`me miyvars yvavilebi” rogor Seicnoben bavSvebi maT araCveulebrivad rTul sa-

iin iani, 7 wlis, CineTi myaros? am naxatze gamosaxuli farTod Tvalebgaxelili da

xelebgaSlili gogonas msgavsad, isini bejiTad iTviseben,
aanalizeben da aerTianeben maT garSemo myof uamrav cdunebas.
isini ufro gamocdili partniorebis daxmarebiTac sarge-
bloben da cdiloben, sakuTari dakvirvebebi axal STabeWdile-
bebad gadaadnon.

ibeWdeba oslos (norvegia), bavSvTaAxelovnebis saerTaSoriso

muzeumis nebarTviT.
 Tavi

6
piaJeseuli kognituri
kognituri ganviTareba: ganviTarebis Teoria
* piaJeseuli safexurebis ZiriTadi

piaJes, `ZiriTadi codnisa~ maxasiaTeblebi * piaJes mosazrebebi

kognituri cvlilebis Sesaxeb

da vigotskis perspeqtivebi sensomotoruli safexuri:

dabadebidan 2 wlamde
* sensomotoruli ganviTareba
* Cvilebis kognituri ganviTarebis
Semdgomi kvleva * sensomotoruli
safexuris Sefaseba
winaoperaciuli safexuri:
sabavSvo baRis maswavlebeli lesli SeCerda, 3-4 wlis bavSvebiT 2-dan 7 wlamde
savse oTaxs Tvali moavlo da stumrad mosul mSobels uTxra: “maTi * mentaluri reprezentaciis winsvla
* winaoperaciuli azrovnebis SezRud-
goneba logikis, fantaziisa da mcdari msjelobis saocari nazavia. me vebi * winaoperaciuli azrovnebis Semd-
yoveldRiurad maocebs maTi naTqvamisa da namoqmedaris momwifebulo- gomi kvleva * winaoperaciuli safexuris
ba da originaluroba. magram zogjer maTi azrovneba SezRudulad da Sefaseba
mouqnelad mogeCvenebaT.~ konkretuli operaciuli safexuri:
leslis SeniSvnebi mcirewlovani bavSvebis azrovnebis gansacvi- 7-dan 11 wlamde
frebel winaaRmdegobebs ajamebs. manamde 3 wlis bavSvma gareT mexis xma * konkretuli operaciuli azrovneba
* konkretuli operaciuli azrovnebis
rom gaigona, SesZaxa: “mexi jadoqarma Camoagdo!~ leslim moTminebiT SezRudvebi * konkretuli operaciuli
auxsna, rom xalxs mexis mowyoba an SeCereba ar SeuZlia da rom mexs elva safexuris damatebiTi kvleva
iwvevs. magram semi gajiutda. “maSin is jadoqarma qalma moawyo.~ dabe-
formaluri operaciuli safexuri:
jiTebiT ganacxada man. 11 weli da meti
sxva mxriv ki semis azrovneba saocrad win aris wasuli. misi sayva- * hipoTezur-deduqciuri msjeloba
reli naxatebiani wigni dinozavrebis Sesaxebaa da mas SeuZlia isini * propoziciuli azrovneba * abstraq-
tuli azrovnebis Sedegebi * formaluri
aTobiT CamoTvalos, daajgufos da msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebze operaciuli azrovnebis Semdgomi kvleva
miuTiTos. “anatozavri da tiranozavri ukana fexebze dadian~, uTxra
piaJe da ganaTleba
man Tanajgufelebs mecadineobis dros, “amitom sakvebis asaRebad wina
piaJeseuli Teoriis sruli Sefaseba
fexebis gamoyeneba SeuZlia.~ magram amis Semdeg, sauzmobisas semim naxa, * aris Tu ara kognituri cvlilebis
rogor gadmoasxa pritma rZe dabal, farTo kolofidan maRal, Txel piaJeseuli Sefaseba naTeli da zusti?
WiqaSi da hkiTxa: “ratom gaqvs Sen amdeni rZe, me ki ase cota?~ is ver * mimdinareobs Tu ara kognituri gan-
viTareba safexurebad? * piaJes memkvi-
mixvda, rom imdenive rZe hqonda, ramdenic pritis; misi kolofi gogonas dreoba
Wiqaze dabali, samagierod ganieri iyo.
ZiriTadi codnis perspeqtiva
kognicia ukavSirdeba Sida procesebs da warmoSobs azrs, romelsac
* Cvilebi: fizikuri sinamdvilisa da
`codnamde~ mivyavarT. igi Seicavs srul mentalur moqmedebas– yu- ricxvebis codna * bavSvebi gulubryvi-
radRebis miqcevas, damaxsovrebas, simbolizebas, kategorizacias, lo Teoretikosebi arian * ZiriTadi
dagegmvas, Sefasebas, problemis gadawyvetas, Seqmnasa da fantazire- codnis perspeqtivis Sefaseba * biolo-
gia da garemo: bavSvebis mier sikvdilis
bas. Cven advilad SegviZlia es CamonaTvali gavzardoT, radgan menta- aRqma.
luri procesebi faqtobriv yvelaferSi monawileobs, rasac adamiani
vigotskis sociokulturuli Teoria
akeTebs. Cveni kognituri Zalebi gadamwyvetia gadarCenisTvis. garemo
* bavSvebis kerZo saubari * kognituri
pirobebis cvlasTan Seguebas sxva saxeobebi SeniRbviT, bumbuliT, bew- ganviTarebis socialuri sawyisebi
vis qurqiTa da SesaniSnavi siCqariT axerxeben. maTgan gansxvavebiT, ada- * vigotskis Tvalsazrisi iluziis Tama-
mianebi azrovnebas emyarebian da ubralod ki ar eguebian garemo piro- Sis Sesaxeb * kvlevidan praqtikisaken:
iluziis TamaSis socialuri sawyisebi.
bebs, cvlian kidec maT. gansakuTrebuli mentaluri SesaZleblobebiT
Cven dedamiwis yvela arsebisgan gamovirCeviT. vigotski da ganaTleba
* ormxrivi swavleba * kooperaciuli
es da ori momdevno Tavi eTmoba kognitur ganviTarebas: rogor
swavla
iqceva Cvilebis inteleqturi SesaZleblobebi bavSvis, mozardisa da
mozrdilis SesaZleblobebad. kognituri ganviTarebis mkvlevarebi vigotskis Teoriis Sefaseba
kulturis gavlena: soflisa da tomo-
exebian sam mTavar sakiTxs: brivi kulturis bavSvebi akvirdebian
isini aRweren mis tipur mimdinareobas, gansazRvraven cvlilebebs, mozrdilTa saqmianobas da masSi
romlebsac bavSvebis umetesoba dabadebidan momwifebulobamde monawileoben
290

ganicdis. svamen kiTxvas: kogniciis yvela aspeqti erTnairad viTardeba, Tu zogi

maTgani sxvebze swrafad?
isini Seiswavlian individualur gansxvavebebs. nebismieri asakis zogierTi bavSvi
sxvebze metnaklebad momwifebulad da gansxvavebulad azrovnebs. me-6 da me-7
Tavebi umetesad kognituri ganviTarebis kurss eTmoba, xolo 8 Tavi yuradRebas
individualur gansxvavebebze amaxvilebs. Tumca samive TavSi orive sakiTxs Sevx-
vdebiT.
isini avlenen kognituri ganviTarebis meqanizmebs _ rogor uTavsdeba erTmaneTs
genetikuri da garemo faqtorebi, roca individualur cvlilebebs vRebulobT.
am TavSi mogvyavs sami perspeqtiva kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, samive maTgani
cvlilebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli azrisaa: (1) piaJes kognituri ganviTarebis Teo-
ria, (2) ZiriTadi codnis perspeqtiva _ piaJeseuli midgomis mkveTri alterna-
tiva; da (3) vigotskis sociokulturuli Teoria, romelic _ biologiurobisgan
gansxvavebiT wina ori Teoriis xazgasmiT _ bavSvebis azrovnebaze socialur da
kulturul gavlenaze akeTebs aqcents.

am sami Tvalsazrisis cal-calke ganxilvisas kvlav da kvlav vnaxavT, rom bavSvebi

ufro martivi kognituri unar-Cvevebidan ufro rTulisken miiweven da asakis matebis
kvaldakval ufro efeqturi moazrovneebi xdebian. magram frTxilad unda viyoT da
bavSvebis umwifari gonebrivi unari, ubralod, mozrdilTa unar-Cvevebis daumTavreb-
el, naklebefeqtur variantad ar CavTvaloT. piriqiT, misaRebi unda iyos bavSvebis mier
SezRuduli raodenobis informaciis mokreba (Bjorklund, 1997). magaliTad, SesaZloa,
rTuli formis mxolod ramdenime Tvisebis SemCneva Cvens bavSvebs zedmeti stimuli-
rebisgan icavs im periodis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac maT nervul sistemas jer kidev ar
SeuZlia metismeti sirTuliT muSaoba. amitom mokle, farTo kolofsa da maRal, Txel
WiqaSi Casxmuli rZis erTmaneTTan mxolod simaRlis (da ara siganis) mixedviT Sedareba,
SesaZloa, skolamdel bavSvebs icavs simaRlis srulyofili aRqmisgan, riTac simaRlis
sxva ganzomilebebTan efeqturi gaerTianebisTvis amzadebs.
kognituri umwifrobis aRiarebas mniSvnelovani Sedegebi hqonda ganaTlebisTvis.
is gulisxmobs, rom bavSvebis swrafvam ufro maRali doneebisken SeiZleba maTi ganvi-
Tareba Seaferxos. piaJe marTlac erT-erTi pirveli Teoretikosi iyo, romelmac xazi
gausva swavlisadmi mzadyofnis mniSvnelobas _ Sesaferisi amocanebis dasmiT, magram
iseT stimulirebaze uaris TqmiT, romelic, metismeti sirTulis gamo, bavSvebs daabnevs
da daabrkolebs. daviwyoT piaJes TeoriiT.

piaJeseuli kognituri ganviTarebis

Teoria

kogniturobis Sveicarielma Teoretikosma Jan piaJem zoologis ganaTleba miiRo,

amitom mis Teorias mkveTrad biologiuri elferi aqvs. piaJes mixedviT, bavSvebi kogni-
tur arsebebad ar ibadebian. piriqiT, perceptuli da motoruli aqtivobis dros isini
ageben da xvewen fsiqologiur struqturebs _ gamocdilebis wvdomis organizebul
saSualebas, romelic bavSvebs garemosTan ukeT adaptaciis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. am
struqturebis ganviTarebisas bavSvebi Zalian aqtiurebi arian. isini STabeWdilebas maT
xelT arsebuli struqturebis gamoyenebiT swvdebian da gardaqmnian am struqturebs
realurobis yvelaze faqizi aspeqtebis gasaTvaliswineblad. radgan piaJe Tvlida, rom
gare samyaros Sesaxeb faqtobrivad mTel codnas bavSvebi Tavisi saqmianobidan gamomdi-
nare aRmoaCenen anu ageben, mis Teorias kognituri ganviTarebis mimarT konstruqtiv-
isturi midgoma ewodeba.
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piaJes Teoriis Tanaxmad, sqemebi pirveladi motoruli aqtivobis modelebia. rode-

sac es erTi wlis bavSvi Tavis meqanikur saTamaSos sxvadasxva simaRlidan sxvadasxva
zedapirze agdebs, aRmoaCens, rom misi moZraobebis winaswar mixvedra SesaZlebelia.
© Laura Dwight Photography

piaJeseuli safexurebis ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebi
piaJe Tvlida, rom bavSvebi oTx safexurs gadian _ sensomotoruls, wi-
naoperaciuls, konkretul operaciulsa formalur operaciuls, romelTa
ganmavlobaSic Cvilebis kvleviTi qceva mozardebisa da mozrdilebis ab-
straqtul, logikur azrovnebad gardaiqmneba. piaJeseuli safexurebis
Tanmimdevrobas sami mTavari maxasiaTebeli aqvs:

safexurebi iZleva ganviTarebis zogad Teorias, romelSic kognituri

cvlis yvela aspeqti mocemulia erTiani saxiT, erTnairi Tanmimdev-
robiT.
stadiebi ucvlelia; isini yovelTvis dadgenili wesiT mimdinareobs da
arc erTi safexuris gamotoveba ar SeiZleba;
stadiebi universaluria; isini imisTvisaa, rom daaxasiaTos bavSvebi, sadac ar unda
iyvnen isini (Piaget, Inhelder & Szeminska, 1948/1960).

piaJe Tvlida, rom ganviTarebis wesis safuZveli Cveni saxeobis biologiaSi Zevs _ es
aris imis Sedegi, rom adamianis tvini sul ufro metad erTveba STabeWdilebebis gaana-
lizebasa da ganmartebaSi, rac saerToa MmTeli msoflios bavSvebis umetesobisTvis.
amasTanave is xazs usvamda imas, rom individualuri genetikuri gansxvavebebi da garemo
faqtorebi gavlenas axdens bavSvis mier safexurebis gavlis siCqareze (Piaget, 1926/1928).
imisTvis, rom SevafasoT piaJes Sexeduleba ganviTarebis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb, ganvixi-
loT ramdenime mniSvnelovani koncefcia

piaJes mosazrebebi kognituri cvlilebis Sesaxeb

piaJes SexedulebiT, specifikuri fsiqologiuri struqturebi _ STabeWdilebis
aRqmis organizebuli saSualebebi (sqemebi) _ asakTan erTad icvleba. Tavidan sqemebi
sensomotoruli moqmedebebis modelebia. daakvirdiT, rogor amCnevs, uWers da uSvebs
xels sagnebs eqvsi Tvis bavSvi da naxavT, rom “dagdebis sqema~ sakmaod mouqnelia _ bavS-
vi ubralod davardnis saSualebas aZlevs Cxarunas an sakbile rgols, romelic xelSi
uWiravs. 18 Tvis asakisTvis dagdebis sqema gaazrebuli da SemoqmedebiTi xdeba. am asakis
bavSvma, SesaZloa, pirveli SesaZleblobisTanave yvelanairi sagnebi kibisken gadayaros,
zogi haerSi Seagdos, sxvebi ki kedlidan aisxlitos, zogi maTgani frTxilad isrolos,
zogi ki _ ufro uxeSad.
male, mxolod saganze zemoqmedebis nacvlad, bavSvi moqmedebamde dafiqrebis niS-
nebs avlens. piaJes Tanaxmad, es cvlileba samyarosadmi sensomotorulidan kognitur
midgomaze gadasvlas niSnavs, rac mentalur reprezentaciebs anu im informaciis Sina-
gan asaxvas emyareba, romliTac fsiqikas manipulireba SeuZlia. Cveni yvelaze Zlieri
mentaluri reprezentacia ori saxisaa: (1) xatebi anu sagnebis, adamianebisa da sivrcee-
bis mentaluri suraTi da (2) cnebebi anu kategoriebi, romlebSic erTnairi sagnebi an
movlenebia dajgufebuli. mentalur xatebs viyenebT imisaTvis, rom, rodesac raRac
SegveSleba, Cveni nabijebi aRvadginoT an sxvis saqciels mivbaZoT naxvidan didi xnis
Semdeg. cnebebze dafiqrebisa da maTTvis saxelebis micemis Semdeg (magaliTad, burTi,
yvela mrgvali sagnisTvis, romliTac TamaSi SeiZleba) bevrad ufro daxelovnebuli
moazrovneebi vxdebiT da sxvadsxvanair STabeWdilebebs ufro mniSvnelovan, marTvad
da dasamaxsovrebel nawilebad valagebT.
292

piaJes Teoriis Tanaxmad. sensomotorulidan reprezentaciul sqemebze gadasvla,

aseve bavSvobidan mozrdilobamde reprezentaciuli sqemebis cvlileba aixsneba ori
procesiT: adaptaciiTa da organizaciiT.

adaptacia momavalSi, roca amis SesaZlebloba geqnebaT, daakvirdiT, ra dauRala-

vad imeoreben mcirewlovani bavSvebi saqciels, romelmac maTTvis saintereso Sede-
gamde unda miiyvanos. isini TvalnaTliv gviCveneben piaJes ZiriTad koncefcias. adapta-
cia agebis procesSi myof sqemebSi garemosTan uSualo zemoqmedebis gziT erTveba. igi
Sedgeba ori damatebiTi aqtivobisagan: asimilaciisa da akomodaciisagan. asimilaciis
dros gare samyaros aRqmisTvis mimdinare sqemebs viyenebT. magaliTad, Cvili, romelic
kvlav da kvlav yris sagnebs, maT dagdebis sakuTar sensorimotorul sqemebSi CarTavs.
skolamdeli asakis bavSvma, romelmac zooparkSi aqlemi pirvelad naxa da cxeni uwoda,
sakuTari konceptualur sqemebs gadaxeda, vidre iq ucnauri arsebis msgavsi ar aRmo-
aCina. akomodaciis dros axal sqemebs vqmniT, an Zvelebs vaaxlebT, roca SevniSnavT,
rom Zveli srulad aRar moicavs Cvens garSemo samyaros. patara bavSvi, romelic sagnebs
sxvadasxvanairad yris, sagnebis sxvadasxva Tvisebis gaTvaliswinebiT dagdebis sakuTar
sqemas aumjobesebs. skolamdeli asakis bavSvma, romelmac aqlems “kuziani cxeni~ uwoda,
SeniSna, rom aqlemis garkveuli Tvisebebi cxenisas ar hgavs da Sesabamisad, sakuTari
sqema gadasinja.
piaJes mixedviT, asimilaciasa da akomodacias Soris balansi droTa ganmavlobaSi
icvleba. roca bavSvebi Zalian ar icvlebian, maTi asimilacia akomodacias aRemateba.
am mdgomareobas piaJe kognitur gawonasworebas uwodebs. swrafi kognituri cvlile-
bebis dros ki bavSvebi gauwonasworeblobis anu kognituri diskomfortis mdgomareo-
baSi arian. isini xvdebian, rom axali informacia maT arsebul sqemebs ver ergeba, amitom
asimilaciidan akomodaciaze gadadian. sqemebis gaumjobesebis Semdeg kvlav asimilacias
ubrundebian da ganaxlebul struqturebs amoqmedeben, vidre ganaxlebisTvis kvlav ar
iqnebian mzad.
piaJe iyenebda termin wonasworobas, raTa gawonasworebisa da gauwonasworeblo-
bas Soris mimoqceva ganezogadebina. yovelTvis, roca wonasworoba dgeba, axali, ufro
efeqturi sqemebi iqmneba. radgan yvelaze didi akomodacia adreul asakSi xdeba, piaJes
mixedviT, sensomotoruli safexuri ganviTarebis yvelaze rTuli periodia.

organizacia sqemebi organizaciis dros im procesisasac icvleba,romelic Sina-

ganad, garemosTan pirdapiri kontaqtisgan gancalkevebiT xdeba. rodesac bavSvebi axal
sqemebs qmnian, maT xelaxla awyoben, sxva sqemebs ukavSireben da mtkice urTierTdakav-
Sirebul kognitur sistemas awyoben. magaliTad, patara bavSvi aSkarad akavSirebs “dag-
debas~ “gadagdebasTan~ da “axlosa~ da “Soris~ miseul aRqmasTan. piaJes mixediT, sqe-
mebi wonasworobis WeSmarit mdgomarebas maSin aRwevs, roca iseTi struqturebis nawili
xdeba, romlebic SeiZleba erTianad iqnes gamoyenebuli gare samyaros mimarT (Piaget,
1936/1952).
Semdeg ganyofilebebSi jer ganvixilavT ganviTarebas ise, rogorc mas piaJe xedav-
da anu im kvlevis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic mis dakvirvebebs ganamtkicebs. Semdeg,
TiToeuli stadiisTvis aviRebT uaxles monacemebs, zogi maTgani piaJes TeoriiT aris
STagonebuli, zogic ki piaJes ideebs ewinaaRmdegeba.

sensomotoruli safexuri:
dabadebidan 2 wlamde
sensomotoruli safexuri cxovrebis pirveli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba.
misi dasaxeleba asaxavs piaJes rwmenas, rom Cvili da axlad fexadgmuli bavSvebi Tavi-
 293

si TvalebiT, yurebiT, xelebiTa da grZnobis sxva organoebiT “fiqroben~. maT sakuTar

gonebaSi jer ar SeuZliaT didi saqmeebi keTdeba. mainc, sensomotoruli stadiis miRw-
evebi imdenad farToa, rom piaJem igi 6 qvesafexurid dahyo (ix. cxrili 6.1). sakuTar sam
Svilze dakvirvebebi piaJes ganviTarebis am Tanmimdevrobis safuZvlad gamoiyena. mar-
Talia, es Zalian mcire magaliTia, magram piaJe yuradRebiT akvirdeboda da Tavis vaJsa
da or qaliSvils yoveldRiur siZneleebs uqmnida (magaliTad, nivTebis damalva), rac
samyaros maTeuli aRqmis gamovlenaSi exmareboda.
piaJes mixedviT, dabadebisas bavSvebma TavianTi samyaros Sesaxeb imdenad cota ram
ician, rom am codnas miznobrivad ver iyeneben. wriuli reaqcia maT pirvel sqemebze
morgebis sagangebo saSualebebs iZleva. am dros bavSvs sakuTari mamoZravebeli qmede-
bebisgan axali Cvevebis SeZenaSi dabrkoleba eqmneba. reaqcia `wriulia~, radgan Cvili
kvlav da kvlav cdilobs gaimeoros saqcieli. amis Sedegad Tvadapirvelad warmoqmnili
sensomotoruli pasuxi axal sqemaSi kidev ufro Zlierdeba. magaliTad, warmoidgineT 2
Tvis bavSvi, romelic Wamis damTavrebisas pirs SemTxveviT awklapunebs. bavSvi am xmau-
riT interesdeba da Semdeg mis gameorebas cdilobs, vidre tuCebis wklapunSi ar dax-
elovndeba.
pirveli 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi wriuli reaqcia ramdenime mimarTulebiT icvleba. Tav­
dapirvelad igi TviT bavSvis sxeulzea Tavmoyrili, Semdeg gareT, nivTebiT manipuli-
rebisken midis. sabolood, igi gamocdili da SemoqmedebiTi xdeba, misi mizani garemoSi
axali efeqtebis Seqmnaa. bavSvebis mier axali da saintereso qcevebis Znelad SeTviseba
SeiZleba wriul reaqcias daedos safuZvlad. magram es dayovnebiT momwifeba SeiZleba
misaRebi iqnes, radgan exmareba imis uzurnvelyofaSi, rom axali unar-Cvevebi aTvisebi-
dan gaZlierebamde ar Seferxdeba (Cerey & Markman, 1999). wriuli reaqciis gadasinjvas
piaJe adreuli ganviTarebisTvis imdenad mniSvnelovnad Tvlida, rom sensomotorul
qvesafexurebs saxelebi maT mixedviT daarqva (ix. isev cxrili 6.1).

sensomotoruli ganviTareba
piaJes mixedviT, axaldabadebulTa refleqsebi sensomotoruli azrovnebis blokebi-
sgan aigeba. Tavdapirvelad, I qvesafexurze, bavSvebi pirs awklapuneben, xels Wideben da
erTnairad gamoiyurebian imis miuxedavad, ra STabeWdileba aqvT. erTxel erT-erTma
dedam sasacilo SemTxveva miambo: misi ori kviris qaliSvili sawolSi mZinare mamis gver-
diT iwva. mamas uecrad gamoeRviZa da gverdze gadabrunda. bavSvma es igrZno da mamis
zurgs dauwyo wova!

SemTxveviTi qcevebis gameoreba daaxloebiT erT Tvis asakSi, roca bavSvebi me­
ore qvesafexurSi Sedian, isini sakuTar qcevaze Tavisufali kontrolis unars iZenen
pirveladi wriuli reaqciis saSualebiT, im SemTxveviTi qcevebis gameorebiT, romelTa
umetesobac ZiriTadi saWiroebebiT aris gamowveuli. es maTSi iwvevs martiv mamoZraveb-
el Cvevebs, magaliTad, muStis an ceris wovas. am qvesafexurze bavSvebi aseve garemos
moTxovnebis Sesabamisad gansxvavebulad qcevas iwyeben. magali-
Tad, isini sawovarasTvis sxvanairad aReben pirs, vidre kovzisT-
vis. Cvili bavSvebi aseve movlenaTa anticipacias iwyeben. 3 Tvis
mSierma bavSvma oTaxSi dedis Semosvlisas SesaZloa, tirili Sew-
yvitos, rac imis niSania, rom Wamis dro axlovdeba.
mesame qvesafexuris dros, romelic 4-dan 8 Tvemde grZel-
deba, bavSvebi wamojdomas axerxeben da sagnebis miwvdomasa da

es 2,5 Tvis gogona xedavs, rogor axebs erTmaneTs sakuTar xelebs,

eWideba da isev uSvebs. is am moZraobebis gameorebas pirveladi wriuli
reaqciiT cdilobs, romelic mas sakuTar qcevaze Tavisufali kontro-
lis damyarebaSi exmareba. © Michael Newman/PhotoEdit
 294

cxrili 6.1 piaJes sensomotoruli safexuris mokle Sinaarsi

sensomotoruli
tipuri adaptaciuri qceva
qvesafexuri

1. refleqsuri sqemebi axladdabadebulis refleqsebi (ix. Tavi 4)

(da­badeba – 1 Tve)
2. pirveladi wriuli martivi mamoZravebeli Cvevebi, Tavmoyrili Cvilis sxeulze; mov-
reaqciebi (1 – 4 Tve) lenaTa winaTgrZnoba (anticipacia) SezRudulia.
3. meoreuli wriuli reaqci­ qmedebebi gamiznulia garemoze saintereso zemoqmedebis gasame­
ebi (4 – 8 Tve) oreblad; Cveuli qcevebis imitacia.
4. meoreuli wriuli reaqciis ganzraxuli anu mizanmimarTuli qceva; SeuZlia ipovos damaluli
koordinireba (8 – 12 Tve) sagani damalvis Tavdapirvel adgilze (saganTa mudmivoba); umjobes-
deba movlenaTa anticipacia; im qcevebis gameoreba, romlebic Cvilis
Cveuli saqcielisgan odnav gansxvavdeba.
5. mesameuli wriuli reaqci­ sagnebis Tvisebebis aRqma maTze axleburad zemoqmedebiT; axali
ebi (12 – 18 Tve) qcevebisadmi mibaZva; SeuZlia ramdenime adgilze moZebnos damaluli
sagani (A-B swori Zebna).
6. mentaluri reprezentacia sagnebisa da movlenebis Sinagani asaxva problemebis swrafi gadawyve-
(18 Tve – 2 weli) tis Sesabamisad; SeuZlia ipovos sagani, romelic adgilidan ucbad
gadaaad­giles (uxilavi gadaadgileba); aRdgenili imitacia da ilu-
ziis TamaSi;

es 4 Tvis bavSvi manipulirebaSi ostatdebian. es SemecnebiTi miRwevebi maTi yur-

SemTxveviT Seexo mis win adRebis gareT garemoze gadatanaSi mTavar rols asrulebs. meo-
Camokidebul saTamaSos. reuli wriuli reaqciis gamoyenebiT isini cdiloben gaimeoron
is cdilobs, xelaxla
saintereso movlenebi, romlebic maTi qmedebebis gamo xdeba.
moaxdinos saintereso
zemoqmedeba saTamaSoze.
magaliTad, piaJem (1936/1952) Tavisi 4 Tvis vaJis, loranis win
amis gakeTebisas is agebs ramdenime Tojina Camokida. loranma maT SemTxveviT xeli hkra da
`Sexebis sqemas~ meoreuli Tojinis qanaobis mimzidveli moZraoba gamoiwvia, ris Semdegac
wriuli reaqciis TandaTan Seqmna “Sexebis~ SemecnebiTi sqema. sakuTar saqcielze
saSualebiT.
kontrolis gaumjobeseba bavSvebs sxvisi saqcielis ukeT miba-
© Laura Dwight Photography
Zvis saSualebasac aZlevs. Tumca, 4-dan 8 Tvemde asakis bavSvebi
jer ver axerxeben axali qcevebis moqnilad da swrafad mibaZvas
(Kaye & Markus, 1981). amitomac, marTalia, maT uxariaT yureba,
rogor eTamaSebian mozrdilebi taSiskvriT, TamaSSi Tavad jer
kidev ver monawileoben.

ganzraxuli qceva meoTxe qvesafexurze, 8-dan 12 Tvemde asakis bavSvebi sqemebs

qmedebaTa axal, ufro rTul Tanmimdevrobas uTavseben. amis Sedegad, qcevebi, romleb-
sac axal sqemebamde mihyavT, aRar aris SemTxveviTi, Sexebis an acdenis xasiaTis _ pirSi
ceris SemTxveviT Cadeba an Tojinas SemTxveviT Sexeba. amis nacvlad 8-dan 12 Tvemde asa-
kis bavSvebs SeuZliaT ganzraxul anu mizanmimarTul qcevaSi CaerTon, martivi prob-
lemebis Segnebulad gadasawyvetad sqemebis koordinacia moaxdinon. yvelaze naTel
magaliTs gvaZlevs sagnis damalvis piaJeseuli cnobili amocana, romelSic igi bavSvs
mimzidvel saTamaSos aCvenebs da mere Tavisi xelis ukan an Tavsaxuris qveS malavs. am
qvesafexurze bavSvebs aseTi sagnis povna SeuZliaT. amis gakeTebisas ori sqemis koordi-
nacias akeTeben: dabrkolebis gverdze “gawevas~ da saTamaSos “CabRujvas~. am saSualeba
_ moqmedebis damTavrebis Tanmimdevrobas piaJe yvela momdevno problemis gadawyvetis
safuZvlad miiCnevda.
 295

8-dan 12 Tvemde asakis bavSvebs uviTardeba damaluli sagnebis povnis

unars, rac kognitur ganviTarebaSi umTavres winsvlas niSnavs. saTama-
Soebis povnisa da masTan miRwevis sqemebis koordinirebisas es bavSvi
mizanmimarTul qcevas avlens, rac yvela problemis gadaWris safuZve-
lia. © Laura Dwight Photography

damaluli sagnebis moZebna imis damadasturebelia, rom bavS-

vebma daiwyes saganTa mudmivobis aTviseba, imis gageba, rom sa-
gani maSinac ganagrZobs arsebobas, roca mxedvelobis gareT
xvdeba. magram saganTa mudmivobis dadastureba jer sruli ar
aris, radgan bavSvebi _ A _ ar aris B _ Zebnis Secdomas uSve-
ben. Tu isini ramdenjerme pouloben nivTs erT adgilze (A) da xe-
daven, rom igi sxvagan (B) gadades, mainc Tavdapirvel samalavSi (A) eZeben mas. aqedan ga-
momdinare, piaJem daaskvna, rom maT mainc ara aqvT naTeli warmodgena saganze, rogorc
kvlavac arsebulze, roca is mxedvelobas efareba.
meoTxe qvesafexurs axali warmatebebi moaqvs. jer erTi, bavSvebs movlenaTa ukeT
prognozireba SeuZliaT, ase rom, TavianT SesaZleblobebs zogjer winaswar ganzraxuli
saqcielisTvis iyeneben, raTa am movlenebis Secvla scadon. magaliTad, am asakis bavSvs
SeuZlia dedis kvaldakval gacocdes, roca igi paltos icvams da misi wasvlisas itiros.
meorec, bavSvebs SeuZliaT mibaZon im saqciels, romelic odnav
gansxvavdeba maTi Cveuli saqcielisgan. sxva vinmes danaxvisas es 14 Tvis axlad
fexadgmuli bavSvi misaRe-
isini cdiloben kovziT mourion, xeli hkran saTamaSo manqanas,
bi oTaxis magidis kididan
qiSmiSi WiqaSi Cahyaron. amasTan erTad, ganzraxul qcevebs iye­ sxvadasxva sagnebs yris,
neben, mizanmimarTulad aumjobeseben sqemebs, raTa SemCneul zog maTgans xels nela
moqmedebas moergon (Piaget, 1945/1951). hkravs, sxvebs ki _ ufro
mexuTe qvesafexurze, romelic 12-dan 18 Tvis asakamde Zlierad, rac Seesabameba
mesameuli wriuli reaqciis
grZel­deba, mesameuli wriuli reaqcia Cndeba. axlad fexadg-
Segnebul midgomas.
muli bavSvebi qcevebs variaciebiT imeoreben da axal Sedegebs © Laura Dwight Photography
iw­even. xelaxla ganvixiloT 221-e gverdze moyvanili magaliTi,
roca bavSvi sagnebs sadgamis safexurebze yrida da rigrigobiT
sxvadasxva moqmedebebs cdida. garemosadmi aseTi Segnebuli
midgomis Sedegad bavSvebi problemebis ukeT gadaWras axerxe-
ben. magaliTad, maT SeuZliaT gaTvalon, rogor unda gamoaZvrinon nimuSi konteineris
xvrelSi misi motrialebiTa da dagrexviT, vidre is xvrels ar moergeba, aseve SeuZliaT
joxis gamoyeneba im sagnebis misawvdomad, romlebsac ver swvdebian. piaJes mixedviT,
eqsperimentis am unars saganTa mudmivobis ufro warmatebul aRqmamde mivyavarT. axlad
fexadgmuli bavSvebi damaluli saTamaSos sapovnelad erTis nacvlad ukve ramdenime
adgils aTvaliereben da zust A _ B Zebnas TamaSoben. moqmedebaTa ufro moqnili wesi
maT bevrad meti qcevis mibaZvis, magaliTad, blokebis dalagebis, qaRaldze jRabnisa da
sasacilo saxeebis miRebis saSualebas aZlevs.

mentaluri gamoxatva meeqvse qvesafexurze Semecnebi­Ti gan- es 23 Tvis bavSvi

viTareba mentaluri gamoxatvis umaRles dones aRwevs. am unaris iluziis TamaSs TamaSobs.
erT-erTi niSani is aris, rom 18-dan 24 Tvemde asakis bavSvebi prob- am Tavdapirveli mcdelo-
lemis mogvarebis gadawyvetilebas swrafad iReben, vidre cdebi­- bisas iyenebs im martiv
sqemebs, romlebic yovel-
sa da Secdomebis qceviT. rogorc Cans, amis gakeTebisas qmedebebs
dRiur cxovrebaSi bevrjer
sakuTar gonebaSi cdian, rac amtkicebs, rom maT STabeWdilebis gamoscada.
mentalurad gamoxatva SeuZliaT. rodesac piaJes qaliSvilma lo- © Spencer Grant/PhotoEdit
ransma SeniSna, rom misi Tojinis etli kedlis mopirdapire mxares
iyo Camokidebuli, igi wamiT Sedga, TiTqos `fiqrobda~, mere ki
saswrafod miabruna saTamaSo am mimarTulebiT.
reprezentaciis Sedegad ramdenime sxva unaric vlindeba. jer
erTi, is ufros axlad fexadgmul bavSvebs saSualebas aZlevs,
 296

gadaWran saganTa mudmivobis meti raodenobis problemebi uxilavi gadaadgilebis CaT-

vliT _ rodesac iseT sagans pouloben, romelic droebiT TvalTaxedvis aredan gai-
tanes, magaliTad, patara kolofSi Cades da xaliCis qveS amodes. meore, is aRdgenili
imitaciis saSualebas iZleva _ unars, daimaxsovros da gaimeoros im nimuSis qcevebi,
romelic iq ar aris. bolos, is SesaZlebels xdis iluziis TamaSs, romelSic bavSvebi
yoveldRiur da warmosaxviT qmedebebs axorcieleben. sensomotoruli periodis das-
rulebisas mentaluri simboloebi azrovnebis umTavresi instrumentebia.

