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6
piaJeseuli kognituri
kognituri ganviTareba: ganviTarebis Teoria
* piaJeseuli safexurebis ZiriTadi
piaJe Tvlida, rom ganviTarebis wesis safuZveli Cveni saxeobis biologiaSi Zevs _ es
aris imis Sedegi, rom adamianis tvini sul ufro metad erTveba STabeWdilebebis gaana-
lizebasa da ganmartebaSi, rac saerToa MmTeli msoflios bavSvebis umetesobisTvis.
amasTanave is xazs usvamda imas, rom individualuri genetikuri gansxvavebebi da garemo
faqtorebi gavlenas axdens bavSvis mier safexurebis gavlis siCqareze (Piaget, 1926/1928).
imisTvis, rom SevafasoT piaJes Sexeduleba ganviTarebis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb, ganvixi-
loT ramdenime mniSvnelovani koncefcia
sensomotoruli safexuri:
dabadebidan 2 wlamde
sensomotoruli safexuri cxovrebis pirveli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba.
misi dasaxeleba asaxavs piaJes rwmenas, rom Cvili da axlad fexadgmuli bavSvebi Tavi-
293
sensomotoruli ganviTareba
piaJes mixedviT, axaldabadebulTa refleqsebi sensomotoruli azrovnebis blokebi-
sgan aigeba. Tavdapirvelad, I qvesafexurze, bavSvebi pirs awklapuneben, xels Wideben da
erTnairad gamoiyurebian imis miuxedavad, ra STabeWdileba aqvT. erTxel erT-erTma
dedam sasacilo SemTxveva miambo: misi ori kviris qaliSvili sawolSi mZinare mamis gver-
diT iwva. mamas uecrad gamoeRviZa da gverdze gadabrunda. bavSvma es igrZno da mamis
zurgs dauwyo wova!
SemTxveviTi qcevebis gameoreba daaxloebiT erT Tvis asakSi, roca bavSvebi me
ore qvesafexurSi Sedian, isini sakuTar qcevaze Tavisufali kontrolis unars iZenen
pirveladi wriuli reaqciis saSualebiT, im SemTxveviTi qcevebis gameorebiT, romelTa
umetesobac ZiriTadi saWiroebebiT aris gamowveuli. es maTSi iwvevs martiv mamoZraveb-
el Cvevebs, magaliTad, muStis an ceris wovas. am qvesafexurze bavSvebi aseve garemos
moTxovnebis Sesabamisad gansxvavebulad qcevas iwyeben. magali-
Tad, isini sawovarasTvis sxvanairad aReben pirs, vidre kovzisT-
vis. Cvili bavSvebi aseve movlenaTa anticipacias iwyeben. 3 Tvis
mSierma bavSvma oTaxSi dedis Semosvlisas SesaZloa, tirili Sew-
yvitos, rac imis niSania, rom Wamis dro axlovdeba.
mesame qvesafexuris dros, romelic 4-dan 8 Tvemde grZel-
deba, bavSvebi wamojdomas axerxeben da sagnebis miwvdomasa da
sensomotoruli
tipuri adaptaciuri qceva
qvesafexuri
sqema 6.1
habituaciis movlenebi
Cvilebis testireba saganTa mudmivobis gage-
baze imedis gacruebis meTodis gamoyenebiT. movlena mokle stafiloTi movlena grZeli stafiloTi
(a) Tavidan bavSvebi or movlenas miaCvies: mokle
stafilosa da grZeli stafilos moZraobas
yviTeli ekranis ukan, erTmaneTis Tanmim-
devrobiT. Semdeg mkvlevarebma ori satesto
moqmedeba Caatares: ekranis feri Secvales,
raTa bavSvebs masSi gamoWrili fanjris SemCne-
vaSi daxmarebodnen. (b) mosalodneli movlenis
SemTxvevaSi mokle stafilo, romelic fanjris (a)
qveda kidemde ver swvdeboda, lurji ekranis satesto movlenebi
ukan gaatares da meore mxridan isev gamoaCines.
(c) moulodneli movlenis SemTxvevaSi, grZeli mosalodneli movlena moulodneli movlena
stafilo, romelic fanjris qveda kidis zemodan
Canda, ekranis ukan ise gaatares, rom fanjaraSi
ar gamoCeniliyo, magram mere isev gamoaCines
ekranis meore mxares. 2,5-dan 3,5 Tvemde asa-
kis Cvilebma moulodneli movlena aRidgines
(radgan mas met xans xedavdnen) _ savaraudoa,
rom maT saganTa mudmivobis garkveuli aRqma
gaaCndaT (adaptirebulia R. Beillargeon & J. (b) (g)
DeVos, 1991 “Object Permanence in Young Infants:
Further Evidence~, Child Development, 62, p.1230. The
Society for Research in Child Development. ibeWdeba
nebarTviT).
297
sqema 6.2
umcros CvilebSi gamovlenili molodinis gacruebis damatebiTi movlenebi, rac sagnis mdgradobis aRqmas
gulisxmobs. 2-dan 3 Tvemde asakis bavSvebi ufro met xans uyurebdnen moulodnel movlenebs damaluli sa-
gnis CarTviT, vidre Sesabamis mosalodnel movlenas. (a) xelma saTamaSo ixvs saxuravi daafara, mere saxura-
vi magidis gaswvriv horizontalurad gaaCoCa da aswia, rom ixvi gamoeCina. (b) xelma sagani konteinerSi Cado
da mere konteineri win gaswia, ukanve daabruna da sagani konteineris Tavdapirveli mdebareobis adgilze
gamoaCina. (wignidan R. Baillargeon, 2004, “Infants’ Reasoning About Hidden Objects:Evidence for Event-General and
Event-Specific Expectations~, Developmental Science, 7, p. 394. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ibeWdeba nebarTviT).
sqema 6.3
100
10-dan 14 Tvemde asakis bavSvebis mier sagnis damalvis ori
90
saxis amocanis Sesruleba. naWriT dafarebis amocanaSi xeli
80 sagans magidaze debda dakecili naWris iqiT. mere naWers Slid-
warmatebis procenti
erTze met adgilze damaluli sagnis Zebna ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi mkvle
varebi fiqrobdnen, rom bavSvebi `A _ ar aris B~ Zebnis Secdomas imitom uSvebdnen, rom
maT eqmnebodaT sagnis axali adgilmdebareobis damaxsovrebis sirTule mas Semdeg, rac
sagans erTze met adgilze damalavdnen. magram cudi mexsiereba srulad ver xsnis bavS-
vebis mier amocanis warumatebel Sesrulebas. magaliTad, 6 _ 12 Tvis asaks Soris bavS-
vebi gaZlierebiT aTvaliereben swor adgilmdebareobas maSinac, Tu araswor adgils
miadgebodnen (Ahmed & Ruffman, 1998; Hofstadter & Reznik, 1996).
bavSvebi SeiZleba A adgilze eZebdnen (roca isini sagnebs wina mcdelobisas pou-
lobdnen) B adgilis (misi ukanaskneli adgilsamyofelis) nacvlad, radgan maT manamde
299
aRdgenili imitacia. piaJem imitacia yoveldRiur qcevaSi Tavisi sami Svilis mier
gamovlenaze dakvirvebiT Seiswavla. am pirobebSi bevri ram unda iyos cnobili Cvilis
yoveldRiur cxovrebaze, raTa davrwmundeT, rom gamovlinda aRdgenili imitacia, ro-
melic bavSvebisgan adrindeli saqcielis modelis gardaqmnas moiTxovs.
laboratoriuli kvleviT gamovlinda, rom aRdgenili imitacia 6 kviris asakidan ar-
sebobs! Cvilebi, romlebic uyureben ucnobi mozrdilebis saxis gamometyvelebas, ba-
Zaven mas, roca meore dRes imave ucnobs xedaven (Meltzoff & Moore, 1994). SesaZlebelia,
umcrosi Cvilebi am imitacias adre nanaxi adamianebis amosacnobad da maTTan urTier-
TobisTvis iyeneben. roca mamoZravebeli unar-Cvevebi umjobesdeba, Cvilebi sagnebis
mimarT mopyrobis imitacias iwyeben. erT-erTi kvlevis dros 6 da 9 Tvis bavSvebs aCvenes
`samoqmedo~ ficari, zed damagrebuli Tormeti axali sagniT _ magaliTad, bayayiT, ro-
melic zonaris moqaCvisas xtunvas iwyebda. ufrosebma eqvsi sagnis moqmedeba aCvenes.
roca meore dRes testi Catarda, orive asakis Cvilebi bev-
rad ufro didi albaTobiT asrulebdnen im moqmedebebs,
romlebic nanaxi hqondaT, vidre im moqmedebebs, romlebic
maTTvis ar uCvenebiaT (Colliy & Hayne, 1999). bavSvebi ara
mxolod erT, aramed saSualod sam naswavl moqmedebas ix-
senebdnen da baZavdnen.
sqema 6.4
sqema 6.5
niSnulebi
Cvilebisa da axlad fexadgmuli
bavSvebis zogi kognituri miRweva
miaxloebiTi asaki kognituri miRwevebi
SeniSvna: es etapebi gamoxatavs srul asakobriv tendenciebs. individualuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs zustad im asakSi,
romelsac TiToeuli etapi miekuTvneba.
am cxrilSi miTiTebuli romeli unar-Cvevebi miuTiTebs, rom mentaluri gamoxatva ufro adre vlindeba, vidre piaJes
SemecnebiTi stadiiT aris gaTvaliswinebuli?
fotoebi: (zeviT marcxniv) © Laura Dwight Photography; (zeviT marjvniv) © Laura Dwight/CORBIS; (SuaSi marcxniv)
© Jennie Woodcock/CORBIS; (SuaSi) © David Young Wolff/PhotoEdit; (qvemoT marcxniv) © Myrleen Ferguson Cate/PhotoEdit;
(qveviT marjvniv) © Laura Dwight Photography.
iluziis TamaSis ganviTareba. SeadareT erTmaneTs, rogor baZavs 18 Tvis da 2-3 wlis
bavSvi. skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis zrdas sami simboluri upiratesoba asaxavs:
codnis gamoyeneba
iluziis TamaSis xelovneba adreul bavSvobaSi
strategia aRwera
sakmarisi adgiliTa da saTamaSo adgilis sidide da saTamaSoebis siuxve mravali saxis TamaSis sa-
masalebiT uzrunvelyofa. Sualebas iZleva, rac konfliqtebs amcirebs.
