bevri maTgani isev uaryofiTi
stereotipebis matareblad rCeba (Hewstone, 1996).
mezoblebTan, skolasa da sazogadoebaSi xangrZlivi urTierToba da
TanamSromloba SesaZloa eTnikuri mikerZoebis Semcirebis saukeTeso gza
iyos (Ramsey, 1995). am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, 5-6 wlis TeTrkanianebs,
romlebic eTnikurad mravalferovan skolaSi swavloben, sakuTar
yoveldRiur gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, rogorc wesi, dadebiTi
garejgufuri damokidebuleba uyalibdebaT (Aboud, 2003). Tu skolaSi bavSvs
eTnikuri mravalferovnebis gacnobis saSualeba aqvs da am
gansxvavebulobis gaazrebasa da dafasebas waaxaliseben, is daculi iqneba
eTnikuri umciresobis mimarT adreuli uaryofiTi damokidebulebis
Camoyalibebisagan, romlis daZleva SemdgomSi Zalze Znelia. da bolos,
sxvaTa Tvisebebis cvalebadobaSi bavSvis darwmuneba mikerZoebis Semcirebis
saimedo gzaa. rac ufro metad sjeraT skolis asakis bavSvebsa da
mozardebs, rom adamianebs sakuTari pirovnebis Secvla ZaluZT, miT ufro
met simpaTias, drois gatarebis survils gamoxataven xelmokle garejgufis
wevrebis mimarT da sakuTar Tavs maT msgavsad miiCneven. amis garda,
axalgazrdebi, romlebsac adamianis Tvisebebis cvlilebisa sjeraT, did
dros atareben moxaliseebad, exmarebian Raribebs, magaliTad, saWmels
umzadeben usaxlkaroebs an Raribi ojaxis skolamdelebs ukiTxaven
(Karafantis & Levy, 2004). moxaliseoba, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs sxvaTa mimarT
cvalebad Sexedulebas, radgan is axalgazrdebs aiZulebs sakuTari Tavi
araprivilegirebulTa adgilze warmoidginon da Seafason siRaribis
gamomwvevi socialuri pirobebi. momdevno qveTavSi vnaxavT, rogor exmareba
bavSvebs proeqciis unari pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis gagebasa da
dadebiT socialur qcevaSi.

proeqciis unari
am da wina TavebSi aRvniSneT, rom proeqciis unari _ warmosaxvis
unari, ras SeiZleba fiqrobdnen an grZnobdnen sxva adamianebi _
mniSvnelovania mravalferovani socialur-SemecnebiTi miRwevebisaTvis:
sxvaTa gancdebis gasagebad (Tavi 10); mcdari rwmenis Sesafaseblad;
referenciuli komunikaciis unar-Cvevis ganviTarebisaTvis (Tavi 9), me-
koncefciis, TviTSefasebis, pirovnebis aRqmisaTvis da miswrafebebis
gamosaxatavad.
albaT gvaxsovT, rom piaJe skolamdelTa egocentrizms _ sxvisi
Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswinebis uunarobas _ azrovnebis (rogorc fizikur,
ise socialur sferoebSi) moumwifeblobaze pasuxismgebel ZiriTad
Taviseburebad ganixilavda. gavigeT, rom sicocxlis meore wels sakuTari
Tavis gacnobierebis kvalobaze axlad fexadgmulebs proeqciis garkveuli
unari uyalibdebaT. piaJes mosazrebebi bavSvebis proeqciis unaris Taobaze,
romelic bavSvobasa da mozadobaSi ixveweba, uamravi gamokvlevis `mizezi~
gaxda.

proeqciis unaris selmaniseuli safexurebi robert selmanma

bavSvebisa da mozardebis mier socialur dilemaTa Sesaxeb pasuxebze
dayrdnobiT proeqciis unaris xuTi safexuri Camoayaliba. dilemebSi
movlenis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli informacia da Sexedulebebi iyo mocemuli.
11.2 cxrili gviCvenebs, rom longitudinuri da ganivi kveTis meTodiT
Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT Tavdapirvelad bavSvebs sxva adamianebis
SesaZlo fiqrebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb SezRuduli warmodgena
axasiaTebT. droTa ganmavlobaSi isini igeben, rom erTi da imave movlenis
Sesaxeb adamianebs metad gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba SeiZleba hqondeT. male
isini `sxvis tyavSi yofnas~ swavloben da SeuZliaT gansazRvron am sxvis
Sexeduleba maT (bavSvebis) fiqrebze, grZnobebsa da qcevaze (yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom proeqciis unaris es safexuri zemoT aRwerili meoreuli
mcdari rwmenis msgavsia) da bolos, mozrdil bavSvebsa da mozardebs
erTdoeulad ori adamianis Sexedulebis Sefaseba SeuZliaT, Tavdapirvelad
gulgrili mayureblis xelsayreli poziciidan, xolo Semdeg _
sazogadoebrivi faseulobebis moSveliebiT (Gurucharri & Selman, 1982; Selman,
1980).
 SemecnebiTi ganviTareba xels uwyobs proeqciis unaris daxvewas. is
bavSvebi, romlebic Tavs ver arTmeven piaJeseul konkretul operaciebTan
dakavSirebul amocanebs, selmanis skalis nulovan doneze imyofebian; vinc
konkretul operaciebs arTmevs Tavs, magram formalurs vera _ 1-l da me-2
safexurze; xolo mozardebi, romlebic formalur operaciebTan
dakavSirebul amocanebs xvewen _ me-3 da me-4 safexurze (Keating & Clark, 1980;
Krebs & Gillmore, 1982). metic, piaJeseuli amocanebis TiToeuli krebuli misi
Sesabamisi proeqciis unaris doneze adreul daostatebas uwyobs xels
(Walker, 1980). es ki gulisxmobs, rom proeqciis unaris ganviTarebaSi
damatebiTi SemecnebiTi da socialuri unar-Cvevebi monawileobs.
Teoretikosis mosaszrebiT, skolamdelTa proeqciis unaris SezRudulobis
ZiriTadi mizezi gonebis Sesaxeb maTive pasiuri Sexedulebaa, romlis
Tanaxmad, adamianis codna dakvirvebisa da ara gamocdilebis aqtiuri
wvdomis Sedegia (Chandler & Carpendale, 1998). am mosazrebis gamosakvlevad
mecnierebma SeimuSaves TamaSiamocanebi, romlebic bavSvebis mier imis
gacnobierebis Sefasebas emsaxureba, rom adamianTa codna da rwmena
gavlenas axdens maT Sexedulebebze.
mecnierTa jgufi dainteresda imiT, bavSvebi acnobiereben Tu ara, rom
asakiT umcrosi da, Sesabamisad, naklebad mcodne individebi axal
informacias asakiT ufrosebTan SedarebiT sxvagvarad ganixilaven. erT-erT
eqsperimentSi 4-dan 8 wlamde bavSvebs hkiTxes, ecodinebodaT Tu ara bavSvsa
da zrdasruls sagnis mdebareoba, Tuki naxavdnen, sad dades is an etyodnen,
sad dadebdnen (Montgomery, 1993). yvela asakis bavSvma sworad gansazRvra,
rom bavSvsac da zrdasrulsac ecodineboda sagnis mdebareoba uSualo
dakvirebis Sedegad. mxolod 4 wlisebma (miuxedavad imisa, rom
gaiTvaliswines bavSvebs sityvebis umravlesobis mniSvneloba ar
ecodinebodaT) gansazRvres arasworad, rom bavSvi sityvieri Setyobinebis
saSualebiT gaigebda sagnis mdebareobas. amocanis Sesruleba 6-8 wlis
asakSi ixveweba (ix. sqema 11.10).
sxva eqsperimenti adasturebs, rom 6 wlamde bavSvebi ver acnobiereben,
pirovnebis Tavdapirveli codnis gavlenas axali informaciis gaazrebaze. 6-
dan 8 wlamde bavSvebi acnobiereben, rom adamianTa arsebul Sexedulebebs
maT Tvalsazrisze zemoqmedeba SeuZliaT. daaxloebiT amave asakSi ician,
rom or adamians erTi da imave orazrovani informaciis gansxvavebulad
aRqma SeuZlia (Miller, 2000).
mozrdili bavSvebisa da mozardebisTvis gamiznuli proeqciis
unarTan dakavSirebuli amocanebi mimarTulia rekursul azrovnebaze _
proeqciis unaris formaze, romelic gulisxmobs imaze fiqrs, razec sxva
fiqrobs. selmaniseuli stadiebis mixedviT, rekursuli azrovneba (me-3 da
me-4 safexurebi) Sua bavSvobidan mozardobamde ixveweba, rac kvlevebiTac
dasturdeba. rodesac pirvelidan meeqvse klasamde moswavleebs 11.11-is sqema
msgavsi naxatis aRwera sTxoves, meeqvseklaselTa mxolod 50%-ma gaarTva
Tavi warmatebiT erTkonturian, xolo mcire nawilma _ orkonturian
rekursias (Miller, Kessel, & Flavell, 1970). Sua mozardobamde adamianebs rTuli
rekursuli azrovnebis unary ar SeswevT. swored rekursuli azrovneba
aqcevs adamianTa urTierTobas namdvil urTieorTobad. mas xSirad
mivmarTavT gaugebrobebis Tavidan asacileblad, magaliTad, `megona
mixvdebodi, rom es xumrobiT vTqvi~. rekursuli azrovneba monawileobs
Cveni WeSmariti fiqrebisa da grZnobebis SeniRbvaSi: `is ifiqrebs, rom
mSurs, Tuki vetyvi, rom misi axali manqana ar momwons, amitom ise moviqcevi,
TiTqos momwons~ (Perner, 1988). da bolos, rekursuli azrovnebis unari
monawileobs intensiur TviTkoncentrirebaSi da adreuli mozardobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli warmosaxviTi auditoriis SeqmnaSi (ix. Tavi 6). `xSirad,
maTda saubedurod, mozardebi pirvelklaselebze metad arian am unariT
dajildoebulni~ (Miller, Kessel, & Flavell, 1970, gv. 623).
erTi da imave asakis bavSvebSi proeqciis unari mniSvnelovnad
varirebs. is gzebi, romliTac zrdasrulebi da Tanatolebi uxsnian bavSvebs
sakuTar Sexedulebebs da waaxaliseben sxvaTa Sexedulebebis
gansaxilvelad, gavlenas axdens am individualur gansxvavebebze (Dixon &
Moore, 1990). am kvlevaTa Sedegebis Tanaxmad, individualistur
kulturebTan SedarebiT koleqtivistur kulturebSi, sadac mniSvnelovania
TanamSromloba da jgufuri harmonia, bavSvebi ukeT arTmeven Tavs
proeqciis unarTan dakavSirebul amocanebs (Keats & Fang, 1992).
proeqciis unari da socialuri qceva proeqciis unari bavSvebs
sxvebTan urTierTobaSi exmareba. rodesac adamianebis SexedulebaTa
ganWvreta SegviZlia, ufro efeqtianad vpasuxobT maT moTxovnebs. am unariT
dajildoebulni ufro advilad gamoxataven empaTiasa da TanagrZnobas da
warmatebiT eZeben rTuli socialuri situaciebis daZlevis efeqtian gzebs
(Eisenberg, Murphy, & Shepard, 1997; Marsh, Serafica, & Barenboim, 1981). swored
amis gamo isini meti simpaTiiT sargebloben TanatolTa Soris (FitzGerald &
White, 2003).
miuxedavad imisa, rom proeqciis unari mniSvnelovania mowifuli
socialuri qcevisaTvis, situacia da pirovnuli faqtorebi gansazRvravs,
gveqneba Tu ara amis Sedegad prosocialuri aqti. Tu davaleba
konkurencias moiTxovs, proeqciis unariT dajildoebuli gamocdili
individebi warmatebiT icaven sakuTar Tvalsazrissac da warmatebiT
TanamSromloben. maSinac ki, rodesac bavSvebi sxvis Sexedulebebsa da
grZnobebs igeben, maT qcevas mainc emociuri mdomareoba gansazRvravs.
gavixsenoT me-10 Tavidan _ is bavSvebi, romelTac emociuri TviTregulaciis
gamocdileba aqvT, distresis dros ukeT exmarebian sxvebs da
konstruqciulad arTmeven Tavs socialur konfliqtebs.
da bolos, mwiri socialuri unaris mqone bavSvebsa da mozardebs,
gansakuTrebiT, feTqebadebsa da agresiulebs, romlebzec me-12 TavSi
visaubrebT _ Zalze uWirT sxvaTa fiqrebisa da grZnobebis warmodgena.
xSirad isini cudad epyrobian rogorc zrdasrulebs, aseve Tanatolebs da
amis gamo arc damnaSaved grZnoben Tavs da arc sindisis qenjnas ganicdian.
Careva, romelic proeqciis unarSi wvrTnasa da varjiSs uwyobs xels,
amcirebs antisocialur qcevas da zrdis prosocialur reaqcias (Chalmers &
Townsend, 1990; Chndler, 1973).
adamianTa Soris urTierTobebze fiqri: konfliqtis gageba
ganviTarebis kvaldakval bavSvebi sakuTari Tavisa da sxvebis Sesaxeb
codnas adamianTa Soris urTierTobebis gasagebad iyeneben. socialuri
Semecnebis am mimarTulebiT Catarebul kvlevaTa umravlesoba megobrobasa
da konfliqtebs ukavSirdeba. megobrobas me-15 TavSi ganvixilavT, aq ki
imaze SevCerdebiT, ras fiqroben da rogor agvareben bavSvebi iseT
situaciebs, romelTa Sesaxebac maTi da Tanatolebis miznebi erTmaneTs ar
emTxveva.

socialur problemaTa gadaWra

`ara, ara xar!~) da faqtebis, mosazrebebisa da Sexedulebebis gamo Cxuboben

(`masze maRali var~. `ara, sulac ara!~). rogorc vxedavT, isini am sakiTxebs
Zalze seriozulad ekidebian. droTa ganmavlobaSi skolamdelTa
konfliqti materialuri sakiTxebidan sulier da socialur sakiTxebze
gadadis (Chen da sxvebi, 2001). me-6 TavSi vnaxeT, rom konfliqtis mogvareba
ganviTarebas uwyobs xels. socialuri konfliqtebi bavSvebs fasdaudebel
SesaZleblobebs sTavazobs socialur problemaTa mogvarebis _ swavlis
TvalsazrisiT, rac uTanxmoebaTa Tavidan acilebis an maTi mogvarebis iseT
strategiaTa generirebasa da gamoyenebas gulisxmobs, romelTa Sedegebi
misaRebi iqneba rogorc sxvebis, aseve Tavad individisaTvisac. socialur
problemaTa mosagvareblad bavSvebma mraval sxvadasxvagvar socialur
codnas unda mouyaron Tavi. niki krikma (Nicki Crick) da kenet dodjma
(Kenneth Dodge)
(1994) 11.12 sqemaSi naCvenebi wriuli modelis saxiT Camoayalibes socialuri
problemebis gadaWris safexurebi. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom am sqemaSi
gamoyenebulia informaciis gadamuSavebis midgoma, romelic zustad
gansazRvravs, ra unda gaakeTos bavSvma socialuri problemis
gasacnobiereblad da gadasaWrelad. amis Semdeg ukve SesaZlebelia
damuSavebis naklovanebaTa gansazRvra da bavSvis individualuri
saWiroebebis mixedviT Careva.
socialuri problemebis mogvareba arsebiTad moqmedebs TanatolTa
urTierTobaze. is bavSvebi, romlebic kargad ewyobian Tanatolebs,
socialur miniSnebebs Zalze zustad igeben, iseT miznebs ayalibeben,
romelic urTierTobas ganamtkicebs (mag., iyos megobrebisaTvis sasargeblo)
da problemaTa mogvarebis efeqtiani strategiebis repertuari aqvT. im
bavSvebs ki, romlebic Tanatolebs ver ewyobian, xSirad mikerZoebuli
socialuri molodini axasiaTebT. amis gamo SerCeviTi yuradRebiT ekidebian
socialur miniSnebebs (mag., mtrul qmedebas) da arasworad xsnian sxvaTa
qcevas (SemTxveviT xelis kvras mtrobad naTlaven). socialur miznebs
(impulsis dakmayofileba, arasasurvel TanatolTan urTierToba) xSirad
iseT strategiebamde mihyavs, romlebic megobrobas spoben (Erdly & Asher,
1999; Youngstrom da sxvebi, 2000).

socialur problemaTa mogvarebis ganviTareba

 socialuri problemebis mogvarebis Taobaze kvlevaTa umravlesoba
exeba strategiis generirebas _ bavSvebs hipoTezuri konfliqtis (mag.,
rogor moiqcevian, roca sxvisi saTamaSoTi TamaSi surT) gadaWris gzebis
moZebnas sTxoven. kvlevebi adasturebs, rom asakTan erTad bavSvebis
strategiaTa raodenoba da xarisxi izrdeba. rogorc mcirewlovani, aseve
arasaxarbielo urTierTobebis mqone bavSvebi, axorcieleben iseT
strategiebs, romlebic impulsurad akmayofilebs maT moTxovnebs.
magaliTad, aseTia CabRujva, dartyma an damorCilebis brZaneba. 5-dan 7
wlamde bavSvebi sakuTar moTxovnebs ufro xSirad sxvaTa moTxovnebis
gaTvaliswinebiT ikmayofileben. isini ufro xSirad iyeneben megobrul
darwmunebasa da kompromiss, Tavdapirveli variantis warumateblobis Sem-
TxvevaSi alternatiul strategiebze fiqroben da uTanxmoebis mogvarebas
ufrosis Caurevlad cdiloben (Chen da sxvebi, 2001; Mayeiux & Cillessen, 2003).
zogjer ki orive mxarisaTvis misaRebi axali miznebis dasaxvas cdiloben.
maT gacnobierebuli aqvT, rom mimdinare problemebis gadaWra
mniSvnelovnad aisaxeba samomavlo urTierTobebze momavalze (Yeates, Schultz,
& Selman, 1991).
sxva mkvlevarebi ufro Sors wavidnen socialuri problemebis
mogvarebis kvlevis mimarTulebiT da scades gaerkviaT, strategiis
SemuSavebi unaris garda, ra ganasxvavebs socialurad kompetentur bavSvebs
naklebkompetenturTagan. dodjma da misma kolegebma (1986) skolis asakis
bavSvebis socialur problemaTa mogvarebis gamocdileba
11.12 sqemaze asaxuli 5-safexuriani sistemiT Seafases. bavSvebs
videoCanaweri aCvenes.
pirvel scenaSi samagido TamaSSi ori bavSvi monawileobda.
mkvlevarebma TiToeuli monawilis mier socialur miniSnebaTa kodirebisa
da interpretaciis unari oris mier mesame bavSvisaTvis TamaSSi CarTvis
TanxmobiT gazomes. Semdeg bavSvebma TamaSSi CarTvis strategiebi
SeimuSaves. maTi pasuxebi Semdegnairad iyo kodirebuli:
kompetenturi: TamaSSi monawileobis zrdilobiani Txovna da sxva
megobruli komentarebi;
agresiuli: muqara, fizikuri Zalis gamoyeneba da daukiTxavad CarTva;
egocentruli: sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb iseTi gancxadebebi, rogoricaa
`me vici, rogor unda magis TamaSi!~
pasiuri: moridebuli, meryevi reaqcia _ lodini da `garSemo triali~;
avtoritetis moSvelieba: `maswavlebelma Tqva, rom TamaSi SemiZlia~.
Semdeg monawileebs aCvenes kidev 5 scena, romelSic bavSvi TamaSSi CarTvas
yoveli zemoxsenebuli strategiis gamoyenebiT cdilobs da strategiis
Sefaseba sTxoves misi mosalodneli warmatebulobis TvalsazrisiT.
bolos, monawileebma TamaSSi CarTvis gzis demonstrirebiT reaqcia
gaiTamaSes.
mkvlevarebma bavSvebis realuri socialuri kompetencia calke
eqsperimentiT laboratoriul saklaso oTaxSi realuri qcevis mixedviT
Seafases. Sedegebma aCvena, rom bavSvebi problemis mogvarebis xuTive unars
iyenebdnen. socialur-SemecnebiTi sazomiT ganisazRvreboda, ramdenad
efeqtianad erTvebodnen bavSvebi skolis ezoSi gamarTul TamaSebSi.
 pirvel meore klasebSi socialuri problemebis mogvarebis
komponentebi TandaTan ufro mtkiced ukavSirdeba socialurad kompetentur
qcevas (Dodge & Price, 1994). skolaSi swavlis pirveli ramdenime wlis
ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi sul ufro rTuli socialuri situaciebis pirispir
dgebian, rac maTgan socialuri informaciis damuSavebis aseve garTulebul
unars moiTxovs. es ki, Tavis mxriv, ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba
sxvebTan urTierTobis asawyobad.

socialur problemaTa gadaWris swavleba

socialuri problemebis mogvarebis aramyari unaris mqone bavSvebis
daxmarebas maTi ganviTarebis xelSewyoba mravali gziT SeuZlia. garda
TanatolTa urTierTobebis gaumjobesebisa, socialur problemaTa
efeqtiani gadaWra akademiur warmatebebsac ukavSirdeba. is cxovrebiseuli
stresuli movlenebis winaSe mdgom bavSvebs Tavdajerebulobis grZnobas
aZlevs, xolo mcireSemosavliani da konfliqturi ojaxis bavSvebisaTvis
adaptaciis sirTuleTa risks amcirebs (Dubow da sxvebi, 1991; Goodman, Gravitt,
& Kaslow, 1995).
socialur problemaTa mogvarebis wvrTnis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli
programis mixedviT skolamdelebi da sabavSvo baRis moswavleebi
socialuri problemebis gadaWris Sesaxeb msjeloben, risTvisac Tojinebs
iyeneben. mecadineobebi yoveldRe tardeba ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi.
garda amisa, maswavleblebi klasSi konfliqtis warmoqmnisTanave erevian,
bavSvebs mianiSneben qcevis Sedegebze (`rogor fiqrob, ras grZnobs joni,
roca urtyam?~) an alternatiuli strategiis mofiqrebaSi exmarebian
(`SegiZlia, problemis gadaWris orivesaTvis misaRebi gza moZebno?~).
zogierTi kvlevisas treninggavlilma bavSvebma sakontrolo jgufTan
SedarebiT socialur problemebze ukeT fiqrisa da maswavlebelTan ukeT
adaptaciis unari gamoavlines. es Sedegebi programis damTavrebidan
ramdenime Tvis Semdegac TvalsaCino iyo (Shure, 2001). aseTi Careva
xelsayrelia skolis asakis bavSvebSic (Gettinger, Doll, & Salmon, 1994).
Sesabamis reaqciaTa gaTamaSebaSi varjiSs am dadebiTi Sedegebis
ganmtkiceba SeuZlia. xSirad bavSvebma ician socialur problemaTa
efeqtiani gadaWra, Tumca cod nas ar iyeneben (Rudolph & Heller, 1997). im
bavSvebs, romlebsac ganmeorebiTi Seusabamo reaqciebi axasiaTebT, Cveuli
qcevis dasaZlevad da ufro adaptaciuri socialuri informaciis
damuSavebisaTvis SesaZloa alternativaTa kidev erTxel gadaxedva
(CamoTvla) dasWirdeT.
da bolos, socialuri sirTuleebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis socialur-
SemecnebiTi wvrTna daxmarebis erTaderTi gza ar aris. raki mSoblebs
xSirad socialur problemaTa mogvarebis arasaTanado unari aqvT da
bavSvis aRzrdis araefeqtian gamocdilebas iyeneben, SesaZloa ojaxSi
Carevac saWiro gaxdes. am Temas Semdeg TavebSi ramdenjerme mivubrundebiT.

zneobrioba – adamianis Tandayolili Tviseba

 XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi adamianis socialuri qcevis bevri
biologiuri Teoris mixedviT zneobrivad Sesabamis araerTi qcevasa da
emocias evoluciis istoriaSi udevs safuZveli (Wilson, 1975). es
Tvalsazrisi daadastura eTologebis muSaobam. isini akvirdebodnen
cxovelebs, romlebic TavianTi saxeobis sxva wevrebs xSirad sakuTari
Tavis xifaTSi Cagdebis fasad exmarebodnen. magaliTad, WianWvela, futkari
da termitebi ukidures Tavganwirvas avlenen. bevri maTgani dageslavs an
dakbens nadirs, romelic skas an budes emuqreba, es gabrZoleba xSirad
maTi sikvdiliT mTavrdeba. ZaRlebi, romlebic ar emorCilebian Npatronis
akrZalvas da avejs azianeben an bunebriv moTxovnilebas SenobaSi
ikmayofileben, zogjer Zlier sinanuls avlenen gancdis an morCilebis
formiT (Lorenz, 1983).
primatebidan Simpanzeebi (romlebic genetikurad adamianTan yvelaze
axlos dganan) emorCilebian zneobrivis msgavs wesebs, romlebsac jgufis
wevrebi erTmaneTTan urTierTobisas iyeneben. magaliTad, roca mamrebi
mdedrebs uteven, eridebian basri eSvebis gamoyenebas. Tu mamri mdedrs
daazianebs, mTeli kolonia aRSfoTebuli jgufuri yefiT pasuxobs, amas ki
zogjer mdedrebis jgufis mier agresoris devna mosdevs (de Waal, 1996).
Simpanzeebi keTilganwyobasac pasuxoben; isini guliTadad uvlian da
unawileben sakvebs mas, vinc aseve moeqca, sikeTisa da nugeSiscemis
qmedebebSi monawileoben.
axalgazrdebi zogjer awynareben SeSinebul an daSavebul
Tanatolebs, xolo mozrdil mdedrebs ahyavT xolme patarebi, romlebic
dedebs kargaven (Goodall, 1990). amasTanave, Cxubis Semdeg yofili metoqeebi
SeiZleba erTmaneTs gadaexvion, xeli CasWidon da moeferon, megobrulad
moiqcnen da aSkarad ecadon, xangrZlivi urTierTobebi aRadginon (De Waal,
2001). am monacemebis safuZvelze mecnierebma daasabuTes, rom adamianTa
zneobrivi saqcielisTvis evolucias msgavsi biologiurad damyarebuli
pirobebi unda hqonoda.
rogor unda axdendes genebi zegavlenas qcevebze, romlebic
socialur jgufebs, da, Sesabamisad, saxeobis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels?
bevri mkvlevari Tvlis, rom amaSi winaswari emociuri reaqciebia Careuli
(Haidt, 2001; Hoffman, 2000; Trivers, 1971). axladdabadebulis tirili, roca sxva
Cvilis tirili esmis, SesaZloa, empaTiis winamorbedi iyos. 2 wlis asakSi
isini empaTiur yuradRebas avlenen da wuxiliT reagireben iseT qcevebze,
romlebic ara marto maT, aramed sxvis keTildReobasac emuqreba. SesaZloa
am emociebs adamianTa prosocialuri qcevebi udevs safuZvlad. amasTan
erTad, mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines Tavis tvinis qerqis Sublis nawilSi
Semavali are (cxviris fuZis ukan mdebare ventromediuri are), romelic
umniSvnelovanesia emociuri reaqciis gamovlenisaTvis sxvebis tanjvasa da
sakuTar cud saqcielze. mozrdilebi, romlebsac es are dazianebuli aqvT -
miuxedavad imisa, rom ician, raRac unda igrZnon - uaryofiT reaqcias mainc
ver iZlevian ukiduresad dazianebuli adamianis danaxvisas. isini sxvebze
naklebad uweven angariSs socialur normebs (Barrash, Tranel, & Anderson, 2000;
Damasio, 1994). Tu ventromediuri dazianeba adre iCens Tavs, igi Zalian
uSlis xels socialur daswavlas, rasac ukiduresad antisocialuri
saqcieli mohyveba (Anderson da sxvebi., 1999). rodesac fsiqopaTebi sxvebs
zians ayeneben da arc empaTias da arc danaSaulis grZnobas ganicdian, am
dros, EEG da fMRI kvlevis Tanaxmad, maT Tavis tvinis am ubnis daqveiTebuli
aqtivoba aReniSnebaT (Raine, 1997).
magram adamianTa sxva umetesi saqcielis msgavsad, zneobrioba ar
SeiZleba mTlianad misi biologiuri sawyisiT aixsnas. zneobriobis
Sesabamisi emociebi, rogoricaa siamaye, danaSauli, TanagrZnoba da simpaTia,
imisTvis, rom ganviTardes, xelSewyobas saWiroebs. maTi momwifebuli
gamoxatva ki kognitur ganviTarebazea damokidebuli. amasTanave, marTalia,
emocia zneobrivi saqcielis erT-erTi safuZvelia, masze mTlianad
dayrdnoba mainc ar SeiZleba, radgan empaTiuri grZnobebis ayola mudam
zneobrivi ar aris. magaliTad, bevri CvenTagani kiTxvis qveS daayenebs
mSoblis saqciels, romelic gadawyvets, ar waiyvanos avadmyofi Svili
eqimTan imis gamo, rom is empaTias ganicdis bavSvis mimarT, romelsac
eqimTan wayvanis gamo SiSi da SeSfoTeba aReniSneba.
zneobriobis adapturi faseulobis Sesaxeb biologiuri Tvalsazrisi
mogvagonebs imas, rom sakuTari saWiroebebis momsaxurebis unari adre iCens
Tavs. adamianebma, sxva maRal socialur sakiTxebTan erTad, SeimuSaves
gonebaze damyarebuli zneobrivi safuZvlebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba
TviTcentrul motivebs da sxvebze zrunvas uwyobs xels.

zneobrioba, sazogadoebrivi normebis mimRebloba

ori perspeqtiva – fsiqoanalizuri Teoria da socialuri daswavlis
Teoria – gansxvavebul mosazrebebs gvTavazobs imis Sesaxeb, rogor
gadaiqcevian bavSvebi zneobriv arsebebad. Tumca, zneobriv ganviTarebas
orive ganixilavs, rogorc internalizaciis – swori qcevis socializebuli
standartebis miRebis sagans. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rogor gadadis
zneobrioba sazogadoebidan individze – rogor iReben bavSvebi kargi
qcevis normebs anu miTiTebebs, romlebsac maTi socialuri jgufis wevrebi
misdeven.
am Teoriebis Seswavlam gviCvena, rom bavSvis mier sazogadoebrivi
standartebis miRebisadmi mzadyofnaze erTdroulad gavlenas axdens
ramdenime faqtori:
• mSobelTa mier dasjis wesi, romelic darRvevis mixedviT icvleba;
bavSvis qaraqterologiuri Taviseburebebi asakisa da temperamentis
CaTvliT;
• mSobelTa qaraqterologiuri Taviseburebebi; bavSvis Sexeduleba
rogorc darRvevaze, aseve mSobelTa moTxovnebis safuZvlianobaze.

fsiqoanalizuri Teoria
zigmund froidis Tanaxmad, zneobrioba yalibdeba 3-dan 6 wlis asakSi
, im periodSi, roca oidiposisa da eleqtras kargad cnobili konfliqtebi
iCens Tavs. umcrosi asakis bavSvebs surT, daeuflon sapirispiro sqesis
mSobels, magram isini am survils sasjelisa da mSobliuri siyvarulis
dakargvis SiSis gamo uaryofen. mSoblebTan siaxlovis SesanarCuneblad
bavSvebi iqmnian superegos anu sindiss, Tavisi sqesis mSobelTan
identificirebiT, romlis zneobriv standartebsac sakuTari pirovnebisTvis
iReben.
 sabolood, iTvleba, rom bavSvebi zneobriv standartebTan erTad
intensiuri emociebis internalizaciasac axdenen. manamde maTive sqesis
mSoblisadmi gamiznul mtrul grZnobas sakuTari Tavisken mimarTaven,
xolo es internalizebuli mtruli grZnoba maTSi danaSaulis mtkivneul
grZnobebs aRZravs yovelTvis, rodesac isini superegos ar emorCilebian
(Freud, 1925/1961). froidis mixedviT, zneobrivi ganviTareba 5 an 6 wlis
asakisTvis mniSvnelovnad dasrulebulia, rac Sua bavSvobaSi kidev ufro
Zlierdeba superegos meSveobiT.
dReisTvis mkvlevarTa umetesoba ar eTanxmeba sindisis ganviTarebis
froidiseul Tvalsazriss. jer erTi, aRar miiReba froidis mosazreba
danaSaulis grZnobis, rogorc sakuTari Tavisadmi mimarTuli mtruli
impulsis Taobaze. TviTgakicxvis maRali done zneobriv internalizaciaze
ar aris damokidebuli. piriqiT, saskolo asakis bavSvebi damnaSaved
grZnoben Tavs, roca winaswari ganzraxviT ebmebian miuRebel qmedebaSi da
mis Sedegze pirad pasuxismgeblobas grZnoben. meorec, iTvleba, rom
dasjisa da mSoblebis siyvarulis dakargvis SiSi, zneobrivi qcevis
cnobierad formirebis motivia (Telling, 1999). is bavSvebi ki, romelTa
mSoblebic xSirad iyeneben muqaras, brZanebebs, an fizikur Zaldatanebas,
xSirad arRveven standartebs, magram amis gamo Tavs ar grZnoben damnaSaved
(Kochanska da sxvebi, 2002). Tu mSobeli ar iCens siTbos – magaliTad, uars
ambobs, daelaparakos Svils, an gamoxatavs misi saqcieliT ukmayofilebas,
bavSvi xSirad amaze reagirebs imiTi, rom cudi saqcielis Cadenis Semdeg
Tavs damnaSaved grZnobs. SesaZloa, isini fiqroben `me kargi ara var~ an
`aravis vuyvarvar~. droTa ganmavlobaSi am bavSvebma SeiZleba sakuTari
Tavi danaSaulis gadametebuli grZnobisgan emociuri CarTulobis
SemcirebiT daicvan. amgvarad, sindiss isinic sustad iviTareben (Kochanska,
1991; Zahn-Waxler da sxvebi, 1990).

induqciuri disciplinis siZliere

amisgan gansxvavebiT, specialuri tipis disciplina sindisis
ganviTarebas uwyobs xels. induqciurobisas, mozrdili bavSvs sxvisi
grZnobebis SemCnevaSi exmareba bavSvis cudi saqcielis sxvebze zegavlenaze
miTiTebiT, gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavs maT wuxils da ganmartavs, rom es
bavSvma gamoiwvia. magaliTad, umcrosi skolamdeli asakis bavSvs mSoblebma
unda uTxran: `gogona imitom tiris, rom Tojinas ar ubruneb.~ ufros
skolamdel asakSi mSoblebs SeuZliaT saqcielis Seuferebloba Svils sxva
adamianebis ganzaraxvidan gamomdinare auxsnan: `nu uyviri, es mas swyins. is
xom cdilobda dagxmareboda!~
Semdgom, kognitur winsvlasTan erTad, SeiZleba ufro daxvewili
fsiqologiuri ganmarteba mivceT: `is Tavisi koSkiT amayobda, Sen ki mas
guli atkine, koSki rom daungrie~ (Hoffman, 2000).
rodesac mosiyvarule mSoblebi imgvarad uxsnian bavSvs, rom man
gaigos, atom moiTxovs ojaxi misgan dajerebasa da mosmenas, induqciuroba
ukve 2 wlis asakSic ki xdeba efeqturi. erT-erTi gamokvlevis Tanaxmad is
skolamdelebi, romelTa dedebic induqciur darwmunebas iyenebdnen, ukeT
erkveodnen sakuTar cud saqcielSi, rogorc es leisls daemarTa, roca
avas Tavisi kubikebiT TamaSi SesTavaza. induqciisaTvis Ria bavSvebi ufro
prosocialur qcevas avlendnen, rodesac daRonebul da cud gunebaze myof
bavSvebs eferebodnen, saTamaSoebs awvdidnen da sityvier simpaTias
gamoxatavdnen mT mimarT (Zahn-Waxler, Radke-Yarrow,&King, 1979). sxva
kvlevis mixedviT, mSobliuri siTbosa da induqciurobis erTianoba 3 wlis
biWebis mier cudi saqcielis gamo sinanulis, aRiarebisa da zianis
gamosworebis sawindari iyo. zneobrivi Tvitkontrolis es maCveneblebi,
Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebuli iyo yofaqcevis problemebis SemcirebasTan,
udierobisa da agresiulobis CaTvliT (Kerr da sxvebi, 2004).
induqciurobis warmatebulobis mizezi SesaZloa iyos misi
SesaZlebloba, Caunergos bavSvebs aqtiuri valdebulebebi zneobrivi
normebis mimarT anu: induqciuroba karnaxobs bavSveebs, rogor moiqcnen
rom momavalSi msgavs mdgomareobaSi am informaciis aRdgena SeZlon.
bavSvis saqcielis sxvebze zemoqmedebis miTiTebiT mSoblebi xels uwyoben
empaTiur da simpaTiur urTierTobebs, rac induqciuri informaciis
gamoyenebas iwvevs prosocialur qcevebSi (Krevans&Gibbs, 1996). rodesac
bavSvs qcevis Secvlis mizezebs acnoben, es maT mSoblebis molodinis
safuZvlianobis gansjis saSualebas aZlevs, rac, Tavis mxriv, bavSvs
standartebis misaRebad Seagulianebs, radgan amas ukve Segnebulad akeTebs.
rodesac bavSvi induqciurobas mudmivad ganicdis, SeiZleba Camouyalibdes
warmodgena imaze, ra uaryofiTi Sedegi mohyveba sxvebisTvis zianis
motanas– bavSvi cudad iqceva, induqciuri gzavnili amas afiqsirebs, igi
msxverplis mimarT empaTias ganicdis _ bavSvi qcevas gamoasworebs, rac
momavali danaSaulisgan Tavs Seakavebinebs (Hoffman, 2000).
amis sapirispirod, disciplina, romelic metismetad emyareba sasjels
an siyvarulis dakargvis muqaras, iseT maRali donis SiSsa da SeSfoTebas
iwvevs, rom bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT Tavisuflad ifiqron da cxadad
gadawyviton, ra unda gaakeTon. amis miuxedavad, gafrTxileba, gajavreba da
brZanebis micema zogjer aucilebelia, raTa vaiZuloT uweso bavSvi, yuri
ugdos induqciur gzavnils (Hoffman, 2000). bavSvis wvlili. froidis
Teoria mZime tvirTs akisrebs mSoblebs, romlebmac disciplinuri
praqtikiT unda uzrunvelyon bavSvis internalizebuli Segnebis
ganviTareba. marTalia, kargi disciplina Zalian mniSvnelovania, Tumca
aRzrdis teqnologiis warmatebaze bavSvebis Tvisebebic axdens zegavlenas.
magaliTad, me-10 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom empaTia maincdamainc memkvidreobiTi
ar aris. metad empaTiuri bavSvi nakleb Zaldatanebas moiTxovs da ufro
mgrZnobiarea induqciis mimarT.
didi gavlena aqvs temperamentsac. rbili, momTmeni taqtika – Txovna,
SeTavazeba da axsna-ganmarteba – sakmarisia, raTa frTxil, mSiSara
skolamdelebSi danaSaulze reagireba da sindisis ganviTareba gamoiwvios
(Kochanska da sxvebi, 2002). amis sapirispirod, msubuqi disciplina nakleb
zemoqmedebas axdens uSiSar, impulsur bavSvebze. Zaldatanebac aseve cudad
moqmedebs, radgan xels uSlis bavSvis axlad warmoqmnili impulsebis
kontrols da amiT auaresebs zneobriv internalizacias (Kochanska &
Knaack, 2003). Amis aRmosafxvrelad, impulsuri ymawvilebis mSoblebs
SeuZliaT izrunon sindisis ganviTarebaze mtkice mijaWvulobis gziT da
urTierTobaTa uzrunvelyofisa da cudi qcevis Sedegebis sruli
gamosworebisa da induqciis gaerTianebiT (Fowles & Kochanska, 2000;
Kochanska, 1997a).
ratom xdeba ase? rodesac bavSvebi imdenad uzrunvelebi arian, rom
mSoblis Careva maT sakmaris diskomforts ar uqmnis, raTa sindisis
ganviTareba uzrunvelyon, mSobelTan axlo kavSiri zneobriobisTvis
alternatiul safuZvels iZleva. es bavSvebisTvis motivi xdeba, daujeron
mSoblis induqciebs da Seasrulon maTi wesebi, rogorc moyvaruli,
xelSemwyobi urTierTobebis SenarCunebis saSualebas.
sabolood, zneobriv ganviTarebze adreuli zrunvisTvis mSoblebma
disciplinuri strategiebi bavSvis pirovnul Tvisebebs unda moargon.
mogagonebT Tu Tu ara es morgebadobis sikeTes, romelic me-10 TavSi iyo
ganxiluli?

danaSaulis grZnobis roli

froidis mosazrebas sindisis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb naklebi
mxardaWera aqvs. miuxedavad amisa, froidi marTali iyo imaSi, rom
danaSaulis grZnoba zneobrivi qmedebis mniSvnelovani motivia. empaTiaze
damyarebuli danaSaulis grZnobis (pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobisa da
sinanulis gamoxatva, magaliTad, rogoricaa `vwuxvar, rom mas vawyenine~)
gamowveva imis axsniT, rom bavSvis moqmedeba dazaralebulis tkivilis an
wuxilis mizezia da man imedi gaucrua mSobels, bavSvze iZulebis gareSe
gavlenis moxdenis saSualebaa. empaTiaze damyarebuli danaSaulis
grZnobaze reaqciebi dakavSirebulia mavne saqcielis SeCerebasTan, cudi
saqcieliT gamowveuli zianis gamosworebasa da samomavlod prosocialur
qmedebebSi CarTvasTan (Baumeister, 1998). imave dros, mSoblebi unda
daexmaron bavSvebs konstruqciulad gaarTvan Tavi danaSaulis grZnobas –
waiyvanon isini arazneobrivi saqcielis gamosworebisa da Semcirebisken an
mobodiSebisken (Bybee, Merisa, & Velasco, 1998).
dasasruls, imisgan gansxvavebiT, rasac froidi fiqrobda, danaSaulis
grZnoba ar aris erTaderTi Zala, romelic zneobrivad moqcevas gvaiZulebs.
zneobrivi ganviTareba ki ar aris myisieri movlena, romelic mTlianad
mTavrdeba adreuli bavSvobis bolosTvis. es ufro TandaTanobiTi
procesia, romelic umcros skolamdel wlebSi iwyeba da mozrdilobaSic
grZeldeba.

bolodroindeli fsiqoanalizuri mosazrebebi

froidis Teoriis SezRudvebis sapasuxod, bolodroindeli
fsiqoanalizuri kvlevebi xazs usvams mSobeli-bavSvis dadebiTi
urTierTobebis mniSvnelobas, yuradRebas amaxvilebs impulsuri bavSvebis
mijaWvulobis rolze zneobriv internalizaciaSi. me-10 TavSi ki naTlad
davinaxeT, rom siTbo da naklebi dasja Zalian mniSvnelovania ZalisxmeviTi
kontrolis _ temperamentis TviTregulirebis im ganzomilebis
xelSesawyobad, romelic (rogorc amas mogvianebiT vnaxavT) zneobriv
momwifebulobaSi did rols asrulebs. erT-erTi longitudinuri
Seswavlisas, 14 Tvis asakSi mijaWvulobis simtkice bavSvis mxridan
mSoblebis moTxovnebis SesrulebisTvis mzadyofnis sawindari iyo. bavSvis
TanamSromlobiTma suliskveTebam ki, Tavis mxriv, gazarda momTmeni,
mxardaWeriTi aRzrdisadmi midrekileba, rac dadebiTad iyo dakavSirebuli
internalizebul sindisTan 4,5 wlis asakSi (Kochanska da sxvebi, 2004).
amasTan erTad, Tanamedrove fsiqoanalizuri Teoretikosebi fiqroben,
rom bavSvebi superegos qmnian mSoblebis swavlebisgan, romelic Sedgeba
ara mxolod akrZalvebisgan, anu `ar gaakeTosgan~ (rogorc froidi
aRniSnavda), aramed dadebiTi miTiTebebisganac, anu `gaakeTesgan.~ dasjiTi
superegos aRweris Semdeg froids esmoda, rom Segneba moicavs idealebis
erTianobas, romelic ufro siyvaruls emyareba, vidre sasjelis SiSs,
magram am aspeqtis Sesaxeb cota aqvs naTqvami. erik eriqsoni Tavis
fsiqosocialur TeoriaSi did adgils uTmobda superegos, rogorc
dadebiT, konstruqciul Zalas, romelsac iniciativamde, ambiciisa da miznis
grZnobamde mivyavarT (ix. I Tavi).
SesaZloa, Tavidan sindisis dadebiTi mxare Cndeba, rac vlindeba
imaSi, rom axalfexadgmulebi relevantur zneobriv qcevas axorcieleben
momvlelebis mimarT. magaliTad, exmarebian daRvrili rZis awmendaSi an
msxvrevadi nivTis erTi adgilidan meoreze gadatanaSi. aseT situaciaSi
mSoblebi siamovnebiT aqeben bavSvs da isic amayad iRimeba – es mSoblebis
zneobrivi standartebis internalizaciis adreuli niSania Referencing
cota xnis Semdeg mSoblis gafrTxilebasa da miuRebeli saqcielis mimarT
gamoTqmul ukmayofilebas Seuracxyofad aRiqvams bavSvis da es SeiZleba
danaSaulis grZnobis winamorbedi gaxdes. male axlad fexadgmuli bavSvebi
Tavisi socialuri referenciis unars mSoblebTan amowmeben, raTa
saqcielis marTvisTvis emociuri informacia moZebnon. sayveduriani
gamoxedviT an Tavis gaqneviT mSoblebi bavSvs odnav SesamCnev, magram Zlier
niSans aZleven saqcielis zneobrivi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb (ix. me-10 Tavi)
(Emde & Oppenheim, 1995). aRniSneT, rogor inarCunebs Tanamedrove
fsiqoanalizuri formulirebebi froidis TeoriasTan kavSirs zneobrivi
ganviTarebis safuZvlad emociis miCnevaSi, rogorc platformisa, romelzec
zneobrivi normebisadmi momwifebuli valdebuleba igeba.

socialuri daswavlis Teoria

socialuri daswavlis perspeqtiva zneobriobas ar ganixilavs
adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebel qmedebas, ganviTarebis gansakuTrebuli
mimidnareobiT. zneobrivi qceva, rogorc reaqciaTa nebismieri sxva
erTianoba ufro SeZenilad miiCneva, gaZlierebisa da modelirebis
saSualebiT.
modelirebis mniSvneloba operantuli ganpirobeba – bavSvebis `kargi
saqcielis~ ganmtkicebiT – ar aris sakmarisi, raTa bavSvs saSualeba mieces,
zneobriv pasuxismgeblobas daeuflos.
imisTvis, rom saqcieli ganmtkicdes. Tavidan igi spontanurad unda
warmoiSvas, magram bevri prosocialuri qmedeba, rogoricaa ganawileba,
daxmareba an ubedurebaSi Cavardnili Tanatolis nugeSiscema, Tavidanve
ganmtkicebisTvis ise xSirad ar iCens Tavs, rom avxsnaT adreul bavSvobaSi
maTi swrafi ganviTareba. amis sapirispirod, socialuri daswavlis
Teoretikosebi fiqroben, rom bavSvebi zneobriv qcevas mniSvnelovnad
modelirebiT– im mozrdilebze dakvirvebiTa da mibaZviT swavloben,
romlebic Sesabamis qcevas avlenen (Bandura, 1977; Grusec, 1988). rodesac
bavSvebi zneobrivi reaqciis unars iZenen, rogoricaa ganawileba an
simarTlis Tqma, misi ganmtkiceba am saqcielisa (`amis gakeTeba Zalian kargi
iyo~) da bavSvis xasiaTis (`Sen Zalian kargi da yuradRebiani biWi xar~)
SeqebiT mis sixSires zrdis (Mills & Grusec, 1989).
mravali kvleva gviCvenebs, rom xelSemwyobi an gulisxmieri
modelebis qona zrdis umcrosi asakis bavSvebis prosocialur reaqciebs,
xolo im modelis garkveuli Tvisebebi, romlebic zegavlenas axdens
bavSvebis mxridan imitaciisadmi mzadyofnaze, Semdegia:
siTbo da gulisxmiereba. skolamdelebi ufro Tbili da gulisxmieri
mozrdilis prosocialuri qcevis gadmoRebisken ixrebian, vidre civi da
ugulisyurosi (Yarrow, Scott & Waxler, 1973). rogorc Cans, siTbo
bavSvebs prosocialuri modelisadmi ufro yuradRebiansa da mgrZnobiares
xdis da Tavad warmoadgens prosocialuri reaqciis models.
kompetenturoba da Zliereba. bavSvebi aRtacebulni arian imitirebis
kompetenturi, Zlieri modelebiT da amitomac maTi SerCevis tendencia aqvT
– es aris imis mizezi, rom gansakuTrebiT arian mzad ufrosi amxanagebisa
da mozrdilebis imitirebisTvis (Bandura, 1977).
mtkicebebsa da qcevas Soris Tanmimdevruloba. roca modelebi erTs
amboben da meores akeTeben – magaliTad, acxadeben, rom `sxvebis daxmareba
mniSvnelovania~, magram iSviaTad exmarebian vinmes – bavSvebi, rogorc wesi,
arCeven qcevis yvelaze ufro lmobier standarts, romelsac ufrosebi
aCveneben (Mischel & Liebert, 1966).
modelebi yvelaze metad gavlenas axdenen skolamdelebze. adreuli
bavSvobis dasasrulisTvis bavSvebs, romlebic warsulSi mudam iyvnen
ufrosebis zrunvis qveS, prosocialurad qcevis tendencia aqvT imis
miuxedavad, arsebobs modeli Tu ara. am droisTvis, maT aqvT
internalizebuli prosocialuri da kargi yofaqcevis sxva wesebi,
mravalgzis dakvirvebisa da sxvebis mier waxalisebisgan (Mussen &
Eisenberg-Berg, 1977).

sasjelis efeqtebi
bevr mSobels esmis, rom cudi saqcielis gamo bavSvisTvis dayvireba,
fizikuri dasja araefeqturi disciplinuri taqtikaa. bavSvis Sesakaveblad
an asamoZraveblad mkveTrad gabrazeba an fizikuri Zaldataneba
gamarTlebulia, Tu aucilebelia saswrafod damorCileba – magaliTad,
roca bavSvi quCaSi gaqcevas apirebs. faqtobrivad, aseT mdgomareobaSi
mSoblebi yvelaze metad Zalismier meTodebs iyeneben. roca grZelvadiani
miznis miRweva, magaliTad, sxvebis mimarT keTilad mopyroba undaT, met
yuradRebas siTbosa da darwmunebas uTmoben (Kuszynski, 1984). amasTan erTad,
mSoblebi xSirad aerTianeben Zalasa da darigebas iseTi seriozuli
darRvevebisTvis, rogoricaa motyueba da moparva (Grusec & Goodnow, 1994).
Tumca, sasjeli xSiri gamoyenebisas mxolod myisier Sesrulebas
uzrunvelyofs da ara bavSvis saqcielis xangrZliv cvlilebas. bavSvebi,
romlebsac gamudmebiT kicxaven, uyvirian an scemen, savaraudod, maSinve
gamoavlenen miuRebel qcevas, rogorc ki ufrosis Tvals miefarebian an
Tavs daaRweven maT. Mmravali kvleva adasturebs, rom rac ufro metad
mkacr muqaras, uxeS fizikur kontrols (bavSvisTvis nivTis xelidan
gamogleja, masTan uxeSi mopyroba) da fizikur sasjels ganicdis bavSvi,
miT ufro savaraudoa, rom ganuviTardes fsiqikuri janmrTelobis
seriozuli, xangrZlivi problemebi, maT Soris:
zneobrivi wesebis susti internalizacia; depresia, agresia,
antisocialuri qceva da dabali akademiuri moswreba bavSvobisa da
mozardobis ganmavlobaSi; kriminaluroba, depresiuli da alkoholuri
simptomebi da partniorebisa da bavSvebis Seuracxyofa ukve mozrdilobaSi
(Brezina, 1999; Greshoff, 2002a; Kochanska, Aksan, & Nichols, 2003).
mkacr sasjels ramdenime arasasurveli Tanmxlebi efeqti aqvs:
mSoblebi ubrazdebian da scemen bavSvebs xSirad maTive agresiis sapasuxod
(Holden, Coleman, & Scmidt, 1995), Tumca TviT sasjeli agresiis modelia!
mkacrad dasjili bavSvebi braziT, wyeniTa da pirovnuli muqaris qveS
yofnis qronikuli grZnobiT pasuxoben, rac sakuTar wuxilze ufro met
fokusirebas iwvevs, vidre sxvebis saWiroebis mimarT simpaTiur
orientaciaze.
bavSvebi, romlebsac xSirad sjian, male swavloben mozrdilTa
sasjelisgan Tavis aridebas. amis Sedegad mozardebs sasurveli qmedebis da
swavlis SesaZlebloba umcirdebaT.
vinaidan mkacri sasjeli bavSvebis cudi saqcielis droebiT
SeCerebaze `muSaobs,~ is dauyovnebel Svebas aniWebs mozrdilebs, romlebic
amgvarad ZaldatanebiTi disciplinis gamoyenebaSi mtkicdebian. amis
Sedegad, damsjeli ufrosi savaraudod ufro xSirad dasjis, moqmedebaTa
mimdinareoba ki SeiZleba seriozul ZaladobaSi gadaizardos. marTlac,
bavSvebis fizikuri dasja – fizikuri Zalis gamoyeneba tkivilis, magram ara
dazianebis misayeneblad da maT mimarT fizikuri Zaladoba mWidrodaa
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli (Gershoff, 2002a).
saskolo asakis bavSvebisTvis, mozardebisa da mozrdilebisTvis,
romelTa mSoblebic fizikur sasjels iyenebdnen, aseTi disciplina ufro
misaRebia: rac ufro metad iyvnen isini fizikurad dasjilebi, miT ufro
metad iwoneben amgvar praqtikas (Bower-Russa, Knutson, & Winebarger, 2001;
Deater-Deckard da sxvebi, 2003; Holden & Zambarano, 1992). maSasadame, fizikuri
sasjelis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia momdevno Taobebs gadaeces. F
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis problemebis mqone mSoblebi romlebic
emociurad reaqtiulebi, depresiulebi an agresiulebi arian, savaraudod
ufro metad iyeneben sasjels da ufro xSirad hyavT Znelad aRsazrdeli
bavSvebic, romelTa daumorCileblobac mSoblebis mxridan met simkacres
iwvevs (Belsky & Hsieh, 1998; Clark, Kochanska, & Ready, 2000; Kochanska, Aksan, &
Nichols, 2003). es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom memkvidreobiToba zegavlenas
axdens dasjiT disciplinasa da bavSvis gamosworebis siZneleebs Soris
kavSirze. magram memkvidreobiToba srul axsnas ver iZleva.
karg aRzrdas SeuZlia ojaxSi antisocialuri qcevis fonis mqone
bavSvebs Tavidan aacilos Tavadac antisocialurad gadaqceva. sxva kvlevebi
adasturebs, rom mSoblebis uxeSoba sxvadasxva temperamentis bavSvebis
emociuri da qceviTi problemebis winapirobaa (O’Connor da sxvebi, 1998).
 am monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeSfoTebas iwvevs Crdiloamerikeli
mSoblebis mier fizikuri sasjelis farTod gamoyeneba. aSS ojaxebis
SerCeviTma kvlevam gviCvena, rom Tumca fizikuri sasjeli Cvilobidan 5
wlis asakamde izrdeba, mere ki iklebs, is yvela asakSi mainc maRalia .
saerTod, amerikeli mSoblebis 90 da kanadeli mSoblebis 70
procentisTvis dasaSvebia Svilebis cema an gawkeplva (Durrant, Broberg, &
Rose-Krasnor, 2000; Straus & Stewart, 1999). sagangaSoa, rom Cvilebis 35-dan 50
procenti – romelTac jer kidev ar SeuZliaT mozardebis miTiTebebis
Sesruleba – iwkepleba an icemeba. umetes SemTxvevaSi mSoblebi imisken
ixrebian, rom axlad fexadgmuli bavSvebi da skolamdelebi xSirad
dasajon. bevri maTgani cemis an gawkeplvisas Tavs ar izRudavs. im
mSoblebis erTi meoTxedi, romelic fizikurad dasjas mimarTavs, rom
sakuTari Svilebis sacemad magar sagans, magaliTad, jagriss an qamars
iyenebs (Gershoff, 2002b; Straus & Stewart, 1999).
CrdiloeT amerikaSi sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli SexedulebiT,
fizikuri sasjeli, Tu is mzrunveli mSoblebis mier iqneba gamoyenebuli,
uvnebelia da SesaZloa, sasargebloc ki iyos, magram, rogorc CanarTi
`kulturis gavlena~ aris gviCvenebs, es mtkiceba mxolod garkveul
socialur konteqstSia sasargeblo, da isic SezRuduli gamoyenebis
pirobebSi. bavSvebis umetesobaze amgvari mopyroba ukiduresad uaryofiTad
aisaxeba da mSoblebis mxridan keTilgonivruli iqneboda mkacri fizikuri
sasjelisgan TavSekaveba.

mkacri sasjelis alternativebi

gakritikebis, cemisa da gawkeplvis alternativebs SeuZlia sasjelis
Tanmxlebi efeqtebi Seamciros. teqnologia, romelsac taim-auti ewodeba,
gulisxmobs bavSvebis maTi imJamindeli adgilsamyofelidan moSorebas –
magaliTad, maT oTaxebSi gagzavniT, vidre isini saTanadod moqcevisTvis ar
iqnebian mzad.
taim-auti sasargebloa, roca bavSvi kontrolidan aris gamosuli
(Betz, 1994). sul ramdenime wuTiT moSorebaa saWiro, rom bavSvma saqcieli
Secvalos da gabrazebul mSobelsac `dacxromis periodi~ daudges. kidev
erTi midgomaa privilegiebis gauqmeba, magaliTad, sayvareli satelevizio
programis yurebis akrZalva. privilegiebis dakargvam SeiZleba bavSvis
garkveuli wyena gamoiwvios, magram is mSoblebs saSualebas aZlevs, Tavi
aaridon mkacr teqnologiebs, romlebic iolad SeiZleba ZaladobaSi
gadaizardos.
marTalia sasjelis sargeblianoba SezRudulia, magram SeuZlia
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos zneobriv ganviTarebaSi. adre aRvniSneT,
rom msubuqi gafrTxileba da saqcielis dawuneba drodadro aucilebelia,
raTa vaiZuloT bavSvi, miiRos mSoblebis induqciuri swavleba. roca
mSoblebi sasjelis gamoyenebas gadawyveten, SeuZliaT gazardon misi
efeqturoba ramdenime gziT:
• TanmimdevrulobiT _ roca bavSvebs zog SemTxvevaSi Seufereblad
moqcevis uflebas aZleven, magram sxva dros ujavrdebian, es maT
abnevs da miuReblad moqmedeben. kvlevisas Tu axlad fexadgmuli
bavSvebi TamaSobdnen, telefonze molaparake dedebi SemTxvevaTa
 daaxloebiT 50 % -Si bavSvebs Seuferebel dros yuradRebis
moTxovnisTvis SeniSvnas aZlevdnen (`gTxov, nu miSli.~) 50 %-Si ki
uaryofiTi emoraciebisa da Seuferebeli saqcielis mkveTrad gazrdis
uflebas aZlevdnen (ix. sqema 12.2) (Acker & O’Leary, 1996). rogorc
agresiis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb am Tavis boloSi moyvanili mosazrebebi
cxadyofs, cudad moqcevis uflebis micema maTi agresiuli qcevis
matebas uwyobs xels.
• mSobeli-bavSvis Tbili urTierTobebiT. monawile, mzrunveli
mSoblebis bavSvebi sasjelTan erTad mSobliuri siyvarulis wyvetas
xedaven, rac gansakuTrebiT usiamovnoa. amitom, maT undaT, rac
SeiZleba male daibrunon mSobliuri siTbo da keTilganwyoba.
• ganmartebebiT. ganmartebebi bavSvebs exmareba, aRidginon cudi
saqcieli da daukavSiron igi momavali saqcielis molodinebs.
aqedan gamomdinare, msubuqi sasjelis (magaliTad, taim-autis) mizezis
gacnobas ufro metad mivyavarT cudi saqcielis Semcirebisken, vidre
mxolod sasjelis gamoyenebas (Larzelere da sxvebi, 1996).

dadebiTi urTierTobebi, dadebiTi disciplina

kargi yofaqcevis waxalisebis yvelaze efeqturi formebia
urTierTpativiscemiTi kavSiri bavSvTan winaswar gagebinebiT, rogor
moiqces da momwifebuli saqcielisTvis SeqebiT (Zahn-Waxler & Robinson,
1995). roca gulisxmiereba, TanamSromloba da Tanaziari-saerTo dadebiTi
emociebi aSkaraa dedisa da maTi axlad fexadgmul an skolamdel
bavSvebTan erTad qmedebisas, bavSvebi sindisis ufro myar ganviTarebas
avlenen – gamoxataven empaTias danaSaulis Semdeg, pasuxismgeblobiT
iqcevian, wynarad TamaSoben da zrunaven sxvebis keTildReobaze (Kochanska,
1997b; Kochanska, Forman, & Coy, 1999). deda-Svilis adreuli, ormxrivi
pasuxismgeblobiTi, sasiamovno kavSiris gagrZeleba umcros saskolo asakSi
ufro myar sindisSi gadazrdis winapirobaa (Kochanska & Murray, 2000).
mSobeli-Svilis siaxloves bavSvebis mier mSoblebis moTxovnebis
Sesruleba mohyveba, radgan bavSvebi am kavSirebis mimarT valdebulebas
grZnoben. aRsaniSnavia, rom es socialuri daswavla mniSvnelovania
dadebiTi emociis gamosawvevad da es qmnis zneobrivi ganviTarebis
safuZvels. Ees Sexeduleba Seesabameba fsiqoanalizur ideebs mimarTeT
zemoTmoyvanil codnis gamoyenebas disciplinis misaRwevad. mSoblebi,
romlebic am strategiebs iyeneben, fokusirdebian xangrZliv soacialur da
cxovrebiseul unar-Cvevebze – TanamSromlobaze, problemebis gadawyvetasa
da sxvebze zrunvaze. es yvelaferi mniSvnelovnad amcirebs sasjelis
saWiroebas.

`zneobrioba, rogorc socialuri norma~ _ perspeqtivis SezRudvebi

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, fsiqoanalizuri da zneobrivi daswavlis
Teoriebi zneobriv ganviTarebas socialuri normebis miRebis procesad
ganixilavs. pirovnuli valdebulebebi socialuri normebis mimarT,
ueWvelad zneobrivi ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtia.
internalizebuli, ganawilebuli zneobrivi kodeqsisa da induqciuri
disciplinis saSualebiT empaTiis danergvis gareSe, rogorc ki sxvebi maT
qievas Tvals veRar mohkraven, adamianebi pativs aRar scemen erTmaneTis
uflebebs, roca erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego survilebi eqnebaT.
amis miuxedavad, Teoriebi, romlebic zneobriobas mTlianad
internalizebuli normebis sagnad ganixilavs, gakritikebul iqna, radgan
sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli standartebi SesaZloa ar emTxveodes
mniSvnelovan zneobriv principebsa da socialur miznebs. aseT pirobebSi
normebis kargad mofiqrebuli darRveva arazneobrivi ki ara, gamarTlebuli
da gabedulia. wuTiT dafiqrdiT im istoriuli moRvaweebis Sesaxeb,
romlebic didebi imitom gaxdnen, rom garkveuli sazogadoebrivi normebi
uaryves.
abraam linkolnis winaaRmdegoba monobisadmi, suzan b. anTonis
winamZRoloba qalTa xmis uflebisTvis brZolaSi da martin luTer king
umcrosis galaSqreba rasobrivi crurwmenebis winaaRmdeg, kargi
magaliTebia. bavSvebis pativiscemasTan erTad, internalizaciaze mSoblebis
zrunvas xSirad sxva miznebic axlavs. drodadro mSoblebi
daumorCileblobasa da gaugonrobas misaRebad Tvlian, Tu bavSvi
gonivrulad asabuTebs Tavis saqciels (Kuczynski & Hildebrandt, 1997).
warmoidgineT biWi, romelic arRvevs mSoblebis akrZalvas, raTa
naWeri CamoaWras saojaxo zeimisTvis Senaxul namcxvars da mSier amxanags
misces. roca mSobeli sayvedurobs, biWi uxsnis, rom mis amxanags mTeli dRe
ar uWamia da radgan macivari lamis carieli iyo, mas sxva gza aRar darCa.
am magaliTSi bevri mSobeli biWis gancxadebis zneobriobas Seafasebs misi
ganmartebisa da molaparakebis unarTan erTad.
kognituri ganviTarebis Teoretikosebi fiqroben, rom arc mSoblebTan
identificireba, arc swavleba, modelireba da ganmtkiceba ar aris mTavari
saSualeba, ris meSveobiTac bavSvi zneobrivi xdeba. kognituri ganviTarebis
midgomis mixedviT individebi, arsebuli wesebisa da molodinebis
internalizaciis nacvlad, zneobrivad viTardebian konstruirebis
meSveobiT – aqtiuri yuradRebis miqceviTa da urTierTkavSiris damyarebiT
iseTi situaciebis rTul perspeqtivebTan, romlebSic warmoiSoba
socialuri konfliqti da amgvarad axali gagebebi SeiZineba. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, bavSvebi zneobriv Sefasebebs im koncefciebis safuZvelze
axdenen, romlebsac isini samarTlianobisa da patiosnebis Sesaxeb qmnian.
radgan es koncefciebi asakis matebasTan erTad sul ufro adekvatiuri
xdeba, bavSvebi maT ganicdian, rogorc racionaluri safuZvlis mqones da
zneobriobis ufro Rrma gagebas aRweven – rogorc is, rac marTla unda
iyos socialur samyaroSi, iseve, rogorc konservacia marTla unda iyos
fizikur samyaroSi (Gibbs, 1991, 2003).
dasasruls, zneobriobis Sesaxeb kognituri ganviTarebis Tvalsazrisi
gansakuTrebulia bavSvze, rogorc moazrovne zneobriv arsebaze, romelsac
simarTle da tyuili ainteresebs da zneobriv simarTles eZebs. es
Teoretikosebi bavSvis msjelobaSi cvlilebebs zneobrivi ganviTarebis
centrad Tvlian.

zneobrioba - socialuri gageba

kognituri ganviTarebis perspeqtivis Tanaxmad, kognitur simwifesa da
socialur gamocdilebas mivyavarT zneobrivi gagebis winsvlisken _
fizikur Zalasa da mis garegan Sedegebze orientaciisgan
pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis, socialuri institutebis da
kanonSemoqmedebiTi sistemis ufro Rrma Sefasebisken (Gibbs, 1995, 2003).
roca maTi mxridan socialuri TanamSromlobis wvdoma farTovdeba,
bavSvebis mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, ra unda gaakeTon, roca adamianTa
konfliqtis saWiroebebi da survilebi aseve icvleba, zneobrivi
problemebis mzardad samarTliani, patiosani da gawonasworebuli
gadawyvetisken.

piaJeseuli zneobrivi ganviTarebis Teoria

piaJes (1932/1965) adreuli namuSevrebma bavSvebis zneobrivi gansjis
Sesaxeb safuZveli Cauyara kognituri ganviTarebis perspeqtivisTvis.
zneobis Sesaxeb bavSvebis mosazrebebis Seswavlisas piaJe eyrdnoboda
droSi SeuzRudav klinikur interviuebs: man 5-dan 13-mde wlis Sveicariel
bavSvebs burTulebiT TamaSis wesebis maTeuli gagebis Sesaxeb gamohkiTxa.
amasTan erTad, bavSvebs misca moTxrobebi, romlebSic personaJebis mier
swori an mcdari saqcielis Cadenis survili icvleboda. am moTxrobebis
kargad gacnobis Semdeg bavSvebs hkiTxes, romeli iyo ufro cudi da ratom
– kargi ganzraxvis mqone joni, romelmac sadilobisas 15 finjani gatexa,
Tu cudi ganzraxvis mqone henri, romelmac jemis moparvisas 1 finjani
gatexa. bavSvebis pasuxebis mixedviT piaJem zneobrivi gagebis ori vrceli
faza daadgina.

heteronomuli zneoba (daaxloebiT 5-dan 10 wlamde)

heteronomuli sxvisi avtoritetis gavlenis qveS yofnas niSnavs.
heteronomuli zneoba niSnavs, rom bavSvebi TavianT pirvel safexurze
wesebs ganixilaven, rogorc avtoritetebis mier dadgenilsa da ucvlels,
romelTac usityvod unda daemorCilon. magaliTad, umcrosi asakis bavSvebi
acxadeben, rom burTulebiT TamaSis wesebi ar SeiZleba Seicvalos da
ganmartavdnen, rom `ufalma ar gvaswavla (axali wesebi)~, `sxvanairad ver
iTamaSebdi~, an `TaRliToba gamova... patiosani wesebi is aris, romliTac
axla vTamaSobT~ (Piaget, 1932/1965, gv. 58, 59, 63).
piaJes mixedviT, bavSvebis zneobriv gagebas zRudavs ori faqtori: (1)
ufrosebis Zala, aiZulon bavSvebs Sesruleba, rac wesebisa da maTi
aRmsruleblebis usityvo pativiscemas uwyobs xels; da (2) kognituri
moumwifebloba, gansakuTrebiT ki bavSvebis mxriv sxva perspeqtivebis
warmodgenis SezRuduli unari. vinaidan umcrosi asakis bavSvebi fiqroben,
rom yvela adamiani wesebs aseve aRiqvams, maTi zneobrivi gagebisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia realizmi – es niSnavs, rom bavSvebi wesebs ganixilaven,
rogorc realobis garegnul niSnebs da ara SeTanxmebul principebs,
romlebic SesaZloa survilis mixedviT Seicvalos.
zedapiruli zneobrivi gageba ufrosebis gavlenis, egocentrizmisa da
realizmis erToblivi Sedegia. qmedebaTa simcdaris gansjisas umcrosi
asakis bavSvebi ufro Sedegebze akeTeben aqcents, vidre zianis motanis
survilze. magaliTad, isini Tvlian, rom jonisa da henris Sesaxeb zemoT
moyvanil epizodSi joni ufro cudia, radgan uwyinari ganzraxvis
miuxedavad, meti finjani gatexa

avtonomiuri zneoba anu zneobrivi TanamSromloba (daaxloebiT 10 wlisa

da ufrosi).
kognitur ganviTarebas, mozardTa kontrolis TandaTanobiT
Sesustebasa da TanatolebTan urTierTobas bavSvebi gadahyavs meore
safexurze avtonomiur zneobaze, romelzec isini wesebs, rogorc
dadgenils ki aRar ganixilaven, aramed moqnil, socialurad SeTanxmebul
principad, romlebic umravlesobis survilis mixedviT SeiZleba Seicvalos.
piaJe TanatolebTan uTanxmoebas gansakuTrebiT xelSemwyobad Tvlida (ix.
me-6 Tavi). swored maTi saSualebiT xvdebian bavSvebi, rom adamianebis
Tvalsazrisi zneobrivi saqcielis Sesaxeb SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos da
ama Tu im saqcielis gansja ganzraxvebis mixedviT unda xdebodes da ara
konkretuli Sedegebis mixedviT.
amasTan erTad, radgan bavSvebi TanatolebTan, ormxrivobaSi
TanasworebTan urTierToben, swavloben konfliqtis momgebiani gziT
gadawyvetas yvela mxarisTvis. isini TandaTanobiT eCvevian samarTliani
standartebis gamoyenebas, rasac ormxrivoba ewodeba. isini sxvisi
keTildReobisadmi iseTsave zrunvas gamoxataven, rogorc sakuTaris mimarT.
piaJem daadgina, rom bavSvebisgan ormxrivobis wvdoma Tavidan `umwifari~,
`kbili kbilis win~ gagebaa: `Sen zurgi gamikawre, me ki Sen gagikawrav.~ es
gansazRvravs TanamSromlobiTi zneobis dasawyiss. ufrosi asakis bavSvebi
da mozardebi am Seqcevadi zneobidan gadadian ormxrivobis gaumjobesebul
gagebaze molodinTa saerToobaze, rasac idealuri ormxrivoba ewodeba.
umetesi CvenTagani mas oqros wesis saxiT icnobs: `ise moeqeci sxvebs,
rogorc ginda, rom sxvebi mogeqcnen~. idealuri ormxrivoba ymawvilebs
exmareba imis aRqmaSi, rom wesebi SesaZloa gadaixedos da Seicvalos, raTa
mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli kerZo garemoebebi, risi Sedegebic yvelasTvis
xelsayreli iqneba.

piaJes Teoriis Sefaseba

Semdgomi kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom piaJes Teoria sworad aRwers
zneobrivi gansjis cvlilebebis ZiriTad mimarTulebas. mravali kvlevisas,
bavSvebis asakis matebis kvaldakval, garegnuli niSnebi, rogoricaa
fizikuri ziani an sasjelis miReba, ufro faqiz mosazrebebs uTmobs
adgils, rogoricaa moqmedi piris ganzraxvebi, an sxvaTa saWiroebebi da
survilebi. aseve, uamravi monacemi adasturebs piaJes daskvnas, rom
zneobrivi gageba ganmtkicebulia kognituri simwifiT, mozardTa
kontrolis TandaTanobiTi SesusutebiT da TanatolebTan urTierTobiT. am
monacemebs lorens kolbergisa da misi Tanamimdevrebis mier piaJes
naSromis ganviTarebaze msjelobisas ganvixilavT. amis miuxedavad, piaJes
Teoriis ramdenime aspeqti kiTxvebs aRZravs, radgan mcirewlovani bavSvebis
zneobriv SesaZleblobebs jerovnad ver afasebs.

ganzraxvebi da zneobrivi gansja

davubrundeT jonisa da henris ambavs. radgan cudi ganzraxva mcire
zianTanaa dakavSirebuli, xolo kargi ganzraxva didTan, piaJes meTodi
umcrosi asakis bavSvebis mier ganzraxvaTa Sefasebis unaris konservatiul
suraTs iZleva. roca zneobrivi sakiTxebis Sesaxeb ise ekiTxebian, rom
pirovnebis ganzraxva
 iseve mkacrad unda Sefasdes, rogorc mis mier miyenebuli ziani,
skolamdeli da umcrosi saskolo asakis bavSvebi sakmao unars avlenen,
imsjelon cudi ganzraxvis mqone adamianebze, rogorc ufro cudebsa da
meti sasjelis Rirsebze, vidre kargi ganzraxvis mqone adamianebze (Helwig,
Zelazo, & Wilson, 2001; Jones&Thomson, 2001).
kidev erTi monacemi gviCvenebs, rom 4 wlis bavSvebi naTlad arCeven
gansxvavebas or zneobrivad mniSvnelovan winaswar ganzraxul saqciels,
simarTlis Tqmasa da motyuebas Soris. maTTvis simarTlis Tqma misaRebia,
motyueba ki miuRebeli, maSinac ki, roca tyuili gamouaSkaravebeli rCeba
(Bussey, 1992). xolo 7-8 wlis asakSi – ufro adre, vidre es piaJes
monacemebis Tanaxmad aris mosalodneli – bavSvebi motyuebisa da
simarTlis Tqmis Sesaxeb sakuTar gansjas prosocialur da antisocialur
ganzraxvebTan aerTianeben. magaliTad, isini Zalian uaryofiT Sefasebas
aZleven simarTlis Tqmas garkveul socialur situaciebSi – vqvaT,
pirdapir ganucxado megobars, rom misi naxati ar mogwons (Bussey, 1999).
socialuri harmoniisa da Tavmdablobis koleqtiuri faseulobebis
gavleniT, Cineli bavSvebi kanadelebze ufro mowyaled uyureben tyuils,
roca is Tavmdablobis gamo iTqmeba, magaliTad, roca mosawavle, romelmac
guldagul akrifa nagavi skolis ezodan, ambobs, `es me ar gamikeTebia~. amis
sapirispirod, rogorc Cineli, aseve kanadeli bavSvebi antisocialuri
qmedebebis Sesaxeb tyuils afaseben, rogorc `Zalian cuds~ (Lee da sxvebi,
1997). amis miuxedavad, ganzraxvaTa zneobriobis adreuli gageba win uswrebs
avtonomiur zneobas. umcrosi asakis bavSvebi gansjisas ufro metad
emyarebian, anu fokusirdebian garegnul Tvisebebsa da Sedegebze, xolo
sxva mniSvnelovani informacia uyuradRebod rCebaT. magaliTad,
skolamdelebi ufrosi asakis bavSvebze xSirad tyuils yovelTvis afaseben,
rogorc cuds (Peterson, Peterson, & Seeto, 1983). Tumca gamouaSkaravebeli
tyuili maTTvis miuRebelia, isini mainc ufro uaresad Tvlian im tyuils,
romelsac sasjeli mosdevs, vidre imas, romelsac sasjeli ar mosdevs
(Bussey, 1992).
amasTan umcros saskolo asakSi, bavSvebi ganzraxvaTa gancxadebebs
mouqneli, heteronomuli wesiT igeben. isini fiqroben, rom radgan raimeze
TqviT, gavakeTebo, valdebuli xarT, gaakeToT, maSinac ki, Tu ukontrolo
garemoebebi (magaliTad, raime moulodneli SemTxveva) naTqvamis Sesrulebas
aZnelebs an SeuZlebels xdis. 9-10 wlis asakisTvis bavSvebi xvdebian, rom
sityvis Seusrulebloba erT situaciaSi gacilebiT ufro uaresia, vidre
meoreSi – saxeldobr, roca SegiZliaT es gaakeToT da ufleba gaqvT
micemuli sxva pirisTvis, Seafason Tqveni qmedebebi (Mant & Perner, 1988).
sabolood, piaJe nawilobriv marTali iyo da nawilobriv cdeboda
zneobriobis Sesaxeb msjelobebis am aspeqtSi.

msjeloba avtoritetis Sesaxeb

umcrosi asakis bavSvebis mier avtoritetis gagebis gamokvlevam
gviCvena, rom isini mozrdilis azrs brmad ar iziareben, rogorc es piaJes
egona. garkveul qmedebebs, rogoricaa cema da qurdoba, skolamdelebi
avtoritetTa azris miuxedavadac ki mcdarad Tvlian. roca axsna sTxoves,
3-4 wlis bavSvebi mozardebis miTiTebebis Sesrulebaze metad sxva
adamianebisTvis zianis miyenebaze dardobdnen (Smetana, 1981, 1985).
 4 wlis bavSvebs diferencirebuli warmodgena aqvT pirovnebaTa
avtoritetis kanonierebis Sesaxeb, rasac isini skolaSi swavlis
ganmavlobaSi, aviTareben. ramdenime Seswavlisas, sabavSvo baRidan meeqvse
klasamde bavSvebs dausves kiTxvebi, romlebic gamiznuli iyo maTi
Tvalsazrisis Sesafaseblad, ramdenad Rrma SeiZleba iyos ufrosebis
avtoriteti. TiTqmis yvela uaryofda, rom ufrosebs SeiZleba saerTo
avtoriteti hqondes. magaliTad, isini uaryofdnen ufrosklaselis uflebas,
daadginos wesebi da gasces miTiTebebi Tavis garSemo sxvagan, sakuTari
skolis garda (Laupa, 1995). rac Seexeba arazneobriv sakiTxebs, rogoricaa
TamaSis wesebis Sesruleba, bavSvebi Cveulebisamebr pirovnebis mier
situaciis codnis avtoritets emyarebian da ara socialur mdgomareobas.
xolo roca miTiTeba samarTliania da faqizi (magaliTad, roca bavSvebs
eubnebian, Cxubi Sewyviton an Saqaryinuli gaiyon), bavSvebi mas sworad
Tvlian, imis miuxedavad, vin ambobs amas – maswavlebeli, ufrosklaseli,
jgufxeli Tu sxva bavSvi. es asea koreeli bavSvebisTvisac ki, romelTa
kulturac did mniSvnelobas aniWebs ufrosebis pativiscemasa da dafasebas.
7-9 wlis koreeli bavSvebi uaryofiTad afaseben maswavleblis an
ufrosklaselis brZanebas iCxubon, iqurdon an gayofaze Tqvan uari – es
reaqcia wliTiwlobiT mtkicdeba (Kim, 1998; Kim & Turiel, 1996).
rogorc es monacemebi gviCvenebs, skolamdeli da saskolo asakis
bavSvebisTvis ufrosis statusi ar aris aucilebeli, raTa vinme
avtoritetad miiCnion. Wkvian an sxvisi uflebebis damcvel Tanatolebs
samarTlianadac miiCneven da kanonieradac. magram avtoritetis Sesaxeb
msjelobisas, skolamdelebsa da dawyebiTi klasis bavSvebs garegnulze
damyarebis tendencia aqvT: isini garkveuli ufrosi bavSvebidan ZaliT,
mdgomareobiTa da gamomsaxvelobiTi SedegebiT ufro wonianze amyareben
imeds, raTa ar daemorCilon avtoritets. amis miuxedavad, umcrosi asakis
bavSvebs ufro adreul asakSi SeuZliaT ramdenesime faqtoris – pirovnuli
Tvisebebis, gasakontrolebeli qcevis tipisa da konteqstisa, romelSic igi
mimdinareobs – koordinireba vidre amas piaJe moeloda.