CvilTa kognituri ganviTarebis momdevno kvleva

bevri kvleva gvafiqrebines, rom Cvilebi aRqmis mravalferovnebas imaze adre av-
lenen, vidre piaJes egona. magaliTisTvis davubrundeT qcevis gameorebis pirobebis
SeqmniT Seswavlas, romelic ganxilulia me-4 TavSi, rodesac axaldabadebuli bavSvebi
sawovarebs Zlierad wovdnen, raTa sxvadasxvanairi saintereso sanaxaobisa da xmebis
miRebis saSualeba hqonodaT. aseTi qceva, romelic Zalian hgavs piaJeseul meoreuli
wris reaqcias, gviCvenebs, rom Cvilebi maT garemomcvel garemos 4-8 Tvis asakze adre
Seiswavlian da akontroleben. faqtobrivad, isini amas dabadebisTanave akeTeben.
umTavresi meTodi imis gasagebad, ra ician bavSvebma damaluli sagnebisa da fizi-
kuri realobis sxva aspeqtebze, habituacias emyareba, romelic me-4 TavSi ganvixileT.
molodinis gacruebis meTodis (violation-of-expectation) dros mkvlevari bavSvs fizi-
kur movlenas aCveevs (movlenas manam aCvenebs, vidre isini Tvals ar aarideben). amis Sem-
deg adgenen, ras aRidgenen Cvilebi (didi xniT yurebis Semdeg): mosalodnel movlenas
(im pirveli movlenis variants, romelic fizikis kanonebs eTanxmeba), Tu moulodnel
movlenas (variants, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba fizikis kanonebs). moulodneli movlenis
aRdgena gvafiqrebinebs, rom bavSvi `gakvirvebulia~ fizikuri realobidan gadaxriT,
razec misi gaZlierebuli yuradReba da interesi miuTiTebs. aqedan gamomdinare, mas
warmodgena aqvs fizikuri samyaros am aspeqtze.
magram molodinis gacruebis meTodi sakamaToa. zogi kritikosi Tvlis, igi fiziku­
ri movlenebis mxolod SezRudul, dafarul (Seugnebel) gamovlenas gviCvenebs da ara

sqema 6.1
habituaciis movlenebi
Cvilebis testireba saganTa mudmivobis gage-
baze imedis gacruebis meTodis gamoyenebiT. movlena mokle stafiloTi movlena grZeli stafiloTi
(a) Tavidan bavSvebi or movlenas miaCvies: mokle
stafilosa da grZeli stafilos moZraobas
yviTeli ekranis ukan, erTmaneTis Tanmim-
devrobiT. Semdeg mkvlevarebma ori satesto
moqmedeba Caatares: ekranis feri Secvales,
raTa bavSvebs masSi gamoWrili fanjris SemCne-
vaSi daxmarebodnen. (b) mosalodneli movlenis
SemTxvevaSi mokle stafilo, romelic fanjris (a)
qveda kidemde ver swvdeboda, lurji ekranis satesto movlenebi
ukan gaatares da meore mxridan isev gamoaCines.
(c) moulodneli movlenis SemTxvevaSi, grZeli mosalodneli movlena moulodneli movlena
stafilo, romelic fanjris qveda kidis zemodan
Canda, ekranis ukan ise gaatares, rom fanjaraSi
ar gamoCeniliyo, magram mere isev gamoaCines
ekranis meore mxares. 2,5-dan 3,5 Tvemde asa-
kis Cvilebma moulodneli movlena aRidgines
(radgan mas met xans xedavdnen) _ savaraudoa,
rom maT saganTa mudmivobis garkveuli aRqma
gaaCndaT (adaptirebulia R. Beillargeon & J. (b) (g)
DeVos, 1991 “Object Permanence in Young Infants:
Further Evidence~, Child Development, 62, p.1230. The
Society for Research in Child Development. ibeWdeba
nebarTviT).
 297

sqema 6.2

umcros CvilebSi gamovlenili molodinis gacruebis damatebiTi movlenebi, rac sagnis mdgradobis aRqmas
gulisxmobs. 2-dan 3 Tvemde asakis bavSvebi ufro met xans uyurebdnen moulodnel movlenebs damaluli sa-
gnis CarTviT, vidre Sesabamis mosalodnel movlenas. (a) xelma saTamaSo ixvs saxuravi daafara, mere saxura-
vi magidis gaswvriv horizontalurad gaaCoCa da aswia, rom ixvi gamoeCina. (b) xelma sagani konteinerSi Cado
da mere konteineri win gaswia, ukanve daabruna da sagani konteineris Tavdapirveli mdebareobis adgilze
gamoaCina. (wignidan R. Baillargeon, 2004, “Infants’ Reasoning About Hidden Objects:Evidence for Event-General and
Event-Specific Expectations~, Developmental Science, 7, p. 394. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ibeWdeba nebarTviT).

srulfasovan, Segnebul aRqmas, razec amaxvilebda piaJe yuradRebas, roca bavSvebis­

gan garSemo myofebTan urTierTobas damaluli sagnebis Zebnad Tvlida (Bremner &
MareSal, 2004; Hood, 2004). sxva kritikosebi darwmunebulni arian, rom es meTodi avlens
bavSvebis mxridan mxolod siaxleze percefciuli upiratesobis miniWebas da ara fizi-
kuri samyaros codnas (Haith, 1999). SeviswavloT es dikusia sagnebis mudmivobis Sesaxeb
ukanaskneli kvlevebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

saganTa mudmivoba molodinis gacruebis meTodis gamoyenebiT Catarebul cdaTa

seriiT rene belarJenma da misma TanamSromlebma cxovrebis pirveli ramdenime Tvis
ganmavlobaSi saganTa mudmivobis mtkicebulebis Sesaxeb ganacxades. belarJenis erT-
erTi cda naCvenebia 6.1 sqemaze (Agilar & Baillargeon, 1999, 2002; Beillargeon & DeVos, 1991).
ekranis ukan mokle da grZeli stafiloebis gavlis miCvevis Semdeg bavSvebs ori sacdeli
movlena aCvenes: (1) mosalodneli movlena anu ekranis ukan mokle stafilo gaatares,
romelic fanjaraSi ar Canda, mere ki meore mxares gamoCnda da (2) moulodneli movlena
anu ekranis ukan grZeli stafilo gaatares, romelic fanjaraSi ar Canda (imis miuxeda-
vad, rom misi sigrZe fanjris qveda kidis zemoT swvdeboda) da ekranis meore mxares ga-
moCnda. 2,5-dan 3,5 Tvemde asakis Cvilebi SeuZlebel movlenas ufro met xans uyurebdnen
_ savaraudod isini elodebodnen, rom moZravi sagani Tavisi arsebobis dasadasture-
blad ekranis ukan gamoCndeboda.
molodinis gacruebis damatebiTi cdebis dros belarJenma (2004) igive Sedegebi daa-
dastura. magaliTad, daafareT Tavsaxuri saTamaSo ixvs, horizontalurad gaatareT
Tavsaxuri magidaze, Semdeg ki axadeT da ixvi gamoaCineT. 2,5-dan 3 Tvemde asakis bavS-
vebi am moulodnel movlenas ufro met xans akvirdebian, vidre mosalodnel movlenas,
romlis drosac saxuravis axdisas adgilze darCenili ixvi Cndeba (ix. sqema 6.2a) (Wang,
Bailargeon & Paterson, 2005). anda CadeT sagani konteinerSi, Semdeg konteineri win gamo-
swieT da ukan daabruneT, mere sagani konteineris Tavdapirvel adgilze gamoaCineT. am
SemTxvevaSic, 2,5 Tvis bavSvebi ufro met xans akvirdebian am moulodnel movlenas, vi-
dre mosalodnel movlenas, romlis drosac damaluli sagani saswaulebrivad ar Cndeba
konteineris gareT (ix. sqema 6.2b) (Espos & Bailargeon, 2001).
 298

sqema 6.3
100
10-dan 14 Tvemde asakis bavSvebis mier sagnis damalvis ori
90
saxis amocanis Sesruleba. naWriT dafarebis amocanaSi xeli
80 sagans magidaze debda dakecili naWris iqiT. mere naWers Slid-
warmatebis procenti

nen da sagans afarebdnen. xeliT dafarvis amocanaSi xeli sagans

70
naWris qveS debda magidaze da mere ukan iRebda. aTi Tvis bavSvebi
60 naWriT dafarul sagans manam eZebdnen, vidre xelSi damaluli
sagnis Zebnas daiwyebdnen _ am amocanas bavSvebi warmatebiT
50
mxolod 14 Tvis asakisTvis asrulebdnen (adaptirebulia Moore
40 & Meltzoff, 1999).
30
20
10 amave dros, ramdenime mecnierma, romlebic aseT-
0 save procedurebs iyenebdnen, belarJenis Sedegi ver
10 Tvis, 12 Tvis, 14 Tvis.
daadastura (Bogartz, Shinskey, & Schilling, 2000; Cashon
asaki & Cohen, 2000; Rivera, Wakeley & Langer, 1999). belarJe-
ni da sxvebi pasuxoben, rom es sawinaaRmdego cdebi ar
Seicavda gadamwyvet kontrols. isini aRniSnaven, rom
Cvili bavSvebi ufro met xans akvirdebian sxvadasxvanair moulodnel movlenebs, rom-
lebidanac Cans, rom damaluli sagani TiTqos aRar gamoCndeba (Bailargeon, 2000; Munakata,
2000). magram kritikosebi svamen kiTxvas _ miuTiTebs Tu ara bavSvebis mzera namdvilad
maT codnaze. gavixsenoT me-4 Tavidan, rom 4 Tvis asakamde bavSvebi iseTi sagnis moZrao-
bas, romelic ekranis ukan qreba da mere isev Cndeba, uwyvetad ver aRiqvamen. sxvanairad
rom vTqvaT, umcrosi Cvilebi ver afaseben sagnis identurobas; rom adre nanaxi sagani
igivea _ amisi aRqma ki, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, saganTa mudmivobisTvis gadamwyve-
tia (Moore & Meltzof, 1999). es Sedegebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom pirveli ramdenime Tvis gan-
mavlobaSi CvilTagan sagnis mdgradobis aTviseba, sul mcire, sustia.
Tu 2- 3 Tvis asakis bavSvebi ase Tu ise amCneven saganTa mudmivobas da es aRqma asakTan
erTad mtkicdeba, maSin riTi aixsneba piaJes aRmoCena, rom bevrad mozrdili bavSvebi
(romlebsac savsebiT SeuZliaT sagnebs miswvdnen) ar cdiloben damaluli sagnebis moZe-
bnas? piaJes Teoriis Tanaxmad, kvleviT dgindeba, rom damaluli sagnebis Zebna saganTa
mudmivobis aRqmaSi aSkara winsvlasa, radgan bavSvebi sagnebis damalvis zog amocanas
danarCenebze adre xsnian. aTi Tvis bavSvebi eZeben magidaze dadebul da naWergadafare-
bul sagans, vidre xeli sagans Zebnis dawyebamde ar debs naWris qveS. roca xeli sagnis
gareSe Cndeba, isini askvnian, rom sagani sxva adgilze ar SeiZleba iyos. 14 Tvemde asakis
bavSvebis umetesoba ver xvdeba, rom xelma sagani naWris qveS amodo (ix. sqema 6.3).
am droisTvis axlad fexadgmuli bavSvebi damaluli sagnebis srul gagebas avlenen.
ToTxmeti Tvis bavSvebma ician, rom sagnebi maT samalav adgilebSi arsebobas ganagrZo-
ben mas Semdegac, rac bavSvebi am adgilebs toveben. bufetSi damaluli sagnis naxvis
Semdeg, meore dRes, isini swored im adgilze eZebdnen sagans da mis monaxvas sawyis ad­
gilmdebareobaze cdilobdnen. roca axal oTaxSi msgavs bufetTan mihyavdaT, bavSvebi
ufrosebs baZavdnen _ isini uazrod Tvlidnen im sagnis moZebnas, romelic sadRac sxva-
gan iyo damaluli (Moore & Meltzoff, 2004).

erTze met adgilze damaluli sagnis Zebna ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi mkvle­
varebi fiqrobdnen, rom bavSvebi `A _ ar aris B~ Zebnis Secdomas imitom uSvebdnen, rom
maT eqmnebodaT sagnis axali adgilmdebareobis damaxsovrebis sirTule mas Semdeg, rac
sagans erTze met adgilze damalavdnen. magram cudi mexsiereba srulad ver xsnis bavS-
vebis mier amocanis warumatebel Sesrulebas. magaliTad, 6 _ 12 Tvis asaks Soris bavS-
vebi gaZlierebiT aTvaliereben swor adgilmdebareobas maSinac, Tu araswor adgils
miadgebodnen (Ahmed & Ruffman, 1998; Hofstadter & Reznik, 1996).
bavSvebi SeiZleba A adgilze eZebdnen (roca isini sagnebs wina mcdelobisas pou-
lobdnen) B adgilis (misi ukanaskneli adgilsamyofelis) nacvlad, radgan maT manamde
 299

SeZenili mamoZravebeli reaqciis Seyovnebis problema eqmnebodaT (Diamond, Cruttenden

& Neiderman, 1994). am Tvalsazrisis dasamtkiceblad, Tavidan A adgilTan misvlis Sem-
deg ufro didi albaToba imisa, rom roca sagani B adgilze iqneba damaluli, Cvili mainc
A-sTan miva (Ruffman & Langman, 2002). ufro mravlismomcveli axsna is aris, rom faq-
torebis kompleqsuri, dinamikuri sistema _ A adgilTan misvlis Cvevis gamomuSaveba,
isev A-sken cqera, roca sagani A-s msgavs B adgilzea damaluli, Tanac sxeulis mudmivi
mdgomareobis SenarCuneba _ zrdis imis SesaZleblobas, rom bavSvi ` A ar aris _ B~
Zebnis Secdomas dauSvebs. im cdaTa seriaSi, romelSic zemoT moyvanil faqtorTagan
romelime irRveoda, gaizarda 10-dan 14 Tvemde asakis bavSvebis mier sagnis zustad B
ad­gilze Zebna (Smith da sxvebi, 1999b).
amgvarad, 12 Tvis asakamde bavSvebs uWirT imis axsna, Zebnis warmatebuli strate-
giisas ra ician sagnis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb. moqmedebasTan codnis gaerTianebis
SesaZlebloba emTxveva pirveli wlis bolos tvinis qerqis wina nawilis swraf ganviTa-
rebas (Bell, 1998, Diamond, 1991). aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania sagnebis aRqmis, maTze zemo-
qmedebisa da damaxsovrebis didi mravalferovneba.
mentaluri reprezentacia. piaJes TeoriaSi Cvili bavSvebi sufTa sensomotorul
cxovrebas ewevian; 18 Tvis asakamde maT ar SeuZliaT STabeWdilebebi mentalurad gamox-
aton. magram ukve 8 Tvis bavSvebs damaluli sagnis adgilsamyofelis gaxseneba erT wu-
Tze metis dayovnebis Semdeg SeuZlia, xolo 14 Tvisani mas erTi dRis an metis dayovnebis
Semdeg ixseneben, rac aCvenebs, rom bavSvebi sagnebisa da maTi adgilsamyofelis menta-
lur reprezentacias qmnian (Mc Donough, 1999, Moore & Meltzoff, 2004). aRdgenili imita-
ciis, kategorizaciisa da problemis gadawyvetis Seswavlam gamoavlina, rom reprezent-
aciuli azrovneba aSkaraa ufro adrec.

aRdgenili imitacia. piaJem imitacia yoveldRiur qcevaSi Tavisi sami Svilis mier
gamovlenaze dakvirvebiT Seiswavla. am pirobebSi bevri ram unda iyos cnobili Cvilis
yoveldRiur cxovrebaze, raTa davrwmundeT, rom gamovlinda aRdgenili imitacia, ro-
melic bavSvebisgan adrindeli saqcielis modelis gardaqmnas moiTxovs.
laboratoriuli kvleviT gamovlinda, rom aRdgenili imitacia 6 kviris asakidan ar-
sebobs! Cvilebi, romlebic uyureben ucnobi mozrdilebis saxis gamometyvelebas, ba-
Zaven mas, roca meore dRes imave ucnobs xedaven (Meltzoff & Moore, 1994). SesaZlebelia,
umcrosi Cvilebi am imitacias adre nanaxi adamianebis amosacnobad da maTTan urTier-
TobisTvis iyeneben. roca mamoZravebeli unar-Cvevebi umjobesdeba, Cvilebi sagnebis
mimarT mopyrobis imitacias iwyeben. erT-erTi kvlevis dros 6 da 9 Tvis bavSvebs aCvenes
`samoqmedo~ ficari, zed damagrebuli Tormeti axali sagniT _ magaliTad, bayayiT, ro-
melic zonaris moqaCvisas xtunvas iwyebda. ufrosebma eqvsi sagnis moqmedeba aCvenes.
roca meore dRes testi Catarda, orive asakis Cvilebi bev-
rad ufro didi albaTobiT asrulebdnen im moqmedebebs,
romlebic nanaxi hqondaT, vidre im moqmedebebs, romlebic
maTTvis ar uCvenebiaT (Colliy & Hayne, 1999). bavSvebi ara
mxolod erT, aramed saSualod sam naswavl moqmedebas ix-
senebdnen da baZavdnen.

am 3 Tvis Cvilma aRmoaCina, rom fexis gaqneviT SeeZlo aemoZrave-

bina patara kubebiT (TiToeulze dawerilia A) awyobili moZravi
saTamaSo. garkveuli drois Semdeg gameorebisas bavSvi mxolod maSin
iqnevda energiulad fexs, Tu mis mier danaxul saTamaSo isev ise
gamoiyureboda (aso A ewera). is fexs ar iqnevda, roca udgamdnen sa-
TamaSos, romelzec cifri 2 iyo gamosaxuli. bavSvis qceva gviCvenebs,
rom is kategoriebad ajgufebs erTnair stimulebs da SeuZlia
gaarCios kategoria `A~ kategoria `2~-sgan. mowodebulia Carolyn
Rovee-Collier mier.
300

sqema 6.4

9-dan 11 Tvemde bavSvebis mier garCeul kategoriebs Soris gansxvaveba.

mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebs saSualeba miecaT, SeeswavlaT (yurebiT an SexebiT)
erTi kategoriis sagnebi, maT TiToeuli kategoriis axal sagans aCvenebdnen.
isini gamoarCevdnen (met xans cqeriT an SexebiT) sagans gansxvavebuli
kategoriisgan, riTac aCvenebdnen, rom garegnuli msgavsebis miuxedavad,
SeuZliaT Citebi TviTmfrinavebisgan ganasxvavon. (adaptirebulia Mandler &
Mcdonough 1993 wlis gamocemidan).

aRdgenili imitaciiT gamoxatul gaxsenebis winsvlas Tan

sdevs tvinis talRuri moqmedebis cvlilebebi, romlebic mex-
sierebiTi amocanebis dros gazomes. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom am
winsvlas tvinis qerqis mexsierebis rezervis gaumjobeseba ex-
mareba (Bauer da sxvebi, 2003). 12-dan 18 Tvemde bavSvebi osta­
turad iyeneben aRdgenil imitacias TavianTi sqemaTa wyobis
gasamdidreblad. isini naCveneb qcevebs sul mcire, ramdenime
Tvis ganmavlobaSi imaxsovreben, iReben rogorc Tanatolebis,
aseve ufrosebis qcevebs da maT konteqstis cvlilebebis kvalo-
baze imeoreben _ magaliTad, saxlSi bavSvis movlisas an tele-
vizorSi nanax qcevebs (Barr & Hayne, 1999; Hayne, 1999; Hayne,
Boniface&barr, 2000; Klein & Meltzoff, 1999).
axlad fexadgmuli bavSvebi racionaluradac ki baZaven! Tu isini xedaven, rom uf­
rosebi uCveulod xumroben (sinaTles TaviT rTaven, roca xelebi Tavisufali aqvT),
Berk,Child vel
Deopment
, 7th tion
edi
Fig
ure6.4
am saqciels isini erTi kviris Semdeg imeoreben. magram Tu am ucnaur saqciels ufrosi
BCD06F04 imitom sCadis, rom sxva gza ara aqvs (xelebi dakavebuli aqvs), 14 Tvis bavSvebi mibaZviT
sapasuxo reaqcias ufro efeqtur saqcielad gardaqmnian (sinaTlis asanTebad xelebs
xmaroben) (Gergely, Bekkering & Kiraly, 2003). 18 Tvis bavSvebi ara marto ufrosebis mier
Cadenil saqciels baZaven, aramed imasac, romlis Cadenasac isini cdilobdnen, maSinac
ki, Tu es saqcieli dausrulebeli darCa (Meltzoff, 1995). erT SemTxvevaSi dedam patara
parkSi ramdenime qiSmiSis Cayra scada, magram isini magidaze daebna. wuTis Semdeg misi 18
Tvis vaJi skamze axta da qiSmiSis parkSi Cayra daiwyo.
es monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom meore wlis ganmavlobaSi bavSvebs SeuZliaT daskvnebi
gamoitanon sxvebis gadawyvetilebebisa da gegmebis Sesaxeb, Semdeg ki es TavianTi imit-
aciuri moqmedebebis saxelmZRvanelod gamoiyenon. 2 wlis bavSvebis mimikebi mTlianad
xdeba socialuri xasiaTisa, magaliTad, rogoricaa dedis, mamis, an, iluziis TamaSisas,
bavSvisTvis mibaZva.

kategorizacia. umcros Cvilebsac ki SeuZliaT erTnairi sagnebisa da movlenebis

calkeul reprezentaciad kategorizacia, dajgufeba _ es unari SeuTavsebelia ga-
mocdilebis mkacrad sensomotorul midgomasTan. bavSvebisTvis kategorizacia ga-
nakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania: es maT TavianTi samyaros wesebis dadgenis saSualebas
aZlevs da gamocdilebis aRqmaSi exmareba, raTa moawesrigon uamravi axali informacia,
romelsac isini yoveldRe iReben da SeuZliaT Seiswavlon da daimaxsovron (Cohen 2003;
Oakes & Madole, 2003).
gavixsenoT qcevis gamomuSavebis Seswavla, romelSic Cvilebi fexis gaqneviT zed
mibmuli zonaris saSualebiT moZrav saTamaSos amoZravebdnen (ix. Tavi 4, gverdi 137). am
amocanis zogierTi SemoqmedebiTi varianti bavSvebis mxridan kategorizaciis gamokv-
levisTvis gamoiyenes. SeswavlaTa erTi seriis dros 3 Tvis bavSvi fexiT amoZravebda
erTnairi stimulebiT _ patara kubebiT aso `A~ ewera, romlebsac Sedgenil moZrav sa-
TamaSos. dayovnebis Semdeg fexis moZraoba kvlav maRal dones mxolod maSin ubrunde-
boda, roca bavSvs aZlevdnen moZrav saTamaSos, romlis elementebsac igive aso “A~ ewera.
Tu forma icvleboda (`A~-s nacvlad `2~ ewera), bavSvi energiulad aRar iqnevda fexs.
 301

saTamaSos amoZravebis Seswavlisas bavSvma mentalurad daajgufa misi maxasiaTeblebi,

fexis moZraobis reaqcia “A~-s kategorias daukavSira da momdevno cdebisas igi `2~-s
kategoriisgan gamoarCia (Bhatt da sxvebi, 2004; Hayne, Rovee-Colierr & Perris, 1987).
Cvilebis mier kategorizaciis Seswavlisas habituacia/aRdgenac gamoiyenes. mkvleva-
rebma bavSvs erTi kategoriis ramdenime naxati aCvenes da mere daakvirdnen, gamoarCevda
(met xans cqeriT) Tu ara bavSvi naxats, romelic am kategorias ar miekuTvneboda. Sede-
gebma aCvena, rom 6 _ 12 Tvis bavSvebi sagnebs aRniSvniTi kategoriebis STabeWdilebiT
mwkrivebad alagebdnen _ sakvebi, aveji, Citebi, cxovelebi, transporti, samzareulos
nivTebi, mcenareebi, sivrciTi ganlageba (`maRla~, `dabla~, `zed~ da `SigniT~) da ase Sem-
deg (Casasola, Cohen & Chiarello, 2003; Mandler & McDonough, 1998; Oakes, Coppage & Dingel,
1997, Quinn & Eimasi, 1996; Younger, 1985, 1993). fizikuri samyaros mowesrigebis garda, am
asakis Cvilebi sakuTari emociuri da socialuri samyarois kategorizaciasac axdenen.
maTi mxedvelobiTi reaqcia avlens, rom isini adamianebs da maT xmebs sqesisa da asakis
mixedviT ajgufeben (Barrik, Netto & Ernandes-Reif, 1998; Poulen-Dubois da sxvebi, 1994), daw-
yebuli aqvT emociuri gamoxatvis garCeva da SeuZliaT adamianis bunebrivi moZraobebis
sxva moZraobebisgan gamoyofa (ix. Tavi 4).
bavSvis adreuli kategoriebi perceptualuria _ emyareba erTnair mTlian gare-
gnobas an sagnis iseTi TvalsaCino nawils, rogoricaa cxovelis fexebi an transpor-
tis borblebi. magram pirveli wlis meore naxevrisTvis kategoriebis umetesoba kon-
ceptualuria _ saerTo funqciasa da saqciels emyareba (Cohen, 2003; Mandler, 2004).
ufros Cvilebs SeuZliaT kategoriebis gansxvaveba, roca perceptualuri kontrasti
or kategorias _ cxovelebsa da transports Soris minimaluria (TvalsaCinoebisTvis
ix. sqema 6.4). roca Cvilebs sagnebis kategoriaTa Soris gansxvavbani ukve Camoyalibe-
buli aqvT, amateben movlenaTa kategoriebs, romlebSic Sedis iseTi moqmedebebi, ro-
goricaa adamianis siaruli, cxovelTa xma an erTi sagnis meoreze Sejaxeba, rac amoZ-
ravebis mizezi xdeba.
meore wlis ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi aqtiurad axdenen kategorizacias. 12 Tvis asak-
SisTvis isini exebian erTad myof sagnebs, magram ar ajgufeben maT, 16 Tvis asakSi ki Seu-
ZliaT sagnebi calkeul kategoriebad daajgufon. magaliTad, roca oTx burTsa da oTx
yuTs aZleven, isini burTebs yuTebisgan gancalkevebiT, erTad awyoben. 18 Tvis asakis
bavSvebi sagnebs or klasad ajgufeben (Gopnik & Meltzoff, 1987a). habituacia/aRdgenis,
Sexebis, daxarisxebisa da sxva saTamaSo qcevebTan Sedareba ukeT avlens im mniSvnelo-

sqema 6.5

analogiuri problemebis gadaWra

10-dan 12 Tvemde asakamde bavSvebSi.
mas Semdeg, rac mSoblebma (a) problemis
gadaWris gza aCvenes, bavSvebma ufro
efeqturad gadaWres (b) da (g) prob-
lemebi, Tumca es problemebi (a) prob-
lemisgan yvela maTi garegnuli aspeqtiT
gansxvavdeboda (wignidan Z. Chen, R. P.
Sanchez&T. Campbell, 1997 `From Beyond
to Within Their Grasp: The Rudiments of
Analogical Problem Solving in 10-to 13-
Month-Olds~ Developmental Psychology, 33,
p.792. 1997, American Psuchological Associa-
tion. ibeWdeba gamomcemlisa da avtoris
(a) (b) (g)
nebarTviT).
302

niSnulebi
Cvilebisa da axlad fexadgmuli
bavSvebis zogi kognituri miRweva
miaxloebiTi asaki kognituri miRwevebi

dabadebidan aTviseba SezRuduli moZraobis unaris gamoyenebiT, magaliTad,

1 Tvemde sawovaras wova saintereso sanaxaobis da xmebis misaRwevad.

1 – 4 Tve bevri fizikuri Tvisebis aRqma, saganTa mudmivobis, sagnis simy-

arisa da simZimis CaTvliT, rogorc amas molodinis gacruebis
Sedegebi gviCvenebs, mozardebis saxis gamometyvelebis aRdge-
nili imitacia xanmokle Sualedis (1 dRis) Semdeg, perceptualu-
rad msgavsi stimulebis kategorizacia.

4 – 8 Tve fizikuri da sawyisi ricxviTi codnis gaumjobeseba.

ufrosebis mier sagnebis mimarT axali qcevebis dayovnebuli imi-
tacia xanmokle Sualedis (1 dRis) Semdeg, bevri sagnisa da mov-
lenis konceptualuri kategorizacia – msgavsi funqciebisa da
qcevebis mixedviT.

8 – 12 Tve SeuZlia damaluli sagani naWriT dafarvis Semdegac moZebnos,

wina problemebis analogiiT gadaWras martivi problemebi.

12 – 18 Tve SeuZlia moZebnos damaluli sagnis ramdenime adgilsamyofeli

(swori A – B Zebna). aRiqvams, rom sagnebi samalav adgilebze kv-
lavac arseboben, maSinac ki, Tu bavSvi adgilsamyofels moSor-
deba. SeuZlia
ufrosebis mier sagnebis mimarT axali qcevebis aRdgenili imi-
tacia xangrZlivi Sualedisa (sul mcire, erTi Tvis) da konte-
qstis cvlilebis Semdeg. aqtiurad ajgufebs sagnebs calkeul
kategoriebad.

18 Tve – 2 weli SeuZlia adgilmdebareobidan droebiT gadaadgilebuli (uCi-

nari gadaadgileba) sagnebis moZebna, im moqmedebis aRdgenili
imitacia, romlis gakeTebasac mozrdili cdilobda, sxvisi gan-
zraxvebisa da momavali qmedebebis gamocnoba iluziis TamaSisas
yoveldRiuri qcevebis dayovnebuli imitacia,
aqtiurad ajgufebs sagnebs or kategoriad.

SeniSvna: es etapebi gamoxatavs srul asakobriv tendenciebs. individualuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs zustad im asakSi,
romelsac TiToeuli etapi miekuTvneba.
am cxrilSi miTiTebuli romeli unar-Cvevebi miuTiTebs, rom mentaluri gamoxatva ufro adre vlindeba, vidre piaJes
SemecnebiTi stadiiT aris gaTvaliswinebuli?
fotoebi: (zeviT marcxniv) © Laura Dwight Photography; (zeviT marjvniv) © Laura Dwight/CORBIS; (SuaSi marcxniv)
© Jennie Woodcock/CORBIS; (SuaSi) © David Young Wolff/PhotoEdit; (qvemoT marcxniv) © Myrleen Ferguson Cate/PhotoEdit;
(qveviT marjvniv) © Laura Dwight Photography.

bas, rasac bavSvebi kategoriebs aniWeben, radgan isini am mniSvnelobebs yoveldRiur

moqmedebebSi iyeneben. magaliTad, mas Semdeg, rac uyures, rogor asmevda eqsperimenta-
tori saTamaSo ZaRls finjnidan, 14 Tvis bavSvebi, baWiisa da motociklis naxvis Semdeg,
Cveulebri, mxolod baWias `asmevdnen~ wyals (Mandler & Mc-Donough, 1998). maTi saqcie-
li amJRavnebs, rom maTTvis gasagebia, rom garkveuli qmedebebi saganTa erT kategorias
(cxovelebs) Seesabameba da ara meores (transports).
 303

rogor xdeba perceptualuridan konceptualur kategoriaze gadasvla? marTalia,

mkvlevarebi davoben, STabeWdilebis gasaanalizeblad saWiroebs Tu ara es cvlileba
axal midgomas, sayovelTaod miRebulia, rom sagnebis gamoyeneba da samyaros Secnobis
gafarToeba xels uwyobs ufrosi asakis Cvilebis unars, gadalaxon fizikuri Tvisebebi
da sagnebi maTi funqciisa da qmedebebis Sesabamisad daajgufon (Mandler, 2004; Oakes &
Madole, 2003). amasTan erTad, metyveleba xels uwyobs da aiolebs kategorizacias. moz-
rdilis mier sagnebis dasaxelebaTa CamoTvliT bavSvi yuradRebas aqcevs maT saerTo
Tvisebebs, rav leqsikis gamdidrebasac ganapirobebs. es, Tavis mxriv, kategorizaciaSi
exmareba (Gopnik & Metzloff, 1992, Waxman, 2003). enebs Soris gansxvaveba ki konceptual-
uri ganviTarebisas kulturuli gansxvavebulobis mizezi xdeba. koreeli bavSvebi, rom-
lebic swavloben enas, sadac winadadebebSi sagnebis dasaxeleba xSirad gamotovebulia,
sagnebis dajgufebaSi ufro gvian xelovndebian, vidre maTi inglisurenovani Tanatole-
bi (Gopnik & Choi, 1990). imave dros, koreulSi, da ara inglisurSia xSirad gamoyenebuli
sityva (kkita), romelic aRniSnavs sagnebs Soris mWidrod morgebul kontaqts _ beWedi
TiTze, kalami kalmistarze an mozaikis nawili _ da koreeli bavSvebi ukeT ayalibeben
sivrcul kategorias `mWidrod morgebuli~ (Choi da sxvebi, 1999).

problemis gadawyveta rogorc piaJe aRniSnavda, 7-8 Tvis bavSvebi ganzraxuli,

dasrulebuli saqcielis mizezSedegobriv Tanmimdevrobas iviTareben da martivi
problemebis gadasawyvetad iyeneben, magaliTad, SeuZliaT naWris miweva, raTa aiRon
mis Soreul kideze dadebuli saTamaSo (Willats, 1999). mogvianebiT Cvilebis gamomxatv-
elobiTi unar-Cvevebi problemebis imaze efeqturad gadaWris saSualebas iZleva, vidre
piaJes Teoria varaudobs.
10-dan 12 Tvemde asakis bavSvebi SeiZleba CaerTon analogiuri problemebis ga­
daWraSi _ aiRon gadawyvetis strategia erTi problemidan da gamoiyenon igi msgavsi
problemis gadasaWrelad. erTi-erTi kvlevisas bavSvebs sami erTnairi problema wamou-
Wres, TiToeuli maTganisTvis mimzidveli saTamaSos misaRebad saWiro iyo winaRobis
gadalaxva, Tokze moWideba da misi moqaCva (ix. sqema 6.5). pirveli problemisas mSobelma
gadaWris gza aCvena da bavSvi mibaZvisken waaxalisa. yoveli damatebiTi problemisas
bavSvebi saTamaSos sul ufro advilad iRebdnen, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom miuwvdomeli
sagnis misawvdomad moqmedebaTa moqnili mentaluri reprezentacia Camoiyalibes (Chen,
Sanchez & Campbell, 1997).
asakis matebasTan erTad bavSvebs analogiebidan daskvnebi ukeT gamoaqvT, ufro
metad ganazogadeben gansxvavebul situaciebs (Goswami, 1996). magram Cvilebs pirvel
welsac ki aqvT garkveuli unari, gadalaxon cdisa da Secdomis eqsperimenti, mentalu-
rad gamoxaton gadawyvetilebebi da axal konteqstSi gamoiyenon isini.

sensomotoruli safexuris Sefaseba

zemoT mocemuli niSnulebis cxrili ajamebs mniSvnelovan kognitur miRwevebs, rom-
lebic axlaxan ganvixileT, im msgavs etapebTan erTad, romlebsac am TavSi SemdegSi Sevx-
vdebiT. SeadareT es cxrili piaJes sensomotoruli qvesafexurebis aRweras.Q naxavT, rom
piaJeseuli droiT CarCoSi Cvilebi prognozireben movlenebs, aqtiurad eZeben damalul
sagnebs, aumjobeseben sagnis A _ B Zebnas, moqnilad cvlian maT SemecnebiT cnebebs da
iluziis TamaSebSi ebmebian, magram sxva unarebi _ meoreuli wriuli reaqciis, saganTa
mudmivobis pirveli niSnebis, dayovnebuli imitaciis, kategorizaciisa da analogiuri
problemebis gadaWris CaTvliT _ ufro adre vlindeba, vidre piaJe moeloda.
gaiTvaliswineT agreTve, rom Cvilebis kognituri miRwevebi piaJes mier nagulisxmevi
zusti, TandaTanobiTi wesiT ar viTardeba. piaJe Tvlida, rom yvela reprezentaciuli
unari erTdroulad viTardeba, sensomotoruli safexuris dasrulebisas. Tumca aRd-
genili imitacia da analogiuri problemebis gadaWra ufro adre iwyeba, vidre bavSvebi
SeZleben piaJeseul yvelaze rTuli (sagnebis damalvis) amocanis Sesrulebas. adgili-
dan droebiT gadaadgilebuli nivTis mosapoveblad bavSvebi wina movlenis aRdgenidan
304

gamomxatvelobis ufro kompleqsur formaze unda gadavidnen: maT unda warmoidginon

is movlena, romelic ar unaxavT (Rast & Meltzoff, 1995). es Sedegebi, iseve, rogorc bevri
misi msgavsi, uamrav iseT mtkicebulebas iZleva, romlebic piaJes Teoriis sizustes
saeWvos xdis.
SeuTavsebloba piaJes dakvirvebebisa da bolo droindel gamokvlevaTa Sedegebs So-
ris, winaaRmdegobriv kiTxvebs aRZravs imis Sesaxeb, rogor xdeba Cvilebis ganviTareba.
piaJes mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, sensomotoruli moqmedeba Cvilebs codnis garkveuli
formebis SeqmnaSi exmareba. magaliTad, me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, rom xoxvis gamocdileba aum-
jobesebs aRqmis siRrmes da damaluli sagnebis povnis unars. magram isic vnaxeT, rom
Cvilebs aRqma imaze bevrad adre uviTardebaT, vidre mamoZravebeli qcevebis unars
SieZenen, rac, piaJes azriT, am aRqmebis mizezi xdeba. rogor SegviZlia SevafasoT bavS-
vebis ucnauri kognituri miRwevebi?
mkvlevarTa umetesoba fiqrobs, rom Cvilebs imaze meti Tandayolili kognituri
SesaZlebloba aRWurviloba aqvs STabeWdilebis gasaazreblad, vidre aniWebda piaJe,
romelic miiCnevda, rom Cvilebi mTel mentalur reprezentacias sensomotoruli moq-
medebiT iReben. magram mniSvnelovani uTanxmoeba arsebobs imis Taobaze, ramxela sawyisi
aRqma aqvT Cvilebs. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, Cvilis kogniturobis mtkicebulebaTa umete-
soba molodinis gacruebis meTods emyareba. mkvlevarebi, romlebic am meTods ar endo-
bian, amtkiceben, rom bavSvis kogniturobis sawyisi wertili SezRudulia. isini fiqro-
ben, rom axaldabadebulebi cxovrebas iwyeben garkveuli informaciisadmi yuradRebis
daTmobisa da zogadi daniSnulebis saswavlo procedurebisadmi midrekilebiT, magali-
Tad, rTuli, perceptualuri informaciis gamaanalizebeli mZlavri aRWurvilobiT. am
saSualebebis erToblioba Cvilebs saSualebas aZlevs mravalferovani sqemebi Seqmnan
(Bahrik, Lickliter & Flom, 2004; Huttenlocher, 2002; Kirkham, Slemmer & Johnson, 2002; Mandler,
2004). sxva mkvlevarebi, romlebic eTanxmebian molodinis gacruebis Sedegebs, amt-
kiceben, rom Cvilebi cxovrebas iwyeben mniSvnelovani Tandayolili codniT, romelic
maT kognitur ganviTarebas “naxtomiT iwyebs~. bavSvobisa da mozrdilobis piaJeseuli
safexurebis ganxilvis Semdeg ganvixilavT am ZiriTadi codnis perspeqtivis Zlier da
sust mxareebs, romelic niadags qmnida bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi.

hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs

gaimeoreT axseniT, rogor icvleba kognituroba piaJes Teoriis mixedviT. moiyvaneT
asimilaciis, akomodaciisa da organizaciis magaliTebi.
gamoiyeneT mocemuli teqstis gamoyenebiT aageT Tqveneuli cxrili, romelSic Seva mo-
nacemebi Cvili da axladfexadgmuli bavSvebis kognituri ganviTareb. cxri-
lis romeli Canawerebi eTanxmeba piaJes SemecnebiT safexurs? romeli safex-
urebi viTardeba ufro adre, vidre piaJe varaudobda?
daakavSireT mimis mamam bavSvis sayvareli saReWi namcxari aiRo, xelsaxocis qveS amodo da
mimis carieli xeli aCvena. aTi Tvis mimim, romelic dabneuli Canda, namcxvari
ver ipova. axseniT, ratom aRmoCnda Zneli mimisTvis sagnis povnis es amocana.
imsjeleT me-4 Tavidan gaixseneT, rom sicocxlis pirveli wlis Sua periodisaTvis
Cvilebi iwyeben sagnebis garCevas (garegnobis, ferisa da formis mixedviT)
da maTi moZraobis gzebis mixedviT, maSinac ki, Tu maT mTel gzaze dakvirveba
ar SeuZliaT. rogor unda daexmaros es unar-Cvevebi Cvilebs saganTa mudmi-
vobis aRqmaSi?
 305

winaoperaciuli safexuri: 2-dan 7 wlamde

roca bavSvebi gadadian sensomotorulidan winaoperaciul safexurze, romelic 2-
dan 7 wlamde asaks moicavs, yvelaze aSkara cvlileba mentaluri reprezentaciis uki-
duresi zrdaa. marTalia, sakuTari samyaros gamoxatvis saSualeba Cvilebsac aqvT, ma-
gram es unari adreul bavSvobaSi iwyebs gaZlierebas.

