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mWedliZe
mebostneoba
`teqnikuri universiteti”
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
i. mWedliZe
mebostneoba
damtkicebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier
Tbilisi
2009
saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia saxelobo profesiuli swavlebis stu-
dentebisTvis.
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi
formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis
werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.
3
Tavi I. bostneuli mcenareebis sameurneo-biologiuri Taviseburebani
mcenareTa agebuleba
4
amrigad, ujredi SeiZleba iyos damoukidebeli organizmi (erTujrediani
mcenareebi), umaRlesi mcenareebis ganviTarebis sawyisi stadia (spora), an
mravalujrediani mcenaris Semadgeneli nawili.
ujredis agebulebis detalebi SeiZleba mkveTrad gansxvavdebodes imis
mixedviT, Tu ra funqcias asrulebs, rogor garemo pirobebSia da rogor
mcenares miekuTvneba.
am gansxvavebaTa miuxedavad, umaRles mcenareTa tipiur ujredebs aqvT
ZiriTadad erTgvarovani agebuleba da Sedgeniloba.
ujredebi warmoadgenen mTlian cocxal sistemas, romelic Sedgeba
citoplazmisa da birTvisgan.
citoplazma. citoplazmas protoplazmasac uwodeben. citoplazma Sedis
rogorc mcenaris, ise cxovelis ujredSi. citoplazma SemosazRvrulia
membraniT, romelic Sedgeba cilebisa da lipidebis molekulebisagan.
citoplazmis membranis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Tviseba misi SerCeviTi
gamtarunarianobaa _ zogierTi nivTiereba masSi advilad gadis, sxvebi ki
rTulad. Ggarda Txeli membranisa, mcenareTa ujredebi garedan dafarulia
myari ujredis kedliT, romelic ZiriTadad Sedgeba celulozisgan.
G birTvisa da ujredis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis sxva organoebic, romlebic
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben mis cxovelqmedebaSi. esenia: mitoqondriebi,
ribosomebi, plastidebi, endospermuli bade, goljis aparati.
M mitoqondriebi. isini gvxvdebian yvela ujredSi baqteriebis garda. maTi
forma sxvadasxvanairia: Cxiris, marcvlis, Zafis formis da sxva.
mitoqondriebi Sedgeba ori membranisgan - gare da Sida, romelTa Soris
sivrce amovsebulia siTxiT. mitoqondriebs Zalian didi funqcia akisriaT: aq
Tavmoyrilia sasunTqi fermentebi da adenozintrifosformJava _ atf,
romelic warmoiqmneba mitoqondriebSi da energiiT uzrunvelyofs ujredSi
mimdinare mravalricxovan process.
ribosomebi. Ribosomebi, endoplazmuri badis zedapirze, zogjer pirdapir
citoplazmaSi, birTvSi, mitoqondriebSi moTavsebuli sferuli formis, mcire,
membranul struqturas moklebuli patara sxeulebia, romlebic Sedgeba rnm-s
(ribonukleinis mJava) 2-3 molekulisgan da cilebisagan. ribosomebis ZiriTadi
funqcia, cilovani molekulebis sinTezia.
P plastidebi _ ormembraniani organoebia, romlebic mxolod
mcenareebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. plastidebi gvxvdeba rogorc umaRlesi,
ise umdablesi mcenareebis ujredebSi. Aasxvaveben plastidebis sam saxes: 1.
ufero plastidebi _ leikoplastebi; 2. mwvane feris – qloroplastebi; 3.
feradi plastidebi _ qromoplastebi (mowiTalo, moyviTalo, moyavisfro da
monarinjisfro). samive jgufi agebulebiT erTmaneTis msgavsia. plastidebs
Soris genezisuri kavSiria, yvela maTgans SeuZlia romelime sxva plastidad
gadaiqces. K
L leikoplastebi ZiriTadad Tavmoyrilia mcenareTa iseT nawilebSi (Tesli,
bolqvi, fesvnayofi), romlebic moklebulni arian sinaTles. maTi ZiriTadi
funqcia, samarago organuli nivTierebebis dagroveba (ZiriTadad saxameblis
saxiT). saxameblis marcvlebs SeuZlia mTlianad amoavsos leikoplastebi.
Q qloroplastebi _ es plastidebia, sadac xorcieldeba fotosinTezis
procesi, aqedan gamomdinare, isini ZiriTadad Tavmoyrilia
mafotosinTezirebel organoebsa da qsovilebSi (foTlebi, axalgazrda
5
Reroebi, mwvane nayofebi). qloroplastebi ZiriTadad Sedgeba mwvane
pigmentebisgan _ qlorofili A @da qlorofili B. qlorofili A mwvane
ferisaa, qlorofili B moyviTalo.
Q qromoplastebi Seicaven karotins. isini aniWeben Seferilobas yvavilis
furclebs da mwife nayofebs, Semodgomaze ki foTlebs yviTel, narinjisfer
da wiTel Seferilobas aZleven. yvela plastidi Seicavs dnm-s da rnm-s da
mravldeba dayofiT.
E endoplazmuri bade warmoadgens mikroskopuli arxebisa da avzebis
datotvil sistemas. Aasxvaveben mis or tips: gluvs da xaoians. sinTezirebuli
organuli nivTierebebi endoplazmuri badis arxebiT miewodeba ujredis
sxvadasxva organoebs. igi asrulebs transportirebis funqcias.
G goljis aparati. endoplazmur badesTan funqcionalurad dakavSirebulia
goljis aparati. igi badisebri, Cxirisebri an diskosebria, marcvlis an
paketis formis. es organoidi mravali Rrusgan Sedgeba. Rruebi garemoculia
msxvili vakuolebisa da wvrili buStukebis orSriani membraniT. Ggoljis
aparati asrulebs polisaqaridebis, aseve zogierTi sxva nivTierebis
sinTezis funqcias, romelic aucilebelia ujredis kedlebis
formirebisaTvis.
birTvi, rogorc protoplazma, yvela cocxali ujredis aucilebeli
organoidia. birTvi Sedgeba: garsis, qromosomebis, birTvakisa da birTvis
siTxisagan (karioplazma).
birTvis zoma da forma ujredis zomazea damokidebuli. xSirad birTvs
elifsuri an sferuli forma aqvs. Tumca gvxvdeba grZeli da rTuli
formebic. birTvis diametri 10-30 mk-ia, magram sokoebSi birTvebi ufro
patarebia - 1 mk-mde. mosvenebis mdgomareobaSi birTvi erTgvarovania da masSi
1-dan 4-mde birTvakia. birTvi Cveulebriv mdebareobs ujredis centralur
nawilSi. Mmisi ZiriTadi funqcia STamomavlobiTi informaciis Senaxva da
ganaxlebaa. is akontrolebs ujredSi nivTierebaTa cvlasa da sxva
organoebis muSaobas.
birTvis qimiuri Semadgenloba aseTia: mSrali nivTierebebis 70-96%-s
cilebi Seadgenen. cilebSi Warb jgufs nukleoproteidebi warmoadgenen
(cilebi, romlebic dakavSirebulni arian nukleinis mJavebTan _
dezoqsiribonukleinis da sainformacio ribonukleinis mJava); mSrali
nivTierebebis 10-20%-s lipidebi Seadgenen. lipidebi warmodgenilia
fosfolipidebis saxiT, romlebic fosformJavas Seicaven.
birTvis garsi Sedgeba ori membranisgan. aqvs mravalricxovani fora,
romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba nivTierebaTa cvla birTvsa da citoplazmas
Soris.
Q qromosomebi. yvela saxis mcenares qromosomTa gansazRvruli ricxvi aqvs.
somatur ujredSi, e.i. ujredSi, romelic gamravlebas ar emsaxureba,
qromosomebis ormagi ricxvia da formiTac dawyvilebulebi arian, amas
qromosomebis diploiduri ricxvi ewodeba.
qromosomebi Sedgeba ZiriTadad dnm-sagan, romelic axorcielebs
genetikuri informaciis Senaxvasa da realizacias. Uujredis dayofis
procesSi qromosomebi ormagdebian da gadadian Svilobil ujredSi, riTac
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uzrunvelyofen memkvidreobiTi informaciis stabilurobas da gadacemas
Semdeg TaobebSi.
birTvaki metad mkvrivi sxeulia, naxevrad myari. bioqimiurad igi
robonukleinis mJavis maRal koncentracias Seicavs, rac
fosforoproteidebTan aris dakavSirebuli. formiT birTvaki SeiZleba iyos
sferuli an sxva formis. birTvakis zoma ujredis funqcionalur
mdgomareobazea damokidebuli. birTvakSi warmoiSveba ribosomebi da aqedan
isini citoplazmis sxvadasxva nawilebSi gadadian.
Uujredis gayofa-gamravleba
7
mcenareTa organoebi
M mcenare rTuli cocxali organizmia, romelsac gaaCnia
urTierTdakavSirebuli da funqcionalurad SeTavsebuli organoebi.
asxvaveben vegetatiur da generaciul organoebs. vegetatiuri organoebi
(fesvi, Rero, foToli) emsaxureba mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebas. generaciuli
organoebi (yvavili, nayofi, Tesli) ganapirobeben mcenaris gamravlebas.
fesvi ZiriTadi vegetatiuri organoa; igi ganuviTardaT mxolod umaRles
mcenareebs, xmeleTze gadmosaxlebasa da axal pirobebTan Sesagueblad, aseve
sxeulis danawevrebasTan dakavSirebiT.
fesvis funqcias Seadgens mcenaris momarageba niadagidan wyliT,
mineraluri sakvebiT da misi damagreba niadagSi. saxecvlilebasTan
dakavSirebiT fesvi mraval sxva daniSnulebasac asrulebs.
arsebobs mTavari, gverdiTi da damatebiTi fesvebi. MmTavari fesvi
Canasaxovani fesvis zrdiT da ganviTarebiT warmoiqmneba. gverdiTi fesvebi
fesvis Sinagani qsovilisgan viTardeba da mTavari fesvis gantotvaa.
asxvaveben pirveli, meore, mesame da Semdegi rigis gverdiT fesvebs.
damatebiTi fesvebi warmoiqmnebian Reroebidan da zogjer mcenaris
foTlebidanac. agebulebiT da funqciiT damatebiTi fesvebi iseTivea,
rogoric mTavari da gverdiTi fesvebi.
formis mixedviT arsebobs fesvis Semdegi ZiriTadi tipebi: mTavarRerZiani,
funja da Zafnairi.
mTavarRerZian fesvTa sistema Semdegnairad warmoiqmneba - Teslis
gajirjvebis Semdeg, pirvelad, TeslSi arsebuli fesvis Canasaxi iwyebs
ganviTarebas. igi Teslis kanidan Teslis Rivis saxiT, gareT gamodis.
rogori mdebareobac ar unda hqondes Tesls da fesvis Rivs, igi aucileblad
mimarTulebas niadagisken aiRebs. Sveulad mozardi fesvi iwyebs datotvas;
totebi Tavis mxriv kidev itotebian da warmoiqmneba pirveli, meore, mesame da
Semdgomi rigis fesvebi. Canasaxidan warmoqmnili fesvi simsxoTi gansxvavdeba
gverdiTi fesvebisagan. aseT fesvs mTavarRerZiani fesvi hqvia. igi uviTardebaT
orlebnian mcenareebs.
funja fesvTa sistemis warmoqmna sxvanairad mimdinareobs. Teslidan
gamosuli fesvis Rivi male kvdeba da mis nacvlad Tanabari simsxos,
damatebiTi fesvebi viTardeba. ase warmoqmnili fesvi Zalian hgavs samxatvro
funjs, ris gamoc mas funja fesvi uwodes. funja fesvi aqvT erTlebnianebs,
magaliTad marcvlovnebs: simindi, xorbali, qeri da a.S.
Zafnairi fesvi ZafiviT wvrili da datotvili fesvia, uviTardeba xanmokle
sicocxlis mqone mcenareebs _ efemerebs, romlebic mxolod 2,5 Tves
cocxloben da gazafxulze yvela mcenareze adre aRmocendebian (JunJruko).
Rerosgan fesvi Semdegi morfologiuri niSnebiT gansxvavdeba: igi
reducirebul foTlebsac ki ar iviTarebs (gamonaklis mcenareebs Tu ar
miviRebT mxedvelobaSi), fesvze arc kvirtebia, xolo misi wveri SaliTiT aris
dafaruli.
fesvis ganviTarebis simZlavre niadagSi Zalian didia. fesvebis mier
dakavebuli sivrce mravaljer aRemateba varjis mier haerSi dakavebul
sivrces. arian mcenareebi, romelTac metad Rrma fesvTa sistema uviTardebaT;
cercvekala, romelic gvalviani velebisa da udabnoebis binadaria da
miwiszeda nawilebi 50 sm simaRleze uviTardeba - msubuq niadagebSi, fesvebs
8
20 m siRrmeze iviTarebs. abzinda, romelic 60-120 sm simaRlis izrdeba,
fesvebs 3,5 sm siRrmeze iviTarebs. kombostos fesvi siRrmiT 1,5 m-ze Cadis,
ganze ki 1-1,2 m diametris manZilze vrceldeba. balaxebis fesvebis masa
xSirad imdenia, ramdenic miwiszeda, an masze meti.
sainteresoa vicodeT, Tu ras udris fesvis Semwovi zedapiri. magaliTad,
xorblis yvela fesvis zedapiri udris 4,16 m2-s, aqedan Semwov zedapirze
mxolod 1 m2 modis. saqme imaSia, rom fesvi mTel Tavis siRrmeze ki ar iwovs
xsnarebs, aramed mxolod Semwov zonaSi.
fesvis Semwovi anu bewvebiani zona. fesvis am nawilSi mfarav qsovils -
kanis ujredebs gamonazardi bewvebi aqvT. Semwovi zona ramodenime
milimetriT an santimetriT ganisazRvreba.
fesvis bewvebi, osmosuri wnevisa da ujredis Semwovi Zalis gavleniT,
niadagidan wyalxsnars iwoven da amiT mcenares amarageben. balaxovani
mcenareebis fesvis bewvebi ufro grZelia, vidre xeebis.
fesvis absoluturi siRrmis garda, arCeven fesvis samuSao siRrmes, e.i.
siRrmes, sanamdec aRwevs niadagSi fesvebis umetesi nawili.
fesvTa sistemis simZlavre da zrda damokidebulia garemo pirobebze da
mcenaris memkvidrul bunebaze. garemo pirobebidan didi mniSvneloba aqvs
niadagis fizikur-qimiur Tvisebebs, simkvrives, sifxvieres, niadagis meqanikur
Semadgenlobas, teniTa da sakvebiT uzrunvelyofas, siTbos da sxva. zrdis
dros fesvi iqiT ufro iswrafvis da intensiurad izrdeba, saiTac misTvis
Sesaferisi optimaluri pirobebia. fesvis zrdis simZlavreze memkvidrul
bunebasac didi mniSvneloba aqvs, Tumca memkvidruli susti fesvi garemo
pirobebis xelovnuri gaumjobesebiT SeiZleba mZlavr fesvad gardaiqmnas.
zrdis xasiaTis, niadagSi misi siRrmis da horizontalurad zrdis
intensivobis mixedviT, fesvis sistemis tipebi sqematurad SegviZlia sam
ZiriTad tips mivakuTvnoT:
1. Rrmad mzardi fesvi, rodesac mTavari da gverdiTi fesvebi niadagSi
siRrmiT izrdeba.
2. horizontalurad mzardi fesvi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, mTavari fesvi kvdeba,
gverdiTi da damatebiTi fesvebi ki horizontalurad izrdeba.
3. Sualeduri tipis _ ufro mizanSewonili da xelsayreli, radgan is iWers
niadagis did moculobas da ukeT iyenebs mas.
fesvis zonebi. rogorc agebulebiT, ise funqciis SesrulebiTac fesvi
mTel sigrZeze gansxvavebuli zonebisgan Sedgeba. rogorc mTavari, ise yvela
danarCeni fesvebis wveri mkvrivi agebulebis qsoviliT _ fariT anu SaliTiT
aris dafaruli.
fari (SaliTa) fesvis pirvel zonas Seadgens. fari saTiTesaviT aris
wamocmuli meore zonaze, romelsac Canasaxovani zona ewodeba. aq pirveladi
warmomSobi qsovilia _ pirveladi meristema. misi nazi, axalgazrda ujredebi
sicocxlis manZilze inarCuneben gayofis unars - iyofian, mravldebian da
dasawyiss aZleven fesvis yvela qsovils. swored aqedan eZleva dasawyisi
fesvis zrdas. amitomaa, rom fesvi wveriT izrdeba da yvelaze norCi da
axalgazrda nawilebi wveroSi aqvs.
zrdis zona. meristemis mier axladwarmoqmnili ujredebis daWimva_ zrda
fesvis am nawilSi xdeba. amitom, fesvis zrda yvelaze metad aq SeiniSneba.
amaSi advilad davrwmundebiT, Tu fesvis Rivs tuSiT Tanabar nawilebad
9
davyofT. ramdenime xnis Semdeg danayofebi yvelaze metad Canasaxovani
zonis zemoT dagrZeldeba, rac am nawilis zrdaze migviTiTebs.
fesvis saxecvlilebani.
koJrebiani fesvi. parkosani mcenaris fesvebze saxldebian e. w. koJris
baqteriebi. isini jer parazitul cxovrebas ewevian, Semdeg amgvar cxovrebas
Tavs anebeben da iwyeben atmosferodan Tavisufali azotis SeTvisebas,
romliTac amarageben parkosan mcenareebsac. baqteriebis cxovelqmedebis
Sedegad, fesvebze Semsxvilebebi Cndeba, rasac koJrebs uwodeben. amrigad,
koJrebiani fexi simbiozuri fesvia, sadac koJris baqteria da parkosani
mcenare Tanacxovrobs.
koJris baqteriebis daxmarebiT parkosnebi azotiT uxvad maragdebian, ris
gamoc isini cilebiT mdidarni arian. cilebis didi raodenobis Semcvelobis
gamo, parkosnebi Zvirfasi sasursaTo da sakvebi kulturebia da cxovelTa
kvebaSi pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba aqvs. didia parkosnebis
agroteqnikuri mniSvnelobac, radgan isini niadagSi sakmao raodenobiT
toveben azots, riTac amaRleben niadagis nayofierebas da saukeTeso
winamorbedebs warmoadgenen yvela kulturisTvis.
sokofesva _ mikoriZa. sokofesva saxecvlili simbiozuri fesvia. is
uviTardeba iseT mwvane mcenareebs, romelTac fesvebze Semwovi bususebi ara
aqvT da amitom, niadagidan wylis Sewova uZneldebaT. sokofesva aqvT:
mkvrivbuCqovan marcvlovan balaxebs, wiwvianebs, muxas da sxva. rodesac soko
dasaxldeba mwvane mcenaris fesvebze, sokos hifebad_Zafebad datotvili
sxeuli, mTeli zedapiriT iwovs niadagidan wyalxsnars da awodebs mwvane
mcenares. mwvane mcenare miwodebul wyals gzavnis foTlebSi, sadac xdeba
fotosinTezi da wamoqmnil organul naerTebs iyenebs TviTon da
asargeblebs sokosac. ase myardeba simbiozi uqlorofilo sokosa da
qlorofilian, mwvane mcenares Soris.
mkvebavi anu sakveb nivTierebaTa damgrovebeli fesvi. mkvebavi fesvebi
aqvs: Warxals, stafilos, Talgamuras da sxva orwlian mcenareebs.
sicocxlis pirvel wels orwliani mcenareebi fesvs imsxvileben, sadac
samarago nivTierebebs agroveben, meore gazafxulze sayvavile Rero adre
viTardeba fesvSi dagrovili sakvebi maragis xarjze. sayvavile Rero
yvavilobs da Teslsa da nayofs iZleva.
parazituli fesvi. parazituli fesvi sawovrad an haustoriumadaa
gadaqceuli. igi uviTardeba parazit mcenareebs, e.i. iseTebs, romlebsac
daukargavT foTolic, qlorofilic da fotosinTezis unaric. amitom,
sakvebad isini mza organul nivTierebebs iTxoven, romelTac sxva
mcenareebidan iReben. paraziti mcenare emagreba mwvane mcenares, Tavis
saxecvlil fesvebs _ sawovrebs aTavsebs mwvane mcenaris lafanSi da
sacriani milebidan iwovs organul sakvebs. arseboben Reroze moparazite
(abreSuma) da fesvze moparazite mcenareebi (kelaptara).
parazituli fesvi aqvs fiTrsac. zamTarSi is xSirad gvxvdeba
foTlebgaZarcvul xeebze, mwvane buCqebis saxiT.
misamagrebeli fesvi axasiaTebs xviara Reros mqone maradmwvane mcenares
_ suros. suros wvrili Rero aqvs, romelsac sworad dgoma ar SeuZlia.
amitom, sxva mcenares an sagans emagreba. xeze dayrdnobis simtkicisTvis mas
gamoumuSavda misamagrebeli fesvebi, romlebic kvebas ar emsaxureba.
10
niadagidan sakvebi xsnaris SewovisTvis suros Cveulebrivi fesvebi aqvs
niadagSi.
foToli mcenaris is ZiriTadi organoa, romelic Reroze garkveuli wesiT
aris ganlagebuli. foToli yvela umaRlesi mcenaris damaxasiaTebeli
organoa, romlis ZiriTadi funqcia fotosinTezisa da transpiraciis
procesia.
foToli, ise rogorc fesvi da Rero, TeslSia Casaxuli da Teslis
gaRivebisTanave viTardeba. Teslidan ganviTarebuli pirveli foTlebis
Semdeg, Semdgomi wyebis foTlebi kvirtSi Casaxul zrdis konusSi
warmoiqmneba. zrdis konusze foTlebis Canasaxi borcvebis saxiTaa.
foToli Sedgeba firfitisa da yunwisagan. foTlis mTavari nawili
firfitaa, romelSic mcenaris sasicocxlo procesebi mimdinareobs.
xSirad foTlebi Reroze yunwiT aris mimagrebuli. yunwi xels uwyobs mzis
mimarT foTlebis ukeT ganlagebas. yunwi foTlis fuZis Seviwroebuli
nawilia da aseT foTols yunwiani foToli ewodeba. zogjer foTols yunwi
ar uviTardeba, maSin SeiZleba foToli iyos mjdomare an mizrdili, xalTiani
an Reromxvevia da gaCvretili.
xalTiani ewodeba iseT foTols, romlis qveda nawili gamsxvilebuli an
gabrtyelebulia, formiT metwilad milisebria da Reros exveva. am nawils
xalTa ewodeba, xolo zeda Tavisufal nawils _ firfita. xalTisa da
firfitis sazRvarze, SigniTa mxridan, xSirad sifrifanisebri an bewvisebri
gamonazardi _ ena (enaki) viTardeba.
foTlis xalTa Reros muxlebisa da muxlTaSorisebis safarvelia.
xalTiani foTlebi enakiT umetesad marcvlovnebs axasiaTebT, xolo
gabrtyelebuli xalTiani foTlebi qolgosnebs uviTardebaT.
foToli ori tipisaa: martivi da rTuli. martivi foToli iseTi foTolia,
romelsac yunwze erTi firfita uviTardeba. rTuli foToli ki iseTi
foTolia, romelic mTavar yunwze ramdenime firfitas iviTarebs. am firfitas
foTolaki ewodeba.
rTul foTols miekuTvneba: frTisebrrTuli, TaTisebrrTuli da
samyurasebrrTuli foTlebi.
mcenareTa garkveuli jgufis warmomadgenlebs Reroze an totebze
uviTardebaT sxvadasxva formis foTlebi; isini erTmaneTisgan
morfologiurad gansxvavdebian. am movlenas nairfoTlianoba anu
heterofilia ewodeba. nairfoTlianoba axasiaTebs rogorc xmeleTis, ise
wylis mcenareebs. mag. TuTas qveda wyeba foTlebi danakvTuli aqvs, zeda
wyeba foTlebi ki - kidemTliani.
firfita, rogorc foTlis mTavari nawili, metad mravalferovania:
formiT, zomiT, xnovanebiT, simetriiT, misi ZiriTadi nawilebis _ fuZis
wveris, kideebis, ZarRvebisa da Sebusvis TaviseburebebiT.
martivi da rTuli foTlis foTolakebi formiT mravalgvaria. maT Soris
ZiriTadi formebia: nebismieri anu wiwvi, romelic wiwvovnebs axasiaTebs
(fiWvi, naZvi), xazuri (xorbali), lancetisebri (tirifi), mogrZo elifsuri
(wyavi), momrgvalo (verxvi), kvercxisebri (wifeli), gulisebri (cacxvi),
Tirkmlisebri (iudas xe), isrisebri (isari), farisebri (dedoflis yvavili),
Subisebri (Rolo), rombisebri (ofi) da sxva. am ZiriTad formebs Soris
11
gardamavali formebic gamoirCevian, magaliTad viwro da ganieri
lancetisebri, ukulancetisebri da a. S.
Tu foTlebis xnovaneba erTi savegetacio periodiT ganisazRvreba, maSin es
foTlebi cviva da aseT mcenareebs foTolcvenia mcenareebi ewodeba. Tumca
bunebaSi farTod moipoveba mcenareebi, romelTa foTlebis sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba erT vegetacias da met periods aWarbebs. aseTi foTlebi
uviTardebaT maradmwvane mcenareebs. maradmwvaneoba SedarebiTia, vinaidan es
foTlebi morigeobiT cviva, xolo maT nacvlad, aseve morigeobiT, foTlebis
axali wyeba viTardeba.
kideebis mixedviT foTlebi ramdenime jgufad iyofa.
kidemTliania foToli, romlis kideebi srulad ar aris amokveTili.
zogierTi foTlis kide zogjer odnav aris amokveTili; miuxedavad amisa,
aseT foTlebs mainc mTliani foTlebi ewodeba.
kbilebiani. Tu foTlis kideebi soliviTaa amokveTili da amokveTilis
orive wveri maxvilia, kidekbilebiania, anu foToli dakbilulia.
kideeklebiani. foToli zogjer isea dakbiluli, rom es kbilebi formiT
eklebis msgavsia. aseT foTlebs kideeklebiani foToli ewodeba.
zeda, ufro xSirad ki qveda mxareze, foTols ZarRvebis saxiT kargad
gamosaxuli gamtari konebi aqvs. am ZarRvebis daniSnulebaa: 1) Rerodan
foTolSida daumuSavebeli araorganuli nivTierebebis gadacema da foTlis
mier gadamuSavebuli organuli nivTierebebis ukan gamotana, 2) foTlis
rbilobis dacva sxvadasxva uaryofiTi faqtorebisgan, ris gamoc ZarRvebi
foTlis ConCxs warmoadgenen.
cnobilia foTlis ZarRvis Semdegi tipebi: badisebri, frTisebri,
TaTisebri, paraleluri, rkalisebri, farisebri, diqotomiuri da sxva.
badisebri tipis foTols mTavari ZarRvi msxvili aqvs da kargad aris
gamosaxuli, misi gverdiTi ZarRvebi ki SedarebiT wvrilia. badisebri
daZarRvis dros, ZarRvebi badisebrad aris daqsaqsuli da erTmaneTs
uerTdeba.
frTisebrZarRviania foToli maSin, roca erT mTavar ZarRvs gverdiTi
ZarRvebi aqvs da roca foTolSi ramdenime ZarRvi TaTiseburad viTardeba,
xolo mTavari ZarRvi ar aris gamosaxuli.
xSirad foTolSi ramdenime Tanabari ZarRvi sigrZiT da simsxoTi
erTmaneTis paraleluradaa ganlagebuli; aseTi foToli
paralelurZarRviania.
rkalurZarRviania foToli, Tu rkalisebri ZarRvi foTlis fuZesTan da
wverSi erTmaneTs uerTdeba.
farisebri daZarRvis dros, ZarRvebi foTolSi radiusis mixedviT arian
ganlagebulni da TiTo radialuri ZarRvi pirveli da meore wyeba gverdiTi
ZarRvebisgan Sedgeba da a. S.
diqtomiuri daZarRva axasiaTebs SiSvelTeslovnebs. is imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom foTlis fuZidan dawyebuli, yvela ZarRvi ramdenjerme orad iyofa.
badisebri, frTisebri, TaTisebri da farisebri daZarRvis tipebi ufro
xSirad orlebniani mcenareebia. erTlebnianebs ki ufro paraleluri an
rkaluri daZarRva axasiaTebs.
foToli, Tavisi konsistenciiT (Txelsifrifana, xeSeStyavisebri,
sqelxorcovani da sxva mravali gardamavali formiT) metad mravalferovania.
12
zogjer foToli SiSvelia, xSirad mas qveda an zeda mxareze uviTardeba
sxvadasxva saxis gamonazardi bewvebis (triqomebi) saxiT. bewvebi epidermisis
gamonazardebia. bewvebi foTlis damcav saSualebas warmoadgenen. bewvebiTaa
gamowveuli foTlis sxvadasxvanairi Sebusva.
Sebusva SeiZleba iyos: abreSumisebri, xaverdisebri, xaoiani qeCisebri,
banjgvliani, jirkvlovani da sxva.
foTlebi Reroze garkveuli wesiT da TanmimdevrobiTaa ganlagebuli.
Rerosa da totebze foTolganlageba Semdegi saxisaa: morigeobiTi, anu
spiraluri; mopirdapire da rgoluri. mcenareTa umravlesobas Reros muxlze
TiTo foToli uviTardeba da aseTi foTolganlageba morigeobiTi, anu
spiraluria. morigeobiTi foTolganlagebis dros, foTlebis mimagrebis
adgilebi an misi nawiburebi qvevidan zeviT pirobiTi ZafiT rom SevaerToT,
spirali miiReba.
xSirad, muxlze erTmaneTis mopirdapire ori foToli viTardeba da
mopirdapire foTolganlageba iqmneba. Tu Reros muxlebze mopirdapire ori
foToli erTmaneTis mimarT jvaredinadaa ganlagebuli, maSin aseTi
foTolganlageba jvaredinmopirdapire iqneba.
mcenareTa sakmao jgufs aqvs rgoluri foTolganlageba, rodesac 3 an
meti foToli erTi muxlis garSemo zis.
mcenareTa garkveul warmomadgenlebs erT Reroze da mis totebze SeiZleba
morigeobiTi da mopirdapire foTolganlagebac hqondes.
foTlebis urTierTganlageba uSualo kavSirSia fotosinTezTan. rogorc
wesi, foTlebi ise arian ganlagebuli, rom erTmaneTs ar Crdilaven, met
sivrces iWeren da mzis sxivuri energiis STanTqmis met unars amJRavneben.
foTlebis ganlagebis aseT wess mozaikuri foTolganlageba ewodeba.
foTlis saxecvlilebis erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli formaa ekali.
eklebad SeiZleba gardaiqmnas mTlianad foTlis firfita. eklad qceuli
foTlis tipiur magaliTs warmoadgens kowaxuri, romlis kbilebi 2-3-ad an
metad aris gayofili. mTliani foTlidan ganviTarebuli ekali axasiaTebs
agreTve xurtkmels.
farTod gavrcelebulia foTlisgan an misi nawilebisgan warmoqmnili, ama
Tu im sayrdenze mcenaris mosakidi anu misamagrebeli foTlebi _ ulvaSebi.
udabnos an kldovan adgilebSi, qvian da qviSian niadagebze dasaxlebuli
mravali mcenare wylis did naklebobas ganicdis; wylis naklebobas es
mcenareebi imiT eguebian, rom foTlebSi wyals igroveben da Zlier susti
transpiraciis gamo, SefardebiTi aorTqlebis procesic mcirdeba. am dros,
foToli sqeli, xorcovani da wyliani xdeba. wyliani foTlis centralur
nawilSi an orive epidermisis qveS, didi zomis ujredebisgan Semdgari wylis
damgrovebeli qsovilia.
aseT foTlebSi, wylis damgrovebel qsovilTan erTad, bageebis mcire
raodenobaa warmodgenili. im mcenareebs, romelTac wyliani an xorciani
foTlebi uviTardebaT, wvniani anu sukulentebi ewodeba.
tipuri sukulenti mcenareebidan aRsaniSnavia: aloe, agava, kldisduma,
funTuSa da sxva.
bevr mcenareSi foTlis magivrobas gabrtyelebuli yunwi asrulebs.
yunwis am saxecvlilebas filodiumi ewodeba. Tu normaluri foTlebis roli
ZiriTadad avtotrofuli kvebiT ganisazRvreba, foTlebis saxecvlilebebis
13
dros zogjer adgili aqvs heterotroful_mza organuli masiT kvebas. am
mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia mweriWamia mcenareebis saxeSecvlili
foTlebi. mweriWamia mcenareebi aRWurvili arian specialuri samarjvebiT,
romelTa saSualebiTac, iWeren patara mwerebs da saTanado monelebis Semdeg,
am organizmebiT ikvebebian. mweriWamia mcenareebs ekuTvnis buStosana,
drozera, buziWeria, nepentesi da sxva.
buStosana Cvens tbebsa da WaobebSi mocurave ufesvo mcenarea. mravaljer
wvrilad gankveTili misi foTlebi aRWurvilia buStulebiT. buStulebi
foTlis nakvTebis saxecvlilebebs warmoadgens. am patara buStulebs erT
mxares aqvs xvreli, romelic Signidan sarqveliT aris daxuruli. sxvadasxva
mweri an mcire zomis cxoveluri organizmi sarqvelTan Sexebisas,
buStulebSi emwyvdeva da zeviT veRar amodis, vinaidan sarqveli isev ixureba.
buStulebSi momwyvdeuli organizmebi TandaTanobiT ixrwneba da am gaxrwnil
masas mcenare inelebs.
drozera Cvens torfian WaobebSi mozardi, mravlwliani mcenarea. misi
rozeti Sekrebilia patara zomis foTlebiT, TanafoTlebiania. foTlebi
zemodan dafarulia mowiTalo, Tavkombalisebri bewvebiT (jirkvlebiT). am
bewvebis wveridan gamoiyofa webovani nivTiereba, romelzec advilad ewebeba
mwerebi. miwebebuli mweri, cdilobs ra gaTavisuflebas, Tavisi moqmedebiT
aRizianebs bewvebs, romlebic gars exvevian mwers. gamonayofi simJaveebis
moqmedebiT, mweris daSlil sxeuls mcenare sakvebad iyenebs.
Rero. RerZuli savegetacio organoa, romelic akavSirebs mcenaris kvebis
or poluss _ fesvebs da foTlebs, uzrunvelyofs maT Soris sakvebi
nivTierebebis mimocvlas. Rero, ise rogorc fesvi, Canasaxidan viTardeba;
zrdis adreul periodSi mas totebi ara aqvs da gverdebze warmaval rigze
ganlagebul foTlebs iviTarebs. foTlis ubeebSi ki kvirti an kvirtebi
sxedan; aseT Reros ylorti ewodeba.
ylortis im adgils, sadac foToli da kvirti zis, muxli ewodeba, xolo
muxlTaSoris mdebare nawils _ muxlTaSorisi.
ylortze ganlagebis mixedviT kvirtebi orgvaria: kenwris kvirti da
gverdiTi kvirti. kvirtebi viTardeba agreTve mcenaris fesvebze, foTlebze,
muxlTSorisebze da Reros sxva nawilebze.
K kvirti - es Canasaxovani Reroa, romelic Sedgeba damoklebuli Rerosa da
Canasaxovani foTlebisgan. Ddamoklebuli Reros wverSi mdebareobs zrdis
wertili. Mmisi ujredebis dayofis xarjze mcenaris Rero izrdeba sigrZeSi
da warmoqmnis sxva organoebs. Kkvirtebi arian vegetatiuri, generaciuli da
Sereuli.
kvirti garedan xSirad dafarulia foTlisebri warmoSobis mfaravi
qerqlebiT, romlebic icaven kvirtis Sida nawils dazianebisgan. erTwlian
balaxovan mcenareebs tipiuri mfaravi qerqlebi ara aqvT, isini mwvane, nazi
foTlebiT arian dafarulni. kvirtis Sida, centraluri nawilis Reros
Canasaxi aqvs da wveriT bolovdeba. es wveri konusisebri moyvanilobisaa da
mas zrdis konusi ewodeba; zogjer zrdis konusi sxvadasxvanairia: brtyeli,
Cazneqili, sferuli da sxva.
Reroze ganlagebis mixedviT, kenwerosa da gverdiTi kvirtebis garda,
mcenareebs uviTardebaT mozamTre, mZinara, damatebiTi da Cekia kvirtebi.
14
sivrceSi ganlagebis mixedviT asxvaveben ganviTarebuli Reroebis Semdeg
tipebs: swormdgomi, dawvenili, mcocavi da a.S.
Reros forma umetesad cilindrulia, romelic mcenareTa
umetesobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. xSirad gvxvdeba waxnagovani,
samwaxnagovani, oTxwaxnagovani, mravalwaxnagovani Reroebi.
Reros zoma metad gansxvavebulia, rogorc simaRliT da sigrZiT, ise
sisqiT da siganiT.
Reros an ylortebis mixedviT mcenareebi Semdeg sasicocxlo formebad
iyofa: xeebad, buCqebad, naxevrad buCqebad da balaxebad.
xe iseTi formaa, romelsac 5-6 m-dan dawyebuli ramdenime aTeuli metris
Rero uviTardeba. mTavari Rero mravalwliania da misi tanis zeda nawils
Zlieri, sxvadasxva datotianebiT kargad ganviTarebuli varji (krona) aqvs.
buCqi iseTi mcenarea, romelTa Reros simaRle 2-dan 6-m-mde aRwevs. mas
mTavari Rero kargad ara aqvs gamosaxuli, vinaidan Rero niadagis zedapirze
itoteba.
naxevrad buCqebi miekuTvneba iseTi mcenareebis formas, romelTac 1 da 1.5
m-is zomis Rero uviTardebaT. Reros qveda nawili mravalwliania da uxevdeba,
xolo zeda nawili vegetaciis bolos xmeba.
balaxi iseTi formis mcenarea, romelsac ramdenime sm-dan dawyebuli
erTidan ori metris simaRlemde susti, umerqno Rero aqvs. balaxovani
mcenarea:
1. erTwliani, romelic zrdisa da ganviTarebis mTel cikls gadis da
amTavrebs erT savegetacio periodSi;
2. orwliani, romelsac vegetaciis periodi axasiaTebs. vegetaciis pirvel
wels mas fesvis yelTan, niadagis zemoT, foTlebis rozeti uviTardeba;
xolo vegetaciis meore wels ki - Rero yvavilebiTa da nayofiT;
3. mravalwliani iseTi formaa, romelsac mravalwliani miwisqveSa
fesvebi, fesvurebi, tuberebi da bolqvebi axasiaTebs. miwiszeda
nawilebiT (ReroebiT da foTlebiT) isini erT wels amTavreben
vegetacias_yvavilobas, Teslis ganviTarebas da nayofmsxmoiarobas.
bevr mcenares gverdiTi kvirtebidan mokle muxlTSorisebiT damoklebuli
ylortebi uviTardebaT. aseT damoklebul ylortebs sigrZeSi neli zrda
axasiaTebs. damoklebuli ylortebi mravali mcenarisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli. damoklebuli ylortebia agreTve Warxlis, stafilos,
furisulas, vardkaWkaWas mcenareTa foTlis rozeti. damoklebul ylortad
iTvleba kombostos Tavic.
ufro metad damoklebuli an sxva saxis ylortis saxecvlilebebi, rac
dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva funqciebis SesrulebasTan, cnobilia ylortis
(Reros) metamorfozis saxelwodebiT. axal funqciebTan erTad icvleba maTi
formac.
Reros metamorfozi orgvaria: miwiszeda da miwisqveSa.
miwisqveSa Reros saxecvlilebebs ekuTvnis: fesvura, tuberi (gorgli) da
bolqvi.
fesvura miwiqveSa Reroa, romlis daniSnulebaa: 1) uaryofiT pirobebTan
Segueba, 2) vegetaciuri gamravleba da 3) zogjer sazrdo nivTierebaTa
dagrovebac.
15
fesvura dafarulia qerqlebiT. qerqlebi foTlis saxecvlilebaa. am
qerqlebis ubeSi kvirtebi viTardeba. fesvura, fesvisgan gansxvavebiT,
iviTarebs foTlebs da wesierad ganlagebul kvirtebs. formiT fesvura
Tasmisebria, wvrili da grZeli. fesvura niadagis sxvadasxva siRrmezea
garTxmuli, rac fesvuriani mcenareebisa da niadagis Taviseburebazea
damokidebuli.
1 2
fesvTa saxeebi: 1) RerZula fesvi, 2) funja fesvTa sisitema
16
CaRrmavebul adgilSi sam-sami kvirtia, zogjer metic. tuberebi warmoSobis
mixedviT orgvaria: fesviseuli da Reroseuli.
fesvurasTan da tuberTan erTad, mravali mcenare iviTarebs rogorc
miwisqveSa, ise miwiszeda Reros saxecvlilebebs bolqvebis saxiT da maT
bolqvian mcenareebs uwodeben.
bolqvi umetesad damaxasiaTebelia erTlebniani balaxovani
mcenareebisTvis. bolqvs, gansakuTrebiT mSral pirobebSi, mozardi mcenareebi
iviTareben da amdenad igi Reros iseTi saxecvlilebaa, romelic garkveul
Seguebas amJRavnebs uaryofiT saarsebo pirobebTan. amave dros, bolqvi
mcenaris vegetaciuri gamravlebis erT-erTi saSualebaa, zogjer ki sazrdo
nivTierebebis damgrovebeli.
bolqvi Sedgeba zrdaSezRuduli da damoklebuli Rerosgan. mas bolqvis
Ziri ewodeba.
bolqvis Zirze, qerqlis saxiT ganlagebulia ori wyeba foTlebi. erTi wyeba
gareTa mSrali sifrifana foTlebi - bolqvis mfaravi qerqlia, xolo Sida
xorcovani foTlebi warmoadgenen marag sazrdo nivTierebaTa saTavsos.
bolqvis centrSi oqros zrdis konusia, romelic nazi, sifrifana
foTlebiT aris dafaruli. am foTlebisgan meore wels, vegetaciis win,
miwiszeda ylortis Cveulebrivi foTlebi viTardeba. es miwiszeda ylorti ki
aseve vegetaciis meore wels warmoqmnilia bolqvis Ziris wveris kvirtidan,
romlisganac Semdeg axali mcenare warmoiSoba.
Sida borcvovani qerqlebis ubeebSi xSirad kvirtebi sxedan. am kvirtebis
zrdis Sedegad, Svileuli patara zomis bolqvebi anu bolqvis kbilebi
viTardeba. TviT bolqvis kbilebidan damatebiTi gverdiTi ylortebi
warmoiqmneba. bolqvis Ziri didi raodenobiT ikeTebs damatebiT fesvebs,
romelTa saSualebiTac igi niadags emagreba da niadagidan awvdis mcenares
wyalsa da wyalSi gaxsnil mineralur nivTierebebs.
mravali mcenare dasamagrebeli nawilebis saxiT iviTarebs ulvaSebs,
romlebic zogjer totebisagan an muxlTaSorisebisgan viTardeba. ulvaSebi
axasiaTebs gogrisebrTa umravlesobas, vazs da sxva.
ulvaSebis saSualebiT zogierTi mcocavi liana sayrden substrats
emagreba.
miwaze garTxmul an mwoliare Reroebs muxlebSi ylortebi uviTardebaT.
aseTi ylortisgan mcenaris sxvadasxva misamagrebeli metamorfozuli nawili
viTardeba. mokle muxlTaSorisian ylortebs lerwebi an larTxebi ewodeba.
xolo, dagrZelebul muxlTaSorisian ylortebs _ pwkalebi. pwkaliani
mcenareebia marwyvi, marwyvbalaxa, oSoSi da sxva.
yvavili TesliT gamravlebis organoa, damoklebuli saxeSecvlili Reroa,
romelsac Seswevs damtvervis, ganayofierebis, Teslisa da nayofis
warmoqmnis unari. Yyvavilis Semadgeneli nawilebisgan gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba mtvrianebsa da butkos, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba
yvavilis ganayofiereba. yvavili yvavilsafariTa da butkoTi mxolod
farulTeslovnebs aqvT. yvavilis Semoklebul, gamsxvilebul Reros ewodeba
yvavilsajdomi, xolo yvavilsajdomis qvemoT mdebare Reros nawils _
yvavilis yunwi.
17
yvavilsajdomze yvavilis yvela ZiriTadi nawilia ganlagebuli:
yvavilsafari jamisa da gvirgvinis saxiT, agreTve generaciuli elementebi _
mtvrianebi da butko.
yvavilsajdomi sayvavile Reroze yunwiTaa mimagrebuli an zogjer
mjdomarea, e.i. yunwi ara aqvs. yvavilsajdomi sami saxisaa: 1) brtyeli,
romelic yvavilebis umravlesobas axasiaTebs; 2) amozneqili (baia, magnolia).
3) Cazneqili yvavilsajdomi (askili).
yvavilis foToli ubeSi mjdomare kvirtidanaa warmoSobili. es foTolTa
mfaravia, romelic zogjer yvavilis yunwze viTardeba da Tanayvaviledi
ewodeba.
jami. yvavilis gareTa wyeba FfoTlebia, romlebic gvirgvinTan erTad
orpira yvavilsafars qmnis. misi daniSnulebaa yvavilis Sida, SedarebiT nazi
nawilebis dacva, roca yvavili gauSlelia. jami umetesad mwvane ferisaa,
zogjer ki Seferadebuli.
gvirgvini. jamis Semdegi Sida wyeba foTlebs warmoadgens da jamTan erTad
yvavilsafars qmnis. gvirgvinis foTlebi, jamis foTlebTan SedarebiT, ufro
nazi da sifrifanaa, amitom maT xSirad furclebs uwodeben.
mtvriana. mtvrianaTa kompleqss androceumi ewodeba. mtvriana Sedgeba:
samtvreebisgan da mtvrianebis Zafisagan. mtvrianas Zafi xSirad viwro
cilindruli formisaa, zogjer brtyeli da firfitnairia. mtvriana Zafebis
daniSnuleba samtvreebisa da masSi momwifebuli marcvlebis gavrcelebaa, e.i.
damtvervis xelis Sewyobaa.
mtvrianebis ganlageba yvavilSi umetesad wriuli an spiraluria. mtvriana
_ mamrobiTi yvavili, Zafis, samtvereebis da Suasabamisgan Sedgeba. samtvere
ufro xSirad oria - or-or budiani. samtvereSi mtvris marcvlebi -
mikrosporebi warmoiqmneba. mtvris marcvlebi metad mcire zomisaa, sxvadasxva
Seferilobis.
18
butko. mas sxvanairad gineciumsac uwodeben, igi nayofis mdedrobiTi
elementia. butko Sedgeba naskvis, svetisa da dingisgan. yvavilSi erTi an
ramdenime butkoa.
naskvi butkos qveda, umetesad gamsxvilebuli nawilia. misi mdebareoba
SeiZleba iyos zeda, Sua da qveda. naskvis es sami saxe mcenareTa sistematikis
diagnostikuri niSania.
sveti butkos is Seviwroebuli nawilia, romelic atarebs samtvre mils
naskvSi da Semdeg ki TeslkvirtSi. svetis SigniT ramdenime nayofis
foTlisgan warmoqmnili svetis milia, romelic mTlianad an nawilobriv
gamtari qsoviliTaa amovsebuli da xels uwyobs mtvris milis Cazrdas
naskvSi.
dingi _ butkos kenweruli nawilia, romelzec damtvervis Semdeg mtvris
marcvali xvdeba da samtvre mili viTardeba. dingi sxvadasxva moyvanilobisaa:
zogjer burTiviT mrgvalia, zogjer ki grZeli, Zafnairi an gayofili.
mweris, qaris an sxva saSualebiT gadatanili mtvris marcvlebis dasaWerad
bewvebiTa da sxvadasxva gamonazardebiT aris dafaruli an lorwovan-
webovania.
naskvis SigniT erTi an ramdenime Teslkvirtia ganviTarebuli. Teslkvirti
naskvSi yunwiT aris mimagrebuli.
yvavilebi gansxvavdeba yvavilsafaris mixedviTac. arseboben
orpiryvavilsafariani da calpiryvavilsafariani, rodesac marto jamia an
mxolod gvirgvini; Tu mxolod gvirgvinia, mas gvirgvinisebri yvavilsafari
hqvia; mxolod jamis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi _ jamisebri yvavilsafari. aseTi
yvavilsafari aqvT nacarqaTamisebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebs (Warxali,
ispanaxi). gvxvdeba uyvavilsafaro yvavilebic, rogoric aqvT marcvlovanTa
ojaxis warmomadgenlebs: xorbals, siminds. maTi yvavili jamsa da gvirgvins
moklebulia, magram yvavili mfarav kilebSi zis.
simetriis mixedviT aris wesieri an aqtinomorfozuli, zigomorfozuli da
asimetriuli yvavilebi. wesier yvavilSi, yvavilis gvirgvinis furclebi
erTnairia. amitom, isini simetriis sibrtyiT, mravali mimarTulebiT iyofa
simetriul nawilebad. zigomorful yvavilSi gvirgvinis furclebi uTanabroa,
magaliTad, lobios yvavilis gvirgvinSi erTi furceli didia, ori ufro
patara da meore ori kidev ufro patara, rac iwvevs mis zigomorfulobas.
asimetriul yvavilSi yvela wevri uTanabroa, amitom masze arc erTi
simetriis sibrtye ar gaivleba.
yvavilebi gansxvavdeba sqesis mixedviTac. Tu yvavilSi mxolod butkoa
ganviTarebuli, aseTi yvavili mdedrobiTia, xolo mtvrianebis ganviTarebis
SemTxevevaSi ki _ mamrobiTi. mcenare, romlis yvavilebi orsqesiania,
erTbiniani ewodeba. Tu yvavilebi calsqesiania, maSin orbiniani.
mravallebniani iseT mcenareebs ewodebaT, romlebsac aqvT rogorc
orsqesiani, ise erTsqesiani yvavilebi, aseTebia: baRCeuli kulturebi
gogrisebrTa ojaxidan.
yvaviledi. Tu ramdenime yvavili sayvavile Reroze jgufadaa ganlagebuli,
vegetaciur foTlebs ar iviTarebs da aqvs mxolod mfaravi foTlebi,
19
yvaviledi ewodeba. bunebaSi yvaviledi ufro xSiria, vidre yvavili, romelic
sayvavile Reroze martoulad zis. yvaviledis biologiuri mniSvneloba
Zalian didia. yvaviledad Sekrebili, patara, SeumCneveli yvavilebi
mwerebisTvis SesamCnevi xdeba. mwerebi jvaredin damtvervas uwyoben xels.
yvaviledis ori jgufi arsebobs: ganusazRvreli anu botrituli tipis
yvaviledi (`botris~ berZnulad `mtevani~) da gansazRvruli anu cimozuri
(`cim~ berZnulad `talRa~).
botrituli yvaviledis mTavari RerZi Zlieria da monopoduradaa
datotianebuli. am tipis yvaviledebSi ayvaveba qveda yvaviledidan iwyeba da
bolos kenweruli yvavili iSleba.
cimozur yvaviledSi ayvaveba zeda yvavilidan iwyeba da sayvavile Reros
zrda Cerdeba.
botruli yvaviledis saxeebia: TavTavi, mtevani, fari, qolga, kalTa,
sagvela, rTuli TavTavi, rTuli qolga. rTuli iseT yvavileds ewodeba,
romelTa yvavilebi datotvil yunwebze sxedan.
cimozur yvavilebs miekuTvneba: minixaziumi_erTsxiviani, dixaziumi-
orsxiviani da pleioqaziumi_mravalsxiviani.
yvavili gamravlebas emsaxureba, amisTvis yvavili jer imtvereba,
damtvervis Semdeg yvavilSi ganayofiereba xdeba, ris Sedegadac yvavilidan
Tesli da nayofi warmoiqmneba, TesliT ki mcenare mravldeba.
20
Tesli. Tesli warmoiSoba ormagi ganayofierebis Sedegad, e.i. Tesli aris
ganayofierebis Semdeg ganviTarebuli, saxeSecvlili Teslkvirti
(megasporangiumi). Teslkvirtis ganayofierebis ASemdeg, jer meoreuli
birTvis, xolo Semdeg ki kvercxujredis ramdenjerme dayofis gziT,
viTardeba Tesli, ganayofierebuli meore birTvi mraval birTvad iyofa.
Tesli Seicavs momavali mcenaris fesvis, Reros da kvirtis Canasaxebs da
sazrdos marags CanasaxisTvis.
Canasaxs warmoqmnis ganayofierebuli kvercxujredi (zigota), xolo
nivTierebis damagrovebel qsovils (endosperms) ki meoreuli birTvi.
endospermi ixarjeba Canasaxis Camosayalibeblad an Teslis gaRivebisas,
Canasaxis mcenared ganviTarebisTvis.
Canasaxis orive mxareze ori borcvi warmoiqmneba. es ori borcvi
(orlebnianebSi) viTardeba or lebnad, romelSic Canasaxia moqceuli. lebnebi
orlebnianebSi foTliseuli warmoSobisaa da maT pirveli foTlebi ewodeba.