TandaTanobiTi progresi
piaJes Teoriis Sesaxeb damatebiT unda iTqvas, rom bevri bavSvi
avlens rogorc heteronomiul, aseve avtonomiur msjelobas, rac zrdis
eWvs, xom ar asaxavs TiToeuli safexuri moraluri gansjis reaqciebis
saerTo unificirebul organizacias. magram samarTlianoba moiTxovs
aRiniSnos, rom piaJec (1932/1965) aseve amCnevda bavSvebSi am
araerTgvarovnebas da amitomac am or zneobas ufro mdovre,
urTierTgadamfarav fazebad Tvlida, vidre myarad Sekrul safexurebad.
sabolood, zneobrivi ganviTareba amJamad, ufro farTo procesad
ganixileba vidre piaJes egona. faqtobrivad, kolbergis eqvssafexuriani
Tanmimdevroba, romelsac amis Semdeg ganvixilavT, avtonomiuri zneobis
gaCenis Semdeg sam safexurs adgens. amis miuxedavad, kolbergis Teoria
piaJes mier dawyebuli kvlevis pirdapiri gagrZelebaa.

kolbergis mier piaJes Teoriis gafarToeba

piaJes msgavsad, zneobrivi ganviTarebis Sesaswavlad kolbergic
klinikuri intervius proceduras iyenebda. magram Tu piaJe bavSvebs
sTxovda, ganesajaT da aexsnaT, ori ambidan romeli biWi iyo ufro cudi,
kolbergi ufro Tavisufal midgomas iyenebda: man adamianebs savaraudo
zneobrivi dilemebi SesTavaza da hkiTxa, ra da ratom unda gaekeTebina
mTavar moqmed pirs.

klinikuri interviu
kolbergis zneobrivi gansjis interviuSi individebi wyveten dilemebs,
romlebic or zneobriv faseulobas Soris konfliqtebs warmoqmnis da
msjeloben maTi gadawyvetis gzebis Sesaxeb. yvelaze cnobilia `haincis
dilema~, romelic erTmaneTs upirispirebs kanonmorCilebas (ara qurdobas)
da adamianis sicocxlis faseulobas (momakvdavi adamianis gadarCenas):
evropaSi qali kibosgan sikvdilis piras iyo misuli. eqimebi
fiqrobdnen, rom misi sicocxlis gadarCena erTaderT wamals SeeZlo. is
imave qalaqSi mcxovrebma farmacevtma aRmoaCina, magram imis aTmag fass
iTxovda, rac misi damzadeba daujda. avadmyofi qalis qmarma, haincma,
fulis sasesxeblad yvela nacnobs Camouara, magram fasis mxolod naxevris
mogroveba SesZlo. farmacevti uarze iyo, haincisTvis wamali ufro iafad
mieyida an fulis gadaxda gadaevadebina. haincma Tavze xeli aiRo da im
kacis afTiaqSi Seipara colisTvis wamlis mosaparad. unda gaekeTebina Tu
ara haincs es? ratom unda gaekeTebina an ratom ar unda gaekeTebina?
(gadmotanilia Colby da sxvebisgan, 1983, gv.77).
pasuxis dasabuTebasTan erTad, monawileebs sTxoven, Seafason
urTierTdapirispirebuli zneobrivi faseulobebi, romlebsac es dilema
emyareba. pasuxebis Sefaseba rTuli da principulia – albaT interviuTa
Sefasebis sistemaSi yvelaze Zneli (Gibbs, Basinger & Grime, 2003; Miller,
1998).
moraluri momwifebuloba dgindeba dilemis Sesaxeb individualuri
msjelobis saSualebiT da ara pasuxis SinaarsiT (unda moepara, Tu ara).
pirebi, romlebic fiqroben, rom haincs wamali unda moepara, da isinic,
romlebsac miaCnia, rom ar unda moepara, SeiZleba kolbergis pirvel oTx
safexurze vnaxoT. pirvel or umaRles safexurze zneobrivi msjeloba da
Sinaarsi erTadaa. individebi zustad ver Tanxmdebian, ratom, magram qmedeba
gamarTlebulia, amasTanave ician, ra ar unda gaakeTon adamianebma, roca
moraluri dilemis winaSe dgebian. roca kanoni _ morCilebisa da
pirovnebis uflebebis dacvas Soris arCevanis winaSe dgebian, yvelaze
maRalzneobrivad moazrovneebi pirovnebis uflebebs arCeven (haincis
SemTxvevaSi _ moiparon wamali da gadaarCinon sicocxle).
roca kolbergis sqemis ganviTarebas ganvixilavT, vnaxavT, rom
zneobrivi msjeloba da Sinaarsi Tavidan erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelia,
magram TandaTanobiT logikurad Sekrul eTikur sistemaSi erTiandeba
(Kohlberg, Levine, & Hewer, 1983).

anketuri midgoma
zneobrivi msjelobebis ufro efeqturad Sekrebisa da SefasebisTvis
mkvlevarebma mokle pasuxis anketebi Seqmnes. maTgan boloa sociomoraluri
asaxvis gazomva – mokle forma (sag – mf). kolbergis klinikuri intervius
msgavsad, sag – mf calkeul pirebs sTxovs, Seafason zneobrivi
faseulobebis mniSvneloba da moaxdinon zneobrivi msjeloba. qvemoT
moyvanilia 11-dan 4 kiTxva:
• vTqvaT, Tqvens megobars daxmareba sWirdeba, daxmarebis gareSe
SeiZleba mokvdes kidec, xolo Tqven erTaderTi xarT, visac misi
gadarCena SeuZlia. ramdenad mniSvnelovania pirovnebisTvis (sakuTari
sicocxlis dakargvis gareSe) megobris sicocxlis gadarCena?
• ras ityviT vinmes sicocxlis gadarCenaze? ramdenad mniSvnelovania
pirovnebisTvis (sakuTari sicocxlis dakargvis gareSe) ucnobis
sicocxlis gadarCena?
• ramdenad mniSvnelovania adamianebisTvis, ar aiRon sxvebis kuTvnili
nivTebi?
• ramdenad mniSvnelovania adamianebisTvis kanonmorCileba? (Gibbs,
Basinger, & Fuller, 1992, gv. 151-152).
yoveli kiTxvis gacnobis Semdeg monawileebi afaseben im mniSvnelovnebas,
rasac is exeba (rogorc `Zalian mniSvnelovani~, `mniSvnelovani~ an
`umniSvnelo~) da weren sakuTari Sefasebis axsnas. axsna kodirebulia
kolbergis safexurebis gadasinjuli versiis mixedviT.
sag – mf-is gacilebiT naklebi dro sWirdeba, vidre zneobrivi
gansjis intervius, radgan is adamianebisgan ar moiTxovs zneobriv
dilemaTa grZeli aRwerilobebis wakiTxvasa da maTze dafiqrebas. piriqiT,
monawileebi ubralod afaseben zneobriv faseulobebs da sakuTar
Sefasebebs asabuTeben. amasTan erTad, sag – mf-is Sefasebebi kargad
korelirebs zneobrivi gansjis interviuTi miRweulTan da imave asakobriv
tendenciebs aCvenebs (Basinger, Gibbs, & Fuller, 1995; Gibbs, Basinger, &
Grime, 2003). ueWvelia, zneobrivi msjeloba SeiZleba dilemebis gamoyenebis
gareSec gaizomos – es aRmoCena mniSvnelovnad gaaiolebs zneobrivi
ganviTarebis Seswavlas.

kolbergis zneobrivi gagebis safexurebi

kvlevis dawyebisas kolbergma (1958) gaafarTova piaJes mier
Seswavlili asakobrivi rigi, CarTo monawileebi, romlebmac mozardobisas
kargad Caatares zneobrivi gansjis interviu 10, 13 da 16 wlis biWebTan.
Semdeg is monawileebs longitudinurad adevnebda Tvals da momdevno 20
wlis ganmavlobaSi yovel 3-4 weliwadSi erTxel iRebda intervius (Colby
da sxvebi, 1983). biWebis zneobrivi gansjis asakobrivi cvlilebebis
gaanalizebisas kolbergma eqvssafexuriani Tanmimdevroba Camoayaliba.
rogorc piaJeseuli ganviTarebis winsvlis SemTxvevaSi, kolbergiseuli
pirveli sami safexuric bavSvebs axasiaTebs, rogorc Sedegebze
fokusirebuli zneobidan idealur ormxrivobaze damyarebuli zneobisken
gardamavalT. ufrosi asakis mozardebis CarTvam meoTxe safexuri moitana,
romelzedac ymawvilebi idealuri sazogadoebrivi wesebisa da kanonebis
Sesrulebis ormxrivobis maTeul warmodgenas zrdian, rac Zalian
mniSvnelovania adamianebs Soris samarTliani urTierTobisTvis. mozardTa
patara umciresobis moraluri gansjis (pasuxebis) safuZvelze kolbergma
Tavisi Tanmimdevroba kidev ufro gaafarTova da mexuTe da meeqvse
safexurebi daumata. rogorc SemdgomSi vnaxavT, kvlevisas es safexurebi
sakmaod iSviaTad dafiqsirda.
 kolbergma Tavisi eqvsi safexuri sam ZiriTad doneze ganalaga da
ufro mkacri moTxovnebi wauyena, vidre piaJem zneobrivi cvlilebis
dadgenili wess. amis gakeTebisas kolbergi gamodioda im daxasiaTebebidan,
romlebsac piaJe Tavisi kognituri safexurebis Tanmimdevrobis aRwerisTvis
iyenebda:
kolbergi zneobriv safexurebs ganixilavda, rogorc ucvlelsa da
universalurs – safexurebis Tanmimdevrobas, romlebsac adamianebi mudam
gaivlian dadgenili wesiT.
yovel axal safexurs ganixilavda, rogorc wina safexuridan mizez-
Sedegobrivad gamomdinares, rasac Sedegad mohyveba samarTlianobis ufro
logikurad Tanmimdevruli da zneobrivad adekvaturi koncefcia. kolbergi
yovel safexurs xedavda, erT mTlianad – zneobrivi azrovnebis
xarisxobrivad gansakuTrebul struqturad, romelsac pirovneba uamrav
mravalferovan situaciaSi iyenebs (Colby & Kohlberg, 1987).
gavixsenoT me-6 Tavidan, rom is Teoretikosebi, romlebic kvlav
misdeven kognituri ganviTarebis safexurebriv Tvalsazriss, safexuris
moqnil cnebas iReben. amis msgavsad, vnaxavT, rom kolbergis gancxadeba
zneobis safexurebis myarad organizebuli Tanmimdevrobis Sesaxeb, eWvqveS
dadga. amasTan erTad, kolbergi fiqrobda, rom zneobriv gagebas igive
faqtorebi uwyobs xels, romlebsac piaJe kognituri ganviTarebisTvis
mniSvnelovnad miiCnevda: (1) gauwonasworebloba anu zneobriv sakiTxebTan
aqtiuri mibma da vinmes mimdinare azrovnebaSi sisusteebis SemCneva, da (2)
upiratesobebi iseTi perspeqtivis qonisgan, romelic zneobrivi konfliqtis
mzardad kompleqsuri da efeqturi gziT gadawyvetis saSualebas iZleva.
rodesac kolbergiseuli ganviTarebiT Tanmimdevrobas SeviswavliT da mas
haincis dilemaze pasuxebiT avsaxavT, daakvirdiT kogniciis cvlilebebs da
perspeqtivis gamoyenebas, rasac TiToeuli safexuri Seicavs.

winare konvenciuri done. winare konvenciur doneze

zneoba garegnulad kontroldeba. rogorc piaJeseul heteronomul
safexurze, bavSvebi avtoritetuli pirebisgan iReben wesebs da qmedebebze
maTi Sedegebis mixedviT msjeloben. saqcieli, romelic sasjeliT
mTavrdeba, ganixileba, rogorc cudi, xolo _ jildoTi damTavrebuli,
saqcieli rogorc kargi.
I safexuri: sasjelsa da damorCilebaze orientacia. am safexurze
bavSvebis uZneldeba zneobrivi dilemis ori variantis ganxilva. amis
Sedegad yuradRebas ar aqceven adamianebis ganzraxvas da amis nacvlad
fokusirdebian avtoritetul pirebsa da sasjelis acilebaze, rogorc
zneobrivad moqcevis mizezze.
qurdobis momxreebi: `Tu cols sasikvdilod gawiravT, cud dReSi
CavardebiT. dagadanaSauleben, rom fuli ar moipareT mis dasaxmareblad,
Tanac gamoZiebas Caatareben Tqven da farmacevtis mimarT Tqveni colis
sikvdilis gamo~ (Kohlberg, 1969, gv. 381).
qurdobis mowinaaRmdegeebi: `wamali ar unda moiparoT, radgan Tu ase
moiqceviT, dagiWeren da cixeSi Cagsvamen. asec rom ar moxdes (SiSSi
iqnebiT, rom), policies yovel wams SeuZlia dagiWiroT~ (Kohlberg, 1969, gv.
381).
 II safexuri: xelSemwyob mizanze orientacia. bavSvebi igeben, rom
adamianebs SesaZloa zneobriv dilemaze sxvadasxva Sexeduleba hqondeT,
magram Tavidan es gageba Zalian konkretulia. isini swor moqmedebad
sakuTari interesidan gamomdinares miiCneven. ormxrivoba aRiqmeba, rogorc
sikeTeTa gacvla: `Sen CemTvis es gaakeTe, me ki SenTvis amas gavakeTeb.~
qurdobis momxreebi: `farmacevtsac da haincsac SeuZlia, rac unda, is
gaakeTon... magram Tu hainci gadawyvets cixeSi moxvdes colis gulisTvis,
es misi cxovreba da misi riskia, es misi nebaa. igive exeba farmacevtsac _
ras gaakeTebs, misi gadasawyvetia~ (Rest, 1979, gv.26).
qurdobis mowinaaRmdegeebi: `(hainci) ufro met risks eweva, vidre Rirs
(Tavisi colis sikvdils gadasarCenad).~

konvenciuri done.
konvenciur doneze pirovnebebi kvlav ganixilaven socialur wesebze
morgebas, rogorc mniSvnelovans, magram ara TviTdainteresebisTvis mizezs.
isini ufro fiqroben, rom dadebiT adamianur urTierTobebsa da
sazogadoebriv wesrigs arsebuli socialuri sistemis aqtiuri
eqspluatacia uzrunvelyofs.
III safexuri: `karg biW-karg gogoze~ orientacia anu pirovnebaTSorisi
TanamSromlobis zneoba. survili, daemorCilon wesebs imitom, rom is
socialur harmonias uwyobs xels, pirvelad mWidro pirovnuli kavSirebis
konteqstSi Cndeba. III safexurze pirovnebebs undaT ganicadon megobrebisa
da naTesavebis siyvaruli, miiRon `karg pirovnebad~ – sandod, erTgulad,
pativsacemad, sasargeblod da mSvenierad yofniT. zneobisadmi am axal
midgomas anmtkicebs unari, dainaxos ori pirovnebis urTierToba
miukerZoebeli, garedan damkvirveblis momgebiani poziciidan. am safexurze,
pirovneba aRiqvams idealur ormxrivobas, rogorc oqros wesSia
gamoxatuli.
qurdobis momxre: `Tu wamals moiparavT, Tqvenze cuds aravin
ifiqrebs, magram Tu ar moiparavT, Tqveni ojaxi CaTvlis, rom gulqva qmari
xarT. Tu Tqveni colis sikvdils dauSvebT, TvalebSi veRaravis SexedavT~
(Kohlberg, 1969, gv. 381).
qurdobis mowinaaRmdege: `damnaSaved marto farmacevti ki ar
CagTvliT, yvela ase ifiqrebs Tqvenze. wamlis moparvis Semdeg cudi azrebi
SegawuxebT, rogor SearcxvineT ojaxi da sakuTari Tavi.~ (Kohlberg, 1969,
gv. 381).
IV safexuri: socialuri wesrigis miyolis orientacia. am safexurze
pirovneba angariSs uwevs ufro did perspeqtivas – sazogadoebriv kanonebs.
zneobrivi arCevani aRar aris damokidebuli sxvebTan mWidro kavSirze.
piriqiT, wesebi yvelasTvis erTnairad, miukerZoeblad unda iqnes
gamoyenebuli ganxorcieldes da sazogadoebis yvela wevrs aqvs pirovnuli
valdebuleba, daicvas isini. IV safexurze pirovnebebi fiqroben, rom
kanonis darRveva dauSvebelia nebismier garemoebaSi, radgan isini
umniSvnelovanesia sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvisa da pirovnebebs Soris
TanamSromlobiTi urTierTobis uzrunvelyofisTvis.
qurdobis momxre: `man wamali unda moiparos. haincis movaleobaa,
daicvas Tavisi colis sicocxle; daqorwinebisas man es fici dado. magram
qurdoba cudia, amitom man wamali unda waiRos im angariSiT, rom
farmacevts SemdegSi gadauxdis fuls, xolo afTiaqis gatexvisTvis
sasjels moixdis.~
qurdobis mowinaaRmdege: `bunebrivia, rom haincs Tavisi colis
gadarCena unda, magram... maSinac ki, Tu coli ukvdeba, misi, rogorc
moqalaqis valia, kanoni daicvas. Tu sxvisTvis ar SeiZleba qurdoba, man
ratom unda iqurdos? Tu yvela, rogorc unda, ise daiwyebs kanonis
darRvevas, civilizacia aRar iarsebebs da danaSauli da Zaladoba
gamefdeba~ (Rest, 1979, gv. 30).

postkonvenciuri anu principuli done.

postkonvenciur doneze pirovnebebi gadalaxaven sazogadoebis
wesebisa da kanonebis usityvo mxardaWeras. isini zneobriobas ganmartaven
abstraqtuli principebisa da faseulobebis terminebiT, romlebic yvela
mdgomareobasa da sazogadoebebSi gamoiyeneba.
V safexuri: socialuri kontraqtis orientacia. V safexurze
pirovnebebi wesebsa da kanonebs ganixilaven, rogorc moqnil instrumentebs
humanuri miznebis mxardasaWerad. maT SeuZliaT sakuTari socialuri
wesrigis alternativebi warmoadginon da gamoyon samarTliani
procedurebi? kanonis interpretirebisa da SecvlisTvis. roca kanonebi
pirovnebis uflebebsa da umravlesobis interesebs Seesabameba, TiToeuli
pirovneba asrulebs maT socialuri kontraqtis orientaciis gamo –
sistemaSi Tavisufali da Zaldautanebeli monawileobiT, radgan mis
arsebobas meti sargebeli moaqvs adamianebisTvis, vidre ararseboba
moitanda. qurdobis momxre: `marTalia, arsebobs kanoni qurdobis
winaaRmdeg, magram is ar gulisxmobs adamianis sicocxlis winaaRmdeg
Zaladobas. wamlis wamoRebiT kanoni dairRveva, magram haincs am SemTxvevaSi
qurdoba epatieba. Tu hainci qurdobisTvis unda iqnes devnili, kanoni unda
gadaixedos da gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes garemoebebi, romlebSic is
ewinaaRmdegeba adamianTa bunebriv uflebas, daicvan sakuTari sicocxle.~
VI safexuri: universalur eTikur principebze orientacia. am umaRles
safexurze swori qmedeba ganisazRvreba sindisis TviTamorCeuli eTikuri
principebiT, romlebic vrceldeba mTels kacobriobaze, ganurCevlad
kanonisa da socialuri SeTanxmebisa. es faseulobebi abstraqtulia da ara
aTi mcnebis msgavsi konkretuli zneobrivi wesebi. VI safexurze pirovnebebi,
rogorc wesi, saubroben iseT principebze, rogoricaa Tanabari zrunva
yvela adamianuri arsebis moTxovnilebaze da TiToeuli pirovnebis pativis
migeba da Rirsebis pativiscema.
qurdobis momxre: `Tu hainci yvelafers ar gaakeTebs, rom colis
sicocxle ixsnas, is adamianis sicocxleze maRla sxva faseulobas
daayenebs. aranairi azri ara aqvs qonebis pativiscemis TviT sicocxlis
pativiscemaze maRla dayenebas. bolosdabolos, (adamianebs) kerZo
sakuTrebis gareSec SeuZliaT erTad cxovreba. adamianis sicocxlisa da
pirovnulobis pativiscema absolutia da maSasadame, (adamianebis) saerTo
valia, erTmaneTi sikvdilisgan ixsnan~ (Rest, 1979, gv. 37).

kolbergiseuli safexurebis Seswavla

mtkicdeba raimeTi kolbergiseuli ganviTarebis Tanmimdevroba? Tu
asea, safexuridan safexurze gadasvla dakavSirebulia asakTan, kognitur
ganviTarebasa da perspeqtivis gamoyenebis warmatebasTan. amasTan, moraluri
msjeloba unda moergos kolbergis mier gansazRvruli safexurebis mkacr
Tvisebebs.

asakobrivi cvlileba
mravalma kvlevam daadgina, rom kolbergiseuli safexurebis gavla
myaradaa dakavSirebuli asakTan. yvelaze damajerebel monacemebs iZleva
kolbergis pirveli 20-wliani longitudinuri Seswavla (Colby da sxvebi,
1983). korelacia asaksa da zneobrivi gansjis simwifes Soris mtkice iyo,
+.78-ze. amasTan erTad, hipoTezur dilemaze kolbergis pasuxebidan
gamomdinare, TiTqmis yvela monawilem safexurebi winaswar navaraudebi
wesiT gaiara, safexuris gamotovebisa da masTan miRwevis Semdeg ukan
dabrunebis gareSe. sxva longitudinuri kvlevisas am monacemebis
dasamtkiceblad hipoTezuri dilemebi gamoiyeneboda (Rest, 1986; Walker,
1989; Walker & Taylor, 1991b). amis miuxedavad, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT,
roca mecnierebi iyeneben dilemebs realuri cxovrebidan, asakobrivi
gansxvaveba nakleb mowesrigebuli da ufro cvalebadia.
saocaria, rom zneobrivi msjelobis ganviTareba neli da
TandaTanobiTia. 12.3 sqema gviCvenebs im farglebs, romlebSic pirovnebebi
iyenebdnen zneobrivi msjelobis TiToeul safexurs 10 da 36 wlis asaks
Soris kolbergis longitudinuri kvlevisas. aRsaniSnavia, rogor mcirdeba
I da II safexurebi adreul mozardobaSi, III safexuri ki Sua mozardobaSi
izrdeba, mere ki klebulobs. IV safexuri matulobs Tineijerul wlebSi,
vidre adreuli mozardobisas tipur reaqciad ar iqceva. V safexurze cota
adamiani gadadis. rogorc adre aRiniSna, postkonvenciuri zneoba imdenad
iSviaTia, rom ar arsebobs araviTari TvalsaCino monacemebi, rom kolbergis
VI safexuri marTlac mosdevs V-s. zneobrivi ganviTarebis umaRlesi
safexuri varaudis sagania.

aris Tu ara kolbergiseuli safexurebi mowesrigebuli mTlianebi?

Tu kolbergiseuli yoveli safexuri mowesrigebul mTels qmnis,
pirovnebebma mravali davalebisa da situaciisTvis zneobrivi msjelobis
erTi da igive done unda gamoiyenon – ara marto hipoTezuri dilemebisTvis,
aramed yoveldRiuri zneobrivi sakiTxebisTvisac.
hipoTezur dilemebze fokusirebisas kolbergi alternativebis
racionalur awon-dawonas gamohyofda, magram zneobriv gansjaze sxva
gavlenebi gamorCa. roca mkvlevarebma mozardebsa da mozrdilebs sTxoves,
gaexsenebinaT da ganexilaT zneobrivi dilemebi realuri cxovrebidan,
ufro xSirad urTierTobebze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas – gaagrZelo Tu
ara daexmaro megobars, romelic borotad sargeblobs TqveniT an dedasTan
icxovro Tu mamasTan maTi daSorebis Semdeg. marTalia, monawileebi am
dilemebis gadasawyvetad msjelobas miiCnevdnen umTavres strategiad,
magram gvTavazobdnen sxva strategiebsac, magaliTad, am Temebze sxvebTan
saubars, gadawyvetilebis sisworis gansazRvrisas intuiciaze dayrdnobasa
da religiuri da sulieri cnebebis moxmobas.
gansakuTrebiT gasaocari iyo yoveldRiur dilemebze muSaobisas
gamoxatuli tkivili. adamianebi ambobdnen, rom Tavs daclilad, dabneulad
da vnebebisgan gawamebulad grZnobdnen – es zneobrivi gansjis is mxarea,
romelic hipoTezur situaciebs ar ergeba (Walker, 2004; Walker da sxvebi,
1995, 1999).
marTalia, yoveldRiuri moraluri msjeloba kolbergis sqemas
emTxveva, is Cveulebriv ufro dabal safexuramde dadis, vidre hipoTezuri
dilemebis pasuxebi (Walker & Moran, 1991). rogorc Cans, realuri cxovrebis
problemebi pirovnebis msjelobas mis SesaZleblobaze dabla swevs, radgan
am problemis mogvareba bevr praqtikul mosazrebas saWiroebs. maTgan
gansxvavebiT, hipoTezuri situaciebi mozardebis an mozrdilebis zneobriv
azrovnebas ufro maRal zRvrebamde aswevda, radgan isini piradi riskis
gareSe gamovlinebis saSualebas iZleva. rogorc Seswavlis erT-erTma
monawilem SeniSna, dilemaTa orive saxeobaSi CarTvisas: `Zalian advilia
iyo moraluri, roca dasakargi araferi gaqvs~ (Walker da sxvebi, 1995, gv.
381-382).
moralur msjelobaze situaciuri faqtorebis gavlena gviCvenebs, rom
piaJeseuli kogniturobis safexurebis msgavsad, kolbergiseuli moraluri
safexurebi sustadaa organizebuli. zusti, TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis
nacvlad, adamianebi irgeben ara erT zneobriv pasuxismgeblobas, romelic
konteqstis mixedviT icvleba. asakTan erTad, maTi raodenoba matulobs,
roca naklebad momwifebul zneobriv msjelobebs TandaTanobiT anacvlebs
ufro mowinave zneobrivi azrovneba (Fisher & Bidell, 1998; Siegler, 1996).

zneobrivi msjelobis kognituri winapirobebi

zneobrivi momwifebuloba, damyarebuli piaJes, an kolbergis
Teoriaze, dadebiTad korelirebs IQ-Tan, piaJes kognituri amocanebis
Sesrulebasa da perspeqtivis gamoyenebis unarTan (Lickona, 1976; Walker &
Hennig, 1997). kolbergi (1976) amtkicebda, rom zneobis TiToeuli safexuri
garkveul kognitur da perspeqtivis gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebs moiTxovs,
magram es zneobrivi winsvlis uzrunvelyofisTvis sakmarisi ar aris.
amasTan erTad, zneobrivi nawilisTvis gamsakuTrebuli azrovnebis
reorganizaciac aucilebelia. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kolbergi
varaudobda, rom kognituri da perspeqtivis gamoyenebis miRwevebi
aucilebeli, magram ara sakmarisi piroaa zneobis TiToeuli safexurisTvis.
kvlevam gviCvena, rom kolbergis winaswari varaudis Sesabamisad, bavSvebi
da mozardebi zneobis TiToeul safexurze fasdebian kogniciisa da
perspeqtivis gamoyenebis ufro maRali an TanammTxvevi safexurebiT,
romlebic mocemulia 12.1 cxrilSi (Krebs& Gillmore, 1982; Selman, 1976;
Walker, 1980). Tumca, gamoucnobi rCeba, tvinis romel nawilSi Cndeba
pirvelad ufro momwifebuli zneobrivi gansjis kognituri, socialuri an
zneobrivi ingredientebi. me-6 da me-7 TavebSi araerTxel davinaxeT, rom
bavSvebi ufro ukeT msjeloben im amocanebis Sesaxeb, romlebSic ufro meti
gamocdileba aqvT.
ymawvilebi, romlebic xSirad wyveten socialur da zneobriv
amocanebs socialuri an zneobrivi msjelobiT, SesaZloa bevrad ufro
pirdapir qmnian kognitur mxardaWeras meti ganviTarebisTvis – (Damon, 1977;
Gibbs, 2003).
dasasrul, kolbergis safexurebrivi modeli gasagebia mozardebisa
da mozrdilebisTvis, romlebsac misi Teoria ar uswavliaT. roca ruseTis
umaRlesi saswavleblisa da holandiis universitetis studentebs sTxoves,
daelagebinaT kolbergis safexurebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mdgomareobebi,
isini, rogorc wesi, yovel safexurs Tanmimdevrulad alagebdnen ufro
rTulisken. Tumca, rac ufro maRali iyo safexuri, miT ufro meti
uTanxmoeba SeimCneoda monawileebs Soris dalagebaSi, radgan maTTvis
Zneli iyo maTi safexuris zemoT myofi mdgomareobebis mowesrigeba (Boom,
Brugman, & van der Heijden, 2001).

arsebobs Tu ara sqesis mixedviT gansxvaveba zneobaze msjelobaSi?

rogorc ukve vnaxeT, realuri cxovrebis zneobrivi dilemebi
zneobriv gansjaSi emociis wils usvams xazs. davubrundeT am Tavis
dasawyisSi moyvanil leislis zneobriv msjelobas da vnaxoT, rogor iyo
misi argumenti fokusirebuli sxvebze zrunvasa da maT mimarT
valdebulebaze. qerol giligani (1982) yvelaze cnobilia maT Soris, vinc
amtkicebda, rom imTaviTve mamakacebis interviuebze damyarebuli –
kolbergis Teoria adekvatiurad ar asaxavs gogonebisa da qalebis
zneobriobas. giligani fiqrobs, rom qaluri zneobrioba gamoyofs `zrunvis
eTikas~, romelic kolbergis sistemaSi gaufasurebulia.
leislis msjeloba kolbergis III safexurze xvdeba, radgan
pirovnebaTSoris valdebulebebzea damyarebuli. misgan gansxvavebiT, IV-dan
VI-mde safexurebi xazs usvams samarTlianobas – abstraqtul racionalur
valdebulebas zneobis idealebis mimarT. giliganis mixedviT, sxvebze
zrunva gansxvavebuli, aranakleb moqmedi bazaar moraluri gansjisTvis,
vidre fokusireba usaxur uflebebze.
mravali gamokvleviT dadasturda giliganis hipoTeza, rom kolbergis
midgoma saTanadod ver afasebs qalebis zneobriv momwifebulobas da
umetesad arc adasturebs mas (Turiel, 1998). hipoTezuri dilemebis, iseve,
rogorc yoveldRiuri zneobrivi problemebis Sesaxeb, mozardi da
mozrdili qalebi imave safexuris msjelobas avlenen, romelsac maTi
Tanatoli mamakacebi, zogjer ki ufro maRal donisasa. aseve,
samarTlianobisa da zrunvis Tema orive sqesis pasuxebSi Cndeba, xolo
roca gogonebi pirovnebaTSoris zrunvas imaRleben, kolbergis sistemas
ukan itoveben (Jadack da sxvebi, 1995; Kahn, 1992; Walker, 1995). es monacemebi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tumca kolbergisamarTlianobas mzrunvelobaze ufro
metad miiCnevda umaRles zneobriv idealad, misi Teoria faseulobaTa
orive erTianobas Seicavs.
giligani damajereblad acxadebs, rom zneobrivi ganviTarebis
Seswavla SezRuduli iyo metismeti yuradRebis daTmobiT uflebebsa da
samarTlianobaze (`mamrobiTi~ ideali) da naklebi yuradRebiT
mzrunvelobisa da pasuxismgeblobisadmi (`mdedrobiTi~ ideali). zogi
monacemi gviCvenebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom mamakacebisa da qalebis zneoba
orive orientacias ergeba, qalebs aqvT tendencia, xazi gausvan zrunvas anu
empaTiuri perspeqtivis gamoyenebas, maSin, roca mamakacebi an
samarTlianobas gamoyofen an Tanabrad fokusirdebian samarTlianobasa da
zrunvaze (Jaffe & Hyde, 2000; Wark & Krebs, 1996; Weisz & Black, 2002).
yuradRebis mimarTulebaSi gansxvaveba realur cxovrebaSi ufro
xSirad Cndeba, vidre hipoTezur dilemebSi. Sesabamisad, amis mizezi
SesaZloa ufro qalebis iseT yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi monawileoba iyos,
romelic sxvebze zrunvasa da fiqrs moicavs.
 erT-erTi Seswavlisas, amerikelma da kanadelma 17-26 wlis qalebma
ufro kompleqsuri msjeloba gamoavlines zrunvis Temebze, vidre maTma
Tanatolma mamakacebma. magram, rogorc 12.4 sqema gviCvenebs, norvegieli
mamakacebi iseve gaTviTcnobierebulni iyvnen zrunvaze damyarebul gagebaSi,
rogorc norvegieli qalebi (Skoe, 1998). SesaZloa norvegiuli kultura,
romelic mxars uWers sqesobriv Tanasworobas saxlSi, skolasa da
samsaxurSi, aiZulebs biWebsa da mamakacebs, ufro Rrmad daufiqrdnen
pirovnebaTaSoris valdebulebebs. aziuri kulturaTa koleqtivisturi
faseulobebi araorazrovnad usvams xazs sxvebze zrunvasa da fiqrs,
rogorc sazogadoebriv normas. erT-erTi Seswavlisas, iaponeli mozardebi
TiTqmis mudam aerTianebdnen msjelobas zrunvisa da samarTlianobis
Sesaxeb.
amave dros, mamakacebic da qalebic gamoyofdnen zrunvas, rasac
sazogadoebriv pasuxismgeblobad miiCnevdnen. rogorc erTma biWma SeniSna,
yasashii (sikeTe/sinaze) da omoiyari (empaTia) `aris Cveulebrivi ram, rasac
yvela avlens~ (Shimizu, 2001).
amJamad arsebuli monacemebi adasturebs, rom samarTlianoba da
zrunva ar aris sqesisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zneobriobebi, giliganis
muSaobam gaafarTova maRalzneobrivi pirovnebis Cveneuli koncefcia.
mkvlevarebma Seiswavles mzrunvelobiTi msjelobis ganviTareba im
dilemebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic mozardebsa da mozrdilebs, imsjelon
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb – magaliTad, martoxela mSobels unda
sacxovreblad Tavis mozrdil SvilTan gadavides. Sedegebma gviCvena
TandaTanobiTi cvlileba sakuTari saWiroebebis egocentuli fokusidan
sxvebis saWiroebebis gamo Tavganwirvis fokusze, sakuTari da sxvebis
saWiroebebis Sesaxeb gawonasworebul mosazrebebze. rogorc wesi,
samarTlianobis Sesaxeb msjeloba asakobrivi cvlilebebis paralelurad
mimdinareobs (Pratt, Skoe & Arnold, 2004; Skoe & Diessner, 1994). albaT,
amis Sesaxeb yvelaze ukeT Tavad piaJem (1932/1965) Tqva: `samarTlianobis
ufro daxvewil formebsa da ... sakuTriv egret wodebul siyvaruls Soris
aRaraviTari realuri konfliqti aRar arsebobs~.

zegavlena zneobriv msjelobaze

adre moviyvaneT kolbergis azri imis Sesaxeb, rom zneobriv
sakiTxebTan aqtiuri mWidro kavSiri Zalian mniSvnelovania zneobrivi
cvlilebisTvis. rogorc Semdeg vnax0avT, zneobriv gagebasTan mravali
faqtoria dakavSirebuli, ymawvilebis pirovnulobisa da araerTi
socialuri gamocdilebis – TanatolebTan urTierTobis, bavSvis aRzrdis
praqtikis, skolaSi swavlisa da kulturuli aspeqtebis CaTvliT. mzardi
monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom es gamocdilebebi sul mcire, ornairad muSaobs:
(1) isini waaxaliseben ymawvilebs, gamoiyenon sxvaTa perspeqtiva da (2)
kognitur gauwonasworeblobas aRZravs, ymawvilebisTvis kognituri
siZneleebis warmoqmniT, rac maT stimuls aZlevs zneobriv problemebze
ufro kompleqsurad ifiqron.
P
erovnuli Tvisebebi
moqnili, obiqturi midgoma axali informaciisa da gamocdilebisadmi
dakavSirebulia zneobrivi msjelobis warmatebebTan, iseve, rogorc
identurobis ganviTarebasTan (Hart da sxvebi, 1998; Matsuba & Walker, 1998).
vinaidan obieqturi ymawvilebi socialurad ufro unarianebi arian, maT
socialuri monawileobis meti SesaZlebloba aqvT (Block & Block, 1980).
ufro mdidari socialuri cxovreba xels uwyobs sxvebis perspeqtivebTan
urTierTobas, xolo obieqturoba mozardebs exmareba am urTierTobidan
gaakeTon zneobrivi daskvna. amis sawinaaRmdegod, mozardebs, romlebic
nela eguebian axal gamocdilebebs, rogorc wesi, ufro naklebad
ainteresebT sxvebis zneobrivi mosazrebebi da gamarTlebebi.

bavSvis aRzrdis praqtika

bavSvis aRzrdis momwifebul zneobriv msjelobasTan dakavSirebuli
praqtika moicavs siTbos azrebis gacvla-gamocvlasTan. bavSvebsa da
mozardebs, romlebsac wlebis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze didi warmatebebi aqvT
zneobriv gagebaSi, hyavT mSoblebi, romlebic zneobrivi daskvnebis
gamosatan ambebs uyvebian, awyoben zneobis Sesaxeb diskusiebs, waaxaliseben
prosocialur saqciels da qmnian mxardaWeris atmosferos gulisxmieri
mosmeniT, damazustebeli kiTxvebis dasmiTa da maRali donis msjelobiT
(Pratt, Skoe, & Arnold, 2004; Wyatt & Carlo, 2002). maTgan gansxvavebiT
bavSvebi, romlebsac mSoblebi Wkuas aswavlian, emuqrebian an sarkastul
SeniSvnebs aZleven, mcire an araviTar cvlilebas ar ganicdian (Walker &
Taylor, 1991a). SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom is mSobeli, romelic bavSvebs
zneobriv gagebas uadvilebs, aris molaparake, racionaluri da moyvaruli
da xels uwyobs ojaxuri cxovrebis TanamSromlobiT stils. aRsaniSnavia,
rom es swored am TavSi adre ganxiluli is maxasiaTeblebia, romlebic
umcrosi asakis bavSvebSi zneobrivi internacionalizaciis aRzrdas uwyobs
xels.

saskolo ganaTleba
saskolo ganaTlebis miRebis wlebi zneobrivi gagebis erT-erTi
yvelaze Zlieri sawindaria. zneobrivi msjeloba gviandel mozardobasa da
mozrdilobis dasawyisSi mxolod im drois ganmavlobaSi umjobesdeba,
roca pirovneba skolaSi rCeba (Dawson, 2002; Speicher, 1994). umaRlesi
ganaTleba savaraudod Zlier zegavlenas axdens zneobriv ganviTarebaze,
radgan is axalgazrdebs socialur sakiTxebs acnobs, riTic piradi
damokidebulebebi mTel politikur an kulturul jgufebamde farTovdeba.
marTlac, kolejis studentebs, romlebic ufro maRali akademiuri
perspeqtivis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebs aCveneben (magaliTad,
mecadineobebi, romlebzec yuradReba gamaxvilebulia azrebis Ria
ganxilvebze) da maT, romlebic miuTiTeben, rom socialuri
mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb ufro gaTviTcnobierebulni gaxdnen, rogorc
wesi, gaumjobesebuli zneobrivi msjeloba aqvT (Mason & Gibbs, 1993a, 1993b).

TanatolebTan urTierToba
kvlevaTa Sedegebi adasturebs piaJes rwmenas, rom TanatolebTan
urTierTobas SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos zneobriv gagebas. mozardebi,
romlebsac ufro meti axlobloba aqvT megobrebTan, xSirad monawileoben
saubrebSi mediskusiebigobrebTan da imaTTan, visac Tanaklaselebi
liderebad Tvlian, zneobriv msjelobaSi ufro maRal Sefasebebs
Rebuloben (Schonert-Reichl, 1999). afrikaSi Catarebuli kvlevebi xazs
usvams zneobrivi azrovnebis stimulirebisTvis Tanatolebis gansxvavebul
faseulobaTa sistemebis urTierTgaziarebis mniSvnelobas. keniel da
nigeriel studentebs, romlebic eTnikurad Sereul umaRles
saswavleblebsa da kolejebSi Sedian, ufro ukeTesi zneobrivi ganviTareba
aqvT, vidre maT, romlebic homogenur dawesebulebebSi Sedian (Edwards,
1978; Maqsud, 1977).
rogorc piaJe varaudobda, TanatolTa konfliqti SesaZloa xels
uwyobs warmatebebs zneobriv azrovnebaSi, radgan bavSvebs sxvebis
Tvalsazriss acnobs. magram rogorc me-6 TavSi iyo aRniSnuli, TviT
konfliqtze metad misi gadawyvetis gza SeiZleba iyos TanatolTa
uTanxmoebis is Tviseba, romelic stimuls aZlevs kognitur ganviTarebas –
arazneobrivsac da zneobrivsac erTnairad. roca bavSvebi molaparakebebsa
da kompromisebs iwyeben, xvdebian, rom socialuri cxovreba SesaZloa
damyarebul iqnes TanasworTa TanamSromlobaze da ara avtoritetul
urTierTobebze (Damon, 1998; Killen & Nucci, 1995). megobrebs Soris
konfliqti xSirad warmoiSoba, magram erTiani ZalebiT gvardeba.
megobrebis erTianobiTa da siaxloviT ganpirobebuli konsesnsusur
SeTanxmebaze damyarebuli gadawyvetilebebi, SesaZloa xels uwyobdes
zneobriv ganviTarebas. TanatolTa gamocdilebam, romelSic Sedis
zneobrivi problemebis Taobaze dikusiebi da rolebis gaTamaSeba, mogvca
umaRlesi saswavleblisa da kolejis studentebis zneobrivi gagebis
gaumjobesebisTvis intervenciebis safuZveli. monacemebi gviCvenebs, imisTvis,
rom es intervenciebi efeqturi aRmoCndes, ymawvilebi azrebs unda cvlidnen
da cdilobdnen, gaiazron gansxvavebuli TvalTaxedvebi. kolejis
moswavleebis mier zneobrivi dilemebis ganxilvaze dakvirvebebma
gamoavlina, rom isini, vinc erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegebodnen, akritikebdnen da
cdilobdnen gaerkviaT erTmaneTis mosazrebebi, warmatebas aRwevdnen
zneobriv momwifebulobaSi. warumateblebi, piriqiT, pretenziulebi iyvnen,
pirovnul anekdotebs yvebodnen da davalebis Sesrulebisas dabneulobas
avlendnen (Berkowitz & Gibbs, 1983). asea Tu ise, vinaidan zneobrivi
ganviTareba TandaTanobiTi procesia, TanatolTa mravalricxovan
urTierTobaTa sesiebi, kvirebis an Tveebis ganmavlobaSi, Cveulebriv,
aucilebelia zneobrivi cvlilebebis Camosayalibeblad.

kultura
industriul qveynebSi pirovnebebi ufro swrafad gadian
kolbergiseul safexurebs da upiratesoba aqvT sasoflo Temebis
warmomadgenel im pirovnebebTan SedarebiT, romlebic iSviaTad scdebian III
safexurs. am kulturuli gansxvavebis erTerTi axsna fokusirebulia
warmatebuli zneobrivi gagebisTvis didi socialuri struqturebis
mniSvnelobaze. sasoflo TemebSi zneobrivi TanamSromloba damyarebulia
adamianTa Soris pirdapir urTierTobebze, xolo IV safexurisa da ufro
maRali msjeloba damokidebulia zneobrivi konfliqtebis gadaWrisTvis
kanonebisa da mmarTveli dawesebulebebis rolis Sefasebaze (Gibbs,
Basinger, & Grime, 2005; Snarey, 1995).
 am Tvalsazriss isic amyarebs, rom im kulturebSi, sadac ymawvilebi
maT socialur instituciebSi adreuli asakidan monawileoben, zneobrivi
ganviTareba daCqarebulia. magaliTad, kibucebSi, israelis patara, magram
teqnologiurad kompleqsur sasoflosameurneo dasaxlebebSi, sakuTari
sazogadoebis marTvaSi Sua bavSvobaSi iwvrTnebian. mesame klasSi zneobrivi
konfliqtebis ganxilvisas isini sazogadoebrivi kanonebisa da wesebis
gacilebiT met codnas avlenen, vidre israelis qalaqebSi gazrdili an
amerikeli bavSvebi (Fuchs da sxvebi, 1986). mozardobisa da mozrdilobis
ganmavlobaSi kolbergiseul IV da V safexurebs procentulad ufro meti
kibuceli pirovneba aRwevs, vidre amerikeli (Snarey, Reimer, & Kohlberg,
1985).
kulturuli gansxvavebis meore SesaZlo mizezi is aris, rom zogierT
kulturaSi dilemebze pasuxis kolbergis sqemiT Sefaseba SeuZlebelia.
gavixsenoT me-11 Tavidan, rom koleqtivisturi kulturebis (sasoflo
Temebis CaTvliT) TviTaRqma ufro metad aris sxvebisken mimarTuli, vidre
dasavleT evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi. es gansxvaveba zneobriv
msjelobasac axasiaTebs (Miller, 1997). sasoflo TemebSi
gavrcelebuliazneoba, romelic pirovnebis saxes acxadebs, rogorc mTeli
socialuri jgufis saxesTan sasicocxlod dakavSirebuls. magaliTad, axal
gvineaSi erTerTi soflis beladma haincis dilemaSi mTeli sazogadoeba
daadanaSaula da ganacxada `me rom mosamarTle vyofiliyavi, mas mxolod
msubuq sasjels davuwesebdi, radgan yvelas sTxova daxmareba da aravin
daexmara.~ (Tiejin & Walker, 1985, gv. 990).
aseve, azielebi met mniSvnelobas aZleven sxvebis mimarT
valdebulebebs, vidre dasavluri sazogadoebis adamianebi. magaliTad,
indoelebi ufro naklebad ganixilaven pirovnebebs zneobrivi danaSaulebis
gamo angariSvaldebulebad. maTi azriT, sakuTari da sazogadoebrivi
garemo ganuyofelia (Miller & Bersoff, 1995). es Tvalsazrisi aSkarad
SeiniSneba kargad ganaTlebul indoel mozrdilebs Sorisac, romlebic
savaraudod kolbergiseul maRal safexurebze unda idgnen. haincis
dilemis ganxilvisas isini ewinaaRmdegebian moqmedebis iseTi kursis
arCevas, romelic ganmartavs, rom zneobrivi gadawyvetileba mTeli
sazogadoebis tvirTi unda iyos. rogorc erTma qalma Tqva: is problemebi,
rasac hainci Seejaxa, ar aris kerZo problemebi, romlebic gavlenas axdebs
TiTo-orola haincze mTel msoflioSi. es socialuri problemebia.
daiviwyeT hainci evropaSi, indoeTze gadmodiT... haincis ambavi Cvens
irgvliv mudam meordeba colebis sikvdiliT, bavSvebis sikvdiliT da maTi
gadasarCeni fuli ar aris... ase rom, haincma Tavisi piradi SesaZleblobiT
– ki, moiparos wamali, magram es didmasStabian gansxvavebas ar qmnis... me ar
mgonia, rom gadawyvetilebis saboloo analizi SeiZleba pirovnul
safuZvelze iqnes gamotanili... is albaT makro doneze unda ganvixiloT
(Vasudev & Hummel, 1987, gv. 110).
es monacemebi wamoWris kiTxvas, gamoxatavs Tu ara kolbergiseuli
maRali safexurebi azrovnebis gansakuTrebul kulturul saxeobas, rasac
moklebulia dasavluri sazogadoeba, am sazogadoebaSi xazgasmulia
pirovnuli uflebebi da yuradReba gadatanilia Sida, pirad sindisze. amave
dros, saerTo samarTlebrivi zneoba TvalsaCinoa am dilemaze
mravalferovani kulturis adamianTa pasuxebSi.
zneobrivi msjeloba da qceva
kognituri ganviTarebis mTavari varaudi is aris, rom zneobrivi
gageba zegavlenas unda axdendes zneobriv motivaciaze. roca ymawvilebi
Caswvdebian adamianTa socialuri TanamSromlobis zneobriv `logikas~,
isini wuxan, Tuki xedaven, rom es logika irRveva. amis Sedegad xvdebian,
rom sakuTari fiqris Sesabamisad moqceva umniSvnelovanesia samarTliani
socialuri samyaros Seqmnisa da muSaobisTvis (Gibbs, 2003). am mosazrebis
bazaze kolbergma iwinaswarmetyvela, rom zneobrivi azrovneba da qceva
zneobrivi gagebis maRal doneebze erTad modis (Blasi, 1994). am
mosazrebidan gamomdinare Sesabamisad, maRal safexurze mdgomi mozardebi
ufro xSirad moqmedeben prosocialurad, roca exmarebian, TanaugrZnoben
da icaven usamarTlobis msxverplT (Carlo da sxvebi, 1996; Comunian &
Gielan, 2000). isini aseve naklebad monawileoben TaRliTobaSi, agresiasa da
sxva antisocialur qcevebSi (Gregg, Gibbs & Fuller, 1994; Taylor &
Walker, 1997).
magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom zneobriv azrovnebasa da saqciels
Soris cxadi kavSiri arsebobs, is sakmaod sustia. ukve vnaxeT, rom
kogniciis garda, moralur qcevaze kidev bevri faqtori axdens zegavlenas
empaTiis, simpaTiisa da danaSaulis grZnobis emociebis CaTvliT, aseve
temperamentSi individualuri gansxvaveba da xangrZlivi warsuli
gamocdileba, romelic gavlenas axdens zneobriv arCevansa da
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze. moswav
zneobrivi TviTrelevanturoba – xarisxi, romelic umniSvnelovanesia
zneobrivi TviTaRqmisTvis –zegavlenas axdens zneobriv qcevazec. roca
zneobrivi miznebi pirovnulad mniSvnelovania, individebma ufro metad
unda igrZnon sakuTari zneobrivi gansjiT moqmedebis valdebuleba (Blasi,
1994; Walker, 2004). dabali seg mqone afroamerikeli da laTinoamerikeli
Tineijerebis Seswavlam, romlebic sakuTari Tavis aRweraSi zneobriv
sazrunavsa da miznebs usvamdnen xazs, sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis
gansakuTrebuli done gamoavlina. Tumca, es ukiduresad prosocialuri
axalgazrdebi zneobrivi msjelobiT TavianTi Tanatolebisgan ar
gansxvavdebodnen (Hart & Fegley, 1995).
is, rom zneobrivi interesisa da sakuTari Tavis SegrZnebis sinTezi
SeiZleba zneobrivi saqcielis mastimulirebeli iyos, aseve mtkicdeba im
xalxis SeswavliT, romlebmac gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes zneobriv
sakiTxebSi, magaliTad, samoqalaqo uflebebSi, siRatakis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi, samedicino eTikasa da religiur TavisuflebaSi. aseT zneobriv
sakiTxebze interviuebi gviCvenebs, rom maTi yvelaze gamorCeuli
maxasiaTebeli aris zneobrivi xedvis pirovnul identurobasTan `uxarvezo
integracia~ (Colby & Damon, 1992, gv. 309).
kvlevas aseve unda daedgina zneobrivi saqcielisTvis piradi
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis warmomavloba. magram ramdenime Teoretikosi
fiqrobs, rom sxva mniSvnelovan adamianebTan – magaliTad, mSoblebTan,
maswavleblebsa da megobrebTan – kavSirebi umniSvnelovanes rols
asrulebs, SesaZloa prosocialuri qcevis modelirebiT da empaTiisa da
danaSaulis emociuri procesebiT, romlebic gaerTianebulia zneobriv
kogniciasTan, raTa zneobrivi qcevis ufro Zlieri mastimulirebeli gaxdes
(Blasi, 1995; Kohlberg &Diessner, 1991). kidev erTi varaudia, rom zogierT
saskolo gamocdilebas SeuZlia aRZras an daaCqaros zneobrivi
midrekilebebi. aq Sedis samarTliani saswavlo garemo – iseTi, romelSic
maswavleblebi moswavleebs demokratiuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebiTa da
wesebis dadgeniT xelmZRvaneloben, gadawyvetilebas civiluri diskusiiT
Rebuloben da pasuxismgeblobas iReben sxvebis keTildReobaze (Atkins,
Hart, &Donnely, 2004). TanagrZnoba da samarTliani saskolo klimati
SesaZloa gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyos siRatakeSi mcxovrebi
erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgeneli bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebisTvis.
mravali aseTi ymawvilisTvis saskolo sazogadoebaSi farTo monawileoba
SeiZleba umniSvnelovanesi faqtori iyos, rac aacilebs pesimistur
Sexedulebas, rom crurwmena da SesaZleblobaTa nakleboba sazogadoebaSi
gavrcelebulia da, maSasadame, dauZlevelic (Hart & Atkins, 2002).
skolas aseve SeuZlia gaafarTovos moswavlis SesaZlebloba,
gamoscados da gaiazros zneobrivi emociebi, azrebi da saqcieli
samoqalaqo movaleobebSi CarTviT. rogorc `kvlevidan praqtikisaken~
CanarTi gviCvenebs, ymawvilebisTvis sazogadoebaSi moxaliseebad samsaxuris
uflebis micema SeiZleba daexmaros maT, dainaxon gansxvaveba pirad da
sazogadoebriv interess Soris da am mosazrebebma xeli Seuwyos zneobis
yvela aspeqtSi garkvevas.

religiuri monawileoba da zneobrivi ganviTareba

cnobilia, rom realuri cxovrebis zneobrivi dilemebis
gadasawyvetad, bevri mimarTavs religiasa da sulierebas. am
pirovnebebisTvis zneobrioba da suliereba ganuyofelia; zneobriv
faseulobebis, gansjasa da qcevebs Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli maT
rwmenaSi. mkvlevarebma zneobriv ganviTarebaze religiisa da sulierebis
gavlenis Seswavla mxolod axlaxan daiwyes.
religia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania CrdiloamerikelTa ojaxuri
cxovrebisTvis. bolo gamokiTxvebis dros amerikelTa daaxloebiT orma
mesamedma da kanadelebis naxevarma Tavi religiurad gamoacxada, didi
britaneTisa da italiis mosaxleobis erTma mesamedma dasavleT evropis
sxva qveynebSi ufro naklebma (Adams, 2003; Jones, 2003). im adamianTa Soris,
romlebic dakavSirebulni arian eklesiasTan, sinagogasa an meCeTTan da
regularulad eswrebian religiur msaxurebas, bevrni mSoblebi arian da
ojaxebi hyavT. Sua bavSvobisas isini iwyeben religiuri da sulieri ideebis
Camoyalibebas, romlebic saocrad kompleqsuria da maTi cxovrebis
zneobriv Zalad gadaiqceva (ix. CanarTi `kulturis zegavlena~).
mozardobisas formaluri religiuri monawileoba klebulobs –
amerikel ymawvilebSi 13 wlis asakSi, 55 procentidan 17-18 wlis asakSi 15-40
procentamde (Donahue & Benson, 1995; Kerestes & Youniss, 2003). es kleba
emTxveva avtonomiis zrdasa da mcdelobas, Seiqmnan pirovnulad
mniSvnelovani religiuri identuroba – rogorc wesi, es amocana ar
mTavrdeba arc Tineijerobis bolosTvis da arc ocdaaTi wlis asakisTvis.
(Hunsberger, Pratt & Pancer, 2001).
mozardebs, romlebic rCebian religiuri Temis nawilad, upiratesoba
aqvT zneobriv faseulobebsa da qcevaSi. religiuri Temis gareT myofi
axalgazrdebisgan gansxvavebiT, isini metad monawileoben sazogadoebrivi
samsaxuris saqmianobaSi, romlis mizanic xelmokleTa daxmarebaa (Kerestes,
Youness & Metz, 2004; Youness, McLellan, & Yates, 1999). religiuri monawileoba
aseve xels uwyobs pasuxismgeblur akademiur da socialur qmedebas da
xels aRebinebs cud saqcielze (Dowling da sxvebi, 2004), amasTanave
Tineijerebis mZlavri damcvelia narkotikebisa da alkoholis
moxmarebisgan, adreuli sqesobrivi aqtiurobisgan, dakavSirebulia dabal
danaSaulobasTan, Tumca misi zegavlena ar aris iseTi mkacri, rogoric
mSobeli-bavSvisa da Tanatolebis kavSirebisa (Regnerus, Smith, & Fritsch, 2003).
am sasargeblo Sedegebs savaraudod xels uwyobs Semdegi mravalferovani
faqtorebi:
• religiuri monawileoba _ uzrunvelyofs axalgazrdebs mzrunveli
mozrdilebisa da Tanatolebis farTo qseliT – pirobebiT, romlebic
zneobriv simwifes aumjobesebs. umaRlesi saswavleblebis qalaqeli
studentebis did SerCeviT SeswavlaSi, religiurad monawile mozardebi
ufro metad acxadebdnen ndobiTi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb mSoblebTan,
mozrdilebTan da megobrebTan, romlebic imave msoflmxedvelobas
aRiareben. rac ufro met urTierTqmedebasa da saubrebs aCvenebdnen
axalgazrdebi am qselis wevrebTan, miT ufro maRali Sefasebebi hqondaT
empaTiur azrovnebasa da prosocialur qcevaSi (King & Furrow, 2004).
• religiuri ganaTleba da axalgazrdaTa saqcieli pirdapir aswavlis
sxvebze zrunvas, iZleva SesaZleblobas, CaerTon zneobriv saqmianobaSi
da xeli Seuwyon moqalaqeobriv monawileobas.
mozardebma, romlebsac aqvT uzenaesTan kavSiris grZnoba, SeiZleba
ganiviTaron garkveuli Sinagani siZliere – zneobrivi TviTgamoxatvisa da
prosocialur faseulobaTa CaTvliT – rac exmareba maT, Tavi gaarTvan
cxovrebiseul siZneleebs, momwifebulad gadaWran realuri cxovrebis
zneobrivi dilemebi da ganaxorcielon sakuTari azrebi (Furrow, King, & White,
2004; Spencer, Fegley, & Harpalani, 2003).
vinaidan TineijerTa umetesoba religiur mimdinareobebTan
identificirdeba da acxadebs, rom uzenaesi swams, religiuri institutebi
SesaZloa unikalurad harmonirebdes zneobrivi da prosocialuri
valdebulebebis waxalisebasTan (Bridge & Moore, 2002). zogi monacemi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom qalaqeli axalgazrdebisTvis, romlebsac socialuri
xelSewyobis mcire alternatiuli wyaroebi aqvT, didad sasargebloa
religiuri monawileoba (Jang & Johnson, 2001). religiur instituciebs,
romlebic am axalgazrdebs SeierTeben, SeuZliaT maTi cxovrebis Secvla.
gamonakliss Seadgens religiuri kultebi, romlebSic jgufuri rwmenis
mkacri moTxovna, individualurobis CaxSoba da sazogadoebisgan gaucxoeba
erToblivad moqmedebs zneobrivi momwifebulobis winaaRmdeg (Richmond,
2004).

kolbergis TeoriasTan dakavSirebuli SekiTxvebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom kolbergis Teorias bevri mxardamWeri hyavs, is,
amave dros, bevr sirTulesac awydeba. maT Soris umniSvnelovanesia
kolbergis koncefcia zneobrivi momwifebulobis Sesaxeb, aseve misi
safexurebis Sesabamisoba umcrosi asakis bavSvebis zneobriv msjelobasTan.
yvelaze meti winaaRmdegoba xvdeba kolbergis im mosazrebas, rom
postkonvenciur donemde zneobrivi momwifebuloba ar miiRweva. magram Tu
adamianebma aucileblad V da VI safexurebs unda miaRwion, rom zneobrivad
momwifebulebad CaiTvalon, cota vinme Tu moiZebneba, vinc amas Seafasebs!
jon jibsi (1991, 2003) amtkicebs, rom `postkonvenciuri zneobrioba~
ganxiluli ar unda iqnes rogorc standarti, romlisgan gansxvavebiTac
sxva doneebi moumwifeblad CaiTvleba. jibsi momwifebulobas III da IV
safexurebis Secvlil gagebaSi poulobs. es safexurebi ar aris
`konvenciuri~ anu damyarebuli socialur konformizmze, rogorc kolbergs
egona. piriqiT, isini moiTxoven Rrma zneobriv konstruqciebs– idealuri
ormxrivobis, rogorc adamianTa Soris urTierTobebis (III safexuri) da
wesebsa da kanonebSi moyvanili zneobrivi standartebisa (IV safexuri)
farTod miRebis safuZvlad aRqmas.
jibsi (2003) `postkonvenciur~ zneobriv msjelobas miiCnevs
ukiduresad refleqsur, metakogniciur cdad, romlis drosac adamianebi
egzistenciur sakiTxebs uRrmavdebian, magaliTad, risTvis icxovron?
risTvis iyon zneobrivebi? im xalxis umetesobas, vinc am sakiTxebze
fiqrobs, saukeTeso ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli, Cveulebriv, filosofiaSi –
rac naTels xdis, ratom aris V da VI safexurebi ase iSviaTi. Tumca
zogjer sulis SemZvreli cxovrebisuli krizisis, sicocxlisTvis
saxifaTo SemTxvevebis an sulieri gamoRviZebis Sedegad, adamianebi
formaluri filosofiuri momzadebis gareSe imuSaveben arsebobis
mniSvnelobis eTikur mixvedrilobas – am cvlilebebs SeuZlia aamaRlos
maTi gadawyvetileba, icxovron zneobrivad. amis Sedegad, aRniSnavs jibsi,
`postkonvenciuri~ zneobrivi msjeloba zogjer SesaZloa SeiniSnebodes
adreul mozardobaSic, roca ymawvilebs pirvelad miuwvdebaT xeli
formalur operaciul da perspeqtivis gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebze, rac
saWiroa masSi CasarTvelad.
dasasrul, kolbergiseul safexurebi farTod aRwers zneobriv
msjelobas mozardobasa da mozrdilobaSi. bevrad naklebs gveubneba isini
zneobrivi msjelobis Taobaze adreul da Sua bavSvobaSi. marTlac,
kolbergiseuli zneobrivi dilemebi Sors aris bavSvebis umetesobis
gamocdilebisgan da SeiZleba maTTvis bolomde gasagebi arc iyos.
roca bavSvebs maTi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Sesabamisi zneobrivi
dilemebi aqvT, maTi pasuxebi gviCvenebs, rom kolbergiseul prekonvenciuri
done, iseve, rogorc piaJeseuli heteronomiuli zneoba, saTanadod ver
afasebs maT zneobriv msjelobas. nensi eizenbergma Seqmna dilemebi,
romlebic kanonebiT ki ar xelmZRvanelobs, aramed upirispirebs maT
pirovnebaTa prosocialuri moqmedebis sapirispiro survils – magaliTad,
wavidnen dabadebis dReze, imis nacvlad, rom daSavebul Tanatols
daexmaron da wveulebas gamoakldnen (Eisenberg, 1986; Eisenberg da sxvebi,
1991, 1995a). bavSvebisa da mozardebis prosocialuri zneobrivi msjeloba
aseTi dilemebis Sesaxeb aSkarad gaumjobesebulia kolbergiseuli
safexurebTan SedarebiT. amasTan erTad, kvlevebma gviCvena, rom empaTiuri
perspeqtivis gamoyeneba aZlierebs prosocialur zneobriv azrovnebas da
mis realizacias yoveldRiur qcevebSi (Eisenbeg, Zhoe, & Koller, 2001;
Lasoya & Eisenberg, 2001).
 da bolos, kolbergis varaudi adreuli, ukiduresad marTuli zneobis
Sesaxeb niSnavda, rom man ver SeZlo umcrosi asakis bavSvebis mier
marTalisa da mtyuanis Sinagani gansjis gamovlena. momdevno nawilebSi
ganvixilavT bavSvebis zneobrivi msjelobis damatebiT monacemebs.

zneobrivi, socialur-pirobiTi da piradi sferoebis garCeva

araugvianes 3 wlis asakisa, bavSvebs aqvT samarTlianobis
rudimenturi aRqma. mravali kvleva cxadyofs, rom skolamdeli da umcrosi
dawyebiTi klasebis bavSvebi zneobriv imperativebs, romlebic adamianebis
uflebebsa da keTildReobas icavs, moqmedebis ori sxva sferosgan
ganasxvaveben: socialur pirobiTobebs, Cvevebs, romlebic wydeba mxolod
konsensusiT. aseTia sufrasTan qcevis wesebi, Cacmulobis stili da
socialuri urTierTqmedebis ritualebi; da piradi arCevanis sakiTxebi,
romlebic ar arRvevs sxvebis uflebebs an ar xelyofs maT, ar aris
socialurad regulirebuli da amitom pirovnulTan axlos aris (Ardila-
Rey & Killen, 2001; Nucci, 1996; Yan & Smetana, 2003).

zneobrivi da socialur-konvenciuri gansxvavebebi

3-4 wlis bavSvebTan interviuebi gviCvenebs, rom isini zneobis
darRvevebs (rogoricaa vaSlis moparva) ufro cudad miiCneven, vidre
socialur pirobiTobebs (nayinis TiTebiT Wama). isini aseve amboben, rom
zneobrivi darRveva saerTod ufro cudia – ar aris kargi, imis miuxedavad,
ra garemoSia is Cadenili, magaliTad, sxva qveyanaSi Tu sxva skolaSi. isini
aseve miuTiTeben, rom zneobrivi (magram ara socialurad pirobiTi)
darRvevebi im SemTxvevaSic cudia, roca avtoritetul pirovnebas (mSobels
an maswavlebels) ar daunaxavs misi Cadena da ar arsebobs wesi, romelic
mas krZalavs (Smetana, 1995, Tisak, 1995).
rogor midian umcrosi asakis bavSvebi am gansxvavebebamde? eliot
turilis Tanaxmad (1998), amas gamocdilebidan daskvnebis aqtiuri gamotaniT
aRweven. isini xedaven, rom zneobriv wyenaze Tanatolebi mkacrad
uaryofiTi emociiT pasuxoben, aRweren TavianT ziansa Tu danakargs,
eubnebian sxva bavSvs, gaCerdes an samagieros uxdian. xolo ufrosi,
romelic Caereva, yuradRebas dazaralebulis uflebebsa da grZnobebze
amaxvilebs. amisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanatolebi ase Zlier ar reagireben
socialuri pirobiTobebis darRvevaze. xolo aseT situaciebSi mozrdilebi,
Cveulebriv, dajerebas axsnaganmartebis an wesebis dacvis mniSvnelobis
aRniSvnis gareSe moiTxoven (Turiel, Smetana, & Killen, 1991).
magram, imis miuxedavad, rom zneobrivi darRvevis socialuri
pirobiTobis darRvevaze uaresobas xvdebian, skolamdeli da umcrosi
saskolo asakis bavSvebi (rogorc piaJe aRniSnavda) iCenen tendencias,
imsjelon mkacrad zneobrivi sferos farglebSi – magaliTad, acxadeben,
rom moparva da tyuilis Tqma yovelTvis cudia, maSinac ki, roca pirovnebas
zneobrivad sapatio mizezi aqvs, es moqmedebebi Caidinos (Lourenco, 2003).
zneobrivi wesebis moqnili SefasebiT bavSvebi arkveven da erTmaneTs
ukavSireben zneobriv imperativebs da socialur pirobiTobebs. maTi aRqma
TandaTanobiT ufro kompleqsuri xdeba, mxedvelobaSi miiReba cvladTa
mzardi raodenoba wesis miznis CaTvliT; adamianebis ganzraxvebi, codna da
rwmenebi; aseve maTi qcevis konteqsti.
 skolaSi swavlis ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi arCeven socialur
pirobiTobebs sruliad garkveuli mizniT (ar irbinon skolis derefnebSi,
rom ar daSavdnen) maTgan, romlebsac aSkara gamarTleba ara aqvs
(`akrZaluli~ xazis gadakveTa saTamaSo moedanze).
mizanmimarTuli pirobiTobis darRvevas zneobrivi danaSaulis
msgavsad ganixilaven (Buchanan-Barrow & Barret, 1998). asakTan erTad, isini
aseve xvdebian, rom adamianTa ganzraxvebi da maTi moqmedebis konteqsti
zemoqmedebas axdens socialuri pirobiTobebis darRvevis zneobriv
Sedegebze. Kkanaduri kvlevis mixedviT, bevri 6 wlis bavSvi yovelTvis
uaryofiTad reagirebda droSis dawvaze, yuradRebas ki mis fizikur
Sedegebze amaxvilebda.
maTgan gansxvavebiT, 8-10 wlis bavSvebis gansjaSi mkveTri gansxvaveba
igrZnoba: isini acxadebdnen, rom droSis simboluri faseulobis gamo, misi
dawva qveynis mimarT upativcemulobis gamoxatvaa; an _ cecxlis sagangebod
gaCaReba ufro uaresia, vidre misi SemTxveviT dawva. maT aseve miaCniaT, rom
droSis saxalxod dawva uaresia, vidre es martom gaakeTos, radgan
emociuri ziani sxvebsac gadaedeba. imave dros, isini xvdebian, rom droSis
dawva gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis formaa. umetesobas esmis, rom iseT
qveyanaSi, romelSic moqalaqeebs usamarTlod eqcevian, es misaRebi unda
iyos (Helwig & Prencipe, 1999).
Sua bavSvobisas ymawvilebi aseve xvdebian, rom sxvadasxva codnis
xalxi ar SeiZleba erTnairad iyos pasuxismgebeli zneobriv danaSaulze.
bevri 7 wlis bavSvi momTmenia maswavleblis gadawyvetilebis mimarT, Tuki
gogonebs biWebze meti sauzme misces, radgan fiqrobs (SecdomiT), rom
gogonebs biWebze meti Wama sWirdebaT. magram roca maswavlebeli gogonebs
met sauzmes imitom aZlevs, rom arazneobrivi rwmena aqvs (`gogonebs biWebze
meti yuradReba unda miaqcio~), mis saqciels TiTqmis yvela bavSvi
uaryofiTad afasebs (Wainryb & Ford, 1998).

pirovnul da zneobriv sferoebs Soris kavSiri

roca bavSvebis zneobrivi imperativebisa da socialur pirobiTobebis
wvdoma myardeba, igive emarTeba maT rwmenas, rom garkveuli arCevani,
rogoricaa varcxnilobis stili, megobrebi da Tavisufali drois gatareba,
pirovnebazea damokidebuli (Nucci, 1996; Nucci, Camino, & Sapiro, 1996).
bavSvebi Zalian male xvdebian, rom mSoblebi da maswavleblebi mzad arian
kompromisisTvis pirovnul sakiTxebze da zogjer socialuri wesrigis
Temebze, magram ara zneobriv urTierTobebze. aseve, roca bavSvebi da
mozardebi upirispirdebian ufros avtoritets, Cveulebriv amas pirovnuli
sferos farglebSi akeTeben (Nucci & Weber, 1995). mozardobisas, rodesac
izrdeba moTxovna, rom mSoblebi aRar Caerion Svilis pirad cxovrebaSi,
ufro xSirdeba kamaTi pirovnul sakiTxebze. umwvavesi uTanxmoebebi xdeba
rogorc pirovnul, aseve socialur pirobiT sakiTxebze da amitom SeiZleba
ganxiluli iqnes sxvadasxva midgomis sagnad– magaliTad, daulagebeli
sawoli oTaxi rogorc pirovnul, aseve sazogadoebriv sferoSi (Smetana &
Asquith, 1994).
pirovnul arCevanze warmodgena, Tavis mxriv, zrdis bavSvebis
zneobriv gagebas. 6 wlis bavSvebi sityvisa da rwmenis Tavisuflebas ukve
pirovnul uflebebad Tvlian, maSinac ki, Tu arsebobs kanonebi, romlebic
am uflebas uaryofs (Helwig & Turiel, 2002). xolo iseT kanonebs,
romlebic xalxs ganasxvavebs – magaliTad, zog adamians samedicino
daxmarebis an ganaTlebisken mimaval gzas uketavs – isini mcdarad da
darRvevis Rirsad miiCneven (Helwig & Jasiobedzka, 2001). am pasuxebis
gasamarTleblad, bavSvebi pirovnul privilegiebs mimarTaven, xolo, Sua
bavSvobis dasasrulisTvis, demokratiul ideebs, rogoricaa pirovnuli
uflebebis mniSvneloba samarTliani sazogadoebis SesanarCuneblad.
imave dros, ufrosi saskolo asakis bavSvebi, garemoebaTa mixedviT
pirovnul arCevans zRudaven. maSin, roca arasaswavlo Temebis (magaliTad,
sad wavidnen eqskursiaze) gadawyvetas demokratiuli gziT amjobineben,
fiqroben, rom akademiuri swavlebis kursi maswavleblis kompetenciaa
maswavleblebis mier aseTi arCevanis gakeTebis upiratesi unaris gamo
(Helwig & Kim, 1999). xolo roca meoTxeklaselebs samarTlianobis Temebi
misces, isini zneobisa da pirovnul urTierTobebs Soris konfliqtis
winaSe aRmoCndnen – imegobron Tu ara sxva erovnebis an sqesis
TanaklaselTan – romelic, Cveulebriv, samarTlianobis wesiT gvardeba
(Killen da sxvebi, 2002). mozardobaSi, ymawvilebi ufro mets fiqroben
pirovnul Tavisuflebasa da sazogadoebriv movaleobas Soris konfliqtze
– magaliTad, aris Tu ara mTavrobisTvis SesaZlebeli da ra pirobebSi,
sityvis, rwmenis, qorwinebis, bavSvebis yolisa da sxva pirovnuli
uflebebis SezRudva (Helwig, 1995 & Wainryb, 1997).

kulturuli da zneobrivi, socialur-konvenciuri da pirovnuli

gansxvavebebi
sxvadasxva dasavluri da aradasavluri kulturis bavSvebi da
mozardebi erTnair kriteriumebs iyeneben zneobrivi, socialur-pirobiTi da
pirovnuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb msjelobisTvis (Neff&Helwig, 2002; Nucci,
2002). magaliTad, Cineli ymawvilebi, romelTa kulturaSic avtoritetis
pativiscema maRali faseulobaa, mainc amboben, rom ufrosebs ara aqvT
ufleba, Caerion bavSvebis pirovnul saqmeebSi, magaliTad, rogor unda
gaataron Tavisufali dro (Helwig da sxvebi, 2003). kolumbielma bavSvma
pirovnuli kontrolis ufleba TavgamodebiT daicva, rodesac hkiTxes,
kanonieria Tu ara, rodesac maswavlebeli moswavles eubneba, sad unda
dajdes wreSi mecadineobisas. maswavleblis mxriv zneobrivi mizezis
arqonis gamo bavSvma mtkiced ganacxada: ` unda SemeZlos, sadac minda, iq
davjde.~ (Ardila-Rey & Killen, 2001, gv. 249). Tumca, zogierTi qceva
sxvadasxva kulturaSi sxvadasxvanairad ganixileba. magaliTad, indoel
hindu bavSvebs sjeraT, rom mamis gardacvalebis momdevno dRes wiwilis
Wama zneobrivad mcdaria, radgan hindu religia aswavlis, rom es mamis
suls xsnis gzas dauketavs. Crdiloamerikeli bavSvebi ki, piriqiT, am
qmedebas SemTxveviTobad miiCneven (Shweder, Mahapatra, & Miller, 1990).
magram, roca bavSvebs hkiTxes iseTi qmedebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic aSkara
dazianebis an uflebebis darRvevis– magaliTad, dapirebis darRvevis, sxvisi
sakuTrebis dazianebis an uwyinari cxovelisTvis fexis kvris mizezi xdeba
– kulturebs Soris umetesad erTnairi midgomaa (Turiel, 1998). es kidev
erTxel Segvaxsenebs, rom samarTlianobis mosazrebebi zneobrivi
azrovnebis universaluri Tvisebaa.
distribuciuli samarTlianoba
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi bavSvebi xSirad xvdebian iseT situaciaSi,
romelSic monawileobs distribuciuli samarTlianoba anu samarTliani
ganawileba – rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rogor unda ganawildes materialuri
saqoneli samarTlianad. cxare diskusiebi mimdinareobda imis Taobaze, ra
raodenobis jibis fuli unda hqondes sxvadasxva asakis da-Zmas kviris
ganmavlobaSi, vin sad unda ijdes manqanaSi xangrZlivi mgzavrobisas da
rogor SeiZleba eqvsma mSierma amxanagma gaiyos rvanaWriani pica. uiliam
damonma (1977, 1988) Tvali gaadevna samarTliani ganawilebis koncefciis
cvlilebebs bavSvebSi.
4 wlis bavSvebic ki aRiqvamen ganawilebis mniSvnelobas, magram maTi
msjeloba xSirad TviTmomsaxurebas hgavs: `imitom gavuyavi, rom ase rom ar
meqna, aRar meTamaSeboda,~ an `mas cota miveci, CemTvis meti davitove,
imitom, rom ufrosi var.~ amgvari axsna Seesabameba selmanis `ganurCeveli
perspeqtivis gamoyenebis~ dones (ix. me-11 Tavi). Sua bavSvobaSi ki ufro
momwifebuli Sexedulebebi aqvT samarTliani ganawilebis Sesaxeb. maTi
msjelobis safuZveli misdevs asakobriv, samsafexurian Tanmimdevrobas:
1. mkacr Tanasworobas (5-6 weli) _ dawyebiT klasebSi bavSvebs survili
aqvT darwmundnen, rom dagrovili resursebi, magaliTad, fuli, TamaSis
rigi an tkbileuli yvela pirovnebas Tanabrad unawildeba;
2. damsaxurebas (6-7 weli) _ cota xnis Semdeg bavSvebi amboben, rom
damatebiTi jildo unda ergos mas, vinc gansakuTrebiT kargad muSaobs an
sxvagvarad warmoaCens Tavs.
3. miukerZoeblobasa da keTilganwyobas (daaxloebiT 8 wlis) _ dasasrul,
bavSvebi aRiareben, rom gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos maT, vinc
gaWirvebaSia – magaliTad, damatebiTi raodenoba unda mieces bavSvebs,
romlebsac ar SeuZliaT awarmoon sxvasaviT bevri an ar SeuZliaT raime
nebarTvis moipoveba. ufrosi bavSvebi samarTlianobis maTeul baziss aseve
situaciasac argeben, ufro metad emyarebian Tanasworobas, roca
urTierToba aqvT ucxoebTan da ufro metad keTilganwyobas, roca
urTierToben megobrebTan (McGillicuddy-De Lisi, Watkins, & Vinchur, 1994).
damonis azriT (1988), mSoblis rCeva da waxaliseba xels uwyobs
samarTlianobis am standartebs, magram TanatolebTan gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania micema-gamorTmevis urTierToba (Kruger, 1993). samarTliani
ganawilebis Sesaxeb gaumjobesebuli msjeloba, Tavis mxriv,
dakavSirebulia socialuri problemebis gadawyvetasTan da ufro did
mzadyofnasTan, daexmaron da gaunawilon sxvebs (Blotner & Bearison, 1984;
McNamee & Peterson, 1986).
ganxiluli kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom zneobrivi gageba bavSvobaSi
mdidari, mravalferovani fenomenia. imisTvis, rom srulad gaverkvieT
zneobrivi azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi, mkvlevarebma unda gamoikvlion
bavSvebis pasuxebi mraval problemaze. SeiswavleT etapebis mocemuli
cxrili, raTa ganixiloT cvlilebebi zneobriv internalizaciasa da
konstruirebaSi bavSvobisa da mozardobis ganmavlobaSi.

zneobrivad relevanturi TviTkontrolis ganviTareba

bavSvebi da mozardebi maTi rwmenis Sesabamisad, nawilobriv
damokidebulia maxasiaTebelze, romelsac nebisyofas vuwodebT _ mtkice
gadawyvetilebaze an, ubralod rom vTqvaT, TviTkontrolze. me-10 TavSi
ganvixileT individualuri gansxvavebebi ZalisxmeviTi kontrolis farTo
temperamentul ganzomilebaSi – romlis gafarToebiTac bavSvebs SeuZliaT
TavianTi reaqciuloba marTon. sagangebod SevCerdebiT TviTkontrolze
zneobriv sferoSi _ moqmedebis iseTi motivebis CaxSobas, romlebic
zneobriv standartebs arRvevs, zogjer vnebis gamZleobas uwodeben. am
Tavis pirvel nawilSi aRvniSneT, rom induqciuri disciplina da
modelireba xels uwyobs bavSvebis TviTkontrolirebul qcevas. magram es
Cvevebi efeqturi maSin xdeba, roca bavSvebs aqvT SesaZlebloba, gauZlon
cdunebas. rodis da rogor viTardeba es unari?

axlad fexadgmulebi
sawyisebs xels uwyobs wina TavebSi ganxiluli sicocxlis meore
wlis dasawyisis miRwevebi. TviTkontrolis gamoyenebiT rom imoqmedon,
bavSvebs unda hqondeT garkveuli unari, ifiqron sakuTar Tavze, rogorc
calke, avtonomiur qmnilebaze, romelsac sakuTari qmedebebis marTva
SeuZlia. maT aseve unda hqondeT reprezentaciuli da mexsierebiTi unar-
Cvevebi, gaixsenon momvlelis miTiTeba da gamoiyenon sakuTar qcevaSi.
Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs kognitur Sekavebasa (ix. me-7 Tavi) da emociur
TviTregulirebas (ix. me-10 Tavi) (Rothbart & Bates, 1998).
radganac es unarebi 12 - 18 Tvis asaks Soris Cndeba, TviTkontrolis
pirveli gaelveba Tanxmobis formiT vlindeba _ bavSvebi iwyeben momvlelTa
survilebis cxadad aRqmis gamovlenas da SeuZliaT Seasrulon martivi
moTxovnebi da brZanebebi. mSoblebi, rogorc wesi, moxiblulni arian imiT,
rom bavSvma Sesrulebis axal unari gamoavlina, radgan es migvaniSnebs, rom
isini mzad arian socialuri cxovrebis wesebis Sesaswavlad.
Tumca, meore wlis ganmavlobaSi bavSvis saqcielis kontroli
mtkiced aris damokidebuli momvlelis daxmarebaze. vigotskis (1934/1986)
mixedviT, bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT marTon sakuTari saqcieli, vidre ar
gauCndebaT erTiani standartebi, gamoxatuli maT Sinagan xmaSi (ix. me-6
Tavi) mozrdilisa da bavSvis dialogebiT. Sesrulebas male mohyveba
bavSvebis pirveli Segnebismagvari gaxmovaneba – magaliTad, sakuTari
TavisTvis Sesworeba sityvebiT `ara, ar SeiZleba~, vidre msxvrevad nivTs
aiRebs an divanze axteba (Kochanska, 1993).
mkvlevarebi TviTkontrols Cveulebriv laboratoriaSi iseTi
situaciebis SeqmniT Seiswavlian, romlebic Zalian hgavs axlaxans naxsenebs.
TiToeul maTgans ewodeba dajildoebis dayovneba – es aris macdunebeli
qcevisaTvis ufro Sesaferisi droisa da adgilis dalodeba. erTi
gamokvlevis dros bavSvebs dajildoebis dayovnebis sami amocana misces.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi maT sTxoves, xeli ar exloT saTamaSo telefonisTvis,
romelic maTgan xelmisawvdom manZilze ido, meoreSi _ qiSmiSi finjnis
qveS damales da bavSvebs mosTxoves, moecadaT, vidre ufrosi ityoda, rom
SeiZleboda finjnis aweva da qiSmiSis Wama. mesameSi uTxres, ar gaexsnaT
saCuqari, vidre ufrosi Tavis saqmes ar daamTavrebda samive davalebis
Sesasruleblad saWiro mocdis unari gaizarda 18-dan 30 Tvemde asakSi.
bavSvebi, romlebic gansakuTrebulad TviTkontrolirebulni iyvnen, aseve
dawinaurdnen metyvelebis ganviTarebaSi (Vaughn, Kopp & Krakow, 1984).
 rogorc saerTod yvela ZalisxmeviTi kontrolis SemTxvevaSi,
biologiurobaze damyarebuli temperamentuli faqtorebi da movlis
xarisxi erToblivad axdens gavlenas umcrosi asakis bavSvebis jildos
dayovnebis unarze (Calkins & Fox, 2002; Kochanska & Knaack, 2003).
TavSekavebuli bavSvebisTvis mocda ufro advilia, xolo ficxsa da
TavSeukavebelisTvis – ufro Zneli. magram temperamentis miuxedavad,
umcrosi asakis bavSvebi, vinc mSoblebis mxridan siTbosa da naz
waxalisebas grZnobs, ufro mondomebiTa da xalisiT asruleben davalebas
da winaarndegobas uweven cdunebas (Kochanska, Murray, & Harlan, 2000;
Lehamann da sxvebi, 2002). aseTi aRzrda aSkarad iseTive kargi
wamaxalisebelia, rogorc momTmeni, araimpulsuri qcevis modelireba. roca
TviTkontroli umjobesdeba, mSoblebi TandaTanobiT zrdian im wesebis
rigs, romelTa Sesrulebasac bavSvebisgan elian, qonebisa da xalxis
dacvisa da pativiscemidan dawyebuli, ojaxuri ganawesiT, manerebiTa da
martiv saojaxo saqmeze pasuxismgeblobiT damTavrebuli (Gralinski & Kopp,
1993).

bavSvoba da mozardoba
mesame wlisTvis TviTkontrolis unari ukve arsebobs, magram sruli
mainc ar aris.
kognituri ganviTareba – gansakuTrebiT yuradRebisa da gonierebis
reprezentaciis warmatebebi – bavSvebs saSualebas aZlevs, gamoiyenon
mravalferovani efeqturi TviTinstruqtirebis startegiebi. amis Sedegad,
cdunebisadmi winaaRmdegoba bavSvobisa da mozardobis ganmavlobaSi
umjobesdeba.

cdunebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis strategiebi

uolter miSelma Seiswavla, ras fiqroben da eubnebian Tavis Tavs
bavSvebi cdunebisadmi winaaRmdegobis gasaumjobeseblad. ramdenime
Seswavlisas, skolamdelebs ori jildo aCvenes: Zalian sasurveli, rasac
didi xania elodnen da naklebsasurveli, rac nebismier dros SeeZloT
hqonodaT (Mischel, 1996; Mischel & Ayduck, 2004). yvelaze
TviTkontrolirebulma skolamdelebma gamoiyenes yvela saSualeba, riTic
SeeZloT yuradReba gadaetanaT sasurveli sagnisgan: Tvalebze xels
ifarebdnen, mRerodnen, daZinebasac ki cdilobdnen!
yoveldRiur situaciebSi skolamdelebs uZneldebaT didi xniT
gadaitanon yuradReba macdunebeli moqmedebebisa da sagnebisgan. roca
azrebi macduri, magram sasurveli miznisken aqvT mimarTuli, gonebaSi misi
warmodgena warmatebuli TviTkontrolis saSualebiT xdeba. miSelma
aRmoaCina, rom skolamdelebisTvis swavleba, ise gardaqmnan stimuli, rom
yuradReba moadunon misi gamaRizianebeli Tvisebebis mimarT – anu midgoma,
romelic bavSvebs exmareba, gadaitanon yuradReba da Seikavon emociuri
reaqcia – xels uwyobs jildos dayovnebas. erT-erTi Seswavlisas ramdenime
skolamdels uTxres, gonebaSi warmoedginaT, rom zefiri `TeTri da
fumfula Rrublebia~. sxvebs ki sTxoves, yuradReba gaemaxvilebinaT
zefiris iseT Tvisebebze, rogoricaa sitkbo da welvadoba.
stimulgardaqmnil, warmosaxviT pirobebSi myofma bavSvebma gacilebiT met
xans SeZles dacda, sanam zefirs miirTmevdnen (Mischel & Baker, 1975).
 raime sainteresos keTebas aseve SeuZlia skolamdelebs cdunebisadmi
gaZlebaSi daexmaros. jildos dayovnebis ganaxlebul amocanisas, romelSic
skolamdelebs SeeZloT gasarTobi saqme wamowyoT (feradi mozaikis awyoba,
`mSieri~ Citunias TamaSi), dro, romrogorlis ganmavlobaSic iTmendnen
mimzidveli jildos siaxloves, bevrad meti iyo, vidre pasiuri lodinisas
(ix. sqema 12.5). sasiamovno samuSao bavSvebs jildosgan yuradRebis
gadatanaSi daexmara, magram roca samuSao mimzidveli ar iyo (mozaikis
kenWebis daxarisxeba), skolamdelebi nakleb warmatebulni iyvnen jildos
aRebis dayovnebaSi. isini xSirad anebebdnen Tavs mosawyen samuSaos, rac
zrdida imis SesaZleblobas, rom macduri jildo maT yuradRebas miiqcevda
(Peake, Hebl & Mischel, 2002).
skolaSi swavlis periodSi bavSvebi TandaTan iumjobeseben cdunebis
gaZlebis sakuTar strategias. am drois ganmavlobaSi TviTkontroli
gardaiqmneba zneobrivi TviTregulirebis moqnil SesaZleblobad – unarad,
adamianma gaakontrolos sakuTari Tavis marTva, mudmivad cvalos is, roca
garemoebebi Sinagani standartebis darRvevis saSualebas iZleva (Bandura,
1991).

strategiaTa codna
gavixsenoT me-7 Tavidan, rom metakognituri codna anu strategiebSi
gaTviTcnobierebuloba xels uwyobs TviTregulirebis ganviTarebas. roca
Sua bavSvobisas jildos dayovnebis xelSewyobisTvis gamosadegi
situaciuri mdgomareobisa da TviTinstruqtirebis Sesaxeb gamohkiTxaven,
bavSvebi gaRizianebis Semcirebis ufro mravalferovan strategiebs
sTavazoben. magram dawyebiTi klasebis bolomde isini ar axseneben
jildoebis gamocvlis an maTi gamaRizianebeli mdgomareobis Secvlis
xerxebs. magaliTad, erTma 11 wlis bavSvma rekomendaciis saxiT Tqva: `
zefirs boroti jado adevs.~ meorem Tqva, rom is sakuTar Tavs etyoda:
`mezizReba zefiri, ver vitan mas. magram roca ufrosi dabrundeba, Cem Tavs
vetyvi: zefiri miyvars da SevWam~ (Mischel & Mischel, 1983, gv. 609).
SesaZloa, warmoqmnil mosazrebaTa Secvlis Sesaxeb
gaTviTcnobierebuloba mogvianebiT viTardeba, radgan is moiTxovs
formaluri operaciuli azrovnebis abstraqtuli, hipoTezuri msjelobis
unars. magram roca es ganviTarebuli metakognituri gageba Cndeba, is
mniSvnelovnad aiolebs zneobriv TviTregulacias (Rodriguez, Mischel, &
Shoda, 1989).

individualuri gansxvavebebi
miSelma da misma TanamSromlebma aRmoaCines, rom umcrosi asakis
bavSvebs, romlebsac SeeZloT yuradReba gadaetanaT da moTminebiT
dalodebodnen wasul dedebs drois mokle SualedSi, 5 wlis asakisTvis
hqondaT jildos dayovnebis amocanis ukeT Sesrulebis tendencia (Sethi da
sxvebi, 2000). SeswavlaTa seriaSi 4 wlis bavSvebi gansakuTrebiT
gamocdilebi iyvnen jildos dayovnebaSi, rogorc mozardebi arian maTi
qcevisas metakognituri unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebaSi. mSoblebma naxes, rom
isini ufro yuradRebiT msjelobdnen da stress ufro momwifebulad
arTmevdnen Tavs. kolejSi Sesvlisas TviTkontrolirebuli skolamdelebi
odnav ukeTesad xsnidnen saswavlo Sefasebis testebs (sSt), miaxedavad
imisa, rom sxva individebze ufro gonierebi ar iyvnen (Mischel, Shoda, &
Peake, 1988; Shoda, Mischel, & Peake, 1990). amasTanave, bavSvebs, romlebic ukeT
asruleben jildos dayovnebis davalebas, SeuZliaT icadon sakmaod
xangrZlivad im socialuri moTxovnebis zustad Sesasruleblad, romlebic
xels uwyobs socialuri problemebis efeqtur gadaWras da TanatolebTan
urTierTobas (Gronau & Waas, 1997). miSeli varaudobs, rom damuSavebis or
sistemas – `civsa~ da `Tbils~ – Soris urTierToba TviTkontrolis
ganviTarebas warmarTavs da individualuri gansxvavebismizezia (Metcalfe
& Mischel, 1999; Mischel & Ayduk, 2004). 12.2 cxrilSi TiToeuli maTganis
Tvisebebia asaxuli. asakTan erTad emociuri, reaqciuli sistema
urTierTdakavSirebuli xdeba kognitur, refleqsur civ sistemasTan.
aRmgznebi moqmedebis dros, sistemebs Soris urTierTqmedeba
saSualebas aZlevs individebs, energia mimarTon cxeli gadamuSavebidan
civi azrovnebisken, rogorc es naCvenebia axlaxan ganxilul jildos
miRebis dayovnebis startegiebsa da metakognitur gaTviTcnobierebulobaSi.
mTeli bavSvobisa da mozardobis ganmavlobaSi temperamenti da
aRzrda erToblivad axdens gavlenas im farglebze, romlebSic civi
sistemis reprezentaciebi iReben controls cxeli sistemis reaqciulobaze.
roca temperamentis mixedviT mowyvlad bavSvebs urTierToba aqvT
maRalagresiulebTan, araTanmimdevruli disciplina, civi sistema cudad
viTardeba an funqcias kargavs, riTic cxel sistemas gabatonebis
saSualebas aZlevs. gaecaniT etapebis cxrils, raTa SeajamoT cvililebebi
TviTkontrolsa da agresiaSi – Cvens Semdgom TemaSi.