mentaluri gamoxatvis winsvla

sabavSvo baRis saswavlo oTaxSi stumroba mentaluri reprezentaciis niSnebs avlens
yvelaferSi– bavSvebis STabeWdilebebis xelaxal asaxvaSi iluziis TamaSis dros, fan-
qriTa da saRebavebiT Sesruleba naxatebSi, romlebiTac kedlebia dafaruli da moyo-
lis dros maTi aRtacebisas. gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia didi winsvla metyvelebis.
metyveleba da azrovneba. piaJe aRiarebda, rom metyveleba Cveni mentaluri
reprezentaciis yvelaze moqnili saSualebaa. moqmedebisgan azrovnebis gancalkeveba
adrindelze gacilebiT meti fiqris saSualebas iZleva. sityvebiT fiqri wamieri STabe-
Wdilebebis SezRudvebis gadalaxvis saSualebas gvaZlevs. SegviZlia erTbaSad vimo-
qmedoT warsulSi, awmyosa da momavalSi da unikalurad SevaxamoT warmodgenebi, roca
vfiqrobT mSier muxluxoze, romelic bananebs Wams an urCxulebze, romlebic RamRamo-
biT tyeSi dafrinaven.
metyvelebis mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, piaJes ar sjeroda, rom mas bavSvebis kog-
nitur ganviTarebis mTavari rols asrulebda. piriqiT, is amtkicebda, rom sensomo-
torul moqmedebas mivyavarT STabeWdilebis Sinagan warmosaxvamde, romelsac Semdeg
bavSvebi sityvebiT saxels arqmeven (Piaget, 1936/1952). piaJes Tvalsazriss adasturebs
is, rom bavSvebis pirvel sityvebs mkacrad sensomotoruli safuZveli aqvs. Cveulebriv,
isini im sagnebs exeba, romlebic moZraobs, romlebzec zemoqmedeba SeiZleba, an Cveul
moqmedebebs (ix. me-9 Tavi). aseve, rogorc Cans, garkveuli adreuli sityvebi arasityvi-
er kognitur miRwevebzea damokidebuli. magaliTad, TiTqmis yovelTvis, roca axlad
fexadgmuli bavSvebi Tavs arTmeven saganTa mudmivobis problemas, isini bundovan si-
tyvebs amboben, magaliTad, “yvelaferi morCa~. roca isini problemebs uceb wyveten,
warmatebis Tu xelmocarvis wamoZaxils iyeneben _ “ai!~ da “uh-oh!~ (Gopnik & Meltzofi,
1987b). garda amisa, adre vTqviT, rom kategoriebis mniSvnelovan raodenobas Cvilebi si-
tyvebiT maT ganmartebamde karga xniT adre iZenen.
piaJe srulad ver afasebda metyvelebis Zalas bavSvebis kogniturobis waxalisebaSi.
magaliTad, gavixsenoT, rom axlad fexadgmuli bavSvebis sityvaTa maragis zrda maT kon-
ceptualur unar-Cvevebs aZlierebs. vigotskis Teoriis Sesabamisad Catarebuli kvleva,
romelsac mogvianebiT SevexebiT, adasturebs, rom metyveleba kognituri ganviTarebis
mZlavri wyaroa da ara mxolod misi maCvenebeli.

fantaziis TamaSi iluziis TamaSi adreuli bavSvobis ganmavlobaSi reprezen-

taciis ganviTarebis kidev erTi brwyinvale magaliTia. piaJes Tvlida, rom mibaZvisas
bavSvebi axlad SeZenil reprezentaciul sqemebs iTviseben da aZliereben. piaJes mosaz-
rebebis gamoyenebiT ramdenime mkvlevarma yuradReba miaqcia iluziis TamaSis cvlile-
bebs skolamdeli asakSi.

iluziis TamaSis ganviTareba. SeadareT erTmaneTs, rogor baZavs 18 Tvis da 2-3 wlis
bavSvi. skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis zrdas sami simboluri upiratesoba asaxavs:

droTa ganmavlobaSi TamaSi sul ufro Tavisuldeba masTan dakavSirebuli re-

aluri cxovrebis pirobebisgan. adreuli mibaZvisas bavSveb iyeneneben i mxolod
namdvilis msgavs saTamaSoebs– saTamaSo telefons salaparakod an finjans dasa-
306

levad. yvela es adreuli damajerebeli saqcieli mozrdilebis qmedebaTa imita-

ciaa da jer kidev sakmaod mouqnelia. 2 welze naklebi asakis bavSvebi, magaliTad,
finjnidan smas baZaven, magram uaryofen finjnis qudad CaTvlis azrs (Tomasello,
Striano & Rochat, 1999). maT uWirT erTi sagani (finjani) meore sagnis (qudis) sim-
bolod CaTvalon, roca sagnis (finjanis) daniSnuleba ukve aSkarad garkveulia.
2 wlis Semdeg bavSvebi ukve naklebad realisturi saTamaSoebiT TamaSoben, mag-
aliTad, saTamaSo kubi telefons aRniSnavs. isini TandaTan ufro moqnilad, real-
uri samyarosgan raime ganmtkicebis gareSe warmoidgenen sagnebsa da movlenebs.
TamaSi Tavis Tavze naklebad mimarTuli xdeba. Tavidan iluziis TamaSi sakuTari
Tavisken aris mimarTuli; magaliTad, bavSvebi sakuTar kvebas baZaven. cota xnis
Semdeg bavSvebi pirdapir baZaven sxva pirebisken mimarTul moqmedebebs, rogorc
maSin, roca is Tojinas kvebavs. mesame wlis dasawyisisTvis bavSvebi gancalkeve-
buli monawileebi xdebian, Tojinas sakuTari xeliT Wamas aiZuleben an mSobeli
Tojina Svil Tojinas aWmevs. iluziis TamaSi nakleb TviTmimarTuli maSin xdeba,
roca bavSvebi xvdebian, rom damajerebeli saqmianobis moqmedi da mimRebi pirebi
SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan damoukideblebi iyvnen (McCune, 1993).
TamaSi TandaTan sqemebis ufro rTul kombinaciebs moicavs. 18 Tvis bavSvs Seu-
Zlia finjnidan dalevas mibaZos, magram dasxmasa da dalevas jerjerobiT ver
aerTianebs. mogvianebiT bavSvebi mibaZvis sqemebs TavianT Tanatolebis sqemasTan
aerTianeben sociodramatul TamaSSi, sxvebTan erTad im iluziis TamaSisas, ro-
melic 2,5 wlidan iwyeba da momdevno ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi swrafad izrde-
ba (Haight & Miller, 1993). 4-5 wlis bavSvebi erTmaneTis saTamaSo mosazrebebs aerTe-
ben, qmnian da koordinacias uweven ramdenime rols da gamonagonis mimarTulebebs
(Gonchu, 1993).

sociodramatuli TamaSis dawyebiT bavSvebi ara marto TavianT samyaros gamoxat-

aven, aramed aseve avlenen imis codnas, rom iluziis TamaSi reprezentaciuli saqmiano-
baa. 2-3 wlis bavSvebi mibaZvas namdvili STabeWdilebisgan arCeven da imis Cawvdomas iwye-
ben, rom mibaZva warmosaxviTi ideebis warmosadgeni ganzraxuli qmedebis mcdelobaa _
aRqma, romelic myarad da Tanmimdevrulad icvleba adreuli bavSvobis Semdeg (Lillard,
1998, 2001; Rakoczy, Tomazello & Striano, 2004). yuradRebiT mousmineT skolamdeli asakis
bavSvebs, rodesac erTad qmnian warmosaxviT scenas. gaigonebT, rogor anawileben isini
rolebs da msjeloben TamaSis gegmebze: “Sen viTom astronavti xar, me ki ise moviqcevi,
TiTqos sakontrolo koSks vamuSaveb!~ “moica, kosmosur xomaldSi Cavjde~! TamaSis Ses-
axeb urTierTobisas bavSvebi sakuTar da sxvebis ucnaur reprezentaciaze fiqroben _
es amtkicebs, rom isini fiqrs iwyeben adamianebis mentaluri qmedebis Sesaxeb.

iluziis TamaSis upiratesobebi. piaJe xvdeboda iluziis TamaSis mniSvnelovan

aspeqts, roca xazi gausva mis rols reprezentaciuli sqemebis muSaobisas. man aseve
aRniSna misi emociurad gamaerTianebeli funqciac. TamaSisas patara bavSvebi xSirad
xelaxla monawileoben SemaSfoTebel movlenebSi, magaliTad, eqimis ofisSi wasvlaSi,
an mSoblis mier dasjaSi, magram ise Sebrunebulad, rom maT bavSvi xelmZRvanelobs da
SeuZlia usiamovno gamocdileba gankargos (Piaget, 1945/1951).
dReisTvis piaJes Tvalsazrisi, rom iluziis TamaSi ubralod reprezentaciuli sqe-
mis Sesrulebaa, Zalian SezRudulad iTvleba. TamaSi aramarto asaxavs bavSvebis kog-
nitur da socialur unar-Cvevebs, aramed xelsac uwyobs maT. sociodramatuli TamaSi
srulyofilebad iqna Seswavlili. am qmedebebTan SedarebiT (magaliTad, xatva an mozai-
kis erTad awyoba), socialuri mibaZvisas skolamdelTa urTierTqmedeba ufro met xans
grZeldeba da ufro met monawileobas gulisxmobs, saqmianobaSi CarTulia ufro meti
bavSvi, romlebic ufro metad Tanasaqmianoben (Creasey, Jarvis & Berk, 1998).
roca am aRmoCenebs ganvixilavT, gasakviri ar iqneba, Tu im skolamdelebs, romle-
bic met dros atareben sociodramatul TamaSSi, maswavleblebi socialurad ufro kom-
petenturebad miiCneven (Connolly & Doyle, 1984). mravalma gamokvlevam ki gamoavlina,
 307

iluziis TamaSi aZlierebs mravalferovan mentalur SesaZleblobebs.

Tavisi yoveldRiuri STabeWdilebebis mdidari maragidan gamomdinare,
es bavSvi arCevans akeTebs supergmirsa da belads Soris.
© Ellen Senisi/The Image Works

rom iluziis TamaSi aZlierebs mravalferovan mentalur Sesa-

Zleblobebs, romlebSic Sedis mdgradi yuradReba, mexsiereba,
logikuri daskvnebi, metyveleba da wera-kiTxva, warmosaxva,
SemoqmedebiToba, emociebis wvdoma, da unari, asaxos Tavisi az-
rebi, SeCerebuli impulsebi, gaakontrolos Tavisi qcevebi da
SeiTvisos sxvisi TvalTaxedva (Bergen & Mauer, 2003; Berk, 2001a;
Elias & Berk 2002; Kavanaugh & Engel, 1998; Lindsey & Collwel, 2003;
Ruff & Capozzoli, 2003).
skolamdelTa 25-dan 45-mde procenti umetes dros ganmartoebul iluziis TamaSebs
uTmobs, qmnis warmosaxviT megobrebs _ Tavisebur gamogonil megobrebs, adamianur
Tvisebebs aniWebs maT. erTma skolamdelma bavSvma Seqmna natsi da natsi_ myvirala
Citebis wyvili, romelic misi saZinebeli oTaxis fanjris gareT cxovrobda. meore

codnis gamoyeneba
iluziis TamaSis xelovneba adreul bavSvobaSi
strategia aRwera

sakmarisi adgiliTa da saTamaSo adgilis sidide da saTamaSoebis siuxve mravali saxis TamaSis sa-
masalebiT uzrunvelyofa. Sualebas iZleva, rac konfliqtebs amcirebs.

Tvalyuri adevneT bavSvebis Ta­ moaxdineT reagireba, warmarTeT da daxveweT skolamdelTa Tama-
maSs da monawileobis miRebis ga­ Sis Temebi, roca isini daxmarebis saWiroebaze miganiSneben. Ses-
reSe gaakontroleT igi. TavazeT Ria daboloebis mqone winadadebebi (magaliTad, “moe-
wonebaT cxovelebs matareblis tareba?~) da esaubreT TamaSis
gmirebis azrebis, motivaciisa da emociebis Sesaxeb. Tavi SeikaveT
TamaSis warmarTvisgan; ufrosebis gadametebuli kontroli afu-
Webs iluziis TamaSis SemoqmedebiTobasa da xaliss.

SesTavazeT farTod mravalfe­ bavSvebi iyeneben realitur masalebs, magaliTad, satvirTo manqa-
rovani realisturi masalebi da nas, Tojinas, Cais, samaskarado tansacmelsa da saTamaSo scenebs
masalebi garkveuli funqciebis (saxli, ferma, garaJi, aeroporti), raTa TavianTi kulturis
gareSe. yoveldRiuri rolebi iTamaSon. garkveuli funqciis armqone ma-
salebi (magaliTad, kubebi, muyaos cilindrebi, qaRaldis parkebi
da qviSa) iseTi fantastikuri rolis saTamaSod waaxalisebs, ro-
goricaa mekobre da kosmosidan mosuli arseba.

darwmundiT, rom bavSvs aqvs realuri samyaros qmedebebSi ufrosebTan erTad monawileobisa
bev­ri mdidari STabeWdileba da ufrosis sazogadoebaSi adgilis SemCneva bavSvs mdidar so-
re­aluri samyarodan, rac xels cialur codnas miscems, raTa igi mibaZviT TamaSSi CarTos. tele-
uwyobs pozitiur fantaziur vizoris yurebis SezRudva, gansakuTrebiT Zaladobrivi Sinaar-
TamaSSi. sis programebisa, zRudavs im xarisxs, romliTac Zaladobrivi
Temebi da agresiuli saqcieli bavSvis TamaSis nawili gaxdeba (ix.
Tavi 15).
daexmareT bavSvebs socialuri sociodramatuli TamaSisTvis TanamSromloba Zalian mniS-
konfliqtis konstruqciul ga­ vnelovania. miiyvaneT bavSvebi TanatolebTan dadebiT urTierTo-
dawyvetaSi. bebamde uTanxmoebebis konstruqciulad mogvarebis saSualebiT.
magaliTad, hkiTxeT: “ra SegiZlia gaakeTo, yiraze gadasvla rom
mogindes?~ Tu bavSvi SesaZleblobebs ver moifiqrebs, SesTavazeT
ramdenime varianti da daexmareT maT ganxorcielebaSi.

wyaro: Berk, 2001a; Frost, Shin, & Jacobs, 1998; Vandenberg, 1998.
308

bavSvma gamoigona meibi (iqneb), cvalebadi sqesis adamiani, romlis gamoZaxebac ojaxis
saxlis wina karidan ZaxiliT SeiZleboda (Gleason, Sebanc & Hartup, 2000; Taylor, 1999).
warmosaxviTi megobrebis gamogoneba warsulSi gaucxoebis niSnad iTvleboda, magram
bolodroindeli gamokvlevebi am mosazrebas uaryofs. aseT uxilav megobrebis mqone
bavSvebi mzreunvelobiTa da siyvaruliT epyrobian. isini iluziis bevrad rTul TamaSs
aCveneben, warmatebiT igeben sxvebis mosazrebebs da ufro gulRiebi arian (Gleason 2002;
Taylor & Carlson, 1997).
skolamdelTa iluziiseli TamaSis gaZlierebisTvis qvemoTmoyvanili Cveni codna
gamoiyeneT. mogvianebiT kvlav davubrundebiT iluziis TamaSis sawyisebsa da Sedegebs
Semcvlel perspeqtivaSi, romelic vigotskis ekuTvnis.

naxatebi roca ferad fanqarsa da qaRalds aZleven, axladfexadgmuli bavSvebic

ki jRabnian sxvebis mibaZviT. roca skolamdelebs samyaros mentaluri gamoxatvis un-
ari ufarTovdeba, qaRaldze aRniSvnebi zust mniSvnelobas iZens. kognituri winsvla _
imis mixvedra, rom suraTebi SeiZleba simboloebad iqnes gamoyenebuli, gaumjobesebul
dagegmvasa da sivrcul aRqmasTan erTad _ gavlenas axdens bavSvTa naxatebis ganviTa-
rebaze (Colomb, 2004), amas xels uwyobs imis aRniSvnac, rom bavSvis kultura mxatvrul
gamoxatvas emyareba.

najRabnidan naxatebamde. Cveulebriv, xatva Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT umjobesdeba:

1. najRabnebi. Tavidan winaswar ganzraxul gamoxatvas bavSvis Jestebi ufro Seicavs,
vidre misi najRabni. magaliTad, 18 Tvis bavSvma feradi fanqari aiRo da mTel
furcelze irgvliv axtunava, riTic uamravi wertili dasva _ `kurdReli xtunva-
xtunviT midis.~ (Winner, 1986).
2. pirveli gamomxatvelobiTi formebi. 3 wlis bavSvebis najRabnebi naxatebad qcevas
iwyebs. xSirad es maSin xdeba, roca fanqris moZraobisas SeniSnaven, rom nacnobi
figura daxata da gadawyvets, saxeli daarqvas mas, rogorc bavSvma, romelmac

sqema 6.6
umcrosi asakis bavSvebis naxatebi: marcxniv naCvenebia universaluri Tavkombalaseburi figurebi, rom-
lebsac bavSvebi adamianis dasaxatad pirvelad iyeneben. Tavkombala male xdeba samagri iseTi mozrdili
Berk,Child vel
Deopment , 7th tion
edi
detalebisTvis,
Fig
ure6.6rogoricaa xelebi, qveda kidurebi TiTebi da saxis nakvTebi, wamozrdili sawyisi fig-
urisgan. skolamdeli
BCD06F06 asakis dasasrulisTvis bavSvebi qmnian ufro rTul, diferencirebul naxatebs, ro-
goricaa 6 wlis bavSvis naxati marjvena mxares. (Tavkombalebis naxatebi gamocemidan, H. Gardner 1980. Artful
Scribes: The Significance of Children’s Drawings. New-York: Basic Books, p.64. ibeWdeba Bsic Books HarperCollins Pub-
lishers ganyofilebis nebarTviT. eqvsi wlis bavSvis naxati statiidan E.Winners, August, 1986 `Where Pelicans
Kiss Seals~ `Psychology Today~, 20 (8), p.35. ibeWdeba Jurnal `Psychology Today~ nebarTviT. saavtoro ufleba 1986
Sassex Publishers Inc.)
 309

sqema 6.7
im 10-15 wlis bavSvebis naxatebi papua-axali gvneis jimi
velidan, romlebsac skolaSi ar uvliaT. maT sTxoves,
sicocxleSi pirvelad daexataT adamianebi. bevrma maT-
ganma asaxa gaugebari najRabnebi da figurebi (a), `joxise-
buri~ (b) an `konturuli~ figurebi (c). Tu maT Tavkombalas
dasavlur formas SevadarebT, jimi velis `joxisebur~ da
`konturul~ figurebs xelebi da fexebi aqvT gamokveTili,
sxva mxriv ki, am ufrosi bavSvebis namuSevrebi adreul
skolamdelTa naxatebs hgavs. (wignidan M. Martlew&K. J.
Connolly, 1996 `Human Figure Drawings by Schooled and Un-
schooled Children in Papua New Guinea~ Child Development, 67, pp.
2750-2751. The Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.
ibeWdeba nebarTviT).

furcelze ramdenime gaugebari aRniSvna gaakeTa, Tavisi najRabni atriebs miams-

gavsa da sakuTar qmnilebas `wiwilis Rvezeli atriebiT~ daarqva.
zogi 3 wlis bavSvi ase spontanurad xatavs, sxvebs ki SeuZlia Tqvan, ra aris asaxuli
maT naxatze. Tumca cdisas, roca ufrosi bavSvebTan TamaSs TamaSobda, romelSic nax-
atebi sagnebs aRniSnavda, 3 wlis bavSvebis umetesobam nacnobi figurebi daxata (Calla-
gan, 1999; Callagan & Rankin, 2002). roca ufrosebi bavSvebTan erTad xataven da naxatebsa
da sagans Soris msgavsebaze uTiTeben, skolamdelTa naxatebi ufro gaazrebuli da de-
taluri xdeba (Braswell & Callanan, 2003).
xatvis mTavari etapi dgeba maSin, roca sagnis sazRvrebis saCveneblad bavSvebi xaze-
bis gamoyenebas iwyeben. es 3-4 wlis bavSvebs saSualebas aZlevs, pirvelad daxaton ada-
miani. SexedeT Tavkombala gamosaxulebas _ mrgval figuras mixatuli xazebiT _ 6.6
sqemis marcxena mxares. es universaluri ramaa _ kargi motivisa da kognituri SezRud-
vebis gamo skolamdelebs figura dahyavT yvelaze ubralo formamde, romelic mainc
hgavs adamians. oTxi wlis bavSvebi iseT detalebs amateben, rogoricaa Tvalebi, cxviri,
piri, Tma, TiTebi da fexebi, rogorc Tavkombalebis naxatzea naCvenebi.
3.ufro realisturi naxatebi. naxatebSi TandaTanobiT ufro meti realizmi Cndeba,
roca aRqma, metyveleba (vizualuri detalebis aRweris saSualeba), mexsiereba da faq-
izi mamoZravebeli unar-Cvevebi umjobesdeba (Toomela, 2002). 5 da 6 wlis bavSvebi qmnian
ufro rTul naxatebs, rogoricaa 6.6 sqemis marjvena mxareze, romelic adamianebisa da
cxovelebis ufro gasarCev figurebs Seicavs Tavi tanisgan gancalkevebulia da xelebi
da fexebi Cans.
ufrosi skolamdelebis naxatebi jer kidev Seicavs perceptualur damaxinjebebs,
radgan maT es-es aris daiwyes siRrmis gadmocema (Brain da sxvebi, 1993). Sua bavSvobaSi
izrdeba siRrmis iseTi niSnebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa sagnebis gadafarva, Sors myofi
sagnebis axlo myofze ufro mcire zomebi, diagonaluri ganlageba da xazebis Sekreba
(Nicholls & Kennedy, 1992). xolo sagnebis gancalkevebis nacvlad (rogorc es 6.6 sqemazea),
ufrosi skolamdeli asakis bavSvebi maT organizebuli sivrculi wesiT akavSireben erT-
maneTTan (Case & Okamoto, 1996).

xatvis ganviTarebis kulturuli saxesxvaobebi. mdidari samxatvro tradiciebis

mqone kulturis warmomadgenel bavSvTa naxatebSi areklilia maTi kulturis Cvevebis
da ufro daxvewilia. im kulturebSi ki, romlebSic mxatvrobis mimarT interesi mcirea,
ufrosi asakis bavSvebic da mozardebic martiv formebs qmnian. jimi veli papua _ axa-
li gvineis mivardnili adgilia, sadac ar arsebobs adgilobrivi samxatvro xelovneba.
bevri bavSvi skolaSi ar dadis da amitom ara aqvs saSualeba, samxatvro ostatoba ganivi-
Taros. roca dasavlelma mkvlevarma jimi velis skolaSi uswavlel 10-15 wlis bavSvebs
sTxova, cxovrebaSi pirvelad daexataT adamainis gamosaxuleba, umetesobam gaugebari
najRabnebi da figurebi an, ubralod, `joxiseburi~ da `konturuli~ gamosaxulebebi
daxata (ix. sqema 6.7) (Martlew & Connolly, 1996). es formebi, romlebic skolamdelTa naxa­
tebs hgavs, xatvis universaluri dasawyisi unda iyos. rodesac bavSvebi xvdebian, rom
310

xazebisgan adamianis nakvTebi unda gamosaxon, isini iReben gadawyvetilebas, daxaton is,
rac kulturidan kulturamde icvleba, magram sayovelTaod mihyveba ganviTarebis adre
aRweril Tanmimdevrobas.

simbolur-realur samyaroTa kavSirebi rodesac gadawyvetilebas miiReben da

xatvas iwyeben _ da Caswvdebian gadmocemis iseT sxva formebs, rogoricaa fotoebi,
modelebi da rukebi _ skolamdelebma unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom TiToeuli simbolo
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis movlenaTa raime konkretul mdgomareobas Seesabameba. rodis
iwyeben bavSvebi simbolur da realur samyaroTa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebas?
erTi gamokvlevis dros 2,5 da 3 wlis bavSvebi uyurebdnen, rogor damala ufrosma
patara saTamaSo (patara ZaRli) oTaxis Semcirebul maketSi da bavSvebs misi moZebna
sTxoves. Semdeg maT sTxoves, epovaT oTaxSi damaluli didi saTamaSo (didi ZaRli), is-
eve, rogorc es maketSi iyo gakeTebuli. 3 wlamde asakis bavSvebis umetesobam didi saTa-
maSos namdvil oTaxSi mosaZebnad modelad maketi ver gamoiyena (DeLoache, 1987). umcro-
si asakis patara bavSvebs SeeqmnaT ormagi reprezentaciis siZnele _ isini simbolur
sagans, misi namdvili saxis garda, simbolos saxiTac xedavdnen. am aRweril kvlevaSi
2,5 wlis bavSvebi ver xvdebodnen, rom maketi SeiZleboda yofiliyo rogorc saTamaSo
oTaxi, aseve namdvili oTaxis simbolo. am mosazrebas isic amtkicebs, rom roca mkvleva-
rebma Seamcires maketis mniSvneloba, rogorc sagnisa, igi fanjris ukan dadges da bavS-
vebi maTTan Sexebas aarides, 2,5 wlis bavSvebis umetesobam moZebnis amocana warmatebiT
Seasrula (DeLoache, 2000, 2002b). gavixsenoT iluziis TamaSis adrindeli SemTxveva, roca
1,5 - 2 wlis bavSvebi ver iyeneben naTeli daniSnulebis mqone sagans (finjans) sxva sagnis
(qudis) aRsaniSnad.
rogor aRiqvamen bavSvebi maketebis, naxatebisa da sxva simboloebis ormag reprezen-
tacias? amaSi maT ufrosebis exmarebian _ roca ufrosebi miuTiTeben maketebisa da re-
aluri sivrceebis msgavsebaze, 2,5 wlis bavSvebi ukeT asruleben saTamaSo ZaRlis povnis
amocanas (Peralta De Mendoza & Salsa, 2003). amasTan erTad, simboluri da realuri sa-
myaros erTi saxis urTierTkavSirSi SeRweva skolamdelebs sxvebis aTvisebaSi exmareba.
magaliTad, adreul, daaxloebiT 1,5-2 wlis asakSi, bavSvebi naxatebsa da fotoebs sim-
boloebad miiCneven, radgan suraTis mizani imTaviTve raimes gamoxatvaa; TavisTavad is
maTTvis saintereso sagani ar aris (Preissler & Carey, 2004), xolo 3 wlis bavSvebi, romleb-
sac oTaxis maketis saSualebiT didi ZaRlis moZebna SeuZliaT, sakuTar wvdomas iolad
gardaqmnian martiv rukad (Martzolf & DeLoache, 1994).
amrigad, umcrosi asakis bavSvebs sxvadasxva saxis simboloebTan _ suraTebian wign-
Tan, fotoebTan, naxatebTan, iluziis TamaSebTan da rukebTan Sexeba imis gagebaSi ex-
mareba, rom erTi sagani SeiZleba meores aRniSnavdes (DeLoache, 2002a). asakis matebasTan
erTad, bavSvebi TandaTan midian iseTi sxvadasxva saxis simboloebis aRqmamde, romle-
bic ar SeiZleba fizikurad zustad hgavdes imas, rasac gamosaxavs (Liben, 1999) _ da am
dros ixsneba codnis uzarmazari samyaros karebi.

winaoperaciuli safexuris
SezRudvebi
reprezentaciis upiratesobebisgan gancalkevebiT, piaJem
skolamdeli asakis bavSvebi imis aRmniSvneli terminebiT aR-

roca bavSvebma sxvadasxvagvari simboloebi ician, maT imis gagebac

SeuZliaT, rom erTi sagani, magaliTad Citebis saxli, romelsac fotoze
gamosaxuli mama-Svili akeTebs, sxva saxlis, magaliTad, adamianebis
sacxovreblis simbolo iyos.
© Ariel Skelley/ CORBIS
 311

sqema 6.8

piaJes sami mTis problema. yoveli mTa danarCenebisgan gansxvavdeba

feriTa da mwvervaliT. erTs wverze wiTeli jvari adgas, meores _ pa-
tara saxli, mesamisa mwvervali ki TovliTaa dafaruli. winaoperaciuli
safexuris bavSvebis reaqcia egocentrulia. maT ar SeuZliaT aRiqvan
daboloeba Tojinis poziciidan. piriqiT, isini fotos maTi dgomis
adgilis poziciidan irCeven.

wera, risi wvdoma ufro ar SeuZliaT, vidre SeuZliaT (Bei-

lin, 1992). piaJes mixedviT, umcrosi asakis bavSvebs ara aqvT
operaciebis _ logikis kanonebs daqvemdebarebuli qmede-
bebis mentaluri reprezentaciis unari. piriqiT, maTi az-
rovneba mouqnelia, SezRudulia arsebuli mdgomareobis
erTi aspeqtiT da masze mxolod im dros mimdinare movle-
nebi moqmedebs. rogorc termini _ winaoperaciuli gviCvenebs, piaJem skolamdelebi
Seadara ufros, metad kompetentur bavSvebs, romlebic konkretul operaciul safex-
urze im­yofebian.
Berk,Child vel
Deopment
, 7th tion
edi
Fig
ure6.8
egocentruli da animisturi azrovneba piaJes azriT, BCD06F 08
winaoperaciuli azrov­
nebis yvelaze seriozuli deficiti, romelic yvela sxvas aRemateba, aris egocentriz­
mi _ sxvebis simboluri Tvalsazrisis sakuTarisgan garCevis uunaroba. mas sjeroda,
rom roca bavSvebi mentalurad pirvelad aRiqvamen samyaros, maT mxolod sakuTar
TvalTaxedvaze damyarebis tendencia aqvT. aqedan gamomdinare, hgoniaT, rom sxvebic
iseve aRiqvamen, fiqroben da grZnoben, rogorc TviTon.
egocentrizmis yvelaze damajerebeli piaJeseuli Cveneba sami mwvervalis problemaa,
romelic 6.8 sqemazea aRwerili. is aRniSnavda, rom egocentrizmi aris azrovnebiswina
stadiaSi bavSvebis animisturi azrovnebis mizezi _ imis rwmenisa, rom usulo sagnebs
cocxali arsebebis msgavsi Tvisebebi aqvs, magaliTad, fiqrebi, survilebi da gadaw-
yvetilebebi (Piaget, 1926/1930). rodesac 3 wlis bavSvebi, momxiblavad gvixsnian, rom mze
Rrublebs gauwyra da Sors gayara, amgvari msjelobis dadastutebaa. piaJes mixedviT,
imis gamo, rom umcrosi bavSvebi egocentrulad afaseben adamianTa miznebs fizikuri
movlenebis miarT, skolamdel bavSvTa azrovnebaSi jadosnuri elementebi farTod
aris gavrcelebuli.
piaJe amtkicebda, rom umcrosi asakis bavSvebis egocentruli midrekilebebi xels
uSlis mis akomodacias, anu maTi mcdari Sexedulebebis Secvlas. fizikuri da social-
uri samyaroebis sapasuxod. srulad rom SevafasoT es nakli, ganvixiloT ramdenime dam-
atebiTi amocana, romlebic piaJem bavSvebs misca.

konservaciis uunaroba piaJes cnobili konservaciis amocanebi winaoperaciuli

stadiaSi bavSvebis azrovnebis sxvadasxva saxis defeqtebs avlens. konservacia gamom-
dinareobs mosazrebidan, rom sagnebis garkveuli fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi ucvleli
rCeba, maSinac ki, roca maTi garegnoba icvleba. tipuri magaliTia siTxis konservaciis
problema _ bavSvs aCveneben or erTnair maRal Wiqas da ekiTxebian, aris Tu ara oriveSi
erTnairi raodenobis wyali. roca bavSvi eTanxmeba, rom es asea, wyals erT-erTi Wiqidan
dabal, farTo konteinerSi asxamen, riTic wylis garegnobas cvlian da ara raodenobas,
mere ki bavSvs ekiTxebian, wylis raodenoba igive darCa, Tu Seicvala. winaoperaciuli
safexurze myofi bavSvebi fiqroben, rom raodenoba Seicvala. isini ganmartaven: `axla
naklebia, radgan wyali aq ufro dabal doneze dgas~ (es asea, wylis done marTlac daba-
lia), an “axla metia, radgan is farTodaa gaSlili.~ 6.9 sqemaze naxavT konservaciis sxva
amocanebs, romlebic SegiZliaT scadoT da bavSvebs misceT.
winaoperaciul stadiaSi bavSvebis konservaciis uunaroba xazs usvams maTi azrov­
nebis ramdenime msgavs aspeqts. jer erTi, maTi aRqma centrirebiT xasiaTdeba, maT
mTeli yuradReba mdgomareobis erT aspeqtze gadaaqvT, sxva mniSvnelovan detalebs ki
 312

sqema 6.9 konservaciuli sawyisi cvlileba

piaJes ramdenime konserva- amocana mdgomareoba
ciuli amocana. winaoperaci- aris Tu ara orive rigSi Tanabari axla monetebis raodenoba orive
uli safexurze myof bavSvebs raodenobis monetebi? rigSi Tanabaria, Tu erT rigSi
konservacia jer ar SeuZliaT. meoreze metia?
es amocanebi TandaTanobiT dai- raodenoba IN

LIBERTY
GO
D W E TR
US
T
IN

LIBERTY
GO
D W E TR
US
T
IN

LIBERTY
GO
D W E TR
US
T
IN

LIBERTY
GO
D W E TR
US
T
IN

LIBERTY
GO
D W E TR
US
T
IN

LIBERTY
GO
D W E TR
US
T
IN

LIBERTY
GO
D W E TR
US
T

LIBERTY
IN
GO
D W E TR
US
T
IN

LIBERTY
GO
D W E TR
US
T

LIBERTY
IN
GO
D W E TR
US
T
IN

LIBERTY
GO
D W E TR
US
T
IN

LIBERTY
GO
D W E TR
US
T

Zleva konkretuli moqmedebebis IN

G O
D W E TR
US
T
IN
GO
D W E TR
US
T
IN
GO
D W E TR
US
T
IN
GO
D W E TR
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IN
GO
D W E TR
US
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IN
GO
D W E TR
US
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IN
GO
D W E TR
US
T
IN
GO
D W E TR
US
T
IN
GO
D W E TR
US
T
IN
GO
D W E TR
US
T
IN
G O
D W E TR
US
T
IN
GO
D W E TR
US
T

safexurze. dasavleTis qveynebSi

LIBERTY LIBERTY LIBERTY LIBERTY LIBERTY LIBERTY
LIBERTY LIBERTY LIBERTY LIBERTY LIBERTY LIBERTY

bavSvebi raodenobis, sigrZis, aris Tu ara am joxebis sigrZe axla ori joxi toli sigrZisaa,
masisa da siTxis konservacias, erTmaneTis toli? Tu erTi meoreze grZelia?
rogorc wesi, 6-7 wlis asakSi sigrZe
iZenen, xolo wonisas
_ 8-10 wlis asakSi. aris Tu ara orive burTulaSi axla orive saganSi Tanabari
Tixis Tanabari raodenoba? raodenobis Tixaa, Tu erTSi meoreze metia?
masa

aris Tu ara orive WiqaSi axla orive WiqaSi Tanabari raodeno-

Tanabari raodenobis wyali? bis wyalia, Tu erTSi meoreze metia?

siTxe

erTnairad wona aqvs Tu ara Tixis axla (bavSvis swori pasuxis dadasturebisTvis
erTnair orive burTulas? sasworze maTi xelaxla daudeblad) Tixis orive
grova erTnairi wonisaa, Tu erTi meoreze mZimea?
wona

uyuradRebod toveben. wylis konservaciis SemTxvevaSi bavSvma centrad wylis simaRle

miiCnia da ver SeZlo mimxvdariyo, rom simaRlis yvela cvlileba siganis cvlilebiT
kompensirdeboda. meorec, bavSvebi iolad ibnevian sagnebis warmodgeniTi garegnobiT.
Mmesame, wylis sawyissa da saboloo mdgomareobas bavSvebi daukavSirebel movlenebad
aRiqvamen da yuradRebas ar aqceven maT Soris dinamikur cvlilebas (wylis gadasxmas).
winaoperaciuli stadiis umniSvnelovanesi alogikuri Tviseba aris Seuqcevadoba.
Seqcevadoba _ problemis nabij-nabij midevnebisa da Semdeg mimarTulebis mentaluri
ukuqcevis unari sawyis wertilSi dabrunebiT _ yoveli logikuri moqmedebis nawilia.
wylis konservaciis SemTxvevaSi winaoperaciul safexurze myofma bavSvma warmodgenaSi
wyali Tavdapirvel konteinerSi ver gadaasxa da amitomac ver mixvda, rogor unda dar-
Ceniliyo raodenoba igive.

ierarqiuli klasifikaciis ararseboba logikuri qmedebebis unaris arqonis ga­

mo skolamdelebs siZneleebi eqmnebaT ierarqiul klasifikaciaSi _ sagnebis klasebad
da qveklasebad dajgufebaSi msgavsebebisa da gansxvavebebis mixedviT. 6.10 sqemaze asa­
xulia piaJes saxelganTqmuli klasis damatebis problema am SezRudvas gviCvenebs. wi-
naoperaciuli safexurze myofi bavSvebi centrad Warb fers (yviTels) miiCneven. isini
Seqcevadad ar fiqroben mTeli klasidan (yvavilebi) nawilebze (yviTeli da lurji) ga-
dasvliT da ukan dabrunebiT.

winaoperaciuli azrovnebis Semdgomi gamokvlevebi

wina sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi mkvlevarebma uaryves piaJes Tvalsazrisi skolam-
delTa kognituri defeqtis Taobaze. bevri piaJeseuli problema Seicavs ucxo element-
ebs an Zalian didi moculobis informacias, rac umcrosi asakis bavSvebisTvis erTbaSad
Zneli asaTvisebelia. amis Sedegad, skolamdelTa reaqcia xSirad ar asaxavs maT namdvil
SesaZleblobebs. piaJes aseve gamorCa skolamdelebis efeqturi daskvnebis bevri ma­
galiTi, romelic sinamdvileSi moxda. vnaxoT ramdenime maTgani.
 313

egocentrizmi marTla sjeraT mcirewlovan bavSvebs, yvavilebi

rom oTaxSi romelime sxva adgilas mdgomi adamiani imaves
xedavs, rasac isini? roca mkvlevarebi piaJes sami mwver-
valis amocanis xasiaTs cvlian, nacnob sagnebs amateben
da, naxatis SerCevis (romelic 10 wlis bavSvisTvisac ki Za-
lian rTulia) garda, sxva meTods iyeneben, 4 wlis bavSvebi
sxvebisTvis ukeTesi poziciis naTlad mixvedras avlend-
nen (Borke, 1975; Newcomb & Huttenlocher, 1992).
araegocentruli reaqciebi umcrosi asakis bavSvebis
konversaciebSic iCens Tavs. magaliTad, skolamdelebi Ta-
vianT nalaparakevs msmenelTa saWiroebebs argeben. oTxi
lurji yvavilebi yviTeli yvavilebi
wlis bavSvebi ufro mokle, ubralo gamoTqmebs iyeneben,
roca 2 wlis bavSvebs elaparakebian, vidre tolebTan an
ufrosebTan laparakisas (Gelman & Shatz, 1978). sagnebis sqema 6.10
aRwerisas bavSvebi aseve ar iyeneben iseT sityvebs, ro- piaJes klasis damatebis problema. bavSvebs 16
goricaa `didi~ da `patara~ mouqneli, egocentruli yvavili aCvenes, maTgan 4 lurji iyo, 12 ki _ yvi-
Teli. roca hkiTxes: `yviTeli yvavilebi metia, Tu
wesiT, piriqiT, isini konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT aswore- yvavilebi?~ winaoperaciuli asakis bavSvebma upa-
ben TavianT aRwerilobebs. 3 wlis bavSvebi 2-duimian fex- suxes: `yviTeli yvavilebi metia,~ ver moxvdnen,
sacmels pataras eZaxian, roca Tavad irgeben (radgan igi rom `yvavilebis~ kategoriaSi yviTeli yvavilebic
fexsacmelebis umetesobaze pataraa), magram dids erTi Sedis da lurjic.
bewo, 5-duimiani TojinisTvis (Ebeling & Gelman, 1994).
axlad fexadgmul bavSvebsac ki aqvT sxvaTa TvalTaxedvis garkveuli Sefaseba. aRd-
genili imitaciis ganxilvisas vnaxeT, rom maT sxvebis ganzraxvebis gamocnoba daiwyes.
xolo me-10 da me-11 TavebSi naxavT imis mtkicebulebas, rom umcrosi asakis bavSvebs sx-
vebis mentalur mdgomareobaze imaze gacilebiT meti warmodgena aqvT, vidre amas ego-
centrizmis piaJeseuli ganmarteba gulisxmobs. samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos,
rom Tavis gviandel naSromebSi piaJem (1945/1951) skolamdelTa egocentrizmi ufro
tendenciad aRwera, vidre uunarobad. roca TvalTaxedvis mixvedris Temas SevcvliT,
vnaxavT, rom igi TandaTan viTardeba bavSvobisa da mozardobis periodSi.

