bertran raseli

qorwineba da morali

Targmani inglisuri enidan, TandarTuli SeniSvnebi

da ganmartebebi ekuTvnis gia beraZes

gamomcemloba „aqti“
Tbilisi _ 2020
teqstis mTargmneli: gia beraZe
leqsebis mTargmneli: zaal ebanoiZe
koreqtori: nino Sonia
gamomcemeli: gizo cacua

gamomcemloba „aqti“, 2020 weli

veb-gverdi: akti.ge
© gamomcemloba „aqti“

ISBN 978-9941-8-2755-6
 sarCevi

mTargmnelis Sesaxeb ............................................................... 4

mTargmnelis winasityvaoba ..................................................... 5

qorwineba da morali
Sesavali .......................................................................................... 7

Tavi I _ matriarqaluri sazogadoebebi .................................... 15

Tavi II _ patriarqaluri sistemebi ............................................ 23
Tavi III _ falikuri kulti. asketizmi da codvis cneba .......... 29
Tavi IV _ qristianuli eTika ....................................................... 38
Tavi V _ romantikuli siyvaruli .............................................. 52
Tavi VI _ qalTa emansipacia ........................................................ 64
Tavi VII _ tabu sqesTa Soris urTierTobis codnaze .............. 74
Tavi VIIII _ siyvaruli da misi adgili adamianis cxovrebaSi ... 91
Tavi IX _ qorwineba .................................................................... 100
Tavi X _ prostitucia ................................................................ 111
Tavi XI _ samarTali da qorwineba ............................................ 119
Tavi XII _ ojaxi Cvens droSi ..................................................... 127
Tavi XIII _ ojaxi da pirovnebis fsiqologia ........................... 142
Tavi XIV _ ojaxi da saxelmwifo ............................................... 153
Tavi XV _ ganqorwineba .............................................................. 164
Tavi XVI _ mosaxleoba ............................................................... 176
Tavi XVII _ evgenika ..................................................................... 186
Tavi XVIIII _ seqsi da adamianuri bedniereba ............................ 201
Tavi XIX _ seqsis, rogorc faseulobis adgili
sxva adamianur faseulobaTa Soris ......................................... 211
daskvna ......................................................................................... 223

SeniSvnebi da ganmartebebi ........................................................ 236

gamomcemloba „aqti“-s mier gamocemuli wignebi .................... 247

– 3 –
gia beraZe (1959) _ inglisuri enis specialisti, filologi.
filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori. gia beraZes qarTu-
lad Targmnili aqvs lev Sestovis, nikolai berdiaevis,
semuel beketis, jeimz joisis, virjinia vulfis, o. hen-
ris, herbert uelsis, jein ostinis, jon maqsvel kut-
zees, oldos haqslis, salman ruSdis, bertran raselis
naSromebi da sxva.

– 4 –
 mTargmnelis winasityvaoba

britaneli filosofosi, maTematikosi da sazogado

moRvawe bertran raseli 1872 wels daibada trelekeSi,
uelsSi. misi ojaxi aristokratebis uZveles modgmas
ekuTvnoda. babua _ jon raseli _ inglisis premier min-
istri iyo. is kembrijis universitetis triniti-kole-
jSi 1890 wels Sevida, Semdeg iyo londonis samefo sa-
zogadoebis wevri, arCeul iqna kembrijis universitetis
triniti-kolejis sabWos wevrad. filosofiaSi leqciebs
mraval institutsa da kolejSi kiTxulobda. 1931 wels
lordis tituli miiRo memkvidreobiT. iyo parlamentis
wevri, 1944 wlidan moyolebuli aqtiur monawileobas
iRebda lordTa palatis muSaobaSi. bernard SousTan da
herbert uelsTan erTad is gaxldaT erT-erTi pirveli
wevri fabianelTa sazogadoebisa, romelsac miznad hqon-
da demokratiuli socializmis principebis ganviTare-
ba Tanmimdevruli, reformistuli da ararevoluciuri
gzebiT. aseve, is aris rasel-ainStainis manifestis Ta-
naavtori, 1963 wels ki „mSvidobis fondi“ Seqmna Jan-pol
sartrTan erTad da daaarsa saerTaSoriso tribunali
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier vietnamSi Cadenil
danaSaulobaTa gamosaZieblad.
wigni _ „qorwineba da morali“ 1929 wels gamovida.
miCneulia, rom avtorma swored am TxzulebisTvis miiRo
nobelis premia literaturis dargSi 1950 wels. Sveci-

– 5 –
is akademiis warmomadgenelma, anders esterlingma, rase-
li daaxasiaTa, rogorc „racionalizmisa da humanizmis
erT-erTi brwyinvale warmomadgeneli, sityvisa da azris
TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli dasavleTSi“, xolo 1967
wels gamocemul krebulSi _ „bertran raseli“ aRniSnu-
li iyo, rom raselis mier Setanili wvlili maTematikur
logikaSi aris yvelaze mniSvnelovani da fundamentaluri
aristoteles droidan moyolebuli.
„qorwineba da morali“ did interess iwvevs mkiTxve-
lebs Soris. masSi aRZruli problemebi yvela adamians
exeba. wignSi laparakia sqesobriv urTierTobebze, Tavis-
ufal siyvarulze, meuRleebis uflebebze, qorwinebaze,
ganqorwinebaze, Svilebis aRzrdaze, prostituciasa Tu
evgenikaze. avtori iziarebs froidistebis im Tvalsaz-
riss, rom seqsi aris mTavari faqtori, romelic gansaz-
Rvravs fsiqologiasa da inteleqtsac ki.
TxzulebaSi, romelSic gadmocemulia qorwinebisa da
ojaxis institutis warmoSobis mokle istoria, raseli
mkveTrad akritikebs Tavisi drois tradiciebsa da mor-
als da is erT-erTi maTgania, romelmac erTgvarad, „se-
qsualur revolucias“ Cauyara safuZveli. filosofosi
Tamamad laparakobs axal moralze, romelic sazogadoe-
baSi iseT dramatul cvlilebebs moaqvs, rogoricaa qa-
lTa emansipacia da Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebis
farTod gavrceleba. raseli ikvlevs qorwinebis Secvlil
rols da axal seqsualur eTikas.

– 6 –
 Sesavali

ekonomikuri sistema da ojaxuri urTierTobebi _

ai, erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli ori umTavr-
esi elementi, romelic axasiaTebs rogorc Zvel, ise
Tanamedrove sazogadoebas. dReisTvis, ori Teoriuli
mimdinareoba arsebobs, romelTagan erTi sazogadoebis
safuZvlad ekonomikur urTierTobebs miiCnevs, meore
ki _ ojaxs, anu sqesobriv urTierTobebs. pirveli mi-
marTuleba marqsidan iRebs saTaves, meore _ froididan.
piradad me, arc erT mimarTulebas vemxrobi da arc me-
ores. mimaCnia, rom Zalian Znelia daamtkico romelime
elementis upiratesoba mizez-Sedegobrivi principidan
gamomdinare. magaliTad, eWvis Setana SeuZlebelia imaSi,
rom industriulma revoluciam Zlieri zegavlena moax-
dina da axdens moralur normebze, sqesTa Soris damok-
idebulebaze da piriqiTac, puritanuli zneoba, Tundac
fsiqologiurad, aucilebeli mizezi gaxldaT industri-
uli revoluciisa. me ar var mzad ekonomikuri, an mora-
luri normebis mxares davdge, radgan ver vxedav, rom
isini mkafiod arian gamijnuli erTmaneTisagan.
ekonomika arsebiTad sakvebi produqtebis warmoeb-
iTaa dakavebuli, magram sakvebi ara mxolod individis
sicocxlis SenarCunebisTvisaa saWiro, aramed gansaku-
TrebiT aucilebelia ojaxisaTvis da roca ojaxuri ur-
TierTobebi icvleba, maTTan erTad icleba ekonomikuri
sistemebi. cxadi unda iyos, rom ara mxolod sicocxlis

– 7 –
dazRveva, aramed nebismieri forma kerZo danazogebisa,
Sewyvetda arsebobas mSoblebs bavSvebi rom waarTvan da
maTi aRzrda saxelmwifom aiRos Tavis Tavze, rogorc
amas platoni1 gvTavazobda. amdenad, Tu saxelmwifo Tavis
Tavze mamis rols aiRebda, is ipso facto2 iqceoda erTad-
erT kapitalistad. ukiduresi Sexedulebebis komuniste-
bi sawinaaRmdegos amtkiceben: Tu saxelmwifo erTaderT
kapitalistad iqceva, maSin ojaxi dRevandeli saxiT, aRar
iarsebebs. maSinac ki, Tu es ase moxdeba, SeuZlebelia imis
uaryofa, rom kerZo sakuTrebasa da ojaxs Soris mWidro
kavSiria. es aris ormxrivi kavSiri, iseTi, rom SeuZlebe-
lia Tqma romeli maTgania mizezi da romeli Sedegi.
moraluri normebi sqesTa Soris urTierTobaSi, ro-
gorc SemdgomSi iqneba naCvenebi, SeiZleba ramdenime
sibrtyeSi iqnas ganxiluli. jer erTi, arsebobs damkv-
idrebuli Cveva, samarTalSi dafiqsirebuli, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, zog qveyanaSi monogamiuri da zogSi poliga-
miuri ojaxi. momdevno sibrtye is iqneba, sadac batonobs
sazogadoebrivi azri da kanoni movlenaTa ganviTarebaSi
ar ereva. dabolos, arsebobs iseTi sibrtye, sadac yve-
laferi pirad Sexedulebazea damokidebuli, Tu Teoria-
Si ara, praqtikaSi mainc.
msoflios istorias ar axsovs iseTi qveyana da epoqa,
(SesaZloa, sabWoTa ruseTis garda) sadac sqesTa Soris
moraluri urTierTobebi gonis TvalsazrisiT, anu ra-
cionalurad ganisazRvreboda. me, amiT imis Tqma ar min-
da, rom sabWoTa ruseTSi sqesTa Soris Camoyalibebuli
urTierTobebi am mxriv srulyofilia. me mxolod imas
vgulisxmobdi, rom isini ar arian Sedegi crurwmenebisa
da tradiciebisa, rogorc es, nawilobriv mainc, xdeba sxva
epoqebSi sxvadasxva qveynebis wes-CveulebebSi.
imis gansazRvra, Tu sqesTa Soris urTierTobis mora-
luri normebis romeli sistema iqneboda sayovelTao
bednierebisa da keTildReobis TvalsazrisiT, rTuli

– 8 –
problemaa da misi gadawyveta mravali garemoebis cvli-
lebas ukavSirdeba. maRalganviTarebuli ekonomikis sis-
temaSi is gansxvavebuli iqneba imisgan, rac primitiuli
sasoflo-sameurneo ekonomikis sazogadoebriv sistema-
Sia. es sistema iq, sadac samedicino mecnierebebma da
higienam sikvdilianobis donis Semcirebas miaRwies, sxva
iqneba, vidre im qveynebSi, sadac avadmyofoba da epide-
miebi mosaxleobis did nawils anadgurebs, gansakuTre-
biT bavSvebs. SesaZloa, maSin, roca ufro metad viqnebiT
gaTviTcnobierebuli, SevZloT am normebis formulire-
ba klimatTan, an im saWmel-sasmelTan damokidebulebiT,
romelsac Cven movixmarT.
sqesTa Soris damokidebulebis moraluri normebis
ama Tu im sistemis Sedegebi SeiZleba Zalian mravalfer-
ovani aRmoCndes: es SeiZleba iyos pirovnebis qceva, ur-
TierTobebi ojaxSi da meuRleebs Soris, eris cxovre-
ba da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebic ki. SeiZleba isec
moxdes, rom es Sedegebi garkveuli TvalsazrisiT kar-
gi iyos, sxva mxriv ki cudi. sanam gadavwyvetdeT sqes-
Ta Soris urTierTobis romeli sistema iqneba miRebuli,
unda ganvixiloT da avwon-davwonoT mocemuli sistemis
moraluri normebis yovelmxrivi Sedegebi. daviwyoT,
Tundac pirovnebis qcevidan.
sazogadoebaSi miRebuli moraluri normebis Sedegebi
gaanalizebul iqna fsiqoanalizis mier. Cven yuradReba
unda mivaqcioT qcevas ara mxolod srulwlovani adami-
anisa, romelic sayovelTaod miRebuli moraluri norme-
bis gavlenis qveSaa, aramed bavSvebis aRzrdis sakiTxebs,
ramdenadac bavSvebi iwyeben damorCilebas qcevis sayov-
elTaod miRebuli normebisadmi da ramdenadac, rogorc
axla yvelam icis, pirveli tabus Sedegebi SeiZleba uc-
nauri da arapirdapiri iyos. Cven mxolod calkeul mxa-
reebs SevexeT imisa, rac SeiZleba adamianis bednier arse-
bobasTan iyos dakavSirebuli.

– 9 –
 Semdegi sakiTxi, romelic mocemul problemasTan da-
kavSirebiT iCens Tavs, es aris damokidebuleba kacsa da
qals Soris. ra Tqma unda, Tu am urTierTobaSi, Tu mas
sxvadasxva kuTxiT SevxedavT, raRac metad mniSvnelova-
nia da raRac _ naklebad. albaT, bevri dameTanxmeba, rom
aq, gacilebiT ufro didi mniSvneloba fsiqologiur mo-
ments aqvs, vidre wmindad fizikurs. marTlac, ganaTle-
buli da kargad aRzrdili kacebis da qalebis gonebaSi
damkvidrda azri (aman pirvelad lirikul poeziaSi iCina
Tavi), rom siyvaruli miT ufro Zlieria da Rirebuli,
rac ufro maRalia pirovnebis ganviTarebis done. gar-
da amisa, poetebi qadagebdnen, rom siyvaruli miT ufro
faseulia, rac ufro intensiuria. Tumca, es cota ar iyos
sadao sakiTxia. albaT, bevri dameTanxmeba, rom siyvarul-
Si SenarCunebuli unda iqnas Tanasworoba da swored ami-
tom, poligamiuri ojaxi ar SeiZleba idealurad CaiTva-
los. kacis da qalis urTierTobis sakiTxis ganxilvisas
aucilebelia garda saqorwino urTierTobebisa qorwineb-
is gareSe urTierTobebic iqnas mxedvelobaSi miRebuli,
radgan es ukanaskneli imis mixedviT Seicvleba, Tu ram-
denad upiratesad iTvleba saqorwino urTierTobebi.
axla, ojaxis sakiTxze gadavideT. sxvadasxva dros da
sxvadasxva adgilebSi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli ojax-
ebis tipebi arsebobda, magram gansakuTrebiT patriarqa-
luri ojaxi gavrcelda da poligamiurze aRmatebuli
gaxda. dasavleTis civilizaciaSi, jer kidev qristiano-
bis miRebamde, sqesTa Soris urTierTobis moraluri
normebis gaCenis mTavari motivi iyo qalis umwikvloebis
iseTi donis uzrunvelyofa, romlis gareSec patriarqa-
luri ojaxi ver iarsebebda, radgan SeuZlebeli xdebo-
da imis garkveva, Tu vin iyo bavSvis mama. qristianobam
amas mamakacis umwikvloebis ramdenime moTxovna daumata,
romlis fsiqologiuri wyaro qristianuli asketizmi iyo,

– 10 –
Cvens droSi ki es motivi qalebis eWvianobam gaaZliera.
emansipaciasTan erTad qalebis es grZnoba kidev ufro ga-
Zlierda, Tumca amJamad isini amjobineben normebis iseT
sistemas, romelSic Tavisufleba orive sqess aqvs mini-
Webuli da ara iseTs, romelSic mamakacis umwikvloeba
iseve mkacrad moiTxoveba, rogorc qalis.
monogamiur ojaxSi urTierTobebi SeiZleba sxvadasx-
vanairi iyos. daqorwinebis gadawyvetileba SeiZleba
miRebul iqnas TviTon dainteresebuli pirebis, an maTi
mSoblebis mier. zogierT qveyanaSi aucilebelia sapatar-
Zlos gamosyidva, sxva qveynebSi ki, magaliTad safrangeT-
Si, sasiZos gamosyidva. rac Seexeba ganqorwinebas, aq
didi sxvadasxvaobaa. magaliTad, kaTolikebi ganqorwine-
bas sruliad krZalaven, maSin roca Zvel CineTSi kacs
ufleba hqonda cols gascileboda Tu is bevrs lapar-
akobda. mudmivoba da kvazimudmivoba saqorwino urTier-
TobebSi ara mxolod adamianebs Soris, aramed sxvadasva
saxeobebs Sorisac SeiniSneba _ iq, sadac moiTxoveba rom
mamrma Cvils mouaros. magaliTad, Citebi gamudmebiT
kvercxebze unda isxdnen da es im dros, roca aucilebe-
lia ramdenime saaTi sakvebis mopovebaze izrunon. iseve,
rogorc sxva saxeobebSi, Zus ar SeuZlia es erTdroulad
gaakeTos da amitom, xvads miaqvs sakvebi misTvis da maTi
naSierisTvis. ase rom, Citebi erTgvar moralur nimuSs
warmoadgenen. adamianebSi mamis monawileoba STamomav-
lobis aRzrdaSi homo sapiens-is uzarmazar upirateso-
bad iTvleba, gansakuTrebiT adreul droSi, mosaxleobis
araregularuli zrdis pirobebSi. Tumca, Tanamedrove
civilizaciaSi mamis rols sul ufro da ufro metad
iRebs sakuTar Tavze saxelmwifo da aris safuZveli vi-
fiqroT, rom arcTu Soreul momavalSi mamebi am upi-
ratesobas dakargaven, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mosaxleobis im
fenebSi, romlebic xelfasze cxovroben. Tu es odesme

– 11 –
moxdeba, saqorwino urTierTobebis moralis tradiciu-
li normebis srul kraxs unda velodoT, radgan dedisT-
vis sulerTi gaxdeba vin iqneba misi Svilis mama. albaT,
platoni SemogvTavazebda kidev ufro Sors wavsuliyaviT
da saxelmwifos ara mxolod mama, aramed dedac Caenacv-
lebina. rac Semexeba me, saxelmwifos maincdamainc didi
Tayvanismcemeli ar gaxlavarT da obolTa TavSesafrebi
Cems aRtacebas ar iwvevs. ase rom, am utopiis xorcSesx-
mis momxre ar var, Tumca, sruliadac ar aris SeuZlebe-
li, rom ekonomikaSi momxdarma cvlilebebma raRac amg-
vari cxovrebaSi daamkvidron.
sqesTa Soris urTierTobis kanoni orgvarad moqme-
debs. erTi mxriv, afiqsirebs, sqesTa Soris urTierTobis
im normebs, romelic miRebulia mocemul sazogadoeba-
Si, meore mxriv ki, icavs pirovnebis Cveulebriv uflebas
urTierTobis am sferoSi. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, ori
ram aris mTavari: jer erTi, qalebis da bavSvebis dac-
va Zalmomreobisa da sisastikisagan da meorec, veneriu-
li daavadebebis prevencia. amaTgan, Cveulebriv, arcer-
Ti ar ganixileba arsebiTad da swored am mizezis gamo,
arcerTis efeqturi gadawyveta ar xdeba ise efeqturad,
rogorc saWiroa. pirvelTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSnavT,
rom isteriulma kampaniam TeTri monebis Sesaxeb iseTi
kanonebis miRebamde migviyvana, romelTac profesionali
TaRliTebi advilad uvlian gverds, magram, romelTac
udanaSauloebis daSantaJeba SeuZliaT. am meore momen-
tis Taobaze vityviT, rom Tvalsazrisi, TiTqos veneriu-
li daavadebebi samarTliani sasjelia codvisaTvis, maTi
mkurnalobisTvis efeqturi samedicino saSualebebis ga-
moCenas xels uSlis, sazogadoebaSi isini jer kidev sa-
marcxvinod miaCniaT, ris gamoc, maT malaven rac swraf
da adekvatur mkurnalobas abrkolebs.

– 12 –
 axla ki, mosaxleobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxze ga-
davideT. es udidesi problemaa da mravali sxvadasxva
TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iqnas ganxiluli. es aris dedis
da bavSvis janmrTeloba, fsiqologiuri zemoqmedeba bavS-
vis xasiaTze didi an patara ojaxis pirobebSi, higienis
sakiTxebi, kavSiri ekonomikasTan (is, Tu ramdenad did-
ia Semosavali ojaxisa Tu sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrze
ojaxis sididesTan, an Sobadobis zrdis tempTan damok-
idebulebiT mocemul sazogadoebaSi). mosaxleobis zrd-
is sakiTxTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso
sakiTxebi da xalxTa Soris mSvidobis sakiTxi.
dabolos, mosaxleobis sakiTxs SeiZleba evgenikis
TvalsazrisiT mivudgeT, anu im mecnierebis Tvalsazris-
iT, romelic adamianTa modgmis keTilgonivruli ganvi-
Tarebisa Tu degradaciis sakiTxebs Seiswavlis.
sqesTa Soris damokidebulebis moraluri normebis
arcerTi sistema ar SeiZleba iqnas miRebuli, an uaryofi-
li sakmarisi safuZvlebisa da zemoT xsenebuli Tvalsaz-
risebis ganxilvis gareSe. reformistebsa da reaqcioner-
ebs Cvevad aqvT problemis erTi, an maqsimum ori aspeqtis
ganxilva. Cven sruliadac ar varT darwmunebuli, rom
normebis sistema, romelic kargia pirveli Tvalsazris-
iT, aseTive iqneba meore TvalsazrisiT ganxilvisas da
piriqiT. me darwmunebuli var, rom warsulSi Zalian xSi-
rad da Zalian bevr adgilas bneli fsiqologiuri Zale-
bi aiZulebdnen adamians, mieRo iseTi normebi, romelic
sruliad arasaWiro sisastikiT gamoirCeoda da rom es
dRemde asea bevr civilizebul erSi. mjera, rom medi-
cinis ganviTarebam da higienam gaaumjobesa sqesTa Soris
urTierTobis normebi rogorc pirovnebis, ise sazoga-
doebis TvalsazrisiT. amave dros, saxelmwifos sul
ufro da ufro mzard rols ojaxSi mamis rolis Tanda-
TanobiT Semcirebamde mivyavarT.

– 13 –
 amgvarad, Cven SegviZlia arsebuli normebis kritikul
ganxilvas ori mxridan mivudgeT: pirvel rigSi, aucile-
belia Tavidan moviSoroT Cvens qvecnobierSi jer kidev
SemorCenili crurwmenebi, meore mxriv ki aseve yuradRe-
ba mivaqcioT sruliad axal faqtorebs, romelTa gaTval-
iswinebiT gasuli saukuneebis sibrZne sisuleled iqceva
da Zvelis nacvlad axali sibrZne SeviZinoT.
arsebuli normebis sistema retrospeqtulad rom dav-
inaxoT, me jer ganvixilav normebis ramdenime sistemas,
romlebic warsulSi arsebobda da ramdenime naklebad
civilizebul xalxSi jer kidev arsebobs. amis Semdeg ki,
im normebis sistemis aRweras Sevudgebi, romlebic dasav-
leTis civilizaciaSi axlac moqmedebs, imisTvis, raTa
Semdeg ganvixilo ra mxriv unda gaumjobesdes mocemuli
sistema da ra safuZveli gvaqvs viqonioT, rom aseTi gaum-
jobeseba moxdeba.

– 14 –
 Tavi I

matriarqaluri sazogadoebebi

qorwineba, rogorc urTierTobis forma, yovelT-

vis damokidebuli iyo erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul sam
faqtorze, romelTac SeiZleba vuwodoT instinqturi,
ekonomikuri da religiuri. me ar vTvli, rom isini erT-
maneTisagan ufro mkafiod unda iqnan gamijnuli, vidre
sxva sferoebSi. im faqts, rom kviraobiT fardulebi da-
ketilia, religiuri sarCuli aqvs, magram amasTan erTad,
es axla ekonomikuri faqtia. asevea, mravali Cveva da kano-
ni, romelic sqesTa Soris damokidebulebas ukavSirdeba.
raRac sasargeblo Cveva, romlis warmoSobas religiuri
safuZveli aqvs, ganagrZobs arsebobas maSinac, roca misi
religiuri safuZveli aRar arsebobs. aseve, Znelia gansx-
vavebis dadgena religiur faqtorebsa da instinqturs
Soris. religiebi, romelTac Zalian didi gavlena aqvs ada-
mianTa qcevebze, Cveulebriv instinqtis baziss eyrdnoba.
Tumca, am sam faqtors Soris gansxvaveba, ra Tqma unda,
aris rogorc tradiciis, aseve im faqtis gamo, rom yvela
im qmedebebs Soris, romlebic instinqtiT (qvecnobierad)
SesaZlebelia, upiratesoba mxolod zogierT maTgans
eZleva, magaliTad, siyvaruli da eWvianoba instinqtur
emociebad iTvleba, magram religia acxadebs, rom eWviano-
ba znekeTili emociaa da sazogadoebam is unda waaxalisos,
siyvaruli ki ukeTes SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba epatios.

– 15 –
 unda aRiniSnos, rom instinqtur (qvecnobier) el-
ements sqesTa Soris urTierTobaSi gacilebiT nakle-
bi mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre es Cveulebriv hgoniaT. am
wignSi, me ar vapireb anTropologiur sakiTxebs CavuR-
rmavde da mas mxolod imdenad daveyrdnobi, ramdenad-
ac es aucilebelia dRevandeli problemebis sailustra-
ciod. magram, erTi TvalsazrisiT, es mecniereba Zalian
sasargebloa Cveni miznebisaTvis. es swored maSin, roca
is gviCvenebs, rom bevri Cveni Cveva, romelic gvegona,
rom instinqtis sawinaaRmdego iyo, ganagrZobs arse-
bobas xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi ise, rom raime
met-naklebad mniSvnelovan protests ar iwvevs instinq-
turi grZnobis mxridan. magaliTad, ara mxolod velur
xalxebSi, aramed SedarebiT civilizebulebs Sorisac,
gavrcelebuli iyo Cveva, romlis Tanaxmad qurumebi qal-
wulobas akargvinebdnen qaliSvilebs, xandaxan sajarodac
ki, qristianul qveynebSi miRebuli wesis mixedviT ki es
siZis prerogativaa da am qveynebis mcxovrebTa umravle-
soba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, am ukanasknel xanebamde, TavianT
zizRs religiuri defloraciis mimarT instinqturad
CaTvlida. Tanamedrove evropelebs instinqturi zizRis
grZnoba aqvT aseve maspinZlis mier stumrisTvis colis
Txovebis Cvevis mimarT, rac unda iTqvas, rom farTod
iyo gavrcelebuli. poliandria (mravalqmrianoba) kidev
erTi Cvevaa, romelsac gaunaTlebeli evropeli TeTr-
kaniani adamianuri bunebis sapirispirod CaTvlis. kidev
ufro sazizRari Cveulebaa infantisada,3 magram faqte-
bi gveubneba, rom mas mxolod maSin mimarTavdnen, roca
ekonomikuri aucileblobiT iyo gamowveuli.
saerTod, unda vaRiaroT, rom sityva „instinqti“ sak-
maod bundovania roca saqme adamianebs exeba da advilad
SeiZleba bunebrivi mimarTuleba Seicvalos. es Tanabrad
damaxasiaTebelia, rogorc veluri xalxisaTvis, ise civ-

– 16 –
ilizebuli sazogadoebisaTvis. cneba _ „instinqti“, misi
namdvili mniSvnelobiT Zalian saeWvoa miesadagos adami-
anebis cvalebad da araerTgvarovan qcevebs yvelaferSi,
rac sqesobriv urTierTobebTanaa dakavSirebuli. erTad-
erTi ram, rasac adamianis qcevebis mTel sferoSi SeiZleba
vuwodoT „instinqturi“, am sityvis mkacri fsiqologiuri
mniSvnelobiT, es aris wovis aqti Cvilobis asakSi. me ar
vici rogor aris saqme velur xalxebSi, magram civilize-
bulma adamianebma aucilebelia sqesobrivi aqtis Catare-
ba iswavlon. sakmaod xSirad, axalgazrda col-qmari,
romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi erTad cxovrobs, eqims ek-
iTxeba rogor Casaxos bavSvi da aRmoCndeba, rom maT ar
ician rogor ganaxorcielon sqesobrivi aqti. cxadia, rom
sqesobrivi aqti ar iTvleba instinqtad am sityvis zusti
mniSvnelobiT, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, arsebobs bunebrivi
swrafva da misi Sesrulebis survili.
saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom adamianebSi ar SeiniSneba
mkacrad arqetipuli qcevebi, iseTi, rogorsac cxovel-
ebze dakvirvebisas vawydebiT. aq, nacvlad instinqtisa, am
sityvis zusti mniSvnelobiT, raRac sruliad sxva Cndeba.
Tavidan, adamianebSi SeimCneva erTgvari daukmayofile-
bloba da is iwvevs met-naklebad SemTxveviT da arasru-
lyofil qmedebebs, romelTac TandaTanobiT mivyavarT
qmedebebamde, rasac dakmayofileba mohyveba, Semdeg ki,
maTi gameoreba xdeba. is, rac aq instinqturad iTvle-
ba, warmoadgens ara dasrulebul aqts, aramed impulsur
survils misi Seswavlisa. rogorc wesi, biologiuri
TvalsazrisiT yvelaze xelsayreli qmedebebi yvelaze
srul dakmayofilebas iwvevs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu manamde
sawinaaRmdego Cvevebi ar iqna SeZenili.
ramdenadac, Tanamedrove civilizebuli sazogadoe-
ba patriarqalur ojaxzea dafuZnebuli da ramdenadac,
qalis erTgulebis cneba patriarqaluri ojaxis arsebo-

– 17 –
bis aucileblobis Sedegad warmoiSva, saWiroa gamokv-
leul iqnas is bunebrivi impulsebi, romelic mamobriv
grZnobebs badebs. es arc ise advili sakiTxia, rogorc
SeiZleba moeCvenos azrovnebas miuCvevel adamianebs.
grZnoba, romelic dedasa da Svils akavSirebs advili ga-
sagebia, ramdenadac massa da bavSvs Soris fizikuri kav-
Siri arsebobs, yovel SemTxvevaSi Cvilis mkerdiT kvebis
mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi. magram, damokidebuleba
mamisa da bavSvisa, romlebic erTmaneTTan fiziologi-
urad aranairad ar arian dakavSirebuli, arapirdapirad,
hipoteturad da gonebismierad iTvleba. is emyareba mamis
rwmenas colis misdami erTgulebisa da imdenad mieku-
Tvneba inteleqtualur sferos, rom SeuZlebelia misi,
rogorc namdvili instinqtis, ganxilva. SeiZleba, erTi
SexedviT Candes, rom es swored instinqtia, radgan mamo-
brivi grZnoba mxolod sakuTari Svilebisadmia mimarTu-
li, magram, aucilebeli ar aris es daskvna gamovitanoT.
melaneziis macxovrebelTa Soris mamobis cneba ar arse-
bobs da mainc, iq kacebs iseve uyvarT TavianTi Svilebi,
rogorc yvelgan. mamobis cneba da fsiqologia axsnil
iqna malinovskis4 wignebSi trobriandis kunZulebis mcx-
ovrebTa Sesaxeb. im rTuli grZnobis gasagebad, romelsac
Cven mamobrivs veZaxiT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania misi
sami wigni: „seqsi da represiuli grZnoba primitiul sa-
zogadoebaSi“, „mama primitiul fsiqologiaSi“ da „Crdi-
lo-dasavleT melaneziis velurebis sqesobrivi cxovre-
ba“. am kvlevebSi naCvenebia, rom arsebobs ori, sruliad
gansxvavebuli mizezi, romelTa wyalobiT kacs mamobrivi
grZnoba uCndeba bavSvis mimarT: pirveli, roca is darw-
munebulia, rom is misi Svilia da meorec, roca is darw-
munebulia, rom bavSvi misma colma gaaCina. meore mizezi
mniSvnelovani xdeba maSin, roca mamobis sakiTxi saeWvoa.
malinovskim eWvmiutanlad daamtkica, rom kunZulis
macxovreblema ar ician vin aris maTi mama. magaliTad, is

– 18 –
mowme gamxdara SemTxvevebisa, rodesac xangrZlivi (erTi
weli da meti) mogzaurobis Semdeg Sin dabrunebuli kaci
naxavda, rom misma colma bavSvi gaaCina. mas es Zalian ax-
arebda da verc ki gebulobda evropelTa qaragmebs misi
colis Ralatis Sesaxeb. malinovski kidev erT ambavs
hyveba, romelic albaT kidev ufro damajereblad JRers:
kunZulis erT-erT macxovrebels Rorebis didi kolti
hyavda da roca is taxebs kodavda, verafriT ver gaego
amis gamo misi Rorebis raodenoba ratom ar izrdebo-
da. kunZulelebi fiqrobdnen, rom bavSvebi sulebs mo-
hyavT da maT dedis sxeulSi aTavseben. maT kargad icod-
nen, rom qalwuls ar SeiZleba bavSvi Caesaxos, magram
amas imiT xsnidnen, rom saqalwule apki sulebs fizikur
bariers uqmnis. ucolo kacebsa da gogonebs Soris Tav-
isufali sasiyvarulo kavSirebi arsebobs, magram, raRac
gaurkveveli mizezebis gamo, gogonebi Zalian iSviaTad
orsuldebian. roca es xandaxan mainc xdeba, gogonasTvis
samarcxvinod iTvleba, Tumca mas TiTqos araferi Cau-
denia iseTi, rac maT adaT-wesebs ewinaaRmdegeba. adre
Tu gvian gogonas Tavisufali siyvaruli wyindeba. is Tx-
ovdeba da qmarTan gadadis sacxovreblad sxva sofelSi,
magram TviT gogona da misi Svilebi im soflis mkvidrebad
iTvlebian, romlidanac is aris. iTvleba, rom mis qmars
bavSvebTan sisxlismieri naTesaoba ar akavSirebs da STa-
momavloba mxolod dedis xaziT gadadis. CvenTan miRebu-
li mamis avtoritetis nacvlad trobriendeli bavSvebis
avtoriteti xdeba biZa dedis mxridan. aq, unda aRiniSnos
erTi Zalian saintereso garemoeba: Zmebsa da debs Soris
ukiduresad mkacri tabu arsebobs: maT akrZaluli aqvT
erTmaneTTan yovelgvari saubari sqesobriv urTierTo-
basTan dakavSirebiT. Tumca, dedis mxridan biZas bavSvebze
Zalaufleba aqvs, misi gamoyeneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
SeuZlia, roca isini stumrad ewvevian. aRzrdis es saoc-

– 19 –
ari da aRtacebis Rirsi sistema pirobebs qmnis imisTvis,
rom bavSvebi mkacri disciplinis gareSe, nazi siyvarulis
garemoSi gaizardnon. mamas uyvars SvilebTan TamaSi, maT-
Tvis Tavze xelis gadasma, magram ar SeuZlia ubrZanos
maT, maSin, roca biZas SeuZlia ubrZanos bavSvebs raRac
gaakeTon, magram arasdros ar aris adgilze.
sakmaod ucnauria isic, rom miuxedavad saerTo azri-
sa, bavSvsa da dedis qmars Soris sisxlismieri kavSiris
ararsebobis Sesaxeb, miCneulia, rom bavSvebi dedis qmars
hgvanan da ara dedas an Zmebs da debs. cud tonad iTv-
leba imis Tqma, rom Zma das hgavs, an bavSvi hgavs dedas.
maSinac ki, roca msgavseba sruliad aSkaraa, mas mZvin-
vared uaryofen. malinovskis azriT, imis dajereba, rom
bavSvebi mamas hgvanan da ara dedas, mamobrivi grZnobebis
gaZlierebas iwvevs. man aRmoaCina, rom mamas da vaJiSvils
Soris ufro harmoniuli, Tbili damokidebuleba arse-
bobs vidre civilizebul xalxebSi da am urTierTobaSi
oidiposis kompleqsis nasaxic ar aris, rogorc es Sei-
Zleboda mogvCveneboda.
miuxedavad mTeli Tavisi mcdelobisa, damajerebe-
li mtkicebulebebi warmoedgina, malinovskim ver SeZ-
lo Tavisi trobriendeli megobrebisaTvis mamobis idea
STaegonebina. mis argumentebs isini misionerebis mier
mogonil sisuleled Tvlidnen. qristianoba xom patri-
arqaluri religiaa da is ar SeiZleba aRqmul iqnas arc
emociurad da arc inteleqtualurad im adamianebis
mier, romelTa cnobierebaSi mamobis cneba ar arsebobs.
mama-RmerTis nacvlad, aq saWiro iyo „dedis mxridan bi-
Za-RmerTze“ saubari, magram azri arc amas hqonda, rad-
gan mamobis idea gulisxmobs Zalauflebisa da siyvaru-
lis urRvev kavSirs, maSin, roca kunZul trobriendze
Zalaufleba dedis mxridan biZas upyria xelT, siyvaruli
ki is grZnobaa, romelsac mama ganicdis Tavisi Svilebis

– 20 –
mimarT. idea, rom RmerTi mamaa, adamianebi ki misi Svile-
bi, aseve SeuZlebelia Caunergo kunZulelebs, imis gamo,
rom maTTvis gaugebaria pirdapiri kavSiri bavSvsa da mis
Camsaxvel mamas Soris. Sedegad, misionerebi iZulebul-
ni iyvnen jer fiziologiis safuZvlebi aexsnaT maTTvis,
saxarebis swavlebaze Semdeg efiqraT. malinovskis Tanax-
mad, maT dasawyisSive marcxi ganicades da qristianobis
qadageba ver SeZles.
malinovski amtkicebs (da me vfiqrob amaSi is marTa-
lia), rom im SemTxvevaSi, roca kaci rCeba qalTan misi fex-
mZimobisa da Cvilis kvebis dros, mas mamobrivi siyvaru-
lis grZnoba uCndeba bavSvis mimarT. „es grZnoba _ wers
is, _ romelic TiTqmis arafriT ar aris dakavSirebuli
biologiur safuZvlebTan, aSkarad Cans, rom Rrmad aris
fesvgadgmuli bunebriv winaswarganwyobaSi da organulad
aucilebelia“. Tumca, avtors miaCnia, rom im SemTxveva-
Si, roca kaci colis fexmZimobis dros masTan ar imy-
ofeba, bavSvisadmi siyvarulis grZnoba mas maSinve ki ar
uCndeba, aramed TandaTan iRviZebs masSi Cveulebisa da
tomis urTierTobis eTikis wyalobiT. adamianTa yvela
umniSvnelovanesi urTierTobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
is, rom qcevebi, romlebic sasurvelia sazogadoebisaTvis,
magram mxolod Zalian mcire doziT SeiZleba CaiTvalos
instinqturad, socialuri eTikis mier waxalisebulia da
SesaniSnavad iTvleba, rogorc civilizebul sazogadoeba-
Si, aseve velurebSic. Cveuleba moiTxovs, rom kaci zrun-
avdes misi colis Svilebze sanam isini patarebi arian da
es Cveuleba mxardaWeras poulobs instinqtis wyalobiT.
es instinqti, romliTac malinovskis azriT aixsneba,
mamis damokidebuleba bavSvebis mimarT da romelic man
melaneziis velurebs Soris aRmoaCina, Cemi azriT, gac-
ilebiT ufro zogadia, vidre mas hgonia. me vfiqrob, rom
qalebsa da kacebs nazi grZnobebi uCndebaT yovelTvis,

– 21 –
roca bavSvs xelSi aiyvanen. arc ise mniSvnelovania ra
mizezebi aiZulebs srulwlovan adamians bavSvze zrunva
sakuTar Tavze aiRos. yvela SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania
is faqti, rom mas siyvarulis grZnoba uCndeba bavSvis
mimarT. udaoa, rom es grZnoba ufro intensiuria, roca
bavSvi gaCenilia qalis mier, romelic kacs uyvars. amde-
nad, velurebi swored rom gonivrulad iqcevian, roca
nazad zrunaven maTi colebis mier gaCenil bavSvebze.
eWvi ar aris, rom civilizebul sazogadoebaSi mcxovre-
bi kacebis siyvarulis grZnoba TavianTi bavSvebis mimarT
mniSvnelovanwilad aqedan modis. malinovski amtkicebs,
da Znelia mas sawinaaRmdego daumtkico, rom kacobriobas
Tavis ganviTarebaSi unda gaevlo faza, (romelSic tro-
briendelebi axla imyofebian) roca mamobaze warmodgena
jer kidev ar arsebobda. cxovelebsac aqvT raRac, msgavsi
ojaxisa, igive bazisze dafuZnebuli. iqac xvadi zrunavs
Tavis naSierze, oRond es aris, rom adamianebs am pirveli
fazis Semdeg uCndebaT mamobis grZnoba, romelic CvenT-
vis ukve nacnob formebs iZens.

– 22 –
 Tavi II

patriarqaluri sistemebi

rogorc ki mamobis, rogorc fiziologiuri faqtis

gacnobiereba xdeba, mamobriv grZnobaSi sruliad axali
elementi Cndeba, romelsac, TiTqmis yvelgan, patriarqa-
luri sazogadoebis warmoqmnamde mivyavarT. roca kaci
acnobierebs, rom bavSvi, bibliis eniT rom vTqvaT, misi
„Teslis“ nayofia, siyvarulis es grZnoba ormagad izrde-
ba imis wyalobiT, rom mas uCndeba mSoblis Zalauflebis
SegrZneba da survili sikvdilis Zlevisa, im azriT, rom
misi STamomavlobis miRwevebi mis miRwevebs gaagrZel-
ebs, maTi sicocxle ki mis sicocxles. pativmoyvareobis
grZnoba ki ar qreba mis sicocxlesTan erTad, aramed mis
STamomavlebs gadaecema ganusazRvreli droiT. aba, dauk-
virdiT, magaliTad, rogori kmayofili iyo abraami, roca
Seityo, rom misi Teslidan Seqmnili tomi qanaanis miwebs
daeufleboda. matriarqatis dros ojaxuri pativmoy-
vareoba mxolod qalebSi SeimCneoda, magram, ramdenadac
isini omSi monawileobas ar Rebulobdnen TavianTi ojax-
ebisTvis didebis motanis es survili albaT gacilebiT
susti iyo vidre kacebSi. rogorc Cans, mamobis axalma
grZnobam adamiani ufro dinamiuri da energiuli gaxada,
masSi Sejibrebisa da brZolis elementi Seitana, anu is,
rac matriarqaluri sazogadoebis dros ar iyo. garda
aseTi zemoqmedebisa, romelic raRac zomiT hipoteturia,

– 23 –
arsebobda axali da gacilebiT didi mniSvnelobis mqone
mizezi, romelic safuZvlad daedo colisgan erTguleb-
is moTxovnas. unda aRiniSnos, rom eWvianobis grZnobaSi
wmindad instinqturi elementi arc ise mniSvnelovania,
rogorc axla umravlesobas hgonia.
is, rom eWvianobis grZnoba aseTi Zlieri iyo patri-
arqalur sazogadoebaSi, pirvel rigSi pirdapiri STamo-
mavlebis nabiWvrebiT Secvlis SiSiT aixsneba. amis damt-
kiceba Semdegi magaliTiT SeiZleba: kacs Tavisi coli
moswyinda da gaiCina sayvareli, romelic vnebianad uyvars.
amis miuxedavad, is gacilebiT eWviani iqneba colis mimarT
(Tu amisaTvis safuZveli arsebobs), vidre sayvarlisadmi,
Tuki uceb mowinaaRmdege gamouCndeba. qorwinebis Sedegad
dabadebuli bavSvi kacis egos gagrZelebaa, xolo kacis
nazi grZnoba bavSvis mimarT, egoizmis erT-erTi forma.
da Tu cols bavSvi sxvisgan gauCndeba, qmari Tavs motyue-
bulad grZnobs, imitom, rom man unda izrunos bavSvze,
romelTanac biologiuri kavSiri ar aqvs.
mamobis ideis gaCenam sazogadoebaSi, gamoiwvia is,
rom qalebi daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnd-
nen, ramdenadac axla kacebs SeeZloT colebisgan erT-
guleba da morCileba moeTxovaT. daqvemdebareba Tavidan
fizikuri iyo, Semdeg ki gonebrivic. aseTma mdgomare-
obam umaRles wertils viqtorianul epoqaSi miaRwia.
amis Sedegad, kulturul sazogadoebaSic ki, colsa da
qmars Soris, urTierTobaSi gulwrfeloba aRar iyo.
misi adgili daikava erTi mxriv, Semwynareblobam, meo-
re mxriv ki _ movaleobis grZnobam. kaci Tavis fiqrebs
meuRles ar andobda, radgan mxiaruli cxovrebis Sesax-
eb ambebs SeiZleboda colisTvis ebiZga misTvis eRala-
ta. civilizebul sazogadoebebSi qalebs TiTqmis akrZa-
luli hqondaT gonebrivi ganviTareba da sazogadoebriv
saqmeebSi monawileoba. xelovnurad iqmneboda situacia,
roca isini sulelurad da uinteresod gamoiyurebodnen.

– 24 –
platonis „dialogebis“ wakiTxvis Semdeg iqmneba STabe-
Wdileba, rom sakiTxebi, romlebic platons da mis mego-
brebs ainteresebdaT, ucxo da sruliad miuwvdomeli iyo
aTeneli qalebisaTvis. swored, ukanasknel xanamde, aseTi
mdgomareoba gaxldaT CineTSi, ase iyo iranSi, udidesi
poeziis Seqmnis dros da sxva bevr qveyanaSic saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi. kacsa da qals Soris siyvarulis grZno-
ba TiTqmis aRar arsebobda imis gamo, rom aucilebeli
gaxda darwmunebuli yofiliyavi dabadebuli bavSvis
kanonierebaSi. siyvarulis grZnobis gaqrobasTan erTad,
qalma dakarga SesaZlebloba Tavisi wvlili Seetana civ-
ilizaciisa da kulturis ganviTarebaSi.
bunebrivia, rom STamomavlis axal gagebasTan erTad
ekonomikuri sistemac Seicvala. matriarqalur sazoga-
doebaSi memkvidreoba dedis mxridan biZis xaziT gadae-
cema, patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi ki _ mamis xaziT. am
ukanasknelSi, mamasa da vaJiSvils Soris gacilebiT ufro
axlo urTierToba yalibdeba, vidre matriarqalur sa-
zogadoebaSi. rogorc ukve vTqviT, movaleoba bavSvis mi-
marT gayofili iyo mamasa da dedis mxridan biZas Soris.
mamas unda yvareboda Svili da ezruna masze, dedis mxri-
dan biZas ki Zalaufleba hqonda bavSvze da misi sikvdilis
Semdeg misi qoneba disSvils rCeboda. rogorc vxedavT,
aSkaraa, rom patriarqaluri ojaxi gacilebiT ufro mWi-
drodaa Sekruli, vidre ojaxi pirvelyofili wyobilebi-
sas. etyoba, patriarqaluri ojaxis gaCenam gamoiwvia is,
rom kacs gauCnda moTxovna misi coli qalwuli yofili-
yo. matriarqalur sazogadoebaSi xom gogonebi iseve ad-
vilad amyareben sqesobriv urTierTobas, rogorc axal-
gazrda kacebi. magram, patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi es
ukve mouTmeneli xdeboda da mniSvnelovani gaxda qaleb-
is darwmuneba, rom qorwinebis gareSe sqesobrivi urTi-
erToba garyvnileba iyo.

– 25 –
 mamebma Zalauflebis mTeli sikeTe igrZnes da is uki-
dures sazRvramde miiyvanes. civilizaciis istoria aris
istoria mamis Zalauflebis TandaTanobiT damcrobisa da
aman Tavis maqsimums yvelaze ganviTarebul qveynebSi, is-
toriuli wyaroebis gamoCenamde cota xniT adre miaRwia.
winaprebis kulti, romelic dRemdea SemorCenili CineTsa
da iaponiaSi, Zveli civilizaciis erT-erT mTavar max-
asiaTeblad iTvleba. mamas bavSvebze absoluturi Za-
laufleba hqonda, maT Soris imis uflebac ki (rogorc,
magaliTad, romSi), gadaewyvita bavSvs unda ecocxla Tu
momkvdariyo. Zalian bevr qveyanaSi mTeli civilizaciis
manZilze qaliSvilis gaTxovebisa da vaJiSvilis colis
moyvanis sakiTxi mxolod mamis TanxmobiT wydeboda. Cveu-
lebriv, mas hqonda ufleba gadaewyvita visze unda daqor-
winebuliyo misi Svili. mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze
qali viRacaze iyo damokidebuli _ jer mamis, Semdeg ki
qmris nebaze. amave dros, moxuc qalebs TiTqmis despotu-
ri Zalaufleba gaaCndaT TavianTi ojaxis wevrebze. maTi
vaJiSvilebi da rZlebi maTTan erTad, erT WerqveS cxov-
robdnen da dedamTilebs rZlebi mTlianad morCilebaSi
hyavdaT. CineTSi jer kidev aris SemTxvevebi, roca dedam-
Tilis mier sasowarkveTilebamde miyvanili rZlebi sico-
cxles TviTmkvlelobiT amTavreben. msgavsi ram evropis
mraval qveyanaSic xdeboda da arcTu didi xnis win. roca
qristem Tqva, rom is movida, raTa aemxedrebina vaJiSvili
mamis mimarT da rZali dedamTilis mimarT, is gulisxmob-
da swored aseT ojaxur urTierTobebs, romelic Soreul
aRmosavleTSi axlac arsebobs.
mamis Zalauflebam, romelic pirvel rigSi mis aR-
matebul fizikur Zalas emyareba, mxardaWera hpova re-
ligiis mxridanac, romelTa formebis umravlesobac
SeiZleba gansazRvrul iqnas, rogorc rwmena imisa, rom
RmerTebi yovelTvis Zalauflebis mxares arian. swored
amitom gaxldaT winaprebis kulti ama Tu im formiT ase

– 26 –
farTod gavrcelebuli. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, qristian-
uli religia gaJRenTilia mamis Zalauflebis ideebiT.
sazogadoeba, monarqistuli da aristokratiuli princ-
ipebiT organizebuli da am principebTan dakavSirebuli
memkvidreobis samarTlebrivi normebiT, yovelTvis mamis
Zalauflebis ideaze iyo dafuZnebuli. Zvel sazogadoe-
bebSi ekonomikuri motivaciac am ideasTan iyo Sesabamiso-
baSi. „Sesaqmis wignSi“ vkiTxulobT, rogor Zlier surdaT
kacebs mravalricxovani STamomavloba hyolodaT. es xom
maT did upiratesobas aZlevda. mravali vaJiSvilis yola
iseTive mniSvnelovani iyo, rogorc is, rom bevri Sinauri
pirutyvi hyolodaT. iahve adamianebisgan moiTxovda rac
SeiZleboda metad gamravlebuliyvnen.
magram, civilizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad ekono-
mikuri pirobebic icvleboda da religiurma doqtrinam,
romelic odesRac adamianebs gamravlebisken mouwodeb-
da, maTi gaRizianeba gamoiwvia. im dros, roca Zvelma
romma Tavis ayvavebis mwvervals miaRwia, aristokratiu-
li ojaxebi dapataravda. Semdeg, Zveli romis didebisa da
Zlierebis ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi, patriciebis
uZvelesi modgmis gadaSeneba daiwyo, miuxedavad moral-
istebis Segonebebisa da qadagebisa, romlebic iseTive
uSedego gamodga, rogoric axlaa. ganqorwineba Cveule-
briv movlenad iqca. maRali wris qalebi kacebs ufle-
bebiT TiTqmis gauTanabrdnen da patria potestas (mamis
ufleba) sul ufro da ufro sustdeboda.
es Zalian hgavs imas, rac Cvens droSi xdeba, magram
maSin is mxolod maRal wreebs exeboda da aRmaSfoTe-
beli iyo maTTvis, vinc maT wres ar ekuTvnoda, mdidari
ar iyo da amiT verafer sargebels naxulobda. antikuri
civilizaciis dros, dRevandelisgan gansxvavebiT mosax-
leobis raodenoba SedarebiT mcirericxovani iyo. amis
Sedegi gaxldaT is, rom misi arseboba mTeli im drois
ganmavlobaSi arasaimedo rCeboda da is, bolos da bolos,

– 27 –
qvemodan wamosuli crurwmenebis mZlavri afeTqebiT iqna
amoyiravebuli. berZnul-romauli civilizaciis kultu-
ra da ideologia qristianobam da barbarosebis Semosevam
gaanadgura. miuxedavad imisa, rom mamis Zalaufleba darCa
antikuri civilizaciis ngrevis Semdeg da Tavidan gaZli-
erda kidec Zveli romis aristokratiul ojaxebSi mamis
ZalauflebasTan SedarebiT, is iZulebuli gaxda Seguebo-
da qristianul Tvalsazriss sqesobriv urTierTobasTan
dakavSirebiT da im individualizms, romelic sulis xsnis
Sesaxeb qristianuli doqtrinis Sedegi gaxldaT. amas is
mohyva, rom civilizaciis biologiuri safuZvlebi qris-
tianul sazogadoebaSi CrdilSi moeqca antikurisa da aR-
mosavluri sazogadoebebisagan gansxvavebiT. qristianuli
Teologiis individualizmma TandaTanobiT gavlena moax-
dina qristianuli qveynebis saxelmwifo sistemaze. amave
dros, moZRvrebam pirovnuli ukvdavebis Sesaxeb Seasusta
swrafva modgmis gagrZelebisaken, rac adre erTaderTi
saSualeba iyo ukvdavebis uzrunvelsayofad.
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, romelSic SenarCunebu-
lia mamis Zalauflebac da ojaxic, gacilebiT nakleb
mniSvnelobas aniWebs mamis Zalauflebas, vidre uZvelesi
sazogadoebebi. ojaxuri kavSirebi axla arc ise Zlier-
ia, rogorc adre iyo. Cvens droSi, adamianebis imede-
bi da ambiciebi sruliad gansxvavebulia imisgan, rac
„Sesaqmis wignis“ patriarqebs hqondaT. axla, adamianebs
surT aRiarebas da didebas saxelmwifo sistemaSi Tavian-
Ti mdgomareobis wyalobiT miaRwion da ara mravalricx-
ovani STamomavlobis wyalobiT. es gaxda imis mizezi, rom
tradiciul morals da Teologias ukve aRar aqvT is gav-
lena, rac adre hqondaT. udaoa, rom TviT es cvlilebebi
faqtobrivad Teologiis nawilia. axla, dadga dro, gan-
vixiloT rogor moxda es yvelaferi da rogori zegavle-
na iqonia religiam adamianebis Tvalsazrisze qorwinebisa
da ojaxuri urTierTobebis mimarT.

– 28 –
 Tavi III

falikuri kulti.
asketizmi da codvis cneba

im droidan moyolebuli, roca mamis Zalaufleba ar-

sebobis faqtad iqca, sqesTa Soris urTierToba religi-
isTvis yovelTvis didi mniSvnelobis sakiTxi iyo. es, ra
Tqma unda, mosalodnelic gaxldaT, radgan religia mudam
interesdeboda im yvelafriT, rac saidumloebiT mocul-
Tan da Zalian mniSvnelovanTan iyo dakavSirebuli. marcv-
leulis kulturebis mosavali, Sinauri cxovelebis su-
ladoba, qalebis nayofiereba _ ai, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebi, romlebic aRelvebda adamianebs miwaTmoqmedeb-
is da mesaqonleobis epoqaSi: miwa yovelTvis ar iZleva
uxv mosavals da sqesobrivi aqti yovelTvis ar mTavrdeba
dafexmZimebiT. amitom, adamianebi xSirad cdilobdnen sa-
surveli Sedegi religiis da magiis saSualebiT mieRoT.
gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, magiis mixedviT,
iTvleboda, rom msgavsi msgavss Sobs. amitom, adamiane-
bi Tvlidnen, rom rac ufro mravalricxovani STamomav-
loba eyolebodaT, miT ufro nayofieri iqneboda niadagi
da met mosavals miiRebdnen. Tanac, STamomavlobis mrav-
alricxovneba pirvelyofili Temebis umravlesobisaTvis
gadarCenis aucilebeli faqtori iyo da mas, sxvadasxva
religiuri da magiuri wesebi ukavSirdeboda. magaliTad,
Zvel egvipteSi, sadac miwaTmoqmedebis civilizacia matri-

– 29 –
arqatis epoqis bolos Camoyalibda, seqsualuri momenti
religiaSi falosis kultiT ki ar gamoixateboda, aramed
qaluri genitaliebis kultiT. iTvleboda, rom zRvis ni-
Jara „kauri“, romelic qalebis genitaliebs hgavs, magiur
Tvisebebs flobda. is gamoiyeneboda aseve, rogorc fulis
erTeuli. Tumca, bevrad ufro gvian epoqaSi, Zvel egvip-
tesa da Zveli civilizaciebis umravlesobaSi, religiaSi
seqsualurma elementma falosis kultis forma miiRo. am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SegiZliaT waikiTxoT rober bri-
fos SesaniSnavi mokle narkvevi wignSi: _ „sqesobrivi ur-
TierTobebi da civilizacia“. ai ras wers is:
„miwaTmoqmedebis dResaswaulebi, gansakuTrebiT isi-
ni, romlebic Tesvis da mosavlis aRebis periods ukav-
Sirdeba, SeiZleba sqesobrivi garyvnilebis STambeWdavi
magaliTi iyos dedamiwis nebismieri regionisaTvis yvela
epoqaSi. magaliTad, alJirSi agraruli raionebis mosax-
leoba aprotestebs nebismier SezRudvas qalebis garyv-
nilebis winaaRmdeg im safuZvelze, rom mkacri moraluri
normebis Semotana sqesTa Soris urTierTobaSi, kraxs
gamoiwvevda miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebul nebismier
aqtivobaSi. Zvel saberZneTSi Thesmophoria-m, Tesvis dRe-
saswaulma, Tumca ki Sesustebuli formiT nayofierebis
magiuri kultis pirvelyofili xasiaTi SeinarCuna, cer-
emoniis dros, qalebs falosuri emblemebi mihqondaT da
uxams sityvebs iZaxdnen. Zvel romSi saturnaliis dRe-
saswauli5 Tesvis dResaswaulic iyo. samxreT evropaSi is
Secvala karnavalis dResaswaulma, romlis ganmasxvavebe-
li niSani sul bolo dromde iyo falosuri simboloe-
bi, bevrad arafriT rom ar gansxvavdeboda imisgan, rasac
Cven sius da dahomeis tomebSi vawydebiT“.
dedamiwis bevr nawilSi gavrcelebuli iyo crurwmena,
TiTqos mTvare (es sityva mamrobiTi sqesis arsebiT saxe-
lad gamoiyeneboda) yvela bavSvis WeSmariti mamaa. maoris
tomebSi mTvare yvela qalis maradiuli, anu namdvili qma-

– 30 –
ria. maTi winaprebis SexedulebiT, kacis da qalis SeuRle-
ba droebiTia, mTvare ki namdvili qmaria. msgavsi Sexed-
uleba dedamiwis mraval nawilSi arsebobda. es warmodgena
udaod mTvaris kultTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tumca, amas
araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs sakiTxTan, romelsac Cven gan-
vixilavT, SevCerdebiT mTvarisa da mzis kultis konfliq-
tis ucnaur faqtze da mzisa da mTvaris kalendrebs Soris
gansxvavebaze. yvela droSi kalendarTan dakavSirebu-
li sakiTxebi religiis kompetenciad iTvleboda. ingli-
si, TiTqmis meTvramete saukunemde da ruseTi 1918 wlis
martamde iuliusis araswori kalendriT cxovrobdnen,
im safuZvelze, rom ufro zust grigorianul kalendars
isini papis kalendrad Tvlidnen. zustad aseve, mTvaris
kalendars mTvaris kultis qurumebi emxrobodnen yvel-
gan, rac mzis kalendris miRebas xels uSlida. Zvel egvip-
teSi es konfliqti samoqalaqo omis mizezad iqca.
SeiZleboda gvevarauda, rom es konfliqti ubra-
lo davaa gramatikuli sqesis Sesaxeb sityvisa „mTvare“,
romelic Tanamedrove germanulSi mamrobiT sqess mieku-
Tvneba. sainteresoa, rom mzis kultma da mTvaris kultma
Tavisi kvali datova qristianobaSic: qristes dabadeba
mzis nabuniobas emTxveva, misi zecad amaRleba ki aRdgo-
mas _ mTvaris fazebTan dakavSirebul dResaswauls. Tum-
ca ki absurdia primitiul sazogadoebebSi racionalobis
niSnebi dainaxo, ar SeiZleba im daskvnamde ar mixvide,
rom mzis kultis momxreebma gamarjveba imis wyalobiT
moipoves, rom swored mze da ara mTvare, axdens gadam-
wyvet gavlenas mosavlis raodenobaze. swored amitom,
saturnaliebi gazafxulis dResaswauli iyo.
falosis kulti farTod iyo gavrcelebuli antikuri
xanis yvela warmarTul religiaSi da mas eklesiis mamebma
mZvinvare brZola gamoucxades. miuxedavad amisa, es kul-
ti Sua saukuneebamde SemorCa da mxolod protestantebma
SeZles misi yvela kvalis ganadgureba.

– 31 –
 „ase magaliTad, flandriasa da safrangeTSi arcTu iS-
viaTad SeiZleboda wawydomodiT falosur kultTan daka-
vSirebul wmindanebs, rogoric iyo wminda Jili _ breta-
niaSi, wminda rene _ anJuSi, wminda greliuConi _ burgeSi,
wminda reniu da wminda arno. samxreT safrangeTSi didi
popularobiT sargeblobda wminda foutini, romelic li-
onSi pirveli episkoposi iyo. roca hugenotebma embrunis
akldama daangries religiuri omebis dros, nangrevebs
Soris naxes wmindanis fenomenaluri falosi, romelic
gawiTlebuli iyo Senawiri Rvinisgan unayofobisa da im-
potenciisgan gankurnebis mosurneni rom Rvridnen masze
xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi“ (brifo. gv. 40).
taZris prostitucia kidev erTi Cvevaa, romelic
Zalian farTod iyo gavrcelebuli antikur xanaSi. zog
adgilebSi, moridebuli da pativcemuli qalebi, taZarSi
midiodnen raTa iq darCeniliyvnen da sqesobrivi urTi-
erToba hqonodaT mRvdelTan an viRac SemTxveviT nac-
nobTan. iq iyvnen aseve qurumi qalebi, romlebic taZris
meZavebad iTvlebodnen. es Cveuleba albaT imitom gaCnda,
rom qalebi taZarSi eZebdnen RmerTebis keTilganwyobas,
rogorc unayofobisgan gankurnebis saSualebas an imi-
tom, rom is mosavlianobis gazrdis magiuri rituali iyo.
aqamde Cven religiaSi proseqsualur elementebze vsau-
brobdiT, axla ki gadavideT antiseqsualurze, romelic
uZvelesi xanidan moyolebuli arsebobda pirvelTan er-
Tad da romelmac, bolos da bolos, ise rogorc qris-
tianobisa da budizmis gaCenisas moxda, Tavis mowinaaRm-
degeze sruli gamarjveba moipova. vestermarks6 Tavis
wignSi: _ „adamianTa qorwinebis istoria“ mravali magal-
iTi mohyavs imisa, Tu rogor iCenda Tavs „ucnauri idea,
TiTqos qorwinebaSi aris raRac uwminduri da codviani,
ise, rogorc sqesobriv urTierTobaSi saerTod“. dedami-
wis sul sxvadasxva nawilebSi, sadac arc qristianobis da

– 32 –
arc budizmis gavlenas ar SeuRwevia, arsebobda qurumi
kacebisa da qalebis ordenebi, romelTac umankoebis aRqma
hqondaT dadebuli. ebraelebSi arsebobda esenes seqta,7
romelic sqesobriv urTierTobas uwmindurad Tvlida.
es Tvalsazrisi, rogorc Cans, qristianobisadmi mtru-
lad ganwyobil wreebSi iyo gavrcelebuli. marTlac,
romis imperiaSi Cven vxedavT asketizmis miRebis tenden-
cias. es tendencia imaSi gamoixateboda, rom epikurelo-
ba saerTod gaqra ganaTlebul berZnebsa da romaelebs
Soris da misi adgili stoicizmma daikava. zustad aseve,
jansaRi mamakacuri potencia Zveli aRTqmis wignebidan,
apokrifebSi qalisadmi TiTqmis beruli damokidebulebiT
Seicvala. neoplatonizmis momxreebi TiTqmis iseTive as-
ketebi iyvnen, rogorc qristianebi.
swavleba imis Sesaxeb, rom materia borotebaa, dasav-
leTSi Zveli iranidan Sevida da Tan miitana rwmena, rom
sqesobriv urTierTobebSi aris raRac uwminduri. aseT-
ivea eklesiis Tvalsazrisic _ ra Tqma unda ara aseTi
mkveTri formiT, magram Cven amas momdevno TavSi ganvix-
ilavT. Tumca, sruliad aSkaraa, rom garkveul garemoe-
bebSi adamianebs uneburad Zrwola ipyrobT seqsis mimarT
da rom es grZnoba iseTive bunebrivia, rogorc sqesobri-
vi mizidulobis Cveulebrivi grZnoba. aucilebelia es
yvelaferi gaiTvaliswino da Caswvde am grZnobebis fsiq-
ologias, raTa SeZlo gansajo sqesTa Soris urTier-
Tobis normebis romeli sistema ufro metad Seesabameba
adamianis bunebas.
Tavidanve unda Tqmuliyo, rom sruliad usargebloa
aseTi saxis urTierTobebis wyaros Zebna adamianTa Sexed-
ulebebSi. msgavsi Sexedulebebis stimulacia pirvel
rigSi ganwyobilebiT unda moxdes da amave dros, simar-
Tle gaxlavT isic, rom roca isini arseboben, maT Seu-
ZliaT gaaZlieron aseTi ganwyobileba, an TanxmierebaSi

– 33 –
mainc iyvnen masTan. Tumca, naklebad aris dasajerebe-
li, rom Sexedulebebi antiseqsualuri damokidebulebis
pirvelmizezi iyos.
me vTvli, rom aseTi damokidebulebis ori mTavari miz-
ezia eWvianoba da sqesobrivi gamofitva. yovelTvis, roca
Cven eWvis grZnoba gviCndeba, maSinac ki, Tu mas TiTqmis
ver vacnobierebT, zizRis grZnoba aRgveZvris sqesobriv
aqtze gafiqrebisas da sqesobrivi ltolva gulisamrevad
gveCveneba. kaci mxolod Tavis instinqtebs rom emorCile-
bodes da SeeZlos gaakeTos rac surs, is yvela qalTan
daamyarebda urTierTobas da CaTvlida, rom yvela maT-
gani uyvars da rom isic yvela qals uyvars. magram, yov-
elTvis, roca is dainaxavda, rom qals sxva kaci uyvars,
misi adrindeli grZnoba advilad Seicvleboda moraluri
aRSfoTebis grZnobiT, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi Tu
is qali misi coli iqneboda.
magaliTad, SeqspirTan vkiTxulobT, rom kacebs ar
surT maTi colebi vnebiani qalebi iyvnen. garda amisa,
Cven vigebT, rom idealuri qali Tavis qmars movaleobis
grZnobis gamo nebdeba da azradac ar mosdis, rom say-
vareli gaiCinos. da es mxolod imitom, rom mas ar siam-
ovnebs sqesobrivi urTierToba da iTmens mas moraluri
pasuxismgeblobis gamo. mgrZnobiare mamakacs, romelic
aRmoaCens, rom colma uRalata, zizRis grZnoba uCndeba
colisa da misi sayvarlis mimarT da mzad aris daijeros,
rom qalsa da kacs Soris urTierToba sxva araferia
garda cxoveluri vnebisa. aseTi grZnoba gansakuTrebiT
im SemTxvevaSi Cndeba, Tu kaci impotenti gaxda asakis
an metismeti TavSeukaveblobis gamo. ramdenadac, xanSi
Sesul kacebs sazogadoebaSi gacilebiT meti wona aqvT,
vidre axalgazrdebs, iTvleba, rom maTi Sexedulebebi
sqesobriv sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT marTebuli da sayov-
elTaod miRebulia.