Teslis gaRivebis Semdeg, orlebnianebSi lebnebi niadagis zeviT, Reros
miyvebian, asimilacias axdenen, riTac foTliseul bunebas amJRavneben. orive
lebanSi sazrdo masalaa dagrovili Canasaxis gasaviTareblad.
mcenareebidan gamoyofen or did jgufs: erTlebnianebs da orlebnianebs.
orlebnianebi saxeobaTa raodenobiTa da gavrcelebiT bevrad sWarboben
erTlebnianebs.
orlebniani mcenareebi ganvixiloT Teslis aRnagobis magaliTze. lobios
Tesli. igi garedan kaniT aris dafaruli. rogori moyvanilobisac ar unda
iyos lobios Tesli, mainc ganirCeva misi ori mxare: erTi muclis mxare,
sadac Wipia moTavsebuli, xolo meore misi sawinaaRmdego mxare - zurgis
mxare, nawiburi. lobios Tesli zurgis mxridan dalbobis Semdeg or naxevrad
iyofa. es naxevrebi lebnebia, romelTa Sua mxare brtyelia, zeda ki
amozneqili. am or lebans Soris Wipis areSi Canasaxia. Canasaxi Sedgeba
Canasaxovani fesvis, Rerosa da erTi wyvili foTlisgan. lobios TeslSi
sazrdo nivTierebis damgrovebeli qsovili_endospermi ar aris warmodgenili
da sazrdo nivTiereba lebanSi viTardeba. aseTi Tesli uendospermoa.
erTlebniani Teslis aRnagoba ganvixiloT simindis Teslis magaliTze.
simindis Tesli erTi lebnisgan Sedgeba. lebanSi sazrdo nivTiereba ar aris
dagrovili. igi hyofs Teslis Canasaxs endospermisgan da mas fari ewodeba.
Teslis qveda nawili Canasaxisgan Sedgeba (fesvis, Rerosa da Canasaxisgan),
romlis zeda, didi nawilisgan satixriTaa gamoyofili. zeda nawilSi sazrdo
nivTierebis damgrovebeli qsovili endospermia da amitom, aseTi Tesli
endospermiania.
Teslis forma mravalgvaria: mrgvali, ovaluri, Tirkmlisebri, sferuli,
mogrZo, elifsuri da sxva. bunebaSi sxvadasxva zomisa da wonis Teslia
gavrcelebuli.
ganayofierebis Semdeg ganviTarebuli saxecvlili butko nayofia, e.i. is,
rac naskvisgan Teslis momwifebasTan erTad viTardeba.
nayofi Teslis safari da gamavrcelebeli mowyobilobaa. nayofis SeqmnaSi,
naskvis garda yvavilis sxva nawilebic monawileoben, rogoricaa:
yvavilsajdomi, yvavilsafari, butkos sveti da dingi, mtvriana da sxva, Tumca
nayofis SeqmnaSi butkos nawilebidan ZiriTadad naskvi iRebs monawileobas,
iSviaTad sveti, xolo ufro iSviaTad dingi, romelic ganayofierebis Semdeg,
21
momwifebisas Wkneba da cviva. rodesac nayofis SeqmnaSi marto naskvi
monawileobs, aseTi nayofi namdvili nayofia. naskvTan erTad Tu yvavilis sxva
nawilebic (yvavilsajdomi, yvavilsafari) monawileoben, maSin warmoiSoba
cru nayofi. xSirad yvavilSi erTi butkoa da misgan mxolod erTi nayofi
warmoiqmneba, mas martivi nayofi ewodeba. rodesac yvavilSi ramdenime butkoa
da TiToeuli butkodan TiTo nayofi viTardeba, maSin rTuli an nakrebi
nayofi iqmneba. martivi da rTuli nayofi amavdroulad SeiZleba iyos
namdvili da cru. magaliTad, kenkris nayofi martivia, magram Tu mis
warmoSobaSi yvavilsajdomi an jamis foTlebi monawileoben, maSin nayofi
cru kenkra iqneba.
nayofsafaris mixedviT nayofis umravlesoba or qvejgufad iyofa. wvniani
an xorcovani iseTi nayofia, romlis nayofsafari umetesad meti an naklebi
raodenobiT wvens Seicavs da uxsnadi (iSviaTad mSrali). wvniani nayofidan
gamoirCeva kenkra da kurkiani nayofis tipebi.
kenkra (mravalTesliani, iSviaTad erTTesliani) wvniani an xorcovani
nayofia. kenkra zeda an qveda naskvisagan warmoiqmneba. kenkranayofs iviTarebs:
kowaxuri, xurtkmeli, vazi, mocvi, pomidori, satacuri da a.S.
tipuri kenkra nayofidan calkea gamoyofili kenkras msgavsi nayofi:
vaSlura, romelTa nayofsafaris Sida, gansakuTrebiT Sua nawili (rbilobi)
xorcovania da cru nayofs warmoadgens. vaSluras tipiuri magaliTebia:
vaSli, msxali, komSi da a. S.
nayofs zogjer egzokarpiumi (gareTa nawili, romelic tyavisebria an
Txeli kaniT aris dafaruli) gamagrebuli aqvs, misi xorcovani nawili
naskvis kedlebis Sida Sreebisa da misi gamonazardebisgan iqmneba. nayofis es
forma gogrulas saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. gogrula nayofi gogras, nesvs,
sazamTros, kitrs da sxv. axasiaTebs.
kenkrovani nayofis formisaa narinjula. narinjula iseTi kenkrovani
nayofia, romelsac sxvadasxva nawilisgan Semdgari nayofsafari axasiaTebs.
misi gareTa nawili _ egzokarpiumi sqeli tyavisebria, Sua _ mezokarpiumi
SedarebiT Txeli da mSralia, xolo Sida _ endokarpiumi ki wvniani an
xorcovania. narinjula nayofis mqone mcenarea: mandarini, limoni, forToxali
da. a.S.
SedarebiT naklebad gavrcelebuli tipia kurkiana nayofebi. isini ufro
xSirad erTTesliani nayofia. kurkianas nayofsafari Cveulebriv, xorcovania,
iSviaTad mSrali. kurkianebidan farTodaa gavrcelebuli: qliavi, bali,
alubali, tyemali. gargari da a.S.
mSrali nayofi, iseTi nayofia, romelsac nayofsafari gamagrebuli,
gaxevebuli an tyavisebri aqvs da wvens ar Seicavs. mSrali nayofi or jgufad
iyofa: mSrali TviTxsnadi da mSrali uxsnadi. mSrali TviTxsnadi nayofi
iseTi nayofia, romlis nayofsafari (perikarpiumi) momwifebis Semdeg ixsneba
da SigniT arsebuli Tesli gadmoibneva; mSral TviTxsnad nayofs ekuTvnis:
foTlura, parki, Woti da kolofi.
foTlura erTi nayofis foTlisgan Semdgari erTbudiani nayofia.
momwifebisas igi muclis nakerze ixsneba zevidan qveviT da umetesad
mravalTesliania. foTlura nayofi baiasebrTa ojaxis mraval warmomadgenels
axasiaTebs (iordaslami, xarisZira, sosani).
22
parki, ise rogorc foTlura, erTi nayofis foTlisgan ganviTarebuli
nayofia. misi gaxsna xdeba muclisa da zurgis nakeriT e. i. orive mxriT, ori
sagduliT - zevidan qveviT; igi umeteswilad mravalTesliania. parki
parkosanTa ojaxisTvis damaxasiaTebli nayofia.
Woti ori nayofis foTlisgan Semdgari ori an mravalTesliani nayofia da
orbudiania. Sezrdili nayofis foTlisagan Seqmnili Teslebi tixaris
wibozea or rigad ganlagebuli, ori sagduliT ixsneba qvevidan zeviT. nayofi
grZeli da viwroa, magram zogjer sigrZe da sigane TiTqmis Tanabaria da aseT
nayofs Wotaki ewodeba. Woti da Wotaki jvarosanTa ojaxis tipiuri nayofia.
kolofi iseTi nayofia, romlis SeqmnaSi ori an ramdenime nayofis foToli
monawileobs. igi erTi an mravalbudiani nayofia, xSirad mravalTesliani.
kolofi sxvadasxvanairi formisaa da metad gavrcelebuli nayofia. misi
gaxsna sagdulebiT ramdenime gziT xdeba: saxuraviT (lencofa), xvrelebiT
(yayaCo), napralebiT (lema) da kbilebiT (furisula). saxuravis moxsnis
Sedegad Tesli TandaTan gamoifanteba.
mSrali uxsnadi nayofi is jgufia, romelTa gaxevebuli an gamagrebuli
nayofsafari momwifebisas ar iSleba da umetesad arc Tesls Seicavs; mSrali
uxsnadi nayofia: kakali, Teslura, marcvala da frTiana.
kakali iseTi mSrali, uxsnadi nayofia, romlis ufro sqeli an Txeli
nayofsafari gamagrebuli an gaxevebulia. kakali erTTesliani nayofia.
Cveulebrivi kakali aqvs mag. Txils; kaklis tipis nayofs miekuTvneba muxis
nayofi _ rko, wifela.
kakluWa _ kaklisebri anu wiladuri kakalia, erTi nayofis foTlisgan
Semdgari erTi TesliT. kakluWas nayofsafari ufro tyavisebria, vidre
gaxevebuli, is laSqarasebrTa ojaxebis mcenareebs uviTardebaT.
Teslura ori nayofis foTlisagan Semdgari erTTesliani, mSrali uxsnadi
nayofia. Tesluras tyavisebri nayofsafari akravs ise, rom TeslTan ar aris
Sezrdili. Teslura rTulyvavilovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nayofia,
xSirad mas zogierTi vardisebrnic iviTareben.
kaklisa da Teslura nayofs Soris gardamaval formas ekuTvnis marcvali
da frTiana.
marcvali nayofis iseTi formaa, romlis nayofsafari mWidrodaa
Sezrdili TeslTan. marcvali sami an ramdenime nayofis foTlisaganaa
ganviTarebuli. marcvala nayofi TiTqmis yvela marcvlovans axasiTebs.
frTiana kaklis an Tesluras nayofis iseTi formaa, romelsac tyavisebri
an sifrifanisebri nayofsafari uviTardeba. mas nayofsafari frTisebr
gamonazardad aqvs qceuli. frTiana kakali aqvs magaliTad arys, Telas,
ifnas, ZeZvs.
zogierTi nayofi, ganayofierebis gareSe uTeslod viTardeba da aseT
nayofs parTenokarpuli nayofi ewodeba. aseTi nayofi umTavresad kulturul
mcenareebs axasiaTebT, rogoricaa vaSli, msxali, leRvi, gogra, kitri.
Teslisa da nayofis gavrceleba. nayofidan gamoTavisuflebuli an
nayofSive momwifebuli Tesli nayofTan erTad sxvadasxva gziT vrceldeba.
maT gavrcelebas xels uwyobs Teslze an nayofze warmoqmnili
gansakuTrebuli gamonazardebi _ bewvebis, jagrebis, frTebis, fexebis,
eklebis da sxvaTa saxiT da nayofebis gareTa webovneba. gavrcelebis
23
ZiriTadi reagentebia: qari, wyali, frinvelebi, cxovelebi, mwerebi, adamianis
gonivruli an aragonivruli Careva.
mcenareTa gamravleba
24
mcenareebi mravldebian gorglebiTac, aseTia Tero, jadvari da sxva.
kartofilis gamravleba misi gorglebiT xdeba, Tumca igi Teslsac iviTarebs.
kauCukis momcem mcenareebs (koksaRizi da TausaRizi) fesvis naWrebiT saTesi
manqaniT Tesaven, e.i. vegetaciuri gamravlebiT mohyavT. saqme imaSia, rom am
mcenareebs fesvebze damatebiTi kvirtebi aqvT da fesvs ise Wrian, rom naWers
kvirtebi gahyves. fesvis kvirtiani nawilidan axali mcenare viTardeba.
vegetaciurad mravldeba agreTve pitna da tarxuna, romlebic fesvurebs
iviTareben.
nioris gamravleba soflis meurneobaSi bolqvis kbilebiT xdeba.
marwyvi vegetaciurad, pwkalebiT mravldeba. mas uviTardeba ylortis
miwiszeda saxecvlileba _ pwkali, romelic fesviandeba da axal mcenared
iwyebs ganviTarebas. aseTi gamravlebis gziT, erTi mcenaridan erT sezonze
SeiZleba didi farTobi daifaros.
vazi, iseve rogorc vardi, kalmebiT mravldeba. SeiZleba vardi da bevri
sxva mcenarec gadawveniT gamravldes. amisTvis, tots gadaxrian
horizontalurad da aTavseben winaswar gafxvierebuli niadagis amoRebul
kvalSi. zemodan mas fxvier miwas waafareben da amagreben niadagSi. ramdenime
xnis Semdeg toti dafesviandeba da miwis zemoT axal ylortebs amoiyris. amis
Semdeg, axal amonayars deda mcenaridan moWrian da igi damoukidebel
mcenared iwyebs ganviTarebas.
vegetaciuri gamravlebis gansakuTrebuli saxeobaa mynoba-transplantacia.
mynoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom roca erTi mcenaris nawils _ qsovils an
organos, meore mcenareze gadanergaven, maT Soris xdeba Sexorceba da am ori
komponentis urTierTzemoqmedebiT axali Tvisebis mqone totebi viTardeba.
mcenares, romelzec amynoben, saZire hqvia da romliTac amynoben _
sanamyene. saZired iyeneben gareul velur saxeebs, romelic Seguebulia
adgilobriv pirobebs, sanamyened ki - kulturul, kargi Tvisebebis mqone
mcenares, romlis Tvisebebic surT SesZinon velur mcenares.
sqesobivi gamravleba axasiaTebs yvela tipis mcenares, baqteriebisa da
lurj-mwvane wyalmcenareebis garda.
yvavilovani mcenareebis sqesobrivi gamravleba dakavSirebulia haploiduri
mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi ujredebis _ gametis warmoqmnasTan. calke arc
erTi sqesis gametas erTmaneTTan Serwymis gareSe arseboba da miT ufro
STamomavlobis warmoqmna ar SeuZlia. Ggametebis Serwymis Sedegad
(ganayofiereba), Tvisobrivad axali diploiduri qromosomebis mqone ujredi
_ zigota warmoiqmneba, rac axal Taobas warmoqmnis.
Gganayofierebas win uswrebs damtverva _ mtvrianebidan mtvris gadatana
butkoze. Aasxvaveben jvaredin damtvervas, rodesac mtveri mwerebis an qaris
daxmarebiT da TviTdamtverviT erTi mcenaridan gadadis meore mcenareze.
TviTmtveria mcenareebs miekuTvneba xorbali, qeri, Wvavi, barda, lobio da
sxva.
25
ki Cndeba mcenaris aRmonaceni, romelic amodis niadagis zedapirze. P
pirvel xanebSi aRmonacenebi iyeneben Teslis samarago nivTierebebs, xolo
dafesvianebis Semdeg, axalgazrda mcenareebi gadadian fesvur kvebaze,
ayalibeben foTlebs da fotosinTezis xarjze warmoqmnian maTi zrda-
ganviTarebisTvis aucilebel organul nivTierebebs.
Mmcenareebs aqvT ganviTarebis - vegetatiuri da generaciuli organoebis
warmoqmnis fazebi. Mmarcvlovnebs aqvT Semdegi fazebi: aRmoceneba, bartyoba,
aRereba, daTavTaveba, yvaviloba, rZisebri simwife, cvilisebri simwife,
sruli simwife.
sxva kulturebSi (magaliTad parkosnebi da wiwibura) asxvaveben Semdeg
fazebs: aRmoceneba, pirveli namdvili foTlis warmoqmna, Reros datotva,
butonebis warmoqmna, yvaviloba, nayofis warmoqmna, Teslis momwifeba.
mcenareTa zrda-ganviTarebaze dakvirveba aucilebelia, raTa ukeT
SeviswavloT maTi moTxovna garemo pirobebze da aqedan gamomdinare
gavataroT Sesabamisi agroRonisZiebebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SeiZleba
SevqmnaT mcenareTa ganviTarebisTvis xelsayreli pirobebi. amasTan erTad,
gasaTvaliwinebelia, rom mcenareTa umetesoba vegetatiuri organoebis
Camoyalibebas amTavrebs ganviTarebis adreul stadiaze. Aamitom, rac ufro
optimaluri pirobebi aqvs am dros mcenareebs, miT metia maTi mosavlianoba.
fotosinTezi da sunTqva
26
STanTqmuli energiis (far) araumetes 1,5-3%-sa. mcenareebSi fotosinTezi
iwyeba Zalze mcire ganaTebis pirobebSi, ganaTebis matebasTan erTad igi
TandaTan Zlierdeba. sinaTlis naklebobis dros, sunTqva aWarbebs
fotosinTezs, organuli nivTierebebi aRar grovdeba da piriqiT ixarjeba. M
msgavs movlenebs adgili aqvs Zlier CaxSirebul naTesebsa da nargavebSi.
sinaTlis intensivoba da speqtris Semadgenloba, ganaTebis xangrZlivoba
moqmedebs ara marto fotosinTezze, aramed mcenareTa zrda-ganviTarebis
tempzec. Aamcireben an axangrZliveben daTesvidan mcenareTa yvavilobisa da
mosavlis aRebamde periods. naTesebSi sinaTlis pirobebis regulireba
SeiZleba Tesvis vadebiT, Tesvis sixSiriT, Sereuli SeTesviT da sxva
agroRonisZiebebiT.
sasoflo-sameurneo mcenareTaTvis fotosinTezis dasawyebad minimaluri
temperatura Seadgens 0-50 C. yvelaze xelsayreli optimaluri temperatura,
romlis drosac fotosinTezis intensivoba aRwevs maqsimums, sxvadasxva
mcenareTaTvis meryeobs 20-300 C sazRvrebSi. temperaturis Semdgomi mateba
iwvevs fotosinTezis intensivobis Semcirebas, xolo 40-450 C-ze saerTod
wydeba.
yoveli cocxali organizmis sunTqvis arsi erTi da igivea, magram
cxovelTa sunTqva ufro intensiuria, vidre mcenaris.
sunTqvis intensivobaze did gavlenas axdens Sinagani da garegani
faqtorebi. sxvadasxva mcenaris sunTqvis intensivoba erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebulia. umdablesi mcenareebi sunTqvis didi intensivobiT
gamoirCevian, gansakuTrebiT obis sokoebi. didi energiiT sunTqaven mcenaris
swrafad mzardi organoebi, gaRivebadi Teslebi, norCi kvirtebi, foTlebi,
wvniani nayofi. asakTan erTad sunTqvis intensivoba mkveTrad ecema.
mcenaris zrdadasrulebul nawilebSi (gaxevebul ReroebSi, Zvel fesvebSi,
mSral nayofebsa da TeslebSi) sunTqva sustia da zogjer sruliad
SeumCneveli. magaliTad, mSrali Tesli sunTqvaze weliwadSi mSrali
nivTierebis mxolod 3-4%-s xarjavs.
garegani pirobebidan sunTqvis procesze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens
haeris temperatura. fotosinTezisgan gansxvavebiT, mcenareTa sunTqva
mimdinareobs gacilebiT dabali temperturis pirobebSi. 00 C-ze dabal
temperaturaze mcenaris sunTqva Cveulebriv Cerdeba, Tumca mRierebi minus 100-
ze, xolo wiwvovnebi ki minus 200-zec ganagrZoben sunTqvas.
temperaturis matebasTan erTad izrdeba sunTqvis intensivobac.
0
temperaturis yoveli 10 C-is momatebiT, sunTqvis intensivoba daaxloebiT
orjer izrdeba. mcenareTa umetesobisaTvis, sunTqvis maqsimaluri intensivoba
SeiniSneba 35-400C anu 5-100C–ze maRla, vidre fotosinTezis dros. maRal
temperaturaze mcenare kargavs naxSirwylebis marags da masSi e.w. cilovani
sunTqva iwyeba, ramac mcenaris dasusteba da mosavlianobis Semcireba
SeiZleba gamoiwvios. sunTqvis maqsimaluri temperatura 45-500C-ia, Semdeg
mcenaris cilebi ganicdian denaturacias.
sunTqvis energiaze moqmedebs sinaTlec. mwvane mcenareebi sinaTleze
gaZlierebulad sunTqaven, aramwvaneebi ki piriqiT, sunTqvas aCereben.
sunTqvisTvis metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs wyals. mSral TeslSi, romlis
tenianoba 10%-mdea, sunTqva odnavaa SesamCnevi. tenianobis 15 %-mde momatebis
27
dros sunTqvis energia 3-4-jer izrdeba, 33%-mde tenianobis dros ki Teslebis
gajirjveba iwyeba da sunTqvis intensivoba umaRles zRvars aRwevs.
mcenaris sunTqvisTvis aucilebeli pirobaa haeris Jangbadis arseboba.
Jangbadis nakleboba sunTqvis intensivobas amcirebs, amcirebs agreTve
mcenareSi mineralur nivTierebebTan xsnarebis Sewovas, rac gavlenas axdens
mcenareTa zrda-ganviTarebaze. Jangbadis naklebobis dros, normaluri
sunTqvis (aerobulis) nacvlad, uJangbado sunTqvis procesi (anaerobuli)
iwyeba. aseTi sunTqva aqvs zogierT umdables da umaRles mcenares, romlebic
Jangbads droebiT moklebulni arian. mravali mcenaris Rivi uhaerod, dRe-
Rames da metsac Zlebs. Waobis mcenareebSi sunTqvis anaerobul wess kidev
ufro didi gavrceleba aqvs.
fotosinTezis produqtebi
fotosinTezis Sedegad foTlebSi warmoiqmneba naxSirwylebi, romlebic
pirveladi anu asimilirebuli saxameblis saxiT miiReba. pirveladi saxamebeli
foTlebSi ar grovdeba; ferment distilazas gavleniT igi hidrolizdeba
(gardaiqmneba) maltozad, maltoza ferment maltazas zemoqmedebiT ki
glukozad gadaiqceva.
rogorc cnobilia, saxamebeli wyalSi ar ixsneba da amitom mas
foTlebidan sxva organoebSi gadanacvleba ar SeuZlia. Saqrad gardaqmnili
saxamebeli ki wyalSi kargad ixsneba, wyalTan erTad gadadis mcenaris
sakvebis damgrovebel organoebSi. aq Saqari ganicdis resinTezs, e.i. isev
saxameblad gadaiqceva, romelic ukve meoreuli an maragi saxamebelia.
Saqridan meoreuli saxameblis warmoqmna leikoplastebis erT-erTi
saxeobis – amiloplastebis zemoqmedebiT, zog SemTxvevaSi ki, magaliTad,
xorblis endospermSi uSualod citoplazmis gavleniT xdeba.
maragi cilebi. cilovani (proteinovani) nivTierebebi ujredSi gvxvdeba
magari, zogjer rbili, amorfuli da kristaluri saxiT.
maragi saxis cilis nivTiereba gvxvdeba ujredebSi proteinis an
aleironis marcvlebis saxiT. es marcvlebi umTavresad TeslSi warmoiqmneba.
cximiT mdidar TeslSi aleironis marcvlebi ufro msxvilia. aleironis
msxvili marclebi Seicaven dakristalebul cilas, globoidebs da mJaunmJava
kalciumis kristalebs.
Teslsa da nayofSi dagrovili maragi cila metad mniSvnelovani
sasursaTo da sakvebi nedleulia, cilebiT gansakuTrebiT mdidaria lobios,
muxudos, soias, bardis da sxva parkosnebis Tesli.
mcenareul ujredebSi gvxvdeba cximebi, eTerovani zeTebi, fisebi, kauCuki,
da a.S.
cximi Cveulebriv protoplazmaSi da plastidebSia Txeli emulsiis saxiT.
cximis Semcveli ujredisgan damzadebul preparats, wyali rom davumatoT,
uxeS dispersirebul emulsias miviRebT, wveTebis saxiT. cximi umTavresad
mwife Teslsa da sporebSi grovdeba. igi aq SeiZleba mSrali nivTierebis 70%-
s Seadgendes. cximi SeiZleba iyos mozamTre xeebis qerqSi, fesvurebsa da
nayofgaremoSic ki, rogorc aqvs magaliTad zeTis xils.
mcenareTa umetesobas cximi maragi nivTierebis saxiT aqvs dagrovili.
TeslSi cximis dagrovebas biologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs. 1 gr cximis dawviT
28
9,3 kaloria siTbo gamoiyofa, saxameblis dawviT 4,2 kaloria. amrigad, mcire
moculobisa da wonis cximis saxiT, TeslSi energiis didi maragia.
29
mSrali organuli nivTierebis Seqmnaze daxarjuli wylis raodenobas _
transpiraciis koeficienti. is warmoadgens mcenaris mier daxarjuli wylis
masis Sefardebas, warmoqmnili mSrali nivTierebis masasTan.
sxvadasxva mcenares gansxvavebuli transpiraciis koeficienti aqvs. Mmisi
saSualo maCvenebeli SeiZleba meryeobdes 200-dan 600-mde.
Y yvelaze metad wyals moixmaren: brinji, baRCeuli kulturebi,
mravalwliani balaxebi. vegetaciis manZilze sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis
mier daxarjuli wylis raodenoba Seadgens 2-4 aTas tonas 1 ha-ze da ufro
metsac.
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaTa Soris arseboben saxeobebi da jiSebi,
romlebic gamoirCevian maRali gvalvagamZleobiT. EmaTi es Tviseba
ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva faqtoriT. gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
maT Zlier fesvTa sistemas, romelsac SeuZlia CaaRwios niadagis siRrmeSi da
ukeT gamoiyenos masSi arsebuli teni. gvalvagamZle mcenareTaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia safari qsovilebis gansakuTrebuli agebuleba (cvilisebri
nafifqi, kutikula da sxva), romelic icavs mcenareTa zedapirs zedmeti
aorTqlebisgan. Yyvelaze gvalvagamZle kulturebs miekuTvneba: baRCeuli
kulturebi, simindi, sorgo, mzesumzira, yviTeli ionja da a.S.
30
sWirdebaT agreTve azoti, gogirdi, fosfori. Mmcenaris nivTierebaTa cvlaSi
did rols TamaSoben agreTve kaliumi, kalciumi, magniumi, rkina. Nmcenareebi
naklebi raodenobiT STanTqaven manganums, bors, TuTias, spilenZs,
molibdens, iods, kobalts, romelTac mikroelementebs uwodeben. niadagSi
romelime erTi elementis naklebobac ki, mkveTrad auaresebs mcenareTa
ganviTarebas da amcirebs mosavlianobas. romelime elementis ar arsebobis
gamo, mcenare SeiZleba daiRupos kidec.
Ffesvebis mier wylisa da masSi gaxsnili sakvebi elementebis STanTqmis
intensivoba ganisazRvreba Semwovi ZaliT (sxvaoba osmosur da turgorul
wnevebs Soris). is warmoiqmneba imis xarjze, rom ujredebis wvenis
koncentracia fesvis qsovilebSi Cveulebriv maRalia niadaguri xsnaris
koncentraciaze.
E evoluciis procesSi, mwvane mcenareebs CamouyalibdaT garemo pirobebTan
Seguebis sxvadasxva unari. Mmzis energiis srulad gamoyenebisTvis, isini
iviTareben mwvane foTlebis did zedapirs, romelic ramdenjerme aWarbebs
Tavad mcenareebis mier dakavebul farTobs. magaliTad, gogris erTi mcenaris
mier ganviTarebuli foTlebis farTobi SeiZleba 200 aTas sm2-s aRwevdes.
mcenareTa fesvebi sakmaod Rrmad aRweven niadagis siRrmeSi (xorbali, Wvavi
100-120 sm-mde, mzesumzira 245-sm–mde, gogra 3 m-mde). Ffesvebis saerTo sigrZe,
maTi gantotvis CaTvliT, izomeba ramdenime aseuli metrobiT, zogierTi
maTganisTvis (baRCeuli) kilometrobiTac ki. Aamas emateba isic, rom fesvebis
Semwovi zedapiris farTobi ramdenjerme izrdeba fesvis bususebis
ganviTarebis xarjze. Nniadagis profilis aTvisebisas, fesvebis zrdisas,
Zirxvenebis da bolqvebis Camoyalibebisas mcenareebi xarjaven mniSvnelovan
energias. maTi Semcireba SesaZlebelia agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebis gatarebiT
da niadagis agrofizikuri Tvisebebis gaumjobesebiT.
maRali mosavali warmoebaSi miiReba mcenareTa normaluri zrda-
ganviTarebisTvis xelsayreli garemo pirobebis TanaSewyobiT (ganaTeba, wyali,
mineraluri kveba). AamasTan, warmoebuli mosavali unda iyos maRali xarisxis.
P mosavlianobis zrdasa da produqciis xarisxze zrunva, niadagis
nayofierebisa da ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCuneba, unda warmoadgendes
mTeli agroteqnikis safuZvels.
31
mosavlianobaze. atmosferos ZiriTadi komponenti - azoti (78%) gamoiyeneba
zogierTi mcenaris mier, niadagis mikroorganizmebisa da koJris baqteriebis
daxmarebiT, romlebic saxloben parkosani mcenareebis fesvebze. isini
atmosferul azots gardaqmnian mcenarisTvis advilad SesaTvisebel
SenaerTebad.
atmosferos erT-erT ZiriTad Semadgenel nawilad iTvleba wylis orTqli,
romlis raodenoba 0-dan 4%-mde cvalebadobs. wylis orTqlis arsebobas
atmosferoSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs amindisa da klimatisTvis. igi
ganapirobebs Rrublebis warmoqmnas da naleqebis mosvlas, moqmedebs
mcenareuli safaridan aorTqlebaze da sxva.
meteorologiuri elementebi
atmosferos mdgomareoba xasiaTdeba Semdegi faqtorebiT: temperatura,
tenianoba, haeris wneva, qaris mimarTuleba da siCqare, Rrublianoba,
naleqianoba, mzis radiaciis intensivoba, niadagis tenianoba da temperatura,
atmosferos gamWvirvaloba. Da S.
Hhaeris wneva atmosferos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia. igi
izomeba vercxliswylis svetis milimetrebiT (zRvis doneze, roca t=0
utoldeba 760 mm, 1sm2-ze.) an paskalebiT. Yyvelaze xSirad atmosferuli
wnevis gasazomad gamoiyeneba barometri.
imisTvis, rom gaezomaT wneva Zalis erTeulebSi, 1930 wels dadgenili iqna
axali saerTaSoriso erTeuli bari, rac udris vercxliswylis svetis 750,1
mm-s. meteorologiaSi atmosferos wnevis gamoTvlisTvis iyeneben baris
meaTased nawils _ milibars. atmosferuli wnevis milimetrebidan milibarSi
gadayvanisTvis saWiroa milimetrebSi miRebuli wnevis sidide gavamravloT
4/3-ze.
haeris temperaturis Secvlas, garemomcvel garemosTan siTbos gacvlis
gareSe, adiabetur process uwodeben. dadgenilia, rom Tu haeri ikumSeba,
maSin wnevac izrdeba da amasTanave matulobs temperaturac. xolo Tu haeri
farTovdeba, maSin wneva ecema da amasTanave klebulobs temperaturac.
A atmosferuli wnevis cvalebadoba SeiZleba miuTiTebdes sasoflo-
sameurneo kulturebisTvis saSiSi meteorologiuri movlenebis moaxloebas.
M mzis radiacia gvevlineba dedamiwis zedapirze da atmosferoSi mimdinare
yvela procesis ZiriTad wyarod. is Sedgeba sxvadasxva sigrZis
eleqtromagnituri talRebisgan, romelTa sigrZes gamoxataven mikrometrSi.
mzis sxivuri energiis dayofas talRebis sigrZis mixedviT speqtrs uwodeben,
romelic sam ZiriTad nawilad iyofa:
1. ultraiisfer sxivebad (talRis sigrZe <0,40 mkm)
2. xilul sxivebad (talRis sigrZe 0,40-0,76 mkm)
3. infrawiTel sxivebad (talRis sigrZe >0,76 mkm )
amasTanave, energiis ZiriTadi wyaro Tavmoyrilia talRebSi, romelTa
sigrZea 0,2-dan 24,0-mde mkm (sxivebi, romelTa sigrZe 0.2 mkm-ze naklebia,
praqtikulad ver aRweven dedamiwis zedapiramde da STainTqmebian ozonis
badis mier). Aadamianis Tvals SeuZlia aRiqvas mxolod talRebi, romelTa
sigrZe 0,4-dan 0,75 mkm-mdea da Seadgenen e. w. xilul speqtrs. mzis sxivebis
speqtridan mcenareebze biologiuri zemoqmedebis mixedviT gamoyofen:
ultraiisfer, fotosinTezur da infrawiTel sxivebTan miaxloebuls.
32
infrawiTeli radiacia ki, romlis talRebis sigrZe 4 mkm-s aRemateba,
mcenareebze axdens mxolod Tbur moqmedebas.
mcenareTaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs fotosinTezurad aqtiur
radiacias (far) _ mzis radiaciis is speqtria, romelic aqtiurad gamoiyeneba
fotosinTezis procesSi. misi intensivoba sagrZnoblad moqmedebs mcenareTa
qimiur Semadgenlobaze da Sesabamisad mosavlis xarisxze. magaliTad, Saqris
Semcveloba yurZensa da Saqris WarxalSi, cilebis Semcveloba marcvleul
kulturebSi, zeTis Semcveloba mzesumziraSi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
mziani dReebis raodenobaze, romlis drosac far-is intensivoba sagrZnoblad
izrdeba.
M mzis radiaciis intensivobis gasazomad iyeneben specialur xelsawyoebs
(aqtinometri, piranometri, albedometri da a. S). meteorologiaSi mzis
radiaciis intensivobas gamoxataven kaloriebSi 1 sm2-ze 1 wT-Si an vatebSi 1
m2-ze wamebSi.
mcenareTa ganviTarebaze did gavlenas axdens dRisa da Ramis
xangrZlivobis Tanafardoba, romelic damokidebulia geografiul
mdebareobaze da weliwadis droze. Ggamoyofen mokle dRis (romelTa
ganviTareba ferxdeba DdRis periodis 10-12 sT-ze metad gazrdis SemTxvevaSi)
da grZeli dRis mcenareebs (romlebic yvavian mxolod grZeli dRis
SemTxvevaSi). Aarseboben agreTve neitraluri fotoperiodulobis mcenareebic,
romelTa ganviTarebac naklebadaa damokidebuli dRis xangrZlivobaze. dRis
xangrZlivoba ganapirobebs agreTve mcenareebSi fiziologiur cvalebadobas,
romelic dakavSirebulia zamTris periodisTvis mzadebasTan (foTolcvena,
ujredebis wvenis SemadgenlobaSi Saqris Semcvelobis zrda, ujredis
membranis gardaqmna, wylis Semcireba).
haerisa da niadagis temperatura _ umniSvnelovanesi meteorologiuri
elementia, romelic ganapirobebs mcenareTa zrdis pirobebs. Ddedamiwis
zedapiri Tbeba mzis radiaciis STanTqmis xarjze. Mmisi garkveuli nawili
airekleba. Aareklili radiaciis Tanafardobas jamur radiaciasTan arekvlis
unari anu albedo ewodeba, igi gamoisaxeba procentebSi. MmagaliTad, axali
Tovlis albedo (arekvlis unari) aRwevs 95%, mSrali Tixaniadagisa -- 20-35%-
mde, marcvleuliT dakavebuli mindvrebisa - 10-25%-s.
niadagis mier miRebuli siTbos nawili ixarjeba wylis aorTqlebaze,
mcenareebisa da niadagispira haeris fenis gaTbobaze. siTbos garkveuli
nawili gadaecema niadagis qveda fenebs. niadagis sxvadasxva siRrmeze
arsebuli temperatura mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgens, romelic moqmedebs
mcenareTa zrda-ganviTarebaze.
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis warmoebaze Zalze did gavlenas axdens
niadagis temperatura da misi regulirebis meTodebi. MmagaliTad, niadagis
gafxviereba umniSvnelod amcirebs niadagis temperaturas, naTesebis
motkepvna ki piriqiT 1-20C zrdis mas. niadagis temperaturis regulireba
SeiZleba agreTve mulCirebis saSualebiT (niadagis zedapiris dafarva
torfiT, dakuwuli TiviT, sxvadasxva Seferilobis polieTilenis firiT da
a.S.). mulCireba mkveTrad amcirebs dRe-Ramis manZilze niadagis temperaturaTa
cvalebadobas. amasTan erTad, mulCis feridan gamomdinare, niadagis
dReRamuri temperatura SesaZlebelia gavzardoT an SevamciroT. N niadagis
temperaturis zrda SesaZlebelia agreTve SemaRlebuli kvlebis gakeTebiT,
33
specialuri polieTilenis safarvelis gamoyenebiT. Nniadagis temperaturaze
moqmedebs agreTve rwyva (temperaturis Semcireba) da melioraciis sxva
meTodebi.
A atmosferuli haeris temperatura ganpirobebulia niadagis zedapirTan
TbomonacvleobiT. ama Tu im teritoriisa da sasoflo-sameurneo kulturis
temperaturuli reJimis maxasiaTeblebidan gamoyofen: saSualo, dReRamur,
saSualo Tviur, saSualo wliur, agreTve aqtiur da efeqtur temperaturebs.
Qaqtiur temperaturaTa jami dgeba 100C meti saSualo dReRamuri
temperaturebisgan. Eefeqtur temperaturaTa jami Sedgeba saSualo RReRamur
temperaturaTa jamisgan, romelic aiTvleba biologiuri minimumis
temperaturidan (am dros mocemuli mcenare iwyebs ganviTarebas). Bbiologiur
minimums sxvanairad ganviTarebis qveda zRvarsac uwodeben. Eefeqtur
temperaturaTa jams gamoiTvlian formuliT S=E(t-t0)
sadac:
t _haeris saSualo dRe-Ramuri temperaturaa,
t0_ganviTarebis qveda zRavri. A
am monacemebis codna saSualebas gvaZlevs, ganvsazRvroT Tesvis, gadargvis,
mosavlis aRebis da sxva sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis Catarebis
optimaluri vadebi.
H haeris tenianoba. wylis orTqli mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs atmosferoSi
mimdinare sxvadasxva fizikur, qimiur da biologiur procesebSi. misi
raodenoba metad cvalebadia, rac damokidebulia amindsa da garemos mraval
faqtorze.
haeri atmosferos qveda fenebSi TiTqmis arasodes ar aris mSrali. igi
yovelTvis cvalebadi raodenobiT Seicavs wylis orTqls, e. i. wyali
gazobriv mdgomareobaSia. aseT haers uwodeben tenian haers. atmosferos
tenianobis cvlileba damokidebulia adgilis fizikur-geografiul pirobebze,
wlis droze da sxva. igi didad aris damokidebuli haeris temperaturis
cvalebadobazec. es ukanaskneli ki ganapirobebs gamJRenTi wylis orTqlis
drekadobis maqsimalur sidides. rac metia haeris temperatura, miT ufro
metia gamJRenTi wylis orTqlis drekadoba. magaliTad, 200Ctemperaturis
dros igi Seadgens 23,4 milibars (bm).
haeris tenianobis dasaxasiaTebelad xmaroben Semdeg sidideebs:
absoluturi tenianoba, SefardebiTi tenianoba, tenianobis deficiti da namis
wertili.
haeris absoluturi tenianoba_ (e) aris wylis orTqlis is raodenoba
gramebSi, romelic moTavsebulia 1m3 moculobis haerSi da gamoisaxeba gr/m3.
haeris fardobiTi tenianoba-(r) warmoadgens wylis orTqlis absoluturi
tenianobis Sefardebas mocemul temperaturaze gamJRenTi wylis orTqlis
drekadobasTan, gamosaxuls procentebSi.
haeris tenianobis deficiti anu gaJRenTvis ukmarisoba (d) aris sxvaoba
orTqlis gamJRenT drekadobasa da absolutur tenianobas Soris, romelic
gamoisaxeba mm-Si.
namis wertili aris temperatura, romlis drosac haerSi arsebuli wylis
orTqli mocemul wnevaze iwyebs gajerebas. namis wertils gansazRvraven
34
wylis orTqlis maqsimaluri drekadobis cxriliT. nami warmoiqmneba 00
temperaturaze zeviT, xolo 00-ze igi iRebs rTvilis saxes.
D dabali tenianobisa da maRali temperaturis pirobebSi mcenareTa
ganviTareba Cqardeba - nayofebSi matulobs Saqris, xolo marcvlovnebSi
cilebis Semcveloba. Tumca, amavdroulad izrdeba mcenaridan da niadagidan
wylis aorTqleba. niadagi am dros swrafad Sreba, ramac, naleqebis
ukmarisobis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba gamoiwvios mosavlianobis seriozuli
Semcireba. haeris tenianoba moqmedebs agreTve sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis
mavneblebisa da daavadebebis gavrcelebaze. es gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas
mosavlis aRebisa da Senaxvis drosac. garda amisa, haeris tenianoba
zemoqmedebs temperaturul reJimzec, radgan wylis orTqlis kondensaciisa da
sublimaciisas gamoiyofa sagrZnobi raodenobis siTbo.
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis warmoebisTvis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs haeris SefardebiT tenianobas. mas zomaven fsiqometrebis da
higrometrebis saSualebiT.
N naleqi warmoadgens sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis tenis ZiriTad
wyaros. naleqi ZiriTadad or tipad iyofa:
I tips miekuTvneba naleqi, romelic warmoiqmneba haerSi sxvadasxva simaRleze
da modis Rrublebidan dedamiwaze (wvima, Tovli, xorxoSela, setyva)
II tips miekuTvneba naleqi, romelic warmoiqmneba uSualod miwis zedapirze,
masze arsebul sagnebze an mcenareuli zedapiris safarze wylis orTqlis
kondensaciiT an sublimaciiT, romelic ileqeba maT zedapirze siTxis an
mkvrivi formis saxiT (nami, rTvili, Wirxli, lipyinuli).
Rrublidan naleqi gamoiyofa, roca maTi zoma 0,1-0,2 mm da mets aRwevs.
atmosferuli naleqebi fazebis mdgomareobis mixedviT iyofa 3 saxed: Txieri
(gabmuli wvima, TqeSi-kokispiruli), myari (Tovli, setyva), Sereuli
(TovlWyapi).
gabmuli wvima xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi modis ZiriTadad wvimafena
Rrublebidan da moicavs did teritorias.
TqeSi (kokispiruli) SedarebiT xanmokle periodiT modis wvimagrova
Rrublebidan. misi warmoqmna civi frontis gavlasTan aris dakavSirebuli. igi
moicavs SedarebiT mcire teritorias da SeiZleba Tan axldes Zlieri qari.
wvimis wveTebis diametri zogjer 5-7 mm-ia.
JinJRli (Tqori) gamoirCeva mcire vertikaluri simZlavriT, rac wveTs ar
aZlevs gamsxvilebis saSualebas da misi wveTebis diametri 0,5 mm-ze naklebs
Seadgens.
sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaze did gavlenas axdens myari naleqebi,
Tovlis saxiT. Tovli warmoqmnis safarvels, romelic gayinvisgan icavs
saSemodgomo kulturebs, mravalwliani balaxebis, xilisa da kenkris fesvTa
sistemas. garda amisa, Tovlis safari_es wylis maragia, romelsac mcenareebi
gamoiyeneben gazafxulze.
Tovli_rTuli simetriuli yinulis kristalebisgan Sedgeba. igi
warmoiqmneba, roca dedamiwidan SedarebiT axlos (2-3 km), garkveul haeris
fenaSi temperatura 00 C utoldeba. Tu temperatura dedamiwis zedapirTan
axlos 00 C aRemateba, maSin naleqebi SeiZleba movides Sereuli saxiT,
romelsac svel Tovls uwodeben.
35
xorxoSela_TeTri, sferuli, gaumWvirvale saxisaa, romlis diametri 2-5
mm-s aRwevs. igi warmoiqmneba Sereul RrublebSi, dabal temperaturaze (00 C–
Tan axlos), sadac xdeba fifqebisa da gadacivebuli wylis wveTebis Sexvedra.
setyva_wylis orTqlis kondensaciis produqtia, romelic warmoiqmneba el-
Weqis xasiaTis Rrublebidan. igi gamWvirvale yinulis birTvia, romlis
diametri Seadgens 4-5 mm-s. setyvis mosvlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 5 wT-s
aRwevs.
II tipis naleqebi (nami, rTvili, Wirxli, lipyinuli) wylis orTqlis
kondensaciis Sedegia.
nami_wylis orTqlis kondensaciis Sedegia, romelic warmoiqmneba
naiadagisa da mcenaris safaris zedapirze, wylis wvrili wveTebis saxiT,
haeris temperaturis 00C-ze maRla. igi mcenarisTvis sasargeblo movlenaa,
rogorc tenis resursi, gansakuTrebiT ki gvalvian raionebSi.
rTvili_TeTri feris yinulis kristalebia. igi warmoiqmneba, roca haeris
temperatura 00C-ze dabla daiwevs. misi warmoSoba wylis orTqlis uSualo
sublimaciis Sedegia.
Wirxli_TeTri fxvieri (Tovlis msgavsi) yinulis kristalebia, romelic
warmoiqmneba xis totebsa da mavTulebze. misma sisqem SeiZleba 30-50 mm-s
miaRwios.
lipyinuli_gluvi, gamWvirvale an mRvrie feris mkvrivi yinulis fenaa. igi
warmoiqmneba gacivebuli wvimis wveTebis 00C-ze dabali temperaturis mqone
dedamiwis zedapirze da sxva sagnebze Seyinvisas. sagnebi SeiZleba daifaros
2-3 sm sisqis yinulis feniT.
nisli haeris miwispira fenebSi wylis orTqlis kondensaciisa da
sublimaciis produqtia. misi warmoqmnis mizezia haeris Tbili masis
SedarebiT dabali temperaturis mqone ama Tu im sagnebis zedapirTan Sexeba.
nislis ZiriTadi tipebia: radiaciuli, romelic warmoiqmneba umetesad
gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze da adveqciuri, romelic warmoiqmneba Tbili
haeris masebis gadaadgilebisas, rodesac is moZraobis dros exeba civi
sagnebis zedapirs. Rrublian amindSi nisli ar warmoiqmneba.
janRi nislisgan TiTqmis arafriT gansxvavdeba. igi aRwevs 1 km-mde
simaRles da mosalodnelia zamTarsa da Semodgomaze, Ramisa da dilis
saaTebSi. mzis amosvlis Semdeg igi swrafad ifanteba.
naleqebis raodenobas sazRvraven naleqsazomiT. weliwadis droebisa da
teritoriebis mixedviT, naleqebis raodenoba mkveTrad meryeobs.
Rrublianoba. Nnaleqebis ZiriTadi raodenoba modis Rrublebidan, Tumca
naleqebis mcire nawili warmoiqmneba wylis orTqlis kondensirebiT, romelic
mdebareobs haeris niadagispira fenaSi (nami, cvari, TrTvili). Rrublebi
atmosferoSi warmoiqmnebian agreTve wylis orTqlis kondensaciiT an
sublimaciiT. isini iyofian zeda iarusis Rrublebad (6 km-ze maRla),
romelTaganac naleqebi Cveulebriv ar modis, Sualeduri fenis Rrublebad (2-
6 km), romelTaganac naleqi Tovlis saxiT modis mxolod zamTarSi, qveda
fenis Rrublebad (2 km-ze qveviT), saidanac modis naleqebi wvimis saxiT.
Nnaleqebis formirebasTan erTad, Rrublebi zemoqmedeben agreTve radiaciul
balansze da Sesabamisad atmosferosa da naidagis Tbur reJimze. mzis
36
RrublebiT dafarvis xarisxi ganisazRvreba TvaliT da fasdeba balebSi 1-dan
10-mde, amasTan 1 bali niSnavs cis 10%-iT RrublebiT dafarvas.
Q qari udides gavlenas axdens mcenareebze. AamasTanave, qaris mimarTuleba
da simZlavre ganapirobebs sxva meteorologiuri elementebis formirebas.
MmagaliTad, qars gadaaqvs teniani haeri okeaneebidan da zRvebidan materikebis
siRrmeSi, uzrunvelyofs mcenareebs teniT, qmnis xelsayrel temperaturul
reJims. Aamavdroulad, mas SeuZlia gaaZlieros niadagidan wylis
araproduqciuli aorTqleba da gamoiwvios niadagis gamoSroba. Qqari
ganapirobebs mravali sasoflo-sameurneo mcenaris damtvervas, Tumca Zlieri
qari xSirad aferxebs sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis Catarebas. mas SeuZlia
gamoiwvios naTesebis Cawola, niadagis qarismieri erozia, mindvridan Tovlis
gadaxveta. qariSxals SeuZlia gamoiwvios ngreva da nargavebis ganadgureba.
qari ewodeba haeris masebis moZraobas dedamiwis zedapirze, romelic
warmoiqmneba atmosferuli wnevis araTanabari, horizontaluri ganawilebis
Sedegad. is xasiaTdeba siCqariT, romelic izomeba metr/wamebiT (m/wm) da
mimarTulebiT (dasavleTis, Crdilo-dasavleTis da a.S.). meteorologiur
sadgurebze qaris gasazomad iyeneben flugers. savele pirobebSi ufro
praqtikuli gamosayenebelia xelis anemometri.
37
civdeba da siTbos maragi mis Rrma fenebSic klebulobs, RamiT ki
intensiurad iwyeba gamosxiveba. aRniSnuli saxis yinvebi Ria, qarisagan
daucveli adgilebisTvis saSiSia, radgan yinvebma SeiZleba minus 2-4 da
metsac miaRwios, gagrZeldes ori-sami dRis ganmavlobaSi.
wayinvebis moqmedeba mcenareebze sxvadasxvanairia. igi ufro metad
sagrZnobia axalgazrda foTlebis gaSlis, yvavilobisa da nayofis
momwifebis periodSi.
temperaturas, romlis qvemoT vegetaciaSi myofi mcenareebi ziandeba an
iRupeba, kritikuls uwodeben. sxvadasxva mcenareebisaTvis da maTi
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva fazisaTvis kritikuli temperaturebi
gansxvavebulia.
