daviT buxrikiZe

laSa CxartiSvili

saubrebi Tanamedrove
xelovnebaze
(treningis _ Tanamedrove xelovnebis swavleba
xelovnebis skolebSi _ masalebi)

gamomcemloba `kentavri~
Tbilisi
2013
 gamocema momzadda ilias saxelmwifo universitetis
Tanamedrove qarTuli Teatris kvlevis centris mier treningis -
Tanamedrove xelovnebis swavleba xelovnebis skolebSi _ proeqtis
farglebSi Tbilisis meriis finansuri mxardaWeriT. krebulSi
Sesulia treningis masalebi da riderebi, romelic gamoyenebuli
iyo Tbilisis xelovnebis skolebis maswavlebelTaTvis treningis
mimdinareobisas. gamocema Tanamedrove da uaxlesi xelovnebis
erTgvari konspeqtia. vfiqrobT, krebuli odnav mainc Seavsebs
informaciul vakuums. madlobas vuxdiT riderebis avtorebs,
romlebic dainteresebulni arian uaxlesi xelovnebis kvleviT.
krebuls riderebis saxiT Tan erTvis sxvadasxva avtorTa
statiebi da gamokvlevebi uaxlesi xelovnebis sakiTxebze,
romlebic gamoqveynebulia sxvadasxva samecniero JurnalebSi
sxvadasxva dros.
krebuli daxmarebas gauwevs sajaro da xelovnebis skolebis
maswavleblebs da Tanamedrove xelovnebiT (musika, Teatri, kino)
dainteresebul farTo mkiTxvels.

gamocema eZRvneba cnobili qarTveli Teatrmcodnis

naTela uruSaZis naTel xsovnas.
redaqtori: maka vasaZe
recenzentebi: giorgi cqitiSvili, SoTa maRlakeliZe
teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa: ekaterine oqropiriZe
garekanis dizainis idea: elene babakiSvili
koreqtori: manana sanadiraZe

avtorebi madlobas uxdian Tbilisis meriis socialuri

momsaxurebisa da kulturis saqalaqo samsaxuris kulturis
ganyofilebis ufross baton SoTa maRlakeliZes da amave
samsaxuris TanamSromlebs wignis gamocemaSi gaweuli daxmarebis,
konsultaciebisa da wignis momzadebis procesSi Seqmnili
komfortuli atmosferosTvis.
© daviT buxrikiZe, laSa CxartiSvili
© Davit Bukhrikidze, Lasha Chkhartishvili
© Tanamedrove qarTuli Teatris kvlevis centri
© Modern Georgian Theatre Research Center

ISBN 978-9941-9352-1-3
 daviT buxrikiZis treningi Tanamederove
vizualur xelovnebaSi

kinematografi .............................................................................................................7
qarTuli kino ...........................................................................................................25
operis Sesaxeb .........................................................................................................32
sxeulis ZiebaSi, Tanamedrove cekvis Teatri - dakarguli
ubiwoebisa da miuRweveli Tavisuflebis
mosazRvre teritoria ........................................................................................45
istoriuli konteqsti ..............................................................................45
didi da patara Citebi ..............................................................................48
cekvis festivali, rogorc TviTgamoxatvis
axali saSualeba ............................................................................................52
PINA, romelic ar iwoneba ....................................................................55
miuwvdomeli cekvis anareklebi ...........................................................59
saSa valci - ufro meti, vidre valsi ............................................61
ziareba sicarieleSi ...................................................................................64
opera, rogorc telesanaxaoba, verdis `rigoleto~ nino
surgulaZis TanxlebiT .............................................................................66
mtkivixar, karmen! ...........................................................................................68

laSa CxartiSvilis treningi Tanamederove

saTeatro xelovnebaSi

saubrebi Tanamedrove Teatrze ......................................................................71

Teatris saxeobebi .................................................................................................84
globalizacia da misi gavlena saTeatro
kulturaSi dRes ..........................................................................................99
Tbilisi saerTaSoriso Teatraluri
festivalis qronikebi ...............................................................................118
RmerTebis dacema .........................................................................................123
qorwili ............................................................................................................127
kunfus gamocxadeba - cxra gragnili ...........................................129
uZravi mogzaurebi .......................................................................................131
sad iwyeba Tanamedrove Teatri ..........................................................133

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 riderebi
saxviTi xelovneba

n. silagaZe, n. maWaraSvili
XX saukunis xelovneba ....................................................................................138
avangardi da misi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ................................140
fovizmi ...............................................................................................................141
eqspresionizmi ...............................................................................................143
kubizmi ...............................................................................................................144
abstraqcionizmi ............................................................................................146
`metafizikuri~ ferwera, dadaizmi da siurrealizmi ............146
XX saukunis qandakeba ..............................................................................148
XX saukunis arqiteqtura ......................................................................151

vl. asaTiani
kubizmi ........................................................................................................................155

musika
irine ebraliZe
pop-musikis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis istoria
jazis afrikuli da evropuli fesvebi .........................................157
bluzi, regTaimi, klasikuri ...................................................................161
komerciuli jazi ........................................................................................167
1940-1950-iani wlebis aSS-s pop-musika ......................................169
1940-1950-iani wlebis safrangeTisa da
italiis pop-musika .....................................................................................171
1960-iani wlebis dasawyisis aSS-s pop-musika .........................173
britaneTis pop-musika. jgufi `The Beatles~ ..............................136
msoflio pop-musika 1960-iani wlebis miwuruls .................180
1970-iani wlebis msoflio pop-musika ..........................................182
1980-iani wlebis msoflio pop-musika ...........................................183
1990-iani wlebis msoflio pop-musika ..........................................185
msoflio pop-musika XXI saukunis dasawyisSi .........................186

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rok-musikis stilebis istoriuli mimoxilva; rokis winamorbedi
Janrebi did britaneTsa da amerikaSi
folk-roki; qanTri-roki ........................................................................194
bluz-roki ......................................................................................................196
fsiqodeliuri roki .................................................................................199
hard-roki ........................................................................................................202
art-progresiv roki .................................................................................205
pank-roki ..........................................................................................................208
post-progresivi (alternatiuli) roki, prog-roki .............210
hard-end hevi roki; hevi metal roki ............................................213
axali talRis roki ..................................................................................215
TreS metal roki; hevi hi p-hop roki .............................................216
alernatiuli hevi roki; post–pank roki ....................................217
Tanamedrove roki ........................................................................................218

saTeatro xelovneba
nino li partiani
postmodernistuli Teatraluri xelovnebis zogierTi
sakiTxi ......................................................................................................................220
mixeil mestviriSvili
Teatri kiber-samyaroSi ..................................................................................226
Tiko qoiava
XXI saukunis Teatraluri xelovnebis araverbaluri saTeatro
tendenciebiirJi kilianis Tanamedrove baleti ................................241
irakli gogia
rudolf labanis `ikosaedri~
da misi mniSvneloba saTeatro pedagogikaSi .....................................248
Tamar kiknaveliZe
gafrTxileba imas, visac epataJi aSinebs! .............................................255

5
 kinoxelovneba

ira demetraZe
Tanamedrove kinoprocesis
kulturul-miTologiuri arqeti pebi ....................................................267
rusuan papunaSvili
almodovari da misi homopersonaJebi ....................................................275
maka doliZe
rainer verner fasbinderi - socialuri freska faSisturi
mozaikiT ....................................................................................................................280

meTodika

xaTuna melaZe
xelovnebis swavlebis Tanamedrove
meTodikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi ....................................................................286

saZiebeli ..................................................................................................................295

6
 daviT buxrikiZis treningi
Tanamedrove vizualur
xelovnebaSi

kinematografi

Tanamedrove vizualuri xelovneba warmoudgenelia

kinematografis gareSe, romelic dakavSirebulia mecnierebis,
teqnikis, fotografiisa da teqnologiis ganviTarebasTan,
amitom kinos xSirad meoce saukunis xelovnebas uwodeben.
mas TiTqmis 120 - wliani istoria aqvs. aTvlis wertilad
istorikosebi 1895 wlis 28 dekembers miiCneven, roca
parizSi, kapucinebis bulvarze, Zmebma ogiust da lui
lumierebma uCvenes TavianTi pirveli filmi `matareblis
Semosvla~.
termini kinematografi warmodgeba berZnuli sityvebisgan.
`kineos~ moZraobas niSnavs, xolo `grafos~ - weras, xatvas;
anu moZrav gamosaxulebas. SemdgomSi am terminma frangul
enazec ganicada transformacia da moZrav gamosaxulebas
“sinematografi~ ewoda. kinematografis warmoSoba, pirvel
rigSi, dakavSirebulia fotografiasTan, raSic udidesi
roli ekuTvnodaT fizikosebsa da gamomgoneblebs - Tomas
edisonsa da maikl faradeis. pirvelad swored maT aqcies
fotogamosaxuleba `moZrav kadrebad~.
klasikuri kinematografi imiT gansxvavdeboda moZravi
kadrebisgan, rom es iyo specialur firze aRbeWdili
gamosaxuleba. romelic vercxlis SereviT mzaddeboda. am
firis specialur aparatSi Cadebis Semdeg ki miiReboda
gamosaxulebis proeqcia ekranze. kinematografis istoria
dakavSirebuli iyo da aris teqnikis ganviTarebasTan
da im teqnikur cvlilebebTan, romelTac mecnierebi
sTavazobdnen kacobriobas. cxadia, es siaxleebi aisaxeboda
kinematografiis, rogorc xelovnebis ganviTarebazec.
Tavidan kino uxmo iyo da munjuri kinos periodi
grZeldeboda 1895 wlidan 1922 wlamde, vidre germaniaSi,

7
berlinSi pirvelad ar uCvenes xmovani gamosaxuleba. erTi
wlis Semdeg holivudSi pirveli, mTlianad gaxmovanebuli
filmi `zRvis msxverpli~ uCvenes. ukve 1930 wels ki
evropaSi gamovida da udidesi popularobiT sargeblobda
avstrieli reJisoris, iozef fon Stenbergis filmi
`cisferi angelozi~, romelSic mTavar rols marlen
ditrixi asrulebda. igi kinos istoriaSi Svida rogorc
erT-erTi pirveli, srulyofilad gaxmovanebuli filmi.
`diadi munji~ - ase maRalfardovnad uwodebdnen pirvel
etapze kinematografs, romlis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli
roli Seasrula reJisoris profesiam. es iyo adamiani, vinc
sakuTar Tavze iRebda ara mxolod gadaRebis organizebas,
aramed xSirad Tavad eWira xelSi kinoaparati da firze
gamosaxulebas iRbeWdavda. iseTi profesiebi, rogorebic
iyo operatori, scenaristi, reJisori, msaxiobi, calke ar
arsebobda da Zalian xSirad swored is adamianebi idgnen
kameris win da TamaSobdnen, romlebic Tavad monawileobdnen
filmis gadaRebasa da organizebaSi. aseTebi iyvnen magaliTad,
didi komikosebi - maqs linderi da Carli Caplini. isini
Tavad igonebdnen da werdnen ra da rogor unda gadaeRoT.
Tumca TandaTan, kinoenis daxvewasTan erTad, reJisoris
garda sxva profesiebic gaCnda,
kinoreJisoris profesiis aRmoceneba dakavSirebulia
ramdenime cnobili kinoxelovanis saxelTan: magaliTad, lui
feiadTan (frangi reJisori, scenaristi da vodevilebis
avtori), JorJ meliesTan (frangi iluzionisti, reJisori,
specefeqtebis gamomgonebeli), maqs linderTan (britanuli
warmoSobis frangi reJisori, komikosi msaxiobi), devid uork
grifitTan (amerikeli reJisori, prodiuseri, scenaristi,
msaxiobi), Carli CaplinTan (britaneli komikosi, reJisori,
scenaristi, kompozitori)....
am adamianTa Sromam da niWma kinematografi WeSmarit
xelovnebad aqcia. pirvel etapze (1900 - 1905 wlebi)
yvelaze met films safrangeTSi iRebdnen. daaxloebiT 100
filmidan, romelTac evropaSi awarmoebdnen, 80 safrangeTis
kuTvnileba iyo. jer erTi, imitom, rom interesi gacilebiT

8
didi iyo da meorec, safrangeTi kinematografiis samSobloa
da kinowarmoebis pirvel etapze, sxva evropul qveynebTan
SedarebiT, mas garkveuli teqnologiuri upiratesoba
hqonda.
safrangeTSi daarsda pirveli specialuri Senobebi, anu
kinoTeatrebi, sadac filmebs Sesabamisi kino-teqnologiis
mcodne adamianebi uCvenebdnen. ase gaCnda pirveli
kinoTeatrebi da Semdeg ukve kinodarbazebis mTeli qseli,
romelic SemdgomSi kidev ufro gafarTovda da komerciulad
warmatebuli gaxda. swored aseT kinoTeatrebis qsels
ganekuTvneboda `apolo~, romelic male mTel evropas moedo.
kavkasiaSi, kerZod TbilisSi, pirveli kinoTeatri `apolo~
1906 wels gaixsna da didi warmatebiTac sargeblobda
mayurebelTa Soris. sxvaTa Soris, aTasgvari socialuri
Tu politikuri kataklizmebis miuxedavad, avad Tu kargad,
Senoba dResac kinoTeatris statuss inrCunebs.
pirvel etapze kino ufro sanaxaobad aRiqmeboda da
filmis scenarebi ZiriTadad ukavSirdeboda sasacilo
epizodebs (e. w. gegebs, rogorc maT dRes uwodeben).
TiTqmis aucilebli iyo iseTi moulodneli, eqscentriuli
an gonebamaxviluri scenebis mofiqreba, romlebSic filmis
gmiri daecemoda, waiborZikebda, raime nivTi daecemoda,
an personaJebi erTmaneTs moulodnelad Seetakebodnen...
erTi sityviT, filmSi iseTi moulodnel situacia unda
Seqmniliyo, rodesac komikuri efeqti personaJsa da garemos
Soris gardauvali gaxdeboda.
warmatebulma patara, komikurma filmebma (gansakuTrebiT
maqs linderisa da Caplinis monawileobiT) metwilad
ganapiroba kinokomediis Janris swrafi popularoba.
erTdroulad kinoenis ganviTarebam da socialurma moTxovnam,
kinematografi garTobis industriasTan daaaxlova. unda
iTqvas, rom axali xelovnebis, kinematografis `siyrmis
xana~ emTxveva avangardul procesebs meoce saukunis
literaturaSi, mxatvrobaSi, musikasa da xelovnebis sxva
dargebSi, Tumca kino aseve dakavSirebulia pirvel msoflio
omiT gamowveul krizisTan. da es kargad Cans ori didi

9
reJisoris - devid uork grifitisa da odnav mogvianebiT,
sergei eizenSteinis SemoqmedebaSi. 1895 wlidan 1915 wlamde
periodi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc kinematografis
aRmavlobisa da ganviaTarebis, ise krizisis xanad.
pirveli komerciuli warmatebebi dakavSirebulia maqs
linderTan, romelmac pirvelad SemogvTavaza serialis
msgavsi, aT-TxuTmetwuTiani filmebi. magaliTad, „maqsi
sacoles eZebs“, maqsi cols irTavs“, „maqsi da eqimi
qali“, „maqsi da toreadori“, „maqsi midis varSavaSi“,
„maqsi brundeba“... es iyo mcdleoba - komikuri ambavi,
romelic erT seriaSi xdeboda, meoreSic gagrZelebuliyo
da mayurebels sxva filmebis molodinic hqonoda. gada
amisa, personaJebi gadadiodnen erTi filmidan meoreSi.
maqs linderis filmebi aseve dakavSirebulia Teatralur
tradiciasTan, vodevilTan, miuzik-holTan.
Tumca uxmo kinos da aseve, kinos istoriis yvelaze
gamorCeuli persona da didostati mainc Carli Caplinia.
is aris kinoxelovanebaSi yvelaze cnobili da yvelaze
ufro popularuli adamiani (Tu vendobiT evropisa da
amerikis kinoinstitutebis mier Catarebul gamokiTxvas).
komediuri niRbi, romelic man Seqmna patara mawanwalas
saxiT, aris Rrmad socialuri da humanisturi. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom Caplinma kinematografs pirvelma mianiWa
udidesi socialuri funqcia. misi personaJi iyo aramarto
Zalian sasacilo, mouxerxebeli, aramed socialur fskerze
mcxovrebi, daucveli da Zalian mgrZnobiare. Caplinis
genialoba swored imaSia, rom „Carli-mawanwalaSi“, anu
patara adamianSi man dainaxa mTeli samyaros mikrokosmosi
da daanaxa kacbriobas, ra faseulia nebismieri adamianis
sicocxle.
Carli Caplini londonSi daibada 1889 wels. misi
mSoblebi aseve msaxiobebi iyvnen. Tavidanve, 6 wlis asakSi
patara Carli ukve scenaze gamodioda. gamrje, niWier da
Sromismoyvare Carlis 10 wlis asakSi mudmivi samsaxuri
SesTavazes TeatrSi, maSin, roca mas aranairi Teatraluri
ganaTleba ar hqonda. is gamodioda Teatrisa da miuzik-

10
holis darbazebSi, sadac xalxi samuSaos Semdeg ikribeboda
da garToba surda. Carli sxvadasxva sketCSic monawileobda
da swored maSin gamokrTa patara mawanwalas xati; swored
londonis scenebze gamosvlisas iswavla, rogor gaecinebina
mayurebeli; rogor dacemuliyo, rogor wamomdgariyo...
niWieri ymawvili SemdgomSi amerikaSi miemgzavreba,
sadac los-anjelesSi holivudi is-is iyo „ocnebis
fabrikad“ yalibdeboda. jer kidev arsebobdnen patar-
patara kinostudiebi, romlebic kargad mixvdenen, rom
Carli Caplinis filmebi kargi Semosavlis wyaro gaxdeboda.
profesiulma studiebma daiwyes komikosebis, msaxiobebis,
reJisorebis evropidan Camoyvana. bevri evropeli reJisori
da msaxiobi: Carli Caplini, greta garbo, marlen ditrixi,
ernst lubiCi, iozef fon Stenbergi da sxvebi Cadiodnen
holivudSi, sadac maT Zalian karg pirobebs sTavazobdnen.
1919 wels studia „iunaited artistma“ yvelaze cnobil
kinovarskvlavebTan meri pikfordTan, duglas ferbenqsTan
da reJisor devid uork grifitTan erTad, Caplins yvelaze
sarfiani kontraqti gauforma. ase, rom Carli erT-erTi
yvelaze ZviradanazRaurebadi msaxiobi gaxda holivudSi,
romelsac stabiluri da didi Semosavali hqonda. Tumca
bevrad ufro didi Semosavali mohqonda holivudisaTvis.
simarTle unda iTqvas, rom bevri ram Caplinma maqs
linderis sqemisagan gadmoiRo. maqs lindersac hqonda
xeljoxi, exura cilindri, ecva specialuri fraki...
magram Caplinma groteskulad aqcia maqsis saSualo fenis
burJua da misi Cacmuloba. Carlis specialurad ecva didi
fexsacmeli, aseve fraki, romelic aranormalurad didi iyo
mis simaRlesTan SedarebiT. eWira sasacilo trosti da ecva
Zalze ganieri Sarvali. swored am garegnuli niSnebiT, anu
komikuri niRbiT gaicno da daimaxsovra mayurebelma Caplini
da es sasacilo, Slapian-qudiani kaci kinematografiuli
samyaros simbolod iqca. misi filmebi: „biWuna“, „parizeli
qali“, „oqros cieb-cxeleba“, „cirki“, „didi qalaqis
CiraRdnebi“, „axali droeba“, „didi diqtatori“, „mefe niu-
iorkSi“ samudamod damkvidrda kinos istoriaSi.

11
 1940 wels, meore msoflio omis dawyebidan Zalian
male, Caplinma gadaiRo gamorCeuli masStabis satiruli
filmi ,,didi diqtatori“, romelic ar moewona arc
hitlers da arc stalins. es iyo aSkara politikuri
Jesti Caplinis mxridan, radgan am filmiT man dascina
yvela drois diqtatorsa da moZalades. rodesac Caplini
„did diqtators“ iRebda, didi dapirispireba arsebobda or
mtrul banaks - sabWoTa kavSirsa da faSistur germanias
Soris. Caplinma Tavis filmSi TiTqos orive diqtatori
gaaerTiana da rodesac evropaSi Cavida, udidesi warmateba
hqonda xalxSi. gansakuTrebiT memarcxeneebi uWerdnen mxars
da cxadia, esec gasagebi iyo. Caplini mxolod didi xnis
Semdeg, 1957 wels Cavida amerikaSi, sadac aCvena Tavisi
filmi `mefe niu-iorkSi“. is ukve asakovania, 70 wels
mitanebuli da samyarosTan WidilSi daRlilic. unda
aRiniSnos, rom Tavis bolo filmSi ,,grafinia honkongidan“
(1967) Caplinma gadaiRo popularobis zenitSi myofi
sofi loreni. Carli Caplini SveicariaSi, 1977 wels
gardaicvala, Tumca bedma mas sikvdilis Semdegac gamocda
mouwyo - roca misi saflavi gaZarcves.
Caplini udidesi movlenaa kinos istoriaSi da miuxedavad
imisa, rom Zalian bevri kaSkaSa varskvlavi arsebobda
mis sicocxleSic da mis Semdegac, msgavsi didebisTvis
mainc aravis da arasdros miuRwevia. aseve gamorCeuli
varskvlavia greta garbo, romelic Tanabrad mniSvnelovania
rogorc munjuri, aseve xmovani kinematografis istoriaSi.
garbos fenomeni imiT aris mniSvnelovani, rom man
pirvelma daamkvidra kinematografis istoriaSi idumali
da miuwvdomeli varskvlavis saxe. cxadia, manamdec iyvnen
varskvlavebi, magram garbo maTgan mainc gansakuTrebuli
movlenaa.
garbos namdvili saxelia greta lovisa gustafsoni.
daibada stokholmSi 1905 wels. misi profesiuli
kariera dakavSirebulia TeatrTan. 20-ian wlebSi
swavlobda stokholmis samefo dramatul skolaSi da
aseve monawileobda speqtaklebSi. cnobilma reJisorma,

12
prodiuserma da pedagogma moric stilerma, romelTanac
garbos garkveuli romantikuli urTierTobebic hqonda,
urCia holivudSi wasuliyo. garbos pirvelma filmebma
holivudSi („eSmaki da sxeuli“ da „siyvaruli“) didi
STabeWdileba moaxdina kinokompania ,,metro goldven
maieris“ damfuZnebelze, luis maierze da mas Caplinis
msgavsad Zalian sarfiani kontraqti gauforma.
garbom iTamaSa, albaT, yvela saocnebo qalis roli -
magaliTad, ana karenina orjer. aseve aleqsandr diumas
cnobili dramis mixedviT gadaRebul filmSi ,,qali
kameliebiT“ (reJisori jin kiukori). amas davumatoT
„dedofali qristina“, „maria valevska“, „ana kristi“, „mata
hari“, „ninoCka“.... monawileobda 30-mde filmSi. misi bolo
filmi aRmoCnda 1941 wels gadaRebuli „orsaxovani qali“
(reJisori jon kiukori), romelSic garbom pirvelad iTamaSa
komediuri roli. presam da kritikam misi namuSevari ar
miiRo.
filmi kinogaqiravebaSi warumatebeli aRmoCnda da amis
Semdeg garbom saerTod uari Tqva kinoSi gadaRebaze. man
36 wlis asakSi, didebis zenitSi myofma datova kino,
rac unikaluri SemTxvevaa kinos istoriaSi. rogorc
aRmoCnda, sabolood garbom swori gadawyvetileba miiRo,
radgan marad axalgarda darCa mayureblis mexsierebaSi.
varskvlavebi xom Zalian mZimed ganicdian xolme sakuTar
SemoqmedebiT dasasrulsa da siberes.
ramodenime didma reJisorma mas kinoSi dabruneba
SesTavaza, maT Soris garbos didma Tanamemamulem, ingrman
bergmanmac. Tumca sabolood man mainc uari Tqva da legendad
darCena amjobina.
meore msoflio omamde, evropaSi gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobas iZens germanuli da franguli kinematografi.
evropuli kino imiT gansxvavdeboda amerikulisgan, rom
ufro metad iyo aqcentirebuli socialur da politikur
movlenaze. msaxiobebi ufro reJisoris saTqmelsa da ideas
gamoxatavdnen. Sesabamisad, meti mniSvneloba da datvirTva
eniWeboda reJisoris pirovnebas, mis msoflmxedvelobas,

13
esTetikur Sexedulebas. amerikul kinoSi mniSvneloba
komerciul Semosavals eniWeboda da is aucileblad
eyrdnoboda varskvlavebis niWierebasa, Tu popularobas.
20-ian wlebSi germanuli kinematografSi fexs ikidebs
eqspresionizmi, romelmac didi gavlena moaxdina evropul
kinoze da zogadad, evropul xelovnebaze. eqspresionizmi
(laTinuri sityvidan „gamomsaxveloba“) gansakuTrebul
movlenebsa da adamianebs aRwerda ukiduresad daZabul,
xSirad kriminalur da emociur mdgomareobaSi. mokled,
eqspresionizmi adamianis fsiqikuri bunebis „bneli laqebis“
aRweras ufro emsaxureboda da ukiduresi formis
gamomsaxvelobac swored amitom dasWirda.
kinoeqspresionizmis yvelaze saintereso warmomadgenlebi
arian - robert vine („eqim kaligaris kabineti“),
fridrih murnau („nosferatu: saSinelebaTa simfonia“,
„ukanaskneli adamiani“), fric langi („daRlili sikvdili“,
„metropolisi“), paul vegeneri („golemi“).
eqpresionizmma garkveulwilad safuZveli Cauyara
saSinelebaTa filmebis gadaRebis tradicias da SemTxveviTi
sulac ar aris, rom swored am periodSi iSva murnaus filmi
„nosferatu“. SemdgomSi drakulas saxe araerTxel iyo
eqspluatirebuli kinematografis mier da drakulas saxis
miTologia swored fridrih murnaudan modis. iseve rogorc,
fric langi, romelic germanuli kinos istoriaSi erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi reJisoria. germanulma kinoeqspresionizmma
didi daRi daamCnia Tanamedrove germanul kinos.
germanuli kinos paralelurad, 20-30-ian wlebSi
safrangeTSi, didi literaturisa da mxatvrobis qveyanaSi,
axali reJisorebis mTeli pleada gaCnda. pirvel rigSi es
ukavSirdeboda avangardul poezias, literaturas. aseve
klasikur literaturas - magaliTad, balzakis, mopasanis,
dodes, zolas nawarmoebebs.
iseTi reJisorebi rogorebic arian marsel karne, Jan
vigo, rene kleri, Jan reanuari da sxvebi, asaxavdnen axali
Taobis saTqmels. karnes poeturi „nisliani sanapiro“
(miSel morganisa da Jan gabenis monawileobiT), Jan

14
vigos anarqistuli „atalanta“ da „nuli yofaqcevaSi“,
Jan renuaris „didi iluzia“ da „TamaSis wesebi“, marsel
karnes avangarduli „antraqtis“ gamomsaxveloba marTlac
cvlida Zvel da dromoWmul kinematografiul formebs.
maTma Semoqmedebam didi kvali datova kinematografiis
istoriaSi. amis magaliTia Jan renuaris `didi iluzia“.
filmSi mTavar rols Jan gabeni asrulebs da pirveli
msoflio omis Temas eZRvneba. Jan gabeni, gaston modo,
miSel morgani, maria kazaresi - msaxiobebi, romlebsac im
dros frangul filmebSi iRebdnen, male mTels evropaSi
popularulebi gaxdnen.
meore msoflio omma kinematografis ganviTareba
sakmarisad Seaferxa da misi krizisic ganapiroba. im dros,
msoflio nacizms ebrZoda da Sesabamisad, evropaSi mcire
raodenobiT filmebs iRebdnen. gadaRebis Sansi mxolod
holivudSi iyo, sadac bevri evropeli msaxiobi da reJisori
wavida. maT Soris iyo, magaliTad, Jan renuari, romelmac
Tavisi SesaniSnavi filmi ,,mdinare“ amerikaSi gadaiRo. Tanac
evropel reJisorebs nacizmTan Ria dapirispireba ufro
amerikis kontinentidan SeeZloT, sadac informaciis miRebisa
da gavrcelebis meti saSualeba arsebobda. gansakuTrebiT
gamoirCeoda marlen ditrixi, romelic Zalian aqtiuri iyo
da xSirad amerikeli jariskacebis bazebze koncertebsac ki
marTavda. mas ganuwyvetliv aCvenebdnen antimilitaristul
kinoqronikebSi da amaSi garkveulwilad bedis ironiac iyo.
germaneli marlen ditrixi nacistebis winaaRmdeg gamodioda.
Tumca, es ganapiroba ara politikurma koniunqturam, aramed
msaxiobis msoflmxedvelobamac.
aucileblad unda gavixsenoT sabWoTa kinematografi.
upirveles yovlisa, rusuli avangardi, romelic franguli
avangardis paralelurad, 20-iani wlebidan imkvidrebs Tavs:
sergei eizenSteini, lev kuleSovi, aleqsandre dovJenko,
vsevolod pudovkini, Ziga vertovi....
sabWoTa kinematografis gansakuTrebuli da yvelaze
mniSvnelovani persona sergei eizenSteinia, romlis
Semoqmedeba 20-30-iani wlebis msoflio kinematografis

15
yvelaze saintereso movlena aris. misi filmi ,,javSnosani
potiomkini“ _ Caplinis, felinis, kurosavas, bergmanis
gverdiT, yvela drois 100 saukeTeso filmSia Sesuli. didi
reJisoris - eizenSteinis films ,,javSosani potiomkini“
safuZvlad daedo 1905 wels, mefis ruseTis dros
gemze momxdari amboxi, romelic mezRvaurebma moawyves.
aRsaniSnavia, rom filmi gadaRebulia odesaSi da eizenSteins
gamoyenebuli aqvs cnobili giganturi kibe, romelzec
siuJetis mixedviT sabavSvo etli didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
mogoravs. es epizodi daaxloebiT aTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi
grZeldeba da xvdebiT, rom eizenSteini marTlac erT-erTi
udidesi reJisoria kinos istoriaSi, romelmac gadamwyveti
roli iTamaSa kinomontaJis ganviTarebaSi.
kinoxelovneba dakavSirebulia sam umTavres principTan.
es aris xedi (Sori an axlo), rakursi (gadaRebis wertili)
da montaJi (ori kadris kavSiri an dapirispireba). sergei
eizenSteins kinoenis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli
wvlili miuZRvis. mas mudmivi problemebi hqonda sabWoTa
xelisuflebasTan da cxadia, stalinTanac; Tumca araerTxel
Seecada es dapirispireba misTvis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina.
30-ian wlebSi gadaRebuli ,,beJas mdelo“ (turgenevis
moTxrobis mixedviT) erTgvari Serigebis mcdeloba iyo
xelisuflebasTan, Tumca bolomde es mainc ver moaxerxa.
meore msoflio omis dros stalinis uSualo dakveTiT
gadaiRo istoriuli filmi ,,ivane mrisxane“ (or nawilad),
romelSic mTavar rols aleqsandr Cerkasovi TamaSobda.
faqtobrivad es dagvianebuli gamoZaxili iyo diqtatorze
da paralelebi stalinTan iolad ikiTxeboda. stalins
pirveli nawili moewona, risTvisac reJisorma saxelmwifo,
anu stalinuri premia miiRo. filmis meore nawili ki,
sadac ivane mrisxane uaryofiTad iyo gamoyvanili, stalinma
ar moiwona da gaakritika. eizenSteinma ver moaswro mesame
nawilis gadaReba, sadac ukve „gamosworebuli“ da monanie
mefe unda gamoeyvana. (is 1948 wels gardaicvala).
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, kinom, rogorc propagandis
saSualebam, ufro didi mniSvneloba SeiZina. 50-ian wlebSi,

16
roca ukve dasrulda klasikuri kinoenis Camoyalibeba,
iwyeba axali gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis Zieba. bevri
ram dakavSirebulia aseve amerikuli kinos tradiciebsa da
ganviTarebasTan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amerikulma kinom 50-
ian wlebSi didi adgili dauTmo omebiT daRlili gmiris
Temas. amerikul kinoSi yovelTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs
gmirs, romelic yovelTvis pozitiuria. is ar unda iyos
refleqsiiT damZimebuli, daeWvebuli da, rac mTavaria, ar
unda damarcxdes. swored es ganasxvavebs amerikul kinos
evropulisagan.
franc kapras, hovard houqsis, jon hustonis, uiliam
uialeris da sxva reJisorebis filmebSi gansakuTrebuli
da mniSvnelovani xdeba protestis Tema, romelic
dakavSirebulia adamianis meamboxe sulTan. meore msoflio
omis Semdeg evropul kinematografSi ki - italiuri
neorealizmi, romelic ukavSirdeba materialur da
sulier kriziss. siduxWire, dangreuli da ganadgurebuli
evropa, adamianis urwmunoeba... am dangreuli evropis
samxreTSi, italiaSi, mwifdeboda idea, rom axalgazrda
kinematografistebs aesaxaT realoba iseTi, rogoric is
aris. „neorealizmi“, rogorc kinoxelovnebis mimarTuleba
axali, sastiki realobisgan ikvebeboda da axalgazrda
kinematografistebs swored misi asaxva ainteresebdaT.
meore msoflio omis bolos gamoCndeba neorealist-
reJisorTa mTavari „damrtymeli Zala“ - Cezare Zavatini,
pietro jermi, vitorio de sika, roberto roselini,
alberto latuada. mogvianebiT federiko felini da
miqelanjelo antonioni, romlebmac Seqmnes axali kinoena.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania roberto roselinis
Semoqmedeba da misi filmebi. maT Soris: ,,romi Ria qalaqia“,
1945 wels gadaRebuli, romelSic didi msaxiobi ana maniani
gaibrwyinebs.
neorealizmma didi gavlena iqonia mTel evropul
kinematografze. misi gamoZaxili cxadad igrZnoba qarTul
kinematografiaSic. pirdapir unda vTqvaT, rom Tengiz
abulaZisa da rezo CxeiZis ,,magdanas lurja“, iseve rogorc,

17
mogvianebiT gadaRebuli ,,sxvisi Svilebi“ neorealizmis
erTgvari, qarTuli gamoZaxilia.
50-60-iani wlebis amerikul kinematografSi miuziklebis
mozRvavebaa. Tumca miuzikli amerikaSi yovelTvis
popularulia, miuzikli xom WeSmaritad amerikuli
Janria! magaliTad, stenli doneni 50-ian wlebSi iRebs
saxelganTqmul momRerals, jin kelis miuziklSi „simRerebi
wvimaSi“, jon kiukori - judi garlands miuziklSi
„varskvlavi daibada“, xolo fred cinemani „oklahomaSi“ -
Sirli jonssa da rod staigers. 60-iani wlebSi marTlac
hitad iqca stenli donenis miuziklebi - „vestsaidis
istoria“ (leonard bernstainis amave saxelwodebis
miuziklis mixedviT, romelic brodveize idgmeboda) da
„musikis hangebi“ (juli endriusi mTavar rolSi). SedarebiT
ufro gvian ki ekranze gamovida rei starkis „sasacilo
gogona“ barbara straizandis monawileobiT.
aRsaniSnavia, bob fosis Sedevri _ miuzikli `kabare~,
romelmac cxra `oskari~ daimsaxura (gadaRebulia 1972
w.) filmma udidesi warmateba moutana mTavari rolis
Semsrulebels, laiza minelis, vinsente minelisa da judi
garlandis qaliSvils. minelis mama reJisori iyo, deda -
cnobili momRerali, sakmaod axalgazrda gardaicvala.
mniSvnelovania bili uailderis filmebic, romlebmac
didi gavlena moaxdines amerikuli kinematografis Semdgom
ganviTarebaze. rasakvirvelia, pirvel rigSi gvaxsendeba misi
miuzikli „zogierTs ufro cxeli uyvars“ (jek lemonis,
toni kertisisa da merilin monros monawileobiT). unda
iTqvas, rom holivudma samyaros sxva standarti SesTavaza,
roca varskvlavebi yovelTvis SesaniSnav aqtiorul da
voklaur formaSi unda iyvnen.
60-ian wlebSi, evropul kinoSi, mniSvnelovani xdeba
gaucxoebisa da egzistencializmis Tema. ekonomikuri
problemebi, romlebic omisSemdgom evropaSi arsebobda
da romelic neorealizmma asaxa, TiTqos warsuls Cabarda.
sociumSi axali sazogadoebis da pirovnebis, martoobisa
da urTierTobis problemebi gaCnda. es gansakuTrebiT

18
kargad Cans felinis, bergmanis, antonionisa da bunuelis
SemoqmedebaSi.
federiko felini 50-iani wlebis bolos iRebs
saocar, dauviwyar filmebs - ,,gza“ da ,,kabirias Rameebi“
julieta mazinas monawileobiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom orive
filmi Sedevria, romelmac Zalian Rrma kvali datova
kinos istoriaSi. felinis ramdenjerme gadaeca „oskari“
saukeTeso ucxoenovani filmisaTvis. 60-ian wlebSi igi
italiuri birJuaziis „tkbil cxovrebas“ da mis Sinagan
kriziss asaxavs. mogvianebiT filmSi „8 1/2“ felinim TiTqos
sakuTari avtoportreti Seqmna. kritikosebi weren, rom
filmSi aisaxa reJisoris Sinagani krizisi. man reJisoris
krizisi Signidan dainaxa. felini iRebs igavs reJisorze,
romelic krizisSia da ar icis, rogor daasrulos, ra
mouxerxos axal films. mTavar reJisoris rols, marCelo
mastroiani asrulebs. filmis finalSi mis warmosaxvaSi
msaxiobebi erTiandebian da qmnian erTgvar sacirko arenas,
sivces, wres, sadac yvela personaJi iyris Tavs.
didi reJisorebi - lukino viskonti, miqelanjelo
antonioni da federiko felini, SiZleba iTqvas, rom 60-70-
iani wlebis italiuri kinematografis erTgvar landSafts
qmnian. lukino viskonti warmoSobiT aristokratia da
Tavis filmebSi did tradiciebs, sazogadoebis arqertipebs,
aristokratiis warsulsa da Secdomebs asaxavs.

* * *

viskontis adreuli filmebidan aRsaniSnavia socialuri

TematikiT gamorCeuli „yvelaze lamazi“ da „roko da misi
Zmebi“ . SedarebiT gviandeli filmebidan „ojaxis portreti
interierSi“, `sikvdili veneciaSi“ da `udanaSaulo~ reJiosri
kulturisa da sazogadoebis mtkivneul, fsiqologiur
problemebsac uRrmavdeba da qmnis literaturis, musikis,
ferwerisa da didi msaxioburi ostatobis nazavs. rac
Seexeba miqelanjelo antonionis Semoqmedebas, is asaxavs
adamianis absolutur gaucxoebas sakuTar TavTan da

19
garemosTan. es gansakuTrebiT kargad igrZnoba trilogiaSi
„Tavgadasavali“, „dabneleba“ da „Rame“, sadac monawileobs
monika viti - misi filmebis yvelaze gamorCeuli msaxiobi
da 60-iani wlebis evropuli kinos varskvlavi.
60-70-iani wlebis amerikuli kino wina periodTan
SedarebiT ufro socialuria da politikuric. am mxriv
aRsaniSnavia stiven spilbergis, stenli krameris da stenli
kubrikis Semoqmedeba. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens
pirovnebis Tavisuflebis Tema. 60-ian wlebSi kubriki iRebs
istoriul films “spartaki“. mogvianebiT “bari lindonsa~
da “meqanikur forToxals~, romelic kargad aCvenebs
pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa da sazogadoebaSi gamefebuli
Zaladobis dapirispirebas. da es SeiZleba damangrevelic
aRmoCndes rogorc sazogadoebis, ise pirovnebisaTvis.
kubrikis Semoqmedebas erTgvarad ajamebs misi bolo
filmi “farTod daxuWuli Tvalebi~, romelic genialuri
ucnaurobiT Tu sisadaviT aerTebs komerciul da saavtoro
kinos.
calke unda aRiniSnos didi Svedi reJisoris, ingmar
bergmanis Semoqmedeba. is marTlac gamorCeuli pirovnebaa
kinematografis istoriaSi. bergmani pastoris ojaxSi daibada
da amitom religiam mis msoflmxedvelobaze mis SemoqmedebaSi
did adgils ikavebs adamianis, rwmenis, pirovnebis martoobisa
da urTierTobis deficitis Tema. es gasagebicaa, radgan
samxreT qveynebis kulturisgan gansxvavebiT, skandinaviul
kulturaSi pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa da egzotenciis
problema yovelTvis mniSvnelovania. amitomac martoobis
Temam gansakuTrebuli adgili daikava iseTi reJisorebis
SemoqmedebaSi, rogorebic arian karl Teodor dreieri da
ingmar bergmani.
bergmanis adreuli periodis filmma “marwyvis mdelo~
(1957) kinematografis ganviTarebaSi didi roli iTamaSa.
mTavar rols am filmSi uxucesi reJisori viqtor
Sostromi TamaSobs. bergmani svams egzistencialur kiTxvebs
- ra emarTeba adamians sicocxlis bolos? rogor ajamebs
is Tavis ganvlil cxovrebas da rogor uyurebs saerTod

20
samyaros? aseve filmSi monawileoben imxanad axalgazrda
msaxiobebi: hariet andersoni, ingrit tulini, gunar
biorstrani - msaxiobebi, romlebic SemdgomSi mudmivad
TanamSromlobdnen reJisorTan.
aseve mniSvnelovania 60 – ian wlebSi gadaRebuli
filmebi: ,,persona“, “siCume~,~ziareba~, ,,mglis saaTi“...
bergmani asaxavs 60–iani wlebis Svedur sazogadoebas,
sadac yofiTi problemebi aRar arsebobs, samagierod,
mniSvnelovania sakuTar TavTan marto darCenili adamiani.
bergmani TeatrSic didi warmatebiT muSaobda da stokholmis
samefo TeatrSi dgamda speqtaklebs. maT Soris, ,,donJuani“.
“hamleti~, “moCvenebebis sonata~, “mefe liri“. aseve
gadaRebuli filmi opera ,,jadosnuri fleita“. bergmanis
Semoqmedebaze gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina didi Svedi
dramaturgis, avgust strindbergis Semoqmedebam. marTalia
mas ar ganuxorcielebia piesebis ekranizacia, magram mis
filmebSi Tavs iyris teqstebi da citatebi strindbergis
Semoqmedebidan.
80-ian wlebSi gadaRebuli filmi “fani da aleqsandre~
bergmanis Semoqmedebis garkveuli Sejamebaa, Tavisi uricxvi
personaJiT, romelTagan yvelas individualuri xasiaTi
aqvs. unda iTqvas rom bergmanis filmebis operatoria
sven niukvisti, romelTan erTadac man 30 filmi gadaiRo.
aseve SeiZleba iTqvas rom bergmanma didi gavlena moaxdina
momdevno Taobis evropel reJisorebze, gansakuTrebiT
germanul kinematografze. bergmani adamianis fsiqologiis
saukeTeso mcodnea da kinematografiis istoriaSi iSviaTia
iseTi reJisori, romelic adamianis fsiqikas aseTi
sifaqiziTa da siRrssmeebiT Caswvdes, xolo misi amoucnobi
buneba ekranze gadaitanos.
rac Seexeba “axal germanul~ kinos, is 60–ian wlebamde
erTgvar leTargiul mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. meore
msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg germania TiTqmis
ganadgurebuli iyo da mxolod “marSalis gegmis~
ganxorcielebis Semdeg miaRwia ganviTarebis garkveul
dones.

21
 samociani wlebidan iwyeba axal germanuli kinos
aRorZineba. es dakavSirebulia ramdenime axalgazrda
reJisoris SemoqmedebasTan. kerZod rainer verner fasbineris,
margaret fon trotas, verner hercogis filmebTan. isini
exebian axal Temebsa da saTqmels, raTa dakompleqsebulma
axalma Taobam ara marto `mamebis~ codvebi itvirTos,
armed am codvebis gamomzeurebac moaxerxos. fasbinderis
filmebma - `SiSi nTqavs suls~, `katcermaxeri~, `Wiris
RmerTebi~, maria braunis qorwineba~ da a.S. didi gavlena
moaxdines axali germanuli kinos ganviTarebaze, asev
literaturasa da Teatrze.
saruliad gamorCeulia vernex hercogis mxatvruli da
dokumenturi filmebi. gansakuTrebiT ,,voiceki“, romelic
georg biuxneris piesis ekranizaciaa. sruliad sxvagvaria
margaret fon trotas filmebi, romlebmac gamZafrebulad
asaxa 70-iani wlebis dasavleT germaniis politikuri
situacia, romelic ukavSirdeba terorizmis problemas.
jer kidec 60-iani wlebis bolos germaniaSi popularuli
gaxda memarcxene ideebi. axalgazrdebi (organizacia `rote
armie fraqcion~ – `wiTeli armiis fraqcia~) fiqrobdnen,
rom kapitalisturi sazogadoeba unda daingres da aSendes
socializmi. cxadia, es utopiuri ideebi iyo. isini werdnen
manifestebs, xolo Semdeg manifestebidan Zaladobriv
moqmedebaze gadavidnen. Tavs esxmodnen sxvadasxva saxelmwifo
dawesebulebas, bankebs, policias. specialurad qmnidnen
Zaladobis precedentebs. xSir SemTxvevaSi maT did zarals
ayenebdnen saxelmwifos.
70-ian wlebSi organizaciis wevrebi daiWires da
dasajes. amis Sesaxeb germanelma reJisorebma erTad gadaiRes
mxatvrul-dokumenturi filmi “germania SemodgomiT~,
romelSic asaxulia 70-iani wlebis germanuli sazogadoeba;
gaanalizebulia mizezebi, ratom mivida teroristul
aqtebamde qveyana.
80-iani wlebSi germaniaSi ukve axali Taobis reJisorebi
gamoCndnen. amis magaliTia vim vendersi, romelic aramxolod
SesaniSnavi mxatvruli (`ca berlinis Tavze~ da `alisa

22
qalaqebSi~), aramed dokumenturi filmebis avtoricaa.
swored man gadaiRo dokumenturi filmi didi qoreografis,
pina bauSis Sesaxeb.
aRmosavleT-evropul kinematografiaSi aseve saintereso
procesebi mimdinareobs. cxadia, tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia polonuri, ungruli da Cexuri.
kinematografi, romelic SedarebiT naklebad aris cnobili
kinomanebisTvis.
poloneTi Tavidanve didi Teatraluri da
kinematografiuli. tradiciebiT gamoirCeoda. kinos
moyvarulebs yovelTvis emaxsovrebaT reJisor anjei
vaidas legendaruli filmebi - `ferfli da almasi~ da
`arxi~, romlebmac gakuTreuli warmateba moutana msaxiob
zbignev cibulskis. is 60-iani wlebis yvelaze popularuli
kinomsaxiobi iyo poloneTSi, romelmac didi gavlena moxdina
axalgazrda Taobasa da kinematografis ganviTarebaze.
aseve SegviZlia davasaxeloT qSiStof zanusis filmebi.
is kaTolike iyo da religiuri Tema mis SemoqmedebaSi
mniSvnelovania. aseve unda aRiniSnos eJi kavaleroviCis
istoriuli Janris filmebic. rac Seexeba ungrul kinos,
masze didi gavlena moaxdina 50-iani wlebis bolos
ganviTarebulma movlenebma. roca sabWoTa tankebma budapeSti
daikaves. ungreTis demokratiuli xelisufleba daamxes,
rasac didi rezonansi hqonda momdevno TaobebSi. protesti
amgavri Zaladobis winaaRmdeg yovelTvis arsebobda, rac
aisaxa kidec ungrul kinoSi. amis gamoxatulebaa iStvan
sabosa da zoltan fabris filmebi. isini aseve asaxaven
60-80-iani wlebis ungrul sazogadoebaSi gamefebul
ganwyobebs.
iStvan sabos SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovania artistis,
xelovanisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis Tema. am mxriv
gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva filmi `mefisto~, romelSic
mTavar rols cnobili germaneli msaxiobi klaus maria
braundaueri TamaSobs. ra safasurs ixdis xelovani Tu
artisti, roca garigebaSi Sedis xelisuflebasTan? ratom
xdeba misi morCili da aris Tu ara `tkbili cxovreba~ da

23
komforti Tavisuflebis safasuri? am kiTxvebs brandaueris
gmiri - nacistebis mier waxalisebuli da xeldasmuli
msaxiobi ar svams? Tumca is mainc marcxdeba. sabos filmi
erTgvari testia Tu rogor SeiZleba xelovani iqces
komfromistad.
60-70-ian Cexur kinematografSi umniSvnelovanesia
reJisorebis - irJi mencelisa da vera xitilovas Semoqmeba,
romlebic qmnian sruliad gamorCeul, absurduli komediis
tradiciebs. Tumca maTi filmebi saTaves iRebs absurduli
Teatris tradiciebidan. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia mencelis
`mexanZreebi~ da xitilovas `zizilebi~. unda gavixsenoT
miloS formanic, romlis Semoqmedebis pirveli etapi
swored 60-iani wlebis praRas ukavSirdeba. misma filmebi
didi popularobiT sargeblobda 60-70-ian wlebSi.
mogvianebiT is amerikaSi, emigraciaSi wavida da
ramdenime SesaniSnavi filmi gadaiRo. maT Soris namdvili
Sedevri `viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina~ (ken kizis
cnobili romanis mixedviT; mTavar rolSi jek nikolsoni).
sxvaTa Soris, am filmSi kritikosebi aSkara politikur
qveteqtebsa da socialisturi reJimebis ganaCensac xedavdnen.
udidesi rezinansi hqonda 80-ian wlebSi gadaRebul films,
`amadeusi“, romelic formanma piter Seferis piesis
mixedviT gadaiRo da mas `oskarebi~ da aRiareba moutana.
Tumca mogvianebiT misi filmebi ufro komerciuli gaxda.
meoce saukunis gasayarze erT-erT mniSvnelovan
movlenad SeiZleba CavTvaloT frangi reJisoris, Jan pier
Jenes `ameli~, romelic 2000 wels gamovida da romelmac
didi STabeWdileba moaxdina daxvewili ironiiT, iumoriT
gazavebuli poeziiT da aTasjer gadaRebuli parizis
moulodneli imijiT. filmSi mTavari roli Seasrula odri
tatum, romelic Semdeg 21-e saukunis franguli kinos saxe
gaxda.

24
 qarTuli kino

calke ganvixilavT qarTuli kinos istorias, mis

ganviTarebis gzebs, reJisorebs, ra gza ganvlo qarTulma
kinom da rogor ukavSirdeba is Tanamedroveobas.
qarTuli kinos istoria vasil amaSukelis mier 1912
wels gadaRebuli filmiT, ,,akaki wereTlis mogzaureba
raWa-leCxumSi“ iwyeba, sadac didi mgosani mTeli
Tavisi miTologiuri sidiadiT warmogvidgeba. didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda, rom es aris xelovanze gadaRebuli
yvelaze srulfasovani da grZeli filmi. kinos ganviTarebis
pirvel etapze aseTi filmebi saerTod ar arsebomda, magram
saqarTveloSi mwerlebisa da poetebisadmi yovelTvis
gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba hqondaT. xSirad maT RvTis
rCeulebsac uwodebdnen.
pirveli sazafxulo kinoTeatri muStaidis baRSi iyo,
sadac munjuri filmebis Cveneba ewyoboda. kinoseansebma
Tavidanve cxadyo, rom axali xelovnebis, kinematogafis
mimarT didi interesi arsebobda. swored amis dasturia
1912 wels gadaRebuli vasil amaSukelis filmic, romelic
CvenTvis dRemde saamayo kinematografiul manifestad
rCeba.
pirveli qarTuli mxatvruli filmi Teatrisa da
kinos reJisorma aleqsandre wuwunavam gadaiRo. egnate
ninoSvilis moTxrobis, „qristines~ ekranizacia 1915 wliT
TariRdeba. ,,qristines“ Semdeg qarTul kinematografSi
udidesi roli Seasrules mixeil kalatoziSvilis, kote
miqaberiZis, nikoloz Sengelaias, kote marjaniSvilis
filmebma. faqtobrivad es iyo reJisorTa Taoba, romelmac
qarTuli kino Seqmna. kinematografuli enis CamoyalibebaSi
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnloba hqonda mixeil kalatoziSvilis
„jim SvanTes“, nikoloz Sengelaias „elisos“, kote
marjaniSvilis „samaniSvilis dedinacvals“, kote miqaberiZis
films ,,Cemi bebia“, romelic 30-ian wlebSi formalizmis
mizeziT akrZales da misi naxva ekranze SeuZlebeli iyo.
,,jim SvanTes“ kinematograful Txrobasa da montaJs,

25
gansakuTrebuli fsiqologiuri zemoqmedeba hqonda
mayurebelze. kinos ukve hyavda montaJisa da msxvili
xedis didostatebi - grifiti da eizenSteini. amjerad
ki axleburma kinematografulma energiam gaacocxla
ekrani, romelzec srulad aisaxa svaneTis silamazec da
dokumenturi simkacrec.
nikoloz Sengelaias „eliso“ (1928 w.), aleqsandre
yazbegis moTxrobis mixedviTaa gadaRebuli. filmSi
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens saocari tempi da
montaJi. da dRes, roca „elisos“, „jim SvanTes“, an Tundac
„Cemi bebiis“ kadrebs vuyurebT, vacnobierebT, rom Cveni
kinematografis pirveli nabijebi dakavSirebulia msoflio
kinematograful procesebTan.
„elisoSi“, saxeebis garda, mayurebels SeuZlia
garemosac daakvirdes. magaliTad, rogor moZraoben
adamianebi, ra acviaT, sad cxovroben. faqtobrivad,
kinematografi, garda mxatvruli gamonagonisa, garkveul
dokumentur da istoriul realobas aRwers. magaliTad,
istoriuli masalebiT Cven SegviZlia erTgvari warmodgena
Segveqmnas mixeil Wiaurelis filmze ,,arsena“, romelic
aseve socialur manifestad iqca.
Tumca, yovelgvar artistul Tu socialur manifestze
maRla dgas nato vaCnaZe, romelic Zalian male gaxda
qarTuli kinos namdvili varskvlavi. „qristine“, `giuli“,
`mamis mkvleli“, „sami sicocxle“, „vin aris damnaSave“...
kinematografiuli TvalsazrisiT yvela erTnairi
mniSvnelobis ar iyo, magram varskvlavis arseboba ukve
kinos popularobas ganapirobebda.
spartak baRaSvilis arsena (filmSi `arsena~)
iqca amboxebuli gmiris miTologiur saxed. is ar iyo
profesionali msaxiobi, reJisorma quCaSi SeamCnia da mixvda,
rom am brge adamianSi didi ekranuli qarizma imaleboda.
mixeil Wiaureli kargi moqandake iyo da SesaniSnavad
grZnobda plastikas. swored aseTi adamianebiT iqmneboda
kinematografi, rogorc sinTezuri xelovneba. is eyrdnoba
literaturas, mxatvrobas, arqiteqturas, vizualur
xelovnebas.
26
 30-ian wlebSi sabWoTa ideologiis gavlena sul ufro
mZlavrad igrZnoboda. Tavisufali manevrirebis saSualeba
reJisorebs naklebad rCebodaT. 1936 wels, konstituciis
miRebis Semdeg dasmenebisa da daWerebis mTeli seria
daiwyo. adamianebi xSirad umizezod qrebodnen saxlebidan.
amitom Znelia 30-ian wlebis SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebaze
saubari.
reJisorebi komediebs an umtkivneulo dramatul-
Teatralur formebs irCevdnen. aseTTa Soris iyo daviT
rondelis komedia „dakarguli samoTxe“, romelSic gasuli
saukunis Tavad-aznaurTa fuqsavati cxovrebaa aRwerili.
Tumca alag-alag satiris simZafrec igrZnoba. amis miuxdavad,
filmi didi warmatebiT sargeblobda mayurebelTa Soris.
mogvianebiT, msoflio omis dros, gamodis vaxtang
tabliaSvilis filmi-miuzikli „qeTo da kote“, romelSic
qarTvel msaxiobTa mTeli Tanavaskvlavedi monawileobs _ 12
wlis leila abaSiZiT dawyebuli, elisabed CerqeziSviliTa
da cecilia wuwunavaTi damTavrebuli. viqtor doliZis
popularuli operis ekranizacia raRaciT kavkasiur
holivudur films hgavda, radgan yvelaferi _ kostiumebi,
mxatvroba, musika, msaxiobebi saocar sanaxaobas qmnida. am
filmma didi STabeWdileba moaxdina holivudzec, sadac
filmi uCvenes. es arc iyo gasakviri, radgan filmSi
yvlaferi harmoniulad erwymis erTmaneTs. aRsaniSnavia
vaxtang tabliaSvilis reJisura, romelic Teatridan iRebs
saTaves.
30-ian wlebSi marjaniSvili iRebs „komunaris Cibuxs“,
veriko anjafariZisa da uSangi CxeiZis monawileobiT.
aqac, Teatris gavlena da tradicia Zalian didia,
radgan marjaniSvili Teatris udidesi reJisori iyo da
STagonebas swored Teatridan iRebda. filmi ZiriTadad
pavilionSia gadaRebuli. cenzurisa da ideologiis gamo,
reJisorebi rogorRac cdilobdnen, rom mxatvruli forma
da ideologia Sinaarsobrivad erTmaneTisTvis moergoT.
40-50–ian wlebSi qarTul kinoSi mcire raodenobis
filmebs iReben. es dakavSirebulia meore msoflio omTan.

27
am drois yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlenaa filmi „giorgi
saakaZe“, romelic mixeil Wiaurelma 1942 wels gadaiRo.
films, ise rogorc sergei eizenSteinis ,,ivane mrisxanes“,
Zalian didi ideologiuri datvirTva hqonda. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom stalinma pirdapir SeukveTa reJisors, gadaeRo
filmi Zlier, samarTlian, winaaRmdegobiT savse, magram
pozitiur gmirze orazrovani damokidebulebis miuxedavad
saakaZis personis mimarT, romelic dRemde grZeldeba.
istoriuli diskursi _ vin aris saakaZe, moRalate
Tu gmiri, dResac grZeldeba da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
stalinis imdroindel, kargad awonil, ideologiur
gadawyvetilebas erTi mizani hqonda _ rogorme gaemyarebina
miTi, rom giorgi saakaZe gmiri iyo, radgan omis dros
sazogadoebas sWirdeboda konsolidacia gmiris irgvliv.
stalinis mesiji kargad gaigo mixeil Wiaurelma da
swored iseTi filmi gadaiRo, rogoric stalins surda.
„giorgi saakaZe“ stalins piradad aCvenes, mogvianebiT ki
_ frontze jariskacebs, maTi brZolis unarianobis da
SemarTebis gansamtkiceblad. filmSi uamravi cnobili
msaxiobi TamaSobs: akaki xorava, veriko anjafariZe, akaki
vasaZe. sergo zaqariaZe ki gardasaxvis gansacvifrebel
xarisxs aRwevs Sadimanis rolSi.
stalinis sikvdlis Semdeg kino TiTqos gaTavisuflda
marwuxebisgan, Tumca arc axali realoba aRmoCnda sasurveli
da Tavisufali kinoxelovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
1954 wels rezo CxeiZe da Tengiz abulaZe erToblivad
iReben films „magdanas lurja“, romelic 1955 wels
kanis saerTaSoriso kinofestivalze moklemetraJiani
mxatvruli filmebis konkursze mTavari priziT _ „oqros
palmis rtoTi“ dajildovda. es qarTuli kinos Zalian
didi warmateba iyo. am filmma garkveuli safuZveli
Cauyara kinos aRmavlobasa da aRorZinebas. axalgazrda
da popularuli msaxiobi duduxana weroZe mTavar rols
TamaSobda. filmSi aseve monawilobda akaki kvantaliani da
patara msaxiobebi _ nani CiqviniZe da mixo boraSvili.
„magdanas lurja“ eyrdnoboda literaturul

28
pivelwyaros, rac garkveuli tradiciaa qarTul kinoSi.
ekaterine gabaSvilis socialuri moTxroba zustad
moergo reJisorTa saTqmels. miuxdavad imisa, rom mTavari
aqcentebi da droc Secvlilia, filmi uaRresad Tanamedrove
gamovida. imxanad popularulma neorealizmma dramatuli
pedalirebiT garkveuli asaxva hpova filmis finalze.
„magdanas lurjaSi“ kompozitorma arCil kereseliZem
SesaniSnavi musikalur-dramatuli Temebi Seqmna.
rezo CxeiZem SemdgomSi gadaiRo filmi ,,Cveni ezo“,
sadac sruliad axalgazrda giorgi Sengelaia da sofiko
Wiaureli monawileoben, xolo Tengiz abulaZem _ „sxvisi
Svilebi“ da ,,me, bebia, iliko da ilarioni“. mogvianebiT
ki trilogia („vedreba“ `natvis xe“ da „monanieba), Tumca
yvelaze mniSvnelovani mis SemoqmedebaSi mainc ,,monaniebaa“,
romelic erTgvarad ajamebda mTel sabWoTa kinos.
filmma kanis kinofestivalze Jiuris didi prizi
daimsaxura. Jiuris Tavmjdomare cnobili frangi msaxiobi
iv montani iyo, romelic gamoirCeoda antisabWouri
ganwyobiT.
rezo CxeiZem ,,Cveni ezos“ Semdeg gadaiRo „jariskacis
mama“, romelmac msoflio aRiareba moutana. filmma gauZlo
dros da es yvlaze kargi Sefasebaa. 2013 w. `jariskacis
mama~ gaaferades kidec da apireben gadaiRon ruseTSi.
60-iani wlebis qaTul kinematografiul landSafts
eldar da giorgi Sengelaiebi, lana RoRoberiZe, merab
kokoCaSvili, Temur babluani, alqsandre rexviaSvili qmnian.
es periodi gamoirCeva saavtoro kinos gamococxlebiT.
lana RoRoberiZis ,,me vxedav mzes“ nodar dumbaZis
cnobili romanis ekranizaciaa. reJisorebi cdiloben,
mxatvruli nawarmoebi kinoekranze TanamedroveobasTan
Sesabamisad asaxon. magaliTad, rezo gabriaZisa da eldar
Sengelaias tandemi `araCveulebriv gamofenaSi“ safirmo
iumoris niSania. filmi SegviZlia aRviqvaT, rogorc
metafora fuWad dakargul drosa da xelovanze, romelic
bedis ironiiT sasaflaoze Zeglebs dgams, Tumca mis
ezoSi mdgari marmarilos qva did xelovnebaze meocnebis
metaforaa.
29
 giorgi Sengelaias ramdenime kargad nakeTi art-
hauzis filmi aqvs gadaRebuli. maT Soris „firosmani“
gansakuTrebulia, saukeTesoa sxvadasxva dros mxatvrebze
gadaRebul filmebs Soris. mTavar rols avTo varazi
asrulebs.
gamorCeulia oTar ioselianis Semoqmedeba. igi dRemde
yvelaze mniSvnelovan reJisorad rCeba 60-ianelTa
TaobaSi da ara mxolod. ioselianma daamTavra moskovis
universitetis meqanika-maTematikis fakulteti; swavlobda
konservatoriaSi da Semdeg ki gadawyvita daemTavrebina
moskovis sakavSiro kinematografiis instituti. misi
pedagogi didi reJisori, aleqsandr dovJenkoa, Tumca
yvelaze didi gavlena masze mainc frangulma kinom iqonia.
es igrZnoba yvelaferSi _ mxatvrul qsovilSi, iumorSi,
kadrirebaSi, scenarSi, ambis originalur gadmocemaSi. albaT,
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom franguli kinos klasikosad
aRiares. yvela drois saukeTeso kinoreJisorebs Soris
oTar ioseliani yovlTvis Sedis aseulSi. saSualo da
axlo xedi misi kinoenis damaxasiaTebeli niSania. sxva
reJisorebisagan gansxvavbiT, ar wyalobs profesional
msaxiobebs. miaCnia, rom profesionali msaxiobi „masalas
afuWebs“. urCevnia gadaiRos adamianebi, romlebic arafriT
ar arian gamorCeulebi.
maTematika da musika did gavlenas axdens oTar
ioselianis msoflmxedvelobaze. mas zustad aqvs kadri
gaTvlili da sxva reJisorebisgan gansxvavebiT, naklebad
mimarTavs improvizacias. misi filmebi savsea poeziiT da
ucnauri iumoriT. ioselians miaCnia, rom kinematografSi
umTavresia gamosaxuleba da ara sityva. amitom, filmi
reJisorma uxmo kinos gamomsaxvlobiTi principiT unda
gadaiRos.
60-70-ian wlebSi ioseliani iRebs trilogias _
„giorgobisTve“, „iyo SaSvi mgalobeli“ da `pastorali“.
sakavSiro kinostudiasTan konfliqtis Semdeg safrangeTSi
miemgzavreba. ,,mTvaris favoritebi“ _ ioselianis pirveli
franguli filmia, romelsac ekranze gamosvlisTanave didi

30
warmaeteba xvda wilad. ramdenime filmi gadaiRo safrangeTsa
da italiaSi. berlinis sarTaSoriso kinofestivalze,
sakonkurso programaSi warmodgenil films ,,orSabaT
diliT“ kritikosTa prizi _ fipresi da Jiuris didi
prizi gadaeca.
60-ianelTa didi Taobis reJisorTa fonze, aleqsandre
rexviaSvilis Sesaxeb naklebad weren, Tumca misi filmebi
yovelTvis kritikosTa yuradRebis centrSia. sakavSiro
kinematografiis institutSi, saoperatoro xelovnebas
daeufla. mogvianebiT ki daamTavra sareJisoro fakulteti.
misi pirveli filmi ,,nuca“, mixeil javaxiSvilis novelis
mixedviT aris gadaRebuli. mTavar rols marina janaSia
TamaSobs. am patara, 10-wuTian Sav-TeTr filmSi ukve
igrZnoba reJisoris xelwera, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
kinoenis Taviseburebani. 70-80-ian wlebSi rexviaSvili iRebs
filmebs: „gza Sinisaken~, ,,safexuri“ da „miaxloeba“.
qarTuli kino warmoudgenelia mixeil kobaxiZis
moklemetraJini filmebis gareSe. miuxedavad imisa, rom
ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi gadaRebuli aqvs mxolod oTxi
filmi, pirveli _ „qorwili“ (1964) dRemde miuRwevel
nimuSad rCeba qarTuli moklemetraJiani kinos istoriaSi.
misi cnobili filmebi _ „qolga“ da „musikosebi“, xSirad
aRfrTovanebisa da diskusiis saganad qceula. swored
„musikosebis“ ekranze gamosvlis Semdeg aukrZales mas
filmis gadaReba, rasac Tan daerTo piradi drama. 80-ian
wlebSi safrangeTSi wavida da sacxovreblad darCa. TiTqmis
30-wliani dumili daarRvia 2003 wels gadaRebuli filmiT
,,da qari wagviRebs“. aqac, winamorbedi filmebis msgavsad,
mniSvnelovania: gamosaxuleba, kadris gamomsaxveloba,
daxvewiloba, munjuri kinosTvis damaxasiaTebeli esTetika.
reJisoris saTqmeli uxmod eteva kadrebSi. mixeil kobaxiZis
yvela filmi, Zvelic da axalic, miuRwevel da sevdian
bednierebazea.

31
 operis Sesaxeb

saopero xelovneba dakavSirebulia Teatraluri

warmodgenis mxatvrul-dramatul formasTan, romelSic
moqmedeba simReriT, musikiTa da akompanementiT sruldeba.
sityva opera (Opera) laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs Txzulebas,
nawarmoebs. opera sinTezuri Janria da aerTianebs musikas,
dramaturgias, mxatvrobisa da qoreografiis elementebs.
operis saorkestro Sesavals hqvia uvertiura, operis
teqsts _ libreto. operaSi gvxvdeba melodias moklebuli
sityvieri teqsti, romelsac ewodeba reCitativi. operis
momRerali sakuTar grZnobebs gadmogvcems ariiT. ori
momRerlis mReras hqvia dueti, samisas _ trio, oTxisas -
kvarteti da a.S.
saopero nawarmoebi pirvelad Sesrulda florenciaSi
1597 wels, es iyo iakopo peris opera (1561 – 1633)
`dafne~, romelsac male `evridikec~ mohyva (1600). saopero
xelovneba, pirvel rigSi, ukavSirdeba italiaSi aRorZinebis
xanis kulturas da es aris yvelaze mdidari, nayofieri
da brwyinvale xana evropuli kulturis istoriaSi. amdeni
Semoqmedi erTad _ mxatvrebi, musikosebi, kompozitorebi,
poetebi, moqandakeebi, mwerlebi arsad da arasdros
yofila. imdroindeli italia mTlianad xelovnebis suliT
iyo gajerebuli da swored am art-konteqstma ganapiroba
operis warmoSoba.
operis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia antikur tradiciasa
da lirasTan. Zvel saberZneTSi poetebi swored liraze
amRerebdnen TavianT leqsebs. amgvari forma modaSi Semovida
aRorZinebis xanis italiaSic, radgan swored antikuri
saberZneTi iyo misabaZi im drois xelovanTaTvis. antikuri
tragediis siuJetebi asaxulia italieli mxatvrebis,
mwerlebisa da musikosebis SemoqmedebaSi da amdenad,
operis Janris dabadeba ganapiroba antikuri kulturis
tradiciebma, kerZod antikurma poeziam, tragediam da
liraze damRerebulma leqsebma.
operis ganviTarebaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT aRorZinebis

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xanis mwerlebsa da poetebs, romlebic operisTvis werdnen
libretos. xSirad libretistebi ar iyvnen saxelganTqmuli
mwerlebi Tu poetebi, da marTlac, Tu operis istorias
gadavxedavT, libretistebi, garkveuli gamonaklisis garda
(vTqvaT, mocartis, verdis da rihard Strausis operebis
libretos avtorebi), ar yofilan cnobili dramaturgebi
an poetebi.
operebi iwereboda antikur siuJetze, romelic
aristokratTa da xelovanTa didma nawilma icoda. opera
maTTvis axali STagonebis wyaroc iyo da moduri gasarTobic.
Tumca unda iTqvas, rom aristokratTa da xelovanTa
viwro wreSi dabadebuli saopero xelovneba masobrivad
xelmisawvdomi mainc ar iyo, radgan ar scildeboda
garkveul artistul da elitarul CarCoebs.
imdroindel italiaSi operebs werdnen ukve saxelovani
kompozitorebi - klaudio monteverdi, antonio vivaldi,
domeniko skarlati... antikuri siuJetis garda operaSi
mniSvnelovani gaxda Sesavali (uvertiura) da moqmedebis
aRmniSvneli scenebic, romelsac divertismenti ewoda.
mogvianebiT mas daemata sabaleto da pantomimis scenebic.
operis struqturaSi kompozitorebi cdilobdnen
imdroindeli xelovnebis axali mimdinareobebic moeqciaT,
rac progresuli movlena iyo.
saopero xelovnebaSi TandaTan qalTa da mamakacTa xmebic
daiyo. qalis xma _ kontralto, meco-soprano, soprano
(romelic aseve iyofa dramatul da lirikul sopranod)
da mamakacis xma _ bani, bas-baritoni da tenori (romelic
iyofa lirikul da dramatul tenorad). aseve gamoiyofa
specifikuri xma kontr-tenori. sainteresoa, rom kontr-
tenoris partia wamyvani iyo da TiTqmis yvela operaSi,
TiTqmis yvela cnobili kompozitori _ monteverdi, vivaldi,
perseli, hendeli, ramo, luli _ mTavar partias swored
mas uZRvnidnen, mogvianebiT kontr-tenorebi Caanacvles
meco-sopranoebma, radgan maTi xmis diapazoni erTmaneTs
emTxveoda.
droTa ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad icvleboda orkestris

33
rolic, romelmac TandaTan, musikaluri akompanementidan
srulyofili, damoukidebeli forma miiRo. orkestri ara
mxolod vokalis `damateba~ xdeba, aramed misi `Tanaavtori~.
garda amisa, orkestrs TandaTan emateboda instrumentebi
da Sesabamisad, ufro TvalsaCino xdeboda damoukideblad
musikis roli. aswleulebis Semdeg operis orkestrma
miiRo dRevandeli, Camoyalibebuli da srulyofili saxe
_ simfoniuri orkestris.
operis, srulyofili Sesrulebisa da aRqmisaTvis
aucilebelia iseT SenobaSi mosmena, sadac akustikuri
Taviseburebebi gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba. amisaTvis italiaSi
da Semdeg ukve sxva evropul qveynebSi specialuri Senobebi
iqmneba. veneciaSi, florenciasa da neapolSi igeboda
specialuri, ulamazesi arqiteqturisa da formis Senobebi,
sadac, faqtobrivad, mTeli maRali sazogadoeba iyrida
Tavs. rasakvirvelia, es ukavSirdeba evropaSi dramatuli
Teatrebis mSeneblobis tradiciasac, radgan saopero
barokos ganviTareba da imdroindeli dramatuli Teatris
_ klasicizmis xana, TiTqmis erTmaneTs emTxveva.
male opera popularuli da moduri xdeba mTel evropaSi.
XVII saukunis dasawyisSi saopero nawarmoebi ukve iqmneba
germaniaSi _ henrix Stuci wers pirvel operas `dafne~ da
safrangeTSi _ sadac kamberi qmnis pastoralebs, romelic
mwyemsebis cxovrebis idiliur siuJetebzea agebuli. opera
popularuli xdeba inglisSic, barokos epoqis namdvil
Sedevrs qmnis henri perseli (`dido da enea~).
operis ganviTarebas evropaSi xeli Seuwyo erovnul-
musikaluri kulturis ganviTarebamac. magaliTad,
espaneTSi samefo karze, aRmocenda opera `sarsuela~,
romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia erovnuli tradiciebi.
germaniasa da avstriaSi aRmocenda specifikuri saopero
Janri `zingSpili~, e. w. `simRera TamaSiT~. sxvaTa Soris,
`zingSpilis~ tradiciebiT operebs mocartic werda
(`motaceba seralidan~ da `jadosnuri fleita~ swored
zingSpils ganekuTvneba).
safrangeTSi aRmocenda operisa da baletis erTgvari

34
sinTezi, romelsac `opera-balets~ uwodebdnen (Opera-
ballet). aseTi stilis operebs qmnidnen ludoviko XIV-
is karze moRvawe kompozitorebi _ luli, kupereni da
ramo. maT SemoqmedebaSi yvelaferi gadajaWvulia da
yvelaferi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba: musika, opera, cekva,
Teatri... qveynis socialuri da kulturis politikasac ki.
lui XIV-is sasaxleSi waxalisebuli iyo simRera, cekva,
zeimebi da garToba. xSirad imarTeboda opera-baletis
speqtaklebi, mejlisebi da sanaxaobebi, romlebSic Tavad
mefec monawileobda. swored am siuJetze gadaiRo filmi
belgielma reJisorma Jerar korbiem (`mefe cekvavs~).
lui XIV aramarto xelovnebis didi moyvaruli da
mxardamWeri iyo (is moliersa da lulis didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi exmareboda da faqtobrivad, sasaxlis karze
acxovrebda), aramed Tavadac xSirad cekvavda solo partiebs.
amas principuli mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan absolutizmis
xanaSi monarqis ideebis mxardaWera RmerTis mxardaWerasac
niSnavda.
XVIII saukuneSi, klasicizmis epoqaSi, operis funqcia
da roli mniSvnelovnad icvleba. is ufro sanaxaobiTi
da pompezuri xdeba. am epoqis kompozitorebi ZiriTadad
antikur siuJetebze weren operebs. erT-erTi maTgania
georg-fridrix hendeli (1685 – 1759), romelic germaniaSi,
haleSi daibada, Tumca misi Semoqmedeba dakavSirebulia
londonTan, sadac cxovrebis udidesi nawili gaatara.
misi Semoqmedeba moicavs 40-ze met operas da TiTqmis
sam aTeul oratorias. aseve saeklesio qoralebs, saorRano
koncertebs, gasarTobi saxis instrumentul nawarmoebebs.
mis nawarmoebebs Soris umniSvnelovanesia sasuliero
Janris oratoria `mesia~. operisgan gansxvavebiT, oratoria
dramatuli siuJetis mqone musikaluri nawarmoebia,
romelic dawerilia gundis, solist-momRerlebisa
da orkestrisaTvis. amave dros gankuTvnilia mxolod
sakoncerto SesrulebisaTvis. hendeli Tavisi drois
erT-erTi udidesi kompozitoria, romlis Semoqmedeba
imdroindeli musikis TiTqmis yvela Janrs moicavs.

35
 hendelis operebi karga xis ganmavlobaSi naklebad, an
TiTqmis ar sruleboda saopero scenebze. mxolod meoce
saukunis meore naxevarSi daiwyes misi popularizacia.
Tavis droze usamarTlod daviwyebuli misi operebi _
`radamisto~, `ariodante~, `rodelinda~, `iulius keisari~,
`sauli~ nairgvari interpretaciiT idgmeba msoflio saopero
scenebze. zogjer avangardulad da tradiciulad, ufro
iSviaTad avTenturad da yvelaze xSirad teqnologiuri
siaxleebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
2013 wlis gazafxulze `metropoliten operam~
dauviwyari sanaxaoba SesTavaza operis moyvarulebs. hendelis
`iulius keisari~ pirdapiri reportaJiT gadaicemoda mTel
msoflioSi. mayurebels ara mxolod televiziiT, aramed
kinoTeatrebis uzarmazar ekranzec SeeZloT formatisa da
bgeris xarisxis SegrZneba. britaneli reJisoris, devid
makvikaris dadgma ki daxvewili ironiiT da SesaniSnavi
solistebiT _ soprano natali desi (kleopatra) da
genialuri kontr-tenori devid denielsi (iulius keisari)
_ gamoirCeoda. sadiriJoro pulTTan barokos musikis
SesaniSnavi mcodne hari biketi idga.
melomanebi klasicizmis srulyofilebas da amaRlebul
tragizms aucileblad igrZnoben qristof vilibald glukis
(1714 -1787) operebis mosmenisas. avstrieli kompozitori,
romelmac lamis mTeli cxovreba safrangeTSi gaatara,
TiTqmis asamde operis avtoria. isini dResac xSirad idgmeba:
`orfeosi da evridike~, `alcesta~, `ifigenia avlidSi~,
`armida~.
gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, legendaruli maria
kalasis SesrulebiT glukis operebi gansakuTrebulad
popularuli gaxda. momReralma alcestas, orfeosisa da
ifigenias arebi ramdenjerme Seasrula sakoncerto estradaze
da Canawerebic gamosca (parizis radios orkestrs nikola
reSenie diriJorobda). glukis yvelaze popularuli
opera mainc `orfeosi da evridikea~, romlis melodias
lamis yvela dawyebiT musikalur skolaSi aswavlian. sami-
oTxi wlis win ~orfeosi~ saxelovanma reJisorma robert

36
vilsonma parizis `grand operaSi~ dadga.
SesaniSnav italiel kompozitors, antonio salieris
(1750 – 1825) namdvilad ar gaumarTla, miuxedavad
imisa, rom avstriis samefo karis kapeldineri iyo. ra
saSineli codvebi ahkides jer poetma aleqsandr puSkinma
da Semdeg, dramaturgma piter Saferma! mere reJisorma
miloS formanmac ar daaklo filmSi `amadeusi~, sadac
uniWo, Suriani da qurdi gamoiyvana. arada, mocartisTvis
marTla araferi dauSavebia. ubralod, konkurentebi iyvnen
da maTi operebi venaSi paralelurad idgmeboda. salieri
gawonasworebuli, mSvidi da muyaiTi karieristi iyo, Tan
tkbileulis moyvaruli, ijda da Txzavda operebs. sul
ormocamde opera dawera, ramdenime dResac idgmeba _
`danae~, `falstafi~ da gansakuTrebiT, `aRiarebuli evropa~,
romelic `la skalaSi~ oriode wlis win ganxorcielda
(mTavar partias CeCilia bartoli mReroda, sadiriJoro
pultTan _ rikardo muti).
bedis ironiiT, antonio salieridan mainc volfgang
amadeus mocartamde movdivarT (1756 – 1791). isini
Tanamedroveebi iyvnen da musikis qalaqSi _ venaSi
cxovrobdnen. albaT, xSiradac xvdebodnen erTmaneTs.
mocarti erT-erTi udidesi kompozitoria musikis
istoriaSi. misi Semoqmedebac da biografiac erTdroulad
geniosi biWunas Tavgadasavalsa da tragikuli bedis
xelovanis cxovrebas ireklavs: vunderkindi, romelic
evropeli monarqebis gasarTobad ukravda da `don jovanis~,
`figaros qorwinebisa~ da `rekviemis~ avtori, romelic
saerTo sasaflaoze dakrZales! misi musika SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc giganturi naxtomi, gasxivosneba,
aRmafrena, mudmivi winsvla da ganviTareba. mocartis
Semoqmedeba iSviaTi gamonaklisia, romelic Tanabarad itevs
saorkestro, safortepiano, kamerul. sagundo da saopero
musikas. sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebebTan erTad, is qmnida
genialur operebs.
ori didi kompozitori _ juzepe verdi da rihard
vagneri mainc saopero kompozitorebad darCnen musikis

37
istoriaSi; beThoveni, Suberti, Sumani, bramsi _ kameruli,
instrumentuli da simfoniuri musikis didostatebad, xolo
Sopeni, listi da raxmaninovi _ fortepianis jadoqrebad.
mocarti yvelaferSi Tanabrad genialuria. misi genialoba
isaa, rom man, principSi, SeZlo SeuZlebeli harmoniis moZebna
adamianis vokalur SesaZleblobasa da instrumentul,
simfoniur gamomsaxvelobas Soris. es idealuri harmonia
mis SemoqmedebaSic naTlad aisaxa. mocartis operebSi
simfoniur orkestrsa da adamianis xmas Soris kavSiri
agebulia maT mTlianobze, anu fsiqologiuri terminiT rom
vTqvaT _ musikalur `geStaltze~.
italiuri saopero tradiciisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac
orkestri `misdevs~ xmas, mocartis operebSi _ xma emorCileba
orkestris mTlianobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom erTi SexedviT,
mocartis operebi msubuqi Sesasrulebelia, sinamdvileSi,
es Zalian rTulia. momRerals idealuri disciplina
moeTxoveba; anu mocartis operebis Semsruleblebs lamis
instrumentis xma unda hqondeT, orkestrs rom gahyven.
aseve urTulesia mocartis operebidan ariebis Sesruleba.
magaliTad, konstancas aria operidan `motaceba seralidan~,
an eleqtras aria `idomeneoSi~. roca mocarts xSirad da
bevrs movusmenT, mivxvdebiT, ra rTulia da didi mniSvneloba
aqvs orkestris, instrumentisa da vokalistis srul
harmonias da disciplinas. es mxolod mosasmenadaa lamazi,
macduri da ioli misi operebi, sinamdvileSi isini mkacr
disciplinasa da gasageb sizustes emorCileba.
mocartis operebs bevrs da gamalebiT dgamen rogorc
scenebze, ise eqsperimentul sivrceSic. arasodes damaviwydeba,
magaliTad, berlinis metroSi Sesrulebuli `jadonsuri
fleita~, romelic, cxadia, turistebis mosazidad daidga
da saopero kiCis moyvarulebze iyo gaTvlili. asec
moxda; proeqts kargi reklama hqoda da organizatorebs
damatebiTi speqtaklebis daniSvna mouwiaT; ramac mxolod
gazarda turistebisa da melomanebis interesi.
mocartis operebs dgamen rogorc avangardisti
reJisorebi (iosi vaileri, vili dekeri, andreas

38
kregensburgi), ise klasikosebi (magaliTad, patris Seros
`motaceba seralidan~ eqs-an-provansis saopero festivalze,
an mixael hanekes `don jovani~ parizis `opera garnieSi~).
iReben filmebs cnobili kinoreJisorebi: ingmar bergmanis
`jadosnuri fleita~, jozef louzis `don jovani~, miloS
formanis `amadeusi~.
`don jovani~ mocartis Semoqmedebis mwvervalia. lamis
miTologiur lovelassa da avanturistSi is TiTqos Tavs
uyris adamianis rogorc dadebiT, aseve uaryofiT mxareebs.
Tavgadasavlebis moyvaruli don jovani sinamdvilSi
meamboxe adamiania. is mzad aris, jojoxeTSi gahyves
komandors, magram Tavisufleba da Rirseba ar daTmos. am
operis interpretatorebi, fsiqologebi Tu kritikosebi
(maT Soris dramaturgi piter Seferi, `amadeusis~ avtori)
aRniSnaven, rom komandoris qandakebiT SemoyvaniT operis
finalSi, mocartma gardacvlili mama gaacocxla, romelic
Svils jojoxeTSi epatiJeba. mocarti am operas `rekviemis~
paralelurad werda da `don jovanis~ finali TiTqos
`rekviemis~ do-minoruli tonalobis gamoZaxilia; TiTqos
miwisqveSeTidan amosuli es xmebi da komandoris bani
erTdeba! anu mocarti aramxolod mamis aCrdils ebrZoda,
aramed `rekviemSi~ gacocxlebul sikvdilsac.
mocartis sikvdilidan rosinis bavSvobamde oriode
nabijia. joakino rosini (1792 – 1868) pezaroSi, musikosTa
ojaxSi daibada. mamamisi juze orkestrSi valtornaze
ukravda, xolo deda ana _ momRerali iyo. musikaluri
ganaTleba adreuli asakidan miiRo, 6 wlis asakSi mamis
orkestrSi samkuTxedze ukravda. male boloniis cnobil
kapelmeisterTan daiwyo swavla da rva wlis ukve
wamyvan partiebs asrulebda boloniis saeklesio gundSi.
rogorc momReralma male iseTi popularoba moixveWa,
rom italiis yvelaze cnobili momRerlis momavals
uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen. magram bedma ise ineba, rom Tavad
ki ar emRera, sxvebi aemRerebina _ rosini erT-erTi yvelaze
gamorCeuli saopero kompozitori gaxda.
15 wlis asakSi rosinim patara komikuri operebis

39
SeqmniT gaiTqva saxeli da sicocxlis bolomde uamravi
opera dawera, maT Soris yvelaze cnobilia: `sevilieli
dalaqi~, `qurdi kaWkaWi~, `konkia~, `italieli alJirSi~,
`semiramida~, `mogzauroba reimsSi~, `vilhelm teli~.
rosini komikuri operis, anu italiurad `opera bufas~
erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia es Janri
italiaSi XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi, neapolSi Camoyalibda,
Semdeg ki misi popularoba romsa da milanSic gavrcelda.
jovani paizelosTan da domeniko CimarozasTan erTad,
joakino rosini am Janris fuZemdebeli da reformatoria;
Tumca rosinis dawerili aqvs agreTve ramdenime gmirul-
heroikuli Sinaarsis opera (opera-seria).
rosinim gadatrialeba moaxdina vokalis da reCitativis
gasaocari Serwymis TvalsazrisiT. mis operebSi xmis
teqnika dominanturia da xSir SemTxvevaSi mayurebeli
araCveulebrivi vokaluri efeqtebis mowmea. rosini did
moTxovnebs uyenebda vokalistebs, romlis Sesruleba Zalian
Znelia. operis moyvarulT mainc yvelaze kargad axsovT
`sevilieli dalaqi~, romelic rosinis yvelaze popularul
operad rCeba. Tumca reJisorebma ramdenime saocari dadgma
dagvitoves. maT Soris, `mogzauroba reimsSi~ da `konkia~,
romelic SesaniSnavi frangi reJisoris, Jan-pier ponelis
interpretaciiT axsovs msmenels.
italiurma operam aramxolod uZvirfasesi barokos
musika da komikuri opera dagvitova, aramed iseTi movlenac,
rogoricaa belkanto, anu `lamazad mRera~. swored amgvari
simReris `teqnologiiT~ gamoirCeva vinCenco belinisa (1801
– 1835) da gaetano donicetis (1797 – 1848) Semoqmedeba.
orive kompozitori ulamazes operebs werda; orive
naadrevad gardaicvala. aris raRac mistikisa da realobis
mware nazavi am paralelSi. melomanebisTvis belini pirvel
rigSi `normasTan~ da maria kalasis SesrulebiT, im saocar
ariasTan asocirdeba, Casta diva rom hqvia. belinim sul 34
weli icocxla da 11 operis dawera moaswro. maT Sorisaa:
`puritanebi~, `somnambula~, `kapuletebi da montegebi~...
da mainc, roca vinCenco belinis saxels axseneben, kalasis

40
saocar xmas da ulamazes mReras, kantilenas gulisxmoben.
donicetim ufro meti moaswro, Tumca isic axalgazrda
gardaicvala. am kompozitoris savizito baraTze melomanebi
albaT, miawerdnen: `luCia di lamermuri~, `ana bolena~, an
sulac `don paskuale~. aqac uneblieT kalasis aCrdili
gvaxsendeba. ufro natifad da saoperod ganswavlulebi
ki lukino viskontis gaixseneben, romelmac swored maria
kalasisTvis dadga `la skalaSi~ donicetis `ana bolena~.
Tanamedroveebs sxva saopero divebic gaaxsendebaT _ joan
sazerlendi operaSi `maria stiuardi~ da genialuri
edita gruberova `lukrecia borjaSi~, romelic miunhenis
`StatsoperaSi~ daidga.
aranakleb lamazad mRerian juzepe verdis operebSic,
cxadia, Tu maRali klasis momRerlebi asruleben ariebs...
didi kompozitorebi werdnen operebs, magram verdi mainc
sxva rames gulisxmobs. sruliad ucnobs adamians nebismieri
operis gaxseneba rom sTxovoT, didi Sansia `rigoleto~,
`trubaduri~ an `traviata~ daasaxelos. imitom, rom verdi
niSnavs operas! verdis `operis Seqspirsac~ ki uwodeben,
radgan musikis enaze zusti da fsiqologiurad utyuari
saxeebi Seqmna. realuradac, Seqspiris `makbeti~, `otelo~
da `falstafi~ verdim musikiT gaacocxla. SemTxveviTi
ar aris, rom dramatuli speqtaklis msgavsad, verdis
operebSi yvelas Tavisi xasiaTi, anu aria aqvs. da, es, yvela
reformaze mets niSnavs.
zustad orasi wlis win, 1813 wels daibada ori
geniosi _ juzepe verdi da rihard vagneri. raRacnairad
bedma ineba, rom am ori kompozitoris mTeli Semoqmedeba
da cxovrebac erTmaneTTan gadajaWvuliyo. dialeqtikis
kanoni dapirispirebulTa erTianobas gulisxmobs da verdi-
vagneris ucnauri, idumali kavSiri da antiriTmac swored
am kanonis gamoxatulebaa. isini operis Wirveulma esTetikam
daapirispira erTmaneTs, maTi mimdevrebic, `verdianelebi~
da `vagnerianelebi~ erTmaneTs ebrZodnen. am ori didi
kompozitoris SemoqmedebiTi dapirispireba mTlianobaSi
mecxramete saukunis saopero xelovnebis namdvil suraTs
gvixatavs.
41
 verdis musikalur xelovnebas milanSi eziara.
vagnerisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic germanul miTologiaSi
da folklorSi eZebda pirvelwyaros Tavisi musikaluri
SedevrebiT, verdisTvis mniSvnelovani xdeba dramaturgia.
`traviataSi~ is eyrdnoba diuma-Svilis piesas `qali
kameliebiT~; opera `luiza mileri~ _ Sileris `veragoba
da siyvaruls~; garsia gutieresis naklebad cnobili piesa
safuZvlad daedo `trubadurs~; viqtor hiugos drama `mefe
erToba~ _ `rigoletos~.
TavisTavad cxadia, `makbets~ pirdapir SeqspirTan
movyavarT. sxvaTa Soris, verdim am operis ori redaqcia
Seqmna. Seqspiris piesis mixedviT kidev erTi opera _
`otelo~ dawera, xolo misi Semoqmedebisa da cxovrebis
finali `falstafs~ ukavSirdeba. verdi 81 wlis iyo,
rodesac opera `falstafi~ Seqmna. is moeswro meoce saukunis
dadgomasac da 1901 wlis 27 ianvars gardaicvala. verdis
Semoqmedeba ganuwyvetliv ganicdida transformacias. zemoT
CamoTvlili operebis garda, aRsaniSnavia: `bal maskaradi~
`simon bokanerga~, `aida~, `otelo“, aseve `rekviemi~,
romelic istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc yvelaze didi
formatis, eklesiaSi tradiciulad gardacvlilebis sulis
mosaxseniebeli msaxurebis musikalur-Teatralizebuli
nawarmoebi.
verdis operebis mravalricxovani Tanamedrove
interpretaciebidan aRsaniSnavia germaneli reJisoris, vili
dekeris `traviata~ zalcburgis saopero festivalze, 2009
wels. mTavar partiebs mRerian ana netreblo da rolando
vilazoni. vili dekeri scenografias giganturi saaTis
gadaadgilebas ukavSirebs. albaT, es aris minimalisturi
reJisuris reabilitaciis mcdeloba, tendecia da,
faqtobrivad dramatul-vokaluri sawyisi.
vagneri SeZlebuli ojaxis Svili iyo, mas mfarvelobas
bavariis mefe, ludvigi uwevda. gansxvavebiT verdisagan
(romelsac Svili da meuRle gardaecvala), vagnerma
udrtvinvelad icxovra da kargi Semosavalic hqonda.
vagneris SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

42
tetralogia `nibelungebis beWedi~ (`rainis oqro~,
`valkiria~, `zigfridi~ da `RmerTebis daisi~). sxva
kompozitorebisgan gansxavavebiT, vagneri sakuTar operebs
`sinTezuri xelovnebis~ konteqstSi moiazrebda. cdilobda
Seeqmna musikis, vokalisa da dramaturgiis mTlianoba.
misi ocneba iyo, saopero nawarmoebi erTian, uwyvet musikad
eqcia.
2013 wels evropasa da mTel msoflioSi vagnerisa
da verdis dabadebis 200 weli aRniSnes da Sesabamisad,
uamravi koncerti da saopero warmodgenac gaimarTa, Tumca
saqarTveloSi amgvari dResaswaulisa da zeimis atmosfero
naklenad igrZnoda.
XIX saukunis saopero xelovnebaze saubrisas, cxadia,
JorJ bizes Semoqmedebas ver avcdebiT. saopero margaliti,
saxelad `karmeni~, romelic man kacobriobas dautova, imdenad
Zvirfasi aRmoCnda, rom dResac bevri saopero Teatri misiT
sazrdoobs. JorJ bize 38 wlis asakSi gardaicvala da am
xnis ganmavlobaSi man ramdenime opera dawera. parizis opera
`komikisTvis~ `karmenSi~ dialogebi da salaparako testi
uxvadaa, Tumca arsebobs meore, gacilebiT ufro kompaqturi
da cocxali redaqciac, romelsac Cveni saopero Teatrebi
mimarTavdnen. `karmenis~ premiera 1875 wels gaimarTa da
warumatebeli gamodga, bize faqizi fsiqikis adamiani iyo
ver gadaitana mZafri, usamarTlo kritika. is premieridan
or welSi gardaicvala.
cnobilma italielma reJisorma franCesko rozim
filmi-opera `karmeni~ 1983 wels gadaiRo. karmenis rols
operetis momRerali, julia migenes-jonsoni asrulebda.
reJisorma msgavsi gadawyvetileba imiT axsna, rom filmSi
surda araakademiurad namReri ariebi gamoeyenebina.
meoce saukunem axali Temebi, axali dramaturgia da
qariSxali Semoitana saopero xelovnebaSi. italiuri
literaturis gavleniT Seiqmna `verizmi~ (jakomo puCinis,
pietro maskanisa da rujero leonkavalos socialur Temaze
Seqmnili operebi), romelic ufro `saopero neorealizms~
hgavda. marTalia, `veristma~ kompozitorebma burJuaziuli

43
saopero tradiciebi Searyies, magram bolomde mainc ver
moipoves publikisa da kritikis mxardaWera.
germanuli eqspresionizmis yvelaze gamorCeuli
kompozitori rihard Strausi (1864 – 1949) meoce
saukuneSi ramdenime operas qmnis: `salome~, `eleqtra~,
`intermeco~, `qali Crdilis gareSe~... SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom rihard Strausi vagneris SemoqmedebiTi principebis
gamgrZelebelia. misi operebis uwyveti saorkestro da
vokaluri dineba eqstazSi agdebs msmenels. axal operebSi
sul ufro mZlavrad SemoiWreba bgeriTi disonansi, rac
aseve mniSvnelovani siaxlea. rihard Strausi Tavisi
operebis siuJetad avstrieli mwerlis da dramaturgis
_ hiugo fon hofmanstalis piesebs iyenebda. gamonaklisi
mxolod opera `salomea“ _ oskar uaildis piesaa.
musikis kritikosebi meoce saukunis saopero Sedevrebad
aRiareben dimitri SostakoviCis mier gasuli saukunis 30-
ian wlebSi Seqmnil operebs _ `cxvirs~ (gogolis moTxrobis
mixedviT) da `mcenis mazris ledi makbets~ (leskovis
moTxrobis mixedviT). SeiZleba agreTve gavixsenoT sergei
prokofievis `omi da mSvidoba~ (tolstois romanis mixedviT)
da `cecxlovani angelozi~. prokofievis es opera 80-ian
wlebSi Tbilisis operisa da baletis TeatrSi reJisorma
guram melivam dadga.
meoce saukuneSi saopero xelovnebam sruliad sxva gezi
da mimarTuleba aiRo, ramac is paradoqsamde, anu sakuTari
Tavis uaryofamde miiyvana. erTi mxriv, opera dodekafonisa
da atonaluri musikis labirinTebSi `gadaiCexa~ (arnold
Sonbergis `mose da aroni~), xolo meore mxriv, endriu
loid veberis yurisa da TvalisTvis saamo miuziklebSi
(`ieso qriste _ supervarskvlavi~ `katebi~, `operis
fantomi~) da a. S.
gerSvinis Semoqmedeba SeiZleba mxolod gardamaval
etapad miviCnioT klasikur saopero formasa da miuzikls
Soris, rasakvirvelia, jazisa da miuziklis tradiciebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.