TviTkontrolis meore mxare

agresiis ganviTareba
gviandeli Cvilobidan dawyebuli, drodadro yvela bavSvi avlens
agresias. rac ufro izrdeba urTierToba da-ZmebTan da TanatolebTan, miT
ufro xSirad xdeba agresiis afeTqeba (Coie & Dodge, 1998; Tremblay, 2002).
marTalia, zogjer agresia prosocialur Sedegebs mosdevs (magaliTad,
sxvebisgan daSavebis msxverplad gaxdomis SeCereba), adamianuri agresia
umetesad aSkarad antisocialuria.
zogi bavSvi jer kidev skolamdel asakSi avlens mtrulobis
aranormalurad maRal dones. isini mcire provocirebisas da mis gareSec
sityvierad an fizikurad uteven sxvebs. gagrZeleba rom acalon, maTi
agresiuli qceva SeiZleba zneobrivi ganviTarebis xangrZlivi dayovnebisa
da TviTkontrolis deficitis mizezi gaxdes, rasac Sedegad cxovrebis
antisocialuri stili mohyveba. am procesis gasagebad vnaxoT, rogor
viTardeba agresia bavSvobasa da mozardobaSi.

agresiis gaCena
6 Tvis asakidan erT wlamde Cvilebi aviTareben brazisa da
frustraciis wyaroebis dadgenis SesaZleblobas da maTze Tavdasxmis
motorul unars (ix. me-10 Tavi). adreuli saskolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi ori
ZiriTadi tipis agresia Cndeba. ufro gavrcelebulia instrumentuli
agresia, romlis drosac bavSvebs sWirdebaT obieqti, privilegia an sivrce
da misi mopovebis mcdelobisas xels hkraven, uyvirian an sxvanairad uteven
imas, vinc gzaze eRobeba. meore tipia mtruli agresia, rac sxva adamianis
dazianebas gulisxmobs.
mtruli agresia sul mcire, sami saxiT vlindeba: fizikuri agresia
sxvebs fizikurad azianebs – magaliTad, xelis kvriT, dartymiT, fexis
kvriT an muStis dartymiT. sityvieri agresia sxvebs azianebs fizikuri
agresiis muqariT, gamojavrebiT an gamowveviT; urTierTobiTi agresia
azianebs sxvebis amxanagur urTierTobebs socialuri gariyviT, boroti
WoraobiT an megobrobaze zemoqmedebiT.
maSin, roca sityvieri agresia yovelTvis pirdapiria, fizikuri da
urTierTobiTi agresia SeiZleba iyos pirdapiric da arapirdapiric.
magaliTad, dartyma adamians pirdapir azianebs, xolo qonebis ganadgureba
arapirdapir fizikur zians iwvevs. aseve, Tqmas _ `gaakeTe, rasac geubnebi,
Torem SenTan aRar vimegobreb~ pirdapir moaqvs urTierTobiTi agresia.
misgan gansxvavebiT, boroti xmebis gavrceleba-Woraoba, TanatolisTvis
xmis gacemaze uaris Tqma an megobrobaze zemoqmedeba, vinmes zurgs ukan
SeniSvniT: `masTan nu imegobreb, is sazizRaria,~ sxvebis urTierTobebis
darRvevis arapirdapiri saSualebebia.

agresia adreul da Sua bavSvobaSi

agresiis orive forma da misi gamoxatvis gzebi skolamdeli wlebis
ganmvlobaSi icvleba. 2 _ 6 wlis asakSi aRiniSneba fizikur agresiis
klebis tendencia, xolo sityvieri agresia izrdeba (Tremblay da sxvebi,
1999). am cvlilebas metyvelebis swrafi ganviTareba uwyobs xels, magram es
aseve ufrosebisa da Tanatolebis mxridan fizikur Setevaze mkacrad
uaryofiTi reaqciis gamoc xdeba. amasTan erTad, instrumentuli agresia
iklebs, radgan skolamdelTa mier jildos miRebis dayovnebis unaris
gaumjobeseba saSualebas aZlevs maT, Tavi aaridon sxvebis sakuTrebis
mitacebas. mtruli agresia ki, piriqiT, adreuli da Sua bavSvobisas
izrdeba (Tremblay, 2000). ufros bavSvebs ukeT SeuZliaT gamoicnon avi
ganzraxvebi da aqedan gamomdinare,ufro xSirad upasuxon mtrulad.
gviandeli saskolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi gogonebTan SedarebiT
biWebi ufro agresiulebi arian, xSirad uteven dominirebuli miznebis
bloks, rac biWebisTvis tipuria – es gansxvaveba bevr kulturaSi aSkaraa
(Coie & Dodge, 1998). me-13 TavSi, roca agresias ufro detalurad
ganvixilavT, vnaxavT, rom zegavlenas biologiuri faqtorebi – kerZod,
mamakacuri sqesobrivi hormonebi, anu androgenebi axdenen. amave dros,
mniSvnelovania sqesTa roli. rogorc ki skolamdelebi sqesobriv
stereotipebs aTviTcnobiereben – rom mamakacebisgan da qalebisgan
gansxvavebuli qcevaa mosalodneli, fizikuri agresia gogonebSi ufro
mkveTrad ecema, vidre biWebSi (Fagot & Leinbach, 1989).
marTalia, gogonebs ufro sityvieri da urTierTobiTi agresiulobis
reputacia aqvT, me-13 TavSi vnaxavT, rom mtrulobis am or saxeobaSi sqesTa
Soris gansxvaveba marTlac minimaluria. davrwmundebiT, rom skolamdel
asakSi gogonebi agresiuli moqmedebis umetesobas urTierTobiT
kategoriaSi avlenen, xolo biWebi zians sxvadasxva saxiT ayeneben da
amitomac mTlianobaSi agresiis mniSvnelovnad maRal xarisxs avlenen,
vidre gogonebi. amave dros, gogonebi ufro xSirad irCeven arapirdapir
urTierTobiT taqtikas, rac gogonebisTvis gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani
intimuri kavSirebis gawyvetis gamo –ukiduresad mniSvnelovani SeiZleba
iyos. maSin, rodesac fizikuri Setevebi Cveulebriv moklea, arapirdapiri
urTierTobiTi agresiuli qmedeba SeiZleba saaTebis, kvirebis, Tveebis
ganmavlobaSic ki grZeldeba (Nelson, Robinson, & Hart, 2005; Underwood,
2003). erT-erT magaliTis mixedviT, meoreklaselma gogonam skolaSi
`mSvenieri gogonebis klubi~ Camoayaliba da mis wevrebs mosTxova, ar
hqonodaT urTierToba ramdenime TanaklaselTan, TanTqva, rom gariyuli
gogonebi `uSnoebi da sunianebi~ iyvnen – aseTi Cagvra TiTqmis skolaSi
swavlis mTel periodis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. gogonebis mxridan aseTi
mtruli damokidebulebis bavSvobaSi gamoCenis gaTvaliswinebiT erTi sqesis
meoreze agresiulad miCneva, sul mcire, uazrobaa.

agresia da danaSauli mozardobaSi

miuxedavad imisa, rom ymawvilebis umetesoba mozardobaSi
maswavleblebisa da Tanatolebisadmi ufro nakleb agresias gamoxatavs,
Tineijerul wlebs danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis zrda axlavs Tan. Tumca
CrdiloeT amerikaSi axalgazrdaTa danaSauloba bolo aTwleulSi
Semcirda. 18 wlamde asakis axalgazrdebze sapolicio dakavebebis didi
wili modis – daaxloebiT 17 procenti aSS-Si da 23 procenti kanadaSi
(Statistics Canada, 2003a; US Department of Justice, 2004). roca
Tineijerebs pirdapir da konfidencialurad ekiTxebian kanondarRvevebis
Sesaxeb, TiTqmis yvela aRniSnavs, rom isini ama Tu im saxiT damnaSaveni
arian (Farrington, 1987). es umetesad mcire danaSaulebia: wvrilmani
qurdoba, uweso moqceva da iseTi saqcieli, romelic ukanonoa mxolod
arasrulwlovnebisTvis, rogoricaa daTroba, Rame siaruli da saxlidan
gaqceva.
sapolicio dakavebebica da aRiarebebic aCvenebs, rom danaSauloba
izrdeba adreul Tineijerul wlebSi, Sua mozardobisas maRali rCeba,
Semdeg mozrdilobis dadgomisas _ ki mcirdeba. ras gviCvenebs es
tendencia? umcrosi asakis TineijerebisTvis antisocialuri qceva izrdeba
TanatolTa wreSi adgilis damkvidrebis survilis gamo.
droTa ganmavlobaSi, Tanatolebi naklebad gavlenianni xdebian,
zneobrivi msjeloba umjobesdeba, axalgazrdebi ki socialur konteqstebSi
Sedian (rogoricaa qorwineba, muSaoba da kariera), rac naklebad ubiZgebs
kanondarRvevisken. mozardTa umetesobisTvis kanondaumorCilebloba ar
aris xangrZlivi antisocialuri qcevis sawindari. magram ganmeorebiTi
dakaveba ukve SeSfoTebas iwvevs. Tinejerebi pasuxs ageben Zaladobrivi
danaSaulis 16 procentze aSS-Si da 8 procentze – kanadaSi (Statistics
Canada, 2003a; US Department of Justice, 2004). aseTi dabali procentuli
monacemebi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom danaSaulobaTa didi nawili
recidivistebze modis.
mozardobisas farTovdeba sqesTa Soris fizikur agresiaSi
gansxvaveba (Chesney-Lind, 2001). sxvadasxva gaangariSebidan gamomdinare, biWebi
gogonebze daaxloebiT 3-8- jer met danaSauls sCadian. gasul aTwleulTan
SedarebiT gogonebis wili mozardTa agresiaSi gaizarda – daaxloebiT 18%
gaxda. Tumca, gogonebis danaSauli umetesadSemoifargleba ubralo
darRvevebiT _ nakleb seriozuli kategoriiT, romelSic Sedis iseTi
qcevebi, rogoricaa xelis kvra an SefurTxeba. Zaladobrivi danaSauli
umetesad biWebze modis (National Center for Juvenile Justice, 2004;
Sprott & Doob, 2003). miuxedavad imisa, rom ses da eTnikuroba dakavebaTa
myari winapirobebia, isini mxolod saSualod aris dakavSirebuli
antisocialuri qmedebis gameorebiT gamovlinebasTan. gansxvaveba
damokidebulia dabali ses mqone, eTnikuri umciresobis axalgazrdebis
maRali ses mqone TeTrkanian da aziel Tanatolebze ufro xSirad
dakavebis, bralis wayenebisa da dasjis tendenciaze (US department of
Justice, 2004).

agresiis stabiluroba
TavianT TanatolebTan fizikur an urTierTobiT agresiul
damokidebulebaSi bavSvebi droTa ganmavlobaSi rCebian (Vaillancourt da
sxvebi, 2003). 1000-ze met kanadel, axalzelandiel da amerikel biWze 6-dan 15
wlamde dakvirvebisas mecnierebma daadgines cvlilebis oTxi ZiriTadi saxe,
romlebic mocemulia 12.6 sqemaze. sabavSvo baRSi agresiulobis maRali
donis mqone biWebs (4 procentSi) mozardobisas maRali donis agresiaSi
gadasvlisa da Zaladobriv danaSaulSi CarTvis gansakuTrebiT maRali
albaToba hqondaT. maTgan gansxvavebiT, sabavSvo baRis bavSvebSi, romlebic
saSualo fizikur agresias avlendnen, Cveulebriv droTa ganmavlobaSi
agresiuloba iklebda. is biWebi, romlebic adreul bavSvobaSi iSviaTad
iyenebdnen fizikur agresias, araagresiulebad rCebodnen.
amasTan erTad, biWebis mcire raodenoba maRali winaaRmdegobrivi
qceviT (magaliTad, gaugonroba da angariSgauwevloba) gamoirCeoda, magram
ar aReniSneboda fizikuri agresia, mozardTa danaSaulis naklebad
Zaladobrivi formebisken (magaliTad, qurdobisken) ixreboda (Brame, Nagin,
& Tremblay, 2001; Nagin & Tremblay, 1999).
gogonebi, romlebic bavSvobaSi uwesod iqvcvian, aseve ufro
midrekilni arian mudmivad priblemuri yofaqcevisken (Coté da sxvebi, 2001).
rogorc maRali fizikuri agresiis done, urTierTobiTi maRali donis
agresiac xSirad SenarCunebulia da dakavSirebulia bavSvobasa da
mozardobaSi antisocialuri qmedebis xarisxis matebasTan (Crick da sxvebi,
1999).
rogorc qvemoT mocemuli biologiisa da garemos bloki adasturebs,
bavSvobaSi gamovlenili agresia savaraudod ufro xangrZliv kvals
datovebs da gaarTulebs regulaciisa da morgebadobis procesebs, vidre
agresia, romelic pirvelad mozardobaSi Cndeba. bolo wlebSi mecnierebma
mniSvnelovnad waiwies im pirovnuli da garemo faqtorebis dadgenaSi,
romlebic agresias amyarebs. marTalia, zogierTi bavSvi – gansakuTrebiT is,
romelic impulsuri da zedmetad aqtiuria – agresiuli qcevis
riskjgufSia, Tumca gaxdeba Tu ara is agresiuli, damokidebulia aRzrdis
pirobebze.
konfliqturi ojaxi, aRzrdis cudi praqtika, agrsiuli Tanatolebi
da satelevizio Zaladoba mtkiced aris mibmuli antisocialur qmedebebTan.
am TavSi yuradRebas vamaxvilebT ojaxisa da Tanatolebis gavlenaze, xolo
televiziis zegavlenas me-15 TavSi ganvixilavT. aseve vnaxavT, rom
sazogadoebriv da kulturul gavlenas SeuZlia aamaRlos an Seamciros
bavSvis urTierTobis mtruli stili.
ojaxi _ agresiuli qcevis sawvrTneli moedani
fizikur da urTierTobiT agresiasTan aRzrdis igive praqtikaa
dakavSirebuli, romelic xels uSlis zneobriv internalizaciasa da
TviTkontrols. usiyvaruloba, Zalis gamoyeneba, uaryofiTi SeniSvnebi da
emociebi, fizikuri sasjeli da araTanmimdevruli disciplina bevr
kulturaSi dakavSirebulia antisocialur qcevasTan, dawyebuli adreuli
bavSvobidan mozardobamde, orive sqesis bavSvebisTvis (Bradford da sxvebi,
2003; Capaldi da sxvebi, 2002; Chen da sxvebi, 2001; Rubin da sxvebi, 2003; Yang
da sxvebi, 2004).
agresiuli bavSvebis ojaxebze dakvirvebam gamoavlina, rom brazi da
dasja swrafad qmnis konfliqtur ojaxur atmosferos da `ukontrolo~
bavSvs. rogorc 12.8 sqema gviCvenebs, es modeli iwyeba Zaladobrivi
discipliniT, romelic ufro xSirad momdinareobs cxovrebis stresuli
(magaliTad, ekonomikuri gaWirvebidan an uiRblo qorwinebidan) wesisgan,
arastabiluri pirovnuli Tvisebebis mSoblisgan an rTuli bavSvisgan (Coie
& Dodge, 1998). Cveulebriv, mSobeli emuqreba, akritikebs da sjis, xolo
bavSvi wuwunebs, tiris da ewinaaRmdegeba, vidre mSobeli ar `dauTmobs~. es
Tanmimdevroba savaraudod kidev gameordeba, vidre TiToeuli davis bolos,
mSobelica da Svilic erTmaneTis arasasiamovno qcevis Sewyvetisgan Svebas
ar igrZnoben, Semdeg ki amgvari qceva meordeba da Zlierdeba (Patterson,
1995, 1997).
es ciklebi male iwvevs SeSfoTebasa da gaRizianebas ojaxis sxva
wevrebSi, romlebic mtrul urTierTobaSi erTvebian. Cveulebrivi ojaxis
da-ZmebTan SedarebiT, skolamdeli asakis da-Zmebi, romlebsac hyavT
kritikuli, dasjis moyvaruli mSoblebi, erTmaneTis mimarT styvierad da
fizikurad ufro agresiulebi arian. Tavis mxriv, da-ZmaTa destruqciuli
konfliqti xels uwyobs impulsebis cud kontrols da antisocialur
qcevas dabal saskolo asakSi (Garcia da sxvebi, 2000).
uxeSi fizikuri sasjelisa da araTanmimdevruli aRzrdis samizned
biWebi gogonebze ufro xSirad iqcevian, radgan ufro aqtiurebi da
impulsurebi, amitomac ufro Znelad gasakontroleblebi arian. roca aseTi
maxasiaTeblebis mqone bavSvebs emociurad uaryofiTi, arasaTanado aRzrda
aqvT, maTi emociuri TviTregulirebis unari iSleba da imedgacruebisa Tu
frustraciis dros TavSeukaveblebi xdebian (Chang da sxvebi, 2003; NICHD
Early Child Care Research Network, 2004b). amis Sedegad agresia
xangrZlivad rCeba (ixileT agreTve biologiisa da garemos bloki).
agresiis pirdapiri zrdis garda, mSoblebma SeiZleba bavSvebze
Tvalyuris cudi devnac arapirdapir gamoiwvion (Vitaro, Brendgen, &
Tremblay, 2000). samwuxarod, konfliqturi ojaxis bavSvebSi, romlebmac
ukve gamoavlines seriozuli antisocialuri tendenciebi, didi albaTobaa
imisa, rom ganicdidnen mSoblebis araadekvatur kontrols. amis Sedegad
iSviaTad arian SezRudulni saxlis gareT qcevebSi antisocialur
megobrebTan erTad, romlebic maTi reagirebis mtrul stils aqezeben.

socialur-kognituri deficiti da acdena

axlaxans aRweril ojaxur procesebSi moxvedrili bavSvebs male
uyalibdebaT socialur samyaroze Zaladobrivi da uxeSi Sexeduleba. isini
mtrul ganzraxvas xedaven iq, sadac is ar arsebobs – im situaciebSi, sadac
Tanatolebis ganzraxvebi gaurkvevelia, ziani SemTxveviTia da iqac ki,
sadac Tanatoli mis daxmarebas cdilobs (Lochman & Dodge, 1998; Orbio de
Castro da sxvebi, 2002). roca agresiuli bavSvebi muqaras grZnoben (mecnieri
maT eubneba, rom amxanagi, romelTanac unda emuSava, cud xasiaTzea da
SeiZleba Cxubi wamoiwyos), yvela SemTxveviT warumateblobas mtrul
ganzraxvad aRiqvamen (Williams da sxvebi, 2003). amis Sedegad, xSirad
umizezod uteven, rac mtrul urTierTobebs aZlevs biZgs.
amasTan erTad, araagresiul TanatolebTan SedarebiT, agresiuli
bavSvebi darwmunebulni arian, rom mtruli qceva ufro sasargeblo da
xelsayrelia. isini ufro fiqroben, rom agresia xelSesaxebi jildoebis
mopovebisTvis da gaRizianebis, dacinvis da sxvebis mxridan sxva
arasasurveli qcevebis SemcirebisTvis `muSaobs~ (Perry, Perry, & Rasmussen,
1986), xolo roca agresias iwyeben, mets fiqroben kontrolis miRwevaze
danaklebs – msxverplis tanjvaze an Tanatolebis mxridan moZulebaze
(Boldizar, Peery, & Perry, 1989).
bevri agresiuli bavSvis socialuri kogniciis kidev erTi niSani
gadametebuli TviTSefasebaa. maTi akademiuri da socialuri CamorCenis
miuxedavad, qronikuli agresorebi, rogorc wesi, Tvlian, rom saukeTeso,
kompetenturi arsebebi arian. roca maT Tavdajerebul, Tavxed saqciels
usaTuod mohyveba daeWveba sakuTar gadaWarbebul da amitomac mowyvlad
TviTwarmodgenaSi, isini braziT pasuxoben da sxvebs eZgerebian (Baumeister,
Smart, & Boden, 1996). amasTanave, antisocialurma ymawvilebma SeiZleba
gaineitralon empaTiis sawyisi biologiuri unari iseTi kogniturad
acdenili teqnologiis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa sakuTari msxverplis
Seuracxyofa. amiT sakuTar Tavze dadebiT warmodgenas agresiuli qceviT
ibruneben (Liau, Barriga, & Gibbs, 1998). erTma damnaSavem, roca ixsenebda,
saxlebs rogor texda, aRniSna: `Tavs Tu cudad vigrZnobdi, CemTvis
vityodi _ jandabas magisi Tavi _ ukeTesad Caeketa saxli da signalizaciac
CaerTo~ (Samenow, 1984, gv. 115).
gavixsenoT isic, rom antisocialur axalgazrdebs zneobrivi gansjis
momwifebuloba Seyovnebuli aqvT, aseve dabali zneobrivi
TviTrelevanturobac aReniSnebaT. kolejis 16-19 wlis moswavleebis
Seswavlisas, moumwifebeli zneobrivi msjelobisa da dabali zneobrivi
TviTrelevanturobis mqoneebs midrekileba hqondaT mizanSeuwoneli
kognituri darRvevebisken (rogoricaa dazaralebulis dadanaSauleba da
sakuTari danaSaulis minimumamde dayvana), rac Zlieri gamomwvevi qcevis
winapirobaa. biWebTan SedarebiT, gogonebis zneobrivi TviTrelevanturoba
ufro maRla fasdeba, kognituri darRvevebi ki _ dabla, rac maTi
antisocialuri qmedebebis dabali xarisxis savaraudo mizezia (Barriga da
sxvebi, 2001).
dasasruls, marTalia, vnaxeT, rom agresiul bavSvebs Cveulebriv
daqveiTebuli aqvT socialuri kognicia da socialuri unar-Cvevebi, zogi
maTgani (bistrategiuli makontroleblebi) sasurveli Sedegis misaRwevad
aerTianebs agresiul da dadebiT socialur taqtikas, rogoricaa saukeTeso
roli saskolo saqmianobaSi an Tanatolebis yuradReba.
bistrategiuli makontroleblebi sakuTar Tavs agresiulad da
socialurad daostatebulebad miiCneven, raSic Tanaklaselebic eTanxmebian.
isini aseve gamocdilebi arian perspeqtivis gamoyenebasa da socialuri
problemebis gadaWraSi, erkvevian zneobriv normebSi – socialur-kognitur
ZalisxmevaSi, romelsac iyeneben sasurveli miznis misaRwevad sxvebiT
manipulirebisas, roca sakuTar agresias ufrosebisgan malaven (Hawley,
2003a, 2003b). gavlenian poziciebze manevrirebiT warmatebis miRwevis Semdeg
bistrategiuli makontroleblebi TanatolTa mniSvnelovan aRiarebas
moipoveben. Tumca, cota ram aris cnobili im bavSvebis grZelvadiani
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, romlebic erTmaneTTan axameben pirovnul motivebs da
STambeWdav socialur gamWriaxobas. marTalia, kargad mowesrigebulebi
Canan, maTi zneoba sxvebis daxmarebaze marto maSin SeiZleba gadaerTos,
roca sakuTari interesebiT arian motivirebulni.

sazogadoebrivi da kulturuli zegavlenebi

bavSvebis destruqciul, mavne qcevebSi monawileobis tendencia
garkveuli garemo pirobebis gavleniT izrdeba. roca Tanatolebis jgufis
atmosfero daZabuli da konkurentulia, mtruli grZnoba ufro advilad
Cndeba (DeRosier da sxvebi, 1994). jgufis es maxasiaTeblebi ufro
gavrcelebulia siRatakeSi myof garemoSi mravali stresfaqtoriT,
romlebSic Sedis skolis dabali done, SezRuduli rekreaciuli da saqmeSi
CarTulobis SesaZleblobebi da mozrdilebis kriminaluri subkulturebi
(Pagani da sxvebi, 1999). aseTi garemo agresiis ojaxuri gavlenis Semdgomi
winapirobaa (Farrington & Loeber, 2000). bavSvebsa da mozardebs advilad
miuwvdebaT xeli uweso Tanatolebze, narkotikebsa da (aSS-Si)
cecxlsasrol iaraRze, yoveli maTgani ki kanonis darRvevasTan aris
dakavSirebuli. axalgazrdebi gansakuTrebiT xSirad uerTdebian
antisocialur bandebs, romelTa wevrebic Zaladobrivi danaSaulis udides
nawils sCadian (Thornberry& Krohn, 2001). amasTan erTad, am garemos
skolebi Cveulebriv ver akmayofilebs moswavleTa ganviTarebis
moTxovnilebebs. mravalricxovani klasebi, susti swavleba da mkacri wesebi
dakavSirebulia kanondarRvevebis maRal xarisxTan, maSinac ki, Tu sxva
gavlenebi kontroldeba (Hawkins & Lam, 1987).
E araswori eTnikuri da politikuri rwmena kidev ufro aZlierebs
brazian, Cxubian reaqciebs. msoflios qalaqebis RaribTa kvartlebis
getoebsa da omiT dazaralebul mxareebSi uamravi bavSvi cxovrobs mudmiv
safrTxeSi, qaossa da gaWirvebaSi. rogorc kulturuli gavlenis blokSi
vnaxavT, es ymawvilebi arian emociuri stresis, zneobrivi msjelobis
deficitisa da qceviTi problemebis riskis qveS.

bavSvebisa da mSoblebis daxmareba

agresiis gakontrolebaSi
agresiuli bavSvebis mkurnalobam unda gaarRvios mtrobis wre ojaxis
wevrebs Soris da xeli Seuwyos sxvebTan urTierTobis efeqtur gzebs.
yvelaze warmatebuli iyo skolamdeli da saskolo asakis bavSvebTan
intervenciebi. roca mozardSi antisocialuri wesebia fexmokidebuli, maT
SenarCunebaze imdenad bevri faqtori moqmedebs, rom mkurnaloba Zalian
Znelia.

wvrTna, modelireba da alternatiuli qcevebis gamtkiceba

 destruqciuli ojaxuri urTierTobebis Sesawyvetad SemuSavda
socialuri swavlis Teoriaze damyarebuli procedurebi. arsebobs
mSobelTa treningis programebi, romlebSic mkurnali akvirdeba
araSedegian praqtikas, axdens alternativaTa modelirebas da mSoblebs
praqtikul mecadineobas utarebs. mSoblebi swavloben, ar danebdnen
gaWirveulebul bavSvs da ar gazardon cudi saqcielis kontrolis
iZulebiTi mcdeloba. amasTan erTad, maT aswavlian, brZaneba daasabuTon,
Secvalon sityvieri Seuracxyofa da uxeSi fizikuri sasjeli ufro
efeqturi strategiebiT, magaliTad, taim-autiT an privilegiebis gauqmebiT.
ramdenimekviriani aseTi treningebis Semdeg bavSvebis antisocialuri qceva
klebulobs, xolo mSoblebi Svilebs ufro dadebiTad ganixilaven es
upiratesobaa, romelic 1-4 wlis Semdegac aSkaraa, im ojaxebTan SedarebiT,
romlebic intervencias ar iReben (McMahon, 1999; Patterson & Fisher, 2002).
roca mSoblebic iReben daxmarebas sakuTari cxovrebis stresfaqtorebTan
gasamklaveblad, mSoblebis treningebi ufro efeqturicaa (Kazdin &
Whitley, 2003).
bavSvisTvis, sasargebloa intervenciebi, romlebic aswavlian
konfliqtis gadawyvetis araagresiul saSualebebs. sesiebi, romlebSic
bavSvebi modelireben da rolebs TamaSoben TanamSrolobasa da
ganawilebaSi Tanac xedaven, rom am qcevas agresiis Semcirebisa da
dadebiTi socialuri qcevis momgebian socialur Sedegebamde mihyavT. bevr
agresiul bavSvs aseve sWirdeba daxmareba metyvelebis Seyovnebisa da im
deficitebis aRmofxvraSi, romlebic xels uSlis TviTkontrolis
ganviTarebas. mSoblebis waqezeba, saubari mcirewlovan bavSvebTan,
gansakuTrebiT imis Sesaxeb, rogor daareguliron mkacri uaryofiTi
emociebi, xels uwyobs internalizebuli kontrolis ganviTarebas.
roca agresiuli bavSvebi Secvlas iwyeben, mSoblebs unda Seaxsenon,
rom maT yuradReba dauTmon da prosocialuri qmedebebis Sesaxeb
gaaTviTcnobieron (Kazdin, 2000). mSoblebisa da agresiuli bavSvebis
koerciuli ( iZulebiTi) garemo imdenad Semawuxebelia, rom es bavSvebi
xSirad maSinac isjebian, roca kargad iqcevian.

socialur-kognituri intervenciebi
agresiuli bavSvebis socialur-kognituri deficiti da darRveva xels
uSlis sxva pirovnebis tkivilisa da tanjvis gaazrebas, rac agresiuli
qcevis mniSvnelovani Semkavebelia. amasTan erTad, radgan agresiul bavSvebs
mcire SesaZlebloba aqvT, ojaxis wevrebi gulisxmierad, mzrunvelad
moeqcnen, akliaT is adreuli gamocdileba, romelic empaTiisa da simpaTiis
xelSewyobisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania (ix. me-10 Tavi). amgvar bavSvebs
SeiZleba pirdapir SevaswavloT aseTi reaqciebi. socialur-kognituri
wvrTna antisocialur ymawvilebSi socialuri informaciis damuSavebis
gaumjobesebaze fokusirdeba. erTi wvTnisas mozardebs aswavles, yuradReba
mieqciaT Sesabamisi aramtruli socialuri signalebisTvis, moqmedebamde
moepovebinaT damatebiTi informacia da potenciuri pasuxebi maTi
efeqturobis mixedviT SeefasebinaT. es intervenciebi aumjobesebs
socialuri problemebis mogvarebis unars, amcirebs agresiis
gamamarTlebeli ideebisa da Tvalsazrisebis miRebasa da mtrul qcevebs,
aumjobesebs urTierTobas maswavleblebsa da TanatolebTan (Guerra &
Slaby, 1990; Webster-Stratton, Reid & Hammond, 2001), aseve sasargebloa
Tvalsazrisis SemuSavebisaTvis (ix. me-11 Tavi), radgan xels uwyobs
socialuri signalebis ufro swor interpretacias, empaTiasa da sxvebis
mimarT gulisxmierebas.
erTiani midgomebi. zogierTi mkvlevaris mixedviT, antisocialuri
ymawvilebis wvrTna efeqturi da mravalmxrivi unda iyos, xorcieldebodes
mSoblebis treningi, socialuri gageba, sxvebTan kavSiri da TviTkontroli.
programaSi EQUIP – dadebiTi amxanagebis kultura – mozrdilebisgan
marTuli, magram mozardebisgan Semdgari patara jgufebis midgomaa, misi
mizania iseTi klimatis Seqmna, romelSic prosocialuri qmedeba
antisocialur qcevas cvlis – wvrTnis bazad gamodgeba. TavisTavad,
amxanagebis kulturis jgufebi antisocialur qcevas ar amcireben, zogjer
ki zrdian kidevac (Dishion, Poulin, & Burraston, 2001; Guerra, Attar, &
Weissberg, 1997). magram EQUIP-Si midgomas emateba socialur unar-CvevebSi
treningi _ brazis marTva, kognituri acdenebis koreqcia da zneobrivi
msjeloba (Gibbs, 2004; DiBiase, Gibbs, & Potter, 2005; Potter, Gibbs, &
Goldstein, 2001). delinkventebi, romlebic EQUIP-Si monawileobdnen,
avlendnen socialuri unarebis gaumjobesebas, momdevno wels
intervenciisas miRebuli kontrolis Sesabamisad atarebdnen. aseve, ufro
gaumjobesebul moralur msjelobas, romelic jgufis Sexvedrisas
warmoiSoba, rogorc Cans,xangrZlivi zemoqmedeba aqvs antisocialuri
ymawvilebis kanonsawinaaRmdego qcevebis Sekavebis unarze (Leeman, Gibbs, &
Fuller, 1993). magram nebismieri mravalganzomilebiani wvrTna SeiZleba
amao aRmoCndes, Tu ymawvilebi mtrul ojaxur garemoSi, dabali donis
skolebSi, antisocialur TanatolTa jgufebSi da Zaladobriv garemoSi
rCebian. meore programaSi, romelsac mravalsistemuri Terapia ewodeba,
Terapevtebi mSoblebs wvrTnidnen urTierTobebis, kontrolisa da
disciplinis unar-CvevebSi; moZalade axalgazrdeb gadahyavdaT karg
skolaSi da rTavdnen samuSaosa da garTobaSi, agreTve CamoaSorebdnen
kanondamrRvev da agresiul amxanagebs. tradiciul samsaxurebTan an
individualur programebTan SedarebiT, intervencias Sedegad mohyveba
mSobeli-bavSvis gaumjobesebuli urTierTobebi, dapatimrebaTa mkveTri
Semcireba oTxwliani periodis ganmavlobaSi da monawileTa mier Cadenili
danaSauli simZimis Semcireba (Huey & Hengeller, 2001). Zalisxmeva
araagresiuli garemos Sesaqmnelad – ojaxur, sazogadoebriv da kulturul
doneebze – saWiroa kanondamrRvevi ymawvilebis dasaxmareblad da yvela
axalgazrdisTvis jansaRi garemos Sesaqmnelad. am Temas momdevno TavebSi
davubrundebiT.

agresiaze vinmem gaakeTos moxseneba da Semdeg diskusia

 bavSvoba _ ojaxisa da socialuri jgufebis gavlena

socializacia ojaxis farglebSi

bavSvis ganviTarebaSi ojaxis funqciebidan umTavres adgils ikavebs
socializacia. mSoblebi seriozulad iwyeben Svilebis socializacias ori
wlidan, rodesac axalfexadgmul bavSvs pirvelad uCndeba maTi miTiTebebis
Sesrulebis unari. bavSvebis zrdasTan erTad mSoblebi TandaTanobiT
aZliereben socializaciis wnexs, Tumca isini didad gansxvavdebian imiT,
Tu rogor asruleben am amocanas.

bavSvis aRzrdis sxvadasxva stili

bavSvis aRzrdis stili aris mSobelTa qcevis kombinacia, rasac bevr
iseT situaciaSi vxvdebiT, romelic bavSvis aRzrdisTvis mdgrad klimats
qmnis. kvlevaTa mTel seriaSi diana baumrindma bavSvis aRzrdaze
informacia imaze dakvirvebiT Seagrova, rogori urTierToba aqvs mSoblebs
TavianT skolamdel bavSvebTan (Baumrind,1971., Baumrind & Black, 1967). am da
sxvaTa gamokvlevbze dayrdnobiT gamoiyo sami Tviseba, romelic
ganasxvavebs aRzrdis efeqtur stils naklebefeqturi stilisagan. esenia:
bavSvis mimRebloba da mis cxovrebaSi CarTuloba bavSvTan emociuri
kontaqtis damyarebis mizniT; bavSvis kontroli misi qcevis
Camosayalibeblad; avtonomiis garantireba sakuTar TavSi
darwmulebulobis wasaxaliseblad (Barder&Olsen, 1997; Gray & Steinberg, 1999;
Hart, Newell, & Olsen, 2002).
• bavSvis aRzrdis avtoritetuli stili _ avtoritetuli stili
bavSvis aRzrdis yvelaze warmatebuli stilia da Seicavs maRal
mimReblobas, CarTulobas, adaptaciuri kontrolis teqnikasa da Sesabamisi
avtonomiis garantias. avtoritetuli mSoblebi Tbili, yuradRebiani da
mgrZnobiare arian bavSvis problemisadmi. isini amyareben mSoblisa da
bavSvis saxaliso, sasiamovno, emociurad TviTkmar urTierTobas, romelic
bavSvTan siaxloves aviTarebs. amave dros avtoritetuli mSoblebi
axorcieleben mtkice, azrian, samarTlian kontrols sakuTari Svilis
qcevaze: isini daJinebiT moiTxoven Sesaferis mowifulobas, asabuTeben
TavianT molodins, iyeneben disciplinis swavlebas, raTa ganaviTaron
bavSvis TviTregulacia da Tvalyuri adevnon mis adgilsamyofelsa da
saqmianobas. da bolos, avtoritetuli mSoblebi CarTulni arian mudmivi,
bavSvis asakis Sesaferisi avtonomiis garantirebaSi da bavSvs uflebas
aZleven, TviTon miiRos gadawyevtileba im sferoSi, romelSic is, maTi
TvalsazrisiT, mzad aris. avtoritetuli mSoblebi pirvel adgils aniWeben
komunikacias da xels uwyoben bavSvs, rom man Tavisi gancdebi, fiqrebi da
survilebi gamoxatos. maSin, rodesac mSobeli da bavSvi ar eTanxmebian
erTmaneTs, avtoritetuli mSoblebi bavSvs gaerTianebuli gadawyveitilebis
miRebis procesSi rTaven. maTi survili da mzaoba, moergon bavSvis xedvas,
zrdis imis albaTobas, rom bavSvi mousmens maT maSin, rodesac daTmoba
sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania (Kuczynski & Lollis, 2002; Russel, Mize, & Bissaker,
2004).
• bavSvis aRzrdis avtoritaruli stili _ mSoblebi, romlebic
bavSvis aRzrdis avtoritarul stils mimarTaven, xasiaTdebian dabali
mimReblobiT da naklebi CarTulobiT, xSirad axorcieleben iZulebiT
kontrols da avtonomiis garantias naklebad iZlevian. avtoritari
mSoblebi civebi da uarmyofelebi arian, xSirad amcireben bavSvs, dascinian
da Trgunaven. kontrolis SesanarCuneblad yvirian, mbrZanebloben,
akritikeben da imuqrebian. maTi damokidebulebaa _ `me rom vambob, gaakeTe!~
Tu bavSvi ar emorCileba, maSin avtoritaruli mSoblebi sasjels da
iZulebas mimarTaven. isini sakuTari Svilis magivrad iReben
gadawyvetilebas da elian, rom bavSvi mis sityvebs yovelgvari yoymanis
gareSe miiRebs, da Tu amas ar akeTebs, mas sjis an aiZulebs rom
daeTanxmos.
avtoritaruli mSoblebis bavSvebi mSfoTvare da ubedurebi arian, maT
aqvT dabali TviTSefaseba da ara aqvT sakuTari Tavis rwmena, mtrulad
reagireben, rodesac imedi ucruvdebaT. rodesac Tavisas ver aRweven,
mSoblebis msgavsad iZulebis xerxs mimarTaven. gansakuTrebiT biWebi
avlenen brazsa da daumorCileblobis maRal dones. Tumca gogonebic
gamomwvevad iqcevian, magram isini mainc ufro damokidebulebi arian (Hart et
al., 2004; Niz et al., 1999; Thompson, Hollis, & Richards, 2003). bavSvebi, romlebmac
avtoritaruli stili sakuTar Tavze gamocades, rogorc wesi, cudad
swavloben skolaSi. magram maTi mSoblebis zrunvis gamo, romlebic
akontroleben maT qcevas, mainc ukeTesi miRwevebi aqvT da bevrad ufro
nakleb asocialur qmedebas sCadian, vidre aramomTxovni mSoblebis Svilebi.
avtoritaruli stili mSoblebis sasargeblod aris mimarTuli; is
Trgunavs bavSvebis TviTgamoxatulebas da damoukideblobas. bevri faqti
miuTiTebs imaze, rom avtoritari mSoblebis kontrolis forma did rols
asrulebs maTi bavSvebis adaptaciaSi. pirdapir kontrolTan erTad (`
gaakeTe is, rasac vambob!~) avtoritari mSoblebi Cabmulebi arian ufro
faqiz kontrolSi, rasac fsiqologiuri kontroli ewodeba. es aris qceva,
romelic bavSvebis manipulirebas axdens verbaluri gamonaTqvamebiT,
individualurobiTa da mSoblebisadmi mijaWvulobiT (Barber, 1996). imis
gamo, rom aseT mSoblebs survili aqvT, yvelaferi bavSvis magivrad
gadawyviton, xSirad amaxinjebenda Trgunaven mis ideebs, gadawyvetilebas,
megobrebis SerCevas.
rodesac mSoblebi ar arian kmayofili, Svils siyvaruls akleben da
maTi siyvaruli da grZnoba damokidebuli xdeba imaze, ramdenad emorCileba
bavSvi maT survils. isini gansakuTrebiT bevrs moelian Svilebisgan,
daJinebiT moiTxoven, rom bavSvi pasuxobdes absolutur, srulyofil
standarts da ara im standarts, romelic bavSvis niWsa da unars ergeba.
fsiqologiuri kontrolis obieqti _ bavSvi moklebulia individualurobas.
aseTi bavSvebi avlenen rogorc mSfoTvare da damTmob reaqcias, ise
daumorCilebel da agresiul qcevas, rac mSoblebis avtoritarizmis
bralia. (Barber & Harmon, 2002; Silk et al., 2003).
• bavSvis aRzrdis rbili stili _ bavSvis aRzrdis rbili stili
Tbili da misaRebia. damTmobi mSoblebi arian zedmetad gamanebivrebelni da
uyuradreboni, vidre CarTulebi bavSvis cxovrebaSi. damTmobi mSoblebi
naklebad akontroleben Svilebs. imis magivrad, rom maT TandaTanobiT
miscen damoukidebloba, nebas aZleven maT, rom damoukideblad miiRon
gadawyvetileba im asakSi, rodesac jer amisTvis mzad ar arian. bavSvebs
SeuZliaT miirTvan da dawvnen maSin, rodesac maT surT, uyuron
televizors imden xans, ramdenic undaT. maT ar uxdebaT kargi manerebis
Seswavla da saSinao saqmis gakeTeba, magaliTad, saxlis dalageba. zogierT
mSobels marTlac sjera, rom aseTi midgoma saukeTesoa, zogierTi ki
fiqrobs, rom ver SeZlebs Svilis qcevaze zegavlenis moxdenas.
damTmobi mSoblebis Svilebi arian impulsurebi, gaugonarni da
meamboxeni. im bavSvebTan SedarebiT, romelTacAmSoblebi ufro mkacrad
akontroleben, metismetad momTxovnebi da ufrosebze damokidebulni,
radgan nakleb Seupovrobas iCenen amocanebis Sesrulebisas da skolaSi
uares Sedegebs aCveneben. aseTi qceva gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa biWebSi.
mozardebisadmi mSoblebis mimtevebloba dakavSirebulia cud
TviTkontrolTan.
Tavisuflad gazrdili Tineijerebi akademiuri moswrebiT ver
daikvexnian, ufro gamomwvevni arian xelmZRvanelobis mimarT da asocialur
qcevas avlenen, vidre is Tineijerebi, visi mSoblebic naTlad gamoxataven
TavianT molodins bavSvis mimarT. (Barber&Olsen, 1997; Baumrind , 1991, 1997;
Kurdek & fine, 1994; Lamborn et al., 1991).
• bavSvis aRzrdaSi Caurevloba _ bavSvis aRzrdaSi Caurevloba
niSnavs dabal mimReblobas da CarTulobas, agreTve mcire kontrols da
avtonomiis sakiTxSi zogad indiferentulobas. CaurTveli mSoblebi
SeiZleba emociurad gaucxoebuli da depresiulebi iyvnen da imdenad
daiTrgunon uamravi cxovrebiseuli stresis gamo, rom bavSvisTvis dro da
energia ver gamonaxon (Maccoby & Martin, 1983). amis gamo maT SeiZleba
reagireba moaxdinon bavSvis myisier moTxovnaze advilad misawvdomi
obieqtebze. magram mSoblobis nebismieri strategia, romelic Soreul
miznebs moicavs, iseTs, rogoricaa saSinao davalebis da socialuri qcevis
Sesaxeb wesebis dadgena da amoqmedeba, iseve, rogorc bavSvis Tvalsazrisis
mosmena, xelmZRvaneloba Sesaferisi arCevanis gasakeTeblad da bavSvis
adgilsamyofelisa da saqmianobis monitoringi, susti da naCqarevia. misi
ukiduresi formiT CaurTveli mSoblobis stili aris bavSvTan cudad
mopyrobis forma, romelsac ugulebelyofa hqvia. es ufro metad axasiaTebs
depresiul mSoblebs, romlebmac cxovrebaSi ganicades bevri stresi,
rogoricaa col-qmruli konfliqti, Zalian mwiri an aranairi socialuri
mxardaWera da siRaribe. gansakuTrebiT, rodesac ugulebelyofa adre
iwyeba, faqtobrivrad ganviTarebis yvela aspeqts angrevs mijaWvulobis,
kogniciis, TamaSis emociuri da socialuri unar-Cvevebis CaTvliT. maSinac
ki, rodesac mSoblebis uTanxmoeba naklebad eqstremaluria, bavSvebi da
mozardebi avlenen bevr problemas – cud emociur TviTregulacias,
sirTuleebs akademiur moswrebaSi da xSirad asocialurad iqcevian. (Aunola,
Stattin & Nurmi, 2000; Baumrind, 1991; Kurdek & Fine, 1994; Lamborn et al., 1991).

ratom aris avtoritetuli stili efeqturi?

longituduri gamokvlevebi adasturebs, rom bavSvis aRzrdis
avtoritetuli stili aviTarebs simwifesa da morgebadobas gansxvavebuli
temperamentis bavSvebSi. ganvixiloT mozardTaAsaqcielze mSoblebis
monitoringis Sedegis longituduri gamokvleva, romelic bavSvebs 14-18
wlamde akvirdeboda. rac ufro meti icoda mSobelma Tavisi bavSvis
adgilsamyofelis da saqmianobis Sesaxeb, miT ufro naklebad sCadiodnen
Tineijerebi danaSaulebriv qmedebas da rac ufro naklebi iyo danaSauli,
miT ufro metad izrdeboda mSoblebis informirebuloba Svilis
yoveldRiuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb (Laird et al., 2003).
mSoblebi, romlebic Zalisxmevas ar iSureben, rom mozardTa
cxovrebas daakvirdnen, SemdegSi warmatebuli mSoblebi arian da
Tineijerebs nakleb Sanss utoveben da nakleb mizezs aZleven danaSaulSi
CasarTavad. rodesac mSoblebi bavSvis asocialur qcevaSi erevian, isini
safuZvels amzadeben mSobeli-bavSvis ufro pozitiuri urTierTobisaTvis.
amgvari urTierTobisas Tineijerebi ufro meti mzaobiT awvdian maT
informacias. da piriqiT, rodesac monitoringi naklebia da danaSauli
matulobs, mSobeli-bavSvis urTierToba SeiZleba ufrodaufro uaryofiTi
gaxdes. Sedegad mSoblebi SesaZloa ganTavisufldnen mSoblis rolisgan,
imisTvis rom Tavidan aicilon mSobeli-Svilis urTierToba da amcireben
kontaqts bavSvTan, romelic ukve aRar moswonT. bevri bavSvi da mozardi,
siyvaruls, Sesaferis kontrolsa da pativiscemas, rac bavSvis aRzrdis
avtoritetul stils moicavs, miiCnevs mSoblis mier kargad dagegmil
mcdelobad, aimaRlos kompetenturoba. Sedegad Znelad aRsazrdeli da
daumorCilebeli bavSvebic ki avtoritetulobas TandaTanobiT, mzardi
TanamSromlobiTa da simwifiT pasuxoben. es zrdis mSoblis siamovnebas da
bavSvis mowonebas, bavSvis aRzrdiT mSoblis TviTkmayofilebas da
albaTobas, rom isini gaagrZeleben avtoritetuli stilis gamoyenebas.
“tiger” parenting”. es termini gaCnda Amy Chua's (2011) wignis “Battle Hymn
of the Tiger Mother” gamoqveynebamde. is aris iuristi, profesori, romelsac
yavs ori qaliSvili, wers CineTis memkvidreobaze da imaze, Tu ra gavlena
moaxdina aman mis mier bavSvebis aRzrdis stilis arCevanze. mis
qaliSvilebs ar hqondaT televizoris yurebis da video TamaSebis,
RamisTeviT wveulebebze siarulis an friadze naklebi Sefasebis miRebis
ufleba. igi amtkicebs, rom aRzrdis aseTi politika aris mizezi imisa,
ratom arian misi Svilebi ase warmatebuli skolaSi da musikis SeswavlaSi,
da amtkicebs, rom es aRzrdis stili zogadad damaxasiaTebelia aziur
ojaxebisTvis. misma wignma daimsaxura kritikac da mowonebac. mxardamWerebs
sjeraT, rom misi aRzrdis meTodebi gamarTlebulia misi qaliSvilebis
gamorCeuli akademiuri da musikaluri warmatebebiT. kritikosebi ki
sayveduroben, rom misi meTodi eyrdnoba mxolod mis gamocdilebas da ara
mecnierul kvlevas.
aziur amerikuli aRzrdis stilma pedagogebis yuradReba miipyro
Ruth Chao's-s statiis Semdeg, romelic gamoica 1994 wels JurnalSi Child
Development. man dasva kiTxva “ratom swavloben azieli amerikeli bavSvebi
ase warmatebiT, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom maTi mSoblebis aRzrdis stili
aris avtoritaruli?”. kvlevam isic aCvena, rom miuxedavad akademiuri
warmatebebisa, am bavSvebs aqvT socialuri da emociuri janmrTelobis
SedarebiT dabali done. amitom gadamwyvetia gavarkvioT ras vgulisxmobT
am bavSvebis “warmatebul SedegebSi”.
“Tiger parenting” mcirediT gansxvavdeba avtoritaruli aRzrdis
stilisgan. is moicavs negatiuri mSoblobis maRal dones (mag., mkacri
wesebi) da pozitiuri mSoblobis maRal dones (mag., siTbo da daxmareba,
mxarSi amodgoma).
2013 wlis martSi fsiqologiis aziur amerikul JurnalSi daibeWda
eqvsi empiriuli kvleva da ori komentari _ gaanalizebuli iyo Cineli da
koreeli mSoblebis gamocdileba. kvlevis mizani iyo mecnieruli meTodebis
gamoyeneba imis gasarkvevad _ ra aqvT saerTo aziel amerikel ojaxebs
aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT da gaezomaT ras mivyavarT aRzrdis am stiliT
pozitiuri Sedegebamde maT bavSvebSi. am kvlevebma gviCvena, rom mSobloba
TiToeul am kulturaSi aris Sezaveba Zalismier-asertiuli tipis
mSoblobis da mxardamWeri (avtoritetuli) mSoblobis. mSoblobis
Zalismier-asertiuli tipi, romelic Amy Chua-s wignSia aRwerili, ar aris
zogadi. magram, romeli tipia saukeTeso bavSvebisTvis? amis dasadgenad
saWiroa ufro farTo masStabiani longituduri kvleva.
Cveni ganmartebiT “Tiger parenting”-Si aris pozitiuri da negatiuri
mSoblobis strategiebi warmodgenili erTdroulad. aseTi mSoblebi
zogjer mimarTaven pozitiuri mSoblobis qcevebs; amasTan, mxardamWeri
(avtoritetuli) mSoblebisgan gansxvavebiT, maT aseve aqvT maRali
maCvenebeli negatiuri mSoblobis maxasiaTeblebSi. es niSnavs, rom maTi
pozitiuri mSoblobis strategiebi Tanaarsebobs negatiuri mSoblobis
strategiebTan. “Tiger parent” da mkacri (avtoritari) mSoblebi gvanan
erTmaneTs imaSi, rom orive iyenebs negatiuri mSoblobis strategiebs. Tiger
parent mkacri mSoblisgan gansxvavebiT ar aris CarTuli pozitiuri
mSoblobis strategiebSi. udardel an zarmac mSoblebs aqvT ufro metad
“miSvebuli” midgoma, da ar arian CarTuli aseTi intensiobiT Tavis
SvilebTan arc pozitiurad da arc negatiurad.
kvlevam aCvena, rom dadebiTi Sedegebis mqone mSoblebs Soris yvelaze
meti procenti iyo mxardamWeri mSoblebi.
popularuli mosazrebaa, rom azieli amerikeli bavSvebis akademiuri
warmatebis saidumlo aris prevalireba/siWarbe “tiger” dedebis, rogoricaa
Amy Chua. kvlevam aCvena, rom bavSvebs, romelTac aseTi mSoblebi hyavT,
faqtobrivad aqvT dabali GPA, vidre bavSvebs mxardamWeri mSoblebiT.
faqtiurad, bavSvebma mxardamWeri mSoblebiT aCvenes umaRlesi GPA,
saukeTeso socio-emociuri regulireba, yvelaze mcire daSoreba
mSoblebisgan da ojaxuri movaleobebis myari grZnoba aRzrdis oTx stils
Soris. amrigad, am kvlevam gaaqarwyla miTi Tiger parenting-is Rirsebebze.
saukeTeso Sedegebi ganviTarebaSi mxardamWeri (avtoritetuli) mSoblebis
bavSvebma aCvenes. udardeli mSoblebis bavSvebma aCvenes ukeTesi Sedegebi
ganviTarebaSi, vidre Tiger mSoblebis bavSvebma. mkacri (avtoritaruli)
mSoblebis bavSvebma aCvenes yvelaze cudi Sedegebi ganviTarebaSi.

ojaxis cxovrebis stili

industriul qveynebSi ojaxebi ufro mravalferovani gaxda. dRes
gacilebiT naklebi Sobadobaa erT ojaxze, ufro meti zrdasruli
adamiania, visac unda iSvilos bavSvi, kidev ufro metia qorwinebaSi
arasdros myofi mSobeli. bolo dros ojaxis cxovrebaSi momxdarma
cvlilebam – ganqorwinebis, xelaxla daqorwinebuli mSoblebisa da
mosamsaxure dedebis mniSvnelovanma matebam – Secvala da axali forma
misca ojaxis sistemas.

dididan patara ojaxebamde. 1960 wels Crdiloamerikul wyvilze 3.1

bavSvi modioda, amJamad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1.8-ia da kanadaSi _
1.6, avstraliasa da did britaneTSi _ 1.7, SvedeTSi _ 1.6, iaponiaSi _1,4,
germaniaSi ki _ 1,3 (U.S. Census Bureau,2004b: United Nations,2004b).
Sobadobis ufro efeqtur kontrolTan erTad amgvari Semcirebis
ZiriTadi mizezi aris is, rom bevri qali karieris ekonomikur da
personalur sikeTes imkis. ojaxis sidide erTi bavSviT ganisazRvreba Tu
oriT, damokidebulia qalis gadawyvetilebaze gaanawilos Tavisi energia
ojaxsa da samuSaos Soris. bevri wyvili bavSvis yolas im dromde
gadaavadebs xolme, sanam profesiulad mZlavri da ekonomikurad ufro
daculi ar gaxdeba. adamianebs, vinc mSoblobas gadaavadebs, savaraudoT
ufro naklebi bavSvebi hyavs. da bolos, qorwinebis arastabilurobas
Sedegad mosdevs ufro patara ojaxi: dRes ufro meti wyvili ganqorwindeba
manamde, vidre maTi bavSvis gaCenis gegmebi ganxorcieldeba.

ojaxis zoma da bavSvis ganviTareba. popularuli rCeva momavali

mSoblebisadmi xSirad rekomendacias uwevs ojaxis wevrTa SezRudul
raodenobas `bavSvis xarisxis~ sasargeblod. bevri aseTi mrCeveli acxadebs,
rom mSoblebis siyvaruli, yuradReba da saqorwino resursebi sustdeba
yovel axal dabadebulTan erTad, rasac Sedegad inteleqturad ufro
naklebi unaris mqone bavSvebi mohyveba – gansakuTrebiT es exeba gvian
dabadebulebs. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mkvlevarebma ver SeZles am
sakiTxis gadaWra, radgan maT xeli miuwvdebodaT mxolod calkeul
bavSvebTan, romlebic izrdebodnen sxvadasxva ojaxSi, sadac Sedareba
pirvelad dabadebul da bolos dabadebul bavSvebTan Sereuli iyo ojaxis
sxva maCvenebelTan da maxasiaTebelTan, rogoricaa ses-i (romelic mcirdeba
ojaxis zrdasTan erTad). axalgazrdebis xangrZlivi gamokvlevis Tanaxmad
Wkvian, ekonomikurad warmatebul dedebs da ojaxis sididesa da inteleqtis
koeficients Soris korelacia ar aRiniSneba (Guo & VanWey, 1999).
•da-ZmasTan erTad aRzrda. ojaxis wevrTa mcire raodenobis
miuxedavad, Crdilo – amerikeli da evropeli bavSvebis 80%-s sul cota
erTi da an Zma mainc hyavs (unn,2004 b). da-Zmis ganviTareba ganicdis
mniSvnelovan zegavlenas, rogorc uSualod erTmaneTTan urTierTobis
Sedegad, ise arapirdapir, im zegavlenis meSveobiT, rasac damatebiT bavSvi
axdens mSoblebis qcevaze.
da-Zmis urToerTobis warmoSoba. dis an Zmis dabadeba rTuli
gamocdilebaa skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis umetesobisaTvis, romlebic
Zalian swrafad acnobiereben, rom maT axla TavianTi mSoblebis
siyvarulisa da yuradRebis sxvisTvis ganawilebac mouxdebaT. isini Zalian
xSirad momTxovnebi xdebian, celqoben da sxva bevr umwifar qcevas
axorcieleben. mijaWvulobiT gamowveuli usafrTxoebac iklebs,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tuki isini 2 wlisani arian (sakmarisad didebi arian
imisTvis, rom Tavi muqaris qveS da uadgilod igrZnon). deda ki stress
ganicdis col-qmruli an fsiqologiuri problemebis gamo ( Baydar, Greek, &
Brooks-Gunn, 1997: Teti et al., 1996).
aRSfoTeba da wyena mxolod erTi Taviseburebaa im mdidari emociuri
urTierTobisa, romelic da-Zmas Soris iwyebs Camoyalibebas bavSvis
dabadebis Semdeg. SeiZleba davinaxoT ufrosi bavSvi rogor kocnis, efereba
da iZaxis `deda, Sen mas sWirdebi~, rodesac patara tiris. es aris
simpaTiisa da zrunvis niSnebi. Cvili erTi wlis rom gaxdeba, bavSvebi,
Cveulebriv, ufro met dros atareben erTmaneTTan, skolamdeli bavSvi
exmareba ufro pataras, aZlevs saTamaSoebs, gamoxatavs megobrul
grZnobebs, sibrazesTan erTad. ( Dunn & Kendrick, 1982). am asakis bavSvebs
amSvidebs TavianTi skolamdeli asakis Zmis an dis yofna maSin, rodesac
deda mokle xniTaa wasuli.
meore wlis ganmavlobaSi axalfexadgmuli bavSvebi baZaven da TamaSSi
uerTdebian ufros bavSvebs (Dunn, 1989). maTi sixSirisa da emociuri
intensivobis gamo da-Zmis urTierToba unikaluri garemoa, romelSic
socialuri kompetenturoba viTardeba. meore da meoTxe dabadebas Soris
axalgazrda da-Zma ufro aqtiur rols iRebs TamaSis dros. Sedegad da-Zma
ufro bevrs saubrobs erTmaneTTan. asakiT ufro axlomdgom da-Zmas meti
siaxlove aqvs, vidre mSoblebs da ufros bavSvebs. isini xSirad
erTiandebian, saubroben gancdebze, abrazeben, aRizianeben, atyueben da
rodesac konfliqti warmoiSoba, yuradRebas sakuTar survilebsa da
saWiroebebs miapyroben. is unar-Cvevebi, romelic da-Zmis urTierTobisas
yalibdeba, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs emociebis Cawvdomasa da sxva
gonebrivi mdgomareobas, zneobriv momwifebulobasa da kompetenturobaSi
sxva bavSvebTan urTierTobisas. am Sedegebis Sesabamisad da-Zmis dadebiTi
kavSirebi winapirobaa sasurveli adaptirebulobisa mtrulad ganwyobili
da socialuri sirTuleebis winaSe mdgar bavSvebSic ki (Stormshak et al.,
1996).
amis miuxedavad, individualuri gansxvavebebi da-Zmis urTierTobaSi
patara da-Zmis dabadebis Semdeg Zalian male iCens xolme Tavs. temperamenti
zegavlenas axdens imaze, ramdenad dadebiTi da ukonfliqto iqneba da-Zmis
urTierToba. damatebiT, dedis siTbo orive bavSvis mimarT ganapirobebs da-
Zmis dadebiT urTierTobas da skolamdeli bavSvebis mier distresSi myofi
pataris daxmarebas ( Volling, 2001: Volling & Belsky, 1992). rasakvirvelia, bavSvis
temperamenti da sxva atributebi SeiZleba mniSvnelobis mqone iyos, rogorc
orive bavSvisTvis, ise mSoblebisTvis.
magram mSoblebis roli mainc ganmsazRvrelia: dedebi, vinc xSirad
eTamaSeba TavianT patarebs da Tavidan iridebs potenciur konfliqtebs
imiT, rom saskolo asakis bavSvs uxsnis axalfexadgmuli bavSvis
survilebsa da saWiroebebs, amiT xels uwyobs da aviTarebs da-Zmis
TanamSromlobas. da piriqiT, dedis uxeSoba da interesis nakleboba da-Zmis
mzard antagonisturi urTierTobaSi SeiZleba gadaizardos (Howe,Aquan-
Assee & Bukowski,2001).

da-Zmis urTierToba saSualo asakSi da mozardobisas. da-Zmis qiSpi

matulobs Sua bavSvobis periodSi. radganac bavSvebi monawileoben da
CarTuli arian bevr sxvadasxva saqmianobaSi, mSoblebi xSirad adareben da-
Zmis Tvisebebs da miRwevebs. bavSvi, romelic mSoblebisgan nakleb
siyvaruls, ufro met SeniSvnas da armowonebas an nakleb materialur
resurss Rebulobs, savaraudod nawyenia da droTaAganmavlobaSi ufro
cudad ergeba garemos (Brody, 2004: Dunn, 2004b).
erTi da igive sqesis bavSvebs, romelTa asakic TiTqmis erTnairia,
mSoblebi ufro xSirad adareben, rasac Cxubi, antagonizmi da cudi
Seguebadoba mohyveba. es efeqti gansakuTrebiT Zlieria maSin, rodesac
mSoblebi civebi da uxeSebi arian (Feinberg & Hetherington,2001). daaxloebiT
23,000 kanadeli bavSvis mimoxilva aCvenebs, rom bavSvebisadmi gansxvavebuli
mopyroba izrdeboda, rodesac mSoblebi stress ganicdidnen finansuri
problemebis, col-qmruli konfliqtis, ramdenime bavSvis aRzrdis wnexis an
martoxela mSoblis statusis gamo (Jenkins, Rasbash,&O’Connor,2003). energia
gamoclili mSoblebi naklebad frTxilebi da samarTlianebi arian. bavSvebi
gansakuTrebiT mwvaved reagireben, rodesac mamas meore bavSvi urCevnia.
SesaZloa imitom, rom mamebi nakleb dros atareben bavSvebTan, maT mier
upiratesobis miniWeba ufro SesamCnevia rac did risxvas iwvevs
(Brody,Stoneman, & Mc- Coy, 1992; Brodyet al., 1992).
miuxedavad imisa, rom konfliqti skolis asakSi matulobs, da-Zma isev
ise eyrdnoba erTmaneTs emociur mxardaWeraSi da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
amocanebSi daxmarebisas. im gamokvlevaSi, romlis drosac da-Zma TavianTi
yoveldRiuri saqmoanobis Sesaxeb saRamos satelefono interviuebSi
ityobineboda, monawileebi aRniSnavdnen, rom ufrosi bavSvebi xSirad
exmarobdnen umcros debs da Zmebs saskolo da megobrebTan problemebis
mogvarebaSi, da-Zmis wyvilis orive wevri erTamneTs sTavazobda daxmarebas
saojaxo saqmeebSic (Tucker,McHale, & Crouter, 2001). Tu mSoblebi
distanciurebi arian da ar iCenen interess Svilebis mimarT, da-Zma xSirad
erTmaneTiT ivsebs am naklebobas da erTmaneTs ufro exmareba (ank,
Patterson,& Reid,1996).
mSoblisa da bavSvis urTierTobis msgavsad, mozardobis periodSi da-
Zmis urTierTobac ergeba da egueba Semdgom ganviTarebas. rac ufro
TviTdarwmunebulebi xdebian umcrosi da – Zmebi, ufrosi debisa da Zmebis
sul ufro nakleb SeniSvnaa misaRebi. aqedan gamomdinare, da-Zmis zegavlena
mcirdeba Tineijerul wlebSi. da rac ufro metad arian axalgazrdebi
megobrebSi da romantiul urTierTobaSi CarTuli, miT ufro nakleb dros
da energias xarjaven TavianT da-Zmaze, romlebic im ojaxis wevrebi arian,
romlisganac isini avtonomiurobis miRebas cdiloben. amis Sedegad, da-Zmis
urTierTobaSi naklebad intensiuri xdeba, rogorc dadebiTi, ise
uaryofiTi grZnobebis gamomJRavneba (Hetherington, Henderson, & Reiss,1999:
Stocker & Dunn, 1994).
TanamSromlobis Semcirebis miuxedavad, da-Zmas Soris mijaWvuloba,
mSoblebTan siaxlovis msgavsad, bevr axalgazrdaSi Zlieri rCeba.
Tineijeri debi da Zmebi, romlebic mWidro kavSirs amyareben adreul
bavSvobaSi, visi mSoblebic kvlav gulisxmierebi da CarTulebi arian
Svilebis cxovrebaSi, savaraudod ufro mosiyvaruleni da mzrunvelebi
arian (Dunn,Slomkowski,&Beardsall,1994). unda aRiniSnos isic, rom umniSvnelo
gansxvaveba da-Zmis aRqmaSi aRar iwvevs eWvianobas, da amis magivrad da-Zmis
Tbili urTerTobis sawindari xdeba (Feinberg et al., 2003).
 ufrosi da-Zma xSirad sTavazobs saWiro rCevas umcros Tineijer
debsa da Zmebs, rodesac isini TanatolebTan urTierTobisas, skolis
davalebis Sesarulebisas da samomavlo gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros
sirTuleebs awydebian. dadebiTi kavSiri da-Zmas Soris adreul
mozardobaSi dakavSirebulia momavalTan da ufro sasiamovno
megobrobasTan (Yeh & Lempers,2004). axalgazrdebi, visac megobrebis SeZena
uWirs, zogjer da-Zmas sakompensacio mxardaWerisTvis mimarTaven (Seginer,
1998).

dediserTa bavSvis ojaxebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom da-Zmis urTierTobas bevri sargebeli moaqvs, es
ar aris arsebiTi janmrTeli ganviTarebisTvis. popularuli Tvalsazrisis
sapirispirod, dediserTa bavSvebi sulac ar fuWdebian, piriqiT _ kidev
ufro met upiratesobasac ki floben zogierT aspeqtSi. Crdiloamerikeli
dediserTa bavSvebi maRali TviTSefasebiTa da miRwevis motivaciiT
gamoirCevian da amitom ukeTesad swavloben skolaSi (Falbo,1992). erTi
mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom dediserTebi ufro axlo urTierTobaSi arian
mSoblebTan, romlebic albaT ufro met yuradRebas uTmoben maT
daostatebasa da miRwevebs. ufro metic, dediserTa bavSvebsac araerTi
axlobeli da kargi megobari hyavT, rogorc im bavSvebs visac da-Zma hyavs,
Tumca isini TiTqosda megobarTa wreSi arc ise kargad arian miRebulni,
radgan ar qoniaT konfliqtis mogvarebisa da efeqturi strategiebis
Seswavlis SesaZlebloba da-ZmasTan urTierTobis dros
(Kitzmann,Cohen,&Lockwood,2002).
sasurveli ganviTareba damaxasiaTebelia dediserTaA bavSvisTvis
CineTSi, sadac urbanul regionebSi ukve or aTwleulze metia rac Warbi
mosaxleobis gakontrolebis mizniT erTSviliani ojaxebis politika
mkacrad xorcieldeba. da-Zmian TanatolebTan SedarebiT, dediserTa Cineli
bavSvebi kogniturad da akademiuri moswrebiT ukeT ganviTarebulebi arian
(Falbo & Poston,1993: Jiao,Ji,&Jing,1996). isini emociuradac ufro daculad
grZnoben Tavs, SesaZloa imitomac, rom erTze metbavSvian ojaxis mimarT
mTavrobis ukmayofileba daZabulobis Seqmnas uwyobs xels (Yang et al., 1995).
Cineli dedebi yvelafers akeTeben imisTvis, rom bavSvebs regularuli
kontaqti hqondeT biZaSvilebTan da deidaSvilebTan (isini da-Zmad
iTvlebian). SesaZloa, amitom, ar gansxvavdebian Cineli bavSvebi socialuri
unar-CvevebiT da megobrebisadmi mimReblobiT TavianTi Tanatolebisgan
(Chen,Rubin,&Li,1995;Hart et al., 1998).

mSvilebeli ojaxebi
uSvilo ufrosebs, romelTac savaraudod genetikuri moSliloba
aReniSnebaT, arian asakovani an martoxela, magram ojaxi undaT da sul
ufro xSirad ahyavT bavSvebs. sxvebi, visac bavSvebi hyavs, magram undaT
ojaxis wevrTa raodenobis gazrda, aseve mimarTaven bavSvis ayvanis xerxs.
gamSvilebeli saagentoebi cdiloben, rom bavSvs Sesaferisi, maTive
eTnikuri warmomavlobis an religiis mqone mSoblebi mouZebnon da
SeZlebisdagvarad cdiloben, mSvilebeli mSoblebis asaki iseTive iyos,
rogoric Cevulebrivi biologiuri mSoblebisa iqneboda. radgan janmrTeli
bavSvebis raodenobam iklo (warsulTan SedarebiT sul ufro da ufro
naklebi gauTxovari dedebi aSvileben bavSvebs), sul ufro met xalxs ahyavs
Svilad sxva qveynis, ufrosi an ganviTarebis problemebis mqone bavSvebi.
da mainc, naSvileb bavSvebsa da mozardebs, imis miuxedavad, daibadnen
Tu ara maTi mSvilebeli wyvilis qveyanaSi, ufro meti problemebi aqvT
swavlasa da emociur sferoSi, vidre sxva bavSvebs. es is gansxvavebaa,
romelic bavSvis asakTan erTad izrdeba (Levy- Shiff,2001; Miller et al., 2000).
ayvanil bavSvebSi meti albaTobaa imisa, rom ufro problemuri
bavSvoba eqnebaT. biologiurma dedam SesaZloa imitom ver mixeda Svils,
rom mas hqonda nawilobriv genetikuri problemebi, iseTi, rogoricaa
alkoholizmi an mZime depresia. Tu es asea, mas SeeZlo es tendencia Tavisi
STamomavlisTvis gadaeca. is SeiZleba stresis qveS iyo, arasrulfasovani
kveba an araadekvaturi samedicino daxmareba hqonda orsulobis dros.
ufro metic, Cvilobis mere ayvanil bavSvebs ufro metad, vidre maT
Tanatolebs, romlebic ar arian gaSvilebuli, SeiZleba ayvanamde hqondeT
iseTi istoria, rogoricaa konfliqturi ojaxuri urTierTobebi, mSoblebis
siyvarulis nakleboba, ugulebelyofa da Cagvra. da bolos, ayvanili
Svilebi naklebad hgvanan maTTan genetikurad daukavSirebel mSvilebel
mSoblebs gonierebiTa da pirovnuli TvisebebiT, vidre biologiur
mSoblebs _ es is gansxvavebebia, ramac SesaZloa ojaxis harmonias muqara
Seuqmnas.
am riskis miuxedavad, ufro da ufro meti ayvanili bavSvi izrdeba
kargad da isinic ki visac problemebi hqonda, swrafad progresireben
(Johnson, 2002; Kim, 2002). SvedeTSi Catarebuli longituduri gamokvlevebiT
Seiswavles gaSvilebis kandidati 600 bavSvi Cvilobidan mozardobamde.
zogierTi ayvanili iyo dabadebisTanave, zogierTi bavSvTaAsaxlSi gaizarda,
zogi biologiurma dedebma aRzardes, romlebmac Tavidan ki gaaSviles
bavSvebi, magram Semdeg gadaifiqres da daibrunes isini. naSvilebi bavSvebi
ukeTesad ganviTardnen, vidre bavSvTaAsaxlebSi aRzrdilebi an biologiur
dedebTan dabrunebulebi (Bohman & Sigvardsson, 1990). holandiaSi sxva
qveynidan ayvanil bavSvebze Catarda kvleva, romelmac aCvena, rom dedobrivi
zrunva da CvilobaSi usafrTxo mijaWvuloba winaswarmetyvelebs cnobier
kognitur da socialur kompetenturobaze 7 wlis asakSi
(Stams,Juffer,&vanijzendoorn,2002). ase rom, rodesac bavSvebi genetikurad ar
arian dakavSirebuli TavianT mSoblebTan, maSin mSobeli-bavSvis adreuli,
Tbili, sando urTierToba ganapirobebs ganviTarebas. problemuri ojaxis
bavSvebsac ki, romlebic ufros asakSi arian ayvanilni, uviTardebaT
ndobisa da siyvarulis gancda TavianTi mSvileblebis mimarT, radgan isini
TavianT axal ojaxebSi siyvarulsa da mxardaWeras grZnoben (Sherill &
Pinderhughes, 1999).
naSvilebi mozardebis cxovreba SesaZloa garTuldes TavianTi
fesvebis Sesaxeb daukmayofilebeli cnobismoyvareobis gamo. zogierTs
problema imis gamo eqmneba, rom SeiZleba verasdros naxon da gaicnon
namdvili mSoblebi. sxvebi imaze dardoben, ra unda qnan, namdvili mSoblebi
uecrad rom gamoCndnen (Grotevant & Kohper,1999). warmomavlobaze dards Tu
ar CavTvliT, naSvilebi bavSvebis umetesoba optimistur da kargi
adaptaciis mqone sruwlovnebad yalibdebian. imdenad, randenadac
mSvileblebi exmarebian warmomavlobis dadgenaSi, sxva eTnikuri
warmomavlobis an kulturis mqone naSvilebi axalgazrdebi yalibdebian
iseT pirovnebebad, romlebic maTi warmomavlobisa da aRzrdis janmrTel
nazavs warmoadgens (Brooks & Barth, 1999).
naTelia, rom Svilad ayvana damakmayofilebeli alternativaa
mSoblebisa da bavSvebis umetesobisTvis.

dauojaxebeli martoxela mSoblis ojaxi

amerikeli bavSvebis daaxlobiT 10 da kanadeli bavSvebis daaxloebiT
5% cxovrobs mSobelTan, romelic arasdros yofila daqorwinebuli da ar
hyolia partniori. aseT mSobelTa mTeli raodenobis 90% dedebi arian 10%
_ mamebi (U.S. Census Bureau,2004b;Vanier Institute of the Family,2004). am bolo
periodSi maRali Tanamdebobis 30 wels gadaSorebuli ufro meti qali
gaxda mSobeli. magram maTi ricxvi mcirea da Zalian cotaa cnobili imis
Sesaxeb, rogor cxovroben maTi Svilebi.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi qorwinebaSi armyof did jgufs
afroamerikeli axalgazrda qalebi Seadgenen. 20 wlis dedebis 60%-ze meti
Savkaniania da maT partniori ar hyavT, amave asakis TeTrkaniani qalebi ki
13% Seadgenen (U.S. Census Bureau 2004b). afroamerikeli qalebi ufro xSirad
amboben uars qorwinebaze da naklebad _ bavSvis gaCenaze, vidre sxva
eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgeneli qalebi. qorwinebis gadavadebis mizezi
samsaxuris dakargva, umuSevroba da bevri Savkaniani kacis ojaxisTvis
mxarSi amodgomisa da Senaxvis uunarobaa.
qorwinebaSi arasdros myofi Savkaniani dedebi iyeneben did ojaxs,
gansakuTrebiT TavianT sakuTar dedebs, zogjer ki kac naTesavebsac Svilis
aRzrdaSi dasaxmareblad (Gasden,1999;Jayakody & Kalil,2002). qorwinebaTa
daaxloebiT erTi mesamedi pirveli bavSvis dabadebidan cxra wlis mere
xdeba da ar aris aucilebeli, qmari bavSvis biologiuri mama iyos
(Wu,Bumpass,& Musick,2001). amgvari wyvilebi ZiriTadad pirvel qorwinebaSi
myofi mSoblebis msgavsad moqmedeben. maTma bavSvebma ar ician, rom mama
maminacvalia da mSoblebic arafers ityobinebian bavSvis aRzrdis
sirTuleebis Sesaxeb, romelic Cveulebriv aris dakavSirebuli xelaxal
qorwinebasTan (Ganong & Coleman, 1994). martoxela dedebisTvis jer isev
Znelia siRaribis gadalaxva. TeTrkaniani dedebis daaxloebiT 47%-s da
Savkaniani dedebis 59%-s meore bavSvi qorwinebamde uCndebaT.
isini savaraudod nakleb daxmarebas iReben mSoblisa da bavSvisTvis,
vidre ganqorwinebuli dedebi. Sesabamisad, martoxela dedis Svilebs
ekonomikur gasaWirTan asocirebuli problemebi aqvT (Lipman et al., 2002).
ufro metic, qorwinebaSi arasdros myofi dedis Svilebi, romelTac akliaT
mamis siTbo da daxmareba, skolaSi uaresad swavloben da ufro met
asocialur qmedebas sCadian, vidre dabali ses-is, magram pirvel
qorwinebaSi myofi dedebis Svilebi (Coley,1998). magram qorwineba bavSvis
biologiur mamasTan bavSvisTvis mxolod maSinaa sasikeTo, rodesac mama
SvilisTvis ekonomikuri da emociuri daxmarebis dasayrdenia. magaliTad,
rodesac deda asocialur mamasTan wyvildeba, misi Svili qceviTi
problemebis Camoyalibebis gacilebiT ufro didi riskis qveSaa, vidre
martos rom gaezarda bavSvi (Jaffee et al., 2003).
 gaZlierebuli socialuri daxmareba, ganaTleba da samsaxuri dabali
Semosavlis mqone mSoblebisTvis, gauTxovari dedebisa da maTi Svilebis
keTildReobas yvelaze metad Seuwyobs xels.

ganqorwineba
1960 da 1985 wlebs Soris ganviTarebul qveynebSi ganqorwinebebis
raodenoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda da Semdeg umetes qveynebSi stabiluri
gaxda. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ganqorwinebebis yvelaze maRali
procentia msoflioSi.
amerikelTa qorwinebis 45% da kanadelTa qorwinebis 30%, romlebic
ganqorwinebiT mTavrdeba, sanaxevrod bavSvebsac exeba. erTi meoTxedi
amerikeli da erTi mexuTedi kanadeli bavSvi cxovrobs erTi mSoblis
ojaxSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom umetesoba dedasTan cxovrobs, orive
qveyanaSi mamis ojaxSi mcxovrebTa ricxvma 12%-iT moimata (Hetherington &
Stanley-Hagan,2002; Statistics Canada,2004b).
ganqorwinebuli mSoblebis bavSvebi erTi mSoblis saxlSi saSualod
5 wels atareben. ganqorwinebuli mSoblebis daaxloebiT ori mesamedi
meorejer qorwindeba. maTi Svilebis umravlesoba, garkveul SemTxvevebSi
mesame did cvlilebasac gamoscdis: TavianTi mSoblebis meore qorwinebis
dasasruls (Hetherington & Kelly, 2002).
es monacemebi imaze metyvelebs, rom ganqorwineba ar aris erTjeradi
SemTxveva mSoblebisa da bavSvebis cxovrebaSi, piriqiT _ es aris cvlileba,
romelsac mivyavarT axali cxovrebis stilis nairsaxeobasTan, romelsac
Tan sdevs sacxovrebeli pirobebis, Semosavlis, ojaxuri rolebisa da
pasuxismgeblobebis clileba. 1960 wlidan dawyebuli bevrma gamokvlevam
daadastura, rom bavSvebisTvis mSoblebis ganqorwineba metad stresulia,
amave dros bevri individualuri gansxvavebac gamoavlina. (Amato & Booth,
2000; Hetherington, 2003). ramdenad kargad viTardebian bavSvebi,
damokidebulia bevr faqtorze: meurve mSoblis fsiqologiur
janmrTelobaze, bavSvis maxasiaTeblebsa da Taviseburebebze, garemomcveli
sazogadoebisa da ojaxis socialur daxmarebaze.
• myisieri Sedegebi _ ojaxuri konfliqti xSirad ganqorwinebis
droisTvis Cndeba, mSoblebi bavSvebisa da sakuTrebis sakiTxebis mogvarebas
cdiloben, radgan erTi mSobeli midis saxlidan, damatebiTi dasabuTeba
emuqreba mSobelsa da bavSvebs Soris arsebul urTierTobas. dedis
xelmZRvanelobis qveS myofi ojaxi male Semosavlis mkveTr Semcirebas
ganicdis. amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadaSi mcirewlovani bavSvebis
ganqorwinebuli dedebis umravlesoba siRaribeSi cxovrobs, isini mamebisgan
bavSvebisTvis arasrul daxmarebas iReben an saerTod ar iReben mas (
Children’s Defence Fund,2005;Statistics Canada,2004b). maT ekonomiuri mizezebis
gamo xSirad uxdebaT saxlis gamocvla, rac mezoblebisa da megobrebis
daxmarebas amcirebs.
gadasvla qorwinebidan ganqorwinebaze xSirad did materialur
stresTan, depresiasTan, SfoTvasa da ojaxuri situaciis
dezorganizaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli (Hope,Power,& Rodgers,1999; Marks &
Lambert,1998). da dRis reJimi – saWmeli da daZineba, ojaxis saqme da
mSobel-Svilis gaerTianebuli saqmianoba, Cveulebriv ar aris
mowesrigebuli. radganac bavSvebi saxlSi naklebad dacul cxovrebaze
reaqcias distresiTa da braziT gamoxataven, disciplina SeiZleba ufro
mkacri da araTanmimdevruli gaxdes.
kontaqti arameurve mamasTan SesaZloa droTa ganmavlobaSi Semcirdes
(Hetherington & Kelly,2002). mamebi, romlebic mxolod SemTxveviT naxuloben
TavianT Svilebs, ufro damTmobi da Semwynareblebi arian. es xSirad
winaaRmdegobaSi modis dedis aRzrdis stilTan da mis amocanas, marTos
bavSvi, dRiTidReEsul ufro da ufro metad arTulebs.
rac ufro mets kamaToben mSoblebi da ver axerxeben bavSvebis
siTboTi, yuradRebiTa da mudmivi xelmZRvanelobiT uzrunvelyofas, miT
ufro cudia bavSvebis adaptacia. ganqorwinebuli ojaxis bavSvebs
daaxloebiT 20 – 25%-s mwvave problemebi aReniSneba, arganqorwinebuli
ojaxis SemTxvevaSi ki _10%-s (Green et al., 2003; Martinez & Forgatch,2002;Pruett et
al.,2003). bavSvebis reaqcia bavSvebis asakTan, temperamentsa da sqesTan erTad
icvleba.
bavSvebis asaki. skolamdelTa da umcrosklaselebis moumwifebeli
kognicia arTulebs maT mier mSoblebis ganqorwinebis mizezis gagebas.
patara bavSvebi xSirad sakuTar Tavs adanaSauleben da mSoblebis
ganqorwinebas iReben, rogorc niSans, rom orive mSobelma SeiZleba
miatovos isini (Pryor & Rogers, 2001). maT SeiZleba iwuwunon, Camoekidon
mSobels da gamoavlinon ganSorebiT gamowveuli SfoTva.
ufros bavSvebs ukeTesad SeuZliaT gaigon, rom maTi mSoblebis
ganqorwineba gamoiwvia Tvalsazrisebis Zlierma gansxvavebam, metoqeobam da
erTmaneTze zrunvis naklebobam – es is mosazrebaa, romelmac SeiZleba
cotaTi mainc Seamciros maTi tkivili. da mainc, Zalian bevri saskolo
asakis mozardi mZafrad reagirebs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac ojaxuri
konfliqti didia da bavSvebze meTvalyureoba mcirea. isini iseT
arasasurvel aqtivobas mimarTaven, rogoricaa skolis gacdena anu
`Satalo~, saxlidan gaqceva, adreuli sqesobrivi urTierTobebi da
delinkventuroba, cudi akademiuri moswreba ki masobrivia (Hetherington &
Stanley-Hagan, 1999; Simopns & Chao, 1996).
ufrosi asakis yvela bavSvi amgvarad rodi reagirebs. zogierTisTvis,
ganqorwineba SeiZleba ufro momwifebuli qcevis maprovocirebeli gaxdes.
am axalgazrdebma, SesaZloa siamovnebiT aiRon ufro meti tvirTi Tavis
Tavze, saSinao saqmeSi, mzrunvelobaSi, patara da-Zmis dacvasa da
depresiuli da mSoTvare dedis emociur mxardaWeraSi. magram Tuki es
moTxovnebi metismetad didia, ufrosi bavSvebi sabolood SesaZloa
ganawyendnen da mimarTon zemoT aRweril destruqciuli qcevis models
(Hetherington, 1995, 1999).
bavSvis temperamenti da sqesi. rodesac temperamentiT rTul bavSvebs
stresebiT savse cxovreba da araadekvaturi aRzrda aqvT, maTi problemebi
matulobs (Lengua et al.,2000). da, piriqiT, advili bavSvebi naklebad xdebian
mSoblebis brazis samizne da ubedobas ufro advilad arTmeven Tavs. es
Sedegebi gvexmareba ganqorwinebaze sxvadasxva sqesis bavSvebis reaqciis
gagebaSi. gogonebi zogjer tiriliT, TviTkritikiTa da gulCaTxrobilobiT
pasuxoben. ufro xSirad orive sqesis bavSvebi iCenen momTxovn, yuradRebis
mimqcev da gamomwvev qcevas. magram meurve dedis ojaxSi biWebi akademiuri,
emociuri da qceviTi problemebis warmoqmnis odnav ufro didi riskis qveS
eqcevian. (Amato, 2001 13 Tavidan). biWebi ufro aqtiurebi da daumorCileblebi
arian – es is qcevaa, romelic Rrmavdeba mSoblebis konfliqtisa da
araTanmimdevruli disciplinis fonze. gamokvleva aaSkaravebs, rom
mSoblebis ganqorwinebamde didi xniT adre zogierTi bavSvi ( umetesad
biWebi) impulsuri da urCi iyo _ amgvari qceva ubiZgebs maTi mSoblebis
col-qmruli saojaxo problemebis warmoqmnas – iseve, rogorc SeiZleba
Tavadac amiT iyos gamowveuli (Chase-Lansdale, Cherlin & Kiernen 1995;
Hetherington,1999). aqedan gamomdinare, am kategoriis bavSvebi ganqorwinebis
Tanmxlebi aurzaurisa da areulobis periods stresis gadalaxvis
daqveiTebuli unariT xvdebian.
SesaZloa imis gamo, rom maTi qceva mouwesrigebelia, ganqorwinebuli
mSoblebis bevri vaJi dedebisgan, maswavleblebisa da Tanatolebisgan
nakleb emociur mxardaWeras Rebulobs. (Hetherington & Kelly,2002). am
garemoebaTaAgamo adaptaciac rTuldeba. mSoblebis ganqorwinebis Semdeg
msgavsi problemebis mqone bavSvebi uaresad grZnoben Tavs (Hanson,1999).