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis damazianebeli kritikuli temperaturebi
(0C)
kultura aRmonaceni yvavilebi simwife
sagaz. xorbali -9, -10 -1, -2 -2, -4
Svria -8, -9 -1, -2 -2, -4
qeri -7, -8 -1, -2 -2, -4
barda -7, -8 -2, -3 -3, -4
cercvi -5, -6 -2, -3 -3
mzesumzira -5, -6 -2, -3 -2, -3
Saqris Warxali -6, -7 -2, -3 _
stafilo -6, -7 _ _
Talgamura -6, -7 _ _
kombosto -9, -10 _ _
soio -3, -4 -2 -0, -3
simindi -2, -3 -1, -2 -2, -3
fetvi -2, -3 -1, -2 -2, -3
kartofili -2, -3 -1, -2 -1, -2
wiwibura -1, -2 -1 -1, -2
lobio -1, -2 -1 -1, -2
bamba -0.5,-1 -0.5,-1 -2
brinji -0.5,-1 -0.5,-1 -1
kitri -0, -1 -0, -1 -0, -1
pomidori -0, -1 -0, -1 -0, -1
Tambaqo -0, -1 -0, -1 -0, -2
38
gamosxivebis Semcireba _ niadagidan da mcenareebidan gamosxiveba
SeiZleba Semcirdes kvamlis gamoyenebiT, rac ramdenadme amcirebs wayinvebis
moqmedebas. kvamlis moqmedeba iwvevs, sakvamle grovebis (koWebis) wvis Sedegad
siTbos gamoyofas, rac ramdenadme amcirebs wayinvebis moqmedebas. misi efeqti
sawvavi masalis vargisianobazea damokidebuli da 1-20 C-mde aRwevs. wvis dros,
kvamlTan erTad gamoiyofa siTbo, romlis raodenoba damokidebulia sawvavi
masalis raodenobasa da kaloriulobaze. sawvav masalad SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes mcenareuli narCenebi, namja, naxerxi, saburavebi da sxva.
aseTi saxiT, masalebi SeaqvT plantaciebSi da alageben 10-15 metrian
mwkrivebSi, ise, rom maT Soris manZili unda Seadgendes 4-5 m-s. gorebi unda
daewyos gabatonebuli qaris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. sakvamle grovebis
anTebas iwyeben, roca haeris temperatura 2-10C-mde daiwevs. kvamlis gamoyofis
procesi unda gagrZeldes mzis amosvlis Semdeg 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi mainc,
imis gamo, rom Tu adgili hqonda mcenaris ujredebs Soris yinulis
kristalebis warmoqmnas, isini TandaTan unda galRves. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
mzis sxivebis uSualo zemoqmedebis Sedegad, mcenaris organoebi SeiZleba
swrafad gaTbes da gamoiwvios mcenaris ujredebs Soris gayinuli
kristalebis swrafi galRoba. amas SeiZleba mohyves ujredebis dazianeba da
sabolood mcenaris daRupva.
namis wertilis aweva _ igi SesaZlebelia haeris tenianobis gadidebiT,
rasac aRweven niadagis uxvad morwyviT, romlis drosac wylis orTqli
kondensirdeba da gamoiyofa faruli siTbo. uaryofiTi temperaturis
dawyebamde, matulobs niadagis zeda fenis Tbogamtaroba, romlis drosac
SesaZlebelia, haeris temperaturam moimatos 1-20C–iT, 2 m simaRleze niadagis
zedapiridan. am mizniT, aRniSnuli meTodis gamoyeneba, e.i. morwyva
mizanSewonilia Catardes gazafxulze da Semodgomaze SedarebiT gvalvian
raionebSi.
wayinvebisa da zamTris yinvebis winaaRmdeg brZolis aRniSnul meTodebs
aqvT dadebiTi da naklovani mxareebi. amitom isini geografiuli da
adgilmdebareobis pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda gamoiyenon.
yinvagamZle jiSebis gamoyvana seleqciuri gziT. seleqcionerebi muSaoben
mcenareebis iseTi jiSebis gamoyvanaze, romlebic ramdenadme yinvagamZleni
iqnebian. wayinvebis Sewyvetis Semdeg mcenareebi gvian daiwyeben vegetacias da
wayinvebis dawyebamde adre damwifdebian.
mcenareTa kvebis reJimis regulireba. mcenareTa yinvagamZleobis
asamaRleblad didi mniSvneloba aqvs niadagSi kvebis reJimis regulirebas.
niadagSi sasuqebis Setana (gansakuTrebiT azotiani) unda Catardes dadgenil
vadebSi, radgan dagvianebis SemTxvevaSi mcenareebma SeiZleba vegetacia
gaagrZelon Semodgomis bolomde da am dros umniSvnelo wayinvebic ki
daazianebs maT.
kaliumiani sasuqebi ramdenadme zrdis yinvagamZleobas, magram
aucilebelia maTi niadagSi Setanis vadebis dacva.
pincireba (waCqmeta)_mas ZiriTadad iyeneben adre Semodgomaze citrusovan
kulturebze, rodesac mcenareebs daudgebaT xelsayreli
agrometeorologiuri pirobebi. isini agrZeleben zrdas, amitom maT aclian
10-15 sm sigrZis wveroebs. amiT mcenare iZulebulia Sewyvitos vegetacia da
39
gadavides mosvenebiT mdgomareobaSi. am dros nazardebi iwrToba dabal
temperaturaze da zamTris yinvebs SedarebiT ukeT itans.
mosalodneli wayinvebis prognozi. brunovis meTodi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
wayinvebis warmoqmnis albaToba dakavSirebulia saRamos dakvirvebis vadaze,
temperaturis absolutur sididesTan. saRamos 21 sT-ze, rac ufro dabalia
temperatura (13 sT-dan 21 saaTamde temperaturis mkveTrad klebis dros),
imdenad metad mosalodnelia wayinva.
mixelsonis grafikuli meTodi _ igi akavSirebs RamiT wayinvebis warmoqmnis
albaTobas haerSi wylis orTqlis SemcvelobasTan. es wesi emyareba Semdegs:
rac ufro mcirea haeris absoluturi tenianoba, wayinva imdenad ufro
mosalodnelia da piriqiT.
gvalva da xorSaki. gvalvebis warmoSobis mizezs, umetes SemTxvevaSi
warmoadgens Zlieri atmosferuli procesebi, romlebsac ganapirobebs
CrdiloeTidan an Crdilo-dasavleTidan civi haeris masebis SemoWra. es
SemoWrebi xorcieldeba anticiklonis saxiT da formirebulia arqtikuli
haeridan, romelic xasiaTdeba dabali temperaturiT, maRali gamWirvalobiT,
dabali tenianobiT. mas sabolood moaqvs mowmendili, mSrali amindebi. aseT
pirobebSi, dedamiwis zedapirs Zlierad aTbobs mzis radiacia, romlisganac
Tbeba miwispira haeris fena da mimdinareobs temperaturis mateba, rac iwvevs
haeris SefardebiTi tenianobis Semcirebas da tenianobis deficitis gadidebas.
aseT pirobebSi intensiurad mimdinareobs niadagis zedapiridan aorTqleba da
mcenaris maRali transpiracia, romlis Sedegad mokle periodSi ixarjeba
naidagis teni da misi maragi. atmosferuli naleqebis uqonlobis gamo igi ar
ivseba. am dros mcenareebi ganicdian tenis naklebobas da adgili aqvs
gvalvas.
gvalvebi sxvadasxva gavlenas axdenen mcenareebze, rac damokidebulia
maTi dadgomis xangrZlivobasa da intensivobaze. amis Sedegad mosavalic
Sesabamisad mcirdeba. arasakmarisi naleqebis raodenobis garda, gvalvebi
zogjer SeiZleba ganisazRvros haeris temperaturiT. magaliTad, savegetacio
periodSi, haeris temperaturis momateba xangrZlivi droiT, mravalwlian
temperaturasTan SedarebiT, migviTiTebs gvalvianobis maCvenebelze.
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis zrdis pirvel periodSi, gazafxulis
gvalva yvelaze mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia, radgan igi xasiaTdeba dabali
SefardebiTi tenianobiT, temperaturiT da civi qarebiT. aseT pirobebSi,
mcenareebi viTardebian imdenad cudad, rom SemdgomSi ar SeuZliaT aRidginon
normaluri zrda-ganviTareba, ris gamoc dabalia maTi produqtiuloba.
zafxulis gvalvisTvis damaxasiaTebelia maRali temperatura, haeris
dabali SefardebiTi tenianoba da maRali aorTqleba. aseT pirobebSi,
mcenareTa fazebi da fesvTa sistema ver viTardeba normalurad - ferxdeba
zrda, xdeba naskvebis Camocvena, rac sabolood gavlenas axdens mosavalze.
xorSaki (atmosferuli gvalva)_kompleqsur, meteorologiur movlenas
warmoadgens, romelic xasiaTdeba maRali temperaturiT, haeris dabali
tenianobiTa da Zlieri qariT. aRniSnuli faqtorebi iwvevs mcenareebis
transpiraciis gadidebas, niadagis zedapiridan intensiur aorTqlebas, rac
Zalze uaryofiTad moqmedebs sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis zrda-
ganviTarebasa da mosavlis formebze.
40
xSirad, xorSakis warmoqmna dakavSirebulia maRali wnevis aresTan da
gamowveulia didi masStabis cirkulaciuri procesebis Sedegad, roca
Semcirebuli tenianobis mqone haeris fenis sisqe ramodenime km-s aRwevs.
xorSakis erT_erT saxes fioni warmoadgens. intensiuri fionis (xorSaki)
dros dedamiwidan dRe-Ramis aorTqleba wynar amindSi 8 mm-ze mets Seadgens,
xolo zomieri qaris SemTxvevaSi 10 mm-ze mets. fionis dros haeris saSualo
temperatura 250 C–ze metia.
zomieri fionis SemTxvevaSi aorTqleba dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi 10 mm-mde,
xolo haeris saSualo temperatura 15-250 C-mdea.
susti fionis moqmedebis dros saSualo dReRamuri aorTqleba 6 mm-mde
aRwevs, xolo haeris saSualo dReRamuri temperatura - 200 C .
sakontrolo kiTxvebi
41
30. daasaxeleT atmosferos naleqebis fazebi.!
31. rogor ganisazRvreba atmosferuli naleqebi?
32. daasaxeleT soflis meurneobisTvis saxifaTo meteorologiuri
movlenebi!
33. ras ewodeba kritikuli temperatura?
42
SesaZleblobas aZlevs, Sesaferisi koncentraciis xsnaridan amoiRos sakvebi
nivTierebebi.
qimiuri STanTqma aris niadagis unari, calkeuli marilis qimiuri
reaqciis gziT, xsnad an wyalSi Zneladxsnad SenaerTebSi, Seakavos zogierTi
ioni.
fizikur-qimiuri STanTqma anu polaruli STanTqma. STanTqmis am saxes
axasiaTebs xsnarSi myofi molekulebis erTi nawilis mizidva, xolo meore
nawilis ganzidva.
yoveli niadagi Sedgeba sxvadasxva zomis nawilakebisgan, romlebic
Seicaven umaRlesi daqucmacebis anu maRali dispersirebis mdgomareobaSi
myof nawilakebs _ koloidebs.
koloidebis diametri 1 mikronidan 1 milimikronamdea. niadagis koloidebs
yofen organul, mineralur da organul-mineralur nivTierebebad.
organuli nivTierebebi warmodgenilia humusis saxiT (humunis mJavebi,
fulo mJavebi da maTi marilebi)
niadagis mineralur koloidebs warmoadgenen meoreuli (Tixa) mineralebi:
kaoliniti, limoniti da sxva.
niadagis xsnaris reaqcia. niadagis xsnaris reaqcia niadagis nayofierebisa
da gakulturebis xarisxis Zalze mniSvnelovan maCvenebels warmoadgens. is
ganisazRvreba xsnarSi arsebuli wyalbadis ionebisa da hidroqsidionebis
koncentraciiT. niadagis mJavianoba da saerTod reaqcia gamoixateba
H_ionebis sxvadasxva koncentraciiT da misi SefardebiT OH ionebTan.
wyalbadis ionebis koncentracia pirobiTad aRiniSneba PH-iT. amis mixedviT:
neitraluri reaqciis xsnarSi H=OH; PH=7
mJave H>OH; PH<7
tute H<OH; PH>7
rac ufro metia H-is ionis koncentracia, miT ufro dabalia PH ricxvi.
niadagis xsnaris gamonawuris reaqcia meryeobs 3,5-9-is farglebSi.
Zlier mJavea is niadagi, romlis mJavianoba (PH) 4-4,5-ze naklebia, rac
axasiaTebs Zlier ewer da zogierT sxva niadagebs.
saSualo mJavianobad iTvleba PH=4-4,5, rac axasiaTebs dasavleT
saqarTvelos ewer da wiTelmiwebis umetesobas.
susti mJave reaqcia PH=5,5-6,8 farglebSi axasiaTebs sust ewer, tyis
yomral niadagebs, aseTive reaqcia zeda fenebSi aqvs zogierT Savmiwa da
mdelos niadagebs. neitraluri reaqcia (PH 6,9-7,1) axasiaTebs Savmiwebs,
romlebic viTardebian zomieri havis pirobebSi, agreTve tyis niadagebis
umravlesobas da sxva niadagebs.
niadagis fizikur-qimiuri da biologiuri TaviseburebebisTvis yvelaze
ukeTesia neitraluri da odnav tute reaqcia.
niadagis reaqcia icvleba niadagis gakulturebis pirobebSi. am mxriv did
zegavlenas axdens niadagis morwyva, mineraluri sasuqebis Setana, mJave
niadagebis mokirianeba da a. S.
niadagSi arsebuli mineraluri nivTierebani da humusis Sedgeniloba
ganapirobebs mis simkvrives anu absoluturad mSrali niadagis masis
Sefardebas imave moculobis wylis masasTan.
43
niadagis agronomiul SefasebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba mis
saSualo simkvrives, anu 1 sm3 moculobis struqturas, dauSlel,
3
absoluturad mSrali niadagis masas gramebSi (g/sm ). saxnavi fena CaiTvleba
fxvierad, Tu misi saSualo simkvrive ar aRemateba 1,15-s; mkvrivad - 1,15-dan
1,35-mde da Zalian mkvrivad - Tu 1,35-ze metia. saSualo simkvrivezea
damokidebuli niadagis haeris, wylisa da siTbos reJimi, aseve niadagis
mikrobiologiuri procesebis aqtivoba.
mcenarisTvis yvelaze xelsayreli niadagis saSualo simkvrives,
optimaluri simkvrive ewodeba. yvel kulturas Tavisi optimaluri simkvrive
aqvs.
niadagis agebuleba ewodeba misi nawilakebisa da koStebis
urTierTganlagebas. TvalsaCinoebisTvis SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rom
niadagis meqanikuri nawilakebi da koStebi burTisebri formisaa.
1. 2.
44
absoluturad aucilebelia: naxSirbadi, Jangbadi, wyalbadi da Svidi elementi
- azoti, fosfori, kaliumi, kalciumi, magniumi, gogirdi da rkina. es
elementebi, rkinis garda, mcenaris SemadgenlobaSi mniSvnelovani
raodenobiTaa. maTi Semcveloba qsovilebSi mSrali masis procentis
measedidan, ramdenime procentamde meryeobs. am jgufis elementebs ewodeba
makroelementebi. ZiriTadi 7 elementis garda, mcenares esaWiroeba Zalze
mcire raodenobiT _ manganumi, bori, molibdeni, vanadiumi, spilenZi, TuTia,
kobalti, iodi, qlori, natriumi da sxva. maTi Semcveloba mcenareSi meryeobs
procentis meaTasedi nawilidan meaTiaTased nawilamde da maT
mikroelementebi ewodebaT.
mcenaris dawvis Sedegad, natriumi, magniumi, fosfori, kaliumi, rkina,
bori, manganumi da sxva elementebi rCebian da maT nacris elementebi ewodeba.
romelime makro an mikroelementis ukmarisoba mcenareSi iwvevs
nivTierebaTa cvlisa da fiziologiuri procesebis moSlas, auaresebs mis
zrda-ganviTarebas, iwvevs mosavlianobisa da misi xarisxis Semcirebas.
SevCerdeT maT mniSvnelobaze.
azoti didi raodenobiT Sedis aminomJavebSi, maTgan agebulia cilis
rTuli molekulebi, xolo Tavad cilebi warmoadgenen sicocxlis safuZvels.
azots mcenare iTvisebs nitratebisa da amoniumis marilebis saxiT.
mcenareSi SeTvisebuli azoti gadadis organul formaSi da xmardeba
cilovani nivTierebebis Seqmnas. azoti xels uwyobs mcenaris vegetatiuri
organoebis zrdas, xolo misi Warbi raodenoba iwvevs mcenaris vegetaciis
gaxangrZlivebas da nayofis momwifebis dagvianebas. azotis deficitis dros,
mcenaris foTlebi Ria mwvane fers Rebuloben, izrdebian sustad, ris
Sedegadac mcirdeba mosavlianoba. niadagSi azotis raodenobasa da
organuli nivTierebebs Soris pirdapiri damokidebuleba arsebobs. organuli
(humusiT) nivTierebebiT mdidari niadagi (Savmiwebi, mTa-mdelos niadagebi)
azots 0,5-1%-mde Seicavs. humusiT Rarib niadagebSi ki (ewerebi, ruxi nadagebi),
misi Semcveloba 0,1-0,15%-mdea.
fosfori did rols TamaSobs mcenareuli organizmebis nivTierebaTa
cvlaSi. fosfori gvevlineba atf-is (adenozintrifosformJava) warmoqmnis
ZiriTad wyarod, xolo Tavis mxriv atf axdens mzis energiisa da bioqimiuri
aqtivobis dros warmoqmnili energiis akumulirebas. fosforis ukmarisobis
pirobebSi, mcenareSi irRveva energiisa da nivTierebaTa cvla, xangrZlivdeba
momwifebis periodi, uaresdeba produqciis xarisxi. sxvadasxva niadagi
fosfors Seicavs 0,06-0.21%-mde.
kaliumi. am elementiT mdidaria mcenaris axalgazrda, mozardi organoebi,
igi did rols asrulebs mcenareSi asimilaciisa da naxSirwylebis
gadanacvlebis procesSi, xels uwyobs naxSirwylebis da cilebis dagrovebas,
meqanikuri qsovilebis warmoqmnas da iwvevs Reros gamagrebas. kaliumis
deficitis dros Tesli da nayofi wvrilia - ar aris dasrulebuli da
advilad kargavs aRmocenebis unars. sxvadasxva niadagi sxvadasxva raodenobiT
Seicavs kaliums - 1,9-2,5%-mde.
kalciumi did rols TamaSobs fotosinTezSi da naxSirwylebis
gadaadgilebaSi. is monawileobs mcenaris ujredebis formirebaSi, Zlier
gavlenas axdens mcenareuli koloidebis ganawilebaze, xels uwyobs fesvTa
sistemis ganviTarebas. niadagSi kalciumis maRali Semcveloba amcirebs _
45
rkinis, magniumis, kaliumis, boris, manganumis da sxva elementebis SeTvisebas.
eweri niadagebis garda, kalciumi sakmao raodenobiT moipoveba TiTqmis yvela
tipis niadagSi.
magniumi qlorofilis aucilebeli elementia, monawileobs fosforis
gadaadgilebaSi, zemoqmedebas axdens Jangva-aRdgenis procesze. misi
ukmarisobis dros, foTlis ZarRvebSoris viTardeba qlorozi da misi mkveTri
deficiti iwvevs foTlis siWreles, daxvevas, gayviTlebas. magniumis
raodenoba niadagSi 0,2-0,3%-s farglebSi meryeobs.
gogirdi sami aminomJavis Semadgeneli nawilia, romlebic Sedian cilebis
struqturaSi. is Sedis agreTve zogierT mcenareul zeTSi. gogirdis
raodenoba ufro metia mcenaris Teslsa da foTlebSi, naklebia Rerosa da
fesvebSi. gogirdi niadagSi SO3–ze gadaangariSebiT 0,1-0,15 %-is farglebSi
meryeobs.
rkina. mcenare rkinas, umniSvnelo raodenobiT (procentis measedi nawili)
xarjavs, magram misi mniSvneloba mainc metad didia. rkina da mikroelementebi
an Sedian cilovani katalizatoris-fermentebis SemadgenlobaSi, an aaqtiveben
maT moqmedebas. rkinis naklebobis SemTxvevaSi, mcenare avaddeba qloroziT.
rkinas gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT Seicavs wiTelmiwebi.
niadagi Sedgeba magari, Txieri da aerovani fazebisgan. normaluri
tenianobis pirobebSi niadagis haeri dakavebulia saxnavi fenis moculobis
¼1/4-1/3-Si. masSi naxSirorJangi saSualod 1%-iT metia da Jangbadi ki
atmosferos haerTan SedarebiT naklebi.
niadagis xsnari yvelaze ufro moZravi, aqtiuri da cvalebadi fazaa. is
mcenarisTvis uSualo wyaros warmoadgens, sakvebi nivTierebiTa da wyliT
momaragebis saqmeSi. niadagis xsnaris gamdidreba warmoebs mineralebis
gamofitvis da daSlis, niadagSi organuli nivTierebebis mikroorganizmebiT
gaxrwnis da sasuqebis Setanis Sedegad. xsnaris koncentracia aramlaSe
niadagSi mcirea da meryeobs 1 litr wyalSi gramis meaTedidan ramdenime
gramamde. mlaSe niadagSi, xsnarSi gaxsnili nivTierebis raodenoba SeiZleba
iyos aTeulobiT, aseulobiT gramic ki 1 l wyalSi. mcenare dabali
koncentraciis xsnaridan Cqara iTvisebs sakveb nivTierebas, normalurad
viTardeba da karg mosavalsac iZleva. niadagSi xsnaris maRali koncentracia
xSirad iwvevs mcenaris daCagvras da daRupvasac ki. amitom, niadagSi sakmarisi
wylis raodenoba mniSvnelovani faqtoria mcenareSi sakveb nivTierebaTa
Sesvlisa da misi normaluri zrda-ganviTarebisTvis.
niadagis magari faza Sedgeba mineraluri da organuli nawilebisgan.
mineraluri nawilebi Seadgens misi masis 90-99%-s. niadagSi ganuwyvetliv
mimdinareobs Znelad xsnadi nivTierebis advilad xsnad nivTierebebad
gardaqmna, amave dros mimdinareobs Sebrunebuli procesi _ advilad xsnadi
gadadis ZneladxsnadSi.
niadagis organuli nawili Seadgens magari fazis mcire nawils, Tumca
didi mniSvneloba aqvs mis nayofierebaSi.
organuli nawilis Semcveloba meryeobs 1-2%-mde ewer da rux niadagebSi,
xolo 10%-mde mZlavr Savmiwebze. niadagis organuli nawili ZiriTadad
warmodgenilia humusiT (85-90%), mxolod mcire nawili -mcenareuli
narCenebiTa da mikrobul-cxoveluri warmoSobis arahumuficirebuli
nivTierebebiT.
46
sxvadasxva tipis niadagi gansxvavdeba ara marto humusis saerTo
SemcvelobiT, aramed misi SemadgenlobiTa da TvisebebiTac.
saqarTvelos niadagebi
47
15. mineralur Waobiani;
16. organul (torfian) Waobiani;
17. yavisferi da renZino-yavisferi;
18. mdelos yavisferi;
19. ruxi-yavisferi da ruxi-yavisfer-gajiani;
20. mdelos ruxi-yavisferi;
21. baris Savmiwisebri;
22. baris Savmiwa;
23. bicobi-bicis kompleqsi;
24. Zvel aluvi_,,lami”;
25. aluviuri (mdelos, tye-mdelos, zRvispira);
26. qanebis gaSiSvleba.
saqarTvelos niadaguri safaridan miwaTmoqmedebaSi yvelaze metad
aTvisebulia ruxi-yavisferi, Savmiwa, yviTelmiwa, yviTelmiwa-eweri, wiTelmiwa
da wiTelmiwa-gaewerebuli niadagebi.
48
Tvisebebze TvalsaCino gavlenas axdens sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis
Tesva-moyvanis organizacia, kerZod, saToxni kulturebi saWiroeben
mravaljerad damuSavebas, rac xels uwyobs organuli nivTierebebis
intensiur daSlas. iseTi kulturebi ki, romlebic xSirad ar muSavdeba
(mravlwliani balaxebi, saTesi kulturebi), aneleben organuli nivTierebebis
daSlas. amgvarad, gansxvavebuli kulturebis morigeoba, erT SemTxvevaSi
aumjobesebs niadagis fizikur Tvisebebs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ki
auaresebs mas.
mravalwliani balaxebi (gansakuTrebiT marcvlovani da parkosani
balaxebis narevi) mkveTrad aumjobeseben niadagis yvela fizikur Tvisebas.
mindvris kulturebis gavlena wylis reJimze uSualod dakavSirebulia
niadagis fizikur TvisebebTan. mcenareebi, romlebic aumjobeseben niadagis
fizikur Tvisebebs, TavisTavad xels uwyoben wylis reJimis sworad
regulirebas. amave dros, yvela kultura niadagidan iRebs wylis garkveul
raodenobas. ramdenadac metia mosavali, metia transpiraciis koeficienti,
izrdeba wylis reJimi da amave dros gamomSrali rCeba niadagi. ramdenadac
Rrmad iviTareben mcenareebi fesvTa sistemas, imdenad did siRrmeze aSroben
isini niadags.
tenianobis reJimis regulirebaze garkveul gavlenas axdens mcenaris
biologiuri Tviseba, kerZod, is, Tu rogoria foTlis saerTo zedapiri da ra
siZlieriT faravs (Crdilavs) mcenare niadagis zedapirs, rogoria misi
transpiraciis koeficienti. am TvalsazrisiT didi gansxvavebaa
farTofoTlovan da marcvlovan mcenareebs Soris. mravalwliani da
erTwliani balaxebi, Warxali, kartofili, kombosto niadagis zedapirs
Zlierad Crdilaven da amcireben wylis usargeblo aorTqlebas. marcvleul
kulturebSi ki, gansakuTrebiT maTi vegetaciis dasasruls, daCrdilvis
efeqti mkveTrad mcirdeba, rac bunebrivia, niadagidan wylis uqmad dakargvis
pirobebs qmnis.
gansxvavebuli biologiuri jgufis kulturebs gansxvavebuli
moTxovnilebebi aqvs niadagis mimarT - isini sxvadasxva raodenobiT iReben
sakveb elementebs, magaliTad: Wvavi Zlier aRaribebs niadags fosforiT, bamba
_ azotiT, kartofili da Warxali - kaliumiT da sxva. aqve unda aRiniSnos,
rom parkosani kulturebi fesvebze dasaxlebuli baqterium-rizomiumis
meSveobiT, atmosferodan Tavisufali azotis fiqsacias axdenen, xolo
araparkosnebi iyeneben bmul azots, romelic niadagSi ZiriTadad nitratuli
da amiakuri saxiT moipoveba.
mcenareTa mier sakvebi elementebis SeTviseba damokidebulia fesvTa
sistemis siZliereze da niadagSi misi ganviTrebis siRrmeze. sasoflo-
sameurneo kulturebi fesvTa ganviTarebis mixedviT iyofa sam jgufad: a)
Zlierad ganviTarebuli fesvTa sistema (ionja, sorgo, sudanura, mzesumzira
da a. S. romelTa fesvebi 2-4,5 metramde Cadian niadagSi); b) saSualod
ganviTarebuli fesvTa sistema (xorbali, Wvavi, qeri, simindi, lobio,
cercvela 1,1-2,2 metramde aRweven niadagSi); g) sustad ganviTarebuli fesvTa
sistema (brinji, Svria, barda, kartofili, samyura, kombosto, maTi fesvebis
gavrceleba niadagSi 0,6-1,5 metrs ar aRemateba). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
niadagSi fesvTa sistemis Rrmad ganlagebis garda, zogierT mcenares Seswevs
49
unari SeiTvisos Znelad xsnadi sakvebi elementebi (esparceti, xanWkola,
wiwibura).
Teslbrunva gansakuTrebul dadebiT gavlenas axdens mindvris
dasarevlianebaze. Teslbrunva agronomiaSi cnobilia rogorc sarevelebis
winaaRmdeg brZolis saukeTeso saSualeba, rac ganapirobebs sxvadasxva
biologiuri jgufis mcenareTa morigeobas da maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli
damuSavebis Tanmimdevrobas. erTi da imave kulturis ganmeorebiTi Tesvis
pirobebSi, imatebs am kulturis movla-moyvanasTan TanSewyobili da masTan
Seguebuli specifikuri sarevelebi.
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturaTa morigeobas didi mniSvneloba aqvs
mavnebel-daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. erTi da imave kulturis,
erTi da imave farTobSi ganmeorebiT Tesvis dros, mkveTrad izrdeba
mavnebelTa da daavadebaTa raodenoba. gansakuTrebiT saxifaToa is mavnebel-
avadmyofobani, romlebic garkveuli saxis mcenareTa daavadebas an dazianebas
iwveven. Saqris Warxali da kartofili ganmeorebiTi kulturis moyvanis
SemTxvevaSi, metad ziandebian nematodebiT, puris bzuala nawveralze
daTesil TavTavian kulturebs gacilebiT ufro Zlierad azianebs, vidre sxva
romelime winamorbedis Semdeg.
Seunacvlebeli kulturebis Tesva-moyvanis pirobebSi, avadmyofobaTa
gavrcelebis ukeTesi pirobebi iqmneba. marcvlovnebis fesvis sidamplis
gamomwvevi sokoebi, zedized Tesvis SemTxvevaSi, intensiurad mravldebian da
mosavlianobas amcireben. magaliTad, kartofilis nakartofilarze dargva
iwvevs fitoftoras gavrcelebas, TavTavianebis ganmeorebiTi Tesva ki xels
uwyobs Jangas gavrcelebas da sxva. TeslbrunvaSi kulturaTa swori
morigeoba saSualebas iZleva, TvalsaCinod Semcirdes mavneblebisa da
daavadebisgan miRebuli zarali.
50
Teslis Tesviswina damuSaveba moicavs _ Teslis Sewamvlas, Tburi haeriT
an aqtiuri ventilirebiT damuSavebas, parkosani mcenareebis inokulacias,
inkustirebas, draJirebas, skarifikacias da sxva.
51
xangrZlivi drois manZilze. Tesls 1-3 Tvis manZilze inaxaven tenian qviSaSi,
torfSi da sxva.
52
temperaturaze 0-50C farglebSi an 14-180C-ze da 50-60% haeris SefardebiTi
tenianobis pirobebSi. haeris mkveTr rxevebs mivyavarT Teslis daofvlamde da
aRmocenadobis Semcirebamde, xandaxan ki mis dakargvamde. 14-180C-ze Teslis
Senaxvisas, maTi Senaxvisunarianoba matulobs saSualod 2-3 wliT.
53
CiTilis meTodi
simindi 25-30
prasi 7-8
Wlakvi 12-15
stafilo 5-6
kitri 5-7
ZirTeTra 5
patisoni 2-3
oxraxuSi 2-3
boloki 5-6
salaTa 3-6
Warxali 6-10
54
Tema 1.7. CiTili da misi warmoeba
55
miwis koSts mis fesvebze. magram mcenareebis mimarT Zalian frTxili
damokidebulebis drosac ki fesvebis ZiriTadi masa gadargvisas mainc wydeba.
Ggadargvisas pirdapir gruntSi daTesili CiTili kargavs gamtari fesvebis
80-85% da Semwovi bususebis 100% (romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba niadagidan
sakvebis miReba). rac ufro didia CiTili, miT metia gadargvisas fesvTa
sistemis danakargi. aseTi CiTilebis dargvisas mcenareTa 10-15% iRupeba.
gamoklebuli mcenareebis adgilze CiTilebis gamorgva zrdis Sromis
danaxarjebs da CiTilis gasavals.
56
axalgadargul mcenares ar uwevs energiis daxarjva fesvTa sistemis
aRdgenaze da ar ganicdis stress).
sakontrolo kiTxvebi
57
5. ras ewodeba naidagis STanTqmadoba?
6. ramden jgufad iyofa niadagis koloidebi?
7. riTi ganisazRvreba niadagis xsnaris reaqcia da ra pirobiTi aRniSvna
aqvs mas?
8. ra farglebSi SeiZleba meryeobdes niadagis xsnaris gamonawvlili (pH)
da maTi mixedviT rogori reaqcia aqvs niadags?
9. ras ewodeba mcenarisTvis xelsayreli niadagis optimaluri simkvrive?
10. ras ewodeba niadagis struqtura da struqturianoba?
11. daasaxeleT mcenareTa kvebis tipebi?
12. CamoTvaleT makro, mikro da nacris elementebi?
13. rogori fazebisgan Sedgeba niadagi?
14. dayaviT bostneuli mcenareebi botanikuri, biologiuri da sameurneo
Tvisebebis mixedviT?
15. daasaxeleT bostneuli kulturebis mosayvanad nakveTis SerCevis
ZiriTadi faqtorebi.
16. CamoTvaleT bostneul mcenareebSi Semavali adamianisTvis sasargeblo
nivTierebebi.
17. rogor iyofian jiSuri xarisxis mixedviT kulturul mcenareTa
Teslebi?
18. ra faqtorebiT ganisazRvreba Teslis saTesi Tvisebebi?
19. ras moicavs Teslis Tesviswina damuSaveba?
20. Teslis qimiuri Sewamvlis ramdennairi meTodi arsebobs?
58
Tavi 2.zogadi mebostneoba
59
kulturuli jiSi miRebuli iyo xalxuri seleqciis Sedegad _ ufro metad
perspeqtiuli formebis gamosarCevad.
60
(yvavilovani da Cinuri kombostos foTlovani formebis gamoklebiT). yvela
kombostosnairi mcenare saukeTesod izrdeba zomieri havis pirobebSi,
ziandeba saerTo mavneblebiT da avadmyofobebiT; yvela es mcenareebi
vegetaciuri organobis mosavlis misaRebad mohyavT.
61
xaxvnair mcenareebs miekuTvneba Taviani xaxvi, xaxvi_Wkvala, prasi,
mravaliarusiani xaxvi da sxva mravalwliani xaxvi, romlebic ar warmoqmnian
gaberil bolqvs: Wlakvi, xaxvi_Snita, agreTve niori.
62
mravalwliani bostneuli kulturebis fesvebSi da fesvurebSi, grovdeba
sakveb nivTierebaTa didi maragi, ris xarjzec, mozamTre kvirtebSi iqmneba
gazrdili osmosuri wneva, rac ganapirobebs maTi gamozamTrebis unars.
sakvebi nivTierebani, romelic dagrovilia fesvurebSi, gamoiyeneba zrdis
ganaxlebisTvis momavali wlis gazafxulze.
63
yinvagamZle da zamTargamZle mcenareebi uZleben zamTris yinvebs Tovlis
safarvelis qveS, imis meSveobiT, rom fesvebSi da fesvurebSi moipoveba
sakveb nivTierebaTa maragi, romelic maRla swevs ujredis wvenis
koncentracias mozamTre kvirtebSi.
64
nakveTis SerCeva da damuSaveba. bostneuli kulturebis dasaTesad unda
SeirCes sarwyavi, struqturuli, fxvieri da sakvebi nivTierebebiT mdidari
niadagi. Tu aseTi niadagi ar aris, maSin sabostne adgili xelovnurad unda
gamdidrdes organuli da mineraluri sasuqiT, sideratebisa da
mravalwliani parkosani balaxebis daTesviT da sxva.
65
bostneulis damJavebisa da damarinadebis procesSi Saqari gardaiqmneba
rZemJavad, romelic icavs maT gafuWebisgan. is Slis agreTve ujredanas
kedlebs, riTac aumjobesebs produqtis sakveb Rirsebas.
66
Tavi 3. bostneulis moyvana Ria gruntSi
kartofili
67
mxridan tuberze kargad etyoba foTlis nasaxi _ moxrili viwro xazi,
romelsac warbs uwodeben. tuberis bolos warmoadgens misi Cazneqili nawili
e.w. ,,Wipi’’, romliTac is mimagrebulia mcenareze stolonis saSualebiT. Wipis
mopirdapire mxares tuberis wvero ewodeba. wveroze, Cveulebriv, kvirtebis
meti raodenobaa Tavmoyrili da isini erTmaneTTan ufro axlo-axlo sxedan.
tuberis es nawili yvelaze sicocxlisunariania, amitom Rivebis gamotana
pirvel rigSi, wveros kvirtebidan xdeba.
kartofilis tubers garedan sakmaod magari kani akravs, romelic mas
sokovani daavadebebisgan icavs. jiSebis umetesobas tuberis kani TeTri aqvs,
zogierT jiSs ki Seferili aqvs wiTlad an lurjad. Aamis mixedviT
erTmaneTisgan arCeven: TeTr, wiTel da lurjtuberian jiSebs.
tuberis kani Cveulebriv sadaa an badisebrad daqselili. saxamebliT
mdidar jiSebs kanis badisebrad daqselva axasiaTebs. sufris jiSebs ki kani
sada aqvs. kartofilis tuberis ganaWeri SeiZleba iyos TeTri an yviTeli.
kartofilis tuberis forma yvela jiSs erTnairi ara aqvs, am mxriv
erTmaneTisgan arCeven mrgvali, grZeli da ovaluri moyvanilobis tuberebs.
tuberi gaRivebas iwyebs wveros kvirtebidan. pirvelad viTardeba
centraluri kvirtebi, danarCenebi ki saTadarigo mdgomareobaSi arian. Tu
raime mizeziT centraluri kvirtis gamonazardi dazianda (moimtvra an sxva),
maSin gaRivebas iwyebs saTadarigo kvirtebi. gaRivebuli kvirtebidan
warmoiSoba mcenaris Reroebi da fesvebi.
kartofili dargvidan 20-22 dRis Semdeg iwyebs aRmocenebas. tuberidan
aRmocenebul mcenares aqvs funja fesvTa sistema. TiToeuli tuberi iZleva
ramdenime Reros. Tavis mxriv, Rero itoteba da mcenare buCqisebri agebulebis
xdeba, misi saSualo simaRle 50-100 sm-ia. Rero 3-4 waxnagiania, Rero qveda
nawilSi Rrua. jiSebis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos: sworad mdgomi,
naxevradgaSlili da ZliergaSlili mcenareebi. Rero niadagis qveS itoteba,
viTardeba ylortebi anu stolonebi, romelTa boloSi gamsxvilebis Sedegad
iqmneba axali tuberebi. stolonis sigrZis mixedviT kartofilis budeebi
SeiZleba iyos kompaqturi an gabneuli.
kartofilis foToli kentfrTarTulad aris danakvTuli. foTlis Reraki
mTavrdeba erTi kenwruli nakvTiT, xolo gverdebze moTavsebulia 3-5 wyvili
gverdiTi nakvTi.
kartofilis yvavilebi jgufuradaa Sekruli yvavilsajdomze da amgvarad,
qmnis yvavileds. TiToeuli yvavili, Tavis mxriv, yunwiT aris mimagrebuli
yvavilsajdomze. yvavili xuTwveriania, erTad Sezrdili xuTi gvirgvinis
furcliT. kartofilis yvavili jiSebis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos TeTri,
mowiTalo iisferi, molurjo iisferi an lurji. yvavilis SigniT
moTavsebulia konusurad Sekrebili xuTi mtvriana, romelTa Soris amoCrilia
butko Tavisi dingiT.
yvavilis ganayofierebis Semdeg miiReba nayofi. kartofilis nayofi
mrgvalia, waagavs mkvaxe pomidors da Seicavs mraval wvril Tesls. 1000
Teslis masa 0,5 g-s ar aRemateba. kartofilis gamravleba SeiZleba TesliTac.
am wess mimarTaven saseleqcio sadgurebi da samecniero-kvleviTi
dawesebulebebi axali jiSebis gamoyvanis dros.
kartofilis tuberis qimiuri Semadgenloba icvleba ara marto jiSis,
aramed wlis meteorologiuri da niadaguri pirobebisa da agroteqnikis
68
mixedviT. tuberebi Seicavs 75% wyals da 25% mSral nivTierebas. mSrali
nivTierebebidan 13-20% modis saxamebelze. kartofilis tuberSi saxameblis
dagroveba iwyeba masobrivi yvavilobis fazaSi, saadreo jiSebisaTvis _
daaxloebiT ivlisSi, xolo sagviano jiSebisTvis _ agvisto-seqtemberSi.
69
kartofilis ganviTarebis pirvel periodSi savsebiT sakmarisia niadagSi
Semodgomidanve momaragebuli wyali. intensiuri ganviTarebisa da tuberebis
warmoqmnis procesSi mcenaris moTxovnileba wyalze maqsimums aRwevs, am dros
aucilebelia 3-5-jer morwyvis Catareba. normaluri zrdisaTvis kartofili
saWiroebs fxvier niadags da Seuferxebel aeracias Jangbadis misaRebad,
amitom saWiroa gakulturebuli, struqturuli da Rrmad gafxvierebuli
niadagi. igi maRal mosavals iZleva mTis Savmiwebismagvar da neSompaliT
mdidar tyis niadagebze. kartofili SedarebiT kargad itans niadagis
mJavianobas pH 5-7, xolo 5-ze qveviT da 7-ze zeviT mcenare knindeba.
kartofilisTvis uvargisia mZime Tixnarebi.
kartofili did moTxovnilebas iCens sinaTlis mimarTac. igi ver itans
daCrdilul adgilebSi dargvas - baRebSi, xeebis qveS kartofili maRalsa da
wvril Reros iviTarebs da mcire mosavals iZleva.
kartofilis jiSebi sameurneo, biologiuri da gamosayenebeli Tvisebebis
mixedviT. gamoyenebis mixedviT iyofa oTx jgufad: sasufre, sakvebi, saqarxne
da universaluri.
1. sasufre kartofils unda axasiaTebdes maRali sagemovno Tvisebebi, Cqari
xarSvadoba, magram xarSvisas ar unda magrdebodes da arc iSlebodes.
tuberi unda iyos srulyofili formis, Txeli, gluvzedapiriani kaniT,
mcire raodenobiT zereleTvlebiani, zamTarSi kargad unda inaxebodes.
2. sakvebi jiSis kartofilisTvis tuberis formas, Tvlebis raodenobas da
siRrmes, agreTve, sagemovno Tvisebebs mniSvneloba ara aqvs, gacilebiT
mTavaria uxvmosavlianoba, mSral nivTierebaTa da cilis (4-4,5 %) didi
raodenobiT Semcveloba. sakvebi jiSis tuberebSi cilebisa da saxameblis
Semcveloba udris 1:8_1:12.
3. saqarxne jiSebs, pirvel rigSi unda axasiaTebdes saxameblis maRali
Semcveloba (ara nakleb 18%-isa), kargi duRili da spirtis maRali
gamosavlianoba, saxameblis msxvilmarcvlianoba. cilebis didi Semcveloba
xels uSlis normalur duRils.
4. umaRlesi jgufisTvis damaxasiaTebelia saxameblis momatebuli Semcveloba,
rac SesaZleblobas iZleva kartofili gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc
sasursaTod, aseve teqnikuri gadamuSavebisTvis.
vegetaciis mixedviT kartofilis jiSebi iyofa: saadreo, saSualo da
sagviano jiSebad.
uaxloes warsulSi saqarTveloSi daraionebuli iyo da sakmaod didi
raodenobiT mohyavdaT Semdegi jiSebi: maJestiki _ sufris jiSia, Semotanilia
inglisidan, maRalmosavliania, gemrieli, xasiaTdeba kargi
SenaxvisunarianobiT, gamZlea kibos daavadebisadmi. maJestiki saSualo
vegetaciis jiSia, tuberi TeTria, ovaluri formis, sada an badisebrad
sustad daqselili kaniT, Tvlebi _ zerele, warbi mkveTrad gamosaxuli,
xorci moTeTro-moyviTalo. Yogonioki_sufris jiSia, mosavliani, gemrieli,
kargi Senaxvis unariT. gamZlea kibos daavadebisa da fitoftoris mimarT.
saSualo vegetaciis jiSia.
garda zemoTCamoTvlilisa, farTod mohyavdaT Semdegi daraionebuli
jiSebi _ TrialeTuri, volJski, lorxi, asureTuli.
amJamad saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia kartofilis Semdegi jiSebi: nevski _
rusuli warmoSobis saadreo jiSia, romelic xasiaTdeba kargi sagemovno
70
TvisebebiT, saSualo mosavlianobiT. tuberi TeTria, Tvlebi zedapiruli. mis
moyvanas ZiriTadad misdeven marneulis, bolnisis da gardabnis raionebSi.
impala _ holandiuri warmoebis saadreo kartofilis jiSia (mwarmoebeli
kompania ,,agriko"), xasiaTdeba maRali mosavlianobiTa da kargi sagemovno
TvisebebiT. tuberi wagrZelebul-ovaluria, garekani yviTeli, rbilobi
moyviTalo. mdgradia kartofilis Y virusis mimarT, nawilobriv
rezistentulia nematodisa da qecisadmi.
marfona saSualo vegetaciis jiSia, xasiaTdeba maRali mosavlianobiT.
tuberi momrgvalo-ovaluri, msxvili, yviTeli garekaniT, rbilobi Seferilia
Ria yviTlad, Tvlebi ganlagebulia zedapirulad. mdgradia kartofilis Y
virusis mimarT, axasiaTebs qecis, fitoftorozisa da foTlebis daxvevisadmi
nawilobrivi rezistentuloba.
pikaso holandiuri warmoSobis jiSia (mwarmoebeli kompania ,,agriko"),
saSualo sagviano vegetaciis. tuberi ovaluri, didi zomis, garekani yviTeli,
wiTeli TvlebiT, rbilobi mkrTali, moyviTalod Seferili. rezistentulia
kartofilis Y virusis, qecisa da nematodis mimarT, axasiaTebs foTlebis
daxvevisa da fitoftorozis mimarT nawilobrivi gamZleoba.
sante holandiuri warmoSobis jiSia (mwarmoebeli kompania ,,agriko"),
saSualo saadreo vegetaciis. tuberi ovaluri, saSualo zomis, garekani
yviTeli, rbilobi mkrTali, moyviTalod Seferili, rezistentulia
kartofilis Y virusis, foTlebis daxvevis, fitoftorisa da nematodis
mimarT, axasiaTebs qecis mimarT nawilobrivi gamZleoba.
71
kartofilisTvis niadagis damuSavebis wesi damokidebulia mis winamorbedze.
Tu kartofili irgveba TavTaviani kulturebisgan gaTavisuflebul mindorze,
maSin mosavlis aRebisTanave iwyeben nawveralis aCeCvas 4-5 sm siRrmeze da
niadagis mzralad moxvnas.
saqarTvelos mSralsa da gvalvian raionebSi, rac ufro adre iqneba
niadagi mzralad moxnuli, miT ukeTesia. aseTi niadagi gvian moxnulTan
SedarebiT wylis ufro met raodenobas inaxavs gazafxulisTvis. niadagis
mzralad xvna warmoebs 25-27 sm siRrmeze, winmxvneli guTniT.
saqarTvelos metad mravalferovani bunebrivi pirobebis gamo ar SeiZleba
niadagi yvelgan erTnairi wesiT damuSavdes. Tu aRmosavleT saqarTvelos,
SedarebiT mSrali raionebisTvis niadagis mzralad xvna karg Sedegebs
iZleva, samagierod, dasavleT saqarTvelos Warbteniani pirobebisTvis
naadrevi xvna gamousadegaria. mzralad moxnuli niadagi aq, Semodgomis
naleqebis siWarbis gamo, imdenad jdeba da itkepneba, rom gazafxulze
xelaxla sWirdeba moxvna. amitom tenian raionebSi mzralad xvna umjobesia
warmoebdes zamTarSi, dekember-ianvarSi, xolo zog SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia -
TebervalSic ki.
gazafxulze, rogorc ki Tovli gadneba da niadagis zedapiri imdenad
SeSreba, rom SesaZlebeli iqneba mindvrad gasvla, awarmoeben xnulebis
dafarcxvas ,,zigzagis’’ farcxiT. dafarcxvis mizania xnulis zedapiris
mosworeba, beltebis daSla, tenianobis SenarCuneba niadagSi da sarevelebis
mospoba.
kartofilis dargvis win awarmoeben xnulis aoSvas frTebmoxsnili
saoSebiT 13-15 sm siRmeze.
kartofili sasuqebis mimarT did moTxovnilebas iCens imis gamo, rom is
iZleva farTobis erTeulze mSrali nivTierebis TiTqmis samjer met mosavals,
vidre marcvleuli kulturebi. kartofilis kvebis Tavisebureba imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom ganviTarebis pirvel periodSi is niadagidan neli tempiT
iTvisebs sakveb nivTierebebs, zafxulis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki
yvavilobisa da tuberis ganviTarebis periodSi, sakveb nivTierebaTa SeTviseba
mcenaris mier Zlierdeba da SemodgomisTvis kvlav klebulobs. garda amisa,
grZeli savegetacio periodis gamo, sakveb nivTierebaTa SeTviseba kartofilis
mier sakmaod xangrZlivia, mas gacilebiT meti nivTierebis miReba SeuZlia
niadagidan, vidre mokle vegetaciis mcenareebs.
kvebis am TaviseburebaTa mixedviT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nakeli Seucvleli
sasuqia kartofilisTvis, romelic gazafxulze da zafxulis ganmavlobaSi
TandaTanobiT ganicdis daSlas niadagSi da mcenares uzrunvelyofs sakvebiT
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi.
mdidar Savmiwisebr niadagebze sakmarisi iqneba 20-25 t/ha-ze, saSualo
noyierebis Tixnar miwebze 30-40 tona nakelis Setana sakmarisia, mwir miwebsa
da Rarib qviSnarebze es norma SeiZleba gadidebul iqnas 60 tonamde.
nakeli Setanili unda iqnas mzralad xvnis win, Tanabrad gaiSalos
nakveTze da Caixnas niadagSi Rrmad. axali nakelis niadagSi Setana nakleb
efeqturia, radgan is ver aswrebs sakmarisad daSlas da mcenarisTvis didxans
gamouyenebeli rCeba. kartofilisTvis karg Sedegs iZleva gadamwvari nakelis
Setana budnebad dargvis dros. TiToeuli budnisTvis aseTi sasuqi sakmarisia
400-500 grami.
72
marTalia, nakeli Zvirfasi sasuqia kartofilisTvis, magram maRali
mosavlis misaRebad igi sakmarisi ar aris. niadagis noyierebis mixedviT,
organuli sasuqis garda, heqtarze saSualod SeaqvT mineraluri sasuqebi _
amoniumis gvarjila 200-300 kg, superfosfati 300-400 kg da kaliumis marili
150-200 kg. organuli sasuqis Setanis gareSe da dabali simZlavris niadagebze
am dozebs sagrZnoblad zrdian.
xarisxiani saTesle masalaze didad aris damokidebuli maRali mosavlis
miReba. amitom, dasargavad unda SeirCes kargad momwifebuli da jiSebisTvis
tipiuri, saSualo da msxvili zomis (60-80 g) tuberebi. yvelaze srulfasovani
sargavi masalaa mTeli tuberebi, magram sargavi masalis naklebobis dros
tuberebs anawevreben. bevri jiSi ar SeiZleba gaWrili tuberiT dairgas,
magram Tu saWiroa, unda gaWran dargvamde ramdenime dRiT adre, raTa ganaWer
mxareze warmoiqmnas mtkice korpisebri apki.
msxvili tuberebis upiratesoba isaa, rom TiToeul kvirtze meti sakvebi
modis, magram zedmetad msxvili tuberebis gamoyenebac ar aris ekonomikurad
gamarTlebuli, radgan didi raodenobiT sargav masalas saWiroebs.
wvrili tuberebis (30-40 g) sargavad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, miiReba
jiSisgan gadagvarebisniSniani dabali mosavali. tuberis simsxosa da kvebis
aris mixedviT 1 ha-ze saWiroa 2,5-4 tona sargavi masala.
saadreo mosavlis misaRebad, zogjer dargvamde mimarTaven tuberebis
winaswar gaRivebas. kartofilis gaRiveba warmoebs mSralsa da naTel
SenobaSi, raTa tuberze miRebul iqnas msxvili da saRi gamonazardebi Rivebis
saxiT. es RonisZieba mniSvnelovnad aCqarebs dargvis Semdeg mcenaris
ganviTarebas, iwvevs mis adre Semosvlas da mosavlianobis gadidebas.
gasaRiveblad iReben mxolod saRsa da dauzianebel tuberebs. muSaobas
iwyeben dargvamde 35-40 dRiT adre. gasaRiveblad kartofilis saTesle
masalas Slian iatakze an Taroebze, Txel fenad, araumetes 2-3 tuberis
sisqeze. amasTan erTad, SenobaSi daculi unda iqnes siTbo 12-15 C0 _is
farglebSi. erTi tona kartofilis gasaRiveblad saWiroa 40-50 m2 farTobi.
saqarTvelos mravalferovani bunebrivi pirobebis gamo ar SeiZleba yvela
raionisTvis arsebobdes kartofilis dargvis mxolod erTi da igive vada.
dablobsa da Tbil adgilebSi kartofili adre irgveba, maRlobsa da civ
adgilebSi _ gvian. kartofilis dargvas marneulis, gardabnis, bolnisis,
TeTriwyaros da Tbilisis sagareubno zonaSi Tebervlis bolodan iwyeben,
xolo bakurianSi, axalqalaqis da ninowmindis raionebSi dargva xSirad
maisis bolomde grZeldeba.
kartofils Tesaven specialuri, oTxmwkriviani misabmeli saTesi manqanebiT,
mwkrivad 70X30sm da kvadratul-budobrivad (70X70 an 60X60) - TiToeul
budeSi 2-3 tubers da erTdroulad SeaqvT mineraluri sasuqi.
mcenaris dargvis sixSire garda sargavi masalisa, damokidebulia agreTve
niadagze da mis mdgomareobaze. teniansa da gril adgilebSi kartofili
SedarebiT Sori-Sors irgveba, xolo SedarebiT mSralsa da cxel adgilebSi
ufro axlo-axlo. aseT adgilebSi mwkrivTaSoris manZili SeiZleba 60 sm-mde
Semcirdes. kartofilis tuberi ise unda dairgos niadagSi, rom mas sakmaod
fxvieri are hqondes rogorc qveviT, ise zeviT. amitom mizanSewonili ar aris
tuberis moTavseba kvlis Zirze, ukeTesia misi dargva kvlis SuaSi. kartofili
yvelgan erTnair siRrmeze ar irgveba. mSralsa da fxvier miwebze kartofils
73
rgaven 12-14 sm siRrmeze, xolo tenian da SedarebiT mZime Tixnarebze - 10-12 sm
siRrmeze. saTesis mwarmoebloba udris 6 ha-s dReSi (momsaxureba 8 kaci).
nakveTis TavSi da boloSi toveben 5-5 metri siganis adgils, raTa damuSavebis
dros SesaZlebeli iyos traqtoris agregatebis mobruneba.
naTesis movla ZiriTadad gamoixateba imaSi, rom nakveTi mTeli vegetaciis
periodSi iyos fxvieri, sarevelebisgan Tavisufali, wyliTa da sakvebi
nivTierebebiT uzrunvelyofili. gazafxulze gadarguli tuberebi SedarebiT
gvian Rvivdeba, aRmocendeba 20-25 dRis Semdeg da amitom sarevelebi aswreben
aRmocenebas. ar aris gamoricxuli qerqis gadakvrac. yovelive amis gamo,
kartofilis movlis pirveli da aucilebeli RonisZiebaa aRmocenebamde
dafarcxva, riTac umjobesdeba niadagis aeracia da mcenaris ganviTarebis
pirobebi.
kartofilis naTesis movlis mniSvnelovani RonisZiebaa agreTve miwis
Semoyra, rodesac mcenare 15-20 sm simaRles miaRwevs. buCqis garSemo niadagis
fenis SenarCunebisTvis saWiroa, miwis meoreuli Semoyra, raTa ukeT
ganviTardes stolonebi da tuberebi. es RonisZieba umjobesia Catardes
yvavilobamde.
kartofilis mcenaris ganviTarebis Taviseburebis gamo, karg Sedegs iZleva
savegetacio periodSi, naTesis gamokveba mineraluri sasuqebiT. am gziT,
SesaZlebeli xdeba mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebis regulireba. mag. noyier
niadagebze da wvimian wlebSi kartofili uxvad iviTarebs miwiszeda nawilebs,
Reroebs da foTlebs, romelsac yovelTvis ar mosdevs Sedegad tuberis
Sesabamisad ganviTareba. am SemTxvevaSi karg Sedegs iZleva fosforiani
sasuqebiT gamokveba.
gazafxulze, naTesis sustad ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, azotiani sasuqebis
mcire doza (amoniumis gvarjila 1-1,5 c, 2 c superfosfati da 1-1,5 c kaliumis
Semcveli sasuqi) aumjobesebs mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebas. damatebiTi kvebis
dros sasuqis Setana warmoebs Rrmad, 10-12 sm siRrmeze. sarwyav nakveTebze
sasuqis Setana damatebiTi kvebis saxiT SeiZleba mSraladac. am SemTxvevaSi,
buCqis ZirSi Setanili sasuqi miwaSi unda moeqces kultivatoris saSualebiT
da Semdeg moirwyas.
zomieri havisa da naleqis pirobebSi, kartofili morwyvis gareSec iZleva
sasurvel mosavals, magram morwyva mniSvnelovnad adidebs mosavals. morwyva
gansakuTrebiT saWiroa zafxulSi, mTian zonaSi (axalqalaqi, walka, axalcixe)
niadagis tenianobis da amindis pirobebis mixedviT 2-3 jer, xolo dablob
zonaSi 4-5 jer. pirveli morwyva unda Catardes foTlebis masobrivi
ganviTarebis fazaSi (niadagis meored gafxvierebis win), meore kokrobis
dawyebis win, mesame yvavilobaSi, meoTxe da mexuTe saWiroebis mixedviT.
morwyvis norma 500-600 m3, morwyva tardeba kvlebSi miSvebiT. morwyvis Semdeg
saWiroa niadagze warmoqmnili qerqis daSla-gafxviereba.