44
 sxeulis ZiebaSi
Tanamedrove cekvis Teatri _ dakarguli ubiwoebisa da
miuRweveli Tavisuflebis mosazRvre teritoria

meoce saukunis erT-erTi udidesi qoreografis _

pina bauSis fraza: `me ar mainteresebs, rogor moZraoben
adamianebi, me mainteresebs, ra amoZravebT maT~, didi xania,
Tanamedrove qoreografiis mTavar postulatad iqca.
teqnikuri siaxleebisadmi sazogadoebis lamis avadmyofuri
ltolva xelovnebasac daaxloebiT imave moTxovnebs uyenebs,
rac inovaciisadmi garkveul morCilebaSi gamoixateba.
arada, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, socialuri komforti
da xelovneba antiriTmaa. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa
Tanamedrove cekvis TeatrSi, romelic, nonkomformistebis
saerTo sacxovrebels Tu ara, ukidures SemTxvevaSi,
siaxliTa da akviatebuli ideebiT `Sepyrobil~ qoreografTa
sagiJeTs hgavs. magram SemoqmedebiTi sigiJe artistebis,
ZiriTadi Tu ara, Tanamdevi misiaa...
galaktionis nacnobi striqoni - `suls swyuria sazRvari,
rogorc usazRvroebas~ _ SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc
maTi Tavisuflebis, ise ambiciebisa da Sexedulebebis
gansamtkicebeli devizi. mzardi da multikulturuli
Semotevis fonze Tanamedrove cekvis adeptebi (ufro
konkretulad _qoreografebi, reJisorebi, mocekvaveebi)
siaxles swored iq eZeben, sadac erTi SexedviT yvelaze
naklebad igulisxmebT: siCumeSi, ritualSi, ekranze, fotoze,
cirkSi, erotikaSi, axal teqnologiebSi... Tanamedrove
cekvam, romelsac dasavleTSi, didi xania, Contemporary
dance-s uwodeben, akademiur Teatrs imdeni ram waarTva,
ramdensac sakuTari, axali da jer kidev damabneveli
statusis gansazRvras moaxmarda.

istoriuli konteqsti

radgan yvelaferi axali kargad daviwyebuli Zvelia,

SegviZlia istoriis Sav-bneli landebidan eqsperimentulad

45
manaTobeli saxelebi gamovixmoT: jer kidev meoce saukunis
20-ian wlebSi eqsperimentuli JiniTa Tu jiniT Sepyrobilma
avstrielma msaxiobma, mxatvarma, meorexarisxovani revius
mocekvavem da qoreografma, rudolf fon labanma erTi
SexedviT warmoudgeneli avantiura ganizraxa - klasikuri
baletisaTvis namusi faqizad, magram sajarod aexada.
venisa da berlinis modur da alternatiul klubebSi
(daaxloebiT iseTi, `kit-ket klubs~ rom asaxavs bob
fosi `kabareSi~), TayvanismcemlTa mcire jgufTan erTad.
igi ucnauri improvizaciiTa da eqsperimentebiT cdilobs
klasikuri cekvis kultis damsxvrevas. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom Tanamedrove cekvis ZiriTadi veqtori swored
`gadagvarebulma avstrielma aristokratma~ (rogorc
Tanamedroveebma uwodes presaSi) - rudolf fon labanma
gansazRvra; magram arc plastikis jadoqrebis _ germaneli
mari vigmanisa da amerikeli marTa grehemis saxelebis
daviwyeba SeiZleba. Tumca, am ori qalbatonis Sesaxeb _
odnav qvemoT.
meoce saukunis 20-30 wlebSi gacveTil puantebsa
da qaTqaTa `paCkebs~ sxeulis sruli Tavisufleba da
saukuneebidan amozrdili ritualuri cekva upirispirdeba.
axali drois dramatul cvlilebebs ki rudolf fon labani
jer daweril `Tanamedrove cekvis manifestSi~, Semdeg ki
sasceno SemoqmedebaSi asaxavs. pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom
evropaSi kabares kulturis SemoWra cekvis landSafts
mTlianad cvlis. ukve fexSiSvela cekvavs legendaruli
mocekvave aisidora dunkani, ucnauri amerikeli qalbatoni
ruT sen-deni dasayrdens aRmosavlur ritualsa da cekvebSi
eZebs, xolo riTmo-plastikuri skolis Semqmneli, frangi
Teoretikosi emil Jak-dalkrozi moswavleebs siCumis
`mosmenisa~ da musikis gareSe cekvisken mouwodebs. da
es, meoce saukunis bolos Tanamedrove qoreografiaSi
kontrapunqtis niSnad iqca.
Tavidan es realobisadmi uTanasworo dapirispirebas
hgavda, radgan klasikuri baletis miTi jer kidev mZlavri
da sicocxlisunariani iyo. revoluciamdeli ruseTidan

46
gamoqceuli vaclav niJinskisa da ana pavlovas saxelebi
evropel TayvanismcemlebSi, idumalebis garda, raRac
auxsnel mowiwebasa da disidentur TanagrZnobas aRZravda.
da mainc, `axali cekvis~ virusma evropaSi SeaRwia da
Sedegic gamoiRo. yvelaze swrafad germaniaSi gaixara, sadac
eqspresionistuli Teatri da kino iolad amkvidrebda, Tu
itanda nebismier saxelovnebo siaxles.
fon labanis erTgulma moswavleebma _ kurt iosma da
mari vigmanma, romlebic disidentebiviT itandnen esTetikur
devnasa da damcirebas, mogvianebiT Tavad moaxdines namdvili
qoreo-revolucia. 30-ian wlebSi kiolnSi, maT mier
daarsebul, dRes ukve istoriul `folkvangis~ skolaSi
kabaresa da dramatuli Teatris profesionali msaxiobebi
fizikuri da musikaluri momzadebis SesaniSnav skolas
gadiodnen... da, rac mTavaria, epoqis Sesatyvis avangardul
damRas amayad atarebdnen. marTalia, kurt iosi, mari vigmani
da `mTeli misi amfsonebi~ - anu `folkvangis~ skolaSi
gawvrTnili mocekvaveebi, nacizmma `Casarecxebad~ maleve
gamoacxada da qveynidan gareka (an sakuTar samsaxurSi Caiyena),
magram jini boTlidan ukve gamoSvebuli iyo. kurt iosis
legendaruli speqtakli `mwvane magida~ da mari vigmanis
abstraqtuli `riTmoplastikuri eqsperimenti~ dRevandeli
gadasaxedidan namdvilad istoriuli mniSvnelobisaa.
cxadia, nacisturma ideologiam `Tavxedur~
eqsperimentebs maleve bolo mouRo. Tumca cnobilia,
rom nacistebi da Tavad hitleri xSirad tkbebodnen
harmoniuli, SiSveli sxeulebis cqeriT mravalricxovan
aRlumebze Tu cocxali skulpturebis gamofenebze, rasac
adasturebs leni rifenStalis cnobili dokumenturi
filmebic. yvelaze arsebiTi, rac `folkvangis~ skolam
moaxerxa, es iyo Tanamedrove cekvis Teatrisa da `axali
sxeulis~ esTetikis Camoyalibeba, romelic meoce saukunis
70-ian wlebSi isev aRorZinda. xolo Tanamedroveobis erT-
erTi udidesi qoreografis, pina bauSis warmodgenebSi
cekvis Teatri sruliad originalur, socialur da
multikulturul formas Rebulobs.

47
 roca goeTes germanuli kulturis institutma
TbilisSi daaxloebiT ori wlis win `folkvangis~ skolisa
da kurt iosis speqtaklebis amsaxveli videoCveneba moawyo,
TviT qoreografiaSi gaTviTcnobierebul publikasac
ki gauWirda jer kidev ucnob, istoriulad mouTelav
`qoreografiul xatebTan~ daaxloeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
asobiT dakonservebul `Jizelsa~ Tu `baiaderaze~ gazrdil
sazogadoebas im Cvenebidan gaucxoebis STabeWdileba
namdvilad darCa.
Tavis droze pina bauSis sakulto speqtakliT _ `kafe
miuleriT~ moxiblulma kinoreJisorma pedro almodovarma
germaneli qalbatonis qoreografia Taviseburad ukvdavyo
filmSi `esaubre mas~, romlis mTavari personaJebi swored
`kafe miuleris~ warmodgenaze xvdebian erTmaneTs.

didi da patara Citebi

pina bauSis speqtaklebi da socialur-kulturuli

ganzomileba cariel adgilas ar aRmocenebula. mas
zurgs germanuli eqspresionistuli cekvis tradicia
da zemoxsenebuli `folkvangSule~ umagrebda, romelic,
banalurad rom vTqvaT, Tanamedrove germanuli cekvis
samWedloa. cnobili qoreograf-reJisorebi: iohan kresniki,
suzan linki da pina bauSi Tanamedrove germanuli kulturis
iseTive mniSvnelovani nawilia, rogorc, vTqvaT, CvenSi
`suxiSvilebi~, oRond erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebiT:
maT ar stanjavT esoden mniSvnelovani, damTrgunveli
da tradiciuli xalxuri cekvis arqetipebi, rogorc _
Cveneburebs. ise ki, socialur-politikuri problemebiT
SemoqmedebiTad `Sewuxebuli~ arc folkloristebi minaxavs
da arc qoreografebi.
SesaZloa imitom, rom Tanamedrove cekvis Teatri
aucileblad gulisxmobs aqtiur socialurobas (rogorc,
magaliTad, klasikos pina bauSisa da SedarebiT axalgazrda
qoreograf saSa valcis warmodgenebSi), an ufro iSviaTad
_ politikur ganzomilebas (iohan kresnikis genialuri

48
performansebi `samoTxis baRi~ da `frida kalo, sicocxle
da sikvdili~). arc is aris SemTxveviTi, rom Tanamedrove
cekvis Teatris publikas ZiriTadad inteleqtualebi,
Tanamedrove xelovnebiT dainteresebulebi da memarcxeneebi
Seadgenen.
40-50-ian wlebSi amerikaSi `modern dansis~
namdvili kultia, romlis saTaveebTan medgrad dganan
ritualuri cekvis dedamTavari marta grehemi da jaziviT
mravalganzomilebiani, Savkaniani alvin eili. `sxeuli
arasodes ityueba~ - marta grehemis es aforizmi SeiZleba
misi Semoqmedebis ZiriTad kredod ganvixiloT. qoreografi,
romelmac lamis mTeli meoce saukune icxovra, kritikosebis
azriT, feministuri qoreografiisa da ritualuri qoreo-
dramis erT-erTi damaarsebelia. yvelaze cnobili opusebi:
`gulis gamoqvabuli~ (1947), `Ramis mogzauroba~ (1949),
`fedra~ (1961), SeiZleba saetapod moviCnioT eqsperimentuli
qoreografiisa da fizikuri Teatris ganviTarebaSi. mari
vigmanTan erTad marTa grehemma Secvala warmodgena qal
qoreografze, romelTa roli adre mxolod mokrZalebuli
soloTi Semoifargleboda.
madona, romelic Tavis droze marta grehemis
saxelganTqmul qoreografiul studiaSi swavlobda, ase
aRwers Tavis mogonebebSi legendarul qoreografTan
Sexvedras: `rodesac saklaso oTaxidan gamovvardi, derefanSi
pirvelad SeveCexe am ucnaur arsebas. skolaSi mkacri,
spartanuli reJimis gamo, akrZaluli gvqonda direqciasTan
axlo urTierToba, magram im wuTas cariel derefanSi,
sadac marto me da es gayinuli, wvrilnikapiani, faifuris
qandakeba viyaviT, vigrZeni, rom namdvilad momnusxveli
iyo. Cemi enawylianoba da Tavxedoba sadRac gaqra, ena
dameba da mis cnobismoyvare gamometyvelebas esRa Sevagebe,
_ `tualetSi mivdivar~. man TiTqos gamiRima, romelSic
ufro metad zizRi Tu qedmaRloba igrZnoboda da miTxra -
`ho, jobs, ar Caifsa da kargad icekvo, vidre piriqiT~.
jazma, holivudma da miuziklma, cxadia, didi gavlena
moaxdina Tanamedrove amerikuli cekvis ganviTarebaze.

49
legendaruli mocekvave, qoreografi da reJisori bob fosi
brodveize dadgmuli miuziklebiT - `mSvenieri Careti~ da
`kabare~ (mogvianebiT amave saxelwodebis filmebi) 50-60-
iani wlebis sakulto personad iqca. Tumca, aranaklebi
mniSvneloba hqonda Semdeg etapze mers keninhemis, pol
teiloris, karolin karlsonis, uiliam forsaitis, triSa
braunis Semoqmedebas, romelTa gavlena Tanamedrove cekvis
Teatrze udidesia.
aranakleb sainteresoa qoreografiis istoria iaponiaSi
meoce saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. filosofosma da publicistma
tusumi xiZikatam da profesiiT botanikosma min tanakam
amerikuli modern dansi, evropuli avangardi da tradiciuli
iaponuri Teatris elementebi ucnauri siTamamiT Seajvares.
miRebuli cekvis axali saxeoba - `buto~ meditaciur-
filosofiuri moZraobebisa da sxeulis flobis umaRles
xelovnebad aqcies. mocekvave gaTavisuflebuli iyo
qoreografiis diqtatisagan da misTvis misaRwev farglebSi
SeeZlo sxeulis SesaZleblobebi srulad warmoeCina.
arasodes damaviwydeba pirveli Sexeba Tu Sexvedra
`butosTan~, venis Tanamedrove cekvis festivalze
`impulstanci~. 70 wlis karlota ikeda (pirveli Taobis
`butoisti~, romelic, didi xania, parizSi cxovrobs da
`butos~ miTis cocxali nawilia) cekvavda daaxloebiT
35-wuTian solos stravinskis `kurTxeul gazafxulSi~.
es TiTqos warmoudgenelia, magram ukve cxovrebagavlili,
fexSiSvela qali saocari uSualobiT da eqspresiiT
asaxierebda qalwuls, romelmac ar icis ganayofierebis
`gemo~. magram arsebiTi swored isaa, rom swored qaluri
gamocdileba aniWebs mas erTgvar upiratesobas _ zustad
icis, sad da rogor mogvatyuos, raTa davujeroT da
vigrZnoT.
`butos~ Semqmnelebic da dRes ukve Tanamedrove
cekvis Teatris avtor-qoreografebic (es, praqtikulad,
qoreografiul reJisuras udris) mocekvavis sxeuls
filosofiur WrilSi ganixilaven da mas, rogorc cariel
WurWels, ise aRiqvamen. mniSvneloba ar aqvs, am WurWels

50
riTi aavseb – sxvisi cxovrebis aCrdilebiT Tu gamxmari
balaxis nayeniT. sxeulis proporciebi, daxvewiloba da
asaki aseve kargavs mniSvnelobas. ganvlili wlebi xazs
usvams sibrZnes da ara uZlurebas. da roca zemoxsenebuli,
legendaruli mocekavave karlota ikeda `kurTxeul
gazafxulSi~ qaliSvilis partias ase gulwrfelad cekvavs,
es, pirvel rigSi, mayurebelze sulier zemoqmedebas niSnavs
da ara ironiul distancias publikasa da Semsrulebels
Soris.
80-90-ian wlebidan, anu axali teqnologiebis
bumidan moyolebuli, `beber kontinentze~ xelovnebisadmi
damokidebuleba icvleba da ganviTarebis sruliad axali etapi
iwyeba. Sesabamisad, icvleba Tanamedrove cekvisadmi midgoma.
calke msjelobis sagania `fizikuri Teatris~Saxleburi
aRqma (ukve damkvidrebuli es termini xSirad ufro
zustia, vidre `Tanamedrove cekvis Teatri~). axali drois
liderebi - belgiaSi ian fabri, ana-tereza de keersmakeri;
holandiaSi has van maneni, irJi kiliani; safrangeTSi
dominik bague, karin saporta, filip dekufle, anJelen
prelJokaJi; germaniaSi _ suzan linki, saSa valci, iohan
kresniki _ cvlian ara mxolod qoreografiul Sinaarsebsa
da landSafts, aramed postmodernistuli ironiiT
ubrundebian sxeulis pirobiTobebisgan gaTavisuflebis,
damiwebisa Tu demiTologiis Temas. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom
axali drois erT-erTi lideris, germaneli qoreografis
saSa valcis speqtaklebs pirdapir ase ewodeba _ Korper
(germanulad `sxeuli~) an NoBody (`arasxeuli~).
saxelebiT gadatvirTul am fonzec ki gansakuTrebulad
aRsaniSnavia Svedi qoreografisa da reJisoris _ mats ekis
Semoqmedeba, romelic Tanamedrove evropul qoreografiaSi
gansakuTrebuli movlenaa. Tavis muzasa da meuRlesTan - ana
lagunasTan erTad mats eki qmnis kompaqturad zust, mkveTrad
Tanamedrove da ironiul-fsiqoanalitikur speqtaklebs.
dawyebuli klasikuri repertuariT (`Jizeli~, `gedis tba~,
`karmeni~, `don-Juani~) da damTavrebuli esperimentuli
opusebiT (“Smoke~, `apartamenti~, `xelborkilebi~), igi

51
qmnis deformirebul samyaros, sadac klasikuri baletidan
nacnobi faqizi gancdebisa da romantikuli idumalebis
adgili ar rCeba. samagierod, didi doziTaa SenarCunebuli
ironia, rogorc iaraRi sabaleto kliSeebisa da socialuri
usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg. es yvelaferi mowodebulia
Zaldautanebeli simsubuqiT, `texili~ plastikiTa da
ambisadmi SenarCunebuli distanciiT.
zogadad, dRevandeli qoreografia nawilobriv mainc
gamoxatavs Tanamedrove fizikuri Teatris SesaZleblobebs
da cekvis Teatris ironiul-apokalifsur konteqsts;
eqsperimentebiT natanji sxeulis brwyinvalebasa da
siRatakes; dakargul ubiwoebas da miuRwevel Tavisuflebas;
refleqsias da ironias... da radgan evropaSi qoreografiuli
eqsperimentebi uxvad dagrovda, Tanamedrove cekvisadmi
miZRvnili specialuri festivalebis Catarebis aucilebloba
(ara mxolod publikisTvis) garduvali gaxda.

cekvis festivali, rogorc TviTgamoxatvis

axali saSualeba

80-90-ian wlebSi terminma `Tanamedrove cekva~

konkretul SinaarsTan erTad, cota ar iyos, mistikuri
mniSvneloba SeiZina. axali Taobis evro-amerikel
qoreografebs, romelTa mxolod CamonaTvali ramdenime
Tabaxs daitevs, ambicia gauCndaT TavianTi Sinnazardi,
laboratoriuli opusebi mayurebelTa gacilebiT farTo
wrisTvis gaecnoT. Tumca amisTvis maT kanonizebuli sivrce
(anu festivalebi), arcTu cota fuli da TanamoazreTa
mxardaWera sWirdebodaT. ukve dagrovili gamocdileba
da eqsperimentebi erTdroulad axalisebda damwyebT da
gamocdilebs, rom maTi drouli Tavganwirva `cudad~ mainc
ar Caivlida... da, principSi, asec moxda. amas daumateT
Tanamedrove mxatvrobis, dizainisa da performansis
gavlena cekvis Teatrze, romelic gamomsaxvelobaSi,
originalur sivrciT gadawyvetasa da sxeulisadmi ironiul
damokidebulebaSi aisaxa.

52
 aTvisebul da ukve tradiciul avinionisa da edinburgis
Teatralur festivalebs, ukve karga xania, Seemata
monpelies, lionisa Tu venis specializebuli, Tanamedrove
cekvisadmi miZRvnili festivalebi, romlebic sul ufro
mzardi popularobiT sargebloben mayurebelTa Soris. ukve
cekviT SepyrobilTa seqtac gamoikveTa, romelic mxolod
amgvar festivals irCevs da ara dramatuli Teatrebis
festivals. sxvaTa Soris, kritikosebis moazrebiTac,
Tanamedrove TeatrSi yvelaze saintereso ambebi xdeba da
nairgvar provokaciasac swored cekvis TeatrSi waawydebiT.
amis maCvenebelia, magaliTad, Tanamedrove cekvis festivali
`impulstanci~, romelic 80-iani wlebidan moyolebuli
venaSi yoveli wlis ivlisSi imarTeba. xolo qalaqSi,
sadac klasikuri musikisa da valsis kultia, albaT Tavad
mixvdebiT, rom Tanamedrove rokva mxolod dacinvad aRiqmeba.
Tumca, rogorc Cans, organizatorebma es Tavidanve ician
da venis klasikur-filarmoniul garemosa da Tanamedrove
cekvis sivrces Soris arCevanis saSualebas toveben.
Tavis droze samxreT safrangeTis istoriul, lamaz qalaq
monpelieSi qoreografiuli festivalis daarseba (swored
80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi) SesaniSnavi mocekvavisa da
qoreografis, dominik bagues saxels ukavSirdeba. samwuxarod,
naadrevad gardaicvala, Tumca erTdroulad madlierma Tu
geslianma kritikam mas Tanamedrove qoreografiis `patara
princi~ uwoda. daaxloebiT amave periodSi aRmocenda
lionis `Tanamedrove cekvis bienale~, romelic, upirveles
yovlisa safrangeTis imdroindeli kulturis ministrisa
da Tanamedrove cekvis Tayvanismcemlis, Jak langis saxels
ukavSirdeba. Tanamedrove cekvas didad swyalobdnen
berlinSic, sadac yoveli wlis zamTarSi hebelis saxelobis
TeatrSi e. w. tancvinteri, anu Tanamedrove cekvis Teatris
`zamTris saRamoebi~ imarTeboda.
rac Seexeba klasikur venas, qalaqSi, sadac mocartisa
da valsis kulti saxifaTo zRvars aRwevs, qalaqis
kulturis politikis mTavarma mrCevelma da menejerma karl
regensburgerma Tanamoazresa da qoreograf ismael ivosTan

53
erTad 1984 wels daaarsa festivali `impulstanci~,
romelic evropaSi albaT yvelaze sainteresoa midgomiTa
da siaxlisadmi ltolviT. im droidan moyolebuli
isini yovel wels epatiJebian yvelaze Tavze xelaRebul,
Tanamedrove, provokator qoreografebs fantaziis sruli
realizaciisTvis.
kargi marketingis wyalobiT, `impulstanci~ TandaTan
turistul-kulturuli venis ganuyofel nawilad iqca.
yoveli wlis ivlisSi, roca venaSi turistebis mozRvavebaa,
`burgTeatris~ win damontaJebul specialur ekranze,
STambeWdavad `ametyvelebuli~ sxeulebi mouwodeben maT,
ar gamotovon matilda monies, meg stiuartis, akram xanis,
triSa braunis, ian fabris, mari Soinaris, emio grekos
da sxvaTa warmodgenebi. rogorc festivalis monawile,
araerTxel vyofilvar mowme, pres-centrSi rogori
siamayiT acxadebdnen _ reklama Sedegiania da publikis
did nawils swored turistebi Seadgeneno. sxva saqmea,
ramdenad esmis, an ratom moswons venis sanaxaobas
daxarbebul turists daaxloebiT ori saaTis ganmavlobaSi
Tanamedrove qoreografiis enaze moTxrobili sxeulebrivi
Tavgadasavlebi.
organizatorTa mier aSkarad waxalisebul
eqsperimentebsa da aucilebel qoreografiul siWreles
emateba mravalricxovani diskusiebi, Sexvedrebi da vorkSopi.
da es yvelaferi _ TiTqmis erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi.
SenarCunebulia geografiuli politkoreqtulobac _
idumali aRmosavleTi da tradiculi dasavleTi, aucilebeli
amerika da sulieri iaponia, egzotikuri afrika da bolomde
auTvisebeli postsocialisturi sivrce. arcTu iSviaTia
ko-produqciuli warmodgenebi, rogorc, magaliTad,
cnobili qoreografisa da mocekvavis, britaneli indoelis,
akram xanisa da CineTis nacionaluri baletis erToblivi
proeqtebi.
sxeulebi Tanamedrove cekvis TeatrSi yvelafers
gamoxataven samTvliani valsis, klasikur `pas~ Tu `batmans~
garda, xolo nairgvari jurisa da esTetikis gamomxatveli

54
qoreografebi sxeulis mocemulobas axal ganzomilebasa
Tu koordinatTa sistemaSi ganixilavs. rogorc Cans,
internetis epoqam da multimediurma kulturam ukve
deformirebuli klasikuri xatebi (nairgvari Jizelebi,
silfidebi da princebi), sagangebo fexgarjiloba da
klasikuri plastika sanimuSod moinela. mizandasaxuli
xulignobis dro da socialur-seqsualuri revoluciebis
qoreografiuli gamoZaxilic male warsuls Cabardeba...
CvenTan ki es dro arc dawyebula.
`axla qoreografebi siCumis gacocxlebiT, yalbi
transformaciiT, obieqtebis gasulierebis pretenziiT
da sxeulisadmi saSineli mopyrobiT arian dakavebulni“, -
werda erT-erTi kritikosi venis art-JurnalSi, festival
`impulstancis~ Sesaxeb. Tumca, vidre sxeulebs `saSinlad~
movepyrobiT, albaT gacilebiT martiv da kinematografiuli
asociaciebiT datvirTul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema
mogviwevs, - `ra saWiroa sxeuli, Tu mas qoreografiamde
ar movyavarT~?
Tanamedrove cekvis festivalis organizatorebs ki
dRemde uxdebaT imis garkveva, darCa Tu ara TeatrSi
jer kidev auTvisebeli qoreografiuli sivrce; an sad
gadis bedkruli dramisa da TavisuflebiT gaTavxedebuli
cekvis Teatris sazRvrebi. da rac mTavaria, aris Tu ara
okupirebuli qoreografiis mosazRvre teritoria mezobeli
art-ganzomilebebis (dizaini, foto, video, instalacia,
performansi, kompiuteruli teqnologia) mier bolomde
okupirebuli.

PINA, romelic ar iwoneba

maikl jeksonis sikvdiliT gamowveuli vnebaTaRelvis

Semdeg Znelia, vinme kidev gaakvirvo mokrZalebuli
nekrologebiT, Tumca rogorc poeti ambobs, `yvelas
Tavisi aqvs saxsovari~. Cveni `mciremetraJiani~ komentari
vupertalSi 68 wlis asakSi moulodnelad gardacvlil,
did germanel qoreografs, pina bauSs eZRvneba. onkologiuri

55
diagnozi, romelic mas eqimebma gardacvalebamde sul
raRac erTi kviris win dausves, katastrofuli siswrafiT
dadasturda. 30 ivniss, saRamos igi mSobliur vupertalis
Teatrs (sadac TiTqmis 35 weli qoreografiul eqsperimentebs
uZRvna), kolegebs da megobrebs gamoeTxova.
Tu odesRac nebiT moxvdiT, an vTqvaT, Cemnairma qoreo-
maniakebma ZaliT `SegaTries~ Tanamedrove cekvis uzneod
TvalismomWrel labirinTSi (savaraudod, iq cota xans
mainc dahyofdiT), aucileblad gecodinebaT es ucnauri
qoreografi qali _ pina bauSi. maRali, Txeli, ufro
zustad, sifrifana, ucnaurad momzirali, didi SubliT,
mwvane TvalebiT, ukan gadaweuli Sekruli TmebiTa da
warmoudgenlad nerviuli, plastikuri xelebiT. igi, didi
xania, Tanamedrove cekvis simbolod iqca. kritikosTa TqmiT,
pina bauSma TanamedroveTa cnobierebaSi gaafermkrTala,
an Caanacvla legendaruli amerikeli qoreografis marTa
grehemis saxe. im gansxvavebiT, rom marTa grehemma lamis
saukune icocxla, xolo pina bauSma mxolod samocdarva.
man ara marto Secvala Tanamedrove cekvis Teatris
landSafti, aramed sruliad moulodneli perspeqtivis
SesaZleblobac dasaxa. cnoba misi gardacvalebis Sesaxeb
imdenad moulodneli iyo, rom moskovSi, Cexovis merve
saerTaSoriso Teatraluri festivalis gaognebulma
direqciam (sadac 14-15 ivliss unda warmoedginaT pina
bauSis legendaruli speqtakli `Svidi momakvdinebeli
codva~), sagangebo preskonferenciac ki moiwvia. magram,
mogexsenebaT, sikvdili TviT yvelaze kargad dagegmil da
ZviradRirebul RonisZiebebsac ar cnobs...
pina bauSi (ufro zustad, filipina bauSi) 1940
wels, samxreT germaniaSi, qalaq zolingenSi daibada.
50-iani wlebidan cnobil esenSi, `folkvangis~ cnobil
skolaSi swavlobda, romelic Tavis droze germanuli
eqspresionistuli cekvis damaarsebelma da Teoretikosma
kurt iosma Seqmna. niWieri moswavle maSinve SeniSnes da
modernizmis ukeT asaTviseblad niu-iorks afrines. ramdenime
weli bauSma juliardis xelovnebis skolaSi gaatara,

56
romlis damTavrebis Semdegac niu-iorkis metropolitenis
scenazec gamodioda. magram didi qoreografebiT - alvin
eiliTa da entoni tiudoriT, amerikuli jaziTa da 60-ian
wlebSi moduri `living TeatriT~ `mowamlulma~ sul sxva
gza airCia.
70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi pina bauSi germaniaSi brundeba
da nacrisfer, arafriT gamorCeul da samrewvelo qalaq
vupertalSi cekvis Teatrs afuZnebs, romelic male ara
marto germanuli, aramed zogadad, Tanamedrove cekvis
Teatris simbolodac iqca.
`pina bauSma raRac gansacvifrebeli moaxdina: cekvis
akademiur formebs, gaxevebul da momabezrebel klasikur
Jestebs socialuri da meamboxe suli STabera~ _ es baletis
kritikosTa Sefasebaa. swored vupertalSi 1975 wels
daidga zemoxsenebuli speqtakli `Svidi momakvdinebeli
codva~ bertold brextis teqstisa da kurt vailis
musikis mixedviT. erTi mxriv, patara adamianis umweo da
sasacilo amboxi da meore mxriv _ socialuri sistemis
mudmivi mzadyofna, gauswordes swored sustsa da daucvels
(gansakuTrebiT ki qalebs), SemdgomSi misi speqtaklebis
mTavari Tema gaxda.
igor stravinskis musikiT STagonebul `kurTxeul
gazafxulSi~ fexSiSvela qalebi, ubralo CiTis kabebiT,
sagangebod dayril miwaze yovelgvari klasikuri
Tu neoklasikuri normebis dacvis gareSe cekvavdnen.
erotikulad mRelvare sxeulebs ucnauri, sasacilo da amave
dros meamboxe elferi hqondaT. Tumca es arc kacebisadmi
siZulvils niSnavda da arc fsiqologiur an genderul
niadagze aRmocenebul SurisZiebas.
1978 wels pina bauSi dgams saxelganTqmul speqtakls
`kafe miuleri~, romelic, cnobili kritikosebis azriT,
zogadad Tanamedrove cekvis Teatris simbolod iqca.
...romeliRac rigiT kafeSi morcxvi, dabneuli kacebi
da mTvareulebiviT moZravi qalebi urTierTobas arkveven.
drodadro es parodiuli cekva duelSi gadadis,
romliTac moxiblulma pedro almodovarma speqtaklis

57
fragmenti Tavis filmSi, `esaubre mas~, gamoiyena. Tavad
pina bauSi ki jeraldina Caplinis personaJis `daxmarebiT~,
reJisorisaTvis siuJetis erT-erT mTavar RerZad iqca.
Tavis droze federiko felinim filmSi `da micuravs
gemi~ pina bauSi miipatiJa brma princesas rolSi, romelic
Wadraks TamaSobs da romelsac saxeze gamoucnobi Rimili
dasTamaSebs.
mis speqtaklebSi mtanjveli seqsualuri kompleqsebi
gabaTilebulia ironiuli scenuri niSnebiTa da metaforebiT.
magaliTad, naSimSilebi zebrebiviT zanti qalebi saRamos
kabebSi niangis fitulebiT `mopirkeTebul~ interierSi
rokaven; xolo zedmetad nerviuli kacebi erTsa da imave
moZraobas jiutad imeoreben (speqtakli `kontaqthofi~).
marTalia, kritikosebi mas zogjer feministsac uwodebdnen,
magram kolega-kinoreJisorebisagan gansxvavebiT, igi
qoreograf-mamakacebs bevrad mokrZalebulad aRiqvamda.
qoreografi yovelTvis iswrafvis socialuris,
politikurisa da esTetikuris sinTezisaken, xolo mis
warmodgenebSi qoreografia mxolod damakavSirebeli
rgolia scenur formasa da publicisturobas Soris.
Tanamedrove cekvis labirinTebSi 30-wliani `xetialis~
Semdeg aRmoaCina axali samyaro _ es iyo speqtaklebis
cikli `qalaqebis dRiurebi, romlebmac Cvens gulSi kvali
datova~. misi daxvewili, stilizebuli, politikur-
socialuri warmodgenebis Semdeg `qalaqebis dRiurebi~
ufro internacionalur cekva-TamaSobebs hgavda. feministuri
Seupovroba Semwynareblurma lirikulobam Secvala, xolo
germanuli eqspresionistuli cekvis tradicia - sxvadasxva
eTnografiuli cekvebis Taviseburebebma.
bolodroindeli internacionaluri warmodgenebi
(`mazurka fogo~, `palermo, palermo~, `nefesi~, `bambukis
bluzi~, `fanjrebis mwmendavi~), romlebic msoflios
sxvadasxva qalaqs eZRvneba, savsea erTi SexedviT
SeuTavsebeli da moulodneli fsiqologiuri detalebiT.
improvizebuli dasis wevrebi _ brazilielebi, indoelebi,
portugalielebi, frangebi Tu finelebi - imedebis msxvrevisa

58
Tu gacocxlebis STambeWdav suraTebs xataven. Tumca
igi ar cdilobda sxvadasxva cekvis teqnikis imitirebas,
piriqiT _ TiTqos yvelafers adnobda da asxamda sakuTar
qoreografiul yalibSi, ris gamoc, mayurebels erTdroulad
moulodnelobis da nacnobobis gancda eufleboda.
speqtaklebs amTlianebs pina bauSis scenografisa da
Tanamoazris, peter pabstis genialuri dekoraciebi da
zusti koncefcia. germaneli qoreografis sikvdilis Semdeg
misi gavlena Teatralur samyaroze gacilebiT didia, vidre
calke aRebuli raime konkretuli movlena an Tundac
masStaburi Teatraluri mimdinareoba.
pina bauSs miniWebuli hqonda qoreografiaSi yvelaze
prestiJuli, vaclav niJinskis saxelobis premia; agreTve,
evropis yvelaze prestiJuli Teatraluri jildo
_ `evropa Teatrs~. iaponiaSi ki specialuri premia,
romelsac filosofiasa da xelovnebaSi gaweuli didi
damsaxurebisaTvis aniWeben.
2009 wlis seqtembridan, cnobil germanel reJisors,
vim venderss unda daewyo filmis gadaRebebi saxelwodebiT
`pina~, magram naadrevma sikvdilma yvelafers wertili
dausva. pina bauSis Sesaxeb werdnen: `man Seqmna yvelaze
damangreveli da yvelaze lirikuli sanaxaoba, rac odesme
germanul sacekvao scenas unaxavs da Cven gulistkiviliT
SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom misi sikvdiliT gawyda ukanaskneli
jaWvi, romelic did germanul eqspresionistul cekvasa da
Tanamedrove Teatrs akavSirebda~.

miuwvdomeli cekvis anareklebi

evropis saxlis proeqti _ `erTi da mravalsaxovani

evropa meoce da ocdameerTe saukuneebis baletis fonze~,
qoreomanebisTvis lamis mSobliur da kulturul movlenad
iqca. cekvis saerTaSoriso dRisadmi miZRvnili programis
farglebSi, romelic 29 aprils aRiniSneba, filosofosma
da Jurnalistma, xaTuna mzareluam Tanamedrove cekvis
mcire analizis fonze cnobili qoreografebis _ Svedi

59
mats ekis, Sveicarieli Jil Jobenis, espaneli la ribosa
da frangi anJelen prelJokaJis baletis video-fragmetebi
warmoadgina. kerZod, prelJokaJis _ Les Noces (1989), la
ribos _ Panoramix (2003), Jobenis _ Spider Galaxies (2011) da
ekis _ Appartement (2000).
aseT saRamoebze yvelaferi SeiZleba moxdes, gvamxnevebs
saRamos avtori da Jurnalisti: `rusi kompozitori
igor stravinski senegalel moqandake usman susTan erTad
esTetizmis ambebze bWobdes, qarTveli xelovani daviT
kakabaZe CvenTvis ucnob Sveicariel mxatvars, ferdinand
hodlers Sexvdes, espaneli mocekvavisa da qoreografis,
antonio gadesis aCrdili ki ar gvasvenebdes; TiTqos
gvaxsenebdes, rom leqcia-Cvenebebis mTavari gmiri gaxlavT
misi udidebulesoba cekva!~
Tumca warmodgenili sabaleto fragmentebi Wreli
da Zalian gansxvavebulia, is mainc SeiZleba gamodges
Tanamedrove evropuli qoreografiis degustaciad:
sagangebod ironiuli da TiTqmis damcinavi mats eki,
sxeulebis `eqsperimentebiT~ Sepyrobili Jobeni, videoTi
da teqnologiiT STagonebuli la ribo da neoklasikiTa
Tu seqsualuri qveteqstebiT gatacebuli prelJokaJi...
mgoni, es ukve sakmarisia Tanamedrove cekvis `naTelisa~ da
`bneli~ mxareebis warmosaCenad.
vis SeiZleba gamoegonebina cekvis saerTaSoriso dRe,
Tu ara frangebs?! es dRe iuneskos gadawyvetilebiT 1982
wlidan aRiniSneba; cnobili qoreografis, Jan-JorJ noveris
dabadebis dRis (1727 wlis 29 aprili) aRsaniSnavad. novers
`baletis mamas~ uwodeben da albaT, samarTlianadac. igi
1745-1757 wlebSi parizisa da londonis yvelaze cnobil
scenebze cekvavda, xolo mogvianebiT qoreografis ampluaSi
warsdga publikis winaSe.
noverma pirvelma Tqva uari divertismentsa Tu
sakoncerto nomrebze da baleti dramatuli SinaarsiT Seavso.
mcire formebs erTgvarad gavrcobili, vrceli siuJeti
daurTo da baleti faqtobrivad damoukidebel speqtaklad
aqcia. rac mTavaria, man Seqmna qmedebiT gajerebuli

60
cekva, sadac gancdebi pantomimiT, cekviTa da moZraobebiT
iyo gadmocemuli. garda 80-mde dadgmuli warmodgenisa,
noverma pirveli Teoriuli da qoreografiuli traqtatic
dautova kacobriobas _ `werilebi cekvebsa da baletze~,
sadac dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili qoreografiis umTavresi
principebi da ganzogadebulia dagrovili gamocdileba.
ucnauria, rom iseTi didi qoreografiuli tradiciebis
qveyanaSi, rogorc saqarTveloa, cekvis saerTaSoriso
dRe farTod arasodes aRuniSnavT. miuxedavad imisa,
rom baTumsa da quTaisSi zar-zeimiT gaixsna operisa da
baletis ganaxlebuli Teatrebi, rame qoreografiulad
dasamaxsovrebeli, an Tanamedrove ar momxdara. mxolod
27 aprils, Tbilisis sakoncerto darbazSi gaielves
qoreograf iuri posoxovis Sepirebulma `anareklebma~.
isic madam ananiaSvilis sapativcemulod.

saSa valci - ufro meti, vidre valsi

zogadad, Teatris adeptebi, festivalis organizatorebi

Tu prodiuserebi sul ufro emsgavsebian korporatiul
wveulebebze dapatiJebul sanimuSo stumrebs, xelovnebaSi
garkveul politikosebs, lirikul da ironiul bankirebs,
an sakuTari axali teqnologiebiT moxiblul inJinrebs.
magram Tanamedrove qoreografebs es ar exeba. isini jer
kidev mourjulebel xelovanTa „jiSs~ ganekuTvnebian.
raRacnairad, Cumad, TavisTvisac da xelovnebisTvisac
erTnairad itanjebian da TiTqmis arasodes moswonT, rasac
akeTeben. yovel SemTxvevaSi, garedan ase Cans.
„festivalhauzis~ scenaze qoreografTa
internacionaluri oTxeuli erTmaneTis miyolebiT
warmoadgens speqtaklebs. pirvel rigSi, gamoCenili
germaneli qoreografi-qalbatoni saSa valci unda aRvniSnoT,
romlis speqtakli „Continu~ namdvilad movlenaa. aseve,
sainteresoa albanuri warmoSobis frangi qoreografis,
anJelen prelJokaJis „aTasi wlis Semdeg, anu apokalipsisi~,
romelic moskovis didi Teatrisa da sakuTriv, prelJokaJis

61
dasis erToblivi proeqtia da eZRvneba ruseTis kulturis
wels safrangeTSi.
presa gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs marokoeli
warmoSobis belgieli qoreografis, sidi larbi Serkauis
axal opuss „biblia~ (sityvebi), romlis prodiuserebs
lamis dabevebuli aqvT momaval wels TiTqmis yvela cnobili
Teatraluri festivali. niu-iorkSi mcxovrebi, taivaneli
qoreografi Sen wie ki igor stravinskis mravaltanjul
da qoreografebisTvis sayvarel „kurTxeul gazafxuls~
asketizmiT da gansakuTrebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi formiT
warmodgens.
festivals ki daasrulebs germanuli Teatris saxelovani
reJisori, klasikosad aRiarebuli peter Staini. is
„evgeni onegins~ msaxiobebis „daxmarebiT~ waikiTxavs! diax,
waikiTxavs, radgan es Janri germaniaSi uaRresad popularulia.
kargad maxsovs, rogor kiTxulobdnen germanuli Teatris
saxelovani msaxiobebi _ martin vudke da martina gedeki
Tomas manis romans erT-erT aseT festivalze. da mainc,
ratom peter Staini da ratom „onegini~, es festivalis
organizatorebis misamarTiT gamoTqmuli yvelaze xSiri da
pasuxgaucemeli SekiTxvaa.
„legendaruli pina bauSis Semdeg yvelaferi sadRac
gaqra, axali saxelebi ki misma aCrdilma dafara~, _ wers
„frankfurter algemaines~ mimomxilveli. misi sikvdilis
Semdeg dacarielebuli taxtis „kanonier memkvidred~ swored
saSa valcs miiCneven, romlis speqtakli „Continu~ gvabrunebs
eqspresionistuli cekvis tradiciebTan. kerZod, bauSis
adreul opusebTan. is gansakuTrebiT hgavs 70-ian wlebSi
dadgmul „kurTxeul gazafxuls~, romlis skulpturuli
gamomsaxveloba, jgufuri portretebi, moZraobis elementebi
da dramatuli ritmi udavod STaagonebda saSa valcs axal
ideebsac. kritikosebi ufro Sorsac midian da mari vigmans,
30-iani wlebis eqspresionistuli cekvis tradicias da
legendarul marTa grehemsac ki ixseneben. Tumca, es ukve
metismetad gveCveneba.
„Continu~ profesionalurad SesaniSnavad „nakeTi~ da

62
TiTqmis grandiozuli sanaxaobaa, romelSic 24 mocekvave
cdilobs, daviwyebuli qoreodramis Janri gaaxsenos
mayurebels. speqtaklSi aris antraqtic, rac Tanamedrove
cekvis TeatrSi iSviaTobaa. is ukve Seafasa avinionis
safestivalo publikam da ciurihis „SauSpilhaizis~
pretenziulma mayurebelma. qoreografiul monaxazsa da
kompoziciaSic ikiTxeba saSa valcis mTavari amocana _
adamianis sxeuls raRac koleqtiurad mRelvare „filtvebi~
da suliereba Caudgas. swored amiT gaZlierebuli Tu
gaxalisebuli adamianebi jgufebad grovdebian da erTmaneTs
awydebian, ejaxebian, upirispirdebian. daaxloebiT ise,
rogorc marTa grehemis klasikur warmodgenebSi...
kargad nawrTobi sxeulebisgan Sedgenili jgufi, anu
„koleqtiuri sxeuli~, drodadro, wonasworobas kargavs.
mere gamofxizldeba, siCqares da energias ikrebs da
gandgomil Tu koleqtivs mowyvetil sxeuls qariSxaliviT
atydeba Tavs. cxadia, rom ara mocekvaveTa SesaniSnavi teqnika,
an saSa valcis ironia masisa da individis ybadaRebuli,
revoluciuri dapirispirebis mimarT, es paTetikuri da
odnav Zvelmoduric iqneboda. cekvis istoriasTan amgvari
dialogiTa Tu distanciiT qoreografi axerxebs dramatuli
simZimis SenarCunebas (rac, garkveulwilad, ianis qsenakisis
da edgar varezes musikis damsaxurebaa), xolo garkveuli
ironiuli damokidebulebiT sxeulebis _ mocekvaveebis
mimarT, inarCunebs simsubuqesac. da es kontrasti saocrad
zusti da gamozomilia.
rasakvirvelia, citatebi pina bauSidan, an marTa
grehemis ritualuri warmodgenebidan arc ubralo
kopirebaa da arc aSkara ironia warsulisadmi. es tipuri
postmodernuli midgomaa, roca istoriuli warmodgenebi,
xatebi an pozebi unda daSalo da daanawevro, raTa mere
axali aawyo. saSa valci amis gakeTebas sxvadasxva dros
gansxvavebuli gzebiT cdilobda. magaliTad, odnav mkacri
esTetikiT dadgmul „cvailandSi~, an brutalur-erotikul
speqtaklSi „sxeuli~. magram yovelTvis iyo raRac, rac
gagrZelebis Sanss, anu dausruleblobas gulisxmobda.

63
amjerad am wess icavs speqtaklSi „Continu~, romelic
saSa valcma mkacri da ritualuri „medeasa~ da odnav
brutaluri „zailandis~ Semdeg dadga. amjerad mRelvare,
paTetikuri sxeulebis amboxs da konfliqts ikvlevs. da es
bevrad ufro sainteresoa, vidre sxeulTa savarjiSoebi an
warmoudgeneli malayebi.
rogorc erTi kritikosi wers, „saSa valci, yovelTvis
metia, vidre ubralod valsi~.

ziareba sicarieleSi

Tu pina bauSis Semdeg romelime qoreografi qalbatonis

Semoqmedebaze SeiZleba visaubroT, erT-erTi pirveli
saxelovani karolin karlsonia _ Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi
gamorCeuli amerikeli xelovani, romlis devizia `fiqri
sxeuliT» da romelmac veneciaSi, cekvis bienaleze `oqros
lomi~, xolo moskovSi, `benua de la dansis~ prestiJuli
qoreografiuli prizi daimsaxura.
skandinaviuri warmoSobis qoreografi Tavis droze
iutas StatSi klasikur cekvasa da qoreografias
swavlobda. parizis operis direqtorma rolf libermanma
didi Zalisxmevis Semdeg daarwmuna, evropaSi gadasuliyo
da 1974 wlidan karlsoni `opera de paris~ sabaleto dass
xelmZRvanelobs.
70-80-iani wlebis evropuli modern-dansi man ara marto
qoreografiuli da jazuri improvizaciiT gaamdidra,
aramed ganaxlebis STamagonebeli impulsic SesZina. 90-ian
wlebSi qoreografma parizi datova da Tanamedrove cekvis
siaxleebis asaTviseblad iaponiasa da CineTSi gaemgzavra.
ukve 21-e saukeneSi safrangeSi dabrunda da pa-de-kales
departamentSi, rubes cekvis Teatrs Caudga saTaveSi.
rusTavelis TeatrSi gamarTuli speqtakliT `patara
istoriebi~, qarTvel mayurebels pirvelad mieca saSualeba,
misi Semoqmedeba enaxa. `li~ (2007) da `mandala~ (2010)
_ ase ewodeba or SesaniSnav, Rrma da saintereso kamerul
istorias. pirveli, daaxloebiT, naxevar saaTs grZeldeba

64
da masSi kinacu kosakatani da iuta nataka monawileoben;
musikis avtoria filip karpinski. `mandala~ ki, daaxloebiT,
40-wuTiani warmodgenaa, romelic safrangeTSi 2010 wlis
erT-erT saukeTeso `mciremetraJian~ qoreografiul
speqtaklad aRiares. solos karolin karlsonis asistenti
da moswavle sara orseli cekvavs, xolo musikis avtoria
maikl gordoni.
karlsonis qoreografiis mniSvnelobaze TeatrSi
misulma mayurebelma bevri araferi icoda. amas rusTavelis
Teatris naxevrad carieli parteric mowmobda, romelsac
damcinav ritmad gasdevda satelevizio-sareklamo kampaniis
ararseboba. mocekvaveTa sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom maTi
energia darbazis sicarieles energiulad upirispirdeboda
da avsebda. qaluri da mamakacuri sawyisi, sinaze da energia,
`inisa~ da `ianis~ dapirispireba saomari orTabrZolebis
natif xelovnebas ufro mogagonebdaT. wiTeli, aRmosavluri
xmali ki speqtaklSi erTdroulad mistikur da sabrZolo
ganwyobas qmnida.
`mandalaSi~ sara orselis kargi fexgasma da arcTu
natifi xelgaSla scenuri sivrcis aTvisebis paralelurad
xdeboda. samwuxarod, mocekvavis mier mzard da gaSmagebul
tempSi Semovlili ori koncentruli wre _ didi da patara,
kargi qoreografiis xilul, magram SeumCnevel anareklebad
gaifanta. pirvel rigSi imitom, rom orseli gacilebiT
xisti mocekvave-Segirdia. misi sxeulis proporciebi Tu
plastikuri monacemebi 68 wlis maswavleblis, karolin
karlsonis unatifes da fantastikuri gamomsaxvelobis
xelebs aSkarad Camouvardeba.
ra samwuxaroa, rom Cvens mayurebels arasodes unaxavs
Tavad karlsoni scenaze. Tundac misi `ledi blu~ _
Tanamedrove qoreografiis Sedevri.

65
 opera, rogorc telesanaxaoba
verdis `rigoleto~ nino surgulaZis TanxlebiT

4 da 5 seqtembers `evroviziam~ da hoi, saocrebav,

`rusTavi 2~-ma marTlac ucnauri saRamo aCuqes musikis
moyvarulebs. qarTuli telekompaniebi arasodes gadascemdnen
`opera-laivs~ (magaliTad, gasul wels, roca dekemberSi
`la skalas~ sezoni `karmeniT~ gaixsna, sadac mTavar
partias anita raWveliSvili mReroda, siuJeti teleeTeriT
mxolod meore dRes gavida), gansxvavebiT sportuli da
kino-sanaxaobebisgan, magram seqtembris `rigoletos~
pirdapiri eTeri italiis qalaq mantovadan namdvilad
didxans emaxsovrebaT melomanebs.
es aris cnobili italieli prodiuseris, andrea
andermanis morigi esTetikuri `axireba~, romelic publikis
operasTan axali teqnologiebiT da uCveulo formiT
daaxloebas emsaxureba. gemovnebiani melomani da gamocdili
prodiuseri ukve ramdenime welia, popularuli serialiT
`iveTelevision Films“, cdilobs, mayurebeli Tu msmeneli
uSualod operis moqmedebis epicentrSi gadaiyvanos; anu
operisgan satelevizio sanaxaoba Seqmnas.
ukve ganxorcielda amgvari `laiv-saopero~ proeqtebi _
`traviata~, `toska~ da `bohema~. radgan verdis `rigoletos~
moqmedeba XVI saukunis mantovaSi mimdinareobs, publikas
am filmiT SeuZlia, qalaqis Suasaukunovani arqiteqturiT,
darbazebiT, atmosferoTi da `cocxali~ dekoraciiT datkbes.
opera ori dRis ganmavalobaSi 128 qveyanaSi gadaicemoda da
maT Soris saqarTveloSic.
`evroviziis~ reportaJi da CarTva am satelevizio
proeqtSi, albaT axalgazrda da ukve sakmaod warmatebuli
meco-sopranos, nino surgulaZis saxels ukavSirdeba,
igi `rigoletoSi~ madalenas epizodur rols asrulebs.
miuxedavad amisa, totalur varskvlavur garemoSi es friad
sapatio ambavia, Tundac imitom, rom rigoletos partias
`xmadaboxebuli~, saxelovani plasido domingo asrulebs,
romelmac hercogis udardeli, urTulesi da qarafSuta

66
partia kuzian da kompleqsebiT daxunZluli masxaris
tragikul partiaze gacvala; anu tenoris partiidan
baritonze gadavida.
sxva sakiTxia xmis cvlilebis Semdeg tembri da xarisxi.
plus asakovani, mudam qarizmatuli rujero raimondi
(gavixsenoT Tundac saxelovani britanelis, jozef
louzis `don jovani~ da espaneli reJisoris franCesko
rozis `karmeni~), romelic bandit da kacismkvlel
sparafuCiles mReris da amomavali varskvlavi _ italieli
tenori janfranko montre, romlisTvis mantovas hercogi
SesaniSnavi artistuli reklamaa. Tumca, arc TiTqmis ucnobi
lirikuli sopranos, iulia novikovas daviwyeba SeiZleba,
romlis qeraTmiani da nazad gawewili jilda am partiis
saukeTeso Semsruleblis, Seudarebeli edita gruberovas
fermkrTali emanaciaa.
sareklamod mJReri saxelebi amiT ar amoiwureba.
`rigoletos~ reJisoria marko belokio, SesaniSnavi
kinoreJisori da Tavis droze, 60-70-ian wlebSi italiur
kinoSi namdvili meamboxe. ucnaur Suqweras da kameris
moZraobas saxelovani operatori, `oskarosani~ vitorio
storaro ostatobiT uZRveba. xolo uxilav sadiriJoro
pults zubin meta iseTi vnebiT, simsuyiT da dramatizmiT
ganagebs, TiTqos bramsis an beThovenis simfoniebs
diriJorobs.
da mainc, andermanis am proeqtSi aris raRac
xelovnuri da samuzeumo, rac xels giSliT personaJebTan
momRerlebis identificirebaSi. iseve rogorc damRlelia
kameris gauTavebeli moZraoba, rac musikis koncentraciaSi
namdvilad ar gexmarebaT. verdis musikis dramatizmi da
moqmedebis Sinagani dinamika aSkarad aRemateba TvalsaCino
da cudad naqarg dekoraciulobas...
sadac `rigoletos~ kinos riTmazea saubari, TvalsaCino
magaliTad mainc frangi reJisoris, Jan-pier ponelis 80-ian
wlebSi gadaRebuli `rigoleto~ unda miviCnioT (luCano
pavarotisa da edita gruberovas monawileobiT). Tavisi
gamomsaxvelobiT, gemovnebiTa da montaJiT misi `rigoleto~
namdvili kinoa da ara _ samuzeumo-satelevizio sanaxaoba.
67
 `mtkivixar, karmen~!

2009 wlis 7 dekemberi, milani. wminda ambrozios dRes

`la skalas~ sezons or saopero varskvlavTan _ ionas
kaufmanTan (don xoze) da ervin SriotTan (eskamilio)
erTad, 25 wlis qarTveli momRerali anita raWveliSvili
(karmeni) xsnis. melomanebisa da operis moyvarulTaTvis
Tbilisis konservatoriis kursdamTavrebulis, jer
kidev ucnobi meco-sopranos debiuti, rasakvirvelia,
dauviwyaria.
telearx `arteze~ Tu germanuli radioTi gadmocemul
`karmens~ maSin pirvelad hyavda esoden farTo auditoria.
ema dantes skandaluri dadgmis miuxedavad (diriJori
saxelovani daniel barenboimi), mkacr kritikosTa aRiareba
sruliad damsaxurebuli iyo. warmatebas `la skalas»
scenaze msoflios saukeTeso saopero TeatrebSi (niu-iorkis
`metropoliten opera~, berlinis `Statsopera~, miunhenis
nacionaluri opera, palermos `komunale~) debiuti da
ramdenime wliT gansazRruli kontraqtebi mohyva.
Zlieri, gawonasworebuli da msuye xma, romelic
yvela registrSi Tanabrad JRers; farTo diapazoni,
mowesrigebuli sunTqva da yovelgvari daZabulobis gareSe
aRebuli maRali da dabali notebi _ es is teqnikuri
`parametrebia~, romelTa erToblioba anita raWveliSvilis
vokalur portrets qmnis. `mgrZnobiare, Zlieri, emociuri~
_ ucxouri presis am Sefasebis gadamowmeba mSobliur
qalaqSi melomanebs rusTavelis Teatris did darbazSi
SeeZloT.
2010 wlis gazafxulze, konservatoriis didi
sakoncerto darbazSi `mcire moTelvis~ Semdeg, momRerlis
pirveli solo koncerti mSobliur qalaqSi garkveuli
aJiotaJis mizezic gaxda. imdenad, rom rusTavelis Teatris
SesasvlelTan dacvis policia `arasando an saeWvo~
garegnobis mamakacebs saguldagulod amowmebda. maT Soris
Tqveni mona-morCilic moxvda. karSi mdgomma ucnaurad
Cacmulma policielma gverdiT gamixmo da raRac saidumlo

68
da TiTqmis gamafrTxilebeli xmiT miTxra:
- biWo, dana xom ar gidevs jibeSi?
Tumca gaoceba maSin gaqra, roca Sevityve, rom koncerts
vano merabiSvilic unda daswreboda. romelsac Turme
Zalian uyvars opera; an, ubralod, anita raWveliSvilis
Tayvanismcemelia. amdenad, policiis fxizeli da saTanado
mzaoba Sinagan saqmeTa ministris mosvlamde lamis
xilulad igrZnoboda. Teatris erT-erT loJaSi ki Tavad
anita raWveliSvilis italieli meuRle ijda, romelic
specialurad solo koncertisTvis Camovida TbilisSi.
saRamo odnav ucnauri da musikalurad araTanabari
gamovida. ucnauri imitom, rom evgeni miqelaZis saxelobis
orkestris diriJorma, nika memaniSvilma konferansies
rolic SeiTavsa da yoveli sakoncerto nomris Sesrulebis
win raRac ambavs grZlad da mravalmniSvnelovnad yveboda.
garda amisa, koncertze masnes, bizes, delibisa da sen-sansis
cnobil saopero ariebTan erTad, ratomRac axalgazrda
kompozitoris, Tamar saluqvaZis saSualo donis romansebi
da sakoncerto aria `avad var SeniT~ Sesrulda, ramac
sruliad Secvala koncertis koncefcia da masStabi.
Tamar saluqvaZem Tbilisis konservatoria kompoziciis
ganxriT daamTavra, mogvianebiT ki staJireba moskovis
Caikovskis saxelobis konservatoriaSi gaiara. aris
kompozitorTa kavSiris wevri da 2008 wels erovnuli
konkursis `patrinotis~ gamarjvebuli simRerisaTvis
`Cemo saqarTvelo~... nika memaniSvilma ganmarta, rom misi
musikis Sesruleba anita raWveliSvilis moTxovna iyo,
romelic gadatvirTuli grafikis miuxedavad, `mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi gamarTavda solo koncerts TbilisSi, Tu misi
megobris, Tamar saluqvaZis nawarmoebebsac Seasrulebda~.
ase rom, Sarlotas vnebian da dramatul arias Jiul masnes
`verteridan~, win uZRoda qarTuli romansi `o, madlsa
Sensa» da rusuli - `Гаснут красные крылья заката~.
koncerti ki diriJor nika memaniSvilis pedagogis (misive
TqmiT), kompozitor biZina kvernaZis `cekva-fantaziis~
SesrulebiT daiwyo, romelSic evgeni miqelaZis saxelobis

69
orkestrs arc cekvisadmi gansakuTrebuli vneba etyoboda
da arc gamorCeuli fantazia.
Sarlotas arias operidan `verteri~ xarisxiani vokali
`amagrebda~ da ara eWvnarevi vneba da rTuli fsiqologiuri
niunsebi, romlebic axalgazrda momRerlisTvis jer
naadrevia. dalilas aria sens-sansis yvelaze vnebian
personaJs gvixatavda, romlis temperamenti axloa
momRerlis fsiqotipTan da albaT, ramdenime weliwadSi am
partiasac vixilavT saopero scenebze.
vidre anita raWveliSvili leo delibis cnobil
`yvavilebis duets~ Seasrulebda soprano irina
boriosovasTan erTad (isini konservatoriaSi Tanakurselebi
iyvnen), orkestrma manuel de falias finaluri sacekvao
epizodi daukra sabaleto siuitidan `samkuTxa qudi~.
cota ar iyos gaugebaria, ratom gamoirCeoda Sinaganad
mxurvale da eqspresiuli musika aseTi neli tempiTa da
uvnebo akademizmiT?!
gasagebia, rom koncertis finali `karmens~ daeTmo. jer
Sesavali da Semdeg `segidilia~, romelic aseve Senelebuli
iyo. orkestris xma drodadro saerTod ar ismoda, rac
Teatris akustikiT unda aixsnas; xolo orad gayofili
gundis xma marjvena da marcxena loJebidan sayviridan
da trombonebidan wamosul bgeras ufro waagavda. Tumca
mTavari mainc anitas xmaa _ Zlieri, momnusxveli da `mwife
gulabiviT gemrieli~ (ar vukargav am metaforas Cems erT
kolegas), romelic namdvilad gvagrZnobinebda, rom saopero
varskvlavi ukve daibada...
axlaxan, `metropolitenSi~ brwyinvaled Sesrulebuli
karmenis Semdeg, anitasTvis specialurad dgamen rosinis
operas `italieli qali alJirSi~, romlis premiera 2012
wels gaimarTeba. da vidre rosinis urTules kantilenas
SeeWideba, doCanaSvilis fraziT davasruleb: `mtkivixar,
karmen!~

70
 laSa CxartiSvilis treningi
Tanamedrove saTeatro
xelovnebaSi
saubrebi Tanamedrove Teatrze

Tanamedrove Teatrze saubrisas, yvela ratomRac axals

da gansxvavebuls gulisxmobs. procesebi ki, romlebic am
sferoSi mimdinareobs, aris TavisTavad raRac xelaxla da
axleburad gadamuSavebuli, magram, rogorc cnobili frazaa,
mkerevma rom uTxra dedofal maria antuanetas _ yvelaferi
axali aris kargad daviwyebuli Zvelio, swored asea
TeatrSic. imas, rasac vuyurebT dRes, Soreul warsulSi aqvs
fesvebi, imdenad SoreulSi, rom dRevandelobas istoriul
arqetipebTan aTaswleulebi, saukuneebi aSorebs.
Tanamedrove Teatrze saubrisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom
gverds ver avuvliT verc uZveles Teatrs (roca Teatralur
formas jer kidev ar hqonda speqtaklis saxe) da verc me-
20 saukunis Teatrs, radgan procesebi romlebic dRes
xdeba, daiwyo gacilebiT adre, me-20 saukunis 50-60-ian
wlebSi.
dRes civilizaciis akvani dasavleT evropaa, romlis
fesvebic Soreul aRmosavleTSi unda veZioT. swored
mniSvnelovani civilizaciebi jer aRmosavleTSi Seiqmna,
rac Semdeg safuZvlad daedo dasavleT evropis kulturas
(antikur kulturas). antikuri kultura efuZneba Sumerul,
Cinur, Suamdinarul civilizaciebs.
dRes, roca vadevnebT Tvals Tanamedrove saTeatro
formebs da procesebs, vrwmundebiT, rom evropulma
kulturam, Zveli aRmosavleTis saTeatro formis aRorZineba
da axleburi gadamuSaveba daiwyo.
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani procesi, romelmac Tavi iCina
21-e saukunis xelovnebaSi da gansakuTrebiT TeatrSi _ aris
misi mibruneba ritualTan. aqtualuri gaxda religiisa da
Teatris mWidro urTierTkavSiri. globalizaciis pirobebSi
kultura, xelovneba da maT Soris Teatric, miubrunda
pirvelsawyisebs, anu im procesebs, riTic daiwyo Teatrma
71
_ garkveuli zegavlenis moxdenas (adamianis emociuri
damuxtva, sulieri simSvidis mopovebaSi daxmareba da sxva).
es mizani aqvs nebismier religiur ritualsac. Zalian
Znelia davadginoT, Teatri warmoiSva pirvelad, Tu religia
(anu religiuri rituali). rituali TavisTavad Seicavs
garkveul Teatralurobas, is erTgvari saTeatro formaa.
RvTismsaxuri, romelic xelmZRvanelobs rituals, an
aRavlens locvas, icmevs specialur kostiums, samalavidan
(magaliTad _ sakurTxevlidan, TeatrSi _ kulisebidan)
gamodis masis (mayureblis) winaSe da moqmedebs misTvis
gansazRvrul arenaze (scenaze). garkveuli kanonikis da
winaswar momzadebuli teqstis (dramaturgiis) safuZvelze
iwyebs TamaSs (aRavlens religiur rituals, Cveulebriv
sasaubro intonaciisagan gansxvavebulad warmoTqvams teqsts,
reCitativis saxiT). am SemTxvevaSi RvTismsaxuri erTgvari
msaxiobia. rituali, ise rogorc Teatri, cnobs kostiums
(gansakuTrebul, sagangebo tanisamoss), grims da masTan
dakavSirebul atribut-aqsesuarebs, rekvizitebs, romelTac
iyenebs RvTismsaxuric da msaxiobic. amis magaliTia erT-
erTi yvelaze Zveli balis baraqis rituali. es rituali
Tavisi formiT da SinaarsiT aris erTgvari speqtakli _
protogonistiT, masobrivi scenebiT, kontrastiT, tempo-
ritmiT, scenuri kompoziciiT, sinqronizaciiT, musikalur-
xmovani rigiT, verbaluri nawiliT, anu teqstiT. religiur
ritualsa da saTeatro formas Soris amdeni msgavseba
da kavSiri gvaZlevs safuZvels, visaubroT maT mWidro
urTierTkavSirze. isini ise `iparaven~ erTmaneTisgan
gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebs, rom Zneli dasadgenia, romelia
maT Soris pirveli „qurdi“.
didi brZola hqonda eklesias TeatrTan, magram xSirad
eklesia mas Tavisi ideebis propagandisTvisac iyenebda.
Seiqmna saeklesio saTeatro Janrebi, msaxiobebi TamaSobdnen
scenebs bibliidan an axali aRTqmidan, rac qristianuli
religiis popularizacias uwyobda xels. saerTod,
religiuri ritualisa da Teatris erTobliobis Teorias
didi winaaRmdeoba hqonda orTodoqsi qristianebisagan. isini

72
ambobdnen, rom araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs Teatrs eklesiasTan.
Teatrs isini taZrad miiCnevdnen. winaaRmdegoba eklesiasa
da Teatrs Soris Zvel qarTul teqstebSic gvxvdeba. ruis-
urbnisis saeklesio krebis oqmSi (dadgenilebaSi) weria, rom
,,darbeul iqnas saxli saTamaSoi“, anu, Teatri. im periodSi,
saqarTveloSi _ Teatraluri warmodgenebi akrZaluli iyo.
magram evropaSi odnav gansxvavebuli, SedarebiT liberaluri
procesebi viTardeboda. qristianuli religiis liderebma
maTi moZRvrebis farTo masebSi gasavrceleblad moifiqres
axali Teatraluri formebi. gaCnda axali Janrebi: moralite,
mirakle, romelTac didaqtikuri, aRmzrdelobiTi xasiaTi
hqonda. religiur Temaze Seqmnili speqtaklebiT uwevdnen
popularizacias farTo masebSi. eklesiebTan, taZrebTan
SedarebiT, Teatralizebul sanaxaobebze bevrad meti
xalxi iyrida Tavs. evropaSi gacilebiT progresuli iyo
Teatrisadmi damokidebuleba. samwuxarod, es gamocdileba
qarTvelebma ver gamoiyenes, radgan warmarTuli kultura
qarTulma eklesiam mTlianad gaanadgura, berZnebisgan
gansxvavebiT, Cven veraferi ver SevinarCuneT. qarTuli
miTologiuri sistemis aRdgena swored am mizeziT Wirs,
Cvenamde moRweulia mxolod miTiuri Tqmulebebis da sistemis
namsxvrevebi, saxecvlili saxiT SenarCunebulia (Zalian
mcire) ritualuri daniSnulebis saTeatro sanaxaobani. am
mosazrebas zurab kiknaZis kvlevebic adasturebs.
dRes, Cvens TanamedroveobaSi eklesiis damokidebuleba
Teatrisadmi radikalurad Seicvala. axla sasuliero
pirebi Tavadac eswrebian speqtaklebs. Seiqmna precedenti,
roca speqtakli saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis
locva-kurTxeviT daidga. magaliTad, aseTi speqtakli
iyo TumaniSvilis saxelobis kinomsaxiobTa TeatrSi qeTi
doliZis ,,seroba“, romelsac saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba
hqonda da propagandas uwevda qristianul religias.
mistikuri speqtakli zegalenas axdenda mayurebelze.
reJisorma moaxerxa atmosferos Seqmna. miuxedavad patriarqis
locva-kurTxevisa, am speqtaklis winaaRmdeg imarTeboda
saprotesto aqciebi, romelTac „marTlamdidebel mSobelTa

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kavSiri“ xelmZRvanelobda. msgavsi ugunuri aqciebi dResac
xSirad ewyoba, romelTac sazogadoeba brmad uWers mxars,
Cauxedavad problemasa da realur viTarebaSi.
kinomsaxiobTa TeatrTan qeTi doliZis speqtaklze
`seroba~ misul mayurebels, „marTmadidebel mSobelTa
kavSiris“ aqtivistebi TeatrSi Sesvlas ukrZalavdnen _ Tu
speqtakls daveswrebodiT, did codvas CavidendiT. saeWvo
imijis axalgazrda biWebi gzas uRobavdnen mayurebels da
Tabaxis furclebze dabeWdil teqsts aCeCebdnen xelSi _
sanam speqtakli daiwyeba, gadaxedeT da ukan gamobrundebiTo.
ai, ra ewera am teqstSi: `Zvirfaso Tanamemamuleno daiwyo
axali talRa RvTismgmoblobisa, eklesiis, misi swavlebis,
wmindanebis Seuracxyofisa da profanaciisa, axal ukve
Teatris scenebze~... TeatrSi Semsvlel mayurebelTa xelSi
ZaladobiT aRmoCenili qadageba amiT ar mTavrdeba, ubralod
mis citirebas azri ara aqvs, radganac msoflio saeklesio
krebebis: karTagenis, konstantinepolis da laodikiis
oqmebis amonaridebia dabeWdili da dainteresebul mkiTxvels
isedac SeuZlia dawvrilebiT gaecnos maT. erTs ki davsZen:
zemoT aRniSnuli saeklesio krebebi aTeul saukuneze meti
xnis win Catarda, maSin, roca eklesia devnida Teatrs.
mkiTxvels Suasaukuneebis evropul-qarTuli Teatris da
eklesiis istoriis or faqts gavaxseneb: evropaSi warmoiSva
religiuri Teatris axali Janri _ misteria, romelSic
mTavari moqmedi pirebi _ wmindanebi iyvnen, xolo siuJeti
wmindanTa cxovreba. am formiT Seecada eklesia qristianobis
gamyarebas sazogadoebaSi, rwmenis gaRrmavebas da Teatrmac
saganmanaTleblo funqcia ikisra. igive procesebi, oRond
odnav mogvianebiT, daviT IV aRmaSeneblis mefobis dros,
qarTul TeatrSic mimdinareobda. swored ruis-urbnisis
saeklesio krebis oqmSia moxsenebuli `saxli saTamaSoi~,
romelic Turme RvTis mimarT adamianTa rwmenas amyarebda.
warmodgenis dawyebamde aRelvebuli mayurebeli
speqtaklma daamSvida da daafiqra, ara mxolod, sakuTar
codvebze, aramed zogadad samyaroze, adamianTa sisusteze da
RvTis mimarT WeSmariti siyvarulis Zlierebaze. Teatris

74
foieSi programaSi CanarTis saxiT qeTi doliZis ganmarteba
mogvawodes: `maSin, rodesac mTeli saqarTvelo uwmindesisa
da unetaresis janmrTelobaze loculobs, uxerxulia aseTi
aqciebis Catareba da sapatriarqos saxeliT moqmedeba. Cveni
Teatri mudam iyo zneobrivi principebis erTguli, gTxovT,
nu ahyvebiT provokacias, vinaidan speqtakli uwmindesisa
da unetaresis locva-kurTxeviT daidga~. darbazSi
sakmevlis surneli trialebda, romelsac Seyavdi mistikur
garemoSi.
saaTnaxevris ganmavlobaSi sunTqvaSekruli mayurebeli
gulmodgined usmenda qristes jvarcmidan aRdgomamde
mociqulebSi datrialebul ambavs. pirvelad ernest brilis
erTmoqmedebiani drama `seroba~ (mTargmneli jemal WeliZe).
qeTi doliZem kinomsaxiobTa TeatrSi 1997 wels dadga.
premieridan ramdenime speqtaklis TamaSis Semdeg `seroba~
moixsna repertuaridan, mTavari rolis Semsrulebelis ramaz
ioselianis Teatridan wasvlis Semdeg. da mas Semdeg, roca
reJisoric da msaxiobic TeatrSi dabrundnenm speqtakli
aRadgines. igi mieZRvna saqarTvelos patriarqis, uwmindesisa
da unataresis ilia II aRsaydrebis 30 wlisTavs. reJisorsa
da msaxiobebze am faqtorma dadebiTad imoqmeda. isini
kidev ufro gaaZliera, erT muStad Sekra. reJisorma qeTi
doliZem da mxatvarma iuri gegeSiZem, meti intimurobisa da
kamerulobis Seqmnis mizniT, mayurebelTa darbazi da scena
gaaerTianes. speqtakli formis TvalsazrisiTac gamorCeuli
iyo. reJisorma daarRvia tradiciuli, klasikuri garemo,
mayurebeli sami kuTxiT ganaTavsa, darbazis SuagulSi ki
mimdinareobda ZiriTadi moqmedeba. speqtaklSi moTxrobilia
mokle epizodi saxarebidan _ qristes jvarcmidan mis
aRdgomamde periodi. centrSi Toma – ramaz ioseliani
idga. swored is gansazRvravda speqtaklis mTlian
dinamikas. reJisorma mizanscenebi mZivebiviT aawyo da, didi
mxatvruli sirTuleebis miuxedavad, warmatebiT gaarTva
Tavi. mxatvruli sirTule gamoixateba Tundac imaSi, rom
piesis teqsti TeTr leqss warmoadgens. speqtakli ar hgavs
poeziis, an Tundac literaturul saRamos. igi qmediTia da

75
msaxiobTa garkveuli nawilis meSveobiT yurebadi. nebismieri
grZeli monologebis, Tundac saintereso teqstis mosmena
Tanamedrove mayurebels sakmaod uWirs, amitom msaxiobebs
xSir SemTxvevaSi didi Zalisxmeva uwevT mayureblis
`dasaWerad~. bevri niWieri artisti damarcxebula msgavs
SemTxvevaSi mayurebelTan `brZolaSi~, magram ostatebs
ZaluZT mousminos maT nebismieri socialuri kategoriis
mayurebelma. am msaxiobebidan upirvelesad gamovyof
mzia arabuls (magdalineli), ramaz ioselians (Toma) da
malxaz abulaZes (petre). marTalia, speqtaklSi monawile
sxva msaxiobebs _ imeda arabuls, gia abesalaSvils, ioane
xuciSvils, guga kaxians, den xlibovs, gia burjanaZes,
revaz TavarTqilaZes didi teqstualuri datvirTva ara
aqvT, magram isini mainc, bolomde ver axerxeben TavianTi
gmirebis xasiaTebis daxatvas, amaTgan, Cemi azriT, mxolod
guga kaxiani (ioane) axerxebs mkrTalad, magram mainc gvaCvenos
ioanes xasiaTi da damokidebuleba sxva personaJebisadmi.
erTian msaxiobTa ansamblSi, romelic, ZalTa araTanabarobis
miuxedavad, namdvilad arsebobs, ucxo nawilaks hgavs gia
burjanaZis gmiri. STabeWdileba damrCa, rom msaxiobi
speqtaklis saerTo amaRlebuli, mistikuri, Teatraluri
stilisagan amovardnilia da yofiT personaJs qmnis. am
`amaRlebul~, Teatralur stils, romelsac msaxiobebi
mzia arabuli da ramaz ioseliani gvTavazoben, ar akliaT
ubraloeba, adamianuroba. maT zeaweul, erTi SexedviT
mxatvrul kiTxvas, sruliadac ar aklia adamianuri siTbo
da Teatraluroba. mzia arabuls da ramaz ioselians erTian
artistul ansamblSi lideris pozicia uWiravT. isini
warmarTaven speqtakls. uCveuloa da saocrad amaRlebuli
finaluri scena, roca qristes mowafeebi magidas locviT
miusxdebian da swrafi SuqiT swored is adgili ganaTdeba,
sadac macxovari ijda, is erTxel ukve dabrunda da
dabrundeba kvlavac!
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II komentaric
ki gaakeTa qeTi doliZis speqtaklze: `me Zalian miWirs
Tqma, iseTi didi STabeWdilebiT var, raRac saocrebaa.

76
vfiqrob, rom Cveni Tanamedroveobis saocrebaa es dadgma.
es aris zeimi rwmenis da siyvarulis da Zalian kargad Cans
qarTuli xasiaTi. qarTvelebze ukeT veravin Seasrulebda
am dadgmas. waruSleli STabeWdilebebi maqvs. marTlac
mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi cremls ver vikavebdi.
Zalian RvTaebrivia da amave dros Zalian adamianuri.
kavSiri adamiansa da RmerTs Soris. vfiqrob, sworia, rom
macxovari ar Cans, es aris SesaniSnavad napovni. es bolo
kadri, roca ganaTdeba misi savarZeli. es imaze Zlieria,
vidre is gamoCeniliyo, ar SeiZleboda misi gamoCena, magram
amave dros igrZnoboda, rom is CvenTanaa~.