Tvalyuri adevneT bavSvebis Ta moaxdineT reagireba, warmarTeT da daxveweT skolamdelTa Tama-
maSs da monawileobis miRebis ga Sis Temebi, roca isini daxmarebis saWiroebaze miganiSneben. Ses-
reSe gaakontroleT igi. TavazeT Ria daboloebis mqone winadadebebi (magaliTad, “moe-
wonebaT cxovelebs matareblis tareba?~) da esaubreT TamaSis
gmirebis azrebis, motivaciisa da emociebis Sesaxeb. Tavi SeikaveT
TamaSis warmarTvisgan; ufrosebis gadametebuli kontroli afu-
Webs iluziis TamaSis SemoqmedebiTobasa da xaliss.
SesTavazeT farTod mravalfe bavSvebi iyeneben realitur masalebs, magaliTad, satvirTo manqa-
rovani realisturi masalebi da nas, Tojinas, Cais, samaskarado tansacmelsa da saTamaSo scenebs
masalebi garkveuli funqciebis (saxli, ferma, garaJi, aeroporti), raTa TavianTi kulturis
gareSe. yoveldRiuri rolebi iTamaSon. garkveuli funqciis armqone ma-
salebi (magaliTad, kubebi, muyaos cilindrebi, qaRaldis parkebi
da qviSa) iseTi fantastikuri rolis saTamaSod waaxalisebs, ro-
goricaa mekobre da kosmosidan mosuli arseba.
darwmundiT, rom bavSvs aqvs realuri samyaros qmedebebSi ufrosebTan erTad monawileobisa
bevri mdidari STabeWdileba da ufrosis sazogadoebaSi adgilis SemCneva bavSvs mdidar so-
realuri samyarodan, rac xels cialur codnas miscems, raTa igi mibaZviT TamaSSi CarTos. tele-
uwyobs pozitiur fantaziur vizoris yurebis SezRudva, gansakuTrebiT Zaladobrivi Sinaar-
TamaSSi. sis programebisa, zRudavs im xarisxs, romliTac Zaladobrivi
Temebi da agresiuli saqcieli bavSvis TamaSis nawili gaxdeba (ix.
Tavi 15).
daexmareT bavSvebs socialuri sociodramatuli TamaSisTvis TanamSromloba Zalian mniS-
konfliqtis konstruqciul ga vnelovania. miiyvaneT bavSvebi TanatolebTan dadebiT urTierTo-
dawyvetaSi. bebamde uTanxmoebebis konstruqciulad mogvarebis saSualebiT.
magaliTad, hkiTxeT: “ra SegiZlia gaakeTo, yiraze gadasvla rom
mogindes?~ Tu bavSvi SesaZleblobebs ver moifiqrebs, SesTavazeT
ramdenime varianti da daexmareT maT ganxorcielebaSi.
wyaro: Berk, 2001a; Frost, Shin, & Jacobs, 1998; Vandenberg, 1998.
308
bavSvma gamoigona meibi (iqneb), cvalebadi sqesis adamiani, romlis gamoZaxebac ojaxis
saxlis wina karidan ZaxiliT SeiZleboda (Gleason, Sebanc & Hartup, 2000; Taylor, 1999).
warmosaxviTi megobrebis gamogoneba warsulSi gaucxoebis niSnad iTvleboda, magram
bolodroindeli gamokvlevebi am mosazrebas uaryofs. aseT uxilav megobrebis mqone
bavSvebi mzreunvelobiTa da siyvaruliT epyrobian. isini iluziis bevrad rTul TamaSs
aCveneben, warmatebiT igeben sxvebis mosazrebebs da ufro gulRiebi arian (Gleason 2002;
Taylor & Carlson, 1997).
skolamdelTa iluziiseli TamaSis gaZlierebisTvis qvemoTmoyvanili Cveni codna
gamoiyeneT. mogvianebiT kvlav davubrundebiT iluziis TamaSis sawyisebsa da Sedegebs
Semcvlel perspeqtivaSi, romelic vigotskis ekuTvnis.
sqema 6.6
umcrosi asakis bavSvebis naxatebi: marcxniv naCvenebia universaluri Tavkombalaseburi figurebi, rom-
lebsac bavSvebi adamianis dasaxatad pirvelad iyeneben. Tavkombala male xdeba samagri iseTi mozrdili
Berk,Child vel
Deopment , 7th tion
edi
detalebisTvis,
Fig
ure6.6rogoricaa xelebi, qveda kidurebi TiTebi da saxis nakvTebi, wamozrdili sawyisi fig-
urisgan. skolamdeli
BCD06F06 asakis dasasrulisTvis bavSvebi qmnian ufro rTul, diferencirebul naxatebs, ro-
goricaa 6 wlis bavSvis naxati marjvena mxares. (Tavkombalebis naxatebi gamocemidan, H. Gardner 1980. Artful
Scribes: The Significance of Children’s Drawings. New-York: Basic Books, p.64. ibeWdeba Bsic Books HarperCollins Pub-
lishers ganyofilebis nebarTviT. eqvsi wlis bavSvis naxati statiidan E.Winners, August, 1986 `Where Pelicans
Kiss Seals~ `Psychology Today~, 20 (8), p.35. ibeWdeba Jurnal `Psychology Today~ nebarTviT. saavtoro ufleba 1986
Sassex Publishers Inc.)
309
sqema 6.7
im 10-15 wlis bavSvebis naxatebi papua-axali gvneis jimi
velidan, romlebsac skolaSi ar uvliaT. maT sTxoves,
sicocxleSi pirvelad daexataT adamianebi. bevrma maT-
ganma asaxa gaugebari najRabnebi da figurebi (a), `joxise-
buri~ (b) an `konturuli~ figurebi (c). Tu maT Tavkombalas
dasavlur formas SevadarebT, jimi velis `joxisebur~ da
`konturul~ figurebs xelebi da fexebi aqvT gamokveTili,
sxva mxriv ki, am ufrosi bavSvebis namuSevrebi adreul
skolamdelTa naxatebs hgavs. (wignidan M. Martlew&K. J.
Connolly, 1996 `Human Figure Drawings by Schooled and Un-
schooled Children in Papua New Guinea~ Child Development, 67, pp.
2750-2751. The Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.
ibeWdeba nebarTviT).
xazebisgan adamianis nakvTebi unda gamosaxon, isini iReben gadawyvetilebas, daxaton is,
rac kulturidan kulturamde icvleba, magram sayovelTaod mihyveba ganviTarebis adre
aRweril Tanmimdevrobas.
winaoperaciuli safexuris
SezRudvebi
reprezentaciis upiratesobebisgan gancalkevebiT, piaJem
skolamdeli asakis bavSvebi imis aRmniSvneli terminebiT aR-
sqema 6.8
LIBERTY
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bavSvebi raodenobis, sigrZis, aris Tu ara am joxebis sigrZe axla ori joxi toli sigrZisaa,
masisa da siTxis konservacias, erTmaneTis toli? Tu erTi meoreze grZelia?
rogorc wesi, 6-7 wlis asakSi sigrZe
iZenen, xolo wonisas
_ 8-10 wlis asakSi. aris Tu ara orive burTulaSi axla orive saganSi Tanabari
Tixis Tanabari raodenoba? raodenobis Tixaa, Tu erTSi meoreze metia?
masa
siTxe
erTnairad wona aqvs Tu ara Tixis axla (bavSvis swori pasuxis dadasturebisTvis
erTnair orive burTulas? sasworze maTi xelaxla daudeblad) Tixis orive
grova erTnairi wonisaa, Tu erTi meoreze mZimea?
wona
sqema 6.12
skolamdelebisTvis naCvenebi warmodgeniTi cxovelebis kategoriebi.
roca mozrdilma maT gaacno cxovelebis niSan-Tvisebebis mixedviT
dajgufebis Teoria– `saCxubrad gamzadebuli~ da `xeebze dasamalad
gamzadebuli~ _ 4 wlis bavSvebma iolad daajgufes cxovelebis axali
egzemplarebi, mxolod erTi an ori niSan-Tvisebis mixedviT. skolamdelebma
kategoriebi Teoriis gareSe ver daimaxsovres. Teoriebi ZiriTadi maxasi-
aTeblebis Sesaxeb adreul bavSvobaSi mravali kategoriis Camoyalibebis
safuZvelia. (wignidan R. M. Kraskum&S. Endrews, 1998 `The Effects og Theories
on Children’s Acquisiiton of Family-Resemblance Categories~ Child Development, 69,
p.336. The Society for Research in Child Development. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.)