•Soreuli Sedegebi• bavSvebis umravlesobis adaptaciis unari

mSoblebis ganqorwinebidan ori wlis Semdeg umjobesdeba. da mainc,
mTlianobaSi ganqorwinebuli mSoblebis Svilebisa da mozardebis qulebi
akademiur miRwevebSi, TviTSefasebaSi, socialur kompetenturobaSi, emociur
da qceviT problemebSi odnav ufro dabalia, vidre imaTi, visi mSoblebic
qorwinebaSi imyofebian (Amato,2001). arsebuli sirTuleebi zogierTisTvis
gadadis cud adaptirebulobaSi zrdasrulobis dros. bavSvebi romelTac
rTuli xasiaTi aqvT da rTulebi aRmoCndnen ojaxur konfliqtSi, ufro
savaraudoa, rom skolidan gairicxebian, gaxdebian depresiulebi da
mozardobaSi asocialur qcevaSi CaerTvebian. ganqorwineba agreTve
dakavSirebulia seqsualurobasTan da intimuri kavSirebis
CamoyalibebasTan. axalgazrdebs, vinc mSoblebis ganqorwineba gamoscada,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu es araerTxel moxda, seqsualuri aqtivobis maRali
procenti aqvT da mSoblebi xdebian mozardobis periodSi da zrdasrul
asakSi ganqorwindebian xolme (Wolfinger, 2000).
ganqorwinebis Semdeg dadebiTi SemgueblobisTvis aucilebeli
faqtoria efeqturi aRzrda – kerZod, ramdenad kargad arTmevs Tavs stress
meurve mSobeli da rogor icavs bavSvs ojaxuri konfliqtisgan da ra
odenobiT iyenebs TiToeuli mSobeli aRzrdisas avtoritetul stils (Leon,
2003; Wolchik et al., 2000). iq, sadac meurve mSobeli dedaa, mamasTan kontaqti
agreTve mniSvnelovania. rac ufro metia mSobelTan kontaqti da Tbilia
mama-bavSvis urTierToba, miT ufro naklebad avlens ganqorwinebuli
mSoblebis bavSvi urCobasa da agresias (Dunn et al., 2004). gogonebs ki mama-
bavSvis kargi urTierToba naadrevi sqesobrivi aqtivobisa da ubeduri
romantikuli epizodebisgan icavs (Clarke- Stewart & Hayward, 1996; McLahan,
1999). Mmama _ Svilis kontaqti savaraudod ufro xSiria im ojaxebSi, sadac
deda-bavSvis urTierToba pozitiuria, ganqorwinebuli mSoblebi exmarebian
da erTmaneTs xels uwyoben mSoblis funqciis SesrulebaSi (Dunn, 2004 a).
ufro metic, ramdenime gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, biWebisTvis ukeTesia, Tu
meurve mSobeli mamaa. (Clarke-Stewart & Hayward,1996;McLahan,1999). ufro didi
ekonomikuri daculoba da avtoriteti exmareba mamebs, iyvnen warmatebuli
mSoblebi TavianTi vaJebisTvis. meurve mamis yola meti sargebelis momtani
SeiZleba iyos, miTumetes Tu aRzrdaSi orive mSobelia CarTuli imitom,
rom dedebi ufro aqtiurad monawileoben Svilebis cxovrebaSi, vidre
arameurve mamebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mSoblebis ganqorwineba bavSvebisTvis
mtkivneulia, konfliqtur ojaxSi yofna uaresia, vidre gadasvla
ukonfliqto, magram erTi mSoblis ojaxSi(Green et al.,2003) dRes bevri
mSobeli eyreba erTmaneTs, radgan isini TavianTi urTierTobebiT
ukmayofiloni arian. gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, naklebi uTanxmoebis mqone
ojaxis bavSvebi gansakuTrebiT dabneulebi da ganerviulebulebi rCebian.
mSoblebis uTanxmoebis siRrmis miuxedavad, isini, vinc gverdze
gadadebs uTanxmoebas da erTmaneTs exmareba mSoblis rolis SesrulebaSi,
didad zrdian Sanss, rom maTi Svili kompetenturi, stabiluri da bednieri
gaizrdeba. mzrunveli didi ojaxis wevrebi, maswavleblebi da megobrebi
agreTve amcireben imis albaTobas, rom ganqorwinebas xangrZlivi
sirTuleebi mohyveba (Heteherington, 2003; Lussier et al., 2002).

Sereuli ojaxebi
cxovreba martoxela mSoblis saxlSi xSirad droebiTia.
ganqorwinebuli mSoblebis daaxloebiT 60 procenti ramdenime wlis
ganmavlobaSi xelaxla qorwindeba. sxvebi Tanacxovroben an cxovroben
TavianT seqsualur partniorTan erTad qorwinebis gareSe. mSoblebi,
nacvali mSoblebi da bavSvebi qmnian axal ojaxur struqturas, romelsac
Sereuli da aRdgenili ojaxi ewodeba. zogierTi bavSvisTvis ojaxis es
gavrcobili qseli pozotiuria da mas ufrosebis ufro didi yuradReba
aqvs. magram umravlesobas meti problema eqmneba, vidre im bavSvebs, vinc
stabilur, pirvel qorwinebaSi myof ojaxebSi izrdebian. nacval mSoblebs
xSirad bavSvis aRzrdis gansxvavebuli gamocdileba SemoaqvT da axal
wesebsa da axal molodinebze gadarTva SesaZloa stresuli iyos. bavSvebi
xSirad nacval naTesavebs momxvdurebad aRiqvamen. magram is, ramdenad
kargad moergebian isini situacias, damokidebulia ojaxis mTliani
funqcionirebis xarisxze (Hetherington & Kelly,2002). es damokidebulia imaze,
Tu romeli mSobeli ayalibebs axal urTierTobas, agreTve bavSvis asaksa
da sqesze da Sereuli ojaxebis urTierTobebis sirTuleze. es yvelaze
rTuli periodia ufrosi asakis vaJebisa da gogonebisTvis.
dedisa da maminacvlis ojaxi• Sereuli ojaxis yvelaze gavrcelebuli
forma deda-maminacvlis ojaxia, rodesac deda bavSvze meurveobas
inarCunebs. biWebi amas swrafad eguebian. isini miesalmebian iseTi
maminacvlis yolas, romelic Tbilia, Tavs ikavebs Tavisi avtoritetis
swrafi damkvidrebisgan. mcirdeba dedisa da vaJis uTanxmoeba ukeTesi
ekonomikuri daculobis, ojaxis saqmeebis kidev erTi ufrosis mier
ganawilebis da simartovis dasrulebis Sedegad. (Visher,Visher,&Pasley,2003).
rodesac maminacvali qmaria da ara Tanamcxovrebi, maSin is ufro metadaa
CarTuli mSoblis funqciis SesrulebaSi (Hofferth &Anderson, 2003).
da mainc, gogonebs ufro xSirad eqmnebaT problemebi TavianT meurve
dedis xelaxal qorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT. maminacvlebi arRveven deda-
qaliSvilis axlo kavSirs, rac xSiria martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi da
gogonebi umeteswilad axal qorwinebaze gabutviTa da rezizstentuli
qceviT reagireben (Bray,1999). miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom asaki am
gamokvlevisTvis metad mniSvnelovania. ufrosi saskolo asakis bavSvebi da
mozardebi ufro upasuxismgeblo, gamomwvev da asocialur qcevas avlenen,
vidre maTi RviZl mSoblebTan mcxovrebi Tanatolebi (Hetherington & Stanley-
Hagan,2000). nacvali mSoblebis ojaxebSi mSoblis funqciis Sesruleba,
gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac gerebi arian, Zalian Znelia. zogierTi mSobeli
ufro Tbili da yuradRebiania Tavisi biologiuri Svilis mimarT, vidre
gerebis mimarT. ufrosi bavSvebi ufro amCneven da ewinaaRmdegebian
usamarTlo mopyrobas. mozardebis TavisuflebisTvis maminacvali xSirad
safrTxea, miT ufro, Tu isini martoxela dedis mxridan nakleb
monitorings ganicdidnen. da mainc, bevr Tineijers kargi urTierToba aqvs
orive mamasTan – es is garemoebaa, romelic maT ufro sasurvel
ganviTarebasTan aris dakavSirebuli (White & Gilberth,2001).

• mamisa da dedinacvlis ojaxi• arameurve mamebis xelaxali qorwineba

xSirad biologiur SvilebTan kontaqtis Semcirebis safuZveli xdeba,
radgan mamebi ganudgebian xolme TavianT wina ojaxebs (Dunn,2002). rodesac
mamebi meurveebi arian, maSin bavSvebi, rogorc wesi, uaryofiTad reagireben
xelaxal qorwinebaze. rodesac bavSvi mamasTan cxovrobs, Tavidan ufro
meti problema aqvs. SesaZloa, biologiuri deda veRar gaumklavdes
gaugonar bavSvs ( Cveulebriv, biWs) da mama da misi axali moyvanili coli
yofaqcevis problemebis mqone mozardis winaSe aRmoCndnen. magaliTad,, mamas
eZleva meurveoba imis gamo, rom mas axlo urTierToba aqvs bavSvTan, am
kavSirs ki xelaxali qorwineba arRvevs (Buchanan, Maccoby,& Dornbusch,1996).
bevri mama Zalian male bavSvis aRzrdis pasuxismgeblobas dedinacvals
akisrebs, rac bavSvis aRSfoTebas iwvevs.
gogonebs gansakuTrebiT uWirT dedinacvlebTan urTierToba. zogjer
es xdeba, radgan mamasTan gogonas urTierToba safrTxis qveS dgeba
xelaxali qorwinebis gamo. garda amisa, zogjer gogonebs ori dedisadmi
erTgulebis konfliqti ewyebaT. magram, rac ufro didxans cxovrobs
gogona mama-dedinacvlis ojaxSi, miT ufro ukeTesi urTierToba
uyalibdeba dedinacvalTan (Hetjerington & Jodl,1994). droTaAganmavlobaSi
momTmeni gogonebis umetesoba egueba meore dedas da sargeblobs misi
mxardaWeriT.

dedis dasaqmebuloba da ori marCenalis ojaxi

dRes, martoxela da gaTxovili dedebis TiTqmis Tanabari raodenoba
muSaobs da Crdiloamerikeli dedebis TiTqmis 70 procentia dasaqmebuli. es
ricxvi 64 procents aRwevs skolamdel da 78 procents Sua bavSvobis asakSi
myofi Svilebis dedebisTvis (Statistics Canada,2003e; U.S. Census Bureau,2004 b).
adreul ganviTarebaze dedis dasaqmebulobis zegavlena
damokidebulia bavSvze zrunvis xarisxsa da mSobeli-bavSvis mudmiv
urTierTobaze. asea momdevno asakSic. garda amisa, dedis samuSaoTi
kmayofilebas, partnioris mxardaWerasa da bavSvis sqess mniSvneloba aqvs
imisTvis, rogor cxovrobs bavSvi.
 • dedis samsaxuri da bavSvis ganviTareba• im dedebis Svilebi, vinc
samsaxurisgan siamovnebas iRebs da mSoblis rolis erTguli rCeba,
gansakuTrebiT kargi SemgueblobiT gamoirCevian – maT aqvT ufro maRali
TviTSefaseba, ukeTesi urTierToba ojaxis wevrebTan da megobrebTan,
genderis stereotipiT naklebad ganpirobebuli Sexedulebebi da kargi
niSnebi skolaSi. gogonebi gansakuTrebul sargebels iReben qalis
kompetenturobis imijisgan. ses-is miuxedavad, dasaqmebuli dedis gogonebi
qalis rols arCevanis Tavisuflebasa da kmayofilebasTan akavSireben da
ufro mizanswrafulebi da karieraze orientirebulebi arian (Hoffman,2000).
es sikeTe aRzrdis Sedegia. dasaqmebuli dedebi, visTvisac mSoblis roli
Rirebulia, savaraudod bavSvis aRzrdis avtoritetul stils iyeneben. im
ojaxis bavSvebi, sadac ori marCenalia ufro met dRis saaTebs uTmoben
saSinao davalebis mSoblis meTvalyureobiT Sesrulebas da ufro metad
monawileoben saSinao saqmeSi. dedis dasaqmebuloba aiZulebs mamas, Tavis
Tavze aiRos meti pasuxismgebloba bavSvze zrunvaze. mamebis raodenoba,
romlebic mTel dRes saxlSi atareben, jer mcirea, magram ganuxrelad
izrdeba (Gottfried,Gottrfired,&Bathurst,2002;Hoffman&Younbla de,1999). mamis
kontaqti asocirebulia ufro met gonierebasa da miRwevasTan, momwifebul
socialur qcevasa da genderuli stereotipis moqnilobasTan.
(Gottried,1991;Radin,1994).
da mainc, Tu samsaxuri dedis ganrigs mZime moTxovnas uyenebs an
stresulia sxva mizezebis gamo, Svilebi araefeqturi aRzrdis riskis qveS
imyofebian. xangrZlivi samuSao dRe, muSaoba an uaryofiTi
interpersonaluri samuSao adgilis atmosfero amcirebs mSoblebis
sensitiurobas da dakavSirebulia bavSvebis cud kognitur ganviTarebasTan
skolamdeli asakidan mozardobamde (Brooks-Gunn,Han & Wa
ldfogel,2002;Costigan,Cox,&Cauce,2003. Harvey,1999). uaryofiTi Sedegebi
matulobs, rodesac dabali ses-is mqone dedebi iZulebulni arian bevri
dro gaataron dabalanazRaurebad samsaxurebSi, momsaxurebissferoSi an
fizikur samuSaoze, romelic faqtobrivad ver uzrunvelyofs maT finansur
keTildReobas – es pirobebi dakavSirebulia dedis depresiasTan,
frustraciasa da daRlilobasTan, agreTve uxeSi da araTanamimdevruli
disciplinis gamoyenebasTan.
piriqiT, nawilobrivad arasruli ganakveTiT dasaqmebuloba da
moqnili samuSao ganrigi asocirebulia bavSvisa da mozardis karg
morgebulobasTan. aseTi grafiki Tavidan agvacilebs samuSao-ojaxis
rolebis konfliqts da daexmareba mSoblebs bavSvebis problemebis
mogvarebaSi (Frederiksen-Goldesen & Sharlach,2000).
• dasaqmebuli mSoblebisa da maTi ojaxebis xelSewyoba• im ojaxSi
sadac ori marCenalia mamis mzaoba, gainawilos bavSvze zrunvis
pasuxismgebloba, exmareba dedas mSoblis rolis warmatebiT SesrulebaSi.
Tu mama Zalian mwirad an saerTod ar exmareba ojaxs, maSin dedas ormagi
tvirTi awevs saxlSi da samsaxurSi, rasac is daRlilobamde da
distresamde mihyavs da bavSvebisTvis cota dro da energia rCeba.
dasaqmebul dedebsa da or marCenal mSobels, bavSvis aRzrdaSi
samsaxuris da sazogadoebis daxmareba sWirdeba. naxevar ganakveTze
dasaqmebuloba, moqnili ganrigi, saqmis ganawileba da bavSvebis
avadmyofobis anazRaurebuli biuleteni, mSoblebs samuSaos moTxovnebsa da
bavSvis aRzrdas Soris lavirebaSi exmareba. mamakacis Tanabari xelfasi da
dasaqmebis Tanabari SesaZlebloba Zalian mniSvnelovania qalebisTvis.
radgan amgvari politika aZlierebs maT finansur statussa da moralur
mdgomareobas, rac Tavis mxriv dadebiTad moqmedebs dedis gancdebsa da
qcevaze, rodesac samuSao dRis bolos saxlSi brundeba.

bavSvebze mzrunveloba
bolo ramdenime dekadis ganmavlobaSi mzrunvelobaSi myofi Crdilo
amerikeli bavSvebis ricxvma 60 procents gadaaWarba, rogorc SeerTebul
StatebSi, ise kanadis zogierT provinciaSi. umetesobaze sabavSvo centrebsa
da bavSvis ojaxebSi zrunaven an araoficialurad naTesavi uvlis. asakTan
erTad bavSvebi saojaxo mzrunvelobis centrSi gadadian. bevri bavSvi
erTdroulad sxvadasxva tipis mzrunvelobas iRebs an xSirad icvlis
garemos (Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics,2003; NICHD Early
Child Care Research Network, 2004c; Statistics Canada,2005a).
ufro maRali Semosavlisa da Zalian dabali Semosavlis mqone
mSoblebis Svilebic bavSvTaA mzrunvelobis centrSi xvdebian. bevri
dabali Semosavlis mqone mSobeli bavSvis movlas saxlis pirobebSi
naTesavs andobs, radgan ar aqvT ufleba mimarTon subsidirebul
mzrunvelobis centrs (Howes & James,2002).
bavSvze zrunvis xarisxi da bavSvis ganviTareba• adreuli intervencia
xels uwyobs ekonomikurad daucveli bavSvebis ganviTarebas. rodesac
bavSvi mzrunvelobis ramdenime garemos arastabilobas gamoscdis, misi
fsiqologiuri keTildReoba ziandeba.
da piriqiT, bavSvis kargi movla xels uwyobs ganviTarebas,
gansakuTrebiT dabali ses-s mqone ojaxebSi (NICHD Early Child Care
Network,2002b). erT gamokvlevaSi, romelSic monawileoba miiRo dabali
Semosavlis mqone ojaxebis 2-dan 4 wlamde 200-ze metma bavSvma, rac ufro
meti dro hqondaT gatarebuli bavSvTa mzrunvelobis maRali donis
centrSi, miT ufri naklebi emociuri da qceviTi problema aReniSnebodaT
imis merec, rac ojaxis bevri maxasiaTebeli Semowmda (Vortuba-
Drzal,Coley,&Chase-Lansdale,2004). meore gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, romelic
ikvlevda 400 Zalian dabali Semosavlis mqone skolamdel bavSvebs, centrze
damyarebuli mzrunveloba ufro Zlier iyo asocirebuli kognitur
sargebelTan, vidre mzrunvelobis sxva RonisZiebebi, SesaZloa imitom, rom
bavSvTaAmzrunvelobis centrebi bavSvebs ufro sistematuri
saganmanaTleblo programiT uzrunvelyofdnen. imave dros bavSvis yvela
saxis movlis ufro maRali standarti moaswavebda zomier gamosworebas
kognitur, emociur da socialur ganviTarebaSi (Loeb et al., 2004).
rogoria movlis maRali xarisxis maxasiaTeblebi skolamdeli asakis
bavSvebisTvis? bavSvTaA centrebisa da saxlebis farTomasStabianma
Seswavlam gamoavlina, rom mniSvnelovania Semdegi faqtorebi: jgufis
wevrTa raodenoba (bavSvebisAraodenoba erT adgilas), aRmzrdeli-bavSvis
damokidebuleba, aRmzrdelis saganmanaTleblo momzadeba da piradi
valdebuleba swavlebisa da bavSvis movlis mimarT. maSin, rodesac es
maxasiaTeblebi kargia, ufrosebi ufro metad sityvieradD amxneveben
bavSvebs da sensitiurni arian maTi problemis mimarT. Tavis mxriv
sxvadasxva eTnikuri da ses-is donis bavSvebi sasikeTod viTardebian – es is
Sedegia, romelic skolis adreul wlebSi arsebobs (Burchinal et al., 2000;
Burchinal & Cryer,2003).
samwuxarod, bavSvTa bevri Crdiloamerikuli mzrunveloba standartis
qvemoTaa, xSirad momsaxure personali dakompleqtebulia uxelfaso
TanamSromlebiT, romelTac ar gaaCniaT specialuri ganaTleba, Zalian
bevri bavSvi hyavT da (ojaxSi bavSvis mzrunvelobis SemTxvevaSi) ar aqvT
licenzia, amitom ar xdeba xarisxis Semowmeba. orivegan, rogorc amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi, ise kanadaSi, bavSvis movla Zviria da Statebisa da
provinciaTa umetesobaSi or Sviliani martoxela mSoblis Semosavlis 25
procenti sWirdeba (Canada Campaign 2000,2002;Children’sDefense Fund,2004).
amis sapirispirod, avstraliasa da dasavleT evropaSi bavSvis movla,
romelic pasuxobs mkacr standartebs, farTo xelmisawvdomia da
aRmzrdelebs igive xelfass uxdian, rasac dawyebiTi skolis
maswavleblebs. ojaxis Semosavlis miuxedavad, daniaSi bavSvis movlis 80
procents saxelmwifo afinansebs, SvedeTSi 90 procents, safrangeTSi 100
procents (Waldfogel.2001). imis gamo, rom amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da
kanadas ar gaaCniaT bavSvis movlis saxelmwifo polisebi, isini CamorCebian
sxva industrial qveynebs bavSvis movlis uzrunvelyofaSi, xarisxsa da
gadaxdis SesaZleblobaSi.

sakuTar Tavze zrunva

saSualo skolis periodSic ki, saSualod 5-13 wlamde 2.4 milioni
bavSvi amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da asi aTasobiT bavSvi kanadaSi
TviTon uvlis Tavs skolis Semdeg. TviTzrunva dramatulad matulobs
asakTan erTad, 5-7 wlis asakSi 3 procentidan da 33 procentamde 11-13 wlis
bavSvebSi. is ses-Tan erTadac izrdeba, SesaZloa ufro maRali Semosavlis
mqone ubnebis ufro didi daculobis gamo. magram rodesac ufro dabali
ses-is mqone mSoblebi TviTzrunvas ualternativobis gamo mimarTaven, maTi
bavSvebi ufro met dros Tavis nebaze atareben (Casper & Smith,2002).
zogierTi gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, isini itanjebian dabali TviTSefasebisgan,
cudi akademiuri moswrebisa da SiSebis gamo maSin, rodesac sxvebi aseT
Sedegebs ar aCveneben.
ufro naklebi saskolo asakis bavSvebs, vinc umeteswilad martoa,
adaptaciis problemebi aqvs (Vandell & Posner 1999). rodesac bavSvebi
sakmarisad didebi arian imisTvis, rom Tavs TviTon mixedon da aqvT bavSvis
aRzrdis avtoritetuli stilis gamocdileba, mSoblebi satelefono zaris
meSveobiT amowmeben manZilidan. aseT bavSvebs gakveTilebis Semdeg Sin
regularuli saqme elodeba, aqvT pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba da kargad
adaptirebulebi arian. da piriqiT, sakuTar Tavs minebebuli bavSvebi,
savaraudod ufro xSirad eqcevian Tanatolebis zewolis qveS da advilad
erTvebian asocialur qcevaSi (Coley,Morris,&Hernandez,2004; Steinberg,1986).

mowyvladi ojaxebi: bavSvisadmi cudi mopyroba

ojaxis cvlilebebis Sesaxeb diskusiisas gaviTvaliswineT rogorc
ojaxis SigniT, ise ojaxis gareT arsebuli Zalian bevri faqtori, romelic
garkveul rols asrulebs mSoblebis unaris CamoyalibebaSi, iyvnen
gulTbilebi, Tanmimdevrulebi da adekvaturad momTxovnebi. radgan bavSvTan
cudad mopyrobis Temas mivadeqiT, davinaxavT, rom rodesac efeqturi
aRzrdis sasicocxlod aucilebeli mxardaWera uaresdeba, bavSvebi, iseve,
rogorc mSoblebi, saSinlad zaraldebian.

SemTxvevebis sixSire da ganmartebebi

bavSvis mimarT Zaladoba adamianis istoriasTan erTad iwyeba, magram
es problema farTod mxolod am bolo dros gacnobierda da mkvlevarebma
misi arsis gageba daisaxes miznad. SesaZloa xalxis interesi gaizarda,
radgan bavSvebisadmi cudad mopyroba gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria didi
industriuli qveynebisaTvis. uaxlesi Sedegebis mixedviT 906,000 amerikeli
(yoveli 1,000-dan12) da 136,000 kanadeli bavSvi (yoveli 1,000-dan 10)
identificirebulebi iyvnen, rogorc msxverpli (Trocome & Wolfe,2002;U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services,2005). radgan SemTxvevebis umetesoba
daufiqsirebelia, savaraudod WeSmariti monacemebi bevrad ufro maRalia.
bavSvebis mimarT Zaladobis formebia:
• fizikuri Seuracxyofa: Zaladoba bavSvebze _ fexiT cema, kbena,
SejanjRareba, Cqmeta an daniT daWra, rac fizikur dazianebs iwvevs.
• seqsualuri Zaladoba: mofereba, aqti, eqsgibicionizmi, komerciuli
eqspluatacia an pornografiis produqciis gamoSveba da seqsualuri
eqspluataciis sxva formebi.
• uaryofa: marcxi, uzrunvelyon bavSvis bazisuri saWiroebebi, rogoricaa
sakvebi, tansacmeli. samedicino yuradReba, ganaTleba da
zedamxedveloba.
• emociuri Seuracxyofa: qmedeba, romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios
seriozuli fsiqikuri da qceviTi darRveva, socialuri izolaciis,
ganmeorebiTi gaumarTlebeli, aralogikuri moTxovnis, dacinvis,
gaqilikebis, daSinebisa da teroris CaTvliT. dafiqsirebuli
ugulebelyofis SemTxvevebis 40-50%, fizikuri Seuracxyofis daaxloebiT
30 %, emociuri Seuracxyofa 10-20 %. magram es cifrebi mxolod
miaxloebiTia, radgan bevri bavSvi Zaladobis erT saxeobaze mets
ganicdis. precendentTa umravlesobis avtorebi Tavad mSoblebi arian
SemTxvevaTa 80 procentze metSi. sxva naTesavebi 7 procents Seadgenen.
danarCeni mudmivad modis mSoblebis araoficialur partniorebze,
skolis xelmZRvanelobaze, banakis mrCevlebsa da sxva ufrosebze. dedebi
ugulebelyofaSi ufro xSirad arian CarTulebi, vidre mamebi. dedisa da
mamis mxridan fizikuri Seuracxyofis procentuli maCvenebeli
erTnairia.
gansakurebiT gulsaklavi SemTxvevebis 18 procentSi deda da mama
erTad sCadiodnen Zaladobas. patara da skolamdeli asakis bavSvebi
fizikuri, emociuri da seqsualuri Seuracxyofis didi riskis qveS
imyofebian. TiToeul asakobriv jgufSi Zaladobis yvelanair saxeobas
vxvdebiT (Trocome & Wolfe,2002;U.S.Department of Health and Human Services,2005).
bavSvis mimarT Zaladobrivi qcevis ganxorcielebis mizezebi
adre Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, bavSvisadmi cudad
mopyrobis fesvebi unda veZioT ufrosebis fsiqologiur darRvevebSi
(Kempe et al., 1962). magram miuxedavad imisa, rom bavSvis mimarT Zaladoba
ufro tipuria SfoTvis mqone mSoblebis mxridan, male naTeli gaxda, rom
erTjeradad moZalade pirovnebis tipi ar arsebobs.
zogjer normaluri mSoblebic ki azianeben TavianT Svilebs. Tumca
sulac ar aris aucilebeli, rom im mSoblebma, romlebic bavSvobisas
Zaladobis msxverplni iyvnen, TviTonac Zaladobas mimarTon.
(Buchanan,1996;Simons et al.,1991).
•ojaxi• bavSvebi, romlebic TavianTi ATvisebebis gamo Znelad
aRsazrdelebad yalibdenian, savaraudod ufro xSirad xdebian
Seuracxyofisa da Zaladobis samizne.
eseni arian umwifari, udReurad naSobi an avadmyofi bavSvebi da is
bavSvebic, visac rTuli xasiaTi aqvs an uyuradRebo, hiperaqtiuria an
ganviTarebis sxva problemebi aqvs. bavSvis faqtori mxolod umniSvnelod
zrdis misdami Seuracxyofis albaTobas (Sidebotham et al.,2003). amgvar
bavSvebs cudad moepyrobian Tu ara, ZiriTadad damokidebulia mSoblebis
qaraqterologiurATaviseburebebze.
mSoblebi, romlebic cudad epyrobian bavSvebs, sxva mSoblebze
uaresad floben konfliqtis mogvarebis teqnikas da ver axerxeben saerTo
miznis misaRwevad bavSvebis CarTvas TanamSroblobis procesSi. isini
agreTve itanjebian Svilze mcdari azrisgan. magaliTad, maT cud qcevas
xSirad ufro uaresad aRiqvamen, vidre es sinamdvileSia. TavianTi Svilebs
miaweren miuRebel yofaqcevas, jiut an cud dispozicias, an ususurobas
ganicdian mSoblis rolis Sesrulebisas. es aris is perspeqtivebi,
romelTacAswrafad mivyavarT fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebasTan (Bugental &
Happaney,2004;Haskett et al., 2003).
rogorc ki Zaladoba daiwyeba, is swrafad xdeba urTierTobis
mdgradi nawili. patara gaRizianeba, romelzec moZalade mSobeli reaqcias
iZleva – magaliTad, Mmousvenaroba an skolamdeli asakis bavSvi, romelic
rZes gadaaqcevs da mSobels myisve ar daemorCileba _ SesaZloa male did
gaRizianebaSi gadaizardos. skolamdel asakamde moZalade mSoblebs
iSviaTad aqvT urTierToba SvilebTan da rodesac isini amas akeTeben,
iSviaTad ganicdian siamovnebasa da siyvaruls; komunikacia TiTqmis
yovelTvis uaryofiTia (Wolfe,1999). mSoblebis umetesobas sakmarisi
TviTkontroli aqvs, rom Svilebis cud yofaqcevasa an ganviTarebis
problemebze reaqcia ZaladobiT ar gamoxatos. am garemoebebs sxva
faqtorebi uerTdeba da ukidures reaqcias iwvevs. umarTavi mSoblis stresi
asocirebulia cud mopyrobasTan. moZalade mSoblebi stresul situaciaze
Zlieri emociuri afeqtiT pasuxoben. iseTi stresorebi, rogoricaa dabali
Semosavali da cudi ganaTleba (naklebi, vidre saSualo skolis atestati),
umuSevroba, xSiri gadasvla adgilidan adgilze, mSoblobis adreuli asaki,
alkoholisa da narkotikebis moxmareba, colqmruli konfliqti, xalxiT
gadatvirTuli sacxovrebeli pirobebi da saxlis ukiduresi
mouwesrigebloba saerToa Seuracxmyofel ojaxebSi (Wekerle & Wolfe,2003).
amgvari da situaciuri pirobebi zrdis risks, radgan mSoblebi metismetad
daTrgunulebi iqnebian bavSvis aRzrdis ZiriTadi pasuxismgeblobis
Sesasruleblad. isini TavianT frustracias (imedgacruebas) imiTi
gantvirTaven, rom uteven bavSvs.

•sazogadoeba• moZalade mSoblebis umravlesobas ar gaaCnia arc

formaluri da arc araformaluri mxardaWera da xelSewyoba. am socialur
izolacias sul cota ori mizezi aqvs. pirveli _ es aris maTi cxovrebis
istoria _ bevrma amgvarma mSobelma iswavla, rogor ar unda endos da unda
ganeridos adamianebs. maT ar gaaCniaT pozitiuri urTierTobebis
Camoyalibebisa da SenarCunebisTvis aucilebeli unar-Cvevebi. meore mizezi
is aris, rom mSoblebi, romlebic cudad epyrobian bavSvs,Dumeteswilad
cxovroben arastabilur, dabali donis ubanSi, romelic ver uzrunvelyofs
maT saTanadod ojaxisa da sazogadoebis kavSirebiT, iseTiT, rogoricaa
parkebi, bavSvis aRzrdis centrebi, skolamdeli programebi, rekreaciuli
centrebi da religiuri instituciebi (Coulton,Korbin,&Su,1999). am mizezebis
gamo maT akliaT kavSiri sxvebTan da stresuli mdgomareobis dros aravin
hyavT, rom dasaxmareblad mimarTon.
ufro metic, stresorebi asocirebulia Zaladobriv garemosa da
mezoblobaSi cxovrebasTan, rac zrdis saxlis konfliqtze Zaladobriv
reaqcias. gamokvlevaSi, romelic Catarda sazafxulo banakSi, saskolo
asakis bavSvebi, romlebic iuwyebodnen, rom smeniaT, gamoucdiaT an mowmeebi
yofilan mezoblebis mier ganxorcielebuli Zaladobrivi qmedebebisa
(iseTisa, rogoricaa cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyeneba, daniT daWra da
seqsualuri Tavdasxma), umetes SemTxvevaSi fizikuri Zaladobis msxverplni
aRmoCndnen da sastikad iyvnen ugulebelyofilni (Lynch & Cicchetti,1998).

•farTo kulturuli konteqsti• problemebiT mSoblebis

gadatvirTulobis SemTxvevaSi kulturuli faseulobebi, kanonebi da
Cveulebebi, bavSvze Zaladobis ganxorcielebisTvis Zlieri
maprovocirebeli faqtoria. sazogadoeba, romelic Zaladobas problemis
mogvarebis misaReb gzad miiCnevs, platformas qmnis bavSvTa
SeuracxyofisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da
kanadas aqvT kanonebi, romlebic icavs bavSvebs Zaladobisgan, mSoblebis
mier fizikuri dasja farTodaa gavrcelebuli.
yoveli ganviTarebuli qveyana, garda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa
da kanadisa, ukve krZalavs skolaSi fizikuri sasjelis gamoyenebas (Center
for Effective Discipline,2005). sabednierod, amerikis zogierTma Statma da
kanadis zogierTma provinciam miiRo kanoni, romelic amas krZalavs.

bavSvis mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladobis Sedegebi

Zaladobis msxverpli bavSvebis ojaxuri pirobebi auaresebs maTi
emociuri TviTregulaciis ganviTarebas, empaTiasa da simpaTias, TviTaRqmas,
socialur unar-Cvevebsa da akademiur motivacias. droTaAganmavlobaSi, am
axalgazrdebs uvlindebaT seriozuli problemebi, iseTi, rogoricaa
swavla da Segueba skolaSi warumateblobasTan, Zlieri depresia,
agresiuli qceva, sirTuleebi megobrebTan, narkotikebis moxmareba da
delinkventuroba (Bolger & Patterson, 2001). kanadaSi Catarebulma kvlevam
aCvena, rom saSualo skolis is moswavleebi, visac xSirad Seuracxyofdnen,
ufro mZime danaSaulSi iyvnen CarTulebi, gauformebeli iaraRis tarebisa
da sxvebze fizikuri Tavdasxmis CaTvliT (Wolfe et al., 2001).
rogor viRebT zianis momtan Sedegebs? ojaxuri maxasiaTebeli,
romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli bavSvze ZaladobasTan, aris Zaladoba
meuRlis mimarT (Copx,Kotch,&Everson,2003). naTelia, rom Seuracxyofili
bavSvebis ojaxSi didi albaTobaa imisa, rom isini agresias miiCneven
problemis gadawyvetis gzad. ufro metic, mSoblebis mxridan damamcirebel
mopyrobas _ dacinvas, gaqilikebas, uaryofas an daterorebas, Sedegad
mosdevs dabali TviTSefaseba, momatebuli SfoTva, TviTdadanaSauleba,
depresia da mcdeloba, rom Tavi aaridon ukidures fsiqologiur tkivils –
drodadro imdenad Zliers, rom TviTmkvlelobac ki scados mozardma
(Wolfe,1999). skolaSi, is bavSvebi visac cudad epyrobian, Zalian
seriozulad problemuri arian disciplinis TvalsazrisiT. maTi
daumorCilebloba, dabali motivacia da kognituri umwifroba xels uSlis
akademiur miRwevebs – es aris is Sedegi, romelic yvelaze metad amcirebs
cxovrebiseuli warmatebis miRwevis SesaZleblobas (Wekerle & Wolfe,2003).
ganmeorebiTi ZaladobiT gamowveuli travma dakavSirebulia
centraluri nervulisistemis dazianebasTan _ eeg-ize Tavis tvinis talRis
anomalur aqtivobasTan, es Sedegebi zrdis imis saSiSroebas, rom kognituri
da emociuri problemebi gagrZeldeba.

bavSvis mimarT Zaladobis prevencia

imis gamo, rom bavSvebisadmi cudad mopyroba ojaxis, Temisa da
sazogadoebis SigniT xdeba, mcdeloba amis aRmosafxvrelad mimarTuli
unda iyos TiToeul am doneze, risTvisac bevri midgoma iqna
SemoTavazebuli: maRali riskis mSoblebisTvis bavSvis aRzrdis efeqturi
strategiis swavleba, saSualo skolis bavSvebisTvis gamocdilebis
pirdapiri gaziareba, ganviTarebis kursebi da farTo socaluri programa,
romlis mizania dabali ses-is ojaxebis ekonomikuri pirobebis
gaumjobeseba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ufro meti SemTxveva aRwevs sasamarTlomde,
vidre es iyo bolo aTwleulebSi, bavSvebze Zaladoba Znelad
dasamtkicebel danaSaulTaArigs miekuTvneba. erTaderTi mowmeebi
umeteswilad msxverpli bavSvebi an ojaxis erTguli sxva wevrebi arian.
sasamarTlo procesebis drosac ki, rodesac samxili Zlieria,
mosamarTleebi yoymanoben, gamoitanon saboloo ganaCeni, romelic Semdgomi
dazianebisgan daicavs bavSvebs, anu samudamod wamoiyvanon bavSvi ojaxidan.
arsebobs amgvari winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebulebis ramdenime mizezi.
pirveli, amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadaSi mTavrobis Careva ojaxis
cxovrebaSi bolo saSualebaa. meore, ojaxis destruqciuli urTierTobebis
miuxedavad, daCagruli bavSvebi da maTi mSoblebi Cveulebriv, erTmaneTze
arian mijaWvulni. umeteswilad arc erTs ar unda gancalkeveba. da bolos,
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da kanadis sasamarTlo sistema bavSvebs,
ufro metad mSoblebis sakuTrebad Tvlis, vidre uflebis mqone adamianebad
da esec eRobeba sasamarTlo wesiT dakanonebul dacvas.
 intensiuri mkurnalobis miuxedavad, zogierTi mSobeli utexia Tavis
Zaladur qmedebaSi. 1,500 amerikeli da 100 kanadeli bavSvi _ umeteswilad
patara da skolamdeli asakisani _ yovel wels cudi mopyrobisgan iRupeba
(Trocome & Wolfe,2002; U.S. Department and Health and Human Services,2005).
rodesac mSoblebi ver cvlian qcevas, erTaderTi gamarTlebuli qmedeba
aris bavSvebisa da mSoblebis gancalkeveba da mSoblis uflebebis
samarTlebrivi Sewyveta.
 mowifuloba

zogadi daxasiaTeba. mowifulobis adreuli xana

asakis gansazRvreba.
mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT, rom TavisTavad qronologiuri asaki
nakleb informatulia. individis biologiuri, fsiqologiuri da socialuri
asaki ganixileba rogorc sami damoukidebeli cneba.
biologiuri asaki _ adamianis cxovrebis saSualo xangrZlivoba
mniSvnelovnad icvleba individebSi. biologiuri asaki 40 wlis mamakacis,
romelsac guli aqvs daavadebuli da ramdenime wlis sicocxle aqvs
darCenili sul sxvaa, vidre 40 wlis janmrTeli mamakacisa, romelsac kidev
35 wlis sicocxlis imedi aqvs.
biologiuri asaki _ es aris organizmis morfologiuri da
fiziologiuri ganviTareba. ratom gaxda saWiro am cnebis damkvidreba?
kalendaruli (qronologiuri, pasportis) asaki ar aris sakmarisi adamianis
janmrTelobisa da Sromisunarianobis gansazRvrisTvis.
erTi asakis adamianebs Soris Cveulebriv mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa.
gansvla adamianis qronologiur da biologiur asakebs Soris saSualebas
gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT daberebis intensivoba da adamianis funqcionaluri
SesaZleblobebi. aseTi cvlilebebi SedarebiT neli tempiT midis
axalgazrdebSi da yvelaze Cqara xandazmulebSi.
biologiuri asaki, memkvidreobiTobis garda, damokidebulia garemo
pirobebze da cxovrebis stilze. amitom cxovrebis meore naxevarSi
erTidaigive asakis adamianebi SeiZleba sakmaod gansxvavdeboden
biologiuri asakiT. SedarebiT axalgazrdebi arian xolme is adaminebi,
romelTac aqvT kargi memkvidreoba da SedarebiT jansaRi cxovrebis stili.
biologiuri asakis gansazRvris meTodi: arterialuri wneva,
filtvebis sasicocxlo tevadoba, ; mxedveloba, smena, yuradRebis gadatanis
siswrafe, motoruli aparati; jansaRi kbilebis raodenoba.
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos sqesi, individualuri da konstituciuri
Taviseburebebi, socialuri faqtorebis gavlena da sxv.
jansaRi cxovrebis wesi gavlenas axdens biologiur asakze. misi
Semcireba, stabilizacia an Seneleba niSnavs daberebis Senelebas. yvelaze
gadamwyveti aris fsiqologiuri faqtori _ survili daxarjo amaze Zala,
dro da Tanxebi.
gerontologebi Tvlian, rom qalebi ufro nela berdebian da
cxovroben 6-8 wliT mets. qalebis meti sicocxlisunarianoba SeimCneva
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. arsebobs aseve socialur-fsiqologiuri
mizezebis mTeli rigi, romlebic sxvadasxvanairad axdenen gavlenas sqesTa
sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze. qalebisTvis dadebiTi socialuri faqtorebia
seqsualuri cxovrebiT kmayofileba, ojaxisa da Svilebis yola.
mamakacebisTvis ki mniSvnelovania _ kmayofileba karieriT.
socialuri asaki fasdeba imis mixedviT ramdenad Seesabameba
individis mdgomareoba mocemuli kulturis normebs. 50 wlis daqorwinebul
mamakacs 3 SviliT uyureben sul sxvanairad, vidre 50 wlis martoxela kacs,
romelic barebSi cdilobs partniorebis gacnobas.
fsiqologiuri asaki migvaniSnebs imaze, Tu ramdenad adaptirebulia
adamiani garemosadmi. is moicavs inteleqtis dones, daswavlis unars,
motorul Cvevebs da iseT subieqtur faqtorebs, rogoricaa grZnobebi,
ganwyobebi da motivebi.
am faqtorebis erTianobas gulisxmobs mowifulobis cneba. marTalia,
biologiuri da socialuri faqtorebi aris aucilebeli pirobebi
zrdasrulobis misaRwevad (magaliTad, garkveuli asaki da socialuri
statusi), zrdasrulobis ganmsazRvreli aris garkveuli fsiqologiuri
Tvisebebic: materialuri da socialuri damoukidebloba da avtonomia,
gadawyvetilebebis damoukideblad miRebis unari da garkveuli xarisxiT
xasiaTis simtkice, keTilgoniereba, sandooba, patiosneba da TanagrZnobis
unari. Tumca mkveTri asakobrivi sazRvrebis dadgena samive TvalsazrisiT
SeuZlebelia.

zrdasruli adamianis ganviTarebis amocanebi

zrdasrulobis periodis mTavari amocanebis gansazRvrisas mecnierebi
xSirad mimarTaven eriksonis Teorias. mis mier gamoyofili stadiebi aris
safuZveli am asakis adamianebis ganviTarebis gasagebad. eriksonis azriT,
mTavari problema, romelic unda gadaiWras adreuli zrdasrulobis asakSi,
aris identobis miRwevasa da rolebis aRrevas Soris da siaxlove _
izolacias Soris arsebuli konfliqtebi.
identobis miRweva aris centraluri problema Wabukobis asakSic.
miuxedavad amisa bevri mkvlevari (maT Soris eriksonic) Tvlis, rom
identobis sakiTxebi rCeba aqtualurad mTeli zrdasrulobis manZilze.
identobis miRwevis procesebi uzrunvelyofen uwyvetobis gancdas.
identobis ZiebaSi adamianebs uxdebaT sakuTari Tavis, prioritetebis da
socialur samyaroSi Tavisi adgilis Sefaseba da gadafaseba.
winaaRmdegoba siaxlovesa da izolacias Soris aseve damaxasiaTebeli
problemaa adreul mowifulobaSi. siaxlove moiTxovs urTierTobebis
damyarebas sxva adamianTan. siaxlove aris erTianoba ori adamianis
identobis, rodesac ar ikargeba TiToeulis ganumeorebeli Tavisebureba.
izolacia ki dgeba maSin, roca adamiani ver axerxebs aseTi urTierTobis
damyarebas. zogjer imis gamoc, rom individis identoba imdenad sustia, rom
sxvasTan erTianobisas Cndeba sakuTari Tavis dakargvis riski.
 erTi SexedviT, eriksonis Teoria stadiebs mkveTrad gamoyofs, magram
TviTon eriksoni sakmaod moqnilad iyenebs Tavis Teorias. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom es aris cxovrebis normatiuli krizisebis modeli.
• varaudoben, rom identobis miRwevis da siaxlove-izolaciis problemebi
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze arsebobs. mniSvnelovanma movlenebma,
rogoricaa ojaxis wevris sikvdili, SeiZleba erTdroulad gamoiwvios
identobis da siaxlovis krizisi, radgan adamiani danakargzec wuxs da
cdilobs isev ipovos sakuTari Tavi partnioris dakargvis Semdeg. sxva
qalaqSi gadasaxleba, axali samsaxuri _ aseTi movlenebi moiTxoven
fsiqologiur da socialur adaptacias. axal situaciaSi adamians
SeiZleba dasWirdes ndobis aRdgena, damoukideblobis miRweva, axali
megobrebis SeZena da sakuTari kompetenturobis da Sromismoyvareobis
damtkiceba, manamde, sanam marTlac SesZlebs xelaxla igrZnos Tavi
zrdasrulad. e.i. Tavidan gavla im safexurebis, romelic eriksons aqvs
gamoyofili. ra Tqma unda, am axalma situaciam SeiZleba misgan
moiTxovos sakuTari identobis axal konteqstSi gadaazreba. amitom
bevri Tanamedrove moazrovnisTvis identobis miRwevis procesebi da
siaxlovis damyareba aris centraluri mowifulobaSi ganviTarebis
Taviseburebebis gasagebad.

• mniSvnelovania kulturuli konteqstis gaTvaliswineba, radgan

sxvadasxva kulturebSi SesaZlebelia mniSvnelovani koreqtivebi Sevides
am modelSi.
1938 wels harvardis universitetis TiTqmis 300 studentma (maT Soris
iyo jon f. kenedic) Tanxmoba ganacxada vailantis mier wamowyebul
longitudur kvlevaSi monawileobaze. SerCeuli iqna is studentebi,
romelTac janmrTelobis mdgomareoba, Tavdajerebuloba, miRwevis
moTxovnileba da xasiaTis simtkice sxvebTan SedarebiT maRali hqondaT.
wlebis manZilze isini gadioden testirebas, maTgan iRebden intervius,
aanalizebden monacemebs, akvirdeboden maT ganviTarebas. am kvlevas uwodes
"Grand study".
xdeboda monawileTa zrdasrulobaSi miRweuli warmatebebis Sedareba
studentobis wlebSi miRebul monacemebTan. aRmoCnda, rom komunikabeluri,
idealisti studentebi, iseve warmatebuli iyvnen, rogorc morcxvi, Caketili
axalgazrdebi. mecnierebma daaskvnes, rom megobruloba mxolod Wabukobis
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa, romelic araa aucilebeli gamovlindes
zrdasrul cxovrebaSic. momavalSi warmatebebis winaswarmetyveleba ufro
naTlad aris SesaZlebeli axalgazrdebis iseTi TvisebebiT, rogoricaa
praqtikuloba, pirovnebis organizebuloba da mTlianoba.
kvlevam gamoavlina aseve, rom iseTi qcevebi da dacviTi meqanizmebi,
rogoricaa gandevna (cnobieridan gadatana aracnobierSi), proeqcia (sxva
adamianze gadatana) da sublimacia (sxva saqmianobaze, sxva sferoSi
gadatana), aris gadamwyveti zrdasrulobaSi warmatebis misaRwevad. es
meqanizmebi ganixileboda ara rogorc paTologiuri procesebi (rogorc
froidis TeoriaSia warmodgenili), aramed rogorc Sedegiani, adaptaciuri
reagireba krizissa da problemaze.
vailentis kvlevis Tanaxmad, es dacviTi meqanizmebi asruleben 5
mniSvnelovan funqcias zrdasruli adamianis cxovrebaSi:
1. isini akaveben emociebs dasaSveb farglebSi Zlieri emociuri
daZabulobis dros, magaliTad, sayvareli adamianis dakargvisas;
2. exmarebian biologiuri ltolvebis mimarTvas saWiro mimarTulebiT;
3. saSualebas iZlevian moxdes koregireba (Sesworebebis Setana) me-s xatSi
iseTi mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli movlenebis kvaldakval, rogoricaa
samsaxureobrivi dawinaureba an mZime qirurgiuli operacia;
4. exmarebian adamians uaxloes garemocvaSi arsebuli konfliqtebis
mogvarebaSi;
5. uzrunvelyofen sindisTan seriozuli konfliqtebis racionalizaciis
SesaZleblobas. magaliTad, ramdenad dasaSvebia omis dros adamianis
mkvleloba.
kvlevis monawileebi yvelaze warmatebulad adaptacias axerxebden
sublimaciis meSveobiT. sublimaciisas adamiani miuRebel impulsebs
mimarTavs socialurad misaRebi miznebisken, imis magivrad rom gandevnos es
survilebi da impulsebi an moaxdinos maTi proecireba sxva adamianze.
yvela es meqanizmi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, xels uwyobs araxelsayrel
viTarebaSi me-s SenarCunebas da mis ganmtkicebasac ki.
ra faqtorebi uwyobs xels am dacviTi meqanizmebis ganviTarebas?
aRmoCnda, rom inteleqti da uzrunvelyofili bavSvoba ar iZleva
zrdasrulobaSi adaptirebulobis garantias.
vailentis kvlevam daadastura eriksonis stadiebis arseboba, magram
monacemebma ubiZga Seetana ori cvlileba am TeoriaSi. vailentma gamoTqva
varaudi, rom siaxlovis damyarebasa da generatiulobis ganviTarebas Soris
aris SedarebiTi Sinagani simSvidis periodi da mas uwoda karieris
ganmtkicebis stadia, radgan individi koncentrirdeba swavlaze,
profesiuli statusis ganmtkicebaze, ojaxis uzrunvelyofaze. rogorc ki
misi kariera aewyoba, mas SeuZlia daubrundes identobis, kerZod ki
generatiulobis, sakiTxebs.
vailentma kidev erTi stadia Semoitana eriksonis generatiulobisa da
ego-s mTlianobis stadiebs Soris. am Sualedur stadiaze xdeba konfliqti
"cxovrebis azris SenarCunebasa" da "mouqnelobas" Soris. Sinagani meryeoba
da aRiareba sociokulturuli Rirebulebebis, maTi rolis da im xerxebis,
romlebiTac es Rirebulebebi unda iqnas SenarCunebuli cxovrebis
bolomde, TandaTan neldeba. adamiani ufro Semwynarebeli xdeba, rac ego-s
mTlianobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca jer ar miuRwevia misTvis.

ojaxuri erTierTobebisa da profesiuli ganviTarebis ciklebi

zrdasrulobis kriteriumi aris individis axal pirobebTan
warmatebiT Seguebisa da cvlilebebze reagirebis unari. winaaRmdegobebisa
da siZneleebis pozitiuri gadawyveta aris zrdasruli adamianis qcevis
safuZveli. zrdasruli adamianebis ganviTarebis gzaze gvxvdeba kulturiT
ganpirobebuli socialuri orientirebi, aseve socialuri rolebi da
socialuri ganwyobebi, romlebic Sedis ojaxuri cxovrebisa da karieris
ciklebSi. socialuri da emociuri ganviTarebis, codnis, Cvevebisa da
gamocdilebis zrdasTan erTad TandaTanobiT SeimCneva fizikuri
cvlilebebic, romelic am wlebSi xdeba. yvelafer amaze SeiZleba gavlena
iqonios moulodnelma matravmirebelma movlenebma romlebic xdeba rogorc
pirad cxovrebaSi, aseve sazogadoebis da mTeli kacobriobis cxovrebaSi.
es SeiZleba iyos normatiuli da aranormatiuli movlenebi.
normatiulia movlenebi, romelTa dadgoma mosalodnelia garkveul dros
an ganicdeba amaTuim kohortis (Taobis) warmomadgenelTa umravlesobis
mier. aseTia, magaliTad, pirvelad samuSaos Zieba an Svilebis daojaxeba da
saxlidan wasvla. amis sapirispirod arsebobs aranormatiuli da Zalian
piraduli movlenebi, romlebic xdeba sruliad moulodnelad individis
cxovrebaSi: meuRlis uecari sikvdili, mZime avadmyofoba, latariaSi mogeba
an samsaxuris dakargva. aseTi movlenebi, Cveulebriv, moulodnelad xdeba
da ar Seexeba adamianebis farTo wres, isini uSualod individSi iwveven
mniSvnelovan daZabulobas da xSirad adamianisgan cxovrebis Zirfesvian
Secvlasac ki moiTxoven.

identoba, siaxlove da generatiuloba (adamiani ojaxSi da samsaxurSi).

eriksonis Tanaxmad, adreuli zrdasrulobis periodSi adamianis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani amocanaa Tavisi identobis dadgena. identobis
formireba _ uwyveti procesia. mowifulobaSi Sesulma individma unda
moaxdinos struqturireba da gadastruqtureba Tavisi piradi, profesiuli
da ojaxuri identobis Tavisi Sinagani da gare samyaros cvlilebebTan
erTad.
identobis formirebasTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli megobrebTan
da meuRlesTan siaxlovis ganviTareba. isini, visac ar aqvs am periodSi
axlo urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis unari, SeiZleba ganicdiden sirTuleebs
socialur adaptaciaSi (itanjeboden martoobis gancdiT, daTrgunulobiT
da eWvianobiT "podozritelnost").
eriksoni Tvlida, rom zrdasrulobaSi mTavaria generatiulobis
miRweva. bevri cdilobs generatiulobis miRwevas ojaxis SeqmniT da
STamomavlobaze zrunviT. sxvebi cdiloben amas profesiuli saqmianobiT.
maswavlebeli _ axali Taobis aRzrdiT, eqimi _ sicocxlis gadarCeniT,
muSa _ raRacis SeqmniT. mokled, individi ganixilavs sakuTar Tavs imis
mixedviT ra gaakeTa.
adamiani _ ojaxis wevri. sxvadasxva asakis qalebisa da mamakacebis
gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom ojaxi Zalian mniSvnelovania identobis
gancdisTvis. respodentebi saubrobden iseT socialur rolebze rogoricaa
mSoblis, meuRlis, dis an Zmis, Svilis roli. saubrobden ojaxur
siaxloveze, miznebsa da amocanebze, movaleobebze, urTierTobebze,
urTierTdaxmarebaze da TviTrealizaciaze. ojaxi aqvs axalgazrdasac,
romelic ar aris jer daojaxebuli, magram aris gardamaval periodSi
mSoblebis ojaxidan damoukideblobisken.
adamiani _ mosamsaxure. rodesac mecnierebi cdilobden gaegoT riT
aris mniSvnelovani maTTvis samsaxuri, miiRes ZiriTadad ori tipis pasuxi:
gamoikveTa samuSaos Sinagani faqtorebi (interesi, profesiuli
kompetenturoba da sxv.) da garegani faqtorebi (xelfasi, statusi,
komfortuli samuSao adgili da samuSao dro, xelmZRvanelebis
kompetenturoba, kargi urTierTobebi kolegebTan, winsvlis SesaZlebloba
da sxv.).

fizikuri ganviTareba da janmrTeloba adreuli mowifulobis xanaSi

fizikurma ganviTarebam SeiZleba piks miaRwios adreuli mowifulobis
stadiaze.
fizikuri Zala da gamZleoba. qalebisa da mamakacebis umravlesoba am
asakSi arian energiulebi, Zlierebi da gamZle ise, rogorc arasodes.
fizikuri Zala, organoTa funqcionireba, reaqciis siswrafe, motoruli
Cvevebi da adamianis sxva fizikuri SesaZleblobebi aRwevs maqsimums 25 _ 30
wlis diapazonSi. 30 wlidan ki isini nela, magram SesamCnevad klebisken
midis. Tumca Dam parametrebis daqveiTeba 30-dan 50 wlamde araa iseTi
mkveTri, rogorc bevrs warmoudgenia. 40 wlamde fizikuri SesaZleblobebis
done rCeba gasakvirad maRal doneze. mniSvnelovani daqveiTeba am
maxasiaTeblebis dgeba 40 wlis Semdeg. faqtiurad, SesamCnevi daqveiTeba 25
wlis Semdeg SeiZleba iyos mxolod maRali rangis spotsmenebisaTvis,
sxvebisTvis ki es umniSvneloa.
 am asakSi, Cveulebriv, fizikuri SesaZleblobebis daqveiTeba SesamCnevi
xdeba mxolod kritikul situaciebSi da maSin, roca mkveTrad izrdeba
datvirTva organizmze. magaliTad, orsuloba qalebTan, romelTa asakic
uaxlovdeba 40-s, meti energetikuli rezervebis xarjvas iTxovs da
mSobiarobis Semdegac meti dro sWirdebaT Zalebis aRsadgenad.
analogiurad, 25 wlis mamakacs ufro SeuZlia "gauZlos" ramdenime
samsaxuris datvirTvas, vidre 40 wlians.
fizikuri forma da janmrTeloba. es periodi janmrTelobis xanaa.
gansakuTrebiT es damaxasiaTebelia maTTvis, vinc yuradRebas aqcevs kvebas,
varjiSobs, ar eweva, ar moixmars narkotiks da zedmet alkohols.
janmrTelobisadmi yuradReba da fizikuri varjiSis Cvevebi, romelic am
asakSi yalibdeba, xSirad SenarCundeba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze.
fizikuri forma. varjiSi da swori kveba Zlier gavlenas axdenen
zrdasrulTa fizikur formaze. rac ukeTesia kveba da fizikuri momzadeba
mowifulobis xanaSi, miT ufro gvian modis sibere.
sikvdilianoba adreul zrdasrulobaSi, sxva periodebTan SedarebiT,
dabalia. ganviTarebul qveynebSi axla qalebi iSviaTad iRupebian
mSobiarobisas, tuberkuliozic aRar aris ZiriTadi saSiSroeba am
asakisTvis. xolo diabets, gulisa da Tirkmelebis daavadebebs medicina
axla ufro ukeT ereva. aSS-Si ZiriTadi mizezi 25-44 ww mamakacebis
sikvdilis aris aiv-infeqcia, romelsac mivyavarT Sidsamde; Savkaniani
mamakacebisTvis sikvdilis meore gavrcelebuli mizezia kanondarRvevebisas
srolaSi daRupva; mesame mizezia avtosagzao SemTxvevebi.
avadmyofoba, Sromisuunaroba da fizikuri nakli. marTalia,
sikvdilianoba dabalia sxva asakobriv jgufebTan SedarebiT, magram
pirveli niSnebi daavadebebis swored am periodSi Cndeba. SeiZleba ver
vgrZnobT veranair simptomebs, magram iwyebs ganviTarebas filtvebis, gulis
da Tirkmelebis daavadebebi, arTritebi da arTrozebi, aTerosklerozi da
RviZlis cerozi. garda amisa, am periodSi iwyeba iseTi genetikuri
daavadebebi, rogorc diabeti da anemia an gafantuli sklerozi da
revmatoiduli arTriti, aseve stresebTan dakavSirebuli hopertonia, kuWis
wyluli da depresia.
zogjer socio-kulturuli movlenebi da faqtorebi qmnian situaciebs,
romelic iwvevs axalgazrdebSi daavadebebs da sikvdilsac ki. magaliTad,
omis dros bevri iRupeba an invalidi xdeba, aseve damnaSaveobis maRali
donis gamo did qalaqebSi aris msxverpli da narkomania;
fizikur naklTan Segueba Znelia nebismier asakSi, magram
gansakuTrebiT Wabukobis xanaSi da adreul zrdasrulobaSi, rodesac xdeba
profesiis arCeva da intimuri urTierTobebis damyareba.
aris 3 faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens fizikuri naklis mqone
adamianis garemosadmi adaptirebulobaze:
 1. mniSvnelovania adamianma icodes da esmodes raSi mdgomareobs misi
fizikuri defeqti da amiT gamowveuli SezRudvebi (Tu ver swavlob
iaponurs, am enis SemswavlelTa jgufSi siZneleebi geqneba);
2. ramdenad xerxdeba gamklaveba sxva adamianebis ganwyobebTan da
socialur molodinebTan. invalidebi xSirad Seejaxebian xolme
stereotipul azrovnebas da diskriminaciasac ki _ isini ecodebaT, an
amcireben, uunarod Tvlian;
3. mniSvnelovania gamklaveba SiSebTan, auxdenel ocnebebTan,
frustraciasTan, dakargul SesaZleblobebTan, aseve danaSaulis
grZnobasTan da risxvasTan.
aseTi krizisis sawyis etapze dainvalidebuli adamiani SeiZleba
ganicdides mwuxarebas, SeiZleba iyos Tavzardacemuli da dakargos imedi;
is, rom ver akeTebs yoveldRiurobaSi imas, rac sxvebisTvis problema ar
aris (magaliTad, damoukideblad Cacma an Tavis movla), SeiZleba iwvevdes
gaRizianebas da imedgacruebas. risxva da frustracia (imedgacrueba) Cndeba
sazogadoebis mxridan moulodnelad Seqmnili dabrkolebebisa da
barierebis gamoc (magaliTad, transportis araTavsebadoba invalidebis
etlebisadmi an trotuarebisa da kibeze asasvlelebis ar arseboba).

kognituri ganviTareba _ formaluri operaciebis miRma.

bavSvobisa da mozardobis periodSi kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebi
SedarebiT naTlad gamoiyofa, rac arc ise advilia zrdasrulobis
periodSi. dgeba kiTxva _ ra xdeba am periodSi _ grZeldeba kognituri
zrda Tu ara?
uwyveti inteleqtualuri aqtivobis Sedegad adamianebi droTa
ganmavlobaSi (mowiful asakSi an xandazmulobaSi) floben ufro met
codnas. magram es cvlilebebi TviTon inteleqtSi xdeba Tu mxolod
adamianis kompetencia icvleba? kognituri ganviTareba Wabukobis Semdegac
grZeldeba? erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi araa. adre mecnierebi Tvliden, rom
inteleqtualuri unarebi piks aRweven Wabukobis xanis bolos da adreuli
mowifulobis dasawyisSi. magaliTad, rodesac pirveli msoflio omis dros
yvela wvevamdels Cautares zogadi inteleqtis testebi, aRmoCnda, rom 15-
dan 25 wlamde axalgazrdebi ukeT asrulebden testebs, vidre SedarebiT
ufrosi asakis wvevamdelebi. 30-ian da 40-ian wlebSi Catarebulma
kvlevebmac igive aCvenes. ufrosi Taobis Sedegebi yovelTvis iyo ufro
dabali, vidre axalgazrda Taobis. magram aseTi Sedegebi miiReboda
yovelTvis kveTis meTodiT kvlevisas.
40-iani wlebis bolos, longituduri kvlevis monacemebis Tanaxmad,
sapirispiro Sedegebi miiRes. cdispirTa monacemebi izrdeboda, yovel
SemTxvevaSi 20-dan 40 wlamde periodSi da stabilur doneze rCeboda
(plato) 45 wlis asakidan. riT aixsneba aseTi sxvaoba monacemebSi? mizezi
SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva, magram sxva faqtorebTan SedarebiT gamoikveTa
ganaTlebis nakleboba ufros TaobaSi.
romeli kognituri unarebi izrdeba asakTan erTad? davalebebis
swrafad Sesrulebis unari, meqanikuri mexsiereba da matricebiT operirebis
unari piks aRwevs Wabukobis bolos. profesia xSirad ganapirobebs Tu
romeli unari ganviTardeba TandaTan. magaliTad, fsiqologebs
uviTardebaT albaTuri azrovneba, humanitarebs _ tradiciuli logika.
Tanac, xSirad gamoyenebuli Cvevebi ufro didxans SenarCundeba. magaliTad,
arqiteqtorebi inarCuneben sivrcul-vizualur azrovnebas saSualoze maRal
doneze. msjelobisa da daskvnis unari mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
viTardeba. marTalia bevri mecnieri Tvlis, rom ganaTleba da gamocdileba
gavlenas axdens am procesze, magram saerTo azri jer ar aris sabolood
SeTanxmebuli.
studenturi azrovnebis "stadiebi". arsebobs Tu ara formaluri
operaciebis stadiis Semdgomi stadia? aris Tu ara Tvisebrivi sxvaoba
axalgazrdebis azrovnebasa da mozrdili adamianis azrovnebas Soris?
arsebobs perris klasikuri kvleva. harvardisa da redklifis
universitetebis 140 studentisgan 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi yoveli saswavlo
wlis bolos iRebden intervius. mkvlevarebs ainteresebdaT rogor
gaiazrebden studentebi Tavisi swavlis gamocdilebas. gansakuTrebiT
ainteresebdaT rogor axerxebden studentebi gaerkviaT arsi im uamravi
urTierTsapirispiro mosazrebebis da kriteriumebis, romelsac xvdeboden
swavlisas. perrim gamoyo "studenturi azrovnebis" stadiebi:
1. Tavidan studentebi axdenden samyaros interpretirebas da Tavis
gamocdilebas ganixilavden dualisturad. isini eZebden WeSmaritebas da
miiswrafoden codnisken. samyaro SeiZleboda yofiliyo mxolod kargi an
cudi, swori an araswori. maswavleblebis rolia _ aswavlon studentebs,
studentebis roli ki _ bejiTad iswavlon.
2. magram male es studentebi Seejaxnen gansxvavebebs Tvalsazrisebs Soris,
meryeobas da Secdomebs. SesaZlebelia sagnebi iswavleboda ise, rom
aeZulebinaT studentebi damoukideblad moeZebnaT pasuxebi kiTxvebze.
SesaZloa profesorebs TviTon ar hqondaT swori pasuxebi am kiTxvebze.
3. gansxvavebul TvalsazrisebTan Sejaxebis Semdeg studentebma
TandaTanobiT daiwyes aRiareba am mravalferovnebis da moswondaT
kidec. maT daiwyes miCveva azrTan, rom adamianebs aqvT gansxvavebuli
mosazrebebis qonis ufleba da gaiges, rom nebismier adamians SeuZlia
konteqstidan gamomdinare, erTsa da imave movlenas miudges ori mxridan.
4. Tumca aseTma midgomam adgili dauTmo sabolood moTxovnilebas sadao
sakiTxebze mivides sakuTar mosazrebamde da pasuxebamde. studentebi
 Tavidan sifrTxiliT, Semdgom ki myarad iRebden pasuxismgeblobas Tavis
arCevanze.
amrigad, studentebi TandaTan ufro Semwynarebeli iyvnen mravali
gansxvavebuli mosazrebebisadmi da Semdgom pasuxismgeblobas iRebden
damoukideblad arCeul poziciasa da gakeTebul arCevanze.
klaus rigelma adreul mozrdilobaSi kognituri ganviTarebis
mniSvnelovan miRwevad miiCnia winaaRmdegobebis gagebis unari. is amas
uwodebs dialeqtikur azrovnebas _ adamiani gaiazrebs sapirispiro
mosazrebebs da akeTebs am mosazrebebis sinTezirebas an integrirebas.
dialeqtikur azrovnebaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani aspeqtia idealurisa
da realuris integracia.
perrisa da rigelis mosazrebebi emyareba universitetis studentebis
gamokvlevas, amitom SesaZloa Sedegebi studentobis Taviseburebas asaxavs
da ara zogadad zrdasrulobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel cvlilebas.

zrdasruli adamianis inteleqtis stadiebi (Saie);

k. uorner Saiesa da robert keganis TeoriebSi yuradReba gamaxvilda
imaze, Tu rogor iyeneben zrdasruli adamianebi inteleqts cxovrebiseuli
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.
Saies zrdasruli inteleqtis ganviTarebis stadiebi. yvela mecnieri
ar iziarebs ideas, rom arsebobs inteleqtis ganviTarebis mexuTe stadia.
zogierTi Tvlis, rom zrdasrulis azrovnebis ganmasxvavebeli niSania
moqniloba, romliTac zrdasrulebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon yvela is
kognituri unari, romelTac floben am momentisTvis. Saie Tvlis, rom:
• formaluri operaciebis stadiaze adamians ukve aqvs azrovnebis Zlieri
instrumentebi da amas SeZenis periods uwodebs.
• adreul zrdasrulobaSi Cven viyenebT Cvens inteleqtualur unarebs rom
gavikeToT kariera da avirCioT cxovrebis stili. da am periods
miRwevebis periods uwodebs. es mniSvnelovani periodia adamianis
kognitur ganviTarebaSi, rodesac Cven viyenebT cxovrebaSi azrovnebis,
problemebis gadawyvetisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis unarebs. magram
saubaria ara inteleqtualur testebze an abstraqtul problemebze.
ZiriTadad igulisxmeba, rom zrdasrulma adamianma unda miiRos piradi
gadawyvetilebebi cxovrebis Sesaxeb.
• isini, vinc warmatebiT arTmevs Tavs amas, iZenen pirovnul
damoukideblobas garkveuli xarisxiT da gadadian kognituri Cvevebis
moqnilad gamoyenebis Semdgom fazaze. es aris socialuri movaleobebis
periodi. Saies azriT, saSualo zrdasrulobaSi Cven viyenebT Cvens
kognitur unarebs, rom gadavwyvitoT sxvebis problemebi _ ojaxSi,
TemSi, samsaxurSi. zogs sakmaod rTuli movaleobebi aqvs da SeuZlia
 gamoiyenos Tavisi unarebi administraciuli funqciebis
Sesasrulebladac.
• dabolos, ufro gvian asakSi gadasawyveti problemebis xasiaTi isev
icvleba. mTavari amocana xdeba mTeli ganvlili cxovrebis movlenaTa
reintegracia _ sakuTari cxovrebis mTlianobaSi gaazreba da ganvlili
gzis Sefaseba.
rogorc Cans, SaiesTvis kognituri ganviTarebis arsi zrdasrulobis
xanaSi mdgomareobs ara unarebis gafarTovebasa da struqturul
cvlilebebSi, aramed ramdenad moqnilad iyenebs inteleqts adamiani
cxovrebis sxvadaxva periodSi.
moraluri ganviTarebisa da TviTSemecnebis Semswavlel mecnierTa
nawili ganixilavs zrdasrulobas rogorc uwyveti ganviTarebisa da
cvlilebebis periods. kegani xazs usvams, rom adamianebi ganagrZoben
azrobrivi sistemebis ganviTarebas. is gamoyofs "azris Seqmnis" ramdenime
dones _ es aris azrobrivi sistemebi, romlebic awesrigeben Cvens
cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas, axdenen azrovnebis da grZnobebis organizebas
da ganapirobeben amaTuim qcevas. zrdasrulobaSi SesvlasTan erTad Cveni
individualuri azrobrivi sistemebi xdeba unikaluri da Tanac bevri ram
aqvT saerTo am asakSi myof sxva adamianTa azrobriv sistemebTan. yovel
stadiaze Zveli xdeba axalis nawili, iseve rogorc bavSvebTan samyaros
konkretuli gageba xdeba formaluri operaciebis doneze samyaros
gaazrebis wanamZRvari. keganisa da misi Tanamoazreebis Tanaxmad, adamianebis
umravlesoba ganagrZobs samyaros Taviseuli xedvis struqturirebasa da
restruqturirebas 40 wlamde da Semdegac; sakmaod optimisturi poziciaa.