– 34 –
 sqesobrivi gamofitva is fenomenia, romelic mxolod
civilizebul sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba. is sruliad ucxoa
cxovelebisaTvis da Zalian iSviaTia primitiul xalxeb-
Si. monogamiur qorwinebebSi misi gamoCena naklebad mosa-
lodnelia iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, radgan kacebis
umravlesobas sWirdeba siaxlis stimuli, rasac swored
fiziologiur siWarbesTan mivyavarT. es naklebad mosa-
lodnelia moxdes im SemTxvevaSic, Tu qals ufleba aqvs
uari Tqvas sqesobriv kavSirze, ramdenadac mas, iseve, ro-
gorc Zu cxovelebis umravlesobas, aqtis win alersiani
damokidebuleba sWirdeba da is manam ar iqneba Tanaxma,
sanam ar igrZnobs, rom kacis mgrZnobeloba sakmarisad
aris stimulirebuli.
civilizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad es wmindad in-
stinqturi grZnoba da masTan dakavSirebuli qceva sul
ufro da ufro iSviaTi movlena xdeboda. amis mizezi
ekonomikuri faqtori iyo. gaTxovili qalebi, iseve, ro-
gorc meZavebi, TavianTi seqsualuri xiblis wyalobiT
irCenen Tavs da amdenad, ar SeuZliaT mxolod maSin miec-
nen vnebas, roca amas grZnoba karnaxobT. Sedegad, kacsa
da qals Soris urTierTobaSi TiTqmis gaqra arSiyobis
momenti _ bunebis naboZvari saimedo saSualeba sqeso-
brivi gamofitvis winaaRmdeg. kacebi, romlebic SezRud-
ulebi aRar arian mkacri eTikuri normebiT, zedmetad
eZlevian tkbobas, rac, bolos da bolos, daRlilobis
grZnobis gaCenasa da zizRs iwvevs, Semdeg ki, sruliad
bunebrivia, asketizms.
iq, sadac eWvianoba da sqesobrivi gamofitva mokav-
Sireebi xdebian, antiseqsualuri momentis gavlena gansa-
kuTrebiT didia. me vfiqrob, rom swored es iyo mTavari
mizezi garyvnil sazogadoebaSi asketizmis gaZlierebisa.
Tumca, iseT istoriul movlenas, rogoric aris cel-
ibati, sxva warmomavloba aqvs. qurumi kacebi da qalebi,

– 35 –
romlebic TavianT cxovrebas RvTis msaxurebas uZRvnid-
nen, iTvleboda, rom RvTaebasTan iyvnen qorwinebaSi da
amdenad, es avaldebulebdaT Tavi SeekavebinaT mokvdav
adamianebTan sqesobrivi urTierTobisagan. bunebrivia,
rom maT wmindanebad Tvlidnen da swored, aqedan modis
kavSiri wmindanobasa da celibats Soris. Cvens droSic ki,
kaTolikuri eklesia monazmnebs qristes patarZlebs eZax-
is. udaoa, rom maT swored amitom uTvlian samarcxvinod
vinme ubralo mokvdavTan sqesobriv urTierTobas.
me eWvi maqvs, rom sxva mizezebic arsebobda, Tumca ki
ufro faruli, vidre Cvens mier ganxiluli, romlebic as-
ketizmis gavlenas aZlierebdnen antikur sazogadoebebSi
maTi arsebobis ukanasknel dReebSi. aris epoqebi, roca
cxovreba xalisiTaa savse, roca kacebi energiulebi da
Ronierebi arian, roca adamianis banaluri arseboba savsea
sixaruliT da is sruli kmayofilebis grZnobas ganicdis.
magram, aris sxva epoqebic, roca kacebi daRlilobas
grZnoben, roca samyaros mTel sixaruls dakmayofileb-
is grZnoba ar moaqvs da adamianebi nugeSs sulierebasa
da momaval cxovrebaSi eZeben, raTa raRac mouxerxon si-
carielis grZnobas mTvarisqveSa samyaros xilva rom aRu-
ZravT. SeadareT „qebai qebaTai“ eklesiastesTan. pirvelSi
Zveli samyaro jer kidev hyvavis, meoreSi ki ukve kraxisken
midis. me ver daviwyeb imis gansjas ra aris am gansxvavebis
mizezi. SesaZloa, es raRac Zalian ubralo da fiziolo-
giuri mizezic ki iyos. vTqvaT is, rom qalaqis umoZrao
cxovrebam sufTa haerze aqtiuri cxovreba Secvala. Sesa-
Zloa stoikosebi sakuTar TavSi Caketili da pirquSi ada-
mianebi iyvnen da „eklesiastes“ avtors azri „amaoeba amao-
ebaTa da yovelive amao ars“ TavSi imitom mouvida, rom is
fizikurad sakmarisad ar varjiSobda.
rogorc ar unda iyos, udaoa, rom msgavs ganwyobile-
bebs advilad SeeZlo adamianebi sqesobrivi urTierTobis
dagmobamde mieyvana. albaT, yvela im mizezma, romelzec

– 36 –
Cven ukve vilaparakeT da kidev bevrma sxvam, adamianebSi,
romlebic antikuri xanis bolo saukuneebSi cxovrobd-
nen, daRlilobis grZnoba da prostracia gamoiwvia da
asketizmi am saerTo ganwyobilebis mxolod erT-erTi
damaxasiaTebeli niSania. saubedurod, dacemis swored
am pirquS periodSi iqna formulirebuli qristianuli
eTikis principebi. gviani xanis gabedul adamianebs dro
da didi Zalisxmeva dasWirdaT, raTa gadaelaxaT cxovre-
baze aseTi Sexeduleba, romelic avadmyof, cxovrebisa-
gan daRlil, iluziebisgan ganZarcul adamianebs ekuT-
vnodaT. adamianebs, romlebmac TavianTi biologiuri
arsebobisa da sicocxlis gagrZelebis aucileblobis
yovelgvari azri dahkarges. magram, es ukve is sakiTxia,
romelsac Cven momdevno TavSi ganvixilavT.

– 37 –
 Tavi IV

qristianuli eTika

„qorwinebis fesvebi, _ wers vastermarki, _ ojaxSi

unda veZioT da ara ojaxi CavTvaloT qorwinebis Sede-
gad“. qristianobamdel epoqaSi aseTi daskvna trivia-
luri iqneboda, magram qristianuli xanis dadgomasTan
erTad, is iqca Tvalsazrisad, romelzec aucilebelia
aqcenti gakeTdes. saqme is aris, rom qristianebs, gansa-
kuTrebiT wminda pavles, qorwinebaze sruliad gansxvave-
buli Sexeduleba hqondaT: qorwineba imisTvis ki ar aris
aucilebeli, rom bavSvebi gaCndnen, aramed imisTvis, rom
mruSobis codva aRikveTos.
wminda pavles Tvalsazrisi qorwinebis Sesaxeb sruli-
ad naTladaa Camoyalibebuli pirvel epistoleSi ko-
rinTelTa mimarT. korinTelebi qristianul Tems war-
moadgendnen da am TemSi gaCnda sakuTar dedinacvalTan
arakanonieri Tanacxovrebis ucnauri Cveva da pavle
mociquli Tavis movaleobad Tvlida Temis wevrebi gae-
frTxilebina. ai ras ambobs is:

1. xolo rac Seexeba imas, ris gamoc mwerdiT, kacisTvis

kargi iqneba, Tu ar gaekareba qals.
2. magram siZvis Tavidan asacileblad, yvela kacs Tavisi
coli hyavdes da yvela qals _ Tavisi qmari.
3. qmari jerovan pativs miagebdes cols, coli ki _ qmars.

– 38 –
 4. coli rodia Tavisi sxeulis ufali, aramed _ qmari, da
arc qmaria Tavisi sxeulis ufali, aramed _ coli.
5. nu gaSordebiT erTmaneTs, Tu ara urTierTTanxmo-
biTa da droebiT, raTa locvisTvis moicaloT, mere ki
kvlav daubrundiT erTimeores, raTa satanam ar gac-
TunoT Tqveni TavSeukaveblobis gamo.
6. Tumca amas vambob dasaSvebad da ara brZanebis niSnad.
7. radganac minda, rom yvela kaci CemsaviT iyos, Tumca
yvelas Tavisi madli aqvs RvTisagan, zogs _ ase, zogs _ ise.
8. dauqorwineblebsa da qvrivebs ki vetyvi: urCevniaT
CemsaviT darCnen.
9. magram Tu TavSekaveba ar SeuZliaT, umjobesia iqorwi-
non, radganac qorwineba sjobs wvasa da dagvas.8

rogorc am pasaJidan vxedavT, wminda pavle bavSvebs

saerTod ar axsenebs. qorwinebis biologiuri mizani
misTvis sruliad umniSvneloa da es savsebiT gasagebia,
radgan is Tvlida, rom moaxloebuli iyo meored mosvla
da male samyaros aRsasruli dadgeboda. maSin, adamianebi
cxvrebad da Txebad daiyofodnen da erTadedrTi ram,
rasac mniSvneloba eqneboda, is iyo, rom cxvrebs Soris
moxvedriliyavi. wminda pavle amtkicebs, rom sqesobrivi
urTierToba qorwinebaSi myofTa Sorisac ki dabrkole-
baa, romelic sulis xsnas xels uSlis9 da mainc, daqor-
winebulebi gadarCebian, magram, ramdenadac garyvnileba
momakvdinebeli codvaa, isini aucileblad Txebs Soris
aRmoCndebian. maxsovs, erTxel eqims vkiTxe sigaretis
moweva rogor mivatovo-meTqi da man mirCia pirSi mJave
yinulkarameli Caide da mowove yovelTvis, roca mowevis
survili gagiCndebao. swored aseTi suliskveTebiT gva-
Zlevs mociquli pavle daqorwinebis rekomendacias _ is
mas garyvnilebis codvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebad Tv-
lis. is ar ambobs, rom qorwineba SeiZleba ise sasiamo-
vno iyos, rogorc garyvnileba. ubralod, fiqrobs, rom

– 39 –
qorwineba misi susti nebisyofis mqone Zmebs SeaZlebinebs
cdunebas ar dahyvnen da codva ar Caidinon. mas azradac
ar mosdis, rom SeiZleba arsebobdes kargi qorwineba, rom
cols da qmars SeiZleba erTmaneTi uyvardeT da surdeT.
misi fiqrebi ganuwyvetliv garyvnilebas dastrialebs da
sqesTa Soris urTierTobis mTeli eTika amaze aqvs agebu-
li. es cota ar iyos imas hgavs amtkico TiTqos purs
mxolod imitom acxoben, rom adamianebs xeli SeuSalon
namcxvris moparvaSi.
pavle mociqulma Rirsad ar CagvTvala aexsna CvenT-
vis Tu ratom Tvlis garyvnilebas codvad. mxolod
isRa dagvrCenia vivaraudoT, rom ugulebelyo ra moses
kanoni da Roris xorcis Wama nebadarTulad gamoacxa-
da, is cdilobs dagvanaxos, rom miuxedavad amisa, mor-
alis normebs iseve mtkiced icavs, rogorc orTodoqsi
ebraeli. albaT, im mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi, roca
ebraelebs Roris xorcis Wama ekrZalebodaT, is maTTvis
iseve sasurvelad iqca, rogorc garyvnileba da swored
aman ubiZga mociqul pavles Tavis moZRvrebaSi asketizmis
elementebi Seetana.
qorwinebis gareSe yovelgvari kavSiris dagmoba siaxle
iyo qristianul religiaSi. Zveli aRTqma, iseve rogorc
Zveli civilizaciebis kanonTa krebulebis umravlesoba,
marTlac krZalavs qorwinebis gareSe kavSirebs, magram
amaSi is gaTxovil qalTan sqesobriv kavSirs gulisxmobs.
es naTelia yvelasTvis, vinc Zvel aRTqmas yuradRebiT
waikiTxavs. roca abraami Tavis col sarasTan erTad eg-
vipteSi Cadis, is amtkicebs, rom sara misi daa. faraoni mas
daujerebs da sara Tavis haremSi mihyavs. roca Seityobs,
rom qali abraamis coli yofila, faraons aRaSfoTebs is,
rom simarTle daumales da man Tavisdauneburad cod-
va Caidina. swored aseTi iyo warsulis sazogadoebebis
kodeqsebi, romelTa Tanaxmad qali, romelsac qorwinebis

– 40 –
gareT sqesobrivi kavSiri hqonda, Serisxuli aRmoCnde-
boda, magram es ar vrceldeboda kacze, garda im SemTx-
vevisa, rodesac mas kavSiri gaTxovil qalTan hqonda. am
SemTxvevaSi, xom kacs sakuTrebis uflebis darRvevaSi
edeboda brali.
qristianuli eTikis mixedviT, qorwinebis gareSe yve-
la sqesobrivi kavSiri uzneoa da aseTi damokidebuleba,
rogorc Cven pavle mociqulis epistoleSi vxedavT, em-
yareba rwmenas, rom yvela seqsualuri kavSiri, col-qmars
Sorisac ki, arasasurvelia. magram, aseTi Tvalsazrisi bi-
ologiur kanonebs ewinaaRmdegeba da yvela saRad moaz-
rovne adamianis mier SeiZleba avadmyofur gadaxrad iqnas
miCneuli. iman, rom is qristianuli eTikis erT-erTi prin-
cipi gaxda, qristianoba mTeli Tavisi mravalsaukuno-
vani istoriis manZilze aqcia Zalad, romelic adamianebs
fsiqikuri daavadebebisa da cxovrebis arajansaRi wesis-
ken ubiZgebda. mociqul pavles es Sexeduleba eklesi-
is xelSewyobiT adamianTa gonebas daeufla. celibati
wmindanobis niSnad iqca da adamianebi udabnoSi midiod-
nen raTa ganmartoebuliyvnen da ebrZolaT satanasTan,
romelic maT warmosaxvaSi avxorc xilvebs iwvevda.
im droisTvis, eklesiis msaxurebma abazanis miRe-
bis Cvevis winaaRmdeg gailaSqres im safuZvelze, rom
amis Sedegad sxeuli mimzidveli xdeboda, rac adamians
codvisken ubiZgebda. saqebad iTvleboda, Tu adamiani
WuWyiani iyo. wmindanobis aseTma sulma yvelgan SeRwe-
va daiwyo. „sxeulis da tansacmlis sisufTave, _ ambobda
mociquli pavle _ sulis usufTaobas niSnavs“.10 swored
maSin uwodes matlebs uflis margalitebi, xolo adami-
ani, romelsac sxeuli matlebiT hqonda dafaruli eWvmi-
utanlad wmindanad iTvleboda.
„wminda abraamma, gandegilma, romelmac ormocdaaTi
weli icocxla Tavisi moqcevis Semdeg, im momentidan kat-

– 41 –
egoriuli uari ganacxada piris da fexebis dabanaze. am-
boben, rom is gamorCeulad lamazi adamiani iyo da rogorc
misi biografi amtkicebs „misi saxe misi sulis simtkicis
anarekli iyo“. wminda amoni tansacmels arasdros ixdida.
cnobili qalwuli, saxelad silvia, roca samoc wels miaR-
wia, itanjeboda avadmyofobisgan, romelic misi cxovrebis
wesis Sedegi iyo. amis miuxedavad is, religiuri mosazre-
bebiT, gadaWriT uars ambobda Tavisi sxeulis dabanaze
garda TiTebisa. wminda evpraqsia wavida monasterSi, sa-
dac as ocdaaTi monazoni imyofeboda. isini ara mxolod
abazanis miRebaze ambobdnen uars, aramed fexebsac ar ib-
andnen. erTma gandegilma gadawyvita, rom mas satana ac-
dunebda, roca dainaxa, rom udabnoSi raRac, WuWyisgan
gaSavebuli SiSveli figura moZraobda da WaRara Tmebi
qarSi erxeoda. es iyo wminda maria egvipteli, warsulSi
Zalian lamazi qali, romelic ormocdaSvidi wlis ganmav-
lobaSi Tavis codvebs inaniebda.
marTalia iyo SemTxvevebic, roca berebs sxeulis
movla axsendebodaT, magram es yovelTvis sayvedurebs
iwvevda. „Cveni mamebi, _ werda monastris winamZRvari
aleqsandre, damwuxrebuli ixsenebda ra warsuls, _ ar-
asdros ibandnen pirs, axla ki Cven abazanaSi Sesvlas
movuxSireT“. hyvebian, rom udabnoSi mdgar erT-erT
monasterSi berebi Zalian itanjebodnen sasmeli wylis
arqonis gamo. winamZRvar feodosias locvebis wyalo-
biT miwidan wyarom amoxeTqa. male berebma dainaxes ra,
rom wyali sakmarisad hqondaT, Txoves winamZRvars abano
aeSenebinaT, rac Sesrulda kidec. magram berebma mxolod
erTxel SeZles misiT esargeblaT _ wyali ukvalod gah-
qra. locvebma, cremlebma, marxvam _ yvelaferma amaod
Caiara. amis Semdeg weliwadi gavida. bolos moZRvarma
gadawyvita daengria abano, romlis aSenebam RmerTis
mrisxaneba gamoiwvia da wyali kvlav wamovida.11

– 42 –
 sruliad aSkaraa, rom aseTi Sexedulebebis gamo,
romelic im droisaTvis sayovelTaod miRebuli iyo,
sqesTa Soris urTierToba uxeSi da sastiki gaxda. es
uneburad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi spirtiani sas-
melebis akrZalvas mogvagonebs. adamianebma siyvarulis
xelovneba daiviwyes da col-qmrul urTierTobaSi sina-
zis nacvlad sisastike gaCnda.
„qristiani asketebis wyalobiT adamianTa gonebaSi
damkvidrda azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani
iyo ubiwo darCeniliyavi, magram seriozul sapirwoned
iqca is, rom aseTi Sexedulebebi qorwinebaze adamianebze
cud gavlenas axdenda. Tumca, eklesiis mamebis mraval-
ricxovan nawerebSi oriode mSvenieri nawyvetic moiZe-
bneba qorwinebis dasacavad, magram ZiriTadad isini ar
eridebodnen Tavs dasxmodnen qorwinebis instituts da
yvelaze uxeSi salanZRavi sityvebiT SeemkoT is. sikvdil-
iT gamowveuli zaralis asanazRaureblad TviT bunebis
mier Seqmnili es instituti, romelic, rogorc lineim
aCvena, TviT yvavilebis samyaroSic ki arsebobs, maTTvis
adamis qcevis Sedegi iyo da zizRis garda sxvas arafers
imsaxurebda. maT ucxod da miuReblad eCvenebodaT nazi
siyvarulic, wminda da saswaulebrivi ojaxuri kera,
romelic qorwinebis pirdapiri Sedegia. asketebs miznad
hqondaT adamianebis yuradReba ubiwo cxovrebisken mie-
pyroT da Sesabamisad, amisTvis aucileblad sWirdebo-
daT SeeqmnaT STabeWdileba, rom qorwinebaSi raRac sim-
dable iyo. ra Tqma unda, maT ar SeeZloT eRiarebinaT,
rom es instituti modgmis gasagrZeleblad aris saWiro
da mis arsebobas imiT amarTlebdnen, rom is adamianebs
ufro didi borotebisgan ixsnida. magram, miuxedavad ami-
sa, qorwineba mainc degradaciis mdgomareobad miaCndaT,
romelsac unda gaqceoda yvela, visac surda wmindano-
bis mdgomareobisTvis mieRwia. wminda jeromi energiu-

– 43 –
lad acxadebda: „saWiroa ubiwobis najaxiT qorwinebis xe
movWraT“. da Tu erTxel man qorwineba qebiT moixsenia,
es mxolod imitom, rom qorwinebis gareSe ubiwo arc
kacebi iqnebodnen da arc qalebi.
sainteresoa, rom asketizmisken Zlier swrafvas Sei-
Zleboda ukve Seqmnili ojaxic daengria. Cven, ukve vwer-
diT imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor SeeZlo aseT swrafvas ojax-
uri bednierebisTvis bolo moeRo. magram, qorwinebisTvis
bevrad ufro saxifaTo iyo swrafva wmindanobisaken. Tu
es religiuri gzneba colsa da qmars Seipyrobda, maTi
bednieri qorwineba amiT mTavrdeboda. maT Soris ufro
metad religiuri partniori asketur cxovrebas moindo-
mebda da maSinac ki, Tu ojaxi garegnulad Tavis saxes
inarCunebda, bunebrivoba ikargeboda da col-qmari erT-
maneTisgan ucxovdeboda.
yvela, vinc icnobs patristikis literaturas12 da
eklesiis wmindanebis Sesaxeb legendebs, maTSi uamrav
amis msgavs magaliTs ipovis. ai, ramdenime maTgani: „wmin-
da nili bednierad cxovrobda Tavis colTan erTad. maT
ori Svili hyavdaT. magram isini uceb Seipyro Zlierma
survilma asketebi gamxdariyvnen. da nilma SeZlo dae-
Tanxmebina coli (bevri xvewnisa da cremlebis Semdeg),
rom cal-calke ecxovraT. wminda amonma qorwinebis Rames
Tavis patarZals mgznebare sityviT mimarTa qorwineb-
is uwmindurobis Sesaxeb da qali daTanxmda gancalke-
vebiT ecxovra. wminda melania didxans da dabejiTebiT
arwmunebda qmars masTan sareceli aRar gaeziarebina da
kaci bolos da bolos daiyolia. wminda abraami colis-
gan gaiqca qorwinebis pirvel Rames. wminda aleqsi erTi
legendis Tanaxmad swored ase moiqca. mravali wlis Sem-
deg is ierusalimidan mamis saxlSi dabrunda, sadac misi
coli isev cxovrobda da gamudmebiT masze wuxda. man
qals Txova mis WerqveS mieRo da Semdeg sikvdilamde iq
cxovrobda, ise, rom aravin icnobda“.13

– 44 –
 pavle mociqulisa da fivaidis gandegilebisagan
gansxvavebiT, kaTolikuri eklesia qorwinebis biologi-
ur safuZvlebs uyuradRebod ar tovebda. advili misax-
vedria, rom pavle mociquli qorwinebas ganixilavda ro-
gorc met-naklebad kanonier saSualebas avxorcobisgan
TavdasaRwevad. Tumca, misi sityvebidan ar SeiZleba im
daskvnis gamotana, rom is Sobadobaze kontrolis winaaRm-
degi iyo. piriqiT, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom mas saxifa-
Tod miaCnda erTmaneTis miyolebiT fexmZimobis periode-
bi. eklesias sxva azri hqonda. orTodoqsuli swavlebis
Tanaxmad, kaTolikuri eklesia Tvlis, rom qorwinebas ori
mizani aqvs: pirveli is aris, rasac pavle mociquli qad-
agebda, meore ki _ daqorwinebulTagan bavSvebis gaCenas
moiTxovs. meore moraluri normis gaTvaliswinebiT sqes-
Ta Soris urTierToba kidev ufro rTuldeba, vidre is
pavle mociqulis dros iyo. aqedan gamodioda ara marto
is, rom sqesobrivi urTierToba mxolod qorwinebaSi my-
ofTa Soris aris legitimuri, aramed isic, rom is colsa
da qmars Sorisac ki codvad unda CaTvliliyo, Tu fexmZi-
mobiT ar dasruldeboda. kaTolikuri eklesiis Tvalsaz-
risiT, sqesobrivi urTierToba mxolod kanonieri naSieris
CasaxviT aris gamarTlebuli. da es motivi mas yovelTvis
amarTlebs, miuxedavad imisa, rogori sisastikec ar unda
axldes Tan. magaliTad, Tu coli sqesobrivi urTierTo-
bis winaaRmdegia, Tu momdevno fexmZimoba misi sikvdiliT
SeiZleba dasruldes, Tu Sedegad SeiZleba avadmyofi, an
aranormaluri bavSvi SeiZleba gaCndes, Tu ojaxi ukidures
siRaribeSi cxovrobs da bavSvis gamokvebis saSualeba ara
aqvs. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, qmars ufleba aqvs colisgan
col-qmruli movaleobis Sesruleba moindomos, imitom,
rom mas bavSvis Casaxva surs.
kaTolikuri eklesiis swavleba am sakiTxSi or pos-
tulats eyrdnoba: erTi mxriv, asketizms, romelic Cven
ukve pavle mociqulTan vnaxeT da meore: rac ufro meti

– 45 –
bavSvi ibadeba, miT ukeTesia, radgan ufro meti suli
gadarCeba. gaugebaria ratom ar iTvaliswinebs im faqts,
rom suli SeiZleba jojoxeTSic moxvdes. kaTolikuri
eklesia Tavis politikur gavlenas iyenebs raTa zewo-
la moaxdinos protestantebze, romlebic Casaxvis saw-
inaaRmdego saSualebebze uars ar amboben. Tumca, Tu
protestantebi am praqtikaze uars ityodnen, bavSvebi,
romlebic maT gauCndebodaT, maradiul tanjvaSi iqne-
bodnen momaval cxovrebaSi. ase rom, aseTi gavlena cudi
Sedegis momtani iqneboda. Tumca, eWvi ar aris, rom aq
raRac saidumlo imaleba, romelic saqmeSi Cauxedavi ada-
mianebisTvis gaugebaria.
da mainc, imis mtkiceba, rom bavSvis gaCena qorwineb-
is erT-erTi mizania, kaTolikuri eklesiis swavleba-
Si mTavari ar aris. kaTolikuri eklesia ar wasula imis
iqiT, rom sqesobrivi urTierToba bavSvis gaCenis gareSe
codvaa da ar uTqvams, rom col-qmari erTmaneTs unda
daSordnen, Tu maT bavSvi ar uCndebaT. rogorc ar unda
undodes erT-erT meuRles bavSvi gaaCinos, es SeuZlebeli
iqneba, Tu meore meuRle unayofoa da qristianul eTikas
ar SeuZlia mas raimeTi daexmaros. gamodis, rom eklesiis
TvalsazrisiT qorwinebis mizani _ bavSvebis gaCena, arcTu
mniSvnelovani yofila. misTvis, iseve, rogorc pavle mo-
ciqulisTvis, mTavari garyvnilebis aRkveTaa. swored es
aris eklesiis yuradRebis centrSi, qorwineba ki ubral-
od codvisgan Tavis daRwevis saSualebad iTvleba.
qorwinebaze Tavisi aseTi dabali azri rom daemala,
kaTolikurma eklesiam is wmindad Seracxa. am doqtrinis
praqtikuli Sedegi is aris, rom qorwineba daurRvevelia.
imis miuxedavad, Tu ra saqcieli Caidina erT-erTma meuR-
lem, aris Tu ara fsiqikurad aranormaluri, sifilisi-
Taa daavadebuli Tu gamousworebeli loTia, cxovrobs
Tu ara is sxva adamianTan _ saqorwino kavSiris gawyveta
ar SeiZleba, imitom, rom is wmindaa. marTalia garkveul

– 46 –
garemoebebSi SesaZlebelia meuRleebma gancalkevebiT
icxovron, magram ganqorwinebis da ganmeorebiTi qor-
winebis ufleba maT arasdros eZlevaT. ra Tqma unda,
es mravali ubedurebis mizezi xdeba, magram, radganac
RvTis neba aseTia, adamianebma es ubedurebebi udrtvin-
velad unda gadaitanon.
magram, aseTi mkacri Sexedulebebis gverdiT kaTo-
likur eklesiaSi yovelTvis arsebobda tolerantobis
garkveuli doza imis mimarT, rasac is codvad Tvlida.
eklesiis msaxurTaTvis sruliad naTeli gaxldaT, rom
adamiani Tavisi bunebiT ar aris iseTi, rom eklesiis swav-
lebis mixedviT icxovros da isini mzad iyvnen codvebi mi-
etevebinaT im pirobiT, Tu codvili moinaniebda da epita-
mias Seasrulebda. aseTi praqtikuli midgoma sasuliero
pirTa Zalauflebas zrdida, radgan codvebis miteveba,
maT Soris garyvnilebis codvisac, mxolod maT mier xde-
boda, amis gareSe ki suls maradiuli wyevla emuqreboda.
protestantizmis Tvalsazrisi, Tumca ki ramdenadme
gansxvavdeboda, Teoriulad naklebad mkacri iyo, praq-
tikulad ki, bevrad ufro momTxovni. luTerze Rrma
STabeWdileba moaxdina sityvebma „qorwineba sjobs wva-
sa da dagvas“ da man monazoni Seiyvara. Tumca, celiba-
tis aRTqma hqonda micemuli, man gadawyvita monazonze
daqorwinebuliyo. amas Tavis movaleobadac ki Tvlida,
radgan ase rom ar moqceuliyo metismetad didi grZnobis
gamo momakvdinebel codvas Caidenda.
Sedegad, protestantizmma uari Tqva celibatis
aRTqmis gandidebaze da amasTan erTad, misTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli energiiT qorwinebis siwmindis ideac uaryo,
Tumca protestantebSi siZvis codva gacilebiT met aR-
SfoTebas da moralur gmobas iwvevs. Tu kaTolikuri
eklesia gagebiT ekideboda codvilebs da Sesabamis zomebs
mimarTavda maT mimarT, protestantebma uari Tqves ra aR-
sarebaze da codvebis mitevebaze, codvilebi gacilebiT

– 47 –
mZime mdgomareobaSi Caayenes. aseT midgomas dResac vxe-
davT amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac ganqorwineba
Zalian advilia. adiulters (meuRlis motyuebas, Ralats
_ mTargmn. SeniSvna.) ki gacilebiT ufro mkacrad gmoben,
vidre kaTolikur qveynebSi.
naTelia, rom qristianuli eTikis mTeli sistema ka-
Tolicizmsa da protestantizmSi gadaxedvas saWiroe-
bs da ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, uaris Tqmas winaswar
akviatebul ideebze, romelTa saSualebiT qristianuli
swavleba gavlenas axdens bevr Cvenganze. bavSvobidan
gamudmebiT gameorebuli, emociurad gadamdebi amoCe-
mebuli frazebi, adamianTa umravlesobas uqmnian iseT
mtkice rwmenas, rom isini qvecnobierSi gadadis. Tumca,
bevrs hgonia, rom sruliad Tavisufalia orTodoqsuli
Sexedulebebisgan, maT gonebas qvecnobierad eklesiis
swavleba akontrolebs.
modiT, gulwrfelad vkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs Tu ram
ubiZga eklesias garyvnileba daegmo. vTvliT Tu ara Cven,
rom saamisod mas saTanado safuZveli hqonda? da Tu
Cven ase ar vTvliT, arsebobs Tu ara sxva safuZvlebi,
romelTac SeuZliaT gvaiZulon sxva daskvnamde mivideT?
qristianuli eklesiis arsebobis pirvelive saukuneeb-
Sive sqesobriv aqtSi raRac Zalian binZurs xedavdnen,
Tumca mas garkveul gamarTlebas uZebnidnen im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu garkveuli moTxovnebi iyo daculi. aseTi
damokidebuleba Sefasebuli unda iqnas, rogorc sruli
dabneuloba, im mizezebis mier Seqmnili, romelzec ukve
wina TavSi vilaparakeT, sadac aRiniSna, rom zizRiani
damokidebuleba seqsis mimarT Tavis warmoSobas unda
umadlodes im adamianebs, romlebic suliT an sxeuliT
(an erTdroulad oriveTi) arian avad.
is faqti, rom aseTi azri farTod iyo gavrcelebu-
li, sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom amis gamo is nakle-
bad absurduli xdeba. sayovelTaod miRebuli azrebi

– 48 –
xom ZiriTadad suleluria, imis gamo, rom kacobriobis
umetesi nawili sulelia. ase, magaliTad, pelius kunZu-
lis mcxovreblebi darwmunebuli arian, rom cxvirSi gaC-
rili rgolebi maT maradiul netarebas uzrunvelyofs,14
ai, evropelebi ki Tvlian, rom igive Sedegi gacilebiT
ukeTesad miiRweva, Tu Tavze wyals miisxureb da am dros
garkveul sityvebs warmoTqvam. pelius mkvidrTa rwmena
crurwmenaa, evropelebis rwmena ki Cveni wminda religiis
erT-erTi WeSmariteba.
ieremia bentamma15 Seadgina qcevebis motivebis cxri-
li, romelSic survilebi sam paralelur svetSi iyo gan-
Tavsebuli imis mixedviT adamianebi aqebdnen, gmobdnen
Tu ganurCeveli damokidebuleba hqondaT maT mimarT.
ase, magaliTad, erT-erT svetSi ewera „msunagoba“, mis
gverdiT ki, meore svetSi „Wamis siyvaruli“ da Semdeg
„siamovnebis miReba magidasTan sxvebTan erTad“. da kidev
erT svetSi, romelSic impulsebi saqebi sityvebiTaa mot-
anili, Cven vkiTxulobT: „moqalaqeobrivi grZnoba“, sam-
agierod momdevno svetSi ewera „RvarZli“.
me vurCev yvelas, visac surs naTeli warmodgena Seiqm-
nas eTikur sakiTxebze, es magaliTi gaiTvaliswinos da
sakuTar Tavs aswavlos, rom yovel sityvas, romelic ra-
Racas gmobs, gaaCnia antonimi, romelic imave sagans aqebs
da sakuTari Tavi miaCvios, isargeblos sityvebiT, rom-
lebSic arc qeba da arc Zageba ar aris. magaliTad, si-
tyvebi „adiulteri“ da „garyvnileba“ moralurad imdenad
saZraxisad iTvleba, rom roca maT iyeneb Znelia saRi azri
Seiqmna imaze, rasac isini exeba. magram, aris sxva sityve-
bic, romelTa gamoyeneba uyvarT avtorebs Cveni moraluri
principebis darRvevas rom cdiloben. gamkicxavi sityve-
bis nacvlad isini laparakoben „sasiyvarulo intrigaze“,
„siyvarulze, romelsac kanonis civi xundebi ar adevs“.
sityvebis orive wyeba imazea gamiznuli, rom winaswargan-

– 49 –
wyoba Seqmnas. Tu Cven gvsurs sakiTxi miukerZoeblad
ganvsajoT, rogorc pirvel, aseve meore midgomas unda
moveridoT. saubedurod amisTvis saWiro iqneba CvenTvis
Cveuli saubris stili SevcvaloT. salanZRavi sityvebic
da saqebi sityvebic emociurad Seferilia, mkiTxvelis in-
teresebzea gaTvlili da amis wyalobiT avtors didi Zal-
isxmeva ar sWirdeba imisTvis, raTa mkiTxveli TavisTvis
sasurveli nebismieri mimarTulebiT waiyvanos.
magram, Tu Cven gvsurs gonebas movuxmoT, maSin unda
gamoviyenoT Seuferadebeli, neitraluri frazebi, ro-
goricaa magaliTad „qorwinebis gareSe sqesobrivi urTi-
erToba“. magram, es etyoba metismetad mkacri moTxovnaa,
Cven xom im sakiTxebs ganvixilavT, romlebic Zlier zemo-
qmedebas axdenen adamianebis emociebze da Tu emociur
aspeqts Cvens nawerebSi mTlianad ugulebelvyofT, amiT
vriskavT, rom sagnis arsis gadmocemis SesaZleblobas
vuSvebT xelidan. yvelaferSi, rac sqesTa Soris urTi-
erTobas exeba, polarulad gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebi
arsebobs erTi mxriv, misi uSualo monawileebisa da meore
mxriv, eWviT Sepyrobili gareSe pirebisa. pirvelTaTvis
es sasiyvarulo intrigaa, danarCenebisTvis ki garyvnile-
ba. Cven, ra Tqma unda, ar unda dagvaviwydes emociurad
Seferili sityvebi, magram isini frTxilad unda gamovi-
yenoT, ZiriTadad ki neitraluri da mkacrad mecnieruli
frazeologiiT SemovifargloT.
qristianulma eTikam, akeTebda ra aqcents ubiwoebaze,
bevri ram iRvawa imisTvis, rom qalis mdgomareoba sazog-
adoebaSi daemdablebina. radgan moralis kanonmdeblebi
kacebi iyvnen, qalebi macdurebi gaxdnen, Tumca kanon-
mdeblebi qalebi rom yofiliyvnen, maSin am rols kacebi
Seasrulebdnen. magram, im faqtis wyalobiT, rom qalebs
macdurebis roli xvdaT wilad, sasurveli iyo arsebiTad
SezRuduliyo kacebis cdunebis maTeuli SesaZleblobe-
bi. amis Sedegad, pativiscemis Rirsi qalebi SezRudvebis

– 50 –
sul ufro da ufro mkacr CarCoebSi moaqcies, maSin, roca
uRirsi qalebi sazogadoebis zizRis obieqtebad iqc-
nen. mxolod Cvens droSi miaRwies qalebma raRac zomiT
im Tavisuflebas, romliTac isini romis imperiis dros
sargeblobdnen. rogorc Cven ukve viciT, patriarqalur
sazogadoebaSi jer kidev qristianobamde, Zalian bevri
ram gakeTda qalebis dasamoneblad. magram, konstantines
dros maTi Tavisufleba kvlav SeizRuda im sababiT, rom
isini codvisgan daecvaT. eklesiis mamebis Sromebi savsea
qalebis mimarT braldebebiT.
qali warmodgenili iyo rogorc jojoxeTis karibWe,
rogorc deda yvela adamianuri ubedurebisa. mas unda
Sercxvenoda mxolod imis gafiqrebazec ki, rom is qa-
lia. mudmivi sinanulis grZnobiT unda ecxovra imis gamo,
rom misi wyalobiT dedamiwaze boroteba gaCnda. mas unda
Sercxvenoda Tavisi kabis, romelsac misTvis unda Seex-
senebina, rom is daeca. gansakuTrebiT Tavisi silamazis
unda Sercxvenoda, rameTu silamaze mZlavri instrumen-
tia eSmakis xelSi.
fizikuri silamaze Tavdasxmis mudmivi sagani iyo
eklesiis msaxurTa mxridan. Tumca erTi gamonaklisi mainc
iqna daSvebuli: Sua saukuneebSi cdilobdnen akldamebze
episkoposebis lamazi gamosaxuleba gaekeTebinaT, Tumca
mudmivad xazi esmeboda qalebis daqvemdebarebul mdgo-
mareobas. magaliTad VI saukuneSi eklesiis erT-erTma pro-
vinciulma sabWom qalebs maTi uwmindurobis gamo SiSveli
xeliT sefiskveris aReba aukrZala.
swored aseTi damokidebulebis gamo, qalebTan daka-
vSirebiT Seicvala kanonebi kerZo sakuTrebisa da memkv-
idreobis Sesaxeb. mxolod didi franguli revoluciis
Tavisuflad moazrovne moRvaweebis wyalobiT miecaT qa-
liSvilebs memkvidreobis miRebis ufleba.

– 51 –
 Tavi V

romantikuli siyvaruli

qristianobisa da barbarosebis gamarjvebis Semdeg,

kacsa da qals Soris urTierTobaSi sisastikis iseTi
pirquSi niSnebi gaCnda, romelsac antikuri samyaro mrav-
ali saukunis manZilze ar icnobda. antikuri samyaro bi-
wieri iyo, magram ara sastiki.
„bneli saukuneebis“ epoqaSi, religiam da barbaroso-
bam gaerTianebuli ZalebiT cxovrebis seqsualuri mxaris
degradacia gamoiwvia. saqorwino kavSiriT SeboWili qali
uuflebo xdeboda. amave dros, araviTari dabrkoleba
ar arsebobda mamrobiTi sqesis aracivilizebuli warmo-
madgenlebs yvelaze veluri, mxecuri saqcieli CaedinaT.
garyvnileba Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi farTod gavrcele-
buli da sazizRari movlena iyo. episkoposebi sruliad
Riad cxovrobdnen TavianT qaliSvilebTan, arqiepisko-
posebi kac sayvarlebs saeklesio Tanamdebobebze niSnavd-
nen. oficialurad sasuliero pirebis ubiwoebas farTo
propaganda eweoda, magram sinamdvileSi am wesebs aravin
misdevda. papi grigori VII16 did Zalisxmevas iRebda raTa
daerwmunebina mRvdlebi TavianTi xasebi Tavidan moe-
SorebinaT. magaliTad, abeliarma17 SesaZleblad CaTvala,
Tumca ki es skandaluri ambavi iyo, eloizasTvis xeli
eTxova. sasuliero pirebis celibati mxolod XIII sauku-
nis bolos gaxda mkacrad savaldebulo. isini ra Tqma
unda am moTxovnas ar daemorCilnen da kvlavac hqondaT

– 52 –
arakanonieri kavSirebi qalebTan, Tumca mSvenivrad esmo-
daT, rom aseTi kavSirebi amoraluri da bilwi iyo. maTi
gamarTleba xom arc RvTis da arc adamianuri kanonebiT
ar SeiZleboda. swored amitom iyo, rom ara eklesias, Ta-
visi viwro asketikuri SexedulebebiT sqesTa Soris ur-
TierTobaze, aramed saero adamianebs xvdaT wilad xor-
cieli siyvarulis koncefcia ganedidebinaT.
„araferi gasakviri ar aris imaSi, rom daarRvia ra
sakuTar Tavze aRebuli celibatis aRTqma da sruliad
gacnobierebulad avxorcobis codvaSi Caeflo, samRvd-
loeba moraluri TvalsazrisiT saero pirebze gacilebiT
qvemoT daeSva. amis dasamtkiceblad sakmarisia eklesiis
msaxurTa garyvnilebis Tundac ramdenime magaliTi movi-
yvanoT. pap ioane XXIII-s garda mruSobisa da uamravi sxva
danaSaulisa incestSic debdnen brals. kenterbernis
wminda avgustines eklesiis abats 1171 wels Catarebuli
gamoZiebis Semdeg brali dasdes imaSi, rom mas 17 ukanono
Svili hyavda. espaneTSi 1130 wels dadgenil iqna, rom
wminda pelaios eklesiis abats samocdaaTze meti say-
vareli hyavda. lieJis episkoposi henrix III 1274 wels
gadaayenes imis gamo, rom 65 ukanono Svili hyavda. Cven
ar gvaqvs SesaZlebloba moviyvanoT aq grZeli CamonaT-
vali saeklesio dadgenilebebisa da eklesiis avtorebis
nawerebisa, romlebSic ara mxolod konkubinatis, aramed
gacilebiT ufro mZime danaSaulis magaliTebic Sei-
Zleba vipovoT. jer kidev maSin iqna SemCneuli, rom Tu
mRvdlebi qalebTan ise cxovrobdnen rogorc sakuTar
colebTan, imis codna, rom aseTi kavSiri codva iyo, maT
sxva aseTi kavSirebisken ubiZgebdaT. sayvarlebis gamocv-
la an ramdenime qalTan erTdroulad cxovreba Cveule-
brivi movlena iyo. Sua saukuneebis avtorTa nawerebi
savsea monaTxrobiT imis Sesaxeb, rom qalTa monastrebi
sinamdvileSi bordelebs warmoadgenda, sadac gamudme-

– 53 –
biT klavdnen axladgaCenil Cvilebs, rom incesti xSi-
ri movlena iyo sasuliero pirTa Soris, rom saeklesio
sabWoebi gamudmebiT moiTxovdnen mRvdlebisgan TavianT
dedebTan da debTan sqesobrivi urTierToba SeewyvitaT.
Cven ukve aRarafers vambobT arabunebrivi siyvarulis
Sesaxeb, romlis bolomde aRmofxvrac qristianobas Tav-
is miznad hqonda da romelic, miuxedavad amisa, hyvaoda
kacebis monastrebSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom reformaciam-
de cota xniT adre sul ufro da ufro xSirad gaismo-
da Civilebi imis gamo, rom aRsareba gamoiyeneba rogorc
cdunebis saSualeba“.18
Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Zalian ucnaur day-
ofas vxedavT berZnul-romaul eklesiasa da raindul
aristokratiul tradicias Soris. TiToeulma maTganma
Tavisi wvlili Seitana Sua saukuneebis kulturaSi, ma-
gram erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebulad. pirvelma
xeli Seuwyo ganaTlebis, filosofiis, saeklesio ufle-
bebis, qristianobis erTiani Teologiis ganviTarebas. es
yvelaferi met-naklebad dakavSirebuli iyo xmelTaSua
civilizaciis tradiciebTan. meorem mogvca Cveulebri-
vi samarTlis safuZvlebi, saero xelisuflebis forme-
bi, raindobis kanonebi, poezia da rainduli romani. am
ukanasknelTan dakavSirebulia is, rasac Cven romantikul
siyvaruls vuwodebT.
imis Tqma, rom romantikuli siyvaruli Sua saukuneebis
epoqamde ucnobi iyo, araswori iqneboda, magram mxolod
am epoqaSi iqca is sasiyvarulo vnebis sayovelTaod aRi-
arebul formad. romantikuli siyvarulis arsi is aris,
rom Seyvarebuli Tavisi siyvarulis obieqts ganixilavs
rogorc fasdaudebels da Zvirfass da amave dros praqti-
kulad miuwvdomels. mas uzarmazari Zalisxmeva sWirdeba
imisTvis, rom siyvaruli ormxrivi gaxdes da amas aRwevs
leqsebiT, simRerebiT, saraindo SejibrebebSi metoqeebze

– 54 –
gamarjvebiT an sxva raime gziT, rac aucilebelia mSvenie-
ri ledis gulis dasapyrobad. is, rom ledi mSvenieri iyo
rainds damatebiT fsiqologiur siZneleebs uqmnida. me
meCveneba, rom Tu qalis dapyroba Zneli araa, Cveni grZno-
ba romantikuli siyvarulis formas ar iRebs. saqme is aris,
rom im epoqaSi es grZnoba qalis kanonierad Tu ukanon-
od dauflebis faqtTan iyo dakavSirebuli. am grZnobis
obieqti gaxldaT respeqtabeluri qali masze Seyvarebu-
li kacisagan sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis da moralis
normebis gadaulaxavi dabrkolebebiT daSorebuli.
SegaxsenebT, rom eklesiis Tvalsazrisi sqesobrivi
urTierTobis, rogorc Tavisi arsiT uwmindurisa, imde-
nad dainerga adamianebis gonebaSi, rom qalisadmi poetu-
ri, amaRlebuli grZnoba mxolod maSin SeiZleboda war-
moSobiliyo, roca is miuwvdomeli iyo. swored amitom,
mSvenieri qalisadmi siyvaruli mxolod platonuri Sei-
Zleboda yofiliyo. Tanamedrove adamianisaTvis Zalian
Zneli gasagebia Sua saukuneebis Seyvarebuli poetis
fsiqologia. is xom Tavis leqsebSi mgznebare siyvaruls
gamoxatavda, Tumca ki araviTari imedi ar hqonda, rom
mis grZnobas gaiziarebdnen. es Cven imdenad ucnaurad
gveCveneba, rom am leqsebSi mxolod poetur pirobiTo-
bas vxedavT. udaoa, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi
marTlac ase iyo. udaoa isic, rom aseT pirobiTobas epo-
qis poeturi stili moiTxovda. Tumca dantes beatriCe-
sadmi siyvaruli, rogorc es Vita Nuova-Sia19 aRwerili, ra
Tqma unda gulwrfeli grZnobaa yovelgvar pirobiTobas
moklebuli. ufro metic, me darwmunebuli var rom iseTi
Zlieri grZnoba Cvens TanamedroveTagan aravis ar aqvs.
im epoqis keTilSobili sulis adamianebi miwier cxovre-
bas ukeTurad Tvlidnen. Cveulebrivi, adamianuri survi-
lebi da swrafvebi maTTvis biwierebis da pirveli cod-
vis Sedegi iyo. maT sZuldaT sxeuli, avxorcobis wyaro.

– 55 –
umanko sixaruli maTTvis SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod eqsta-
tikur meditaciaSi, romelSic araviTari seqsualuri
ar unda yofiliyo gareuli. amitom, maTi Tvalsazrisi
siyvarulis grZnobaze ar SeiZleboda iseTi yofiliyo,
rogorsac Cven dantesTan vxedavT. kacisTvis, romel-
sac Zlierad uyvarda qali da afasebda mas, SeuZlebeli
iyo es grZnoba sqesobriv urTierTobasTan daekavSirebi-
na, radgan amiT is waibilweboda. amitom, misi siyvaru-
li gamoxatulebas poeziaSi hpovebda, rac, ra Tqma unda,
simboluri xasiaTis iyo. amas keTilismyofeli gavlena
hqonda literaturaze, ris pirvel ylortebsac impera-
tor fridrix II-is karze vawydebiT, Tavis zenits ki ukve
aRorZinebis epoqaSi miaRwia.
CemTvis cnobili erT-erTi saukeTeso esei, romelic
Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi siyvarulis Temas exeba, aris is,
romelic Setanilia haizingas20 wignSi „Sua saukuneebis Se-
modgoma“ (1924). ai nawyveti am eseidan:
„roca provanselma trubadurebma siyvarulis poe-
turi koncefciis centrad daukmayofilebeli survili
aqcies, kulturis istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi Semo-
bruneba moxda. ra Tqma unda antikuri poeziac umRerda
siyvarulis gamo tanjvas, magram is ganixileboda ro-
gorc dabrkoleba bednierebisken mimaval gzaze, an gul-
satkeni SemTxveva. aseTia sentimentaluri istoriebi
piramusze da Tisbeze, kefalusze da prokrisze, rom-
lebSic tragikuli dasasruli gulisgamgmiravad gamoi-
yureba imis gamo, rom maT win SeyvarebulTa bedniereba
uswrebda. piriqiT, kurtuaziuli poezia Tavis ZiriT-
ad motivad survils aqcevs da amiT iqmneba siyvarulis
iseTi koncefcia, romelSic aris uaryofis momenti. po-
eturi Semoqmedebis axali ideali ar wyvets ra Tavis ka-
vSirs grZnobieri siyvarulis koncefciasTan, axerxebs
eTikuri swrafvis yvela saxe moicvas. siyvaruli xdeba

– 56 –
is veli, romelzec yvavis yvela moraluri da mxatvruli
Rirebuleba. swored imitom, rom is Seyvarebulia, kur-
tuaziuli sayvareli wmindaa da umwikvlo. sulierebis
gavlena sul ufro metad dominirebs da, ai, XIII saukunis
bolos, gamoCndeba dolce stil nuovo (tkbili da axali stili
dantes da misi megobrebisa) romelSic, garda sasiyvaru-
lo grZnobisa, poeziaSi Semodis aseve RvTismosaoba da
wminda intuicia. poeziam aq Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles
wertils miaRwia, Semdeg ki italiuri poezia TandaTan
dabla eSveboda, cdilobda ra erotika maRal miswrafe-
bebTan SeeTavsebina. petrarkasTan Cven vawydebiT maRali
sulierebiT aRbeWdil siyvaruls, iseve, rogorc anti-
kuri ganwyobilebebis bunebriv momxibvlelobas. male
kurtuaziuli siyvarulis mTeli xelovnuri sistema mi-
tovebul iqna da iseTi faqizi dayofa, rogoric petrar-
kas hqonda aravis mier aRar ganaxlebula manam, sanam
aRorZinebis epoqis moazrovneebis platonizmma, romel-
sac latenturad Seicavda siyvarulis kurtuaziuli kon-
cefcia saTave ar daudo poeziis axal formebs, romleb-
Sic erotika da suliereba ganuyofeli gaxda“.
Tumca, safrangeTsa da burgundiaSi ganviTareba igive
rigiT ar midioda rogorc italiaSi, ramdenadac fran-
guli aristokratiisaTvis siyvarulis koncefcia gan-
isazRvreboda „vardis romaniT“,21 romelic raindul si-
yvaruls umRerda, magram daukmayofilebel survilze
yovelgvari miniSnebis gareSe. faqtobrivad es gaxldaT
ara aSkarad gamoxatuli protesti eklesiis swavlebisadmi
da siyvarulis warmarTul fesvebTan mibruneba. ai, kidev
erTi nawyveti haizingas wignidan:
„arseboba maRali klasisa, romlis moraluri da intele-
qtualuri principebi moicaven aseve ars amandi-is (siyvaru-
lis xelovneba) dasavleTis istoriis sruliad gamorCeul
Taviseburebad iTvleba. arcerT sxva epoqaSi kulturuli

– 57 –
ideali siyvarulis koncefciis aseTi doziT gaJRenTili
ar yofila. zustad iseve, rogorc sqolastika warmoad-
gens Sua saukuneebis azrovnebis udides mcdelobas filo-
sofia erTi centris garSemo gaaerTianos, kurtuaziuli
siyvarulis koncefcia _ ara imdenad amaRlebul sfero-
Si, rogoricaa sqolastika, cdilobs moicvas yvelaferi,
rasac kavSiri aqvs keTilSobilebiT savse cxovrebasTan.
„vardis romani“ ar arRvevs Sua saukuneebis ideis siste-
mas. masSi mxolod Serbilebulia im drois tendenciebi da
gamdidrebulia misi ideuri Sinaarsi“.
saukune, romelSic „vardis romani“ Seiqmna metis-
metad uxeSi da sastiki iyo da Tumca romanSi mxardaWer-
ili siyvarulis koncefcia eklesiis TvalsazrisiT keT-
ilgonivruli ar gaxldaT, is mainc daxvewili, galanturi
da keTilSobiluri iyo. aseTi tipis ideebi SeiZleba eku-
Tvnodes mxolod aristokratias, romelic Tavisi siamo-
vnebisTvis cxovrobs da garkveuli doziT Tavisufalia
sasuliero pirebis diqtatisagan. eklesias sZagda raindu-
li asparezobebi, romlebSic sasiyvarulo motivi kargad
Canda, magram is aseve uZluri iyo xeli SeeSala misTvis,
iseve, rogorc rainduli siyvarulis ideis gavrceleb-
isaTvis. Cvens demokratiul saukuneSi, ukve mzad varT
daviviwyoT ras unda umadlodes msoflio aristokratiis
gavlenas sxvadasxva epoqebSi. ra Tqma unda, siyvarulis
koncefcia, romelic adamianTa gonebas daeufla aRor-
Zinebis epoqaSi, aseT warmatebas ver miaRwevda misTvis
gza rom ar gaewmindaT raindul romanebs siyvarulze.
aRorZinebis epoqaSi warmarTobisadmi mravalsauku-
novani zizRiani damokidebulebis Semdeg, siyvaruli
platonuri aRar iyo da is poeziis Temad iqca. is, Tu
rogori damokidebuleba hqondaT aRorZinebis epoqis
adamianebs siyvarulis Sua saukuneebis koncefciisadmi,
kargad Cans dulsineaze Seyvarebuli don kixotis magal-

– 58 –
iTze. da mainc, Sua saukuneebis tradicia mTlianad ar
gamqrala. is Cans sidneis poemaSi _ „astrofeli da ste-
la“. maTi gavlena SeimCneva mister W.H.-isadmi miZRvnil
Seqspiris sonetebSi. Tumca, mTlianobaSi aRorZineb-
is epoqis sasiyvarulo poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
sicocxlis xalisi da gulwrfeloba, rogorc elizabet-
is drois erTi poeti werda:

nu damcini Sens sawolSi,

am civ Rames gadavurCeT.

kargad Cans, rom grZnoba, romliTac poetia Sepyro-

bili Riaa da Zlieri da platonurs verafriT daarqmev.
Tumca, am grZnobis kvali mainc darCa, imitom, rom aRo-
rZinebis epoqaSi is aucilebeli iyo siyvarulis obieq-
tisadmi Tayvaniscemis gamosaxatavad. Seqspiris piesaSi
„cimbelini“, klotens imis gamo dascinian, rom mas sasi-
yvarulo leqsebis dawera ar SeuZlia da qiraobs _ stri-
qonSi erT penss uxdis _ moxaltures, romelic uwers
leqsebs ase rom iwyeba: „Cumad Cumad, torola“. kargi
Sedegia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ramdens uxdidnen.
sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom Sua saukuneebis sasiyvaru-
lo poeziaSi arSiyobis Tema TiTqmis ar iyo warmodgenili.
Cinur sasiyvarulo poeziaSi gvxvdeba sasiyvarulo leqse-
bi, romlebSic gadmocemulia qalis mwuxareba misi gulis
mbrZanebelTan ganSorebis gamo. mistikur indur poeziaSi
adamianis suli Sedarebulia patarZalTan, romelic aRg-
znebuli moelis siZes _ anu RmerTs. amasTan erTad, uceb
amCnev, rom qalis daufleba kacisTvis araviTar siZneles ar
warmoadgenda da amdenad, musika da poezia ar sWirdeboda
misi gulis dapyrobas. xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma
unda dasanania, roca qali metismetad advilad misawvdo-
mia. sasurveli iqneboda, rom misi daufleba Zneli iyos,

– 59 –
magram ara SeuZlebeli. aRorZinebis epoqis Semdeg situ-
acia met-naklebad swored aseTi gaxldaT. es siZneleebi
nawilobriv gare faqtorebze iyo damokidebuli, nawilo-
briv ki, Sida faqtorebze. es ukanaskneli, rogorc wesi
Tavisi drois moraluri principebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
romantikuli siyvarulis Tema mTeli ZaliT roman-
tikul moZraobaSi22 gaJRerda da Selis Tamamad SeiZle-
ba romantikuli siyvarulis mociquli vuwodoT. Selis
siyvarulis grZnoba iseT Zalas aRwevs, rom mis poeziaSi
es emociebis afeTqebas da warmosaxvis maRla frenas niS-
navda. fsiqikis aseT aRgznebul mdgomareobaSi araferi
kargi ar iyo, magram Selis miaCnda, rom misi wyalobiT is
maRal poezias qmnida da garda amisa, akeTebda daskvnas,
rom ar SeiZleba siyvaruli raime CarCoebiT iyos SezRud-
uli. is cdeboda, radgan misi poezia dakavSirebuli iyo
dabrkolebebTan, romlebic misi sasiyvarulo survilebis
dakmayofilebaSi xels uSlida. emilia viviani, keTilSo-
bili da ubeduri qali, Tavisi survilis sawinaaRmdegod
monasterSi rom ar gamoemwyvdiaT, Seli aucileblad ar
CaTvlida „epipsixidioni“ daewera. jein uiliamsi erT-
guli coli rom ar aRmoCeniliyo, is arasodes dawerda
„mogonebebs“. socialuri barierebi, romelTac Seli ase
mZvinvared aprotestebda, sinamdvileSi misi poeturi
Semoqmedebis stimuls warmoadgenda. romantikuli si-
yvaruli, rogorc is Selis lirikaSi aisaxa, Sedegia aramd-
gradi wonasworobisa, roca tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi
barierebi jer kidev arsebobs, magram ukve gadaulaxavad
aRar iTvleba. es barierebi rom kedeliviT mtkice iyos
an saerTod ar arsebobdnen, romantikuli siyvarulis
gafurCqvnas araviTari safuZveli aRar eqneboda.
aviRoT, magaliTad, CineTis sazogadoeba. iq kacisaT-
vis ar arsebobs sxva pativsacemi qali garda sakuTari
colisa da Tu kacs is ar akmayofilebs, maSin bordelSi

– 60 –
midis. maTi qorwineba winaswar iyo gansazRvruli da col-
Tan, rogorc qalTan urTierToba qorwinebamde ar hqon-
da. amitom, mis sqesobriv moTxovnilebas araferi saerTo
ara aqvs siyvarulTan. mas ar dasWirvebia momaval col-
Tan earSiya da raRac dabrkolebebi gadaelaxa, rac Sei-
Zleboda lirikuli poeziis mizezad qceuliyo. meore mx-
riv, sruli Tavisuflebis sazogadoebaSi kaci, romelsac
poeturi niWi aqvs da amasTan erTad, mamakacuri xiblic
ar aklia, qalebSi warmatebas advilad aRwevs da amisT-
vis poeturi Zalisxmeva ar sWirdeba. amdenad, sasiyvar-
ulo poezia damokidebulia simkacris da Tavisuflebis
delikatur balansze da naklebad mosalodnelia, rom is
saerTod iarsebebda misi saukeTeso formiT iq, sadac es
wonasworoba romelime mxares darRveuli ar iqneboda.
Tumca, sasiyvarulo poezia siyvarulis grZnobis gver-
diTi Sedegia da romantikuli siyvarulis yvavili au-
cilebeli ar aris poeziis niadagze gaifurCqnos. me dar-
wmunebuli var, rom romantikuli siyvaruli aris wyaro
yvelaze didi siamovnebisa, rasac ki cxovreba gvTavazobs.
Tu sasiyvarulo grZnobaSi, romelic kacs da qals aerTebs
amdeni vneba, warmosaxva da sinazea, es ukve TavisTavad
uzarmazari Rirebulebaa da am grZnobis ar gancda didi
ubedureba iqneboda TiToeuli CvenganisaTvis. me vTvli,
rom sazogadoebrivi wyobileba iseTi unda iyos, adamians
am sixarulis gancdis saSualeba misces, Tumca is SeiZle-
ba cxovrebis erT-erTi ingredienti iyos mxolod da ara
misi mTavari mizani. safrangeTis didi revoluciis Semdeg
maSinve gaCnda idea, rom qorwineba romantikuli siyvaru-
lis Sedegi unda iyos. axla, gansakuTrebiT inglisureno-
van qveynebSi, miRebulia, rom es TavisTavad igulisxmeba
da bevrs azradac ar mosdis, rom es idea arcTu didi xnis
winaT revoluciuri inovacia iyo. asi wlis win daweril
romanebsa da piesebSi ZiriTadad imaze iyo laparaki ax-

– 61 –
algazrda Taoba Tavisi axali SexedulebebiT saqorwino
urTierTobebze, rogor ebrZoda mamebis Taobas, romel-
sac am sakiTxze tradiciuli warmodgenebi hqonda da mi-
aCndaT, rom meuRle SvilisTvis maT unda SeerCiaT. aris
raRac simarTle misis malapropis23 sityvebSi imis Sesaxeb,
rom siyvaruli da siZulvili mudmivi xaxunis gamo anad-
gureben erTmaneTs da amdenad ukeTesia Tu urTierTobas
erTmaneTisadmi cotaodeni zizRiT daiwyeben. cxadia, rom
roca adamianebi ise qorwindebian, rom erTmaneTTan seqs-
ualuri urTierTobis gamocdileba ara aqvT da romanti-
kul siyvarulze warmodgenebis gavlenis qveS imyofebian,
TiToeul maTgans meore srulyofilebis nimuSad miaCnia
da hgonia, rom qorwinebaSi cxovreba erTi gabmuli netari
sizmaria. aseTi Sexeduleba gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebe-
lia qalebisTvis, Tu isini sterilur garemoSi gaizard-
nen, qorwinebis seqsualuri mxaris Sesaxeb araferi ician
da Sesabamisad, ar SeuZliaT gaigon ra aris seqsualuri
SimSili da riT gansxvavdeba is naTesauri grZnobebisgan
da damokidebulebebisgan. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi,
sadac qorwinebaze romantikuli Sexeduleba sxva qveyneb-
isgan gansxvavebiT seriozulad iqna miRebuli da sadac
kanonebi da adaT-wesebi Sinaberebis sentimentalur oc-
nebebzea dafuZnebuli, ganqorwinebebis ricxvi Zalian
maRalia, bednieri qorwineba ki iSviaTi SemTxvevaa.
qorwineba gacilebiT seriozuli ramea vidre ubral-
od erTmaneTis kompaniaSi yofnis siamovneba. es aris
sazogadoebrivi instituti, Seqmnili imisTvis, raTa
gazardos da aRzardos bavSvebi. es sazogadoebis ufa-
qizesi qsovilis ujredia. qorwinebis mniSvneloba Sors
cdeba grZnobebs, romelic col-qmars aqvT erTmaneTis
mimarT. albaT, kargi iqneba, me vfiqrob, rom Zalian kar-
gi iqneba, Tu SeuRlebulebs Soris romantikuli siyvar-
uli gaCndeba. magram, unda vicodeT, rom Tu cols da

– 62 –
qmars surs maTi qorwineba bednieri da sazogadoebrivad
sasargeblo iyos, romantikuli siyvaruli unda gaqres
da adgili dauTmos ufro intimur, ufro naz da ufro
realur grZnobas. romantikulad Seyvarebuli sayvarel
arsebas TiTqos momajadoebel burusSi xedavs. udaoa,
rom garkveuli tipis qalebisaTvis es burusi qorwineb-
is Semdegac narCundeba, miTumetes Tu qmaric igive tips
ekuTvnis. magram, es mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebe-
li, Tu colsa da qmars Soris intimuri urTierToba ar
aris da Tu qali, rogorc sfinqsi, Tavis yvelaze saTuT
azrebs da grZnobebs saidumlod inaxavs, iseve, rogorc
sxeulis intimurobasac, raRac zomiT. aseTi tipis ur-
TierTobebi Zalian xelisSemSleli iqneba imisTvis, rom
qorwinebiT realizebul iqnas masSi Cadebuli saukeTeso
SesaZleblobebi yovelgvari iluziebisgan Tavisufali
nazi intimisa. garda amisa, azri, TiTqos qorwinebisTvis
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs romantikul grZnobebs, sinam-
dvileSi didi sisulelea (pavle mociqulis Tvalsazriss
hgavs, Tumca sawinaaRmdego mniSvnelobiT. imitom, rom
daviwyebulia mTavari: rac qorwinebas mniSvnelovans
xdis, es aris bavSvebi da Tu es asea, rogorc ki col-
qmars bavSvebi uCndebaT im pirobiT, Tu maT TavianTi
naSieri nazad uyvarT da mzad arian masze pasuxismgeblo-
ba aiRon), isini unda mixvdnen, rom maT grZnobas erTmane-
Tis mimarT arcTu didi mniSvneloba aqvs.