316
niSnulebi
adreuli bavSvobis
zogierTi kognituri miRweva
miaxloebiTi asaki kognituri miRwevebi
2 – 4 weli avlens mkveTr da mniSvnelovan zrdas gamomxatvelobiT qmedebeb-
Si, rac Tavs iCens metyvelebis, iluziis TamaSis, xatvisa da ormagi
reprezentaciis aRqmis dros.
aRiqvams sxvebis xedvas gamartivebul, nacnob mdgomareobaSi da yovel-
dRiur, pirispir urTierTobebSi.
ganasxvavebs sulier da usulo sagnebs; aRar sjera, rom jadosnobas
SeuZlia yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis Secvla.
axdens sagnebis kategorizacias saerTo bunebis, funqciisa da qce-
vis mixedviT da amuSavebs ideebs kategoriis wevrTa saerTo ZiriTadi
Tvisebebis mixedviT.
axarisxebs nacnob sagnebs ierarqiulad organizebul kategoriebad.
arCevs garegnuls sinamdvilisgan.
4 – 7 weli sul ufro metad xvdeba, rom iluziis TamaSi (da sxva azrovnebiTi pro-
cesebi) reprezentaciuli moqmedebaa.
feriebis, goblinebisa da molodinis gamcruebeli movlenebis jados-
nurobis rwmenas marTebuli ganmartebebiT cvlis.
wyvets sityvier garegnoba – sinamdvilis problemebs, avlens ufro
saimedo aRqmebs.
SeniSvna: es niSnulebi gamoxatavs srul asakobriv tendenciebs. individualuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs zustad im
asakSi, romelsac TiToeuli niSnuli miekuTvneba.
fotoebi: zeviT © Ellen B. Senis/The Image Works; (qveviT) © Peter Hvizdak/The Image Works
sqema 6.13 5
(a)
swori Zebnis saSualo raodenoba
sqema 6.14
indoeTsa da amerikis SeerTebuli
StatebSi mcxovrebi 12 wlis bavSvebis Sed-
genili rukebi. (a) indoelma bavSvma Tavisi
saxlis axlos socialuri cxovrebis bevri
niSnuli da niSan=Tviseba daitana. (b)
amerikelma bavSvma daitana ufro farTo
are, gamoyo mTavari quCebi da ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebi, magram cota niSnuli da
adamiani aRniSna. (wignidan G. Parameswaran,
2003, “`xperimenter Instructions as a Media-
tor in the Effects of Culture on Mapping One’s
Neighborhood,~ Journal of Environmntal
Psychology, 23,pp. 415-416. 2003 Elsevier Ltd.
ibeWdeba nebarTviT.)
(a) (b)
322
niSnulebi
Sua bavSvobisa da mozardobis
zogierTi kognituri miRweva
miaxloebiTi asaki kognituri miRweva
SeniSvna: es etapebi gamoxatavs saerTo asakobriv tendenciebs. individualuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs im konkretul
asakSi, romelsac TiToeuli etapi miekuTvneba.
fotoebi: (zeviT) © Cindy Charles/PhotoEdit; (qveviT) © Ariel Skelley/CORBIS.
hipoTezur-deduqciuri
msjeloba
mozardobisas axalgazrda adamianebs hipoTe
zur-deduqciuri msjelobis saSualeba eZlevaT.
problemebis mogvarebas isini iwyeben yvela SesaZlo
faqtoris saerTo TeoriiT, ramac Sedegebze gavlena
unda moaxdinos da gamoataninos daskvnebi specifi-
kuri hipoTezebisTvis (an winaswar ganzraxvisTvis)
imis Sesaxeb, rac unda moxdes. Semdeg am hipoTezebs
Cveulebrivi wesiT cdian, raTa naxon, romeli moq-
sqema 6.15 medebs realur samyaroSi. daimaxsovreT, problemis
piaJes qanqaris problema gadaWris es forma iwyeba SesaZleblobiT da gadadis
mozardebi, romlebsac hipoTezur-deduqciuri realurobaSi. misgan gansxvavebiT, konkretuli oper-
msjelobiTi azrovneba aqvT ganviTarebuli, yvela aciebis asakis bavSvebi iwyeben realurobiT– situa-
SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb fiqroben. male isini xvdebian, ciis Sesaxeb yvelaze aSkara prognozirebiT. roca es
rom sagnis wona, simaRle, romlidanac mas agdeben da
yvelaferi ar dasturdeba, maT alternativebze fiqri
Ber
k,Child
Zala, vel
Deopment
romliTac , 7th tion
ubiZgeben,edi
araviTar gavlenas ar axdens
Fig
ure6.1
5
siCqareze, romliTac qanqara TaRze irxeva. cvlilebas aRar SeuZliaT da problemas ver wyveten.
BCD06F
mxolod15 Tasmis sigrZe iwvevs. mozardebis mier piaJes sayovelTaod cnobili
qanqaris problemis gadawyveta am axal midgomas
gviCvenebs. warmoidgineT, rom skolis asakis ramdenime bavSvsa da mozards miveciT sx-
vadasxva sigrZis ramdenime Tasma, am Tasmebze Camosakidebeli sxvadasxva wonis ramden-
ime sagani da CarCo, romelzec qanqara unda Camoikidos (ix. sqema 6.15). mere TiToeul
maTgans vTxovT, gamoTvalos, ra axdens gavlenas siCqareze, romliTac qanqara TaRze
irxeva.
formaluri operaciebis asakis mozardebi midian oTx hipoTezamde: (1) Tasmis sigrZe,
(2) masze Camokidebuli sagnis wona, (3) simaRle, romelzec sagans gaSvebamde sweven da (4)
Zala, romliTac sagans ubiZgeben. Semdeg, TiTo faqtoris SecvliT, roca danarCenebi
ucvlelad rCeba, TiToeul SesaZleblobas scdian. mozardebi TandaTan rwmundebian,
rom cvlilebas mxolod Tasmis sigrZe iwvevs.
amaTgan gansxvavebiT, konkretuli operaciuli asakis bavSvebi cdebs usistemod at-
areben. isini ver gamoyofen TiToeuli cvalebadobis zegavlenas. maT SeiZleba Tasmis
sigrZis zegavlenis dadgena wonis ucvlelad SenarCunebis gareSe scadon, da, magali-
Tad, mokle, msubuqi qanqara grZelsa da mZimes Seadaron. saskolo asakis bavSvebi verc im
variantebs amCneven, romlebic amocanis konkretuli monacemebiT maSinve ivaraudeba _
anu im simaRlisa da Zalis gaTvaliswinebiT, romliTac qanqaras uSveben.
propoziciuri azrovneba
formaluri operaciebis safexuris meore mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia propozici-
uri azrovneba. mozardebs SeuZliaT varaudis (sityvieri mtkicebebis) logika realuri
samyaros viTarebebis moxmobis gareSe Seafason. amisgan gansxvavebiT, mtkicebis logi-
kis Sefaseba bavSvebs mxolod maTi realuri samyarodan moyvanili konkretuli magali-
Tis ganxilviT SeuZliaT.
propoziciuri azrovnebis kvlevisas mkvlevarebma bavSvebsa da mozardebs pokeris
Cipebis Sekvra aCvenes da hkiTxes, Cipebis Sesaxeb ramdenime gancxadeba iyo marTali,
mcdari Tu gaurkveveli. erT SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarma Cipi xelSi damala da Semdegi
versiebi SesTavaza:
325
codnis gamoyeneba
Tineijerebis abstraqtuli azrovnebis SesaZleblobebis marTva, regulireba
abstraqtuli azrovneba varaudebiT
gamoixateba...
mgrZnobiaroba sajaro kriti- Tavi SeikaveT mozardisTvis sxvebis winaSe SeniSvnebis micemisgan.
kis mimarT Tu saqme mniSvnelovania, SegiZliaT mozards calke esaubroT.
piaJe da ganaTleba
swavleba da swori sapasuxo reaqcia (Brainerd, 2003). amis miuxedavad, piaJes gavlena ga-
naTlebaze mainc Zlieri iyo. man maswavleblebs umcrosi asakis bavSvebis ganviTarebis
dakvirvebis, aRqmisa da gaZlierebis axali gzebi aCvena da swavlisa da swavlebis bavSvze
orientirebuli midgomebis mkacri Teoriuli dasabuTeba SesTavaza.
piaJes memkvidreoba
marTalia, ganviTarebis piaJeseuli aRwera ukve mTlianad misaRebi aRar aris, mec-
nierebi jer ver misulan konsensusamde, rogor unda gaumjobesdes an Seicvalos is. sx-
vebi bavSvze, rogorc aqtiur agentze, piaJeseul xazgasmas aigiveben konteqstis ufro
Zlier rolTan _ sagnebis, movlenebisa da xalxis gavlenaze bavSvis cxovrebaze. magal-
iTad, vigotskis Teoriis mimdevrebi intensiurad swavloben socialur da kulturul
gavlenebs bavSvis azrovnebaze, rasac piaJe yuradRebas ar aqcevda.
bavSvTa azrovnebis sxvadasxvanairi Teoriebi da kvlevebis mimarTulebebi amJamad
bevrad ufro danawevrebulia, vidre ramdenime aTwleulis win, roca piaJes Teoria
uaRresad gavleniani iyo. amis miuxedavad, mecnierebi mainc piaJes sicocxlisunariani
ZiebebiT xelmZRvaneloben, raTa gaigon, rogor iZenen bavSvebi axal unar-Cvevebs. misi
Sedegebi faqtobriv sawyis wertilad iqca kognituri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi Taname-
drove kvlevebis yoveli mimarTulebisTvis.