kognituri ganviTareba da me-s formireba (lovingeri)

bevri mecnieri cdilobda gaeerTianebia kognituri da pirovnebis
ganviTarebis aspeqtebi. jein lovingeri cdilobda aRewera sakuTar Tavze
warmodgenebis formirebis procesi da daedgina SeiZleba Tu ara droTa
ganmavlobaSi me-koncefciebis ganviTareba warmodgenil iqnas Tanamimdevari
stadiebis saxiT. lovingerma SeaerTa fsiqoanalizis Teoria, kolbergis
moraluri ganviTarebis zogierTi aspeqti da empiriuli kvlevebis Sedegebi.
misi modelis birTvi aris ego _ fsiqoanalituri konstruqti, romelic
axloa me-koncefciasTan, magram misi identuri ar aris. lovingeri Tvlis,
rom individis ego gadis ganviTarebis ramdenime stadias. es stadiebi
gamoiyofa kognituri unarebis, moraluri ganviTarebisa da pirovnuli
faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
Tavisi mosazrebebis Sesamowmeblad lovingerma SeimuSava ramdenime
testi "daumTavrebeli winadadebebis". is varaudobda, rom adamianebi
winadadebebis damTavrebisas axdenen Tavisi Sexedulebebis proecirebas
pasuxebSi da ase SegviZlia gavigoT rogoria maTi damokidebuleba gare
samyaros mimarT. mravalricxovani testirebis Sedegad man gamoyo
pirovnebis ganviTarebis 7 ZiriTadi stadia da 3 gardamavali stadia. yoveli
momdevno stadia winamorbedze ufro rTulia da ganviTarebis procesSi
arcerTis gamotoveba ar xdeba. adamianTa mxolod umniSvnelo raodenoba
aRwevs damamTavrebel stadiebs. marTalia, stadiebi garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT dakavSirebulia qronologiur asakTan, magram aucilebeli
araa masze iyos damokidebuli.
pirveli ori stadia _ socialuramdeli da impulsiuri _ gvxvdeba
yvelaze patara bavSvebTan. socialuramdel stadiaze patarebi
damokidebulebi arian im adamianebze, vinc maTze zrunavs, koncentrirebuli
arian mxolod sakuTar moTxovnilebebze da miiswrafian siamovnebis
miRebisken. isini afaseben Tavis qcevebs rogorc kargs an cuds imis
mixedviT amas dasja mohyveba Tu waxaliseba. maTi warmodgenebi samyaroze
egocentrulia da konkretuli. lovingerma aRmoaCina, rom zogi bavSvi,
mozardi da zrdasrulic ki ganviTarebisas Cerdeba am stadiaze.
mesame _ TviTdacvis _ stadia ufro progresulia. am stadiaze
individis ego xelmZRvanelobs angarebiT da piradi interesebis
dasakmayofileblad yvela xerxi misaRebia misTvis. aseTi adamianebis
damokidebuleba sxvebisadmi mimarTulia kontrolze, batonobaze,
motyuebaze da sakuTar usiamovnebebze. isini emorCilebian wesebs mxolod
piradi sargeblis miRebisaTvis da usiamovnebis asacileblad. adreuli
bavSvobis asakSi bevria am stadiaze. aq CarCenili mozardebi da
zrdasrulebi, Cveulebriv, cdiloben yvelaferSi naxon piradi sargebeli
da aseve sxvebiT manipulirebas cdiloben.
am wertilSi xdeba gadasvla meoTxe, konformistul, stadiaze,
romelsac adamianebis umravlesoba aRwevs an bavSvobis bolos, an
siymawvilis xanaSi. individis ego sakuTar Tavze msjelobs garegani
niSnebis mixedviT (qoneba, statusi, reputacia da garegnoba) da iSviaTad
mimarTavs Sinaganad gancdil grZnobebs da msjelobisas mxolod
banalurobas da kliSeebs iyenebs. wesebs emorCilebian ubralod "imitom,
rom es wesia" an "imitom rom asea saWiro". individi cdilobs aicilos
sxvebis mxridan gakicxva da roca amas ver axerxebs, aqvs sircxvilis
grZnoba.
Semdegi sami stadia saWiroebs refleqsiur azrovnebas mozardis an
zrdasrulisgan. mexuTe, gacnobierebis, stadiaze individebi aRmoaCenen, rom
"swori" da “araswori” damokidebulia imaze, ganixilaven Tu ara Tavis
Taviseburebebs, miRwevebsa da idealebs sakuTari principebidan gamomdinare,
aucileblad xelmZRvaneloben Tanatolebis an avtoritetuli adamianebis
normebiT. wina stadiebisgan gansxvavebiT, am stadiaze adamianebs aqvT
TviTkritikis unari.
 sanam meeqvse, avtonomiurobis stadias miaRwevden, adamianebma unda
gaiaron gardamavali stadia, romelzec iZenen paradoqsuli
urTierTobebisadmi Semwynareblobis unars. ukeT acnobiereben Sinagan
konfliqtebs pirad saWiroebebsa da maTive idealebs Soris, aseve sakuTari
da sxva adamianebis mier erTidaigive movlenebis aRqmebSi. sul ufro metad
aqvT unari gaugon sxvas, gamoxaton Semwynarebeloba maTi Sexedulebebis,
arCevanis da gadawyvetilebebis mimarT. gansjis magivrad isini iwyeben imis
aRiarebas, rom sxvasac aqvs sakuTari gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba.
meSvide, integraciuli stadia miiRweva rodesac adamianebi iZenen
unars pativi scen da Searigon konfliqturi mxareebi Tavis TavSic da
sxvebTan urTierTobebSic. isini aramarto moTminebiT iReben imas, rom
sxvebi maT ar gvanan, aramed afaseben kidec am gansxvavebas. lovingeris
mixedviT am stadias aRwevs zrdasrulebis 1%-ze naklebi.
 ojaxi (lora berki)

sxva arsebebTan SedarebiT adamianis Svilebi nela viTardebian,

wlobiT saWiroeben xelSewyobasa da swavlebas, sanam TavianTi fizikuri da
socialuri garemos marTvas SeZleben da damoukideblebi gaxdebian.
TandaTanobiTi svla simwifisken adamianis socialuri organizebis yvela
sferos aCnevs kvals: ojaxi wamyvania, mSoblebi umniSvnelovanes rols
Svilis cxovrebaSi.
rasakvirvelia, sxva garemoc awrTobs bavSvebs, magram ojaxs
zegavlenis siZlieriTAda masStabiT veraferi Seedreba. is mijaWvuloba,
romelic bavSvebs uyalibdebaT mSoblebisa da da-Zmis mimarT, Cveulebriv,
mTeli cxovreba grZeldeba da isini saurTierTobo modelad gamoiyenebian
ubansa da skolaSi.

evoluciuri fesvebi
ojaxi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli da Cveulebrivi formiT – anu
mTeli kacisa da qalis Tanacxovrebis valdebuleba, gamokvebon,
TavSesafari miscen da mouaron Svilebs, sanam isini mowifulobas miaRweven
_ warmoiSva aTiaTasobiT wlis win Cvens monadire winaprebs Soris. bevri
sxva arseba cxovrobs socialur jgufebSi, magram isini iSviaTad qmnian
ojaxis msgavs erTeuls. Citebisa da ZuZumwovrebis mxolod 3% qmnis ojaxs
(Emlen 1995), maimunebsa da maimunis msgavsebSic ki, romlebic adamianTan
yvelaze axlos arian, ojaxi ar arsebobs.
anTropologebs sjeraT, rom vertikalurad or fexze siarulis unari
mniSvnelovani evoluciuri nabiji iyo, ramac ojaxis erTeulis
Camoyalibebamde migviyvana. imdenad ramdenadac xelebi Tavisufali iyo
nivTebis da sagnebis satareblad, Cveni winaprebisTvis ufro advili iyo
TanamSromloba da Tanamonawileoba, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebis
uzrunvelsayofad.
mamakacebi, Cveulebriv, gadaadgildebodnen nanadirevis ZiebaSi, qalebi
ki agrovebdnen xils da sxva mcenareul sakvebs, im SemTxvevisTvis, Tu
nadiroba warumatebeli aRmoCndeboda. adamianis ojaxis modeli, sadac qali
da kaci iRebdnen gansakuTrebul pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Svilebze,
imitom warmoiSva, rom is gadarCenis Sanss zrdida. is uzrunvelyofda
SedarebiT myar balanss mamakaci monadireebisa da qali Semgroveblebis
socialuri jgufis SigniT da amiT qmnida yvelaze ufro saimedo dacvas
SimSilobisas mwiri nanadirevis pirobebSi (Lankaster & Whitten, 1980).
xangrZlivi urTierToba qalsa da mamakacs Soris zrdida mamakacis
rwmenasac, imaSi, rom Cvili marTlac misi STamomavali iyo – da badebda
ndobas, romelic mas sWirdeboda imisTvis, raTa uzrunveleyo bavSvi
sakvebiT, TavSesafriT da wvlili Seetana mis aRzrdaSi ( Bjorklund, Yunger &
Pellegrini, 2002). STamomavlis xangrZlivi damokidebuleba zrdasrul
adamianze niSnavda am adamianis bavSvebis sicocxles sqesobriv
momwifebamde da SviliSvilebis dabadebas – amas ki mravali wlis
ganmavlobaSi mSoblebis zrunva esaWiroeboda. amgvarad, imisTvis, rom
bavSvis gadarCenis Sansi gazrdiliyo da mravali STamomavlis aRzrda
gamxdariyo SesaZlebeli, mamebi monawileobas iRebdnen bavSvis aRzrdaSi
(Geary, 2000). adamianis mamebi ufro met dros uTmoben mamobas vidre sxva
mamri ZuZumwovris didi umravlesoba (Clutton-Brock, 1991).
sisxliT naTesavTaAjgufebi izrdeboda sxva naTesavebTan kavSiris
SenarCunebis xarjze, ufro xSirad eseni iyvnen ara marto bebia-babua,
aramed deida, biZa, biZaSvilebi, deidaSvilebi da ase Semdeg. amgvari vrceli
naTesauri qseli an klani iyo garanti STamomavlebis dacvisa da aRzrdisa.
klanis SigniT ufrosebi exmarebodnen bavSvebsa da sxva axalgazrda
naTesavebs megobris SerCevasa da bavSvze zrunvaSi da amiT maTi genetikuri
memkvidreobis gagrZelebis albaTobas zrdidnen ( Geary & Flinn, 2001). imis
gamo, rom ekonomikuri da socialuri movaleobebi ojaxis wevrebs Soris,
mniSvnelovani iyo Tavis gadarCenisTvis, xangrZlivi valdebulebisTvis
xelis Sesawyobad warmoiSva Zlieri emociurikavSirebi mSoblebs, bavSvebsa
da sxva naTesavebs Soris (Nesse, 1990; Williams, 1997).

ojaxis funqciebi
garda imisa, rom xels uwyobda misi wevrebis gadarCenas,
sazogadoebisTvis sasicocxlo funqcia Cveni evoluciuri winaprebis
ojaxis iyo:
• reproduqcia _ gardacvlili wevrebis Canacvleba;
• ekonomikuri momsaxureba _ saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Seqmna da
ganawileba;
• socialuri wesrigi _ konfliqtis Semcirebisa da wesrigis dasacavi
procedurebis
• ganawileba;
• socializacia _ axalgazrdebis wvrTna, raTa isini sazogadoebis
kompetenturi da qmediTi wevrebi gaxdnen;
• emociuri mxardaWera _ sxvebis daxmareba emociuri krizisis
daZlevasa da yovel adamianSi movaleobisa da miznis gancdis
CamoyalibebaSi.

adamianis adreul istoriaSi, ojaxi SesaZloa yvela am funqcias

asrulebda, magram, imis gamo, rom sazogadoeba ganviTarda, ojaxis mimarT
wayenebuli moTxovna damZimda saimisod, rom adamians martos uzrunveleyo
is an misTvis Tavi gaerTmia. Sesabamisad, garkveuli funqciebis
ganxorcielebis uzrunvelsayofad ganviTarda sxva instituciebi da
ojaxebi ufro did socialur struqturebs daukavSirda, magaliTad,,
politikuri da iuridiuli instituciebi iRebdnen pasuxisgeblobas
socialuri wesrigis uzrunvelyofaze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ojaxis zogierTi wevri dResac erTad asrulebs
ekonomikur funqcias (rogorc ojaxuri meurneoba da biznesi), es funqcia
daekisra im instituciebs, romlebic uamrav samsaxurs qmnian. Tanamedrove
ojaxi moixmars da iyenebs gacilebiT ufro met produqts, saqonelsa da
momsaxurebas, vidre warmoqmnis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi funqcia gadanawilebulia sxva
instituciebze, iseTi sami ZiriTadi funqcia, rogorebicaa: reproduqcia,
socializacia da emociuri xelSewyoba, ojaxis ZiriTad prerogativad
rCeba. mkvlevarebi, romelTac ainteresebs, rogor asruleben am funqciebs
ojaxebi, iReben socialuri sistemis perspeqtivas da ojaxs ganixilaven
interaqciuli urTierTobebis rTul kompleqsad, romelzec zegavlenas
axdens ufro farTo socialuri konteqsti.

ojaxi _ socialuri sistema

socialuri sistemebis perspeqtivis zegavlena ojaxis
funqcionirebaze dadasturda mkvlevarTa ZalisxmeviT, ojaxis wevrebs
Soris urTierTqmedebis kompleqsuri modelis aRweriTa da axsniT.

pirdapiri zegavlena
sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis ojaxebis Seswavlam cxadyo, rom
rodesac mSoblebi mkacrebi, magram Tbilebi arian, bavSvebi Txovnas
usruleben. rodesac bavSvebi TanamSromloben mSoblebTan, maTi mSoblebi
savaraudoT Tbilebi da faqizebi arian Sedegad da piriqiT, rodesac
mSoblebi disciplinas uxeSobiTa da mouTmenlobiT amyareben, bavSvebi
winaaRmdegobas uweven da meamboxeni xdebian. imis gamo, rom bavSvebis cudi
yofaqceva mSoblebisTvis stresulia, isini ufro xSirad mimarTaven
sasjels, rac, Tavis mxriv, bavSvSi ufro met uwesobas aRvivebs (Stormshak et
al.,2000; Whiteside-Mansell et al.,2003). erTi ojaxis wevris qceva imdagvar
urTierTqmedebas warmoSobs meore wevrSi, romelic bavSvis keTildReobas
xels uwyobs an anadgurebs mas.

arapirdapiri zegavlena
ojaxis or nebismier wevrs Soris urTierTqmedebaze gavlenas
garemoSi myofi sxva wevrebic axdenen. bronfenbreneri amgvar arapirdapir
zegavlenas mesame mxaris efeqts uwodebs. mkvlevarebis gacxovelebuli
interesi gamoiwvia iman, rogor cvlis bavSvis pirdapir gamocdilebas
ojaxSi arsebuli mravalgvari urTierTobebi _ dedisa mamasTan, mSoblebisa
SvilebTan, bebiis an babuis mSoblebTan. marTlac, bavSvis dabadebas
SeiZleba hqondes mesame mxaris gavlena mSoblebis urTierTqmedebaze, ramac,
Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba zegavlena iqonios bavSvis ganviTarebasa da
keTildReobaze. mesame mxare SeiZleba aRmoCndes ganviTarebis mxardamWeri
an, piriqiT, ganviTareba daRupos. magaliTad,, rodesac mSoblebis col-
qmruli urTierToba Tbili da yuradRebiania, dedebi da mamebi aqeben da
amxneveben Svilebs da iSviaTad lanZRaven da sdeben maT Sars.
piriqiT, rodesac qorwineba daZabuli da mtrulia, mSoblebi
gacilebiT naklebad pasuxismgebelni arian TavianTi bavSvis
moTxovnebisadmi da xSirad akritikeben maT, gamoxataven brazs da sjian maT
( Cox, Paley & Harter, 2001; McHale et al., 2002).
bavSvebs, romlebic mudmivad TavianTi mSoblebis braziani,
gadauWreli konfliqtebis momswre arian, emociur daculobasa da emociur
TviTregulaciasTan dakavSirebuli uamravi problema aqvT. es Seicavs
orives: rogorc internalizebul sirTuleebs (gansakuTrebiT gogonebSi),
iseTs, rogoricaa sakuTari Tavis dadanaSauleba, wuxili, nerviuloba, SiSi
da mSoblebis urTierTobebis aRdgenis mcdeloba, ise eqsternalizebul
sirTuleebs ( gansakuTrebiT biWebSi), rac vlindeba muqaris gancdasa da
sul ufro da ufro metad aSkara da daufarav agresiaSi.(Davis & Lindsay,
2004; Hart et al., 1998). ufro metic, im gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, romelic
Catarebulia iseT mravalerovan qveynebSi, rogorebicaa bangladeSi, CineTi,
bosnia da SeerTebuli Statebi, mSoblebis konfliqti mudmivad arRvevs da
angrevs karg mSoblobas mzardi kritikis, mozardebis damcirebis, maTi
saqmianobis da arsebobisadmi yuradRebis Semcirebis gamo. amgvari
mSoblebis yolis gamocdileba axalgazrdebs problemebs umatebs (Bradford
et al., 2003).
maSinac ki, rodesac mSoblebTan kamaTi Zabavs bavSvebis Seguebadobas,
ojaxis sxva wevrebs SeuZliaT warmatebuli interaqciis aRdgena. bebia da
babua swored is adamianebi arian, romlebic am SemTxvevisTvis gamodgebian.
rogorc cnobilia, maT SeuZliaT xeli Seuwyon bavSvis ganviTarebas
sxvadasxva kuTxiT – rogorc pirdapir _ Tbili reaqciiTa da mzrunveli
daxmarebiT, ise arapirdapir _ imiT, rom mSoblebs bavSvis aRzrdis rCevebs
miscemen, aRzrdis modelebs miawvdian da finansur daxmarebasac gauweven
(Drew, Richard & Smith, 1998). rasakvirvelia, iseve rogorc es nebismieri
arapirdapiri zegavlenisas xdeba, SeiZleba bebia-babuamac uaryofiTi
gavlena moaxdinon _ rodesac bebia-babuasa da mSoblebs Soris
konfliqturi urTierToba arsebobs, bavSvebi SeiZleba dazaraldnen.

cvlilebebTan adaptacia
ojaxis farglebSi Zalebis urTierTqmedeba dinamikuri da mudmivad
cvalebadia, radgan TiToeuli wevri cdilobs moergos sxva wevrebis
ganviTarebas. magaliTad,, maSin, rodesac bavSvebi iZenen axal unar-Cvevebs,
mSoblebi cdiloben moergon stils, romliTac urTierToba aqvT TavianT
ufro kompetentur axalgazrdebTan.
mSoblebis ganviTareba zegavlenas axdens bavSvebze. umniSvnelo zrda
mSoblisa da bavSvis konfliqtisa, romelsac aRiniSneba adreul
mozardobaSi, ar aris mxolod Tineijerebis damoukideblobisaken swrafviT
gamowveuli. es is droa, rodesac mSoblebis umetesobam ukve saSualo asaks
miaRwia da acnobierebs, rom maTi Svilebi male saxls datoveben da
damoukidebel cxovrebas daiwyeben. es aiZulebs maT, gadaxedon TavianT
valdebulebas ( Steinberg & Silk, 2002). Sesabamisad, maSin, roca mozardi
iswrafvis meti avtonomiisken, mSoblebi iswrafvian ufro meti
erTianobisken. es uwonasworoba warmoSobs uTanxmoebas, romelsac mSobeli
da Tineijeri TandaTanobiT agvarebs imiT, rom ergeba cvlilebebs ( Collins,
1997). marTlac, ojaxis garda arc erT socialur erTeuls ar sWirdeba
morgeba Tavisi wevrebis esoden did cvlilebebTan.

ojaxis sistema konteqstSi

socialuri sistemebis perspeqtiva, ojaxs mis garSemo myofi
socialuri konteqstis gavlenis qveS myofad ganixilavs. maSin, roca
bronfenbreneris modelis mezosistema da eqzosistema naTels xdis, rom
mezoblobasa da ufro farTo sazogadoebas Soris kavSiri iseT formalur
organizacebTan, rogoricaa skola, samsaxuri, rekreaciuli centri, bavSvis
movlis centri da religiuri instituciebi, agreTve naTesavebis,
megobrebisa da mezoblebis araformaluri socialuri qselis msgavsad,
zegavlenas axdens bavSvisa da mSoblis urTierTobaze.
zogierTi gamokvlevis mixedviT, dabali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebi
iSviaTad iReben vauCers sazogadoebrivi dasaxlebidan iseT samezoblo
ubanSi gadasasvlelad, romelic simdidriT Zalian gansxvavebulia. Rarib
raionSi darCenil megobrebTan da TanatolebTan SedarebiT, bavSvebi da
axalgazrdebi, vinc naklebad Rarib raionebSi gadavida, Tvisebrivad
ukeTesi fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobiTa da saskolo miRwevebiT
gamoirCevian (Goering,2003;Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2003).
cudi MmSoblebi da gapartaxebul raionSi cxovreba gansakuTrebiT
zrdis bavSvebis arasasurveli yofaqcevasa da axalgazrdebis asocialuri
qcevis procents. (Brody et al.,2003;Kohen et al.,2002) da, piriqiT, socialuri
konteqstiT garsSemortymuli Zlieri ojaxuri kavSirebi – gviCvenebs, rom
kontaqti megobrebTan da naTesavebTan, axalgazrdobis organizebul
saqmianobasTan, eklesiaSi, sinagogasa an meCeTSi regularuli siaruli –
amcirebs axalgazrdebis adaptaciis problemebs (Garbarino & Kostelny.,1993;
Magnuson & Dunkan, 2002).
rogor amcirebs kavSiri ojaxsa da sazogadoebas Soris stress da
rogor exmareba bavSvis ganviTarebas?
• mSoblebis interpersonaluri mimRebloba. mezobeli an naTesavi,
romelic usmens da cdilobs Seamsubuqos mSoblis dardi, zrdis mis
TviTSefasebas.
• mSoblebisTvis faseuli informaciisa da momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomoba.
megobari, romelic urCevs, sad iSovos samsaxuri an saxli, an adamiani,
romelic mouvlis bavSvebs maSin, roca mSobeli sxva saWiro saqmianobiT
aris dakavebuli, exmareba meuRlis, Semomtanis mzrunvelis rolis
SesrulebaSi.
• bavSvis aRzrdis kontroli da rolis modelebi. megobrebi, naTesavebi da
sazogadoebis sxva wevrebi waaxaliseben da bavSvebTan urTierTobis
efeqtur stils aCveneben da araefeqtur qcevas gadagafiqrebineben.
• pirdapiri daxmareba bavSvis aRzrdaSi. radgan bavSvebi da mozardebi
monawileoben TavianTi mSoblebis socialur qselSi da axalgazrdoba
zeorientirebul sazogadoebriv saqmoanobaSi, sxva ufrosebs SeuZliaT
gavlenis moxdena bavSvebze siTbos gamoCeniT, waxalisebiTa da
kompetenturi pirdapiri modelebis farTo speqtris CvenebiT.
amgvarad, ojaxisa da samezoblos kavSirebi amcirebs uxeiro mSoblobis
zegavlenas (Silk et al., 2004).

• socialur-ekonomikuri statusi • ses is indeqsia, romelic ganaTlebis

wlebs, prestiJsa da ostatobas aerTianebs da adamianis samsaxurisa da
SemosavlisTvisaa saWiro _ es urTierTkavSirSi myofi faqtorebia, radgan
ganaTleba zegavlenas axdens karieris SesaZleblobasa da Semosavalze.
rodesac sesi maRla iwevs an dabla Camodis, mSoblebi da bavSvebi dgebian
Seclili viTarebis winaSe, romelic ojaxis funqcionirebaze axdens
zegavlenas da mis yvela komponentSic sesi monawileobs. mSoblebis
ganaTleba da Semosavali arsebiTad zemoqmedebs dasaqmebulobaze, romelic
marTalia ufro nakleb, magram mainc mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs (Duncan
& Magnusson, 2003).
dabali ses-is mqone mSoblebi xazs usvamen garegan Taviseburebebs da
maxasiaTeblebs, iseTs, rogoricaa damjeroba, zrdiloba, mowesrigebuloba
da sisufTave.
da piriqiT maRali ses-is mqone mSoblebi xazs usvamen fsiqologiur
maxasiaTeblebs, iseTs rogoricaa cnobismoyvareobas, bednierebas,
mizanswrafulobas, kognitur da socialur momwifebulobas. (Duncan &
Magnusson, 2003: Hoff, Laursen, & Tardiff, 2002: Tudge et al., 2000). damatebiT, mamebi,
romlebic maRali ses-is mqone ojaxebidan arian, ufro CarTulni arian
bavSvis aRzrdaSi da saxlisa da saSinao pasuxismgeblobaSi.
es gansxvavebebi ojaxur urTierTobebze aisaxeba. mSoblebi, romelTa
ses ufro maRalia, ufro xSirad esaubrebian, ukiTxaven an sxvanairad
axdenen Svilebisa da skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis waxalisebas. rodesac
bavSvebi izrdebian, maRali ses-is mqone mSoblebi iyeneben met siTbos,
axsnasa, iseve, rogorc sityvier Seqebas da Svilebis ganviTarebis maRal
miznebs usaxaven. brZanebebi (`ase unda moiqce, imitom, rom me geubnebi~),
kritika da fizikuri sasjeli ufro damaxasiaTebelia dabali ses-is mqone
ojaxebisTvis ( Bradley & Corwyn, 2003).
stresis maRali done, romelic ekonomikuri daucvelobiT aris
gamowveuli, fizikuri sasjelis mniSvnelovnebis rwmenis garda, dabali ses-
is mqone mSoblebs mkacri disciplinis gamoyenebisken ubiZgebs (Pinderhughes
et al., 2000).
ufro metic, bevri dabali ses-is mqone mSobeli ususurobasa da
zegavlenis naklebobas ganicdis saxlis gareT arsebul urTierTobebSi,
magaliTad, samsaxurSi uxdebaT sxvisi wesebisadmi damorCileba, imaTi,
visac Zalaufleba da avtoriteti aqvs. rodesac saxlSi brundebian, maTi
mSobeli-Svilis urTierToba TiTqosda imeorebs am gamocdilebas, mxolod
im gansxvavebiT, rom axla isini arian avtoritetis rolSi. maRali ses-is
mqone mSoblebi ki piriqiT, metad akontroleben TavianT cxovrebas.
samsaxurSi damoukidebel gadawyvetilebas iReben da sxvebs TavianTi azris
sisworeSi arwmuneben. saxlSi ki savaraudod am saxis Cvevas unergaven
Svilebs (Greenberger, O’Neil, & Nagel, 1994).

•simdidre• kargi ganaTlebisa da materialuri simdidris miuxedavad,

mdidari mSoblebi, visac sjera, rom Svils yovelgvari upiratesoba unda
misces _ Zalian xSirad ver axerxeben mSoblis rolis ise Sesrulebas, rom
aman janmrTeli ganviTareba uzrunvelyos.
ramdenime gamokvlevaSi mecnierebi mozardobis wlebamde
akvirdebodnen im axalgazrdebs, romlebic maRali ses-is mqone ubnebSi
izrdebodnen (Lither & Latendresse, 2005a). meSvide klasisTvis bevrs hqonda
seriozuli problema, romelic saSualo skolaSi gauaresda. magaliTad,,
isini ufro metad da xSirad iyvnen Cabmulebi narkotikebis moxmarebaSi da
hqondaT SfoTvisa da depresiis ufro maRali done, vidre Sida qalaqis
dabali ses-is mqone axalgazrdebs (Luther & Becker, 2002). ufro metic,
mdidar, magram ara Sida qalaqis TineijerebSi korelacia aRiniSna
sigaretis, alkoholis, Zlieri narkotikebisa da marixuanas moxmarebasa da
SfoTvasa da depresias Soris, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom es mdidari
axalgazrda adamianebi, TviTmkurnalobisTvis iRebdnen narkotikebs – es is
gamocdilebaa, romelic mudmivi arasasurveli qcevis winapirobaa.
meTerTmete klasisTvis 20% moixmarda narkotiks da imavdroulad
emociuri, akademiuri da qceviTi problemebi hqonda ( Luther & Sexton, 2004).
ratom aqvs problema da ratom aris Sewuxebuli amdeni mdidari
axalgazrda? gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom maT mSoblebi ori arasasurveli
pirobis winaSe ayeneben: zomaze metis miRwevis presi. mozardebi,
romelTaAmSoblebi maT miRwevebs metad afaseben, vidre maT Tvisebebs, ufro
xSirad gamoxataven SfoTvas, depresias da moixmaren narkotiks. es
axalgazrdebi miRwevis marcxs xSirad pirad marcxad aRiqvams.
ufrosebisgan izolacia. cudad adaptirebuli axalgazrdebi
aRniSnaven, rogorc iSviaT urTierTobasa da mwir zedamxedvelobas skolis
Semdeg, aseve nakleb emociur siaxloves mSoblebis mxridan. profesiulad
da socialurad dakavebuli mSoblebis msgavsad bevr Tineijers
gadatvirTuli ganrigi aqvs da Zalian dakavebulia, magram daSorebulia
ojaxs (Luther & Becker, 2002). mTlianobaSi, mdidari mSoblebi, fizikurad
da emociurad TiTqmis iseve araxelmisawvdomebi arian SvilebisTvis,
rogorc Sida qalaqSi mcxovrebi mSoblebi, romelTac finansuri
sirTuleebi aqvT.

•siRaribe• rodesac ojaxi siRaribeSi iZireba, maSin mSoblis rolis

warmatebiT Sesruleba da bavSvis ganviTareba seriozuli safrTxis winaSe
dgeba.
mudmivi stresorebi, romelic siRaribes Tan sdevs, TandaTanobiT
asustebs ojaxis sistemas. Rarib ojaxebs aqvT Zalian bevri yoveldRiuri
gaugebroba _ gadasaxdeli angariSi, gafuWebuli manqana, socialuri
daxmarebis dakargva, saxlidan moparuli nivTebi _ es mcire CamonaTvalia
imisa, rac SeiZleba ojaxs hqondes. rodesac yoveldRiuri krizisi iwyeba,
mSoblebi depresiulebi, gaRizianebulebi da ganadgurebulebi xdebian,
izrdeba agresiuli urTieTobebi, rasac bavSvis ganviTareba ewireba (Evans,
2004).
uaryofiTi Sedegi gansakuTrebiT mZimea erTi mSoblis ojaxSi,
romelic iZulebulia icxovros cud sabinao pirobebSi, saxifaTo ubanSi an
usaxlkarod _ es aris is pirobebi, romelic yoveldRiur arsebobas kidev
ufro arTulebs da amcirebs socialur xelSewyobas, rac ekonomikuri
siZneleebis daZlevaSi exmareba (Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2003).
 mowifuloba

fizikuri da kognituri ganviTareba saSualo asakSi

qronologiurad mowifulobis saSualo xana moicavs 40-dan 60-65

wlamde asaks. arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba Tu rodis iwyeba da mTavrdeba
es asaki. daoben imazec, rom cxovrebis es monakveTi zogisTvis ufro met
xans grZeldeba, zogisTvis SedarebiT mokle xans.
saSualo asaki aris Suamdebare periodi, erTgvari xidi or Taobas
Soris. am asakSi adamianebi acnobiereben rom gancalkevebuli arian rogorc
axalgazrdebisgan ("me axalgazrda aRara var"), aseve maTgan, vinc ukve karga
xania pensiaze gavida ("me jer kidev ara var moxuci").
am asakis adamianebi ukve kargad xedaven rom aqvT sul ufro meti
naoWebi saxeze, Ripi, Cndeba WaRara, zogs ki Tma aRar aqvs Tavze, da es arc
Tu sasiamovnoa. Tumca zogs metad awuxebs yovelive es, zogs ki _ naklebad.

fizikuri ganviTareba

fizikuri SesaZleblobebi Tavis ganviTarebis piks aRweven ZiriTadad

Wabukobis xanaSi da axalgazrdobaSi. saSualo asakSi ki dgeba erTgvari
platos periodi da Cndeba fizikuri SesaZleblobebis daqveiTebis pirveli
niSnebi. es niSnebi TandaTanobiT ufro TvalsaCino xdeba. es exeba
sensorikas, motorul funqciebs, aseve Sinagani organoebisa da sistemebis
funqcionirebas. Tumca es procesi Zalian individualuria.
sensorika. mxedveloba Wabukobis xanidan TiTqmis ar icvleba 50
wlamde, Semdeg ki Tvalis simaxvile ufro swrafad iwyebs daqveiTebas.
Tumca axlomxedvelebi am periodSi xSirad ukeT xedaven, vidre
axalgazrdobaSi. smenis simaxvile iklebs 20 wlis asakidan, TandaTan
uaresdeba da saSualo asakSi ukve Wirs maRali sixSiris bgerebis aRqma.
smenis es nawilobrivi dakargva, rogorc Cans, ufro tipuria
mamakacebisTvis, vidre qalebisTvis. SesaZloa es gamowveuli iyos ufro
gare faqtorebiT (magaliTad sawarmoSi garkveuli profesiiT muSaobis
gamo), vidre daberebis bunebrivi procesiT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi smenis
daqveiTeba saSualo asakSi iSviaTad aris imdenad SesamCnevi, rom xeli
SeuSalos adamians saubarSi. gemos, ynosvis da tkivilis mgrZnobeloba
qveiTdeba sxvadasxva dros, Tumca ufro mdored da arc ise SesamCnevad,
rogorc smena da mxedveloba. temperaturis cvlilebebisadmi mgrZnobeloba
am asakSi isev maRalia.
senso-motoruli Cvevebi da reaqciis droc icvleba saSualo asakSi.
reaqciis drois zrda xdeba sakmaod nela da xandazmulobaSi iwyebs
aCqarebas. motorika uaresdeba, magram rezultati igive doneze rCeba _
SesaZloa didi praqtikisa da gamocdilebis Sedegad. Tumca axali
motoruli Cvevebis daufleba sul ufro Zneli xdeba.
morfo-funqcionaluri cvlilebebi. iwyeba Sinagani organoebisa da
sistemebis struqturisa da funqciebis cvlileba. neldeba, gansakuTrebiT
50 wlis Semdeg, nervuli sistemis funqcionireba. ConCxi kargavs moqnilobas
da cotaTi ikumSeba. kani da kunTebi kargaven elastiurobas, Cndeba kanqveSa
cximebis dagrovebis tendencia, gansakuTrebiT muclis zeda nawilSi.
koronaruli arteria viwrovdeba TiTqmis mesamediT. mcirdeba filtvebis
moculoba, rac iwvevs Jangbadis ukmarisobas da adamians aRar SeuZlia ise
daZabulad muSaoba, rogorc adre.
menopauza da klimaqsi. klimaqsi aris fizikuri da emociuri
gamovlinebebis farTo speqtri, romelic Tan sdevs hormonalur
cvlilebebs saSualo asakSi. qalebTan is moicavs aseve menopauzas.
menopauza qalebTan dgeba 48-51 wlis asakSi, Tumca SeiZleba daiwyos ufro
adre an gacilebiT gvian. es movlena ukavSirdeba iseT simptomebs,
rogoricaa Sexureba, oflianoba, iSviaTad Tavis tkivilebi, Tavbrusxveva,
pulsis aCqareba da saxsrebis tkivili. Tumca kvlevebis Tanaxmad Sexureba
yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebeli simptomia, radgan sxva gamovlinebebi ufro
individualuria.
hormonaluri cvlilebebi (kerZod, estrogenebis donis daqveiTeba)
iwvevs Zvlis masis cvlilebas. es orive sqesisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli,
Tumca qalebSi menopauzis Semdeg es procesi mimdinareobs bevrad ufro
swrafad da orjer xSirad. garda amisa, qalebSi amis gamo motexilobebi 6-
10-jer xSiria, vidre mamakacebSi. aris cvlilebebi emociur sferoSic. qali
am periodSi SeiZleba ganicdides daTrgunulobas, an nakleb qalurad
aRiqvamdes Tavs, radgan aRar SeuZlia bavSvis gaCena; martoxela qalebSi
SeiZleba iyos garkveuli sinanulic amis gamo. Tumca qalebis umravlesoba
ase negatiurad ar afasebs am movlenas. mamakacebSic xdeba cvlilebebi
seqsualuri aqtivobis TvalsazrisiT, magram es Zalian individualuria. rig
SemTxvevebSi Cndeba fsiqologiuri saxis problemebi, romelTa umravlesoba
SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos fsiqologiuri stresiT. stresis mizezi
SeiZleba iyos siZneleebi samsaxurSi, meuRlesTan urTierTobebSi SeCveva,
mravalricxovani movaleobebi ojaxSi, an janmrTelobis problemebi.
daberebasTan erTad izrdeba organizmis daavadebis SesaZleblobac.
saSualo asakis adamianebi sul ufro xSirad iwyeben fiqrs daberebisa da
sikvdilis gardauvalobaze. saSualo asakSi (daaxloebiT 44 wlis Semdeg)
adamianebi sul ufro xSirad kvdebian raime daavadebis gamo. sikvdilianoba
mamakacebSi nebismier asakSi orjer maRalia Sesabamisi asakis qalebTan
SedarebiT. mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom mamakacebs muSaoba ufro saxifaTo
pirobebSi uxdebaT, isini naklebad zrunaven Tavis janmrTelobaze, ufro
iSviaTad mimarTaven eqims.
yvelaze gavrcelebuli daavadebebi am asakSi aris:
• gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebi
• kibo
• diabeti
• sasunTqi organoebis daavadebebi
• SidsTan dakavSirebuli daavadebebi
miuxedavad amisa, saSualo asakSi adamianebis umravlesoba mainc
sakmaod janmrTelia. swori kvebis, dozirebuli fizikuri datvirTvis da
samedicino daxmarebis regularulad miRebis Sedegad SesaZlebelia
aqtiuri cxovrebis periodis gazrda. regularuli fizikuri varjiSebi
saSualo asakamde da mis Semdeg amcireben kunTuri qsovilebis rRvevis
process da xels uwyoben cximebis dagrovebis Semcirebas. varjiSiT
SesaZlebelia saxsrebis rRvevis acileba da SeiZleba daexmaros adamians
zogierTi saxis artritebTan brZolaSi.
saSualo asakSi seriozulad iCens Tavs mavne Cvevebis Sedegebic.
yvelaze seriozulia Tambaqos moxmareba, romelic xels uwyobs filtvebis,
piris Rrus, xorxis, momnelebeli traqtis, swori nawlavis, kuWis, kuWqveSa
jirkvlis, saSvilosnos yelis, Tirkmelis, saSarde milis da Sardis buStis
kibos warmoqmnas. aseve sasunTqi organoebis, gul-sisxlZarRvTa
daavadebebis, aTerosklerozis, hipertoniis da sxva daavadebebis
Camoyalibebas.
aseve nebismieri narkotikuli nivTierebis moxmareba, maT Soris
alkoholisac, xels uwyobs qronikuli daavadebebis ganviTarebas. ziani,
romelic am mavne Cvevebis gamo adgeba RviZls da Tirkmelebs, swored
saSualo asakSi iCens Tavs.
stresi da daavadebebi. adamianebis cxovrebis stili udides gavlenas
axdens maT janmrTelobaze. stresi TamaSobs garkveul rols saSualo
asakSi bevri daavadebis ganviTarebaSi. magaliTad, varaudoben, rom gulis
daavadebebi ganpirobebulia rTuli urTierTdamokidebulebiT iseTi
faqtorebis, rogoricaa cxovrebis wesi, pirovnebis Taviseburebebi,
genetikuri midrekileba da stresi.
pirovnebis tipi. rozenmanis mier jer kidev 1974 wels Catarebul
longitudur kvlevaSi monawileobda 39-dan 59 wlamde asakis 3400 mamakaci.
kvleva ganmeorda 2.5, 4.5 da 8.5 wlis Semdeg. mecnierebs surdaT
ganesazRvraT am adamianebis qcevis xasiaTi rogor gavlenas iqoniebda
gulis daavadebaTa sixSireze. cdispirebi pirovnuli Tvisebebis mixedviT
daiyo sam jgufad. erT polusze aRmoCnden A tipis pirovnebebi. maT
axasiaTebT mousvenroba, miRwevaze da Sejibrze orientireba, agresiuloba;
isini xSirad avlenen aramegobrul damokidebulebas, gamoirCevian
mouTmenlobiT da yovelTvis mzad arian aqtiuri moqmedebisTvis. garda
amisa, saxis nakvTebi xSirad daZabuli aqvT, laparakoben xmamaRla,
gaRizianebiT da gamudmebiT ar yofniT dro. sapirispiro polusze
aRmoCnden B tipis adamianebi. isini ar arian agresiulebi, daZabuli, arian
ufro momTmeni da megobruli. danarCenebi ganlagden am or poluss Soris.
sxvaoba am or tips Soris yovelTvis SesamCnevi ar aris. maTi qceva
gansxvavdeba ZiriTadad situaciebSi, sadac misi unarebis (gansakuTrebiT
inteleqtualuris) gamovlenaa saWiro an konkurentuli brZolis
situaciebSi. aseTi gamokveTili tipi rozenmanis kvlevaSi cdispirebis
daaxloebiT 10%-ia.
kvlevis dawyebisas arcerTs ar hqonda gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadeba.
SemdgomSi aRmoCnda, rom A tipis warmomadgenlebs orjer ufro xSirad
uviTardebodaT koronaruli sisxlZarRvebis paTologia da orjer ufro
xSirad emarTebodaT gulis Setevebi letaluri dasasruliT. mkvlevarebma
daadgines, rom A tipis adamianTa da gulis qronikuli daavadebebis mqone
adamianebis organizmis biologiuri Tvisebebi Zalian msgavsia. A tipis
warmomadgenlebs aqvT ufro maRali qolesterini, sisxlis Sededebis
maRali maCvenebeli da muSaobis dros sisxlSi stresis hormonebis maRali
done B tipis mamakacebTan SedarebiT. B tipis cdispirebs iSviaTad
uCndebodaT sisxlZarRvTa daavadeba 70 wlis asakamde, damoukideblad
imisagan moixmarden Tu ara cximian sakvebs, bevrs eweoden an fizikur
varjiSebs asrulebden Tu ara.
Tumca mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is garemoeba, rom mamakacebis 90%
moxvda am or poluss Soris da rom zogierTs aseve gauCnda koronaruli
problemebi. garda amisa, yvela mkvlevari ver naxulobs aseT mWidro
kavSirs A an B tipisadmi mikuTvnebulobasa da gulis daavadebebs Soris.
amasTan, A tipis pirovnebis yvela Tviseba ar aris dakavSirebuli aseT
daavadebebTan. gulis daavadebebTan ufro iseTi Tvisebebi unda iyos
dakavSirebuli, rogoricaa agresiuloba da swrafva gaimarjvo nebismier
safasurad. Tumca stereotipuli warmodgena, rom maT, vinc dRedaRam sul
muSaoben ("Sromagolikebi") axasiaTebT gulis Setevebi, mcdari unda iyos.
sainteresoa isic, rom sxva pirovnuli Tavisebureba, kerZod,
depresiisadmi midrekileba, aseve dakavSirebulia gulis daavadebis riskTan.
rigma kvlevebma aCvena, rom depresia ufro Zlieri prognostuli parametria
vidre A tipis pirovnebis dadgena. nakleb aris gamoxatuli kavSiri gulis
daavadebebsa da iseT TvisebebTan rogoricaa aramegobruloba,
gaRizianebadoba da SfoTva.
distresi. stresis rogori saxeebia saSiSi janmrTelobisTvis?
saSualo asakSi Sesvla TavisTavad xom ar aris stresi? es xom is periodia,
roca unda gadaxedo miznebs, Seeguo ojaxSi rolebis cvlas, dauTmo
adgili ufro axalgazrdebs an biologiuri daberebis pirvel niSnebs
gaumklavde.
adamianis cxovrebaSi bevri mniSvnelovani da stresuli ram xdeba.
Caatares gamokiTxva, cdispirebs Txoves 100 quliT SeefasebinaT sxvadasxva
cxovrebiseuli movlena _ ra situaciebi da movlenebi aris yvelaze
stresuli. aRmoCnda, rom meuRlis dakargva umravlesobis azriT, aris
yvelaze mZime movlena cxovrebaSi (100 qula). xolo racionis Secvlis
aucilebloba da dietis dacva arc ise Znelia da mxolod 15 quliT iqna
Sefasebuli umravlesobis mier. ramdenadac saSualo asaki swored is droa,
rodesac adamianebi kargaven meuRles gardacvalebis an ganqorwinebis gamo,
maT cxovrebaSi xdeba usiamovno rameebi, magaliTad pensiaze adre gasvla an
avadmyofoba. Zneli araa imis mixvedra, rom es periodi stresis
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT friad maRali potencialiT gamoirCeva. magram
stress iwveven ara TavisTavad cxovrebiseuli garemoebebi, aramed is Tu ra
mniSvnelobas aniWebs adamiani ama Tu im movlenas _ erTidaigive movlena
zogisTvis advilad gadasatania, zogi ki distresSi vardeba.
periodulad stresogenul movlenebTan Sejaxeba SeiZleba gaxdes
pirovnuli ganviTarebis stimuli. Tu adamianSi raime movlenis molodini
arsebobs an icis rom moxdeba, aman SeiZleba naklebi stresi gamoiwvios,
vidre moulodnelad rom moxdeba maSin. amasTan, romelime erTi stresori
SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos sxva problemebze, romelic awuxebs adamians
mocemul momentSi (fulis arqona, iuridiuli saxis problemebi, ojaxSi
usiamovnebebi). aseve imaze, Tu ra xarisxiT aisaxeba usiamovno movlena
cxovrebis Cveul ritmze da ramdenad emuqreba es movlena adamianis pirad
keTildReobas. lazarusi Tvlis, rom mravalricxovani wvrilmani
yoveldRiuri sazrunavi da problemebi zogjer qmnian ufro stresogenul
situacias, vidre romeliRac mniSvnelovani movlenebi cxovrebaSi.
stresis zemoqmedebis gazrda an Semcireba SeuZlia imas, Tu
konkretuli adamiani rogor cdilobs masTan gamklavebas. bevri Tvlis, rom
is adamianebi, romlebic akaveben Tavis risxvas, pirvel rigSi xvdebian
stresis Sedegad somaturi daavadebebis riskis qveS. Tumca es mosazreba
sulac ar aris udao. A tipis adamianis qcevis Seswavlisas aRmoCnda, rom
ukiduresad daZabuli adamianebi xSirad "amoafrqveven" xolme Tavis
gaRizianebas da ganitvirTebian. Tumca calkeul SemTxvevebSi es kidev
ufro met gaRizianebas iwvevs da SesaZloa am adamianebs xSirad daemarToT
gulis Setevebi.
 kognituri unarebis ganviTareba

longitudurma kvlevebma aCvena, rom asakTan erTad adamianis

kognituri funqcia qveiTdeba. magram es procesi mimdinareobs gacilebiT
nela, vidre amas varaudobden mecnierebi 30 wlis win.
erT-erTi Teoriis mixedviT arsebobs 2 tipis inteleqti. erTia
mimdinare inteleqti. es is unarebia romelTa daxmarebiTac Cven raime
axals vswavlobT; esaa siswrafe da produqtuloba daxsomebisas,
induqciuri msjeloba, sivrciTi xatebiT operireba da axali kavSirebisa da
mimarTebebis aRqma. termini mimdinare inteleqti gulisxmobs, rom es
bazisuri procesebi erTiandeba sxva mravali saxis inteleqtualur
moqmedebebSi aRqmis, cnobis mexsierebis, analizisa da sxvadasxva amocanebis
gadawyvetis CaTvliT. iTvleba, rom mimdinare inteleqtis ganviTareba
grZeldeba Wabukobis xanamde, Semdeg ki xdeba misi TandaTanobiT daqveiTeba
mowifulobisa da xandazmulobis periodSi.
kristalizebuli inteleqti aris unari, romelic modis
gamocdilebasTan erTad da emyareba xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi
dagrovil codnas. es aris unari daamyaro mimarTebebi, Camoayalibo
msjeloba, gaaanalizo problemebi da gamoiyeno aTvisebuli strategiebi
konkretuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad. iTvleba, rom zogierTi saxis
testebi (magaliTad, testebi verbaluri azrovnebis, leqsikuri maragis,
socialuri moTxovnebis gagebis) zomaven ZiriTadad kristalizebul
inteleqts. mimdinare inteleqtisgan gansxvavebiT kristalizebuli
inteleqti cxovrebis manZilze xSirad matulobs. longitudur kvlevebSi am
testebiT roca izomeba inteleqti, adamianebs xSirad 50 wlis asakSi ufro
maRali Sedegebi aqvT, vidre 20 wlis asakSi hqondaT. amiT SeiZleba aixsnas,
rom mecnierebi, visi samuSaoc dagrovil codnasa da gamocdilebas emyareba,
rogorc wesi, gamoirCevian maRali produqtulobiT 40, 50 da 70 wlis
asakSic ki, da ara axalgazrdobisas.
riT gansxvavdebian "eqspertebi" 'axalbedebisagan"? upirveles yovlisa
imiT, rom eqspertebs aqvT didi codna rogorc deklaratiuli (faqtebis
codna), aseve proceduruli (xerxebis codna). ufro metic, es codna maT
ukeT aqvT organizebuli. "eqspertebi" ufro swrafad da zustad amoicnoben
tipur amocanebs da pouloben maTTvis Sesabamis gadawyvetis xerxebs. es
exeba nebismieri sferos eqspertebs _ fizikiT da programirebiT dawyebuli
da astrologiiT damTavrebuli.
marTalia eqspertebi ukeT inaxaven mexsierebaSi mTavar informacias,
magram roca WirdebaT iseTi masalis gaxseneba, romelic araa mibmuli
konkretuli amocanis gadawyvetasTan, amas "axalbedebze" ukeT ver akeTeben.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom xnieri moWadrakeebi ver ixsenebden yvela figuris
ganlagebas dafaze, asakovani mbeWdavi qalebi furclidan beWdaven ufro
nela, xanSi Sesuli arqiteqtori asakTan erTad kargavs sivrciTi
mimarTebebis Sefasebis unar-Cvevas da sxv. magram gamocdileba axdens
kompensirebas. gamocdili memanqane qali met sityvebs ixsomebs erTi
SexedviT da amis Sedegad izrdeba misi muSaobis siswrafe.
saSualo asakis adamianTa umravlesobisTvis kognituri unarebis
ganviTarebis garemo aris samsaxuri. adamianebi, romelTa profesiuli
saqmianoba gamoirCeva sirTuliT da mravaplanianobiT, gonebrivi unarebis
moqnilobaze testebSi ukeTes rezultats aCveneben, vidre isini, visi
samuSaoc ufro rutinuli xasiaTisaa. swrafad cvalebadi teqnologiebis
epoqaSi adamianebs, romelTac axali codnis SeZenisTvis saWiro kognituri
unar-Cvevebi aqvT ganviTarebuli, ufro advilad SeuZliaT Segueba Sromis
axal pirobebTan. es unari gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saqmianobis im
sferoebSi, sadac swrafad xdeba profesiuli codnis daZveleba. magaliTad
medicinaSi, kompiuterul programirebaSi da teqnikur konstruirebaSi.
codnis daZvelebis problema gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria saSualo asakis
adamianebisaTvis.
Saies azriT, droSi cvlilebebs ganicdis inteleqtis funqcia da ara
misi buneba. saSualo asakSi adamianebi imyofebian socialuri movaleobebis
Sesrulebis stadiaze Saies periodizaciis mixedviT. Tu adreuli
mowifulobis periodSi (miRwevebis stadia) inteleqti gamoiyeneboda iseTi
problemebis gadasawyvetad rogoricaa meuRlis an samuSaos arCeva (anu
piradi problemebis gadasawyetad). saSualo asakSi gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas uxdebaT sxva adamianis (meuRle, Svilebi, kolegebi) mosazrebebis
gaTvaliswineba _ saSualo asakSi adamiani inteleqts iyenebs sxvebis
problemebis mosagvareblad.

fsiqo-socialuri ganviTareba saSualo asakSi

saSualo asakis amocanebi

karl iungma erT-erTma pirvelma miaqcia seriozuli yuradReba
adamianis cxovrebis meore naxevars, magram arc ise didi xania rac
fsiqologebma aRiares, rom mozrdili adamianebic viTardebian. aman
ganapiroba longituduri kvlevebis simcire. Tumca aris saintereso
kvlevebic. magaliTad, heivigherstis (1953) modeli zrdasruli adamianis
ganviTarebis.
am modelis Tanaxmad mowifulobis adreul periodSi adamianis winaSe
dgeba Semdegi amocanebi:
• meuRlis arCeva
• mzadeba ojaxis Sesaqmnelad
• ojaxis Seqmna
• Svilebis aRzrda
• saSinao saqmeebis warmoeba
• profesiuli saqmianobis dawyeba
• samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis aReba
• misaRebi socialuri jgufis moZebna

rac Seexeba saSualo asaks, aq adamianma ukve sxva amocanebi unda

gadawyvitos:
• samoqalaqo da socialuri pasuxismgeblobis miRweva
• sasurveli cxovrebis donis miRweva da SenarCuneba
• Tavisufali drois gatarebis misTvis sasurveli xerxebis arCeva
• Svilebis daxmareba
• meuRlesTan piradi urTierTobebis ganmtkiceba
• fiziologiuri cvlilebebis miReba da amasTan Segueba
• moxucebul mSoblebTan urTierTobasTan Segueba

1990-ian wlebSi am amocanebs daemata:

• martoxela cxovrebis awyoba an dagvianebiT ojaxis Seqmna da patara
bavSvebis aRzrda
• axali meuRlis arCeva ganqorwinebis Semdeg da axal cxovrebasTan
Segueba
• axali profesiis aTviseba an vadamde pensiaze gasvlis problemis
mogvareba

mamakacebi cxovrebis Sua xanSi

farrelma da rozenbergma ikvlies rogor reagireben mamakacebi
cxovrebis Sua xanis miRwevaze, ganicdian Tu ara distress, aris Tu ara es
krizisuli periodi mamakacis ganviTarebaSi. maT 300 Sua xnis mamakacis
interviu gaaanalizes da Seadares axalgazrda mamakacebis monacemebs.
ekiTxeboden ojaxze, samsaxurze, fizikur monacemebze. maTi azriT, yoveli
adamiani TamaSobs aqtiur rols imaSi Tu rogor aewyoba misi cxovreba.
mamakacebis umravlesoba grZnobda pasuxismgeblobas rogorc samuSaos,
aseve ojaxis mimarT. maT umravlesobas hqonda Camoyalibebuli cxovrebis
stili, romelic exmareboda problemebis mogvarebaSi. bevri respodenti
erTnair problemebs xvdeboda: moxuc mSoblebze zrunva, mozard SvilebTan
siZneleebi, SeCveva asakiT ganpirobebul SezRudvebTan.
tradiciulad iTvleboda, rom Sua xnis mamakacis fsiqologiuri
keTildReoba dakavSirebulia mxolod mis profesiul rolTan, Tumca
kvlevebma aCvena, rom "is, Tu rogor gadaitans adamiani Sua xnis periods
Zalian aris damokidebuli kulturaze da misi ojaxis struqturaze".
es mecnierebi Tvlian, rom arsebobs saSualo asakSi ganviTarebis 4
gza:
1. generatiuli mamakaci. mas ar aqvs Sua xnis krizisi, radgan moaxerxa
adeqvaturad gadaeWra cxovrebiseuli problemebis umetesoba. aseTi
 mamakacisTvis cxovrebis Sua xani SeiZleba iyos Tavisi
SesaZleblobebisa da dasaxuli miznebis miRwevis periodi.
2. fsevdo-ganviTarebuli mamakaci. aseTi mamakaci umklavdeba
problemebs imiT, rom Tavs aCvenebs, TiTqos yvelaferi akmayofilebs
an rom yvelafers akontrolebs. sinamdvileSi grZnobs, rom CixSia an
rom yvelaferi Zalian mobezrda.
3. cxovrebis Sua xanis krizisSi myofi mamakaci. aseTi mamakaci
dabneulia da eCveneba, rom misi samyaro ingreva. mas ar SeuZlia
daakmayofilos mis mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebi da gadawyvitos
problemebi. zogierTisTvis es krizisi SeiZleba iyos ganviTarebis
droebiTi faza, sxvebisTvis ki SeiZleba gaxdes dasawyisi
daRmasvlis.
4. bedisgan daCagruli mamakaci. aseTi mamakaci SeiZleba iyos ubeduri
da uaryofili umeteswilad Tavis cxovrebaSi da avlens Sua xnis
kriziss. Cveulebriv mas ar SeuZlia problemebTan gamklaveba.
es mkvlevarebi Sua xnis krizisis mizezs xedaven imaSi, rom dasavlur
sazogadoebaSi arsebobs warmatebuli mamakacis xati da mamakacebis
umravlesoba cdilobs iyos am xatis Sesatyvisi. Sua xnis asakSi mamakacebs
mTeli rigi problemebi uCndebaT swored imis gamo, rom uxdebaT imis
gacnobiereba, rom ver akmayofileben am moTxovnas. cota vinme Tu axerxebs
aicilos warumateblobis, TviTpativiscemis dakargvis gancda.

qalebi cxovrebis Sua xanSi

cxovrebis Sua xani xSirad qalebisTvisac aris gardamavali periodi,
rodesac xdeba bevri ramis gadafaseba. tradiciulad qalebi moiazreben
Tavis Tavs ufro ojaxis ciklSi, vidre profesiul ciklSi. am asakis
samsaxurSi dakavebul qalebs saerTo aqvT is, rom uWirT gamonaxon dro
ojaxisTvisac da samsaxurisTvisac. magaliTad, xelmZRvanel poziciaze
momuSave qals ar aqvs dro yovel saRamos sadilis mosamzadeblad. ase
Cndeba roluri konfliqtebi. Tumca aris SemTxvevebi, roca ar aris
roluri konfliqti (radgan qali, magaliTad, diasaxlisia da erTi roli
aqvs miRebuli), magram SeiZleba iyos roluri daZabuloba, roca mas am
rolSi Zalian bevri pasuxismgebloba akisria (deda, romelic cdilobs
samive bavSvs saTanado yuradReba dauTmos, SeiZleba grZnobdes
daZabulobas, rom ar gamosdis es).
qalebi mamakacebze metad reagireben fizikur daberebaze. amitom araa
gasakviri, rom kvlevebis mixedviT didia depresiis sixSire Sua xnis
qalebSi sxva asakis qalebTan SedarebiT amis gamo.

interpersonaluri urTierTobebi

Sua xnis adamianebi TamaSoben Sualeduri rgolis rols umcros

Taobasa (Tavis Svilebsa) da ufros Taobas (Tavis mSoblebs) Soris. axla
isini warmoadgenen Taobas, romelmac unda aiRos ZiriTad
gadawyvetilebebze pasuxismgebloba. es axali pasuxismgebloba aiZulebs am
adamianebs Seajamon, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, ukve ganvlili gza da
miRwevebi. SeiZleba guli wydebodeT, rom raRac miznebi ver ganaxorcieles,
raRac dausrulebeli darCaT, garkveuli gegmebi ki aseve darCeba gegmad.
saSualo asakis adamianebi cxovroben awmyo droSi ufro metad, vidre sxva
asakobrivi jgufebis warmomadgenlebi. axalgazrdebi momavlisken iyurebian,
moxucebi _ warsulisken, Sua xnis adamianebi ki cxovroben "aq-da-axla".
axla maT evalebaT ojaxisa da tradiciebis dacva, miRwevebis aRniSvna,
ojaxis istoriis Senaxva, ojaxis Sekreba dResaswaulebze, ojaxis wevrebis
daxmareba da sxv.

SvilebTan damokidebuleba
Sua xnis adamianebs Svilebi ukve wamozrdili hyavT da dgeba maTi
damoukidebel cxovrebaSi gaSvebis da maTgan moSorebiT cxovrebasTan
Seguebis periodi.
zogi ojaxi kargad arTmevs Tavs am process. axalgzrdebis
mxardaWeras yvelaze ukeT axerxeben is mSoblebi, romlebsac mudam aqvT
urTierToba SvilebTan, da Tan metad endobian da pativs scemen maT
gadawyvetilebebs da mosazrebebs. mSoblebma unda iswavlon SvilebisTvis
gonivruli Tavisuflebis micema da unda miiRon Svilebi iseTebi, rogoric
arian sinamdvileSi.
es procesi mSoblebisTvisac axal mdgomareobaSi gadasvlaa. mSoblebi
xSirad amboben, rom marTalia isini moxarulebi arian rom Svilebi hyavT,
Svilebis saxlidan wasvlis Semdeg dgeba sakmaod sasiamovno periodi maT
cxovrebaSi, radgan aqvT meti Tavisufali dro, meti SesaZleblobebi
TviTrealizaciisTvis. qalebi gansakuTrebiT mogebuli arian am
mdgomareobiT, radgan mcirdeba maTi yoveldRiuri valdebulebebi, metad
SeuZliaT sakuTari gatacebis da interesebis realizeba.
rodesac Svilebi qorwindebian, mSoblebi uceb aRmoCndebian sruliad
ucxo adamianTan urTierTobis da masTan Seguebis aucileblobis winaSe.
esec erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa am asakSi.
migraciuli procesebi (Svilebis gamgzavreba saswavleblad an
samuSaod) gansakuTrebiT aCens "dacarielebuli budis" gancdas.
saSualo asakisTvis urTierTobebi mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris xdeba
ufro ormxrivi da Tanaswori, vidre adre. es urTierTobebi kargavs
ierarqiul xasiaTs. Tanaswor urTierTobebze gadasvla iSviaTad xdeba
advilad da uceb. Cveulebriv es xdeba naxtomebiT ramdenime wlis
ganmavlobaSi. iqneba es procesi, ufro martivi Tu rTuli, damokidebulia
imaze, rogori iyo mSoblebis damokidebuleba Svilebisadmi. Tu es iyo
avtoritaruli urTierToba, axali rolebi da valdebulebebi ufro xSirad
aris formaluri, rigiduli da Znelad Tu icvleba. aseT SemTxvevaSi Sua
xnis mSoblebi da maTi ukve gazrdili Svilebi zogjer wlebis manZilze
ibrZvian Tanaswori urTierTobebis Sesaqmnelad.
Svilebi xSirad grZnoben gamoyofis, damoukideblad cxovrebis
aucileblobas, droebiT mainc, manamde sanam SesZleben realisturad
Sexedon Tavis mSoblebs. roca es xdeba, Sua xnis mSoblebi SeiZleba
grZnobden rom Svilebi maT iSoreben an aRar afaseben. xSirad swored
ojaxuri krizisis dros (gardacvaleba an avadmyofoba ojaxis wevris,
finansuri problemebi, ganqorwineba an samuSaos dakargva) ukve zrdasruli
Svilebi da maTi mSoblebi gamonaxaven xolme gzas Tavisi urTierTobebis
ise mosagvareblad, rom SemdgomSi ukve SeuZliaT erTmaneTis mxardaWerisa
da daxmarebis imedi hqondeT. zog ojaxSi es procesi grZeldeba 20-dan 40
wlamde, sxvebSi ki interesebis urTierTpativiscema Cndeba rogorc ki
bavSvebi miaRweven Wabukobis asaks. Cveulebriv, urTierTobebi mSoblebsa da
Svilebs Soris Sua xnis periodSi umjobesdeba da sabolood ukve Svilebi
iReben Taobebs Soris SemaerTebeli rgolis rols Tavis Tavze.

damokidebuleba moxuci mSoblebisadmi

saSualo asakis adamianebi unda Seeguon Tavisi moxuci mSoblebis
moTxovnilebebsa da Secvlil rolebs. roca mSoblebs kargi janmrTeloba
aqvT, da SeuZliaT damoukideblad cxovreba, maTi urTierTobebi
mSoblebTan xSirad aris Tanaswori. rac niSnavs, rom mSoblebi da maTi
zrdasruli Svilebi konkretulad exmarebian erTmaneTs. aseTi
urTierTobebi, Cveulebriv, icvleba maSin, rodesac mSobeli avad xdeba an
Zalian sustdeba imisaTvis, rom damoukideblad icxovros. moxuci
mSoblebisa da maTi ukve saSualo asaks miRweuli Svilebis urTierTobaze
xSirad gavlenas axdens sqesis faqtori. qaliSvilebi gansxvavdebian
vaJiSvilebisagan. mniSvneloba aqvs imasac moxuc mamazea laparaki Tu
dedaze.
saSualo asakis adamianebis umravlesobas mudmivi kavSiri aqvs Tavis
moxuc mSoblebTan. amaSi igulisxmeba regularuli urTierToba, saerTo
mogonebebi, urTierTdaxmareba. moxuc mSoblebsa da maT Svilebs Soris
gamudmebiT xdeba socialuri, materialuri da emociuri xasiaTis
urTierToba. bevri xanSiSesuli mSobeli exmareba finansurad Svilebs da
SviliSvilebs. SedarebiT Rarib ojaxebSi mSoblebs ar aqvT finansuri
resursebi, magram aseT SemTxvevaSi ufro xSirad mxardaWera aris
socialuri. magaliTad, SviliSvilebis movla.
mSoblebis daberebis Sesabamisad saSualo da ufros Taobas Soris
xdeba rolebis Secvla. ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi SeiZleba iyon ukve
pensiaze, hqondeT cudi janmrTeloba, SeiZleba sWirdebodeT finansuri
daxmareba an sxva TvalsazrisiT iyon damokidebuli Svilebze. amitom
Zalaufleba TandaTan garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi gadadis maTi saSualo
asakis Svilebze. Tu orive Taoba ar gaacnobierebs, rom rolebis aseTi
Secvla aris aucilebeli nawili cxovrebis, SeiZleba aman gamoiwvios
wyena da aRSfoTeba orive mxareSi.
qaliSvilebi bevrad ufro xSirad uvlian moxuc mSoblebs, vidre
vaJiSvilebi. aris sxvaoba samsaxurSi dakavebul qalebsa da diasaxlisebs
Soris mSoblebis movlasTan dakavSirebiT. mosamsaxure qaliSvilebi
emociur mxardaWerasTan erTad mSoblebs daxmarebas uweven iseT saqmeebSi,
rogoricaa sayidlebi, gadazidva, wayvana da es igive moculobiT xdeba,
rogorc diasaxlis qaliSvilebTan. Tumca diasaxlisi qaliSvilebi ufro
xSirad exmarebian mSoblebs saWmlis momzadebaSi da pirad movlisas.
mosamsaxure qaliSvilebis mniSvnelovani nawili mzadaa Secvalos samuSao
reJimi, roca es mSobels Wirdeba (20-30 %). sazogadod, moxuc mSoblebze
zrunva aris sixSiris mixedviT meore mizezi, romelic aiZulebs saSualo
asakis qalebs datovon samuSao (pirveli mizezia sakuTari janmrTelobis
problemebi). Zmebs da debs SeuZliaT erTad daexmaron avadmyof mSoblebs.
Tumca maT Soris Sromis ganawileba yovelTvis Tanasworad ar xdeba.
qaliSvilebi exmarebian ufro xSirad, vidre vaJiSvilebi. faqtiurad,
mSoblebic qaliSvilebisgan ufro met daxmarebas moelian, vidre
vaJiSvilebisgan. Tu mSobels hyavs ori qaliSvili romelTaganac erTi
muSaobs, maSin meore, romelic ar muSaobs, metad exmareba yoveldRiurad.
aseve saswrafo daxmarebas uwevs kritikul situaciebSi.
mSoblebis movlis movaleobas moaqvs aramarto kmayofilebis grZnoba.
es SeiZleba stresis wyaroc iyos. qaliSvilebi did Zalebs deben mSoblebis
movlaSi da SeiZleba aman gamoiwvios gadaRla. garda amisa, zogierTSi es
iwvevs dapirispirebas am movaleobebis Sesrulebaze damokidebulebasa da
damoukideblobas Soris. SeiZleba kvlav gaRvivdes Zveli konfliqtebi an
sxva ojaxuri problemebi mSoblebsa da Svils an ded-mamiSvilebs Soris.
amas garda, mSoblebis movla SeiZleba iyos sakuTari momavalis ukeT
gacnobierebac, rom masac SeiZleba dasWirdes aseTi movla Tavis droze. am
Sinaganma konfliqtebma droisa da Tavisuflebis TvalsazrisiT realurad
arsebul sirTuleebTan erTad, SeiZleba Seqmnas stresuli viTareba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad amisa, saSualo asakis adamianebis 80-90% uvlis
moxuc mSoblebs. zogierTi qali praqtikulad gamudmebiT uvlis da zrunavs
xan erT, xan meore moxuc naTesavs. miuxedavad avadmyof moxucebze aseTi
didi zrunvisa, erT-erTi gamokiTxvis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom daaxloebiT
60% saSualo asakis qalebis, romlebic uvlian moxucebs, "ratomRac
damnaSaved grZnobden Tavs, rom cota ram gaakeTes dedebisTvis da maTi 75%
eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom Cvens droSi Svilebi arc ise kargad zrunaven
Tavis moxuc mSoblebze, rogorc es adre iyo".

SviliSvilebis movla
bevri saSualo asakis adamiani aRmoCndeba xolme bebiebisa da babuebis
rolSi. umravlesobisTvis es didi kmayofilebis momtania. isini dakavebuli
arian axali Taobis aRzrdiT, Tumca ar aqvT iseTi pasuxismgebloba,
rogorc manamde.
SviliSvilebis aRzrda Zalian individualuria. ar arsebobs erTi
zogadad miRebuli xerxi, romelsac iyeneben bebiebi da babuebi ojaxSi an
Tundac amaTuim kulturaSi. Tumca arsebobs garkveuli rolebi, romelsac
isini asruleben imis mixedviT Tu rogori damokidebuleba aqvT
SviliSvilebTan. Tu deda marto zrdis bavSvs an Tu orive mSobeli
muSaobs, dRis didi nawilis ganmavlobaSi bebiebi da babuebi SeiZleba
zrunavden bavSvebze. zogierTs miyavs SviliSvilebi maRaziaSi, saseirnod,
saintereso adgilebSi (muzeumi, zooparki da sxv.).
bengenstonma gamoyo 4 mniSvnelovani roli, romelsac asruleben
bebiebi da babuebi:
1. arseboba. maTi ubralod arsebobac ki damamSvideblad moqmedebs roca
raime seriozuli konfliqti an problema Cndeba ojaxSi. bebiebi da
babuebi warmoadgenen garkveul simbolos stabilurobis rogorc
SviliSvilebis, ise maTi mSoblebisTvis.
2. ojaxis "nacionaluri gvardia". zogierTi bebia da babua ambobs, rom
maTi mTavari funqcia aris iyon gverdiT kritikul situaciaSi. am
dros isini ubralod ki ar arseboben, aramed aqtiurad erTvebian
SviliSvilebis aRzrdaSi.
 3. arbitrebi. zogierTi bebia da babua xedavs Tavis rols imaSi, rom
ataros ojaxuri faseulobebi, ojaxis mTlianobas dauWiros mxari,
konfliqtebis dros daexmaros TaobaTa Soris kavSirebis
SenarCunebas. marTalia sxvadasxva Taobas xSirad gansxvavebuli
faseulobebi aqvs, zogierTi bebia da babua Tvlis, rom maT ufro
advilad SeuZliaT SviliSvilebsa da maT mSoblebs Soris arsebuli
konfliqtebis daregulireba, radgan aqvT meti gamocdileba da
SeuZliaT Sexedon konfliqts gareSes TvaliT.
4. ojaxuri istoriis Senaxva. farTo gagebiT bebiebs da babuebs
SeuZliaT Seqmnan ojaxis mTlianobis da memkvidreobiTobis gancda.
gadascemen ra ojaxur tradiciebs da memkvidreobas.
zogjer ojaxuri faseulobebi gadaecema ara bebiebis da babuebis
pirdapiri CareviT, aramed ufro imiT, rom SviliSvilebi da maTi mSoblebi
iTvaliswineben maT SesaZlo reaqciebs. magaliTad, SviliSvili SeiZleba ar
gaTxovdes sxva socialuri an eTnikuri an religiuri jgufis
warmomadgenelze, radgan icis, rom bebiam an babuam SeiZleba uaryofiTad
miiRon es.

megobruli urTierTobebi
saSualo asakSi, rodesac mniSvnelovnad icvleba ojaxuri
urTierTobebi, bevri sayrdens poulobs ufro megobrebSi, vidre ojaxis
wevrebTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianTa umravlesoba qorwindeba da
ojaxs qmnis, sul ufro metia raodenoba im adamianebis, romlebic irCeven
martoxela cxovrebas, an marto zrdian Svils. maTTvis megobrebi
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan rols asruleben. loventalma gamokiTxa
sxvadasxva asakis adamianebi (ufrosklaselebi, axaldaqorwinebulebi,
saSualo asakis adamianebi). saSualo asakis adamianebis umravlesoba
aRniSnavda, rom maT hyavT ramdenime axlo megobari, romlebTanac
megobroben aranakleb 6 wlisa, xolo skolis moswavleebs da
axaldaqorwinebulebs ufro cota dro akavSirebda megobrebTan.
respodentebs ekiTxeboden ra Tvisebebia mniSvnelovani realuri
megobrobisas da ra Tvisebebi unda axasiaTebdes idealur megobars. yvela
asakis respodenti daaxloebiT erTnairad uyurebda am sakiTxs. idealuri
megobris yvelaze mniSvnelovan Tvisebad Tvliden urTierTdaxmarebas da
TanagrZnobas. ambobden, rom maTi megobrebi bevr rameSi gvanan maT.
genderuli sxvaobebi ufro gamoikveTa, vidre asakobrivi. qalebi ufro
dawvrilebiT pasuxobden, vidre mamakacebi da iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom
isini ufro Rrmad arian CarTuli megobrul urTierTobebSi. qalebi
urTierTgagebas Tvliden yvelaze mniSvnelovan Tvisebad rogorc realuri,
ise idealuri megobrebisTvis, mamakacebi ki irCevden megobrebs ufro
msgavsi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis, interesebis, Sexedulebebis da
codnis mixedviT. saSualo asakis dasawyisSi adamianebi ufro arian
dakavebuli ojaxiT da karieris ganmtkicebiT. maT naklebi dro rCebaT
megobrebisTvis. magram saSualo asakis bolosTvis yalibdeba rTuli da
mravalplaniani urTierTobebi megobrebTan. am etapze adamianebi metad
afaseben Tavisi megobrebis individualobas, ganumeorebel Tvisebebs.
 ganqorwineba da ganmeorebiTi qorwineba

Cvens droSi ojaxebi xSirad ver Tavsdebian ojaxis tradiciul

modelSi _ momuSave mama, diasaxlisi deda da ori Svili. warmodgenebi
ojaxze icvleba misi wevrebis socialuri da piradi moTxovnilebebisa da
prioritetebis mixedviT. yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtorebi, romlebic
gavlenas axdenen ojaxze, aris ganqorwineba, meored qorwineba da ojaxis
Seqmna gerebTan erTad.

rogorc wesi, ganqorwineba xdeba ojaxuri cxovrebis pirveli 7 wlis

ganmavlobaSi, da ojaxuri cxovrebis saSualo xangrZlivoba
ganqorwinebuli wyvilebisTvis aris 7,2 weli. miuxedavad imisa, rom
ganqorwineba SesaZlebelia nebismier asakSi, axalgazrdebi ufro xSirad
ganqorwindebian, vidre saSualo asakis adamianebi.

ganqorwinebis mizezebi. colqmruli urTierTobebis gauareseba

iSviaTad xdeba ucbad. xSirad es aris meuRleebis emociurad daSorebis an
maTi daukmayofileblobis da erTmaneTisgan sul ufro metad
damoukideblobis miRebis xangrZlivi procesis kulminacia. magram saboloo
gadawyvetilebas ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb iRebs erTerTi mxare da ara orive.
rogorc wesi, sakiTxs ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb svams coli. qalebi ufro
xSirad da ufro metad ganicdian daukmayofileblobas qorwinebiT, Tumca
saboloo gadawyvetileba SeiZleba maT mier ar iqnas miRebuli.
saSualo asakSi ganqorwinebis mizezebi ZiriTadad, iseTivea rac
adreul asakSi; meuRleebs surT miiRon ojaxuri cxovrebidan meti, vidre
aqvT axla. aseT SemTxvevebSi ganqorwineba ukeTesia, vidre ubeduri,
konfliqtebiT da imedgacruebiT savse Tanacxovreba. garda amisa, Tu
qorwineba ar aris myari, Svilebis mier ojaxis datovebam SeiZleba
gamoiwvios krizisi. meuRleebi acnobiereben, rom aRar aris saWiro erTad
yofna Svilebis gulisTvis, da SeiZleba dafiqrden undaT Tu ara ase
gaataron mTeli darCenili cxovreba.
xSirad ganqorwineba xdeba qorwinebaze araswori warmodgenebis gamo.
bevr wyvils sjera miTebis qorwinebisa da ganmeorebiT qorwinebis Sesaxeb.
miTi _ es aris uaRresad gamartivebuli mosazreba, romelic gavlenas
axdens socialur aRqmasa da molodinebze. bernardma 1981 wels gaakeTa
saintereso Sedareba 8 aseTi miTis qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb.

qorwineba
1. Tu erTmaneTi gviyvars, yvelaferi mogvardeba;
2. yovelTvis ifiqre jer sxvaze;
3. xazi gausvi dadebiT mxareebs; kritika SenTvis Seinaxe;
4. Tu raRac ise ar aris, yuradReba gadaitane momavalze (ifiqre
momavalze);
5. sakuTari Tavi ganixile upirveles yovlisa rogors wyvilis elementi,
mxolod amis Semdeg rogorc individi;
6. yvelaferi Cemi _ Senia;
7. qorwineba adamianebs xdis ufro bedniers, vidre iyvnen manamde;
8. rac kargia Cveni SvilebisaTvis, is kargia CvenTvisac.
ganqorwineba
1. radgan erTmaneTi aRar gviyvars, veRarafers izam;
2. yovelTvis upirvelesad ifiqre sakuTar Tavze;
3. xazi gausvi uaryofiTs da akritike yvelaferi;
4. Tu rame ar gamodis, yuradReba gadaitane warsulze;
5. ganixile sakuTari Tavi upirveles yovlisa rogors individi da amis
Semdeg rogorc wyvilis wevri;
6. yvelaferi Seni _ Cemia;
7. ganqorwineba adamianebs xdis ubedurs;
8. is, rac kargia CvenTvis, damangrevelia Cveni bavSvebisaTvis.

golemanma da ganongma 1985 wels aseve Seadares miTebi ganmeorebiTi

qorwinebis Sesaxeb
ganmeorebiT qorwineba
1. mjera yvelaferi kargad iqneba, radgan Cven yvelafers sworad
gavakeTebT;
2. yovelTvis ifiqre jer sxvebze;
3. xazi gausvi dadebiT mxareebs da yuradRebas nu miaqcev uaryofiTs;
4. Tu rame ise ar gamodis, dafiqrdi ra ar gamovida wina qorwinebaSi da
Seecade rom es ar gameordes;
5. adamianis pirovnebidan gamomdinare is SeiZleba moiqces an qorwinebaze
miTis mixedviT da ganixilos sakuTari Tavi rogorc wyvilis wevrma, an
ganqorwinebis miTis mixedviT da ganixilos sakuTari Tavi rogorc
individma;
6. Cemi _ Cemia da Seni _ Senia;
7. ganqorwineba xdis adamians mniSvnelovnad ufro bedniers, vidre iyo
qorwinebamde;
8. is, rac kargia CvenTvis, mavnea bavSvebisaTvis.

marTalia miTebi qorwinebis Sesaxeb cota iumoriTaa ganxiluli, es

miTebi sakmaod popularulia da maT ganmtkicebas aqtiurad uwyobs xels
gabatonebuli sazogadoebrivi azric. Amas ganamtkiceben eklesia, iuristebi,
masmedia, naTesavebi da megobrebi.

ganqorwinebis SedegebTan gamklaveba. ganqorwinebis Semdeg adamians

uxdeba yvelafris Tavidan dawyeba. ojaxma, rogorc sistemam unda Secvalos
_ praqtikuli cxovrebis stili, finansebis ganawileba, aseve mSoblebis
rolebi, urTierTobis modelebi da socialuri kontaqtebi.
hateringtoni da misi kolegebi 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi Seiswavliden 96
ganqorwinebul wyvils SvilebiT. maT aRmoaCines, rom bevri qali da
mamakaci ganqorwinebul wyvilebSi Seejaxa problemebs, romelic adre,
qorwinebis dros ar hqoniaT. ganqorwinebuli mamakacebidan bevrs hqonda
saxlSi sameurneo da saorganizacio saqmeebis problemebi, radgan miCveuli
iyvnen, rom am sakiTxebs meuRle agvarebda. zogma aRmoaCina, rom finansebi
gayofis Semdeg imdenad Semcirda, rom Tavis gatana gauWirdaT. bevrma
damatebiT samsaxuri daiwyo, rom meti saxsari eSovna. diasaxlisi qalebi,
Cveulebriv, ganicdiden finansur siZneleebs, gansakuTrebiT Tu yofili
qmrebi droulad ar ixdiden aliments. amis gamo qalebs uxdebodaT
samuSaos an damatebiTi samuSaos dawyeba. Sedegad sul ufro cota dros
atarebden bavSvebTan da TiTqmis saerTod ar rCebodaT dro sakuTari
TavisTvis.
saSualo asakis adamianebs, romlebic ukve SeeCvien Tavisi cxovrebis
stils, gansakuTrebiT uWirT ganqorwinebis Sedegebis gadatana.
gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu uwevT xelaxla dawyeba swavlis, samuSaos moZebna,
axali urTierTobebis awyoba. Cndeba danakargis gancda, sasurveli an
arasasurveli damoukidebloba da avtonomia, zogjer sruli simartove.
umravlesoba ganqorwinebas ganixilavs rogorc marcxs. arcTu
iSviaTad Cndeba damcirebis da ususurobis gancda. ganqorwineba,
orivesTvis, yovelTvis aris dartyma, stresi. SesaZlebelia ganqorwinebis
iniciatoric ganicdides sevdas, danaSaulis grZnobas an brazs, magram
mainc is ufro akontrolebs situacias, ufro mzad aris am viTarebisTvis.
TiTqos man ukve gaiara yovelive repeticiaze.

axali cxovrebis awyoba. ganqorwinebis Semdeg qalebs ufro miaCniaT,

rom miiRes “kidev erTi Sansi”. Tumca realurad maT SeiZleba ufro meti
problemebi gauCndeT, vidre mamakacebs. SedarebiT mcirea ricxvi im
adamianebis, romlebic ganqorwinebas Znelad eguebian da stress 10 welic ki
ganicdian. aseT viTarebaSi ganqorwinebul adamianebSi matulobs
alkoholizmi, fizikuri avadmyofoba da depresia. Tumca ganqorwinebul
wyvilTa umravlesoba axerxebs 2-3 weliwadSi gaumklavdes sirTuleebs da
maT isev uCndebaT keTildReobis gancda. isini ki, vinc ukeT aawyobs saqmes,
isev qorwindebian 3-4 wlis Semdeg.
xelmeored qorwineba ganqorwinebul mamakacebSi 3-jer ufro xSiria,
vidre qalebSi. saSualo asakis mamakacebidan bevri irTavs ufro
axalgazrda cols da aCens Svilebs. zogadad, ganqorwinebas emociurad da
fsiqologiurad ukeT egueba is, visac aqvs sakmarisi finansebi, socialuri
statusi da aqtiurad aris CarTuli sociumSi, aqvs socialuri kontaqtebi.
 mowifuloba

profesiuli ganviTareba saSualo asakSi

profesiuli cikli iwyeba fiqriT momavalze jer kidev mozardobis

asakSi, rasac individi miyavs profesiis arCevamde, grZeldeba samsaxuriT
arCeuli profesiis mixedviT da mTavrdeba pensiaze gasvliT. am periodSi
adamians gamudmebiT uxdeba gadawyvetilebebis miReba, xdeba mniSvnelovani
movlenebi, aris eWvebisa da gansacdelis periodebic.
profesiuli gzis etapebi. superisa da heivigherstis azriT, SeiZleba
gamoiyos profesiuli ganviTarebis xuTi etapi:
1. zrdis etapi (dabadebidan 14 wlamde). am periodSi bavSvebi mosinjaven
Tavis SesaZleblobebs rolebiT TamaSis dros. sxvadasxva
mecadineobebze Tu klasgareSe aqtivobaSi isini acnobiereben ra
moswonT, ra gamosdiT kargad, Cndeba garkveuli sferoebisadmi
interesebi, romlebmac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos profesiis
arCevanze;
2. Ziebis etapi (15-24 ww). axalgazrdebi cdiloben gansazRvron Tavisi
interesebi, unarebi, SesaZleblobebi, SearCion profesia da daeuflon
mas;
3. karieris ganmtkicebis etapi (25-44 ww), rodesac individebi cdiloben
myari mdgomareobis dakavebas maT mier arCeul profesiul sferoSi;
4. miRweulis SenarCunebis etapi (45-64 ww)
5. karieruli ukusvlis, dacemis etapi (65 wlis Semdeg). adamianis
fizikuri da kognituri unarebi sustdeba am asakisTvis, rac iwvevs
SromiTi saqmianobis xasiaTis Secvlas da bolos mis Sewyvetas.
Tanamedrove swrafad cvalebad, maRalteqnologiur sazogadoebaSi
yvela ar gadis erTi da igive TanmimdevobiT am etapebs, miTumetes yvela
profesiaSi erTnairad. axalgazrdebi xSirad icvlian samuSaos, sanam
saboloo arCevans gaakeTeben. mowifulobaSic bevri icvlis samuSao adgils
rom hqondes ukeTesi anazRaureba, Tanamdeboba, samuSao pirobebi. zogi ki
iZulebulia Seicvalos samuSao SromiT bazarze arastabiluri situaciis,
Tu cudi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo.
adamianebs, romlebic samuSaodan daiTxoves an aiZules pensiaze
gasvla, xSirad aqvT emociuri problemebi. Suaxnis asakSi samuSaos
dakargva SesaZloa ufro mZime iyos, vidre SedarebiT axalgazrdebisTvis,
radgan adamiani:
a) kargavs simyarisa da stabilurobis gancdas;
b) rac metia asaki, miT naklebia sxva samuSaoze an gadasamzadebel kursebze
miRebis albaToba;
g) Tu mainc moxerxda axali samuSaos moZebna, is, Cveulebriv, nakleb
prestiJuli da naklebad anazRaurebadia.