animisturi da jadosnuri azrovneba piaJe metismet mniSvnelobas aniWebda skol-

amdelTa animistur rwmenebs, radgan bavSvebs gamohkiTxa im sagnebis Sesaxeb, romelT-
agan maT mcire pirdapiri STabeWdileba darCaT, magaliTad, Rrublebi, mze da mTvare.
Cvilebmac ki daiwyes sulieris usulosgan garCeva, ro-
gorc amas gviCvenebs maT mier kategoriebis SesaniSnavi
mayureblebidan romeli bavSvi xvdeba, rom
garCeva cocxal da aracocxal sagnebad, 2,5 wlis asakisT- iluzionistis Zala triukebzea damokidebuli? mc-
vis bavSvebi fsiqologiur axsna-ganmartebas iZlevian irewlovani bavSvi gakvirvebuli da dabneuli Cans,
_ `mas ase moswons~ an `mas ase unda~ _ adamianebisa da ufros bavSvebs ki iluzionistis saqcielze ecine-
zogjer cxovelebisTvis, magram iSviaTad _ nivTebisTvis baT. 4-dan da 8 wlamde fizikuri kanonebisa da prin-
cipebis codnis zrdasTan erTad mcirdeba bavSvebis
(Hickling & Wellman, 2001). isini Secdomebs uSveben, roca
mier jadoqrobis dajereba. © J.Sohm/Image Works
zogi transportis, magaliTad, matareblisa da TviTmfri-
navis Sesaxeb gvekiTxebian. magram isini damoukideblad
moZravni Canan, rac sulieri arsebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTe-
belia, Tanac zogierTi cocxalis mgavsi Tviseba aqvT _
magaliTad, zemo Suqebi, romlebic Tvalebs waagavs (Gel-
man & Opfer, 2002). skolamdelTa reaqcia sagnebis arasru-
lyofili codnidan gamomdinareobs da ara imis rwmenis-
gan, rom usulo sagnebi cocxlebia.
aseTivea simarTle skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis sxva
fantastikuri rwmenebis Sesaxeb. 3 da 4 wlis bavSvebis
umetesobas feriebis, goblinebisa da sxva momxiblavi ar-
sebebis zebunebrivi SesaZleblobebisa sjera, amasTanave
uaryofen, rom jadoqars SeuZlia maT irgvliv Cveulebri-
 314

sqema 6.11 dayenebuli problema

analogiuri problemebi fizikuri
cvlilebebis Sesaxeb.
skolamdelebs uTxres, rom naxatebis morgebis : :: :
TamaSi unda eTamaSaT. Semdeg mkvlevarebma TiToeul
bavSvs oTxnaxatiani Tanmimdevrobis pirveli sami
?
naxati aCvenes, am magaliTSi _ doli, daWrili salam- (a) (b) (g) (d)
uri da vaSli _ da Tanmimdevrobis dasamTavreblad
xuTi sxvadasxva naxatidan erTis amorCeva sTxoves. pasuxebis arCevani
ramdenime mcdar pasuxs swori arCevanis niSnebi hqon-
da _ magaliTad, swori fizikuri cvlileba, magram
mcdari sagani (e) an swori sagani, magram mcdari fizi-
kuri cvlileba (f). 3 wlis bavSvebs SeuZliaT swori
fizikuri cvlileba swor saganTan daakavSiron da es
(e) (v) (z) (T)
problema gadaWran.

vi movlenebi Secvalos _ magaliTad, daxatuli sagani namdvilad aqcios (Subbotsky,

1994). amis nacvlad, isini fiqroben, rom ar SeuZliaT movlenaTa jadosnuri xasiaTis
axsna, rogorc am Tavis dasawyisSi 3 wlis semis mier mexis axsna jadosnobiT (Rozengren
& Hickling, 2000). ufro metic, 3 da 4 wlis bavSvebi fiqroben, rom fizikuri kanonebis
darRvevebs (kedelze siaruli) da mentaluri kanonebis darRvevebs (gafiqrebisTanave
televizorad qceva) ufro sWirdeba jadoqroba, vidre socialuri Cvevebis darRvevas
(fexsacmelebiT banaoba) (Browne & Woolley, 2004). es reaqciebi adasturebs, rom skolam-
delTa mier jadoqrobis aRqma moqnili da Sesabamisia.
4-dan da 8 wlamde asakSi fizikuri movlenebisa da principebis codnis matebasTan
erTad jadoqrobis rwmena klebulobs. bavSvebi xvdebian, sinamdvileSi vin dgas santa
klausisa da ferias ukan da imasac, rom iluzionistebis gmirobebi triukebis wyalobaa
da ara gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebisa (Subotski, 2004; Wooley da sxvebi, 1999). bavSvebs
am SemTxvevaSic ki moswons imis warmodgena, rom raRac, rasac isini Caifiqreben, Sei-
Zleba axdes, aseve, SeiZleba SeSfoTdnen saSiS ambebsa da koSmarebze. erT-erTi kvlevis
dros mkvlevarebma 4-6 wlis bavSvebs warmoadgenines, rom erT cariel ujraSi urCxuli
iyo, meoreSi ki saTamaSo. `saTamaSos~ ujra TiTqmis yvela bavSvma gamoaRo, `urCxulis~
ujras ki bevrma TiTic ar daakara, Tumca kargad icodnen, rom warmosaxva sinamdviled
ver iqceoda (Harris da sxvebi, 1991).
bavSvis mier fantastikuri mosazrebebis Tavidan amogdebis dro religiisa da kul-
turis mixedviT icvleba. magaliTad, ebraeli bavSvebi TavianT qristian Tanatolebze
adre xvdebian, rom santa klausi da feri ar arseboben. roca saxlSi aswavlian, rom santa
sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs, isini am damokidebulebas sxva jadosnur gmirebzec avrce-
leben (Wooley, 1997). xolo kulturuli gadmocemebi Canafiqris Sesaxeb _ magaliTad,
dabadebis dReze tortze sanTlebis anTebis win raimes Cafiqrebis Cveuleba _ SesaZloa,
emyareba 3-6 wlis bavSvebis rwmenas, rom sakuTari survilis asruleba mxolod Cafiqre-
biT SeiZleba (Wooley, 2000).

alogikuri azrovneba bevri kvlevisas xelaxla iqna Seswavlili is alogikuri

Tvi­sebebi, romlebic piaJem winaoperaciul safexurze SeamCnia. Sedegebma gviCvena, rom
skolamdelebi gamartivebul da maTi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Sesatyvis amocanebs ukeT
asrulebdnen, vidre piaJe moeloda.
magaliTad, roca ricxvTa Senaxvis amocanaSi eqvsis an Svidis nacvlad mxolod sami
Tema Sedioda, 3 wlis bavSvebi mas kargad asrulebdnen (Gelman, 1972), xolo roca skol-
amdelebs sagangebod SerCeuli sityvebiT ekiTxebian, ra emarTeba nivTierebebs (magali-
Tad, Saqars) wyalSi gaxsnis Semdeg, isini zust axsnas iZlevian. 3-5 wlis bavSvebis umete-
sobam icis, rom es nivTiereba inaxeba _ igi arsebobas ganagrZobs, radgan mas SeiZleba
gemo gavusinjoT da siTxes amZimebs, wyalSi kidec rom ar sCandes (Au, Sidle & Rollins, 1993;
Rosen & Rozin, 1993).
 315

skolamdelTa unari, axsnan cvlilebebi, aSkaraa sxva sakiTxebis

Seswavlis drosac. magaliTad, maT SeuZliaT analogis mixedviT axsnan
fizikuri cvlilebebi. rogorc 6.11 sqema gviCvenebs, rodesac maT prob-
lema gaacnes, unda gaiWras Tu ara doli iseve, rogorc vaSlia gaWrili,
3 wlis bavSvebic ki sxvadasxva variantebidan, r irCeven swor pasuxs om-
elTagan ramdenimes swori arCevanis msgavsi fizikuri Tvisebebi aqvs
(Goswami, 1996). es Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom nacnob konteqstSi skolam-
delebs aqvT garegnuli formis gadalaxvisa da logikuri azrovnebis
unari.
ufro metic, skolamdelebs mravalferovani mizez-Sedegobri-
vi kavSirebis aRqmis SesaniSnavi unaric aqvT. magaliTad, ician, rom
cxovelebis Signeuli manqanebis SigTavsisgan gansxvavdeba. marTalia,
maT Zalian mcired detalizebuli biologiuri an meqanikuri codna
aqvT, mainc xvdebian, rom cxovelis Signeuli pasuxismgebelia mizez-
Sedegobriv Tanmimdevrobaze (rogoricaa moZraobis survili), rac Seu-
Zlebelia aracocxali sagnebisTvis (Keil & Lockhart, 1999).
da bolos, 3 da 4 wlis bavSvebi logikur, mizezobriv gamoTqmebs, ro-
goricaa _) Tu-maSin da amitom sizustis imave xarisxiT iyeneben, ro- adreul asakSi bavSvebi kate-
gorc ufrosebi (McCabe & Peterson, 1988). alogikuri ganmarteba albaT goriebs ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis
mxolod maSin gvxvdeba, roca SeeCexebian ucnob Temebs, metismetad bevr mixedviT ufro qmnian, vidre
perceptualuri Tvisebebis gaT-
informacias an winaaRmdegobriv faqtebs, romlebTan Seguebac uWirT
valiswinebiT. raki icoda rom `di-
(Ruffman, 1999). nozavri civsisxliania~, am 4 wlis
biWma pterodaqtili (wina planze)
kategorizacia miuxedavad imisa, rom skolamdelebs siZneleebi dinozavrad ufro warmoidgina,
aqvT piaJes klasis damatebis amocanisas, maTi yoveldRiuri codna ad- vidre Citad, imis miuxedavad, rom
pterodaqtils frTebi aqvs da
reuli asakidanve SemWidroebul kategoriebad aris organizebuli.
frena SeuZlia.
pirveli wlis meore naxevrisTvis bavSvebs Camoyalibebuli aqvT sa- © Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit
myaros mravalferovani kategoriebi, rogoricaa `aveji~, `cxovelebi~,
`transporti~, `mcenareebi~ da `samzareulos mowyobiloba.~ aRsaniSna-
via, rom am kategoriebidan TiToeulSi iseTi sagnebi Sedis, romlebsac Zalian gansxvave-
buli aRqmiTi Tvisebebi aqvs. sagnebi erTad maTi saerTo bunebrivi saxeobis (cocxali
aracocxalis sapirispirod), funqciisa da qcevis gamo aris Tavmoyrili _ piaJes mtki­
cebis sawinaaRmdegod, rom mcirewlovanTa azrovneba mTlianad sagnebis garegnulo-
biT imarTeba. marTlac, 2-dan 5 wlamde bavSvebs swrafad gamoaqvT daskvnebi kategoriis
wevrebis saerTo uxilavi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, mas Semdeg, rac uTxres, rom
Citi Tbilsisxliania, xolo stegozavri (dinozavri) civsisxliani, skolamdeli asakis
bavSvebi askvnian, rom pterodaqtili (dinozavrebs miekuTneba)
civsisxliania, Tumca Cits Zalian hgavs.
adreul skolamdel asakSi saerTo kategoriebis diferen-
ciacia xdeba. bavSvebi ayalibeben bevr ZiriTadi donis katego-
rias, romlebic ganzogadebis Sualedur doneze dgas, magali-
Tad, `skamebi~, `magidebi~, `tansacmeli~ da `sawolebi~. sagnebis

sqema 6.12
skolamdelebisTvis naCvenebi warmodgeniTi cxovelebis kategoriebi.
roca mozrdilma maT gaacno cxovelebis niSan-Tvisebebis mixedviT
dajgufebis Teoria– `saCxubrad gamzadebuli~ da `xeebze dasamalad
gamzadebuli~ _ 4 wlis bavSvebma iolad daajgufes cxovelebis axali
egzemplarebi, mxolod erTi an ori niSan-Tvisebis mixedviT. skolamdelebma
kategoriebi Teoriis gareSe ver daimaxsovres. Teoriebi ZiriTadi maxasi-
aTeblebis Sesaxeb adreul bavSvobaSi mravali kategoriis Camoyalibebis
safuZvelia. (wignidan R. M. Kraskum&S. Endrews, 1998 `The Effects og Theories
on Children’s Acquisiiton of Family-Resemblance Categories~ Child Development, 69,
p.336. The Society for Research in Child Development. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.)
316

daxarisxebis amocanis Sesruleba gviCvenebs, rom mesame an meoTxe wlisTvis skolam-

delebi Tavisuflad moZraoben ukan da win ZiriTad donesa da aRmatebul kategoriebs
Soris, magaliTad `aveji~ (Blewitt, 1994). amasTanave, ZiriTadi donis kategoriebs qve-
kategoriebad Slian, magaliTad, `wveulebis skamebi~ da `saweri magidis skamebi~. roca
Seiswavles kargad ganviTarebuli metyvelebis mqone bavSvis magaliTi, romelmac 2
wlis asakisTvis Citebis mimarT gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoiCina, aRmoCnda, rom mas
Camouyalibda Citebis sferos ierarqiuli aRqma, romelSic Sedioda iseTi ZiriTadi
donis kategoriebi da qvekategoriebi, rogoricaa `wylis Citebi~ (`ixvebi~ da `gedebi~),
`xmeleTis Citebi~ (`mamlebi~ da `indaurebi~) da `sxva Citebi~ (`lurjyelebi~, `kardina-
lebi~ da `Toliebi~) (Mervis, Pan & Pan, 2003). am biWis kategoriebis struqtura ar hgavda
mozrdilTa umetesobisas, magram namdvilad ierarqiuli iyo.
skolamdelebis sityvaTa maragisa da zogadi codnis swrafi gafarToeba xels uwyobs
kategorizaciisas maTi aRqmis daxvewas. samyaros ukeT Seswavlis kvaldakval isini Sei-
muSaveben Teoriebs kategoriis wevrebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, rac axali
magaliTebis identificirebaSi exmareba (Gelman & Koenig, 2003). magaliTad, maT ician, rom
cxovelebs aqvszogi fizikuri Tvisebisa da qcevis Tandayolili potenciali, rac maT
saxeobriobas ganapirobebs. bevr informacias iReben bavSvebi ufrosTa ganmartebebiTac.
erT-erTi kvlevisas mkvlevarebma cxovelebi or kategoriad dayves: erTSi moxvedrilebs
rqebi, javSani da wvetiani kudi hqondaT, xolo meoreSi _ frTebi, didi yurebi, grZeli
klanWebi da maimuniviT kudi (ix. sqema 6.12). 4 wlis bavSvebma, romlebsac auxsnes, ra gare-
gnuli niSnebis mixedviT unda moxvedriliyvnen erTad cxovelebi _ pirvel kategoriaSi
Sediodnen `saCxubrad momzadebulebi~, meoreSi ki `xeebze dasamalad momzadebulebi~
_ iolad daajgufes cxovelebis axali magaliTebi. im oTxi wlis bavSvebma, romlebsac
ubralod CamouTvales cxovelTa Tvisebebi an TiToeuli calkeuli Tvisebis funqciis
Sesaxeb uTxres, kategoriebis damaxsovreba ver SesZles (Krascum & Endrews, 1998).
amgvarad, skolamdelTa kategoriebis sistemebi ar aris iseTi rTuli, rogorc ufro-
si asakis bavSvebis an mozrdilebisa. magram araTvalsaCino Tvisebebisa da ierarqiuli
wesis safuZvelze klasificirebis SesaZlebloba adreul bavSvobaSi ukve arsebobs.

garegnoba da sinamdvile vnaxeT, rom skolamdelebi SesaniSnavad msjeloben

aqvT, roca nacnobi mdgomareobisa da gamartivebuli problemebis winaSe imyofebian. ra
xdeba, roca isini xvdebian sagnebs, romlebsac ori arsi aqvT: namdvili da garegnuli?
SeuZliaT maT sinamdvile garegnobisgan gaarCion? gamokvlevaTa seriis dros jon fla-
velma da misma kolegebma bavSvebs iseTi sagnebi gaacnes, romlebic sxvadasxva saxiT iyo
SeniRbuli da TiToeuli maTganis Sesaxeb hkiTxes `ras hgavs~ da `sinamdvileSi ra aris.~
skolamdelebs pasuxi gauZneldaT. magaliTad, roca hkiTxes, sanTeli, romelic fanqars
hgavs, `sinamdvileSi~ fanqaria Tu ara, an kvercxismagvari qva `sinamdvileSi~ kvercxia
Tu ara isini xSirad pasuxobdnen `diax!~ am saxis amocanebs bavSvebi 6 an 7 wlis asakamde
kargad ver asruleben (Flavel, Grin & Flavel, 1987).
magram umcrosi asakis bavSvebis warmodgenis mwiri unari mTlianad garegnobis
sinamdvilisgan gansxvavebis sirTuliT ar aris gamowveuli, rogorc es piaJes egona. es
siZnele ufro am amocanebis eniT aris gamowveuli (Deak, Ray & Brenneman, 2003). roca
garegnoba = sinamdvilis problemis usityvod, sagnebis rigidan konkretuli Tvise-
bebis mqoneTa gamorCeviT gadaWris neba darTes, 3 wlis bavSvebis umetesobam es amocana
warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi(Sapp, Li & Muir, 2000).
es Sedegebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom skolamdelebi garegnoba = sinamdvilis gansxvavebis
Sefasebas daaxloebiT sicocxlis mesame wlis ganmavlobaSi iwyeben. gaiTvaliswineT,
rogor exmianeba es im unar-Cvevebs, romlebic adre ganvixileT: ormagi reprezentacia
_ imis aRqma, rom sagani SeiZleba erTi ram iyos (sanTeli), magram sxvas gamoxatavdes
(fanqars). Tavidan bavSvebis aRqma mainc faqizia. roca helouinis niRbis Camocmis Sem-
deg umcrosi asakis skolamdelebi sakuTar Tavs sarkeSi naxaven, SeiZleba daeWvdnen da
SeSindnen kidec. saskolo asakamde bavSvebi mTlianad ver aRiqvamen bevri ramis arar-
ealurobas, rasac televiziiT xedaven. garegnoba = sinamdvilis amocanis kargi sityv-
 317

ieri Sesruleba ufro damajerebel aRqmaze miuTiTebs da warmosaxviTi SesaZleblo-

bebis Semdgom gaviTarebasTanaa dakavSirebuli (Bialystok & Senman, 2004).

winaoperaciuli safexuris Sefaseba

niSnulebis cxrilSi adreuli bavSvobis kognituri miRwevebis mimoxilvaa moce-
mulia. SeadareT isini winaoperaciuli asakis bavSvis piaJeseul aRweras. rogor unda
davadginoT winaaRmdegobebi piaJes daskvnebsa da momdevno kvlevebis Sedegebs Soris?
monacemebi mTlianobaSi gviCvenebs, rom mcirewlovani bavSvebis kognituri SesaZle-
blobebis SefasebaSipiaJe nawilobriv cdeboda, iyo marTali. nacnob STabeWdilebebze
damyarebuli gamartivebuli amocanebis micemisas skolamdelebi logikuri azrovnebis
sawyisebs avlenen.
skolamdelebs aqvT garkveuli logikuri aRqmebi, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom isini Tan-
daTan euflebian operaciul msjelobas. droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi sul ufro mzard
mentalur midgomas eyrdnobian problemebis gadasaWrelad. magaliTad, bavSvebi, rom-
lebic Tvlas ar iyeneben nivTebis ori kompleqtis Sesadareblad, cifrebs ar imaxsovre-
ben (Sophian, 1995). roca skolamdeli bavSvebi Tvlas swavloben, isini am SesaZleblobas
cifrebis konservaciis amocanebisTvis mxolod ramdenime sakiTxis CarTviT iyeneben.
Semdeg, roca Tvlas aumjobeseben, problemebis mimarT strategiebs sakiTxebis damate-
biT amdidreben. 6 wlis asakSi isini xvdebian, rom cifri gardaqmnis Semdegac igive rCeba,
Tu mas araferi daemateba an daakldeba. aqedan gamomdinare, maT pasuxis Sesamowmeblad
gadaTvla aRar sWirdebaT. es Tanmimdevroba gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebma aRqmis ramdenime
faza gaiares, Tumca saskolo asakamde konservacias srulad ver euflebian (rogorc
piaJe miuTiTebda).
monacemebi, rom logikuri operaciebi TandaTanobiT viTardeba, piaJes safexurebis kon-
cefciis kidev erTi uaryofaa, radgan igi 6-7 wlis asakSi mkveTr cvlilebas iTvaliswinebs.
miuxedavad im Tvalsazrisisa, rom mcirewlovan bavSvebs ganviTarebis didi gza aqvT ga­
savleli, kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom maT gacilebiT meti unari aqvT, vidre piaJes egona.

hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs

gaimeoreT piaJes winaoperaciuli safexuris Semdegi Tvisebebidan: egocentrizmi, per-
cefciul garegnobaze koncentrireba, gardaqmnis aRqmis sirTule da ier-
arqiuli klasificirebis arqona, SearCieT ori. moiyvaneT is monacemebi,
romelTa safuZvelze piaJe askvnida, rom skolamdelebi am mxriv defeqture-
bi arian. daasabuTeT, rom piaJem srulad ver Seafasa skolamdelTa kogni-
turi unari.
gamoiyeneT 4 wlis uili saxlSi mixvda, rom samTvliani velosipedi cocxali ar aris da
TavisiT moZraoba ar SeuZlia. kidev, roca uili ojaxTan erTad saTevzaod
wavida da mamam hkiTxa: `ratom fiqrob, rom mdinare sigrZiv miedineba?~ uilma
upasuxa: `imitom, rom igi cocxalia da rac unda imas akeTebs.~ riTi aixsneba
aseTi winaaRmdegoba uilis msjelobaSi?
daakavSireT rodis xvdebian bavSvebi, rom oTaxis Semcirebuli maketi namdvil oTaxs asax-
avs? rodis swvdebian isini saxecvlili sagnebis namdvil da garegnul iden-
turobas (rogoricaa kvercxis msgavsi dawinwkluli qva)? ra kognitur unars
warmoaCens orive miRweva?
imsjeleT gyavdaT Tu ara mcirewlovan asakSi warmosaxviTi megobari? Tu gyavdaT, ro-
gori iyo da ratom gamoigoneT igi? mSoblebma icodnen Tqveni megobris Ses-
axeb? ra damokidebuleba hqondaT amasTan?
318

niSnulebi
adreuli bavSvobis
zogierTi kognituri miRweva
miaxloebiTi asaki kognituri miRwevebi
2 – 4 weli avlens mkveTr da mniSvnelovan zrdas gamomxatvelobiT qmedebeb-
Si, rac Tavs iCens metyvelebis, iluziis TamaSis, xatvisa da ormagi
reprezentaciis aRqmis dros.
aRiqvams sxvebis xedvas gamartivebul, nacnob mdgomareobaSi da yovel-
dRiur, pirispir urTierTobebSi.
ganasxvavebs sulier da usulo sagnebs; aRar sjera, rom jadosnobas
SeuZlia yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis Secvla.
axdens sagnebis kategorizacias saerTo bunebis, funqciisa da qce-
vis mixedviT da amuSavebs ideebs kategoriis wevrTa saerTo ZiriTadi
Tvisebebis mixedviT.
axarisxebs nacnob sagnebs ierarqiulad organizebul kategoriebad.
arCevs garegnuls sinamdvilisgan.

4 – 7 weli sul ufro metad xvdeba, rom iluziis TamaSi (da sxva azrovnebiTi pro-
cesebi) reprezentaciuli moqmedebaa.
feriebis, goblinebisa da molodinis gamcruebeli movlenebis jados-
nurobis rwmenas marTebuli ganmartebebiT cvlis.
wyvets sityvier garegnoba – sinamdvilis problemebs, avlens ufro
saimedo aRqmebs.

SeniSvna: es niSnulebi gamoxatavs srul asakobriv tendenciebs. individualuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs zustad im
asakSi, romelsac TiToeuli niSnuli miekuTvneba.
fotoebi: zeviT © Ellen B. Senis/The Image Works; (qveviT) © Peter Hvizdak/The Image Works

konkretuli operaciuli safexuri:

7-dan 11 wlamde
piaJes mixedviT, konkretuli operaciuli safexuri, romelic daaxloebiT 7-dan
11 wlamde grZeldeba, kognituri ganviTarebis mTavari gardamtexi momentia. azrovneba
ufro metad logikuri, moqnili da mowesrigebulia, vidre adre, gacilebiT hgavs mozr-
dilebis msjelobas, vidre umcrosi asakis bavSvebis SemTxvevaSi iyo.

konkretuli operaciuli a zrovneba

konkretuli operaciebi aSkarad Cans saskolo asakis bavSvebis mier piaJes mraval-
ferovani amocanebis Sesrulebisas. ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT es sxvadasxvagvari
miRwevebi.

konservacia konservaciuli amocanebis gadalaxvis unari operaciebis naTel da-

dasturebas iZleva. magaliTad, siTxis konservaciisas bavSvebi amtkiceben, rom misi
raodenoba ar Secvlila da mzad arian, mogvcen daaxloebiT aseTi ganmarteba: “wyali
 319

damoklda, magram samagierod gafarTovda. ukan gadaasxiT da naxavT, rom

imdenivea.~ naxeT, rogor awonasworebs am pasuxisas bavSvi amocanis ram-
denime aspeqts, erTze centrirebis nacvlad. ufrosi asakis bavSvebi de-
centracias iwyeben da xvdebian, rom wylis erTi aspeqtis (simaRlis) cv-
lileba meore aspeqtis (siganis) cvlilebiT anazRaurdeba. es ganmarteba
gviCvenebs Seqcevadobasac –sawyis konteinerSi wylis dabrunebis war-
modgenis unars, rac konservacias adasturebs.

klasifikacia 7 -dan da 10 wlamde asakSi bavSvebi piaJes klasis dam-

atebis problemas wyveten. es gviCvenebs, rom isini ukeT erkvevian kla-
sifikaciur ierarqiaSi da SeuZliaT erTdroulad yuradReba dauTmon
kavSirebs zogad da or konkretul kategorias Soris _ anu erTbaSad sam
urTierTkavSirs (Hodges & French, 1988; Ni, 1998). koleqciebis _ markebis,
monetebis, qvebis, boTlis Tavsaxuraveebisa da sxv. Segroveba _ Sua bavS-
vobisas yvelas gataceba xdeba. erTi Cemi nacnobi aTi wlis biWi saaTobiT
undeboda did yuTSi Calagebuli beisbolis baraTebis daxarisxebasa da
gadaxarisxebas. jer ligebisa da maTi wevri gundebis mixedviT awyobda,
mere _ moTamaSeebis adgilisa da mortymaTa saSualo raodenobebis
mixedviT. mas SeeZlo moTamaSeebi sxvadasxva klasebad da qveklasebad piaJeseul konkretuli
daeyo da mere isev gaeerTianebia. operaciuli azrovnebis safex-
urze skolis asakis bavSvebi
konkretuli sagnebis Sesaxeb
seriacia raodenobrivi ganzomilebebis, magaliTad, sigrZisa da mowesrigebulad da logikurad
wonis gaswvriv sagnebis ganlagebis unars seriacia ewodeba. masze gamo- fiqroben. es 8 wlis biWi xvdeba,
sacdelad piaJem bavSvebs sTxova, sxvadasxva sigrZis joxebi mokledan rom zazuna sasworis erT mx-
areze imave simZimisaa, rogori-
grZelisken TanmimdevrobiT daelagebinaT. ufros skolamdelebs Seu-
sac liTonis sawonebi meore
ZliaT rigebad daawyon, magram amas areulad akeTeben da uSveben bevr Sec- mxares, imis miuxedavad, rom ori
domas, romelTa gamosworebaze bevr dros kargaven. maTgan gansxvavebiT, sxvadasxva saxis sagani erTmane-
6-7 wlis bavSvebi mowesrigebuli gegmiT xelmZRvaneloben. isini rigebs Tisgan sakmaod gansxvavebulad
gamoiyureba.
gonivrulad awyoben, iwyeben yvelaze pataraTi, mere sididiT momdevnos
© Tim Davis/Photo Researchers, Inc.
iReben da ase Semdeg, vidre dawyoba ar damTavrdeba.
konkretuli operaciuli asakis bavSvs gonebrivi seriaciac SeuZlia.
am unars tranzituli inferencia ewodeba. tranzituli inferenciis kargad cnobil
problemis Seswavlisas piaJem bavSvebs daavala sxvadasxva ferad SeRebil joxebis aw-
yvilebda. roca xedaven, rom A joxi B- joxze grZelia, xolo B joxi ki _ C jox-ze grZe-
li, bavSvebma unda daaskvnan, rom A C-ze grZelia. naTelia, rom es amocana,
piaJeseul klasis damatebis amocanis msgavsad, aerTianebs erTbaSad sam
urTierTkavSirs _ A-B, B-C, A-C. roca mkvlevarebi zomebs iReben, raTa
bavSvebma mocemuloba danamdvilebiT daimaxsovron (A-B da B-C), 7-8 wlis
bavSvebs SeuZliaT Caswvdnen tranzitul inferencias (Andrews & Halford,
1998; Wright & Dowker, 2002).

sivrculi msjeloba piaJem aRmoaCina, rom skolis asakis bavSvebi

sivrces ufro ukeTesad aRiqvamen, vidre skolamdelebi. moviyvanT or
magaliTs _ mimarTulebebisa da rukebis aRqmis Sesaxeb.

mimarTulebebi. roca sxva adamianis marcxniv an marjvniv mdebare sa-

gnis dasaxele­ba sTxoves, 5-6 wlis bavSvebma zustad ver upasuxes, isini

kategorizaciis gaumjobesebuli unari bavSvobis Sua periodSi safuZvlad udevs

interess sagnebis Segrovebisadmi. es ufrosi saskolo asakis bavSvebi beisbolis ba-
raTebs axarisxeben da klasebisa da qveklasebis struqturas SeimuSaveben.
© Bob Daemmrich/The Image Works
 320

referenciis sakuTar CarCos iyeneben; 7-8 wlisani ukve iwyeben menta-

luri rotaciebis ganxorcielebas, romlis drosac sakuTar CarCos
sxva adgilas myof adamians usadageben. amis Sedegad maT SeuZliaT
amoicnon marcxena an marjvena mxare im poziciebisTvis, romelic maT
ar uWiravT (Roberts & Aman, 1993). 8-10 wlis bavSvebs SeuZliaT naTeli,
kargad mowesrigebuli mimarTulebebis mocema, rogor unda miaRwio
erTi adgilidan meoremde “mentaluri siarulis~ strategiis gamoy-
enebiT, romlis drosac isini marSrutis gaswvriv sxva piris moZraobas
warmoidgenen (Gauvain & Rogoff, 1989). eqvsi wlis bavSvebi ukeT mowes-
rigebul mimarTulebebs mas mere iZlevian, roca marSruts Tavad gaiv-
lian an am marSrutze sagangebod gaatareben. sxva SemTxvevaSi maT yu-
radReba saboloo wertilze gadaaqvT iq misaRwevi gzis zusti aRweris
gareSe (Plompert da sxvebi, 1994).

kognituri rukebi. bavSvebisTvis nacnobi didi masStabis sivr-

es meoTxeklaseli, rukis ceebis, magaliTad, samezoblos an skolis mentalur reprezentacias
Sedgenisas, romelzec misi samezob- kognituri ruka hqvia. didi masStabis sivrceebis daxatva garkveuli
los sruli sqemaa, niSnulebsa da
perspeqtivis warmodgenis Cvevas moiTxovs, radgan mTeli sivrcis
mogzaurobis marSrutebs urTierT-
dakavSirebulad warmoadgens. erTbaSad danaxva SeuZlebelia (Piaget & Inhelder, 1948/1956). bavSvebma
© David Young Wolff/PhotoEdit mTeli gegma calkeuli nawilebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebiT unda war-
moidginon.
skolamdelebi da umcrosi saskolo asakis bavSvebi Tavis Sedgenil
rukebze niSnulebs svamen, magram maTi adgilsamyofeli danawevrebu-
lia. roca maT sTxoven, rom saklaso oTaxis rukaze merxebisa da adamianebis ganlageba
aRniSnon qinZisTavebiT, amas ukeT asruleben. magram Tu ruka, saklaso oTaxis garda,
sxva orientiriskenaa mimarTuli, qinZisTavebis dasmisas siZnele warmoeqmnebaT (Liben &
Downs, 1993). bavSvebi mbrunav rukas oTaxSi damaluli sagnis mosaZebnad ukeT iyeneben,
roca adgilmdebareoba TvalsaCinoa magaliTad, ZaRlis saxes iRebs, konturis (ix. sqema
6.13). rukaze nimuSis Cveneba bavSvebs exmareba imsjelon da analogiiT mobrunebul ru-
kaze adgilmdebareoba oTaxisas daamTxvion (Uttal da sxvebi, 2001).
dawyebiT klasebSi rukebi ufro Tanamimdevruli xdeba _ bavSvebi niSnulebs mogza-
urobis organizebuli marSrutis gayolebiT svamen _ es miRweva mimarTulebis micemis
gaumjobesebas hgavs. saSualo saskolo asakis bolosTvis bavSvebs didi sivrcis sruli
konfiguracia uyalibdeba, romlis drosac niSnulebi da marSrutebi erTmaneTTan aris
dakavSirebuli (Newcombe, 1982). isini ukve iolad adgenen rukebs, romlebzec rukis
orientacia da mis mier gamoxatuli sivrce erTmaneTs ar emTxveva (Liben, 1999).

sqema 6.13 5
(a)
swori Zebnis saSualo raodenoba

xuTi wlis bavSvebi oTaxSi damalu-

li sagnebis mosaZebnad mobrunebul 4
rukas iyeneben. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
(a) rukis wertilebi SeerTebulia
3
TvalsaCino nimuSiT – ZaRlis kon-
turiT. meore SemTxvevaSi (b) rukis (b)
2
wertilebi SeerTebuli ar aris. im
rukiT, romelzec ZaRlis konturi
iyo gamosaxuli, Zebna ufro sworad 1
warimarTa, vidre ukonturo rukiT.
rogorc Cans, TvalsaCino nimuSi bavS- 0
vebs daexmara, mobrunebuli rukidan ZaRlis ukonturo
gamoeyenebinaT oTaxis wertilebis konturiani ruka
ruka
analogia.
 321

bavSvebis mier rukis Sedgenaze, kognituri ganviTarebis garda, kulturuli sisteme-

bic axdens gavlenas. bevr aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi adamianebi gzis gasakvlevad ru-
kas iSviaTad iyeneben. informaciis umTavresi alternatiuli wyaroa mezoblebi, quCis
gamyidvelebi da meduqneebi. amasTan dasavlel TanatolebTan SedarebiT, aradasavleli
bavSvebi manqaniT naklebad dadian, ufro fexiT siaruli uwevT, ris gamoc mTel samezob-
los kargad icnoben. roca mkvlevarebma indoeTisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis pa-
tara qalaqebSi mcxovreb 12 wlis bavSvebs maTi samezoblos rukebi Seadgenines, indoel-
ma bavSvebma niSnulebisa da socialuri aspeqti warmoaCines, magaliTad, adamianebi da
transporti, romelic maTi saxlis axlo iyo. amerikelma bavSvebma ki, piriqiT, mTavari
quCebi da ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi (CrdiloeTi _ samxreTi, aRmosavleTi _ dasavleTi)
wamoswies win, magram cota niSnuli da Strixi CarTes (ix. sqema 6.14) (Parameswaran, 2003).
amerikeli bavSvebis rukebis kognituri simwifis kuTxiT ufro maRali qulebiT Sefasda,
magram kulturuli mniSvneloba, romelsac bavSvebi amocanas aniWebdnen, am gansxvave-
biT iangariSeboda. roca sTxoves, rukebi `gzis gagnebaSi adamianebis dasaxmareblad~
daemzadebinaT, indoelma bavSvebma rulebis egzemplarebi iseve mravlismomcvelad da
mowesrigebulad gaakeTes, rogorc amerikelebma.

konkretuli operaciuli safexuris SezRudvebi

rogorc am safexuris dasaxeleba gviCvenebs, konkretuli operaciuli safexuris az-
rovnebas erTi mniSvnelovani SezRudva aReniSneba: bavSvebi mowesrigebulad da logi-
kurad mxolod maSin fiqroben, roca saqme aqvT konkretul informaciasTan, romelic
SeuZliaT uSualod SeigrZnon. maTi mentaluri operaciebi cudad muSaobs abstraqtul
ideebTan, romlebic realur samyaroSi xelSesaxebi ar aris. amis kargi magaliTia bavS-
vebis mier tranzituli daskvnebis problemis gadaWra. roca ramdenime sxvadasxva sig-
rZis joxs aCveneben, 8 wlis bavSvebi swrafad xvdebian, rom Tu A joxi B jox-ze ufro
grZelia, xolo B joxi ki C jox-ze, maSin A joxi C jox-ze grZeli yofila. maT didi
siZnele eqmnebaT, roca am saxis hipoTezur amocanas aZleven, magaliTad: `suzani sal-
ize maRalia, sali ki _ merize. vin yofila yvelaze maRali?~ am problemas bavSvebi 11-12
wlis asakamde ver wyveten.
konkretuli operaciuli azrovnebis gansakuTrebuli Tvisebis axsnaSi gvexmareba
is, rom logikuri azrovneba Tavidan uSualod arsebul mdgomareobebzea mibmuli. Se-
giZliaT SeamCnioT, rom saskolo asakis bavSvebi piaJeseul konkretul operaciul
amocanebs iTviseben TandaTanobiT da ara erTbaSad. magaliTad, isini, Cveulebriv, ci-
frebis konservaciiT iwyeben, amas sigrZe, siTxe da masa mohyveba, mere ki _ wona. logi-

sqema 6.14
indoeTsa da amerikis SeerTebuli
StatebSi mcxovrebi 12 wlis bavSvebis Sed-
genili rukebi. (a) indoelma bavSvma Tavisi
saxlis axlos socialuri cxovrebis bevri
niSnuli da niSan=Tviseba daitana. (b)
amerikelma bavSvma daitana ufro farTo
are, gamoyo mTavari quCebi da ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebi, magram cota niSnuli da
adamiani aRniSna. (wignidan G. Parameswaran,
2003, “`xperimenter Instructions as a Media-
tor in the Effects of Culture on Mapping One’s
Neighborhood,~ Journal of Environmntal
Psychology, 23,pp. 415-416. 2003 Elsevier Ltd.
ibeWdeba nebarTviT.)