333
sqema 6.16
Cvilebis testireba sagnis moculobis aRqmaze molodinis gacruebis meTodiT. mosalodneli movle-
nis dros Cvilebma dainaxes erTmaneTisgan mcire manZilze mdgari maRali sagani da maRali konteineri.
mozardis marjvena xeli sagnis Tavze damagrebul mrgval saxelurs CaebRauWa, xolo marcxena xelma kon-
teineri ise gadmoabruna, rom Cvilebma misi Riobi naxes. ramdenime wamis Semdeg konteineri sawyis mdgo-
mareobas daubrunda. Semdeg marjvena xelma sagani konteineris zemoT aswia da Sig CauSva. bolos ki xelma
sagani konteineridan amoiRo da Zirs dado. moulodneli movlenis: konteineris daxuruli mdgomareobis
dros Cvilebma igive movlena dainaxes, oRond erTi gamonaklisiT: konteineris Tavi ise iyo daxuruli,
rom sagnis Sig Cadeba SeuZlebeli gaxda (sinamdvileSi konteiners yalbi, magnituri Tavsaxuri hqonda,
romelic im sagnis Zirs miekro, romelic Sig unda Cadebuliyo). xuTi Tvis bavSvi ufro met xans uyurebda
moulodnel, daxurul konteinerian SemTxvevas da savaraudod, sagnis moculobas aRiqvamda (wignidan
S. J. Hespos & Baillargeon, 2001, `Reasoning About Containment Events in Very Young Infants~, Cognition, 78, p. 213.
2001 Elsevier Science, ibeWdeba nebarTviT).
335
Tavdapirveli movlena
1. sagans aTavseben 2. ekrani aRimarTeba 3. emateba meore sagani 4. Cans carieli xeli
ujraSi
(a)
sacdeli movlena
mosalodneli Sedegi moulodneli Sedegi
(b) (g)
sqema 6.17
bavSvebis testireba ricxviTi koncefciebis safuZvlebze. (a) Tavidan Cvilebi xedavdnen, rogor
aRimarTa ekrani saTamaSo cxovelis win. Semdeg ekranis ukan zustad iseTive saTamaSo daamates. Semdeg
mkvlevarebma ori Sedegi warmoadgines. (b) mosalodnel SemTxvevaSi ekrani vardeboda da or cxovels
aCenda. (g) moulodnel SemTxvevaSi ekrani vardeboda da erT saTamaSo cxovels aCenda. xuTi Tvis bavSvebi
moulodnel Sedegs ufro met xans uyurebdnen, vidre mosalodnels. mkvlevarebma daaskvnes, rom Cvi-
lebs SeuZliaT gaarCion raodenobebi `erTi~ da `ori~ da gamoiyenon es codna, raTa moaxdinon martivi
Sekreba: 1 + 1 = 2. am proceduris nairsaxeoba gvafiqrebinebs, rom 5 Tvis bavSvebs aseve SeuZliaT martivi
gamoklebis warmoebac: 2 _ 1 = 1 (wignidan K. Wynn, 1992, `Addiition and Substraction by Human Infants.~ Nature,
358, p. 358, p. 749. ibeWdeba nebarTviT).
nardeba konteinerSi masze maRali sagani, vidre konteineris Sesabamisi simaRlis sagnis
gaqrobisas (Hespos & Baillargeon, 2001).
amasTan eraTad, pirveli naxevari wlis ganmavlobaSi Cvilebi mizidulobis Zalis
mimarT mgrZnobiareni arian (Spelke da sxvebi, 1992). es STabeWdileba swrafad viTardeba.
6-7 Tvis bavSvebs aqvT garkveuli warmodgena sagnis sayrdenis Sesaxeb. maTi yuradReba
izrdeba, roca erTi sagani meoris Tavze devs, magram misi Ziris umetesi nawili qveda
sagans ar exeba. am pirobebis SemTxvevaSi Cvilebi avlenen imis mixvedras, rom zeda sagani
SeiZleba Camovardes (Baillargeon, 1994).
kvlevis Sedegebi aseve gviCvenebs, rom Cvil bavSvebs ricxviTi koncefciebis safuZ-
vlebi aqvT (Spelke, 2000). am kvlevaTagan yvelaze cnobilSi 5 Tvis bavSvebi xedavdnen
ubralo saTamaSo cxovelis dasafarad aRmarTul ekrans. Semdeg Cvilebi xedavdnen xels,
romelic ekranis ukan meore, pirvelis absoluturad msgavs saTamaSos debda. sabolood,
ekrani gaiweoda da erT an or saTamaSos aCenda. Tu Cvilebi Tvalyurs adevnebdnen da or
sagans amCnevdnen (rac maTi mxridan erTi sagnis meorisTvis mimatebas moiTxovda), maSin
maT met xans unda eyurebinaT uCveulo movlenisaTvis, romlis drosac erTi saTamaSo
Cndeboda _ da isini zustad ase iqceodnen (ix. sqema 6.17). damatebiTi cdebis dros am
amocanis miRebisas 5 Tvis bavSvebi sam sagans met xans uyurebdnen, vidre ors. saerTod,
es da msgavsi cdebis Sedegebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom bavSvebi samamde raodenobebs arCeven
da am codnas martivi ariTmetikisTvis– rogorc mimatebis, aseve gamoklebisTvis iyene-
ben (roca ori sagani ekraniT ifareba da erT sagans iReben) (Kobaiashi da sxvebi; Wynn,
1992, 1998).
sxva kvleva gviCvenebs, rom 6 Tvis bavSvebs SeuZliaT gansxvaveba SeamCnion sagnebis
did raodenobebs Soris, vidre es gansxvaveba Zalian didia. magaliTad, maT SeuZliaT
SeamCnion gansxvaveba 8 da 16 wetils Soris, magram ara 6-sa da 12 Soris (Lipton & Spelke,
2003; Xu & Spelke, 2000). amis Sedegad, zogi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom Cvilebs SeuZliaT
miaxloebiT warmoidginon didi sidideebi, 6. 17 sqemaze moyvanil mcire sidideebis gar-
CevasTan erTad.
es monacemebi, molodinis gacruebis sxva Sedegebis msgavsad, winaaRmdegobrivia. zo
gi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom Cvilebs mimateba da gamokleba ar SeuZliaT. zemoT aRwerilis
336
msgavs eqsperimentebSi upiratesi cqera cvalebadi iyo (Langer, Gillette & Arriaga, 2003;
Wakeley, Rivera & Langer, 2000). es mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, rom ricxobrivi koncefciis
gamovlena umcros Cvilebs Soris saocaria, sxva Catarebuli kvlevebi ki gviCvenebs, rom
14-16 Tvemde bavSvebs siZnele eqmnebaT mcire sidideebs Soris `naklebi-vidre~ da `meti-
vidre~ urTierTkavSiris mimarT. me-7 TavSi vnaxavT, rom skolamdel asakamde bavSvebi
sagnebis mcire raodenobas zustad ver umateben da akleben.
amgvarad, adreuli codnis Seswavla zogadad sxvadasxvanair Sedegebs iZleva. zogi-
erTi kvlevisas Cvilebi saocar codnas avlenen, sxva SemTxvevebSi ki _ ara. SesaZloa,
umcrosi Cvilebis codna mxolod garkveul pirobebSi mJRavndeba. Tu aseTi codna Tan-
dayolilia, maSin ufrosi asakis bavSvebic CvilebiviT unda msjelobdnen im movlenebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic am codnas Seesabameba, magram isini yovelTvis ase ar iqcevian. ZiriTa-
di codnis Teoretikosebi pasuxoben, rom Cvilebis mxedvelobiTi saqcieli SeiZleba
STabeWdilebis ufro saimedo maCvenebeli iyos, vidre ufrosi bavSvebis sityvieri da
moZraobiTi saqcieli, romelic SeiZleba maT namdvil monacemebs ar asaxavdes (Wynn,
2002). kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom fizikuri da ricxviTi codna, Tandayolilis nacv-
lad, drois farTo periodSi Seqmnili unda iyos (Haith & Bensen, 1998).
biologia da garemo
bavSvebis mier sikvdilis aRqma
5 wlis miriami sabavSvo baRSi Tavisi sizmrebs xedaven da maT sxeulze Wriloba Tu morCeba,
ZaRlis, piperis sikvdilis meore dRes bavSvebis naxevarze metma, romlebsac biologiuri
mivida. sxva bavSvebTan misvlis nacvlad is maswavlebel codnis SeZena jer dawyebuli ar hqondaT, dadebiTad
leslis maxloblad darCa, romelmac miriamis cudi gan- upasuxa (Slaughter, Jaakkola & Carey, 1999).
wyoba SeamCnia. `ra moxda?~ hkiTxa leslim. bavSvebis umetesoba sikvdilis koncefciis kompo-
`mamam Tqva, piperi ise avad iyo, veterinari iZule-
nentebs 7 wlis asakisTvis iTvisebs. mudmivoba pirveli
buli gaxda, daeZinebiao. `miriams wamiT imedi mieca. da yvelaze advilad gasagebi ideaa. roca leslim aux-
`saxlSi rom mival, iqneb piperi gaRviZebuli damxvdes.~ sna, rom piperi aRar gaiRviZebda, miriamma es faqti
leslim pirdapir upasuxa: `ara, piperi aRar gaiRvi- uceb miiRo, SesaZloa imitom, rom es mas sxva drosac
Zebs. mas ar sZinavs. is mokvda, es ki niSnavs, rom Zili, enaxa _ mkvdari peplebisa da xoWoebis SemTxvevaSi,
Wama, sirbili an TamaSi aRar SeuZlia.~ romlebsac gareT TamaSis dros iRebda da aTvaliereb-
miriami Cafiqrda. mogvianebiT igi leslisTan dab-
da. gardauvalobisa da Sewyvetis Sefaseba cota xanSi
runda da Tvalacremlebuli gamotyda: `pipers bevrs
davarbeninebdi.~ emateba. Tavidan bavSvebi fiqroben, rom zogi adamiani
leslim miriams xeli Semoxvia. `piperi imitom ar ar kvdeba _ TviTon, maTi msgavsi adamianebi (sxva bavS-
momkvdara, rom Sen mas bevrs daarbeninebdi. is Zalian vebi) da isini, visTanac maT mWidro emociuri kavSirebi
beberi da avadmyofi iyo.~ aqvT. bevri skolamdeli aseve fiqrobs, rom sikvdilis
ramdenime momdevno dRis ganmavlobaSi miriami Semdeg sasicocxlo unarebi SenarCundeba (Kenyon,
kidev bevr SekiTxvas svamda: `me rom daviZineb, movkvde- 2001; Speece & Brent, 1996). miyenebadoba da mizezobri-
bi?~ `SeiZleba muclis tkivilma mogklas?~ “axla piperi oba asaTviseblad yvelaze Zneli komponentebia da ukve
Tavs ukeT grZnobs?~ `deda da mama daixoceba?~ aRniSnuli biologiuri koncefciebis myarad flobas
moiTxovs.