* * *

riutuals safuZvlad udevs garkveuli miTi. rodesac

miTze vsaubrobT, unda gvaxsovdes, rom miTi ar unda aRviqvaT
rogorc zRapari, legenda, ararealuri movlena. dRes ukve
sxva Teoria arsebobs, romelic gaziarebuli ahumanitarul
mecnierebaSi. es gaxlavT mirCa eliades unikaluri naSromi
,,miTis aspeqtebi“, romelic qarTul enazec gamoica. mirCa
eliade amtkicebs, rom miTebi aris sinamdvile. miTi aris
realoba, romelic Zalian Soreul warsulSi daikarga da
zRapris saxiT, zepiri saSualebebiT aris SemorCenili. mirCa
eliade or literaturul wyaros _ bibliur Tqmulebebs
da antikur literaturas udebs safuZvlad Tavis Teorias.
istoriuli faqtebiT, paraleluri Sedarebebis meTodiT
asabuTebs miTebis realobas. is amtkicebs, rom yvelaferi,
rac miTebSi gvxvdeba, Seesabameba simarTles da araferia
gamogonili. gaxsovT, albaT, hainrix Slimanis mier troas
aRmoCenis istoria. misi erTaderTi saxelmZRvanelo
mxatvruli nawarmoebi _ homerosis „iliada“ iyo. man
daamtkica, rom es yvelaferi arsebobda da „iliadaSi“
moTxrobili istoria namdvili ambavia. Tanamedrove TeatrSi
miTebi cocxldeba, Cveni drois Teatri intensiurad
miubrunda miTur siuJetebs, anu xdeba uZvelesi realuri
ambebis, istoriebis, Temebis axleburi gadamuSaveba.

77
 intensiurad idgmeba araverbaluri warmodgenebi.
globalizaciis pirobebSi es procesi ar unda gvikvirdes,
piriqiT, logikuric aris. moqmedebaze orientirebuli
speqtaklebis dadgmis ZiriTadi motivi maTi farTo
sazogadoebisTvis xelmisawvdomobiT aris ganpirobebuli.
uZvelesi xanis saTeatro formebSi teqsts minimaluri
datvirTva hqonda, zogjer verbaluri nawili Sinaarsis
matarebelic ar iyo, ise rogorc ritualSi, gaugebaria
teqstis semantika... Semdeg etapze aseTi midgoma teqstis
gaCenam Caanacvla, sadac prioritetuli sityva gaxda,
romelic iqca dramaturgiad _ umaRles poeziad. saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi dramaturgia prozauli teqsti gaxda, xolo
21-e saukuneSi _ teqsti TeatrisTvis. dramaturgia, rogorc
umaRlesi poezia, ukve karga xania gadasulia dramatuli
teqstis formatSi da is sawyis etaps ubrundeba. me-16
saukuneSi, roca pirveli sabaleto speqtaklebi gaCnda,
prozauli teqsti, anu verbaluri nawili speqtaklidan gaqra.
is cekvam, sxeulis enam Caanacvla. gaCnda alternatiuli
sakomunikacio ena TeatrSi.
Tanamedrove TeatrSi mniSvnelovania globalizaciis
procesi. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi dadgmuli speqtakli
gasagebi, saintereso, axlobeli da aqtualuri unda iyos
nebismieri mayureblisTvis, ra enazec ar unda saubrobdes
is da ra gansxvavebuli tradiciebic ar unda hqondes mas.
enobrivi barieri xels ar unda uSlides speqtaklis aRqmas.
me-20 saukuneSi Teatrma daiwyo am problemis mogvareba
da mimarTa araverbalur Teatralur formebs, romlebic
aristoteleseuli Teatraluri formis paralelurad
arsebobda da arsebobs dRemde. Teatri mudmivad cdilobda
ganviTarebas. globalizaciis pirobebSi Teatris gadarCenis
erT-erTi forma da xerxi _- ambis Txrobaa plastikis,
cekvis, moZraobis, qmedebis eniT. Tanamedrove Teatri
alternatiuli usityvo eniT cdilobs Tqvas is, risi
gadmocemac unda. mayurebelTan amgvari komunikaciis forma
did (emociur) zegavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze.
zogadad sazRvrebi evropul TeatrSi gacilebiT

78
gaxsnilia da evropul Teatrebs sazRvris gadakveTa arc
abrkolebs. is iolad amyarebs komunikacias sruliad
kontinentis mayurebelTan. msaxiobebi saubroben da TamaSoben
rolebs erTdroulad ramdenime enaze, ramdenime adgilas da
sivrceSi. bunebrivia, araverbalur warmodgenas ar sWirdeba
ena, pantonimis Teatri amis uZvelesi (romauli warmoSobis)
kargi magaliTia da misi sakomunikacio xerxi yvelasaTvis
gasagebia. qarTul Teatrs komunikaciis problema erovnul,
Tu ucxoel mayurebelTan arasdros Seqmnia. ucxoeli
eqspertebi (kritikosebi) yovelTvis usvamen xazs erT
garemoebas, rom maTTvis, miuxedavad enobrivi barierisa
speqtaklebSi yvelaferi naTeli da gasagebia. qarTul
speqtaklebSi Zalzed mnSvnelovania qmedeba, imdenad Zlieri
da mkveTri, rom qarTveli msaxiobebis TiToeuli qmedeba
(mimika, Jestikulacia, intonacia, Sefasebebi dialogisa
da monologebis dros) gasagebia yvelasTvis, qarTuli
speqtaklebis umravlesobaSi TiToeuli sityva aris
qmediTi.

* * *

ritualma Sva Teatri _ mosazrebis, Teoriis uamravi

dasabuTebuli gamokvleva arsebobs. dRes ukve aRaravin
kamaTobs imaze, rom ritualidan warmoiSva Teatri da is,
rogorc mxatvruli forma Tu movlena. pirdapir kavSirSia
religiur fesvebTan. mTavari komponentebi ritualsa da
TeatrSi aris plastika, teqsti, musikalur-xmovani rigi
da a. S. Semdeg daemata sityva, anu verbaluri nawili,
romelic iqca teqstebad, xolo teqstma Sva dramaturgia,
maRali mxatvruli xarisxis teqstis kombinacia dialogebiTa
da monologebiT, siuJetiTa da siuJetis kanonikuri
ganviTarebiT.
dRes Teatris mcodneebi Tanamedrove saTeatro
teqstebTan mimarTebaSi termins _ dramaturgia aRar iyeneben,
radgan Tanamedrove saTeatro teqsti scildeba terminis
_ dramaturgia klasikur mniSvnelobas. dramaturgia

79
SeiZleba vuwodoT, magaliTad, Seqspiris, molieris, Sous
da sxvaTa nawarmoebebs. Tumca dRes iSviaTad iqmneba
dramaturgia. Tanamedrove dramaturgi, anu mwerali,
romelic qmnis teqstebs TeatrisTvis, iTvaliswinebs sul
sxva garemoebebs, is reJisorisgan damoukideblad aRar
qmnis Tavis teqsts, iTvaliswinebs momavali speqtaklis
musikalur, qoreografiul „Wras“. am principiT miRebuli
Sedegi naklebad aris dramaturgia klasikuri gagebiT. is
ukve teqstia TeatrisTvis. klasikuri dramaturgia ki
ar aris mxolod teqsti TeatrisTvis, is damoukidebeli
mxatvruli, literaturuli nawarmoebia, romelic ikiTxeba,
rogorc romani, an sxva Janris nawarmoebi. kritikosebSi
intensiurad midis dava, gamijnon Tu ara erTmaneTisgan
dramaturgia da saTeatro teqsti. magaliTad, laSa buRaZe
Tavis piesebze ambobs, rom is wers teqstebs TeatrisTvis
da misi nawarmoebebi ar aris klasikuri gagebiT
dramaturgia. radikalurad gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs
mweral-dramaturgs irakli samsonaZes. is ambobs, rom
aranair teqsts ar wers mxolod TeatrisTvis, aramed
qmnis dramaturgias, romelic erTdroulad iTvaliswinebs
mkiTxvels da mayurebels. CvenSi dramaturgias procentulad
Zalian dabali mkiTxveli hyavs, vinaidan literaturis
specifikuri Janria da misi mkiTxvelis areali, mxolod
saTeatro wriT Semoifargleba.
dramaturgia aris dasrulebuli literaturuli
nawarmoebi, gankuTvnili TeatrisTvis, romelsac aqvs
Sekruli forma da mxatvruli Rirebuleba, rogorc
literaturis produqts. piesa TeatrSi gaTamaSebis gareSec
aris mxatruli nawarmoebi. magaliTad, sofokles, esqiles,
rasinis, Seqspiris da sxvaTa dramaturgiuli nawarmoebebi
wasakiTxadac Zalian sasiamovnoa. gansxvavebiT Tanamedrove
saTeatro teqstebisagan. Tanamedrove dramaturgebi
reJisorTan erTad muSaoben. maTTan konsultaciiT qmnian
axal teqstebs konkretuli speqtaklisaTvis. warsulSi
dramaturgebi isxdnen saxlSi da werdnen piesebs, Semdeg
dawerili piesa mihqondaT TeatrSi. dRes ki Seicvala

80
muSaobis stili. TiTqmis yvela reJisori muSaobs
Tanamedrove dramaturgTan, is ukveTavs dramaturgs, Tu ra
siuJeti sWirdeba scenaze gasacocxleblad. faqtobrivad,
teqsts TeatrisTvis weren erTad. amis magaliTia giorgi
TavaZisa da irakli samsonaZis, daviT sayvareliZisa da
laSa buRaZis, daTa TavaZisa da daviT gabunias warmatebuli
TanamSrmloba. msgavsi TanamSromlobis precedenti qarTul
TeatrSi meoce saukunis dasawyisSi gvxvdeba. kote
marjaniSvili TanamSromlobda polikarpe kakabaZesTan,
sandro axmeteli _ Salva dadianTan, xolo orive reJisori
_ grigol robaqiZesTan. sabWoTa periodSic iyo msgavsi
TanamSromlobis SemTxveva, rodesac giga lorTqifaniZem
da nodar dumbaZem iTanamSromles da daweres erTad ,,me,
bebia, iliko da ilarioni“. pirvelad afiSaze sasceno
versiis avtorad ewera nodar dumbaZe, giga lorTqifaniZe.
ra Tqma unda, SemdegSi nodar dumbaZis nawarmoebad darCa,
magram giga lorTqifaniZe uSualod iRebda monawileobas
am procesSi. reJisoris Careva teqstSi TviTmizani sulac
ar gaxlavT, es aris aucilebeli procesi, raTa teqsti
gaxdes qmediTi, sityvam SeiZinos moqmedebis datvirTvac.
calke aRebuli nodar dumbaZis nawarmoebi Zalian kargi
moTxrobaa, magram TeatrisTvis am formiT uvargisia, Tu
ar moxda misi gapieseba. swored am procesSia reJisori
CarTuli avtorTan erTad. iyo aseTi faqti qarTul TeatrSi,
roca konstantine gamsaxurdias surda „mTvaris motaceba“
dadgmuliyo marjaniSvilis TeatrSi. avtori saerTod ar
icnobda Teatris specifikas da misi moTxovna moklebuli
iyo obieqtur realobas, radgan mas remarkaSi erT-erT
personaJze ewera, rom cxens Semoagelvebda scenaze. ra
Tqma unda, maSindeli TeatrisTvis es warmoudgeneli iyo.
kargi literaturuli teqsti ar niSnavs, rom is TeatrSic
kargad imuSavebs, Tu ar moxda misi gardaqmna Teatralur
teqstad. araCveulebrivi mweralia guram doCanaSvili, xolo
rogorc dramaturgi _ susti. misi piesa „xorumi qarTuli
cekvaa“ ,araerTxel daidga scenaze, magram warumateblad.
wasakiTxad kargia, is sulac ar niSnavs rom TeatrisTvisac

81
kargi teqsti iqneba dasadgmelad. mxatvruli teqsti
scenidan kargad ar ismis. dialogebi Tu monoloebi unda
gadakeTdes sityvaqmediTad, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, scenaze
dadgmisTvis nawarmoebi Tavidanve ganwirulia marcxisTvis.
Sesabamisad, mwerali-dramaturgi kargad unda icnobdes
Teatrsa da mis specifikas.
dramaturgebidan, romlebic kargad icnoben Teatris
specifikasa da amavdroulad qmnian maRal mxatvrul
literaturas, saukeTeso magaliTia Seqspiri. cnobilia,
rom is iyo msaxiobic da reJisoric, romelic Tavad werda
piesebs, misi analogi CvenSi (aramasStaburad) giorgi
erisTavia. maTi gamocdileba da codna am sferoSi Zalian
didi iyo. Sesabamisad, maT hqondaT warmatebac. magaliTad,
gavixsenoT ,,mefe liri“. am piesaSi, rodesac kordelia gadis
scenidan, Semodis masxara, romlis sqesi ar aris dadgenili.
ar weria nawarmoebSi, masxara qalia Tu mamakaci. Sesabamisad,
rodesac masxara uCinardeba, qreba piesidan, aravin icis, ra
emarTeba mas da uceb isev Cndeba kordelia. es iyo wminda
teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT gakeTebuli pasaJi, vinaidan am
rols TamaSobda erTi msaxiobi. dramaturgi, am SemTxvevaSi,
profesionalurad axerxebs teqnikurad sworad aawyos
siuJeti, Sesabamisad, man kargad icis Teatri. profesionalma
dramaturgma aseve icis, rom vrceli monologis Semdeg
personaJi (igulisxmeba msaxiobi) unda Seasvenos. samwuxarod,
Tanamedrove realobaSi vxvdebiT iseT dramaturgTa piesebs,
sadac ar aris gaTvalisiwinebuli Teatris specifika,
reJisorebs uxdebaT piesis scenebis „gakreWa“, Semcireba,
rasac avtorebis mxridan protesti mohyveba. swored
amitom aris, rom reJisorTa umravlesoba iSviTad mimarTavs
Tanamedrove dramaturgis piesas dasadgmelad.
davubrundeT gansxvavebas dramaturgiasa da TeatrisTvis
daweril teqsts Soris. teqsti TeatrisTvis iwereba
reJisoris monawileobiT, roca dramaturgi epizodebs awyobs
reJisoris mier winaswar gaTvlili, dagegmili mizanscenebis
mixedviT. maxsendeba erTi aseTi SemTxveva: axalgazrda
reJisorma irakli gogiam SesTavaza TanamSromloba

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dramaturgiaSi sruliad gamoucdel axalgazrda mweral
erekle deisaZes _ daewera piesa garkveul siuJetze
dayrdnobiT. erekle deisaZis piesa saxelmwodebiT ,,Face
fuck~ ar dadgmula, magram gamocemulia. Tu waikiTxavT,
darwmundebiT, rom calke aRebuli es nawarmoebi
ar akmayofilebs dramaturgiis arc erT kriteriums
struqturis TvalsazrisiT, magram TiToeuli epizodi
gamiznulad iwereboda scenaze gaTamaSebisTvis. piesa
iwyeba mTavari personaJebis vrceli monologebiT, imdenad
vrceli, rom mkiTxvels uCndeba samarTliani eWvi, rogor
SeiZleba is ganxorcieldes scenaze, magram reJisors hqonda
mofiqrebuli forma, romliTac vrceli monologi iqneboda
speqtaklis organuli da gamarTuli nawili. igive xdeba
laSa buRaZis SemTxvevaSic, romelic xSirad iRebs SekveTebs
reJisorebisgan. magaliTad, ,,nugzari da mefistofeli“
dadgmuli giorgi TavaZis mier jer samefo ubnis, xolo
Semdeg baTumis TeatrSi, igive ,,sulieri arsebebi“, romelic
dRemde rusTavelis Teatris repertuarSia. reJisor giorgi
TavaZes surda, faustis Temaze Seqmniliyo Tanamedrove
dramaturgiuli nawarmoebi, oRond is unda yofiliyo
qarTul realobas morgebuli. ase daiwera ,,nugzari da
mefistofeli“. nugzari mTavari gmiria da mas ecxadeba
mefistofeli. qarTveli nugzari erTi Tanamedrove,
xelmocaruli, sasowarkveTili, „dakarguli Taobis“
warmomadgenelia. 40-dan 50 wlamde qarTveli mamakaci,
romelmac verafris Seqmna ver moaswro da xeli Caiqnia
miznebis Sesrulebaze. Sesabamisad, usaqmurad darCenilma, ar
icis, rogor gairTos Tavi, misi cxovreba erTferovani da
mosawyenia, datvirTuli socialuri problemebiT. es aris
dRevandel realobaze dawerili piesa.
kidev erTi detali Tanamedrove Teatrze saubrisas:
xSirad xdeba ori cnebis _ artistisa da msaxiobis
erTmaneTSi aRreva. artisti gacilebiT farTo cnebaa da Cven
am cnebaSi vgulisxmobT kompozitors, mxatvars, pianists,
msaxiobs, reJisors, qoreografs... xolo msaxiobi aris
is, vinc TamaSobs garkveul rols. es aris dramatuli

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Teatris msaxiobi, pantonimis Teatris msaxiobi, baletis
msaxiobi da saopero momRerali, romelic asrulebs ama Tu
im partias. cnebas msaxiobi ufro konkretuli da viwro
semantika aqvs.

Teatris saxeobebi

dRes sakmaod popularuli gaxda da aRorZinda Teatris

is saxeobebi, romlebic Teatris warmoSobis pirvelive
safexurze arsebobda. aseTia, magaliTad, dRes moduri
uZvelesi Crdilebis Teatri. xSirad mimarTaven am Janrs
reJisorebi, xSirad gvxvdeba Crdilebis teqnika dramatul
speqtaklebSi. Crdilebis xelovneba uZvelesia da misi
samSoblo aris CineTi. saqarTveloSic aris Crdilebis
Teatri, saxelwodebiT. „budrugana gagra“, devnili Teatri
afxazeTidan, romelic rusTavelis Teatrma Seifara
da iq TamaSobs speqtaklebs. am Teatris xelmZRvaneli
daarsebis dRidan gela kandelakia. dRes saTeatro
xelovnebaSi wamyvani Teatraluri formaa _ moZraobis
Teatri, pirdapir ritualTan, sxeulis gamomsaxvelobiT
enasTan dakavSirebuli Janria. moZraobis Teatric arsebobs
saqarTveloSi, romelsac ukve damoukidebeli Senobac aqvs
muStaidis baRSi. Teatrs misive damaarsebeli kaxa bakuraZe
xelmZRvanelobs. popularuli Janria cekvis Teatri. am
mimarTulebiT saqarTveloSic muSaoben, magram Teatris
es saxeoba Tanmimdevrulad ver viTardeba. cekvis Teatrs
profesiiT qoreografi da reJisori kote furcelaZe
xelmZRvanelobs. axalaRorZinebuli Janrebis paralelurad
Tanaarsebobs tradiciuli, klasikuri dramatuli Teatris
forma, romelic aerTianebs da Tavis TavSi itevs yvela
Janrs (multimedias, moZraobas, Crdilebs, Tojinebs).
evropaSi arsebobs sagnebis Teatric, CvenTan ki TiTebis
Teatri, romelsac daarsebis dRidanve beso kupreiSvili
udgas saTaveSi. dRemde ar kargavs popularobas klasikuri
saopero da sabaleto Janri, romauli warmoSobis pantomimis
Janri. SedarebiT axali Janria verbatimi, romelTa nimuSebi

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ukve Seiqmna qarTul TeatrSi.
verbatimi aris axali Janri, romlis teqsti
efuZneba dokumentur masalebs. swored es dokumenturi
Canawerebi, faqtebi, interviuebi realur personaJebTan
aris speqtaklis umTavresi wyaro. verbatimis magaliTi
qarTul TeatrSic gvaqvs. saqarTveloSi britaneTis
sabWos iniciativiT da britaneTis nacionaluri Teatris
monawileobiT rusTavelis Teatris eqsperimentul scenaze
ganxorcielda ameli blaiTis speqtakli ,,vgavarT Cven axla
ltolvilebs?!“. reJisori britaneTidan britaneTis sabWos
mowveviT Camovida, speqtaklSi monawileobdnen rusTavelis
Teatris msaxiobebi. am speqtakls didi warmateba hqonda
ara mxolod TbilisSi, aramed edinburgSic. rogor Seiqmna
es nawarmoebi?! reJisori Tavad Cavida werovanSi da Sexvda
ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis omis dros iZulebiT
gadaadgilebul pirebs, gaesaubra, gaecno maT yofas da
Caiwera yvela dialogi. swored es Canawerebi gaacocxles
rusTavelis Teatris msaxiobebTan.
verbatimi aris mTlianad realur faqtebsa da dokumentur
teqstebze dafuZnebuli warmodgena. am JanrSi reJisorebi
cdiloben mayurebeli datovon SiSveli realobis anabara
da ar Sealamazon istoriebi mxatvrulobiT, raTa ar
daikargos dokumenturobis mTavari principi. reJisori am
SemTxvevaSi kompoziciurad kravs epizodebs, istoriebs,
dialogebs...
ameli blaiTma Cawera werovanis ramdenime aTeuli tipaJi,
gaecno maT omisSemdgom cxovrebas, gaigo maTi fiqrebisa da
miznebis Sesaxeb, daadgina, ra swyinT, ra uxariaT, riT arian
kmayofilebi da riT ukmayofilo. Cawerili masala speqtaklis
warmodgenis dros yursasmenebis saSualebiT esmodaT
msaxiobebs da imave intonaciiT, pauzebiT, xmis tembriT
cdilobdnen msaxiobebi realuri personaJebis gacocxlebas.
proeqti saintereso aRmoCnda Tavad msaxiobebisTvisac,
radgan maT eqspromtad, scenazeve uwevdaT imitireba im
personaJebis, romelTa xma maT yurSi esmodaT. msaxiobi
intonaciiTa da xmiT axdenda axali gmiris mxatvruli

85
saxis Seqmnas. muSaobis aseTi stili ucxo da axali iyo
qarTveli msaxiobebisTvis, es ar iyo erTaderTi proeqti,
romelic britaneTis sabWom saqarTveloSi ganaxorciela.
proeqti saintereso aRmoCnda Tavad mayureblisTvisac.
verbatimis JanrSi qarTul TeatrSi kidev erTi kargi
speqtakli ganxorcielda, romelic Tavisi mxatvruli
doniT, reJisoruli da scenografiuli gadawyvetiT (daTa
TavaZe), teqstebis simZafriT (daviT gabunia), samsaxiobo
ansambliT (iako Wilaia, salome maisaSvili, magda lebaniZe,
natuka kaxiZe, kato kalatoziSvili) ar Camouvardeba am
JanrSi evropaSi ganxorcielebul speqtaklebs. es aris
speqtakli qalebze, maTdami Zaladobaze, maT Sinagan
mdgomareobaze omis dros da omis Semdeg, maT gancdebze,
miswrafebebze, tkivilsa da ocnebebze. samefo ubnis
TeatrSi axalgazrdebis jgufis mier dadgmuli speqtakli
mniSvnelovnad exmianeba Tanamedrove msoflios aqtualur
problemebs. roca am speqtaklis stilistikaze vsaubrobT,
unda avRniSnoT, rom daTa TavaZis speqtakli saukeTeso
nimuSia post postmodernizmis Teatris, sadac aRreulia
Janrebi, radgan verbatimis garda, warmodgena fizikuri
Teatriskenac ixreba. stilistikis TvalsazrisiT `troeli
qalebi~ sakvlevad erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso namuSevaria
Tanamedrove qarTul TeatrSi.
dramaturgma daTo gabuniam reJisorTan da msaxiobebTan
erTad imuSava teqstze. bevri maTgani realur monaTxrobze
da istoriebzea dafuZnebuli, nawili ki _ evripides „troel
qalebze“. omgamomvlili qali-personaJebi emociurad,
dramatulad, zogjer ki SesaSuri sisadaviT gviamboben
qalTa mimarT Zaladobis faqtebze, sxvadasxva epoqaSi
gamovlili omebis saSinelebebze, omebis dros qalis rolsa
Tu qalebze ganxorcielebul Zaladobaze. miuxedavad imisa,
rom gabuniasa da misi Tanagundelebis teqsti Cveni epoqis
realuri adamianebis monaTxrobebs efuZneba, speqtaklSi
evripides teqstis nawilic aris gamoyenebuli, sintaqsur-
stilisturi TvalsazrisiT maT Soris radikaluri sxvaoba
ar igrZnoba. swored es aris dramaturgis ostatoba _

86
klasikuri da Tanamedrove teqstis erT stilistikaSi
moqceva. reJisoric Txrobis (qarTuli TeatrisTvis
miuCvevel da iSviaT) ucnaur formas gvTavazobs. ucnauroba
ki mizanscenaTa kontrastuli awyobis principSi vlindeba,
romelSic sainteresoa ara mxolod Sinaarsi, aramed formac
(paraleluri teqsti da qmedeba). speqtaklis mTavari
gmirebi axalgazrda qalebi arian, romlebic omma mocelil
yvavilebs daamsgavsa, am mxatvrul Sedarebas speqtaklSi
vxvdebiT. sasowarkveTis miuxedavad, speqtaklis gmirebi,
Cveni Tanamedroveni, mainc optimistebad rCebian da arc
ironiaze amboben uars monologebSi.
daTa TavaZis axal speqtaklSi axalgazrda qal-msaxiobTa
namdvili ansamblia, rTulia maT mier Seqmnili mxatvruli
saxeebidan romelimes gamorCeva, Tumca am konkretul
speqtaklSi TiToeul maTgans misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
individualuroba aqvs. Seudarebeli simartiviT da
bunebriobiT gamoirCeva magda lebaniZe, xasiaTis simtkiciTa
da Sinagani ZlierebiT _ kato kalatoziSvili, Rrma
mgrZnobelobiT _ qeTa SaTiriSvili da natuka kaxiZe,
sixistiT da Sinagani tramvis Sefaruli CvenebiT _ salome
maisaSvili. TiToeuli personaJi Cven win dgas, rogorc
gmiri qali, romelic omis msxverplia, glovobs, magram
mainc TamaSobs, gaurbis mZime mogonebebs da saTqmels
TiTqos Segnebulad welavs. ganmansxvavebeligamomsaxvelobi
Ti saSualebebis garda maT bevri ram aerTianebT. speqtaklis
TiToeul monawiles SeuZlia kargad da sworad simRera,
Tavisuflad moZraoba, mkafiod metyveleba, azrovneba...
TiToeuli personaJis monologi ganzogadebas eqvemdebareba,
Sesabamisad, teqsti politikur konteqsts iZens, amis gamo
piradulis CarCos scildeba da sayovelTao xdeba. samefo
ubnis Teatris scenidan scenazeve ganlagebul mayurebels
Cveni Tanamedroveobis aqtualur problemebze xmamaRla,
mkveTrad, gasagebad da sakuTar TavTan CasaRrmaveblad
gvesaubrebian.
samefo ubnis Teatris speqtaklebi gamoirCeva dramatuli
teqstebis gansakuTrebuli arCeviTobiT. am TeatrSi

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xorcieldeba is piesebi, romlebic arasdros dadgmula
qarTul scenaze da amavdroulad aris aqtualuric da
Tanamedrovec. SemoqmedebiTi jgufi arasdros cdeba
piesis arCevanSi, romelic momavali speqtaklis warmatebis
sawindars amyarebs. isini zustad arCeven im dramaturgias,
romelic masSi dasmuli problemiT aris aqtualuri da
axlo Cvens Tanamedrove yofasTan. samefo ubnis TeatrSi
ver naxavT speqtaklebs, romelTac naftalinis surneli
asdis. aq mudam cdiloben SemogTavazon raRac axali,
gansxvavebuli, saintereso... gagviziaron evropuli Teatris
arc Tu ise Soreuli warsulis miRwevebi, gaacnon qarTvel
mayurebels is eqsperimentebi, romlebmac ganviTareba hpova
Tanamedrove dasavlur TeatrSi.

* * *

xSirad svamen kiTxvebs presaSi _ saiT midis Teatri.

calasaxa pasuxis gacema Zalian Znelia. xorcieldeba
aTasgvari formis, stilis, Janris speqtaklebi. maTgan bevri
warumatebeli mcdelobaa, bevric warmatebuli. Tumca am
dausrulebel da mudmivad cvalebad ZiebebSi speqtaklebis
ori ZiriTadi Stoa _ verbaluri da araverbaluri.
globalizaciis daCqarebuli procesis fonze araverbalur
warmodgenebs ufro farTo mayurebeli hyavs da is
xelmisawvdomia yvelasaTvis. uZveles xanaSic, rodesac
Teatri Camoyalibebis stadiaSi iyo da misi formirebis
procesi mimdinareobda verbaluri nawili iyo umniSvnelo,
xolo momdevno etapze teqsts umTavresi roli daekisra
da faqtobrivad scenidan ganidevna araverbaluri motivebi.
axla ukuprocesia. axla, sityvas ebrZvis Tanamedrove
Teatri, Tumca am brZolas azri ar aqvs, radgan teqstze
dafuZnebuli Teatri iseve mniSvnelovania da saWiro,
rogorc araverbaluri Teatraluri dadgmebi sxvadasxva
JanrSi. araverbalur warmodgenebSic ki mTlianad rodi
qreba teqsti, ubralod maTi funqcia mcirdeba da maT
mokle teqsturi Setyobinebis funqcia rCeba. maqsimalurad

88
mcirdeba speqtaklebis qronometraJic. Seqspiris 4-5
aqtiani piesebi erT an or aqtian speqtaklebad idgmeba.
Tanamedrove TeatrSi reJisorebi aranakleb fiqroben
qronometraJze, raTa mokle droSi moaxerxon Tqvan is,
rac aqvT Cafiqrebuli. Tanamedrove mayurebels aRar aqvs
didi dro, saaTebi... amis miuxedavad, Teatrma ar Secvala
Tavisi funqcia. mas dResac SerCa zneobriv-aRmzrdelobiTi,
saganmanaTleblo, politikuri, gasarTobi, kaTarzisis
ganmacdeveli funqcia. dRes Teatri dasvenebisa da
garTobis kerasTan erTad, adamianis ukeT qcevis, kaTarzisis
ganmacdeveli adgilic aris. Tanamedrove Teatris funqcia,
mayureblis garTobasTan da sixarulis miniWebasTan erTad,
aris esaubros im problemebze, romelic mas axla, amJamad
awuxebs da aRelvebs. sabWoTa periodSi Teatri iyo
yvelaze mniSvnelovani da saWiro instrumenti, tribuna
saxelmwifosTvis. mZime iyo maSin Teatris xvedri, arsebobda
cenzura da is mayurebels metaforis eniT esaubreboda.
cenzurisgan gaTavisuflebuli qarTuli Teatri inerciiT
agrZelebda metaforuli eniT urTierTobas mayurebelTan,
roca SeeZlo pirdapir, SeniRbvis gareSe eTqva is, rac
awuxebda.
axal realobaSi ideologiuri cenzura finansurma
cenzuram Caanacvla. dadgi razec da ramdenic ginda, akritike
vinc da ramdenjerac ginda, magram kritikis obieqtisgan
veRar miiReb dafinansebas. Tumca qarTul realobaSi iyo
iSviaTi gamonaklisic. magaliTad, gogi qavTaraZis speqtakli
„xalxis mteri“, romelic man Tbilisis meriis dafinansebiT
dadga TumaniSvilis saxelobis kinomsaxiobTa TeatrSi.
sakamaTo ar aris, rom politikur-socialuri atmosfero
da sazogadoebrivi cxovreba pirdapir asaxvas hpovebs
scenaze. Teatraluri xelovneba arasdrosaa mowyvetili
dros, konkretuli speqtakli iqmneba konkretul droSi
da cocxlobs konkretuli drois farglebSi manam,
sanam Teatraluri nawarmoebis Tematika aqtualuria
sazogadoebisaTvis. sabWoTa periodSi Teatri esTetikuri
tkbobis taZarTan erTad politikuri tribuna da ideologiis

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saukeTeso manqana iyo. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg post
sabWoTa qveynis Teatrebi gaxdnen damoukidebeli, Tavisufali
saxelmwifos Teatrebi, Tumca sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam
SokSi Caagdo Teatris moRvaweebi da am didma politikurma
movlenam sruli qaosi da dabneuloba gamoiwvia maT Soris.
rTuli gaxda im aqtualuri Temis da Teatraluri enis
moZebna, romelic daainteresebda, aRagznebda da miizidavda
mayurebels. amis mizezi, pirvel yovlisa, ideologiuri
cenzuris gaqroba gaxda. reJisorebi dgamdnen speqtaklebs
Temebze, romlebic arc maT aRelvebdaT da arc mayurebels.
am periodSi umniSvnelovanesi iyo avTo varsimaSvilis
speqtakli „komediantebi“ (osbornis „komediantebis“
mixedviT), romelic afxazeTis omis Temas exmianeboda
da didxans darCa Tavisufali Teatris repertuarSi.
speqtaklSi erTi qarTuli ojaxis magaliTze moTxrobili
iyo mTeli qarTuli sazogadoebis ganwyoba da mdgomareoba
afxazeTis omis dros da omis Semdeg. speqtaklis moqmedi
gmirebi mayurebelSi TanagrZnobas, siyvaruls da sinanuls
iwvevdnen.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis (1991)
Semdeg TbilisSi gaixsna Tavisufali da damoukidebeli
saTeatro sivrceebi: „Tavisufali Teatri“, „samefo ubnis
Teatri“, „Teatraluri sardafi“ da sxva. „Tavisufalma
Teatrma“ Tavidanve politikuri Teatris niSa daikava. da
misma damaarsebelma avTo varsimaSvilma am TeatrSi dadga
speqtakli _ aqcia „provokacia“ (piesis avtori da reJisori
avTo varsimaSvili, 2002). Tavisufali Teatri mTavrobis
sasaxlis win mdebareobda, sadac prezidentis rezidenciac
iyo ganTavsebuli. speqtaklSi msaxiobebi ucenzuro sityvebiT
lanZRavdnen mTavrobas da prezidents, aseve Tamamad
da radikalurad akritikebdnen mas. es iyo cenzurisgan
gaTavisuflebuli qarTuli Teatris agresiuli reaqcia,
erTgvari meore ukiduresoba. speqtakli,skandaluri xasiaTis
miuxedavad, ar akrZalula da arc raime zomebi gautarebia
xelisuflebas Teatris da speqtaklis winaaRmdeg. maSin,verc
vacnobierebdiT, rom varsima|Svilis `provikacia~ pirveli

90
qarTuli verbatimis princi piT dadgmuli speqtakli iyo,
romelSic teqstis avtorebi reJisorTan erTad msaxiobebi
iyvnen. postsabWoTa qarTulma Teatrma intensiurad daiwyo
misTvis axali formebis Zieba, „kbili mousinja“ axal
stilebs, mimdinareobebs, romlebsac politikuri faqtoris
gamo gverdi aura sabWoTa periodSi, Tumca es Ziebebi ar
iyo Tanmimdevruli da man ver gaamarTla, ufro sworad,
Tanamzraxvelebi masobrivad verc mayurebelSi moipova da
verc Tavad Teatris moRvaweebSi.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas daemTxva TeatrSi axali Taobis
reJisorebis mosvla sazogadoebriv asparezze, Tumca post
sabWoTa qarTul TeatrSi klimats mainc ufrosi Taobis
reJisorebi qmnidnen (mixeil TumaniSvili, robert sturua,
Temur CxeiZe). ufros TaobaSi lideris pozicia ki robert
sturuas eWira. misi esTetikis gavlena zogadad qarTul
Teatrze dRemde mZlavria da es procesi inerciiT albaT
kidev didxans gagrZeldeba.
robert sturuas saTeatro stilistikis gavleniT
mniSvnelovani iyo misi uSualo mowafis, baTumis Teatris
imJamindeli samxatvro xelmZRvanelis giorgi TavaZis
speqtakli „saRamos baRSi, rogorc ferad sizmarSi“
(irakli samsonaZis piesis mixedviT, romelic dramaturgma
uSualod baTumis TeatrisTvis reJisoris SekveTiT
dawera). speqtaklSi giorgi TavaZe Tanamedroveobas, anu
neobolSevizms, alegoriuli eniT xatavda da paralels
bolSevizmTan avlebda, Tumca speqtaklma maSin farTo
masStabiT ver gaiJRera. amis mizezi is iyo, rom eiforiaSi
myof moqalaqeTa srul umravlesobas, romelmac prezidenti
absoluturi upiratesobiT airCia, mxedvelobis miRma darCa,
realurad Seefasebina axali xelisuflebis Suq-Crdilebi.
2003-2011 wlebSi idgmeboda speqtaklebi, romlebSic
reJisorebi mkacrad akritikebdnen xelisuflebas.
politikuri speqtaklebis cikls gansakuTrebuli aJiotaJi
an akrZalva mTavrobis mxridan ar mohyolia, rogorsac
sabWoTa Teatri iyo Cveuli. imdenad gulgrili aRmoCnda
xelisufleba Teatraluri xelovnebis mimarT, rom is

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aranair gamowvevas ar iRebda. Tanamedrove xelisflebisTvis,
gansxvavebiT sabWoTa xelisuflebisagan, Teatri aRar
warmoadgens safrTxes, is televiziam Caanacvla.
sturuam zustad Caavlo xelisuflebis qmedebaTa
im detalebs, romelic kritikis saSualebas iZleoda.
misi bolo periodis dadgmebi swored am mimarTulebiT
gamoxatvda saTqmels. pirvelma sturuam daiwyo saubari
mosalodnel SiSze speqtaklSi „Walas Citi momkvdariyo“.
speqtaklSi kargadaa naCvenebi, Tu erT dros saTayvanebelma
da salocavma frazam _ „gaumarjos Tavisuflebas“ rogor
dakarga fasi, ufro metic, es fraza sasacilo da saqilikoc
ki gamxdara, Tanac maTTvis, vinc am rwmeniT gaizarda
da swored Tavisuflebis mopovebisTvis ewama. sturuas
speqtaklSi, ise rogorc realobaSi, avtoritetebis
msxvrevis epoqa ukve dgas.
SeniRbulma finansurma cenzuram warmoSva erTgvari
TviTcenzura, romlis niSnebi, erTi mxriv, gamovlinda
patriotuli Tematikis, xolo, meore mxriv, ruseT-
saqarTvelos 2008 wlis omisadmi miZRvnil speqtaklebSi.
patriotul Temaze Seqmnili speqtaklebi ganxorcielda
rusTavelis TeatrSi (oTar WilaZis „waTes wiTeli waRebi“,
reJisori giga lorTqifaniZe), quTaisis mesxiSvilis
TeatrSi (nino sadRobelaSvilis „bambaziis samoTxe“,
reJisori giorgi sixaruliZe), rusTavis TeatrSi (manana
doiaSvilis „Riad darCenili saflavebi“, arCil sulakauris
moTxrobebis mixedviT, reJisori gega qurcikiZe). am process
odnav mogvianebiT SeurTda marjaniSvilis Teatri, romlis
samxatvro xelmZRvanelma levan wulaZem mayurebels guram
qarTveliSvilis drama „qaquca ColoyaSvili“ SesTavaza.
aRniSnuli dadgma istoriuli Janris speqtaklebs Soris
yvelaze warmatebuli aRmoCnda. speqtakli ramdenime
wlis ganmavlobaSi anSlagebiT mimdinareobda. ra iyo amis
mizezi? pirvel yovlisa, mayurebels moenatra istoriul
Temaze dadgmuli speqtaklebi, garda amisa, speqtaklma
cxadyo, rom qarTvel mayurebels aRelvebs da uzomod
uyvars Tavisi samSoblo. amavdroulad istoriuli qronika

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mayurebels miewodeboda Teatraluri formiT da didi
emociis TanxlebiT, romelic did gavlenas axdenda yvelaze
nihilist mayurebelzec ki.
patriotuli Tematikis paralelurad 2008 wlis
omis Semdeg qarTulma Teatrma odnav mogvianebiT, magram
mainc upasuxa ruseTis agresias. omis Temaze Seqmnili
speqtaklebi ara imdenad koniunqtura da TviTcenzuris
gamoxatuleba iyo, ramdenadac gulwrfeli reaqcia ruseTis
agresiaze. omis Temaze Seqmnili speqtaklebidan Tanamedrove
qarTul TeatrSi yvelaze gamorCeuli dadgma giorgi
TavaZis baTumis TeatrSi ganxorcielebuli speqtakli
_ „bananisa da komSis pudingi koniakiTa da romiT“ iyo.
komikur igavze dramaturg irakli samsonaZesTan erTad
reJisori giorgi TavaZec muSaobda. piesa swored baTumis
Teatris dasisTvis daiwera (aRniSnuli piesa saxelwodebiT
„dabolili mTvare“ imave reJisorma ganaxorciela mier
rusTavelis Teatris did scenazec). giorgi TavaZis
axali speqtakli „bananisa da komSis pudingi koniakiTa
da romiT“ saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebze, mis istoriul
epizodebze da qarTvelTa xasiaTis yvela mankier, Tu
mniSvnelovan Tvisebebze mogviTxrobs, is etapobrivad
xatavs ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis mTel istorias.
warmodgenaSi erTi tipuri qarTuli ojaxis istoriis fonze
gaTamaSebulia saqarTvelos uaxloesi warsuli omamde,
omianobis Jams da omis Semdeg... speqtaklSi xazgasmulia
ruseTis `paTologiuri~ siyvaruli saqarTvelosadmi.
reJisori ironiiT gvaxsenebs warsuls da migviTiTebs Cvens
TanamedroveobaSi daSvebul Secdomebzec. mniSvnelovani
iyo, rom 26 maiss, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dRes
speqtakli warmodgenili iyo kiSinovSi, rusuli dramatuli
Teatris scenaze, eJen ioneskos bienales farglebSi.
giorgi TavaZe alegoriul, mxatvrul samoselSi gaxveul
simarTles da Cveni cxovrebis realur suraTs naTlad
da mourideblad ganSlis. reJisori xan alegoriulad,
xanac metaforulad, xan ki plakaturi sizustiT xatavs
ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis mniSvnelovan da yvelaze
dasafiqrebel detalebs.
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 postsabWoTa qarTul TeatrSi adgili hqonda
„sazogadoebrivi cenzuris“ gamovlinebebsac. terminSi
vgulisxmob, roca sazogadoebis garkveuli nawili
cdilobs galaSqrebas speqtaklis winaaRmdeg. arasamTavrobo
organizacia „marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSiri“, romelic
religiuri fanatizmiT Sepyrobili adamianebisagan Sedgeba,
xSirad ebrZoda religiur Tematikaze dadgmul speqtaklebs
da aqciebiTa da manifestaciebiT moiTxovda speqtaklis
akrZalvas. magaliTad, „sazogadoebrivi cenzuris“
gamovlinebad unda CaiTvalos robert sturuas speqtaklis
„Tormeti ganrisxebuli mamakaci“ (rusTavelis Teatri)
da qeTi doliZis speqtaklis „seroba“ (konomsaxiobTa
Teatri) winaaRmdeg gamarTuli aqciebi misi akrZalvis
moTxovniT. am aqciebma gavlena ver iqonia speqtaklis
sicocxlisunarianobaze.
garkveuli cenzura Tavisi sxvadasxva gamovlinebiTa
da ganStoebiT (ideologiuri, finansuri, TviTcenzura)
yovelTvis iarsebebs, mTavaria, rogor gamoiyenebs mas Teatri
da ara piriqiT. swored cenzurasa da Teatrs Soris idealuri
urTierTobis magaliTia gadmocemuli levan wulaZis
speqtaklSi „Jolo“ (Tanamedrove iaponeli dramaturgis koki
mitanis piesis „sicilis akademia“ mixedviT). am speqtaklis
mTavari gmiri cenzuraa, romelic budobs ori moqmedi
personaJis sulSi. xelovans gamomuSavebuli TviTcenzuris
grZnoba aqvs, xolo cenzors xisti, uryevi xasiaTi.
speqtaklSi ikveTeba Cveni realobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
niuansebi, axlad daniSnuli cenzori (anu zemdgomi organo,
romelic kulturis sferos kurirebs), romelic acxadebs,
rom ar dadis TeatrSi, ar ainteresebs mwerloba, rom am
sferoSi SemTxveviT moxda, ufro metic, Tavad cenzors
cenzura usargeblo ram hgonia. msgavs situaciaSi qarTveli
reJisorebis da Teatris xelmZRvanelebis umravlesoba
aRmoCenila. SeiZleba mkiTxvelma ifiqros, XXI saukuneSi
raRa dros cenzuraao, magram levan wulaZis speqtakli
swored rom aqtualur problemas exmianeba da misi
gadaWris gzasac gvTavazobs. speqtaklis mTavari gmiris

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neos msgavsi cenzorebi, romelsac ostaturad asrulebs
nato murvaniZe, samwuxarod, iSviaTad moiZebneba qarTul
sinamdvileSi. miT umetes, imis fonze, roca 2010 wels
axalcixis TeatrSi dafiqsirda speqtaklis repertuaridan
moxsnis mcdeloba. oTar qaTamaZis „aivanSi“ (reJisori
giorgi SalutaSvili) gakritikebulia municipaliteti da
maTi TanamSromlebis uvicoba. Tanamedrove qarTuli Teatris
kvlevis centrma adgilobriv xelisuflebas speqtaklis
gadasarCenad sagangebo werili miswera, romliTac regionis
xelisuflebas aiZula speqtaklis repertuarSi datoveba.
levan wulaZe ki Tavisi speqtakliT Teatrisa da
cenzuris urTierTobis idealur variants gviCvenebs, roca
cenzori Tavad enTeba xelovnebiT, „iwamleba TeatriT“ da
xelovanis Semoqmedebis mTavari stimulator-generatori
xdeba. cenzori iyvarebs mwerlobasac da Teatrsac. aseTi
cenzoris profesionalizmi, pasuxismgeblobis maRali
SegrZneba da garegnulad xisti xasiaTi aqcevs mas xelovanebis
megobrad da ara mtrad. kargma cenzorma levan wulaZis
speqtaklSi dadebiTad gansazRvra kidec SemoqmedebiTi
procesi, tendenciebi, romelic, pirvel yovlisa, erovnuli
interesebis garda, xelovanis srulyofasac emsaxureba. es
Tema Cveni TanamedroveobisaTvis drouli, mniSvnelovani
da aqtualuri problemaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli
postsabWoTa sivrce TiTqos Tavisufal, damoukidebel da
demokratiul saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs.

* * *

aTiaTasamde mayurebels itevda antikuri Teatronebi.

miuxedavad amisa, speqtaklze misul mayurebels esmoda
teqsti. msaxiobis maRali saSemsruleblo teqnikisa da
nagebobis specifikis gamo es rTuli, magram misaRwevi iyo.
antikur saberZneTSi msaxiobebi Zalian bevrs emzadebodnen,
muSaobdnen da amaze uamravi filmi arsebobs, romelic
rekonstruqcias warmoadgens msaxiobis savarjiSoebis
antikur TeatrSi. msaxiobi xmas da warmoTqmul sityvas

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agonebda mTis wverze ganlagebul mayurebels da dRes
Tundac mcire, kamerul darbazebSi msaxiobis saubari
ar gvesmis, gvesaubreba scenidan da ver vigebT, risi Tqma
surs. ar gvesmis teqsti, ver gvagonebs, ver laparakobs
gamarTulad scenidan da Sesabamisad, es kultura dakargulia,
romelic Zalian maRal doneze gvqonda. problema aramarto
qarTuli TeatrisTvis aris aqtualuri, aramed evropuli
TeatrisTvisac.
Teatri sinTezuri xelovnebaa da is iyenebs xelovnebis
yvela dargs. aq mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, roca Seiqmna
kinoxelovneba, yvela saubrobda, rom Teatri aucileblad
dakargavda aqtualobas, rom Teatrma amowura Tavisi
Tavi da mas Caanacvlebda axali xelovneba kino. magram
Teatrma mimarTa gadarCenis saukeTeso xerxs, TviTon
gamoiyena kinoxerxebi da saSualebebi, rogorc erT-erTi
gamomsaxvelobiTi komponenti. aseTi reJisori erT-erTi
pirveli ervin piskatoria, romelmac me-20 saukunis
aTiani wlebis dasawyisSi mimarTa kinoxerxebis gamoyenebas,
xolo 1928 wels kote marjaniSvilma gamoiyena proeqcia
speqtaklSi ,,hopla, Cven vcocxlobT“, riTac gaixsna
quTais-baTumis Teatri, romelic dRes marjaniSvilis
Teatris saxeliT aris cnobili. Sesabamisad, ekrani da
kinoxerxebi Teatris nawili gaxda. televiziis elementebsac
iyenebs Teatri. gaCnda kompiuteri da interneti, Teatrma
maSinve mimarTa TviTgadarCenis instinqts. teqnikuri
progresi man mTlianad aiTvisa da Tavis samsaxurSi Caayena.
ase gaCnda multimediuri Janri, romelic radikalurad
gansxvavebuli Janria Teatris sxva Janrebisagan, is
Tanamedrove TeatrSi Zalian aqtualuri da popularulia.
Cveni Teatrebi, samwuxarod, jerjerobiT ar aris mzad eseTi
proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad. erTaderTi rusTavelis
Teatria, romelic teqnikurad gamarTulia da iZleva amis
saSualebas. es ar niSnavs imas, rom CvenSi ar idgmeba
multimediuri xerxebiT speqtaklebi. qarTveli reJisorebi
Zalian xSirad mimarTaven am xerxs da aqtiurad iyeneben
TavianT speqtaklebSi, imdenad xSirad, rom ukve animacia da

96
multimedia, ekranis gamoyeneba erTgvar stereotipad iqca.
multimediuri da fizikuri Teatris karg magaliTad
SegviZlia davasaxelod britanuli kompania _ Teatri geko,
romelic Tbilisis saerTaSoriso Teatralur festivalze iyo
warmodgenili. Tanamedrove TeatrisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
Janrebis aRreva. Zalian Znelia daadgino sazRvari
speqtaklebSi Janrebs Soris. Janridan JanrSi gadasvliT
xasiaTdeba ara mxolod araverbaluri warmodgenebi, aramed
tradiciuli formis verbaluri warmodgenebi. magaliTad,
giorgi TavaZis „nugzari da mefistofeli“, komediaa da
uceb iqceva tragediad, aseve daviT doiaSvilis „zafxulis
Ramis sizmari“. Seqspiris komedia finalSi namdvil dramad
iqceva.
masStaburobiT gamorCeoda metropolitenis operaSi
dadgmuli „nibelungebis beWedi“, rober lepaJis dadgmiT.
speqtaklSi unikaluri monumenturi dekoraciaa, zedmiwevniT
dinamikuri da cocxali. teqnikur progresTan erTad
lepaJi speqtaklebSi saTeatro tradiciebis erTgulia. Cven
gvqonda bedniereba misi erT-erTi namuSevari „mTvaris Sori
mxare“ gvenaxa TbilisSi, rusTavelis TeatrSi Tbilisis
saerTaSoriso Teatraluri festivalis farglebSi. saerTod,
lepaJis speqtaklebis gadaadgileba bevr sirTulesTan aris
dakavSirebuli. amitomac is iSviaTad dadis gastrolebze.
lepaJi yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qalaqebidan moskovSi
erTxel aris namyofi 2000 wels speqtakliT „mTvaris
Sori mxare“.
lepaJis speqtaklebis teqnikuri partituris sirTulis
miuxedavad, reJisori aqcents efeqtebze ki ar akeTebs,
aramed misi speqtaklis mTavari mamoZravebeli RerZi
ostati-msaxiobia verbaluri da araverbaluri nawiliT.
robert lepaJis Sedevrad aRiarebul speqtaklSi
sarkiseburad airekla erTi meocnebe, mizandasaxuli kacis
ganvlili cxovreba. msaxiob iv Jakis partniori scenaze
sxvadasxva usulo sagani da animaciaa. misi monologebi
formiT dialogis principzea awyobili. iSviaTad gvevlineba
is mTxrobelad. msaxiobi maRal artistul resursTan erTad

97
avlens fizikur momzadebas. aqvs sizustis gansakuTrebuli
grZnoba, radgan moqmedebis maTematikur sizustes lepaJis
speqtaklSi mniSvnelovani da gadamwyveti datvirTva aqvs.
lepaJis speqtaklebi gakveTilia Tu, rogor unda Seerwyas
ideas, reJisorul xedvas da msaxiobs gamomsaxvelobiTi
saSualebebi _ multimediuri xerxebis mravalferovneba
(ekranis mravalfunqciuri gamoyeneba, Live-Si Seqmnili
gamosaxuleba, dokumenturi kadrebis, Tu speqtaklisTvis
sagangebod Seqmnili animacia), musikalur-xmovani rigi,
gamosaxuleba, Tojinuri plani, „adamiani-Tojina“,
daxvewili mxatvruli ganaTebis sistema, scenuri sivrcis
da garemos intensiuri SeumCneveli cvla. yvela zemoT
CamoTvlili Teatraluri efeqtis miuxedavad, romelic
dauviwyar, feradovan, mistikur da STambeWdav sanaxaobas
qmnis, mayureblis gaocebas iv Jakis gardasaxvis unari
iwvevs. kidev erTxel Tavisi ostatobiT adasturebs, rom
msaxiobi TeatrSi upirvelesia. 135 wuTis ganmavlobaSi iv
Jaki mxolod 5-8 wamiT gadis scenidan. mTeli am drois
ganmavlobaSi msaxiobi datvirTulia, is muSaobs CvenTvis
gulwrfelad, yovelgvari pirobiTobis gareSe da gvTavazobs
ara erT artistul triuks.
speqtaklSi, romelic erTdroulad SemecnebiTicaa
(istoria-geografiis SesaniSnav gakveTiladac SeiZleba
CaiTvalos) da sanaxaobiTic, vxvdebiT etiudebis
principze agebul epizodebs (varjiSis scena), daxvewil,
kompoziciurad gamarTul mizanscenebs, araverbalur
nawils, romelsac logikurad avsebs speqtaklis didi
verbaluri nawili. lepaJis am Tanamedrove speqtaklSi
uxvadaa gamoyenebuli uZvelesi Teatraluri xerxebi da
formebi, romelTa modernizaciasac lepaJi am speqtaklSi
umaRles mxatvrul xarisxSi aRwevs. kidev erTi, TiTqos
SeumCneveli detali. speqtaklis scenografia, romlis
avtoric lepaJis asistenti marie-klaude peletieria,
mTavari moqmedi gmiris ganwyobilebisa da warmosaxvis
Sesabamisad icvleba. scenografiaSi am momentis asaxva erT-
erTi is mizezTagania, ris gamoc warmodgena Cveni drois
Sedevrad aRiares.
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 lepaJis speqtakli adamianis poetur ocnebebsa da
warmosaxvaze mogviTxrobs da im wreze, romelzedac
sinamdvileSi is trialebda. hgonia, rom mudmiv aRmoCenebSia.
aRmoCenebis Sedegad ki irkveva, rom adamiani, martoobis
miuxedavad, arasdrosaa marto. nebismieri ocneba xdeba,
magram Taviseburad.
* * *

xelovnebis dargTagan Teatri yvelaze gamorCulia,

imitom rom is arsebobs konkretul droSi da aris yvelaze
Tanamedrove. is ibadeba „fardis gaxsnisTanave“ da kvdeba
„fardis daxurvisTanave“. Teatri verc win uswrebs dros
da verc ukan CamorCeba. Tumca arsebobs Teatraluri
winaswarmetyvelebebi. magaliTad, robert sturuam
iwinaswarmetyvela sabWoTa kavSiris daSla speqtaklSi
,,mefe liri“, aCvena, rogor ingreva tiraniaze dafuZnebuli
saxelmwifo. 1987 wels Sedga premiera. 1991 wels ki
saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada. Tanamedrove
Teatri iqca codnis Senaxvisa da gadacemis saSualebad. igi
erTgvari mediatoria da arqivic, romelic inaxavs garkveul
mexsierebas. Tanamedrove samyaroSi Teatri mniSvnelovania
imis gamo, rom is erTaderTia, romelsac gare vinCesterze
ver Cawer, is arsebobs mxolod cocxlad. Teatri darCa
mayureblisa da msaxiobis komunikaciis erTgvari formad,
Teatri aris adgili koleqtiuri TanagancdisTvis, aq
cocxali emociaa da es aris kulturaTa dialogis procesi.
or kulturas Soris xdeba informaciis gacvla. erT mxares
scenaze dganan, meore mxares ki sxedan parterSi.

globaliazacia da misi gavlena saTeatro

kulturaze

ena mTavari sakomunikacio saSualebaa. Teatri eZebs

universalur enas, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli mxolod
verbalTan. aucilebelia yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomoba da
sazRvrebis moSla.

99
 ris sanaxavad mivdivarT TeatrSi? ra kriteriumebs
unda akmayofilebdes Tanamedrove Teatri? xSirad ismeba
es kiTxvebi.
21-e saukuneSi gaCnda axali realoba, romelsac mesame
realobas uwodeben. es cifruli samyaroa. TeatrSic daibada
mesame, axali realoba _ samyaros ganviTareba teqnikur
garemocvaSi, kiber sivrce.
globalizaciis epoqaSi SeuZlebelia icxovro calke, es
erTi da didi ojaxia. ojaxi, romlis wevrebi xasiaTdebian
gansxvavebuli TvisebebiT, gansxvavebuli kulturebiT,
gansxvavebuli fiqrebiT _ magram mainc erTi didi ojaxia.
axla dadga dro axali teqnologiebis (ara mxolod
teqnikuri), multimediis da cifruli sivrcis. im epoqis
garemocvaSi, sadac Cven vcxovrobT, saWiroa Sesabamisi
ritmi, moqmedeba, moZraoba. TeatrSi yovelTvis darCeba
aqtualuri: Tema, adamianuri problemebi. Temebi, romlebic
amaRelvebeli da axlobeli iqneba adamianTa modgmisTvis.
momavlis Teatri ar aris dramaturgiis Teatri, es
iqneba Teatri Teatraluri teqstiT, an teqstebiT,
romelic uSualod Seqmnilia konkretuli speqtaklisTvis.
Tanamedrove TeatrSi teqsti gadaiqca, rogorc mokle
Setyobineba. mTavaria grZnoba, moqmedeba, moZraoba da
universaluri msaxiobi (romelsac yvelaferi SeuZlia).
dRes, rogorc arasdros, TeatrisTvis aucilebelia
saubari erT Teatralur enaze, am procesSi ki mTavari
adamiani-msaxiobia, rogorc komunikaciis universaluri
saSualeba Teatrsa da mayurebels Soris, mediatoria,
azrebisa da grZnobebis gadacemis unikaluri saSualeba.
msaxiobze maRla araferi dgas.
msaxiobi saSualebaa saubrisa xalxebs Soris. movida dro,
radikalurad Seicvalos samyaro. Teatric eZebs xerxebs
ganviTarebisaTvis. es moxdeba ara axali saSualebebiT,
aramed imiT, rasac iyenebda is saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi.
Teatri daibada ritualebSi da is aucileblad miubrundeba
mas.
TeatrSi gaCnda Temebi da problemebi, romlebic

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nakarnaxevia axali droebiT. aqtualuri gaxda lirikuli
Temebi, adamianis ararealizebuli, mexsierebaSi daleqili
zraxvebi, ocnebebi, miswrafebebi. komunikaciis da
gaucxoebis problebebmac wamoiwia wina planze, ise
rogorc ararealizebulma miswrafebebma. am sakiTxebze
evropaSi xSirad idgmeba speqtaklebi. qarTul TeatrSi
msgavsi Temebi tabudadebulia, qarTuli Teatri mainc
Tavs aridebs msgavs problemebze saubars. am mxriv didi
roli iTamaSa samefo ubnis Teatris mier mowyobilma
festivalma „ardifestma“, romelic sul samjer gaimarTa.
axal virtualur realobaSi adamianis adgilze iyo
axalgazrda reJisoris paata cikolias speqtakli „Skype
me“, romelSic virtualurad dakavSirebuli adamianebis
urTierTobis erTi epizodi iyo gaTamaSebuli. virtualur
sivrceSi adamianebis komunikacia erT-erTi aqtualuri Temaa
dasavleT evropis TeatrSic. Tanamedrove Teatri gverds
ver uvlis sazogadoebisgan (megobrebi, ojaxis wevrebi,
amxanagebi, kolegebi) garidebuli, sakuTar TavSi Caketili,
gaucxoebuli, ararealizebuli adamianebis beds. aseTi
adamiani ver axerxebs sakuTari fiqrebis, miswrafebebis,
vnebebisa da survilebis gaziarebas, uCndeba kompleqsebi da
is iZulebulia sakuTari fiqrebi gauziaros virtualur
megobars, romelsac ar icnobs realur cxovrebaSi da
zedapiruli warmodgena aqvs masze, magram mxolod masTan
aris gulwrfeli, gulaxdili da Tavisufali. am problemas
eZRvneba laSa buRaZis radio piesa „navigatori“, romelsac
didi warmateba xvda wilad britaneTSi.
sul sxva rangSi avida Tanamedrove TeatrSi qalis,
rogorc mamakacis Tanaswori sqesis warmomadgenlis roli.
TiTqos sawyis mdgomareobas ubrundeba matriarqati.
feministurma moZraobebma, genderis dabalansebis
problemebma Tavisi gamoZaxili TeatrSic hpova. qali
gaxda sazogadoebrivad aqtiuri da aqtualuri. swored
am problemaze dadga gogi margvelaSvilma speqtakli
,,julieta da romeo“, Seqspiris ,,romeo da julietas“
mixedviT. reJisorma Secvala saTauri da mas „julieta da

101
romeo“ uwoda. gogi margvelaSvilis speqtaklSi julieta
iyo mTavari figura da wamyvani Zala. julietas rols ia
suxitaSvili TamaSobda, swored am speqtaklSi daibada is
rogorc perspeqtuli, saintereso momavlis mcodne msaxiobi.
romeo speqtaklSi radikalurad pasiuri iyo. es speqtakli
iyo Tanamedrove samyaroSi arsebuli aqtualuri problemis
gamoZaxili. margvelaSvilis `julieta da romeo~ erT-erTi
saukeTeso interpretaciaa Seqspiris tragediis, romelic
Tanamedrove speqtaklis yvela kriteriums akmayofilebda
koncefciiTa da formiT.

* * *

21-e saukunis xelovnebaSi Zalian aqtualuri da

popularulia ramdenime Tema. gamokveTili Temaa agresia.
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi adamianebi xdebian agresiis
gamoxatulebis msxverpli. is, rac gare samyaroSi xdeba,
amdeni omi, eTnikuri dapirispirebebi, konfliqtebi
religiur da seqsualur umciresobebs Soris, asaxvas
hpovebs TeatrSic. xSiria qsenofobiis gamovlinebac. ai,
britaneTSi, margaret tetCeris gardacvalebas ovaciiT
da sixarulis manifestaciiT Sexvda mosaxleobis didi
nawili. ratom? imitom, rom misi mmarTvelobis dros bevri
espaneli da poloneli gadmovida sacxovreblad da samuSaod
britaneTSi, ramac mkvidri mosaxleobis guliswyroma
gamoiwvia. konfliqtis kerebi dRemde Cauqrobelia evropis
sxvadasxva qveyanasa da qalaqSi gansxvavebuli kanis feris
adamianebs Soris. es problema CvenSic aqtualuria da ukve
iCina Tavi. TbilisSic dafiqsirda msgavsi konfliqtis
faqtebi. msoflioSi aqtualuria religiur safuZvelze
dawyebuli da dRemde dausrulebeli konfliqtebis kaskadi.
swored am dapirispirebebma gaaCina adamianebSi agresia.
xelovnebis nebismieri nawarmoebis centrSi adamiania. dRes
ki _ agresiuli adamiani.
didi winaaRmdegobebi hqonda (da mainc aqvs) seqsualur
umciresobasac evropaSi da dRes am problemis sabolood

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daZlevas cdilobs evropa, CvenSi ki siZulvili gansxvaveuli
adamianebis mimarT piks aRwevs. arc ise Soreul warsulSi,
sul raRac aTi wlis win didi wnexis qveS cxovrobdnen
da moRvaweobdnen seqsualuri umciresobebi poloneTSi,
evrokavSiris wevr qveyanaSi. sivrceSi, sadac meoce
saukuneSi aTobiT progresuli moazrovne cxovrobda da
moRvaweobda. maT radikalurad Secvales evropis xalxTa
azrovneba. es problema polonuri TeatrSi farTod aisaxa.
maia kleCevska _ polonuri Teatris erT-erTi yvelaze
cnobili warmomadgenelia da romelic Tavisi speqtaklebiT
mudmivad ebrZvis Zaladobas da agresias, umciresobebisa
da gansxvavebulebis damcvelad gvevlineba. mis speqtaklSi
„makbeti“ (Seqspiris tragediis mixedviT), romelic
2003 wels daidga, kudianebi transvisvitebi arian.
roca mas hkiTxes, ratom transvistitebi _ upasuxa, rom
poloneTSi imdenad didi iyo sazogadoebis agresia maT
mimarT, rom maTi speqtaklSi gamoyvaniT is daupirispirda
am siZulvils da Seecada, sxva mxridan, ufro dadebiT
personaJebad warmoeCina isini. aseTi rTuli procesi
mimdinareobda civilur sazogadoebaSi da nu gvikvirs
radikaluri xasiaTiT gamorCeuli qarTvelis agresiuloba.
mentalobasTan brZola da tradiciebis msxvreva yvelaze
rTuli, magram daZlevadi procesia. erTia kanoni, xolo
meore moqalaqis damokidebuleba kanonis mimarT, romelic
erTgvarad ewinaaRmdegeba mentalobas, dogmebs, magram
ara tradiciebs da saerTod, albaT, unda gvaxsovdes, rom
seqsualuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebis aratradiciuli
seqsualuri orientaciis mimdevrebad moxsenieba arasworia.
gansxvavebulebi arsebobdnen yvela droSi da epoqaSi.
maT arsebobas sakmaod didi warsuli da tradicia aqvs.
maT Soris, saqarTveloSic. yvelasTvis cnobilia, rom
gansxvavebul seqsualur miswrafebebs nebismieri religia
krZalavda, ise rogorc eklesia _ Teatrs. didi brZola
gamoucxada eklesiam qarTul Teatrsac Sua saukuneebSi.
sabWoTa periodSi seqsualuri umciresobebis Tema
tabuirebuli iyo, dRes Riaa, magram qarTuli Teatri

103
Tamamad am Temaze saubars erideba, radgan qarTul
sazogadoebaSi jer kidev mZlavria homofobiuri mentaloba.
pirveli qarTuli speqtakli, romelic gansxvavebuli
orientaciis adamianebze mogviTxrobda, levan wulaZis
mier “Teatraluri sardafi rusTavelze~ dadgmuli ralf
knigis “ET CETERA~ iyo. speqtaklSi sazogadoebisTvis
sayvareli msaxiobebi – duta sxirtlaZe, kaxa abuaSvili
(kabu) da beso baraTaSvili monawileobdnen. marTalia,
speqtakli homofobiis winaaRmdeg brZolis gamovlinebad ar
SeiZleba CaiTvalos, magram reJisoris da msaxiobebis mier
ambis Txrobis arCeuli gza (iumori) momgebiani aRmoCnda
TeatrisTvis. speqtakli mogviTxrobda sami geis cxovrebaze.
reJisori da msaxiobebi ki ar dascinodnen gmirebs, aramed
miznad daesaxaT gansxvavebuli adamianebis cxovreba, rac
agresias iwvevda mayurebelSi da arc zizRs.
speqtakli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo `Teatraluri
sardafis~ moqmed repertuarSi da sul anSlagebiT midioda.
mayureblis amgvari interesi speqtaklisadmi mxolod
JanriT (komediiT) ar yofila ganpirobebuli… rogorc
Cans, sazogadoebisTvis es Tema saintereso da aqtualuri
gamodga, radgan scenaze gaTamaSebuli istoria speqtaklze
uamrav damswreTa istorias hgavda.
marTalia speqtaklis mTavari mizani homofobiaze ieriSis
mitana ar yofila, magram levan wulaZe qarTul TeatrSi
pirveli aRmoCnda, vinc Seecada am sakiTxisadmi sazogadoebis
damokidebulebis Secvlas. gansxvavebul adamianebs vxvdebiT
giorgi TavaZis TiTqmis yvela speqtaklSi. 2005 wels
mis mier rusTavis TeatrSi dadgmuli laSa buRaZis
piesa `Teatris~ personaJi koko, romelsac rusTavelis
Teatris msaxiobi beso zanguri asrulebda, pirdapir
ucxadebda ojaxs, rom geia. Tu ar vcdebi, laSa buRaZe
iyo pirveli, vinc qarTul dramaturgiaSi gei personaJi
Semoiyvana. aRsaniSnavia, rom buRaZis personaJi evropidan
dabrunebuli qarTveli iyo, romelic ganumartavs mSobliur
qarTvelebs, rom ase cxovrobs da bednieria. reJisori
giorgi TavaZe am speqtaklSi gei personaJis gamosaxatad

104
mimarTavda iumornarev ironias. beso zanguris personaJi ar
gamoirCeoda manerulobiT, piriqiT, is WeSmarit qarTvel
rainds, brge vaJkacs ufro mogagonebdaT, vidre `Cia biWs~.
miuxedavad imisa, rom giorgi TavaZis speqtaklSi beso
zanguris gancxadeba `me gei var~ taSis grialSi inTqmeboda,
personaJi tragikulobas ar kargavda da lirikuli xazi
kokos personaJs bolomde mihyveboda. laSa buRaZis komedia
“Teatri~ quTaisis TeatrSi Tornike marjaniSvilmac
ganaxorciela. kokos rols axalgazrda msaxiobi abel
soselia asrulebda. am Temaze dadgmuli speqtaklebi
rodi gamoirCeodnen maRalmxatvruli xarisxiT, magram maT
hqondaT mniSvnelovani efeqti sazogadoebis mentalobis
Sesacvlelad, speqtaklebi liberalizms, humanurobas da
adamianebis mimarT siyvaruls qadagebda da ar nergavda
siZulvils gansxvavebulebis mimarT.
sabWoTa kavSirSi am mxriv yvelaze Tamami da erT-erTi
pirveli medroSe rusi reJisori roman viktiuki aRmoCnda,
romelmac dadga nikolai kaliadas piesa „Surduli“. piesa
1989 wels daiwera da imave wels daidga peterburgis
saxelmwifo TeatrSi. mas Semdeg umciresobebis Temaze uamravi
speqtakli Seiqmna ruseTSic da dasavleT evropaSic.
Zalian mniSvnelovani movlenaa Tanamedrove saTeatro
xelovnebaSi meTiu borni. britaneli qoreografi da reJisori.
biornma klasikuri sabaleto ganaTleba miiRo, magram
SemoqmedebiT angrevda klasikuri sabaleto tradiciebs,
gamosaxvis formebs da stilistikas. misi speqtaklebi
qoreografiuli da dramatuli Teatris erTobliobas
warmoadgens. mas ganxorcielebuli aqvs TiTqmis yvela
klasikuri baleti, Tumca interpretaciebi Zalian Sors aris
libretos tradiciul gaazrebasTan. igi namdvili reJisor-
interpretatoria. yvelaze skandaluri dadgma Caikovskis
baleti „gedebis tbaa“, romliTac avtori erTsqesiani
siyvarulis Temas Seexo. meTiu biornim gansakuTrebuli
kvleva Caatara Caikovskis am baletis pirvelwyaros
siuJetis garSemo. yvelasTvis cnobili, magram tabuirebuli
iyo misi urTierToba sakuTar ZmisSvilTan. biornis azriT,

105
speqtaklis axleburi interpreaciiT baleti pirvandel
siuJets daubrunda. garda amisa, biornis surda speqtakliT
gamoxmaureboda britaneTis samefo ojaxis gauxmaurebel
Temebs da eCvenebina realoba, romelzedac miTqma-moTqmas
dasrulebis piri ar uCanda. princ CarlzTan dakavSirebuli
skandali kargad aisaxa biornis speqtaklSi. amavdroulad,
speqtaklSi warmoCenili iyo britaneTis samefo taxtis
winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli brZolebi britaneTis mTavrobis
(ministrTa kabinetis) mier. meTiu biorni kidev ufro Sors
midis da is princis metamorfozis mizezebsac gviCvenebs _
Zaladoba, individualuri miswrafebebis SezRudva, adamianis
CarCoebSi moqceva, fsiqologiuri terori is mizezebia,
ris gamoc princi gedisken miiswrafvis, romelTanac
yvelaze daculad da komfortulad grZnobs Tavs. mas
problemebi aqvs adamianebTan _ dedasTan, SeyvarebulTan,
sazogadoebasTan. swored es xdeba misi karCaketilobis
mizezi. biornis speqtakli klasikuri nawarmoebis axleburi
interpretaciis erT-erTi saukeTes magaliTia, romelSic
reJisoris Canafiqris axleburi ganxorcieleba TviTmizani
ki ar aris, aramed logikas myarad dafuZnebuli ideebi.

* * *

Tanamedrove Teatris erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuri

Tema, agresiisa da Zaladobis problemebTan erTad, adamianis
martosuloba da karCaketilobiT gamowveuli kompleqsebia.
komunikaciis seriozuli problemaa, virtualur samyaroSi
adamiani kidev ufro Caiketa Tavis TavSi da misTvis
problemas warmoadgens realuri urTierToba. adamianma
Sinagani Tavisuflebac dakarga realobaSi, virtualur
samyaroSi ki is yvelaze Tavisufalia. am problemaze
evropuli Teatri Riad alaparakda da scenaze warmoaCens or
samyaros: virtualurs da misgan radikalurad gansxvavebul
realurs. litvur-amerikuli koproduqcia „ID“ swored
identobis dakargvis problemas exeba. CvenSi ki ratomRac
eridebian am Temebze saubars. qarTul Tanamedrove Teatrs

106
urCevnia aprobirebul, maradiul Temebze isaubros, vidre
arsebul realobaze. erTaderTi Tamami tribuna samefo
ubnis Teatris 25-wuTiani speqtaklebis festivali „ardi
festi“ iyo, sadac axalgazrdebi Riad saubrobdnen im
problemebsada Temebze, romlebic maT Taobas awuxebda.
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis bolos Tamami da
drouli ganacxadi iyo nino basilias speqtakli „seqsualuri
revolucia“ ganxorcielebuli Teatralur sardafSi
rusTavelze. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, sadac Tamamad da Riad
laparakobdnen qalebi im mtkivneul sakiTxebze, romlebic
dRemde rCeba qarTuli ojaxebis problemad. speqtakli ar
iyo mxatvruli movlena, ar gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli
mizascenebiT, artistuli ansambliT da konceptualuri
scenografiiTa da gadawyvetiT. es gaxldaT mcdeloba Riad
esaubraT scenidan wyvilebs Soris dagrovil komunikaciis,
seqsualuri SeuTavseblobis, komunikaciis gawyvetisa da
gulwrfelobis deficitis Sesaxeb or axlobel adamians
Soris. speqtaklis personaJi qalebi Riad saubrobdnen, rom
ver realizdebodnen, rogorc qalebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom
maT hyavdaT qmrebi.
am konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT speqtakli „Semexe“
ganxorcielebuli rusTavelis Teatris eqsperimentul
scenaze. (reJisori aleqsandre zeldani).
rusTavelis Teatris eqsperimentul scenaze britaneTis
nacionaluri Teatris, britaneTis sabWosa da „idiotebis
kompaniis~ mier ganxorcielebulma proeqtma „Semexe~
sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis protesti gamoiwvia.
samwuxaro da dasanani is aris, rom uwyinar eqsperimentul
proeqts, oponentebis mier, sul sxva, araswori da
logikas moklebuli interpretacia mieca „damoukidebel da
zepartiul~ (ase Tavad uwodebs Tavs erT-erTi perioduli
gamocema) presaSi. ufro metic, sruliad apolitikuri
warmodgena politikur procesebsac usafuZvlod miabes da
am ideis tiraJirebaSic zemoT naxsenebma „zepartiulma~
gazeTma didi wvlili Seitana. aSkaraa, rom Cveni sazogadoebis
erTi nawili profesionalizmis simwires ganicdis da ar

107
SeuZlia xelovnebis movlenis adekvaturi Sefaseba.
speqtaklis SefasebebSi respondentebi lanZRvaven (am
sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT) axalgazrda britaneli
reJisoris aleqsandre zeldinis Teatralur eqsperiments
(warmodgenis erT epizodSi msaxiobi luk klarki
protestis niSnad SiSvldeba da is sruliad dediSobila
rCeba mayureblis winaSe). ra Tqma unda, maT sruli ufleba
hqondaT, ar miiRon msgavsi eqsperimentebi, magram ar
hqondaT ufleba faqtis araswori interpretaciisa.
aseTi SemTxveva qarTuli saTeatro sazogadoebisTvis
ucxo ar aris. manamdec gmobdnen sturuas „riCard III~-s,
scenaze ledi anas „gaupatiurebas~ da aprotestebdnen
„kavkasiuri carcis wreSi~ gia feraZis siSiSvles banaobis
scenaSi. visac ar axsovs, SeuZlia naxos imdroindeli
presa, romelic rusTavelis Teatris muzeumSia daculi.
aseve gmobdnen da satelevizo sasamarTloebs uwyobdnen
Temur CxeiZs „jayos xiznebis~ dadgmis da nana faCuaSvilis
gaSiSvlebis gamo... dimitri aleqsiZem 1964 wels rusTavelis
Teatris scenaze bertold brextis „samgroSiani opera~
dadga, sastikad gaakritikes rusTavelis Teatri, aleqsiZem
rusTavelis scenaze bozebis gamoyvana rogor gabedao...
daundobeli kritika maSin qali msaxiobebis xalvaTad
Cacmulobam gamoiwvia... sul ar gauSiSvlebia mixeil
TumaniSvils „WinWraqaSi~ arc erTi msaxiobi, magram reJisors
imis gamo daesxen Tavs, rom akademiur scenaze zRapars
ra undao da sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo artisti sergo
zaqariaZe devis rols rom asrulebs, es rogor SeiZlebao...
vin daakanona xelovnebis CarCoebi? vis aqvs ufleba,
SezRudos nebismieri reJisoris nebismieri eqsperimenti,
Tu mas kanoni srul ideur Tavisuflebas aniWebs? ra
gvWirs? ratom vuSvebT imave Secdomebs? ratom vdgavarT
mentoris postamentze? ratom vaiZulebT sxvebs Tavs
movaxvioT sakuTari azri? riT veRar SevelieT cxovrebis
komunistur modelebs? ratom gvaqvs cenzuris nostalgia?
ratom ggoniaT, rom mxolod Tqveneuli Sefasebebia sruli
WeSmariteba? ratom vayenebT Seuracxyofas Cvens kolegebs?

108
ratom gaviZaxiT _ avaSenoT Tavisufali, demokratiuli
samoqalaqo sazogadeobao, roca pirdapir vebrZviT am
faseulobebs?
eqvsi axalgazrdas, romlebsac Tineijerobis asaki
gavlili aqvT, Caketil sivrceSi depresia moeZalebaT
da maTi asakisTvis Seuferebeli bavSvuri TamaSebiT
irToben Tavs. isini ixseneben bavSobasac. cxovrebis
aRqma ki bavSvobisas gancdil seqsualuri fantaziebis
gacnobierebiT iwyeba. `Semexes~ gmirebi ki ukve zrdasrul
asakSi (isini 20-23 wlisani arian) cdiloben gaiazron
`bavSvuri TamaSebi~. yvelaze rTul da usiamovno process
axalgazrdebisTvis ganvlili gzis gaxseneba warmoadgens,
rac adamianSi Cabudebuli mravali kompleqsis mizezi
xdeba. speqtaklis mTavari Rirseba, siSiSvle an akademiuri
Teatris eqsperimentuli scenisTvis Tamami, mxatvrulad
imitirebuli scenebi ki ar warmoadgens, aramed zustad
SerCeuli problemuri Tema, romelic gvaZlevs imis
saSualebasac, rom Tavadac daviwyoT sakuTar bavSvobaSi
gadaxdenil msgavs istoriebze fiqri. swored am mizniT
Seiqmna es speqtaklic. speqtakli sworedac rom 18 wlamde
asakis Tanamedrove qarTvelma mozardebma unda naxon,
vinaidan maT mouwevT imave gzis gavla da msgavs seqsualur
TamaSebTan Sexeba. samwuxarod, aseTi kuTxiT speqtaklisTvis
Cvens zemoxsenebul respondentebs ar SeuxedavT, visTvisac
uSualo profesiuli movaleobaa mayureblis swori da
zusti informirebuloba. maTTvis yvelaze dasamaxsovrebeli
da mtkivneuli axalgazrdebis wamoWrili problemebi ki ar
gaxda saintereso, samsjelo, Tundac sakamaTo Tema, aramed
luk klarkis gmiris prostestis gamoxatvis forma, sadac
is ramdenime wamiT sacvals ixdis.
siSiSvlis gamoxatva xelovnebaSi 21-e saukunis SemoqmedTa
miswrafeba rom ar aris, yvelasTvis aRiarebuli WeSmaritebaa,
mxolod CvenTvis, „udidesi kulturis qveynisTvis~ aris
miuRebeli. sinamdvileSi ki, aseTi azrovnebis wyalobiT
yvelaze ukulturoebad da provincialebad vrCebiT. nuTu
21-e saukuneSi unda sWirdebodes ganmarteba vinmes, rom

109
siSiSvle saTeatro xelovnebaSi erTgvari metaforacaa
da protestis gamoxatvis formac... siSiSvle semiotikur
niSanTa erTobliobacaa, magram Cven am codnaze rogorc
Cans, xeli ar migviwvdeba. mudam evropisken viswrafviT
da yvelafer evropuls vgmobT. ufro metic, arc ki
vinteresdebiT iq mimidnare SemoqmedebiTi procesebiT da
Cvensave damyayebul naWuWSi jdomas vamjobinebT!
Teatri yvelaze Tanamedrove xelovnebaa. speqtakli
mxolod konkretul momentSi asaxavs epoqis realobas,
im epoqas, romelTanac Tvalis gasworebac ki ar gvinda.
amitomacaa, rom mudmivad vTvalTmaqcobT, Cvensave
Zirgamompal naWuWSi viketebiT da vebrZviT yovelgvar
axals da gansxvavebuls.

* * *

Tanamedrove TeatrSi Zalze miRebuli xerxia Sereuli

planis speqtaklebis dadgma. magaliTad, Tojinebisa da
cocxali msaxiobebis Tanaarseboba scenaze gansakuTrebul
efeqts axdens mayurebelze. Sereuli planis speqtaklebi
intensiurad idgmeba evropul TeatrSi. Tojinebisa da
sagnebis samyaroSi saintereso Ziebebi aqvs frang filip
Jants, reJisorsa da mxatvars, romelic Tavis speqtaklebSi
acocxlebs sagnebsa da Tojinebs cocxali adamianebis-
msaxiobebis TanxlebiT. qarTvel mayurebels saSualeba
hqonda enaxa misi kompaniis ramdenime speqtakli Tbilisis
saerTaSoriso Teatralur fstivalze. am mimarTulebiT
saqarTveloSi muSaobs beso kupreiSvili da levan
wulaZe.
levan wulaZis Ziebebi Tojinebis samyaroSi jer kidev
gasul saukuneSi daiwyo, roca man Teatralur sardafSi
rusTavelze goeTes „fausti“ dadga. mcire marionetebs
dramatuli Teatris msaxiobebi axmovanebdnen. Semdeg
marjaniSvilis Teatris sxvenSi Cexovis „qali ZaRliT“
SesTavaza mayurebels, sadac msaxiobebs partniorobas
Tojinebi uwevdnen. am mimarTulebiT Ziebebs levan wulaZe
saerTaSoriso proeqtebSi agrZelebs.
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 erT-erTi aseTi warmatebuli koproduqcia iyo
„kapitan korelis mandolina“. levan wulaZis speqtakli
cocxali Sesrulebis da Tojinuri warmodgenis erT-erT
saukeTeso sinTezis magaliTs warmoadgens. Tojinebisa da
reluri personaJebis monacvleoba scenaze logikuria da
bunebrivi. es xerxi reJisorma manamdec gamoiyena Tavis
sxva speqtaklebSi, Tumca reJisor levan wulaZes cocxali
adamianisa da Tojinis sinTezis aseTi maRal xarisxisTvis
aqamde ar miuRwevia. speqtaklis scenuri versiis avtorebi
arian lui bernie da maik marani, Tojinebi tradiciulad
levan wulaZesTan nino namiWeiSvilma Seqmna, speqtaklisTvis
musika vaxtang kaxiZem dawera, xolo qoreografiuli
gadawyveta gia marRanias ekuTvnis. speqtaklSi moqmedeba
meore msoflio omis dros viTardeba. dapirispirebuli erebis
Svilebs erTmaneTi uyvardebaT. aqac ikvreba siyvarulis
cnobili samkuTxedi. trivialuri da sentimentaluri
istoria levan wulaZem sainteresod, amavdroulad
damaintrigeblad da dramatuladac ki gviambo. reJisorma
inglisurenovan msaxiobebTan erTad moaxerxa siyvaruliT
gajerebuli istoriis sisadaviT gadmocema. speqtaklSi
erT-erT mTavar rols natuna kaxiZe asrulebs. axalgazrda
msaxiobi garda imisa, rom inglisurad asrulebs rols,
avlens SemoqmedebiTi potencialis farTo masStabebs,
misi gardasaxva aris damajerebeli, uSualo da sifaqiziT
gamorCeuli.
saintereso speqtakli iyo beso kupreiSvilis „Cemi
hamleti“, sadac msaxiobi qeTi cxakaia erTaderTi cocxali
adamiania scenaze da misi partniorebi ki gasulierebuli
Tojinebi arian. am speqtaklis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs
xelovnebis iseT nawarmoebTan, romelic siamovnebis garda
sxva SegrZnebebsac ggvris, magaliTad, gaocebas da aRtacebas.
riT aris miRweuli sasurveli Sedegi, ramac Cveni gaoceba
gamoiwvia? es ar aris iaffasiani intriga an avantura, roca
TiTebis Teatri `hamlets~ gTavazobs. arc is, rom hamlets
qali msaxiobi asrulebs, (hamleti Sesrulebuli aqvs sara
bernars, da es tendencia qarTul TeatrSic ikidebs fexs.