74
Kkartofilis mindvrebis damuSaveba fungicidebiT
75
foTlebSi Seqmnili organuli nivTierebebis gadasvla tuberSi ar wydeba
misi Semosvlis ukanasknel xanamde da amitom tuberis mateba wonaSi
gansakuTrebiT intensiurad mimdinareobs Semosvlis ukanasknel periodSi, e.i.
vidre foTlebi ar dakargaven asimilaciis unars, tuberis zrda grZeldeba.
kartofilis aReba SeiZleba kartofilis mTxreli guTniTac, romelsac
miwis Semomyrelis msgavsad orive mxridan frTebi aqvs. guTniT amoyril
tuberebs xeliT krefen.
76
unda Semcirdes ventilaciis saSualebiT. kartofilis Sesanaxi saTavso unda
iyos mSrali, bneli da ventilirebadi. kartofils inaxaven rogorc grovebad
ise Txrilebsa da ormoebSi.
pomidori
qveynebi warmoeba,
aTasi tona
1 CineTi 30 143 000
2 aSS 12 867 000
3 TurqeTi 9 440 000
4 italia 7 682 000
5 egvipte 7 640 000
6 indoeTi 7 600 000
7 espaneTi 4 441 000
8 irani 4 200 000
9 brazilia 3 515 000
10 meqsika 2 148 000
11 ruseTi 2 017 000
12 saberZneTi 1 932 000
13 rumineTi 1 330 000
14 uzbekeTi 1 245 000
15 maroko 1 201 200
16 portugalia 1 201 000
17 Cile 1 200 000
18 ukraina 1 145 000
19 tunisi 1 118 000
20 siria 920 000
77
pomidori gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasi sameurneo kulturaa, misi nayofi
gamoirCeva maRali sagemovno TvisebebiT da mravalmxrivi moxmarebiT. maT
gamoiyeneben rogorc nedli, aseve gadamuSavebuli saxiTac (tomat pasta,
tomat piure, wveni, mwnili da a. S.).
pomidori gansakuTrebuli qimiuri SemadgenlobiT xasiaTdeba. misi nayofi
mdidaria vitaminebiTa da adamianis janmrTelobisTvis sasargeblo
nivTierebebiT. ukanaskneli samecniero gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom
pomidori Ddidi raodenobiT Seicavs likopens, romelic mniSvnelovnad
amcirebs onkologiuri daavadebebis albaTobas. pomidvris qimiuri
Semadgenloba Semdegnairia:
94,0 16,0 1,0 0,3 5,0 0,8 25,0 2,0 0,2 0,5 15,
0
78
pomidvris moyvana Ria gruntSi
79
romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis tyis miwa, gamomwvari nakeli, torfi da
mineraluri sasuqebi, xSirad mimarTaven substratSi perlitis damatebasac.
raime mizeziT daTesvis vadis gadacilebis dros mimarTaven Teslis winaswar
24 sT wyalSi dalbobas, Semdeg mas SeaSroben bnevad kondiciamde da Tesaven.
maRali aRmocenebis SemTxvevaSi (rac Cveulebriv axasiaTebT cnobili
kompaniebis warmoebul jiSebsa da hibridebs_aRmocenebadoba 95-97%), TiToeul
kasetaSi an WiqaSi aTavseben erT marcvals. xolo Tu Tesli kerZo fermerul
meurneobaSia nawarmoebi, ukeTesia 2-3 marcvlis CaTesva. Tesls CaTesvisTanave
vayriT niadags da vrwyavT. aRmonacenis gamoCenisTanave, TiToeul qoTanSi an
kasetaSi vtovebT mxolod erT mcenares, danarCens ki frTxilad waawyveten.
CaTesvis siRrme - 1-1,5 sm.
normaluri CiTilis aRsazrdelad kvalsaTburebSi da saTburSi unda
davicvaT siTbos reJimi. aRmocenebidan pirveli namdvili foTlis
ganviTarebamde pomidvris CiTils esaWiroeba 10-120 temperetura, xolo Semdeg
foTlis gamotanis dawyebidan 20-210, mzian amindSi 23-280, RrublianSi 18-200,
RamiT ki 15-170. am optimaluri pirobebis mkveTri darRvevis SemTxvevaSi,
CiTili uxarisxo, awowili gamodis.
pomidvris CiTili gadasargavad mzadaa 35-40 dRis asakSi. pomidvris CiTils
gadasargavad unda hqondes 5-7 namdvili foToli, pirveli sayvavile mtevani
kokrebiT, unda iyos saRi, muxlmagari, msxvilReroiani da muqi mwvane feris.
uqoTnod aRzrdili CiTili wina saRamos an amoRebamde ramdenime saaTiT
adre Warbad unda moirwyas.
80
nayofis SigTavsi rCeba mwvane da gauxeSebuli. amis mizezia is, rom maRal
temperaturaze mcenareSi Cqardeba ferment likopenis gamoyofa, nayofi
garegnulad iRebs momwifebul Seferilobas, magram misi SigTavsi
arasruladaa momwifebuli.
maRali temperaturis gavleniT xSiria nayofis garegnulad
moumwifeblobis niSnebic, romelic mokrefvis Semdegac ar icvleba (nayofze
aReniSneba mwvane ubnebi).
Ria gruntSi pomidvris mosayvanad nakveTs amzadeben Semodgomaze, moxvnis
win SeaqvT kaliumiani da fosforiani sasuqebis mTeli doza (K2O-100-150 kg da
P2O5-100-150 kg/ha-ze). rekomendebulia niadagis analizis Catareba, niadagSi PH,
NPK, Ca, Mg da S Semcvelobis dasadgenad, masSi Sesatani sasuqebis raodenoba
zustad ganisazRvra - kargi mosavlis miRebis sawindaria. grunts amuSaveben
25-30 sm siRrmeze, SeaqvT komposti 10-15 kg 1 m2-ze..
gazafxulze gamoyvanili CiTilis gadargvas iwyeben aprilis bolodan.
mindorSi gadargvamde aTi dRiT adre unda ganxorcieldes gakaJebis procesi,
raTa mcenareebma gamoimuSaon araxelsayreli amindis mimarT Semguebloba.
mcenareebis mosaZliereblad unda Semcirdes morwyvis sixSire. CiTilis
mindorSi gadargvamde, isini kargad unda moirwyas, rom fesvebi ar gauSreT.
CiTilebis gamosayvanad erTi heqtrisTvis saWiroa 300-500 grami saTesle
masala, CaTesvis siRrme unda iyos 1-2 sm. Tu CiTilebi kvlebSi unda
gadairgas, kvlebi winaswar unda momzaddes. gadargvisas SeaqvT azotovani
sasuqis dozis 1/3 (30-40 kg sufTa nivTiereba). heqtarze rgaven 20 000-25 000-mde
mcenares. rogorc wesi, Ria gruntSi gadasargavad iyeneben determinantul
(dabal mzard), sasufre an sawarmoo pomidvris jiSebs da hibridebs. manZili
mwkrivebs Soris unda iyos 60-70 sm. pomidvris saadreo jiSebi mwkrivSi 30-35
sm-s dacilebiT irgveba, xolo saSualo da sagviano - 40-70 sm-is daSorebiT.
xeliT dargvisas pomidvrisTvis gankuTvnili nakveTi unda moswordes
mosaSandakebeli manqaniT da ganivi mimarTulebiT daixazos (6-8 sm siRrmeze)
traqtoris kultivator-miwis SemomyreliT ise, rom xazebi kargad etyobodes
da mcenareTa Soris manZili jiSis kvalobaze daculi iyos. sigrZeze unda
daiWras Rrma kvlebi, erTmaneTisgan 60-70 sm manZilis dacilebiT. nakveTi im
markis kultivatoriT unda daixazos, romliTac Catardeba rigTaSorisebis
gafxviereba da damuSaveba. CiTili dairgveba xazebis gadakveTis adgilas Rrma
kvalSi, swor mwkrivebad, imisTvis, rom kultivatoriT damuSaveba
SesaZlebeli iyos.
gadargvis win CiTili unda Seiwamlos bordos 0,6-1%-iani an spilenZis
Semcveli sxva preparatebis gamoyenebiT. gruntSi gamoyvanili CiTili pirvel
foTlamde irgveba, xolo maRal awowil CiTils _ budnaSi dawveniT rgaven.
dargvisTanave saWiroa morwyva. gadargvidan 4-7 dRis Semdeg meored morwyvis
win, gacdenil adgilebs gamorgaven. gadarguli CiTilebis morwyva rom
gaadvildes, dargvis win kultivator-miwisSemomyreliT mwkrivebis gaswvriv
unda gakeTdes 16-18 sm siRrmis sarwyavi kvlebi.
kasetebSi gamoyvanil CiTilebs rgaven CiTilis sargavi manqanebiT, es
meTodi mkveTrad amcirebs SromiT danaxarjebs da zrdis warmadobas.
mcirdeba gamosargavad saWiro CiTilebis raodenobac.
81
pirdapir, Ria gruntSi daTesvis SemTxvevaSi, saTesi masalis xarji
Seadgens 1,5-2 kg-s. SemCneulia, rom gruntSi naTesi pomidori ufro metad
gamZlea virusuli da sxva avadmyofobaTa mimarT, xangrZlivad msxmoiarea,
magram ufro nakleb mosavals iZleva, vidre CiTilebiT darguli. amasTan,
gruntSi Tesvisas gaZnelebulia Tanabari aRmoceneba da sarevela
balaxebisgan dacva. imisTvis rom Tesli Tanabrad daiTesos, mas unda
SevurioT naxerxi, wminda qviSa, granulirebuli superfosfati an gacrili
miwa (2-3 jer meti). umjobesia granulirebuli superfosfati. Tesva tardeba
misabmeli an Camosakidi bostneulis meqanikuri saTesiT. punqtirebuli
saTesis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi TeslTan sxva minarevebis Sereva ar aris
saWiro, masSi mxolod kulturis Tesli Tavsdeba.
gruntSi adre naTesi pomidori gvian amodis, amitom mis Tesls unda
SevurioT iseTi mcenaris Tesli, romelic swrafad amodis, rom pomidvris
amosvlamde mwkrivTaSorisebis damuSavebis saSualeba gvqondes. aseTebia
salaTa (pomidvris yovel kilogram Tesls unda SevurioT 100-200 gr salaTis
Tesli) da Tvis boloki (yovel kilogramze 200-300 gr Tesli).
gadasamuSaveblad gankuTvnili pomidvris warmoebis SemTxvevaSi, mimarTaven
Tesvis win 10-15 dRiT adre, niadagSi 2-2,4 kg treflanis Setanas, xolo
CiTilis gadargvamde, 10-15 dRiT 4-6 kg herbicidis mosxurebas niadagze. imis
gamo, rom es herbicidi xasiaTdeba swrafi aorTqlebiT, aucilebelia
mosxurebisTanave misi CakeTeba niadagSi 5-7 sm siRrmeze.
treflani spobs sarevelebs da Tu niadagi ar aris dasarevlianebuli
SalafiT, TeTri nariT, glertiT, leliT, joris ZuiT, maSin
mwkrivTaSorisebis 1-2-jer kultivacia da mwkrivebis erTi gaToxvna
sakmarisia. magram rogorc wesi, am herbicidiT damuSavebuli niadagidan
miRebuli pomidori nedlad saWmelad ar gamoiyeneba.
niadagis damuSavebis da gamoxSirvis gasaadvileblad, mwkrivad naTesi
gruntis pomidori, roca mas ori-sami namdvili foToli ganuviTardeba, unda
daTaiguldes kultivatoris mwkrivze gardigardmo gadatarebiT.
daTaigulebisTanave gamoixSireba da budnaSi rCeba 2-3 mcenare. danarCeni
samuSaoebi iseve tardeba, rogorc CiTiliT gadarguli pomidvrisTvis.
wvril fermerul meurneobebSi xSirad mimarTaven saSualod mzardi
jiSebis moyvanas, romlebic saWiroeben sarze an Wigoze akvras. Wigo
mcenares manamde unda SevudgaT, sanam mcenare miwaze dawveba, Wigo miwaSi
Rrmad unda CavarWoT mcenaridan 8-12 sm-is daSorebiT, CrdiloeTidan an
gabatonebuli qarebis mxridan. zrdis mixedviT, pomidors sarebze
ramdenjerme (2-5-jer) akraven. akruli pomidori uxv da xarisxian mosavals
iZleva. xSirad mimarTaven mavTulze akvrasac.
pomidori, Cveulebriv ukeT xarobs SemaRlebul kvlebze, radgan
gazafxulze, aseT kvlebze niadagi swrafad Tbeba da xels uwyobs mcenaris
zrdas. SemaRlebuli kvlebi xels uwyobs aseve niadagis drenaJs da icavs mas
Warbi tenisgan. Tumca gvalvian periodSi SemaRlebul kvlebSi dargul
pomidors ufro meti morwyva sWirdeba
82
movrwyaT. mwkrivebs Soris kultivacia unda Catardes 3-5-jer, mwkrivSi
mcenareebis Rrmad SemoToxvna ki - 3-4-jer. sarevelebTan sabrZolvelad
gamoiyeneba herbicidebi: zenkori (0,7 kg/ha; 1 kg/ha orlebniani sarevelebis
winaaRmdeg) da fiuzilad forte an fiuzilad superi (2-4 l/ha erTlebniani
sarevelebis winaaRmdeg-Salafa, Wanga.....). aucilebelia Teslbrunva, mag. unda
vawarmooT kulturaTa monacvleoba, dauSvebelia pomidvris moyvana im
nakveTze, sadac wina wels ganTavsebuli iyvnen iseTi kulturebi,
rogorebicaa: kartofili, badrijani, pomidori an wiwaka. Tambaqos
momxmarebeli unda moeridos xelis dabanis gareSe, CiTilebis xeliT Sexebas
(winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi izrdeba Tambaqos virusiT daavadebis albaToba).
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, CiTilis gadargvamde aucilebelia niadagis
damuSaveba totaluri herbicidebiT (glifosatiT (360 g/l), romlis
sinonimebia: klini, uragani, nogdauni, dominatori, glifo), radgan sarevelebi
mavneblebisa da daavadebebis gavrcelebis umTavres wyaros warmoadgenen.
83
nayofwarmoqmnas. msxmoiarobis dawyebisas, moTxovnileba izrdeba kaliumsa da
fosforze. amitom, vegetaciis periodSi saWiroa 2-3 damatebiTi gamokvebis
Catareba.
mosavali ikrifeba diliT da mere gadaaqvT CrdilSi. nayofi unda
moikrifos frTxilad, dazianebis gareSe, kalaTebsa da yuTebSi ar unda iyos
miwa an sxva narCenebi, nayofs unda moSordes Reroebi. damwifebuli nayofi
inaxeba 7-100C-ze, 90-95% fardobiTi tenianobis pirobebSi. saSualo
mosavlianoba meryeobs 30-40 tonas Soris.
84
sawarmoo pomidvris meqanizebuli aReba
debiuti (Debut F1) – axali seleqciis, Ria gruntis, dabali (buCqis) tipis,
supersaadreo sasalaTe daniSnulebis pomidvris hibridia. mcenare aris
Zliermzardi, nayofis kargad dacvis unariT.
debiuti mosavals iZleva gadargvidan 50 dReSi da ganayofierebas
agrZelebs xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. misi nayofi aris saSualoze didi
zomis, woniT - 200-220 grami, mrgvali formis, aqvs Zalzed mimzidveli wiTeli
feri, gamorCeuli gemo da saukeTeso aromati. debiuti uZlebs iseT
daavadebebs, rogoricaa – fuzariozi, verticiliozi da alternariozi.
debiutis moyvana rekomendebulia Ria gruntSi, umaRlesi xarisxis
supersaadreo produqciis misaRebad.
florida (Florida 47F1) – amerikis bostneuli kulturebis seleqcionerTa
asociaciis mier miCneulia samagaliTo pomidvris hibridad Ria gruntis,
dabali (buCqis) tipis, sasalaTe daniSnulebis pamidvris hibridebs Soris.
floridas mcenare aris Zalzed jansaRi, gansakuTrebiT Zlieri da
stresebis amtani, aqvs msxvili Rero da farTo foTlebi, misi nayofi
idealuradaa daculi.
florida pirvel mosavals iZleva gadargvidan 75 dReSi da ganayofierebas
agrZelebs gvian Semodgomamde. is gamorCeulad uxvmosavliania.
floridas nayofi umaRlesi xarisxisaa, odnav dabrtyelebuli, mrgvali
formis, lamazi wiTeli feris, kargi gemos da aromatis mqone, didi zomis,
woniT - 220-250 grami, aris warmoudgenlad mkvrivi da transportabeluri.
pomidori sasaqonlo saxes inarCunebs mokrefidan xangrZlivi drois
ganmavlobaSi. florida uZlebs iseT daavadebebs, rogoricaa – fuzariozi,
verticiliozi, alternariozi da foTlis nacrisferi laqianoba. misi moyvana
rekomendebulia Ria gruntSi, umaRlesi xarisxis da didi raodenobis
sasalaTe pomidvris misaRebad.
jina (mwarmoebelia holandiur-amerikuli kompania Seminis)‐Ria gruntis,
determinantuli (dabalmzardi) tipis, sasalaTe pomidoria. jina yofil
sabWoTa qveynebSi yvelaze adaptirebuli da popularuli jiSia, mosavals
85
daTesvidan 110-120 dReSi iZleva, nayofi aris sakmaod transportabeluri,
kargi gemosi, saSualo zomis, woniT 180-200 grami. rezistentulia
Semdegi daavadebebis mimarT _ F fuzariozi, V verticiliozi.
rio fuego originali (mwarmoebelia holandiur-amerikuli kompania
Seminis)‐aris Ria gruntis, determinantuli (dabalmzardi), sawarmoo (satomate)
pomidvris jiSi.
rio fuego Tavisi tipis yvelaze adaptirebuli da popularuli jiSia.
mcenare aris jansaRi da Zliermzardi. simwifeSi Sedis daTesvidan 110 dReSi.
nayofis wona aris 120-130 grami, igi kargad inaxeba mcenareze da mokrefil
mdgomareobaSi, aris Zalze transportabeluri, gamoiyeneba rogorc
gadamuSavebisTvis (satomated), aseve salaTebisTvisac. rezistentulia Semdegi
daavadebebis mimarT _ fuzariozi, verticiliozi, alternariozi.
Woportula - daraionebuli jiSia duSeTis, mcxeTis, goris, qarelis,
kaspis da xaSuris raionebSi. savegetacio periodi - 125-130 dRe,
maRalmosavliania, rogorc sarze akvriT, aseve bazoze gadawveniT, nayofi
msxvilia, kaSkaSa wiTeli, sasalaTe, gamoirCeva saukeTeso gemoTi da
aromatiT.
ermaki - sawarmoo, maRalmosavliani determinantuli jiSia, nayofi
ovaluri, mogrZo formisaa, wiTeli feris. gamoirCeva transportabelurobiT.
sulTani _ holandiuri seleqciis maRalmosavliani hibridia. nayofi
msxvilia, xasiaTdeba kargi gemoTi, transportabelurobiTa da Senaxvis
unariT. vegetaciis periodi 110 dRe.
stafilo
86
stafilos Seferiloba ganpirobebulia masSi pigment karotinis
SemcvelobiT, rac ufro intensiurad aris Seferili Zirxvena, miT metia masSi
karotinis Semcveloba.
Zirxvena warmoadgens Rerosa da fesvis gamsxvilebas, sadac grovdeba
samarago nivTierebebi. gacilebiT fasobs is formebi, romlebic miwiszeda
mcire, mwvane masas iviTareben. aseT SemTxvevaSi foTlebi xasiaTdeba ufro
maRali produqtiulobiT. aseT ZirxvenebSi mcirdeba uxeSi WurWlian-
boWkovani kvanZebis warmoqmna. formis mixedviT Zirxvenebis saxeobebi
sxvadasxvaa_cilindruli an wamaxvilebuli, sigrZiT 12-20 sm, diametriT 2,5-5
sm. saSualo masa 80-200 gr.
87
sm-ia, amitom niadagis tenianoba am dros aucilebelia. aRmonacenebi Tavidan
izrdebian Zalian nela, pirveli namdvili foToli Cndeba aRmocenebidan 10-15
dReSi, meore - 18-20, mesame - 24-25 dReSi. yoveli axali foTlis warmoqmna
SemdegSi xdeba 5-7 dReSi. warmoqmnili foTlebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan
formiT, zomiT da woniT. Zirxvena gamsxvilebas iwyebs 40-60 dRis Semdeg.
pirveli namdvili foTlis fazaSi, mTavari fesvi Cadis niadagSi 11-12 sm-is
siRrmeze, gverdiTi fesvebis raodenoba ki aris 8-12, magram yvela maTgani
moklea. mesame, namdvili foTlis fazidan iwyeba gverdiTi fesvebis
intensiuri zrda, romlebic sigrZiT 6-8 sm-s aRweven, amave dros iwyeba meore
iarusis fesvis warmoqmnac. mTavari fesvi aRwevs 17-26 sm sigrZes da iwyebs
gamsxvilebas. fesvebi aRweven saxnavi fenis mTel siRrmeze. am dros sakvebi
elementebi unda iyvenen mTel saxnav fenaSi. Tesvisas Setanili sakvebi
nivTierebebi rCeba niadagis zedapiris siaxloves da mcenareTa mier sustad
gamoiyeneba. amis gamo, mxolod Tesvis dros Setanili sasuqebiT Semofargvla
arasasurvelia.
5-6 namdvili foTlis fazaSi aRiniSneba miwiszeda nawilis intensiuri
zrda, fesvebi izrdebian aseve swrafad, gverdiTi fesvebi vrceldeba
Zirxvenidan horizontalurad, niadagis zedapirTan 3-5 sm sigrZeze, xolo
siRrmeSi 10-25 sm. es gasaTvaliswinebelia am fazaSi rigTaSorisebis
damuSavebis dros, niadagis damuSavebis siRrme ar unda aRematebodes 5-6 sm-s.
erTi mcenare vegataciis periodSi warmoqmnis 7-dan 12-mde foTols. 7-8
foTlis fazaSi mTavari fesvi sigrZeSi aRwevs 60-70 sm-s, am fazaSi xdeba
Zirxvenis intensiuri zrda. misi diametri aRwevs 1,5-2,5 sm-s, SemdgomSi axali
foTlebis warmoqmna ferxdeba, xolo qveda foTlebi berdeba, yviTldeba da
TandaTanobiT kvdeba. niadagis mdgomareoba, misi simkvrive uSualod moqmedebs
fesvTa sistemis ganviTarebaze, zrdis vadebze da formaze.
stafilo sakmaod siciveamtani mcenarea, misi Tesli aRmocenebas iwyebs 3-
4 C-ze, Tumca sasurveli temperatura 6-80C-ia. aRmonaceni uZlebs -40C-mde
0
88
nakveTis SerCevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom stafilo Tavidan
nela izrdeba da advilad iCagreba sarevelebisagan, amitom misTvis unda
SeirCes, SeZlebisdagvarad, sarevelebisgan Tavisufali nakveTi
(gansakuTrebiT mravalwliani sarevelebisgan _ Wanga, nari, xvarTqla).
stafilosTvis saukeTeso winamorbedebs warmoadgene _ kombosto, pomidori,
xaxvi, kitri.
dabali saxnavi fenis (10-15 sm) mqone niadagebze da Warbtenian raionebSi
stafilo mohyavT SemaRlebebze.
winamorbedi kulturebis aRebisTanave awarmoeben niadagis aCeCvas.
Semodgomaze, Rrma xvnis win niadagSi SeaqvT fosforovani sasuqis mTeli
norma da kaliumiani sasuqis 2/3. adre gazafxulze niadags farcxaven da
atareben kultivacias, amave dros SeaqvT azotovani sasuqebi.
saSualo nayofierebis miwebze SeaqvT gamomwvari nakeli - 40-60 tona
(nedli nakelis gamoyeneba dauSvebelia, radgan igi auaresebs Zirxvenebis
xarisxs _ maxinji formebi, mSrali nivTierebebis dabali Semcveloba, cudi
Senaxvisunarianoba. nedli nakelis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, is unda SevitanoT
winamorbed kulturaSi), amis garda SeaqvT 120-150 kg kaliumi, 70-90 kg
fosfori da 90-100 kg azoti 1 heqtarze. mxolod mineraluri sasuqebis
gamoyenebisas SeaqvT 120-150 kg azoti, 150-180 kg kaliumi, 90-100 kg fosfori 1
heqtarze. niadagSi SeaqvT agreTve 15 kg boris sasuqi, romelic amcirebs
Zirxvenebis daskdomas. niadagSi humusis 3%-ze da meti Semcvelobisas
organuli sasuqi ar SeaqvT.
mZime niadagebze stafilos Tesaven 1.5-2 sm-is, xolo msubuq niadagebze 3
sm-is siRrmeze. rigebs Soris daTesva xdeba 18-20 sm-is, xolo rigebSi
mcenareTa Soris - 4-6 sm-is daSorebiT. jiSebidan gamomdinare, 1 heqtarze
iTeseba 2-dan 5 kg-mde. stafilos Tesaven farTo mwkrivebSi 10X45, raTa
maqsimalurad SeZlon meqanizaciis gamoyeneba, gamoiyeneba wyvil_lenturi
(10X4X45 sm) da viwromwkriviani (10X4X45) Tesvac. viwromwkriviani Tesvisas
mimarTaven kvebis aris mravalnair konfiguracias 7X5, 8X8, 10X10, rac
damokidebulia fermerTa xelSi arsebul manqana-danadgarebze (gansakuTrebiT
rigTaSorisebis gamafxvierebel danadgarebze).
dReisaTvis miRebulia, rom 1 ha-ze mcenareTa optimaluri raodenobaa 1-1,2
mil. cali. ganoyierebis da rwyvis kompleqsis gamoyenebisas, ufro maRali
mosavali miiReba 1 ha-ze 1,2-1,5 mil. cali mcenaris sixSirisas.
MmTeli vegetaciis periodSi stafilo saWiroebs wylis sakmao raodenobas.
is gansakuTrebiT saWiroa pirveli namdvili foTlebis warmoqmis fazaSi.
tenis ukmarisobis SemTxvevaSi, axalgazrda, Camoyalibebis proceSi myofi
Zirxvena aCerebs zrdas da misi kani iwyebs gamerqnebas. morwyvis an naleqebis
mosvlis Semdeg, aseTi Zirxvena kvlav agrZelebs zrdas, magram fesvTa
sistemis gamerqnebuli nawili kargavs elastiurobas da skdeba. amrigad,
dagegmili, xarisxiani da standartuli Zirxvenebis misaRebad saWiroa
regularuli rwyva da niadagis tenianobis SenarCuneba optimalur farglebSi
(misi tentevadobis 70-80%).
89
rwyvis reJimis darRveviT gamowveuli Zirxvenis dazianeba (daxeTqva)
90
SeaSroben, Seureven mdinaris qviSas 1:5 TanafardobiT (maTi Tanabrad
daTesvisTvis) da Tesaven tenian niadagSi, Semdeg rigebs tkepnian (niadagisa da
Teslis mWidro kontaqtisaTvis). aRmocenebis daCqarebis mizniT
rekomendebulia, nakveTs maSinve daefaros Suqgamtari celofani, rogorc ki
gamoCndeba erTeuli Rivebi, celofans aSoreben, raTa Tavidan iqnes
acilebuli aRmonacenis awowva. zedapiruli qerqis warmoqmnisas, mas
Slian focxis saSualebiT. CaxSirebuli naTesis SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia
naTesis gameCxereba, mcenareTa Soris 1-2 sm-is intervalis datovebiT, meore
gameCxereba tardeba 4-5 namdvili foTlis fazaSi, Zirxvenis 0,5-1 sm
diametrisas. gameCxerebasTan erTad atareben gamargvlas da damatebiT
gamokvebas mineraluri sasuqebiT. stafilos rwyaven 2-3 jer, Zirxvenebis
intensiuri ganviTarebis fazaSi saWiroa 5-6 litri wyali 1 m2-ze.
mosavlis masiuri aReba iwyeba Zirxvenebis formirebis damTavrebis Semdeg.
aReba unda damTavrdes xangrZlivi saSemodgomo wvimebis da wayinvebis
dawyebamde. mosavali aRebuli unda iqnes mSral amindSi. Zirxvenebs Txrian
specialuri manqanebiT (warmadoba 0,5 ha/1sT-Si). SeiZleba kartofilis amRebi
manqanebis gamoyenebac. Zirxvenebs aWrian foCebs, msubuqad SeaSroben,
gadaarCeven, moaSoreben dazianebul, daavadebul, daxeTqil Zirxvenebs da
miaqvT Sesanaxad. saSualo mosavlianoba Seadgens 20-25 tonas, xolo mowinave
qveynebSi - 50-60 tonas 1 ha-ze.
dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi arsebuli jiSebidan aRsaniSnavia ramdenime:
roial forte (mwarmoebeli holandiur-amerikuli kompania SEMINISI) nanskis
tipi, Semodis 110 dReSi, sigrZe 18 sm-mde, diametri 3,5-4 sm, cilindruli
formis, blagvboloiani Zirxvenebi, xasiaTdeba kargi SenaxvisunarianobiT da
maRali sagemovno TvisebebiT.
cesaro (mwarmoebeli holandiur-amerikuli kompania SEMINISI) nanskis tipi,
Semodis 115 dReSi, sigrZe 17-19 sm-mde, diametri 3-3,5 sm, cilindruli formis,
blagvboloiani Zirxvenebi, xasiaTdeba kargi SenaxvisunarianobiT da maRali
sagemovno TvisebebiT. mdgradia Zirxvenebis daskdomisadmi.
esperado (mwarmoebli holandiur-amerikuli kompania SEMINISI) nanskis tipi,
saadreo, Semodis 90 dReSi, sigrZe 17-19 sm-mde, diametri 2,5-3,5 sm,
cilindruli formis, blagvboloiani Zirxvenebi, xasiaTdeba maRali sagemovno
TvisebebiT, rekomendebulia meqanizebuli aRebisTvis.
roial Sansoni (mwarmoebli holandiur-amerikuli kompania SEMINISI)
Sansones tipi, Semodis 100 dReSi, sigrZe 14-16 sm-mde, diametri 5-7 sm,
cilindruli formis, odnav wawvetebuli boloTi. Zirxvenebi xasiaTdeba kargi
SenaxvisunarianobiT da maRali sagemovno TvisebebiT.
91
Warxali
Warxlis (Beta vulgaris L) yvela veluri da kulturuli saxeoba
gaerTianebulia erT gvarSi, miekuTvneba nacarqaTamisebrTa ojaxs,
warmodgenilia erTwliani da mravalwliani saxeobebiT.
velurad mzardi Warxlisgan xangrZlivi SerCevis Sedegad miRebul iqna
Warxlis oTxi ZiriTadi saxesxvaoba _ foTlovani, sakvebi, Saqris da sufris.
foTlovan Warxals aqvs msxvilReroiani farTo foTlebi, ganuviTarebeli
Zirxvena xasiaTdeba cudi Senaxvis unariT, gamoiyeneba adre gazafxulze da
Semodgomaze salaTebis dasamzadeblad. danarCeni sami warmoqmnian Zirxvenebs
- sakveb Warxals is moyviTalo feris aqvs, Zirxvena masiuria da ugemuri.
Saqris Warxlis Zirxvena TeTria, ugemuri, magram tkbili; sufris Warxlis
Zirxvena - mcire zomis, gemrieli, wiTeli feris.
sufris Warxali formis mixedviT iyofa sam saxeobad - mrgvali,
wagrZelebuli da Sebrtyelebuli. mosavlianobiT gamoirCeva burTisebri da
wagrZelebuli saxeobebi. Uufro farTod aris gavrcelebuli mrgvali,
Sebrtyelebuli formebi. isini kargad izrdeba mcire saxnavi fenis mqone
niadagebze da maTi aReba gacilebiT advilia vidre grZeli jiSebis.
sufris Warxali 8%-mde Saqars Seicavs. Uufro metad fasobs muqi, wiTeli
feris Zirxvenebi. Zirxvenebis wiTeli feri ganpirobebulia antocian
betaninis SemcvelobiT. Mmisi Semcveloba Warxlis ZirxvenaSi aRwevs 1,45 gr-s
1 kg-ze, xolo foTlebSi 2,36gr/kg-Si. Warxlis betanini warmoadgens
nivTiereba qolinis wyaros, romelic amcirebs adamianis sisxlSi
qolesterinis Semcvelobas, xels uwyobs axalgazrda organizmis zrdas,
aumjobesebs gulis moqmedebas. Bbolo drois gamokvlevebiT mas axasiaTebs
antioqsidanturi Tvisebebi _ xels uSlis kibos ujredebis warmoqmnas.
92
220C, aRmonacenebi Tavidan nela izrdeba, Zirxvenebi gamsxvilebas iwyeben 30-45
dRis Semdeg.
imis gamo, rom Warxlis aRmonaceni Tavdapirvelad nela izrdeba, nakveTis
SerCevisas, unda SeirCes sarevelebisgan SeZlebisdagvarad sufTa adgili.
WarxlisTvis saukeTeso winamorbedebi arian - kombosto, kartofili,
pomidori, xaxvi da kitri.
Ddabali saxnavi fenis (10-15 sm ) mqone niadagebze da Warbtenian raionebSi
Warxali unda moviyvanoT SemaRlebebze an sferul kvlebze.
winamorbedi kulturis mosavlis aRebis Semdeg, awarmoeben niadagis
aCeCvas. Semodgomaze, Rrma xvnis win SeaqvT fosforovani sasuqebis mTeli
norma da kaliumiani sasuqis 2/3. adre gazafxulze niadags farcxaven da
atareben kultivacias, amave dros SeaqvT azotovani sasuqi.
saSualo nayofierebis miwebze SeaqvT 30-40 tona gamomwvari nakeli (nedli
nakelis gamoyeneba dauSvebelia, igi auaresebs Zirxvenebis xarisxs, amaxinjebs
formebs. mcirdeba ZirxvenebSi mSrali nivTierebebis Semcveloba da uaresdeba
Senaxvisunarianoba). Oorganuli sasuqis garda, mosayvan farTobSi SeaqvT
agreTve mineraluri sasuqebic. 1 ha farTobze SeaqvT 90-100 kg azoti, 70-90 kg
fosfori, 120-150 kg kaliumi. Mxolo mineraluri sasuqebis gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi 1 ha-ze SeaqvT 120-150 kg azoti, 90-100 kg fosfori, 150-180 kg
kaliumi. sasurvelia agreTve 15-20 kg boris Semcveli sasuqis Setanac.
Warxali iTeseba 3-4 sm siRrmeze. rigebs Soris 20 sm daSorebiT, xolo
rigebSi mcenareTa Soris 10-15 sm. Tesvis norma 6-10 kg-mde.
93
Warxlis Tesva SemaRlebul kvlebze (marneuli)
Warxlis moyvanisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces gamargvla-
gameCxerebas, rigTaSorisebis gafxvierebas, rwyvas. Sesabamisi herbicidebis
gamoyeneba sagrZnoblad aiolebs movlis process (orlebniani sarevelebis
winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneba: betanali 2-4 kg, erTlebnianebTan sabrZolvelad
fiuziladi 2l/ha, an zeleki 1l/ha-ze.)
sakarmidamo nakveTebze Warxlis moyvanisas, Semodgomaze, niadagis
damuSavebisas SeaqvT 4-5 kg komposti an organuli sasuqi, 30-40 gr
fosforovani da 20-30 gr kaliumiani sasuqi, 15-20 kg amoniumis gvarjila 1m2-ze.
gazafxulze, gaRivebis daCqarebisa da erTnairi aRmonacenis miRebis mizniT,
Tesls winaswar alboben wyalSi (1 gr Tesli 1 ml wyalSi 1:1), xsnars
ramdenjerme ureven, Semdeg mas Slian Txel fenad, romelime araRrma
WurWelSi, romelsac zevidan daafareben naWers, aCereben 15-200C ramdenime dRe,
SeSrobisTanave atenianeben. erTeuli Rivebis gamoCenisTanave, Tesls
SeaSroben, Tesaven tenian niadagSi. Semdeg rigebs tkepnian (niadagisa da
Teslis mWidro kontaqtisTvis). aRmocenebis daCqarebis mizniT
rekomendebulia, nakveTs maSinve daefaros Suqgamtari celofani, rogorc ki
gamoCndeba erTeuli Rivebi, celofans aSoreben, raTa Tavidan aviciloT
aRmonacenis awowva. zedapiruli qerqis warmoqmnisas, mas Slian focxis
saSualebiT. CaxSirebuli naTesis SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia naTesis
gameCxereba, mcenareTa Soris 4-5 sm datovebiT, meore gameCxereba tardeba 3-5
namdvili foTlis fazaSi, Zirxvenis 2-3 sm diametrisas. gameCxerebasTan erTad
atareben gamargvlas da damatebiT gamokvebas mineraluri sasuqebiT. Warxals
rwyaven 2-3-jer, Zirxvenebis intensiuri ganviTarebis fazaSi 5-6 litri wyali 1
m2-ze.
mosavlis masiuri aReba iwyeba Zirxvenebis formirebis damTavrebis Semdeg.
aReba unda damTavrdes xangrZlivi saSemodgomo wvimebis da wayinvebis
dawyebamde. mosavali aRebuli unda iqnes mSral amindSi. Zirxvenebs Txrian
specialuri manqanebiT (warmadoba 0,5 ha/1sT-Si). SeiZleba kartofilis amRebi
manqanebis gamoyenebac. Zirxvenebs aWrian foCebs, msubuqad SeaSroben,
gadaarCeven, moaSoreben dazianebul, daavadebul, daxeTqil Zirxvenebs da
miaqvT Sesanaxad. saSualo mosavlianoba Seadgens 18-25 tonas 1 ha-ze.
94
dReisTvis sufris Warxlis sakmaod mravali jiSi da hibridi arsebobs,
magram maT Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi;
detroit nero (mwarmoebeli holandiur-amerikuli kompania Seminisi)
saSualo saadreo jiSia, maRalmosavliani. Zirxvena burTisebri, kargi
struqturiT, priala zedapiriT, rbilobis Seferiloba muqi bordosferia.
Mmwvane masa 35-45 sm simaRlis. xasiaTdeba mSrali nivTierebebis maRali
SemcvelobiT. Rekomendebulia, rogorc nedli saxiT gamoyenebisTvis, aseve
gadamuSavebisTvis. xasiaTdeba kargi SenaxvisunarianobiT.
ruJeti (mwarmoebeli holandiur-amerikuli kompania Seminisi) saadreo,
maRalmosavliani, saSualo siZlieris zrdis hibridia. Zirxvena mrgvalia,
swori zedapiriT. SigTavsi muqi wiTeli, rgolebis gareSe. Zirxvena Zalian
gemrielia, rekomendebulia nedli, gadamuSavebuli an gamomSrali saxiT
gamoyenebisTvis. xasiaTdeba kargi Senaxvis unariT. SesaniSnav Sedegebs iZleva,
rogorc gazafxulze daTesili, aseve zafxulis bolos (Semodgomaze
mosavlis misaRebad) daTesvis SemTxvevaSic.
centurioni (mwarmoebeli holandiur-amerikuli kompania Seminisi), super
saadreo hibridia, Zirxvena mrgvali, SigTavsi muqi wiTeli, foTlebis sigrZe
30-36 sm-ia. Aaxalgazrda foTlebi nazia, priala, SesaniSnavia nedli saxiT da
salaTebSi gamosayeneblad. rekomendebulia saadreo (konebad gayidvisTvis)
produqciis misaRebad.
roial centurioni (mwarmoebeli holandiur-amerikuli kompania Seminisi),
saSualo saadreo jiSia. Zirxvena originaluri cilindruli formisaa,
SigTavsi muqi wiTeli feris, zolebis gareSe, maRalmosavliani, mwvane masa 35-
45 sm. rekomendebulia nedli saxiT gadamuSavebisa da SenaxvisTvis.
P pablo (mwarmoebeli holandiuri kompania Beyo). Zirxvena mrgvali formisaa,
swori zedapiriT, SigTavsi muqi wiTeli.
kombosto
95
qveynebi warmoeba tonebSi
1 CineTi 34 826 150
2 indoeTi 6 147 700
3 ruseTi 4 073 240
4 korea 3 068 148
5 iaponia 2 286 800
6 ukraina 1 465 000
7 indonezia 1 292 687
8 poloneTi 1 249 066
9 rumineTi 1 112 675
10 aSS 1 099 770
11 germania 737 458
12 vietnami 700 000
13 kenia 689 554
14 TurqeTi 687 112
15 egvipte 550 000
16 italia 325 817
17 serbeTi 324 657
18 yazaxeTi 320 000
19 irani 318 163
20 tailandi 265 000
vitaminebi mg
kaloriu
naxSirwy
ujredin
Saqrebi
cximebi
cilebi
wyali
loba
lebi
C
B1
B2
PP
a
26.9 90 1.4 1.8 0.1 4.6 2.1 0.05 0.02 0.2 10.0
TeTrTaviani kombostos mravali jiSi da hibridi arsebobs, Tavebis
moyvanilobis mixedviT arCeven: mrgval, brtyel da wagrZelebul-konusisebr
formebs. savegetacio periodis mixedviT ki gamoyofen oTx jgufs: saadreo,
saSualo_saadreo, saSualo_sagviano da sagviano. TeTrTavian kombostos
96
normaluri zrda-ganviTarebis optimaluri temperaturaa +18 +200C. saerTod
kombosto grili havis mcenarea, amitomaa, rom misi warmoeba Tavisuflad
SeiZleba zRvis donidan 1400-1800 metr simaRleze da maRalmTian zonaSi ufro
maRal mosavals iZleva, vidre baris raionebSi.
K kombostos Tesli wvrilia, mrgvali an kvercxisebri formis, muqi
yavisferi. 1 gr-Si 250-330 cali marcvalia. igi gaRivebas iwyebs 2-30C
temperaturaze, 10-110 C-ze aRmocendeba 10-12 dReSi, xolo 200C-ze 2-3 dReSi.
Nniadagis optimaluri mJavianoba pH 6.5-7.5-ia. Kkombostos warmoebisTvis
gamousadegaria mZime Tixnari, qviSnari da damJavebuli niadagebi. misTvis
arCeven mziT ganaTebul, swor, samxreT an samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mcired
daqanebul ferdobs. Kkombosto Zalze momTxovnia tenisadmi, misi ukmarisobis
SemTxvevaSi mosavlianoba mkveTrad mcirdeba. Tumca mcenare ver itans Warb
tensac. misTvisKkarg winamorbedebs warmoadgenen parkosani kulturebi: kitri,
xaxvi, kartofili, Warxali, pomidori da mravalwliani balaxebi.
dauSvebelia kombostos warmoeba im nakveTze, romelzec wina wels
moyvanil iqna kombosto an jvarosanTa ojaxis sxva warmomadgenlebi (boloki,
Talgami, wiwmati). Kkombosto pirvandel adgilze unda dabrundes ara uadres
4-5 wlisa.
agroteqnika. Semodgomaze (oqtomber-noemberSi) kombostosTvis gankuTvnili
nakveTi iwmindeba wina kulturis narCenebisgan da idiskeba TefSebiani mZime
kultivatoriT. Hheqtarze SeaqvT 50-70 tona gadamwvari saqonlis nakeli. Tu
es ar moxerxda, unda SevitanoT mineraluri sasuqebidan P2O5-80-100 kg da K2O
60-80 kg/ha-ze. Aamis Semdeg nakveTi ixvneba mzralad 25-28 sm siRrmeze.
gazafxulze mzrali unda daifarcxos.
CiTilebi gamohyavT saTburebSi an kvalsaTburebSi.Gdasargavad CiTili
mzadaa aRmocenebidan 35-40 dRis Semdeg. TeTrTaviani kombostos moyvana
SeiZleba CiTilis gareSec, pirdapir Ria gruntSi daTesviT, am SemTxvevaSi
saTesi norma 1-1,5 kg heqtarze (Tumca, Cven pirobebSi es naklebad
gamarTlebulia). CiTilebis daTesvis sqema, 8X8 an 5X10 CaTesvis siRrme 3-4 sm.
Ggadasargav CiTils unda hqondes 5-8 namdvili foToli. gadargvas iwyeben
april_maisSi (regionalur-klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT).
97
CiTilebisTvis unda moewyos saCiTile kvlebi, romlebsac anoyiereben
organul-mineraluri sasuqebiT. daTesva xdeba mwkrivSi (mwkivTaSoris 10 sm-is
datovebiT), winaswar unda daiyaros misatyuebeli maxrebisTvis, xolo
mRrRneli xvatarebis winaaRmdeg granulirebuli bazudini 10-20 gr 1m2-ze an
mis magivrad dursbani 20 ml + 2l wyali + 50 ml zeTi + RerRili
(misatyueblad).
Tesvis Semdeg miwa kargad unda mieyaros, moitkepnos da moirwyas. morwyva
unda tardebodes regularulad, im varaudiT, rom niadagi ar gamoSres. Aaseve
unda Catardes mwkrivTaSoris 2-3 gafxviereba, gamargvla, gamoxSirva mwkrivSi
ise, rom mcenareTa Soris darCes 3-4 sm. rwyilebis winaamRdeg unda
gamoviyenoT decisi 0,3-0,5 kg/ha, arivo 0,16 l/ha.Kkarate 0,1 -0,2 l/ha.
Gkargi CiTilis aRzrdis erT-erTi pirobaa temperaturuli reJimis
mowesrigeba. aRmocenebuli kombosto, pirveli foTlis ganviTarebamde, unda
vamyofoT 4-50 temperaturaze, rodesac mcenare foTlis gamotanas daiwyebs,
temperatura unda aviyvanoT dRisiT 12-13 gradusamde, RamiT ki 8-10 gradusamde
CamoviyvanoT. mzian amindSi saCiTile kargad unda ganiavdes. gadargvamde 5-10
dRiT adre saWiroa CiTilebis gakaJeba, raTa mcenares araxelsayreli amindis
mimarT gamoumuSavdes Seguebis unari. mcenareTa mosaZliereblad unda
SevamciroT morwyvis sixSire. mindorSi gadargvamde CiTilebi kargad unda
moirwyas, raTa fesvebi ar gamouSreT. 1 heqtris sargavi CiTilis misaRebad
saWiroa 350-500 gr saTesle masala.
kombostos gadargvamde 3-5 dRiT adre, nakveTSi mofantviT Setanili unda
iqnas amoniumis gvarjila 70-80 kg. Ddargvis win, kultivaciis Semdeg niadags
asxureben herbicid stomps 3-6 l/ha, an SeaqvT treflani 4-10 kg
Tanmiyolebuli CakeTebiT, rogorc Tesvamde, ise CiTilebis gadargvamde. A
am operacias Tan unda mohyves TaTebiani kultivatoriT niadagis damuSaveba
da sargavi bazokvlebis gakeTeba.
CiTilebis dargvis win, Tu niadagi Zalze gamomSralia, maSin kvlebi
winaswar unda movrwyaT da meore-mesame dRes davrgoT. saadreo kombosto
irgveba 60X40 (40_41 aTasi mcenare 1 ha-ze) saSualo_sagviano kombostos
CiTili unda davrgoT kvebis ariT 70X50-60, xolo sagviano jiSebi 70X60-70 sm-
ze, im varaudiT, rom heqtarze dairgas 21-23 aTasi mcenare. dargvas axdenen,
rogorc swor zedapirze, aseve SemaRlebul kvlebzec.
gvian gazafxulze da zafxulSi kombosto unda dairgas Rrublian dRes.
mzian amindSi kombostos CiTils rgaven dilis saaTebSi da naSuadRevis 3-4
saaTidan. nakveTi dargvisTanave unda moirwyas. dargvidan 6-10 dRis Semdeg
mocdenili adgilebi gamoirgveba da nakveTi kvlav moirwyveba, niadagis
zedapiris SeSrobisTanave Catardeba kultivacia.
dasavleT saqarTvelos tenian, subtropikul zonaSi sagviano produqciis
misaRebad adreuli jiSis kombosto ivlisSi unda daiTesos da CiTili
agvistoSi an seqtemberis pirvel naxevarSi dairgas. am periodSi darguli
kombostos Tavi ufro xelsayreli temperaturis pirobebSi viTardeba da
produqcia noember-dekemberSi Semodis. kombosto am zonaSi Tavisuflad
zamTrobs, amitom mTeli zamTari rCeba mindvrad da saWiroebis mixedviT
iWreba.
gadargvis dros standartul CiTils unda hqondes 4-5 namdvili foToli,
iyos janmrTeli, auwowavi, dabali da msxvilReroiani, 30-40 dRis. saCiTile
98
kvlebi CiTilis amoRebis win unda moirwyas.M CiTilebi dargvisTanave unda
moirwyas, xolo 5-8 dRis Semdeg unda Catardes gamorgva. vegetaciis periodSi
saWiroa, Catardes rigTaSorisebis gafxviereba 2-3-jer da 3-5-jer morwyva.
P pirvel rigTaSoris gafxvierebas atareben gadargvidan 10-15 dReSi, Semdegs
- niadagis qerqisa da sarevelebis gamoCenisas.
rodesac mcenareebi kargad momagrdebian_dafesviandebian, maT miwas
Semoayrian da utareben damatebiT gamokvebas. Mmeore gamokvebas atareben
Tavebis daxvevis dawyebisas (30-40 kg/ha azoti).
rwyva unda tardebodes regularulad, niadagis SeSrobisas. dauSvebelia
niadagis Zlieri gamoSroba.
Tavebis formirebis dawyebamde rwyvis normaa 250-300 m3/ha-ze, xolo Tavebis
formirebis Semdeg - 400-500m3/ha-ze.
saqarTvelos dasavleT raionebsa da kaxeTis dablobebSi, Semodgomaze an
gazafxulze darguli kombosto, Tavis Sexvevis nacvlad mTlianad Coydeba
(yvavdeba). aCoyebis mizezia zamTrisa da adre gazafxulis periodis
xangrZlivi, dabali temperaturis gavlena, agreTve CiTilis gamoyvanis
periodSi temperaturuli reJimis mkveTri cvalebadoba, ris gamoc mcenare
iarovizaciis stadiis gavlas aswrebs da Tavis nacvlad sayvavile Reros
iviTarebs. zogi jiSi iarovizaciis stadias didxans gadis, zogi ki swrafad.
amitom Semodgomaze da adre gazafxulze dasargavad unda gamoviyenoT
aCoyebisadmi mdgradi jiSebi da hibridebi.
saadreo kombostos sawarmoeblad iyeneben SemaRlebul adgilebs an
kvlebs, radgan isini advilad Tbebian da Srebian wvimis Semdeg.
saadreo jiSebis mosavlis aRebas iwyeben SerCeviT, Tavebis momwifebis _
gamkvrivebis mixedviT, ivnisSi.
saSualo simwifis kombosto ikrifeba ivlis-agvistoSi. sagviano _ seqtembris
bolos an oqtombris dasawyisSi.