(a) (b)
 322

kuri azrovnebis am TandaTanobiTi daxvewis aRsaniSnavad piaJe

horizontalur dekalaJs (rac safexuris SigniT ganviTarebas niS-
navs) uwodebda. horizontaluri dekalaJi konkretul operaciul
safexurze myofi bavSvebis abstraqciis siZneleebsac gviCvenebs.
saskolo asakis bavSvebi saerTo logikur principebamde ver adian,
raTa Semdeg isini Sesaferis situaciaSi gamoiyeneon. rogorc Cans,
isini logikas yvela problemisTvis gancalke­vebulad amuSaveben.

konkretuli operaciuli azrovnebis

Semdgomi gamokvleva
piaJes Tanaxmad, tvinis ganviTarebam mdidari da mravalferovani
gare samyaros aRqmasTan erTad, bavSvebi yvelgan da yovelTvis
samxreT meqsikaSi mcxovrebi
sinakantekos indielTa tomis es gogona konkretul operaciul safexurze unda aiyvanos. magram ukve vnax-
TiTistariT qsovis saukunovan saqmes eT, rom kultura uzarmazar zemoqmedebas axdens bavSvebis mier
swavlobs. marTalia, Crdiloamerikeli amocanis Sesrulebaze, aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania saskolo gana-
bavSvebi ukeT arTmeven Tavs piaJeseul Tlebasac (Rogoff, 2003; Rogoff & Chavajay, 1995).
amocanebs, sinakantekos bavSvebi bevrad tomobriv da sasoflo sazogadoebebSi konservacia xSirad Sey-
dawinaurebulebi arian mentalur ovnebulia. magaliTad, nigeriel hauzaTaTvis, romlebic miwaT-
transformaciebSi, romelTaTvisac moqmedTa patara dasaxlebebad cxovroben da bavSvebs skolaSi iS-
saWiroa imis mixvedra, rogor iqceva viaTad aswavlian, konservaciis yvelaze ZiriTadi amocanebic ki _
saqsovze daxveuli Zafi qsovilad.
ricxvebi, sigrZe da siTxe _ 11 wlamde gaugebaria (Fahrmeier, 1978).
© Lauren Greenfield/VII.
es gviCvenebs, rom Sesabamis yiveldRiur saqmianobaSi monawileobis
miReba bavSvebs konservaciisa da sxva piaJeseuli problemebis aT-
visebaSi exmareba (Light & Perrett-Clermont, 1989). dasavleTis qveynebis bevrma bavSvma, Se-
sabamisi daniSnulebis terminebis, magaliTad, “samarTlianobis~ Sesaxeb fiqri iswavla,
rac maTi kulturiT aris win wamosweuli. dasavlel bavSvebs bevri SesaZlebloba aqvs,
megobrebs Soris Tanabrad gaiyon masalebi, magaliTad, feradi fanqrebi, helouinis sa-
TamaSoebi an limonaTi. isini sxvadasxva gziT miRebul Tanabar raodenobebs xSirad xe-
daven da amitom konservacias adre iTviseben.
TviT skolaSi siarulis gamocdileba aSkarad xels uwyobs piaJes amocanebis aTvi­
sebis daxvewas. roca erTi da imave asakis bavSvebs testireba Cautarda, isini, vinc met
xans dadioda skolaSi, ukeT arTmevdnen Tavs tranzituli daskvnebis gakeTebas (Artman
& Cahan, 1993). sagnebis seriaciis, sxva urTierTobebis gagebisa da erTiani problemebis
nawilebis damaxsovrebis SesaZlebloba namdvilad saimedoa. zogierT arasaskolo, ara-
formalur gamocdilebasac SeuZlia operaciuli azrovnebis Canergva. 6-9 wlis bra-
zilieli quCis gamyidvelebi, romlebic iSviaTad dadian skolaSi, cudad asruleben
piaJes klasis damatebis amocanebs, magram quCis vaWrobis Sesatyvis variantebs moswav-
leebze ukeT xsnian _ magaliTad, `Tu Tqven 4 cali pitnis da 2 cali yurZnis saReWi
rezini gaqvT, ra sjobs _ pitnis rezini momyidoT, Tu yvela?~ (Ceci & Roazzi, 1994). aseve,
samxreT meqsikaSi mcxovrebi sinakantekos tomis indielTa 7-8 wlis gogonebi, romlebic
skolaSi siarulis nacvlad rTuli dizainis qsovilebis moqsovas swavloben, metalur
transformacias ganicdian da kargad xvdebian, rogor iqceva saqsovze daxveuli Zafi
qsovilad _ es mosalodneli msjelobaa konkretul operaciul safexurze. im Crdil-
oamerikeli bavSvebis umetesobas, romlebic piaJeseul amocanebs sinakantekos bavSve-
bze ukeT wyveten, qsovis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT siZneleebi eqmneba (Maynard & Green-
field, 2003).
aseTi Sedegebis safuZvelze zogma mkvlevarma daaskvna, rom piaJeseuli amocanebi-
sTvis saWiro logikis formebi spontanurad ar Cndeba, mas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs
Seswavla, konteqsti da kulturuli pirobebi. niSnulebis cxrili ajamebs Sua bavSvobis
kognituri miRwevebis wina nawilSi ganxilul SemTxvevebs, agreTve imaTac, romlebic
mozrdilobaSic gadadis.
 323

niSnulebi
Sua bavSvobisa da mozardobis
zogierTi kognituri miRweva
miaxloebiTi asaki kognituri miRweva

Sua bavSvoba _ konkretuli informaciis Taobaze ufro mowesrigebulad, logikurad fiqrobs,

7-11 weli rogorc amas piaJeseul konservaciis TandaTanobiTi aTviseba gviCvenebs,
tranzituli daskvnebis CaTvliT.
avlens ufro efeqtur sivrcul aRqmas, rogorc Cans, naTlad gamoxatuli
mimarTulebebis micemiTa da karagd mowesrigebuli kognituri rukebis Sedge-
niT.

mozardoba abstraqtulad azrovnebs iseT situaciebSi, romlebic iZleva hipoTezur-

11-18 weli deduqciuri msjelobisa da propoziciuli azrovnebis saSualebas.
aRiqvams propoziciuli azrovnebis logikur aucileblobas, rac saSualebas
aZlevs, imsjelos sinamdvilis uarmyofeli winapirobebis Sesaxeb.
avlens warmosaxviT auditorias da sust adamians, rac TandaTan klebulobs
aumjobesebs gadawyvetilebis miRebis strategiebs.

SeniSvna: es etapebi gamoxatavs saerTo asakobriv tendenciebs. individualuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs im konkretul
asakSi, romelsac TiToeuli etapi miekuTvneba.
fotoebi: (zeviT) © Cindy Charles/PhotoEdit; (qveviT) © Ariel Skelley/CORBIS.

hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs

gaimeoreT konservaciis gaumjobeseba, piaJeseuli horizontaluri dekalaJis erTi
magaliTis moyvaniT. ganixileT wina nawilebi da CamoTvaleT damatebiTi mag-
aliTebi, romlebic adasturebs operaciuli msjelobis TandaTanobiT ganvi-
Tarebas.
gamoiyeneT cxra wlis adrieni did dros xarjavs mamisis daxmarebaze xis avejis damzade-
baSi. rogor unda gauiolos am gamocdilebam adriens piaJeseuli seriaciis
problemebis gadawyveta?
daakavSireT axseniT, rogor umjobesdeba perspeqtivaSi skolis asakis bavSvebisTvis
mimarTulebebis micemisa da kognituri rukebis Sedgenis SesaZlebloba.

formaluri operaciebis safexuri:

11 wlisa da ufrosi
piaJes Tanaxmad, daaxloebiT 11 wlisTvis adamiani adis formaluri operaciebis
safexurze, romelSic uviTardeba abstraqtuli, mecnieruli azrovnebis unari. maSin,
rodesac konkretuli operaciebis safexurze bavSvebs SeuZliaT `realobiT operireba~,
formaluri operaciebis asakis mozardebs SeuZliaT `operaciebiT operireba~ (Inhelder/
Piaget, 1955/1958). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, isini aRar saWiroeben konkretul sagnebsa
 324

da movlenebs, rogorc azrovnebis obieqtebs, magram

Sinagani warmosaxvis gziT SeuZliaT gamoiyenon axa-
li, ufro zogadi logikuri wesebi.

hipoTezur-deduqciuri
msjeloba
mozardobisas axalgazrda adamianebs hipoTe­
zur-deduqciuri msjelobis saSualeba eZlevaT.
prob­lemebis mogvarebas isini iwyeben yvela SesaZlo
faqtoris saerTo TeoriiT, ramac Sedegebze gavlena
unda moaxdinos da gamoataninos daskvnebi specifi-
kuri hipoTezebisTvis (an winaswar ganzraxvisTvis)
imis Sesaxeb, rac unda moxdes. Semdeg am hipoTezebs
Cveulebrivi wesiT cdian, raTa naxon, romeli moq-
sqema 6.15 medebs realur samyaroSi. daimaxsovreT, problemis
piaJes qanqaris problema gadaWris es forma iwyeba SesaZleblobiT da gadadis
mozardebi, romlebsac hipoTezur-deduqciuri realurobaSi. misgan gansxvavebiT, konkretuli oper-
msjelobiTi azrovneba aqvT ganviTarebuli, yvela aciebis asakis bavSvebi iwyeben realurobiT– situa-
SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb fiqroben. male isini xvdebian, ciis Sesaxeb yvelaze aSkara prognozirebiT. roca es
rom sagnis wona, simaRle, romlidanac mas agdeben da
yvelaferi ar dasturdeba, maT alternativebze fiqri
Ber
k,Child
Zala, vel
Deopment
romliTac , 7th tion
ubiZgeben,edi
araviTar gavlenas ar axdens
Fig
ure6.1
5
siCqareze, romliTac qanqara TaRze irxeva. cvlilebas aRar SeuZliaT da problemas ver wyveten.
BCD06F
mxolod15 Tasmis sigrZe iwvevs. mozardebis mier piaJes sayovelTaod cnobili
qanqaris problemis gadawyveta am axal midgomas
gviC­venebs. warmoidgineT, rom skolis asakis ramdenime bavSvsa da mozards miveciT sx-
vadasxva sigrZis ramdenime Tasma, am Tasmebze Camosakidebeli sxvadasxva wonis ramden-
ime sagani da CarCo, romelzec qanqara unda Camoikidos (ix. sqema 6.15). mere TiToeul
maTgans vTxovT, gamoTvalos, ra axdens gavlenas siCqareze, romliTac qanqara TaRze
irxeva.
formaluri operaciebis asakis mozardebi midian oTx hipoTezamde: (1) Tasmis sigrZe,
(2) masze Camokidebuli sagnis wona, (3) simaRle, romelzec sagans gaSvebamde sweven da (4)
Zala, romliTac sagans ubiZgeben. Semdeg, TiTo faqtoris SecvliT, roca danarCenebi
ucvlelad rCeba, TiToeul SesaZleblobas scdian. mozardebi TandaTan rwmundebian,
rom cvlilebas mxolod Tasmis sigrZe iwvevs.
amaTgan gansxvavebiT, konkretuli operaciuli asakis bavSvebi cdebs usistemod at-
areben. isini ver gamoyofen TiToeuli cvalebadobis zegavlenas. maT SeiZleba Tasmis
sigrZis zegavlenis dadgena wonis ucvlelad SenarCunebis gareSe scadon, da, magali-
Tad, mokle, msubuqi qanqara grZelsa da mZimes Seadaron. saskolo asakis bavSvebi verc im
variantebs amCneven, romlebic amocanis konkretuli monacemebiT maSinve ivaraudeba _
anu im simaRlisa da Zalis gaTvaliswinebiT, romliTac qanqaras uSveben.

propoziciuri azrovneba
formaluri operaciebis safexuris meore mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia propozici-
uri azrovneba. mozardebs SeuZliaT varaudis (sityvieri mtkicebebis) logika realuri
samyaros viTarebebis moxmobis gareSe Seafason. amisgan gansxvavebiT, mtkicebis logi-
kis Sefaseba bavSvebs mxolod maTi realuri samyarodan moyvanili konkretuli magali-
Tis ganxilviT SeuZliaT.
propoziciuri azrovnebis kvlevisas mkvlevarebma bavSvebsa da mozardebs pokeris
Cipebis Sekvra aCvenes da hkiTxes, Cipebis Sesaxeb ramdenime gancxadeba iyo marTali,
mcdari Tu gaurkveveli. erT SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarma Cipi xelSi damala da Semdegi
versiebi SesTavaza:
 325

`Cems xelSi damaluli Cipi mwvanea an mwvane ar aris.~

`Cems xelSi damaluli Cipi mwvanea da mwvane ar aris.~
meore SemTxvevaSi mkvlevars wiTeli an mwvane Cipi gamo-
saCenad eWira da imaves amtkicebda.
saskolo asakis bavSvebi pokeris Cipebis konkretul Tvise-
bebze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas. roca Cips ver xedavdnen, isi-
ni pasuxobdnen, rom orive mtkiceba maTTvis gaurkveveli iyo.
roca Cipi Canda, orive mtkicebas namdvilad Tvlidnen, Tu Cipi
mwvane iyo, da mcdarad, Tu wiTeli iyo. maTgan gansxvavebiT,
mozardebi mtkicebaTa logikaze msjelobdnen. isini xvdebod-
nen, rom `an _ an~ mtkiceba mudam sworia, xolo “da~ mtkiceba
mudam mcdaria pokeris Cipebis feris miuxedavad (Osheron &
Markman, 1975).
marTalia, piaJe ar miiCnevda, rom metyveleba mTavari rols piaJes formaluri operaciebis safex-
asrulebs bavSvebis kognitur ganviTarebaSi, magram mozard- urze mozardebi propoziciul azrovnebas
TaTvis misi mniSvneloba esmoda. abstraqtul azrovnebas swavloben. roca es moswavleebi problemas
dawyebiT klasebSi ganixilaven, vxedavT, rom
sWirdeba metyvelebaze damyarebuli da sxva simboluri siste-
maT SeuZliaT simboloebis Sesaxeb msjeloba,
mebi, romlebic moqmedi ar aris realuri samyarosTvis _ mag- rac, ar aris aucilebeli, sagnebs realur
aliTad, umaRlesi maTematikis sistemebi. saSualo skolis mo- samyaroSi asaxavdes. © Will Hart
swavleebi aseT sistemebs algebrasa da geometriaSi iyeneben.
formaluri operaciuli azrovneba aseve Seicavs zepir msjelobas abstraqtuli kon-
cefciebis Sesaxeb. mozardebi aCveneben, rom aseTi azrovneba maSin SeuZliaT, rodesac
erTmaneTTan akavSireben fizikur urTierTkavSirs dros, sivrcesa da materias Soris
an filosofiuri da socialuri swavlebisas samarTlianobisa da Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb
fiqroben.

abstraqtuli azrovnebis Sedegebi

formaluri operaciebis ganviTareba mozardebis mier sakuTari Tavis, sxvebisa da
saerTod, mTeli samyaros Sefasebis mkveTr cvlilebebs iwvevs. magram iseve, rogorc
mozardebi zogjer mouqneli arian gazrdili da Secvlili sakuTari sxeulis marTvi-
sas, Tavidan sakuTar abstraqtul azrovnebaSic ibnevian. marTalia, sakuTar Tavze Ti-
neijerebis warmodgena, idealizmi, kritikuloba da orWofuloba mozrdilebs xSirad
abnevs, xangrZlivi vadiT isini sasargebloa.
aq moyvanili codnis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs Tineijerebis mier abstragirebis axlad
SeZenili SesaZleblobebis yoveldRiur SedegebTan misadagebas.

TviTwarmodgena da TviTfokusireba mozardebis SesaZlebloba, eWvi Seitanon

sakuTar mosazrebebSi, niSnavs imas, rom maT sakuTar Tavze meti warmodgena aqvT. piaJes
sjeroda, rom am safexurs Tan sdevs egocentrizmis axali forma: sakuTari da sxvisi
abstraqtuli perspeqtivebis garCevis SeuZlebloba (Inhelder & Piaget, 1955/1958). piaJes
mimdevrebi varaudobdnen, rom Cndeba ori damaxinjebuli warmodgena sakuTar Tavsa da
sxvebs Soris urTierTobis Sesaxeb.
pirveli aris warmodgeniTi auditoria. mozardebs sjeraT, rom isini yvela sxva
adamianis yuradRebisa da zrunvis centrSi arian (Elkind & Bowen, 1979). amis Sedegad uvi-
TardebaT mwvave TviTwarmodgena, romelic dabneulobis Tavidan asacileblad xSirad
Zalian izrdeba. warmosaxviTi auditoria gvexmareba imis mixvedraSi, ratom xarjavs
mozardi uamrav dros sakuTari garegnobis yoveli detalis SemowmebaSi. esec sxvebis
mxridan kritikis mimarT mgrZnobiarobiT aixsneba. TineijerebisTvis, romlebic darw-
munebulni arian, rom maT qcevas yvela Tvalyurs adevnebs, mSoblebis an maswavleblis
kritikuli SeniSvna SesaZloa momakvdinebeli gaxdes.
 326

codnis gamoyeneba
Tineijerebis abstraqtuli azrovnebis SesaZleblobebis marTva, regulireba
abstraqtuli azrovneba varaudebiT
gamoixateba...

mgrZnobiaroba sajaro kriti- Tavi SeikaveT mozardisTvis sxvebis winaSe SeniSvnebis micemisgan.
kis mimarT Tu saqme mniSvnelovania, SegiZliaT mozards calke esaubroT.

sakuTari unikalobis gadaWar- gaiTvaliswineT mozardis unikaluri Tvisebebi. yovel Sesaferis

bebuli grZnoba dros aRniSneT, rom msgavsi grZnobebi gqondaT Tineijerobisas da
xeli SeuwyeT ufro dabalansebul perspeqtivas.

idealizmi da kritikuloba moTminebiT SexvdiT mozardis did warmodgenebsa da kritikul

SeniSvnebs. aRniSneT miznebis dadebiTi Tvisebebi da daexmareT Ti-
neijers SeamCnios, rom mTeli samyaro da xalxi Rirsebebisa da nak-
lovanebebis erTianoba.

yoveldRiuri gadawyvetile- Tavi SeikaveT mozardebis magivrad gadawyvetilebebis miRebis-

bebis miRebis siZnele gan. dagegmeT efeqturi gadawyvetilebebis miReba da SesTavazeT
diplomatiuri winadadebebi alternetivebis dadebiTi da uaryofi-
Ti mxareebis, sxvadasxva Sedegebis SesaZleblobebisa da mcdari ar-
Cevanisgan gakveTilebis gamotanis Sesaxeb.

meore kognituri damaxinjeba aris susti adamiani. vinaidan Tineijerebi darwmuneb-

ulni arian, rom sxvebi maT Tvalyurs adevneben da maTze fiqroben, sakuTari mniSvnelo-
bis Sesaxeb gadaWarbebuli warmodgena uCndebaT. isini sakuTar Tavs gansakuTrebulad
da unikalurad grZnoben. bevri mozardi Tavs Tan didebis mwvervalze Tvlis, Tan war-
moudgenlad Rrma sasowarkveTilebaSic vardeba _ es gancdebi sxvebis mxridan gauge-
bari rCeba (Elkind, 1994). rogorc erTma Tineijerma Tavis dRiurSi Cawera, “Cemi mSoblebis
cxovreba Zalian Cveulebrivi da erTferovnad mZimea. Cemi cxovreba sxvanairi iqneba. me
Cems imedebsa da miznebs gavamarTleb.~ mgrZnobiare pirovnulobasTan gaerTianebisas
susti adamiani mozardTa Soris risks zrdis, radgan Tineijerebs maTi mouwyvlado-
bis grZnobas uRviZebs. erT-erTi kvlevisas aRmoCnda, rom maRali TviTSTagonebisa da
mgrZnobiarobis niSnebis mqone axalgazrdebi ufro met seqsualur riskze midian, ufro
xSirad moixmaren narkotikebs da kanondarRvevebisamic ufro midrekilebi arian, vidre
maTi Tanatolebi (Greene da sxvebi, 2000).
warmosaxviTi auditoria da susti adamiani yvelaze Zlieria konkretulidan form-
alur operaciebis safexurze gadasvlisas, ris Semdegac es sizliere TandaTanobiT
mcirdeba (Enright, Lapsley & Shulka, 1979). Tumca, sakuTar Tavze amgvari Sexedulebebi
albaT ar aris egocentrizmis Sedegi, rogorc piaJe varaudobda. piriqiT, isini nawilo-
briv sakuTari Tvalsazrisis CamoyalibebaSi winsvlis Sedegad Cndeba, rac umcrosi asa-
kis Tineijerebisgan sxvebis mosazrebebis mimarT ufro yuradRebiT yofnis mizezi xde-
ba (Vartanian & Powlishta, 1979). garda amisa, roca mozardebs hkiTxes, ratom awuxebT maT
sxvebis azri, upasuxes, rom ase iqcevian, radgan sxvebis mxridan Sefasebas mniSvnelovani
realuri Sedegebi mosdevs _ TavmoyvareobisTvis, amxanagebis mxridan mimReblobisa da
socialuri mxardaWerisTvis (Bell & Bromnick, 2003). da bolos, Tineijerebs aqvT emoci-
uri mizezebi, raTa darwmunebulni iyovnen, rom sxvebs maTi garegnoba da qceva adardes.
es mniSvnelovani urTierTdamokidebulebis SenarCunebaSi exmareba, roca isini cdilo-
ben gaemijnon mSoblebs da damoukidebeli TviTSegneba daimkvidron (Vartanian, 1997).

idealizmi da kritikuloba vinaidan abstraqtuli azrovneba mozardebs saSuale-

bas aZlevs, realuridan SesaZlebelze gadavidnen, maT winaSe irealuri da srulyofi­-
 327

li samyaro ixsneba. Tineijerebs SeuZliaT warmoidginon warmosaxviTi ojaxi, religi-

uri, politikuri da moraluri sistemebi da maTi aTviseba undebaT. amis Sedegad xSirad
ageben did, warmosaxviT samyaroebs, sadac ar arsebobs usamarTloba, diskriminacia da
utaqto saqcieli. TineijerTa idealistur da ufrosebis ufro realistur TvalTaxed-
vaTa SeuTavsebloba daZabulobas qmnis mSobelsa da Svils Soris. srulyofili ojaxis
warmodgenisas, romelsac namdvil mSoblebsa da da-Zmas adarebs, mozardebi bralmde-
blurad kritikulebi xdebian.
saerTod TineijerTa idealizmi da kritikuloba sasargebloa. roca mozardebi sxva
xalxis Zlier da sust mxareebs akvirdebian, Tavad ezrdebaT socialuri cvlilebebis
mosaxdeni konstruqciuli muSaobisa da dadebiTi da xangrZlivi urTierTobebis Camoy-
alibebis SesaZlebloba (Elkind, 1994).

gadawyvetilebis miReba marTalia, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gadawyvetilebaTa

miRebis dros mozardebi bevr kognitur amocanas ufro efeqturad asruleben, vidre
umcros asakSi, isini xSirad ver erTvebian racionalur procesSi: (1) yoveli alterna-
tivis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis garkvevaSi, (2) sxvadasxva SesaZlo Sedegis mo-
salodnelobis SefasebaSi, (3) sakuTari arCevanis SefasebaSi, raTa naxon, Sesrulda Tu
ara maTi amocanebi da Tu ara, (4) Secdomidan daskvnebis gamotanasa da samomavlod swori
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. gadawyvetilebaTa miReba rom SeeswavlaT, mkvlevarebma mo-
zardebs hipoTezuri dilemebi dauyenes, magaliTad, gaikeTebda Tu ara kosmetikur op-
eracias da romel mSobelTan icxovrebda gayris SemTxvevaSi, Semdeg ki sTxoves aexsnaT,
rogor miiRebdnen gadawyvetilebas. gadawyvetilebis miRebis sxvadasxva elementSi moz-
rdilebma mozardebs, gansakuTrebiT ki asakiT umcrosebs ajobes. isini ufro meti al-
ternativis mosazrebas axerxebdnen, wonidnen TiToeulis dadebiT mxaresa da risks da,
rogorc Canda, gadawyvetilebas eZebdnen (Halpern-Felsher & Cauffman, 2001). sxva monace-
mebi gviCvenebs, rom mozardebs mozrdilebze nakleb axasiaTebs warsulidan daskvnebis
gamotana, sakuTari gadawyvetilebis miRebis strategiebis gadaxedviT (Byrnes, 2002).
ratom eqmnebaT mozardebs siZneleebi gadawyvetilebebis gamotanisas? rogorc
`pirvelad moqmedebs~, maT ara aqvT sakmao codna, raTa gaiazron bevri STabeWdilebis
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi da winaswar gansazRvron, rogor imoqmedeben isi-
ni maTze. imave dros, mozardebi awydebian uamrav ufro rTul situaciasac, romelic
konkurenciuli amocanebis gadawyvetas saWiroebs– magaliTad, rogor SeinarCunon sta-
tusi TanatolTa jgufSi, Tanac Tavi aaridon dalevas wveulebis dros. amasTan erTad
Tineijerebi xSirad grZnoben, rom yelSi amouvidaT mosalodneli variantebis gazrdi-
li raodenoba _ gazrdili saskolo programebi, programis gareSe saqmianoba, socia­
luri movlenebi da materialuri saqoneli, romlebisganac arCevania gasakeTebeli. amis
Sedegad maTi arCevanis SesaZleblobebi xSirad irRveva da isini gamosavals CvevebSi,
impulsur moqmedebaSi, an gadawyvetilebis miRebis gadadebaSi xedaven. gavixsenoT me-
5 Tavidan, rom Tavis tvinis amgznebi neirotransmiterebis mimarT gaZlierebuli re-
agireba mozardis emociur reqciulobas uwyobs xels. Zlieri emociuri agzneba xels
uSlis swor gadawyvetilebaTa miRebas.
droTa ganmavlobaSi, axalgazrdebi sakuTari warmatebebisa da warumateblobebi-
sgan swavloben da sxvebisganac agroveben informacias im faqtorebis Sesaxeb, romle-
bic gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaze axdens gavlenas da gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesze
aisaxeba (Byrnes, 2003; Jacobs & Klaczynski, 2002). aqedan gamomdinare, gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas maTi Tavdajerebuloba da Sesruleba umjobesdeba.

formaluri operaciuli azrovnebis momdevno kvleva

formaluri operaciuli azrovnebis kvleva iseTsave kiTxvebs wamoWris, rogoric
piaJeseuli wina safexurebis SemTxvevaSi ganvixileT: vlindeba Tu ara abstraqtuli
msjeloba imaze adre, vidre piaJe moeloda? aRwevs Tu ara yvela piri formalur oper-
aciulobas Tineijerobis wlebSi?
 328

SeuZliaT Tu ara bavSvebs abstraqtuli azrovneba? saskolo asakis bavSvebi

hipoTezur-deduqciuri msjelobis niSnebs avlenen, magram masSi iseve kompetenturebi
ar arian, rogorc mozardebi da mozrdilebi. magaliTad, gamartivebul situaciaSi, 6
wlis bavSvebi xvdebian, rom hipoTezebi Sesabamisi mtkicebulebiT unda dadasturdes.
isini aseve xvdebian, rom hipoTeza, erTxel dadasturebisas, winaswar warmodgenas qmnis,
ra unda moxdes momavalSi (Ruffman da sxvebi, 1993), magram ver axarisxeben mtkicebule-
bebs, romlebic erTbaSad sam an met variants Seicavs. xolo rogorc me-7 TavSi mecnier-
uli msjelobis, informaciis damuSavebis kvlevis ganxilvisas vnaxavT, bavSvebs uWirT
imis axsna, ratom adasturebs dakvirvebis nimuSi hipoTezas, maSinac ki, roca isini maT
Soris kavSirs amCneven.
saskolo asakis bavSvebs propoziciuli azrovnebis SesaZleblobebic SezRuduli
aqvT. maT Zalian uWirT daskvnebis gamotana im winapirobebidan, romlebic maT sakuTar
Sexedulebas an realurobas ewinaaRmdegeba. ganvixiloT Semdeg mtkicebaTa erToblio-
ba: `Tu ZaRlebi spiloebze didebi arian, xolo spiloebi _ Tagvebze didebi, ZaRlebi
Tagvebze didebi yofilan.~ 10 welze umcrosi asakis bavSvebi am msjelobas mcdarad CaT-
vlian, radgan aq moyvanili urTierTkavSirebidan erT-erTi realur cxovrebaSi ar xde-
ba (Moshman & Franks, 1986). problemis gaazrebisas isini avtomaturad iReben maTTvis
kargad nacnob codnas grZelvadiani mexsierebidan _ magaliTad, `spiloebi ZaRlebze
didebi arian,~ _ romelic winapirobebis marTebulobaSi aeWvebs. bavSvebs mozardebze
metad eSlebaT xeli aseTi codnis aqtivaciaSi (Simoneau & Markovits, 2003; Klaczynski, Sc-
huneman & Daniel, 2004). nawilobriv amitomac, isini xSirad ver swvdebian propoziciuri
msjelobis logikur aucileblobas _ rom winapirobebidan gamotanili daskvnebis si-
zuste logikis kanonebs emyareba da ara realuri samyarodan dadasturebas.
ufro metic, saskolo asakis bavSvebi propoziciuri msjelobisas yuradRebas ver
aqceven mTavar winapirobas da amitomac yuradRebis miRma rCebaT logikis ZiriTadi
kanonebi (Markovits, Schleifer & Fortier, 1989). magaliTad, maT TiTqmis yovelTvis mcdari
daskvnebi gamoaqvT, roca aZleven Semdeg problemebs:

mTavari winapiroba: Tu suzani dafdafs daartyams, xmaurs

es mozardebi indoneziaSi, iavas iria-
gamoiwvevs.
nis provinciis maRalmTian tenian tyeebSi
cxovroben da gare samyarosTan mcire kavSiri meore winapiroba: warmoidgineT, rom suzani dafdafs ar
aqvT. miuxedavad imisa, rom am biWebs piaJes urtyams.
formaluri operaciebis amocanebis Ses- SekiTxva: gamoiwvia Tu ara suzanma xmauri?
rulebisas problemebi namdvilad SeeqmnebaT, mcdari daskvna: ara, suzans xmauri ar gamouwvevia.
isini marjved aSeneben xis saxlebs, gonebaSi
uamrav variants uweven koordinacias, raTa
nagebobis simtkice da simyare uzrunvelyon. gaiTvaliswineT, rom mTavari winapiroba ar amtkicebda,
maT namdvilad aqvT ojaxur situaciebSi rom suzans xmauris gamowveva SeuZlia, Tu, da mxolod, Tu is
Zalian rTuli msjelobebis unari. dafdafs daartyams. mozardebi, Cveulebriv, xvdebian, rom
© Anders Ryman/CORBIS suzans xmauri sxvanairadac SeeZlo gamoewvia. es nawilobriv
imitom xdeba, rom ukeT moiZieben TavianT codnaSi iseT mag-
aliTebs, romlebic mcdar daskvnebs ewinaaRmdegeba (Klaczynski
& Narasimham, 1998b; Markovitz da sxvebi, 1998).
rogorc piaJes Teoria aRniSnavs, 11 wlis asakSi ymawvilebs
SeuZliaT, propoziciebis logika maTi Sinaarsis miuxedavad
gaaanalizon. gazrdis Semdeg isini iseT problemebs wyveten,
romlebic ufro rTuli daskvnebis gakeTebas saWiroeben. Ta-
visi msjelobebis gamarTlebisas isini konkretuli magali-
Tis micemidan (`mas SeeZlo xmauri dafdafis magivrad dolis
dartymiTac gamoewvia~) logikuri wesisken (“SegviZlia darw-
munebuli viyoT, rom suzans dafdafze ar daurtyams. magram ar
SegviZlia viyoT darwmunebuli, rom suzans xmauris gamowveva
ar SeeZlo; mas amis gakeTeba bevri sxva gziT SeeZlo.~) midian.
(Muller, Overton & Reese, 2001; Venet & Markovits, 2001).
 329

aRwevs Tu ara yvela formalur operaciul safexurs? scadeT aq aRwerili

formaluri operaciuli amocanebisgan erTi an ori daavaloT zog Tqvens megobars da
naxeT, rogor Seasruleben maT. albaT naxavT, rom zog ganaTlebul mozrdils siZnele
Seeqmneba! kolejis moswavleebis 40-60 procents uWirs piaJes formaluri operaciuli
amocanebis Sesruleba (Keating, 1979).
ratom aris, rom kolejis bevri moswavle da, saerTod bevri mozrdili, mTlianad ar
aris formalurad operirebadi? erT-erTi mizezi isaa, rom adamianebi abstraqtulad
ufro im situaciebSi fiqroben, romelTa Sesaxebac amomwuravi gamocdileba aqvT. es
daskvna im mtkicebulebiT myardeba, rom kolejis kursis gavla TviT kursis SinaarsTan
dakavSirebuli formaluri msjelobis gaumjobesebas iwvevs. magaliTad, maTematika da
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebani swrafad aumjobesebs propoziciur azrovnebas, so-
cialuri mecniereba ki _ meTodologiur da statistikur msjelobas (Lehman & Nisbett,
1990). gaiazreT es Sedegebi da naxavT, rom formaluri operaciuli safexuri, iseve, ro-
gorc misi winmswrebi konkretuli msjeloba, xSirad situaciidan da amocanidan gamom-
dinareobs (Keating, 1990).
meore mizezi, yovelTvis ratom ver uerTdebian mozardebi da mozrdilebi formalur
operaciul azrovnebas, is aris, rom isini xSirad naklebad momTxovn, intuiciur mosaz-
rebebze gadadian (Jacobs & Klaczynski, 2002). erT-erTi kvlevisas mozardebs iseTi hipoT-
ezuri davaleba misces, romlis Sesasrulebladac ori argumentis safuZvelze arCevani
unda gaekeTebinaT tradiciul saleqcio kurssa da kompiuterulad uzrunvelyofil
kurss Soris. erTi argumenti moicavda didi arCevanis informacias: kursis Sefasebas
150 moswavlis mier, romelTagan 85 procentma kompiuterulad uzrunvelyofili kur-
si arCia. meore argumenti moicavda mcire arCevanis, personalizebul monacemebs: ori
akademiurad warmatebuli moswavlis protests, romlebsac kompiuterulad uzrunve-
lyofili kursi ar moswondaT da tradiciuli erCiaT. bevr mozards esmoda, rom didi
arCevanis argumentis safuZveli `ufro gonivruli iyo.~ magram am logikuri msjelo-
bis sawinaaRmdegod, umetesobam arCevani mcire arCevnis argumentze daafuZna, da `da-
naxulis damajereblobis~ azrovnebaze davida, rasac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi xSirad
iyenebda (Klaczynski, 2001).
bevr tomobriv da sasoflo sazogadoebaSi yvela ver sZlevs formalur operaciul
amocanebs (Cole, 1990). magaliTad, propoziciur azrovnebaSi CarTvis Txovnisas gauna-
Tlebel sazogadoebaSi xalxi xSirad uarzea. roca aseTi hipoTezuri varaudi misces:
“CrdiloeTSi, sadac bevri Tovlia, yvela daTvi TeTria. axali miwa CrdiloeTSia da iq
yovelTvis Tovli devs. ra ferisaa iqauri daTvebi?~ Suaazielma glexma auxsna, rom man
movlena unda naxos, raTa mis logikur arss Caswvdes. glexi pirvelwyarodan miRebul
codnas moiTxovs, interviueri ki amtkicebs, rom simarTle SeiZleba mxolod ideebs
eyrdnobodes. magram glexi Tavisi mosazrebis dasacavad propoziciebs iyenebs: `Tu
kacma... TeTri daTvi naxa da amis Sesaxeb moyva, (maSin) mas SeiZleba daujero, magram is
arasdros minaxavs da amitom verafers vityvi~ (Luria, 1976, pp. 108-109). marTalia, yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaSi is amas iSviaTad avlens, magram am glexs azrovnebisas aqvs formal-
uri operirebis unari!
piaJes esmoda, rom hipoTezuri problemis gadaWris SesaZleblobis gareSe zogierT
sazogadoebaSi adamianebi formaluri operirebis unars ver gamoavlenen da mainc, mkv-
levarebi kiTxuloben, formaluri operirebis safexuri, rogorc es piaJes egona ufro
metad bavSvebisa da mozardebis mier sakuTari samyaros Secnobis damoukidebeli mcde­
lobaTa Sedegia, Tu es azrovnebis kulturulad gadacemuli saSualeba, romelic ga-
naTlebuli xalxisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli da skolaSi iswavleba? es kiTxva dRemde
upasuxodaa darCenili.
330

hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs

gaimeoreT hipoTezur-deduqciuri msjelobisa da propoziciuri azrovnebis koncef-
ciebis gamoyenebiT aCveneT gansxvaveba saskolo asakis bavSvebisa da mozard-
ebis kogniturobas Soris.
gamoiyeneT cameti wlis rozi daSorda biWs, romelmac misi grZnobebi ar gaiziara. roca
deda arwmunebda, rom biWebs kidev Sexvdeboda, rozim miaxala: `deda,
arc ki ici, ras niSnavs, roca Seyvarebuli xar!~ aCvenebs Tu ara rozis aseTi
azrovneba warmosaxviT auditorias an sust adamians? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
daakavSireT piaJeseuli formaluri operaciebis safexuris Sesaxeb wamoWrili romeli
kiTxvebi aris iseTive, rogoric gaCnda konkretuli operaciebis safexurze?
imsjeleT SegiZliaT gaixsenoT idealisturi azrovnebis an mcdar gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebis magaliTebi sakuTari Tineijeruli asakidan? moiyvaneT magaliTi.
rogor Seicvala Tqveni azrovneba?