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mag. hitleri nata murvaniZem Seasrula). am garemoebebidan
gamomdinare, winaswar emzadebi ucxo formasTan Sesaxvedrad
da ici, rom srul da tradiciul Seqspiriseul versias ar
unda elodo (miT umetes, speqtakls `Cemi hamleti~ hqvia)
speqtaklze wasvlamde aucileblad gagielvebs TavSi azri
– ai, msaxiobi ise gaTamamda warmatebebiT, rom hamletis
Sesrulebac moindomao, arada, speqtaklze misuli gza da
gza rwmundebi, rom Seni prognozebi sulac ar marTldeba.
speqtaklis dasrulebis Semdeg ki, ukve iwyeb gaanalizebas,
rogor mividnen reJisori da erTi molaparake msaxiobi
(speqtaklSi qeTi cxakaias garda xuTi meTojine TamaSobs)
im formamde, romelic ase logikurad erwymis speqtaklis
Sinaarssac da paTossac.
kuluarebSi ukve arsebobda azri, rom beso kupreiSvili
da mis mier Seqmnili TiTebis Teatri veRar viTardeboda.
imasac ambobdnen, rom erT mignebul adgilas darCa,
veRar moZebna gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebi da gaiyina. magram
TiTebis Teatris axalma proeqtma gamoTqmuli varaudebi
gaufermkrTala skeptikurad ganwyobil Teatralebs
Tu rigiT mayurebels. asakobrivi zRvaris miuxedavad,
kupreiSvilma qeTi cxakaiasTan erTad ucnauri da sasiamovno
siurprizi moumzada.
TiTebis Teatris `hamleti~ ar aris speqtakli Seqspiris
amave saxelwodebis tragediis motivebze, es is originaluri
piesaa, romelsac ecnoba mkiTxveli da mayurebeli, oRond
kupreiSviliseuli prolog-epilogis TanxlebiT. swored
es ori nawili amarTlebs qeTi cxakaias gahamletebas da
ara marto, amasTanave msaxiobi, arc meti, arc naklebi,
speqtaklSi kidev cxra personaJs ganasaxierebs.
reJisori TamaSis mravalSrovan xerxs gvTavazobs:
TeatrSi Teatris gaTamaSebis ukve trivialur formas,.
(Teatris damlagebeli, kulisebi da masTan dakavSirebuli
patara ambebi), erTi msaxiobis mier gaTamaSebul-
gacocxlebuli da gaxmovanebuli personaJebis kaskads..
`hamletis~ aTasgvari interpretacia arsebobs. am
interpretaciis saSualebas Seqspiri iZleva. dramaturgs

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xSirad gadaurCenia kidec susti reJisorebi. amitomac,
`hamletisadmi~ gansxvavebul midgomas yovelTvis elis
mayurebeli, mTavaria, am interpretacias gamarTlebuli
motivacia gaaCndes. ki, batono, iyos qali hamleti, mTavaria
ar dagrCes SegrZneba, rom es nabiji reJisorma mxolod
originalobisaTvis gadadga. raki am sakiTxze Camovarda
sityva, davsZen, rom cxakais Sesruleba amarTlebs
speqtaklis gadawyvetasac da reJisoris Canafiqrsac.
daniis princisTvis sqesobrivi motivis waSla ar maxsendeba
«hamletis~ arc erTi Teatraluri Tu kino versia, sadac
romelime epizodi komikur elfers atarebdes. kupreiSvilis
versiaSi ki iumorsac vxvdebiT da ramdenime epizodSi
gulianad viciniT kidec. iumoris matarebelia groteskuli
poloniusis personaJi. poloniusis Tojina cxakais
gaxmovanebiT Rimils hgvris mayurebels. aseve `saTaguris~
scena. msaxiobebi amjerad,sxvaTaSoris logikuradac,Tagunebi
arian, romlebic bunebrivia TavianT enaze laparakoben.
Tagvebis ena darbazSi msxdomi mayureblisTvisac gasagebia
da Rimilis momgvrelic. iumoristuli nakadi kupreiSvilis
`hamletSi~ zustad gaTvlili doziTaa, ise rom speqtaklis
saerTo ganwyobilebidan mayurebels ar `agdebs~. komikur-
tragikuli motivebi speqtaklSi ise enacvlebain erTmaneTs,
rom dramaturgiul qsovils ar arRvev.
Seqspiris piesebis ganxorcielebis didi tradicia
arsebobs. magaliTisTvis qarTul scenaze ganxorcielebuli
`hamletebis~ seriac kmara, magram beso kupreiSvilis
`hamleti~ yvelasgan gansxvavebuli da gamorCeulia.
speqtaklis gansakuTrebuloba ara mxolod formaSi
gamoixateba, aramed imaSic, rom reJisorma erT msaxiob
qalTan erTad SeZlo sruli saxiT moetana Seqspiris is
ideebi, rac ase aqtualuria dResac. arc erTi sakvanZo
epizodi ar darCenila kupreiSvilis speqtaklis miRma.
amitomac, ar aris darRveuli arc SemoTavazebuli koncefcia
da arc siuJeti, miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveuli epizodebi
reJisorma gadaanacvla speqtaklSi. ise rogorc, `yofna-
aryofnis~ cnobili monologi aRmoCnda finalSi, maSin, roca

113
isedac martosuli hamleti sruliad marto rCeba ofelias
dakrZalvis ceremonialis Semyure. speqtaklis cqerisas
mTlianad miyvebi siuJets da CarTuli xar masSi. Tvalis
moduneba-motyuebas vaxtang qoriZis mier Seqmnili Tojinebi
da meTojineebis: Teona maRalaSvilis, elene fircxalavas,
zaal kakabaZis, giorgi mebaRiSvilis da Tavad vaxtang
qoriZis ostatobis wyalobiT axerxeben. erTmniSvnevlovnad
gansakuTrebulia qeTi cxakaias msaxioburi namuSevari.
misi hamleti erTi SexedviT usqesoa, magram yvelaferi
mianc isea, rogorc piesaSi. msaxiobi ar cdilobs iTamaSos
mamakaci, an xazgasmulad qali. hamleti-mamakacis TamaSis
SemTxvevaSi misi gmiri sasacilo da groteskuli iqneboda,
riTac sabolood daasamarebda gadawyvetis originalobis
ideas. man SeZlo moeZebna rTulad mosaxelTebeli uCinari
oqros Sualedi. mTeli speqtaklis manZilze qeTi cxakaia
mis gmirebTan erTad bewvis xidze gadis ise, rom ar
kargavs uSulobas, kontaqts mayurebelTan, sakuTar TavTan
da mis mier ganxorcielebul gmirebTan. isini erTmaneTis
miyolebiT enacvlebain erTmaneTs epizodebis saxiT kamerul
sivrceSi. msaxiobma sxvadasxva personaJebisTvis moZebna
cxra erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli feri. qeTi cxakaias erTi
speqtaklis personaJTa galereaSi zogierTi personaJi
zRapris gmirsac hgavs (poloniusi, mesaflave), maT Soris
multiplikaciurs (gildersterni, rozenkranci) zogs ki
groteskisa da ironiulobis ieric dahkravs (klavdiusi,
gertruda), zogierTs realistur – dramatul personaJadac
xatavs (ofelia, laerti).
da bolos, qeTi cxakaias meaTe da umTavresi gmiri –
am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT – Teatris damlagebelia,
romelmac gaiTamaSa mTeli speqtakli. safinalo scenaSi,
roca mis mier `Cadenil~ qmedebas aanalizebs, erTi fraziT
afasebs: `me imaTTan ra mosatani var...~ (gulisxmobs
profesional msaxiobebs vinc `hamlets~ TamaSobs) arada,
qeTi cxakaias damlagebeli am SefasebaSi gulwrfelia,
is ar gvekekluceba im principiT `me es SevZeli, dae,
sxvam ukeTesad gaakeTos...~, magram zedmetad mkacria Tavisi

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Tavis Sefasebisas. swored am cxovrebisgan daglaxakebulma
da mraval tkivilgadatanilma qalma warmatebiT gaarTva
Tavi imas, rasac sxvebi ver akeTeben. es Sefaseba ekuTvnis
rogorc msaxiobs, ise personaJs. ufro konkretulad ki,
qeTi cxakaiam erT saaTian speqtaklSi SeZlo 9+1 rolis
sxvadasxva xerxiT, TvisebiTa da xasiaTiT ganxorcieleba,
maSin, roca Cvens TanamedroveobaSi msaxiobebi speqtaklSi
masze dakisrebul erT rolsac ki ver asaxiereben
sakadrisad. qeTi cxakaiam ki erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli,
radikalurad gansaxvevbuli xasiaTebi daxata. Tanac
partniorebis gareSe, roca replikasac ki aravin awvdis.
misi uSualo partniorebi usulo nivTebi Tojinebi arian,
romlebic imdenad gasulierebuli arsebebi xdebian, rom
am zRvars mTlianad Slian. Tojinebi TamaSoben maSinac
ki, roca ar moZraoben. sruliad statikur mizanscenebSic
ki isini TiTqos sunTqaven. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
e.w. `Teatris scena~, roca mefe da dedofali Tojinebi
sulganabuli misCerebian gaTamaSebul warmodgenas. iluzia
iqmneba, rom Tojinebi mimikiT gamoxataven damokidebulebas
warmodgenis mimarT. am harmoniis miRweva ki mxolod maRali
profesionalizmis wyalobiT SeiZleba. qeTi cxakia Tan
martoa scenaze, Tanac gasulierebul TojinebTan erTad,
romlebic pirobiT partniorobas uweven msaxiobs.
Tojinebisa da msaxiobebis scenaze logikuri
Tanaarsebobis unikaluri magaliTia britaneTis nacionaluri
Teatris proeqti „meomari cxeni“. speqtakli, romelic
milionobiT mayurebelma naxa ukve, magram dResac gadaWedil
darbazSi aCveneben. ori cxenis uzarmazari konstruqcia
speqtaklis umniSvnelovanesi personaJia, romelsac xuTi
msaxiobi acocxlebs ise, rom namdvil cxenSi ver ganasxvaveb.
meomari cxenis gulisamaCuyebeli istoria mayurebels ar
tovebs gulgrils. es speqtakli maRali profesionalizmis
saukeTeso nimuSicaa, garda imisa, rom Sereuli Janris
erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino da daxvewili magaliTia.
speqtakli erTi SexedviT tradiciuli saTeatro xerxebiT,
meTodebiTa da principebiT aris dadgmuli, Tumca avtorebi

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ar eridebian Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebas,
speqtaklSi multimediuri nakadic gvxvdeba, scenis siRrmeSi
ekranze omis amsaxveli statikuri xedebi iSleba.

* * *

dRes Zalian aqtualuria SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis

pirTa CarTva Teatralur warmodgenebSi. erT-erTi
warmatebuli kompaniaa „DV8“, romelic am mimarTulebiT
warmatebiT muSaobs. maT ara erTi mniSvnelovani proeqti
ganaxorcieles. es kompania fizikuri Teatris JanrSi
muSaobs. mniSvnelovani Teatraluri kompaniaa britanuli
„kondako“, romlis produqciac britaneTis sabWos
saqarTveloSi ZalisxmeviT qarTvelma mayurebelmac naxa
marjaniSvilis Teatris scenaze. saerTod, britaneTis sabWo
saqarTveloSi cdilobs qarTvel mayurebels da saTeatro
wreebs gaacnos britaneTis gamocdileba. am kompaniam
aCvena warmodgenebi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis pirTa
monawileobiT, romelTa gamorCeva dasis sxva wevrebisagan
ioli ar iyo. ar viqnebi marTali, Tuki vityvi, SezRuduli
SesaZleblobebi ar arsebobs - meTqi. rogor ar arsebobs,
arsebobs! magaliTad, me ar SemiZlia cekva, arc simRera,
msaxiobobac ar gamomdis. amitom, Cems SesaZleblobebSi
SezRuduli var. samagierod, SesaniSnavad gamosdis cekva
rik rojers, romelic invalidis savarZelSi zis da eni
hanauers, romelsac cali xeli protezis aqvs. isini imdenad
maRalprofesiul doneze cekvaven, rom bevr profesional
mocekvavesac ki SeSurdeba.
sami novelis “Set and Reset / Reset~ (qoreografi triSa
brauni), „etiudebi do maJorSi“ (qoreografi xavier
de frutosi), „nakluli qariSxali“ (qoreografi vendi
hiustoni) warmodgeniT britaneTis sabWom saqarTveloSi
da marjaniSvilis Teatrma namdvili siurprizi mouwyo
viwro Teatralur samyaros. viwro-Tqo, imitom vTqvi,
rom samwuxarod, araverbalur Teatrs naklebad wyalobs
Cveni mayurebeli. arada, plastikis enas xom yvelaze

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metad SeuZlia emociis da grZnobebis gadmocema. Tanac
unda vaRiaroT, rom ar varT ganebivrebuli amgvari tipis
da xarisxis warmodgenebiT, Tu ar CavTvliT Tbilisis
saerTaSoriso Teatralur festivals, romelzedac
israelidan warmoadgines msgavsi tipis speqtakli „moxuci
colebis zRapari“ (miklat jgufi, 2009).
qoreografiuli kompania CanDoCo (http://www.candoco.
co.uk) aris Tanamedrove cekvis lideri SezRuduli
SesaZleblobebis mqone mocekvaveebisTvis. selest dandekeri
da adam benjameni arian CanDoCo -s damaarseblebi (1991).
maT uzarmazari nabiji gadadges sruliad ucnob sferoSi,
riTac daamtkices, rom SezRuduli SesaZleblibebi ar aris
da arc unda CaiTvalos naklad. dResac CanDoCo agrZelebs
qoreografiuli mimarTulebisaTvis saxis cvlas, vinaidan
qmnis gabedul speqtaklebs, romelTac safuZvlad udevT
mravalferovneba da SeuzRudav SesaZleblobas uqmnis
mocekvaveebs karieris yvela etapze.
britanelma mocekvaveebma sruliad Tavisufali, haerovani
moZraobebiT gajerebuli speqtakli SemogvTavazes. masSi
gaerTianebulia Tanamedrove cekvis meTodebi da kreatiuli
qoreografiuli davalebebi, romelTa saSualebiT
monawileebi ikvleven ideebs da qmnian sakuTar moZraobebs.
es moZraobebi ki virtuozulad daxvewili da msubuqia,
Tumca teqnikis saSualebiT sakmaod rTuli. faqtobriv es
iyo siurealizmi cekvaSi.
invalidis etlSi mocekvave msaxiobi qarTveli
mayureblisTvis ucxo ar aris, radgan gasul Teatralur
sezonSi arCil soloRaSvilma kote furcelaZis
qoreografiul speqtaklSi „karmeni“ icekva invalidis
etliT. principuli gansxvaveba is iyo, rom SezRuduli
SesaZleblobebis pirma icekva invalidis etliT, Tanac
ise, rom is speqtaklis siuJetis organul nawilad
geCveneboda.
mesame novelaSi „nakluli qariSxali“ (Seqspiris
motivebze) gaCnda verbaluri nawilic, sadac msaxiobebma
gangvimartes ras, ratom da rogor warmodgendnen. mesame

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novelis saxelic simboluria da metaforuli. stilizebuli
kostiumebi, Cahine iargonianis mxatvruli ganaTeba da
laura andersonis musika warmodgenas mravalferovans da
sainteresos xdida.

Tbilisis saerTaSoriso Teatraluri

festivalis qronikebi

Tbilisis pirvelma saerTaSoriso Teatralurma

festivalma (2007 wels) aCvena, rom qarTuli Teatri
sulac ar aris CamorCenili evropul TeatrTan SedarebiT.
Tumca Cveni Teatris moRvaweebs mainc sWirdebaT
Teatraluri azrovnebis, mentalitetis Sescvla axali
gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis mosaZebnad da aRmosaCenad.
cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba ki mudmivad aucilebelia da
saWiro. festivalma aCvena, rom Teatri globalizaciis
da teqnikuri progresis pirobebSi ki ar kargavs Tavis
poziciebs, aramed piriqiT, maqsimalurad Tavis sasargeblod
iyenebs teqnikuri progresis miRwevebs da eZebs axal
formebs Tavisi aqtualurobis da aucileblobis fenomenis
SesanarCuneblad.

* * *

aRsaniSnavia da xazgasasmelia ucxoeli msaxiobebis

maRali fizikuri momzadeba, niWiereba, ostatoba,
metyvelebis kultura, vokaluri da qoreografiuli
monacemebi. festivalma aCvena, rom TiTqmis ar arsebobs
niWieri da naklebad niWieri msaxiobi. epizoduri rolebis
Semsruleblebic iseTive maRal mxatvrul xarisxSi
warmoCindnen Tbiliseli mayureblis winaSe, rogorc
mTavari rolis Semsrulebelebi. maTi samsaxiobo ostatobis
xarisxi calsaxad Tanabaria da maRali.
CvenSic moi poveba oci-ocdaaTi axalgazrda msaxiobi,
romlebic Tanabrad floben samsaxiobo ostatobas, maRal
vokalur da qoreografiul monacemebs, rom aRaraferi

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vTqvaT fizikur momzadebaze. Tundac, samsaxiobo aRzrdis
problemebis gamosakveTad mniSvnelovani iyo Tbilisis
saerTaSoriso Teatraluri festivalis Catareba. iqneb
gaCndes stimuli da meti interesi Tanamedrove evropuli
meTodologiis danergvisa Cvens samsaxiobo, Tu sareJisoro
umaRles skolebSi, TeatrebSi, studiebSi, Tu Teatralur
laboratoriebSi. darwmunebuli var, Teatraluri
universitetis pedagogegbsa da studentebs festivalma
Seuqmna motivacia Sromis ufro meti srulyofisaTvis.
rogorc wignis maRaziaSi ar dagxvdeba daxlze yvela
kargi wigni, ise Teatralur festivalzec ver iqneboda
warmodgenili bolo drois yvela Teatraluri Sedevri.
festivalis organizatorebis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom
maT sworad SearCies repertuari. festivalis saerTo
mxatvruli donis simaRle originalurma, saintereso da
ubralod rom vTqvaT, kargma speqtaklebma gansazRvres.
festivalis organizatorebis damsaxurebaa Janrobrivad
mravalferovani programa Teatris nebismieri gemovnebis
moyvarulisTvis. mayurebels saSualeba hqonda enaxa
wminda verbaluri da tipiuri araverbaluri warmodgenebi.
Sesabamisad, sami kviris ganmavlobaSi monacvleobis principiT
vnaxeT dramatuli, Tojinuri, cekvis, moZraobis, pantomimis
Teatrebis namuSevrebi. festivalma sruli suraTi Seqmna
msoflioSi mimdinare Teatralur procesebze.

* * *

oskaras korSunovasis `romeo da julieta~ imdenad

saintereso da mimzidveli aRmoCnda, rom momdevno
safestivalo programis mimarT dadebiTad gangvawyo. gmirebi
namdvilad Seqspiriseuli iyvnen, magram reJisorma isini
TanamedroveobaSi, realur garemo-situaciaSi Caasaxla. am
garemos ki arc konkretuli dro aqvs da arc geografiuli
sazRvrebi. adgili, sadac midis moqmedeba Zveli sacxobia.
Sesabamisad problemac Zvelia, magram dResac aqtualuri,
ise rogorc puris, an picis (amas ra mniSvneloba aqvs)

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sacxobi. ori, pirobiTad gayofili samyaro erTferovani
da identuria, TiTqmis zusti asli erTurTis, oRond
moZvelebuli, Jangmokidebuli, moSlili, gasul saukuneSi
CarCenili da TiTqos sabWouric ki. swored, es sacxobia
moedanic, sasaxlec, akldamac, quCac, taZaric da aivanic.
mayurebeli ki upretenziod mihyveba korSunovasis mier
SemoTavazebul `tyuilebs~ da araviTari diskomforti ar
eqmneba.
speqtaklis dawyebidan ramdenime wuTi scenaze TiTqos
araferi xdeba, gayinuli saxeebi, erTmaneTisgan Znelad
gamosarCevi personaJTa tipaJebi. erTis mxriv, es reJisoris
erTgvar umniSvnelo xerxad geCveneba, magram faqtia rom
saeqspozio nawilis da speqtaklis ideuri gadawyvetis
umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawilia. erT dros mTliani,
uwyinari, mSvidi sazogadoeba (msaxiobebi saeqspozicio
nawilSi scenaze swor xazze dganan) uceb gaixliCeba
(montekebad da kapuletebad) da samkvdro-sasicocxlo
SejibrSi gamoiwveven erTmaneTs.
korSunovasis speqtakli savsea ironiiT, iumoriT, yvela
personaJi aratradiciulia, mTlianobaSi speqtakli agebulia
etiudebis principiT. yvela epizodi dasrulebuli mini
speqtaklia, mokle SinaarsiT, ganviTarebiT da kulminaciiT.
reJisori iyenebs aqamde aprobirebul yvela xerxs -
kontaqts mayureblTan (darbazTan), dialogebs, etiudebs,
usityvo mizanscenebs, TiTqos miviwyebul da moZvelebul
e. w. `virubkas~, magram faqtia, rom korSunovasTan es
yvelaferi axleburad aris warmodgenili.
SesaSurad kargad muSaoben korSunovasis msaxiobebi,
gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen: egle mikulionite (ZiZa),
danius kazlauskasi (merkucio), arvidas dafsisi (lorenco)
da sul bolos (an saerTod ar) rasa samuolite (julieta),
giedrius saviCkasi (romeo). speqtaklSi ise rogorc bolo
periodis imave tragediis dadgmebSi julieta ufro aqtiuri
da mebrZoli gogonaa, ufro iniciativiani, vidre flegma
romeo. Tumca korSunovasTan gaCnda erTi mniSvnelovani
detali julietas mxatvrul saxis interpretaciaSi _ es

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misi ubraloeba da miwierebaa. speqtaklma sruli anSlagiT
Caiara. sinqronisTvis, romelic scenaze momxdarTan mudmivi
acdenis reJimSi muSaobda, mayurebels yuradReba arc
miuqcevia.
* * *

klipas vizualuri Teatris speqtakli „observatoria“

swored formis TvalsazrisiT iyo erT-erTi yvelaze
saintereso festivalis saerTaSoriso programaSi,
romelic marjaniSvilis Teatris did scenaze ori saRamos
ganmavlobaSi warmoadgines. mayurebelma Tavidanve icoda,
rom am speqtaklSi gansakuTrebul siuJets, ideebs da
koncefciebs ver aRmoaCenda. is gansxvavebuli, Tu gnebavT
uCveulo Teatraluri formis gamo unda enaxaT. speqtakli
mxolod originaluri scenografiuli gadawyvetiT
da teqnikurad sainteresod gadawyvetili ramdenime
mizansceniT gamoirCeoda, romelmac mayurebelze garkveuli
efeqti moaxdina vizualuri TvalsazrisiT. „observatoria“
israelidan yvelaze metad qarTvel Teatris mxatvrebs
daainteresebdaT, raTa kidev erTxel darwmunebuliyvnen, Tu
raoden ukidegano SesaZleblobebi aqvs fantazias TeatrSi.
idit hermanis dadgmaSi (mxatvrebi idit hermani, dmitri
tiulpanovi, orit bergmani, daniel blanga gubai) sul
TerTmeti msaxiobi monawileobda, Tavad reJisoric da orive
mxatvari. Cven mxolod reJisoris da erTi mxatvris saxe
vixileT, radgan maTi sruli umravlesoba gareuli maimunis
Sav kostiumebSi gamowyobilebi daSrialebdnen mayureblis
Tavze. Zlieri, dramatuli, zogjer Semawuxebeli musikis
TanxlebiT agresiulad ganwyobili ucnauri cxovel-
frinvelebi, Savi saxeebiT, Savi samosiT mousvenrad da
energiulad Wridnen Cvens Tvals, Semdeg marjaniSvilis
Teatris didi scenac daatriales da cota xniT maT mier
Seqmnil vizualur sivrceSi gagvaseirnes. warmodgenis
es epizodi namdvilad Seicavda meditaciis mistikur
niSnebs, an hipertonikiT Sepyrobilebs moeCvenebodaT
ase. metaforul-warmosaxviTi junglebidan mayurebeli

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jer aseve warmosaxviT CanCqeris piras aRmoCnda da am
xediT tkbeboda, xolo Semdeg okeanis fskerze daSvebuli
adevnebda Tvals wylis zemoT mocurave navs. warmodgena
mxolod erT saaTs gagrZelda, mocemuli dro sakmarisi
aRmoCnda warmosaxviT samyaroSi mogzaurobisTvis. ar vici
speqtaklidan gamosulma mayurebelma nanaxiT ra daskvna
gaakeTa, magram zemoT aRniSnuli ori mizanscena mas
namdvilad daamaxsovrdeba. okeanis qveS qarTvel mayurebels
mgoni ar umogzauria, magram scenis sarkidan daSvebuli
butaforuli, magram dinamiuri, moCuxCuxe CanCqeri scenaze
1998 wels aCvena reJisorma eTer TavarTqilaZem speqtaklSi
giorgi naxucriSvilis „nacarqeqia“...

* * *

aranakleb saintereso da aqtualur problemebze

Seqmnili speqtakli iyo „identifikacia“, igive „ID“,
romelic damoukidebeli SemoqmedebiTi jgufi operomanias
da jguf „KLIUDZIAU“-s erToblivi namuSevaria. speqtakli
litvis, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis, didi britaneTis,
norvegiis da belgiis koproduqciaa. damoukidebeli jgufi
„operomania“ ukve avtoria ara erTi Tanamedrove operis,
speqtaklsac „identifikacia“ avtorebi operad moixsenieben.
„Tanamedrove opera“ maTi gagebiT cocxali musikis (ar
aqvs mniSvneloba Tanamedrove iqneba is, Tu klasikuri),
qoreografiis, teqstis da Tanamedrove teqnologiebis
sinTezia scenaze. speqtaklis Tema Tanamedrove adamiania,
mTavari problema adamianis xvedria, virtualur samyaroSi da
mizani ki Tanamedrove axalgazrdis virtualuri cxovrebis
tragikuli finalis Cveneba msofliosTvis. axalgazrdebis
opera saxelwodebiT „identifikacia“ svams Cveni drois
msoflios yvelaze mniSvnelovan problemas da gviCvenebs
am problemiT gamowveul savalalo Sedegs. reJisori iana
rosi axalgazrda litveli gogona irkas (msaxiobi irina
lavrinoviCi) virtualuri da realuri cxovrebis erT
epizods xatavs. litveli gogona „skaipis“ saSualebiT
britanel jorjs (jorj holovei) gaicnobs. irkas is
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TavdaviwyebiT Seuyvardeba da masTan Sexvedras lamobs.
gogonas masTan virtualuri seqsic ki aqvs, magram Sexvdeba
Tu ara is jorjs realur cxovrebaSi, mainc ucnobi rCeba,
radgan reJisori Segnebulad Slis zRvars warmosaxvasa da
namdvil realobas, virtualur da realur samyaroebs Soris.
originaluradaa gadawyvetili speqtaklis scenografiuli
sivrce mxatvari simona biekSaitesis mier. scenas „nouTbuqi“
warmoadgens. kompiuteris klaviSebze mimdinareobs
moqmedeba, nawili moqmedebisa ki mis ekranze, romelic
mudmivad icvleba vizualuri rigiT. videoinstalaciebis
avtori mikolas budraitisia. „identifikaciaSi“ teqnikis
Warbi gamoyeneba speqtaklis umTavresi da umniSvnelovanesi
gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxia, TiToeuli instalacia pirdapir
kavSirSia speqtaklis garkveul mizanscenebTan, siuJetTan da
problemasTan. aseve aRsaniSnavia multimediuri xerxis kidev
erTi forma, romelsac litvuri koproduqciis avtorebi
iyeneben. scenis ekranze konkretuli mayurebeli Semodis.
reJisoris asistenti am realur kadrebs pirdapir „LIVE“
Si uSvebs scenis ekranze da amiT mayurebels moqmedebis
monawiled aqcevs, afiqsirebs mis damokidebulebas scenaze
momxdarTan SesabamisobaSi. sasixaruloa, rom msgavs xerxs
2009 wlidan iyenebda qarTuli Teatri, kerZod, irakli
gogia zugdidis TeatrSi ganxorcielebul speqtaklSi
„auSvici“. „identifikaciis“ qarTuli versia TbilisSi
„ardifestis“ pirvel wels (2008 weli) vnaxeT. paata
cikoliam speqtaklSi „Skype me“ (piesis avtori Tavad
iyo) ori sawinaaRmdego sqesis axalgazrda realur da
virtualur samyaros Soris moaqcia. finali qarTul
versiaSic dramatuli da tragikuli iyo, ise rogorc
litvelTa warmodgenaSi.

RmerTebis dacema

2012 wels festivalis namdvili (Teatralur-

politikuri) movlena maia kleCevskas gaxmaurebuli
speqtakli „RmerTebis dacema“ iyo. poloneli reJisori qali
maia kleCevska karga xania cnobilia Teatris moyvaruli
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saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisTvis. misi mizani msoflio
klasikuri dramaturgiis Tanamedrove scenuri xerxebiTa
da msoflmxedvelobiT ganxorcielebaa Tanamedrove
polonuri Teatris scenaze. reJisori varSavaSi, ian
koxanovskis saxelobis Teatr opoleSi moRvaweobs, romelic
axalgazrda SemoqmedTa TavSeyrisa da diskusiebis adgilad
iqca. maia kleCevskas dadgmuli speqtaklebi, misi scenuri
interpretaciebi siTamamiT gamoirCeva da Sesabamisad,
isini sazogadoebis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva. amitomac
aris, rom misi speqtaklebi profesiuli ganxilvebis da
diskusiis sagani xdeba. mas ukve warmatebiT aqvs dadgmuli
da ganxorcielebuli proeqtebi klasicisturi da antikuri
dramaturgiidan. „RmerTebis dacema“ lukino viskontis
skandaluri filmis „RmerTebis dacemis“ Teatralur versias
warmoadgens. piesis avtorebi enriko medioli, lukino
viskonti da nikola badaluco arian. speqtakls poloneTSi
azrTa sxvadasxvaoba mohyva, ara mxolod imitom, rom
kleCevskam kinematografiis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani filmis scenuri interpretacia Seqmna, aramed
speqtaklis Tematikis, problemaTa dasmis da gadmocemis
gamoc. qarTvel mayurebelSic, rogorc mosalodneli
iyo, speqtaklma sxvadasxva reaqcia gamoiwvia. erTi mxriv,
speqtaklis miuRebloba gamowveuli iyo mxolod reJisoris
mier SemoTavazebuli mxatvruli formiT da xedviT, meore
mxriv Zaladobrivi aqtebis scenaze naturalizmamde dasuli
scenebis Cvenebis gamo. „RmerTebis dacemis“ warmodgena
daemTxva saqarTvelos cixeebSi wamebis amsaxveli kadrebis
Cvenebis faqts, ramac SeZra sruliad qarTuli sazogadoeba.
polonurma Teatrma opolem ki Zaladoba scenaze myisierad
dagmo da TiTqos dagegmilad, datrialebuli skandalis
meore dRes aCvena griboedovis Teatris scenaze. Teatri
da realoba erTmaneTSi airia, mayurebelTa nawilma veRar
gauZlo scenaze gaTamaSebuli wamebis amsaxveli epizodebis
Cvenebas da darbazi datova. es bunebrivicaa, radgan isedac
daTrgunuli mayurebeli „RmerTebis dacemam“ kidev ufro
SeaZrwuna da daanarcxa miwaze.

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 maia kleCevskas speqtakli namdvili Teatraluri da
sazogadoebrivi movlena iyo. sazogadoebrivi imitom, rom
is daexmara qarTul sazogadoebas Cvens realobaSi momxdari
sazareli faqtebis gaanalizebaSi. speqtaklSi dasmulia is
sakiTxebi, romlebic ase aRelvebs yvela drois da eris
mayurebels: ra iwvevs Zaladobas, rogori dasasruli aqvs
mas, sad iwyeba adamainis Sinagani Tavisufleba, rogor da
ra mizezebiT ilaxeba adamianis pirovnuli Rirseba da
Tavisufleba. yvela am kiTxvas pasuxi maia kleCevskam Tavis
monumentur, vagneris msgavs drama-operaSi „RmerTebis
dacema“ gasca pasuxi.
uzarmazari Teatraluri sivrce, romelic Caketili
sivrcis asociacias badebs, maqsimalurad gantvirTulia
yovelgvari zedmetobisagan. scenaze mxolod erTi grZeli
magida da skamebi dgas (scenografi katarJina norkovskaia).
am uzarmazar sivrces msaxiobebis _ zofia beleviCis,
aleqsandra cvenis, arleta los-plavSevskas da iudita
paradzinskas TamaSi avsebs. speqtaklSi 18 msaxiobi
monawileobs.
ojaxi biZia ioqimis dabadebis dRes zeimobs, Tumca es
zeimi sulac ar gamoxatavs sazeimo ganwyobas, daZabuloba
da sulis xuTva TiToeuli ojaxis wevrs etyoba. speqtaklis
pirveli epizodidan iwyeba diskusia Temebze _ kacobrioba,
Zalaufleba, ojaxi da is meqanizmebi, ramac ganapiroba
TiToueli gmiris qmedebebi. adamianSi Rrmad Cabudebul-
gabatonebuli narcicizmi did safrTxes warmoadgenda
yovelTvis. liderTa, Tu „ama qveynis ZlierTa“ mTavar
problemas kacobriobis istoriis ganmavlobaSi swored
sakuTari TaviT trfoba warmoadgenda. es problema Cvens
TanamedroveobaSic dgas. samwuxarod, masxara, karis keTili
kritikosi am sivrceSi ar Cans.
kleCevskas msaxiobebi xmisgamaZliereblebis TanxlebiT
gvesaubrebian scenidan. monumenturi da gantvirTuli
sivrce, romelSic msaxiobebi geometriuli harmoniiT
arian ganlagebuli, parterSi kinoTeatris efeqts aRwevs.
STabeWdileba iqmeneba, rom films uyureb. kleCevska arc

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cdilobs viskontis filmis axleburi interpretaciis
Seqmnas, is filmis Teatralur versias gvTavazobs.
amitomac kinos xerxebi da efeqtebi kidev ufro aaxloebs
mas viskontis filmTan. amas mowmobs realisturi TamaSis
manera da naturalizmamde dasuli Zaladobis amsaxveli
mizanscenebi.
ara Zaladobas, uzneobas, adamianze fsiqologiur
da fizikur zewolas _ kleCevskas speqtaklis mTavari
slogania. speqtaklSi zedmeti keklucobis da Selamazebis
(mxatvruli xerxebiT) gareSe naCvenebia, ra Sedegi
moaqvs gaTavxedebul da gadidgulebul adamianebs, maTSi
gabatonebul Zalauflebis grZnobas; rogor ebrZvis is
pirovnul individualizms da adamianis azris gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebas, rogor cdilobs Zalauflebis mflobelma
bolomde ibatonos adamianze, moaxdinos masze fsiqologiuri
da fizikuri zewola da bolomde marTos is. speqtaklSi
zaxgasmulia isic, rom Zalmomreoba, rogorc aseTi movlena,
ara qvecnobierSi dabadebuli reaqciaa, aramed gamiznuli,
gacnobierebuli xerxi adamianebze sakuTari survilebis,
miswrafebebis da grZnobebis gansaxorcieleblad. reJisori
aseve xazs usvams imas, rom moZaladis fsiqika darRveuli da
dangreulia. Zalaufleba Tesavs SiSs da is katastroful
garyvnilebaSi gadadis... Zalauflebis ukiduresi aRzeveba
badebs Zalmomreobas, Tesavs SiSs sazogadoebaSi da gzas
uxsnis, ara mxolod totalitarizms, aramed despotizms.
kleCevskas speqtakli masStabiT piradad CemTvis
dramatuli operaa, romelic gajerebulia lamazi da
masiuri scenebiT (TeTri burTebis scena bavSvebiT).
speqtaklis dasrulebis Semdeg, festivalis erTgul
mayurebels STabeWdileba Seeqmna, rom „RmerTebis dacema“
winaswarmetyvelTa sabWom SearCia. ise daemTxva polonelTa
speqtaklis problemaTa Tematika Tanamedrove qarTul
cxovrebas, rom Zneli iyo imis garCeva, sad iyo zRvari
Teatrsa da Cvens realur cxovrebas Soris.

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 qorwili

rusi reJisoris vladimer pankovis mier, anton Cexovis

moTxrobis mixedviT dadgmuli speqtakli „qorwili“,
erT-erTi saintereso namuSevaria stilistikis mixedviT.
belorusul enaze piesas „Вяселле“ hqvia, rac garTobas,
Cveneburad ki „taS-fandurs“ niSnavs. belorusul enaSi
qorwili dResaswauls Seesatyviseba. tragi-komedia
marjaniSvilis Teatris scenaze qarTulad gaTamaSda. axlave
mogaxsenebT, rasac vgulisxmob „qarTulad gaTamaSebaSi“:
rusuli da belorusiuli Teatri stiliTa da esTetikiT,
xerxebis erTobliobiT hgvanan erTmaneTs. Crdilouli
tempramentisTvis damaxasiaTebelia meti fsiqologizmi
da yofiToba. pankovi ki Tavis speqtaklebSi, ise rogorc
Cexovis „qorwilSi“, radikalurad ambobs uars tradiciul,
TiTqmis nacionalur Teatralur stilze da gamomsaxvelobiT
xerxebze. misi SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebi mimarTulia
formis da ideis gansxvavebul sinTezze, rasac speqtaklis
bgeriT-xmovani struqtura emateba. pankovis speqtaklebSi
msaxiobebi mikrofonebiT saubroben, mRerian da maTi
dialogebi reCitativs mogagonebT, rac erTi mxriv, aucxoebs
mayurebls personaJebTan, xolo meore mxriv, ufro mistiurs
xdis scenaze gaTamaSebul tragikomikur istorias.
rusuli klasikisadmi rusi reJisoris sakmaod Tamami
midgoma namdvili siurprizi iyo mayureblisaTvis. miT
umetes, im sivrceSi, sadac tradiciebs xelovnurad, Tu
gulwrfelad pativs scemen da yovelgvar eqsperiments
skeptikurad uyureben. belorusielTa „qorwili“ is
speqtaklia, romelic maqsimalurad gaTavisuflebulia
ideologiur-esTetikuri tradiciulobisagan. reJisori am
speqtaklSic ar Ralatobs Tavis xelweras da stils _
teqsti mis speqtaklSi JRers rogorc simfonia.
pankovi masiuri scenis didostatadac gvevlineba.
„qorwilSi“ masobrivi scenebi, romlebic Soridan adamianebis
qaosur moZraobas mogagonebT, axmetelis speqtaklebTan
badebs asociaciebs. warmogidgeniaT skaSi mobzuile

127
futkrebi? am „kosmosis“ msgavsi qaosuri harmoniaa
miRweuli speqtaklis masobriv scenebSi, sadac arc erTi
msaxiobi-personaJi „usaqmurad“ ar dgas scenaze. rac yvelaze
mTavaria, speqtaklSi maRal donezea warmodgenili msaxiobTa
ansambluroba. kidev erTi detali, romelic asociaciebs
aRZravs qarTuli Teatris mniSvnelovan warsulTan. es
Temur CxeiZis umniSvnelovanesi speqtakli „guSindelnia“
(dadgmuli rusTavelis TeatrSi), ara mxolod koncefciiT,
aramed scenur-sivrciTi gadawyvetiTac. moqmedeba pankovis
speqtaklSi, Temur CxeiZis `guSindelnis~ msgavsad, magidis
irgvliv mimdinareobs, romelsac metaforuli daniSnuleba
aqvs.
pankovis esTetika karga xania moSorda „Crdilour
temperaments“, Tanac ise, rom reJisori ar kargavs avtoris
atmosferos, personaJTa xasiaTebs, tipaJebs. marTalia,
isini ganzogadebuli mxatvruli saxeebia, magram mainc rusi
personaJebi arian. „Crdilour temperamentTan“ gamoTxovebam
vladimer pankovs Tvalsawieri da individualurad
moqmedebis areali gaufarTova.
saintereso tipaJebs da xasiaTebs qmnian msaxiobebi.
scenaze sxvadasxva Taobis msaxiobi dgas da maTi TamaSis
stili da manera erT, pankoviseul SemoTavazebul
xerxebSia moqceuli. maT Soris, 70 wels gadacilebuli
zinaida zubkoba. msaxiobi karg formaSia, rogorc fizikuri,
aseve SemoqmedebiTi energiis TvalsazrisiT. mniSvnelovania,
rom ironiuloba, ara marto speqtakls, aramed msaxiobis
SesrulebaSic igrZnoba.
vladimer pankovis speqtaklSi axali TiTqos araferia,
yvelaferi is, rac am speqtaklSi aris, qarTulma sabWoTa
neoavangardma ukve gaiara, magram am esTetikis ansamblurobam
didi STabeWdileba moaxdina mayurebelze.
vladimer pankovi ar malavs e.w. `Teatris meurneobas~,
scenis mowyobilobas da kulisebis ujredebs, is amiT xazs
usvams imas, yvelaferi rac scenaze xdeba _ Teatria. am
scenur sivrceSi is yovelTvis pirobiTad or sazogadoebas
upirispirebs erTmaneTs. is yovelTvis avlebs sazRvars or

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civilizacias Soris. „qorwilSi“ erTmaneTs saberZneTi _
uZvelesi civilizaciis akvani da didi ruseTi upirispirdeba
erTmaneTs.
moulodneli iyo rusi reJisori pankovisagan am doziT
ironiisa da TviTironiis SegrZneba, gasaTvaliswinebelia
isic, rom rusma reJisorma speqtakli belorusiaSi. (sadac
ukve meTvramete welia arc ise demokrati prezidenti
lukaSenkoa) da isic nacionalur, qveynis mTavar Teatralur
moedanze ganaxorciela. pankovis ironia vlindeba ara
mxolod personaJebis, aramed dramaturgis mimarTac.
amis gamo pankoviseuli gadawyveta aaxlovebs mas daviT
kldiaSvilis Teatralur samyarosTan. sevdanarevi iumori,
moqmedebebis siWarbe da SemoTavazebuli musikaluri
atmosferos (ariebisa da arietebis) erToblioba kidev
ufro acilebs reJisors tradiciul rusul TeatrTan.
kidev erTi detali, rac gamoarCevs pankovs sxva misi Taobis
reJisorebisagan: mis speqtaklebSi yovelTvis cocxali
musika JRers.
belorusiuli Teatris ianka kupalas saxelobis
saxelmwifo erovnuli Teatris speqtakli namdvili
sasiamovno siurprizi iyo qarTveli mayureblisTvis.

kunfus gamocxadeba _ cra gragnili

„suxiSvilebis baletis“ Cinuri versia SemogvTavaza

lui Jenma pekinidan. „poli menejment jgufSi“ ocdaaTamde
msaxiobia gaerTianebuli, maT Soris, yvelaze axalgazrda
Tormeti wlisaa, romelic namdvil saocrebebs axdens
scenaze. dasis fizikuri momzadebis done mayurebelze did
STabeWdilebas axdens. warmodgenaSi cekvis eniT moTxrobili
da axsnilia kunfus cxra gragnilis filosofia, romelic
gaerTianebulia meditaciur warmodgenaSi „kunfus
gamocxadeba _ 9 gragnili“. Sesabamisad speqtakli cxra
nawilisagan Sedgeba, romelic evoluciurad viTardeba da
kulminacias finalSi aRwevs. warmodgenis idea mayureblis
kaTarzisia.

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 mTlianad araverbalur warmodgenas win kunfus
filosofiuri moZRvrebis mokle teqsturi Setyobinebis
msgavsi paragrafebi uZRvis. magaliTad, speqtaklis dawyebamde
gvawvdian informacias, rom „sulier ubedurebaze didi
ubedureba ar arsebobs. warmodgenis msvlelobisas mSvid da
usafrTxo garemoSi moxvdebiT, es aris meditacia, romelsac
sixaruli moaqvs. meditacia ki sibrZnis Tavmoyraa“.
pirveli nawili ganwmendaa, kaTarzisi, meore sutra, anu
sibrZnis motana plastikis eniT mayureblamde. msaxiobebi
cekvis saSualebiT, lamazi kompoziciebiT kunfus moZRvrebis
filosofiur mxares ganasaxiereben. kunfus mesame gragnilSi
„Sromismoyvareoba“ moTxrobilia adamianis garegnobis
Sesaxeb, romelic yovelTvis gascems adamianis guls. meoTxe
nawilSi adamianis sulis Sesaxeb gviyvebian. speqtaklis
avtorTa mosazrebiT, adamianis suli mTis wveridan zRvamde
ise wmindaa, rogorc kristali. am siwmindis SenarCuneba
ki bunebis mofrTxilebis Sedegad aris moRwevadi. mexuTe
nawilSi _ mosmena, mogzaurobis mTeli sikeTea axsnili.
Cinelebis TqmiT, mogzauroba meditaciis nawilia, romelic
exmareba adamians tanjvisgan ganTavisuflebaSi.
kosmiuri sivrce da miwieri movlenebi urTierTqmedebaSia
adamianis bunebasTan. swored amis Sesaxeb gviamboben
msaxiobebi Semdgom gragnilebSi.
kunfus msaxiobebi ise swrafad moZraoben scenaze, rom
mayurebels maTTvis Tvalis midevneba uWirs. saerTod,
am dasis teqnikuri momzadeba (msaxiobebis da scenis
dekorator-memontaJeebis) qebis Rirsia da is samagaliToc
aris qarTuli TeatrisTvis, miT umetes, imis fonze, roca
Cvens TeatrebSi dekoraciis dadgma-alagebas ramdenime saaTs
andomeben qarTveli scenis dekorator-memontaJeebi.
Cinuri warmodgena „kunfus gamocxadeba“ modernistuli
warmodgenaa, romelic mxolod Cinur tradiciul cekvas
rodi gviCvenebs, aramed speqtaklSi aerTianebs Cinuri cekvis
tradiciis da evropuli Teatris mniSvnelovan Ziebebs am
dargSi. es kargad Cans ara mxolod kompoziciebSi, aramed
musikalur gaformebasa da modernistul kostiumebSic. am

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speqtaklSi sainteresoa ferTa (ZiriTadad kostiumebis)
simbolikis gaazrebac. TeTrisa da Savis Widilis garda,
warmodgenaSi iWreba mwvane, lurji, yviTeli da wiTeli
ferebi. ferTa simbolika kostiumebSi da qoreografiul
monaxazebSi iolad ikiTxeba.
speqtakli kvlav SegonebebiT sruldeba: izruneT
sakuTar sulierebaze, gamijneT sakuTari Tavi Sinagani
trfobisagan, iyaviT keTili sakuTari Tavis mimarT, pativi
eciT mas, agresia, romelic SenSia dabudebuli, Semoqmedebad
aqcie. speqtaklis safinalo mecxre gragnili samoTxea.
mocekvaveebi scenaze marTlac samoTxis msgavs silamazes
xataven, romelic did efeqts axdens mayurebelze. TiToeuli
moZraoba daxvewilia da stilizebuli, rac kidev ufro
swevs dasis momzadebis avtoritets da pasuxismgeblobas,
rogorc Cans, moZRvreba, romelSic Cven titrebis wyalobiT
gaverkvieT, speqtaklis monawile yovel msaxiobs kargad
Seswavlili da gaTavisebulic aqvs.

uZravi mogzaurebi

aranaklebi STabeWdileba moaxdina qarTveli

mayureblisTvis ukve cnobilma filip Jantis Teatrma
safrangeTidan. isini speqtakliT „uZravi mogzaurebi“
gvewvivnen. fil Jantis dasi erT-erTi gamorCeuli
Teatraluri jgufia evropaSi, romelic Tojinuri Teatris
dramatul TeatrTan (da cocxal msaxiobTan) sinTezss
gviCvenebs. bunebrivia, Teatraluri xelovnebis es forma
axali ar aris, magram maT warmodgenaSi adamiani-msaxiobis
da Tojina-msaxiobis urTierTkavSiri umaRles esTetikur
da teqnikur donezea miRweuli. am mxriv saintereso
Ziebebi mimdinareobs qarTul TeatrSi. levan wulaZis
eqsperimentebi speqtaklebSi „qali ZaRliT“ da „kapitan
korelis mandolina“ gamovlinda, sadac Tojina personaJis
da msaxiobis urTierT TanamSromloba da partnioroba
maRal profesiul dones aRwevs.
bunebrivia, filip Jantis speqtaklSic metaforuli da

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alegoriuli saxelwodebiT „uZravi mogzaurebi“ TiToeuli
mizanscena daxvewili da teqnikurad gamarTulia, magram
speqtaklSi, romelic 90 wuTis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs.
reJisori, amjeradac, ar Ralatobs Tavis principebs da
mas calkeuli etiudebis saxiT gvTavazobs. calkeuli
epizodebi da movlenebi dasrulebul, damoukidebel
ambebs warmoadgens, romlebic xarisxobrivad Teatraluri
xelovnebis namdvili Sedevrebia, magram maTi erToblioba
arRvevs speqtaklis mTlianobas da Rlis mayurebels. filip
Jants aqvs usazRvro fantazia da gamomgoneblobis uSreti
unari (yovel SemTxvevaSi, am ori speqtaklis magaliTze es
kargad Cans). misi msaxiobebi ki maRali saSemsruleblo
ostatobiT, gardasaxvis unariTa da kargi fizikuri
momzadebiT gamoirCevian.
speqtaklis personaJebi mogzaurebi arian, romlebic
uneblieT, TavianTi survilis miuxedavad, mogzauroben
kontinentidan kontinentze. am mogzaurobis iniciatori
ki bunebrivi klimati da bunebaa, okeaneSi SemTxveviT
Cavardnilebi mogzaurobis Semdeg udabnoSi aRmoCndebian,
gzad ki maT uamravi Tavgadasavli xvdebaT, romelic
STambeWdavi Teatraluri saSualebebiT aris gadmocemuli
scenidan parterSi. erTaderTi, rac am patar-patara
siuJetebs aerTianebs. speqtaklis saTauria _ „uZravi
mogzaurebi“. TvalSisacemia speqtaklis is epizodebi, roca
calkeuli sagnebi da nivTebi cocxldebian da maT ramdenime
funqcia eniWebaT. speqtaklSi kargad Cans reJsioris
multiplikaciuri azrovneba, filip Jantis speqtakli
namdvili multiplikaciuri filmia, Sesrulebuli
TeatrSi. azris gamosaxvis da siuJetis gadmocemis xerxebi
TeatralurTan erTad wminda multiplikaciuria. amis
miRweva TeatrSi Tundac teqnikuradaa rTuli. msaxiobebi
scenaze namdvil saswaulebs axdenen, romlebic mayureblis
aRfrTovanebas da gaocebas iwvevs. Tundac is epizodi, roca
mogzaurebi okeaneSi arian, anda is momenti, roca isini
udabnoSi aRmocndebian, Cven Tvalwin udabnos landSafti
ixsneba, romelic, marTalia, pirobiTia, Tumca maqsimalurad

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miaxloebulia namdvils, scenaze gacocxlebuli udabnos
peizaJi maketia, romelic mayureblisTvis SeumCnevlad
Cndeba scenaze.
filip Jantis ar aklia iumoris da ironiis grZnoba. mas
arc detalebze muSaoba ezareba msaxiobebTan, radgan isini
misi artistebi, Tanabar momzadebas avlenen plastikaSi,
vokalSi, Tojinis tarebaSi, gardasaxvis unarSi...
filip Jantis kompaniis meored stumroba namdvili
movlenaa Teatralur sferoSi, es is dasia, romelsac
momdevno ramdenime wlis turne dagegmili aqvs. imedia, mis
sxva axal namuSevrebsac ixilavs qarTveli mayurebeli.

sad iwyeba Tanamedrove Teatri

Tanamedrove, uaxlesi periodis xelovnebaSi Sefasebebi,

Janrebi, stilistika pirobiTobaSia moqceuli. `Tanamedrove
xelovneba~ _ am terminis ganmartebac ki Zalian pirobiTia.
ras vuwodebT Tanamedrove xelovnebas? sad aris zRvari?
ra principiT adgenen xelovnebaTmcodneebi qronologias?
dadgenilia da viciT, rodis iwyeba da mTavrdeba antikuri
xelovneba, romel periods vuwodebT renesanss. rodis da
sad dgeba klasicizmis xana. ai, Tanamedrove xelovnebis
qronologiis dadgenaze ki ver SeTanxmdnen mkvlevrebi.
zogierTi mkvlevari Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi moiazrebs
meoce saukunis xelovnebas. magaliTad, londonis
Tanamedrove xelovnebis galereaSi „TATE MODERN“
gamofenilia me-20 saukunis nimuSebi. modernistuli,
igive Tanamedrove xelovneba, aerTianebs me-20 saukunis
yvela Janrs da mimdinareobas, bolo periodis xelovnebas
postmoderni uwodes da gasagebia, rom masSi modernis
Semdgomi xelovneba igulisxmeba. gaCnda axali terminic
_ post postmoderni. erTaderTi, razec mkvlevrebi
SeTanxmdnen _ es aris uaxlesi xelovnebis gansazRvreba.
masSi igulisxmeba sul axlaxans, an maqsimum 50 wlis
win Seqmnili xelovneba. bunebrivia, termini pirobiTia
da mcocavia drosa da sivrceSi. Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove

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TeatrSi moiazreba bolo ormocdaaT wleulSi Seqmnili
nimuSebi. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani detali. Tavad cneba
Teatri _ gacilebiT farToa da vidre mas warmoidgene
praqtikulad, radgan saTeatro xelovneba gulisxmobs da
aerTianebs _ Tavad dramatul xelovnebas, operas, cirks,
cekvas da sxva saTeatro saxeobebs (Tojinebis, pantomimis,
Crdilebis, TiTebis, sagnebis Teatrebs).
saqarTveloSi ki, ratomRac miaCniaT, rom saopero
speqtaklze recenziebi musikaTmcodneebma unda weron,
ise rogorc sabaleto (da masTan momijnave dargebis)
warmodgenebze _ cekvis specialistebma, rac arasworia
da Seusabamo, radgan musikaTmcodnem SeiZleba Seafasos
orkestris, gundisa da solistebis Sesruleba, magram mas
gauWirdeba zogadad speqtaklis saerTo Sefaseba, arada
,saopero da sabaleto warmodgena speqtaklia, dekoraciiT,
reJisuriT da sxva atributikiT.

* * *

erT-erTi mniSvnlovani maxasiaTebeli Tanamedrove

xelovnebisTvis Janrebis aRrevaa. zRvari Janrebs Soris
mTlianad waSlilia da maTi gamorCeva mkvlevrebisTvisac
ki did Tavsatexs warmoadgens. erTmaneTSi monacvleobs
tradiciuli Janrebic ki. magaliTad, Tanamedrove TeatrSi
vxvdebiT speqtaklebs, romlebic dasawyisSi aSkarad komediaa,
xolo siuJetis ganviTarebisas is dramaSi, an tragediaSi
gadadis. magaliTad, Sors rom ar wavide, daviT doiaSvilis
speqtakli Seqspiris „Sua zafxulis Ramis sizmaric“ kmara.
komediaSi reJisorma savsebiT samarTlianad da logikurad
moZebna dramatuli motivebi da miseuli interpretacia
SemogvTavaza. Tanamedrove Teatri ebrZvis dagrovil
Stampebs da misgan gaTavisufleba dadebiTi movlenaa, Tu
is logikaze dafuZnebuli motiviT aris gamarTlebuli da
ganpirobebuli.

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 * * *

meoce da ocdameerTe saukuneebis xelovnebis swavlebis

dros Zalian mniSvnelovania sifrTxiliT movekidoT
axleburi nawarmoebebis kritika-gaanalizebas. mniSvnelovania
gavaanalizoT da darwmunebuli viyoT, ramdenad sworad
SerCeuli meTodiT ganvixilavT ama Tu im nawarmoebs.
Tu modernistul, eqsperimentul, avangardul speqtals
tradiciuli meTodebiT ganvixilavT, ise rogorc klasikur
nawarmoebs (sadac mkacrad daculia moqmedebis, drois da
adgilis erTianoba, an siuJetis ganviTarebis klasikuri
modeli - saeqspozicio nawiliT, kvanZis SekvriT, kulminaciiT,
kvanZis gaxsniTa da finaliT), Cveni analizi iqneba mcdari.
amavdroulad, yovelTvis gvaxsovdes, speqtakli SevafasoT
ara im meTodiT _ Tu rogor davdgamdiT mas Cven, aramed
rogor dadga is reJisorma. mudmivad unda gvaxsovdes, rom
Tu Tanamedrove xelovnebis nawarmoebis idea ver gavigeT,
es calsaxad ar niSnavs imas, rom Cven xelovnebis ususur
nawarmoebTan gvaqvs saqme. mTavari indikatori am SemTxvevaSi
gamowveuli emociaa. xelovnebis nawarmoebma aucileblad
unda gamoiwvios raRac emocia, man an unda mogvxiblos,
agvaRelvos, an unda gagvaRizianos da gagvabrazos. mcdaria
meTodi, Tu speqtakls imis gamo daviwunebT, rom mas ar
aqvs erTiani siuJeturi xazi, speqtakli pirdapiri gagebiT,
klasikuri xerxebiT ar gviyveba garkveul ambavs. usiuJeto
speqtaklebi lirikas, an novelas hgavs, sadac adamianebis
grZnobebi, an misi cxovrebis erTi, konkretuli, mcire
monakveTia moTxrobili. Tanamedrove saTeatro xelovnebis
nawarmoebma emociasTan erTad garkveuli gavlena unda
moaxdinos Cvenze: dagvafiqros, raRac Secvalos Cvens
msoflmxedvelobaSi, an cxovrebis stilSi, adamianebs Soris
urTierTobaSi. xelovnebis nawarmoebis mizani swored
garkveuli zegavlenis moxdenaa, is erTgvari religiaa,
romelic Tavisi moZRvrebis Cvens Tavze moxvevas pirdapir,
an iribad, oRond gansxvavebuli xerxiTa da meTodologiiT
cdilobs. erTi kargi speqtakli erT religiur rituals
utoldeba, rogorc formiT, ise SinaarsiT.
135
 * * *

dRes Tanamedrove teqnikuri progresis pirobebSi

Teatri cdilobs maqsimalurad aiTvisos yvela miRweva,
kompiuteruli, cifruli, virtualuri realobis sivrceSi
Teatri gverds ver auvlis mas. teqnikuri miRwevebis
gamoyeneba TeatrSi ZiriTadad multimediur JanrSi
gamoixateba. multimediuri Janri saTaves ervin piskatoris
speqtaklebSi iRebs. ganaTebis da ekranis gamoyeneba,
kino xerxebis erToblioba Tavs swored piskatoris
speqtaklebSi iyris. igive meTodi kote marjaniSvilma 1928
wels gamoiyena. imaveve xerxs iyenebda mixeil TumaniSvili,
mogvianebiT multimediam ufro farTo datvirTva SeiZina
daviT doiaSvilis speqtaklebSi. dRes am xerxs mimarTavs
qarTveli reJisorebis umravlesoba. teqnikuris progresis
sxvadasxva etapze ixveweboda multimediuri Janri da ufro
farTo masStabs da funqcias iZenda. multimediuri Janri
pirdapir kavSirSia saTeatro mxatvrobasTan. animacias
multimediur JanrSi gadamwyveti datvirTva aqvs. animaciis
totaluri gamoyenebis saukeTeso magaliTi britanuli
kompania `1927~-is speqtaklia saxelwodebiT „bavSvebi
da ZaRlebi moednen quCas“, romelic britaneTis sabWos
saqarTveloSi mxardaWeriT aCvenes Tbilisis saerTaSoriso
Teatralur festivalze.
* * *

Tanamedrove Teatri warmoudgenelia daxvewili vizualis

gareSe. reJisoris koncefciasa da msaxiobis ostatobas kidev
ufro warmoaCens speqtaklis scenografia. xSiria SemTxveva,
roca mxatvari xdeba reJisori. am SemTxvevaSi mxatvris
xedva etyoba maT speqtaklebs. Tanamedrove TeatrSi aseTi
magaliTi rusi reJisori dimitri krimovia, romelTanac
vizuali umniSvnelovanesia. misi speqtaklebi etiudebs
hgavs... krimovis speqtaklebis erTgvari retrospeqtiva
gaimarTa TumaniSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis saerTaSoriso
festivalze „saCuqari“. am speqtaklebma kidev ufro

136
cxadyo mxatvris roli da upiratesi funqcia Tanamedrove
TeatrSi.
Teatri gardamaval epoqaSia. TiToeuli iniciativa
erTgvari eqsperimentia, roca axali proeqti reJisorisTvis
(totaluri reJisuris xana inerciiT dRemde grZeldeba)
eqsperimentis funqcias kargavs, iqve ikargeba da kvdeba
ganviTarebis perspeqtiva. sanam es idea iarsebebs, Teatri
mudmiv ganviTarebis procesSi iqneba.

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 riderebi
saxviTi xelovneba

n. silagaZe, n. maWaraSvili

XX saukunis xelovneba
XX saukunis gariJraJze kacobriobam TiTqmis yvela
JeSmariteba gadaafasa. politikuri da socialuri
cvlilebebis moTxovnilebam gamoiwvia memarcxene partiebis
Seqmna, romlebic emuqrebodnen arsebul wes-wyobilebas (am
muqaris xorcSesmis erT-erTi magaliTi 1917 wlis ruseTis
revoluciaa). garda amisa,XIX saukunis bolo da XX saukunis
pirvel aTwleulebs mravali mecnierul-teqnikuri miRweva
ukavSirdeba: atomis Seswavla, fardobiTobis Teoriis
Seqmna, samxreT polusis dapyroba, telegrafis, pirveli
safreni aparatis gamogoneba da sxva. aTwleuli, romelic
win uZRoda pirvel msoflio oms, Zalze dayofili aRmoCnda
saxviTi xelovnebis istoriaSi. SeuZlebelia am periodis
xelovnebis mimdinareobis mTeli mravalferovnebis erT
cnebaSi dateva. mxatvrebi acnobierebdnen, rom dgeboda
axali saukune da miiswrafodnen iqiTken, rom ufro
Tanamedroveni da originalurebi yofiliyvnen. cvlileba
mamoZravabel Zalad gadaiqca, ganaxleba _ ganmsazRvrel
miznad. zogierTi mxatvari ukana ricxviTac ki aTariRebda
Tavis nawarmoebebs, rom ufro progresuli, originaluri
gamoCeneliyo.
pirveli msoflio omi namdvili katastrofa iyo
evropisTvis ekonomikuri, politikuri, kulturuli da
socialuri TvalsazrisiT. mravali qveyana inflaciis morevSi
aRmoCnda CaZiruli. es gansakuTrebiT exeboda germanias,
romelsac uzarmazari reparaciebi unda gadaexa da pirveli

138
msoflio omis dros sxva qveynebisTvis miyenebeuli zaralis
asanazRaureblad. inflacia warmoadgenda meore msoflio
omis erT-erT winamZRvarsac. finansurad da moralurad
dauZlurebuli evropis nacvlad msoflio arenaze wamyvan
Zalad gadaiqca amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. amerikuli
ekonomika praqtikulad ar dazaralebula omis dros da
mis damTavrebisTanave uprecedento Zlierebas miaRwia. 1917
wlis rusuli revoluciisa da nikoloz meoris daxvretis
Semdeg evropam kargad gaacnobiera saukuneebis manZilze
Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebrivi mowyobis principebis
meryeoba. socialisturi, internacionaluri partiebisa da
moZraobis sapirispirod warmoiSva ukiduresad memarjvene
nacionalisturi dajgufebebi, romlebic sul ufro
agresiul da saSiS xasiaTs iRebda.
meore msoflio omma kidev ufro daasusta evropa
fizikurad, ekonomikurad da politikurad. man sabolood
dakarga msoflio aneraze wamyvani adgili, romelic
safuZvlianad Seirya jer kidev pirveli msoflio omis
Semdeg. `modis kanonmdeblad~ sabolood iqca amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi. Jenevis erTa liga, romelmac ar
gaamarTla masze damyarebuli imedebi, Seicvala gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciiT, romlis rezidencia niu-iorkSi
ganlagda. daimsxvra didi kolonizatoruli imperiebi _
damoukidebloba moipova inglisis, safrangeTis, belgiis,
holandiisa da italiis TiTqmis yvela koloniam afrikasa
da aziaSi. aRmosavleT evropaSi, sadac sabWoTa armiis
nawilebi iyo ganlagebuli Seiqmna sateliti saxelmwifoebi.
ori ze saxemwifos _ aSS-s da sabWoTa kavSiris _ mzardma
uTanxmoebam sabolood miiyvana msoflio `civ omamde~,
romlis erT-erTi yvelaze xelSesaxebi simbolo berlinis
kedeli gaxda.
meore msoflio omma udidesi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia
kulturis sferoSic. evropuli inteleqtualebis didi
nawili revoluciam da nacistebis devnam aiZula emigraciaSi
wasuliyo amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. ainStainis,
Sonbergis, stravinskis, Tomas manis, bartokis magaliTs male

139
mibaZa fermwerebis, moqandakeebisa da arqiteqtorebis didma
jgufma, romlebic avangardis mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi
iyvnen. hitleris mier bauhauzis daxurvis Semdeg (1933)
atlantis okene gadaseres valter gropiusma, mis vanderoem,
laslo mohoit-nadma. safrangeTis kapitulaciis (1940)
Semdeg fernan neJe, mark Sagani, rene magriti, pit mondriani,
mark ensti, ivtangi iZulebulebi gaxdnen miebaZaT maTi
magaliTebisTvis.

avangardi da misi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

me-20 saukuneSi xelovnebis ganviTarebis gzebi bevrad

ufro mravalsaxovani iyo, vidre wina saukuneebSi.
realisturi xelovnebis gverdiT, romelsac arasdros
Seuwyvetia arseboba, warmoiSva axali xelovneba, romelic
marTalia miiswrafoda samyaros realisturi asaxvisaken,
magram Tavis mTavar miznad mxatvris grZnobebisa da
ganwyobilebebis gamoxatvas miiCnevda. amgvar xelovnebas
safuZveli jer kidev post-impresionistebma Cauyares.
XX saukunis xelovneba ar warmoadgens erTian
movlenas. igi Sedgeba mTeli rigi dinebebisagan,
romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvaveba TavianTi miznebisa da
gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiT, ris Sedegadac xSirad
sruliad sapirispiro xasiaTi aqvT. saukunis dasawyisis
xelovnebas modernizms uwodeben, mis yvelaze Semtev
mimarTulebebs ki avangardis cnebaSi aerTianeben. am
rTuli stilisturi konglomeratisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
sxvadasxva mimarTulebis mxatvrebis dajgufebebis arseboba.
imavdroulad arseboben iseTi mxatvrebic, romlebic TavianTi
cxovrebis manZilze ramdenjerme icvlidnen mimarTulebas
da sxvadasxva gaerTianebas emxrobodnen.
avangardma, romelmac uaryo Zveli, Cveuli tradiciebi,
wamoswia mravali problema da cxare diskusiebi gamoiwvia.
mas erTguli damcvelebic da principuli mowinaaRmdegeebic
hyavda. yvelaze did kamaTs iwvevda saqmis teqnikuri mxare,
radgan avangardi xSirad uars ambobda Zveli xelovnebisaTvis

140
mniSvnelovan iseT amocanebze, rogorebicaa: gamosaxulebis
guldasmiT Sesruleba, ferebis tradiciuli Sexameba,
naxatis sizuste, miswrafeba sinatifisa an garegnuli
silamazisken da a.S.
avangardis warmomadgenlebis erT-erT ZiriTad miswrafebas
mxatvris individualobis gamokveTa warmoadgenda. amiTaa
nakarnaxebi axleburi gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebisa da
axali masalebis mudmivi Ziebis procesi, radgan manamde
arnaxulisa da raRac sruliad axlis Seqmna warmatebis
mniSvnelovan pirobas warmoadgenda.
XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi yvelaze didi cvlilebebi
ferweraSi ganxorcielda. am cvlilebebis mixedviT
ganarCeven avangardis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. Jurnalebis,
reproduqciaTa albomebis, kinos, televiziisa da
saerTaSoriso gamofenebis wyalobiT axali mimarTulebebi
maleve xdeboda farTod cnobili, rac profesionalTa
wreSi iwvevda sxva, kidev ufro axlis Seqmnis survils.
avangardSi kaleidoskopuri siswrafiT xdeboda cvlilebebi,
magram amave dros, mas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi araerTgvarovani
saxe hqonda. amas xels uwyobda mxatvrebis Tavmoyra msxvil
kulturul centrebSi. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi avangardis
centri iyo parizSi, meore msoflio omis Semdeg ki mas
daemata niu-iorki da londoni.

fovizmi

XX saukunis avangarduli xelovnebis pirvel

mimdinareobad fovizmia miCneuli. 1901 wels parizSi vinsent
van gogis sikvdilis Semdeg Catarda misi namuSevrebis
pirveli gamofena. mxatvris palitris kaSkaSa ferebma biZgi
misca franguli xelovnebis axali mimarTulebis gaCenas.
axalgazrda mxatvrebis jgufma anri matisis meTaurobiT
daiwyo kaSkaSa, sufTa, mJReri ferebis, msxvili monasmebis,
tiloze mimobneuli dekoratiuli ferTa laqebisa da
deformirebuli gamartivebuli formebis gamoyeneba. weris
amgvari manera da feris interpretacia mayureblisaTvis

141
imdenad ucxo da uCveulo iyo, rom am dajgufebis mxatvrebs
fovistebi Searqves (frang. sityvidan fauve _ veluri
`mtacebeli~. aqedan warmodga saxelwodeba `fovizmi~.).
fovistebis mizans ar warmoadgenda garemomcveli samyaros
zustad asaxva, maT surdaT TvalsaCino gaexadaT iseTi
cnebebi, romelTa TvaliT danaxva SeuZlebelia: magaliTad,
is grZnobebi da ganwyoba, romlebic aReZvreba mxatvars
bunebis Wvretisas. gamoxatvis mTavar saSualebad fovistebma
feri airCies.
ferTa simdidriT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva andre
derenis (1880-1954) da moris vlaminkis (1876-1958)
ferwera. maT suraTebze xSirad vxedavT wiTel foTlebs,
yviTel mdinareebs, mwvane qvafenils. fovistebTan erTad
garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi gamodioda JorJ ruo
(1871-1958). Tavis suraTebSi igi asaxavda didi qalaqis
siRatakesa da garyvnilebas da swamda, rom amiT SeZlebda
borotebis aRmofxvras. ruos namuSevrebi Zalze Taviseburi
stiliT gamoirCeva, misi suraTebis mkveTri tonebi ise
brWyvinavs, rogorc Sua saukuneebis vitraJebi: aq Tavs iCens
mxatvris axalgazrdobis periodis gamocdileba, rodesac
ruo vitraJebis aRdgenaze muSaobda.
fovistebis aRiarebuli lideri anri matisi (1869-1954)
SemdgomSi gamoCenili moRvawe da mSvidobisaTvis mebrZoli
gaxda. matisi ambobda: `me msurs, rom daRlilma, datanjulma,
daqanculma mayurebelma Cemi suraTebis meSveobiT simSvide
hpovos~. erTi SexedviT, misi namuSevrebi Canaxats waagavs,
suraTis zedapiri dafarulia erTgvarovani feradi laqebiT,
magram Tuki yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT matisis suraTebs,
CvenTvis gasagebi iqneba maTi Rrma, gaazrebuli gadawyveta,
sinatife, adamianuri siTbo. matisis namuSevrebSi mSvidi
garemoa asaxuli: qalebi, romlebic kiTxuloben, ukraven
an Rrma fiqrebs miscemian; naturmortebi da peizaJebi.
matisi xSirad imeorebda erTsa da imave motivebs: mwvane,
xarixebian darabebs, romelTa zoliani Crdili iatakze
ecema, aivnebis ornamentian cxaurebs, parkSi mdgar mwvane
xeebsa da sxva.

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 mravalxmrivi niWiT dajildovebuli matisis
SesaZleblobebma Tavi iCina aramarto ferweraSi, aramed
xelovnebis sxva dargebSic: interierisa da wignis
gaformebaSi, qandakebaSi da sxva.

eqspresionizmi

eqspresionizmi avangardis erT-erT mimarTulebas

warmoadgenda. es iyo xelovneba, romlis mizans mxatvris
sulieri mdgomareobis, misi gancdebisa da ganwyobis
gamoxatva Seadgens (miuxedavad imisa, rom misi saxelwodeba
momdinareobs franguli sityvidan “expression~, rac
`gamoxatvas~ niSnavs, pirvelad es termini germaniaSi
iqna gamoyenebuli). es termini umeteswilad germanul
xelovnebasTan mimarTebiT gamoiyeneba, radgan swored am
qveyanaSi gavrcelda eqspresionizmi yvelaze farTod.
germanelma eqspresionizmma, SesaZloa, mayurebelze
damTrgunveli STabeWdileba moaxdinos. igi XX saukunis
dasawyisSi Caisaxa, im dros, rodesac safrangeTSi
fovizmi gavrcelda. fovistebisgan gansxvavebiT, germaneli
eqspresionistebis mizans ar warmoadgenda silamazis
asaxva. germanul xelovnebas sxva epoqebSi yuradRebis
gamaxvileba Sinaarsze, TxrobiToba da SedarebiT naklebi
interesi nawarmoebis garegnuli silamazis mimarT.
eqspresionistebisTvis suraTi mxolod saSualeba iyo,
romliTac isini cdilobdnen sazogadoeba arsebul
problemebze daefiqrebinaT. Tumca im epoqis germaniis
problemebis gadaWra xelovnebis zemoqmedebis ZaliT
SeuZlebeli iyo _ amitom eqspresionistebis namuSevrebSi
xSiria daTrgunuloba, gulgatexiloba. grZnobebis
gadmosacemad eqspresionistebi iyenebdnen kaSkaSa, myvirala
ferebs, an, piriqiT, pirquS, WuWyian tonebs, mSfoTvare
da TiTqos gauwafav monasmebs, gamartivebul, xSirad
Segnebulad damaxinjebul formebs.
saukunis dasawyisSi germanelma eqspresionistebma
Seqmnes ramdenime gaerTianeba, iseTebi, rogorebicaa “Die

143
Brucke~ (xidi), “Der Blaue Reiter~ lurji mxedari), “Der
Sturm~ (qariSxali). maT SeuerTdnen mxatvrebic, romlebic
ar warmoadgendnen eqspresionistul moZraobas, agreTve
ucxoeli, maT Soris, rusi mxatvrebic, magaliTad, vasil
kandinski, romelic jguf “Die Brucke~ is lideri gaxda. am
dajgufebebSi Semavali germaneli mxatvrebidan gansakuTrebiT
cnobilni arian: ernst ludvig kirxneri (1880-1938), emil
nolde (1867-1956), norvegieli edvard munki (1863-1944)
da avstrieli oskar kokoSka (1886-1980).
pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg eqspresionistebis
mxatvrobaSi gansakuTrebuli simZafriT gaisma sazogadoebis
kritikis nota. oto diqsis (1891-1969) suraTebze asaxulia
omis saSinelebani, nanaxiTa da gancdiliT SeSinebuli xalxi,
daWrilebi, xeibrebi da sxva. eqspresionistebis personaJebi
xandaxan imdenad maxinjebi da saxedakargulni arian, rom
iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos mxatvrebs, ubralod, sZuldaT
adamianebi.
am mimarTulebis mxatvrebi bevrs muSaobdnen grafikaSi.
eqspresionizmTan axlos dgas agreTve grafikis da qandakebis
warmomadgenlis kete kolvickis (1867-1945) STambeWdavi
namuSevnebi.
eqspresionizms, rogorc mimarTulebas mxatvrobaSi,
bolo mouRes 1933 wels germaniis saTaveSi mosulma
nacistebma. hitlerma mTeli avangardi `degeneraciul
xelovnebad~ Seracxa, romelic unda ganadgurebuliyo.

kubizmi

XX saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi Camoyalibda

avangardis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili, sicocxlisunariani
da Taviseburi mimdinareoba _ kubizmi. misi ganviTareba
1960-ian wlebamde grZeldeboda. miRebulia azri, rom
renesansis Semdeg yvelaze revoluciuri gadatrialeba
xelovnebis istoriaSi swored kubizmma moaxdina. misma
fuZemdebelma, didma espanelma mxatvarma pablo pikasom (1881-
1973), romelic parizSi cxovrobda, 1907 wels gamofina

144
Tavisi saxelganTqmuli tilo `avinioneli qalwulebi~ _
es suraTi kubizmis manifesti gaxda. kubistebi TavianT
winamorbedad pol sezans asaxelebdnen: marTlac, swored
sezanis SemoqmedebaSi Caisaxa pirvelad saganTa warmoCena
gamartivebuli, geometriuli formebis saxiT, maTi
simyaris, materialurobis gansakuTrebuli xazgasma, uaris
Tqma detalebis gadmocemaze da sxva. parizSi mowyobilma
sezanis gamofenebma biZgi misca kubizmis ganviTarebas.
kubizmis fuZemdeblebis _ pikasosa da JorJ brakis _
SemoqmedebaSi naTlad gamoikveTa am mimdinareobis ZiriTadi
tendencia: mxatvrebi realur samyaros ki ar asaxavdnen,
aramed axal realobas qmnidnen, romelic fizikis, optikis
an raime sxva kanonebs ki ara, mxolod xelovnebis kanonebs
emorCileboda. isini TiTqos Slidnen sagnebs sxvadasxva
geometriul formebad _ kubebad, prizmebad, cilindrebad _
da Tavidan awyobdnen maT; cdilobdnen, erTi sagani sxvadasxva
rakursiT warmoedginaT (mag. adamiani SeiZleba erTdroulad
anfasSic daexataT da profilSic); uars ambobdnen haerovani
sivrcis, perspeqtivis, saerTod `sicarielis~ gadmocemaze
da sxva, maTi mTavari gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualeba xazebi
da kuTxovani sibrtyeebi iyo. kolorits daqvemdebarebuli
mniSvneloba hqonda _ kubisturi namuSevrebi ZiriTadad
aramkveTr, mqrqal momwvano, moyavisfro, nacrisfer
tonebSia gadawyvetili. maTi Tematikac sakmaod SezRuduli
iyo _ kubistebi ZiriTadad adamianebs da ubralo sagnebs _
magidebs, skamebs, WurWels _ xatavdnen, xSirad asaxavdnen
agreTve musikalur instrumentebs _ gitaras da violinos.
popularuli iyo maTSi agreTve kolaJis teqnika _
kubistur kolaJebSi xSirad vxedavT gazeTebis naxevebs,
muyaos kolofebs, qsovils da a. S.
kubisturi principi _ gamoesaxaT mxolod geometriuli
figurebi _ yvelaze ufro sufTa saxiT fernan leJes (1881-
1955) SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa.
yvelaze cnobili kubisti pablo pikaso TiTqmis 70 weli
moRvaweobda rogorc fermweri, grafikosi, scenografi,
dekoratori, moqandake, keramikosi, monumentalisti. pikasos

145
mZlavri talanti, saocari individualoba, SemoqmedebiTi
energia mraval mimarTulebaSi gamovlinda.

abstraqcionizmi

1909-1919 wlebSi e. w. mxatvarTa axalma gaerTianebam

miunxenSi ramdenime gamofena moawyo, romelTa msvlelobisas
gaerTianebis Tavmjdomarem, cnobilma rusma mxatvarma vasil
kandinskim (1886-1944), Seajera ra avangardis sxvadasxva
mimarTulebis principebi, axali esTetikuri koncefciebi
Camoayaliba, romelTa safuZvelzec Semdgom, 1911 wels,
jgufi `lurji mxedari~ Seiqmna: emociaTa eqspresionistul
afeTqebas axalma mimdinareobam pirvelqmnili instinqtebi _
intuiciuri sawyisi daupirispira, romlis saSualebiTac
xdeboda realobis arsis Cawvdoma. 1908 wels vasil
kandinskim pirvelad ganacxada, rom `sagani ferwerisaTvis
mavnebelia~. ramdenime wlis Semdeg man pirveli abstraqtuli
suraTi Seqmna, sadac mnaxveli ver amoicnobda verc erT
realurad arsebul sagans: `usagno~ suraTi abstraqtuli
feradovani laqebis, xazebis erToblioba iyo. kandinskis
TqmiT, `rac ufro saSineli xdeba realoba, miT ufro
abstraqtuli xdeba xelovneba~. abstraqtuli xelovneba
mraval asociacias badebs _ xSirad mas musikasac adareben.
realobis asaxvis survili ukana planze gadadis, formaluri
Ziebebi ki sakuTriv mxatvris mier Seqmnil sivrceSi
xorcieldeba, romelSic ar arsebobs arc perspeqtivis
kanonebi, arc sami ganzomileba, arc kompoziciebis agebis
saukuneebis manZilze damkvidrebuli principebi da a.S.

`metafizikuri~ ferwera, dadaizmi da siurrealizmi

sizmriseuli xilvebi, fantastikuri siuJetebi,

`Secvlili~ realoba, sinamdvilis `miRma~ arsebuli idumali
samyaros suraTebi, ararsebuli sagnebi da movlenebi _
yovelive es XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi Camoyalibebuli
metafizikuri da siurrealisturi mimdinareobis da

146
ferweris Tematikaa. marafizikurma ferweram imTaviTve
daimkvirda adgili avangardis xelovnebaSi.
metafizikuri ferwera italiaSi Camoyalibda I msoflio
omis wlebSi. mas safuZveli jorjo de kirikos (1888-
1978) Semoqmedebam Cauyara. de kirikos suraTebSi simSvide
da statikuroba sufevs. misi sayvareli Temaa qalaqi
zafxulis cxel dRes; carieli quCebi, kaSkaSa ganaTeba,
mkveTri Crdilebi. am ararsebul qalaqSi mxatvari TiTqos
idumal, realobis miRma samyaros gamovlinebas eZebs. igi
uxeS, primitiul formebs, mkafio ferebs iyenebs da martivi,
ubralo, magram maradiuli formebis ideals amkvidrebs.
aravin icis, ras aRniSnavs zurstad ucnauri sityva –
`dada~. ufro sworad, es sityva arafers ar aRniSnavs _
aseve ganmartavdnen Tavisi mimdinareobis arss dadaistebi:
`dadaizmi
dadaizmi arafers ar warmoadgens~. am da sxva msgavsi
ucnauri gancxadebebis gamo dadaistebis gamofenebi TiTqmis
yovelTvis skandaliT mTavrdeboda.
marTlac, I msoflio omma sruliad Secvala
yvela warmodgenis Sesaxeb. kultura uZluri iyo am
katastrofuli movlenebis winaSe, romlebic saocari
siswrafiT viTardeboda evropaSi, amitom dadaistebma
protestis Taviseburi xerxi airCies: isini mTel samyaros
dascinodnen, misi uazrobis demonstrirebas axdenden.
dadaistebi, ferweris garda, aplikaciis, fotomontaJis,
kolaJis teqnikasac mimarTavdnen.
dadaistebis gamofenebze namuSevrebis garda sxvadasxva
warmodgenis demonstrireba xdeboda _ magaliTad, erT-erT
gamofenaze mxatvarma mayureblebs najaxi SesTavaza, raTa
daemtvriaT is namuSevrebi, romlebic ar moewonebodaT.
darbazSi akvariumi idga, romelSic maRviZara egdo da xis
xeli dacuravda da sxv.
metafizikuri ferweris da dadaizmis ganviTareba
xanmokle aRmoCnda, Tumda male maTi zogierTi prinicipi
axali mimdinareobis _ siurrealizmis – wiaRSi aRorZinda.
am mimdinareobis liderebi – poetebi giiom apolineri da
andre bretoni _ aRfrTovanebulebi iyvnen de kirikos

147
namuSevrebiT, romlebic maT 1911 wels parizSi gamofenaze
naxes, 1924 wels ki andre bretonma Tavisi cnobili
`siurrealizmis manifesti~ gamoaqveyna. sadac naTqvami
iyo, rom realobis Secnoba gonebis ZaliT ki ara, swored
intuiciiTaa SesaZlebeli da rom mTavaria adamianis
qvecnobieri, da ara cnobieri samyaro. siurrealistebma,
gaiziares didi avstrieli fsiqologis zigmung froidis
Teoriebi aracnobieri fsiqikis, sizmrebis, Tavisufali
asociaciebis mniSvnelobaze. maT Tanaxmad, adamians
SeiZleba raime amosavali sityvidan, sizmriseuli xilvidan
Tavisufali asociaciebis warmoqmnis gziT qaoturad
mouvides TavSi sxvadasxva cneba _ swored ase ibadeba
siurrealisturi mxatvruli saxe.

XX saukunis qandakeba

yvela epoqaSi qandakebis nimuSebis udidesi raodenoba

(umetesad es mrgval qanakebas exeba) adamians, ufro
iSviaTad ki _ cxovels warmogvidgens, rac ganpirobebulia
qandakebis, rogorc saxviTi xelovnebis dargis specifikiT:
Zalze Znelia qvaSi, xeSi an liTonSi gamoisaxos raRac
iseTi, risi Sexebac SeuZlebelia. amisda miuxedavad, XX
saukuneSi Seecadnen gaefarToebinaT qandakebis Tematuri
farglebi, gamoeyenebinaT formebi, romlebic arafers
gamoxatavs da mainc zemoqmedebs adamianebze Tavisi
harmoniuli moxazulobis an gamomsaxvelobiTi Zalis
meSveobiT. XX saukunis qandakebis iersaxeze gavlena
iqonia agreTve garesamyarosa da adamianis cxovrebis wesSi
momxdarma cvlilebebma. ase magaliTad, sada da sworxazovani
Tanamedrove Senobebi iTxovdnen ganzogadebuli formis
qandakebebs. fexiT mosiarules an etlSi mjdom adamians
didi dro hqonda Senobebis Semamkobeli qandakebebis an
monumentis detalebis dasaTvaliereblad. Tanamedrove
qandakebebi ki, rogorc wesi, didi zomisaa da ubralo,
ganzogadebuli formebi aqvs. amgvarad, isini SesamCnevi da
aRqmadia, im adamianebisTvisac ki, romlebic maT avtomobiliT

148
Cauqroleben.
XX saukuneSi qandakebis ganviTarebam ZiriTadad,
ferwerisagan damoukideblad mimdinareobda da maTSi
gacilebiT rTulia calkeuli mimarTulebebis gansazRvra,
amdenad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba calkeuli ostatebis
Semoqmedebas, romelTa udidesi nawili parizSi cxovrobda
da moRvaweobda. am mravalferovan, Wrel ojaxSi erT
poluss qmnian ostatebi, romlebmac SeinarCunes erTguleba
realisturi, mxatvruli tradiciisadmi. eseni arian frangi
aristid maioli (1861-1944) Tavisi SiSveli, glexurad
kunTmagari qalebis figurebiT. misi Tanamemamule emil
antuan burdeli (1861-1929) _ mkafiod agebuli,
dramatizmiT aRsavse namuSevrebis avtori. meore polusze
vxedavT moqandakeebs, romlebic Zalze ganzogadebul, wminda
abstraqtul namuSevrebs qmnian.
`realist~ ostatebTan SedarebiT axlos idga germaneli
moqandakis erns barlaxis (1870-1938) Semoqmedeba, romelic
deformirebul figurebs qmnida meti gamomsaxvelobiTobis,
emociuri JReradobis misaRwevad. misi amaRelvebeli, Rrmad
tradiciuli saxeebi omis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli protestis
gamoxatuleba iyo.
adamianis sxeulis formebi STaagonebda XX saukunis
iseT cnobil moqandakes, rogoric iyo ingliseli henri
muri (1898-1986), Tumca ki igi Zlier amartivebda am
formebs, radgan plastikis `sawyis formulamde~ dayvanas
eswrafvoda. muris namuSevrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
xvrelebi figurebSi. igi xSirad aqandakebda gverdze
mwoliare da idayvze dayrdnobil qalebs. erT-erTi aseTi,
monumenturi da mZime formebis mqone, figura parizSi,
iuneskos Senobis win dgas.
italielebma marino marinim da jakomo mansum II msoflio
omis Semdeg daiwyes adamianis natifi, metyveli figurebis
Seqmna. marinis sayvareli Temaa cxeni da mxedari, sayvareli
masala ki _ originalurad damuSavebuli zedapiris mqone
liToni. gardasuli drois saocari aromati igrZnoba mancus
harmoniulad agebul namuSevrebSi _ renesansis ostatebis

149
msgavsad, mas Seqmnili aqvs reliefiT Semkuli, brinjaosgan
Camosxmuli eklesiis karebi, maT Soris romis wm. petres
taZrisTvis.
Sveicarieli moqandake, alberto jakometi (1901-1966)
parizSi muSaobda da ZiriTadad adamianebis figurebs qmnida.
misi namuSevrebi Zalze susti agebulebis, martoxela da
daTrgunul arsebebs warmogvidgens.
mravali ostati Tavis SemoqmedebaSi Segnebulad
uaryofda realur formebs. amgvari distancireba
realobisgan SeimCneva parizSi mcxovrebi rumineli
moqandakis, konstantin brankuzis (1876-1957) qandakebebSi,
romelTa lakoniuri formebi mxolod mogvagonebs adamianis
figuris, gafrenili Citis an Tevzis siluets.
XX saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi Seiqmna agreTve
kubisti moqandakeebis jgufi, romlebic TavianT
namuSevrebs kubebisgan da sxva geometriuli figurebisgan
agebdnen. isini iyvnen pirvelebi, romelTac uari Tqves
mTliani, monoliTuri qvis lodebis gamoyenebaze, erTian
Sekrul formebze. ase magaliTad, kubistebi liTonis
ReroebiT aRniSnavdnen figurebis konturebs da cariels
tovebdnen Sida sivrces, rac Zalze waagavda haerSi xatvas.
saocaria, magram adamianis Tvali aseT liTonis konturiT
SemosazRvrul sivrces qandakebis ZiriTad nawilad
aRiqvams. kubisti moqandakeebidan yvelaze cnobilni arian:
anri lorani (1885-1954) da litvaSi dabadebuli Jak
lipSici (1891-1973). 1910-iani wlebis moskovSi yvelaze
gansacvifrebeli mcdelobebi ganaxorcieles naum gabom
(1890-1977) da anton pevznerma (1886-1962). liTonisagan da
sxvadasxva gamWvirvale masalisagan isini qmnidnen arnaxul
mowyobilobebs, romlebic zogjer manqanebs mogvagonebs,
magram araviTari funqcia ar gaaCniaT. gamWvirvale
lartyebisagan isini reliefur `portretebs~ aqandakebdnen.
maT Semoqmedebas mogianebiT mravali mimdevari gamouCnda.
qandakebis Seqmnis teqnologiaSi saukunis
dasawyisSi ganxorcielebuli cdebidan gansakuTrebulad
sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda liTonis saWrebis

150
SeduReba. mogvianebiT SeduRebidan darCenil nawiburebs
xeluxleblad tovebdnen im mizniT, rom figuris zedapiri
ufro mravalferovani gaexadaT. am novatorul maneraSi
xSirad muSaobda osip cadkini (1890-1967). gansakuTrebiT
cnobilia misi namuSevari `dangreuli qalaqi~. esaa figura
cisken awvdili, gadatexili xelebiTa da amoWrili guliT,
romelic meore msoflio omisdroindel saSinelebebs
mogvagonebs.
saukunis dasawyisSi araerTxel Seecadnen moZravi
figurebis Seqmnasac. qandakebebi moZraobaSi mohyavdaT an
xeliT, an motoris meSveobiT, magram, rogorc wesi, yvela
maTgani sakmaod mouqneli iyo. srulebiT axleburad miudga
am e. w. `mobilebis~ Seqmnas amerikeli aleqsandr kolderi
(1898-1976). misi kompoziciebi, Seqmnili mavTulisagan
da wvrili liTonis firfitebisagan, erT wertilSia
Camokidebuli da qaris dabervisTanave iwyebs moZraobas.
kolderis pirveli cnobili `mobili~ _ `vercxliswylis
wyaro~ moZrav Sadrevans warmoadgenda, saidanac wylis
nacvlad vercxliswyali gadmoedineboda. 1937 wels es
qandakeba, romelic sinamdvileSi vercxliswylis reklamas
warmoadgenda, parizis msoflio gamofenaze gamofines.
mogvianebiT `mobilebi~ ufro mravalferovani gaxda:
magaliTad, zogierTi maTgani TviTonve imtvreva nawilebad,
gamoscems xmebs, sxvebi ki mravalferovani sxivebiTaa
ganaTebuli. amgvari kompoziciis win daxuruli SuSis
ekranis moTavsebis dros warmoiqmneba feradi, moZravi
abstraqtuli suraTebi, rac xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis
aRrevis magaliTs gvaZlevs.