– 63 –
 Tavi VI

qalTa emansipacia

Cvens droSi sqesTa Soris urTierTobebs gardamavali

xasiaTi aqvT, rac ZiriTadad ori mizeziT aixsneba: jer
erTi Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebis gamoyenebiT da
meorec, qalTa swrafviT emansipaciisaken. pirveli mize-
zis Sesaxeb cota mogvianebiT getyviT, is yvelaferi ki
rac meores ukavSirdeba am TavSi iqneba ganxiluli.
qalTa emansipacia demokratiuli moZraobis nawilia. is
daiwyo safrangeTis didi revoluciis periodSi, romlis
ideebma didi gavlena moaxdines meri vulstonkraftze,24
avtorze wignisa _ „qalTa uflebebis aRdgena“ (1792). im
momentidan moyolebuli dRemde qalTa moZraobam mamak-
acebTan Tanabari uflebebisaTvis farTo mxardaWera hpo-
va da mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia. jon stiuart mi-
lis25 damajereblad argumentirebulma wignma _ „qalTa
daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareoba“ (1869) didi gavlena iqo-
nia XIX saukunis bolo mesamedis yvela moazrovneze. Cemi
ded-mama misi moswavleebi iyvnen. deda samociani wlebis
bolos qalTa saarCevno uflebebis dacvis moTxovniT ga-
modioda. is Tavgamodebuli feministi gaxldaT da Cemze,
pirvel qal eqimTan haret andersonTan imSobiara, romel-
ic diplomirebuli meane iyo mxolod, imitom, rom qaleb-
isTvis ar arsebobda araviTari SesaZlebloba samedicino
praqtika gaevloT. feministur moZraobaSi Tavidan zeda
da saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi monawileobdnen

– 64 –
da amdenad, is did politikur Zalas ar warmoadgenda.
proeqti qalTa saarCevno uflebebis Sesaxeb yovel wels
SehqondaT magram, deputatebis nawilis mxardaWeris mi-
uxedavad is xmebis umravlesobas ver agrovebda. Tumca,
feministebma erTgvar warmatebas mainc miaRwies. 1882
wels parlamentma gaTxovili qalebisaTvis kerZo saku-
Trebis uflebis kanoni miiRo. manamde, gaTxovili qalis
mTeli uZravi da moZravi qoneba misi qmris kontrolis
qveS iyo garda im qonebisa, romelic uSualod qals eku-
Tvnoda da mindobilobiT marTavda. politikuri ufle-
bebisaTvis qalTa moZraobis momdevno etapebi kargadaa
cnobili da maTze SeCereba ar Rirs, magram is ki unda
aRiniSnos, rom qalebma civilizebul qveynebSi politi-
kuri uflebebis miReba Zalian swrafad SeZles. am faqts
warsulSi analogi ar moeZeveba Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im
Zireul cvlilebebs sazogadoebaSi, romelic amas mohy-
va. marTalia SeiZleboda monobis gauqmebasTan gagvev-
lo paraleli, magram misi Sedareba qalTa politikuri
uflebebis aRiarebasTan ar SeiZleba, ramdenadac mono-
bis gauqmeba Soreuli qveynebis mosaxleobas Seexo, qalTa
politikuri uflebebi ki civilizebuli qveynebis umrav-
lesobis interesebs exeboda.
Cemi azriT, am, swraf cvlilebebs ori mizezi aqvs.
erTi mxriv is ganpirobebuli iyo liberalizmis ideis
farTo gavrcelebiT, ramdenadac demokratiis pirobebSi
SeuZlebeli iqneboda qalebisTvis imis dasabuTeba, rom
maT politikuri uflebebi ar unda hqonodaT. meore mx-
riv, sazogadoebaSi sul ufro didi raodenobiT Cnde-
bodnen qalebi, romlebic mamis da qmris kmayofaze ar iyv-
nen da damoukideblad SeeZloT cxovreba. omis dawyebis
Semdeg frontze wasuli kacebis adgili, mrewvelobasa
da mmarTvelobis aparatebSi bevrma qalma daikava. omis
wina wlebSi qalebisTvis politikuri uflebebis miniWebis

– 65 –
sawinaaRmdego mTavari argumenti is iyo, rom isini omis
winaaRmdeg micemdnen xmas radgan pacifistebi iyvnen. ma-
gram, qalebma am sisxlian sasaklaoSi TavianTi monawile-
obiT es argumenti gaabaTiles da politikuri uflebebi
miiRes. idealistebisaTvis, romelTac warmoedginaT, rom
politikaSi qalebis mosvla moraluri pasuxismgeblobis
suls Seitanda, es Sedegi usiamovno iyo da maT imede-
bi gaucruvdaT, magram etyoba idealistebis bedi aseTia.
TavianTi idealebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad isini raRac
iseTs iReben, rac maT idealebs ewinaaRmdegeba. ra Tqma
unda, qalTa politikuri uflebebisTvis brZola od-
navac ar aris dakavSirebuli idealistebis rwmenasTan,
TiTqos qalebi moraluri TvalsazrisiT kacebze bevrad
maRla dganan. politikuri uflebebi qalebs imis gamo
unda hqondeT, rom es TiToeuli adamianis xelSeuvali
uflebaa da rom amis gareSe demokratiul sazogadoebaze
laparakic zedmetia. Tumca, roca Cagruli klasi, an eri
Tavisi uflebebisaTvis ibrZvis, Cagrulebs (magaliTad
qalebs) yovelTvis raRac gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs miaw-
eren, Cveulebriv moralur Tvisebebs.
Tumca, qalebis politikuri uflebebi mxolod ara-
pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli am Tavis TemasTan, romel-
Sic ganxilulia qalTa socialuri uflebebi da misi kav-
Siri qorwinebasTan da moralTan. aRmosavleTSi Soreuli
droidan moyolebuli dRevandel dRemde qalebis uman-
koeba maTi izolaciis saSualebiT iyo uzrunvelyofili.
aravis ucdia maTTvis TviTkontroli eswavlebina. amis
nacvlad keTdeboda yvelaferi, rom maT mier Ralatis
Cadena gamoericxaT. dasavleTSi aseTma midgomam erTsu-
lovani mxardaWera ver hpova, magram yvela wesieri qali
bavSvobidan iseT aRzrdas iRebda, rom qorwinebis gareSe
sqesobrivi urTierTobis gagonebaze Zrwola ipyrobda.
imis kvalobaze, rom qalTa aRzrdis meTodebis sruly-

– 66 –
ofa xdeboda, gare barierebi sul ufro mcirdeboda.
isini, vinc gare barierebis aRebas xels uwyobdnen, dar-
wmunebuli iyvnen, rom Sinagani Semakavebeli faqtorebi
sruliad sakmarisia. magaliTad, ar aris aucilebeli,
rom lamaz gogonas xnieri qali axldes, radgan gogona
ise kargad aris aRzrdili, rom axalgazrda kacis nebas
ar dahyveba rac ar unda aRuTqvan mas. Cems axalgazr-
dobaSi wesieri qalebis umravlesoba darwmunebuli iyo,
rom sqesobrivi aqti sazizRrobaa da gaTxovili qali amas
movaleobis grZnobis gamo akeTebs. aqedan gamomdinare,
isini winaaRmdegni ar iyvnen TavianTi qaliSvilebisaTvis
meti Tavisufleba miecaT, rac asiode wlis win arcTu
gonivrulad CaiTvleboda. Sedegi gansxvavebuli iyo imi-
sgan, rasac moelodnen da es exeboda rogorc gaTxovil,
ise gauTxovar qalebs.
viqtorianuli epoqis qalebi, iseve, rogorc qaleb-
is umravlesoba manamde, gonebrivi izolaciis pirobeb-
Si cxovrobdnen, (da bevri qali axlac cxovrobs) erTg-
var cixeSi, ramdenadac aseTi izolacia ganpirobebuli
iyo qvecnobieri akrZalvebiT, is cnobierSi mkafiod ar
aisaxeboda. es akrZalvebi qvecnobieridan TandaTan ga-
moZevebul iqna da Cveni drois axalgazrda qalebSi kvlav
gaiRviZa survilma, romelic TvalTmaqcobis didi mTis
qveS iyo damarxuli. Sedegad, sqesTa Soris urTierTobaSi
erTgvari revolucia moxda, magram is erT romelime qvey-
anaSi ki ar momxdara da erT romelime klass ki ar Sexebia,
aramed yvela civilizebul qveyanaze da yvela civilize-
bul klasze iqonia gavlena.
jer kidev meri vulstonkraftis wignSi qalebisTvis
Tanabari uflebebis moTxovna, sqesTa Soris urTierTo-
bis Tavisuflebasac moicavda, rac imdenad uCveulo iyo
im droisaTvis, rom XIX saukunis qalTa moZraobis monaw-
ileebi mas ar ahyvnen da mxolod politikur moTxovnebs

– 67 –
ayenebdnen. ufro metic, isini imdenad mkacri moral-
istebi aRmoCndnen, rom cdilobdnen kacebisTvisac ise-
Tive moraluri xundebi daedoT, rogoric qalebs edoT.
magram, 1914 wlis agvistos Semdeg axalgazrda qalebma
Teoriebze tvinis Wyletas Tavi daanebes da sxva mimar-
TulebiT wavidnen. emociurma fonma, romelsac omi qmni-
da, maT amisken ubiZga, Tumca omic rom ara, saqme mainc am
mimarTulebiT midioda.
warsulSi qalTa erTgulebis safuZveli jojoxeTis
cecxlis alebi da dafexmZimebis SiSi iyo. pirveli maTgani
orTodoqsuli Teologiis kraxis Sedegad gaqra, meore
ki _ Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego abebis wyalobiT. garkveuli
drois ganmavlobaSi tradiciuli morali Cvevis da gone-
brivi inerciis ZaliT axerxebda qalebi SiSSi hyoloda,
magram omiT gamowveulma Sokma yvela barieri daangria.
Tanamedrove feministebs, maTi bebiebisagan gansxvavebiT,
ukve aRar surT kacebis „mankierebebs“ ebrZolon. axla maT
surT neba hqondeT akeTon is, rasac kacebi akeTeben. Tu
maTi bebiebis moTxovna sayovelTao monuri morali iyo,
maT, kacebis msgavsad, moralisgan Tavisufleba surT.
feministuri moZraobis mTavari tendenciebi jer kidev
ar aris mkveTrad gamoxatuli da SeuZlebelia imis Tqma
Tu rogor ganviTardeba is. misi monawileebi da mxardaW-
erebi jer kidev Zalian axalgazrdebi arian da maT Soris
cotaa iseTi, visac gavlena da mdgomareoba aqvs sazoga-
doebaSi. kanoni, policia, eklesia da mSoblebi, romelTa
xelSia mTeli Zalaufleba, maT winaaRmdeg arian, magram
axalgazrdebi cdiloben farulad imoqmedon, raTa maTi
risxva ar daitexon Tavs. ufrosi TaobisaTvis mosamar-
Tle lindseis mier gamoqveynebuli faqtebi ciliswamebaa
axalgazrdebze, magram TviT axalgazrdebi arafrad agde-
ben ciliswamebasa da braldebebs.
ra Tqma unda situacia Zalian arastabiluria: saqme
SeiZleba ise wavides, rom ufrosma Taobam yvela faqti

– 68 –
gaiTvaliswinos da axalgazrdobas miRweuli Tavisufle-
ba waarTvas, an axalgazrdobam, miaRwevs ra simwifis asaks
da maRal sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas, isargeblos amiT
da axal morals misces dasabami. savsebiT mosalodnelia,
rom Sedegi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sruliad sxvadasxva iyos.
italiaSi, sadac amoralizmis, iseve, rogorc bevri sxva
ramis magaliTs mTavroba iZleva, energiulad cdiloben
„umankoebis“ danergvas. ruseTSi yvelaferi sxvagvarad
aris. aq mTavrobas axali moralis mxare uWiravs. germani-
is protestantul nawilSi safiqrebelia, rom Tavisufa-
li morali gaimarjvebs, iq ki, sadac umetesad kaTolike-
bi cxovroben saeWvoa es moxdes, frangebi Znelad rom
Seelion amoraluri qcevisadmi momTmeni damokidebuleb-
is saukunoebriv tradicias, imis winaswarmetyvelebas ki
Tu ra moxdeba inglissa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
me ver gavriskavdi.
magram, modiT, cota xniT SevCerdeT da ganvixiloT
logikurad ra Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves qalebis moTx-
ovnas mamakacebTan sruli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb. uxsovari
droidan moyolebuli, kacebs neba hqondaT darTuli Tu
Teoriulad ara praqtikulad mainc, ukanono sqesobrivi
urTierTobebi hqonodaT. kacs ar moeTxoveboda daqor-
winebisas ubiwo yofiliyo da qorwinebis Semdegac misgan
Ralats Zalian seriozulad ar uyurebdnen, Tu es faqti
colis, an mezoblebis yuramde ar miaRwevda. aseTi wes-
rigis Camoyalibeba prostituciis institutis arsebobam
gaxada SesaZlebeli. saeWvoa axla am instituts damcvel-
ebi gamouCndnen da isic saeWvoa vinmem amtkicos, rom Tu
orive sqesis adamianebs Tanabari uflebebi unda hqondeT,
aucilebelia sazogadoebaSi gaCndnen kacebi, romlebic
prostituciiT iqnebian dakavebuli, raTa qalebs SeeZloT
TavianTi vnebebi ise daikmayofilon, rogorc amas kacebi
akeTeben da amasTan Tavi umankod CaTvalon, ise, rogorc

– 69 –
maTma qmrebma. naTelia, rom axla, roca adamianebi gvi-
an qorwindebian, Zalian cota kaci Tu rCeba umanko im
droisTvis, roca cols irTavs. magram, Tu ucolo kaci ar
apirebs umanko iyos, Tanabari uflebebis pirobebSi arc
qals sWirdeba umanko qaliSvilis reputaciaze zrunva.
cxadia, moralistebisaTvis es savalalo situaciaa.
marTlac, yoveli moralisti, romelic Tavs Seiwuxebs
da Cafiqrdeba, im daskvnamde miva, rom es moralis or-
magi standartia, rom qalisgan iTxoven umankoebas, rac
kacisTvis sruliadac ar aris mniSvnelovani. naTelia,
rom eTikis TvalsazrisiT aseTi ormagi standarti sruli
nonsensia. gamodis, rom moralisti uTanasworobas icavs
da Tan Tvlis, rom axalgazrda kaci ukeTesia meZavTan
wavides, vidre nacnob gogonasTan, Tumca am ukanasknel-
Tan misi urTierToba ara mxolod uangaroa, aramed sav-
sea nazi sasiyvarulo grZnobiT. ra Tqma unda moraliste-
bi TviTonac ar fiqroben im moraliT icxovron, rasac
qadageben. maT hgoniaT, rom prostituciis winaaRmdeg
gamodian, maSin, roca prostitucia maTi swavlebis gar-
dauvali Sedegia da es kidev erTi ilustracia gaxlavT
kargad cnobili faqtisa, rom profesional moralists
saSualoze maRali inteleqti ara aqvs.
zemoT moyvanili garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT naTe-
lia, rom ekonomiuri mdgomareobis gamo axalgazrda mam-
akacebis umravlesobisaTvis adreuli qorwineba, bevri qa-
lisTvis ki saerTod qorwineba, SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad,
kacsa da qals Soris Tanasworobis principi qalTa uman-
koebis mkacri moraluri normebis Semsubuqebas moiTx-
ovs, anu imas, rom qalebisTvisac dasaSvebi iyos qorwine-
bamde sqesobrivi urTierToba, rasac kacebi faqtobrivad
akeTeben. im SemTxvevaSi, roca qalebis raodenoba kaceb-
isas aRemateba, qalebis mimarT aSkara usamarTloba iCens
Tavs. ubralod, ariTmetikulad gamodis, rom yvela maT-

– 70 –
gani ver gaTxovdeba da aseTi wesrigis pirobebSi gauTx-
ovrebi moklebulni iqnebian SesaZleblobas uyvardeT da
TviTonac iyvnen siyvarulis obieqtebi. udaoa, rom qalTa
moZraobis dawyebis dros es garemoeba mxedvelobaSi ar
miiReboda, magram Tu axla vinme amas angariSs ar uwevs,
is qalTa sqesis mimarT usamarTlobas icavs.
yovelive zemoTqmuli moiTxovs Zvelsa da axals
Soris winaaRmdegobis daZlevas. Tu gogonebis ubiwoe-
ba da colebis erTguleba ukve aRar moiTxoveba, aqedan
unda gavakeToT daskvna, rom aucilebelia ojaxis Sen-
arCunebis an raRac axali saSualebebi moiZebnos, an is
bedis anabarad iqnas mitovebuli. imisaTvis, rom bavSvebi
mxolod kanonieri qorwinebis Sedegad ibadebodnen, Sei-
Zleba gaCndes azri, rom qorwinebis gareSe yvela sqeso-
brivi urTierToba steriluri iyos, aucileblad Casaxvis
sawinaaRmdego saSualebis gamoyenebiT. es ki niSnavs, rom
kacebi momTmeni iqnebian maTi colebis sayvarlebisadmi,
ise, rogorc aRmosavleTSi arian cvedanebis mimarT. ra
Tqma unda, amisTvis Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebis
iseTi saimedooba unda iqnas uzrunvelyofili, an colis
erTgulebaSi imdenad unda iyos darwmunebuli kaci, rom
es praqtikulad gamoricxulia, Tumca pirveli moTxovnis
Sesruleba SeiZleba male moxerxdes.
meore alternativa, romelic axali moralis Sesaty-
visi iqneboda, mamobaze, rogorc socialuri tradiciis
arsebiTad mniSvnelovan momentze uaris Tqma da mamis
funqciis saxelmwifosTvis gadacemaa. im SemTxvevaSi,
roca kaci bolomde darwmunebulia, rom bavSvi misi
Svilia da uyvars is, mas SeuZlia da unda uzrunvely-
os kidec finansurad coli da Svili, magram valdebuli
ar aris es kanonis safuZvelze gaakeTos. am SemTxvevaSi,
yvela bavSvs, romelic daibadeba, ukanonod Sobilis sta-
tusi eqneba da saxelmwifos, romelic aseT mdgomareobas

– 71 –
normalurad Tvlis, SeuZlia bavSvis aRzrdaze zrunva
sakuTar Tavze aiRos, rasac is aqamde ar akeTebs.
da Tu Zveli morali mainc Seecdeba Tavisi Seryeuli
mdgomareoba gamoasworos, amisTvis ramdenime ram iqneba
mniSvnelovani. zogierTi maTgani ukve gakeTebulic aris,
magram gamocdileba gviCvenebs rom es sakmarisi araa. pir-
veli da yvelaze arsebiTi is aris, rom daasruleben ra
ganaTlebis miRebas, gogonebi sulelebi da umecrebi unda
darCnen. es moTxovna ukve sruldeba im skolebSi, rom-
lebic eklesiis kontrolis qveS imyofeba. Semdegi moTx-
ovna isaa, rom yvela wignma, romelSic raime informacia
moipoveba sqesTa urTierTobis Sesaxeb, umkacresi cenzura
gaiaros. rogorc Cans, es moTxovna inglissa da amerikaSi
Sesrulebul iqneba, Tumca ki kanonis miRebis gareSe, ma-
gram policielebis gulmodginebis wyalobiT.
magram, es moTxovnebi aSkarad ar aris sakmarisi. er-
TaderTi aucilebeli piroba is aris, rom axalgazrda qa-
lebs kacebTan marto darCenis yovelgvari SesaZlebloba
aRekveToT, gogonebs unda aekrZaloT muSaoba saxlis ga-
reT. samogzaurod wasvla, piknikebSi monawileoba da gar-
Toba mxolod dedis an deidis meTvalyureobis qveS unda
SeeZloT. sacekvao darbazebSi siarulis savalalo praq-
tika unda aRmoifxvras. ormocdaaT wlamde asakis arcerT
gauTxovar qals ar unda hqondes avtomobilis SeZenis
ufleba. garda amisa, albaT gonivruli iqneboda TveSi
erTxel yvela gauTxovarma qalma policiaSi samedicino
Semowmeba gaiaros da cixeSi gauSvan yvela, vinc qaliSvili
ar aRmoCndeba. Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebis gamoy-
eneba rasakvirvelia unda aikrZalos da kanonierad CaiTva-
los saqmis aRZvra yvela im piris mimarT, vinc gauTxovar
qalTan saubrisas eWvqveS daayenebs maradiuli sasjelis
doqtrinas. Tuki es zomebi energiulad gatardeba cxovre-
baSi, Tundac asi wlis ganmavlobaSi, SesaZlebelia uzne-
obis sul ufro mzardi talRis SeCereba moxerxdes. me

– 72 –
mainc mgonia, rom yovelgvari riskis gamosaricxavad, mor-
alistebma yvela policielis da eqimis aucilebeli kas-
tracia unda moiTxovon. imasac ki vfiqrob, rom es zoma
ufro farTod unda iqnas gamoyenebuli kacis xasiaTis ga-
mousworebeli biwierebis gamo. iqneb moralistebma yvela
kacis kastrirebac ki gvirCion RvTis msaxurebis garda.
amrigad, Cven vxedavT, rom rogori kursic ar unda
aviRoT win siZneleebi da winaaRmdegobebi gvemuqreba.
Tu axali moralis gziT wavalT, maSin ukve arsebuli
siZneleebi im zomamde SeiZleba gaizardos, romelsac Cven
arcki velodiT. meore mxriv ZaliT Semotana SezRudvebi-
sa, romlebic gasul saukuneSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli, axla
ki metismetad mkacri da adamianuri bunebis sawinaaRmdego
Cans, arasasurvel eqscesebs gamoiwvevda.
isic naTelia, rom rogori siZneleebi da safrTxeebic
ar unda gvelodes, Cven unda vecadoT, rom kacobrioba
win wavides da ara ukan. ai, amitom, gvWirdeba aucile-
blad marTla axali morali. amasTan erTad, me ggu-
lisxmobdi, rom Cven unda gavacnobieroT aucilebloba
movaleobebisa da SezRudvebisa, romlebic gansxvavebu-
li iqneba warsulis movaleobebisa da SezRudvebisagan.
manam, sanam moralistebi iqadageben dabrunebas sqesTa
Soris urTierTobis arqeopteriqsiviT Zvel moralur
normebTan, isini ver SeZleben SeimuSavon moralis axali
normebi, romlebic Tavis TavSi axal movaleobebs moi-
cavs. me vfiqrob, rom moraluri normebis axali sistema,
iseve, rogorc Zveli, TavSeukavebel impulsur survi-
lebs ar unda waaqezebdes da Tu mainc aRiarebs aseTi
survilis arsebobis uflebas, es sxva safuZvelze da
sxva motivebiT unda moxdes, vidre warsulSi. arsebiT-
ad, sqesTa Soris urTierTobis normebis sakiTxi xelaxla
unda daisvas da gadawydes. momdevno Tavi am sakiTxis
gadaWris mokrZalebul cdas warmoadgens.

– 73 –
 Tavi VII

tabu sqesTa Soris urTierTobis codnaze

pirveli sakiTxi, romelic sqesTa Soris urTierTo-

bis axal normebTan dakavSirebiT unda daisvas is ki ar
aris Tu „rogor unda moxdes kacsa da qals Soris ur-
TierTobis harmonizacia“, aramed ase _ „ra aris kargi
imaSi, rom kacebi, qalebi da bavSvebi xelovnurad vamy-
ofoT umecrebaSi seqsTan dakavSirebiT“? me am proble-
mas pirvel adgilze imitom vayeneb, rom minda davanaxo
mkiTxvels rogor zians ayenebs pirovnebas umecreba am
sakiTxSi da Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania axali moralis
gamarjvebisTvis, rom adamianebi kargad informirebulni
iyvnen da umecrebam xeli ar SeuSaloT axali moralis
normebiT cxovrebaSi. es sakiTxi nawilia ufro farTo
doqtrinisa, romelic verasodes poulobda mxardaWeras
verc mTavrobis CinovnikebSi da verc policielebSi, ma-
gram, romelic naTeli gonebis Suqze sruliad udaoa.
WeSmaritebad iTvleba aseTi msjeloba: Tuki a-s surs,
rom b garkveulad moqmedebdes, an swored ise, rogorc
a-s interesebs daakmayofilebda, maSin a-sTvis sasargeb-
lo iqneba b umecrebaSi amyofos im faqtebTan dakavSire-
biT, romlebic b-s daanaxebda rogoria misi WeSmariti
interesebi. es yvelasTvis nacnobi situaciaa safondo
birJaze, magram amas araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs eTikis
maRal principebTan. mTavrobac aseve cdilobs rom xalxs
simarTle daumalos. magaliTad, ar surs rom maT gaigon

– 74 –
omSi damarcxebis Sesaxeb, radgan amas SeiZleba misi ga-
dayeneba mohyves, rac nacionalur interesebs ki emTx-
veva, magram TviT mTavrobis interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
faqtebis miCumaTeba sqesTa Soris urTierTobis se-
qsualur mxareze Tumca sxva sferos miekuTvneba, magram
safuZvlad msgavsi motivi udevs. qalebis umecrebaSi yola
xom Tavidanve Zalian sasurveli iyo mamakacebis domini-
rebuli mdgomareobis SesanarCuneblad. TandaTan, qalebi
Seeguen imas, rom aseTi mdgomareoba Zalian mniSvnelova-
nia imisTvis, rom isini erTgulni iyvnen da nawilobriv
amis gamoc bavSvebs, biWebsac da gogonebsac, seqsTan da-
kavSirebul sakiTxebSi umecrebaSi amyofebdnen. am etapze,
motivi kacebis dominireba ki aRar iyo, aramed raRac ira-
cionaluri tabu. aRaravin laparakobda imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ramdenad gamarTlebuli iyo aseTi umecreba da ukanono-
badac ki aRiares mtkicebulebebis moyvana imasTan dakav-
SirebiT, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi yofna zianis momtania.
minda moviyvano nawyveti „manCester gardianSi“ 1929 wlis
25 aprils dabeWdili statiidan:
„amerikeli liberalebi Tavzardacemulebi arian bruk-
linSi msajulTa federaluri sabWos gadawyvetilebiT,
romlis Tanaxmad misis meri u. deneti aRiarebul iqna
damnaSaved uxamsi literaturis fostiT gadagzavnaSi. mi-
sis deneti aris avtori farTod aRiarebuli da farTod
gavrcelebuli broSurebisa, romlebic, yvela aucilebe-
li wesis dacviT bavSvebs elementarul codnas aZlevda
sqesTa urTierTobis Sesaxeb. mas xuTi wliT Tavisufleb-
is aRkveTa, an jarimis saxiT xuTi aTasi dolaris gadaxda
miusajes, an erTic da meorec erTad.
misis deneti kargad cnobili sazogado moRvawea. is
ori mozrdili biWis dedaa da zemoT xsenebuli broSu-
ra TerTmeti wlis win aqvs dawerili. Semdeg broSuris
Sinaarsi samedicino JurnalSi gamoqveynda da Jurnalis

– 75 –
redaqtoris TxovniT, broSuris saxiTac daibeWda. pub-
likacias aTeulobiT cnobilma eqimma, mRvdelma da so-
ciologma dauWira mxari da am broSuris ramdenime aTasi
egzemplari „axalgazrda kacebis da qalebis qristianuli
organizaciis“ mier gavrcelda. sasargeblod CaTvales
aseve, rom es broSura niu-iorkis gareubnis brunksvilis
municipaluri skolis saswavlo programaSi SeetanaT. am
skolaSi mdidari xalxis Svilebi swavloben.
ingliselma mosamarTlem uoren berouzma Segnebulad
damala misTvis cnobili faqtebi da uari Tqva mowmeebis
rangSi moesmina cnobili eqimebisa da pedagogebisaTvis,
romlebmac Tanxmoba ganacxades sasamarTlos winaSe ga-
mosvlaze da neba ar darTo cnobil avtorebs misis dene-
tis broSuris dasacavad eTqvaT sityva. amis nacvlad, msa-
julebs broSura waukiTxes xmamaRla. isini bruklineli
coliani kacebi iyvnen da msajulebad imitom airCies, rom
xelSi arasdros auRiaT g.l. menkenis26 da havelok elisis
wignebi. swored aseTi xalxi sWirdeboda prokurors.
rogorc Cans, marTalia niu-iorkis gazeTi „uorl-
di“, romelSic naTqvamia, rom misis denetis broSuris
gavrcelebis akrZalva amerikel axalgazrdebs saSuale-
bas arTmevs naTeli da patiosani informacia miiRon
sqesobrivi urTierTobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. dacvam
apelacia Seitana umaRles sasamarTloSi, romlis gad-
awyvetilebas didi interesiT elian“.
Tumca, es amerikaSi moxda, SeiZleboda CvenTanac momx-
dariyo, radgan samarTlebrivi normebi inglisSi praqti-
kulad igivea, rac amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. aqedan
Cans, rom vinmes, Tundac is am sakiTxSi eqsperti iyos,
ekrZaleba informacia miawodos axalgazrdebs, romelTac
es sWirdebaT, sqesTa Soris urTierTobis Sesaxeb. aqedan
isic Cans, rom braldebis mxare gangeb arCevs msajulTa
iseT Semadgenlobas, rom isini umecrebi iyvnen da Ses-

– 76 –
abamisad ar SeeZloT sakiTxze gonivrulad imsjelon.
sasamarTlo ukmexad acxadebs, rom bavSvebma da axal-
gazrdebma araferi ar unda icodnen sqesobrivi urTier-
Tobis Sesaxeb da im sakiTxis gadawyveta kargia Tu cudi
am informaciis floba, saqmes ar exeba. ramdenadac Cven
sasamarTloSi ar varT da Cemi wigni bavSvebze ar aris
gaTvlili _ Cven Tavs nebas vaZlevT ganvixiloT sakiTxi
sasurvelia Tu arasasurveli miRebuli praqtika bavSvebi
umecrebaSi viyolioT.
bavSvebi verasodes xedaven TavianT mSoblebs SiSvels
da Cvilobis asakis Semdeg (Tu saxlSi metismeti sivi-
wrove ar aris) verc das da Zmas. maT akrZaluli aqvT
Seexon sasqeso organoebs an ilaparakon amaze. yvela
SekiTxvas, romelic seqss exeba mosdevs aRSfoTebuli
pasuxi: „axlave gaCumdi“. imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gaCnd-
nen amqveynad, bavSvebs uyvebian, rom isini werom moiyvana
an kombostoSi naxes. adre Tu gvian, isini mainc igeben
faqtebs _ Cveulebriv gaukuRmarTebuli saxiT _ saidum-
lod, sxva bavSvebisgan. aseTia Sedegi mSobelTa aRzrdisa,
romelTac es faqtebi uxamsad eCvenebaT. bavSvebi aqedan
akeTeben daskvnas, rom ded-mama raRac sazizRrobas akeT-
eben, raRac iseTs, risic TviTonve rcxveniaT da amitom,
ase gulmodgined cdiloben mis damalvas. bavSvebi uceb
xvdebian, rom maT ganuwyvetliv atyuebdnen isini, vinc
uyvardaT da endobodnen. Sedegad, maTi damokidebuleba
mSoblebisadmi, qorwinebisadmi da sawinaaRmdego sqesi-
sadmi samudamod icvleba da tradiciuli aRzrdis Semdeg
mxolod zogierT kacs da qals SeiZleba hqondes seqsze
da qorwinebaze, rogorc raRac sufTaze, warmodgena.
tradiciuli aRzrdis wyalobiT bavSvebi am sakiTxTan da-
kavSirebiT cruoben da xedaven, rom mSoblebi da maswav-
leblebi am SemTxvevaSi sicruisTvis aqeben. isini midian
daskvnamde, rom sqesobrivi urTierToba, daqorwinebul-

– 77 –
Ta Sorisac ki, met-naklebad sazizRaria, rom adamianTa
swrafvaSi gaagrZelon modgma, maTi cxoveluri buneba
mJRavndeba da rom qalebi sqesobriv aqtSi movaleobis
gamo iReben monawileobas, Tumca ki es ar siamovnebT.
aseTi damokidebuleba qorwinebas qalebisTvisac da kace-
bisTvisac aradamakmayofilebels xdis, Sedegad ki dauk-
mayofileblobis grZnoba iqceva uxeSobad da sisastiked,
rac wesierebis da samarTlianobis niRbiT iCens Tavs.
orTodoqsi moralistebis (maT rigebs miekuTvneba
aseve policielebi da sasamarTlos Cinovnikebi, magram
ara aRzrda-ganaTlebiT dakavebuli adamianebi) Sexed-
uleba sqesobriv urTierTobebTan dakavSirebul sakiTx-
ebze Cemi azriT SeiZleba ase Camoyalibdes:
seqsis survili Zalian Zlieria da asakTan damok-
idebulebiT sxvadasxvagvarad mJRavndeba. Cvilobisas es
imiT gamoixateba, rom bavSvs siamovnebs Tavisi sxeulis
garkveul nawilebze Sexeba. mogvianebiT, bavSvi cnobis-
moyvare xdeba da moswons „binZuri“ sityvebi. mozardo-
bisas man ukve icis am survilis Sesaxeb da misi dakmay-
ofileba surs. udavoa, rom radgan seqsualuri gadaxra
seqsze fiqrebiTaa gamowveuli, saukeTeso ram, rac ki
SeiZleba axalgazrdis zneobrivi aRzrdisTvis SeiZleba
gaakeTo is aris, rom misi goneba da sxeuli iseTi ramiT
unda iyos dakavebuli, rac seqsTan ar aris dakavSire-
buli. amitom, maT seqsis Sesaxeb informacia ar unda mi-
vawodoT. aucilebelia Tvalyuri vadevnoT rom am Temaze
ar isaubron. rac Seexeba ufrosebs, maT Tavi ise unda
moaCvenon, rom es sakiTxi arc arsebobs. aseTi aRzrdis
Sedegad SeiZleba ucodinrobaSi TviT qorwilis Ramemde
amyofo, iqamde, sanam iseT Soks miiRebs realobisgan, rom
seqsis mimarT swored iseTi damokidebuleba gauCndeba,
rogorc es moralistebs surT. biWebTan dakavSirebiT
sakiTxi ufro rTuladaa, radgan ar arsebobs araviTari
SesaZlebloba isini srul ucodinrobaSi vamyofoT, roca

– 78 –
ukve Tvrameti-cxrameti weli SeusruldebaT. aq gonivru-
li iqneba vuTxraT maT, rom masturbacias SeSlilobamde
mihyavs adamiani, meZavTan urTierTobas ki aucileblad
veneriuli daavadeba mohyveba. erTic da meorec Sorsaa
WeSmaritebisgan, magram orive, ase vTqvaT, TeTr tyuilad
iTvleba, radgan mas moralis saxeliT iyeneben. es xom zne-
obis donis asamaRleblad keTdeba. Wabukebic aseve unda
gaafrTxilon, rom saubarSi ar SeiZleba axsenon seqsi an
raime iseTi, rac masTanaa dakavSirebuli da rom es wesi
qorwinebis Semdegac ZalaSi rCeba. fiqroben, rom amis wy-
alobiT mis colsac gauCndeba zizRis grZnoba seqsis mi-
marT da qmris Ralatis survili aRar eqneba. ai, moralis-
tis kredo: sqesobrivi urTierToba qorwinebis gareSe didi
codvaa, qorwinebaSi ki ase ar aris, radgan is aucilebelia
modgmis gagrZelebisaTvis, magram, mainc unda gvaxsovdes,
rom es arcTu saqebi qmedebaa, adamisa da evas codviT-
dacemis Sedegadaa gaCenili da mis mimarT iseTi ganwyoba
unda gvqondes, rogorc, magaliTad, aucilebeli qirur-
giuli operaciis mimarT. saubedurod zomebis miRebis mi-
uxedavad adamianebma ician, rom sqesobriv aqts siamovneba
moaqvs, magram saTanado Zalisxmevis SemTxvevaSi moral-
istebs sul cota is mainc SeuZliaT qalebi daarwmunon,
rom es ase ar aris. inglisSi, magaliTad, arakanonierad
iTvleba Tu presaSi gamoCndeba mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom
gaTxovil qals SeuZlia da unda miiRos kidec siamovneba
sqesobrivi urTierTobisagan. me xelSi Camivarda broSura,
romlis mimarT sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom
is uxamsobas Seicavs. sasamarTlo organoebi, eklesia da
konservatiuli Sexedulebebis pedagogebi cdiloben yve-
laferi zemoTqmuli axalgazrdebs Caunergon.
sanam ganvixilavdeT rogor moqmedebs es sqesTa Soris
urTierTobaze, minda imaze SevCerdeT Tu ra Sedegebam-
de mivyavarT aseT pozicias sxva sferoebSi. me vfiqrob,
pirveli da yvelaze mZime Sedegi is aris, rom es dab-

– 79 –
rkolebas qmnis axalgazrdebisTvis mecnieruli cnobis-
moyvareobis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. Wkvian bavSvebs
surT icodnen yvelaferi, rac aris Cvens samyaroSi. isini
SekiTxvebs svamen matareblebis, avtomobilebis, TviTm-
frinavebis Sesaxeb. maT ainteresebT ratom modis Tovli
an rogor Cndebian bavSvebi. maTTvis am SekiTxvebs Soris
araviTari gansxvaveba ar aris. rogorc i. pavlovi wers,
aq moqmedebs refleqsi: _ „ratom aris es ase“? rac iTvle-
ba wyarod yovelgvari mecnieruli codnisa. roca codnis
surviliT Sepyrobili bavSvi igebs, rom aris SekiTxvebi,
romelic ar unda dasvas, mas sxva sagnebis mimarTac eka-
rgeba interesi. ver gaugia romeli SekiTxvebia kargi da
romeli ara. ratom aris cudi Tu imiT dainteresdeba
rogor Cndebian bavSvebi da ukve eCveneba, rom arc is
SekiTxvaa kargi, Tu rogor Cndeba TviTmfrinavi. yvela
SemTxvevaSi is im daskvnamde midis, rom aseT cnobismoy-
vareobaSi aris raRac saxifaTo, ris Sesaxebac ufrosebi
afrTxileben. sanam Sevecdebi raime gavigo, fiqrobs is,
unda gavarkvio kargia es codna Tu cudi da ramdenadac
yvelaferi, rac seqsTan aris dakavSirebuli uzarmazar
cnobismoyvareobas iwvevs, bavSvi im daskvnamde midis,
rom masSi aris raRac cudi _ ufrosebi xom amaze lap-
araks gaurbian _ da Zalian kargi is iqneba, Tu gamrav-
lebis tabulas daizuTxavs. swavlisaken swrafva _ jan-
mrTeli bavSvis erT-erTi yvelaze spontanuri impulsi _
ase sustdeba, nadgurdeba da ase miiReba Steri bavSvi. me
vfiqrob, SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom tradiciulad
aRzrdili qalebi kacebze uaresebi arian da es didwilad
imiT aixsneba, rom mozardobis periodSi maTSi Caaqres
survili raime SeetyoT seqsis Sesaxeb.
garda am inteleqtualuri zianisa, umravles SemTx-
vevaSi, maT Zalian seriozuli moraluri zianic miayenes.
rogorc froidma pirvelad dagvanaxa da rogorc yvelas,
visac saqme hqonia bavSvebTan SeuZlia amaSi darwmundes,
bavSvebs Cveulebriv ar sjeraT werosa da kombostos zRa-

– 80 –
prebi. rac imas niSnavs, rom bavSvi im daskvnamde midis,
SeiZleba mSoblebi mas atyuebdnen. magram, Tu am sakiTx-
Tan dakavSirebiT ar eubnebian simarTles, maSin xom is sxva
SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba moatyuon. es mSoblebis moralur
da inteleqtualur avtoritets Zirs uTxris da ramde-
nadac mSoblebi seqsTan dakavSirebiT atyueben, bavSvebma
SeiZleba daaskvnan, rom maTac SeuZliaT moityuon, roca
saqme igive sakiTxs exeba. ra Tqma unda, isini erTmaneTs
esaubrebian seqsis Sesaxeb da masturbaciasac ewevian ma-
lulad. motyuebisa da damalvis Cvevas, rasac mSoblebis
muqara iwvevs, maT cxovrebaSi SiSis grZnoba Seaqvs, radgan
mSoblebi da momvleli qalebi afrTxileben maT mastur-
baciis mZime Sedegebis Sesaxeb. es, rogorc fsiqoanalizm-
ma gviCvena, xSirad nerviuli sistemis daavadebis mizezia
da ara mxolod bavSvobisas, aramed mowiful asakSic.
tradiciuli midgoma seqsis sakiTxTan, rasac bavSveb-
is aRzrdis dros iyeneben, ara marto SeSinebul, matyuara
da sulel adamianebad ayalibebs maT, aramed nervozebs
da sxva fsiqikur daavadebebsac sakmaod xSirad iwvevs.
raRac zomiT, am faqtis Sesaxeb, icis yvela inteli-
gentma adamianma, romelic axalgazrdebTan muSaobs,
Tumca jer kidev ar ician mosamarTleebma da adminis-
tratorebma, rogorc gviCvena im sasamarTlo procesma,
romelzec am Tavis dasawyisSi iTqva. ase, rom Cvens dro-
Si ganaTlebuli adamiani, romlebic bavSvebis aRzrdiTaa
dakavebuli, iZulebulia an kanoni daarRvios, an bavSvebs
gamousworebeli moraluri da inteleqtualuri ziani
miayenos. samarTlo sistemis Secvla Znelia, radgan iq
Zalian bevri xnieri adamiani muSaobs, imdenad gaukuR-
marTebuli gonebis, rom maT siamovnebas aniWebT seqsze,
rogorc raRac mdabalze fiqri. vfiqrob, rom reforma
sruliad SeuZlebelia manam, sanam sistemaSi momuSave Sua
xnis xalxi da moxucebi ar gardaicvlebian.

– 81 –
 vaCveneT ra seqsTan dakavSirebiT tradiciuli midg-
omis cudi mxare, axla am sakiTxis arsebiT ganxilvaze
gadavideT. ra Tqma unda, moralistis erT-erTi mizani
is gaxlavT, rom seqsis sakiTxisadmi interesi maniad ar
gadaiqces, ramdenadac Cvens droSi es xSirad swored ase
xdeba. itonis skolis yofilma direqtorma amas winaT
ganacxada, rom moswavle biWebi erTmaneTSi TiTqmis yov-
elTvis uxams Temebze saubrobdnen, Tumca yvela maTgans
kargi tradiciuli ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli. ufrosebs
seqsis mimarT igive damokidebuleba rom hqondeT, rac
sxva sakiTxebis mimarT aqvT, bavSvebis SekiTxvebs rom
pasuxobdnen da cnobismoyvareobas maTTvis gasagebi eniT
ukmayofilebdnen, bavSvi uxamsad aRar ilaparakebda, im-
itom, rom uxamsobad iTvleba is, risi xsenebac saubarSi
wesieri saqcieli ar aris. seqsis sakiTxSi cnobismoyvare-
oba, iseve, rogorc yvela sxva cnobismoyvareoba, wydeba
rogorc ki is dakmayofildeba. Sesabamisad, yvelaze kar-
gi saSualeba imisTvis, rom axalgazrdebs seqsi maniad ar
eqceT, is aris, rom maT imdeni velaparakoT amis Sesaxeb
ramdensac moisurveben.
yvelaferi, rac aq iTqva pirad gamocdilebas eyrd-
noba da ara apriorul hipoTezebs. Cemi skolis bavSveb-
ze27 dakvirvebam savsebiT damarwmuna Cemi Tvalsazrisis
sisworeSi _ bavSvebis uxamsoba ufrosebis farisevlobis
Sedegia. Cemi ori Svili _ Svidi wlis biWi da xuTi wlis
gogona, ise aRizarda, rom maTTvis sagangebod ar uswav-
lebiaT seqsis da mosaqmebis Sesaxeb da Sesabamisad, ara-
viTari warmodgena ar hqondaT imaze es wesieri qmedeba
iyo Tu uweso. ra Tqma unda, maT ainteresebdaT saidan
Cndebian bavSvebi, magram gacilebiT metad ainteresebdaT
manqanebi da matareblebi. maT ar hqondaT survili am sa-
CoTiro Temebze emsjelaT, arc ufrosebis TandaswrebiT
da arc maT gareSe. rac Seexeba Cveni skolis sxva bavSvebs,

– 82 –
Cven SevniSneT, rom skolaSi ori, sami da oTxi wlis asakSi
skolaSi Sesuli bavSvebic ki zustad ise viTardebodnen,
rogorc Cveni bavSvebi. Tumca maT, vinc skolaSi eqvsi an
Svidi wlis asakSi Sevida, ukve iseTi ganaTleba hqondaT
miRebuli, romlis mixedviT yvelaferi, rac seqsTan iyo
dakavSirebuli uwesobad iTvleboda. isini gakvirvebule-
bi iyvnen, rom Cvens skolaSi am sakiTxze iseve Riad sau-
brobdnen, rogorc sxva yvelaferze da maT raRac drois
ganmavlobaSi moswondaT saubarSi uweso sityvebis gamoy-
eneba. magram, roca dainaxes, rom ufrosebi amisTvis ar
sjidnen, TandaTan TviTonac moswyindaT maTi gamoyeneba
da TandaTan iseve kargad da wesierad iqceodnen, rogorc
bavSvebi, romlebmac arc ki icodnen sityva „uweso“ ras
niSnavs. roca skolaSi gamoCndnen axali bavSvebi, rom-
lebic siamovnebiT iyenebdnen uweso gamoTqmebs, maTTvis
es mosawyeni iyo da saubarSi ar erTvebodnen. yvelaferi
ise gamovida, TiTqos CaxuTul atmosferoSi sufTa haeri
SeuSves, an mowamlul SenobaSi dezinfeqcia gaakeTes.
me davrwmundi, rom ar arsebobs araviTari sxva meTodi,
garda Cven mier gamoyenebulisa, imisaTvis, rom gaxado
bavSvebis jgufis wevrebs Soris urTierTobis atmosfero
zneobrivad jansaRi da wesieri.
Cemi azriT, am problemas aqvs erTi aspeqti, romel-
ic arasakmarisadaa gacnobierebuli maT mier, visac surs
gaaTavisuflos seqsi im WuWyisgan, romliTac is qris-
tianma moralistebma dafares. imis Sedegad, rom seqsi
mosaqmebis fiziologiur aqtTan asocirdeba da Sesa-
bamisad, orive aqti sazizRrad iTvleba, seqss bevri Wu-
Wyi mieweba. amitom, aucilebelia bavSvebis aRzrdisas
metismetad azizi ar viyoT imis mimarT rac fiziologias
exeba. ra Tqma unda, sanitariasTan da higienasTan daka-
vSirebuli sifrTxilis yvela zoma unda iqnas daculi,
magram bavSvebs unda avuxsnaT, rom es zomebi aucilebe-

– 83 –
lia maTi janmrTelobisaTvis da rom fiziologiur aqtSi
araferi samarcxvino da sazizRari ar aris.
mocemul TavSi, seqsualuri qcevis sakiTxebs ar
ganvixilavT, ramdenadac aq imaze vlaparakobT, Tu ra
unda vicodeT seqsis Sesaxeb. ZiriTadad, me vcdilobdi
xazi gamesva imisTvis, Tu rogori mniSvnelovania axal-
gazrdobisTvis icodnen sqesTa urTierTobis Sesaxeb. me
mjera da imedi maqvs, rom Cemi Sexedulebebi TanagrZno-
biT iqneba miRebuli ganaTlebis Tanamedrove mesveure-
bis mier. axla minda ufro sadao problemaze gadavide.
vSiSob, rom am sakiTxSi ufro Zneli iqneba mkiTxvelis
TanagrZnobis mopoveba. es problema egreT wodebul ux-
ams literaturas exeba.
inglissa da amerikaSi kanonis mixedviT, uxamsad miC-
neuli literatura SeiZleba garkveul garemoebebSi sasa-
marTlos gadawyvetilebiT ganadgurebul iqnas, avtors
da gamomcemels ki cixe miusajon. kanoni uxamsi gamoce-
mebis Sesaxeb inglisSi 1857 wels miiRes lord kempbelis
aqtiT, romelSic avtori amtkicebda, rom:
„Tu sarCelis mixedviT aris sakmarisi safuZveli
imisa, rom raRac wignebi Tu sxva gamocemebi uxamsia da
romeliRac saxlSi an raRac adgilze inaxeba gayidvis an
gavrcelebis mizniT da Tu aseve arsebobs mtkicebule-
ba imisa, rom erTi an meti wigni gayidulia am saxlidan
an adgilidan, mosamarTles, darwmundeba ra rom egzem-
plarebi Seesabameba aRweras da rom maTi publikacia kan-
onis Tanaxmad samarTlebriv devnas eqvemdebareba, ufle-
ba aqvs gasces gamocemis dapatimrebis orderi. Semdeg
mosamarTlem unda gamoiZaxos saxlSi mcxovrebi da dar-
wmundes, rom sasamarTloSi warmodgenili egzemplarebi
swored im xasiaTis aris da imave mizans emsaxureba, rac
dapatimrebis orderSia aRniSnuli da gasces brZaneba am
egzemplarebis dapatimrebis Sesaxeb“.

– 84 –
 sityvas „uxamsi“, romelic aq aris naxsenebi, zusti
iuridiuli gansazRvreba ar aqvs. praqtikaSi publikacia
uxamsad iTvleba, Tu mosamarTle mas aseTad miiCnevs da
mas ar moeTxoveba eqspertebis azris mosmena mocemul
gamocemasTan dakavSirebiT. es imas niSnavs, rom romani
an socialuri gamokvleva, romelic sqesTa Soris urTi-
erTobis kanonis reformas exeba, SeiZleba ganadgure-
bul iqnas Tu romelime asakovan, umecar kacs wigni Tu
traqtati uxamsad moeCveneba. am kanons metismetad mavne
Sedegebi mosdevs. rogorc viciT, havelok elisis wignis
„kvleva seqsualuri fsiqologiis sferoSi“, inglisSi
akrZalul iqna lord kempbelis kanonis Tanaxmad. Tumca,
amerikaSi xelisufleba sabednierod ufro liberaluri
aRmoCnda. me vfiqrob, Znelad Tu moiZebneba adamiani,
romelic ifiqrebs, rom elisis mier wigni uzneo miznebiT
iqna dawerili. garda amisa, aseTi moculobis seriozuli
samecniero kvleva saeWvoa imisTvis iyos Seqmnili, rom
mkiTxvels sixaruli mohgvaros uxamsobisgan. ra Tqma
unda, aRniSnuli problema ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas
ise, rogorc mosamarTle ganixilavda Tavis kolegebTan,
rom aRaraferi vTqvaT Tavis colTan da qaliSvilTan.
magram, Tu aseTi wignebi aikrZaleba, es imas niSnavs, rom
studentebs aRar eqnebaT saSualeba sagnis praqtikul
mxares gaecnon. me vfiqrob, tradiciulma moralistebma
havelok elisis wigni ase usiamovnod da sazizRrad im-
itom miiCnies, rom masSi moyvanilia konkretuli SemTx-
vevebi, romlebic aCvenebs rogor ver gaamarTles imedebi
arsebulma meTodebma verc zneobis da verc fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis TvalsazrisiT. aseTi kvlevebi sqesobrivi
aRzrdis arsebul meTodebze kvlevis saSualebas eZleva.
magram, sasamarTlo xelisufleba acxadebs, rom am kvleve-
bis gacnoba gvekrZaleba da rom Cveni msjeloba am sfero-
Si Zveleburad ucodinrobaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli.

– 85 –
 wignis _ „martoobis wyaro“28 akrZalvam inglisSi, ma-
gram ara amerikaSi, sazogadoebas cenzuruli SezRudvis
kidev erTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb Seaxsena: Cven vgulisxmobT
imas, rom homoseqsualizmis xseneba mxatvrul liter-
aturaSi samarTlebriv devnas eqvemdebareba. evropis
qveynebSi, sadac sasamarTlos moxeleebi arc imdenad
umecrebi arian, rogorc CvenTan, studentebs saSualeba
aqvT homoseqsualizmis Sesaxeb informacia miiRon, in-
glisSi ki amis Sesaxeb wera akrZalulia, rogorc samec-
niero SromebSi, aseve mxatvrul literaturaSi. homose-
qsualuri urTierToba kacebs Soris, magram ara qalebs
Soris, inglisSi kanonsawinaaRmdegod iTvleba da am
sakiTxSi raimes Secvlis Sesaxeb yvela argumenti aseve
ukanonod CaiTvleba, im mizeziT, rom is uxamsia. Tumca,
yvela, vinc ar daizarebs da ganxilvis sagans gaecnoba,
mixvdeba, rom homoseqsualistebis Sesaxeb kanoni aris
Sedegi veluri da bneli crurwmenisa da rom misi dacvi-
saTvis araviTari gonivruli da humanuri safuZveli ar
arsebobs. aseve SeiZleba ganvixiloT incestis sakiTxic.
cota xnis win miRebul iqna kanoni incestis Sesaxeb, ma-
gram axlac SeuZlebelia misi momxre an winaaRmdegi iyo,
radgan motanili argumentebisaTvis lordi kempbelis
kanonis Tanaxmad SeuZliaT saqme aRZran Sens winaaRmdeg,
Tu es argumentebi ise abstraqtulad ar iqneba for-
mulirebuli, rom yovelgvar Zalas dakargaven.
am kanonis sxva Sedegebi is gaxlavT, rom maTi umrav-
lesoba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas mxolod specialuri
terminebis saSualebiT, romelTa umravlesobis Sinaarsi
mxolod Zalian ganaTlebulma adamianebma ician. garkveu-
li sifrTxilis dacviT termini Koitus nabeWdi saxiT Sei-
Zleba gamoiyeno, magram akrZalulia im sityvis gamoyeneba,
romelic misi sinonimia da oTxi asosgan Sedgeba.29 azris
naTeli formiT gamoxatvaze am akrZalvebs mZime Sedegebi

– 86 –
mosdevs. magaliTad, misis sengeris broSura, romelic So-
badobis kontrols eZRvneba da muSa qalebisadmia mimar-
Tuli, uxamsad iqna gamocxadebuli albaT am ukanaskneli
mizezis gamo, maSin, roca meri stoupsis wignebi, imave sak-
iTxisadmi miZRvnili, magram mxolod ganaTlebuli adami-
anebisaTvis gasagebi eniT dawerili, akrZaluli ar aris.
es imas niSnavs, rom aRniSnul Temaze SeiZleba msjeloba
wignebSi, romelic ganaTlebuli adamianebisTvisaa ganku-
Tvnili, magram am sakiTxSi muSebisa da maTi colebis gaT-
vicnobiereba arakanonieria. me minda am sakiTxs yuradReba
miaqcios evgenikurma sazogadoebam, romlis wevrebi mudam
buzRuneben imaze, rom muSebi ufro swrafad mravldebian,
vidre saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi, magram arafers
akeTeben imisTvis, rom Secvalon kanoni, romelic muSebis
ganaTlebas xels uSlis.
bevri dameTanxmeba, rom uxamsobis Sesaxeb kanons sav-
alalo Sedegebi mosdevs da mainc, miuxedavad amisa, gan-
agrZoben mtkicebas, rom es kanoni aucilebelia. sruli-
ad darwmunebuli var, rom SeuZlebelia misi iseTi saxiT
formulireba, romelic arasasurvel Sedegebs gamoricx-
avda da amis gaTvaliswinebiT vTvli, rom ukeTesi iqnebo-
da es kanoni saerTod ar arsebobdes. moviyvan Cems argu-
mentebs: ar arsebobs qveynad cudi ramis amkrZalavi iseTi
kanoni, romelic raRac kargsac ar krZalavdes da meo-
rec, pornografiuli Sinaarsis publikaciebi didi zianis
momtani ar iqneba, Tu aRzrdis procesSi yuradRebas gaa-
maxvileben seqsTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze.
daviwyoT imiT, rom vnaxoT rogor iyenebdnen lordi
kempbelis kanons inglisSi. Tu mis miRebasTan dakavSire-
bul parlamentis debatebis Sesaxeb angariSs wavikiTxa-
vT, vnaxavT, rom kanoni, rogorc debatebis monawilee-
bi Tvlidnen mimarTuli iyo pornografiis da ara ama Tu
im saxis literaturis winaaRmdeg. Tumca, maTi es rwme-
na saubedurod ar iTvaliswinebda policiis Cinovnikeb-

– 87 –
is gamWriax gonebas da xalxis sisuleles. es yvelaferi
dakavSrebulia cenzurul akrZalvebTan, rac SesaniSnavad
aris ganxiluli moris ernstisa da uiliam siglis wignSi
_ „mxolod umankoTaTvis“ (viking presi1928). masSi lapar-
akia britanul da amerikul cenzuraze da ufro mokled
sxva qveynebis cenzurazec. mxolod inglisSi miRebuli
praqtika rom aviRoT am TvalsazrisiT dramatul nawar-
moebebTan dakavSirebiT, vnaxavT, rom cenzuras advilad
gadian arafrismTqmeli, bilwi Sinaarsis piesebi, rom-
lebic imazea gaTvlili, rom mkiTxvelis warmosaxva aRag-
znos, maSin, roca mravali weli dasWirda imas, rom piesaze
„misis uorenis profesia“,30 cenzura moxsniliyo. piesas
„CenCis ojaxi“,31 transcendentuli poeziis am margalits,
romelSic erTi uxamsi sityvac ki ar aris da romelsac
wminda antonis warmosaxvis aRgznebac ki ar SeuZlia, as
welze meti dasWirda, raTa daeZlia is aRSfoTeba lordi
Cemberlenis rainduli sulidan gadmoxeTqvas rom lamob-
da. amerikaSi, sadac oficialurad cenzura ar arsebobs,
dramatuli nawarmoebebis mimarT igive politika tar-
deba, rogoric inglisSi. amas mowmobs horas liverait-
is gabeduli kampania „tyve qalTan“ dakavSirebiT. mraval
magaliTze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cenzura ga-
moiyeneboda da gamoiyeneba seriozuli, maRalmxatvruli
nawarmoebebisa da samecniero Sromebis winaaRmdeg, is na-
warmoebebi ki, romelTa mizani uzneobis da garyvnilebis
qadagebaa, advilad axerxeben kanonis gverdis avlas.
cenzuris winaaRmdeg sxva safuZvelic arsebobs. Ria
pornografia gacilebiT nakleb zians moitanda, vidre
misi saidumlo gavrceleba, romelic mometebul interess
iwvevs. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs kanoni, yvela SeZle-
bul adamians, mozardobisas unaxavs uweso Sinaarsis fo-
toebi da erTgvari pativmoyvare grZnobac gasCenia (maTi
Sovna xom advili ar iyo), rom erT-erTi maTganis mflobe-

– 88 –
li gaxda. konservatiuli Sexedulebis adamianebi Tvlian,
rom aseTi fotoebi ukiduresad mavnea, magram isini araf-
riT daTanxmdebian imas, rom isini maTTvisac mavnea.
ra Tqma unda, es fotoebi imazea gaTvlili, rom garkveu-
li drois ganmavlobaSi avxorculi grZnobebi aRZran, ma-
gram mamrobiTi sqesis seqsualurad jansaR yvela adamians
xom es grZnoba ase Tu ise isedac aReZvreba. misi gamovlen-
is sixSire fizikur mdgomareobazea damokidebuli, sababi
ki aris sazogadoebrivi pirobebi, romelSic individi cxo-
vrobs. viqtorianuli epoqis kacisTvis sakmarisi stimuli
SeiZleba qalis koWi iyos, maSin, roca Tanamedrove kacSi
aRmgznebi SeiZleba muxlis zeviT nawili aRmoCndes. ga-
modis, rom yvelaferi qalis tansacmlis fasonzea damok-
idebuli. siSiSvle uceb Cveulebriv movlenad rom iqces,
SiSveli qali kacs veRar aRagznebda da qalebs mouwevdaT,
rogorc es velur tomebSi xdeba, tansacmliT daefaraT
sxeuli, raTa is seqsualurad mimzidveli gaexadaT.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas literaturaze da mxatvrobaze:
is yvelaferi, rac aRmgznebi iyo viqtorianul epoqaSi,
axla, ufro Ria epoqaSi mamakacebis grZnobebze aRar im-
oqmedebs. saerTod, rac ufro meti fariseveli cdilobs
seqsualuri mimzidveloba SezRudos, miT ufro naklebi
Zalisxmeva sWirdeba imas, rom is ufro aRmgznebi gaxdes.
pornografiis cxra meaTedi Tavis warmatebas unda umad-
lodes moralistebs, romlebic cdiloben axalgazrdebs
TavSi CauWedon azri, rom uwesoa yvelaferi, rac seqsTan
aris dakavSirebuli da mxolod erTi meaTedia ganpirobebu-
li fiziologiiTa da fsiqologiiT, da amasTan veranairi
kanoni verafers gaawyobs. amrigad, yovelive TemoTqmulis
gaTvaliswinebiT, me mtkiced var darwmunebuli, Tumca
vSiSob bevri ar dameTanxmeba amaSi, rom uxamsobis sawi-
naaRmdego kanoni saerTod ar unda arsebobdes.
tabu siSiSvleze kidev erTi dabrkolebaa, romelic se-
qsze swori Sexedulebis Camoyalibebas uSlis xels. rac

– 89 –
Seexeba patara bavSvebis siSiSvles, axla amis winaaRmdegi
aravin ar aris. patarebisTvis cudi araferia imaSi, rom
erTmaneTs, an TavianT mSoblebs SiSvels xedaven, roca es
bunebrivad xdeba. daaxloebiT sami wlis asakidan biWi al-
baT ukve amCnevs mamas da dedas Soris gansxvavebas da Tavs
sakuTar dasTan adarebs, magram es interesi mas male daeka-
rgeba da misTvis male sulerTi iqneba SiSvel adamians xe-
davs Tu Cacmuls. magram, manam, sanam mSoblebi ecdebian
SiSveli ar gamoCndnen TavianTi Svilebis winaSe, bavSvebs
aucileblad eqnebaT grZnoba, rom aq raRac saidumloa.
da es maT farisevlobisaken da uxamsobisken ubiZgebT.
kidev bevri ram SeiZleba iTqvas siSiSvlis dasacavad,
magaliTad, rogori sasurvelia is mzian amindSi sufTa
haerze. mzis zemoqmedeba kanze Zalian sasargebloa jan-
mrTelobisaTvis. yvelas, visac unaxavs rogor darbian
bavSvebi sufTa haerze, SeamCnevda rogori Tavisufali
da daxvewilia maTi moZraobebi imasTan SedarebiT, roca
isini Cacmuli arian. igive SeiZleba iTqvas ufrosebzec.
siSiSvle aucilebelia iq, sadac wyali, mze da sufTa
haeria. Tu Cven pirobiTobebs SeveleviT, siSiSvle Zalian
male seqsualur aRgznebas aRar gamoiwvevs. sufTa haer-
ze da mzeze yofnisagan Cven ufro janmrTelebi gavxde-
bodiT, silamazis Cveneuli kriteriumebi fizikuri jan-
mrTelobis kriteriumebs miuaxlovdeboda da mxolod
saxis silamaziT ki ar Semoifargleboda, aramed sxeulis
silamazesac moicavda. swored aseT rekomendacias iZle-
odnen berZnebi.

– 90 –
 Tavi VIII

siyvaruli da misi adgili

adamianis cxovrebaSi

adamianTa did umravlesobas siyvarulis grZnobis mi-

marT ramdenadme ucnauri damokidebuleba aqvs: erTi mx-
riv, siyvaruli poeziis, romanebis da piesebis mTavari
Temaa, meore mxriv, is TiTqmis mTlianad ignorirebulia
cnobili sociologebis umravlesobisagan da jerac ar yo-
fila SemTxveva, roca siyvaruli, rogorc faqtori, gaeT-
valiswinebinoT ekonomikuri, an politikuri reformebis
SemuSavebisas. me aseTi damokidebuleba samarTlianad ar
mimaCnia da vTvli, rom es grZnoba yvelaze mniSvnelovania
adamianis cxovrebaSi. Cemi azriT, cudia yvela sazogadoe-
brivi sistema, Tu masSi SesaZlebelia am grZnobis Tavisu-
fali ganviTarebisTvis xelis SeSla.
siyvaruli, am sityvis swori gagebiT, sqesTa Soris
nebismier urTierTobas ki ar niSnavs, aramed did emoci-
ur aRmafrenas, romelic gavlenas axdens Seyvarebulebis
rogorc fsiqologiaze, ise fiziologiaze. am emociuri
aRmavlobis xarisxma SeiZleba nebismier simaRles miaR-
wios. aseTi emociebi „tristan da izolda“-Si47 gamoxat-
uli, SesabamisobaSia uamravi kacis da qalis cxovrebi-
seul gamocdilebasTan.
am Zlieri emociis mxatvruli formiT Sesaferisi ga-
moxatva iSviaTia, magram TviT emocia, yovel SemTxveva-
Si evropaSi, xSiria. Tumca, zog sazogadoebaSi is ufro

– 91 –
metad aris gamoxatuli da zogan naklebad. es, Cemi azriT,
dakavSirebulia ara eTikur TaviseburebebTan, aramed
ufro tradiciebTan da sazogadoebriv institutebTan.
CineTSi siyvaruli iSviaTi movlenaa da mis Sesaxeb is-
torikosebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi laparakoben, Tu cud
imperators boroti xasa atyuebda. Cinuri kultura Zli-
er emociebs ar waaxalisebs. iTvleba, rom adamiani goneb-
is gansjas unda daeqvemdebaros. am mxriv, is meTvramete
saukunis pirvel naxevars mogvagonebs. Cven, visac gvaqvs
didi franguli revoluciis, romantikuli moZraobis da
didi omis gamocdileba, ukve gavacnobiereT, rom gone-
ba Cvens cxovrebaSi mbrZaneblis rols ar asrulebs,
rogorc amis imedi hqondaT ana dedoflis xanis moaz-
rovneebs.32 fsiqoanalizis Seqmnis procesSi goneba Tvi-
Ton warmoCnda rogorc moRalate. Tanamedrove cxovre-
baSi sami sfero arsebobs, romelic gonebis miRma dgas,
esenia: religia, omi da siyvaruli, magram gansxvaveba maT
Soris is aris, rom siyvaruli gonebas ar ewinaaRmdegeba.
gonier adamians SeuZlia datkbes siyvaruliT ise, rom
goneba ar dakargos. mizezTa gamo, romlebic pirvel
TavebSi iyo ganxiluli, Tanamedrove samyaroSi religia-
sa da siyvaruls Soris garkveuli azriT mtruli damok-
idebuleba arsebobs. me ar vfiqrob, rom es antagonizmi
gadaulaxavia. ubralod, is im faqtiT aris ganpirobebu-
li, rom qristianuli religia zogierTi sxva religiisa-
gan gansxvavebiT asketizms efuZneba.
magram, Tanamedrove samyaroSi siyvaruls gacilebiT
didi mteri hyavs, vidre religiaa da es aris muSaoba da
ekonomikuri warmateba. xSirad gaigonebT, gansakuTre-
biT amerikaSi, rom siyvarulma xeli ar unda SeuSalos
karieras da rom sulelia adamiani, romelic siyvaruls
karieris gakeTebaSi xels SeaSlevinebs. Tumca am, iseve,
rogorc sxva sakiTxebSi, aucilebelia balansis dacva. si-
sulele iqneboda, Tumca, zog SemTxvevaSi, siyvarulisT-

– 92 –
vis karieris mTlianad Sewirva SeiZleba gmirul saqcie-
lad gamoiyurebodes, magram, aranaklebi sisulele iqneba
(da amaSi araferi gmiruli ar aris) siyvaruli mTlianad
karieras Seswiro. miuxedavad amisa, aseTi ram xdeba _ da
Tanac aucileblad _ sazogadoebaSi, romelic organize-
bulia rac SeiZleba meti fulis Sovnis principiT.
daukvirdiT Cveulebrivi biznesmenis cxovrebas, gansa-
kuTrebiT amerikaSi _ siWabukis dasrulebisTanave mTeli
misi fiqri da energia finansuri warmatebis miRweviskenaa
mimarTuli. yvelaferi danarCeni amasTan SedarebiT fuWi
drois flangvaa. sanam jer kidev axalgazrdaa, is Tavis
sqesobriv moTxovnilebebs drodadro meZavebis monax-
ulebiT ikmayofilebs, bolos qorwindeba, magram mTeli
misi interesebi sruliad gansxvavebulia misi colis in-
teresebisagan da maT Soris namdvili intimuri kavSiri
arasodes myardeba. is gvian brundeba saxlSi, daRli-
li, Tavisi ofisidan, adre diliT ki, roca cols jer
kidev sZinavs, samsaxurSi midis. kviraobiT golfs Tama-
Sobs, raTa fizikurad Zlieri iyos da warmatebiT akeTos
fuli. yvelaferi, rac cols ainteresebs, mas qalur ambe-
bad eCveneba da ar surs misi interesebis gaziareba, Tum-
ca principSi maT iwonebs. ukanono siyvarulisTvis mas
ubralod dro ara aqvs, iseve rogorc, faqtobrivad, arc
kanonieri siyvarulisTvis da drodadro, isev meZavebs
moinaxulebs xolme. misi coli seqsualurad civi rCeba da
es odnavac ar aris gasakviri, ramdenadac qmars arasodes
aqvs dro masTan sulieri siaxlove eZebos. kaci qvecnobi-
erad daukmayofileblobis grZnobiT cxovrobs, magram ar
icis ratom aris ase. es grZnoba aviwydeba muSaobis dros,
an maSin, roca sadisturi yuradRebiT adevnebs Tvals
mokriveTa brZolas, an memarcxene radikalebis devnaSi
iRebs monawileobas. misi coli, romelic aseve daukmay-
ofileblobis grZnobas ganicdis, mowyenilobas ebrZvis,

– 93 –
meorexarisxovani kulturiT iqcevs Tavs. rCeba ra Tavisi
qmris erTguli, is monawileobas iRebs maT devnaSi, vinc
keTilSobilia da sulierad Tavisufali. amdenad, coli-
sa da qmris seqsualuri daukmayofilebloba kacobri-
obis siZulvilad iqceva, romelic SeniRbulia rogorc
sazogadoebrivi azri da maRali morali. es samwuxaro
realoba seqsualuri moTxovnilebis araswori koncef-
ciis Sedegia. pavle mociquli Tvlida, rom erTaderTi,
rac qorwinebaSi myof adamianebs erTmaneTTan aerTianebs
sqesobrivi urTierTobaa da am Tvalsazriss ZiriTadad
mxars uWers qristianuli moZRvreba moralis Sesaxeb.
moralistebi ise daabrmava seqsisadmi siZulvilma, rom
isini sqesobrivi urTierTobis karg mxares veRar xedavd-
nen. Sedegi is gaxldaT, rom maT vinc axalgazrdobaSi es
moZRvreba miiRo, sibrmavis gamo TavianTi saukeTeso Ses-
aZleblobebis realizacia ukve aRar SeuZliaT.
siyvaruli gacilebiT metia vidre sqesobrivi urTier-
Toba. is aris mTavari saSualeba Tavi daaRwio martoobas,
grZnobas romelic TiTqmis mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi
stanjavs kacebisa da qalebis umravlesobas. sulis siR-
rmeSi, bevri adamiani SiSs ganicdis am civi samyarosa da
brbos sisastikis winaSe da Tan, amasTan erTad, maT guleb-
Si cocxlobs Zlieri ltolva sinazisa da siyvarulisaken,
rasac kacebi uxeSobiT, sitlanqiT da xulignuri gamox-
tomebiT faraven, qalebi ki buzRuniTa da mZime xasiaTiT.
ormxrivi vnebiani siyvaruli, vidre is grZeldeba, am yve-
lafers bolos uRebs. is angrevs Cveni egos myar garss da
axal mTlianobas qmnis, romelic sxva arsebasac moicavs.
bunebas adamianebi imisTvis ar Seuqmnia, rom isini martoo-
baSi cxovrobdnen. es rom ase iyos, isini TavianTi biolo-
giuri arsebobis gagrZelebas ver SeZlebdnen. amisTvis xom
urTierTkavSiri da urTierTdaxmarebaa saWiro. saerTod,
humanuri, kargad aRzrdili adamianebi siyvarulis gareSe

– 94 –
sqesobriv instinqts ver ikmayofileben, imitom, rom misi
sruli dakmayofileba mxolod maSin miiRweva, roca erTi
adamiani mTeli Tavisi arsebiT, fizikurad da sulierad
Sedis meoresTan urTierTobaSi. maT, visac arasodes ga-
nucdia es intimuri grZnoba, es mxurvale megobroba da
bednieri ormxrivi siyvaruli, dakarges yvelaze saukeT-
eso ram, risi mocemac ki cxovrebas SeuZlia. qvecnobi-
erad da xandaxan cnobieriTac ki, isini amas grZnoben da
sasowarkveTileba, romelic suls uRrRniT, maTSi Suris,
sisastikis grZnobasa da tiranuli Zalauflebis survils
aCens. amdenad, sociologs akisria valdebuleba gaarkvi-
os imis SesaZlebloba Tu rogor miuCinos saTanado adg-
ili am maRal grZnobas, ramdenadac siyvarulis gareSe
cxovrebis ganvlis SemTxvevaSi adamianebs ar SeuZliaT
pretenzia hqondeT maRal Rirsebaze, ar SeuZliaT ganica-
don is Tbili, keTilSobili grZnoba danarCeni samyaros
mimarT, romlis gareSec mTeli maTi sazogadoebrivi moR-
vaweoba zianis garda arafers moitans.
garkveul pirobebSi da drois garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi, vnebian siyvaruls bevri kaci da qali ga-
mocdis. maTTvis, visac es grZnoba ar ganucdia, Znelia
dainaxon gansxvaveba vnebian siyvarulsa da mSier sqeso-
briv instinqts Soris. ase, magaliTad, axalgazrda, kar-
gad aRzrdilma gogonam icis, rom siyvarulis gareSe ar
unda akocos. roca Txovdeba is qaliSvilia da xdeba msx-
verpli (zustad rom iTqvas, aRmoCndeba erTgvar maxeSi)
swrafwarmavali da trivialuri seqsualuri mizidulobis
grZnobisa, romelsac qali, visac es ganucdia advilad
gaarCevda siyvarulis grZnobisagan. udaoa, rom ubed-
uri qorwinebebis mizezi swored aq unda veZioT. magram,
maSinac, rodesac siyvaruli ormxrivia, is SeiZleba moi-
wamlos Tu Seyvarebulebs gauCndebaT azri, rom maTi es
grZnoba codvaa. ra Tqma unda, yvela safuZveli arsebobs,

– 95 –
imisaTvis, rom es azri gauCndeT. magaliTad, irlandiel-
ma parnelma33 udaod siZvis codva Caidina, ramdenadac ver
gaamarTla imedebi, romelsac irlandia masze amyarebda
da maTi aRsruleba mravali wliT Seaferxa magram, maSinac
ki, roca codvas ver acnobiereben, is zustad iseve wam-
lavs siyvaruls. siyvaruls mxolod maSin SeuZlia moi-
tanos yvelaferi kargi, rac masSia Cadebuli, roca is
Tavisufalia yovelgvari SezRudvebisgan, gulwrfelia
da gulis siRrmidan modis.
siyvaruli (TviT col-qmars Soris siyvarulic ki), ro-
gorc raRac codvasTan dakavSirebuli, romelic tradi-
ciuli aRzrdis produqtia, rogorc kacis iseve qalis
qvecnobierSi rCeba da SesamCnevia maTSic ki, visi gone-
bac crurwmenebisgan Tavisufalia, zustad iseve, rogorc
tradiciuli Sexedulebebis mqone adamianebSi. siyvaruli-
sadmi aseTi damokidebulebis Sedegi sxvadasxvagvaria:
kacebSi es imiT gamoixateba, rom maTi sasiyvarulo ur-
TierToba uxeSi da usiamovnoa, radgan ar SeuZliaT nazi
sityvebiT Seexon qalis grZnobebs da arc is ician, ro-
gor mividnen TandaTanobiT saboloo aqtamde, rac Zal-
ze mniSvnelovania imisTvis, rom qalma siamovneba miiRos.
ufro metic, xSirad isini imasac ki ver acnobiereben, rom
qals siamovnebis miReba sWirdeba da Tu es ar xdeba qali
ki ar aris damnaSave, aramed misi partniori. amave dros,
garkveuli nawili im qalebisa, romelTac tradiciuli
aRzrda aqvT miRebuli, amayebi, civebi da TavSekavebulebi
arian da fizikur siaxloveze gadasvlis survili ar aqvT.
moxerxebul sayvarels albaT SeuZlia am naklovanebebis
daZleva, magram kacs, romelSic isini aRtacebas iwvevs,
rogorc patiosani qalis maxasiaTeblebi, amis gakeTeba ar
SeuZlia. amdenad, mravalwliani col-qmruli urTierTo-
ba Zalian TavSekavebuli rCeba, iseve, rogorc met-nakle-
bad formaluric. Cvens babuebs TavianTi colebi SiSveli

– 96 –
arasodes unaxavT, TviTon colebs ki amis gafiqrebac ki
SeaZrwunebdaT. aseTi damokidebuleba gacilebiT ufro
xSiria, vidre Cven SeiZleba gvegonos. maTac ki, visac
met-naklebad daZleuli aqvs es naklovanebebi, Zveli Tav-
Sekavebulobidan raRac SemorCenili aqvT.
aris kidev erTi fsiqologiuri garemoeba, romel-
ic xels uSlis siyvarulis grZnobis srul ganviTarebas
Tanamedrove msoflioSi. es individualobis mTlianobis
dakargvis SiSia da mas bevri ganicdis. es ra Tqma unda
sisulelea, samwuxarod farTod gavrcelebuli. indi-
vidualoba ar aris iseTi ram, rac TavisTavad faseulia,
imitom, rom samyarosTan kontaqtis wyalobiT gamudme-
biT misi ganaxleba xdeba da Tundac amis gamo ver Sein-
arCunebs mTlianobas. individualoba, romelic sakuTar
TavSi, rogorc minis WurWelSi Caiketeboda, male daW-
kneboda, maSin roca individualoba sxva adamianebTan
xSir kontaqtSi sul ufro da ufro mdidrdeba. siyvaru-
li, bavSvebi da samuSao uzarmazar SesaZleblobebs qmnis
individis danarCen samyarosTan nayofieri urTierTo-
bisaTvis. amaTgan, siyvaruli Cveulebriv qronologi-
urad pirvelia. garda amisa, is aucilebelia imisTvis,
rom mSobluri siyvaruli gaCndes. bavSvi xom orive mS-
oblis Tvisebebs aerTianebs sakuTar TavSi da Tu col-
qmars erTmaneTi ar uyvarT, TiToeul maTgans mxolod
sakuTari Tvisebebis danaxva gauxardeba bavSvSi, meore,
mSoblis Tvisebebis danaxva ki orivesTvis mtkivneuli
iqneba. samsaxuri, ra Tqma unda, xSirad ar iZleva gare
samyarosTan nayofieri kontaqtis damyarebis SesaZle-
blobas. aq yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad
Rirebulia samuSao. Rirebuli is samuSao ki ver iqne-
ba, romlis erTaderTi motivi fulia, aramed mxolod
is, romelic enTuziazmiT, adamianebis siyvaruliT da
ubralod Tvalsawieris gafarToebisaTvis sruldeba.
zogadad rom vTqvaT, siyvaruls araviTari Rirebuleba

– 97 –
ara aqvs, Tu misi mizani mxolod sxeulis dauflebaa. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, is fulis Sovnis maniisgan didad ar gansx-
vavdeba. imisaTvis, rom siyvaruli iseTi Rirebuli gax-
des, rogorzec Cven vlaparakobdiT, aucilebelia qalma
da kacma igrZnos sayvareli adamianis egos mniSvneloba
iseve, rogorc sakuTars grZnobs, ise gaiTavisos sxvisi
grZnobebi da survilebi, TiTqos sakuTari iyos. amisTvis
aucilebelia, rom egoisturi, rogorc instinqturi ise
gacnobierebuli, grZnoba gafarTovdes da sakuTar Tav-
Si sxva pirovnebac moicvas. magram, Cvens sazogadoebaSi,
sadac mtroba da sayovelTao konkurenciaa gamefebuli
da amasTan erTad suleluri pirovnebis kulti, romelic
Tavis warmoSobas nawilobriv protestantizms, nawilo-
briv ki romantikul moZraobas unda umadlodes, am yve-
lafris ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTulia.
Tanamedrove, emansipirebuli adamianebis xelSi si-
yvaruls misi namdvili mniSvnelobiT, romelzec Cven vi-
laparakeT, axali safrTxe emuqreba. roca adamianebs mora-
luri barierebi ar aqvT sqesobriv aqtTan dakavSrebiT,
isini nebismier trivialur SesaZleblobas iyeneben misi
ganxorcielebisTvis. maT uCndebaT Cveva Sexedon seqss,
rogorc raRac iseTs, raSic ar aris arc namdvili grZno-
ba, arc sinaze, arc siTbo. maTTvis seqsi siZulvilTanac
ki asocirdeba. siyvarulisadmi aseTi damokidebuleb-
is sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT oldos haqslis
romanebic, romelTa gmirebic pavle mociqulis msgavsad
sqesobriv urTierTobas uyureben, rogorc fiziologiur
aqts. im maRali Rirebulebis Sesaxeb, romelic seqss Sei-
Zleba ukavSirdebodes, maT araferi ician. aqedan asket-
izmze gadasasvlelad mxolod erTi nabijia. siyvaruls
Tavisi idealebi da mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
moraluri standartebi aqvs. es standartebi sadRac ukana
planze iqna gadatanili da miiCqmala qristianuli swav-
lebiT da Tanamedrove axalgazrdobis mniSvnelovani naw-

– 98 –
ilis aRviraxsnili seqsualuri amoralizmiT. sqesobriv
aqts siyvarulis gareSe Rrma kmayofilebis grZnoba ar
moaqvs. me, amiT imis Tqma ar minda, rom aseTi ram ar unda
xdebodes, maSin xom iseTi maRali barierebis aRmarTva
iqneboda saWiro, romlis gadalaxvac siyvarulsac gau-
Wirdeboda. me ubralod imas vgulisxmobdi, rom sqeso-
brivi aqti siyvarulis gareSe didad Rirebuli ar aris da
SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas mxolod rogorc eqsperimenti
siyvarulisken mimaval gzaze.
amrigad, rogorc xedavT, siyvaruls sruli ufleba aqvs
moiTxovos sapatio adgili eWiros adamianebis cxovrebaSi.
magram, garda amisa, siyvaruli arakontrolirebadi Zalac
aris, romelsac SeuZlia kanonis da wesebis yvela saz-
Rvrebi daangrios Tavis gzaze. manam, sanam Seyvarebulebs
bavSvebi ar gauCndebaT, bevr rames ara aqvs mniSvnelo-
ba. magram roca bavSvebi Cndeba, yvelaferi icvleba. si-
yvaruls ukve is Zala aRar aqvs da modgmis gagrZeleb-
is biologiur moTxovnilebebs unda dauTmos adgili.
meuRleebs Soris konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi ZalaSi Sedis
eTikuri principi, romlis Tanaxmad bavSvTa interesebi
siyvarulis uflebaze maRla unda dadges. Tumca, sqes-
Ta Soris urTierTobis gonivrul eTikur normebs Seu-
ZliaT mniSvnelovanwilad Searbilon konfliqti, imitom,
rom mniSvnelovania ara mxolod siyvaruli TavisTavad,
aramed isic, bavSvebi xedavdnen, rom mSoblebs erTmaneTi
uyvarT. amitom, sasiyvarulo urTierTobebSi Caurevloba
bavSvebis interesebis dacvis pirobiT, sqesTa Soris ur-
TierTobis yovelgvari gonivruli eTikis mTavar miznad
unda iqces. magram, es Tema droebiT gverdze gadavdoT
da jer ojaxuri urTierTobebi gamovikvlioT.