sikvdilis koncefciis ganviTareba
kulturis zegavlena
sikvdilis swori gageba xuT mosazrebas emyareba:
1. mudmivoba: roca cocxali arseba kvdeba, mas veRar sikvdilis momwifebuli Sefaseba, Cveulebriv,
gaacocxleb. Sua bavSvobisas miiRweva da eTnikuri gansxvavebebi
2. gardauvaloba: yvela cocxali arseba namdvilad gvafiqrebinebs, rom religiuri swavlebebi zemoqmede-
mokvdeba. bas axdens bavSvis aRqmaze. israelSi mcxovrebi oTxi eT-
nikuri jgufis erTmaneTTan Sedarebam gamoavlina, rom
3. Sewyveta: sikvdilisas yvela sasicocxlo funqcia, druzi da musulmani bavSvebis sikvdilis koncefcia
azrovnebis, grZnobis, moZraobisa da organizmis
gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac qristian da ebrael bavSvebs
procesebis CaTvliT, moqmedebas wyvets.
aqvT (Florian & Kravetz, 1985). druzebs reinkarnaciis
4. moqmedebadoba: sikvdili mxolod cocxal arsebe- sjeraT, xolo druzebisa da musulmanebis ufro didma
bze moqmedebs.
religiurobam maTi bavSvebis mier mudmivobisa da ara-
5. mizezi: sikvdilis mizezi organizmis funqcioni- funqcionirebis uaryofa gamoiwvia. aseve, samxreTe-
rebis moSlaa. li baptistebis ojaxebis bavSvebi, romlebsac saiqio
sikvdilis aRsaqmelad bavSvebma biologiaze cxovreba swamT, ufro naklebad aRiqvamen mudmivobas,
garkveuli sawyisi warmodgena unda SeiZinon _ rom vidre unitarebis ojaxebisa, romlebic yuradRebas
cxovelebi da mcenareebi cocxali arsebebia, romleb- amqveynad mSvidobisa da samarTlianobis miRwevaze
sac aqvT sicocxlis SenarCunebisTvis aucilebeli amaxvileben (Candy-Gibbs, Sharp & Peturn, 1985).
garkveuli organoebi. maT aseve unda Secvalon Tavi- sikvdilisgan miRebuli STabeWdilebebi aseve ax-
anTi `aracocxali~ msoflmxedvelobiTi kategoria dens zemoqmedebas mis aRqmaze. israelis kibucebSi
mkvdariT, usuloTi, ararealuriT da ararsebuliT (sasoflo-sameurneo dasaxlebebSi) gazrdili bavS-
vebi, romlebmac teroristebis Tavdasxmebi, ojaxis
(Carey, 1999). am ideebis aTvisebamde bavSvebi sikvdils
wevrebis samxedro reidebSi wasvla da saSiSroebis gamo
maTTvis nacnobi gamocdilebiT xsnian _ rogorc
mSoblebis SeSfoTeba naxes, sikvdilis cnebis srul
saqcielis cvlilebas. aqedan gamomdinare, maT, mari-
amis msgavsad, SeiZleba sjerodeT, rom isini arian na- aTvisebas 5 wlis asakisTvis avlenen (Mahon, Goldberg
Tesavebis an Sinauri cxovelebis sikvdilis mizezi, rom & Washington, 1999). axlo naTesavis an megobris sikvdi-
muclis tkivili SeiZleba vinmes sikvdilis mizezi gax- lis sinamdvileSi naxva Zlier aCqarebs mudmivobisa da
des da rom sikvdili Zils waagavs. roca mkvlevarebma gardauvalobis Sefasebas, 3 wlis bavSvebSic ki (Relly,
4-6 wlis bavSvebs hkiTxes, Tu sWirdebaT mkvdar adami- Hasazi & Bond, 1983).
anebs saWmeli, haeri da wyali; Tu banaoben; Tu ZinavT da
338
fsiqologiuri koncefciebiT xsnian (Carey, 1995, 1999; Inagaki & Hantano, 2002). magal-
iTad, roca hkiTxes, SeuZliaT Tu ara tkivils uTxran, gaiaros, an guliscemas _ gaC-
erdes, bevrma 3 wlis bavSvma dadebiTad upasuxa! maTgan gansxvavebiT, 4 wlis bavSvebma
icodnen, rom biologiur procesebs ver gaakontrolebdnen (Inagaki, 1997). magram, bi-
ologiuri movlenebis fsiqologiuri axsna mainc arsebobs adreul saskolo wlebSi, ro-
gorc amas bavSvebis mier sikvdilis aRqmis gamokvleva gviCvenebs (ix. CanarTi `biologia
da garemo).
biologiuri codnis mogvianebiT gamoCena farTod mravalferovan kulturaTa bavSvebs
axasiaTebs, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom sxva ZiriTadi nawilebisgan gansxvavebiT, mas SeiZleba
mxolod susti Tandayolili safuZveli hqondes. ganvixiloT bavSvebis mier biologiuri
memkvidreobis codna. erTi mSoblis mier gaCenili da meoris mier gazrdili bavSvis ambis
gagebis Semdeg Crdiloamerikelma da evropelma bavSvebma 5-7 wlis asakamde Tanmimdevru-
lad ver daaskvnes, rom naSvilebi bavSvi fizikuri maxasiaTeblebiT (magaliTad, TmiT da
kanis feriT) mis gamCen mSoblebs emsgavseboda, xolo mis amyvan mSoblebs _ rwmeniTa da
CvevebiT (Solomon da sxvebi, 1996; Weissman & Kalish, 1999; Gimenez & Harris, 2002).
zogierT aradasavlur sasoflo sazogadoebebSi adamianis Tvisebebze biologiisa da
socialuri ganaTlebis gavlenebs Soris es gansxvaveba mozardobamde an mozrdilobamde
miuwvdomeli rCeba (Bloch, Solomon & Carey, 2001; Mahalingham, 1999). magaliTad, madagas-
karel vezoebs aqvT garkveuli xalxuri rwmenebi, romlebic maT bavSvebs biologiuri
memkvidreobis mtkiced dauflebaSi exmareba. vezoebi Tvlian, rom Tu orsuli qali did
xans andomebs sxva pirovnebaze fiqrs, bavSvi SeiZleba am pirovnebas daemsgavsos! vezos
339
kvlevidan praqtikisaken
iluziis TamaSis 1993). 12 Tvis asakisTvis, damajerebeli TamaSi myarad
socialuri sawyisebi calmxrivi iyo: TiTqmis yvela saTamaSo epizodi de-
dis mier iyo wamowyebuli. meore wlis dasasrulisT-
Cemi qmris, kenis erT-erTi yvelaze sayvareli vis, dedebi da bavSvebi erTobliv interess avlendnen
saqmianoba, ananasis gadabrunebuli namcxvris ga- damajerebeli TamaSis dawyebisadmi: TiToeuli maT-
mocxoba iyo, romelsac Cvens or vaJTan erTad as- gani epizodebis naxevars iwyebda.
rulebda, roca isini mcirewlovanebi iyvnen. erT kvi- ufrosebis monawileobisas mcirewlovani bavS-
radRes, roca namcxvari mzaddeboda, 21 Tvis piteri vebis damajerebeli TamaSi ufro daxvewilia (O’Reili
samzareuloSi, wylis niJarasTan midgmul skamze aZvra & Bornstein, 1993). magaliTad, TamaSis Temebi ufro
da wylis erTi finjnidan meoreSi gadasxma daiwyo. mravalferovani xdeba. xolo umcrosi asakis bavSvebi
`is xels gviSlis, mama!~ daiCivla 4 wlis devidma, mimarTulni arian sqemebis rTuli TanmimdevrobiT
Tan niJarisgan piteris gamowevas cdilobda. dalagebisken, rogorc piteri akeTebda amas, roca
`Tu vacliT mogvexmaros, iqneb cota adgili qviSa saTlSi Cayara (“comi moamzada~) samzareuloSi
dagviTmos.~ ivarauda kenma. vidre devidi coms zel- waiRo da (kenis daxmarebiT) RumelSi Sedo. rac ufro
da, kenma cotaodeni pitersac Caudo patara TasSi, mets TamaSoben mSoblebi bavSvebTan, miT ufro met
Tavisi skami niJarisken miswia da biWs patara kovzi dros uTmoben bavSvebi damajerebel TamaSebs. zo-
miawoda. gierT koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi, magaliTad,
`ai, rogor unda gaakeTo es, piti.~ upiratesobis argentinasa da iaponiaSi, dedisa da bavSvis sxvebi-
grZnobiT daariga devidma. piterma uyura, rogor sken mimarTuli TamaSi, magaliTad, Tojinis Wmeva an
urevda devidi, mere misi moZraobis gameoreba scada. daZineba, gansakuTrebiT mdidaria dedobrivi siyvar-
roca comis Casxmis dro dadga, keni piters patara Ta-
sis daWerasa da gadaxraSi daexmara. ulisa da alersis STabeWdilebebiT (Bornstein da sx-
`droa gamovacxoT.~ Tqva kenma. vebi 1999a).