XX saukunis arqiteqtura

XX saukunis arqiteqturaSi mSeneblobis sruliad

axali principebi da axali samSeneblo masalebi gamoiyeneba.
Tanamedrove arqiteqturis winamZRvrebs ukve XIX saukuneSi
vxvdebiT, TumcaRa es nimuSebi ganekuTvneba sainJinro
nagebobebs, romlebic im dros saerTod ar iTvleboda

151
xelovnebad, esenia sarkinigzo sadgurebi, sagamofeno
pavilionebi, samrewvelo Senobebi, foladis xidebi da sxva.
sxvadasxva detalisgan Semdgari liTonis konstruqciebi
am nagebobebis karkass warmoadgens. maTi gamoyeneba vrceli
Sida saTavsebis mSeneblobis saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad,
1851 wels londonis saerTaSoriso gamofenisTvis aigo
`brolis sasaxle~, romelic TiTqmis mTlianad rkinisa da
SuSisgan iyo gakeTebuli. maTSi Caetia is uzarmazari xeebic,
romlebic am nagebobisaTvis gamoyofil nakveTze izrdeboda.
moulodnelobebiT iyo aRsavse 1889 wlis parizis msoflio
gamofenac. upirveles yovlisa, es iyo 300 m-s simaRlis
eifelis koSki, romelic misi Semqmnelis saxels atarebs da
manqanebis pavilioni _ 420 m-is sigrZis nageboba, romelic
minisa da foladis TaRebisganaa gakeTebuli da formiT
gigantur, gadabrunebul navs mogvagonebs. Zveli samSeneblo
masalis, magaliTad, qvis gamoyenebiT SeuZlebeli iqneboda
msgavsi nagebobis Seqmna.
arqiteqturaSi sul male pirveloba moipova amerikis
SeerTebulma Statebma, sadac XIX saukunis bolos pirveli
caTambjeni aSenda. foladis karkasis mqone caTambjens
ubralo da praqtikuli formebi hqonda. garda amisa,
caTambjenebis meSveobiT gadaiWra kidev erTi amocana:
maqsimalurad didi Senobebis ageba SedarebiT patara
farTobis nakveTze, radgan qalaqis centrSi miwa Zalian
Zviri Rirda.
axali arqiteqturis teqnikur safuZvels rkinabetonis
konstruqciebis gamoyeneba warmoadgenda. Senobebis
daproeqtebis erT-erT ZiriTad principad gadaiqca
maTi funqciuroba _ anu ramdenad Seesatyviseboda
forma Senobis daniSnulebas. aqedan warmodgeba am
arqiteqturis saxelwodeba funqcionalizmi. ukve Senobebis
garegnul iersaxeSi unda asaxuliyo maTi daniSnuleba,
Sinaarsi, umniSvnelovanesi Sida saTavsoebis ganawilebac
ki. funqcionalisturi nagebobebi xSirad ubralo,
Seulamazebeli kubebisa da sxva geometriuli figurebis
kombinaciebs mogvagonebs. funqcionalizmis ZiriTadi idea

152
mokled amgvarad SeiZleba gamoixatos: rac mizanSewonilia,
is lamazicaa.
funqcionalizmis namdvil centrad iqca 1919 wels
germaniaSi daarsebuli samxatvro skola bauhauzi. skola
Seiqmna arqiteqturisa da samrewvelo nawarmis mxatvruli
gaformebis swavlebis mizniT, magram igi maleve gadaiqca
mniSvnelovan samxatvro centrad, sadac waiSala zRvari
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebs Soris. skolis damaarsebeli
gamoCenili arqiteqtori valter gropiusi (1883-1969)
iyo. misive daproeqtebuli iyo Tavad bauhauzis Senobac,
romelic funqcionalizmis erT-erT yvelaze naTel nimuSs
warmoadgenda. am skolaSi aswavlidnen cnobili mxatvrebi
vasil kandinski da pol klee. 1933 wels bauhauzi nacistebma
gaauqmes. masTan dakavSirebul specialistTa umetesoba
iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina germania, maTi ZiriTadi
nawili sacxovreblad aSS-Si gadavida, sadac didi wvlili
Seitanes am qveynis arqiteqturis ganviTarebaSi.
msoflio aRiareba moipova Sveicariuli warmoSobis
frangma arqiteqtorma da Teoritikosma Sarl-eduard
Janerem (1887-1965), romelic cnobili iyo le korbuzies
fsevdonimiT. le korbuzie funqcionalizmis principebis
mimdevari iyo, magram, amave dros, igi miiswrafoda iqiTken,
rom xazi gaesva geometriuli formebisa da Tanamedrove
konstruqciebis silamazisaTvis. igi xSirad iyenebda SuSis
mTlian zolebs, romlebic lentiseburad iyo gadaWimuli
fasadis mTel siganeze, an Ria gasasvlelebs rkinabetonis
burjebs Soris, romlebsac Senoba eyrdnoba.
XX saukuneSi, funqcionalizmis garda, arsebobda sxva
arqiteqturuli stilebic. arafunqcionaluri arqiteqturis
erT-erT damfuZneblad iTvleba amerikeli frenk lloid
raiti (1869-1959), romelic Tavis moRvaweobas jer
kidev XIX saukunis bolos Seudga da erTi ojaxisaTvis
gankuTvnili mravali sacxovrebeli saxli aaSena. am
saxlebs araregularuli forma aqvT, Tumca Sida sivrcxe
ostaturadaa organizebuli, raTa yvela oTaxSi sakmarisi
raodenobiT iyos Suqi da haeri. saxlebi kargad erwymis

153
landSafts (erTi maTgani pirdapir CanCqeris Tavzea
agebuli). raiti nagebobas adarebda cocxal organizms,
romlis dabadebaSi monawileobas Rebulobs garemo
pirobebi, klimati, reliefi da sxva. raitis gviandeli
namuSevrebidan yvelaze originaluria gugenhaimis muzeumi
niu-iorkSi spiralis formis sagamofeno darbaziT.
XX saukunis SuaxanebSi mimdinare mSeneblobebisTvis
Zalze damaxasiaTebelia samuSaoebis meqanizaciis maRali
xarisxi, mza detalebisa da axali masalebis (aluminis,
plastmasis, agreTve garedan dabinduli, Signidan ki
gamWvirvale SuSis kedlebis) farTo gamoyeneba, feris
mzardma mniSvnelobam da sxv. sainJinro codnis gafarToebam
SesaZlebeli gaxada iseTi Tamami gadawyvetebis ganxorcieleba,
rogorebicaa foladis trosebze an betonis gisosebze
dakiduli gadaxurvebi, uzarmazari sagamofeno Tu sportuli
darbazebis an stadionebis Tavze aRmarTuli betonis
gumbaTebi. amis magaliTs warmoadgens CrdiloeT italiaSi
1950-60-ian wlebSi aRmarTuli nagebobebi, sadac muSaobda
betonis cnobili specialisti, inJineri pier luiji nervi
(1891-1979). man daaproeqta romis olimpiuri sportuli
darbazis giganturi betonis gumbaTi, romlis sisqe sul
raRac 2,5 sm-s Seadgens. Zalze novatorulia braziliis
udabnoSi aSenebuli axali dedaqalaqis arqiteqtura, romlis
SeqmnaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis gamoCenil arqiteqtors
oskar nimeirs. maRal Sefasebas imsaxurebs skandinaviis
qveynebis arqiteqtorTa, gansakuTrebiT ki fineli alvat
aaltos (1898-1976) namuSevrebi. misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
xis, aguris, spilenZisa da sxva tradiciuli masalebis
aratradiciuli gamoyeneba.
XX saukuneSi Seicvala agreTve qalaqebis dagegmarebis
principebi. siaxles warmoadgenda sacxovrebeli
saxlebis ufro Tavisufali ganlageba, bunebrivi garemos
xeluxleblad datoveba, mikroraionebSi Tavmoyra yvelaferi
imisa, rac aucilebelia yoveldRiuri cxovrebisaTvis
(anu qalaqis decentralizacia). esenia: savaWro centrebi,
fexiT mosiaruleTaTvis gankuTvnili quCebi, Cqarosnuli

154
avtomagistralebi, romlebic gamocalkevebulia Cveulebrivi
moZraobisTvis gankuTvnili quCebisgan; sacxovrebeli
saxlebisgan moSorebiT aSenebuli samrewvelo nageboebi da
a.S.

vl. asaTiani
kubizmi

meoce saukunis pirveli meoTxedis avangardul mxatvrul

mimdinareobaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia `kubizmi~ (warmodgeba
berZnuli sityvisagan kubos, rac eqvsi kvadratiT
SemosazRvrul sxeuls niSnavs), romelic safrangeTSi
Caisaxa da mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina saxviTi,
gamoyenebiTi xelovnebisa da arqiteqturis ganviTarebaze.
misi Teoretikosebi iyvnen frangi mwerlebi – a. metcenJe
da a. glezi, poeti giiom apolineri, xolo pirvel
saprogramo namuSevrad pablo pikasos cnobili ferweruli
tilo `avinioneli qaliSvilebi~ iTvleba.kubizmma uari
Tqva ferweraSi siuJetur midgomaze da wminda formalur
amocanaTa damuSaveba daisaxa miznad, kerZod obieqtebis
erTmaneTis gadamkveTi da gamsWvalavi sibrtyeebis saxiT
gamosaxvas eswrafvoda, romelic kubistTa azriT maTi
formis zogad wyobas, farul struqturas gamoavlenda.
aseTi naxatebi vertikalur, horizontalur dadiagonaluri
RerZebis irgvliv gaerTianebul geometriul sxeulTa –
oTxkuTxedebis, samkuTxedebis, naxevar rkalebis daxmarebiT
aigeboda. obieqti erTdroulad ramdenime xedvis wertilidan
aisaxeboda, rogorc geometriul formaTa kombinacia, anu
Canda misi fasadic da gverdebic, zogjer zurgic, sibrtyeTa
zemonaxseneb gamsWvalvis wyalobiT, roca ferwerulad
mocemuli figurebi naxevradgamWvirvaled gamoisaxebodnen.
kubistebi eswrafodnen subieqturi Sinaarsisgan,
gancdebisgan, simpaTia-antipaTiisagan ganwmendili obieqtebis
gamoxatvas da ferwerul moculobaTa geometrizaciiT ara
marto sagnis gare saxe gadmoecaT, aramed masze `namdvili
codnis~ iluziac SeeqmnaT. geometrizirebuli obieqtebis

155
ganzogadoebul-ganyenebuli xasiaTis xazgasasmelad, Tavisi
ganviTarebis meore etapze, kubistebs Tavis nawarmoebebSi
xSiradrealuri, utilitaruli nivTebi SemohqondaT –
Rilebi, tramvais bileTebi, gazeTebi, rkina-kaveuli da
sxv. amiT maT kolaJis xelovnebas daudes saTave (kolaJi
warmodgeba franguli sityvisagan, romelic miwebebas
niSnavs da faqturiT gansxvavebuli masalis garkveul
safuZvelze miwebebas, gansxvavebul masalaTa saxviT sinTezs
niSnavs, Tavisi ganviTarebis dasasruls, ociani wlebis
miwuruls kubistebis `palitra~, anu maTi suraTebis
koloriti – ferebi ufro Ria dakontrastuli xdeba,
xolo gamosaxulebani ufro abstragirebuli, sibrtyobrivi
da dekoratiuli, amiT kubizmma mis momdevno mxatvrul
mimdinareobebs Cauyara safuZveli. kubizmma Tavisi
gamartivebuli geometrizirebuli formebiT me-20 saukunis
funqcionalur, standartizirebul, qalaqur arqiteqturas
Cauyara garkveuli safuZveli da arqiteqturaSi
konstruqtiulobis, teqnicizmis suliT gamsWvaluli
arqiteqtonikis damkvidrebas Seuwyoxeli. me-19 saukunis
dasasrulisa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisis modernis
stilis esTetikurad gamZafrebuli, dinamikuri, rkaluri,
gemovnebiTi gadametebulobiT kazmuli formebis nacvlad
damkvidreba daiwyo sada, martiv geometriul sxeulTa
kombinaciebiT momarTulma Senobebma, romelTa arqiteqtonika
paraleluri da vertikaluri RerZebisgadakveTas efuZneboda.
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom swored am dros SemoqmedebiT
arenaze gamodian arqiteqtorebi f. l. raiti, le korbuzie –
funqcionalizmisa dakonstruqtivizmis es umniSvnelovanesi
warmomadgenlebi, agreTve funqcionaluriarqiteqturis
umniSvnelovanesi skolebi, holandiuri `de stiili~,
germanuli `bauxauzi~, adre – sabWouri `konstruqtivizmi~
da sxv. kubizms, rogorc esTetikur moZraobas, fons uqmnida
daZabuli ideologiuri polemika. mas uaryofiTad afasebdnen
marqsistebi g. plexanovis TaosnobiT, magram amave dros
misi esTetikis gavlena mkafiod SeigrZnoboda ociani
wlebis sabWour xelovnebaSi. saintereso interpretacias

156
aniWebda kubizms gamoCenili rusi, revoluciis Semdeg
safrangeTSi emigraciaSi mcxovrebi idealisti filosofosi
nikolai berdiaevi, romelic masSi tradiciuli ferweris
krizisis fonze `fizikuri materialuri xorcielobidan
sxva umaRles sferoSi~ gasvlis gzasxedavda.
kubizmis esTetikuri ideebi, zereled mainc, ara
marto misTanadroul filosofiur moZRvrebebs, aramed
antikur filosofiasac exmianeboda. cnobilia, rom jer
kidev platoni yvela obieqtis, maTSoris substanciis
(substancia – pirvelsawyisi materia) miRma, ufro sworad,
mis safuZvelSi garkveul geometriul sxeuls xedavda –
tetraedri, anu piramida – cecxli; oqtaedri, anu ori
piramida brtyeli ZiriT erTmaneTze midgmuli – haeri;
ikosaedri, anu mravalwaxnaga sxeuli – wyali; kubi –
miwa da a. S. kubistebi Tavis Semoqmedebas revoluciurad
miiCnevdnen ara martoxelovnebis sferoSi, aramed saerTod
realobis, saganTa bunebis Secnobis, maTi arsisa da agebulebis
wvdomis saqmeSi, amave dros isinimTlianad ar uaryofdnen
maTi uSualo winamorbedi xelovnebis tradicias, radgan
iTvleboda, rom es gza jer kidev pol sezanis mxatvrobaSi
gacxadda da samomavlod daisaxa. gamoCenil mxatvarTa –
pablo pikasos, JorJ brakis, fernan leJes, moris diuSanis,
xuan grisisa da sxv. garda, kubizmis ganviTarebaSi,
misiparizSi yofnis periodSi garkveuli wvlili Seitana
daviT kakabaZem.

irine ebraliZe
pop-musikis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis
istoria
jazis afrikuli da evropuli fesvebi

popularulma musikam adamianis cxovrebaSi gaCenisTanave

erT-erTi wamyvani adgili daimkvidra, xolo dRes is Cveni
yoveldRiuri yofis ganuyofeli nawilia.

157
 ise rogorc nebismier sxva movlenas, popularul musikas
gaaCnia ganviTarebis sakuTari TviTmyofadi istoria, romlis
sawyisebs XX saukunis didebul xelovnebaSi _ jazSi
vpoulobT. aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa garkveulwilad
jazis warmoSobaze visaubroT, raTa SemdgomSi SeviswavloT
popularuli musikis ganviTareba. aRsaniSnavia, rom
popularul musikas evropaSi bevrad ufro ZirZveli fesvebi
gaaCnia, magram amerikis musikalurma xelovnebam udidesi
zegavlena moaxdina msoflio saestrado xelovnebaze da
Tanamedrove pop-musikis kultura imdenad asimilirebulia,
rom Znelia misi gansxvaveba erovnuli sakuTvnos mixedviT.
jazis arsis Semecneba nebismieri adamianisTvis
gansakuTrebulad Znelia, vinaidan am musikas safuZvlad
udevs mZlavri emociuri birTvi, romlis axsna metyvelebis
saSualebebiT SeuZlebelia. gasaocaria, rom profesional
jazmenebis umravlesobas kargad esmis, Tu ras akeTeben
Sesrulebis dros, magram xSir SemTxvevaSi amas ver xsnian.
jazuri musikis analizi xSirad garkveul sirTuleebs
awydeba, imis gamoc, rom mkvlevarTa umravlesoba evropuli
klasikuri musikis magaliTebzea aRzrdili da am prizmis
meSveobiT danaxuli jazis azrobrivi mniSvneloba
garkveulwilad maxinjdeba.
msoflio istoriidan cnobilia, rom aSS-s teritoriaze
mdebare yvela plantaciaze zangi monebi muSaobdnen. aqedan
gamomdinare gasagebia is faqtic, rom jazs Rrma afrikuli
fesvebi gaaCnia. pirvelyovlisa es exeba ritms, vinaidan
ritmi jazuri musikis erT-erTi wamyvani elementia.
afrikul zangebis tomebSi uZvelesi droidan arsebobda
(da dResac arsebobs) sxvadasxva zomis dolebisgan Semdgari
orkestrebi. didi zomis dolebs `mama~ ewodebaT, xolo
patara zomis dolebs – `deda~. amgvari, Zalze Taviseburi
orkestrebi tradiciul, STamomavlobiT gadmocemul ritmebs
asruleben da sxvadasxva saritualo cekvas aformebdnen.
orkestris Sesruleba aigeboda rogorc improvizacia.
garkveul ritmul Temaze, am Temas ki sTavazobda solisti,
romelmac winaprebisgan icoda ama Tu im ritualisTvis saWiro

158
ritmuli monaxazebi. orkestris wevrTa improvizirebis
dros ZiriTad ritmTan erTad JRerda mravali damxmare
ritmuli naxati da maTi erTdrouli Sexamebis Sedegad
e. w. poliritmia (mravali ritmis erTdrouli Serwyma)
iqmneboda. afrikuli xelovnebis ritmebis gadajvaredinebis
Seudarebeli xelovneba daedo safuZvlad jazs.
garda ritmis saocari SegrZnebisa, afrikel zangebs
gansxvavebuli vokaluri monacemebic gaaCndaT. afrikul
vokalur stils Taviseburebebis mTeli rigi axasiaTebs,
romelTac SemdgomSi aqtiurad, rogorc jazSi, ise pop-
musikaSi iyeneben.
 vokalur, sasimRero formebs umetes SemTxvevaSi e.
w. responsoruli (kiTxva-pasuxis) principi udevs
safuZvlad.
 xmis JReradobis arazusti, uxeSi tembrisken miswrafeba.
SemdgomSi jazis musikosebma aseT `WuWyian~ bgerebs
Dirty Tones uwodes.
 musikaluri masalis garkveuli monakveTis xangrZlivi
gameorebis tendencia.
ra Tqma unda, yvela es Tviseba, misaRwevi miznebidan
da SemoqmedebiTi moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare,
transformirebas ganicdida.
improvizirebis Tandayolili niWi da umdidresi ritmuli
memkvidreoba Camoitanes zangebma amerikaSi. maT sakuTari
ena (sadac gamoTqmis intonacias didi mniSvneloba aqvs),
vinaidan igi sityvis mniSvnelobas cvlis, sayofacxovrebo
da TviTmyofadi kulturuli tradiciebi gaaCndaT, magram
amerikis kontinentze maT axali pirobebisadmi adaptaciis
gavla mouwiaT, ris Sedegadac kacobriobam afrikuli da
evropuli kulturebis Serwyma miiRo.
amerikaSi zangi mona gaTenebidan daRamebamde mZimed
Sromobda, bunebrivia, rom isini am Sromas simReriT
imsubuqebdnen. Sromis simRerebi, anu e. w. “Work Songs~,
yovelTvis dakavSirebuli iyo muSaobis procesTan da
amitomac teqstobriv riTmaSi da musikalur ritmSi Sromis
sxvadasxva saxeoba aRibeWdeboda. Sinaarsobrivad ki Sromis

159
simRerebis umravlesoba samSoblos nostalgias, monis
mZime mdgomareobas asaxavda. Sromis simRerebi aigeboda
responsoruli principiT, sadac solisti Seasrulebda
garkveul frazas (kiTxva), xolo gundi mas pasuxobda
momdevno fraziT.
amerikel zang monaTa cxovrebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
mxarea religia. umetes SemTxvevaSi zangebs evropis
qveynebidan, kerZod ki inglisidan Casuli protestanti
mRvdeli-misionerebi aqcevdnen xolme rwmenaSi.
protestantuli eklesiis wirvis erT-erTi ganuyofeli
nawilia religiuri himnebis mrevlis mier gundSi
Sesruleba. mRvdlebi aRniSnuli himnebis Sesasruleblad
sayovelTaod cnobil inglisur (an frangul, an espanur,
gaaCnia, Tu visi kolonia iyo amerikis esa Tu is teritoria)
xalxur saero simRerebis melodiebs iyenebdnen. saeklesio
wirvebze daswrebis dros zangebma drois sakmaod mokle
periodSi Seiswavles protestantuli sagaloblebis
sakmaod primitiuli motivebi da TandaTanobiT gaamdidres
jer ritmulad, Semdeg ki sakuTari musikaluri kulturis
gamomsaxvelobis sxvadasxva xerxis saSualebiTac. am
xangrZlivi procesis Sedegad daibada amerikeli zangebis
musikaluri xelovnebis Seudarebeli, Zalze Taviseburi
Janri “Spiritual~ , romelic jazis erT-erT pirvel wyarod
iTvleba. es Janri mravalxmiania, sadac TiToeul xmas
damoukidebeli ritmuli naxati gaaCnia, rac poliritmias
qmnis, xolo melodiur-harmoniuli fuZe nasesxebia
evropuli warmoSobis protestantuli himnebidan.
aseTma araordinalurma Serwymam ganapiroba Spiritual-is
unikaloba.
droTa ganmavlobaSi rodesac aSS-Si monobis xana
ileoda, qveynis sxvadasxva qalaqsa da sofelSi zangebi
sakuTar eklesiebs xsnidnen, sadac mRvdelic da mrevlic
mosaxleobis Savkaniani warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. swored
amgvar eklesiebSi warmoiSva aranakleb mniSvnelovani
Janri zanguri religiuri simRera anu “Gospel Song~. Tu
es Spiritual-is warmoSoba folklorulia, ospel Songis

160
teqstebsac da musikasac ukve profesionali musikosebi
qmnidnen. gansxvaveba am or sasuliero musikalur Janrs
Soris kidev imaSia, rom ospel-i responsorul principzea
agebuli (solisti _ kiTxva, gundi – pasuxi), solisti
Sesrulebis dros didi TavisuflebiT sargeblobs da misi
partia metad improvizirebulia, garda amisa, Spiritual-i
sruldeba Tanxlebis gareSe, xolo ospel-s sakmaod mdidari
sakravieri Tanxleba gaaCnia.
iseve, rogorc evropis qveynebSi, amerikis saero
cxovrebaSi sacekvao musikas wamyvani adgili ekava, radganac
XVIII saukuneSi cekva sazogadeobis faqtobrivad erTaderT
gasarTobs warmoadgenda. amerikeli zangebi, bunebrivi
niWierebidan gamomdinare nel-nela euflebodnen sxvadasxva
sakravebze dakvras, rac maTi patronebis waxalisebasac
ki iwvevda, radganac SesaZleblobas aZlevdaT sakuTari
ansamblis TanxlebiT CaetarebinaT wveulebebi. amgvari
ansamblis SemadgenlobaSi metwilad iyo dasartyami
sakravebi, fleita, sayviri, violino. swored aseTi
ansamblebia Tanamedrove `Countre music~ stilis winapari.
zemoT ganxilulma Janrebma niadagi moumzades axal
musikalur formas, romelic XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi
did zegavlenas axdens msoflio popularuli musikis
ganviTarebaze da dResac, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi aseve
saintereso da sasiamovno mosasmenia. am unikalur movlenas
“Blues~ ewodeba.
Semsruleblebi: Mahalia Jacson, Bessie Smith, “Mephis Jug
Band~.

bluzi, regTaimi, klasikuri

bluzis, rogorc Janris aRmocenebisa da ganviTarebis

Sesaxeb saubari Zalze rTulia, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia
kidec. vinaidan musikis am saxeobis pirveli bgeriTi
Canawerebi mxolod XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi Sesrulda,
rodesac amerikel SavkanianTa musikaluri xelovnebis es
unikaluri saxe ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo, Tu sad, rogor,

161
rodis daibada bluzi araviTari cnobebi ar arsebobs,
amitomac am Temaze saubrisas SeiZleba mxolod savaraudo
versiebis gamoTvla.
Znelia imis mtkiceba, Tu romeli winamorbedi Janri udevs
safuZvlad bluzs. albaT samarTliani iqneba aRvniSnoT,
rom bluzis fesvebi amerikeli zangebis saerTo musikalur
tradiciebSia, romlebmac safuZveli Cautara spiriCuelsac,
Sromis simRerebsac da mraval sxva Janrsac. ra Tqma unda,
am Janrebs da bluzs bevri rame saerTo gaaCniaT, magram
ufro meti TvisebebiT bluzi gamoirCeva maTgan. ase,
magaliTad, bluzSi, rogorc spiriCuelSi gamoyenebulia
poliritmia; bluzs axasiaTebs e. w. “Off-pitch~ (sizustes
acdenili) intoniereba, romlis erT-erTi gamovlinebaa
Sromis simRerebSi xSirad Semxvedri intonireba, romlis
erT-erTi gamovlinebaa Sromis simRerebSi xSirad Semxvedri
“Dirty Tone~-ebi; bluzebis teqstebi, msgavsad Sromis
simRerebisa, umetes SemTxvevaSi naRvlian, nostalgiur an
umZimes yofasTan dakavSirebul Tematikas eyrdnobian da
a. S. droTa ganmavlobaSi bluzis Tematikas sasiyvarulo
elementi daemata da, saboloo jamSi, yvela danarCeni Tema
bluzis teqstebidan gandevna.
erTi sityviT, bluzis Janri XIX saukunis 80-90-ian
wlebSi Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofeboda, xolo Tavisi
saboloo saxe XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi miiRo,
pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia bluzis poeturi da
musikaluri struqtura. bluzis poeturi teqstis
strofi sami Tanabari nawilisgan Sedgeba, sadac TiTo
nawili leqsis erT striqons warmoadgens. rogorc wesi,
pirveli da meore striqoni identuria, xolo strofis
damaboloebeli mesame striqoni Semajamebeli informaciis
matarebelia. magaliTad:
Everybody knows me moanin’
Everybody knows me moanin’
But I’m moanin’ cause I lost my little baby!
bunebrivia, rom bluzis musikaluri forma agebulia
poeturi formis gaTvaliswinebiT da amitomac sam musikalur
winadadebas Seicavs.
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 aRsaniSnavia bluzis unikaluri damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba _
gansakuTrebuli melodika. evropul musikalur xelovnebaSi
cnobilia Svidsafexuriani diatonuri bgeraTrigebi,
romlebsac xalxur kiloebs uwodeben, radganac isini
evropeli xalxis folkloridan arian cnobili. arsebobis
dawyebisTanave bluzi eyrdnoba zanguri xalxuri musikis
bgerTarigs, romelSic gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba “Off-
pitch~ tonebis gansxvavebul nairsaxeobas, e. w. “Blue Tones~
(naRvliani, an bluzis bgerebi) eniWeba.
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda mcdari azri, rom
bluzis bgerebi mxolod diatonuri bgeraTrigis safexurebis
amaRleba an dadablebaa. sinamdvileSi ki bluzis tonebi _
damoukidebeli bgerebia, romlebsac temperirebul wyobaSi
ar gaaCniaT mkafiod fiqsirebuli simaRle, rogorc es
diatonur kiloSi xdeba, da amitom maT Off-pitch tonebi,
anu sizustes acilebuli bgerebi uwodes, radganac bluzis
bgerebi temperirebul wyobaze miCveuli adamianis yurisaTvis
marTlac rom `usufTaod~ JRers.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tuki klasikur musikaSi gamoyenebad
xalxur kiloebs swavloben rogorc aRmavali, ise
daRmavali mimarTulebiT, bluzis kilos mxolod daRmavali
mimarTulebiT swavloben. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom
bluzSi musikaluri gamomsaxvelobis kulminacia emTxveva
frazis dasawyiss da musikaluri azris Semdgomi ganviTareba
daRmavali mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs.
mravali musikaluri magaliTis analizis Sedegad
SesaZlebeli gaxda bluzis eropuli musikisaTvis Cveuli
formebisgan ganmasxvavebeli, damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis
ganzogadoeba.
 bluzis forma yovelTvis sam Tanabar winadadebas
Seicavs;
 bluzis melodiuri fuZea bluzis kilo, misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli bluzis bgerebiT;
 bluzis melodia metwilad daRmavali mimarTulebiT
viTardeba;
 bluzis melodia xSirad romelime bluzis bgeriT
iwyeba;
 bluzis melodiuri ganviTareba kulminaciiT iwyeba.
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 aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad bluzi rogorc
sasimRero Janri Camoyalibda, xolo SemdgomSi ukve
sakravier sferoSi gadainacvla da eleqtronuli sakravebis
Seqmnis Semdeg gadaizarda stilSi, romelsac dRes vicnobT
“Rhythm;Blues~ -is saxeliT.
zangTa folkloris am `pawawina~ Janrs musikosebi
kvlav da kvlav ubrundebian ai ukve 100 welze meti xnis
ganmavlobaSi da igi musikaluri aRmafrenis dauSretel
wyarod iqca.
adrindeli jazis kidev erT, aranakleb mniSvnelovan
wyarod iTvleba zanguri musikis sakravieri Janri, romelsac
“Ragtime~ ewodeba. termini “Ragtime~ (`gaglejili dro~)
pirvelad gvxvdeba 1893 wels gamoqveynebuli fred stounis
piesis saTaurSi “My Ragtime Baby~.
regTaimi, Tavisi arsiT, safortefiano musikaa, Tumca
mas xSirad sxva sakravebzec, ansamblebsa Tu orkestris
SemadgenlobiTac asruleben.
XIX saukunis miwuruls musikosTa erTi jgufi qmnida
musikas e. w. reg-stilSi (“Rag~ _ inglisurad naglejs
niSnavs). am stilSi Seqmnil nawarmoebs agebulebis sakmaod
mkacri forma gaaCnda. ase, magaliTad erTi musikaluri
Tema periodulad meordeba, xolo am garemoebebs Soris
Tavsdeboda improvizirebul-varirebuli masala. swored
Temisa da improvizirebuli masalis Serwyma qmnida `regs~,
xolo ramdenime regis monacveloba _ Tavad musikalur
nawarmoebs.
reg-stils Sesrulebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebic
gaaCnia. ase, magaliTad, marjvena xelSi gamudmebiT JRers
mkafio ritmi agebuli `bani-akordis~ monacvleobaze sadac
bani akordisgan erTi an ori oqtaviTaa moSorebuli,
vinaidan marcxena xelis amgvari moZraoba farTo nabijebs
mogvagonebs, dakvris amgvar maneras “Stride~ uwodes. amave
dros marjvena xelSi ritmulad rTuli, sinkopirebuli
melodiuri naxati JRers.
samwuxarod, CvenTvis ucnobia pirveli reg-Taimis
avtoris saxeli, samagierod sayovelTaod cnobilia Scott

164
Joplin da misi nawarmoebebi saxelwodebiT “The Entertainer~
da “Maple Leaf Rag~.
Zveli amerikuli legendis Tanaxmad, jazi axal
orleanSi daibada, misisipize mocurave borblebiani gemebis
meSveobiT miaRwia memfiss, sent-luis da bolos Cikagos. am
Zveli legendis uamravi damadasturebeli faqti arsebobs.
pirvelyovlisa aRsaniSnavia im periodSi moRvawe musikosebis
mogonebebi, romlebic erTxmad aRiareben, rom axal orleanSi
ikvreboda saocrad warmoebuli gramCanawerebi, romlebzec
aRbeWdilia axali orleanis musikosTa eqsperimentebi.
da saerTod mxiaruli, xmauriani, Wreli axali orleani
gansakuTrebuli musikalobiT gamoirCeoda da ueWvelad
jazis akvnad iTvleboda. XX saukunis dasawyisSi axal
orleanSi JRerda sxvadasxva stilisa da Janris musika _
bluzi, reg-Taimi, marSi, spiriCuelebi, saero simRerebi,
saopero ariebis sxvadasxvagvari popuri da a. S. zangi
musikosebi evropuli Janris nawarmoebis Sesrulebisas,
kazmavdnen mas maTi musikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ritmul-
melodiuri TvisebebiT, xolo sakuTar Janrebs amdidrebdnen
evropuli harmoniis saSualebebiT, TandaTanobiT es ori
faqtobrivad sapirispiro mimarTuleba _ evropeizirebuli
afrikuli da afrikanizirebuli evropuli musika airia
erTmaneTSi imisaTvis, rom dabadebuliyo xelovneba,
romelsac SemdgomSi Jazz uwodes da romelmac gaarRvia axali
orleanis sazRvrebi da mTel msoflioSi gavrcelda.
aRsaniSnavia ramdenime momenti, romelic adrindel jazs
axasiaTebs.
 jazi WeSmaritad koleqtiuri xelovnebaa, romelSic
musikosTa jgufi iRebs monawileobas. am musikis
Semsruleblebs “Jazzman~-ebi uwodes.
 ansambluri Sesrulebis maorganizebel sawyiss mdgradi,
regularul, ritmuli pulsacia warmoadgenda, romelsac
“Ground-Beat~ ewodeba.
 imdroindel jazur kompoziciebs safuZvlad edo
poliritmiis xelovneba, sadac TiToeul sakravs
mihyavda sakuTari melodiur-ritmuli xazi, xolo

165
 yvela sakravis erTdrouli JReradoba qmnida saocrad
saintereso faqturas.
 jazmenebi, sasule sakravebze dakvris dros, iyenebdnen
sxvadasxva efeqts, romlebis gamoyenebas klasikur
musikaSi akrZalulia, magaliTad frazebis bolos
vibrato “Growl~ – efeqtebi (“Growl – inglisurad
brdRvna).
 axali orleanis imdroindeli ansamblis Semadgenloba
amgvari iyo: korneti, tromboni, valtornis tipis erT-
ori sakravi, klarneti, fleita – pikolo, barabani,
kontrabasi an tuba.
aSS-Si mSrali kanonis miRebis Sedegad XX saukunis
10-iani wlebis miwuruls mTel qveyanaSi uamravi gasarTobi
dawesebuleba daiketa. axali orleanic gamonakliss
ar warmoadgenda, vinaidan musikosebi ZiriTadad amgvar
dawesebulebebSi muSaobdnen, faqtobriv isini umuSevrad
rCebodnen da samuSao adgilebis povnis mizniT toveben
samSoblo qalaqs da gadadian sxva qalaqebSi. mdinare
misisipi sakmaod aqtiuri navigaciiT gamoirCeoda. masze
mocurave borblebiani gemebis mflobelebi axali orleanis
musikosebs qiraobdnen mgzavrebis garTobis mizniT,
amitomac ambebi axali orleanis musikosebis Sesrulebis
axali stilis Sesaxeb nel-nela vrceldeboda misisipis
sanapiro qalaqebSi. musikosebi rCebodnen memfisSi, Semdeg
gadadiodnen sent-luizSi da bolos CikagoSic CaaRwies.
WeSmaritad, XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan iwyeba jazis
xelovnebis gavrceleba mTel amerikaSi. aucileblad
aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi mniSvnelovani momenti, romelmac
xeli Seuwyo jazis gavrcelebas evropaSi. 1917 wels niu-
iorkSi gamoica pirveli jazis aRmbeWdavi gram-firfita,
romelzec am qalaqSi moRvawe jgufi saxelwodebiT “Original
Dixieland Jazz Band~ asrulebda am SesaniSnav musikas. yvelaze
gasaocaria is faqti, rom jgufis yvela wevri TeTrkaniani
iyo. garda amisa, 1919 wels orkestri londonsa da
parizs ewvia, sadac evropelebs gaacno musikis es axali
mimdinareoba. jazis ganviTarebis istoriaSi periods XX

166
saukunis dasawyisidan 30-iani wlebis dasawyisamde uwodes
klasikuri jazis periodi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom klasikuri jazis Semsruleblebi ar
iyenebdnen saqsofons, romelic dRes, faqtobriv jazis
simbolod iqca da mxolod 1920-iani wlebis miwuruls
jazis Seudarebelma ostatma sidnei beSem Secvala klarneti
soprano-saqsofoniT, Semdeg ki alt-saqsofoniT da amiT
gza dauloca am sakravs jazSi.
Semsruleblebi:
bluzi: “Blind~, Lemmon Jefferson, Ledbelly, Big Bill Broonzy,
Roosevelt Sykes, OPtis Rush, Big Joe Turner, Big MaMa Thornton, BB
King.
klasikuri jazi: “Original Dixieland Jazz Band~, Sidney Bechet,
“Creol Jazz Band~, Josepf “King~ Oliver, Jelly Roll Morton, Kidd Ory,
Bix Beiderback, Louis Armstrong.

komerciuli jazi

rogorc ukve aRiniSneboda, amerikaSi mniSvnelovan

adgils sacekvao musika ikavebda, radganac axalgazrdobis
ZiriTad garTobas warmoadgenda. 1910 wlamde popularul
samejliso cekvebad evropuli warmoSobis valsi, polka,
kotilioni iTvleboda, romlebic mocekvaveebisgan garkveul
ostatobas iTxovda. gasakviri ar aris, rom cekvis bunebrivi
niWi yvelas ar gaaCnda, amitomac xSirad axalgazrdebi
saerTo cekvebSi monawileobas ver iRebdnen, xolo maTi
mSoblebi xSirad maswavleblebsac uyvandnen Svilebs am
urTulesi cekvebis Sesaswavlad.
regTaimis, SemdgomSi ki jazis gaCenasTan erTad evropuli
samejliso cekvebi TandaTanobiT Secvala gansxvavebulma,
amerikaSi dabadebulma cekvebma – foqstroti, regi, `daTunia
grizli~, Carlstoni, quiqstepi da mravali sxva, romlebic
moZraobebis simartiviT gamoirCeodnen. amitomac cekva
amerikelTa erovnul gatacebad iqca. yvelgan ixsneboda
e. w. “Dancing~-ebi, sxvadasxvagvari sacekvao darbazebi,
ufrommetic, restornis mflobelebi Tavis musikosebs

167
sacekvao melodiebis Sesrulebas avalebdnen, radganac
msurvelebs restoranSic SeeZloT Sesvla, rac manamde
akrZaluli iyo.
cekvebiT gatacebam gamoiwvia gramCamweri firmebis
moRvaweobis gaaqtiureba, vinaidan firfitebis mosmena
saxlSic SeiZleboda. xmis Camweri industriis aseTma
mZlavrma ganviTarebam ara mxolod xeli Seuwyo klasikuri
jazis warmomadgenlebis mravalricxovani Canawerebis
gamocemas, aramed safuZveli Cauyara iseT umniSvnelovanes
dargs, rogoricaa pop-musikis kultura da dRevandeli e.
w. “Show Business~-i.
aRsaniSnavia, rom im periodSi, WeSmariti jazis
SemsruleblebTan erTad asparezze gamodian iseTi musikosebic,
romlebic jazis ufro demokratiul, gamartivebul variants
sTavazoben msmenelebs. es faqtobriv iyo Cveulebrivi
sacekvao musika, an popularuli sasimRero melodiebis
sacekvao versiebi, magram amavdroulad gaJRenTili jazis
zogierTi zedapirul-efeqturi elementebiT (mkafio
“Ground Beat~-i “Growl~ – efeqtebi, sasule sakravebze
surdiniT dakvra da a.S.).
amgvar `gamartivebul~ jazs mravali orkestri
asrulebda mTel amerikaSi. orkestrebis zogierTma
xelmZRvanelma ki garkveuli adgili daikava pop-musikis
ganviTarebis istoriaSi. musikosTa am kategorias miekuTvneba
Jean Goldkette, orkestris menejeri detroiTidan. garda
amisa, rom goldketi kargi musikosi da biznesmeni iyo,
igi xSirad samuSao adgilebiT uzrunvelyofda WeSmarit
jazmenebs da amiT xels uwyobda maTi xelovnebis da saerTod
jazis ganviTarebas. magram pop-musikis fuZemdeblad mainc
aul Whitemani iTvleba, romlis orkestric usazRvro
popularobiT sargeblobda amerikaSi. pol uaitmenis
orkestri monawileobda uamrav radio-SouSi, sxvadasxva
RonisZiebebSi, koncertebSi. faqtobriv uaitmenma orkestris
moRvaweoba komerciul bizness daukavSira, did warmatebas
miaRwia am asparezze da udidesi roli iTamaSa saestrado
xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi. swored pol uaitmenis orkestris

168
periodidan saestrado xelovnebas uwodes `Commercial Jazz~
(komerciuli jazi). aRsaniSnavia rom, miuxedavad orkestris
mkafiod komerciuli midrekilebisa, yvelaferi, rac maTi
SesrulebiT JRerda udidesi gemovnebiT, ostatobiT, maRali
doniT gamoirCeoda. pol uaitmenis orkestris mTavari
damsaxureba imaSia, rom man niadagi moumzada saestrado
musikis erT-erT nairsaxeobas, romelic momdevno wlebSi
damoukideblad viTardeboda, sakuTar mwvervalebs aRwevda
da dRemde arsebobs. mas dRes Pop-music-s uwodeben da igi
msoflio xalxTa cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia.
Semsureblebi: Paul Whiteman, Jean Goldkette, Chick Webb,
Glenn Miler, Jimmie Dorsey, Tommy Dorsey, Jimmie Lansford, Russ
Morgan, Artic Shaw Orchestras.

1940-1950-iani
1940-1950- iani wlebis aSS-s pop-musika

aRsaniSnavia, rom mocemul periodSi aSS-s popularuli

musika jer kidev jazs eyrdnoba, Tumca gasarTobi industriis
biznesze jazisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis mxolod
garkveulwilad morgebis aSkara tendencia SeimCneoda.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `komerciuli~ jazis mimdinareobaSi
komerciam wamyvani adgili daikava. amas xels uwyobda
adamianebis garTobisadmi, kerZod ki cekvisadmi didi
siyvaruli, gansakuTrebiT axali stilis cekvebis pirobebSi,
rodesac Caxutebuli partniorebi erTad irxeodnen,
qanaobdnen. amitomac sxvadasxva Semadgenlobis orkestrebi
aramxolod instrumentul nawarmoebebs asrulebdnen,
aramed iwvevdnen momRerlebs da maT Tanxlebas uwevdnen.
swored am periodSi xdeba jazis xelovnebisa da pop-
musikis TandaTanobiTi gamijnva.
Tuki jazisTvis udides mniSvnelobas improvizacia iZens
da rogorc Semdegi, melodiur-harmoniuli enis garTulebas
hqonda adgili, pop-musika piriqiT gamartivebisaken
iswrafoda. Tuki jazis musikosebi 1940-iani wlebis
miwuruls faqtiurad did orkestrebze uars ambobdnen
da sakuTar eqsperimentebs ufro kameruli Semadgenlobis

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ansamblebSi axorcielebdnen pop-musikosebi kvlavac
orkestrebisa, mravalxmianobis da sanaxaobriobisaken
ixrebodnen. garda amisa, aRniSnul periodSi TandaTanobiT
Camoyalibda pop-musikis is ZiriTadi Tvisebebi, romlebmac
musikaluri xelovnebis am udavod mniSvnelovan saxeobas
damoukidebeli arsebobis niadagi moumzada:
 pirvelyovlisa aRsaniSnavia simRerebis e. w. `refrenuli~
anu `kupleturi~ formis damkvidreba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom am formas aSkarad jazuri fesvebi aqvs, kerZod ki
Sromis, simRerebisa da gospelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
responsoruli teqnika udevs safuZvlad. kupletur
formas ufro meti simartive, demokratiuloba
axasiaTebda. da marTlac, `kupleti-misamReris~ forma
Zalze advilia aRsaqmelad. miTumetes, rom melodiur-
harmoniuli fuZe meordeba, xolo misamReris melodia
martivad dasamaxsovrebeli iyo, rasac teqstis
gameorebac uwyobda xels;
 pop-musikis Semsruleblebi jazmenebisgan gansxvavebiT,
vokalur improvizaciaze uars ambobdnen, Tuki nawarmoebSi
improvizacia iyo SenarCunebuli, mas ZiriTadad
sakravieri saxe hqonda da igi moculobiT patara iyo.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es instrumentuli improvizaciuli
monakveTebi pop-simRerebis instrumentuli CanarTebis
prototipia.
 simRerebis Tematika ZiriTadad sasiyvaruloa, sakmaod
daxvewil teqstebSi gadmocemuli iyo sxvadasxva
sasiyvarulo peripetiebi, Tanac Tuki misamRerebis
poeturi masala meordeboda, kupletebSi aRibeWdeboda
grZnobebis ganviTareba.
 gansakuTrebul ganxilvas imsaxurebs simReris teqnikac.
Tuki jazis Semsruleblebi simReris Tavisufal maneras
iyenebdnen, pop-momRerlebi vokals did yuradRebas
aqcevdnen. isini klasikuri vokalis gakveTilebs
iRebdnen, muSaobdnen bgeris sisufTavesa da sizusteze,
magram simReris saopero stils metwilad ar iynebednen,
radganac maT xmebs simZlavre ar yofnida da arc

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 Sesasrulebeli masala ar iTxovda amas. faqtobriv
aRniSnul periodSi pop-momRerlebis saSemsruleblo
manera SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc klasikuri
damuSavebuli saestrado xmis JReradoba;
 gasarTobi industria swrafad viTardeba, TandaTanobiT
yalibdeba is ZiriTadi principebi, romlebic
dResac mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs komerciuli
TvalsazrisiT. saubaria xmis Camweri studiebis,
radios da 1940-iani wlebis miwuruls televiziis
moRvaweobaze. ase magaliTad, Caweril simReras jer
sxvadasxva radio-gadacemebSi gaaJRerebdnen, Semdeg
romelime telegadacemaSi gauSvebdnen, xolo Semdeg ki
gasayidad dadebdnen maRaziebSi _ gza, romliTac dResac
sargebloben da romelic gayidvisgan miRebul mogebas
saocrad zrdida;
 garda amisa, aRniSnul periodSi ibadeba zogierTi
termini, romliTac dResac vsargeblobT. magaliTad
`Show, romelic Tavdapirvelad ara sanaxaobriv, aramed
teqstualuri warmodegnis datvirTvas atarebda,
xolo televiziis ganviTarebasTan erTad gaizarda Sous
sanaxaobrivi datvirTvac; `Single~ – ase uwodebdnen maSin
da axlac im Caweril simReras, romelsac atrialebdnen
kargi gayidvis mizniT da ase Semdeg.
1940-1950-iani wlebi WeSmaritad pop-musikis jazisgan
damoukidebel ganStoebad Camoyalibebis wlebia. jazma
moumzada mas ra niadagi, gaagrZela sakuTari ganviTarebis
gza.
Semsruleblebi: Ella Fitzgerald, Bing Crossby, Nat “King~ Cole,
Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Jimmie Rushing, Mario Lanza.

1940-1950-iani wlebis safrangeTisa da

italiis pop-musika

evropaSi popularul musikas mravalsaukunovani

tradiciebi hqonda. am saero samusiko mimarTulebis
fesvebi Sua saukuneebis trubadurebisa da menestrelebis

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(moxetiale musikosebi) SemoqmedebaSia. safrangeTSi Sua
saukuneebis popularuli musika warmodgenilia `chass~
(Sas) da `chanson~ (Sanson) JanrebiT, romlebic ZiriTadad
sxvadasxva periodis Tanamedrove sayofacxovrebo da
sasiyvarulo Tematikas eyrdnoboda, xolo italiaSi
_ madrigalebiT, saopero ariebiT da saero JanrebiT
`caccia~ (kaCia) da `cancona italiana~ (kancona italiana),
romlebSic, garda sasiyvarulo leqsebis siWarbisa, didi
mniSvneloba eniWeboda e. w. `Belcanto~ (ulamazesi namReri)
saSemsruleblo teqnikas.
XX saukunis 40-50-ian wlebSi moRvaweobda musikosTa
mTeli jgufi, romlebsac savsebiT samarTlianad SeiZleba
franguli pop-musikis Camomyalibeblebi vuwodoT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom safrangeTSi kafeebis kultura iyo
maRal doneze ganviTarebuli. kafeSi niSnavdnen saqmian
Sexvedrebs da satrfialo paemnebs, kafeSi modiodnen
sasaubrod, dasasveneblad da gasarTobad. safrangeTis
kafeebi _ es gansakuTrebuli substanciaa, erTdroulad
kameruli da sazogadoebrivi. ra Tqma unda sasiamovno
mosasmeni musikaluri Tanxlebac safrangeTis kafeebis
ganuyofeli nawili iyo. aRniSnul periodSi kafeebis
cicqna scenebi franguli Sansonis Semsruleblebis erTgvar
`saeqsperimento laboratoriebad~ iqcnen. Tuki Sansonis
Zvelebur formebs laRi melodiur-harmoniuli mimoqcevebi,
sasiamovno poeturi teqstebi edo safuZvlad, XX saukunis
meore naxevarSi Sansoni ukve seriozul datvirTvas iZens.
TiToeuli simRera _ mini-speqtaklia, romelSic mocemulia
adamianuri gancdebis sruli speqtri. metwilad es gaxlavT
sasiyvarulo, zneobrivi an politikuri tragedia. xandaxan
siyvarulSi aRmafrena, iSviaTad iumoristuli Canaxati.
Sansoniebis Sesrulebis manerac saTanadoa _ momRerali
aramxolod asrulebs melodias, aramed simReris mTavari
gmiris cxovrebiT cxovrobs, vizualurad aformebs teqstis
ZiriTad detalebs, grZnobaTa mTel simdidres ganicdis
da yvelaferi msmenelamde moaqvs. momRerali _ simReris
nerviuli RerZia, romelic xSirad daZabulobis ukidures

172
formebs iZens. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom II msoflio omamde
evropeli momRerlebi scenaze TiTqmis umoZraod idgnen,
xolo omis Semdeg frangebma scenaze Jestis mxatvruli
mniSvneloba aRmoaCines da amis Semdeg msoflio pop-
momRerlebi aqtiurad iyeneben yovelgvar moZraobebs.
Sansonis Semsruleblebi metwilad simReris avtorebic
iyvnen anu e.w. `saavtoro simRera~ frangi Sansoniebis
mogonilia. dRes amiT ukve aRaravis gaakvirveb, maSin ki es
aRfrTovanebas iwvevda.
rac Seexeba italias, italiuri kancona ufro vokaluri
melodiis silamazes da harmoniis konsonantur JReradobas
eyrdnoba. italieli msmeneli Semsruleblis vokalur
monacemebs afasebs, iTxovs misgan Zveli melodiebisa da
saopero ariebis codnas. garda amisa, swored italiaSi
Camoyalibda sxvadasxvagvari konkursebis da festivalebis
tradicia, rodesac mTeli qveyana mijaWvuli iyo radio-
simRerebs (televiziis ganviTarebis Semdeg ki telesimRerebs)
da sayvarel momRerals gulSematkivrobda.
Semsruleblebi: Edit Piaf, Yves Montand, Gilbert Beko, Jacques
Brel, Charles Aznavour, Salvatore Adamo, Michael Legrand, Claudio
Villa, Domenico Modungo, Marino Marini, Robertino Loretti.

1960-iani wlebis dasawyisis aSS-s pop-musika

jer kidev 1940-1950-ian wlebSi amerikeli zangebis

aSS-s sxvadasxva qalaqis getoebSi koncentraciisa da
yofacxovrebis urbanizaciis Sedegad amerikuli pop-
kulturis pirobebSi yalibdeba axali Janri _ e. w. “Rthym &
Blues~. am Janris dabadebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan faqtorad
qanTri-bluzis SemsrulebelTa soflebidan, plantaciebidan,
fermebidan did qalaqebSi gadmosaxleba iTvleba. faqtiurad
bluzma gadmoinacvla soflis mSvidi midamoebidan didi
qalaqis xmaurian barebSi, densingebsa da klubebSi. eleqtro
sakravebisa da sxvadasxva eleqtro aparaturis gavrcelebam
gamoiwvia saSemsruleblo xerxebis Secvlac. ase, magaliTad
eleqtro-energiiT gaZlierebulma sakravebma oTxkacian

173
ansambls misca saSualeba tradiciul did orkestrTan
SedarebiT ufro mZlavri JReradobisa. garda amisa, saqmis
amgvari viTareba gasarTobi dawesebulebebis mflobelebs
saxsrebis ekonomiis saSualebas aZlevda da materialuri
TvalsazrisiT ufro xelsayreli iyo, amitom “R&B~-ma
am periodSi sakmaod myari pozicia daikava. Tavdapirvelad
“R&B~-s qanTri-bluzisgan mxolod eleqtro-sakravi
ansxvavebda, magram TandaTanobiT es Janri komercializacias
ganicdis, ixreba pop-musikis principebisaken da kargavs
bluzisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mxatvrul mniSvnelobas. sul
male am JanriT TeTrkanianebi dainteresdnen da gaagrZeles
misi Semdgomi komercializacia.
1950-iani wlebis miwuruls TeTrkaniani axalgazrdoba
ufro da ufro xSirad awyobda radiomimRebebs zangTa
radiosadgurebis talRebze, raTa “R&B~-isTvis moesminaT.
axalgazrdobis aseTi interesi SeamCnia qalaq klivlendis
erT-erTi radio-sadguris wamyvanma alan fridma da
gadawyvita axali proeqti Seeqmna saeTerod, sadac
gaJRerdeboda aramxolod zangebis mier Sesrulebuli
“R&B~-ebi, aramed yvela siaxle, romelic mis safuZvelze
aRmocendeboda. fredi radio gadacemebSi fsevdonimiT
“Moondog~ gamodioda, xolo gadacemas mundog Rock-and-
Roll farTi daarqva. swored am gadacemis saTaurma misca
dasaxeleba axal, TeTrkanianTa mier Seqmnil mimdinareobas,
xolo alan fridi Rock-and-Roll-is naTliad da aqtiur
propagandistad iTvleba.
rok-en-rolis pionerad samarTlianad iTvleba momRerali
da gitaristi bil heili, romelmac am axali stilis
pirveli singlebi “Rockett 88~, “Crazy Moon Crazy~ Cawera,
oyo mxatvrul filmSi “Blackboard Jungle~ aJRerebuli, bil
heilis da misi jgufis “The comets~ mier Sesrulebuli
simRera “Rock Around The Clock~ dResac rok-en-rolis
himnad iTvleba. bil heilis damsaxureba aseve imaSia, rom
man pirvelad gaacno rok-en-roli evropas.
rok-en-rolis mefed msoflio sxva momRerals aRiarebs
_ elvis preslis, romelic arc ki ocnebobda momRerlis

174
karieraze. kuriozulma SemTxvevam miiyvana igi xmis Camwer
studiaSi “Sun~, sadac misi xmiT moxiblulma prodiuserma
sem filipsma SesTavaza TanamSromloba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodSi Cndeba termini `hiT~, iwyeba
radiosadgurebis mier sxvadasxva tipis gamokiTxvebis e. w.
hit-aRlumebis Catareba, rac Semsruleblebis, simRerebis da
maTi avtorebis popularobis donis Sefasebis saSualebebs
iZleoda. garda amisa, am movlenebs komerciuli elferic
hqonda, radganac gasarTobi industriis dargebis muSakebs
mogebis mopovebis saukeTeso Sanss aZlevda.
rok-en-roli “R&B~-gan gansxvavebiT energiulisagan
sacekvao simReras warmoadgens. rok-en-rolis moyvaruli
mocekvaveebi aramxolod sakmaod rTul ileTebs akeTebdnen
fexebiT, aramed xSirad partniorebTan erTad akrobatul
elementebsac urevdnen cekvaSi. rok-en-roli imdenad
popularuli iyo, rom miipyro Savkaniani Semsruleblebis
yuradRebac da am JanrSi moRvawe TeTrkanian Semsruleblebs
Seemata uaRresad niWieri zangi-musikosebis mTeli rigi.
Zalian male, rok-en-rolis cieb-cxeleba gavrcelda
aramxolod evropaSi, aramed am periodSi saocrad Caketil
sabWoTa kavSirSic ki.
rok-en-rolis paralelurad pop-musikis sxva Janrebic
agrZeleben ganviTarebas 1960-ian wlebSi. bunebrivia, rom
yvela am droisaTvis Camoyalibebul Janrebsa da Tvisebebs
SemdgomSi ganviTareba mohyva, magram aRsaniSnavi isaa, rom
swored 1960-iani wlebis miwuruls Camoyalibda pop-
xelovnebis erT-erTi sakmaod saintereso Janri, romelic
`Country Music~-is (xandaxan `Folk Rock~-sac uwodeben)
saxeliTaa cnobili. am mimarTulebis simRerebi gamoirCeva
simartiviT, gulwrfelobiT, poeturi Tematika sakmaod
mravalferovania _ muSa klasis Tu umuSevrebis, emigrantebisa
Tu iZulebiT gadaadgilebulebis, student-axalgazrdobisa
Tu bohemis problemebi. am stilis simRerebi ZiriTadad
akustikuri gitaris TanxlebiT sruldeboda. nebismieri
problemiT gamowveuli arc erTi mitingi, demonstracia
ar tardeboda qanTri-miuzikis warmomadgenlebis gareSe.

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vinaidan qanTri-Semsruleblebis ZiriTadi koncertirebis
adgili niu-iorkis erT-erTi ubani Greenwich Village iyo,
amitomac am mimdinareobas xandaxan `Greenwich Village~
musikas uwodeben. qanTri-xelovnebam imdenad organulad
Seavso sakuTari adgili aSS-s pop-musikis farglebSi, rom
am mimdinareobis Semsruleblebi hit-aRlumebSi ara mxolod
monawileobdnen, aramed maRal adgilebsac ikavebdnen
xolme.
garda amisa, aRniSnul periodSi pop-musikas Seemata kidev
erTi, aranakleb mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba, romelsac `Soul
Music~ uwodes, da romelic spiriCuelebidan da gospel-
songebidan iRebs saTaves. ganviTarebis sawyis etapze am
mimdinareobis Semsruleblebi Savkanianebi iyvnen, dRes am
stilis musikas TeTrkaniani momRerlebic asruleben.

Semsruleblebi: Bill Haley, Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little

Richard, Chuck Berry, The Beach Boys, Cliff Richard, The Who, The
Shadows, The Supremes, Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles, Bob Dilan,
Simon and Garfunkel.

The Beatles
britaneTis pop-musika. jgufi ``The Beatles~

aRsaniSnavia, rom jazisa Tu pop-musikis ganviTarebaSi

udides rols sazogadoebis, kerZod ki axalgazrdobis,
socialuri mdgomareoba TamaSobs. rok-en-rolis
gabatonebamde did britaneTSi uamravi axalgazrduli
sazogadoebrivi dajgufeba arsebobda, romelTa Soris
gamoirCeoda e. w. `Teddy Boys~ (`oqros~ axalgazrdoba,
sazogadoebis umaRlesi fenis warmomadgenelTa Svilebi,
erTgvari axalgazrduli elita) da `Beat Boys~ (maRali
inteleqtis mqone, sulieri daxvewis principebis matarebeli
axalgazrdoba; isini Sav svitrebs, sportul fexsacmels,
beretebs da mzis Sav saTvaleebs atarebdnen da sakmaod
seriozulad iyvnen gaTqvefili SemoqmedebiT bohemaSi). am
dajgufebebis warmomadgenlebs Soris didi popularobiT
sargeblobda rogorc WeSmariti amerikuli jazi, ise wminda

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inglisuri musikaluri mimarTuleba `Sciffle~, gulubryvilo,
primitiuli xasiaTis musika, romelsac improvizirebul
sakravebze asrulebdnen (magaliTad, sarecxis dafa, doqebi,
carieli Cemodani, e. w. kazu, anu savarcxeli da papirusis
qaRaldi da a. S. xandaxan akustikur gitaras axmardnen).
britaneTis yvela skolas, kolejs Tu axalgazrda
klubs sakuTari `Sciff Band~-i gaaCnda. rodesac rok-en-
roli SemoiWra evropaSi, skifl-mimdinareoba erTgvar
protests warmoadgenda, gamodioda ra `ucxouri ideebis
Zalmomreobis~ winaaRmdeg.
droTa ganmavlobaSi gairkva, rom rok-en-rolma axali
profesionalur-saSemsruleblo horizontebi gauxsna
Tavad skifl-bendebs, romlebic TandaTanobiT arTuleben
repertuars da cvlian gamosayenebad sakravebs (magaliTad,
iyeneben bas da eleqtro gitarebs, dasartyam sakravebs da
a. S.).
skifl-mimarTulebis, rok-en-rolisa da tradiciuli
jazis saukeTeso Serwymis Sedegad miRweuli warmatebebis
aRiarebul kerad WeSmaritad qalaq-port liverpuls
Tvlian.
aRsaniSnavia, rom swored liverpulidan daiwyo rok-en-
rolis gavrceleba did britaneTSi, vinaidan iqauri klubebis,
barebisa da densingebis mfarvelebma droze SeniSnes am
xelovnebiT axalgazrdebis gataceba da masSi garkveuli
komerciuli perspeqtiva dainaxes. rok-en-rolis propagandis
centri liverpulSi klubi `Cavern~-i gaxldaT, xolo
presaSi wamyvan adgils musikaluri gazeTi `Mercybear~-i
ikavebda, ris gamoc SemdgomSi liverpulis ganumeorebeli
stilis yvela jgufis namoRvawars `Mercybeat~-is saxeli
mieniWa.
1961 wels aRniSnulma gazeTma gamoaqveyna monacemebi
350 bit-jgufis mixedviT liverpulis yvelaze popularul
jgufad aRiarebuli iyo jgufi `The Beatles~. maSin
warmoudgeneli iyo, rom es jgufi sul male mTels
msoflios daipyrobs da misi popularoba arnaxul
mwvervalebs miaRwevs.

177
 am periodis `The Beatles~ _ liverpulis Mercybeat-
is tipuri warmomadgenelia. jgufis monawileebi skolaSi
swavlis dros skif-bendebSi ukravdnen, Semdeg rok-en-rolis
popularul amerikel momRerlebs baZavdnen, asrulebdnen
simRerebs maTi repertuaridan. jgufi oTxi wevrisagan
Sedgeba _ jon lenoni, pol makartni, jorj harisoni da
ringo stari.
droTa ganmavlobaSi jgufis wevrTa interesi scildeba
Mercybeat-is stils, miTumetes, rom jgufis mTavari
kompozitori jon lenoni qanTri-miuziklis erT-erTi
fuZemdeblis bob dilanis SemoqmedebiT moixibla. msgavsad
dilanisa, maTi simReris Tematika amieridan yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis sirTulis, silamazisa da problemebis amsaxvelia.
Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom musikalurad isini mainc
inglisur fesvebs eyrdnobian, aSkaraa, rom `liverpulis
oTxeuls~, rogorc maT SemdgomSi presam uwoda, sakuTari,
yvelasgan gansxvavebuli stili gaaCnda.
1963 wlidan `The Beatles~ msoflio aRiarebisa da
saxelis moxveWis urTules gzas daadga. es weli ori
seriozuli CanaweriT aRiniSneba _ `Please, Plese Me~ da
`With The Beatles~, magram jgufis karieraSi gardatexa amave
wlis 13 oqtombers moxda, rodesac londonis darbazidan
`Palladium~ satelevizio gadacema `Sundaynight~-i gavida
axalgazrda musikosebis monawileobiT. momdevno kviraSi
ki samefo varieteSi Catarebuli koncerti, romelSic
`The Beatles~ gamovidnen erovnuli televiziiT gadaica.
am movlenes jgufis cxovrebaSi WeSmaritad gardamtexi
mniSvneloba hqonda. garda msmenelisaTvis SemoTavazebuli
axali simRerebisa, jgufi axali imijiT warsdga mayureblis
winaSe _ tyavis qurTukebi, da Savi svitrebi pier kardenis,
mkacr, elegantur kostumebze gacvales, Tmis varcxnilobac
Seicvales da qcevis manerebic, riTac didi britaneTis
mosaxleobis gulebi sabolood moiges.
momdevno 1964 wels jgufma kidev ori albomi Cawera
_ `A Hard Day’s Night~ da `Beatles for Sale~. liverpuleli
oTxeuli Zalzed nayofierad muSaobs da 1965 welsac

178
or alboms uSvebs `Help~ da `Rubber Soul~, 1966 wels
_ alboms `Revolver~. amasTan erTad `The Beatles~ bevrs
mogzaurobs. uamrav koncerts atarebs da nel-nela
msoflio donis varskvlavad iqceva. 1967 weli jgufis
popularobis mwvervalia _ musikosebi sayvarel saqmes
emsaxurebian, maT mTel msoflioSi Tayvanismcemlebi hyavT
da, garda amisa, sakoncerto moRvaweobis da Cawerili
albomebis warmatebuli gayidvebis Sedegad maTi finansuri
mdgomareobac sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodisTvis isini ukve sakuTari
stilis daxvewaze fiqroben, ufro met dros xmis Camwer
studiaSi muSaobas uTmoben, rogorc Sedegi, 1967 wels
gamoSvebuli albomi _ `Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely Hearts
Club Band~ da `Magical Mystery Tour~ _ saocari siRrmiT
da Sesrulebis didi ostatobiT gamoirCeva. 1968 weli
ori brwyinvale albomiT aRiniSna _ `Let It Be~ da `The
Beatles~, romelsac xSirad `White Albom~-s uwodeben. orive
namuSevari jgufis saboloo simwifeze metyvelebs. es
seriozuli, kargad mofiqrebuli da aranJirebuli qmnilebaa,
sadac teqstebis poezia maRali doniT gamoirCeva, harmonia
Rrma da sakmaod rTulia da TiToeuli musikaluri fraza
ara gasarTob, aramed maRalmxatvrul datvirTvas atarebs,
ukanaskneli Sedevri, albomi `Abby Road~, romliTac
jgufma Tayvanismcemlebi daajildova, 1969 wels Caiwera.
amis Semdeg jgufi `The Beatles~ sxvadasxva subieqtur-
obieqturi mizezebis gamo daiSala, magram TiToeulma
wevrma SemdgomSi solo-kariera gaagrZela.
dRevandeli, XXI saukunis gadasaxedidan mkafiod
Cans, rom `The Beatles~-is pop-musikaze zegavlena Zalzed
mniSvnelovani da Rrma iyo. jgufma rok-en-rolidan sakuTar
seriozul da daxvewil stilamde urTulesi gza gaiara,
mkafio kvali da uamravi mimdevari datova. garda amisa
liverpulelma oTxeulma niadagi moumzada musikaluri
xelovnebis erT-erTi umZlavresi ganStoebis _ rokis mraval
Janrsa Tu stils. ase, magaliTad, pol makartnis simRerebis
naTeli melodizmi da baladuri mReradoba safuZvlad e.

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w. `TeTr roks~ daedo. jon lenonis simRerebis energia
da gamomsaxveli melodika, ringo staris mZvinvare biti
_ hard-rokis wyaroa, jorj harisonis induri musikis
elementebTan eqsperimentebi _ e. w. `raga-rokis~ fesvebia.
zogierT kompoziciaSi gamoyenebuli simfoniuri orkestris
simebiani jgufis JReradobis gamoZaxilebs jaz-rokis
simfo-jazSi da `disko~ stilebSi vpoulobT.
jgufi `The Beatles~ XX saukunis saocrebad gvevlineba.
maT musikaze Taobebi aRizarda, maTi simRerebi dResac
yvela asakis msmenels aRelvebs.

msoflio pop-musika 1960-iani wlebis miwuruls

aRniSnul periodSi, rok-en-roliT sayovelTaod

gatacebasTan erTad, popularuli misikis sxva Janrebic
viTardebian.
aSS-Si moRvaweobs momReralTa mTeli pliada, romlebic
`komerciuli jazis~ saukeTeso tradiciebs agrZeleben,
kerZod ki aqceven yuradRebas simReris teqstebs, melodiko-
harmoniul simdidres, aranJirebis xarisxs. garda amisa,
Cndeba Semsruleblis vokaluri monacemebisadmi garkveuli
moTxovnilebebi, radgan yvela am momRerals tembralurad
mdidari, mZlavri xma gaaCnda. aRsaniSnavia, rom am stilis
warmomadgenlebis umravlesoba _ TeTrkaniania, radganac
zangi musikosebi am periodSi ufro jazis daxvewiT iyvnen
dakavebulebi.
am periodSi Cndeba kidev erTi termini, romelsac dResac
iyeneben Soubiznesis warmomadgenlebi _ Semsruleblis
Image. rok-en-rolis momRerlebisgan gansxvavebiT,
aRniSnuli stilis momRerlebi yovelTvis srulyofilad
icmevdnen, did yuradRebas Tmis varcxnilobas da qcevis
manerebs aqcevdnen. rac Seexeba Tavad garTobis industrias,
misi masStabebi ufro da ufro farTovdeba, rac xmis
Camweri aparaturis, radio da tele-teqnikis ganviTarebiTaa
gamowveuli. ibadeba uamravi sxvadasxvagvari gadacemebi,

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sadac ama Tu im momRerals uTmobdnen xolme dros, msmenels
amzadebdnen ra misi axali singlis gamoSvebisTvis. aqedan
gamomdinare Tuki Zvelad, televiziis Casaxvis etapze,
momRerlis vizualuri mxare aravis aRelvebda, radganac
radiosa da CanawerebSi mxolod misi xma JRerda, amJamad
imijs ukve didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. sainteresoa, rom
im periodis amerikaSi popularobis mosaxveWad sakmarisi
iyo musikaluri niWi, kargi vokaluri da vizualuri
monacemebi. es Tvisebebi _ momavali warmatebis sawindari
iyo nebismieri adamianisTvis. garda amisa, aSS-Si jer
kidev 1940-iani wlebidan arsebobda e. w. saagentoebi,
romlebic musikosebis dasaqmebas emsaxurebodnen, xolo
1960-iani wlebis miwuruls, zogierTi fxiani agenti
axalgazrda momReralTan debda xelSekrulebas maT
moRvaweobaze eqskluziuri uflebebis Sesaxeb, rac rogorc
momRerlisTvis, ise agentisTvis Zalzed xelsayreli da
momgebiani iyo. ase, magaliTad, momRerali aRar zrunavda
repertuarze, albomebis momzadeba-Caweris problemebze,
imijsa da sakoncerto mogzaurobebis dagegmvaze. radio da
telegadacemebSi monawileobaze _ yvelafer amas misi agenti
uzrunvelyofda, xolo momRerlis sazrunavi mxolod
Sesrulebis xarisxi da Tavis Tavze muSaoba iyo. amis
Sedegad pop-musikis, rogorc gasarTobi industriis erT-
erTi mniSvnelovani mxaris done uaRresad maRali iyo.
evropeli momRerlebi sakuTari qveynebis musikaluri
xelovnebis tradiciebs jer kidev inarCuneben, magram
aRniSnuli periodisaTvis ukve SeimCneva amerikuli pop-
musikis mZlavri zegavlena. yvelaze metad es tendencia
SeimCneoda Zalze konservatiul did britaneTSi. ase,
magaliTad, rok-en-rolma inglisSi imdenad didi aRiareba
hpova, rom iqmneboda rok-en-rolis Semsrulebeli
jgufebi, asparezze calkeuli amerikelebis mimbaZveli
Semsruleblebic gamodiodnen.
Semsruleblebi: Tom Jones, Engelbert Humperdink, Pail Anka,
Andy Williams, Barbara Streisand, Jackson Five, Cliff Richard, “The
Shadows~, Adriano Celentano, Mina Mazzini, Gianni Morandi, Miteille
Marthieu, Dalida, Joe Dassin.
181
 1970-iani
1970-iani wlebis msoflio pop-musika

1970-iani wlebi dedamiwis mosaxleobis cekvisadmi

siyvarulis axali talRiT aRiniSna da msoflios axali
pop-mimdinareoba SesTavaza – “Disco~ xelovneba.
disko-stili saocari energiulobiT gamoirCeoda, am
stilSi Seqmnil kompoziciebs Sesrulebisa da aranJirebis
Zalze maRali done axasiaTebs. sainteresoa, rom disko-
stilis simRerebis xangrZlivoba sakmaod didi iyo didi
Sesavlebis (e.w. “Intro~) da daboloebebis (e. w. “Outro~)
xarjze. Tavad simRerebis musikaluri masala tradiciulad
kupleturi formebis CarCoebSi iyo moTavsebuli martivi,
advilad dasamaxsovrebeli misamRerebiT. aRsaniSnavia
is faqtic, rom am stilis simRerebis ionstrumetuli
Tanxlebis aqtiuri monawile simebian sakravTa jgufi
gaxldaT, rac am qmnilebebs gansakuTrebul elfers
aniWebda. garda amisa, gameorebadi, motoruli sacekvao
ritmebi sasiamovno melodiebTan da martiv harmoniebTan
SerwymaSi, mTlianad kompoziciebis saocari simsubuqe qmnida
im ganumeorebel saxes, romliTac disko-stili pop-musikis
sxva mimdinareobebisgan gansxvavdeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom
am disko-`rbolaSi~ CarTuli iyo ara mxolod amerika da
evropa, aramed iamaika da avtraliac ki, swored disko-
stilSi dauloca gza im periodSi Camoyalibebul da
popularul cekvas, rogoricaa e. w. “Break Dance~-i.
1970-iani wlebi pop-musikis stilebis mravalferovnebiT
gamoirCeva. am periodSi JRers rogorc axali tipis,
Tanamedrove simRerebi, ise pop-musikis saukeTeso Zveli
tradiciebis matarebeli qmnilebebi, romlebSic jazis,
ritm-end-bluzis, rokis zegavlena SeimCneva.
aRniSnul periodSi amerikaSi safuZveli Caeyara pop-
musikis iseT mniSvnelovan mimdinareobas, rogoricaa e. w.
`Soul~-i, romelic dResac aqtualuri da popularulia. am
stils axasiaTebs sakmaod rTuli, daxvewili, harmoniuli
fuZe, saintereso teqstualuri gadawyvetilebebi da, rac
mTavaria, gansakuTrebuli, `moCuqurTmebuli~ vokaluri
partiebi.
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 aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom gasarTobi industriis
ganviTarebam aRniSnuli periodisaTvis mravali saintereso
ram moitana. ase, magaliTad, Semsruleblebi aqtiurad
iyeneben e.w. “Back Vocal~-s, maTi sasceno atributikiT da
sanaxaobrivi mxaris gaZlierebisaken, zogierTi momRerlis
koncertebi sanaxaobrivi mxaris gaZlierebisaken, zogierTi
momRerlis koncertebi speqtaklebad aRiqmenoda. garda
amisa, televiziam ferebi SeiZina da swored 1970-ian wlebSi
SeimCneva mcdelobebi simRerebis siuJeturi gadaRebebisa,
ramac Tanamedrove “Video Clip~-ebis xelovnebas Cauyara
safuZveli.
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom 1970 wlebSi mTels msoflioSi
didi popularulobiT dargeblobs saestrado simReris
konkursi “Eurovision~, romelic 1955 wels pirvelad
gavida eTerSi evropis qveynebSi da mas safuZvlad daedo
italiis Zalzed popularuli konkursi – san-remos
sasimRero festivali. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1970-iani wlebis
warmomadgenelma mravali Semsrulebeli pirvelad am
konkursSi monawileobiT gamoiCina Tavi da masSi gamarjvebiT
iwyeba maTi sayovelTao popularoba da aRiareba.
Semsruleblebi: “Bonney M~, “ABBA~, Donna Summer, “The
Bee Gees~, “The Eagles~, “Earth, Wind & Fire~, “Chicago~, Roberta
Flack, Stevie Wonder, “The Smokie~, Billy Joel, Janis Joplin, Diana
Ross, Dionne Warwik, Gladys Knigt, Elton Johj, “The Rolling Stones~,
Olivia Newton-John, Toto Cutugno, Raffaela Carra, Patricia Kaas.

1980-iani wlebis msoflio pop-musika

1980-iani wlebi aRiniSneba msoflios yofa-cxovrebaSi

pop-musikis mniSvnelobis gazrdiT da Janrebisa da stilebis
saocari mravalferovnebiT, momRerlebs stilisturi
arCevnis SesaniSnavi saSualebebi gaaCniaT, gasarTobi
industria arnaxuli simZlavriT muSaobs. imarTeba
sxvadasxva Semsruleblisa da jgufis koncertebi-Sou,
isini mTels msoflioSi mogzauroben, video-klipebis
damzadebis kultura gansakuTrebul xarisxSi gadaizarda.

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ase, magaliTad, video-klipebis damzadebaze ukve garkveuli
daniSnulebis jgufebi muSaoben, romlebic reJisorebiT,
scenaris avtorebiT, operatorebiT, vizaJistebiT,
dizainer-stilistebiT, mxatvrebiT arian dakompleqtebuli
.faqtobriv, TiToeuli musikaluri video-klipi _ es patara
kinofilmia da misi damzadeba sakmaod did xarjebTan iyo
dakavSirebuli. samagierod, klipebis gadaReba sagrZnoblad
zrdida am singlebis Semcveli gayiduli diskebis (im
periodSi es vinilis diskebi gaxldaT) raodenobas.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu ki amerikuli pop-musika
ZiriTadad satrfiallo an sacekvao TematikiT iyo
Semofargluli, evropelebi, kerZod ki didi britaneTis
warmomadgenlebi, cdilobdnen Sinaarsobrivad ufro
seriozuli namuSevrebi waredginaT.
1980-iani wlebis meore naxevari aRiniSna pop-musikis
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani stilis dabadebiT, romelsac im
dros “Rap~-i uwodes, xolo dRes “Hip-Hop-is saxeliTaa
cnobili. bunebrivia, rom am stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
leqsis ritmSi warmoTqma zangi-Semsuleblebis monapovaria
da misi fesvebi uTuod afrikuli dolebis orkestrebis
poliritmiaSia, da, aqedan gamomdinare, es sakmaod rTuli
da saintereso stilia. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is
faqti, rom repis, anu hip-hopis riTmebs sarCulad udevs
metwilad saukeTeso xarisxis musikaluri nawarmoebi (xSir
SemTxvevaSi Tanamedrove jazuri Temebi).
1980-iani wlebis mniSvnelovan movlenad iTvleba e.
w. “Music Television-is SemoklebiT “MTV~-is daarseba,
romelic 1981 wlis agvistoSi pirvelad gavida eTerSi.
am arxze mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva amerikeli
Semsruleblebis video-klipebs atrialebdnen, pop-musikis
saintereso axal ambebs yvebodnen, sxvadasxva e.w. “Chart~-
ebis rezultatebs acxadebdnen da a.S. garda amisa, am arxma
sakuTari premiac ki daawesa saukeTeso video-klipebisaTvis
dasajildoveblad – “MTV Video Music Awards~. aseve 1980-
iani wlebi xmis Camweri nawarmis konkursis e. w. “Grammy
Awards~-is didi popularobiT aRiniSna. miuxedavad imisa,

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rom es konkursi jer kidev 1958 wels Catarda pirvelad,
aRniSnul periodSi man ukve mTel msoflioSi moipova
aRiareba.
Semsruleblebi: Michael Jackson, Madonna, Cher, Kim Wild,
Gloria Estefan, Paula Abdul, Tina Turner, Kylie Minogue, “Duran
Duran~, Sting, “The Police~, Lionel Richie, Cyndi Lauper, “A-Ha~, Phil
Collins, George Michael, “The Wham~, “U2~, “Def Leppard~, “AC/
DC~, “Culture Club~, Peter Gabriel, Eric Clapton, Kate Bush, Sinead
O’Connor, Sade, “Run DMC~, Tupac, “MC Solaar~, Julio Iglesias,
“Ricchi e Poveri~, Al Bano & Romina Power, Pupo.