– 99 –
 Tavi IX

qorwineba

am TavSi qorwinebaze vimsjelebT, rogorc ubralod

kacsa da qals Soris urTierTobaze, ise, rom bavSvebs
ar SevexebiT. sqesobrivi urTierToba qorwinebaSi sxva
sqesobrivi urTierTobebisgan pirvel rigSi imiT gansx-
vavdeba, rom is legaluria da kanoniT daculi. garda
amisa, Zveli sazogadoebebis umravlesobaSi qorwineba re-
ligiis mxridanac iRebda kurTxevas, magram kavSiri samar-
Tlis normebTan yovelTvis ufro mniSvnelovani iyo.
qorwinebis samarTlis normebi ubralod aireklaven
urTierTobis praqtikas, romelic arsebobda ara mxolod
pirvelyofil adamianebSi, aramed arsebobs maimunebSi da
sxva cxovelebSi. isini faqtobrivad cxovroben qorwine-
baSi im SemTxvevaSi, roca aucilebelia xvadis monawileo-
ba sakvebis mopovebaSi da naSieris movlaSi. rogorc wesi
es qorwineba monogamiuria da anTropologebis azriT es
gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia adamianis msgavsi maimuneb-
isaTvis. Tu anTropologebis am Tvalsazriss gaviziare-
bT, es cxovelebi SeiZleba bednierad CavTvaloT. isini ar
awydebian im problemebs, romlebic kacobriobas awuxebs.
xvadebi daqorwinebis Semdeg yuradRebas aRar aqceven saw-
inaaRmdego sqesis warmomadgenlebs, Zu ki daqorwinebis
Semdeg aRar cdilobs sxva xvadebis yuradReba miipyros.
adamianis msgavs maimunebSi codvis cneba ar arsebobs ara
imitom, rom maT religia ar aqvT, aramed imitom, rom erT-
gulebis Senaxvis garanti instinqtia.

– 100 –
 arsebobs damamtkicebeli sabuTebi imisa, rom veluri
tomebis umravlesoba swored aseTi wesebiT cxovrobs.
cnobilia, rom buSmenebi mkacrad icaven monogamias da
rom tasmanielebi (romlebic gadaSendnen), ramdenadac me
vici, mudam TavianTi colebis erTgulni iyvnen. civili-
zebul kacobriobaSic ki SeiZleba SeamCnio susti kvali
am monogamiuri instinqtisa. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu
ramdenad did gavlenas axdens qcevaze Cveva, gakvirvebas
iwvevs, rom monogamiis Cvevam aseTive Zlieri gavlena ar
moaxdina. magram, es gaxlavT erT-erTi magaliTi adamian-
Ta gonebrivi gansakuTrebulobisa, romelic aris wyaro
Cveni naklovanebebisa da Cveni gonebisa da aseve magaliTi
imisa, Tu warmosaxvis Zala rogor angrevs Cvevebs da qce-
vebis sxva normebs gvTavazobs.
pirvelyofil sazogadoebebSi, monogamiuri urTier-
Tobebis rRvevas albaT ekonomikuri motivi udevs safuZ-
vlad. yovelTvis, roca ekonomikuri aucilebloba gav-
lenas axdens sqesTa Soris urTierTobaze, es maTTvis
katastrofad iqceva. ramdenadac instinqturi urTier-
Tobebi icvleba yidva-gayidvis monuri urTierTobebiT.
pirvelyofil sasoflo-sameurneo da pastoralur
sazogadoebebSi qalebi da bavSvebi muqTa samuSao Zalas
warmoadgendnen. colebi muSaobdnen da bavSvebsac, xu-
Ti-eqvsi wlis asakidan moyolebuli saqonlis samwyemsa-
vad da mindvris samuSaoebisTvis iyenebdnen. Sesabamisad,
rac ufro mdidari da gavleniani iyo kaci, miT meti coli
da bavSvi hyavda, magram mravalcolianoba mainc iSviaTi
movlena iyo qalebis SedarebiT simciris gamo. mravali
coli mxolod beladebs da mdidrebs hyavdaT. coli da
bavSvebi erTgvar da Zalian Rirebul, sakuTrebad iTv-
leboda da damatebiT wonas sZenda beladis, an mdidari
kacis uamisodac privilegirebul mdgomareobas. amdenad,
colis mTavari funqcia iqamde dadioda, rom is sasarge-

– 101 –
blo Sinauri cxoveli iyo, misi seqsualuri funqcia ki
meoreuli iyo. civilizaciis am stadiaze kacs, rogorc
wesi, Tavis colTan ganqorwineba advilad SeeZlo, Tumca,
amisTvis colis ojaxisTvis mziTevi ukan unda daebrune-
bina. Tumca, Cveulebriv qali qmars mxolod Tavisi sur-
viliT ver daSordeboda.
col-qmruli Ralatisadmi damokidebuleba prim-
itiul sazogadoebaSi daaxloebiT iseTive iyo, magram
civilizaciis mTlad dabal doneze adiulterSi ver-
afer skandalurs ver xedavdnen. rogorc margaret midi34
wignSi _ „iniciacia samoaze“ (1928) wers, iqauri kacebi
Soreul mogzaurobaSi midiodnen, darwmunebulebi imaSi,
rom maTi colebi ganSorebis periodSi TavianTi qmre-
bis Semcvlels monaxavdnen. Tumca, civilizaciis cota
ufro maRal doneze coli RalatisTvis sikvdiliT, an
raRac sxva mkacri sasjeliT isjeboda. axalgazrdobisas
mungo parki35 maqvs wakiTxuli mambo jambos Sesaxeb da ai,
cota xnis winaT erT amerikel profesorTan aRmovaCine,
rom mambo-jambo kongos mcxovrebTa RmerTia. sinamdvil-
eSi is RmerTi ar aris da arc kongos mcxovreblebTan
aqvs raime saerTo. es raRac Cveni eSmakis msgavsia, zemo
nigerSi mcxovrebi kacebis gamogonili colebis SesaSine-
blad, Tu maT uceb azrad mouvaT qmars uRalaton. mungo
parkis monaTxrobi am kerpis Sesaxeb imdenad volterian-
ulia36 Tavisi xasiaTiT, rom Tanamedrove anTropologs
misi statusis Secvla dasWirda imisaTvis, raTa mkiTx-
vels ar efiqra, rom velur tomebsac SeeZloT savsebiT
racionalurad eazrovnaT. sinamdvileSi, kacma, romel-
sac sqesobrivi urTierToba hqonda sxva kacis colTan,
ra Tqma unda danaSauli Caidina, maSin, roca kacs, romel-
mac gauTxovari qali acduna, veraferSi daadanaSauleb,
garda imisa, rom amis Sedegad saqorwino bazarze qalis
Rirebuleba Semcirda.

– 102 –
 qristianobis gamoCenasTan erTad religiis gavlena
yvelaferze, rac sqesTa Soris urTierTobas exeboda, im-
denad gaZlierda, rom adiulters uyurebdnen ukve ara
rogorc mesakuTris uflebis darRvevas, aramed siZvis
codvas. qorwinebis gareSe sqesobrivi urTierToba ukve
Seuracxmyoflad iTvleboda ara mxolod qmris, aramed
RmerTis mimarT, es ki, eklesiis azriT bevrad didi cod-
va iyo. imave mizeziT, ganqorwineba, romelic winaT advi-
li saqme iyo, axla SeuZlebeli gaxda, radgan qorwineba
wmindad gamocxadda, col-qmari ki sikvdilamde erTad
unda yofiliyvnen.
bednierebi gaxdnen Tu ubedurebi amiT adamianebi? Zal-
ian Znelia am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. gaTxovili glexis qa-
lis cxovreba yovelTvis Zalian mZime iyo, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, Tu Raribi da bneli glexebis garemocvaSi cxovrob-
da. aq, ocdaxuTi wlis qali ukve moxucad iTvleboda da
gamoiyureboda kidec aseTad, dakarguli hqonda ra mTeli
adrindeli silamaze. kacebisTvis Zalian xelsayreli iyo
kidev erTi Sinauri cxoveli hyolodaT, magram qalebisT-
vis es qancis gamwyvet Sromas niSnavda. Tumca, qristiano-
bam qalebis mdgomareoba kidev ufro uaresi gaxada, vidre
is adre iyo (gansakuTrebiT maRali fenebis qalebis mdgo-
mareoba), man is mainc gaakeTa, rom Teologiurad qali
kacis Tanasworad aRiara da uari Tqva is mxolod kacis
sakuTrebad CaeTvala. Tumca, qals ar SeeZlo qmari mie-
tovebina da sxva kacTan wasuliyo, mas SeeZlo monasterSi
wasvla da RmerTis msaxureba aerCia. rogorc aRmoCnda,
mosaxleobis didi nawilisaTvis qalisa da qorwinebisadmi
qristianulma damokidebulebam TandaTan qalebis mdgo-
mareobis gaumjobeseba gamoiwvia.
davakvirdeT Tanamedrove sazogadoebas da sakuTar
Tavs davusvaT SekiTxva: arian Tu ara qorwinebaSi myofi
adamianebi axla ufro bednieri vidre adre iyvnen? pasuxi

– 103 –
sakmaod ucnauri iqneba: kargad aRzrdili adamianebis um-
ravlesobas ar SeuZlia bednieri iyos erT partniorTan
mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. jer kidev cota xnis
winaT irlandieli axalgazrda glexebi TavianTi mSobleb-
is TanxmobiT, xandaxan ki maTi arCevaniT, qorwindebodnen.
miuxedavad amisa, rogorc amboben, maTi qorwineba bednie-
ri iyo da col-qmruli Ralati ar SeiniSneboda. saerTod
qorwineba maSin aris gansakuTrebiT mtkice, roca adami-
anebi mcirediT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. roca kaci
odnav Tu gansxvavdeba sxva kacebisagan da qali TiTqmis ar
gansxvavdeba sxva qalebisagan, maT gansakuTrebuli mizezi
ar aqvT inanon, rom sxvaze ar daqorwindnen. magram, ada-
mianebs, romelTac mravalmxrivi interesebi, gemovneba da
ambiciebi aqvT, aucileblad sWirdebaT, rom maTi meuRle
Seesabamebodes maT survilebs. isini imedgacruebulni da
ukmayofiloni rCebian, roca aRmoCndeba, rom gverdiT ar
hyavT is, visac isurvebdnen. eklesia qorwinebas uyurebs,
rogorc dakanonebul sqesobriv urTierTobas da ar Tvlis
rom qorwinebaSi erTi partniori SeiZleba ukeTesi iyos
vidre meore. ai, ratom iJinebs is, rom saqorwino kavSiri
urRvevi unda iyos, ver acnobierebs ra Tu rogori Zneli
SeiZleba iyos am kavSiris SenarCuneba.
aris sxva mizezic, romelic qorwinebas bednierad
aqcevs. es aris Tavisufali qalebis nakleboba da SemTx-
veviTi Sexvedrebis SesaZleblobis arqona. Tu sqeso-
brivi urTierToba mxolod erT qalTanaa SesaZlebeli,
anu colTan, kacebis umravlesoba amas Seurigdeba, gar-
da gansakuTrebiT gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa da sakmaod
bednierad icxovrebs qorwinebis pirobebSi. igive SeiZle-
ba iTqvas qalebze, Tu maT TavSi arasodes mosdiT azri,
rom qorwinebaSi bedniereba eZebon. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, qorwinebas SeiZleba bednieri vuwodoT Tu arc
qmari da arc coli bednierebas ar elian misgan.

– 104 –
 amave mizezis gamo, adaT-wesebi xels uSlian adami-
anebs dafiqrdnen kiTxvaze bednierebi arian Tu ara isini
qorwinebaSi. Tu sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom saqor-
wino kavSiri urRvevia da mTeli cxovreba unda gagrZel-
des, TavSi aRaravis mosdis celqi azri sxva qalTan qor-
winebaSi eZios bedniereba. aseTi mentalitetiT mSvidoba
ojaxSi TavisTavad myardeba, Tu arc coli da arc qmari
sazogadoebaSi miRebul qcevis wesebs ar arRveven.
Tumca, Cveni drois civilizebuli adamianebisaTvis
arcerTi es piroba Rirebulad ar iTvleba da qorwineb-
is pirvelive wlis Semdeg isini Tavs ubedurad grZnoben.
zog SemTxvevaSi mizezi SeiZleba kulturis metismetad
maRali donis moTxovnebTan iyos dakavSirebuli, sxva
SemTxvevebSi ki kulturis da aRzrdis metismetad da-
bal donesTan. daviwyoT am ukanasknelidan. pirvel rigSi
yuradReba unda mivaqcioT sqesobrivi aRzrdis mdgomare-
obas. am mxriv, mdidrebTan ufro cudadaa saqme, vidre
glexebTan. glexis bavSvebi pataraobidanve ecnobian cx-
ovrebas iseTs, rogoric is aris, xedaven rogor iqcevi-
an adamianebi da gansakuTrebiT cxovelebi. amitom, isini
arc umecrebi arian da arc gulazizebi. uzrunvelyofi-
li mSoblebis Svilebma ki piriqiT, iReben ra karg ganaT-
lebas, TiTqmis araferi ician seqsis Sesaxeb. maSinac ki,
Tu mSoblebi Tanamedrove Sexedulebis arian da bavSvebs
am sakiTxSi wignebis saSualebiT gaaTviTcnobiereben, es
codna mainc Teoriuli iqneba da im cxovrebiseul ga-
mocdilebas moklebuli, rac glexebis bavSvebs aqvT.
qristianuli moralis triumfia, roca qali da kaci
ise qorwindebian, rom seqsualuri gamocdileba ar aqvT.
ra Tqma unda, aTidan cxra SemTxvevaSi es cudi SedegiT
mTavrdeba. saqme is aris, rom Cveni seqsualuri qcevebi
instiqturi ar aris. swored amitom, gamoucdeli siZe
da patarZali sqesobrivi aqtis Semdeg sircxvilisa da

– 105 –
sasowarkveTilebis grZnobas ganicdian. ukeTesia, Tu ga-
moucdeli mxolod qalia, magram, maSin kacs gamocdileba
meZavebTan unda hqondes miRebuli. kacebis umravlesoba
saWirod ar Tvlis cols qorwinebis Semdeg earSiyos, bevr
kargad aRzrdil qals ki ar esmis rogor zians ayenebs
qorwinebaSi sqesobriv urTierTobas maTi TavSekavebu-
loba da sicive. ra Tqma unda, yvelafris gamosworeba
SeiZleba sqesobrivi aRzrdis gaumjobesebiT da marT-
lac, axalgazrdobis axali Taobis mosvliT mdgomareoba
bevrad ukeTesi gaxda, vidre es maTi bebia-babuebis dros
iyo. qalebs Soris sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli
azri, rom maT moraluri upiratesoba aqvT kacebTan Se-
darebiT, radgan isini seqsiT did siamovnebas ar iReben.
aseTi ganwyobilebis wyalobiT gulwrfeli urTierToba
colsa da qmars Soris SeuZlebeli xdeba. udaoa, rom es
azri arafriT araa gamarTlebuli, ramdenadac is sruli-
adac ar niSnavs qalis zneobriobas, aramed mxolod imas,
rom mas, rogorc qals aucilebeli fiziologiuri da
fsiqologiuri Tvisebebi aklia. es imas hgavs, asi wlis
win miaCndaT, rom lamazi, eleganturi qali saWmlisgan
siamovnebas ar iRebda.
ubeduri qorwinebebis sxva mizezebic arsebobs, rome-
lTa povna arc ise advilia. magaliTad me, vfiqrob, rom
Tanamedrove civilizebuli adamianebi, kacebica da qa-
lebic, instinqturad poligamiisken iswrafvian. daqor-
windebian ra siyvaruliT da garkveuli drois ganmavloba-
Si agrZeleben erTmaneTis interesebiTa da grZnobebiT
cxovrebas, adre Tu gvian sqesobrivi urTierToba
monotonuri xdeba, Zveli vnebis adgils autaneli mow-
yeniloba ikavebs da isini sxvagan iwyeben cqeras gancdi-
li grZnobis ganaxlebisaTvis. ra Tqma unda, moralur
normebze damorCilebiT, nebisyofis ZaliT, am impulsis
daZleva SeiZleba, magram Zalian Znelia ise gaakeTo, rom

– 106 –
man kvlav ar iCinos Tavi. axla, roca qalTa emansipacia
momxdari faqtia, adiulterisaTvis gacilebiT meti Sesa-
Zlebloba gaCnda, vidre es adre iyo da yvelaferi aseTi
rigiT midis: SemTxveva gvTavazobs SesaZleblobas, Sesa-
Zlebloba warmoSobs azrs, azri warmoSobs survils da
bolos, survili (religiuri movaleobebi xom aRar arse-
bobs) warmoSobs adiulters.
qalTa emansipaciis gamo qorwinebas mravali Tvalsaz-
risiT cudi dro daudga. arcTu didi xnis winaT coli
qmars unda Segueboda, qmars ki es ar moeTxoveboda. Cvens
droSi gaTxovili qalebis umravlesobas ar surs Tavisi
individualoba da kariera msxverplad gaiRos. am dros,
maTi qmrebi, romlebic jer kidev ocneboben kacebis upi-
ratesobis tradiciis dabrunebaze, veraviTar safuZvels
ver xedaven imisTvis, rom TavianT colebs moergon. es
gansakuTrebiT colqmruli Ralatis SemTxvevaSia SesamC-
nevi. warsulSi, Tu kaci cols Ralatobda, qalma, rogorc
wesi, ar icoda amis Sesaxeb da Tu mainc Seityobda, qmari
mas patiebas Txovda da eubneboda, rom Tavis saqciels
inaniebda. coli, Cveulebriv qmris erTguli rCeboda. im
SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu qali uRalatebda da qmari Seityob-
da amis Sesaxeb, saqme gayriT mTavrdeboda. Tanamedrove
qorwinebebSi col-qmruli erTguleba Zveleburad da-
JinebiT da mkacrad ar moiTxoveba. eWvianobis instinqti
angrevs Zvel intimur urTierTobebs, Tumca es Cxubamde
da skandalebamde ar midis.
aris kidev erTi mizezi, romelic qorwinebas xels uS-
lis bednieri iyos da romelic mZafrad SeigrZnoba maT
mier, vinc siyvaruls ufrTxildeba. siyvaruli xom mxo-
lod maSin hyvavis, roca is Tavisufali da spontanuria.
is kvdeba, Tu urTierToba movaleobis gamo grZeldeba,
roca sakuTar Tavs eubnebiT, rom is unda giyvardeT, mas
aucileblad SeizizRebT. siyvarulisa da movaleobis Se-

– 107 –
Tavseba, es igivea, TiTqos or skamze ijdeT erTdrou-
lad. amis Sesaxeb kargad aqvs naTqvami Selis:

me arasdros vekuTvnodi umetesTa sias,

vinc gvaswavlis, rom xalxidan unda agverCia
erTaderTi gulisswori da am seleqcias,
Seswirvoda danarCeni, raRa simarTlea.
Sehyinvoda daviwyebis RirseulTa rema,
ase jdeba es moralSi TanamedroveTa,
rom monebi miaTrevdnen fexebs am grZel gzaze
ocnebobdnen mkvdrebiT savse Cveulebriv saxlze,
jaWvCasxmuli megobariT, ufro metad mteriT,
eWviani miabijebs farTo Saragzaze
da msoflio miirweva am banalur gzaze.

eWvi ar aris, rom qorwinebaSi „Caketva“ niSnavs uari

Tqva yvela sxva SesaZlo sasiyvarulo urTierTobaze
da adamianur kontaqtebze. es idealistis Tvalsazris-
iT igivea iZalado im grZnobebze, romlebic yvelaze
sasurvelia adamianisaTvis. moralis aseTi gamarjveba
grZnobebze bolos da bolos, iseT azrs gviyalibebs cx-
ovrebaze, rogoric aqvs policiels, romelic mzad aris
yvelaferi akrZalos.
Sedegad, yvela am mizezisa, romelTac SesaZloa
gamarTleba aqvT magram, daqorwinebulTa bednierebas
xels uSlian, aucilebelia qorwinebas raRac axali Tval-
sazrisiT SevxedoT da movZebnoT, movsinjoT sxva gzebi.
aseTi gza moZebnil iqna da amerikaSi farTo gavrceleba
hpova. es aris swrafi ganqorwineba. Tumca, me imis momx-
re var, rom ganqorwineba inglisSi Cveulebriv movlenad
iqces, ar vTvli, rom swrafad da daubrkoleblad ganqor-
winebis SesaZlebloba qorwinebis yvela problemis gadaW-
ris saukeTeso gza iyos. cxadia, rom ganqorwineba swori

– 108 –
gadawyvetilebaa, Tu col-qmars Svilebi ar hyavs, Tundac
wyvili sasamarTloSi skandalebis gareSe mivides. magram,
bavSvebis yolis SemTxvevaSi, me vfiqrob, rom ojaxis Sen-
arCuneba Zalian mniSvnelovania. me am sakiTxs ojaxis Temis
ganxilvisas kidev erTxel davubrundebi. Cemi azriT, roca
col-qmars bavSvebi hyavT, isini, gonieri da wesieri adami-
anebi, cxovrebis bolomde apireben erTad yofnas, Tumca
es, ra Tqma unda, qorwinebis gareSe sqesobriv urTier-
Tobebs ar gamoricxavs. qorwinebis wyalobiT, romelic
mgznebare siyvaruliT daiwyo da sayvareli da sasurveli
bavSvebis gaCeniT dasrulda, colsa da qmars Soris iseTi
Rrma kavSiri gaCnda, maTTvis imdenad Zvirfasia es siax-
love da megobroba, rom es kavSiri darCeba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom maTi erTmaneTisadmi ltolva miinavla, an erT-
erT maTgans, an orives sxvis mimarT gauCndaT ltolva.
magram, qorwinebis triumfs xels uSlis eWvianoba, in-
stinqturi grZnoba, romlis gakontroleba SeiZleba Tu
gaacnobiereb, rom is cudi grZnobaa. magram, ar SeiZle-
ba eWvianoba moralur aRSfoTebaSi avurioT. megobrobis
grZnoba, xangrZlivi wlebis ganmavlobaSi ganmtkicebuli
da gancdebiT kidev mravalgzis gaZlierebuli, ra Tqma
unda gansxvavdeba pirveli siyvarulis grZnobisagan, ma-
gram aRtacebas SeiZleba is ufro metad imsaxurebdes da
Tu kacsa da qals esmis ra sulieri faseulobebi SeiZines
erTad cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, maTTvis advili ar iqneba
Zveli kavSiris gawyveta axali siyvarulis gamo.
amdenad, maRali kulturis mqone kacs da qals SeuZli-
aT bednierni iyvnen qorwinebaSi, Tumca amisTvis ramdeni-
me pirobis Sesrulebaa aucilebeli. pirvel rigSi, orive
mxares unda hqondes grZnoba, rom isini sruliad Tanas-
worni arian, meore, _ ormxrivi Tavisuflebis principi
unda iqnas daculi, mesame _ sulieri da fizikuri urTi-
erToba ukiduresad intimuri unda iyos, meoTxe _ meuR-

– 109 –
leebs mTavar faseulobebze msgavsi Sexedulebebi unda
hqondeT. harmoniuli col-qmruli urTierTobebisaTvis
fataluria Tu erTi maTganisTvis faseuloba mxolod
fulia, meorisTvis ki _ mxolod samuSao. me darwmunebu-
li var, rom Tu zemoT CamoTvlili pirobebi arsebobs,
col-qmris urTierTobam SeiZleba iseT simaRles miaRwi-
os, rogoric ki saerTod SesaZlebelia adamianebisaTvis.
da Tu es ase xSirad ar xdeba, mxolod imitom, rom Ti-
Toeuli meuRle meores ise adevnebs Tvals, rogorc pol-
icieli qurds. adamianebi qorwinebaSi Cadebuli SesaZle-
blobebis realizebas, mxolod maSin moaxerxeben, rodesac
kacebi da qalebi gaigeben, rom saqme kanonis muxlebi ki
ar aris, aramed is, Tu rogor gaxadon TavianTi piradi
cxovreba Tavisufali.

– 110 –
 Tavi X

prostitucia

manam, sanam respeqtabeluri qalebis ubiwoeba ga-

nixileba rogorc umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi, ojaxis in-
stituts erTgvari oreuli eyoleba _ me prostitucias
vgulisxmob. albaT, yvelam icis cnobili pasaJi lekis
wignidan, sadac is wers, rom prostituciis wyalobaa
ojaxuri keris siwminde da Cveni colebis da qaliSvileb-
is ubiwoeba. es viqtorianuli xanis adamianis sentiment-
ebia, gamoTqmis manerac Zvelmoduria, magram TviT faq-
tis uaryofa SeuZlebelia. am SeniSvnam moralistebi
gaacofa. isini lekis Tavs daesxnen, magram TviTonac ver
mixvdnen ratom, ver SeZles damtkiceba, rom is marTals
ar ambobda. moralistebi amtkiceben _ da ra Tqma unda
rasac isini amtkiceben sruli WeSmaritebaa, rom rogorc
ki adamianebi moralis normebis mixedviT icxovreben,
prostitucia maSinve gaqreba. magram, moralistma kargad
icis, rom adamianebi moralis normebiT ar icxovreben
da amitom araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs ra moxdeba im
SemTxvevaSi Tu isini amas gaakeTeben.
prostituciis arseboba imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom
ucolo kacebs, da im kacebs, romlebic colisa da ojax-
isgan Sors aRmoCndebian, uCndebaT sqesobrivi moTxov-
nileba, romelsac sazogadoebrivi zneobis moTxovneb-
is gamo, wesier qalTan ver daikmayofileben. hoda, am

– 111 –
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad gaCnda garkveuli
kategoria qalebisa, romelTa arsebobac sazogadoebas
ercxvineba, magram maT gareSe gaZleba ar SeuZlia. sa-
zogadoebisTvis Zalian xelsayrelia is, rom meZavi qali
nebismier dros aris xelmisawvdomi da rom is Tvals mi-
farebulia, radgan Tavisi profesiis gareT cxovreba ar
aqvs. amis wyalobiT kacs, masTan drois gatarebis Semdeg
SeuZlia SeubRalavi reputaciiT daubrundes Tavis ojaxs,
Tavis cols, wavides eklesiaSi. is ubeduri qali ki, mi-
uxedavad imisa, rom is sazogadoebisTvis sasargebloa da
misi wyalobiT garantirebulia colebis, qaliSvilebis
da eklesiis mesveurTa zneobrioba, sayovelTao zizRis
obieqtia, gariyulia, faqtobrivad SesaZlebloba ara aqvs
adamianebTan urTierToba daamyaros. es aRmaSfoTebeli
usamarTloba qristianobis gamarjvebis Semdeg damkvidrda
da dRemde SenarCunebulia. is, rom sazogadoebaSi meZave-
bi arseboben, Seuracxmyofelia TviTon sazogadoebisaT-
vis da moralistebis mTeli qadagebebis araseriozulobas
amtkicebs. froidis Tanaxmad Cveni cnobiereba zogierT
azrebs Trgunavs da isini qvecnobierSi gadadian. zustad
aseve, meZavebi sazogadoebis qvecnobierSi cxovroben. ma-
gram gandegilobaSi yofnisas, yovelgvari winaswarganz-
raxvis gareSe Surs iZieben sazogadoebaze.

umeteswilad SuaRamis quCebSi ismis,

meZav qalebis gabmuli wyevla,
da Svilebs am dros afeTqebT SiSi
da qorwinebis sasikvdilo wylulebi wvdebaT.

es profesia yovelTvis ase saZulveli ar iyo da vinc

mas misdevda, yovelTvis gandegilobaSi ar uwevdaT yofna.
Tavidan mas sapatio statusi gaaCnda, imitom, rom isini, vi-
sac Cven axla meZavebs veZaxiT, RmerTis taZarSi qurumebi

– 112 –
iyvnen, an qalRmerTebi. isini ucnobebs eZleodnen da amiT
RvTaebas emsaxurebodnen. taZris qurumi qali sazogadoe-
bis pativcemuli wevri iyo da kacebi maTTan sqesobriv
aqts pativad miiCnevdnen. eklesiis mamebma mravali furce-
li aavses salanZRavi sityvebiT taZris prostituciis mis-
amarTiT, raSic isini xedavdnen gansaxierebas warmarTuli
avxorcobisa, romelic uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli TviT
satanasTan. roca warmarTuli taZrebi daxures, meZavebi
yvelgan gamoCndnen da yvelgan gavrcelda es saqmianoba,
romlis erTaderTi mizani fulis Sovna iyo. ra Tqma unda,
prostitucia amdidrebda bordelebis, abanoebisa da sxva
dawesebulebebis mepatroneebs, meZavebi ki raRac groSebs
iRebdnen da faqtobrivad TavianTi patronebis monebi iyv-
nen. meZavebi, romlebic marto ewevian am saqmianobas sul
cota xnis win gamoCndnen. sainteresoa, rom indoeTSi taZ-
ris prostituciidan gadasvla prostituciaze, rogorc
erTgvar biznesze, jer kidev ar aris dasrulebuli. ket-
rin meio, avtori wignisa _ „deda indoeTi“, Tvlis, rom am
gadmonaSTis SenarCuneba mas safuZvels aZlevs es qveyana
yvela codvaSi daadanaSaulos.
rogorc Cans, prostitucia garda samxreT amerikisa
yvelgan iklebs. es nawilobriv im faqtiT aixsneba, rom
qalebs axla ufro metad SeuZliaT sxva saSualebebiTac
irCinon Tavi, vidre adre da kidev imiTac, rom qorwineb-
is gareSe sqesobrivi urTierTobebi gaxSirda. da mainc, me
mgonia, rom prostitucia ar SeiZleba mTlianad gaqres.
magaliTad, aviRoT mezRvaurebi, romlebic napirze gadad-
ian xangrZlivi mgzavrobis Semdeg. maTi sqesobrivi moTxov-
nileba imdenad didia, rom imis fiqris dro ar aqvT rogor
earSiyon qalebs da rogor aRZran maTSi Zlieri grZno-
ba. aviRoT aseve sxva, sakmaod didi kategoria kacebisa,
romelTa qorwinebam ar gaamarTla da romelTac TavianTi
colebis eSiniaT. isini Tavisuflad da modunebulad Tavs

– 113 –
mxolod maSin grZnoben, roca saxlidan gavlen, roca Se-
Zleben TavianTi moTxovnileba fsiqologiuri Zalisxmevis
gareSe daikmayofilon. da mainc, bevri seriozuli mizezia
saimisod, rom meZavebis raodenoba minimumamde Semcird-
es. amis mizezi samia. jer erTi, roca arsebobs prostitu-
cia, arsebobs safrTxe mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis. meore _
ziani, romelsac prostitucia qalebis fsiqikas ayenebs da
mesame _ ziani, romelsac is kacebis fsiqikas ayenebs.
am mizezebidan mTavari, ra Tqma unda, is safrTxea,
romelsac is janmrTelobas uqmnis, imitom, rom vener-
iuli daavadebis gadacemis maRali albaToba arsebobs.
am problemis gadaWra meZavebis registraciis, saxelmwi-
fo kontrolisa da inspeqciis gziT, mxolod medicinis
TvalsazrisiTac ki arcTu mTlad warmatebuli aRmoCnda.
garda amisa, praqtika, romelsac policielebi mimarTaven,
laxavs adamianur Rirsebebs qalebisa, romelTac araferi
aqvT saerTo profesional meZavebTan. rac Seexeba vener-
iul daavadebebs, maTi mkurnaloba warmatebuli iqneboda
maT rom ar uyurebdnen rogorc sasjels mruSobisaTvis.
mniSvnelovania aseve am daavadebis farTo profilaqtika,
magram bevri amis winaaRmdeg gamodis, Tvlis ra, rom cod-
na am daavadebebisa da maTi mkurnalobis meTodebis Sesax-
eb codvis gavrcelebas Seuwyobs xels. xSirad, adamianebs,
romlebsac veneriuli daavadeba sWirT, rcxveniaT eqims
mimarTon, ris gamoc maTi mdgomareoba uaresdeba. Tumca,
sazogadoebaSi am sakiTxTan daakavSirebiT mdgomareoba
umjobesdeba da albaT momavalSi veneriuli daavadebebis
mniSvnelovan Semcirebas unda velodoT. da mainc, sruli-
ad naTelia, rom manam, sanam iarsebebs prostitucia, vene-
riuli daavadebis gadadebis safrTxec iarsebebs.
aSkaraa, rom meZavs aranormaluri cxovreba aqvs da rom
aseTi cxovreba TandaTan adamianis fsiqikas angrevs. es
aris zarmaci da usaqmuri yofa uamravi spirtiani sasmeli-
sa da Tambaqos moxmarebasTan erTad. imis SegrZneba, rom

– 114 –
meZavi sazizRari arsebaa, mis fsiqologias daRs asvams da
aiZulebs ifiqros, rom swored ase uyureben mas kliente-
bi. aseTi cxovreba ewinaaRmdegeba qalis janmrTel instin-
qtebs, zustad iseve, rogorc monazvnis cxovrebis wesi.
yvela am mizezis gamo prostitucia, romelic qristianul
qveynebSi arsebobs, ukiduresad arasasurveli movlenaa.
magram, ai magaliTad iaponiaSi, yvelaferi sxvag-
varadaa. prostitucia iq aRiarebulia da pativdebuli,
rogorc saqmianoba, romliTac SeiZleba kariera gaikeTo.
mSoblebic ki ar arian amis winaaRmdegi, radgan is xandax-
an mziTevisaTvis fulis Sovnis erTaderTi saSualebaa.
sainteresoa, rom zogierTi avtoritetuli adamianis az-
riT iaponelebs imuniteti aqvT sifilisis mimarT. iapon-
iaSi meZavi aravis sZuls, imitom, rom iq moralis normebi
ise mkacri ar aris, rogorc CvenTan. Tu prostitucia
saerTod SenarCundeba, mxolod im formiT, rogorc is
iapaniaSi arsebobs da ara im formiT, rac evropisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli. cxadia, rom meZavis cxovreba mZimea da
misi pirovnebis degradacia xdeba, Tu moralis normebi
metismetad mkacria.
magram, meZavebTan mudmivi urTierToba arc kacebisT-
vis Caivlis ukvalod iwvevs ra maTSi Seuqcevad cvlile-
bebs. pirvel rigSi kacs uCndeba Cveva, rom ar aris aucile-
beli qals earSiyo, raTa masTan sqesobrivi urTierToba
geqnes. Sedegad, mas yvela qalis mimarT zizRis grZnoba
uCndeba. kacis aseTi cudi ganwyoba ukiduresad mavne gav-
lenas axdens col-qmrul urTierTobebze, im SemTxveva-
Sic, roca qorwineba TiTqos prostituciis erTgvar dan-
amatad iqceva da maSinac, roca misi diferencireba xdeba
prostituciisgan, ramdenadac ki es SesaZlebelia.
zogierT kacs ar SeuZlia sqesobrivi aqtis Catareba
qalTan, romelic mas uyvars da afasebs. froidistebi ama-
Si oidiposis kompleqsis gamovlenas xedaven, magram Cemi
azriT, saqme is aris, rom mamakacis fsiqologia am SemTx-

– 115 –
vevaSi gadaulaxav bariers qmnis patiosan qalsa da meZavs
Soris. aseT ukiduresobas Tavi rom davaneboT, maSinac
ki vawydebiT faqts, rom bevri kaci, gansakuTrebiT isini
visac konservatiuli da Zvelmoduri Sexedulebebi aqvT,
Tavis cols iseTi gadaWarbebulad pativiscemiT eqceva,
rom is fsiqologiurad qalwuli rCeba da amitom, ar Seu-
Zlia siamovneba miiRos sqesobrivi aqtisagan. arsebobs
iseTi faqtebic, roca kacis warmosaxva cols meZavad
aqcevs, amasTan aviwydeba, rom sqesobrivi aqtisgan siamo-
vnebas ara mxolod is iRebs da seqsualur urTierTobas
win saalerso sityvebi unda uswrebdes. is uxeSad da sas-
tikad eqceva cols, romelsac amis gamo zizRi uCndeba
mis mimarTac da sqesobrivi aqtis mimarTac, risi gadal-
axvac Semdeg Zalian Zneli xdeba.
Cven ukve vwerdiT imis Sesaxeb, rom ekonomikuri
faqtori sqesTa Soris damokidebulebaze met-naklebad
uaryofiT gavlenas axdens. es damokidebuleba uSualoa
da qalsac da kacsac siamovnebas unda aniWebdes. Tu es
ar aris, sqesobrivi urTierToba yvelaze mTavarsaa mok-
lebuli. Tu iseTi intimuri urTierTobisas, rogoric
sqesobrivi urTierTobaa, meore adamiani gamoiyeneba ro-
gorc saSualeba, es misi adamianuri Rirsebis damcirebas
niSnavs. gonieri da mgrZnobiare adamianisTvis, sqesobrivi
aqti, romelic ormxrivi sixarulis grZnobas moklebulia
mTel Tavis xibls kargavs. da Tu is mainc ganxorciel-
deba seqsualuri moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad, mas
sicarielisa da monaniebis grZnoba mohyveba, iseve, ro-
gorc yvela amoralur saqciels. es damaxasiaTebelia ara
mxolod prostituciisaTvis, aramed, TiTqmis amdenadve,
qorwinebisaTvis. bevri qalisaTvis qorwineba aris trivia-
luri saSualeba cxovrebis saSualeba hqondes da swored
qorwinebaSi qali iZulebulia usixarulo da arasasur-
veli sqesobrivi urTierToba moiTminos SeiZleba gac-

– 116 –
ilebiT ufro xSirad, vidre meZavebmac ki. sqesobrivi
urTierTobis morali, roca is crurwmenebisgan Tavisu-
falia, arsebiTad partnioris adamianuri Rirsebebis Rrma
pativiscemisa da masze, rogorc sqesobrivi moTxovnileb-
is dakmayofilebis saSualebaze uaris Tqmisagan Sedgeba,
roca mas am saxis urTierToba ar surs. amitom, ewinaaRm-
degeba prostitucia moralis mTavar princips da amitom,
unda gaqres is bolos da bolos miuxedavad imisa, isarge-
bleben Tu ara meZavebi pativiscemiT da srulad iqneba Tu
ara aRmofxvrili veneriuli daavadebis safrTxe.
havelok elisma Tavis naSromSi aseve didi yuradReba
dauTmo prostitucias. Tumca, is argumentebi, romelic
mis dasacavad mohyavs, Cemi azriT, samarTliani ar aris.
is Soridan iwyebs da ambobs, rom jer kidev civilizaciis
gariJraJze arsebobda orgiis praqtika, romelic datvir-
Tuli iyo aRviraxsnili grZnobebiT da emociebiT, Cveule-
briv dros mkacri kontrolis qveS rom arian. misi azriT,
prostitucia swored aqedan iRebs dasabams da raRac zomiT
igive funqcias asrulebs, rasac Zveli orgiebi. mas miaCnia,
rom bevri kaci tradiciul qorwinebaSi srul seqsualur
dakmayofilebas ver iRebs, radgan Tvlis, rom garkveuli
wesiereba unda daicvas da SezRudulad grZnobs Tavs. ami-
tom, imisTvis, rom misi survili raime antisocialur qce-
vaSi ar gamoixatos, meZavTan midis. arsebiTad es argumen-
ti arafriT gansxvavdeba lekis aforizmisagan, ubralod
sxva, ufro Tanamedrove formiT aris gadmocemuli. Tu
qalis seqsualuri cxovreba gaTavisufldeba yvela Semaka-
vebeli faqtorisagan, maSin, albaT, maTTvis ucxo ar iqne-
ba is impulsebi, romelzec havelok elisi wers, magram es
imis momaswavebeli iqneba, rom qalebs da kacebs SeeZlebaT
TavianT impulsebs Tavisufleba miscen sqesobrivi urTi-
erTobisas da kacebs aRar dasWirdebaT mimarTon profe-
sionalebs, romelTa motivi mxolod angarebaa.

– 117 –
 ramdenadac SemiZlia vimsjelo, qalebi, romelTa
Sexeduleba seqsze Zveli tabusgan Tavisufalia, Tvlian,
rom qorwinebaSi axla meti SesaZlebloba eZlevaT Tavian-
Ti survilebis dasakmayofileblad vidre es viqtorianul
epoqaSi iyo SesaZlebeli. Zveli moralis kraxTan erTad
prostitucias cudi dro daudga. Tu adre axalgazr-
da kacs xandaxan meZavebis monaxuleba uwevda, axla mas
gauCnda SesaZlebloba hqondes axalgazrda gogonasTan
urTierToba, romelic orive mxridan Tavisufali iqne-
ba da romelic SeiZleba vnebian siyvarulSi gadaizardos.
fsiqologiuri, iseve, rogorc fizikuri janmrTelobis
TvalsazrisiT, aseTi urTierTobis Sedarebac ki ar Sei-
Zleba imasTan, rac iyo viqtorianul xanaSi. maT udide-
si upiratesoba aqvT imis gamoc, rom moralis ZiriTad
princips akmayofileben. moralistebi aseTi urTierTo-
bis winaaRmdegni arian, radgan aseT Tavisuflebas, maTi
azriT, SeiZleba arasasurveli Sedegebi mohyves. magram,
me vfiqrob, rom aseTi Tavisufali urTierTobebi axal-
gazrdebs Soris mxolod aRtacebis Rirsia. maTi wyalobiT
Cven vxedavT axalgazrda Taobas, vxedavT axalgazrdebs,
romlebmac daiviwyes uxeSoba da sisastike da axalgazrda
gogonebs, romlebic aRar arian metismetad TavdaWerile-
bi da azizebi. da isini, vinc aseTi Tavisufali urTierTo-
bebis winaaRmdegni arian, sinamdvileSi icaven prostitu-
cias, romelic arsebiTad orTqlis gamoSvebaa metismetad
mka-cri moralis pirobebSi.

– 118 –
 Tavi XI

samarTali da qorwineba

sqesTa Soris urTierTobis normebi gonivruli rom

iyos, Tu qorwinebaSi myofT bavSvebi ar hyavT, is vali-
durad ar CaiTvleboda. uSvilo qorwinebis darRveva ad-
vilad SesaZlebelia, radgan qorwinebas fasi mxolod maSin
aqvs, roca bavSvebi Cndebian da mxolod am pirobiT aqvs
mas kanonieri Zala. eklesia qorwinebas pavle mociqulis
TvaliT uyurebs da mas ufro siZvis alternativad Tvlis
vidre bavSvebis gaCenis saSualebad. Tumca, bolo xanebSi
eklesiis mesveurTaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom arc kacebi da
arc qalebi ar apireben sqesobrivi urTierToba daqor-
winebamde gadadon. tradiciuli moralis damcvelebi sak-
maod advilad Seurigdnen kacebis codvebs, ramdenadac
maTi meZavebTan siarulis damalva advilad SesaZlebeli
iyo, magram gauWirdaT Segueba patiosani qalebis aseT
qcevasTan, rasac isini uzneod Tvlian.
pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, inglisSi, germaniasa da skandinaviis qveynebSi
didi cvlilebebi moxda. bevrma gogonam pativcemuli ojax-
ebidan uceb Sewyvita imaze fiqri, Tu rogor SeenarCune-
bina „SeubRalavi reputacia“, bevrma axalgazrda kacma ki
meZavebTan siarulis nacvlad, sasiyvarulo urTierToba
daamyara gogonasTan, romelzec siamovnebiT daqorwinde-
boda ufro mdidari rom yofiliyo. rogorc Cans amerikis

– 119 –
SeerTebul StatebSi es cvlilebebi ufro mniSvnelovani
iyo, vidre inglisSi, albaT spirtiani sasmelebis gayidvis
akrZalvis da manqanebis ufro farTo gavrcelebis gamo.
akrZalvis periodSi saRamoebze iseTi xalisiani atmosfe-
ro sufevda, rom misi dasrulebisas TiToeuli damswre
SemTvrali iyo. radgan bevr gogonas sakuTari avtomobili
hyavda, maT ar uWirdaT SeyvarebulTan erTad mSobleb-
is da mezoblebis Tvals moSorebodnen. is, Tu rogor
aris axla saqme, aRwerilia mosamarTle lindseis wignSi.
ufrosma Taobam brali dasdo mas gadaWarbebaSi, umcros
Taobas ki ubralod xma ar amouRia. me, SemTxveviTma mog-
zaurma, sakuTar Tavze aviRe misi mtkicebebis marTebu-
lobis Semowmeba da axalgazrdebis gamokiTxva daviwye. aR-
moCnda, rom isini ar apirebdnen lindseis mier moyvanili
faqtebis uaryofas. Turme, Zalian bevr gogonas, romelic
Semdeg gaTxovda da pativcemul qalbatonad iqca, qor-
winebamde sqesobrivi urTierToba hqonda da xSirad ram-
denime sayvarelic hyavda. is SemTxvevebi ki, roca saqme
kocniT da xvevniT Semoifargleba da sqesobriv aqtamde
ar midis, mxolod perversiad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
Cemi azriT, aseTi mdgomareoba aranormaluria. is ga-
mowveulia sazogadoebaSi tradiciuli moralis damcve-
lebis gavleniT da sanam moralis tradiciuli normebi
ar Seicvleba, es mdgomareoba SenarCundeba. akrZaluli
alkoholiT waqezebuli sqesobrivi urTierTobebi iseve
Sorsaa namdvilisgan, rogorc is alkoholi namdvili Rv-
inisgan. me vfiqrob, aravin uaryofs im faqts, rom ms-
meli axalgazrdebis raodenoba SeZlebul amerikelebs
Soris ufro didia vidre spirtian sasmelebze akrZalvis
SemoRebamde iyo. marTlac, aris siamovnebis elementi
kanonis gverdis avlaSi da Tu es alkoholis akrZalvis
kanonTan dakavSirebiT gaakeTeT, sruliad bunebrivia,
rom moralis normebi daiviwyoT da (es xom gabedulad
gamoiyureba) erotikuli survilebiT aivsoT. Sedegad,

– 120 –
sqesobrivi urTierToba TiTqmis giJur saxes iZens da
adamianur xasiaTs kargavs, radgan is nazi da Rrma grZno-
bisgan ki ar Cndeba, aramed yoyloCinobisagan da alkoho-
lis zedmeti dozisgan. seqss, iseve, rogorc alkohols,
aq koncentrirebuli raodenobiT iReben, radgan, mxolod
ase SeiZleba xelisuflebis fxizeli Tvalis motyueba.
me vfiqrob, sqesobrivi urTierToba, romelsac SeiZleba
gulwrfeli da guliTadi ewodos, amerikaSi qorwinebis
gareSe urTierTobebSi arcTu ise xSirad gvxvdeba.
da es yvelaferi imis wyalobiT, rom moralistebma aq
did warmatebas miaRwies, Tumca maT siZvis codvaze gamar-
jveba ver SeZles, piriqiT, is ufro pikanturi gaxades da
mis gavrcelebas Seuwyves xeli. samagierod is moaxerxes,
rom mowamles sqesobrivi urTierToba, ise, rogorc spir-
tiani sasmelebi. maTi Zalisxmevis wyalobiT axalgazrdo-
bis damokidebuleba seqsisadmi iseTivea, rogorc alko-
holisadmi. masSi ar aris gareuli megobrobis grZnoba,
saerTo interesebi, fsiqologiuri siaxlove. yvelaze
mokrZalebuli da gaubedavi axalgazrdebi Ria sqesobriv
urTierTobas Tavs arideben. Sedegad, didxans imyofe-
bian sqesobrivi aRgznebis mdgomareobaSi, rac nervoziT
mTavrdeba, an impotenciiT da imiT, rom sqesobrivi aqtis-
gan siamovnebas veRar iReben. garda amisa, saRamoebi, roca
uamrav alkohols svamen dilamde grZeldeba da TandaTan
iseT mdgomareobaSi vardebian, rom TavianTi samuSaos Ses-
ruleba aRar SeuZliaT da uZilobiT itanjebian.
samwuxarod, sastik oficialur morals xandaxan did
ubedurebamde mivyavarT. xdeba, rom axalgazrda kacis
cudi qcevebis Sesaxeb xmebi romeliRac samarTaldamcve-
lamde aRwevs da is sadisturi siamovnebiT agorebs did
skandals. garda amisa, amerikaSi TiTqmis araferi ician
Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc,
xSirad gogonebi moulodnelad fexmZimdebian. abortis
gakeTeba uwevT, rac, ra Tqma unda, malulad xdeba, higien-

– 121 –
is wesebis daucvelad, rasac SeiZleba gogonas sikvdili
mohyves. garda amisa, SemTxveva SeiZleba gaxmaurdes. kar-
gia Tu mxolod mSoblebis yuramde miaRwevs da cudia, Tu
xelisuflebac Seityobs amis Sesaxeb.
naprali axalgazrda Taobisa da mamebis morals Soris,
romelic Tanamedrove amerikaSi arsebobs, metismetad sam-
wuxaro faqtia imis gamoc, rom mSoblebs da bavSvebs Soris
ar aris urTierTgageba da siaxlove. amitom, mSoblebi
bavSvebs verc saqmiT exmarebian da verc rCevebiT. roca
axalgazrda gasaWirSi vardeba, amis Sesaxeb mSoblebs ver
eubneba, radgan aman SeiZleba skandali da isterika ga-
moiwvios. mamasa da Svilebs Soris urTierToba Tavis au-
cilebel funqcias kargavs, mas Semdeg, rac bavSvi mozardi
xdeba. gacilebiT civilizebulad gamoiyurebian trobri-
andis kunZulis mcxovrebni. iq, mama Wabuks, romelic misi
gogonas sayvareli gaxda, eubneba: _ „Sen Cems gogonasTan
gZinavs, Zalian kargi, magram axla is colad unda SeirTo“.
miuxedavad im naklovanebebisa, romelzec zemoT vi-
laparakeT, emansipirebuli amerikeli axalgazrdebis qce-
vaSi kargic bevria, Tu mas wina Taobis qcevebs da Cvevebs
SevadarebT. maTSi aRar aris arc farisevloba, arc daTr-
gunvilobis grZnoba, arc monuri morCileba avtoriteti-
sadmi yovelgvari gonivruli safuZvlis gareSe. me isic ki
mgonia, rom isini imdenad uxeSebi da sastikebi ar arian
da arc Zalmomreobisken aqvT iseTi midrekileba, rogorc
maT mamebs hqondaT. amerikaSi xom cxovrebis erT-erTi da-
maxasiaTebeli niSani Zalmomreobis Cadenaa raTa neitral-
izebul iqnas is ugono survilebi da emociebi, romelTa
dakmayofileba seqsiT ver moxerxda. mxolod imis imedi
rCeba, rom isini, vinc axla axalgazrdaa, miaRweven ra mow-
iful asaks, uars ar ityvian TavianT siWabukis droindel
Sexedulebebze da anaTemas ar gadascemen seqsualur Tav-
isuflebas, romliTac axla malulad tkbebian.

– 122 –
 am mxriv, inglisSi arsebuli mdgomareoba, met-nak-
lebad amerikis mdgomareobas hgavs, Tumca ase mkveTrad
gamoxatuli xasiaTi ara aqvs, radgan inglisSi spirtian
sasmelebze akrZalva ar aris da avtomobilic sakmaod
iSviaTi movlenaa. aq, iseve, rogorc kontinentze seqs-
ualuri aRgzneba misi Semdgomi dakmayofilebis gareSe
gacilebiT iSviaTia. garda amisa aq adamianebi, romelTac
sazogadoebaSi garkveuli mdgomareoba gaaCniaT, ufro
naklebad arian Sepyrobili maTTvis miuRebeli adamianeb-
is devniT, vidre es amerikaSi xdeba. Tumca, unda iTq-
vas, rom gansxvaveba qveynebs Soris aRwerili movlenebis
gavrcelebis sixSireSia mxolod.
mosamarTle ben. b. lindseim, romelic mravali wlis
ganmavlobaSi mozardebis saqmeebis wamyvani mosamarTle
iyo denverSi da amdenad Seudareblad kargi SesaZlebloba
hqonda saqmis faqtobriv mdgomareobas gacnoboda, wina-
dadeba Semoitana qorwinebis da ojaxis kanonSi Caemate-
binaT axali statia, romelSic gaCndeboda axali cneba _
qorwineba SeTanxmebiT. saubedurod, is male iZulebuli
gaxda Tanamdeboba daetovebina, radgan misma survilma
daxmareboda axalgazrdebs maTi problemebis gadaWraSi
ku-kluqs-klanisa da kaTolikuri eklesiis ukmayofileba
gamoiwvia. SeTanxmebiT qorwinebis idea imaze metyvelebs,
rom mosamarTle lindsei gonieri konservatori gaxldaT,
romelsac surda axalgazrdebs Soris sqesobrivi urTi-
erToba met-naklebad stabiluri gaexada da amiT garyv-
nilebis winaaRmdeg ebrZola.
mosamarTle lindsei yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze,
rom mxolod cudi materialuri mdgomareoba uSliT ax-
algazrda kacebs xels daqorwinebaSi da rom maT fuli
bavSvebis aRsazrdelad da colebis uzrunvelsayofad
sWirdebaT, radgan colebi, rogorc wesi, ar muSaoben.
axalgazrda kacebisTvis SeTavazebuli qorwinebis axali
forma Cveulebrivi qorwinebisgan sami TaviseburebiT

– 123 –
gansxvavdeba: jer erTi, axalgazrdebma garkveuli drois
ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi ar unda iyolion da Sesabamisad
unda icnobdnen Sobadobaze kontrolis safuZvlebs, me-
orec, Tu Svili ar hyavT, meuRleebs SeuZliaT ganqor-
wineba miiRon im pirobiT, rom ganqorwinebis momentSi
coli fexmZimed ar unda iyos da mesame _ ganqorwineb-
is Semdeg cols ufleba ara aqvs alimenti moiTxovos.
lindsei amtkicebs da Cemi azriT, sruliad samarTliana-
dac, rom am kanonis miReba bevr axalgazrda kacs, maT
Soris universitetebis studentebs, saSualebas miscemda
normaluri ojaxuri cxovreba hqonodaT da monawileoba
aRar mieRoT dionisur orgiebSi, rac damaxasiTebelia
Tanamedrove axalgazrdebis yofisaTvis. sakuTari simar-
Tlis dasamtkiceblad mas mohyavs faqtobrivi monaceme-
bi, romlebic metyvelebs, rom coliani studentebi ukeT
swavloben vidre ucoloebi. ra Tqma unda, samuSao da
seqsi gacilebiT ukeT eTavseba erTmaneTs roca kacsa da
qals Soris met-naklebad mudmivi urTierTobebia, vidre
maSin, roca axalgazrdebi saRamoebze uzomod Tvrebi-
an. mniSvnelovania aseve isic, rom axalgazrdebis erTo-
blivi cxovreba ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT gacilebiT
xelsayrelia cal-calke cxovrebaze da es kidev erTi
argumentia aseTi qorwinebis sasargeblod. me odnavad-
ac ar mepareba eWvi imaSi, rom Tu mosamarTle lindseis
winadadeba gava da kanons miiReben, es keTilismyofel
gavlenas moaxdens axalgazrdebs Soris urTierTobaze.
aRarafers vambobT imaze, rom es sqesTa Soris urTier-
Tobis axali moralis warmateba iqneboda.
da mainc, miuxedavad amisa, mosamarTle lindseis am Se-
Tavazebaze saSineli vai-viSi atexes Suaxnis adamianebma da
amerikis gazeTebis umravlesobam aRmosavleTidan dasav-
leTamde da CrdiloeTidan samxreTamde. ambobdnen, rom
man qorwinebis wmidaTawmida safuZvlebze aRmarTa xeli
da rom droebiTi qorwinebis legalizeba garyvnilebis

– 124 –
legalizebas niSnavda, rom mosamarTlem qorwinebis gare-
Se sqesobrivi urTierTobebis raodenoba usazRvrod gad-
aWarbebulad warmoaCina da amiT Cirqi mocxo patiosan da
wesier amerikel qalebs. dabolos, isini amtkicebdnen rom
biznesiT dakavebuli kacebis umravlesoba ocdaaT-oc-
daTxuTmet wlamde ymawvili rCeba. me vcdilob sakuTar
Tavs davajero, rom imaT Soris, vinc amas ambobda, naw-
ils mainc sjeroda, rom es simarTlea. movismine ra mosa-
marTle lindseis winaaRmdeg gamoTqmuli braldebebi, im
daskvnamde mivedi, rom mis mowinaaRmdegeebs sul ori ar-
gumenti aqvT: pirveli _ ieso qriste ar moiwonebda mosa-
marTlis SemoTavazebas da meore _ mis winadadebas ar moi-
wonebdnen SedarebiT liberaluri eklesiis msaxurebic ki.
ra Tqma unda, meore argumenti ufro wonadia, ramdenadac
pirveli wmindad hipoTetur xasiaTs atarebs da misi dasa-
buTeba SeuZlebelia. piradad me erTi adamianisganac ar
gamigonia, rom mosamarTle lindseis winadadebas SeuZlia
vinmes bednierebas xeli SeuSalos. iZulebuli var gavake-
To daskvna, rom es argumenti umniSvnelod CaTvales maT,
vinc tradiciul morals icavs.
Tumca, me sruliad darwmunebuli var, rom SeTanxme-
biT qorwineba saWiro mimarTulebiT win gadadgmuli nabi-
ji iqneboda da bevr sikeTes moitanda, mainc vTvli, rom
is yvela problemas ver gadaWris. Cemi azriT, sqesobri-
vi urTierTobebi, rodesac wyvili bavSvebs ar aCens, pi-
radul saqmed unda CaiTvalos. amitom, aravis ar unda ain-
teresebdes aseTi wyvili daqorwinebulia Tu ara. me aseve
mimaCnia, rom ar aris sasurveli, Tu qorwinebaSi myof
kacs da qals, romelTac surT bavSvebi hyavdeT, warsulSi
sqesobrivi urTierTobis gamocdileba ara aqvT. arsebobs
bevri mtkicebuleba imisa, rom sasurvelia pirveli sqeso-
brivi aqti adamians im pirTan hqondes, romelsac amis ga-
mocdileba aqvs. cxadia, rom adamianebisTvis sqesobrivi
aqti instinqturi ar aris da aseTi arasodes yofila mas

– 125 –
Semdeg rac a tergo37 Sewyda. magram, aris sxva argumentic.
sisulelea moiTxovo adamianebisgan qorwinebaSi darCnen
mTeli TavianTi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, Tu darwmunebu-
li ara xar, rom isini seqsualurad Tavsebadebi arian. es
iseTive sisulelea, rogorc is, rom adamians ar SeeZlos
naxos saxli, romlis SeZena surs, manam, sanam misi yidvis
xelSekrulebas ar gaaformebs. qorwinebis biologiuri
safuZvlebis gaTvaliswinebiT ufro swori iqneboda qor-
wineba kanonier ZalaSi Sesulad colis pirveli fexmZimo-
bis Semdeg gvecno. Cvens droSi, qorwineba Zaladakargulad
iTvleba, Tu meuRleebs sqesobrivi urTierToba ar aqvT.
magram, qorwinebis WeSmariti mizani xom bavSvebia da ara
sqesobrivi urTierToba. amdenad, qorwineba ZalaSi Sesu-
lad maSin unda CaiTvalos, roca bavSvi gaCndeba. zemoT
moyvanili Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, iTvleba Tu ara qor-
wineba validurad, gaCnda Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSuale-
bebis gamoCenasTan erTad, mas Semdeg, rac sqesobrivi
urTierTobis da bavSvis dabadebis ganxilva cal-calke
daiwyes. Sedegad, kacebi da qalebi an seqsisTvis arian
erTad, rogorc meZavTan vizitisas xdeba, an megobruli
urTierTobisaTvis da sqesobrivi kavSirisTvis, rogorc
amas mosamarTle lindsei gvTavazobda, an, bolos da bo-
los, imisaTvis, raTa Seqmnan ojaxi da bavSvebi gaaCinon.
am SesaZleblobebidan TiToeuli cal-calke unda iqnas
ganxiluli da sqesTa Soris urTierTobis nebismieri for-
ma mxolod maSin SeiZleba iqnas damakmayofilebeli, roca
es gansxvaveba mkacrad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli da yve-
laferi erTad uTavbolod ar iqneba erTmaneTSi areuli.