99
Mmosavlis aRebamde 20-25 dRiT adre rwyva unda Sewydes, raTa Tavebi ar
daskdes da Semcirdes mosavlis danakargi. Tavebis daxeTqvisgan dasacavad
(SedarebiT mcire farTobebze) zogjer mimarTaven mcenaris ramdenjerme
gadawvenas erT mxares (raTa dairRves fesvTa sistema, SeizRudos mcenareSi
sakvebi nivTierebebis miwodeba da zrda.)
Mmosavals iReben xeliT, Tavebs Wrian basri daniT an najaxiT 3-4 mfaravi
foTlis TanmiyolebiT. sagviano kombostos Tavebis aRebis dagvianeba-
dayovneba dauSvebelia, radgan -4 -50C yinvisas aRebuli Tavebi cudad inaxeba
da Senaxvisas danakargebi didia. Tu cudi amindis gamo nakveTidan Tavebis
gamotana ar xerxdeba, isini unda Segrovdes grovebad da gadaefaros namja an
Tiva.
Kkombostos SenaxvisTvis optimaluri pirobebia 00C da 95% haeris
SefardebiTi tenianoba. U
sabWoTa periodSi saqarTveloSi daraionebuli iyo Semdegi jiSebi:
a) saadreo _ nomer pirveli, gribovskis 147, zalatoi heqtari 1432,
xarisgula.
b) saSualo sagviano ,, likani’’, slava gribovski 231.
g) sagviano _ goruli braunSveigis, iuJanka, berbukula.
dReisaTvis perspeqtiulad iTvleba holandiuri warmoebis Semdegi
hibridebi:
pandioni (Pandion F1) _ holandiuri kompania Royal Sluis-is warmoebuli
supersaadreo kombostos hibridia, gankuTvnilia nedli saxiT
moxmarebisTvis. mwifdeba CiTilis gadargvidan 48-53 dReSi, mcenare
kompaqturia, Tavis moyvaniloba aqvs mrgvali formis da Ria feris, woniT
1,0-1,5 kg. pandions axasiaTebs momwifebis SemdegMmcenareze didxans gaCerebis
unari (ar skdeba) daKkargad itans transportirebas. misi moyvana
rekomendebulia supersaadreo produqciis misaRebad saTburSi da Ria
gruntSi. pandionis gadargvis heqtruli normaa 60 000 mcenare.
hermesi (Hermes F1) _ holandiuri kompania Royal Sluis-is warmoebuli Zalzed
saadreo kombostos hibridia, gankuTvnilia nedli saxiT moxmarebisTvis.
hermesi mosavalas iZleva CiTilis gadargvidan 55-58 dReSi. mcenare
kompaqturia, kombostos Tavis moyvaniloba mrgvali formisaa, aris
sasiamovno Ria mwvane feris, woniT 1,50-2,00 kg. hermesi Tavisi tipis
hibridebSi erT-erTi kvelaze transportirebadia. axasiaTebs momwifebis
SemdegMmcenareze didxans gaCerebis unari (ar skdeba). misi moyvana
rekomendebulia saadreo produqciis misaRebad saTburSi, kvalsaTburebSi
da Ria gruntSi. hermesis heqtruli normaa 60 000 mcenare.
rinda (Rinda F1) _ holandiuri kompania Royal Sluis-is warmoebuli saSualo
vegetaciis hibridia, gankuTvnilia rogorc nedli saxiT moxmarebisTvis,
aseve gadamuSavebisa da mcire xniT SenaxvisaTvis (inaxeba 4 Tve). mwifdeba
CiTilis gadargvidan 80 dReSi, aqvs mrgvali moyvanilobis Tavi kargad
daxvewili Sida sturqturiT, romelic iwonis 3-7 kilograms. Urinda aris
uxvmosavliani da transportirebadi hibridi. misi moyvana rekomendirebulia
Ria gruntSi gazafxuli-zafxuli da zafxuli-Semodgomis periodSi. misi
gadargvis heqtruli normaa 35-40 aTasi mcenare.
100
tobia (Tobia F1) _ holandiuri kompania Royal Sluis-is warmoebuli axali
Taobis saSualo vegetaciis hibridia, gankuTvnilia, rogorc nedli saxiT
moxmarebisaTvis, aseve gadamuSavebisa da SenaxvisTvis. gazafxuli-zafxulis
periodSi moyvanis SemTxvevaSi mwifdeba gadargvidan 60-70 dReSi, zafxuli-
Semodgomis periodSi 85-90 dReSi. tobias aqvs odnav dabrtyelebuli
mrgvali formis mkvrivi Tavi kargad daxvewili Sida struqturiT. aseve
gamosarCevia Sida foTlebis Txeli sisqe da TeTri feri. kombosto iwonis
3-7 kilograms. Utobia aris uxvmosavliani da transportirebadi hibridi,
karg Sedegebs iZleva rogorc civ, aseve cxel klimatur pirobebSic. gamZlea
fuzariozisadmi. misi gadargvis heqtruli normaa 30-35 aTasi mcenare.
vestri (Vestri F1) _ holandiuri kompania Royal Sluis-is warmoebuli axali
Taobis saSualo-sagviano vegetaciis hibridia, gankuTvnilia, rogorc nedli
saxiT moxmarebisTvis, aseve gadamuSavebisa da SenaxvisTvis (inaxeba 6 Tvemde).
gazafxuli-zafzulis periodSi moyvanis SemTxvevaSi mwifdeba gadargvidan
80-90 dReSi, zafxuli-Semodgomis periodSi - 100-120 dReSi. kombostos Tavi
iwonis 4-8 kilograms, mrgvali moyvanilobis, aqvs daxvewili Sida
struqtura, Txeli sisqis farTo foTlebi. vestri Zalzed uxvmosavliania.
karg Sedegebs iZleva rTul klimatur pirobebSic. axasiaTebs momwifebis
SemdegMmcenareze xangrZlivi droiT gaCerebis unari (didxans ar skdeba),
kargad itans transportirebas Sor manZilze. gamZlea Trifsebisa da
fuzariozisadmi. misi gadargvis heqtruli normaa 30-35 aTasi mcenare.
xinova _ holandiuri kompania Bejo-s warmoebuli saSualo-sagviano
hibridia, gankuTvnilia, rogorc nedli saxiT moxmarebisaTvis, aseve
gadamuSavebisa da SenaxvisTvis (inaxeba 6 Tvemde). mwifdeba CiTilis
gadargvidan 120 dReSi, Tavis moyvaniloba mrgvalia, woniT 3-3.5 kg.
atria (Atria F1) _ holandiuri kompania Royal Sluis-is warmoebuli saSualo-
sagviano vegetaciis hibridia, gankuTvnilia rogorc nedli saxiT
moxmarebisaTvis, aseve gadamuSavebisa (gansakuTrebulad rekomendebulia misi
damJaveba) da SenaxvisaTvis (inaxeba 6 Tve). mwifdeba CiTilis gadargvidan 120
dReSi, aqvs odnav dabrtyelebuli mrgvali formis mkvrivi Tavi, kargad
daxvewili Sida sturqturiT, woniT 4-8 kg. uxvmosavliania. axasiaTebs
momwifebis SemdegMmcenareze didxans gaCerebis unari (didxans ar skdeba),
gamorCeulad transportabeluria. gamZlea Trifsebis da fuzariozisadmi.
rekomendirebulia misi moyvana saSemodgomo produqciis misaRebad.
gadargvis heqtruli norma Seadgens 30-35 aTas mcenares.
eraivisti (Arrivist F1) _ holandiuri kompania Royal Sluis-is warmoebuli
saSualo-sagviano vegetaciis hibridia, gankuTvnilia rogorc nedli saxiT
moxmarebisTvis, aseve gadamuSavebisa da SenaxvisaTvis (inaxeba 12 Tvemde).
mwifdeba CiTilis gadargvidan 120 dReSi, aqvs mrgvali moyvanilobis
Zalzed mkvrivi Tavi kargad daxvewili Sida struqturiT, woniT 2-5 kg.
stabilurad uxvmosavliania rogorc rTul klimatur pirobebSi, aseve Rarib
niadagebze. axasiaTebs momwifebis SemdegMmcenareze xangrZlivi droiT
gaCerebis unari (ar skdeba). gamZlea Trifsebis, boWkovani baqteriozisa da
fuzariozisadmi. misi zoma da simkvrive ganapirobebs saukeTeso Senaxvis
unars da gansakuTrebul transportabelurobas. rekomendebulia misi moyvana
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saSemodgomo produqciis misaRebad - SenaxvisTvis. eraivistis gadargvis
norma Seadgens 30-35 aTas mcenares heqtarze.
galaqsi (Galaxy F1) _ holandiuri kompania Royal Sluis-is warmoebuli
sagviano vegetaciis hibridia, gankuTvnilia rogorc nedli saxiT
moxmarebisTvis da SenaxvisTvis (inaxeba 12 Tvemde). mwifdeba CiTilis
gadargvidan 135 dReSi, Tavis moyvaniloba aqvs maRali-momrgvalo formis,
woniT aris 4-6 kg. kargi movlis SemTxvevaSi uxvmosavliania. galaqss aqvs
gansakuTrebuli Senaxvis unari. gamZlea boWkovani baqteriozisadmi,
rekomendebulia misi moyvana Senaxvis mizniT, radgan is inarCunebs idealur
xarisxs mosavlis aRebidan TiTqmis 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. misi gadargvis
norma Seadgens 30-35 aTas mcenares.
xaxvi
102
xaxvi moiTxovs zedmiwevniT sufTa, umTavresad fesvuriani sarevela
balaxebisgan gawmendil, msubuq, noyier da kargad damuSavebul niadags.
saukeTesoa msubuqi meqanikuri Semadgenlobis, sakvebi nivTierebebiT mdidari,
struqturiani niadagebi, radgan xaxvis sust Rivebs qerqis garRveva ar
SeuZliaT da xSirad ixSobian. niadagis sasurveli mJavianoba pH 6-7-s udris.
winamorbedi kulturebis aRebisTanave, nakveTi unda gasufTavdes
anarCenebisgan. niadagi ixvneba mzralad 24-27 sm siRrmeze.
zamTris bolos da adre gazafxulze niadagi unda davfarcxoT, Tesvis win
gavafxvieroT kultivatoriT, zedmiyolebuli kbilebiani farcxiT. xaxvi unda
daiTesos wina an imave wels ganoyierebul nakveTze. misTvis saukeTeso
winamorbedebad iTvleba kombosto, kitri da saToxni parkosani kulturebi.
xaxvi winandel mindorze unda dabrundes ara uadres 3-4 wlisa.
saxaxve nakveTSi 1 ha-ze SeaqvT 20-30 t nakeli (SedarebiT Rarib niadagebSi
40-60 t). nakeli unda SevitanoT zedapirulad (10-12 sm), fesvis gavrcelebis
siRrmeze, amitom Tesviswina damuSavebisas nakeli SeaqvT aoSvis an Rrma
kultivaciis win. mineraluri sasuqebidan nakveTSi SeaqvT 300 kg amoniumis
gvarjila, 500-600 kg superfosfati, 200-250 kg kaliumis marili. mineraluri
sasuqebi ¾ unda SevitanoT mzralad xvnis win, danarCeni - gamokvebisas. Tu
mineraluri sasuqebis Setana ar moxerxda mzralad xvnis dros, maSin
SevitanT zamTarSi an Tesviswina damuSavebisas, es damokidebulia amindze.
xaxvi rac SeiZleba adre gazafxulze, zamTarSi an zamTrispiras unda
daiTesos. xaxvi iTeseba farTo mwkrivebad da oTxmwkrivian zolebad. farTo
mwkrivebad Tesvisas, mwkrivTaSoris manZili 45 santimetria, viwromwkrivebad
Tesvisas ki - zolSi mwkrivebs Soris manZili 18-22 sm-ia, xolo zolebs Soris
60 sm. zolebrivi da farTomwkriviani naTesi xaxvi traqtoris kultivatoriT
muSavdeba. pirveli klasis Teslis saTesi norma 4-10 kg-ia. meqanikuri saTesiT
Tesvisas, Tesli niadagSi rom Tanabrad ganawildes da aRmocendes, umjobesia
Tesls gavukeToT draJireba an SevurioT granulirebuli superfosfati.
xelsayreli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi, xaxvi daTesvidan 10-14 dReSi amodis,
Rivis amosvlidan 10 dRis Semdeg, fesvis yelTan gamoCndeba pirveli namdvili
foToli, 15-20 dRis Semdeg viTardeba meore foToli. Semdegi foTlebi Cndeba
yovel 5-8 dReSi. xaxvis namdvili foToli momrgvalo, sadgisisebria, SigniT
carieli Rru aqvs.
mozrdili mcenaris fesvTa sistema Zlier funjaa. daTesvidan 50-60 dRis
Semdeg xaxvs uviTardeba 12-15 foToli (zogierT jiSs an hibrids 7-10
foToli), amis Semdeg foTlebis warmoSoba wydeba.
mcenaris aRmocenebisTanave unda Catardes mwkrivTaSorisebis gafxviereba,
rac niadagze qerqis gaCenisa da sarevelebis gamoCenisas unda ganmeordes.
vegetaciis periodSi saWiroa, xaxvis Zirebis gafxviereba 2-3-jer. sarevelebis
winaaRmdeg iyeneben sxvadasxva herbicids (stompi 3-6 l/ha niadagis Sesxureba
kulturis aRmocenebamde, gulia an galaqsi 0,1-1,5 l/ha-ze kulturuli
mcenaris ganviTarebis fazebis mixedviT, totrili 2-3 l/ha-ze. erTlebniani
sarevelebis winaaRmdeg iyeneben fiuzilad supers an fiuzilad fortes 2
l/ha-ze, aseve SeiZleba preparat zelekis gamoyenebac). saWiroebis mixedviT
naTesis gameCxereba tardeba or etapad, mcenareTa Soris 4-5 sm–is datovebiT.
xaxvi tenis momTxovni kulturaa. tenis naklebobisas bolqvi ar msxvildeba
da mosavali mcirdeba. optimaluri tenianoba niadagis zRvruli tentevadobis
103
85-90%-ia. mSral raionebSi xaxvi irwyveba 8-10-jer, bolqvebis momwifebis
dawyebisas morwyvas wyveten.
xaxvi niadagis xsnaris maRal koncentracias ver itans, amitom gamokveba
unda Catardes mcire dozebiT. pirveli gamokveba tardeba meore namdvili
foTlis gamoCenisTanave, meore - 5-6 foTlis ganviTarebis fazaSi. pirveli
gamokvebisas heqtarze SeaqvT: amoniumis gvarjila 100 kg, superfosfati 300 kg
da kaliumis marili 80-100 kg. xolo meore gamokvebisas - marto amoniumis
gvarjila 100 kg.
104
xaxvis mosavlis Sroba mindorSi
105
niadagis damuSavebisas unda SevitanoT gamomwvari nakeli 8-10 kg/1m2-ze.
axali an naxevradgadamwvari nakelis Setana ar iZleva sasurvel Sedegs,
vinaidan is aZlierebs mcenaris mwvane masis zrdas, agvianebs kviWiWebis
momwifebas da amcirebs Senaxvisunarianobas.
Tesvis norma damokidebulia niadagis nayofierebasa da Tesvis wesze.
zolebrivi Tesvis dros, rodesac mwkrivTa Soris manZili mcirea,
maRalnayofier niadagze unda daiTesos 70-80 kg Tesli, naklebad nayofierze
ki - 50-60 kg.
xaxvis Teslis Tesva Wilad (kviWiWad) SeiZleba ramdenime sqemiT, rac
damokidebuli mwarmoeblis xelT arsebul agregatebze - 26X3+50, 7,5X10+65.
vegetaciis periodSi sarevelebi unda amoiTxaros, rigTaSorisebi
gafxvierdes, Catardes mavneblebTan da daavadebebTan brZola, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi - morwyva da gameCxereba.
morwyva unda SevwyvitoT mosavlis aRebamde 20-30 dRiT adre. Tu Tesva
wesierad Catarda, gameCxereba saWiro ar iqneba. mcenareTa Soris manZili unda
iyos 1,5-2 sm.
mcire kvebis aris gamo, mcenareebi aviwroeben erTmaneTs da adre
amTavreben vegetacias, rac ufro adre momwifdeba Wilebi (kviWiWebi), miT
ufro Rrma iqneba maTi mosvenebis periodi da ukeT Seinaxeba. dasavleT
saqarTvelos dablob zonaSi Wilebi (kviWiWebi) momwifebas amTavrebs ivnisis
meore naxevarSi.
xaxvis Wilebi (kviWiWebi) kargad inaxeba, Tu normalurad momwifebulia da
Tavis drozea aRebuli. mosavlis naadrevi aRebis dros Wilebi (kviWiWebi)
moumwifebelia, ris gamoc is Senaxvis dros Wkneba, xurdeba da iZleva
uxarisxo sargav masalas. dagvianebiT aRebis SemTxvevaSi, Sesaferisi
tenianobis pirobebSi Wilebma (kviWiWebma) SeiZleba aRebamde daiwyon
aRmoceneba, aseTi sargavi masala ar inaxeba. maRali tenianoba iwvevs qerclis
lpobas, ris gamoc Wilebi (kviWiWebi) SiSvldeba da kargavs Senaxvis unars.
mosavlis aReba unda daviwyoT, roca foTlebi zrdas Sewyvets,
SeyviTldeba, darbildeba da Cawveba. dagvianebiT aRebis SemTxvevaSi, cru
Rero xmeba da mosavlis aReba Zneldeba, diddeba danakargebi.
mosavlis aReba tardeba xeliT, SeiZleba Warxlis da xaxvis amomTxreli
manqanebis gamoyenebac. Tu amindi mziania, moTxrili Wilebi (kviWiWebi) iSleba
nakveTze gasaSrobad. Tu wvimaa mosalodneli, mosavals SevitanT fardulSi
da gavSliT 30 sm-is sisqeze, Srobis dros Wilebis (kviWiWebis) fena
ramdenjerme unda avurioT.
Wilebi (kviWiWebi) kargad Sreba 25-300 temperaturaze da 65-70% haeris
SefardebiTi tenianobis dros. haerze Sroba grZeldeba 10-15 dRes. am
periodSi foTlebsa da cru ReroSi arsebuli sakvebi nivTierebebi gadadis
WilebSi (kviWiWebSi), cru Rero da foTlebi xmeba, Wilebis (kviWiWebis) yeli
viwrovdeba da mSrali, Txeli safarveliT ifareba.
gaSrobis Semdeg Wilebi unda gasufTavdes cru Rerosa da miwisagan da
daxarisxdes sam fraqciad;
1. msxvili 2,3-3 sm diametris;
2. saSualo 1,5-2,2 sm diametri;
3. wvrili 1,0-1.4 sm diametri.
106
3 sm-ze meti diametris mqone Wilebi (kviWiWebi) sargav masalad ar varga,
magram SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sasursaTod an davrgaT safoCed (mwvanilad).
Wilebis (kviWiWebis) daxarisxeba tardeba damxarisxebel manqanaSi an
sxvadasxva diametris cxavebSi.
kargi gaSrobis Semdeg Wilebi (kviWiWebi) unda SevinaxoT SenobaSi, sadac
haeris temperatura 18-20-ia, xolo haeris SefardebiTi tenianoba 60-70%.
grilad Senaxuli Wili gadis ganviTarebis stadiebs da Coydeba.
dasavleT saqarTvelos dablob zonaSi, wvrili (mesame fraqcia) Wilebi
(kviWiWebi) umjobesia dairgos SemodgomiT, vinaidan ar yvavilobs, xolo
msxvili da saSualo zomis Wilebi (kviWiWebi) zamTris bolos an adre
gazafxulze.
WilebiT (kviWiWebiT) dasargavad niadagis momzadeba, sasuqebis dozebi,
kvebis are da sxva movliTi RonisZiebebi xaxvis TesliT gamravlebis
analogiuria.
k i t r i
107
wunwuxs 5 litri/m2-ze. gamokvebis Semdeg mcenareebs rwyaven sufTa wyliT,
raTa mcenareTa foTlebidan Camoirecxos sasuqis narCenebi da davicvaT igi
SesaZlo damwvrobisgan.
morwyva aucilebelia Catardes regularulad, raTa ar davuSvaT mcenaris
Wknoba da niadagis gamoSroba. Tbil, mzian dReebSi morwyvas axdenen xSirad.
imisTvis rom gazardon haeris tenianoba, niadags rwyaven mzeze SemTbari
wylis mcire dozebiT, sawvimrebis gamoyenebiT. dauSvebelia kitris morwyva
100C wyliT, radgan am dros mcenareebi avaddebian fesvis sidampliT.
108
pirveli saSemodgomo wayinvis Semdeg krefen yvela nayofs, maT Soris
patarebsac (korniSoni, pikuli). kitris saSualo mosavlianoba Ria gruntSi
Seadgens 2-3 kg 1 m2-ze.
CiTilebiT gamoyvanis meTodi aCqarebs mosavlis miRebas 10-15 DdRiT. Ria
GgruntSi gadargvamde 25-30 dRiT adre saTburSi, qoTnebSi Tesaven kitrs.
qoTanSi, romlis daimetria 6-7 sm, iTeseba erTi mcenare, 10-12 sm diametris
qoTanSi ki ori mcenare. CiTils ori-sami namdvili foTlis fazaSi rgaven Ria
gruntSi, roca gaivlis sagazafxulo wayinvebis saSiSroeba. rgaven mwkrivebad,
mcenareTa Soris 20-40 sm-is daSorebiT, mwkrivebs Soris sustad mzardi
mcenareebisaTvis 70-80 sm, saSualo da Zlier mzardi mcenareebisaTvis 90-100
sm. CiTils niadagSi rgaven pirvel foTlamde, aucilebelia Reros
SemovutkepnoT mWidrod, Semdeg rwyaven 1-2 litri wyliT.
mcenareTa movla moicavs rigTaSorisebis gafxvierebas, rwyvas, gamokvebas,
gamargvlas, mavneblebTan da daavadebebTan brZolas.
Suqgamtari celofnis gamoyeneba mulCis saxiT. aseTi agroteqnikuri
meTodi aCqarebs da orjer zrdis nayofis mosavals. mulCis saxiT gamoiyeneba
0,05-dan 0,1 mm sisqis, 140 sm siganis. celofnis xarji 0,8 kg- dan 1,6 kg-mde 10 m2
saTes farTobze.
umetesad gamoiyeneba mosavliani da daavadebebis mimarT gamZle hibridebi.
Darina Mix F1 da Dasher II Mix F1 (orive hibridis mwarmoebelia holandiuri
kompania Seminis ), futkarmtveria, nayofis zedapiri xorkliania, sigrZiT 20-23
sm, am jiSis mcenareebi arian jansaRi, amtani da Zliermzardi. nayofi
xraSuna da gemrielia. erTiani warmatebiT uxvmosavliania rogorc saTburSi,
ise Ria gruntSi. daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: Wraqi, nacari, qeci, kitris
mozaikuri virusi, foTlis kideebis baqteriuli laqianoba.
Solverde F1 partenokarpiki (mwarmoebelia holandiuri kompania Seminis),
nayofis zedapiri xorkliania, 20-25 sm-is sigrZis. mcenare Zalian
uxvmosavliania, gamorCeulad siciveamtani, idealuria mokle dRis periodSi
(zamTari-gazafxuli, Semodgoma-zamTari) mosayvanad. gamZlea kladosporozis
(qeci) mimarT.
Samarkand Mix F1(mwarmoebelia holandiuri kompania Seminis), futkarmtveria,
nayofis zedapiri gluvia, xorklebis gareSe, 18-20 sm-is sigrZis. hibridi
saadreoa, xangrZlivad sicocxlisunariani da maRali sicxeebis amtani. aqvs
gemrieli nayofi, boloebSi yovelgvari simwaris gareSe. daavadebebis mimarT
gamZleoba: nacari, kitris, sazamTros, yabayis mozaikuri virusi.
Babyion Mix F1, futkarmtveria, (mwarmoebelia holandiuri kompania Seminis),
nayofi gluvi, priala, xorklebis gareSe, 15-16 sm sigrZis. babiloni aris
saadreo, stabilurad uxvmosavliani da sicxis amtani hibridi. nayofi
gemrielia, yovelgvari simwaris gareSe. daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: kitris
mozaikuri virusi, axasiaTebs nacris da Wraqis mimarT nawilobrivi
(SedarebiTi) gamZleoba.
Sultan F1 partenokarpiki, (mwarmoebelia holandiuri kompania Seminis), nayofi
gluvia, xorklebis gareSe, 18-20 sm. rekomendebulia gazafxuli-zafxulis
periodSi mosayvanad. advilad itans zafxulis maRal temperaturas.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: kladosporozi (qeci). nacaris mimarT
nawilobriv gamZlea.
109
Teressos F1 partenokarpikia, (mwarmoebelia holandiuri kompania Seminis),
nayofi gluvia, xorklebis gareSe, 16-20 sm-is sigrZis. aris mokle dRis
hibridi (rekomendebulia zamTris pirobebSi, saTburebSi mosayvanad), mdgradia
stresebis mimarT. daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: nacari, kladosporozi
(qeci).
kitris mosayvanad niadags amzadeben Semodgomaze, winamdebare kulturis
aRebis Semdeg. nakveTs gawmenden narCenebisgan da mzralad xnaven. niadagis
sasurveli pH-6.5-7, xvnis win SeaqvT organuli sasuqi -nakeli an komposti (60-
120t/ha-ze), romelsac Tanabrad anawileben mis zedapirze da mineraluri
sasuqebi - Cveulebrivi superfosfati 800 kg an ormagi superposfati 400 kg,
Sardovana 300 kg an 400 kg amoniumis gvarjila, kaliumis sulfati 300 kg 1 ha-
ze. amis Semdeg Caxnaven niadagSi.
rgaven rigebad, rigSi or mwkrivad, rigebs Soris manZili 100 sm, mcenareTa
Soris 50X60 sm (saSualod 3 mcenare 1m2-ze.)
kitris CiTilebs gadargvis win rwyaven, mTlianad asveleben Wiqas an
kasetas, gadasargavad arCeven janmrTel, kargad ganviTarebul, Zlier
mcenareebs, rgaven maT vertikalurad, winaswar gakeTebul ormoebSi.
gadargul CiTils rwyaven da Semdeg abamen TokiT mavTulis Spalerze.
Spaleri gaWimulia niadagidan 2 m-is simaRleze. erTi bolo mibmulia
mavTulze, xolo meore - mcenareze aramWidrod an niadagSi Casobil saganze.
amavdroulad dauSvebelia Tokis Zlierad daWimva, radgan Spaleris rxevisas
SeiZleba davazianoT fesvTa sistema an mcenare amovglijoT miwidan.
vegetaciis periodSi mcenares aSoreben nayofmoleul Reroebs, Zvel da
daavadebul foTlebs. sasurvelia, mcenareTa morwyva Tbili wyliT (20-250C),
yovel 2-3 dReSi, msxmoiarobis dawyebidan yoveldRe (5-10 litri wyali 1 m2-
ze).
radgan zeviT aRwerili hibridebis umetesoba jvaredinad imtvereba,
aucilebelia, misi yvavilebis xelovnurad damtverva, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
daumtveravi yvavilebi ar ganviTardeba da Camocvica.
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos kvebis reJims. mcenareebs kvebaven
yovel 7-10 dReSi, mineraluri sasuqebiT. msxmoiarobamde mcire msxmoiarobis
dawyebidan ki gazrdili dozebiT: 10 litr wyalSi xsnian 10-15 gram
Sardovanas an 15-20 gr amoniumis gvarjilas, 20-30 gr superfosfats, 15-20 gr
kaliumis qlorids, es raodenoba sakmarisia 2-4 m2-ze. fesvuri gamokveba
umjobesia Catardes mzian amindSi.
xangrZlivi, moRrubluli amindis SemTxvevaSi, mimarTaven arafesvur
gamokvebas, mikro da makro elementebiT. naklebnayofier, humusiT Rarib
gruntSi, mineraluri gamokvebis garda, SeaqvT organuli sasuqi - wyalSi
gaxsnili wunwuxi 1:5; 1:10 TanafardobiT. Ffesvebidan da foTlebidan gamokveba
enacvleba erTmaneTs.
gadargvidan 35-50 dReSi mcenareebze formirdeba mosaxmarad vargisi
pirveli nayofi. Tavdapirvelad mosavals krefen kviraSi 1-2 jer, Semdeg 3-
jer, umjobesia dilis saaTebSi. kitrs Wrian daniT an wyveten xeliT, moqaCvis
gareSe. amavdroulad aucilebelia, yvela deformirebuli da daavadebuli
nayofis moSoreba. mosavlianoba - 8-20 kg-mde 1 m2-ze.
110
nesvi
nesvi (Cucumis melo (melo sativus). mis samSoblod Sua azia, mcire azia da
amierkavkasia iTvleba. saqarTveloSi nesvi didi xnidanaa cnobili. igi sakmao
raodenobiT Seicavs Saqrebs (14-18%-mde) da sxva mniSvnelovan elementebs, maT
Soris vitaminebs. nesvi gamoiyeneba rogorc nedlad, aseve gadasamuSaveblad -
misgan amzadeben Tafls, Cirs, fafas.
Tesli brtyelia, kvercxisebri an wagrZelebul-ovaluri formis,
ZiriTadad yviTelia, sxvadasxva elferiT an TeTri. 1 gramSi 18-24 cali
Teslia.
nesvs fesvi Zlier gantotvili aqvs. fesvebis ZiriTadi masa niadagSi
gaSlilia zedapirulad, saxnav fenaSi 10-25 sm-is siRrmeze. fesvTa sistema
MmTavarRerZiania, calkeuli fesvebi sakmaod Rrmad Cadian niadagSi,
gansakuTrebiT fxvierSi.
Rero mxoxavia, momrgvalo, dakuTxuli, sigrZiT 2-4 metrs aRemateba. Reros
iseTive datotva axasiaTebs rogorc kitrs. foToli Sebusulia, momrgvalo,
xuTkuTxa, Tirkmlis an gulisebri, kidemTliani an danakvTuli, muqi mwvane an
moruxo-mwvane, foTlis iRliaSi moTavsebulia ulvaSebi.
nesvi erTsaxliani da erTsqesiani mcenarea, iSviaTad orsqesiani, mamrobiTi
yvavilebi foTlis iRliaSi yvavildedad Sekruli sxedan, xolo mdedrobiTi
yvavilebi erTeulad arian. ganayofiereba xdeba jvaredinad, mwerebis
meSveobiT. nayofi SeiZleba iyos mrgvali, brtyeli, cilindruli, da
elifsuri, msxlisebri. zedapiri gluvi, danaoWebuli, dasegmentebuli da
meWeWiani. Seferva: yviTeli, mwvane, TeTri, mixakisferi, pirbadiani an
upirbado; rbileulis feri - TeTri, mwvane, monarinjisfer-yviTeli,
vardisferi. konsistencia: mkvrivi, xraSuna, fxvieri, boWkoebiani. bude,
romelSic Teslia moTavsebuli, SeiZleba iyos ganTxevadi, sveli, mkvrivi,
tarosebri.
nesvi siTbos moyvaruli mcenarea. Teslis aRmoceneba iwyeba 150C-ze, maRal
temperaturaze amodis 7-12 dReSi. aRmonaceni mgrZnobiarea dabali
temperaturis mimarT -10C-ze igi iRupeba.
nesvi did moTxovnas uyenebs niadagis tenianobasa da nayofierebas. karg
mosavals iZleva struqturuli, msubuqi meqanikuri Semadgenlobis niadagebze.
niadagis ZiriTadi damuSavebisas SeaqvT 40-60 tona nakeli. aucilebelia
mineraluri sasuqebis Setanac: superfosfati 120-160 kg, kaliumis oqsidi 80-120
kg, azoti 100-150 kg.
nesvi mohyavT rogorc CiTilis gamoyvaniT, aseve pirdapir, Ria gruntSi
TesviT. CiTiliT gamoyvanis SemTxvevaSi, realuri Sedegebis misaRebad
aucilebelia CiTili gamoviyvanoT erTjerad WiqebSi, specialur kasetebSi an
torf-neSompalian kuburebSi. gadasargavad gamzadebuli CiTili unda iyos 20-
25 dRis, auwowavi, mavneblebisgan da daavadebebisgan dazianebis gareSe.
111
erTjerad WiqebSi nesvis CiTilis gamoyvana (saTburi)
wiwaka
112
Kwiwakis warmoeba msoflioSi 2007 wels
113
gamoCenisTanave, erTi kviris manZilze temperaturas amcireben 12-150-mde,
SemdgomSi, mzian dReebSi 25-270 C, xolo moRrublulSi 200 C, RamiT 10-130C.
pikirebis gareSe CiTilis gamozrdas sWirdeba 45-50 dRe, xolo pikirebis
SemTxvevaSi 60 dRe. gadargvamde erTi kviriT adre iwyeben CiTilis gakaJebas.
rodesac CiTils aqvs eqvsi namdvili foToli da aranakleb 12-15 sm-is
simaRle - zRudaven morwyvas, amcireben temperaturas, gare temperaturis
donemde, aumjobeseben bunebriv ganaTebas. gadargvis win CiTilebs kargad
rwyaven.
wiwakisTvis niadagi mzaddeba iseve, rogorc pomidvrisTvis, magram
gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom wiwaka ver itans nedli nakelis Setanas
(kargad reagirebs kompostis Setanaze). gadargvas iwyeben rodesac haeris
saSualo dReRamuri temperatura miaRwevs +13 +150C. Zalian cxel amindSi
mcenareTa gadargva arasasurvelia (gansakuTrebiT kasetebisa da erTjeradi
Wiqebis gareSe gamoyvanili CiTilebis gadargva). +340C meti temperaturis
SemTxvevaSi, wiwakis yvavilebi cviva, xolo foTlebi Wkneba.
tkbili wiwaka irgveba 50-60X30-25 sm-is, xolo cxare 50X20 sm-is
daSorebiT. CiTils rgaven pirveli, namdvili foTlis siRrmemde da rwyaven.
wiwakis maRali mosavlis misaRebad mniSvnelovania SevinarCunoT niadagis
optimaluri tenianoba. pirveli morwyva xdeba gadargvidan 7-10 dRis Semdeg,
rodesac mcenareebi mieCvevian axal garemos. rwyvis norma -300-400 m3/ha-ze.
dauSvebelia niadagis Zlieri gamoSroba da daskdoma. yoveli morwyvis Semdeg
axdenen niadagis gafxvierebas 6-8 sm siRrmeze. (ufro Rrma gafxvierebam
SeiZleba gamoiwvis zedapirulad ganlagebuli fesvebis dazianeba).
mosavlis (mwvane nayofis) aRebas iwyeben yvavilobidan 4-5 kviris Semdeg,
xolo sruli simwifis SemTxevaSi 6-7 kviris Semdeg. wiwakis nayofi unad
moiWras deda mcenaridan da ara moiglijos. wayinvebis saSiSroebis
moaxloebisTanave saWiroa mTeli mosavlis mokrefa.
114
sakontrolo kiTxvebi
115
Tavi 4. bostneulis moyvana saTburSi
116
Cveni pirobebisTvis yvelaze misaRebi da rentabeluria - 150-180 mkr
celofnis firis gamoyeneba.
naklovaneba: xanmokle eqspluataciis periodi (3-5 weli),
misi gaSlisa da montaJisTvis saWiroa wynari, Tbili amindi,
montaJisas aucilebelia firis zomieri da Tanabari daWimva.
upiratesoba: dabali fasi, mavne ultraiisferi sxivebis arekvlis unari,
antikondensaturi safarveli, siTbos dabali gamtaroba (K=4-4,5),
montaJis simartive, kulturebis mixedviT Suqgamtarobis Secvlis saSualeba,
sinaTlis gabnevis maRali koeficienti (rac amcirebs daCrdilvis
aucileblobas).
-polikarbonati
upiratesobebi: maRali medegoba (orfeniani, 6 mm sisqis uZlebs 2.1 joul
dartymas, es niSnavs, 2 sm-is diametris setyvas 114 km/sT siCqariT)
maRali plastikuroba da simtkice, dabali wona da Sesabamisad konstruqciis
naklebi xarji, dabali siTbogamtaroba (K=2-2,5)
eqspluataciis xangrZlivi periodi (15-25 weli).
SedarebiTi naklovaneba _ maRali fasi
117
suraTi 2 - erTseqciani saTburi daxrili gverdebiT
118
suraTi 3 - sworgverdebiani rkaluri saTburis karkasi
119
1000 m3 moculobis saTburSi, 100C-iT haeris temperaturis asawevad saWiroa
12000-12500 kkal siTbo, xolo 400C-dan 180C-mde siTbos asawevad - 180 000-200
000 kkal.
E energia miiReba sawvavi masalebis dawviT da izomeba kaloriebSi.
rac ufro met energias viRebT erTeuli wonis nivTierebis wvisas, miT metia
kaloriebi:
naxSiri 6100-6500 kkal/kg
mazuTi 9670 kkal/kg
dizeli 10200 kkal/kg
bunebrivi gazi 11500 kkal/kg
120
diametri; gaTbobis sistemaSi wylis neli gacivebis gamo, saTburis
temperatura icvleba TandaTanobiT, ris gamoc igi gacilebiT stabiluria,
rac gamoricxavs mcenareebze temperaturuli Sokis efeqts.
Tanamedrove saTburebSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia kaloriferuli
sistemiT gaTboba. kaloriferi ewodeba danadgars, romelic gankuTvnilia
masSi gamavali haeris nakadis gasaTbobad.
cxeli wyliT, dabali da maRali wnevis orTqliT, cxeli gazebiT an
eleqtroenergiiT gamTbari haeri, mZlavri ventilatoris saSualebiT
gaityorcneba saTburis sivrceSi.
haeris gasaTbobad farTod gamoiyeneba agreTve siTburi generatorebi,
romlebSic iwveba bunebrivi gazi an Txevadi sawvavi.
gaTbobis am saxes (kaloriferuli) gaaCnia mTeli rigi upiratesobani
wyliT gaTbobasTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba rkina-masalis xarji,
izrdeba margi qmedebis koeficienti, izogeba gaTbobaze daxarjuli energia,
miiRweva siTbos ufro Tanabari ganawileba. imis gamo, rom haeriT gaTboba
damokidebulia eleqtroenergiaze avariuli SemTxvevebisTvis,
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes saTadarigo energiis wyaroc.
121
suraTi 5 – angaruli (rkaluri) saTburi, ormagi, gasaberi polieTilenis
firis safarveliT
122
saTburebis dagegmarebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia gabatonebuli qarebis
mimarTuleba da siCqare, Tavad saTburis konstruqciis simaRle, erT jerze
mosuli Tovlis da naleqebis raodenoba, gruntis wylebis siRrme, sarwyavi
wylis xarisxi da eleqtromomaragebis arseboba, magistraluri gzidan
daSoreba.
dauSvebelia saTburis ganlageba qarebisgan daucvel adgilas, radgan
Zlieri qarebi ara marto aciveben saTburs da zrdian siTbos danakargebs,
aramed azianeben saTburis safarsac. sasaTbure meurnebisTvis gamousadegaria
agreTve datborili da daWaobebuli adgilebi.
daCrdilvis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, calkeuli saTburebi erTmaneTisgan
dacilebuli unda iyos minimum 3-4 metriT. saTburebi lagdeba aRmosavleT-
dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, raTa zamTris periodSi maqsimalurad SevZloT
mzis energiis gamoyeneba.
mikroklimati
123
sinaTlis reJimi
luminescenciuri 65 13 20
rkaluri 400 44 11
luminescenciuri-
vercxliswyliT
iodiani 400 90 23
natriumiani 400 120 30
125
ukanasknel xanebSi, ufro farTod daiwyes metalohalogenuri naTurebis
gamoyeneba. gansakuTrebiT karg Sedegs iZleva saTburebis ori tipis
naTurebiT (metalohalogenuri da natriumiani) SeTanawyobili ganaTeba.
gazaxul-Semodgomaze mzis radiacia SeiZleba Warbi aRmoCndes, am
SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven minebis an polikarbonatis SeTeTrebas (kiris an
carcis nareviT, romelsac umateben cotaoden webos 3%-dan 5%-mde, raTa
daicvan Camorecxvisgan). zogjer mimarTaven saTburis saxuravis gagrilebas
civi wyliT.
siTburi reJimi
126
temperaturuli reJimi gvevlineba mcenareTa zrdisa da nayofierebis
marTvis umTavres faqtorad. temperatura gansazRvravs iseTi procesebis
intensivobas, rogoricaa fotosinTezi, sunTqva, transpiracia, nivTierebaTa
gadaadgileba da metabolizmi (organizmis nivTierebaTa mimocvla).
haeris temperatura yovelTvis ar emTxveva mcenaris temperaturas. mag.
cxel dReebSi, kitris foTlebis temperatura SeiZleba 5-140C–iT maRali iyos
haeris temperaturaze da piriqiT, sxva pirobebSi ki Camouvardebodes haeris
temperaturas 2-30C–iT. pirvelma SeiZleba gamoiwvios foTlebis damwvroba,
xolo meores mivyavarT foTlebze wylis orTqlis kondensirebamde.
imisaTvis rom aviciloT mcenareTa foTlebze tenis kondensireba, mzis
amosvlamde 1 saaTiT adre, milebSi TandaTanobiT zrdian gasaTbobi wylis
temperaturas da cdiloben foTlisa da haeris temperaturis gaTanabrebas.
temperaturis aseT gadasvlas uwodeben temperaturul biZgs, misi
xangrZlivoba 2 saaTia (1 saaTi mzis amosvlamde da 1 saaTi mzis amosvlis
Semdeg). saRamos agreTve axdenen temperaturuli reJimis regulirebas.
mcenareTa temperaturis cvlileba haerSi da niadagSi (fesvTa ganviTarebis
areSi) SeiZleba warimarTos sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. ase magaliTad, gruntis
maRali temperaturisas, mcenareebSi Zlierdeba wylis miwodeba, Cqardeba
fosforisa da kalciumis gadaadgileba, da SesaZlebelia adgili hqondes
kvebisa da wylis reJimis darRvevas, mcenareze damwvrobis niSnebis gamoCenas,
Reroebisa da nayofebis daxeTqvas. gruntis optimumze dabali temperaturisas,
ferxdeba wylisa da sakvebi elementebis miwodeba. mzis radiaciis intensiuri
zrdisas da tenis naklebobisas, Zlierdeba foTlebidan wylis aorTqleba da
mcenareebi ver aswreben fesvebidan am danaklisis Sevsebas, maSin Cndeba
fiziologiuri simSralis niSnebi.
transpiraciiT (aorTqlebiT) mcenareebi aregulireben TavianT
temperaturas, romelic gansazRvravs bioqimiuri procesebis intensivobas.
rodesac adgili aqvs transpiraciis procesis darRvevas, mcenareTa bageebi
ixureba, mcenareTa temperatura xdeba haeris temperaturaze maRali da aRwevs
temperaturul maqsimums, romlis drosac Cndeba mcenareebis mziT damwvrobis
saSiSroeba.
dRis temperatura dacul gruntSi dgeba ganaTebiTa da mzis radiaciis
(upirvelesad infrawiTeli sxivebis) intensivobiT. gauTbobel saTburebSi
gazafxulze gare da Sida tempereturaTa sxvaoba 0,5-dan 70C meryeobs. mzis
radiaciis intensivobidan gamomdinare, mzian dReebSi, saTburebSi temperatura
swrafad matulobs da sxvaobam SeiZleba 15-220C Seadginos, moRrublul
dReebSi ki temperaturaTa sxvaoba 3-100C ar aRemateba. RamiT temperatura
klebulobs da uaxlovdeba gareTa temperaturas. temperaturaTa sxvaoba
aRiniSneba saTburis SigniTac, sxvadasxva simaRleze, mag. 5 sm da 150 sm Soris
temperaturis sxvaoba SeiZleba 5-60C iyos.
morwyva da mcenareTa transpiracia amcirebs haeris temperaturas, radgan
siTburi energiis nawili ixarjeba wylis aorTqlebaze. amitom, Zlierad
SefoTlili kulturebis warmoebisas transpiracia gacilebiT maRalia, dRis
temperatura ki SedarebiT dabali, xolo mcenareTa CaxSirebulad
ganlagebisas, Rame ufro civa, vidre Tavisufal saTburSi.
127
Tanamedrove saTburebSi temperatura diferencirdeba amindidan
gamomdinare: erTi - mziani, meore _ moRrubluli dRisaTvis. programas
aZleven konkretuli saxeobebis temperaturul reJims amindis pirobebze
damokidebulebiT.
haerisa da gruntis temperatura mWidro kavSirSia. RamiT haeris dabali
temperaturis pirobebSi, niadagis temperatura unda iyos optimaluri, raTa
fesvebma ifunqcioniros normalurad. zogjer mimarTaven saTburis gruntis
gaTbobasac milebis saSualebiT, romlebSic miedineba wyali (400C) .
gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom temperaturuli reJimi dacul gruntSi
iqmneba ara marto gaTbobis sistemiT, aramed ventilirebiTac. aucilebelia
am ori komponentis TanSewyobili muSaoba. tenianobis marTvisas unda
vecadoT, maqsimalurad SevamciroT siTbos danakargebi (framugebis gaRebisas).
128
saTburebSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan bioklimatur faqtorad gvevlineba
haeris fardobiTi tenianoba. tenianobis cvlileba mkveTradaa dakavSirebuli
temperaturis cvlilebasTan. fardobiTi tenianobis optimumidan gadaxras
mivyavarT mavneblebisa da daavadebebis mkveTr ganviTarebamde.
HfardobiT tenianobaze did gavlenas axdens gareTa haeris tenianobac, es
gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa ganiavebis dros (oqtombridan mart-aprilamde
haeris tenianoba sakmaod maRalia).
turbulentuli haermimocvlis wyalobiT tenianoba TiTqmis Tanabaria
saTburis mTel sivrceSi, xolo ventilirebis dros is metia centrSi da
dabalia kedlebTan da framugebis axlos. tenianoba ufro maRalia zeda
fenebSi, sxvaoba SeiZleba 20-25%-s aRwevdes. ventilirebis dros fardobiTi
tenianoba mcirdeba da sxvaoba araventilirebad saTburTan SedarebiT 6-20%-s
aRwevs, rwyviT tenianoba izrdeba 8-dan 40%-mde. saTburis moculobis
zrdasTan erTad, fardobiTi tenianoba mcirdeba. blokur saTburebSi is 1-9%-
iT dabalia, vidre erTseqcianSi.
mSrali, subtropikuli da kontinenturi havis qveynebSi, mimarTaven
saTburis gagrilebis sistemebis gamoyenebas. am SemTxvevaSi saTburis
SemomsazRvreli garkveuli nawili wriulad dakavebulia adsorbciis unaris
mqone masaliT, romelic teniandeba wneviT miwodebuli wyliT.
saTburebSi mcenareTa wylis reJimis darRveva xSirad gamowveulia garemos
mikroklimaturi faqtorebiT, rac xSirad dakavSirebulia mzis radiaciis
swraf cvlilebasTan. dRis manZilze mzis radiaciis zrdis da haeris
SefardebiTi tenianobis simcirisas, msxmoiare mcenaris transpiracia SeiZleba
80 g-dan 280 g-mde gaizardos (H20 gr erT saaTSi erT mcenareze).
mzis radiacias SeuZlia foTlis temperatura 7-140C gazardos, da
Sesabamisad mcenareebi TavianTi gagrilebisaTvis zrdian transpiracias. am
dros gruntidan miRebuli wyali SeiZleba arasakmarisi aRmoCndes, ramac
SeiZleba mcenareTa damwvroba gamoiwvios.
gruntis optimaluri tenianoba miiRweva misi normirebuli morwyviT.
rwyvis normebi ganisazRvreba warmoebuli kulturebis mixedviT. kitris
fesvTa sistema ganlagebulia gruntis zeda fenaSi, pomidorze ufro Rrmad.
amitom, kitris morwyvis minimaluri norma Seadgens 3-4 l m2-ze, xolo
pomidvrisTvis - 6-8 l/m2. rwyvis gansazRvrisas iTvaliswineben agreTve
gruntisa da niadagis Taviseburebebs. msubuq, naklebad tentevad grunts
rwyaven xSirad da dabali normebiT, mZime da tentevads _ iSviTad da didi
normebiT.
Tanamedrove saTburebSi gamoiyeneba wveTovani morwyvis sistemebi. am
meTodiT, wyali miewodeba uSualod fesvTa sistemas, gruntis mTeli
moculobis dasvelebis gareSe, rogorc es xdeba morwyvis sxva meTodebis
gamoyenebisas, rodesac mTeli sarwyavi norma ixarjeba ramdenime wuTSi da
niadagis tenianobis ryeva morwyvamde da morwyvis Semdeg Seadgens 15-25%-s.
wveTovani rwyvisas wyali miewodeba xangrZlivi drois manZilze, TiTqmis misi
moxmarebis Tanabrad, Warbad datenianebis gareSe. wveTovani morwyva amcirebs
tenianobis rxevis amplitudas 4-5%-mde da saSualebas iZleva ukeT vmarToT
niadagis tenianoba. niadagis sxvadasxva fenebSi icvleba wylisa da haeris
Semcveloba, rac fesvebs ukeT uzrunvelyofs JangbadiT.
129
wveTovani rwyvisas, wylis, haeris da kvebis maCveneblebi axlosaa
optimumTan, mineraluri elementebis miwodeba ukeT eqvemdebareba marTvas.
wveTovani morwyviT mosavlianobis gazrdis garda miiRweva sarwyavi wylis
da sasuqebis sakmao ekonomia (20-30%). meTodi moiTxovs SedarebiT did
kapitaldabandebas da sarwyavi wylis maRal xarisxs, an specialur
safiltrav mowyobilobas.
Tanamedrove saTburebSi farTod iyeneben wylis gamfrqvev (nislis Seqmnis)
sistemasac, romelic saSualebas iZleva efeqturad vareguliroT saTburSi
haeris temperatura da fardobiTi tenianoba. sistema ganlagebulia
Spaleridan zeviT, 40-50 sm-is daSorebiT, rac ganapirobebs mcenareebze tenis
Tanabar ganawilebas. misi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia foTlebis temperaturis
Semcireba 4-60 C-iT- ventilirebis gareSe, 10-120C–iT - bunebrivi ventilirebiT.
sistemis warmatebiT muSaobis piroba wylis wveTebis umcires nawilakebad
gafrqvevaa (10-20 mkm). sistema muSaobs avtomaturad. gafrqvevis xangrZlivoba
10-20 wamia.