piaJe da ganaTleba

piaJem didi biZgi misca ganaTlebis sferos ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebiT adreuli

da Sua bavSvobis Sesaxeb. misi Teoriidan gadmotanili sami saganmanaTleblo princi­
pi kvlavac sayovelTao gavlenas axdens maswavleblebis momzadebasa da klasSi muSao­
baze. esenia:
aRmoCeniTi swavleba. piaJeseuli saswavlo programis gamoyenebisas bavSvebs
xels uwyoben, raTa mignebebi gaakeTongaremosTan spontanuri urTierTobiT. mza
codnis zepiri gadacemis nacvlad maswavleblebi Tvisebis xelSesawyobad mraval-
ferovan saSualebebs, rogoricaa _ xelovneba, mozaika, samagido TamaSebi, saTa-
maSo kubebi, wignebi, sazomi xelsawyoebi, musikaluri sakravebi da sxv.
bavSvebis swavlebisadmi mzadyofnis mimarT gulisxmiereba. piaJeseuli saswavlo
programa ar iTvaliswinebs ganviTarebis daaCqarebas. piaJes sjeroda, rom Sesabam-
isi saswavlo gamocdileba bavSvis mimdinare azrovnebas emyareba. maswavleblebi
uyureben da usmenen moswavleebs, acnoben gamocdilebas, romelic xels Seuwyobs,
aamoqmedon axlad aRmoCenili sqemebi, rac amasTanave savaraudod, ewinaaRmdegeba
maT mier samyaros mcdarad aRqmas. magram Tavs ar axveven axal unar-Cvevebs, vidre
bavSvebi dainteresebulobas an mzadyofnas ar gamoavlenen, radgan winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, namdvili aRqmis gareSe moxdeba ufrosebis mier momzadebuli for-
mulebis zedapiruli aTviseba.
aTviseba da individualuri gansxvavebebi. piaJes Teoriis mixedviT yvela bavSvi
ganviTarebas erTi da imave TanmimdevrobiT gadis, magram sxvadasxva siCqariT.
amitom maswavleblebma muSaoba unda dagegmon individebisa da patara jgufebi-
sTvis, da ara mTlianad klasisTvis. amasTan erTad, maswavleblebi yoveli bavSvis
ganaTlebaSi warmatebas mxolod mis wina ganviTarebulobasTan SedarebiT afase-
ben da naklebad ainteresebT, rogor afaseben bavSvebi normatiul standartebs an
Tanatolebis saSualo moswrebas.

piaJes safexurebis msgavsad, misi Teoriis saganmanaTleblo gamoyenebac gaakri-

tikes. albaT yvelaze meti winaaRmdegoba im mtkicebas mohyva, romlis mixedviTac um-
crosi asakis bavSvebi ZiriTadad garemoze zemoqmedebiT swavloben, agreTve imas, rom
saTanado yuradReba ar miaqcia sxva mniSvnelovan saSualebebs, rogoricaa sityvieri
 331

swavleba da swori sapasuxo reaqcia (Brainerd, 2003). amis miuxedavad, piaJes gavlena ga-
naTlebaze mainc Zlieri iyo. man maswavleblebs umcrosi asakis bavSvebis ganviTarebis
dakvirvebis, aRqmisa da gaZlierebis axali gzebi aCvena da swavlisa da swavlebis bavSvze
orientirebuli midgomebis mkacri Teoriuli dasabuTeba SesTavaza.

piaJes Teoriis sruli Sefaseba

piaJes wvlili bavSvis ganviTarebis sferos SeswavlaSi ufro didia, vidre sxva rome-
lime Teoretikosisa. man fsiqologebsa da pedagogebs bavSvebi daanaxa axali codnis
SeZenis maZieblad, romlebic sakuTar ganviTarebaSi Tavadve asrulebdnen mniSvnelovan
rols. ufro metic, piaJe erT-erTi pirveli iyo, vinc ganviTareba aRwera da axsna. misma
fuZemdeblurma saqmianobam gamoiwvia yuradRebis amJamindeli gamaxvileba kognituri
ganviTarebis meqanizmebze _ zustad im biologiur, fsiqologiur da garemo faqtore-
bze, romlebic bavSvis azrovnebis gaumjobesebas ganapirobebs, rasac me-7 TavSi gan-
vixilavT (McClelland & Siegler, 2001). dasasruls, piaJes Teoria gvTavazobs kognituri
ganviTarebis xelSemwyob “sagzao rukas~, romelic mravali TvalsazrisiT zustia, sxva
mosazrebebiT ki _ mcdari. winaoperaciuli, konkretuli operaciuli da formaluri
operaciebis miseuli safexurebi mainc Zalze mniSvnelovania emociuri, socialuri da
moraluri ganviTarebis gasagebad.
amis miuxedavad, piaJes TeoriiT STagonebulma kvlevebma misi Teoriis sisusteebi
gamoavlina. ganvixiloT ori ZiriTadi eWvi, romelic misma kritikosebma gamoTqves.

aris kognituri ganviTarebis piaJeseuli

Tvalsazrisi naTeli da zusti?
wuTiT davfiqrdeTkognituri cvlilebis piaJeseul axsnaze _ kerZod, wonasworo-
baze da adaptaciisa da organizaciis Tanamdev procesebze. radgan piaJe yuradRebas
azrovnebis farTo transformaciaze amaxvilebda, bundovani rCeba, zustad ras akeTebs
bavSvi gawonasworebisTvis (Siegler & Ellis, 1996). magaliTad, gavixsenoT organizaciis Cve-
neuli aRwera _ yoveli safexuris struqturebi urTierTdakavSirebul mTels qmnis.
piaJem ver daadgina, rogor ikvreba yoveli safexuris calkeuli miRwevebi azrovnebis
erTian, koherentul formad. am mTlianobis damtkicebis
mcdelobebi sinamdvileSi warmatebuli ar aRmoCnda. mra- marTalia, piaJe amtkicebda, rom mcirewlovani
vali amocanis mimarT Cvilebi da mcirewlovani bavSvebi bavSvebi ZiriTadad garemoze zemoqmedebiT swav-
imaze met kompetenturobas avlendnen, xolo mozardebi loben, sityvieri swavleba, warsuli gamocdilebis
swori gamoyeneba da sxva meTodebi aseve did rols
da mozrdilebi _ imaze naklebs, vidre piaJe varaudob-
asrulebs. am praqtikul samecniero mecadineobaze
da. dReisTvis mecnierebi SeTanxmdnen, rom bavSvis mcd- gubis wylisa da mikroskopis gamoyenebiT, bavSvebi
eloba, moaxdinos azrovnebis asimilacia, akomodacia da sxvadasxvanairad iTviseben _ zogi maswavlebels
reorganizacia, adekvaturad ver xsnis am cvlilebebis sTxovs, uxelmZRvanelos, zogi TavisiT eufleba,
xasiaTs. zogic JurnalSi Canawerebs akeTebs.
© Ellen Senisi/The Image Works
ufro metic, metismetad SezRudulia piaJes rwmena,
rom Cvilebma da mcirewlovanma bavSvebma garemoze unda
imoqmedon, raTa azrovneba Seicvalon imis asaxsnelad,
rogor xdeba swavla. kognituri ganviTareba yovelTvis
TavisiT ar xdeba. sakuTar Tavs mindobilma bavSvebma Sei-
Zleba ver SeniSnon aRqmis gasaumjobeseblad aucilebel
situaciaTa aspeqtebi. amitom piaJes Teoria, romelic
Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWebs bavSvis iniciativas,
sinamdvileSi SeiZleba nakleb sasargeblo aRmoCndes im
saswavlo strategiebis SesamuSaveblad, romlebic bavS-
vebs ukeT aTvisebas miaCveven.
332

xdeba Tu ara kognituri ganviTareba safexurebze?

ukve vnaxeT, rom bevri kognituri cvlileba nela da safexurebrivad mimdinareobs.
ramdenime unar-Cveva erTi periodis ganmavlobaSi ar Cans da uceb Cndeba meore period-
Si. kognituri wonasworobis aseve cota periodi arsebobs. piriqiT, bavSvebi mudmivad
ganaanaxleben struqturebs da axal unar-Cvevebs iZenen. dReisTvis faqtobrivad yvela
eqsperti eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom bavSvebis kognicia arc ise safexurebrivia, rogorc
piaJes egona (Bjorklund, 2004; Flavell, Miller & Miller, 2002). amave dros, Tanamedrove mec-
nierebs gansxvavebuli azri aqvT, imis Sesaxeb, sinamdvileSi rogoria zogadi an kerZo
kognituri ganviTareba.
zogi Teoretikosi piaJes eTanxmeba imaSi, rom ganviTareba zogadi procesia –igi
fizikuri, ricxviTi da socialuri codnis sxvadasxva kognituri nawilebis erTnair
mimarTulebebs misdevs, magram uaryofen safexurebis arsebobas. amis nacvlad Tvlian,
rom azrovnebis procesi yvela asakSi erTnairia _ ubralod, metad an naklebad farToa
–bavSvebis codnasa da gamocdilebas Soris gansxvavebaze did gavlenas axdens nawilebis
araTanabari muSaoba. es varaudebi qmnis informaciis damuSavebis perspeqtivis safuZv-
lebs, rasac me-7 TavSi ganvixilavT.
sxva mecnierebi fiqroben, rom safexuris ganmarteba sworia, magram saWiroa misi
gaumjobeseba. isini miuTiTeben zogi safexurebrivi cvlilebebis TvalsaCinoebaze, mag-
aliTad, ori wlis asakSi gadmocemis maRal ganviTarebasa da mozardobaSi asakSi ganzo-
gadebisken ltolvaze. isini aseve iTvaliswineben bevr ufro mcire ganviTarebas, rasac
am transformaciebamde mivyavarT. me-7 TavSi ganvixilavT neopiaJeanur perspeqtivas,
romelic piaJes safexurobriv midgomas informaciis damuSavebis ideebTan aerTianebs
(Case, 1996, 1998; Halford, 2002). am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, safexurebad piaJeseuli mkacri
dayofa unda Seicvalos ufro naklebi simtkicis koncefciiT, romlis Tanaxmadac erTm-
aneTTan dakavSirebuli unar-Cvevebi farTo periodis ganmavlobaSi, tvinis gaviTarebi-
sa da kerZo gamocdilebaTa mixedviT viTardeba.
sxvebi ki ara marto piaJeeul safexurebs uaryofen, aramed mis Tvalsazrissac, rom
adamianis goneba Sedgeba zogadi unar-Cvevebisgan, romlebic nebismieri kognituri
amocanisTvis SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli. isini amtkiceben, rom Cvilebisa da umcro-
si asakis bavSvebis SesaniSnavi unar-Cvevebi adasturebs, rom kognituri ganviTareba
sensomotorul refleqsebze gacilebiT adre iwyeba; Cvilebi qveyanas ufro ramdenime
ZiriTadi, Tandayolili tipis codniT evlinebian, yoveli maTgani ki biZgs aZlevs kog-
niciis sasicocxlo aspeqtebs. ZiriTadi codnis am perspeqtivas Semdeg ganyofilebaSi
ganvixilavT.

piaJes memkvidreoba
marTalia, ganviTarebis piaJeseuli aRwera ukve mTlianad misaRebi aRar aris, mec-
nierebi jer ver misulan konsensusamde, rogor unda gaumjobesdes an Seicvalos is. sx-
vebi bavSvze, rogorc aqtiur agentze, piaJeseul xazgasmas aigiveben konteqstis ufro
Zlier rolTan _ sagnebis, movlenebisa da xalxis gavlenaze bavSvis cxovrebaze. magal-
iTad, vigotskis Teoriis mimdevrebi intensiurad swavloben socialur da kulturul
gavlenebs bavSvis azrovnebaze, rasac piaJe yuradRebas ar aqcevda.
bavSvTa azrovnebis sxvadasxvanairi Teoriebi da kvlevebis mimarTulebebi amJamad
bevrad ufro danawevrebulia, vidre ramdenime aTwleulis win, roca piaJes Teoria
uaRresad gavleniani iyo. amis miuxedavad, mecnierebi mainc piaJes sicocxlisunariani
ZiebebiT xelmZRvaneloben, raTa gaigon, rogor iZenen bavSvebi axal unar-Cvevebs. misi
Sedegebi faqtobriv sawyis wertilad iqca kognituri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi Taname-
drove kvlevebis yoveli mimarTulebisTvis.
 333

hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs

gaimeoreT moiyvaneT im Sedegebis magaliTebi, romlebmac Tanamedrove mecnierebi kog-
nituri cvlilebebis piaJeseuli Tvalsazrisis uaryofamde miiyvana.
daakavSireT piaJes Teoriidan gamomdinare saganmanaTleblo principebi ra rols akis-
rebs mis mier yuradRebis gadatanas aqtiur bavSvze, romelic TviTon aris
pasuxismgebeli sakuTar miRwevebze?
imsjeleT piaJes Teoriis romeli aspeqtebia TqvenTvis misaRebi? romelSi geparebaT
eWvi? pasuxi daasabuTeT, kvlevaTa Sesabamisi monacemebiT.

ZiriTadi codnis perspeqtiva

ZiriTadi codnis perspeqtivis Tanaxmad, Cvilebi cxovrebas iwyeben Tandayolili,
sagangebo miznobrivi codnis sistemiT, romelsac mimarTaven, rogorc azrovnebis nawi-
lebs. am winaswar Canergili STabeWdilebebidan TiToeuli axali, msgavsi informaciis
mza aRqmas iZleva da amitom kogniciis garkveuli aspeqtebis adreul da swraf ganviTa-
rebas exmareba. ZiriTadi codnis Teoretikosebi acxadeben, rom Cvilebs ar SeuZliaT
aRiqvan maT garSemo myofi mravalmxrivi stimulaciebi, Tu ar arian “momarTulebi~ misi
sakvanZo aspeqtebis Casawvdomad. TiToeul ZiriTad nawils evoluciis xangrZlivi isto-
ria aqvs da umniSvnelovanesia gadarCenisTvis (Carey & Markman; Spelke & Newport, 1998).
Cvilobisas gansakuTrebiT gaZlierebulad ori nawili Seiswavleba. pirveli aris
fizikuri codna _ kerZod, sagnebisa da maTi erTmaneTze zemoqmedebis aRqma, meore ki
_ricxviTi codna _ mravlobiT sagnebze Tvalyuris midevnebisa da patara sidideebis
damatebisa da gamoklebis unari. fizikurma da ricxviTma cod-
nam Cvens winaprebs saSualeba misca sakvebi da sxva resursebi
garemodan moepovebinaT.
ZiriTadi codnis perspeqtiva amtkicebs, rom Tandayo-
lili safuZvlebi SesaZlebels xdis adreul bavSvobaSi cod-
nis sistemebis mniSvnelovan winsvlas. me-9 TavSi ganvixilavT
skolamdelTa metyvelebas saocari ostatobis bunebrivobis
(anu Tandayolilebis) mosazrebas, romelic lingvistur cod-
nas adamianis tvinis struqturaSi Canergilad Tvlis. amasTan
erTad, xalxisadmi Cvilebis adreuli orientacia (ix. Tavi 4)
fsiqologiuri codnis _ kerZod, adamianTa jgufebis gadar-
CenisTvis sasicocxlo gonebrivi mdgomareobis (magaliTad,
emociebis, survilebis, rwmenebisa da perspeqtivebis) aRqmis
swrafi ganviTarebis safuZvels uzrunvelyofs. bavSvebi aseve
avlenen STambeWdav biologiur codnas, rac gvafiqrebinebs,
rom aqvT sxeulismieri procesebis, magaliTad, dabadebis,
zrdis, avadmyofobisa da sikvdilis Tandayolili daxasiaTe-
bebi da STabeWdilebebi.
ZiriTadi codnis perspeqtiva uSvebs, rom yoveli ZiriTa- rogor SeiZleba, rom am 5 Tvis bavSvma ukve
di nawili damoukideblad viTardeba. ganviTarebis saer- icodes mis win dawyobili plastmasis sami sa-
To procesad CaTvlis nacvlad, Teoretikosebi amas ufro TamaSos fizikuri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb? ZiriTa-
di codnis mkvlevarebis SexedulebiT, mas ukve
nawilisTvis damaxasiaTeblad da gaurkvevlad Tvlian. mar-
aqvs garkveuli ricxviTi koncefciis safuZve-
Talia, sawyisi codna Tandayolilia, igi ufro umjobesdeba, li, ris saSualebiTac samamde raodenobebis
roca bavSvebi ikvleven, TamaSoben da sxvebTan urTierToben garCeva SeuZlia. mogvawoda: Liz Napolitano
(Geary & Bjorklund, 2000; Leslie, 2004). bavSvebi iTvlebian miam-
334

it Teoretikosebad, romlebic ZiriTadi codnis Sesaxeb TavianT koncefciebs ageben,

raTa axsnan yoveldRiuri fizikuri, fsiqologiuri da biologiuri STabeWdilebebi. Se-
viswavloT monacemTa magaliTi, romelic naTels hfens azrovnebis ZiriTadi nawilebis
arsebobas.

Cvilebi: fizikuri da ricxobrivi codna

avlenen Tu ara Cvilebi STambeWdav fizikur da ricxobriv aRqmas imdenad adre, rom
SeiZleba vifiqroT zogi codna Tandayolilia am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad kidev
erTxel iqna gamoyenebuli molodinis gacruebis meTodi. sagnis mdgradobis adreuli
aRqmis kvlevis garda, ZiriTadi codnis Teoretikosebi miuTiTeben monacemebze, ro-
melic aCvenebs, rom Cvilebi adreul asakSi aRiqvamen sagnis ZiriTad Tvisebebs da maTi
saSualebiT swrafad ageben codnas ufro detaluri STabeWdilebebis SeZeniT (Baillar-
geon, 2004).
magaliTad, 2,5 Tvis bavSvebi TiTqos xvdebian, rom erTma myarma saganma ar SeiZleba
meore myar saganSi gaiaros. erT-erTi kvlevis dros ramdenime Cvilma naxa, rogor Ca-
des sagani Riobian konteinerSi, xolo sxvebs aCvenes, rogor Cades sagani konteinerSi,
romelsac Riobi ar hqonda (ix. sqema 6.16) daxurul konteiners bavSvebi ufro met xans
uyurebdnen, TiTqos am SeuZlebelma movlenam fizikuri realobis maTeuli warmodgena
daarRvia (Hespos & Baillargeon, 2001). momdevno ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi Cvilebi am
STabeWdilebas afarToeben. 5-6 Tvis asakSi isini met xans uyureben, rogor gadis masze
farTo sagani am RiobSi, vidre Sesabamisi zomis sagnis RiobSi gasvlas (Sitskoorn & Smits-
man, 1995). daaxloebiT 7,5 Tvis asakSi isini met dros andomeben imis yurebas, rogor uCi-

sqema 6.16
Cvilebis testireba sagnis moculobis aRqmaze molodinis gacruebis meTodiT. mosalodneli movle-
nis dros Cvilebma dainaxes erTmaneTisgan mcire manZilze mdgari maRali sagani da maRali konteineri.
mozardis marjvena xeli sagnis Tavze damagrebul mrgval saxelurs CaebRauWa, xolo marcxena xelma kon-
teineri ise gadmoabruna, rom Cvilebma misi Riobi naxes. ramdenime wamis Semdeg konteineri sawyis mdgo-
mareobas daubrunda. Semdeg marjvena xelma sagani konteineris zemoT aswia da Sig CauSva. bolos ki xelma
sagani konteineridan amoiRo da Zirs dado. moulodneli movlenis: konteineris daxuruli mdgomareobis
dros Cvilebma igive movlena dainaxes, oRond erTi gamonaklisiT: konteineris Tavi ise iyo daxuruli,
rom sagnis Sig Cadeba SeuZlebeli gaxda (sinamdvileSi konteiners yalbi, magnituri Tavsaxuri hqonda,
romelic im sagnis Zirs miekro, romelic Sig unda Cadebuliyo). xuTi Tvis bavSvi ufro met xans uyurebda
moulodnel, daxurul konteinerian SemTxvevas da savaraudod, sagnis moculobas aRiqvamda (wignidan
S. J. Hespos & Baillargeon, 2001, `Reasoning About Containment Events in Very Young Infants~, Cognition, 78, p. 213.
2001 Elsevier Science, ibeWdeba nebarTviT).
 335

Tavdapirveli movlena
1. sagans aTavseben 2. ekrani aRimarTeba 3. emateba meore sagani 4. Cans carieli xeli
ujraSi

(a)
sacdeli movlena
mosalodneli Sedegi moulodneli Sedegi

5. ekrani vardeba aRmoaCens 2 sagans 5. ekrani vardeba aRmoaCens 1 sagans

(b) (g)

sqema 6.17
bavSvebis testireba ricxviTi koncefciebis safuZvlebze. (a) Tavidan Cvilebi xedavdnen, rogor
aRimarTa ekrani saTamaSo cxovelis win. Semdeg ekranis ukan zustad iseTive saTamaSo daamates. Semdeg
mkvlevarebma ori Sedegi warmoadgines. (b) mosalodnel SemTxvevaSi ekrani vardeboda da or cxovels
aCenda. (g) moulodnel SemTxvevaSi ekrani vardeboda da erT saTamaSo cxovels aCenda. xuTi Tvis bavSvebi
moulodnel Sedegs ufro met xans uyurebdnen, vidre mosalodnels. mkvlevarebma daaskvnes, rom Cvi-
lebs SeuZliaT gaarCion raodenobebi `erTi~ da `ori~ da gamoiyenon es codna, raTa moaxdinon martivi
Sekreba: 1 + 1 = 2. am proceduris nairsaxeoba gvafiqrebinebs, rom 5 Tvis bavSvebs aseve SeuZliaT martivi
gamoklebis warmoebac: 2 _ 1 = 1 (wignidan K. Wynn, 1992, `Addiition and Substraction by Human Infants.~ Nature,
358, p. 358, p. 749. ibeWdeba nebarTviT).

nardeba konteinerSi masze maRali sagani, vidre konteineris Sesabamisi simaRlis sagnis
gaqrobisas (Hespos & Baillargeon, 2001).
amasTan eraTad, pirveli naxevari wlis ganmavlobaSi Cvilebi mizidulobis Zalis
mimarT mgrZnobiareni arian (Spelke da sxvebi, 1992). es STabeWdileba swrafad viTardeba.
6-7 Tvis bavSvebs aqvT garkveuli warmodgena sagnis sayrdenis Sesaxeb. maTi yuradReba
izrdeba, roca erTi sagani meoris Tavze devs, magram misi Ziris umetesi nawili qveda
sagans ar exeba. am pirobebis SemTxvevaSi Cvilebi avlenen imis mixvedras, rom zeda sagani
SeiZleba Camovardes (Baillargeon, 1994).
kvlevis Sedegebi aseve gviCvenebs, rom Cvil bavSvebs ricxviTi koncefciebis safuZ-
vlebi aqvT (Spelke, 2000). am kvlevaTagan yvelaze cnobilSi 5 Tvis bavSvebi xedavdnen
ubralo saTamaSo cxovelis dasafarad aRmarTul ekrans. Semdeg Cvilebi xedavdnen xels,
romelic ekranis ukan meore, pirvelis absoluturad msgavs saTamaSos debda. sabolood,
ekrani gaiweoda da erT an or saTamaSos aCenda. Tu Cvilebi Tvalyurs adevnebdnen da or
sagans amCnevdnen (rac maTi mxridan erTi sagnis meorisTvis mimatebas moiTxovda), maSin
maT met xans unda eyurebinaT uCveulo movlenisaTvis, romlis drosac erTi saTamaSo
Cndeboda _ da isini zustad ase iqceodnen (ix. sqema 6.17). damatebiTi cdebis dros am
amocanis miRebisas 5 Tvis bavSvebi sam sagans met xans uyurebdnen, vidre ors. saerTod,
es da msgavsi cdebis Sedegebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom bavSvebi samamde raodenobebs arCeven
da am codnas martivi ariTmetikisTvis– rogorc mimatebis, aseve gamoklebisTvis iyene-
ben (roca ori sagani ekraniT ifareba da erT sagans iReben) (Kobaiashi da sxvebi; Wynn,
1992, 1998).
sxva kvleva gviCvenebs, rom 6 Tvis bavSvebs SeuZliaT gansxvaveba SeamCnion sagnebis
did raodenobebs Soris, vidre es gansxvaveba Zalian didia. magaliTad, maT SeuZliaT
SeamCnion gansxvaveba 8 da 16 wetils Soris, magram ara 6-sa da 12 Soris (Lipton & Spelke,
2003; Xu & Spelke, 2000). amis Sedegad, zogi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom Cvilebs SeuZliaT
miaxloebiT warmoidginon didi sidideebi, 6. 17 sqemaze moyvanil mcire sidideebis gar-
CevasTan erTad.
es monacemebi, molodinis gacruebis sxva Sedegebis msgavsad, winaaRmdegobrivia. zo­
gi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom Cvilebs mimateba da gamokleba ar SeuZliaT. zemoT aRwerilis
336

msgavs eqsperimentebSi upiratesi cqera cvalebadi iyo (Langer, Gillette & Arriaga, 2003;
Wakeley, Rivera & Langer, 2000). es mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, rom ricxobrivi koncefciis
gamovlena umcros Cvilebs Soris saocaria, sxva Catarebuli kvlevebi ki gviCvenebs, rom
14-16 Tvemde bavSvebs siZnele eqmnebaT mcire sidideebs Soris `naklebi-vidre~ da `meti-
vidre~ urTierTkavSiris mimarT. me-7 TavSi vnaxavT, rom skolamdel asakamde bavSvebi
sagnebis mcire raodenobas zustad ver umateben da akleben.
amgvarad, adreuli codnis Seswavla zogadad sxvadasxvanair Sedegebs iZleva. zogi-
erTi kvlevisas Cvilebi saocar codnas avlenen, sxva SemTxvevebSi ki _ ara. SesaZloa,
umcrosi Cvilebis codna mxolod garkveul pirobebSi mJRavndeba. Tu aseTi codna Tan-
dayolilia, maSin ufrosi asakis bavSvebic CvilebiviT unda msjelobdnen im movlenebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic am codnas Seesabameba, magram isini yovelTvis ase ar iqcevian. ZiriTa-
di codnis Teoretikosebi pasuxoben, rom Cvilebis mxedvelobiTi saqcieli SeiZleba
STabeWdilebis ufro saimedo maCvenebeli iyos, vidre ufrosi bavSvebis sityvieri da
moZraobiTi saqcieli, romelic SeiZleba maT namdvil monacemebs ar asaxavdes (Wynn,
2002). kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom fizikuri da ricxviTi codna, Tandayolilis nacv-
lad, drois farTo periodSi Seqmnili unda iyos (Haith & Bensen, 1998).

bavSvebi gulubryvilo Teoretikosebi arian

ayalibeben Tu ara bavSvebi gulubryvilo Teoriebs anu im movlenebis axsnas, rom-
lebic ZiriTad nawilebs Soris icvleba? mkvlevarTa sul ufro meti raodenoba Tvlis,
rom ayalibeben. am Teoriis Teoriis (rac bavSvebis, rogorc Teoretikosebis Teorias
niSnavs) Tanaxmad, movlenaze dakvirvebis Semdeg bavSvebi maT Tandayolili koncefcie-
bidan gamomdinare xsnian anu Teoretikosoben mis Sesaxeb. Semdeg isini TavianT gulu-
bryvilo Teorias gamocdilebis sawinaaRmdegod cdian da gadasinjaven mas, roca igi
adekvaturad ver xsnis axal informacias (Gelman, 2003; Gopnik & Nazzi, 2003; Welman
& Gelman, 1998). es gadasinjvebi xSirad safexurebriv cvlilebebs– koncefciebisa da
ganmartebebis sirTulis mkveTr, xarisxobriv winsvlas iwvevs. aRsaniSnavia, rom kog-
nituri cvlilebebis es axsna piaJeseuls hgavs. magram Teoriis Teoretikosebi acxade-
ben, rom radgan bavSvebi cxovrebas Tandayolili codniT iwyeben, maTi STabeWdilebebi,
aSkarad rTuli mizezSedegobrivi monacemebiT, ufro swrafad viTardeba, vidre piaJe
varaudobda. aq movrCi
yvelaze farTod gamokvleuli gulubryvilo Teoria aris bavSvebis gonebis Teoria
_ sakuTari Tavisa da sxvebis fsiqologiuri codna, romelic skolamdeli asakis ganma-
vlobaSi swrafad yalibdeba da romelsac me-7 da me-11 TavebSi ganvixilavT. skolamde-
lebs aseve miamiti fizikuri da biologiuri Teoriebic aqvT. erT-erTi kvlevisas mkv-
levarebma 3 da 4 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, aexsnaT movlenebi, romlebsac fsiqologiuri,
fizikuri an biologiuri mizezebi hqonda. yoveli movlenis Sesaxeb bavSvebs maTi ZiriTa-
di nawilis Sesabamisi axsna aqvT. magaliTad, bavSvi, romelic Tavis fafas rZis nacvlad
forToxlis wvens asxams, ufro fsiqologiur ganmartebas iZleva (“is fiqrobda, rom es
rZe iyo.~), biWi, romelic skamidan gadmoxtomiT haerSi livlivs cdilobda, magram Zirs
daeca, ufro fizikur ganmartebas iZleva (“is Zalian mZimea imisTvis, rom ilivlivos~),
xolo gogona, romelic cdilobs, samudamod gadmoekidos xis tots, magram iZulebulia
wavides, biologiuri ganmartebis misacemadaa mimarTuli (“mas xelebi daeRala~). aseve,
im ganmartebaTa umetesoba, romlebsac skolamdelebi yoveldRiur saubarSi gvTavazo-
ben, fsiqologiuri, fizikuri an biologiuria da Sesabamisad aris dakavSirebuli adami-
anTa, cxovelTa da saganTa qcevebTan (Hickling & Wellman, 2001; Wellman, Hickling & Schulz,
1997).
marTalia, umcrosi asakis bavSvebi STambeWdavi Teoretikosebi arian, maTi ganmarte-
bebi sxvadasxva nawilSi sxvadasxva siCqariT viTardeba. fizikuri da fsiqologiuri
ganmartebebi 2 wlis asakisTvis sWarbobs, albaT imitom, rom es STabeWdilebebi Cvi-
lobisas warmoiSoba. biologiuri ganmartebebi asakTan erTad izrdeba. radgan biolo-
giur procesSi Cawvdoma Znelia, umcrosi skolamdelebi xSirad biologiur movlenebs
 337

biologia da garemo
bavSvebis mier sikvdilis aRqma

5 wlis miriami sabavSvo baRSi Tavisi sizmrebs xedaven da maT sxeulze Wriloba Tu morCeba,
ZaRlis, piperis sikvdilis meore dRes bavSvebis naxevarze metma, romlebsac biologiuri
mivida. sxva bavSvebTan misvlis nacvlad is maswavlebel codnis SeZena jer dawyebuli ar hqondaT, dadebiTad
leslis maxloblad darCa, romelmac miriamis cudi gan- upasuxa (Slaughter, Jaakkola & Carey, 1999).
wyoba SeamCnia. `ra moxda?~ hkiTxa leslim. bavSvebis umetesoba sikvdilis koncefciis kompo-
`mamam Tqva, piperi ise avad iyo, veterinari iZule-
nentebs 7 wlis asakisTvis iTvisebs. mudmivoba pirveli
buli gaxda, daeZinebiao. `miriams wamiT imedi mieca. da yvelaze advilad gasagebi ideaa. roca leslim aux-
`saxlSi rom mival, iqneb piperi gaRviZebuli damxvdes.~ sna, rom piperi aRar gaiRviZebda, miriamma es faqti
leslim pirdapir upasuxa: `ara, piperi aRar gaiRvi- uceb miiRo, SesaZloa imitom, rom es mas sxva drosac
Zebs. mas ar sZinavs. is mokvda, es ki niSnavs, rom Zili, enaxa _ mkvdari peplebisa da xoWoebis SemTxvevaSi,
Wama, sirbili an TamaSi aRar SeuZlia.~ romlebsac gareT TamaSis dros iRebda da aTvaliereb-
miriami Cafiqrda. mogvianebiT igi leslisTan dab-
da. gardauvalobisa da Sewyvetis Sefaseba cota xanSi
runda da Tvalacremlebuli gamotyda: `pipers bevrs
davarbeninebdi.~ emateba. Tavidan bavSvebi fiqroben, rom zogi adamiani
leslim miriams xeli Semoxvia. `piperi imitom ar ar kvdeba _ TviTon, maTi msgavsi adamianebi (sxva bavS-
momkvdara, rom Sen mas bevrs daarbeninebdi. is Zalian vebi) da isini, visTanac maT mWidro emociuri kavSirebi
beberi da avadmyofi iyo.~ aqvT. bevri skolamdeli aseve fiqrobs, rom sikvdilis
ramdenime momdevno dRis ganmavlobaSi miriami Semdeg sasicocxlo unarebi SenarCundeba (Kenyon,
kidev bevr SekiTxvas svamda: `me rom daviZineb, movkvde- 2001; Speece & Brent, 1996). miyenebadoba da mizezobri-
bi?~ `SeiZleba muclis tkivilma mogklas?~ “axla piperi oba asaTviseblad yvelaze Zneli komponentebia da ukve
Tavs ukeT grZnobs?~ `deda da mama daixoceba?~ aRniSnuli biologiuri koncefciebis myarad flobas
moiTxovs.
sikvdilis koncefciis ganviTareba
kulturis zegavlena
sikvdilis swori gageba xuT mosazrebas emyareba:
1. mudmivoba: roca cocxali arseba kvdeba, mas veRar sikvdilis momwifebuli Sefaseba, Cveulebriv,
gaacocxleb. Sua bavSvobisas miiRweva da eTnikuri gansxvavebebi
2. gardauvaloba: yvela cocxali arseba namdvilad gvafiqrebinebs, rom religiuri swavlebebi zemoqmede-
mokvdeba. bas axdens bavSvis aRqmaze. israelSi mcxovrebi oTxi eT-
nikuri jgufis erTmaneTTan Sedarebam gamoavlina, rom
3. Sewyveta: sikvdilisas yvela sasicocxlo funqcia, druzi da musulmani bavSvebis sikvdilis koncefcia
azrovnebis, grZnobis, moZraobisa da organizmis
gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac qristian da ebrael bavSvebs
procesebis CaTvliT, moqmedebas wyvets.
aqvT (Florian & Kravetz, 1985). druzebs reinkarnaciis
4. moqmedebadoba: sikvdili mxolod cocxal arsebe- sjeraT, xolo druzebisa da musulmanebis ufro didma
bze moqmedebs.
religiurobam maTi bavSvebis mier mudmivobisa da ara-
5. mizezi: sikvdilis mizezi organizmis funqcioni- funqcionirebis uaryofa gamoiwvia. aseve, samxreTe-
rebis moSlaa. li baptistebis ojaxebis bavSvebi, romlebsac saiqio
sikvdilis aRsaqmelad bavSvebma biologiaze cxovreba swamT, ufro naklebad aRiqvamen mudmivobas,
garkveuli sawyisi warmodgena unda SeiZinon _ rom vidre unitarebis ojaxebisa, romlebic yuradRebas
cxovelebi da mcenareebi cocxali arsebebia, romleb- amqveynad mSvidobisa da samarTlianobis miRwevaze
sac aqvT sicocxlis SenarCunebisTvis aucilebeli amaxvileben (Candy-Gibbs, Sharp & Peturn, 1985).
garkveuli organoebi. maT aseve unda Secvalon Tavi- sikvdilisgan miRebuli STabeWdilebebi aseve ax-
anTi `aracocxali~ msoflmxedvelobiTi kategoria dens zemoqmedebas mis aRqmaze. israelis kibucebSi
mkvdariT, usuloTi, ararealuriT da ararsebuliT (sasoflo-sameurneo dasaxlebebSi) gazrdili bavS-
vebi, romlebmac teroristebis Tavdasxmebi, ojaxis
(Carey, 1999). am ideebis aTvisebamde bavSvebi sikvdils
wevrebis samxedro reidebSi wasvla da saSiSroebis gamo
maTTvis nacnobi gamocdilebiT xsnian _ rogorc
mSoblebis SeSfoTeba naxes, sikvdilis cnebis srul
saqcielis cvlilebas. aqedan gamomdinare, maT, mari-
amis msgavsad, SeiZleba sjerodeT, rom isini arian na- aTvisebas 5 wlis asakisTvis avlenen (Mahon, Goldberg
Tesavebis an Sinauri cxovelebis sikvdilis mizezi, rom & Washington, 1999). axlo naTesavis an megobris sikvdi-
muclis tkivili SeiZleba vinmes sikvdilis mizezi gax- lis sinamdvileSi naxva Zlier aCqarebs mudmivobisa da
des da rom sikvdili Zils waagavs. roca mkvlevarebma gardauvalobis Sefasebas, 3 wlis bavSvebSic ki (Relly,
4-6 wlis bavSvebs hkiTxes, Tu sWirdebaT mkvdar adami- Hasazi & Bond, 1983).
anebs saWmeli, haeri da wyali; Tu banaoben; Tu ZinavT da
 338

bavSvebis aRqmis gaumjobeseba cefciis sakuTar Sefasebas religiur da filosofiur

mSoblebi xSirad umizezod swuxan, rom bavSvebTan SexedulebebTan, rac maT mwuxarebis SemsubuqebaSi ex-
sikvdilis Sesaxeb Riad saubari maTSi SiSs gamoiwvevs. mareba. marTlac, mistikuri ganmartebebi, rogoricaa
magram bavSvebi, romlebic kargad Caswvdnen sikvdilis RmerTi da aramaterialuri mdgomareoba, mozrdilo-
faqtebs, ufro male aRiqvamen mas. ukeT muSaobs les- bis ganmavlobaSi izrdeba, radgan ymawvilebi arsebobis
lis msgavsi pirdapiri ganmartebebi, romlebic bavSvis xasiaTze ufro Rrmad fiqroben da sulieri ideebiT
aRqmis unars zustad ergeba. roca mozrdilebi kli- arian Sepyrobilni (Cuddy-Casey & Orvaschel, 1997).
Seebs iyeneben, an damabnevlad laparakoben, bavSvebma xSirad patiosani da pativiscemiTi urTierTobebi
SeiZleba es pirdapir gaigon da ufro daibnen. magali- sikvdilis Sesaxeb xels uwyobs rogorc kognitur gan-
Tad, roca mSoblebma Tavis 5 wlis gogonas uTxres: `ba- viTarebas, aseve emociur keTildReobas.
bua xangrZliv mogzaurobaSi wavida.~ bavSvi gaocda `me
ratom ar wamiyvana?~ zogjer bavSvebi Znel SekiTxvebs
svamen: `me movkvdebi?~ `Sen mokvdebi?~ mSoblebma Sei-
Zleba gulwrfeladac upasuxon da moxerxebuladac,
Tu etyvian: `ara, bevri, bevri wlis ganmavlobaSi.~ `jer
minda Seni gazrdiT gavixaro da babua gavxde.~
sikvdilis swori Sefasebis danergvis kidev erTi sa-
Sualebaa skolamdelebisTvis biologiisa da adamianis
sxeulis Sesaxeb moTxroba. 3-5 wlis bavSvebs, romleb-
sac gulis, Tirkmelebis, filtvis, tvinis, saWmlis mom-
nelebeli sistemis, Zvlebisa da kunTebisgan sicocxlis
uzrunvelyofaSi daniSnulebis Sesaxeb gakveTilebs
utarebdnen, bevrad ganviTarebuli Sexeduleba aqvT
sikvdilis Sesaxeb, vidre bavSvebs, romlebsac aseT
mecadineobebs ar utarebdnen (Slaughter & Lyons, 2003). vidre mSoblebi gulaxdil, asakis Sesaferis axsna-
mozrdilTa da bavSvTa saubrebi aseve kulturulad ganmartebebs iZlevian, maT bavSvebs SeuZliaT moaxdinon
mgrZnobiare unda iyos. religiuri rwmenebis uarsayo- imis swori Sefaseba, Tu ra xdeba, roca cocxali arsebebi
fad mecnieruli mtkicebulebebis moyvanis nacvlad, kvdebian. es mSoblebi ojaxis ZaRlis sikvdils umsubuqeben
SesaZloa, mSoblebi da maswavleblebi bavSvebs cod- bavSvebs gamocdilebis Sesaxeb saubriTa da wakiTxviT.
nis am ori wyaros SexamebaSi daexmaron. roca bavSvebi © Michael Newman/RhotoEdit
wamoizrdebian, isini xSirad aerTianeben sikvdilis kon-

fsiqologiuri koncefciebiT xsnian (Carey, 1995, 1999; Inagaki & Hantano, 2002). magal-
iTad, roca hkiTxes, SeuZliaT Tu ara tkivils uTxran, gaiaros, an guliscemas _ gaC-
erdes, bevrma 3 wlis bavSvma dadebiTad upasuxa! maTgan gansxvavebiT, 4 wlis bavSvebma
icodnen, rom biologiur procesebs ver gaakontrolebdnen (Inagaki, 1997). magram, bi-
ologiuri movlenebis fsiqologiuri axsna mainc arsebobs adreul saskolo wlebSi, ro-
gorc amas bavSvebis mier sikvdilis aRqmis gamokvleva gviCvenebs (ix. CanarTi `biologia
da garemo).
biologiuri codnis mogvianebiT gamoCena farTod mravalferovan kulturaTa bavSvebs
axasiaTebs, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom sxva ZiriTadi nawilebisgan gansxvavebiT, mas SeiZleba
mxolod susti Tandayolili safuZveli hqondes. ganvixiloT bavSvebis mier biologiuri
memkvidreobis codna. erTi mSoblis mier gaCenili da meoris mier gazrdili bavSvis ambis
gagebis Semdeg Crdiloamerikelma da evropelma bavSvebma 5-7 wlis asakamde Tanmimdevru-
lad ver daaskvnes, rom naSvilebi bavSvi fizikuri maxasiaTeblebiT (magaliTad, TmiT da
kanis feriT) mis gamCen mSoblebs emsgavseboda, xolo mis amyvan mSoblebs _ rwmeniTa da
CvevebiT (Solomon da sxvebi, 1996; Weissman & Kalish, 1999; Gimenez & Harris, 2002).
zogierT aradasavlur sasoflo sazogadoebebSi adamianis Tvisebebze biologiisa da
socialuri ganaTlebis gavlenebs Soris es gansxvaveba mozardobamde an mozrdilobamde
miuwvdomeli rCeba (Bloch, Solomon & Carey, 2001; Mahalingham, 1999). magaliTad, madagas-
karel vezoebs aqvT garkveuli xalxuri rwmenebi, romlebic maT bavSvebs biologiuri
memkvidreobis mtkiced dauflebaSi exmareba. vezoebi Tvlian, rom Tu orsuli qali did
xans andomebs sxva pirovnebaze fiqrs, bavSvi SeiZleba am pirovnebas daemsgavsos! vezos
 339

bavSvebi skolaSi ar dadian da am xalxuri rwmenis winaaRmdegobaSi myof biologiis

gakveTilebs ar eeswrebian (Astuti, Solomon & Carey, 2004). piriqiT, maT unda SeamCnion da
TandaTan Seignon is faqti, rom bavSvebi da maTi biologiuri mSoblebi erTmaneTs fizi-
kurad hgvanan _ am Znelad asaTvisebel amocanas isini 14-dan 20 wlamde xsnian.
amis miuxedavad, arsebobs winaaRmdegoba, aris Tu ara biologia azrovnebis ZiriTa-
di nawili (Hirschfeld, 1996; Slaughter & Lyons, 2003). umetesoba acxadebs, rom am kiTxvaze
garkveuli pasuxis gacemisTvis meti mtkicebulebaa saWiro.