– 126 –
 Tavi XII

ojaxi Cvens droSi

mkiTxvels albaT axsovs, rom I da II TavebSi Cven ganvix-

ileT matriarqatis da patriarqatis epoqa da am epoqebSi
ojaxuri urTierTobebis kavSiri sqesTa Soris urTierTo-
bis eTikasTan. am TavSi Cven kvlav ojaxTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxebs mivubrundebiT raTa seqsualuri Tavisufleb-
is gonivruli SezRudvis formulireba movaxdinoT. Cven
sakmaod xangrZlivad viyaviT dakavebuli imiT, rom vswav-
lobdiT kavSirs seqsisa da codvis cnebas Soris, kavSirs,
romelic jer kidev adreuli qristianebisaTvis iyo cno-
bili, Tumca maTive wyalobiT es idea ukiduresad gacv-
da da Tavisi gansaxiereba TiToeuli Cvenganis spontanur
moralur gansjebSi hpova. magram, axla me aRar vapireb
mivubrunde Teologiur Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmad
sqesobriv urTierTobebSi aris raRac mdabali da uwmin-
duri da mxolod qorwinebiT, romelSic bavSvebi Cndeba,
es urTierToba ukeTesi xdeba.
axla gadavideT im sakiTxis Seswavlaze, Tu sqesobri-
vi kavSiris stabilurobis rogori xarisxia aucilebe-
li bavSvebis interesebis dasacavad. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, ganvixilavT ojaxs, rogorc mdgradi qorwinebis
Sedegs. Tavidanve vityviT, rom es sakiTxi advili sulac
ar gaxlavT. cxadia, rom kargia Tu ara bavSvi ojaxSi gaiz-
ardos, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra aris alternativa.
magaliTad, bavSvs sabavSvo baRSi SeiZleba ukeT mouaron
da aRzardon, vidre ojaxebis umravlesobaSi.

– 127 –
 Cven ganvixilavT aseve imas, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelova-
nia mamis monawileoba ojaxis cxovrebaSi. mkiTxvels
SevaxsenebT, rom mxolod mamis TvalsazrisiT aris qalis
Rirsebis SenarCuneba arsebiTi da aucilebeli ojaxisaT-
vis. Cven unda ganvixiloT rogor gavlenas axdens ojaxi
bavSvis fsiqologiaze. SevniSnavT, rom froidi am gav-
lenas ramdenadme pirquS ferebSi xedavda. aseve, unda gan-
vixiloT, ekonomikuri sistemis kavSiri imasTan, Tu ram-
denad didia an mcire mamis roli ojaxSi. SevecdebiT aseve
vupasuxoT kiTxvaze _ gvsurs Tu ara saxelmwifom aiRos
Tavis Tavze mamis funqcia, an, ufro metic, rogorc pla-
toni gvTavazobda orive mSoblis funqcia? maSinac ki, Tu
vivaraudebT, rom bavSvis ganviTarebis saukeTeso pirobe-
bi is iqneba, roca bavSvze dedac zrunavs da mamac, au-
cilebelia ganvixiloT SemTxveva, roca erT mSobels _ da
xandaxan orivesac _ CamoerTmeva mSoblobis ufleba, an
roca bavSvi erT-erT mSobelTan rCeba.
maT Soris, vinc sqesobrivi urTierTobebis Tavisu-
flebis winaaRmdeg gamodis, arian isini, vinc cdilobs
Tavisi pozicia Teologiurad daasabuTos. Cveulebriv
isini amtkiceben, rom ganqorwineba bavSvis interesebs
ewinaaRmdegeba. Tumca, Teologiuri dasabuTeba saxezea,
magram saxezea aseve Teologis pirferoba, rac Tundac
im faqtidan Cans, rom mas Seuwynarebeli damokidebule-
ba aqvs rogorc ganqorwinebis, aseve Casaxvis sawinaaRm-
dego saSualebebis mimarT da misTvis isic ki sulerTia,
Tu erTi mSobeli sifilisiTaa daavadebuli, rac SeiZle-
ba bavSvsac gadaedos. msgavsi SemTxvevebi gvaCvenebs, rom
roca patara bavSvebis interesebs didi paTosiT da Tval-
ze momdgari cremlebiT icaven, amis ukan sisastike imale-
ba. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda SevajeroT bavS-
visa da misi mSoblebis interesebi, crurwmenebis gareSe

– 128 –
unda gadawydes da im pirobiT, rom pasuxi masze Tavidanve
naTeli ar iyos. aq, Cven SevCerdebiT, radgan sasurvelia
mokled SevajamoT razec aqamde vilaparakeT.
ojaxi jer kidev adamianis gaCenamde arsebobda da misi
biologiuri funqcia is aris rom bavSvis gadarCenisTvis
aucilebelia mamis daxmareba fexmZimobisas da Semdeg misi
dedis mkerdiT kveba. magram, trobriandis kunZulze mcx-
ovrebi tomisa da adamianis msgavsi maimunebis SemTxveva-
Si es daxmareba gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove civilizebul
sazogadoebaSi mamis bavSvze daxmarebisagan. primitiul
sazogadoebaSi mama ver xvdeba, rom Svils masTan biolo-
giuri kavSiri aqvs. misTvis is ubralod misi colis mier
gaCenili bavSvia, im qalis, romelic mas uyvars. misTvis es
faqtia, ramdenadac man dainaxa misi coli bavSvs rogor
aCenda da swored am faqtis wyalobiT Cndeba instiqturi
kavSiri massa da bavSvs Soris. is veraviTar biologiur
aucileblobas ver xedavs rom coli misi erTguli iyos,
magram eWvianobis instinqturi grZnoba uCndeba Tu misi
colis Ralati faqtad iqceva. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
am stadiaze mamas jer kidev ar aqvs mesakuTruli grZno-
ba Tavisi Svilis mimarT, imitom, rom bavSvi colis da
colis Zmis sakuTrebaa. mamas mxolod is darCenia, rom
uyvardes bavSvi da izrunos masze.
magram, imis kvalobaze, rom adamiani TandaTan sul
ufro gonieri arseba gaxda da adre Tu gvian keTilis
da borotis xis nayofi igema, man gaacnobiera, rom bavSvi
misi Teslidan iSoba da amitom, darmunebuli unda iyos,
rom misi coli patiosani qalia. coli da Svilebi misi sa-
kuTreba xdeba, Tanac ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganvi-
TarebasTan erTad Zalian Rirebuli sakuTrebac. man unda
aiZulos coli da bavSvebi, rom pativs scemdnen mas da eS-
inodeT misi da amaSi religia mxars uWers. mniSvnelovania,
rom bavSvebs arasodes daaviwydeT SiSi mamis winaSe, radgan,

– 129 –
droTa ganmavlobaSi, roca is moxucdeba da dasustdeba,
Svilebi ki axalgazrda, Zlieri kacebi gaxdebian, es SiSi
daexmareba mas Tavisi Zalauflebis SenarCunebaSi. misTvis
sasicocxlod aucilebelia, rom moxucebulobaSic pativs
scemdnen. aT mcnebaSi es sakiTxi orazrovnadaa gadmoce-
muli. is ase unda ikiTxebodes: _ „pativi eci mamas Sensa
da dedas Sensa, rameTu maTi yofna SeiZleba dRegrZeli
iyos mzis qveS“. saSineli danaSauli _ mamis mkvleloba,
romelsac Cven Zvel civilizaciebSi vawydebiT, gviCvenebs
ramdenad didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda misi Cadenis cdunebis
daZlevas. es da sxva danaSaulebi, magaliTad kanibalizmi,
CvenSi Zrwolas aRar iwvevs, radgan Cveni warmosaxva uars
ambobs raRac msgavsi warmoidginos.
ojaxma Tavis ayvavebas civilizaciis dasawyisSi mi-
aRwia pastoraluri da sasoflo sameurneo Temebis war-
moqmnisas. Temebis wevrebis umravlesobisaTvis monuri
Sromis gamoyeneba miuwvdomeli iyo. amitom, yvelaze advi-
li saSualeba muSaxelis yolisaTvis bavSvebis gaCena iyo.
ai, swored aq gaxda saWiro moralisa da religiis dax-
mareba, romelmac ojaxi wmindad gamoacxada raTa mamis
Zalaufleba SenarCunebuliyo Svilebze, romlebsac ukve
muSaoba SeeZloT. droTa ganmavlobaSi aqedan gaCnda pirm-
Sos idea, romelic tomis Tu klanis beladis Zalaufle-
bas ganamtkicebda. aqedan iRebs dasabams samefo xelisu-
flebac da aristokratiac da RvTaebis ideac ki, radgan,
magaliTad, zevsi, RmerTebisa da adamianebis mama iyo.
civilizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad sazogadoebaSi
ojaxis mniSvnelobac izrdeboda. Tumca, miaRwia ra Tav-
is maqsimums, am mniSvnelobam TandaTan kleba daiwyo da
axla dasavleTis sazogadoebaSi misgan Zveli gavlenis
CrdiliRa darCa mxolod. am movlenis mizezebi nawilo-
briv ekonomikis ganviTarebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, naw-
ilobriv ki kulturis ganviTarebasTan. Tavis ayvavebis

– 130 –
periodSic ki, ojaxis CarCoebi metismetad viwro iyo qa-
laqis mcxovrebTaTvis da mezRvaurebisaTvis. yovelTvis,
Cveni drois garda, vaWroba kulturis ganviTarebas emsax-
ureboda, ramdenadac savaWro urTierTobebis wyalobiT
adamianebi sxva xalxebis wesebs da Cvevebs ecnobodnen
da TavianTi tomis crurwmenebisgan Tavisufldebodnen.
sxvaTa Soris, berZnebs, romlebic sazRvao gadazidvebs
axorcielebdnen, saojaxo monoba naklebad hqondaT gan-
viTarebuli, vidre maT Tanamedroveebs. meore magaliTs
imisa, Tu zRva rogor aTavisuflebs adamianebs fsiqolo-
giurad, Cven holandiasa da dedofal elizabetis drois
inglisSi vpoulobT. Tumca, es saqmes ar exeba, ramdenadac
Cven is SemTxvevebi gvainteresebs, roca ojaxis erT-erTi
wevri sadRac midis didi xniT. am drois ganmavlobaSi is
ojaxis gavlenas ar ganicdis, ojaxSi ki erTi muSaxeliT
naklebi rCeba, anu is sustdeba.
civilizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad soflis mosax-
leobis qalaqisken dineba izrdeba da ojaxs esec asus-
tebs. ojaxs asustebda aseve monobac, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, roca es sazogadoebis dabal klasebs exeboda. mon-
aTmflobelisTvis sulerTi iyo misi monebis ojaxuri
mdgomareoba. Tavisi axirebis mixedviT, mas SeeZlo coli
da qmari erTmaneTisgan daeSorebina. mas SeeZlo sqesobri-
vi urTierToba hqonoda nebismier mona qalTan, romelic
ki moewoneboda. magram, aristokratiuli klasis ojaxebi
mtkice rCeboda, radgan maTTvis keTili saxeli da Rirse-
ba bevrs niSnavda. am ojaxebisTvis bevrs niSnavda aseve
klanebs Soris brZolaSi gamarjveba (amis magaliTia mon-
tegebis da kapuletebis brZola). es damaxasiaTebeli iyo
antikuri qalaqebisTvis da Sua saukuneebis da aRorZineb-
is xanis italiisTvis. aristokratiis gavlenis Sesusteba
jer kidev pirvel saukuneSi daiwyo romis imperiaSi da
qristianobis, Tavidan monebis da proletarebis religi-

– 131 –
is, warmarTebze gamarjvebis wyalobiT kidev ufro metad
iCina Tavi. ojaxis Sesusteba dakavSirebulia im faqtTan,
rom pirveli qristianebi ojaxisadmi mtrulad iyvnen gan-
wyobili. eTikur normebSi, romliTac isini cxovrobd-
nen, ojaxs iseve mcire adgili hqonda gankuTvnili, (sxva
maSindeli religiebisgan gansxvavebiT), rogorc budizmSi.
qristianul eTikaSi xom mTavaria adamianis sulis kavSiri
RmerTTan, da ara adamianis kavSiri adamianTan.
budizmis magaliTi gviCvenebs Tu rogori mcdaria re-
ligiis warmoSobis axsna ekonomikur urTierTobebSi cvli-
lebebiT. Tumca, me budizmis drois indoeTis istorias
kargad ar vicnob, ar mgonia, rom ekonomikurma mizezebma
gavlena moaxdina adamianebis sulebze, roca isini am re-
ligias iRebdnen. ufro metic, Zalian meeWveba, rom aseTi
mizezebi saerTod arsebobda. budizmis yvelaze metad
gavrcelebis periodSi, is ZiriTadad gaxldaT religia
princebisa, romelTaTvis ojaxuri urTierTobebi gac-
ilebiT mets niSnavda, vidre sxva klasebisaTvis. da mainc,
am samyaros siZulvili da ganmeorebiTi dabadebisgan Tav-
is xsnis mcdeloba sayovelTao gaxda. SevniSnavT, rom
budistur eTikaSi ojaxs Zalian mcire adgili eTmoboda.38
religiis didi fuZemdeblebi, garda muhamedisa da
konfucisa (Tuki am ukanasknelis moZRvreba SeiZleba re-
ligiurad CaiTvalos) socialur da politikur sakiTxebs
did yuradRebas ar uTmobdnen. maTi mTavari mizani iyo
disciplinis, meditaciisa da TviTSezRudvis gziT ada-
mianebs sulieri srulyofisTvis mieRwiaT. es religiebi,
romlebic istoriul droSi gaCnda da ukve arsebul Zvel
religiebs daupirispirda, individualuri xasiaTis iyo da
cdilobda daerwmunebina adamianebi imaSi, rom maTi miz-
ani sulieri simSvidis miRweva unda yofiliyo. ra Tqma
unda, es axali religiebi daJinebiT imeorebdnen, rom ada-
mianma unda Seasrulos masze dakisrebuli movaleobebi,

– 132 –
radgan is sazogadoebis wevria da sxvebTan urTierTo-
bebi akavSirebs, magram isini aucileblad ar Tvlidnen
axali urTierTobebis formirebas da es gansakuTrebiT
qristianebze iTqmis, romelTac yovelTvis ambivalentu-
ri damokidebuleba hqondaT ojaxis mimarT. magaliTad,
saxarebaSi vkiTxulobT: _ „visac mama da deda Cemze metad
uyvars, Cemi Rirsi ar aris“. es ki arsebiTad imas niSnavs,
rom adamianma is unda gaakeTos, rasac marTebulad miiC-
nevs, miuxedavad imisa, moewonebaT Tu ara misi saqcieli
mSoblebs. aseTi Tvalsazrisi Zvel CineTsa da Zvel romSi
mxardaWeras ver hpovebda.
qristianobaSi individualizmis gavlena nela vrcel-
deboda, magram is TandaTan asustebda kavSirs adamianebs
Soris, gansakuTrebiT mgznebare morwmuneTa Soris. es gav-
lena gacilebiT sustia kaTolicizmSi, vidre protestan-
tizmSi, radgan am ukanasknelSi moqmedebs ugono principi:
pirvel adgilze dgeba ara adamiani, Tavisi interesebiT,
aramed RmerTisadmi morCileba. praqtikaSi es niSnavs da-
morCilebas sakuTari sindisis xmisa, romelic sxvadasxva
adamians sxvadasxva rames eubneba. Sedegad, zogjer kon-
fliqti iCens Tavs sindisis xmasa da kanonis moTxovnas
Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi, WeSmariti qristiani Rrma pativ-
iscemas ganicdis im adamianebis mimarT, romlebic sindi-
sis xmas ujereben da ara kanonis muxlebs. Zvel civiliza-
ciebSi mama raRac RmerTis msgavsi iyo. qristianebisTvis
RmerTi aris mama da aman, ra Tqma unda, realuri mSoblis
avtoritetis Sesusteba gamoiwvia.
ojaxis rRveva, romelic am bolo xanebSi SeimCneva,
ZiriTadad, udaod samrewvelo revoluciis Sedegia, ma-
gram es rRveva maSin daiwyo, roca adamianebs individu-
alisturi ganwyobebi gauCndaT, rac imaSi gamoixata, rom
axalgazrdebi icaven Tavis uflebas daqorwindnen masze,
vinc moswonT, maSinac ki, Tu mSoblebisTvis maTi arCevani

– 133 –
miuRebelia. aRarc is Cveva arsebobs, roca vaJiSvili Tav-
is colTan erTad mSoblebis saxlSi cxovrobda. axla ax-
algazrdebi ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg calke cxovroben.
samrewvelo revoluciis dasawyisSi fabrikebSi ufrose-
bTan erTad patara bavSvebic muSaobdnen. Tu mZime sam-
uSaosa da Sromis saSinel pirobebs gadaurCebodnen, maT
ojaxSi damatebiTi Semosavali SehqondaT. magram, fabrikis
kanonis39 miRebis Semdeg fabrikebSi, mSoblebis protestis
miuxedavad, bavSvebis Sroma aikrZala. am momentidan moy-
olebuli bavSvebi Semosavlis wyarodan finansur tvir-
Tad iqcnen. daaxloebiT im periodSi gaCnda Casaxvis sawi-
naaRmdego saSualebebi da Sobadobis Semcireba daiwyo. aq
marTebuli iqneba SevniSnoT, rom adamianebs yvela droSi
imdeni bavSvi hyavdaT, ramdenis yolis uflebac SeeZloT
miecaT sakuTari TavisaTvis. arc meti da arc naklebi.
es, sul cota, asea avstralieli aborigenebis, lakaSire-
li mqsovelebisa da ingliseli lordebis SemTxvevaSic ki.
me ar vapireb am Tvalsazrisis Teoriul dacvas, magram
is arc ise Sorsaa WeSmaritebisagan, rogorc es SeiZleba
erTi SexedviT mogveCvenos.
Cvens droSi, ojaxi saxelmwifos qmedebebis gamo, kidev
ufro Sesustda. Tavisi ayvavebis dros is Sedgeboda
ojaxis ufrosisagan _ xandazmuli patriarqisagan _ misi
mravalricxovani vaJiSvilebisagan, rZlebisagan da maTi
Svilebisagan, SviliSvilebisa da SvilTaSvilebisganac ki.
da yvela isini erT saxlSi cxovrobdnen, saerTo sameur-
neo miznebi aerTianebdaT da dapirispirebuli iyvnen
danarCen samyarosTan zustad ise, rogorc Tanamedrove
militaristuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi arian dapirisp-
irebuli danarCeni qveynebis moqalaqeebTan. axla ojaxi
Sedgeba mamis, dedisa da arasrulwlovani Svilebisagan.
bavSvebi valdebuli arian skolaSi iaron _ sadac TavianTi
drois umetes nawils atareben, raTa Seiswavlon is, rasac

– 134 –
saxelmwifo aucileblad Tvlis da ara rac maT mSoblebs
surT (nawilobriv gamonaklisia religia). Tu Zvel romSi
ojaxis ufross iseTi Zalaufleba hqonda, rom masze iyo
damokidebuli bavSvis sicocxle da sikvdili, axla did
britaneTSi ojaxis ufross SeiZleba sasamarTlos winaSe
wardgoma mouwios bavSvis mimarT sisastikis gamoCenis
gamo, Tuki mas, iseve, rogorc vTqvaT asi wlis win xde-
boda, azrad mouva jiuti bavSvi mkacrad dasajos. axla
saxelmwifos sakuTar Tavze aqvs aRebuli bavSvze zrunva
da Tu ojaxi gaWirvebulia, mas materialuradac exmareba
bavSvis aRzrdaSi. amdenad, dRes ojaxSi mamis roli mini-
mumamdea dayvanili, ramdenadac misi movaleobebis nawili
saxelmwifom aiRo xelSi.
civilizaciis ganviTarebas yovelTvis am Sedegebamde
mivyavarT. Tu primitiul sazogadoebaSi mama aucilebe-
li iyo (iseve, rogorc is aucilebelia CitebSi da anTro-
poidul maimunebSi) ojaxis keTildReobisaTvis da cols
da bavSvebs SesaZlo Zalmomreobisgan icavda, axla mis am
ukanasknel funqcias saxelmwifo asrulebs. maSinac ki, Tu
bavSvs mama moukvdeba, amis gamo bavSvis sikvdili iseve
naklebad mosalodnelia, rogorc im SemTxvevaSi, mamamisi
cocxali rom iyos. mdidar ojaxebSi mamis sikvdili Sei-
Zleba erTgvarad ukeTesic ki iyos, imis gamo, rom mTeli
misi qoneba Svilebis xelSi gadadis. magram, im ojaxebSi,
romlebic mamis xelfasiT cxovroben, maTi keTildReoba
am Semosavalzea damokidebuli, Tumca saxelmwifom aseT
ojaxebs SeiZleba humanitaruli daxmareba aRmouCinos
marCenalis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi. mamis roli kvlavac
didia saSualo klasebSi, ramdenadac mas dakavebuli Tan-
amdebobis wyalobiT SeuZlia Tavis Svilebs ZviradRire-
buli ganaTleba misces, rac Tavis mxriv winapirobaa imisa,
rom maT TavianTi sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri mdgo-
mareoba ganamtkicon. Tu mama kvdeba maSin, roca bavSvebi
patarebi arian, albaToba imisa, rom isini sazogadoebriv

– 135 –
kibeze dabla daeSvebian, Zalian maRalia. Tumca, amis Sansi
mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba Tu mzrunveli mama bavSvebs Tavi-
si sikvdilis Semdeg samudamo dazRvevas utovebs.
Tanamedrove samyaroSi mamebi TavianTi drois did
nawils mZime SromaSi atareben da naklebad aqvT dro
SvilebTan saurTierTobod. diliT samsaxurSi ise mieC-
qarebaT, rom bavSvebisTvis oriod sityvis Tqmasac ver
axerxeben. roca saRamos saxlSi brundebian, bavSvebs Cveu-
lebriv ukve sZinavT. viRacisgan gamigonia, rom bavSvebi
mamas uZaxian „kacs, romelic dasvenebis dReebSi modis
saxlSi“. mama TiTqmis ar iRebs monawileobas bavSvebis
aRzrdis seriozul saqmeSi, raSic dedasTan erTad diplo-
miani pedagogebic monawileoben. ra Tqma unda, miuxedavad
imisa, rom SvilebTan saurTierTobod cota dro aqvs, ma-
mas uyvars isini. kviraobiT, londonis Raribul raionebSi
xSirad dainaxav rogor seirnoben isini bavSvebTan erTad.
aSkarad etyobaT, rom uxariaT amis saSualeba Tundac
mcire xniT rom miecaT. magram, rogor mniSvnelobasac ar
unda aniWebdes mama am gaseirnebas, bavSvi masSi erTgvar
garTobas xedavs da didad arafrad Tvlis.
maRal klasebSi bavSvebs Cveulebriv ZiZebs azrde-
vineben, Semdeg ki maT daxurul kerZo skolebSi agzavni-
an. ase rom, mamebs didi SesaZlebloba ar aqvT bavSvebis
aRzrdaze gavlena moaxdinon. es gavlena gacilebiT ufro
metia, roca bavSvis mama muSaa. igive SeiZleba iTqvas deda-
sa da Svils Soris kavSirze, romelic bevrad ufro Rrma
da intimuria muSebis ojaxebSi vidre mdidar ojaxebSi.
mdidar mamas ra Tqma unda, meti SesaZlebloba aqvs Svilis
ganaTlebaze meti fuli daxarjos da mas prestiJuli sas-
wavlebeli daamTavrebinos, magram misi intimuri kontaqti
bavSvTan Cveulebriv seriozuli ar aris.
roca bavSvi siWabukis asaks aRwevs, massa da mSoblebs
Soris Cveulebriv konfliqti mwifdeba, radgan is Tvlis,
rom ukve TviTon SeuZlia Tavisi saqmeebi warmarTos. ma-

– 136 –
gram, SeSfoTebuli mSoblebi mas amis nebas ar rTaven.
garda gulwrfeli SeSfoTebisa, amis ukan xandaxan isic
imaleba, rom maT surT TavianTi, rogorc mSoblebis, Za-
laufleba gamoavlinon, siyvaruliT da zrunviT SeniRbu-
li. mozards sxvadasxva saxis moraluri problemebi uCnde-
ba, magram mSoblebi fiqroben, rom es problemebi maT unda
gadaWran. mozardi, romelic xvdeba rogor dogmaturad
da usamarTlod msjeloben isini, iSviaTad ekiTxeba maT
rCevas da amjobinebs Tavisi gziT iaros. Sedegad, gamodis,
rom am etapze mSoblebi mas bevrs verafers exmarebian.
amrigad, Cven ganvixileT is faqtorebi, romlebic
Tanamedrove ojaxs asusteben, axla ki imaze vimsjeloT
ratom aris is jer kidev sicocxlisunariani. Cvens droSi
ojaxi mniSvnelobas mxolod erTi mizezis gamo inarCu-
nebs _ misi wyalobiT adamianebs mSoblis emociebi uCnde-
baT, es ki, rogorc Cans, gacilebiT mniSvnelovania vidre
sxva emociebi, imitom, rom isini maT gabeduli moqmedeb-
isken ubiZgeben. kacebica da qalebic, roca maT bavSve-
bi uCndebaT, TavianT cxovrebas maTi gaTvaliswinebiT
gegmaven. bavSvebis wyalobiT yvelaze Cveulebriv kacebs
da qalebsac ki egoisturi interesebi uqrebaT, yovel
SemTxvevaSi isini Zalian sustdeba. amis magaliTia bavSve-
bis samudamo dazRveva.
asi wlis win adamiani, rogorc warmoebis nawili, po-
litekonomiis wignebSi arasodes ganixileboda rogorc
bavSvebis patroni. am wignebis avtorebs, ra Tqma unda,
dasaSvebad miaCndaT, rom maT SeiZleba Svilebi hyolo-
daT, magram isini eWvmiutanlad Tvlidnen, rom mamas da
vaJiSvils Soris konkurencia ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo.
motivebs sameurneo saqmianobisa, romlebic klasikuri
politikuri ekonomiis centrSi dgas, ra Tqma unda ar Seu-
Zlia axsnas ratom surT adamianebs TavianTi sicocxlis
dazRveva. Tumca, politekonomiam yuradReba unda miaqci-

– 137 –
os saqmianobis fsiqologiur motivebs, ramdenadac saku-
Trebis qonis survili Zlier aris dakavSirebuli mSoblis
grZnobebTan. riversi40 Sors mimaval varaudsac ki akeTebs
imis Sesaxeb, rom kerZo sakuTreba ojaxuri urTierTo-
bebis Sedegia. magaliTad, mas mohyavs Citebis zogierTi
saxeoba, romlebic bartyebis gamoCekis dros teritori-
is garkveul monakveTs isakuTreben. me vfiqrob, bevri
dameTanxmeba, rom sakuTrebis instiqti gansakuTrebiT mZa-
fri xdeba, roca bavSvebi Cndeba. ra Tqma unda, es instinqti
qvecnobierSia Cadebuli da sruliad uneburad mJRavndeba.
swored amitom, TamaSobs ojaxi aseT mniSvnelovan da jer
kidev bolomde gaucnobierebel rols ekonomikis ganvi-
TarebaSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi swored ojaxis interesebi
ubiZgebs adamianebs danazogis gakeTebisaken.
ojaxSi xandaxan gaugebroba warmoiSveba xolme mamasa
da Svilebs Soris. mamam, romelic gamudmebiT daZabulad
Sromobs, SeiZleba uTxras Tavis usaqmur vaJs, rom mTeli
Tavisi cxovreba xariviT muSaobs Tavisi SvilebisaTvis.
vaJi ki kmayofili iqneboda mamamiss axla mcireodeni Tanxa
mieca misTvis da es erCia, vidre is memkvidreoba, romel-
ic odesRac, mamis sikvdilis Semdeg mainc mas darCeboda.
garda amisa, Svilma SeiZleba gaifiqros da iqneb marTalic
iyos, rom mama samsaxurSi Cvevis gamo dadis da ara imis
gamo, rom Svilebze Setkiva guli. da kidev, Svilma Sei-
Zleba gaifiqros, rom mamamisi TvalTmaqci da TaRliTia,
mamam ki mas gunebaSi arafrismaqnis adamianad CaTvlis. ra
Tqma unda aseT SemTxvevaSi Svili mamas usamarTlod epy-
roba. is xedavs rom mamamisi Suaxnis kacia, Camoyalibebu-
li CvevebiT da misTvis Cauwvdomelia is idumali, xandaxan
aracnobieri Zalebi, romelmac mamas es Cvevebi Camouyal-
iba. SesaZloa, is axalgazrdobaSi Zalian Raribi iyo da
roca pirmSo gauCnda, daifica, rom mis Svils arasdros
mouwevda imis gadatana, rac man gadaitana. aseTi gad-

– 138 –
awyvetileba Semdeg, adamianis qcevebis warmmarTveli xde-
ba da aseTi motivis wyalobiT ojaxi mZlavr Zalad iqceva.
Tu ojaxs bavSvis TvaliT davinaxavT naTeli gaxdeba,
rom mxolod mSoblebisgan SeiZleba miiRos man is zrunva
da siyvaruli, romelsac misi debi da Zmebi iReben. es erTi
mxriv kargia, meore mxriv ki _ cudi. me ar minda aq vi-
laparako ojaxis gavlenaze bavSvis fsiqologiasa da misi
xasiaTis Camoyalibebaze. magaliTad, bavSvebi, romlebic
mSoblebis gareSe izrdebian, SeiZleba sxva bavSvebisagan
gansxvavdebodnen rogorc kargi, aseve cudi mxriv. yvela
es sakiTxi momdevno TavSi iqneba ganxiluli.
aristokratiul sazogadoebaSi, iseve, rogorc yve-
la sxvaSi, romelic calkeuli pirebis privilegirebul
mdgomareobas aRiarebs, ojaxs, romlidanac didi adami-
ani gamodis, Tavisi istoria aqvs. cdebi amtkicebs, rom
darvinis gvaris ojaxebidan gamosulebs bevrad ukeT Seu-
ZliaT mecnieruli muSaoba swored am mizezis gamo da
rom es saqme naklebad gamouvidodaT snuksi rom iyvnen
gvarad. vfiqrob, rom gvari dedidan rom modiodes da ara
mamidan, zemoTaRniSnuli efeqti zustad iseTi iqneboda,
rogoric is aris axla. zogadad rom vTqvaT, sruliad
SeuZlebelia Seafaso memkvidreobisa da garemos gavle-
na, magram me darwmunebuli var, rom ojaxuri tradic-
iebi friad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs im movlenebSi,
romelsac galtoni41 da misi moswavleebi memkvidreobiT
xsnian. ojaxuri tradiciis gavlenis magaliTad SeiZleba
samuel batleri42 moviyvanoT, romelmac aracnobieri mex-
sierebis Teoria wamoayena da memkvidreobis neolamarkis-
tuli ideebi ganaviTara. swored ojaxuri tradiciis sak-
iTxebze Caeba is darvinTan diskusiaSi. misi babua mgoni
darvinis babuasTan iyo naCxubari, mamamisi ki, darvinis
mamasTan da isic iZulebuli iyo darvinTan edava. Sede-
gad, bernard Sous piesa „ukan maTusalasken“,43 Tavis fab-

– 139 –
ulas im faqts unda umadlodes, rom darvinis da batl-
eris babuebi gauwonasworebeli adamianebi iyvnen.
SesaZloa, Cvens droSi, roca Casaxvis sawinaaRmde-
go saSualebebi farTod gamoiyeneba, ojaxis umTavresi
mniSvneloba is aris, rom amqveynad bavSvebi gaCndnen. kaci
rom moklebuli iyos SesaZleblobas Tavis Svils qone-
ba dautovos da nazi grZnobebi ar hqondes mis mimarT,
maSin survilic ar eqneboda is gaeCina. SesaZlebelia
ekonomikaSi cvlilebebma iqamde migviyvanos, rom ojax-
is ufrosi mxolod deda gaxdes da bavSvebi mxolod man
gazardos. magram, me aseT ojaxebs ar ganvixilav. aq, mxo-
lod iseT ojaxze vimsjeleb, romelic stabilur qor-
winebas efuZneba. me vfiqrob SeiZleba ise moxdes, rom
kacma ojaxis ufrosis roli mTlianad dakargos, garda
mdidrebis ojaxebisa, Tuki davuSvebT, rom socializmis
dros mdidrebi saerTod iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi dedebs
ziari bavSvebi eyolebaT saxelmwifosTan da ara individ-
ualur mamasTan. qalebi imden bavSvs gaaCenen, ramdensac
moisurveben da mamebs bavSvebze pasuxismgeblobis aRe-
ba ar mouwevT. SemTxveviTi sqesobrivi kavSirebis gamo
saerTod sruliad SeuZlebeli iqneba mamobis dadgena. Tu
saqme ase wava, kacebis fsiqologiasa da qmedebebSi Zalian
Rrma cvlilebebi moxdeba, ufro Rrma, vidre adamianebis
umravlesobam SeiZleba warmoidginos.
piradad me, ver gavbedavdi mevarauda es kargi iqne-
boda Tu cudi. yovel SemTxvevaSi kacis cxovrebaSi aRar
iqneba is mZlavri emocia, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT
mxolod sqesobriv siyvaruls SeiZleba Seedaros. TviT es
grZnobac ufro trivialuri gaxdeba. kacebi dakargaven
imis interss, Tu ra iqneba maTi sikvdilis Semdeg. isini
naklebad aqtiurni gaxdebian da pensiaSic albaT ufro
adre gavlen. maT gauqrebaT interesi istoriis mimarT,
radgan aRar eqnebaT SegrZneba, rom istorias agrZeleben.

– 140 –
amave dros, maTSi gaiRviZebs mxecuri instinqtebi, ro-
goric ki civilizebul adamians SeiZleba gauCndes. risx-
va raRac imis msgavsi, rac TeTrkanians eufleba, roca
cols da Svilebs feradkanianebis Tavdasxmisgan icavs. me
vfiqrob, maT gauqrebaT omis survili da albaT moxveW-
is survilic gauneldebaT. Tumca, Zalian Znelia Seafaso
SesaZlo cvlilebebis kargi da cudi gavlenebi, magram aS-
karaa, rom es gavlena Rrma da Sors mimavali iqneba. Tum-
ca, patriarqaluri ojaxi jer kidev inarCunebs Tavis did
mniSvnelobas, magram saeWvoa, rom es didxans gagrZeldes.

– 141 –
 Tavi XIII

ojaxi da pirovnebis fsiqologia

am TavSi me vapireb ganvixilo is, Tu rogor gavlenas

axdens ojaxuri urTierTobebi pirovnebis xasiaTis Camoy-
alibebaze. es sakiTxi aucilebelia sami mxridan iqnas
gamokvleuli. pirveli _ unda gaviTvaliswinoT ojaxuri
urTierTobebis gavlena bavSvis xasiaTze, meore _ ojaxis
gavlena dedis xasiaTze da mesame, _ aseve ojaxis gavlena
mamis xasiaTze. ra Tqma unda, Zalian Znelia erTi meores
daaSoro da meore mesames, radgan ojaxi erT mTlianobas
warmoadgens da yvelaferi, rac gavlenas axdens mSobleb-
ze, bavSvzec aisaxeba. da mainc, me TiToeul am gavlenas
cal-calke ganvixilav da ra Tqma unda, pirvelidan davi-
wyeb, ramdenadac yoveli Cvengani Tavidan bavSvi iyo da
mSobeli Semdeg gaxda.
Tu froids davujerebT, grZnobebi, romelsac bavSvi
ganicdis ojaxis sxva wevrebis mimarT sakmaod saxifaTo
xasiaTisaa. magaliTad, biWs ezizReba sakuTari mama, rad-
gan is mis mowinaaRmdeges warmoadgens, im grZnobebma, ki,
romelsac is dedis mimarT ganicdis, SeiZleba tradici-
uli moralis momxreebi SeaZrwunos. mas ezizReba Tavisi
debi da Zmebi imis gamo, rom mSoblebi maT did yuradRebas
uTmoben. asakis matebasTan erTad es bundovani grZnobebi
fsiqologiuri anomaliis erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansx-
vavebul da xandaxan saSinel saxes iRebs homoseqsualiz-
midan dawyebuli, uares SemTxvevaSi romeliRac maniamde.

– 142 –
 froidis swavlebas bavSvTa nevrozebis Sesaxeb iseTi
didi Soki ar gamouwvevia, rogoric mosalodneli iyo,
Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom zogierTi profesori, romel-
mac misi azrebi gaiziara samsaxurebidan gaaTavisufles,
britaneTis policiam ki Tavisi Taobis erT-erTi yvelaze
saukeTeso adamianis deporti moaxdina, imis gamo, rom is am
moZRvrebis propagandas eweoda. rogorc Cans qristianuli
asketizmis zemoqmedeba gonebaze imdenad didia, rom seqsze
froidis SexedulebiT Sokirebulma adamianebma, bavSvebis
nevrozze froidis swavlebas yuradReba ar miaqcies.
ra Tqma unda, aucilebelia SevecadoT miukerZoeblad,
crurwmenebis gareSe ganvsajoT ramdenad sworia froid-
is Sexeduleba bavSvTa emociebTan dakavSirebiT. daviwyeb
iqidan, rom ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi me
mqonda saSualeba patara bavSvebs davkvirvebodi, ramac
im azramde mimiyvana, rom froidis Sexedulebebi gac-
ilebiT axloa WeSmaritebasTan, vidre manamde vfiqrobdi.
da mainc, me adrindeburad vTvli, rom froidis Teoria
simarTlis mxolod erTi mxarea da rom nevrozebi, rom-
elzec is laparakobs advilad SeiZleba daiZlios Tu mS-
oblebi sakmaris saR azrs gamoiCenen.
modiT, jer oidiposis kompleqsi ganvixiloT. SevniS-
navT, rom patara bavSvebis seqsualoba sakmaod Zlierad
vlindeba da froidamde amas yuradReba aravin ar miaq-
cia. Cemi azriT, patarebis ltolva sawinaaRmdego sqesi-
sadmi kidev ufro metad SesamCnevia, vidre amis Sesaxeb
froidi werda. am sakiTxSi gauTviTcnobierebelma dedam
SeiZleba uneburad, winaswari ganzraxvis gareSe, bavSvis
seqsualuri grZnoba gamoiwvios, rac, rogorc froidi mi-
uTiTebda, SesaZloa mZime nevrozis mizezad iqces. magram,
aseTi ram bevrad naklebad mosalodnelia, Tu dedas nor-
maluri sqesobrivi cxovreba aqvs da bavSvSi Tavisi dauk-
mayofilebeli survilis emociur kompensacias ar eZebs.

– 143 –
mSoblis instinqti, misi wminda saxiT, bavSvze zrunvamde
daiyvaneba da mas ar unda Seerios arasaTanado emociebis
uneburi moTxovna bavSvis mxridan. Tu qali Tavs bedni-
erad grZnobs, is bunebrivad ikavebs Tavs Tavis vaJiSvilSi
arasaTanado emociebi ar aRZras mis mimarT. amitom, bed-
nieri qali ukeTesi deda iqneba, vidre ubeduri. Tumca,
yovelTvis Tavs bednierad vercerTi qali ver grZnobs,
amitom, roca cudi periodi udgas, aucilebelia moax-
erxos zedmeti yuradReba ar moiTxovos bavSvis mxridan.
TviTkontrolis am xarisxis miRweva Zneli ar aris, magram
adre, ver acnobierebdnen ra ramdenad saWiro iyo amis
gakeTeba, miaCndaT, rom deda sruliad marTebulad iqce-
va, roca Tavisi bavSvebi mudmivad zedmeti siyvarulis da
sinazis atmosferoSi hyavs.
bavSvis ltolva sawinaaRmdego sqesisadmi bunebrivi,
janmrTeli da uvnebelia, Tu is mimarTulia misive asakis
bavSvis mimarT. aseTi formiT is TamaSis nawilia da rogorc
cnobilia TamaSi mzadebaa saqmianobebisaTvis, romelTa ga-
keTeba mas momavalSi mouwevs. saerTod, sami-oTxi wlis
asakSi bavSvi aucilebelia ara mxolod da-Zmebis kompaniaSi
iyos, aramed, daaxloebiT misive asakis, orive sqesis sxva
bavSvebis kompaniaSic. amis wyalobiT, Tanamedrove pata-
ra ojaxis sakmaod CaxuTul atmosferoSi Setanil iqneba
ingredienti, romelic ase aucilebelia am asakis bavSvis
janmrTeli ganviTarebisaTvis.
magram, saqme is aris, rom ara mxolod dedas SeuZlia
bavSvSi arasasurveli emociebi aRZras. es SeiZleba gaakeTos
msaxurma gogom, ZiZam, mogvianebiT skolis maswavleblebma,
romlebic ufro saxifaTonic ki arian, vinaidan rogorc
wesi seqsualur SimSils ganicdian. samwuxarod ganaTleb-
is dargSi avtoritetuli pirebi fiqroben, rom bavSvebs
Sinaberebma unda aswavlon. es mxolod imas amtkicebs, es
adamianebi ramdenad umecarni arian fsiqologiaSi, anu ra
cota ram ician maT bavSvis emociuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.

– 144 –
 sakuTari debisa da Zmebisadmi eWvianoba ojaxSi sak-
maod Cveulebrivi movlenaa. mogvianebiT, mowiful asakSi,
zog SemTxvevaSi, is SeiZleba mkvlelobis Cadenisken mani-
akalur swrafvaSi, an naklebad seriozul nerviul daa-
vadebaSi gadaizardos. Zneli ar aris eWvianobis grZnobis
gaCenas xeli SeuSalo, Tu mSoblebi, an isini vinc bavSve-
bis aRzrdiT arian dakavebuli, wesad daideben sakuTari
Tavi akontrolon roca bavSvebTan imyofebian. ar SeiZle-
ba romelime maTgans gamorCeulad moeqce. xazgasmiT unda
iyos daculi Tanasworoba da samarTlianoba yvelaferSi,
rac Seexeba saTamaSoebs da saCuqrebs. TiToeuls Tana-
bari yuradReba unda mieqces. Tu ojaxSi kidev erTi
bavSvi gaCnda, saWiroa zrunva imaze, rom sxva bavSvebs
ar gauCndeT grZnoba, TiTqos isini naklebad sasurveli
gaxdnen TavianTi mSoblebisaTvis. Cemi azriT, am ubra-
lo saSualebebs xSirad ugulebelyofen, rasac xSirad
bavSvebis Zlieri eWvianoba mosdevs.
axla, Cven vilaparakebT garkveul pirobebze, romelTa
dacva aucilebelia imisTvis, rom ojaxis fsiqologiuri
zemoqmedeba bavSvis ganviTarebaze mTlianad janmrTe-
li iyos. pirvel rigSi, mSoblebs, gansakuTrebiT dedas,
normaluri sqesobrivi cxovreba unda hqondes. mSoblebi
unda eridon bavSvSi seqsualobasTan dakavSirebuli emo-
ciebis gaRviZebas. Tu ojaxSi ramdenime bavSvia, TiToeul
maTgans Tanabari yuradRebiT da keTilad unda moepyron.
sami-oTxi wlis miRwevis Semdeg bavSvi sul saxlSi ar
unda iyos, is sakmaod did dros unda atarebdes Tavisi
Tanatolebis garemocvaSi. Tu yvela es piroba daculi
iqneba, froidis mier aRwerili bavSvTa nervozebis war-
moSoba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.
meore mxriv, sruliad ueWvelia aseve isic, rom mSobleb-
isgan mofereba da zrunva yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTval-
iswinebiT, Zalian keTilismyofel gavlenas axdens bavSvis

– 145 –
ganviTarebaze. dedis alerss moklebuli bavSvebi xSirad
gamxdrebi da nerviulebi arian da zogjer kleptomania
uviTardebaT. Tu bavSvi grZnobs, rom mSoblebs uyvarT,
is myarad grZnobs Tavs Cvens saxifaTo samyaroSi da ar
eSinia eqsperimentebisa, roca cdilobs garemomcvel sam-
yaros gaecnos. ded-mamisgan zrunva da mofereba aucile-
belia bavSvis fsiqikuri janmrTelobisaTvis, imitom, rom
instinqturad acnobierebs ra Tavis umweobas, mas Zalian
sWirdeba mSoblebis mxardaWera da dacva. bavSvi janmrTeli
da bednieri, uSiSari da keTili rom gaizardos, aucilebe-
lia mas Tbilad da gagebiT epyrobodnen, rac mxolod maSin
xdeba, roca mSoblebs TavianTi Svili uyvarT.
aris kidev erTi moTxovna, romelsac mSoblebi aqamde
TiTqmis ver acnobierebdnen, magram rac gonierma ded-
mamam unda gaakeTos. isini bavSvebs maTTvis misawvdomi
formiT unda elaparakon seqsTan da bavSvebis gaCenas-
Tan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze. roca bavSvi gaacnobierebs,
rom sqesobrivi urTierToba sasiyvarulo urTierTobaa
mis mSoblebs Soris, romlis wyalobiTac is qveyanas mo-
evlina, es iqneba yvelaze gonivruli sqesobrivi aRzr-
da, romliTac bavSvi am aqtis biologiuri miznis Sesax-
ebac gaigebs. odesRac, bavSvebi skabrezuli xumrobebis
saSualebiT igebdnen sqesTa Soris urTierTobis Sesax-
eb, rogorc raRac uxamsTan dakavSirebul siamovnebis
wyaroze. Sedegad, maT uyalibdebodaT waruSleli STabe-
Wdileba, romelic SeuZlebels xdida normalur damok-
idebulebas yvelaferTan, rac seqss ukavSirdeboda.
SevecadoT, vupasuxoT kiTxvas, _ arsebobs Tu ara Tan-
amedrove ojaxuri urTierTobebis alternativa? aSkaraa,
rom aseTi mxolod oria. pirveli _ es aris matriarqaluri
ojaxi da meore _ sazogadoebrivi instituti, raRac obol-
Ta TavSesafris msgavsi. es SesaZleblobebi realobad rom
iqces, Zalian seriozuli cvlilebebi unda moxdes ekono-

– 146 –
mikur urTierTobebSi. vTqvaT, aseTi cvlilebebi moxda da
vimsjeloT imaze, Tu realizebuli alternativebi rogor
zegavlenas moaxdenen bavSvis fsiqologiaze.
daviwyoT matriarqaluri ojaxiT, an iseTi ojaxiT,
romelSic mSoblis funqcias mxolod qali Seasrulebs,
iyoliebs imden Svils, ramdensac TviTon moisurvebs da
ar moelis, rom mama monawileobas miiRebs bavSvis aRzr-
daSi. da saerTod, SeiZleba arCios mis bavSvebs sxvadasxva
mama hyavdes. vTqvaT, ekonomikuri urTierTobebi saSuale-
bas aZleven aseT ojaxs iarsebos da davsvaT SekiTxva, Tu
rogor gavlenas moaxdens aseTi ojaxi bavSvze. aq Cndeba
aseve kiTxva: aris Tu ara sasargeblo bavSvis fsiqikuri
janmrTelobisaTvis is, rom mas mama hyavs? me vfiqrob, rom
yvelaze didi sargebloba is aris, rasac yvelaze iSviaTad
axseneben. kerZod, Tu sqesobrivi urTierToba ganuyrelad
aris dakavSirebuli col-qmrul siyvarulTan da bavSvebis
aRzrda. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT Cvilobis periods,
bavSvis ganviTarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs icodes
kacis, iseve rogorc qalis Sexedulebebi cxovrebaze da
mis problemebze. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania biWeb-
is inteleqtualuri ganviTarebisaTvis. amave dros, me ar
daviJinebdi, rom es sasargeblo mxare Zalian mniSvnelova-
nia. ramdenadac vici, bavSvebi, romelTac mama pataraobi-
sas gardaecvalaT, gonebrivi ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT
sxva bavSvebisgan ar gansxvavdebian. ra Tqma unda, ide-
aluri mama ukeTesia, vidre umamoba, magram umetes SemTx-
vevaSi mamebi imdenad Sors arian idealisgan, rom bavS-
visTvis mamis aryola SeiZleba ukeTesic iyos.
yvelaferi, rac zemoT iTqva, gulisxmobda, rom ukve
Camoyalibebulia Cvevebi da urTierTobebi, sruliad gansx-
vavebuli imisgan, rac dRes arsebobs. am normebis darRve-
va bavSvSi Zlier gancdebs iwvevs, ramdenadac man ar icis
rogor gaarTvas Tavi ucnaur da SiSismomgvrel situa-

– 147 –
cias. amis magaliTad SeiZleba ganqorwineba moviyvanoT.
bavSvisTvis, romelsac orive mSobeli uyvars da rom-
lisTvisac erTic da meorec mniSvnelovania, ganqorwineba
iTvleba katastrofad, romlis Semdeg Tavs usafrTxod
veRar grZnobs. gasakviri ar aris, rom mas aseT situaci-
aSi sxvadasxva saxis fobiebi da nevrozebi uCndeba. ician
ra, rom bavSvs Tanabrad Zlier uyvars orive mSobeli,
mSoblebi ganqorwinebiT uzarmazar pasuxismgeblobas iRe-
ben TavianT Tavze. me vfiqrob, rom sazogadoeba, romelSic
mama ojaxis wevrad ar miiCneva, ukeTesia bavSvis fsiqikuri
janmrTelobisaTvis, vidre is, sadac ganqorwineba xSiria,
miuxedavad imisa, rom gamonaklis SemTxvevad Tvlian.
me ar vimsjeleb platonis winadadebaze, rom bavSvi de-
disgan da mamisgan gancalkevebiT unda cxovrobdes. im miz-
ezebis gamo, romelzec zemoT vilaparake, me mimaCnia, rom
bavSvis ganviTarebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania mSobleb-
is siyvaruls grZnobdes. SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom erTi
mSobelic sakmarisia, magram es mainc dasanani SemTxveva
iqneboda. sqesTa Soris urTierTobis moralis normebis
TvalsazrisiT, mamis monawileoba ojaxis cxovrebaSi uki-
duresad mniSvnelovania. amave dros, isic unda iTqvas,
rom es sasargeblo mxolod xelsayreli pirobebis SemTx-
vevaSi iqneba. im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu mamas midrekileba aqvs
skandalebisken, ubralo mizezis gamo gamodis wonasworo-
bidan da cdilobs yvelas is gaakeTebinos, rasac TviTon
Tvlis saWirod, misi monawileoba ufro met zians moitans,
vidre sargeblobas. Tu bavSvis fsiqikuri janmrTelobis
mxriv SevxedavT, ojaxis cxovrebaSi mamis monawileobis
aucileblobis dacva Zneli iqneba.
dedis fsiqikuri janmrTelobis TvalsazrisiT, Zalian
Znelia Seafaso mniSvneloba im ojaxisa, romelic Cvens
droSi arsebobs. me vfiqrob, qals fexmZimobisa da laqtac-

– 148 –
iis periodSi instinqturi moTxovnileba aqvs gverdiT
hyavdes mamakaci, romelic daicavs mas da izrunebs masze.
eWvi ar aris, rom am instinqts Rrma fesvebi aqvs da adami-
anis warmoSobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. Cvens mkacr droSi
qalebs aqvT tendencia kacis meurveobisgan gaTavisufld-
nen, ramac SeiZleba isini agresiuli da TviTdajerebuli
gaxados. Tumca es grZnobebi mxolod nawilobriv aris in-
stinqturi. isini SeiZleba mniSvnelovanwilad Sesustdes,
an saerTod gaqres Tu saxelmwifo sakuTar Tavze aiRebs
fexmZime, meZuZur qalebsa da bavSvebze zrunvas.
me vfiqrob, rom kacis CamoSoreba ojaxuri keridan
qals mxolod zians moutans, radgan amis Sedegi iqneba
is, rom mamakacTan maT urTierTobaSi gaqreba intimuroba
da seriozuloba. adamianebi ise arian Seqmnili, rom Ti-
Toeul sqess meorisgan bevri ram SeuZlia iswavlos, ma-
gram mxolod sqesobrivi urTierToba, maSinac ki, roca
is Zlier vnebiania, ar aris sakmarisi am gakveTilebisaT-
vis. urTierTdaxmareba bavSvebis movlis da aRzrdis se-
riozul saqmeSi, Semdeg ki xangrZlivi cxovreba erTad
megobrobis da urTierTgagebis atmosferoSi, meuRleebs
Soris kavSirs gacilebiT mniSvnelovans da Rirebuls
xdis, vidre is aris maSin, roca kacsa da qals bavSvebi ar
hyavT. me vfiqrob, Tu qali mxolod qalTa sazogadoebaSi
itrialebs da kacebTan mxolod trivialuri urTierTo-
bebi eqneba, ver SeZlebs bavSvi ise aRzardos, rogorc amas
moaxerxebda qorwinebaSi myofi bednieri deda, romelic
qmrisgan daxmarebas da rCevebs iRebs.
Tumca, SeiZleba yovelive zemoTqmuls sxvanairadac
SevxedoT. Tu qali qorwinebaSi Zalian ubeduria, es ki
arcTu iSviaTad xdeba, SegrZneba, rom misi ojaxuri cx-
ovreba ar Sedga Tavis anabeWds tovebs bavSvebTan mis
urTierTobaze. mas uWirs sulieri wonasworobis dac-
va, rac ase aucilebelia bavSvis sworad aRzrdisaTvis.

– 149 –
udaoa, rom misTvis, da aseve bavSvebisTvisac, ukeTesi
iqneba Tu is qmars gaSordeba. da Cven sruliad trivia-
lur daskvnamde mivediT: bednieri qorwineba kargia, uiR-
blo qorwineba ki cudi.
pirovnebis fsiqologiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sak-
iTxia is, Tu ra gavlenas axdens ojaxuri cxovreba kacis
fsiqologiaze, anu mamis fsiqologiaze. Cven ukve vnaxeT
rogori fsiqologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs mamobis grZnobas
da masTan dakavSirebul emociebs. vnaxeT rogori roli
iTamaSa mamobis grZnobam civilizaciis pirvel saukuneeb-
Si, roca patriarqaluri ojaxi gaCnda da qalebi kacebis
daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. Tu odesRac
mamobrivi grZnoba batonobda sxva danarCen grZnobebsa
da emociebze, axla, jerjerobiT gaurkveveli mizezebiT,
civilizebul sazogadoebaSi, es grZnoba iseTi Zlieri
aRar aris. Tu mdidari patriciebis drois romis imperia-
Si is Zalian Sesustda, Cveni drois inteleqtualebs ukve
saerTod aRar aqvT. da mainc, Tanamedrove civilizebul
sazogadoebaSi es grZnoba Zalian Rrmad aris gamjdari
kacebis did umravlesobaSi. ara seqsis gulisTvis, sqeso-
brivi moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba xom qorwinebis gare-
Sec SeiZleba, aramed am Zlieri grZnobis gamo qorwindeba
kaci. aris azri, rom Svilis yolis survili ufro qa-
lebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, vidre mamakacebisaTvis,
magram, Cemi azriT, saqme swored piriqiT aris. Tanamed-
rove qorwinebebis umravlesobaSi qali umetesad dahyveba
xolme mamakacis daJinebul Txovnas Svili iyolion.
da es advili asaxsnelia. qals xom bavSvis mucliT
tareba mouwevs mTeli cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi, Semdeg
mSobiarobis tkivilebi, ramac SeiZleba mis garegnoba-
ze imoqmedos. kacs ki es uSualod ar exeba. Tu kacs ar
surs meti bavSvi iyolios, es Cveulebriv xelmokleobiT
aixsneba. ufulobam SeiZleba qalis gadawyvetilebazec

– 150 –
moaxdinos gavlena, magram mas Cveulebriv sxva mizezebi
aqvs. is, Tu ramdenad Zlierad surs kacs bavSvebi hyavdes,
iqidanac Cans Tu rogor msxverplze midis is finansuri
TvalsazrisiT, oRond ki Tavis Svilebs misces Sesaferisi
ganaTleba, iseTi, rogorsac aucilebalad Tvlis is kla-
si, romelsac is ekuTvnis.
Casaxavdnen Tu ara kacebi bavSvebs Tu maT ecodine-
bodaT, rom ar eqnebodaT mamobis is uflebebi, romelic
axla aqvT? zogierTi CaTvlis, rom Tu pasuxismgebloba
ar eqnebodaT, kacebi Svilebs ganurCevlad gaaCendnen.
dawmunebuli var, rom es ase ar aris. kaci, romelsac surs
bavSvi eyolos, sixaruliT aiRebs pasuxismgeblobas mis
movlasa da aRzrdaze. da saerTod, bavSvis gaCena Cvens
droSi, roca Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebi far-
Todaa gavrcelebuli, ar SeiZleba wuTieri siamovnebis
Sedegi iyos. ra Tqma unda, rac ar unda kanonebi miiRon
qorwinebasa da ojaxze, kacsa da qals sruli ufleba aqvT
erTad icxovron da am pirobebSi kacs SeuZlia sruliad
daikmayofilos Tavisi mamobrivi grZnobebi. magram, Tu
kanoniT da CveulebebiT Camoyalibebulia Sexeduleba, rom
bavSvebi mxolod dedas ekuTvnis, qalebi yvelafers, iseT
qorwinebasTan miaxloebuls, rogoric is dRes aris, CaTv-
lian TavianTi damoukideblobis xelyofad da uflebebis
CamorTmevad sruli Zalaufleba hqondeT TavianT bavSve-
bze. naTelia, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi kacebi ver SeZleben
daarwmunon qalebi kanonieri ufleba dauTmon bavSvebze.
imis Sesaxeb, Tu aseTi samarTlebrivi sistema rogor
gavlenas moaxdens kacebis fsiqologiaze, raRac ukve
iTqva wina TavSi. me darwmunebuli var, rom es sistema
kacebisa da qalebis urTierTobas seriozulobas daukar-
gavs. TiToeuli ecdeba mxolod siamovneba miiRos da ar
Cafiqrdeba imaze, rom maTi damokidebuleba sulis, goneb-
is da sxeulis intimuri kavSiria. yvelaferi, rac adamia-
nur simaRlesTan aris dakavSirebuli Cveulebriv uxamso-

– 151 –
bad gadaiqceva. kacebisTvis ucxo gaxdeba grZnobebi da
swrafvebi, romlebic maT ubiZgebdnen karieris gakeTeb-
isken, TavianTi samSoblos samsaxurisken da sxva, ara au-
cileblad egoisturi miznebisken.
Tumca, unda SevniSnoT, rom yvelaferi rac iTqva
metismetad zogadia. kacebi xom erTmaneTisagan Zalian
gansxvavdebian da is, rac erTisTvis mZime akrZalva iqneba,
meoresTvis SeiZleba saerTod arafers niSnavdes. me Camo-
miyalibda azri, Tumca ki erTgvarad vyoymanob, roca amas
vambob, rom sazogadoebidan mamobis grZnobis saerTod
gaqroba kacis cxovrebas uxamssa da mwirs gaxdis da sul
ufro da ufro mzard mowyenilobas da sasowarkveTilebas
gamoiwvevs. masTan erTad TandaTanobiT sruliad gaqreba
STamomavlobis gaCenis unari da adamianTa is rasa, romel-
ic am seniT daavaddeba, dedamiwaze adgils dauTmobs sxva
rasas, romelic SeinarCunebs Tavisi tradiciebs. Tumca,
mosaxleobis SemcirebasTan brZola SesaZlebeli iqneba qa-
lebisTvis iseTi daxmarebis gaweviT, rac sakmarisi iqneba
bavSvebis movlisaTvis. me vfiqrob, rom es SeiZleba arc-
Tu Soreul momavalSi gakeTdes, ramdenadac militarizmi
kidev ufro gaZlierdeba, vidre axlaa. mosaxleobis raode-
nobis sakiTxs ki erT-erT momaval TavSi ganvixilavT.

– 152 –
 Tavi XIV

ojaxi da saxelmwifo

rogorc viciT, ojaxs biologiuri safuZveli aqvs,

magram civilizebul sazogadoebaSi is regulirdeba kan-
onis muxlebiT, romlebSic detaluradaa gansazRvruli
mSoblebis uflebebi TavianTi Svilebis mimarT. Tu qor-
wineba daregistrirebuli ar aris, mamas araviTari ufleba
ara aqvs Tavis Svilebze da isini mTlianad dedis meurve-
obis qveS imyofebian. Tumca, kanoni valdebulia ojaxis
SenarCunebas cdilobdes, Cvens droSi is sul ufro xSirad
ereva mSoblebisa da Svilebis urTierTobaSi da miuxeda-
vad kanonmdeblebis survilebis da zraxvebisa, ise gamodis,
rom kanoni ojaxis rRvevis erT-erTi mTavari faqtori
xdeba. aseTi situacia Seiqmna sazogadoebrivi azris gamo,
romelic moiTxovs, rom cud mSoblebs unda aekrZaloT
TavianTi bavSvebis aRzrda. magram, kanoni da saxelmwifo
ara mxolod maSin ereva ojaxis cxovrebaSi, roca mSoblebi
cudia, aramed maSinac, roca isini imdenad Raribebi arian,
rom bavSvebs SimSiliT sikvdili emuqrebaT.
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi fabrikebSi bavSvebis Sromis
akrZalvis kanonis miRebas seriozuli winaaRmdegoba Sex-
vda im safuZvelze, TiTqos misi miReba mSoblebis pasux-
ismgeblobas Seasustebda. Tumca, inglisis kanonmdebloba
mSoblebs ukrZalavda, iseve, rogorc Zvel romSi, bavSve-
bis swrafad da umtkivneulod mokvlas, is winaaRmdegi ar

– 153 –
iyo, Tu mSoblebi Svilebs fabrikaSi samuSaod gaagzavnid-
nen, sadac isini neli sikvdiliT kvdebodnen. mSoblis am
wminda uflebas maSin TviTon mSoblebi, damqiraveblebi da
ekonomistebi icavdnen. magram, sazogadoebis moraluri
suliskveTeba imdenad maRali iyo, rom yvela aRaSfoTa
kanonis mowinaaRmdegeebis gaugebarma argumentebma da is
male miRebul iqna parlamentis mier.
meore da ufro mniSvnelovani nabiji iZulebiTi swav-
lis Semotana iyo. es mSoblebis uflebebis seriozul
darRvevad CaiTvala, ramdenadac bavSvebs drois didi naw-
ili yovelRe, gamosasvleli dReebis garda, skolaSi unda
gaetarebinaT da SeeswavlaT sagnebi, romlebic, mSobleb-
is azriT, saWiro ar iyo, magram romelsac saxelmwifo
aucileblad Tvlida. saxelmwifom sakuTar Tavze aiRo
bavSvebis janmrTelobaze zrunva, miuxedavad imisa, rom
maTi mSoblebi qristianuli mecnierebis44 mimdevrebi iyv-
nen. gonebrivad CamorCenili bavSvebisaTvis specialuri
skolebi gaixsna. bavSvebs SesaZlebloba miecaT skola-
Si eWamaT. maT tansacmliT da fexsacmliTac ki uzrun-
velyofdnen Tu maTi mSoblebi imdenad Raribebi iyvnen,
rom yidva ar SeeZloT. Tu bavSvebs cemis kvali aRmoaC-
ndebodaT, maTi mSoblebis winaaRmdeg SeiZleboda sisx-
lis samarTlis saqme aRZruliyo. adre mSoblebs ufleba
hqondaT SvilisTvis waerTmiaT maT mier naSovni fuli
Tu isini arasrulwlovanebi iyvnen. axla bavSvebs ufle-
ba aqvT maTi fuli mSoblebs ar miscen. praqtikulad es
Zneli misaRwevi iyo. maT garkveul garemoebebSi Tavian-
Ti uflebebis dacvis saSualebac ki gauCndaT. erT-erTi
im mcireoden uflebaTagan, romelic im mSoblebs darCaT
qiriT rom muSaoben, is aris, rom aswavlon bavSvebs is
crurwmenebi da dromoWmuli Sexedulebebi, romelTac
bevri maTgani da maTi mezobeli iziarebs. Tumca, bevr
qveyanaSi mSoblebs es uflebac CamoarTves.