1990-iani
1990- iani wlebis msoflio pop-musika

1990-ian wlebSi amerikuli pop-musikis stilisturi

zegavlena mTel msoflioze kidev ufro gaizarda.
sakmarisia aRvniSnoT, rom momRerlebis umetesoba, erovnebis
miuxedavad, inglisurenovan teqstebze gadavida, mxolod
erTeulebi erovnul poziciebze darCnen (sainteresoa,
rom momReralTa am rigs laTino-molaparake qveynebis
warmomadgenlebi Seadgendnen).
rac Seexeba Janrebsa da stilebs, aqamde warmodgenili
mimarTulebebis mTel speqtrs vxvdebiT. gansakuTrebuli
mowoneba msmenelSi “Soul~ stilma daimsaxura, amitomac
1990-iani wlebi soul-momRerlebis simravliT gamoirCeoda.
Tuki am stilis Camoyalibebis etapze am saxis musikis
Sesruleba ZiriTadad Savkaniani momRerlebis prioriteti
iyo, 1990-ian wlebSi souls TeTrkaniani momRerlebic
emxrobian. garda amisa, aRniSnul wlebSi am stilSi
moRvaweoben aramxolod solistebi, aramed jgufebic,
ramac am stilSi mravalxmianoba Semoitana da amiT souli
spiriCuelisa da gospelis fesvebs daubrunda, TumcaRa
axleburi, Tanamedrove interpretaciiT.
1990-iani wlebis siaxled SeiZleba CavTvaloT e. w.
“Dance~ stilis Camoyalibeba, romelic axalgazrda adamianis,
cekvisadmi didi siyvarulis safuZvelze aRmocenda. disko
stilisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic aranJirebis simdidriT

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gamoirCeoda, densi Zalze gulubryvilo melodiko-
harmoniul fuZeze da sakmaod martiv, motorul, ucvlel
ritmul naxatebzea agebuli.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am stilis CamoyalibebisTanave pop-
musikalur kulturaSi e. w. “Remix~-ebis epoqa iwyeba.
remiqsi gulisxmobs romelime tipis Zvelis Tu axlis,
popularuli melodiis xelaxal Caweras densis stilSi
da misi Semdgomi xelaxali, rogorc sacekvao musikis,
popularizacias. amasTan erTad, bunebrivia, iwyeba video-
klipebis e. w. “Remake~-ebis xana. radganac simRerebis
umravlesobas hqonda ukve sakuTari klipi da mas an
gadaakeTebdnen xolme, an Tavidan iRebdnen.
sainteresoa aseve, rom 1990-iani wlebis miwuruls
Cndeba garkveuli interesi mxatvruli filmebis e.
w. “Soundtrack~-ebis mimarT. ase, magaliTad, romelime
filmisTvis Seqmnili da masSi gaJRerebuli simRera iwyebs
damoukidebel cxovrebas, misTvis xSirad gansxvavebul
video-klipsac iReben.
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom 1990-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi
ixsneba “MTV~-s filiali arxebi mTel evropaSi. ibadeba
axali konkursebi da festivalebi, ibeWdeba uamravi
perioduli gamocema, sadac qveyndeba sxvadasxvagari “Chart~-
ebis rezulatebi, radio-sadgurebic didi stilistuli
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCevian.
Semsruleblebi: Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Toni Braxton,
“Destiny’s Child~, “Boys 2 Man~, “En Vogue~, MC Hammer, Michael
Bolton, Bryan Adams, Alanis Morissette, Shania Twain, “Bon Jovi~,
“Ace Of Base~, Celine Dion, “Aqua~, Sheryl Crow, “The Gipsy Things~,
Modjo, Biork, Eros Ramazotti, Zucchero.

msoflio pop-musika XXI saukunis dasawyisSi

XXI saukunis dasawyisSi pop-musikis ganviTarebaSi raime

mniSvnelovani faqtobriv ar momxdara, Tuki ar CavTvliT
zogierTi msoflio donis varskvlavis damSvidobebas
msmenelTan, maT adgils xom wamierad axalbeda Semsruleblebi
ikaveben.
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 stilistur-Janrobrivi mravalferovneba kvlavac
axasiaTebs pop-musikas, aRsaniSnavia, rom dRes musikaluri
amerika ukve mTel msoflioSi batonobs da XXI saukunis
dasawyisi xasiaTdeba sruli musikaluri asimilaciiT,
ramac, bunebrivia SemsrulebelTa Semoqmedebidan yovelgvari
erovnuli elementi aRmofxra.
Semsruleblebi: “Backstreet Boys~, “Spice Girls~, Britney Spears,
Chrisitina Aguilera, “Take That~, Jessica Simpson, Mandy Moore, “Steps~,
“Savage Garden~, “Boyzone~, Ricky Martin, Jennifer Lopez, Thalia, Luis
Miguel, Shakira, Enrique Iglesias, “ABBA-Teens~, Anastacia, Ciara,
Nelly Furtado, Pussycat Dolls., “NSynk~, “US 5~, da mravali sxva.

rok-musikis
ok-musikis stilebis istoriuli
istoriuli mimoxilva
rok-musikis warmoSobis, ganviTarebis da mTel msoflioSi
gavrcelebis Sesaxeb uamravi, farTo mkiTxvelisTvis
gaTvlili masala arsebobs, maT Soris sxvadasxva saxis
enciklopediebi, statiebi periodul gamocemebsa Tu
internetSi, mravalgvari naSromebi. samwuxarod, es masalebi
ZiriTadad Seicaven rokis mimdinareobebis istoriuli
warmoSobis, maTSi moRvawe jgufebis Camoyalibebis
da moRvaweobis TariRebis, diskografiebis, maT mier
mopovebuli jildoebis Sesaxeb informacias da sxva
amgvar sakiTxebs ixilaven. praqtikulad am naSromebSi ver
moZebniT am mimdinareobebis an musikosebis Semoqmedebis
sociologiur Tu musikalur aspeqtze dayrdnobiT Rrma
analizis mcdelobas.
aqedan gamomdinare, mocemuli kursis mizania rok-
musikis, rogorc XX saukunis udidesi musikaluri
movlenis warmoSobisa da istoriuli ganviTarebis analizi,
romelic nebismieri araprofesionali pirovnebisTvis iqneba
gasagebi. garda amisa, rogorc Tavad saTauridan Cans, kursi
ar iTvaliswinebs jgufebisa Tu calkeuli Semsruleblebis
biografiul-diskografiul mimoxilvas, vinaidan, rogorc
ukve aRiniSna, es informacia didi raodenobiT moipoveba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom rok-musikis stilebad dayofa sakmaod

187
pirobiTia, radganac rok-musikosebis Semoqmedeba xSir
SemTxvevaSi erTi mimarTulebiT ar Semoifargleba. amitomac
`rok-musikis stilebis istoriuli mimoxilvis~ kursis
Seswavlisas turadReba daeTmoba mxolod im saerTo
tendenciebs, romlebmac mkafio kvali datoves rok-musikis
ganviTarebis istoriaSi.
vinaidan es kursi gankuTvnilia studentTa im
umravlebisTvis, romlebsac musikaluri ganaTleba ar
gaaCniaT, amitom Sesavali Tavi daeTmoba zogierT sakiTxs,
romlis codnac dagvexmareba nanaxi da msomenili masalis
analizis dros.
pirvelyovlisa saWiroa Camoayalifod rok-musikis
stilebisa da maTSi moRvawe jgufebis Tu calkeuli
Semsruleblebis Sefasebis garkveuli kriteriumebi da
aspeqtebi. TiToeuli mimdinareobis ganxilvisas Cven
vixelmZRvanelebT Sefasebis mocemuli sqemiT:

ganvixiloT Sefasebis aspeqtebi, maTi Semadgeneli

elementebi, raTa vicodeT, Tu ras gulisxmobs TiToeuli
maTgani.
musikaluri aspeqti: rogorc sqemaze vxedavT Sefasebis
am apeqtis ganxilvisas musikaluri xelovnebis ori ZiriTadi
elementi unda gaviTvaliswinoY – melodia da harmonia.
melodia – rogorc cneba sakmaod advilad aRiqmeba,
vinaidan nebismieri musikaluri nawarmoebis ZiriTad
misamRers warmoadgens. melodia – garkveuli simaRlis
musikaluri bgerebis kombinaciaa droSi garkveul monakveTSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva simaRlis musiklauri

188
bgerebis rac ufro naklebi raodenobaa gamoyenebuli
melodiis Seqmnisas, miT ufro martivia Tavad melodiuri
naxati da piriqiT, rac ufro metia gansxvavebuli bgera da
rac ufro originaluria maTi kombinacia, ufro rTulia
melodiuri naxati. garda amisa, musikaluri bgerebis
kombinacia iTvaliswinebs melodiuri naxatis rogorc mdore
moZraobas da am SemTxvevaSi melodia ufro mReradi da
advilad dasamaxsovrebelia, aseve naxtomiseul moZraobas
da am SemTxvevaSi melodia sakmaod rTulia, an erT-or-
sam bgeraze moZraobas da am SemTxvevaSi melodia sakmaod
primitiulia.
ramdenime musikaluri bgeris erTdrouli JReradoba
qmnis bgeraTa Tanxmovanebas, anu akords. Tavis mxriv,
akordebis brunva erTmaneTSi, qmnis harmonias
harmonias. aRsaniSnavia,
rom nebismier musikalur nawarmoebs safuZlad udevs
mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli akordebis monacvleoba,
anu safuZvlad udevs mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
akordebis monacveloba, anu harmonia. rac ufro nakleb
raodenobis akordi brunavs nawarmoebSi, miT ufro martivia
misi harmonia an piriqiT, rac ufro meti gansxvavebuli
akordia gamoyenebuli brunvaSi, miT ufro rTuli da
mdidaria harmonia.
bunebrivia, rom rokTan mimarTebaSi melodiuri da
harmoniulia simartive ar niSnavs musikis uxarisxobas,
radganac musikalur xelovnebaSi melodiac, harmoniac
da gamomsaxvelobis sxva xerxebic yovelTvis emsaxureba
nawarmoebis ZiriTadi Sinaarsis, masSi asaxuli ZiriTadi
ideis saukeTeso gadmocemas.
aseve musikalur aspeqtSi unda ganixilos rok-musikisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli improvizireba, romelic sxvadasxva saxiT
Tavs iCens kompoziciebis umravlesobaSi. improvizireba,
Tavisi azriT, nawarmoebis melodiko-harmoniul monacemebze
dayrdnobiT Semsurleblis sakuTari azrebis gadmocemas
warmoadgens.
poeturi aspeqti: rok musika, rogorc xelovneba, metwilad
gamoxatavs protests romelime movlenisa Tu moqmedebis

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winaaRmdeg, gansakuTrebiT protestis mamoZravebeli Zala
Tavs iCens musikis im mimarTulebis ganviTarebis sawyiss
etapze. bunebrivia, rom es protesti aisaxeba poetur teqstSi.
Tu poeturi teqsti maRalmxatvruli xarisxiT gamoirCeva,
maSin musiklauri aspeqtis elementebi meorexarisxovania
da aea mxolod ar uSlis, aramdes exmareba teqstSi
asaxuli azris aRqmas. Tuki poeturi teqsti saerToD ar
gamoiyeneba, rac musikalur aspeqts wina planze ayenebs.
aq, saTanadod, melodia-harmonia rTuli da mdidaria da
nawarmoebis ZiriTadi koncefciis gadmocemas emsaxureba.
JReradobis aspeqti: musikaluri bgeris damaxasiaTebel
Tvisebebs Soris aris e. w. tembri, anu bgeris JReradobis
Seuferloba, aRsaniSnavia, rom sxvadasxva tembris
mqone sarwyavebis Serwyma qmnis musikis ganumeorebel
elfers. vinaidan rok-musikis Semsruleblebi, iSviaTi
gamonaklisiT, iyeneben eleqtro-sakravebs, aq mizanSewonilia
gaviTvaliswinoT sxvadasxvagvari efeqtebis da tembrebis
mravalferovneba, rac Semsruleblebs sakuTari, sxvebisgan
gansxvavebuli JReradobis Seqmnis farTo saSualebebs
aZlevs.
rac Seexeba vokalis maneras, igi rok-musikaSi metwilad
agresiulobiT da damaxasiaTebeli `xrinwiani~ tembriT
gamoirCeva. aqedan gamomdinare rok-vokalists Zalzed
Zlieri vokaluri monacemebi unda hqondes, raTa vokaluri
maneris sirTuleebs da datvirTvas gauZlos.
vizualuri aspeqti: rok-musikis warmomadgenlebi,
gansakuTrebiT am mimdinareobis ganviTarebis sawyiss etapze,
xSirad marTavdnen koncertebs. satelevizio xelovnebis
daxvewasTan erTad ixveweboda rok-Semsruleblebis
videomasalebis xarisxic. aRsaniSnavia rok-musikis
vizualuri mxaris pirdapiri damokidebuleba nawarmoebis
SinaarsTan – vizualuri efeqtebi maqsimalurad aZliereben
msmenel-mayureblis mier nawarmoebSi asaxuli ZiriTadi
ideis saukeTeso aRTqmas.
rok-musikis stilebis ganxilvisas Cven visargeblebT
Sefasebis zemoxsenebuli kriteriumebiT da aspeqtebiT,

190
raTa movaxdinoT am xelovnebis Camoyalibebasa da momdevno
ganviTarebis analizi.
rogorc sqemidan Cans, Sefasebis aspeqtebSi ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli musikaluri ritmis mxare, radganac
rok-musikis kompoziciebis srul umravlesobas, Zalze
umniSvnelo gamonaklisebiT, safuZvlad udevs e. w. `Four
Beat~-i, anu oTxwiladi ritmuli naxatebi. zogierT stilSi
es ZiriTadi `biti~ aris ramdenadme modificirebuli.

rokis winamorbedi Janrebi did britaneTsa da

amerikaSi
Surf Music. Garage Rock

1950-ian wlebSi aSS da mTeli msoflio gatacebuli

iyo rok-en-roliT, vinaidan am Janrs mravali, farTo
msmenelisTvis sakmaod mimzidveli Tviseba hqonda. es
exeba rogorc wminda musikalur aspeqts – advilad
dasamaxsovrebeli melodia, SedarebiT martivi harmonia,
ise Sinaarsobriv aspeqtsac, rac gamoixateba sasiyvarulo
teqstebsa da sacekvao ritmebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom rok-en-
roli yovelTvis asocirdeba axalgazrdobasTan, rac ar aris
gasakviri misi gansakuTrebuli energetikidan gamomdinare.
am periodSi TiTqmis yvela jgufi, rogorc aSS-Si, ise
did britaneTSi, iwyebda Tavis moRvaweobas, rogorc rok-en-
rolis Semsrulebeli. magram droTa ganmavlobaSi zogierTi,
progresulad ganwyobili musikosi Tu jgufi, cdilobda
gaerTRvia rok-en-rolis CarCoebi da mis safuZvelze Seeqmna
gansxvavebuli stilis musika. didi britaneTi, miuxedavad
cxovrebis konservatiuli tradiciebisa, yovelTvis uswrebda
aSS-s novatoruli ideebis CamoyalibebaSi. 1950-iani
wlebis miwuruls britanel musikosTa garkveulma nawilma
Semoitana rok-en-rolisgan gansxvavebuli elementebi –
liriuli balada da erovnul e. w. `Sciffle~-s tradiciebze
agebuli araordinaluri kompoziciebis kultura. am
movlenebs adrindeli britanuli rokis (Early, British Rock)

191
saxeli mieniWa da maT moumzades niadagi rok-musikis,
rogorc mimdinareobis Camoyalibebas. am mimarTulebis
warmomadgenlebi Tavis SemoqmedebaSi iyenebdnen rogorc
ritm-end-bluzis da rok-en-rolis musikalur miRwevebs,
ise sakuTar, erovnul elementebs, rac sakmaod moulodnel
efeqts iZleoda. musikis tempebi varirdeba neli baladidan
swraf cekvamde. sakravieri Tanxleba sakmaod mZimea,
vokalSi TandaTanobiT Cndeba rokisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
`xrinwianoba~, SemsrulebelTan qceva scenaze ufro da
ufro nerviul-agresiuli xdeba. adrindeli britanuli
rokis mwvervali – jgufebis `The Beatles~ da `The Rolling
Stones~ Semoqmedebaa.
amavdroulad aSS-s axalgazrdoba aseve imyofeboda axali
tendenciebis ZiebaSi, ris Sedegadac miviReT saintereso
mimdinareoba, sadac musikis tempi sagrZnoblad Senelda,
instrumentuli Tanxleba damZimda, xolo vokaluri partia
wamoiwia wina planze da naklebad mReradi gaxda. vinaidan,
musikosebi am mimarTulebiT sakuTar eqsperimentebs
metwilad mSoblebis avtofarexebSi atarebdnen, musikis es
mimarTuleba `avtofarebis rokis~ (Garage rock) saxeliTaa
cnobili.
aRsaniSnavia aseve aSS-Si gavrcelebuli kidev erTi
mimdinareoba, romelmac msoflio rok-musikis Camoyalibebas
Seuwyo xeli – e. w. `siorf miuzik~ (Surf Music). es
mimarTuleba rokis sakravieri ganStoebis winamorbedia,
radganac mas ar gaaCnia vokaluri partia. siorf-musikosebi
ZiriTadad asrulebdnen sacekvao xasiaTis kompoziciebs,
romlebic rok-en-rolisgan gansxvavebiT ufro didi
daZabulobiT gamoirCeodnen, iTxovdnen Semsruleblisgan
sakmaod maRal teqnikur momzadebas da xSirad aziuri
musikisaTvis damaxasiaTebel elementebs Seicavdnen.
garda amisa yvelaze didi yuradReba eTmoba solistis
improvizacias.
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom 1950-iani wlebis miwuruls
kaliforniis StatSi moRvawe jgufebis garkveuli nawili
did yuradRebas sasiamovno JReradobis mravalxmianobas

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aqcevda, ramac mravalxmian roks daudo safuZveli. SemdgomSi
am jgufebis Semoqmedebas `kaliforniis JReradoba~
(California sound) daarqva.

Sejamebisas SesaZlebelia CamovayaliboT is saerTo

tendenciebi, romlebic axasiaTebs zemoTganxilul
stilebs da amzadeben rok-musikis mniSvnelovani stilebis
Camoyalibebas:
 musikaluri aspeqti – melodia kargavs `tkbil~
sasiamovno elfers, harmonia rTuldeba.
 Sinaarsobrivi aspeqti – poeturi teqsti metwilad
sasiyvarulo rCeba, magram TandaTanobiT mZafrdeba
lirizmidan tragizmamde.
 JReradobis aspeqti – rokis winamorbedi mimarTulebisTvis
albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqtia, radganac swored
am mimdinareobebSi Camoyalibda da daixvewa rok-jgufis
tradiciuli Semadgenloba – sami eleqtro gitara da
dasartyami sakravebi; garda amisa vokalis maneramac
SeiZina is Seudarebeli `xrinwi~, romliTac ase ixibleba
axalgazrdoba mravali aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi.
 vizualuri aspeqti – metwilad am jgufebis gamosvlebi
vizualurad ar iyo gaformebuli, scenaze tradiciulad
iyo ganlagebuli sakravebi da Semsruleblebi: mxolod
`kaliforniis JReradobis~ warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen
dadgmuli moZraobebiT gamoecocxlebinaT scenis
statikuroba.
warmomadgenlebi:
adrindeli britanuli roki: AAlexis Korner, The Kinks, The
Pretty Things, The Animals, The Yardbirds, The Who, The Rolling
Stones, The Beatles.
Garage Rock – The Kingsmen, The Trashmen, The Rivieras, Paul
Rever & The Raiders, The Sonics, The Standells, New Colony Six.
Surf Music – Dick Dale, The Surfaris, The Beach Boys, Jan &
Dean.

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 folk-roki; qanTri-roki
Folk Rock; Country Rock

1960-ian wlebSi aSS-Si yalibdeba musikis axali

mimarTuleba, romelic dRes cnobilia `Folk Rock~-is
(folk-roki), xandaxan `Country Rock~- is saxelwodebiT.
rok-musikis es mimdinareoba amerikis qalaquri simReris
kulturuli tradiciebis niadagze aRmocenda. tradiciul
qalaqur simReras xSir SemTxvevaSi Tavad am simRerebis
Semqmnelebi asrulebdnen akustikuri gitaris (xSirad
TviTonve tuCis harmonikazec ukravdnen) an e. w. `jag-
bendebis~ (Jug-Band, jug –Tixis jami) TanxlebiT, am
simRerebis melodiur-harmoniuli mxare simartiviT da
gulwrfelobiT gamoirCeoda, poeturi teqstebis Tematika
asaxavda umuSevrobis, emigraciis, gadasaxlebis, samSoblos
mimarT nostalgiis, studenturi cxovrebis an bohemis
(sxvadasxva dargSi moRvawe Tavisufali xelovanebi) da
sxva amdagvar problemebs. TandaTanobiT e. w. `saavtoro
simReris~ Semsruleblebma myari adgili daimkvidres
amerikis sazogadoebriv-socialur cxovrebaSi, radganac
Semsruleblebis didi mobilurobis (momRerali gitariT)
da saWirboroto sakiTxebis Tematikis mqone repertuaris
gamo maT xSirad patiJebdnen sxvadasxva saxis RonisZiebebze.
1960-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, rodesac mTeli
msoflio, gansakuTrebiT ki amerika aqtiurad gamoxatavda
protests SeiaraRebis, narkomaniis, umuSevrobis, rasobrivi
diskriminaciis, studentTa da qalTa uflebebis darRvevis
winaaRmdeg sxvadasxvagvari mitingebisa, demonstraciebis,
festivalebis, sayovelTao gaficvebis, svlebis saxiT, am
RonisZiebebis monawile yovelTvis iyvnen qalaquri simReris
avtor-Semsruleblebi, romelTa avtorobiT araerTi
moZraobis himnia cnobili.
droTa ganmavlobaSi, 1960-iani wlebis miwuruls folk-
momRerlebi ufro da ufro rokisken ixrebian, rac harmoniis
da vokalis maneris gamZafrebaSi aisaxa. garda amisa ufro
xSirad iyeneben sxvadasxva saxis wminda xalxur sakravebs,

194
da, rac mTavaria, eleqtro-gitarebs, folk-rokis zogierTi
Semsruleblis didi zegavlena igrZnoba rogorc aSS-s ise
didi britaneTis rokis mniSvnelovan warmomadgenlebze.
rac Seexeba did britaneTs, folk-roki aq viTardeboda
sakuTar xalxur musikaze dayrdnobiT, gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeboda folk-baladebs da britanuli folk-
roki naklebad demokratiulia, ufro mZimed aRsaqmeli
da kompoziciurad ufro rTuli, Tematika ZiriTadad
sayofacxovrebo problemebs exeboda, Tumca SeimCneoda
zogadsakacobrio problemebis winaaRmdeg protestic,
Tumda SedarebiT Serbilebuli, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba britanul erovnul sakravebs, romlebis droTa
ganmavlobaSi eleqtronizaciac moxda.
ganvixiloT folk-rokis stilis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi,
romlebmac garkveul wilad niadagi moumzada rok-
xelovnebis saerTo momdevno ganviTarebas:
 musikaluri aspeqti – melodia da harmonia zomierad
martivi, advilad dasamaxsovrebeli da amitom Zalzed
misaRebi farTo auditoriisTvis.
 Sinaarsobrivi aspeqti – folk-rokisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
dasawyisSi akustikuri, SemdgomSi ki eleqtro-gitaris
Tanxleba ganamtkicebs eleqtro-gitaris, rogorc rok-
liders poziciebs sxva sakravebTan SedarebiT (rok-
musikis ganviTarebis ganmavlobaSi SemuSavda iseTi
termini, rogoricaa `Lead Guitar` – wamyvani gitara,
romelsac dRes `Solo Guitar` uwodeben); garda amisa,
tuCis harmonikas am WeSmaritad amerikuli qanTri-
musikis simbolos, sakmaod xSirad iyeneben rokis sxva
stilebis warmomadgenlebic.
 vizualuri aspeqti – vizualurad folk-rokmenebi
cdilobdnen e. w. `soflis biWunas~ (Country Boy - jinsis
Sarvali da qurTuki, ujredebian perangebi, fermerebis
farTofrTebiani qudebi da Ceqma) an `soflis gogonas~
(Country Girl - igive Cacmuloba, rac mamakacebs, an Txeli
Wreli kabebi, yvavilebiT morTuli gaSlili an Cawnuli
Tma) imijis Seqmnas, rac musikis aRqmis gamaZlierebel,

195
 saTanado sasceno ganwyobilebis Seqmnis aSkara mcdeloba
iyo.
warmomadgenlebi:
aSS: Woody Guthry (pioneer), Roger McGuinn, The birds, Simon
& Garfunkel, The Mamas & The Papas, Robby Darin, The Band, Bob
Dylan, Donovan, Joan Baez, Judy Collins, Crosby, Strills, Nash & Yound,
Credence Clearwater Revival, Cat Stevens, Joni Mitchel.
didi britaneTi: Steeley Span, Lindis Farn, Pentagle, Alan Stirell.

bluz-roki
Blues Rock

miuxedavad imisa, rom bluzi – XX saukunis musikaluri

kulturis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani movlenaa, mocemuli
kursi ar iTvaliwinebs misi, rogorc musikaluri Janris
dawvrilebiT Seswavlas. SevexebiT mxolod im elementebs,
romlebic bluzrokis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis dadgenaSi
dagvexmareba.
ganvixiloT bluzis poeturi da musikaluri
struqtura. bluzis poeturi teqstis strofi sami
Tanabari nawilisgan Sedgeba, sadac TiTo nawili leqsis
erT striqons warmoadgens. rogorc wesi, pirveli da meore
striqoni identuria, xolo strofis damaboloebeli mesame
striqoni Semajamebeli informaciis matarebelia.
magaliTad:
Everybody knows me moanin,
Everybody knows me moanin,
But I’m moanin, caude I lost my little baby!
bunebrivia, rom bluzis musikaluri forma agebulia
poeturi formis gaTvaliswinebiT da amitomac sam musikalur
winadadebas Seicavs.
aRsaniSnavia bluzis unikaluri damaxasiaTebeli
Tviseba – gansakuTrebuli melodika, evropul musikalur
xelovnebaSi cnobilia Svidsafexuriani diatonuri
bgeraTrigebi, romlebsac xalxur kiloebs uwodeben,
radganac isini evropeli xalxis folkloridan arian

196
cnobili. arsebobs dasawyisidanve bluzi, eyrdnoba zanguri
xalxis musikis bgeraTrigs, romelSic gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba `Off-pitch~ (`sizustes acdenili~) tonebis
gansxvavebul nairsaxeobas e. w. `Blue Notes~ (naRvliani, an
bluzis bgerebi) eniWeba.
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda mcdari azri, rom
bluzis bgerebi mxolod diatonuri bgeraTrigis safexurebis
amaRleba an dadablebaa. sinamdvileSi ki bluzis tonebi –
damoukidebeli bgerebis, romlebsac temperirebul wyobaSi
ar gaaCniaT mkafiod fiqsirebuli simaRle, rogorc es
diatonur kiloSi xdeba, da amitomac maT `Off-pitch~
tonebi, anu sizustes aucilebeli bgerebi uwodes, radganac
bluzis bgerebi temperirebul wyobaze miCveuli adamianis
yurisaTvis marTlac rom `usufTaod~ JRers.
aRsaniSnavia, rom bluzSi monacvleobis sakmaod mdgradi,
Camoyalibebuli harmoniuli sistema gaaCnia. harmoniuli
svlebis mixedviT arCeven bluzis Semdeg saxeebs: arqauli,
klasikuri da Tanamedrove (anu modificirebuli).
bluz-rokis warmomadgenlebi ZiriTadad klasikuri
bluzis harmoniiT sargebloben misi JReradobis didi
`demokratiulobis~ gamo. ganvixiloT klasikuri bluzis
harmoniuli fuZe (akordebs davarqmevT im bgeris saxels,
romelzec es Tanxmovneba aigeba):
do – fa – do – do
fa – fa – do – do
sol – fa – do – do
rogorc vxedavT, klasikuri bluzis harmonia sakmaod
martivia, igi mxolod sam gansxvavebul akords Seicavs,
magram im akordebis mocemuli kombinaciisa da melodiaSi
gamoyenebuli bluzis kilos meSveobiT iqmneba ganumeorebeli
JReradoba.
bluzi aRmocenda rogorc sasimRero Janri. XX saukunis
40-iani wlebidan sakravier musikad iqca (Rhythm & Blues),
_ xolo 60-iani wlebidan mas axali ganStoeba SeeZina
rokis saxiT.
bluz-rokis warmomadgenlebma gamoiyenes bluzis

197
forma da harmonia, magram bluzmenebisa da ritm-end-
bluzis warmomadgenlebisgan gansxvavebiT gaamZafres ritmi,
romelic rokisTvis damaxasiaTebel damZimebul `Four Beat~-s
eyrdnoba, da melodiuri naxatis agebisas moswydnen bluzis
kilos. garda amisa sagrZnoblad gaizarda Semsruleblis
tempis siswrafec.
ganvixiloT bluz-rokis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi:
 musikaluri aspeqti – nawarmoebebis melodika da
SemsrulebelTa improvizireba faqtobriv `bluzis
bgerebs~ aRar Seicavs, maT nacvlad gamoiyeneba
`mimsgavsebuli~ amaRlebul-dadablebuli diatonuri
safexurebi; musikaluri forma Tumca samnawilianobas
inarCunebs, misi nawilebi TandaTanobiT kargaven bluzis
nawilebisTvis damaxasiaTebel `siTanabres~; harmonia
eyrdnoba klasikuri bluzis akordTa monacvelobas.
 Sinaarsobrivi aspeqti – bluzi, jer kidev ganviTarebis
sawyis etapze, yovelTvis Seicavda garkveul protests
radganac asaxavda zangi monebis mZime yofa-cxovrbas,
amitomac rokmenebisTvis farTo `saprotesto~ asparezs
warmoadgenda, romlis amplituda sakmaod masStaburi
iyo.
 JReradobis aspeqti – ritm-end-bluzis Camoyalibeba
bluzis eleqtrosakravebze SesrulebasTanaa
dakavSirebuli, amitomac SemsrulebelTa jgufebis
Semadgenloba iseTivea, rogorc rokis sxva stilebSi
– basgitara, 2 eleqtro-gitara, dasartyami sakravebi.
iSviaTad, magram emateba xolme eleqtro-klaviSiani
sakravebic, rac mniSvnelovania rokis sxva stilebis
CamoyalibebisTvis. bluz-rokis warmomadgenlebma bluzs
SesZines JReradobis meti simZlavre, eleqtro-gitaris
sxvadasxva efeqtebiT gamowveuli simZafre da ufro
energiuli, agresiuli vokalis manera. aRsaniSnavia,
rom bluz-rokis warmomadgenlebma daiwyes rokSi e. w.
`Bakc Vocal~-is gamoyeneba, riTac SemdgomSi araerTi
rok-stilis musikosi isargeblebs.
 vizualuri aspeqti – vizualuri mxare rokis am

198
 mimarTulebisTvis meorexasisxovania, radganac Tavad
musikis gamomsaxvelobis muxti imdenad didia, rom
raime gansakuTrebul vizuals ar iTxovs.
yvelaferi zemoT Tqmuli ZiriTadad exeba bluz-rokis
amerikul ganStoebas. rac Seexeba am mimarTulebis britanel
warmomadgenlebs, maT bluzis ZiriTadi monacemebis
Seswavlis Semdeg iwyes misi `gaerovnuleba~, ris Sedegadac
kacobriobam miiRo e. w. `British Blues~ (britanuli bluzi).
bitanuli bluzis Camoyalibebis procesi jgufebis `The
Rolling Stones~ da `The Beatles~ SemoqmedebaSi daiwyo.
momdevno ganviTarebis Sedegad miviReT bluzis uCveulo
forma, sadac SenarCunebulia mxolod amerikuli bluzis
musikaluri forma, xolo melodiko-harmoniuli fuZe wminda
britanulia. garda amisa, amerikul ganStoebasTan SedarebiT
nawarmoebebis tempi Senelebulia. faqtobriv, britaneTis
bluzma niadagi moumzada rokis iseT mniSvnelovan stilebs,
rogorebicaa fsiqodeliuri roki, hand-roki da sxva.
warmomadgenlebi: The Cream, John Mayall Bluesbreakers, Ten
Years After, The Steppenwolf, Rory Gallagher.

fsiqodeliuri roki
Psychedelic Rock

1960-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi didi britanTis rok-

musikosTa garkveuli jgufi sTavazobs sazogadoebas sxva
arsebuli stilebisgan Sinaarsobrivad da musikalurad
gansxvavebul movlenas, romelmac drois mokle periodSi
axalgazrdobis usazRvro mowoneba, xolo musikis
kritikosebis saocrad uaryofiTi Sefaseba gamoiwvia.
rok-musikis am mimdinareobas Tavdapirvelad kritikosebma
ironiulad uwodes `fsiqodeliuri roki~, xolo dRes am
saxelwodebaSi bevrad ufro meti devs, vidre mxolod
ironia.
did saidumlos ar warmoadgens is faqtri, rom
1960-iani wlebi kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriaSi
aRiniSneba, rogorc uamravi problemis Semcveli periodi,

199
rodesac axalgazrdoba eZebda nebismier TavSesafars
am problemebisgan, iqneboda es saprotesto mitingi Tu
myudro oTaxSi miRebuli gamabruebeli narkotikuli
nivTiereba, agresiuli, gamomwvevi qmedeba (`hipi~-moZraoba)
Tu alkoholis `CaxutebaSi~ napovni dadebiTi simSvide.
axalgazrdoba eZebda axsnas iq, sadac misi azriT es axsna
eguleboda.
cnobilia, rom musikiT gatacebuli adamianebi Zalzec
mgrZnobiareni arian da ufro mtkivneulad reagireben
sxvadasxva saxis kataklizmebze, vidre arasaxelovani
sazogadeoba. bunebrivia, rom rok-musikosebsac Seexo
alkoholiT da narkotikebiT gatacebis seni. cnobilia, rom
adamianis sulieri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare rogorc
narkotiki, ise alkoholi gansxvavebul gavlenas axdens
sxvadasxva pirovnebebze. zogi agresulia, zogi piriqiT,
daTrgunuli, zogs ulamazesi halucinacia ebadeba, zogi
ki SiSisgan gonebas kargavs. asea Tu ise, yvelaferi es
adamianis sulier diskomfortze metyvelebs, da ra Tqma
unda, mxolod zians ayenebs mis fsiqiur da fizikur
janmrTelobas. mravali rok-musikosi droulad mixvda amas
da usazRvro nebismyofis ZaliT saR cxvorebas daubrunda,
mravalma ki Tavi Seswira am mavneblobas. raoden cudi da
arasasiamovnoa es faqti, istorias ver SevcvliT da faqtebis
falsificirebas ver movaxdenT. miTumetes, rom rok-musikas
saerTod arasaxarbielo renome aqvs farTe sazogadoebaSi,
rac Zalian samwuxaroa vinaidan rok-musikis ZiriTadi arsi da
Sinaarsobrivi mizani – adamianis Tavisuflebaa moulodneli
da uCveulo JReradonis sawindari iyo. saimprovizacio
monakveTs, rogorc wesi eleqtro-gitara asrulebs, magram
zogjer klaviSiansac ekisreba, rac momgebianad ganasxvavebda
am stilis warmomadgenlebs sxva mimdinareobis jgufebisgan.
aRsaniSnavia, fsiqodeliur rokSi moRvawe momRerlisgan
gansakuTrebuli vokaluri monacemebi ar moiTxoveba,
radaganac kompoziciebis ganviTareba mdorea da teqsti
sakmaod martiv misamRers eyrdnoba, aq ufro fasobs xmis
tembri (feri), vidre simZlavre. fsiqodeliuri rokis

200
kompoziciebSi xSiria beq-vokalis gamoyeneba, romelsac
iyenebdnen rogorc damatebiT fers JReradobis sawindari
iyo saimprovizacio monakveTebs, rogorc wesi, eleqtro-
gitara asrulebs, magram zogjer klaviSiansac ekisreba, rac
momgebianad ganasxvavebda am stilis warmomadgenlebs sxva
mimdinareobebis jgufebisgan. aRsaniSnavia, rom fsiqodeliur
rokSi moRvawe momRerlebisgan gansakuTrebuli vokaluri
monacemebi ar moiTxoveba, radganac kompoziciebis ganviTareba
mdorea da teqsti sakmaod martiv minamRers eyrdnoba,
aq ufro fasobs xmis tembri (feri), vidre simZlavre.
fsiqodeliuri rokis kompoziciebSi xSiria beq-vokalis
gamoyeneba, romelsac iyenebdnen rogorc damatebiT fers
JReradobis gasamdidreblad.
 vizualuri aspeqti – Tavad fsiqodelia iZleva
udides biZgs vizualisken, fsiqodeliuri rokis
saukeTeso warmomadgenlebis sasceno gamosvlebi
WeSmariti sanaxaobaa. aRsaniSnavia, rom ganaTebis
sxvadasxva efeqtebis gamoyenebis meSveobiT musikosebi
kompoziciebis ZiriTadi ideebis msmenelamde miwodebis
umaRles dones aRweven. metwilad isini ganaTebis
ferebiT eqsperimentireben da SeiZleba iTqvas, scenaze
qmnian ferebis daxvewil simfonias.
amerikam aitaca britanelebis mier SemoTavazebuli
idea da 1960-iani wlebis miwuruls 1970-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi fsiqodeliuri rokis sakuTar versias sTavazoben
axalgazrdobas. britanelebisgan gansxvavebiT kompoziciebis
xangrZlivoba Semcirda, musikaluri ideebis ganviTareba
naklebad mdorea da ufro energiuli, Tumca eleqtro-
klaviSiani sakravebi aqvT gamoyenebuli, upiratesobas mainc
rokis tradiciul Semadgelobas aniWeben.
warmomadgenlebi:
didi britaneTi: Cannet Heat, Velvet Underground, Pink
Floyd (fsiqodeliuri rokis fuZemdebeli da msoflio donis
miuwvdomeli mwvervali)
aSS: Big Brothers & The Holding Company, Country Joe &
The Fish, Jefferson Airplaine, Grateful Dead, The Doors (amerikuli
fsiqodeliuri rokis `klasikosi~)
201
 hard-roki
Hard Rock

fsiqodeliuri rokis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis

paralelurad, 1960-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi did
britaneTSi Caisaxa da ganviTarda rok-musikis kidev
erTi, aranakleb mniSvnelovani stili, romelsac folk-
rokisa da bluz-rokis britanuli ganStoebebis miRwevebi
daedo safuZvlad da romelic sakmaod gansxvavdeboda
fsiqodeliuri rokis stilisturi monapovrebisgan.
rogorc Seefereba rok-musikas, am stilis
warmomadgenlebi yvela arsebuli problemis winaaRmdeg
protests gamoxatavdnen, magram maTi protestis saxe
gansxvavebuli iyo. ase, magaliTad, Tu ki rok-musikis sxva
stilebis Semsruleblebi faqtiurad faqtebis konstatacias
awarmoebdnen, ikavebdnen ra zedamxedvelis pozicias, am
stilis warmomadgenlebi msmenels aqtiuri qmedebisken
mouwodebdnen da sTavazobdnen movlenebSi uSualo
monawileobas, raTa realurad SeecvalaT samyaro, xSirad
am stilis mimdevrebs da Tayvanismcemlebs agresiulobaSi
adanaSaulebdnen, sinamdvileSi ki es ara agresiuloba,
aramed axalgazrdobis ganuzomeli energiis Sadrevani
Cqefda, Sadrevani, romlis wyaroc uaRresad humanuria.
ubralod is xerxebi, romlebsac am stilis Semsruleblebi
iyenebdnen, am periodis saSualo sazogadoebisTvis autanlad
`xmauriani~, gaugebari da amitomac miuRebeli iyo. XXI
saukunis poziciidan yvela is miTqma-moTqma, romelic maSin
am stilis irgvliv TareSobda sasacilod geCveneba, radganac
am stilSi moRvawe musikos-Semsruleblebi WeSmarit musikas
qmnidnen da maT mier Sesrulebuli araerTi kompozicia
dResac ar kargavs aqtualobas. am kompoziciebis mosmeniT
araerTi Taobaa aRzrdili, mravali maTgani dResac hitebad
iTvleba da ra aris xelovnebis nimuSebis Sefasebis yvelaze
seriozuli kritikosi, Tu ara dro, romlis gamocdac am
kompoziciebma bwyinvaled Caabares.
ra Tqma unda, nebismier wess gamonaklisi gaaCnia. am

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stilis warmomadgenlebs Soris, marTalia mcire raodenobiT,
magram iseTebic iyvnen, (ZiriTadad aSS-Si), romlebmac
realuri cxovrebis realur problemebs `satanistur~
sarCels udebdnen, riTac sazogadoebas am stilisadmi kidev
ufro uaryofiTad ganawyodbnen.
am stils Tavad misma Semsruleblebma `hard-roki~ (anu,
mZime roki) uwodes, rasac ganapirobebda damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebis mTeli rigi:
 musikaluri aspeqti – hard-rokis warmomadgenlebi
inarCunebdnen folk-rokisTvis damaxasiaTebel e. w.
`kupletur~ formas (ZiriTad minamReri-misamReri).
kompoziciebis sakmaod rTuli, didi energetikiT
damuxtuli melodiebi imdenad gamomsaxvelia, rom
advilad dasamaxsovrebelia. harmonia SedarebiT
martivia, radganac ZiriTadi aspeqti keTdeba melodiasa
da saimprovizacio monakveTebze, Tumca es improvizaciebi
sxva stilebTan SedarebiT ufro xanmoklea. rac Seexeba
hard-rokis `satanistur~ ganStoebas, misi musikaluri
mxare uaRresad primitiulia da kompoziciebi ZiriTadad
erTi da imave melodiur-harmoniuli elementebis
brunvazea agebuli.
 Sinaarsobrivi aspeqti – aRsaniSnavia, rom hard-rokis
kompoziciebis poeturi teqstebi musikis msgavsad
energiuli da mZafria, maTSi gamoxatuli protesti ara
pasiuri, aramed moqmedia, leqsebis wyoba lakonuri da
basria, nawarmoebis mTeli idea gadmocemulia mkveTri
ferebiT, yovelgvari naxevartonebis gareSe, teqstis
Sinaarsi moicavs movlenebis pirdapir, aravualirebul
miniSnebebs da amitom Zalzed gamomsxavelia.
`satanisturi~ ganStoebis poeturi teqstebi mistikur
Tematikazea agebuli da ZiriTadad msmenelis `SeSinebis~
mizans emsaxureba.
 JReradobis aspeqti – hard-rokis jgufis Semadgenloba
tradiciulia, xandaxan iyeneben eleqtro-klaviSian da
Casaber sakravebs. aRsaniSnavia dasartyami sakravebis
rolis gazrda, radgan rokis e. w. `damZimeba~ ZiriTadad

203
 dasartyami sakravebis mkveTri `Four Beat~ -is xarjze
xdeba. garda amisa, hard-rokSi dasartyami ara mxolod
Tanxlebaa, aramed solo-sakravia (kompoziciebSi xSirad
dasartyamze solo-improvizacia sruldeba). swored
am stilis miRwevad iTvleba rok-musikaSi dasartyami
sakravebis mniSvnelobis faqtiurad gaTanabreba eleqtro-
gitarasTan, rogorc wamyvan sakravTan. vokalistis roli
sagrZnoblad gazrdilia, radgan iTxovs mis aqtiur
monawileobas nawarmoebis energetikis gadmocemaSi,
amitomac momRerals ara mxolod teqnika, aramed sakmaod
Zlieri fizikuri momzadeba moeTxoveba. aRsaniSnavia,
rom miuxedavad aSkara `simZimisa~ hard-rokis ganTqmuli
vokalistebi faqtiurad ar iyeneben `xrinwebs~, maTi
xmebi ulamazesi tembriT gamoirCeva.
 vizualuri aspeqti – SeiZleba iTqvas, rom hard-
rokis warmomadgenlebi naklebad fiqrobdnen sasceno
warmodgenebze, radganac Tavad musikis energetika
imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom ar saWiroebda damatebiTi
gamomsaxvelobis xerxebis gamoyenebas. gamonakliss
am SemTxvevaSi `satanisturi~ ganStoebis mimdevrebi
warmoadgendnen, radganac musikisa da teqstebis
primituloba da erTferovneba ganapirobebda niRbebis,
grimis xmarebis, Teatralizebuli warmodgenebis
aucileblobas. amis mizani kvlavac msmenel-mayureblis
SeSineba iyo.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavad hard-rokis warmomadgenlebs
Soris iyo erTgvari stilisturi dayofa – erTi mxriv
jgufebi, romlebis Semoqmedebac demokratiul folks
eyrdnoboda, xolo meore mxriv daxvewil britanul
bliuzze dafuZnebuli Semoqmedebis jgufebi.
bunebrivia, rom hard-roks arc amerikam auara gverdi
da am mimarTulebas kidev ufro meti demokratiuloba
SesZina.
warmomadgenlebi: Led Zeppelin (stilis fuZemdebeli; jgufis
Semoqmedeba britanul bluzzea dafuZnebuli), Deep Purple
(stilis fuZemdebeli), Grund Fun Railroad, Jimmy Hendrix, Free,
Alice Cooper, Black Sabbath, Queen.
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 art-progresiv roki
Art-Progressive Rock

XX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis mijnaze rok-musika kidev

erTi seriozuli mimdinareobiT gamdidrda. am periodSi
rokSi mravali profesionali musikosi moRvaweobda,
adamianebi, romlebmac klasikuri musikaluri ganaTleba
miiRes da amitomac kargad icodnen musikis harmonia,
nawarmoebis agebis struqturebi da formebi, gaaCndaT Rrmad
ganviTarebuli saSemsruleblo teqnika. faqtobrivswored
am droisTvis rok-musika profesiul liandagebze dgeba.
drodadro e. w. „araklasikuri~ musiklauri xelovnebis
warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen daeaxlovebinaT klasikuri
musikisa da sxva mimdinareobebis monapovrebi. ase,
magaliTad 1950-ian wlebSi jazmen–musikosebma gadawyvites
jazisa da klasikis gaerTianeba da am mcdelobas „mesame
mimdinareoba (Third Stream) Searqves. mesame imitom, rom
maTi azriT pirveli gaxldaT klasikuri musika, meore
– jazi, xolo maTi sinTezi – mesame mimdinareoba. am
eqsperimentis msvlelobisas didi simfoniuri orkestri
jaz-kvartetTan erTad asrulebda sxvadasxva kompozicias,
sadac musikalurad iyo Serwymuli rogorc klasikuri
musikis, ise jazis elementebi.
klasikisa da rokis SeerTebis mcdeloba rok-musikosebsac
hqondaT da amaSi, bunebrivia kvlavac britanelebs ekuTvniT
pirveloba. jazmenebisgan gansxvavebiT, rokis warmomadgenlebi
axdendnen didi kompozitor-klasikosebis sayovelTaod
cnobili nawarmoebebis citirebas, magram uCveulo rokis
elementebiT gaferadebul stilSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
am axali stilis Semsrulebeli rok-musikosebi Zalzec
frTxilad epyrobodnen msoflio kulturul memkvidreobas
da arc erT bgeras ar cvlidnen nawarmoebis melodiasa
Tu harmoniaSi. vrcel saimprovizaacio monakveTebs ki
gansxvavebul masalaze agebdnen, romelic amavsdroulad
organulad exmaureboda klasikuri nawarmoebis mTavar
ideas.

205
 droTa ganmavlobaSi am stilis mimdevrebi sxvadasxva
mizezebis gamo uars amboben klasikuri musikis margalitebis
gamoyenebaze, qmnian sakuTar kompoziciebs, magram am
stilisTvis damaxasiaTebel TiTqmis yvela Tvisebas
inarCuneben.
am stils mravali saxelwodebiT amkobdnen, sabolood
Camoyalibda is saxelwodeba, romliTac es stili dResaa
cnobili da romelic, albaT, yvelaze kargad gadmoscems
mis sirTules da mravalferovnebas – art-progres-roki.
art-progres-roki, iyenebs ra sxva stilebis miRwevebs,
gamoirCeva sakmaod gansxvavebuli TvisebebiT:
• musikaluri aspeqti – am stilSi klasikuri musikis
saukeTeso qmnilebebis gamoyeneba, bunebrivia ganapirobebs
rogorc melodiur, ise harmoniul simdidres da
sirTules. sainteresoa aseve kompoziciebis forma da
misi agebis principebi. msgavsad fsiqodeliuri rokis
kompoziciebisa, art-progres-rokis nawarmoebebic
sakmaod xangrZlivia da rTuli, xSirad isini ramdenime
kontrastul monakveTs Seicaven, romlebic amavdroulad
mTavar ideas gadmoscemen. kompoziciis dasawyisi
yovelTvis klasikuri musikis magaliTia, romlis nawilebi
SesaZloa saimprovizacio monakveTebSic iCinon Tavi.
xSirad kompoziciis daboloebac klasikuri magaliTis
elementebs Seicavs. yvelaferi es didi ostatobiTaa
aranJirebuli, rac art-profresiv-rokis kompoziciebs
daxvewil saxes aniWebs. momdevno ganviTarebis Sedegad
rodesac musikosebi aRar iyeneben klasikuri musikis
memkvidreobas, melodiisa da harmoniis sirTule,
musikaluri formis Sekruloba da teqnikuri ostatoba
SenarCunebulia. art-progresiv-rokis kompoziciebis
Temebis melodiuri naxati naklebad mReradia, Znelad
dasamaxsovrebeli, magram usazRvrod daxvewili da
momxiblavi.
• Sinaarsobrivi aspeqti – garegnulad am stilis
kompoziciebSi protesti TiTqos da ar Cans, magram Tu
ufro Rrmad gamovikvlevT mis arss, davinaxavT, rom

206
 am SemTxvevaSi protesti mkafio da Riaa. im periodSi,
rodesac art-progresiv-roki yalibdeboda, msoflios
musikis kritikosebi sazogadoebas Tavs axvevdnen azrs, rom
pop-musika, jazi, roki – meorexasirsxovani xelovnebaa,
xolo masSi moRvawe musikosebi – bedukuRmarTi
uqnarebi, rok-musikosebma es mcdari cneba faqtiurad
daamarcxes, radganac Tavisi xelovnebiT daamtkices, rom
ganaTlebuli rokmeni klasikasac SesaniSnavad flobs, da
rokSic mis damuSavebasac axerxebs, xolo klasikosi-
Semsrulebeli mxolod Tavis naWuWSi Caketilia.
droTa ganmavlobaSi, rodesac rok-musikam saTanado
adgili daimkvirda msoflio musikalur kulturaSi, es
protesti, bunebrivia, TavisTavad „ganelda~.
• JReradobis aspeqti – Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze
art-progresiv-rokis jgufSi wina planze eleqtro-
klavisiani sakravi gamodis. es bunebrivicaa, radganac
klasikuri qmnilebebis umravlesoba an Seqmnilia, an
gadamuSavebulia fortepianosTvis. garda amisa, im
periodisaTvis arsebuli sxvadasxvagvari efeqtebis
gamoyenebiT, ramdenime sakravze erTdrouli dakvriT
Semsrulebeli did STabeWdilebas axdenda msmenelze.
bas-gitara da dasartyami sakravebi kompoziciis saerTo
musikaluri faqtiuris ukiduresad aqtiuri monawileni
arian. aRsaniSnavia, rom am stilis kompoziciebSi
vokaluri partia faqtiurad damxmare elementia,
radgaanc musika Sinaarsobrivad sakravieria da
teqnikurad Zalzec datvirTuli, xolo vokali CarTulia
saimprovizacio procesebSi. mogvianebiT jgufebis
Semadgenloba tradiciuls miuaxlovda, wina planze
kvlavac eleqtro-gitara wamoiwia, ZiriTadi aqcenti ki
tembraluri efeqtebis gamoyenebazea gakeTebuli.
• vizualuri aspeqti – msgavsad fsiqodeliuri rokisa,
art-progresiv-rokis warmomadgenlebi aqtiurad iyeneben
ganaTebis mravalsferovan efeqtebs da, garda amisa,
sakmaod eqscentriulad iqcevian scenaze, seriozuli
klasikosebis seriozuli qcevis sawinaaRmdegod.

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 art-progresiv-roki amerikaSic gavrcelda, mravali
metamorfoza ganicada, magrma dResac rCeba elitarul
stilad rok-musikis erT-erT saocrebad.
warmomadgenlebi: Emmerson, Lake&Parlmer (stilis
fuZemdebeli), King Crimson, Jethro Tull, Yes, Genesis.

pank-roki
Punk Rock

saukunis 70-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi sazogadoebaSi

ukve sxva tipis problemebi Cndeba, gansakuTrebiT es exeba
didi britaneTis saxelwifoebriv konservatiul azrovnebas.
sazogadoebis gayofa fenebad, fenebs Soris uxilavi
konfliqti, adamianebis ufro maRal fenebSi moxvedrisken
swrafva, „mamebisa da Svilebis~ mudmivi konfilqti,
mSoblebis samsaxurSi dakavebuloba da mozardebis
simartove – yvelaferi es iwvevda axalgazrdobis „amboxs~,
radganac axalgazrda pirovneba, gansakuTrebiT Camoyalibebis
procesSi myofi mozardi, zrdasrulobisgan gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas iTxovs. aSS-Sic msgavs problemebs hqonda
adgili, magram amerikeli xalxis yvelaze didi tragedia –
rac SeiZleba meti fulis Sovnis gasaocari survili iyo
da aris dResac, radganac amerikis sazogadoeba yvelafers
sazRvravs fulis raodenobiT da ara sulieri da pirovnuli
kriteriumebiT.
aRniSnul periodSi rok-musikis ganviTarebaSi ukve
arsebul mimdinareobebTan paralelurad Cdeba da viTardeba
axali stili, romelic mozardebis protests sazogadoebrivi
gulgrilobis winaaRmdeg asaxavs da didi TavaSvebulobiT
gamoirCeoda. sagulisxmoa rok-musikis am stilis
saxelwodebac „pank-roki~, romelic inglisuri „slengis~
mixedviT „cudi biWebis~ Semoqmedebas gansazRvravda (punk _
ingl. slengiT cudi yofaqcevis, Tavze xelaRebuli biWi).
pank-rokis mimdevarTa asakic saTanadoa, mozardebi kvlav
cdiloben ufrosi Taobis yuradRebis mipyrobas, amJamad
rok-musikis meSveobiT.

208
 miuxedavad aSkara primitiulobisa, am stilma sakmaod
farTo aRiareba hpova msoflioSi da droTa ganmavlobaSi
sxvadasxva modificireba ganicada:
• musikaluri aspeqti – melodia uaRresad primitiuli,
naklebad gamomsaxveli, faqtiurad ramdenime bgeraze
agebuli minamReris mudvimi gameoreba. pank-rokis
kompoziciebi ZiriTadad moklebulia harmoniul
brunvebs, radganac igi akordebis minimalur raodenobazea
agebuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pank-rokis SemTxvevaSi
musika damxmare elementia, gamomsaxvelobis sxva
xerxebTan SedarebiT. stilis momdevno ganviTarebis
Sedegad, rodesac pank-rokis kompoziciebis tempi
Senelda, melodiuri mxare met-naklebad gamdidrda, igi
ufro mReradi, liriul–sasowarkveTili gaxda, xolo
harmonia mainc Raribia.
• Sinaarsobrivi aspeqti – pank-rokis kompoziciebis
umravlesoba teqstis reCitatiuli gadmocemaa, leqsis
musikaluri gaformebaa.
• JReradobis aspeqti – am stilSi moRvawe jgufebis
Semadgenloba tradiciulia – 2 eleqtro-gitara, bas-
gitara da dasartyami sakravebi, sadac eleqtro-gitaras
wamyvani roli ekisreba. Tavad musikis xasiaTidan
gamomdinare, pank-roks menebi met yuradRebas JReradobis
simZlavres aqceven, vidre Sesrulebis teqnikas. droTa
ganmavlobaSi Tanxlebis JReradoba ufro ixveweba, Tavs
iCens sxvadasxva efeqtis gamoyeneba, aseve klaviSiani
sakravebi emateba ZiriTad Semadgenlobas, xolo gitaris
frazireba ufro sazriani xdeba. vokalistis sasimRero
manera, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebis sawyis etapze, ar
jdeba aranair CarCoebSi, radganac arc tembri da arc
vokaluri teqnikiT ar gamoirCeva. vokali pank-rokSi –
quCis sasaubro maneraa. momdevno ganviTarebis procesSi
vokali ufro „mowesrigebuli~ xdeba, masSi metia
sasimRero elementi, vidre quCis saubari.
• vizu
vizualuri
luri aspeqti – aRmocenebisTanave pank-rokis
Semsruleblebi yuradRebas ipyroben eqstravaganturi,

209
 xSirad gamomwvevi sasceno saqcieliT. maTi Cacmulobac,
Tmis Seferilobac da varcxnilobac (sxvadasxva
moulodneli ferebis Tma, xandaxan mravalferovani Tma e.
w. „irokezebi~-s varcxniloba pankebis mieraa SemoRebuli
da a.S.), qcevis da simReris manerac – sazogadoebisTvis
gamaRizianebelia, da amitomac yuradRebis centrSi
mosaqcevia, rac faqtiurad pank-rokerebis mizans
warmoadgens. gaakeTe is, rac sazogadoebisTvis
miuRebelia, moiqeci ise, rogorc saSualo moqalaqe
ar iqceva, nebismieri xerxiT daimsaxure farTe masebis
yuradReba – es pankebis kredoa. droTa ganmavlobaSi,
rodesac am stilis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli protesti
met-naklebad ganelda, rodesac video-xelovneba
ganviTarda, pank-rokis eqstravaganturobam video-
klipebis sferoSi gadainacvla. Tu ki gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom musikis TvalsazrisiTac stilma sagrZnobi cvlileba
ganicada ukeTesobisken, vizualuri mxare Zalze maRal
doneze avida, radganac zogierTi video-klipi, art-
video xelovnebis WeSmariti Sedevria.

warmomadgenlebi: The Sex Pistols; The Ramones; The Big

Ball; The Great White Idiots; The Clash; Patti Smith; Nirvana; The
Radiohead.

post-progresivi (alternatiuli) roki, prog-roki

Post-Progressive (Alternative) Rock; Prog-Rock

1970-iani wlebis miwuruls da 1980-iani wlebis

pirvel naxevarSi rok-musikis ganviTarebis istoriaskidev
erTi mimdinareoba Seemata. igi am periodisaTvis ukve
arsebuli progresiv-rokis gonivruli gagrZelebaa da
amitom mas post-progresiv rokis saxeli daerqva (xandaxan
am mimdinareobas alternatiul roksac uwodeben, raTa xazi
gausvan mis arastandartul saxes).
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT post-progresiv rokis
araordinaluroba, saWiroa yuradReba gavamaxviloT

210
musiklauri xelovnebis iseT mniSvnelovan elementze,
rogoricaa nawarmoebis aranJireba. musikaluri nawarmoebis
aranJireba ZiriTadad gansazRvravs kompoziciis mTavari ideis
gadmocemis efeqturobas da musikis msmenelze zemoqmedebis
simZlavres. vinaidan aranJirebis arsi mdgomareobs sakravieri
ansamblis Semadgeblobis, nawarmoebis formis, solirebuli
sakravebis dadgenaSi, nawarmoebis Sesavlisa da daboloebis
gadawyvetaSi da rac mTavaria, swored aranJirebis avtori
sazRvravs Tu romeli sakravi ras daukravs, vokalisti
ras imRerebs da a.S. aranJireba SeiZleba reJisuras
SevadaroT, im TvalsazrisiT, rom aranJirebis meSveobiT
musikaSi yvelaferi „dadgmulia~, anu kompozicia Sedgeba
winaswar gamowerili musikaluri partiebisgan sadac
TiToeuli bgera, tembri Tu efeqti winaswar gaTvlilia.
post-progresiv rokis kompoziciebi saocari SekrulobiT
da araordinalurobiT gamoirCevian aranJirebis maRali
donis xarjze. aranJirebis, anu musikaluri „speqtaklis~
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementia e. w. rifi – garkveuli
musikaluri brunva, romelic garkveuli periodulobiT
meordeba da aqtiurad monawileobs kompoziciis faqturis
SeqmnaSi. musikaSi arsebobs rifis ramdenime saxe: melodiuri
rifi (garkveuli musikaluri frazis gameoreba), harmoniuli
rifi (akordebis garkveuli brunvis gameoreba) da ritmuli
rifi (garkveuli ritmuli naxatis gameoreba). post-
progresiv rokis kompoziciebis aranJirebaSi rifebis yvela
aRniSnuli saxe aqtiurad gamoiyeneba.
sainteresoa, rom post–progresiv rokis warmomadgenlebi
uars amboben improvizaciaze, rogorc kompoziciis
Semadgenel nawilze da faqtiurad gadadian pop-musikisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sasimRero formis gamoyenebaze.
• musikaluri aspeqti – msgavsad gviani progresiv-
rokisa post-progresiv rokis melodika uCveulo
da mravalferovania, sakmaod rTulia aRsaqmelad
da dasamaxsovreblad, Tumca amis kompensireba xdeba
kupleturi formis xarjze, rac am kompoziciebs
met demokratiulobas aniWebs, rac Seexeba harmonias,

211
 miuxedavad amisa, rom brunvebSi monawile akordebis
raodenoba arc Tu ise didia, samagierod Tavad
akordebi arastandartuli agebulebisaa, rac harmonias
originalurobas aniWebs.
• Sinaarsobrivi aspeqti – Sinaarsobrivi speqtri post-
progresiv rokis qmnilebebSi sakmaod farToa, magram
poetur teqstebs ar axasiaTebs rokisTvis Cveuli
agresiuli energetika. poziciis gamoxatva xdeba ufro
rbilad da vualirebulad da protests faqtobrivar
asaxavs, rac XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis saerTo
tendencias warmoadgens.
• JReradobis aspeqti – ansamblSi Semavali sakravebis
mravalferovnebidan gamomdinare post-progresiv rokis
kompoziciebi JReradobis udidesi mravalferovnebiT
gamoirCevian, aRsaniSnavia, rom rokis tradiciul
sakravebTan erTad post-progresiv rokis Semsruleblebi
uamrav sxva sakravsac iyeneben (klaviSianebis nakrebidan
Casaberi, xalxuri da uCveulo eleqtronuli sakravebis
CaTvliT). vokali tembralurad tbili da daxvewilia,
momRerlisaTvis sakmaod didi teqnikuri momzadebaa
saWiro, radganac melodiurad maTi partia urTulesia.
xSirad iyeneben beq-vokals, xandaxan faqturiT.
• vizualuri aspeqti – gansakuTrebul vizualur
efeqtebs post-progresiv rokis warmomadgenlebi ar
iyeneben, radganac kompoziciebi musikalurad sakmaod
gadatvirTulia, video-klibebSi prevalirebs „art~ –
mimarTuleba.
1990-iani wlebis miwuruls 2000-ian wlebSi post-
progresiv rokma modificireba ganicada da organulad
gadaizarda e. w. prog-rokSi (xSirad msmenels es ori
mimdinareoba ereva erTmaneTSi da „post-progresivs~
uwodebs an „progs~, es Secdomaa, miuxedavad aSkara
monaTesave Tvisebebisa, prog-roki mainc gansxavadeba misi
winamorbedi mimdinareobisgan Tvisebebis mTeli rigiT).
aRsaniSnavia, rom es periodi sayovelTao
„kompiuterizaciis~ niSniTaa cnobili. virtualurma samyarom

212
nel-nela daimona kacobrioba – virtualuri urTierTobebi,
virtualuri siyvaruli, virtualuri wignebi, virtualuri
buneba, virtualuri omebi, qalaqebi da saboloo jamSi –
virtualuri suliereba. aseT garemocvis Tavze Semoxveva
azianebs adamianis fsiqikas, angrevs mis sulier samyaros,
arTmevs mas Tanamedroveobis aRqmis, arCevanis Tavisuflebas,
grZnobebis gamoxatvis kuTvnil uflebas, rac adre Tu
gvian Sinagan protests iwvevs. swored am protests
gamoTqvamen miuwodeben da am ideis gamosaxatavad iyeneben
yvela winamorbedi mimdinareobis miRwevebs.
warmomadgenlebi:
post-progresiv roki: The Smiths; Marillion; The Cure; Level 42
prog-roki: The Magneta; The Tagent; The Porcupine Tree.

hard-end hevi roki; hevi metal roki

Hard & Heavy Rock; Heavy Metal Rock

es orive mimdinareoba 1980-iani wlebis miwuruls – 1990-

iani wlebis dasawyisSi hard-rokis saukeTeso tradiciebze
aRmocenda, Tumca maT Soris garkveuli sxvaoba arsebobs.
saerTo tendencia, romelic orive mimdinareobas aerTianebs
– sxvadasxva eleqtronuli efeqtebis xarjze saerTo
JReradobis kidev ufro damZimeba da saundis simZlavris
gazrdaa, rac Tavad am mimdinareobebis saxelwodebaSicaa
asaxuli:
• musikaluri aspeqti – hard-rokisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
gamokveTili melodika, rTuli, magram mainc uaRresad
demokratiuli, sakmaod martivi, magram gamomsxaveli
harmonia orive mimarTulebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
gansxvaveba maT Soris imaSia, rom hard end hevi rokis
kompoziciebis wyaro – britanuli bluzia, miTumetes,
rom am stilSi xSirad vxvdebiT jgufis „Led Zeppelin~
saukeTeso tradiciebis dacviT Sesrulebul rok-
baladebs, xolo hevi metalis – garkveulwilad folki,
romelmac dakarga Cveuli da nawilobriv primitivizmSi
gadaizarda. aRsaniSnavia, rom orive stils axasiaTebs

213
 kompoziciebis kupleturi formiT ageba da eleqtro-
gitaris saimprovizacio solo-monakveTebis xazgasma.
• Sinaarsobrivi aspeqti – ZiriTadad yvela kompoziciebi
agebulia poetur teqstebze, romlebis Tematika
adamianebs Soris urTierTobosida da maTi grZnobebis
mravalferovan speqtrs Seicavs, Tumca Tavs iCens
mistikuri teqstebic, gansakuTrebiT e. w. „satanisturi~
ganStoebis mimdevrebTan.
• JReradobis aspeqti – jgufebis Semadgenloba
tradiciulia, saerTo JReradoba gaZlierebuli da
damZimebulia dasartyami sakravebis danadgarebis
gamdidrebis da eleqtro-sakravebis efeqtebis uzarmazari
raodenobis xarjze. vokalisgan, iseve rogorc hard-
rokSi, diid gamZleoba, teqnika da Zlieri monacemebi
moeTxoveba.
• vizualuri aspeqti – jgufebis koncertebi, hard-
rokis warmodgenebTan SedarebiT saukeTeso ganaTebiTaa
gaformebuli, rac musikis aRqmas exmareba. garda
amisa, video-xelovnebis ganviTarebis xarjze
klipebis Sinaarsobrivi da vizualuri xarisxi metad
gazrdilia.
rogorc analizidan Cans, musikalur-Sinaarsobrivi
TvalsazrisiT rok-musikis am stilebs axali
araferi SemouTavazebia. ZiriTadi aqcenti JReradobis
mravalferovnebis gaZlierebaze da vizualuri gaformebis
originalobaze keTdeba.

warmomadgelebi:
hard end hevi roki: The Kiss; The Rainbow; Ozzy Osborne: The
Whitesnake; Van Hallen; Aerosmith; Def Leppard; Scorpions.
hevi metal roki : Samson; Saxon; Venom; Diamond Head; Angel
Witch; Accept; Judas Priest; Motley Crue; Iron Maden; Motorhead;
Metallica ; Gun’s N Rose;

214
 axali talRis roki
New Wave Rock

1980-ian wlebSi msoflio musikaluri kulturis erT-erTi

mZlavri mimdinareobis – pop-musikis – sxva mimdinareobebze
Zlieri zegavlena igrZnoba. sworedam periodSi iwyeba pop-
musikis, jazis da rokis urTierTasimilaciis da gamdidrebis
procesi, rac gardauvali iyo. radganac es samive mimdinareoba
ufro da ufro uaxlovdeboda erTmaneTs.
1980–iani wlebis miwuruls sxvadasxva rok-musikosebma,
pop-musikis da jazis miRwevebis gamoyenebiT, Seqmnes rok-
musikis axali mimarTuleba, romelsac axali talRis
roki (New Wave Rock) uwodes. es mimarTuleba marTlac
rom axali, rokisTvis sakmaod uCveulo iyo, radganac
yovelgvar protests moklebulia da garkveul wilad
lirizmiTaa ganmsWvaluli. garda amisa, axali talRis
rokis musikis sacekvao xasiaTis simRerebTan aaxlovebs.
mTlianobaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom axali talRis roki
aRmocenda post-progresi: rokis, pop-musikis da jazis
miRwevebis safuZvelze.
• musikaluri aspeqti – melodia sakmaod rTuli,
Tumca kompoziciebis ageba kupleturi formiT xdeba.
harmonia SedarebiT martivi, magram msgavsad post-progresiv
rokisa, uCveulo akordebisgan Sedgeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom
axali talRis rokis kompoziciebis nawili aigeba romelime
melodiuri minamReris gameorebaze sxvadasxva harmoniuli
sxeulebis fonze, riTac mravalferovnebis efeqts aRweven.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, kompoziciebSi farTod gamoiyeneba
sxvadasxvagvari rifebi.
• Sinaarsobrivi aspeqti – kompoziciebis Tematika
ZiriTadad adamianis grZnobebTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram
moqmedeba mdored viTardeba da protests ar Seicavs.
• JReradobis aspeqti – JReradobaSic axali talRis
rokis kompoziciebi msgavsia post-progresiv rokis, sadac
aranJirebas da sakravebis tembralur Serwymas eTmoba
udidesi adgili. pop-musikidan SemoRebulia TanxlebaSi

215
simebiani sakravebis gamoyeneba. vokali sakmaod rbili,
teqnikurad Zlieri, iSviaTad rokisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
„xrinwebiT~.
• vizualuri aspeqti – vizualuri mxare aranaklebad
mniSvnelovania am stilis SemsruleblebisTvis. sasceno
warmodgenebi formdeba ganaTebis yvelanairi efeqtebiT. rac
Seexeba video-klipebs, aq sruli stilisturi Tavisuflebaa,
magram ufro xSirad aqcenti musikis rifebis da ZiriTadi
faqturis vizualur-kadrobriv xazgasmazea gakeTebuli.
sainteresoa, rom axali talRis rokis Camoyalibebamde
rok-musika mamakacebis prerogativas warmoadgenda,
mxolod prog-rokis mimdevar Tanamedrove jgufebSi
Cndebian vokalisti qalbatonebi, axali talRis rokSi
qalbatonebi ufro Tamamad ikaveben vokalist-lideris
poziciebs, rac uTuod pop-musikis zegavlenad gvevlineba.
rokSi axali talRa SemoiWra, romelic miuxedavad
sxvadasxva mimdinareobis zegavlenisa, mainc rokad rCeba,
ris safuZvelsac mdgradi „Four Beat~-i da kompoziciebis
Sinaarsobriv-musikaluri siRrme iZleva.
warmomadgenlebi: Talk Taqlk; Ultravox; The Pretenders;
Blondie; The Police; Duran Duran; Eurythmics; Simple Minds; U2.

Tres metal roki; hevi hip-hop roki

Trash Metal Rock; Heavy Hip-Hop Rock

TreS metal roki faqtobriv hevi metal rokis

mimdinareobis ufro Tanamedrove gagrZelebaa, gansxvaveba
am stilebs Soris kidev ufro meti primitivizmisken
gadasvlaSi mdgomareobs. faqtiurad Sefasebis yvela is
aspeqti, romliTac hevi metal roki ganviTarebiT esadageba
TreS metal roks, Tuki yvelafers garda vizualuri
efeqtebisa da dasartyami danadgaris kidev ufro metad
damZimebisa, met simartives da primitiulobas davumatebT.
rogor ukve aRiniSna, 1990-iani wlebidan iwyeba (da
dResac grZeldeba) musikis sxvadasxva mimdinareobis
erTgvari asimilacia. aqedan gamomdinare gasakviri araa

216
hard end hevi rokis da hip-hop subkulturebis gaerTianeba,
ramac rok-musikis sakmaod originaluri stilis warmoSoba
ganapiroba – hevi hip-hop roki. hip-hoperebis Sesrulebis
uCveulo, aJRerebuli hard end hevi rokis Tanxlebis fonze
didi gamomsaxvelobiT gamoirCeva da am stilma Zalian
male sakuTari adgili daimkvidra rogorc rok-musikis, ise
msoflio gasarTobi xelovnebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom hevi hip-hop stils gaaCnia, rogorc hard
end hevis, ise hip-hopis yvela damaxasiaTebeli musikalur-
vizualuri atributika.
warmomadgenlebi:
TreS metal roki – Overkill; Slayer: AC\DC; Megandeth
hevi hip-hop roki – Limp Bizkits; Rage Against The Machine
(RATM); Corn

alternatiuli hevi roki; post-pank roki

Alternative Heavy Rock; Post-Punk Rock

2000–ian wlebSi musikis stilebs Soris sazRvrebi

imdenad irRveva, rom dRes e. w. gasarTob-musikalur
mimdinareobebs metwilad „msoflio musikas~ (World
Music) uwodeben. sxvadasxvagvari musikaluri is gamoyeneba
kompoziciebis Seqmnisas gansakuTrebiT saimprovizacio
monakveTebSi – erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementia, romliTac
jazma da msoflios folklorma musikis sxva mimdinareobebi
gaamdidra. aseTi saxis musikas xSirad modalurs uwodeben
(inglisurad kilo – Mode, xolo kiloebrivi musika –
Modal Music)
rok-musikosebi aqamde ZiriTadad tradiciul maJor-
minoris kiloebriv sistemaSi qmnidnen kompoziciebs.
xandaxan amdidrebdnen musikalur faqtiurad bluzis kilos
gamoyenebiT. xolo 2000-iani wlebidan modaluri musikis
elementebi Tavs iCenen rokSic, gansakuTrebul da Zalze
TviTmyofad stilSi, romelsac alternatiuli hevi roki
(Alternative Heavy Rock) ewodeba. rogorc saxelwodebidan
Cans, am stils safuZvlad hard end hevi roki udevs, yvela

217
misi miRwevis gamoyenebiT, magram modaluri elementebiT
gaferadebuli. garda amisa, alternatiul hevi rokSi
vokalistis rolia gazrdili imdenad, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi
mas improvizaciis Sesrulebac ki ekisreba.
post-pank roki yvela im tradicias agrZelebs, romelic
Camoyalibda pank-rokis stilSi, magram Tanamedrove stilebis
asimilaciis Sedegac odnav scdeba adrindel primitivizms.
post-pank roki asakobrivad kvlavac sxva danarCen stilebTan
SedarebiT „mozardia~, kvlavac gamaRizianeblad xmauriani
da gamomwvevia, kvlavac axalgazrda pirovneba Taviseburad
ufrosi Taobis yuradRebas. magram XXI saukunis pirvel
aTwleulSi am protests am „miuRebel~ saqciels, am
moTxovnebs musikaluri TvalsazrisiT Cveuli simZlavre
moaklda, kompoziciebis tempic SedarebiT Senelda.
warmomadgenlebi:
alternatiuli hevi roki: Stone Temple Pilot; Pearl Jam; Faith
No More; Living Colour.
post-pank roki: The Hives; Editors; Interpol; UK Subs.

Tanamedrove roki
Contemporary Rock

rok-musikis zemoT xsenebuli stilebidan dRes

SedarebiT gamokveTilad inarCunebs ZiriTad Tvisebebs hevi
metal roki. am stilSi mravalma axalma jgufma iCina
Tavi, romlebmac am stilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela
gamomsaxveli Tviseba SeinarCuna da garda amisa, gaamdidra
igi modaruli musikis elementebisTvis.
aseve agrZelebs arsebobas pank-rokis da post-pank rokis
gamgrZelebeli stili, romelma Tanamedrove pop-musikis
erT-erTi mimdinareoba, kerZod ki e.w. densi (Dance Music)
SeiTvisa da Cveuli melodiur-harmoniuli privitizmi
repis miRwevebiT gaamdidra. am stils amJamad dens-pank
roki (Dance-Punk Rock) ewodeba.
aseve aRsaniSnavia rokis wminda Tanamedrove gamovlineba
– e. w. eleqtronuli roki (Electronic Rock), romelsac

218
safuZvlad post-progresiv roki daedo, magram kompiuteruli
efeqtebiT gamdidrebulia stilis rogorc musikaluri, ise
vizualuri mxare.
saerTod SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes rok-musikis sferoSi
sruli Tavisufleba sufevs, yvela arsebuli stili
mimdevari jgufebi moRvaweoben, zogi msoflio SemoqmedebiT
standartebs akmayofilebs, zogi maTganis Sesrulebis
done am standartebs ver akmayofilebs. msmenelma TviTon
unda gaakeTos arCevani Tu ras mousminos, miTumetes, rom
dRes stilebTa Tu Semsrulebelebis arCevani Zalzed
mravalferovania.
warmomadgenlebi:
Tanamedrove hevi metal roki – Suicidal Tendencies; Dirty
ImbeCiles (D.R.I); Shadows Fall; The Darkness; Manowar;
Stormtroopers of Death (S.O.D)
dens-pank roki – The Liars; The Rapture; The Killers
eleqtronuli roki – The Prodigy; Pendulum; Nine Inch Nails;
Ratatat

219
 saTeatro xelovneba

nino lipartiani

postmodernistuli Teatraluri xelovnebis

zogierTi sakiTxi

postmodernizmis patriarqad umberto ekos moiazreben.

pirvelad, xelovnebis postmodernistuli gaazreba
SemogTavaza. naSromis mTavari Tema iyo: rogor reagirebs
xelovneba XX saukunis cvlilebebsa da Tanamedrove
cxovrebis Taviseburebebze. saubaria ara brma da
damRupvel qaosze, aramed `nayofier areulobaze», romlis
pozitiuroba Tanamedrove kulturam gamoavlina.1
umberto ekos azriT, imisaTvis, rom nawarmoebi
iyos Tanamedrove, aucilebelia gaxsnili iyos Tavisi
damokidebulebiT samyaros mimarT. xelovneba aRar aris
SezRuduli. Tavisufali xelovnebis nimuSi mkiTxvels
da mayurebels aZlevs srul Tavisuflebas Seiqmnas
samyaros Tavisi modeli. Tanamedrove xelovneba SeiZleba
CaiTvalos progresulad, radgan cdilobs daixsnas Tavi
fsiqologiuri da kulturuli Cvevebis CarCoebidan.2
xelovneba cdilobs mayurebels samyaros Sesaxeb axali
warmodgena Camouyalibos. daamsxvrios azrovnebis
stereotipebi da xeli Seuwyos individis gamovlenas. am
kuTxiT, Tanamedrove xelovneba adamianis SesaZleblobebisa
da TviTgamovlenis aRmzrdeladac gvevlineba.
umberto eko aRniSnavs, rom teqsti mravali
mniSvnelobis matarebelia, magram aqedan arc erTi maTgani
ar SeiZleba iyos dominanturi. teqsti mxolod saSualebas
aZlevs mkiTxvels, TviTon moaxdinos misi aqtualizacia,
romelic damokidebulia mkiTxvelis interpretaciul

1
umberto eko. Tanamedrove esTetikisganviTarebis
problemebi,Targmanebis da referatebis krebuli, 1976 gv. 22.
2
iqve. gv. 23.

220
strategiaze.1 es ideebi ekom warmogvidgina romanSi
`vardis saxeli~, romelic postmodernistuli romanis
klasikuri magaliTi gaxda.
avtorebi wignisa `anti-oidiposi~ J.delezi da f.gvatari
ganixilaven xelovnebis apoTeozs, rogorc libidos
energiis wvas. xelovneba xelovnebisTvis – amaSi xedaven
isini umaRles formas. isini gvTavazoben fsiqoanalizisagan
gansxvavebuli kvlevis axal meTods – Sizoanalizs.
gansakuTrebul aqcents delezi Teatralur xelovnebaze
akeTebs. italiel dramaturgTan, reJisorTan da msaxiobTan
karmelobenesTan erTad wers wigns `gadakveTa~,2 romelic
eZRvneba Teatraluri xelovnebis Sizoanalizs. delezi
gvTavazobs gavTavisufldeT teqstis despotizmisgan,
reJisoris avtoritarizmisgan, msaxiobis narcisizmisgan
da SevqmnaT axali Teatraluri formebi, _ `Teatri
arc warmodgenis, arc warmosaxvis~, _ gancalkevebuli,
mayureblisgan barieriT gamoyofili. nimuSad is antonen
artos,robert vilsonisda eJi grotovskis Teatrs da
`living Teatrs~ gvTavazobs. Teatris adamiani, delezis
azriT, ar aris arc dramaturgi, arc msaxiobi da arc
reJisori. es aris qirurgi, operatori, romelic akaTebs
amputacias, operacias, Tavisi Sizoiduri interesebis
realizebაs.3
tradiciuli xelovnebis yvela sfero Taviseburad
reagirebs postmodernistul situaciaze. Teatraluri
avangardi modernistul etapze Tavis winamorbed
tradiciul TeatrTan opoziciaSi ganviTarda, rac
TavisTavad tradiciuli stereotipuli formebis
damsxvrevis aucileblobas iwvevda. postmodernistul
etapze gaCnda mTavari Tviseba – TamaSi azrTan, ramac
gamoiwvia aucilebloba Camoyalibebuliyo Teatris
axali ena. Teatri aRar warmoadgenda adgils, sadac
1
umberto eko. `vardis saxeli~, gamomcemloba `diogene~, Tbilisi,
2011.
2
J. deliozi; f. gvatari. postmodernistuli epoqis filosofia,
Tbilisi, 1996, gv. 6-31.
3
J. deliozi; f. gvatari. ra aris filosofia?, Tbilisi, 1998.

221
gaiJRerebda garkveuli azri. aq xdeboda azris adgilzeve
formulireba. moxda Teatralur xelovnebaze Sexedulebis
fundamentaluri cvla.
Teatris erT-erTi gavleniani Teoretikosi patris pavi
Tanamedrove Teatraluri avangardis or tips gamohyofs.
azris sivrcobrivi warmoCenis Teatri, rac dakavSirebulia
klasikur tradiciasTan da `radikaluri~ Teatri, sadac
mTavaria dro, ritmi da xma.1 gansxvaveba maT Soris
xilvadobasa da smenadobaSi, komunikaciasa da kakafoniaSia.
`radikalur» TeatrSi mayurebeli ara marto aRiqvams
informacias, aramed monawileobs SemoqmedebiT aqtSi,
azris dabadebis procesSi. postmodernistul situaciaSi
xelovnebasa da azrs Soris qreba erTmniSvnelovani
damokidebuleba: es aris TamaSis xerxi. aqcenti _ azris
formulirebaze, _ keTdeba adgilze. sazRvari cxovrebasa
da xelovnebas Soris, mayurebelsa da msaxiobs Soris
sakmaod moZravi xdeba. mravalmniSvnelovania aRqmis
mTavari pirobac, rac mayurebels interpretaciis
Tavisuflebasa da SemoqmedebiTi procesis Tanamonawiled
gaxdomis saSualebas aZlevs.
sasceno xelovnebaSi postmodernizmis damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebaa kavSiri tradiciasTan. Tu modernistul
periodSi iyo midrekileba siaxleebisken, amjerad,
cdiloben daicvan yvelanairi tradiciis balansi.
yovelmxrivi akrZalva ganixileba rogorc ukanonoba.
tradiciebTan Sexeba gamoixateba TamaSis xerxiT. Teatri
aRar ganixileba warmodgenisa da warmosaxvis saSualebad.
is kargavs Tavis tradiciul amocanas. rolan barti
am fenomens esTetikuri niSnis `dezintegracias~ an
`gamofitvas» uwodebda, amiT xazs usvamda TamaSis xerxis
araseriozulobas. Tavis droze barti amtkicebda, rom
simbolos sistemas, romelic dasavluri samyarosTvis
isev aqtualuria, unda CamoerTvas mravalsaukunovani
privilegiebi. is gvTavazobs dramas sacdel poligonad,
1
Пави П. Игра театрального авангарда и семиологии // Как всегда — об
авангарде: Антология французского театрального авангарда. М., ГИТИС.
1992

222
sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba poeturi cdebis Catareba.1
modernistul da postmodernistul Teatrebs
Soris fundamenturi gansxvaveba, s. isaevis azriT,
imaSia, rom pirveli agebulia denotaciis, xolo meore
konotaciissafuZvelze. pirvel SemTxvevaSi gamoxatvis
umaRlesi esTeturi forma aris metafora, xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi –metonimia, roca aRsaniSnavi da aRmniSvneli
ar ikveTeba, misi ganzomileba virtualuria.2
J. f. liotari Teatraluri xelovnebis cvlilebebTan
dakavSirebiT wers `energiul Teatris~ Sesaxeb, romelsac
igi ganmartavs, rogorc Teatrs, sadac ar igrZnoba
`dramaturgis~, aseve damdgmelis, rogorc dominantis,
qoreografisa da mxatvris Zala.3
bernarddorti `ganTavisuflebul warmodgenaSi»
saubrobs Teatrze, romelic ganTavisuflebulia uaxloesi
warsulis reJisoruli tiraniisgan da midis daskvnamde:
`SesaZlebelia dadga dro `aqtiorul TeatrTan~
dabrunebisa, magram ara imisTvis, rom uarvyoT reJisoris
mniSvneloba da am ukanasknelis roli warmodgenaSi, aramed
imisTvis, rom gavaZlieroT masSi sxva komponentebis
mniSvneloba, (kerZod msaxiobis).4 reJisori kargavs
suverenul xelisuflebas, magram es `aqtiorul TeatrTan~
dabrunebas sulac ar niSnavs.
postmodernistuli situaciis mxatvrebs surT
maqsimalurad moxsnan `avtoris zewola» da amisTvis mTel
rig axal xerxebs iyeneben: neitralur werils, gaxsnili
nawarmoebsa da a. S. maT surT, rom totalurobas ascdnen,
1
Барт Р. Драма, поэма, роман // Называть вещи своими именами:
Программные выступления мастеров западноевропейской литературы ХХ
века. М., Прогресс. 1986.
2
s. isaevi // rogorc yovelTvis avangardze; franguli Teatraluri
avangardi. 1992.
3
Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Возвышенное и авангард // Метафизические
исследования. Вып.4.
4
И. Ильин.Постмодернизм. Словарь терминов.// ТЕАТРАЛЬНОСТЬ
СОВРЕМЕННОГО СОЗНАНИЯ И ПОСТМОДЕРНИСТСКИЕ
ТЕОРИИ ТЕАТРА
223
_ SesaZlebloba miscen mkiTxvelsa Tu mayurebels Tavad
daasrulon teqstis kiTxva. am orientaciis mxatvrebi
fiqroben, rom xelovnebis samyaroSi yvelaferi ukve
Seqmnilia, aRmoCenilia yvelanairi mxatvruli forma da
amitom maT araferi darCeniaT, garda imisa, rom ukve
aRmoCenili garkveuli kombinaciebiT gaimeoron. mxatvari
efeqts avtoris CamoSorebiT, garkveuli distanciis
demonstraciiT axdens. es Taviseburi gamowvevaa, protesti
xelovnebis erTferovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli.
postmodernistuli literaturis erT-erTi
centraluri Temaa sikvdilTan TamaSi. swored sikvdilis
Tema TamaSobs mniSvnelovan rols marisa blanSos
SemoqmedebaSi,1 sadac is mocemulia metafizikuri
interpretaciiT, rogorc ararsebobis usaxuri stiqia,
rogorc metafora, romelic sazRvris ideis warmodgenaSi
gvexmareba nicSe werda: `autanelia, roca avtori mudmivad
gvaxsenebs, rom es misi nawarmoebia~.2blanSos azriT:
`xelovnebisaTvis sasurvelia ar arsebobdes aranairi
pirovnuli `me~. es aris ara avtoris sulieri mdgomareoba,
aramed Tanamedrove mxatvruli kulturis aucilebloba.
SemdgomSi am movlenas nawarmoebSi `avtoris sikvdilis
saxeli daerqva.3blanSos `avtoris sikvdili gagebuli
aqvs, rogorc mxatvruli Semoqmedebis arsi. is gamoTqvams
azrs, rom Semoqmedeba, _ es aris procesi, sadac sakuTari
yofierebis gancda ikargeba. es aris `metafizikuri
TviTmkvleloba~, mxatvarma ganaCeni gamoutana Tavis Tavs.
is wyvets kavSirs normalur samyarosTan. izolirebas
ukeTebs Tavs samyarosgan imisTvis, rom Seqmnas da mokvdes
bednieri. blanSo Tvlis, rom `dakmayofilebuli sikvdili»
aris jildo xelovnebisTvis. nicSes azriT, `moazrovne»
da `Semoqmedi~ saukeTeso `me~ aris, romelic Camalulia
Tavis nawarmoebSi da ganicdis siamovnebas imisgan, rom
1
Колесников А.С. Постмодернизм Мориса Бланшо // Проблемы интеграции
философских культур в свете компаративистского подхода. 1995 C. 16–22
2
Ницше Ф. Злая мудрость // Ницше Ф. Соч. в 2-х т. М., Мысль. 1990. Т. 1.
3
Бланшо М. Смерть как возможность // Вопросы литературы, 1994. Вып. 3.
C. 194.

224
misi suli da sxeuli nel-nela iwrToba da irRveva
droSi.~ amave dros, misi wigni `cxovrobs, rogorc arseba
gabrwyinebuli gonierebiT da sulierebiT.~1
blanSos azriT, arsebobs mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
garTulebis situacia, roca xedav azris simartives da
fizikurad uZluri xar is azriT gadmosce. magaliTad
mas artos Semoqmedebis is periodi mohyavs, rodesac am
ukanasknels Tavisi azrebis marTva aRar SeeZlo. swored
es miiCnia blanSom artos sikvdilis mizezad.
sikvdilisa da Semoqmedebis erTianoba yvelaze
mimzidveli literaturis xelovnebisTvis gaxda. Tavis
naSromSi blanSo gamoxatavs azrs, rom xelovnebaSi avtori
Tavisi enis patroni ar aris. is mxolod emorCileba enas
da am procesSi Tavad mTlianad waSlilia. `...me vSli
Tavs enaSi. erTdorulad var da arc var enis patroni.2
xelovnebis istorias protestis Zalian bevri forma
axsovs.postmodernizmi gvTavazobs protests samyaros
aRqmis racionaluri formebis, tradiciebis winaaRmdeg.
adamiani ususuria dagrovili kulturuli faseulobebis
winaSe. dagrovilma teqstebma aqtualoba dakarges
da muzeumis sacavSi gadainacvles. TamaSis xerxiTa
da ironiiT xelovneba cdilobs SeniRbos adamianis
dRevandeli arsebobis tragizmi da katastrofa.
saxezea Tanamedrove xelovnebis ukiduresi
spontanuroba, Tumca, is mainc emorCileba mxatvruli
procesis logikas. Tanamedrove xelovnebis bevri movlena
laboratoriis rols asrulebs. Tanamedrove xelovnebis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Tviseba ki eqsperimentia.

1
f. nicSe „adamianuri, erTobadamianuri~, 1879.
2
Бланшо М. Смерть как возможность // Вопросы литературы, 1994. Вып.
3. C. 197.