Tu mzis radiaciis gazrdisas foTlebis temperatura izrdeba 400C-mde da
haeris fardobiTi tenianoba mcirdeba 25%-mde, nislis SeqmniT SeiZleba
temperatura Semcirdes 250C-mde da haeris tenianoba gaizardos 90%-mde.
aergaremo
130
suraTi 7 - haermimocvlisTvis saTburis SigniT damontaJebuli ventilatori
131
CO2‐is koncentraciis zrdis efeqturoba damokidebulia temperaturasa da
ganaTebaze, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom CO2 maRali koncentracia mzis
radiaciis naklebobisas ar iZleva sasurvel Sedegs.
saTburebSi haeris CO2–iT gamdidreba CarTulia agroRonisZiebaTa
kompleqsSi da gvevlineba teqnologiuri warmoebis mniSvnelovan faqtorad.
haeris CO2-iT gamdidrebis Tanamedrove meTodad gvevlineba generatorebis
daxmarebiT bunebrivi gazis an navTis (sxva saTbobi nedleulis dawva
arasasurvelia gogirdis maRali Semcvelobis gamo) wva. gamokvebas awarmoeben
dReRamuri grafikiT. Cveulebriv, sasurveli koncentracia miiRweva gazis
miwodebidan erTi saaTis Semdeg. amasTan dakavSirebiT, gazis miwodebas
iwyeben mzis amosvlamde da wyveten mzis Casvlamde erTi saaTiT adre.
gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom bunebrivi gazis uSualod saTburSi
wvisas, adgili aqvs haerSi mcenareTaTvis saWiro Jangbadis Semcvelobis
Semcirebas, romelsac CO2–Tan erTad didi mniSvneloba aqvs mcenaris
optimaluri cxovelqmedebisTvis. amitom mimarTaven Jangbadis garedan
miwodebas.
niadagi
dacul gruntSi kulturaTa warmoebisas gamoiyeneben niadags, torfis
sxvadasxva saxeebs, torfisa da sxvadasxva tipis niadagis narevs,
torfneSompalian komposts, torfisa da naxerxis narevs, bunebriv mineralur
substratebs.
mcenaris normaluri zrda_ganviTarebisa da maRali mosavlis miRebisTvis
saWiroa mcenareebi uzrunvelyoT wyliT, haeriT, sakmarisi raodenobisa da
optimaluri Tanafardobis mineraluri elementebiT. yovelive es bevradaa
damokidebuli saTburis gruntis xarisxze. sasaTbure warmoebisTvis
ZiriTadad mimarTaven niadagis Setanas, romelTac yofen sam ZiriTad jgufad:
organuli, organul mineraluri da mineraluri.
organuli grunti Seicavs erT an ramdenime organul komponents (torfi,
naxerxi, Cala, lignini).
torfis (rogorc wesi, zeuri torfis) fuZeze miRebuli grunti
xasiaTdeba organuli nivTierebebis maRali SemcvelobiT (60-80%), maRali
wyalgamtarobiT, tentevadobiTa da sakvebi elementebis STanTqmadobiT.
naxerxis fuZeze Seqmnili organuli grunti gamoirCeva forianobiTa da
sifxvieriT. misi eqspluataciis dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces
azotis reJims, radgan maT gaaCniaT naxSirbadis da azotis arasasurveli
Tanafardoba (C:N=25:1). aRiniSneba mcenareebis azotiT SimSiloba.
mniSvnelovania agreTve mcenareTa wyliT uzrunvelyofa, radgan es grunti
xasiaTdeba naklebi tentevadobiT.
organulmineraluri grunti warmoadgens sxvadasxva Tanafardobis -
torfis, organuli masalebisa da mineraluri komponentebis narevs, rac
saSualebas iZleva miRebul iqnas sasurveli forianobis, simkvrivis da
stabiluri struqturis grunti.
bostneuli kulturebis warmoebisaTvis yvelaze optimalur nazavs
warmoadgens organomineraluri grunti, romelic Sedgeba torfis (50-60%),
tyis an msubuqi qviSamiwisa (20-30%) da nakelis kompostisagan (20-30%). torfs
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kirs umateben (arasasurveli mJavianobis gasaneitraleblad) nazavis gakeTebis
win, xolo mineralur sasuqebs gruntis saTburebSi Setanis Semdeg.
mineraluri grunti Sedgeba bunebrivi, msubuqi niadagebis horizontisagan,
romelsac mcire raodenobiT emateba organuli masalebi.
gamoyenebis xangrZlivobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben Semdegi saxis grunts:
yovelwliurad gamocvladi, axali (2-4 wlis), momwifebuli (4-8 wlis)
xangrZlivi gamoyenebis (8-12 weli) da mudmivi.
fesvTa sistemis normaluri ganviTarebisTvis niadagi unda Seicavdes sakmao
raodenobis haerisa da wylis marags, iyos fxvieri.
optimaluri Tanafardoba Txevad, myar da gazisebur fazebs Soris
damokidebulia niadagis meqanikur Semadgenlobaze da masSi organuli
nivTierebebis Semcvelobaze. wylisa da haeris saukeTeso reJimi myardeba,
rodesac niadagis moculobiTi masa 0,4-0,6 g/sm3-ia. saTburis niadagi
moculobiTi masis mixedviT iyofa Semdeg kategoriebad:
Zalian fxvieri 0,2 g/sm3-ze naklebi
fxvieri 0,2-0,4 g/sm3
normaluri 0,4-0,6 g/sm3
mcire simkvrivis 0,6-0,8 g/sm3
saSualo simkvrivis 0,8-1,0 g/sm3
mkvrivi 1,0-1,2 g/sm3
Zalian mkvrivi 1,2 g/sm3-ze meti
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danametebze. optimalurad iTvleba pH 6,3-6,7. saTburis gruntis tute reaqciis
dros, zogierTi mikroelementi gadadis mcenarisaTvis SeuTvisebel formaSi.
mineraluri sasuqebis dozebis gadaWarbebiT gamoyenebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios
niadagis damlaSeba. gansakuTrebiT mavnea iseTi sasuqebi, romlebic Seicaven
natriumsa da qlors, es elementebi mkveTrad zRudaven mcenareTa zrdas.
xangrZlivi gamoyenebisas, saTburis grunti itkepneba, mcirdeba misi
tentevadoba da haertevadoba. organuli nivTierebebis yovelwliuri
danaxarji Seadgens mTeli Semcvelobis 15-17%-s anu 60 t/ha-ze.
saTburebSi niadagis optimaluri sisqe 25-35 sm-ia. ufro Rrma niadagis
SemTxvevaSi damuSavebisas, saxnavi fenis qveS warmoiqmneba niadagis qerqi -
egreT wodebuli ,,qusli”, romelic auaresebs wylisa da haeris mimocvlis
reJims.
Rrma saxnavi fenis arsebobisas rTuldeba siTburi reJimis regulireba
niadagis orTqliT damuSavebisas, rac amcirebs am meTodis efeqturobas.
niadagis orTqliT damuSaveba ara marto amcirebs mavneblebsa da
daavadebebs, aramed cvlis niadagis kvebis reJimsac.
mcenareTa gadargvamde, niadagis momzadeba mdgomareobs rotaciuli freziT
mis gafxvierebaSi (saTburSi samuSaod gankuTvnil specialur frezebs
SeuZlia imuSaos oTxi siCqariT - 140, 170, 200 an 240 brunva/wuTSi. modebis
gani - 100 sm-dan 140 sm-mde, damuSavebis siRrme - 20-30 sm, warmadoba - 0,15-0,18
ha/sT-Si. sxvadasxva qveynebis warmoebisa da markis frezebi gansxvavdeba
rogorc Sesrulebuli operaciis Sesrulebis teqnologiiT, aseve
konstruqciiTac.
SedarebiT gril regionebSi, an saadreo produqciis warmoebisas,
mimarTaven gruntis mulCirebas da agro-boWkos gamoyenebas. mulCirebisTvis
gamoiyeneba Savi, yavisferi an gamWvirvale celofani, ris Sedegadac mzian
dReebSi niadagSi aRwevs 30-40%-iT meti mzis energia (es gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania adre gazafxulze). dRis manZilze dagrovili siTburi energia,
ukeT inaxeba mulCirebul niadagSi, radgan aorTqlebaze daxarjuli energia
2-jer naklebia, xolo siTbos gacema 15-17%-ze naklebia, vidre Ria gruntSi.
temperatura icvleba mulCis siganisa da farTobis mixedviT. DdRis manZilze
niadagi ufro metad Tbeba gamWvirvale da yavisferi celofnis qveS, xolo
RamiT siTbos ukeT inaxavs Savi celofani. mulCirebis dros, niadagis yvelaze
dabali temperatura aRiniSneba gamTeniisas, mzis amosvlamde, dilis 7-8
saaTze. am dros mulCirebulsa da umulCo niadags Soris temperaturaTa
sxvaoba 0,3-20C.
mulCirebis efeqti gacilebiT maRalia im saTburSi, romelic Tbeba.
aRniSnuli RonisZiebebi saSualebas iZleva miviRoT pomidvris, kitris, nesvis
mosavali 2-3 kviriT adre. Ggril regionebSi SemaRlebuli kvlebisa da maT
safarvelad agro-boWkos gamoyenebiT, SesaZlebelia Teberval-martSi
zogierTi mwvanilis moyvana (ispanaxi, qinZi, xaxvi, ixraxuSi).
morwyva da gamokveba
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1) niadagSi sakvebi elementebis dadgenil optimalur normebsa da
realur Semcvelobas Soris sxvaobas;
2) dagegmili mosavlianobis mier niadagidan gamotanili sakvebi
elementebis raodenobis mixedviT, maTi aTvisebis koeficientis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
bostneuli kulturebis dargvamde (weliwadSi 2 wrebrunvisas). atareben
yvela tipis saTburebis gruntis analizs 11 maCveneblis mixedviT: organuli
nivTiereba, mJavianoba pH, amiakuri da nitratuli azoti, fosfori, kaliumi,
magniumi, marilebis saerTo koncentracia, kina, manganumi da hidrologiuri
mJavianoba. meore wrebrunvis dros gansasazRvravi naerTebis ricxvi SeiZleba
7-9 mde Semcirdes.
niadagis analizisas gamoiyeneba gamowvlilis meTodi, romelic
saSualebas iZleva dadgindes mcenarisTvis aTvisebad formaSi myofi sakvebi
elementebis raodenoba. mineraluri sasuqebis Setanisas iTvaliswineben
sakvebi elementebis im raodenobas, romelic saTburSi iqna Setanili
kompostirebuli nakeliT an sxva organuli sasuqebiT.
sakvebi elementebiT gruntis uzrunvelyofis normebi g/m2 kargad Cans
Semdeg cxrilSi
N KK P Mg niadagSi marilebis
uzrunvelyofis saerTo Semcveloba
done g/l
dabali <40 <50 <5 <20 <0,8
zomieri 40-80 50-110 5-10 20-50 0,8-1,5
normaluri 80-130 110-170 10-15 50-70 1.5-3,0
momatebuli 130-170 170-220 15-20 70-100 3,0-4,0
maRali >170 >220 >20 >100 4,0-5,0
135
salaTa
dabali 180-230 350-500 100-200 50-80
zomieri 130-180 200-350 0-100 30-50
normaluri 90-130 0-200 0 0
momatebuli 0-90 0 0 0
maRali 0 0 0 0
136
damlaSebasTan brZolis yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa niadagis gamorecxva.
am meTodis umniSvnelovanes winapirobas warmoadgens sadrenaJo sistemis
gamarTulad muSaoba. gamorecxvis win niadags amuSaveben, frezaven da
asworeben. Semdeg, niadagis tentevadobis, damlaSebis xarisxisa da xasiaTis
mixedviT adgenen wylis dozas. gamorecxvas axdenen saWiro normis 3-5-jer
gamoyenebiT, 5-8 saaTiani intervalebiT.
saTburSi bostneuli kulturebis warmatebuli moyvana SesaZlebelia
mxolod mcenareTa wylis saWiro raodenobiT uzrunvelyofiT mTeli
vegetaciis periodSi. arsebobs morwyvis sxvadasxva meTodi. Tavdapirvelad
saTburebis morwyva xdeboda gadasatani milebis saSualebiT, Tumca sakmaod
didi danaxarjebis gamo da teqnologiebis ganviTarebis Semdeg, es meTodi
uaryves. iyeneben dawvimebiT, Wavlisebur, wveTovan da qveniadagur morwyvas.
ukanasknel xanebamde farTod iyo gavrcelebuli dawvimebiTi morwyva. mas
mimarTaven ,,zevidan’’ rodesac sarwyavi sistema ganlagebulia Spalers zemoT
da ,,qvevidan: rodesac sistema mdebareobs niadagTan axlos. Tumca am
meTodsac gaaCnda Tavisi naklovanebebi ,,zevidan’’ morwyvisas. rwyvis dozebi
damokidebulia warmoebul kulturaze, mzis radiaciaze, gruntis fizikur
Tvisebebze. Cveulebriv, zamTris TveebSi, kviraSi atareben 1-2-jer morwyvas, 8-
10 m/m2, gazafxulsa da zafxulSi 2-3-jer kviraSi 12-15 l/m2 yovel morwyvaze
da sezonze. pomidori irwyveba ufro xSirad da didi dozebiT, kitri piriqiT.
gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom arazomier morwyvas axasiaTebs rigi
uaryofiTi faqtorebi. am dros iqmneba haeris maRali fardobiTi tenianoba,
romelic xels uwyobs daavadebebis ganviTarebas da xels uSlis mcenareTa
damtvervas.
yvela Tanamedrove saTburSi damontaJebulia mcenareTa morwyvisa da
mineraluri sasuqebiT gamokvebis mowyobilobani. wyali qselidan miewodeba
wyalmimomcvlels, sadac xdeba misi SeTboba 250C-mde, Semdeg ki tumbos
saSualebiT miewodeba saTburs wveTovani an dawvimebiTi morwyvisTvis.
Tanamedrove saTburi aRWurvilia wveTovani morwyvis sistemebiT, romelic
faqtiurad ar moiTxovs SromiT danaxarjebs. am sistemaSi, mcenareebisTvis
sakvebisa da wylis miwodeba xdeba kompiuteris saSualebiT, specialurad
SemuSavebuli programis safuZvelze. wveTovani morwyva sagrZnoblad amcirebs
wylis danaxarjebs (25-25 %-iT) da 8-17%-iT zrdis mosavlianobas.
wveTovani sistemiT sasuqebis miwodeba saSualebas iZleva 30-40%-iT
SevamciroT sakvebi elementebis danakargebi.
mcenareTa gamokvebisTvis arsebobs specialuri kvanZi, romelic aRWurvilia
oTxi avziT, sadac xdeba wyalSi advilad xsnadi sasuqebis gaxsna da Sereva.
maTi momzadeba da miwodeba xdeba operatoris an specialuri programis
saSualebiT. sistemis mniSvnelovani nawilia wylis gasawmendi filtrebi
(gravilis da diskuri), romlebic uzrunvelyofen saTanado sisufTavis wylis
miRebas. am sistemis yvela detali damzadebulia antikoroziuli masalebisa
da polimerebisagan. magistraluri milis diametria 50 mm, gamanawileblis -
28-32, xolo sarwyavis - 14-20 mm.
sarwyavi milgayvaniloba ganlagebulia mcenareTa mTeli rigis gayolebaze.
sawveTurebis raodenoba ganisazRvreba gruntis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da
savaraudo xarjis gaTvaliswinebiT. Cveulebriv, sawveTurebs Soris manZili
137
udris mcenareTa Soris manZils. mcenareebi imyofebian sawveTuridan 10-sm-is
moSorebiT. sawveTurebis xarjvis normaa 1,5-4 l/sT.
138
foTlebi. kitris foTlebi SedarebiT naklebi sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT
xasiaTdeba, isini cocxloben ara umetes 2 Tvisa.
139
rigebad, rigSi or mwkrivad, rigebs Soris manZili 100 sm, mcenareTa Soris
50X60 sm (saSualod 3 mcenare 1 m2-ze.)
partenokarpul, grZelnayofa jiSebs rgaven rigebad, V-seburad gayofili
mxrebiT, rigTaSoris 150 sm, xolo rigSi mcenareTa Soris 50 sm (1,4 mcenare 1
m2-ze).
kitris CiTilebs gadargvis win rwyaven, mTlianad asveleben Wiqas an
kasetas, gadasargavad arCeven janmrTel, kargad ganviTarebul, Zlier
mcenareebs, maT rgaven vertikalurad, winaswar gakeTebul ormoebSi.
gadargul CiTils rwyaven da Semdeg abamen TokiT mavTulis Spalerze.
Spaleri gaWimulia niadagidan 2 m-is simaRleze. erTi bolo mibmulia
mavTulze, xolo meore ki aramWidrod mcenareze an niadagSi Casobil saganze.
amavdroulad, dauSvebelia Tokis Zlieri daWimva, radgan Spaleris rxevisas
SeiZleba davazianoT fesvTa sistema an mcenare amovglijoT miwidan.
arapartenokarpuli jiSebis formirebas atareben Semdegnairad - zrdis
sawyis etapze 3-4 namdvili foTlis fazaSi, namxrevebs da mdedrobiT
yvavilebs aSoreben, raTa mcenare momZlavrdes da ganviTardes. Semdeg zeviT
ganviTarebul namxrevebs Seatexen 2, xolo SpalerTan axlos 3 foTolze.
Spaleramde miRweul mTavar Reros wvers Seamtvreven, mis zeviT 3-4 foTlis
datovebiT. Semdeg zeda foTlebidan ganviTarebuli namxrevebidan toveben 2-3,
romlebsac mavTulidan uSveben qveviT da Setexaven niadagidan 1 m simaRleze.
vegetaciis periodSi aSoreben nayofmoleul Reroebs, Zvel da daavadebul
foTlebs.
grZelnayofa, partenokarpuli hibridebis formirebas axdenen sxvanairad.
mcenareebs 50-60 sm simaRlemde acileben yvavilebs da gverdiT totebs,
Semdegi 4-5 foTlis iRliebSi toveben namxrevebs romelsac Setexaven pirvel
foTolze, mdedrobiT yvavilebs aSoreben. Semdegi 5-6 foTlis iRliidan
ganviTarebul namxrevebs Seamtvreven 3-4 foTolze, maTze 3-4 naskvis
datovebiT. ZiriTad Reroze toveben 4-6 nayofs.
mcenaris wveros Setexaven Spaleris zemoT, meoTxe foTolze, gadaxrian
da miabamen mavTulze. zeda 2-3 foTolze toveben namxrevebs, romlebsac
CamouSveben qveviT da axdenen mis Setexvas yovel 50 sm-ze, gamgrZelebeli
namxrevebis datovebiT.
msxmoiarobamde aucilebelia, saTburSi haeris temperatura iyos:
mzian dReebSi 22-240C
moRrublul amindSi 20-220C,
RamiT 17-180C.
140
faqtorebis garda ufro dabalma tenianobam SeiZleba ablabuda tkipas
aqtiuri ganviTarebac ganapirobos.
haeris tenianobis gasazrdelad, saWiroebis mixedviT mimarTaven mcenareTa
dawvimebas maRali wneviT, wylis uwvrilesi wveTebiT (10-20 mik) 30-60 wamis
manZilze an atareben damatenianebel morwyvas.
milebiT morwyvisas aucilebelia yuradReba mieqces mTeli zedapiris
Tanabrad datenianebas.
sasurvelia, mcenareTa morwyva Tbili wyliT (20-25 0C), yovel 2-3 dReSi,
msxmoiarobis dawyebidan yovel dRe 5-10 litri wyali 1 m2-ze.
wveTovani morwyviT kitrs rwyaven msxmoiarobamde yovel 1-2 dReSi mzis
radiaciaze damokidebulobiT. xolo msxmoiarobisas yoveldRiurad. sarwyavi
wylis norma 2-5 l/m2.
saTburSi kitris mosavali 10-jer aWarbebs Ria gruntis mosavals, amitom
sasaTbure hibridebi gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT moixmaren CO2. maRali
mosavlis misaRebad misi Semcveloba haerSi unda iyos 0,1-0,6%, Tumca
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT sakmarisia 0,1-0,2%. intensiuri fotosinTezisas da
CO2 miwodebis wyvetisas, naxSirorJangis Semcveloba haerSi mkveTrad mcirdeba
0,001%-mde, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs mcenareze. misi gamoyofa haerSi xdeba
saTburis gruntidan, romelSic Setanili iyo organuli sasuqi.
msxvilmasStabian saTburebSi mimarTaven naxSirorJangiT haeris xelovnur
gamdidrebas.
imis gamo, rom zeviT aRwerili hibridebis umetesoba jvaredinad imtvereba,
aucilebelia, maTi yvavilebis xelovnurad damtverva, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
daumtveravi yvavilebi ar ganviTardeba da Camocvivdeba. amisTvis, saTburis
yovel 1000 m2 farTobze aTavseben erT ska futkris ojaxs. skas zamTarSi
dgamen samxreTis mxares, xolo gazafxul-zafxulSi CrdiloeTiT, an
dasavleTiT. gazafxulze ska unda daifaros Ria feris saRebaviT, raTa
Tavidan iqnes acilebuli misi gadaxureba. futkrebisTvis saWiroa damatebiTi
gamokveba Saqris sirofiT da sufTa wyliT. saTburebSi haeris maRali
temperaturis, tenianobisa da CO2 maRali koncentraciis gamo, futkrebi male
kargaven aqtiurobis unars, ris gamoc saWiroa maTi Secvla.
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos kvebis reJims. mcenareebs kvebaven
yovel 7-10 dReSi, mineraluri sasuqebiT. msxmoiarobamde mcire, msxmoiarobis
dawyebidan ki gazrdili dozebiT. moTxovnileba sakveb elementebze
gansakuTrebiT izrdeba msxmoiarobisas. yvavilobamde mcenare moixmars mTeli
vegetaciis manZilze moxmarebuli sakvebi elementebis raodenobis 10%-s.
msxmoiarobisas mcenareTa zrdis tempi klebulobs, Zlierdeba nayofis zrdis
procesi, amitom am periodSi mcenare maqsimalurad unda iyos
uzrunvelyofili saWiro raodenobis sakvebi elementebiT. maTi droebiTi
ukmarisobac ki maSinve aisaxeba mcenareze _ klebulobs zrdis tempi, patara
zomis nayofi uferuldeba, yviTldeba, Wkneba da cviva.
10 litr wyalSi xsnian 10-15 g Sardovanas an 15-20 g amoniumis gvarjilas,
20-30 g superfosfats, 15-20 g kaliumis qlorids, es raodenoba sakmarisia 2-4
m2-ze.
msxmoiarobis dawyebamde, sakvebi xsnaris koncentracia ar unda
aRematebodes 0,5%-s, xolo msxmoiarobis dawyebidan 0,7%-s. fesvuri gamokveba
141
umjobesia Catardes mzian amindSi. ganviTarebis pirvel etapze kitri didi
raodenobiT moixmars fosfors, SedarebiT naklebad kaliumsa da azots.
Semdgom periodSi ki es Tanafardoba icvleba.
xangrZlivi, moRrubluli amindis SemTxvevaSi, mimarTaven ufesvo
(arafesvur) gamokvebas mikro da makroelementebiT. ufesvo gamokvebisas didi
mniSvneloba aqvs xsnaris koncentracias. maRalma koncentraciam SeiZleba
gamoiwvios foTlebis dawva. kitrisTvis ufesvo gamokvebis xsnaris
koncentracia aris 0,25-0,3%. am miznisTvis iyeneben wyalSi xsnad sasuqebs
(kristaloni). dauSvebelia ufesvo gamokveba maRali temperaturisas, man
SeiZleba foTlis damwvroba gamoiwvios. mzian dReebSi gamokvebas atareben
adre diliT, an dRis meore naxevarSi.
naklebad nayofier, humusiT Rarib gruntSi, mineraluri gamokvebis garda,
SeaqvT organuli sasuqi - wyalSi gaxsnili wunwuxi 1:5; 1:10 TanafardobiT.
fesvebidan da foTlebidan gamokveba enacvleba erTmaneTs.
gadargvidan 35-50 dReSi mcenareebze formirdeba pirveli, mosaxmarad
vargisi nayofi. mcenaris zrdasTan erTad msxmoiaroba inacvlebs Reros zeda
nawilSi. am dros qveda foTlebi berdeba, uxeSdeba, yviTldeba, aseT foTlebs
periodulad aSoreben. gadaberebuli foTlebi gvevlineba daavadebis wyarod,
gansakuTrebiT maRali SefardebiTi tenianobis dros. maT Wrian basri daniT
an makratliT, ZirSi, Reros dazianebis gareSe, dRis pirvel naxevarSi. es
operacia xels uwyobs foTlis iRliebidan axali namxrevebis ganviTarebas,
romlebic yvaviloben da msxmoiaroben.
Tavdapirvelad mosavals krefen kviraSi 1-2-jer, Semdeg 3-jer, dilis
saaTebSi. kitrs Wrian daniT an wyveten xeliT, moqaCvis gareSe. amavdroulad
aucilebelia, yvela deformirebuli da daavadebuli nayofis moSoreba.
mosavlianoba 8-20 kg-mde 1 m2-ze.
sasaTbure kitris hibridebi
zazulia - saadreo, saSualod datotvili hibridia, msxmoiarobaSi Sedis
aRmocenebidan 50 dReSi, cilindruli formis, 16-20 sm sigrZisa da 150-170
gramiani nayofebiT, xorkliani zedapiriT.
aprelski - yvela monacemebiT zazulias msgavsia.
siurprizi 66 - saSualo simwifis, saSualod foTliani da datotvili,
cilindruli formis nayofiT, sigrZe 14-18 sm, masa 100-120 g, xorkliani
zedapiriT.
maiski - saadreo, futkarmtveria (arapartenokarpiki), msxmoiarobas iwyebs
aRmonacenis gamoCenidan 50-55 dReSi, mcenare Zlier mzardia, naklebad
datotvili, nayofi cilindrulia, sigrZiT - 17-20 sm, masa - 180-200 g.
kristali - saadreo futkarmtveria (arapartenokarpiki), pirveli nayofi
formirdeba aRmocenebidan 50-55 dReSi, axasiaTebs erTdrouli Semosvla,
nayofi ovalur-cilindruli formisaa, sigrZe - 20-25 sm, masa - 180-260 gr.
Darina Mix F1 da Dasher II Mix F1 (orive hibridis mwarmoebelia holandiuri kompania
Seminis), futkarmtvria, nayofis zedapiri xorkliania, sigrZiT 20-23 sm, am jiSis
mcenare jansaRia, amtani da Zliermzardi, nayofi xraSuna da gemrielia.
erTiani warmatebiT uxvmosavliania rogorc saTburSi, ise Ria gruntSi.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: Wraqi, nacari, qeci, kitris mozaikuri
virusi, foTlis kideebis baqteriuli laqianoba.
142
Solverde F1 partenokarpiki (mwarmoebelia holandiuri kompania Seminis), nayofis
zedapiri xorkliania, 20-25 sm sigrZis. mcenare Zalian uxvmosavliania,
gamorCeulad siciveamtani, idealuria mokle dRis periodSi (zamTari-
gazafxuli, Semodgoma-zamTari) mosayvanad. gamZlea kladosporozis (qeci)
mimarT.
Samarkand Mix F1, futkarmtveria (mwarmoebelia holandiuri kompania Seminis),
nayofi zedapiri gluvia, xorklebis gareSe, 18-20 sm sigrZis. hibridi saadreoa,
xangrZlivad sicocxlisunariani da maRali sicxeebis amtani, aqvs gemrieli
nayofi, boloebSi yovelgvari simwaris gareSe.
davadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: nacari, kitris, sazamTros, yabayis mozaikuri
virusi.
Babyion Mix F1, futkarmtveria (mwarmoebelia holandiuri kompania Seminis),
nayofi gluvi, priala, xorklebis gareSe, 15-16 sm sigrZis. babiloni aris
saadreo, stabilurad uxvmosavliani da sicxis amtani hibridi. nayofi
gemrielia, yovelgvari simwaris gareSe.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: kitris mozaikuri virusi, axasiaTebs nacris
da Wraqis mimarT nawilobrivi (SedarebiTi) gamZleoba.
Sultan F1 partenokarpiki, (mwarmoebelia holandiuri kompania Seminis), nayofi
gluvia, xorklebis gareSe, 18-20 sm. rekomendebulia gazafxuli-zafxulis
periodSi mosayvanad. advilad itans zafxulis maRal temperaturas.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: kladosporozi (qeci), nacaris mimarT
nawilobriv gamZlea.
Teressos F1 partenokarpikia (mwarmoebelia holandiuri kompania Seminis), nayofi
gluvia, xorklebis gareSe, 16-20 sm sigrZis. aris mokle dRis hibridi
(rekomendebulia zamTris pirobebSi, saTburebSi mosayvanad), mdgradia
stresebis mimarT.
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleoba: nacari, kladosporozi (qeci).
calkeuli sakvebi elementebis naklebobis niSnebi kitrze:
azoti. qveda foTlebi xdeba mkrTali momwvano, Semdeg wveridan iwyebs
gayviTlebas, muqdeba da kvdeba. Rerosa da namxrevebis zrda Cerdeba.
foTlebi patarebia, Rero Txeli, myife. niSnebi vlindeba naxerxze, Calaze
warmoebisas, agreTve gadaWarbebuli dozebiT rwyvisas.
fosfori. foTlebi iReben muq-momwvano, mocisfro fers, aferxeben zrdas,
Cndeba mowiTalo (sadafis msgavsi) Seferiloba. gamxmar foTlebs, romlebic
Zalian male cviva, muqi, TiTqmis Savi feri aqvs, ferxdeba yvaviloba da
msxmoiaroba.
kaliumi. SeiniSneba foTlis qsovilis gayviTleba (an garuxeba), agreTve
foTlis kideebis moxra qveda mxares. foToli xdeba daWmuWnuli, ferxdeba
muxlTaSorisebis zrda.
gogirdi. foTlebs aReniSnebaT mkrTali-momwvano Seferiloba, qsovilebis
kvdomis gareSe.
magniumi. qlorofilis naklebobis gamo SeiniSneba foTlebis
gafermkrTaleba, Seferilobis Secvla mwvanidan yviTlisken, wiTlisken,
iisferisken. Cndeba qlorozi foTlis ZarRvebs Soris.
kalciumi _ zeda zrdis wertilebi ziandeba, SeiniSneba foTlis wverebis
nekrozi, foTlebis daxveva.
143
bori - SeiniSneba zrdis wertilebisa da foTlebis kvdoma, mcenare aRar
yvavilobs, nayofi cviva.
spilenZi. SeiniSneba foTlis kideebis qlorozi da gafermkrTaleba,
turgoris unaris dakargva, mcenareTa Wknoba. spilenZiT SimSiloba
gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia torfiani gruntisTvis.
manganumi. aRiniSneba foTlis ZarRvebs Soris arsebuli sivrcis qlorozi,
ZarRvebi inarCuneben mwvane fers.
TuTia foTlebze Cndeba yviTeli laqebi, isini zogjer foTlis ZarRvebzec
aRiniSneba. foTlebi asimetriulia, gawvrilebuli. xandaxan SeiniSeba
foTlebis vercxlisferi elferi.
144
SeirCes is jiSebi, romlebsac Semcirebuli ganaTebis pirobebSi axasiaTebT
nayofis kargad gamonaskvis unari.
saTburs winaswar amzadeben, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeakeTeben, asufTaveben
minebs an polikarbonats, atareben Senobebisa da gruntis dezinficirebas.
grunts amuSaveben 25-30 sm-is siRrmeze, SeaqvT komposti 10-15 kg 1 m2-ze an
nakeli, agreTve mineraluri sasuqebi. mcenaris ganviTarebis Tavdapirvel
periodSi mcenareebi moiTxoven azotiT zomier da fosforiT gaZlierebul
kvebas. msxmoiarobis dawyebidan saWiroa azotovani kvebis gaZliereba, xolo
nayofis momwifebisas kaliumiT. am dros azotisa da kaliumis Tanafardoba
unda iyos N:K=1:3; 1:4. sakvebi xsnaris koncentracia msxmoiarobis dawyebamde ar
unda aRematebodes 0,7%-s, xolo msxmoiarobis dawyebidan 1%-s. pomidors
kvebaven yovel 7-10 dReSi, amisTvis mcenaris zrdis pirvel periodSi iyeneben
_ amoniumis gvarjila 10 g, superfosfati 20 g, kaliumis sulfati 20 g 1 m2-ze.
msxmoiarobis dawyebidan sakvebi dozebi izrdeba - amoniumis gvarjila 15 g,
superfosfati 25 g, kaliumis sulfati 25 g, magniumis sulfati 15 g.
SesaZlebelia agreTve nitroamofosisa an sxva kompleqsuri sasuqebis
gamoyenebac.
pomidori, iseve rogorc kitri, sakmaod mkveTrad reagirebs CO2 damatebiT
gamokvebaze, mosavlianoba izrdeba haerSi CO2 0,3%-mde Semcvelobisas, Tumca
ekonomiurad ufro efeqturia 0,1-0,2% koncentracia.
CiTilis gadargvamde grunts asveleben 10-15 sm-is siRrmeze. Ddasargavad
arCeven normalurad ganviTarebul, jamrTel, meqanikurad dauzianeebl
CiTilebs.
145
gruntSi gamoyvanili (kaseturi meTodis gareSe) da gadarguli CiTili
146
suraTi 11 - namxrevis mocileba pomidvris mcenaridan
haeris tenianoba saTburSi unda iyos zomieri, raTa ukeT moxdes mcenareTa
damtverva da dacva daavadebebisgan.
mcenareTa damtvervis gasaumjobeseblad, maT Searxeven. es operacia
umjobesia Catardes dRis pirvel naxevarSi - 10-saaTidan 14 saaTamde.
damtvervisTvis mimarTaven futkrebis gamoyenebas, magram am SemTxvevaSi
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces pesticidebis gamoyenebas.
damtvervisTvis iyeneben agreTve hormonebsac (savaWro qselSi iyideba rogorc
Txevadi, aseve tabletebis saxiT), magram aqac aucilebelia dozebis dacva.
morwyvas mimarTaven niadagis SeSrobisas, dauSvebelia niadagis Zlieri
gamoSroba, aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios yvavilebisa da naskvebis Camocvena,
Rerosa da nayofis daskdoma, agreTve nayofze kenweros mSrali sidamplis
ganviTareba. sarwyavi wylis temperatura unda iyos 20-250C, rwyvas axdenen
dRis pirvel naxevarSi, raTa daRamebamde SesaZlebeli iyos saTburis kargad
ganiaveba, masSi arsebuli zedmeti tenis mosacileblad.
mcenaris msxmoiarobaSi Sesvlamde niadagis optimaluri tenianobaa 75-80%,
xolo intensiuri msxmoiarobisas - 80-90%. amasTan, haeris fardobiTi
tenianoba - 60-70%.
gadargvidan pirveli nayofis gamonaskvamde pomidors rwyaven 2-3 dReSi,
xolo Semdeg rwyvis sixSires zrdian da rwyaven yovel 1-2 dReSi, mzis
maRali radiaciis dReebSi rwyaven yoveldRe. sarwyavi norma Seadgens 6-13
l/m2.
pirvel mtevanze nayofis momwifebis dawyebisTanave, iwyeben qveda
foTlebis moSorebas. pirvel rigSi aSoreben gayviTlebul, daberebul,
Semdeg ki mwvane foTlebsac. es aumjobesebs aeracias, zrdis ganaTebas,
aadvilebs rwyvas da mosavlis krefas. foTlebis moSorebisas yuradRebas
aqceven, rom mcenareze darCes 14-16 foToli. mosavlianoba Seadgens 6-10 kg/sm2-
ze.
147
pomidvris perspeqtiuli jiSebi
148
beli (mwarmoebelia holandiur kompania Enza Zaden) - saadreo,
maRalmosavliani hibridia. erTgvarovani, mkvrivi, muq wiTel ferad Seferili,
180-220 gramiani nayofiT. mcenare Zlier mzardia, mokle muxlTaSorisebiT,
amtania maRali temperaturis mimarT. jiSi rezistentulia Semdegi
daavadebebis mimarT _ F fuzariozi, V verticiliozi, TMV Tambaqos virusuli
mozaika.
monro (mwarmoebelia holandiuri kompania Enza Zaden) - Tanabari zrdis
saadreo hibridia, mrgvali, muq wiTlad Seferili nayofebiT, romelTa
saSualo masa 180-220 g-ia, gamoirCeva kargi transportabelurobiT, SedarebiT
mdgradia temperaturis cvalebadobis mimarT. jiSi rezistentulia Semdegi
daavadebebis mimarT _FF fuzariozi, TMV Tambaqos virusuli mozaika.
149
msxmoiaroba, xolo dabali tenianobisas - nayofi xSirad avaddeba WraqiT.
gadargvidan 10-12 dRis Semdeg, Reros 3-4 sm-ze Semoayrian tenian niadags, raTa
gaaZlieron damatebiTi fesvebis warmoqmna.
warmoebisas aucilebelia azotovani sasuqebiT damatebiTi gamokvebis
Catareba. gamokvebas awarmoeben yovel or kviraSi, morwyvasTan erTad,
agroqimiuri analizis safuZvelze.
Zlier mzard mcenareebs moxrisa da Reroebis damtvrevis Tavidan acilebis
mizniT axveven Spalerze, iseve rogorc pomidors.
Tavdapirvelad abamen centralur Reros, Semdeg gverdiT totebs,
formirebisas toveben 3-4 Reros, Semdeg maTgan arCeven 2 yvelaze Zliers,
romlebsac SemdegSi aiyvanen Spalerze. danarCen Reroebs iyeneben mxolod
pirveli msxmoiarobisTvis, maTze erTi-ori nayofis datovebiT.
saadreo hibridebis mwvane nayofis krefas iwyeben gadargvidan 35-45 dRis
Semdeg. maT Wrian yovel or dReSi, Zalian frTxilad, radgan mcenaris
Reroebi sakmaod myifea da advilad imtvreva.
mosavlianoba Seadgens 10-13 kg/m2-ze.
suraTi 12
150
nesvis warmoeba sasaTbure pirobebSi
151
suraTi 13 - nesvis warmoeba angarul saTburebSi
152
Tavi.5. mwvanileuli bostneuli
oxraxuSi
153
oxraxuSis fesvTa sistema mTavarRerZiania. sustad an Zlierad datotvili.
Ziriani formebi warmoqmnian 6-15 sm sigrZis 0,8-4 sm diametris, konusuri
formis Zirxvenas, erTi Zirxvenis masa 6-50 g, misi Seferiloba moyviTalo
moTeTro, an odnav yavisferia. rbilobi - TeTri, xorciani, sasiamovno
aromatiT.
154
oxraxuSis warmoeba martiv (gauTbobel) saTburebSi, dsavleT saqarTvelo
pirobebSi
oxaraxuSi grZeli dRis mcenarea, rac ufro metia dRis xangrZlivoba, miT
swrafad izrdeba mcenarec. sinaTlis nakleboba, gansakuTrebiT zrdis pirvel
periodSi iwvevs mcenaris awowvas, sagrZnoblad amcirebs mosavlianobas.
155
mobneviT an mwkrivebad, mwkrivTaSoris 20-30 sm-is, xolo mcenareTa Soris - 15-
20 sm-is daSorebiT. Tesvis norma Seadgens 0.7-1 g/m2.
156
gansxvavdeba da 1,5 kg-dan 2,5-3 kg-mde meryeobs 1 m2-ze. mosavali didad aris
damokidebuli agroRonisZiebebze da meteorologiur pirobebze.
kama
157
optimaluria 15-180C. mcenare 2-3 namdvili foTlis ganviTrebis fazaSi uZlebs
- 40C wayinvas.
158
dReisTvis, saqarTveloSi warmoebisTvis iyeneben amerikuli da
helandiuri kompaniebis mier warmoebul jiSebs da hibridebs _ superdukati,
roil dili, arleta, aligatori.
159
calkeul wlebSi kamas azianeben bugrebi, romlebic iwveven foTlebis
zrdis SeCerebas da daxvevas, maT winaaRmdeg iyeneben pesticidebiT -
aqteliksi, decisi an karate, konfidor maqisi 0,1-0,2%-iani xsnariT Sesxurebas.
niaxuri
160
meore wels mcenare iviTarebs Reros da yvavilobs. Tanayvaviledi rTuli
qolgaa. Tesli Zalian wvrilia (sigrZe 1-1,5 mm, sigane da sisqe 0,5-0,75 mm),
orlebniani, muqi yavisferi, aRmocenebis unars inarCunebs 2-3 wels.
161
niaxurs rgaven mwkrivebad, 10-15 sm-is daSorebiT, 150-200 mcenare 1 m2-ze.
movla moicavs gamargvlas, gamokvebas da rwyvas, pirvel gamokvebas atareben
gadargvidan 15-20 dReSi (1,5c/ha amoniumis gvarjila), meored 3-4 kviris Semdeg.
mosavlis aRebas iwyeben maSin, rodesac foTlebi miaRweven 25-30 sm-s, Wrian
mxolod kargad ganviTarebul foTlebs. yoveli moWris Semdeg mcenareebs
utareben damatebiT gamokvebas. mosavals iReben 3-5-jer. moWrili foTlebi
dabal temperaturaze inaxeba ramdenime dRe, xolo 0-10C-ze ramdenime kvira.
salaTa
162
siganiT - 10-35 sm. foTlovani, satacurisebri da romein salaTis saxeobebi
did foTlebs iviTareben. saadreo jiSebi warmoqmnian patara foTlebs.
jiSuri gansxvavebis garda, foTlebis zomebi icvleba vegetaciis periodSi,
agrometeorologiuri pirobebis zegavleniT.
163
neitraluri reaqciis mqone tenian niadagebze. niadagis momzadebisas SeaqvT
gadamwvari nakeli 10-12 kg/m2.
mwvane xaxvi
164
xaxvis Tesli aRmocenebas iwyebs 4-70C. optimaluri temperatura 22-260C.
aRmonaceni itans -1 -20C wayinvas. mcenare sinaTlis moyvarulia, miekuTvneba
grZeli dRis mcenareebis jgufs. xaxvi momTxovnia niadagis tenianobis mimarT.
ver itans marilian niadags. Tesls Tesaven kvlebSi 1,0-1,5 sm-is siRrmeze,
kvlebs Soris daSoreba 10-15 sm-ia. Tu niadagi mSralia, kvlebs rwyaven.
aRmocenebis Semdeg axorcieleben naTesis gamargvlas. mcenareTa Soris
toveben 3-4 sm-s. Semdeg kvebaven mineraluri sasuqiT.
165
mravalZiriani xaxvisgan miRebuli mwvane xaxvix mosavali,
qinZi
166
mrgvali, burTisebri, muqi yviTeli ferisaa, SemdgomSi Ria yavisferi. Sedgeba
ori wilnayofisagan, TiTo TesliT. 1000 Teslis masa 7-10 g-s udris.
Mmomwifebisas nayofi advilad cviva. qinZis jiSi bevri ar aris, ZiriTadad
gavrcelebulia adgilobrivi populaciebi. misi foTlebi Seicavs vitaminebs
(C, B1, B2) rutins, karotins, eTerzeTebs.
167
awarmoeben mSrali TesliT. gaRivebis dasaCqareblad, Tesls asveleben 3-4
dRis ganmavlobaSi, haerze odnav SeSrobis Semdeg - Tesaven. Teslis CaTesvis
siRrme 1-2 sm-ia.
boloki
168
boloki sicivegamZle mcenarea. Tesli gaRivebas iwyebs 2-30C, xolo
aRmonaceni itans -3 -40C wayinvebs, mozrdil mcenares advilad SeuZlia
gadaitanos -5 -60C wayinvebi. optimalur pirobebSi 18-200C bolokis Tesli
Cndeba daTesvidan 4-6 dReSi. Zirxvenis Camoyalibeba iwyeba 12-150C, Semdeg
grZeldeba 18-200C.
169
simwifes aRwevs daTesvidan 25-40 dRis Semdeg. dauSvebelia mosavlis aRebis
dagvianeba, radgan Zirebi male uxeSdeba, fuydeba da sinazesa da gemos
kargavs. saSualo mosavlianoba Seadgens 0,6-1,5 kg/m2-ze.
170
Tavi 6. bostneuli kulturebis meTesleoba
171
Tvisebebis mqone mcenareebis Sejvarebis Sedegad xdeba Zvirfasi sameurneo
Tvisebebis mqone jiSebis dasarevlianeba uvargisi TvisebebiT.
amgvarad, meTesleobis naTesebSi, mravali jiSisa da saxeobis erTad
(Sereulad) an izolaciis gareSe Tesva, meTesleobis TvalsazrisiT ar aris
swori, radgan kargi jiSebi yovelTvis cudi mimarTulebiT gadagvardeba da
ramdenime welSi aRar gveqneba meTesleobisTvis gamosadegi, maRali sameurneo
Tvisebebis mqone, wminda jiSebi.
saTeslis (kitri, baRCeuli, pomidori, badrijani, wiwaka da sxva) aRebisas
da Teslis gamoRebis drosac ki, Tu jiSurad gansxvavebuli nayofi aRmoCnda,
misi Tesli ar unda SevurioT tipobrivi jiSis saTesleebidan gamoRebul
Tesls, is calke unda gadavdoT an mTlianad daviwunoT.
instruqciis mixedviT, sivrculi saizolacio manZili sufrisa da sakveb
sazamTros, nesvisa da kitris jiSebs Soris, Ria teritoriaze miRebulia 2000
m, xolo daculze (tyiT an 15-20 m simaRlis gorakebiT gamoyofili) 1000 m.
pomidvris, badrijnis da wiwakis (tkbili da mware) sxvadasxva jiSebs Soris
saizolacio manZili Ria teritoriaze 100 m-ia, xolo daculze - 50 m.
gogrovanTa (xokera gogra, didnayofa gogra, Tafla gogra) sxvadasxva
saxeobas Soris saizolacio manZilia 50 m, daculze - 20 m (gogris es
saxeobebi bunebrivad erTmaneTs ar ujvardeba). sxvadasxva jiSis kombostos,
Talgams, boloks, stafilos, Warxals da sxva jvaredinad mtverav mcenareebs
Soris saizolacio manZilis dacva saWiroa Ria teritoriaze - 2000 m-is,
xolo daculze 600 m-is manZilze.
jvaredinmtveria mcenareebis ganayofierebis procesis gasaumjobeseblad,
naTesi uzrunvelyofili unda iyos mwerebis saTanado raodenobiT. am mizniT,
naTesebis axlos skianad gadahyavT futkari. kombostos, bolokis, stafilos,
Warxlis, salaTisa da sxva naTesebis damtverianebis gasaumjobeseblad,
iyeneben aseve xelovnur damtverianebasac, romelic adamianis xeliT
sruldeba.
TviTmtveria mcenareebis mosavlianobis gasadideblad, xSirad iyeneben
jiSTa SigniT da jiSTa Soris, bunebriv an xelovnur Sejvarebas. bunebrivi
damtverianebis mizniT, deda mcenareebis yvavils vacilebT mtvrianebs da
vaiZulebT ganayofierdes imave jiSis, magram sxva mcenaris mtvrianiT, xolo
xelovnurad ganayofierebis SemTxvevaSi, mtveri uSualod, adamianis xeliT
gadadis yvavilis dingze. amas umTavresad pomidvris, lobios da sxva
bostneul mcenareebSi viyenebT.
winaswar SerCeuli jiSebis SejvarebiT miRebuli hibriduli Tesli
sagrZnoblad adidebs mosavlianobas.
rodesac bostneuli mcenareebis saTesleebi teqnikur simwifes miaRweven,
vatarebT maT jiSur Semowmebas (aprobacias). teqnikuri simwife sxvadasxva
mcenarisTvis sxvadasxvaa. ase magaliTad, xaxvisTvis _ bolqvebis garegani
furclebis da yelis gaxmobis, pomidvrisTvis - masobriv simwifeSi Sesvlis,
lobiosTvis _ qveda parkebSi marcvlis Semosvlis dasawyisSi, xolo
kitrisTvis _ mwvane kitrebis zrdis dasrulebisa da erTeuli saTesleebis
momwifebis dawyebis dros da a. S.
meTesleobis naTesebSi bostneuli da sakvebi Zirxvenebis (Warxali,
stafilo, turnefsi, kombosto) jiSobrivi Sefaseba mindvris aprobaciis
meTodiT tardeba. instruqciis Tanaxmad, agronom-aprobatori atarebs
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aprobacias da meurneobis warmomadgenels aCvenebs saTesled SesarCev
mcenareebs, tipobrivi nayofebis egzemplarebs, aseve Zirxvenebis, bolqvebis da
Tavebis nimuSebs, romelic aRebuli da Senaxuli an darguli unda iyos
saTesleebad. mcenareTa ganviTarebis yvela fazaSi, erT da orwlian
kulturebSi tardeba jiSobrivi wmenda, romlis drosac moscildeba jiSidan
gadaxris mqone da daavadebuli mcenareebi. kitris meTesleobis nakveTebSi,
jiSuri wmendis Semdeg, nayofi 1-2-jer unda daikrifos, rom sxva minarevi
mcenareebis mtveriT damtverianebuli nayofi saTesleebSi ar mohyves da
jiSuri dasarevlianeba ar gamoiwvios.
aprobaciis dros naTes nargavebSi unda iyos 85% teqnikuri simwifis
mcenareebi. naTesi nargavebi dawunebuli unda iyos, Tu sameurneod uvargisi
mcenareebi 30%-ze metia.
orwliani da erTwliani jvaredinmtveria bostneuli kulturebis
(kombosto, stafilo, xaxvi, boloki, oxraxuSi, ZirTeTra da sxva), Tvis
bolokis (erTwliani) jiSobrivi gawmenda da sadedeebis gamorCeva tardeba
aprobaciis Semdeg, sadedeebis aRebis, aseve Sesanaxad Cawyobis (Tvis bolokis
gadargvisas) da gazafxulze gadargvis win, gadarCevis dros.
gazafxulze dargvis win, sadedeebis gadarCeva miznad isaxavs saukeTeso
jiSuri Tvisebebis gamtkicebas, maTgan saTesled uvargisi (dampali,
daavadebuli, damZrali, damWknari, dondlo da sxva) sadedeebis gamowunebas.
kombostos, Zirxvenebis, xaxvis, yvela orwliani da mravalwliani
mcenareebis saTesleebisTvis, agreTve Tvis bolokisTvis, jiSobrivi
Semowmebis damatebiT xerxs jiSobrivi gamorkveva warmoadgens, romelic
tardeba yvavilobis dawyebamde. am dros mowmdeba sivrcobrivi izolacia,
daavadebaTa da mavneblebiT gamowveuli dazianebis xarisxi, saTesleebis
faqtiuri farTobi, maTi saerTo mdgomareoba da gaTvaliswinebuli
agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebis Sesrulebis xarisxi.
jvaredinmtveria kulturebis elituri da pirveli reproduqciis, aseve,
masobrivi naTesebis Teslis (romelsac SemdgomSi gamravlebisTvis viyenebT)
jiSuri wmenda tardeba aprobaciis Semdeg.
naTesebis an sadedeebis nargavebis wundeba (jiSianobidan gamoricxva)
xdeba maSin, roca ar aris sivrcobrivi saizolacio manZili daculi,
rodesac mavnebel-daavadebebis mier mcenaris dazianeba gamoxatulia Zlier,
roca sameurneod uvargisi mcenareebi 30%-ze metia pirveli jgufis
mcenareebTan SedarebiT.
saqarTvelos niadagobriv-klimaturi pirobebi bostneuli mcenareebis
zrda-ganviTarebisa da wlis ganmavlobaSi uxvi mosavlis miRebisTvis
yovelmxriv xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis.
bostneul-baRCeuli kulturebis mosavali SeiZleba yvela meurneobaSi
miviRoT, Tuki sworad da droulad gamoviyenebT adgilobrivi pirobebisTvis
gaTvaliswinebul agroteqnikas da jiSian Teslebs.
bostneuli mcenareebis meTesleobisTvis, farTobi unda gamovyoT
mebostneobis TeslbrunvaSi, magram Teslbrunva Tu ara gvaqvs SemoRebuli,
maSin misTvis unda SevarCioT iseTi nakveTi, romelic srulad daakmayofilebs
meTesleobisadmi wayenebul moTxovnebs. amasTan, SerCeul nakveTze
aucileblad unda SemoviRoT kulturaTa morigeoba, raTa erTi da igive
kultura Tavis adgilze, iseve rogorc TeslbrunvaSi, 2-3 welze adre ar
173
dabrundes. amas, udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs bostneuli mcenareebis sxvadasxva
mavneblebisa da daavadebis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da mosavlianobis gadidebis
saqmeSi.
meTesleobisTvis farTobi unda gamovyoT rac SeiZleba sarwyav wyalTan
axlos da amasTan, niadagi unda iyos nayofieri (organuli nivTierebebiT
mdidari), romelic sarevelebisgan sufTa da qarebisgan iqneba daculi.
Tu erTi kulturiT SeuZlebeli xdeba erTi mindvris dakaveba an erTi
kultura erT mindorze ar eteva, maSin TiToeul mindorze unda davTesoT an
davrgoT erTi da imave ojaxis 2-3 kultura, romlebic erTmaneTs ar ejvareba.
niadagis damuSaveba. bostneuli mcenareebis meTesleobisTvis SerCeuli
niadagi Txoulobs gulmodgine damuSavebas. damuSaveba wina wlis
Semodgomaze iwyeba da daTesvamde grZeldeba.
winamorbedi kulturebis aRebisTanave, nakveTi unda gasufTavdes
mcenareTa narCenebisgan da aiCeCos 4-5 sm-is siRrmeze. teniT uzrunvelyofil
adgilebSi, aCeCva saukeTeso pirobebs qmnis sarevela mcenareebis Teslis
aRmocenebisTvis, romlebic damuSavebis Semdeg advilad moispoba. urwyav,
gvalvian adgilebSi ki aCeCva tenis naklebobis gamo, sarevelebis Teslebis
gamotyuebas ver gamoiwvevs, magram zedapiris saizolacio fxvier Sres mainc
Seqmnis (fxvieri fena mulCis rols Seasrulebs), rac tenis maragis
SenarCunebas Seuwyobs xels. am faqtors mcire naleqian adgilebSi uaRresad
didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
aCeCvidan 25-30 dRis Semdeg nakveTs vxnavT winmxvneli guTniT 25-28 sm-is
siRrmeze; eweri da mcire siRrmis niadagebis Zalian Rrmad moxvna
mizanSeuwonelia, radgan SeiZleba amobrundes qveniadagi, romelic mcenareTa
ganviTarebisTvis xelisSemSlel nivTierebebs Seicavs. mzral niadags
xelSeuxeblad vtovebT gazafxulamde. gvalvian adgilebSi, aCeCvidan 25-30
dRis Semdeg, moxvna savaldebulo ara aris, ukeTesia movxnaT gvian
Semodgomaze da zamTris dasawyisSi, raTa aCeCil niadagze Semodgomis
naleqebma gamoiwvios sarevelebis gamotyueba da Rrma moxvniT sarevelebi
advilad movspoT.
sagviano kulturebis aRebis Semdeg nakveTis aCeCvas ar vawarmoebT, aramed
nakveTs vwmendT mcenareTa narCenebisgan da vxnavT mzralad.