ZiriTadi codnis perspeqtivis Sefaseba

ZiriTadi codnis Teoretikosebi SesaniSnav evoluciur Tvalsazriss gvTavazoben
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom Cndeba garkveuli kognituri unarebi adre da viTardeba swrafad.
isini sxva perspeqtivaze ufro seriozulad svamen kiTxvas, ra iZleva miwidan wamodgo-
mis Seswavlis saSualebas? amis Sedegad maT gaamdidres Cveni warmodgena Cvilebisa da
umcrosi asakis bavSvebis azrovnebis Sesaxeb.
amasTan erTad, kritikosebi sadavod xdian ZiriTadi codnis varauds, rom Cvilebi
codniT arian dajildoebulebi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, molodinis gacruebis kv-
levebisas Cvilebis xedva SesaZloa mxolod perceptualur upiratesobaze metyvelebs
da ara msjelobiTi koncefciebis arsebobaze. zogi skeptikosi ki acxadebs, rom adamianis
evolucias ar SeuZlia Cvilebi mza codniT aRWurvos, romelmac SeiZleba garemos cvli-
lebebTan maTi Seguebis unari SezRudos (Haith, 1999). dReisTvis kvlavac cxare kamaTis
sagania, Tu riTi ibadebian bavSvebi _ nawilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli warmodgenebiT, Tu
minimaluri perceptualuri midrekilebebiT, romlebic exameba mZlavr, saerTo swavlis
strategiebs, raTa sxvadasxva saxis codnebis swrafi gamovlena daaCqaros.
marTalia, ZiriTadi codnis perspeqtiva bunebriv Tandayolilobaze amaxvilebs yu-
radRebas, is aseve aRiarebs, rom am Tandayolili codnis gasaumjobeseblad STabeW-
dileba bavSvebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania. da mainc, man piaJes Teoriaze meti sicxade
ver Seitana imis garkvevaSi, Tu rogor qmnis kognitur cvlilebebs erToblivad biolo-
gia da garemo. masSi Zalian cotaa naTqvami, romeli STabeWdilebebi aris yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani TiToeul nawilSi da rogor aviTarebs es gamocdilebebi bavSvebis azrovne-
bas. dasasruls, ZiriTadi codnis perspeqtiva iziarebs piaJes Teoriis Sexedulebas, rom
bavSvebi ufro adekvatur struqturebs damoukideblad qmnian. is nakleb yuradRebas
uTmobs bavSvebis mier sxvebTan interaqtiur swavlas _ vigotskis Teoriis unikalur
siZlieres, romelsac Semdgom ganvixilavT. am SezRudvebis miuxedavad, ZiriTadi cod-
nis ostaturad Catarebulma kvlevebma da imedismomcemma Sedegebma am dargis yuradRe-
ba gaamaxvila adamianis kogniciis sawyisi wertilis zustad garkvevasa da misgan gamom-
dinare cvlilebebis yuradRebiT Seswavlaze.

hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs

gaimeoreT ra aris azrovnebis ZiriTadi nawilebi? moiyvaneT fizikur da ricxviT nawi-
lebSi Cvilebis Tandayolili codnis magaliTi. ratom svams zogi mecnieri
kiTxvas, marTla aqvT Tu ara Cvilebs es codna?
gaimeoreT ratom axasiaTeben codnis mkvlevarebi umcrosi asakis bavSvebs, rogorc mi-
amit Teoretikosebs? moiyvaneT monacemebi, romlebic maT Teoriis Teorias
amtkicebs. moiyvaneT mtkicebuleba, rom romelic uaryofs Tandayolili bi-
ologiuri Teoriis arsebobas.
daakavSireT aRwereT msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi piaJes Teoriasa da ZiriTadi codnis
perspeqtivas Soris.
 340

vigotskis sociokulturuli Teoria

piaJes Teoria da ZiriTadi codnis perspeqtiva kognituri ganviTarebis biologiur
mxares swevs win. orivesTvis kogniciis mniSvnelovani wyaro TviT bavSvia _ bejiTi,
TviTmotivirebuli amTvisebeli, vinc azrebs ayalibebs da samyaros mimarT cdis. lev
vigotski aseve Tvlida, rom bavSvebi codnas aqtiurad eZieben, magram is xazs usvamda,
rom maT azrovnebaze Rrma gavlenas socialuri da kulturuli konteqsti axdens.
vigotskis axalgazrdobaSi momxdarma movlenebma xeli Seuwyo adamianis kogniciis,
rogorc arsebiTad socialur da enobriv safuZvelze damyarebulis Sesaxeb misi Tval-
sazrisis Camoyalibebas. universitetSi swavlisas is Tavidan sityvierebis sferoTi _
literaturiT iyo gatacebuli. damTavrebis Semdeg is maswavlebeli gaxda da mxolod
mogvianebiT mimarTa fsiqologias. vigotski 37 wlis asakSi WleqiT gardaicvala, ami-
tomac misi Teoria iseTi srulyofili ar aris, rogoric piaJesi. amis miuxedavad, bavSvis
ganviTarebis Semswavlel wreebSi vigotskis Teoriam didi interesi gamoiwvia. misi mo-
wodebis mTavari arsia uaris Tqma ganviTarebis individualur Sexedulebaze, socialu-
rad Camoyalibebuli azrovnebis sasargeblod (Rogoff, 2003; Tudge & Scrimer, 2003).
vigotskis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi, sxva cxovelebis msgavsad, dajildoebulni arian sawyisi
perceptualuri, yuradRebiTi da mexsierebiTi unarebiT. isini pirveli ori wlis ganma-
vlobaSi viTardeba garemosTan pirdapiri kontaqtebis saSualebiT. Semdeg metyvelebis
swrafi ganviTareba azrovnebis Rrma cvlilebas iwvevs. igi farTovdeba skolamdelebis
monawileobiT socialur saubrebSi ufro didi codnis mqone
sqema 6.18
pirebTan, romlebic maT kulturulad mniSvnelovani amo-
canebis Sesasruleblad waaxaliseben. male mcirewlovani bavS-
kavSiri kerZo saubarsa da amocanis sir-
Tules Soris 4 da 5 wlis bavSvebisTvis
vebi sakuTar TavTan urTierTobas iseve iwyeben, rogorc sxvebs
mkvlevarebma gaarTules ferebis dalagebis esaubrebian. amis Sedegad sawyisi mentaluri unarebi unikalur
amocana, romlis drosac bavSvebi ismendnen adamianur, maRal kognitur procesebad iqceva. vnaxoT, rogor
ferebis sias da ferad stikerebs furcelze xdeba es.
am siis mixedviT alagebdnen. rac ufro
izrdeba ferebis sia, miT ufro met kerZo
saubars iyeneben bavSvebi. (wignidan E. Pat-
rick and E. Abravanel, 2000, `The self-Regulatory
bavSvebis kerZo saubari
Nature of Preschool Children’s Private Speech in SexedeT, rogor ewevian TavianT yoveldRiur saqmianobas
a Naturalistic Setting,~ Applied Psucholinguistics,
skolamdelebi da naxavT, rom isini xSirad esaubrebian sakuTar
21, p.55. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.)
Tavs xmamaRla, roca TmaSoben da garemos ecnobian. magaliTad,
roca 4 wlis bavSvi sabavSvo baRSi mozaikas awyobda, gavigone,
rogor Tqva `sad aris wiTeli nawili? wiTeli minda. axla lur-
ji. ara, es aq ar jdeba, sxvagan scade.~
70 piaJe (1923/1926) am gamonaTqvamebs egocentrul saubars uwo-
debda, riTic gamoxatavda Tavis mosazrebas, rom mcirewlovan
60 bavSvebs sxvebis TvalTaxedvis miReba uZneldebaT. misi azriT,
isini amitom xSirad “sakuTar Tavs esaubrebian~ da am dros sa-
50
kuTar azrebs gadaxedaven, ra saxiTac isini warmoiqmneba, imis
40 miuxedavad, SeuZlia Tu ara msmenels maTi gageba. piaJe Tvlida,
rom kognituri ganviTareba da garkveuli socialuri STabeW-
30 dilebebi _ kerZod, TanatolebTan uTanxmoebebi _ sabolood
egocentruli saubris damTavrebis mizezi xdeba. TanatolebTan
20 kamaTis dros bavSvebi kvlav da kvlav xedaven, rom sxvebs maTgan
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi aqvT. amis Sedegad egocentruli
10
saubari klebulobs da mis adgils socialuri saubari ikavebs,
0 romelSic bavSvebi TavianT msmenelebTan laparaks eCvevian.
2.5 3.5 4.5 vigotski (1934/1986) mkveTrad uaryofda piaJes daskvnebs.
is amtkicebda, rom bavSvebi sakuTar Tavs TviTmarTvisTvis
elaparakebian. radgan metyveleba bavSvebs gonebrivi saqmiano-
 341

bisa da saqcielis Sesaxeb fiqrsa da moqmedebaTa erTobliobis SerCevaSi

exmareba, vigotski mas yvela maRali kognituri procesis safuZvlad Tv-
lida, kontrolirebuli yuradRebis, gaazrebuli damaxsovrebisa da gax-
senebis, kategorizaciis, dagegmvis, problemis gadaWris, abstraqtuli
msjelobisa da TviTgamoxatvis CaTvliT. roca bavSvebi wamoizrdebian da
amocanebi eadvilebaT, maTi sakuTari Tavisadmi mimarTuli saubari siC-
umeSi gadadis, Sida saubars _ sityvier dialogs sakuTar TavTan yovel-
dRiur situaciebSi azrovnebisa da moqmedebis dros vawarmoebT.
bolo sami aRwleulis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis yvela kvlevam vigotskis
TvalTaxedva daadastura (Berk, 2003). amis Sedegad, bavSvebis sakuTari Ta-
visadmi mimarTul saubars amJamad kerZo saubari ewodeba, egocentruli
saubris nacvlad. kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebi mas metad iyeneben,
roca amocana Znelia, mas Semdeg, rac Secdomebs uSveben da ver gadauwyve-
tiaT, moqmedeba rogor gaagrZelon. magaliTad, sqema 6. 18 aCvenebs, rogor
izrdeba 4-5 wlis bavSvebis kerZo saubari, roca mkvlevarebi ferebis dal-
agebis amocanas arTuleben. aseve, rogorc vigotskim iwinaswarmetyvela,
kerZo saubari asakTan erTad iklebs, CurCuliTa da tuCebis uxmo moZ- es 3 wlis bavSvi kerZo saub­
raobiT icvleba (Patrick & Abravanel, 2000; Winsler & Naglieri, 2003). amasTan ris daxmarebiT plastelinisa
erTad, bavSvebi, romlebic daZabuli saqmianobisas kerZo saubars Tavi- da plastmasis joxebisgan
qandakebas akeTebs. vigotskis
suflad iyeneben, ufro yuradRebianebi da CarTulebi arian, Tanac saqmi-
Teoriis Tanaxmad, skolamdeli
anobisas ufro did daostatebas avlenen (Berk & Spuhl, 1995; Winsler, Diaz & bavSvebi azrovnebas xSirad
Montego, 1997). marTaven sakuTar TavTan
dasasruls, Tu maTi normaluri miRwevebis mqone Tanatolebs Se­va­ metyvelebiT, roca isini
darebT, swavlisa da qcevis problemebis mqone bavSvebi kerZo saubars meti TamaSoben an sxva amocanebs
asruleben.
intensivobiT iyeneben, ganviTarebis ufro didi periodis ganmavlobaSi
© Laura Dwight/Photography
(Berk, 2001b; Paladino & Berk, 2005). isini kerZo saubars TiTqos imisTvis
moixmoben, raTa aanazRauron kognituri gadamuSavebisa da yuradRebis
gauareseba, rac maT akademiuri amocanebis Sesrulebas urTulebs.

kognituri ganviTarebis socialuri safuZvlebi

saidan modis kerZo saubari? vigotski (1930-1935/1978) fiqrobda, rom bavSvebis swav-
la mimdinareobs proqsimaluri ganviTarebis zonaSi _ amocanaTa erTobliobaSi, ro-
melic bavSvisTvis marto Sesasruleblad Znelia, magram SesaZlebelia mozrdilebisa da
ufro daxelovnebuli Tanatolebis daxmarebiT. ganvixiloT, rogor moqmedeben 3 wlis
semi da dedamisi, romelic mas Zneli mozaikis awyobaSi exmareba:
semi: amas aq ver vamagreb (nawilis araswor adgilze Casmas cdilobs).
deda: aq romeli nawili unda Cajdes? (mozaikis Zirze aCvenebs).
semi: misi fexsacmelebi (eZebs klounis fexsacmelebis Sesabamis naWers, magram aras-
worad poulobs).
deda: aba, romeli naWeri hgavs am gamosaxulebas? (isev aCvenebs mozaikis Zirze).
semi: yavisferi (isev cdilobs da sworad svams; mere sxva naWers cdis da dedas uy-
urebs).
deda: scade cota Semoabruno (xeliT aCvenebs).
semi: ai! (kidev svams ramdenime naWers, deda ki uyurebs).
SekiTxvebiT, waxalisebiTa da strategiebis SeTavazebiT semis deda mozaikis proqsi-
maluri ganviTarebis zonis farglebs sirTulis gadawyvetad doneze icavs.
kognituri ganviTarebis dasaxmareblad socialur urTierTobas garkveuli Tvisebe-
bi unda hqondes. pirveli maTgania intersubieqturoba, procesi, romlis farglebSic
ori monawile, romlebic amocanas sxvadasxva aRqmiT iwyebs, aRqmis Sejerebamde midis
(Newson & Newson, 1975). intersubieqturoba urTierTkavSirisTvis saerTo niadags qm-
nis, radgan yoveli partniori meoris Tvalsazriss ergeba. ufrosebi daxmarebas cdi-
 342

loben, roca TavianT sakuTar xedvas bavSvebis mixvedris farglebSi xs-

nian (Rogoff, 1998).
intersubieqturobis unari adre vlindeba, mSoblisa da Cvilis erTma-
neTze yurebiT, emociuri signalebis gacvliTa da imitaciiT. mogvianebiT
mas metyveleba aadvilebs. sasaubro unarebis daxvewis Semdeg skolam-
delebi sul ufro metad eZeben sxvebis daxmarebas da mas TavianTTvis sa-
sargeblod mimarTaven (Whitington & Ward, 1999). 3 da 5 wlis asakebs So-
ris bavSvebi intersubieqturobisken iltvian TanatolebTan saubrebiT,
romelTa drosac isini Tanatolis gzavnils adastureben, axal azrebs
amateben da mimdinare TamaSis ganmtkicebas uwyoben xels. aseve SeiZleba
gavigonoT, rogor amboben isini: `me (ase) vfiqrob. Sen ras fiqrob?~ _ es
TvalsazrisTa gaziarebisTvis mzadyofnis niSania (Berk, 2001a). amgvarad
bavSvebi erTmaneTis proqsimaluri ganviTarebis zonebis Seqmnas iwyeben.
socialuri urTierTobebis meore mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa bijgi, -
swavlebis mimdinareobisas SemoTavazebuli mxardaWeris bavSvis qmediTu-
narianobis mimdinare doneze morgeba. roca bavSvs cudad warmoudgenia,
Jestebisa da martivi rogor wavides win, ufrosi pirdapir miTiTebas iyenebs, amocanas marT-
sityvebis daxmarebiT fotoze vad nawilebad Slis, strategiebs sTavazobs da maTi gamoyenebis logikur
gamosaxuli mama Tavis vaJs mizezebs uxsnis. bavSvis kompetenciis zrdis kvaldakval, efeqturi mebi-
exmareba imis mixvedraSi, Tu ro-
jgeebi _ rogoric semis dedaa _ nabij-nabij da Zalian frTxilad aclian
gor Casvas saTamaSoebi TavianT
adgilebze saTamaSo avtobusSi. mxardaWeras da pasuxismgebloba bavSvze gadaaqvT. amis Semdeg bavSvebi am
amocanis bavSvis proqsimaluri dialogebis enas iTviseben, mas sakuTari kerZo saubris nawilad aqceven
ganviTarebis zonis farglebSi da saubars maTi damoukidebeli Zalisxmevis organizebisTvis iyeneben.
micemisa da Tavisi daxmarebis bijgi moicavs interaqtiuri swavlebis im formas, romelic Cndeba,
bavSvis saWiroebebTan kargad
roca bavSvebi saskolo an mis msgavs amocanebs asruleben, magaliTad, mo-
morgebiT mama Tavisi Svilis
kognitur ganviTarebas ex- zaikis awyobas, modelis Seqmnas, naxatis morgebas da (mogvianebiT) akade-
mareba. miur daniSnulebas. is ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes sxva viTarebebSi,
© Laura Dwight/PhotoEdit romlebsac aseve sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs kognituri ganviTarebi-
sTvis _ magaliTad, TamaSi, an yoveldRiuri saqmianoba, romelTa dro-
sac ufrosebi, rogorc wesi, bavSvebis saqmianobas dawvrilebiTi instuqciebis gareSe
exmarebian. bavSvebis sxvebTan urTierTobis saSualebiT swavlis mravalmxrivi Sesa-
Zleblobebis asaxsnelad barbara rogofi (1998, 2003) gvTavazobs marTuli monawile-
obis termins, bijgze ufro farTo cnebas, romelic metad da naklebad daxelovnebul
monawileTa gaerTianebul Zalisxmevas gulisxmobs, urTierTobaTa zusti Tvisebebis
gareSe. aqedan gamomdinare, is mdgomareobaTa da kulturaTa mixedviT cvlis saSuale-
bas iZleva.
ra monacemebi amtkicebs vigotskis mosazrebas kognituri ganviTarebis socialuri
warmoSobis Sesaxeb? mravalricxovani gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom roca ufrosebi in-
tersubieqturobas waxalisebiT, guliTadobiTa da mxardaWeriT amyareben, isini bevri
unaris ganviTarebas uwyoben xels _ yuradRebis, metyvelebas, rTuli TamaSis da sxvebis
TvalTaxedvis aRqmis (Bornstein da sxvebi, 1992b; Charman da sxevbi, 2001; Morales da sxve-
bi, 2000). amasTan erTad, efeqturi mebijgeebis myoli bavSvebi ufro met kerZo saubars
iyeneben da ufro warmatebiT cdiloben sakuTari Zneli amocanebis Sesrulebas (Berk &
Spuhl, 1995; Corner&Cross, 2003). ufrosebis kognituri daxmareba _ mcire safexurebad
swavleba da strategiebis SeTavazeba _ bavSvebis azrovnebis momwifebis sawindaria.
xolo ufrosebis emociuri mxardaWera _ bavSvisTvis waxalisebis SeTavazeba da pasux-
ismgeblobis gadacema _ bavSvis miRwevaTa sawindaria (Neitzel & Stright, 2003). Sedegad
warmatebuli swavlebisTvis momgebian kombinacias vRebulobT.

vigotskis Sexeduleba fantaziis TamaSis Sesaxeb

amosaval wertilad socialuri gamocdilebisa da metyvelebis miCnevidan gamomdin-
are, vigotski (1933/38) iluziis TamaSs unikalur, Zlier gavlenian proqsimaluri ganvi-
 343

kvlevidan praqtikisaken
iluziis TamaSis 1993). 12 Tvis asakisTvis, damajerebeli TamaSi myarad
socialuri sawyisebi calmxrivi iyo: TiTqmis yvela saTamaSo epizodi de-
dis mier iyo wamowyebuli. meore wlis dasasrulisT-
Cemi qmris, kenis erT-erTi yvelaze sayvareli vis, dedebi da bavSvebi erTobliv interess avlendnen
saqmianoba, ananasis gadabrunebuli namcxvris ga- damajerebeli TamaSis dawyebisadmi: TiToeuli maT-
mocxoba iyo, romelsac Cvens or vaJTan erTad as- gani epizodebis naxevars iwyebda.
rulebda, roca isini mcirewlovanebi iyvnen. erT kvi- ufrosebis monawileobisas mcirewlovani bavS-
radRes, roca namcxvari mzaddeboda, 21 Tvis piteri vebis damajerebeli TamaSi ufro daxvewilia (O’Reili
samzareuloSi, wylis niJarasTan midgmul skamze aZvra & Bornstein, 1993). magaliTad, TamaSis Temebi ufro
da wylis erTi finjnidan meoreSi gadasxma daiwyo. mravalferovani xdeba. xolo umcrosi asakis bavSvebi
`is xels gviSlis, mama!~ daiCivla 4 wlis devidma, mimarTulni arian sqemebis rTuli TanmimdevrobiT
Tan niJarisgan piteris gamowevas cdilobda. dalagebisken, rogorc piteri akeTebda amas, roca
`Tu vacliT mogvexmaros, iqneb cota adgili qviSa saTlSi Cayara (“comi moamzada~) samzareuloSi
dagviTmos.~ ivarauda kenma. vidre devidi coms zel- waiRo da (kenis daxmarebiT) RumelSi Sedo. rac ufro
da, kenma cotaodeni pitersac Caudo patara TasSi, mets TamaSoben mSoblebi bavSvebTan, miT ufro met
Tavisi skami niJarisken miswia da biWs patara kovzi dros uTmoben bavSvebi damajerebel TamaSebs. zo-
miawoda. gierT koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi, magaliTad,
`ai, rogor unda gaakeTo es, piti.~ upiratesobis argentinasa da iaponiaSi, dedisa da bavSvis sxvebi-
grZnobiT daariga devidma. piterma uyura, rogor sken mimarTuli TamaSi, magaliTad, Tojinis Wmeva an
urevda devidi, mere misi moZraobis gameoreba scada. daZineba, gansakuTrebiT mdidaria dedobrivi siyvar-
roca comis Casxmis dro dadga, keni piters patara Ta-
sis daWerasa da gadaxraSi daexmara. ulisa da alersis STabeWdilebebiT (Bornstein da sx-
`droa gamovacxoT.~ Tqva kenma. vebi 1999a).
`gamovacxoT, gamovacxoT.~ gaimeora piterma, roca zog kulturaSi ufrosi da-Zma mcirewlovanebis
uyurebda, rogor Seacura kenma forma RumelSi. TamaSebis pirveli partniorebi arian. magaliTad,
ramdenime saaTis Semdeg Cven piteris iluziis indoneziasa da meqsikaSi, sadac saxls didi ojaxi uv-
TamaSis erT-erT yvelaze adreul magaliTs vuyure- lis da da-Zmebisgan patarebze zrunva Cveulebrivi
bdiT. man Tavisi saTli qviSis yuTidan amoiRo, Sig ambavia, damajerebeli TamaSi ufros da-ZmasTan ufro
erTi peSvi qviSa Cayara, samzareuloSi waiRo da Ru- xSiri da mravalferovania, vidre dedebTan. sul mci-
melis win iatakze dado. “gamovacxoT, gamovacxoT.~ re, 3-4 wlis asakSi, bavSvebi TavianT umcros Zmebsa da
dauZaxa piterma kens. mamam da Svilma moCvenebiTi nam- debs mdidar, wamaxalisebel stimulebs aZleven, se-
cxvari RumelSi Sedo. riozulad kisruloben maswavleblis am pasuxismge-
bolo dromde mkvlevarebis umetesoba iluziis blobas, da, asakis matebasTan erTad, sul ufro ukeT
TamaSebs im socialuri garemos gareSe ganixilavda, euflebian mas (Zukow-Golding, 2002). samxreT meqsi-
romelSic is arsebobs, bavSvebs ki marto TamaSis kaSi, sinakantekos indielTa tomis Seswavlis dros
dros akvirdeboda. iqneb amitom askvnidnen piaJe da aRmoCnda, rom 8 wlis da-Zmebi, rogorc maswavleble-
misi mimdevrebi, rom axlad fexadgmuli bavSvebi ilu- bi, ukiduresad arian daxelovnebulni 2 wlis asakis
ziis TamaSs damoukideblad aRmoaCenen, reprezent- bavSvebisTvis recxvis an saWmlis keTebis msgavsi
aciuli sqemebis amoqmedebisas. vigotskis Teoriam es yoveldRiuri amocanebis swavlebaSi. isini xSirad
Tvalsazrisi sakamaTod aqcia. is Tvlida, rom kul- aerTianeben sityvier ganmartebebs CvenebebTan, war-
turulad gamomxatveli saqmianobis TamaSiT gamoxat- suli magaliTis axsnasTan da fizikurad miuZRvebian
vis saSualebas bavSvebs sazogadoeba aZlevs. iluziis mcirewlovanebs amocanis Sesasruleblad (Maynard,
TamaSebi, sxva rTuli gonebrivi saqmianobis msgavsad, 2002).
Tavidan gamocdili adamianis xelmZRvanelobiT aT- marTalia, saSualo dasavluri ojaxebis ufro-
visdeba (Berk, 2001a). axlaxans aRwerili magaliTis si da-Zmebi Segnebulad ufro iSviaTad aswavlian,
SemTxvevaSi, piterma Tavisi unari gaafarTova, raTa isini mainc saTamaSo qcevis gavlenian magaliTs war-
gadmoeca im dRis movlenebi, roca kenma igi gamocxo- moadgenen. axal zelandiaSi Catarebuli kvlevebi-
bis amocanaSi CarTo da misi TamaSiT gadmocemis saSu- sas dasavleT evropuli warmoSobis ojaxebSi, sadac
aleba misca. orive mSobeli da ufrosi da-Zma saxezea, umcrosi
amJamindeli monacemebi adasturebs im azrs, rom asakis bavSvebi ufro xSirad baZaven da-Zmis saqciels.
adreuli iluziis TamaSebi gaerTianebuli Sede- umcrosi asakis bavSvebi mibaZviT gansakuTrebiT dain-
gia bavSvebis mzadyofnisa, iyvnen masSi Cabmulni da teresebulni arian, roca da-Zma Cabmulia damajereb-
im socialuri gamocdilebebisa, romlebic TamaSis el TamaSSi, an Cveulebriv saqmianobaSi (magaliTad,
ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. saSualo asakis ax- telefonze pasuxis gacema an foTlebis mogroveba),
lad fexadgmuli bavSvebis erT-erTi dakvirvebiTi romelic SeiZleba mibaZvis magaliTi gaxdes. amas-
Seswavlisas iluziis TamaSebis 75-80% dedisa da Tan erTad, bavSvebis imitacia mravali kulturu­li
bavSvis urTierTqmedebas moicavda (Haight & Miller, mniSvnelobis qmedebas Seicavs (Barr&Hayne, 2003).
 344

magaliTad, unikaluri axalzelandieli maorebis

kul­turis zogi dadgenili qceva, rogoricaa polis
(ceremoniuli cekvisTvis gamoyenebuli sagani). ase­
ve gavrcelebuli iyo evropuli CveulebebisTvis
mi­baZva, magaliTad, xelis CamorTmeva, an Wiqebis mi-
Waxuneba `dRegrZelobis~ JestiT.
damajerebeli TamaSi aris mTavari saSualeba,
romliTac bavSvebi sakuTar kognitur unarebs mar-
Taven da TavianTi kulturis mniSvnelovan qcevebs
swavloben. vigotskis Teoria da misi damadasture-
beli monacemebi gveubneba, rom mastimulirebeli
garemos Seqmna ar aris sakmarisi adreuli kognituri
ganviTarebis winsvlisTvis. amasTan erTad, maTi kul-
turis ufro gamocdilma warmomadgenlebma unda Ses-
Tavazon umcrosi asakis bavSvebs maT garSemo myof meqsikaSi, sadac gavrcelebulia da-Zmebs Soris
socialur samyaroSi monawileobis miReba. mSoblebsa erTmaneTis movla, umcrosi bavSvebi ufro xSir da rTul
da maswavleblebs adreuli damajerebeli TamaSebis damajerebel TamaSSi ufros da-ZmebTan erTvebian da ara
gaumjobeseba umcrosi asakis bavSvebTan xSiri Tama- dedebTan. es 5 wlis bavSvi Tavisi umcrosi disTvis mdidru-
SiT da maTi damajerebeli TamaSebis Temebis warmarT- li, wamaxalisebeli mibaZviTi scenis Sesaqmnelad ubralo
viTa da daxvewiT SeuZliaT. yuTs iyenebs. © Karen Halverson/Omni-Photo Communication.

Tarebis zonad Tvlida, romlis drosac bavSvebi sakuTar Tavs awinaureben, roca uamrav
xelSemwyob codnas euflebian. vigotskis TeoriiT, skolamdeli asakis ganmavlobaSi
iluziis TamaSi ganviTarebis centraluri wyaroa, romelsac ori wlis ganmavlobaSi win
mihyavs ganviTareba. jer erTi, roca bavSvebi warmodgeniT situaciebs qmnian, isini ara
marto gare stimulebis, aramed Sinagani ideebis Sesabamisad moqmedebas swavloben. am
procesSi umTavresi bavSvebis xelT myofi sagnebia. TamaSis dros bavSvebi xSirad erT
sagans iyeneben da meored warmoidgenen. joxis cxenad da daxveuli sabnis bavSvad war-
modgenisas isini sagnis Cveulebriv daniSnulebas cvlian. TandaTan isini xvdebian, rom
azrovneba (anu sityvebis mneSvneloba) sagnebisgan gancaklevebulia da azrebi SeiZleba
qcevebis samarTavad iqnes gamoyenebuli.
iluziis TamaSis meore Tviseba _ misi wesebze damyarebuli xasiaTi _ aseve aZlierebs
bavSvebis qmedebis dawyebamde fiqris unars. vigotski aRniSnavda, rom mibaZviTi TamaSi
mudmivad moiTxovs bavSvebisgan maTi impulsebis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebas, radgan maT
saTamaSo scenis wesebs unda misdion (Duncan & Tarulli, 2003). magaliTad, bavSvi, romelic
daZinebas baZavs, Zilis droindel qcevas emorCileba. meore bavSvi, romelic sakuTar
Tavs mamad, xolo Tojinas Svilad warmoidgens, mSoblis qcevebs ergeba. roca bavSvebi
iluziis TamaSis wesebs adgenen, isini socialuri normebisa da molodinebis ukeT gage-
bas uaxlovdebian da maTi Sesruleba undebaT.
bevri mtkicebuleba adasturebs vigotskis daskvnas, rom iluziis TamaSi proqsimal-
uri ganviTarebis zonis movaleobas asrulebs da bevri unaris gaCenasa da daxvewas uwy-
obs xels. gavixsenoT, rom iluziis TamaSi kognitur da socialur unarebs aumjobesebs.
mibaZviTi TamaSi aseve mdidaria kerZo saubriT _ es ki kidev erTxel amtkicebs mis rols
bavSvebs mxriv azrovnebis kontroliT moqmedebaSi (Kraft & Berk, 1998). bolodroindeli
gamokvlevebisas, rac ufro rTul sociodramatul TamaSSi iyvnen CarTuli skolam-
delebi 4-Tviani periodis ganmavlobaSi, saskolo programis wesebis miT ukeTesad Ses-
rulebas amJRavnebdnen (Elias & Berk, 2002).
Ddasasruls, vigotski ar eTanxmeboda piaJes Tvalsazriss, rom iluziis TamaSi spon-
tanurad warmoiSveba cxovrebis meore wels. vigotski amtkicebda, rom sxva, ufro maRa-
li kognituri procesebis msgavsad, skolamdeli asakSi mibaZvis gaumjobesebas social-
uri sawyisebi aqvs. CanarTi `kvlevidan praqtikisaken~ adasturebs im mosazrebas, rom
bavSvebi mibaZvas gamocdili xalxis daxmarebiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT swavloben.
 345

vigotski da ganaTleba
vigotskis Teoria swavlebisa da swavlis axal xedvebs gvTavazobs _ iseTs, romle-
bic xazs usvams socialur konteqstisa da TanamSromlobis mniSvnelobas. piaJeseuli
saswavlo programebis msgavsad, vigotskiseuli saswavlo programebic uSvebs individ-
ualur gansxvavebebs da bavSvebis aqtiuri monawileobis SesaZleblobebs iZleva. magram
vigotskis saswavlo programa damoukidebel aRmoCenas scdeba: igi daxmarebiT aRmoCe-
nas uzrunvelyofs. bavSvebis swavlas maswavleblebi xelmZRvaneloben da TiToeuli
bavSvis proqsimaluri ganviTarebis zonaSi Carevas axerxeben. aRmoCenaSi daxmarebas
aseve TanatolTa TanamSromlobac aumjobesebs. sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebis bavSvebi
jgufebad muSaoben da erTmaneTs aswavlian da exmarebian.
vigotskis saganmanaTleblo gzavnili skolamdeli asakisTvis aris socialurad mdi-
dari, gamomxatvelobiTi saqmianobis miwodeba bavSvebis proqsimaluri ganviTarebis
zonebisTvis da damajerebeli TamaSis farTo SesaZlebloba _ maTi TviTdisciplinis
gaumjobesebis saukeTeso saSualeba, rac mogvianebiT, akademiuri swavlis dros gaxdeba
saWiro. formaluri saskolo swavlebis dawyebis Semdeg vigotski umTavres mniSvnelo-
bas ganaTlebas aniWebda (John-Steiner & Mahn, 1996; Scrimer & Tudge, 2003). roca bavSve-
bi literaturis, maTematikis, mecnierebisa da socialuri swavlis Sesaxeb saubroben,
maswavleblebi maT aswavlian, usworeben da axsnas sTxoven. amis Sedegebs bavSvebi az-
rovnebis sakuTar procesebSi asaxaven da kognituri saqmianobis ufro maRali donisken
miiswrafian, romelzec isini fiqroben, azrebi socialurad sasargeblo formebiT ro-
gor gamoxaton. TandaTan isini TavianTi kulturis gamomxatvelobiTi sistemis amoq-
medebasa da gakontrolebaSi ostatdebian.
vnaxoT vigotskize damyarebuli ori saganmanaTleblo siaxle, romelTagan TiToeu-
li aerTianebs aRmoCenaSi daxmarebas da TanatolTa TanamSromlobas.