profesiis arCeva da profesiuli momzadeba. profesiis arCevaze

mravali faqtori moqmedebs: socio-ekonomikuri statusi, eTnikuri
mikuTvnebuloba, inteleqti, specialuri unarebi (magaliTad musikaluri an
maTematikuri niWiereba), sqesi da mSoblebis profesia. superic da
heivigherstic Tvlian, rom ukve 15 wlis asakisTvis adamianebs aqvT
savaraudo monaxazi, gegma Tavisi karierisa da cdiloben Sesabamisi
unarebis da xasiaTis Tvisebebi ganiviTaron.
sqesi da rasa. qalebi da zogierTi rasis an eTnikuri jgufebis
warmomadgenlebi garkveul profesiebSi metad arian CarTuli, zogSi _
naklebad. ra ganapirobebs amas?
mSoblebis ganwyobebi. ojaxi gavlenas axdens bavSvis mier profesiis
arCevanze, radgan mSoblebi warmoadgenen axalgazrdisTvis garkveuli
cxovrebis wesisa da mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli Rirebulebebisa da
rwmenebis formirebis models. magaliTad, momuSave dedebis qaliSvilebs
ufro maRali aqvT miRwevis motivacia da profesiuli karieris gakeTebis
survili, vidre aramomuSave dedebis qaliSvilebs.
me-koncefcia. am Teoriis Tanaxmad adamianebi irCeven im profesias,
romelic Seesabameba maT warmodgenebs sakuTar Tavze. me-koncefciis
Sesabamisi profesiis meSveobiT isini aRweven TviTaqtualizacias. isini
akeTeben imas, rasac, maTi azriT, SeuZlia yvelaze metad moutanos maT
kmayofileba da maqsimalurad Seuwyos xeli maT pirovnul ganviTarebas.
pirovnuli Tvisebebi. am Teoriis Tanaxmad arsebobs kargi
Sesatyvisoba adamianis mier arCeul saqmianobasa da mis pirovnul Tvisebebs
Soris. holandma SeimuSava Sesaferisi profesiis SerCevis sistema
pirovnebis 6 Tvisebis mixedviT. esenia: realisturoba, cnobismoyvareoba
(pitlivost), komunikabeluroba (obSitelnost), normebisa da wesebis
ganuxrelad dacva, iniciativianoba, artistuloba. adamiani, romelic
gamokveTilad aris cnobismoyvare da iniciativiani, SeiZleba gaxdes
mecnieri, is ki vinc aris komunikabeluri da mkacrad icavs normebs da
wesebs, SeiZleba gaxdes, magaliTad, medda.
praqtikuli mosazrebebi. ekonomikuri krizisis da masiuri
umuSevrobis periodSi adamians SeiZleba ar hqondes arCevanis saSualeba da
SeiZleba mouxdes im profesiis arCeva, romelic samuSaoTi uzrunvelyofs.
arcTu iSviaTia, rodesac adamiani ocnebobs arqiteqtorobaze, magram xdeba
buRalteri an saqmeTa mmarTveli. arsebobs aseve meuRlis daxmarebis an
ojaxis Senaxvis aucilebloba, rac aiZulebs adamians airCios sul sxva
saqmianoba. amrigad, praqtikuli mosazrebebic kargad xsnis ratom SeiZleba
airCios individma esa Tu is profesia.
profesiuli adaptacia.
molodinebi da realoba. WabukobaSi da profesiuli ganaTlebis
miRebis periodSi adamianebs aqvT naTeli, optimisturi molodinebi momaval
saqmianobaze. magram roca iwyeba yoveldRiuroba da rutina, axalgazrda
male acnobierebs, rom SeiZleba yvelaferi ise ar gamovides, rogorc
surda. samuSao SeiZleba aRmoCndes mosawyeni da meqanikuric,
xelmZRvanelebi _ usamarTlo, TanamSromlebTan urTierToba rTuli. aman
SeiZleba gamoiwvios frustracia (imedgacruebis mdgomareoba) sanam ar
Seegueba axal garemos. Tu axalgazrdam ver moaxerxa adaptacia, SeiZleba
xeli SeeSalos profesiul zrdaSi.
damrigeblis roli. levinsoni xazs usvams damrigeblis rols
profesiuli daostatebis saqmeSi _ isini uadvileben axalgazrdas
damoukidebel, kompetentur specialistad Camoyalibebas. axalbeda
damrigeblis mzrunvelobis qveS yofnisas iZens gamocdilebas da ufro
dajerebulia sakuTar ZalebSi. male is mTlianad egueba Tavis samuSao
adgils da SeiZleba raRacaSi ajobos kidec damrigebels da aRar
saWiroebdes mis daxmarebas. Semdeg is TandaTan iZens avtoritets
TanamSromlebSi da SeiZleba Tavadac gaxdes damrigebeli sxva
axalgazrdisTvis.
administraciuli da samecniero saqmianobiT dakavebuli mamakacebi
xSirad aRniSnaven, rom hyavdaT damrigebeli. magram am sferoSi adamianebis
didi raodenoba araa dakavebuli. Tanac administratori qalebis
umravlesoba ambobs, rom maT ar hyavdaT stabilurad erTi damrigebeli.
zogi qali aRniSnavs, rom maTi damrigebeli iyo qmari. magram amas SeiZleba
mohyves problemebic. rodesac qalis profesiuli kariera xels uSlis mas
uwindeburad didi dro dauTmos meuRles da ojaxs, qmrebi xSirad uars
eubnebian xolme mas daxmarebaze da mxardaWeraze. rodesac qalis
damrigebeli aris ucxo mamakaci, amanac SeiZleba gaaCinos sirTuleebi.
genderuli sxvaobebi. marTalia, zogierTi qali profesiul karieraSi
gadis igive safexurebs, rasac mamakacebi, mainc qalebis umravlesoba
cdilobs SeaTavsos samsaxuri ojaxur movaleobebTan. zogi samuSaos
tovebs, roca bavSvebia gasazrdeli, zogi arasruli dRe muSaobs, sxvebi
saxlSi muSaobiT cdiloben ojaxis biujetis Sevsebas.
ekonomikuri sirTuleebis periodebSi qalebs yovelTvis uxdebodaT
saxlis gareT muSaoba, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi mainc. XX saukunis
60-iani wlebidan mniSvnelovnad gaizarda momuSave qalebis raodenoba.
qalebis mniSvnelovani nawili mamakacebiviT mTeli cxovreba muSaobs.
magram qalebis didi nawilisTvis profesiuli ganviTareba da saqmianoba
araa erTgvarovani procesi. qalebis umravlesoba wyvets profesiul
karieras cota xniT mainc, rom aRzardos Svilebi, maSin roca mamakacebi
ase Zalian iSviaTad iqcevian. zogierTi karieraSi warmatebis miRwevis
Semdeg gadawyvets xolme bavSvebis gaCenas da Tavs anebebs samsaxurs.
zogierTi Tavidan Tavs uZRvnis ojaxs da bavSvebis aRzrdas da Semdeg
iwyebs muSaobas _ Cveulebriv, roca umcrosi bavSvi midis skolaSi. qalebi,
iseve rogorc mamakacebi, muSaobas iwyeben sxvadasxva mizezis gamo.
ZiriTadi mizezi SeiZleba iyos ekonomikuri aucilebloba, gansakuTrebiT
martoxela dedebis SemTxvevaSi. xSirad qalebs imdenive SemoaqvT ojaxis
biujetSi, ramdenic kacebs. magram aris sxva mizezebic. qalebi profesiul
saqmianobaSi xedaven sakuTari Tavis da Zalebis realizebis saSualebas,
Tvlian mas saintereso da SemoqmedebiT saqmed.
Tumca aris gansxvavebac momuSave qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris.
ramdenime kvlevam aCvena, rom qalebi ufro xSirad aRniSnaven Tavis
saqmianobaSi adamianebTan _ klientebTan, TanamSromlebTan,
xelmZRvaneleTanac ki _ urTierTobis mniSvnelobas. ojaxis miRma
socialuri urTierTobebi aZlierebs maTSi sxva adamianebTan erTianobis
grZnobas.
zogadad, momuSave qalebi aramomuSaveebisagan gansxvavdebian ufro
myari fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobiT. maT nakleb awuxebT depresia,
gulis da wylulovani daavadebebi. ufro pativs scemen sakuTar Tavs
(gansakuTrebiT dauqorwinebeli qalebi). rac metia qalis profesiuli
kvalifikacia, miT metia samsaxuriT kmayofilebis gancda, miuxedavad didi
datvirTvebisa.
aris meore gansxvavebac. qalebSi mkveTrad gansxvavdebian isini, vinc
orientirebulia karieraze maTgan, visTvisac samsaxuri araa mTavari.
erTerTi kvlevis mixedviT, samuSaoze orientirebulTa Soris droebiT an
dabal Tanamdebobaze momuSave qalebi naklebad iyvnen kmayofili, dabali
iyo TviTpativiscema da darwmunebuloba sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi. amis
sapirispirod, vinc ar iyo orientirebuli samuSaoze, maTi sakuTari Tavis
pativiscema da cxovrebiT kmayofileba ar iyo damokidebuli imaze, srul
dRes muSaobden Tu arasruls, droebiTi iyo samuSao Tu stabiluri da ra
Tanamdebobaze imyofeboden.

zrdasruli adamianis cxovrebis periodizacia

levinsonma Caatara zrdasrulobis periodSi adamianis ganviTarebis

CaRrmavebuli kvleva. man SearCia 40 mamakaci 35-45 wlis asakis sxvadasxva
rasis, eTnikuri jgufis da profesiis. ramdenime Tvis SualediT axdenda
maT interviurebas. mis mier Sekrebili informacia dafuZnebulia
respodentebis mogonebebze da TviTanalizze da ufro subieqturia, vidre
sxva mkvlevarebis mier Skalebisa da sxva meTodebiT mopovebuli
informacia. cdispirTa rekonstruirebul biografiebTan erTad levinsonma
Seiswavla iseTi gamoCenili adamianebis biografiebic, rogoricaa dante da
gandi.
mamakacis cxovrebiseul ciklSi man gamoyo 3 mTavari era. TiToeuli
20 wlis xangrZliobiT. cxovrebis struqtura iqmneba individis
urTierTobiT gare samyarosTan da es urTierToba ormxrivia. es SeiZleba
iyos urTierTobebi calkeul adamianebTan, jgufebTan, sistemebTan, da
sagnebTanac ki. mamakacebis umravlesobisTvis centralur adgils ikavebs
urTierTobebi _ samsaxurebrivi da ojaxuri. garkveul asakobriv
periodebSi adamianebs uCndebaT eWvebi da iwyeben cxovrebis arsebuli
struqturis ngrevas. Semdeg isini qmnian axal struqturas, romelic
Seesabameba maT mimdinare moTxovnilebebs. es struqtura aris dominanturi
xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi sanam adamiani isev ar iwyebs
cvlilebebs da procesi meordeba.
marTalia levinsons Tavidan ainteresebda 35-45 wlis asaki (cxovrebis
Suaxanis aTwleuli), man aRmoaCina, rom am stadiaze srulfasovani
ganviTareba da adaptacia mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli 17-33 wlebis
asakSi momxdari wamowyebebze. es aris periodi, rodesac axalgazrdebi
eZeben Tavis adgils sazogadoebaSi, iReben pasuxismgeblobas romelic
gulisxmobs cxovrebis stabilur, advilad ganWvretad dinebas. wamowyebebis
periodi levinsonma dayo 3 qveperiodad: gadasvla adreul zrdasrulobaze,
(daaxloebiT 17-22 wlebi); zrdasrulebis samyaroSi Sesvla (22-28 wlebi) da
gadasvla 30 wlis asakis (28-33 wlebi). levinsonis Tanaxmad, imisaTvis, rom
srulad gaxde zrdasruli, mamakacma unda gadawyvitos 4 amocana: 1)
ocnebebi miabas realobas; 2) monaxos damrigebeli (nastavnik); 3)
uzrunvelyos Tavisi kariera da 4) moagvaros intimuri urTierTobebi.

gadasvla gvian zrdasrulobaze: 60-65 ww

struqtura cxovrebis saSualo zrdasrulobis kulminaciur

periodSi: 55-60 ww

50 wlis gadasvla: 50-55 ww

struqtura cxovrebis saSualo zrdasrulobis periodis dasawyisSi:

45-50 ww

gadasvla saSualo zrdasrulobaze: 40-45 ww

struqtura cxovrebis adreuli zrdasrulobis kulminaciur

periodSi: 33-40 ww

gadasvla 30 wlis zRvaris: 28-33 ww

struqtura cxovrebis adreul zrdasrulobaSi Sesvlis periodSi: 22-
28 ww

gadasvla adreul zrdasrulobaze: 17-22 ww

bavSvobisa da mozardobis periodi: 0-22 ww

mamakacis cxovrebis periodizaciis Taviseburebebi

ocnebebi da realoba. sawyis etapze zrdasrulTa ocnebebi sustad
aris dakavSirebuli realobasTan. ocneba SeiZleba iyos konkretuli mizani,
magaliTad nobelis premiis miReba an romelime socialuri rolis aRebis
pretenzia - gaxdes peJisori, magnati an saxelovani poeti. mamakacebi
SeiZleba iyon ufro zomierebic ocnebebSi, magaliTad gaxden kargi
xelosani an Seqmnan bednieri ojaxi. ocnebis yvelaze mTavari aspeqtia misi
unari STaagonos mamakaci axlandel saqmianobaSi. idealur SemTxvevaSi
axalgazrda kaci iwyebs Tavisi cxovrebis struqturis agebas, realobis
gaTvaliswinebiT yvelafers ganixilavs gonivruli optimizmiT, rac
exmareba ocnebis realizebaSi. usafuZvlo fantaziebi da sruliad
miuRwevadi miznebi xels ar uwyobs zrdas.
rodesac ocneba realisturia, SeiZleba mainc ver moxdes misi
realizeba xelsayreli SesaZleblobebis an specialuri unarebis ar qonis
gamo, mSoblebis mxridan zedmeti zewolis an iseTi pirovnuli Tvisebebis
gamo, rogoricaa danaSaulis grZnoba an pasiuroba. amis Sedegad
axalgazrda kacma SeiZleba airCios da daeuflos profesias, romelic
misTvis ar aris momxiblavi. levinsonis mixedviT aseTi gadawyvetilebebi
xdeba wyaro mudmivi profesiuli konfliqtebisa zrdasrulobis xanaSi,
SeiZleba ar qondes SromiTi enTuziazmi da dabali SromiTi realizeba.
levinsoni Tvlis, rom adamianebs, romlebic ibrZvian raime ocnebisTvis,
misi asrulebis grZnobis gancdis albaToba meti aqvT. mniSvnelovania
aRiniSnos, rom TviTon ocnebac icvleba. axalgazrda kaci, romelic
Tavidan ocnebobs gaxdes cnobili fexburTeli, mogvianebiT SeiZleba
kmayofili iyos treneris muSaobiTac, nawilobriv mainc aixdens
ymawvilkacobis ocnebas.
damrigeblis povna. ocnebis ganxorcielebaSi udidesi daxmareba
axalgazrda kacs SeiZleba gauwios damrigebelma (nastavnik). mas SeuZlia
Caunergos darwmunebuloba, gaiziarebs da mouwonebs ra mis ocnebas da
gadascems ra Tavis cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas da ostatobas. mfarvelis
saxiT mas SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos mis warmatebul karierul svlaze.
Tumca damrigeblis ZiriTadi funqcia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom uzrunvelyos
gadasvla “mSobeli_bavSvi” damokidebulebidan zrdasruli Tanatolebis
samyaroSi urTierTobebze. damrigebels sakmaod unda hqondes mSoblis
Tvisebebi, iyos gansaxiereba maRali miRwevebis da amavdroulad
gamoavlinos mowafisadmi TanagrZnoba da simpaTia, rom SeZlos gadalaxos
gaTiSuloba Taobebs Soris da daamyaros "TanaswoTa doneze"
urTierTobebi. TandaTan mowafe iZens damoukideblobisa da
kompetenturobis grZnobas da droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba ajobos
damrigebels. arcTu iSviaTia, rom damrigebeli da mowafe uecrad wyveten
urTierTobas da cildebian.
karieris ageba. ocnebis asrulebisa da damrigeblis SeZenis garda,
axalgazrda kaci xvdeba karieris agebis socio-fsiqologiur sirTuleebs.
es cildeba profesiis arCevis sakiTxs. levinsoni Tvlida, rom es aris
ganviTarebis amocana am periodis. eriksonis msgavsad, is ganixilavda
karieris formirebis mravalferovan komponentebs rogorc TviTgamorkvevis
miRwevis saSualebas zrdasrulobis periodSi.
axlo urTierTobebis damyareba. zustad aseve, ojaxSi axlo
urTierTobebis damyareba ar Semoifargleba qorwinebiT da pirveli bavSvis
dabadebiT. manamdec da merec axalgazrda kaci avsebs Tavis gamocdilebas
sakuTar Tavze da qalebTan urTierTobaze. man unda gaarkvios TavisTvis,
ris gamo moswons is qalebs da TviTon mas ra moswons qalebSi: man unda
gaigos Tavisi Zlieri da susti _ fsiqologiuri _ mxareebi seqsualur
siaxloveSi. Tumca garkveuli warmodgena sakuTar Tavze man miiRo ukve
Wabukobis xanaSi, adreuli zrdasrulobis periodSi es sakiTxebi jer kidev
Semacbunebelia misTvis da iwvevs danaSaulis grZnobas. mxolod 30 wlis
asakis gadabijebis Semdeg mamakaci inviTarebs qalTan seriozuli,
Tanasworuflebiani partnioruli urTierTobis unars. garda amisa, sakuTar
da sxvebis feminur mxareebTan damokidebuleba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
rCeba ganviTarebis amocanad.
pirveli kavSiri gansakuTrebul qalTan (levinsonis terminia)
emsaxureba imave moTxovnilebebs, rasac urTierToba damrigebeli-mowafe.
gansakuTrebul qals SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos ocnebis ganxorcielebas,
aiZulebs ra partniors Tavi igrZnos gmirad. is exmareba axalgazrda kacs
zrdasrulTa samyaroSi SesvlaSi, mis imedebs aRvivebs da iTmens mis
damokidebul mdgomareobas da naklovanebebs. levinsonis Tanaxmad,
mamakacis moTxovnileba gansakuTrebul qalSi qveiTdeba droTa
ganmavlobaSi, Sua xnis asakisTvis, roca mamakacebis umravlesoba aRwevs
damoukideblobas da kompetenturobas.
qalis cxovrebis periodizaciis Taviseburebebi
levinsonis kvlevebs didi gamoxmaureba mohyva. sayvedurobden, rom
qalebis ignorireba moaxdina. ramdenime qalma (vendi stuarti, rut droeji,
ketrin farsti, diana adamsi) Caatares kvlevebi igive meTodikiT _
gamoiyenes biografiuli interviu. magram maTi kvlevebi ar iyo imdenad
masStaburi, rogorc levinsonis (naklebi cdispirebi yavdaT da nakleb
periods ikvlevden). TviTon levinsonmac Caatara kvleva 1990 wels. Mman 45
qali SearCia: 15_diasaxlisi, 15_saqmiani qali, 15_umaRlesi saswavleblis
pedagogi.
zrdasruli qalebis cxovrebiseuli gzis es kvlevebi nawilobriv
adastureben levinsonis Teoriul hipoTezas, rom zrdasrulobaSi Sesvla
dakavSirebulia 4 erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul amocanasTan: ocnebis
Camoyalibeba, damrigeblis SeZena, karieris formireba da gansakuTrebul
adamianTan urTierTobebis damyareba da gadasvla 30 wlis asakis. 30 wlis
gadasvlis periodi, levinsonis azriT, aris stresis periodi, radgan am
dros karieruli miznebis da cxovrebis wesis gadafaseba xdeba. am
kvlevebma isic aCvena, rom msgavsebis garda aris arsebiTi gansxvaveba
mamakacebisa da qalebis cxovrebiseul gzaSi. marTalia levinsoni
amtkicebs, rom gadasvlis periodebi qalebTanac da kacebTanac mWidrod
ukavSirdeba asaks, sxva kvlevebis mixedviT qalebisTvis ojaxuri ciklis
stadiebi, rogorc Cans, ukeTesi indikatoria, vidre asaki. qalebisTvis
SeiZleba erTi asakobrivi periodidan meoreze gadasvlas migvaniSnebdes ara
30, 40 an 50 welis gadabijeba, aramed bavSvis dabadeba an Svilebis
daojaxeba an saxlidan wasvla.
gansxvaveba ocnebebSi. yvelaze gasaocari aris gansxvaveba qalebisa da
mamakacebis ocnebaSi. qalebisTvisac da kacebisTvisac ocnebas uWiravs
centraluri adgili. magram, Tu mamakacebis ocnebebi mTlianobaSi aris
erTgvarovani xasiaTis, qalebis ocnebebisTvis xSirad aris damaxasiaTebeli
danawevrebuloba. levinsonis kvlevaSi universitetSi da biznesSi momuSave
qalebi cdilobden SeeTavsebinaT kariera da gaTxoveba, magram akeTebden
amas sxvadasxvanairad. pirvelebi iyvnen nakleb pativmoyvare da ufro meti
hqondaT mzaoba uari eTqvaT karieraze, radgan SeeZloT inteleqtualuri
samuSaos gagrZeleba bavSvis dabadebis Semdegac sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi
saqmianobiT. saqmiani qalebi cdilobden samsaxuris SenarCunebas bavSvis
dabadebis Semdegac, Tundac nakleb Tanamdebobaze. mxolod diasaxlisebs
hqondaT erTgvarovani ocneba: mTeli dro mieZRvnaT ojaxisTvis _ rogorc
amas maTi dedebi akeTebden.
ufro adre Catarebul kvlvebSic qalebis umravlesobis ocnebebi
aseve moicavden qorwinebas da karieras da maTi mniSvnelovani nawili met
wonas aZlevda daqorwinebas. mxolod 7 qali 39-dan (18%-ze naklebi)
ukavSirebden Tavis ocnebebs mxolod samsaxurebriv warmatebas da kidev
ufro naklebi (15%-ze cota meti) Semoifargleboden colis, dedis da
damxmaris tradiciuli rolebiT samomavlod. Tumca is qalebic ki,
romlebic ocnebobden karierazec da daqorwinebazec, amcirebden Tavis
ocnebebs qmrebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT da tradiciul molodinebs
adasturebden Tanamedrove cxovrebis wesis farglebSi.
gamokvleul jgufSi Sedioden 28-dan 50 wlamde qalebi. gamokvlevis
dros 75% iyo daojaxebuli an ganqorwinebuli. daaxloebiT 41% maTgan
gamoxatavda ukmayofilebas gaxleCili cxovrebis gamo. zogierTisTvis
SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda karierisa da ojaxis SeTavseba. levinsonis kvlevaSi
qalebi aseve Tvliden, rom karierisa da ojaxis SeTavseba uaRresad
rTulia. saqmiani qalebidan yvela Tvlida rom es gadawyvetileba maTTvis
iyo "aucilebloba". miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi kolegebi da ojaxis wevrebi
Tvliden, rom am qalebma warmatebas miaRwies, TviTon es qalebi grZnobden,
rom msxverplad swiraven karieras ojaxisaTvis an ojaxs _ karierisTvis.
diasaxlisebic ar iyvnen Zalian bednierebi. 35-45 wlis asakSi maTi mxolod
20% iyo qorwinebaSi, 30% iyo oficialurad ganqorwinebuli, 30% grZnobden
Tavs "fsiqologiurad" gayrilad Tavis qmrebTan, darCenili 20% cdilobda
ganesazRvra ramdenad mniSvnelovania maTTvis qorwineba. maSasadame, qalebis
umravlesoba ufro mwvaved grZnobda konfliqts karierasa da ojaxs Soris,
vidre mamakacebi
gansxvaveba damrigebelTan urTierTobebSi. Tumca iTvleba, rom
damrigeblis yola adreuli zrdasrulobis periodSi mniSvnelovania
karierisTvisac da cxovrebis mosawyobadac, qalebi aseT urTierTobebs
ufro iSviaTad amyareben, vidre mamakacebi. nawilobriv problema imaSia,
rom arcTu bevri qalia xelmZRvanel poziciaze, romelTac SeuZliaT
mfarveloba gauwion axalgazrda qalebs da daexmaron maT samuSaoze. roca
qalis damrigeblis rols iRebs mamakaci, maT Soris urTierTobebi SeiZleba
dairRves "seqsualuri ltolviT maT Soris". zogjer damrigeblis rolSi
gamodian qmrebi an Seyvarebulebi, magram amas arTulebs piradi
urTierTobebi. rodesac qalebi amtkiceben Tavis damoukideblobas da
agrZeleben muSaobas mTeli samuSao dRe an moiTxoven Tanasworobas
urTierTobebSi, qmrebi da Seyvarebulebi xSirad uars amboben mxardaWeraze.
qalebs iseve uWirT gansakuTrebuli mamakacis povna. Tumca qmrebi da
Seyvarebulebi xSirad gamodian damxmaris rolSi, gansakuTrebiT adreuli
zrdasrulobis periodSi, roca xdeba mSoblebis gavlenisgan
ganTavisufleba, axlobeli mamakaci iSviaTad uWers mxars qalis ocnebas,
Tu es safrTxes uqmnis mis upiratesobas. amdenad, is ar asrulebs
gansakuTrebuli mamakacis yvela funqcias: magaliTad, xels ar uwyobs
qalis pirovnul da profesiul zrdas.
profesiuli gzis gansxvavebebi. qalebi mamakacebze mniSvnelovnad
gvian ageben karierasac. levinsonis adreul kvlevaSi mamakacebi Segirdobis
periods asrulebden 30 wliani zRvaris bolosTvis. qalebi ZiriTadad
mowafeebad iTvleboden saSualo asakis miRwevisas. im qalebis
umravlesobas, romlebmac kariera daiwyes 20 wlis asakisTvis, "Segirdobis"
periodi 40 wlamde da ufro gvianac ugrZeldeboda. adamsi ikvlevda iurist
qalebs da naxa, rom isini karieras ikeTebden iseve, rogorc mamakacebi 30
wlis gadasvlamde, magram mere maTi interesebi gadaerTveboda xolme
profesiuli warmatebebidan piradi urTierTobebisgan siamovnebis miRebaze.
mamakacebisTvis kariera rCeba ZiriTad amocanad 30 wlis Semdegac.
cxovrebiseuli miznebisa da gegmebis ganxorcielebis procesSi
gansxvavebebi. 30 wlis gadasvla stresebs iwvevs mamakacebSic da qalebSic.
magram msgavseba aq Tavdeba. mamakacebma SeiZleba gamoicvalon samuSao an
Secvalon cxovrebis wesi, magram ar icvleba maTi koncentrireba samuSaoze
da karieraze. qalebTan, Cveulebriv, icvleba prioritetebi. ojaxze da
gaTxovebaze orientirebuli qalebs axla moswonT profesiuli miznebi;
isini ki, vinc karieraze iyo orientirebuli, axla interesebs mimarTaven
ojaxze da qorwinebaze. amitom qalebs ufro uWirT Tavisi miznebis miRweva.
am kvlevebis Sedegebs sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT. SerCeva
respodentebis iyo Zalian mcire. da araa reprezentatuli. levinsonma
gamoikvlia mxolod 10 biologi, 10 xelmZRvaneli, 10 mwerali da 10 muSa.
amasTan am kvlevebSi monawile qalebis 85% da kacebis 70% qonda umaRlesi
ganaTleba. amitomac es daskvnebi aris savaraudo da saWiroebs Semdgom
ufro damajerebel kvlevebs.

profesiuli saqmianoba saSualo asakSi

bolo dromde iTvleboda, rom adamianis profesiuli cxovreba unda

iwyebodes axalgazrdobaSi konkretul Tanamdebobaze samsaxuris dawyebiT
da Semdgom gagrZeldes uwyvetad arCeul sferoSi muSaobiT pensiaze
gasvlamde. aseTi midgoma adamianebisgan iTxovda profesiis gaazrebul
arCevas da seriozul profesiul momzadebas. roca adamiani samsaxurs
iwyebda, yvela moeloda, rom is qmnida mTeli cxovrebis karierul
safuZvels da Semdgom unda ecada rac SeiZleba swrafad asuliyo
samsaxurebriv kibeze.
axla es midgoma Seicvala, radgan gavacnobiereT, rom zrdasruli
adamianis ganviTarebis procesSi SeiZleba Seicvalos misi ganwyobebi,
profesiuli moTxovnilebebi da miznebi. ufro metic, Tanamedrove
teqnikurad ganviTarebul da ekonomikurad arastabilur samyaroSi
samuSaos xasiaTi ise swrafad icvleba, rom midgoma “erTi profesia mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze”, dRes adamianebis umravlesobisaTvis gamouyenebeli
gaxda. adamianebs uwevT dasaqmebis adgilis Secvla an gadasvla sxva
Tanamdebobebze erTi kompaniis farglebSi.
marTalia, adamianebis umravlesoba iSviaTad icvlis profesias
radikalurad, Cvens droSi ukve uCveuloa, roca vinme iwyebs da amTavrebs
profesiul cxovrebas erTsa da imave samuSao adgilze. es gansakuTrebiT
exeba qalebs, romlebmac Sewyvites samsaxuri 10 an meti wliT bavSvebis
aRzrdasTan dakavSirebiT. saSualo asakSi isini mzad arian mimarTon Tavisi
energia ara adre arCeuli profesiis farglebSi, aramed sxva sferoSi.
swored samsaxurSi SeuZliaT am qalebs Tavisi SesaZleblobebis realizeba
da maTTvis Rirebuli da mniSvnelovani urTierTobebis formireba.

cvlilebebi profesiul cxovrebaSi

Rirebulebebis gadafaseba. adamianebis samuSao biografiebis

Seswavlis procesSi gamovlinda, rom saSualo asakSi xSirad xdeba
profesiuli karieris guldasmiT gaanalizeba da seriozuli gadafaseba.
es xdeba sxvadasxva mizezis gamo. pirveli aris is, rom adamianebi
aRmoaCenen, rom ise swrafad ver midian win, rogorc moeloden. meore
mizezia is, rom samuSao maTTvis aRmoCnda nakleb sasurveli, vidre adre
eCvenebodaT. levinsonma aRmoaCina, rom 40-dan 50 wlamde SesaZloa moxdes
Rirebulebebisa da miznebis gadafaseba. is Tvlida, rom xdeba
ymawvilkacobis miswrafebebis, idealebis da miznebis, rogorc “ocnebis”
meored gaCena.
zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom mowifuli adamianebi ukeT
umklavdebian gadafasebebis am mZime periods, Tu sistematurad afaseben
Tavis unarebsa da SesaZleblobebs, aseve Tavis yoveldRiuri profesiuli
saqmianobis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebs.
Cvens droSi adamianebi ufro didxans cxovroben da SeuZliaT ufro
didxans muSaobac. mas Semdeg rac Svilebi damoukidebel cxovrebas iwyeben,
adamianebs ukve SeuZliaT ifiqron profesiis Secvlazec. Tumca mxolod
mcire nawili cvlis mkveTrad profesiul karieras Sua xnis asakSi. rogorc
wesi, amas akeTeben is adamianebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom maTi unarebi
srulad ar aris gamoyenebuli arsebul samuSaoze. samuSaos gamocvlis
motivi aseve SeiZleba iyos "profesiuli gadawva", rodesac adamiani
grZnobs, rom aRar aqvs unari gaagrZelos muSaoba arCeuli profesiiT,
rasac axlavs SfoTvis maRali done, romelic Cndeba yovel diliT,
rodesac saWiroa samsaxurSi wasvla. ra Tqma unda, profesiuli gadawva
damaxasiaTebelia aramarto Sua xnis adamianebisaTvis.

samuSaos Secvla da stresi. bevrisTvis samuSaos Secvla sulac ar

aris sasurveli ram. profesiuli TvalsazrisiT arastabilurobam SeiZleba
zianic moitanos. am periodSi adamianma SeiZleba dakargos sulieri
simSvide, moimatos stresisa da SfoTvis donem.
adamianebs, romlebic samsaxuridan daiTxoves an aiZules pensiaze
gasvla, xSirad eqmnebaT emociuri problemebi. maTgan bevri Tvlis, rom
TviTpativiscemam iklo, maTi me-koncefcia dairRva.
ra gancdebi da emociebi uCndeba adamians samuSaos dakargvis
SemTxvevaSi? am dros adamiani Tavidan SokSia da ar sjera, rom aseTi ram
SeiZleba moxdes; Semdeg eufleba brazi da uCndeba protesti. bevri
cdilobs "vaWrobas" _ Txovs xelmZRvanels kidev erTi Sansi misces da sxva;
amis Semdeg SeiZleba ganviTardes panika, depresia, adamiani gaurbis
kontaqtebs da SeiZleba gaCndes somaturi daavadebebis simptomebic.
adamians, romelmac samuSao dakarga SeiZleba qondes danaSaulis gancda,
rom Secdomebi dauSva, rac xels uSlis sxva saxis saqmianobaSic; TandaTan
es grZnoba mineldeba da is axal pirobebTan iwyebs Seguebas, uCndeba imedi,
cdilobs Tavisi energia gadarTos axali samuSaos Ziebaze.
saSualo asakSi samuSaos dakargva ufro rTulia, vidre
axalgazrdebisaTvis. jer erTi, metia albaToba, rom adamiani am asakSi
metad axdens Tavis samuSaosTan identifikacias. meorec, aris meti
albaToba am asakis adamianebis diskriminaciis rogorc samuSaoze ayvanisas,
aseve gadamzadebis programebis gavlisas _ ratom unda daxarjon fuli
isedac ukve xanSiSesul adamianze?!. mesamec is, rom nebismieri samuSao,
romelic SeiZleba moZebnos profesionalma, mosalodnelia iyos nakleb
anazRaurebadi da hqondes naklebi statusi, vidre adrindel samsaxurs.
zogadad adamianebi, romlebic arTmeven Tavs samsaxuris dakargvis
problemas, cdiloben Tavisi brazi ar mimarTon sakuTari Tavze: ar
sayveduroben sakuTar Tavs Secdomebis gamo da ar Tvlian sakuTar Tavs
uiRblod profesiul Tu pirad cxovrebaSi.
ra faqtorebi uwyobs xels samuSaos dakargvis problemisTvis Tavis
garTmevas.
• fizikuri janmrTeloba. erT-erTi pirveli xerxia axali samsaxuris
Zieba. Tu adamiani karg fizikur formaSia, misTvis ufro advilia
Tavisi Tavis wardgena gasaubrebaze. kargi fizikuri mdgomareoba aseve
aZlierebs stresTan, moulodnel movlenebTan da daRlasTan
gamklavebis unars.
• fizikuri da finansuri resursebi. samsaxuris dakargva maTSi iwvevs
met stress, visac ar aqvs finansuri resursebi imaTTan SedarebiT,
visac SeuZlia mSvidad gadasaxadebis gadaxda axali samuSaos Ziebis
periodSi. visac ar aqvs finansuri resursebi, iZulebuli xdeba
gayidos saxli, SeiZleba mouwios Tavisi socialuri mdgomareobis
Secvla, rac aZlierebs samuSaos dakargvasTan dakavSirebul stress.
• specifiuri unar-Cvevebi. adamianebi, romlebsac aqvT samuSao bazarze
moTxovnadi profesiuli unar-Cvevebi, albaT nakleb sirTuleebs
Sexvdebian axali samuSaos Ziebisas, vidre isini, vinc ar arian
profesionalebi an maTi codna moZvelebulia.
• socialuri mxardaWera. individebi, romlebsac mosiyvarule,
mxardamWeri ojaxi aqvT, xSirad ukeT umklavdebian samuSaos
dakargvas, vidre martoxelebi an visac daZabuli urTierTobebi aqvs
ojaxSi.
• movlenebis kognituri gaazreba. unari gaiazro da gaigo mizezebi, ris
gamoc dakarge samuSao (korporatiuli restruqturizacia, cudi
xarisxis saqmianoba an piradi Secdomebi), exmareba adamians
gadaitanos samuSaos dakargva da monaxos energia axali samuSao
adgilis ZiebisTvis. am unars gansazRvravs warsuli gamocdileba,
aseve ganaTleba.
• ganWvreta da momzadeba. adamiani, romelsac SeuZlia ganWvritos
globaluri an mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri tendenciebi da mzad aris
 cvlilebebisTvis, ukeT axerxebs adaptacias da ukeT umklavdeba
problemebs samsaxuris dakargvis SemTxvevaSi.
• pirovnuli faqtorebi. iseTi pirovnuli Tvisebebi, rogoricaa
moqniloba, Riaoba axali gamocdilebisadmi da mdgradoba, amzadeben
individs samsaxuris ZiebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebis
dasaZlevad.
• cxovrebis istoria. individebi, romlebsac adrec daukargavT
samsaxuri da gauvliaT umuSevrobis periodebi, gansxvavebulad
reagireben samsaxuris dakargvaze, vidre isini, visac ar aqvT aseTi
gamocdileba.

profesiuli gadawva. es aris emociuri gamofitvis fsiqologiuri

mdgomareoba, romelsac xSirad Tan sdevs ukiduresi cinizmi; profesiuli
gadawva gansakuTrebiT xSirad gvxvdeba e.w. ”damxmare profesiebis”
warmomadgenlebSi. esenia socialuri muSakebi, policielebi, meddebi,
Terapevtebi, maswavleblebi da yvela is adamiani, vinc garkveul
momsaxurebas uweven adamianebs da xSirad metad daZabul viTarebaSi.
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, profesiul gadawvad SeiZleba davasaxeloT
mdgomareoba, romelsac ganicdis adamiani, romelic Zalian bevrs muSaobs,
mTeli Tavisi Zalebi daxarja faqtobrivad miuwvdomeli miznebis
misaRwevad da warmatebas ki ver miaRwia. aseve ganicdian gadawvas
dabalanazRaurebad samuSaoebze dakavebuli adamianebi, romlebsac ar
SeuZliaT reagireba maT mimarT zogjer uRirs moqcevaze muSaobis
procesSi samsaxuris dakargvis SiSis gamo. maslaCisa da misi kolegebis
azriT, am “damxmare profesiebis" warmomadgenelTa gadawvis mizezi aris
Secdomebi, romelsac uSvebs organizacia da ara individi.
adamianebi, romlebic gadawvas ganicdian, muSaobas xSirad iwyeben
maRali idealebiT da saukeTeso survilebiT. SromiTi saqmianobis procesSi
isini acnobiereben, rom ver axdenen gavlenas im adamianebze, romlis
daxmarebac surT; an gadasaWreli problemebi imdenad masStaburia,
dasaxuli miznebi ki rTuli, rom warmatebis miRweva SeuZlebelia.
problemebi, rogoricaa siRaribe, pedagogiuri amocanebi, daavadebebi da
maTi profilaqtika, Zaladoba ojaxSi, narkotikebis moxmareba, Zalian
rTulia da Znelad gadasaWreli. garda amisa, is adamianebi, romlebsac
exmarebian, SesaZloa uars ambobden daxmarebaze. mdgomareoba SeiZleba
gauaresdes, Tu es adamianebi iZulebuli arian didi dro dauTmon
biurokratiuli qaRaldebis gaformebas, romelsac iTxovs maTi
organizacia. es samuSao maT arTmevs did dros da energias, romelic
SeiZleba daxarjuliyo adamianebis daxmarebaze., rac aCens ukmayofilebas.
“profesiuli gadawvisas” adamianebi grZnoben brazs, frustracias da
sasowarkveTas. samuSao maTTvis xdeba tvirTi, romlis zidvac aRar
SeuZliaT. isini SesaZloa malavden Tavis emociebs, arian civi da
gaucxovebuli. maT SeiZleba hqondeT fizikuri gamofitva, ganviTardes
fsiqosomaturi daavadebebi, suliT ecemian, cudad muSaoben da samuSaos
gacdenasac ki iwyeben.
profesiuli gadawva SesaZlebelia aviciloT, Tu viswavliT
realisturad mivudgeT samuSaos, gamovyoT piradi cxovreba
profesiulisgan da gaviCinoT mravalmxrivi interesebi. es rCevebi
sasargeblo iqneba aramarto gadawvis saSiSroebis mqone adamianebisTvis,
aramed yvelasTvis.
 xandazmuloba
fizikuri da kognituri ganviTareba
Cvens sazogadoebaSi xandazmulebi xSirad aRiqmebian
stereotipulad. stereotipi SeiZleba iyos dadebiTic (magaliTad: moxucebi
mosaxleobis sakmaod SeZlebuli kategoriaa; moxucebi potencialuri
politikuri Zalaa; isini bevrni arian da politikurad aqtiurebi arian;
moxucebi advilad Sedian urTierTobaSi sxvebTan; keTilebi arian; moxuci
adamianebis umravlesoba gamoirCeva simwifiT, cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT
da sibrZniT; isini saintereso adamianebi arian da sxv.) da uaryofiTic
(magaliTad: moxucebis umravlesoba Raribia; moxucebi, rogorc wesi,
sustebi da avadmyofebi arian; moxucebis umravlesoba kargad ver asrulebs
samuSaos, Sromisunariani araa; moxuci adamianebi ver iReben siaxleebs,
axalgazrdebTan SedarebiT nakleb SemoqmedebiTi arian; isini nela
azrovneben, mexsiereba ar uvargaT da axal rames cudad swavloben;
moxucebis umravlesoba socialur izolaciaSi cxovrobs da martoobiT
itanjeba da sxv).
kvlevebma aCvena, rom damokidebuleba moxuci adamianebisadmi
xSirad ambivalenturia _ isini erTdroulad keTilganwyobilic arian da
sul yvelafriT ukmyofilo wuwuna adamianebic. Tumca zogadi stereotipi
uaryofiTia, gansakuTrebiT fizikuri mimzidvelobisa da gonebrivi
SesaZleblobebis daqveiTebis mimarT.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom SemoqmedebasTan da inovaciebTan dakavSirebiT,
mowifuli tvini axlgazrdaze ukeT muSaobs. virjiniis universitetis
kognituri daberebis laboratoriis direqtoris, fsiqologiis profesoris
timoTi soltxausis azriT, miTi asakTan erTad kognituri unarebis
dakargvis Sesaxeb emyareba ara sistematur kvlevebs, aramed crurwmenebs.
iTvleba, rom wlebTan erTad adamianis tvini kargavs Semoqmedebis,
adaptaciis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis unars. Tumca mecnierebi gviCveneben,
rom sinamdvileSi xdeba piriqiT.
upirveles yovlisa, asakTan erTad Zlierdeba empaTiis unari: adamians
uadvildeba sxvisi gageba. xandazmuli adamianebi ukeT axerxeben sxva
adamianebis saWiroebebisa da sakuTari mignebebis dakavSirebas.
garda amisa, xandazmuli adamianebis didi gamocdilebis safuZvelze
metia albaToba, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebisas xanSiSesuli adamiani
axalgazrdebze ukeT gaiTvaliswinebs momavlis perspeqtivas. Tumca erTi
pirobiT. SemoqmedebiTi rCebian is adamianebi, romlebic asakTan erTad
ganagrZoben rTuli SemoqmedebiTi amocanebis gadawyvetas, ismenen
gansxvavebul mosazrebebs, wyveten arastandartul da rTul sakiTxebs,
swavloben enebs, mogzauroben, dros uTmoben sports. es aris kognituri
energiisa da efeqtiani SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis SenarCunebis saidumlo.
“miuxedavad imisa, rom 100 weli misruldeba, vazrovneb axla _
gamocdilebis daxmarebiT _ bevrad ukeTesad, vidre maSin roca oci wlis
viyavi”, _ Tqva rita levi-montalCinim, neirobiologma, nobelis premiis
laureatma (romelic 1986 wels miiRo fiziologiasa da medicinaSi, roca 77
wlis iyo) Tavisi asi wlis iubilis ceremoniaze. aqtiurad monawileobda
politikur cxovrebaSi rogorc italiis republikis senatori. gardaicvala
2012 wels 103 wlis asakSi.
hedda bolgari _ cnobili fsiqoanalitikosi, marto cxovrobda Tavis
saxlSi los-anjelesSi, muSaobda pacientebTan 20 sT kviraSi. kiTxulobda
leqciebs, dadioda konferenciebze. is iyo Wkviani, warmatebuli qali,
romelic cxovrobda aqtiuri da damoukidebeli cxovrebiT. da iyo 103 wlis.
gardaicvala 2013 wlis agvistoSi.
hedda bolgarma diplomi aiRo 1936 wels. misi maswavleblebi iyvnen
froidis uaxloesi mimdevrebi. muSaobis staJi _ 75 weli. mas bevri pacienti
hyavda. zogierTi xandazmuli iyo. “me myavs pacienti qali, romelic 91
wlisaa. Zalian uxaria, rom SeuZlia urTierToba TerapevtTan, romelic
masze ufrosia. is fiqrobs, rom axalgazrdebs ar SeuZliaT gaigon misi
problemebi. vfiqrob, is bevr rameSi sworia” _ ambobda h.bolgari. yvelas
aocebda misi Sromismoyvareoba da naTeli goneba. “iciT, bolo 80 weli
sportiT didad ar viyavi dakavebuli” _ seriozulad ambobda is. Tumca,
rodesac 101 wlis iyo, gaitaca iogam da masTan saxlSi modioda iogas
maswavlebeli. misi azriT, didxans da bednierad rom icxovro, sworad unda
ikvebo (TviTon bolo 14 weli iyo vegetarianeli), kargad unda gamoiZino.
rac mTavaria, miiRo is rac xdeba Sens garSemo da Zalian ar unda
inerviulo siZneleebis gamo. gansakuTrebiT imaze, rac jer ar momxdara.
“unda datkbe cxovrebiT da ar ifiqro cudze”. hedda ambobda, rom mowiful
asakSi sulieri janmrTelobisaTvis unda gesmodes, rom wlebs moaqvT
aramarto danakargi, aramed upiratesobebic. “adamianebi bevrs laparkoben
imaze, ras vkargavT asakTan erTad, da aviwydebaT is, rasac viZenT. es
usamarTlobaa. wlebTan erTad Cven viRebT damoukideblobas, vswavlobT
sakuTari Tavis gagebas, nakleb SfoTviani vxdebiT. asaki gvaZlevs
saukeTeso saSualebas davfiqrdeT sakuTar cxovrebaze, aRar gavbrazdeT
sakuTar Tavze araswori gadawyvetilebebis gamo da moviSoroT danaSaulis
grZnoba”.
es magaliTebi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom xandazmulobaSic SeiZleba
adamianma SeinarCunos Zalebi da sicocxlis xalisi. Tumca xSirad
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli stereotipebi da cxovrebis stili ar uwyobs xels
xandazmulebs arsebuli potencialis gamoyenebaSi.

2009 wels Catarda 2,969 xandazmulis gamokiTxva (Pew Research Center

Social & Demographic Trends survey on aging). maT garda gamokiTxes xandazmuli
adamianebis ojaxis wevrebic da axloblebic (800 respodenti). erT-erTi
kiTxva iyo: “rodis iwyeba xandazmuloba?” gamokiTxulTa azriT, saSualod
68 wlidan. Tumca 30 wlamde adamianebi fiqroben, rom adamiani xandazmuli
xdeba sanam 60 wlis gaxdeba. am mosazrebas eTanxmeba 65 da meti asakis
adamianebis mxolod 6%. asakis garda, genderic axdens gavlenas pasuxebze.
qalebi, saSualod, amboben, rom adamiani moxuci xdeba 70 wlis asakSi.
kacebi ki Tvlian, rom 66 wlis asakSi. kiTxvaze: “Tqven moxuci xarT?”
gamokiTxulTa didma nawilma upasuxa - ra Tqma unda ara! 65-74 wlis
respodentebis mxolod 21% Tqva, rom Tavs grZnoben moxucad. maT Sorisac
ki, vinc iyo 75 da meti wlis, mxolod 35% Tqva, rom Tavs moxucad grZnobs.
xolo kiTxvaze: “ra asakamde gindaT rom icxovroT?” saSualo pasuxi iyo 89
weli. Tumca 8% surs as wels gadascdes. 2002 wlis analogiuri
gamokvlevis Tanaxmad ki saSualod sasurveli asaki iyo 92 weli.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sicocxlis xangrZlivoba saSualod 80-85

welia, gamodis, rom adamiani 60 wlis Semdeg kidev did xans cocxlobs. es
periodi pirobiTad SeiZleba daiyos 4 aTwleulad.

xandazmulobis adreuli periodi (60-dan 69 wlamde)

65 wlis Semdeg adamians arcTu ise saxarbielo momavali elis:

problemebi janmrTelobasTan, arasakmarisi saarsebo saSualebebi,
martooba. aseTi mosazreba gamoTqva 1975 da 1981 wlebSi aSS-Si Catarebuli
kvlevis monawileTa umravlesobam. Tumca 65 wlis respodentebis
umravlesobam ganacxada, rom TviTon jerjerobiT am problemebs ar
Sejaxebian.
60 wlamde adamianebi ufro gadaafaseben xolme asakTan dakavSirebul
negatiur faqtorebs. aseT daskvnamde mividen Pew kvleviTi centris
mecnierebi. sxvadasxva asakis amerikelebis gamokiTxvis monacemebiT,
axalgazrdebisTvis xandazmuli asaki asocirebulia avadmyofobasTan,
seqsualuri aqtivobis daqveiTebasTan, damoukideblad manqanis tarebis
uunarobasTan da sxva kliSeebTan.
ramdenad gansazRvravs genetika Cvens janmrTelobas xandazmulobaSi?
memkvidreobaze metad mniSvnelovania cxovrebis stili. 1998 wels Svedma
mecnierebma gadawyvites SeeswavlaT adamianebi, romlebsac hqondaT saerTo
genebi, magram gansxvavebuli cxovrebis stili. am mizniT ikvlies tyupebi,
romlebic daaSores bavSvobaSi da isini sxvadasxva pirobebSi izrdeboden.
Tu yvelaferi damokidebulia mxolod memkvidreobaze, tyupebi daaxloebiT
erTnair formaSi unda iyvnen, aRzrdisa da socialuri mdgomareobis
gansxvavebis miuxedavad. aRmoCnda, rom maTi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda. mecnierebma daaskvnes, rom Cveni fizikuri
mdgomareobis mxolod 20-30% ganisazRvreba genebiT, danarCeni ki cxovrebis
im stilzea damokidebuli, romelsac Cven virCevT. tyupebis sxva kvlevaSi,
romelic londonis samefo kolejSi Catarda, aTi wlis Semdeg, erTmaneTs
adarebdnen fizikuri varjiSis moyvarul da-Zmebs, im da-Zmebs, romlebic
fizikur datvirTvebs erideboda. aRmoCnda, rom pirvelebi berdebodnen
ufro nela, vidre meoreni. calkeul SemTxvevebSi isini cxra wliT
“axalgazrdebic” ki iyvnen.
aRmoCnda, rom rac ufro asakovania adamiani, miT ufro bednieria.
aseT daskvnamde mivida fsiqologiis profesori laura karsensteni,
romelmac kolegebTan erTad stenfordis universitetidan 2009 wels
Caatara kvleva, romlis drosac erTi kviris manZilze adevnebden Tvals 18-
dan 94 wlamde asakis 200 moxalisis emociur mdgomareobas. aRmoCnda, rom
yvela grZnobda daaxlovebiT erTnairi raodenobiT dadebiT emociebs,
magram dadebiTi gancdebis xangrZlivoba SesamCnevad meti iyo 60 wels
gadacilebulebs Soris. axalgazrdebTan SedarebiT, es adamianebi ufro
mdgradebi aRmoCnden negatiuri movlenebisadmi: uaryofiTi emociebis
raodenoba mniSvnelovnad naklebi qondaT, xangrZlivoba ki mokle.

2010 wels telefoniT gamokiTxvisas (gamokiTxes 840 aTasi amerikeli),

aZlevden SekiTxvebs maT emociur mdgomareobaze. analizma aCvena, rom
stresis da SfoTvis done radikalurad qveiTdeba 50 wlis asakis Semdeg,
xolo 55 wlidan iwyeba bednierebis donis zrda. es erTnairadaa
mamakacebSic da qalebSic.

amerikis ganaTlebis departamentma gamoaqveyna angariSi, romelSic

dadasturebulia, rom xandazmuli adamianebi aranakleb, xSirad ki ufro
metadac warmatebuli arian ucxo enebis SeswavlaSi, vidre bavSvebi. asakTan
erTad tvini ukeT aRiqvams gramatikul kavSirebs da sityvaTwarmoebis
Taviseburebebs, xolo cxovrebiseuli gamovdileba da motivacia exmareba
progresis ufro Cqara miRwevaSi. mecnierebis mier Catarebulma kvlevam
aCvena, rom is, rasac miiCnevden adre xanSiSesuli adamianebis uunarobad,
sinamdvileSi aris araSesatyvisi saswavlo masalebi: saWiroa am masalebis
Sesabamisoba mxedvelobisa da smenis asakobriv TaviseburebebTan.

es umniSvnelovanesi, gardatexis periodia. adamianebis umravlesobas

am zRvaris gadabijebis Semdeg uwevs Segueba axal rolTan, isini unda
Seecadon gaumklavden aramarto samsaxuris, aramed TanamSromlebis,
megobrebis dakargvas da gamoiyenon am aTwleulis xelsayreli mxareebic.
am asakSi xSirad mcirdeba Semosavlebi (pensiaze gasvlis an arasruli
samuSao dRis reJimze gadasvlis gamo), megobrebisa da kolegebis ricxvic
TandaTan mcirdeba. icvleba sazogadoebis molodinebi xanSiSesulebis
mimarT, radgan sazogadoeba Tvlis, rom am asakis adamianebi aRar arian
uwindeburad energiulebi, damoukideblebi da SemoqmedebiTad aqtiurebi.
aseTma damokidebulebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios xanSiSesuli adamianebis
demoralizeba, gansakuTrebiT imaTi, vinc jer kidev Zveleburad
janmrTelia da ZalebiT savse. bevri aseT damokidebulebaze marTlac
reagirebs cxovrebis tempis daqveiTebiT.
fizikuri Zala am periodSi marTlac ramdenadme sustdeba, da es
SeiZleba problema gaxdes maTTvis, vinc warmoebaSi aris dasaqmebuli
fizikuri SromiT. magram bevrs am periodSi SeuZlia iamayos energiulobiT
_ isini gamudmebiT eZeben axali tipis saqmes. bevri pensiaze gasuli
adamiani janmrTelia, ZalebiT savse da sakmaod ganaTlebuli. isini
Tavisufal dros (romelic axla gacilebiT meti aqvT) iyeneben
TviTrealizaciis, sazogadoebrivi Tu politikuri saqmianobisaTvis.
zogierTi regularulad aris dakavebuli sportiT da seqsualurad
aqtiuria. bevr pensioners surs Zveleburad gamocdileba da codna
gadasces sxva adamianebs (axalgazrda kolegebs, mozardebs) _ rame akeTos
da vinmes aswavlos.
es asakobrivi jgufi Zalian gansxvavdeba pensiaze gasvlis asakis
mixedviT. umravlesoba pensiaze gadis 65 wlis, zogi ki ukve 55 wlis asakSi,
zogic 75 wlamde muSaobs. pensiaze gasvlis gadawyvetileba nebismier asakSi
damokidebulia individis janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze, samuSaos tipze.
aseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebaze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos problemebma
interpersonalur urTierTobebSi (meuRlis avadmyofobam an iman, rom
megobrebis umravlesoba ukve pensiazea) da garemos faqtorebma (ojaxis
materialuri mdgomareoba Tu kargia, SeuZlia adre gavides pensiaze da Tu
cudi _ didxans cdilobs muSaobiT daexmaros ojaxs).
xandazmulobis Sua periodi (70-dan 79 wlamde)
am periodSi ufro meti cvlilebebi xdeba, vidre manamde mTeli ori
aTwleulis manZilze. 70 wlis Semdeg bevri kargavs sul ufro met
axloblebs, megobrebs da xSiria avadmyofoba. interpersonaluri
urTierTobis wris daviwrovebis garda, am asakis adamianebi imasac eguebian,
rom naklebad monawileoben formalur organizaciebSi. 70 wlianebi arian
mouTmeneli da gaRizianebadi. sul ufro meti problemebi Cndeba
janmrTelobis mxriv. qalebSic da mamakacebSic qveiTdeba seqsualuri
aqtivoba, bevr SemTxvevaSi meuRlis an seqsualuri partnioris dakargvis
gamo. mTavari amocana am asakSi aris wina aTwleulSi mopovebuli
pirovnuli reintegraciis SenarCuneba. miuxedavad amisa, yvela ar xdeba
ususuri invalidi. xSirad adamianebi, romlebmac gadaitanes infarqti,
insulti an onkologiuri daavadeba cocxloben medicinis miRwevebisa da
cxovrebis jansaRi wesis daxmarebiT. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom cxovrebis
bolo aTwleulebSi qalebis xvedriTi wili populaciaSi mniSvnelovnad
metia mamakacebis xvedriT wilze.
gviani xandazmulobis periodi (80-dan 89 wlamde)
80 wlianTa umravlesobas, adrindelTan SedarebiT, ufro uZneldeba
garemosTan Segueba da urTierTqmedeba. bevr maTgans Wirdeba ufro
ubralo/martivi cxovrebis pirobebi, minimaluri raodenobis
sayofacxovrebo problemebiT, rac maT ganmartoebis saSualebas aZlevs.
Tumca gare stimulebic saWiroa, radgan am asakSi adamianebis umravlesobas
ar aqvs unari sxvisi daxmarebis gareSe SeinarCunos socialuri da
kulturuli kontaqtebi.
bevri, magram ara yvela, 85 wlis adamiani gamoirCeva susti
janmrTelobiT. susti janmrTelobis mqone moxuc adamianebze zrunvis
mniSvnelobas yvela qveyanaSi acnobiereben. magram susti janmrTeloba
aucileblad ar gulisxmobs invalidobas an sxvaze srul damokidebulebas.
longinos gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, am asakis respodentebSi invalidobis mZime
SemTxvevebi mxolod 10% hqonda, Tumca 25% saavadmyofoSi weliwadSi
erTxel mainc xvdeboda. aSS-Si 85 wels gadacilebulTa umravlesoba
cxovrobs saxlSi (maTgan 30% marto) da mxolod 25% moxucTa saxlebSi an
sxva dawesebulebebSi.
Rrma sibere (90-dan 99 wlamde)
90 wlis adamianebis Sesaxeb mecnierebas naklebi monacemebi aqvs wina
asakebTan SedarebiT, radgan Znelia informaciis sistematurad miReba maTi
janmrTelobis da socialuri pirobebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom
janmrTelobis problemebi sul ufro Rrmavdeba, am asakis adamianebi
pouloben saqmianobis iseT formebs, romelic saSualebas aZlevs Tavisi
SesaZleblobebi ukeT gamoiyenon. 90 wlis fsiqiatri qalbatoni, romelic
kidev eweoda praqtikas, xazs usvamda am asakis iseT upiratesobas,
rogoricaa samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli daZabulobisa da pasuxismgeblobis
tvirTis moxsna. Tu wina wlebis problemebi warmatebiT iyo gadaWrili,
cxovrebis mecxre aTeuli SeiZleba iyos savse sixaruliT, simSvidiT da
kmayofilebis grZnobiT.

daberebis fizikuri aspeqtebi

dabereba aris universaluri da gardauvali procesi. mas
eqvemdebareba sxeulis yvela organo. optimalur pirobebSic ki yvela
organo da sistema erTdroulad da erTnairi siswrafiT ar berdeba.
ramdenadac daberebis procesi TandaTanobiTia da sxeulis sistemebis
umravlesobas ki aqvs mniSvnelovani rezervebi, daberebis bevri efeqti Tavs
ar iCens adreuli da saSualo xandazmulobis periodamde.
janmrTelobasTan da cxovrebis Cveuli riTmis cvlilebasTan
dakavSirebuli SesamCnevi problemebi, romlebic daberebiT aris
ganpirobebuli, Cndeba mas Semdeg rac 70 wels kargad gadaabijebs adamiani.
1979-1992 wlebis monacemebiT, cxovrebis xangrZlivoba mamakacebSi naklebia,
vidre qalebSi. yvela rasisa da genderul jgufebSi sicocxlis saSualo
xangrZlioba yvelaze maRalia TeTrkanian qalebSi.
organizmis yvela sistemis Sromisunarianobis daqveiTeba da
sensoruli funqciebis Sesusteba, Cveulebriv, Tan sdevs siberes _ magram
yvelasTan ara. moxucebi, romlebmac SeinarCunes fizikuri forma da
aqtiuroba, sxvadasxva testebs ar asruleben susti janmrTelobis mqone
axalgazrdebze naklebad. aseve Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom cvlilebebi am
asakSi mxolod daberebis biologiuri procesis Sedegia. bevr adamians,
romlebmac sibereSi smena dakarges, gadatanili aqvs raime daavadeba, an
ubeduri SemTxveva. magaliTad, didi xnis mwevelebs sibereSi SeiZleba
gauCndeT sunTqvis problemebi; moxuc qals welis tkivilebi roca awuxebs,
SesaZlebelia adre simZimeebis aweva uwevda da sxv. adamianis cxovrebis
wesi, daavadebebi da ubeduri SemTxvevebi _ yvelafers Seaqvs Tavisi
wvlili daberebaSi.
Tumca aris saintereso gamonaklisebic. 2010 wels indoeli glexi
ramjiT raghava 94 wlis iyo, rodesac gauCnda pirveli vaJiSvili da 96
wlis asakSi – meore vaJi. meuRle gaicno 86 wlis asakSi – masze orjer
axalgazrda. ojaxis sarCenad igi dReSi cxra saaTs muSaobs yanaSi.
janmrTelobisa da energiis SesanarCuneblad yoveldRe iRebs or litr
rZes, bevr bostneuls da nuSs. xorcs saerTod ar Wams.

morfo-funqcionaluri cvlilebebi sibereSi

am asakSi cvlilebebi exeba garegnobas, grZnobis organoebs, kunTebs,
Zvlebs da moZraobas, aseve Sinagan organoebs.
garegnoba. Cndeba WaRara, damWknari kani, naoWebi Rrmavdeba, icvleba
siarulisa da dgomis manera. kani xdeba nakleb elastiuri, mSrali da
Txeli. sibereSi naoWebs aCens kanqveSa cximovani qsovilebis ganleva. kani
gamoiyureba rogorc pergamentis qaRaldi an daWmuWnuli qaRaldi.
matulobs meWeWebi sxeulze, saxeze, Tavis kanze. wvrili sisxlZarRvebi
xSirad skdeba da kanze Cndeba sisxlCaqcevebi, SeiZleba gaCndes pigmenturi
laqebi. kanis cvlilebebi SeiZleba rig SemTxvevebSi gamowveuli iyos mzis
sxivebis, qaris an meqanikuri dazianebebis zemoqmedebiT. mze arRvevs kanis
ganaxlebis unars, radgan ultraiisferi sxivebi gansakuTrebiT Zlierad
moqmedebs kanis daberebaze. Tumca ramdenadme kompensacia SesaZlebelia
kargi kvebiT, janmrTelobaze zrunviT da mzisgan Tavis dacviT.
81 wlis asakSi karmen del orefaisma furori moaxdina niu iorkis
modis kvireulze. 2012 wlis 11 seqtembers igi orjer gamovida podiumze.
karmeni 15 wlidan muSaobs modelad. man TiTqmis 10 wliT datova podiumi
roca 40 wlis xdeboda. magram dabrunda 50 wlis asakSi. am droisTvis
gaWaRaraveba daiwyo da Tmebis SeRebvis magivrad yvelas daumtkica, rom
silamaze yvela asakSia SesaZlebeli. mas Semdeg muSaobs wamyvan
dizainerebTan da fotografebTan. darwmunebulia, rom silamazis saidumlo
yoveldRiur varjiSsa da sakuTari sxeulis SegrZnebis unarSia.

grZnobis organoebi. adamianis SegrZnebebi (smena, mxedveloba, gemo da

ynosva) daberebasTan erTad sustdeba. adamians axla meti dro sWirdeba ama
Tu im sensoruli sistemidan informaciis misaRebad. sensoruli funqciebis
dasustebis xasiaTi da xarisxi individebSi Zalian gansxvavebulia.
smena. friad gavrcelebulia smenis gauareseba, gansakuTrebiT
mamakacebSi. smenis daqveiTeba praqtikulad cxovrebas urTulebs
xandazmuli adamianebis TiTqmis mesameds. Cveulebriv, es aris smenis
msubuqi dakargva, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom Wirs xmauris fonze xmebisa da
bgerebis garCeva. garda amisa, asakTan erTad uaresdeba smeniTi
mgrZnobeloba maRali tonebis mimarT, romelic metyvelebaSi gvxvdeba
(magaliTad, “s”, “S”, “C” da “f” bgerebis mimarT). amis gamo zogierTi
SeiZleba gamoiyurebodes rogorc uyuradRebo da Znelad moazrovne
adamiani, Tumca sinamdvileSi maT ubralod ar esmiT ras eubnebian. sxvebi
ki imis gamo rom ar esmiT, SeiZleba gaxden Caketili da eWviani.
mxedveloba. moxucebs uWirT obieqtze mzeris fokusireba. amis gamo
xandazmul adamianebs xSirad ar siamovnebT mkveTri ganaTeba.
axalgazrdebisagan gansxvavebiT, maT uWirT kontrastebis aRqma da wvrili
detalebis garCeva. asakovani adamianebi kargaven mxedvelobis simaxviles _
uWirT wvrili detalebis garCeva (safosto yuTze gvaris garCeva, kibis
safexurebis garCeva xaliCis ornamentisagan da gazeTebis kiTxva). asakTan
erTad sul ufro Zneldeba konkretuli sagzao niSnis garCeva sxva niSnebs
Soris. amitom niSnebis ganTavseba ganmeorebiT da standartul adgilas,
exmareba xandazmulebs maT aRqmaSi.
gemo da ynosva. gemos SegrZnebebi sibereSi TiTqmis ar icvleba.
gansakuTrebiT kargad aris SenarCunebuli sitkbos SegrZnebis unari.
simwaris SegrZeba ki umniSvnelod qveiTdeba. hipertonikebi sxva xandazmul
adamianebze metad gamoarCeven marilis gemos.
gemosTan SedarebiT SesamCnevad uaresdeba ynosva. SesaZloa amis gamo
xandazmulebs uWirT kerZSi calkeuli komponentis gemos gamorCeva. ase Tu
ise, sensoruli funqciebis cvlilebebma SesaZloa xeli Seuwyos saWmlis
momnelebeli sistemis problemebis ganviTarebas, rac xSiria xandazmulebSi.
kunTebi, Zvlebi da moZraoba. daberebis procesSi mcirdeba kunTuri
masa. Sedegad mcirdeba gamZleoba da Zala. kunTuri qsovilis Semcirebis
gamo SesaZlebelia wonis Semcireba adreuli an saSualo mowifulobis
xanis wonasTan SedarebiT.
sibereSi adamianebis simaRle, Cveulebriv, 3-5 sm-iT naklebia
axalgazrdobasTan SedarebiT. es xdeba xerxemalSi diskebis SekumSvis,
ZvlebSi kalciumis Semcirebis gamo. Zvlebi xdeba myife, xSirad tydeba da
cudad xorcdeba. amas osteoporozs uwodeben. osteoporozi gansakuTrebiT
xSiria qalebSi, radgan menopauzis Semdgom periodSi sisxlSi mcirdeba
estrogenebis raodenoba. dacema da motexiloba SeiZleba gamoiwvios
vestibularuli aparatis cvlilebebmac. zogadad kunTebis muSaoba neldeba,
wvrili motorikis koordinacia uaresdeba, xolo reaqciis dro izrdeba.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom regularuli fizikuri varjiSebi amcirebs
kunTebis dasustebis process. 87 wlis asakis 37 mamakacis gamokvlevam
aCvena, rom maT, vinc regularulad asrulebda varjiSebs, kunTuri Zala
moemata 113%-ze metad da SeZles bevri moqmedebis Sesruleba sxvebis
daxmarebis gareSe.
fauji singxma sirbili daiwyo rodesac 80-ze metis wlis iyo. manamde
cota xniT adre daqvrivda da indoeTidan sacxovreblad gadavida SvilTan
londonSi. mTeli dRe saxlSi jdoma fermeris janmrTelobisTvis
usargeblod miiCnia, Tanac depresiuliao saxlSi jdoma _ gavida quCaSi da
daiwyo sirbili. rva wlis varjiSis Semdeg _ 89 wlis asakSi _ man
monawileoba miiRo londonis maraTonSi da eqvs saaTze nakleb droSi
dafara manZili. kidev sami wlis Semdeg, 95 wlisam, maraToni gairbina ukve 5
saaTsa da 40 wuTSi da msoflio rekordi daamyara 90 welze meti asakis
monawileTa kategoriaSi. bolo 12 welSi sul rva maraToni irbina da
miRebuli Tanxebi gadaricxa saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebSi. forma rom
SeenarCunebina, yoveldRe 15 kilometrs faravda siaruliT da sirbiliT.
amasTan, ar eweva, ar Wams Semwvars, vegetarianelebis dietas icavs, ar svams
da SeZlebisdagvarad erideba cud adamianebs. da bevrs iRimeba. swored
Rimili, ambobs fauji singxi, exmareba formis SenarCunebaSi.
Sinagani organoebi. daberebis procesSi aseve mcirdeba gulis,
filtvebisa da sxva Sinagani organoebis sarezervo SesaZleblobebi.
adreuli mowifulobis xanaSi am organoebs SeuZliaT normaze 4-10-jer
ufro intensiurad muSaoba. saSualo asakSi da Semdgom organizmis es
rezervebi nela, magram ganuxrelad mcirdeba. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
xanSiSesuli adamiani SesaZloa verc ki amCnevdes Tavisi organizmis
rezervebis Semcirebas da didi xnis Semdeg raime samuSaos Sesrulebisas
igrZnos es (magaliTad, ezos gawmenda Tovlisgan).
rezervebis daqveiTeba gansakuTrebiT Zlierad vlindeba sicxeSi da
siciveSi. bevri xandazmuli adamiani nela axdens adaptirebas sicivesTan da
ufro swrafad iyineba, vidre axalgazrdobaSi, rac saSiSia
janmrTelobisTvis. analogiuri problemebi uCndebaT moxucebs sicxeSic,
gansakuTrebiT fizikuri datvirTvis dros. miuxedavad amisa, Tu xandazmuli
adamianebi moqmedeben nela da iTvaliswineben sicxisa da sicivis
zemoqmedebas, maT SeuZliaT bevri iseTi ramis gakeTeba, rasac
axalgazrdobaSic umklavdeboden.
imunur sistemaSic xdeba cvlilebebi. sibereSi sustdeba imunuri
sistema da adamianebi naklebad arian daculi mikroorganizmebisa da
daavadebebisgan.

janmrTeloba, daavadebebi da kveba.

janmrTelobis cvlileba gvian xandazmulobis xanaSi SeiZleba iyos
qronikuli xasiaTis, an dakavSirebuli kvebiT moTxovnilebebTan, an
daniSnuli wamlebis arasworad miRebiT gamowveuli.
 qronikuli daavadebi. bavSvobaSi avadmyofoba xSirad mwvaved
mimdinareobs _ didxans ar grZeldeba da kulminaciis dros aqvs sicxe.
xandazmulebs, piriqiT xSirad awuxebT qronikuli daavadebebi _ romlebic
xSirad meordeba an ar rCeba. yvelaze xSiria xandazmulebSi arTriti, gul-
sisxlZarRvTa sistemis daavadebebi, hipertonia, aseve mxedvelobisa da
smenis darRvevebi. moxucebi aseve xSirad ecemian da iReben travmas. 65 wlis
asakis Semdeg adamianebis 85%-s aqvs Tundac erTi qronikuli daavadeba, 50%-
s ki ori an metic.
mcirdeba stresTan gamklavebis unari, xolo stresuli situaciebis
raodenoba SeiZleba gaizardos. stresi SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos aramarto
janmrTelobis problemebiT, aramed pensiaze gasvliT, meuRlis dakargviT,
qronikuli uZilobiT. 65 wlis zeviT sikvdilobis mizezi ZiriTadad aris:
gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemis daavadebebi, onkologiuri daavadebebi da
insulti.
kveba. zogjer susti janmrTeloba xandazmulobaSi SeiZleba iyos
cudi an araswori kvebis Sedegi. imis gamo, rom fizikuri aqtivoba
xandazmulobaSi mcirdeba, xolo nivTierebaTa cvla neldeba, moxucebs
sakvebi WirdebaT naklebad, vidre axalgazrdebs. magram ZiriTadi kvebiTi
nivTierebebi maT imdenive WirdebaT, rac axalgazrdebs. amitom bevr xand
azmuls aqvs an Warbi an arasakmarisi wona. zogierTi aris gamxdari da
anemiuri, radgan siRaribe, gaunaTlebloba an daTrgunuli mdgomareoba
xels uSlis rom SeiZinos kvebiTi nivTierebebiT mdidari sakvebi. ufro
xSirad gvxvdeba rkinis, kalciumisa da A da C vitaminebis nakleboba.
gacilebiT ufro rTulia araswori kvebis Sedegad Warbi cximebis
miReba. asakTan erTad organizmi kargavs sxvadasxva saxis cximebis
gadamuSavebis unars. gamouyenebeli cximi grovdeba organizmSi, maT Soris
arteriebis SigniTa kedlebzec. SeiZleba gaCndes folaqebi da daaviwrovos
arteria, rac auaresebs gulisa da sxva organoebis sisxliT momaragebas. am
daavadebas ewodeba aTerosklerozi an arteriebis gamagreba. es xdeba
mizezi bevri gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemis daavadebis., romelic xandazmul
asakSi gvxvdeba.
Zvlebsa da kunTebSi mimdinare cvlilebebi iTxoven kvebiTi reJimis
Secvlas. Zvlebi rom ar gaxdes myife, xanSiSesulma adamianebma unda miiRon
preparati kalciumi. ramdenadac mcirdeba saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis
tonusi da xSiria kuWis Sekruloba, sakvebs unda daematos ujredisi da
unda moixmaron meti raodenobiT wyali.

cvlilebebi kognitur procesebSi xandazmulobaSi

arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis Taobaze Tu ra xarisxiT xdeba

inteleqtualuri unarebis daqveiTeba normaluri daberebis procesSi.
aRmoCnda, rom gonebrivi unar-Cvevebis umravlesoba SenarCundeba.
mexsierebis farTomasStabianma kvlevebma aCvena, rom daberebasTan
dakavSirebuli mexsierebis problemebi ar warmoadgens imdenad
gavrcelebul da seriozul movlenas, rogorc adre egonaT. mexsierebis
bevri problemis provocirebas axdens ara dabereba, aramed sxva faqtorebi,
rogoricaa depresia, aqtiuri saqmianobis Sewyveta an wamlebis gverdiTi
moqmedeba. magram roca kognituri daqveiTeba marTlac xdeba, magaliTad,
informaciis gadamuSavebis siswrafis daqveiTeba, adgili aqvs Sesabamis
kompensaciasac da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi xarvezi arc ise SesamCnevia.
operaciebis Sesrulebis siCqare. xandazmul adamianebTan izrdeba
reaqciis dro, Senelebulia perceptuli informaciis gadamuSaveba da
qveiTdeba kognituri procesebis siswrafe. es nawilobriv SeiZleba aixsnas
imiT, rom xanSiSesulebi axalgazrdebze metad afaseben sizustes.
xandazmulebi testirebisas cdiloben sworad upasuxon yvela kiTxvas da
ufro iSviaTad cdiloben swori pasuxis gamocnobas. testirebis analizma
aCvena, rom 30- da 70-wlianebi standartizebul davalebebs asruleben
gansxvavebuli siswrafiT. SedarebiT martivi kognituri davalebebis
SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa mexsierebiT Sedareba sxvadasxva sagnebis,
xandazmulebs sWirdebaT 50%-iT meti dro, vidre axalgazrdebs. roca
davalebebi rTuldeba, xandazmulebs orjer da metad ufro didi dro
sWirdebaT warmatebiT pasuxisTvis.
Tumca xanSiSesul adamianebs aqvT kompensaciis SesaZleblobebic. erT
eqsperimentSi xanSiSesuli memanqane qalebi iseve warmatebiT arTmevden Tavs
davalebas, rogorc axalgazrdebi. ram gamoiwvia es? rodesac
eqsperimentatorma SezRuda winaswar wakiTxuli sityvebis raodenoba,
xanSiSesuli memanqane qalebis maCveneblebi daqveiTda, axalgazrdebisa ki
ara. rogorc Cans, swrafad beWdvisTvis isini cdilobden teqstis ufro
didi monakveTebis daxsomebas. es gamocdilebis Sedegia.
mexsiereba. daxsomebisas informacia jer mcire droiT xvdeba
sensorul mexsierebaSi (sadac inaxeba vizualuri da akustikuri Tvisebebi),
Semdeg gadadis xanmokle anu pirvelad mexsierebaSi, sadac xdeba
informaciis organizeba da kodireba da bolos, gadadis meorad, anu
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi Sesanaxad. arsebobs mesame rigis mexierebac,
romelSic inaxeba Zalian didi xnis win momxdari movlenebi. xandazmulebSi
mesame rigis mexsiereba TiTqmis srulad aris Senaxuli. isini ukeT
ixseneben istoriul movlenebs, vidre axalgazrda adamianebi. gansakuTrebiT
maSin Tu am movlenebis momswre TviTon arian. yvelaze metad asakobrivi
cvlilebebi, gauaresebis saxiT, SeimCneva meore rigis, anu xangrZliv
mexsierebaSi, Tumca arsebobs kompensaciis saSualebac _ xandazmulebs
SeuZliaT daiswavlon informaciis axleburad organizaciis xerxebi. garda
amisa, xandazmulTa mexsiereba SerCeviTia: isini ufro advilad ixsomeben
maTTvis ufro saintereso da mniSvnelovan masalas.

eqsperimentebma aCvena, rom xandazmulebTan daxsomebis efeqturoba

gadasawyveti davalebis xasiaTzea damokidebuli. roca saWiroa masalis
cnoba, maSin daxsomeba mniSvnelovnad ar uaresdeba. mdidari cxovrebiseuli
gamocdileba exmareba xanSiSesul adamianebs azriani masalis ukeT
daxsomebaSi, gansakuTrebiT Tu dasaxsomebeli masala maTTvis nacnob
sferos miekuTvneba _ buRalteri ukeT ixsomebs cifrebs da ricxvebs, xolo
filosofosi abstraqtul debulebebs.

moZraoba aumjobesebs mexsierebas. zomieri fizikuri varjiSic ki

aumjobesebs mexsierebas da amcirebs alcheimeris daavadebis risks
pitsburgis universitetis profesoris kirk eriksonis kvlevis Tanaxmad. man
ikvlia 60-80 wlis 120 cdispiri, romlebsac ar hqondaT alcheimeris
daavadeba da nakleb aqtiuri cxovrebis stiliT cxovrobdnen. maT
SesTavazes seirnoba 30-45 wT kviraSi samjer mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi.
Semdeg gazomes hipokampis moculoba (es aris are tvinSi, romelic ganagebs
mexsierebas). aRmoCnda, rom is gaizarda saSualod 2%-iT. gaizarda Sublis
wilis moculobac, romelic aseve mniSvnelovania mexsierebisa da
gulsisxlZarRvTa sistemisaTvis. amis paralelurad, profesori lui-
ambrozi britaniis kolumbiis universitetidan ikvlevda 70-80 wlis 86 qals,
romlebsac hqondaT mexsierebis problemebi. es cdispirebi dayves sam
jgufad: erTSi Zalismier varjiSebs asrulebden, meoreSi – aerobikas,
mesameSi – (romelic sakontrolo jgufi iyo), martivi fizikuri varjiSebiT
iyvnen dakavebulebi. samive jgufSi datvirTva TandaTan izrdeboda. naxevari
wlis varjiSis Semdeg, “Zalismier” movarjiSeebis 17% ufro efeqturad
marTavda moZraobebs, gaizarda maTi asociaciuri mexsiereba, gaumjobesda
sisxliT momarageba tvinis im nawilebis, romlebic uzrunvelyofen
araverbaluri informaciis amokiTxvas da daxsomebas. aerobikis jgufidan
qalebi ukeT moZraobden da wonasworobasac ukeT icavden, magram kognitur
planSi zrda iyo ufro neli. sakontrolo jgufSi mexsierebis
gaumjobeseba ar SeiniSneboda. amrigad, varjiSsa da ubralod siarulsac ki
SeuZlia aramarto Seamciros kognituri darRvevebis aRmocenebis riski da
Seanelos tvinis zogierTi nawilis degradacia, aramed SesaZlebelia mis
aRdgenasac ki uwyobs xels.
mexsierebis gavarjiSebis mniSvnelobaze migvaniSnebs aseve elis herc-
zomeris magaliTi. is iyo araCveulebrivi pianisti. 108 wlis asakSi
yoveldRe dilis 10 saaTze ukravda baxis 24 preludias notebis gareSe.
musikas uTmobda aranakleb 3 saaTisa yoveldRiurad. aseTi disciplina, misi
azriT xels uwyobs tvinis gavarjiSebas. is darwmunebuli iyo, rom
bednieri cxovrebis saidumlo aris gqondes unari iyo madlieri
yvelafrisTvis, rac xdeba. maT Soris ubdurebisac da usiamovnebebisac. is
madlierebiT ixsenebda warsuls, germanelebis sakoncentracio banakSi
yofnis wlebsac ki. sadac ori weli gaatara da Zlivs gadarCa. is madlieri
iyo cxovrebis kibos gamoc, romelic daudgines 83 wlis asakSi. 97 wlamde
yoveldRe curavda auzSi. misi azriT, misi tyupiscali da, romelsac
iseTive genebi hqonda, didi xnis win gardaicvala radgan pesimisturad iyo
ganwyobili da yvelaferSi usiamovnebas xedavda. bolo wlebSi is
cxovrobda londonSi, patara binaSi da ar hyavda damxmare. yoveldRe
kiTxulobda wignebs, TviTon amzadebda sadils (ZiriTadad qaTami, Tevzi da
bostneuli), aucileblad seirnobda xangrZlivad, Tumca tkivilis gamo
uWirda. is xSirad imeorebda, rom “cxovrebaSi cudi rameebic xdeba, magram
yuradReba karg rameebs unda miaqcio”. gardaicvala 2014 wels 110 wlis
asakSi.

inteleqti. xdeba Tu ara inteleqtis TandaTan daqveiTeba

xandazmulobaSi? xandazmulebTan informaciis gadamuSavebis neironuli
meqanizmebi SedarebiT nela funqcionirebs, magram es jer kidev ar niSnavs
inteleqtis daqveiTebas. testebs, sadac fasdeba leqsikuri maragi, codna,
informaciis ganzogadebis unari, am asakis adamianebi sakmaod kargad
arTmeven Tavs. rig SemTxvevebSi sxvaoba axalgazrdebsa da moxucebs Soris
ganpirobebulia ara fizikuri da kognituri cvlilebebiT, aramed ojaxTan
da samsaxurTan dakavSirebuli garemoebebiT.
daberebis procesSi xdeba im neironebis daSla Tavis tvinSi,
romlebic acetilholins gamoimuSaveben. es ki gonebasustobas (demencias) an
alcheimeris daavadebas iwvevs _ ziandeba jer mexsiereba, Semdeg ki
azrovneba da metyveleba. daavadebidan 5 wlis Semdeg adamiani yvela
orientirs kargavs. gonebasustobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simptomebi
SeiZleba gamoiwvios mikroinsultebma, aseve arasworma kvebam, alkoholis
moxmarebam, zogierTma samkurnalwamlo preparatma da depresiam.
yvelaze mniSvnelovania:
1. fizikuri mdgomareoba gavlenas axdens saazrovno amocanebis amoxsnis
unarzec. SemecnebiTi funqciebis testirebisas amocanebs ukeT arTmevden
Tavs isini, vinc ukeTes fizikur formaSi iyo;
2. arasaTanado kveba, romelic iwvevs anemias, avitaminozs da sxv., SeiZleba
uaryofiTad aisaxos gonebriv Sromisunarianobaze. olini, romelsac
Seicavs xorci, Tevzi da kvercxis guli, aucilebelia tvinSi nervuli
impulsebis gadacemisaTvis.
3. alkoholis moxmareba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, Tundac mcire dozebiT,
iwvevs pirveladi da meoradi mexsierebis gauaresebas. xolo didi
raodenobiT alkoholis moxmareba Cveulebriv xels uSlis adamians
aqtiur cxovrebaSi da normalur kvebaSi.
4. samkurnalwamlo saSualebebs, romelsac adamiani iRebs eqimis
daniSnulebiT Tu TviTmkurnalobis dros, aqvT gverdiTi moqmedeba da
aqveiTeben sifxizlis dones da asusteben yuradRebas.
5. inteleqtualuri usaqmuroba. didi xniT avadmyofobis, socialuri
izolaciis an depresiis Semdeg zogi adamiani ver ubrundeba azrovnebis
im dones, romelic manamde hqonda.