`gamovacxoT, gamovacxoT.~ gaimeora piterma, roca zog kulturaSi ufrosi da-Zma mcirewlovanebis
uyurebda, rogor Seacura kenma forma RumelSi. TamaSebis pirveli partniorebi arian. magaliTad,
ramdenime saaTis Semdeg Cven piteris iluziis indoneziasa da meqsikaSi, sadac saxls didi ojaxi uv-
TamaSis erT-erT yvelaze adreul magaliTs vuyure- lis da da-Zmebisgan patarebze zrunva Cveulebrivi
bdiT. man Tavisi saTli qviSis yuTidan amoiRo, Sig ambavia, damajerebeli TamaSi ufros da-ZmasTan ufro
erTi peSvi qviSa Cayara, samzareuloSi waiRo da Ru- xSiri da mravalferovania, vidre dedebTan. sul mci-
melis win iatakze dado. “gamovacxoT, gamovacxoT.~ re, 3-4 wlis asakSi, bavSvebi TavianT umcros Zmebsa da
dauZaxa piterma kens. mamam da Svilma moCvenebiTi nam- debs mdidar, wamaxalisebel stimulebs aZleven, se-
cxvari RumelSi Sedo. riozulad kisruloben maswavleblis am pasuxismge-
bolo dromde mkvlevarebis umetesoba iluziis blobas, da, asakis matebasTan erTad, sul ufro ukeT
TamaSebs im socialuri garemos gareSe ganixilavda, euflebian mas (Zukow-Golding, 2002). samxreT meqsi-
romelSic is arsebobs, bavSvebs ki marto TamaSis kaSi, sinakantekos indielTa tomis Seswavlis dros
dros akvirdeboda. iqneb amitom askvnidnen piaJe da aRmoCnda, rom 8 wlis da-Zmebi, rogorc maswavleble-
misi mimdevrebi, rom axlad fexadgmuli bavSvebi ilu- bi, ukiduresad arian daxelovnebulni 2 wlis asakis
ziis TamaSs damoukideblad aRmoaCenen, reprezent- bavSvebisTvis recxvis an saWmlis keTebis msgavsi
aciuli sqemebis amoqmedebisas. vigotskis Teoriam es yoveldRiuri amocanebis swavlebaSi. isini xSirad
Tvalsazrisi sakamaTod aqcia. is Tvlida, rom kul- aerTianeben sityvier ganmartebebs CvenebebTan, war-
turulad gamomxatveli saqmianobis TamaSiT gamoxat- suli magaliTis axsnasTan da fizikurad miuZRvebian
vis saSualebas bavSvebs sazogadoeba aZlevs. iluziis mcirewlovanebs amocanis Sesasruleblad (Maynard,
TamaSebi, sxva rTuli gonebrivi saqmianobis msgavsad, 2002).
Tavidan gamocdili adamianis xelmZRvanelobiT aT- marTalia, saSualo dasavluri ojaxebis ufro-
visdeba (Berk, 2001a). axlaxans aRwerili magaliTis si da-Zmebi Segnebulad ufro iSviaTad aswavlian,
SemTxvevaSi, piterma Tavisi unari gaafarTova, raTa isini mainc saTamaSo qcevis gavlenian magaliTs war-
gadmoeca im dRis movlenebi, roca kenma igi gamocxo- moadgenen. axal zelandiaSi Catarebuli kvlevebi-
bis amocanaSi CarTo da misi TamaSiT gadmocemis saSu- sas dasavleT evropuli warmoSobis ojaxebSi, sadac
aleba misca. orive mSobeli da ufrosi da-Zma saxezea, umcrosi
amJamindeli monacemebi adasturebs im azrs, rom asakis bavSvebi ufro xSirad baZaven da-Zmis saqciels.
adreuli iluziis TamaSebi gaerTianebuli Sede- umcrosi asakis bavSvebi mibaZviT gansakuTrebiT dain-
gia bavSvebis mzadyofnisa, iyvnen masSi Cabmulni da teresebulni arian, roca da-Zma Cabmulia damajereb-
im socialuri gamocdilebebisa, romlebic TamaSis el TamaSSi, an Cveulebriv saqmianobaSi (magaliTad,
ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. saSualo asakis ax- telefonze pasuxis gacema an foTlebis mogroveba),
lad fexadgmuli bavSvebis erT-erTi dakvirvebiTi romelic SeiZleba mibaZvis magaliTi gaxdes. amas-
Seswavlisas iluziis TamaSebis 75-80% dedisa da Tan erTad, bavSvebis imitacia mravali kulturuli
bavSvis urTierTqmedebas moicavda (Haight & Miller, mniSvnelobis qmedebas Seicavs (Barr&Hayne, 2003).
344
Tarebis zonad Tvlida, romlis drosac bavSvebi sakuTar Tavs awinaureben, roca uamrav
xelSemwyob codnas euflebian. vigotskis TeoriiT, skolamdeli asakis ganmavlobaSi
iluziis TamaSi ganviTarebis centraluri wyaroa, romelsac ori wlis ganmavlobaSi win
mihyavs ganviTareba. jer erTi, roca bavSvebi warmodgeniT situaciebs qmnian, isini ara
marto gare stimulebis, aramed Sinagani ideebis Sesabamisad moqmedebas swavloben. am
procesSi umTavresi bavSvebis xelT myofi sagnebia. TamaSis dros bavSvebi xSirad erT
sagans iyeneben da meored warmoidgenen. joxis cxenad da daxveuli sabnis bavSvad war-
modgenisas isini sagnis Cveulebriv daniSnulebas cvlian. TandaTan isini xvdebian, rom
azrovneba (anu sityvebis mneSvneloba) sagnebisgan gancaklevebulia da azrebi SeiZleba
qcevebis samarTavad iqnes gamoyenebuli.
iluziis TamaSis meore Tviseba _ misi wesebze damyarebuli xasiaTi _ aseve aZlierebs
bavSvebis qmedebis dawyebamde fiqris unars. vigotski aRniSnavda, rom mibaZviTi TamaSi
mudmivad moiTxovs bavSvebisgan maTi impulsebis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebas, radgan maT
saTamaSo scenis wesebs unda misdion (Duncan & Tarulli, 2003). magaliTad, bavSvi, romelic
daZinebas baZavs, Zilis droindel qcevas emorCileba. meore bavSvi, romelic sakuTar
Tavs mamad, xolo Tojinas Svilad warmoidgens, mSoblis qcevebs ergeba. roca bavSvebi
iluziis TamaSis wesebs adgenen, isini socialuri normebisa da molodinebis ukeT gage-
bas uaxlovdebian da maTi Sesruleba undebaT.
bevri mtkicebuleba adasturebs vigotskis daskvnas, rom iluziis TamaSi proqsimal-
uri ganviTarebis zonis movaleobas asrulebs da bevri unaris gaCenasa da daxvewas uwy-
obs xels. gavixsenoT, rom iluziis TamaSi kognitur da socialur unarebs aumjobesebs.
mibaZviTi TamaSi aseve mdidaria kerZo saubriT _ es ki kidev erTxel amtkicebs mis rols
bavSvebs mxriv azrovnebis kontroliT moqmedebaSi (Kraft & Berk, 1998). bolodroindeli
gamokvlevebisas, rac ufro rTul sociodramatul TamaSSi iyvnen CarTuli skolam-
delebi 4-Tviani periodis ganmavlobaSi, saskolo programis wesebis miT ukeTesad Ses-
rulebas amJRavnebdnen (Elias & Berk, 2002).
Ddasasruls, vigotski ar eTanxmeboda piaJes Tvalsazriss, rom iluziis TamaSi spon-
tanurad warmoiSveba cxovrebis meore wels. vigotski amtkicebda, rom sxva, ufro maRa-
li kognituri procesebis msgavsad, skolamdeli asakSi mibaZvis gaumjobesebas social-
uri sawyisebi aqvs. CanarTi `kvlevidan praqtikisaken~ adasturebs im mosazrebas, rom
bavSvebi mibaZvas gamocdili xalxis daxmarebiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT swavloben.
345
vigotski da ganaTleba
vigotskis Teoria swavlebisa da swavlis axal xedvebs gvTavazobs _ iseTs, romle-
bic xazs usvams socialur konteqstisa da TanamSromlobis mniSvnelobas. piaJeseuli
saswavlo programebis msgavsad, vigotskiseuli saswavlo programebic uSvebs individ-
ualur gansxvavebebs da bavSvebis aqtiuri monawileobis SesaZleblobebs iZleva. magram
vigotskis saswavlo programa damoukidebel aRmoCenas scdeba: igi daxmarebiT aRmoCe-
nas uzrunvelyofs. bavSvebis swavlas maswavleblebi xelmZRvaneloben da TiToeuli
bavSvis proqsimaluri ganviTarebis zonaSi Carevas axerxeben. aRmoCenaSi daxmarebas
aseve TanatolTa TanamSromlobac aumjobesebs. sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebis bavSvebi
jgufebad muSaoben da erTmaneTs aswavlian da exmarebian.
vigotskis saganmanaTleblo gzavnili skolamdeli asakisTvis aris socialurad mdi-
dari, gamomxatvelobiTi saqmianobis miwodeba bavSvebis proqsimaluri ganviTarebis
zonebisTvis da damajerebeli TamaSis farTo SesaZlebloba _ maTi TviTdisciplinis
gaumjobesebis saukeTeso saSualeba, rac mogvianebiT, akademiuri swavlis dros gaxdeba
saWiro. formaluri saskolo swavlebis dawyebis Semdeg vigotski umTavres mniSvnelo-
bas ganaTlebas aniWebda (John-Steiner & Mahn, 1996; Scrimer & Tudge, 2003). roca bavSve-
bi literaturis, maTematikis, mecnierebisa da socialuri swavlis Sesaxeb saubroben,
maswavleblebi maT aswavlian, usworeben da axsnas sTxoven. amis Sedegebs bavSvebi az-
rovnebis sakuTar procesebSi asaxaven da kognituri saqmianobis ufro maRali donisken
miiswrafian, romelzec isini fiqroben, azrebi socialurad sasargeblo formebiT ro-
gor gamoxaton. TandaTan isini TavianTi kulturis gamomxatvelobiTi sistemis amoq-
medebasa da gakontrolebaSi ostatdebian.