– 154 –
 saxelmwifos mier mamis uflebebis uzurpaciis am
process bolo ar uCans. is ara mxolod mamebs, aramed
dedebsac arTmevs funqciebs, romelTa SesrulebisTvis
mama muSaobda, rom Semosavali hqonoda. Tumca, maRal da
saSualo klasebSi es procesi TiTqmis ar aris SesamCnevi,
rac imas niSnavs, rom mamis uflebebi da ojaxuri ur-
TierTobebis simtkice am fenebSi jerac urRvevia qir-
iT momuSave klasisgan gansxvavebiT. iq, sadac social-
izmis ideebi seriozulad iTvleba, rogorc magaliTad
sabWoTa kavSirSi, sasicocxlod aucileblad iqna miCneu-
li dangreva ganaTlebis mTeli sistemisa, romelic war-
sulSi mdidari ojaxebis Svilebze iyo gaTvlili. Zneli
warmosadgenia, rom britaneTSi SeiZleba raRac msgavsi
moxdes. maxsovs, ramdenime ingliseli socialisti ro-
gor gaacofa winadadebam, rom maT bavSvebs sayovelTao
savaldebulo skolebSi eswavlaT. „rao? _ erTxmad dai-
yvires maT, _ Cveni bavSvebi sazogadoebis fskerze mcx-
ovrebTa Svilebis gverdiT unda dasxdnen? _ es arasodes
ar moxdeba!“ ucnauria, rom swored specialistebi arian
axlomxedvelebi da ver xedaven ra Rrma ufskruli hyofs
klasebis ganaTlebis sistemaze Sexedulebebs.
bavSvebis janmrTelobis da aRzrdis sakiTxebSi didi
mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebriv azrs, romelmac SeiZle-
ba zewola moaxdinos saxelmwifoze. magaliTad, sazoga-
doebas SeeZlo Zalian bevri ram gaekeTebina londonis
raionebSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis pirobebis gaumjobesebaSi,
sadac Raribebi cxovroben da qveynis CrdiloeTiT sam-
rewvelo raionebSi, sadac bavSvebis umravlesoba raqiti-
Taa daavadebuli. TviTon mSoblebs, miuxedavad mxur-
vale survilisa, ar ZaluZT am problemas Tavi gaarTvan,
ramdenadac aq saWiroa radikalurad Seicvalos cxovre-
bis pirobebi da aseve garemo (bavSvebs xom sufTa haeri
sWirdebaT da ara WuWyiani garemo, isini kargad unda

– 155 –
ikvebebodnen). ra Tqma unda, gulqva da sastiki unda iyos
adamiani, rom uyuros rogor nadgurdeba patara bavSvebis
janmrTeloba da araferi gaakeTos imisTvis, rom Secva-
los es mdgomareoba medicinisa da higienis Tanamedrove
saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.
Tumca, yvela winadadeba, romlebic am raionebSi cx-
ovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebiskenaa mimarTuli, Zlier
winaaRmdegobas xvdeba maRali klasebis warmomadgenlebis
mxridan. londonis yovel olqSi es xalxi erTiandeba im-
isTvis, rom qiriT momuSaveTaTvis satarifo ganakveT-
ebi Seamciron. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, isini cdilo-
ben kidev ufro gaauareson Rarib-RatakTa mdgomareoba.
roca poplarSi45 qalaqis xelisuflebam efeqturi zomebi
miiRo bavSvTa sikvdilianobis SemcirebisaTvis, am „danaSau-
lis“ Camdenebi cixeSi moxvdnen. ra Tqma unda, mdidreb-
is winaaRmdegoba TandaTan daZleul iqneba da Raribebis
janmrTelobaze sul ufro mets izruneben. vfiqrob, Seg-
viZlia darwmunebulni viyoT, rom Zalian axlo momavalSi
saxelmwifo daxmarebas gauzrdis bavSvebsa da Raribebs da
amiT, kidev ufro metad aiRebs sakuTar Tavze bavSvis mamis
funqciebs. Cven ukve vTqviT, rom mamis biologiuri fun-
qciaa daicvas Svilebi maTi cxovrebis im periodSi roca
isini umweoebi arian. Tuki saxelmwifo am biologiur fun-
qcias sakuTar Tavze iRebs, mamis ojaxSi yofnis aucile-
bloba aRar aris. amdenad, unda velodoT, rom kapitalis-
turi sazogadoeba or nawilad daiyofa: mdidrebis kastad,
romelSic ojaxi Tavis tradiciul formas SeinarCunebs da
Raribebis kastad, sadac saxelmwifo sul ufro da ufro
metad aiRebs sakuTar Tavze funqcias, romelic tradici-
ulad mamas ekuTvnoda.
Cven gakvirvebiT vadevnebdiT Tvals sabWoTa ruseTSi
momxdar cvlilebebs qorwinebasa da ojaxTan dakavSire-
biT. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom qveynis
mosaxleobis oTxmocdaaT procents Seadgenen glexebi,

– 156 –
romelTa ojaxebi iseTive myaria, rogoric dasavleT
evropis qveynebSi iyo Sua saukuneebSi, mosalodnelia,
rom eqsperimenti, romlis Catarebas komunistebi apire-
ben qalaqis mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawils Seexos.
amdenad, imis sapirispirod rac kapitalistur qveyneb-
Si xdeba, sabWoTa ruseTSi ojaxia maRal fenebSi, dabal
fenebSi ki is ucvleli rCeba.
meore Zala, romelic imave mimarTulebiT moqmedebs,
qalebis swrafvaa damoukideblobisaken. aqamde, politi-
kurad aqtiuri qalebis didi umravlesoba gauTxovari
iyo, magram aseTi mdgomareoba didxans ar gagrZelde-
ba. inglisSi „cudad“ gaTxovil qalebs ufro seriozu-
li problemebi aqvT vidre gauTxovrebs. maswavlebels,
romelic daqorwindeba, iseve cudad eqcevian, rogorc
maswavlebels, romelic Riad cxovrobs codvaSi. meani
da ginekologi qali aucileblad gauTaxovari unda iyos.
amis motivi is ki ar aris TiTqos gaTxovili qali saTana-
dod kargad ver asrulebs Tavis samuSaos da arc is, rom
kanoni krZalavs samsaxurSi gaTxovili qalis miRebas _
piriqiT, amas winaT, miRebuli iqna kanoni, romlis Tanax-
mad gaTxovil qalebs samsaxurSi miRebasTan dakavSirebiT
araviTari problema ar unda SeeqmnaT _ ubralod kacebi
jer kidev cdiloben qalebze Zalauflebis SenarCunebas.
ar unda vifiqroT, rom qalebi didxans Seeguebian aseT
tiranias, Tumca maT mxares arcerTi partia ar daikavebs.
konservatorebi ojaxur keras icaven, leiboristebi _ mu-
SaTa klass. magram, ramdenadac qalebi axla amomrCevel-
Ta umetes nawils Seadgenen, ar unda velodoT, rom isini
Tanaxma iqnebian aseT mdgomareobaSi darCnen. Tu maTi
moTxovnebi gaTvaliswinebul iqneba, ojaxTan dakavSire-
bul sakiTxebSi didi cvlilebebi moxdeba.
arsebobs ori gza, romliTac qalebs SeuZliaT ekono-
mikur damoukideblobas miaRwion. pirveli is aris, rom
daqorwinebis Semdegac ganagrZon muSaoba iq, sadac manam-

– 157 –
de iyvnen dakavebuli. am SemTxvevaSi, aucilebeli iqneba
didi raodenobiT sabavSvo baRebis gaxsna, sadac bavSvebs
datoveben im periodis ganmavlobaSi, sanam maTi dedebi
samuSaoze iqnebian. es imas niSnavs, rom dedebis gavlena
bavSvebis fsiqologiur ganviTarebaze Semcirdeba iseve,
rogorc mamis gavlena. meore gza SeiZleba is iyos, rom
saxelmwifom dedebs finansuri daxmareba gauwios bavSve-
bis movlaSi. aseTi daxmareba droebiTi iqneboda, radgan
garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg, im droisTvis, roca
bavSvi sami-oTxi wlis gaxdeba, qali SeZlebs daubrundes
Tavis samuSao adgils. meore gzis upiratesoba is aris,
rom misi wyalobiT qali TviTon SeZlebs Tavis bavSvze
izrunos. dabolos, unda vaRiaroT, rom Cvens droSi bavS-
vis amqveynad movlineba mxolod seqsualuri siamovnebis
Sedegi ki ar aris, aramed gacnobierebuli pasuxismgeblo-
bis aqtia. bavSvebi saxelmwifos aranakleb sWirdeba, vidre
mSoblebs da amitom, is valdebulia daexmaros bavSvian
ojaxebs da bedis anabarad ar miatovos isini. bevri, ac-
nobierebs ra amis aucileblobas, daxmarebis gawevas iTx-
ovs ojaxebisTvis, magram, maT unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom
es daxmareba bavSvebis movlas sWirdeba da amitom, dedas
unda mieces. darwmunebuli var, rom muSaTa klasis femin-
istebi adre Tu gvian imave daskvnamde mivlen da Sesabami-
si kanoni miRebul iqneba.
kanonis miRebis SemTxvevaSi rCeba misi gamoyenebis sak-
iTxi, ramac SeiZleba mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonios ojax-
is moralur klimatze. magaliTad, kanoni SeiZleba moiTx-
ovdes, rom qals daxmareba ar gaewios Tu mas bavSvi sxva
kacisgan SeeZina da ara qmrisgan. ufro metic, kanoni Sei-
Zleba moiTxovdes, rom daxmareba qals ki ar gadauxadon,
aramed mis qmars, Tu colis mxriv erTxel mainc Rala-
ti dadasturdeba. magram, aseT SemTxvevaSi saWiro iqne-
ba adgilobrivi policiis Careva, romelmac Tvali unda

– 158 –
adevnos col-qmruli erTgulebis dacvas. es meuRleebis
moraluri donis asamaRleblad Zalian kargi iqneboda, ma-
gram, eWvi mepareba, rom vinmes gaaxarebda. ufro metic,
sazogadoeba moiTxovda, rom policiis Careva Semwydari-
yo da Sedegad, bavSvebis movlisTvis daxmarebas ukanono
bavSvebis dedebic miiRebdnen. am yvelafris Sedegad kaci,
romelic qiriT muSaobs, ojaxis marCenali aRar iqneboda
da misi roli ojaxur urTierTobebSi iseTive iqneboda,
rogorc katebsa da ZaRlebSi.
Cvens droSi, arsebobs kidev erTi problema, romel-
ic bevr qals Zalian awuxebs. es aris saojaxo meurneobis
gaZRola da bavSvis movla. isini amjobinebdnen gaegrZel-
ebinaT muSaoba iq, sadac muSaobdnen daqorwinebamde da
bavSvebis movlisTvis daxmareba ar mieRoT. amave dros,
me vfiqrob, rom iseTi qalebic moiZebneba, romlebic Tav-
is profesiad bavSvebis movlasa da sabavSvo baRebSi maT
aRzrdas airCevdnen. rogorc ar unda iyos, Tu yvelaferi,
rac zemoT iTqva ase moxdeba da feminist qalebs Soris
sul ufro meti daqorwindeba, maSin kapitalistur sazog-
adoebaSi Sors aRar aris is dRe, roca samuSaoze qiriT
ayvanil arcerT mSobels aRar dasWirdeba didi Zalisxme-
va bavSvebis movlisaTvis.
qalTa emansipacia, romelic Tavidan amboxad gamoiyu-
reboda mamakacTa batonobis winaaRmdeg, mxolod im az-
riT dasrulda, rom qalebma politikuri uflebebi mii-
Res. magram, Tu farTo aspeqtSi ganvixilavT, is jer kidev
Cvilobis asakSi imyofeba. TandaTan am moZraobis Soreu-
li Sedegebi ikveTeba. yvelaferi, rac Cven viciT qal-
Ta emociebisa da ganwyobilebebis Sesaxeb, aris mxolod
kacebis damokidebuleba qalebisadmi maTi emociebisa da
ganwyobilebebis Sesabamisad. magaliTad, Tqven SeiZleba
romeliRac romanSi waikiTxoT, rom qalebi fizikur sia-
movnebas ganicdian, roca bavSvs mkerdiT aWmeven. magram,

– 159 –
Tu amis Sesaxeb hkiTxavT romelime Tqveni wris qals,
romelsac bavSvebi hyavs, uaryofiT pasuxs miiRebT. ma-
gram, am SekiTxvis dasma aravis mosvlia azrad manam, sanam
qalebi politikur uflebebs miiRebdnen.
dedobrivi grZnobebis Sesaxeb kacebis mier imdeni sen-
timentaluri sisulele dawerila, (amaSi gamovlinda maTi
qvecnobieri survili qalebze batonobis SenarCunebisa)
rom didi Zalisxmeva dasWirdeba imis gagebas, Tu rogo-
ria sinamdvileSi qalebis grZnobebi da ganwyobilebebi.
magaliTad, jer kidev cota xnis winaT, iTvleboda, rom
yvela wesier qals surs Svilebi hyavdes, sqesobrivi ur-
TierToba ki sZuls. axlac ki, kacebi Sokirebulni rCebian,
roca qali gulwrfelad acxadebs, rom ar surs bavSvebi
iyolios. amas kacebis mxridan xSirad damoZRvra da Wkuis
swavleba mohyveba xolme.
manam, sanam qalebi daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi ar-
ian, isini ver gabedaven gulaxdilad ilaparakon imis Ses-
axeb rasac grZnoben da mxolod imis Tqmas CaTvlian saW-
irod, rac kacebs moswonT. Sesabamisad, roca ganvixilavT
sakiTxs Tu rogoria sinamdvileSi qalebis damokidebuleba
bavSvebis mimarT, sayovelTaod miRebuli warmodgenebiT
ar unda vixelmZRvaneloT. unda davelodoT sanam qale-
bi sruliad Tavisufali gaxdebian. magram, maSin SeiZleba
aRmoCndes, rom maTi Sexedulebebi am sakiTxze sruliad
gansxvavebulia imisgan, rac Cven gvegona. me vfiqrob, rom
civilizacias im saxiT, romliTac axla arsebobs, Zlieri
tendencia aqvs imisken, rom qalebs saerTod gauqreT de-
dobrivi grZnoba. albaT, momavalSi civilizaciis ganvi-
Tarebis interesebi moiTxovs, rom bavSvebis gaCenisa da
movlisaTvis qalebs mniSvnelovani Tanxa gadauxadon, daax-
loebiT imis Sesabamisi, romelic SeiZleboda mieRoT Tu
sxva saqmiT iqnebodnen dakavebuli. Tu es odesme moxdeba
(sulac ar aris aucilebeli, rom qalebis umravlesobam

– 160 –
moisurvos deda gaxdes) dedoba iseTive profesiad iqceva,
rogorc yvela sxva da mis Sesrulebas maRalkvalifikaci-
urad moiTxoven. magram, es mxolod spekulaciebia. erTi
ram ki sruliad garkveulad SeiZleba iTqvas: feministuri
moZraoba bolos da bolos aTasobiT wlis win Seqmnili
patriarqaluri ojaxis rRvevasTan migviyvans.
is, rom saxelmwifo, rogorc es dasavleTSi xdeba, sa-
kuTar Tavze mamis funqcias iRebs, mravalmxriv aris kar-
gi. umjobesdeba mosaxleobis janmrTelobis mdgomareo-
ba, izrdeba ganaTlebis saSualo done, SeuZlebeli xdeba
bavSvebs ise sastikad moeqcnen, rogorc magaliTad, daviT
koperfilds46 eqceodnen. momavalSi aman SesaZloa sazog-
adoebis fsiqikur gajansaRebamde da maRal inteleqtu-
alur miRwevebamde migviyvanos, iseve, rogorc mravali
ubedurebis aRmofxvramde, romelic xandaxan ojaxur ur-
TierTobebs ukavSirdeba.
amave dros, ojaxis saxelmwifoTi Canacvlebas udide-
si safrTxeebi axlavs Tan. mSoblebs, romlebsac rogorc
wesi TavianTi Svilebi uyvarT, ar SeuZliaT uyuron maT,
rogorc TavianTi miznebis, (magaliTad, politikuri miz-
nebis) miRwevis saSualebas. magram, igives ver vityviT
saxelmwifoze. ra Tqma unda, im pirebs, romelTac bavSve-
bTan aqvT saqme skolasa Tu sxva dawesebulebebSi, Tu
Zalian gadatvirTuli ar iqnebian samuSaoTi da saTanado
anazRaurebas miiReben, SeiZleba bavSvebis mimarT gauCn-
deT raRac grZnoba, rac mSoblis grZnobis msgavsi iqneba.
magram, maswavlelebs TiTqmis arasdros ara aqvT aravi-
Tari ufleba, is mTlianad administratorebis xelSia, anu
wvril da msxvil Cinovnikebs ekuTvniT, romlebsac Sei-
Zleba arc ki hyavdeT nanaxi maTi kontrolis qveS myofi
bavSvebi. aqvT ra CinovnikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipiuri
niSnebi (ase rom ar iyos im savarZlebSi ver isxdebodnen)
isini adamianur arsebas ganixilaven ara rogorc mizans,
aramed rogorc samuSao masalas raRac saqmisaTvis. gar-

– 161 –
da amisa, Cinovniks uyvars standartebi, imitom rom ase
ufro mosaxerxebelia yvelafrisTvis iarliyis mikvra da
Tavisi adgilis miCena da Tu es standartebi „sworia“,
es imas niSnavs, rom SeuZlia adamianebis umravlesoba im
standartis qveS moaqcios, romelic mis ufrosebs surT.
Cinovnikebis xelis Semyure bavSvebi erTmaneTis msgavsebi
iqnebian, is mcire nawili ki, romelic ver SeZlebs, an ar
moisurvebs dadgenil standartebs moergos, ganwiruli
iqneba devnisaTvis rogorc Cinovnikebis, aseve TavianTi
amxanagebis mxridan. es imas niSnavs, rom bevr didi poten-
cialis mqone bavSvs devnian manam, sanam mis sulierad ga-
texvas ar moaxerxeben. es imas niSnavs, rom konformiste-
bi, anu didi umravlesoba ufro darwmunebuli gaxdeba
sakuTar TavSi da veRar SeZlebs moTminebiT moisminos
gansxvavebuli azrebi.
manam, sanam samyaro urTierTdapirispirebul mili-
taristul saxelmwifoebad iqneba dayofili, saxelmwi-
fosTvis gadacema bavSvTa aRzrdis funqciisa, rac adre
mSoblebs ekuTvnoda, migviyvans egreT wodebuli patri-
otizmis gaZlierebasTan, anu nebayoflobiT survilTan
monawileoba miiRo im mowinaaRmdegis ganadgurebaSi, rom-
elzec mTavroba migiTiTebs. udaoa, rom ase gagebuli
patriotizmi saSinel safrTxes warmoadgens civilizaci-
is arsebobisaTvis da Tu is fanatikur siZulvilSi ga-
daizrdeba, Savi WiriviT saSiSi gaxdeba. axla axalgazrdebi
nawilobriv mSoblebs eqvemdebarebian da nawilobriv sax-
elmwifos. Tu isini mxolod saxelmwifos daeqvemdebare-
bian, maSin sisxlis daRvris survili TiTqmis sayovelTao
gaxdeba da me darwmunebuli var, rom sanam saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis problema gadauWreli rCeba, saxelmwifos
rolis gaZlierebas yvelaferSi, rac bavSvis aRzrdasTan
aris dakavSirebuli, iseTi saxifaTo tendenciebi gaaCnia,
romlebic mis yvela upiratesobas gadaswonis.

– 162 –
 magram, Tu odesme Camoyalibdeba msoflios mTavroba,
romelic SeZlebs erebs Soris urTierTobaSi pirvel adg-
ilze kanoni daayenos da ara uxeSi Zala, situacia Zir-
fesvianad Seicvleba. aseTi mTavroba moiTxovs, rom yvela
qveyanaSi aikrZalos nacionalizmis propaganda Tavisi ra-
sistuli formiT da rom nacionaluri droSisadmi mowi-
webis adgili internacionalizmis grZnobam daikavos. ra
Tqma unda, amis Semdegac darCeba safrTxe erTgvarovnebi-
sa da sxvagvarad moazrovneebis devnisa, magram samagierod
samxedro konfliqtis saSiSroeba aRmoifxvreba. msoflios
mTavrobis kontroli ganaTlebis sistemaze, kargi garan-
tia iqneba omis winaaRmdeg. amdenad, Tu saxelmwifo mamis
adgils daikavebs, es sikeTe iqneba civilizaciis ganvi-
TarebisaTvis, im pirobiT, Tu msoflio mTavroba Seiqmne-
ba, magram manam, sanam saxelmwifoebs nacionalisturi da
militaristuli interesebi aqvT, es omis Sedegad civi-
lizaciebis daRupvis sul ufro mzardi safrTxe iqneba.
axla situacia iseTia, rom ojaxis instituti swra-
fad midis rRvevisaken. xalxebs Soris ki keTilganwyobili
urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba gacilebiT nela xdeba. da
mainc, mTlad uimedod ar unda viyoT. SesaZloa momav-
alSi internacionalizms gacilebiT meti momxreebi ga-
mouCndes, vidre axla hyavs. SesaZloa, bednierebac kia,
rom Cven momavlis winaswarmetyveleba ar SegviZlia. yo-
vel SemTxvevaSi, Cven ufleba gvaqvs imedi gvqondes, rom
momavali ukeTesi iqneba, vidre awmyo, Tumca gamoricxuli
ar aris, rom yvelaferi sxvanairad iqnes.

– 163 –
 Tavi XV

ganqorwineba

ganqorwineba uZvelesi droidan modis da mraval qveyana-

Sia miRebuli. is ar unda ganvixiloT, rogorc monogamiuri
ojaxis alternativa, aramed, rogorc saSualeba meuRleeb-
is dasaxmareblad im SemTxvevaSi, roca col-qmris erTad
cxovreba autaneli xdeba. ganqorwinebis kanoni sruli-
ad gansxvavebuli iyo sxvadasxva adgilebSi da sxvadasxva
epoqebSi. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Cvens
droSi kanoniT ganqorwineba akrZalulia CrdiloeT kar-
olinis StatSi, nevadis StatSi ki es procedura Zalian
gamartivebulia. qristianobis wina civilizaciebSi kacs,
da xandaxan qalsac, ganqorwineba advilad SeeZlo. moses
kanonis Tanaxmad, rac kacs amisTvis sWirdeboda, sul is
iyo, rom colisTvis ganqorwinebis angariSi47 waredgina.
CineTSi kacs SeeZlo ganqorwineba, Tu cols Tavis mziTevs
ukan daubrunebda. Tvlis ra qorwinebas wmindad, kaToli-
kuri eklesia ganqorwinebis nebas araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
rTavs. magram, praqtikaSi es Seuvaloba ramdenadme Ses-
ustebulia, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme ZlierTa ama
qveynisaTas exeba, ramdenadac aseT SemTxvevebSi ganqor-
winebis seriozuli mizezebi arsebobs.
qristianul qveynebSi eklesiis pozicia ganqorwinebis
mimarT protestantizmis gavlenis proporciulad mcirde-
ba. rogorc yvelasTvis cnobilia, miltoni48 ganqorwinebas
imitom icavda, rom Tavgamodebuli protestanti iyo. ang-

– 164 –
likanuri eklesia, im periodSi, roca Tavs protestantu-
lad miiCnevda, ganqorwinebis nebas col-qmruli Ralatis
SemTxvevaSi rTavda, yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi ki krZalavda.
skandinaviis qveynebSi ganqorwinebis procedura Zalian
gamartivebulia da asevea amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
protestantul nawilebSi. SotlandiaSi ganqorwineba gac-
ilebiT advilia, vidre inglisSi. safrangeTSi, sadac an-
tiklerikalur moZraobas didi gavlena aqvs, ganqorwineba
aseve advilia. sabWoTa kavSirSi sarCeli ganqorwinebis
Sesaxeb maSinve kmayofildeba. magram, ramdenadac adiul-
teri sabWoTa kavSirSi ar isjeba da arc sazogadoebis ga-
kicxvis sagania, qorwinebam aq Tavisi mniSvneloba dakarga,
Tu, ra Tqma unda, saqme mmarTvel klass ar exeba.
Zalian sainteresoa gansxvaveba ganqorwinebasTan da-
kavSirebul kanonebsa da Cveulebas Soris. magaliTad, Tu
ganqorwinebis nebas kanoni advilad rTavs, es jer kidev
ar niSnavs, rom ganqorwinebis raodenoba gaizrdeba. rev-
oluciamde CineTSi ganqorwineba ucnobi iyo da miuxe-
davad konfucis magaliTisa, karg saqmed ar iTvleboda.
SveciaSi ganqorwineba advilia Tu orive meuRlis Tanx-
moba arsebobs, magram amerikaSi ganqorwinebisTvis es sak-
marisi ar aris. da mainc, 1922 wlis statistikis mixedviT
(sxva monacemebi me ar gamaCnia), SveciaSi ganqorwinebebis
ricxvi yovel asiaTas adamianze ocdaoTxi iyo, amerikaSi
ki as ocdaTeqvsmeti.
Cemi azriT, am gansxvavebas kanonsa da Cveulebas Soris
didi mniSvneloba aqvs. rac ar unda Semwynarebluri iyos
kanoni ganqorwinebis mimarT, manam, sanam normaluri ojaxi
SenarCunebulia, arsebobs safuZvliani mizezebi imisa,
rom Cveuleba ganqorwinebis winaaRmdeg iyos, Tu raRac
gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva ar aris, me ase vfiqrob, radgan
qorwinebas vuyureb ara rogorc sqesobriv urTierTobas
partniorebs Soris, aramed erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobas

– 165 –
bavSvebis movlisa da aRzrdis mizniT. rogorc wina Tav-
Si vwerdiT, SeiZleba ise moxdes, rom ekonomikuri ur-
TierTobebis Secvlis zegavleniT, tradiciulma ojaxma,
romelsac Cven vicnobT, aRar iarsebos. magram, am SemTx-
vevaSic ganqorwineba yovelgvar azrs dakargavs, radgan
is mTlianad qorwinebis institutzea damokidebuli da
saSualebas iZleva gawyvitos saqorwino kavSiri, rode-
sac is mtruli xdeba. amitom, Cven aq ganqorwinebis prob-
lemaze tradiciul ojaxTan dakavSirebiT vimsjelebT.
kaTolikebi da protestantebi ganqorwinebis proble-
mas ojaxis arsebobis biologiuri aucileblobis Tval-
sazrisiT ki ar uyureben, aramed siZvis codvis koncef-
ciis TvalsazrisiT. Tvlian ra qorwinebas uflis mier
kurTxeulad da amitom, samaradisod daurRvevlad, ka-
Tolikebi darwmunebulni arian, rom meuRleebidan arc
erTs mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, rac ar unda
moxdes, aravisTan ar unda hqondes sqesobrivi urTier-
Toba garda Tavisi meuRlisa. protestantebi ganqor-
winebis winaaRmdegni ar iyvnen, radgan isini upirispird-
ebodnen kaTolikur dogmas saqorwino kavSiris siwmindis
Sesaxeb da saerTod siwmindeebis Sesaxeb. garda amisa,
maT miaCndaT, rom siZvis codva saqorwino urTierTobis
urRvevobis Sedegia da Tu ganqorwinebas dabrkoleba ar
eqneba, es kargi saSualeba iqneba siZvis codvis winaaRm-
deg. protestantul qveynebSi ganqorwineba marTlac mar-
tivi proceduraa, magram adiulters iq sasxvaTaSorisod
uyureben, gansakuTrebiT roca qmari Ralatobs. revolu-
ciamdel ruseTSi bevrs aRelvebda gorkis politikuri
Sexedulebebi da TiTqmis aravis ainteresebda misi piradi
cxovreba. amerikaSi ki piriqiT, misi politikuri Sexed-
ulebebi ar ainteresebda aravis, samagierod presam gorki
samarcxvino boZze gaakra, rogorc moralis damrRvevi da
mas arcerT sastumroSi Rame ar gaaTevines.49

– 166 –
 kaTolikebsa da protestantebs ganqorwinebis Sesax-
eb TavianTi Tvalsazrisis dasacavad araviTari gonivru-
li safuZveli ar gaaCniaT. vTqvaT, daqorwinebis Semdeg
coli an qmari gagiJda. am SemTxvevaSi, sasurveli ar aris
am qorwinebis Sedegad fsiqikurad avadmyofi bavSvebi dai-
bados, an ukve gaCenil bavSvebs kontaqti hqondeT SeSlil
dedasTan an mamasTan. cxadia, rom bavSvebisTvis ajobebda
col-qmars gancalkevebiT ecxovra, maSinac ki, Tu qmris
(an colis) gonebis dabneleba droebiTia. am SemTxvevaSi,
fsiqikurad janmrTeli meuRlisTvis sqesobrivi urTier-
Tobis akrZalva humanuri TvalsazrisiT gaumarTlebeli
sisastike iqneboda. amdenad, qmars Tu cols rCeba ram-
denime SesaZlebloba, romelTagan sasiamovno arcerTi ar
aris; an Tavi unda Seikavos sqesobrivi urTierTobisgan
rasac kanoni da morali iTxovs misgan an qorwinebis ga-
reT daamyaros urTierToba, albaT ise, rom bavSvebi ar
iyolios, an Riad icxovros sxva adamianTan bavSvebiT,
an maT gareSe. yvela es varianti mkacr kritikas imsax-
urebs. sruli Sewyveta sqesobrivi urTierTobebisa, ras-
ac miCveuli iyaviT col-qmruli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi,
SeiZleba cudi SedegiT damTavrdes. magaliTad, sxeulis
naadrevi dabereba gamoiwvios an nerviuli sistemis daa-
vadeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, sul cota mudmivi gaRizianeba
da cudi xasiaTi amas namdvilad mohyveba. mamakacs emuqre-
ba safrTxe, rom amis gamo TviTkontroli dakargos da
raime saxis sisastike Caidinos, radgan seqsualuri moTx-
ovnilebis dakmayofilebisken swrafva SeiZleba moralur
principebze Zlieri aRmoCndes.
umetesad, adamianebi meore SesaZleblobas mimarTaven
_ anu qorwiebis gareSe sqesobrivi urTierToba aqvT, ma-
gram bavSvebis gareSe. ra Tqma unda, am arCevanis winaaRm-
degac seriozuli argumentebi arsebobs. pirvel rig-
Si is, rom rac malulad xdeba arasasurvelia. rogorc

– 167 –
zemoT vTqviT, sqesobriv urTierTobaSi masSi Cadebuli
yvela SesaZlebloba maSin realizdeba, roca col-qmru-
li cxovreba bavSvebis aRzrdas erwymis. garda amisa, Tu
erT-erTi meuRle axalgazrda da janmrTelia, humanuri
saqcieli ar iqneba, Tu mas etyvian, rom bavSvi aRar unda
iyolios. kidev ufro arahumanuri iqneba kanoniT moeTx-
ovos mas, rom bavSvebi aRar unda eyolos, radgan misi
meuRle fsiqikurad daavadebulia.
mesame SesaZlebloba is aris, roca qali da kaci Riad
cxovroben „codvaSi“. es rom ganxorcieldebodes, yve-
laze naklebad zianis momtani iqneboda pirovnebisa da
sazogadoebisaTvis. Tumca, es ar moxdeba. eqimi an advoka-
ti, romelic ase icxovrebs Tavis pacientebs da klien-
tebs dakargavs. universitetis profesors Tanamdebobas
daatovebineben, Tu, ra Tqma unda, mas lordi an minis-
trTa kabinetis wevri naTesavi ar hyavs. magram, maSinac
ki, Tu aseT kavSirs xels araferi SeuSlis, Semaferxebeli
faqtori sazogadoebis mxridan misi gansja iqneba. kacebi
Cveulebriv romeliRac klubis wevrebi arian, qalebs nac-
nobebis wre hyavT da uyvarT vizitebi. am siamovnebis mok-
leba Zneli saqme iqneba. „codvaSi“ Riad cxovrebis ufle-
bas sakuTar Tavs mxolod mdidrebi, msaxiobebi, mwerlebi
da zogierTi sxva profesiebis adamianebi miscemen, rom-
lebic met-naklebad bohemur sazogadoebaSi cxovroben.
gamodis, rom iq, sadac inglisis msgavsad sasamarT-
lo ganqorwinebaze uars ambobs, maSin, roca erT-erTi
meuRle fsiqikurad daavadebulia, fsiqikurad janmrTe-
li coli an qmari gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba da
aseTi mdgomareobis dasacavad erTaderTi argumenti Te-
ologiuri crurwmenebia. Tu erT-erTi meuRle veneriu-
li seniT daavadda, sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli Caidina,
an galoTda, yvelaferi, rac zemoT iTqva ZalaSi rCeba,
radgan, am SemTxvevebSi, SeuZlebeli xdeba col-qmruli, an

– 168 –
megobruli urTierToba meuRleebs Soris, bavSvebis gaCena
da damnaSave meuRlis urTierToba bavSvebTan. aseT SemTx-
vevaSi, ganqorwinebis sawinaaRmdegod warmoTqmuli yoveli
mosazreba, igivea, rac amtkico, rom qorwineba, es xafan-
gia, romelSic SeiZleba gaufrTxilebeli adamiani gaebas
da unda aitanos is, rogor cud dReSic ar unda iyos.
ojaxidan erT-erTi meuRlis wasvla udaod ganqor-
winebis safuZveli unda iyos, ramdenadac, aseT SemTx-
vevaSi, sasamarTlo mxolod adasturebs ojaxis rRvevis
ukve momxdar faqts.
Tumca, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT aq Zalian usiamovno
situacia Seiqmneba _ adamianebi saxlidan wavlen imisTvis,
rom ganqorwineba advilad miiRon. garda amisa, bevri wyvil-
ia iseTi, romelTac Zalian surT erTmaneTs gaSordnen da
mzad arian nebismier xriks mimarTon, oRond ki ganqor-
winebis ufleba miiRon. magaliTad, adre inglisSi cols
SeeZlo ganqorwineba, Tu qmars braldebulad cnobdnen mis
mimarT sastik qcevaSi, an sxva qalTan kavSirSi. im dros,
meuRleebi sakuTari mosamsaxureebis winaSe qmris sasti-
ki qcevis scenas TamaSobdnen da uneburad giCndeba kiTx-
va: nuTu aucilebelia kanonis ZaliT aiZulo meuRleebi
erTad icxovron, Tuki maT ase Zalian surT erTmaneTs
gaSordnen? patiosnad unda vaRiaroT, rom adamianebi yo-
velTvis Seecdebian ganqorwinebis sababis povnas im SemTx-
vevebSi, roca kanoni odnav mainc iZleva amis saSualebas.
magram, iuridiuli niuansebi gverdze gadavdoT da gan-
vagrZoT im garemoebebis ganxilva, romelTa SemTxvevaSi
qorwinebis SenarCuneba arasasurvelia.
Cemi azriT, col-qmruli Ralati ganqorwinebis safuZ-
veli ar unda iyos. Zalian naklebad dasajerebelia, rom
erTad cxovrebis mTeli xnis ganmavlobaSi cols, an qmars
ar gauCndes cduneba meuRles uRalatos, Tu, ra Tqma,
isini Zalian maRali moralis adamianebi ar arian. magram,

– 169 –
am cdunebaze dayola ar niSnavs aucileblad imas, rom
col-qmari erTmaneTs unda daSordes. maT Soris, xom
iseTi Rrma simpaTia SeiZleba iyos, rom uRirdeT amis Sem-
degac gaagrZelon erTad cxovreba.
vTqvaT, kaci saqmian mogzaurobaSia ramdenime Tvis
ganmavlobaSi. is axalgazrdaa, energiiT savse da Tumca,
Tavisi coli Zalian uyvars, magram uWirs Tavis Sekave-
ba mTeli am xnis manZilze. aseT SemTxvevaSi, adiulteris
faqtma ojaxuri bedniereba ar unda daarRvios, Tu coli
metismetad mkacri moralisti ar aris. amdenad, Cven Seg-
viZlia gavakeToT daskvna, rom aseT faqtTan Segueba Sei-
Zleba, rogorc es xSirad xdeba xolme, roca meuRleebs
Rrma grZnoba aerTianebT da bednieri cxovreba kvlavac
gagrZeldeba. tradiciuli morali cdilobs STaagonos
adamianebs, rom droebiTi gataceba, kaciT Tu qaliT,
SeuTavsebelia Rrma col-qmrul grZnobasTan. yvelam icis,
rom es araswori Sexedulebaa da mainc, eWvianobis grZnobis
gamo, am mcdar Teorias iziareben _ buzs spilod aqceven
xolme. magram, qorwineba gardauvalia im SemTxvevaSi, roca
saqme col-qmrul Ralats ki ar exeba, aramed amjobineben
sxva pirTan eqneT sqesobrivi urTierToba.
Tumca, ra Tqma unda, saqme rTuldeba, roca droebiTi
urTierTobis Sedegad bavSvi Cndeba. gansakuTrebiT mZime
situacia iqmneba maSin, roca ukanono bavSvi cols uCndeba.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, qmari dgeba aucileblobis winaSe sxvisi
bavSvi aRzardos, an ufro metic, is sakuTar Svilad aR-
iaros, raTa skandali aicilos Tavidan. radgan, am SemTx-
vevaSi, qorwinebis biologiuri safuZveli irRveva, am sit-
uaciam SeiZleba autaneli tanjva gamoiwvios. ase xdeboda
im dros, roca Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebi jer
kidev ar arsebobda, axla ki maTi wyalobiT sqesobriv ur-
TierTobas bavSvis gaCena ar mohyveba. amitom, azri aRar
aqvs col-qmrul urTierTobas igive mniSvneloba mieniWos,
rasac mas tradiciuli moralis damcvelebi miawerdnen.

– 170 –
 ganqorwinebisTvis sakmarisi SeiZleba iyos, Tu magal-
iTad, erT-erTi meuRle fsiqikurad avadmyofia, loTia
an sisxlis samarTlis damnaSavea. aseve, SeiZleba meuR-
leebis xasiaTi imdenad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan,
rom maTi erTad yofna erT-erTi maTganis meorisadmi
sruli morCilebis SemTxvevaSi iyos SesaZlebeli. isec
xdeba, rom erT-erTi meuRle imdenad Zlieradaa Seyvare-
buli viRac sxvaze, rom misTvis autanelia meuRlesTan
erTad cxovreba. yvelam icis, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi saqme
SeiZleba erT-erTi meuRlis sikvdiliT damTavrdes. ma-
gram, arcerT SemTxvevaSi, xasiaTebis SeuTavseblobisas
Tu uecrad movardnili Zlieri grZnobis dros, arcerT
meuRles araviTari brali ar miuZRvis. swored amitom,
kargi iqneboda, Tu isini skandalebisa da scenebis gareSe
daSordebodnen erTmaneTs.
ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb kanonis formulireba ukidure-
sad Znelia imis gamo, rom rogori formiTac ar unda
iyos miRebuli es kanoni, verc mosamarTle SeZlebs mi-
ukerZoeblad miudges ganqorwinebis saqmis ganxilvas
da verc meuRleebi SeZleben Tavi daaRwion survils
rogorme kanons gverdi auaron. Tumca, did britaneT-
Si orive meuRlis Tanxmoba ganqorwinebaze jer kidev ar
aZlevs maT amis uflebas, sinamdvileSi yvelam icis, rom
aseTi SeTanxmebebi xdeba. magaliTad, niu-iorkis Stat-
Si ganqorwinebis msurveli meuRleebi qiraoben mowmeebs,
romlebic mzad arian sasamarTloSi col-qmruli Rala-
tis faqti daadasturon. formalurad sastiki mopyro-
bis faqti ganqorwinebisTvis sakmao safuZvlad iTvleba,
Tumca am SemTxvevaSi kanonis Sesabamisi muxlis absur-
duli interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, erT-er-
Ti kinovarskvlavis colma sasamarTloSi ganqorwinebis
sarCeli Seitana da motivad qmris misdami sastikad mopy-
roba daasaxela. Turme, qmars saxlSi megobrebi mohyav-

– 171 –
da da saaTobiT laparakobdnen kantis Sesaxeb. CemTvis
Zneli dasajerebelia, rom kaliforniis Statis iuris-
tebi sarCels samarTlianad miiCnevdnen im safuZvelze,
rom erT-erT meuRles Wkvianuri saubrebi aqvs Tavis
megobrebTan. am SemTxvevaSi, erTaderTi gza Tavi daaR-
wio domxals, xrikebs da saerTod absurds, is aris, rom
meuRleTa Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi ganqorwinebis sarCeli
daakmayofilo. qonebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxi ki maT
SeuZliaT mSvidobiani gziT gadaWran da ganqorwindnen,
ise, rom ar Carion mesame pirebi, romlebic mzad ari-
an daadasturon, rom erT-erTi meuRle adamiani ki ar
aris, aramed urCxulia. amas unda davZinoT, rom qor-
wineba kanonis Tanaxmad Zaladakargulad iTvleba, Tu
sqesobrivi urTierToba SeuZlebeli gaxda. Tu erT-erTi
meuRle daJinebiT moiTxovs ganqorwinebas, sasamarTlom
misi sarCeli unda daakmayofilos im pirobiT, Tu col-
qmars Svili ar hyavT. amisaTvis, sakmarisia sasamarTloSi
wardgenil iqnas cnoba, rom ganqorwinebis momentisaTvis
qali fexmZime ar aris.
ganvixileT ra kanonis moTxovnebi axla imaze gadav-
ideT Tu rogor uyurebs ganqorwinebas sazogadoebrivi
azri da tradicia.
rogorc ukve vTqviT, SeiZleba iseTi situacia Seiqmnas,
roca ganqorwineba gaadvildeba, magram uaryofiTi sazog-
adoebrivi azris gamo is mainc iSviaTi iqnes. cnobilia,
rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ganqorwinebis maRali
procentia. me vfiqrob, es erTi mxriv imiT aixsneba, rom
ori-sami wlis Tanacxovrebis Semdeg meuRleebi TavianT
Secdomas xedaven, meore mxriv ki imiT, rom sazogadoe-
brivi azri Seuwynarebelia col-qmruli Ralatis mimarT.
ramdenadac daqorwinebisas meuRleebi SeTanxmdnen, rom
erTad icxovrebdnen, yovel SemTxvevaSi im momentamde,
sanam maTi bavSvebi mozardobis asakidan gamovidodnen,

– 172 –
maTi urTierToba ar SeiZleba xanmokle sasiyvarulo ka-
vSirad CaiTvalos. Tumca, Tu sazogadoebrivi azri aseTi
kavSiris winaaRmdegi ar aris, an meuRle ar grZnobs Tavs
Seuracxyofilad amis gamo, es kavSiri SeiZleba axal qor-
winebad iqces. da Tu momavalSic ase gagrZeldeba, es
tradiciuli ojaxis rRvevasTan migviyvans, radgan qali,
romelic qmars yovel or weliwadSi erTxel gamoicvlis
da TiToeuli maTganisgan bavSvi eyoleba, iZulebuli iqne-
ba bavSvebi martom aRzardos. Sesabamisad, aseT qorwine-
bas araviTari azri ar eqneba. Cven isev petre mociqulTan
mivdivarT: qorwineba amerikaSi, iseve, rogorc korinTel-
Ta mimarT mociquli petres pirveli epistoles mixedviT,
mruSobis alternativaa, amitom kaci ar unda mruSobdes,
sanam is ganqorwinebuli ar aris.
sruliad sxva eTikuri TvalsazrisiT unda SevxedoT
bavSvebian ojaxs. am SemTxvevaSi, meuRleebis siyvaruli
erTmaneTis mimarT bavSvebze gadadis da bavSvebisTvis
bednierebis uzrunvelyofis aucilebloba mSoblebisgan
garkveul siamovnebebze uaris Tqmas moiTxovs, rasac xSi-
rad mkacri TviTSezRudva sWirdeba. nebiT Tu uneburad,
bavSvebis gamo, romantikuli siyvaruli ukana planze ga-
dadis. magram, Cveulebriv, iq, sadac mSoblis grZnobebi
Zlieri da gulwrfelia, es TavisTavad xdeba, Tu, ra Tqma
unda, mSoblebSi eWvianobis grZnobam ar ifeTqa. amaze
SeiZleba Semomedaon: Tu meuRleebs Soris siyvarulis
grZnoba ukve gaqra da maT SesaZloa qorwinebis gareT ka-
vSirebi aqvT, maSin bavSvebis aRzrdasTan dakavSirebuli
maTi erToblivi saqmianoba, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi aradam-
akmayofilebeli iqneba, uares SemTxvevaSi ki _ SeuZle-
beli. ase, magaliTad: mister uolter lipmani50 Tavis
wignSi _ „Sesavali moralisaTvis“ wers: _ „Tu meuRleebs
erTmaneTi ar uyvarT, maT ukve aRar SeuZliaT erTmaneTs
daexmarnon (mister bertran raseli Tvlis, rom maT es

– 173 –
unda gaakeTon) bavSvebis aRzrdaSi. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,
bavSvebis aRzrdas maT movaleobis grZnoba ukarnaxebT,
uares SemTxvevaSi ki es SeuZlebeli iqneba, radgan isini
amis mimarT interess dakargaven da ubedurebi iqnebian“.
mister lipmans ratomRac aviwydeba, rom mSoblebma
Svilebi maSinac SeiZleba aRzardon, roca maTi sasiyvar-
ulo vneba gaqra, radgan mas bavSvebisadmi bunebrivi si-
yvaruli enacvleba. am SemTxvevaSi, araferi zebunebrivi
ar aris imaSi, rom gonierma adamianebma TavianTi cx-
ovreba bavSvebis aRzrdas miuZRvnan. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
me amis mravali magaliTi vici. SeuZlebelia ilaparako
movaleobis grZnobaze da mTlianad ugulebelyo iseTi
Zlieri grZnoba, rogoric aris mSoblis Svilisadmi si-
yvaruli. Tu is Zlieri da gulwrfelia, meuRleebs Soris
kavSiri adrindeburad mtkice rCeba, Tumca maT urTier-
TobaSi fizikuri siaxlove aRar aris. SeiZleba ifiqro,
rom mister lipmanma araferi icis imis Sesaxeb, Tu ro-
gor aris saqme am mxriv safrangeTSi. rogorc cnobilia,
ojaxi iq mtkice da daurRvevelia, miuxedavad imisa, rom
safrangeTSi adiulteri did ubedurebad ar iTvleba.
ai, amerikaSi ki ojaxuri kavSiri metismetad sustia da
es aris xSiri ganqorwinebis mizezi. iq, sadac ojaxuri
kavSiri Zlieria ganqorwineba SedarebiT iSviaTi iqneba,
maSinac ki roca kanoniT misi miReba advilia.
iq, sadac ojaxi Svilebisadmi mSoblebis Zlier grZno-
bebze dgas, ganqorwineba iSviaTia, maSinac ki, roca misi
miReba kanoniT advilia. is, rac amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi xdeba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas rogorc ga-
dasvla ormSobliani ojaxidan iseT ojaxze, romelSic
Svilebs mxolod deda aRzrdis. magram, aseTi situacia
bavSvebs Zalian cud mdgomareobaSi agdebs. samyaro xom
isea mowyobili, rom maT surT dedac hyavdeT da mamac da
Tu mama Zalian uyvarT, ganqorwineba maTTvis mZime dar-
tyma iqneba. sanam ormSobliani ojaxi wesad CaiTvleba,

– 174 –
mSoblebi, romlebic seriozuli mizezis gareSe ganqor-
windebian, ubralod ugulebelyofen TavianT movaleobas.
da mainc, col-qmruli urTierTobis iZulebiTi SenarCu-
neba am usiamovno situacias ar gaaumjobesebs. me vfiqrob,
rom ormxrivi Tavisufleba saqorwino kavSirs naklebad
mZimes gaxdis, bavSvebis interesebis aucilebeli gaTval-
iswineba ki pavle mociqulis doqtrinasac gadaswonis da im
iluziebsac, jer kidev rom aSfoTeben adamianebis gonebas
romantikuli moZraobis dasawyisidan moyolebuli.
albaT, daskvna is unda iyos, rom, Tumca ganqorwineba
bevr qveyanaSi da maT Soris inglisSi, sirTuleebTanaa
dakavSirebuli, misi gaioleba qorwinebis problemis gad-
awyveta iqneboda. Tu qorwineba unda gagrZeldes, maSin
mniSvnelovania, rom bavSvebis interesebisaTvis is sta-
biluri iyos, magram es stabiluroba imiT unda miiRwes,
rom gamijnuli unda iqnas qorwineba mxolod seqsualuri
kavSirisagan da colqmruli cxovrebis biologiur as-
peqts meti yuradReba mieqces, vidre romantikuls. me
ar minda ise gamigon, TiTqos vTvlide, rom qorwineba
SeiZleba gaaTavisuflo mZime col-qmruli movaleobeb-
is tvirTisagan. ubralod, Cemi azriT, ukeTesi iqneba,
Tu kacebi gaTavisuflebuli iqnebian col-qmruli erT-
gulebis movaleobisagan, magram samagierod eWvianobis
kontrolis movaleoba eqnebaT.
cxovreba saerTod SeuZlebelia TviTkontrolis ga-
reSe da ukeTesi iqneba Tu adamianebi gaakontroleben
iseT Zlier, mtrul emocias, rogoric aris eWvianoba da
ara im keTilSobil, sixarulis momtan grZnobas, romel-
sac siyvaruli hqvia. tradiciuli morali cdeba, ara imi-
tom, rom TviTkontrols iTxovs, aramed imitom, rom misi
moTxovnebi ar aris mimarTuli iqiT, saiTac saWiroa.

– 175 –
 Tavi XVI

mosaxleoba

qorwinebis mTavari mniSvneloba is aris, rom dedamiwis

mosaxleobis danakargebi Seavsos. zogierT sazogadoe-
briv sistemaSi qorwineba Tavis daniSnulebas araadekva-
turad asrulebs, zogan ki _ metismetad adekvaturad. am
TavSi, seqsualuri moralis swored am aspeqtis ganxilvas
SevecdebiT.
bunebis kanonis Tanaxmad, rac ufro metia ZuZumwovar-
Ta raodenoba, miT ufro meti areali sWirdeba TiToeul
maTgans gadarCenisaTvis. amis gamo, nebismieri saxeobis
gareuli didi mxecebis populacia sakmaod mcirea. marTa-
lia Zroxebisa da cxvrebis raodenoba didia, magram amas
adamianma Seuwyo xeli. adamianTa raodenoba sruliad ara-
proporciulia nebismier sxva ZuZumwovarTan SedarebiT.
mSvildisa da isris gamogoneba, mcoxneli cxovelebis mo-
Sinaureba, Semgroveblobidan regularul sasoflo meur-
neobaze gadasvla _ am yvelaferma, adamianTa raodenobis
zrda gamoiwvia. ekonomikis sul ufro mzardi mniSvneloba
sxva faqtorebTan erTad swored am mizans emsaxureboda.
erT-erT faqtorad SeiZleba teqnikis da teqnologiebis
sferoSi didi miRwevebic SeiZleba davasaxeloT.
samarTlianad SeniSnaven, rom rogorc wesi dedamiwis
mosaxleoba TiTqmis igive rCeboda da misi mniSvnelovani
zrda XIX saukuneSi sruliad uCveulo movlenaa. albaT,
msgavsi ram SesamCnevi iyo Zvel egviptesa da babilonSi

– 176 –
roca iq sasoflo meurneobaze gadavidnen da morwyvis
gamoyeneba daiwyes. magram, warsulSi, romlis Sesaxeb
met-naklebad viciT, msgavsi araferi xdeboda. Tumca, XIX
saukunemde mosaxleobis raodenobis Sefaseba varaudebis
donezea, magram isini ZiriTadad erTmaneTs emTxveva. al-
baT, SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna, rom mosaxleobis swrafi
zrda iSviaTi da gamonaklisi movlenaa da Tu axla yvelaze
civilizebul qveynebSi mudmivobis tendencia SeimCneva, es
mxolod imas niSnavs, rom mosaxleobis raodenobis zrda
raRac uCveulo mizezebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
mister kar sandersis51 wignis erT-erTi Rirseba aris
hipoTeza mosaxleobis raodenobis nebayoflobiTi Sez-
Rudvis Sesaxeb, risi praqtikac TiTqmis yvelgan, yovel
epoqaSi arsebobda, Tanac mosaxleobis raodenobis mud-
mivobis SesanarCuneblad es ufro efeqturi saSualeba
iyo, vidre mosaxleobis maRali sikvdilianoba. Tumca, es
mxolod varaudia, radgan, magaliTad indoeTsa da CineTSi
mosaxleobis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad ar izrdeba maRa-
li sikvdilianobis gamo. CineTis Sesaxeb aseTi monacemebi
ar gvaqvs, magram gvaqvs indoeTTan dakavSirebiT. Sobado-
ba indoeTSi Zalian maRalia, magram mosaxleobis namati
mxolod umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba inglisSi mosaxleobis
namatisagan, rac, ra Tqma unda, indoeTSi bavSvTa maRali
sikvdilianobis da epidemiuri daavadebebisgan masobrivi
sikvdilianobis Sedegia. vfiqrob, daaxloebiT igive sura-
Ti iqneboda statistikuri monacemebi rom gvqondes.
miuxedavad aseTi aSkara gamonaklisebisa, mister
sandersis mier wamoyenebuli hipoTeza me ZiriTadad swo-
rad meCveneba. mis wignSi Cans rogor cdilobdnen adamianebi
mosaxleobis raodenobis Semcirebas. umartivesi meTodi,
ra Tqma unda, infantisada gaxldaT, romelic imdenad iyo
gavrcelebuli, ramdenadac religia amis saSualebas iZle-
oda. zogjer, es praqtika ise mtkiced iyo damkvidrebuli

– 177 –
(rogorc magaliTad islandiaSi), rom qristianobis miReb-
is Semdegac ki, adamianebs daJinebiT ar surdaT misi Secv-
la. duxoborebi, romlebic uars acxadebdnen samxedro
samsaxurze im motiviT, rom adamianis sicocxle wmidaTa-
wmidaa, iZulebulni iyvnen caristuli ruseTidan kanadaSi
wasuliyvnen. iq, maT konfliqti mouxdaT kanadis xelisu-
flebasTan, imitom, rom, rogorc aRmoCnda infantisadas
mimarTavdnen. sxva meTodebic hqondaT praqtikaSi. magal-
iTad, qalebi Tavs ikavebdnen sqesobrivi urTierTobisgan
ara mxolod fexmZimobis dros, aramed bavSvis kvebis mTel
periodSi, rac xandaxan or-sam weliwads grZeldeboda. ra
Tqma unda, amis wyalobiT mosaxleobis raodenoba mkveT-
rad mcirdeba. gansakuTrebiT velurebSi, romlebic gac-
ilebiT male berdebian, vidre civilizebuli adamianebi.
meore magaliTia Cveva, romelic avstraliel aborigenebSia
gavrcelebuli. iq, kacebs ukeTeben mtkivneul operacias,
romelic Zalian amcirebs mamakacur potencias da Sesa-
bamisad, es amcirebs Sobadobas. rogorc bibliidan viciT
(genezisi XXX-VIII 9-10) Zvelad Sobadobis kontrolis mxo-
lod erTi meTodi arsebobda, romelzec ebraelebma kat-
egoriuli uari Tqves, radgan iudaisturi religiis suli
malTusis ideebis52 sapirispiro iyo. ase Tu ise, adamianebi
sxvadasxva meTodebis wyalobiT cdilobdnen Tavi daeR-
wiaT SimSiliT sikvdilisaTvis, rac maT emuqrebodaT Tu
Sobadobas ar SezRudavdnen.
da mainc, SimSiliT sikvdili gavrcelebuli movlena
iyo ara imdenad primitiul xalxebSi, ramdenadac glexeb-
Si, romlebic soflis meurneobas misdevdnen primitiuli
saSualebebiT. 1846-47 wlebSi SimSilobam irlandiaSi im-
deni adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, rom mosaxleobam dRem-
de ver miaRwia im dones, rac manamde iyo. yvelas axsovs
ruseTis mSieri wlebi da gansakuTrebiT 1921 wlis zafx-
uli. roca 1920 wels CineTSi viyavi, qveynis mniSvnelovan

– 178 –
nawilSi SimSili mZvinvarebda aranakleb saSineli, vidre
ruseTSi momdevno wels. magram, msoflios sazogadoebri-
obas araviTari simpaTia ar gamouxatavs CineTis SimSilo-
bis msxverplTa mimarT, Tumca volgispireli moSimSi-
leebis daxmareba ki gadawyvita, radgan maT komunisturi
reJimis msxverplad Tvlida. aseTi faqtebi gviCvenebs,
rom mosaxleoba xandaxan metismetad izrdeba, rasac Sei-
Zleba SimSiloba mohyves. magram, es mxolod maSin xdeba,
roca produqtebis warmoeba mkveTrad ecema.
qristianoba, rogorc vnaxeT, arafers gvTavazobs
mosaxleobis zrdis SesazRudavad garda sqesobrivi Tav-
Sekavebisa. ra Tqma unda, infantisada, aborti da Casax-
vis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebi morwmuneTaTvis akrZa-
lulia. marTalia samRvdeloebas, berebsa da monazmnebs
celibatis aRTqma hqondaT dadebuli, magram isini Sua
saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi imdenive procents Sead-
gendnen, ramdensac gauTxovari qalebi Cveni drois did
britaneTSi. gamodis, rom mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdis
ganxilvisas es faqtori SeiZleba mxedvelobaSi ar iqnas
miRebuli. aSkaraa, rom Sua saukuneebSi gacilebiT did
gavlenas axdenda SimSiliT, siRatakiT da epidemiebiT
sikvdili. amitom, mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi mosaxle-
obis raodenoba Zalian umniSvnelod gaizarda. zrdis
ufro maRali tempi aRiniSna XVIII saukuneSi, momdevno
saukuneSi ki iseT dones miaRwia, romelic adre arasodes
yofila dafiqsirebuli. X saukunis bolos is inglissa da
uelsSi erT kvadratul kilometrze 10 adamians Seadgen-
da, 1801 wels am maCvenebelma 60-s miaRwia, 1901 wels ki
220 gaxda. ase, rom mosaxleobis zrdis tempi normanelTa
Semosevidan (1066) XIX saukunis dasawyisamde TiTqmis ig-
ive iyo rac mxolod XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi. magram,
mosaxleobis raodenoba am periodis ganmavlobaSi kidev
ufro gaizrdeba Tu gaviTvaliswinebT didi britaneT-

– 179 –
is im moqalaqeebs, romlebic iseT qveynebSi gadavidnen
sacxovreblad, sadac adre velurebi cxovrobdnen.
magram, swori ar iqneba, Tu mosaxleobis raodenobis
zrdas Sobadobis matebiT avxsniT. mizezi ufro sikvdil-
ianobis Secirebaa, rac samedicino momsaxurebis gaum-
jobesebas mohyva, kidev ufro metad ki, Cemi azriT, sam-
rewvelo revoluciis Sedegad cxovrebis donis amaRlebis
Sedegia. 1841 wlidan moyolebuli, roca gaCnda pirveli
monacemebi yovel aTas sulze Sobadobis raodenobis Ses-
axeb, 1873 wlamde, axalSobilTa ricxvi TiTqmis ar izrde-
boda da 35.5-s Seadgenda. XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi ori
mniSvnelovani movlena moxda: pirveli is iyo, rom 1870
wels miiRes kanoni ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, meorec, 1876 wels
Sedga bredlous53 sasamarTlo procesi. is neomalTusian-
izmis propagandis gamo gaasamarTles. aq Cven vxedavT, rom
am momentidan moyolebuli Sobadobis ricxvi Semcirebas
iwyebs, jer nela, Semdeg ki mkveTrad ecema.
cxadia, rom Tavisi roli ganaTlebis kanonmac iTa-
maSa, ramdenadac bavSvebis eqspluatacia aikrZala. meo-
re mxriv, bredlous propaganda xalxs arwmunebda, rom
Sobadobis zrda saxifaToa. Sedegad, 1911-1915 wlebSi
Sobadobis raodenoba yovel aTas kacze 23.6-ze davida,
1929 wlis pirvel naxevarSi ki ukve 16.5-s Seadgens. Tum-
ca, inglisis mosaxleoba nela mainc izrdeba, magram es
samedicino momsaxureobis gaumjobesebis da cxovrebis
ufro jansaRi pirobebis Sedegia. asea Tu ise, Sobadobis
done inglisSi mainc stabiluri rCeba. safrangeTSi ki,
rogorc yvelam viciT mosaxleobis raodenoba praqtiku-
lad ucvleli rCeba.
Sobadobis Semcireba dasavleT evropis TiTqmis yvela
qveyanas Seexo (gamonaklisi mxolod CamorCenili qveynebia,
iseTi, rogoricaa magaliTad portugalia). kleba qalaqeb-
Si ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre soflur dasaxlebebSi. So-

– 180 –
badobis ricxvi jer maRal klasebSi Semcirda, Semdeg ki es
tendencia qalaqebis mosaxleobis da samrewvelo raioneb-
is yvela fenaze gavrcelda. Tumca, londonis kvartlebSi,
sadac Raribebi cxovroben Sobadoba ufro maRalia vidre
SeZlebul londonelebs Soris, magram iqac ki, axla ufro
dabalia, vidre maRal klasebSi iyo sul raRac aTi wlis
winaT. rogorc yvelasTvis cnobilia, Tumca zogierTebi
amis uaryofas cdiloben, Sobadobis Semcireba abortebis
ricxvis gazrdiT da Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebis
gamoyenebiTaa gamowveuli. SesaZloa, es procesi dastabi-
lurdes, magram isic ar aris gamoricxuli, rom Sobadobis
Semcirebis tendencia gagrZeldes, rac, bolos da bolos,
yvelaze civilizebuli xalxebis gaqrobasTan migviyvans.
modiT, vcadoT, ufro safuZvlianad gaverkveT am
problemaSi. kar sandersis azriT, ekonomikis ama Tu im
mdgomareobisaTvis arsebobs mosaxleobis optimaluri
simWidrove, iseTi, romelic erT sul mosaxleze maqsi-
maluri wliuri Semosavlis miRebis saSualebas iZleva. Tu
mosaxleobis raodenoba izrdeba, ekonomikis mdgomare-
oba ki ar umjobesdeba, erT sul mosaxleze Semosavlis
raodenoba iklebs. Sesabamisad, ekonomikis srulyofa da
ganviTareba mosaxleobis optimaluri simWidrovis gazr-
das iwvevs. magaliTad, pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi, sa-
dac adamianebi nayofis SegrovebiTa da nadirobiT arian
dakavebuli, mosaxleobis optimaluri simWidrove ramden-
ime kvadratul kilometrze erTi adamiani iyo. maRalgan-
viTarebuli ekonomikis qveyanaSi mosaxleobis simWidrove,
rac erT kvadratul kilometrze ramdenime aseul kacs
Seadgens, jer kidev ver gaxda optimaluri. ai, amitom,
omis Semdgom inglisze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is metismetad
mWidrod dasaxlebuli qveyanaa. magram, swori ar iqneba
Tu vityviT, rom safrangeTSi, an dasavleT evropis rome-
lime sxva qveyanaSi yovel erT sulze Semosavali mosax-

– 181 –
leobis zrdis Sedegad gaizrdeba. adamianebi, romlebic
Tvlian rom aucilebelia mosaxleobis raodenobis zrda,
Cveulebriv, nacionalisturi da militaristuli ideebiT
arian STagonebuli. maT ratomRac aviwydebaT, rom Tu omi
daiwyeba, razec isini ocneboben, mosaxleobis raodenoba
mkveTrad Semcirdeba. amdenad, gamodis, rom maTi azriT,
umjobesia mosaxleobis zrda brZolis velze adamianeb-
is sikvdiliT SezRudon, vidre Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego
saSualebebiT. aseTi Tvalsazrisi mxolod gonebis si-
Clungis niSani SeiZleba iyos. magram, Tu oms ar miviRebT
mxedvelobaSi, sasixaruloa, rom Sobadobaze kontrolis
meTodebis gamoyenebam civilizebuli qveynebis mosaxleo-
bis raodenobis dastabilureba gamoiwvia.
Tumca, sul sxva saqmea Tu mosaxleobis raodenobis
kleba kontrols ar eqvemdebareba da amis Sedegad, ama Tu
im ers droTa ganmavlobaSi sruli gaqroba emuqreba. ra
Tqma unda, am tendencias unda vebrZoloT, radgan aravis
surs dedamiwaze yvelaze civilizebuli erebis gaqroba.
ase rom, Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebis gamoyeneba
gamarTlebulia mxolod im doziT, sanam is ar amcirebs
mosaxleobis raodenobis stabilur dones. me vfiqrob,
rom es praqtikulad miRwevadia.
ojaxSi bavSvebis raodenobis Semcireba ara mxolod
ekonomikuri mizezebiT aixsneba, aramed zogierTi sxva
mizeziTac. Sobadobis gazrda SeiZleba bavSvis movlis da
aRzrdis xarjebis SemcirebiT. an kidev, Tu es marTla au-
cilebeli gaxdeba, ojaxis TiToeuli wevris Semosavlis
gazrdiT. magram, amJamindeli nacionalisturi ganwyo-
bilebebis fonze es mxolod militarizmis gaZlierebasTan
migviyvanda. wamyvani militaristuli qveynebis samxedro
sferos liderebi am sakiTxs gamalebuli SeiaraRebis kom-
ponentad aqcevdnen da axal lozungs SemogvTavazebdnen:
„zarbaznebs sazarbazne xorci sWirdeba“.

– 182 –
 da aq, Cven kvlav vdgebiT msoflios mTavrobis Se-
qmnis aucileblobis winaSe imisaTvis, rom civilizacia
daRupvisgan vixsnaT. aseTi mTavrobis mizani mTel mso-
flioSi mSvidobis SenarCuneba iqneboda da amisaTvis, mas
SeiZleboda moeTxova Sobadobaze mkacri kontrolis dacva
im qveynebSi, sadac militaristuli tendenciebia. magali-
Tad, avstraliasa da iaponias Soris axlaxans warmoSobili
daZabuloba ilustraciaa imisa, Tu ramdenad seriozulia
es problema. iaponiis mosaxleoba Zalian swrafad izrde-
ba, avstraliis ki (Tu emigracias ar CavTvliT) Zalian
nela. qveynebs Soris aseTi daZabulobis Seneleba sakmaod
Znelia, radgan orive mxare misTvis sruliad samarTliani
principebiT xelmZRvanelobs.
me vfiqrob, rom uaxloes momavalSi dasavleT evropis
qveynebSi da amerikaSi mosaxleobis raodenoba ar gaizrde-
ba, Tu am qveynebis mTavrobebi raRac nabijebs ar gadad-
gamen am mimarTulebiT. amasTan, ar unda velodoT, rom
samxedro TvalsazrisiT ganviTarebuli qveynebi gulx-
eldakrefili uyureben sxva qveynebi rogorc cdiloben
TavianTi mosaxleobis gazrdiT, ZalTa balansisi Secvlas.
am SemTxvevaSi mxolod msoflios mTavrobas SeuZlia gad-
awyvitos sakiTxi mosaxleobis raodenobis Sesaxeb, moiTx-
ovos ra gajiutebuli qveynebidan kontroli daaweson
mosaxleobis zrdaze. sxvanairad msoflioSi mSvidobis Se-
narCuneba SeuZlebeli iqneba.
Cven vxedavT, rom mosaxleobis raodenobis sakiTxs
ori mxare aqvs. unda gveSinodes ara mxolod mosaxleo-
bis swrafi zrdis, aramed yvelaferi unda gavakeToT im-
isTvis, rom es raodenoba ar mcirdebodes. pirveli ten-
dencia samyarosaviT Zvelia da iseT qveynebSi arsebobs,
rogoricaa portugalia, espaneTi, ruseTi da iaponia. me-
ore tendencia piriqiT, axalia da jerjerobiT mxolod
dasavleT evropis qveynebSi SeimCneva. SeiZleboda gveTq-

– 183 –
va, rom es ukanaskneli amerikaSic SesamCnevi iqneboda, iq
mosaxleobis raodenoba emigrantebis nakadiT rom ar ivse-
bodes, rac Zalian sasurvelia, ramdenadac adgilobriv
amerikelebs Soris Sobadoba Zalian dabalia.
azrovnebis stereotipebis gamo, Cven verc ki vamCnevT
safrTxeebs, rac SeiZleba mosaxleobis raodenobis Sem-
cirebas moyves. jerjerobiT mxolod moralistebi qadage-
ben da iReben kanonebs, romelic Sobadobaze kontrolis
meTodebis propagandas krZalavs, magram, aq, Znelia raimes
miaRwio. Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebis gamoyenebis
praqtika civilizebul qveynebSi imdenad aris gavrcele-
buli, rom misi SeCereba SeuZlebelia. seqsTan dakavSire-
buli faqtebis arSemCnevis Cveva mTavrobis wevrebisa da
sxva Tanamdebobis pirebis gonebaSi imdenadaa fesvgadgmu-
li, rom mis swraf gaqrobas ar unda velodoT. arada, es
Zalian mavnebeli Cvevaa da me mxolod imis imedi maqvs, rom
axlandeli axalgazrdebi miaRweven ra maRal sazogadoe-
briv mdgomareobas, am TvalsazrisiT Tavisi mSoblebis da
bebia-babuebis msgavsebi ar iqnebian. imedi unda viqoni-
oT, rom isini patiosnad aRiareben Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego
saSualebebis gamoyenebis aucileblobas, magram mxolod
im pirobiT, rom es mosaxleobis raodenobis Semcire-
basTan ar migviyvans. Tumca, swori kursi, romelic erma
unda airCios misi raodenobis sagrZnoblad Semcirebis
SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda is aris, rom unda Seamciros im
danaxarjebis tvirTi, rac mravalbavSvian ojaxs aqvs da
amiT, mosaxleobis zrdis tendencia gaaZlieros.
arsebobs sazogadoebaSi miRebul moralTan dakav-
Sirebuli kidev erTi problema, rac warmatebiT SeiZleba
iqnas gadaWrili Tu moraluri kodeqsi ramdenadme Seicv-
leba. axla, inglisSi ori milioniT meti qalia, vidre
kaci. kanoni da tradiciuli morali qalebs aiZulebs
uSvilod darCnen, rac maT, eWvi ar aris, damamcirebel

– 184 –
mdgomareobaSi amyofebs. Tumca, tradiciuli morali
Semwynarebeli rom iyos martoxela dedebis mimarT, mTav-
roba ki maT bavSvebis aRzrdaSi exmarebodes, bevri maT-
gani amjobinebda bavSvebi hyoloda da ara ise yofiliyo,
rogorc dRes aris. monogamiuri ojaxi im daSvebiT ar-
sebobs, rom qalebisa da kacebis raodenoba daaxloebiT
Tanabaria. roca, faqtobrivad es ase ar aris, sisastike
da arahumanuria vaiZuloT am ariTmetikulad „zedmet
qalebs“ marto icxovron. aseTi situaciis SenarCuneba
gansakuTrebiT arasasurveli iqneba maSin, Tu mosaxleo-
bis zrdis aucileblobis winaSe davdgebiT.
Cveni codnis zrdasTan erTad, mizanmimarTuli mo-
qmedebebis wyalobiT, sul ufro da ufro xdeba Sesa-
Zlebeli, im Zalebis kontroli, romlebic aqamde bunebis
Zalebad iTvleboda. am Zalebs miekuTvneba mosaxleo-
bis raodenoba. qristianobis miRebis Semdeg, mosaxleo-
bis raodenoba arafriT ar regulirdeboda, garda brma
instinqtisa. magram, axla dgeba dro, roca es sakiTxi
mkacri, gacnobierebuli kontrolis qveS unda iyos.
iseve, rogorc bavSvebis aRzrdaze saxelmwifo kontro-
lis SemTxvevaSi, msoflios mTavroba am sakiTxSic unda
Caerios da ar dauSvas, rom mosaxleobis raodenobaze
kontroli urTierTdapirispirebuli militaristuli
qveynebis xelSi iyos, rogorc es axla xdeba.