Tumca arian adaminebi, romlebic xandazmulobaSic mSvenivrad

azrovneben. amis magaliTad SeiZleba vnaxoT vin arian 2012 wels
universitetebis yvelaze xandazmuli kursdamTavrebulebi.
tvila bostonma miiRo iutas universitetis diplomi roca 98 wlis
iyo da yvelaze xandazmuli bakalavri gaxda universitetis arsebobis
manZilze.
Carli bolum daamTavra arkanzasis teqnologiuri universiteti 89
wlis asakSi. swavla 70 wliT adre daiwyo, magram swavlis Sewyveta mouxda,
radgan omSi gaiwvies, Semdeg biznesiT iyo dakavebuli.
roi vandiverma 76 wlis asakSi miiRo bakalavris xarisxi merseris
universitetSi. manamde 31 weli muSaobda qirurgad da 10 weli sadazRvevo
kompaniis generalur direqtorad.
col-qmari berti (90 wlis) da vendi (79 wlis) gledvinebi. daamTavres
bukingemis universiteti da miiRes diplomi “mecnierebis istoriis”
specialobiT. isini arian inglisis istoriaSi yvelaze xandazmuli
kursdamTavrebulebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom bertim 14 wlis asakSi miatova
skola, Semdeg samjer miiRo umaRlesi ganaTleba.
 fsiqosocialuri ganviTareba xandazmulobaSi

statusis Secvla
individis statusis Secvla xdeba mTeli sicocxlix manZilze. magram
gviani xandazmulobis periodSi statusis Secvla mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdeba. pensioneris an qvrivis cxovrebaze gadasvla, iseve rogorc
Segueba janmrTelobis gauaresebasTan, xSirad xdeba Zalauflebis,
pasuxismgeblobisa da avtonomiis dakargvis signali. xolo im
adamianisTvis, romelsac sZulda Tavisi samuSao didi xnis ganmavlobaSi,
pensiaze gasvla SeiZleba iyos ganTavisufleba mosawyeni da damRleli
rutinuli samuSaosgan. erTma pensionerma SeniSna: “axla me ufro did xans
vatareb saxlSi, vidre manamde, magram me arasdros ar mimiRia aseTi
sixaruli Cemi baRisgan, rogorc bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, Cemi
umcrosi SviliSvili ki _ namdvili saswaulia. TviTonac ar vici ratom ar
vaqcevdi yuradRebas sxva SviliSvilebs, roca isini am asakSi iyvnen”.

pensiaze gasvlasa da axali stilis cxovrebasTan Seguebaze mravali

faqtori axdens gavlenas: fizikuri janmrTeloba, ekonomikuri mdgomareoba,
garSemomyofTa damokidebuleba, samuSaoTi miRebuli kmayofilebis
moTxovnileba. pensiaze gasvlis pirobebi xSirad gansxvavebulia qalebsa da
mamakacebs Soris.
fizikuri janmrTeloba. didi raodenobiT adamianebi, Tavisi survilis
miuxedavad, toveben samsaxurs janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo. levim
Seiswavla adamianebis didi jgufi, romlebsac male uwevdaT pensiaze
gasvla. adarebda maT janmrTelobis mdgomareobas da pensiaze gasvla
undodaT Tu ara. yvelaze kargi mdgomareoba hqondaT, rogorc
mosalodneli iyo, janmrTel adamianebs, romelTac surdaT pensiaze gasvla.
yvelaze cud mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnden isini, visac hqonda cudi
janmrTeloba, ganurCevlad imisa surdaT Tu ara pensiaze gasvla. mizezi
SesaZloa imaSi mdgomareobda, rom cudi janmrTelobis mqone adamianebi
xSirad pensiaze gadian moulodnelad da finansuri da fsiqologiuri
TvalsazrisiT ufro cudad arian momzadebuli. levim aRmoaCina, rom isini,
visac ar surda pensiaze gasvla, Zalian male ganicdiden
daukmayofileblobas, iketeboden sakuTar TavSi da grZnobden gaRizianebas.
garkveuli drois Semdeg ki, Cveulebriv, maTi damokidebuleba Tavisi
mdgomareobis mimarT icvleboda da xdeboda iseTive, rogorc pensiaze
nebayoflobiT gasulebs hqondaT. xolo imaTi damokidebuleba axali
stilis cxovrebisadmi, romlebic avad iyvnen pensiaze gasvlis momentisTvis,
mxolod mcirediT umjobesdeboda.
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. ekonomikuri mdgomareoba aris erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani faqtori imisa, Tu rogor Seegueba adamiani pensiaze gasvlas
_ rac metad aris adamiani uzrunvelyofili, miT ukeT axdens adaptacias
axal statusTan. martoxelebi, Cveulebriv cxovroben ufro siRaribeSi,
vidre daqorwinebulebi. qalebi ufro xSirad arian SedarebiT Raribebi,
vidre mamakacebi. garda amisa, xanSiSesulTaTvis ufro rTulia siRaribes
daaRwion Tavi, gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, vinc sam welze metxans aris aseT
duxWir mdgomareobaSi.
garSemomyofTa damokidebuleba. Tu is adamianebi, romelTa azric
mniSvnelovania pensionerisTvis, _ misi megobrebi, nacnobebi _ dadebiTad
uyureben pensiaze gasvlas,Segueba axal mdgomareobasTan gaadvilebulia.
samuSaoTi miRebuli kmayofilebis moTxovnileba. pensiaze gasvla
gansakuTrebiT rTulia maTTvis, vinc samuSaos garda dakmayofilebas
veraferSi poulobda _ naklebad ainteresebda kiTxva, Semdgomi ganaTleba
da ganviTareba, sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba, ar hqonda hobi. Cveulebriv,
nakleb ganaTlebuli, ekonomiurad cudad uzrunvelyofili da
sazogadoebriv-politikuri interesebis ar mqone adamianebi kidev ufro cud
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian xolme. SesaZloa es aiZulebs bevrs pensiaze
gasvlis Semdeg imuSaon Tundac arasruli dRe.
qalebis gasvla pensiaze. imis gamo, rom qalebi nakleb anazRaurebas
iReben, Cveulebriv, pensiaze gasvlisas isini nakleb arian uzrunvelyofili
mamakaci pensionerebTan SedarebiT. gansakuTrebiT martoxela an
ganqorwinebuli da daqvrivebuli qalebi. pensiaze gasvlas ufro advilad
eguebian is qalebi, romelTac uwyveti samuSao biografia aqvT. SesaZloa
imitom, rom ukeT arian uzrunvelyofili finansurad da materialurad da
ukeT arian Seguebuli pensiaze gasvlasTan, vidre is qalebi, romelTac
xSirad hqondaT wyveta samuSao biografiaSi.

ojaxuri da piradi urTierTobebi.

xanSiSesuli adamianebisaTvis xSirad, udidesi siamovnebaa
SviliSvilebTan urTierToba. maTTan xSiri da mosiyvarule kontaqtebi
qmnis megobrul damokidebulebas. igive SeiZleba iTqvas didi bebiebisa da
babuebis Sesaxebac _ SvilTaSvilebi maT cxovrebas mravalferovnebas
aniWeben, siamayisa da ganaxlebis gancdas uCenen.

meuRlis dakargvasTan Segueba

xandazmul asakSi adamians SeiZleba dasWirdes daxmareba,
gansakuTrebiT avadmyofobis dros. rogorc wesi, movlis mTeli simZime
awveba meuRles, ufro xSirad cols, vidre qmars. gansakuTrebuli
sirTuleebi xvdeba maT, vinc uvlis alcheimeriT daavadebul adamians.
xandazmul asakSi ar aris gamonaklisi axlobeli adamianis, megobris
an meuRlis sikvdili, rac aCens mwuxarebis da danakargis gancdas.
bevrisTvis daqvriveba Zalian mZime gadasatani xdeba, radgan icvleba
cxovrebis stili da aris axloblebisgan izolirebis riskic. qalebisTvis
daqvrivebis albaToba samjer metia mamakacebTan SedarebiT. amasTan,
xandazmuli qvrivi qalebi saSualod 50%-iT mets cxovroben vidre amave
asakis qvrivi mamakacebi.
marto mcxovrebi qvrivebi ejaxebian yofiT cxovrebaSi praqtikul da
fsiqologiur sirTuleebs. maT uxdebaT yvelafris TviTon gakeTeba: yofiTi
problemebis gadawyveta, socialuri kontaqtebis SenarCuneba, finansuri
sakiTxebis mogvareba. zogisTvis es SesaZloa seriozuli problema iyos,
radgan manamde am sakiTxebs meuRle agvarebda.
zogierTi kvlevis Tanaxmad, daqvriveba uaryofiTad moqmedebs
xandazmuli mSoblebisa da ukve mowifuli Svilebis urTierTobebze. droTa
ganmavlobaSi dedasa da Svilebs Soris urTierTobebi umjobesdeba _ deda
da Svilebi finansuradac ki exmarebian erTmaneTs. mamasa da Svilebs
Soris urTierTobebi arcTu iSviaTad uaresdeba dedis sikvdilis Semdeg.
daqvrivebuli qalebi ukeT axerxeben socialuri kontaqtebis
SenarCunebas, xolo qvrivi mamakacebi ufro xSirad aRmoCndebian
izolaciaSi da kargaven im kontaqtebs, romelic qonda am wyvils. isini
aseve naklebad monawileoben socialur cxovrebaSi. holandiaSi Catarebuli
kvlevis Tanaxmad, romelSic monawileobda 3-5 wlis win daqvrivebuli da
Svilebisgan calke mcxovrebi qalebi da mamakacebi, qvrivi mamakacebi
Cveulebriv ufro mdidrebi arian da ufro ganaTlebulic, ukeTesi
janmrTeloba aqvT da meti Sansi axali partnioris povnisTvis. Tumca, ufro
mZimed gadaaqvT danakargi emociuri TvalsazrisiT. gansakuTrebiT
martosulad grZnoben Tavs uSvilo qvrivebi.
ded-mamiSvilebi da megobrebi. gviani xandazmulobis periodSi
adamianebi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom imata interesma dedmamiSvilebis
cxovrebis mimarT, ufro mtkice xdeba maT Soris kontaqtebic. debi da Zmebi
zogjer erTad iwyeben cxovrebas, erTmaneTs anugeSeben da mxardaWeras
agrZnobineben mZime wuTebSi da avadmyofobisas. dedmamiSvilebTan kavSirebis
ganmtkiceba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, maTTvis, visac Tavisi ojaxi ar
aqvs an visac sakuTari Svilebi ar hyavs, romlebic daexmarebian saWiroebis
dros.
kvlevebis mixedviT, xanSiSesuli adamianebis umravlesoba naTesaur
urTierTobebs ganixilavs rogorc mudmiv mocemulobas. naTesavebs SeiZleba
mimarTo maSinac, Tu didi xniT gWirdeba daxmareba. magram ar SeiZleba es
moTxovo megobrebs. megobrebi dagexmarebian mZime wuTebSi, magaliTad
moulodneli avadmyofobisas, magram xangrZlivi pasuxismgebloba aqvT
mxolod naTesavebs.

asakovani adamianebis mimarT uaryofiTi stereotipis erT-erTi Sedegia

konkretuli crurwmena, romelsac asakis mixedviT diskriminacias anu
eijizms uwodeben. mas Tan sdevs xandazmulTa diskriminacia, rac zRudavs
maT SesaZleblobebs, axdens maT izolirebas da xels uwyobs sakuTar Tavze
uaryofiTi warmodgenis Seqmnas. zimbardos azriT, xSirad fsiqologebi
Tavad arian damnaSaveni aseTi diskriminaciis gavrcelebaSi im
terminologiis gamo, romelsac iyeneben. ukanaskneli 49 wlis ganmavlobaSi
dawerili 139 studenturi naSromis Seswavlam aCvena, rom bevrma studentma
arc ki CarTo kvlevaSi moxucebulobis periodi an warmoadgina
stereotipuli mosazrebebi xanSiSesul adamianebze. asakis mixedviT
diskriminaciis ufro STambeWdavi da naTeli magaliTia erT-erTi
Jurnalistis pet muris piradi gamocdileba, romelic mizanmimarTulad,
droebiT grimis daxmarebiT, 85 wlis "moxuc" qalbatonad iqca. man Semoiara
aSS-s 100-ze meti qalaqis quCebi imis gasarkvevad, Tu ras niSnavda
moxucebulad yofna amerikaSi. bundovanma kontaqturma linzebma da yuris
sacobebma mas mxedveloba da smena gauuaresa; erTmaneTze gadabmuli
fexebiT siaruli uWirda; misi TiTebi ki daxveuli webovani lentis gamo
arTritian TiTebze odnav moqnili iyo. es "patara moxuci qali"
gadarCenisaTvis ibrZoda Zlieri da sicocxliT savse axalgazrdebisTvis
Seqmnil samyaroSi. mas ar SeeZlo qilis gaxsna, saweri kalmis xelSi
daWera, warwerebis wakiTxva, avtobusis kibeze asvla, mas siswrafis,
xmaurisa da Crdilebis samyaro aSinebda. rodesac daxmareba sWirdeboda,
iSviaTad Tu gauwodebda vinme xels, xSirad dascinodnen moxucebulobisa
da mowyvladobis gamo; igi mozardTa jgufis sastiki Tavdasxmis
msxverplic ki gaxda.
muris gamocdileba amtkicebs azrs, rom sazogadoeba rogorc
fizikuri, ise _ socialuri TvalsazrisiT, xandazmulobis winaaRmdeg aris
mimarTuli. Zaladoba moxucebze ar aris iSviaTi movlena. am konteqstSi
mniSvnelovania vicodeT fsiqologiuri Zaladobis ra formebi arsebobs.
fsiqologiuri Zaladobis formebia:

• uaryofa _ uaris Tqma Txovnis Sesrulebaze an adamianis moTxovnilebe-

bis dakmayofileba iseTi formiT, romelic gamoxatavs Zlier
miuReblobas (~nepriazn~). es aris aqtiuri uaryofa;
• emociur gamoZaxilze uaris Tqma _ aris adamianisadmi Tbili grZnobebis
gamoxatvaze uaris Tqmis pasiuri forma, rodesac aris zedmetad civi pa-
suxi, ar surT an ar SeuZliaT reagireba moxucis mxridan urTierTobis
mcdelobaze;
• damcireba _ sajarod damcireba adamianis an mudmivad misi dacinva, da-
mamcirebeli zedmeti saxelebiT mimarTva. moxucis TviTSefaseba da saku-
Tari Tavisadmi pativiscema qveiTdeba, rodesac xSirad exebian mis Rirse-
bas, codnas an gonebriv unarebs ("ra dondlo xar!", ~araferi ar ici am
qveyanaze~, ~debilo~, ~uniWo~ da sxv.);
• daSineba _ rodesac adamians (bavSvs Tu moxucs) aiZuleben iyos misTvis
sayvareli adamianis damcirebis mowme an mis mimarT Zalis gamoyenebiT
emuqrebian. es mis sulSi aCens Rrma SiSs. bavSvs, romelsac gamudmebiT
scemen an gamudmebiT esmis aseTi tipis muqara: "Tu cudad moiqcevi, Tavs
wagaWri!~, mozrdilebi amyofeben gamudmebuli SiSis mdgomareobaSi. bav-
Svis Tu moxucis daSinebis ufro Sefaruli formaa, rodesac mSoblebi
gacelqebul bavSvs toveben quCaSi, sadac is daucvelia safrTxisgan;
• izolacia _ megobrebTan urTierTobis an ojaxur RonisZiebebSi monawi-
leobis akrZalva SeiZleba iyos fsiqologiuri Zaladobis forma. xolo
adamianis Caketva sakuWnaoSi an sxvagan SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc da-
Sinebac (Tumca ~dozirebuli~ izolacia, rogorc meTodi, warmatebiT
aris gamoyenebuli qcevis formirebisa da modifikaciis programebSi);
• eqspluatacia _ bavSvis umankoebis an moxucis sisustis gamoyeneba. yve-
laze TvalsaCino magaliTia seqsualuri Zaladoba da bavSvis Sromis ga-
moyeneba.
asakobrivi segregacia da siRaribe aris dRes xandazmulobis periodis
mTavari problemebi. xandazmulTa movla specializirebul dawesebulebSi
xSirad araa damakamayofilebeli. alternatiuli variantia
xandazmulTaTvis dRis centrebis, sacxovrebeli centrebis, samedicino
ganyofilebebis organizeba, sxvadasxva saxis satransporto momsaxureba,
invalidebis movla da sakvebis mitana saxlSi. xanSisesul adamianebsac
SeuZliaT erTmaneTis daxmareba sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis
xelSewyobiT.

sicocxlis dasasruli: fiqrebi sikvdilis Sesaxeb da sikvdilis miReba

sikvdili aris bolo kritikuli movlena adamianis cxovrebaSi.
fiziologiur doneze sikvdili warmoadgens yvela sasicocxlo funqciis
Seuqcevadad Sewyvetas. xolo fsiqologiur doneze mas mniSvneloba aqvs
piradad momakvdavisa da misi axloblebisTvis. mokvde, niSnavs rom veRar
grZnob, toveb axloblebs, daumTavrebel saqmeebs da gadadixar
usasrulobaSi. magram sikvdili kulturis mniSvnelovani komponenticaa. is
aisaxeba literaturaSi, xelovnebaSi, musikaSi, religiasa da kulturis
filosofiaSi da gansaxierdeba ritualebsa da wes-CveulebebSi. dabadeba da
sikvdili bunebrivi movlenebia, magram maTi emociuri gavlena da pirovnuli
Rirebuleba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. adamianis dabadebas elian
sasiamovno mRelvarebiT da optimizmiT; sikvdilze fiqrs ki adamianebi
gaurbian da uaryofen kidec.
“sikvdilTan erTad cxovreba”, anu aRsasrulisaTvis mzadyofna
siberis erTerTi zogadi maxasiaTebelia.
 zogadad dasavluri kulturisaTvis sikvdilis, rac SeiZleba, didxans
uaryofaa damaxasiaTebeli. vcdilobT aRsasrulze Tvali davxuWoT, masze
fiqrs veridoT. amiT sikvdilis aracnobier SiSs viormagebT, anu,
faqtobrivad, sasurvelis sapirispiro Sedegs viRebT. rodesac moxuci da
avadmyofi adamiani sikvdilze laparakobs, axloblebi cdiloben, saubari
sxva Temaze gadaitanon da es fiqri gauqarwylon, rac gulwrfel
urTierTobas uSlis xels da sxvadasxvagvar proeqcias warmoSobs.
avadmyofi xvdeba, rom raRacas umalaven, sinamdvileSi ufro cudadaa,
vidre hgonia; axloblebi ki SiSoben, vaiTu simarTles mixvdeso da kidev
ufro TvalTmaqcoben.
marTalia ar arsebobs qcevis sayovelTaod miRebuli standartebi, magram
unda daisvas kiTxva: iqneb moxucebulisaTvis umjobesi iyos, Tu mas
axloblebTan Tavisi sikvdilis Sesaxeb mSvidad saubari SeeZleba. rac
ufro metad eridebian amas adamianebi, miT ufro rTuldeba maT Soris
urTierToba. moxuci mxolod maSinaa mSvidad, rodesac misi sikvdili,
piradad mis garda, sxvas aravis exeba. ra Tqma unda, aq gadamwyvet rols
misi partniorTan urTierToba TamaSobs, Tumca arc aqa gvaqvs qcevis
zogadad miRebuli wesi. gansakuTrebiT eqims uWirs avadmyofis mimarT
swori poziciis dakaveba _ zogierTs surs sakuTari mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
simarTle icodes, sxvas ki nugeSiscema sWirdeba da zogjer Tavis
motyuebac ki urCevnia; maS visa aqvs ufleba gadawyvitos Tu rogori
poziciaa misaRebi?

sikvdilis uaryofa
rodesac adamiani kvdeba, axloblebs aramarto ar surT masTan amaze
saubari, aramed TviTon momakvdavsac ukrZalaven amas. adre adamiani,
Cveulebriv, kvdeboda saxlSi, ojaxis wevrebis zrunviT garemoculi. aqve
sruldeboda tradiciuli ritualebi da wes-Cveulebebi. XX saukunis Semdeg
mdgomareoba ramdenadme Seicvala. adamianTa sul ufro meti raodenoba
kvdeba saavadmyofoSi da maTze samedicino personali zrunavs.
uaryofam SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos stresis aqtiur daZlevas.
sikvdilisTvis aqtiurad winaaRmdegobis gawevas.

sikvdilis mniSvneloba.
xandazmul asakSi, samwuxarod, iSviaTi araa naTesavis, megobris an
meuRlis sikvdili. mwuxarebis gancda gansakuTrebiT mwvavea meuRlis
dakargvis dros. reaqcia sayvareli adamianis sikvdilze ganxvavdeba
pirovnebis, asakis, sqesis, kulturuli tradiciebisa da gardacvlilisadmi
damokidebulebis mixedviT. moaruli Sexeduleba, rom mwuxarebisa da
emociebis aqtiurad gamoxatva xels uwyobs am mdgomareobidan gamosvlas,
simarTles ar unda Seesabamebodes. zogi mecnieris azriT, axlobeli
adamianis sikvdilze pirveli reaqcia aris Soki _ faza, romelic xSirad
ramdenime dRe grZeldeba, zogjer ki gacilebiT metic. adamianis
moulodneli sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi axloblebi SesaZloa srulad ver
acnobierebdnen danakargs da gaognebuli iyvnen momxdariT. meore fazaze
SesaZloa mwuxareba ufro aqtiurad gamoixatos (tirili, moTqma). Cndeba
tanjvisa da monatrebis gancda. zogjer SeiniSneba sisuste, uZiloba,
umadoba, interesis dakargva, SeiZleba gamovlindes depresiis niSnebic.
droTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTan xdeba axal garemoebebTan Segueba. marto
mcxovreb qvrivebs xSirad uCndebaT praqtikuli da fsiqologiuri
siZneleebi (yofiTi problemebis mogvareba, socialuri kontaqtebis
SenarCuneba dasxv.). maT mxardaWeras cdiloben naTesavebi, megobrebi, magram
yvelaze didi wili mainc Svilebze modis. yvelaze martosulad Tavs
uSvilo qvrivi qalebi grZnoben.

moxucebis da ukurnebeli seniT Sepyrobili adamianebis

damokidebuleba sikvdilisadmi ramdenime stadias gaivlis:
• uaryofis stadiaze adamians ar unda aRiaros, rom SeiZleba mokvdes da
eZebs sxva, imedis momcem argumentebs da diagnozebs.

• roca acnobierebs, rom marTla kvdeba, mas eufleba brazi, wyena da Suri
sxva adamianebis mimarT ("ratom me?") _ es aris risxvis stadia.

• vaWrobis stadiaze adamiani eZebs saSualebebs, rom gaixangrZlivos

sicocxle, Seimsubuqos tkivili da tanjva. mzadaa dados piroba da
SeTanxmeba RmerTTan, eqimTan, sxva adamianTan.

• Semdeg adamians SeiZleba daeuflos uimedobis gancda. dgeba depresiis

stadia. momakvdavi wuxs, rom uxdeba ganSoreba axloblebTan.

• miRebis stadiaze adamiani emorCileba beds da mSvidad elis aRsasruls.

moaxloebulma sikvdilma SeiZleba aiZulos adamiani gadaxedos Tavis

cxovrebas, gansazRvros ra aris misTvis mniSvnelovani, ras warmoadgens is
sinamdvileSi. roca adamians SeuZlia Tavis Tavs uTxras: "me kmayofili var"
_ sikvdilis mas aRar eSinia. aseTi adamianebi Tavisi cxovrebis gagrZelebas
STamomavlebSi da sakuTar namoRvawarSi xedaven. eriksoni maT ego-
integrirebulTa kategorias miakuTvnebda. Tumca aris adamianTa meore
kategoria, romlebisTvisac cxovreba mxolod ararealizebuli
SesaZleblobebisa da Secdomebis Tanmimdevrobaa. cxovrebis bolos isini
acnobiereben, rom gviania yvelafris Tavidan dawyeba. ego-integraciis ar
arseboba (an nakleboba) maTSi aCens sikvdilis SiSs, gamudmebuli
uiRblobisa da sinanulis gancdas. isini wuxan imaze "rac SeiZleba
moxdes?!" da axdenen sakuTari naklis proecirebas gare samyaroze.
 მონტალჩინის რჩევები
35 რჩევა ქალისგან, რომელმაც 100 წლის შეუფასებელი ცხოვრებისეული გამოცდილება აქვს:
1. თუ გაბრაზებული ხარ ან ზიზღის გრძნობით შეპრყობილი, შეეცადე, გათავისუფლდეთ ამისგან.

2. ყოველთვის გიყვარდეს და გჯეროდეს სიყვარულის.

3. ყველაფერი, ყოველთვის უკეთესობისთვის ხდება. ღმერთი მოწყალეა და არ მიგატოვებს.

4. ცხოვრებაში ყველაფერი მხოლოდ შენზეა დამოკიდებული.

5. დროა სიცილის და დროა ტირილის.

6. იმოგზაურე, სანამ ახალგაზრდა ხარ და საშუალება გაქვს. ნუ დაინანებ ფულს. დაიმახსოვრე,

გამოცდილება ბევრად ფასეულია, ვიდრე ფული.

7. ჩვენს განკარგულებაში ყოველთვის არის ხვალ.

8. არ შეადარო! შენ არასოდეს იქნები აღფრთოვანებული საკუთარი ცხოვრებით. ღობის იქით მინდორი
ყოველთვის უფრო მწვანე გეჩვენება.

9. თუ ვინმესთან არ გსურს ურთიერთობა, გაწყვიტე კავშირი. შენ არ ხარ არავისთნ ვალდებული.

10. ყოველდღე აკეთე ის, რაზეც დიდი ხანია ოცნებობდი.

11. ერთადერთი უცვლელი რამ ჩვენს სამყაროში არის ის, რომ ირგვლივ ყველაფერი იცვლება. შეეცადე,
გააცნობიერო ეს და მიიღო.

12. ნუ ინანებ შეცდომებს.

13. ნუ იქნები უხეში.

14. იზრუნე მხოლოდ იმაზე, რა იქნება შენთვის მნიშვნელოვანი საბოლოოდ.

15. აპატიე.

16. იყავი გულწრფელი საკუთარ თავთან და გარშემომყოფებთან.

17. სხვა ადამიანებთან ურთიერთობა – ყველაზე მნიშვნელოვანი ნაწილია ჩვენი ცხოვრების.

განსაკუთარებით მაშინ, თუ ამ ადამიანთან მთელი ცხოვრება უნდა გაატარო ქორწინებაში.

18. იპოვე ის, რაც მართლა მოგწონს და აკეთე ეს საქმე.

19. ნურც შეეცდები გაიგო ყველაფერი, რაც შენს ირგვლივ ხდება.

20. ყველაფერი ადრე თუ გვიან საკუთარ ადგილზე დგება.

21. ამბობენ, რომ მშობლებს შენ ვერ აირჩევ. ტყუილია!

22. მიიღე სიამოვნება შენი სამუშაოსგან.

23. არ მიიღო არანაირი ვიტამინი. მიიღე ისინი ბუნებრივი გზით.

24. დაკავდი ფიზკულტურით. უბრალოდ გადი გარეთ და ისეირნე. ეს ძალიან მნიშვნელოვანია.

25. ერთ მშვენიერ დღეს შენ მიხვდები, რომ მთელი შენი ცხოვრება მხოლოდ იმას აკეთებდი, რომ
უმნიშვნელობა რაღაცებზე ნერვიულობდი.

26. ჩვენი ცხოვრება – მოზაიკაა. ის ეწყობა წვრილმანებისგან, რომლებიც ქმნიან მნიშვნელოვან არსს.

27. ნუ მიიღებ ცხოვრებას ზედმეტი სერიოზულობით.

28. დაიმახსოვრე, სიყვარული არ ტეხს გულებს. ამ შემთხვევაში ეს სიყვარული არ არის!

29. უკან მოხედვასაც ვერ მოასწრებ, ისე ჩაივლის ცხოვრება შენს მიღმა.

30. ბევრი რამ სინამდვილეში ისეთი არ არის, როგორიც ჩვენ ვეჩვენება.

31. ისწავლე შეგუება. ადამიანს ბევრი რამის გადატანა შეუძლია.

32. მადლობელი იყავი მშობლების ყველაფრისთვის, რაც მათ შენთვის გააკეთეს.

33. გამონახე დრო გამოიტირო ის, რაც დაკარგე.

34. იყოლიე შინაური ცხოველი. დროდადრო შეიძლება მარტო იგრძნო თავი. შინაური ცხოველი
ყოველთვის შეგახსენებს, რომ ყველა ჩვენგანი სულიერია. ჩემი აზრით, ცხოველებსაც აქვთ სული.

35. არ გარწმუნებ იმაში, რომ უნდა მისდიო ან არ მისდიო რომელიმე რელიგიას, მაგრამ ვალდებული
ხარ, იპოვო ის, რისიც გწამს და იცხოვრო შენი რწმენის მიხედვით.

იცხოვრე სიამოვნებით და მთელი დატვირთვით!

 sicocxlis dasasruli: fiqrebi sikvdilis Sesaxeb da sikvdilis miReba

sikvdili aris bolo kritikuli movlena adamianis cxovrebaSi.

fiziologiur doneze sikvdili warmoadgens yvela sasicocxlo funqciis
Seuqcevadad Sewyvetas. xolo fsiqologiur doneze mas mniSvneloba aqvs
piradad momakvdavisa da misi axloblebisTvis. mokvde, niSnavs rom veRar
grZnob, toveb axloblebs, daumTavrebel saqmeebs da gadadixar
usasrulobaSi. magram sikvdili kulturis mniSvnelovani komponenticaa. is
aisaxeba literaturaSi, xelovnebaSi, musikaSi, religiasa da kulturis
filosofiaSi da gansaxierdeba ritualebsa da wes-CveulebebSi. dabadeba da
sikvdili bunebrivi movlenebia, magram maTi emociuri gavlena da pirovnuli
Rirebuleba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. adamianis dabadebas elian
sasiamovno mRelvarebiT da optimizmiT; sikvdilze fiqrs ki adamianebi
gaurbian da uaryofen kidec.

sikvdilis uaryofa
rodesac adamiani kvdeba, axloblebs aramarto ar surT masTan amaze
saubari, aramed TviTon momakvdavsac ukrZalaven amas. adre adamiani,
Cveulebriv, kvdeboda saxlSi, ojaxis wevrebis zrunviT garemoculi. aqve
sruldeboda tradiciuli ritualebi da wes-Cveulebebi. XX saukunis Semdeg
mdgomareoba ramdenadme Seicvala. adamianTa sul ufro meti raodenoba
kvdeba saavadmyofoSi da maTze samedicino personali zrunavs.
uaryofam SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos stresis aqtiur daZlevas,
sikvdilisTvis aqtiurad winaaRmdegobis gawevas.

sikvdilis mniSvneloba.
xandazmul asakSi, samwuxarod, iSviaTi araa naTesavis, megobris an
meuRlis sikvdili. mwuxarebis gancda gansakuTrebiT mwvavea meuRlis
dakargvis dros. reaqcia sayvareli adamianis sikvdilze ganxvavdeba
pirovnebis, asakis, sqesis, kulturuli tradiciebisa da gardacvlilisadmi
damokidebulebis mixedviT. moaruli Sexeduleba, rom mwuxarebisa da
emociebis aqtiurad gamoxatva xels uwyobs am mdgomareobidan gamosvlas,
simarTles ar unda Seesabamebodes.
• zogi mecnieris azriT, axlobeli adamianis sikvdilze pirveli reaqcia
aris Soki _ faza, romelic xSirad ramdenime dRe grZeldeba, zogjer ki
gacilebiT metic. adamianis moulodneli sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi
axloblebi SesaZloa srulad ver acnobierebdnen danakargs da
gaognebuli iyvnen momxdariT.
• meore fazaze SesaZloa mwuxareba ufro aqtiurad gamoixatos (tirili,
moTqma). Cndeba tanjvisa da monatrebis gancda. zogjer SeiniSneba
sisuste, uZiloba, umadoba, interesis dakargva, SeiZleba gamovlindes
depresiis niSnebic.
• droTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTan xdeba axal garemoebebTan Segueba.
marto mcxovreb qvrivebs xSirad uCndebaT praqtikuli da
fsiqologiuri siZneleebi (yofiTi problemebis mogvareba, socialuri
kontaqtebis SenarCuneba dasxv.). maT mxardaWeras cdiloben naTesavebi,
megobrebi, magram yvelaze didi wili mainc Svilebze modis. yvelaze
martosulad Tavs uSvilo qvrivi qalebi grZnoben.

moxucebis da ukurnebeli seniT Sepyrobili adamianebis

damokidebuleba sikvdilisadmi ramdenime stadias gaivlis:
• uaryofis stadiaze adamians ar unda aRiaros, rom SeiZleba mokvdes da
eZebs sxva, imedis momcem argumentebs da diagnozebs.

• roca acnobierebs, rom marTla kvdeba, mas eufleba brazi, wyena da Suri
sxva adamianebis mimarT ("ratom me?") _ es aris risxvis stadia.

• vaWrobis stadiaze adamiani eZebs saSualebebs, rom gaixangrZlivos

sicocxle, Seimsubuqos tkivili da tanjva. mzadaa dados piroba da
SeTanxmeba RmerTTan, eqimTan, sxva adamianTan.

• Semdeg adamians SeiZleba daeuflos uimedobis gancda. dgeba depresiis

stadia. momakvdavi wuxs, rom uxdeba ganSoreba axloblebTan.

• miRebis stadiaze adamiani emorCileba beds da mSvidad elis aRsasruls.

moaxloebulma sikvdilma SeiZleba aiZulos adamiani gadaxedos Tavis

cxovrebas, gansazRvros ra aris misTvis mniSvnelovani, ras warmoadgens is
sinamdvileSi. roca adamians SeuZlia Tavis Tavs uTxras: "me kmayofili var"
_ sikvdilis mas aRar eSinia. aseTi adamianebi Tavisi cxovrebis gagrZelebas
STamomavlebSi da sakuTar namoRvawarSi xedaven. eriksoni maT ego-
integrirebulTa kategorias miakuTvnebda. Tumca aris adamianTa meore
kategoria, romlebisTvisac cxovreba mxolod ararealizebuli
SesaZleblobebisa da Secdomebis Tanmimdevrobaa. cxovrebis bolos isini
acnobiereben, rom gviania yvelafris Tavidan dawyeba. ego-integraciis ar
arseboba (an nakleboba) maTSi aCens sikvdilis SiSs, gamudmebuli
uiRblobisa da sinanulis gancdas. isini wuxan imaze "rac SeiZleba
moxdes?!" da axdenen sakuTari naklis proecirebas gare samyaroze.
Tasks and Decisions

As people approach the end of their lives, they and their families commonly face tasks and
decisions that include a broad array of choices ranging from simple to extremely complex.
They may be practical, psychosocial, spiritual, legal, existential, or medical in nature. For
example, dying persons and their families are faced with choices about what kind of
caregiver help they want or need and whether to receive care at home or in an institutional
treatment setting. Dying persons may have to make choices about the desired degree of
family involvement in caregiving and decision-making. They frequently make legal
decisions about wills, advanced directives, and durable powers of attorney. They may
make choices about how to expend their limited time and energy. Some may want to reflect
on the meaning of life, and some may decide to do a final life review or to deal with
psychologically unfinished business. Some may want to participate in planning rituals
before or after death. In some religious traditions, confession of sins, preparation to "meet
one's maker," or asking forgiveness from those who may have been wronged can be part
of end-of-life concerns. In other cultural traditions, planning or even discussing death is
considered inappropriate, uncaring, and even dangerous, as it is viewed as inviting death
(Carrese & Rhodes, 1995).

All end-of-life choices and medical decisions have complex psychosocial components,
ramifications, and consequences that have a significant impact on suffering and the quality
of living and dying. However, the medical end-of-life decisions are often the most
challenging for terminally ill people and those who care about them. Each of these
decisions should ideally be considered in terms of the relief of suffering and the values and
beliefs of the dying individual and his or her family. In addition, any system of medical care
has its own primary values that may or may not coincide with the values of the person. For
example, in most Western medical systems the principles of individual autonomy (though
not to the exclusion of family members and intimates) and informed consent are primary. In
contrast, many cultures eschew the principle of autonomy and the principle of interactive,
community decision-making is thought to be the ideal. Therefore, well-intentioned
presentations of treatment or care possibilities by health care providers may overlook a
particular person's wish not to discuss death.

Reference

Carrese, J. A., & Rhodes, L. A. (1995). Western bioethics on the Navajo reservation. JAMA, 274, 826-829.

Issues to Consider
Many factors can impact the decisions people make at the end of life. Below is a
categorized list of issues that have been identified in the literature as potentially influencing
what particular decisions are made and the process by which such options are selected.
The following should be considered a general outline of what a psychologist may want to
explore when faced with a person who is trying to make an end-of-life decision, such as
voluntarily stopping eating or drinking, withholding or withdrawing treatment, or receiving
assisted suicide. No definitive guidelines for assessment in the terminal stages of life have
been established and endorsed by a nationally recognized organization. Further, the
material below is based on theory, anecdote, and clinical experience - it is not empirically
based and needs to be researched and validated. There are some who would therefore
argue that mental health professionals should not engage in anything that appears like an
"evaluation" because the issues listed below and the manner in which they are explored
are socially constructed. Therefore, the list below should not be interpreted as being
prescriptive or as a standard of care. Nor should it be used to evaluate the adequacy of an
"assessment" undertaken by a clinician.

The outline is based on a variety of sources in the literature (Block & Billings, 1998;
Emanuel, 1998; Farberman, 1997; Farrenkopf & Bryan, 1999; Goldblum & Martin, 1999;
Jamison, 1997; Miller, Hedlund, & Murphy, 1998; Muskin, 1998; National Association of
Social Workers, 1994; Sanson et al., 1998; Veterans Affairs National Center for Cost
Containment, 1997; Werth, 1999a; Werth, Benjamin, & Farrenkopf, in press; Werth &
Gordon, 1998). Note that the process described is quite comprehensive and not every
component will be relevant to each situation. It is also important to note that some authors
(e.g., Sullivan, Ganzini, and Youngner, 1998) have been critical of a mental health
professional merely assessing capacity for assisted suicide, and therefore acting as a
"gatekeeper". Therefore, clinicians may want to view their role as helping to determine if
the person has impaired judgment, not merely whether she or he has capacity to make
health care decisions.

It should be emphasized that the following process is designed to be used with a wide
variety of end-of-life decisions, not just those involving a decision that may affect the timing
of death. For example, dying individuals will need to make decisions about what they want
to say to other people; whom they want at their side during the dying process; what they
want in their wills; whether they want someone to have durable power of attorney for health
care for them and, if so, who; how they want to structure their final days; and so forth. Note
that the list of ideas for how to proceed is focused on reviewing the terminally ill individual's
decisional process since this document is not addressing the extremely complex topic of
surrogate decision making.

Preliminary Considerations

The following five steps are not a part of the actual outline but are intended to be general
issues for professionals to consider.
 1. Psychologists need to assess their own personal and professional beliefs about the
dying process and different end-of-life decisions and consult with others regarding
the degree to which their attitudes, values, and beliefs could affect or bias the review
process.
2. If, following this personal/professional assessment and consultation, psychologists
believe they can participate, they must obtain appropriate training in relevant end-of-
life-related issues.
3. If professionals plan on being involved in this area, they need to find at least one
experienced colleague with whom they can consult during reviews to determine if
the discussion and interpretations are appropriately comprehensive, if the
psychologist's own values are affecting the process, or when referral to another
professional may be necessary.
4. The dying person's health care team must be integrated into the review process,
through asking them questions, providing them with information, and making
appropriate referrals.
5. Throughout the review process professionals need to keep detailed case notes
describing why they covered what they did and why other areas were not explored
in more depth.

Outline of Issues for Consideration

The issues to be considered are divided into four broad areas. Depending on the prognosis
for the dying person, his or her physical ability to participate in an extended interview or
multiple meetings, and the referral question(s), one or more of the last three sections may
need to be reduced in emphasis or eliminated. Striking an appropriate balance between the
person's physical condition (so that he or she is not over burdened by the review) and the
psychologist's needs (in order for a comprehensive review can be conducted) will be
difficult, and therefore may increase the possibility that the professional's values may enter
into the situation (Fenn & Ganzini, 1999; Ganzini, Fenn, Lee, Heintz, & Bloom, 1996).
However, if time and the client's condition permit, all of the following topics may be relevant
and therefore should be considered areas to be explored, and the professional should
utilize the consultant to determine if value judgments are interfering with making unbiased
interpretations.

1. A necessary first step is to determine if the individual has capacity to give informed
consent to participate in the review and, further, the capacity to make informed
health care decisions.
1. Conduct a Mental Status Evaluation, using standardized procedures and
scoring, being especially vigilant for signs of dementia and/or delirium;
2. Determine if the individual can perform all of the following tasks as they
pertain to the review:
 1. Understand and remember relevant information, including the fact that
the professional will need to confer with members of the individual's
health care team as well as the person's significant others,
2. Appreciate the consequences (i.e., costs and benefits) of different
possible decisions,
3. Demonstrate a clearly held and consistent underlying set of values that
provide some guidance for making the decision,
4. Communicate the decision and explain the process used for making it;
Determine if the person can perform the following tasks as they pertain to his or her health
care:
0. Understand and remember relevant information about his or her
diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment alternatives (especially hospice
and palliative care and advance directives),
1. The last three items in (b) above;
If the person has the aforementioned capacities, then the professional should have the
dying person sign a release of information form and the psychologist should then obtain
medical records so that members of the health care team can be consulted. The records
need to be available for the next steps in the outline, while the interviews with health care
team members can take place either before or soon after the first interview with the dying
individual. These consultations should review the team members'(1) perceptions of the
individual's condition, prognosis, and treatment options, and (2) beliefs about what they
told the person about his or her condition, prognosis, and treatment options. These
meetings should take place before the process is considered complete because they will
often lead to a need to clarify discrepancies between what the health care team reports
and what the dying person states.
If a person has capacity to make decisions about involvement in the review and about his
or her health care, the next step is to discuss the decision-making process the person has
used, focusing on the issues that the individual stated (in 1c, above) were important parts
of his or her thinking on the matter. Important areas to explore may include:
Physical pain and suffering: Although most physicians have training in pain management
and alleviating distressing symptoms, it is widely recognized that pain is undertreated and
some symptoms are poorly controlled; therefore, even though the psychologist may not be
an expert in physical symptomology, the degree to which physical pain as well as other
aspects of suffering are involved in the person's decision making must be reviewed.
Comorbid psychological conditions: Disruptions of thought and affect caused by the
following conditions may not be severe enough to make a person incapable of making
decisions, but they can significantly affect decision making as well as impair quality of life
(note: the psychologist may utilize appropriate standardized assessment tools as long as
the instruments can be justified because of a need to document a condition the
professional has detected and are not used merely to rule out hypothetical problems):
0. Clinical depression and other mood disorders,
1. Clinical anxiety disorders (including acute stress disorder and
posttraumatic stress disorder),
 2. Early-stage dementia,
3. Fluctuating states of delirium and/or psychosis,
4. Personality disorders (note: the presence of a diagnosable personality
disorder would not disqualify a person's end-of-life decisions; however,
awareness of such a diagnosis would help the professional put other
aspects of the discussion into the appropriate context),
5. Substance abuse (including accidental or purposeful abuse
of/dependence on prescribed medication);
Other psychological issues: In addition to formally diagnosable conditions, there are a host
of other issues associated with the individual himself or herself that need to be reviewed:

0. Ambivalence or rigid thinking,

1. Fears (e.g., of pain, loss of mental status),
2. History of actual and perceived trauma and loss (including traumatic
head injury),
3. Hopelessness and despair,
4. Internalization of societal rejection (e.g., self-hatred due to sexual
orientation - "internalized homophobia"; internalized low sense of
entitlement in women),
5. Religious, spiritual, and existential beliefs, expectations, experiences,
and values; sense of personal meaning and fulfillment in life;
philosophy of life and life values; assumptive world components;
Fear of loss of control/loss of autonomy/loss of dignity: Research has indicated that these
issues are the primary reasons given by people who want to take an action that may
impact the timing of death and therefore they deserve careful exploration;
Financial concerns: Issues associated with the cost of medical care may play a role in end-
of-life choices so a discussion of the degree to which monetary matters are a part of the
decision is important. (Note: there is some debate in the literature about whether the
presence of financial concerns should disqualify a person's decisions. For some this is
perceived to be a form of societal coercion while for others it is a natural consideration that
may be seen as altruistic. It will be up to the professional, perhaps after peer consultation,
to determine whether any financial concerns that are present are impairing the dying
person's judgment);
Cultural factors: As reviewed earlier, people of diverse backgrounds hold differing attitudes
toward various end-of-life decisions so exploring ways in which culture may be affecting
decision making must be included in the review:

0. Cultural expectations and traditions associated with decision making,

end-of-life issues, and values,
1. Impact of personal characteristics, such as age, ethnicity, gender,
economic status, and disability;
Review possible underlying issues: Resolution of the following issues, if present, should
not be expected, nor required. These areas are listed because of their potential for
decreasing quality of life and impacting relationships:

0. Is the request for assistance in dying a form of communication and

what is being communicated?
1. Is there a "split in the experience of the self" such that the person
wants the sick part of the self to die but the healthy part to live? If so,
what impact is this having on the decision making?
2. How is the person's ego functioning and related issues (e.g., coping
and defense mechanisms, frustration tolerance, character scripts,
locus of control and processing, cognitive style and biases, problem-
solving skills, and ways of managing psychosocial transitions) affecting
the decision?
3. How are the person's specific strengths, skills, and assets,
vulnerabilities, and liabilities influencing the decision-making process?
4. Are rage, revenge, and helplessness involved in the process and what
do they represent to the person?
5. Are guilt, shame, self-punishment, and atonement affecting the quality
of life and the end-of-life decision?
6. Is the person viewing life as having already come to an end and how is
this impacting the decision-making process and review?
Overall quality of life: Generally speaking, how good does the individual believe his or her
quality of life is at the present time, what does he or she envision for the near future, and
what could change the present and prospective quality of life for the better?
Other issues to explore: If these issues have not already been discussed, the following
topics deserve consideration:

0. Has the person been suicidal in the past?

1. How long has the person been thinking about his or her end-of-life
options?
2. How long ago was a decision made?
3. Why was the decision made when it was and, if there is a significant
time gap between when the decision was made and when the review
is being conducted, why is the discussion being held now?
4. If the person was going to follow through with the end-of-life decision,
when would action take place and why then?
The next major area for review is the person's social support system. Releases should be
signed so that the professional can talk with the important people in the dying individual's
intimate circle.

Consideration of significant others: How has the presence or absence of significant others
impacted the person's decision making:
 0. Review the beliefs the person has about the potential impact on the
significant others (including those yet-to-be-born), if any, of a particular
decision,
1. If the individual insists there are no significant others, including friends,
discuss the degree to which this isolation (and, possibly, loneliness)
may be amenable to change and the effect such a change might have
on a decision,
2. Examine the degree to which concerns about being a burden on
others (physically, emotionally, financially, etc.) are influencing the
decision;
Involvement of significant others: Discuss the presence of significant others in the client's
life and consider suggesting that, if possible, they become involved in the decision-making
process in some way:

0. If the individual is unwilling to have significant others involved, review

the reasons for this decision and discuss the impact their lack of
involvement may be having on his or her decision making,
1. If the person is willing to have significant others involved but has not
included them to this point, discuss how such involvement will occur
and how this plan impacts the review,
2. If the dying person is uncertain about involving significant others,
discuss the issues until some decision can be made and then follow
the first two bullets in this item, depending on which is most
appropriate given the decision made,
3. If significant others have been involved, find out what the dying person
believes took place in the discussions and whether there is any
unfinished business,
4. Review if there has been any direct or indirect, subtle or overt, actual
or perceived, pressure from significant others on the decision-making
process;
Interviews with significant others: Consider reviewing at least the following issues related to
the terminally ill person with members of his or her support system; if any areas of concern
arose during the interview with the ill individual, ask about them in this section as well:

0. Current functioning,
1. Recent changes in physical, mental, or emotional health,
2. Medical and psychosocial history, especially psychological problems
and substance abuse/mis-use,
3. Typical pattern of adjusting to loss, change, and illness,
4. Personality style,
5. Reasons for considering particular options and the significant other's
reactions to these reasons,
6. Areas of unfinished business,
 7. Extent of financial concerns of all involved,
8. Other issues of concern related to the interviews with the dying person
(e.g., if the dying individual's response to questions about his or her
fears of dying and death need clarification or raised concerns in the
professional, questions about this area can be asked of the significant
others).
The final broad area that should be reviewed includes systemic and environmental issues.
The goal here is to explore for the presence of any pressures from outside sources that
may be impinging on the person's decision making.

Indirect external coercion: To what extent are pervasive societal conditions and attitudes
negatively impacting the individual's life and, perhaps, causing him or her to feel as if there
are no satisfactory options that will provide for a decent quality of life, such as:

0. Negative biases toward older persons, persons with disabilities,

women, members of minority ethnic groups,
1. Lack of funding for basic health care needs, inadequate resources for
persons with chronic and disabling conditions, poorly trained
professional caregivers, and other problems;
Direct external coercion: Pressure to make a particular decision may be subtle or overt,
may be actually occurring or merely a perception of the individual, could occur intentionally
or accidentally, for example:

0. Are health care providers, administrators, and/or insurers/payers

pressuring the client to make a decision that will cut expenses, open
up space, or for some other reason?
1. Has a medical provider suggested scaling back treatment or offered
some specific options, leading the person to believe he or she has
been given up on or abandoned by professional caregivers.

Role of the Psychologist after the Review is Complete

After conducting a review the professional must prepare detailed case notes. These notes
should thoroughly document whether the psychologist believes the dying person has
capacity to make health care decisions and, if so, whether there are any factors that are
impairing the individual's judgment regarding the end-of-life decision. If no impairment is
detected, the notes should describe the review process and highlight how potential areas
of concern were covered and eliminated. If impairment is found, the notes should detail
how the professional came to this conclusion and offer treatment recommendations, with
the strong stipulation that the person needs to meet with a professional to determine
capacity before any end-of-life decisions are implemented. Finally, appropriate referrals
(e.g., to attorneys, spiritual advisors, etc.) should be included in the recommendations
section, regardless of whether capacity is present.
Use of Instruments when Reviewing End-of-Life Decisions

At times it may be helpful for a psychologist to use objective or subjective measures to

gather more information. The use of such instruments must be carefully considered and the
potential utility must be balanced with the person's physical state and abilities, tolerance for
completion of questionnaires, and the concerns of the professional. The only instrument
that may be warranted for use with most individuals is the MacArthur Competence
Assessment Tool - Treatment (Grisso & Appelbaum, 1998) because its semi-structured
format provides a framework within which assessments of capacity can be conducted.

The decision of which additional measures would be warranted will have to be made by the
psychologist on a case-by-case basis, given the unique characteristics of the situation and
the constellation of issues presented by the dying person. A comprehensive list of
measures that may be appropriate for use with individuals at the end of life may be found in
the Center to Improve Care of the Dying's "Toolkit of Instruments to Measure End of Life
Care". For suggestions of other instruments see Farrenkopf and Bryan (1999); Werth
(1999b); and Werth, Benjamin, and Farrenkopf (in press).

References

Block, S. D., & Billings, J. A. (1998). Evaluating patient requests for euthanasia and assisted suicide in terminal illness:
The role of the psychiatrist. In M. D. Steinberg, S. J. Youngner (Eds.), End of life decisions: A psychosocial perspective
(pp. 205-233). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Emanuel, L. L. (1998). Facing requests for physician-assisted suicide: Toward a practical and principled clinical skill set.
JAMA, 280, 643-647.

Farberman, R. K. (1997). Terminal illness and hastened death requests: The important role of the mental health
professional. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 28, 544-547.

Farrenkopf, T. & Bryan, J. (1999). Psychological consultation under Oregon's 1994 Death With Dignity Act: Ethics and
procedures. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30, 245-249.

Fenn, D. S., & Ganzini, L. (1999). Attitudes of Oregon psychologists toward physician-assisted suicide and the Oregon
Death With Dignity Act. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30, 235-244.

Ganzini, L., Fenn, D. S., Lee, M. A., Heintz, R. T., & Bloom, J. D. (1996). Attitudes of Oregon psychiatrists toward
physician-assisted suicide. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1469-1475. Goldblum, P., & Martin, D. (1999). Principles
for the discussion of life and death options with terminally ill clients with HIV. Professional Psychology: Research and
Practice, 30, 187-197.

Grisso, T., & Appelbaum, P. S. (1998). Assessing competence to consent to treatment: A guide for physicians and other
health care professionals. New York: Oxford.
Jamison, S. (1997). Assisted suicide: A decision-making guide for health professionals. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Miller, P. J., Hedlund, S. C., & Murphy, K. A. (1998). Social work assessment at the end of life: Practice guidelines for
suicide and the terminally ill. Social Work in Health Care, 26(4), 23-36.

Muskin, P. R. (1998). The request to die: Role for a psychodynamic perspective on physician-assisted suicide. JAMA,
279, 323-328.

National Association of Social Workers. (1994). Client self-determination in end-of-life decisions. In Social Work Speaks:
NASW Policy Statements (3rd ed.) (pp. 58-61). Washington, DC: NASW Press.

Sanson, A., Dickens, E., Melita, B., Nixon, M., Rowe, J., Tudor, A., & Tyrrell, M. (1998). Psychological perspectives on
euthanasia and the terminally ill: An Australian Psychological Society discussion paper. Australian Psychologist, 33, 1-11.

Sullivan, M. D., Ganzini, L., & Youngner, S. J. (1998, July/August). Should psychiatrists serve as gatekeepers for
physician-assisted suicide? Hastings Center Report, 28 (4), 24-31.

Veterans Affairs National Center for Cost Containment. (1997). Assessment of competency and capacity of the older
adult: A practice guideline for psychologists. Milwaukee, WI: Author.

Werth, J. L., Jr. (1999a). Mental health professionals and assisted death: Perceived ethical obligations and proposed
guidelines for practice. Ethics and Behavior, 9, 159-183.

Werth, J. L., Jr. (1999b). Clinical depression and desire for death among persons with terminal illnesses. Social
Pathology: A Journal of Reviews, 5, 22-26.

Werth, J. L., Jr., Benjamin, G. A. H., & Farrenkopf, T. (in press). Requests for physician-assisted death: Guidelines for
assessing mental capacity and impaired judgment. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law.

Werth, J. L., Jr. & Gordon, J. R. (1998). Helping at the end of life: Hastened death and the mental health professional. In
L. Vandecreek, S. Knapp, & T.L. Jackson (Eds.), Innovations in in clinical practice: A source book (Vol. 16) (pp. 385-398).
Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.

The Role of Psychology: Introduction

Psychologists can make significant contributions to improve the quality of end-of-life

decision-making and care by actively engaging these issues in the context of practice,
education, research, and public policy.

Since psychology as a discipline does not have a strong history of working in the arena of
terminal illness, attending educational programs offered by other disciplines and
participating as members of interdisciplinary treatment teams or research panels are vital
strategies for "getting up to speed." These types of collaborations provide psychologists
with partners who have been working in this arena for some time (e.g., medical doctors,
nurses, social workers, ethicists, and chaplains/clergy) while at the same time permitting
psychologists to bring their considerable skills and knowledge to the table for the shared
mission of improving the quality of care at the end of life. In this way, psychologists can
learn from those with experience while demonstrating the value of including mental health
professionals as active participants in end-of-life decision-making.

The Role of Psychology: Clinical Roles

With appropriate training, psychologists are particularly suited to carry out clinical roles in
assessment, intervention, advocacy, and interdisciplinary service delivery. Assessment at
the end of life includes several areas such as evaluation of mood and anxiety disorders,
pain, family and caregiver interactions, psychological and cognitive functioning, and
existential concerns. Psychologists are also well prepared to plan and implement
interventions with individuals, family members, and providers. They can treat clinical
depression if and when it arises in end-of-life contexts, as well as other mental health
problems. Psychologists can provide end-of-life counseling including facilitating emotional
expression, helping caregivers to appreciate the psychological dimensions of the suffering
involved, and being effective listeners and sounding boards for people who are dying, their
families and caregivers, and even their health care providers. Properly trained
psychologists can also work effectively with issues of mourning and loss, traumatic stress,
and general objectives for care of dying individuals (Weisman, 1972). They can also serve
as advocates for good medical care along with other professionals (i.e., nurses, social
workers, and chaplains).

Equally important is participation of psychologists in hospital ethics committees, palliative

care, and other multidisciplinary teams. Quill and his colleagues (1998) have observed that
"Comprehensive, interdisciplinary palliative care is the standard of care for persons with
progressive, advanced disease for whom prognosis is limited and the focus of medical
management is quality of life" (p. 555). In addition, Cummings (1998) has stated that

the multitude of issues faced by patients and families dealing with a life-threatening illness
exceeds the expertise of any one caregiver. The availability of different team members
provides opportunity for support from a number of sources. The interdisciplinary team...is
best equipped to provide a nurturing environment for patient and family. (p. 19)

Assessment Activities

When working with people who are dying, it is essential to assess the overall quality of care
they are receiving, to identify sources of suffering and ways of alleviating them, and to
determine what decisions need to be made and who needs to be involved in making and
implementing them. Aside from formal assessment procedures, the mental health
professional working in any clinical role with people at the end of life should keep a number
of critical questions in mind. Answering these questions will require regular consultation
with others, including family caregivers, primary care physicians, nursing staff, pain
specialists, oncologists, psychiatrists, ethicists, gerontologists, hospice workers, clergy,
friends, and volunteers. Below are some of the key questions for exploration:

• Is medical care accessible and adequate?

• Are palliative care and pain management adequate?
• Are the psychosocial needs of the dying person, family, and caregivers being
addressed?
• Are cultural issues identified and addressed?
• Are spiritual and existential concerns being addressed?
• Is either the physical disease process or the treatment for it creating emotional
distress or cognitive impairment?

Capacity for making health-care decisions may need to be assessed in more detail
(Veterans Affairs National Center for Cost Containment, 1997). To evaluate cognitive
status, psychologists working with other members of the treatment team can determine if
impaired cognitive functioning is temporary (e.g., due to delirium, which is common among
older hospitalized persons and may be reversible, once the cause is determined) or if it is
due to a more chronic condition such as dementia. It is important to note that individuals
may be competent to make decisions in one area but not in another (e.g., persons may be
able to make valid decisions about their desire to withdraw from a given treatment regime
while not being considered competent to handle their own financial resources) (Grisso,
1986, 1994). Careful attention must also be given to clinical depression, since it can be
difficult to assess in dying persons and yet have an enormous impact on quality of life and
decision-making.

In addition to assessing cognitive status and depression, requests for interventions that
might affect the timing of death should always, independent of legality or the values of the
practitioner, be a signal to explore the overall quality of care. They should also prompt
psychologists to explore any feelings that patient may have about being undeserving of
care or a burden to others. The psychologist should explore the psychological,
interpersonal, social, spiritual, economic, gender-related, and cultural reasons behind such
requests. Such explorations may reveal areas of unmet needs or feelings about the self
that could suggest a variety of interventions to improve the quality of life. For example, data
suggest that uncontrollable pain is not the primary motive for people who request assisted
suicide. Reasons for requests for both assisted suicide and euthanasia include many
nonphysical symptoms such as loss of personhood, discomfort other than pain, loss of
dignity, concern about loss of control, loss of meaning in life, being a burden, and
dependency (Back, Wallace, Starks, & Pearlman, 1996; Canetto & Hollenshead, 1999;
Chin, Hedberg, Higginson, & Fleming, 1999; Cohen, Fihn, Boyko, & Jonsen, 1994;
Coombs Lee & Werth, in press; Ganzini et al., 2000; Sullivan et al., 2000a, b; Wilson, Viola,
Scott, & Chater, 1998).
Suffering at the end of life and requests for assisted suicide and other interventions that
may affect the time of death frequently are associated with clinical depression. It is
important to note that older people are less likely to endorse depressive symptoms or
suicidal ideation than younger people with the same level of depression and therefore are
less likely to be recognized as depressed by self-report. Additional complexity is caused by
the many serious medical problems that older depressed individuals tend to have that can
make diagnosis a challenge, even for mental health professionals with special training in
this field (Koenig, Meador, Cohen, & Blazer, 1988). The Resource Guide will contain a
more detailed discussion of assessment issues related to depression, dementia, delirium,
and decisional capacity at the end of life. It will identify personal and professional issues
that mental health providers should examine before practicing in this area, including
personal values and beliefs, quality and extent of professional training in end-of-life issues,
and ability to make use of consultation and referral.

Clinical & Counseling Activities

It is important to understand that clinical work at the end of life differs from traditional
psychotherapy in significant ways. It can involve advocacy interventions directed toward
assuring quality of care, psychoeducational interventions aimed at improving
understanding about dying and death, and systems interventions required to facilitate
communication between the dying individual and his or her family and among the
individual, the family, and the medical team. In addition, clinical work may occur in non-
traditional settings (e.g., the home, the hospital, nursing homes, etc.). Professional
boundaries may be more fluid than in traditional psychotherapy cases. For example, it is
common for mental health professionals working with the terminally ill to respond to
requests for tangible support - a drink of water, a special meal, something from the store,
etc. Moreover, the focus of clinical work may be less on insight-oriented psychotherapy
(although that can occur), and more on decision-making, emotional coping and support,
existential concerns, and bearing witness at the end of life.

Special themes may arise during counseling with terminally ill people. Within some
communities, dying persons and those who care about them may need help in completing
"unfinished business" (Kubler-Ross, 1969), and achieving an appropriate death (Weisman,
1972). Within these communities, psychologists can help dying persons raise and resolve
issues of meaning in their individual lives through values clarification and/or life review or
reminiscence therapy. Spiritual issues frequently arise when working with dying persons
and the exploration of spiritual themes is an important part of offering support and assisting
in the creation of meaning. Because spiritual issues are not often considered to fall within
the domain of psychotherapy, many therapists have limited experience and training in this
area and thus should be alert to the limits of their expertise and make referrals when
appropriate. None of the issues discussed here are universally applicable to all individuals
or communities, and the discussion of diversity issues in Section One of this report should
be referred to in this regard.
Other themes that may arise in end-of-life clinical work that distinguish it from traditional
psychotherapy include a heightened emphasis on grief, mourning, loss, and feelings about
dying and death, and coping with sorrow, depression, anger, guilt, and anxiety. Unresolved
grief over the earlier deaths of loved ones is likely to arise as some dying people relive past
losses in preparation for losing everything. Fears about dependency, the loss of autonomy,
control, and dignity are other themes that may arise in counseling dying persons. In
addition, being a burden to others emotionally, physically, or economically are common
concerns that may need to be addressed.

Misunderstandings among family and caregivers concerning the nature of anticipatory

mourning is also a frequent theme. Psychologists may reduce the risk of complicated
mourning by promoting healthy anticipatory mourning processes (Rando, 2000) and
normalizing anticipatory mourning among family and caregivers. This may include working
with people who have had upsetting images of death, traumatic stress reactions, or post-
traumatic stress reactions following previous losses (the Resource Guide will contain a
more extensive discussion of grief, mourning, loss, and trauma).

Terminally ill people face emotionally charged and symbolic milestones of loss during the
course of the dying process. For example, accepting a feeding tube, or deciding to have a
permanent infusion line implanted through which medications like morphine can be
administered on a continuous basis, may represent an important signal to the dying person
that death is becoming more imminent, and may symbolize surrender or acceptance. Other
symbolic decisions that arise include whether to get hospice care, receive care at home, or
be in a medical setting of some kind. Each of these decisions may represent losses that
need to be experienced and grieved.

Dying individuals and those close to them may need help with problem solving and
decision-making of a more general nature. Clinicians can help clarify, identify, frame, and
articulate choices and priorities. For some, this may include making sure a will is in order or
completing an advance care directive. Psychologists can clarify the purpose and function of
advance directives to help individuals and families discuss advance care planning and
also, if necessary, act as advocates to help ensure that these directives are followed. It is
important to note that some communities regard advance directives with great suspicion
because they are viewed as leading to rationed care.

Attending to such details as identifying and designating a responsible guardian or health-

care proxy for the dying person and providing psychological support as the person makes
that choice is another task that psychologists can assume. Some dying individuals may
wish to consider what kind of legacy they want to leave, and to plan the kind of
memorialization they want. Even the smallest end-of-life decisions can have meaning and
implications that deserve exploration and emotional support. Ambivalence about many of
these decisions is normal, and the clinician can help people identify the mix of feelings they
experience so that they can make thoughtful choices. However, psychologists working in
this arena must bear in mind that in some communities, planning for death is unacceptable
or even considered dangerous.

If the dying person is no longer competent to participate in decision-making because of the

effects of the underlying illness or of various pain medications, the proxy decision-makers
acting on the individual's behalf can often benefit from skilled psychological assistance.
The emotional burden of making life and death decisions for a loved one can be enormous
because some decisions are irreversible. There may also be conflict among family
members about the best course of action. Psychologists can play a positive role in
clarifying the situation, facilitating discussion, providing support for the decision-makers,
and helping them deal with any residual feelings of guilt or regret over their decision.

A final cautionary note to clinicians working in end-of-life venues is in order. The intensity of
working with people who are dying makes it essential for such professionals to have a
strong support system to handle issues of loss, grief, vulnerability, and traumatization from
working so closely with dying and death.

Advocacy Activities

Dying individuals often have difficulty communicating with health providers about
symptoms, fears, and needs, and psychologists can act as their advocates. Advocacy for
quality care for terminally ill individuals and their families may involve working as part of
multidisciplinary teams to ensure that individual needs and quality of life issues are
understood and addressed. Physicians often lack training in end-of-life care and palliative
services. Physicians have been repeatedly shown to under-recognize and under-treat pain
and depression in dying individuals (Peruzzi, Canapary, & Bongar, 1996; Quill et al., 1998).
Therefore, psychologists may act as advocates for increased pain control as well as
provide special expertise in assessment of depression (Conwell, Pearson, & DeRenzo,
1996).

Emerging Models of Service Delivery

There are two emerging models of service delivery through which psychologists can make
effective contributions to end-of-life decision-making: functioning as a team member in a
hospital or hospice setting and functioning as part of an ethics committee to provide
insights into the psychological aspects of cases being reviewed. Although participation in
hospital ethics committees and multidisciplinary treatment teams is a relatively new role for
most psychologists, it is clear that psychologists can add a unique perspective to health
care providers dealing with difficult end-of-life decisions. For example, informed
psychologists can participate in case reviews to facilitate better planning and decision-
making and help to educate hospital staff about psychological aspects of care of dying
individuals. They can also help to coordinate individual and family care. In addition,
psychologists can provide expert psychological guidance to ethics committees struggling
with issues of competency and depression. Finally, they can also support medical staff
more directly by helping them to deal with difficult patients or family members as well as
supporting them in dealing with their own feelings around grief, loss, and dying (Block &
Billings, 1998; Field & Cassel, 1997).

References

Back, A. L., Wallace, J. I., Starks, H. E., & Pearlman, R. A. (1996). Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in
Washington State: Patient requests and physician responses. JAMA, 275, 919-925.

Block, S. D., & Billings, J. A. (1998). Evaluating patient requests for euthanasia and assisted suicide in terminal illness:
The role of the psychiatrist. In M. D. Steinberg, S. J. Youngner (Eds.), End of life decisions: A psychosocial perspective
(pp. 205-233). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Canetto, S. S., & Hollenshead, J. (1999). Gender and physician-assisted suicide: An analysis of the Kevorkian cases,
1990-1997. Omega, 40, 165-208.

Chin, A. E., Hedberg, K., Higginson, G. K., & Fleming, D. W. (1999). Legalized physician-assisted suicide in Oregon --
The first year's experience. New England Journal of Medicine, 340, 577-583.

Cohen, J. S., Fihn, S. D., Boyko, E. J., & Jonsen, A. R. (1994). Attitudes toward assisted suicide and euthanasia among
physicians in Washington State. New England Journal of Medicine, 331, 89-94.

Conwell, Y., Pearson, J., & DeRenzo, E. G. (1996). Indirect self-destructive behavior among elderly patients in nursing
homes: A research agenda. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 4, 152-163.

Coombs Lee, B. & Werth, J. L., Jr. (in press). Observations on the first year of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act.
Psychology, Public Policy, and Law.

Cummings, I. (1998). The interdisciplinary team. In D. Doyle, G. W. C. Hanks, & N. MacDonald (Eds.), Oxford Textbook
of Palliative Medicine (2nd ed.) (pp. 9-30). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Field, M. J., & Cassel, C. K. (Eds.). (1997). Approaching death: Improving care at the end-of-life. Washington, DC:
National Academy Press.

Ganzini, L., Nelson, H. D., Schmidt, T. A., Kraemer, D. F., Delorit, M. A., & Lee, M. A. (2000). Physicians' experiences
with the Oregon Death with Dignity Act. New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 557-563.

Grisso, T. (1986). Evaluating competencies: Forensic assessments and instruments. New York: Plenum.

Grisso, T. (1994). Clinical assessment for legal competence of older adults. In M. Storandt & G. VandenBos (Eds.),
Neuropsychological assessment of dementia and depression in older adults: A clinician's guide (pp. 119-139).
Washington,D.C.:American Psychological Association.
Koenig, G. G., Meador, K. G., Cohen, H. J. & Blazer, D. G. (1988). Self-rated depression scales and screening for major
depression in the older hospitalized patients with medical illness. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 42, 490-492.

Kubler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying. New York: McMillan. Peruzzi, N., Canapary, A., & Bongar, B. (1996).
Physician-assisted suicide: The role of mental health professionals. Ethics and Behavior, 6, 353-366.

Quill, T. E., Meier, D. E., Block, S. D., Billings, J. A. (1998). The debate over physician-assisted suicide: Empirical data
and convergent views. Annals of Internal Medicine, 128, 552-558.

Rando, T. A. (Ed.) (2000). Clinical dimensions of anticipatory mourning: Theory and practice in working with the dying,
their loved ones, and their caregivers. Champaign, IL: Research Press.

Sullivan, A. D., Hedberg, K., & Fleming, D. W. (2000a). Oregon's Death with Dignity Act: The second year's experience.
Portland, OR: Oregon Health Division.

Sullivan, A. D., Hedberg, K., & Fleming, D. W. (2000b). Legalized physician-assisted suicide in Oregon -- The second
year. New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 598-604.

Veterans Affairs National Center for Cost Containment. (1997). Assessment of competency and capacity of the older
adult: A practice guideline for psychologists. Milwaukee, WI: Author.

Wilson, K. G., Viola, R. A., Scott, J. F., & Chater, S. (1998, April). Talking to the terminally ill about euthanasia and
physician-assisted suicide. Canadian Journal of Clinical Medicine, 68-74.

Weisman, A. (1972). On dying and denying: A psychiatric study of terminality. New York: Behavioral Publications.

The Role of Psychology: Education and Training Roles

Education of the Profession

Since psychology does not have a strong history of working in the arena of terminal illness
and end-of-life decision-making, the discipline will need to focus on self-education first. As
mentioned previously, attending educational programs offered by other professions and
participating in interdisciplinary treatment teams or research panels are vital strategies for
bringing the profession "up to speed." The field of thanatology (the study of dying, death,
and bereavement) is essentially a multidisciplinary area of study and those wishing to
specialize in it should be receptive to learning from a variety of professionals. There are,
however, a significant number of psychologists who have attained stature as authorities in
this field and they may be in a position to serve as teachers and mentors. It is essential for
end-of-life issues to be integrated into existing undergraduate and graduate courses
(Abeles & Barlev, 1999; International Work Group on Death, Dying, and Bereavement,
1991). Free-standing courses in the psychology of dying and death can also be added to
both undergraduate and graduate curriculum.
Content areas for these courses could include: the demographics of aging and dying; the
process of dying; loss, mourning, and grief; attitudes toward dying and death; quality of life
issues; needs of the dying, their loved ones, and their caregivers; understanding the culture
of the medical setting; ethical issues involved; quality of care issues; the importance of
ritual at the end of life; gender and diversity issues in end-of-life care and decision-making;
incidence and effects of depression, dementia, and delirium at the end of life; and clinical
training in assessment of people at the end of life. Integration across the curriculum of
gender and diversity issues and exposing students to a variety of social and cultural groups
in their practica should occur at every level. Practical experience can be offered to students
through supervised practica and internships in hospitals, nursing homes, hospices, and
home health care agencies. Supervised practical experience can also be gained through
illness-focused agencies, illness and bereavement groups, and mental health agencies
serving relevant populations. Extracurricular activities planned through Psi Chi or a
Psychology Club can provide additional exposure.

Professional education and training in end-of-life issues is different from training in

standard counseling and psychotherapy techniques both in style and in content. As noted
above, clinical work with people at the end of life is typically more short-term and
interactive and it involves more advocacy than other kinds of counseling. Educational
methods should also include values clarification and self-exploration of personal attitudes
toward death (Stillion, 1983, 1999).

Education of the Public

As more psychologists become knowledgeable about working with people making end-of-
life decisions, they can make significant contributions to the public dialogue about death
and dying. Psychologists, along with other health care providers, can appear on panels
dealing with decision-making. They can work with the media, prepare publications, videos,
and other psychoeducational materials. They can also encourage discussion about dying
and death with clients and their family members when culturally appropriate.

People need knowledge in order to communicate effectively with health care providers.
Psychologists can help people understand loss, grief, and mourning; explain the concept of
traumatic stress in response to difficult deaths and losses; and help understand differences
between normal sadness and clinical depression at the end of life. They can teach people
to be more aware of unique individual needs and assumptions about dying and death.
They can identify common problem areas for families, significant others, or intimates facing
death, encourage values clarification around end-of-life issues, provide information about
advance care planning and how to implement it, clarify issues involved in difficult end-of-life
decisions, and teach coping mechanisms. They can raise awareness of when or how
sexism, ageism, ethnocentrism, and ableism influence end-of-life planning and decision-
making, and of the social and cultural pressures that may result in some groups and
individuals being devalued.
References

Abeles, N. , & Barlev, A. (1999). End-of-life decisions and assisted suicide. Professional Psychology: Research and
Practice, 30, 229-234.

International Work Group on Death, Dying, and Bereavement. (1991). A statement of assumptions and principles
concerning education about death, dying, and bereavement. Death Studies, 16, 59-65.

Stillion, J.M. (1983). Where thanatos meets eros: Parallels between death education and group psychotherapy. Death
Education, 7, 53-67.

Stillion, J. M. (1999). Rational suicide: Challenging the next generation of caregivers. In J. L. Werth, Jr. (Ed.),
Contemporary Perspectives on Rational Suicide (pp. 160-167). Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.

The Role of Psychology: Research Roles for

Psychologists

The third area in which psychologists can play an important and productive role in
improving care at the end of life has to do with planning and conducting research. The
quality and amount of existing research on end-of-life decision-making is limited. Therefore,
there are multiple opportunities for extending behavioral and psychological knowledge
about dying and about decisions that may affect the timing of death.

Ethical and Methodological Issues

A word of caution is in order. There are ethical issues involved in research with people at
the end of life. Persons who are seriously sick and dying are a psychologically vulnerable
population at risk for exploitation. For example, dying persons may experience fluctuating
patterns of cognitive impairment, which may require investigators to reexamine informed
consent and participation in research. Another ethical issue has to do with the fact that
participation in research may interfere with care and add stress to people whose energy
level and sense of wellbeing may be fragile. On the other hand, there are possible benefits
and rewards derived from participation in research. Potential benefits include a sense of
altruism, a value that may be important for persons at the end of life, as well as receiving
the attentive care and state-of-the-science monitoring that is often associated with a clinical
trial of a new care program.

There are a variety of methodological problems associated with much of the existing
research having to do with end-of-life issues (Rosenfeld, in press). For example, many
studies have had one or more of the following design limitations: (a) dependent variables of
questionable utility (e.g., hypothetical questions about some future possible scenario), (b)
sample selection bias (e.g., participants are either not terminally ill or, if they are, they are
closely screened so the results are non-generalizable), and (c) study site bias (e.g.,
palliative care centers provide convenient samples but most people do not go through the
dying process in such places). Another methodological difficulty associated with end-of-life
research has to do with the fact that symptoms associated with the illness and/or the
medications to alleviate those symptoms may interfere with the ill person's ability to actively
participate in the study or remember information accurately. One strategy to ameliorate this
limitation is to interview significant others in addition to the dying person.

Priority Areas for Future Research

1. There is no common lexicon of terms to describe key events and phenomena at the
end of life. Therefore, researchers from a variety of disciplines should work toward
the development of a consensus on key terms and concepts related to dying and
death. Such collaboration could provide a basis for developing theories and
advancing knowledge that would be more readily utilized and understood by
professionals in all disciplines involved.
2. There is little documentation about the ways in which the people live the last phase
of life and die. Normative research should focus on emotions, cognitions, behaviors,
and attitudes of dying persons as well as on interactions between dying persons,
family members, and professional caregivers engaged in end-of-life decisions.
Research on normative experiences could also examine the role of psychological,
social, cognitive, and behavioral factors associated with common problems at the
end of life. This could include the study of psychological issues in pain and suffering,
studies of the prevalence of neuropsychological symptoms in persons suffering from
different diseases, and studies of the prevalence of depression and delirium in
persons with advanced medical diseases. It should also include the study of family
dilemmas and responses to a dying person.
3. It is important to determine how the dying experience and the meaning of dying
differs in relation to diversity factors such as gender, sexual orientation, education,
and cultural group membership.
4. Research to develop or refine assessment instruments for older, sick, and/or dying
persons is needed. Less taxing measures of depression, decision-making capacity,
and quality of life should be developed with sensitivity to diversity issues among
sick, older, and dying populations.
5. Research on optimal end-of-life experiences is also needed. It is important to
understand how people want to live the last phase of their lives and the conditions
that they believe will lead to an appropriate death for them. Researchers should be
looking at the variability of views depending on gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation,
age, education, income, religious background, living arrangements, and family
structure.
6. Research to determine the adequacy of palliative care and the psychological effects
of rationing health care on persons of limited means and their families is needed.
For example, does such rationing increase the likelihood that such persons will
request an intervention that may affect the time of death?
7. We know very little about the availability and quality of psychological services for
persons in the last phase of life and their families. Research to discover the extent,
timing, type, and delivery modes of psychological services in use by dying persons
and their families at the present time is in order.
8. Outcome evaluations concerning existing psychological services are also
necessary. This area of research may include surveys of current forms and uses of
psychological services as well as the exploration of optimal psychological services
that could or should be available. Research is also needed to investigate barriers to
quality psychological care (i.e. attitudinal, organizational, legal, cultural, economic,
and other factors that impede the application of existing knowledge and principles of
psychological care).
9. Research on the relative efficacy of various models of training health and mental
health care providers to work successfully with dying patients and their families is
needed.
10. Research on the psychosocial interactions of dying persons is also needed. This
would include how they interact with caregivers and families regarding decisions for
care, and the variability of those interactions depending on sex, ethnicity, age,
sexual orientation, education, religious background and practice of the dying person,
the primary family caregiver, and the primary professional caregiver.
11. The effect of caregiver burden on end-of-life decisions is another fruitful area for
research. At what point, if any, in the dying process are caregivers likely to consider
interventions that may shorten life for their loved ones and what variables contribute
to these thoughts?
12. The entire area of psychological, interpersonal, medical, social, and existential
concerns that underlie requests for interventions that may affect the time of death
needs definitive research. In addition, the responses of family and professional
caregivers to such requests need examination, as does the effect of their responses
on the dying person.
13. Ethical issues in research involving those who are dying and their families need to
be examined and articulated in a systematic way.
14. There is currently an opportunity to conduct research on assisted suicide itself.
Where assisted suicide is legal, psychological autopsy studies of assisted suicide
cases could be carried out. It is also important to study factors that distinguish the
following groups of individuals: (a) dying persons who do not request assisted death;
(b) dying persons who only express an interest in it; (c) dying persons who request it
but do not go through it; and, (d) dying persons who actually carry out assisted
suicide.
15. Where assisted suicide is legal or decriminalized, it is important to determine how its
availability affects anxiety and comfort levels about the end of life among older
people, the terminally ill, and the disabled. Further, does the availability of assisted
suicide affect the timing of death (i.e., do people die sooner than they would have if
this action was not available or does its availability result in people staying alive
longer with the knowledge they can make decisions about the timing of death)?
 What is the impact of any policy changes on devalued and disadvantaged groups
should be monitored.

References

Rosenfeld, B. (in press). Methodological issues in assisted suicide/euthanasia research. Psychology, Public Policy, &
Law.

The Role of Psychology: Policy Roles

The report of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Care at the End of Life (Field &
Cassel, 1997) identified five broad areas of deficiencies in current care for people with life-
threatening and incurable illnesses. Each of these five areas present numerous
opportunities at federal, state, and local levels for psychologists who are interested in
playing advocacy or policy roles to advance the quality of care at the end of life.