225
mixeil mestviriSvili

Teatri kiber-samyaroSi

saukuneebis mijnaze myofma Teatrma Tavis warsulad

sakuTari gamocdileba da iseTi momavali daadastura,
romelmac mTlianad Secvala an uaryo mTeli kulturuli
monapovari. fiqrobdnen, rom saintereso Ziebebs
winaaRmdebobebiT savse gzac Tan daerTveboda da asec
moxda. qvis nagebobidan taZris, Semdeg _ ubralo xis
ficarnagamde, WraqiT ganaTebul panoramebamde, urmiT
moxetiale adamianebis saerTo ideamde, Tu zeTis ganaTebidan
axal eleqtrofikaciamde. dRevandeli, Tanamedrove Teatris
saxe mayureblisa Tu mkvlevrisaTvis warmoadgens ukve,
rogorc mxatvrul mTlianobas, aseve sakvlev obieqts;
Tavad Seqmnili nawarmoebi ganapirobebs aRmqmelisa da
aRsaqmelis rolTa ganawilebas, rogorc rolebis aseve
poziciebisa da subieqt-obieqtis urTierTmimarTebas. Tuki
manamade Teatris standartuli saxe iyo dakanonebuli:
mayurebeli parterSi da msaxiobi scenaze, _ am
ukanasknelma kuTvnili adgili datova: xan mayurebelTa
darbazSi gadainacvla, xanac Seqmnili sazRvrebis gareT
scada gasvla. mokled, Zalian bevri eqsperimenti Catarda
imisaTvis, Tu sad ufro `komfortuli» iqneboda orive
maTganisTvis gankuTvnili drois mimdinareobisas dabinaveba
da a. S. xelovanTa mTeli Taoba Caeba rigi sakiTxebis
saeqsperimento obieqtad gadasaqcevad, ramac uamravi
`izmi~, uamravi `post...~ warmoSva. adgilTa geografiul
gadanacvlebas sivrceSi dRes veRaravin mohyavs gaocebaSi,
radgan Tanamedrove adamiani sul ufro meti eqstremisaken,
meti `xifaTisadmi», meti moulodelobebisadmi iswrafvis,
rac erT-erT ZiriTad koncepts warmoadgens Tanamedrove
xelovnebaSi kaTarzisis gansacdelad. reJisorebisa Tu
dramaturgebis sakvlevi obieqti ukve adaminis cnobierebis
dafaruli Sreebia da maT gamosaxatavad axali rakursiT
gansacdeli Tu aRsaqmeli saSualebebi ikaveben mniSvnelovan

226
adgils. `sagnebi», aq ukve ubralod ki ar arseboben, aramed
gansazRvrul konstruqcias amuSaveben da awarmoeben iseve,
rogorc warmodgenis, verbaluri da vizualur nawili.
Tanemedrove Teatris axlad aRmoCenil Tvisebebs ukve
mecniereba CauRrmavda iseve, rogorc mecnierebas CauRrmavda
Teatri. erTi SexedviT, sruliad gansxvavebuli saxe miiRo
xelovnebis am dargma da sruliad sxva poziciebi ganalaga
Tanamedrove samyaros yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. `axali
mediis» dabadebam mTlianad Secvala adamianis azrovneba.
Tanamedrove samyaros swraf ganviTarebas Tan sdevs
xelovnebis yvela dargis swrafi winsvlac, romelic
mudmiv Ziebasa da Tvalyuris devnas, dakvirvebas moiTxovs.
Amis gareSe warmoudgenelia mkvlevrisa Tu xelovnis
adekvaturi reaqcia msoflios Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi
mimdinare procesebze, sruli warmodgena iqonios Zireul
mizezebze, romlebic gamoZaxilia ama Tu im faqtebisa.
gasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebidan dRemde bevri ram
Seicvala Teatralur xelovnebaSi. SiSobdnen, rom kinos,
televiziis dabadeba Teatrs gaanadgurebda, magram ase ar
moxda. yovelma maTganma Tavisi adgili daikava kulturul
sivrceSi da Tavisi TviTmyofadobac aCvena. Tanamedrove
media saSualebebma gansakuTrebuladDimoqmeda, rogorc
xelovnebis yvela dargze, aseve adaminebis cxovrebazec.
faseulobaTa gadafasebam sruliad axali formebi da
sivrceebi Seqmna. Teatri ukve aRar aris mxolod erTxel da
samudamod dadgenili, dakanonebuli sivrce, sadac scenaze
msaxiobebi TamaSoben da mayurebeli ki parteridan adevnebs
Tvals. Tanamedrove samyarom moaxerxa am dakanonebuli
sivrceebidan gasvla da Semdeg isev ukan dabruneba Zalian
bevri saSualebiT. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebSi ervin
piskatorma da `bauhauzis~ im droisaTvis reaqtiulma
ideebma mTlianad Secvales msgavsi midgoma Teatrisadmi,
rogorc konceptualur aseve praqtikul doneze. amaSi
ki udidesi damsaxureba kinosa da Tanamedrove `kiber»
saSualebebs miuZRviT.
termini `kiber~ da mTlianad `kiberanTropologia~

227
modis `kibersfeisis~ gamogonebis Semdeg, romelic
pirvelad naxsenebi iyo samecniero gamocemaSi _ novela
`neuromanser~, _ viliam gibsonis avtorobiT, 1984 wels.
40-ini wlebis bolos maTematikosma norbert veinerma
prefiqsi `kiber~ gamoigona `kibernetikaze~ dayrdnobiT,
romelic adamiansa da manqanas Soris urTierTobebs aRniSnavs.
veiners TavSi utrilebda berZnuli sityva „kibernetes~
(igive „mesaWe~, „piloti~), romelic aRniSnavs manqanis
mmarTvels an makontrolebels. dRes prefiqsi „kiber~
ZiriTadad kompiuterebis da informaciuli teqnologiebis
mimarTulebiT gamoiyeneba, anu rogor zemoqmedeben adamianebi
manqanebiT da manqanebze. 50-iani wlebidan anTropologebma
meti yuradRebiT daiwyes teqnologiebis da maTi zegavlenis
Seswavla. xelovnebaSi ki sul ufro mZlavrad Semodis
Tanamedrove gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi da amis niadagze
ara erTi eqsperimenti Catarda. 1965 wels jon keiji mersi
kaninkhamis cekvis dasisTvis qmnis `variaciebi VII-s. man
devid tiudorTan erTad arCevani SeaCera xmis gadamcemis
or sistemaze. pirveli sistemisaTvis gamogonebul iqna
mowyobiloba, romlis muSaoba efuZneboda scenis ganaTebaze
orientirebul fotoelementebs. am saxiT, urTierTzemoqmedi
sxivebis mixedviT mocekvaveebi gamoscemdnen xmas. meore
sistemis SemTxvevaSi sivrcis mTliani sistema antenebis
serias warmoadgenda. xma gaismoda yovel jerze, roca
mocekvave antenas 4 futis da ufro nakleb manZilze
miuaxlovdeboda. xmis aqtivacia xdeboda aTi fotoelementiT,
romlebic CarTulni iyvnen magnitofonsa da mokletalRovvan
radiomimRebze. mocekvaveebis moqmedeba mimdinareobda ukana
xedis fonze, romelzec sten vanderbikis filmebi da nam jun
paikis video namuSevrebi proecirdeboda. `variaciebi V»,
romelic momzadda hamburgis televiziisTvis, moiTxovda
fotoelementebisa da xuTfutiani antenebis ganlagebis
iseT rigs, rom miRebuli yofiliyo saWiro gaxmovaneba.
dRemde bevri Tvlis, rom Teatri kargavs Tavis namdvil
saxes, magram me mimaCnia, rom es zedapiruli midgoma Sorsaa
WeSmaritebisgan, radgan jer kidev Sileri ambobda, rom “Der

228
Mensch ist nur da ganz Mensch, wo er spielt» (`srulyofilia
adamiani iq, sadac is TamaSobs~). Tuki Sileris am mosazrebas
Zireulad mivudgebiT, maSin imaSic davrwmundebiT, rom dRes
Tanamedrove multimediuri warmodgenisaTvis saguldagulod
Seqmnil sivrces xangrZlivi tradicia gaaCnia.
dasavluri Teatris koncefciis arsebobis ganmavlobaSi,
istoriis koleqtoris erT-erTi parametri xelSeuxebeli
darCa, miuxedavad Catarebuli mravali radikaluri
eqperimentebisa. arsebuli parametri fizikur Tanaarsebobas
warmoadgenda `Semqmnelsa da mayurebel/damkvirvebels»
Soris. telematikuri da gansakuTrebiT internetis,
rogorc gansxvavebul media teqnologiaTa saSualebebis,
ganviTarebasTan erTad, axali tipis Teatri warmoiSva,
romelsac saxelad `telematikuri» anu distribucirebuli
warmodgenebi» daerqva. `telematikuri» warmodgenebi
sivrceSi warmogvidgens `Semqmnelisa» da `damkvirveblis»
erTianobas da `produqtis» (scenuri sivrcis) realizacias
sxvadasxva manZilze arsebul adgilebze, romlebic
damokidebulni arian audienciis mravalferovnebasa Tu
raodenobaze, proeqtis koncefciasa da tipze. adgilebi
sxvdasxva distanciazea linkirebuli internetis saSualebiT,
1
magaliTad “Internet relay chat~ , (internet estafeta) romelic
teqstualur garemos warmoadgens dramis wamodgenebisaTvis
2
an kidev “world wide web~ (msoflio masStabis qseli).
msgavsi warmodgenebisaTvis scenuri sivrcis Seqmnis ZiriTad
saSualebebad videokonferenciis sistema an veb-kamerebi
gvevlineba. am dros ki samganzomilebiani warmodgena
organzomilebianad gardaisaxeba monitoris ekransa Tu
saproqcio aparatis gaSuqebaSi. arsebul mdomareobas
im Tezisamde mivyavarT, rom internet performansebi da
mTlinad multimediuri tipis warmodgenebi `konkretuli
adgilisaTvis gansazRvrul xelovnebas~ da missave Teorias
efuZneba.
pirveli aseTi midgoma `internet performansebi~ XX
saukuneSi Camoyalibda, erTi mxriv saSemsruleblo xelovnebasa
da meore mxriv, media teqnologiebs Soris eqsperimentebis

229
Catarebis safuZvelze. meore midgoma `konkretuli
adgilisaTvis gankuTvnili~ xelovneba, telematikuri
warmodgenebisadmi gancdis, SegrZnebebis transformaciis
arsebobas aZlierebs. transformaciis meTodze didi gavlena
internetis dispoziciur zemoqmedebasac aqvs. zogadad,
konkretuli adgilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli xelovneba
ganisazRvreba ise, rogorc gansazRvruli garemosaTvis
gankuTvnili specialuri forma. misi istoriuli fesvebi ki
1960 wlebis minimalistur qandakebaSi SeiZleba moviZioT.
mkvlevrebi midian daskvnamde, rom minimalizmi sul ufro
da ufro iWreba Teatralur da warmosaxviT samyaroSi
efemerul da droebiTi moqmedebis arsebobisas.Bbritaneli
mkvlevari nik kai aRniSnavs, rom `warmodgenaa is, rac
dagvanaxebs da gansazRvravs adgils Tavis damaxasiaTebel
TvisebebTan erTad. igi warmosadegia ara marto sakuTriv
im droisaTvis, romlisTvisac aris gamoyenebuli arsebuli
modifikaciebiT da konkretuli saqmianobisaTvis, aramed
3
zogadad adgilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mrvalferovnebiT.»
am Teoriuli aspeqtidan gamodinare, interneti
wamodgenisaTvis ukve aucilebel da mTavar komponentsac
warmoadgens. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi tipis
warmodgenebis arseboba aZlierebs sicoclxisunarian
elementebs, rogorc warmodgenisaTvis, aseve maTTvis, vinc
unda miiRos Seqmnili produqti. arsebuli mosazrebebis
safuZvelze, fokusirebas internetze vaxdenT, rogorc
specifiur, konkretul adgilze, romelic biZgs aZlevs
moxdes erTianobis SegrZneba da Semdeg, egreT wodebuli,
`kiber»-kaTarzisi `Semqmnel-mwarmoebelsa~ da `mayurebel-
mimReb-damkvirvebels Soris», ganisazRvros rogori
struqturaa da rogor xdeba komunikacia sxvadasxva
distanciaze arsebul `gadamcemebs~ da `mimRebebs~ Soris.
miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, internet performansebi
media specifikiT ar unda ganixilebodes, rogorc marTvadi
xelovnebis sfero, noel karolis argumentis mixedviT:
`media specifika aris mxolod mniSvnelovani strategia
axlad Camoyalibebuli xelovnebis formebis daarsebis

230
 4
legitimaciisaTvis~. noel karolis am mosazrebaze mkvlevari
julia glenseri aRniSnavs, rom `saSualebebis specifikis
argumentebi mimzidvelia saSualebaTa transformaciisaTvis
xelovnebis axal sferoSi, radgan igi gvTavazobs gzas,
romlis saSualebiTac, xelovnebis am mimarTulebas miecema
damoukidebloba da gamoeyo sxva mimdinareobebs. karoli ar
uaryofs, rom `momavlis perspeqtivis arsebobas SeuZlia
iqonios dasabuTebuli Sedegi, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi
5
cdilobs Tavi aaridos saSulebaTa aucileblobas». es ki
gulisxmobs Semdegs:
`saSualebebs, rogorc saWiroebas SegrZnebebisaTvis,
saSualebebis mizanmimarTuli gamovlinebebi gaaCnia. es aris
saSualebaTa moculoba, rac imas gvkarnaxobs, ra aris
6
saWiro da ra unda gakeTdes am saSualebebiT»~
kiber samyaro, paralelurad arsebobs materialur
samyarosTan.Ees ori samyaro warmoadgens wyvils,
zemoqmedebs erTmaneTze da amiT erTmaneTis identifikacias
axdens. `samyaro aris bipolaruli yvela mniSvnelobiT~7.
am procesis Sedegs warmoadgens TviTgamoxatva, romelic
simbolurad daiwyo XX saukuneSi `franguli revoluciidan~
da ganviTareba filosofiaSi hpova fsiqoanalizze
dayrdnobiT. TviTgamoxatvis meore etapi ukve TviTasaxvas
warmoadgens, romelic efuZneba urTierTobebs sakuTar
TavTan da garemosTan. xelovnebis sxva mimarTulebebisagan
gansxvavebiT `net-artma~ `kibersfeisze~ dayrdnobiT
Camoayaliba axali kanonebi da urTierTobebi. es
axali kanonebi da urTierTobebi emxroba memarcxene
flangs,8 sadac xazgasmulia TviTgarkvevis SegrZneba
posthegelianur, postfroidul, postlakanur da ukve
male postkiber mimarTulebiT.Eeleqtronul landSaftSi
poziciebi aRebulia materilur samyaroSi mimdinare
procesebis mixedviT da piriqiT. fsiqoanalizis filosofia
miuTiTebs, rom erTi mxriv, Cven vcxovrobT warmosaxviT
samyaroSi, sadac aramaterialuri gamoTvlebis mixedviT
sagnebi realuria, is bunebSi ar arsebobs da yovelive
materialurs marTavs, meore mxriv ki, _ virtualurSi,

231
romelic materialuri samyaros simulakrums warmoadgens.
erTaderTi, rac Cven gagvaCnia aris, SegrZnebebi da dro,
romelic warmosaxviT samyaroSic realuria. garda amisa, es
kiTxvebi struqturuli analizis Sesaxeb, kompleqsurobis
arsebobis Sesabamis potencials gvaZlevs, rac mniSvnelovan
koncefcias warmoadgens axali mediis mimarTulebiT.
Cems yuradRebas gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove cekva
ipyrobs, romelmac gasuli saukunidan moyolebuli
cekvisa da Tanamedrove teqnologiebis mniSvnelovani
sinTezi Seqmna. Teatri, cekva da mTlianad performansis
xelovneba yovelTvis warmoadgenda interdisciplinur,
anu multimediur formebs. saukuneebis manZilze cekva
mWidro kavSirSi iyo musikasTan da moicavda rekvizitis
vizualur elementebs, kostiums da ganaTebas sivrceSi
sxeulis gamomsaxevelobis gasaZliereblad. Teatrma, misi
ritualuri Zirebidan klasikuri gamomsaxvelobis gavliT,
Tanamedrove eqsperimentul formebamde, tradiciulad win
wamowia adamianis xma da teqsti, yvela zemoT naxseneb
komponentebTan erTad. saukuneebis manZilze, Teatrma
swrafad aRmoaCina da gamoiyena axali teqnologiebis
dramatuli da esTeTikuri potenciali.
cifruli performansis istoriaSi teqnologiebis
adaptacia mudmivad mimdinareobda esTetikuri da sanaxaobrivi
efeqtis, agreTve emociuri da mgrZnobelobiTi zemoqmedebis
mosaxdenad. jer kidev 1889 wels, eleqtroobis miRebiT
eqstraordinaluri eqsperimentebis saintereso magaliTs
gviCvenebs mocekvave loi fuleri. aisedora dunkanis
Tanamedrove fuleri scenaze farTo gamWvirvale kostiumiT,
naxevrad ganaTebuli airiani tansacmliT gamodioda, xelSi
kverTxebi ekava xelebis sigrZis kidev ufro gasadideblad.
msgavsi magaliTi Tanamedrove qoreografiis gamovlinebas
warmoadgenda da axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT igi
Tavis eqperimentebs 1923 wlamde atarebda. kinoproeqciebis
da ganaTebis efeqtebis SerwymiT axdenda sakuTari sxeulis
gardaqmnas mTlian performansad. aRsaniSnavia performansi,
sadac misi kostumebi radiumiviT anaTebda. fuleris

232
namuSevrebi SegviZlia CavTvaloT uein makgregoris
namuSevris `kiborgi~ (1995 weli) fuZed, sadac ganaTebuli
dekoraciebi mocekvave sxeulis fragmentebs warmoadgenda,
dekoraciis ganaTebis monacvleobiT, erTi nawilis
gaSuqebiT maSin, roca sxeulis meore nawili Cabnelebuli
iyo, advildeboda sxvadasxva formis sxeulebis miReba.Aam
speqtaklSi, makgregorma, rogorc britanuli cifruli
cekvis liderma, axali efeqtebis misaRebad gamoiyena
Zveli teqnikuri saSualebebi, ramac mayurebels cekvis
is teqnologiebi gaaxsena, am dargis `pionerebi~ rom
iyenebdnen. multimediuri Teatris erT-erT ZiriTad
saxeobad `veb-cekvebi~ gvesaxeba, romelic gansxvavebuli
specifikiT gamoirCeva, rogorc mxatvruli koncefciiT,
aseve teqnologiebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiTac.
`veb cekvebis~ saukeTeso nimuSebs sara morrisonis
“Leaping into the net!~ (naxtomi qselSi), niu-iorkis “Cassandra
project» (proeqti `kasandra~) da laura notis “World wide
simultaneous dance~ (msoflio masStabis sinqronuli cekva)
warmoadgens. vfiqrob, rom am sam proeqts SeuZlia sami
gansxvavebuli struqturis demonstrireba, raTa dagvanaxos
sxvadasxva internet warmodgenebis scenografiuli
Taviseburebebi.
sara morisonis “Leaping into the net!» (naxtomi qselSi)
pirveli internetis da cekvis gamocdilebas wamoadgens,
romlis Sedegic am ori komponentis erTobliobiT iqna
miRebuli. “Live physical performance~ (cocxlad Sesrulebuli
warmodgena) gaimarTa 1997 wlis 4 seqtembers, klivlendis
saxalxo TeatrSi. imave dResPparalelurad xdeboda gadacema
“Live internet broadcast~ (pirdapiri eTeri internetiT).
mTavari ideis mixedviT “look what happens when art and
technology come together» (`ra moxdeba, roca xelovneba da
teqnologiebi erTiandeba~) oTxma qoreografma Seasrula:
within the order of chaos, (qaosis mwyobrSi), “Sketches of
Rodin and metamorphosis~, (`metamorfozebi da rodenis
eskizebi~, romelic momzadda suzan edvardis mier). sami
klasikuri scenografiuli forma, scenuri sivrce, rogorc

233
mas patris pavi uwodebs _ dramis da saTamaSo sivrce
(anu espace ludique - frang.) erTdroulad iqna gamoyenebuli
tradiciuli scenis prosceniumze damswre mayureblisaTvis.
klivlendis mayurebelTa garda, warmodgena iwereboda da
mTeli msoflios masStabiT xdeboda gadacema realuri
drois msvlelobaSi. (am miznisaTvis gamoyenebul iqna axlad
Seqmnili Real Player. klivlendis audienciasTan erTad,
romelic warmodgenas tradiciul formaSi uyurebda,
onlain audiencia warmodgenas drois sxvaobiT morisonis
veb gverdze iRebda. ZiriTadad realoba, romelsac internet
warmodgenebi qmnis, xasiaTdeba kompiuteris internet
qselSi CarTviT da tradiciuli Teatris saSualebebiT,
rogoric aris sivrce da sxeuli. ZiriTadad kompiuteris
da internetis an ufro zustad: kompiuteruli qseli,
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, rogorc gadacemis aRqmis, miRebis
instrumentad. instrumentul an mediis saSualebiT realobis
aRqmis funqciebis procentuli maCvenebeli, SeiZleba
damokidebuli iyos saSualebaTa gamoyenebis specifikaze,
rogorc Semqmnelze, aseve mayurebel-damkvirvebelze.
saSualebaTa gamoyenebaze didi zegavlena aqvs performansis
scenografiul struqturas da interaqtiulobas.
interaqtiulobis idea ganixileba performansis da
axal media saSualebaTa mimarTulebiT. endi lipmani
interaqtiulobas Semdegnairad gansazvravs: `zogadi mudmivi
moqmedebebi or mxares Soris raime obieqturis misaRwevad
da ara mxolod, gvaZlevs uamrav saSualebas, gadaixedos
interaqtiulobis done Semqmnelebsa da audiencias Soris,
an meore mxriv, mudmivi cvalebadoba ganicados (daxvewis
mizniT) performansebis struqturam~.9
morisonis Leaping into the net!-Si (naxtomi qselSi),
Semqmnelebi da onlain audiencia erTmaneTisagan gayofili
iyo personaluri kompiuteris ekraniT, romlis drosac
warmosaxviTi asaxvis funqcias kisrulobda veb-brouzeri.
es erTganzomilebiani sakomunikacio arxi ar gvaZlevs
interaqtiulobis saSualebas arc lipmanis gagebiT da arc
rameze reagirebis SesaZleblobiT. internetis, rogorc

234
qoreografiuli namuSevris moZravi suraTebis gadacemis
transmisiul saSualebad gamoyenebisas, Leaping into the net!-
is(naxtomi qselSi) scenografiuli struqtura Seqmnili
iyo tradiciuli avanscenuri koncefciiT, romelic
performerebisa da audienciis gamoyofas gulisxmobs. am
pirveli veb cekvis warmodgenis dros, rodesac Real Player
(namdvili
namdvili sakravi
sakravi) da msgavsi Tanamedrove teqnologia
pirvelad gamoiyenes evro-amerikuli Teatris istoriaSi,
performansi Leaping into the net!-is (naxtomi qselSi)
scenografiuli struqtura Tavidan iqna gamogonebuli.
rogorc mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, mocekvaveebs skeptikuri
ganwyoba hqondaT, radgan isini sakuTar sxeuls, rogorc
`instruments~ ise aRiqvamdnen (gaekeTebinaT naxtomi
adaminuri sxeulidan internet qselis sxeulSi), TavianTi
cirkulaciuri da interaqtiuli sistemiT. qselSi
gadacemis gamocdileba ufro xSirad aRiqmeboda, rogorc
ubralod gadacemis (media gadacemis) arseboba, vidre media
saSualebebiT axali xelovnebis Camoyalibebis kvleva.

scenuri sivrcis likvidacia

“The Cassandra Project~
(proeqti `kasandra~)

meore, aseve gaxmaurebuli veb cekvis warmodgena“The

Cassandra Project» (proeqti `kasandra~) Seiqmna niu-iorkis
universitetSi da warmoadgens globaluri kulturis
gadaadgilebis saerTaSoriso swavlebis mcdelobas (Navigation
Global Culture - globaluri kulturis gadaadgileba).
am proeqts profesori jon jilberti, musikaluri
kompoziciebis programebis reJisori xelmZRvanelobda.
niu-iorkis universiteti, 1996). “The Cassandra Project~-Si
(proeqti `kasandra~) CarTulebi iyvnen aseve musikosebi da
poetebi, romelTa moqmedeba xdeboda internetis saSualebiT.
“The Cassandra Project~-is(proeqti `kasandra~) mravali versia
iqna warmodenili, im partniorebis CaTvliT, romlebic
sxvadasxva adgilebze moRvaweobdnen.P~The Cassandra

235
Project»-is (proeqti `kasandra~) pirveli warmodgena 1996
wels gaimarTa konferenciuli sistemis CU-See Me-is
gamoyenebiT. es gaxlavT kompiuteruli qseli, romelic
akavSirebs performerebs realur droSi sxva performerebTan
sxvadasxva manZilze da warmodgenis dros, teqstis,
cekvis, musikis improvizaciis materialurobis gancdis
saSualebas gvaZlevs. fizikuri garemo, sadac performerebi
arian ganlagebulni, specialurad aris aRWurvili minimum
erTi saproeqcio ekraniT, kontrolirebadi ganaTebiT da
carieli adgiliT, daaxloebiT 3-5 mocekvavisTvis da
saWiro SemTxvevaSi musikosebisaTvis. video kamerebi TiTqmis
yovel kuTxeSi aris ganlagebuli rameTu yvela rakursiT
moxerxdes gadaReba da miRebuli masalis programa CU-
See Me-iT gadacema. aseve monitoris ekranze mocekvaveebs
saSualeba aqvT dainaxon sxva performerebi sxvdasxva
adgilze.“The Cassandra Project~-is (proeqti `kasandra~)
scenografiam daaknina scenis sivrce da distanciur
adgilebze ganavrco. mayurebeli warmodgenili iyo,
rogorc onlain aseve oflain reJimSi. performansis dros,
mayurebel/damkvirvebels SeeZlo mudmivi kontaqti hqonoda
performerebTan CeT rumis meSveobiT, maT SeeZloT TavianTi
ideebi gamoexataT warmodgenasTan dakavSirebiT. msgavsi
interaqtiuloba, koncefcia gvaZlevs saSualebas saWiro
cvlilebebi ganicados performansma Tavad warmodgenis
procesSi. Mmiuxedavad imisa, romperformansi “Leaping into
the net!~ (naxtomi qselSi)ar exeba Teatraluri produqciis
tradiciul rols, “The Cassandra Project~ (proeqti
`kasandra») cdilobs ar gawyvitos kavSiri performerebsa
da mayurebels Soris, raTa daafuZnos koncefcia“Distributive
choreography~ (distribuciuli qoreografia), rogorc
mas mkvlevari: lisa naugli uwodebda. am SemTxvevaSi,
qoreografiuli namuSevris distribuciuli SesaZleblobebi
gulisxmobs imas, rom yvela monawiles SeuZlia wamoayenos
Tavisi idea, qoreografiuli improvizacia performansis
mimdinareobis dros. idea, `distribuciuli qoreografia»
axdens Teatraluri produqtis tradiciuli rolis

236
konfiguraciis Secvlas: cekvis dagegmil moZraobebTan erTad,
yvela monawiles SeuZlia wvlili Seitanos performansis
SeqmnaSi. mayurebeli mTlianadaa CarTuli sxvadasxva
distanciidan da erTgvarad akontrolebs performansis
ganzomilebaTa Seqmnis process. orive zemoqmedeba:
qoreografebis tradiciuli rolis konfiguraciis
Secvla da damkvirveblebis qoreografiis procesSi
CarTuloba damokidebulia internetis SesaZleblobebsa da
monawileTa arsebobaze sxvadasxva distanciaze mowyobili
adgilebidan.

msoflio masStabis sinqronuli cekva

’’World Wide Simultaneous Dance’’

’’World Wide Simultaneous Dance’’ (msoflio masStabis

sinqronuli cekva)proeqti, ganxorcielebuli laura notis
mier 1998 wels. warmodgena moicavda or komponents:
cocxlad Sesrulebuli cekvis performansebs, romelic
erTi da imave dros msoflios 12 qveyanaSi mimdinareobda
da internet video konferencia, romelic aseve
monawile auditorias saSualebas aZlevda CarTuliyo am
RonisZiebaSi.
Llaura notma 60 sxvadasxva monawiles daavala ecekvaT
im adgilebze, romelTac Tavisi adgilobrivi, kulturuli
datvirTva eqneboda cekvis moZraobebiT. nots kargad hqonda
gacnobierebuli, konkretuli adgilisaTvis gankuTvnili
tradiciuli xelovnebis roli, e. i., TviT xelovanTa
damokidebuleba mSobliuri kulturuli adgilebis mimarT.
scenuri sivrceebis gafantuloba da maTi individualurad
kontrolireba, zrdis produqtis konfiguraciis cvlilebis
rols, rac “The Cassandra Project~-Si(proeqti `kasandra»)
iyo ganxiluli, is scenuri sivrceebi, romlebic mimofenili
aris msoflios sxvadasxva adgilas, Tavs erTi monitoris
ekranze iyris.
“World Wide Simultaneous Dance~ (msoflio masStabis
sinqronuli cekva) internets iyenebs, cdilobs globalur

237
samyaroSi gafantuli mocekvaveebisa da audienciis
Tavmoyras erT internet performansSi. jer erTi noti
imasTan erTad, rom iwvevs performer-monawileebs,
romelTaTvisac Sesasrulebeli cekvis moZraobebi
dakavSirebulia im adgilis kulturul mniSvnelobasTan,
agreTve warmogvidgens internet performansis sxvadsxva
kriteriumsac. magaliTad, laura noti da pam rafi cekvas
“Do While Studio~-Si bostonSi asrulebdnen, prakriti
kaSiapi nacionalur cekvas “Sarakella Chau dance~ (sarakela
Caus cekva)mumbaiSi da andrea baker domeniCi improvizacias
romSi, sakuTar samzareuloSi. internetis, (rogorc
globaluri movlena) mixedviT, jefri Sou gansazRvravs
`qselis-mdgomareobas», rogorc `Cveni drois SemTxvevas,
SemTxveviTobasa da garTulebul mdgomareobas».10 veb-
msaxiobi, rogoric laura notia, kiTxvis niSnis qveS
ayenebs net-garemoebis dapirispirebas da mis gamoyenebas
esTetikur konteqstSi. amasTan, ’’World Wide Simultaneous
Dance’’ (msoflio masStabis sinqronuli cekva) saSualebas
aZlevs kulturasa da cekvaze adgilobriv warmodgenebs,
Sevides internetSi da aqedan gamomdinare, warmoadginos
misi lokaluri mniSvnelobebi internetis specifikaSi.
saTeatro mecniereba stimulirebas internet
performansebis, perfromerebisa da mayurebelTa saSualebiT
ganicdis. es ZiriTadad zegavlenas axdens da gviCvenebs,
rom TiToeuli proeqti individualuri scenografiuli
struqturiT unda iqnas Sesrulebuli. sxva net-art
proeqtebisgan gansxvavebiT, rogoric aris interaqtiuli veb
instalaciebi, misi SezRuduli gamoyenebis rangiT, internet
performansi net-artSi axal, efemerul ideas warmoadgens.
internet performansi damTavrebasTan erTad qreba da igive
proeqtis kvlav warmoeba SeuZlebeli xdeba.
telematikuri performansebi, performansis garemos
daniSnulebis gansazRvras axdenen fizikuri samuSao
modelisa da temporaluri struqturis mxriv. gamoyenebuli
teqnikuri saSualebebi (rogorc gamosaxvis specifikuri
teqnologiebi) cvlis realuri siaxlovis aucileblobas

238
performerebsa da mayurebels Soris da agreTve axdens
Semsruleblis rolis transformacias saSemsruleblo
xelovnebaSi. dRemde performerebsa da mayurebels Soris
fizikuri kavSiri erT-erT ZiriTad kriteriums warmoadgens
TeatrisTvis, rogorc istoriulad aseve kulturulad.
internet performansebi, romelebic aadvileben mayurebelTa/
monawileTa kompetencias axali media saSualebebis
gamoyenebiT, kiTxvis qveS ayeneben zemoTxsenebul aucilebel
kriteriums. telematikuri performansebi cvlian `cocxali»
mayureblis Tanaarsebobis koncefcias, internets scenis
rols aniWeben, misi esTetikuri Tu teqnologiuri
komponentebis gaTvaliswinebiT. telematikuri sivrce
internet performansebSi SeiZleba danaxul iqnas
metaforulad, rodesac aqcentireba sazogadoebis ZiriTad
damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebze xdeba. internet performansebi
xelovanebs saSualebas aZleven kritikulad aRiqvan
dRevandeli kulturuli ganlageba.MerTi mxriv, Teatri
sazogadoebis produqts warmoadgens, meore mxriv ki,
sazogadoebis aRmSeneblobaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSobs. internet performansi ar aris mxolod
Teatralur procesebSi axali ganzomilebebis damateba, igi
aris universaluri rolis mqone teqnologia. M
yovelTvis, multimediuri Teatris Taviseburebaze
fiqrisas Cuan Zis ambavi maxsendeba, pepela rom esizmra.
mdgomareoba, roca gaurkveveli gaxda pepelas esizmreboda
Cuan-Zi, Tu Cuan-Zis pepela. iseve, rogorc mravalganzomilebian
sivrceSi xdeba, roca subieqt-obietqis urierTmimarTebaSi
yovelgvari sazRvari moSlilia. roca zRvari `aq» da `iq»,
`me» da `Sen» aRar arsebobs, roca realuri ararealur
mdgomareobas ganicdis da Cveni cnobierebis fskerze rCeba
mxolod erTad-erTi, dro. dro, romelic `iyo da ara
iyo ras» sazRvarze meryeobs yovelTvis da Cveni gonebis
sazRvrebs mijnavs; dro, romelic mxolod miedineba da mis
nakvalevze ikveTeba STabeWdilebebi.

1. www.internetrelaychat.com
2. www.worldwideweb.com

239
3.Nick Kaye: Site-specific art. Performance, place and
documentation. London: Routledge, 2000 .
4. Noël Carroll: Theorizing the Moving Image. Cambridge:
University of Cambridge Press, 1996.
5. Julia Glesner :Internet Performances as Site-Specific Art.
6. Noël Carroll: Theorizing the Moving Image. Cambridge: University
of Cambridge Press, 1996.
7. Das Hamburg-project: abschied von der disziplinaren ordung,
MOSCOW-BERLIN. 1950-2000. CHRONIK, Nicolai, Martin-Gropius-
Bau, Berlin, 2000, S. 155-158
8. Borut Savski : “Aesthetic Machines“ (essay.- 2001) http://www.3via.
org/html.php?htm=borut
9.Quoted in Brand, Stewart: The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at
MIT. New York: Viking 1987.
10. Jeffrey Shaw : `Radical Software’, in: Weibelm, Peter & Timothy
Druckrey (ed.):net_condition. Art and Global Media. Boston: MIT,
2001.

• Nick Kaye: Site-specific art. Performance, place and documentation.

London: Routledge, 2000.
• Noël Carroll: Theorizing the Moving Image. Cambridge: University of
Cambridge Press, 1996.
• Hans-Thies Lehmann : Postdramatisches Theater. Frankfurt am Main:
Verlag der Autoren, 1999
• Julia Glesner :Internet Performances as Site-Specific Art.
• Jeffrey Shaw : `Radical Software’, in: Weibelm,
Peter & Timothy Druckrey (ed.):net_condition.
Art and Global Media. Boston: MIT, 2001

• vernerHhaizenbergi: nawili da mTeli. Tbilisi: ganaTleba,

1983.
• Leaping into the Net!, Sarah Morrison:
http://www.MorrisonDance.com
• Cassandra Project, NYU:
http://pages.nyu.edu/»jg12/cass.htmlhttp://www.nyu.edu/pages/ngc
• World Wide Simultaneous Dance, Laura Knott:
http://www.wwsd.org
• ZKM: http://on1.zkm.de/netCondition.root/netcondition/start/language/
default_e
• http://www.zkm.de

240
Tiko qoiava

XXI saukunis Teatraluri xelovnebis

araverbaluri saTeatro tendenciebi

speqtaklis forma yalibdeboda da viTardeboda droTa

ganmavlobaSi. epoqa, Semoqmeds aZlevda impuls, raTa misTvis
saintereso iseTi xelovnebis nimuSi Seeqmna, romelic
iqneboda aRiarebuli da mowonebuli. speqtaklis sxvadasxva
forma _ dramatuli, miuzikli, pantomima, Tu rokopera
sxvadasxva dros Camoyalibda da dResac aqtualuria.
bolo periodSi, msoflioSi gaCnda warmodgenis axali
mimarTuleba - qoreografiuli speqtakli. es mimdinareoba
imdenad swrafad gavrcelda amerikasa Tu evropaSi, rom
msoflio kulturis erT-erTi magaliTi gaxda. araverbaluri
speqtaklis gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebaa moZraoba,
sadac didi mniSvneloba aqvs mxatvrul gaformebas. igi
dadgmas aZlevs esTetikurad srulyofil elfers. dRes,
xelovnebis am speqtrs aziasa Tu evropaSi, upirvelesad ki
amerikaSi, gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. araverbaluri
mimarTulebis dadgmebi, Zveli sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSic
ki aqtualuri gaxda.
saqarTveloSi, 2009 wlidan arsebobs Tbilisis
saerTaSoriso Teatraluri festivali, sadac qarTvel
mayurebels saSualeba eZleva naxos sxvadasxva qveynis
warmodgenebi da aseve ixilos qarTuli premierebi, Tu
ukve kargad nacnobi speqtaklebi.
ama wlis Semodgomaze, Tbilisma 18 qveyanas umaspinZla,
sadac repertuarSi met wilad araverbaluri speqtaklebi
iyo warmodgenili. maT Soris gamovyof ramodenimes.
`observatoria~
reJisori _ odit hermani;
musikis avtorebi _ dimitri tulpanovi da jon tali;
mxatvrebi _ odit hermani da deniel blanga gubai;
mxatvari-fotografi _ denielKaminski.
Teatris darbazSi SesvlisTanave mayurebels uCveulo

241
garemo xvdeba: parteri Tavisufali da ucnauri konstruqcia
scenaze. speqtaklis originalurobac imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom mayurebeli msaxiobisTvis gankuTvnil adgils ikavebs
da xvdeba mistikur garemoSi. yvelaferi Sav, ukideganod
Sav ferSia gadawyvetili, sadac fermkTlad ganaTebulia
pedestalze mjdomi msaxiobi. igi mSvidad, auRelveblad
emzadeba. yvelafers Savad Rebavs.
da risTvis emzadeba? am dros farTovdeba kedlebi da
fexze mdgomi mayurebeli adgils ikavebs ufro gaSlil
sivrceSi, rbil baliSebze. msaxiobi, romelic Savad Seimosa,
moemzada Crdilebis gamosaZaxeblad, romlebic dasartyami
instrumentis mkveTr, xmaurian bgerebze iwyeben qaotur
moZraobas. gadaadgildebian mayurebelSi, asruleben mkacr,
cxovelisebur moZraobebs, romelic iwvevs interess da
amavdroulad SiSs. isini yvelgan arian, iatakze, haerSi,
Sens garSemo. teqnikuri saSualebebis meSveobiT dafrinaven
da namdvilad efeqtur sanaxaobas qmnian.
am qaoss cvlis qalis intimuri cekva, romelic
erTgvari CanarTia qalisa da umweo kacis urTierTobis
gamomsaxvelobisTvis, sadac qali dominantia, xolo kaci,
qalis marioneti.
warmodgenis kulminacia yvelaze efeqturi sanaxaobaa,
romelic gvaZlevs saSualebas, Tavi warmovidginoT wylis
qveS da davtkbeT mocurave navisa da adamianis virtuozuli
qmedebiT. igi marTlac rom erT-erTi saintereso reJisoruli
gadawyvetaa. warmodgena grZeldeba 40 wuTi da Sedgeba
ramodenime mizanscenisagan, romelic damoukidebelia
erTmaneTisagan da ar atarebs erTian logikur jaWvs.
speqtakli `observatoria~, warmoadgens gansxvavebul
speqaklis formas, romelic ucxoa Cveni mayureblisaTvis.
moZraoba, romelic am SemTxvevaSi mTavari gamomsaxvelobiTi
saSualebaa, ar aris raime rTuli elementebisgan Semdgari,
igi situaciisa da msaxiobis grZnobidan gamomdinare
primitiul qmedebas warmoadgens. TiTqosda, moZraobis
improvizaciaa. Tavisufali da imavdroulad organizebuli,
sWarbobs pantomima. musika, is mTavari elementia, romelic

242
ganwyobas gvaZlevs da gvkarnaxobs moZraobas. mkveTri
bgerebi, romelic axlavs mimalul harmonias, swored rom
situaciuri aRmoCnda. uxdeba garemos da iZleva Sesaferis
ganwyobas. am speqtaklis yvelaze Zlieri mxare es aris
mxatvruli gaformeba, misi teqnikuri gadawyveta, sadac
gvxvdeba lazeruli efeqtebi, dekoraciis dinamikaSi moyvana
da akrobatuli SesrulebisTvis bevri daWimuli Toki.
warmodgena sruldeba moqmedebis ukmarisobiT, TiTqos da
raRac daaklda. vTqvaT rom gvqonda haeri da ar gveyo wyali.
sruli harmonia xom kmayofilebaSia. da rogor miiReba es
kmayofileba? es is rTuli amocanaa, romelic reJisorma unda
dasaxos da gaTvalos. am SemTxvevaSi warmodgena SefuTulia
teqnikuri gadawyvetiT, vizualuri efeqtebiT da aklia
is mkveTri ideur-Tematuri xazi, romliTac mayurebeli
amoxsnida misTvis saintereso gadawyvetebs. moZraobis,
musikis da vizualuri gamosaxulebis sinTeziT israelis
dasma moaxerxa, rom mayureblisTvis Seeqmna abstraqciis
ramdenime wuTi, romelic Teatraluri mimdinareobis erT-
erT originalur magaliTs warmoadgens.
speqtakli `jalaTi~ warmoadgina Teatrma `do~, romelic
1987 wels daarsda, rogorc cekvis Teatris eqsperimentul
kompaniad. Teatri do iTvleba erT-erT gavlenian jgufad,
romelic postkomunisturi ruseTidan wamovida da erT-
erTma pirvelma Seqmna eqsperimentaluri Teatri, sadac
cekvis enas iyenebda gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebad. jgufi
amJamad aaxenSi (germania) moRvaweobs da aqtiurad
iRebs monawileobas msoflios sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso
festivalebSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom speqtaklma dauviwyari
STabeWdileba moaxdina YTbilisis saerTaSoriso Teatralur
festivalzec. speqtakl `jalaTis~ SemoqmedebiT jgufs
Seadgens reJisori da qoreografi – evgeni kozlovi,
Teatris dizaini da musika tomas niumanis `pen kvarteti~,
monawileoben: evgeni kozlovi, aleqsandre bondarevi, irina
kozlova, iulia tokareva, tania viliamsi.
`jalaTi~ TamaSia da amave dros personaJicaa. warmodgenaSi
erTmaneTs erwymis absurdis Teatrisa da Tanamedrove cekvis

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elementebi. speqtaklis dawyebisTanave musika Sefarulad
gamzadebs, daZabul notebs mayurebeli mohyavs uCveulo
ganwyobaze. amas emateba Zalzed originaluri dekoracia,
romelic mTlianad gazeTebis saSualebiTaa awyobili.
speqtakli agebulia ramodenime epizodze da yvelas
aerTianebs erTi amocana _ TamaSi da mkvleloba. personaJebi
arian masxarebi, romlebic sxvadasxva epizodSi, sxvadasxva
roliT warmosdgebian. masxarebis gulubryvilo xumrobebi
gajerebulia Savi iumoriT. Zalzed momajadovebel, ucnaur
da komikur ambavs gadavyavarT sxva ganzomilebaSi.
piesaSi sami gmiri dawyevlili sameulia: brma, yru
da munji. isini dausrulebel TamaSs TamaSoben _ vin
iqneba msxverpli. personaJebi gamudmebiT cvlian rolebs,
damaintrigeblad icvleba xedvis areali. `jalaTSi~
naCvenebia danaSaulic, sasamarTlo procesic da sajarod
sikvdilis dasjac.
speqtaklSi idealurad aris Serwymuli yvela komponenti:
reJisura, qoreografia, musika, mxatvruli gadawyveta da
msaxiobTa maRalprofesiuli saSemsruleblo ostatoba.
speqtakli dadgmulia 5 Semsrulebelze, romlebsac aqvT
kargi momzadeba, rogorc qoreografiuli, aseve samsaxiobo.
isini msubuqad, moqnilad, TviTdajerebulad warmoaCenen
rols da maTi Sesruleba mimzidvels xdis mTlian
sanaxaobas.
Tavdapirvelad, moqmedebis dasawyisSi iataki gazeTebiTaa
mofenili, romelic, Semdeg speqtaklis moqmedebidan
gamomdinare ireva. aRsaniSnavia WaRi, romelic aseve
gazeTebisgan aris damzadebuli. igi speqtalis ganviTarebis
erT-erT momentSi eSveba da sivrceSi arsebul yuTs
emsgavseba, romelSic msaxiobia moTavsebuli.
Zalian STambeWdavi gadawyvetaa ganaTeba, romelic
wertilovania da msaxiobebi uSualod iyeneben, amoZraveben,
maTTan erTad cekvaven. anu aq, ganaTeba ar aris mxolod
ganaTebisTvis, aramed warmoadgens uSualo moqmedebis nawils,
rac xazs usvams gonivrul reJisorul da qoreografiul
mignebas. scenaze daSvebulia sami wertilovani ganaTeba,

244
TiTqos da anaTebs gadaSlili wigni. garemo Savia da es
msubuqi naTeba, Zalian idumals xdis moqmedebas. aqcenti
qoreografiazea, sadac moqanave lampionebis Suqze
moZraoben landebi. am yvela komponentis SerwymiT, sadac
ganaTeba uSualo moqmedebaSia, aseve STambeWdavi scenaa ori
gmiris mier banqos TamaSi, romlebic magidasTan ostaturi
gadaadgilebisa da erTi wertilovani ganaTebis gamoyenebiT,
axdenen garemos mistifikacias.
musika, imdenad bunebrivad erwymis moqmedebas da piriqiT,
rom mayureblis ganwyoba zustad Seesatyviseba mocemul
garemoebas. TiTqos da nacnobi motivebi erwymian erTmaneTs,
romelsac sruliad axali harmonia cvlis. mocemuli
ritmi da musikaze dadebuli xmebi, gadagisvris situaciur
realobaSi da gexmareba aRqmasa da SegrZnebebSi.
vardi (wminda gazafxuli)
koreis dasma warmoadgina ori absoluturad gansxvavebuli
sanaxaoba _ vardi da sxeulis koncerti. erTmaneTisgan
damoukidebelma sanaxaobam, araverbalur saSualebiTa da
ganaTebis originalurobiT, Seqmna gansxvavebuli garemo.
reJisori _ sangsu ani;
warmodgenaSi gamoyenebulia _ igor stravinskis
musika.
speqtakli `vardi~ tomis ritmul cekvaze dafuZnebuli
sanaxaobaa. yovel zafxuls tomis wevrebi, miwis Tayvaniscemis
niSnad, ritmul cekvas asrulebdnen. tradiciiis mixedviT,
es axalgazrda qalebis cekvaa, am dros unda aerCiaT erT-
erTi maTgani da dedamiwisTvis msxverplad SeewiraT, magram
am SemTxevaSi mamakacebi moisurveben SeuerTdnen am rituals.
mamakacebis CarTulobaze, winaparTa sulebisgan iReben
nebarTvas da kacebs wiraven msxveplad, ris Sedegad dedamiwa
ufro uxvmosavliani xdeba. TeatrisTvis es warmodgena
ara mxolod qoreografiis modernizaciis warmosaCenadaa
mimarTuli, aramed pirvelyofili sazogadoebis rwmena-
warmodgenebis gasacnobadac, sadac TvalnaTliv ikveTeba
mamakacuri Zalis xibli.
warmodgena Body Concerto absoluturad gansxvavdeba

245
wina sanaxaobisgan, rogorc Janrobrivad, aseve ideurad.
reJisori da qoreografi _ sangzu ani;
musikaluri gaformeba _ kangmin jangis.
speqtaklSi vxvdebiT nacnob melodiebs, rogoricaa –
musika filmidan `Seusrulebeli misia~, “Take five~.
“Body Concerto~ Svid patara nawarmoebze dafuZnebuli
sxvadasxva xasiaTis cekvaa. qoreografi, sxeulis eniT
gadmogvcems Tavis emociur mdgomareobasa da 2010 wlis
konkretul faqtebs. dasi mocekvaveebisagan Sedgeba,
romlebsac gansxvavebuli cekvis stili aqvT. aq aris
warmodgenili, rogorc tradiciuli koreuli cekvis, aseve
Tanamedrove mimdinareobis, Cinuri tradiciuli cekvisa
da pop momRerlebisaTvis dadgmuli cekvebis sinTezi.
mocekvaveebic Zalzed gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, zogi
dabali, zogi ki Zalian maRalia.
qoreografi iyenebs alternatiul Janrebsac,
rogoricaa: eleqtromusika, jazi, telegadacemebis musika,
kinomusika, aseve beThovenis, barberisa da Sumanis didebul
nawarmoebebs.

irJi kilianis Tanamedrove baleti

jer kidev, 2008 wels, rodesac am speqtaklis premiera

Sedga, mayurebelSi aRtaceba, ovacia gamoiwvia iman, Tu
rogori transformacia ganicada qarTulma baletma.
ostatur, profesionalur Sesrulebas mTlianobaSi mohyavda
metad originaluri repertuari. es is naSromia, romelic
namdvilad gauZlebs drosa da iqneba mudam aqtualuri.
wels ganmeorebiT Sedga speqtakli, _ bevrisTvis ukve
nacnobi, magram Zalzed sainetreso, bevrisTvis ki ucnobi
da gamaognebeli.
irJi kilianis avtorobiT sami, absoluturad
gansxvavebuli baleti daidga, romelTac erTmaneTTan stili
da qoreografis maStaburi xedva akavSirebT. misi dadgma
gansxvavdeba, rogorc emociurad, qoreorafiuli leqsikiT,
aseve gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebiT musikis ritmTan da

246
harmoniasTan. samive nawili dramaturgiulad sainteresod
aris dalagebuli ise rom, pirveli ori nawarmoebi `Stepping
Stones~ da `alling Angels~ erT moqmedebaSi TamaSdeba,
iseT STabeWdilebas iZleva, rom speqtakli struqturulad
martividan rTulisken viTardeba. es aris erT amosunTqvaSi
nanaxi Sedevri, romelsac agvirgvinebs absoluturad
gansxvavebuli meore moqmedeba, _ Zalian mokle da mravlis
mTqmeli `germanuli cekvebi~.
`Stepping Stones~ baleti, kilianis Semoqmedebis im
xanas ganekuTvneba, romelic antikuri kulturiTa da
gansakuTrebiT, avstralieli aborigenebis cxovrebaze
misi xedviT gamowveul Rrma aRfrTovanebas gamoxatavs.
qoreografis sityvebiT “Stepping Stones~ qoreografiuli
kvlevebia da kacobriobis memkvidreobaze mis pirad xedvas
warmoadgens.
speqtaklSi gamoyenebulia _ jorj keijis safortepiano
sonetebi _ 5, 5, 11, 16 da aseve pirveli da meore interludia.
anton vebernis eqvsi bagateli simebiani kvartetisaTvis
Txz. 9
dadgma _ nensi euverinkisa da ken osolass;
dekoraciebisa da ganaTebis mxatvari _ maikl saimoni;
kostiumebis mxatvari _ jouk viseri.
qoreografiuli kompozicia iwyeba asimetriuli
ganlagebiT da mTlian kompoziciaSi xSirad vxvdebiT msgavs
gadawyvetas, sadac moqmedeba pirvel da meore planze
erTdoulad, sxvadasxva ritmSi da moZraobiT viTardeba.
erTaderTi rekviziti aris qva, romelic akavSirebs qalisa
da mamakacis harmoniul Tanacxovrebas. baletSi monawileobs
4 wyvili, romelic Tanmimdevrulad warmogvidgenen sxeulis
plastikis xelovnebas da qvis gamoyenebis ostatobas. am
yvelafers mxatvrulad aformebs marcxena kuTxeSi sami, didi
katisebri cxoveli da mrgvali WriliT, zeviT aRmarTuli
piramida, romlis gadaxra-gadmoxra SuqCrdilebs akeTebs.
`alling Angels~
kompozitori _ stiv riqi;
dadgma _ nensi euverinkisa da brijit martinis;

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 kostiumebis mxatvari _ ioop kaboorti;
ganaTebis adaptacia _ qees Tiebesi.
es aris, raRac gamaognebeli baleti. ratom? imitom
rom, is sruldeba mxolod dasartyam istrumentebze. irJi
kilianisTvis stiv riqis kompoziciis momxibvleloba mis
ritmul struqturaSia, gansakuTrebiT im stilistur
meqanizmSi, romelsac frazireba hqvia. ritmi da moZraoba
imdenad Serwymulia, rom verc ki ganacalkaveb. imdenad avsebs
erTmaneTs, rom waroudgenelia es ritmi gansxvavebuli
qoreografiiT. aq rva solisti gogona cdilobs erTmaneTs
Tavi moawonos. rodesac solisti iwyebs cekvas, maSin
masa Senelebuli moZraobiTa da asimetriuli ganlagebiT
amxnevebs Semsrulebels. xan win, xan ukan, xan marjvniv
da xan ki marcxniv moZrav solists, harmoniulad erwymis
masis araordinaluri ganlageba. aucileblad unda
aRiniSnos mxatvruli gadawyvetis mSveniereba, romelic
mxolod ganaTebaSi mdgomareobs. is konkretizacias ukeTebs
Semsrulebels da lokalurs xdis moqmedebas. kompozicia
isea gadawyvetili, rom mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi
rvave Semsrulebeli imyofeba scenaze da asrulebs kargad
gaTvlil moZraobaTa kompleqs.

`germanuli cekvebi~

speqtaklSi gamoyenebulia _ volfgangAamadeus mocartis,

eqvsi germanuli cekva.
dadgma _ patrik delkruasi;
scenografia da kostiumebi _ irJi kilianis;
kostiumebis mxatvar-Semsrulebeli _ naTia sirbilaZe;
mxatvar-gamnaTebeli iop kaboorti;
ori saukune gvaSorebs im dros, roca mocartma
`germanuli cekvebi~ dawera. es iyo omebis, revoluciebisa
da socialuri cvlilebebis xana.
am kompoziciis sanaxaobiTi mxare mayurebelSi didi
popularobiT sargeblobs. cekvebSi mxolod parodia ar unda
davinaxoT, masSi gadmocemul ganwyobas sxva faseulobaTaken
mivyavarT.
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 qalisa da mamakacis urTierTobis fonze sasacilo
scenebi viTardeba. personaJebis kostiumi, grimi imdenad
STambeWdavia, rom cekvis dawyebamde ukve dadebiTi ganwyoba
iqmneba. dadgmaSi monawileobs 4 wyvili da damatebiT ori
wyvili, romlebis qmnian cekvebs Soris komikur situacias.
ai magaliTad rogorc am fotoSia asaxuli.
israelis, germaniis, koreisa da saqarTvelos
warmodgenebs aqtualuri Tematika qondaT. festivalze
warmodgenil, araverbaluri speqtaklebidan gamovarCevdi
am oTx speqtakls.
Tbilisis saerTaSoriso Teatraluri festivali,
saSualebas gaZlevs, gaxde msoflio kulturis nawili.
naxo gansxvavebuli da aCveno sakuTari naSromi. Tumca
Zalzed mniSvnelovania, rom ar dairRves balansi
repertuaris JanrobriobaSi. wels Warbobda qoreografiuli
speqtaklebi, amitomac mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT
yvelas interesi.

irakli gogia

rudolf labanis `ikosaedri~

da misi mniSvneloba saTeatro pedagogikaSi

me-19-e saukunis meore naxevarSi ritmis struqturis

kvlevam safuZveli Cauyara me-20-e saukunis dasawyisSi
cekvis Teatris eqsperimentebsa da Camoyalibebas.
fransuaDdelsartis mier me-19-e saukunis 50-iani wlebSi
msaxiobis aRzrdis axali midgomebi erT-erTi sawyisi
iyo evropuli axali saTeatro profesiuli pedagogis.
ritmuli savarjiSoebisa da ritmuli azrovnebis
saTeatro transformireba orientiri xdeba imdroindeli
reformatorebisaTvis.
delsartis Semdgom emil Jak dalkrozis pedagogiurma
sistemam da gansakuTrebiT misma liberalurma midgomebma
stimuli misca klasikuri saxelovnebo formebisadmi axal
damokidebulebebsa da iniciativebs. ritmis swavlebis

249
dalkroziseulma Sexedulebebma gavlena iqonia, ara marto
musikalur samyarosa da ritmuli varjiSebis profesiul
gaazrebaze, aramed Teatraluri formebisa da araverbaluri
Teatris struqturul formirebaze. helerauSi dalkrozis
eqsperimentebis Sedegi, SemdgomSi klasikuri baletis
transformirebisadmi gadadgmuli nabijebia. swored
dalkrozis afrikulma periodma ganapiroba am dargis
specialistTa daintereseba aRmosavluri ritmebiTa
da ritualebiT. Teatris anTropologiuri kvleva da
gansakuTrebiT saritualo Teatrisaken mibruneba, me-
20-e saukunis 10-iani wlebis cekvis formirebis sawyisia.
,,Tu misaRwevi xdeba sxeulisa da sulis erToblioba,
xorcieldeba sicocxlis ZiriTadi principi – azrovnebisa
da moqmedebis erTdrouloba da Tanmimdevruloba~. [Э.Жак-
Далькроз , 2008: 58] – dalkrozis es sityvebi mimaCnia, rom
evropuli saTeatro pedagogikis mastimulirebeli gaxda.
fransua delsartis ,,gamomsaxvelobiTi teqnikisa~
da dalkrozis “ritmuli azrovnebis~ pirdapiri Sedegia
klasikuri cekvis midernizeba e. w. cekva-modernis
Camoyalibeba, rac dRemde viTardeba swored rogorc
uSualod saTeatro Janri.
klasikuri baletis gardaqmnam warmoSva cekvis axali
Taviseburebebi:
1. cekva moderni
2. gamomsaxvelobiTi cekva
3. Tavisufali cekva
4. ritmo-plastiuri cekva
me-20-e saukunis dasawyisSi sam pirovnebas ukavSirdeba
cekvis formireba, gaTavisufleba, sistemad qceva da
Tanamedrove xerxebis integrireba, rogorc klasikur
baletSi, aseve dramatul TeatrSi. aisidora dunkanis, meri
vigmanisa da rudolf fon labanis iniciativebma dasabami
misca cekvis Teatris struqturizacias.
,,yovelive xiluli samyaroSi – moZraobaa~ – labanma
es ukanasknel interviuSi ganacxada. es sityvebi misi
sistemis erTgvari logikuri qargaa. mniSvnelovania misi
kvlevebi moZraobis sivrcis aRmoCenaSi. labanma sxeulis
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moZraobis universalurobis dasamtkiceblad maTematikuri
analizis meTodi gamoiyena, riTac garkveuli reformireba
moaxdina sivrcis TeoriaSi. labanis azriT sivrce ar aris
sicariele, romelic unda Seivsos. Llabani wers, rom:
“sivrce materialuri realobaa, romlis gamokveTa da
formireba, SesaZlebelia arqiteqtonikuli moZraobebiT~.
labanis mosazrebaa, rom cekvas gamomsaxvelobas sZens
sivrce da ara sxeuli. Mman daadgina, rom moZraobebisagan
gaTavisuflebuli sxeuli unda eZebdes TviTmyofad ritms da
ivsebodes sivrciT. aseve sainteresoa labaniseuli kvlevebi
mcenareTa da cxovelTa moZraobebze, rac ra Tqma unda
dafuZnebulia ritmis ganviTarebis aRmosavlur sawyisebze.
mcenaris miswrafeba mzisken da aqedan gamomdinare moZraobebi,
transformirebuli ritmis sistemasTan – dalkrozis
heleraus periodis erT-erTi simboloc gaxldaT. labanis
cekvis anTropologiuri kvleva Tanamedrove cekvis Teatris
safuZvelia. Teatraluri qmedebis arsis gadmocema cxovrebis
arsis dadasturebaa. Llabani wers: `roca Cven vmoZraobT –
cocxali samyaros nawili varT~ [odgson 2001: 56]. moZraobis
arsi adamianis individualizmSia da warmoSobili sivrce
kosmosis nawilia. sivrceSi gadaadgilebuli Rrublebi,
varskvlavebi, mze, mTvare – moZraobis arsis gamomxatvelia.
labanis mosazrebiT moZraobebi or saxeobad iyofa:
1. moZraobebi, romlebic moZraobebiT imarTebian.
2. moZraobebi, romelTa moqmedebac Signidan
momdinareobs.
misi azriT, maT Soris arsebobs kavSiri, romlis
aRmoCeniTac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba cxovrebis gaumjobeseba.
labanis Teoria da praqtika dafuZnebulia saritualo
Teatrze, rac SemdgomSi mastimulirebeli gaxda, rogorc
saTeatro formebis Camoyalibebis, aseve saTeatro
pedagogikis ganviTarebis.
msaxiobis aRzrdis evropuli gamocdileba dafuZnebulia,
ZiriTadad msaxiobis fizikur formirebaze da masSi
gamomsaxvelobiTi teqnikis Camoyalibebaze. labanis sistemis
adaptacia saTeatro pedagogikaSi mamoZravebeli gaxda
evropuli Teatraluri skolebisaTvis. dRes Tanamedrove

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msaxiobisaTvis wayenebuli moTxovnilebebi saWiroebs mis
ritmul aRzrdas da fizikur momzadebas.
Tanamedrove Teatri vizualuri, TiTqmis araverbaluri
Teatria, dramatuli Teatris mkafio gamoyofam Teatrisagan,
ukeT dagvanaxa evropuli saTeatro pedagogikis
gamocdilebebis saWiroeba.
delsartis, dalkrozisa da labanis mniSvnelobaze
saubari evropul TeatrSi, es evropuli Teatris
struqturis analizia, magram post-sabWoTa sivrceSi
da gansakuTrebiT Cvens qveyanaSi mimaCnia, rom ukve
aprobirebuli rusuli saTeatro pedagogika formirebas
saWiroebs, radgan Tanamedrove Teatrs qmnis Tanamedrove
msaxiobi da Sesabamisad aRzrdis sistema.
Teatraluri xelovnebis ganviTarebis istoriis nebismier
etapze, nebismier qveyanaSi, krizisidan gamosavlis Zieba
yovelTvis iyo saritualo TeatrTan miaxloveba. Mme-20-e
saukunis cekvis Teatris yvela mniSvnelovani eqsperimenti
ritualebis kvlevis Sedegia.
labanis dakvirvebis sagani, moZraobis Zalis da misi
mniSvnelobis gavlenis aRmoCena iyo, rac efuZneboda
pirvelyofili tomebis cekvebis kvlevas, sadac adamianebi
ritualebis dros sxvadasxva mdgomareobaSi Sediodnen,
anu meditirebdnen. Aaseve misi kvlevis sagani gaxldaT
derviSebis moZraoba, brunva, triali da gamomdinare
mdgomareoba, moqmedebisagan miRebuli Zala.
labanis azriT msaxiobis sxeuli, ara mxolod
gamoxatvis instrumentia, armed paralelurad aRqmis. Mmisi
azriT msaxiobisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom swori moZraobis
procesi cvlis sxeuls, gonebasa da suls; goneba da suli
ki zemoqmedebs sxeulze da Sesabamisad – moZraobaze. – es
ormxrivi procesia.
saTeatro pedagogikaSi sainteresod mimaCnia labanis mier
dadgenili `scenaze moqmedebis transformaciis gamomwvevi
faqtorebis“ – msaxiobis aRzrdis procesSi adaptireba. L
labani moqmedebis gamomwvev faqtorebs or ZiriTad
saxeobad yofs: gare da Sinaganad modificirebul-
motivirebul moZraobebad. paralelurad ganixilavs

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fizikur, fsiqologiur, metabolur da emociur konteqstSi.
gamoyofs aseve moZraobaze moqmed faqtorebsac: epoqa,
sivrce, Cacmuloba, statusi, asaki, cnobierebis mdgomareoba,
pirovnebis xarisxi, urTierTobaTa garemomcveli atmosfero,
klimati, situacia.
moqmedebebis elementebis analizisas labanTan ikveTeba
oTxi momenti:
1. sad xdeba moqmedeba?
2. rogor xdeba?
3. rogoria misi SezRudva?
4. ratom xdeba?
am oTxi samoqmedo parametris mixedviT labani axdens
moZraobis analizs:
1. sivrce, 2. dro, 3. dinamika, 4. dineba
saTeatro pedagogikaSi aseve mniSvnelovania moqmedebis
xarisxis labaniseuli gaazreba. misi azriT moZraobas gaaCnia
xarisxi anu intimuroba, Zaladoba, simZime, simsubuqe –
gamomdinare masSi Cadebuli energiidan da impulsebisgan.
labanma aseve gamoyo ritmis sami tipi:
1. Cveulebrivi, 2. personaluri, 3. profesiuli
rudolf labanis daintereseba maTematikiT da kerZod
piTagoras aRmoCenebiT, aisaxa mis naSromSi `xorevestika~,
romelic moZraobis formis analizia. labanis azriT:
,,adamianis arqiteqtura da misi sivrceSi traeqtoriis
kavSiris Seswavla gaaiolebs harmoniuli modelis Ziebas,
mxolod verbaluri aRwerisas harmoniuli niuansebi
xelidan sxlteba~.
musikaluri da geometriuli koncefciis SekavSirebisas
labanma daadgina “sivrceSi moqmedebis harmoniis idea~.
adamianis sivrceSi moZraobis aRsawerad gamoiyena kinesfero.
(kinesfero aris sxeulis garSemo sivrce, sazRvrebi
ganisazRvreba moZraobis maqsimaluri amplitudiT)
kinesferoSi daamata geometriuli figurebi da aRmoCnda,
rom kubi aris is saWiro geometriuli forma, romelic
aiolebs adamianis moqmedebis mimarTulebas, simaRlis
siRrmisa da siganis aRqmas. labanma miagno formulas,
romlis meSveobiTac sxvadasxva erisa da tradiciis

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adamianTa moZraobis arsis axsnaa SesaZlebeli. Aadamianis
moZraobis umaRlesi wertilebis fiqsirebiT da erTmaneTSi
SeerTebiT man miiRo kristalis forma – romelsac
ikosaedri uwoda. labani ambobs: _ ,,adamiani midrekilia
gahyves sakuTar moZraobaSi xazebs, romelic aerTebs
kristals anu ikosaedris 12 umaRles wertils. moZraobis
am traeqtoriis gavliT adamiani iRebs harmoniul
mdgomareobas. sxva traeqtoriiT adamianis moZraoba,
masSi gamoiwvevs disharmonias~. ikosaedris saSualebiT
detalurad aRiwereba moZraobis orientacia.
qarTul saTeatro pedagogikaSi evropuli gamocdilebebis
danergva, evropuli Teatrisaken integrirebis gzaa. me-
20-e saukunis 10-20-iani wlebis qarTul TeatrSi
araerTi eqsperimenti ganxorcielda. maSinac zustad imave
problemebis gadaWris gzebs eZebdnen, razedac axla gviwevs
fiqri da kamaTi, magram SemdgomSi erTpirovnulma rusulma
saTeatro pedagogikam samwuxarod SeaCera yvela evropuli
tendencia da iniciativa, magram dRes roca 20 welia sabWoTa
sivrceSi aRar vimyofebiT, droa movaxdinoT evropuli
gamocdilebebis adaptireba da Tanamedrove qarTuli
TeatrisaTvis Tanamedrove msaxiobebis aRzrda, rac qarTul
saTeatro pedagogikaSi delsartis, dalkrozis, labanisa
sxvaTa sistemaTa danergvis Semdgomaa SesaZlebeli.

bibliografia:
1. John Hodgson - Mastering Movement: The Life and Work of Rudolf
Laban.-Published in the U.S.A. and Canada in 2001 by Routledge 29
West 35 street New York, NY 10001
2. Jean Newlove - Laban for actors and dancers. First published in 1993
in the United Kingdom. Nick Hern Books.
3. Э.Жак-Далькроз- РИТМ. Москва. Класика. 2008.

254
Tamar kiknaveliZe

gafrTxileba imas, visac epataJi aSinebs!

is aramxolod Tavxedia, aramed saSinlad niWieri!~

1995 wels londonis TeatrisTvis - ,,Sandler’s Wells~

daidga warmodgena, romelmac msoflio aalaparaka. saqme
xelovnebis dargebs Soris yvelaze konservatoruls
_ balets Seexo, sabaleto warmodgenebSi ki, yvelaze
cnobils, sayvarelsa da popularuls - ,,gedebis tbas~.
mis ganxorcielebas swored im qoreografma mohkida
xeli, romlisTvisac xelSeuxebeli araferia - misi
saxelia meTiu borni (Matthew Bourne). dRes mxolod am
qoreografis baletebis ,,titrebSi~ Tu aRmoaCenT miniSnebas:
,,bavSvebisTvis 12 wlamde naxva akrZalulia~.
meTiu bornis Semoqmedeba gafrTxilebaa maTTvis, visac
epataJi aSinebs. Tumca, es ar niSnavs imas, rom bornis
,,gedebis tba~ gamowvevaa da meti araferi. is, upirvelesad,
warmodgenaa, romelmac, marTalia, azrTa sxvadasxvaoba
gamoiwvia, magram SeumCneveli aravis darCenia. man ormocamde
saerTaSoriso premia daimsaxura, maT Soris, lorens olivies
saxelobis (1996 w.) da prestiJuli ,,toni~ (1999 w.).
am dadgmasTan dakavSirebiT, ucxoeTis wamyvani gazeTebi
aRniSnavdnen, rom meTiu bornma Seqmna is, rac Caikovskis
uTuod moewonebodao... miT ufro, rom kompozitoris
samSobloSi Zlivs aRmoCnda qoreografi, romelic
Caikovskis musikas Sesatyvis gamomsaxvelobiT formas
mouZebnida. axla es Znelad warmosadgenia, magram iyo dro,
rodesac mayurebeli am baletze mxolod musikis mosasmenad
dadioda.
ratom gamoiwvia ,,gedebis tbis~ borniseulma
interpretaciam aseTi aJiotaJi da aRiareba an riTi
daainteresa man Tanamedrove mayurebeli? amaze mogvianebiT.
manamde ki, istoria, romlis gareSec am variantis ganxilva
da analizi, vfiqrob, arasruli iqneboda.
borniseuli ,,gedebis tbis~ warmateba klasikadqceuli

255
nawarmoebis damsaxureba ar gaxlavT. magram rom ara petre
Caikovskis musika, romelmac am qoreografze waruSleli
STabeWdileba moaxdina, msoflio sabaleto xelovneba bevrs
dakargavda.
,,gedebis tbis~ premiera moskovis scenaze 1877 wels
Sedga. libreto mocekvave vasil gelcerma da dramaturgma
vladimis begiCevma xalxur zRaprebSi arsebuli motivebis
gamoyenebiT Seqmna. is tragikuli finaliT gamoirCeoda.
axla varaudoben, rom am Temis gacocxlebis iniciatori,
SesaZloa, swored Caikovski yofiliyo, romelmac
bavSvebisTvis erTaqtiani baleti ,,gedebis tba~ jer kidev
1871 wels dawera.
Tavdapirvelad moskovis did TeatrSi ar aRmoCnda
qoreografi, romelic kompozitoris musikas ,,amoicnobda~.
baletmeister iulius regingeris scenuri versia
imdenad susti aRmoCnda, rom mayurebeli masze mxolod
Caikovskis melodiebis mosasmenad dadioda. kompozitoris
gardacvalebidan aTi wlis Tavze ki, saswauli moxda -
Caikovskis xsovnis saRamoze peterburgelma qoreografma
lev ivanovma ,,gedebis tbis~ meore aqti pirvelad aCvena,
romlis naxvis Semdeg marius petipam mas baletis srulad
ganxorcieleba SesTavaza. ai, ase daibada petipa-ivanovis
cnobili redaqcia, romelmac dros gauZlo.
,,gedebis tbis~ klasikuri variantis siuJeti aseTia:
boroti jadoqari rotbarti princesa odetas gedad
gadaaqcevs. odetas Svela ki, mxolod imas SeuZlia, vinc
mas guliT Seiyvarebs da misdami erTgulebis fics daicavs.
princi zigfridi odetas nadirobisas, tbis siaxloves,
gedebis gundSi aRmoaCens da Seiyvarebs. erT dRes
dedofali, princisTvis sacolis SerCevis mizniT, sasaxleSi
bals gamarTavs, sadac boroti jadoqari qaliSvilTan -
odiliasTan erTad gamocxaddeba. es ukanaskneli imdenad
gavs odetas, rom zigfridi motyuvdeba, magram rodesac
amas gaacnobierebs, tbasTan gaiqceva, raTa odetas patieba
sTxovos...
am momentamde siuJeti yvelgan, TiTqmis, erTnairad
viTardeba anu ise, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne. am momentis
256
Semdeg ki, finaluri scena xan jadoqarTan princis
SerkinebiTa da zigfridis gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba, xanac
tbaSi Sesuli princi, boroti Zalis wyalobiT, did
RelvaSi xvdeba, sadac mis gadarCenas odeta cdilobs da
sabolood, axerxebs kidec.
sabWoTa periodSi am baletis ,,happy end~-iT daboloeba
gardauvali iyo. am tradiciis darRveva erTxel iuri
grigoriviCma did TeatrSi scada, kerZod 1969 wels man
dadga ,,gedebis tba~, romelsac tragikuli finali hqonda.
Tumca, es varianti ,,zemodan~ metismeti filosofiurobisa
da tragikulobis mizeziT daiwunes. qoreografi iZulebuli
gaxda masSi ,,Sesworebebi~ Seetana da finali Seecvala.
dadgmam am saxiT 1997 wlamde iarseba, 2001 wels ki,
grigoroviCma baleti aRadgina da mas tragikuli finalic
daubruna. es ukanaskneli didi warmatebiT sargeblobda,
radgan masSi petipa-ivanovisa da gorkis dadgmaTa saukeTeso
elementebi iyo gaerTianebuli.
aleqsandre gorkis variants rac Seexeba, moskovis
didi Teatris baletmeisteri mas araerTxel miubrunda,
ukanasknelad - 1922 wels da aRiarebac moipova. Tumca,
yvelaze revoluciurad am baletis istoriaSi pirvelad
vladimir bermaisteris mier 1953 wels stanislavskisa da
nemiroviC-danCenkos saxelobis moskovis musikalur TeatrSi
dadgmuli ,,gedebis tba~ monaTles. im dros, albaT, veravin
warmoidgenda, rom gamoCndeboda qoreografi, romelic
Secvlida da mas axal sicocxles STaberavda.
beWduri Tu eleqtronuli mediis saSualebiT
gavrcelebulia CamonaTvali, romelSic ,,gedebis tbis~
gaxmaurebuli variantebia Sesuli. am CamonaTvalSi
aucileblad moixsenieben xolme marinis TeatrSi dadgmuli
,,gedebis tbis~ Canawers, romelic ,,bi-bi-si~-m 2006 wels
gadaiRo (dadgmis dekoraciebisa da kostumebis mxatvaria
soliko virsalaZe); meore adgili uWiravs grandiozul
Sous, romelic Cinelebma am baletis meore aqtis adaJiosgan
Seqmnes. akrobatuli ileTebis ostatur Sesrulebaze agebul
warmodgenas ,,aRmosavluri gedebis tba~ Searqves. Cinelebs

257
arc iaponelebi ,,CamorCnen~ - ,,gedebis tba~ animaciad
ise aqcies, rom musika SeinarCunes, siuJeti ki odnav
Secvales - masSi jadoqari keTilia, borotebiT mxolod
misi qaliSvili gamoirCeva; modernis stilSi gadawyvetili
mravali variantidan meTiu borns badali ar yavs.
dRes keTilsa da borots Soris dapirispirebis an
siyvarulis Zlevamosilebis im formiT gadmocema, romelic
,,gedebis tbis~ adreul versiebSi gvxvdeba, Rimilis
momgvrelia da cxadia, aRar exmianeba im saTqmels, romelic
Tanamedrove adamians awuxebs. meTiu bornis gzavnili
dRevandelobisTvis drouli aRmoCnda.
kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom bornis speqtaklebi baletebad
(am sityvis tradiciuli gagebiT) mxolod imitom ar
aRiqmebian, rom mas klasikuri cekva, sabednierod, arasodes
uswavliao... aba, rodis an rogor gaxda is qoreografi?
meTiu bornis SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba im adamianis
istorias asaxavs, romelic, rogorc ityvian, saWiro
dros saWiro adgilas aRmoCnda. is sabaleto xelovnebam
mogvianebiT gaitaca. Tumca, rom ara misi cxovrebiseuli
gamocdileba, aseTi didi warmatebisTvis, iqneb, verc
mieRwia.
britaneli qoreografi, reJisori da Teatris ,,New
Adventures~ xelmZRvaneli, 1960 wels, londonSi,
keTildReobiT gamorCeul ojaxSi daibada, ramac misi
komfortuli bavSvoba uzrunvelyo. masze pirveli
STabeWdileba kinofilmma ,,musikis hangebi~ moaxdina,
romelic 5 wlis asakSi unaxavs. amave periodSi dauwyia
,,konkias~ motivebze agebuli mcire saojaxo warmodgenebis
mowyoba.
axalgazrdobisas borni varskvlavebis namdvili ,,fani~
gaxldaT _ maT avtografebis mosapoveblad sadarbazoebTan
xvdeboda da sabolood, Seqmna koleqcia, romelSic fred
astoris avtografsac aRmoaCenT. sxvaTaSoris, cnobili
saxeebis ,,kudSi devnis~ es gamocdileba man ,,gedebis tbis~
ironiiT gajerebul erT-erT scenaSi asaxa da amiT sakuTar
Tavzec gulianad ,,gaiSayira~.

258
 erTxel man, erT-erT Teatralur saagentoSi muSaobisas,
mebileTesgan Seityo, rom ,,laban-centrSi~ cekvasTan erTad
administraciul saqmianobasac aswavlidnen. am skolaSi is 22
wlis asakSi, yovelgvari momzadebis gareSe Cairicxa da cekva
saswavlo dasSi - ,,Transitions Company~ daiwyo. 1986 wels
man sakuTari Teatri Seqmna (Tavdapirveli saxelwodebiT
,,Adventures in Motion Pictures~), sadac moklemetraJian
baletebs dgamda. pirveli aRiareba mas baletebma ,,Town
and Cauntry~ da ,,Deadly Serious~ moutana. bornis, rogorc
qoreografis, Tamami ganacxadi ki petre Caikovskis saxels
ukavSirdeba - man jer ,,maknatuna~ ganaxorciela (1922 w.),
Semdeg - ,,gedebis tba~ (1995 w.).
Tanamedrove qoreografma ,,gedebis tba~ sruliad
gadaasxvafera, rogorc pirdapiri, ise gadataniTi
mniSvnelobiT. maSin, rodesac msofliom seqsualuri
revolucia ukan Camoitova da aRaraferi gvaocebs, bornma
klasikad qceuli baletis siuJeti iseTi martosuli
da ararealizebuli adamianis istoriaze aago, romelic
TanagrZnobasa da siyvaruls sapirispiro sqesis
warmomadgenelSi ki ar aRmoaCens, aramed mamakacSi - am
balets, meorenairad, ,,mamakacTa gedebis tba~ Searqves.
miuxedavad imisa, rom borniseul varintSi gedebis
partiebs qalebis magivrad mamakacebi asruleben, is ,,geebis
pikantur Soud~ ar iqca. qoreografma warmodgenas saintereso
gadawyveta mouZebna, ideas gamosaxvelobiTi forma moargo
da baletisa da dramatuli Teatris sinTezi daisaxa miznad.
misi dadgma kinofilmsac mogagonebT daCqarebuli ritmiT,
dinamiurobiT, pauzebis minimalurad gamoyenebiT, scenebis
montaJiT... am warmodgenis CanawerSi ki, operatori imdenad
zustad asaxavs scenebsa Tu personaJebs, rom SeumCneveli
araferi rCeba.
sinTezuri xelovnebis nawarmoebis Seqmna Tanamoazreebis
gareSe warmoaudgenelia. am TvalsazrisiT, meTiu bornis
,,gedebis tbaSi~ gansakuTrebuli wvlili dekoraciebisa da
kostumebis mxatvars - lez brazerstouns (Lez Brotherston)
miuZRvis. sxva yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, rogorc

259
aRniSnaven, istorias ar axsovs gedebis kostumebis msgavsi
ram...
lez brazerstounis scenografia qoreografis
saTqmelis Sesatyvisia. man scena zedmeti detalebis gareSe
gaaforma da yvelafers konceptualuri datvirTva misca,
iqneba es dekoracia, kostumi, feri, xazi Tu elementaruli
Strixic ki, romelic ganwyobis Sesaqmnelad an personaJTa
xasiaTebis gamosavlenad aris gamoyenebuli. magaliTisTvis
didi sawolic kmara, romelic warmodgenis dasawyisSive
Cndeba, ramdenjerme ostaturad icvlis formas da
finalur scenaSic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. swored am
sawolze esizmreba princs gedi, romelsac samefo taxtis
martosuli memkvidre gedebis gundSi aRmoaCens. princis
sabavSvo sizmrebidan materializebuli gedi froidiseuli
kompleqsebis erT-erTi yvelaze mkafio gamovlinebaa.
seqsualuri orientaciis problema XX saukuneSi
aqtualuria da raxan meTiu borni Tanamedrove avtoria,
masTan es faqtori konteqstSia mocemuli. qoreografma aq
xelSeuxebeli mxolod Caikovskis musika da tragikuli
finali datova, riTac, TiTqos, pirvelwyaros daubrunda.
borotebaze gamarjvebis himns meamboxe avtorma sazogadoebaSi
damkvidrebuli normebisgan gaqcevisa da pirovnuli
Tavisuflebis mopovebis mcdeloba daupirispira.
qoreografma Caikovskis universaluri musika axleburad
SeigrZno da Tanamedrove siuJets moargo. moqmedeba XX
saukunis meore naxevaris inglisSi gadaitana da socialur-
fsiqologiuri aspeqtebiT gaamdidra.
warmodgena ramdenime nawilisgan Sedgeba, esenia: 1.
,,sasaxle~ (,,The Palace“), 2. ,,operis Teatri~ (,,Opera
House~), 3. ,,princis kerZo sacxovrebeli~ (,,The prince’s
private quarters~), 4. ,,qalaqis parki~ (,,A City Park~), 5.
,,samefo bali~ (,,The Royall Ball~), 6. ,,princis sawoli oTaxi~
(,,The princes badroom~). TiToeuli scena dasrulebuli da
avtonomiuria. maTSi SemoqmedebiTi jgufis SesaZleblobebi
maqsimalurad warmoCenilia.
mosayolad borniseuli ,,gedebis tbis~ siuJeti

260
martivia: mTavari personaJia princi, romelic samefo
karze izrdeba, magram saocrad martosulia, moklebuli
yovelgvar siTbos da dedobriv siyvarulsac ki. is yvela
ceremoniaSi meqanikurad monawileobs. erTxans siyvaruls
misTvis gamiznulad SerCeul qalSic ki eZebs, magram
sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnili Tavis mokvlas gadawyvets
da am mizniT miaSurebs qalaqis parks, sadac gedebis
gundSi im geds aRmoaCens, romelic sizmrebSic ar aZlevs
mosvenebas. Tumca, princis bedniereba xanmokle aRmoCndeba,
radgan gedebi maTi gundis warmomadgenels Ralatsa da
adamianis sasargeblod gakeTebul arCevans ar apatieben
da sabolood orive iRupeba. am nawarmoebis moralic is
aris, rom frinvelTa gundi, iseve rogorc adamianTa brbo,
arasodes indobs imas, vinc maT kanonebs ar emorCileba da
gansxvavebulia, visac surs sazRvrebi gaarRvios da gaeqces
usiyvarulobasa da farisevlobas...
es mokled. ufro vrclad ki, masSi bevri ram xdeba iseTi,
rac sanaxvad Rirs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, warmodgena
sawolis sceniT iwyeba, romelzec mdidrul TeTreulSi
gamoxveuli princi - mas skot ambleri (Scot Ambler)
ganasaxierebs - wevs da ZilSi SfoTavs. mas esizmreba
gedi, romlis mimarT gaCenili grZnobac mosvenebas ar
aZlevs. gamoRviZebuli saSvelad dedas uxmobs. scenaze
am dros pirvelad Cndeba dedofali (fiona zedviki),
romelic sruliad umweo, ususur da odnav avadmyofuri
gamometyvelebis Svils sicxes uzomavs. Tumca, misdami
Tbili damokidebulebiT ar gamoirCeva. es qali axalgazrda
oficrebTan arSiys sakuTari vaJis Tvalwinac ar erideba...
Tu ,,gedebis tbis~ adreul versiebSi dedoflisa da princis
urTierToba jansaRia (magaliTad, sxva dadgmebSi dedofali
mzrunveli da mosiyvarulea), bornTan deda-Svilis
damokidebuleba sruliad sapirispiro STabeWdilebas tovebs
- dedofali aq sakuTar Tavze, garTobasa da garderobze
ufro zrunavs, vidre Svilze. mizanscenebSi qoreografis
Sexedulebebi kargad ikiTxeba. warmodgenis dasawyisSive
Cans, rom borni dascinis inglisur ritualebs, kompleqsebs

261
da Cacmis manerasac ki. magram misi ironiis mTeli xibli
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom borni sarkazmSi ar gadadis. mas
uyvars Tavisi personaJebi.
kritikosebi yvelaze xSirad qoreografs imaSi
adanaSauleben, rom mis baletebSi msaxiobebi scenaze,
TiTqmis, mTeli warmodgenis ganvamlobaSi dadiano... maTi es
ganacxadi safuZvels moklebuli namdvilad ar gaxlavT da
magaliTisTvis, mosamsaxureebis mier princis Cacmis scenac
kmara... magram, Tu imasac gavixsenebT, rom meTiu borni miznad
baletisa da saTeatro xelovnebis sinTezs isaxavs, maSin
cxadi gaxdeba Tu ratom ar moiTxovs dasis wevrebisgan iseT
Sesrulebas, rogoriTac klasikuri baletis balerinebi da
baleronebi gamoirCevian. amasTan, TvalSisacemia, rom es
warmodgena sabaleto ,,triukebis~ warmosaCenad ar Seqmnila.
misi scenebi TxrobiTi, personaJebi ki _ saocrad metyvelia,
gxiblavs maTi Jesti da mimika. is imdenad ostaturad agebs
mizanscenebs, rom Teatralur reJisorsac SeSurdeba. man es
baleti sainteresod gaacocxla da ara mgonia sirTuliT
gamorCeuli ileTebis naklebobam gadawonos is, riTac
qoreografma aRiareba moipova. rodesac princis sawoli
samefo gvirgviniT damSvenebul tribunad iqceva, moqmedeba
sasaxleSi viTardeba da ironiiT gajerebuli scenebi
erTmaneTs dinamiurad enacvleba. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia isic,
rom qoreografi am ironias cekvebSi komikuri elementebis
SetaniT ki ar aRwevs, aramed moqmedebaTa realisturi
asaxviT, rac erTgvari Teatraluri xerxia. amis magaliTia
tribunasTan gaTamaSebuli scena, romelSic personaJebi
zustad ise iqcevian, rogorc, vTqvaT, nebismieri samefo
ojaxis wevri moiqceoda - yalbi Rimili, xelis qneva,
medlebis Camorigeba da meqanikuri, etikets Sesatyvisi
moqmedeba.
profesionalis xeli da gemovneba naTelia. igive
iTqmis scenografzec, romlis mier Seqmnili dekoraciebi
Tu kostumebi miuxedavad imisa, rom saocrad mdidruli
da pompezuria, umetesad mainc lokalur ferebSia -
mewamuli, Savi, TeTri, lurji, gadawyvetili da sisadaves
inarCunebs.
262
 am warmodgenam miTqma-moTqma, upirvelesad, sqesTa
balansis darRvevis gamo gamoiwvia, aq xom princis
rCeuli mamakacia. Tumca, am versiis naxvisas momeCvena, rom
princisTvis, romelic martosulia, siTbos, TanagrZnobisa da
Tanadgomis mopoveba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre sapirispiro
sqesisadmi ltolva. borni, rogorc Tanamedrove xelovani,
uRrmavdeba adamianis Sinagan samyaros da gaurbis iseT
Temebs, rogoricaa borotisa da keTilis dapirispireba.
misTvis sainteresoa sakuTari Tavisadmi da sazogadoebisadmi
gaucxoebis problema. am warmodgeniT is, TiTqos, gveubneba,
rom aseT samyaroSi Tu adamiani Tanamoazresa da mis namdvil
gulSematkivars moZebnis, maSin ra mniSvneloba aqvs romeli
sqesis warmomadgeneli iqneba is... miT ufro maSin, rodesac
princi Zalisxmevas ar iSurebs urTierToba aawyos qalTan,
romelic gamomwvevad gamoiyureba da romelsac dedoflis
marjvena xeli, warmosadegi laqia (es personaJi erT-erT
akademiur dadgmaSi warmodgenilia rogorc masxara da
araerT wamyvan partias asrulebs) mas gangeb ,,Seucurebs~.
swored am qalTan erTad midis princi operaSi. es scena am
dadgmis erT-erTi saukeTeso nawilia.
Tu sxva scenebSi mniSvnelovani adgili personaJTa
xasiaTebis gamokveTas eTmoba, am SemTxvevaSi qoreografis
ironia usazRvroa. TeatrSi Teatris asaxvis xerxiT,
parodirebulia, TiTqmis, igive warmodgena. CanawerSi,
operatoris daxmarebiT, namdvil mayurebelsac gviCveneben,
romelic ormagi warmodgenis momswre xdeba. samefo karis
warmomadgenlebi, ramdenime Tanmxleb pirTan erTad, operis
TeatrSi midian, raTa naxon baleti, romelic Zalian gavs
klasikur ,,gedebis tbas~ - princis nacvlad aris monadire,
romelsac pepela Seuyvardeba da mis gamo urCxuls
daupirispirdeba. am sanaxaobas samefo ojaxis wevrebi
benuaridan adevneben Tvals. princis megobari gogona operaSi
pirvelad moxvda. Sesabamisad, misi qceva didgvarovnebSi
aRSfoTebas, xolo mayurebelSi Rimils iwvevs. calke
Temaa is, Tu rogor axdens meTiu borni klasikuri cekvis
parodirebas peplebisa da metyeves daxmarebiT. ironia

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aq, personaJTa CacmulobasTan erTad, maTi Sesrulebis
maneraSic ikiTxeba. gansakuTrebiT daundobelia qoreografi
peplis mTavari rolis Semsruleblisadmi, romelic miwaze
garTxmuli cali xelis kankaliT kvdeba...
momeCvena, rom warmodgenis es nawili pirdapiri parodiaa
,,gedebis tbaze~ gadaRebuli rusuli kinofilmisa, sadac
dramatuli scenebi swored tyeSi TamaSdeba. am Canaweris
naxva iseTive Rimils iwvevs rogorc bornis mier ostaturad
dadgmuli parodia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ,,gedebis tbis~ klasikuri dadgmis
ori personaJi meTiu bornis variantSi amoRebulia, esenia:
boroti jadoqari da misi qaliSvili. erT-erT versiaSi,
romelic gedebis cekvis qoreografiuli monaxazebiT aris
STambeWdavi, jadoqari didi lurji frinvelis saxiTaa
naCvenebi. am SemTxevvaSi ki, boroti Zalis gamoyeneba da
jadoqroba meTiu borns aRar sWirdeba.
warmodgenis mesame nawilSi naCvenebia sakuTar
sacxovrebelSi gamoketili princi, romelic svams, magram
dedofali mas ar uTanagrZnobs. Semdegi moqmedeba portis
pira barSi viTardeba, sadac gaSarJebulia elvis preslis
Cacmuloba, varcxniloba, im dros moduri cekvebis
moZraobebi da cxovrebis stili. iq princi mis nacnob
gogonasac aRmoaCens, naxavs, rom is yvela mamakacisTvis
xelmisawvdomia... Semdeg yvelaferze xels Caiqnevs da Tavis
mokvlis mizniT miaSurebs qalaqis parks, sadac gedebis
gundis winamZRoliT moixibleba.
am scenaSi meTiu borni misi qoreografiuli
SesaZlelobebis maqsimums iyenebs. mas scenaze gamoyavs kargi
garegnobis, aTleturi aRnagobis, tanze saocrad morgebul
gedis kostumebSi gamowyobili mamakacebi, romlebic
scenaze ki ar dadian, cekvaven! maTi sxeuli moqnili
da mimzidvelia. warmodgenaSi gansakuTrebulia gedis
rolis Semsrulebeli adam kuperi. misi dueti princTan
mocekvaveebis saSemsruleblo xelovnebas warmoaCens. am ori
personaJis damokidebuleba emociebs iwvevs. Tumca, bornis
esTetika sentimetalizms ver itans da dramatul scenebs

264
ostaturad anacvlebs parodiebiT. amis saukeTeso nimuSia
xelebgadaWdobili gedebis cekvis parodiuli Sesruleba.
samefo balis scenaSi borni TviTironiasac mimarTavs
- aq is swored im fanebsa Tu Jurnalistebs dascinis,
romlebic varskvlavebs darajoben maTgan komentarisa
Tu avtografis miRebis surviliT. moqmedebebTan erTad
dekoraciebi icvleba da warmodgenis am nawilSi yvelaferi
did darbazSi TamaSdeba, romlis SuagulSic mosCans Ria
aivani da mTvare.
qoreografis TqmiT, misi speqtakli martoobazea,
rodesac adamiani misTvis sulierad axlobels mxolod
ZilSi Tu naxavs, rogorc es speqtaklSi xdeba. Tumca, aq
mTavaria ara imdenad ,,realoba~ da ,,sizmari~, ramdenadac
,,saidumlo~ da ,,gacxadebuli~. albaT, amitom gaaocebs
princs, dedis qarafSutul qcevaze metad, samefo balze
gedis oreulis, frakSi gamowyobili da yvela qalisTvis
sasurveli mamakacis gamoCena. princi masze eWvianobs, is
kidev yvelasTan arSiyobs, dedofalTanac ki, romelTan
alersi mas ise gamoiyvans wyobidan, rom iaraRs gaisvris.
gasrolas misi megobari gogo ewireba, gedis oreuli ki
uCinardeba.
bolo scena, iseve rogorc dasawyisi, princis
saZinebelSi viTardeba. princs kvlav gedi, masTan cekva da
alersi esizmreba. gamoRviZebuls eqimTa armia exveva Tavs
da operacias ukeTebs. marto darCenil princTan gedebis
gundi Cndeba, romelic mis Caqolvas cdilobs, rasac maTi
winamZRoli ewinaaRmdegeba. princis rCeuli iRupeba. princi
am tragedias ver uZlebs da isic kvdeba. iseve rogorc
TiToeuli mizanscena, finali srulyofili da emociuria.
meTiu bornisTvis mniSvnelovania klasikis interpretacia.
Tumca, misi gadawyvetebi, upirvelesad, drois mieraa
gamarTlebuli. amasTan dakavSirebiT SegviZlia gavixsenoT
erTi detali: 1995 wels, am baletis londonuri premiera
inglisis samefo ojaxis skandals daemTxva. im dros princesa
diana princ Carlzs eyreboda, Carlzi ki ar malavda romans
kamila parkerTan. elizaveta mdumarebas amayad inarCunebda.