vnaxoT vigotskize damyarebuli ori saganmanaTleblo siaxle, romelTagan TiToeu-
li aerTianebs aRmoCenaSi daxmarebas da TanatolTa TanamSromlobas.
ormxrivi swavleba
swavlebis es meTodi Tavidan kiTxvis Seswavlis gasaumjobeseblad iyo gamiznuli im
moswavleebisTvis, romlebsac cudi moswreba hqondaT, magram Semdeg sxva sagnebze da
yvela moswavleze gavrcelda. ormxrivi swavlebis dros maswavlebeli da oridan oTx
moswavlemde TanamSromlobis jgufs qmnian da awarmoeben wamyvan sxelmZRvanelo sau-
brebs teqstis nawyvetis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. saubrebis ganmavlobaSi jgufis wevrebi oTx
kognitur strategias iyeneben: gamokiTxvas, Sejamebas, garkvevas da prognozirebas.
saubris wamyvani (Tavidan maswavlebeli, mere
ki moswavle) iwyebs teqstis nawyvetis Sinaarsis
Sesaxeb SekiTxvebis dasmiT. moswavleebi pasuxebs ormxrivi swavleba aris vigotskize damyarebuli
saganmanaTleblo siaxle, romlis drosac maswavlebeli da
sTavazoben, damatebiT SekiTxvebs svamen da uTanx- ori an oTxi moswavle qmnian kooperaciul saswavlo jgufs
moebis SemTxvevaSi xelaxla kiTxuloben sawyis te- da ebmebian saubarSi teqstis nawyvetis Sesaxeb. dawyebiTi
qsts. Semdeg wamyvani ajamebs am nawyvets, xolo bavS- da umcrosi klasebis moswavleebi, romlebic monawileoben
vebi gaugebar sakiTxebs ganixilaven da arkveven. ormxriv swavlebaSi, wakiTxulis gagebis STambeWdav Sede-
sabolood, wamyvani moswavleebs sTavazobs, am gebs aCveneben. © Bob Daemmirich/PhotoEdit
kooperaciuli swavla
marTalia, ormxrivi swavleba amxanagTa TanamSromlobas iyenebs, mas maswavlebeli
warmarTavs, raTa warmatebis miRweva uzrunvelyos. vigotskis Tanaxmad, ufro daos
tatebul amxanagebs aseve SeuZliaT biZgi miscen bavSvebis ganviTarebas, radgan maT mier
gaweuli daxmareba kargad ergeba nakleb ganviTarebuli bavSvis proqsimaluri ganvi-
Tarebis zonas. gavixsenoT, rom piaJec aseve Tvlida, rom amxanagebTan urTierTobas
kognituri cvlilebebisTvis xelis Sewyoba SeeZlo. faqtiurad, TanatolebTan saubars
igi ufrosebTan saubarze bevrad mniSvnelovnad Tvlida, radgan bavSvi ufrosis avto-
ritetul Tvalsazriss garegnulad, kritikulad gaazrebis gareSe Rebulobs. piaJe
aseve amtkicebda, rom TvalsazrisTa Sejaxeba _ kamaTi, romelic bavSvs sxvisi Tval-
sazrisis SemCnevisken ubiZgebs _ aucilebeli iyo amxanagebis urTierTobaSi, logikuri
azrovnebis gansamtkiceblad (Tudge & Winterhoff, 1993).
dReisTvis, amxanagebTan TanamSromloba bevr saskolo dawesebulebaSi gamoiyeneba,
magram mzardi mocemebis Tanaxmad, is mxolod garkveul pirobebSi uwyobs xels ganviTa-
rebas. sakvanZo faqtoria kooperaciuli swavleba, romlis drosac Tanaklaselebis pa-
tara jgufebi saerTo miznis misaRwevad muSaoben. konfliqti da uTanxmoeba am dros na-
klebad mniSvnelovani Cans, vidre is xarisxi, romliTac amxanagebi intersubieqturobas
aRweven _ azrTa sxvadasxvaobis mogvarebiT, pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebiTa da gauge-
brobebis gamosasworeblad erTmaneTisTvis sakmaod daxvewili ganmartebebis micemiT
(Webb, Troper & Fall, 1995). xolo vigotskis Teoriis Tanaxmad, bavSvebis mxriv dagegmva da
problemebis gadawyveta gacilebiT ukeT umjobesdeba, roca maTi amxanagi “daostate-
bulia~ _ gansakuTrebiT unariania amocanis mimarT (Azmitia, 1988).
moswavleTa kooperaciuli swavlis unarSi kulturuli saxesxvaobebic monawil-
eobs. jgufebSi muSaobisas xelaxla wakiTxva gacilebiT uadvildebaT koleqtivisturi,
da ara individualisturi kulturis warmomadgenlebs. magaliTad, amas navaxos tomis
bavSvebi ufro ukeT akeTeben, vidre kavkasiuri warmoSobis amerikeli bavSvebi (Ellis &
Gauvain, 1992). iaponuri saswavlo praqtika, romlis drosac bavSvebi problemebs erT-
maneTis azrebis SejerebiT wyveten, emyareba did kulturas, romelSic uerTierTpati-
viscema mudam fasobda (Hatano, 1994). misgan gansxvavebiT, Crdiloamerikul kulturaze
aRzrdili bavSvebi konkurenciasa da damoukidebel muSaobas, rogorc wesi, Cveulebriv
ambad Tvlian _ es Tvalsazrisi maT jgufuri muSaobisas intersubieqturobis miRweva-
Si uSlis xels.
kooperaciuli swavlebis warmatebisTvis dasavlel bavSvebs, Cveulebriv, erTobli-
vi muSaobis gaZlierebuli swavleba sWirdebaT. ramdenime Seswavlis dros, im 3-4 moswav-
lisgan Semdgari jgufebi, romlebic TanamSromlobis procesebSi iyvnen momzadebulni,
bevrad kooperaciul xasiaTs avlendnen, maRali donis ganmartebebi hqondaT da ufro
xalisiTac swavlobdnen, vidre moumzadebeli jgufebi (Gillies, 2000, 2003; Terwel da sxve-
bi, 2001). meore kvlevisas bavSvebis TanamSromlobiTi msjelobebi sxvadasxva kognituri
unarebis kargi Sedegebis sawindari iyo, rac ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi kooperaci-
uli swavlebis praqtikiT ganmtkicda (Fleming & Alexander, 2001). kooperaciuli swavlis
saSualebiT swavleba vigotskis koncefcias proqsimaluri ganviTarebis zonis Sesaxeb,
calkeuli bavSvis mxridan gamocdil partniorTan (ufrosTan an TanatolTan) TanamS-
romlobidan sxvadasxva saxis mamoZravebeli gamocdilebis mqone da erTmaneTisTvis bi-
Zgis mimcem mraval partnioramde afarToebs.
347
kulturis gavlena
sasoflo da tomobrivi kulturis
bavSvebi ufrosebis muSaobas akvirdebian da masSi monawileoben
dasavlur sazogadoebebSi bavSvebi mniSvnelov dis ibanaon (radganac isini amas yovel SuadReze
nad gamoricxulni arian ufrosebis samuSaodan, akeTeben) da isic ki, swavla rodis daiwyon. Sede-
romelic, rogorc wesi, saxlidan moSorebiT mim- gad, iukataneli maias skolamdeli bavSvebi Zalian
dinareobs. bavSvebis im unar-CvevebiT aRWurva, daxelovnebulebi arian sakuTari Tavis movlaSi.
romelic kvalificiuri saqmianobisTvis sWird- amisgan gansxvavebiT, maTi damajerebeli TamaSi
ebaT, skolazea mindobili. adreul bavSvobaSi sa- SezRudulia da mis drosac ufrosebis muSaobas
Sualo klasis mSoblebis urTierToba bavSvebTan baZaven. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, isini yoveldRe
mdgomareobs bavSvebis warmatebuli swavlisTvis mravali saaTis ganmavlobaSi sxvebs uyureben.
mzadebaSi, bavSvze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT _ iukataneli maias mSoblebi iSviaTad esaubrebi-
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia ufrosisa da bavSvis an an eTamaSebian skolamdelebs, an ebijgebian maT
saubrebi da TamaSi, romelic aviTarebs laparaks, swavlas. piriqiT, roca bavSvebi ufrosebis amo-
wera-kiTxvas da sxva saskolo codnas. sasoflo da canebs baZaven, mSoblebi askvnian, rom isini meti
tomobriv kulturebSi bavSvebi mcire ganaTlebas pasuxismgeblobis asaRebad arian mzad. Semdeg isini
iReben, an saerTod gaunaTleblebi arian, mTel davalebebs anawileben da bavSvs iseT amocanas ur-
dReebs ufrosebis muSaobis yurebas, an masSi monaw- Ceven, romlis gadasawyvetadac maT mcire daxmare-
ileobas andomeben da momwifebulobis drois pa- ba sWirdebaT, ise, rom ufrosebs muSaobaSi xeli ar
suxismgeblobebs adreul bavSvobaSi kisruloben SeeSaloT. Tu bavSvs am amocanis gadawyveta ar Seu-
(Rogoff da sxvebi, 2003). aqedan gamomdinare, mSo- Zlia, mas ufrosi hkidebs xels, bavSvi ki uyurebs da
blebs naklebad sWirdebaT bavSvebTan saswavlo xelaxla erTveba saqmeSi, roca daxmareba SeuZlia.