– 185 –
 Tavi XVII

evgenika

evgenika aris mecniereba, romelic adamianTa modg-

mis biologiur maxasiaTeblebs ikvlevs, Sedegis miRwevis
Sesaferisi meTodebiT. jer kidev, darvinTan vawydeb-
iT evgenikis mTavar ideebs, amitom araferi gasakviri
ar aris imaSi, rom evgenikis sazogadoebis prezidenti
Carlz darvinis vaJiSvilia. Tumca, am mecnierebis namd-
vili damfuZnebeli frensis galtoni gaxldaT, romelmac
pirvelad gausva xazi memkvidreobis faqtors mecniereb-
isa da kulturis miRwevebis sferoSi. Cvens droSi, memkv-
idreobis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, amerikaSi, saRamos wveule-
bebzec ki daiwyes saubari. konservatiuli Sexedulebebis
amerikelebi amtkiceben, rom mowifuli adamianis xasiaTi
ZiriTadad misi Tandayolili unarebiT ganisazRvreba,
maSin, roca radikalurad moazrovne amerikelebi piri-
qiT, amtkiceben, rom yvelaferi aRzrdazea damokidebu-
li da memkvidreoba arafer SuaSia. me arc erT azrs
vemxrobi da arc meores, iseve, rogorc arc im azrs,
romelsac orive mxare iziarebs da maTi saerTo crurw-
menaa, TiTqos italielebi, samxreT evropeli slavebi da
zogierTi sxva, CamorCenili erebia adgilobriv amerike-
lebTan, ku-kluqs-klanis wevrebTan SedarebiT.
Tumca, jerjerobiT saerTod ar arsebobs monaceme-
bi, romlebic garkveulad ityvian, rom adamianis gone-
brivi monacemebi memkvidreobaze, an ganaTlebazea damok-

– 186 –
idebuli. am sakiTxis mecnierulad gadasawyvetad saWiro
iqneboda ramdenime aTasi tyupi SegverCia da wyvilidan
TiToeuli sruliad gansxvavebulad aRgvezarda. Tumca,
axla am eqsperimentis Catareba Zalian Znelia. piradad
me, Camomiyalibda azri, romelic ra Tqma unda aramecni-
erulia da mxolod Cems pirad STabeWdilebebs emyareba,
rom, Tumca cudi aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis Sedegad, yve-
la SeiZleba miiyvano degradaciamde (da es asec xdeba,
TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi) mxolod garkveuli bunebrivi
monacemebis mqone adamianebs SeuZliaT udides Sedegebs
miaRwion sxvadasxva sferoSi. me sruliad darwmunebuli
var, rom rac unda srulyofili iyos ganaTlebis siste-
ma, is ver SeZlebs saSualo musikaluri monacemebis bavS-
vi pirvelxarisxovan pianistad aqcios, rom msoflios
vercerTi saukeTeso skola Cvengan ainStains ver miiReb-
da, rom napoleons, jer kidev brienis skolaSi swavli-
sas uzarmazari upiratesoba hqonda Tavis amxanagebTan
SedarebiT, rom man strategia iswavla dedaze dakvirve-
biT, roca is Tavis moCxubar vaJiSvilebs Wkuas arigebda.
me darwmunebuli var, rom am SemTxvevaSi, iseve, rogorc
yvela naklebad mkveTrad gamoxatul SemTxvevebSic, bune-
brivi niWi aRzrdis xelSewyobiT saSualo doneze ukeTes
Sedegebs iZleva. garda amisa, arsebobs sruliad aSkara
faqtebi, romlebic gvaiZulebs aseTi daskvnis gakeTebas.
magaliTad, SegviZlia vTqvaT Wkviania adamiani Tu sule-
li Tu davakvirdebiT misi Tavis qalis formas, romelic
ganaTlebisa da aRzrdis Sedegi namdvilad ar aris. rac
Seexeba idiotizms, Wkuasustobasa da gonebriv CamorCe-
nilobas, evgenikis yvelaze fanatikuri oponentic ver
uaryofs imas, rom idiotizmi, yovel SemTxvevaSi umete-
sad mainc, Tandayolili movlenaa. zustad aseve, yvelam,
vinc „normaluri ganawilebis“54 mruds icnobs, icis, rom
arealebi am mrudis sapirispiro boloebSi gansazRvravs

– 187 –
procentul Tanafardobas ukiduresad maRali gonebrivi
SesaZleblobebis adamianTa da ukiduresad dabali gone-
brivi SesaZleblobebis adamianTa Soris. amdenad, udaod
SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna, rom adamianebi Tandayoli-
li gonebrivi unarebiT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian.
me aseve vvaraudob, Tumca ki, es SeiZleba cota saeWvo
iyos, rom Wkviani xalxi sjobia uWkuoebs. es ori punqti
gaxlavT evgenikis safuZveli. amitom, ar unda gagvecinos
maTze ra daskvnebamdec ar unda mivideT, roca evgenikis
damcvelebis msjelobis zogierT detalze gavamaxvilebT
yuradRebas.
evgenikis Sesaxeb uamravi sisulele dawerila. mis
damcvelebs Soris arian iseTebic, romelTac surT gar-
da biologiuri safuZvlebisa evgenikis sferos naklebad
damajerebeli raRac sociologiuri hipoTezebic miat-
masnon. magaliTad, raRac amgvari: adamiani imdenad zne-
obrivia, ramdenad maRalicaa misi wliuri Semosavali.
siRaribe memkvidreobiT gadaecema (samwuxarod, xSirad
marTlac asea) da amdenad, biologiuri movlenaa da ara
sazogadoebrivi. Tu mdidrebis Sobadoba gaizrdeba, Rar-
ibebSi ki Semcirdeba, droTa ganmavlobaSi yvela mdidari
iqneba. didi xmauri iyo atexili imis gamo, rom Sobadoba
RaribebSi ufro maRalia, vidre mdidrebSi. magram, me ar
vTvli, rom es Zalian dasanani faqtia, ramdenadac veravin
SeZlebs damimtkicos, rom mdidrebi raime TvalsazrisiT
aRematebian Raribebs. kacma rom Tqvas, samwuxaro isedac
araferia, radgan Sobadoba RaribebSi yovelwliurad ecema
da axla iseTivea, rogoric iyo mdidrebSi cxra wlis winaT.
garda amisa, udavod arsebobs iseTi faqtorebi, romlebic
arasasurveli gziT axdenen gavlenas Sobadobaze. magal-
iTad, mTavrobis Cinovnikebi da policia gangeb uqmnian
siZneleebs Sobadobaze kontrolis Sesaxeb informaciis
gavrcelebas. Sedegad, is sazogadoebis gaunaTlebel fene-

– 188 –
bamde ver aRwevs, am adamianebma araferi ician Casaxvis saw-
inaaRmdego saSualebebis Sesaxeb da amitom, umecar xalxs
ufro didi ojaxebi aqvT, vidre ganaTlebulebs. bolos da
bolos, es informacia odesme gaunaTleblebamdec miaRw-
evs. samwuxaro mxolod is aris, rom xelisuflebis obsku-
rantuli politikis gamo es ubeduri adamianebi problemis
gadaWras abortebis saSualebiT Seecdebian.
mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rom evgenikaSi ori ZiriT-
adi mimarTuleba arsebobs, romelTagan erTs SeiZleba
pozitiuri vuwodoT, meores ki, negatiuri. pirveli imas
ikvlevs Tu rogor unda moxdes kargi jiSis adamianebis
dabadebis stimulireba, meore mimarTulebam ukve praq-
tikuli gamoyeneba hpova. magaliTad, amerikis mTel rig
StatebSi zogierTebis sterilizacia daiwyes da mosalod-
nelia, rom es did britaneTSic moxdeba. bevri aseTi zome-
bis winaaRmdegia, magram me vfiqrob, rom maTi mosazreba
gamarTlebuli ar aris. rogorc cnobilia, Wkuasust qa-
lebs bevri ukanono Svili uCndebaT, romlebic sruliad
usargeblo arian sazogadoebisaTvis. Tu am qalebis ster-
ilizacia moxdeba, isini Tavs gacilebiT ukeT igrZnoben.
maTi dafexmZimebis mizezi xom is ar aris, rom Zalian surT
bavSvis gaCena. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Wkuasust kacebzec.
Tumca, iZulebiTi sterilizacia uzarmazari safrTxis
Semcvelia, radgan xelisuflebam nebismieri araordinaru-
li azri Tu kritika SeiZleba Wkuasustobis gamovlenad
miiCnios. am safrTxesTan Segueba mogviwevs, vinaidan sx-
vagvarad SeuZlebelia uamravi idiotis, Wkuasustis da
gonebrivad CamorCenilisgan Tavis daRweva. da mainc, me
vfiqrob, rom steriliazaciis gamoyeneba SezRudul unda
iqnas da mxolod im adamianebs CautardeT, romelTac gone-
brivi defeqti aqvT. me winaaRmdegi var aidahoSi miRebuli
kanonisa, romlis Tanaxmad sterilizacias eqvemdebarebian
adamianebi, romelTac aqvT „gonebrivi defeqti, epilef-

– 189 –
sia, arian recidivisti borotmoqmedebi, zneobrivad de-
generatebi da seqsualurad gaukuRmarTebulebi“. bolo
ori kategoriis Sesaxeb mosazrebebi mkveTrad iyofa. aid-
ahos kanonis mixedviT, savsebiT gamarTlebuli iqneboda
sokrates, platonis, iulius cezarisa da pavle mociqulis
sterilizacia.55 garda amisa, recidivisti borotmoqmedebi
SeiZleba raRac saxis nervoziT iyvnen daavadebulebi da
sul cota, Teoriulad mainc, maTi gankurneba SesaZlebe-
li iyos fsiqoanalizis meTodebis gamoyenebiT, ramdena-
dac nevrozi memkvidreobiTi daavadeba ar aris. inglis-
sa da amerikaSi kanonmdebloba fsiqikurad daavadebul
pirebTan dakavSirebiT isea formulirebuli, rom masSi
sruliad ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli fsiqoanalitikosebis
kvlevebi. ubralod, masSi erT grovadaa Tavmoyrili sx-
vadasxva tipis fsiqikuri daavadebebi mxolod im safuZv-
elze, rom maT msgavsi simptomebi aqvT. mokled rom vTq-
vaT, es kanonmdebloba miRebulia im codnis safuZvelze,
romelic WeSmaritebad iTvleboda ocdaaTi wlis winaT da
es amtkicebs, Tu ra saxifaToa kanonebis miReba im sak-
iTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTa Sesaxeb mecniereba erT
azramde jer kidev ar misula, an gadaWrili egonaT da
droTa ganmavlobaSi mecnierebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze
mcdarad iqna miCneuli. arada, mosamarTleebi kanonis im
muxlebiT xelmZRvaneloben, romlebic moZvelebul mecni-
erul Sexedulebebs asaxavs da abrkolebs kanonmdeblobis
gadaxedvas mecnierebis axali miRwevebis Suqze.
Cemi azriT, mxolod defeqturi goneba unda CaiTvalos
sakmarisad garkveul kriteriumad imisaTvis, rom sasa-
marTlom iZulebiTi sterilizaciis ganaCeni gamoitanos.
Tu rogoria misi niSnebi amaze SeiZleba vimsjeloT obieq-
turi monacemebis safuZvelze, romelTa ugulebelyofa
SeuZlebelia. magram, gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, esa Tu
is piri aris Tu ara zneobrivi degenerati ukve SeiZleba

– 190 –
sadao iyos, imitom, rom erTi da igive piri adamianTa
romeliRac jgufis mier SeiZleba miCneul iqnas zneobriv
degeneratad, sxva jgufis mier ki winaswarmetyvelad. Sei-
Zleba momavalSi kanonma aseT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiTac
miiRos gadawyvetileba, magram im pirobiT, Tu mecnierul
kvlevebs daeyrdnoba da ara mecnierebis ukanasknel sity-
vad miCneul moralur gansjebs, rogorc es axla amerikis
zogierT StatSi xdeba.
axla ganvixilav im sakiTxebs, romelTac pozitiuri
evgenika Seiswavlis. aq gacilebiT saintereso Sesa-
Zleblobebia, Tumca maTi realizacia momavlis saqmea.
pozitiuri evgenika cdilobs momavali qorwinebisTvis
SearCios partniorebi romlebic gaaCenen iseT Svilebs,
sasurvelia bevrs, evgenikis moTxovnilebebs rom daakmay-
ofilebs. Cvens droSi yvelaferi swored sapirispirod
xdeba. aviRoT, magaliTad, romelime Zalian Wkviani biWi,
romelic dawyebiT skolaSi Sevida. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac
specialobas SeiZens da ojaxis uzrunvelyofis saSuale-
ba eqneba, is daqorwindeba daaxloebiT 30-35 wlis asakSi.
daaxloebiT igive socialuri warmoSobis misi Tanaklase-
li ki, Wkua-gonebiT rom ar gamoirCeva, daqorwinebas 25
wels ar gadaacilebs. saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebs
ganaTlebis misaRebad saWiro xarjebi mZime tvirTad awve-
baT, rac maT saSualebas ar aZlevT didi ojaxi hqondeT.
saSualod, isini inteleqtualurad albaT ufro metad
ganviTarebuli arian, vidre sxva klasis warmomadgenle-
bi da amitom, Zalian sawyenia is SezRudva, romelic maT
zemoTaRniSnuli mizezis gamo aqvT. amitom, am problemis
umartivesi gadawyveta iqneboda ufaso ganaTleba, maT
Soris, sauniversiteto ganaTlebac im ojaxis bavSvebi-
saTvis, romlebic saSualo klass ekuTvnian. mokled rom
vTqvaT, mSoblebis damsaxurebiT Svilebs mecnierebisken
mimavali gza gauioldebodaT. es saSualebas miscemda

– 191 –
Zalian Wkvian axalgazrdebs Tavidan aeridebinaT ukidure-
sad daZabuli da damqancveli Sroma, rac maT inteleqtsa
da janmrTelobas did zians ayenebs, maSin, roca srul-
wlovanebis asakisTvisac ar miuRweviaT. magram, Zalian
saeWvoa inglisisa da amerikis mTavrobam imaze izrunos,
rom maRalkvalificiur specialistebs didi ojaxebi hqon-
deT, es xom demokratiis principebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
evgenika, rogorc mecniereba, efuZneba varauds, rom
adamianebi Tanasworebi ar arian, demokratiis umTavr-
esi principi ki is aris, rom yvela adamiani Tanasworia.
gamodis, rom evgenika Tavisi ideebiT da meTodebiT sa-
zogadoebriv-politikuri azriT miuRebelia demokra-
tiuli TanamegobrobisaTvis, ramdenadac is ara mxolod
imas gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs umniSvnelo raodenoba iseTi
adamianebisa, rogoric arian idiotebi da gonebasustebi,
aramed imasac, rom Tumca aseve umniSvnelo raodenobis,
magram iseTi adamianebic arseboben, TavianTi gonebri-
vi SesaZleblobebiT danarCenebs rom aRematebian. aqedan,
pirveli nawilis arseboba umravlesobas siamovnebs, meo-
re nawili ki aRSfoTebas iwvevs. SeiZleba velodoT, rom
zomebi, romlebic miRebuli iqneba evgenikis pirveli re-
komendaciis realizaciisaTvis, sazogadoebis mxardaWeras
hpovebs, meore nawilis xorcSesxma ki arasodes ar moxdeba.
Tumca, Cvens droSi, Znelia imis garkveva yvelaze ukeT-
es jiSs vin ekuTvnis, yvela, vinc am problemaze dafiqrdeba
udaod dameTanxmeba, rom adamianebs Soris gansxvaveba nam-
dvilad arsebobs da imedia mecniereba male am gansxvavebis
kriteriumebis dadgenas SeZlebs. modiT, warmovidginoT,
ras etyoda fermeri imas, vinc Seecdeboda daerwmunebi-
na is, rom yvela misi xarisTvis Tanabari SesaZlebloba
unda mieca. rogorc cnobilia, xar-mwarmoebels Zalian
didi yuradRebiT arCeven, aucileblad iTvaliswineben
misi winapari mdedris wveladobas. gakvriT SevniSnavT,

– 192 –
rom am biologiuri saxeobis warmomadgenlebi mecniere-
baSi, xelovnebaSi, samxedro xelovnebaSi ver erkvevian.
es, gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebi mxolod Zroxebs ekuTvniT,
xolo xari, mxolod maT gadasacemad aris saWiro.
Sinauri cxovelebis yvela jiSi cdebis Sedegad iqna
gamoyvanili da am gamocdilebam droTa ganmavlobaSi mec-
nieruli saxe miiRo. eWvi ar aris, rom es mecniereba Sei-
Zleba adamianebis mimarTac iqnas gamoyenebuli sasurveli
Sedegebis misaRwevad. ra Tqma unda, pirvel rigSi gada-
saWreli iqneba rTuli sakiTxi: risi miReba gvsurs Cven?
Tu movindomebT gamoviyvanoT adamianTa iseTi modgma,
romelic fizikurad Zalian Zlieri iqneba, cxadia, rom maT
dabali gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi eqnebaT. Tu piriqiT,
maRali gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis modgmas gamoviyvanT,
isini SeiZleba fizikurad sustebi aRmoCndnen, romelTac
avadmyofoba advilad moerevaT. Tu SevecdebiT emoci-
urad gawonasworebuli adamianebi miviRoT, sarisko saqme
iqneba, radgan amiT SeiZleba xelovnebas davemSvidoboT.
garda amisa, yvela rTul sakiTxze, romelic aq SeiZleba
wamoiWras, Cven pasuxs ver gavcemT, imitom, rom dReisT-
vis pozitiuri evgenika, rogorc mecniereba, jer kidev ar
arsebobs. SesaZloa, uaxloesi asi wlis ganmavlobaSi mem-
kvidreobiTobis Teoriam da bioqimiam iseT did warmate-
bas miaRwios, rom gaCndes adamianTa axali rasa, romelic
dRevandelze aRmatebuli iqneba.
magram, mecnierebaSi aseTi gadatrialebis SemTxvevaSi
ojaxma SeiZleba iseTi katastrofa ganicados, risi war-
modgenac ki SeuZlebelia. imisaTvis, rom mkacrad mecnier-
ulad gvemuSava adamianTa axali jiSis gamoyvanaze, saWiro
iqneboda TiToeuli Taobidan kacebis ori-sami procen-
tis SerCeva da qalebis daaxloebiT ocdaxuTi procentis
SerCeva romelTa daniSnuleba STamomavlobis gaCena iqne-
boda. mowifulobis asakis miRwevisas winaswar Catardebo-
da kvleva da misi Sedegebis mixedviT, yvela kandidats,

– 193 –
romelic wayenebul moTxovnebs ver daakmayofilebda,
sterilizacia Cautardeboda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, bavSvs
mamasTan iseTive kavSiri eqneboda, rogorc xars, an ul-
ays Tavis STamomavalTan. deda ki erTgvar specialistad
da profesionalad iqceoda, romelsac araferi eqneboda
saerTo sxva qalebTan cxovrebis wesis TvalsazrisiT.
minda gagafrTxiloT, me ar veli, rom momavalSi raRac
amis msgavsi moxdeba, ufro metic, CemTvis es utopia im-
denad saSinelebaa, rom misi ganxorcielebis winaaRmdegi
var. da mainc, Tu obieqturad SevxedavT, zemoTqmulis
realizebas SesaZloa SesaniSnavi Sedegebi moetana. magal-
iTad, vTqvaT, rom es utopia iaponiaSi sinamdviled iqca
da sam TaobaSi seleqciuri SerCevis Sedegad miRebul iqna
adamianTa jiSi, romelSic kacebi edisonebi arian da iseTi
fizikuri ZaliT dajildoebuli, rogorc krivSi Cempioni.
Tu am periodSi sxva qveynebSi yvelaferi Zveleburad iqne-
ba, maSin iaponiasTan brZolis SemTxvevaSi isini damarcx-
debian. SesaZloa iaponelebma ar gariskon am xalxis omSi
gamoCena da sxva qveynebidan daqiravebulebi abrZolon, se-
leqcionirebuli adamianebi ki gamoiyenon axali sabrZolo
teqnikis Sesaqmnelad, rac maT udao gamarjvebas uzrun-
velyofs. ra Tqma unda brma erTgulebas da ufro metic,
saxelmwifos gaRmerTebas aseT sistemaSi seleqcionire-
bulebs bavSvobidanve Caunergaven. ityvis ki vinme, rom
movlenaTa aseTi ganviTareba momavalSi SeuZlebelia?
politikosebisa da publicistebis garkveul wreebSi
Zalian popularulia evgenika, romelsac SeiZleba raso-
brivi vuwodoT. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia Sexeduleba,
rom erT-erTi rasa Tu xalxi (ra Tqma unda, politikosebi
da publicistebi maT miekuTvnebian) yovelmxriv aRemateba
sxvebs da mas ufleba aqvs gamoiyenos samxedro Zala imi-
saTvis, rom am rasis Tu xalxis raodenoba gaizardos dab-
ali rasebisa da xalxebis xarjze, romlebic valdebulni

– 194 –
arian umaRles rasas daemorCilon. amis saukeTeso maga-
liTia nordiuli rasis propaganda amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, sadac misi mdgomareoba imigraciis kanonis mux-
lebSi aisaxa. sxvaTa Soris, rasobrivi evgenikis momxreebi
eyrdnobian darvinis princips: „gadarCeba Zlieri, Zli-
erTa Soris“. ucnauri mxolod is aris, rom igive xalxi
darvinizmis safuZvlebis akrZalvas iTxovs skolebsa
da kolejebSi. samwuxaroa, rom politikuri propagan-
da rasobriv evgenikas iyenebs, magram axla Cven droebiT
amis Sesaxeb daviviwyoT da vecadoT aRniSnuli sakiTxi
obieqturad ganvixiloT.
umaRlesi miRwevebis TvalsazrisiT, araviTari eWvis
Setana ar SeiZleba imaSi, rom erTi rasa meores SeiZleba
aRematebodes. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma, kanadam,
avstraliam, axalma zelandiam udaod meti wili Seitanes
msoflio civilizaciaSi, vidre am teritoriebze mcx-
ovrebma aborigenebma. Cemi azriT, sruliad samarTliani
iqneba, Tu CavTvliT, rom zangebi zogadad ufro dabal
doneze dganan, vidre TeTrkanianebi, Tumca tropikebSi
samuSaod maT veravin Seedreba. maTi sruli gaqroba, rom
aRaraferi vTqvaT imaze, rom es arahumanuri iqneboda,
Zalian arasasurvel Sedegebsac moitanda. ucnauria, rom
amden fsevdomecnierul sisuleleebs laparakoben ev-
ropis zogierTi xalxis arasrulfasovnebis Sesaxeb. aS-
karaa, rom amis saSualebiT cdiloben TavianTi politi-
kuri miznebi damalon. me aseve veraviTar safuZvels ver
vxedav imisaTvis, rom yviTelkanianTa rasa Tundac raime
mxriv keTilSobil TeTrkanian rasaze dabla davayeno.
cxadia, rom rasobrivi evgenika Sovinizmis propagandis
SeniRbvas emsaxureba.
iulius vulfs mohyavs statistikuri monacemebi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu zogierT qveyanaSi yovel aTas kacze Soba-
dobis ricxvi ramdenad aRemateba sikvdilianobis ricx-

– 195 –
vs. safrangeTSi es maCvenebelia 1.3, amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi _ 4.0, SveciaSi _ 5.8, indoeTSi _ 5.9, SveicariaSi
_ 6.2, inglisSi _ 6.2, germaniaSi _ 7.8, italiaSi _ 10.9, ia-
poniaSi _ 14.6, ruseTSi _ 19.5. ekvadorSi ki, romelic am
mxriv lideria msoflioSi es maCvenebeli 23.1-is tolia.
samwuxarod, CineTis statistikuri monacemebi ar gvaqvs.
aqedan, iulius vulfi akeTebs daskvnas, rom dasav-
leTs male aRmosavleTi, anu ruseTi, CineTi da iaponia
STanTqavs. am azris gasabaTileblad, sakmarisia moviyva-
noT ekvadoris magaliTi, magram me amas ar vapireb. me kidev
erTxel daveyrdnobi misi wignidan Cem mier adre motanil
monacemebs londonSi Raribebis da mdidrebis Sobadobis
ricxvebis Sesaxeb, saidanac Cans, rom RaribebSi Sobado-
ba axla iseT donezea, rogoric iyo mdidrebSi ramdenime
wlis winaT. SeiZleba igive moxdes aRmosavleTSic, roca iq
industrializacia ganxorcieldeba da yofaSi dasavleTis
cxovrebis wesis elementebi Seva, Sobadoba mniSvnelovnad
Semcirdeba. garda amisa, samxedro safrTxe aRmosavleTis
nebismieri qveynidan realuri mxolod maSin xdeba, roca
qveyanaSi industrializacia moxdeba, industrializacias
ki Tan iseTi mentaliteti moaqvs, rom ojaxis wevrebis
raodenoba mcirdeba. amdenad, Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT,
rom Tu odesme aRmosavleTi dominirebul mdgomareobas
daikavebs, risic ase Zalian eSiniaT dasavlel Sovinistebs,
amaSi yofil kaizers56 rom baZaven, amiT araferi saSineli
ar moxdeba, Tumca araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs vi-
fiqroT, rom es odesme ganxorcieldeba. da mainc, omis
gamCaReblebi ar dacxrebian da sxva xrikebs Soris amasac
gamoiyeneben, sanam avtoritetuli saerTaSoriso organo
nebas ar darTavs ama Tu im qveyanas zomebi miiRos Tavisi
mosaxleobis gasazrdelad.
da aq, Cven kvlav vawydebiT safrTxes, romelic kaco-
briobas emuqreba teqnikis ganviTarebiT saerTaSoriso
daZabulobis aseT pirobebSi. mecniereba xom Cveni gegme-

– 196 –
bis realizaciis saSualebas gvaZlevs, magram Tu es gegme-
bi agresiuli xasiaTisaa, katastrofa gardauvalia. Tuki
samyaro kvlavac savse iqneba siZulviliT da boRmiT,
maSin mecnierebis miRwevebTan erTad is sul ufro da
ufro saSinel adgilad iqceva. Sesabamisad, Tu msof-
lioSi siZulvili da boRma aRar iqneba, es kacobriobis
WeSmarit progress moaswavebs. aqamde, TiToeuli Cven-
gani sqesTa Soris urTierTobis da araswori sqesobrivi
aRzrdis gavlenis garemoSi cxovrobda. swored amitom,
Zvel seqsualur eTikaze uaris Tqma da misi axali eTikiT
Secvla Cveni drois sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan aucile-
blobas warmoadgens.
Tu sqesTa Soris urTierTobis es axali eTika mecnier-
ebaze iqneba dafuZnebuli da ara crurwmenebze, maSin pir-
vel rigSi evgenikis rekomendaciebi unda iqnas miRebuli.
es imas niSnavs, rom kacmac da qalmac unda gaacnobieron
TavianTi pasuxismgebloba imaze, Tu ra Tvisebebi eqnebaT
maT bavSvebs. es imasac niSnavs, rom sqesobrivi urTierTo-
bisaTvis araviTari SezRudva aRar iarsebebs radgan Casax-
vis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebis gamoyeneba bavSvis Casaxvas
gansakuTrebul aqtad aqcevs da ara mxolod sqesobrivi
urTierTobis Sedegad. ekonomikasTan dakavSirebuli mrav-
ali mizezis gamo, razec Cven wina TavebSi vilaparakeT, mama
albaT did rols ar iTamaSebs im yvelaferSi, rac bavSve-
bis aRzrdasTan iqneba dakavSirebuli. amitom, qalisTvis
erTaderTi motivi Tavisi momavali bavSvis mamis SerCevi-
sas iqneba survili swored is kaci iyos misi sayvareli
da cxovrebis Tanamgzavri. qalisTvis aseve SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba, ise, rom Tavisi siyvarulis msxverplad Sewirva
ar mouwevs, Tavisi bavSvebis mama evgenikis rekomendaciis
mixedviT airCios, ise, rom seqsualuri mimzidvelobis sa-
kuTar moTxovnilebebze uari ar Tqvas. kacisTvisac gac-

– 197 –
ilebiT advili iqneba SearCios qali, Tavisi momavali bavS-
vis deda, romlis mimarT Zlieri ltolva eqneba.
yvelam, visac CemsaviT miaCnia, rom sqesTa Soris urTi-
erToba sazogadoebis interesebs seriozulad exeba, rad-
gan am urTierTobis Sedegad SeiZleba bavSvebi gaCndes, am
wanamZRvaridan moralTan dakavSirebiT ori daskvna unda
gaakeTos: jer erTi, siyvaruli Tavisufali unda iyos yo-
velTvis, roca is bavSvebis interesebs ar exeba, meorec,
bavSvis Casaxvis sakiTxi eTikur mosazrebebTan mtkiced
unda iyos dakavSirebuli, rac aqamde ar xdeboda. axla
bavSvis dabadebas mRvdlis mier warmoTqmuli sityvebi
aRar axldeba da Tan arc dokumenti dasWirdeba, romelsac
mSoblebi romeliRac dawesebulebaSi iRebdnen, radan arc
erTze da arc meoreze bavSvis gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi
damokidebuli ar iqneba. yvelaferi, rac axla aucilebe-
lia, es aris mSoblebis piradi da memkvidreobiTi Tvise-
bebi, romelTac isini Svilebs gadascemen. roca mecnier-
eba SeZlebs mocemul problemas sakmarisad garkveulad
upasuxos da ara ise, rogorc axlaa SesaZlebeli, eTikur
sakiTxebs sazogadoebam SeiZleba evgenikis TvalsazrisiT
Sexedos. SesaniSnavi memkvidreobiTobis mqone kacebze, yo-
velTvis iqneba moTxovnileba, rogorc mamebze, im dros,
roca sxvebi, SesaZloa Zalian kargi sayvarlebi, uaryo-
filni iqnebian mamobis rolisTvis Seufereblobis gamo.
qorwinebis instituti, rogoric is aqamde iyo, SeuTavse-
belia aseT gansjebTan da varaudebTan da amitom, bevri
Tvlis, rom am mxriv evgenikis SesaZleblobebi Zalian Sez-
Rudulia. magram amqveynad yvelaferi icvleba da dro-
Ta ganmavlobaSi es barieric daiZleva Casaxvis sawinaaRm-
dego saSualebebis farTod gamoyenebis gamo da mamebsac
albaT iseTi pirovnuli urTierToba aRar eqnebaT Tavis
SvilebTan, rogorc axla aqvT. mTeli is seriozuloba da

– 198 –
maRali socialuri daniSnuleba, rasac warsulSi moral-
istebi qorwinebis instituts ukavSirebdnen, axali Taobis
adamianebis Seqmnaze gadava, Tu, ra Tqma unda, adamiane-
bi mzad iqnebian eTikuri normebi mecnierebis Sesabamisad
Secvalon. evgenikis Tvalsazrisi, rasac Tavidan mxolod
samecniero wreebi miiReben, TandaTan mosaxleobis sul
ufro farTo, did nawils moicavs da bolos da bolos, is
kanonebis kodeqsSic aisaxeba, rac sasurvel qorwinebebis
waxalisebamde migviyvans da im pirebis dasjamde, romel-
Ta qorwineba arasasurvelia. albaT, waxaliseba da jarima
garkveuli TanxiT moxdeba.
yvelaferma zemoTqmulma mecnierebis Carevis Sesax-
eb Cvens yvelaze intimur grZnobebSi, ar SeiZleba ziz-
Ri ar gamoiwvios. magram mis gasamarTleblad Cven Seg-
viZlia vTqvaT, rom religiis Carevas gacilebiT didxans
viTmendiT. mecniereba jer kidev axalgazrdaa da iseTi
gavlena da avtoriteti ar gaaCnia, rogoric tradiciis
gamo eklesias aqvs. droTa ganmavlobaSi, mecnierebac moi-
povebs avtoritetsa da gavlenas da aiZulebs adamianebs
mis principebs damorCildnen zustad iseve, rogorc isini
religiur dogmebs emorCilebodnen. momavali Taobis keT-
ildReoba, rac unda samwuxaro realoba iyos es, ver iqca
im imperativad, romelic Seakavebda, an kidev ufro ukeT-
esi, kontrolis qveS moaqcevda saSualo adamians, roca is
raRac ltolviTaa Sepyrobili. magram, Tu es keTilSobi-
li idea Rrmad gacnobierebuli eTikuri sistemis nawili
gaxdeba, da sazogadoeba ara mxolod aqebs da gakicxavs,
aramed ekonomikur da damsjel zomebsac gamoiyenebs, es
idea sazogadoebis yvela kanonmorCili wevrisaTvis iqce-
va principad, romlis ignorireba SeuZlebeli iqneba. re-
ligia kacobriobis istoriis gariJraJze gaCnda, maSin,
roca mecniereba sul raRac oTxasiode wels moiTvlis.

– 199 –
roca mecnierebac xnieri da pativsacemi gaxdeba, is Cvens
arsebobas iseve gaakontrolebs, rogorc amas religia
akeTebda. da me vfiqrob, rom odesme dadgeba dro, roca
adamianebi mecnierebis tiranias aumxedrdebian da mainc,
Tu tirania unda iyos, sjobs mecnierebis tirania iyos da
ara romelime sxva.

– 200 –
 Tavi XVIII

seqsi da adamianuri bedniereba

am TavSi, me kidev erTxel mivubrundebi pirvel TavebSi

ganxilul sakiTxebs, magram amjerad seqsis da seqsualuri
normebis adamianTa keTildReobaze gavlenis Tvalsazris-
iT. Cven vilaparakebT ara mxolod sqesTa Soris realur
urTierTobebze da adamianis cxovrebis im periodze, roca
seqsi misi cxovrebis nawilia. yvelaferi, rac seqsTan aris
dakavSirebuli Tavis gavlenas axdens adamianze maSin, roca
is jer kidev bavSvi, an mozardia da maSinac ki, roca is
moxucia. es gavlena sxvadasxvagvaria, rogorc kargi, aseve
cudi, garemoebebze damokidebulebiT. tradiciuli mora-
li raRacebze tabus dadebas jer kidev maSin iwyebs, roca
adamiani bavSvobis asakSia. rogorc ki siaruls iwyebs, mas
ukve eubnebian, rom Tavisi sxeulis garkveul nawilebs ar
Seexos, CurCuliT Tqvas, roca tualeti moundeba da rom
es fiziologiuri procesi iseT adgilas unda moxdes, sad-
ac mas veravin dainaxavs. misi sxeulis garkveuli nawilebi
raRaciT gansakuTrebulia, rac bavSvisTvis gaugebaria da
maT mimarT mis mometebul yuradRebas iwvevs. TandaTan,
interesdeba inteleqtualuri problemebiT, rogoricaa
is, Tu saidan Cndeba bavSvebi. miiRebs ra Tavis kiTxvebze
mikibul-mokibul da aSkarad araswor pasuxebs, is amis Ses-
axeb iwyebs fiqrs, roca marto rCeba. me vicnob iseT kacebs,
siberisgan jer Zalian Sors myofT, romelTac bavSvobaSi

– 201 –
seriozuli toniT eubnebodnen, rom isini mokvdebodnen,
Tu TavianT sasqeso organos Seexebodnen. sakmaod xSir-
ad, bavSvebs aTasnairi sasjeliT emuqrebodnen, magaliT-
ad, kastraciiT, magram umetes SemTxvevaSi maT aSinebd-
nen Wkuidan gadaxvalTo. aseTi aRzrdis Sedegad bavSvebs
danaSaulis da SiSis grZnoba uCndebodaT yvelafris gamo,
rac seqsTan iyo dakavSirebuli. seqsis es asociacia dana-
SaulTan da SiSTan droTa ganmavlobaSi qvecnobieri xde-
boda. SesaZlebeli rom iyos statistikur kvlevas Cava-
tarebdi mowiful kacebs Soris, romlebic Tvlian, rom
aseT daSinebas maTze kvali ar dautovebia. yvela maTgans
erT SekiTxvas davusvamdi: eqnebodaT Tu ara seqsi sx-
vis colTan Weqa-quxilis dros, iseve, rogorc nebismier
sxva dros? me ratomRac vfiqrob, rom Tu gulze xels
daidebdnen gamokiTxulTa oTxmocdaaTi procenti ityo-
da mexis dacemis SemeSindebodao.
Tumca, sadizmi da mazoxizmi Canasaxis saxiT yvela fsi-
qikurad janmrTel adamianSia, Tavisi gaukuRmarTebuli
formiT isini Sedegia tramvisa, romelic pirovnebis fsi-
qikas miadga. mazoxistSi es imaSi vlindeba, rom sqesobri-
vi aqtisas Tavs damnaSaved grZnobs. sadists hgonia, rom
tramvis mizezi macduri qalia. sinamdvileSi ki, es tramve-
bi gviCvenebs Tu rogor Rrma kvals tovebs bavSvis fsiqo-
logiaze metismetad mkacri moraluri qadagebebi. aucile-
belia, rom yvela, vinc bavSvebis aRzrdiTaa dakavebuli,
gansakuTrebiT yvelaze patarebis aRzrdiT, kargad iyos
gaTviTcnobierebuli bavSvis fsiqologiis sferoSi.
bavSvobaSi da gansakuTrebiT mozardobis period-
Si, mSoblebi da aRmzrdelebi xSirad awydebian bavSveb-
is Wirveulobas, sijiutes, uxeSobas da xandaxan araeTi-
kur qcevas, rac saerTod sruliad bunebrivia, Tu Zalian
Sors ar midis. Tumca, sqesTan dakavSirebuli akrZalvebis
darRvevisas ufrosebis mxridan sasjeli SeiZleba Zalian

– 202 –
mkacri iqnes da bavSvebi, ra Tqma unda, am gansxvavebas
grZnoben. Tu bavSvma sakuWnaodan ukiTxavad aiRo xili,
Tqven SeiZleba gabrazdeT da sayveduri uTxraT, magram
ar CaTvliT, rom is saSinlad moiqca. sul sxva saqmea Tu
Tqven, Zveleburi Sexedulebebis adamiani, mas masturbaci-
isas SeiswrebT. maSin sayvedurs ar dasjerdebiT, Tqvens
xmaSi saSineli aRSfoTeba gaiJRerebs, iseTi, mas rom ar-
asodes smenia Tqvengan. Tqveni toni, Tqveni aRSfoTeba
bavSvze waruSlel STabeWdilebas datovebs da mozardi
daijerebs, rom masturbacia mas marTlac gamousworebel
zians miayenebs. da mainc, is masturbacias ar Sewyvets.
es fsiqikuri tramva iqneba bavSvisaTvis, rac mTeli
cxovreba gahyveba. am momentidan, is Tavs codvilad Tv-
lis, magram kvlavac agrZelebs imis gakeTebas, rasac
akeTebda da Tavs imiT inugeSebs, rom amis Sesaxeb veravin
gaigebs. Tavs Zalian ubedurad grZnobs da cdilobs Suri
iZios, devnis ra yvelas vinc masze sustia. bavSvobidanve
eCveva ra motyuebas, is, bolos da bolos, yalibdeba fari-
sevlad, romelic devnis yvela azrs da qmedebas, rasac ar
eTanxmeba da es mxolod imitom, rom misma mSoblebma an
aRmzrdelebma Secdoma dauSves roca cdilobdnen is zne-
obriv pirovnebad aRezardaT.
bavSvis cxovrebaSi danaSaulis, SiSis da sircxvilis
grZnoba ar unda dominirebdes. misi cxovreba mxiaruli,
bednieri da spontanuri unda iyos. bavSvs ar unda eSinodes
Tavisi impulsuri survilebis, bunebis faqtebis kvlevis.
Tavisi instinqturi cxovreba sadRac sibneleSi ar unda
hqondes damaluli. man ar unda Camalos Tavisi aracno-
bieris siRrmeSi impulsebi, romlebsac ver gaaqrobs, rac
unda moindomos. Tu gvsurs, rom Cveni bavSvebi gaizard-
non da kargi adamianebi dadgnen, inteleqtualurad pati-
osnebi da uSiSrebi, roca saqme sazogadoebis intereseb-

– 203 –
is dacvas exeba, energiT savseni, roca saWiroa moqmedeba
da Semwynareblebi sxvagvarad moazrovneTa mimarT, maSin
adreuli bavSvobidanve aRzrdis sistema ise unda avagoT,
rom es Sedegi miRweul iqnas. magram, jerjerobiT aRzrdis
sistemas bevri saerTo aqvs imasTan, mwvrTnelebi daTvebs
cekvas rom aswavlian. es ase xdeba; ZaRlebs gaxurebul
rkinis iatakze gahyavT da sacekvao musikas ukraven. daTvi
cdilobs ar daiwvas da erTi TaTidan meoreze gadadis.
ase akeTeben mravaljer da ai, bolos mas arenaze uSveben.
is musikis fonze „cekvas“ iwyebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom am-
jerad mis TaTebqveS iataki gaxurebuli ar aris. daaxloe-
biT aseT meTods iyeneben ufrosebi, roca amCneven, rom
bavSvi Tavis sasqeso organos exeba. isini mis daSinebas
iwyeben da Sedegad, roca is ufrosi gaxdeba „cekvas“ gan-
agrZobs im melodiis fonze, aRmzrdelebma rom miaCvies.
ra Tqma unda aseT SemTxvevaSi misi seqsualuri cxovreba
janmrTeli da bednieri ar iqneba.
roca bavSvi mozardobis asakSi Sedis, sqesobriv sak-
iTxze tradiciuli Sexedulebebi mas did usiamovnebas
ayenebs. bevri biWi sircxvils ganicdis, ar esmis ra xde-
ba mis Tavs, roca RamiT pirvelad aqvs polucia. gar-
da amisa isini sakuTar TavSi aRmoaCenen impulsur sur-
vilebs, romelTa Sesaxeb maT ufrosebi afrTxilebdnen
da romelTac saSinlad cudi sityvebiT moixseniebdnen.
magram, es survilebi imdenad Zlieria, rom dRe da Ram
ar asvenebs da am dros da aseTi survilebiT atanilni
ocneboben idealur siyvarulze, romelic maTTvis ig-
ivea, rac seqsi. Tanaxmad maniheis doqtrinisa57 romelmac
qristianobaze gavlena moaxdina, idealuri grZnobebi,
ocnebebi idealur siyvarulze da xorcieli survilebi
ara mxolod erTmaneTisgan mTlianad gancalkevebiT ar-
seboben, aramed mudmiv brZolaSi arian CarTuli erTman-
eTTan. am SemTxvevisaTvis erTi Cemi megobari intele-
qtualis sityvebi minda moviyvano:

– 204 –
 „me darwmunebuli var, rom erT-erTi aratipiuri mo-
zardi viyavi, imdenad didi iyo CemSi ufskruli xorciel-
sa da idealurs Soris. SemeZlo saaTobiT mekiTxa Selis
sentimentaluri striqonebi:

ase pepela ocnebobs varskvlavebze,

ase Rames surs dilas moexvios.

da uceb, me am simaRlidan veSvebodi da vcdilobdi

SemeWvrita oTaxSi, sadac mosamsaxure qali ixdida. Cemi
simaRleebi iluzoruli iyo. misi daxmarebiT me ubralod
vcdilobdi seqsisadmi Cemi SiSi damefara“.

yvelam icis ramdenad xSiria nervozebi mozardobis

asakSi, roca Cveulebriv gawonasworebuli ymawvili uceb
wonasworobidan gamodis. margaret midi Tavis wignSi _
„iniciacia samoaze“ amtkicebs, rom im kunZulis mozardebs
Soris nevrozi saerTod ucnobi movlenaa da am faqts imiT
xsnis, rom kunZulze Tavisufali sqesobrivi urTierTo-
bebia. Tumca, qristiani misionerebis gamoCenis Semdeg es
Tavisufleba ramdenadme SezRudula.
mis midi esaubra misiis warmomadgenel ramdenime
gogonas, romlebic misionerTa saxlSi cxovrobdnen da
gairkva, rom yvela isini erTmaneTTan seqsiT, an mastur-
baciiT iyvnen dakavebuli, maSin, roca danarCen gogonebs
normaluri sqesobrivi cxovreba hqondaT. CvenSi yvelaze
metad cnobili biWebis skolebi, am TvalsazrisiT mxolod
imiT gansxvavdebian samoaSi myof misionerTa saxlebi-
sagan, rom is saxlebi uvnebelia inglisurma skolam ki
bavSvis fsiqikas SeiZleba gamousworebeli ziani miayenos,
radgan mas mTeli guliT sjera rasac aRmzrdelebi aswav-
lian, samoaneli gogonebisTvis ki TeTrkaniani misionere-
bis qadageba garTobis sagania mxolod.

– 205 –
 roca ymawvili Wabuki xdeba, is kvlav usiamovnebebs
awydeba seqsTan dakavSirebiT, iseTs, romelic SeiZleboda
ar yofiliyo. Tu mas sqesobrivi urTierToba aqamde ar
hqonia, imis aucilebloba, rom Tavisi survilebi akontro-
los, mas dabneuls da moridebuls xdis da roca bolos
da bolos is qorwindeba, TviTkontrolisgan gaTavisu-
flebas mxolod imiT axerxebs, rom uxeSad da agresiulad
eqceva Tavis cols da ra Tqma unda, kargavs mas, rogorc
partniors. Tu meZavebSi midis maSin naprali siyvarulis
fizikur da idealistur aspeqtebs Soris, romelic jer
kidev mozardobisas gaCnda, kidev ufro Rrmavdeba. Sede-
gad, misi damokidebuleba qalebTan an platonuri xasiaTi-
saa, an, rogorc TviTon is Tvlis, mdabali da sazizRaria.
amas veneriuli daaadebebis riskic emateba. Tu mas Tavi-
sive klasis gogonasTan eqneba urTierToba, maSin SeiZleba
yvelaferi kargad wavides, Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic ki am
kavSiris damalva mouwevs, rac myari urTierTobis Camoya-
libebas xels SeuSlis. axalgazrdebs nawilobriv maTTvis
damaxasiaTebeli snobizmis, nawilobriv ki imis gamo, rom
ar surT aseT asakSi bavSvebi iyolion, daqorwinebis sur-
vili ar aqvT. garda amisa, ramdenadac ganqorwineba rTu-
li proceduraa, adreuli qorwineba did safrTxes Seicavs:
roca axalgazrdebi oci wlisani iyvnen, isini Tvlidnen,
rom idealurad Seeferebodnen erTmaneTs, magram aTi wlis
Semdeg uceb mixvdnen, rom maT cota ram Tu aqvT saerTo.
mudmivi urTierToba erTsadaimave partniorTan bevrisT-
vis rTul problemad iqceva, Tu manamde maT xanmokle ur-
TierTobebis gamocdileba ar hqoniaT. sqesobriv urTi-
erTobas jansaRi TvaliT rom vuyurebdeT universitetis
studentebis droebiTi qorwinebis winaaRmdegi ar viqne-
bodiT, im pirobiT Tu maT uSvilo ojaxebi eqnebodaT. es
daexmareboda axalgazrdebs seqsze mudmivi, akviatebuli
fiqrisgan gaTavisuflebuliyvnen, rac ase uSliT xels

– 206 –
nayofierad imuSaon. aseTi qorwinebis Sedegad isini bevr
rames Seityobdnen sapirispiro sqesis Sesaxeb, es codna
ki friad sasurvelia Tu qali da kaci im ganzraxviT qor-
windeba, rom Svilebi iyolion. aseTi droebiTi qorwineba
axalgazrdebs saSualebas miscemda siyvaruliT damtk-
bariyvnen tyuilebis, raRac xrikebis, malvis da veneriu-
li daavadebis SiSis gareSe, yvela im safrTxis gareSe, rac
maT axalgazrdobas uwamlavs.
axla ganvixiloT sakmaod didi jgufi qalebisa, rom-
lebic sxvadasxva garemoebis gamo iZulebulni arian gauTx-
ovarni darCnen. tradiciuli moralis gamo maT tkiviliani
cxovreba aqvT, xSirad ki nevrozic uCndebaT. me, iseve,
rogorc bevri sxva, vicnob gauTxovar qalebs romlebic
mkacri moraluri normebiT cxovroben da yvela Tvalsaz-
risiT Rrma pativiscemas imsaxureben TavianTi adamianuri
TvisebebiT. magram, darwmunebuli var, rom umetes SemTx-
vevebSi saqme sxvagvarad aris. fsiqologia qalisa, romel-
sac sqesobrivi urTierToba arasodes hqonia da qalwuli
darCa, damZimebulia SiSis grZnobiT, rac mokrZalebis
da gaubedaobis grZnobas erwymis da amave dros, instin-
qtur, qvecnobier grZnobas mtanjveli Surisa da siZulv-
ilisa yvela normaluri adamianisadmi, radgan mas TiTqos
surs dasajos isini imisTvis, rom is siamovneba miiRes,
rac TviTon daaklda. mzad var davijero, rom Sinabere-
bis umravlesobis potenciali maRali ar aris. Cemi azri,
imisken ixreba, rom qalebi inteleqtualur ganviTarebaSi
CamorCebian. samwuxarod es faqti ZiriTadad imiT aris ga-
mowveuli, rom maT cnobismoyvareobas abrkolebs sqeso-
brivi urTierTobis SiSi, rac fsiqikaSi aqvT gadasuli.
Tumca, arafriT ar SeiZleba im situaciis gamarTle-
ba, roca qalebi iZulebulni arian qalwulad darCnen
mxolod imitom, rom sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ver gaTx-
ovdnen. magram, aseTi samwuxaro movlena mxolod Cveni

– 207 –
droisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da saerTod ar arsebobda
manam, sanam kacebis da qalebis raodenoba TiTqmis Tana-
bari iyo. eWvi ar aris, rom am qalebsac surT bednierebi
iyvnen da ar undaT, rom maTma cxovrebam amaod Caiaros.
es seriozuli argumenti gaxlavT saimisod, rom aucile-
belia tradiciuli moralis Secvla sqesTa Soris urTi-
erTobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
magram, qorwinebas, romelic seqsis erTaderTi gamarTle-
baa tradiciuli moralis TvalsazrisiT, kodeqsis metis-
meti simkacre did zians ayenebs. bavSvobisas da yrmobisas
SeZenili nevrozebi, Semdeg gamocdileba meZavebTan, axal-
gazrda ledisTvis Canergili zizRis grZnoba seqsis mi-
marT, raTa qorwinebamde qalwuli darCes _ es yvelaferi
qorwinebas ubedurebad aqcevs. roca earSiyebian, kargad
aRzrdili gogona, romelsac normaluri sqesobrivi moTx-
ovnileba aqvs, ver arCevs akavSirebs Tu ara axalgazr-
da kacTan saerTo interesebi da simpaTiebi Tu misdami
ltolva mxolod seqsualuri mimzidvelobis Sedegia. is
daufiqreblad mihyveba colad pirvelive mamakacs, romel-
mac masSi qali gaaRviZa da mxolod Zalian gvian, roca se-
qsualur SimSils daikmayofilebs, qali xvdeba, rom qmar-
Tan araferi saerTo aRar aqvs. maTi sqesobrivi aRzrda
iseTia, rom gogona gaubedavi da morcxvia, biWi ki misi
dauflebis surviliTaa atanili. sqesobrivi urTierTobis
niuansebSi verc erTi erkveva da verc meore. araferia ga-
sakviri imaSi, rom qorwineba uiRblo gamodga. arc erTsa
da arc meores ar akmayofilebs is urTierToba, romelic
aqvT. isini imis axsnasac ki ver axerxeben erTmaneTisTvis
Tu ra moxda da ratom arian ubedurebi qorwinebaSi, imi-
tom, rom qali aseT rameebze Riad laparaks miCveuli ar
aris, kacs ki amis Sesaxeb mxolod megobrebTan da meZave-
bTan Tu usaubria. TavianTi erToblivi cxovrebis yvelaze
intimuri momentebi morcxvobaSi, uxerxulobasa da srul

– 208 –
siCumeSi gaatares. coli gamouZinebeli, daukmayofile-
beli wevs da ar icis ratom aris yvelaferi ase cudad.
qmars gauelva azrma _ jer mxolod wamierad, Semdeg ki mas
Tavidan veRar iSorebs, rom meZavebisganac ki meti siT-
bo modis mis mimarT, vidre kanonieri colisgan. misTvis
Seuracxmyofeli iyo colis sicive da imave wams, mtanjve-
li simZime daeufla im SegrZnebisgan, rom misi aRgzneba
ver SeZlo. mTeli maTi ubedurebis Tavi da Tavi ki is aris,
rom maT ver SeZles Riad elaparakaT raRac sakiTxebze,
radgan es uxamsobad miaCndaT.
Tavidan bavSvobaSi, Semdeg ki siymawvilesa da siWabu-
keSi da bolos qorwinebaSi, Zveli morali cdilobda si-
yvarulis grZnoba daegesla, gaebatonebina masze SiSi,
ormxrivi gaugebroba, monaniebis grZnoba da nerviuli
daZabuloba. cdilobda ganecalkevebina xorcieli ltol-
va idealuri siyvarulisken sulieri swrafvisagan, aqcev-
da ra pirvels cxovelur impulsad, meores ki _ ubralod
klavda. yvelaferi, rasac es morali akeTebda sicocxlis
winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, imitom, rom sicocxlis pro-
cesSi sulieri da xorcieli erTmaneTs ar unda mtrobdes.
maT Soris araferia SeuTavsebeli, imitom, rom TiToeu-
li maTgani mxolod maSin hyvavis da iZleva nayofs, roca
erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia. roca kacs da qals erT-
maneTi namdvilad uyvarT, maT siyvarulSi adgili aRar
aris SiSisaTvis imitom, rom erTis suli da xorci meoris
sulsa da xorcs erwymis, ar ufrTxis ra, rom siyvarulis
idealuri mxare xorciels gadaswonis, an piriqiT, xor-
cieli gadaswonis suliers. WeSmariti siyvaruli xes hgavs
_ fesvebi Rrmad aqvs miwaSi, totebi ki zecisken iltvis.
magram, siyvaruli ver gaizrdeba da iyvavilebs tabusa da
pirquSi crurwmenebis garemoSi, iq sadac mas amunaTeben da
aSineben. kacisa da qalis siyvaruli erTi mxriv da mSobleb-
is da bavSvebis siyvaruli meore mxriv, adamianTa emociuri
cxovrebis safuZvlebs Seadgens. pirvelis damcirebiT Zveli

– 209 –
morali Tavs ise aCvenebda TiTqos meores amaRlebda, magram
sinamdvileSi amas ar SeiZleboda mSoblebis bavSvebisadmi
siyvarulisTvis vneba ar mieyenebina imitom rom damcire-
buli iyo TviTon mSoblebis siyvaruli erTmaneTis mi-
marT. sixarulis da siyvarulis atmosferoSi dabadebu-
li bavSvebi mSoblebis siyvaruliT gamTbarni izrdebian.
isini janmrTelebi, fizikurad Zlierebi, bunebasTan axlo-
ni, ubraloebi, pirdapirebi, sicocxliT savseni, naklebad
egoisturebi, Zalian nayofierebi da warmatebulebi arian
cxovrebaSi. yvelaferi sxvagvarad xdeba roca col-qmars
Soris siyvaruli ar aris da TiToeuli maTgani cdilobs
is sxvagan ipovos. roca erT-erTi maTgani, an orive er-
Tad, umweo bavSvebSi eZebs im TanagrZnobas da siyvaruls,
romelic qorwinebaSi miuwvdomeli aRmoCnda maTTvis. amiT
maT SfoTi da qaosi SeaqvT bavSvebis sulebSi da safuZ-
vels uyrian maT momaval ubedurebebs da nevrozebs. si-
yvarulis SiSi sicocxlis SiSs niSnavs, is ki, visac sicocx-
lis eSinia sami meoTxediT ukve mkvdaria.

– 210 –
 Tavi XIX

seqsis, rogorc faseulobis adgili

sxva adamianur faseulobaTa Soris

avtori, romelic sqesobrivi urTierTobebis sakiTxs

wamoWris, yovelTvis SeiZleba daadanaSaulos im xalxma,
vinc fiqrobs, rom aseT Temebze saerTod ar unda vilap-
arakoT da mis Sesaxeb wera erTgvari maniaa. zogi Tvlis,
rom ar Rirs Tavi alanZRvinos am TvalTmaqc adamianebs
TavianT avxorcul grZnobebs rom malaven Tu misi inter-
esi sagnis mimarT imdenad ar gaizarda, rom TviT sagani
daCrdila. aseTi Tvalsazrisi mxolod maT aqvT, vinc
tradiciul eTikaSi cvlilebebs uWers mxars. isini ki, vinc
meZavebis devnisken mogviwodeben an piriqiT, prostituci-
is dakanoneba surT, erTad gamodian „TeTri monebiT“ vaW-
robis winaaRmdeg, magram mkveTrad upirispirdebian imas,
rom qorwinebis gareSe kavSirebSi raRac saSineli da uxam-
si ar dainaxon. vinc moklekabian da tuCebSeRebil qalebs
emuqreba, an plaJzea Casafrebuli iqneb „aramarTebul“
sabanao kostumSi gamowyobili qalebi Seiswron, ratom-
Rac seqsiT Sepyrobilebad ar iTvlebian, arada swored
isini arian aseTi da ara is adamianebi, romlebic sqeso-
brivi urTierTobebis Tavisuflebis moTxovniT gamodian.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mkacri morali seqsTan dakavSire-
bul sakiTxebSi Taviseburi reaqciaa xorcieli survileb-
is winaaRmdeg. Tu adamiani am survilebiTaa atanili, mas
uCndeba uxamsi azrebi, romlebic uxamsi imis gamo sruli-

– 211 –
adac ar gamxdara, rom raRac seqsualurs Seicavs, ar-
amed imitom, rom mkacri moralis mZvinvare dacvam gaxada
isini uwminduri da avadmyofuri yvelaferSi, rac seqsTan
aris dakavSirebuli. me, sruliad veTanxmebi, eklesiis ma-
mebs imaSi, rom maniakaluri swrafva yvelafrisaken, rac
ase Tu ise seqss gagonebs, didi borotebaa. me, mxolod
im meTodebs ar veTanxmebi, romelTac isini saukeTesod
Tvlidnen am borotebisgan Tavis dasaRwevad. magaliT-
ad, sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom wminda antoni58 seqsiT
iyo Sepyrobili ufro metad, vidre vinme, visac ki aqamde
dedamiwaze ucxovria. SemeZlo msgavsi magaliTebi arcTu
Soreuli warsulidanac momeyvana, magram Tavs Sevikaveb,
radgan ar minda vinmes Seuracxyofa mivayeno.
sqesobrivi moTxovnileba iseve bunebrivia, rogorc
Wamis da smis moTxovnileba. Cven ar gvsiamovnebs msunagi
adamianisa da loTis danaxva, imitom, rom maT bunebrivi
moTxovnileba maniakalur ltolvad aqcies da TavianTi
fiqrebi da emociebi mas daumones. magram, usiamovno Seg-
rZneba ar dagveufleba Tu davinaxavT, rom adamiani nor-
malurad, madianad miirTmevs saWmlis gonivrul raode-
nobas dasanayreblad. Tumca, iseTi asketebic arseboben,
romlebmac saWmlis raodenoba minimumamde daiyvanes da
mxolod imden sakvebs iReben, rom SimSiliT ar mokvdnen.
magram, maT cota mimdevrebi hyavT. puritanebma Tavian-
Ti mtkice gadawyvetilebiT uari Tqvan seqsualur siamo-
vnebaze, asketebsac ki gadaaWarbes. rogorc puritanebis
erTi kritikosi werda me-17-e saukuneSi:

giyvarT vaxSmad gamoZRoma, mere siyvarulis Rame?

wmindanebTan iqeife da codvilebTan iseqsave.

da mainc, puritanelebma ver SeZles mTlianad gaemar-

jvaT adamianis bunebaze. seqsualuri impulsebis daTr-

– 212 –
gunvam msunagobisken midrekileba gaaRviva. sxvaTa Soris,
kaTolikuri eklesia msunagobas Svid momakvdinebel
codvaTagan erT-erTad Tvlis. magaliTad, dantem msu-
nagi jojoxeTis mTlad siRrmeSi moaTavsa. Tumca ki,
Znelia msunagobas mkacri kriteriumebi moargo. Znelia
Tqva sad mTavrdeba kargad danayreba da sad gadadis is
msunagobaSi. Tumca, msunagebs yvela Cvengani icnobs da
marTalia saqciels ar vuwonebT, arcTu mkacrad ganvs-
jiT maT amisaTvis. garda amisa, saWmlis STanTqmis ma-
niakaluri moTxovnileba TiTqmis ar SeimCneva im adami-
anebSi, romelTac SimSilis tanjva arasodes gamoucdiaT.
yvela normaluri adamiani sufrasTan imitom jdeba, rom
roca adgeba daiviwyos saWmlis Sesaxeb da sxva rameebi
akeTos manam, sanam isev ar moSivdeba.
rac Seexeba asketizmis mimdevrebs, Semoifarglnen ra
minimaluri sakvebiT, xom ar esizmrebaT xandaxan gemrieli
saWmliT da xiliT datvirTuli magidebi? aRarafers vam-
bob antarqtikaSi gadakargul mkvlevarebze veSapis zipis
mwir dietaze rom arian da „karltonSi“ vaxSamze ocnebo-
ben, roca Sin dabrundebian.
Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT faqtebs da daveTanxme-
biT im azrs, rom seqss araferi ara aqvs saerTo mania-
sTan, moralistma seqss unda uyuros, rogorc kidev erT
moTxovnilebas, raRac saWmlis moTxovnilebis msgavss da
ara ise, rogorc fivaideli gandegili uyurebs saWmels.
ra Tqma unda, es sxva saxis moTxovnilebaa, Wamis da smis
moTxovnilebisgan gansxvavebuli. seqsis gareSe xom Segi-
Zlia gaZlo, saWmlisa da sasmlis gareSe ki ver gaZleb.
magram, mas is Tavisebureba gaaCnia, rom gacilebiT Zlieri
xdeba sqesobrivi TavSekavebis Semdeg da mxolod droe-
biT dacxreba xolme dakmayofilebis Sedegad. roca is
daJinebiT gvaxsenebs Tavs, mTel danarCen samyaros far-
avs da adamians meti aRaraferi ainteresebs. am dros, mas

– 213 –
SeuZlia iseTi saqcieli Caidinos, rogorc fsiqikurad
daavadebul adamians. sqesobrivi moTxovnilebebis dakmay-
ofilebis survils, iseve, rogorc Wamis da smis survils,
akrZalvebi mxolod damatebiT stimuls aZlevs.
vfiqrob, SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom alkoholisken
swrafvam mdidar amerikelebs Soris axla ufro masobri-
vi xasiaTi miiRo, vidre es oci wlis winaT iyo. analogi-
urad, qristianulma moZRvrebam da qristianuli eklesiis
mamebma SezRudvebiT kidev ufro gaaRvives interesi seq-
sis mimarT. amitom, axalgazrda Taobam, romelsac goneba
Zveli doqtrinebiT ar aqvs damZimebuli, Tavis impulsebs
bevrad meti Tavisufleba misca, vidre SeeZloT maT, visi
Sexedulebebic sqesobriv urTierTobaze, damokidebulia
raRac doqtrinebze da crurwmenebze. seqsi mania aRar
iqneba, rogorc ki daiwyeba mozardi Taobis gonivruli
sqesobrivi aRzrda da roca Tavisufali sqesobrivi ur-
TierTobebi normad iqceva.
me, kidev erTxel minda xazi gavusva, rom metismeti da
arafriT gamarTlebuli yuradReba sqesobrivi urTierTo-
bebis mimarT mxolod dagmobis Rirsia. aseTi yuradReba
gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
im mkacr moralistebSi, romlebic mzad arian daijeron
nebismieri ciliswameba, rasac maTi oponentebis Sesaxeb Se-
ityoben. msunagi, avxorci da asketi _ yvela eseni sakuTar
Tavze egoisturad Seyvarebuli xalxia, romelTa inter-
esebi SezRudulia an imiT, rom sakuTari survilebi dai-
kmayofilon, an daTrgunon isini. Tu adamiani sulierad
da fizikurad janmrTelia, misi interesebi ar SeiZleba
mxolod sakuTar Tavze iyos koncentrirebuli. aseTi ada-
mianis Tvalsawieri moicavs mTel samyaros, romelSic is
Tavisi interesebis da yuradRebis Sesaferis obieqtebs
poulobs. Tumca, sakuTar TavSi CanTqma jer kidev ar niS-
navs, rogorc es bevrs hgonia, rom adamiani egoizmis Wa-

– 214 –
obSia CanTqmuli. rogorc wesi, es gaxlavT Sedegi avad-
myofobisa, romelic janmrTeli instinqtebis daTrgunvam
gamoiwvia. ase gaxda avxorci, romelic mieCvia warmosaxvis
saSualebiT daikmayofilos Tavisi sqesobrivi moTxov-
nilebebi, gaxda iseTi, rogoric aris, am moTxovnilebis
normaluri gziT dakmayofilebis SeuZleblobis Sedegad.
zustad aseve, adamiani, xarbad rom nTqavs saWmels, Sesa-
Zloa SimSilis da gaWirvebis msxverpli iyos. janmrTel
adamians, romelic Riaa mTeli samyaros mimarT, ar sWird-
eba Tavisi bunebrivi survilebis daTrgunva, radgan yvela
misi survili da grZnoba gawonasworebulia da Tanabrad
mniSvnelovania misTvis, ramdenadac amis gareSe bednieri
cxovreba ubralod SeuZlebelia.
me imis Tqma ar minda, rom seqsTan dakavSirebiT ar-
aviTari morali da TviTSezRudva ar unda arsebobdes.
magaliTad, Wamis Taobaze sami SezRudva arsebobs: kano-
ni, kargi manerebi da Cveni janmrTeloba. es imas niSnavs,
rom ar SeiZleba kvebis produqtebis moparva, ar SeiZle-
ba, ufro sworad kargi saqcieli ar aris, saerTo jamidan
sxvebze meti saWmlis gadmoReba da bolos, ar SeiZleba
imdenad bevri Wamo, rom sakuTar janmrTelobas avno.
aseTi saxis SezRudvebi Zalian mniSvnelovania seqsTan
dakavSirebiTac, magram saqme aq gacilebiT rTuladaa
da gacilebiT met TviTkontrols moiTxovs. ramdenad-
ac, adamianuri arseba ar SeiZleba sxvisi sakuTreba iyos,
amitom produqtebis moparva adiulteris analogi ki ar
aris, aramed gaupatiurebisa, rac, ra Tqma unda, sisx-
lis samarTlis danaSaulia. rac Seexeba janmrTelobas,
ra Tqma unda SeSfoTebas iwvevs veneriuli daavadebebi,
romelzec ukve vilaparakeT, roca prostituciis Temas
ganvixilavdiT. sruliad naTelia, rom meZavebis ricxvis
Semcireba da mkurnalobis axali meTodebis gamoyeneba
saukeTeso gzaa janmrTeli seqsisaken.