First, many people suffer needlessly at the end of life. Sometimes suffering arises when
caregivers fail to provide palliative and supportive care known to be effective (e.g.,
appropriate treatment of pain and depression; pharmacological, compensatory, and
environmental interventions to address dementia and other forms of cognitive impairment;
individual and family counseling to facilitate communication about needs and expectations
associated with end-of-life care; etc.). At other times, suffering arises when the aggressive
use of ineffectual or intrusive interventions serves to prolong the period of dying
unnecessarily or to dishonor the dying person's wishes about care. Too often, dying people
and their families are either not aware of these care options, not fully apprised of the
probable benefits and burdens of these various options, or are the recipients of care that is
inconsistent with their wishes as expressed in written or oral directives. Psychologists can
join other health care professionals in advocating for the development of public,
institutional, and organizational policies to ensure that individuals and families know what
types of interventions and services are available to them; understand what types of
outcomes they can reasonably expect from such services and interventions; and receive
end-of-life care that is consistent with their values, beliefs, and wishes.

Suffering can also be reduced by advocacy aimed at encouraging health care institutions to
adopt mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating end-of-life care from the perspective of
individuals and families. As Field and Cassel (1997) point out, many commonly used
physiological and functional indicators of quality of care are not linked to outcomes as
experienced by persons and families. Psychologists can play a critical role in encouraging
hospitals and other health care institutions to develop and utilize quality of care
measurements that are: (1) relevant to the experiences of dying individuals and those close
to them; (2) sensitive to the effects of changes in care; and (3) efficient and practical to
use.
A second area of deficiency cited by the IOM Report has to do with the numerous legal,
organizational, and economic obstacles that interfere with quality care at the end of life.
Outdated drug-prescribing laws, burdensome regulations, and problematic medical board
policies often intimidate physicians and other professionals who wish to relieve their
patients' pain but are unable to do so because of scrutiny from regulatory boards and
committees that frequently fail to understand either modern techniques for pain
management, or the psychological and behavioral distinctions between drug tolerance and
physical dependence on the one hand, and addiction on the other. In addition, fragmented
organizational structures often complicate the coordination of care and reduce the
likelihood that individuals and families will access various types of support services that are
essential elements of quality care. This is especially true with respect to accessing
psychological and psychoeducational services that are rarely integrated with primary care.
Psychologists can play an important role in advocating for systemic changes in these types
of legal and organizational obstacles to quality care.

Because over 70% of those who die every year are covered by Medicare (Field & Cassel,
1997), economic obstacles to quality end-of-life care largely arise from the nature and
quality of Medicare benefits. A major concern about Medicare's hospital payment policies is
that they encourage premature patient discharge and discourage appropriate inpatient
palliative services. Since the 1980s, Medicare has used a prospective payment scheme
that pays for most hospital stays on the basis of diagnosis-related category or group
(DRG). If hospitals spend less than the prospectively-determined DRG payment, they keep
the difference. They are not routinely compensated if they spend more. Thus, there is an
incentive to both limit hospital stays and limit inpatient support and palliative services.
These incentives may be particularly devastating to dying people who are among the
sickest of Medicare beneficiaries with the most complex psychological and psychosocial
needs. In this context, it is often difficult to adequately address and coordinate palliative
and psychosocial support care prior to discharge. Advocacy is needed to modify payment
categories and payment levels to ensure that there are resources to support a coordinated
inpatient, interdisciplinary team that includes psychologists and other professionals skilled
in addressing psychological and psychosocial needs.

Medicare coverage for hospice services is unfortunately quite limited. To qualify for
Medicare hospice benefits, individuals must be certified as having a life expectancy of six
months or less if the illness runs its natural course. Thus, the hospice benefit is not
applicable to many people with serious illness with an uncertain course. A major limitation
of the home health benefit of hospice services has to do with the fact that beneficiaries
must either be homebound and need part-time or intermittent skilled nursing care or they
must require physical or speech therapy. Some dying individuals would benefit significantly
from home palliative care before they become completely homebound.

Yet another primary concern about Medicare's payment scheme is that its payment
categories and payment levels for outpatient support services may not appropriately
recognize the time and resources required to care well for the complex psychological and
psychosocial problems presented by people with advanced disease that is expected to
prove fatal. For example, it is often necessary for psychologists and other outpatient
providers to meet with individuals and families in the home or in the hospital. It is also
necessary to meet with other professionals in order to coordinate care. Unfortunately,
traditional financing mechanisms pay for circumscribed procedural services (e.g., 50-
minute session of psychotherapy) but not the actual time required for home and hospital
visits, the time devoted to coordinating care with other professionals; the time required for
the thorough and ongoing assessment of individual and family needs; or the time involved
with psychoeducational interventions for persons, families, and other healthcare providers
that are so critical for quality end-of-life care. Advocacy is desperately needed for the
development of Medicare reimbursement policies that promote holistic and coordinated
care.

A third major area of deficiency cited in the IOM Report has to do with the fact that the
education and training of psychologists, physicians, and other health care professionals fail
to provide them with the attitudes, knowledge, and skills required to care well for dying
people and their families. As Field and Cassel (1997) point out, current deficiencies in
practice basically stem from prior failures in professional education. Advocacy is needed to
encourage the allocation of federal funds to establish comprehensive programs of
undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education. These programs should prepare
psychologists and other health professionals to understand and manage their own
reactions to dying and death, to deliver science-based interventions that are responsive to
the needs of individuals and families, and to communicate sensitively and effectively with
dying people and those close to them. Because quality end-of-life care is predicated on
effective teamwork and coordination, it is critical that professional education programs
utilize multidisciplinary approaches to training that prepare professionals involved in end-of-
life care to participate effectively in multidisciplinary care teams organized to assist
individuals and families at the end of life.

A fourth area of deficiency that suggests the need for advocacy and policy change has to
do with the level and type of funding available for social, behavioral, and health services
research dealing with end-of-life issues. The preceding section of this report outlines many
areas in need of investigation. However, these areas are unlikely to be pursued without
leadership from Congress as well as key officials at federal agencies responsible for
directing research funding for behavioral and biomedical sciences. Advocacy is needed to
encourage the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Health Resources and Services
Administration (HRSA), the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), the Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the National Center for Health Statistics
(NCHS), and other federal agencies to provide leadership in organizing workshops,
consensus conferences, and other initiatives that serve to clarify what is known, what is not
known, what areas are of highest priority, and what types of funding mechanisms are most
likely to support the rapid development of knowledge.
As knowledge from basic research develops, advocacy will also be needed to ensure that
Congress and relevant federal agencies support the application, dissemination, and
transfer of new information through funding for demonstration projects to test new models,
funding for the development of clinical practice guidelines designed to promote the
replication of proven interventions, and funding for national continuing education programs
designed to get the word out to professionals in the field. Additionally, advocacy is needed
to encourage NIH and other biomedical research groups to gather information about death,
dying, and end-of-life care in the context of current clinical trials associated with potentially
fatal diseases.

A fifth area of deficiency around which advocacy and policy efforts could be organized has
to do with the reality that most people in this country have not yet learned how to confront
and discuss the topic of death and dying in an open and effective manner even when their
culture or religion does not consider this a taboo subject. Psychologists are in a unique
position, by virtue of their recognized expertise in facilitating the exploration and
examination of emotionally charged issues, to promote open discussions about death and
dying with individuals and with other professionals. Psychologists are also uniquely
qualified to advocate for the ongoing discussion of these topics in the media, in the
community, and in professional meetings.

A final area of deficiency that could become the focus of advocacy efforts has to do with
the fact that there is often inadequate care for people with disabilities (National Council on
Disability, 1998). Unfortunately, popular beliefs among the non-disabled that they would
rather be dead than disabled sometimes combine with the medical industry's emphases on
cost savings and leads to decisions to withhold crucial services from patients with severe
disabilities.

References

Field, M. J., & Cassel, C. K. (Eds.). (1997). Approaching death: Improving care at the end-of-life. Washington, DC:
National Academy Press.

National Council on Disability (1998). Assisted suicide: A disability perspective. Issues in Law and Medicine, 14, 273-300.

Historical Changes Affecting Care

In 1900, the average lifespan was 47.3 years; by 1997 it had increased to 76.5 years, a
gain of 29.2 years in less than a century (Kramarow, Lentzner, Rooks, Weeks, & Saydah,
1999). This overall gain in length of life obscures important differences in longevity across
demographic groups. For example, women currently live seven years longer than men do.
Among those 85 and older, there are five women for every two men (Bureau of the
Census, 1996). An African American woman can expect to live 74 years, compared to 80
years for a European American woman. The estimated life expectancy at birth for African
American men is 65 years, as compared to 73 for European Americans (Field & Cassel,
1997). Social class factors, including income and education levels, also affect longevity.

The age distribution of the population in the United States has changed substantially in this
century. The number of persons under age 65 has tripled in this period of time while the
number of persons 65 or over has jumped by a factor of 11 (Bureau of the Census, 1996).
It is particularly noteworthy that the rate of aging of the population is expected to accelerate
for the next half century. In 1994, one in every eight persons in the United States was over
65. By the year 2050, the older adult population is expected to more than double, resulting
in a ratio of one older adult to five younger persons. The "old-old," those 85 and over, are
the most rapidly growing sector of the aged. By the year 2050, people over 85 are
expected to make up 24% of older persons and 5% of the entire population in the United
States, numbering over 19 million. Today, three-fourths of those who die annually are older
adults. Assuming continued increases in longevity, the proportion of those who die past
age 75 will also increase (Field & Cassel, 1997).

The causes of death have also changed dramatically. In 1900, the ten leading causes of
death were pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhea and enteritis, heart disease, stroke, liver
disease, injuries, cancer, senility, and diphtheria (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 1999). Most people died from infectious illnesses that caused death with
certainty and relative rapidity. By 1998, the ten leading causes were heart disease, cancer,
stroke, chronic lung disease, pneumonia and influenza, accidents, diabetes, suicide, kidney
disease, and chronic liver disease (Martin, Smith, Mathews, & Ventura, 1999). Thus, the
contemporary list includes only two causes of death (accidents and suicide) that lead to a
quick death. It has been estimated that 70-80% of people in advanced industrial nations
now face death later in life from chronic or degenerative diseases characterized by late,
slow onset and extended decline (Battin, 1996).

The location where death typically occurs has also changed, moving from the home to
technologically sophisticated and often impersonal settings. It has been estimated that in
the United States nearly 60 percent of all deaths occur in hospitals or medical centers.
Another 16 percent occur in other institutions, such as nursing homes or hospices (Benoliel
& Degner, 1995). Only a minority of people die in the care of formal hospice programs, and
the majority of these hospice deaths involve cancer diagnoses. More recently, the
proportion of those who die at home has begun to increase because changes in Medicare
benefits have led to increased availability of home hospice services (Field & Cassel, 1997).

The timing of an individual's death has also changed. As the dying process and death have
moved from taking place at home to medical settings, professionals have exerted more
control over the timing of dying. Technology now permits life to be greatly extended. It
appears that in a growing number of terminal cases medical decisions are made to
withhold or withdraw treatment (Field & Cassel, 1997).. In 1992, it was estimated that 70
percent of the 6,000 deaths that occur daily in the United States are somehow timed or
negotiated with family, doctors, and the dying person when competent, quietly agreeing to
not use death-delaying technology (In re L.W., 1992).

Scientific advances in medicine have produced an expanded array of interventions that

present individuals, families, and health care professionals with an increased number of
very difficult decisions about the timing and course of the dying process. This change has
resulted in an expanded role for bioethical review teams in many clinical settings. In 1983,
one percent of all medical facilities in the United States had ethics committees and/or
multidisciplinary teams that served to oversee difficult medical decisions. By 1993, the
American Hospital Association estimated that 60-85% of hospitals had ethics committees
(Webb, 1997).

The life-extending potential of medical interventions has also led to the development of a
whole new body of end-of-life laws. All 50 states have addressed end-of-life issues either
by legalizing some form of advance directive or by enacting alternative provisions for end-
of-life decisions in the form of family consent, surrogacy, or succession laws that do not
require a document to be signed prior to loss of competence. Although it is beyond the
scope of this report to detail all of the changes in end-of-life legislation, three recent legal
developments are worth noting because they have widespread significance for end-of-life
care and they continue to be the focus of high-profile debates in both politics and the press.
One is The Oregon Death with Dignity Act, which was first implemented in 1997 and
permits physician-assisted suicide under limited, carefully specified conditions. The second
one are the rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court, in June of 1997, that there is no
constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide and that states are free to decide whether
they wish to legalize this practice (Vacco v. Quill, 1997; Washington v. Glucksberg, 1997).
The last one is The Pain Relief Promotion Act, introduced in the United States Congress in
1999. If enacted, funding for training in palliative care would be provided but physicians
would be in violation of the Federal Controlled Substances Act if they prescribed or
administered opioids, barbiturates, or other controlled medications with the purpose of
helping a person to die. Thus, passage of The Pain Relief Promotion Act would functionally
negate the Oregon law and prohibit other states from enacting similar laws.

Changes in public attitudes about participation in medical decision-making and about

seeking help from mental health professionals are likely to produce corresponding changes
in expectations about end-of-life care. In the past two decades, there has been an
increased demand by individuals and families for active participation in medical decision-
making, especially among well-educated and middle class populations. With the coming of
age of the baby boom generation, larger numbers of people in the United States have
come to accept mental health services as an important resource for dealing with difficult
decisions and emotionally challenging situations. These shifts in attitude, combined with
the fact that the baby boom generation is increasingly dealing with end-of-life care for their
parents and the prospect of their own mortality, suggest the likelihood of an increasingly
sophisticated demand for psychosocial services in dealing with end-of-life decisions.
References

Battin, M. P. (1996). The death debate: Ethical issues in suicide (pp. 175-203). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Benoliel, J .Q. & Degner, L. F. (1995). Institutional dying: A convergence of cultural values, technology, and social
organization. In H. Wass & R. A. Neimeyer (Eds.) Dying: Facing the facts (pp. 117-141). Washington, DC: Taylor and
Francis.

Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration (1996). Sixty-five plus in
the United States. (Current population reports, special studies, 23-100). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
Office.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1999, July 30). Control of infectious diseases. Morbidity and Mortality
Weekly Report, 48(29), 621-629.

Field, M. J., & Cassel, C. K. (Eds.). (1997). Approaching death: Improving care at the end-of-life. Washington, DC:
National Academy Press.

In re L.W., 482.N.W.2d 60 (Wis. 1992).

Kramarow, E., Lentzner, H., Rooks, R., Weeks, J., & Saydah, S. (1999). Health, United States, 1999 with health and
aging chartbook. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.

Martin, J. A., Smith, B. L., Matthews, T. J., & Ventura, S. J. (1999). Births and deaths: Preliminary data for 1998. National
Vital Statistic Reports, 47(25), 1-48.

Vacco v. Quill, 117 S.Ct. 2293 (1997).

Webb, M. (1997). The good death: The new American search to reshape the end of life. New York: Bantam.

Washington v. Glucksberg, 117 S.Ct. 2258 (1997).

Issues of Access and Variability in Health Care

The national debate about end-of-life care typically focuses on choices about treatment
options and about who has the right or expertise to make the choices. This debate
assumes that people have options about their care. Although the medical system in the
United States offers excellent care choices, the options are largely available only for those
who have money or are insured. Individuals who do not have access to private health care
insurance often suffer from insufficient and/or poor quality care. Most of the uninsured are
older women, children, and ethnic minorities. Access to life-extending medical technology
is similarly a function of resources. Higher income individuals are more likely to have a
private attending physician, which is related to maintenance of life-sustaining care
(Mishara, 1999). As noted by Field and Cassel (1997), "people may have the theoretical
right to make their own medical choices, but many do not have the financial access to
minimal care necessary for implementation of those choices" (p. 48). It should be noted
that concerns about costs also influence the preferences of individuals and family members
about life-extending measures (Covinsky et al., 1996).

Even when dying people have access to medical care, the quality of care is highly variable
and less than desirable. The Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for
Outcomes and Risks of Treatment (SUPPORT Principal Investigators, 1995) conducted
from 1989 to 1994 is the most massive research effort to date associated with the process
of dying in America. The study tracked some nine thousand people with various serious
and terminal illnesses during the final stages of their life. It also included a large slice of the
medical establishment, involving interviews with some 1600 physicians, 500 nurses, and
many other health care professionals at numerous prestigious medical institutions. In
Phase I of the study, researchers examined how people were treated when they entered
the hospital, how medical decisions were made, and what happened to them and their
families during the acute treatment period and for six months afterward. Findings from the
study were quite dramatic:

• Half of the people who were still conscious had moderate to severe pain at least half
of the time before they died;
• More than half of the doctors in the study did not know about their patients'
preferences for life-sustaining treatment;
• Nearly 40% of the individuals spent at least 10 days in an intensive care unit.

In Phase II of the study, a number of interventions were put in place that a large panel of
experts on end-of-life medicine and law thought would change treatment patterns and
make the process of dying more comfortable. In the end, those patients who received the
interventions were treated the same as those patients for whom no such efforts were
made.

References

Covinsky, K. E., Landefeld, C. S., Teno, J., Connors, A. F., Jr., Dawson, N., Youngner, S., Desbiens, N., Lynn, J.,
Fulkerson, W., Reding, D., Oye, R., & Phillips, R. S. (1996). Is economic hardship on the families of the seriously ill
associated with patient and surrogate care preferences? Archives of Internal Medicine, 156, 1737-1741.

Field, M. J., & Cassel, C. K. (Eds.). (1997). Approaching death: Improving care at the end-of-life. Washington, DC:
National Academy Press.

Mishara, B.L. (1999). Synthesis of research and evidence on factors affecting the desire of terminally ill persons to hasten
death. Omega, 39, 1-70.
SUPPORT Principal Investigators. (1995). A controlled trial to improve care for seriously ill hospitalized patients: The
Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment (SUPPORT). JAMA, 274, 1591-
1598. [Erratum, JAMA, 275, 1232 (1996).]

Diversity Issues in Decision-Making

In the United States, the dominant discourse about illness, dying and death focuses on
autonomy, independence, self-control, and individual choice. The health care system
reinforces this individualistic focus through the legal structures of advance directives and
informed consent. This focus on the individual and on planning for death presupposes a
particular situation and assumptive world that include the following elements:

• the individual is the primary decision-maker;

• the individual has an interest in being in charge;
• there is a clear communication and understanding between the individual and the
medical team about diagnosis, prognosis, and options;
• the individual has equal financial access to the different options offered;
• the individual has the power and sense of entitlement to make whatever choice is
desired;
the individual is competent to make choices;
• the individual values discussing and planning for death;
• the individual has a spiritual orientation that does not emphasize divine
interventions, and allows for choice in time and manner of death (Koenig, 1997).

There are many people in the United States for whom at least some of these conditions do
not pertain. The model above is particularly inadequate to account for the experiences and
values of persons who are in one way or another culturally different or socially
disadvantaged. This includes ethnic and religious minorities for whom individual decision-
making is not a priority. Persons who are economically disadvantaged also do not fit the
conditions of an end-of-life model that assumes equal access to different options. The
same may be true of persons with disability. In fact, a social or minority model for
conceptualizing disability may be more suitable than the medical model because many of
the barriers that confront disabled people are of social origin, involving widespread
devaluation of this particular form of diversity.

Social and cultural groups vary with regard to beliefs and opinions regarding end-of-life
decision-making. This includes the appropriateness of talking about and planning for death,
informing persons that they are dying, and the roles of the individual, family members, and
physicians regarding end-of-life decisions. These groups also vary in even more basic
dimensions (such as orientation to the future, conceptions of the self and personhood, and
beliefs about the rights of the individual) that may have implications for end-of-life decision-
making. In addition, individual differences within social groups can be as great as, or
greater than, differences between groups because individuals are often exposed to multiple
and sometimes contradictory systems of values. Similarly, individuals from the same
demographic group do not all think the same way. Another variable is that group
experiences and the system of values affecting attitudes and behavior are not fixed. Rather
they are constantly evolving within specific social and historical contexts. Finally, diversity
factors do not apply to minorities only, and are relevant not only to individuals and their
families, but also to professional care providers (Koenig, 1997). Diversity considerations
are therefore critical in developing a psychological agenda for end-of-life issues, especially
in a demographically diverse and socially stratified country like the United States.

A diversity perspective shows that the ethical and practical questions that have dominated
the national debate on the end of life are not universal concerns. For example, persons of
Chinese descent may place a value on protecting the dying person from negative
information (Hallenbeck, Goldstein, & Mebane, 1996), and therefore may not discuss
impending death with the dying person. Similarly, family dynamics in recent immigrants
from Mexico or Korea may tolerate less individual autonomy than is permitted in families of
European or African descent that have not recently immigrated (Field & Cassel, 1997). In
addition, in many cultural and religious traditions, there may be an expectation that women
rely on the authority and advice of male authorities (e.g., family members, professionals,
etc.) for decision-making. In some traditions, there may also be an expectation of women's
self-sacrifice (Wolf, 1996). Further, planning about dying is contrary to traditional Navajo
values, particularly the value of "avoiding thinking or speaking in a negative way
('doo'ajÌniidah')" (Carrese & Rhodes, 1995, p. 828). In this tradition, discussion of negative
information is harmful in that it may bring about a feared negative outcome. Finally, among
some ethnic minorities, longevity may be an intrinsic good, independent of health status.

Studies have found that African Americans and Hispanics are more likely than European
Americans to express a preference for life-sustaining treatment, regardless of the state of
the disease, and independent of educational level (Caralis, Davis, Wright, & Marcial, 1993;
Morrison, Zayas, Mulvihill, Baskin, & Meier, 1998). These preferences may be related to
negative experiences with the medical system (including inadequate care, as well as
difficulties in negotiating their needs), leading to a lack of trust in professional advice
(Hallenbeck et al., 1996; Koenig, 1997).

Further examples of diverse positions that are socially based include people in the
disability community, who express serious concern about sanctioning assisted suicide. A
common attitude among the non-disabled indicates that some would rather be dead than
disabled, which, taken in the context of medical-industry emphasis on cost savings, could
lead to withholding critical services to people with disabilities. Such concerns regarding the
effects of devaluation and cost-saving strategies are also highly relevant to other
disenfranchised groups such as people suffering from alcohol and drug abuse or
dependence.
Issues of social, economic, and cultural diversity become even more critical in decisions
that may affect the timing of death. In the United States, no matter how carefully any
safeguards are framed, such decisions are practiced in a context of social inequality, bias,
and unequal access to services. In regard to assisted suicide and euthanasia, it has been
argued that the persons who are the most vulnerable to coercion or abuse are those
"whose autonomy and well-being are already compromised by poverty, lack of access to
good medical care, or membership in a stigmatized social group" (New York State Task
Force on Life and the Law, 1994, pp. vii-viii). This argument has been extended to include
all types of end-of-life decisions (Canetto & Hollenshead, 1999; Orentlicher, 1997). Older
persons, women, religious and ethnic minorities, sexual minorities, and persons with
disabilities who are seriously ill, may be particularly likely to be perceived as burdensome
by the medical system. Furthermore, they may also have a lower sense of entitlement to
resources, and may come to see themselves as appropriate candidates for an accelerated
death.

References

Canetto, S. S., & Hollenshead, J. (1999). Gender and physician-assisted suicide: An analysis of the Kevorkian cases,
1990-1997. Omega, 40, 165-208.

Caralis, P. V., Davis, B., Wright, K., & Marcial, E. (1993). The influence of ethnicity and race attitudes toward advance
directives, life-prolonging treatments, and euthanasia. Journal of Clinical Ethics, 4, 155-165.

Carrese, J. A., & Rhodes, L. A. (1995). Western bioethics on the Navajo reservation. JAMA, 274, 826-829.

Field, M. J., & Cassel, C. K. (Eds.). (1997). Approaching death: Improving care at the end-of-life. Washington, DC:
National Academy Press.

Hallenbeck, J., Goldstein, M. K., & Mebane, E. W. (1996). Cultural considerations of death and dying in the United States.
Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 12, 393-406.

Koenig, B. A. (1997). Cultural diversity in decisionmaking about care at the end of life. In M. J. Field, & C. K. Cassel
(Eds.), Approaching death: Improving care at the end-of-life (pp. 363-382). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Morrison, R. S., Zayas, L. H., Mulvihill, M., Baskin, S. A., & Meier, D. E. (1998). Barriers to completion of health care
proxies: An examination of ethnic differences. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158, 2493-2497.

New York State Task Force on Life and the Law (1994). When death is sought: Assisted suicide and euthanasia in the
medical context. Albany, NY: Health Education Services.

Orentlicher, D. (1997). The Supreme Court and physician-assisted suicide: Rejecting assisted suicide but embracing
euthanasia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 337, 1236-1239.
Wolf, S. M. (1996). Gender, feminism, and death: Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia. In S. M. Wolf (Ed.),
Feminism and bioethics: Beyond reproduction (pp. 282-317). New York: Oxford University Press.

Terminology, Definitions, and Other Barriers to

Communication

Discussions about end-of-life issues can be difficult for many reasons. First, dying and
death are not openly discussed in many cultures. Second, the rapid pace of change in
medical technology has made it difficult to develop a standard terminology for discussing
dying and death. Third, dying and death are so rooted in cultural customs and individual
beliefs and behaviors that a universal vocabulary has not evolved. The same words have
different meanings to different people. Fourth, issues of life and death are deeply personal,
tapping our most basic human values.

These discussion are particularly difficult because of a lack of consensus about descriptive
terminology. Different words may be used by different writers for the same concept, or the
same terminology may be used but with a variety of meanings. Many terms are
straightforward and utilized in a relatively uniform and systematic way in the literature.
Other terms are used selectively to frame arguments or positions. Roy and McDonald
(1998) have noted that the language used to describe decisions that shorten or do not
prolong life can "signify opening moves in a moral debate" (p. 123). Two commonly used
terms that frequently generate confusion or controversy are "hastened death" and "assisted
suicide."

The Term "Hastened Death"

Some authorities believe that the psychosocial, cultural, medical, and ethical issues
associated with all end-of-life decisions affecting the time of death are similar. They use the
term "hastened death" to refer to a variety of interventions including voluntary cessation of
eating and drinking, withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment, the double effect
phenomenon, terminal sedation, assisted suicide, and voluntary (but not involuntary)
euthanasia (Cantor & Thomas, in press). Others limit the term to include only double effect,
terminal sedation, and assisted suicide (Alpers & Lo, 1999). Still others use the term to
include only assisted suicide and euthanasia (Block & Billings, 1998). Others do not use
the term at all but prefer to describe the specific intervention under discussion.

Differences in the use of the term "hastened death" arise from disagreements about what
types of interventions can rightfully be likened to others. For example, some would argue
that withdrawing life-sustaining treatment can be placed on the same continuum as
assisted suicide because they both speed up the dying process. Others would argue that to
place such terms under the single rubric of hastening death creates an unacceptable
perception of permissibility for certain interventions like assisted suicide that should never
be allowed. In this view assisted suicide is sharply distinguished from "letting the person
die" from the underlying disease process by, for example, withholding or withdrawing
treatment. In general, differences in use of the term hastened death represent different
views about what types of interventions are permissible under what circumstances as well
as different views about the potential for abuse associated with different end-of-life
interventions.

The Term "Assisted Suicide"

In the United States, the term "assisted suicide" commonly refers to situations in which
people with incurable, and ultimately terminal, illnesses, request the help of others in
ending their lives. Assisted suicide has been defined by the American Association of
Suicidology (1996) as "the deliberate and knowing provision of information, the means,
and/or help to another person for an act of suicide" (p. 6). Those who reject the use of the
word "suicide" in end-of-life contexts focus on at least two major points. First, they argue
that the use of the term may be an inappropriate extension of the model of suicide (Sullivan
& Youngner, 1994). According to this view, "the cutting short of a viable life, as generally
connoted by the term 'suicide', differs from a terminally ill patient's attempt to exercise
some control over their dying process" (Farrenkopf & Bryan, 1999, p. 245). They suggest
that the traditional view of suicide as a self-destructive act that is motivated primarily by
emotional distress or psychopathology does not apply to all situations in which a terminally
ill person wants to exercise control over the timing and manner of death. A second
argument of those who do not like the term is that most of the suicidology literature is
based on the contention that all people who want to die have significant psychopathology
and should be prevented from dying (Society for Health & Human Values, 1995). Those
who argue against the use of the term "assisted suicide" point to evidence that indicates
that some decisions to die are not motivated by clinical depression or other
psychopathology (MacDonald, 1999). Third, in general, those who view helping an
incurable, terminally ill person to die as a legitimate issue to be considered along with other
end-of-life decisions believe that using the word "suicide" in the end-of-life context may
negatively bias discussion and decision-making. For example, The Oregon Death with
Dignity Act (1995) states that "under the Act, ending one's life in accordance with the law
does not constitute suicide." The Act specifically prohibits euthanasia, where a physician or
other person directly administers a medication to end another's life.

Those who prefer the term "assisted suicide" in the context of end-of-life decision-making
see the action as qualitatively different from other medical decisions that may affect the
time of death. First, they assert that the suicide prevention model is applicable even at the
end of life since there is evidence that terminally ill people who want to die are clinically
depressed (Chochinov et al., 1995, Canetto & Hollenshead, 1999). They hold that the term
"assisted suicide" carries implications for prevention and promotes caution in responding to
requests. Second, they argue that incurability and terminal status are hard to diagnose
definitively. Third, they argue that requests for assisted suicide can almost always be
addressed by exploring and treating unmet needs of dying people (Emanuel, 1998). They
point out that there are higher costs associated with decisions leading to death because
they are irreversible and subject to abuse and to medical error. Fourth, some equate
assisted suicide with killing. Therefore, they believe that using the term assisted suicide or
physician-assisted suicide is the most accurate descriptor that does not obscure,
embellish, or use euphemisms for what is happening.

Futility

Perhaps the most difficult decisions confronting people at the end of life are those about
discontinuing life-extending treatment. Frequently, in the course of caring for a critically ill
person, it may become apparent that further intervention will only prolong the dying
process and not improve quality of life. Decisions to withhold or discontinue treatment are
determined by a variety of factors, including judgments of medical futility and the emotional
status and coping styles of the family members and the dying person. At that point,
additional treatment is often described as futile. The concept of medical futility takes shape
in sociocultural and interpersonal contexts, and conflicts about whether a situation is futile
may arise for several reasons. Family members may disagree about future treatment or
may oppose the physician's recommendation to discontinue life support. The physician
may want to continue treatment and be opposed by either the family or other medical
professionals. Legal or ethical issues may also play a role in the decision to stop or
maintain life supports. Issues of resource allocation can also influence judgments of futility
and life-extending care. Some argue that discontinuation of futile care is good for
individuals, families, and society. Others have countered that costs may be a primary
motive behind assessments of futility, which disproportionately discriminates against dying
persons with limited resources.

Advance Care Directives

Because decisions concerning futility often involve people who lack the capacity to
understand their medical situation or communicate their wishes, there has been a
movement to encourage everyone to create advance directives about their medical care
while they are still competent. The intention is that by getting a person's desires about end-
of-care in writing or by designating a health care proxy, the complexities of making
decisions when the dying person's judgment is impaired by the physical and emotional
effects of the illness would be reduced. Examples of advance care directives include
descriptions of circumstances in which treatment should be received or refused, what
extraordinary measures (if any) should be taken to preserve life, and what kind of pain
management is wanted. Some of these decisions may impact the time of death but they
generally call for widely accepted, legal components of end-of-life care, such as
withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatments.

It is important to note that advance directives are not without their problems or limitations.
Some of the common issues cited in the literature include:
 • Few people prepare advance directives, in part because of a generalized reluctance
to face death;
• Even if people do have them, their wishes may not be followed;
• The kind of planning for death which is required in advance directives goes against
the values of many cultural and religious communities, including the perceived
duties of dying persons and their families;
• Individual preferences for life-sustaining medical treatments are only moderately
stable within the short term (up to six months) and are even less stable over longer
periods;
• Healthy individuals appear to be unable to predict their own preferences under
states of impaired health;
• Substantial fluctuations in the will to live have been documented in terminally ill
people in palliative care settings;
• Among the factors that appear to play a role in the refusal of life-sustaining
treatments are depression and family support;
• Concerns about costs influence the preferences of individuals and family members
about life-extending measures.

Health care providers must be sensitive to the limitations of an advance directive for a
particular individual over time, the need for ongoing exploration of the desires and needs of
dying people and their loved ones, and the likelihood that such directives may be in conflict
with some people's values and traditions.

References

Alpers, A., & Lo, B. (1999). The Supreme Court addresses physician-assisted suicide. Archives of Family Medicine, 8,
200-205.

American Association of Suicidology. (1996). Report of the Committee on Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia.
Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 26(Suppl.), 1-19.

Block, S. D., & Billings, J. A. (1998). Evaluating patient requests for euthanasia and assisted suicide in terminal illness:
The role of the psychiatrist. In M. D. Steinberg, S. J. Youngner (Eds.), End of life decisions: A psychosocial perspective
(pp. 205-233). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Canetto, S. S., & Hollenshead, J. (1999). Gender and physician-assisted suicide: An analysis of the Kevorkian cases,
1990-1997. Omega, 40, 165-208.

Cantor, N. L., & Thomas, G. C., III. (in press). The legal bounds of physician conduct hastening death. Buffalo Law
Review.

Chochinov, H. M., Wilson, K.G., Enns, M., Mowchun, N., Lander, S., Levitt, M., & Clinch, J. (1995). Desire for death in the
terminally ill. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1185-1191.
Emanuel, L. L. (1998). Facing requests for physician-assisted suicide: Toward a practical and principled clinical skill set.
JAMA, 280, 643-647.

Farrenkopf, T. & Bryan, J. (1999). Psychological consultation under Oregon's 1994 Death With Dignity Act: Ethics and
procedures. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30, 245-249.

MacDonald, R. (1999). Physician-assisted rational suicide. In J. L. Werth, Jr. (Ed.), Contemporary perspectives on
rational suicide (pp. 107-113). Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.

Oregon Death with Dignity Act (1995). Or. Rev. Stat. ßß 127.800 - 127.995.

Roy, D. J. & MacDonald, N. (1998). Ethical issues in palliative care. In D. Doyle, G. W. C. Hanks, & N. MacDonald (Eds.),
Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine (2nd ed.) (pp. 97-138). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Society for Health and Human Values Task Force on Physician-Assisted Suicide (1995). Physician-assisted suicide:
Toward a comprehensive understanding. Academic Medicine, 70, 583-590.

Sullivan, M. D., & Youngner, S. J. (1994). Depression, competence, and the right to refuse lifesaving medical treatment.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 971-978.

Assisted Suicide

Arguments supporting or opposing assisted suicide are generally made from several
frames of reference. These include ethical and moral arguments, legal arguments, medical
arguments, and arguments regarding safeguards and the slippery slope.

Arguments in Support of Assisted Suicide

Ethical and moral arguments include the principle of self-determination to control the time,
place, and nature of one's death, placing quality at the end of life above the sanctity of life.
Other factors include the desire to preserve dignity and personhood in the dying process
and opposition to prolonging life by using sophisticated medical technology when it is
recognized that care is futile. Closely related to self-determination is the principle of
autonomy. This principle states that persons should have the right to make their own
decisions about the course of their own lives whenever they can. By extension, they should
also have the right to determine the course of their own dying as much as possible.

According to these arguments, even when choices are socially shaped they should be
respected as autonomous as long as there is appropriate evaluation of decisional capacity.
No person should have to endure terminal suffering that is unremitting, unbearable, or
prolonged. When the burdens of life outweigh the benefits because of uncontrollable pain,
severe psychological suffering, loss of dignity, or loss of quality of life as judged by the
patient, and when the circumstances are not remediable, the dying person should be able
to ask for and receive help in assisted suicide. It is further argued that assisted suicide for
incurably ill persons experiencing extreme suffering can be distinguished from euthanasia
used for the purpose of genocide on the grounds that it is based on principles of dignity,
honor, and respect and is chosen and enacted by the dying individuals, rather than being
forced on them against their will.

Legal arguments state that it would be in the best interest of dying patients to be able to
regulate practices that are currently being used covertly for assisted suicide. Such
regulations would also provide safeguards for practitioners who are currently complying
illegally with patient requests out of compassion.

Medical arguments contend that competent terminally ill patients wishing to choose
assisted suicide may feel abandoned by physicians who refuse to assist. The criticism that
medical doctors agreeing to assist in suicide would be violating the Hippocratic Oath is
refuted on several grounds. First, the original Oath prohibiting killing also prohibited
abortions, surgery, and charging teaching fees, all of which have been modified to meet
contemporary realities. Second, assisted suicide, unlike euthanasia, does not involve the
ending of life by a physician, as it is the dying person himself or herself who takes the steps
to end his or her life. Third, the Oath requires physicians to take all measures necessary to
relieve suffering, and some interpret this to include assisted suicide when that is the only
way suffering can be relieved.

The argument regarding safeguards and the slippery slope holds that it is possible to
protect people from abuse through appropriate regulation which would provide oversight by
a combination of state legislation and professional regulation by palliative care consultants
and ethics committees that would include professionals and community representatives.
Several models for safeguards have been proposed and typically include confirmation of
diagnosis, prognosis, treatment options, and decision-making capacity; assessment for
alternative means of alleviating suffering; nondirective counseling; education of physicians;
and education of the public.

It is further argued that widely utilized and commonly accepted legal end-of-life
interventions such as withholding or withdrawing treatment, double effect, and terminal
sedation are also subject to the slippery slope or to abuse and yet are considered to be
controllable by standards of care and appropriate regulation and oversight. Likewise,
financial concerns may be a factor in requests for legal interventions as well as in requests
for assisted suicide and yet are not considered as a justification for prohibiting these other
interventions.

The safeguards argument posits that involving mental health professionals to provide
appropriate and comprehensive treatment planning would improve quality of care and
reduce the potential for abuse regarding all end-of-life interventions that may affect the time
of death. Regarding the issue of depression which, if treated, could change a terminally ill
person's request for assisted suicide, it is pointed out that first, treatment of depression
does not always change the desire for assisted suicide, and second, psychologists can
play a major role in assessment and treatment of depression and other psychological
factors that may affect judgment and requests for a variety interventions that affect the time
of death including but not limited to assisted suicide.

Arguments in Opposition to Assisted Suicide

Ethical and moral arguments begin with the principle of protection of the socially and
economically disadvantaged. Concerns are raised that persons whose autonomy and well-
being are compromised by poverty or by membership in a stigmatized social group, (such
as women, persons with disabilities, ethnic, sexual, and other minorities, and ill older
persons in general) will be coerced into assisted suicide. The pressure to choose suicide
may not be explicit and personal, because persons who experience stigma may internalize
a diminished sense of entitlement to resources, and may be the ones who most strongly
argue for their own demise. The principle of individual choice in dying is viewed as a fiction
in a highly stratified society, such as the United States, where access to basic health care
is highly variable and dependent upon personal income and private insurance. Many
seriously ill persons may not have the resources necessary for implementation of the
choice to live.

From within this perspective, the individual paradigm of decision-making, with its emphasis
on independence and choice, is seen as obscuring the reality that decisions about care at
the end of life are typically made by physicians with some consultation with family
members and with cost containment being an important factor in these decisions. Another
ethical argument opposing assisted suicide comes from the principle of respect for human
life and the related beliefs that killing is wrong, even if a person consents to it. Some, who
see assisted suicide as similar to euthanasia, believe that moral objections to assisted
suicide are strengthened by examining historical precedents, specifically the experience of
Nazi Germany in which "undesirable" groups of people (including Jews, persons with
disabilities, and sexual minorities) were put to death.

Legal arguments against assisted suicide include concerns about civil suits resulting from
premature or unnecessary termination of life following a diagnostic error or incorrect
prognosis. There are also concerns about enforcement of legal procedures devised to
prevent against misuse, abuse, and improper application or coercion in assisted suicide.

Medical arguments against assisted suicide include the possibility of misdiagnosis, the
potential availability of new treatments, and the probability of incorrect prognosis. Because
medicine is fallible and research is ongoing, incorrect diagnoses may result in unnecessary
requests for assisted suicide or in requests that are carried out just before the introduction
of a new treatment that could prolong life. Another medical argument is that requests for
assisted suicide may indicate that improved palliative care, aggressive pain management,
and better psychosocial support are needed. Further, there is serious concern that the
availability of assisted suicide may create a disincentive to providing appropriate but costly
medical treatments or to improving the quality and availability of palliative and hospice
care.

In addition, the American Medical Association has asserted that physician-assisted suicide
is fundamentally incompatible with the physician's role as healer and that it poses serious
societal risks, such as ill persons' feeling abandoned or losing trust in the health care
system if providers participate in this practice. Finally, it is argued that physicians are
barred from helping persons to die because of the Hippocratic Oath, which states that
doctors should not kill.

The argument against assisted suicide regarding safeguards and the slippery slope
maintains that once assisted suicide is accepted as an available option for competent
terminally ill adults, it may be permitted for ever-larger groups of persons, including the
nonterminally ill, those whose quality of life is perceived to be diminished by a physical
disability, persons whose pain is emotional instead of physical, and so forth. Critics point to
the fact that permitting euthanasia and assisted suicide, as is done in the Netherlands,
does not prevent violation of procedures (e.g., failure to report) or abuse (e.g., involuntary
euthanasia).

It is further contended that adequate safeguards are not possible. For example, requiring
written requests to be repeated over a period of time and witnessed by two unrelated
witnesses while at the same time involving at least two physicians and a psychiatrist's or
psychologist's examination is unrealistic. Persons at the end of their lives typically have
neither the energy nor the ability to meet such conditions. A related argument is that the
option of assisted suicide for mentally competent, terminally ill people could give rise to a
new cultural norm of an obligation to speed up the dying process and subtly influence end-
of-life decisions of all sorts.

What Experience Teaches: Oregon and the Netherlands

The Oregon Experience

When controversy surrounds an issue, psychologists have been trained to turn to research
and data for enlightenment. However, in the area of assisted suicide, which only recently
has been explicitly legalized in the United States in the state of Oregon, there is an
understandable dearth of research. Nevertheless, the experience with assisted suicide in
Oregon is relevant to the recommendations in this report. It is, therefore, worth exploring in
some depth.

The Oregon Death with Dignity Act states the following:

An adult who is capable, is a resident of Oregon, and has been determined by the
attending physician and consulting physician to be suffering from a terminal disease, and
who has voluntarily expressed his or her wish to die, may make a written request for
medication for the purpose of ending his or her life in a humane and dignified manner in
accordance with ORS 127.800 to 127.897. (Task Force to Improve the Care of Terminally
Ill Oregonians, 1998, p. 57)

Other sections of the law are designed to provide safeguards for the practice. For example,
the written request must be witnessed by two unrelated persons; there must be a
consulting physician; the patient must make an informed decision; the attending or
consulting physician can request a referral to a licensed psychologist or psychiatrist if they
suspect that a psychiatric condition or depression may be causing impaired decision-
making; and family notification is recommended.

A study of Oregon's first year of legalized assisted suicide analyzed data for all terminally ill
Oregon residents who received prescriptions for lethal medications (Chin et al., 1999; see
also Coombs Lee & Werth, in press). A total of 23 persons receiving prescriptions were
reported to the Oregon Health Division; 15 died after taking the medications, six died from
the underlying illnesses, and two were still alive as of January 1, 1999. The 15 assisted
suicides accounted for five out of every 10,000 deaths in Oregon in 1998. Eight of the 15
were male and seven were female, and all were of European American descent. Only four
of the candidates had psychological or psychiatric consultations.

The researchers reported that the primary factor cited by the physicians of those who
requested assisted suicide was the importance of autonomy and personal control. No
person who chose assisted suicide had expressed financial concerns to their doctors, nor
was pain associated with the illness cited as a major factor. The researchers concluded
that requests for and use of lethal prescriptions to end life were associated with views on
autonomy and control rather than fear of pain or economic concerns. The only statistically
significant differences between those who died by lethal medication and matched controls
were that the former were more likely to be divorced or never married and they were higher
in physical functioning.

Advocates for and opponents of assisted suicide have different reactions to these findings.
Advocates view these results as evidence that independence and autonomy are strong
personal values for persons seeking assisted suicide. Opponents argue that if those
persons had better psychosocial support and close caregivers they may not have chosen
to die at that time. Advocates also interpreted the difference in physical functioning to
demonstrate values of independence and control. Opponents expressed concerns about
the influence of internalized negative views concerning physical disabilities and suggested
that with more time to adjust to disabilities, as well as better services and less social
stigma, these individuals might have chosen to live longer.

There has been criticism of the study and its conclusions on methodological grounds
(Foley & Hendin, 1999). All information about the cases was provided by the physicians;
thus, there are no data in the study from the individuals who died of assisted suicide or
their family members, so there are only anecdotal discussions (e.g., Coombs, Lee, &
Werth, in press; Reagan, 1999) of the psychological motivations of the person requesting
assisted suicide and the interpersonal cultural context in which the decision to use the
Death with Dignity Act developed. Information about the health of patients is limited to
diagnosis and prognosis and no data are available regarding the basis on which the
physicians made the diagnoses and prognoses. There is no independent way to ascertain
how adequately physicians addressed palliative and hospice care options, how thoroughly
they assessed the reasons for requests for assisted suicide, or whether they were fully
informed about the economic and social circumstances of patients. The report also does
not indicate the basis on which physicians referred the four patients for psychiatric or
psychological evaluation and what, if any, assessments were conducted following referral.

The report of the second year of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act was released in late
February, 2000 (Sullivan et al., 2000a, b). The document updated the 1998 data and
provided information for 1999. The analyses for the second year report included 26 people
who received prescriptions and used them in 1999 as well as one person who received the
medication in 1998 but did not use it until 1999. The median age of these 27 people was
71, 16 were male, 26 were European Americans, and 17 had cancer. All of them had
health insurance and 21 were enrolled in hospice prior to death. One person became
unconscious before consuming all the prescribed medication and, as a result, took 26
hours to die. Two others took more than 11 hours to die. The relatively long period from
when the medication was taken to when death occurred would have been considered a
"clinical problem" in the Netherlands (Groenewoud et al., 2000); however, variations in the
length of time from ingestion to death are expected (Schnabel & Schnabel, 1998).

The 27 people who died were demographically similar to the people who used the Act in
1998, except they were significantly more likely to be married. These individuals were
demographically similar to other Oregonians who died of similar diseases except they were
significantly more likely to be college educated. Ten of the 27 people who used the Act had
been referred for a mental health evaluation. These 27 people accounted for nine out of
every 10,000 deaths in Oregon in 1998.

Similar to 1998, the most frequent concerns recorded by physicians about those who died
of assisted suicide were loss of autonomy and decreasing ability to participate in activities
that made life enjoyable. The 1999 report also contained the results of interviews with
family members of 19 people who died between mid-September, 1998 and mid-October,
1999. These significant others cited individual concerns about losing autonomy, losing
control of bodily functions, and physical suffering. Nearly 75% of the family members also
volunteered that the dying person wanted to control the time and manner of death.

Another research study related to the Oregon Death with Dignity Act was released at the
same time as the second year report. This article examined physicians' experiences with
the Act (Ganzini et al., 2000). The researchers reported that their survey of all eligible
Oregon physicians revealed that 144 of the respondents (65% response rate) had received
221 requests for assisted suicide under the Act. Twenty-nine of these individuals received
medication and 17 used the prescription to die. Twenty percent had symptoms of
depression and none of these received a prescription. Physicians implemented substantive
palliative care interventions for 68 patients, 10 of whom eventually used the prescribed
medication; 46% of those who received an intervention changed their minds about using
the Death with Dignity Act, whereas only 15% of those who did not receive a substantive
intervention decided against assisted suicide.

The data contained in the second year report (Sullivan et al., 2000a, b) and in the Oregon
physician experience study (Ganzini et al., 2000) are too new to have been broadly
examined by proponents and opponents of the Oregon law (see Nuland, 2000). However,
just as the data from 1998 were used by both sides of the debate to bolster their
arguments, the same process is bound to happen with the new reports.

The Netherlands Experience

A second example of differential interpretation of data concerning assisted suicide is

apparent in the research published on assisted suicide and euthanasia in the Netherlands.
Before discussing the data, it must first be noted that the policy and practice of assisted
suicide, and the context of such practice in the Netherlands, are different from those of
assisted suicide in the United States (Griffiths, Bood, & Weyers, 1998). Unlike the United
States, both assisted suicide and euthanasia are decriminalized and permissible in the
Netherlands under prescribed circumstances. Also, in the Netherlands, there is universal
health coverage; the population is more homogeneous, with a smaller range of cultural
diversity; and family doctors have typically known their patients for long periods of time.
Thus, it is difficult to generalize from Dutch policy and practice to the situation in the United
States. However, with these differences in mind, it is useful to examine the data from the
Netherlands.

A 1991 article summarized the findings of a nationwide study of physicians reporting on

their practice of assisted suicide and euthanasia in the Netherlands (van der Maas, van
Delden, Pijnenborg, & Looman, 1991). This report indicated that out of the roughly 130,000
deaths that occurred in the Netherlands in 1990, 2300 (1.8%) were the result of
euthanasia. Another 400 (0.3%) were assisted suicides. The report found that in the 2700
cases reviewed, the medical guidelines were met. This means that the patients were
mentally competent adults who were suffering without alternatives and who requested
assisted suicide or euthanasia voluntarily, consistently, and repeatedly over a reasonable
time. The requests were documented. According to the reporting physicians, the patients
were suffering intolerably with no prospect of relief and the primary doctors consulted with
another physician not involved in the case. However, the report also noted that there were
an additional 1,000 deaths (0.8%) caused by euthanasia in which the patient was not
concurrently competent, a clear violation of the guidelines. About a quarter of the
physicians admitted causing death without an explicit request.
Opponents of assisted suicide in the United States point out that data that is based on
physician's reports is unreliable. They also argued that the deaths of the 1000 people who
were not concurrently competent was evidence that the slippery slope is occurring. They
suggested that further erosion of the guidelines could occur, resulting in involuntary
euthanasia being performed on older adults, persons with disabilities, and adults who were
not mentally competent (Gomez, 1991; see also Angell, 1996).

Proponents of assisted suicide, referring to the same data, pointed out that the results
showed a very cautious use of euthanasia and assisted suicide, accounting for only a small
fraction of the total deaths. Moreover, only one in three people who requested assisted
suicide and euthanasia were granted it, which did not indicate any great trend on the part
of physicians to accede to such requests. With regard to the 1,000 persons who died from
euthanasia without any consent, interviews with the attending doctors indicated that over
half had earlier stated a desire for euthanasia and that most were "moribund" at the time
euthanasia was performed, so that these were cases of euthanasia without concurrent
consent (i.e., nonvoluntary) rather than euthanasia without any consent (i.e., involuntary).

A follow-up study, completed in 1995, focused on two issues. The first was whether a
slippery slope existed with regard to medical care at the end of life (van der Maas et al.,
1996). The second concerned the efficacy of a new notification procedure designed to
enable better monitoring of euthanasia and assisted suicide that became law in 1994 (van
der Wal et al., 1996). The authors of the first report concluded that there was little evidence
of a slippery slope occurring. Dutch doctors seemed to "continue to practice physician-
assisted dying only reluctantly and under compelling circumstances" (Angell, 1996, p.
1677). The notification procedures, however, had only partial success. The numbers of
reported physician-assisted deaths increased but doctors found the procedures unduly
difficult and were still concerned about the legal status of admitting to euthanasia.

Critics of assisted suicide in the U.S. have challenged the findings of the second study.
They disagreed with the conclusion that there is no evidence that "physicians in the
Netherlands are moving down a slippery slope" (Hendin, Rutenfrans, & Zylicz, 1997,
p.1720). They pointed out that

in the past two decades, the Netherlands has moved from considering assisted suicide . . .
to giving legal sanction to both physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia; from euthanasia
for terminally ill patients to euthanasia for those who are chronically ill; from euthanasia for
physical illness to euthanasia for psychological distress; and, from voluntary euthanasia to
nonvoluntary and involuntary euthanasia. (p. 1720)

These opponents of assisted suicide also reanalyzed the data and showed an increase
over time in the estimated number and percentage of deaths caused by active physician
intervention.
Thus, the results of the same study have been interpreted in widely different ways
depending on the point of view of those studying the data. As was the case with the
Oregon data, the meaning and implications of the Netherlands data have varied.

Other Related Studies

In addition to research conducted where assisted suicide is legal or decriminalized (e.g.,

Oregon and the Netherlands), there have been other studies conducted where the practice
continues to be illegal. Predictably, only a few involved terminally ill people who actually
died as a result of assisted suicide. These studies (Back et al.,1996; Canetto &
Hollenshead, 1999; Preston & Mero, 1996) indicate that pain plays a minor role in the
reasons why people die by assisted suicide; factors such as concerns about loss of control,
perceived loss of dignity or sense of self, and suffering other than physical pain appear to
be crucial issues (Wilson, Viola, Scott, & Chater, 1998).

Some investigations on end-of-life decisions have included people who are terminally ill
(Breitbart, Rosenfeld, & Passik, 1996; Brown, Henteleff, Barakat, & Rowe, 1986;
Chochinov, Wilson, Enns, & Lander, 1998; Chochinov et al., 1995; Ganzini et al., 1998;
Rabkin, Remien, Katoff, & Williams, 1993; Suarez-Almazor, Belzile, & Bruera, 1997; Wilson
et al., in press). The results of several of these studies reveal that high levels of clinical
depression and hopelessness, low perceived levels of social support, the perception that
suffering is inevitable, and the perception of being a burden are associated with increased
interest in assisted suicide or a desire to die. Similarly, some studies of chronically, but not
necessarily terminally, ill individuals (e.g., Emanuel, Fairclough, Daniels, & Clarridge, 1996)
have found that depression is an important influence on the desire for assisted suicide
whereas others (e.g., Sullivan, Rapp, Fitzgibbon, & Chapman, 1997) have found that
symptom level is more important than the degree of depression in determining the
acceptability of assisted suicide. Furthermore, some research has revealed that concerns
about costs (together with age and depression) can influence a person's decision to give
up on life-extending measures (e.g., Covinsky et al., 1996). A retrospective study of Dr.
Kevorkian's cases also showed that general psychological distress and concerns about
being a burden were common among the women who died with his assistance (Canetto &
Hollenshead, 1999).

There have been a few investigations of the impact of assisted suicide on significant others
(Cooke, et al., 1998; Jamison, 1995; Ogden, 1994). This research indicates that loved ones
of people who have died by assisted suicide are not necessarily traumatized by their
awareness of or involvement in the actions that lead to death. Rather, it appears as though
concern about legal repercussions can lead to significant anxiety, and that trauma can
occur if loved ones felt obligated to take an active role in the death in unanticipated ways
because the planned method was unsuccessful.

Research involving health care professionals is also relevant to this discussion (the
Resource Guide will contain a review of surveys of attitudes of health care providers about
assisted suicide). For example, some evidence suggests that physicians tend to under-
recognize depression (Conwell & Caine, 1991; Peruzzi, Canapary, & Bongar, 1996). In
addition, primary care physicians underestimate older persons' preferences for life-
extending care while hospital-based physicians (emergency and critical care physicians),
like family surrogates, overestimate older persons' preferences for life-extending care
(Coppola, Ditto, Danks, & Smucker, in press). In addition, there are data indicating that
physicians' training and experience with serious medical illness affects their perception of
the desirability of different options. Specifically, clinicians with the least exposure to
seriously ill and dying patients are more willing to endorse assisted suicide and/or
euthanasia than oncologists; this is also true for social workers, compared to nurses
(Bachman et al., 1996; Portenoy et al., 1997). Other factors that contribute to greater
willingness to support assisted suicide are a limited knowledge of pain management
(Portenoy et al., 1997) and a conservative attitude toward resource use (Sulmasy, Linas,
Gold, & Schulman, 1998).

Finally, there is evidence to suggest that the majority of those willing to serve as
consultants to evaluate a person's competence for assisted suicide favor the practice
(Fenn & Ganzini, 1999; Ganzini, Fenn, Lee, Heintz, & Bloom, 1996). This may be the result
of the fact that many health professionals who are opposed report that they would refuse to
participate in the process. Bias in the mental competence evaluation may result, because
those who support assisted suicide as an option may be more willing to find a dying
person's judgment to be unimpaired while opponents indicate that even if they found the
person's judgment to be unimpaired, they would attempt to prevent the person from
receiving assisted suicide.

Summary

Reasonable and well-informed people come to different conclusions on the meanings and
implications of the data concerning assisted suicide. These positions grow out of different
philosophies, value systems, and life experiences, and each can represent high levels of
moral development. Individuals may strongly oppose or support assisted suicide, believing
that it is the appropriate position of compassionate and socially responsible citizens. Both
proponents and opponents of assisted suicide agree that there are costs and benefits to
permitting versus banning the practice. However, they differ in their assessment of these
relative costs and benefits. Furthermore, the current state of understanding of all of the
issues surrounding assisted suicide is incomplete. The data that do exist are far from
definitive and the lack of consensus on the interpretation of these data contribute to the
differences in opinion about assisted suicide. Finally, there currently is no way of identifying
the sequelae of legalizing assisted suicide in the United States, which remains a diverse
culture with unequal access to medical care. Given the current state of the discourse on
assisted suicide, it seems premature for the discipline of psychology to take a stand
supporting or opposing assisted suicide.
References

Angell, M. (1996). Euthanasia in the Netherlands-Good news or bad? New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 1676-1678.

Bachman, J., Alscer, K., Doukas, D., Lichtenstein, R., Corning, A., & Brody, H. (1996). Attitudes of Michigan physicians
and the public toward legalizing physician-assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia. New England Journal of Medicine,
334, 303-309

Back, A. L., Wallace, J. I., Starks, H. E., & Pearlman, R. A. (1996). Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in
Washington State: Patient requests and physician responses. JAMA, 275, 919-925.

Breitbart, W., Rosenfeld, B. D., & Passik, S. D. (1996). Interest in physician-assisted suicide among ambulatory HIV
infected patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 238-242.

Brown, J. H., Henteleff, P., Barakat, S., & Rowe, C. J. (1986). Is it normal for terminally ill patients to desire death?
American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 208-211

Canetto, S. S., & Hollenshead, J. (1999). Gender and physician-assisted suicide: An analysis of the Kevorkian cases,
1990-1997. Omega, 40, 165-208.

Chin, A. E., Hedberg, K., Higginson, G. K., & Fleming, D. W. (1999). Legalized physician-assisted suicide in Oregon --
The first year's experience. New England Journal of Medicine, 340, 577-583.

Chochinov, H.M., Wilson, K.G., Enns, M., & Lander, S. (1998). Depression, hopelessness and suicidal ideation in the
terminally ill. Psychosomatics, 39, 366-370.

Chochinov, H. M., Wilson, K.G., Enns, M., Mowchun, N., Lander, S., Levitt, M., & Clinch, J. (1995). Desire for death in the
terminally ill. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1185-1191.

Conwell, Y., & Caine, E. D. (1991). Rational suicide and the right to die: Reality and myth. New England Journal of
Medicine, 325, 1100-1102.

Cooke, M., Gourlay, L., Collette, L., Boccellari, A., Chesney, M. A., & Folkman, S. (1998). Informal care givers and the
intention to hasten AIDS-related death. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158, 69-75.

Coombs Lee, B. & Werth, J. L., Jr. (in press). Observations on the first year of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act.
Psychology, Public Policy, and Law.

Coppola, K.M., Ditto, P.H., Danks, J.H., Smucker, W.D. (in press). Accuracy of primary care physicians' and hospital-
based physicians' predictions of elderly outpatients' treatment preferences with and without advance directives. Archives
of Internal Medicine.
Covinsky, K. E., Landefeld, C. S., Teno, J., Connors, A. F., Jr., Dawson, N., Youngner, S., Desbiens, N., Lynn, J.,
Fulkerson, W., Reding, D., Oye, R., & Phillips, R. S. (1996). Is economic hardship on the families of the seriously ill
associated with patient and surrogate care preferences? Archives of Internal Medicine, 156, 1737-1741

Emanuel, E. J., Fairclough, D. L., Daniels, E. R., & Clarridge, B. R. (1996). Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide:
Attitudes and experiences of oncology patients, oncologists and the public. Lancet, 347, 1805-1810.

Fenn, D. S., & Ganzini, L. (1999). Attitudes of Oregon psychologists toward physician-assisted suicide and the Oregon
Death With Dignity Act. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30, 235-244.

Foley, K., & Hendin, H. (1999) The Oregon report: Don't ask, don't tell. Hastings Center Report, 29, 37-42.

Ganzini, L., Fenn, D. S., Lee, M. A., Heintz, R. T., & Bloom, J. D. (1996). Attitudes of Oregon psychiatrists toward
physician-assisted suicide. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1469-1475.

Ganzini, L., Johnston, W. S., McFarland, B. H., Tolle, S. W. & Lee, M. A. (1998). Attitudes of patients with amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis and their caregivers toward assisted suicide. New England Journal of Medicine, 339, 967-973.

Ganzini, L., Nelson, H. D., Schmidt, T. A., Kraemer, D. F., Delorit, M. A., & Lee, M. A. (2000). Physicians' experiences
with the Oregon Death with Dignity Act. New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 557-563.

Gomez, G. (1991). Regulating death: Euthanasia and the case of the Netherlands. New York: The Free Press.

Griffiths, J., Bood, A., & Weyers, H. (1998). Euthanasia & law in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University
Press.

Groenewoud, J. H., van der Heide, A., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D., Willems, D. L., van der Maas, P. J., & van der Wal, G.
(2000). Clinical problems with the performance of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in the Netherlands. New
England Journal of Medicine, 342, 551-556.

Hendin, H., Rutenfrans, C., & Zylicz, Z. (1997). Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in the Netherlands: Lessons
from the Dutch. JAMA, 277, 1720-1722.

Jamison, S. (1995). Final acts of love: Families, friends, and assisted dying. New York: Tarcher/Putman.

Nuland, S. B. (2000). Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in practice. New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 583-
584.

Ogden, R. (1994). Euthanasia, assisted suicide, and AIDS. New Westminster, British Columbia: Peroglyphics.

Peruzzi, N., Canapary, A., & Bongar, B. (1996). Physician-assisted suicide: The role of mental health professionals.
Ethics and Behavior, 6, 353-366.

Portenoy, R. K., Coyle, N., Kash, K. M., Brescia, F., Scanlon, C., O'Hare, D., Misbin, R. I., Holland, J., & Foley, K. M.
(1997). Determinants of the willingness to endorse assisted suicide. Psychosomatics, 38, 277-287.
Preston, T. A., & Mero, R. (1996) Observations concerning terminally ill patients who choose suicide. Journal of
Pharmaceutical Pain & Symptom Control, 4, 183-192.

Rabkin, J. G., Remien, R., Katoff, L., & Williams, J. B. W. (1993). Suicidality in AIDS long-term survivors: What is the
evidence? AIDS Care, 5, 401-411.

Reagan, P. (1999). Helen. Lancet, 353, 1265-1267.

Schnabel, J., & Schnabel, G. (1998). Pharmacy information. In The Task Force to Improve the Care of Terminally Ill
Oregonians (Ed.), The Oregon Death with Dignity Act: A Guidebook for Health Care Providers (pp. 33-37). Portland, OR:
Oregon Health Sciences University, Center for Ethics in Health Care.

Suarez-Almazor, M. E., Belzile, M., & Bruera, E. (1997). Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide: A comparative study
of physicians, terminally ill cancer patients, and the general population. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 15, 418-427.

Sullivan, A. D., Hedberg, K., & Fleming, D. W. (2000a). Oregon's Death with Dignity Act: The second year's experience.
Portland, OR: Oregon Health Division.

Sullivan, A. D., Hedberg, K., & Fleming, D. W. (2000b). Legalized physician-assisted suicide in Oregon -- The second
year. New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 598-604.

Sullivan, M., Rapp, S., Fitzgibbon, D., & Chapman, C. R. (1997). Pain and the choice to hasten death in patients with
painful metastatic cancer. Journal of Palliative Care, 13, 18-28.

Sulmasy, D. P., Linas, B. P., Gold, K. F., & Schulman, K. A. (1998). Physician resource use and willingness to participate
in assisted suicide. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158, 974-978.

Task Force to Improve the Care of Terminally-Ill Oregonians (1998). The Oregon Death with Dignity Act: A guide book for
health care providers. Portland, OR: Center for Ethics in Health Care, Oregon Health Sciences University.

van der Maas, P. J., van Delden, J. J. M., Pijnenborg, L., & Looman, C. W. N. (1991). Euthanasia and other medical
decisions concerning the end of life. Lancet, 338, 669-674.

van der Maas, P. J., van der Wal, G., Haverkate, I., de Graaff, C. L. M., Kester, J. G. C., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D., van
der Heide, A., Bosma, J. M., & Willems, D. L. (1996). Euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, and other medical practices
involving the end of life in the Netherlands. New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 1699-1705.

van der Wal, G., van der Maas, P. J., Bosma, J. M., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D., Willems, D. L., Haverkate, I., &
Kostense, P. J. (1996). Evaluation of the notification procedure for physician-assisted death in the Netherlands. New
England Journal of Medicine, 335, 1705-1711.

Wilson, K. G., Viola, R. A., Scott, J. F., & Chater, S. (1998, April). Talking to the terminally ill about euthanasia and
physician-assisted suicide. Canadian Journal of Clinical Medicine, 68-74.
Wilson, K. G., Scott, J. F., Graham, I. D., Kozack, J. F., Chater, S., Viola, R. A., de Faye, B. J., Weaver, L. A., & Curran,
D. (in press). Attitudes of terminally ill patients toward euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. Archives of Internal
Medicine.

Glossary of Terms

Advance care directives (or simply advance directives) are written documents meant to make explicit the conditions
under which individuals expect to wish to receive certain treatment or to refuse or discontinue life-sustaining treatment, in
the event that they are no longer legally competent to make their own decisions.

A durable power of attorney (sometimes referred to as a health-care proxy) is a form of advance directive that
designates an individual who can make decisions if the dying person is no longer competent to do so.

A living will is a form of advance directive that specifies in writing what kinds of treatment are and are not wanted.

Aggressive pain management is an essential component of palliative care intended to provide relief from physical
suffering at the end of life.

The double effect is a term given to the practice of providing large doses of medication to relieve pain even if the
unintended effect of such medication may be to hasten death.

Terminal sedation is the term given to the practice of administering sufficient pain medication to render a dying person
who is suffering severe, intractable pain unconscious (i.e. to induce an artificial coma). Generally, artificial nutrition and
hydration are also withheld or withdrawn, and the state of unconsciousness is maintained until death occurs.

Assisted suicide refers to the situation in which persons request the help of others, in the form of access to information
or means, the means, and/or actual assistance, in order to end their own lives.

Physician-assisted suicide refers to cases in which a physician deliberately and knowingly helps an individual to die
(American Association of Suicidology, 1996).

Euthanasia generally refers to situations whereby someone intentionally takes a person's life with stated intent to
alleviate or prevent perceived suffering (American Association of Suicidology, 1996).

Active euthanasia is the practice of shortening an individual's life by taking a lethal action such as administering a lethal
dose of medication with the intent to hasten death. It is illegal in the United States.

Passive euthanasia is an older name given to withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment that could otherwise
prolong life. The term is no longer in wide use in the United States.

Voluntary euthanasia occurs when a competent dying individual has given voluntary, informed consent to actions that
will result in death.
Nonvoluntary euthanasia occurs when a person, who is not currently capable of giving consent to actions that will result
in death, receives such actions. It applies to situations when death by euthanasia is believed to be consistent with the
person's prior wishes.

Involuntary euthanasia occurs in situations in which the euthanasia is carried out without consent or against the will of
the recipient. Active euthanasia of all kinds is illegal in the United States, and all involuntary euthanasia, whether passive
or active, could lead to charges of homicide.

Hastened death is an inconsistently defined term meaning to end one's life earlier than would have happened without
intervention. Some use it to refer to assisted suicide and euthanasia only. Others, however, include in this category
withholding and withdrawing treatment, death caused by aggressive pain management, and voluntary cessation of eating
and drinking.

Hospice refers to programs that focus on quality of life for dying persons. The first modern hospice, St. Christopher's
Hospice in London, was founded by Dr. Cicely Saunders in 1967. The defining components of the hospice approach are
as follows (Lattanzi-Licht & Connor, 1995, p. 145):

• The patients and family are the unit of care.

• A comprehensive, holistic approach is taken to meet the patient's physical, emotional, social, and spiritual
needs, including major attention to effective symptom control and pain management.
• Care is provided by an interdisciplinary team, which includes medical supervision and use of volunteers.
• The patient is kept at home or in an inpatient setting with a homelike environment where there is coordination
and continuity of care.
• In addition to regularly scheduled home care visits, services are available on a 24-hour, 7 day-a-week, on-call
basis.
• The focus of care is on improving the quality of remaining life; that is, on palliative, not curative, measures.
• Bereavement follow-up services are offered to family members in the year after the death of their loved one.

Palliative care refers to the type of care an individual may receive at the end of life after it becomes obvious that no cure
is possible. The World Health Organization (1990) stated that good palliative care:

• Affirms life and views dying as a normal process;

• Neither hastens nor postpones death;
• Provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms;
• Integrates the psychological and spiritual aspects of patient care;
• Offers a support system to help patients live as actively as possible until death;Offers a support system to help
family members cope during a patient's illness and during their own bereavement.

The Patient Self-Determination Act (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 1990) is a bill passed by Congress that
requires all hospitals, HMO's, hospice, and extended care nursing homes participating in Medicare or Medicaid to ask all
adult inpatients if they have advance directives, to document their answers, and to provide information on related state
laws and hospital policies.
Withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment is an ethically and legally accepted practice that may be
specified in advance care directives. It permits patients to forego or terminate life-sustaining equipment such as
ventilators, dialysis machines, feeding tubes for artificial nutrition and intravenous fluids for hydration, and the
sophisticated technology of the intensive care unit. In addition, it allows for aggressive treatments to be foregone or
terminated (e.g. chemotherapy or radiation therapy except for comfort care, antibiotics, certain anti-seizure medications,
or anti-inflammatory agents that control brain swelling).

The Do Not Resuscitate request is a form of withholding life-sustaining treatment that requires that no attempt be made
to revive a person who has died.

Voluntary cessation of eating and drinking, sometimes referred to as voluntary stopping of eating and drinking, is a form
of withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment. Some individuals near the end of life who wish to die several days
to a few weeks sooner than would happen naturally may choose it. During this time palliative care may be provided to
keep the person comfortable during the time it takes for death to occur from the underlying disease (Miller & Meier, 1998).

References

American Association of Suicidology. (1996). Report of the Committee on Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia.
Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 26(Suppl.), 1-19.

Lattanzi-Licht, M., & Connor, S. (1995). Care of the Dying: The Hospice Approach. In H. Wass and R.A. Neimeyer (Eds.),
Dying: Facing the Facts. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis.

Miller, F. G., & Meier, D. E. (1998). Voluntary death: A comparison of terminal dehydration and physician-assisted
suicide. Annals of Internal Medicine, 128, 559-562.

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act. (1990). Public Law No. 101-508, ßß 4206, 4751 (codified in 42 U.S.C., 1395cc(f)
[Medicare] and 1396a(w) [Medicaid]).

World Health Organization (1990). Cancer Pain Relief and Palliative Care. Technical Report Series 804. Geneva: Author.

Страх неизвестного
Люди моложе 60 лет склонны переоценивать отрицательные
факторы, связанные с возрастом.

К таким выводам пришли ученые из исследовательского центра Pew. Данные опроса

американцев разных возрастных категорий показали, что молодые в большей
степени склонны ассоциировать пожилой возраст с болезнями, снижением
сексуальной активности, неспособностью самостоятельно водить автомобиль и
прочими расхожими клише.

Emotional Fitness in Aging: Older is Happier

Older adults accentuate the positive.

What the Research Shows

Belying the stereotype of cranky old people, older adults actually appear to enjoy pleasant emotions and recall more
positive images than do younger adults. Ongoing psychological research is painting a new and reassuring picture about
how older adults feel. The findings attest to a healthy degree of emotional fitness.

In 2001, Susan Turk Charles, PhD, Chandra Reynolds, PhD, and Margaret Gatz, PhD, reported that the tendency
exhibited by most people to have a positive outlook extends into old age. A longitudinal study of 2,704 people in four
generations of families, which ran from 1971 to 1994, asked participants "positive affect" (emotion or mood) questions,
such as, "During the past few weeks, did you ever feel particularly excited or interested in something?" They also asked
"negative affect" questions, such as, "During the past few weeks, did you feel so restless that you couldn't sit long in a
chair?"

The researchers found that for all generations, negative affect decreased with age. In other words, as people got older,
they got less negative. Positive affect stayed fairly stable across time, with a small decrease for the oldest people in the
study. However, older participants who were more outgoing were less likely to show a drop in positive affect.

In 2003, Dr. Charles, with Mara Mather, PhD, and Laura Carstensen, PhD, reported on additional research showing that
older adults recall relatively more positive and fewer negative images than younger adults. Two studies examined age
differences in memory for positive, negative and neutral images of people, animals, nature scenes and inanimate objects.
For example, among the "people" pictures, a positive image showed a man and a young boy at the beach watching
seagulls overhead; a negative image showed a couple looking sorrowful as they stand in a cemetery and stare down at a
tombstone; and a neutral image showed scuba divers checking their gear by the side of a dock.

In both experiments, the psychologists showed participants the images and then tested recall (how many they
remembered) and recognition memory (whether they accurately picked what they saw from a larger group of images).
Older adults (ages 65-80) recalled fewer negative images relative to positive and neutral images. In that older group,
recognition memory also decreased for negative pictures. As a result, the younger adults (ages 18-29 and 41-53)
remembered the negative pictures better. What's more, although both younger and older adults spent more time viewing
negative images, only the younger group recalled and recognized them better.

What the Research Means

These psychological studies document the tendency of older people to regulate their emotions more effectively than
younger people, by maintaining positive feelings and lowering negative feelings. Thus, aging does not automatically bring
a bad outlook.

The research supports the "socioemotional selectivity" theory that, as people get older and become more aware of more
limited time left in life, they direct their attention to more positive thoughts, activities and memories. In their report, the
authors wrote that, "With age, people place increasingly more value on emotionally meaningful goals and thus invest
more cognitive and behavioral resources in obtaining them."

Physiology may aid the process. Dr. Mather and additional colleagues have done preliminary brain research suggesting
that in older adults, the "amygdala," an almond-shaped part of the temporal lobe that's associated with emotion, is
activated equally to positive and negative images, whereas in younger adults, it is activated more to negative images.
This suggests that older adults encode less information about negative images, which in turn would diminish recall.

Meanwhile, psychologist Quinn Kennedy, PhD, with Drs. Mather and Carstensen, conducted a longitudinal study in which
they asked older and younger adults to recall their physical, mental, and emotional well-being from a prior point in time.
Older people recalled their past health - 14 years prior -- as being more positive than did younger people, even though
the amount of time that had passed was held constant. When older and younger adults were asked to recall their past,
the older but not younger adults reported that their mood improved. Importantly, the findings were not attributed to age-
related declines in memory.

W. Richard Walker, PhD, and colleagues cite additional findings from cross-sectional studies that pleasant emotions fade
more slowly from memory than unpleasant emotions - perhaps because we try harder to minimize the negative impact of
life events. Dr. Walker view this kind of emotional fade-out as a healthy way of coping. Given older peoples' storehouse of
memories, it may be especially helpful. But the longitudinal studies by Dr. Charles and her colleagues were able to
illuminate the actual changes as people grow older. Longitudinal studies are essential for psychologists to understand the
true dynamics of aging.

How We Use the Research

Clearly, older people (generally age 65 and up) are not the crotchety sourpusses that popular images and mass media
often make them out to be. Rather, they are continuing a lifelong human tendency to look on the bright side and minimize
the impact of negative events. Knowing that older people are generally positive may help younger people look forward to
that time in life, rather than dread it. Older people can feel good about being able to keep themselves emotionally healthy,
which in turn aids immunity and other aspects of physical health, as shown in a study by Lynanne McGuire, PhD, Janice
Kiecolt-Glaser, PhD, and Ronald Glaser, PhD. In addition, doctors can be aware that because older people tend to be
more positive, expressions of negativity are less likely to be a sign of normal aging and more likely to be, perhaps, a sign
of depression.
Retiring minds want to know
What’s the key to a smooth retirement? Tend to your psychological portfolio as
much as your financial one, researchers say.

By Jamie Chamberlin

Monitor Staff

January 2014, Vol 45, No. 1

Print version: page 61

The questions most people think about before retirement samsaxuridan gadayeneba are
"How much money will I need?" and "Am I saving enough?" But while financial security is
certainly critical, people need to amass more than money for a successful retirement,
experts say. They need to stockpile their emotional reserves, as well.

Too few people consider the psychological adjustments that accompany this life stage,
which can include coping with the loss of your career identity, replacing support networks
you had through work, spending more time than ever before with your spouse and finding
new and engaging ways to stay active.

Some retirees ease smoothly into retirement, spending more time with hobbies or family
and friends. But others, research finds, experience anxiety, depression and debilitating
feelings of loss, says Robert Delamontagne, PhD, author of the 2011 book "The Retiring
Mind: How to Make the Psychological Transition to Retirement."

"People can go through hell when they retire and they will never say a word about it, often
because they are embarrassed," Delamontagne says. "The cultural norm for retirement is
that you are living the good life."

Research by psychologists and others has found that working or volunteering during
retirement can help stave off depression, as well as dementia and hypertension. But other
evidence suggests that such activities aren't the key to everyone's well-being. Psychologist
Jacquelyn B. James, PhD, of the Sloan Center on Aging and Work at Boston College, has
found that only those people who are truly engaged in their post-retirement activities reap
the psychological benefits.

That's why people need to invest as much if not more time in their social or psychological
portfolio planning before retirement, to figure out what makes them happy, James says.
(Read about seven psychologists' post-retirement lives.)

"Retirement is not like jumping off a diving board, it's a process and it takes time," she
says. "There's a lot of work people can be doing leading up to retirement to prepare for it."

Working toward well-being

Soon-to-be retirees should consider whether or not to continue to work in some capacity,
say psychologists. Many people take on new jobs after retiring from their primary careers
with part-time work, a temporary job or self-employment — a trend known as "bridge
employment" or "encore" work. According to a 2013 Careerbuilder.com survey, 60 percent
of workers age 60 and older said they would look for a new job after retiring, up from 57
percent last year. In its 2010 "Working in Retirement: A 21st Century Phenomenon" report,
the Sloan Center on Aging and Work and the Families and Work Institute reported that 1 in
5 workers has a post-retirement job and 75 percent of workers expect to work or transition
to a second career at some point after they retire.

While working has obvious financial perks, it may also offer health and mental health
benefits. A 2009 study led by Mo Wang, PhD, of the University of Florida, found that people
who pursued post-retirement bridge employment in their previous fields reported better
mental and physical health than those who retired fully (Journal of Occupational Health
Psychology). The Working in Retirement report found that employed retirees report levels
of health, well-being and life satisfaction on par with those who have not yet retired —
despite age differences. The report also found that working retirees tend to rate their
workplaces more positively than those not yet retired.

New research also shows that delaying retirement may stave off cognitive decline. A study
of nearly half a million people by French researcher Carole Dufouil of the research agency
INSERM, presented at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference in July, found
that for each additional year they worked, people reduced their risk of dementia by 3.2
percent.

Still, finding post-retirement opportunities or staying in the workforce as peers retire can be
challenging, say psychologists.

"People can be as interested as they want to be, but if the positions aren't available, or if
they don't have support through the transition, it can be difficult," says psychologist Joann
M. Montepare, PhD, who directs the RoseMary B. Fuss Center for Research on Aging at
Lasell College in Newton, Mass.
That's where such organizations as the Boston-based group Discovering What's Next
come in, says Montepare, who serves on its board of directors. The organization offers
support and resources to people 55 and over who want to embark on a second or post-
retirement career and need guidance on figuring out what they want to do and retooling
their skills. The organization also offers talks on interviewing and networking, as well as
group discussions on age discrimination, financial insecurities and loss of career identity.

The organization is also working to increase awareness among local employers about how
to tap and manage older talent, and organizing outreach programs at local businesses and
nonprofits for older workers considering role transitions or retirement.

The pursuit of happiness

Whether retirees return to the workforce or not, research indicates they'll need guidance on
how to maintain their well-being throughout their retirement years. A 2012 study in the
Journal of Happiness Studies by Elizabeth Mokyr Horner, PhD, of the University of
California, Berkeley, found that retirees experience a "sugar rush" of well-being and life
satisfaction directly after retirement, followed by a sharp decline in happiness a few years
later. In her analysis of cross-sectional data from 16 countries in Western Europe and the
United States, Horner found that most retirees experienced the rush-crash pattern
regardless of the age they retired.

With people living longer, more research is needed on what's causing the crash and how
psychologists can help people prolong the sugar rush, she says. "People are going to
spend more time retired, even if we push the retirement age back. We need to figure out a
way to maximize people's happiness."

One answer might be to encourage altruism. In a June study in the Journal of Aging and
Health led by Eva Kahana, PhD, of Case Western Reserve University, researchers found
that people living in retirement communities reported higher levels of life satisfaction and
fewer depressive symptoms if they were involved with low to moderate levels of volunteer
work than those who weren't.

A similar finding by Carnegie Mellon University psychologist Sheldon Cohen, PhD, and
graduate student Rodlescia Sneed found that older adults who had volunteered at least
200 hours within the prior year reported greater increases in psychological well-being than
those who did not. The study, published in June in Psychology and Aging, was also the first
to explore a correlation between volunteerism and blood pressure. The researchers found
that older adults who volunteered 200 hours over the year were less likely to develop
hypertension than non-volunteers.

That's likely because being a committed volunteer expands one's social ties. "Volunteering
may also increase feelings of purpose and meaning in life," notes Cohen, who says
commuting to volunteer sites and activities may also increase physical activity, therefore
decreasing hypertension risk. "All of these have the potential of improving cardiovascular
health."

But volunteering may not be for everyone, emphasizes the Sloan Center's James. People
who feel duty-bound to volunteer during retirement do themselves more harm than good,
she found. In a 2012 study published in The Gerontologist, James and colleagues looked
at people's engagement in later-life roles, including volunteer work. They found that people
who reported low to medium engagement with volunteer work had significantly poorer
psychological well-being than those who didn't volunteer at all, while people who reported
high engagement had greater psychological well-being.

"When we are doing things that are ‘shoulds,' or things that we feel like we have to do and
are obligatory, those are hard on our well-being, no matter what age we are," says James.
She is developing new measures of older adult engagement to improve and encourage
more research on the topic.

Feeling obligated in one's post-retirement relationships can have the same deleterious
effect, says Nancy K. Schlossberg, EdD, author of the 2009 book "Revitalizing Retirement."
Schlossberg says many retirees feel pressured by family to plan a retirement based on the
extended family's needs — such as babysitting grandchildren — rather than their own.

Investing in your friendships well before you retire and talking openly with family about your
goals can help you avoid an unsatisfying retirement, she says. She encourages retirees to
form support groups and to use their social and former work connections to help each other
create internships or volunteer opportunities in areas they have always wanted to explore.

In the end, the years leading up to retirement should be a time to increase your self-
awareness, adds Delamontagne. He was surprised to find he felt bored and aimless almost
immediately after he retired at 63 from a highly competitive job as a software company
executive. In talking to other retirees for his book, he found that people with certain
personality characteristics — such as being competitive and assertive — had more
difficulty adjusting to retirement and were more likely to make impulsive decisions with their
time and money, compared with more mild-mannered people coming from low-pressure
jobs.

"The very attributes that make people successful in their work life often work against them
in retirement," he says.

While there's no way to prepare for every high and low, retirees will fare better if they
familiarize themselves with the emotional challenges well in advance, Delamontagne says.
"Once you know that these are the areas that cause problems, you can craft solutions," he
says.

Start your planning

"Life Plan for the Life Span," a free brochure from APA's Committee on Aging, offers advice
for people in all career stages on how to transition to retirement. The brochure also
includes advice on health care and financial planning. Find it online (PDF, 1.96MB).

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