saubrebs, an TamaSs daeyrdnon. iukatanis maias bavSvebi momavalSi damoukide-
2 da 3 wlis bavSvebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis belni da sasargebloni unda iyvnen, amitom iSvia-
SedarebiTma Seswavlam oTxi kulturisTvis –aSS Tad Wirveuloben, arc sxvebs sTxoven raime sain-
ori qalaqis gareubnebis saSualo klasis mcxovre- teresos gakeTebas. maT adreuli asakidan SeuZliaT
blebi, efes tomis monadireebi da Semgroveblebi didi xniT wynarad, zedmeti ayalmayalis gareSe
kongos respublikaSi da maias sasoflo-sameur- isxdnen _ xangrZlivi RvTismsaxurebis, an satvir-
neo dasaxleba gvatemalaSi _ es gansxvavebebi To maqaniT 3-saaTiani mgzavrobisas. xolo roca
daamtkica (Morelli, Rogoff & Angelillo, 2003). aSS-s ufrosebi maT saqmianobas awyvetineben da saerTo
sazogadoebaSi mcirewlovan bavSvebs aqvT mcire samuSaoSi monawileobis miRebas sTxoven, isini
Sexeba ufrosebis SromasTan da did dros andomebs xalisiT asruleben iseT brZanebebs, romlebsac
ufrosebi-bavSvebis saubarSi da TamaSSi monaw- dasavleli bavSvebi xSirad Tavs arideben, an aRS-
ileobas, rac akmayofilebs bavSvebis interess foTebiT pasuxoben. 5 wlis asakisTvis iukataneli
da uzrunvelyofs akademiur gakveTilebs. maT- maias bavSvebi spontanurad iReben pasuxismgeblo-
gan gansxvavebiT, efesa da maias bavSvebi iSviaTad bas im amocanebze, romlebsac maT avaleben.
xdebian bavSvze mimarTuli saqmianobis monawile-
ni. maTi amerikeli Tanatolebisgan gansxvavebiT,
maiasa da efes bavSvebi bevrad met dros andomeben
ufrosebis saqmianobis dakvirvebas.
meqsikaSi, iukatanze myofi maias mivardnili
soflis eTnografia gviCvenebs, rom radgan mcirew-
lovani bavSvebi maT irgvliv ufrosebis saqmiano-
bis sakmaod gonieri damkvirveblebi da monawileebi
arian, maTi kompetenturoba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba
dasavleli skolamdelebisgan (Gaskins, 1999). iuka-
taneli maias ufrosebs Tavi fermerobiT gaaqvT.
mamakacebi simindis yanebs uvlian da maT 8 welze
ufrosi vaJebi exmarebian. qalebi saxlsa da ezoze
zrunaven: amzadeben saWmels, recxaven tansacmels iukatanis maias kulturaSi ufrosebi iSviaTad esaubre-
da saqonelsa da baRs uvlian, maT gogonebi da is bian bavSvebs an ebijgebian maT swavlas. damajerebel
vaJebi exmarebian, romlebic yanaSi muSaobisTvis TamaSSi CarTvis nacvlad bavSvebi mcirewlovani asakidan
jer patarebi arian. bavSvebi am saqmianobaSi maTi maTi Temis saqmianobas uerTdebian, bevr dros andomeben
SesaZleblobebis farglebSi ori wlis asakidan ufrosebis yurebas. maias es skolamdeli asakis gogona
monawileoben. roca ufrosebs ar exmarebian, isi- yuradRebiT adevnebs Tvals, Tu rogor amzadebs saWmels
ni sakuTar Tavs arian mindobilni. mcirewlovani misi bebia. roca bavSvi ufrosis amocanebis mibaZvas
iwyebs, is damatebiT pasuxismgeblobas iRebs.
bavSvebi bevr arasamuSao gadawyvetilebas TavisiT
© Beryl Goldberg
iReben _ ramdeni iZinon da Wamon, ra Caicvan, ro-
349
S e j ameba
piaJes kognituri ganviTarebis asimilaciasa da akomodacias Soris, ra-
Teoria sac TandaTan ufro efeqtur sqemebTan
mivyavarT.
piaJes mixedviT, rogor viTardeba kogni-
turi unarebi?
sensomotoruli safexuri:
biologiaSi Tavisi winamorbedebis dabadebidan 2 wlamde
gavleniT, piaJe kognitur ganviTarebas ga
aRwereT sensomotoruli safexuris mTa-
nixilavda, rogorc adaptaciis process,
vari kognituri miRwevebi
romlis drosac azrovneba TandaTan gare
realobas ukeT ergeba. piaJes konstruq- piaJes sensomotoruli safexuri
tivisturi midgoma gulisxmobs, rom ga eqvs qvesafexurad aris dayofili. wriu
remoze zemoqmedebis gziT bavSvebi oTx li reaqciis gziT bavSvis refleqsebi
invariantul da universalur safexurs TandaTan gardaiqmneba ufrosi Cvilebis
gadian romlis drosac kognituri unare ufro moqnili yaidis qmedebad. meoTxe
bis yvela aspeqti erTnair cvlilebebs qvesafexuris dros Cvilebi aviTareben
gadis. piaJes mixedviT, Cvilebi cxovre- ganzraxul, anu mizanmimarTul qcevas
bas erTmaneTTan naklebdakavSirebuli da iwyeben saganTa mudmivobis aRqmas. me-
struqturebiT iwyeben; isini mxolod me 5 qvesafexurs ufro moqnili, kvleviTi
ore wlis bolosTvis iZenen mentaluri midgoma moaqvs da bavSvebi aRar uSveben A
reprezentaciis gziT samyarosadmi kog- – ar aris B Zebnis Secdomas. me-6 qvesafex-
nituri midgomis unars. urze sensomotoruli ganviTareba menta-
lur gadmocemiT mTavrdeba, rogorc es
piaJes TeoriiT, fsiqologiuri struq
Cans sensomotoruli problemebis swrafi
turebi, anu sqemebi, ori saxiT icvleba.
gadaWriT, saganTa mudmivobis proble-
pirveli aris adaptaciis saSualeba, ro-
mis srulad aTvisebas, uxilavi gadaadg-
melic Sedgeba ori damatebiTi qmedebi-
ilebis, aRdgenili imitaciisa da dama-
sgan: asimilaciisa da akomodaciisgan.
jerebeli TamaSis CaTvliT.
meore aris organizaciis saSualeba, sqe-
mebis gadawyobiT mkacrad urTierTdaka- ras ambobs momdevno kvlevebi piaJes sen-
vSirebul kognituri sistemis formad. somotoruli safexuris sisworis Se-
wonasworoba ajamebs Secvlil balanss saxeb?
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© RAYMOND GEHMANN/CORBIS
intersubieqturoba, romelic komu-
nikaciebisTvis saerTo niadags qmnis da medeben da akontroleben maTi kulturis
bijgi, romelic bavSvis Sesrulebis mim- simbolur sistemas.
dinare donis mowesrigebaSi ufrosis dax- vigotskis Teoriaze damyarebuli sa-
marebas Seicavs, xels uwyobs kognitur ganmanaTleblo saqmianoba Seicavs or-
ganviTarebas. termini marTuli monawi mxriv swavlebas da TanamSromlobiT
leoba aRniSnavs iseT kulturul da si swavlebas, romlis drosac amxanagebi
tuaciur cvlilebebs, romelTa drosac azrTa sxvadasxvaobas agvareben da erTad
ufrosebi bavSvebis qmedebebs exmarebian. muSaoben saerTo miznebisTvis. dasav-
vigotskis mixedviT, damajerebeli leli bavSvebi Cveulebriv gaZlierebul
TamaSi aris unikaluri, Zlier gavleniani momzadebas saWiroeben TanamSromlobiTi
proqsimaluri ganviTarebis zona. roca swavlebis warmatebisTvis.
bavSvebi warmodgeniT situaciebs qmnian
da damajerebeli TamaSis wesebs asrule- vigotskis Teoriis Sefaseba
ben, isini swavloben, ufro Sinagani idee- moiyvaneT vigotskis Teoriis Zlieri da
bis mixedviT imoqmedon da ara impulse- susti mxareebi
biT. vigotskis Teoriis Tanaxmad, yvela
vigotskis Teoria gvexmareba, gavigoT
sxva maRali kognituri procesebis ms-
kognituri unarebis farTo kulturuli
gavsad, socialuri TanamSromlobis pro
mravalferovneba da xazs usvams kognitu-
duqtia.
ri ganviTarebisTvis swavlebis sasicocx-
lo mniSvnelobas. Tumca, zog kulturaSi
vigotski da ganaTleba sityvieri dialogebi ar aris erTaderTi
saSualeba, yvelaze mniSvnelovani saSu-
aRwereT vigotskis Teoriis saganmanaT
alebac ki, romlis saSualebiTac bavSvebi
leblo Sedegebi
swavloben.
vigotskis saklaso oTaxi yuradRe
socialur da kulturul gavlenaze
bas amaxvilebs aRmoCenaze maswavleble
yuradRebis gamaxvilebisas vigotskis
bis xelmZRvanelobiT da amxanagebTan
cota aqvs naTqvami bavSvTa kognituroba
TanamSromlobiT. roca formaluri sas-
ze biologiis gavlenis Sesaxeb. aseve,
kolo ganaTleba iwyeba, saganmanaTleblo
gaurkveveli rCeba, Tu zustad rogor ga-
saqmianoba xels uwyobs bavSvebs gadavid-
iazreben bavSvebi socialur gamocdile-
nen kognituri saqmianobis ufro maRal
bas maTi azrovnebis gasaumjobeseblad.