– 215 –
 sqesobrivi urTierTobebis gonivruli eTika ar SeiZle-
ba mxolod bunebrivi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis, an
rogorc SesaZlo safrTxis TvalsazrisiT iqnas ganxilu-
li. erTica da meorec, ra Tqma unda, Zalian mniSvnelova-
nia, magram unda gvaxsovdes sqesobrivi urTierTobis
kidev ufro mniSvnelovani aspeqti, romelic adamianis
cxovrebaSi yvelaze did sikeTeebTan aris dakavSirebuli.
vgulisxmobT sam sikeTes: romantikul siyvaruls, bedni-
er qorwinebas da xelovnebas. romantikuli qorwinebisa
da siyvarulis Sesaxeb Cven ukve vilaparakeT. Cveulebriv
iTvleba, rom xelovneba seqsTan arafriT ar aris daka-
vSirebuli. magram, axla am Sexedulebas cota momxreebi
Tu SemorCa. udaoa, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebis Seqmnis
impulsi qvecnobierSi Cadebuli arSiyobis instinqtia,
romelic Tavs yovelTvis aSkarad ar amJRavnebs da ufro
xSirad siRmeSia dafaruli. ra Tqma unda, mxolod seqsua-
luri impulsi sakmarisi ar aris. mxatvruli nawarmoebis
SeqmnisaTvis aucilebelia ramdenime pirobis Sesruleba:
upirveles yovlisa saWiroa mxatvruli niWi, magram mas zog
SemTxvevaSi maSinve amCneven, zogjer ki SeumCneveli kvde-
ba. aqedan unda gavakeToT daskvna, rom xelovnebis WeS-
marit ostats, garda niWisa, saTanado garemo da pirobebi
sWirdeba. saqme is ki ar aris, rom xelovani medlebiT da
premiebiT daajildovon, aramed is, rom igi Tavisufali
iyos yovelgvari iZulebisgan da miTiTebebisgan, imisgan,
rac mas bolos da bolos filisterad aqcevs. roca pap-
ma iulius meorem58 miqelanjelo sapyrobileSi Casva, amiT
misi, rogorc xelovanis WeSmariti Tavisufleba odnavac
ar SeuzRudavs. es man ubralod imitom gaakeTa, rom mi-
qelanjelos Zalian did adamianad Tvlida da veravisgan,
ra rangisac unda yofiliyo is, ver moiTmenda Seuracxy-
ofa mieyenebinaT misTvis, TviT papis garda. Tumca, roca
xelovani iZulebulia qedi moixaros mecenatebisa da Ci-

– 216 –
novnikebis winaSe da maT esTetikur moTxovnilebebs moer-
gos, misi SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba mTavrdeba. da roca
is iZulebulia SiSis an socialur-ekonomikuri probleme-
bis gamo ganagrZos cxovreba qorwinebaSi, romelic misT-
vis autaneli gaxda, iSriteba misi SemoqmedebiTi energia,
romelic aucilebelia xelovnebis nawarmoebis Seqmni-
saTvis. aqve SevniSnavT, rom sazogadoebebs, romlebSic
tradiciuli morali iyo gabatonebuli, didi xelovneba
ar SeuqmniaT. aseT sazogadoebebSi xelovanebi kidec rom
yofiliyvnen, maT sterilizacias moaxdendnen, ise, ro-
gorc amas aidahos StatSi akeTeben. amJamad, amerika niWie-
ri xelovanebis importirebas eweva evropidan, sadac jer
kidev arsebobs SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba. magram, ukve
dawyebul evropis amerikanizaciis gamo amerikelebs mouw-
evT zangebis samsaxuriT isargeblon. xelovnebis ukanask-
neli TavSesafari zeda kongo an tibetis maRalmTianeTi
iqneba. Tumca, Sors aRar aris is dro, roca xelovneba
sabolood gaqreba. uxvi gasamrjeloebi, riTac amerike-
lebi evropidan maT qveyanaSi Casul xelovnebis ostatebs
umaspinZldebian, maT SemoqmedebiT sikvdils daaCqarebs.
warsulSi xelovneba Tavisi fesvebiT dakavSirebuli
iyo xalxur kulturasTan, romelic aucileblad asaxavs
sicocxlis sixaruls. magram, sicocxlis sixaruli spon-
tanuri grZnobaa, seqsTan ase Tu ise dakavSirebuli. Tu
sqesobrivi impulsi daTrgunulia da cxovreba mxolod
iqamdea dayvanili, rom adamianma imuSaos, maSin Sroma mxo-
lod SromisaTvis verafer Rirebuls ver Seqmnis. vTqvaT
rogorRac moxerxda statistikuri monacemebis Segroveba
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdeni seqsualuri aqti xdeba amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi per diem, an iqneb ukeTesia vTqvaT
per noctem59 da es monacemebi mowmobs, rom sqesobrivi
aqtebis raodenoba erT sul mosaxleze gadaangariSebiT
imdenivea, an TiTqmis imdenivea, rogorc nebismier sxva

– 217 –
qveyanaSi. sinamdvileSi, Cven ar viciT es asea Tu ara, ma-
gram piradad me es monacemebi ar mainteresebs. tradici-
uli moralistebis yvelaze saxifaTo dabneuloba is aris,
rom seqsi seqsualur aqtamde dahyavT. rogorc Cans, ase
ufro advilia Tavs daesxa imaT, vinc seqsis dasacavad
gamodis. arcerT civilizebul adamiansa da velurs ar
SeuZlia daikmayofilos Tavisi seqsualuri moTxovnile-
bebi mxolod seqsualuri aqtiT. is impulsi rom dakmayo-
fildes, romelic seqsualur aqts uZRvis win, unda arse-
bobdes arSiyobis, megobrobis da siyvarulis periodi. maT
gareSe SeiZleba daikmayofilo sqesobrivi SimSili, magram
sulsa da cnobierebaSi daukmayofileblobis Rrma grZno-
ba darCeba. xelovanisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania Tavisu-
fali iyos siyvarulis grZnobis gamovlinebaSi, Tumca es
imas ar niSnavs, rom mas SeuZlia daikmayofilos Tavisi se-
qsualuri moTxovnileba visTanac surs da roca surs. Tu
xelovneba msoflios amerikanizaciis Semdeg odesme aRo-
rZindeba, amisTvis TviT amerikis Secvla iqneba saWiro,
risTvisac am qveynis moralistebi naklebad moraliste-
bi unda gaxdnen, imoralistebi ki naklebad imoraliste-
bi, anu erTmac da meoremac, da saerTod mTelma sazog-
adoebam, gaacnobieros sqesobrivi grZnobis uzarmazari
Rirebuleba da mxolod TavianTi sabanko angariSebiT ar
hqondeT goneba dakavebuli. amerikaSi Casuli adamiani
arafers ar aRiqvams ise mtkivneulad, rogorc sixarulis
naklebobas. yvela siamovneba aq wuTieri Tavdaviwyeba an
naxevrad giJuri vakxanaliaa da ara sulis amamaRlebeli
TviTgamoxatva. is adamianebi, romlebic ori Taobis win
primitiuli sasuliero instrumentebis akompanimentiT
cekvavdnen sadRac poloneTSi an balkaneTSi, axla mTeli
dRe TavianT sawer magidebze arian mijaWvuli sabeWdi man-
qanebiTa da telefonebiT garSemortymulebi, pirquSebi,
seriozulebi da mdumareni. roca bolos da bolos SeR-

– 218 –
amdeba, isini xmaurian barSi an restoranSi midian raTa
dalion da fiqroben, rom axla bednierebi arian. sinam-
dvileSi, isini am xmaurSi cdiloben daiviwyon is, riTac
maTi goneba TiTqmis gamudmebiTaa dakavebuli _ rogor
akeTon fuli fulis saSualebiT da am miznis misaRwevad
suli gayidon da sakuTari biznesis monebad iqcnen.
me msurs, kidev erTxel dagarwmunoT, rom ar vapireb
yvela da TiToeuli Tqvengani dagarwmunoT TiTqos am-
qveynad yvelaferi saukeTeso mxolod seqsTan iyos da-
kavSirebuli. TavSi arasodes momsvlia, rom mecnierebas
an sazogadoebriv-politikur saqmianobas raRac kavSiri
aqvT seqsTan. impulsuri ltolvebi, romlebic mowifuli
adamianis qmedebis motivs Seadgens, ZiriTadad sam ubra-
lo ramemde SeiZleba iqnas dayvanili: Zalaufleba, seqsi,
mSoblis grZnoba. es udevs safuZvlad yvelafers, rasac
adamianebi akeTeben, ra Tqma unda, janmrTelobis Senar-
Cunebaze zrunvis garda. am samidan, Zalauflebis wyur-
vili pirveli iCens Tavs da bolos mTavrdeba. bavSvs, ra
Tqma unda, TiTqmis araviTari Zalaufleba ar gaaCnia da
masSi dominanturia imis survili, rom rac SeiZleba meti
Zalaufleba eqnes. misi qmedebebis did nawils swored es
survili udevs safuZvlad. misi meore dominanturi sur-
vilia pativmoyvareoba _ imis survili, rom aqebdnen da
SiSi, rom dasjian, an miatoveben. swored pativmoyvare-
obaa is, rac mas socialur arsebad aqcevs da is Tanda-
Tan iwyebs gagebas, rom aucilebelia hqondes garkveuli
Tvisebebi da Rirsebebi imisaTvis, raTa sazogadoebaSi
icxovros. pativmoyvareobis grZnoba mWidrod aris gad-
axlarTuli sqesobriv grZnobasTan, Tumca TeoriaSi aseT
kavSirs uaryofen.
ramdenadac, me SemiZlia ganvsajo, Zalaufleba TiTqmis
arasdros ar aris dakavSirebuli seqsTan. swored Zalau-
flebis mopovebis survili aiZulebs bavSvs saaTobiT

– 219 –
ejdes gakveTilebs da Tavisi kunTebi avarjiSos. mecnier-
uli cnobismoyvareoba da codnisaken swrafva Cemi azriT,
Zalauflebis mopovebis imave survilis Tanmxlebi movlen-
ebia. Tu codna Zalaa,60 maSin codnis siyvaruli Zalis, anu
Zalauflebis siyvarulia da Tu es asea, es imas niSnavs,
rom mecniereba Zalian Sorsaa seqsisagan. ra Tqma unda, es
hipoTeza aqamde arc aravis uaryvia da arc aravis dau-
dasturebia. fridrix meore61 rom cocxali iyos, is albaT
brZanebas gascemda erTi cnobili maTematikosis da erTi
cnobili kompozitoris kastrireba moexdinaT, raTa enaxa
ra gamovidoda aqedan. vfiqrob, pirveli eqsperimenti ar
daadasturebda hipoTezas, meore ki, mis sasargeblod
iqneboda. mecnieruli kvlevebisaken ltolva adamianis
erT-erTi yvelaze Rirebuli Tvisebaa da misi moRvaweobis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani sferoa. rogorc Cans, es ltolva
arafriT ar aris dakavSirebuli sqesobriv ltolvasTan.
Zalauflebisken ltolva aris aseve motivi yovelgvari
politikuri moRvaweobisa am sityvis farTo mniSvnelo-
biT. me imis Tqma ar minda, rom didi saxelmwifo moRvawe
indiferentulia sazogadoebrivi interesebis mimarT.
piriqiT, darwmunebuli var, rom is sazogadoebriv sat-
kivars imdenadve miitans gulTan, rogorc Tavisi ojax-
is saqmeebs. da mainc, Tu masSi Zalauflebisken swraf-
va sakmaod Zlieri ar iqna, is verasodes SeZlebs Tavisi
politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebas. me vicnobdi bevr
politikoss, adamianebs, romlebic maRali moraluri
principebiT cxovrobdnen da vici, rom ara Zalauflebis
mopovebisa da warmatebis survili, maT aSkarad ar eyo-
fodaT energia TavianTi keTilSobili miznebisTvis mieR-
wiaT. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidents, abraam
linkolns, erTxel mouwia gadarwmuneba Tavisi ori gaji-
utebuli senatorisa, myarad rom idgnen Tavis azrze. man
senatorebisadmi mimarTva Semdegi sityvebiT daiwyo da

– 220 –
daamTavra: „me, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis preziden-
ti, uzarmazari Zalauflebis mqone“. darwmunebuli var,
is ar ganicdida siamovnebas imis gamo, rom aseTi didi Za-
laufleba aqvs. magram, Zalauflebisken swrafvis garda
politikaSi ekonomikuri faqtoric moqmedebs. rogorc
erT, ise meore faqtors SeuZlia dadebiTi gavlenac
moaxdinos da uaryofiTic, magram politikis fsiqoana-
lizis sferod miCneva, rogorc amas froidis mimdevrebi
akeTeben, Cemi azriT didi Secdomaa.
Tu rac aqamde vTqvi sworia, maSin TiTqmis arcerT did
adamians, xelovanebis garda, ar gaaCnia Tavisi moRvaweo-
bisTvis motivi, romelic ase Tu ise seqsTan iqneboda da-
kavSirebuli. ufro metic, warmatebuli da Cveulebrivi
saqmianobisTvisac ki, seqsi ar unda iyos gareuli adamianis
cnobierebis emocionalur da inteleqtualur nawilSi.
swrafva imis gagebisaken, Tu rogor aris mowyobili samya-
ro da swrafva gaxado is ukeTesi, progresis ori mTavari
mamoZravebeli Zalaa, romelTa gareSe sazogadoeba ganvi-
Tarebas Sewyvets, Semdeg ki misi degradacia daiwyeba.
Tumca, sruli bednierebis mdgomareobas ar SeuZlia
xeli Seuwyos codnisken, an sazogadoebrivi reformebis
ganxorcielebisken swrafvas. roca kobdens62 undoda jon
braiti Tavisufali vaWrobis dacvis kampaniaSi CaerTo,
fiqrobda, rom braiti gverdSi amoudgeboda radgan mas
cota xnis winaT coli gardaecvala da am mZime danakargs
Zalian ganicdida. braiti bednieri rom yofiliyo, didi
TanagrZnobiT ver ganimsWvaleboda sxvaTa ubedurebis
gamo. zustad aseve, mravali adamiani ganyenebuli sakiTx-
ebiTaa dakavebuli imisTvis, rom usiamovno sinamdvile
daiviwyos. da ase, ubedurebebi da danakargebi energiuli
adamianebisaTvis moqmedebis stimulad iqcevian. me isic
ki mgonia, rom uceb yvelani bednieri rom gavxdeT, aRarc
ki gvecodineboda risTvis gvecxovra. Tumca, me imis Tqma

– 221 –
ar minda, rom adamianebi gangeb unda Caagdon gasaWirsa da
ubedurebaSi imis imediT, rom iqneb aqedan raime sasargeb-
lo gamovides. asidan oTxmocdacxramet SemTxvevaSi mwux-
areba da gasaWiri mxolod angrevs adamianebs da mxolod
asidan erT SemTxvevaSi isini arian Sedegi imisa, rom Cveni
sxeuli ganwirulia ubedurebebisa da tanjvisaTvis. manam,
sanam arsebobs sikvdili, arsebobs tanjvac, magram adami-
anis movaleobaa xeli SeuSalos mis zrdas, miuxedavad im
faqtisa, rom cota Tu moiZebneba iseTi, vinc icis rogor
gardaqmnas da gadalaxos is.

– 222 –
 daskvna

Cveni Temis ganxilvisas zogierT daskvnamde mivediT.

aqedan, nawili istoriul Tvalsazriss efuZneba, nawili ki
_ eTikurs. istoriuli TvalsazrisiT sqesTa Soris ur-
TierTobis normebi iseTi saxiT, rogorc is civilizebul
sazogadoebaSi arsebobs, Tavis warmoSobas or sxvadasxva
wyaros unda umadlodnen. pirveli, es aris mamakacis sur-
vili sruliad darwmunebuli yofiliyo Tavis mamobaSi da
meore _ asketizmis gavrcelebas, romlis Tanaxmad sqesTa
Soris urTierToba borotebaa, magram es aucilebelia ada-
mianTa modgmis gagrZelebisaTvis. qristianobamdeli epo-
qis moraluri normebi da aseve, Tanamedrove aRmosavleTis
moraluri normebi efuZneba pirvel wyaros, Zveli indoe-
Tisa da Zveli iranis garda, saidanac daiwyo gavrceleba
asketizmma. ra Tqma unda, mamobis grZnoba jer kidev ar
arsebobs primitiul xalxSi, romlebmac ar ician ra rols
TamaSobs mamakaci bavSvis CasaxvaSi. Tumca, am xalxSic,
kacebis eWvianobis grZnobam qalebi erTgvarad SezRuda,
magram isini mainc gacilebiT Tavisufali arian, vidre
adreul patriarqalur sazogadoebebSi. am sazogadoebeb-
Si, qalis Tavisufleba mkveTrad SeizRuda, radgan kacebs
sWirdebodaT imis rwmena, rom TavianTi colis Svilebis
mama iyvnen. am stadiaze, moraluri normebis dacva faq-
tobrivad mxolod qalebs moeTxovebodaT, kacebisTvis ki
akrZaluli mxolod gaTxovil qalTan urTierToba iyo,
sxva mxriv ki, isini sruliad Tavisuflebi iyvnen.

– 223 –
 qristianobis SemosvlasTan erTad siZvis codvis
problema Cndeba da Teoriulad kacebisTvis da qaleb-
isTvis moralis normebi erTnairi xdeba. magram, praq-
tikulad Zneli aRmoCnda aeZulebinaT kacebi am wesebs
damorCilebodnen da amitom, maT mier moralis norme-
bis darRvevas gacilebiT Semwynareblurad uyurebdnen
vidre igive saqciels qalebis mier Cadenils. moralis
primitiul normebs biologiuri safuZveli hqonda. ker-
Zod is, rom bavSvebze orive mSobels ezruna. qristianu-
li swavleba am sakiTxs ar Sexebia, Tumca TviTon qristi-
anebisaTvis aq isedac yvelaferi naTeli iyo.
am bolo dros, gaCnda niSnebi imisa, rom rogorc qris-
tianuli, ise qristianobamdeli sqesTa Soris urTierTo-
bis moraluri normebi mniSvnelovan cvlilebs ganicdis.
es cvlilebebi gamowveulia rogorc orTodoqsuli re-
ligiis SesustebiT, aseve imiT, rom morwmuneebis rwmen-
ac ki is aRar aris rac iyo. Tumca, Tanamedrove kacebis
da qalebis qvecnobierSi jer kidev cocxalia Zveli re-
ligiuri Sexedulebebi, aRaravis sjera, rom siZvis cod-
va momakvdinebeli codvaa. qristianobamdeli moralis
normebze ori faqtori axdens gavlenas: pirvel rigSi,
es aris Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebis gamoyeneba,
romlis wyalobiT sqesobrivi aqtis Sedegad dafexmZimebis
riski mcirdeba. aman gauTxovar qalebs saSualeba misca
ise „Sescodon“ rom Svili ar eyoloT, gaTxovil qalebs
ki _ Svilebi mxolod qmrisgan iyolion da erTgulebaze
fiqriT Tavi didad ar Seiwuxon. viRacam SeiZleba Tqvas,
rom axla qalebi qmrebis motyuebas daiwyeben, magram amaze
SeiZleba vupasuxoT, rom amiT isini uxsovari droidan
iyvnen dakavebuli. qmris Ralatis cduneba iqidan ki ar
modis, rom cols surs Svili iyolios, aramed iqidan, rom
mas surs sqesobrivi urTierToba kacTan, romelic vne-
bianad uyvars. ar aris gamoricxuli kacebi mieCvion am

– 224 –
situacias da Ralatad mxolod is CaTvalon, Tu coli
bavSvs sxva kacisgan gaaCens. cnobilia, rom aRmosavleTSi
qmrebi yovelTvis Semwynareblurad epyrobodnen saWur-
isebs, dasavleTSi ki qmrebi maT ver aitandnen. aRmosav-
leTSi kacebi colebis Ralatze imitom ar fiqrobdnen,
rom saWuriss Svili ar eyoleboda. ratom ar SeiZleba
dasavleTSic aseTi damokidebuleba iyos colis Ralatis
mimarT axla, roca arsebobs prezervativebi?
meore faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens sqesTa
Soris urTierTobis moraluri normebis cvlilebebze
aris saxelmwifos sul ufro mzardi monawileoba bavSve-
bis aRzrdasa da ganaTlebaSi. es jer ZiriTadad im fenebs
exeba, romlebic qiriT muSaoben. magram, isini mosaxle-
obis ZiriTad nawils Seadgenen da savsebiT mosalod-
nelia, rom faqtad iqces saxelmwifos swrafva ojaxis
mamis roli xelSi aiRos. mamis funqcia ojaxSi iqamde iyo
dayvanili, rom daecva deda da bavSvebi Tavdasxmisagan
da uzrunveleyo ojaxis keTildReoba, anu arsebiTad is
imave rols asrulebda rasac xvadi asrulebs cxoveleb-
Si. magram, civilizebul sazogadoebaSi Zalmomreobisgan
policia gicavs, ojaxis keTildReobaze zrunva ki SeiZle-
ba saxelmwifom aiRos xelSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi iq mainc,
sadac saqme mosaxleobis uRaribes fenebs exeba. Tu sax-
elmwifo mamis funqcias xelSi iRebs, amiT faqtobrivad
ojaxSi mamis saWiroeba aRar arsebobs.
rac Seexeba ojaxSi dedis rols, aq ZiriTadad ori
tendencia ikveTeba. bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg dedas Seu-
Zlia ganagrZos muSaoba da is bavSTa bagaSi ataros ma-
nam, sanam gaizrdeba. sxva SemTxvevaSi miRebul unda iqnas
kanoni, romlis Tanaxmad saxelmwifo dedas bavSvis aRzr-
daSi finansurad exmareba. magram, ase iqneba Tu ise, bavSvi
aRsazrdelad bagaSi, an sabavSvo baRSi mihyavT da deda
mis aRzrdaze did gavlenas veRar axdens. amdenad, dedis

– 225 –
mimarTac moralis tradiciuli normebi aSkarad irRveva,
rac SesaZlebels xdis sqesTa Soris urTierTobis sruli-
ad axali normebis gaCenas. ase rom, ekonomikuri Zalebis
zemoqmedebam SeiZleba gaaqros mamis da didwilad dedis
rolic, yovel SemTxvevaSi maSin, roca mSoblebi Raribebi
arian. Tu ase moxda, aRar iarsebebs safuZveli tradiciu-
li moralisaTvis da axali safuZveli unda gaCndes axali
moralis warmoSobisaTvis.
Tumca, Tu ase moxda, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoy-
alibebuli ojaxis ngreva, Cemi azriT, did sixaruls ara-
vis moutans, imitom, rom veranairi skola da aRmzrdeli
ver SeZlebs bavSvebs mSoblebi Seucvalos. garda amisa,
saSineleba iqneba Tu aseTi aRzrdis wyalobiT bavSve-
bi erTmaneTis msgavsni gaxdebian. arsebobs imis safrTx-
ec, rom maT ultrapatriotuli da militaristuli su-
liskveTebiT aRzrdian.
Cven vxedavT rogori rTuli da CaxlarTuli SeiZle-
ba iyos sqesTa Soris urTierTobis moralis Secvlis
sociologiuri aspeqtebi. magram, garda amisa, arsebobs
piradi aspeqti da is, Cemi azriT, sakmaod advilia. damok-
idebuleba, romlis mixedviT sqesobriv urTierTobebSi
aris raRac uwminduri da codvismieri, bavSvobaSi SeTvise-
buli da mowiful asakSi ganmtkicebuli, pirovnebis fsi-
qikas warmoudgenel zians ayenebs. aseTi damokidebulebiT
tradiciulma moralma SeZlo sqesobrivi siyvaruli qvec-
nobierSi ganedevna da iq ise gamoemwyvdia, rogorc cixeSi.
man yvelaferi gaakeTa imisTvis, rom moewamla megobrobis
grZnoba da adamianebi gaexada naklebad keTilebi, xelgaS-
lilebi, sakuTar TavSi naklebad darwmunebulebi, magram
„samagierod“ ufro sastikebi. rogorma moralurma norme-
bmac ar unda daikavos Zvelis adgili, isini Tavisufali
unda iyos crurwmenebisgan da xazgasmulad unda lapa-
rakobdes sqesobrivi siyvarulis aucileblobaze. Tumca,

– 226 –
sqesobrivi siyvaruli ver darCeba mTlianad eTikis gare-
Se, am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT iseve, rogorc eTika
saWiroa biznesSi, sportSi, samecniero kvlevebSi da saer-
Tod adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi. magram, eTi-
kas ar sWirdeba Zveli crurwmenebi da akrZalvebi, Cveni
sazogadoebisgan sruliad gansxvavebul sazogadoebaSi
Seqmnili gaunaTlebeli adamianebis mier. sqesTa Soris
urTierTobaSi, iseve, rogorc ekonomikasa da politika-
Si problemisadmi eTikur midgomas kvlavac xels uSlis
SiSi, romelic Tanamedrove aRmoCenebTan erTad movida
CvenTan da romelmac bedniereba ZiriTadad imis gamo ar
mogvitana, rom fsiqologiurad da zneobrivad Cven misT-
vis mzad ar aRmovCndiT.
cnobilia, rom Zvelidan axalze gadasvla yovelTvis
Znelia da is, vinc eTikuri normebis Secvlis moTxovniT ga-
modis riskavs sokrates mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndes, romel-
sac axalgazrdobis gamryvneli Sexedulebebis gavrceleba-
Si dasdes brali. es braldeba yovelTvis dausabuTeblad
ar gamoiyureba, im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu axali eTika, ukve
miRebuli, cxovrebas ukeTesobisken Secvlis. yvelam, vinc
musulmanebis adaTebs icnobs, icis im wesebis Sesaxeb,
romelic TiToeulma maTganma unda daicvas: musulmanma
dReSi xuTjer unda ilocos imisaTvis, rom SeinarCunos
im moraluri principebis pativiscema, romelsac yvelaze
mniSvnelovnad Tvlis. adamians, romelic sqesTa Soris
urTierTobebis axali normebis miRebas uWers mxars, ad-
vilad SeiZleba arasworad gaugon da me sruliad gacno-
bierebuli maqvs, rom iseTi rameebi vTqvi, rac mkiTxvelma
SeiZleba arasworad gaigos.
puritanizmis tradiciul moralur normebsa da axal
morals Soris Rrma gansxvavebaaa da is yvelaze zog-
ad principSi gamoixateba: instinqti aRzrdis sistemis
saSualebiT unda gakeTilSobildes da ara ugulebely-

– 227 –
ofil iqnas da daiTrgunos. albaT, es principi farTo
aRiarebas hpovebs Tanamedrove kacebsa da qalebSi, magram
misi gavlena didad iqneba damokidebuli imaze, Tu ram-
denad Rrmad Caswvdebian masSi Cadebul azrs da ramdenad
male daiwyeba misi gamoyeneba aRzrdis procesSi. Tu in-
stinqti bavSvobis asakSi daiTrguneba imis nacvlad, rom
aRizardos, daTrgunulobis SegrZneba adamians ama Tu im
doziT mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze gahyveba. magram,
morali, romelsac me vicav, ar daiyvaneba winadadebam-
de, romelic mimarTuli iqneba mowifuli adamianebisa da
aseve mozardebisadmi: „ahyeviT Tqvens impulsur survi-
lebs da akeTeT is yvelaferi, rac mogwonT“. garda sur-
vilebisa cxovrebaSi sxva ramec arsebobs. adamiani wesieri
unda iyos, yvela Rone unda ixmaros im miznebis misaRwev-
ad, romlebic SeiZleba arcTu xelsayreli da warmatebis
momtani iyos, yovelTvis unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli sx-
vebis interesebi, yovelTvis unda sruldebodes patios-
nebis, wesierebis da TviTdisciplinis principebi.
magram, me TviTdisciplinas ar ganvixilav rogorc
TviTmizans. me visurvebdi Cvevebi da moraluri
normebi iseTi yofiliyo, rom adamianebs minimaluri
Zalisxmeva dasWirvebodaT sakuTari Tavis kontrolis-
aTvis. TviTkontrols ise unda viyenebdeT, rogorc
muxruWs iyeneben matareblis moZraobisas. sargebloba
mas mxolod maSin moaqvs, roca Tqven, SeamCnevT ra,
rom araswori gziT midixarT, SemoabrunebT da swor
gzas daadgebiT da ara maSin, roca Tavs aiZulebT swori
gzidan araswori gzisken gadauxvioT. zustad iseve,
rogorc memanqane wamdauwum ar daamuxruWebs, aravis
mouva TavSi TviTkontroliT daTrgunos sasargeblo
saqmisken mimarTuli energia. TviTkontrolis aseTi
araswori gamoyenebis wyalobiT gare aqtiurobisTvis
aucilebeli fsiqikuri energia amaod ixarjeba damu-
xruWebis Sinagan procesze. Tumca, xandaxan amis gake-
Teba gviwevs, magram es yovelTvis dasanania.

– 228 –
 im sakiTxis gadawyveta Tu ra doziT aris cxovreba-
Si TviTkontroli aucilebeli, imazea damokidebuli,
Tu ramdenad adre daiwyo instinqtis aRzrda. bavSvis
fsiqikaSi Cadebulma instinqtebma SeiZleba migviyvanos
rogorc sasargeblo, iseve saziano qmedebebamde, feTqe-
badi nivTierebebis energiis msgavsad, romelic SeiZle-
ba gamoyenebul iqnas ngrevisa da ganadgurebisaTvis da
aseve, sasargeblo saqmisTvisac. aRzrdis daniSnulebaa
instinqtis ganviTareba iseTi mimarTulebiT, sadac misi
saSualebiT sasargeblo Sedegebs miviRebT da misi qmedeb-
is aRkveTa, roca is SeiZleba saziano aRmoCndes. Tu es
amocana adreul bavSvobaSi gadawydeba, maSin kacebi da qa-
lebi, rogorc wesi, SeZleben sasargeblo cxovreba eqneT
da mkacri TviTkontroli ar dasWirdeT, garda SesaZloa
krizisuli situaciebisa. Tu adreul bavSvobaSi aRzrda
instinqtebis daTrgunvamde iqneba dayvanili, maSin gaRvi-
Zebulma instinqtma momavalSi SeiZleba saxifaTo qmedebe-
bi gamoiwvios, Tu is TviTkontrols ar daeqvemdebareba.
mTeli es msjeloba gansakuTrebiT, kargad miesadage-
ba impulsur seqsualur survilebs, romlebic didi in-
tensivobiT gamoirCeva da amitom, tradiciul morals
gansakuTrebiT mkacri meurveobis qveS hyavs. moralistebi
albaT darwmunebulni arian, rom impulsuri seqsualur
survilze mkacri TviTkontroli rom ar iyos, is uxam-
si, aRviraxsnili da mdabali iqneboda. vfiqrob, rom es
Tvalsazrisi im kacebis da qalebis saqcielze dakvirve-
biT gaCnda, romelTa instinqtebi bavSvobaSi iTrgunebo-
da, Semdeg ki erTbaSad iCines Tavi. magram, miuxedavad
imisa, rom Seecadnen akrZalvebi daerRviaT, maT fsiqikaSi
es akrZalvebi adrindeburad darCa. is, rasac Cven sindiss
veZaxiT, anu usityvo Tanxmobas qcevebis principebTan,
romlebic met-naklebad SeTvisebuli da gacnobierebuli

– 229 –
iqna adreul axalgazrdobaSi, aiZulebs adamians igrZnos,
rom raRac akrZalvebi, Tundac tradiciiT mxardaWeri-
li, Secdomis Sedegad iTvleba da es grZnoba rCeba, ro-
gorc ar unda cdilobdes inteleqti Tqvens darwmunebas
amis sapirispiroSi. ase adamianis fsiqikaSi xdeba gaxleCa
instinqtad da inteleqtad, romlebic ukve erTmaneTze
gadaxveulebi ki ar dadian, aramed cal-calke arseboben.
Sedegad, instinqti adamians simdableebisken ubiZgebs, in-
teleqti ki mTel Tavis Zalas kargavs.
Tanamedrove samyaroSi, Cven vxedavT sxvadasxva in-
tensivobis amboxs tradiciuli moralis winaaRmdeg. yve-
laze ufro xSirad gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi, roca adamiani
acnobierebs ra aucileblobas da WeSmaritebas eTikuri
normebisa, romelsac mas bavSvobidan aswavlidnen, mainc
aRiarebs, rom Tumca xasiaTSi gmiruli araferi aqvs,
ar SeuZlia am normebiT icxovros, Tumca ki erTgvar-
ad nanobs amis gamo. aseT adamians verafriT daexmare-
bi. SeiZleba mxolod urCio Tavisi qceva Tavisive Sexed-
ulebebTan ise Seajeros, rom maT Soris harmonia iyos.
iseTi SemTxvevebic arsebobs, roca adamiani Segnebulad
uaryofs yvelafers, rac mas pataraobidan aswavles da
mainc, is, rasac uqadagebdnen, qvecnobierSi rCeba da Tav-
is gavlenas axdens. Tu misi fsiqika raRac Zlier emocias
ganicdis, magaliTad SiSs, man SeiZleba moulodnelad
Secvalos Tavisi qcevebi. seriozulma daavadebam Tu bune-
brivma katastrofam, romlis mowmec is gaxda, SeiZleba
gamoiwvios is, rom man moinanios da Tavis inteleqtualur
Sexedulebebze uari Tqvas. Tumca, sruliad Cveulebriv
pirobebSic ki misi qcevebi daRdasmuli iqneba da aman Sei-
Zleba arasasurveli formebi miiRos. akrZalvebi xom misi
nebis winaaRmdeg amJRavnebs Tavs. es akrZalvebi xels ar
uSlis mas Caidinos saqcieli, romelsac tradiciuli mor-

– 230 –
ali gmobs, magram is ki ar SeuZlia sakuTar Tavs gasaqani
srulad misces da Tavisive qcevebi mas xSirad utoveben
sicarielisa da umiznobis grZnobas.
moralis Zveli kodeqsis axliT Secvla maSin moxdeba,
roca axali moralis principebs adamianebi ara mxolod
wmindad formalurad gaacnobiereben, aramed maSin, roca
isini pirovnebis emociuri da sulieri cxovrebis nawilad
iqceva. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis es rTuli procesia,
radgan maT bavSvobidanve Zveli moralis principebi SeiT-
vises. amitom aris saWiro axali moralis Canergva bavS-
visTvis rac SeiZleba adreuli asakidanve.
sqesTa Soris urTierTobis morali Sedegi unda iyos
axali principebisa, romelTa Sesaxeb adamianTa umrav-
lesobas Soris konsensusi SeiZleba iqnas miRweuli. ma-
gram, azrTa sxvadasxaoba (aseve, adamianTa umravlesobas
Soris)maSinve iCens Tavs, rogorc ki wamoiWreba sakiTxi
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori iqneba am principebis miRebis
Sedegebi. pirveli principi, romelzec TiTqmis yvela
SeTanxmdeba, is aris, rom qalsa da kacs Soris SesaZle-
belia Rrma, gulwrfeli siyvaruli, romlis wyalobiT
ori pirovneba erTiandeba da romelic kacsac da qalsac
sulierad ufro mdidars da ukeTess xdis. meore prin-
cipi is aris, rom qorwinebaSi dabadebul bavSvebs unda
hqondeT kargi movla, rac aucilebelia maTi fizikuri
da fsiqikuri janmrTelobisaTvis. am ori principidan
arcerTs aravin uaryofs, Tumca uaryofa iwyeba maSinve,
rogorc ki gadavdivarT am principebis Sedegebze, risi
gakeTebac me vfiqrob, rom sruliad aucilebelia tradi-
ciuli moralis normebis Sesacvlelad.
dReisaTvis, iseTi mdgomareobaa, rom kacebisa da qa-
lebis umravlesobas unari ar aqvs (sxvadasxva saxis tabus
gamo, romlebsac bavSvobidan utenidnen TavSi) yovlismom-
cveli da keTilSobili grZnobiT uyvardeT erTmaneTi. aq,

– 231 –
aseve, Tavs iCens rogorc is, rom sqesobrivi urTierTo-
bis aucilebeli gamocdileba ar aqvT, aramed isic, Tu
es gamocdileba malulad da arasasurveli gziT SeiZines.
garda amisa, moralistebis wyalobiT, romlebic eWviano-
bis grZnobas amarTleben, isini erTmaneTs ise adevneben,
Tvalyurs, rogorc cixis zedamxedveli patimrebs. ra Tqma
unda, gamoricxuli ar aris, rom meuRleTa Soris siyvar-
uli SeiZleba iseTi Zlieri iyos, rom Ralatis cduneba
arcerTs ar hqondes. im SemTxvevaSi ki, roca colqmruli
Ralatis faqti dadasturebulia, ar Rirs melodramat-
uli scenebis mowyoba. garda amisa, kargi araferia ima-
Si, Tu qmari an coli misi meuRlis megobrebs mtrulad
epyroba. bednieri col-qmruli cxovreba SeuTavsebelia
SiSis grZnobasTan, akrZalvebTan da ormxriv eWvebTan.
SesaniSnavia, roca meuRleebi erTmaneTis erTgulni ari-
an, magram Tu am erTgulebisTvis metismetad didi fasia
gadaxdili da meuRleTa Soris urTierTobaSi adrindeli
gulwrfeloba aRar aris, amas ajobebda, Tu isini ufro
momTmenni iqnebodnen erTmaneTis mimarT. udaoa, rom us-
afuZvlo eWvianoba qorwinebas ubedurs xdis, erTmaneTi-
sadmi ndoba aZlierebs saqorwino kavSirs da meuRleebis
siyvaruls ufro aRrmavebs da axangrZlivebs.
mravali adamiani, romelic Tavs zneobis nimuSad Tvlis,
sakmaod agdebulad ekideba Tavisi, rogorc mSoblis mov-
aleobebs. roca mSoblebs Svilebi uCndebaT, maT yvelaferi
unda gaakeTon rac SeuZliaT, Tu saWiro iqneba mkacrad
gaakritikon TavianTi qceva, raTa maTTan harmoniuli ur-
TierToba eqneT. TviTkontroli imisTvis ki ar aris au-
cilebeli, rom aRkveTo _ rogorc moralistebi fiqroben
_ Ralati, aramed imisTvis, rom meuRleTa Soris damok-
idebuleba ar wabilwos arc eWvma, arc gaRizianebam, arc
imis survilma, rom qmars Tu cols aiZulo yvelaferi

– 232 –
ise gaakeTos, rogorc Sen ginda. udaoa, rom ojaxSi
col-qmris xSiri da seriozuli konfliqtebi SeiZleba
bavSvebis nerviuli aSlilobis mizezad iqces. da Tu meuR-
leebi imdenad ver akontroleben Tavs, rom ver axerxeben
bavSvebi maTi Cxubis mowmeni ar gaxdnen, maSin umjobesi
iqneba aseTi ojaxi daingres. ar unda vifiqroT, rom aseTi
ojaxis dangreva SeiZleba cudad aisaxos bavSvebis momav-
alze. Tu col-qmari erTmaneTs uyviris, lanZRavs da iqneb
fizikuradac exeba erTmaneTs da amas bavSvebi uyureben,
ukeTesia isini ganqorwindnen.
axali moralis arcerTi gonieri damcveli ar daTanx-
mdeba imas, rom sqesTa Soris Tavisufali urTierTobebi
erTbaSad damkvidrdes da Cveul movlenad iqces. maSin
xom mowifuli adamianebic da mozardebic aRmoCndebod-
nen impulsuri survilebis tyveobaSi, romlis daTrgun-
visTvisac ase bevri gaakeTes mkacri moralis damcve-
lebma. saWiroa Sualeduri etapi, vinaidan sxvanairad
mSoblebi Svilebs Cveulebrivad, tradiciulad aRzrdian.
am Sualeduri periodis ganmavlobaSi, mozardma Taobam
Tavisuflebis gonivruli gageba unda aiTvisos. winaaRm-
deg SemTxvevaSi, is gagebuli iqneba rogorc trivialuri
Tavisufleba, rac gsurs is gaakeTo axirebebis Sesa-
bamisad, an ubralod mowyenilobisgan. aseTi Tavisufle-
ba sqesobrivi urTierTobebis siWarbesTan migviyvanda,
sulieri monoba ki adrindeburad darCeboda. instinqti,
romelzec aRmzrdelebi saTanado samuSaos Caatarebdnen,
ukeTes Sedegebs mogvcemda, vidre gonebaSi kalvinistu-
ri doqtrinebis Canergva pirveli codvis Sesaxeb. aseTi
aRzrdis wyalobiT qreba SesaZlebloba imisa, rom mowi-
ful asakSi Tavisufali gaxdebi.
fsiqoanalizis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan aRmo-
Cenad iqca pirovnebis fsiqikur janmrTelobaze adreul
bavSvobaSi akrZalvebisa da muqarebis gavlenis aRmoCena.
amisgan Tavis dasaRwevad fsiqoanalitikosebis didi Zal-

– 233 –
isxmevaa saWiro. es exeba ara mxolod fsiqikurad daa-
vadebul adamianebs, romelTa aranormaluri qceva yve-
lasTvis TvalSisacemia, aramed, garkveuli zomiT, erTi
SexedviT sruliad normalur adamianebsac. darwmunebuli
var, rom aTidan cxra adamians, vinc tradiciulad aRiz-
arda, iseTi azrebi da grZnobebi Camouyalibda, romelic
mas saSualebas uspobs qorwinebaSi bednieri iyos da nor-
maluri sqesobrivi urTierToba hqondes. saubedurod,
azrebisa da grZnobebis Secvla saeWvoa SesaZlebeli iyos
da yvelaze ukeTesi, rac maT SeiZleba vurCioT, is aris,
rom TavianT bavSvebs nu daamaxinjeben aRzrdis iseTi
meTodebiT, romliTac TviTon gaizardnen.
kidev erTxel gavimeoreb: me araviTari survili ar
mqonia meqadaga, rom yvelaferi nebadarTuli unda iyos.
piriqiT, vcdilobdi damerwmunebina adamianebi, rom au-
cilebelia aranakleb mkacri TviTkontroli, vidre is,
rasac aRzrdis Cveulebrivi normebi moiTxovs. magram, es
TviTkontroli sxvebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvisken ar
unda iyos mimarTuli da ecados sakuTari Tavisuflebac
raRac CarCoebSi moaqcios. imeds gamovTqvam, rom Tav-
idanve swori aRzrdiT, bavSvs SeiZleba pirovnebis pativ-
iscemisa da sxva adamianis Tavisuflebis principi SeiZleba
SedarebiT advilad Caunergo. Tumca, im adamianebisTvis,
romlebic ise aRizardnen, rom sjeraT ufleba aqvT veto
daadon sxva adamianebis qcevebs zneobis saxeliT, udaod
Zneli iqneba daZlion sakuTar TavSi survili da siamo-
vneba im adamianebis devnisa, vinc maTgan gansxvavebulad
fiqrobs da iqceva. es SeiZleba saerTod SeuZlebelic
iyos. amave dros cxadia, rom aseTi survilisgan advilad
SeuZliaT gaTavisufldnen maT, vinc akrZalvebis mkacri
moralis suliskveTebiT ar arian aRzrdilebi. kargi qor-
winebis arsi is aris, rom meuRleebi pativs scemdnen erT-

– 234 –
maneTis pirovnebas da hqondeT Rrma intimuri urTierTo-
ba, fizikuri, mentaluri da sulieri, rac kacsa da qals
Soris seriozul siyvaruls yvelaze mniSvnelovnad da
nayofierad aqcevs sxva adamianur gamocdilebaTa Soris.
aseT siyvaruls, iseve rogorc yvelafer diadsa da fas-
daudebels, Tavisi sakuTari morali gaaCnia da is xSir-
ad moiTxovs Seyvarebulisagan daTmos raRac umniSvnelo
gacilebiT ufro didis gamo da Tu es msxverpli nebayo-
flobiTi ar aris, maSin is angrevs safuZvlebs TviT si-
yvarulisa, romlisTvisac is iqna gaRebuli.

– 235 –
 SeniSvnebi da ganmartebebi

1. platoni _ (427-347 C.w.a-mde) _ dialogSi „saxelmwifo“

idealuri saxelmwifos proeqti Seqmna, romlis saTaveSi
filosofosebi unda yofiliyvnen. wesrigs am saxelmwifoSi
icavdnen „guSagebi“. isini mTlianad emorCilebodnen filo-
sofosebs, romelTa xelmZRvanelobiT ganaTlebas bavSvobis
asakidan iRebdnen. bavSvebi, momavali guSagebi, ojaxisgan
mowyvetiT unda aRzrdiliyvnen im idealebiT, romliTac mo-
mavalSi saxelmwifos keTildReobisaTvis iRvawebdnen.
2. ipso facto _ faqtis ZaliT, TviT faqtiT.
3. infantisada _ axaldabadebuli Cvilis, an nayofis mokv-
la, rac zogierT velur tomSi xdeboda imis gamo, rom bavS-
vis gamokveba ar SeeZloT, xandaxan ki ritualuri mizniTac.
magaliTad finikielebi Cvils moloxs wiravdnen msxverplad.
4. bronislav malinovski _ (1884-1942) _ warmoSobiT polone-
li. muSaobda rogorc eTnologi da anTropologi amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi. cnobili gaxda okeaniis adgilobrivi
mcxovreblebis kvlevebiT. 1915-1918 wlebSi is axali gvineis
axlos mdebare trobriandis kunZulis mkvidrTa cxovrebas
swavlobda. malinovski, me-20-e saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze
cnobili anTropologi, socialuri anTropolologiis Sem-
qmnelad iTvleba.
5. saturnaliis dResaswauli _ Zvel romaelTa dResaswauli
maTi miwaTmoqmedebis RmerTis saturnis sapativcemulod.
aRiniSneboda yovel 17 dekembers, mogvianebiT ki Svidi dRiT
gadaswies da mzis nabunianobis dReebs daemTxva. dResaswau-
lis dReebSi xelisufleba ufaso sadilebs awyobda. aTavisu-
flebdnen monebs. mogvianebiT, imperatorebis epoqaSi dRe-
saswauli axal wels emTxveoda da aRviraxsnili orgiebiT
gamoirCeoda.

– 236 –
6. vastermarki eduard _ (1862-1939) _ fineli sociologi,
anTropologi da filosofosi. 1890-1906 wlebSi fineTis
universitetSi aswavlida, 1907-1930 wlebSi ki londonis uni-
versitetSi. aRiareba moutana naSromma „qorwinebis istoria“
(1891), romelSic is amtkicebda, rom primitiul sazogadoe-
bebSic ki qorwineba monogamiuri iyo. mis mTavar naSromad
iTvleba „moraluri ideebis warmoSoba da ganviTareba“.
7. esenis seqta _ esenebi erTgvar samonastro ordens war-
moadgendnen Zvel palestinaSi (I-II saukune C.w.a-mde). miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom ebraelebi iyvnen, iudaizmis kults uaryofd-
nen da maT nacvlad sakuTari Cvevebi hqondaT: uflisadmi
miZRvnili erToblivi trapezebi, ganwmendis ritualebi da
a.S. isini cxovrobdnen Temebad, sadac piradi sakuTrebis
ufleba ar arsebobda.
8. pirveli werili korinTelTa mimarT. Tavi VII (1-9).
9. pirveli werili korinTelTa mimarT. Tavi VIII (32-34).
10. sulis usufTaobas niSnavs _ havelok elisi, „seqsis fsiq-
ologia“. t-4. gv-31. havelok elisi _ (1859-1939) _ ganaTleba
kerZo skolaSi miiRo. oTxi weli avstraliaSi gaatara, sad-
ac skolis maswavleblad muSaobda. inglisSi dabrunebis Sem-
deg, 1981 wels medicinis Seswavla daiwyo. misma Svidtomianma
Sromam „kvlevebi seqsis fsiqologiis sferoSi“ viqtorian-
uli sazogadoebis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia da did britaneTSi
pirveli tomis gamosvlis Semdeg misi gamocema aikrZala. misi
naSromi sruli saxiT amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gamoica
1897-1928 wlebSi. es kvleva seqsualuri urTierTobebis da
seqsis biologiis Taviseburi kvlevaa. agreTve, masSi ganx-
ilulia seqsualuri qcevebi da normidan gadaxrebi. elisi
Tvlida, rom seqsualuri aqtiuroba siyvarulis grZnobis
normaluri da bunebrivi gamoxatvaa. mas Tavisi naSromis
saSualebiT surda gaefanta SiSi da umecreba, romelic
jer kidev cocxlobs adamianTa gonebaSi sqesTa Soris ur-
TierTobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. havelok elisi qalTa
uflebebis Tavgamodebuli damcveli iyo.
11. leki _ „evropuli moralis istoria“, t-2. gv 117-118. leki
uiliam eduard _ (1838-1903) _ irlandieli istorikosi, cno-
bili Tavisi naSromebiT inglisisa da irlandiis istoriis
Sesaxeb. raselis mier moyvanili citata aRebulia wignidan: _
„zne-Cveulebebis istoria evropaSi“.

– 237 –
12. patristikis literatura. patristika _ qristianuli
filosofia. II-VIII saukuneebis filosofiur-Teologiuri
azrovneba. patristikis wyaroebia antikuri filosofia da
qristianul-Teologiuri doqtrina.
13. aravin icnobda _ iqve. leki t.-2. gv.339-341.
14. vestermarki _ „adamianTa qorwinebis istoria“, gv. 170.
15. ieremia bentami _ (1748-1832) _ ingliseli iuristi da
filosofosi. bentamis Tanaxmad moralis da kanoniereb-
is ZiriTadi principi gamoixateba maqsimiT: _ „rac SeiZle-
ba meti bedniereba rac SeiZleba met adamians“. is Tvlida,
rom iurisprudenciis mTavari mizani unda iyos miaRwios
kanonierebis da samarTlianobis Serwymas.
16. papi grigori VII _ (daaxloebiT 1020-1085. papi 1073 wl-
idan) _ iyo pirveli papi, romelic Seecada Tavisi xelisu-
fleba saero xelisuflebaze maRla daeyenebina. man germani-
is imperators, henrix III-s gamoucxada omi, romelSic Tavidan
gamarjveba moipova, Semdeg ki damarcxda da devnilobaSi gar-
daicvala. is mkacrad moiTxovda, rom mRvdlebi ar daqor-
winebuliyvnen.
17. abeliari _ (1079-1142) _ filosofosi-sqolasti, romelic
nominalizmis poziciaze idga da Sesabamisad realizmis mow-
inaaRmdege iyo. uzarmazari popularoba SeiZina Teologi-
is da filosofiis Semswavlel studentebs Soris. 36 wlis
asakSi abeliars, romelic notrdamis kanoniki iyo Seuyvarda
elioza, parizis kanonikis, fulberis 15 wlis disSvili. gog-
ona ara mxolod lamazi, aramed Wkvianic iyo. icoda laT-
inuri, berZnuli da ZvelberZnuli. male elioza dafexmZimda.
Seyvarebulebi parizidan gaiqcnen da saidumlod daiweres
jvari. roca amis Sesaxeb Seityo, fulberma gadawyvita Suri
eZia abeliarze. Tavis TanmxlebebTan erTad is Sevarda ke-
liaSi, romelSic abeliari cxovrobda da is daasaWurises. es
yvelaferi abeliarma aRwera Tavis wignSi _ „Cemi ubedure-
bebis istoria“.
18. leki _ „evropuli moralis istoria“, t-2. gv.357-358.
19. vita nuova _ (laT) _ axali cxovreba.
20. haizinga iohan _ (1872-1945) _ holandieli istorikosi da
kulturologi.
21. „vardis romani“ _ XIII saukunis literaturuli Zegli daw-
erili ori frangi poetis mier. pirveli nawili dawera giiom

– 238 –
de lorisma, meore ki Jan de mionma. pirveli nawili warmoad-
gens alegoriul moTxrobas, romelic, rogorc Cans avto-
ris pirad gamocdilebas asaxavs da masSi brwyinvale poetu-
ri formiT aris gadmocemuli trubadurebis sasiyvarulo
filosofia. meore nawili pirveli, daumTavrebeli nawilis
gagrZelebad iTvleba. poema udidesi popularobiT sarge-
blobda.
22. romantiuli moZraoba, anu romantizmi. mimarTuleba ev-
ropul literaturasa da xelovnebaSi XVIII saukunis bolos
da XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. ufro farTod, romantiku-
li moZraoba SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc cxovrebis stili am
moZraobis yvelaze mkafio warmomadgenlebisa, iseTebis, ro-
goric arian baironi, Seli, edgar po, hiugo da sxvebi. roman-
tizmi iyo reaqcia ganaTlebis epoqis klasicizmis winaaRmdeg.
romantikosebis poeziaSi gamoCnda mistika da iracionalizmi.
23. misis malapropi _ irlandieli dramaturgis riCard Seri-
danis (1751-1816) komediis „metoqeebi“ personaJi.
24. godvin meri vulstonkrafti _ (1759-1797) _ romanisti,
mTargmneli da socialuri traqtatebis avtori. sikvdilamde
erTi wliT adre cnobil inglisel publicists uiliam god-
vins (1756-1836) Sexvda da colad gahyva mas. qorwineba bed-
nieri aRmoCnda, magram Zalian cota xans gagrZelda. traqta-
ti, „qalTa uflebebis aRdgena“ (1792) miuZRvna taleirans,
romelsac Tavisi ideebis momxred Tvlida. Tavisi naSromis
dasawyisSi meri vulstonkrafti aRniSnavs, rom masSi damt-
kicebulia „mTavari“ principi: Tu qali Tavisi aRzrdiT mzad
ar iqneba imisTvis, rom mamakacis megobrad iqces, amiT pro-
gress SeuSlis xels.
25. jon stiuart mili _ (1806-1873) _ ingliseli ekonomis-
ti, filosofosi da sazogadoebriv-politikuri moRvawe.
misi mama jeimz mili (1873-1936) istorikosi da filosofosi
iyo da ieremia bentamTan, utilitarizmis filosofiis dam-
fuZnebelTan megobrobda. biWi mamis mkacri meTvalyureobis
qveS izrdeboda. rva wlis asakSi ukve herodotes da platons
kiTxulobda, cota mogvianebiT ki laTinuri enac Seiswavla.
16 wlis asakSi ost indoeTis kompaniaSi daiwyo muSaoba. pa-
ralelurad sxvadasxva JurnalebTan daiwyo TanamSromloba.

– 239 –
werda statiebs politekonomiisa da eTikis sakiTxebTan da-
kavSirebiT. 1851 wels daqorwinda, misis teilorze, romel-
Tan TanamSromlobiT dawera wignebi: _ „Tavisuflebis Sesax-
eb“, „qalTa daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareoba“.
26. henri l. menkeni _ (1880-1956) _ amerikeli Jurnalisti,
mwerali da enaTmecnieri. XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi mZa-
fri satiruli eseebiT da statiebiT gamodioda, amxelda ra
amerikuli sazogadoebis naklovanebebs.
27. Cemi skolis bavSvebze _ 1927 wlis seqtemberSi bertran
raselma da misma meore colma doram oridan Svid wlamde
bavSvebisTvis skola gaxsnes. sxva maswavleblebTan erTad
isini bavSvebis aRzrdaSi iRebdnen monawileobas.
28. „martoobis wyaro“ _ redklif holis romani, romelic
pirvelad 1928 wels, Semdeg ki oTxi wlis manZilze kidev
eqvsjer gamoqveynda. winasityvaoba havelok elisma dawera.
am romans maRali Sefaseba misca didma ingliselma mweralma
arnold benetma. nawarmoebis mTavari moqmedi piria stefania
gordoni, ser filipis da ledi anas erTaderTi Svili. is ise
izrdeboda, rogorc biWi, imis gamo, rom mis mSoblebs Zalian
surdaT biWi hyolodaT.
29. raseli gulisxmobs sityvas „fuck“.
30. „profesia misis uoreni“ _ bernard Sous (1856-1950) pie-
sa. daiwera 1893 wels. cenzuris mier misi TeatrSi dadgma
aikrZala. roca 1905 wels am piesis mixedviT niu-iorkis sce-
naze speqtakli daidga, reJisorze da msaxiobebze sasamarT-
loSi saqme aRiZra. piesa Sevida krebulSi, romelsac Soum
„usiamovno“ uwoda. speqtaklis mTavari moqmedi personaJi
misis uoreni ramdenime bordelis mepatronea, Tumca sazoga-
doebaSi respeqtabelur qalbatonad aris miRebuli.
31. tristan da izolda _ Sua saukuneebis (VIII-IX saukunis)
legenda siyvarulze. is mefe arturis Sesaxeb legendebis
cikls ekuTvnis. bertran rasels rogorc Cans mxedveloba-
Si aqvs rixard vagneris piesa „tristan da izolda“, romel-
Sic tragikuli, romantikuli siyvarulis Tema umaRles si-
maRlezea ayvanili.
32. dedofali anas drois moazrovneebs _ avtors mxedveloba-
Si aqvs XVIII saukunis pirveli mesamedi, roca cxovrobdnen da
moRvaweobdnen ganaTlebis epoqis didi moRvaweebi: daniel
defo, jonaTan svifti, adisoni, poupi da sxvebi.

– 240 –
33. Carlz stiuart parneli _ (1846-1891) _ irlandieli
nacionalistebis lideri, TemTa palatis wevri, publi-
cisti. gamodioda irlandiis avtonomiis moTxovniT. misi
qorwinebis gareSe kavSiri misis o’SisTan colTan gayris
mizezad iqca. im drois irlandiaSi, romelic kaTolikuri
iyo, kaTolikesTvis ganqorwineba lamis borotmoqmedebad
iTvleboda. albaT, es hqonda mxedvelobaSi rasels. parn-
elma miuxedavad didi Zalisxmevisa ver SeZlo irlandiis
avtonomiisTvis mieRwia. mxolod am azriT ver gaamarTla
man irlandieli xalxis imedi.
34. margaret midi _ (1901-1978) _ udidesi amerikeli anTro-
pologi. swavlobda okeaniis mkvidrTa yofas da zne-Cveule-
bebs. Tavis wignebSi is svamda sakiTxebs sqesTa Soris urTi-
erTobis, qalTa uflebebis, bavSvebis aRzrdis, Sobadobaze
kontrolis, narkotikebis gavrcelebis, garemomcveli gare-
mos daWuWyianebis, birTvuli safrTxis Sesaxeb.
35. mungo parki _ (1771-1806) _ afrikis Sotlandieli mkvle-
vari. 1799 wels gamosca wigni „mogzauroba afrikis siRrm-
eSi“. (1779), romelic rogorc Cans raselma axalgazrdobaSi
waikiTxa.
36. volterianuli _ igulisxmeba volteris cnobili aforiz-
mi: _ „RmerTi rom ar iyos is unda gamogvegonebina“.
37. a tergo _ (laT) _ uknidan.
38. budistur eTikaSi ojaxs Zalian mcire adgili eTmoboda
_ budizmis damaarsebeli zidharta gautama (560-480 w. Cvens
welTaRricxvamde) mebrZolTa im jgufs ekuTvnoda, romel-
Ta saTaveSi rajebi (raselis mixedviT _ princebi) idgnen,
magram budizmma Tavis gavlenas Zveli indoeTis sazogadoe-
bis yvela fena daumorCila, maT Soris brahmanebic. budiz-
mis warmoSobis mizezebi im drois sazogadoebis krizisSi,
misi zneobrivi safuZvlebis ngrevaSi unda veZeboT. budam
sazogadoebas axali morali misca, Tumca budizmi ojax-
is safuZvlebs ar Sexebia. TiToeuli ojaxi Tavisi kastis
CveulebebiT cxovrobda.
39. fabrikis kanoni _ unda gavigoT rogorc kanoni Sromis
Sesaxeb, romelic sawarmoTa mepatroneebisa da daqiravebulTa
Sromis uflebebs da valdebulebebs aregulirebda. britaneT-
Si 1833 wlidan moyolebuli am kanonebs parlamenti iRebda.
1878 wels mis mier miRebul iqna kanoni, romelic sawarmo-

– 241 –
Si bavSvebis dasaqmebas krZalavda. adre akrZalva mxolod 10
wlamde bavSvebze vrceldeboda.
40. uolter riversi _ (1864-1922) _ ingliseli anTropologi
da samedicino fsiqologiis specialisti. aswavlida kembri-
jis universitetSi. rasels mxedvelobaSi aqvs misi wigni _
„naTesaobis grZnoba da socialuri organizacia“, (1914).
41. frensis galtoni _ (1822-1911) _ ingliseli mecnieri,
romelic sakiTxebis farTo wriT iyo dakavebuli. pirvelma
Semoitana termini „evgenika“. iyo samefo sazogadoebis wevri.
42. samuel batleri _ (1835-1902) _ ingliseli mwerali,
avtori klasikuri romanisa „yoveli xorcis gza“, romel-
ic misi sikvdilis Semdeg, 1903 wels daibeWda. cnobilia
agreTve sxva wignebiT da statiebiT sxvadasxva sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb. darvinis mZvinvare mowinaaRmdege iyo. mas evolu-
cia sxvagvarad esmoda da „uZlieresis gadarCenis“ princips
ar iziarebda. mas darvinze aranaklebi momxreebi hyavda, maT
Soris bernard Sou.
43. ukan maTusalasaken _ bernard Sous piesa _ „ukan maTusala-
saken“ (1920) warmoadgens utopias, romelic, avtoris azriT,
Tu xorcs Seisxamda, kacobriobis mtanjvel yvela proble-
mas gadawyvetda. Sou Tvlida, rom Tavi da Tavi yvela Cveni
ubedurebisa, Cveni xanmokle sicocxle iyo. piesaSi, romelic
scenaze ori saRamos ganmavlobaSi unda gaTamaSebuliyo, war-
modgenili iyo kacobriobis momavali, roca adamianebi imden
xans icocxlebdnen, ramdenic bibliurma maTusalam icxovra,
anu 969 wels. Sou Tavis piesaSi amtkicebda, rom maSin arc
omebi iqneboda da arc revoluciebi.
44. qristianuli mecniereba _ aris seqta, daarsebuli misis
meri beiker-edis (1821-1910) mier. mis swavlebaSi Serwymulia
qristianoba da Teosofia. 1875 wels misis beiker-edim ga-
moaqveyna wigni „mecniereba da janmrTeloba, anu gza wminda
werilisaken“. masSi avtori amtkicebda, rom radgan adamianis
buneba sulieria, janmrTelobis miRweva RmerTis, anu qris-
tes WeSmariti wvdomiT miiRweva. aqedan modis seqtis saxel-
wodeba. 1867 wlidan beiker-edi mkurnalobas eweoda. seqtas
TandaTan momxreebi gamouCnda amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa
da inglisSi, Semdeg ki mTel evropaSi.
45. poplari _ mxare londonis aRmosavleTiT, romelic

– 242 –
ZiriTadad RaribebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. XX saukunis dasawy-
isSi iq daaxloebiT 200 000 adamiani cxovrobda.
46. david koperfildi _ avtobiografiul romanSi „david ko-
perfildi“ (1850) Carlz dikensi gviyveba fabrikaSi momuSave
patara biWis Sesaxeb.
47. ganqorwinebis angariSi _ bibliaSi naTqvamia, rom qmars,
romelsac surs cols gaeyaros, aZlevs mas Canawers (Cveu-
lebriv aseTi saxis: „is ukve Cemi coli aRar aris da me misi
qmari aRar var“) da qali saxlidan midis. gayris mizezi Sei-
Zleboda yofiliyo col-qmruli Ralati, magram ufro xSir-
ad es maSin xdeboda, roca Svili ar hyavdaT. cols, Tuki is
xelaxla ar gaTxovda, SeeZlo qmars dabruneboda. Tu kaci
mis mier nacduneb qaliSvilze daqorwindeboda, ganqorwineb-
is ufleba aRar hqonda. Tu kaci Tavis mona qalze daqor-
windeboda, Semdeg ki meore cols moiyvanda, pirvel colTan
ganqorwineba akrZaluli iyo.
48. jon miltoni _ (1608-1674) _ udidesi ingliseli poeti.
avtori poemisa „dakarguli samoTxe“. ganaTleba kembrijis
universitetSi miiRo. 35 wlis asakSi is Tavisi axloblebisT-
vis moulodnelad 16 wlis gogonaze _ meri pauelze daqor-
winda. ori Tvis Semdeg, man qmari miatova da londonidan
oqsfordSi wavida, sadac misi mama cxovrobda. misi wasvlis
mizezi ara mxolod xasiaTebis da Cvevebis SeuTavsebloba iyo
(miltons ganmartoeba da samecniero muSaoba uyvarda) ar-
amed isic, rom miltoni puritanebis momxre da mefis mZvin-
vare mowinaaRmdege iyo, misi colis ojaxi ki roialistebis
partias ekuTvnoda. momxdarma miltons stimuli misca daew-
era pamfleti: _ „doqtrina da swavleba ganqorwinebis Ses-
axeb, romlis mizania orive sqesis sikeTe da gaTavisufleba
kanonikuri samarTlisa da sxva Secdomebisagan“. pamfleti
1643 wlis agvistoSi gamoqveynda, ise, rom avtori ar iyo
miTiTebuli. sainteresoa, rom sami wlis Semdeg meri qmars
daubrunda _ mTeli am sami wlis ganmavlobaSi samoqalaqo
omi mimdinareobda _ da mas oTxi Svili gauCina.
49. Rame ar gaaTevines _ maqsim gorki da andreeva amer-
ikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1906 wels Cavidnen amerikeli
milioneris _ henri uolSiris miwveviT, romelic social-
istebs TanaugrZnobda. ramdenime dReSi niu-iorkis gazeT-
Si „uorldi“ gamoqveynda statia, romelSic naTqvami iyo,
rom amerikaSi Cavida rusi mwerali-anarqisti sxvis colTan
– 243 –
erTad. statias Tan axlda gorkis foto mis colTan peSko-
vasTan da vaJiSvilTan erTad. amas sxva gazeTebSic gorkis
lanZRva-gineba mohyva da mas da andreevas hotelis datove-
ba mouwiaT, ris Semdegac niu-iorkis verc erT hotelSi ver
SeZles dabinaveba.
50. uolter lipmani _ (1889-1974) _ amerikeli Jurnalisti.
misma statiebma prezident vudro vilsonis yuradReba miipy-
ro. didi popularobiT sargeblobda amerikaSi. socializmis
Tavgamodebuli mowinaaRmdege iyo.
51. kar sandersi _ (1886-1966) _ ingliseli biologi, soci-
ologi.
52. tomas robert maltusi _ (1766-1834) _ ingliseli ekono-
misti da mRvdeli. 1798 wels gamoaqveyna „esei mosaxleobis
principisa da imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor moqmedebs is sazoga-
doebis momaval gaumjobesebaze“. misma naSromma didi inter-
esi da farTo diskusia gamoiwvia. sainteresoa, rom termini
„brZola arsebobisaTvis“ darvinma am naSromidan isesxa.
53. Carlz bredlou _ (1833-1891) _ ingliseli politikuri moR-
vawe. axalgazrdobidanve Tavisuflad moazrovneebis wreebSi
trialebda. Semdeg Riad ganacxada Tavisi aTeisturi Sexed-
ulebebis Sesaxeb da aTeizmis propaganda daiwyo. 1860 wlidan
gamoscemda gazeTs „neSnl-reformeri“, romelsac 1868-1869
wlebSi sasamarTlo procesi mouwyves mkrexelobisaTvis.
misi gazeTisTvis werda da Semdeg misi Tanagamomcemeli
gaxda blavatskaias mowafe ani bezanti. 1876 wels maT dabe-
Wdes amerikeli avtoris pamfleti „filosofiis nayofi“,
risTvisac maT sasamarTloSi uCivles uxamsi fiziologiuri
detalebis gavrcelebisaTvis. sasamarTlom bredlous da
bezants didZali jarimac daakisra da patimrobac miusaja.
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebam sazogadoebis aRSfoTeba ga-
moiwvia da bolos da bolos saqme gadaixeda.
54. normaluri ganawilebis mrudi _ normalur ganawilebas
eqvemdebareba albaToba nebismieri SemTxveviTi sididisa da
SemTxveviTi procesisa. normaluri ganawilebis mrudis qveS
moqceuli areali yovelTvis erTis tolia. termini Semot-
anil iqna ingliseli maTematikosis pirsonis mier.
55. sokrate, platoni, iulius cezari da pavle mociquli _
raseli qaragmulad mianiSnebs imaze, rom CamoTvlilTagan

– 244 –
pirveli ori homoseqsuali iyo, bolo ori ki _ epilefsiiT
Sepyrobili.
56. kaizeri vilhelm II _ (1859-1941) _ kaizeri agresiul poli-
tikas atarebda, riTac pirveli msoflio omis dawyebaSi Tav-
isi wvlili Seitana. 1818 wels taxtidan Camoagdes.
57. maniheis doqtrina _ gnostikuri swavleba, romelic III-V
saukuneebSi gavrcelda. bevri ram aqvs gadmotanili zoro-
astrizmidan, qristianobidan da budizmidan. misi mTavari
Tavisebureba iyo dualizmi naTelisa da bnelisa, sulisa da
sxeulisa. is ambobda, rom individis sulis xsna, mxolod ma-
Sin aris SesaZlebeli, roca is SeZlebs dainaxos naTeli, misi
sulis wyvdiadSi moqceuli.
58. wminda antoni _ (daaxloebiT 250-350) _ egvipteSi berebis
samyofebis damaarsebeli. rasels albaT mxedvelobaSi aqvs
gustav floberis mistikuri drama „wminda antonis cduneba“,
radgan misi cxovrebis aRwerebSi msgavsi ram ar Cans.
59. pier diem …pier noctem (laT) _ dRisiT... RamiT.
60. codna Zalaa _ frensis bekonis cnobili aforizmi ar
niSnavs imas, rom codna Zalaa, aramed imas, rom codnis, an
sxvanairad rom vTqvaT informaciis floba adamians Tu ada-
mianTa jgufs aZlevs Zalauflebas, anu SesaZleblobas manip-
ulirebisa masebis ganwyobilebebiT da rwmeniT.
61. fridrix II didi _ prusiis mefe (1712-1786) _ 1740 wels,
evgenikis gaCenamde didi xniT adre adamianTa jiSebis gaum-
jobesebisaTvis eqsperimentebi daiwyo. is kargi tanis Zlier
jariskacebs aiZulebda kargi tanis Zlier qalebze daqor-
winebuliyvnen.
62. riCard kobdeni _ (1804-1865) _ ingliseli mrewveli. par-
lamentis wevri. 1838 wels inglisel mrewvelTan da liber-
alTan jon braitTan erTad e.w. antikorn liga daaarsa _
kavSiri, romelic did britaneTSi marcvleulis Semotanis
akrZalvis winaaRmdegi iyo.

– 245 –
 gamomcemloba „aqti“-s mier gamocemuli wignebi

1. fridrix nicSe _ antiqriste

2. fridrix nicSe _ tragediis dabadeba musikis sulidan
3. fridrix nicSe _ sikeTisa da borotebis miRma

4. karl iaspersi _ nicSe da qristianoba

5. karl iaspersi _ filosofiis Sesavali

6. sioren kirkegori _ SiSi da TrTolva

7. sioren kirkegori _ satanjvelis saxareba

8. zigmund froidi _ sami narkvevi seqsualobis Teoriidan

9. zigmund froidi _ masebis fsiqologia da egos analizi

10. lev Sestovi _ usafuZvlobis apoTeozi

11. lev Sestovi _ Semoqmedi da damangreveli samyaro

12. bertran raseli _ eseebi

13. bertran raseli _ qorwineba da morali

14. edmund huserli _ amsterdamuli moxsenebebi

15. migel de unamuno _ qristianobis agonia
16. nikolai berdiaevi _ yofiereba, Tavisufleba, RmerTi

17. imanuel kanti _ maradiuli mSvidobisken

18. giorgi gurjievi _ danaxuli realuri samyarodan

19. erix fromi _ adamianis suli

20. svami vivekananda _ Zveli induri filosofia

– 247 –