WangiT dasarevlianebuli nakveTis aCeCva ar SeiZleba, misi aoSva xdeba
Semodgomidanve, fesvurebis gavrcelebis siRrmeze (10-12 sm), Semdeg kbilebiani
farcxiT davfarcxavT, rom Wangis fesvurebi niadagidan amovyaroT da gareT
gamovzidoT; gamozidul fesvurebs gzebze an nakveTSi vwvavT. aoSvidan 15-20
dRis Semdeg nakveTs mzralad vxnavT srul siRrmeze.
gvalvian adgilebSi, gazafxulze, samuSaoze gasvlis SesaZleblobis
dadgomisTanave, vatarebT mzralze dafarcxvas, tenis damagrebisa da
sarevelebis mospobis mizniT, xolo Tesvamde ramdenime dRiT adre –
kultivacias an aoSvas frTebSexsnili guTniT, srul siRrmeze.
gvalvian raionebSi, Tu niadagi Semodgomaze ar iyo moxnuli mzralad, igi
zamTarSi an adre gazafxulze unda moixnas, rom niadagma moaswros dajdoma
da gafxviereba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi beltiani nakveTebi TesvisTvis ar
ivargebs.
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bostneuli mcenareebi vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi wyals didi raodenobiT
xarjaven, amitom gvalvian adgilebSi bostneulis myari, uxvi da xarisxiani
mosavlis miReba morwyvis gareSe ar SeiZleba.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba da umTavresad bostneulis
mosavlianoba, didad aris damokidebuli rwyvaze, xolo dasavleT
saqarTvelos umravles raionebSi mebostneobis mosavlianoba, tenis siWarbis
gamo, rwyvaze ar aris damokidebuli; marTalia, zogierT raionSi, zafxulis
ganmavlobaSi iqac aRiniSneba xolme xangrZlivi gvalvebi, magram ara iseTi,
rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. ra Tqma unda, gvalvebis periodSi
dasavleT saqarTveloSic saWiroa morwyva, magram ara yovelTvis.
bostneul mcenareebs, tenis yvelaze metad moTxovna, ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva fazaSi gaaCniaT: xaxvi _ zrdis fazaSi, kitri da pomidori _
nayofebis ganviTarebis fazaSi, kombosto - Tavebis daxvevis dawyebidan,
Zirxvenebi _ zrdisa da Zirxvenebis damsxvilebis dawyebisas da a. S. iq, sadac
gazafxuli uxvi naleqebiT xasiaTdeba, saadreo bostneuli morwyvis gareSec
kargad viTardeba.
mZime niadagSi morwyvaTa Soris periodi ufro xangrZlivia, xolo qviSnar,
msubuq niadagze _ mokle. saerTod, morwyvaTa Soris raodenoba
damokidebulia niadagze, klimatsa da gamoyenebul agroteqnikaze.
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Tema 6.1 erTwlovani bostneuli kulturebis meTesloba
pomidori
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gazafxulze, mzral niadags zedapiri gauSreba Tu ara, tenis damagrebis
mizniT vfarcxavT, Warbi teniT uzrunvelyofil adgilebSi ki - niadagis
frTiani guTniT aoSva xdeba.
pomidvris kulturas vawarmoebT CiTiliT da uCiTilod. CiTilebi winaswar
gamogvyavs kvalsaTburebSi an Ria kvlebSi, saidanac gamZlavrebuli mcenare
gadagvaqvs mudmiv adgilze. saCiTileebs vTesavT gadargvamde 50-60 dRiT adre.
1 ha-ze saWiroa 300-400 g maRalxarisxovani Tesli. pomidvris CiTilebis
gadargvas viwyebT maSin, rodesac Caivlis gazafxulis dilis wayinvebis
saSiSroeba.
pomidvris kulturis warmoeba uCiTilod SeiZleba mxolod maRal
agroteqnikur fonze. Ria gruntSi, pomidvris naTesis aRmoceneba mimdinareobs
nela da amitom, umetes SemTxvevaSi, igi ifareba sarevelebiT. misTvis saWiroa
SeirCes fesvuriani sarevelebisgan sufTa nakveTi (erTwliani sarevelebiTac
ki mcired unda iyos dasarevlianebuli). naTesi unda warmoadgendes swor
mwkrivebs, erTmaneTidan Tanabari manZiliT dacilebuls, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi meqanizaciis Catareba SeuZlebeli iqneba. pirvel gamoxSirvas
vatarebT pirveli namdvili foTlis, xolo meores, 4-5 foTlis ganviTarebis
fazaSi.
kasetebSi da torfneSompalian kuburebSi gamoyvanili CiTilebis gadargvas
awarmoeben xeliT an specialuri sargavi manqaniT. dargvidan 3-4 dRis Semdeg
saWiroa Catardes gacdenili adgilebis gamorgva da ganmeorebiTi morwyva.
niadagi, mTeli vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi unda iyos sarevelebisgan
gawmendili da fxvier mdgomareobaSi. amas vaRwevT kultivatoriT an ToxiT -
3-4–jer gafxvierebiT.
vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi pomidori saWiroebs regularul rwyvas. rwyvas
vatarebT kvlebSi miSveba-gaJonviT. kvlebi iWreba mwkrivis gamoSvebiT an
yovel mwkrivs Soris. msubuq, wyalgamtar niadagze pomidors vrwyavT yovel 5-
7 dReSi, xolo wyaltevad niadagze - 10-12 dReSi erTxel. wylis did
moTxovnilebas pomidori ayenebs yvavilobisa da nayofis zrdis dawyebidan,
amitom am fazaSi rwyva uxvad unda tardebodes. simwifis dawyebidan, rwyvas 1-
2 mokrefis Semdeg vatarebT. vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi saWiroa 7-10 morwyva.
determinantul da naxevraddeterminantul jiSebs akraven Wigoze an
ayavT Spalerze. es RonisZieba sagrZnoblad aadvilebs samuSaoebis Catarebas,
mcenareebi ukeTaa ganaTebuli, nayofi ar talaxiandeba da xeli eSleba
daavadebebis ganviTarebas. Spaleris mosawyobad pomidors mavTulze an
kanafze 2-3 wverad vabamT. Tu amis saSualeba ar gvaqvs, gamogvyavs
dabalmzardi (indeterminantuli) jiSebi, maSin mcenareebi ise unda davrgoT,
rom pomidori mosavalSi Sesvlisas bazoebze dawves, rom morwyvisas wyali
ar Seudges, nayofi ar gatalaxiandes da misi lpoba ar gamoiwvios.
pomidvris Teslis ukeT Semosvlisa da mosavlianobis gadidebis mizniT,
vegetaciis periodSi ramdenjerme vatarebT organuli da mineraluri
sasuqebiT mcenareebis gamokvebas. es operacia tardeba yovel 15-20 dReSi.
sarwyav niadagze sasuqi SeaqvT mSrali saxiT da Semdeg rwyaven, naleqebiT
uzrunvelyofil adgilebSi ki - wvimis win.
mcire masStabis SemTxvevaSi, mimarTaven sasuqebis wyalxsnaris
gamoyenebasac, amisTvis 10 l wyalSi xsnian 15-20 g amoniumis gvarjilas, 40-60
gr superfosfats, 25-30 gr kaliumis marils (mimarTaven agreTve kompleqsuri
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sasuqebis gamoyenebasac NPK). xsnars vasxamT mwkrivebs Soris an mcenareebis
garSemo - 10-15 grZiv metrze.
pomidori TviTmtveria mcenarea, magram gamoricxuli ar aris jvaredinad
damtvervis farTo SesaZlebloba, sxva jiSebisa da nayofis an Teslis
meqanikuri Sereva, amitom meTesleobis meurneobaSi erTi ZiriTadi jiSis
meTesleobas vawarmoebT, magram Tu ori da meti jiSis meTesleoba warmoebs,
aucilebelia davicvaT sivrcobrivi izolacia. Ria adgilebisTvis sivrcul
saizolacio manZilad miRebulia 100 m, daculisTvis - 50 m.
saTesle nakveTebis jiSuri gawmendis Catareba savaldebuloa. CiTilebis
dargvis dros xdeba dawuneba susti, daavadebuli da iseTi mcenareebis,
romelTac foTlisa da Reros mixedviT, jiSidan gadaxris niSnebi etyoba.
nayofis damwifebis dasawyisSi jiSuri niSnebi ufro metad mJRavndeba, amitom
pirveli krefis win, saTesle mcenareebi guldasmiT unda Semowmdes da
moscildes yvela is mcenare, romlebic naTlad amJRavneben jiSidan gadaxras
- buCqis formiT, sididiT, nayofis formiT da feriT, adre momwifebiT da sxva
niSnebiT. saTesle mcenareebs aseve unda moscildes daavadebuli, maxinji da
mcire mosavliani mcenareebi.
saTesled vtovebT uxvmsxmoiare, mZlavri zrda-ganviTarebis, saRsa da
jiSisTvis damaxasiaTebel buCqebs. danarCeni buCqebidan, nayofi daikrifeba,
daxarisxdeba wonis, ferisa da sididis mixedviT da gamoyenebuli iqneba
sasursaTod.
pomidvris nayofi sxvadasxva dros mwifdeba, amitom vegetaciis
ganmavlobaSi mas ramdenjerme vkrefT. dakrefvis win, saTesle nakveTebSi
vatarebT aprobacias.
mosavlianoba didadaa damokidebuli Teslis damzadebis teqnikaze. yvelaze
mosavlian Teslad iTvleba, pirveli xuTi mtevnidan SerCeuli, saukeTeso
nayofis Tesli. Aamitom, rogorc wesi, Tesli unda damzaddes im nayofidan,
romelic aRebuli iqneba pirveli 5-6 krefis periodSi. Teslis damzadeba
agvistos naxevramde grZeldeba, magram ara ugvianes seqtembris dadgomamde
mainc unda damTavrdes. dakrefil nayofs vawyobT Taroebze an saTanado
taraSi da damatebiTi damwifebisTvis ramodenime dRe vtovebT, raTa nayofi
darbildes da Tesli advilad gamoscildes. Tu saTesle nayofi cota gvaqvs,
Tesls xeliT gamovacliT. amisTvis, nayofs jer kargad gavrecxavT, rom
rbilobi iyos sufTa (tomatis gasakeTeblad), Semdeg gardigardmo vWriT
Suaze da ceris daWeriT Tesls budidan vyriT xis kasrSi, minis WurWelSi an
plastmasis kasrSi da 2-3 dRes vtovebT dasaduReblad. rbilobs ki tomatis
dasamzadeblad qvabSi an kasrSi CavyriT. Teslis gaCereba dasaduReblad 2-3
dReze meti xniT ar SeiZleba, radgan mcirdeba misi aRmocenebis unari.
daduRebul Tesls gadavwuravT, davasxamT wyals da ramdenjerme (3-4-jer)
gavrecxavT, Tesls WurWlis Zirze daZirvisTanave gadavwuravT rbilobis
mocilebamde. garecxva SeiZleba rogorc kasrSi, aseve sacerze. kargad
garecxil Tesls amoviRebT, Txel fenad gavSliT tiloze an ficarze da
gasaSrobad CrdilSi davdgamT. cudad garecxvisas, Tesli koStebad
SekumSuli xmeba, amitom koStebi Srobisas xeliT unda davfSvnaT.
meTesleobis msxvil meurneobaSi, pomidvris Teslis gamocla warmoebs
specialuri manqaniT, romelic pomidors xexavs, Tesls da rbilobs ki cal-
calke yris. gaxexili rbilobi gamoiyeneba tomatis dasamzadeblad. Tesls,
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gayolili rbilobis mosacileblad, gavatarebT sacerze, Semdeg gavrecxavT,
gavaSrobT da Tavisi etiketiT, specialurad damzadebul tomaraSi CavyriT.
mSrali Teslis gamosavali, jiSebze damokidebulebiT 0,3-0,5%-s Seadgens. e.i.
300-500 g Teslis misaRebad saWiroa 100 kg pomidori.
wiwaka
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vTesavT budobrivad, kvadratulbudobrivad, ormwkrivad, saTesi manqaniT an
xeliT.
Tesvis siRrme damokidebulia niadagze da mis tenianobaze. msubuq niadagze
Tesls vTesavT 4-5 sm-is siRrmeze, mZime niadagebze ki - 2-3 sm-ze. Tesvis norma
mwkrivad Tesvis dros aris 4-5 kg/ha-ze. xeliT Tesvisas ufro naklebi Tesli
ixarjeba. kvebis are damokidebulia jiSebze. grZelbardiani jiSebi mwkrivad
iTeseba, 100-120 sm mwkrivTaSorisebiT, moklebardiani ki - 80-90 sm-ze.
aRmocenebis Semdeg, mwkrivad naTess gamovxSiravT da mcenareebs
erTmaneTisgan 15-20 sm-is manZilze davtovebT.
Warbtenian adgilebSi kitri iTeseba SemaRlebul kvlebze, am SemTxvevaSi
mimarTaven xeliT Tesvas.
Tu niadagma naTesis aRmocenebamde qerqi gaikeTa, saWiroa misi daSla da
gafxviereba. masobrivi aRmocenebisTanave, gacdenili adgilebi unda
gamoiTesos imave jiSis gaRivebuli TesliT.
amosvlis pirvel periodSi kitri SedarebiT nela viTardeba, xolo
datotvis dawyebidan ki misi zrdis tempi Cqardeba. amitom ganviTarebis
pirvel fazaSi, mcenare uzrunvelyofili unda iyos sakvebiTa da teniT. am
amocanas asruleben mwkrivTaSorisebis Rrmad damuSavebiT (10-12 sm). meore
fazaSi niadagis damuSavebas atareben ufro nakleb siRrmeze (7-8 sm), raTa
fesvebi daicvan dazianebisgan. meore kultivacia-Toxvna tardeba pirvelidan
10-12 dReSi.
naTesis gamoxSirvas vatarebT orjer: pirveli, namdvili foTlis
ganviTarebis fazaSi – am dros mcenareebs vaSorebT erTmaneTisgan 6-8 sm-ze
dacilebiT, meore ki 2-3 namdvili foTlis ganviTarebis fazaSi.
niadagis gafxvierebas vatarebT 12-15 dRis gamoSvebiT. meore da mesame
kultivaciis an gaToxvnis dros unda moxdes mcenareebis garSemo miwis
Semoyra.
mosavlianobis gadidebis mizniT, vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi mineraluri da
organuli sasuqebiT vatarebT ramdenime gamokvebas. pirvel gamokvebas
vatarebT maSin, rodesac mcenareebi ganiviTareben 2-3 namdvil foTols,
meores ki - masobrivi yvavilobis dawyebisa da nayofis ganviTarebis fazaSi.
kitri sakmaod momTxovnia niadagis tenisadmi, amitom morwyvas didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba mis warmoebaSi. morwyvas gvalvian periodebSi vatarebT
yovel 5-7 dReSi.
kitris saTesle nayofi gamonaskvidan momwifebamde 40-50 dRes saWiroebs. am
xnis ganmavlobaSi mas 6-7-jer rwyaven. kitris nayofis qveS wylis Sedgoma
iwvevs lpobas, amdenad, meTesleobis nakveTebze rwyvis Catareba
sapasuxismgeblo saqmea. amitom, SemaRlebul kvlebze naTesi mindvris morwyvas
vaxdenT kvlebSi miSvebiT da gaJonviT. naTesis mosarwyavad, orive mxares
vakeTebT kvlebs. kvlebSi wylis dinebis siCqare unda iyos dabali, raTa
niadagma moaswros gaJRenTva.
jiSiani meTesleobis nakveTebze, vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme
vatarebT jiSur gawmendas; pirvel gawmendas vatarebT mdedrobiTi
yvavilobisa da gamonaskvis periodSi. vacilebT yvela daavadebul, sustad
ganviTarebul, naklebmosavlian da deformirebul, agreTve ZiriTadi jiSisgan
gansxvavebul mcenareebs. jiSuri gawmendisas, ZiriTad yuradRebas nayofis
zedapirs da am zedapiris xorklianobas vaqcevT.
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pirveli jiSuri gawmendis Semdeg, kargi iqneba 2-3 krefis Catareba da
yvela ganviTarebuli nayofis dakrefa. es mkveTrad adidebs jiSur siwmindes.
meore jiSuri gawmenda tardeba masiuri ganviTarebisa da erTeuli
saTesleebis momwifebis dasawyisSi. am dros, mTavari yuradReba eqceva mwvane
nayofis formas, fers, zedapiris Sebusvis xarisxsa da tips. jiSidan
gansxvavebuli yvela mcenare nayofianad scildeba saTesle nakveTs. amgvarad,
saTesleebad darCeba kargad ganviTarebuli da tipobrivi formis mwvane
nayofi, danarCen nayofs ki yoveldRiurad an dRegamoSvebiT vkrefT.
TiToeul buCqze saTesleebad varCevT kargad ganviTarebul, tipiuri
formisa da sididis 4-5 nayofs. danarCen da SemdegSi ganviTarebul nayofs ki
zrdis mixedviT sistematurad vkrefT, amasTan vacilebT SemTxveviT darCenil,
jiSurad gansxvavebul, maxinj nayofs.
saTesle kitri sxvadasxva dros Semodis. amitom mas SerCeviT, ramdenjerme
an erTdroulad viRebT. SerCeviT aRebisas, pirvelad viRebT im nayofs,
romlebsac yunwi gamxmari aqvs da garegani feric am jiSisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli; aseTi iqneba adre gamonaskvuli nayofi. danarCen nayofs ki,
momwifebis mixedviT TandaTanobiT viRebT. pirveli nayofidan aRebuli
Tesli yvelaze saukeTesoa.
mokrefil saTesle nayofs nakveTidan gamovzidavT da Tu kargad
momwifebulia, imave dRes gamovacliT Tesls. magram Tu igi kargad Semosuli
ar aris, davtovebT grovad, raTa nayofi momwifdes. ukeTesia mwife nayofi
ramdenime dRis manZilze grovad SevinaxoT, rom darbildes da Tesli
advilad moscildes. nayofidan Tesls vacilebT rogorc xeliT, aseve
specialuri manqanebiT. Teslis gamoclasTan erTad manqana recxavs kidec mas,
magram didi raodenobiT mainc misdevs kani da rbilobi, romelic gaSrobis
Semdeg ekvreba Tesls da misi mocileba Zneli xdeba. amitom, gamoRebisTanave,
Tesls yrian CanebSi, gobSi an sxva WurWelSi da wylis dasxmiT, Tanadrouli
areviT recxaven. am operaciis 5-6-jer ganmeorebiT da gadawurviT, mTlianad
xdeba rbilobis mocileba. amis Semdeg Tesls SeaSroben, aniaveben da inaxaven.
Teslis xeliT gamorCevisas, nayofs sigrZeze vWriT da orive naxevridan,
kovzis an TiTebis daxmarebiT Tesls vacliT, Semdeg ki 2-3 dRiT vyriT
CanebSi dasaduReblad. daduRebis mesame dRes, Tesls kargad avurevT, Tavze
momdgar, amSeul Tesls movacilebT, wyliT 4-5-jer kargad gavrecxavT,
gadavwuravT cxrilSi da Txel fenad gavfenT. Tesls vaSrobT CrdilSi an
mzeze. gaSrobisas saWiroa xSiri areva, raTa Tesli Tanabrad da droze
gaSres. kitris nayofidan mSrali Teslis gamosavali Seadgens 0,7-1%.
baRCeuli mcenareebi
nesvi, sazamTro da gogra, gogrovnebis ojaxs ekuTvnis da xasiaTdeba
msgavsi biologiuri TvisebebiT da saerTo agrowesebiT. isini erTwliani,
mxoxavReroiani, siTbos moyvaruli mcenareebia, amitom, 10C yinvaze iRupebian,
xolo niadagSi temperaturis +50C-mde dawevisas, nesvisa da sazamTros fesvebi
kvdeba, gogra ki ufro dabal temperaturas uZlebs. yvelaze met tens
moiTxovs gogra, Semdeg nesvi da ufro naklebs ki - sazamTro.
baRCeuli mcenareebi jvaredinmtveriaa da amitom, jiSurad wminda Teslebis
misaRebad, ar SeiZleba vTesoT erTi da imave saxeobis ori jiSi. ase
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magaliTad, sazamTros, nesvis da gogris erTi jiSi meoresTan, aseve _ gogra
yabayTan, sakvebi baRCeuli _ sufris baRCeulebTan da a. S. erTmaneTisgan
damtvervis gamo, isini advilad ganicdian gadagvarebas. Tu meTesleobis
nakveTSi aucilebel moTxovnas miekuTvneba ori an meti jiSis Tesva, maSin
aucilebelia sivrcobrivi izolacia. gaSlil adgilze sivrcobrivi
izolaciisTvis arCeven 1-2 km-s, daculze (tyiT an maRlobiT gamoyofili) ki
- 500 m-s.
gogris sxvadasxva saxeobis erTad Tesvisas, miuxedavad imisa, rom bunebriv
pirobebSi isini erTmaneTs ar ejvarebian, gaSlil adgilze sivrcobriv
izolaciad miRebulia 50 m, daculze ki - 20 m.
baRCeuli mcenareebi moiTxoven noyier, fxvier, sakmaod Rrma, struqturul
niadagebs. mxolod aseT niadags SeuZlia mogvces uxvi mosavali. baRCisTvis
unda SeirCes qarebisgan daculi, myudro nakveTi. baRCeulisTvis saukeTeso
winamorbedad iTvleba mravalwliani parkosani da marcvlovani balaxebi,
marcvlovnebi, kartofili, sufris da sakvebi Zirxvenebi.
meTesleobisTvis SerCeuli niadagi Tu sakmarisad noyieri ar aris, maSin
masSi unda SevitanoT organuli da mineraluri sasuqebis saWiro doza.
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da iq, sadac gvalvebs sistematuri xasiaTi
aqvs, baRCeulis qveS nakeli aucileblad unda SevitanoT Semodgomaze,
mzralad xvnis win. dasavleT saqarTveloSi da uxvnaleqian adgilebSi,
nakelis gazafxulze Setana ufro gamarTlebulia. organuli sasuqi Segvaqvs
30-40 t/ha. baRCeuli mcenareebi gansakuTrebiT kargad reagireben mineraluri
sasuqebiT gamokvebaze. mineraluri sasuqebi gavlenas axdenen ara marto
mosavalze, aramed xarisxzec. saTesle nakveTebSi superfosfati Segvaqvs 500-
600 kg/ha-ze, amoniumis gvarjila 300—400 kg, kaliumis marili 120-160 kg.
sarwyavebSi saTesle baRCeulis niadagis zedapiri ise unda moswordes, rom
sarwyavi wyali Tanabrad nawildebodes mTel farTobze, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, Cadablebul adgilebSi wyali Cadgeba, rac baRCisaTvis
damRupvelia. sarwyav adgilebSi nakveTis dagegmva iTvaliswinebs sarwyavi
qselis miwodebas, xolo Warbtenian adgilebSi ki - wylis sawreti arxebis
gakeTebas.
baRCeuli unda davTesoT Tesvis optimalur vadebSi. maTi Tesli gaRivebas
iwyebs, rodesac niadagis temperatura 8-10 sm-is siRrmeze miaRwevs 10-120C-s.
gogra aRmocenebas ufro dabal temperaturaze iwyebs, vidre nesvi da
sazamTro. saerTod, aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos pirvel zonaSi,
baRCeuls Tesaven 10 aprilidan 25 aprilamde, xolo meore zonaSi - 20
aprilidan 10 maisamde.
Teslis dalboba da gaRiveba xdeba imave wesiT, rogorc kitrisTvis.
budnebSi vTesavT 4-5 Tesls, niadagis Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, Tesvis siRrme
sxvadasxvaa. nesvs vTesavT 5-6 sm-is siRrmeze, sazamTros 6-8 sm-ze, xolo
gogras 8-10 sm-ze.
baRCis mosavali bevrad aris damokidebuli kvebis areze. mcenare normalur
mosavals iZleva maSin, rodesac bardis ganviTarebisTvis xelsayreli
pirobebia Seqmnili. sxva pirobebTan erTad damokidebulia mcenaris zrdis
simZlavreze. baRCeulebis erTi saxeoba iviTarebs mZlavrad datotvil grZel
bards, mravalricxovan foTlebs, xolo meoreni - ufro naklebad datotvil
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buCqs. TviT saxeobis SigniTac, jiSebs Soris, datotvis siZliere sxvadasxva
xarisxiT aris gamosaxuli.
meqanizaciis ukeT gamoyenebis mizniT, nesvis jiSebisTvis sruliad
sakmarisia mwkrivebs Soris 1,5-2 metris da mcenareebs Soris mwkrivSi 0,8-1 m-is
daSoreba. sazamTrosa da gogrisTvis optimalur kvebis ared miCneulia 2X1,5;
2X2 m.
baRCeulis movla ZiriTadad mdgomareobs niadagis Rrmad gafxvierebaSi,
mcenareTa gamoxSirvasa da jiSur wmendaSi, gamokvebasa da rwyvaSi,
daavadebebTan da mavneblebTan brZolaSi.
baRCeulis aRmocenebis Semdgom, pirvel amocanas warmoadgens mcenareTa
garSemo niadagis gafxviereba. pirveli gafxviereba warmoebs maSin, rodesac
mcenare ganiviTarebs pirvel wyvil namdvil foTols, amis Semdeg gafxviereba
tardeba 4-5 namdvili foTlis ganviTarebis fazaSi. amave fazaSi tardeba
gamoxSirvac. pirvel kultivacias vatarebT 12-14 sm-is siRrmeze (2-3 namdvili
foTlis fazaSi), meore kultivacia tardeba 7-8 sm-is siRrmeze, 10-15 dRis
Semdeg.
niadagis gafxvierebas vawarmoebT 3-5-jer, sanam bardis ganviTareba
mwkrivTaSorisebis damuSavebas SeuZlebels gaxdides. tenis damagrebis
mizniT, gafxviereba unda tardebodes morwyvisa da naleqebis mosvlis Semdeg.
meore gaToxvnis an kultivaciis Catarebisas, mcenareebs miwa unda
SemovayaroT Ziris foTlebamde, igi teniani da fxvieri unda iyos, rom
damatebiTi fesvebis gamotanas xeli Seuwyos.
baRCeulis mosavlianobis gadidebisa da Teslis xarisxis gaumjobesebis
mizniT, vatarebT organuli da mineraluri sasuqebiT gamokvebas. Ppirveli
gamokveba tardeba wyvili, namdvili foTlebis ganviTarebis, xolo meore _
dabuCqvis dawyebis dros. gamokvebas vatarebT wvimis an morwyvis win. heqtarze
Segvaqvs amoniumis gvarjila -150 kg, superfosfati - 50-60 kg, kaliumis marili
- 70-80 kg. sarwyav adgilebSi da mcire masStabebis SemTxvevaSi, mineraluri
sasuqebi umjobesia mcenareebs xeliT SemovayaroT, did farTobze ki
meqanizebulad SevitanoT. mimarTaven agreTve mcenareebis wyalxsnariT
gamokvebas. amisTvis, 10 l wyalSi xsnian 25 g superfosfats, 15-20 g kaliumis
marils da 20 g amoniumis gvarjilas. sasuqebi SeaqvT mcenareTa garSemo 15-20
sm-is daSorebiT, 10-15 sm-is siRrmeze. mcire zomis amoTxril ormoebSi, TiTo
Zirze 1-1,5 l xsnaris dasxmiT, romelsac Semdeg, zevidan miwas miayrian.
baRCis morwyvas awarmoeben moRvarviT an kvlebSi miSvebiT (gaJonviT),
winaswar momzadebuli kvlebis daxmarebiT. mSrali amindebis SemTxvevaSi,
pirvel morwyvas vawarmoebT Tesvisas an Tesvis win, winaswar momzadebuli
kvlebis saSualebiT. morwyva amindebis mixedviT tardeba yovel 10-15 dReSi
erTxel.
jiSuri siwmindis dasacavad, saTesle nakveTi unda mowmdebodes xSirad -
jiSurad gansxvavebuli, agreTve daavadebuli da mavneblebiT dazianebuli,
gadagvarebuli nayofi droulad unda moscildes. es operaciebi tardeba
yvavilobisa da krefis win. yvavilobiswina gawmendisas, mocilebuli unda
iyos yvela is mcenare, romelic monawileobas ar iRebs damtverianebaSi.
aseTive TanmimdevrobiT tardeba operaciebi gogris SemTxvevaSic. krefis win,
Semowmebisas, saWiroa SeirCes mZlavri zrda-ganviTarebis da uxvi
msxmoiarobis nayofi. danarCenebisTvis (romlebic aratipiuria da jiSurad
185
gansxvavebuli) ki - yvavilobiswina jiSobrivi gawmendis Catarebas ufro meti
mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre krefis win, radgan yvavilobisas, Tu ver gamovarCieT
jiSurad gansxvavebuli mcenareebi, maSin isini damtverianebaSi miiReben
monawileobas da gamoiwveven jiSur dasarevlianebas. yvavilobis win
baRCeulebis naskvis forma, feri, moyvaniloba, agreTve bardis forma da
agebuleba minayoli jiSebis advilad mocilebis srul SesaZleblobas iZleva.
sazamTros, nesvis, gogris aprobacia tardeba maSin, rodesac rbilobi
miiRebs damaxasiaTebel fers.
meTesleobaSi ZiriTadad viyenebT masobrivi an individualuri gamorCevis
meTods, romlis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens sasoflo-sameurneo, Zvirfasi
jiSuri Tvisebebis gaZliereba-ganmtkiceba, saukeTeso saTesle mcenareebis
gamorCevis gziT. praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba, rogorc mravaljeradi, aseve
erTjeradi gamorCeva.
saTesleebs vkrefT srul simwifeSi. krefa xdeba SerCeviT, 2-3-jer, gogris
ki - erTjeradad. dasawyisSi, momwifebul sazamTrosa da nesvis Tesls,
rogorc maRalxarisxians, calke viRebT.
imisTvis, rom uzrunvelyofili iyos maRalxarisxiani jiSuri Teslis
miReba, Teslis gamoRebisas, damatebiT kidev vatarebT nayofis SerCevas
rbilobis, Teslis feris, misi sididis, sitkbosa da sxva niSnebis mixedviT.
saTesle nayofi unda xasiaTdebodes maRali SaqrianobiT da jiSisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli yvela niSniT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isini dawunebuli unda
iqnas.
gamorCeuli sveli Tesli ar SeiZleba Caiyaros mouTuTiebel rkinis an
muxis WurWelSi. misTvis ZiriTadad viyenebT xis Canebs (muxis garda) an
plastmasis WurWels. gamorCevisTanave, sazamTrosa da nesvis Teslebs
dasaduReblad vtovebT Tbil adgilas, 2-3 dRiT. amis Semdeg, Tesls kargad
vrecxavT da vaSrobT CrdilSi.
sazamTros Teslis gamosavlianoba jiSis mixedviT meryeobs 0,7-1%-mde,
nesvis - 0,8-1,8%-mde, gogris ki - 0,8-3%-mde.
salaTa
186
saTesle nakveTi, iseve rogorc sxva saTesle kulturebis SemTxvevaSi,
qarebisgan daculi da noyieri unda iyos. salaTas vTesavT winaswar kargad
ganoyierebul nakveTze. ufro xSirad mimarTaven misi CiTilis gamoyvanas da
Semdeg gadargvas. winaswar SeaqvT 40-60 t nakeli da mineraluri sasuqebi -
300-400 kg superfosfati, 200-300 kg kaliumis marili da 150-200 kg amoniumis
gvarjila (damatebiTi gamokvebisas). CiTilis gadargvas awarmoeben mwkrivebad
50-60X30-35 sm-is kvebis ariT.
salaTis saTesle nakveTis movla mdgomareobs gamargvla, gamoxSirvasa da
niadagis gafxvierebaSi, mavneblebTan da daavadebebTan brZolasa da
morwyvaSi.
pirdapir, Ria gruntSi Tesvisas, saWiroa 2,5-3 kg saTesle masala, magram am
SemTxvevaSi niadagi unda iyos fxvier mdgomareobaSi da teniT maqsimalurad
uzrunvelyofili.
pirdapiri Tesvis SemTxvevaSi, gamoxSirva tardeba 2-3-jer, ris Semdeg,
jiSebidan gamomdinare, mcenareTa Soris manZili rCeba 20-35 sm. bolo
gamoxSirvisas, mindorSi rCeba yvelaze uxvmosavliani, mZlavri da jiSisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli mcenareebi. jiSuri wmenda da aprobacia tardeba instruqciis
mixedviT.
yvaviloba da Teslis damwifeba sxvadasxva dros xdeba. momwifebuli
Tesli advilad cviva. amitom Teslis aReba unda vawarmooT SerCeviT, raTa
Tavidan aviciloT danakargebi. Tesli damwifebulad iTvleba, Reros
gayviTlebisa da yvavilze TeTri fifqis gaCenis fazaSi. patara saTesle
nakveTebze Teslis aRebas iwyeben SerCeviT - jer iWreba is Zirebi, romlebzec
Tesli momwifebulia da Semdeg momwifebis mixedviT. did nakveTebze Tesls
iReben orjeradad. Teslis danakargebis Semcirebis mizniT Tesls iReben
diliT, adre namianze da saRamos saaTebSi. xeliT aRebis dros momwifebuli
Tesli rom ar daibnes, buCqs frTxilad gadmoweven gverdze da Cabertyaven
tomaraSi an raime WurWelSi da Semdeg Wrian. moWrili Reroebi ikvreba patara
konebad da ikideba gasaSrobad. gaSrobis Semdeg mas joxiT an manqaniT
gamolewaven. Tesls jer atareben saniavebelSi, Semdeg saniavebel-
damxarisxebelSi. gasufTavebul Tesls kargad aSroben da inaxaven tomrebSi.
salaTis Teslis gamosavali agroteqnikaze damokidebulebiT 1,5-5 centners
aRwevs.
187
Tema 6.2 orwliani bostneuli kulturebis meTesleoba
kombosto
189
meore wlis agroteqnika. saTesle mcenareebi unda gadavrgaT rac SeiZleba
adre gazafxulze. kargi iqneba Tu dargvisas, TiToeul budnaSi SevitanT 0,5
kg nakels da mineralur sasuqebs. amindis mixedviT, gadargvas viwyebT
Teberval-martSi, magram Tu amindebi xels ar gviwyobs, aprilis pirvel
dekadaSi. dargvis win saTesles davaxarisxebT. Tu gadargvamde saTeslem
fesvebis Canasaxebi gamoitana, amovavlebT axali Tixisa da nakelis nazavSi,
rom fesvebi daculi iyos gareSe uaryofiTi faqtorebisgan. murkebs gadargvis
win SevafrqvevT ,,tmdt”-s.
Teslis uxvad miRebis mizniT vatarebT 2-3 gamokvebas da morwyvas.
sayvavile Reroebs vkravT Wigoze an Spalerze, maSin, rodesac mcenare 40-50
sm-s miaRwevs. es operacia bevr Tanxebs da muSaxels saWiroebs, amitom
ukeTesia uqaro adgilebSi isini ufro axlos davrgaT, rom mwkrivebi da
mcenareTa Soris manZili totebisgan ise Caiketos, rom qarebis dros isini
erTmaneTs amagrebdes.
kombostos Tesli sxvadasxva dros mwifdeba, amitom momwifebis mixedviT is
ramdenjerme unda aviRoT SerCeviT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi adgili eqneba
Teslis Cabnevas. Wotebi saerTod sicxeSi advilad skdeba da Tesli ibneva.
daiwyeba Tu ara sayvavile Reroze Wotebis masobrivi gayviTleba, aReba
maSinve unda daviwyoT. pirvelad vWriT Semosul Reroebs da Semdeg
TandaTanobiT danarCenebs. moWris dros yuradRebiT vakvirdebiT, raTa ar
Sehyves xvarTqlas, xoveras an sxva sarevelebis Tesli. moWrili Reroebi
Seikreba konebad da Camoikideba an gaiSleba gasaSrobad. mTlian aRebas
viwyebT maSin, rodesac masobrivad daiwyeba totebis Semosvla. zogierTi
moumwifebeli Wotis momwifebas ar davucdiT. mTlianad aRebisas, saTesles
ZirTan vWriT da gadagvaqvs brezentze an raime sxva masalaze gasaSrobad.
gaSrobis Semdeg, marcvals gamovlewavT, davaxarisxebT da saerTo wesiT
SevinaxavT. gamoyenebuli agroteqnikis mixedviT, Teslis gamosavali 1 ha-ze
2,5-11 c-ia.
Zirxvenebi
190
Tu ZirxvenebisTvis SerCeuli niadagi sakmarisad noyieri ar aris, aseT
niadagze mineraluri da organuli sasuqebis Setanis Semdeg, Zirxvena pirveli
wlis kulturad daiTeseba. organuli nivTierebebiT Rarib niadagze, nakeli
Segvaqvs 30-40 t/ha. Tu nakveTi organuli nivTierebiT wina welsaa
gamdidrebuli, maSin mxolod mineralur sasuqebs SevitanT: 400-500 kg
superfosfati, 150-200 kg kaliumis marili, 150-200 kg amoniumis gvarjila.
Zirxvenebi kargad viTardeba neitralur an susti mJave reaqciis niadagebSi.
mJave da tute niadagebze Zirxvenebis mosavali Zalian dabalia.
niadagis reaqciisadmi Zalze mgrZnobiarea Warxali, oxraxuSi da
stafilo. mJave niadagebze isini avaddebian kiliT. boloki, Talgami da
ZirTeTra ki aseT niadagebze Zalian kargad viTardeba.
xarisxiani saTesle masalis miRebisTvis, Tesvis vadebs uaRresad didi
mniSvneloba aqvs. amitom, Zirxvenebis Tesvis vadebi unda SevufardoT maT
biologiur moTxovnebs. rogorc wesi, saTesle Zirxvenebi sasursaTod
gamosayenebel Zirxvenebze ufro gvian iTeseba. saqarTvelos sarwyav da
Warbtenian an sakmaod naleqian adgilebSi, saTesleebisTvis Warxali, wiTeli
boloki da stafilo SeiZleba sanawveralo kulturad vTesoT, nivris, bardis,
qerisa da xorblis nawveralze an sufTa aneulze, agreTve mzralze, maisis
meore naxevarSi da ivnis-ivlisis naxevramde. am periodSi, naTesi Warxali da
stafilo saukeTeso saTesle masalas iZleva (Zirxvenebi kargad inaxeba da
Tesls meti raodenobiT iZleva, vidre adre vadebSi NnaTesi). Tesvis norma
Cveulebriv TesvasTan SedarebiT unda gavadidoT 20-25%-iT, radgan am vadebSi
Tesvisas, niadagis zedapiri male Sreba da naTesi meCxeri amodis. amis Tavidan
acileba xerxdeba nakveTis Tesviswina morwyviT da dambali Teslis TesviT.
morwyva tardeba Tesvamde 5-7 dRiT adre. morwyul niadags zedapiri
SeuSreba Tu ara, davfarcxavT da davTesavT dambali TesliT. iq, sadac
zafxulSi gvalvebi icis da sarwyavi wyali ara gvaqvs, magram gazafxulisa
da zafxulis pirveli naxevari Warbi naleqebiT xasiaTdeba, saTesle Warxali
da stafilo unda davTesoT Teberval-martSi. mTian adgilebSi Warxali,
stafilo, Talgami, oxraxuSi unda davTesoT maisSi.
Tesvis norma calkeuli saxeobisTvis gansxvavdeba _ stafilosTvis 5-6
kg/ha, farTo mwkrivebad Tesvisas - 3-4 kg, Warxlis ormwkrivian zolebad
Tesvisas - 12-15 kg, oxraxuSisa da ZirTeTrasTvis - 6-7 kg, TalgamisTvis - 2 kg,
bolokisTvis - 10-12 kg.
saTesle Zirxvenebis pirveli wlis damuSaveba mdgomareobs 3-4-jer niadagis
gafxvierebas, gamoxSirvas, gamokvebas, morwyvasa da mavneblebisa da
daavadebebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, aseve jiSur wmendaSi.
wvimebis Semdeg, Zirxvenebis naTes mindvrebze adgili aqvs zedapiris
wakirvas, rac xels uwyobs tenis aorTqlebas da aRmocenebis gaWianurebas.
amitom, wvimebis mosvlidan vatarebT niadagis zedapiris gafxvierebas.
Warxlis pirvel gamoxSirvas viwyebT niadagis gafxvierebisTanave, rodesac
mcenares ganuviTardeba savegetacio foTlebi da vamTavrebT araugvianes 2
namdvili foTlis gamotanamde. am samuSaos dagvianeba ar SeiZleba, radgan is
gamoiwvevs Zirebis gaxevebas, foTlebis awowvas da zrdis Seferxebas, rac
mosavals sagrZnoblad amcirebs. pirveli gamoxSirvisas, mcenareebs
erTmaneTisgan 3-4 sm dacilebiT vtovebT. meore gamoxSirvas vatarebT pirveli
gamoxSirvidan 12-15 dRis Semdeg da sabolood mcenareebs erTimeorisgan 10-12
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sm-is dacilebiT vtovebT. didi kvebis aris micema ar aris saWiro, radgan
saTesleebad saSualo zomis Zirxvenebic savsebiT sakmarisia.
danarCen ZirxvenebSi gamoxSirvas vatarebT, rodesac mcenareebs
ganuviTardebaT erTi an ori namdvili foToli. am dros mcenareTa Soris
manZils vtovebT 1-1,5 sm-s. meore anu saboloo gamoxSirvas vatarebT, rodesac
mcenares eqneba 4-5 namdvili foToli. am gamoxSirvisas, nantis jiSis
stafilos mcenareebs Soris 3-4 sm-s vtovebT, xolo stafilos danarCeni
jiSebisTvis mcenareTa Soris manZili Semdegia _ oxraxuSi 3-4 sm, Talgami - 5-
6 sm. gamoxSirvasTan erTad vatarebT naTesis gacdenili adgilebis gamorgvas,
Zirebis garSemo niadagis gafxvierebas.
Zirxvenebis normaluri ganviTarebisTvis saWiroa niadagSi iyos tenis
sakmarisi raodenoba, maTTvis niadagis optimalur tenianobad iTvleba 60-70%.
rwyvas umTavresad vawarmoebT kvlebSi miSvebiT. morwyvamde kvlebs
mwkrivebs Soris an mwkrivis gamotovebiT 2-3 dRiT adre vakeTebT, traqtoris
an cxenis kultivatoriT. Zirxvenebis naTesebSi vatarebT, rogorc Tesvis
Tanadroul, aseve savegatacio morwyvas.
zrdis pirvel periodSi Zirxvenebi nela izrdeba da patara aorTqlebis
zedapiri aqvs, amitom nakleb wyals moixmaren. Zirebis Camoyalibebis
dasawyiSi, ivlis-agvistoSi foTlebis raodenoba maqsimums aRwevs da wylis
moxmarebac mkveTrad izrdeba, xolo seqtemberSi xelaxla mcirdeba.
saTesleebad Zirxvenebs viRebT yinvebis dadgomamde. maT vaxarisxebT da
gadagvaqvs fardulSi. saTesleebad varCevT jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebel,
tipiuri formis, ferisa da sididis mqone Zirxvenebs. maxinji, daavadebuli da
daxeTqili Zirxvenebi gamoyenebuli unda iqnas sasursaTod. SerCeul
Zirxvenebs foTlebi ise unda wavaWraT, rom Zirxvenebis Tavze darCes 1-2 sm-is
sigrZis yunwi. saTesleebad unda SeirCes saSualo da saSualoze didi
Zirxvenebi. saxeobebis mixedviT saTesle unda iyos: stafilo nantis tipis -
2,5-3 sm diametris da 120-130 g wonis, magram aranakleb 80 gramisa. danarCeni
tipebi (grZeli da naxevrad grZeli formebi) - diametri 3-4 sm, wina - 145-150 g,
magram aranakleb 100 gramisa.
Warxlis saTesleebad varCevT iseT Zirxvenebs, romlebsac diametri aqvs 6-
10 sm. saTesleebis saSualo wonad miRebulia 200 g, Tumca ufro mozrdili
Zirxvenebi (400-500 g) gacilebiT met Tesls iZleva.
Zalian msxvil Zirxvenebs saTesleebad ar vinaxavT. gazafxulze
vawarmoebT Zirxvenebis xelaxal gadarCevas.
dasavleT saqarTvelos subtropikul zonaSi, Ria gruntSi gadarguli
stafilo kargad zamTrobs, amitom kargad wyalgamtar niadagSi SeiZleba
daxarisxebisTanave Semodgomaze davrgoT.
Tu Zirxvenebs mSral amindSi viRebT, isini ganiavebas da gaSrobas ar
saWiroebs. magram Tu gadatanisas an amoRebisas moxvda wvima, Senaxvis win
saWiroa maTi ganiaveba.
erTi heqtari sadede Warxlis naTess SeuZlia sargaviT uzrunvelyos 1,5-2
ha, stafilos 5 ha, Talgamis 3-4 ha.
meore wlis agroteqnika. saTesle Zirxvenebs fesvebi niadagis zeda fenaSi
aqvs ganlagebuli. amitom, meore wlis kulturisTvis saTesle nakveTis
gamdidrebas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces. amisaTvis unda SeirCes
qarebisgan daculi, wyliT uzrunvelyofili, noyieri da fxvieri nakveTi.
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TeslbrunvaSi ikaveben kargad gamdidrebul mindors, romelic 3-4 wlis
ganmavlobaSi ar yofila dakavebuli am ojaxis sxva mcenareebiT.
saTesle nakveTebSi sasuqi ZiriTadad Segvaqvs mzralad xvnis win_ nakeli
40-70 t/ha, 200-300 kg superfosfati, 70-100 kg kaliumis marili, damatebiTi
gamokvebis saxiT gazafxulze 150-250 kg amoniumis gvarjila.
dargvis win, saTesleebi gulmodgined unda gadavarCioT, movaciloT
daavadebuli, damWknari Zirxvenebi. dawunebuli unda iqnes is Zirebi,
romlebsac dazianebuli aqvs mTavari kvirti. Tu Zirxvenas bolo dampali
aqvs, im nawils vaWriT da viyenebT saTesled. Warxlisa da stafilos
Zirxvenebi SerCeuli unda iyos rbilobis feris mixedviT. msxvil Zirxvenebs,
umTavresad mrgval formebs, vertikalurad (sigrZeze) vWriT da saukeTeso
Sefervis Zirxvenebs varCevT. Suaze gaWril Zirxvenebis naxevars mwkrivebSi
ufro axlo-axlo vrgavT, vidre gauWrel Zirxvenebs. orive naxevridan 40-50%-
iT ufro met Tesls vRebulobT, vidre amave sididis gauWreli Zirxvenidan.
Tu Zirxvenebi Zalian msxvilia (grZeli formebi), umjobesia bolo wavaWraT
da ise davrgaT. waWril bolos gamoviyenebT sasursaTod. Tu Warxlis
Zirxvenas rbilobSi (rogorc mrgvali, ise grZeli formis) TeTri rgolebi
aRmoaCnda, saTesled aRar davrgavT.
stafilos rbilobis Sesamowmeblad, dargvis win, bolodan waeWreba mTeli
sigrZis nawili; dasargavad viyenebT iseT Zirxvenebs, romlebsac eqnebaT mcire
sididis gulgula da jiSisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mowiTalo narinjis an muqi
feris rbilobi. msxvilgulgulian stafilos saTesled ar gamoviyenebT.
dargvas viwyebT adre gazafxulze mart-aprilSi. dagvianebiT dargva
amcirebs Teslis xarisxsa da gamosavals. Zirxvenebs vrgavT mwkrivad an
kvadratul-budobrivad. amisTvis, nakveTs vamarkerebT orive an erTi
mimarTulebiT, vakeTebT kvlebs, sadac gadairgveba Zirxvenebi, maTTvis arCeven
Semdegi kvebis ares _ stafilo 60X60, Warxali 60X70, Talgami 60X70 sm
dargvis dros niadagi Zlier itkepneba, amitom saWiroa nargavis
rigTaSorisebis gafxviereba. amave dros saWiroa damatebiTi gamokvebis
Catarebac.
mcirenaleqian adgilebSi, morwyvis gareSe, Zirxvenebis Teslis uxv mosavals
ver miviRebT. morwyvas vawarmoebT kvlebSi miSvebiT, gaJonviT. kvlebs
vakeTebT traqtoris kultivatoriT, mcire masStabebze, xeliT an cxenis
daxmarebiT. Tu niadagi mSralia, pirvel morwyvas dargvisTanave vatarebT,
meores_sayvavile Reroebis gamotanisTanave, mesames_yvavilobis dasawyisSi,
meoTxes - masobrivi gamonaskvisas da erTeuli Teslebis momwifebis periodSi.
Zirxvena mcenareebis Tesli saxeobaze damokidebulebiT sxvadasxva dros
mwifdeba. Warxlis yvaviloba, pirvelad iwyeba qveda Reroebze da misdevs
zeviT, amitom Teslebi pirvelad qveda Reroze mwifdeba, xolo Semdeg -
zedaze. Tesli rom ar Caibnes, saWiroa aReba daviwyoT SerCeviT, momwifebis
mixedviT. pirvelad SevacliT im Reroebs, romelzec Teslis gorglurebi ukve
gamuqebulia, foToli ki gayviTlebuli. moWril, saTesle Reroebs gavSliT
da Semdeg Tesls gamovacliT.
saTesle stafilos qolgebSi, Tesli pirvelad napirebze mwifdeba da
Semdeg Suagulisken. qolgis SigniT, Teslis SerCeviT aReba gaZnelebulia,
amitom is miaRwevs Tu ara mixakisfers, unda aviRoT SerCeviT. igive saxiT
xdeba oxraxuSis, ZirTeTras da niaxuris Teslis aReba. mTlianad aRebas
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viwyebT maSin, rodesac sayvavile qolgebis ZiriTadi masa gayviTldeba da
Tesli gamuqdeba, e.i. miiRebs mixakisfers.
Talgamisa da Talgamuras Tesls viRebT SerCeviT, 2-3-jer. aRebas viwyebT
maSin, rodesac totebi gaxdeba moyviTalo-momwvano an Ria moyviTalo feris,
mTliani Tesli ki mixakisferi. saTesleebis gadamwifebisas, Wotebi ixsneba da
Tesli ibneva. pirvelad viRebT im Zirebs, romlis Teslic adre momwifda,
Semdeg danarCenebs. saTesleebis aRebisas saWiroa sifrTxile, Tu Tesli
Zlier ibneva, saTesleebis qveS unda SevufinoT tilo, rom Camobneuli Tesli
ar dagvekargos.
bolokisa da Tvis bolokis Tesli sxvadasxva dros mwifdeba, magram maT
erTjeradad viRebT, radgan ar axasiaTebs Cabneva.
gaxmobis Semdeg saTesle Reroebs vlewavT saleweliT an xeliT. Teslis
saSualo gamosavali 1 ha-ze udris: Warxali 80-100 kg, stafilo da oxraxuSi
60-80 kg, Talgami 130-150 kg, boloki da Talgamura 100-120 kg.
xaxvi
xaxvi erTlebniani, mravalwliani mcenarea. kulturaSi mas vamravlebT
rogorc orwlian da zogan samwlian mcenares. xaxvi jvaredinmtveriaa, amitom
mis meTesleobas vawarmoebT saizolacio manZilis dacviT.
xaxvs umTavresad vamravlebT TesliT, zogan ki Wilebis (kviWiWebis)
dargviT (am SemTxvevaSi xaxvi samwliani kultura iqneba). misi Tesli Savia,
samwaxnagovani, danaoWebuli da magarkaniani, amitom gvian Rivdeba, karg
pirobebSi daTesvidan 14-15 dReSi amodis, xolo cud pirobebSi SeiZleba erT
TveSic ar amovides. xaxvi sicivis amtani mcenarea, kargad itans 6-80C yinvas.
aRmonaceni pirveli 20-25 dRe nela izrdeba, Semdeg zrda swrafad midis.
foCebis ganviTarebis dasrulebisas, zrda sustdeba, bolos ki mTlianad
wydeba, samagierod Cqardeba bolqvis damsxvileba.
xaxvs funja fesvTa sistema aqvs; fesvebi umTavresad niadagis zeda fenaSi
iSleba. gvalvisadmi naklebad gamZlea, misTvis arCeven msubuq, noyier, Zlier
fxvier da sarevelebisgan sufTa, wyliT uzrunvelyofil adgils. xaxvisTvis
ar varga iseTi niadagi, romlebsac zedapiris wakirva axasiaTebs, radgan aseT
niadagSi Teslis aRmoceneba gaZnelebulia.
xaxvi organul-mineraluri sasuqebis, umTavresad kaliumiani sasuqis didi
momTxovnia, amitom is unda daiTesos wina wlis an imave wlis kargad
ganoyierebul niadagze. axali nakeliT xaxvis nakveTis ganoyiereba ar
SeiZleba. saukeTeso winamorbedad iTvleba kombosto, kitri da saToxni
parkosnebi. xaxvi Tavis mindors unda daubrundes arauadres 3-4 wlisa.
sarwyav adgilebSi xaxvis mosavlianoba didad aris damokidebuli morwyvis
raodenobaze. saxnav niadagSi nakeli Segvaqvs zedapirulad (10-12 sm) fesvebis
gavrcelebis siRrmeze. Tesvis win, niadagis damuSavebisas, heqtarze Segvaqvs 40
t gadamwvari nakeli, superfosfati 300-400 kg, kaliumis marili - 150-200 kg.
damatebiTi gamokvebis saxiT, vegetaciis periodSi SeaqvT 200-250 kg amoniumis
gvarjila.
xaxvs vTesavT rogorc Semodgomaze, aseve zamTarsa da gazafxulze.
saTeslis misaRebad, baris raionebSi, Tesli SeiZleba oqtomber-noemberSi an
Teberval-martSi davTesoT. Semodgomaze naTes xaxvs axasiaTebs aCoyeba,
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aseTebs sayvavile Reroebi unda wavamtvrioT, rom bolqvebi damsxvildes, maT
saTesleebad ar vinaxavT. saTesled gamoviyenebT saRsa da msxvil bolqvebs.
adre naTesi xaxvi yovelTvis win uswrebs dagvianebiT naTes xaxvs, miT
umetes urwyavebSi, radgan Tesli niadagidan kargad aris uzrunvelyofili
gaRivebisTvis saWiro teniT.
xaxvs umTavresad vTesavT xeliT an manqaniT. zolebs Soris manZils
vtovebT 50 sm-ze da zolSi mwkrivebs Soris 20-25 sm-ze. iTeseba aseve ufro
farTo mwkrivebadac, erTmaneTisgan 45 sm-is daSorebiT, rac Semdgom periodSi
meqanizebuli operaciebis Catarebis saSualebas iZleva. viwro mwkrivad naTesi
xaxvis mwkrivTaSorisebis damuSavebas viwro siganis ToxiT vawarmoebT. Tesvis
siRrme klimatsa da niadagze damokidebulebiT, 1,5-2 sm-iT ganisazRvreba,
magram Tu Tesva SemodgomiT an zamTarSi warmoebs, maSin ufro Rrmad - 3-4 sm
vTesavT. Tesvis norma viwro mwkrivebad Tesvisas - 7-10 kg, xolo farTo
mwkrivebad Tesvisas - 3-4 kg.