ormxrivi swavleba
swavlebis es meTodi Tavidan kiTxvis Seswavlis gasaumjobeseblad iyo gamiznuli im
moswavleebisTvis, romlebsac cudi moswreba hqondaT, magram Semdeg sxva sagnebze da
yvela moswavleze gavrcelda. ormxrivi swavlebis dros maswavlebeli da oridan oTx
moswavlemde TanamSromlobis jgufs qmnian da awarmoeben wamyvan sxelmZRvanelo sau-
brebs teqstis nawyvetis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. saubrebis ganmavlobaSi jgufis wevrebi oTx
kognitur strategias iyeneben: gamokiTxvas, Sejamebas, garkvevas da prognozirebas.
saubris wamyvani (Tavidan maswavlebeli, mere
ki moswavle) iwyebs teqstis nawyvetis Sinaarsis
Sesaxeb SekiTxvebis dasmiT. moswavleebi pasuxebs ormxrivi swavleba aris vigotskize damyarebuli
saganmanaTleblo siaxle, romlis drosac maswavlebeli da
sTavazoben, damatebiT SekiTxvebs svamen da uTanx- ori an oTxi moswavle qmnian kooperaciul saswavlo jgufs
moebis SemTxvevaSi xelaxla kiTxuloben sawyis te- da ebmebian saubarSi teqstis nawyvetis Sesaxeb. dawyebiTi
qsts. Semdeg wamyvani ajamebs am nawyvets, xolo bavS- da umcrosi klasebis moswavleebi, romlebic monawileoben
vebi gaugebar sakiTxebs ganixilaven da arkveven. ormxriv swavlebaSi, wakiTxulis gagebis STambeWdav Sede-
sabolood, wamyvani moswavleebs sTavazobs, am gebs aCveneben. © Bob Daemmirich/PhotoEdit

nawyvetidan gamomdinare, momavali Sinaarsis prog-

nozi gaakeTon (Palinscar & Klenk, 1982).
dawyebiTi da umcrosi skolebis moswavleebi
ormxriv swavlebaSi CaerTnen da kiTxvis aTvisebaSi
azrovnebis kontrolirebis sxva saSualebebTan Se-
darebiT STambeWdavi Sedegebi aCvenes (Lederer, 2000;
Rosenshine & Meister, 1994). aRsaniSnavia, Tu rogor
qmnis ormxrivi swavleba proqsimaluri ganviTa-
rebis zonebs, romlebSic bavSvebi TandaTan sul
ufro met pasuxismgeblobas kisruloben teqstis
346

nawyvetebis gagebaze. aseve, sxvebTan TanamSromlobisas, bavSvebi qmnian jgufur molo-

dinebs maRali donis azrovnebisTvis da euflebian yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi swavlisa da
warmatebisTvis aucilebel unar-Cvevebs.

kooperaciuli swavla
marTalia, ormxrivi swavleba amxanagTa TanamSromlobas iyenebs, mas maswavlebe­li
warmarTavs, raTa warmatebis miRweva uzrunvelyos. vigotskis Tanaxmad, ufro daos­
tatebul amxanagebs aseve SeuZliaT biZgi miscen bavSvebis ganviTarebas, radgan maT mier
gaweuli daxmareba kargad ergeba nakleb ganviTarebuli bavSvis proqsimaluri ganvi-
Tarebis zonas. gavixsenoT, rom piaJec aseve Tvlida, rom amxanagebTan urTierTobas
kognituri cvlilebebisTvis xelis Sewyoba SeeZlo. faqtiurad, TanatolebTan saubars
igi ufrosebTan saubarze bevrad mniSvnelovnad Tvlida, radgan bavSvi ufrosis avto-
ritetul Tvalsazriss garegnulad, kritikulad gaazrebis gareSe Rebulobs. piaJe
aseve amtkicebda, rom TvalsazrisTa Sejaxeba _ kamaTi, romelic bavSvs sxvisi Tval-
sazrisis SemCnevisken ubiZgebs _ aucilebeli iyo amxanagebis urTierTobaSi, logikuri
azrovnebis gansamtkiceblad (Tudge & Winterhoff, 1993).
dReisTvis, amxanagebTan TanamSromloba bevr saskolo dawesebulebaSi gamoiyeneba,
magram mzardi mocemebis Tanaxmad, is mxolod garkveul pirobebSi uwyobs xels ganviTa-
rebas. sakvanZo faqtoria kooperaciuli swavleba, romlis drosac Tanaklaselebis pa-
tara jgufebi saerTo miznis misaRwevad muSaoben. konfliqti da uTanxmoeba am dros na-
klebad mniSvnelovani Cans, vidre is xarisxi, romliTac amxanagebi intersubieqturobas
aRweven _ azrTa sxvadasxvaobis mogvarebiT, pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebiTa da gauge-
brobebis gamosasworeblad erTmaneTisTvis sakmaod daxvewili ganmartebebis micemiT
(Webb, Troper & Fall, 1995). xolo vigotskis Teoriis Tanaxmad, bavSvebis mxriv dagegmva da
problemebis gadawyveta gacilebiT ukeT umjobesdeba, roca maTi amxanagi “daostate-
bulia~ _ gansakuTrebiT unariania amocanis mimarT (Azmitia, 1988).
moswavleTa kooperaciuli swavlis unarSi kulturuli saxesxvaobebic monawil-
eobs. jgufebSi muSaobisas xelaxla wakiTxva gacilebiT uadvildebaT koleqtivisturi,
da ara individualisturi kulturis warmomadgenlebs. magaliTad, amas navaxos tomis
bavSvebi ufro ukeT akeTeben, vidre kavkasiuri warmoSobis amerikeli bavSvebi (Ellis &
Gauvain, 1992). iaponuri saswavlo praqtika, romlis drosac bavSvebi problemebs erT-
maneTis azrebis SejerebiT wyveten, emyareba did kulturas, romelSic uerTierTpati-
viscema mudam fasobda (Hatano, 1994). misgan gansxvavebiT, Crdiloamerikul kulturaze
aRzrdili bavSvebi konkurenciasa da damoukidebel muSaobas, rogorc wesi, Cveulebriv
ambad Tvlian _ es Tvalsazrisi maT jgufuri muSaobisas intersubieqturobis miRweva-
Si uSlis xels.
kooperaciuli swavlebis warmatebisTvis dasavlel bavSvebs, Cveulebriv, erTobli-
vi muSaobis gaZlierebuli swavleba sWirdebaT. ramdenime Seswavlis dros, im 3-4 moswav-
lisgan Semdgari jgufebi, romlebic TanamSromlobis procesebSi iyvnen momzadebulni,
bevrad kooperaciul xasiaTs avlendnen, maRali donis ganmartebebi hqondaT da ufro
xalisiTac swavlobdnen, vidre moumzadebeli jgufebi (Gillies, 2000, 2003; Terwel da sxve-
bi, 2001). meore kvlevisas bavSvebis TanamSromlobiTi msjelobebi sxvadasxva kognituri
unarebis kargi Sedegebis sawindari iyo, rac ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi kooperaci-
uli swavlebis praqtikiT ganmtkicda (Fleming & Alexander, 2001). kooperaciuli swavlis
saSualebiT swavleba vigotskis koncefcias proqsimaluri ganviTarebis zonis Sesaxeb,
calkeuli bavSvis mxridan gamocdil partniorTan (ufrosTan an TanatolTan) TanamS-
romlobidan sxvadasxva saxis mamoZravebeli gamocdilebis mqone da erTmaneTisTvis bi-
Zgis mimcem mraval partnioramde afarToebs.
 347

vigodskis Teoriis Sefaseba

kognitur ganviTarebaSi socialuri gamocdilebisTvis ZiriTadi mniSvnelobis mini-
WebiT vigotskis Teoria gvexmareba, gavigoT kognituri unarebis farTo kulturuli
mravalferovneba. piaJesgan gansxvavebiT, romelic universalur kognitur cvlile-
bas wamoswevda win, vigotskis Teorias ganviTarebis gacilebiT mravalferovani gzebis
varaudamde mivyavarT. magaliTad, ganaTlebuli sazogadoebis skolaSi naswavli bavS-
vebis kiTxva, wera da maTematikuri saqmianoba iseT kognitur unarebs qmnis, romlebic
gansxvavdeba tomobrivi an sasoflo kulturebisgan, sadac bavSvebi mcire saskolo ga-
naTlebas iReben. magram sivrculi unarebi, gamomuSavebuli avstralieli aborigenebis
mier, romelTac sakvebis mosapoveblad unayofo udabnoebis regionebSi uxdebaT gzis
gakvleva, an brazilieli meTevzeebis proporciuli msjeloba, romelic maT zRvaosnobis
gamocdilebis Sedegad ganuviTardaT, zustad aseve warmatebulia (Carraher, Scliemann &
Carraher, 1998; Kearins, 1981). TiToeuli maTgani simboluri azrovnebis unikaluri for-
maa, im saqmianobisTvis saWiro, romelsac maTi kulturis cxovrebis wesi qmnis.
amave dros, vigotskis Teoria zedmet mniSvnelobas aniWebs swavlebis sasicocxlo
rols kognituri ganviTarebisTvis. vigotskis (1934/1986) Tanaxmad, ufro gamocdil
partniorebTan urTierTobisas bavSvebi “gaxmovanebul TviTganaTlebas~ ewevian; isini
iwyeben sakuTari azrovnebis procesebze dafiqrebas, maT Sesworebasa da gakontrole-
bas iwyeben. am dros mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis bavSvebTan urTierToba bavSvTa az-
rovnebis kompleqsurobaSi Rrma winsvlas aCqarebs.
vigotskis Teoria udavo ar aris. marTalia, mas esmoda sxvadasxva simboloTa siste-
mis (magaliTad, suraTebis, rukebisa da maTematikuri gamosaxulebebis) mniSvneloba
umaRlesi kognituri ganviTarebisTvis, man umaRlesi mniSvnelobis simaRleze me-
tyveleba aiyvana. magram zog kulturaSi sityvieri dialogebi ar aris erTaderTi da
yvelaze mniSvnelovani saSualebac ki, romliTac bavSvebi swavloben. roca dasavleli
mSoblebi bavSvebs wamaxalisebeli amocanebis gadawyvetaSi exmarebian, xSiri sityvieri
instruqciebiT da bavSvTan saubrebiT bavSvebis motivaciis sakmaod did nawils isini
sakuTar Tavze iReben. maTi urTierToba hgavs swavlebas, romelic skolebSi xdeba,
sadac maTi bavSvebi mozrdili cxovrebisTvis mzadebaSi mraval wels gaatareben. im
kulturebSi, romlebic nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben skolaSi siaruls da ganaTle-
bas, mSoblebi xSirad bavSvebisgan elian ufro didi pasuxismgeblobas axali unarebis
dauflebaSi sazogadoebrivi saqmianobize yuradRebiT dakvirvebisa da masSi monawile-
obis miRebis gziT (Rogoff, 2003). naxeT CanarTi `kulturis gavlena~, raTa ipovoT am gan-
sxvavebis asaxva.
dasasruls, socialur da kulturul gavlenebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, vigots-
kim Seamcira biologiis wvlili bavSvebis kognitur unarSi. magaliTad, misi Teoria
ar exeba imas, Tu ra biZgs aZleven axali mamoZravebeli, aRqmis, mexsierebisa da prob-
lemebis gadawyvetis SesaZleblobebi bavSvebis socialur gamocdilebas, romlidanac
ufro mowinave kognituri unari warmoiSoba. ise aseve arafers ambobs, Tu rogor iTvise-
ben bavSvebi socialur gamocdilebebs maTi gonebrivi funqcionirebis dasaxmareblad
(Berk & Winsler, 1995; Moll, 1994). aqedan gamomdinare, am TavSi moyvanili sxva perspeq-
tivebis msgavsad, kognituri cvlilebis axsnisas vigotskis Teoria zusti ar aris. Rirs
dafiqrebad, iarsebebda Tu ara dReisTvis ufro farTo Teoria, piaJesa da vigotskis
_ meoce saukunis or gigants kognituri ganviTarevis dargSi _ rom miscemodaT saSu-
aleba, erTmaneTs Sexvedrodnen da gaeerTianebiaT maTi saocari miRwevebi.
 348

kulturis gavlena
sasoflo da tomobrivi kulturis
bavSvebi ufrosebis muSaobas akvirdebian da masSi monawileoben

dasavlur sazogadoebebSi bavSvebi mniSvne­lov­ dis ibanaon (radganac isini amas yovel SuadReze
nad gamoricxulni arian ufrosebis samuSaodan, akeTeben) da isic ki, swavla rodis daiwyon. Sede-
romelic, rogorc wesi, saxlidan moSorebiT mim- gad, iukataneli maias skolamdeli bavSvebi Zalian
dinareobs. bavSvebis im unar-CvevebiT aRWurva, daxelovnebulebi arian sakuTari Tavis movlaSi.
ro­melic kvalificiuri saqmianobisTvis sWird- amisgan gansxvavebiT, maTi damajerebeli TamaSi
ebaT, skolazea mindobili. adreul bavSvobaSi sa- SezRudulia da mis drosac ufrosebis muSaobas
Sualo klasis mSoblebis urTierToba bavSvebTan baZaven. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, isini yoveldRe
mdgomareobs bavSvebis warmatebuli swavlisTvis mravali saaTis ganmavlobaSi sxvebs uyureben.
mzadebaSi, bavSvze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT _ iukataneli maias mSoblebi iSviaTad esaubrebi-
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia ufrosisa da bavSvis an an eTamaSebian skolamdelebs, an ebijgebian maT
saubrebi da TamaSi, romelic aviTarebs laparaks, swavlas. piriqiT, roca bavSvebi ufrosebis amo-
wera-kiTxvas da sxva saskolo codnas. sasoflo da canebs baZaven, mSoblebi askvnian, rom isini meti
tomobriv kulturebSi bavSvebi mcire ganaTlebas pasuxismgeblobis asaRebad arian mzad. Semdeg isini
iReben, an saerTod gaunaTleblebi arian, mTel davalebebs anawileben da bavSvs iseT amocanas ur-
dReebs ufrosebis muSaobis yurebas, an masSi monaw- Ceven, romlis gadasawyvetadac maT mcire daxmare-
ileobas andomeben da momwifebulobis drois pa- ba sWirdebaT, ise, rom ufrosebs muSaobaSi xeli ar
suxismgeblobebs adreul bavSvobaSi kisruloben SeeSaloT. Tu bavSvs am amocanis gadawyveta ar Seu-
(Rogoff da sxvebi, 2003). aqedan gamomdinare, mSo- Zlia, mas ufrosi hkidebs xels, bavSvi ki uyurebs da
blebs naklebad sWirdebaT bavSvebTan saswavlo xelaxla erTveba saqmeSi, roca daxmareba SeuZlia.
saubrebs, an TamaSs daeyrdnon. iukatanis maias bavSvebi momavalSi damoukide-
2 da 3 wlis bavSvebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis belni da sasargebloni unda iyvnen, amitom iSvia-
SedarebiTma Seswavlam oTxi kulturisTvis –aSS Tad Wirveuloben, arc sxvebs sTxoven raime sain-
ori qalaqis gareubnebis saSualo klasis mcxovre- teresos gakeTebas. maT adreuli asakidan SeuZliaT
blebi, efes tomis monadireebi da Semgroveblebi didi xniT wynarad, zedmeti ayalmayalis gareSe
kongos respublikaSi da maias sasoflo-sameur- isxdnen _ xangrZlivi RvTismsaxurebis, an satvir-
neo dasaxleba gvatemalaSi _ es gansxvavebebi To maqaniT 3-saaTiani mgzavrobisas. xolo roca
da­amtkica (Morelli, Rogoff & Angelillo, 2003). aSS-s ufrosebi maT saqmianobas awyvetineben da saerTo
sazogadoebaSi mcirewlovan bavSvebs aqvT mcire samuSaoSi monawileobis miRebas sTxoven, isini
Sexeba ufrosebis SromasTan da did dros andomebs xa­lisiT asruleben iseT brZanebebs, romlebsac
ufrosebi-bavSvebis saubarSi da TamaSSi monaw- da­savleli bavSvebi xSirad Tavs arideben, an aRS-
ileobas, rac akmayofilebs bavSvebis interess foTebiT pasuxoben. 5 wlis asakisTvis iukataneli
da uzrunvelyofs akademiur gakveTilebs. maT- maias bavSvebi spontanurad iReben pasuxismgeblo-
gan gansxvavebiT, efesa da maias bavSvebi iSviaTad bas im amocanebze, romlebsac maT avaleben.
xdebian bavSvze mimarTuli saqmianobis monawile-
ni. maTi amerikeli Tanatolebisgan gansxvavebiT,
maiasa da efes bavSvebi bevrad met dros andomeben
ufrosebis saqmianobis dakvirvebas.
meqsikaSi, iukatanze myofi maias mivardnili
soflis eTnografia gviCvenebs, rom radgan mcirew-
lovani bavSvebi maT irgvliv ufrosebis saqmiano-
bis sakmaod gonieri damkvirveblebi da monawileebi
arian, maTi kompetenturoba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba
dasavleli skolamdelebisgan (Gaskins, 1999). iuka-
taneli maias ufrosebs Tavi fermerobiT gaaqvT.
mamakacebi simindis yanebs uvlian da maT 8 welze
ufrosi vaJebi exmarebian. qalebi saxlsa da ezoze
zrunaven: amzadeben saWmels, recxaven tansacmels iukatanis maias kulturaSi ufrosebi iSviaTad esaubre-
da saqonelsa da baRs uvlian, maT gogonebi da is bian bavSvebs an ebijgebian maT swavlas. damajerebel
vaJebi exmarebian, romlebic yanaSi muSaobisTvis TamaSSi CarTvis nacvlad bavSvebi mcirewlovani asakidan
jer patarebi arian. bavSvebi am saqmianobaSi maTi maTi Temis saqmianobas uerTdebian, bevr dros andomeben
SesaZleblobebis farglebSi ori wlis asakidan ufrosebis yurebas. maias es skolamdeli asakis gogona
monawileoben. roca ufrosebs ar exmarebian, isi- yuradRebiT adevnebs Tvals, Tu rogor amzadebs saWmels
ni sakuTar Tavs arian mindobilni. mcirewlovani misi bebia. roca bavSvi ufrosis amocanebis mibaZvas
iwyebs, is damatebiT pasuxismgeblobas iRebs.
bavSvebi bevr arasamuSao gadawyvetilebas TavisiT
© Beryl Goldberg
iReben _ ramdeni iZinon da Wamon, ra Caicvan, ro-
 349

hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs

gaimeoreT aRwereT im socialuri urTierTobebis maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic xels uwy-
obs kognitur ganviTarebas. rogor qmnis aseTi urTierToba proqsimaluri
ganviTarebis zonas?
gaimeoreT vigotskis mixedviT, ratom aris damajerebeli TamaSi idealuri socialuri
konteqsti kognituri ganviTarebisTvis adreul bavSvobaSi?
gamoiyeneT taniSa xedavs, rom misi 5 wlis vaJi tobi TamaSisas sakuTar Tavs elaparakeba.
dedas ainteresebs, unda dauSalos Tu ara Svils aseTi saqcieli. vigotskis
Teoriisa da masTan dakavSirebuli kvlevebis gamoyenebiT axseniT, ratom
elaparakeba tobi sakuTar Tavs. ras urCevT taniSas?
daakavSireT axseniT, rogor avsebs erTmaneTs piaJesa da vigotski Teoriebi. rogori iqne-
boda am Teoriebze damyarebuli saskolo praqtika, isini msgavsi rom yofil-
iyo? rogori iqneboda, gansxvavebuli rom yofiliyo?

S e j ameba
piaJes kognituri ganviTarebis asi­milaciasa da akomodacias Soris, ra-
Teoria sac TandaTan ufro efeqtur sqemebTan
mivyavarT.
piaJes mixedviT, rogor viTardeba kogni-
turi unarebi?
sensomotoruli safexuri:
biologiaSi Tavisi winamorbedebis dabadebidan 2 wlamde
gavleniT, piaJe kognitur ganviTarebas ga­
aRwereT sensomotoruli safexuris mTa-
nixilavda, rogorc adaptaciis process,
vari kognituri miRwevebi
romlis drosac azrovneba TandaTan ga­re
realobas ukeT ergeba. piaJes konstruq- piaJes sensomotoruli safexuri
tivisturi midgoma gulisxmobs, rom ga­ eqvs qvesafexurad aris dayofili. wriu­
remoze zemoqmedebis gziT bavSvebi oTx li reaqciis gziT bavSvis refleqsebi
invariantul da universalur safexurs TandaTan gardaiqmneba ufrosi Cvilebis
gadian romlis drosac kognituri unare­ ufro moqnili yaidis qmedebad. meoTxe
bis yvela aspeqti erTnair cvlilebebs qvesafexuris dros Cvilebi aviTareben
gadis. piaJes mixedviT, Cvilebi cxovre- ganzraxul, anu mizanmimarTul qcevas
bas erTmaneTTan naklebdakavSirebuli da iwyeben saganTa mudmivobis aRqmas. me-
struqturebiT iwyeben; isini mxolod me­ 5 qvesafexurs ufro moqnili, kvleviTi
ore wlis bolosTvis iZenen mentaluri midgoma moaqvs da bavSvebi aRar uSveben A
reprezentaciis gziT samyarosadmi kog- – ar aris B Zebnis Secdomas. me-6 qvesafex-
nituri midgomis unars. urze sensomotoruli ganviTareba menta-
lur gadmocemiT mTavrdeba, rogorc es
piaJes TeoriiT, fsiqologiuri struq­
Cans sensomotoruli problemebis swrafi
turebi, anu sqemebi, ori saxiT icvleba.
gadaWriT, saganTa mudmivobis proble-
pirveli aris adaptaciis saSualeba, ro-
mis srulad aTvisebas, uxilavi gadaadg-
melic Sedgeba ori damatebiTi qmedebi-
ilebis, aRdgenili imitaciisa da dama-
sgan: asimilaciisa da akomodaciisgan.
jerebeli TamaSis CaTvliT.
me­ore aris organizaciis saSualeba, sqe-
mebis gadawyobiT mkacrad urTierTdaka- ras ambobs momdevno kvlevebi piaJes sen-
vSirebul kognituri sistemis formad. somotoruli safexuris sisworis Se-
wo­nasworoba ajamebs Secvlil balanss saxeb?
350

bevri Seswavla gvafiqrebinebs, rom realuri samyaros detalebs hgavs. simbo-

Cvilebi sxvadasxva saxis aRqmas bevrad lo-realuri samyaros erTiani saxeobis
adre avlenen, vidre piaJes egona. saganTa SigniT urTierTobebi skolamdelebs sx-
mudmivobis zogi aRqma, rogorc es molo- vebis gagebaSi exmareba.
dinis gacruebis meTodma gviCvena, pirve- piaJes mixedviT, skolamdelebs jer
li xuTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba gaxdes ara aqvT operaciebis Sesrulebis unari,
TvalsaCino. amasTan erTad, mcirewlovani radgan isini egocentrulebi arian; xSir-
Cvilebi avlenen aRdgenil imitacias, kat- ad isini ver axerxeben sxvebis TvalTaxed-
egorizacias da analogiuri problemebis va gaiTvaliswinon. egocentrizmi bavS-
gadawyvetas, rac imis niSania, rom menta- vebs akomodaciisgan icavs da amitom xels
luri reprezentatuloba pirveli 2 wlis uwyobs animisturi azrovnebis, centra-
ganmavlobaSi sensomotorul sqemebTan ciis ganviTarebas, yuradRebis gadatanas
erTdroulad viTardeba. zedapirul garegnobaze da xels uSlis
dReisTvis mecnierebi fiqroben, rom Seqcevadobas problemebis gadaWrisas.
axalSobilebs ufro meti Tandayolili aR- am siZneleebis gamo bavSvebs ara aqvT kon-
Wurviloba gaaCniaT maTi samyaros Sesac- servacia da ierarqiuli klasifikaciis
nobad, vidre piaJes miaCnda, Tumca saerTo amocanebi.
azri ar gaaCniaT imis Taobaze, Tu ramdeni ras ambobs Semdgomi kvlevebi piaJes wi-
sawyisi aRqma aqvT Cvilebs. amasTan erTad, naoperaciuli safexuris sisworeze?
Cvilebis kognituri miRwevebi ar viTarde-
roca skolamdelebs TavianTi yovel-
ba piaJes safexurebiT nawinaswarmetyvele-
Riuri cxovrebis Sesabamis gamartive-
bi zusti, safexurobrivi gziT.
bul problemebs aZleven, maTi Sesrule­ba
winaoperaciuli safexuri:
ufro momwifebuli xdeba, vidre piaJes
2-dan 7 wlamde
egona. isini sxvadasxva TvalTaxedvas
ga­­­­nasxvaveben, arCeven sulier sagnebs
aRwereT mentaluri reprezentaciis wins- usu­­losgan da cvlilebebis Sesaxeb ana­
vla da azrovnebis SezRudvebi winaoper- lo­giebis mixedviT msjeloben. amasTan
aciul safexurze er­Tad, maTi salaparako refleqsebi mi­
mentaluri reprezentaciis swrafi zezobriv msjelobas da ierarqiul kla-
winsvla, metyvelebis, damajerebeli Tama- sifikacias xvews, amitom isini mraval ara­
Sisa da xatvis CaTvliT, winaoperaciul xedviT maxasiaTeblebze damyarebul bevr
safexurze viTardeba. asakis matebasTan kategorias ayalibeben. isini aseve arCeven
erTad damajerebeli TamaSebi sul ufro gansxvavebas garegnobasa da realobas So-
rTuli xdeba da sociodramatul TamaSSi ris. es aRqma asakTan erTad umjobesdeba.
gadaizrdeba. winasaskolo asakis ganma- es Sedegebi piaJes koncefciisadmi kidev
vlobaSi naxatebi najRabnebidan metad erT winaaRmdegobas warmoadgens. logi-
detaluri da realobis msgavs reprezen- kuri azrovneba ki ar aklia, adreuli bavS-
taciul formebamde viTardeba. vobidan moyolebuli TandaTan viTardeba.

konkretuli operaciuli safexuri:

7-dan 11 wlamde

konkretuli operaciuli safexuris

ganmavlobaSi azrovneba bevrad ufro
logikuri da mowesrigebulia, vidre adre
© Laura Dwight Photography iyo. konservaciis saSualeba gviCvenebs,
rom bavSvebma TavianTi azrovnebis decen-
tralizacia da gardaqmna SesZles. Tanac,
ormagi reprezentacia sicocxlis
isini ukeT asruleben ierarqiul kla-
pirveli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi swrafad
sifikacias da seriacias, tranzituli
viTardeba. bavSvebi xvdebian, rom fotoe-
inferenciis CaTvliT.
bi, naxatebi, nimuSebi da martivi rukebi
 351

saskolo asakis bavSvebis sivrculi yvetilebaTa miRebaSi mozardebi mozr-

msjeloba mimarTulebebis micemis Semdeg dilebze nakleb daxelovnebulebi arian.
umjobesdeba. Tanac, Sua bavSvobaSi kog- ras ambobs momdevno kvlevebi piaJes for­
nituri rukebi ufro mowesrigebuli da maluri operaciuli safexuris sisworis
zusti xdeba. Sesaxeb?
konkretuli operaciuli azrovneba saskolo asakis bavSvebi ganzogadebis
SezRudulia, radgan bavSvebs abstraq- sawyisebs avlenen, magram isini mozard-
tuli ideebis Sesaxeb msjelobis sir- ebiviT daxelovnebulebi ar arian. maT
Tuleebi aqvT. saskolo asakis bavSvebis ar SeuZliaT daaxarisxon is mtkiceb-
mier logikuri cnebebis TandaTanobiTi ulebebi, romlebic erTbaSad sam an met
aTvisebis dasaxasiaTeblad piaJe termin variants Seicavs da isini propoziciuli
horizontul dekalaJs iyenebs. msjelobis logikur aucileblobas ver
ras ambobs Semdgomi kvlevebi piaJes konkre- xvdebian. aseve, imis gamo, rom isini yur-
tuli operaciuli safexuris Sesaxeb? adRebiT ar fiqroben mTavar winapiro-
baze, TvalTaxedvidan uSveben logikis
kulturuli Cvevebi da saskolo ga- yvelaze ZiriTad wesebs.
naTleba Rrma zemoqmedebas axdens bavS- mozardebi da mozrdilebi gacile-
vebis mier piaJes amocanebis dauflebaze. biT ukeT azrovneben abstraqtulad im
rogorc Cans, konkretul operaciebze situaciebSi, romlebis didi gamocdile-
did gavlenas axdens swavleba, konteqsti bac aqvT. aseve, formaluri operaciuli
da kulturuli tradiciebi. msjelobis nacvlad isini xSirad mimar-
Taven naklebad momTxovn, intuiciur gan-
formaluri operaciuli safexuri: 11 sjas. Tanac, bevr tomobriv da sasoflo
weli da ufrosi sazogadoebebSi formalur operaciul
aRwereT formaluri operaciuli safex- amo­canebs yvela ver eufleba. es Sedege­
uris mTavari Tvisebebi da maTi Sedegebi bi gvafiqrebinebs, rom piaJes umaRlesi
mozardTa tipur reqciaze safexurs xels uwyobs swavlis iseTi spe­
cifikuri SesaZleblobebi, romlebic sko­
piaJes formaluri operaciebis safex- laSia xelmisawvdomi.
urze abstraqtuli azrovneba viTarde-
ba. mozardebi hipoTezur-deduqciur piaJe da ganaTleba
msjelobaSi ebmebian. problemis winaSe
aRmoCenisas isini yvela SesaZleblo- aRwereT piaJes Teoriis saganmanaTleblo
bas gaiazreben, maTi CaTvliT, romlebic Sedegebi
TvalsaCino ar aris, da sistemurad cdi- piaJes Teoriam ZiriTadad adrindeli
an maT. aseve viTardeba propoziciuli da Sua bavSvobis saswavlo programebze
azrovneba. ymawvilebs SeuZliaT sityv- moaxdina gavlena. piaJeseuli saswavlo
ieri mtkicebis logika realuri samyaros programa xels uwyobs aRmoCeniT swavlas,
garemoebebisgan gancalkevebiT Seafason. gulisxmierebas bavSvebis mxridan swav-
am safexuris dasawyisSi Cndeba saku­ lis survilisadmi da individualuri gan-
Tar Tavsa da sxvebs Soris kavSiris ori sxvavebebis aRiarebas.
damaxinjebuli warmodgena: warmodgeni­
Ti auditoria da susti adamiani. kvle­
vebis Sedegad varaudoben, rom saku­Tari
Tavis aseTi xedva perspeqtiuli wvdomisa
da imis mixvedris Sedegia, rom sxvebis az-
rebs realuri Sedegebi aqvT.
imis gamo, rom abstraqtuli azrovne-
ba idealizms uwyobs xels, Tineijerebi
bralmdebeli kritikosebi xdebian. kog-
niturobaSi winsvlis miuxedavad, gadaw- © ARIEL SKELLEY/CORBIS
352

piaJes Teoriis sruli Sefaseba giuri movlenebis Sesaxeb cnebebs iyene-

ben. biologiuri codnis gviani gamovlena
piaJes Teoriis Rirsebebisa da naklovane-
gvafiqrebinebs, rom is SeiZleba mxolod
bebis Sefaseba
susti Tandayolili Tviseba iyos, an su-
piaJem daainteresa fsiqologebi lac ar iyos imTaviTve Canergili.
da pedagogebi sakuTar ganviTarebaSi
SeajameT ZiriTadi codnis perspeqtivis
bavS­vebis aqtiuri wvlilis mimarT da sa­
Zlieri da susti mxareebi
fuZveli Cauyara TanamedroveTa mier
yu­radRebis centrSi kognituri cvlile- ZiriTadi codnis mkvlevarebi ikvleven
bebis meqanizmebis moqcevas. misi safex- saintereso mosazrebas, Tu ratom Cndeba
urebi kognituri ganviTarebis sasarge- zogi kognituri unari adre da viTardeba
blo `sagzao rukas~ warmoadgens. swrafad. magram kritikosebi Tvlian, rom
molodinis gacruebis cdebis Sedegebi ar
imave dros, adaptaciis, organiza-
aris sakmarisi imis saCveneblad, rom Cvi-
ciisa da wonasworobis piaJeseuli cnebe-
lebs Tandayolili codna aqvT. amgvarad,
bi mxolod bundovan ganmartebas iZleva
Tandayolili codnis perspeqtivam piaJes
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor viTardeba bavS-
Teoriaze meti sicxade ver Seitana imaSi,
vebis kognituroba. aseve, bavSvebis kog-
Tu rogor xdeba kognituri cvlilebebi.
nituri miRwevebi nakleb Tanmimdevruli
da ufro mdorea, vidre piaJes safexurebi
vigotskis sociokulturuli
gviCvenebs.
Teoria

ZiriTadi codnis perspeqtiva axseniT vigotskis Tvalsazrisi kogni-

turi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, aRniSneT so-
axseniT ZiriTadi codnis perspeqtiva
cialuri gamocdilebisa da metyvelebis
kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
mniSvneloba
ZiriTadi codnis perspeqtivis Tanax-
vigotskis sociokulturuli Teor-
mad Cvilebi cxovrebas Tandayolili, Sin-
iis mixedviT metyvelebis ganviTareba
agani azrovnebiT iwyeben, romlebic xels
afarToebs skolamdelebis monawileobas
uwyobs adreul swraf kognitur ganviTa-
meti codnis mqone pirebTan dialogebSi,
rebas. TiToeul ZiriTad nawils ganviTa-
rac mas kulturulad mniSvnelovani amo-
rebis grZeli ambavi aqvs, igi mniSvnelova-
canebis aTvisebaSi uwyobs xels. es so-
nia gadarCenisTvis da damoukideblad
cialuri gamocdilebebi ZiriTad menta-
vi­Tardeba bolomde gaugebari, misTvis
lur unarebs unikalur adamianur, maRal
damaxasiaTebeli cvlilebebis gziT. amave
kognitur procesebad cvlis. vigotskis
dros, adreuli, Tandayolili codnis Se­
Tanaxmad, roca gamocdili adamianebi
saxeb monacemebi sxvadasxvanairia.
bavSvebs maTi proqsimaluri ganviTa-
TeoriaTa Teoria bavSvebs gulubryvi- rebis zonis farglebSi amocanebis gadaw-
lo Teoretikosebad miiCnevs, romlebic yvetaSi exmarebian, bavSvebi dialogis me-
Tandayolil koncefciebs mihyvebian, tyvelebas kerZo saubrad aerTianeben da
ra­Ta axsnan maTi yoveldRiuri STabeW- mas sakuTari damoukidebeli moqmedebe­
dilebebi, xSirad gasaocari warmatebiT. bis organizebisTvis iyeneben. roca bavS-
Semdeg bavSvebi sakuTar gulubryvilo Te­ vebs asaki ematebaT da amocanebi uadvil-
orias gamocdilebiT amowmeben da cvlian debaT, isini kerZo saubars Cum, Sinagan
mas, roca is adekvaturad ver asaxavs axal saubrad aqceven, romelsac sakuTari Ta-
informacias. vis marTvisa da mimarTulebis micemisT-
vis iyeneben.
es Tvalsazrisi imiT mtkicdeba, rom
bavSvebi yoveldRiuri movlenebis Ses- aRwereT socialuri urTierTobis forma,
axeb maTi ZiriTadi nawilis Sesabamiso- romelic xels uwyobs bavSvebs azrovneba
baSi msjeloben. fizikuri da fsiqologi- kulturulad misaRebi saxiT gardaqm-
uri ganmartebebi adre warmoiSoba, magram nas da ganixileT vigotskis Tvalsazrisi
mcirewlovani bavSvebi fsiqologiur ganviTarebisTvis damajerebeli TamaSis
Teoriebis mosafiqreblad xSirad biolo- mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.
 353

doneze, romelSic isini ostaturad amoq-

© RAYMOND GEHMANN/CORBIS
intersubieqturoba, romelic komu-
nikaciebisTvis saerTo niadags qmnis da medeben da akontroleben maTi kulturis
bijgi, romelic bavSvis Sesrulebis mim- simbolur sistemas.
dinare donis mowesrigebaSi ufrosis dax- vigotskis Teoriaze damyarebuli sa-
marebas Seicavs, xels uwyobs kognitur ganmanaTleblo saqmianoba Seicavs or-
ganviTarebas. termini marTuli monawi­ mxriv swavlebas da TanamSromlobiT
leoba aRniSnavs iseT kulturul da si­ swavlebas, romlis drosac amxanagebi
tuaciur cvlilebebs, romelTa drosac azr­Ta sxvadasxvaobas agvareben da erTad
ufrosebi bavSvebis qmedebebs exmarebian. muSaoben saerTo miznebisTvis. dasav-
vigotskis mixedviT, damajerebeli leli bavSvebi Cveulebriv gaZlierebul
TamaSi aris unikaluri, Zlier gavleniani momzadebas saWiroeben TanamSromlobiTi
proqsimaluri ganviTarebis zona. roca swavlebis warmatebisTvis.
bavSvebi warmodgeniT situaciebs qmnian
da damajerebeli TamaSis wesebs asrule- vigotskis Teoriis Sefaseba
ben, isini swavloben, ufro Sinagani idee- moiyvaneT vigotskis Teoriis Zlieri da
bis mixedviT imoqmedon da ara impulse- susti mxareebi
biT. vigotskis Teoriis Tanaxmad, yvela
vigotskis Teoria gvexmareba, gavigoT
sxva maRali kognituri procesebis ms-
kognituri unarebis farTo kulturuli
gavsad, socialuri TanamSromlobis pro­
mravalferovneba da xazs usvams kognitu-
duqtia.
ri ganviTarebisTvis swavlebis sasicocx-
lo mniSvnelobas. Tumca, zog kulturaSi
vigotski da ganaTleba sityvieri dialogebi ar aris erTaderTi
saSualeba, yvelaze mniSvnelovani saSu-
aRwereT vigotskis Teoriis saganmanaT­
alebac ki, romlis saSualebiTac bavSvebi
leblo Sedegebi
swavloben.
vigotskis saklaso oTaxi yuradRe­
socialur da kulturul gavlena­ze
bas amaxvilebs aRmoCenaze maswavleb­­le­
yuradRebis gamaxvilebisas vigotskis
bis xe­l­mZRvanelobiT da amxanagebTan
co­ta aqvs naTqvami bavSvTa kognituroba­
Ta­­­namSrom­lobiT. roca formaluri sas-
ze biologiis gavlenis Sesaxeb. aseve,
kolo ganaTleba iwyeba, saganmanaTleblo
gaurkveveli rCeba, Tu zustad rogor ga-
saqmianoba xels uwyobs bavSvebs gadavid-
iazreben bavSvebi socialur gamocdile-
nen kognituri saqmianobis ufro maRal
bas maTi azrovnebis gasaumjobeseblad.

mniSvnelovani terminebi da cnebebi

A ar aris B Zebnis konkretuli operaciuli sociodramatuli TamaSi

Secdoma safexuri susti adamiani
adaptacia konservacia sqema
akomodacia konstruqtivisturi midgoma tranzituli daskvna
analogiuri problemebis kooperaciuli swavla formaluri operaciuli
gadaWra marTuli monawileoba safexuri
animisturi azrovneba molodinis gacruebis Seqcevadoba
asimilacia meTodi centracia
aRdgenili imitacia operaciebi ZiriTadi codnis
bijgi organizacia perspeqtiva
ganzraxuli an ormagi reprezentacia warmosaxviTi auditoria
mizanmimarTuli qceva ormxrivi swavleba winaoperaciuli safexuri
egocentrizmi propoziciuli azrovneba wonasworoba
Teoriis Teoria proqsimaluri ganviTarebis zona wriuli reaqcia
ierarqiuli klasifikacia sensomotoruli safexuri horizontuli dekalaJi
kerZo saubari seriacia hipoTezur-deduqciuri
kognituri rukebi msjeloba