265
am fonze bornis baleti provokaciulad gamoiyureboda. miT
ufro, rom princis rolis Semsrulebuli skot embleri
Zalian gavda Carlzs, qeraTmian macdunebel geds ki, dianasa
da kamilas adarebdnen...
,,me gamoviyene is, rac Caikovskis gulSi edo - raRac
sagangaSo, ucnauri, momajadoebeli. musikam SemZra. magram
rodesac namdvil gedebs Sevxede, momeCvena, rom maTSi
mamakacuri sawyisi metia, vidre qaluri - isini energiuli
arsebebi arian~, - acxadebs borni, romlis ,,gedebis tbac~,
mimaCnia, rom erTgvari epataJia, da ara - kiCi!

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 kinoxelovneba
ira demetraZe

Tanamedrove kinoprocesis
kulturul-miTologiuri arqetipebi

post-postmodernuli epoqis kinematografi

realobis gaazrebis axal aglomeratebs gvTavazobs.
bolo wlebSi kinematografiuli `axali talRebis»
eTno Tu sociopolitikuri perimetri mudmiv dinamikas
eqvemdebareba. aRmosavluri samyarosa Tu kinos gacxadebul
revanSs amerikuli damoukidebeli kino uwevda oponirebas.
fragmentirebuli evropuli cnobiereba sakuTari
identurobisa da TviTSemecnebis krizisTan erTad
kinokulturis artikulirebasac gamoemSvidoba. skandinaviuri
`dogma» maleve koniunqturul brendad gadaiqca. Cinuri
postrevoluciuri kinorenesansi iranulma kinopoeziam
Caanacvla. dRes aRmosavleTevropuli postsocialisturi,
posttotalitaruli cnobiereba istoriuli travmebisa Tu
dramebis sublimirebas e. w. safestivalo kinos meSveobiT
axdens. `navTobis eqsportis» xarjze aRorZinebuli rusuli
kinoindustria ybadaRebuli Seucnobeli rusuli sulis
moxelTebas sakuTar `individualobaze» morgebul Janruli
kodebis meSveobiT axdens. amasTanave arc `ufrosi Zmis» Cveul
ritorikas iviwyebs, Tanamedrove kinoprocesi /sakvanZo
movlenebi daFfilmebi/ ayalibebs suraTs, sadac nacionaluri
mentaluri da kulturuli Taviseburebani aSkaradaa
warmoCenili. is, Tu poetikis Taviseburebani ramdenadaa
ganpirobebuli ama Tu im eris istoriuli mexsierebiTa
da gamocdilebiT, aSkarad ikveTeba Tanamedrove evropuli
kinoproduqciis magaliTze.Ees miT ufro TvalSisacemia
vinaidan sul raRac aTi wlis win nacionaluri dominantebi
evropul kinoSi TiTqmis ar arsebobda (postmodernuli
esTetikis gavlenidan gamomdinare). gavixsenoT Tundac 90-
iani wlebis sakulto germanuli suraTi `gaiqeci lola,

267
gaiqeci» (reJ. tom tikveri). realobis variaciuloba,
rac siuJetis pirvel elements warmoadgenda, virtualur
realobis Sesabamis reprezentaciis kods iTxovda.
zepirobiTi ekranuli sivrce klipuri esTetikis maneraSi
iyo stilizebuli, rac, Tavis mxriv, nacionalur dominants
gamoricxavda.Ffestivalze naCvenebi kris krausis `oTxi
wuTi» (2006) e. w. germanuli kompleqsis sublimaciis kidev
erTi nimuSia, `axali germanuli kinosa» da nacionaluri
literaturis gamocdilebiT gaSualebuli. Aanu, kidev erTi
mcdeloba cnobili istoriuli movlenebis, nevrotuli
da destruqciuli fsiqo-seqsualuri fobiis prizmaSi
asaxvisa.Uuaxlesi germanuli kinos petra fon kanti qalTa
satusaRos musikis maswavlebelia (saerTod musika, am
SemTxvevaSi Sumani, germanelTa nacionaluri identurobis
ganmsazRvreli umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria. musikac am
SemTxvevaSi RvTaebrivi mSvenierebis ukumxares _ demonur
sawyissac moicavs), xolo Tanamedrove marlene amjerad
ara marioneti, petras `sayvareli» saTamaSo Tojina, aramed
daTrgunuli da Seviwroebuli sulis amboxis ukiduresi
gamovlinebaa. Dda Tu germanuli kinosaTvis saxasiaTo
arqetipebs mivyvebiT, SesaZloa filmis mTavari gmirebi
Zveli da axali germaniis niSan-xatebic iyvnen.Mmamis
(ufro sworad, maminacvlis) mier gaupatiurebuli jeni im
formaciis warmomadgenelia, visac samarcxvino warsulis
mZime memkvidreoba ergo.Ggermania ara erTxel yofila
`meZavi» qali, am SemTxvevaSi ki igi `tirani mamis» (sistemis)
mieraa `gaupatiurebuli».Nnacizmis Tanatoli musikis
maswavlebelic erTaderT siyvaruls gestapos satusaRoSi
kargavs (asakidan gamomdinare sistema misi ara `tirani
mama», aramed `despoti meuRlea», amitomac `CamoiSora»
metoqe).Mmusika ki orTave gmirisTvis WeSmariti yofnis
(egzistenciis) erTaderTi saSualebaa im sxvaobiT, rom
klasikuri JReradoba `zanguri» gamebiTaa Canacvlebuli.
erTgvari kinorenesansis ganmapirobebeli erT-erTi
mTavari mizezi ara empiriuli, aramed fundamenturi
_ ontologiuri faqtorebia. eTnohiperrealizmi da

268
socialuri diskursis gaaqtiureba, Taviseburi `neo-
neorealizmi» e. w. `pirdapiri kinos» maneraSia stilizebuli.
imavdroulad adamianis problemis, egzistencialuri
Tematikis inspirirebas axdens. `Seulamazebeli realoba»,
Tavis mxriv miTologiur-epikuri plastiTaa gamyarebuli
da ufro gamomsaxvelobiT rigs ganekuTvneba, vidre
substanciur, siRrmiseul ganzomilebas. swored amitom
mSrali sociologia Tu autentizmi TviTkmar elementad
ar iqceva da yofiTi realiebi yofierebis problemebis
ganzogadebisken miiltvis. CauSeskus epoqa, kriminaluri
aborti mxolod Strixia, makrofonis sailustracio mikro
istoriaa.
Tanamedrove kinos erT-erTi mwvervali _ qristian
munjus `4 Tve, 3 kvira da 2 dRe» _ Tavad avtoris
gansazRvrebiT, `ruminuli komunizmis subieqturi istoriaa».
Ffilmis moqmedeba 1987 wels xdeba da otiliasa (anamaria
marinka) da gabitas (laura vasiliu) studenti daqalebis
Tanaarsebobis or dRes moicavs. ori dRe, romelic mTel
cxovrebas utoldeba. gamocdileba, romelic gmirebis
kvaldakval mayureblis identurobaze axdens zegavlenas (da
Senc mravlismomswre da ironiul kritikossac) sakuTari
Tavis Secnobisken gibiZgebs. saerTo sacxovrebeli da
sastumro _ es ori ZiriTadi sivrcea, sadac mimdinareobs
filmis moqmedeba. orive garemo (sivrce) niSnobrivi
iyo komunisturi utopiisken mimavali sicialisturi
banakisaTvis. saerTo sacxovrebuli-koleqtiuri
komunalurobis gansxeuleba da sastumro privat-sivrce
(socialuri privilegiurobis niSniTac atributirebuli)
_ oRond erTi saerTo maxasiaTebliT: oficialuri
registraciis gareSe sapirispiro sqesis adamianebis erTad
Tanacxovreba dauSveblad iTvleboda. aq iseve, rogorc
filmis mTavar intrigaSi _ kriminalur abortSi, reJimisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli daTrgunuli seqsualobis motivi ikveTeba.
sigareti `kenti» da qaluri tualetis aqsesuarebi _
deficituri saqoneli da miT ufro sasurveli iseTive drois
niSania, rogorc ucxouri radiosadgurebis sixSireebis

269
CaxSobaDda, SesaZloa, imave nonkonformistuli sulis
gamoxatulebadac CaiTvalos. miuxedavad drois niSnebisa
da atmosferos zusti rekonstruqciisa, filmis mTavari
Rirebuleba egzistencialuri problematikis wamowevaSi
mdgomareobs. anamaria marinkas gmiri (da es msaxiobi savsebiT
damsaxurebulad dRes msoflio masStabis movlenad iqca)
megobars arasasurveli fexmZimobisgan Tavis daRwevaSi
exmareba. es sakuTari sxeulis da sulis msxverplad gaRebis
xarjze xdeba SesaZlebeli. realoba mudmiv kompromisebsa
Tu xarks moiTxovs adamianisgan _ iqneba es abortis Tanxis
safasurad sakuTari sxeulis gaReba Tu mocilebuli
nayofis bunkerSi gastumreba. swored es cxovrebiseuli
inercia aris is, rasac TiToeuli Cvengani yovel fexis
nabijze akeTebs (ama Tu im saxiT) da rac Cvens gardauval
realobad iqceva. avtoris, reJisoris mTavar damsaxurebad
misi gulwrfeli, adamianuri pozicia mesaxeba yovelgvar
didaqtikasa da `moralizms» moklebuli. Cven, adamianebs,
aramc da aramc ar gvamcirebs es negatiuri, uaryofiTi
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba _ ubralod gvcvlis, SesaZloa,
sulieradac gvauxeSebs, magram es gardauvali da savsebiT
Cveuli ramaa.
fineli kovboi kvlav gvaocebs, Tavisi Sefaruli
`adamianurobiT» da `uambicio», magram daxvewili (lakonuri)
stiliT.Ffrontaluri mizanscenebi Tuki evropuli
kinokritikis metrs serJ tubianas fasbinders agonebs,
CemTvis bresonisa da oZus xelwerasTan asocirdeba. xolo
iseve, rogorc fasbinderTan aqac `siyvaruli sikvdilze
civia».
postmodernuli epoqis realiebidan gamomdinare,
kaurismiakis filmebis ironiuli modusi emociuri anesTeziis,
ekranuli sivrcisgan distancirebis efeqts efuZneba. is,
rac bresonisTvis `ekranebisgan» Tavis daRwevas, anu, e.
w. `eliminacias» gulisxmobs, kaurismiakisTan, arsobrivad,
faqtobrivad, ucvleli rCeba. samsaxiobo Sesruleba, iseve
rogorc bresonTan, Sinagan Tu garegan sicarieles (anu
inertulobas) moiTxovs. imave bresonisgan gansxvavebiT ki,

270
ara avtomatizms, aramed msaxiobis srul dezorientacias,
dabnevas moiazrebs.Aaqve skandinaviuri mentalur-kulturuli
Taviseburebanic vlindeba.Yyofierebis simsubuqe Cveuli
yofis gausaZlisi siciviTa Tu autaneli gamouvalobis
SegrZnebiTaa Canacvlebuli. `proletaruli metafizika» ara
refleqsiis, ara primitiuli sentimentalobis, aramed mZafri
emociur-fizikuri gancdis, erTgvari `kaTarzisuli Sokis»
safuZveli xdeba.Ddostoevskiseuli vnebebi (mTavari gmiri
miSkinis saxesTan erTgvar msgavsebas badebs, rac kaurismiakis
Semoqmedebis zogadi interteqstualuri mimarTebidan
gamomdinare absoluturad bunebrivia) neorealistur
maneraSia mowodebuli, magram realobis ara sociologiur,
aramed egzistenciur ganzomilebas gvTavazobs. qali (aqac
dostoevskiseul antinomiebTan mivdivarT _ nastasia
filipovna da aglaia) mxolod gacxadebuli, xelSesaxebi
mizezia, mTavari gmiris sikvdilisaken gaucnobierebeli
(Tu gacnobierebuli) ltolvisa.Yyofna-aryofnis dilema
imTaviTve ufasurdeba, rodesac yofna aryofnis tolfasia.
rusuli sulis kidev erTi emanacia `martivi sagnebi»
_ axalgazrda reJisoris aleqsei popogrebskis pirveli
srulmetraJiani filmia.Mmravalricxovani serialebiTa Tu
nacionalur mentalitetze morgebuli blokbasterebiT (maT
Soris heroikuli eposis ambiciebis mqone erzacebi, magaliTad
`9 aseuli») atributirebuli lubokis tipis rusuli
sinamdvile ideologiur angaJirebas Cinebulad usadagebs
sabazro koniunqturas. imperiuli (anu totalitaruli)
intenciebis matarebeli kultura sabWour ideologemebs
uaxlesi teqnologiebiT gamyarebuli `glamuruli» kinoenis
meSveobiT warmoaCens. Tuki kultura _ faseulobaTa
sistemaa, maT kargad aqvT gacnobierebuli, Tu ra tipis
faseulobebia am SemTxvevaSi `Rirebuli». Tundac aviRoT
Tanamedrove rusuli kinos metris, nikita mixalkovis,
axali `safestivalo hiti» _ `12» (SeTavsebiT reJisori,
rogorc WeSmariti rusi `inteligenti», e. w. `poCvennikia»
_ Tanamedrove transkrifciiT _ reJimis apologeti).
CeCen ymawvils mamobilis, rusi oficris, mkvlelobaSi

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adanaSauleben... komunisturi formaciis niSansveti
socialuri uTanasworoba, ufro mdabali, cxoveluri
instinqtiT nacionalisturi fobiiTa da religiuri SuRliTaa
Canacvlebuli. didaqtikuri fabula politkoniunqturis
demonstrirebis farTo asparezs iZleva. msajulTa sulieri
striptizi Tu wiaRsvlebi `moraluri» gamarjvebiT
sruldeba. da obol ymawvils (SesaZloa, ersac) axali
rusi mamobili gamouCndeba. is, rom sidni lumetis
pirvelwyarosgan gansxvavebiT, mixalkoviseul rimeikSi
socialuri diskursi nacionalisturiTaa Canacvlebuli,
aSkaraa. udaod misasalmebelia is faqti, rom es `Sedevri»
oskaris gareSe darCa.
aleqsei popogrebski absolutur winaaRmdegobaSi modis
rogorc meinstrimTan, aseve dominantur ideologemebTan.
simptomaturia, rom filmi peterburgidanaa, Cemi azriT,
is swored rusuli sulieri tradiciis am mimarTebas
emxroba.Uupivelesad, TvalSisacemia lakonuri, sada stili
Serbilebuli rakursiTa da erTgvarad neitraluri (magram
ara qronikaluri) kameris muSaobis reJimiT. `Seulamazebeli»
sinamdvile isea asaxuli, rom agresiuli zemoqmedebisken
ar iyos mimarTuli. zedmiwevniT naturalisturi scenebi
imgvaradaa mowodebuli, rom fiziologiur SegrZnebebs,
Tundac zizRs ar aRZravs mayurebelSi.Mminimalisturi
stili, rac yofiTi detalebis erTobliobas efuZneba,
imavdroulad egzistenciur (metafizikur) ganzomilebasac
moicavs. gmiris SeuTavsebloba realobasTan bevrad ufro
tragikulia, vidre yofiTi SeWirveba. is uwinaresad
sakuTar TavTanaa gaucxoebuli da mere garemosTan. rusuli
mentalobidan gamomdinare, misTvis arsebiTia ara raime
socialuri an sxva roluri stereotipi, aramed is, Tu
ras warmoadgens sakuTar TvalSi.Dda is, visTvisac garegani
da Sinagani yofna disonansuria, imTaviTve axdens mocemuli
modelis sakuTar Tavze proecirebas.
david volahis filmi `mamaCemi, Cemi RmerTi», Cemi
azriT, unikaluri movlenaa ara mxolod festivalisTvis,
aramed Tanamedrove kinoprocesSic. 37 wlis david volahi

272
ierusalimis erT-erT yvelaze ultraorTodoqsur xaredimTa
TemSi aRizarda. 25 wlis asakSi gamoeyo rabin mamasa da
19 da-Zmas. reJisoris sekularuli cxovreba uwinaresad
xelovnebas ukavSirdeba, rac faqtobrivad samyaros
xelaxal SecnobasTan igivdeba.Ffilmic garkveulwilad
avtobiografiulia, Tanac Zvel aRqmiseul reminiscenciebsac
moicavs. abraamisa da isaakis bibliuri istoria axleburadaa
interpretirebuli. msxverplSewirva meordeba _ locvas
micemuli mamis braliT Svili iRupeba... movlenebi bavSvis
cnobierebis prizmaSia asaxuli. samyaro, marTalia, mamis
Toriseuli igavebiTaa (Tu dogmebiT) atributirebuli,
magram realobac garkveul kiTxvebs badebs: ratom ara aqvT
suli cxovelebs?Aanda imave uZlurebisa Tu sikvdilis
xatTan Sejaxeba. reJisori araviTar SemTxvevaSi ironiuli
skefsisis safuZvels ar gvaZlevs (rac evropuli
cnobierebisTvis esoden saxasiaToa). samyaro misTvisac
locvis, imperativis da, rac mTavaria, mamis (imave RmerTis
xorcieli da sulieri sawyisi gaigivebulia) saxiTaa
warmodgenili. volahi sakuTari sulieri (religiuri)
tradiciis SigniT inarCunebs dialeqtikur azrovnebas.
is ar uaryofs arc mamaRmerTs da arc xorciel mamas.
Toris Tanaxmad mtredi Tuki kargi dedaa mobrundeba da
ar miatovebs sakuTar pirmSos. realoba araerTgvarovania
da is mxolod `kanoniT» ar aixsneba, Tundac is RvTaebrivi
siyvaruliT iyos nakarnaxevi. mTavari ki isaa, rom filmi
saocrad intimuria da ara didaqtikuri, sadac sazrisi da
emocia erTimeoresTanaa Sezrdili.
bolo aTwleulebis manZilze aRmosavlurma kinom (iseve,
rogorc civilizaciam) evropas garkveuli revanSiwauyena.
postmodernuli epoqis fragmentirebuli dasavluri
cnobiereba did kinos ukve aRar qmnis.AaRmosavleTSi,
sadac kultura garkveulwilad arqaul modelzea
orientirebuli, erTgvari miTologiuri cnobierebaa
aqtualuri.Ees ukanaskneli ki, Tavis mxriv, kinos bazisur
models warmoadgens. Bberlinis festivalis `oqros
daTvis» mflobeli `tuias qorwineba» (reJ. van Cuanani)

273
neorealizmis erTgvariAaRmosavluri variantia.Eegzotikuri
landSafti (filmi Sida monRoleTSia gadaRebuli,
saidanac reJisoria warmoSobiT) miwieri lirikulobiTa
da tragizmiTaa ganzavebuli.Mmelodramatuli intonaciebi
tragikulis zRvars uaxlovdeba. janmrTeloba Seryeuli
lamazi qali tuia invalidi qmriTa da wvrilSviliT xelze
iZulebuli xdeba, axali sabedo eZios. marTalia, erTi
pirobiT, invalidi meuRlec masTan unda darCes. msurveli
mravladaa.Ees epizodebi lirikuli iumoriTacaa Seferili.
xolo realoba, xeibari qmris saxiT, erTob gadaulaxav
winaaRmdegobas qmnis. tuias yvelaze erTguli mijnuri
mravali winaRobis miuxedavad sawadels aRwevs.
filmis finalSi egzotikuri qorwili ganmartoebuli
tuias gulamomjdari tiriliT sruldeba. sainteresoa, rom
lamaisturi tradicia bevrad ufro humanuri da civiluria.
feministebis sayuradRebod isic unda aRiniSnos, rom aq tuia
aramc da aramc tradiciis msxverpli araa. marTalia,Qqalis
TviTgvema kulturul-istoriuli konteqstsac moicavs. is
erTdroulad ultrafeministicaa da msxverplic, xolo
am SemTxvevaSi moZalade Tavad realobaa _ industriuli
civilizacia Tu sulac fizikuri arsebobis (gadarCenis)
aucilebloba. Tumca iq, sadac arsebobs kino, fundamenturi
kultura da xdeba garkveuli kulturuli ideologiis
artikulireba, iq fizikuri da sulieri gadagvarebis
saSiSroeba ar dgas.
naconaluri mentalobis akumulireba zogadsakacobrio
miTologiis eTno Tu socialur realiebze morgebis
xarjze xdeba. sainteresoa aseve is, rom tradiciuli
kinematografiuli qveynebi aRar ayalibeben safestivalo
klimats. Ppostmodernuli miTi aRaraa aqtualuri.
Eepikuri stili romanuli struqturis eqspluataciiTaa
ganpirobebuli. Mmaxsendeba Tomas maniseuli zolas
Semoqmedebis interpretacia, sadac naturalizmi ukidures
simbolizmad gardaiqmneba.AalbaT, es gansazRvreba zustad
gamoxatavs axal kinematografiul da, zogadad, kulturuli
paradigmis Taviseburebas.

274
rusudan papunaSvili

almodovari da misi homopersonaJebi

pedro almodovari Tavis pirvel filmebs iRebs maSin,
rodesac frankos diqtatoruli reJimi damxobilia, magram,
miuxedavad amisa, espanur sazogadoebaSi bevri tabudadebuli
Tema arsebobs. erT-erTi aseTi Temaa homoseqsualizmi,
romelsac xSirad vxvdebiT mis filmebSi. es filmebi
gadaRebulia misTvis Cveul naturalistur maneraSi da
aris erTgvari protesti, mimarTuli espanuri burJuaziuli
sazogadoebisken. am filmebs araerTxel gamouwvevia
skandali. erT-erTi aseTi skandalis Semdeg reJisori
Semdeg komentars akeTebs: `Cemi filmebi skandaluria ara
gamosaxulebis, aramed gulwrfelobis gamo. xalxma icis,
rom homoseqsualizmi arsebobs, rom ori mamakaci erTad
wveba, magram xalxs aRizianebs is faqti, rom es naCvenebia
ekranze. zogadad skandali yovelTvis viRacis subieqturi
xedvaa. arian kidev homofobebi, ZiriTadad mamakacebi,
romlebic ver uyureben scenas, sadac ori kaci erTmaneTs
esiyvaruleba. isini amis Tanamonawiled grZnoben Tavs da es
xels uSliT maT mSvidad uyuron amgvar sanaxaobas».1
pedro almodovaris kino aris Tavisufali samyaros
reprezentacia. rogorc Tavad ambobs, is bolomde
datkba demokratiiT. misi azriT, XX saukunis bolos
Sexeduleba cxovrebaze, siyvarulsa da ojaxze Seicvala
da aman Tanamedrove adamiani ufro Tavisufali,
magram gacilebiTYdepresiuli gaxada. misi personaJebi
damZimebulni arian Sinagani konfliqtebiT, swored es,
maTi mdgomareoba, moqmedebs misi filmebis siuJetis
Sinagan logikaze. almodovaris gmirebi mudmivi gardaqmnis
situaciaSi imyofebian. isini icvlian garegnobas, profesias
da, rac yvelaze sainteresoa, sqess. is erT-erTi pirvelia
im reJisorebs Soris, romelmac sociumis fskerze myofi
adamianebisgan klasikuri kinosaxeebi Seqmna. es xdeba 70-
80-ian wlebSi, rodesac homoseqsualizmi codvisa da
daavadebis sinonimad moiazreboda.
275
 homoseqsualizmi dResac kamaTis sagania. zogierTi
fsiqologi Tvlis, rom ar arsebobs TvalsaCino gansxvaveba
`geebisa» da `naturalebis» fsiqikas Soris da, Tuki
`geebSi» raime darRveva SeiniSneba, es gamowveulia mxolod
sazogadoebis zewoliT. aseve cnobilia is faqtic, rom
homoseqsualistebSi, magaliTad, suicidis SemTxveva ufro
xSiria vidre heteroseqsualebSi. almodovars fsiqologebze
aranakleb zedmiwevniT hyavs Seswavlili es adamianebi -
sisusteebiTa da paTologiebiT.
gavixsenoT lola filmidan `yvelaferi dedaCemis
Sesaxeb». adamiani sruliad darRveuli fsiqikiT. ra
SeiZleba iTqvas mamakacze, romelic gardaiqmna qalad,
romelsac aqvs silikonis mkerdi da amasTan, is protests
gamoTqvams meuRlis, manuelas, zedmetad mokle bolokabaze.
albaT, masSi jer kidev igrZnoba mamakacuri sawyisi.
colis gamomwvevi Cacmuloba xom, rogorc wesi, mamakacebs
aRizianebT. ai, filmis finalSi ki ukve vxedavT TiTqmis
`srulfasovan qals», romelSic dedobrivi instinqtic ki
iRviZebs. albaT, gvaxsovs scena, rodesac mas Svili, patara
estebani, uWiravs. misi cremlnarevi Rimili gvagonebs im
qalis emocias, romelic axlaxans deda gaxda.
agrado kidev erTi personaJia am filmidan, romelic
bunebisa da biologiis winaaRmdeg midis. is ikeTebs
plastikur operaciebs, gardaisaxeba qalad da gadis
panelze. filmSi ar Cans, is amas gamorCenis Tu siamovnebis
gamo akeTebs. aSkaraa, rom qalis tyavSi agrado Tavs ukeT
grZnobs. almodovaris personaJebSi igrZnoba bedisadmi
Seuguebloba, Sinagani disharmonia, romelic maT radikaluri
cvlilebebisken ubiZgebs.
rac ar unda vilaparakoT sazogadoebis loialurobasa
da humanurobaze, aSkaraa misi kritikuli damikidebuleba
aratradiciuli seqsualuri orientaciis adamianebis
mimarT. sazogadoebis azri filmSi `yvelaferi dedaCemis
Sesaxeb» reprezentirebulia rosas dedis saxiT. gavixsenoT
scena, sadac is ver faravs ukmayofilebas, SeiZleba iTqvas
zizRs, rodesac lolas uyurebs. msgavs niuanss vxvdebiT

276
`maRal quslebSi», srulfasovani mamakacis, manuelisa da
transvestiti letalis Selaparakebis scenaSi: _ `letali
qalis saxelia Tu kacis?» _ kiTxulobs manueli cinikurad»,
_ `gaaCnia, SenTvis mamakaci var» _ pasuxobs letali.
ZiriTadad pedro almodovaris filmebis gmirebi
an qalebi arian, an iseTi mamakacebi, romlebsac surT,
gaxdnen qalebi. Cveulebrivi mamakacebi mis SemoqmedebaSi
arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi warmoCndebian. aSkaraa maTi
ususuroba susti sqesis winaSe. magaliTad, imave kinosuraTSi
`yvelaferi dedaCemis Sesaxeb» mxolod erTi mamakacia,
rosas mama da isic autizmiT daavadebuli, meuRlezea
damokidebuli. `mTrTolvare sxeulSi» mamakacTa susti
mxareebi gansakuTrebiTaa xazgasmuli, maTi yoveli qmedeba,
Tundac azrs moklebuli, nakarnaxevia surviliT _ raime
Secvalon qalTan mimarTebaSi da Tu, almodovaris mamakaci
sCadis znedacemul saqciels, is TiTqmis yovelTvis qalis
xeliT kvdeba.
rodesac homoseqsualebze vsaubrobT, Tanac
almodovarTan mimarTebaSi, ra Tqma unda, maTSi
`lesboselebic» igulisxmebian. mamakacebis mgavsad maT
Sorisac aris gansxvaveba. Sors ar waval da isev filmidan
`yvelaferi dedaCemis Sesaxeb» moviyvan ninasa da umas
magaliTs. uma Seyvarebulia ninaze iseTi siyvaruliT,
rogoric mxolod asakovan qals SeuZlia. is Sepyrobilia
misi bolomde flobis surviliT da ver imetebs mas
rogorc narkotikebisTvis, iseve sxva mamakacisTvis. rac
mTavaria, nina umasTvis arc mxolod seqsualuri ltolvis
obieqtia da arc gulgatexili qalis gadawyvetileba, aramed
namdvili siyvarulia. nina, Tu SeiZleba ase vTqvaT, ar aris
`WeSmariti lesboseli», is ubralod ikvebeba im siTboTi,
romelsac misTvis uma gaiRebs. ufro metic, igrZnoba,
rom misTvis homoseqsualizmi miuRebelia, magram Sinagani
disharmonia aiZulebs mas, daewafos yovelgvar ugunurebas.
SegviZlia davaskvnaT kidec, rom uma fiziologiurad aris
homoseqsuali, nina, ki _ gadawyvetilebiT.
espaneli reJisoris filmebSi yvelaze gamokveTilad `gei»

277
personaJebs vxvdebiT kinosuraTebSi `survilis kanoni»,
`yvelaferi dedaCemis Sesaxeb» da `cudi aRzrda». `survilis
kanoni» da `cudi aRzrda» homoerotiuli kriminaluri
melodramebia. pirveli pedro almodovarma gadaiRo 1987
wels, meore – 2004 wels, rodesac ukve SemoqmedebiT
simwifeSi imyofeboda. orive kinosuraTma, miuxedavad 17
wliani intervalisa, TiTqmis erTnairi skandali gamoiwvia
sazogadoabaSi. es ori filmi Tavisi personaJebis xasiaTiTa
da bedisweriT erTmaneTs hgavs, `yvelaferi dedaCemis
Sesaxeb» zemoT CamoTvlili personaJebisgan (saubari maqvs
homoseqsualistebze) ZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdebian, rom
pavlo, antonio, enrike da ignasio homoseqsualistebi arian,
magram isini mainc rCebian mamakacebad, am sityvebis sruli
mniSvnelobiT. lola da agrado ki Sinaganad qalebi arian.
maTi qalobis survili imdenad didia, rom isini mamakacis
sxeuls ver eguebian.
rodesac almodovari amgvar filmebs iRebs, is ar
debs maTSi mxolod seqsualuri umciresobis socialurad
Seugueblobis problemas an mxolod maT Sinagan konfliqtebs,
is saintereso siuJeturi xaziTa da sxvadasxva peripetiiT
tvirTavs Tavis filmebs. magaliTad, rodesac Cven vuyurebT
`survilis kanons», ar vfiqrobT imaze, ramdenad Cagrulni
arian misi gmirebi socialurad Tu fiziologiurad.
masSi bevri sxva niuansi iqcevs yuradRebas: mkvleloba,
gmirebis urTierTdamokidebuleba Tu filmis dramaturgia.
mayurebelic, Tavis mxriv, iWreba am gmirebis samyaroSi da
maT gancdebs iziarebs.
erTmaneTze Seyvarebuli mamakacebis grZnobis gamoxatvis
forma imxela gavlenas axdens mayurebelze, rom maTi
arasaxarbielo statusi sazogadoebaSi ukana planze
gadadis. gavixsenoT pavlos mier xuanisTvis miwerili
werili: `me Sen miyvarxar da, vgoneb, uSenod Cemi cxovreba
carieli iqneba. momiyevi yvelaferi Sen Sesaxeb, miTxari ra
wignebs kiTxulob, ra filmebs uyureb, ra musikas usmen,
momiyevi yvelaferi, oRond erTs gTxov, ar miTxra, rom
vinme gaicani da vinme mogewona, ar SemiZlia cxovreba Sen
gareSe. gaRmerTeb!~
278
 igive SeiZleba vTqvaT suraTze `yvelaferi dedaCemis
Sesaxeb». arc lola da arc agrado sazogadoebis azrze
fiqriT Tavs ar iwuxeben. agrados sadRac eamayeba kidec
Tavisi mdgomareoba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is ver
gabedavda xalxis garTobis mizniT didi auditoriis win
sityviT gamosvlas, sadac igi detalurad yveba qalad
gardasaxvisTvis gakeTebuli plastikuri operaciebis
Sesaxeb. an, gavixsenoT liftis scena, sadac is misTvis
damaxasiaTebel naxevrad xumrobiT maneraSi uyveba umas
Tavis mamakacur warsulze, roca satvirTo manqanis mZRoli
iyo. SeiZleba amgvari gambedaoba Sinagani protestis gamoc
Cndeba, magram filmi Sinaarsobrivad isea agebuli, rom
agrado da lola mayureblisTvis sainteresoni arian,
ara rogorc sazogadoebas morgebuli, an ar morgebuli
adamianebi, aramed rogorc individebi, pirovnebebi TavianTi
Sinagani samyaroTi.
xSirad pedro almodovaris filmebs `gei filmebs»
uwodeben, razedac Tavad almodovars araerTxel gamouTqvams
pretenzia. is Tvlis, rom Tavis SemoqmedebaSi saubrobs
universalur grZnobebze, romelic damaxasiaTebelia
nebismieri orientaciis adamianisTvis.

1. ix.: Nuria Bouza Vidal: The films of Pedro Almodovar, 1988

279
maka doliZe

rainer verner fasbinderi - socialuri freska

faSisturi mozaikiT

`Tu Sen akeTeb SenTvis umniSvnelo samuSaos, maSin

SegiZlia icxovro aTi-oci wliT ufro didxans, magram es
damwuxrebuli wlebi iqneba. me vTvli, rom saWiroa icxovro
sxvanairad, ufro xanmokled, magram gaSmagebulad.»1
es sityvebi `umamo Taobis» erT-erT TvalsaCino
warmomadgenels ekuTvnis. romelsac `bavariel xuligansac»
uwodebdnen. mas surda yofiliyo kinoSi igive, rac iyo
Seqspiri TeatrSi, marqsi _ politikaSi da froidi _
fsiqologiaSi. es ambiciuri (kargi gagebiT) axalgazrda
– rainer verner fasbinderi 1945 wlis 31 maiss moevlina
qveyanas kurort vorishofenSi.
zemoxsenebuli reJisori sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac
igi cdilobda skurpulozurad ekvlia da ganexila nacisturi
fenomeni socialur WrilSi. am rakursiT sayuradReboa mis
mier 1973 wels gadaRebuli filmi `SiSi suls Wams.»
filmis mTavari gmiri, miunxenis arc Tu ise respeqtabelur
ubanSi mcxovrebi Suaxnis qvrivi emi karovski, TvalSisacemi
asakobrivi da erovnuli gansxvavebebis miuxedavad,
qorwindeba marokoeli emigrantebis TavSeyris adgilas
gacnobil alize.
filmSi aisaxa stereotipebis gavlena sazogadoebrivi
azris formirebaze. mag: emisgan mezobeli qalebi moiTxoven,
rom man sadarbazo axla kviraSi orjer daalagos mxolod
im mizeziT, rom marokoelis gadmosvlam saxlis ormagad
dabinZureba gamoiwvia. ubanSi mdebare sursaTis maRaziis
mepatronec uaryofiTad aris ganwyobili alisadmi:
miuxedavad imisa, rom ali Tavisuflad saubrobs germanulad,
gamyidveli Segnebulad eqceva mas ise, TiTqos ar esmis
misi. siuJetis ganviTarebis manZilze fasbinderi gviCvenebs
germanuli sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela warmomadgenlis
damokidebulebas erovnuli, nacionaluri fenomenisadmi.
naTlad Cans, rom germanuli sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi

280
jer kidev cocxalia rasistuli ideebi, oRond im gansxvavebiT,
rom mas aRar aqvs saxelmwifo politikis, ideologiuri
doqtrinis forma. gmirTa sityvebSi gamokrTeba nostalgia
Zveli germanuli `wesrigisadmi», rodesac policielebi
grZel Tmebs ar atarebdnen da, Sesabamisad, moqalaqeTa
Sovinisturi axirebebis mxardamWerebad gvevlinebodnen.
policielTa grZeli Tmebi aq Tavisufali, demokratiuli
azrovnebis simbolod unda iqnes gagebuli. axlo warsuli
kvlav gmirebis aqtualur sivrceSi moiazreba da maTi
cnobierebis garkveul determinirebas axdens.
irgvliv arsebuli garemo ucvlelia: Zveli Senobebi,
Zveli sadarbazoebi, Zveli kibeebi, Zveli Sexedulebebi...
garemo ise ucvlelia: yovel wams elodebi sadarbazos
kibeebze WraWuniT mosiarule gestapoelis, Tu eseselis
Ceqmebis gamoCenas. yvelafers etyoba warsulis kvali,
romelic gmirebis cxovrebas warmarTavs. aris erTi, arc Tu
ise TvalSisacemi Strixi, romliTac fasbinderi aSkarad,
arc ise umniSvneloze, migviTiTebs: sadarbazoSi mcxovrebi
erT-erTi qali mudam rkinis cxaurs miRma moCans.AaSkaraa,
rkinis cxauriT reJisori am qalisa da misi Tanamoazreebis
Caketil, SezRudul SexedulebaTa sivrceze mianiSnebs.
fasbinderi Seulamazeblad, SesaZloa Sokismomgvreli
simarTliT, gviCvenebs alisadmi germanuli sazogadoebis
damokidebulebas. epizodSi, roca wyvili restoranSi Ria
cis qveS zis, momsaxure personali usityvod, kuStad,
pirmokumuli, mtrulad Sescqeris maT. analogiur reaqcias
vawydebiTQq-ni karovskis ojaxur Sexvedraze, sadac igi alis
warudgens Tavisianebs. kamera axlo xediT da SesamCnevad
nela gviCvenebs TiToeuli wevris saxes. maTi briyvuli
gamometyvelebisa da dasadgurebuli siCumis sinTeziT
reJisors sicilamde mivyavarT. raineri emis qaliSvilis
– kristas meuRlis rols TamaSobs da savaraudoa, rom
igi am epizodSi Tavisi gmiris reaqciasac dascinis. emis
vaJiSvili bruno ki, ratomRac, televizorisken mimarTavs
Tavis agresias da wixlebiT amsxvrevs mas. iqneb televiziis
saSualebiT Seiqmna axali, manamde ucxo Rirebulebebisa
da Sexedulebebis damkvidrebis SesaZlebloba, ramac, Tavis

281
mxriv, emisa da alis urTierTobasac Seuwyo xeli.
reJisorma adamianTa urTierTobaSi Rrma wvdomisa
da analizis unari gamoavlina. gviCvena misi Tanamedrove
germanuli sazogadoebis niSandoblivi Tvisebebi, kerZod,
burJuaziuli sazogadoebis merkantilizmi. gavixsenoT
vaJiSvilis dabrunebis epizodi, rodesac bruno bodiSs
uxdis dedas da damsxvreuli televizoris safasurs
ixdis. magram saboloo jamSi irkveva, rom igi daxmarebis
saTxovneladaa mosuli (brunosa da mis meuRles emisTan
Svilis datoveba sWirdebaT.) msgavsad, iqcevian mezobeli
qalebi sadarbazodan. emis sardafis gamoyenebis mizniT,
isini Tanaxmani arian miiRon ali da aRfrTovandnen misi
aRnagobiT. fasbinderi sazogadoebas aCvenebs, afrTxilebs,
rom, viTomda, warsuls Cabarebuli rasizmi, SesaZloa
nebismier dros mobrundes.
dRevandel evropaSi neonacizmi ukve sakmaod
gavrcelebuli movlenaa. fasbinderis socialuri freskebi
uwinaresad sulier degradaciazea orientirebuli. swored
sulieri krizisi, cnobierebis destruqcia warmoSobs
socialur Tu politikur krizisebs.
ucnaur metamorfozas ganicdis Tavad emi karovskic.
sadarbazos dalagebisas Cndeba axali iugoslavieli
TanamSromeli iolanta, romelic Tavisi warmomavlobis gamo
danarCenebze dabal anazRaurebas iRebs. da roca emasTan
Sekrebas gadawyveten, ucxoeli TanamSromlis daswreba-
ardaswrebis sakiTxs erTi ubralo fraza wyvets: `mas sxva
angariSiT uxdian». emi karovski alisTan urTierTobis gamo,
swored, imave situaciaSi gariyes, magram emas es aSkarad
ar axsovs. orive epizods reJisori gangeb erTnairad agebs.
gmirebi erTsa da imave adgilze sxedan. ubralod, gansxvaveba
imaSia, rom filmis dasawyisSi suraTis mTavari gmiri qalia,
dazaralebuli da mitovebuli, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi
mis adgils `aragermaneli» TanamSromeli ikavebs. am ori
epizodis mizanmimarTuli damsgavsebiT fasbinderi aSkarad
xazs usvams, rom misTvis miuRebelia emis reaqcia. iqneb
am socialuri problematikis miRma fasbinderis mudmivi
tkivilis – simartovis, miusafrobis Temis ganWvretacaa

282
SesaZlebeli?!
rainers sasacilod gamohyavs emis Svili krista da misi
meuRle. reJisori pirvelive kadrebSi gviCvenebs am wyvilis
urTierTsiZulvilsa da upativcemulobas. Tumca marokoeli
maminacvlis danaxvisas, protestis niSnad, xelkaviT,
Sexmatkbilebuli wyviliviT toveben dedis saxls. sasacilo
ki is aris, rom col-qmars, romelic erTmaneTs cemiT
emuqreba, nacisturi siZulvili Searigebs da aerTianebs.
filmis dasrulebisas Cndeba azri, rom qalbaton karovskis
siyvarulsa da zrunvas marokoelisadmi stimuls, biZgs
aZlevs ara marto misi fizikuri da sulieri martooba,
aramed germaniis, mamamisisa da sakuTari nacisturi warsulis
pasuxismgeblobis tvirTi. albaT, SemTxveviTi araa, rom
siuJetis ganviTarebisas, erT-erT dialogSi alisTan emi
hyveba mamamisisa da sakuTari faSisturi warsulis Sesaxeb.
vfiqrob, suraTis mTavari gmiri qalis qceva (zrunva
alize), nawilobriv mainc, warsuli codvebis gamosyidvis
qvecnobier cdad SeiZleba iqnes aRqmuli.
qarTul periodikaSi2 fasbinderis Sesaxeb vawydebiT
saintereso mosazrebas: `raineri fiqrobda, rom rac ufro
dadgmuli, gakeTebuli da `lamazia» filmi, miT ufro
Tavisufali da niRabaxdilia is. mayurebels ki simarTlis
rcxvenia.» marTalia, reJisoris Sefaseba, yovelTvis, metad
gulwrfeli da misaRebia, magram ara am filmTan mimarTebaSi.
`SiSi suls Wams», marTlac, Tavisufali da niRabaxdilia
ise, rom mayurebels marTlac Sercxveba im simarTlisa,
rasac fasbinderi am suraTSi gadmogvcems, magram filmi
arc `lamazia» da arc `dadgmulis» STabeWdilebas tovebs
da swored am garemoebebis wyalobiTaa albaT, rom am
istoriisa ise gjera, TiTqos Sens an mezobel sadarbazoSi
momxdar istorias Tvals adevnebde.
reJisoris SemoqmedebaSi am filmis arseboba germanul
kompleqsTan brZolis dasturia. man erT-erTma pirvelma,
Tamamad da aSkarad gamoitana sinaTleze es problema,
`igi erTdroulad gamoxatavda protestsac da nacizmis
danaSaulsac inaniebda. danaSauls xalxisa, vinc emxroboda,
monawileobda da TanaugrZnobda ideas, romlis sazareli

283
gamometyvelebis daviwyebas dasWirda Zalian didi dro.»3
arabuli andaza `SiSi suls Wams», romelsac erT-erT
dialogSi emis ali eubneba, filmis saTauradaa gamotanili
da erTgvar mowodebis saxesac iRebs: ar unda geSinodes
Secvalo Zveli Sexedulebebi, moiSoro warsulis mZime
tvirTi da gabedulad Sexvde axals – momavals!
... da SeuZlebelia ar daeTanxmo kinomcodne gogi
gvaxarias, roca is wers: `fasbinders, rogorc WeSmarit
xelovans gaazrebuli hqonda, rom swored infantilizmma,
bednieri momavlis, `rasis gasufTavbis» gulubryvilo
rwmenam ubiZga germanel obivatels `eSmakTan garigebaze»,
rac Semdeg saSineli tragediiT dasrulda. da am mxrivac
Tanamedrove germaniis `bavSvobis» codvebis avadmyofuri
gancda, erTgvari mazoxizmi, TviTgvema gadamwyveti motivi
gaxda fasbinderis SemoqmedebaSi.Ggermaniis bedi ar asvenebs
rogorc patiosan xelovansa da WeSmarit patriots.»4
zemoTTqmulis kidev erTi dasturiaKraineris erT-
erTi bolo filmi, 1982 wels gadaRebuli suraTi –
`veronika fosis sevda», romelic deteqtivis, melodramisa
da antifaSisturi filmis saocar nazavs warmoadgens.
Mmoqmedeba e. w. `adenaueris epoqaSi» (1955 w.) xdeba.
narkomaniiT Sepyrobili mTavari gmiri, msaxiobi qali
veronika fosi xdeba damokidebuli sakuTar eqimze. Tavis
mxriv, eqimi, mariana kaci, iyenebs pacientis avadmyofur
midrekilebas da mihyidis mas narkotikebs.Mmiyidvis
forma aseTia: qali qonebas etapobrivad uanderZebs eqims
narkotikebis sanacvlod. anderZiT mocemuli qoneba
iwureba da eqimi pacients klavs, Tan amas ise akeTebs,
rom Zneli gasarkvevia veronika mokles, Tavi moikla, Tu
ubedurma SemTxvevam imsxverpla igi. arc gmirTaAprofesiebi
SearCia reJsorma SemTxveviT. marTlac, veronika fosi _
warmodgenebisaTvis, aRlumebisaTvis da xalxTa masebis
CvenebebisaTvis arsebobs,Mmariana kaci ki, misi sawinaaRmdego
tipaJia. is yvelafers malavs, rac aris da ar aris dasamali.
Mmisi profesiac _ eqimi, romelic adamianebSi saerTod
keTilSobilur asociaciebs iwvevs, filmSi mxolod da
mxolod angarebiT mkvlelobis iaraRia.

284
 filmis mTavar gmir qalSi aSkarad Cafiqrebuli iyo
`mesame raixis» varskvlavi sibila Smitci, romelic aseve
1955 wels narkotikebisagan gardaicvala. Semdeg ki gairkva,
rom misi mkvleloba kerZo klinikis mflobelma, sibilas
eqimma Caidina, romelic, Tavis dros, sakoncentracio
banakebSi msaxurobda faSistebTan.
sibila Smitcis istorias reJisoris bavSvobasTan
mivyavarT: 1955 wels fasbinderi Zalian patara, daaxloebiT
9 wlisa iyo, da, rogorc Cans, momxdar faqts masze
umoqmedia; miT ufro, rom raineris mama, romelsac biWi
mTeli cxovreba eZebda, aseve eqimi iyo.
reJisorma momxdari faqti ganazogada da `veronika fosis
sevdaSi» gadmosca.Ffilmis Sav-TeTri pirobiToba bariers
qmnis mayurebelsa da kinosuraTis atmosferos Soris.
Eeqimi mariana kaci nacional-socialistebis gansxeulebaa
Tavisi damxmare asistentiTa da misi megobriT. veronika
germanel xalxs ganasaxierebs `mesame raixis» dros, xalxs,
romelic veronikas msgavsad iRebda `narkotiks». swored
aseT `narkotikad» SeiZleba iqnas aRqmuli meore msoflio
omis dros faSistebis mier warmoebuli nacisturi saomari
filmebis propaganda, romliTac maT moaxerxes mosaxleobis
gabrueba swored ise, rogorc sibila Smitcs abruebda
narkotikebiT misi eqimi iseve, rogorc mariana kaci _
veronikas.Amis SesaCereblad ki arc germanelma xalxma
iRona rame, arc sibilam realobaSi da arc veronikam –
filmSi, radgan samiveni gabruebulni iyvnen: germanelebi –
propagandiT, sibila da veronika – narkotikebiT. am uRonobis
Sedegad ki samiveni Tavisi logikuri dasasrulisaken
mieqanebodnen, magram isini damnaSaveni iyvnen, Tundac imitom,
rom maT umoqmedobas Seewira uamravi, sruliad ubralo,
udanaSaulo adamianis sicocxle.

1. Краснова Г.`Кино ФРГ», Москва ,`Искусство» 1987 , с.142;

2. Jurnali: `omega», 2003, #6 gv. 14,;
3. ix.: iqve
4. gazeTi: `Tbilisi», 1987, 5 dekemberi.

285
 meTodika
xaTuna melaZe

xelovnebis swavlebis Tanamedrove

meTodikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoriis

manZilzemozardi Taobis aRzrda-ganaTlebaze, maT zneobriv-
esTetikur,fizikur da sulier ganviTarebaze zrunva mudam
aqtualuri iyo.
am rTul saqmes yvela droSi Tu qveyanaSi saTanado
yuradRebaeTmoboda mozardTa aRzrdas, maTi sulis sworad
Camoyalibebisproblemebze jer kidev antikuri xanis
moazrovneebi msjelobdnen.
sagulisxmoa is, rom rac ufro win miiwevs
civilizaciisganviTarebis tempi, miT ufro neldeba
sazogadoebis dadebiTizegavlena da saWiro xdeba sagangebod
organizebuli saaRmzrdelogaremos Seqmna.aRzrda adamianis
specifikuri niSania da igi socialurgaremoSi xorcieldeba,
magram ZiriTadi saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebamainc
skolaa, sadac mozardis aRzrda misi ganaTlebis
fonzemimdinareobs. marTalia aRzrda, swavla da ganaTleba
skolaSixorcieldeba, magram es sulac ar niSnavs imas,
rom ojaxis roligamoiricxeba. ojaxma iseve, rogorc
skolam sistematurad undaizrunos mozardis normalur
adamianad formirebisaTvis, winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi zogjer
aRfrTovanebaSi movyavarT adamianisganswavlulobas, did
codnas, magram gaocebas da srul ganxiblvas
iwvevs misi aRuzrdeloba. aseTi Sedegi, rom ar miviRoT
amisaTvisunda vizrunoT mozardis esTetikur aRzrdaze
adreuli asakidan,Torem gasul saukunes filosofosTa
didi nawili zneobrivikrizisis saukuned miiCnevs.
esTetikuri aRzrda warmoadgens adamianis sulier
samyaros, politikur rwmenas, zneobrivi princi pebis
Camoyalibebis umniSvnelovanes saSualebas, gansakuTrebiT

286
misi zneobrivi saxis Camoyalibebis umniSvnelovanes
saSualebas. esTetikuri momenti aRmzrdelobiTi saqmianobis
yvelaformaSi gamoixateba, xolo maSin, rodesac yvela es
formaiTvaliswinebs da moxerxebulad iyenebs esTetikur
saSualebebs adamianebs uviTardebaT unari sworad, Rrmad
da esTetikurad faqizad Seafason yvelaferi, rac maT
cxovrebaSi xvdebaT.
uviTardebaT siyvaruli, miswrafeba silamazisaken,
moTxovnileba Seqmnan `silamazis kanonebis~ mixedviT,
survili – gaxadonadamianis mTeli cxovreba WeSmaritad
mSvenieri. esTetikuri aRzrdis mniSvnelovani mxarea
aRzrdili adamiani xelovnebis saSualebiT, radgan
xelovnebis nawarmoebSi xorcSesxmulia samyarosadmi
xelovnebis esTetikuri mimarTeba.
adamianis esTetikuri aRzrda niSnavs masSi mTeli
samyarosadmida ara marto xelovnebisadmi esTetikuri
mimarTebis Camoyalibebas. es mimarTeba aRizrdeba ara marto
xelovnebiT,aramed adamianis saqmianobis yvela formiT. Tu
aRzrdis yvela
sxva formisaTvis esTetikuri sawyisis arseboba
sasurvelia, xelovnebaSi esTetikuri momenti aucilebelia,
radgan Tuxelovneba adamianze ar moqmedebs esTetikurad,
maSin igi kargavsTavis Zalas. amitom aris xelovneba
esTetikuri aRzrdisuZlieresi da ucvleli saSualeba.
xelovnebis aRmzrdelobiT funqciaze didi xnis
winaTamaxvilebdnen yuradRebas cnobili antikuri xanis
moazrovneebida esTetikosebi, renesansis epoqis didi
mxatvrebi, didi rusirevolucioner-demokratebi, qarTveli
samocianelebi da sxvebi.1 isini udides mniSvnelobas
aniWebdnen xelovnebas, rogorc aRzrdis erT-erT uZlieres
saSualebas. xelovnebis nawarmoebma adamiansunda gauRviZos
kacTmoyvareobis, sikeTis, humanurobis grZnoba, xeli
Seewyos adamianis aRzrdas maRali idealebiT.xelovnebis
sxvadasxva saxe sxvadasxvagvarad monawileobs adamianis
esTetikur aRzrdaSi. arseboben xelovnebis dargebi,romelTa
aRqma moiTxovs specialurad amisTvis drois moZebnas,

287
survils, ganwyobilebas. aseTebia: literatura, sasceno
xelovneba,kinoxelovneba, ferwera, sakoncerto musika.
isini moiTxoven absolutur yuradRebas da adamianze
mokle drois ganmavlobaSi axdenen Zlier ideur-emociur
zemoqmedebas ideur-emociuri zemoqmedebis am ZaliTa da
siRrmiT ganisazRvreba xelovnebaTaaRniSnuli saxeebis
roli adamianTa esTetikur aRzrdaSi.
mravalricxovani gamokvlevebi adastureben, rom
adamianebi, romelTac2 specialuri mxatvruli momzadeba
ar gauvliaT, gamoirCevian ganuviTarebeli esTetikuri
gemovnebiT, ufro xSiradki ugemovnobis tyveobaSi imyofebian
da jiutad mieltvian e.w. msubuqi Janris nawarmoebebs (radgan
isini ar moiTxoven gonebisdid Zalisxmevas), zogjer ki
sulac vulgarul, iaffasian, antimxatvrul nacodvilars
etrfian. didi xelovneba ki, romlis zegavlenac ase
aucileblad sWirdeba sazogadoebasac dapirovnebasac
specialuri mxatvruli momzadebisa da Rrma codnisgareSe
miuwvdomeli rCeba zogierTaTvis. arada ramdeni sixaruli
daakldaT adamianebs imis gamo, rom ar arian mzad Caswvdnen
didseriozul xelovnebas. metic, arc Tu iSviaTad adamianebi
sruliad usafuZvlod Tavad nawarmoebs adanaSauleben,
roca ver gaiges damisgan dadebiTi emocia ver miiRes.
mravali esTetikuri filosofosi da xelovnebaTmcodne
amtkicebs imas, rom mxatvruli aRzrda aucilebelia
adreulasakidan da igi sistematur xasiaTs unda
atarebdes, vinaidan amamocanas ver gadaWris veraviTari
erTjeradi RonisZieba, vercTavisTavad metad saintereso
leqciebi xelovnebaze. aseTleqciebs SeuZliaT aRZran
msmenelis yuradReba, interesi, magrammaT ar ZaluZT Seqmnan
aucilebeli winamZRvrebi Tundac musikisan ferweris Rrma
gagebisaTvis.
mozards esTetikuri iersaxis CamoyalibebaSi udidesi
roliekuTvnis skolas.3 skolam unda gauRos farTod
kari mozardebs mSvenierebis samyaroSi Sesasvlelad, unda
aswavlos maT cxovrebisaSeneba `silamazis kanonebiT~, unda
misces aucilebeli, elementaruli codna mainc xelovnebis

288
Sesaxeb. sasurveli Sedegi miiRweva maSin, Tu xelovnebis
anbani sworad miewodeba mozards misi ganviTarebis
calkeul safexurze. mozardebs miznad undadavusaxoT ara
didi moculobis codnis dagroveba, aramed misimoZiebisa
Tu mopovebis unaris gamomuSaveba da rac aranakleb
mniSvnelovania, konkretul situaciaSi misi gamoyenebis
CvevaSigavarjiSeba.
sul sxvagvarad iWreba mozardis cxovrebaSi
gamoyenebiTixelovneba, arqiteqtura, ferwera, qandakebis
monumenturi Janrebi.isini e. w. `esTetikuri gamosxivebiT»
mTlianad gansWvalaven misi cxovrebis atmosferos.
gamoyenebiTi xelovneba mozardis cxovrebaSi Semodis,
rogorc cxovrebiseuli procesis monawile.
sulieri zemoqmedebis es uwyvetoba gansazRvravs
misgansakuTrebul rols mozardTa esTetikur aRzrdaSi.
xelovnebis nawarmoebis wvdoma moiTxovs pirvel rigSi
fsiqikis aqtivobas, amasTan upiratesi roli ekisreba misas
ociaciur meqanizms. asociaciebi is xidia, romlis gareSec
nawarmoebSi avtoris mier xorcSesxmuli mxatvruli
saxeebiver gadavlen mkiTxvelis, msmenelis, mayureblis
cnobierebaSi. am efeqturobisTvis aucilebelia: sagnobrivi
asociaciebi, emociuri asociaciebi, romlebic qmnian
warmosaxvas da amave dros iwveven mkiTxvelis, mayureblis,
msmenelis emociur reaqcias. yovelimaTgani adamianis
cnobierebaSi Cndeba cxovrebiseul asociaciad.
garda amisa arsebobs agreTve mxatvruli asociaciebic,
romlebic emociebs da emociur damuxtul warmosaxvebs
iwveven mxolod gamocdil mayurebelSi, mkiTxvelSi,
msmenelSi, romelTac mxatvruli ganaTleba aqvT miRebuli.
mxatvruli da cxovrebiseuli asociacia moqmedebs
erToblivad, urRvevi urTierTdakavSirebiT. sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi yalibdeba am asociaciaTa myari formebi,
romelTac iTviseben calkeuli adamianebi bavSobidan
moyolebuli mTeli sicocxlis manZilze. aRqmis es
fsiqikuri meqanizmi xelovnebas SesaZleblobas uqmnis
mimarTos yvela mayurebels, msmenels, mkiTxvels erTad da

289
Tan daamyaros kavSiri cal-calke, Rrmad SeiWras maT Sinagan
samyaroSi, mianiWos yovel adamians udidesi siamovneba,
sixaruli, sulierad aamaRlos isini. magram asociaciebis
winaswaridazepireba SeuZlebelia. isini iqmnebian mxolod
praqtikiT –zogadiT, cxovrebiseuliT, specialuriT da
mxatvruliT. aqedandaskvna, rom mxatvruli momzadeba
SeuZlebelia xelovnebasTan cocxali urTierTobis gareSe.
xelovneba unda iqces mTavar iaraRad xelovnebasTan
ziarebaSi, magram misi gamoyeneba am rolSiioli saqme
rodia, igi miiRweva mxatvruli ganaTlebiTa daswavlebiT.
amas ZiriTadad mxatvruli aRzrda axorcielebs,
swored igi iyenebs farTod xelovnebis gansakuTrebul
SesaZleblobebs, aRsazrdelTa fsiqikaSi mxatvruli
asociaciebis CamoyalibebisaTvis, exmareba maT xelovnebis
meSveobiT SeiTvisonxelovnebis ena.
gamokvlevebma xelovnebis aRqmis sferoSi daadgines
amprocesis warmmarTveli fsiqikur ganwyobilebaTa
4
udidesimniSvneloba. es aris saerTo ganwyoba xelovnebisadmi,
kerZoxasiaTis ganwyoba xelovnebis garkveuli saxisa da
Janrisadmi, agreTve mocemuli avtorisa da konkretuli
nawarmoebisadmi.
ganwyobebi, saerTod praqtikul cxovrebaSi iqmneba, rac
SeexebaesTetikur ganwyobebs (xelovnebaSi) xelovnebisadmi,
maTiSesaZlebloba xelovnebasTan morigi Sexvedris
molodinSi, Tumca rogorc viciT, xelovnebas WeSmariti
tkboba da sulieri aRmafrena moaqvs mxolod maTTvis, vinc
Rrmad swvdeba nawarmoebs,
e. i. flobs mis enas, TanaSemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis
saTanadounars da a. S. aRsaniSnavia, rom `garegani~ ganwyoba
uSualod ukavSirdeba esTetikur gemovnebas. gemovnebas
veravin gvaswavlis, misi moqmedeba dakavSirebulia fsiqikis
emociuri meqanizmis muSaobasTan, ris gamoc SeiZleba mxolod
aRzrda gemovnebisa, aRmzrdelad ki isev SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
TviT xelovnebis specialurad organizebuli saSualebebiT
warmarTuli zemoqmedeba.5 brZolas ukugemovnebasTan da
zrunvas daxvewili gemovnebisaRzrdisaTvis, WeSmariti

290
xelovnebisaken miswrafebas, rasac didiroli eniWeba axali
adamianis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi, amJamadsruliad samarTlianad
ganixilaven rogorc Tanamedrove ideologiuri brZolis
erT-erT formas.6 rogorc avRniSneT, pirovnebis aRzrda
da harmoniuli
ganviTareba, rac saskolo ganaTlebis ZiriTad mizans
warmoadgens, SeuZlebelia xelovnebasTan misi ziarebis
gareSe. xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis Seswavla aRqmasa
da grZnobas afaqizebs, warmosaxvis unars, SemoqmedebiT
midgomas da kritikul azrovnebas aviTarebs, ris gareSec
warmoudgenelia adamianis nebismierisaqmianoba.
pirovnebis aRzrda-ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli
SromiTi saqmianoba axal saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi
xelovnebis swavlebasTan aris integrirebuli. am
integrirebis safuZvels saxviTi xelovnebis swavlebaSi
gamoyenebiT – dekoratiuli xelovnebis elementebis CarTva
warmoadgens.7
xelovnebis swavleba SromiT saqmianobasTan erTad
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis yvela safexurzea
gaTvaliswinebuli da am swavlebis mizani imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom moxdes moswavleTa Cabma SemoqmedebiT
da sainterpretacio saqmianobaSi. swored am gziT maTTvis
mSvenierebis gancdis dawarmosaxvis unaris ganviTraebaa
SesaZlebeli.8 Tanamedrove zogadsaganmanaTleblo skola
reformebisa da gardaqmnebis umniSvnelovanes etapze gavida.
icvleba misi struqtura, muSaobis organizacia da Sinaarsi.
epoqam gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebi daayena saganmanaTleblo
procesis gardaqmnis mimarTulebiT, radgan formaluri
TvalsazrisiT, TiTqosda kargad organizebuli tradiciuli
saganmanaTleblo sistema drois moTxovnebidan sakmaod
daSorebuli gamodga.
pedagogikis mecnierebaSi dRemde moqmedi Teoriebi
da maTi Sesatyvisi praqtika met-naklebi sisruliT,
mxars uWerda daupiratesobas aniWebda e. w. pedagogiur
models, romlis mixedviTac swavlebis procesis wamyvani
da erTaderTi subieqti aris pedagogi.9 igi gansazRvravs,

291
gegmavs da ayalibebs mTel im process, romlis mizansac
swavleba, swavla da saerTod aRzrda ganaTlebulobis
SeZena, garkveuli profesiis daufleba warmoadgens.
Zveli berZnuli tradiciiTac pedagogi esaa adamiani,vinc
moswavles gzas uCvenebs da cxovrebiseul labirinTebidan
Tavis daRwevis Cvevebs aZlevs. es imitom xdeba, rom
mozardi jer pataraa, ucodinaria, ususuria, gamocdilebis
armqonea da amitom pedagogma nel-nela, nabij-nabij unda
daaZlevinos mas sirTuleebi, Seuvsos danaklisi. mozardi
am dros ver SeewinaaRmdegeba, ver Seafasebs, ver gansjis,
ver airCevs masze zemoqmedebis formebs. man unda miiRos
rasac sTavazoben, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi mohyveba
sazogadoebrivi sanqciebis zemoqmedebis zonaSi da daisjeba
kidec. istoriuli gamocdilebis analizi adasturebs,
rom pedagogiuri saqmianobis es tipi produqtiulia.10 igi
uzrunvelyofs ganaTlebas, codnis SeZenas, RirebulebiTi
orientaciebis Camoyalibebas da a. S. amasTan, mas aqvs
seriozuli naklovanenebic, rac upirvelesad imaSi
gamoixateba, rom Tavisi arsiT igi avtoritarulia, ar
scnobs an ufro sworad, sanaxevrod aRiarebs mozardis
pirovnebis uflebebs, emyareba diqtats, mbrZaneblobas,
imperatiul miTiTebebs, rac, umetes SemTxvevaSi
sapirispiro reaqciebs iwvevs. kerZod, mozardi
TandaTanobiT eTiSeba momqancvel saswavlo Sromas,
iwyeba profesiuli aqcentebis naadrevi gamovlena sxva
saswavlo disci plinebis xarjze, adgili aqvs protestis
sxvadasxva formebs da a. S. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom
swavlebis organizaciis es tipianu pedagogiuri modeli,
gansakuTrebiT efeqturia avtoritaruli sazogadoebriv-
politikuri wyobis pirobebSi, e. i. iq, sadac diqtati,
politikuri sistemis batonoba wamyvania, gafetiSebulia,
xolopirovnebis RirebulebiTi samyaros uflebrivi
mdgomareoba
meoradi da daqvemdebarebulia ideologiur amocanebTan
mimarTebaSi.
sakmarisia sazogadoebaSi demokratiuli cvlibebis

292
epoqa dadges, realuri gardaqmnebi daiwyos, rom swavlebis
organizaciis avtoritaruli pedagogiuri modeli, myisierad
ingreva, igi umalaraefeqturi xdeba. zustad am movlenis
dadasturebaa Tanamedrove zogadsaganmanaTleblo qarTuli
sistema, romelic samwuxarod, TiTqmis amovarda drois
konteqstidan. igi arsebiTad, veRarafers aZlevs mozards,
an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, mxolod nawilobriv exmareba misi
profesiuli zrdis saqmes. yovelive amis gamo, drom daayena
konkretuli moTxovna - swavlebis organizaciis tradiciul
formas unda Caenacvlos axali droisaTvis ufrometad
Sesaferisi modeli an modelebi. am konteqstSi ki,
upirveles yovlisa, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs
moswavlis pirovnebaze orientirebuli saswavlo saqmianoba
da misi SesaZleblobebi. swavlebis organizaciis axal
modelSi mozardi ganixileba, rogorc saswavlo procesis
subieqti,11 romlis miswrafebebida pirovnuli tendenciebi,
socialuri garemos faqtorebTan erTad gansazRvravs
kidevac saganmanaTleblo aqtivobis Sinaars.
aseT situaciaSi, pedagogis funqciaa xeli Seuwyos
saswavlo aqtivobis provocirebas, interesis aRZvras,
miznisaken svlis mravalvariantuli saqmeebis mofiqreba-
realizebas. pedagogi exmareba mozards daeuflos codnis
mopovebis gza-saSualebebs, iswavlos swavla, saWiro
informaciis mopoveba, garemos cvlad pirobebTan Segueba,
sociumas moTxovnebze drouli reagireba da a.S.
tradiciuli pedagogiuri moqmedebis pirobebSi mozards
codnamiewodeba im azriT da rwmeniT, rom mas igi momavalSi
usaTuod gamoadgeba. amasTan miCneulia, rom rac ufro
mravalmxrivi,moculobiTi da mravalferovani iqneba es
codna, miT ufro sasargebloa igi, rogorc sakuTriv
mozardisaTvis, aseve sazogadoebisaTvis. amisgan gansxvavebiT
mozardze orientirebuli pedagogiuri azri miiCnevs, rom
yovelTvis da yvela situaciaSi, Tanac mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze gamosayenebel codnas, vercveravin mogcems da
verc veravin aiTvisebs. amitom, saWiroamiznad davisaxoT
ara didi moculobis codnis dagroveba, aramed

293
 misi moZiebisa, Tu mopovebis unaris gamomuSaveba
da konkretul situaciaSi misi gamoyenebis CvevaSi
gavarjiSeba.

1. ix.: d. uznaZe. Sromebi. t.V, Tbilisi, 1967

2. iqve;
3. ix.: o. alaviZe. samecniero sromebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 2005
4. ix.: d. uznaZe. Sromebi. t.V, Tbilisi, 1967
5. iqve;
6. ix.: o. alaviZe. samecniero sromebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 2005
7. iqve;
8. iqve;
9. iqve;
10. n. vasaZe. pedagogika. Tbilisi, 2000
11. iqve;

294
 saZiebeli
abaSiZe leila 27 barto rolan 223
abuaSvili kaxa 103 bartoli CeCilia 37
abulaZe malxaz 76 basilia nino 106
abulaZe Tengiz 17, 18, 28, 29 bauSi filina 56
ainStaini alber 140 bauSi pina 23, 45, 47, 48, 55,
aleqsiZe dimitri 108 56, 57, 58, 59,62, 63, 64
almadovari pedro 48, 57, begiCevi vladimi 257
276, 278, 279, 280 beleviCi zofia 126
altos alvat 155 belini vinCenco 40, 41
amaSukeli vasil 25 benjameni adam 117
ambleri skot 262 berdiaevi nikolai 158
aminiski deniel 242 bergmani ingmar 12, 16, 19, 20,
andersoni hariet 21 21, 39
andersoni laura 118 bergmani orit 122
anjafariZe veriko 27, 28 bermaisteri vladimir 258
antermani andrea 66 bernari sara 111
antonioni miqelanjelo 17, bernie lui 111
19, 20 berstaini leonard 18
antuaneta maria 71 beta zumin 67
apolineri giiom 148 beThoveni 38
apolineri poetigiiom 156 biekSaitesi mikola 124
arabuli imeda 76 biketi hari 36
arabuli mzia 75 biorstrani gunar 21
arto artonen 226 biuxneri georg 22
astori fred 259 bize JorJ 43
axmeteli sandro 81 blaiTi aleki 85
blanSo marisa 225, 226
babluani Temur 29 blazerstouni lez 260, 261
badaluco nikola 125 bondarevi aleqsandre 244
bague dominik 51, 53 boraSvili mixo 28
bakuraZe kaxa 84 borni meTiu 105, 106, 256,
baRaSvili spartak 26 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264,
baraTaSvili beso 103 265, 266, 267
barkoti 140 braki JorJ 146, 158
barlaxi erns 150 bramsi 38

295
brankuzi konstantin 150 gropiusi valter 141, 154
braundaueri maria klau 23, gruberova edita 41
24 gubai blanga daniel 122, 242
brauni triSa 50, 54 gustafoni greta lovisa 12
bretoni andre 148, 149 gutieresi garsia 42
brexti bertold 57 gvatari f. 222
brili ernest 75
budraitisia mikola 124 dadiani Salva 81
bunueli 19 dafsisi arvidas 121
buRaZe laSa 80, 81, 83, 101, dalkrozi Jak 45, 251, 252,
104 253
burdeli antuan 150 dandekeri selest 117
burjanaZe gia 76 daviT IV aRmaSenebeli 74
deisaZe erekle 83
gabaSvili ekaterine 29 dekeri vili 39, 42
gabeni Jan 14, 15, dekufle fillip 51
gabo naum 151 delezi J. 222
gabriaZe rezo 29 delibi leo 70
gabunia daviT 81, 86 delkruasi patrik 249
gadesi antonio 60 delsarti 251, 253
gamsaxurdia konstantine 81 denielsi devid 36
garbo greta 11, 12, dereni andre 143
gegeSiZe iuri 75 desi natali 36
gerceli vasil 257 desika vitorio 17
gerSvini 44 diqsi oto 145
glezi a. 156 ditrizi marlen 8, 11, 15
gluki vilibald 36 diuma aleqsandre 12, 42
goeTe iohan volfgang 48, 110 diuSani moris 158
gogia irakli 83, 124 doCanaSvili 70, 81
gogoli nikola 44 doiaSvili daviT 97, 118, 136,
gorki aleqsandre 258 137
greberova edita 67 doiaSvili manana 92
grehemi marTa 45, 49, 56, 62 doliZe qeTi 73, 74, 75, 77,
greko emio 54 94
grifiti devid 8, 10, 27 doliZe viqtori 27
grigoriviC iuri 258 doneni stelni 18
grisisa xuan 158 doniceti gaetano 40, 41
296
dorti Bernard 224 vendersi vim 22, 59
dostoevski Teodor 272 verdi juzepe 37, 41, 42
dovJenko aleqsandre 15, 30 vertovi Ziga 15
dumbaZe nodari 81 vigmani mari 46, 47, 49, 62
dunkani aisedora 45 vigo Jan 14, 15
viktiuki roman 105
edisoni Toma 7 vilazoni Rolando 42
edvardi suzan 234 viliamsi Tania 244
eili alvin 49, 57 vilsoni robert 37
eizenSteini 10, 15, 16, 26, 28 vine Robert 14
eki mats 51, 52, 60 virsalaZe soliko 258
eko umberto 221, 222, viseri jouk 248
eliade mirCa 77 viskonti lukino 19, 41, 125
ensti mark 141 vivaldi Antonio 33
esqile 80 vlaminski moris 143
euverinski nensi 248, 249 volahi daviT 273
evripide 86 vudeki martina 62

vagneri rihard 37, 38, 42, 43, zanguri beso 104

44 zanusi qSiStof 23
vaida anjei 23 zaqariaZe sergo 28, 108
vaileri iosi 39 zedviki fiona 262
vaili kurt 57 zubkoba zinaida 129
valci saSa 48, 51, 53, 61, 63,
64 Tatu odri 24
van gogi vinsent 142 TavarTqilaZe eTer 123
vanderbiki sten 229paiki nam TavarTqilaZe rezo 76
jun 229 TavaZe daTa 81, 86, 87
varazi avTo 30 TavaZe giorgi 81, 83, 91, 93,
vareze edgar 63 97, 104
varsimaSvili avTandil 89 Tiebesi qees 249
vasaZe akaki 28 TumaniSvili mixeil 91, 108
vasiliu laura 270
vaCnaZe nato 26 iargonini Capone 118
veberi anton 248 ikeda karlota 51
veberi endriu loid 44 ilia II 73, 75, 76
vegeneri paul 14 ionesko eJen 93
297
ioseliani oTar 30, 31 kiukori jin 12
ioseliani ramaz 75, 76 kiukori jon 18
iosi kurt 47, 48, 56 kizi ken 24
isaevi 224 klarki luk 107, 109
ivanovi lev 257 kldiaSvili daviT 130
ivo ismail 54 kleCevska maia 102, 124, 126,
127
kaboorti ioop 249 kleri rene 14
kakabaZe daviT 60, 158 kobaxiZe mixeil 31
kakabaZe polikarpe 81 kokoCaSvili merab 29
kakabaZe zaal 114 kolderi aleqsandr 152
kalasi maria 40, 41 kolvicki kete 145
kalatoziSvili kato 86, 87 korbie Jerar 35
kalatoziSvili mixeil 25 korbizie 154
kaliada nikolai 105 korSunovasi oskaras 120, 121
kandelaki gela 84 kosakati kinacu 65
kandinski vasil 145, 147 koxanovski ian 125
kaninhemi 229 kozlova irina 244
kapra franc 17 kozlovi evgeni 244
karlsoni karolin 50, 64, 65 kramerisi stenli 20
karne marsel 14, 15 krausi kris 269
karoli noel 232 krebensburgi andreas 39
kaufmani ionas 68 kresniki iohan 48, 51
kavaleroviCi eJi 23 krimovi dimitri 138
kaxiani guga 76 kubriki stenli 20
kaxiZe natuka 86, 87 kuleSovi lev 15
kaxiZe vaxtang 111 kuperi adam 265
kazaresi maria 15 kuperini 35
kazlauskasi danius 121 kupreiSvili beso 85, 111, 112,
keersmaikeri ana-tereza 51 113
keiji jorj 248 kurosava 16
keli jin 18 kvantaliani akaki 28
keninhemi mers 50 kvernaZe biZina 69
kiknaZe zurab 73
kiliani irJi 51, 247, 248, 249 labani f. 45, 47, 250, 252,
kiriko de jorjo 148 253, 254, 255
kirxneri ernst ludvig 145 laguna ana 51
298
langi frinc 14 margvelaSvili giorgi 101
larbi sadi 62 marini marino 150
latuada alberto 17 marinka ana-maria 270
lavrinoviCi irine 123 marjaniSvili kote 25, 81, 96,
lebaniZe magda 86, 87 137
leJe fernan 146, 158 marjaniSvili Tornike 104
lenoni jon 179, 181 marRania gia 11
leonkavalo rujero 43 martini brijit 249
lepaJi rober 97, 98 maskani pietro 43
leskovi 44 matisi anri 142, 143
libermani 64 mazina julieta 19
linderi maqs 8, 9, 10, 11 mebaRiSvili giorgi 114
linki suzan 48, 51 medioli enriko 125
liotari J.p. 224 melie JorJ 8
lipmani endi 235 menceli irJi 24
lipSici Jak 151 merabiSvili vano 68
listi 38 merenboimi daniel 68
lorani anri 151 mersi jon keiji 229
lorTqifaniZe giga 81, 92 metcenJe a. 156
los-plavSeka arleta 126 mikulionite egle 121
louzi jozef 39, 67 mineli laiza 18
lubiCi ernst 11 mineli vinsente 18
lui XIV 35 miqaberiZe kote 25
luli 35 miqelaZe evgeni 69, 70
lumierebi 7 mitani koki 94
mixalkovi nikita 272
magriti rene 141 mocarti volfgan amadeus 33,
maieri luis 12 34, 37, 38, 39, 53, 249
maioli aristid 150 modo gaston 15
makartni pol 179, 181 molieri Jan batist 35, 80
makgregori uein 234 mondriani pitr 141
maneni hans 51 monie mitilda 54
mani Tomas 62, 140, 141 monro merlin 18
mansu jakomo 150 montani iv 29
mastroiani marelo 19 monteverdi klaudio 33
maRalaSvili Teona 114 montre janfranko 67
marani maik 111 morgani miSel 14, 15
299
morisoni sara 234, 235 pavlova ana 46
morisova irina 70 peri iakob 32
munju qristian 270 perseli henri 34
munki edvard 145 petipa marius 257, 258
muri henri 150 pevzneri anton 151
murnau fridrih 13, 14 pikaso pablo 145, 146, 156, 158
murvaniZe nata 112 pikfordi meri 11
muti rikardo 37 piskatori ervin 96, 137, 228
plexanovi 157
namiWeiSvili nino 111 poneli Jan-pier 40, 67
nataka iuta 65 popogrebski aleqsei 273
naxucriSvili giorgi 123 posoxovi iuri 61
neJe fernan 141 prelJokaJi anJelen 51, 60, 61,
nemiroviC-danCenko 258 62
nervi pier-liji 155 presli elvis 176
netreblo ana 42 projifievi 44
nicSe fr. 225 puCini jakomo 43
niJinski vaclav 46 pudovkini vsevolod 15
nikolsoni jek 24 puSkini aleqsandre 37
ninoSvili egnate 25
niukvisti sven 21 Jaki iv 98
niumani tomas 244 Janti filip 110, 132, 133, 134
norkovskaia katarJina 126 Janere Sarl-eduard 154
noti laura 234, 238, 239 Jene Jan pier 24
noverini Jan-JorJ 60 Jenma lui 130
novikova iulia 67 Jobeni Jin 60

oCo Can 117 rafi pam 239

olivies lorens 256 raiti frenk 154
orseli sara 65 raiti le korbuzie 157
osolas ken 248 ramo 35
rasini 80
paizelo jovani 40 raWveliSvili anita 66, 68,
pankovi vladimer 128, 129, 130 69, 70
paradzinskas iudita 126 raxmaninovi 38
pavaroti luCano 67 regingeri iulius 257
pavi patris 223, 235
300
renuari Jan 14, 15 stari ringo 179
reSenie nikola 36 stileri moris 12
rexviaSvili aleqsandre 29, 31 stindbergi avgust 21
ribosa la 60 stiuarti meg 54
rifenStali leni 47 storato vitorio 67
riqi stiv 249 stravinski igor 50, 57, 62,
robaqiZe grigol 81 140, 246
rojeri rik 116 sturua robert 91, 94, 99,
rondeli daviT 27 108, 109, 118
RoRoberiZe lana 29 su usman 60
roselini Roberto 17 surgulaZe nino 66
rosini joakino 40, 70 suxitaSvili ia 101
rozi franCesko 43, 67 sxirtlaZe duta 103
ruo JorJ 143
tabiZe galaktioni 45
sabo iStvan 23 tabliaSvili vaxtang 27
sadRobelaSvili nino 92 tali jon 242
saimon maikl 248 teCeri margaret 102
salieri antonio 37 teilori pol 50
saluqvaZe Tamar 69 tiudori entoni 57
samsonaZe irakli 80, 81, 93 tiulpanovi Dmitri 122
samuolite rasa 121 tokareva iulia 244
sangsu ani 246, 247 tolstoi lev 44
sansi sens 70 trota margaret 22
saporta karin 51 tulini ingrit 21
saviCkasi gudrius 121 tulpanovi dimitri 242
sayvareliZe daviT 81 tikveri tom 269
sazerlendi joan 41 turgenevi ivan 16
sen-deni rust 45
sirbilaZe naTia 249 uaildi oskar 44
sixaruliZe giorgi 92 uialeri uiliam 17
skarlati domeniko 33
sofokle 80 fabri ian 51, 54
soloRaSvili arCil 117 fabri zaltan 23
spilbergi stiven 20 faCuaSvili nana 108
stagier rodi 18 falia manuel 70
stalini 16, 28 faradeis maikli 7
301
fasbinderi verner 22, 281, Soinari mari 54
283, 284 Sonbergi arnold 44, 140
feidi lui 8 Sopeni 38
feline federiko 16, 17, 19, SostakoviCi dimitri 44
58 Sou bernar 80
feraZe gia 108 Srioti Ervin 68
ferbenqi duglas 11 Staini piter 62
fircxalava elene 114 Stenbergi fion iozef 8, 11
formani miloS 37, 39 Strausi rihard 33, 44
forsaiti uiliam 50 Stuci henrix 34
fosi bob 18, 45, 50 Suberti 38
fridi alan 175 Sumani 38, 269
froidi zigmund 149
frutori de xavier 116 Caikovski petre 105, 257, 260,
fuleri loi 233 267
furcelaZe kote 84, 117 Caplini Carlz 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 16
qarTveliSvili guram 92 Caplini jeraldina 5pabsti
qaTamaZe oTar 94 piter 58
qavTaraZe gogi 89 Cerkasovi aleqsandre 16
qoriZe vaxtang 114 CerqeziSvili elisabed 27
qurcikiZe gega 92 Cexovi anton 56, 110, 128
Cikolia paata 101, 124
yazbegi aleqsandre 26 Cimaroza domeniko 40
CiqviniZe nani 28
Saferi piter 37 Cuanani van 274
Sagani mark 141 CxeiZe rezo 17, 18, 28, 29
SalutaSvili giorgi 94 CxeiZe Temur 91
Seferi piter 24, 39 CxeiZe uSangi 27
Sengelaia eldar 29
Sengelaia giorgi 29, 30 cadkini osip 152
Sengelaia nikoloz 25, 26 cibulski zbignev 23
Seqspiri uiliam 42, 80, 82, cinemani fred 18
101, 103, 112, 118, 136 cveni aleqsandra 126
Sero patris 39 cxakaia qeTi 111, 112, 113, 114,
Sileri friderix 42, 230 115
Slimani hainrix 77 Zavatini Cezare 17
302
weroZe duduxana 28 hiuqsi hovard 17
wie Sen 62 hiustoni vendi 116
wulaZe levan 92, 94, 95, 103, hodleri Ferdinand 60
104, 110, 111, 133 hofmanstali hugo fon 44
wuwunava cecilia 27 holovei jorj 123
wuwuwnava aleqsandre 25 homerosi 77
hustoni jon 17
WeliZe jemal 75
Wiaureli mixeil 26, 28
Wiaureli sofiko 29
Wilaia iako 86, 87
WilaZe oTar 92

xani akram 54
xarisoni jorj 179, 181
xitilova vera 24
xlibovi den 76
xorava akaki 28
xuciSvili ioane 76

jakometi alberto 151

janaSia marina 31
jangi kangmin 247
javaxiSvili mixeil 31
jeksoni maikl 55
jermi pietro 17
jilberti jon 236
jonsi Sirli 18

hanaueri eni 116

haneke mixael 39
heili bili 175, 176
hendeli georg-fridrix 35, 36
hercogi verner 22
hermani idit 122, 242
hitleri adolf 47, 141, 145
hiugo viqtor 42
303
304