Warbtenian adgilebSi da iq, sadac gruntis wylebi axloa, xaxvs vTesavT
SemaRlebul kvlebze. xaxvis naTess zogjer Txel fenad vayriT gadamwvar
nakels, romelic mulCis rols asrulebs (zedapiris wakirvasa da tenis
aorTqlebas uSlis xels). Tu niadagi mSralia, mas sarwyav adgilebSi
daTesvisTanave rwyaven. aRmocenebis dasaCqareblad, zogjer TesvisTanave an
daTesvidan 2-3 dRis Semdeg, atareben sagoravebs.
xaxvis aRmonaceni gulmodgined morwyvas moiTxovs, upirveles yovlisa,
niadagis xSiri gafxvierebiT. xaxvis naTesi unda vamyofoT sarevelebisgan
sufTa mdgomarebaSi. garda amisa, saWiroa naTesis 2-3-jer gamoxSirva,
gacdenili adgilebis gamorgva, gamokveba da morwyva, mavnebel-daavadebebTan
brZola.
gamoxSirvas im angariSiT vatarebT, rom heqtarze dagvrCes kargad
ganviTarebuli, 0,5-1 milioni mcenare. erTeul farTobze mcenareTa ricxvis
Semcireba an zedmetad gadideba yovelTvis dakavSirebulia mosavlis
SemcirebasTan. gamoxSirvis Catareba zedmeti mcenareebis mocilebas isaxavs
miznad, magram naTesSi Tu Tanabari aRmonaceni ar aris, maSin saWiroa
gamoxSirvasTan erTad CavataroT gacdenili adgilebis gamorgva. gamosargavad
varCevT yvelaze saukeTeso mcenareebs, wavaWriT foCis 1/3 nawils, davrgavT
da movrwyavT.
pirvel gamoxSirvas vatarebT 2-3 namdvili foTlis fazaSi, mcenareebs
erTmaneTisgan 2,5-3 sm-iT vacilebT. meore gamoxSirva tardeba 15-20 dRis
Semdeg, e.i. maSin, rodesac is ukve mwvanilad gamosayenebeli gaxdeba,
erTmaneTisgan vacilebT 5-6 sm-iT, mesame gamoxSirvas vatarebT bolqvebis
Casaxvis dawyebidan da erTmaneTisgan 8-10 sm-is dacilebiT vtovebT.
gameCxerebasTan erTad vaxdenT mcenareebis garSemo niadagis gafxvierebas.
mosavlianobis gazrdis saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs gamokvebas. xaxvi
niadagis xsnaris maRal koncentracias ver itans, amitom zafxulis
ganmavlobaSi, niadagSi, teni sakmarisi raodenobiT unda iyos. aqedan
gamomdinare, xaxvis kvebas vawarmoebT xSirad, magram dabali dozebiT. pirvel
gamokvebas vatarebT meore, namdvili foTlis gamoCenisTanave, meore
gamokvebas - 4-6 foTlis gamoCenisas. amisTvis ha-ze Segvaqvs 40-50 kg amoniumis
gvarjila, 80-100 kg superfosfati da 30-40 kg kaliumis marili. gamokveba unda
tardebodes morwyvasTan erTad da Tu adgili urwyavia, maSin gamokveba wvimis
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mosvlisTanave unda CavataroT. mcire masStabiT warmoebisas, mimarTaven
mcenareebis wunwuxiT gamokvebasac (1 wil wunwuxs azaveben 6-8 wil wyalSi).
bolqvebis Casaxvis dawyebidan momwifebamde xaxvi didi raodenobiT wyals
iTxovs. amitom, am fazaSi is unda moirwyas regularulad, radgan rwyvis
dagvianeba gamoiwvevs niadagis gamoSrobas, xaxvis zrda-ganviTarebis SeCerebas
da mosavlis Semcirebas, rasac Semdegi morwyviT ver gamovasworebT.
marTalia, ganaxlebuli morwyviT zrdasac ganvaaxlebT, magram bolqvebi aRar
momwifdeba da Sesanaxad uvargisi iqneba. mosavlis aRebamde erTi TviT adre,
morwyva unda SevaCeroT. es daaxloebiT maSin xdeba, rodesac foCebis
wveroebi gaxmobas daiwyebs.
mosavlis aRebas vawarmoebT aprobaciis Catarebis Semdeg, maSin, rodesac
cru Rero mTlianad gawvrildeba da foCebi gaxmeba, xolo bolqvebi miiRebs
jiSisTvis damaxasiaTebel fers, es xdeba daaxloebiT ivlis–agvistoSi.
amoRebas vawarmoebT mSral amindSi. amoRebul xaxvs Txlad gavSliT da
vtovebT gamosaSrobad. amis Semdeg, bolqvebs vasufTavebT miwisa da mfaravi,
zedmeti qerqlebisgan, vaWriT fesvebs da foCebs. foCi unda wavaWraT bolqvis
yelidan 3-4 sm-is zeviT, fesvebi ki Ziridan 0,5-1 sm-is dacilebiT. saTesleebad
varCevT tipiuri formisa da feris msxvil bolqvebs da damatebiT gasaSrobad
vSliT fardulSi, xolo gaSrobis Semdeg vinaxavT saTanado wesebis dacviT.
mcire meurneobebSi, saTesleebad SerCeuli bolqvebi, amoRebisTanave SeiZleba
davwnaT galebad da fardulebSi Camokidebuli SevinaxoT.
Mmeore wlis agroteqnika. xaxvis saTesleebis dasargavad unda SevarCioT
qarebisgan kargad daculi, noyieri, fxvieri, wyliT uzrunvelyofili niadagi.
nakveTi Semodgomaze ixvneba mzralad, oqtomber-noemberSi, magram Tu moxvna
dagvianda, aseT SemTxvevaSi - zamTrispirad. amave dros, niadagSi Segvaqvs
organuli sasuqi, mineralur sasuqebTan erTad.
dargvis win, Teberval-martSi CavatarebT mzralis kultivacias 10-12 sm-is
siRrmeze. Tu niadagi Zalian daZekilia, CavatarebT aoSvas 14-15 sm-is
siRrmeze, frTaSexsnili saoSiT.
sarwyavebSi saTesle nakveTebis zedapiris mosworeba savaldebuloa.
mosworebuli zedapiris nakveTs davamarkerebT (davxazavT) da xazebis
gaswvriv gavakeTebT 10-12 sm-is siRrmis kvlebs. did meurneobebSi es samuSao
sruldeba traqtoris sakidi kultivator-miwis SemomyreliT. kvlebi
umjobesia gvian Semodgomaze daiWras, rom zamTris bolos an adre
gazafxulze, mindvrad gasvlis SesaZleblobisTanave davrgaT. mebostneobis
pirvel zonaSi xaxvi SemodgomiTac irgveba.
dargvis win saTesleebs gadavarCevT, am dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
eqceva bolqvis sisaRes, dampali, wvrili bolqvebis dargva dauSvebelia.
bolqvebi met SemTxvevaSi avaddebian yelis sidampliT. ra Tqma unda, aseTi
bolqvebi naidagSi mTlianad dalpeba da naTesi meCxeri gamogviva. yelis
sidampliT daavadebuli bolqvebis gamorCeva rom gaadvildes, saWiroa bolqvs
yelis zeda, gamxmari cru Rero ise wavaWraT, rom rbilobi odnav waecalos;
daavadebul bolqvs Tu rbilobi dampali eqneba, saTesled ver gamoviyenebT.
amasTan erTad, aseTi waWra jiSisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipiuri rbilobis
feriT bolqvebis SerCevis saSualebas gvaZlevs, agreTve cru Reros
bolqvidan mocileba xels uwyobs sayvavile Reroebis gamrudebis gareSe
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vertikalur da adre ganviTarebas. msxvil, mravalbudian bolqvebs 2-3
nawilad gavyofT da cal-calke davrgavT.
marTalia, danawevrebul bolqvebSi sayvavile Reroebis Canasaxebi mcire
raodenobiT rCeba, magram isini ufro Tamamad izrdeba da amitom met Tesls
iZleva, vidre amave sididis, daunawileblad darguli bolqvebi.
xaxvis bolqvebi yinvis didi amtania, amitom dargva rac SeiZleba adre
unda daviwyoT, rom gvalvebis dawyebamde naklebi morwyviT miviRoT Teslis
maRali mosavali. dargva xdeba mwkrivebad 60-70 sm mwkrivTaSorisebis
daSorebiT, xolo zolSi mwkivTaSoris 45-50 sm, amaze viwro mwkrivebSi
Toxis gatareba foCebis damtvrevas iwvevs. 1 ha-ze irgveba 150-160 aTasi bolqvi.
zogjer mimarTaven viwromwkrivian dargvasac 60X20 an ormwkivian zolobriv
dargvas 70X30X20 sm.
xaxvi irgveba xeliT an manqaniT, mwkrivad dargvisas SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
CiTilis sargavi, romelsac saxnisi unda Seecvalos ufro ganieri, milZabra
saxnisiT. xeliT zolobrivi da mwkrivuli dargvisas, bolqvebi kvlebSi
irgveba erTmaneTisgan 15-20 sm-is dacilebiT (bolqvis simsxodan gamomdinare)
da adre gazafxulze darguls zemodan eyreba 5-6 sm, xolo zamTris pirad
darguls 8-10 sm-is sisqis fxvieri miwa. goroxebis gadayra bolqvebze yovlad
dauSvebelia. dargvisas niadagi Zalian iZekeba, amitom samuSaos
damTavrebisTanave rigTaSorisebi unda gavafxvieroT.
zolebs Soris manZils vamuSavebT kultivatorebiT, xolo zolSi
mwkrivebsa da mcenareebs Soris kvlebs - ToxiT.
baris raionebSi xaxvis saTesleebis zamTrispirad dargva umjobesia.
vrgavT noembris mesame da dekembris pirvel dekadaSi, gazafxulze nargavTan
SedarebiT is adre Semodis.
vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi xaxvis saTesleebs sWirdebaT 2-3-jer Rrmad
gaToxvna an kultivacia, 1-2 jer miwis Semoyra, 1-2-jer gamokveba, mavnebel-
daavadebebTan (umTavresad Wraqis winaaRmdeg) brZola. moTxovnilebis
mixedviT 4-6 jer morwyva, gansakuTrebiT gvalvebis dros. erT-erTi morwyva
unda Catardes yvavilobis fazaSi, meore _ Teslis damsxvilebis (dapurebis)
dros, danarCeni saWiroebis mixedviT. morwyvas vatarebT kvlebSi wylis
miSvebiT, gaJonviT.
saTesleebis pirvel gamokvebas vatarebT foCebis masobrivi amosvlidan 10-15
dRis Semdeg, meores - pirveli gamokvebidan 20-30 dRis Semdeg.
xaxvis saTesle Reroebi advilad imtvreva, an niadagze wveba, miT umetes
qarian adgilebSi da Tesli veRar mwifdeba. amitom, xSirad maT vakravT
Spalerebad sarze, Wigoze, mavTulze an kanafze. zolobriv nargavSi, saTesle
Reroebs erTmaneTs amagreben da isini naklebad imtvreva. magram Zlieri
qarebis dros, damtvrevis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa avakraT, amisTvis
zolSi 4-6 m-is dacilebiT davurWobT sars an Wigos da zolebis garedan 2
wverad gavabamT kanafs. pirveli wveri gaibmeba niadagis zedapiridan 40-50 sm-
is simaRleze, meore wveri _ saWiro simaRleze, sayvavile Reros zrdis
damTavrebisTanave.
saTesleebis Wigoze akvra bevr xarjTan aris dakavSirebuli, amitom unda
vecadoT, rom misTvis gamoyofili farTobi qarebisgan (xelovnuri an
bunebrivi qarsafarebiT) kargad iyos daculi, rom akvra ar dagvWirdes.
197
xaxvi erTdroulad ar yvavis da amitom Tesli sxvadasxva dros mwifdeba.
Teslis momwifeba Cveulebrivad ivlisis mesame dekadidan iwyeba da grZeldeba
agvistos pirvel dekadamde. Teslis aReba unda daviwyoT SerCeviT, rom ar
Cagvebnes. pirvelad im saTesle Reroebs viRebT, romlebmac gayviTleba daiwyo
da Tavzec TiTo-orola gamskdari kolofi da Savi Teslebi gamoCndeba.
Semdeg, momwifebis mixedviT, aRebas vagrZelebT mTlian aRebamde. saTesle
kolofebs xeliT vwyvetT an daniT vWriT da vyriT tomaraSi, iqidan gagvaqvs
specialur saSrobSi da 15-20 sm-is sisqeze gaSlils vaSrobT. gaSrobis
procesis normaluri warmarTvisTvis saWiroa xSiri areva.
meTesleobis did meurneobebSi saTesle Reroebs atareben xorblis salew
manqanebSi. galewil mTlian masas uSveben saniavebel damxarisxebelSi da
Rebuloben sufTa Tesls. patara meurneobebSi ki saTesle kolofebs jer
joxiT gamobegvaven da Semdeg xeliT aniaveben an saniavebel-damxarisxebelSi
gatarebiT, Tesls kilisgan aTavisufleben. zogjer ar xerxdeba me-2 da me-3
fraqciis Teslebidan kilis mocileba, amitom umjobesia kili wylis
daxmarebiT movaciloT. aseT Tesls CavyriT wyalSi, vurevT kargad da zemoT
moqceul kils da amSeul Tesls movxdiT da gadavyriT. ramdenjerme areviT
da moxdiT kili mTlianad moscildeba, Semdeg gadavwuravT wyals, Tesls
Txel fenad gavSliT tiloze da vaSrobT mzeze.
xaxvis saSualo gamosavali heqtarze 3,5-5 centneria.
198
Tavi 7. Bbostneulis warmoeba hidroponikur saTburebSi
199
mineraluri bamba 90 97
polimeruli qafebi 8-32 _
wyali
Oorganuli substratebi
torfi
200
xis qerqi da naxerxi
Mmineraluri substratebi
201
gravils axasiaTebs tute reaqcia. kalciumis karbonati moqmedebs sakveb
xsnarSi gaxsnil fosforTan da warmoqmnis wyalSi uxsnad di- da
trikalciumis fosfats. Pprocesi grZeldeba manamde, sanam gravilis nawilebi
ar daifareba uxsnadi fosfidebiT, amasTan rTuldeba pH- regulireba. amitom
gamoyenebamde gravils winaswar amuSaveben superfosfatis xsnariT.
pemza. pemza vulkanuri warmoSobis silikaturi masalaa. is xasiaTdeba
maRali forianobiTa da dabali kuTri woniT, magram advilad iSleba
gamoyenebisas. pemzas iyeneben dafxvnisa da daxarisxebis Semdeg, winaswari
Termuli damuSavebis gareSe.
perliti. perliti vulkanuri piolitebisgan warmoSobili silikaturi
masalaa. daqucmacebisa da sortirebis Semdeg, mas RumelSi acxeleben 750-
10000C-ze, wyali orTqldeba, xolo perlitis nawilebi farTovdeba da
warmoiqmneba wvrili TeTri agregatebi.
perliti 3-4-jer msubuqia wyalze, misi kuTri wona 96-128 kg/m3 da es mas
mosaxerxebels qmnis samuSaod.
perlitis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilebia Sio2 - 73%,AAl2O3 - 13%, natriumis,
kaliumis, kalciumis da magniumis oqsidebi.
perlitSi mineraluri elementebi imyofeba mcenarisTvis miuwvdomel
formaSi. perlitis STanTqmiTi unari dabalia (15 ekvl/100 g). amitom perlitze
mcenareebis gamozrdisas, an kompostebSi, sadac is sWarbobs, saWiroa sakvebi
xsnarebiT regularuli gamokvebis Catareba.
Pperlitis reaqcia _ neitraluri, susti tute an mJavea (pH 6,0-8,0). am
substrats ar gaaCnia buferuli Tvisebebi. misi gamoyenebisas yuradReba unda
mieqces imas, rom aris reaqcia (pH) ar daeces 5,0-ze dabla, am dros Cndeba
mcenarisaTvis toqsikuri aluminis gamoyofis saSiSroeba.
perliti stabiluria gamoyenebaSi, am Tvisebis gamo igi kargi komponentia
kompostebisTvis, aumjobesebs garemos aeracias.
evropaSi, israelSi, axal zelandiaSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
perliti farTod gamoiyeneba rogorc soflis meurneobaSi, aseve
mSeneblobaSi, pirvel rigSi misi kargi fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebis gamo.
ceoliti. igi warmoadgens tufogenur, aluminsilikatur mTis danaleq qans.
nedleuls amuSaveben 250-3000C, iReben maRali kaTionuri momocvlis
Tvisebebis mqone produqts (150 ekv/100 g-mde). is Seicavs 1% Ca++, 0,3_K+ da Na+,
0,1_Mg, 0,3 moZrav rkinas, 0,005% moZrav manganums, agreTve spilenZs, TuTias,
molibdens, bors da sxva mikroelementebs xelmisawvdom formaSi.
ceolitis didi nakli misi maRali kuTri wonaa, romelic aRwevs 800-900
kg/m3. garda amisa, is xasiaTdeba naklebi TbotevadobiT. zomieri an civi
klimatis qveynebSi, hidroponikur saTburebSi ceolitis gamoyenebisas misi
efeqturoba gacilebiT izrdeba substratis damatebiTi gaTbobisas.
vermikuliti. es meoradi mineralia, romelic warmoiqmneba biotitis
gardaqmniT. Mmisi sabadoebi moipoveba apatitisa da piroqsenitis sabadoebTan
erTad.
vermikulits amuSaveben specialurGRumelebSi 1000-11000C. am dros
vermikulitis fenebSi myofi wyali swrafad gardaiqmneba orTqlad. misi
wneviT fenebi farTovdeba, moculobaSi izrdeba 15-20-jer da iRebs badisebr
struqturas. Termuli damuSaveba aumjobesebs masalis fizikur Tvisebebs _
202
forianobas, haerisa da wylis tevadobas. warmoSobisa da damuSavebis
teqnologiis mixedviT - vermikulitis kuTri wona meryeobs 48-dan 160 kg/m3-mde.
vermikulits awarmoeben sxvadasxva fraqciebad 0,75-1 mm-dan 5-8 mm-mde.
vermikulitis reaqcia damokidebulia mis warmoSobaze. amis mixedviT
gamoyofen mis or tips - pH 6,0-6,8 da pH 7,0. meore tipis vermikuliti
xasiaTdeba magniumis karbonatis ufro maRali SemcvelobiT da pH-s
Sesamcireblad aucilebelia misi damuSaveba fosformJaviT an fosfor
amoniumiT.
qimiuri SemadgenlobiT vermikuliti Seicavs 35,3% Sio2, 18,5_MgO, 15,5_AL2O3,
9,1_FeO, 2,2_CaO, 1,2_K2O da 0,3% TiO, mcenareebi iTviseben daaxloebiT 9-12%
magniumsa da 5-8% kaliums.
vermikuliti ar axdens qloris, nitratebis, sulfatebis anionebis
adsorbcias (STanTqmas), magram STanTqavs fosfat-anionebs. KH2PO4-iT
damuSavebisas, fosforis 63-77% STainTqmeba substratis mier, am raodenobidan
25% rCeba SesaTvisebel formaSi, xolo 75% warmoqmnis magniumTan uxsnad
SenaerTs. aseTi substrati STanTqavs amoniumis kaTionebsac SeuTvisebel
formaSi, romlis didi nawilic xelmisawvdomia baqteriebisTvis da ramdenime
kviris manZilze gardaiqmneba mcenarisTvis misawvdom nitratul formad.
xangrZlivi drois manZilze, sufTa saxiT vermikulitis substratis
gamoyenebisas, xdeba badisebri struqturis deformireba, ris gamoc uaresdeba
drenaJi da sustdeba fesvTa sistemis aeracia. amis gamo rekomendebulia
vermikulitis Sereva perlitTan an torfTan. garda amisa rekomendebulia,
substrats yovelwliurad daematos 30%-mde axali masala (vermikuliti). Aam
gziT ivseba substratis nawili, romelic gamotanili iqna fesvTa narCenebis
gasufTavebisas da aRdgeba forianoba.
keramziti - marcvlovani substratia, romelic miiReba zogierTi saxeobis
Tixebis gamowviT. gamowvisas Tixa fuvdeba, xdeba forovani da msubuqi. am
substrats gaaCnia kargi siTbo da tentevadoba, Tumca iseve rogorc sxva
substratebi, naklebad mdgradia da advilad iSleba. gasaTvaliswinebelia
agreTve is faqtic, rom keramzits iReben Zlieri karbonatuli Tixebidan,
romlebic zogjer Seicaven alumins, qlors, sulfatebs, es elementebi ki
uaryofiTad moqmedeben mcenareebze.
mineraluri bamba substratad pirvelad gamoyenebuli iqna 1969 wels
daniaSi, xolo Semdeg miiRo farTo xasiaTi mTel evropaSi. mineraluri bamba
miiReba 60% bazaltis, 20% kirqvis da 20% koqsis erTad gamodnobiT 1500-
20000C-ze. gamdnari masa Camoedineba swrafad mbrunav borbalze, romelic
anawevrebs mas wveTebad, ris Semdegac mas welaven 0,005 mm sisqis Zafebad. am
meTodiT miRebul mineralur bambas ZiriTadad gamoyeneben samSeneblo saqmeSi
saizolacio masalad. sasoflo-sameurneo miznebisTvis is unda iyos
higroskopuli da amitom eqvemdebareba damatebiT damuSavebas, boWkoebs
umateben SemakavSirebel nivTierebas (bekalits) da Semavseblebs, romlebic
zrdian bambis STanTqmis unars.
boWko miewodeba specialur kameras, sadac civdeba, magrdeba da uwyveti
fenis saxiT midis lentur transportiorze. Semdeg mineraluri bamba gaivlis
sawrTob Rumels da sapress. ase miiReben produqciis sasurvel formas _
granulebs, blokebs, filebs da sxva.
203
qimiuri SemadgenlobiT mineraluri bamba niadagis mineralebis
analogiuria, SiO2-47 %, CaO-16 %, Al2O3-14, Mg- 10, FeO-8, Na2O-2, TiO2-1, K2O-1%,
magram ar gvevlineba sakvebi naerTebis wyarod.
kiris damatebis gamo mineralur bambas aqvs tute reaqcia, magram ar
gaaCnia buferuli Tviseba. igi swrafad iRebs gamoyenebuli xsnaris reaqcias.
SemakavSirebeli nivTiereba _ bekaliti, romelic gamoiyeneba mineraluri
bambis misaRebad, boWkoebs ikavebs erTmaneTisgan garkveul distanciaze. es
erTis mxriv icavs masalas datkepnisgan, ris gamoc igi xangrZlivi droiT
inarCunebs stabilur formas, xolo meores mxriv aumjobesebs forianobas,
tentevadobas da kapilarul Tvisebebs.
mineraluri bamba msubuqia _ 90 kg/m3, fizikuri TvisebebiT uaxlovdeba
zeur torfs da steriluria (ar Seicavs sarevelebis Tesls, paTogenebs,
toqsikur naerTebs).
erTwliani gamoyenebis Semdeg mineraluri bamba itkepneba, rac SemdgomSi
iwvevs mosavlianobis Semcirebas (10%-iT).
mineraluri bambidan aorTqlebis procesi mimdinareobs ufro aqtiurad,
vidre sxva substratebidan, rac dakavSirebulia misi yvela fenis karg
kapilarul TvisebasTan. mineraluri bambis filis temperatura sxva
substratebTan SedarebiT 1-20C-iT dabalia, amitom misi gamoyenebisas
aucilebelia damatebiTi gaTboba.
hidroponikur warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva zomis filebi, romelTa
zomebi (100X15X7,5 sm; 100X20X7,5 sm) damokidebulia warmoebul kulturaze.
sinTeturi substratebidan gamoiyeneba Sardovana-formaldehiduri
penoplasti, poliureTani an ionmimocvliTi fisebi.
substratis momzadeba
204
orTofosformJavasTan urTierTqmedebiT mis zedapirze warmoqmnis wyalSi
mcired xsnadi naerTebis fenas, rac aumjobesebs substratis qimiur Tvisebebs
da is xdeba gamosadegi mcenareTa warmoebisTvis. fosforiT damuSavebisas
rkina da sxva sakvebi elementebi substratebSi gamoiyofian leqis saxiT da
gadadian mcenarisTvis miuwvdomel formaSi.
sakvebi xsnarebi
sakvebi
205
mcenaris mier STanTqmuli makro- da mikroelementebis ionebi imyofebian
urTierTkavSirSi, romelic maTi specifikuri Tvisebebis, eleqtruli muxtis
da sakvebi xsnaris koncentraciidan gamomdinare vlindeba rogorc
antagonizmSi, aseve sinergizmSi. qimiuri SemadgenlobiT erTmaneTTan
axlomdgomi da erTnairi muxtis mqone ionebi xels uSlian erTmaneTs
mcenaris mier maTi SeTvisebisas, sawinaaRmdego muxtis mqone ionebi ki
exmarebian (sinergizmi). MmagaliTad, K, Ca, Ba, Mg, Al kaTionebi axdenen
mastimulirebel zemoqmedebas NO3 da PO4 anionebis SeTvisebaze. antagonizmi
yvelaze metad vlindeba K da Ca, Na, Mg da B; Ca da H, Mg, K, Na da NH4, Na da Mg
kaTionebs Soris. anionebs Soris antagonizmi naklebad gamoxatulia, is
vlindeba mxolod erTnairi Tvisebebis anionebs Soris (SO4, SeO4).
sxvadasxva saxeobisa da asakis mcenareebi sxvadasxva raodenobisa da
koncentraciis xsnars STanTqaven, amis mixedviT icvleba xsnaris
Semadgenlobac.
hidroponikuri teqnologiis dros gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania wylis
xarisxis Semdegi maCveneblebi:
• marilebis saerTo Semadgenloba;
• natriumis, aluminis, boris da sxva elementebis Semcveloba, romlebic
mcenareTa mier naklebad aiTviseba, xolo didi raodenobiT dagrovebis
SemTxvevaSi toqsikurad moqmedeben mcenareze;
• karbonatebis Semcveloba da maTi Sefardeba kalciumisa da magniumis
saerTo SemcvelobasTan;
• wylis sixiste
wyali ar unda Seicavdes marilebs maRali koncentraciiT. wyali ar unda
Seicavdes 30 mg/l natriums. am elementis ufro maRali Semcvelobisas
saWiroa wylis winaswari gawmenda.
boris Semcveloba ar unda aWarbebdes 0,3 mg/l, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
iqmneba substratebSi misi dagrovebis saSiSroeba.
qloris ionebis Semcveloba ar unda aRematebodes 50 g/l, sakveb areSi am
elementis dagroveba iwvevs mcenaris fesvTa sitemis dazianebas.
bikarbonatis Semcveloba ar unda aWarbebdes kalciumis da magniumis
ionebis jams.
rkinis Semcveloba wyalSi ar unda aWarbebdes 1 mg/l, manganumisa da
TuTiisa 0,5 mg/l, amoniumis ionebisa 10 mg/l. Nnitrat ionebis, fosforisa da
kaliumis Semcveloba ar normirdeba.
warmoebis dawyebis win aucilebelia, Catardes sarwyavi wylis analizi da
ganisazRvros:
_ Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH4, Cl, SO4, NO3< HCO3
_ pH, rkinis saerTo Semcveloba
_ Mg, Zn, B, Cu, Mo.
206
HCO3- 4,0 4,0
2+
Fe 1,0 1,0
2+
Mg 0,5 1,0
B 0,3 0,7
Zn2+ 0,5 1,0
207
Semrevi avzi, dozatronebiT
xsnaris koncentracia
208
sakvebi xsnaris koncentracia moqmedebs mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebaze. is
xasiaTdeba maRali osmosuri wneviT, rac xels uSlis mcenareTa mier wylis
SeTvisebas. maRali koncentraciis dros mcirdeba mcenaris fesvTa sistemis
aqtiuroba, mokldeba mcenareTa muxlTaSorisebi, mcirdeba foTlis zomebi.
xsnaris maRali koncentracia aisaxeba agreTve mcenaris qsovilebSi
kalciumis gadaadgilebaze da ganawilebaze, rac iwvevs nayofSi wveros
sidamples. kitrsa da pomidorSi zeda foTlebis dagrexva agreTve
gamowveulia sakveb xsnarebSi marilebis maRali SemcvelobiT. Aamitom
warmoebis procesSi aucilebelia davicvaT xsnaris optimaluri koncentracia.
done zRvari
dabali <08
saSualo 0,8-1,5
normaluri 1,5-2,5
maRali 2,5-3,5
Zalian maRali >3,5
209
xsnarSi sakvebi elementebis Semcvelobis gamosaxvisTvis iyeneben
miliekvivaltebs an ppm-s (memilionedi nawili), 1 ppm= mg/l an mg/kg.
warmoebis hidroponikuri meTodi saSualebas iZleva srulad vmarToT
mcenareTa kveba.Kkvebis reJimis kontrolisTvis saWiroa peroidulad
CavataroT xsnaris analizi. xsnaris koncentraciis analizisa da elementebs
Soris Tanafardobis mixedviT tardeba xsnaris koreqcia, mcenareTa zrdisa
fazebisa da klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tu pH–is gadaxra ar
aRemateba 0,2-s, maSin koreqcia ar aris saWiro. xsnaris analizi saSualebas
iZleva, elementebs Soris dacul iqnes optimaluri Tanafardoba. saukeTeso
Tanafardobad azotsa da kaliums Soris Semodgoma-zamTris periodSi
iTvleba 1:2-2,5, xolo gazafxul-zafxulis dros 1:1,5. gadaxris SemTxvevaSi
mimarTaven xsnaris koreqcias, ZiriTad xsnarSi, romelime maTganis raodenobis
Semcirebis an gazrdis gziT.
210
didi mniSvneloba aqvs fosforis reJimis dacvas, radgan igi aregulirebs
azotis mimocvlas mcenareSi. Ffosforis koncentracia unda iyos aranakleb
40 mg/l.
amiakuri azoti (NH4) ar unda aRematebodes sakveb xsnarSi azotis
Semcvelobis 4%-s. hidroponikuri saTburebis substratSi nitromafiqsirebeli
baqteriebis raodenoba 4-jer naklebia, vidre niadagSi. es arTulebs NH4
nitrificirebas. amiakuri azotis koncentraciis zrda gansakuTrebiT
arasasurvelia Semodgoma-zamTris periodSi, radgan mzis dabali radiaciis
gamo fotosinTezi mcirdeba 18-20-jer, amitom rTuldeba N-NH4–is gardaqmna
amidebad da xdeba NH3-is dagroveba, romelic momwamlavia mcenareTaTvis.
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samuSao xsnars unda hqondes pH - 5,5-6,2 xolo eleqtrogamtaroba - 1,9-2,5
ms/sm (milisimensi/sm). maTi kontroli da regulireba xdeba avtomaturad,
miwodebuli programis Sesabamisad. am mizniT, Semrevze damagrebulia
koncentraciisa da xsnaris mJavianobis maCveneblebi.
tumbo dozatronebi Tanabrad iwoven momzadebul xsnarebs da gadaqaCaven
maT SemrevSi, sadac xdeba maTi gazaveba sufTa wyliT, saWiro mJavianobamde
da koncentraciamde. am maCveneblebidan gadaxris SemCnevisTanave tumbo
wyvets xsnaris miwodebas da irTveba sasignalo sistema, xolo meore tumbo
agrZelebs muSaobas sasurveli maCveneblis miRebame.Aamrigad, sistema
avtomaturad uzrunvelyofs sasurveli parametrebis miRwevas adamianis
Carevis gareSe. kvebis erTi kvanZi sakmarisia 1,5-3 ha sasaTbure farTis
uzrunvelsayofad.
rogorc wesi, hidroponikur saTburebSi mcenarisTvis sakvebi xsnaris
miwodebis mizniT gamoiyeneba wveTovani sarwyavi sistema, romelic Sedgeba
Semdegi ZiriTadi kvanZebisgan:
• wylis gamanawilebeli kvanZi;
• mTavari wyalgamtari polivinilqloridis 63 mm diametris mili;
• wylis gamanawilebeli polivinilqloridis 50 mm diametris milebi;
• plastmasis amomyvanebi;
• kompensirebuli da integrirebuli 18-20 mm diametris mqone wveTovani
milebi.
warmoebaSia sxvadasxva distanciiT daSorebuli sawveTurebiani milebi (25
sm-dan 100 sm-mde). Ppomidvrisa da kitris warmoebisTvis viyenebT milebs,
romlis sawveTurebi erTmaneTisgan daSorebulia 35 sm-iT. wylis xarji erTi
sawveTuridan - 3-4 l/sT. klimaturi pirobebidan da mcenaris ganviTarebis
fazebidan gamomdinare, wveTovan rwyvas mimarTaven dReSi ramdenjerme (5-dan
20-mde), yoveldRiurad. TiTo morwyva grZeldeba 2-5 wuTi. mcenareTa
ganviTarebis sawyis fazaSi sakvebi xsnaris miwodeba xdeba dReSi 5-jer, 2
wuTis xangrZlivobiT. zafxulis periodSi, didi mcenareebisTvis rwyvis norma
Seadgens 5-6 litrs dReSi. ukeTesia mcenareebs saWiro sakvebi xsnaris
raodenoba miewodos patara dozebiT da meti sixSiriT. amiT Tavidan
avicilebT substratis zedmet datenianebas, sakvebi xsnaris gadinebas da
saSualeba mogvecema davicvaT mcenarisTvis saWiro tenianoba.
savegetacio periodis damTavrebis Semdeg mimarTaven sistemis ZiriTad
gawmendas. am mizniT iyeneben azotmJavis 10%-ian xsars, mas awvdian 5-10 wuTis
ganmavlobaSi, Semdeg sistemas orjer recxaven sufTa wyliT. Aaxali sezonis
dawyebis win gawmendis proceduras kvlav imeoreben.
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reproduqtiuli organoebis cvlilebebi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi icvleba Tavad
mcenaris garegnobac. Aamitom sakvebi xsnaris qimiuri analizis garda, saWiroa
mniSvnelovani yuradReba daeTmos mcenareTa mdgomareobasac, romelic
hidroponikis SemTxvevaSi Zalian swrafad reagirebs kvebis reJimis
darRvevaze. magaliTad, ori dRis manZilze sakveb xsnarSi azotis ukmarisoba
iwvevs kitris foTlebis Seferilobis cvlilebas, xolo samdRiani
ukmarisobis dros iwyeba pomidvris nayofis Camocvena; fosforis mcire
raodenoba aisaxeba nayofwarmoqmnaze. azotisa da fosforis nakleboba
aisaxeba mcenaris yvela organoze, gansakuTrebiT ki qveda foTlebze, xolo
boris, kalciumis, rkinis ki _ yvelaze axalgazrda foTlebze. romelime
nivTierebis naklebobis an siWarbis diagnostikis SemTxvevaSi unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom mcenaris garegani cvlilebebi SeiZleba gamowveuli
iyos sxva faqtorebiTac, magaliTad - pesticidebiT, dabali temperaturiT,
tenis siWarbiT an ukmarisobiT. mavneblebi da daavadebebi xSirad iwveven
mineraluri nivTierebebiT SimSilis msgavs simptomebs. amitom vizualur
diagnostikas Tan unda sdevdes mcenareTa qimiuri analizic. amavdroulad,
gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom mcenareebi, romlebic ganicdian ama Tu
im elementis deficits, mavneblebis, daavadebebisa da dabali temperaturis
mimarT naklebi gamZleobiT xasiaTdebian.
qvemoT aRwerilia hidroponikur saTburebSi mcenareTa warmoebisas
sxvadasxva elementebis siWarbis an naklebobis niSnebi, agreTve fosforis,
kaliumis, magniumis, kalciumis, rkinisa da spilenZis toqsikurobis niSnebi.
azoti. ukmarisobis niSnebi ufro metad aisaxeba qveda foTlebze, radgan
maTSi mimdinareobs qlorofilis daSla da gamoTavisuflebuli azoti
gadaadgildeba zrdis wertilebisken. azotis deficitis damaxasiaTebeli
niSania zrdis Seferxeba (foTlebi da nayofi wvrilia, sayvavile kvirtebis
Casaxva susti).
pomidori. namxrevebis zrda sustdeba, mcenare iRebs awowil formas.
dasawyisSi qveda foTlebi iReben momwvano, moyviTalo Seferilobas, ufro
xangrZlivi deficitis dros ki isini Ria mwvane Seferilobisaa, foTlebi
wvrildeba, xdeba wagrZelebuli formis, foTlis ZarRvebi Seferilia
moyviTalo-mowiTalo ferad, nayofi rCeba wvrili da ar msxvildeba.
kitri. zrda Cerdeba, foTlebi yviTldeba (gansakuTrebiT qveda).
xangrZlivi deficitisas mTeli mcenare yviTldeba, qveda foTlebi kvdeba,
xolo axalgazrda foTlebi aRar izrdeba. foTlebi SedarebiT sqelia,
nayofi mokle, Ria mwvane Seferilobis, wawvetebuli.
fosfori. misi deficitis niSania pigment antocianis dagroveba, romelic
mcenares aniWebs iisfer Seferilobas. ferxdeba mcenaris ganviTareba,
foTlebi mcire zomisaa, mkveTrad klebulobs yvaviloba. simptomebi ufro
aSkaraa qveda foTlebze, romlebic swrafad kargaven am elements, radgan igi
qveda foTlebidan gadaadgildeba zeda foTlebisken.
pomidori. namxrevebis zrda Sesustebulia, Rero wvrilia, magram aSkara
simptomebis gareSe. mZime ukmarisobisas foTlebi wvrilia, mkvrivi, qvemoT
daxveulia an daxrili, maTi zeda mxare molurjo-momwvanoa (ZarRvebi iisfer-
mowiTalo), qveda mxare sadafis elferiTaa, foTlebi naadrevad Sordeba
mcenares.
213
kitri. mcenaris zrda sustdeba, magram aSkarad gamosaxuli niSnebi ar
aRiniSneba. mZime deficitisas zrda Cerdeba. axalgazrda foTlebi pataraa,
mkvrivi, muqi momwvano; Zvel foTlebze Cndeba calkeuli laqebi, romlebic
TandaTan vrceldeba axalgazrda foTlebzec. dazianebuli foTlebi Wkneba,
magram maTi yunwi didxans inarCunebs formas.
kaliumi. misi ukmarisoba arRvevs azotis mimocvlas, rac iwvevs qsovilebis
gayviTlebas da sikvdils. Ees procesi iwyeba foTlebis wveroebidan da
vrceldeba kideebisken, Semdeg ki foTlis ZarRvebs Soris. kaliumi moqmedebs
foTlebis turgorze da misi naklebobisas foTlebi Wkneba. garda amisa, is
saWiroa meqanikuri qsovilebis CamoyalibebisTvis, amitom kaliumis
naklebobisas Rero kargavs medegeobas, xolo muxlTaSorisebi mokldeba.
kaliumis ukmarisobis pirveli niSnebi aisaxeba qveda foTlebze, romlebic
pirvelni kargaven am elements, radgan gadascemen mas mcenaris zeda nawils.
pomidori. Zvel foTlebze ZarRvebs Soris aRiniSneba nekrozi, yvelaze
wvrili ZarRvebi fermkrTaldeba, foTlis kideebi iRebs rux Seferilobas da
Wkneba. zogierT jiSs nekrozul zonaSi aReniSneba mSrali laqebi, romlebic
SemosazRvrulia muqi arSiiT, SemdgomSi qlorozi gadadis axalgazrda
foTlebzec. mcenaris zrda ferxdeba, foTlebi rCeba wvrili,Nnayofi
araTanabrad mwifdeba.
kitri. zrda ferxdeba. muxlTaSorisebi moklea, foTlebi wvrili
movercxlisfero elferiT, kideebi Seferilia moyviTalo-momwvanod, mTavari
ZarRvi Cazneqilia. SemdgomSi ZarRvebs Soris qlorozi iRebs ufro
gamoxatul formas da vrceldeba foTlis centraluri nawilisken. foTlis
kideebi xmeba, magram ZarRvebi garkveul xans inarCuneben mwvane elfers.
magniumi. magniumiT SimSiloba iwvevs laqur nekrozs, foTlebi iReben
wamaxvilebul formas. ZarRvebs Soris qsovilebi fermkrTaldeba, magram
Tavad ZarRvebi didxans inarCuneben mwvane Sefervas. qveda foTlebidan
ZarRvebis saSualebiT, iwyeba magniumis gadaadgileba zeda foTlebisken, ris
gamoc ZarRvebi da misi mimdebare qsovilebi, romlebic mdidari arian
qlorofiliT, ufro mwvaned aris Seferili, vidre ZarRvebSoris ubnebi.
saxeobidan da jiSebidan gamomdinare, ubnebi SeiZleba iyos: Ria mwvane,
moyviTalo, wiTeli an iisferi.
magniumis pirveli deficiti aisaxeba qveda foTlebze, xolo misi
gaZlierebisas - zeda foTlebzec. magniumis Zlieri da xangrZlivi ukmarisoba
iwvevs nivTierebaTa cvlis darRvevas da Sesabamisad qsovilebis kvdomas
(nekrozi), Promelic iwyeba foTlebis kideebidan da mxolod zogierT
jiSebSi aRiniSneba foTlis Suagulis boWkoebis kvdoma.
magniumis ukmarisoba iqmneba sakveb areSi kaliumis siWarbis dros, rac
gamowveulia am ori elementis ionebs Soris antagonizmiT. magniumis
SeTvisebaze moqmedebs agreTve aris pH. mJave are aiolebs magniumis
SeTvisebas. fesvTa sistemisTvis haerisa da wylis miwodebis darRvevac
uaryofiTad aisaxeba magniumiT kvebaze.
pomidori. foTlebis gauferuleba iwyeba kideebidan, TandaTan gadadis
foTlis Suagulisken da moicavs wvril ZarRvebsac. gayviTleba vrceldeba
foTlis yunwidan wverosken. yviTel da stafilosfer qsovilebze xSirad
aRiniSneba nekrozuli laqebi, romlebic SeiZleba zolebad gadaizardos.
Zveli foTlebi kvdeba, mcenare mTlianad yviTldeba.
214
K kitri. Zvel foTlebze aRiniSneba ZarRvebs Soris qsovilebis kvdoma,
romelic iwyeba foTlis kididan. Zlieri deficitis dros is moicavs foTlis
centralur nawilsac, magram ZarRvebi inarCuneben TavianT Seferilobas.
zogjer qlorozi vlindeba ZarRvebs Soris didi Cazneqili laqebis saxiT.
foTlebi iWmuWneba, simptomebi vrceldeba Zveli foTlebidan axalgazrdisken,
xangrZlivi ukmarisobisas mTeli mcenare yviTldeba.
kalciumi. misi naklebobisas axalgazrda foTlebi da mcenaris nawilebi
yviTldeba. foTlebi wvrilia, deformirebuli (moRunuli), datalRuli
kideebiT. Zlieri ukmarisobisas kvdeba zrdis wertilebi, fesvebi mokldeba da
wvrildeba, iRebs rux Seferilobas.
P pomidori. Tavidan axalgazrda foTlebis zeda mxare muqi mwvanea,
mkrTali kideebiT, xolo qveda - sadafismsgavsi elferiT. foTlebi rCeba
wvrili, isini deformirdebian da iwyeben Wknobas. amis Semdeg zrdis
wertilebi da foTlis kidebi iwyeben kvdomas. nayofze Cndeba kenweros
mSrali sidample. fesvebi cudad viTardeba da iReben muq Seferilobas.
Kkitri. foTlis kideebze da ZarRvebs Soris Cndeba moTeTro laqebi.
firfitis didi nawili moculia qloroziT, mxolod mTavari ZarRvebi rCeba
mwvaned, zrda Cerdeba, muxlTaSorisebi rCeba mokle, gansakuTrebiT mcenaris
zeda nawilSi. yvelaze axalgazrda foTlebi wvrilia, kideebi zeviT aqvs
aweuli, SemdegSi isini iWmuWneba. Zveli foTlebi ixveva qveviT. Zlieri
ukmarisobis dros Rero myifea, foTlebi advilad cildeba. foTlebi
normalurze ufro wvrilia, Ria yviTeli. nayofi wvrilia, araswori
zedapiriT (datalRuli, burcobebi), ugemuri.
G gogirdi. misi ukmarisoba iwvevs foTlis farTobisa da mcenaris
produqtiulobis Semcirebas. Zlieri deficitis SemTxvevaSi Rero xdeba
wvrili, foTolze Cndeba azotiT SimSilis msgavsi niSnebi. es dakavSirebulia
azotsa da gogirds Soris mimocvlis darRvevasTan.
P pomidori. Rero, ZarRvebi da yunwebi sadafisferia, foTlebi yviTeli.
ufro Zveli foTlebis kenweroze da kideebze Cndeba nekrozis niSnebi.
axalgazrda foTlebi mkvrivia, qveviT moxrili, SemdgomSi maTze viTardeba
nekrozuli laqebi.
K kitri. mcenaris zrda SezRudulia. foTlebi CamroCeba zrdaSi. Zlieri
deficitisas Rero wvrilia, qveviT moxrili, Seferiloba Ria-mwvanidan
yviTlamde. azotiT deficitisgan gansxvavebiT gogirdis naklebobis niSnebi
ufro gamoxatulia Zvel foTlebze. axalgazrda foTlis kideebi Zlier
dakbilulia.
rkina. misi deficitis pirveli niSnebi vlindeba mcenaris aqtiurad mzard
nawilebze. axalgazrda mcenareebs uviTardebaT nekrozi, romelic iwyeba
ZarRvebs Soris qsovilebidan da TandaTanobiT moicavs mTel firfitas.
Kkalciumis, fosforis, spilenZis, TuTiis maRali Semcveloba da niadagis
tute reaqcia arRvevs rkinis SeTvisebas.
Ppomidori. axalgazrda foTlebze viTardeba qlorozis niSnebi, Tumca
Tavidan foTlis ZarRvebi inarCuneben mwvane fers, rac iwvevs yviTel
foTolze mwvane badis warmoqmnas. mogvianebiT qlorozi Zlierdeba da
moicavs mTel foTols, foTlebi iReben mkrTal yviTel, TiTqmis TeTr
Seferilobas, axladwarmoqmnili foTlebi mcire zomis rCeba.
215
Kkitri. qlorozi azianebs axalgazrda foTlebis qsovilebs, Semdeg moicavs
ZarRvebsac. foTlebis Seferiloba moyviTalo-limonisfridan moyviTalo
TeTramdea, zrdis wertilebi ar viTardeba.
Mmanganumi. simptomebi iseTivea, rogoric rkinis ukmarisobisas. mcenareebi
iReben rux an moyviTalo Sefervas, xolo foTlebi (gansakuTrebiT
axalgazrda) iwyeben daxvevas.
P pomidori. foTlebi fermkrTaldeba, ZarRvebi inarCuneben mwvane fers,
xolo maT Soris myofi qsovilebi yviTldeba. mogvianebiT Ria Seferilobis
adgilebSi Cndeba patara, mudmivad mzardi nekrozuli laqebi.
K kitri. Zvel foTlebze viTardeba qlorozi, moyviTalo fonze igi
gamovlindeba mwvane badis saxiT. SemdgomSi mTeli foToli, mTavari
ZarRvebis garda yviTldeba, ZarRvebs Soris qsovilebze Cndeba CaRrmavebuli
nekrozuli laqebi.
B bori. misi nakleboba iwvevs zrdis wertilebis kvdomas. Rero da foTlebi
kargaven damaxasiaTebel Sesaxedaobas, muxlTaSorisebi mokldeba, nayofi
deformirdeba.
pomidori. namxrevebis zrda SezRudulia, zrdis wertilebi iwyeben kvdomas.
axalgazrda foTlebze, ZarRvebs Soris Cndeba qlorozuli laqebi. aseTi
foTlebi zrdaSi CamorCeba, iwyeben daxvevas qveda mxares, deformirdebian.
Sua foTlebs aqvT moyviTalo (stafilosframde) Seferiloba. yunwebi Zalian
myifea, rac iwvevs maT advilad mtvrevas.
K kitri. kenwero igrixeba da iwyebs kvdomas, mkvdari qsovilebi xasiaTdeba
ruxi SeferilobiT. Zveli foTlebi iwyeben daxvevas zeviT, namxrevebisa da
axali foTlebis warmoqmna SeCerebulia.
spilenZi. misi deficitis niSnebi Cndeba axalgazrda foTlebze, Tavidan
viTardeba qlorozi, rasac mosdevs turgoris (wylis SeTvisebis unari)
dakargva, Semdeg mcenare Wkneba. azotiT Warbi kvebisas da maRali
temperaturisas, spilenZiT SimSiloba Zlierdeba.
Ppomidori. Reros zrda Cerdeba, foTlebi iReben mocisfro-momwvano
Seferilobas. Aaxalgazrda da saSualo asakis foTlebis kideebi iwyeben
daxvevas miliseburad, mTavari ZarRvis mimarTulebiT, yunwebi daxrilia
qveviT. qlorozisa da nekrozis niSnebi Tavidan ar aRiniSneba, SemdgomSi
mTavari ZarRvis gaswvriv viTardeba nekrozuli laqebi.
kitri. zrda Seferxebulia, muxlTaSorisebi mokle, mcenareebi
TandaTanobiT iReben dabuCqul formas. axalgazrda foTlebi aRar izrdeba.
Zvel foTlebze, ZarRvebs Soris SeiZleba gaCndes nekrozuli laqebi.
qlorozi vrceldeba Zveli foTlebidan axalgazrda foTlebisken.
216
sarCevi
Sesavali 3
Tavi I. bostneuli mcenareebis sameurneo-biologiuri 4
Taviseburebani
botanikis zogadi safuZvlebi
Tema 11. mcenareTa botanika da fiziologia 4
Tema 1.2. mcenareTa damokidebuleba garemo pirobebisadmi 29
Tema 1.3. agrometeorologiis safuZvlebi 31
Tema 1.4. niadagi 42
Tema 1.5. Teslbrunva 48
Tema 1.6. Tesli da Tesvis meTodebi 50
Tema 1.7. CiTili da misi warmoeba 55
Tavi 2.zogadi mebostneoba 59
Tema 2.1. bostneuli kulturebis saxeobebisa da jiSebis 59
warmoSoba
Tema.2.2. bostneuli mcenareebis klasifikacia 60
Tema.2.3. bostneuli mcenareebis damokidebuleba garemo
pirobebTan 63
Tema 2.3. bostneuli kulturebis mniSvneloba adamianis
kvebaSi 65
Tavi 3. bostneulis moyvana Ria gruntSi 67
kartofili 67
pomidori 77
stafilo 86
Warxali 92
kombosto 95
xaxvi 102
kitri 107
nesvi 111
wiwaka 112
Tavi 4. bostneulis moyvana saTburSi 116
Tema 4.1. saTburebi
Kkitris warmoeba sasaTbure pirobebSi 138
pomidvris warmoeba sasaTbure pirobebSi 145
wiwakis warmoeba sasaTbure pirobebSi 149
nesvis warmoeba sasaTbure pirobebSi 151
Tavi. 5. mwvanileuli bostneuli 153
Tavi 6. bostneuli kulturebis meTesleoba 171
Tema 6.1 erTwlovani bostneuli kulturebis meTesloba 176
Tema 6.2 orwlovani bostneuli kulturebis meTesleobi 188
Tavi 7. Bbostneulis warmoeba hidroponikur saTburebSi 199
ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT