SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli

literaturis instituti

kritika

14

Tbilisi

2019
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UDK(uak) 22.09(051.2)
k-847

redaqtori manana kvaWantiraZe

saredaqcio sabWo:

lali avaliani
Teimuraz doiaSvili
Tamaz vasaZe
ani kldiaSvili
lela oCiauri
irma ratiani
maka joxaZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa:
TinaTi duglaZe

garekanis dizaini:
soso tabucaZe

redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi,

merab kostavas q. # 5
tel. 99-53-00; E-mail: litinstituti@yahoo.com

ISSN 0206-5746

daibeWda Tsu gamomcemlobis stambaSi

0179 Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamziri 14
14 Ilia Tchavtchavadze Avenue, Tbilisi 0179
Tel. 995 (32) 225 14 32
www.press.tsu.edu.ge

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 veqtorebi

maia jaliaSvili

siyvarulis odisea
Temur babluanis romanze „mze, mTvare da puris yana
(manuSaka melodeba)“

msoflio literaturis erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani pa-

radigma gzaa, romelsac Tanabari gatacebiT, gansxvavebu-
li mizniTa da surviliT gahyavs Sinidan bibliuri uZRebi
Svilica da homerosis odisevsic, servantesis don kixotica
da joisis leopold blumic da kidev bevri sxva. mravalfe-
rovani da yovel jerze sxvadasxvagvarad gamovlenili siy-
varuli ki aris gza, romliTac adamianebi Sin brundebian: es
Sin palimfsesturi simboloa. „Sin“ sakuTari Tavicaa, Rmer-
Tic, ojaxic, bavSvobac, samoTxec, samyaroca da sicocxlec.
amitomac nebismieri „dabruneba“ gulisxmobs miTologiuri,
bibliuri Tu literaturuli paradigmebis aluziebs. Sini-
dan gasvla samyarosa Tu sakuTari Tavis Sesacnobad didi
Tavgadasavlebis, ocnebaTa da survilTa, imedebis iluziuri
xorcSesxmis dasawyisad iqceva. dabruneba uamrav sulier-
materialuri xifaTis gadalaxvasa da gadarCenas gulisxmobs.
Temur babluanis am romanis mxatvruli samyaro mdidaria
saTavgadasavlo drosivrculi peripetiebiT, pikareskuli
JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli TaRliTuri istoriebiT. mTa-
vari ki adamianis bedis warmoCenaa, romelic SemTxveviT, mo-
ulodnel Tu logikur da kanonzomier movlenaTa kvalda-
kval iqmneba, mxatvrul teqstSi gauCinarebuli avtoris xe-
liT iqsoveba da ixlarTeba. mwerali kargad icnobs adamianis
fsiqologias, misi sulis ufskrulebs, amitomac mkiTxveli
romanis gmirebTan erTad ixetialebs naTeli idealebisa da
bneli instiqtebis saufloebSi da SeSfoTebis, gaocebis, aR-

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tacebisa da gaognebis wyalobiT kidev erTxel Caufiqrdeba
egzistencialur, „wyevla-krulvian“ sakiTxavebs.
mkiTxveli romanis personaJebTan erTad gzas gaikvalavs
cxovrebiseul labirinTebSi da kidev erTxel darwmundeba
adamianuri nebis simtkicesa da siyvarulis ZalaSi. am roma-
nis mTavar gmirsac erTi ubralo, cxovrebisgan gaTelili,
adamianebisagan Seuracxyofili, magram mainc yvelaze wminda
da SeubRalavi siyvaruli gadaarCens.
Temur babluanis romani kidev erTxel arwmunebs ada-
mians pavle mociqulis swavlebaSi: „siyvaruli arasodes
mTavrdeba“. misi es dausrulebloba ki adamianis arCevanzea
damokidebuli. jon stainbekma Tavisi sanobelo gamosvla
ase daamTavra: „adamiani gaxda Cveni udidesi saSiSroeba da
erTaderTi imedi. ase rom, dRes SesaZloa wminda ioane mo-
ciqulis amgvari parafrazireba: bolo aris sityva da sityva
aris adamiani, da sityva adamianTanaa“. adamians SeuZlia ange-
lozadac iqces da demonadac, orivesken Tanabrad ubiZgebs
sakuTari Tavi, garemo da samyaro. amitom sWirdeba zneob-
riv-moraluri sayrdenebi, rom brZola arasodes Sewyvitos.
mweralma Tanamedrove adamians, teqnologiuri ganviTarebis
Tavbrudamxvev procesSi CarTuls, RvTisgan mitovebulo-
bis gancdiT rom exeTqeba araraobas, sicocxlis gadamrCenis
valdebuleba da pasuxismgebloba daakisra.
Temur babluanis romanis gmiri gaivlis yofis iseT jur-
Rmulebs, danteseuli jojoxeTis yvela Sre rom erTdro-
ulad gagaxsendeba da mainc rCeba adamianad. TiTqos gacve-
Tili, gaSablonebuli, Caferflili Tvalsazrisi ki siyvar-
ulis mxsneli da amaRorZinebeli Zalisa am romanSic kvlav
feniqsiviT wamoimarTeba nacridan da feradovan imedad ga-
daiSleba. romanis fardobiTobebiTa da pirobiTobebiT sav-
se sivrceSi siyvaruli erTaderTi absoluturi mudmivaa,
RerZia, centria, roomelic kravs da amTlianebs, Tavisken
izidavs gabneul energiasa da Zalebs.
Temur babluani cnobili reJisoria, romlis filmebic
(„beRurebis gadafrena“, „uZinarTa mze“, „Zma“ da sxv.) aRiare-
bulia saqarTvelosa da ucxoeTSi, rogorc humanizmiT gams-

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Wvaluli nimuSebi, romlebic mayurebels adamianis rwmenas
unergaven. es romanic exmianeba mis mier gadaRebuli filme-
bis mTavar saTqmels. xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargisTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT
avtori Tanabari ostatobiT aRwevs erTsa da imave Sedegs:
mayurebelsa Tu mkiTxvels dabeCavebulis, Seuracxyofilis,
usamarTlod devnilis TanamgrZnobelad aqcevs, masSi empa-
Tiis grZnobas aRviZebs.
romani ambebis mozaikuri principiTaa agebuli. TiToe-
uli natexi damoukidebelic aris da erTiani kompoziciis
aucilebeli elementic. Tavbrudamxvevia mwerliseuli nara-
tivi, ambebis moyola misi stiqiaa, erTs meore mohyveba, meo-
res mesame da mkiTxvelic, damuxtuli molodinebiT, dauRa-
lavad mihyveba avtors da mogzaurobs adamianis Sinagan sa-
myaroSi da materialur geografiul sivrceebSic.
romanis mTavari gmiri jude andronikaSvilia, erTi Tbi-
liseli biWi, sixarulisa da bednierebisTvis dabadebuli,
magram garemoebaTa wyalobiT ubedurebisa da tanjvisTvis
ganwiruli. mwerali Tanabrad aqcevs yuradRebas adamianis
pirovnebad Camoyalibebis ganmapirobebel Sinagan da garegan
faqtorebs. romanis gmiri mkiTxvelis Tvalwin gaivlis grZel
gzas bavSvobidan Sua xnis asakamde da, miuxedavad uamravi
dabrkolebisa, romlebic vlindebian adamianis sisastikis,
mxecobis, gautanlobis, Ralatis, avantiuris, aTasgvari war-
moudgeneli sibinZuris magaliTebiT, mainc inarCunebs ada-
mianobas. am rTul gzaze mwerali gamokveTs politikursa da
socialur konteqstebs, romlebic gvexmareba meoce sauku-
nis 60-iani wlebidan dRemde drois suliskveTebis gagebasa
da gaazrebaSi. vasil kandinski Tavis wignSi „sulierebis Se-
saxeb xelovnebSi“ gamokveTda xelovanis sam mniSvnelovan
unars: 1. individualurobas; 2. epoqis sulis warmoCenas; 3. zo-
gadis gamoxatvas (xelovnebis wminda da mudmivi elementisas,
romelic yvel adamians, xalxs, sivrcesa da dros gamsWva-
lavs). romanSi mwerlis es unarebi mJRavndeba, amitomac yvela
ambavi, romlebsac is mogviTxrobs, gvaforiaqebs, gvaRelvebs
da kidev erTxel dagvafiqrebs arsebobis azrsa da mizanze.

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 romanis, erTi SexedviT, yovelgvari silamazisagan dac-
lil samyaroSi mTavari mainc is mSvenierebaa, romelic mTa-
vari gmirisa da manuSakas siyvaruls Semoaqvs da teqstis Rer-
Zad, xerxemlad iqceva. manuSakas siyvaruli gadaarCens gmirs
pirutyvad, mxecad qcevisgan da es siyvaruli daabrunebs
mas Sin, romelic, rogorc aRvniSneT, Tanabrad aris samSob-
loc, RmerTica da sakuTari Tavic. amitom aRaraa gasakviri,
rom mweralma sityva „miyvarxar“ Txrobis erTgvar kamerto-
nad aqcia (romani meuRles miuZRvna). manuSakas, ubralo so-
mexi gogonas, siyvaruli ariadnes ZafiviT gamouZRva mTavar
gmirs bneleTis samefodan da sinaTleze gamoiyvana. mTel
romanSi udanaSaulo gmirs sabWoTa cixeebis gausaZlis pi-
robebSi erTaderTi ram asuldgmulebs, manuSakas siyvaruli,
romelic ar xundeba, ar Zveldeba. sizmrebSi gamocxadebuli
manuSaka mTavar gmirs im JangbadiviT miewodeba, romelic
ukanasknel Zalas moakrebinebs da Sinisaken gzas gamoagne-
binebs. amgvarad, manuSaka mkiTxvelis TvalSi, erTgvarad da
paradigmulad, meZavicaa da wmindanic, mariam magdalineli-
ca da beatriCec, julietac da laurac.
romani saTavgadasavlo Janris kanonebs mihyveba da ami-
tomac mwerali mTavar gmiris cxovrebis oRroCoRoebze
didxans atarebs, Tbilisur quCebSi xetials moskovs, lenin-
grads, odesas, cimbirsa Tu taigas moayolebs da mkiTxvel-
sac am Tavbrudamxvevi borialis, danaSaulisa da sasjelis,
SuriZiebisa da patiebis, codviT dacemisa da monaniebis
bneli da naTeli SegrZnebebis monawiled aqcevs.
romani 1968 wlis zafxulSi iwyeba. swored am wlis 21 ag-
vistos praRaSi sabWoTa tankebi SeiWrnen da CexoslovakiaSi
mimdinare demokratiul reformebs win aRudgnen. sabWoTa
sistema am dros zeobis xanaSi iyo. Zaladobriv reJims, ro-
melic mxolod moCvenebiTad zrunavda sabWoTa moqalaqeTa
keTildReobaze, kargad amxels da warmoaCens am romanis ara-
erTi epizodi. maT Soris, dasawyisic, romelic daxeulSar-
vlian biWs gvixatavs, moparuli jinsiT rom cdilobs Rataki
da usaxuri yofis Secvlas. amas is marTlac axerxebs, radgan
gayiduli Sarvlidan aRebuli fuliT ara mxolod TavisTvis

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iyidis samoss, aramed Seyvarebulsac gaaxarebs iasamnebiT
moqarguli TeTri JaketiT (es lamazi Jaketi romanis bolos
warmosaxul naxatze isev amoyvinTavs, rogorc simbolo imi-
sa, rom warsuli arsad ikargeba, piriqiT, momavlisken erT-
gvar saniSnad iqceva).
wvrilmani dausjeli xulignoba, quCuri garCeva, Zala-
doba – jude andronikaSvilisa da misi nacnob-megobrebis
cxovrebis Tanmdevia, Sesabamisad, maTi zneobriv-moraluri
Rirebulebebic quCis mentalitetiTaa ganpirobebuli. es
ki ucnauri nazavia laCrobisa da simamacisa, sikeTisa da bo-
rotebisa, TangrZnobisa da sisastikisa. amitomac romanSi
bevri epizodi moTxrobili, romlebSic quCa warmoCndeba,
rogorc judes pirovnebis mTavari Camomyalibebeli.
judes moyolili ambebiT ixateba meoce saukunis 60-iani
wlebis Zveli Tbilisis ubnebi. gmiri warmoCndeba Tavisi
vnebebiT, ocnebebiT, sakuTari meTi gansazRvruli kosmosiT.
mis samyaros warmarTavs ubralo, uambicio adamianebis sur-
vilebi, romlebic, erTi SexedviT, sruliadac ar aris miuR-
weveli – siyvaruliT Seqmnili ojaxi Tavisi yoveldRiuri
sazrunavebiT. judesa da misi samegobros garSemo trialeben
mzec, mTvarec da varskvlavebic, rogorc ocnebaTa frTaSes-
xmis simboloebi. aqve Cndeba manuSaka, romelic Cveulebri-
vi mosulelo gulubryvili gogonadan romanis bolosken
erTgvar simbolod iqceva, siwminded, romelic, miuxedavad
gaTelvisa, Rirsebis Seuracxyofisa, pativis ayrisa da ta-
laxSi amosvrisa, mainc sayrdenia mTavari gmirisa, cxovrebas-
Tan damakavSirebeli erTadrTi Zafia, arsebobisTvis azris
mimcemia. marTalia, rogorc nebismieri siwminde, manuSakac
uazro SemTxvevas Seewireba, magram darCeba SviliSvili, isic
saxelad manuSaka, romelsac jude wamoiyvans, SviliviT upat-
ronebs da masTan erTad gaagrZelebs cxovrebas. cxovrebis
av-kargze morigi Cafiqrebisas erT epizodSi daundobeli
realoba judes, caze gawelil weroebis gunds rom gaayo-
lebs mzeras, aTqmevinebs: „RmerTo Cemo, neta ratom gamog-
vigone es sacodavi adamianebi, raSi gWirdebiT?“

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 mwerali gvixatavs, rogor izrdeba mTavari gmiri suli-
er-xorcielad, rogor Seicnobs samyarosa da sakuTar iden-
tobas. misi bedi TiTqos am sistemam gansazRvra, winaswar
„dawera“ uxilavma xelma. igi represirebuli ojaxis Svilia,
uZvelesi aristokratiis warmomadgeneli, babua 1924 wels
komunistebma dauxvrites. magram istoria mxolod miTi da
legendaa, mezobeli qalis, poloneli baronebis STamomava-
li, musikis maswavlebeli mazaveckaias moyolili, realurad
ki jude mejRane gogia andronikaSvilis Svilia. mejRaneoba
xazs usvams im damamcirebelsa da Seuracxmyofel mdgomare-
obas, romelSic es ojaxia Cavardnili. mwerali judes ojaxis
ambebis warmoCeniT mkiTxvels uaxlesi istoriis suraTeb-
sac uxatavs. mamamisi bavSvTa saxlSi gaizarda, erT uiRblo
da uxerxemlo, morCil, mSromel kacad Camoyalibda. cxov-
rebam TiTqos mxolos mis gasaTelad moicala. coli, judes
rusi deda viRac kacTan erTad gaiqca. udedoba mas dahyva,
rogorc maradiuli obloba, upatronoba da miusafroba. ami-
tomac manuSakas saxeSi gaerTianda dedac, dac, colica da is
siTboc, romelic suls sWirdeba gasazrdelad da gasaviTa-
reblad. mamamiss, uiRblosa da uperspeqtivos, meore coli,
meZavi, sxvis Svilebs azrdevinebda. Tumca, sazogadoebisgan
erTgvarad gariyuli da fskerze moqceuli kaci ojaxs saku-
Tari SromiT arCenda. swored misi damsaxureba iyo, rom jude,
romelmac cixeebSi usamarTlod gaatara axalgazrdoba, Sin
dabrunebuli gzas mainc ar ascda, mamis xelobas mihyo xeli
da SromiT gadawyvita yoveldRiuri sarCos mopoveba.
romanSi subkulturis saxiT iWreba qurduli samyaro,
romelTanac, nebiT Tu uneburad, urTierToba aqvs jude an-
dronikaSvils. es samyaro gavlenas axdens misi pirovnebis
Camoyalibebaze. sabWoTa epoqaSi kanonieri qurdebis Zlieri
instituti Seiqmna. isini iyvnen cixeebSic da mis gareTac.
kriminalur samyaroSi avtoritetis qona quCis cxovrebaSi
adamians privilegiebs aniWebda. aseTebad ixatebian romanSi
rafika, trokadero da misi Zmakacebi. 12 weli miusajes ju-
des imisTvis, rom ori kacis mkvleloba daibrala. es „mkvle-
loba“ megobar xaimasTvis Tavganwirvad, SurisZiebad mo-

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inaTla, amitom cixeSi kanonieri qurdebis mfarvelobaSi
moeqca. maT Rirseul kacad aRiares da daxmareba aRuTqves.
judes maTTan dajdoma da sma-Wama „did pativad“ miaCnia.
mwerali kargad icnobs am samyaros da mis kanonebs zedmi-
wevniT da damajereblad warmoaCens. es fena, rogorc „kasta,
rogorc kriminaluri samyaros profesionalTa kavSiri“, ise
gamoikveTeba. maT aqvT TavianTi „kodeqsi“, romliTac aregu-
lireben sadavo sakiTxebs, sjian Tu amarTleben adamianebs:
„sabWoTa kavSirSi patimrebze didid gavlena hqondaT da im
uzarmazar teritoriaze cixeebisa da sapatimro banakebis
TiTqmis naxevars akontrolebdnen. maTi devizi iyo: Rirseba
da samarTlianoba“. romanSi isic naTqvamia, rom maTi nawili
TanamSromlobda policiasTan.
judes mxatvroba iatacebda, radgan niWi hqonda. romanSi
gabneuli misi naxatebi mis realur-sulier yofas warmo-
aCenen. cixeSi gaxda jude srulwlovani. man moiTxova cim-
birSi, iseT zonaSi gadayvana, erT wels samad rom uTvlidnen.
aRmosavleT cimbirSi, ukidures CrdiloeTSi recidivistebi
araadamianur pirobebSi moipovebdnen oqros. aq leninis da-
xatva daavales. tragikomikuri is iyo, rom leninis portre-
ti weliwadSi oTxjer unda daexata: 7 noembers, 5 dekembers,
konstituciis dRes da 1 maiss, Tanac yovelTvis axali da gan-
sxvavebuli. TviTnaswavl judes pirvelive naxati dauwunes,
viRac maxinji qarTveli dagixatavs leninis nacvlado da
karcerSi ukres Tavi. xSirad sxva patimrebsac anugeSebs Ta-
visi gauwafavi naxatebiT. WianWvelebiani naxati ki mis saso-
warkveTilebasa da gamouvalobis gancdas kargad amxels.
realisturi Tu siurrealisturi sizmrebis saSualebiT
mwerali kargad warmoaCens cixeebSi sasikvdilod ganwiru-
li judes sulier samyaroSi mimdinare cvlilebebs. sizmari,
erTi mxriv, ireklavs sastik realobas, meore mxriv ki warmo-
aCens mis survilebsa da ocnebebs. yvelaze rTul viTarebeb-
Si ki mainc manuSaka esizmreba, rac sakmarisia imisTvis, rom
ukanaskneli Zala moikribos da fexze wamodges, cxovrebis
sazrisze dafiqrdes, zneobrivi ZalisxmeviT mxolod bio-
logiuri arseboba gadalaxos da adamianis saxe ar dakargos.

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 romanSi uxvad gxvdeba TaRliTuri istoriebi, romlebic
judes Tavgadasavals sxvadasxva ambis SenakadebiT ukavSir-
debian da, erTi mxriv, amdidreben, mwerliseul warmosaxul
samyaros, meore mxriv ki, mniSvnelovan garemoebebs qmnian
mTavari gmiris sulier-zneobrivi ganviTarebisa da garda-
saxvis gzaze. sxvadasxva juris personaJi, mosyiduli poli-
cieli Tu ideologizebuli komunisti, qurdi, narkomani,
maswavlebeli da parikmaxeri, profesori da damlagebeli –
yvelani erTad da cal-calke qmnian romanis cxovrebiseul
mravalferovan cocxal, mfeTqav samyaros. borotebisa da
sikeTis Tanabrad gamovlena rom SeuZlia adamians, romanSi es
araerTi istoriiT dasturdeba. maT Sorisaa patimari, „iav-
nanas“ zedmetsaxeliT,romelic oqros sabadoebze muSaobi-
sas Sexvda judes. am kacisa yvelas eSinoda, radgan daundo-
beli da sastiki iyo, xuTi kaci hyavda mokluli. erTxel sxva
patimrebi mZinares Tavs daesxnen, ise scemes, mkvdari egonaT
da ormoSi Caagdes, Tumca gadarCa, moulodnelad RamiT ga-
moCnda, magram Suri aRar uZiebia, TiTqos gardaqmniliyo,
dajda da: „dabegvili, dasaxiCrebuli xorcis masa mReroda
SemaZrwuneblad sufTa, xaverdovani xmiT“. swored am kacma
daumata judes sami grami oqro da amgvarad am „jojoxeTi-
dan“ gaTavisuflebaSi miexmara. garemo yvelanairad cdi-
lobs personaJis mimsgavsebas, Sesabamisad, judec ver uZ-
lebs cdunebas da TaRliTad transformirdeba, magram im-
deni Zala SerCeba, rom kacismkvlelTa Soris mkvlelad ar
iqceva. es kargad Cans, oqros moparvis, jer erTi cixidan
gaqcevis dagegmvis, gaparvis, CuqCasTan erTad xetialis, Sem-
deg ukve sxva cixidan TavdaRwevisas. Tumca sabolood, verc
mkvlelobas gaeqceva da manuSakasTvis iZiebs Surs.
misi bedi, ra Tqma unda, qveynis cxovrebas aris gadajaW-
vuli. amitomac mkiTxvelis Tvalwin kinokadrebiviT Caivlian
warsulis mniSvnelovani politikur-socialuri, sazogado-
ebrivi Tu kulturuli movlenebi. mwerali 1959 wlis 9 mar-
tis tragediasac acocxlebs, rogorc saqarTveloze sabWoTa
ruseTis morig Zaladobas. romanSi SemoiWreba stalinis sa-
xelTan gaigivebuli qarTvelis Rirsebis dasacavad mitin-

10
gze gamosuli xalxis sastiki darbeva. am dros Camosula Ci-
neTis marSali, saxelad jude. swored masTan „Sexvedris“
Semdeg „monaTles“ iosebi juded da es metsaxeli SerCa.
judem, quCuri moralis gaTvaliswinebiT, sxvisi mkvle-
loba daibrala. sami mkvlelobis gamo, romlebic ara Caude-
nia, sikvdiliT dasja emuqreboda. ra aRar gadaxda Tavs,
oqros sabadoebze katorRul samuSaoebze kaciWamiebTan
erTad ijda, magram Tavi daaRwia, mere ise daavadda, 13 weli
ugonod iyo da monastris berebi uvlidnen. mainc gadarCa
da, rac mTavaria, ara mxolod fizikurad, aramed sulierad.
Tumca erTaderTxel mainc iZia Suri da isic manuSakasTvis:
misi gamaupatiurebeli, TavzexelaRebuli kacismkvleli
trokadero mokla. Tumca SeZlo, kvali daefara. mkiTxveli
grZnobs, bedisweris uxilavma xelma rogor atara cxovrebis
oRro-CoRroebze imisTvis, rom manuSakas obol SviliSvils
mfarvelad da patronad movlenoda. ambobs kidec: „iseTi
grZnoba maqvs, rom Cems ganvlil cxovrebaSi marto gancde-
biT miviRe monawileoba da sxva danarCenis Sesaxeb CemTvis
aravis araferi ukiTxavs“. kiTxulob romans da personaJis-
Tvisac ki gezedmeteba amdeni ubedureba, judes rom Tavs
daatyda. mkiTxveli TviTmxilveli gaxdeba im ambebisa, rom-
lebic sabWoTa epoqaSi, cixeebsa Tu mis gareT xdeboda. mwe-
rali araerTi saintereso personaJs xatavs gamokveTili da
dasamaxsovrebeli xasiaTebiT.
romanis erT-erTi mTavari Temaa judesa da xaimas, ebra-
eli biWis megobroba. mwerali xatavs, rogor ebrZoda sabWo-
Ta reJimi kerZo sakuTrebas, rogor dauxoces xaimas biZebi,
Tumca xaimas naTesaobam moaswro da milionobiT dolari
dawva, videoze gadaiRo yvelaferi da kasetebis ucxoeTSi
gatana moaxerxa. rogorc Semdeg gairkva, amerikis bankebma
srulad aunazRaures ebraelebs damwvari dolarebi. xaimam
ar daiviwya megobari da ori milioni dolari aCuqa, ramac
judes axali cxovrebis dawyebis SesaZlebloba misca.
romanSi kargad warmoCndeba meoce saukunis 90-iani wle-
bis saqarTvelo, kriminalur bandaTa TareSi, guSindel ya-
CaRTa gabiznesmeneba da gaministreba. jude politikisgan

11
Sorsaa, magram xedavs, rogor ateroreben adamianebs, mTav-
robebi icvleba, magram viTareba igivea: „mdidari kaci mSier
qveyanaSi daWril mgelsa hgavs, romelsac Tavisianebi irg-
vliv Semoxvevian, sisxlis suni scemT da SeWmas upireben“ .
amitomac patara manuSakasTan erTad TurqeTSi wavida, gvari
gamoicvala, sastumro iyida da ase gaaagrZela cxovreba. an-
derZic Seadgina da yvelaferi manuSakas dautova. „sadRac
wavikiTxe, Cven adamianebi vitanjebiT imis gamo, rom siyva-
ruli ar SegviZliao. sxvisi ar vici da Cem SemTxvevaSi piri-
qiTaa“, – ambobs jude (gadaZaxilia dostoevskisTan: „jojo-
xeTi aris tkivili imis gamo, rom aRar ZalgiZs siyvaruli“).
erT epizodSi jude fiqrobs: „gakvirvebuli var: ratom
moxda es yvelaferi, rac moxda? Tanac maincdamainc ase,
rogorc moxda. raSia saqme? pasuxi ara maqvs. arsebobs ki pa-
suxi?“. bolos daaskvnis: „ucnauria es cxovreba“. is saxelos-
nosac aaSenebs da bavSvobis STabeWdilebebis xatvas iwyebs,
magram es yvelaferi mzadebaa im naxatisTvis, romelic ase
STambeWdavadaa romanis finalur epizodSi aRwerili da
romelmac sizmari feradovan tilod unda aqcios: „maRali,
xrioki gorakebis zemoT, erT mxares mTvare anaTebs, meore
mxares – mze. samanqano gza goraks gadmoivlis da puris
yanaSi eSveba. puris yanaSi manuSaka dgas. is Cemi naCuqari
iasamnebiT moqarguli Jaketi acvia da gzas gahyurebs. saxeze
mouTmenloba aweria da aSkarad etyoba, rom im gzaze viRa-
cis gamoCenas elodeba. esaa sul. Tu ise moxdeba, rom im
naxats iseTi vinme naxavs, vinc Cemi da manuSakas ambavi icis, is
albaT mixvdeba, rom manuSaka me melodeba“. uneburad mirza
gelovanis cnobili leqsis striqonebi gvaxsendeba:

mgzavri var, Senze fiqrebs vundebi

da aCrdilebTan TamaSs uvnebels.
me davbrundebi, ho, davbrundebi,
me Seni Tmebi damabruneben.

samyaros uamrav gamocanaTagan mwerlobas safiqralad

esec uqcevia: rogor itevs guli RvTaebrivsa da demonurs,
12
siyvarulsa da siZulvils, sikeTesa da borotebas. rusTve-
liseuli Segoneba – guls „verca patronobs sikvdili, verca
patroni romeli“ – marad aqtualuria. folknerisTvis mw-
erlobis mTavari saqme amitomac „gulis Widilis“ warmoCe-
naa, radgan is gamoavlens sakuTar TavTan brZolaSi gamar-
jvebulsa Tu damarcxebul adamians, romelic xan RvTisken
ixreba da xan eSmakisken, rogorc dostoevski ambobs. Temur
babluanis romanis mTavari Temac es aris, warmoaCinos,
rogor ikvalavs siyvaruli gzas cxovrebis labirinTebSi,
rogor iklebs Tu imatebs misi Suqi adamianuri yofis jur-
Rmulebis gasanaTeblad, rogor miinavleba da ibJuteba
sibnelesTan Sexla-Semoxlisas Zalagamoclili, magram bo-
los mainc rogor moikrebs Zalas da aRsdgeba jvarcmuli
qristesaviT, radgan sxvanairad SeuZlebelia. es sicocxlis
kanonia. suli, romelic galaktionis leqss Tu gavixsenebT,
erTdroulad „laJvardze uspetakesic“ aris da „demonze
uborotesic“, siyvarulis gziT mainc xsnisa da gadarCenis-
ken ubiZgebs adamians, oRond eg aris, zogs imdenad ayruebs
da abrmavebs cxovrebiseuli garemoebani, rom veRarc xedavs
da veRarc gaigonebs am gadamrCeneli Zalis xmas.
romanSi mkacrad racionaluri samyaroa daxatuli, magram
iracionaluri, mistikuri elementebic SemoiWreba, romle-
bic winaswarmetyvelurad migvaniSneben gmiris daRupvisa
Tu gadarCenis auxsnel. gaugebar da gamoucnob gzebze. Cab-
nelebul cixeebs xandaxan sxva rakursiT, raRacnairi simsub-
uqiT warmoaCens mwerlis moulodneli da maxvilgonivruli
ironiiT Sezavebuli pasaJebi. romanSi cixe ixateba, rogorc
erTgvari mikromodeli, romelic Tavisufali sazogadoebis
yvela naklsa da Rirsebas, radikalurad gansxvavebul vnebas
Tu saZaglobas, garyvnilebas, agresias, sisastikes, farisev-
lobasa da TanagrZnobas ireklavs.
romanis leqsika ar gamoirCeva mravalferovnebiT, rac
gamowveulia imiT, rom mTavari gmiri hyveba ambebs, is ki per-
sonaJia, romelic metyvelebs da fiqrobs quCasa da cixeSi
miRebuli „swavla-ganaTlebis“ Sesabamisad, mwiri leqsikisa

13
da Jargonis gamoyenebiT, Tumca isic mniSvnelovania, rom,
garemo pirobebis miuxedavad, jude cdilobda TviTganswav-
lasa da ganviTarebas, rac mas gamoarCevda kidevac quCisa
Tu cixis amxanag-megobrebisagan.
judesa da manuSakas siyvaruli, dabzarul-dalaquli niv-
TiviT cxovrebisagan sanagveze mosrolili, mainc gadarCeba
da dro-sivrces gamoRweuli mkiTxvelis gulSi ganagrZobs
arsebobas, rogorc kidev erTi dasturi adamianis RvTaeb-
rivTan wilnayarobisa.

14
 ada nemsaZe

„cxeli Sokoladis“ mistikuri aromatiT

gajerebuli saukunovani ambebi...
(nino xaratiSvilis „merve sicocxle (brilkas)“)

nino xaratiSvilis 1280-gverdiani romani „merve sicocx-

le (brilkas)“ (Das achte Leben (Fur Brilka) jerjerobiT yvelaze
masStaburia mis literaturul produqciaSi rogorc dro-
sivrculi arealiT, ise masSi gadmocemuli ambebis isto-
riuli, saxelmwifoebrivi, sazogadoebrivi Tu pirovnuli
aspeqtebiT. igi 2014 wels gamosca germanulma gamomcemlo-
bam frankfurter ferlagsanStaltma (Frankfurter Verlagsans-
talt), qarTvelma mkiTxvelma ki 2019 wels miiRo nino burdu-
lis TargmaniT (gamomcemloba „inteleqti“). `merve sicocx-
le~ Zalian swrafad moxvda germanuli wignebis topaTeulSi.
„am romanisTvis mwerals miRebuli hqonda boSis stipendia
(Das Grenzganger Stipendium der Robert-Bosch-Stiftung), romelmac mas
SesaZlebloba misca, emogzaura ruseTSi, gascnoboda arqi-
vebsa da biblioTekebSi dacul cnobebs, faqtebsa da inter-
viuebs sabWoTa periodis Sesaxeb. ase Seagrova masala. am gax-
maurebuli romanisTvis mweralma miiRo germanuli biznesis
kulturis komitetis literaturuli premia (Literaturpreis des
Kulturkreises der deutschen Wirtschaft) da ana zegersis premia (Anna
Seghers-Preis). 2016 wels nino xaratiSvili kidev erTi sali-
teraturo premiis, zep Selhornis stipendiis (Sepp-Schellhorn-
Stipendium) mflobeli gaxda (gagniZe 2017: 287-288). 2017-2018
wlebSi ki romani dajildovda herta koenigisa (Hertha Koenig-
Literaturpreis) da bertolt brextis (Bertolt-Brecht-Literaturpreis)
saliteraturo premiebiT. gasul wels mwerali `sabas~ mflo-
belic gaxda, rac mas qarTul-germanul literaturul ur-
TierTobebSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis mieniWa.
germanuli saliteraturo da saxelovnebo kritika gamos-
vlisTanave aqtiurad gamoexmaura romans. mwerali, reJisori
da Jurnalisti norbert kroni wers: „nino xaratiSvili os-
15
taturad ukavSirebs erTi qarTveli ojaxis sulisSemZvrel
cxovrebas meoce saukunis revoluciaTa istorias. saukunis
romani, romelic kiTxvas mogawyurebT da Zlieri axalgaz-
rda qali, romelic Tavisi samSoblos mamakacTa sazogado-
ebisgan gaTavisuflda. masStaburi istoriuli romani, ada-
mianuri tragediebiT iseve savse, rogorc cxovreba“. xolo
mwerali da literaturis kritikosi folker vaidermani aR-
tacebuli aRniSnavda: „nino xaratiSvilma evropis istoria
ojaxis istoriis saxiT xelaxla mogviTxro. wlis saukeTeso
germanuli romani. fenomenaluria!“ (aRniSnuli Sefasebebi
darTuli aqvs romanis pirvel qarTul gamocemas).
„merve sicocxle“ saojaxo romania, igive TaobaTa romani.
igi mZime epoqis ramdenime Taobis tragikul Tavgadasavalsa
da Tavad am epoqis realur suraTs aRadgens, ris gamoc mas
istoriuli romanic ki uwodes. „Cemi sayvareli oreulis“
msgavsad, isic wriuli struqturisaa – dasawyisi wignis fi-
nalSi kidev erTxel meordeba. aq mwerali ukve nacad xe-
rxs iyenebs: saukunis ambebis Txrobis dawyebamde erT-erTi
mTavari personaJi nica disSvils mimarTavs da ganumartavs,
ratom apirebs am yvelafris moyolas. bolos ki kvlav am
mimarTviT amTavrebs da amgvarad ikvreba romanis kompozici-
uri xazi, erTgvari wre, romelic brilkas maprovocirebeli
saqcieliT iwyeba da sruldeba (amaze cota mogvianebiT).
„am striqonebs vumadli im saukunes, romelmac yvela
moatyua da yvelas uRalata, yvelas, visac imedi hqonda. am
striqonebs vumadli dausrulebel Ralats, wyevlasaviT
rom gadauara Cems ojaxs. am striqonebs vumadli Cems das,
romelsac verafriT vapatie, im RamiT ufrTod rom gafrin-
da, babuaCems, romelsac Cemma dam guli amoglija, Cems did be-
bias – oTxmocdasami wlisa pa-de-des rom cekvavda CemTan er-
Tad, dedaCems, RmerTs rom daeZebda... am striqonebs vumadli
uTvalav daRvril cremls, vumadli imas, rom samSoblo miva-
tove sakuTari Tavis sapovnelad da kidev ufro davikarge;
magram upirvelesad Sen gimadli am striqonebs, brilka.
gimadli imitom, rom Sen imsaxureb merve sicocxles. ro-
gorc amboben, cifri rva usasrulobis, maradiuli dinebis

16
tolfasia... Cven erTi saukuniT varT gadajaWvulni, wiTeli
saukuniT“ (xaratiSvili 2019: 13-14).
romans arc ise cota mTavari personaJi hyavs (Sokoladis
fabrikanti, stasia, qristine, kiti, kostia, giorgi alania,
ida, sofio erisTavi, andro, elene, miqa, daria, nica, miro,
brilka...), wignis 7 ZiriTadi personaJis ambavs TiTo Tavi
eTmoba kidec, magram romanis umTavresi gmiri mainc droa,
saukune, epoqa, romelmac, avtorisave sityviT, „yvela moa-
tyua da yvelas uRalata, visac imedi hqonda“. esaa epoqa,
romelmac Taobebis cxovreba gansazRvra, me-20 saukunis to-
talitaruli sistema, romelmac uamravi tragedia moitana,
adamianebs piradi cxovreba waarTva, siyvaruli moukla da
miwieri yofa jojoxeTad uqcia. romanis yvela ZiriTadi per-
sonaJis cxovrebas swored epoqis es Seubralebloba aqcevs
tragikulad.
siuJeturi xazi 1900 wels iwyeba saqarTvelos im patara
qalaqSi, „kavkasiis nicad rom unda qceuliyo“ da 2007 wels
Tbilisis centralur moedanze sruldeba (noembris aqciebi-
sas). sainteresoa, rom mwerals romanSi saqarTvelosa da ev-
ropis bevri qalaqi da sofeli aqvs dasaxelebuli, romanis
geografia sakmaod mravalferovania, magram am mTavar qa-
laqs, sadac daiwyo es amaRelvebeli istoria, bolomde gamo-
canad tovebs da yovelTvis ase axsenebs – „qalaqi, kavkasiis
nicad rom unda qceuliyo“ – rac uTuod gabundovanebis xer-
xis Segnebuli gamoyenebaa, erTgvar gamoucnob da sasiamovno
burusSia gaxveuli adgili, rogorc raRac Zalian kargi am-
bisa da kargi drois simbolo. im droisa, romelic male das-
rulda da im ambebisa, romlebic Zalian swrafad Caanacvla
Seubralebelma da sastikma movlenebma. aRsaniSnavia, rom am
xerxs mwerali kidev ramdenime SemTxvevaSi mimarTavs, maga-
liTad, sakuTari saxeli ar aqvs Sokoladis fabrikants, „pa-
tara did kacs“, sofels Tbilisis SemogarenSi, sadac kostia
jaSi dasaxldeba saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg...
romanis siuJeturi xazis Tavsa da boloSi dgas uded-
mamod gazrdili, cxovrebis bilikze gzaabneuli 12 wlis
brilka jaSi, romelsac sakuTar TavSi garkvevis bolo ime-

17
dad ucxoeTSi gadakarguli deida esaxeba. qoreografiul
jgufTan erTad sagastrolod Casuli patara mocekvave am-
sterdamis sastumrodan ipareba da aqedan iwyeba ambavic.
nica xvdeba, rom erTaderTi, rac Ziebis gzaze myof brilkas
sWirdeba sakuTari Tavis sapovnelad, es winaparTa cxovrebi-
seuli gamocdilebaa. aq mkiTxvelis warmosaxvaSi umal Cndeba
oTar WilaZis „martis mamlis“ 15 wlis personaJi niko da misi
TviTidentobis problema, romlis gadaWris gzac mxolod
winaparTa codvebis gaazreba-gaziareba-tvirTebaze gadis.
brilkac am problemis winaSea. nica xvdeba, rom, Tu mTeli am-
bavi ar uambo disSvils, ise araferi gamova. amitomac iwyebs
igi gvaris istoriis Txrobas.
„merve sicocxlis“ saukunovani istoria Sokoladis fab-
rikantis ambiT iwyeba. am genealogiur xeze (romelic ilus-
trirebuli saxiT erTvis kidec wigns) brilka meeqvse Tao-
baa, ukve damoukidebel saqarTveloSi gazrdili. 8-Taviani
romani faqtobrivad 7 Tavisagan Sedgeba, TiToeulSi TiTo
cxovrebaa moTxrobili, 7 mTavari personaJis Tavgadasav-
liT mwerali mTel epoqas acocxlebs Tavisi revoluciebiT,
politikuri intrigebiT, represiebiT, omebiT, saprotesto
aqciebiT, piradi tragediebiT... sabWoTa arqivebsa da bib-
lioTekebSi mopovebuli realuri ambebiT nino xaratiSvili
iseT sulisSemZvrel pasaJebs qmnis, rom mkiTxvels sulis
moTqma uWirs, daZabuloba xSirad umaRles wertils aRwevs,
kerZo ambavi ki zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobis tragizmam-
dea ayvanili.
nino xaratiSvili mTeli epoqis politikur suraTs
acocxlebs, dawyebuls jer kidev carizmis droidan da dam-
Tavrebuls 21-e saukunis pirveli aTwleuliT. igi axerxebs,
sistemis mTeli sisastike sul erTi pasaJiT gaxados naTeli,
es misi mxatvruli xerxia. magaliTad, 20-30-iani wlebisa da
misi mTavari „Semoqmedis“, lavrenti berias saxes mxolod
qristinesTan gabmuli misi romaniT xdis cxads. sxva konkre-
tuli ambebi, rac mis saxels ukavSirdeba istoriulad an
sulac mwerlis mier SeiZleba iyos gamogonili, aq ar gvxvdeba.
„patara didi kaci“ qristines qmris, ramaz iosebiZis kolega

18
da misi uSualo ufrosia, igi erT-erTi wveulebisas gaicnobs
Tavisi moadgilis umSvenieres meuRles da ubedurebebic
aqedan iwyeba... is Zaladoba, rasac qristine itans sakuTari
qmrisa da ojaxis danarCen wevrTa gadasarCenad, aris zoga-
di suraTi mTeli im sistemuri Zaladobisa, romelsac qveyana
ganicdida 20-30-ian wlebSi. „Sen araferi gesmis, araferi,
rogor Segagnebino, aRar vici, lamisaa SeviSalo! dRemde ver
mimxvdarxar, is vin aris da ra SeuZlia! jerac ver xedav, sad
vcxovrobT?“ (xaratiSvili 2019: 162) – ekiTxeba gaocebuli
qristine stasias, roca es ukanaskneli Sexvedrebis Sewyve-
tas sTxovs. bolos ki sasowarkveTili qali imedgadawuruli
amatebs: „RmerTi aRar arsebobs, veranairi RmerTi ver
dagvixsnis am gasaWirisgan, asea, ras izam...“ (xaratiSvili
2019: 166). am erTi tragediis fonad ki mwerali sul erTi
abzaciT qmnis epoqis suraTs sakmaod farTo planiT: „...xma
dadioda, rom ruseTSi marodiori bavSvebis bandebi gaC-
nda, rom sasursaTo maRaziebTan usasrulo rigebi idga,
rom muSebis colebi sxeuliT vaWrobdnen ojaxebis gamo-
sakvebad. ...gamoCnda plakatebi, saxelmwifo politikuri
mmarTvelobis* mier dabeWdili, sadac ewera: „sakuTari
Svilebis Wama barbarosuli aqtia!“ (xaratiSvili 2019:
163). zogjer ki mwerali sagnebisa da movlenebis ubralo
CamoTvliT qmnis amomwurav da informaciul suraTs. am
xerxs impresionistuli maneris elferi dahkravs da igi
mravali movlenis kondensirebulad gamoxatvis saukeTeso
saSualebaa. amasTanave, is kargad ewereba Txzulebis erTian
stilistikaSic, rameTu nino xaratiSvilis romani stilTa
Tavisufali sinTeziT xasiaTdeba: „mogvianebiT gaixsna
kafe „francia“, restorani „budapeSti“ da Cais saxli uni-
versitetis pirdapir. Cum-Cumad vusmendiT „amerikis xmas“.
arsebobda sasmeli wylis avtomatebi warweriT „gaziani wya-
li“, romlebic yovelTvis gafuWebuli iyo. arsebobda ger-
maniidan Camotanili Jurnali burda, romelic Sav bazarze
iSoveboda... arsebobda troleibusebi, ukmexi milicielebi
da disidentebisa da moRalateebis aralegalurad dabeW-
* CvenTvis dRes ukve kargad cnobili gpu, a. n.
19
dili da gavrcelebuli romanebi... Zalian popularuli iyo
romen rolani, raki komunizmisadmi simpaTias gamoxatavda
da sabWoTa kavSirs stumrobda... egzistencialistebi Znelad
iSoveboda. gorki ganusazRvreli raodenobiT iyo...
ZiriTadad mkvdar mwerlebs vkiTxulobdiT, Tumca Jur-
nal „inostrannaia literaturis“ wyalobiT zogjer cocx-
lebis Sesaxebac vigebdiT raRacas...
... cota mogvianebiT vyidulobdiT „roling stounzs“,
„pink floids“, „led zepelins“, mere amaT „quinic“ daemata.
80-ianebSi gaCnda rusuli rokbendebi, kino da ddt, romel-
Tac, rogorc Cans, fexebze ekidaT, saxelmwifos mier neba-
darTuli iyo Tu ara grZeli Tma kacebisaTvis.
imarTeboda reaqtiuli poeziis saRamoebi Sida ezoebSi,
sxvenebSi, sardafebSi...“ (xaratiSvili 2019: 819-820).
nino xaratiSvili sabWoTa saxelmwifoSi momxdar movle-
nebs damoukideblad ar gviCvenebs, drodadro maT msoflio
politikur procesebTan konteqstSic warmogvidgens. amiT
mas, SesaZloa, garkveuli saxis kontrastis Seqmna unda, raTa
dasavlur da sabWoTa samyaroebs Soris gansxvaveba gamokve-
Tos. igi erTmaneTis gverdiT alagebs samyaroSi mimdinare
paralelur movlenebs da mxolod CamoTvliT qmnis msof-
lio politikuri Tu kulturuli sivrcis farTo tilos,
romelzec bevri gansxvavebuli feria, Tavisi tragediebiTa
Tu warmatebebiT, miRwevebiTa Tu kacobriobis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli saxifaTo TamaSebiT: „dadga amaRelvebeli weli-
wadi! weliwadi roca Luftwaffe daarsda, roca „porgi da besi“
daidga da Summertime gaJRerda, roca germanul raixSi jazi
aikrZala, musikaluri avtomatebi gaCnda, roca bili holi-
deim What a little moonlight can do Seasrula, is weliwadi, roca
sabWoTa beladma axali konstitucia dawera, romelic mom-
devno wlebSi unda Sesuliyo ZalaSi da milionobiT adamians
sicocxlis fasad dasjdomoda“ (xaratiSvili 2019: 178). asax-
vis meTodi kvlav iseTivea, ramdenime winadadeba da ZiriTa-
di movlenebi, romelTac mniSvnelovani roli hqondaT an
TvalsaCino kvali daamCnies epoqas. xandaxan ki mwerali
raRac tragikuli ambisTvis winaswarSesamzadeblad erTgvar

20
peizaJur fotos qmnis, romelic statikuria TavisTavad,
magram iseTi mZafri SegrZneba moaqvs, rom mkiTxveli winas-
war grZnobs mTel momaval saSinelebebs: „uZlurebis mTeli
kunZulebi gaCnda. Rrublebi Seikra, zecam elvareba dakarga
da qameleonis feri daedo. mdinaris napirze mdgari tirifi
kidev ufro gadaixara da miwas moefera, sanugeSeblad. ua-
resi axlovdeboda da bunebas Tavi unda daecva“ (xaratiSvili
2019: 184). amgvari suraTi uamravia romanSi.
rac Seexeba 30-40-iani wlebis Sssk-is (НКВД) sisastikis
Cvenebas, amisTvis stasias qaliSvilis cxovrebis yvelaze
koSmaruli erTi dRis gaxsenebac kmara: fexmZime kitis da-
kiTxva skolis bnel oTaxSi, mere sakaceze gadakvra da wameba,
misi mucladmyofi Svilis mokvla, xelovnuri aborti da saS-
vilosnos amokveTa imave sabWoTa skolis erT patara binZur
oTaxSi. amaze meti sizuste, albaT, Zalian rTulia; xolo
imaze Semzaravi pasaJi, roca odnav moRonierebuli kiti sa-
kuTari daubadebeli Svilis saflavs ipovis da Txris, al-
baT literaturaSic ki iSviaTia: „kitim xelebiT SeigrZno,
dainaxa: cxviri da saxis moyvaniloba, pawawina warbebi, tuCe-
bi. Sinagani mzeriT aTvalierebda mis saxes, icno. mTeli Ta-
visi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi unda Seenaxa mexsierebaSi. saxe,
romelic arasodes enaxa, romelsac arasodes mohfereboda.
verc atirebuls rom ver naxavda da verc gacinebuls, verc
mZinares da verc gaRviZebuls. samaradisod unda daetove-
bina Tavis sizmrebSi, paralelur samyaroSi, romelic mxo-
lod daxuWuli Tvalebis miRma arsebobda. iq masTan erTad
gaatarebda cxovrebas, masTan erTad daiZinebda da gaiRviZe-
bda. saxeli daarqva. miwa miayara isev“ (xaratiSvili 2019: 297).
am damTrgunveli sceniT mwerali mTeli bolSevikuri siste-
mis xasiaTs, rusuli kgb-s (suk-is – saxelmwifo uSiSroebis
komiteti) realur saxes, mis mier Catarebuli represiebis
sisastikes gadmoscems.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, romanSi zedmiwevniTi realis-
turi sizustiTaa aRwerili sabWoTa sistemis saxe. amavdrou-
lad, igi seriozul mistikur plansac Seicavs. es gansxvave-
buli realisturi da mistikuri planebi mTeli romanis man-

21
Zilze paralelurad arsebobs da alag-alag sabediswerod
ikveTeba xolme. swored am gadakveTis wertilebSi xdeba
yvelaze mniSvnelovani, erTdroulad logikuri, siuJeturi
xaziT ganpirobebuli da Tan mistikurad axsnadi tragikuli
ambebi. mistikuroba, pirvel rigSi, Sokolads ukavSirdeba.
Sokoladi, romelic zogadad ucxoa kavkasiuri da qarTuli
socialur-kulturuli arealisaTvis (mis samSoblod cen-
traluri da samxreTi amerika iTvleba), saqarTveloSi evro-
pulad ganswavluli Sokoladis fabrikantis xelSi sruli-
ad gansxvavebul, ganumeorebel gemos iZens: „Sokolateriam
moaxerxa franguli paTiseriis, avstriuli cxobis tradi-
ciisa da aRmosavleTevropuli mravalferovnebis Serwyma“
(xaratiSvili 2019: 48). „qarTuli“ Sokoladi iseTive unika-
luri gamodis, rogoric, zogadad, kavkasiuri kulturaa,
aRmosavlur-dasavluri kulturuli paradigmis sazRvarze
aRmocenebul-ganviTarebuli. gansakuTrebiT ki es iTqmis
cxeli Sokoladis receptze, romelic sakuTriv qarTveli
fabrikantis Seqmnilia da romelsac ukavSirdeba romanis
TiTqmis yvela umniSvnelovanesi movlena. „yovel diliT,
adrianad, eqvs saaTze midioda sakonditroSi da uzarmazar,
TanamSromlebis mier sxvadasxva saxeobis nawarmisTvis gam-
zadebul Sokoladis masas sakuTari ingredientebiT aza-
vebda, ris Semdegac iqmneboda gansakuTrebuli gemo. veravin
axsna formulis saidumlo da swored amis gamo iyo misi nawar-
mi aseTi mimzidveli. karga xnis ganmavlobaSi Tavis speci-
alur danamatebs mxolod mcire doziT azavebda Sokoladis
produqtebSi, rogorc finalur akords, magram yvelaze di-
di saocreba cxeli Sokoladis miseuli recepti aRmoCnda.
raki am jadosnuri formulis didma warmatebam xeli ga-
umarTa da pativmoyvareobiT aRsavse eqspansiis ocneba Ca-
usaxa, gegmavda, Tavisi Semoqmedebis gvirgvini – cxeli So-
koladi – mxolod didebisa da warmatebis mwvervalze myofs,
TbilisSi, moskovSi an peterburgSi gamoetana saaSkaraoze,
rom saTiTaod yvela gaeognebina. ... daifica, sakuTari re-
cepti ojaxidan ar gaetana da droebiT saidumlod Seenaxa“
(xaratiSvili 2019: 48). es „droebiTi xana“ sakmaod didxans

22
gagrZelda. romanis teqstic ise mTavrdeba, rom igi kvlav
saidumloa. Tumca rCeba gancda, rom am umniSvnelovanesi
ambisTvis fardis axda swored im merve TavSi unda moxdes,
dauwerel merve TavSi, romelic brilkas cxovrebam unda
Seavsos.
romanSi momxdari yvela ubedureba raRaciT ukavSirdeba
am cxel Sokolads. pirveli, vinc am „mistikur usiamovnebas“
aRmoaCens, Tavad receptis Semqmnelia. „roca gadawyvetile-
ba miiRo, cxeli Sokoladi ar ewarmoebina, ise kargad da usaf-
rTxod igrZno Tavi, TiTqos amiT ubedurebas gadaurCao“
(xaratiSvili 2019: 70), – wers avtori. es raRac bneli winaT-
grZnoba mudmivad sdevs fabrikants da SiSi ki pirvelad ma-
Sin eufleba, rodesac jer misi axladdabadebuli gogona
(stasias tyupiscali) gardaicvleba, male ki Tavad qeTevanic
(visac orsulobis dros umzadebda xolme am gansakuTrebul
deserts). „am Sokoladis miReba mxolod mcire ulufebad Sei-
Zleba, ingredientebis umciresi danamatic ki ugemrieless
xdis Sokoladis nebismier nawarms, magram sufTa saxiT, aseTi
saxiT, stasia, SeiZleba ubedurebis momtani gaxdes“ (xarat-
iSvili 2019: 71), – cdilobs, daarwmunos qaliSvili da im pi-
robiT umxels mas qorwinebis winaRamiT recepts, rom mxo-
lod ukidures SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenebs da isic mcire ulu-
fiT. mTeli siuJetis manZilze, yvela SemTxvevas, roca ki am
receptiT cxel Sokolads amzadeben, raime tragikuli ambavi
mohyveba: stasias mier damalul narCenebs ipovis Tekla da
imave dRes kvdeba; qristine wlebis Semdeg „patara did kacs“
sakuTari xeliT umzadebs da male misi mzec Caesveneba; RamiT
qristines uecrad waadgebian Tavs miro da nica da Sokola-
dis narCenebs, misi winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, gasinjaven,
meore dRes Cernobilis afeTqeba xdeba...
amis paralelurad imave cxel Sokolads gadarCenac ukav-
Sirdeba da pozitiurobac. mas aqvs magiuri zemoqmedeba da
unari, yvelaferze daiTanxmos adamiani, oRond misi gasinjvis
neba miscen (ase emarTeba yvelas, roca mis aromats igrZnobs:
qeTevani mesame Svilis gaCenas Tanxmdeba, Tekla mSvidad ege-
beba sikvdils sakuTar Zvirfas sawolSi, damaxinjebuli da

23
daqvrivebuli qristines saxeze Rimils mxolod misi gasin-
jva aCens, rac mTavaria, umZimes 90-ian wlebSi swored Soko-
ladis tortiT axerxebs Tavis gatanas stasias gaRaribebuli
ojaxi). Tavis mxriv, Sokoladis fabrikanti gasabWoebis mere
wyvets Sokoladis masisTvis im saidumlo narevis damatebas,
rac TandaTan CamoaqveiTebs Sokoladis xarisxsa da popu-
larobas (bolos ki saerTod kargavs fabrikas sabWoTa eko-
nomikis nacionalizaciis saxeliT). amgvar poziciebSi cxeli
Sokoladi dadebiTi konotaciis matarebelia.
nino xaratiSvilis romani mravalSriani, rTuli mxatvru-
li teqstia. Txrobis tempi iseTi daZabuli da mimzidvelia,
rom dasawyisidanve iTrevs mkiTxvels swored gansxvavebul
ambavTa monacvleobiT. aq sastiki sabWoTa yofis paralelu-
rad siyvarulis ramdenime sulisSemZvreli istoriacaa mo-
cemuli, kerZod ki, qristinesa da ramazis, kostiasa da idas,
kitisa da andros ambebi. Tumca yvela sasiyvarulo ambavs Tan
sdevs epoqis sistiki xeli da bednierebas xangrZlivad arse-
bobis uflebas ar aZlevs.
ulamazesi qristinesa da misi qmris, ramazis, siyvarulis
ambavi gamorCeulia wignSi. ramazi, romelic saqarTvelos
sagangebo komisiis Tavmjdomaris, `patara didi kacis~ (erT-
mniSvnelovnad lavrenti beria) moadgilea, saocrad dade-
biTi, naTeli ferebiT aris daxatuli. TiTqos ucnauria, aseT
dawesebulebaSi momsaxure adamiani, Tan ideurad sistemis
erTguli, fizikurad da sulierad aseTi mSvenieri iyos. kon-
trasti gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia berias fonze. amasTan,
ramazi sqematuri personaJia, misi saqmianobis Sesaxeb Cven
TiTqmis araferi viciT. mkiTxveli mxolod misi usazRvro si-
yvarulis mowmea. Cveni azriT, mwerali aq xazs usvams imas,
rom adamianobis SenarCunebis SesaZlebloba metnaklebad
yvelgan aqvs adamians, Tu amisi survili eqneba; SesaZloa,
garkveulwilad, imasac migvaniSnebdes, rom ar arsebobs sis-
tema, romelsac Tavisi dadebiTi gmiric ar eyoleba. albaT, es
aris kidec adamianobis gadarCenis erT-erTi mizezi da eris
imedis sabolood mospobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Segnebu-
li aqti mwerlisa. siyvaruliTa da adamianobiT ramazi mSve-

24
nierebis gadarCenas axerxebs romanSi (miuxedavad imisa, rom
qristines fizikur silamazes spobs). sabolood, am nabijiT
man sayvarel qals sicocxle SeunarCuna da Rirsebis gzaze
daabruna, borotebas gamoglija klanWebidan, Tumca udide-
si msxverplis fasad – Tavad Seewira.
TiTqos ucnauria kostias faqizi grZnoba idasadmi, Tu
imas gaviTvaliswinebT, rasac sayvareli qalis dakargvis Sem-
deg akeTebs igi – daundobeli sistemis suliT xorcamde erT-
guli Cinovniki. am personaJis saxiT mweralma Seqmna sabWoTa
uSiSroebis TanamSromlis rTuli da uaRresad realisturi
saxe, romelic saocari TavdadebiT emsaxureba maxinj siste-
mas, romelsac adamianuri gancdebi ekargeba am erTgulebis
dros da sakuTari saqcieli yovelTvis swori hgonia. igi
erTpirovnulad gankargavs axlobel adamianTa cxovrebasac,
arad agdebs maT survilebs da mxolod sakuTari principebi-
sa da Sexedulebebis mixedviT iRebs gadawyvetilebebs. mwer-
ali nabij-nabij aRwers, rogor yalibdeba mgrZnobiare bavS-
visagan ugrZnobeli da mkacri, maxinji sistemisagan zneobriv
saxedakarguli sabWoTa funqcioneri. „...soflis idiliiT
gabruebulma, sadac myudrod moikalaTa da kargi, Zvirfasi
RviniT, ukidegano biurokratiuli SesaZleblobebiT, zRvar-
gadasuli nomenklaturuli TviTnebobiT da im wlebis poli-
tikuri stagnaciiT zurggamagrebulma verc ki SeamCnia, ro-
gor Sewyvita iseT rameebze dafiqreba, razec ruseTSi aRS-
foTdeboda da mkacr daskvnebs gamoitanda... yvela iparavda,
yvela qurdobda... da babuaCemmac miiRo monawileoba sayo-
velTao Segnebidan ukanonobis cnebis amogdebaSi...“ (xara-
tiSvili 2019: 706-707). Znelia Tqma, rogor wavidoda kostias
cxovreba, is pirveli da namdvili siyvaruli rom ar daekar-
ga, SeZlebda Tu ara adamianuri saxis SenarCunebas da sxva
adamianTa grZnobebis, tkivilisa Tu sixarulis, gaziarebas.
rac Seexeba kitisa da andros ambavs, igi erT-erTi yvelaze
tragikuli xazia romanSi. maTi saxeebiTa da ambiT nino xa-
ratiSvilma antisabWoTa Sexedulebis, Tavisuflad moaz-
rovne im adamianTa saga dagvixata, romelTac arasodes
miscems bednierebas reJimi. maTi siyvaruli da erTguleba

25
daRupvisTvisaa ganwiruli. kiti jaSi andros dasacavad
yvelafers akeTebs, im sabWoTa skolis saklaso oTaxidan
faqtobrivad mkvdari gamodis da amitomacaa, rom mTeli
misi darCenili cxovreba fizikuri gaZlebisa da arsebobis
magaliTia mxolod. verc samSobloSi da verc sazRvargareT
bednierebas ver poulobs, didebisa da saqveyno aRiarebis
Semdegac ki igi Sinaganad mkvdaria. mis cxovrebaSi alag-
alag gaelvebuli siyvarulic ki (fred liblixi iqneba es Tu
giorgi alania) ver axerxebs misTvis bednieri da mSvidi gare-
mos Seqmnas (raRac gamudmebuli SfoTva mudmivad axlavs mis
yofas). andro ki fizikuradac da sulieradac gaZarcvuli da
ganadgurebuli brundeba gulagidan, sadac omis dros ger-
manelTa mxares gadasvlis gamo gadaasaxles. „ici ratom
migviCneven safrTxed? an ratom gvasaxleben da xalxTan ur-
TierTobas gvikrZalaven? imitom rom Cven yvelafers mivx-
vdiT, sakuTari TvaliT vnaxeT yvelaferi!.. maT undaT, rom
yvelaferi daviviwyoT, rom aRar gavixsenoT is, rac vnaxeT,
magram ician, rom es SeuZlebelia... ase cxovreba xom jo-
joxeTia! ici, yvelaze saSineli is ki ar aris, rom am wyeulma
omma dagvaxeibra, megobrebi wagvarTva, cxovreba dagvingria,
aramed is, rom am omma es yvelaferi TiTqos da srulebiT
„gaamarTla“ (xaratiSvili 2019: 414-415).
saocrad zustad aRwers nino xaratiSvili sabWoTa epo-
qis sxvadasxva periods: omis umZimes wlebs, sabWoTa sistemis
brZolas antisabWoTa ganwyobilebis adamianTa winaaRmdeg,
„umamo gogoebisa da udedo biWebis“, „partiuli samkerde
niSnebis dros“, poststalinur xanas, rodesac diqtaturis
wlebi xruSCovis voluntaristulma mmarTvelobam Caanac-
vla, „ottepels“ da stagnaciamde misul qveyanas, „praRis na-
adrev gazafxuls“, gorbaCovis „perestroikasa“ da „glast-
nostis“, 1989 wlis aprilis dReebsa da qaosur 90-ianebs...
rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs erT-erT interviuSi, amisTvis spe-
cialurad mouxda me-20 saukunis sabWoTa istoriis Seswav-
la: „kvlevis procesSi aRmovaCine, rom mTeli Cemi codna XX
saukunis saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb bevrad mwiri iyo
dasavleTis an Tundac nacistebis Sesaxeb codnaze. daviwye

26
kvleva da imdeni ram aRmovaCine, rom Tavi alisa megona... sa-
ocrebaTa qveyanaSi. es droSi mogzaurobas hgavda, saidanac
gavige, rom Cven sakuTar istorias ar vicnobT! 90-iani wle-
bidan gadavedi 80-ian wlebze, mere 70-ianebs mivadeqi. amaso-
baSi nel-nela mec Camovyalibdi, rom ojaxze unda damewera
da mTeli es istoria erTi ojaxis magaliTiT momeyola“
(xaratiSvili 2017). swored amitom epoqis xatvisas mwerali,
romelic Tavad globalizaciis epoqis Svilia, uzustesad
aRwers dros da amis mixedviT ganawyobs personaJTa pirad Tu
sazogadoebriv cxovrebasac, Sesabamisad – mizezSedegobriv
kavSirebsac drosa da adamianTa tragediebsa Tu warmatebebs
Soris. romanSi realisturia sabWoTa beladebis saxeebic,
generalsimusi iqneba es Tu „patara didi kaci“, xruSCovi Tu
breJnevi...
nino xaratiSvilis mravalgverdiani romani bevr Temasa
da problemas exeba: mSoblebisa da Svilebis urTierToba,
saxelmwifosa da pirovnebas Soris konfliqti, ojaxis wevr-
Ta ideologiuri SeuTavsebloba, danaSaulisa da sasjelis,
aRzrdisa da mentalitetis, Tavisuflebisa da morCilebis,
Zaladobisa da siyvarulis problemebi... am yvelafrisTvis
mwerali farTo mxatvrul tilos qmnis, erT-erTi persona-
Jis, stasias TqmiT, mravalferovan xeliT naqsov xaliCas,
romelSic yvela Zafi calke istoriaa da yvelam masze Tavisi
ambavi unda ipovos... es romani kidev erTi saSualebaa imisa,
rom erma (qveyanam) sakuTari ganvlili cxovreba gaixsenos,
Seafasos da daskvnebi gamoitanos, Secdomebi dainaxos da
gadarCenis gza ipovos, „Tuki marTla apirebs gadarCenas“
(o. WilaZe). ojaxisa da gvaris istoriiT eris bedisa da gzis
Cveneba ki am romans oTar WilaZis „godorTan“ aaxloebs.
Tavis mxriv, calke saubris Temaa nino xaratiSvilis mx-
atvruli enis Taviseburebebic, romelic bevr saintereso
komponents Seicavs. Cven amjerad mxolod ramdenime maT-
ganze SevCerdebiT. pirvel rigSi, unda aRvniSnoT magiuri
realizmis elementebis gamoyeneba, rac mis winandel ro-
manebSi ar Segvxvedria. aq upirvelesad yuradRebas iqcevs
stasias mxatvruli saxe, romelic uneburad gvaxsenebs ursu-

27
lasac markesis „martoobis asi weliwadidan“ da foTolasac
oTar WilaZis romanidan „gzaze erTi kaci midioda“. Taobebi
ibadebian, cxovroben, am qveynidan midian, stasia ki romanSi
gaTamaSebuli mTeli ambis ganmavlobaSi erT-erTi mTavari
aqtoria. igi 1900 wels daibada da, marTalia xanSi Sevida, mag-
ram mainc mTeli saukunis mematianea da Zalian rTul 90-ian
wlebSi – faqtobrivad, ojaxis erTaderTi gadamrCeni. misi
cxeli Sokoladis recepti, romelsac igi tortebSi iyenebs,
fizikuri daRupvisagan ixsnis STamomavlobas. Tan imis gaT-
valiswineba, rom stasia erTaderTi mcodne da Semnaxvelia am
receptisa, romelic sakuTari arCevaniT unda gadasces erT-
erT STamomavals aseve saidumlos dacvis pirobiT, kidev
ufro aZlierebs am magiurrealistur xazs romanSi. aqve un-
da vaxsenoT kidev erTi niSanic: stasia gamudmebiT xedavs da
esaubreba gardacvlil adamianebs. romanis ganuyreli kom-
ponentia karga xnis gardacvlili sofiosa da Tekles kartis
TamaSis scena jer qristines sasaxlis, mere ki mwvane saxlis
baRSi, romelsac gamudmebiT xedavs igi da romelTa gamo-
Cenac yovelTvis raRac axali tragediis mauwyebelia. metic,
stasia ara marto xedavs maT, aramed esaubreba kidec. amis
Sesaxeb ki mxolod nicas umxels, radgan igi gansakuTrebul
bavSvad miaCnia ojaxSi (aki Sokoladis receptis saidumlos
mflobelic nica xdeba stasias Semdeg).
„– xedav im alublis xes? iq zogjer Cemi megobari modis
xolme. dgeba xis Ziras da miRimis. zogjer sxva megobaric
modis xolme da mere banqos TamaSoben iq, qvemoT. magram si-
namdvileSi ver unda modiodnen. radgan didi xnis mkvdrebi
arian.
...
– es xom SeuZlebelia, bebo.
...
– Cven, adamianebs, zogjer raRacebis axsna ar SegviZlia,
zogjer arc gvesmis, magram es ar niSnavs, rom es raRacebi ar
arsebobs, raki adamianTa umravlesoba maT ver xedavs da ver
ijerebs. .... axla arcerTi ar aris aq. albaT, imaTac sZinavT
xolme. ar vici, SeZleb maT danaxvas Tu ara. umravlesoba imi-

28
tom ver xedavs, rom an saerTod ar icnobdnen, an sakmarisad
ar uyvardaT...“ (xaratiSvili 2019: 857-858).
sayuradReboa aseve romanis arqiteqtonika. rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, igi 8 (faqtobrivad 7) Tavisagan Sedgeba, romle-
bic, Tavis mxriv, qveTavebad iyofa. TiToeul maTgans ki ra-
odenobrivi (an sxva tipis) aRmniSvnelis magivrad gamoyofs
epigrafi, yvela qveTavs sakuTari epigrafi aqvs, romelTa
funqciuri daniSnulebis kvleva uTuod Zalze saintere-
so Sedegamde migviyvans, Tumc erTi SexedviT rac SeiZleba
iTqvas, isaa, rom es epigrafebi Taviseburi saTaurebia am
nawilebisa. isini xan pirdapir, xan ki ironiulad gamoxataven
mTavar saTqmels. Sinaarsobrivad mwerlis epigrafebi mra-
valferovania: citatebi cnobili poetebisa da mwerlebis
teqstebidan Tu xelovanTa gamonaTqvamebi (maiakovski: „maS,
mwyobrSi! aravin modundeT! / me ybed oratorebs vauwyeb:
/ – Tqven, ei! geyofaT! dadumdiT! / sityva aqvs amxanag mau-
zers!“; brodski: „Wvreta im droTa – uimedo Wvretaa Cixis, /
fuWsityvaoba – raic damrCa – azrs da guls miRrRnis, / da
SefurTxebiT ar vaRviZeb dinozavrs mavnes“; Cexovi: „despo-
tebi midrekilni arian iluziebisaken“; pasternaki: „var mim-
wyvdeuli, rogorc nadiri... / Tavisufleba sulze tkbilia...
/ irgvliv mdevnelTa mesmis qadili / da gasaqcevic Caxer-
gilia“; axmatova: „Sen ukve mkvdari xar, Sriala / fifqebSi
xar miwas daxlili. / Tavs gadgas ocdarva xiStiani / da xuTic
– tyviebis damxleli“; evtuSenko: „man xom memkvidreni da-
tova imdeni, / msoflios avseben kididan kidemde, / me mgoni,
kuboSi udgas telefoni / da im memkvidreebs aZlevs miTiTe-
bebs. / igi ar momkvdara... axlac ar gvasvenebs...“ galaktioni:
„qveyana gacvda, viT Zveli groSi, / udaburebad iqca sofeli,
/ nu gaocdebi, rom aseT droSi / mcire bedisac var madlobe-
li“; SostakoviCi: „mwuxarebis ufleba privilegiaa“ da a. S.),
nawyvetebi sabWoTa plakatebidan („skkp Cveni epoqis goneba,
dideba da sindisia!“; „represiebi aRmzrdelobiTi RonisZie-
bebia“; „meti liToni – meti iaraRi!“ „sabWoTa xelisufleba
ar sjis, is gamosworebas emsaxureba“; „sabWoTa raketa mSvi-
29
dobisTvis Seiqmna!“; „sul ufro ukeTesi, sul ufro xalisi-
ania mSromelTa cxovreba!“ da a. S.), socializmis ideologTa
gamonaTqvamebi (trocki: „rogorc cnobilia, samoqalaqo oms
Tavisi kanonebi aqvs da isini humanur kanonebad arasdros
miiCneoda“; luqsemburgi: „mizani ar mainteresebs, mTavari
moZraobaa“; lenini: „ruseTis masebs rame Zalian martivi da
maTi tvinisTvis gasagebi unda daanaxo, komunizmi ki – mar-
tivia“; trocki: „revoluciebi yovelTvis uzrdelobiT
gamoirCeoda; albaT imitom, rom gabatonebuli klasebi zed-
metad ar iwuxebdnen Tavs, xalxs kargi manerebi eswavla“;
lenini: „germaniaSi revolucia ar moxdeba, radgan amisTvis
gazonis gaTelva iqneboda saWiro“; generalsimusi: „erTi ka-
cis sikvdili tragediaa, milionebis sikvdili ki – mxolod
statistika“; lenini: „Tu meryev adamians ginda daexmaro,
jer Tavad unda Sewyvito meryeoba, sxva gza ar arsebobs“;
xruSCovi: „ase rogor SeiZleba, TiTqos ar gvcodnoda, ra
xdeboda?“ da a. S.), nawyvetebi socialisturi leqsebidan da
simRerebidan („xeli CavkidoT erTmaneTs, / Zmebo, davcinoT
sikvdils! / monobas movuRoT bolo, / davlocoT ukanaskne-
li brZola“...). gamonaklisi am mxriv mxolod ori qveTavia.
saeqspozicio nawils uzis saTaurad „2006“, xolo romanis
bolo qveTavs – „2007“, rac wlebze miuTiTebs da Txrobis da-
sawyissa da dasasruls aRniSnavs. es qveTavebi kraven swored
kompoziciur rkals. mwerlis amgvari gadawyvetileba roma-
nis qveTavebad dayofisa azrobrivad Zalian sainteresoa da
funqciurad mniSvnelovani.
romans originaluri dasasruli aqvs, faqtobrivad, av-
tori mxolod Svid cxovrebas aRwers, rogorc ukve aRvniS-
neT, merves ki cariels tovebs – wignis merve Tavi „brilka“
carieli furcelia, carieli furcliT ki mwerali imedisa
da gadarCenis sivrces qmnis... es momavalia, romelic brilkam
sakuTari cxovrebiT unda daweros. nicas moTxrobili ambebi
mas warsulsa da momavals Soris gadebul xidad unda eqces,
winaparTa cxovrebis gaazrebiT swori gza unda ipovos, maTi
Secdomebisa da codvebis miRma WeSmariteba unda dainaxos,
deidas mizanic esaa da gadarCenis erTaderTi gzac:
30
 „Seni jeria brilka.
Sen jadosnuri bavSvi xar. Sen unda gaapo zeca da qaosi,
gagvcde yvelas, gaarRvio es striqonebi, gaarRvio moCvene-
biTi samyaroc da realuric... gakveTo bediswera...
mec unda mZlio da sakuTar Tavsac.
yvela omi unda gadaitano. yvela sazRvari unda gadalaxo...
daangrie es yvelaferi, radgan Sen es SegiZlia.
Sen SeZleb amas“ (xaratiSvili 2019: 13).
wignis bolo epizodic 2007 wlis noembris aqciaa, sadac
evropidan dabrunebuli, valmoxdili nica meamboxe disSvils
eZebs gzaze dasayeneblad: „me yvela sityva dagiwere, rac
mebada“ – warmoTqvams igi. es isaa, risi gaRebac nicam SeZlo
sakuTari cxovrebis gaanalizebisa da movaleobebis gaaz-
rebis Semdeg, SeZlo didi tkivilis fasad da momavlis winaSe
aucilebeli pasuxismgeblobis aRebiT. es ki is movaleobaa,
romelic oboli diswulis winaSe ekisreboda mas da romelic,
bolos da bolos, misi simSvidisa da harmoniuli cxovrebis-
Tvisac iyo aucilebeli:
„sul ramdenime metriRa gvaSorebda, ramdenime wuTi, mag-
ram isini raRas Secvlidnen, roca Cven ukve mTeli saukune
gadavkveTeT erTad?
tuCebis moZraobaze Segatyve, rom Cemi saxeli warmoTqvi
da Tavi dagiqnie: ho, aq var. axlave SenTan gavCndebi. mere
gaiRime, xeli aswie da Soridan gamomiwode. amis Semxedvarem
ratomRac gavifiqre, rom es cxovreba sadRac odesRac siz-
marSi minaxavs.
ramdenime wamic da Cven erTmaneTs vipoviT“ (xaratiSvili
2019: 1195).
rac Seexeba romanis merve dauwerel Tavs, mwerlis kon-
cefciiT, igi SeiZleba yvelaze saintereso da mTavaric ki
iyos romanSi. manamde, mTel 1197 gverdze gaTamaSebuli am-
bavi erTi didi tragediaa, romlis calkeuli Semadgeneli
nawilebi erTmaneTidan gamomdinareoben, vercerTi mTavari
personaJi bednierebas ver poulobs, ise midis cxovrebidan.
vercerTi maTgani cxeli Sokoladis wyevlis Tavidan acile-
bas ver axerxebs. mxolod brilka iZleva amis imeds (misi uc-

31
naurobebi da gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba yvelafrisadmi,
Tundac saWmelebis ferebiT arCeva, romelSic yavisferic
sikvdilis feria da mis meniuSi ar Sedis. brilka erTader-
Tia, vinc cxeli Sokoladis mistikur mimzidvelobas sZlevs,
gulgrilad Sexedavs da ambobs: `yavisfers isedac arafers
vWam!~); man – „zecisa da qaosis gampobma“, „yvela sazRvris
gadamlaxavma“ da „bedisweris dammarcxebelma“ unda SeZlos
bednierebis mopoveba, rac, romanis koncefciidan gamom-
dinare, cxeli Sokoladis wyevlis gauvnebelyofiT iqneba
SesaZlebeli. am gzaze brilkas uTuod daexmareba winaparTa
gamocdileba, maTi gambedaoba Tu Secdomebi, siyvaruliT
aSenebuli Tu siZulviliT dangreuli... mTeli es ambavi, dei-
dis mier aRwerili, misken – momavlisken gadasarCenad gawv-
denili xelia; TaobaTa Soris gawvdenili xeli ki arsebuli
undoblobis saboloo daZlevis, Cadenili Secdomebis davi-
wyebis, sinanulisa da patiebis mkafio niSania.

damowmebani:

gagniZe 2017: gagniZe n. narkvevebi meore msoflio omisSemdgomi peri-

odis germanulenovani literaturidan. quTaisi: 2017.
xaratiSvili 2017: „merve sicocxle“ da kidev bevri piesa, interviu
nino xaratiSvilTan (uZRveba daviT buxrikiZe), 28 ivlisi 2017, mis.: http://
liberali.ge/articles/view/30741/merve-sitsotskhle-da-kidev-bevri-piesa
xaratiSvili 2019: xaratiSvili n. merve sicocxle (brilkas). Tbilisi:
gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2019.

32
 nona kupreiSvili

katastrofis saukeTeso montaJisTvis

(herta miuleris sami romanis mixedviT)

2009 wels nobelis premiis komisiam sakmaod gabeduli na-

biji gadadga – mravalTagan gamoarCia naklebad gaxmaure-
buli mwerali herta miuleri, romlis Semoqmedeba mTlianad
agebulia totalitarul saxelmwifoSi miRebul gamocdile-
baze, individualuri da koleqtiuri mexsierebis dapirispi-
rebaze, am pirobebSi adamianis pirovnul degradaciaze.
ramdeni ram aris amqveynad iseTi, rac Cvens sulier dan-
grevas, moralurad (da fizikuradac) ganadgurebas cdi-
lobs. herta miulerma amgvar Semotevas sakuTari warmosax-
vis Zala da Tavisufali adamianis SemarTeba daupirispira.
is, ris Sesaxebac igi mkiTxvels mouTxrobs, aris mwrlobis
ara morigi, aramed upirvelesi Tema, romelmac Tavis droze
SeZra rumineTis mikargul sofelSi mcxovrebi gogonas bu-
neba. `diqtatura klavs cnobierebas, axdens SiSis mutacias,
Telavs Rirsebas~ – ai, daskvna, romelic am yvelafris Sede-
gad gakTda. teqstis Riaoba Txrobis uSualobasTan erTad,
mkiTxvels sruli adaptaciis saSualebas aZlevs, da es Zalze
mniSvnelovania.
da mainc, ZalaSi rCeba kiTxva, riTi SeZlo ara marto maSin,
aramed dResac ki farTo mkiTxvelis gareSe darCenilma ru-
mineTSi dabadebulma germanulenovanma mweralma herta
miulerma (1953) TanamedroveTa erTi nawilis yuradRebis
miqceva da klaistis, franc kafkas, adenaueris, dublinis
prestiJuli premiebis Semdeg 2009 wlis nobelis aReba. ko-
misiis argumentacia ase JRerda: gulisxmierebisTvis po-
eziaSi da gulwrfelobisTvis prozaSi uufleboTa cxov-
rebis aRweris dros.
herta miuleri TiTqmis ori aTeuli romanis da ukanas-
knel periodSi gamocemuli ori poeturi krebulis (`rogor
icxovros qalma Tmebis gorgalSi“ – 2000 da `fermkrTali ba-
tonebi yavis finjniT xelSi“ – 2005) avtoria. metic, vinc mis
33
teqstebze seriozulad imuSava (pirvel yovlisa, es, cxadia,
mTargmnelia, magaliTad, franc qristian deliusi) miiCnevs,
rom misi prozac poetis Seqmnilia, xolo poezia ki – vari-
aciebia enis Temaze.
ase rom, Cveni avtoris aqtualoba ganpirobebulia to-
talitaruli reJimis pirobebSi cxovrebis unikalur gamoc-
dilebasTan erTad enisadmi sruliad gansakuTrebuli da-
mokidebulebiTac, rac gamoarCevs kidec mas amave Temaze
dawerili zRva literaturis Semqmnelebisgan. `weras veRar
gavuZlebdi, teqstebSi enis gamogonili simarTle mTavari
rom ar iyos, enisa, romelSic silamaze tkivilis momgvre-
lia“ – ambobs herta miuleri intervius principiT agebul
romanSi `Cemi samSoblo iyo vaSlis kurka“ (2014).
diax, didi mwerali, romel konkretul Temazec ar unda
werdes igi, mouxelTebelia, radgan socialuri konteqsti-
dan swored enis saSualebiT gadis ise, rogorc es, vTqvaT,
andrei platonovis SemTxvevaSi iyo. Tumca es sulac ar
niSnavs imas, rom mwerlis mier wamoweuli Temisa da enis
virtuozuli simbiozi xelovnurad unda davSaloT da aq-
centi mxolod mis erT Semadgenelze gavakeToT. `ena arc
erT droebaSi ar aris politikuri nakrZali, radgan mas ver
gamoacalkeveb im politikuri qmedebebisgan, erTi adamiani
meoris mimarT rom sCadis“ – esec herta miuleris mier mis
erT-erT eseSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebaa. miT umetes dasanania,
Tu msgavsi urTierTgamijvnis survili totalitarizmisgan
daRdasmuli qveynis mwerals uCndeba (vTqvaT, aseTi: herta
miuleris samoqalaqo pozicia mesamexarisxovania imasTan
SedarebiT, rogor wers da sxv.). Tumca amaze oriod sityvas
qvemoTac vityviT.
rogorc herta miuleris poeturi krebulis erTi mimom-
xilveli werda, igi ` ki ar eZebs enas katastrofis aRsawerad,
aramed axerxebs xelaxla gaaTamaSos katastrofa enis saSu-
alebiT“. cxadia, es kargad Cans yvelaze gaxmaurebul wignSic
`sunTqvis saqanela“ (sxva TargmanSi `CasunTqva-amosunTqva“
– 2009, qarTulad gamoqveynda 2015 wels donara Tofurias
TargmaniT, gamomc. `siestas~ mier), romelSic totalita-

34
rizmis mxatvruli recefcia imdenadaa gaTanadroulebuli,
rom mkiTxvels uWirs kidec irwmunos misTvis ase Tu ise nac-
nob Temebze amgvarad weris TviT SesaZlebloba. Tumca, Tu
herta miuleris biografias gavecnobiT (XX saukunis 50-ian
wlebSi rumineTis Svabur banatSi gatarebuli bavSvoba, mama
faSisturi SS-is wevri, omis damTavrebis Semdeg rusebis
mier specbanakSi xuTi wliT deportirebuli deda, temeSva-
ris universitetSi Seqmnili disidenturi jgufis wevroba,
sekuritated wodebuli CauSeskus saidumlo policiis dam-
Trgunveli zewola, yovel axal dakiTxvaze, imis SiSiT, rom
dagapatimreben, kbilis jagrisiT misvla, pirveli aRiareba
– 1984 w., berlinSi gagrZelebuli devna da sxv.), davinaxavT
im konfiguracias, romelsac bedi TiTqos sagangebod uqmnis
imaT, visac xSirad azrad arca aqvs gaxdes mwerali, Tumca
xdeba ki (herta bavSvobaSi Zroxebs mwyemsavda, deda ki oc-
nebobda, rom igi deidamisiviT mkeravi gamxdariyo). ise mox-
da, rom Sroma-gasworebis (xom kargad JRers – n.k.) banakebSi
e.w. `gaZvaltyavebis“ xana, Semdeg Tavad mweralma `moparu-
li arsebobac“ rom uwoda, gaiara ar marto dedamisma, aramd
erT-erTma saukeTeso megobarma, poetma oskar pastiormac,
romelic `sunTqvis saqanelis“ mTavari personaJis, leo auber-
gis, prototipad da saerTodac, wignSi warmodgenili anti-
totalitaruli narativis detonatorad iqca. banakis Zveli
teritoriis Semovlisa da pastiorTan momavali wignisTvis
aucilebeli detalebis dazustebis dros (dedaze dakvirve-
bam daarwmuna, rom aq umTavresi detali xuTwliani SimSilis
Semdeg kartofilTan damokidebuleba da xarbad Wamis Cveva
iyo, rac `danayrebaze nadirobas hgavda“) herta miulerma
TiTqos mTeli sisruliT igrZno realobis literaturad
qcevis sirTule. rogor ginda realoba iyos da arc iyos, anu
axsenebde da gamotovebde, mianiSnebde da daJinebiT xazs us-
vamde, welavde da amoklebde, biZgs aZlevde da yinavde, aaS-
karavebde da naTqvami ukan migqondes da es yvelaferi erTsa
da imave dros xdebodes?! Tan saSinlad giWirdes erTxel
da samudamod dabedebul ambebze wera da Tan im magnetizmis
miRwevasac eswrafvode, am process rom axlavs.

35
 vinaidan wera ara `Cveneburad, aramed mxolod Cemebu-
rad“ SeeZlo, pastioris moulodneli gardacvalebis Semdeg
gadawyvita Txroba pirvel pirSi ewarmoebina. es erTader-
Tad swori mimarTuleba aRmoCnda. garda amisa, gamoikveTa
samwerlo fantaziis tonismimcemi funqciac, erTi SexedviT
umniSvnelo detalebze mzeris gamaxvilebasTan erTad. pas-
tiori unda gasuliyo banakidan, me ki, piriqiT, unda Sevsu-
liyavio – dawers igimogvianebiT wignSi `Cemi samSoblo iyo
vaSlis kurka“. avtors unda aexsna, gnebavT, eCvenebina, ratom
gaxda urCxulis es mkvdari sauflo iq datyvevebuli patim-
rebisTvis mSobliuri, nostalgiuric ki. `Sin dabrunebis
Semdeg leo aurbergi sakuTari TavisTvisac ucxoa da oja-
xisTvisac... axla ukve misTvis Zalian nacnob ucnob adgilas
imyofeba da axali, amjerad banakis nostalgia eufleba...“
ratom?! axsna, romelsac mwerali agnebs, gamanadgureblad
JRers imisTvisac, vinc, marTalia, msgavs banakSi arasodes
yofila, magram seriozuli cxovrebiseuli travma ki miuRia:
`is aris da rCeba Sinaganad gavelurebul, urTierTobebis-
Tvis g a m o u s a d e g a r adamianad...“ (Cemi megobari oskari,
wignidan `Cemi samSoblo iyo vaSlis kurka“). da iqve: ...aRara-
vin unda CamebRauWos, miuwvdomeli var Tavmdablobisgan da
ara siamayisgan“ – es ukve misi pirovnuli gancda da trav-
misgan datovebuli waruSleli kvalia. postsabWouri, herta
miuleris SemTxvevaSi ki postsocialisturi, travmis Sesa-
xeb (mere ra, rom ruminulad xalxTa beladi `kondukatorad“
warmoiTqmis, rom ruminelebi am ucnaur saxelmwifoebriv wyo-
bas ironiulad `erT ojaxSi ganxorcielebul socializms“
uwodeben, iqac da aqac xom wera-kiTxvis ucodinari adamiane-
bis aRzevebaa – mag. soflidan gamoqceul ymawvil CauSeskus
antisamTavrobo mitingebze wvrilmani qurdobisTvis iWe-
ren, mis momaval meuRles ki germanelebTan prostitucia
braldeba, romlebic Zalauflebis xibls srul Sizofrenia-
mde mihyavs. ase rom, gansxvaveba umniSvneloa), SeiZleba iTq-
vas, rom sxva wignebSic `mefe Tavs xris da gklavs“, `mela maSin
ukve monadire iyo“ mwerali antipaTosuri intonaciis fon-
ze araadekvatur, moulodnel qmedebaTa WrilSi xedavs. er-

36
Tze ukve vTqviT: adamiani Sinaganad ganadgurebulia da isev
iq unda dabruneba, sadac yvelaze ubeduri iyo. Tumca arc
ganaxlebisken swrafvaa umtkivneulo. igi bevradaa damoki-
debuli individis TviTmobilizaciisa da TviTkontrolis
unarze. herta miuleri ase aRwers germaniaSi emigrirebis Sem-
deg frankfurtis erT-erT restoranSi Tavis pirvel vizits:
`frankfurtSi pirvelad rom Sevedi restoranSi, SekveTis mi-
cemamde tirili daviwye, magidebze xelsaxoci, yvavilebi da
sanTlebi rom davinaxe, meniu rom CavikiTxe“.
dasavleTSi yofnisas herta bevr rames mixvda. pirvel yov-
lisa ki imas, rogor umaxinjebdnen rigiT adamianebs sicocx-
les, mxolod saubars ki ar ukrZalavdnen, sicocxlesac pa-
ravdnen. qalebs ukrZalavdnen abortis gakeTebas (rac xSirad
tragikulad mTavrdeboda), moswavle gogonebis saskolo
formis sigrZes saxazaviT zomavdnen, Suqs da gaTbobas da-
savleTisTvis gadasaxdeli valis mizeziT (SesaZloa ubralo
damTxvevac iyo, magram es vali gadaixada Tu ara, 1989 wels
CauSesku kidevac daamxes) zamTarSiac TiSavdnen, uTvalT-
valebdnen, arasasurvel pirebze paskvilebs aqveynebdnen,
sadac devnis namdvili mizezi, cxadia, Cekistur-sekurita-
tuli ostatobiT iyo SeniRbuli (swored ise, rogorc es
gazeT`komunistSi“ vinme qebaZis fsevdonimiT gamoqveyne-
bul da 1958 wlis movlenebiT provocirebul werilSi, sa-
xelwodebiT `sarevela“, iyo realizebuli. masSi moswavle
axalgazrdebis jgufi, romelTa Soris zviad gamsaxurdia,
merab kostava, vova sixaruliZe da guram doCanaSvilic iy-
vnen, garTobisa da aRviraxsnili cxovrebis mimdevrebad
iyo gamoyvanili). garda amisa, tovebdnen wamlebis, rigiani
tansacmlisa da kbilebis protezebis gareSec. `Cven ar gvqon-
da aspirini da bamba, tamponebi, safenebi ... qalebi nagle-
jebCafenilebi dadiodnen“. da roca alternatiul sivrceSi
xvdebi, warsuli Tavs imiT gaxsenebs, rom ukve ar SegiZlia
iyo b e d n i e r i .
Zneli misaxvedri ar unda iyos, ra unda yofiliyo trav-
masTan SebrZolebis herta miuleriseuli gza. es, ra Tqma
unda, iyo wera, ufro sworad, gapirovnebul sityvebTan

37
TamaSi, sityvebTan, romlebic sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva
Jurnal-gazeTebidan amoWrili niSnebis kolaJiT ara mar-
to masSi, aramed fizikuradac mis garSemo iwyebdnen da-
moukidebel arsebobas. daakvirdiT berlinis binaSi gadaRe-
bul mwerlis fotosuraTebs. garSemo TiTqmis yvelgan da
yvelaferze,marTlac, awyvia hertas mter-moyvare sityvebi
(asevea gaformebuli misi poeturi krebulebic). isini feT-
qaven, moZraoben, ibrZvian. Tanac ise, rom maTive SeerTebisa
da damTxvevis alqimia Tavad avtorisTvisac bolomde aux-
sneli rCeba. `yvela sityva sxva sagania, SeiZleba individic...
romeli sityva mWirdeba, didi, romelic teqstSi dominantis
rols iTamaSebs, Tu patara, romelsac urCevnia daimalos?
amas winaswar ver gaTvli... dRemde ver gamigia, romel sity-
vaSi ra buneba imaleba. es mxolod maSin Cans, rogorc ki si-
ty-vebi xelaxla ipovian erTmaneTs“. es citatac isev im wig-
nidanaa, saxelwodebiT: `Cemi samSoblo iyo vaSlis kurka“
(gamomc. inteleqti, 2015, eketerine raisnerisa da natalia
nadiraSvilis Targmani), romelic herta miuleris adreul
moTxrobasTan `eSmaki cxovrobs sarkeSi“ (1991) da eseebis
krebul `SimSili da abreSumTan“ (1995) erTad garkveul war-
modgenas gviqmnis mwerlis xelobasTan misi damokidebulebis
Sesaxeb. mwerali gacveTili, umowyalod eqsploatirebuli
sityvebis qomagi da ganmaaxlebelia. amiT qmnis igi, rogorc
erTi cnobili literatori ambobs, sakuTar teritorias, sxve-
bisgan gansxvavbul samyaros. herta miuleris SemTxvevaSi ki
amas emateba totalitarizmis pirobebSi adamianebTan erTad
sityvebis Tavze damtydari ubedurebebis aRweris unaric.
daaxloebiT iseTi, rogoric gviCvena guram doCanaSvilma
Tavis qresTomatiulad qceul moTxrobaSi `kaci, romelsac
literatura Zlier uyvarda“ (1972). axalgazrda, aTleturi
aRnagobis direqtori sulierad maxinjia zustad imdenad,
ramdenad mutanturia ena, romelsac igi iyenebs.
`Cems samSobloSi...“ gamoyenebuli angelika klamerTan
saubris formati mwerals imaze metis Tqmis saSualebas aZ-
levs, vidre es msgavsi pirobiTobisgan daclil herta mi-
uleris sxva wignebSia SesaZlebeli. Tumca aqac represiul

38
sazogadoebaSi adamianis TviTgadarCenis, `SiSisgan gawv-
rTnilobis“ winaaRmdeg misi gabrZolebis Temaze koncen-
trirebis gansacvifrebeli unarisa (es unari bolomde iwvevs
mkiTxvelis daufarav aRtacebas) da Rrmad individualuri
ara modernistuli, aramed swored rom avangardistuli
stilis garda, aris swored is erTgvari zusti `SeRwevebi“,
kargad gaTvlili `CaRrmavebebi“, romelsac met-naklebad ke-
Tisindisieri recenzenti yovelTvis eZebs da rac mkiTxvels
informatiulad tvirTavs, anu amzadebs im Tanamyofobis-
Tvis, romelic aucilebelia msgavsi avtoris kiTxvis dros.
romanSi `mela maSin ukve monadire iyo“, romelic daweri-
lia 1992 wels (gamomc. inteleqti, Tamar kotrikaZis Targ-
mani, 2015), iseve rogorc `sunTqvis saqanelaSi“ naTlad ga-
moCnda im jadosnuri filtris moqmedeba, romelsac didi
mwerali realobasa da mxatvrul gamonagons Soris ayenebs
xolme. diqtaturis sibecesa da sisastikes aq gadmoscems ara
marto weris manera, aramed ritmic da siurealisturi siz-
mrebis msgavsi suraTebic, romelTa miRma jiutad imzireba
qveyana, romelic TandaTan `akrZaluli simReriT“ ifareba.
`quCa ukan mirbis, Rame saTiTesaviTaa, cicabo da Savi. korpu-
sebis safeTqlebi – viwro“. amgvari kiTxvis reJimSi, rogorc
aseT dros ityvian xolme, haeri tyviasaviT mZimdeba. am simZi-
mis damTrgunvel Zalas ki mwerluri mignebebis da kombina-
ciebis Zala gagrZnobinebs. da uceb, romanis finalur nawil-
Si, trotuarze policielebisa da maTi ZaRlebis drunCebis
pirispir mdgari berikaci Cndeba, romliTac CvenTvis kargad
nacnobi sibnelidan sinaTlisken gaRweva-vergaRwevis, ufro
gasagebad rom vTqvaT, TavisuflebisaTvis imTaviTve ganwi-
ruli brZolis peripetiebia personificirebuli. `rumine-
lo, gaiRviZe, saukuno Zili geyo“ – mReris berikaci (aqve mwe-
rali droulad svams aqcents simRerisadmi ruminelTa Cven-
Tvis nacnob damokidebulebaze: Seiyrebian Tu ara simReras
iwyebeno, n.k.). es simRera akrZalulia... xeliT magrad Ca-
ubRujavs bewvis qudi. quds Tavidan iZrobs, haerSi iqnevs,
Zirs agdebs da fexsacmliT Telavs. urtyams da urtyams
fexebs, Tan mReris da simReraSi misi quslebis bakunic ismis.

39
simRera ki akrZalulia. simReras aryis suni udis... berikacs
xma uwydeba. RmerTo Cemo, luRluRebs is beberi akaciis
qveS, SegveZlo msoflioSi pirvelebi vyofiliyaviT, Cven
ki ulukmapurod suli gvZvreba. mas ZaRliani policieli
uaxlovdeba da kidev erTi policieli. maSin moxuci cisken
aRapyrobs mklavebs da gahyviris, RmerTo, mogviteve, rom
ruminelebi varT“.
romanis mTavari personaJi adina akrZalvebiTa da devniT
robotizirebuli axalgazrda qalia. misi seqsualuri ur-
TierTobac TiTqos Zvirfas adamianTan yovelgvar mgrZnobe-
lobasaa moklebuli. da es, albaT, imitom, rom am situaciaSi
`intimuroba cdilobs Tavi gadairCinos, magram urTierTo-
bebis politikuri sibinZuriT infiltrireba xdeba“. is, rom
saxlSi Semosuls devnis wvril-wvril niSnebTan erTad
(iatakze dayrili tansacmeli an wignebi, unitazSi Cagdebu-
li papirosis namwvi an mzesumziris qerqebi, sagangebod ga-
datexili musikaluri firfita) ufro msxvilmani da Semza-
ravi, iatakze dafenili meliis yovel jerze mikvecil-
mokvecili tyavi xvdeba, Znelad dasajerebelia. Tumca es
mwerlis ruminuli cxovrebidan aRebuli epizodia (sxvaTa
Soris, sabWoTa adamianebis erTi nawili, romelic eWvs qveS
ar ayenebda da amitomac brmad baZavda maSin gavrcelebul
sadamsjelo praqtikas, vTqvaT, yofiT niadagze dapiris-
pirebuli mezoblis dasaTrgunad ager, gasuli saukunis
60-70-ian wlebSic misi fanjris rafaze an karebTan Savze Sav
miwas yrida – n.k.).
romanis mokle anotaciaSi vkiTxulobT: `marTalia,
diqtatoris daWeriT tirania daingra... Tumca romanis
mistikur intonacias misi finaluri kiTxva amZafrebs. ra
iqneba tiraniis Semdeg? aris ki SesaZlebeli mSvidoba aseT
samyaroSi?“ (ninia sadRobelaSvili). 1989 wels herta mi-
uleri marTlac gaxda rumineTis mmarTveli ojaxis ara
mxolod dapatimrebis, aramed likvidaciis mowmec, magram
gasagebi mizezebis gamo amas misTvis Sveba ar moutania da
verc moutanda. es gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans romanSi `Cemi
samSoblos iyo vaSlis kurka“aRweril erT-erT epizodSi,

40
rodesac 1990 wels mcire xniT temeSvarSi dabrunebuli her-
ta qalaqis centrSi, Semdeg ki misgan gaqceulsa da kvercxis
rigSi mimalul sekuritates yofil TanamSromelSi Tavis
uSualo damkiTxvels amoicnobs. `yvirili mindoda, magram
pirSi saocar simwares vgrZnobdi, veRar vazrovnebdi. `ris-
Tvis moxda is yvelaferi? xedavT, axla Cemi unda geSino-
deT“, – vuTxari Zalian xmadabla. ufro xmamaRla ar SemeZlo,
aseTi Cumi iyo zizRi. mere iqaurobas gavecale. arsebobs ki
gabrazeba, romelic adamians Cums, carielsa da mxdals xdis?
yvelaze didi saSineleba mainc is iyo, rom amdeni wlis merec
ki rigSi mdgars refleqsurad TqvenobiT mivmarTe“. aseTia
herta miuleris `heiz biCi~, igive zizRis, mtrobis ritorika.
Tumca mogvianebiT man demonstratiulad datova ger-
maniis federatiuli respublikis pen-klubi masSi germaniis
demokratiuli respublikis warmomadgenelTa gaerTianebis
gamo, xolo 2008 wels Ria weriliT mimarTa rumineTis kultu-
ris saerTaSoriso instituts erT-erT germanul-ruminul
RonisZiebaze sekuritates ori yofili TanamSromlis mow-
vevis gamo. amas mohyva statia gazeT `caitSi“ sruliad ara-
orazrovani saTauriT `sekuritate kvlav moqmedebs“, ramac
sabWourobis adeptTa mwvave reaqcia gamoiwvia: herta miule-
ri travmirebulia CauSeskus reJimiT, amdenad misi Semoqme-
deba CvenTvis aqtualuri ar ariso. rac Seexeba nobelis mim-
niWebel komisias, es misi morigi politikuri niSniT Seferili
axirebaao. dabolos, isic iTqva, rom iq, sadac milan kundera
aRmoCnda CamSvebi, ra viciT, kacni varT, amitomac arc sxvaa
msgavsi gadacdomisgan dazRveulio. namdvili Semfaseblebi
ki (mag.mark beloruseci, dimitri volCeki, tatiana maksako-
va) am gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad ufro Rrma analizs
mimarTaven. pirvel yovlisa, isini cdiloben gaabaTilon
herta miuleris solJenicinis, miT ufro Salamovis e.w. bana-
kis prozasTan (qarTul mwerlobaSic amave Temaze werdnen
konstantine gamsaxurdia, levan goTua, Wabua amirejibi, givi
maRularia, lado sulaberiZe) siaxlovis `mtkicebuleba“.
germanisti tatiana baskakova wers: `herta miulers abrale-
ben koniuqturobas, ris gamoc man nobeli miiRo. miuleris

41
msgavsi proza ki Cven ar gvqonia. igi ise wers, rom yvelafers
grZnob, sunsac ki, mTlianad SeigrZnob im cxovrebas da uc-
nauria, rom wignis stilistikaze aravin wers, aravin ambobs
arafers misi enis Taviseburebis Sesaxeb...“. `diax, es wigni
(saubaria `sunTqvis saqanelaze“ – n.k.) sityvebis cxovrebis
Sesaxebaa, imaze Tu rogor xdebian sityvebi diqtaturis
msxverplni“ – akonkretebs dimitri volCeki.
vfiqrob, Cven am yvelaferTan ufro pasuxismgebliani
damokidebuleba unda gvqondes. dRevandeli qarTuli ga-
remos gaTvaliswinebiT ramdenime momentis aqcentirebac
aucilebelia. pirvel yovlisa, esaa totalitarizmisgan mi-
Rebul travmaze koncentrirebis xarisxi, romelic, rbilad
rom vTqvaT, dabalia. arada sul ufro naTeli xdeba am
travmis daZlevis, masSi uSiSrad Sesvlis aucilebloba. mar-
Talia, herta miuleri mweralia da amas igi enis saSuale-
biT axdens, metic, enisave daxmarebiT drosac ki auqmebs da
nebismieri sazogadoebis SiSianobas, gulgrilobasa Tu da-
nebebas ganazogadebs, Tumca aseTi avtorebis daxmarebiT
ara mxolod mwerlebs, aramed karg mkiTxvelebsac SeuZliaT
sakuTari sazogadoebis mier ganvlili uaxlesi warsulis
prioritetebis gamokveTa da sxva Tu araferi, saTanado
daskvnebis gamotana. es CvenTvis problematuri, metic, sa-
sicocxlo sakiTxia. amitomac gvWirdeba im gansawmendelis
gavla, romelsac, sabednierod, literatura jer kidev
gviqmnis.

42
 mzia jamagiZe

aka morCilaZis `kupidoni kremlis kedelTan“ –

sabWoTa antizRapari

qveynis istoria TavisTavadi saxiT arasdros arsebobs,

Tu is ar rekonstruirda da reprezentirda awmyoSi. Sesa-
bamisad, mniSvnelovania is, Tu rogor vixsenebT an vimaxsov-
rebT warsuls. am procesSi ki mniSvnelovani adgili swored
mwerlobas da literaturul narativebs uWiravs. qarTul
mwerlobaze Tvalis gadevneba dagvanaxebs, rom sabWoTa kav-
Siris mmarTvelobis mier ganxorcielebuli represiebis (an
Tundac zogadad sabWoTa warsulis) mZime istoriebi qar-
Tul mxatvrul literaturaSi farTo asaxvis sagani ar gam-
xdara. swored amitom aka morCilaZis erT-erTi bolo romani
`kupidoni kremlis kedelTan“ (2018) mniSvnelovani teqstia,
radgan swored sabWoTa epoqis Sesaxeb gviyveba, ufro kon-
kretulad, 1930-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebul stalinur rep-
resiebs aRwers. es periodi sabWoTa mmarTvelobis yvelaze
sastiki periodia, ris Sedegadac daixvrita da gadaasaxles
asi aTasobiT adamiani.
safiqrebelia, rom swored represiebis sisastikisa da
travmuli fonis gasaneitraleblad, avtori ambis fokali-
zacias garkveuli droiTi distanciidan axdens. kerZod, me-
oce saukunis 80-ian wlebSi gaxsenebuli ambis formiT gviy-
veba. Sesabamisad, Txroba anaqronulia, gvxvdeba naratoris
subieqturi gadaxvevebi da CanarTebic. amasTanave mwerlis
mier naratoris garkveuli droiTi distancireba moTxro-
bili ambidan, SesaZlebelia, warmoadgendes mwerlis strate-
gias, mkiTxvelebi ufro am istoriisa da zogadad, sabWoTa
warsulis analizisTvis ganawyos, vidre ambis uSualo emoci-
uri gancdisTvis.
daswyisSi teqsts darTuli aqvs avtoris SeniSvna, rom
moTxrobili ambavi `Sedgenili marqsis, engelsisa da leni-
nis sakavSiro institutis Tbilisis filialis biblioTekaSi
43
1987 wels qalTa saerTaSoriso dRis – 8 martisadmi miZR-
vnil sxdomaze valerian seneformagis Ze samxaraZis zepiri
gamosvlis mixedviT“. xolo Tavad ambavi, romelsac igi gvi-
yveba, 1938 wels viTardeba. rogorc Tavad valerian samxa-
raZe aRniSnavs, `amnairi ambebi xmamaRla ar ilaparakeboda
amdeni weliwadi da axla cota perestroika wamogveSvela
mobrZandiT da TqviTo“ (morCilaZe 2018:18). Tanamedrove
samecniero kvlevebSi nacionaluri istoriis analizisTvis
mniSvnelovnad miiCneven politikuri istoriis miRma, aseve,
sazogadoebriv struqturebSi arsebul `fsiqikis mentalu-
ri instrumentebis“ kvlevas, rac gamoxatulia rwmenebisa
da warmodgenebis sistemebiT da sazogadoebis emociebiT,
romelTa saSualebiTac xalxi acnobierebs sakuTar war-
suls da aSinaarsebs samyaros. amgvari mentaluri istoria
sa-Sualebas gvaZlevs Tavidan gavaSinaarsoT sakuTari war-
suli istoria, miTebi da sxvadasxva kulturuli saxe/xatebi
(Confino, Alon. Memory and the History of MmentalitiesinC ultural Memo-
ry Studiesan international and interdisciplinary handbook / edited by Astrid
Erll, Ansgar Nünning.Walter de Gruyter • Berlin • New York, 2008, p.78).
am TvalsazrisiT, romani saintereso masalas iZleva, radgan
masSi Cans gasabWoebis sawyis etapze qarTveli sazogadoebis
cnobierebis formirebis procesi, is adamianebi vinc am axal
politikur formacias da saxelmwifos qmnida, e. w. narati-
uli dro da cnobiereba da aseve, Txrobis procesSi CarTuli
naratoris piradi mosazrebebis warmodgenisas, garkveuli
warmodgena gveqmneba 80-iani wlebis qarTveli sabWoTa moqa-
laqis cnobierebasa da mis mimarTebaze sabWoTa sinamdvili-
sadmi – e.w. diskursul droze.
reprezentaciis mocemuli forma da Tavad romanis struq-
tura zRapris naratiuli struqturis mixedviT aris awyo-
bili. nawarmoebis mTavari moqmedi piria musia erisTavi-
retingeri da moTxrobili ambis ZiriTadi siuJeturi xazi
swored im mometidan iSleba, rodesac is konkretuli misiiT
mSobliur saxls tovebs da miemgzavreba moskovSi stalin-
Tan, raTa sakuTari dapatimrebuli qmari `gamoixsnas soci-
alisturi samSoblos jurRmulidan.“

44
 drois Sesaxeb Tanamedrove kvlevebis Tanaxmad, dro aris
is, Tu rogor aRviqvamT/viazrebT Cvens sakuTar istori-
ulobas, dro aris igive Cveni/sociumis cnobiereba da xSi-
rad aseTi cnobiereba personificirebulia xolme (Hauerwas,
Stanley. Theological / Worldly.in Time: A Vocabulary of the Present. /Ed-
ited by Joel Burges and Amy J. Elias.New York: New York University press,
2016, p. 281-293). Cveni azriT, romanSi mwerali swored amgvar
funqcias akisrebs musias: wamoadginos lokaluri naciona-
luri dro, am drois cnobiereba, romelic amovardnilia da
erTgvard dapirispirebulia globalur socialistur/
bolSevikur drosTan. musia erisTavi-retingeri quTaiseli
advokatis simonika erisTavis qaliSvili gaxldaT, rogorc
mTxrobeli ixsenebs, zogadad, musias ojaxi social-demok-
ratiul moZraobas TanaugrZnobda. marTalia, isini radi-
kaluri azrovnebiT ar gamoirCeodnen, magram grZnobdnen
qveynisTvis cvlilebebis saWiroebas, amitom musias Zma, ko-
koSa erisTavi xSirad ifarebda ruseTis imperiis sxvadasxva
qveynidan devnil social-demokratebs. mamamisic araerTxel
gahyolia veqilad misi Svilis dapatimrebul megobrebs.
garkveuli drois manZilze mis saxls Tavs afarebda aseve
stalini, igive koba juRaSvili, rogorc maSin eZaxdnen. mu-
sia bavSobidanve yofila Tavisufali qceviTa da memarcxene
azrovnebiT gamorCeuli, `sufraJistka da qalis gaTanaswo-
rebisTvis mebrZoli“. pirveli qali iyo, vinc quTaisSi bri-
jebi Caicva, dadioda velosipediT da rogorc mTxrobeli
varaudobs, rom ara ubeduri SemTxveva, rodesac is velosi-
pedidan Camovarda da daimtvra, musia, albaT, evropaSi wavi-
doda ganaTlebis misaRebad, iq warmatebiTac gaTxovdeboda
da icxovrebda mSvidad da bednierad. Tumca am incidentma
misi bedi bolSevik retingers daukavSira, rogorc mTxro-
beli ambobs, `musia retingerma gaabolSevika“. retingeri,
erovnebiT latvieli, im periodSi musias ZmasTan, kokoSa
erisTavTan imaleboda, `maSin imnairi dro iyo, rom iqana Tu
vinme rames daaSavebda, aqana gamorboda da aqana visac hqon-
da Caoxrebuli saqme, imgenisas imaleboda“. musias Seuyvarda
retingeri da marTalia, oficialurad ar daqorwinebulan,

45
magram radgan maTi siyvarulis ambavi sajaro gaxda, ojaxma
moiTxova daqorwinebuliyvnen da ise gamovida, rom ojaxad
CaiTvalnen. rodesac pirveli msofli omis dros retingeri
gadasaxles, is cimbiradin petrogradSi gadavida, rom bol-
Sevikebs daxmareboda, musiamac iq CaakiTxa da rodesac sami
wlis Semdeg saqarTveloc gawiTlda, musia wiTeli droSiT
gamovida da zeimiT Seegeba 25 Tebervals bolSevikebs.
cxadia, qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis `sovietizacia~ axali
drois dadgomas niSnavda- sakuTari nacionaluri warsuli
droiT axal sabWoTa droSi CarTvas. nawarmoebis mixedviT,
vfiqrobT, avtori da mTxrobeli cdiloben imis xazgasmas,
rom musias arCevani, monawileoba mieRo am axali drois Sene-
baSi, gaxldaT zogadhumanuri idealebiTa da Rirebulebe-
biT ganpirobebuli, ufro konkretulad ki misi motivacia
iyo siyvaruli da qalTa socialuri uflebebisTvis brZola.
siyvarulis gamo gaxda igi bolSeviki da memarcxene Rirebu-
lebebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT qalTa uflebebis gamo ibrZoda
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze, Sesabamisad, musiam gasabWoebis
Semdgomac ganagrZo sakuTari saqmianoba: `jer marto rad
Rirda imis mier samzareuloSi Sevardna da qmrebis Sercx-
vena, xolo colebis moTamamebis mcdeloba, rome nu akeTebT
saWmels, nu recxaven WurWels, nu arian mosamsaxureni. mage-
nis ojaxis wevrebizda kido Semarcxveni warwerebi Tfili-
sis duqnebis, rumoCnebisa da Caaixanebis karebebze, ro iqana
marto kacebi ikribebian“ (morCilaZe a. kupidoni kremlis ke-
delTan. Tbilisi, bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 2018, gv.
33). dRemde sabWoTa periodis analizisas qarTul sivrceSi,
rogorc wesi, ori dominanturi narativis irgvliv jgufdeba
xolme yvela mosazreba. erTi gaxlavT sabWoTa socialisturi
narativi da meore nacionaluri narativi, romelic sabWoTa
narativis alternativas wamoadgenda. roca 1929-30-iani wle-
bidan musiam guli aiyara bolSevikur ideologiaze, radgan
Tvlida, rom isev burJuaziuli wyobileba myardeboda da
amas daupirispirda, musia am ori dominanturi naratividan
marginalizebul subieqtad iqca, radgan realurad arc erTi
dominantur ideologias ar iziarebda. Sesabamisad, sazoga-

46
doebis orive nawili eWvis TvaliT uyurebda: nacionaluri
ideologiis gamziareblebi miiCnevdnen, rom musias qmede-
bebi amoraluria, radgan misi `qmari xalxs xvrets, magi kido
titvela daxtis burTiT xelSi“. eWvis TvaliT uyurebs, aseve,
partiuli ideologiis mqone sazogadoebac, radgan eWvi aqvT,
rom trockistia.
imisTvis, rom dagvanaxos musia erisTvis mxridan sakuTari
qmrisa da safiqrebelia, sakuTari Tavis gamoxsnis ganzrax-
vis miamitoba da absurduloba, naratori ixsenebs sabWoTa
mmarTvelobis mier 30-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebuli repre-
siebis sastik, daundobel da cinikur faqtebs, rac mmarT-
veli politikuri elitis mier mimarTuli iyo imisken, rom
sazogadoebis cnobiereba sabWoTa dominantur narativSi
moeqciaT imgvarad, rom mudmivad cocxali yofiliyo Si-
Sis gancda gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis gamoTqmis an fiqris
saxiT warmodgenis gamoc ki. amisTvis avtori yveba, Tu ro-
gor gauswordnen sazogadoebis im wevrebsac ki, vinc am axali
drois SenebaSi iRebda aqtiur monawileobas. magaliTad, ro-
gor daapatimres da daxvrites budu mdivani, Tavadac bol-
Seviki da sistemis msaxuri, rogor egona mas, rom stalinTan
Sexvedra mis sicocxles gadaarCenda, rogor dauyviria cixe-
Si msxdomi sxva bolSvikebisTvis: `velaparake sosos da xval
gavdivar aqedan da im nabviWvar beriasac mivxedavTo,“ rogor
dasajes amis gamo da jer yvela ojaxis wevri amouwyvites
da mxolod mas mere daxvrites, rac saTiTaod Seatyobines
maTi sikvdilis ambavi. es is periodi iyo, roca beria eJovis
moadgiled gadavida da mogvianebiT Tavad eJovic daxvrita,
rogorc usamarTlod damWeri da damxvreti. axla igi bela-
dis brZanebiT TviTon iWrs da xvrets im xalxs, romlebic
usamarTlo daWra-daxvretaSi monawileobdnen.
retingeri rom safrTxis qveS iyo, jer kidev maSin igrZno-
boda, roca 30-ini wlebis represiebis dros samtrestSi da-
niSnes Rvinisa da yurZnis warmoebaSi, rac, rogorc avtori
yveba, cudi niSani iyo, radgan visi moSorebac undodaT, maT
jer msgavs Tanamdebobaze niSnavdnen, Semdeg ki xvretdnen.
retingeri ufro trockistad moiazreboda, Tumca, radgan

47
bolSevikur reJims aranaklebi samsaxuri gauwia (rogorc am-
boben, daundobel jalaTis saxeli hqonda e. w `xalxis mtre-
bis“ mimarT), roca 1937 wlis represiebma Caiara, safiqrebeli
iyo, rom gadarCa. Tumca swored maSin, 1938 wlis erT dRes
daapatimres, moulodnelad waiyvanes samsaxuridan.
klasikur zRaprebSi zRapris gmirebi jadosnur unarebsa
da Zalebs iyeneben miznis misaRwevad. nawarmoebSi musias-
Tvis amgvari jadosnuri iaraRi adamianuri gancdebia, ara,
vTqvaT. is garemoeba, rom is da sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZR-
vaneli erTi partiuli politikuri ideologiis matareble-
bi iyvnen da TiTqos saerTo RirebulebebisaTvis ibrZodnen,
aramed wmindad adamianuri emociebi, rac maTma urTierTo-
bam datova qalis mexsierebaSi – axalgazrduli siyvarulis
gancdis xsovna, rac musiasa da axalgazrda stalins So-
ris gaCeniliyo jer kidev maSin, roca stalini maT ojaxSi
imaleboda.
obieqturad, warsuls WeSmaritebis Rirebulebas sZens
ara mxolod is, ra gvaxsovs, Tundac faqtebisa, TariRebis an
movlenebis saxiT, aramed isic, Tu rogor gvaxsovs es ambebi.
warsulis xsovnisa da moazrebis xarisxi da mniSvnelobaa
swored arsebiTi istoriaSi. musias rwmeniT, am gancdebis
xsovna cocxali unda yofiliyo stalinSi, Sesabamisad, ga-
darCenis imedsac es aZlevda. konkretulad ki, am gancdis
gamoyeneba musiam Semdegi gziT scada: moskovisken mimaval-
ma gzad Semdegi Sinaarsis depeSa miswera stalins `Zvirfa-
so soso, Sevagrove `saterdi ivning postis“ yvela nomeri
da amovarCie citata: `magram mas gansakuTrebiT uyvarda
zafxulis SuaRamis lacicSi sirbili da tyis moguduli
mTvlemare xmaurobis smena da niSnebisa da xmebis kiTxva,
iseve rogorc adamians ZaluZs wignis kiTxva da idumalis
Zebna. Camovdivar 17-Si. rodis mimiReb? gkocni, Seni musia
mariam erisTavi“. mogvianebiT ki meore depeSac daurTo,
`Zvirfaso soso, gamaxsenda sxva citata imave nomridan:
siyvaruli, namdvili vnebiT savse siyvaruli misi iyo pir-
velad. Camovdivar 17-Si, rodis mimiReb? gkocni, Seni musia
mariam erisTavi“ (ibid). rogorc naratori gangvimartavs,

48
musias werilis SinaarsSi mTeli misi Sinagani samyaro Canda.
`misi mimarTva saxeliT `soso.“ stalins aravin eZaxda Zalian
axlo megobrebis, dedis, pirveli colis Zmis, saerTod,
qarTvelebis garda. amdenad musias mimarTva iyo ara mxo-
lod qarTuli daZaxeba, aramed daZaxeba warsulidan, sxva
Sinauruli warsulidan. swored am mimarTvidan iwyeba mu-
sias Wkua da misi Sinagani samyaro“, meore sakiTxi iyo, ras
etyoda TviTon stalins SeRweuli telegrama. naratoris
mosazrebiT, `bevris ramis Tqma SeeZlo da ara marto etyoda,
aramed gaaxsenebda bevrs da moaxdenda kido amaze metsac.
wesiT im stalinis gulSi, romelsac musia odesRac icnob-
da, depeSa Searxevda erTgvar simebs, Zlier simebs, ukvdavs
albaT, musias azriT“...
zogadad, me-18-me-19 saukuneebSi evropaSi zRaprebs kreb-
dnen swored im mizniT, rom identificireba ecadaT da ga-
eanalizebinaT nacionaluri warmodgenebi, warmosaxvebi,
zogadad, dakvirveba moexdinaT nacionaluri cnobierebis
formebze. mocemuli romaniT, Cveni azriT, avtors surs,
gviCvenos musias, rogorc qarTveli qalis cnobiereba, ro-
melic sakuTari rwmenisa da warmodgenebis mixedviT cdi-
lobs sastik politikur drosTan gamklavebas. Tumca musias
cxovrebis mixedviT cxadi xdeba, rom 30-iani wlebis sastiki
represiebis periodSic ki, musiasnairTa protestis miuxe-
davad, sabWoTa drois/cnobirebis gareSe cxovreba, faqtob-
rivad, SeuZlebelia. amdenad, sazogadoebis is nawili, ro-
melic sakuTari gulwrfeli rwmena-warmodgenebis gamo, ar
emorCileba sabWoTa politikuri drois kanons, realobas-
Tan kavSirs kargavs da ararealur, erTgvar zRaprul droSi
eqceva.
romanSi musias jadosnuri zRapris mTavari gmiris fun-
qcia aqvs miniWebuli. man siyvarulis xsovnis ZaliT unda
gardaqmnas antigmiri – am SemTxvevaSi stalini, rac erTgvar
utopiur survilad Cans. rogorc mTxrobeli ganmartavs,
`musia mainc iyo mecxramete saukunis bovSi. jeroda Tavga-
dasvlis, idumalobis, Zafebis uwyvetobis Rirsebis dauvi-
wyarobis. Tavis qrolviTa da ideebiT mgonia vozdameerTe

49
saukunesac ki uweva da meiTxovda da iRwvoda, rac amfer aRa-
rvis mouTxovia da uRvawia Cvens qveyanaSi. mara mTeli arse-
biT iyo me-19 saukunis qali da jeroda imferis, raferic jer
CvenTan ar Cans da mwared sasaciloa ukve msoflioSi Sesa-
bamisad, araferi maqidan, rac man dagegma, ar iyo gamosadegi,
Tumca didi WkuiT da gonebiT qe iyo daplanuli~ (morCilaZe
a. kupidoni kremlis kedelTan. Tbilisi, bakur sulakauris
gamomcemloba, 2018, gv. 300).
avtori, Txrobis meSveobiT, ori cnobierebis – qarTuli
cnobierebisa da msoflaRqmis sabWoTa sovietizebuli ada-
mianis cnobierebasTan – Sepirispirebas axdens. marTalia,
musias ganzraxva da mcdeloba gaxlavT gaeqces sabWoTa to-
talitarul politikur dros an moabrunos is sxva naciona-
lur droSi, gardaqmnas nacionaluri droiT da amisTvis is
adamianur axalgazrdul gulwrfel gancdebs iyenebs iara-
Rad, magram, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania musias gu-
lis siRrmeSi ar sjera, rom stalinze misi mcdelobebi raime
pozitiur zegavlenas moaxdens. swored amaSi mdgomareobs
misi ganzraxvis, erTi mxriv, avanturistuli Sinaarsi da amave
dros, absurdulobac, radgan stalinSi igi ufro mters xe-
davs, vidre moyvares. naratori musias qmedebas Semdegnairad
xsnis: `me maq Cemi Sexeduleba, rome musias yovelive Wkvinur
moqmedebas warmarTavda ara imis azrovneba da mizezSede-
gobrobis daskvnebi, aramed sxva ramdenime momenti, romelic
mis xasiaTSi unda veZeboT. savaraudoa, rome roca retingeri
daiWires, mas alaparakebdnen rome yoveli mavnebloba da
xalxis mteroba, rasac igi eweoda, gandobili hqonda naTesa-
vebze, colsa da Svilze. egi Tavidan euxerxulebodaT. ala-
parakebdnen im pirobiT, rom ojaxs ar SevexebiTo da mere
ojaxis wevrebis daWera-daxvretaSic iolad gaiwafen. xoda,
axla musiamar icoda magi? magis meti ra icoda, xoda, musias
mocda ar SeeZlo. ar miaCnda, rom wamebiT sikvdili gmirobaa.
brZolaSi miaCnda, vici zustad. moqmedebis sulma, protes-
tis sulma mag ieris brZola aarCevina, Tu mainc melis xifa-
Ti, Cemi wesebiT Semomxvdes. pirdapir mxecs Seuxte bunagSi

50
daiqana moxdes mosaxdenio. erTia Tavganwiruloba da meore
– avantura“.
zRapris naratiuli struqturis msgavsad, musias am gambe-
davi da avanturistuli (zogisTvis suleluri) wamowyebis
ganxorcielebaSi exmarebian e. w `Semwe“ personaJebic. erT-
erTi gaxlavT nina prokofievna – filipe maxaraZis qvrivi,
visi daxmarebiTac musia saerTaSoriso matareblis bileTs
iSovis. xolo matarebelSi mis `Semweebad“ gamoCndebian kam-
brigi fralovi da Salva maWavariani, aseve musias Tanam-
gzavri menzeri da vinme qiqava (rogorc mogvianebiT gairkva
igive Salva wereTeli, mTxrobelis TqmiT, erT-erTi wevri
e.w. `troikisa“). musias ar gasWirvebia amocnoba, rom matare-
belSi sistemis mier masze miCenili xalxi uTvalTvalebda,
mas eWvi hqonda, rom nina prokofievnam daasmina adgilobrv
organoebTan da misi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb uambo. ubralod ver
amoecno maTi mizani, ra surdaT maT, rom mieRwia moskovSi
stalinamde, Tu gzaSive moeSorebinaT; amdenad, teqstis fi-
nalamde bundovania, am personaJebs realurad gmiris `Sem-
wis“ funqcia akisriaT teqstSi Tu e. w `mavnis~. mkiTxvelis
molodins amZafrebs is faqtic, rom avtori siuJetSi mou-
lodnelad sergei eizenSteins Semoiyvans. eizenSteins figu-
raluri saxe/simbolos funqcia akisria. misi moulodnelad
matarebelSi amosvla, vfiqrobT, mwerlis mier gamiznuli
xerxia, saimisod, rom ambis bolomde mkiTxvelebSi optimis-
turi ganwyoba SenarCundes. eizenSteinis mier kinematogra-
fiaSi gamoyenebuli montaJis principi – montaJis meSveobiT
ekranze, adamianis azrovnebis procesis gacocxleba da ori
kadris Sejaxebis Sedegad axali Sinaarsisa da saxeebis war-
moqmnis SesaZlebloba – mkiTxvels molodins umZafrebs,
radgan swored amgvari funqcia aqvs musiasac – gardaqmnas
dro/cnobireba. amdenad, mkiTxvels uCndeba molodini, rom
SesaZlebelia, musias ambavi klasikuri jadosnuri zRapris
struqturaSi moTavsdes da musias Zalisxmevam garkveuli
Sedegi moitanos – Tvisobrivad gardaiqmnas antagonisti
personaJi. Tumca mogvianebiT, rodesac eizenSteins nervu-
li Seteva daewyeba mxolod imis gamo, rom musiam fralovs sa-

51
kuTari Tavi raisa vasilievnad warudgna, eizenSteini sTxovs
Tavis meuRles, daasminos is Sinsaxkomis warmomadgenelTan.
eizenSteins eSinia xelisuflebis, radgan misi filmi `beJa-
nis mdelo“ xelisuflebam daiwuna, marTalia, mogvianebiT
misi `aleqsandre neveli“ stalins moewona, da wesiT, mis si-
cocxles safrTxe ar emuqreboda, magram stalinis mowoneba
mainc ar azRvevda arafrisgan. mTxrobeli SeniSnavs: `ra ga-
sakviria wvaleba sabWoTa xelovanisa, Tan sabWoTa xar Tan
mainc cxviriT miwas gaTxrevineben“ (morCilaZe a. kupidoni
kremlis kedelTan. Tbilisi, bakur sulakauris gamomcemlo-
ba, 2018, gv.175). amgvari detalebis aqcentirebiT, vfiqrobT,
mwerali sabWoTa sistemis realur sastik/cinikur mxares
aaSkaravebs, da albaT, arapirdapir mianiSnebs imasac, rom
musias mcdeloba, Tvisobrivad gardaqmnas politikuri dros
talinTan Sexvedris Sedegad, marcxisTvis aris ganwiruli.
Tumca miuxedavad amisa, teqstis finalamde mkiTxvelisTvis
siuJetis ganviTarebis orive scenari – rogorc jadosnuri
zRapris, aseve antizRaprisa Tanabrad mosalodnelia.
iseve, rogorc klasikur zRaparSi, musias ramdenime ar-
Cevanis winaSe ayenebs mwerali: moulodnelad Secvalos
gegmebi da matereblidan gahyves fralovs orenburgSi; an
Salva maWavarianis SeTavazeba miiRos da erTad wavidnen
odesaSi. Salva maWavarianma logikurad gaTvala movlenebis
ganviTarebis SesaZlo scenari, rodesac matarebelSi Salva
wereTels Sexvda. mixvda, rom musias, SesaZloa, moskovamde
CaeRwia, magram ukan namdvilad ver dabrundeboda; `Seni
qerqetobis weliwadi Cavlilia. eikrZala eg qerqetoba kai
xania. arafrisdidebiT Seni iqine wasvla ar SeiZleba. ver
gamoxval iqidan...unda dabrunde matarebelSi da wevdeT,
wamogyobi yvelgan. racxanairad gavignebT, wagiyvan adesSi,
erTi xani iqana iqnebi, sanam daaviwydebi da mere racxa ginda
igi qeni“ – sTavazobs maWavariani musias. musia uars etyvis
daxmarebaze, Tumca maWavariani mainc aiRebs moskovis bi-
leTs. am momentidan mkiTxvelisTvis ukve naTelia, vin aris
realurad `Semwe“ da vin – e. w `mavne“ personaJi. qiqavas, igive
Salva wereTlis gegmis mixedviT, musias gzidan Camoacile-

52
ben maWavariansa da fralovs, orive maTgans viTom SemTxveviT
gaugebrobaSi daWrian, xolo menzeris qali musias ineqcias
gaukeTebs da daaZinebs, rom moskovamde zedmeti probleme-
bis gareSe `uvneblad“ Caiyvanon. mkiTxvelisTvis ukve cxa-
dia, rom realurad `Semwe“ personaJebi damarcxebulebi
arian. am momentidan musia `mavne“ personaJTa tyveobaSi mo-
eqceva da musiasTvis iwyeba, avtoris TqmiT, `arasizmriani
Rame“. `matarebeli midioda kunapetSi, arafelSi. amxela
qveyana raferaa arafeli? arafelia, Tu Seni araferia Sig.
sizmaric Tu araa da aRarc ici kido vincxa xar da ra xar“.
Tumca mTavari gmirisTvis movlenebis amgvari arasaxar-
bielo ganviTarebis miuxedavad, mkiTxvelis molodini mainc
mTavri Sexvedrisken aris mimarTuli. rodis da rogor Sex-
vdebian erTmaneTs jadosnuri zRapris gmiri musia da an-
tagonisti stalini. aRniSnul Sexvedras mwerali TiTqos
ararealur droSi warmoadgens.mkiTxvels uWirs gaazreba,
movlenebi realurad viTardeba amgvarad, Tu es musias war-
mosaxvaa. musia ver acnobirebs sad aris, visTan erTadaa, ro-
gor moxvda iq, sadac aris, bundovnad Caesmis stalinis xma.
`aba, sulelo, risTvis Camoxvedi? iq ar gyofnis oTxi oTaxi
abazaniT. saerTod Tu gesmis, ra Caidine. yvela amaze lapara-
kobs. Se sufraJistka, rogor SeiZleboda. siyvarulSic ki
araferi gesmis, saerTod ar gesmis, ra aris Zalaufleba. Sen
Cemi mteri xar gesmis?... ras wamowanwaldi, raSi gWirdeboda.
CarCi 1905 welSi. megona didi adamiani iqnebodi. movikiTxe
Seni qmari, ukve daxvrites. aba ras gvibrZaneb rom vqnaT,
baltiispireTSi saxalxo moZraoba iRviZebs. adgilobrvi
partizanebisTvis saWiroa gamocdili komisrebi. Senma re-
tingerma ki uari Tqva.xom gesmis, rom Sin veRar dabrundebi
SeuZlebelia. ager xom xedav, meore boZTan... mand manqana id-
geba, gamoaRe da Cajeqi. movifiqreb, daxvretas rogor gada-
garCino (morCilaZe a. kupidoni kremlis kedelTan. Tbilisi,
bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 2018, gv. 326). mere musiam
gaigona xelebi zurgs ukan moqalaqev... da manqana wavida~. amas
mosdevs mTxrobelis replika: `metropolSi“ rom ar wasula
53
qe mixvdebiT“. retingerebis binaSi Seasaxles yaraulaSvili
– mxolod am frazis Semdeg ijerebs sabolood mkiTxvelic,
rom jadosnuri zRapris gmiri damarcxda da moTxrobili
ambavi sinamdvileSi antizRaparia.
rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, avtoris mizandasaxule-
baa Txrobis procesSi dro/sivrcis ierarqiuli mimarTebebi
warmoaCinos: saqarTvelos, rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris Semad-
genlobaSi myofi periferiul qveynis da ruseTis, rogorc
centrisa, romelic politikuri Zalauflebisa da sabWoTa
kavSiris dominanturi globaluri dro/sivrcis aTvlis
wertils wamoadgens. romanSi Cans naratiuli droc da dis-
kursuli droc. naratoris imeruli dialeqtiT vfiqrobT,
mwerali imis xazgasmas cdilobs, rom marTalia, mTxrobeli
adekvaturad axdens warsuli ambis Sefasebas, magram nara-
ciis momentSi nacionalur cnobirebas kvlav subalternis
pozicia ukavia 80-iani wlebis sabWoTa sinamdvileSi. amdenad,
naratoris dialeqtze metyveleba avtors dro/sivrcis ga-
mijvnisa da ierarqiulobis saCveneblad sWirdeba. zRapruli
dro gulisxmobs istoriis gareT mdgar dros, Sesabamisad,
Cveni azriT, avtors surda eCvenebina, rom erTgvarma naci-
onalurma naivurma warmodgenebma samyarosa da cxovrebaze
ganapiroba imgvari drois dadgoma, sadac qarTvelebi isto-
riis gareT mdgom droSi aRmoCnden da Sesabamisad, istoriis
subieqtis funqciac dakarges. amavdroulad, radgan nara-
tori sazogadoebis inteleqtualTa nawilis warmomadgene-
lia, misi dialeqturi metyveleba mianiSnebs imas, rom gasuli
saukunis miwirulSic dominantur drosTan mimarTebiT qar-
Tuli cnobiereba kvlavac anaqronuli, globaluri droi-
dan amovardnili da subordinaciuli gaxldaT. Sesabamisad,
avtori am poziciaSi moiazrebs ara mxolod gasuli saukunis
dasawyisis qarTvel sazogadoebas, aramed 80-iani wlebis
saqarTvelosac.
rogorc dasawyisSi SevniSneT, ama Tu im istoriuli na-
rativis an ubralod, warsuli movlenis damaxsovrebis for-
ma misi reprezentaciis formebsac ganapirobebs. amdenad,
54
vfiqrobT, mocemuli teqstiT aka morCilaZe Seecada, Cve-
ni qveynis warsulidan gaecocxlebina yvelaze travmuli
da tragikuli istoriuli movlenebi msubuqi naratiuli
zRapris reprezentaciis formiT. reprezentaciis formis
cvlileba met asparezs aZlevs travmuli cnobierebiT dam-
Zimebul sazogadoebas, miubrundes warsuls, Tavidan gai-
azros da gaaSinaarsos is, rac perspeqtivaSi sazogadoebis
cnobierebis cvlilebasac ganapirobebs da axali koleqti-
uri mexsierebis/cnobirebis formirebis winapirobas qmnis.

55
amiran arabuli

guram asaTianis folkloristuli

wiaRsvlebi

guram asaTianis kritikuli naazrevi, misi eseebi, werile-

bi, literaturuli portretebi Tu monografiebi qarTul
mwerlobasTan wildebul mkiTxvels RrmaazrovnebiT, gan-
sasjel sakiTxTa gulisgulSi wvdomiT, erTgvari artis-
tizmiT, enobrivi eleganturobiTa da udaxvewilesi sti-
luri maneriT xiblavs da amaxsovrdeba.
qarTuli xasiaTisa da esTetikuri bunebis garkvevas eZR-
vneba misi vrceli litmcodneobiTi naSromi `saTaveebTan~.
es gaxlavT, ase vTqvaT, Taviseburi kompendiumi, Tavmoyra
da Sejameba im mosazrebebisa, sxvadasxva dros rom gamouT-
qvams TxuTmetsaukunovani erovnuli literaturis arsebiT
aspeqtebTan mimarTebaSi.
xangrZlivi dakvirvebis gziT miRebuli Sedegebidan
gamomdinare guram asaTiani acxadebs, rom `TviT Cveni
buneba, temperamenti, emociuri wyoba da mxatvruli TviT-
damkvidrebis wesi... ar SeiZleba yofiliyo wminda dasavlu-
ri...~ (g. asaTiani, oTxtomeuli. t. 2. Tbilisi, gamomcem-
loba `neostudia~, gv. 12). am mxriv uaRresad sagulisxmo
da mravlismetyvelia Tundac is faqti, rom grigol or-
beliani erTnairi gatacebiT wers rogorc vnebian muxam-
bazebs, aseve fsalmuniT STagonebul elegiebs... TviT
baraTaSvilic ki, qarTuli evropeizmis yvelaze rafinirebu-
li warmomadgeneli, Tavis saTayvanebel momRerlad sa-
Taras asaxelebs da gulwrfelad aRtacebulia gonja be-
qumis baiaTebiT~ (g. asaTiani, oTxtomeuli. t. 2. Tbilisi,
gamomcemloba `neostudia~, gv. 13).
`saTaveebis~ avtors masStaburi problemis mxolod erTi
waxnagi ainteresebs: rogor gacxadda mxatvrul Semoqmede-
baSi qarTuli sulis, qarTuli xasiaTis Taviseburebani... da
am problemasTan Sexebas mkvlevari qarTuli poeturi geniis
56
pirvelsawyisebTan mihyavs, pirvelsawyisebTan, romelTa xa-
siaTi xelSesaxebi sicxadiT aris gamJRavnebuli vaJa-fSave-
las mxatvrul koncefciaSi da, rac kidev ufro mniSvnelo-
vania – xalxur poeziaSi, saxeldobr ki mis uZveles SreSi _
fSavelTa poetur SemoqmedebaSi... mkafiod formulirebuli
vaJas lakoniuri debuleba amgvarad JRers: `fSaurs poezi-
aSi SeerTebulia ukiduresi idealizmi ukidures realiz-
mTan~ (g. asaTiani, oTxtomeuli. t. 2. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba
`neostudia~, gv. 17). iqvea miTiTebuli, rom cneba-terminebi
`idealizmi~ da `realizmi~ vaJasTvis upiratesad esTetiku-
ri kategoriebia.
imisaTvis, rom kidev ufro sarwmunod gamokveTos qar-
Tuli xasiaTis `gadaxrebi da uaRresobani~, guram asaTiani
erovnuli sulis sapirispiro polusebze mdgom folklo-
rul gmirebs – xogais mindiasa da murmans ixsenebs; gmirebs,
romelTac SesaZloa saerTo saTavec ki hqondeT.
`mindiasa da murmans qarTul folklorSi erTi siuJe-
turi konteqsti ar aerTianebs, magram amiT araferi icvle-
ba. isini xalxuri warmodgenebis, xalxuri msoflgagebisa
da eTikuri mrwamsis konteqstSi upirispirdebian erTma-
neTs~ (g. asaTiani, oTxtomeuli. t. 2. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba
`neostudia~, gv. 22).
am gmirTagan `pirvelis Segneba da moqmedeba... altru-
izmis niSniTaa aRbeWdili, meoresi _ egocentrizmis da-
RiT~ (g. asaTiani, oTxtomeuli. t. 2. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba
`neostudia~, gv. 22).
mindia, rogorc mkvlevari brZanebs, `sulis adamiania~
(g. asaTiani, oTxtomeuli. t. 2. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba
`neostudia~, gv. 24), xolo murmani im juris arseba, visTvi-
sac bednierebas mxolod erTi – piradi aspeqti aqvs...
saqarTvelos istoriaSi mkveTrad upirispirdebian erT-
maneTs cotne dadiani da zurab aragvis erisTavi. pirveli
erTgulebis calsaxa gamovlineba da gansaxierebaa, meore –
ukiduresi moRalateobisa; cotne rainduli zneobis adepti
da mimdevaria, zurabi – uzneobisa, romelic marTalia gmi-
rad daibada, magram misma pirovnulma potenciam, samwuxarod,

57
`sikeTeSi ver hpova realizeba~ (g. asaTiani, oTxtomeuli. t.2.
Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `neostudia~, gv. 30).
gansxvavebiT cotne dadianisagan, zurab erisTavi, visi
saxe da saxeli folklorma ukvdavyo, gaorebuli, gaxle-
Cili, ambivalenturi istoriuli piria. xalxi, erTi mxriv,
ver Tmobs, ver eleva, gasawirad ver imetebs zurabs, xolo,
meore mxriv, mtarvalad ixseniebs, gmobs, wyevlis da arc
SeCvenebisTvis enaneba: `sevdamc magxvdebis, zurabo, dag-
levdamc sisxlis wyalia!~
umZimesi codvebi awevs kiserze aragvis sastik, ugulo
erisTavs. man xom Tavisi RviZli ZmisTvis Tvalebi daaTx-
revina jalaTebs; samoci rCeuli xevsuri RalatiT amoxoca
TrusoSi; Svidgzis dalaSqra da aawioka fSav-xevsureTi...
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, anonimi xalxuri meleqse aRta-
cebas ver malavs misi garegnobiT: `safurcles zurab mo-
vida, lerwami zRvis pirisao~.
xalxi, SeiZleba vifiqroT, imis gamoc glovobs zurabs,
rom mis mSvenier sxeulSi aseTive mSvenieri suli ar idga!
guram asaTianis sityviT, esaa `darRveuli harmonia, for-
misa da Sinaarsis Seusabamoba, tragikuli xarvezi~ (g. asa-
Tiani, oTxtomeuli. t. 2. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `neostu-
dia~, gv. 32), rac, rasakvirvelia, samyaros ori ZiriTadi
feris urTierTqmedebis princips eqvemdebareba da kargad
gadmoscems qarTveli kacis orgemage bunebis TvalsaCino
Taviseburebebs.
am kanonzomierebis damajerebeli axsna, SeiZleba iTq-
vas, ver moxerxdeboda zepirsityvierebis tipologiur mo-
nacemTa codnisa da gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
da mkvlevari aqac, iseve, rogorc marTalmesityve mema-
tianeni, uryevad dgas qarTvelTaTvis niSandoblivi naklisa
da Rirsebis Seusxvafereblad Cvenebis arcTu sasurvel da
saxarbielo poziciaze.
arc isaa SemTxveviTi, rom literaturuli azrovnebis
metrad aRiarebuli kritikosi xSirad imowmebs vaJa-fSa-
velas, rogorc qarTuli sulis erT-erT yvelaze Rrma
mesaidumles...

58
 `saTaveebSi~ saCino adgili eTmoba iseT filosofiur
da sociolingvistur kategoriebs, rogorebicaa: simarTle
anu WeSmariteba, Tanalmoba da didsulovneba, ukmaroba da
mcirediT kmayofileba, TanagrZnoba da pativmoyvareoba,
WirTaTmena da ltolva amaRlebulisaken, tolerantoba
anu Semwynarebloba da a. S.
naSromSi calke Tavi eTmoba Sirazis xanis undilaZis,
igive imamyuli-xanis fenomens. mtris karze aRzevebul, ga-
mahmadianebul qarTvel renegats, vis sasaxleSic usastike-
sad awames qeTevan dedofali, Tavis poemaSi `mdabal-tkbil,
mowyale~ kacad moixseniebs Teimuraz pirveli.
esaa `didsulovani miukeZoeblobis iSviaTi nimuSi~.
`rogorc Cans, – wers guram asaTiani, – Cvenma Zvelebma kar-
gad icodnen ara mxolod avkargianobis realuri fasi, isini
aseve kargad erkveodnen zneobriv faseulobaTa SefardebiT
RirebulebaSic~... (g. asaTiani, oTxtomeuli. t. 2. Tbilisi,
gamomcemloba `neostudia~, gv. 50).
garda tragikuli saxeebisa, arseboben personaJebi, ro-
melTa xseneba Rimils gvgvris da Ralatiani wuTisoflis
moulodneli `siurprizebis~ moTmenasa da atanas `gvaiZu-
lebs~. aseTebia daviT kldiaSvilis `Semodgomis aznaurebi~.
maT qmedebaTa fonze sainteresod gamoiyureba Cveni zRap-
ris nacarqeqia – `papispapa~ polikarpe kakabaZis yvaryvare
TuTaberisa da demna Sengelaias baTa qeqiasi.
guram asaTiani zneobriv RirebulebaTa ierarqiaSi ide-
aluri qarTveli kacis mdabiur variantad axasiaTebs arse-
na oZelaSvils – mestviruli baladis mTavar personaJs;
maxvilgonivrulad ganixilavs kontaminirebul qmnilebas,
iTvaliswinebs folkloruli teqstebis specifikas da
daaskvnis, rom `arsenas gmirobis mwvervali, misi xasiaTi-
sa da zneobis umaRlesi gamovlineba farsadanTan damo-
kidebulebaa~... (g. asaTiani, oTxtomeuli. t. 2. Tbilisi,
gamomcemloba `neostudia~, gv. 76).

59
 ***
xalxuri Semoqmedebis ukidegano samyarosTan, saxasiaTo
folkloruli gmirebis gamzrdel garemosTan da am gmire-
bis enapiriT warmoTqmul kurTxeul mxatvrul sityvasTan
guram asaTianis damokidebulebis sruli suraTis Cveneba
reglamentirebul naSromSi SeuZlebelia. ubralod, yu-
radReba gavamaxvileT ramdenime umTavres orientirze
(qarTvelTa tolerantuli bunebisa da, metic, Rirseuli
mtris dandobisa da pativiscemis motivis cxadyofas emsa-
xureba Cveni naSromi `vaJkacobisas amboben~). xolo am
orientirebis kvaldakval fiqrsa da Semdgom svlas isev da
isev `siyvaruliviT Semparavi da sikvdiliviT daundobeli~
(s. caiSvili) SemoqmedebiTi survili udevs safuZvlad.

60
 kultura

gia arganaSvili

paraleluri montaJi eTnofsiqologiuri

portretis Sesaqmnelad
(reJisor soso CxaiZis „TuSi mecxvare“ da
mweral nugzar SataiZis „puris moTxroba“)

meoce saukunis dasasruls qarTuli kulturis or sxva-

dasxva sferoSi Tanabari mniSvnelobis movlena moxda. qar-
Tuli telefilmebis studiaSi mravalseriani (sami seria)
filmi „TuSi mecxvare“ (damdgmeli reJisori soso CxaiZe)
gadaiRes, xolo qarTulma literaturam enciklopediuri
xasiaTis mxatvrul-dokumenturi Sedevri SeiZina – nugzar
SataiZem „puris moTxroba“ dawera.
am ori nawarmoebis gamoqveynebis TariRebs Soris TiT-
qmis ori aTeuli welia sxvaoba, magram ra aris es wlebi aTas-
wleulebTan SedarebiT, miT ufro, Tu viciT, rom orive
nawarmoebis Seqmnis safuZveli swored qristes aqeT meore
aTaswleulis dasasruli gaxda, ramac axali epoqis mijnaze
bunebrivad gaaCina kulturis sxvadasxva sferoSi (ara mxo-
lod kulturis) erTgvarad Semajamebeli mxatvruli doku-
mentis Seqmnis aucilebloba.
axla SegviZlia gulistkiviliT vTqvaT, rom yvelafris
analizi mainc ver movaswariT. ver movuyareT Tavi Cveni
oriaTaswlovani warmatebis Tu warumateblobis nivTier
da azrobriv Sedegs. xolo rac gakeTda, isic stiqiurad,
calkeuli adamianebis iniciativis xarjze da ara insti-
tucionalur doneze, rogorc mravalaTaswlovani tradi-
ciisa da kulturis qveyanas da damoukidebel saxelmwifos
Seefereba.

61
 Tumca, axla imisTvisac madloba unda vTqvaT, rac ga-
keTda, radgan yvelaferi marTlac moswrebaze yofila.
ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi bevri ram daikarga,
bevri ganadgurda, bevri ki sruliad daviwyebas mieca. gamo-
uyenebeli darCa im Taobis inteleqtualuri resursi, ro-
melic cocxal matianes qmnida aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi.
„TuSi mecxvaris“ gadaRebidan 50 wlis Semdeg meurneobis
es dargi (Sesabamisad, kultura) CvenSi sagrZnoblad daq-
veiTda. ramdenime raionSi ki sruliad gaqra (msgavsi pro-
cesebi midis mTel msoflioSi – iranSi, egvipteSi, saudis
arabeTSi, nigeriaSi da sxv.), xolo miwaTmoqmedebis mraval-
aTaswlovani kulturuli tradiciis kvali, nivTieri da
leqsikuri simdidre TiTqmis sruliad daviwyebas mieca. rac
gadarCa, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom swored „puris moTxrobam“
gadaarCina. sabednierod, „saWiro dros saWiro adgilas“
aRmoCnda Sromis ritualuri tradiciis iseTi Rrma mcodne
da gadmocemis unari mqone Semoqmedi, rogoric nugzar
SataiZe iyo.
isic xom simboluria, rom orive es nawarmoebi kacobri-
obis cxovrebis or ZiriTad mimarTulebas, meurneobis or
dargs – miwaTmoqmedebas da momTabare cxovrebis wess exe-
ba. swored miwaTmoqmedis da mwyemsis – kacobriobis or-
pulsiani (dapirispirebuli) cxovrebis aRwera gaxda Cven-
Tis is SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba, romelic, erTi mxriv,
kinoxelovnebam, xolo, meore mxriv, literaturam Semounaxa
ocdameerTe saukunis pirvel axalTaobas.
xelovnebis am ori dargis (literatura da kino) gaazre-
buli urTierTmimarTebis da harmoniuli ganviTarebis po-
litikas Cven am werilSi mogvianebiT davubrundebiT. axla
ki miwaTmoqmedebisa da momTabare cxovrebis ganviTarebis
paralelur dinebebs gavadevnoT Tvali, rogorc mTeli pla-
netis masStabiT, aseve saqarTvelos magaliTze.
yvelaferi bibliidan daiwyo.
erTi mxriv – „epatroneT zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels,
yovel arsebas, rac ki miwaze iZvris (dab.1.28).

62
 xolo meore mxriv – „da aiyvana adami ufalma RmerTma da
daasaxla edemis baRSi mis dasamuSaveblad da dasacavad“
(dab.2.15).
„miwaTmoqmedi iyo, Tu mwyemsi, Tu udabnoSi momuSave,
yvelani gardauval xvedrs daemorCilnen, radgan wyvdiadis
erTi jaWviT iyvnen Sekrulni“ (sibrZne solomonisa, Tavi
meSvidmete).
pirveli bibliuri adamianebic (kaeni da abeli) xom am ori
didi dargis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. isic xom simboluria,
rom kacobrioba dRes ukve sabolood emSvidobeba mwyemsi
abelis momTabare cxovrebis wess da miwaTmoqmedi kaenis mi-
er aSenebul qalaqSi imkvidrebs binas.
isic gavixsenoT, Tu rogor daemorCilnen RmerTis nebas
bibliuri abraami da sara, datoves keTilmowyobili cxovre-
ba qaldevelTa qalaq urSi da mZime momTabare cxovrebis
wesze ucxo adgilebs miaSures.
istoriuli mecnierebis mixedviT ki, miwaTmoqmedebis da
mesaqonleobis warmoSoba neoliTis (Zv.w. me -4, me -3 aTas-
wleulSi) xanaSi, qvis xanis damasrulebel etapze daiwyo.
am epoqaSi moxda is grandiozuli gadatrialeba, romelsac
ingliselma mecnierma gordon Caildma „neoliTuri revo-
lucia~ uwoda. es aris kacobriobis istoriis is etapi, ro-
desac mimTvisebluri meurneobidan (nadiroba, Semgroveb-
loba, meTevzeoba) sazogadoeba gadavida mwarmoeblur
meurneobaze (miwaTmoqmedeba, mesaqonleoba) da dRemde
kacobrioba swored im progresis safuZvelze agrZelebs
arsebobas, romelsac am epoqaSi miwaTmoqmedebasa da mesa-
qonleobaSi miaRwia.
7-10 aTasi wlis winaT adamianma daiwyo marcvleulis,
xilisa da bostneulis im ZiriTadi jiSebis gamoyvana, rom-
lebiTac dRemde vsargeblobT. ganvlili drois ganmavlo-
baSi am kulturebis saxeobrivi raodenoba mniSvnelovnad ar
gazrdila, gaizarda mxolod maTi gavrcelebis areali.
miuxedavad imisa, rom neoliTis xanaSi samiwaTmoqmedo
samuSaoebi Zalian did fizikur Zalas moiTxovda, es Sroma
mainc gamarTlebuli iyo, radgan SemgroveblobasTan Seda-

63
rebiT miwis damuSaveba sakvebiT momaragebis ufro garan-
tirebul Sedegs iZleoda.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas mesaqonleobazec. jer kidev axali
qvis xanaSi daiwyo im cxovelebis moSinaureba – Zroxa, xari,
cxvari, Txa, Rori, frinveli – romlebic dResac warmoad-
genen Cveni kvebis racionis ZiriTad Semadgenel nawils. sa-
wyis etapze adamiani am cxovelebis mxolod xorcs, tyavsa da
bewvs iyenebda. mxolod mogvianebiT daafasa sazogadoebam
jerovnad rZisa da misgan miRebuli produqtebis sasarge-
blo Tvisebebi. am produqtebis garda, sazogadoebam didta-
niani cxovelebis fizikuri Zalis (tvirTis zidva) gamoyene-
bac daiwyo. mogvianebiT, rodesac adamianma cxeni da aqlemi
moiSinaura, mas mieca didi sivrceebis swrafad gadalaxvis
saSualeba. am cxovelebis gareSe warmoudgeneli iyo civili-
zaciis ganviTarebis procesi.
amrigad, neoliTis epoqaSi pirvelad moxda Sromis da-
nawileba – miwaTmoqmedeba da mesaqonleoba erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebul dargebad Camoyalibda. aman gamoiwvia cxov-
rebis stilis Secvla, warmoiSva miwaTmoqmedi – adgilobri-
vi binadari da mesaqonle – momTabare sazogadoebebi. aseTi
diferenciacia araTanabari ganviTarebis mizezi gaxda. cal-
keulma sazogadoebebma gansxvavebuli gzebiTa da gansxvave-
buli tempebiT ganagrZes winsvla.
sagulisxmoa, rom sityva `kultura~ laTinuri zmnisgan
aris nawarmoebi da is miwis movlas, damuSavebas, zrunvas
gulisxmobs. laTinur tradiciaSi sityva `kulturas~ ram-
denime mniSvneloba hqonda. ZiriTadad is miwis damuSave-
bas, movlas, soflis meurneobas, aRzrdas, ganaTlebas, gan-
viTarebasa da Tayvaniscemas niSnavda.
rogorc mTlianad kacobriobis, ise Cveni eris cxovre-
basac dasabamidan meurneobis es ori dargi da Sesaba-
misad, kulturis es ori didi dineba kvebavda. am dine-
bebs miwaTmoqmedi da mwyemsi hqmnidnen. maTi bunebiTi
gansxvavebuloba, rogorc dapirispirebis (konfliqtis)
safuZveli, xels uwyobda sazogadoebis ganviTarebas da im
64
oqros Sualedis SenarCunebas, romelsac am dargebis ur-
TierTsawinaaRmdego xasiaTi iZleoda.
mkiTxvelisTvis bevrad ufro advilia miwaTmoqmedis ro-
lis Sefaseba zogadad civilizaciis da Cveni qveynis ganvi-
Tarebis saqmeSi, radgan saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi momTabare
cxovrebis sikeTe dakninda (rogorc gare, aseve qveynis sa-
Sinao mizezebis gamo ) da faqtobrivad, kacobriobis es mara-
diuli dapirispirebac CvenSi erTgvarad qalaqisa da soflis
Wirveul winaaRmdegobaSi gadaizarda.
istoriulad Cven cxovreba gvixdeboda iseT qveynebis
(tomobrivi gaerTianebebis) garemocvaSi, sadac Zalian kar-
gad iyo ganviTarebuli momTabare cxovreba. bunebrivia,
es didi upiratesobas aZlevda maT Cvens winaaRmdeg axali
teritoriebis dapyrobaSi, radgan isini Zalian swrafad ga-
daadgildebodnen erTi adgilidan meoreze, isakuTrebdnen
saZovrebs, arRveven qveynebis sazRvrebs, azianebdnen baR-
venaxebs, anadgurebdnen xorblisa da marcveulis mosvals,
rac xSirad sisxliani dapirispirebis, arcTu iSviaTad ki,
sastiki omebis namdvili mizezi gamxdara (baxtrionis omi).
im dros maTi SeCerebis yvelaze qmediTi saSualeba Zlieri
sasazRvro dacva iyo, rac feodalur epoqaSi TiTqmis sru-
liad SeuZlebelia. erTaderT imedad adgilobrivi meurne-
obis momTabare seqtoris imgvari ganviTareba rCeboda, rom
maT Rirseuli winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT momxvduri mtrisTvis.
poetsac Zalze zustad SeuniSnavs saqarTvelos zogierTi
kuTxissTvis damaxasaTebeli es Tviseba:

TuSebi miyvaran – tanad didebi,

sityvaZvirebi da guliT mdidrebi!
saqarTvelos mTebSi – monapireni,
saqarTvelos mTebSi – monadireni!
(murman lebaniZe)

„monapireobam“ lamis dRevandlamde moaRwia da garkve-

ulad SeinarCuna Tavisi funqcia (aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi mesazRvreTa rigebs dResac adgilobrivi axal-
gazrdoba avsebs). es uZvelesi tradiciis gagrZelebaa. dRes
65
Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saxelmwifos amJamindeli
sasazRvro zoli (gansakuTrebiT dausaxlebel adgilebSi)
swored momTbare mwyemsebis Tavdauzogavi SromiTa da br-
ZoliT gvaqvs SenarCunebuli. iq ki, sadac dRes sadavo ter-
itoriebia, swored momTabare cxovrebis dasustebam gamo-
iwvia maTze gavlenis dakargva. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
mwyemsebi icavdnen qveynis auTvisebel miwebs, inarCunebdnen
mezobel tomebTan pirobiT sazRvrebs (amis dasturad ka-
vkasionis mTebSi dResac mravlad SexvdebiT e. w „qvakacebs“,
romlebic Tavis droze qveynebs Soris gamyof xazs aRniS-
navda). amave dros, isini hqmnidnen qveynis ekonomikur dov-
laTs da aqtiurad monawileobdnen eris eTnofsiqologiis
CamoyalibebaSi.
momTabare cxovrebis kvali, uSualod ki mecxvareobis
arsebobis damadasturebeli sabuTi, CvenSi uSualod miTo-
logiaSia saZebni. cxadia, mkiTxvels, pirvel rigSi, kolxeTi,
aieti da oqros sawmisis legenda gaaxsendeba. ra simbolo-
ebic ar unda ikiTxebodes am ambavSi, cxadia, rom isini meur-
neobis am dargis garkveul tradiciaze da gamocdilebis
arsebobaze mianiSnebs.
mwyemsi aqtiur moqmed personaJad gvevlineba adgilo-
briv miTologiur TqmulebebSi, rodesac mas wminda giorgis,
elias da qristes Soris gamarTul kamaTSi e.w „momrigeblis“
roli aqvs miniWebuli .
„wmida ninos cxovrebac“ gvidasturebs saqarTvelos sazR-
vrebis siaxloves mecxvareobis dargis arsebobas:

mwyemssa hkiTxa: romelia qarTlis gzai?

mwyemsma uTxra, saqarTvelo aris ese ...
(ana kalandaZe)

xalxuri poezia, romelic ZiriTadad gviani Suasaku-

neebis daZabuli cxovrebis matianes inaxavs, mwyemsebis sis-
xlian dapirispirebaze mogviTxrobs, rogorc sxvadasxva
banditur jgufebTan, aseve mezobeli tomebis momTabare
xalxTan. folklorul krebulebSi mravlad naxavT Rrma
socialuri Sinaarsis mwyemsur leqsebsa da simRerebs, rom-
66
lebic marTlad warmosaxaven maTi Znelbedobis amsaxvel
ambebs. gvacnoben maT did fizikur amtanobasa da saocar
gamZleobas.
kargad dagvanaxva mwyemsebis saxe aleqsandre yazbegma
„mamis mkvlelSi“. aq mwerali aRgviwers maTi cxovrebis
wess da gvaCvenebs maT simtkices, rodesac maTgan sruliad
gaucxoebuli Tvistomi (gigola) stumar-maspinZlobis tra-
diciaze uaris Tqmas (iagos daWeraSi daxmarebas sTxovs)
aiZulebs.
sayuradReboa, rom Cveni momTabare cxovrebis sazRvre-bi
mxolod saqarTvelos amJamindel teritorias ar moicavda.
istorikos niko berZeniSvilis azriT, qarTvel mwyemsebs
jer kidev meTxuTmete saukuneSi gauWriaT gza kaspiis zRvis
mimarTulebiT. xuTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi, weliwadSi orjer,
mwyemsebs Svidasi kilometris gavla uwevdaT fexiT yizla-
risken. es gza yovelTvis ganuwyveteli Sexla-Semoxlis da
namdvili brZolis asparezad iyo qceuli (aleqsandre yaz-
begi Tavis „namwyemsaris mogonebaSi“ ufro metad rusul bi-
urokratiul winaaRmdegobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas).
es tradicia gagrZelda sabWoTa periodSic (1922 wels
saqrTvelos kaspiis zRvis midamoebSi mudmiv mflobelobaSi
gadaeca mraval aTas heqtramde saZovrebi). komunisturi xe-
lisufleba gansakuTrebiT uwyobda xels mecxvareobis gan-
viTarebas. gaCnda realuri perspeqtiva CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
Cveni ekonomikuri interesebis gaZlierebis da adgilobriv
respublikebs Soris erT dros mowinave poziciis dabrune-
bis TvalsazrisiT. bunebrivia, rom es yvelaferi mxolod
mZime Sromisa da brZolis fasad iyo SesaZlebeli:
ai, ras igonebs erTi mwyemsi:
`rodesac cxvari mTidan yizlarisaken migvyavs, unda gavi-
aroT oseTi, ruseTi, CeCneTi, yalmuxeTi. kaspiis zRvamde ga-
dasareki trasa 700 kilometrze metia, Cven usafrTxod erTi
kilometris gavlac ar SegviZlia, gzaze cxenosanTa Seiara-
Rebuli bandebi gvxvdebian. maT xelSi grZeli Tokis gorgali
uWiravT. faraSi Tokis gorgals ostaturad gastyorcnian,
meore mxares mdgomi Tokis bolos xelSi iWers da naxevar

67
faras moswyveten, Semdeg ki iwyeba srola. yofila SemTxveva,
rodesac faras gayolili Svidi mecxvaridan Svidive dauxo-
cavT. zogjer ki, ki cxvris gadasarek trasebze ormoebs
Txrian, romlebsac zemodan ZeZvsa da balaxs ayrian. cxvari
zed gavlisas Sig vardeba, mecxvare ki amas ver amCnevs, amitom
mecxvareebs uamravi danaklisi aqvT...“
aq isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, cxvris (faris) ucnauri
xasiaTi kidev ufro gausaZliss xdis momTabare mwyemsis
Sromas:
„mecamete asaxvevi (adgilobrivi toponimia) is adgilia,
sadac saZovrebi leningorisa (axlandeli axalgori) da ja-
vis cxvar- mecxvareebs ekavaT. am adgilze gadioda astra-
xan-maxaWyalis rkinigza. imxanad kaspiispireTis stepisTvis
matarebeli sruliad ucxo iyo. cxvari da mecxvare jer kidev
ar iyo mis xmasa da xmaurs SeCveuli. erTxel, saZovarze xma-
uriT moaxloebul eSelons faris winmavalma vacma gadaur-
bina. cxadia, Semadgenlobis gaCereba SeuZlebeli iyo. cxvari
ki winamZols mihyva da vidre matarebeli am adgils gacdebo-
da, 1200 suli pirutyvi borblebSi Cauvarda~...
dResac, saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze, kaxeT-TuSeTis mi-
marTulebiT da saqarTvelos kidev ramdenime sxva adgilas,
gazafxulze da gvian Semodgomaze, jer kidev SexvdebiT
cxvris farebs. Tumca, maTi ricxvi gasul wlebTan Sedare-
biT sagrZnoblad Semcirebulia (sami aTeuli wlis win cxvris
raodenoba marto Cveni qveynis aRmosavleT mTianeTSi or-sam
milions aWarbebda) dRes saqarTveloSi momTabare cxovre-
bis aswlovani, SesaZloa aTaswlovani istoria mTavrdeba.
qarTuli (TuSuri) cxvris unikaluri jiSi egviptis, saudis
arabeTis Tu iaranis qveynebSi gahyavT. daviwyebas eZleva
naxevrad momTabare cxovrebis saukuneebiT Camoyalibebuli
Cvevebi da Sesabamisi kultura.

***
rac Seexeba miwaTmoqmedebas... rogorc gadmocema gve-
ubneba, ucxoelebi Cvens winaprebs georgianelebad (anu mi-
wis muSakebad) moixseniebdnen. cxadia, am Tqmulebas Tavisi

68
safuZveli hqonda. dRes ukve mecnierulad damtkicebulia,
rom saqarTvelo Rvinis samSobloa, xolo xorblis da sxva-
dasxva kulturuli marcvleulis aTobiT unikaluri jiSis
arseboba adasturebs, rom am dargSic erT-erTi wamyvani ad-
gili gvekava imdroindel msoflioSi.
„mecnierebs adre xorblis Tavdapirveli samSoblo siri-
a–palestina egonaT, magram roca CvenSi veluri da naxevrad
veluri xorblebi ipoves, azri SeecvalaT.
aRmoCnda, rom msoflioSi cnobili pureulis cxrameti
saxeobidan, saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli yofila ToTxmeti
da maTi asocdaaTi saxesxvaoba.
qvemo qarTlSi, aruxlos arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros
aRmoCenilia Zveli welTaRricxvis meeqvse aTaswleulSi
kultivirebuli xorbleulis jiSebi: maxa, zanduri, asli,
spelta, rbili xorbali, juja xorbali, magari xorbali.
iqve napovnia veluri mcenare egilopsi, romelic xorblis
winaprad iTvleba.
„Tanamedrove gamokvlevebis Sedegad saqarTvelo xor-
bleulis warmoSobis erT–erT damoukidebel kerad aris
miCneuli, xolo mecnierTa mier aRiarebuli azriT, kultu-
rul mcenareTa genebis avtonomiuri kera, imavdroulad,
sakacobrio kulturis kerasac warmoadgens“ (nugzar Sata-
iZe „puris moTxroba“).
Cveni uZvelesi matianec miwaTmoqmedi xalxis cxovrebaze
mogviTxrobs. misi kvali Semonaxulia zRaprebSi, Tqmule-
bebsa da miTebSi. sainteresoa, rom pirveli „xnuli“ miTolo-
giur guTnisdedas swored „amiranis“ eposSi aqvs gavlebuli:
„rodesac amiranma devebi erTianad gaJlita da Tavisi
momrevi qveyanaze aRaravin eguleboda. am dros gzad Semo-
eyara uremi, romelic Tormet uRel xar-kameCSi iyo Sebmuli.
uremze mkvdari ambri-arabi esvena da (ambari qarTlSi puris
kidobans hqvia) dasamarxavad midiodnen. urems gverdiT am-
bri-arabis deda mohyveboda. ambri erTaderTi falavani iyo,
romelTanac amirans Tavisi Zala ar gamoecada. mas guli das-
wyda, rom misi metoqe mkvdari iyo da verasodes Seerkinebo-
da. Tormet uRel xar-kameCsac ki gaWirvebiT mohqonda ambri-

69
arabis sxeuli. ambris fexi urmidan dabla gadmovardniliyo
da Rrma xnuls tovebda miwaze (swored am detalSi ikveTeba
miwaTmoqmedebis kvali) . roca Sewuxebulma dedam Tavisi Svi-
lis unaxavi metoqe amirani dainaxa, sTxova: amirano, Svilis
barkali gadmomivarda miwaze, dabla eTreva, upatiod xdeba
da, dedaSvilobas, isev uremze Seudeo. ramdenic ar ecada ami-
rani mkvdari ambri-arabis fexi isev uremze daedo, araferi
gamouvida. Zvrac ver uyo, miwasac ver aacila...
ambris dedam maTraxis wveriT auwia micvalebuls fexi da
gmiri am sityvebiT Searcxvina:
igi qveyanamc krulia,
sadac Sen amiranobdi,
Tavs ixuravdi CaCqansa,
boloze jaWvianobdi...

Cveni folkloric mdidaria guTnuri, Toxnuri, kalouri,

savenaxo da samkali TematikiT. saxalxo mTqmeli guTnis-
dedis, mexris, momkelis, mxvnel-mTesvelis saxasiaTo por-
trets hqmnis:
guTnisdedas ra acxonebs,
ra Seiyvans saydarSia,
kai darSi Tavisas xnavs,
modgams gvixnavs avdarSia,
xar–kameCis codo–brali
uxvevia kalTaSia.

anda xarma Tqva – xari ver momklavs,

Tu mexre Semxvda RvTiani,
xSir–xSirad unda damZaxos
simRera lazaTiani.

miwaTmoqmedebis kvali ikiTxeba Cvens hagiografiul

mwerlobaSi:
„...xolo saTesavi yanai da saTibeli queyanai raiTur-
TiT ara ars, arca iqmnebis RirRolovanTa maT ficxelTa
mwuervalTa maT RadoTaisa“ (`cxovreba wmidisa grigol
xancTelisa~).
70
 meurneobis am dargs marTlac rom didi xarki gadauxades
da araerTi saintereso mxatvruli teqstiT gaamdidres Cven-
ma xalxosanma mwerlebma.
aranakleb didi wvlili Seitanes am ori dargis populari-
zaciaSi Cveni drois mwerlebma da kinoreJisorebma. erTi
mxriv, uamravi narkvevi, dokumenturi moTxroba, Canaxati,
portreti, meore mxriv ki, kinoqronika, dokumenturi kino,
kinomatiane inaxeba Cveni literaturis da kinos arqivebSi. es
unikaluri masala marTlac didi simdidrea momaval mkvle-
varTaTvis, romlebic Cveni SromiTi kulturis zusti sura-
Tis aRdgenas gadawyveten.

***
mTeli is informacia, romelic mkiTxvels am ori dargis
Sesaxeb SevTavaze, zRvaSi wveTia im masalidan, romelic mi-
waTmoqmedebisa da momTabare cxovrebis Sesaxeb CvenSi arse-
bobs uZvelesi droidan dRemde. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
dagrovili es codna mxatvrul saxeebad da kinokadrebad
aris Targmnili “puris moTxrobaSi „ da „TuS mecxvareSi “. es
ori mxatvruli nawarmoebi, fardi Rirebulebis sanaxaobiTi
da TxrobiTi Sedevrebi, bunebrivad dawyvilda Cvens warmod-
genaSi, rogorc ocdameerTe saukunis mijnaze Seqmnili Cveni
eris eTnologiurad srulyofili portreti.
pirvels („puris moTxroba“) kiTxulob da yvelafers
„xedav“ ...
meores („TuSi mecxvare“) uyureb da yvelafers „kiTxulob“...
miuxedavad imisa, rom erTi kinoxelovnebis, xolo meore
literaturis nimuSia, isini erT mizans emsaxurebian. TiTqos
„paraleluri montaJiT“ erTad adgenen aTswleulebis Sro-
mis Semajamebel dokuments (amis Sesaxeb ukve vTqvi) da xe-
lovnebis enaze hqmnian mxatvrul matianes. raTa ufro ad-
vilad „wasakiTxi“ gaxdes is momavali TaobisTvis.
aq cota xans kidev unda SevCerdeT, raTa kinoxelovnebisa
da literaturis CvenSi arsebul SemoqmedebiT kavSirze ve-
saubroT mkiTxvels. am urTierTobam dRemde araerTi sain-
tereso proeqtis ganxorcieleba gaxada SesaZlebeli da rac

71
mTavaria, gamocdilebis urTierTgaziarebiT gaamdidra xe-
lovnebis es ori dargi .
meoce saukunis dasawyisSi TxuTmetsaukunovan qarTul
literaturas axalSeqmnili qarTuli kino amoudga mxarSi da
TiTqmis Tanabari ZaliT gaswia is tvirTi, romelsac aqamde
ase caluRlad ezideboda Cveni mwerloba.
Tavdapirvelad kino daeyrdno qarTuli mwerlobis gamoc-
dilebas, daiwyo misgan siuJetebis sesxeba, xasiaTis Seqmnis
gamocdilebis gaziareba da uSualod klasikuri teqstebis
ekranizacias mihyo xeli.
marTalia, xelovnebis am axal dargs zogjer literatu-
ruli saxeebis adekvaturi gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis
povna uWirda da ekranizaciac teqstis ubralo dasuraTebas
emsgavseboda, magram kinom TandaTanobiT aiTvisa am dargSi
dagrovebuli gamocdileba, gamoimuSava sakuTari kinoena da
kulturis sruliad Tanamedrove nacionalur dargad daim-
kvidra Tavi.
am „enaze“ Seiqmna CvenSi kinos msoflio donis Sedevrebi.
Zalze mniSvnelovani da sasargeblo proeqti ganxorci-
elda, rodesac, gasuli saukunis 80 -iani wlebSi, qarTvel
mweralTa umravlesoba kinostudia „qarTuli filmis“ mwe-
ralTa gaerTianebaSi dasaqmda. sityvis ostatebma kinoma-
tografiaSi Semoitanes uamravi axali idea, qarTuli kino
gamdidrda axali TematikiT. es TanamSromloba mwerlebis-
Tvis sasargeblo gamodga, radgan maT SeiTvises kinoscenaris
specifika – dramaturgiuli xazis, paraleluri montaJis
da mxatvruli fonis Seqmnis mdidari gamocdileba.
qarTulma dokumenturma kinom erTxans stereotipad aq-
cia wamyvanis teqstis praqtika (aq didi gavlena iqonia revaz
TabukaSvilis cnobilma filmebma), ramac TiTqos daaknina
kidec gamomsaxvelobiTi masalis roli TxrobaSi. Tumca am
filmis („TuSi mecxvare“) reJisor soso CxaZais sasaxelod
unda iTqvas, rom man dokumentur kinos daubruna namdvili
kinos yvela Tviseba da bunebriv procesSi avtoris Tanamo-
nawileobis principiT absolutur damajereblobas miaRwia.

72
 gasuli saukunis kinoxelovnebaSi soso CxaiZe erT-er-
Ti gamorCeuli reJisoria. Tumca am filmze saubris dros
aucileblad unda vaxsenoT scenaris avtorebi, SesaniSnavi
mwerlebi amiran WiWinaZe, valerian sulakauri da devi iva-
nov-Ciqovani. aseve, filmis operatori irakli onofriSvili,
romelsac ganskuTrebulad mZime pirobebSi mouwia muSaoba.
dasamaxsovrebelia msaxiob irakli xizaniSvilis persona-
Ji (leqso), romelmac adgilobriv mwyemsebTan erTad „Caner-
gili gmiris“ savsebiT bunebrivi saxe Seqmna.
„TuSi mecxvaris~ gamosvlis Semdeg kinomcodneebi saub-
robdnen „axal novatorul enaze, epikurobaze, dokumen-
turisa da mxatvrulis damajerebel sinTezze“.
mayureblebi aRniSnavdnen mdidar xasiaTebs, Tematur sim-
didres, dialogis bunebrivobas da kinoenis damajerebel
Txrobas.
`TuSi mecxvarec~ mTlianad polifoniis wesebzea agebuli.
amiT is gvagonebs mravalxmian galobas, romelSic arc erTi
xma ar kargavs individualobas da amave dros, yvela erT
mTlianobas qmnis.
filmSi moqmedebis garemo mTlianad dokumenturia, per-
sonaJebi (mTavari gmiris garda) adgilobrivi macxovreblebi
arian. filmSi ganzogadoebuli TuSi mecxvareebis yovel-
dRiuri yofa. masSi moqmedi gmirebis sxvadasxva xasiaTia
warmoCenili.
filmis siuJeti Zalze martivia. dasawyisidanve mayurebe-
li ecnoba TuSi mecxvareebis mZime cxovrebas. am mkacr gare-
moSi sruliad „SeumCnevlad“ Semodis patara biWi – zuriko.
balRi, romlis mama varlami cxvarSi daiRupa. biWi cdilobs
mamis magivroba gaswios (mamis „badalSi“ Cadges) da mwyesebis
gverdiT manac „sruli kacis“ wili miiRos. Tumca „ufrosebi“
mamis adgilze damnaSve leqsos hgzavnian, romelmac erT kacs
scema da gamosasworeblad cxvarSi yofna miusajes.
aq mas xvdeba faris sarqali giorgi. mkacri, magram samar-
Tliani Tavkaci, romelic imgvari bunebrivobiT „ixsneba“ ga-
dasaReb kamerasTan, rom mayurebels xSirad eWvic ki epareba
misi, rogorc kinopersonaJi mwyemsis „namdvilobaSi“.

73
 bagrata – mxiaruli xasiaTis mwyemsi, romelsac veraferi
ver ucvlis gunebas, vidre sakuTari Svili sircxvils ar aW-
mevs (misi Svili brakonieria).
mwyemsi – arCili, romelic fiqrobs, rom sadac salaparako
da sakamaToa, iq bagrata unda midiodes da ara is.
moxuci mwyemsi – Tandila, romelic winaswar gegmavs Tavis
sikvdils da imasac axerxebs, rom leqsos zedmeti Sroma ar
SeamTxvios.
filmis dasasruls mayurebeli igebs, Tu rogor abrune-
ben zurikos skolaSi, leqsos umTavrdeba pirobiTi sasjeli
da kvlavac Zvel cxovrebas ubrundeba, Tandila samudamod
rCeba mTaSi, cxvari ki isev Zveleburad dadis TuSeT-kaxeTis
gzebze. ileva, ileva, Tumca jerac Zveleburad alamazebs Tu-
SeTis mkacr peizaJs („vina sTqva TuSTa daleva..“ – xalxuri)...
filmi sanaxaobrivadac Zalze sainteresoa. naCvenebia sak-
maod mZafri epizodebi, rasac mwyemsebis mkacr bunebasTan
Widili, qurdebis winaaRmdeg brola da cxovrebis biurokra-
tiul wesebTan dapirispireba iwvevs. aseve mwyemsebis mud-
mivi konfliqti mZRolebTan, romlebic maTive wridan arian
gamosulni da cdiloben maTze maRla dadgnen (niSandobliv-
ia, rom leqsoc mZRolia da bolos isic sakuTar profesias
ubrundeba).
dabolos, erTi kadri ganwyobisaTvis: mwyemss kiserze bat-
kani hyavs Semosmuli. is mdinaris piras Caimuxlebs da moux-
erxeblad cdilobs wyals daewafos. batkanic dros ixelTebs
da masTan erTad iklavs wyurvils ...

***
nugzar SataiZe im qarTuli literaturuli skolis „war-
Cinebuli kursdamTavrebulia“, romelic saTaves mecxramete
saukunis xalxosnebidan iRebs da romlis erT-erT saukeTeso
warmomadgenlad meoce saukuneSi mkiTxveli revaz inaniS-
vils icnobs.
dRemde ukve ramdenime werilSi vcade nugzar SataiZis,
rogorc mwerlis, bunebis gaxsna, Tumca mis yovel teqstTan
Sexvedra marwmunebs, rom misi Semoqmedeba mravalwaxnagova-

74
nia. misi tradiciuli Tematika, romlis erTgvari sacnobari
niSani isicaa, rom mas „taniniani Rvinis gemo dahkravs da
nivris suni asdis“, sruliad Sors dgas Zalze Tanamedrove
da aqtualuri Temisgan, rogoric aris Tundac mwerlis „mog-
zauroba afrikaSi“, `Semodgomis wvima“ da Cven mier ukve bevr-
jer naxsenebi mxatvrul-enciklopediuri nawarmoebi „puris
moTxroba“.
nawarmoebis kompozicias e.w. enciklopediuri masala
hqmnis. dramaturgia viTardeba qronologiuri principiT,
miwis xvna-Tesvidan vidre puris cxobamde, romelic buneb-
rivad weliwadis oTxive dros moicavs.
avtori am masalas amdidrebs ritualuri wes-CveulebiT,
xalxuri zepirsityvierebiT da gadmocemebiT, romelTagan
zogierTi nawarmoebSi damoukidebel noveladac imkvidrebs
Tavs.
„puris moTxrobis“ wakiTxvis Semdeg kidev erTxel
vrwmundebi, rom ena saukeTesod inaxavs eris istorias,
leqsikuri simdidre qveynis mravalsaukunovan warsulze,
xolo frazeologiis simravle misi Sinaarsiani cxovrebis
ritualur mxareze mianiSnebs.
nawarmoebis mTavari personaJi, romelic mkiTxvels Se-
iZleba yuradRebis miRma darCes, aqac xizambarelia. is (am
gvaris personaJi) ukve meored Semovida Cvens literaturaSi
(giorgi SatberaSvilis „mkvdris mze“) da patiosani kiriT-
xuro, romelic ratomRac vercxlis savse gudas daxarbda
da sabediswerod sajildao qvas SeeWida, kvlav gacocxlda
„puris moTxrobaSi“. gacocxlda, rogorc ukanaskneli guT-
nisdeda, romelsac Zveleburad marjved „uWiravs“ Txrobis
dramaturgiuli xazi da dasaviwyeblad ganwiruli kultura
miwis xnuliviT amoaqvs mzis sinaTleze.
avtori saocari ostatobiT, sul ramdenime sityvaSi
acocxlebs xizambarelis xasiaTs da mTeli misi saqmianobis
tragikul xvedrs:
`berikacs xelSi wyliani doqi eWira, win, dabal skamze ki
jamiT, purCayrili, naxevrad SeWmuli rZis SeWamandi edga,
romelic aseve buzebiT iyo gadaSavebuli.

75
 ilam, raki Sin marto iyo. WiSkris Wrialze yurebi cqvita –
romeli xaro!
me var-meTqi ...
xmaze micno da usinaTlo Tvalebi momaStera – Tofi ara
gaqvso?
Tofi rad ginda – meTqi?!
mesrole da momkali, aRar movida is beiTalmani
sikvdilio!“
nawarmoebis dasawyisSi ki erTgvarad simbolurad gaismis
avtoris mier (is TiTqos Tanamedrove mkiTxvels eZaxis) bav-
SvobaSi gagonili fraza: – sad midixarT, Tqve sulelebo, aq
mogiyvanT kidobanio.
marTlacda, sad gaeqceva mkiTxveli puris Sesanaxad
sufTad garanduli ficrebisagan Sekrul, moxaratebul
yuTs, imavdroulad bibliuri arqetipebiT datvirTul
kidobans, romelic jer kidev kidev inaxavs tradiciis,
Semecnebis, sulieri gamocdilebis imgvar arsobis purs,
romelsac mravali Taobis gamokveba isev SeuZlia. avtoris
Txroba kinokadrebiviT acocxlebs warsuls:
`mivedi, naRvliani RimiliT avxade da Sig Cavixede.
netavi ki ar amexada... raRa ar damxvda Sig: namglis piri,
jaWvis nawyveti, daSlili duqardi, gatexili qasuri, Zveli
sadgisi, rqis saTiTurebi, qaSanuris natexari...“
es yvelaferi Cveni warsulia. misgan gaqceva ki iseve Zne-
lia, rogorc puris kidobnidan, radgan Cvenc swored es war-
suli gvkvebavs.
„im bnel sxvenSi, rogorc kinoTeatris Cabnelebul dar-
bazSi, erTmaneTs enacvleboda niavs ayolili mokurfRlave
jejilebi, mzekabaniT Cagviristebuli dapurebuli yanebi,
namgali da celi, fiwali da arnadi, wisqvili da Tone.
zogjer gaielvebda didi xnis winaT gardasul, sayvarel
adamianTa saxeebic, imaTi mzeze gaxunebuli TavSlebi, spetaki
xilabandebi, nabdis qudebi, matylis TeTri windebi...
isini, raxania, wasuliyvnen, saTiTaod gakrefiliyvnen da
Tan waeRoT dakoJrili, magram mainc lbili da alersiani xe-
lebi, mtkivani saxsrebi, Suqdaklebuli Tvalebi, gatexili
gulebi.
76
 maTTan erTad gamqraliyo kalo da kevri, xari da guTani,
tabiki da apeuri.
ganelebuliyo fqvilis ambrisa da puris kidobnis surne-
li, daviwyebas miscemoda uamravi sityvac da marTalia, miwa
isev imoseboda mwvane balaxiT, isev WikWikebdnen da ustvend-
nen Wreli Citebi, magram axla imaT saxelebi aRar hqondaT –
usaxelod yvaodnen, usaxelod WikWikebdnen...“
erTgan ukve vTqvi, rom nugzar SataiZis moTxrobebi
„sadedaeno qarTuliT aris-meTqi dawerili da axla, „puris
moTxrobis“ xelaxla wakiTxis Semdeg, TavisTavad gaCnda
amgvari metaforuli saxe: nugzar SataiZis SemoqmedebaSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki mis „puris moTxrobaSi,“ qarTuli ena Tavis
Tinas lekurs cekvavs.
swored am enaze „iTargmna“ aq puris zela da cxoba. xvna,
Tesva, farcxva da morwyva ... yanis momka, lewva da ganiaveba ...
guTani, uReli, tabikebi da apeurebi... saxnisi, sakveTi, xmala,
frTa, manWvebi, gogorebi, jambara da qusli.
am moTxrobaSi avtors Zalze martivi amocana hqonda da
mis gadawyvetas cdilobda: ai, aswleulebis, Tundac aTas-
wleulebis Semdeg viRacam, visac guTnis, namglis, apeuris,
kevris, varclis, gamtkiculi fqvilis saxeli ar ecodineba
(amisTvis albaT ganmartebiTi leqsikonis daxmareba daWir-
deba), saxlSi gamomcxvari puris gasinjva rom moiwadinos,
swored am moTxrobis, rogorc saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT,
unda SeZlos miwis moxvna, marcvlis daTesva, xorblis momka,
galewva, ganiaveba, dafqva. mozela da Tonidan puris amoyrac.
am moTxrobis mixedviT ki Seadginos qarTuli sityviere-
bis wiTeli wigni, romelSic es daRlili sityvebi daimkvid-
reben Tavs.
axla am sityvebisTvis aRara Rirs gulis dawyveta da maT
gadarCenaze zrunva, radgan sityvebic adamianebsa hgvanan,
maT aTasweulebis ganmavlobaSi iRvawes, iSromes, daiRalnen
da samudamo daemkvidrnen TavianT sasufevelSi.
zogierT maTgans (ise rogorc adamians) ukvdavebac ergo.
ai, am werilSic Tu mkiTxveli raime nakls aRmoaCens, ityvis

77
xarveziao da arc ki daukvirdeba, rom am sityvaSic isev xari
brunavs da cdilobs swored gaitanos kvali:
„kvalsa da kvals Sua rom uxeiro guTnisdeda mouxnavs
dastovebda, imas, pataras „wiwili“ erqva, dids „xarvezi“
amaze naTqvami iyo: „cota sjobia naxnavi, bevrsa da
xarveziansao“.

***
davubrundeT isev miwaTmoqmedebis da momTabare cxov-
rebis Temas.
saqarTvelos im regionebSi, sadac Tanabrad iyo ganviTa-
rebuli meurneobis es ori dargi, bolo wlebamde iqna Senar-
Cunebuli e.w. „bibliuri gamocdileba“ – tradicia, romlis
mixedviTac ojaxSi, ori Zmidan erTi Tu miwaTmoqmedis pro-
fesias irCevda da „Sinakacad“ rCeboda, meore cxvris moSe-
nebas iwyebda da momTabare cxovrebas misdevda.
miwaTmoqmedi Zma Tavis mamulebze uwin Zmas uxnavda miwas,
mwyemsi Zma ki mis samwysos amravlebda Tavis faraSi.
Tumca, isini mainc tradiciulad eqiSpebodnen erTmaneTs
da ametebdnen TavianT namuSakevs.
ai, rogor gvixatavs mwyemsi „Sinaurebis“ cxovrebas:
ra uWirT Sinaurebs, sxedan da tarebs hTliano,
or-samani hyav Zroxani, saZir-girkliTa hbiano,
zafxulSi Tivas gahTiben, zamTarSi CamahTriano,
udeben dedakacebi, balReb ki Cauyriano,
nacrian bolon dahqonan, usaxlon tyavni scviano,
Samahxvevian dedasa: „dedao, puri gvSiano“
„vah, dedas Tqvensa, balRebo, me gana puri mqviano?!
dilasav viyav wisqvilsa jer ar Camoufqviano“.
pataras fqvilas wascrian, ufro mets qatos scriano,
malmale gaduTbileben : „ar gamoscxvia, tialo?!
naxevars comasa sWamen, ufro mets gahyriano.
TiTo jam wakas axvreten, TiTo Tung wyalsa scliano,
SimSilis Sawuxebulni Zirxveneebsa sTxriano.
(„leqso, nu daikargebi“)

Tumca, mwyemss valSi arc „Sinaurebis“ jalabi rCeba:

78
 qalma Tqva: „qmari ar minda, nu gamaTxueb, dedao!
nu mimcem mecxvare kacsa, Toro maizrobs fexsao,
nu mimcem monadiresa, gadmuardeba kldesao,
Tu mimcem, iseTs kacs mimec, ro iyos guTnisdedao,
movides guTanzeiTa, damijdes loginzedao.
(„leqso nu daikargebi“)

erTi mudam garSemo uvlida Tavis qveyanas. Rameebs Ria

cisqveS aTenebda, fxizlobda, faris nakvlevs mihyveboda, na-
dirs da qurds ebrZoda da xandaxan, fesvebs rom ar moswyve-
toda, Soridan moinatrebda sakuTar niwa-wyals, rogorc da-
viwyebul codnas ise ixsenebda bavSvobis mSobliur gancdas.
meore ki mamapapur saxls iyo mijaWvuli da mudam kerias-
Tan trialebda. miwas ebrZoda. xnavda, Tesavda, mkida, lewavda
da mxolod xandaxan Tu gadacdeboda ezo-kars, raTa erTxel
mainc Soridan Seexeda Tavisi samSoblosTvis, vidre Sinidan
upatronod mitovebuli saxlis maradiuli Zaxilis xma mo-
swvdeboda.
erTs rom saxlidan gasvla enatreboda, meore mudam Sin
dabrunebas cdilobda...
Cvens droSi am ori Zmis, ori gansxvavebuli jgufis iden-
toba kargad esadageba sazRvrebs gareT gasuli Cveni Taname-
mamuleebis (isinic xom momTabareoben) da aq darCenili moqa-
laqebiis cxovrebas. isini nacionaluri kulturis or mZlavr
Senakads warmoadgenen da kvlavac Tanabari ZaliT hkvebaven
dro-Jamisagan ramdenadme dasustebul erovnul sxeuls.
amitom, CvenSi dResac ismis (da albaT, momavalSic gaisme-
ba) is ori fraza, rogorc gafrTxileba, romelic ormxrivad
(garedan da Signidan) awesrigebs da gansazRvravs Cvens mara-
diul arsebobas.
erTi mxriv, Sinauri Zma rom daadevnebs „gareT“ gasulebs
am sityvebs:
„–sad midixarT, Tqve sulelebo, aq mogiyvanT kidobanio...“
meore mxriv ki, sadRac, dedamiwis sxva napiridan, mama rom
gamoaxedebs Tavis Svils da moCvenebiTi darwmunebiT (TiT-
qos marTlac rames xedavdes) etyvis:
„ai, balRo, Seni samSoblo!~
79
xelovneba

karlo kaWarava (1964-1994 )

levan bregaZe

`Cven gvaSinebs ubraloeba~

(karlo kaWaravas poetikis Sesavali)

konformizmi adaptaciis saxeobaa. oRond pirveli maT-

gani uaryofiTi konotaciis mqone cnebaa, meore – neitralu-
risa, romelic dadebiTisken aris odnav gadaxrili.
Tu adamianze vambobT, adaptaciis unari ara aqvso, es misi
uaryofiTi daxasiaTebaa, xolo Tu imave adamianze vityviT,
nonkonformistiao, amiT dadebiTad davaxasiaTebT mas. (es
imas hgavs, pesimistisTvis boTli naxevrad carieli romaa,
xolo optimistisTvis – naxevrad savse).
karlo kaWarava, romlis Semoqmedebac da amqveyniuri
arsebobac ocdaaTi wlis asakSi Sewyda 1994 wels, nonkon-
formistia, oRond ufro esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, vidre
socialur-politikuriT (socialur-politikuri nonkon-
formizmi iseT yovelmxriv gausaZlis viTarebaSi, romel-
Sic imdroindel sabWour da mere postsabWour sivrceSi
mcxovrebi adamianebi aRmovCndiT, Zneli ar iyo, esTetikuri
nonkonformizmi ki yovelTvis Znelia da did SemoqmedebiT
gabedulebas moiTxovs).
mxatvruli gamosaxvis aramarto calkeuli xerxebi, ar-
amed zogadi principebic ki droTa ganmavlobaSi cvdeba da
gamosacvleli xdeba. aq is meqanizmi muSaobs, romelsac lit-
mcodneebi avtomatizacia-deavtomatizacias uwodeben. im
moments, roca deavtomatizacia unda daiwyos, zogi Semoq-
medi sxvebze uwin igrZnobs xolme da inerciiT momuSave
Tanamokalmeebze adre daadgeba mxatvruli arsenalis ga-
80
naxlebis gzas. zemoT naxsenebi `cveTis~ aRsaniSnavad karlo
kaWarava iyenebs sityvas `maneruloba~ – anu, misi dakvirve-
biT, mxatvruli gamosaxvis xerxi `cveTis~ Sedegad maneru-
lobis STabeWdilebas tovebs, rac mas (xerxs) ar emarTeboda
manam, vidre misi deavtomatizaciis dro ar dadga (`maneruli~
m. WabaSvilis `ucxo sityvaTa leqsikonSi~ ganmartebulia ro-
gorc `arabunebrivi~).
ori citata leqsidan `mimoxilva~ (1987):

mas moeCvena, rom dasawyisi da dasasruli

kidev erTi pirobiTobaa,
romelic cxovrebas arTulebs.
misi asociaciuri fragmentalizmi banaluri da
maneruli iyo –
reprezentatiulad poetizirebuli;
[...]
mere ra rom Cvens droSi, viRac amerikaSi
klasikuri leqsTwyobis aRorZinebas cdilobs.
gana es ufro nakleb manerulia, vidre verlibri?~

`maneruli~, `poetizirebuli~ da `banaluri~ aq sinonimebia.

mxatvruli gamosaxvis Tavisi principi karlo kaWaravam
mkafiod gamoTqva im leqsis dasawyisSive, romlis saTauria
`monologi~ (1987):

avangardis arsenali. cxovelebi, monstrebi, berebi,

mefeni da angelozni.
spontanuri maneriTac manerulni.
iqneb zedmetad cxovelxatulnic.
Cven gvaSinebs ubraloeba, radgan sagnebSi
verafers vxedavT,
verc vgulisxmobT.

aq gamoCnda `manerulis~ kidev erTi sinonimi – `zedmetad

cxovelxatuli~. gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa paradoqsuli
fraza – `spontanuri maneriTac manerulni~: TviT sponta-

81
nurobac ki, anu manerulobis sapirispiro movlenac – rome-
lic asea ganmartebuli m. WabaSvilis `ucxo sityvaTa leqsi-
konSi~: `garegani gavlenis gareSe, TavisTavad, Sinagani mize-
zebiT warmoqmnili~ – raRac momentSi SesaZloa manarulobas
daemgvanos, Tuki... (sagangebod ar vamTavreb frazas, vinaidan
zedmeti dazustebani Tu ar gaanadgurebs, aucileblad ga-
abanalurebs paradoqss, romelic `moiTxovs amoxsnas, magram
amavdroulad ewinaaRmdegeba kidevac amas~, rogorc zustad
SeniSnavs am ritorikuli figuris kargi mcodne volf Smidi).
karlo kaWaravas leqsebisa da eseisturi nawerebis minia-
turuli gamocemisTvis (`monologi~, gamomcemloba `univer-
sali~, 2014) wamZRvarebul Cinebul winaTqmaSi SoTa iaTaS-
vilma am araCveulebrivi xelovanis – poetis, mxatvris, moaz-
rovnis – SemoqmedebiTi meTodis ramdenime niSan-Tviseba war-
moaCina, romelTa Soris umTavresi karlo kaWaravas poeziis
dokumenturobaa. kerZod, am winaTqmaSi, romelsac erTob
sagulisxmo saTauri aqvs – `RaribTa gverdiT~ – vkiTxulobT:
`Cemi azriT, is [karlo kaWarava] pirveli qarTveli WeSma-
riti dokumentalisti poetia, es dokumentalizmi ki masTan
ukve araa aRweris sworxazovani meTodi da iyenebs momxdaris
moyolis sruliad polarul saSualebebs, axdens realurisa
da irealuris, miwierisa da zeciuris damajerebel sinTezss,
ris Sedegadac movlenis (Tu movlenaTa) suraT-xati Tavisi
sisaTuTiTa Tu SemzaraobiT wlis, dRisa Tu wamis, magram ne-
bismier SemTxvevaSi mainc epoqis dokumentad formdeba~.
im xanad, roca karlo kaWarava Tavis poetur teqstebs
qmnida, poezia kidev erTxel aRmoCnda gzagasayarze: bolos-
dabolos xom unda damTavrebuliyo erTob gaWianurebuli
xana postmodernizmisa da dawyebuliyo rame axali. es viTa-
reba – dokumentalizmisken, nonfiqSenisken swrafva – kargad
SeniSna rusulenovanma taSkentelma poetma, prozaikosma da
kritikosma evgeni abdulaevma da Cinebuladac aRwera igi:
`nonfiqSenisadmi interesma gaiRviZa 90-iani wlebis Sua
xanebSi. 90-iani wlebis bolodan dokumentalizmma SeaRwia
dramaturgiaSi (Teatri verbatimi), xolo Semdeg prozaSic.
82
[ganviTarebis spiralis] axal xveulze meordeba 1920-iani
wlebis viTareba, roca tonis mimcemi iyo `faqtis literatura~.
ra cvlilebebi xdeba Tanamedrove poeziaSi am mravalxmo-
vani, medini da vizualuri realobis zegavleniT?
lirikuli `me~ naklebad gamoixateba; poeturi metyvele-
bis monologuroba adgils uTmobs polilogs, erTsa da imave
leqsSi ramdenime Tanabaruflebiani xmis arsebobas.
lirikuli `me~-s mdgomareobis aRwera icvleba garegan
viTarebaTa, movlenaTa, faqtTa fiqsirebiT; poezia ufro me-
tad fabuluri xdeba.
poeturi fraza iCrdileba sagnobrivi samyaros vizualu-
ri konkretulobiT; azris damajereblobas `suraTis~ dama-
jerebloba enacvleba.
windawinve frCxilebs gareT gamaqvs is sakiTxi, kargia es
Tu cudi. es aris is, rac aris (...), me amas davarqmevdi natura-
lizms Tanamedrove poeziaSi~ (`sinamdvilis poezia [VIII]. nark-
vevebi 2010-iani wlebis poeziaze~, J. `arioni~, 2014, №2).
axla Tavidan bolomde wavikiTxoT karlo kaWaravas usa-
Tauro leqsi, romlis daweris TariRia 1989 weli, daweris ad-
gili ki – senaki, da davinaxavT, rom masTan mimarTebaSi axla-
xan citirebuli litmcodneobiTi fragmentis yvela debule-
ba marTebulia, TiTqosda taSkentel avtors, roca poeziaSi
bolo saukuneTa gasayarze Seqmnil viTarebas axasiaTebda,
qarTveli poetis swored es leqsi edga Tvalwin:
dasavleT saqarTveloSi cxovreba aRar SeiZleba.
senakSi Tavisuflad iyideba Tomas vulfis wigni.
saRamoobiT grila. feriscvaleba ukve iyo.
dRisiT isev cxela.
bazarSi coli sadRac agzavnis yasabs,
xidTan dabmuli Zroxebi mzeSi da gamonabolqvSi
balaxoben.
Cven SevxvdiT ungrel qals, romelic aq ginekologad
muSaobs.
is yovelTvis ocnebobda sabWoeTidan emigraciaze,
magram meuRlis gamo senakSi cxovrobs.
TeatrTan mdidari liliputi wyals svamda.
sicxe.
83
 Camofasebul maRaziaSi viRac qalma safule dakarga.
qalebs aq umetesad Savebi acviaT.
Raribad Cacmuli Tormeti wlis gogona grZeli
oqrosferi TmebiT
iaffasian pomadas yidulobda.
es iyo maRaziaSi samrewvelo saqonlis gverdiT.
megrulad ikiTxes WaRis fasi.
televizorSi, romelic cudad uCvenebda
iaponelebi qarTulad mRerodnen.
cxelodaT.
`samxatvro~, `samkervalo~, `sapanaSvide musika CaweriT~
iq, sadac videqi, ewera `usaqmod dgoma akrZalulia~
xSirad sarkmlebidan micvalebulTa saxeebi ixedebian.
xangrZlivi mokiTxva naTesavebis.
isev bazarTan, wiTel manqanaSi, narkotikebze saubroben.
Zalian grZeli saxlebi samTavrobo aguriT aSenebuli
avtovagzali. viRac yviris bileTebi unda aiRoTo.
cxeloda...

(SevinarCuneT is punqtuacia, rac am leqss oTar yaralaS-

viliseul 2006 wlis gamocemaSi aqvs. – l. b.).
yoveli SemTxvevisTvis SegaxsenebT ramdenime debulebas
zemoT damowmebuli litmcodnebiTi naSromidan, romlebic
srulad aris realizebuli karlo kaWAravas am (da aramarto
am) leqsSi:
`poeturi metyvelebis monologuroba adgils uTmobs po-
lilogs, erTsa da imave leqsSi ramdenime Tanabaruflebiani
xmis arsebobas~;
`lirikuli `me~-s mdgomareobis aRwera icvleba garegan
viTarebaTa, movlenaTa, faqtTa fiqsirebiT~;
`azris damajereblobas `suraTis~ damajerebloba enacv-
leba~.
oRond Cven am erTob zusti dakvirvebebis avtoris mier
gamoyenebul termins – `naturalizms~ – TavsarT `neo-~-s da-
vumatebdiT – neonaturalizmi, – imitom, rom arc siurreal-
isturi pasaJebi unda gagvikvirdes me-20 saukunis damlevisa

84
da amJamindel poeziaSi, vinaidan siurrealizmis is saxeobac,
romelsac `faqtis poeziis~ mimdevari Tanamedrove avtore-
bi mimarTaven, naturalizmia, oRond ara empiriuli sinamd-
vilis amsaxveli, aramed sulieri (fsiqikuri) sinamdvilisa
(gavixsenoT, rom siurrealistTa erT-erTi meTodi spon-
tanuri asociaciebis dafiqsirebas gulisxmobda). yvelaze
metad swored amis gamo imsaxurebs Cveni drois naturalizmi
TavsarTs neo-.
magaliTad, ra asociaciebi SeiZleba gamoiwvios `suli-
erebis~ Sesatyvisma rusulma sityvam `duxovnost~?
karlo kaWaravas asociaciebi aseTia:

`duxovnost~ –
es aris, roca dostoevski xedavs bavSv-moCvenebas
msxverpladSeniRbul sacTurs, romlis tirilSi Cans
Stukis avxorci
`codvis~ Rimili.
`duxovnost~ –
es aris cxeli Cai, romelsac misCerebian WiqaSi
kovziT SAaqris morevisas.
`duxovnost~ –
es aris maradiuli mogzauroba yvelaze Zvirfasad
nacnobi Soreulis siSoris gasacxadeblad.
`duxovnost~ –
es aris bukinisturi maRazia, mTvrali rusi
nihilisti da misi Sopenhaueri (an Stirneri),
`duxovnost~ –
es aris xelmocaruli, magram optimisti, maZiebeli,
romelic ambobs: `es iqneba Cemi yvelaze didi siyvaruli,
romelsac viwro TeZoebi eqneba!~
`duxovnost~ –
es aris irmis rqebze moelvare saRamos oqro
Camavali mzis win – naZvebze zeviT.
`duxovnost~ –
es aris `repis~ okulturad aRmqmeli – komentatori
yvelaze ucnauri struqturalisti.

85
 #lamis mTeli Tavisi cxovreba da sulierebis ZiebaSi Se-
Zenili gamocdileba Cautevia am leqsSi avtors! skeptikos
SemoqmedTa oTxi aCrdilis SemoSveba leqsSi, romelTagan
erTi mweralia (dostoevski), erTic mxatvari (Stuki) da ori
filosofosi (Sopenhaueri, Stirneri) – cxeli Cais, bukini-
sturi maRaziis, Camavali mzisa da am mziT Seferili naZve-
bis naturalistur fonze – badebs samyaros idumalebis...
anda ase vTqvaT: badebs TiTqosda erTmaneTisgan Sors mdgom
movlenaTa Soris idumali kavSiris SegrZnobiT gamowveul
Tavbrudamxvev gancdas, gamdidrebuls mogzaurobis (Ta-
nac – maradiulis), siyvarulis (uamisoba aba rogor iqneba!)
da Tanamedrove xelovnebis simbolos – repis – Semcvel mo-
tivTa gaelvebiT... yovelive amis dasatevad ki am pawia leqsis
sivrces samyaros xedvis siurrealisturi manera afarToebs.
karlo kaWaravas manerulobis is saxeobac sZags, romelic
maRalfardovnebad iwodeba (`mZags~ – am maRalfardovan si-
tyvas, romlis stilistikurad neitraluri Sesatyvisi iqneba
`mZuls~, ramdenjerme mizanmimarTulad iyenebs leqsebSi). es
maRalfardovneba, romelic `mis Tanamedrove kulturas yve-
laze zustad axasiaTebs~ (malxaz xarbedia), miT ufro sZags,
rom maRalfardovnebiT cdiloben dafaron aramarto su-
lieri siRatake, aramed danaSaulobebic, romelic sabWouri
cxovrebis bolo aTwleulisTvis savsebiT gamoaSkaravda.
fragmentebi leqsidan `Sen daibade foTis elevatorTan~
(1993):

Sen gaswavlidnen cota zrdilobas, cota keTilgonierebas,

ufro metad tyuils,
da maRalfardovnebas, maRalfardovnebas, maRalfardovnebas.
romliTac unda mokla, romliTac unda iloco, romliTac
unda dascino,
rom ukvdav babuaTa sufrasTan geRirsos lukma...
[...]
SimSiliT kvdoma samarcxvinoa RvTismSoblis qveyanaSi.
Salva qiqoZis `qorwili guriaSi~ aq ar daxatula.
`imereTi, dedaCemi~ erTi sawyali moxuci qalia, romelic
sadRac qsovs.
86
 misi gaxseneba mxolod babuaTa sufrazea kargi.
maRalfardovnebiT, maRalfardovnebiT, maRalfardovnebiT.
im sityvebiT, romlebic ar icoda spiridon mciriSvilma.
im sityvebiT, romlebic cudad esmodaT ilias,
gabriels, mojamagire poets.

erTi ram Cans kidev mkafiod am fragmentidan: wina Tao-

basTGan dapirispirebas imis gacnobiereba aZlierebs, rom
saukunis bolos Cveni sazogadoeba qveynis damangrevel Sida
omamde uSualo winaparTa cxovrebis danaSaulebrivma yaidam
miiyvana. es dapirispireba aseTi simZafriT karlo kaWara-
vamde, mgoni, aravis gamouxatavs.
magram karlo kaWaravas arc amboxi sCvevia sworxazovani
da primitiuli. marTebulad aris SeniSnuli, rom „karlo
kaWaravas Semoqmedebas wrfivad gasdevs „mamis xatis“ sim-
bolo... [masTan] „mamis xati“ gvevlineba, rogorc droTa Tu
sivrceTa Sorisi mediumi, romelic zogjer intepretirebu-
lia rogorc uZRebi Svilisa da mamis igavi, zogjer ki mas nav-
sayudelisa Tu Sinagani dialogis romantizebuli, rig Sem-
TxvevebSi sentimentaluri forma aqvs~ (daTo koroSinaZe).
ambivalenturoba am Temas simZfresa da idumalebas
aniWebs:

me gamaxsenda uZRebi Svilis mama, misi Sexvedra da ambori.

iqneb manac icoda, rom Svilis neba mxolod moCveneba iyo
da misi vaJi uxilav ZalTa nebis aRmsrulebeli?

(usaTaurodan: `rad unda yofiliyo aseTi suleli misi

vaJi~);

msgavsi motivi TAavs iCens agreTve leqsSi `fsalmuni~:

mamav, – damarcxeba erTaderTi gzaa Senken

Sen ar gamiRimeb patiebisas –
amgvari ramis warmodgenac Tavxedobaa Cemgan...
[...]

87
 mamav, vamayob, rom Svili var Seni
sadRac waqceuli, arc mwuxare, arc dabneuli.
da yovelTvis is unda meTqva
ris Sesaxebac sduman
rac madlierebis gareSe miaqvT...

da bolos kidev erTi Strixi, romelic karlo kaWaravas ga-

moarCevs me-20 saukunis meore naxevris, mgoni, yvela qarTve-
li mwerlisagan, muSebisadmi misi mxurvale Tanadgoma da
solidarobaa. paradoqsia: sabWoTa kavSirad wodebuli muSa-
Ta da glexTa saxelmwifos arsebobis samocdameaTe wlis-
Tavze mSromeli kacis interesebi Tavidan gaxda dasacavi! im
droisaTvis araprestiJuli `muSaTa sakiTxis~ Tavis leqseb-
Si TematizebiT karlo kaWaravam warmoaCina rogorc Tavisi
keTilSobili buneba, aseve politikuri da esTetikuri ko-
niunqturisadmi dauqvemdebarebloba, rasac mxolod WeSma-
ritad didi xelovanni axerxeben.
am motivis – socialur-politikuri motivis – Taobaze
SoTa iaTaSvili, karlo kaWaravas axlo mcnobi da damfase-
beli, zemoT ukve naxseneb werilSi ise zustad da STambeW-
davad wers, rom umjobesia mas movusminoT:
„karlo kaWaravas [...] warsulidan „Tavisianebi“ hyavs da-
gulebuli da vinaidan masSi socialuri nervi ukiduresad
mZafria, araa gasakviri, rom isini umeteswilad „xalxos-
nebi“, proletmwerlebi, beCavi inteligenciis Rirseuli
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. formaciaTa cvlilebebis, omisa da
gapartaxebis wlebSi egnate ninoSvilisa Tu Wola lomTa-
TiZis aCrdilebis gamoxmoba misi, rogorc dokumentalistis
magiuri ritualia, maTi SemweobiT igi Tavadac „xalxosani“
xdeba, xdeba proletmwerali, Tumc sakmaod ucnauri, arcTu
yvelasaTvis gasagebi eniT molaparake, TiTqosda elitaruli
cnobierebidan gamosuli, muSebze, jariskacebze da onkolo-
giuris avadmyofebze rom wers, bolos da bolos, arc meti,
arc naklebi, „Raribi sizmrebis“ mTel cikls. [...] is wers pro-
letar feriaze leningradidan, wers mSvenier qarTvel qal-

88
ze, „romelic hgavda purs Rarib samzareuloSi“, wers imaze,
rom „samxreT afrikis maRaroebSi TeTri da Savi memaRaroebi
erTi ferisani arian“, an sulac imas, rom „Cemi satrfoa maRa-
ros jori“ mRerodnen amerikeli memaRaroebi“. citireba aq
TiTqmis dausruleblad SeiZleba, Tumca am fenomenis bune-
bas yvelaze iolad isev misive citatiT SevajamebT da amov-
xsniT: „muSaTa armia uyvarT Tavisebur idealistebs“, – am-
bobs erTgan karlo kaWarava da amiT albaT yvelaferia naTq-
vami. sworedac rom mas uyvars es armia da maT bedis anabara
ar tovebs: xan maTi gasaWiris anabanasaviT mcodne egnate ni-
noSvils mouvlens mxsnelad, xanac kidev ciur arsebebs, nim-
febs, angelozebs“.
moduri saxelebis gverdiT, iqnebian eseni poetebi, mxat-
vrebi, reJisorebi Tu filosofosebi (novalisi, herman
hese, luis keroli, paul celani, matisi, kandinski, mar-
sel diuSani, boisi, bergmani, fasbinderi da sxv. da sxv. da
sxv.) araprestiJuli egnate ninoSvilis xSir-xSiri xse-
neba socialur-politikuri nonkonformizmic aris da
esTetikuric.

***
minda davamTavro leqsis `mitovebuli urika~ finalis
citirebiT, romelic imdenad uCveulo meCvena, rom... rom ve-
rafers mivamsgavse. didi fiqris, intensiuri hermenevtiku-
li gansjisa da Tavis mtvrevis Semdeg mas aseTi kvalifikacia
mivaniWe – gulismomkvleli TanagancdiT SeniRbuli siur-
realisturi xumroba:

mec movifiqre dasasruli.

did universamSi, roca sagoravebel urikaSi:
Zexvs, yvels da Saqars SeagrovebT, sadRac didi yuTebis
ukan
miatoveT es urika
da sxva veravin SeamCnevs, mxolod Tqven gemaxsovrebaT,
ra Semzaravia mitovebuli urika.

89
 ara var darwmunebuli, rom zemomoyvanili Cemeuli de-
finiciiT ase Tu ise srulyofilad davaxasiaTe leqsis
citirebuli finalis mizandasaxuloba anu funqcia, magram,
vfiqrob, es gansazRvreba am ucnauri SeTAavazebis (`...miato-
veT es urika...~) erT sagulisxmo Taviseburebaze mainc amax-
vilebs yuradRebas: raRac drom unda gaiaros, droiTi dis-
tanciaa saWiro, vidre zemoaRniSnuli niRbis miRma xumrobas
aRmovaCendeT. es gamocdileba ki SesaZloa karlo kaWaravas
zogierTi sxva mxatvruli saxis interpretaciis drosac
gamogvadges. miT ufro, rom erT leqsSi (`moskovuri aRsare-
ba~) TviTonve ambobs:
`araseriozuloba moTxovnilebad meqca~.

90
 qeTevan jiSiaSvili

karlo kaWaravas qalaqi

urbanuli xatis safuZvlebi

karlo kaWaravas qalaqis saxe Tanamedrove samyaros eg-

zistencialuri konfliqtebiT datvirTuli adamianis su-
lieri diskomfortiTaa nakarnaxevi. qalaqi Caketili, kla-
ustrofobiul sivrcea, romelic daZabulad `vibrirebs~,
misi vibraciis sixSire ki personaJTa gancdebiT, maTi Sina-
gani daZabulobiT izomeba. datexili konturebi, sxvadasxva
zomis araproporciuli figurebi, kontrastuli ferebi
an uferuli nacrisferi garemo mZafr emociaTa mTel gamas
aRwers: SiSs, imedgacruebas, ganwirulebas, naRvels, rac
mxatvars xSirad halucinatoruli, zmanebiseuli inten-
sivobiT moaqvs Cvenamde.
kaWaravaseuli samyaros xedva, misi survili, Seqmnas maq-
simalurad koncentrirebuli emociuri JReradoba, axloa
eqspresionistul msoflaRqmasTan (werilebSi Tavadac saub-
robs sakuTar damokidebulebaze germanuli xelovnebis,
romantizmis, eqspresionizmis da neoeqspresionizmis Sesa-
xeb). mxatvris mier Seqmnili urbanuli xati – datvirTuli
egzistencialuri mniSvnelobebiTa da socialuri diskur-
siT, garkveul paralelebs badebs im axal urbanul esTe-
tikasTan, romelic eqspresionizmis saxeliTaa cnobili da
romelic saukuneTa gasayarze evropaSi momxdari istori-
uli cvlilebebis pasuxad megapolisis kulturis wiaRSi
Caisaxa. didi qalaqis tipis warmoqmna da ganviTareba TiTqos
daemTxva da Seezarda eqspresionizms, romlis mTavar motivs
quCebi da urbanul scenebi, daZabuli, mgznebare xalxiT
savse kompoziciebi warmoadgenda. Semoqmedis yuradRebis
koncentracia xdeba adamiansa da mis subieqtur samyaroze.
eqspresionizmi ar emaleba simaxinjes da pirdapir reagirebs
mis yvelaze damTrgunvel mxareebze. moqmedebaTa mTavari
91
scenad iqceva quCa, adgili, sadac Tanamedrove samyaros
absurduloba, uazroba yvelaze ukeT vlindeba.
1914 wlis manifestSi ludvig meidneri acxadebs, rom „uk-
ve droa daviwyoT sakuTari megapolisis xatva, mTrTolva-
re xeliT uamrav, freskis zomis tiloze unda aRibeWdos
is araCveulebrivi, saintereso saxeebi, romelic qalaqSi
gvxvdeba, prospeqtebis mTeli saSineleba da dramatizmi,
sadgurebis, fabrikebi, gazis tankerebi da xidebis rkinis
konstruqciebi. quCa ar aris tonebisa da naxevartonebis
TamaSi, rogorc amas impresionistebi gviqadageben, igi
bombebs gviSens fanjrebis rigiT, trasnportis farebiT,
sareklamo abrebiTa da ferTa avbediTi uformo masebiT~.
eqspresionizmi xelovnebas `siveluris~, `cocxali sima-
xinji~ mtvrian garemoSi mcxovrebi adamianis esTetikiT am-
didrebs da Tan urTavs emociaTa mTel speqtrs, rasac ada-
miani megapolisis maradganaxlebadi `amwuTieri gavlenis~
sapasuxod warmoqmnis. qalaqi warmoadgens civilizaciis
simaxinjis xats, Tumca swored megapolisSi isaxeba da vi-
Tardeba modernizmis yvela mimarTuleba anu, sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, megapolisis moralur koSmars gadaswonis, aba-
lansebs xelovnebisTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani es-
Tetikuri potenciali. es mimdinareoba, erTi mxriv, moicavs
antiurbanul paToss, mouwodebs bunebasa da dabis tipis qa-
laquri cxovrebisaken, meore mxriv ki tkbeba megapolisis
Semzaravi kulturiT, SiSiTa da simaxinjiT.
eqspresionistuli xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
awmyos ganuxorcielebel SemoqmedebiT energiasa da jer
kidev ardamdgar momavals Soris warmoqmnili sicariele.
avTenturobisa da sulierebis dakargvis safrTxe. kapita-
lizmisTvis Cveuli, emociurad distancirebuli, gagul-
grilebuli adamiani, rogorc urbanizaciis fsiqologiuri
produqti, eqspresionizmis erT-erTi yvelaze mtkivneul
Temad iqceva. am movlenis Tanmxlebi fsiqologiur-morluri
problemebi, kerZod, fsiqologiuri travmis daZlevisa da
moraluri arCevanis gakeTebis aucilebloba gansakuTre-
buli simwvaviT ayenebs mxatvris, Semoqmedis moqalaqeobri-

92
vi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs, rac gacnobierebuli saxiT
gvxvdeba rogorc zogadad eqspresionistebTan, ise karlo
kaWaravas SemoqmedebaSi.
Tavis eseSi `qalaqis ngreva, magapolisis socialuri
Teoria da eqspresionizmi~ devid frisbi eqspresionizmis
esTetikas urbanizaciis daCqarebuli procesisa da adami-
anis fsiqo-socialuri problemebis konteqstSi ganixilavs.
eqspresionizmi qalaqs iseTi kuTxidan uyurebs, saidanac,
simaxinjis miuxedavad, SesaZlebelia mis miwier, amwuTi-
er, cvalebad saxeSi esTtikuri mimzidvelobis wertilis
moxelTeba. es `asfaltis kulturaa~, sadac bunebisagan
mowyvetili adamiani cxovrobs. eqspresionistTa axal re-
voliuciur msoflmxedvelobas subieqturi kulturis
dakargvis intuitiuri SiSi udevs safuZvlad. xelovnebis
centrSi igi abrunebs adamiansa da mis Seulamazebel re-
alobas, rogorc qalaqis ganviTarebisa da cvlilebebis
yovlismomcveli dinamikis erTgvar sapirwones. mwvaved
ayenebs individualuri kulturis atrofiis sakiTxs georg
zimelic. igi saubrobs nevrozulobaze, rogorc megapo-
lisis moqalaqis gardauval xvedrze: `moWarbebuli cxovre-
biseuli nevrozuloba, romelsac Sinagani da garegani STa-
beWdilebebis swrafi da uwyveti cvla ganapirobebs~ xels
muSlis stabiluri subieqturi realobis miRwevas, adamiani
mudmivad reagirebs cvalebadi garemos gamaRizianeblebze.
germanuli eqspresionizmisa da qarTuli gardamavali
periodis sivrcisTvis erTnairad damaxasaiaTebelia qaotu-
robisa da arastabilurobis gancda. nevrozuloba Cvens
realobaSi ukavSirdeba uzarmazar cvlilebebs msoflio
masStabiT, epoqaTa gasayars, sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevas,
politikuri da socialuri sistemis destruqcias da a.S.
imedgacruebaTa Zlier talRas, rac jer erovnuli moZ-
raobis, Semdeg ki samoqalaqo konfliqtis tramvebs mohyva,
yofiTi sirTuleebi emateba. Sesabamisad, grZnobaTa da
gancdaTa amplituda mTel im uaryofiT speqtrs moicavs,
rac omisSemdgomi didi qalaqis realobas axlavs Tan: da-
Zabulobas, panikas, urbanul SiSs, agresias, ususurobas

93
mxatvrebi analogiuri eqspresiuli mxatvruli xerxebiT
gamoxataven – gazviadebuli datexili konturiT, intensiur
ferTa kontrastebiT da a.S.
iseve, rogorc omisSemdgom berlinSi, postsabWoTa Tbi-
lisisTvis quCa yoveldRiurobis centraluri sivrced
iqceva. qarTuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis pirveli Tval-
Sisacemi cvlileba qalaquri cxovrebis Signidan gareT,
quCebSi gadatanaa. nebismieri ambavi, movlena – iqneba es
80-90-iani wlebis urbnauli legenda Tu siuJeti – quCas
ukavSirdeba.
transportis paralizeba da sawvavis krizisi quCebs
fexiTmosiaruleTa masebiT avsebs da am teritoriebze
socialur urTierTobebs aaqtiurebs. qalaqi, rogorc sis-
temidan amovardnili sxeuli, nel-nela sazogadoebis imwu-
Tieri, SemTxveviTi moTxovnebis damakmayofilebel sivrced
gardaiqmneba. pirveli TvalsaCino, cxadi forma moqala-
qeebis Zalauflebisa, quCebis dakaveba da misi samitinge
sivrced qceva iyo. xelisuflebasTan dapirispirebis am-
gvari forma quCas ideuri brZolis velad moiazrebs. emo-
ciuri centri rusTavelze gadmodis, aqve xdeba 9 aprilis
tragikuli movlenebi, mTavrobis saxlis win Cndeba karvebi,
Semdeg ki es teritoria namdvil brZolis velad gardaisa-
xeba. adamianTa mTavari samoqmedo sivrce swored quCaa. am-
denad, SemxveviTi ar aris, rom k. kaWaravas SemoqmedebaSi
adamianis egzistencialuri problemebi da socialuri usa-
marTlobis konceptebi swored quCis sivrces gadaejaWva.
qarTul-germanul urbanul garemoTa Soris paralelebi
ikveTeba fsiqo-socialuri gavlenebis TvalsazrisiTac:
adamianis emociuri reagireba movlenebze tragikulia da
agresiasa da sasowarkveTas Soris meryeobs. erTi mxriv,
daZabul emociur fons, meore mxriv ki – avtomatizmamde
dasul yoveldRiurobas Tan axlavs erTgvari absurdu-
lobis, daujereblobis gancda. yoveldRuri yofa sruliad
warmoudgenel formebs iRebs.
80-iani wlebis bolodan moyolebuli, erTmaneTis mim-
devrobiT ganviTarebul movlenaTa Cqari cvalebadoba

94
adamians ar utovebs dros, Tanadroulad gaacnobieros da
miiRos realoba, igi mxolod emociur reagirebas da cveTas
iwvevs. adamians eufleba gancda, TiTqos igi gaucnobiere-
bel, ulogiko samyaroSi monawileobs, romlisac bolomde
arc ki esmis, radgan amgvari cvlilebebi mis arCevans ar
warmoadgens da misi warmosaxvis mosalodnel zRvars scil-
deba. miuxedavad imisa, rom radikalurad gauaresebul
socialur realobas adamiani yoveldRiuri aucilebeli
qmedebebiTa da Sesabamisi gancdebiT pasuxobs, mas mas mainc
rCeba realurs miRma darCenilis erTgvari sizmriseuli
gancda, romelic mas sakuTari cxovrebis ara warmmarTve-
lad, aramed arsebuli cxovrebiseuli scenis personaJad
agrZnobinebs Tavs. individualur doneze es yvelaferi ab-
surdulobisa da apaTiis aRqmebSi da SegrZnebebSi aisaxeba.
sagulisxmoa, rom am periodis jerovani gacnobiereba dRem-
de ar momxdara da igi kvlav `daujereblis~, `absurdulis~
niSniT cocxldeba TanamedroveTa saubrebsa da mexsierebaSi.
90-iani wlebis bolo periodi swored am ori veqtoriT,
erTi mxriv, ararealurobis gancdiT, meore mxriv ki yovel-
dRiurobis mimarT sruli koncentraciiTa da ZalisxmeviT
gamoirCeva.
drois fsiqologiuri portreti zedmiwevniTaa asaxauli
kaWaravas ara mxolod mxatvrobaSi, aramed poeziaSic. misi
poezia 90 – iani wlebis yoveldRiurobis erTgvari qroni-
kebia, `dokumenturi poezia~, rogorc mas SoTa iaTaSvili
uwodebs: `Cemi azriT, is pirveli qarTveli WeSmariti doku-
mentalisti poetia, es dokumentalizmi ki masTan ukve araa
aRweris sworxazovani meTodi. is iyenebs momxdaris moyolis
sruliad polarul saSualebebs, axdens realurisa da ire-
aluris, miwierisa da zeciuris damajerebel sinTezs, ris
Sedegadac movlenis (Tu movlenaTa) suraT-xati Tavisi si-
saTuTiTa Tu SemzaraobiT wlis, dRisa Tu wamis, magram ne-
bismier SemTxvevaSi mainc epoqis dokumentad formdeba~.
eqspresionizmis istoriul konteqstTan gadakveTa iki-
Txeba RirebulebaTa rRvevis, axali moraluri daSvebebis
sferoSic. axali saxis komunikacia, magaliTad, komerciuli

95
urTierTobebis kapitalisturi modeli zrdis naprals su-
lierebasa da axali drois mier SemoTavazebul cxovrebis
stils Soris. manamde arsebuli cxovrebis wesi da msofl-
mxedveloba gamousadegari xdeba, SemoTavazebuli Rirebu-
lebaTa sistema ki – ucxo da miuRebeli. dedaqalaqis amgvari
swrafi cvlileba, rac sul aT weliwads moicavs, Zlier gav-
lenas axdens mosaxleobis fsiqologiur mdgomareobaze.
sxva saxelovnebo mimdinareobebisgan gansxvavebiT, eqs-
presionizms gamoarCevs mZafri pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba
xalxis winaSe da Zlieri socialuri kritika, amitom am mi-
marTulebis warmomadgenlebi xSirad meryeoben Semoqme-
dobiTobasa da socialur pasuxismgeblobas Soris. megapo-
lisis Zlier ritmebSi eqspresionisti adamianis sulieri
cxovrebis ruqas adgens da mis gadarCenas cdilobs.
mxatvris, rogorc pasiuri damkvirveblis tradiciuli
saxis adgils Semoqmedis aqtiuri pozicia ikavebs. impre-
sionistuli midgoma realobisadmi – pasiuri STabeWdileba,
romlis miRmac aqtiuri pirovneba ar ikiTxeba, eqspresio-
nizmisTvis principulad miuRebelia. pirvel rigSi, eqspre-
sionisti mxatvari Tavs valdebulad Tvlis gadmosces is
samyaro, romelic mis irgvlivaa, anu misi qalaqi. xelovne-
baSi uxeS da obieqtur faqtTan dabruneba adamianis realo-
baSi dabrunebis tolfasia. rogorc d. frisbi SeniSnavs,
`quCis sivrceSi adamianis dabruneba angrevs bodleriseul
warmodgenas mozeime-moxetiale zarmacis Sesaxeb iseve, ro-
gorc warmodgenas pasiur damkvirvebelze, radgan megapoli-
sis dinamikaSi misi monawileoba aris kidec impresionistTa
gacxadebuli mizani~.
gacnobierebul moralur da SemoqmedebiT ganacxads is-
toriuli viTarebis konteqstSi karlo kaWarava xazgasmiT
gamokveTs rogorc poeziaSi, aseve ferwerasa da saxelovne-
bo SromebSi. misi moraluri pozicia realobidan gaqcevis
nacvlad piriqiT, realobaSi yvela xerxiT monawileobaSi
mdgomareobs. misi protesti qmediTi amboxia im agresiuli
obieqturi realobis winaaRmdeg, romelic gardauvlad ax-
lavs rogorc gardamaval istoriul periodebs, ise qalaqis

96
ganviTarebas. karlo kaWaravas SemTxvevaSi jer kidev 80-ian
wlebSi dawyebuli samecniero, literaturuli da ferweru-
li aqtiuroba 90-iani wlebSic grZeldeba da Camoyalibebu-
li SemoqmedebiTi ganacxadis formas iZens.
mxatvris mTavar daniSnulebas k. kaWarava realobisTvis
Tvalis gasworebaSi xedavs da ara xelovnebiT tkbobis kom-
fortSi. am poziciasTan gadajaWvulia misi wmindad saxe-
lovnebo interesebi, magaliTad, awymosa da warsulSi CaR-
rmavebis gziT mxatvris misiis gacnobiereba, axali Tematuri
xelovnebis Seqmna, suraTulobis gaZliereba da a.S. „meaTe
sarTulis~ saxeliT cnobili axalgazrda SemoqmedTa jgu-
fis saxelovnebo aqciebi da socialuri aqtiuroba reaqciaa
imdroindel socialur realobaze. `upirveles yovlisa,
mniSvnelovani iyo realobis problemebis fiqsacia da ara
raRac ezoTerul-Teosofiuri qimerebisa, CvenSi ase rom
uyvar~, – werda mxatvari.

arqiteqturuli garemo

karlo kaWaravas urbanuli xati yvelaze naklebad arqi-

teqturul xats efuZneba. rig namuSevrebSi vxvdebiT miniS-
nebas arqiteqturaze, romelic formaTa martivi geometri-
ulobiT Tanamedrove qalaquri arqiteqturis simbolod
aRiqmeba. yvela SemTxvevaSi esaa Zlieri semioturi aRmniS-
vneli, miniSneba imaze, rom qalaqTan da swored Tanamedrove
qalaqTan gvaqvs saqme.
es arqiteqturuli xati, romelic karlo kaWaravas qala-
qis saxeebSi meordeba, metwilad saxli an ramodenime saxlia.
mxatvari sulac ar isaxavs miznad Tavisi personaJebisTvis
realuri garemos Seqmnas. misi mTavari amocanaa, mxatvruli
formebis meSveobiT Seqmnas im socialuri garemos anarekli,
romelSic cxovrobs. misi SemoqmedebiTi impulsi mxolod
sociopolitikuri koSmarebis damaxijebul mxatvrul for-
mad gardaqmnas emsaxureba. aq mTavari amocana movlenis, ad-
gilis, personaJis arsis wvdomaa da ara realobis gadmocema,

97
amitom amgvari usxeulo, sizmriseuli arqiteqturac kaWa-
ravaseuli simboluri diagramis erTi nawilia.
Senobebs, romlebsac karlo kaWaravas naxatebSi vxvdebiT,
ara aqvT masa. esaa gamartivebuli formis maRalsarTuliani
marTkuTxa Senoba an dabali saxli, nebismier SemTvevaSi,
oTxkuTxa patara fanjrebiT, romlebic, Cveulebriv, Savia
an mxolod konturiTaa moxazuli. es butaforiuli, aramasi-
uri, dekoraciis msgavsi gadaxrili, waqceuli gamosaxuleba
Tanamedrove qalaqis usaxurebis simbolod gvevlineba. es
axali miTiuri koSkia, da ara saxli, sadac adamianebi cxov-
roben. esaa adamianebisken gadmoxrilia muqara, didi qalaqis
sicarielis, sixistisa da piquSobis arqiteqturuli xati.
sainteresoa am arqiteqturuli xatis genezisi, romelsac
kvlav eqspresionizmamde mivyavarT. am SemTxvevaSi mxed-
velobaSi gvaqvs ara ferwera, aramed eqspresionistuli
kinoena, sadac, rogorc vainsi SeniSnavs, gansakuTrebuli
saxiT gamovlinda mistikuri, iluziuri qalaqis qvecnobieri
peizaJi – meti sisruliTa da gamomsaxvelobiTac ki, vidre
mxatvrobaSi. swored eqspresiulma kinom Seqmna germanuli
socialuri realobis adekvaturi koSmaruli da irealuri
arqiteqturuli sivrce. sagulisxmoa, rom maTi arqiteqtu-
ruli xati, imave fuye moculobiTa da pirquSi Savi kvad-
ratuli fanjrebiT, romelic karlo kaWaravas arqiteqtu-
ras exmianeba, daibada ara gareT, aramed studiaSi, sagange-
bod mowyobil garemoSi, Sesabamisad, es arqiteqtura ga-
daRebis procesSive yalbi, meoradi realoba iyo. interie-
ris xelovnuri ganaTebis konteqsti igrZnoba karlo kaWara-
vas namuSevrebSic. Senobebis tipic germanuli kinogaremos
gamoZaxilia.

personaJebi
ZiriTadi urbanuli xati qalaquri personaJebis meSve-
obiT igeba, romelTac mxatvari xan portretebis krebulad
gvisaxavs, xan siuJetur konteqstSi svams, xanac qalaquri
Canaxatebis saxes aZlevs. xSirad vxvdebiT mxolod perso-
98
naJebs, garemoze yovelgvari miniSnebis gareSe. swored per-
sonaJebis meSveobiT iqmneba specifikuri kaWaravaseuli
qalaquri sivrcis mxatvruli saxe. im saxeobriv masalas,
romlis meSveobiTac mayureblamde aRwevs daZabuli, sulis-
SemxuTveli qalaqis gancda, misi sizmriseuli saxe, anda sev-
dian-romantiuli xatebi – swored adamianebi gansazRvraven.
vxvdebiT sxvadasxva variaciiT ganmeorebul erTsa da imave
personaJsac, rac qalaqis aramaterialuri faqturis sxva-
dasxva niuanss qmnis.aqedan gamomdinare, qalaqis saxis gaxsna
swored kaWaravaseuli personaJebis daxasiaTebasa da kla-
sifikacias efuZneba. maTi tipologia ganmeorebadia da va-
riaciebis miuxedavad, sasrul saxeebamde dadis.
individis Rrma fsiqologiuri niuansebi karlo kaWara-
vas ar ainteresebs. xati, romelsac igi qmnis, mxolod erTi
adamianis Sinagan samyaroze ar aris fokusirebuli. es ufro
saerTo daZabuli gancdaa, romelic saxes ucvlis adamians.
mimikuri naoWebiT, damaxinjebuli sxeuliT – adamianis xati
qalaquri yofis erTgvar sarkisebur anarekls qmnis. aq re-
aloba grZnobadi yofierebis sxvadasxva emociur niuanss
iZens: usixarulobis, sicarielis, ususrobis, garindebis,
uRonobis es niuansebi gadmoicema, magaliTad, umweod daS-
vebuli xelebiT, realobas mowyvetili mzeriT, daxuWuli
TvalebiT da a.S. isini ar iRimebian, gaSeSebulni, xandaxan
gamomwvevni da pirquSni, TiTqos mTeli qalaqis daZabulo-
bis akumulirebas axdenen sakuTar TavSi.
kaWaravas personaJebi, rogorc wesi, kuTxovani, uxeSi moy-
vanilobis sxeuliTa da saxiT gamoirCevian. es aris TiTqos
dauxvewavi, zedmetad waxnagovani figurebi, mouridebeli
gamoxedviTa da tlanqi sxeuliT. isini uxeSad moZraoben,
vulgaruladac ki, an ubralod, mouqnel pozaSi dganan win
gadadgmuli nabijiT da a.S. xSirad meordeba qalebi wag-
rZelebuli yvrimalebiani saxiT, farTod gaSlili Tvalwar-
biTa da maRali sqeli tuCebiT, mkafiod gamoyofili ybiTa
da nikapiT. stilizaciisa da gamomsaxvelobis misaRwevad mxat-
vari sagangebod moxazavs Tvalis upeebs, waxnagovan saxes,

99
gamohyofs cxviris uxeS nestoebs. saxis sqematuri konst-
ruqciis xazgasma erTgvar groteskul niRbs qmnis da xazob-
rivi damuSavebiT graviuras mogvagonebs. msgavs tendencias
vxvdebiT klasikur eqspresionizmSi, sadac pirvelqnili,
primitiuli gamomsaxvelobis misaRwevad liTografia da
xeze kveTis xelovneba grafikuli eqspresiis mwvervalad
miiCneva.
sagangebod gamokveTili nakvTebi amavdroulad makiaJis
efeqts qmnis. yurs qvemoT SeWrili varcxniloba qali per-
sonaJebis saxis aqcentirebasa da xazobriv eqspresias uwy-
obs xels. rac Seexeba mamakacis tipaJs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, es
aris meloti an wveriani mamakaci SliapiTa da grZeli pal-
toTi. cilindri iseve, rogorc Slapebi da makiaJis efeqti
qali personaJebis SemTxvevaSi, erTgvari saxea qalaquri
kulturuli tipaJisa. aq Tavs iCens mxatvris figurebis xaz-
gasmiT `personaJuli~ xasiaTi, Tumca amgvari midgoma ar
gamoricxavs realobisadmi adekvatur damokidebulebas. re-
alobisadmi erTguleba kaWaravas SemoqmedebaSi esTetizaci-
isgan ganTavisuflebaSi gamoixateba (am arguments mxatvari
xSirad iyenebs maSin, rodesac drois moTxovnebze saubrobs
da sxvadasxva mxatvris Semoqmedebis analizs akeTebs). misi
personaJebi, rogorc wesi, Tavis araesTeturi simarTliT
arian wardgenilni mayureblis winaSe. am SemTxvevaSi sityva
`wardgenilni~ zustad asaxavs maT ganlagebas sasuraTo sib-
rtyeze. mayureblisken saxiT mobrunebuli figurebi maTi
ukeT Secnobis survils da SesaZleblobas aRZravs da mayure-
belsa da figuras Soris emociaTa uSualo mimoqcevas uwyobs
xels. aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi mxatvruli meTodi, romelic
ganmsazRvrel rols TamaSobs namuSevris fsiqologiuri
efeqtis SeqmnaSi: mravalfigurian kompoziciebSi, zogjer
or figurian scenebSic ki, misi personaJebi erTmaneTTan kav-
SirSi ar arian, Caketilni, emociurad miuRwevelni arian erT-
maneTisaTvis. garemo sicives, gugrilobas, Caketil, verga-
ziarebul tkivils ireklavs, rasac qalaqis gaucxovebuli
socialuri da emociuri mdgomareoba ganapirobebs.
100
 mxatvari Tavis Tavsac personaJad aqcevs. is erTroulad
Semoqmedicaa da mayurebelic, `Semswreca~ da monawilec, am
samyaros Semqmnelica da damkvirvebelic, romlis winaSec
uamravi scena TamaSdeba. mamakacis wverosani figura SlapiT
Tavad mxatvars ganasaxierebs. mas Zalian xSirad vxvdebiT
rogorc wina planze – mTavar moqmed gmirad, ise ukana plan-
ze – `SekumSul~ personaJad, romelic scenaSi arapirdapir
monawileobs. igi TiTqos iziarebs, Tanamonawileobs sakuTar
suraTSi. niSandoblivia, rom swored mxatvris figura qmnis
namuSevrebSi mamis simbolos, romelic qalebs da bavSvebs
axlavs Tan rogorc mzrunveli. es kavSiri, romelic mfarve-
lobas da sinazes asaxierebs, liriul citatad ikiTxeba saer-
To gaucxovebuli garemos fonze da RirebulebiT aqcents
qmnis mTels am uxeSi niRbebis xelovnur samyaroSi. am aqcen-
tis wyalobiT, es ukve civ saxeTa kolaJi ki aRar aris, aramed
emociebiT gamTbari sivrcea, romelsac mamobrivi mzeriT
uyurebs da mfarvelobs mama-mxatvari.
mamis simbolika erTgvari duRabia, romelic mis Semoq-
medebas erT konceptualur mTlianobad kravs da mxatvris
mTavar paradigmas ganacxadebs. es aris TanagrZnoba, Tana-
gancda im samyaros mimarT, romelSic is realurad cxovrobs
da romelsac asaxavs (igive tendencia kidev ufro mkafiod
ikveTeba mis poeziaSi). es is emociuri substanciaa, romelic
erTmaneTTan aerTebs gaucxoebul, gaTiSul figurebs da
gansakuTrebul Rirebulebas aniWebs karlo kaWaravas Se-
moqmedebas. misi personaJebi, miuxedavad groteskulobisa,
ironiasa da kritikas ar imsaxureben, radgan mxatvarma SeZ-
lo maTi naklovanebebis miReba. maTi arseboba ufro dama-
fiqrebelia, vidre ironiuli Sefasebis Rirsi. mZime, daZa-
buli gancdebi simaxinjeSi ar gadadis, radgan maT Tan axlavs
mxatvris erTgvari Semarbilebeli TanagrZnoba, maTi tkivi-
lis gaTaviseba.

101
 feri

qalaqis xatis emociuri intensivobis xarisxs bevrwilad

gansazRvravs feradovani gadawyveta, ferTa semantikuri
datvirTva. kaWarava xSirad akeTebs aqcents erT romelime
dominantur ferze, romliTac avsebs sasuraTo sibrtyes.
swored am feris emociuri datvirTvis meSveobiT axerxebs
igi, gadmosces qalaqis daZabulobis, gancdis intensivobis
xarisxi. xSirad iyenebs wiTel fers maqsimaluri daZabu-
lobis Sesaqmnelad, Savisa da TeTris kontrasts. xelovnuri
ganaTebis analogias igi yviTlis moWarbebiT aRwevs, xolo
Cumi, garindebuli qalaquri xati TeTri, gamWvirvale siv-
rcis meSveobiT iqmneba.

dro

qalaqis dro karlo kaWaravas SemoqmedebaSi ori gansxva-

vebuli formiTaa gansaxierebuli. erT SemTxvevaSi qalaqi
gvevlineba drois uwyvet, yovlismomcvel suraTad, sadac
mTeli scena (dinamikuri Tu statikuri gadawyvetis miuxe-
davad) drois erT transcendentul ganzomilebaSi aRiqmeba.
meore tendencia qalaqis drois awyobas, misi fragmentebis-
gan agebas gulisxmobs, am SemTxvevaSi urbanuli xati Tavis
TavSi drois danawevrebul aRqmas atarebs.
naSromSi `megapolisi da mentaluri cxovreba~, romelic
individze qalaqis zegavlenas eZRvneba, georg zimeli Se-
niSnavs, rom fragmentuli STabeWdilebebi saSualebas ar
aZlevs adamians aRiqvas drois erTanoba. qalaquri kultu-
ra individs am dausrulebel STabeWdilebaTa monacvleobas
Tavazobs, ris Sedegadac drois erTiani, Tanmimdevruli
stabiluri dinebis gancdis nacvlad, dro Semodis rogorc
diskretuli, daqucmacebuli erTeuli. Sesabamisad, nawev-
rdeba sivrcec, rac megapolisis iersaxezec airekleba. me-
gapolisis es saxe, fragmentuloba eqspresionistebisTvis
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, radgan igi adamianis Sinagani

102
samyaros yvelaze Rrma sferos, dro-sivrcis gancdis trans-
formacias axdens. es Sinagani realoba saxelovnebo eniT
gadmoicema da gamoixateba ara mis uaryofasa da misgan
gaqcevaSi, alternatiuli samyaros Seqmnasa da misTvis Tavis
SefarebaSi, aramed yoveli misi fragmentisa Tu calkeuli
monakveTis Rrmad gancdasa da gaTavisebaSi. es erTgvari
gabedulebis aqtia, erTgvari Zalisxmeva, rac xelovnebaSi
tkivilian formebs Sobs. eTikur-filosofiuri gamarTleba
imisa, rom uyuro realobas mTeli misi simaxinjiTa Tu
mSvenierebiT, am Zalisxmevas sulier ganzomilebas aniWebs.
karlo kaWaravas araerT namuSevarSi qalaqis xati frag-
mentulobisa da danawevrebulobis gancdas badebs. mxatvru-
li da ferweruli saSualebebi, simboloebi, romlebsac igi
qalaqis amgvari saxis Sesaqmnelad iyenebs, mravalferovania.
igi qmnis erTgvar teqsts, semiotur sivrces, Tavisebur ga-
mocana-rebuss, romelic gaerTianebas, awyobas, gamTlianebas
moiTxovs. amgvari danawevrebuli xedva ramdenime faqtoriT
aixsneba da korelaciaSia rogorc socialur movlenebTan,
ise mxatvris individualur samyarosTan. daSlis, ngrevis,
danawevrebis metafizika zogadad axlavs 80-90-ian wlebis re-
alobas da mis aRqmas. es aris istoria, romelic TiTqos xeli-
dan gaeqca adamians da aTasgvar wvril socialur movlenad,
gancdad daifanta (qalaqis saxis fragmentacia Tan axlavs
sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc totalitaruli imperiis daSlis
mTel process, magram ngrevis gansakuTrebiT mZafri gancda
samoqalaqo dapirispiriebis Semdeg Cndeba. mTel am periodSi
istoriul-ekonomikuri garemoebebi adamians ganuwyvetliv
cvalebad realobas sTavazobs, rasac myisierad pasuxobs
qalaqis iersaxe).
nawilis mTelTan, an, sxvanairad, wyvetilobisa da uwyve-
tobis ideaTa konfliqts warmoaCens rigi namuSevrebisa, sa-
dac suraTi kvadratebis erTianobas warmoadgens, maTSi ki,
rogorc fanjrebSi, adamianTa cxovrebis sxvadasxva scene-
bia moTavsebuli: manqana qalaqSi; SiSveli qali iRviZebs;
warwera: 8 saaTia; mamakaci manqaniT; matarebelis svastiki-
ani sadguri; najRabni notebi warweriT sssr; wiTel ferebSi

103
Sesrulebuli ferweruli geometriuli kompozicia da sxv.
isev miniSneba Caketilobaze, iZulebasa da araTavisufle-
baze. mocemulia drois konkretuli momentic – dilis rva
saaTi. siuJeturi erTianoba am scenebs Soris ar myardeba. es
calkeuli ujredebia, romelic samyaros erTianobis gadmo-
cemas gansxvavebulobis xarjze cdilobs. mxatvris mier fan-
qriTa da da guaSiT Sesrulebuli nawilebi, konturuli xa-
zebisa da abstraqtuli naxatis araerTgvarovneba ar arRvevs
saerTo koncefcias. qalaqis sivrcis daSla-danawilebiT
mxatvari drois diskretulobas gadmoscems. magram sivrcis
fragmentuloba, romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara sxvadasxva
sivrciT erTeulze gansxvavebul adamianTa Tanaarseboba, qa-
laqis cxovrebis fragmentul, diskretul, magram mainc er-
Tian xats qmnis, sadac cxovreba mTlian drosivrcul nakadad
moedineba, rac aris kidec Tanamedrove urbanistuli xati.

RirebulebaTa deformaciebi da qalaqis

groteskuli xati

karlo kaWaravas interesi qalaqis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis

mimarT Tavdapirvelad 80-ian wlebSi vlindeba, roca mxat-
vris egzistencialuri Ziebani jer kidev ar ukavSirdeba
socialuri garemos mouwesrigeblobas. mogvianebiT, so-
cialur-politikuri viTarebiT ganpirobebuli realuri
garemosa da moralur-eTikuri Rirebulebebis konfliqti
karlo kaWaravas urbanuli xatis nawili xdeba. k. kaWaravas-
Tvis saxasiaTo multiteqsturoba, rasac igi Tamamad ses-
xulobs postmodernizmisgan, qalaqis xatis SeqmnaSi gansa-
kuTrebul datvirTvas iZens vizualuri xatis, abstraqtuli
niSan-simbolosa da nabeWdi teqstis erTianobis saxiT. Ri-
rebulebaTa sistemis monoliTuri imperativis moSla, rasac
sazogadoeba eTikiTa da moraliT akontrolebda, qalaqur
sivrces usaxur, usicocxlo garemod gardaqmnis, sadac kon-
ceptebi mxolod ideebis, anu naxatze miwerili carieli
sityvebis saxiT arseboben. kaWaravas mxatvruli forma erT-

104
gvari mcdelobaa, Seqmnas ideis sityvieri gamosaxulebisa da
vizualuri xatis sinTezi. am SeTxvevaSi qalaqi is sivrcea,
sadac erTmaneTs kveTs socialuri realobisadmi adamianis
tragikuli, iZulebiTi daqvemdebarebis mtkivneuli Segr-
Zneba da maRali Rirebulebebi ideebis, konceptebis saxiT.
misi namuSevrebis teqsturi nawili efeqturad moqmedi
grafikuli gamosaxulebiT da mxatvris ideebis pirdapiri
deklarirebiT, plakatis xelovnebas mogvagonebs da kaWara-
vas namuSevrebs socialuri amboxis JReradobas sZens. am-
gvari gadawyveta kidev erTxel mianiSnebs mxatvris Semoq-
medebis sabrZolo diskursze, rasac Tavadac araerTxel
aRniSnavs statiebsa da CanawerebSi: `am periodSi axalgazrda
mxatvarTa mier pirvelad gacxadda, rom mxatvroba gacile-
biT metia arsebul, dogmatur CarCoebSi moqceul warmod-
genaze mis Sesaxeb: pirvelad gaCnda survili mxatvrobis eniT,
misi meSveobiT gacilebiT metis gamosaxvisa, vidre `ferwe-
ruli~ problematikiT manipulireba iyo. gaizarda warmod-
gena realobis asaxvis farglebze. axalgazrda mxatvarTa So-
ris gaZlierda suraTovnebis, fsiqologiuri, emociuri da
dramatuli momentebis aqcentireba~.
kompozicia `usaTauro~ warmoadgens xalxmravali qala-
qis ganzogadebul suraTs, romelic simWidroviT, usaxure-
biTa da groteskiT sunTqavs. kedelze, romelic mTel am
sivrces uknidan zRudavs, germanuli warweraa: `yuradRe-
ba! mzera zemoT da zemodan. es aris momavlis sazrunavi~.
marjvena kuTxeSi kidev erTi germanuli warweraa: himmel –
ca, igi calke vertikalur vizualur komponentad gasdevs
naxats marjvena kuTxeSi. es TiTqos suraTis Tanamonawile
damoukidebeli konceptia, romlis wonadobasac msxvili ger-
manuli nabeWdi Srifti gansazRvravs da simbolurad mianiS-
nebs maRal idealebsa da yofis aramaterialur ganzomile-
baze, momavalze, romelic yoveldRiuri ofliT miiRweva.
warwerebi mTliani scenis sruluflebiani wevrebi arian, ara
ubralod teqstobrivi aqcentebi, aramed konceptebi, rom-
lebic vizualuri xatis warmoqmnaSi Tanabar monawileobas
iReben. aqve vxedavT kidev erT warweras: Das licht aus all – Suqi

105
yvelafridan. namuSevris semantika swored Suqisa da Crdi-
lis dapirispirebaze igeba: lampionis mkveTri Suqi Cvens wi-
naSe moqmedebaTa da personaJTa groteskul figurebs war-
moaCens. centrSi personaJTa erTi jgufi ikiTxeba, maTi niR-
bebi, sveti qandakebiT da angelozebi erTgvar Teatralur
sivrces qmnian. wina planze Camwkvrivebuli qalebi, sxva-
dasxvagvari formis TavsaburaviT k. kaWaravas personaJTa
ikonografias imeoreben. orjer meordeba mamakacis wveri-
ani figura SlapiT. erT SemTxvevaSi igi TiTqos caSi miabi-
jebs. saboloo jamSi, Cvens winaSea filosofiuri zedxedi
qalaquri yofisa, sadac cxovreba usicocxlo, xelovnuri
sivrcea, romelSic adamianebs erTad uwevT yofna. am ganwyo-
bas xazs usvams mamakacis mozrdili Semelotebuli grZel-
Tmiani figura marcxena qveda kuTxeSi. misi gacrecili gareg-
noba da usicocxlo gamometyveleba mniSvnelovan saxeobriv
akords qmnis namuSevarSi.
eqspresionistuli saxviTi xerxi – Suqisa da Crdilis,
sibnelisa da sinaTlis dapirispireba – gadamwyvet rols
TamaSobs qalaqis saxis SeqmnaSi. misi meSveobiT mxatvari
cdilobs xazi gausvas ganyenebuli filosofiuri da prag-
matuli azris, idealisturi da realuri cxovrebis gro-
teskul saxeTa mudmiv konfliqtsa da, imavdroulad, maT
ganuyofel mistikur erTianobas.
meore namuSevari `sinaTlis gaqroba~ kvlav sinaTlis
Temas exeba, Tumca aq konfliqtis gaxsna gansxavebulad
xdeba. es aris wiTlisa da Savis kontrastze agebuli qalaqis
gamosaxuleba daZabuli personaJebiTa da sinaTlisgan, ha-
erisgan daclili, Savi ciT. am kompoziciaSic TvalSi gvxvde-
ba teqsturi nawili, didi beWduri asoebiT gamoyvanili
warwerebi muqi cis fonze, orive mxares, romlebsac avtori
meti mniSvnelovnebisTvis kvadratul CarCoebSi svams. sity-
va “Achtung” – `yuradReba~ (miniSneba nacisturi germaniis
radiogadacemebze) aqac gvxdeba. misi moxazuloba lamponis
naTuris formas miuyveba. cis Sav fonze vkiTxulobT: So ist
das leben Marius – aseTia cxovreba marius. marcxena warwera
106
miZRvnaa hans zedelmaierisadmi (qarTul enaze). aqve vxvde-
biT warweras sorgen – zrunva. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs
sinaTlis gaqrobis, anu sikvdilis, cxovrebis gamouvalobis
ideis mxatvrul saxesTan. cnebiT `zrunva~ es namuSevari
swored am dapirispirebis – abstraqtuli ideebisa da re-
aluri socialuri garemos konfliqts asaxavs.
wina planze ori ojaxia warmodgenili: marjvniv mamakaci
meuRliTa da ori gogonaTi, marcxniv ki mamakaci labadiT,
meuRliTa da qaliSviliT. TvalSi gvxdeba figuraTa msgav-
seba, aradiferencirebuli tipaJebi, rac ojaxis, rogorc
ideis xazgasmas emsaxureba da ara maTi individualuri por-
tretis Seqmnas. maTi Cacmuloba, labada da qudi Tanamed-
rove realobas ar pasuxobs, ris gamoc aqcentirdeba maTi
personaJuloba, literaturuloba. gazviadebulia figu-
raTa proporciebi: qalis figuras profilSi didi Tavi da
mokle tani aqvs. misi poza, haerSi gaSeSebuli gadadgmuli
nabijiT, xelovnuria. proporciebi Secvlilia, TiTqos da-
moklebuli. qalebisa da bavSvebis figurebi asakobrivad
ar gamoirCeva, bavSvebs qalis nakvTebi aqvT, qalebs ki –
bavSviviT mokle sxeuli. formaTa amgvari damuSaveba erT-
gvar koSmarul, usiamovnod Seusabamo ganwyobas qmnis, rasac
kidev ufro aZlierebs muqi Savi ca da pirquSi arqiteqtura.
wiTlisa da Savis kontrasti ar tovebs adgils SuqisTvis.
am ori feris kontrastis meSveobiT figuraTa daZabuloba
kidev ufro mZafrad ganicdeba. ukana planze uproporci-
od `dakuWuli~ mamakacis patara figuraa, romelic, rogorc
aRvniSneT, xSirad meordeba kaWaravas SemoqmedebaSi da
mistikur, diskomfortul gancdas aRZravs. erTi mxriv, oja-
xuri zrunvisa da sinazis emociuri xatebi, meore mxriv ki –
damTrgunveli, SeboWili garemo qalaqis winaaRmdegobriv
xats qmnis, sadac usinaTlo, koSmaruli sivrce adamianuri
TanagrZnobiTaa Sezavebuli. warwera “So ist das Leben Marius”
(aseTia cxovreba marius) qalaqis sivrcis, rogorc egzis-
tencialuri gamouvalobis sivrculi simbolos filosofi-
ur komentars gvaZlevs.
107
 qalaqis metafizikuri ganzomileba
qalaquri sivrce, rogorc rTul fsiqologiur fenomenad
gardaqmnili mistikuri sivrce, karlo kaWaravas ferweraSi
da poeziaSi erTnairi intensivobiT vlindeba. realobisa da
sizmris saxeobrivi mxare mis SemoqmedebaSi erTmaneTs erwy-
mis da mxatvrul formad qalaqs, urbanul garemos irCevs,
rogorc erTgvar zRvrul sivrces, materialur Sres or re-
alobas – konretul yoveldRiurobasa da sizmris mistikur
samyaros Soris. karlo kaWaravas – poetis yuradRebas imsax-
urebs iseTi socialuri scenebi, rogoricaa rigebi, tele-
viziiT nanaxi gadacemebi da a.S., sadac 80-90- iani wlebis so-
cialuri yofa mTeli Tavisi simZimiT gvidgeba Tvalwin. rac
Seexeba mis ferweras, igi metwilad sizmris metafizikis emo-
ciur mxaresTan gvaaxlovebs, sadac personaJTa vizualuri
gamosaxuleba did rols TamaSobs daZabuli, klaustrofo-
biuli sivrcis xatis SeqmnaSi. k. kaWaravas poeziaSi mxatvris
aluziebi, zmanebebi yoveldRiuri realobis ganuyofeli
nawilia. analogiurad, mis ferweraSi mkafiod literatu-
ruli personaJebis gverdiT Tanaarseboben biografiuli
faqtebi, personaJebi, megobari qalebi, nacnobebi da SemTx-
veviTobis ZaliT Sexvedrili ucnobebi, meZavebi, quCaSi gam-
vlelebi. misi cxovrebis realoba qalaqis mistikas erwymis
da eqspresionistuli gamomsaxvelobis meSveobiT erTgvar
cxad-sizmrad gardaiqmneba, romelic erTdroulad Secno-
badicaa da Seucnobelic:

sizmarSi miniaturuli monetebiT purs vyidulobdi.

puris SeZenisas me davbrundi,
TiTqos vigrZeni
girlandaios Tu siniorelis portretTa Tanxleba
da damaviwyda
tyvedyofilis samosSi
Cemi Semzaravad sasacilo ieri.
davinaxe:
puric, sizmrebic, Zleuli SimSilic...
(`oqrosferi puri~, 1987 w.)
108
 cxadi da sizmari opoziciis reJimSi ki ar arseboben, ara-
med erTi realobis or urTierTSemavsebel ganzomilebas
warmoadgenen, romlebic gamudmebiT exebian erTmaneTs. saxe-
ebi, personaJebi bunebrivad gadadian realuridan irealur-
Si, sizmridan cxadSi da yofiTi scenebidan – Ramis zmane-
bebSi. sizmari erTgvari amalgamaa, sadac realoba irekleba
da piriqiT. qalaqi am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens superniSans,
romelic moicavs mononiSanTa vrcel speqts da mis aRmniS-
vnelad gvevlineba. qalaqis vizualuri xatis artikulireba
kaWaravasTan sxvadasxva simboluri gamosaxulebebiTa da im
teqsturi CanarTebiT xdeba, romlebic figuratiuli gamo-
saxulebebis gverdiT ganTavsdebian.
sizmriseuli gancda sxvadasxva saxiT Semodis kaWaravas
SemoqmedebaSi: garin-debiT, simaxinjiT, ususurebiT, klaus-
trofobiiT, ulogiko erTianobiT. es aris aracnobieri siv-
rcisa da realobis mudmivi urTierTSeRweva, maTi gadakve-
Tis wertili ki qalaqi da misi personaJebia. qalaqi xSirad
butaforiaa, figurebi – gazviadebuli.
kompoziciSi `niangis Rame~ siurealisturi poetikiTaa
gadmocemuli faqizi materialuri zRvari cnobierebasa da
urbanul materias Soris, personaJebis xasiaTi da enigma-
turi simboluri aqcentebi. oTxi welszemoT gamosaxuli,
TvaldaxuWuli qali TiTqos ZilSi, ganusazRvrelobaSia Ca-
Ziruli. ukana plani kaWaravaseuli stilistikiT Sesrule-
bul maRalsarTulian Senobebs uWiravT, qalTa tipaJi da
Cacmuloba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs namuSevris saxeobrivi
efeqtis SeqmnaSi: am namuSevarSi karlo kaWarava ar mimar-
Tavs grotesks, piriqiT, maTi momrgvalebuli Tvalebi, rbi-
li konturi da sqeli tuCebi qalur formaTa sirbiles usvams
xazs, ris gamoc maTi figurebi modunebis, Zilis konotaciebs
Seicavs. ganmeorebadi lakonuri saxeebi ritmul akords
qmnian da mistikur ganwyobas aZliereben. ucnauri qudebi,
daxuruli samosi (urbanul stilze miniSnebiT) da maTi mSvi-
di, garindebuli garegnoba Cveulebrivi urbanuli tipaJis
stilistikas scildeba. isini TiTqos mediumebi arian realur
da zmanebiseul samyaroTa Soris da qalaqis naxevrad materi-

109
alur sivrces sizmrisa da fiqrebis xveulebiT uerTdebian.
geometriuli ornamentis abstraqtuli xlarTebi adamianTa
da SenobaTa Soris arsebuli sivrcis amovsebas emsaxureba,
rac qalaqis aramaterialuri substanciis – xmauris, gon-
ebrivi muSaobis xats qmnis (`Cemi sizmrebis pirquSi, ganur-
Ceveli xmauri~).
ori gansxvavebuli sivrcis Tanaarseboba mogzauris meta-
foras aCens, rac araerTxel gvxvdeba karlo kaWaravas Semoq-
medebaSi da Tavad mxatvars ganasaxierebs. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom karlo kaWaravas qalaquri xatebi mistikurobis enigmur
sivrces qmnian, sadac Tavad mxatvari personaJad gvevlineba.
leqsebSi karlo kaWarava sakuTar Tavs `absurdul mog-
zaurs~ uwodebs, romelic RamiT civ qalaqSi dadis da `ocne-
bobs Zilze,romlis Semdeg Rirs gamoRviZeba~. am striqoneb-
Si erTmaneTTan Tanaarsebobs misi Semoqmedebis ori sakvanZo
metafora – mogzauroba da sizmrisgan gamoRviZeba (`...isini
hgvanan scenis absurdulad Tayvanismcemlebs~. 1990, mosko-
vi). mogzauris (`mogzauroba kinoebSi nanax wvimaTa mosa-
xilvelad“) metaforis daSlisas kvlav vawydebiT ararealur
samyaros monatrebas, romelsac mxatvari sadRac unda Sex-
vdes. esaa mogzauroba gaurkvevlobaSi, arsaidan arsaiT mi-
mavali gza. rogorc erT leqsSi ambobs: `mogzauroba Rmer-
TebisTvis, mogzauroba erT adgilze siarulisas~ (`alen
ginsbergis ucnobi qronika~).
kaWaravas qalaquri SegrZnebisTvis saxasiaTo `kaligra-
fiuli qalaqis~ xats vxvdebiT rogorc mis poeziaSi, ise
mxatvrobaSi. urTierTmsgavsi poeturi da saxviTi meta-
forebiT agebuli sivrceebi qalaqis metafizikis kidev erTi
ganzomilebas acocxleben:

Zveli saydris garSemo.

aravin adarebs am sofels did niRabs, ra sisuleleebs
laparakoben?
saidan, am wiTel oTaxSi Zveli, didi saaTis xmauri?
kedlebze Crdilebi da xatebi.
Tendeba balaxze, isev nisls miRma.

110
 sakmaod did xans Tanmimdevrulia azri, Sexedulebebi
vwer mxolod imisTvis, rom vwero.
me magondeba raRac kaligrafiuli qalaqi,
me vbrundebi da vnatrulob am dros.
abebi, wyali, sigareti Savlurjze
wiTeli, iisferi, grZeli WaRi.
TeTri sasowarkveTilebis planeta.
(1987 w. arxangelski)

gamWvirvale qalaqis saxe, sadac sivrce ki ar `ixilveba~,

aramed isunTqeba – kaWaravas mxatvrobaSi TeTri fonis meS-
veobiT iqmneba. TeTr zedapize kaligrafiuli daxvewilo-
biTaa moxazuli qalaqis aseTive gamWvirvale arqiteq-
turuli garemo, xSirad erTi nageboba, qarxnis nawili,
personaJebi. qalaqis urbanuli garemos nacvlad, rome-
lic xmaurTan, datvirTul xedTan asocirdeba (analogi-
uri saxviTi formebia gaWedili kompozicia, daZabuli
feradovani gadawyveta), Cven viRebT urbanulobisTvis
uCveulod garindebul, usicocxlo garemos xats, rac
sizmriseul ganwyobasTan gvaaxloebs da qalaqs mistiuri
TviTCaRrmavebisa da refleqsiis toposad, `TeTri saso-
warkveTilebis planetad~ aqcevs.
kompozicia `usaTauro~ xmauriani, gaWedili qalaqis
opoziciur saxes qmnis. es aris mentaluri sivrcis garinde-
buli xati, romelsac ori qalis axlos motanili profili
qmnis. Ria Tvalebis miuxedavad, garemosgan sruli gaTiSva,
siRrmeSi wasvla maT gamosaxulebebs zezeuli Zilis STabeW-
dilebas aniWebs. gaxelili didi Tvalebis xazgasmiT aqcen-
ti swored sulier mxareze keTdeba. sagrZnobia maTi gareg-
nuli msgavsebac, rac erTi Sinagani xatis mizanmimarTul
ganmeorebaze migvaniSnebs, ukan gaSlili sivrce ki TiTqos
ireklavs maT Sinagan samyaros mTeli Tavisi martosulo-
biTa da sasoebiT, rac religiuri simbolikiTaa miniSnebuli
(kompoziciis centrSi odnav waqceuli jvaria aRmarTuli,
mis qvemoT ki Tavsafriani axalgazrda qalis Tavdaxrili
figura RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebas mogvagonebs). miniSneba

111
urbanul sivrceze aq minimaluria da siRrmeSi, ukana planze
qarxnis gamosaxulebiT Semoifargleba. Tovlis fantelebiT
dafaruli garemo gogonaTa melanqoliis kidev erTi gamov-
linebaa, riTac sxvadasxva sivrculi elementebi erTgvaro-
van emociur kvanZad ikvreba, Tumca moulodneli sivrculi
kavSirebi irealurobis, mistikurobis gancdasac aRZraven.
`miyvarda wvimian amindSi erTgvari siamovnebiT sasowar-
mkveTi uaryofis gancda. sadRac Soris, qarxnis milebidan
amosuli kvamlis yureba da fiqri mosalodnel saRamoebze~
(karlo kaWarava).
Ramis qalaqi eqspresionistuli xelovnebis sayvareli
motivia. Ramis simbolika, rogorc saidumloebaTa ganmcxa-
deblis, qvecnobieris, dafarulis zedapirze amosvlis saxe,
qalaqis konteqstSi gansakuTrebul datvirTvas iRebs da
axal personaJebs aCens, romlebsac dRisiT TiTqos realoba
malavs. es erTi didi samyaroa, romelic zmanebasaviT Cndeba
da qreba mzis amosvlasTan erTad.
karlo kaWaravas SemoqmedebaSi TvalSisacemia Ramis qa-
laqis xatebis mravalferovneba da gansxvavebuli konteq-
stebi. xelovnuri ganaTebis xazgasmiT mxatvari Ramis
Tbil poetur saxes gvixatavs kompoziciaSi `eZRvneba he-
lenas moskovSi~. suraTis zedapirze, erT sibrtyeze qa-
oturad mimobneuli sxvadasxva zomis personaJebiT igi
TiTqos Ramis sxeulis nasxletebs qmnis, romlebic saerTo
moyviTalo SuqSia gaxveuli. SiSveli qalis naxevari fi-
gura, misi gamWoli, momnusxveli mzera aqcentirebulia
TvalebiT; qalisa da mamakacis figurebi mkafiod ar iki-
Txeba, isini TiTqos danTqmulia msuye fersa da uamrav
geometriul nakawrsa da spirals Soris. geomet-riuli
naxati mravaferovania, gvxvdeba talRiseburi, samkuTxa,
ovaluri formebi, varskvlavisebri, joxisebri, ucnaurad
Caxveuli, aramkafio grafikuli da feradovani ornamente-
bi. maTi dinamika da xasiaTi auxsnelobis, CaxlarTulobis
efeqts qmnis, rac, sabolood, sizmriseuli samyaros gan-
cdis gaZlierebas emsaxureba. es aris qalaqi, sadac es yve-
laferi TanadroulobaSi, aq da axla xdeba. sainteresoa,

112
rom qalaqis arqiteqturis tipiuri gamosaxuleba beWediviT
adevs namuSevars. es erTgvari Stampia, romelic sivrcis
gansazRvras, saxeldebas axdens. am Zlieri grafikuli xer-
xiT mxatvars zedapirze amoaqvs da saxels arqmevs mTel am
CaZirul sivrces.
am suraTis saintereso saxeobriv analogiebs vxvdebiT
karlo kaWaravs poeziaSi. fragmentebad daSlili sivrce,
sadac personaJebi da saxeebi saerTo melanqoliiT arian
Sekrulni, feriTa da maqmanebiT Seqmnili metaforebi, Sors
darCenili qali-mama, SiSveli figura – misi poeziisa da
mxatvrobis saerTo xatia:

oqros RameTa maqmanebi Rarib kostumze

ar ibrWyvialebs, Sors darCenil mamas
mimsgavsebulo,
arc SenTvis airekleba televizoris
Camqral ekranze
diliT SiSveli qalis moZraobebi kabis Cacmisas.
iolad vemSvidobebiT erTmaneTs.
ar gvikvirs ususuroba, sicxiani grZeli dReebia,
mogzauroba kinoebSi nanax wvimaTa mosaxilvelad
xmadabali saubrebis TanxlebiT.
Seni samosis xvadasxva droTa
tovebs gulgrilad sagnebs da garemocvas
anareklebis mzeris.
(`oqros RameTa maqmanebi~, 1989, leningradi)

80-ianelTa Taobis wamyvani tendencia – dasavluri ga-

mocdilebisa da qarTuli kulturuli tradiciis Serwymis
mcdeloba, karlo kaWaravas SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebiT
mkafiod vlindeba. mis ferweraSi dasavluri kulturuli
memkvidreoba 90-iani wlebis Tbilisur socialur realo-
basTan sinTezirdeba.

113
Jurnalistika

salome samxaraZe
manana SamiliSvili

„gamkiTxavi siciliT“ Tqmuli simarTle –

Jurnal „niangis“ karikaturaTa semiotikuri
analizi

dRevandeli neomodernistuli rTuli epoqa Tavis kano-

nebs gvkarnaxobs. misi erT-erTi mTavari niSani sainforma-
cio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis forsirebuli tempia, rac
Cveni cxovrebis gaumjobesebas unda emsaxurebodes, magram
sikeTesTan erTad, problemac bevri moaqvs. da es tendencia
Tanamedrove masmediis mankierebaTa saxiT mJRavndeba. masme-
dias ki kritika namdvilad ar aklia. igi dRiTidRe Sordeba
Tavis ZiriTad misias da sworad informirebis nacvlad, yal-
bi axali ambebiTa da idealurad SefuTuli imijebiT vaWrobs,
gamrudebuli sarkeebis samyaroSi gvacxovrebs, cdilobs
ise dagvaSoros realobas, veRar gavarkvioT, sad mTavrdeba
namdvili da sad iwyeba mogonili. Seqmnil viTarebaSi gansa-
kuTrebulad mniSvnelovania, gvyavdes mediawignieri – kri-
tikulad ganmsjeli auditoria. misi arsebobisTvis ki mxo-
lod mimdinare problemebis sworad aRqma da gaanalizeba
araa sakmarisi – saWiroa aseve mediis warsuli gamocdilebis
srulfasovnad Seswavla da misi Tanadroulobis konteqstSi
gaazreba.
mdidari Jurnalisturi tradiciebi, rac me-19 saukunisa
da me-20-is pirveli meoTxedis mZlavri Jurnalistikis sa-
xiT mogvepoveba, gansxvavebulad, magram mainc hpovebs Tavis
gagrZelebas sabWouri periodis presaSi. simarTlis Tqmis
iliaseuli principi originalurad gamovlinda sabWoTa epo-
qis qarTul satirul-iumoristul gamocemebSi. gavixsenoT,
114
rom im avbediT droSi, umkacresi cenzuris pirobebSi, me-
dia mxolod da mxolod saxelisuflebo instrumentisa da
cnobili leninuri „triadiT“ gacxadebuli – koleqtiuri
propagandistis, agitatorisa da organizatoris funqcias
asrulebda. totaluri ideologiuri wnexi srulad gamori-
cxavda oficialuri „simarTlisgan“ gansxvavebul versias.
magram, iq, sadac Jurnalistis sityvas fasi ekargeboda,
mxatvris basri „kalami“ Wrida xmaliviT. marTlac, Seupovari
publicistebi, mxatvari-karikaturistebi, mainc axerxebdnen
da sakuTari usafrTxoebis fasad saxelisuflebo axali am-
bebis alternatiul informacias avrcelebdnen. mxatvris
suraTs amofarebuli, qaragmulad, narTaulad gacxadebuli
simarTle ki mTeli redaqciis saTqmels gamoxatavda. amis
dasturia Jurnal „niangisa“ da misi mesveurebis Zalisxmeva,
SeexsenebinaT mkiTxvelisTvis is Rirebulebebi, rac qveynis
TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis ideas asazrdoebda.
swored Jurnal „niangis“ magaliTze SevecadeT warmogve-
Cina SemoqmedebiTi strategiebi, romelTa meSveobiTac, re-
Jimis zewolis miuxedavad, gamocema axerxebda SefarviT
eTqva saTqmeli. kvlevisas miznad davisaxeT, gamogverkvia, ra
gzebiT cdilobda Jurnali realobis Cvenebas, ra probleme-
bze akeTebda aqcents, ra mxatvrul xerxebs iyenebdnen ilus-
traciaTa avtorebi sasurveli Sedegebis misaRwevad; rogo-
ri iyo kavSiri teqstis vizualur da verbalur komponentebs
Soris – insemantikuri Tu avtosemantikuri da bolos, Jur-
nalSi gamoqveynebuli naxatebi mxolod avtoris pozicias
gamoxatavda, Tu mTeli redaqciisas.
am amocanaTa Sesasruleblad, Jurnal „niangSi“ dabeWdi-
li karikaturebi konotaciuri semiotikuri analizis meTo-
diT vikvlieT. SerCeuli meTodologiiT mkafiod gamoikveTa
Jurnalis avtori – karikaturistebis xelweris Tavisebure-
bebi, is mxatvruli xerxebi, riTac gamoxatavdnen isini sis-
temis sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss.
sakiTxi aqtualurobas arc dRes kargavs. vfiqrobT, Tana-
medrove mkiTxvelisTvis interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos

115
Tvalis midevneba im gamocemis problematikaze, romelic
mkacri ideologiuri wnexis pirobebSi axerxebda origina-
luri da daxvewili xelweriT miemxro sazogadoebrivi azri.
ufro sworad, miepyro misi erudirebuli nawilis yuradRe-
ba, radgan am tipis gzavnilebis aRqma, daSifruli infor-
maciis dekodireba, cxadia, mxolod sociumis ganaTlebul,
elitur fenas xelewifeboda. masa ki kvlav gabatonebuli
sa-informacio politikis gavlenis qveS rCeboda.
qarTuli satirul-iumoristuli Jurnali „niangi“ 1923
wlidan gamoicemoda TbilisSi. is iyo amave saxelwodebis
rusuli Jurnalis („krokodilis“) qarTuli versia. 1924-
1930 wlebSi igi „tartarozis“ saxelwodebiT gamodioda,
rogorc gazeT „muSis“ damateba. 1931 wlidan ki kvlav „nian-
gis“ saxeliT ibeWdeboda. Jurnali TveSi orjer gamoicemo-
da. TiToeuli nomeri eqvsgverdiani iyo da misi Rirebuleba
20 kapiks Seadgenda. sakvlev periodad movniSneT Jurnalis
1967-1972 wlebis gamocemebi. SerCevis principi SemTxveviTi
ar yofila, radgan am drois ganmavlobaSi „niangs“ cnobili
mwerali da sazogado moRvawe nodar dumbaZe redaqtorob-
da. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mocemul periodSi Jurnali
stabilurad, TveSi orjer gamoicemoda (drois an monakveTSi
144 nomeri daibeWda), sakvlevad SevarCieT is karikaturebi,
romlebic politikuri qveteqstiT metad iyo datvirTuli.
mravalricxovan masalaze dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom Jur-
nali axerxebda, sabWoTa realoba iumoristulad warmoeCi-
na, groteskul WrilSi saaSkaraoze gamoetana aqtualuri
sakiTxebi, aesaxa mwvave socialuri problemebi. rogorc
mkvlevari bondo kupataZe SeniSnavs, „(...) miuxedavad imisa,
rom garkveuli Temebi, rogorebicaa: `sagareo politika~,
`oficialuri dadgenilebebi~ Tu `partiuli xazi~, uSualod
mmarTveli Zalis karnaxiT Suqdeba, „bevrad meti Tavisufle-
baa socialuri garemos asaxvisas da mTeli rigi sabWoTa
kampaniebi („yamiri“, „simindis Tesva“, „soflis aRorZineba“,
mwerlobaSi gawveva, brZola spekulantobasTan) Tavisdaune-
burad gaSarJebulia da maTi realuri socialuri qveteqste-
bic kargad Cans“ (kupataZe 2017: 24-25).

116
 Jurnali axerxebda, farulad gadaexvia im dogmebidan,
romlebsac reJimi uwesebda. qarTuli presis am konkretuli
gamocdilebis refleqsireba Zalze mniSvnelovania imis ga-
sacnobiereblad, Tu rogor cdilobs media, iyos pasuxis-
mgebliani da ibrZolos marTali sityvisTvis TviT totali-
taruli reJimisa da mkacri cenzuris pirobebSi.
Jurnali gamoirCeoda Janrobrivi mravalgvarobiTac
– iyenebda sxvadasxva iumoristul formas, Tumca yvelaze
efeqturad saTqmels karikaturiT gamoxatavda. „karika-
turebi xSirad cxovrebis yvelaze erTguli sarkea“, – wer-
da Sarl bodleri. zogadad, iumoris Seswavlas SeuZlia
gamoavlinos socialuri da istoriuli cvlilebebi. mkvle-
vari judiT veSleri ganasxvavebs karikaturis or tips
– politikurs da socialurs da ambobs, rom politikuri
karikaturis gavlena xanmoklea, is maSinve kargavs mniSvne-
lobas, rogorc ki veRar SevZlebT masSi Cadebuli kodire-
buli Setyobinebis gaSifrvas. ufro xangrZlivi, droSi
gamZlea socialuri karikatura, romelsac didaqtikuri
miznebi aqvs. Tumca, avtorisve daskvniT, orive tipis kari-
katura – droebiTi da xangrZlivi/gamZle – inarCunebs in-
teress, rogorc Tavisi epoqis, droebis sarke (veSleri 1983:
317).
l. Straixeris azriT, karikatura warmoadgens adamianis an
adamianTa jgufis ilustrirebul suraTs. is SeiZleba iyos
eris, politikuri partiis, ideis an raime socialuri Temis/
sakiTxis simboluri gamoxatuleba. misi TqmiT, damaxinjeba
karikaturis erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia. is gulisxmobs sim-
bolur deformacias, xelovanisTvis ki SeiZleba iyos mTava-
ri Strixi an saSualeba, romliTac adresatamde mniSvnelo-
van Setyobinebas miitans (Straixeri 1967: 435).
jon lentis TqmiT, politikur karikaturebs yvelaze
metad vxvdebiT presaSi. igi xSirad saredaqcio politikas
gamoxatavs. avtori saubrobs karikaturebis daniSnuleba-
ze da aRniSnavs, rom garTobis garda, mas bevri sxva mizani
aqvs, maT Soris, sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis amaRlebis,
saganmanaTleblo, instruqciuli da propagandistuli. am

117
ukanaskneli TvalsazrisiT, karikaturebi gansakuTrebiT
xSirad gamoiyeneboda omebis dros, magaliTad, propagan-
disTvis meore msoflio omis periodSi (Llenti 2008: 1).
unda aRiniSnos, rom iumori yovelTvis dadebiT konteq-
stSi ar moixmoba. igi negatiuri gzavnilebis gavrcelebis
efeqtur saSualebasac warmoadgens, gansakuTrebiT ma-
Sin, roca saqme propagandasTan gvaqvs. am azrs iziarebs
mkvlevari raSad mamadovic. misi azriT, mesiji, romelsac
naxatebi atareben, ar aris yovelTvis iumoristuli, gan-
sakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, sadac media kontrolis qveSaa da
propaganda satiruli presis erT-erTi mTavari mizania.
amis sailustraciod avtori ganixilavs xruSCovis mmar-
Tvelobis periodSi Jurnal „niangSi“ gamoqveynebul kari-
katurebs, romlebic amerikisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daZabul
urTierTobas asaxavs. sabWoTa xelisufleba metoqe saxel-
mwifos winaaRmdeg aqtiurad iyenebda Jurnals da negatiuri
iumoriT oficialur Tvalsazriss gamoxatavda (mMamadovi
2016: 42).
presaSi karikaturis rolze saubrisas davimowmebT Ti-
naTin maWaraSvilis kvlevasac. misi TqmiT, beWdur mediaSi
karikaturis gamoyenebas ideologiuri datvirTva aqvs da
agitacias emsaxureba: „presisTvis karikatura is iaraRia,
romliTac amxels politikur-ideologiur, ekonomikursa
da kulturul-socialur sferoSi mimdinare movlenebs“
(maWaraSvili 2018: 28-29).
karikaturis srulad aRqmisTvis u. koupi yuradRebas
amaxvilebs verbaluri minawerebis mniSvnelobaze. mas miaCnia,
rom karikatura minaweris gareSe xSirad azrs moklebulia.
naTqvamis dasturad igi imowmebs Straixeris mosazrebas, rom
minaweri naxatis qvemoT, Tu TviTon karikaturis gmirebis
„fiqris RrublebSi“ Cawerili azrebi, naxats sicocxlesa
da realurobas sZens. Tumca, koupi gvTavazobs sapirispiro
mosazrebasac da ambobs, rom xSirad teqsti tavtologi-
uria da „afuWebs“ xumrobas. karg karikaturas SeuZlia
TavisiT „imetyvelos“, minawerebis daxmarebis gareSe (koupi
1969: 81).

118
 karikaturebis Seswavlis dros mniSvnelovania aseve maT-
Si Cadebuli qromatuli kodebis gaSifvrac, radgan xSirad
xelovani saTqmels swored ferebiT niRbavs. feri qveteqs-
turi datvirTvis mqone niSania, romelic gavlenas axdens
informaciis mimRebze. nebismieri teqstis, rogorc misi ver-
baluri, ise ikonuri nawilis sworad aRqma damokidebulia
aseve informaciis mimRebis (adresatis) fonur codnaze. mas
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba gamosaxulebiT gadmo-
cemuli informaciis sworad aRqmaSi. es bunebrivicaa, rad-
gan karikatura qveteqsturi masalaa, faruli niSnebiTa Tu
simboloebiT datvirTuli da misi gaSifvra fonuri codnis
(epoqis konteqstis gaanalizebis) gareSe rTulia.
b. karlavarisi teqstSi ilustraciis oTx tips ganas-
xvavebs. esenia: dominirebuli ilustracia; tolfasovani
ilustracia. iyeneben teqstebSi, sadac informaciis nawili
gadmocemulia ZiriTadad ikonikuri saSualebebiT; Tanm-
xlebi ilustracia, romelsac damatebad iyeneben; dekora-
tiuli ilustracia, romelsac urTierTobis esTetikuri
miznebisaTvis iyeneben“ (jinWaraZe 2010: 7).
karikatura informaciis vizualizebis erT-erTi mniS-
vnelovani saSualebaa. Cveni sakvlevi gamocema mkiTxvelTan
faruli komunikaciisTvis am xerxs sakmaod aqtiurad mimar-
Tavda, amitomac karikaturis analizisTvis gvWirdeba masSi
kodirebuli niSnebis amocnoba da gaSifvra. Sesabamisad,
sakvlev meTodad viyenebT konotaciur semiotikur analizs.
beWduri mediis vizualuri saxis aRwera da axsna swored se-
miotikuri analizis amocanas warmoadgens, radgan is Seis-
wavlis niSnebsa da niSanTa sistemebs. araverbaluri teqsti
niSnebiTa da simboloebiT iqmneba, rac qmnis miTs. am miTis
dekodirebas ki semiotikuri analizi axdens.
mauwyeblobisa da eleqtronuli komunikaciis xelovnebis
profesori artur asa bergeri Tavis naSromSi „mediisa da
komunikaciis kvlevis meTodebi: Tvisebrivi da raodenobri-
vi midgomis Sesavali“ konotacias ase ganmartavs: „konota-
cia dakavSirebulia kulturul mniSvnelobebTan, romlebic
terminTanaa asocirebuli“ (bergeri 2014: 7).

119
 gamomdinare iqidan, rom Cveni kvlevis mTavari mizani ka-
rikaturis meSveobiT SefarviT gadmocemuli saTqmelis de-
kodirebaa, kvlevisas ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba eniWeba ag-
reTve im socialur-kulturuli kodebisa Tu simboloebis
codnas, romlebic adresatisTvis kargad iyo nacnobi.
britaneli vizualuri semiologi deniel Cendleri Tavis
naSromSi „semiotika: safuZvlebi“ ambobs, rom niSanma SeiZle-
ba sityvebis, gamosaxulebebis, xmebis, Jestebisa da sagnebis
forma miiRos, magram isini niSnebad iqceva mxolod mas Sem-
deg, rac maT garkveul mniSvnelobas mivaniWebT. yvelaferi
SeiZleba iyos niSani manam, sanam is raRacis aRmniSvnelia. mis-
ive TqmiT: „radganac mzardi vizualuri niSnebis samyaroSi
vcxovrobT, Cven gvWirdeba imis gaTvaliswineba, rom yvelaze
realisturi niSnebic ki ar aris is, rac erTi SexedviT Cans“
(Cendleri 2007: 11) da SesaZlebelia, ideologiur funqciebs
emsaxurebodes.
sabiblioTeko-saZiebo samuSaoebis Sedegad Tavmoyrili
mdidari empiriuli masala vizualuri informaciis specifi-
kis gaTvaliswinebiT davyaviT Tematur kategoriebad. ko-
duri informaciiT datvirTuli ilustraciebis klasifika-
ciam Semdegi saxe miiRo: saredaqcio politikis gamomxatveli
vizualuri masala; socialuri Tematikis amsaxveli karika-
turebi; istoriuli faqtebis ilustrireba, rogorc erovnu-
li ideebis SefarviT gacxadebis mcdeloba; saSinao viTarebis
amsaxveli politikuri SarJi; socialur-politikuri viTa-
rebis SarJuli asaxva; da bolos – karikaturistis TvaliT
danaxuli saerTaSoriso ambebi.
TiToeuli kategoria warmovadgineT relevanturi vizu-
aluri masaliT da gavaanalizeT zemoT warmodgenili meTo-
dologiis safuZvelze. cxadia, yvela naxatis moxmoba erTi
statiis farglebSi SeuZlebeli iqneba, amitom SevarCieT
ramdenime sagulisxmo nimuSi. maTi ganxilva adasturebs,
rom mkacri cenzurisa da ideologiuri wnexis miuxedavad,
Jurnal „niangis“ iumoristebi sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi
axerxebdnen mkiTxvelisTvis Sefarulad gaeziarebinaT si-
marTlis oficialuri versiisgan gansxvavebuli Tvalsazri-

120
si da SarJuli eniT gamoexataT is, rac pirdapir ar (ver)
iTqmoda.
Jurnal „niangis“ moniSnuli wlebis gamocemebSi warmod-
genili iyo rubrikebi – „satira revoluciis samsaxurSi“ (es
rubrika oqtombris revoluciis 50 wlisTavs eZRvneba da
„niangis“ 1967 wlis nomrebSi vxvdebiT) da „TviTmpyrobeloba
karikaturebSi“ (1970w.). am rubrikebSi dabeWdilia „niangis“
winamorbed qarTul Jurnal-gazeTebSi (mag.: „cnobis furce-
li“, „niSaduri“, „tartarozi“, „masxara“ da a. S.) me-20 sauku-
nis pirvel naxevarSi gamoqveynebuli naxatebi da mcire zomis
iumoristuli teqstebi. es naxatebi saqarTvelos gasabWo-
ebamdel periods asaxavs, umravlesoba ki caristuli ruse-
Tisa da misi politikis kritikas warmoadgens (mag. nikoloz
II-is SarJuli portreti). maT Soris aris ramdenime iseTi
karikaturac, romlebSic naTlad ikiTxeba erovnuli ideebi
da Tavisuflebisken swrafvis survili.
„niangi“ warsulis amsaxveli karikaturebisa da iseTi
ilustraciebis SeqmniT, romlebSic realuri istoriuli
pirovnebebi TiTqos-
da SarJulad arian
gamosaxulni, sinamd-
vileSi qarTvel ers
axsenebs im Rirebu-
lebebs, romlebic mis-
Tvis erT d ros uzena-
esi iyo. esaa TviTmyo-
fadoba da Tavisuf-
leba. am mxriv sain-
teresoa erT-erTi
karikatura, romelic
Jurnalis Tavfurcel-
ze daibeWda.
es naxati „niangis“
1968 wlis maisis nom-
ris (N9) garekanzea da-
beWdili da g. fircxa-
121
lavas ekuTvnis. naxatze gamosaxulia damoukidebeli da er-
Tiani saqarTvelos sami mefis freskuli portreti. kerZod,
marcxnidan marjvniv: laSa giorgisa da Tamar mefis freskebi
beTaniis monastris CrdiloeT fasadidan da daviT aRmaSene-
blis freska gelaTis samonastro kompleqsidan. mefeebis
freskebi erTmaneTisgan zomiT gansxvavdeba. yvelaze didi
daviTis freskaa, Semdeg – Tamaris, bolos ki – laSa gior-
gis. amgvari Tanafardoba maT politikur wonas Seesabameba.
naxatisa da masze darTuli verbaluri gzavnilis mixedviT,
mefeTa gamosaxulebebi samuzeumo eqsponats warmoadgens.
mis win Sekrebili sxvadasxva Taobis adamianebi interesiT
akvirdebian erTiani saqarTvelos mefeTa freskebs. gan-
calkevebiT mdgomi pirovneba, romelic damTvaliereblebs
portretebze miuTiTebs, savaraudod, muzeumis TanamSro-
melia. naxats swored misi sityvebi erTvis verbalur amxsne-
lad: „Tqven xedavT daviT giorgeviC aRmaSeneblis, tamara
giorgevnasa da laSa tamaroviCis freskebs. meore darbazSi
gavecnobiT erekle teimurazoviCisa da giorgi erekloviCis
portretebs!...“ samuzeumo eqsponatis win, marjvena kuTxeSi,
skamze zis Suaxnis qali, romelic qsoviTaa garTuli.
rogorc Cans, naxatis avtoris mizania, saqarTvelos is-
toriidan erT-erTi Zlevamosili epoqis mimarT mkiTxvelSi
aRZras nostalgiuri ganwyoba. konotaciur doneze, teqstis
vizualur nawilSi Cadebuli kodebi qveteqstur Setyobine-
bebze miuTiTebs. pirsis niSanTa „triaduli modelis“ gaT-
valiswinebiT, daviTi, Tamari da laSa giorgi qarTvelebis-
Tvis siZlieris, damoukideblobisa da erTianobis xatebia.
am konotaciur gzavnils emociurad aZlierebs kidev erTi
sayuradRebo faqti. naxati maisis Tvis erT-erTi nomris
Tavfurcelzea dabeWdili. es ubralo damTxveva ar aris da
amgvarad Jurnalis mesveurebi mkiTxvels axseneben qveynis
istoriis kidev erT umniSvnelovanes periods – 1918 wlis 26
maiss, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis dRes. am
movlenidan ki maSin zustad 50 weli iyo gasuli (SesaZloa,
es faqti Tamarobasac ukavSirdebodes, radgan 15 maiss Tamar
mefis xsenebis dRea).

122
 swored aq vlindeba e.w. „fonuri codnis“ mniSvneloba
adresatis mier gzavnilis dekodirebisTvis. marTlac, epo-
qis konteqstis codnis gareSe, Jurnalis imdroindel da
amJamindel mkiTxvelsac ki gauWirdeboda naxatis avtoris
Canafiqri amoecno.
gasaTvaliswinebelia aseve qromatuli kodebic. rogorc
vasili kandinski Tavis naSromSi SeniSnavs, feris fizikuri
zemoqmedebis dros „Tvals Zlierad izidavs Ria ferebi da
ufro Zlierad ufro Ria, ufro Tbili ferebi“ (kandinski
2013: 72). sainteresoa, rom saanalizo nimuSSi feradia mxo-
lod mefeTa gamosaxulebebi (warsuli drois simbolo), xo-
lo muzeumSi myofi adamianebi (karikaturistis Tanamedrove
dro) – Sav-TeTri. es faqti or garemoebaze miuTiTebs: erTi,
rom warsul drosTan SedarebiT axlandeli dro sruliad
uferulia da meore, rom karikaturists mkiTxvelis yurad-
Reba ganzrax gadaaqvs mefeTa freskebze (warsul droze),
raTa gzavnili ufro mkafio gaxdes. mxatvari mefeTa por-
tretebs Tbil ferebSi gvixatavs, rac mnaxvelSi warsuli
drois mimarT nostalgias aRZravs. kandinskis TqmiT, feris
zedapirul STabeWdilebas gancdad Camoyalibebac SeuZlia.
am azriT, Cvens nimuSSi qromatuli kodebis nivelireba (Sav-
TeTri ferebi) ki karikaturistis Tanamedrove epoqis mi-
marT skeptikur da kritikul damokidebulebas avlens.
niSnis indeqsuri maxasiaTeblis gaTvaliswinebiT, muze-
umSi TavSeyrili sazogadoebisgan moSorebiT, freskebis win
skamze mokalaTebuli, qsoviT garTuli qali SeiZleba aR-
viqvaT qarTvelTa imJamindeli mdgomareobis – umoqmedobis
an crusaqmianobis, viTomsaqmianobis niSnad. karikaturistis
Tanadrouli qarTveli damoukideblobisTvis brZolis nac-
vlad mdumare damkvirveblis rolSi yofnas sjerdeba, rad-
gan sxva gamosavals ver xedavs.
rac Seexeba teqstis verbaluri da vizualuri nawilebis
urTierTmimarTebas, karikaturaze miwerili teqsti erT-
gvarad avsebs naxatis Sinaarss. Sesabamisad, verbalur da
ikonur komponentebs Soris yalibdeba insemantikuri damo-
kidebuleba. warweraSi qarTveli mefeebi moxseniebulni ari-

123
an rusuli kalkebiT – mimarTvis rusul yaidaze, rac erovnu-
li istoriis familaruli `gadakeTeba~, amasTanave, rusuli
barbarizmebiT qarTul enis danagvianebas usvams xazs. gamom-
dinare iqidan, rom naxati Jurnalis garekanzea gamoqveyne-
buli, mTeli redaqciis pozicias gamoxatavs. am yovelives
gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom warmodgenili naxati
b. karlavarisis ilustraciis oTxi tipidan e.w. dominirebu-
li ilustraciis kategorias miekuTvneba.
z. forCxiZis
avtorobiT Seq-
mnili es karika-
tura „niangis“
1967 wlis noemb-
ris Tvis erT-erT
nomerSia gamoq-
veynebuli. masze
gamosaxulia tye-
Si sanadirod ga-
mosuli ori mo-
nadire. erTma sa-
axalwlod daTvi
moinadira, meores ki mxarze mxolod Tofi aqvs gadakide-
buli. mas ZaRlic axlavs. naxatidan Cans, rom xelmocaruli
monadire da misi oTxfexa megobari iRbliani momnadireb-
lis danaxvam gaaoca da kidec SeaSina. am emociebze migva-
niSnebs maTi saxis gamometyveleba. naxats erTvis verbalu-
ri gzavnili, romelic monadireTa Soris gamarTul mcire
dialogs asaxavs. „mokluli“ daTvis naxviT gaocebuli mona-
dire kiTxulobs: „am axal wels sad mokali amxela daTvi?“
daTvis momnadirebeli ki pirTan saCvenebeli TiTis mitaniT
pasuxobs: „Cumad! ar gaaRviZo, Torem dagvWams orives!~
aSkaraa, rom mocemuli karikatura politikuri SarJia,
romelic sabWoTa reJimis kritikas emsaxureba. denotaciur
doneze, mxolod zedapirul niSnebze yuradRebis gamaxvi-
lebiT SeiZleba gagviWirdes mTavari gzavnilis amocnoba,
romelic karikaturistma konotaciuri kodebiT ostaturad
124
SeniRba. miZinebuli (da ara mokluli) daTvi ruseTis simbo-
loa, sityva-niSnis `dagvWams~ mis mtaceblur bunebas usvams
xazs. sainteresoa karikaturis qromatuli kodebic. daTvisa
da SeSinebuli monadiris mosasxamis garda, naxati mTlianad
Sav-TeTr ferebSia Sesrulebuli. am ori feris fonze mkveT-
rad Cans mowiTalo gama, romelic zogadad sabWoeTTan aso-
cirdeba. SeSinebuli monadiris mosasxamis analogiur ferSi
gamosaxva adamianTa fsiqikaze sabWoTa reJimis damTrgunvel
gavlenas usvams xazs. am SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs feris fsi-
qikur zemoqmedebasTan, romelic mkiTxvelSi garkveul aso-
ciaciebs aRZravs. am gziT karikaturists surs, saaSkaraoze
gamoitanos da gaakritikos sabWoTa kavSiris mtacebluri,
saxifaTo politika. JurnalSi winasaaxalwlod gamoqveyne-
buli amgvari gzavnilis mizani mkiTxvelis gafrTxilebaa,
rom Tuki surs, axal wels mSvidad Sexvdes, gamosazamTreb-
lad miZinebuli mteri ar unda „gaaRviZos“ (gaaRizianos).
am SemTxvevaSic teqstis verbalur da vizualur nawilebs
Soris insemantikuri damokidebulebaa. isini erTmaneTs av-
seben. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored maTi mTlianoba qmnis
qveteqstur saTqmels. teqstis verbaluri nawilis gareSe
karikaturis dekodireba gagviWirdeboda. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, b. karlavarisis mixedviT, mocemuli karikaturac tol-
fasovan ilustraciaTa rigs miekuTvneba.
gansaxilvelad
lad warmodgeni-
li morigi kari-
katura m. abaSi-
Zis avtorobiT
1969 wlis ianvar-
Si gamoqveynda,
Jurnalis pirvel
nomerSi. naxati-
dan Cans, rom si-
tuacia saxelos-
noSi viTardeba.

125
masze gamosaxulia erTmaneTis pirispir mdgomi jibeSi xe-
lebCawyobili ori adamiani. mkiTxvelisgan zurgiT mdgomi
ufro soliduradaa gamowyobili, rac mianiSnebs, rom igi,
savaraudod, saxelosnos ufrosia. dazgasTan, piriT mkiTx-
velisken mdgoms ki muSis forma acvia. naxats erTvis dialo-
gi. ufrosi muSas ekiTxeba: „jibeSi xelCawyobili muSaob?“,
is ki arxeinad, mSvidi gamometyvelebiT pasuxobs: „bavSvobi-
dan sul imas CamCiCineben, ufrosebs mibaZeo da ra vqna“. muSa
uSiSrad, Tamam pozaSi dgas ufrosis win da auRelveblad ewe-
va sigarets.
denotaciur doneze Tu SevafasebT naxats, Cans, rom kari-
katuristis mizania, gamoaaSkaraos zemdgomTa umaqnisoba da
fuqsavatoba, rac, Tavis mxriv, maTze daqvemdebarebulebs
daumorCileblobisa da uqnarobisken ubiZgebs. konotaciur
doneze SegviZlia SemTxveva ganvazogadoT da ufrosis tipi
mmarTveli Zalis simbolod aRviqvaT, xolo muSisa – sazoga-
doebis saxed. am gziT karikaturisti SefarviT amxels xe-
lisufalTa uunarobasa da sisustes. maT aRar SeswevT Zala,
marTon masebi.
epoqis Taviseburebas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, es is perio-
dia, roca stalinis kultis dagmobis Semdeg qarTveli eri
sabWoTa ideologiis, sayovelTao keTildReobis iluziidan
gamoerkva. reJimis mimarT morCileba gulgrilobaSi gada-
izarda. ganxiluli karikatura erTgvari macnes funqciasac
iZens. imdroindeli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, avtori
faqtobrivad winaswarmetyvelebs moaxloebul cvlilebebs.
aRniSnuli mediateqstis verbaluri da vizualuri nawi-
lebi erTmaneTs avsebs. karikaturaze darTuli minaweri
avtoris Canafiqris amocnobaSi gvexmareba. es karikaturac
tolfasovan ilustracias warmoadgens.

126
 saanalizod SerCeuli momdevno nimuSebi daibeWda
Jurnalis 1967 wlis me-7 nomerSi da gare da ukana ydebis
gverdebs mTlianad ikavebs. isini saqarTvelos uwindel da
karikaturistis Tanamedrove yofas asaxavs. naxatebs er-
Tvis urTierTsapirispiro wiTeli isrebi, romlebzec mi-
niSnebulia gansxvavebuli dro (I – „uwin“ da II – „axla“) da
aqvs erTi da igive warwera: „ginaxavs aseTi xaTabala? erTi
saaTia, Cems saxls daveZeb da ver mipovnia!“
aq urbanuli problematika ikiTxeba denotaciur doneze,
xolo erovnuli konotaciurze. denotaciurad rom avxs-
naT, avtoris Canafiqria, gviCvenos, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba
qalaqis urbanuli politika „uwin“ da „axla“. karikaturis-
tis TanadroulobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia usaxuri, erT-
ferovani da arafriT gamorCeuli Senobebi, romlebic gala-
vnis formiT aris warmodgenili. am sivrcis SigniT mamakacis
ori figuraa gamosaxuli. isini emociurad saubroben saerTo
gasaWirze, razec isrebze datanili teqsti miuTiTebs. am
verbalur gzavnils erTi maTgani axmovanebs, meore ki mxre-
baCeCili, zeapyrobili mzeriT gamoxatavs Tanxmobas.
127
 axlandeli uRimRamo yofis fonze uwindeli cxovreba
ufro saxovnad da mravalferovnadaa warmodgenili. am
naxatze ucvlelia personaJebi, maTi emocia, saxis gamo-
metyveleba da pozac ki, magram icvleba dro da masTan
erTad – garemoc. uwindeli cxovreba qarTuli tradiciuli
arqiteqturis stilSia warmodgenili, rac ufro saxiers da
sainteresos xdis imdroindeli yofis amsaxvel suraTs.
vinaidan karikaturebi Jurnalis garekanebzea gamotani-
li, isini Jurnalis koncefciis gamomxatvelad unda miviC-
nioT. „niangis“ saredaqcio Tvalsazrisi konotaciurad ase
SegviZlia warmovadginoT: karikaturistis Tanamedrove yo-
fa, warsulTan SedarebiT, TiTqos ufro modernizebuli da
gaumjobesebulia, Tumca am damTrgunveli erTferovnebis,
absoluturad identuri korpusebis wriul sivrceSi avto-
rebi sabWoTa kavSiris daxSul sistemas moiazreben. es wre
indeqsurad cixes, erTmaneTis gverdiT Camwkrivebul saknebs
ganasaxierebs. am sivrceSi gamosaxuli ori personaJis dia-
logi sistemis mimarT adamianebis gaucxoebas gamoxatavs.
am erTferovnebaSi maT sakuTari saxlisTvis ver miugniaT.
Senobebis galavans SigniT wriuladaa Camwkrivebuli patara
xeebi. maTi raodenoba, marTalia, 17-ia, magram, vfiqrobT,
gamiznuladaa oriT meti da isini 15 mokavSire respublikis
simbolos warmoadgens. maT am fasaduri keTildReobis
miRma swored Zalismieri politika da sabWouri diqtati
aerTianebs.
naxatis konotaciur mniSvnelobas emociurad kidev uf-
ro aZlierebs uwindeli saqarTvelos urbanuli iersaxe
– qvafeniliT mokirwyluli gza, Zveli Tbilisuri ezoebi,
sxvadasxva zomisa da formis baniani saxlebi, CiraRdniani
quCebi. am mravalferovan garemoSi naTlad igrZnoba nos-
talgia warsulisadmi, im droisadmi, roca saqarTvelo da-
moukidebeli iyo. sayuradReboa personaJTa Cacmulobac.
droebis cvlilebasTan erTad, isic icvleba. Tuki uwindel
droSi personaJebi yaraCoRelis qudiT, tradiciul samosSi
arian gamosaxulni, karikaturistis Tanamedrove droSi maT
standartuli, sayovelTao samosi acviaT.
128
 SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom „niangis“ am nomris ydis ilustra-
ciebi nonkonformistuli xelwerisaa da erovnul-ganman-
Tavisuflebeli brZolis suliskveTebas gamoxatavs. kono-
taciur doneze aSkaravdeba Jurnalis mizandasaxuloba
– Tavisufali qveynis tradiciul da mravalferovan war-
suls upiratesoba eniWeba sabWour TanamedroveobasTan.
amaze miuTiTebs karikaturebis Tanmimdevrobac – Jurnalis
garekanze Zveli droa aRbeWdili, xolo ydis ukana mxares –
axlandeli.
teqstis verbaluri da vizualuri nawilebi erTmaneTs
nawilobriv avsebs. warwera isrebze mniSvnelovania imdenad,
ramdenadac sxvadasxva epoqaze migviTiTebs, xolo erT-er-
Ti personaJis eniT gacxadebuli ori identuri gzavnili
SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc kritikuli mkiTxvelisTvis
Tvalis asaxvevi saSualeba. aqedan gamomdinare, teqstis
verbalur da ikonur nawilebs Soris avtosemantikuri da-
mokidebuleba myardeba. naxatebi Jurnalis ydis orive mxa-
res srulad ikavebs, Sesabamisad, isini e.w. dominirebul
ilustracias miekuTvneba.
saboloo jamSi, vityviT, rom warmodgenil karikatureb-
Si Cadebuli faruli azris wakiTxva denotaciuradac SeiZ-
leba, radgan naxatebi aSkarad antisabWouri paTosisaa. Tuki
gaviTvaliswinebT 1967 wlis viTarebas, „niangis“ redaqciis
mxridan es sakmaod Tamami ganacxadia.
JurnalSi ibeWdeboda aseve karikaturebi qveynis ga-
reT mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi
karikaturistebi SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT ufro me-
tad iyvnen SezRudulebi. saerTaSoriso ambebis amsaxvel
naxatebSi cenzuris gavlena aSkarad igrZnoba. moniSnuli
periodis „niangis“ ucxoeTis ambebi ZiriTadad „civi omis“
Tematikasa da amerikis politikis gaSarJebas exeba. qveynis
gareT mimdinare movlenebis gasaSuqeblad „niangs“ calke
rubrika („ucxouri fakulteti niangis universiteti“)
hqonda, romelic Jurnalis mTlian gverds ikavebda. am Tema-
tikis karikaturebi xSirad Jurnalis ukana ydaze iyo da-

129
beWdili. miuxedavad am tipis informaciisadmi gansakuT-
rebuli kontrolisa, qarTvelma karikaturistebma mainc
moaxerxes da garkveuli qveteqstebi ucxoeTis ambebis am-
saxvel karikaturebSic Cades. saerTaSoriso politikis
amsaxveli naxatebis umravlesoba g. lomiZes ekuTvnis.
mocemuli karikatura 1971
wlis seqtembris me-17 nomerSi,
Jurnalis ukana ydaze daibeWda.
naxatis Temaa sudanSi mimdi-
nare samoqalaqo omi, romelic
qveynis CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb
arabebsa da qristianul sam-
xreTs Soris gaCaRda. suraT-
ze gamosaxulia aRmarTuli
xeli, muWSi TeTri bairaRiT,
romelsac aqvs warwera: „arabi
xalxebis erovnul-ganmanTavi-
suflebeli brZolis fronti“.
TeTri naWeri, romelic dro-
Sis elfers qmnis, arabi xal-
xis brZolis simboloa. mklavi
mTlianad mis fonzea gamosaxuli, rac mianiSnebs, rom es Tavi-
suflebisTvis mebrZolis mklavia. Tumca, am mizans saxifaTo
mteri hyavs. amaze miuTiTebs mklavze gamosaxuli mamakacis
Crdili, romelsac xelSi dana ise aqvs aRmarTuli, TiTqos
mzadaa, msxverpli (aRmarTuli xelis patroni) sasikvdilod
gangmiros. sayuradReboa, rom karikaturistis CanafiqriT,
avismomaswavebeli daniani mamakacisgan momdinare xifaTs
arabTa sayovelTao mizani bevrad aRemateba (zeawvdili xe-
lis gamosaxuleba mamakacis Crdilze gacilebiT didia). na-
xatis saxelwodebac – „su-danis ambebi“ Sinaarss exmianeba
– es sisxliani ambebia, rasac saxifaTo dasasruli aqvs da
msxverplis gareSe ar Caivlis. amaze metyvelebs warwerac:
„sudanis ambebi warmoadgens imis cdas, rom Ziri gamouTxa-
ron arabi xalxis erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli brZolis
fronts“.
130
 es is TvalsaCino magaliTia, roca cenzuris miuxedavad,
karikaturisti mainc axerxebs konotaciuri kodebiT „imetyve-
los“. avtori implicitur informacias erovnul cnobiere-
basa da TviTmyofadobis ideas ukavSirebs. cdilobs, qveteq-
sturi saTqmeli nacionalistur TematikasTan asociaciuri
paralelizmis gziT gaaerTianos. metic, TiTqos mkiTxvels
gambedaobisken mouwodebs da eubneba: roca mizani sayovel-
Taoa, nebismieri winaaRmdegoba, rac unda saxifaTo iyos, da-
iZleva. amgvarad, karikaturistis realuri mizania, sudanSi
mimdinare movlenebis magaliTiT gaaRviZos qarTvelebSi pat-
riotuli suliskveTeba.
warmodgenil karikaturaSi teqstis verbaluri da ikonu-
ri nawilebi erTmaneTs avsebs. maT Soris insemantikuri
damokidebuleba yalibdeba. uSualod naxatze darTuli war-
werisa da saTauris gareSe gamosaxulebis dekodireba ga-
Wirdeboda. ase rom, es karikaturac tolfasovani ilustra-
ciis nimuSia.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom mkacri cenzurisa da ideologiuri wnexis miuxedavad,
Jurnal „niangis“ avtorebi axerxebdnen mkiTxvelisTvis Se-
farulad gaeziarebinaT reJimis oficialuri ideologiisgan
gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi da simarTle SarJuli eniT gamo-
exataT. saanalizod SerCeuli karikaturebis semiotikurma
analizma sakvlev kiTxvebze Semdegi pasuxebi mogvca:
• Jurnali antisabWoTa kritikas ZiriTadad SarJuli
naxatebiT gamoxatavs. „niangisTvis“ karikatura informaciis
vizualizebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saSualebaa. masSi Ca-
debuli kodebi ufro mravlismTqmelia da mkiTxvelze zemoq-
medebis efeqtur saSualebas warmoadgens.
• Jurnalis mesveurebs mTavari miznisTvis rom mieR-
wiaT da arsebuli reJimis mimarT mkiTxveli kritikulad
ganewyoT, karikaturebs mravalgvari qveteqsturi Setyo-
binebiT tvirTavdnen. Cven mier gaanalizebuli naxatebic
amaze metyvelebs. maTi avtorebi saTqmelis SeniRbvisTvis
ostaturad iyenebdnen iseT qveteqstur kodebs, rogorebi-
caa: ikonuri kodebi (TviTon gamosaxuleba), verbaluri ko-

131
debi (naxatze darTuli warwerebi), pirsis niSanTa „triaduli
modeli“ (xati, simbolo, indeqsi), konotaciuri (implicitu-
ri) da denotaciuri (zedapiruli) kodebi, semantikuri (inse-
mantika/avtosemantika) kodebi da qromatuli kodebi.
• zogierTi karikaturis rogorc vizualur, ise ver-
balur nawilSi mkafiod ikiTxeba qveteqsturi gzavnilebi da
simboluri datvirTvis mqone niSnebi, saTqmeli pirdapiraa
gacxadebuli. aseTi karikaturebi ZiriTadad socialur yo-
fas asaxavs. Tumca, aris karikaturebi, romlebSic gzavnili
imdenad SeniRbulia, rom misi gaSifvra siRrmiseuli anali-
zis gareSe gaWirdeboda.
• xSir SemTxvevaSi, teqstis vizualur da verbalur
nawilebs Soris insemantikuri damokidebulebaa. isini erT-
maneTs avsebs da qveteqsturi gzavnilis dekodirebisTvis
orives Tanabari datvirTva eniWeba. Tumca, aris SemTxvevebi,
roca gamosaxulebas ufro meti datvirTva aqvs, vidre masze
darTul teqsts.
• JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli naxatebi ara mxolod erTi
avtoris, aramed mTeli redaqciis pozicias gamoxatavs. amaze
metyvelebs verbaluri Tu vizualuri narativiT gacxade-
buli antisabWoTa ganwyobebi da Jurnalis ydaze gamotanili
am tipis qveteqstebiT SeniRbuli informacia. Sesabamisad,
JurnalSi dabeWdili karikaturebis umravlesoba Tanxved-
raSia saredaqcio politikasTan.
amgvarad, Jurnal „niangis“ magaliTze naTlad warmoCnda,
rogor axerxebda media sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi Tavisu-
fali da kritikuli azris SenarCunebas; sistemis sawinaaR-
mdego Tvalsazrisis gamJRavnebas. nodar dumbaZisa da misi
Tanamoazreebis ZalisxmeviT, Jurnalis redaqcia Zalas ar
iSurebda, rom qarTvelebisTvis Seexsenebina erovnuli Ri-
rebulebebi, kritikulad ganewyo isini arsebuli reJimis
mimarT. „niangis“ mesveurebi iumoriT ostaturad niRbavd-
nen saTqmels da cdilobdnen, am gziT mietanaT mkiTxvelamde
mware simarTle. maT zustad icodnen ilias Segonebis arsi,
rom zogjer „gamkiTxavi sicili basr xmalze ufro mWrelia“.

132
 damowmebani:

bergeri 2014: bergeri, a. a. mediisa da komunikaciis kvlevis meTodebi:

Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi midgomis Sesavali (III gamocema, II nawili, III
Tavi). Sage Publications. 2014.
veSleri 1983: Wechsler, J. The Issue of Caricature. Art Journal, 43(4), 317-318.
doi:10.2307/776727
kandinski 2013: kandinski, v. sulierebis Sesaxeb xelovnebaSi. Tbilisi:
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2013.
koupi 1969: Coupe, W. Observations on a Theory of Political Caricature. Comparative
Studies in Society and History, 11(1), 79-95. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.lez.tsu.
edu.ge:2048/stable/178289
kupataZe 2017: kupataZe, b. iumori cenzuriT gansazRvrul CarCoSi
(Jurnali „niangi“ da qarTuli sabWoTa realoba). saerTaSoriso samec-
niero konferencia wyaroTmcodneobiTi da istoriografiuli kvleve-
bi, 24-25. http://institutehist.ucoz.net/_ld/1/197_Program_Paper-A.pdf
Llenti 2008: Lent, J. A. Cartoons. The International Encyclopedia of Communication,
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mMamadovi 2016: Mammadov, R. “The King Is Dead, Long Live The King!”: Image of
the United States as the Primary Enemy on the Pages of Krokodil from Stalin to Khrush-
chev. Visual Communication Quarterly, 23(1), 39-52. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ab
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maWaraSvili 2018: maWaraSvili, T. informaciis vizualizebis tenden-
cia Tanamedrove qarTul beWdviT mediaSi – 2012-2014 wlebis gamoc-
dileba. Tbilisi: iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-
versiteti. sadoqtoro naSromi, 2018.
miuleri ... 2010: Mullen, A., & Klaehn, J. The Herman-Chomsky Propaganda Mod-
el: A Critical Approach to Analysing Mass Media Behaviour. Sociology Compass, 4(4),
215–229. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00275.x
pPehovski 1978: Pehowski, M. Krokodil-Satire for the Soviets. Journalism Quarterly,
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Studies in Society and History, 9(4), 427-445. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.lez.tsu.
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Cendleri 2007: Chandler, D. Semiotics The Basics. (Second Edition). England: Tay-
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134
MEMORIA*

vaJa-fSavelas `aluda qeTelauri~ – 130*

manana kvaWantiraZe

miTisqmnadobis specifika vaJa-fSavelas

poemebSi

`vaJa miTiur sivrceSi iyo moqceuli. miTosi misTvis de-

diSobila iyo“ – grigol robaqiZis mier SeniSnuli am re-
alobidan gamomdinare, araferia moulodneli imaSi, rom
miTi, rogorc `literaturis struqturuli elementi“
(nortrop frai), vaJas TiTqmis yvela poemaSi prevalirebs.
miTi warmoadgens misi epikuri Semoqmedebis mxatvrul-po-
etur sawyiss, praformas, ZiriTad msoflmxedvelobriv
da struqturul princips. amjerad Cveni dakvirvbis obi-
eqtia ara is SesaZlo miTologiuri formebi, romlebic win
uZRvis literaturas da Tavs iCens vaJas SemoqmedebaSic,
aramed piruku – literaturuli motivi, fabula an qmedeba,
romelic niadags umzadebs da ganapirobebs miTs, Semoaqvs an
aZlierebs miTosur struqturas. saqme isaa, rom ramdenadac
literaturac da miTic saerTo, erT enobriv sivrceSi ar-
seboben, amdenad konteqsti, miTo-poeturi tradiciis saxiT,
saerToa. rogoc nortrop frai miiCnevs, am mizeziT, `yove-
li literaturuli nawarmoebi SeiZleba aRmoCenil iqnas
miTologiur sistemaSi da piriqiT~.

* 1918 wlis …19 dekemmbers SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literatu-

ris institutSi Catarda samecniero sesia, miZRvnili vaJa-fSavelas `alu-
da qeTelauris~ gamoqveynebidan 130 wlisTavisadmi. `kritika~ gTavazobT
sesiaze wakiTxul moxsenebebs.
135
 vaJasTan miTosurisa da poeturis es korelacia aSkaraa:
`stumar-maspinZelSi“ amaze miuTiTebs ukanaskneli Tavi
da fraza: `Ram-Ram hxedaven suraTsa“... sadac `hxedaven“ sxva
araferia, Tu ara `amboben“-is gadmocema suraTis, vizualuri
xatis saxiT saxiT. vaJa koleqtiur mexsierebasTan apelirebs:
`ityvian“, `amboben“ miTosuri Sris gaxsnis, literaturuli
Temisa Tu siuJetis gamiTebis mizniT motanili semioturi
datvirTvis mqone sityvaa, romelic Zalze zogadisa da mniS-
vnelovanis mosasmenad amzadebs mkiTxvels. mTxrobeli gvev-
lineba mediumad, romlis sityvis Zala ganmtkicebulia war-
sulSi sxva aseTive mediumebis sityvis ZaliT da romelic,
ambis mravalgzisi ganmeorebis gziT ambavs uryev legitimur-
obas aniWebs. `stumar-maspinZlis“ finalis komentari `vaJka-
cobisas amboben“ maradiul miTosur sityvasTan apelirebaa,
mTis koleqtiuri mexsierebidan amokiTxuli miTi, litera-
turis mier Sexsenebuli da kidev erTxel Sebrunebuli mara-
diul wreSi – iq, sadac miTosuri da poeturi jer isev erT
mTlian SemoqmedebiT sawyisad gvevlinebian. igi pirdapir
kavSirSia ara mxolod poemaSi moTxrobil ambavTan, aramed
yvela im ambavTan, romelic odesme momxdara da kvlavac mox-
deba sakuTari arCevanis nebis dasacavad vaJkacobisa da ur-
TierTdandobis saxeliT. n. frais mier SeniSnuli, `adamianis
Tavisuflebis urRvevi kavSiri kulturuli memkvidreobis
mimReobasTan“ cxadad dasturdeba rogorc `aluda qeTela-
urSi, ise `stumar-maspinZelSi“: joyola swored tradiciis
saxeliT icavs Tavisi arCevanis Tavisuflebas: `vis gauyidav
stumari, / qisteTs sad Tqmula ambada“. igive iTqmis aluda
qeTelauris arCevanzec, oRond aq tradiciisa da sulieri
Rirebulebis dacvis sxva SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme (amaze
qvemoT).
`miTologiebSi“ rolan barti saubrobs miTosuri Setyo-
binebis fundamentur araerTmniSvnelianobaze da azustebs:
`miTi esaa Setyobineba, romelsac gansazRvravs ufro metad
misi intencia, vidre bukvaluri azri.“
Tu bartis am mosazrebas Cveni sakvlevi Temis konteqsts
SevusabamebT, maSin unda gavarkvioT, ra saSualebebiT ani-

136
Webs vaJa Tavis Setyobinebas miTis xasiaTs, ra Sinaarsisaa is
Setyobineba, romelsac vaJa `aluda qaTelaursa“ da `stumar-
maspinZelSi“ ganasaxovnebs; da rogoria is intencia, rome-
lic am SetyobinebaSia Cadebuli.
upirvelesad, aludasa da joyola-zviaduris ambavi va-
Jas miTopoeturi sityvis samizne xdeba imitom, rom is metia,
vidre Cveulebrivi, yofiTi ambavi. orive poemaSi swored mi-
Tosuri Sris gaaqtiurebas Semoaqvs damatebiTi mniSvnelo-
ba, mniSvnelobebi. orive poemis yvelaze zogadi intencia,
vfiqrob, esaa adamianis Tavisufali nebis ganacxadi nebis-
mieri dapirispirebuli gareSe Zalis, Tundac Temis koleq-
tiuri nebis winaaRmdeg, sxvagvarad, adamianis pirovnuli ar-
Cevanis mniSvneloba samyarosaTvis. am intencias adasturebs
rogorc aludas, ise joyolas gadawyvetilebaTa da qmede-
baTa iSviaTi radikalizmi (aludas mier kuratis Sewirvisa da
joyolas mier musas mokvlis epizodebi). rac Seexeba Setyo-
binebaTa Sinaarss, isini araerTia, isini qmnian mniSvneloba-
Ta blokebs da iZlevian sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas.
mivyveT TanmimdevrobiT:
rogorc `aluda qeTelaurSi, ise `stumar-maspinZelSi“
Setyobinebis funqcia akisria TviT Sexvedras, rogorc gan-
sakuTrebul xdomilebas. esaa iteraciuli (ganmeorebadi)
niSani, romelic gansaxovnebuli mikromodelis saxiTaa war-
modgenili `stumar-maspinZlis“ finalur scenaSi (samTa Sex-
vedris rituali). arc erT, arc meore poemaSi personaJebis
Sexvedra ar ganekuTvneba SemTxveviT SexvedraTa rigs. isini
determinirebuli Sexvedrebia da rogorc aseTi, radikalu-
rad cvlian aramarto personaJebis, aramed Temis cxovreba-
sac. rogorc cnobilia, literaturul nawarmoebSi Sexvedra
is qronotoposia, sadac ikvreba siuJeturi kvanZi, miTSi ki
Sexvedra gmiris cxovrebaSi, misi qmedebebis rigSi gadam-
wyvret rols asrulebs. vaJas orive poemaSi personaJebis Sex-
vedra determinirebulia ara mxolod formalurad, aramed
metafizikuradac. am SexvedraTa sabediswero xasiaTs per-
sonaJebic acnobiereben. aludas SemTxvevaSi es dasturdeba

137
misi sityvebiT finalur scenaSi: `modiT, mamyeviT, vidinoT,
/RmerTm es gvarguna bedada...“ `stumar -maspinZelSi“ Sexved-
ris metafizikuri safuZveli Cans nanadirevis ganawilebis
scenaSi, roca joyola uflis nebas axsenebs (`...sazrdo SenT-
visac /dRes ufals gauCenia“) da zviadaurs eubneba: `maS Tu es
ese ar aris, rad SemefeTe am drosa?“
`Sexvedra sxva araferia, Tu ara socialur realobaSi
metafizikuris `SemoWris“ qronotoposi. kacobriobis arse-
bobis morfologia swored gansxvavebulTa Sexvedrisa da
am SexvedriT gamowveul cvlilebaTa dinamiuri rigiT gani-
sazRvreba... Sexvedra aris xvedris aRsruleba. SeiZleba iTq-
vas, rom siuJetis kompozicia emsaxureba ara imdenad aludas
feriscvalebis logikuri mizez-Sedegobriobis Cvenebas,
ramdenadac misi Tavdapirveli impulsis sruli stiqiuro-
bisa da siZlieris, sulieri struqturis moulodneli da
gardauvali cvlilebis Cvenebas, romlis winaSec yovelgvari
racionaluri azri uZluria. am alogikurobis, impulsuro-
bisa da moulolodnelobis miRma aluda asaxierebs adami-
anis sulis mudmiv, ucvlel intencias – cvlilebis, gardaqm-
nis aucileblobas socialuri kanonis aucileblobis winaaR-
mdeg, Tavisufali arCevanisadmi adamianis maradiul ltol-
vas: `mainc xom sulis buneba mona rodia miwisa, Tavisi sam-
flobelo aqvs, Tavis gza kargad icisa“ (`uiRblo iRbliani“)
(kvaWantiraZe ) .
Sexvedra am mudmivi intenciis siuJeturi da funqciuri
gamoxatulebaa. Sexvedris amgvari determinirebuloba sam-
yaros miTopoeturi aRqmis utyuari niSania.
`stumar-maspinZelSi“ cxadad ikveTeba miTis orplastiani
struqtura:: vaJas Seqmnili miTi – esaa erTi plasti da igi
vizualuri xatis saxiTaa mowodebuli (`Ram-Ram hxedaven
suraTsa“); amave miTSi Cawerilia meore, ufro Rrma da mniS-
vnelobaTa farTo Sris momcveli miTosuri sityva: `vaJkaco-
bisas amboben“. saxezea literaturuli personaJebis gamiTeba
da maTi sityvisa da qcevis mikuTvneba miTosis fundamenturi
SrisaTvis. maTi saxiT vaJa gvTavazobs gamiTebul zneobriv-
eTikur Rirebulebebs da rituals, romelic, tradiciulad,

138
TviTonvea miTis pirvelsafuZveli. `stumar-maspinZelSi“
saqme gvaqvs realuri ambis gamiTiurebis dasrulebul sta-
diasTan – xalxis mexsierebaSi dabinavebul RirebulebebTan.
`aluda qeTelaurSi“ miTisqmnadobis sawyisi stadiaa naCvene-
bi, mdgomareoba, roca avtori gmirsa da situacias miTis Se-
saqmnelad amzadebs. Setyobinebis miTologizebis intencias
adasturebs isic, rom vaJas personaJebisTvis maT mier miRe-
buli gamocdileba gansakuTrebuli Rirebulebis Semcvelia
da ara SemTxveviTi, umniSvnelo faqti. aludasTvis es araa
`frangulis mosinjvisa“ (`bevr qists maaWra marjvena,/ scada
franguli fxiani“) da mterze gamarjvebis rigiTi SemTxveva.
zviadauris dacva arc joyolasTvisaa mxolod emociuri
gadawyvetilebis Sedegi. amas adasturebs is, rom saqcielis
dawunebis miuxedavad, aluda kidev ufro radikalurad upi-
rispirdeba Temis kanons, joyola ki mas Semdegac agrZelebs
zviadauris dacvas, rac Seityobs, rom stumari misi Zmis
mkvlelia; aRaza cxare cremlebiT dastiris zviadaurs,
Tumca icis, rom ucxos gloviT codvas Cadis (`me ufro didi
codva maqvs,/ ucxosTvis cremli vRvaria“).
miTosuri warmosaxvis nayofad SeiZleba miviCnioT siuJe-
tis gadmocemis vaJasTvis damaxasiaTebeli stiluri xerxi:
literaturuli `ambis“ gaxalxureba. vaJas Tavisi `ambavi“
individualuri cnobierebis sivrcidan koleqtiuri cnobi-
erebis sivrceSi gadaaqvs da amiT gansakuTrebul legitimu-
robas sZens. kulturul kvlevebSi gaziarebuli SefasebiT,
miTi koleqtiuri cnobierebis nayofia. Cans, rom swored am
tipis legitimurobaa vaJasTan faseulobis garantia. vaJas
TiTqmis yvela poemaSi xdeba avtoris azris (sityvis) apeli-
reba koleqtiur cnobierebasTan am legitimurobis mosapo-
veblad (`amboben“, `ityvian“... `diacs mudamac uxdeba“... – qa-
lis arqetipis Sexseneba – da a. S.)
folkloruli miTosisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic koleq-
tiuri aracnobieris nayofs warmoadgens, literaturuli
miTi koleqtiur cnobierebaSi damkvidrebul tradiciebTan
da RirebulebebTan apelirebs. aludas aucileblad gaix-
seneben, axseneben momavalSi swored im Rirebulebebis dac-

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vis gamo, romelic Temma daiviwya (an droebiT daiviwya), an,
sxvagvarad, – socialuri Tanacxovrebis eTikuri kanonis si-
metriulobis dacvis gamo (`Cven vityviT, kacni Cvena varT, /
marto Cven gvzrdian dedani“...). Tavisi drosivrcidan gaZe-
vebul aludas vaJa did droSi – koleqtiur mexsierebaSi –
daudebs binas. aluda miTSi gadadis imiT, rom misi qmedeba
ganmeordeba sityvaSi iseve, rogorc `stumar-maspinZlis“
gmirebis Sexvedris rituali da masTan, megobrobis, Tavgan-
wirvisa da erTgulebis xsovna ganmeordeba. rac Seexeba `alu-
da qeTelauris“ finalis Setyobinebas, igi swored tragi-
kuli gamoTxovebis suraTSia fiqsirebuli da orientirebu-
lia warmaval da maradiul (`erTxel“ da `samudamo“) droTa
Tanafardobisa da dialeqtikis gaazrebaze. aludas wasvla
tovebs kvals, romelic materialurad aucileblad waiSleba
Tovlis namqerSi, magram TiTqos swored amis sapirwoned –
darCeba mexsierebaSi. am fizikur mocemulobas vaJa sagange-
bod usvams xazs iseve, rogorc qalis moTqma-tirilis xmas:
`erTi maisma SoriTa/ mware qviTini qalisa“. am, qrobisken
mimarTuli dinamikiT vaJa pauzisTvis gvamzadebs, realobi-
dan miTSi gadasasvlelad mas aucileblad sWirdeba siCume.
Cven unda SevigrZnoT da movusminoT im siCumes, romlis Sem-
degac iwyeba miTi.
vaJa ambobs fatalurad sugestur sityvas: `erTxel maun-
da aludas / erTxel mobrunva Tavisa“... am striqonebis, am
plastikis tragikuli ubraloeba SemaZrwunebelia. es tragi-
kuli imavdroulad Rrmad poeturia, xolo Sinaarsi da mniS-
vneloba – maradiuli. vaJa Rrma datvirTvas aniWebs ara-
marto sityvas, aramed personaJis Jestebsa da moZraobebs,
radgan aludas plastikuri xatis sizuste poemis finalSi
fase-ulobiTi da funqciuria.
es `erTxel mabrunva“ samudamod damaxsovrebaa. wami iwe-
leba maradisobad, ufro zustad, aludas sicocxlis mTel
darCenil drod. am wamma, am Tavis mobrunebam unda aRbeWdos
aludas sicocxlis drosivrculi xati, romelic aludas
gonebaSi samudamod darCeba da romelSic xsovnaa akumuli-
rebuli. am wamidan TemisTvis misi sicocxlis dro dasrule-

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bulia. igi drosivrcis im sazRvarTan dgas, saidanac ambavi,
istoria gadadis warsulSi, xalxis mexsierebaSi.
vaJas poemis am bolo kadriT aluda miTSi Sedis. rac Se-
exeba `stumar-maspinZlis“ bolo kadrs, aq vaJas gmirebi ukve
arian miTSi. movlena ukve xalxis mexsierebaSia dabinavebu-
li, ukve gamiTebulia.
aludas wasvliT sruldeba drois romeliRac cikli,
romelsac im wuTas saxeli ar qvia da romelic saxelis Ser-
qmevas elodeba. mTielTa cxovrebaSi es amieridan iqneba
„aludas dro“. amaze mianiSnebs zamTris suraTic – „uxmod
metyveli buneba“ (goeTe), romelic CarTulia am procesSi
da aRbeWdavs gardacvalebis moments. ukanasknel wams alu-
das, SesaZloa, erTaderTi realuri Tanamosaubre hyavdes
bunebis saxiT, rogorc sicocxlis xati, samzeri, samzeo:
„mSvidobiT sajixveebo, gamaxarelno Tvalisa“. Tumca es ma-
inc araa aludas anTropologiuri mocemulobebis simbo-
lo an, Tundac, alegoria. esaa samyaros `yovlismomcveli
TanagrZnobis“ (stoikosTa terminiT) rwmena, romelsac fre-
zeri `simpaTeturs“ uwodebs. es gancda, romelic kasireris
azriT`religiis erT-erTi umtkicesi sayrdenia“, vaJasTan
xorcs isxams adamianisa da bunebis uxilavi kavSiris epifo-
raSi, romelsac safuZvlad udevs sicocxlis yovlismomcve-
li genezisuri erTianobis rwmena, sxvadasxva rangis (adami-
anisa da bunebis) movlenaTa Sinagani da uxilavi, SegrZnebis
doneze moxelTebuli homologiurobis gancda. vaJa ar cdi-
lobs am gancdis abstragirebas, piriqiT, igi cdilobs mis
gacocxlebas poeturi gardasaxvis gziT, rac ufro vaJas
poeturi azrovnebis sinTezur xasiaTze migviTiTebs, vidre
analitikurze.
vaJas SemTxvevaSi bunebis suraTi miTis Sesaqmnel damate-
biT struqturadaa gamoyenebuli.. mag., `stumar-maspinZlis“
finalSi vkiTxulobT: `magram wamova janRi ram, /kurumad Sa-
vis feriTa,/ daefareba sanaxavs /wera-mweralis weriTa. / zed
awevs jadosaviTa, verc Seulocavs mlocavi/, arc aixdeba
xeliTa“. vaJa aq araorazrovnad laparakobs moulodnelad
gaCenil dauZlevel bnel Zalaze, romelsac bunebis movle-

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nis saxe aqvs (`janRi ram“), romlis winaRdgomac cisqveSeTSi
aravis ZaluZs. aseve, Tovli da qarbuqi, zvavi da yinuli, ro-
melic xergavs aludas saval gzas da faravs aludas realur
kvals – aramxolod aludas sulieri mdgomareobis amsaxveli
stiluri xerxia, aramed miTosuri elementis gamaZlierebe-
li azrobrivi struqturac. roca vaJa aludas gamoTxovebas
zamTars ukavSirebs, igi uSvebs pirobiTobis maRal xarisxs,
romelSic realur da fsiqologiur droTa korelaciis su-
raTis esTetikuri mniSvneloba Zalze Rrmaa.
is, Tu rogor gadis arenidan aluda, damatebiTi mniSvne-
lobebis Semcvelia da vaJa am mniSvnelobis gansaxierebas
axdens ritmiT, qceviT, bunebis suraTiT, aludas gamosam-
Svidobebeli sityviT, mTeli finaluri kadris saerTo su-
liskveTebiT. upirvelesad, aludas saxis gamiTiurebas sa-
fuZvels umzadebs situaciis tragizmi: gamZvinvarebuli
zamTris suraTSi vaJa TiTqos gansakuTrebiT usvams xazs im
azrs, rom yvela gza Sekrulia: `Tovli Tovs, qari boboqrobs,
/yeleb Sakrula mTebisa, / Camodis xevad zovebi, /Camonas-
xletni kldebisa./ gaubam yinuls lurjada/ ube-kalTebi
wylebisa,/ miunaqria erTian /viwro savali gzebisa“). am su-
raTs vaJa iqve moayolebs kiTxva-replikas: `vis maswyenia si-
cocxle, / gzas is vin gaudgebisa?“ am kiTxviT vaJa ukve im
kacis portrets xatavs, vinc mzadaa ugzoobaSic gaignos
gza, rac sxva araferia, Tu ara arapirdapiri (asociaciuri)
miniSneba aludas araadamianur Zalisxmevaze, ataros Temis
sasjeli Rirseulad. vaJas survilia, aluda daumarcxebeli
dagvanaxos sasjelSi. davakvirdeT: yvelafridan Cans, rom
igi Cqarobs: `deda etyoda aludas:/– Svilo, iare nelao, / Sen-
Tan ver gavZlebT verc mena,/ verc Seni coli lelao“). saiT
iCqaris aluda? yofiT da realistur planSi – sadaRac, sa-
dac unda gaagrZelos cxovreba ojaxTan erTad, warmosaxviT-
miTosurze ki – sxva sivrceSi, Sesabamisad, sxva droSi. dam-
Trgunveli aucileblobis saxiT Camowolili awmyodan igi
gaurkvevel momavalSi Seabijebs. aludas mier sasjelis, ro-
gorc damarcxebis miuRebloba da misi energiuli qceva, ro-
142
gorc daumarcxebeli sulis fizikuri gamosaxuleba, miTSi
gadasvlisaTvis aludas saxis mzadyofnaze migvaniSnebs.
konceptisa da niSnis urTierTmimarTebaze barti wers:
`yovlad mcire formac (sityva an Jesti – unebliec ki – mTa-
varia, is aRmul iqnas) SeiZleba iqces Zalze Rrma istoriiT
datvirTuli konceptis aRmniSvnelad~.
aludas koncepti Riavdeba SesaZlo interpretaciebisaT-
vis da amiTac emsgavseba igi miTosur gmirs. adamianis am ti-
pis mdgradoba istoriaSi, misi ganmeorebadoba sruli piro-
baa saimisod, rom literaturul da miTosur gmirTa saxeebma
erTmaneTi gadakveTon da Caenacvlon kidec. ase xdeba vaJas
gmirebis SemTxvevaSic. swored es iZleva SesaZleblobas,
aludasa da joyolas ambavi sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis da-
pirispirebis ufro farTo da zedroul, ase vTqvT, miTosur
konteqstSi iqnas wakiTxuli.
miTosuri struqturis signifikanti, misi verbaluri aRm-
niSvnelia sityva `amboben“, `ityvian“ (`xalxSi amboben, mTaSia
/darbis, daxvivis cxenio“ – `giglia“; `amboben, qviTini modis
/ Ram-Ram blos TaviT kacisa“ – `gogoTur da afSina“;) `sak-
virvels ambavs ityvian/am adgils nanaxisasa“ – `eTeri“; `ambo-
ben: SaaZlebina / sneulso fexze dadgoma“ – `baxtrioni“; `am-
boben: Tofic aCuqa“... – ZaRlika ximikauri“; `amboben TuSeTs
wasulsa, /gamoucvlia saxeli“ – `mandili“, da a.S.)). `amboben“
– idumalebas aniWebs ambavs Tavisi ormagobiT – iyo da Se-
saZloa, arc iyo. namdvilad aris sityvaSi, magram iyo Tu ara
realobaSi? esaa koleqtiuri mexsierebis aRmniSvneli, rome-
lic koleqtiur zmanebas asaxelebs. `amboben“, `ityvian“ – mi-
ekuTvneba yvela dros da konkretulad arc erTs. igi moicavs
warsulsac, romelic axla iTxroba, awmyosac, da momavalsac,
romelic aucileblad moxdeba. esaa ara is, rac odesRac mox-
da da dasrulda, aramed is, rac yovelvis aris da iqneba. `vaJas
engadSi“ grigol robaqiZes mohyavs salustis sityvebi miTze:
`es arasodes yofila, magram yovelvis aris“ da ganagrZobs:
`igulisxmeba: ar yofila istoriulad, aris – zeistoriulad.
salustis formulas exmianeba aSairebiT qarTuli zRapris
dawyeba: `iyo da ara iyo ra“. miTi – esaa sivrce Cvens gverdiT,

143
romlic sxva ganzomilebaSi arsebobs, esaa koleqtiuri war-
mosaxviTi zedroulobis gansivrceba da verbalizacia.
swored koleqtiuri, sistemuri gamocdilebidan indivi-
dualuri gadaxveva qmnis miTs. oRond esaa is gansakuTrebu-
li SemTxveva, romelic arasdros rCeba individis gamoc-
dilebis doneze, koleqtiur mexsierebaSi ikavebs adgils da
adamianTa saerTo gamocdilebad iqceva. aluda qeTelauris
saxeSi iseve, rogorc joyolaSi xelaxla cocxldeba yvela
amboxebuli da dasjili gmiris arqetipuli saxis invariantu-
li struqtura da vaJa frTxilad gvawodebs Tavisi gmirebis
am aspeqts erTi SexedviT realistur TxrobaSi. miTis gziT
vaJa ubrundeba diad pirvelsawyiss, Sehyavs sityva maradi-
sobaSi, qmnis iseT mniSvnelobebs, romlic gauZlebs dros.
vaJa xatavs tragedias, romelic mosdevs TemTan dapiris-
pirebas. amisda miuxedavad, dapirispireba yovelTvis meor-
deba. es gameoreba aniWebs gmiris qmedebas miTis xasiaTs. is
rac yoveldRiurobis nawili iyo, awmyodan maradiul droSi
ganifineba (sxvaTa Soris, aludas saxis swored es miTosuri
potencialia `daWerili“ guram rCeuliSvilis libretos
`aluda qeTelauris“ finalur scenaSi: `yvelaferi gaxele-
bulia. elvaze qeTelauris zurgis silueti Cans, romelic
kidev maRla midis“.
adamianis eTikuri arsebobis mamoZravebel ZalTa or po-
luss bergsoni Seusabamebs religiis or formas – statikur-
sa da dinamiurs. misi azriT, adamianis eTikuri cxovrebac
ukufenaa aqtiuri da pasiuri mtafizikuri principebis Se-
jaxebis da maTi sruli SeuTavseblobisa. samyaros am uni-
versalur process imeorebs adamianTa socialuri arsebo-
bac; igi ori sapirispiro ZaliT aris gansazRvruli: erTi
moqmedebs sinamdvilis amJamindeli mdgomareobis SenarCu-
nebisTvis (igulisxmeba materiis meqanikuri Zala, materiis
sizante – m.k.), meore ki ibrZvis adamianuri arsebobis axle-
buri, dRemde ganuxorcielebeli formebis dasamkvidreb-
lad (SemoqmedebiTi, maformirebeli Zala – m.k.). pirveli
miswrafeba damaxasiaTebelia statikuri, meore ki dinamiuri
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religiisaTvis. religiis am or saxes verasodes ver daviyvanT
maT saerTo mniSvnelze.
Tu aludas saxes bergsonis am mosazrebis fonze waviki-
TxavT, aSkaraa, rom aluda, rogorc adamianis tipi, dinamiuri
religiis aRmsarebelTa rigs miekuTvneba. amis yvelaze mka-
fio dadasturebaa aludas Zalze ucnauri da TemisTvis sru-
liad gaugebari da miuRebeli gadawyvetileba, sakuTari xe-
liT Seswiros samsxverplo mucalis `dasamwyalobleblad“,
rac aRiqmeba kidec gaugonar mkrexelobad xevisber berdias
mier (`– gagonilaa, – iZaxda, – / asre agdeba rjulisa“), ro-
melic poemaSi Temis statikuri religiis damcvelad gvev-
lineba. swored am `dauyvanlobaze“ mianiSnebs mas aluda
sityvebiT: `miTom erTni varT, berdiav“.
vaJas personaJebis humanizmi mxolod erTi, calkeuli ada-
mianis amboxia, romelic mTeli sicxadiT aaSkaravebs verSem-
dgari Tu ganuxorcielebeli socialur-koleqtivisturi
utopiis tragizms – erTis mxriv, da jgufuri cxovrebis wi-
aRSi Casaxuli, sulieri sizantis daZlevisa da Tavisufali
pirovnuli arsebobis mopovebis Seupovar nebas – meores
mxriv. am or sawyiss Soris winaaRmdegoba vaJas daZabuli
fiqris sagania. Znelia dabejiTebiT imis Tqma, rom misi indi-
vidulisti gmirebi saerTod uars amboben koleqtivisturze.
finalSi garkveviT ikiTxeba aludas Sinagani sulieri drama,
romelic gamowveulia im erTianobis rRveviT, rac aludasa
da Tems Soris arsebobda. sxvaTa Soris, am kavSiris gaubra-
loebad, momxmareblur damokidebulebamde dayvanad aRiq-
vams aluda dedis sityvebs: `netav ar dasWirdebaa/ xevsurTa
Seni Svelao?!“ . aludam icis, rom imis winaSe, rac moxda, Temic
iseve uZluria, rogorc TviTon, amitomac ubrazdeba qalebs:
`jvars ar awyinoT,Tems nu swyevT, / nu gadiqceviT cetada!“.
amitom ibrZvis joyola marto, Temisgan uaryofili, imave
Temis dasacavad. amasve adasturebs aRazas sikvdiliswina
fiqric: `orTav SevcodeT qistebsa,/maT SamiCvenes qmaria.../
me ufro didi codva maqvs/ ucxosTvis cremli vRvari“.
rac Seexeba aludas bolo sityvebs, es araa Cveulebrivi
damSvidobeba. Cndeba gancda, rom vaJa aludas Seqcevad anu

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miTosur droSi gadasasvlelad amzadebs. gamomSvidobeba
gadasvlis suraTis wina, msxvili plania. vaJa mas ritualur-
simbolur datvirTvas aniWebs da `samudamos“ niSniT aRbeW-
davs (`erTxel maunda aludas,/ erTxel mobrunva Tavisa“).
Tavis es `erTxel mobruneba“ warmoadgens yvela im moZraobis
arqetips, romelic maradiulad xdeba da romelic gamoxa-
tavs yovelnairi cvlilebis arss, maT Soris iseTi radika-
luri cvlilebisac, rogoricaa gardacvaleba. brunva, Semob-
runeba – maradiulobis niSniT aRbeWdili moZraobaa, erTi
wris dasrulebis niSani. igi maradganmeorebadia maSinac ki,
roca `erTxel“ xdeba. aluda qeTelaurze Seqmnili moma-
vali miTis qsovili swored am `erTxel“-zea Semogarsuli
iseve, rogorc `amboben“-Si struqturirebulia Txrobis,
moyolis arqetipi. is, rasac `amboben“, anu suraTi, romelsac
vaJa `stumar-maspinZlis“ finalSi xatavs, meordeba yovel
Rame da warmoadgens megobrobisa da urTierTgatanis ritu-
als, xolo is, rasac aluda akeTebs – Tavis mobruneba – aseve
ritualuri datvirTvisaa, radgan xdeba erTxel, magram samu-
damod. orive gansakuTrebuli da adamianisaTvis aucilebeli
gamocdilebis damaxsovrebis ritualia. aq `erTxel“-s da
`Ram-Ram“-s (yovel Rame) Soris, drois aRmniSvnelTa moCve-
nebiTi opoziciurobis miuxedavad, ar arsebobs principuli
xasiaTis sxvaoba, anu drois TvalsazrisiT, is, rac xdeba
erTxel, samudamod xdeba; xolo is, rac meordeba, ucvle-
lad erTsa da imave suraTs warmoadgens. ase rom, aludas fi-
naluri xati gamomSvidobebis arqetipis Senelebuli kadria,
`stumar -maspinZlisa“ ki – gamravlebuli erTi da igive. esaa
erTxel – samudamos niRbiT da samudamo – erTxelis niRbiT.
davakvirdeT: vaJa ar ambobs, aludas damSvidobeba moun-
dao, is ambobs, erTxel mounda Tavis mobrunebao. vizualuri
aspeqtis aqcentirebiT is gviCvenebs, Cvenebas gviambobs da
ara oden ambavs. es gaTvalsaCinoeba `muSaobs~, rogorc xati,
miTi ki sxva araferia, Tu ara implicituri xati. swored
am `Tavis mobrunebiT“ iqmneba is damatebiTi mniSvneloba,
romelic am moZraobas zedroul saxes aniWebs. swored „er-
TxelSi“ marxia is egzistencialuri muxti, romelic axlavs

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sicocxlesTan damSvidobebas, gnebavT, ukanasknel misalme-
bas. vaJa xatavs sivrcis droSi gadasvlis suraTs, aludas
mTeli garegani cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sinaganad qce-
vis wams; ukanasknel Tvalis Sevlebas, romelsac, rogorc
vTqviT, samudamo damaxsovrebis funqcia akisria. aludas
Tvali imaxsovrebs, krebs, aRbeWdavs mSobliur sivrces, Sig-
niT Seaqvs materialuri samyaros mTeli sinaTle, misi er-
Tiani anabeWdi, rac sxva araferia, Tu ara vaJas miTopoeturi
cnobierebis niSani, sadac orive aspeqti – poeturica da mi-
Tosuric erTdroulad monawileoben SemoqmedebiT aqtSi.
swored es xazgasmuli `erTxel“ adasturebs mis maradiulo-
bas (`erTxel maunda aludas, erTxel...“). mokled, saxezea ara
Cveulebrivi damSvidobeba, aramed samudamo mzera, aRbeWdva,
samudamo aramarto aludasTvis, aramed yvela imisTvis, vinc
mis ambavs ismens awmyoSi da moismens momavalSi. erTi sity-
viT, vaJa damSvidobebis arqetips acocxlebs. damSvidobebis
rituali aludas saxes aqcevs im adamianis arqetipad, ro-
melic tkiviliT eTxoveba Tavis cxovrebas. nortrop frais
azriT, `miTi aris codnis Semcveli mTavari Zala, romelic
rituals arqetipis mniSvnelobas aniWebs... amdenad, miTi aris
arqetipi... miTi ritualis sityvieri imitaciaa“.
samyaro, romelsac vaJa xatavs, ar Seicavs istoriuli gan-
viTarebis raime niSnebs. es gayinuli samyaroa, erTi pata-
ra, mcire eTnosis yofa, romelic TiTqos verc ki grZnobs
istoriis svlas. esaa sivrce, romelic mokle droSi Tavi-
dan bolomde SeiZleba gadalaxo cxeniT, Tumca, miuxedavad
imisa, rom orive poemaSi yvelaferi TiTqos Caketil wreSia
moqceuli, sivrcul formebSi gamoxatuli dro cvlilebis
molodinze migvaniSnebs da es molodini swored miTosuri
struqturis saSualebiT Cndeba. davazustoT: TemTan alu-
dasa da joyolas dapirispirebaSi mkafiod ikiTxeba zogadad
yovelgvari dapirispirebis arqetipuli struqtura. orive
poemis fabula warmoadgens yvela im dapirispirebis kerZo
SemTxvevas, romelic xdeboda warsulSi da moxdeba momaval-
Sic da romelic aucileblad iwvevs Zireul cvlilebas jer
adamianTa cnobierebaSi, Semdeg etapze ki – yofierebaSic;

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am tipis xdomilebebi safuZvlad udevs yvela im cvlilebas,
romelic Zirfesvianad gardaqmnis kacobriobis, sazogadoe-
bis, maT Soris, Temis cxovrebas. rogorc vTqviT, cvlilebis
konceptis vaJaseuli mniSvneloba ikiTxeba swored ambis
miTologiuri gaazrebis pirobebSi da aTvalsaCinoebs mec-
nierebis mier SeniSnul, miTisTvis zogadad damaxasiaTebel
intencias mimavlisaken, ufro zustad, mimdinare drois, re-
alobis sazRvrebis gadalaxvisaken (`minam qveyana arsebobs,
/am ambavs naxven mudama“– `nangrevTa Soris“). rogorc levi
strosi ambobs, `... miTologia sxva araferia, Tu ara drois
ganadgurebis instrumenti“.
swored ambis gamiTiurebiT Semoaqvs vaJas momavlis pro-
eqcia. es struqtura, rogorc xedvis safuZveli da arqauli
elementi, Cadebulia vaJas mTel SemoqmedebaSi. momavlis
konceptis Sesatyvisi struqtura ikiTxeba aramxolod alu-
das saxeSi, aramed mindias qcevaSic, romlis TanagrZnobas
aludas mimarT adasturebs fraza: `mouwylianda Tvalebi“.
igive konceptia xorcSesxmuli poemis finalur scenaSic, ro-
melic aludas mdgomareobas gvixatavs, rogorc energiul,
mimswra, fizikuri ZalebiT savse moZraobas, romlis mxaris
abmac aludas Tanmxleb adamianebs uWirT (ix. zemoT: `Svilo,
iare nelao...“) aluda ukve Semdgaria, ukve miagno raRac is-
eTs, romelic mas moralur upiratesobas aniWebs sxvebis
winaSe. vaJas personaJebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vilapara-
koT `adamianis sulis antinomiurobis“ (levi-strosi) Zalze
maRal xarisxze da sakuTari arCevanis, sakuTari sulieri
monapovris dacvis Seupovar nebaze; tradiciis Zalze wina-
aRmdegobriv, Sesabamisad, indi-vidualizebul gagebaze.
orive SemTxvevaSi – kanonTan, tradiciasTan, Sesabamisad,
`mamis“ konceptTan dapirispirebaze, ufro Rrma Sinagani mo-
Txovnilebis – sakuTari pirovnuli nebis – dacvis mizniT.
`stumar-maspinZelSi“ es neba da winaaRmdegobis amgvari Si-
naarsi sakmaod cxadad ikveTeba joyolas sityvebSi `Cemi
kacobis damqcevno, lanZRvasac memarTlebiTa?“ da aludas
mimarTvaSi: `miTam erTni varT, berdiav“ .
148
 rogorc yoveli struqturulad Sekruli erTianoba, Te-
muri sazogadoebac, Cveulebriv, radikalurad reagirebs
misTvis socialurad gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovanze da prob-
lemurze. roca es xdeba, miTi, rogorc gansakuTrebuli tipis
Setyobineba, TviTonve axdens gamocdilebis akumulirebas
da Senaxvas momavlisTvis. `stumar-maspinZelSi“ momavlis
struqtura dafarulia Sexvedris scenis ganmeorebadobis
faqtSi: `Ram-Ram xedaven suraTsa“, imaSi, rom Sexvedra
xdeba mTis wverze, anu gaSlil, yvelasTvis iolad dasanax
sivrceSi; imaSi, rom maTi sityva xmiandeba RamiT, sayovel-
Tao siCumeSi; imaSi, rom es moqmedeba rCeba (ganmtkicdeba)
sityvaSi da sityvis gziT – mexsierebaSi. isini yvelani
kvdebian, magram toveben kvals miTis saxiT, romelic mara-
disobaSi xmianobs da agrZelebs sicocxles. rogorc `alu-
da qeTelauris“, ise `stumar-maspinZlis“ gmirebi TavianTi
moqmedebiT ganasaxiereben sicocxlis universalur ritms,
orientirebuls ganaxlebasa da cvlilebaze. es cvlilebebi
mimarTulia konkretulidan universalurisaken, orienti-
rebulni arian kidev ufro universaluri tradiciisaken,
kidev ufro Rrma fesvebisa da adamianis sulis siRrmeebi-
saken, universalur zneobriv Rirebulebebsa da adamianTa
Soris sulier saWiroebaze damyarebul socialur urTier-
Tobebze, samyaros yvelaze gonivrul, sicocxlis sasikeTod
da gasaZlierebelad mimarTul pragmatikaze.
Tomas mani miTSi xedavs `Wvretis maneras“, ris Sedegadac
Semoqmedi movlenebs aRiqvams miTosur-tipiuri sawyisis
gamoxatulebad, rac, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs movlenaTa
msxvili modelebis miRebasa da gaziarebas“. am mosazre-
bis fonze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vaJas `Wvretis maneraSi“
akumulirebuli miTisqmnadobis impulsi or `msxvil“ models
asaxierebs:
`giyvardes mteri Seni viTarca Tavi Seni“ – saxarebise-
uli doqtrinaa, romelic, gamonaTqvamis imperatiulobis
miuxedavad, axmovanebs ara aucileblobas, aramed SesaZleb-
lobas. aluda qeTelauri relurad axorcielebs mas, ani-
149
Webs aucileblobis saxes da swored am aucileblobidan
gamomdinare iZens misi qmedeba miTis xasiaTs. vaJa am gziT
religiur pratips abrunebs da axdens miTis aramxolod
SemecnebiTi, aramed eTikuri mniSvnelobis aqcentirebasac.
dvoreckis leqsikonis Tanaxmad, Zveli berZnebi miTs gan-
martavdnen, rogorc sityvas, Canafiqrs, monaTxrobs, gadmo-
cemas, zRapars, Tqmulebas da, rac CvenTvis gansakuTrebu-
liT sainteresoa – fabulas, siuJets. aristoteles gan-
martebiT, miTi niSnavs fabulas, qmedebas. vaJas gmirebi
moqmedeben, radgan sxvagvarad ar SeuZliaT, maT fiqrsac da
sizmarsac moqmedebis xasiaTi aqvT. moqmedeba aucileblo-
baa da vaJas gmirebisTvis WeSmariteba swored moqmedebis
am aucileblobasTanaa `mibmuli“ (gavixsenoT kuratis Se-
wirvisa da musas mokvlis epizodebi, romlebic moqmedebis
radikalizmiT gamoirCeva da TiTqos `amovardnilia“ ra-
cionalur-logikur qmedebaTa rigidan). vaJasTvis ki am auci-
leblobas qmnis ambis, sityvis Senaxva, gadmocema, gameoreba,
gamiTeba, anu sityvieri qmedeba.
robaqiZe werda: `vaJa fSavela aris upiratesad miTebis
Semqmneli poeti... is iyo poeti da mWvreteli, amitomac
samyaros siRrmiseuli simarTle ar gamoepareboda mas xed-
vidan“. miTi, rogorc samyaros SemoqmedebiTi Semecnebis
uZvelesi forma, misi `siRrmiseuli simarTlis“ Semnaxveli
da ganmcxadebeli, ara mxolod logosTan adamianis kavSirs,
aramed samyarosa da adamianis mTlianobasac areklavs.
premodernuli da modernuli kulturisa da literaturis
mier miTosis aqcentirebuli Semotana da restavracia
sxva araferia, Tu ara racionalizmiT gamowveuli, samya-
ros dazianebuli, danawilebuli aRqmis aRsadgenad mi-
marTuli saqmianoba. amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavisi
miTisqmnadobiTa da `samyaros siRrmiseuli simarTlis“
wvdomiT, vaJa maRali modernizmis safuZvlebTan dgas da
robaqiZis Sefasebac vaJas Semoqmedebis, misi msoflxedvis
swored am dauzianebel xedvaze miniSnebaa.
150
 Zlieri individualurobis gamo vaJas personaJebs ver
vuwodebT verc tipebs, verc personizebul abstraqciebs,
isini arc gaRmerTebuli adamianebia da arc dacemuli
RmerTebi. yvelaze ufro isini miTo-poeturi cnobierebis
wiaRSi gacocxlebuli qarTuli cnobierebis arqetipebia.
miTis gziT vaJa ubrundeba diad pirvelsawyiss, logosur-
naturalur wesrigs, erovnuli cnobierebis Zirebs. .
miTosuri struqturebis aseTi gaaqtiureba vaJas eposSi,
SesaZloa, racionaluri da pragmatuli drois damSleli
zemoqmedebis winaaRmdeg `sasurveli mokavSiris“ ZiebiTac
iyos gapirobebuli.

151
Tamaz vasaZe

sicocxlis saerTo neba

es SeniSvnebi, dakvirvebebi sakmaod didi xnis win dawe-

rili statiis – „gamaerTianebeli tanjvis“ Sevsebaa. am
statiis mTavari ideaa, rom aluda qeTelauris sulier tran-
sformacias yvelaze Rrma da mZlavri biZgi misca mucalis
agoniis aRqmam, imis danaxvam, rogor wyuria mucals si-
cocxle da rogor ar unda sikvdili („mucals ar swadis sik-
vdili...“); amas avlens sicocxleze moWidebis da sikvdilis
mogeriebis mucaliseuli sasowarkveTili cda – balaxis mog-
leja da WrilobaSi Cafena sisxlis Rvaris Sesakaveblad; es
agrZnobinebs aludas Tavis Sinagan naTesaobas, msgavsebas
mucalTan, agrZnobinebs adamianobis arsis, adamianTa mod-
gmis erTianobas, ramdenadac sicocxlis neba da sikvdilis-
gan ganzidva saerToa, sayovelTaoa, adamianebis damyofi
eTnikuri da konfesiuri mijnebis miRmaa...
rogorc irkveva, vaJa fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi SesaZlebe-
lia iseTi momentebis povna, romlebic „aluda qeTelauris“
amgvari interpretaciis sasargeblod metyveleben.

***
poemaSi „xis beWi“ ixateba monadiris mier daWrili xar-ir-
mis sikvdilis Rrmad emociuri, Tavisi plastikuri Tvalsa-
CinoebiT da xorcSesxmulobiT STambeWdavi suraTi, romelic
gviCvenebs, ra sisastikea cocxali arsebisTvis sicocxlis
warTmeva.

„...daeca muxlis kverebze,

ibrZvis, adgomas cdilobsa,
rqas ibjens, ebrZvis sikvdilsa,
gmiri veRara gmirobsa!..
cdilobda xari adgomas,
ezareboda sikvdili;

152
 satrfos daeZebs TvalebiT,
hsurs esmas misi kivili.
ver gaZRa siyvaruliTa,
swadis imasTan sirbili,
xan maZRrad yofna mTis yureT,
bevri SiSi da siymili.
yvelas rad uyvars sicocxle?
rad ejavreba sikvdili?!..“

es suraTi ufro vrceli da detalizebulia, vidre muca-

lis sikvdilis scena, am scenisgan gansxvavebiT emociurad
gamZafrebulia erTi arsebis meore, sayvarel arsebasTan
samudamo gamoTxovebis tkiviliT da amitom aq ufro Tval-
Sisacemadaa warmoCenili is, rac mucalis sikvdilis aRweris
arsic aris – sicocxlis neba, wyurvili da sikvdilis arndo-
ma, saZulvel sikvdilTan ganwiruli brZola, sikvdilisTvis
Tavis daRwevis Jini.
xar-irmis sikvdilis aRweras axlavs misi ganzogadebuli
sazrisis naTeli da erTmniSvnelovani formulireba: „yve-
las rad uyvars sicocxle? rad ejavreba sikvdili?!“ es
ritorikuli kiTxvebi mucalis sikvdilis suraTis nagulisx-
mevi azris pirdapir da gamWvirvaled gamomTqmelicaa, alu-
das mier nagrZnobis gamomxatvelicaa mkafio gansjis enaze
– sicocxlis neba da sikvdilis arndoma yvelasTvis organu-
lia, sayovelTaoa, ris gamoc sxvisi sicocxlis mospoba mZime
zneobrivi tvirTia.
amis gancdaa aramarto aluda qeTelauris, aramed „gvelis
mWamelis“ mTavari gmiris mier momakvdinebel sisastikes-
Tan dapirispirebuli axleburi eTikis saTavec, romelsac
igi bunebaze ganfens da romlis Canasaxi „xis beWSi“ moCans.
am nawarmoebSi gamJRavnebul TvalTaxedvas – sicocxlis
siyvaruli da sikvdilis siZulvili universaluria – aluda
da mindia, saerTo sulieri warmomavlobis mqone persona-
Jebi, garemomcvel realobas sxvadasxva mxridan usadageben.

153
 ***
„stumar-maspinZelSi“ qistebis sasaflaoze zviadauris
mokvlis scenas win uZRvis es pasaJi:

„mohyavda zviadauri
xelSekonili grovasa,
yvelas axarebs mis mokvla,
an vin daiwyebs glovasa?!
sikvdili yvelas gvaSinebs,
sxvas Tu hkvlen, cqera gvwadian;
kacni ver hgrZnoben bevrjela,
rogor did codvas sCadian.
ramdeni avsuli vici,
warbSeuxrelad dadian;
Tavis mtanjvelis Semusrva
an ki vis ara swadian?!“

Tavidan mTxrobeli laparakobs imaze, rac am situaciaSi

TiTqos savsebiT bunebrivia – qistebs axarebT zviadauris
mokvla. magram Semdeg situaciis mTxrobeliseuli xedva
rTuldeba da aRmoCndeba, rom is, rac bunebrivi Cans, arse-
biTad arabunebrivia: sikvdilis SiSi sayovelTaoa, sikvdils
yvela gaurbis da raki es adamianTa saziaro mkacri xvedria,
adamianebisTvis sasurveli da siamovnebis mimniWebeli ar
unda iyos arc sxvisi sikvdili, sxvisi sasikvdilo tanjvis
aRqma. siRrmiseuli TvalsazrisiT bunebrivia is, rom rac
yvelasTvis erTnairad saSinelia, arcCvenTvis gvindodes da
arc sxvisTvis, xolo arabunebrivia sxvisi sikvdilis ndoma,
raki sikvdilis SiSi yvelas erTmaneTTan gvanaTesavebs, erT-
maneTs gvamsgavsebs, yvelas tragikulad gvaerTianebs.
realobaSi siRrmiseulad bunebrivi viTareba deformir-
deba da gardaiqmneba sapirispiro viTarebad, romelic ukve
TviTon gamoiyureba rogorc bunebrivi – adamianebs undaT,
sixaruls gvriT sxvisi sikvdili da ver acnobiereben, rom
amgvari ram „didi codvaa“, radgan es „sxva“ mteria; adami-
154
anebis cxovrebaSi arahumanuri, mtruli urTierTobebis
gabatoneba, agresiaze agresiiTve pasuxis gacemis mwvave
moTxovnileba, SurisZiebis vneba iwvevs imas, rom sxvisi –
mtris sikvdili sasurveli, sasiamovno xdeba da es moralur
mankierebad ar miiCneva.
aluda qeTelaurma „stumar-maspinZelSi“ miniSnebuli Zi-
reulad bunebrivi viTareba igrZno – radgan sikvdilis SiSi
Tu, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sikvdilis arndoma sayovelTaoa, ar
unda gvsurdes da gvaxarebdes sxvisi sikvdili, mZime codvis
tvirTad unda gvawvebodes sxvisi sicocxlis xelyofa. alu-
dam daZlia arabunebrivi, mtrobiT deformirebuli viTare-
ba, romelSic sxvisi sikvdili, sxvisi mokvla, sxvisi tanjviT
kvdomis aRqma sasurvelia, tkbobis momgvrelia da adamianebi
ver grZnoben, rom es zneobrivad normaluri ar aris.

***
vaJa fSavelas moTxrobaSi „papas msoflio fiqrebi“,
romelSic ubralo, Taviseburad Wkviani da zneobrivi adamia-
nis portretia warmodgenili, vkiTxulobT:
„kacis mokvlis ambavi papas Tavzars scems. kacma kaci
rogor unda mohklas?! didi, didi, udidesi codvaa, Tunda
didi danaSaulica hqondes. ityvian, esa da es kai biWia: xuTi
TaTari hyavs moklulio. rao viTom? TaTari ki kaci ar ari,
adamiani? imas ki ara hyavs col-Svili, aravin autirdeba Sina?
Cven ro Cvens mkvdarsa vtiriT, TaTrebi ki ara tirian?.. Ta-
Tris dawiokebuli oblebi ar Tu arian Sesabralisni?kaci
su kacia, ra rjulisac unda iyos. yvela RvTis gaCenilia,
yvela RmerTs exveweba da emudareba – RmerTo, macocxle da
macxovreo! Cven ki unda movklaT? fuuuh!“
kacobriobis, adamianTa modgmis erTianobis idea, romlis
aRiarebamde aluda rTuli Sinagani metamorfozis Sedegad
mivida, aq xalxuri simartiviT da pirdapirobiT aris Camoya-
libebuli. naivurad ubralo da wrfelia aq saubari kaciskv-
lis amazrzen uzneobaze, risi tragikuli gancdac aludas
rTuli da daZabuli sulieri cxovrebis arsebiTi nawilia.

155
 mTavari mainc is aris, rom moTxrobis personaJi, iseve
rogorc aluda qeTelauri, kaciskvlis saSinel codvianobas
imaSi xedavs da mis mimarT zizRs imis gamo grZnobs, rom yvela
adamiani eTnosis da konfesiis ganurCevlad, erTi RmerTis
yvela Svili, RvTis mfarvelobiT sicocxlis SenarCunebas
eswrafis, sicocxlis neba saerToa da amitom zneobrivi si-
maxinjea sxvas waarTva is, rac misTvisac iseve Zvirfasia,
rogorc SenTvis.

156
 gia arganaSvili

vaJa- fSavelas „aluda qeTelauris“

literaturuli personaJis genezisisTvis

vaJa-fSavelas mxatvruli teqstis SeqmnaSi Tanabrad mo-

nawileobs misi humanisturi azrovneba, tradiciuli Sexe-
duleba, memkvidreobiTi mexsiereba, racionaluri goneba da
usazRvro fantazia.
mis „SemoqmedebiT quraSi~ nadnob Sedevrebs (gansakuTre-
biT, poemebs) sxvadasxva Sreebad atyvia miTologiuri, anti-
kuri da klasikuri literaturis kvali. am niadagze xdeba
xalxuri Semoqmedebidan momdinare saxeebis xelaxla daba-
deba da humanizmis simaRleze ayvana.
130 weli gavida vaJa-fSavelas poema „aluda qeTelauris“
daweridan da SegviZlia Tamamad vTqvaT, rom am xnis ganma-
vlobaSi ar yofila iseT literaturul-istoriuli etapi,
misadmi mkiTxvelis yuradReba ganelebuliyo. marTalia,
xSirad mis Sesaxeb urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebic
gamoTqmula, Tumca vaJa-fSavelas mkvlevarTaTvis amas xeli
ar SeuSlia qarTuli literaturis mravalsaukunovan pro-
cesSi es poema gaeazrebina, ara rogorc gansakuTrebuli, e.w.
„literaturuli SemTxveva“, aramed rogorc erTiani proce-
sis logikuri Sedegi, romelic mTlianad eteva nacionaluri
mwerlobis sazRvrebSi.
sxvadasxva fundamentur kvlevaSi gamoikveTa aludas, ro-
gorc zogadsakacobrio personaJis saxe, romelic erTdrou-
lad Soreul warsulsac wvdeba da momavalTanac amyarebs
kavSirs, nacionaluri literaturis gamocdilebasac ey-
rdnoba da saerTaSoriso literaturuli memkvidreobiTac
sargeblobs. personaJis genezisis ZiebaSi ikveTeba saintere-
so versiebi, romelTac TanmimdevrobiT mivyvebiT...
vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis erTi-erTi saukeTeso mkvle-
vari (emigranti mwerali) aleqsande WeiSvili vaJa-fSave-
las Semoqmedebisadmi miZRvnil werilSi gvaxsenebs klasi-

157
kur literaturaSi damkvidrebul mxatvruli nawarmoebis
eqspoziciisa da gmiris reprezentaciis or xerxs. pirveli,
rodesac mwerali nawarmoebis dasawyisSi, gmiris gamoCeni-
sTanave iZleva mis saxasiaTo portrets, xolo meore SemTx-
vevaSi, rodesac siuJetis ganviTarebis kvaldakval vecno-
biT mis Tvisebebs.
pirveli SemTxvevis samagaliTod mkvlevars SoTa rusTa-
velis „vefxistyaosani“ mohyavs („iyo arabeTs rostevan, mefe
RvTisagan sviani...“) da aRniSnavs, rom am mxriv „aluda qeTe-
lauris“ dasawyisic „vefxistyaosnis“ sqemas imeorebs.
da ara mxolod sqemas. miuxedavad imisa, rom rusTave-
lisgan gansxvavebiT, vaJa-fSavela SedarebiT ufro Zunwia
gmiris daxasiaTebaSi, mkiTxvels albaT SeniSnulic aqvs, rom
im oriode TvisebiTac (davlaTiani, sityvagziani) xevsuri
saocrad emsgavseba arabeTis mefe rostevans (gangebiani,
sityvawyliani.)
garda amisa, rusTaveli Sua saukunebis mxatvruli teq-
stis tradicias mihyveba da mefis tipologiur, TiTqmis
sterotipul saxes aRgviwers (iseve rogorc farsadanisa da
saridanis SemTxvevaSi) da amis gamo raime gansakuTrebul
interess ver aCens mkiTxvelSi. vaJa-fSavela ki Temis erT-
erT Cveulebriv wevrs gvixasiaTebs da TiToeuli epiTeti,
romelTac avtori gmiris daxasiaTebis dros iyenebs, lite-
raturul avansad gacemul qebas ufro gvagonebs da mkiTx-
vels uCndeba molodini, rom didi SesaZleblobis gmirs did
problemebTan SeWideba mouwevs.
ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom aludas mTavari Tviseba, rom-
lis Sesaxebac avtori Tavidanve gvafrTxilebs („bevr qists
maaWra marjvena“), mainc SurisZiebis grZnobaa (romelic
TandaTanobiT ritualur xasiaTs iRebs) da Cvenc swored am
niSniT unda movZebnoT misi winare saxe literaturul-fol-
klorul- miTologiur sivrceSi.
rodesac aludas literaturul warmomavlobas viZi-
ebT, arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom vaJa-fSavelas sagmiro
poezia da misi poemebi, ise rogorc mTeli Semoqmedeba sxva
158
literaturul miznebTan erTad, idealuri literaturuli
personaJis Seqmnis mcdelobacaa.
amitom, rodesac qistebis mdevrad wasul aludas kvalda-
kval mivyvebiT, Zalauneburad gvaxseneben Tavs misi giglia
(„giglia“), myvirali („giglia“), ivane („ivane kotoraSvili“ )
da sxva. da mainc, qistebis kvalze damdgari aluda jer kidev
bevriT ar gansxvavdeba im folkoruli gmirebisgan, romel-
Tac yoveldRiurad uwevT am saxifaTo gzaze dadgoma da
RvTis ZaliT gamarjvebulni brundebian.
poemis dasawyisSi Txroba mxolod xalxuri sityviere-
bis inerciazea dandobili. rogorc aleqsandre WeiSvili
aRniSnavs, mxolod aqa-iq ielvebs vaJas Tvali da maSin didi
ostati“ yalmis erTi mosmiT“ Tvalwin gviyenebs mTis Tval-
warmtac peizaJs:

gaTenebisas WiuxSi
SurTxma dareka zario,
ZaRlebs ki sZinavs Teoze,
jer ar gaSlila cxvario.

gmiris (aludas) individualobis pirveli niSani ki,

albaT, mainc brZolis dros iCens Tavs. maSin, rodesac aluda
qistebs „gadaeweva“ da gaufrTxileblad esvris erT-erT
maTgans. mowinaaRmdege cxenidan gadavardeba. avtori mas
„qurdkantalas“ (qurdbacacas) uwodebs da mkiTxveli xvdeba,
rom aludac (avtoris msgavsad) swored ase afasebs Tavis
mowinaaRmdeges.
sityva „qurdkantala“ TiTqos Seuracxmyofelia im adami-
anebis mimarT, romlebic dRisiT, mzisiT mwyemsebs awiokeben
da soflis cxenebis remas itaceben (maT, albaT, ufro meko-
bris, moTareSis saxeli mouxdeboda). maS, ratom ixseniebs mas
avtori (personaJi) am epiTetiT, ratom amcirebs is mowina-
aRmdegis vaJkacur Tvisebebs?!
saqme isaa, rom Sua saukuneebSi qurdkantala (qurdbaca-
ca) garkveul socialur tips ekuTvnoda. qurbacacebi daZ-
rwodnen soflebSi da iparavdnen yvelafers, rasac patro-
nis Tvali moSordeboda, itacebdnen, Tu winaaRmdegobas ar
159
waawydebodnen. Tumca nadavlisaTvis brZolas isini yovel-
Tvis gaurbodnen. maT amisTvis arc vaJkacoba hyofnidaT da
arc SurisZiebis grZnoba. amitomaa, rom folklorul leq-
sebSic (aseve vaJas sagmiro poeziaSi) aseTi qurbacacebis wi-
naaRmdeg aludasnairi kai ymebi martodmarto midian mdevar-
Si da umetes SemTxvevaSi, gamarjvebulebi brundebian TemSi.
aludasTvis Tavidanve ara mxolod mucalis Zma, aramed
TviT mucalic erT-erTi rigiTi qurdkantalaa, romelmac
ver unda gabedos winaaRmdegobis gaweva. misTvis (aluda xom
pirobiTad kai ymis ordens ekuTvnis) bevrad ufro bunebrivi
iqneboda, mucals rom mietovebina nadavli, Zmis cxedaric da
Tavis gadarCenaze efiqra.
aludas namdvili gaoceba ki maSin daetyo, rodesac“ am-
xanagmoklul RilRvelma“ Caxmaxi mozida...
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom maTi brZola zogierT mkvle-
vars (maT Sorisaa aleqsandre WeiSvili) aqilevsis da heq-
toris (homerosis „iliada“) agonebs. Cven ar gvikvirs aseTi
Sedareba, radgan, bunebrivia, rom eposis aRorZinebis gzaze
damdgari vaJa-fSavelas Txroba imgvar asociaciebs aRviZe-
bdes, romelic mkiTxvels poemis antikur literaturasTan
kavSirze daafiqrebs.
(aseTive gancdas iwvevs aludas mier mucalis cxedris
gapatiosneba. es epizodi erTgvarad aqilevsTan gajibreba-
dac ki aRiqmeba, rodesac mkiTxvels axsendeba, Tu rogor
Seuracxyofs aqilevsi troeli gmiris cxedars).
gamarjvebuli aludas winaSe upirvelesad mucalis To-
fis („axla Sen iyos, rjulZaRlo, xels ar Cavardes sxvisasa“)
aReba-araRebis gadauwyveteli sakiTxi dgas. arada, Tofi
marTlac misi sakuTrebaa. uZvelesi droidan damarcxebulis
iaraRi gamarjvebuls ekuTvnoda. aqilevsmac aarTva mZle
heqtors saWurveli, heqtorma – patrokles, patroklem sxvas
da ase gauwyvetlad... marTalia, aludam maT Sesaxeb araferi
icis, magram man, vinc aludas saxe swored warsulidan gamo-
ixmo da axla Tavis tkivilamde fiqrs aiZulebs, kargad icis,
Tu ramxela tvirTis zidva mouwevs momavalSi xevsurs.
160
 avtori ar gveubneba, Tu ra dro dasWirda xevsurs mu-
calis Tofis miRebaze uaris saTqmelad („aludas Tofi ar
unda..“). cxadia, striqonebs Soris nagulismevi dro sruli-
adac ar iyo sakmarisi aludaSi mosaxdeni cvlilelebisTvis.
miT ufro, im sinanulisTvis, romelmac misi goneba mTlianad
gamsWvala da guli auCvila („atirda rogorc qalia~)...
unda vivaraudoT, rom es dro aq Zalze pirobiTia. SesaZ-
loa, is kacobriobis ganvlil mTel epoqas moicavs. Tumca is
uecari gadawyvetileba, romelmac aludas jer Tofis miRe-
baze, xolo Semdeg mucalis mklavis moWraze uari aTqmevina
mkiTxvelisTvis mainc moulodneli Cans. aseT cvlile-
bas xandaxan mTeli sicocxlec ar yofnis. literatura ki
cxovreba ar aris, iq saswaulebi ar xdeba. warmosaxviT re-
alobas mkacri logikuri xazi da mtkice motivacia sWirdeba.
igrZnoba, rom Sua saukuneebis xeobebSi Caketili kai
yma (Tundac davlaTiani da sityvagziani) aseTi pirovnuli
resursiT am gadawyvetilebamde ver miva. mis gonebaSi jer
epoqaluri ryevebi unda daiwyos, jer calkeul kadrebad
unda gairbinos kacobriobis ganvlilma gzam uZvelesi anti-
kuri xanidan meCvidmete saukunemde. am gzaze, drois rome-
liRac monakveTSi, RvTisSvilTa Tu naxevradRmerTebis gver-
diT, aludam sakuTari Tavic unda amoicnos da swored kaco-
briobis gamocdilebiT nakarnaxevi gadawyvetileba miiRos..
Cndeba varaudi, rom aludas personaJs sadRac uZveles
miTebSi Tu TqmulebebSi aqvs fesvi gadgmuli. aq ki didi
arCevani ar gvaqvs. Cveni fiqri mainc miTologiur personaJs,
amirans, miemarTeba, radgan paralelebi aq iseTi cxadia, rom
sxva arCevans ar gvitovebs.
mkiTxvels gavaxseneb, rom amirani qarTuli miTosis cen-
traluri figuraa. masSi (igulisxmeba Tqmuleba amiranze)
qarTuli kulturis formirebis sxvadasxva etapia aRbeWdi-
li. cxadia, amas Tavisi kvali qarTuli sityvierebis isto-
riisTvisac unda daemCnia. am mxriv gamoTqmulia ramdenime
varaudi (demna Sengelaia „vefxistaosnis“ siuJetis „amirani-
anTan“ fabulur kavSirze mianiSnebda), Tumca, faqtia, rom
161
mis miTosur Zirebs qarTuli literatura mecxramete sa-
ukunemde aRar mibrunebia.
am dros jer akaki wereTlis, xolo Semdeg vaJa-fSavelas
SemoqmedebaSi Cndeba amiranis saxe. akakis SemoqmedebaSi ami-
rans upiratesad patriotuli elfer dahkravs, vaJas leq-
sebSic igrZnoba msgavsi motivebi, Tumca aq amirani ufro
xtonuri RvTaebaa, romlis qcevaSi bunebis ganaxlebasTan
dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva etapi airekleba.
Tumca es mxolod im leqsebSi, romlebSic uSualod ami-
ranzea saubari. zogadad ki, vaJas SemoqmedebaSi Zalze Rrmad
aris SeWrili miTosuri plani. sxvadasxva nawarmoebebSi di-
di doziT ikiTxeba „amiranianis“ kvali.
Tamaz Cxenkeli Tavis statiaSi „devuri da RvTaebri-
vi“ ganixilavs vaJa-fSavelas leqss „devebis qorwili“ da
miuTiTebs, rom fSav-xevsuruli eTnosis arqaul garemoSi
aRzrdili vaJa qarTuli folkloris wiaRSi eZebs „dioni-
suri orgiazmis“ SesaniSnav masalas, Semoqmedis naTelxil-
viT aRrmavebs mas da „devebis qorwilSi“ Semzaravi misteri-
is monawile xeldasxmuliviT ganicdis Zmis xorciT ZRomis
saSinelebas.
mkvlevari devebis mier RvTaebrivi xorcis Wamis orgias-
tuli Rreobis sanimuSod amiranis zRapris fSaur versiasac
imowmebs:

SegvipatiJes, SevediT, amirans puri hSioda,

dedobilebis nacxobi, qada kecebSi Sxioda,
SamahWres, Samaayrenes, kacis Tav-fexi dioda,
saRviniT Rvino mogvarTves, Sig gvelbayayi wioda,
usmel-uWmeli davZexiT, yelSiac amogvdioda,
amirans SemovxednodiT, cremlebi Camohdioda...

aq aSkarad igrZnoba aludas „did sizmrTan “ kavSiri. uda-

voa, rom xevsuri marTlac Zalze „nacnob situaciaSi“ xvde-
ba. es swored is saxlia, sadac aludas (amirans da misi Zmebis
msgavsad) adamianis xorciT gaumaspinZldnen. es swored is
„devebis qorwilia“, sadac „ukanas yureSiiT“ maradiuli Zmis
kvnesa ismis:
162
 davje, jam vinam damidga,
kacis xorc iyo wvniani,
vsWamdi, mzaravda TumcaRa
kacis xel-fexi Zvliani.
rasa vsCadio, vsjavrobdi,
umsgavsi, SaCvenebuli,
Wameo, ramam miZaxa,
nu xdebi gaSterebuli...

aqvea meore epizodic, sadac SurisZiebis wyurviliT anTe-

buli amiranis saxe (iseve rogorc aludasi) sisxlis morevSi
yofnis metaforad aris warmodgenili.
amirani devebis saxlSi SeiWra da samkvdro-sasicocxlo
brZola gaumarTa maT. sisxli wyaliviT iRvreba. gubdeba
da lamisaa daaxrCos darejanisZe. devebi ki cocxldebian
da xelaxla akvlevineben Tavs SuriZiebiT anTebul devkacs
(swored esaa maTi devoba). maT SeZles da amirani SurisZiebis
grZnobaze wamoages. axla ki es dagubebuli sisxli mas ueWvel
daRupvas uqadis da mxolod SemTxvevis wyalobiT Tu gada-
urCeba ueWvel sikvdils.
am suraTis gaxseneba mkiTxvelSi TavisTavad iwvevs imgvar
ganwyobas, rogorsac vaJa-fSavelas poemaSi aludas imedas
qavis karTan gavlisaas vxvdebiT:

visac mteroba maswyurdes,

gaaRos saxlis karia,
sisxl daigubos keraSi,
TviTonac Sigve mdgaria.
Rvinodac imas dahlevdes,
puradac mosaxmaria,
pirjvari daiwerodes,
miTam saydarSi aria.

kidev erTi paraleli, romelic Zalauneburad gvafiqre-

binebs am ori mxatvruli teqstis ufro Rrma kavSirze. gavix-
senoT is epizodi („amiraniani“), rodesac camcumis SesaWme-
lad mimaval baybaydevs gzad amirani Semoeyreba:

163
 „– saiT mieSurebio? – hkiTxa amiranma
– camcumi momkvdara da im SesaWmelad mivdivaro –
– Sen adamianis xorcs vin SegaWmevso – upasuxa amiranma da
gaemzada misTan sabrZolvelad“.
axla ki is suraTi aRvadginoT, rodesac Satilisken mima-
val aludas „fexdafex“ yorani misdevs:

xevixev Samohyrantalebs
yorani avis xmisao:
„mamkvdara qisti mucali,
Tval unda vsWamne ymisao,
gul-RviZli amovarido,
kalTa davxuro mxrisao“.

es frinveli yornadqceuli baybaydevia, romelic isev

adamianis xorcis saWmelad mieSureba. sikvdil-sicocxlis
arsze dafiqrebuli aludac, rogorc miTologiuri perso-
naJi (is xom marTlac miTosidan aris gamoxmobili) bolomde
ecdeba SurisZiebis jaWvis gawyvetas da SeZlebs kidec amas,
rodesac miTologiuri devkacis saxesTan gaigivebul, Ta-
visi ganvlili cxovrebis metaforul gaazrebas ixilavs
(sizmarSi), romelic mas swored miTosSi daabrunebs.
(marTalia, mas gzadagza am „gamarjvebiT“ gamowveuli am-
partavnebac eqneba dasaZlevi, magram es poemis Semdeg Taveb-
Sia sarkvevi). axla ki mTavari is sibralulis gancdaa, ro-
melic aludaSi mucalis sikvdilis gamo aRiZvreba, romelic
daafiqrebs da xelis moWraze uars aTqmevinebs. Tumca es
gancda mxolod mucalis gapatiosnebisTvis Tu eyofa da mu-
calis ZmisTvis ki aRar ikmarebs...
amitom aludas mxolod guli ki ar unda auCvildes, ar-
amed mTeli taniT unda daiZras, rom masSi datrialebuli
gancdebi devkacis ZalmosilebiT aReldes da Caketili wre
gaarRvios. yvelafers Tavisi saxeli unda daerqvas. aluda
unda mixvdes, ratom xocavda dRemde ase daundoblad. mix-
vdes, raa mizezTa mizezi am Seuwynareblobisa. amisTvis ki mas
mzera sWirdeba, romelic garedan aRwers mis mdgomareobas
da daanaxvebs SurisZiebis gabmul jaWvs, romelsac rgolebad
164
moWrili xelebi aqvs asxmuli. miaxvedrebs, rom xelis moWra
erTgvari sakontrolo gasrolaa, romelic rainds avazakad,
xolo mebrZols mkvlelad aqcevs.
„aluda qeTelauris“ Txrobis dinamika imdenad Tavbru-
damxvevia, rom mkiTxveli ver amCnevs eposis JanrisTvis sru-
liad gaumarTlebel „pauzas“, romelic erTgvarad aCerebs
dros. mkiTxveli ver amCnevs, rom ambavi mindias dabrunebiT
ukve „damTavrda“, konfliqti sruliad amoiwura. mindiam
moitana mucalis mklavi, Satilionebi darwmundnen, rom alu-
da ar tyuoda da damSvidnen. aludam ar miiRo moWrili mklavi
da mindias usayvedura amis gamo. Tumca male (rogorc Cans)
yvelaferi kalapotSi Cadga, Temma ganagrZo Cveulebrivi
cxovreba, unda vivaraudoT, rom aludac isev Cveulebrivad
jdeboda safixvnos TavSi, vidre sauflo Jami ar movida...
yuradReba mivaqcioT, rom am epizodSi aluda ukve sxva
safexurze dgas. man erTi codvisgan (SurisZieba, Seuwynareb-
loba) daixsna Tavi da axla Tavisdauneburad meore codvaSi
dgams fexs. Tavisi arqetipis (amiranis) msgavsad imdenad
gaTamamebulia (gabudayebulia ), rom rjulis damcvelTan
(RmerTTan) sabrZolvelad emzadeba.
avtori gveubneba, rom aluda xatobaSi nisliviT Semodis
– „modga misliviT“ (nisli veSapis mxatvruli saxea, romelic
yvelafris CanTqmas apirebs), es brwyinvale metafora xazs
usvams aludas yovlisSemZleobas. RmerTTan mebrZolma per-
sonaJma mTlianad, nisliviT unda moicvas garemo.
garda amisa amiranic xom Sav Rrubelsa hgavs („amiran Savsa
Rrubelsa saomrad gamzadebulsa“)?!
es nisliviT moaruli Zala daxrili TaviT dgeba berdias
winaSe („dadga daxrilis TaviTa“) – uCveulo saxea, erTdro-
ulad kadnieric da morCilic. Tumca vidre am Temas ganvav-
rcobT, jer im garemos gadavxedoT, sadac aludam kurati
moiyvana Sesawirad:
„...xatis garSemo mTvrali xevsurebi yrian. aqa-iq yel-
gamoWrili saklavi gdia upatronod. yvelgan sisxlia daq-
ceuli. qalebi wablisferi ColkebiT da CixtakopebiT xatis
mijnaze dganan mwkrivad. dasturebs ludi moutaniaT, as-

165
meven... zogi mTvrali fexze dgeba, bubunebs da isev iZinebs.
daCoqili xevisberi klavs saklavs, sisxli asxams gadaWrili
yelidan. saklavi matulobs, daklulebs atyaveben, zogs
iqve abamen dakvlis molodinSi. dilidan mTvralebi iRviZe-
ben. Rreoba grZeldeba. dasturebi uzarmazar ludis Tasebs
daarbenineben, viRac aryis Sesmaze ambobs uars. dasturi ki-
serSi hkidebs xels da ZaliT asmevs. is, vinc Zaladobda, mor-
Cilad svams. mere sufrasTan raRac CoCqoli tydeba. ismis
xevsuruli simRera, is xan maRla adis, xan nela grZeldeba,
TavisTvis. CoCqoli isev wynardeba“.
aseT garemoSi Semodis vercxlis iaraRSi Camjdari alu-
da qeTelauri. mas TokiT Semohyavs kurati, romelic xan
morCilad mosdevs, xan Rmuis da gasaqcevad iqaCeba. aluda
aRelvebulia, kuratis brZolas ver grZnobs...
mkiTxvels ganvumartav, rom es guram rCeuliSvilis mier
danaxuli xatobis garemoa. vaJa-fSavelas samyaro guramis-
Tvis arasodes yofila ucxo. mas ukve dawerili hqonda li-
breto filmisTvis „aluda qeTelauri“. scenarSi yuradRe-
bas iqcevda xevsurTa xatobis aRwera, romelic mTlianad
imeorebda alaverdobis dResaswaulis CvenTvis ase nacnob
(„alaverdoba“) situacias:
faqtobrivad, am scenarSi aluda marTlac miTosis gmiri-
viT Semodis, TiTqos marTlac amiranma aiwyvita...
vaJa-fSavelas am nawarmoebSi, uSualod aludas xasiaTSi,
aSkarad igrZnoba moWarbebuli revoluciuri paTosi. Tumca,
poemaSi uamravi sxva nakadia, romlebic teqsts meamboxu-
ri literaturis xibls aclis da humanizmis umaRles gamo-
xatulebad warmogvidgens.
xatobaze aludas kurati Semohyavs. mas unda is mucals
Seswiros. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom kurats is ufro imitom
klavs, rom xalxi gamoafxizlos da gvarovnul-patriar-
qaluli, SuRlisa da mtrobis tradiciidan gamoiyvanos. mi-
si survilia, erTi dartymiT Secvalos realoba. persomaJis
amgvar revoluciur mizandasaxulobas vxedavT Cven guram
rCeuliSvilis „alaverdobaSi“.

166
 zustad aseT garemoSi (mkiTxvels minda Sevaxseno „ala-
verdobis“ garemo). modunebuli vnebebis gamoasafxizeblad
Semorbis gurami. Semorbis erT sxeulad qceuli cxenkaci.
cxeni am SemTxvevaSi guramis sxeulia. am sxeuls, rogorc
vnebis WurWels, amtvrevs leki da guramic sxeulisa da
survilebis gareSe arbis taZris lavgardanze.
aludas mier kuratis dakvlac xom msxverplSewirvaze me-
tad adamianuri vnebisgan gaTavisuflebas gulisxmobs.
„alaverdobaSi“, iseve rogorc vaJa-fSavelas „aluda
qeTelaurSi“, mTavari gmiri mxolod sakuTar Zalaze dayr-
dnobiT cdilobs arsebuli realobis Secvlas. orive maTgani
zeadamianobisken iswrafvis. Tumca garkveuli drois Semdeg
„alaverdobis“ personaJi, gansxvavebiT aluda qeTelauris-
gan, daeWvdeba sakuTari moqmedebis sisworeSi (aludas Tavi-
si moqmedebis Sesafaseblad „simaRle“ ar hyofnis, radgan is
isev xevsurTa Soris trialebs, guramma ki alaverdis simaR-
lidan daxeda yvelafers). „...is (gurami) xvdeba, rom Sroma,
Seneba, Semoqmedeba ufro didi faseulobaa da ufro Sede-
giania, vidre gamomwvevi protesti, amboxi; amitom xvdeba ima-
sac, rom TviT isic da saerTod, pirovneba inertul brboze
SeiZleba mxolod SemoqmedebiTma Sromam aamaRlos da ara
sakuTari Tavis sayovelTao yuradRebis centrSi moqcevam.
brbosac kvlav xalxad mxolod SromasTan mibruneba aqcevs,
radgan swored Sromisgan mowyveta gadaagvarebs xalxs br-
bod, arTmevs sasicocxlo Zalas, arsebobis xaliss da sixa-
ruls“ (Tamaz vasaZe).
guramis SemoqmedebiTi amocana zeambiciuri iyo. mas
surda Tavisi Tanamedrove qarTvelis saxe Seeqmnas. mas im-
gvari gmiris portreti unda gamoeZerwa, romelSic sruli-
ad realizdeboda qarTuli erovnuli potencia. es ki SeuZ-
lebeli iyo Tu mwerali eris warsulis mtkice sayrdens, mis
miTologiur-folklorul-literaturul gamocdilebas ar
daeyrdnoboda.
Cemi varaudiT, guram rCeuliSvilma „aluda qeTelauris“
wakiTxviT gamowveuli STabeWdileba gaiazra „alaverdoba-
Si“ mxatvrulad.

167
 „alaverdobaSi“ aRZruli antirevoluciuri paTosi am
procesebis Tanamdevi sxvadasxva Rirebulebis axlebur gan-
martebas iTxovda. Tavis droze humanizmisa da Tavisuf-
lebis sabWourad gaazrebuli cnebebi sruliad veRar pasu-
xobdnen dros. literaturas ki SeeZlo, rom isini axali Si-
naarsiT daetvirTa.
erTi mxriv, absoluturi Tavisuflebisken ltolva da,
meore mxriv, adamianisadmi erTguli morCileba – guramis
megobars da cnobil mxatvars, Temo jafariZes, adreve Se-
uniSnavs guramis SemoqmedebaSi arsebuli es winaaRmdegoba:
„igi usazRvro Tavisuflebisken instiqturi midrekile-
bis gamomxatveli Wabuki iyo. meore mxriv ki, zneobrivi ka-
nonebisadmi morCilebis maZiebeli pirovneba...“
Tumca ratom unda CavTvaloT Tavisuflebisadmi mis-
wrafeba da movaleobisadmi morCileba winaaRmdegobriv
Rirebulebad?! gavadevnoT kidev erTxel Tvali guramis
pirovnuli xasiaTis cvlilebas da davrwmundebiT, rom
adamianis ganviTarebis sqematuri naxazi mis SemoqmedebaSi
pirobiTad ase gamoiyureba: Tavisuflebisken swrafva, mo-
valeobisadmi erTguleba (sakuTar TavTan dabruneba) da
msxverplad Sewirvis idea.
dabolos, aluda qeTelauris personaJSi Cven vxedavT
zogadsakacobrio literaturul tips, romlis fesvebi mi-
TologiaSia gaSlili (amirani), xolo misi inerpretirebu-
li saxe Cvens droSi xelaxla iqmneba (guram rCeuliSvili,
„alaverdoba“).

168
 lali avaliani

`aluda qeTelauris~ ivneviseuli da

derJaviniseuli Targmanebi

vaJa-fSavelas Txzulebani Targmnilia inglisur, ger-

manul, frangul, yvelaze uxvad – rusul da bevr sxva enaze.
gansakuTrebiT Rirssacnobia Cveni Tanamedroveebis, Cine-
buli literaturaTmcodneebis, amagdari qarTvelologebis
donald reifildisa da luiji magarotos mier inglisurad
da italiurad Targmnili `aluda qeTelauri~.
mciredi gamonaklisis garda (e. RoRoberiZe, f. TvalT-
vaZe, l. natroSvili, b. emuxvari...) didebuli rusi poetebi
(o. mandelStami, m. cvetaeva, b. basternaki, n. zabolocki da
sxv.) vaJas mxolod pwkaredis meSveobiT Targmnidnen. Tumca
Sedegi warmatebuli iyo: rusulad ametyvelebul teqstebs
gamoarCevda mTargmnelTa niWierebisa da xelweris tvifari.
XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisDSi maT dainteresebas va-
Jas SemoqmedebiT biZgi cisferyanwelebma misces. mandelSta-
mis mkvlevari da misi enciklopediis Semdgeneli p. nerleri
aRniSnavs, rom p. iaSvilisa da t. tabiZis TxovniTa da maTive
pwkaredis mixedviT, rusma poetma 1921 wels TbilisSi meored
yofnisas mihyo xeli `gogoTur da afSinas~ Targmnas (daibe-
Wda 1923 w.); 1925 wels TbilisSi t. tabiZe cdilobda daein-
teresebina `gvelismWameliT~ s. esenini, rogorc potenciuri
mTargmneli; rusi poetis tragikulma aRsasrulma 1926 wlis
ianvarSi didad daamwuxra misi qarTveli megobrebi.

***
mwerali da mTargmneli riurik ivnevi (mixeil kovaliovi)
daibada TbilisSi 1891 wels. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sain-
teresoa ivnevis dilogia – `Любовь без любви~ (1925 w.) da
`Открытый дом~ (1927 w.), romelSic asaxulia Tbilisisa da
baqos literaturuli bohema.

169
 mis mier Targmnili `aluda qeTelauri~ gamoqveynda vaJa-
fSavelas rCeul TxzulebaTa krebulSi, romelic `zaria
vostokam~ gamosca 1939 wels.
ivneviseuli Targmani vaJas didebuli poemis rusul
enaze ametyvelebis pirveli cdaa; ukve es faqti ganapiro-
bebs rusi poetis Targmanis mniSvnelobas (mogvianebiT poema
Targmnes n. zabolockim da b. spaskim).
mTargmneli inarCunebs dednis rvamarcvlian saleqso
striqons da umravles SemTxvevaSi bd riTmasac; Tumca vaJa-
seul eqvs, rva, aT da met taepiani strofis gadmoRebas (Se-
sabamisi riTmiTurT) yovelTvis ver axerxebs.
vaJa-fDSavelas poemebis 1947 wlis rusuli gamocemis re-
daqtorebis v. golcevisa da s. Ciqovanis winasityvaobaSi vki-
TxulobT: `Если переводчики были бы обязаны втискивать сложную
совокупность образов и эпических событий в вольно используемый
автором размер `шаири~, то это вовсе не соответствовало бы правиль-
ному понятию точности поэтического перевода~. da marTlac, Tum-
ca r. ivnevs ucvlelad gadmoaqvs vaJaAseuli sazomi – rva-
marcvliani saleqso striqoni, Targmani moklebulia dednis
`epikur sidarbaisles~.
imdenad didia vaJKas leqsis Sinagani poeturi Zala, rom
dedanSi sazomis erTferovnebas verc ki vgrZnobT, ivnevis
TargmanSi ki sazomis erTferovnebas ver abaTilebs `poetu-
ri Sinaarsi~, romelic odnavadac ver uaxlovdeba vaJas um-
didres poetur samyaros.
sxva gziT wavida mTargmneli vl. derJavini (poeti, nayofi-
eri mTargmneli; `aluda qeTelauris~ garda, Targmnili aqvs
`baxtrioni~, `giglia~ da `monadire~). man Teqvsmet-TxuTmet-
marcvliani saleqso striqoni gamoiyena. vaJa zust stro-
fikas ar icavs, mTargmneli ki arc jvaredini riTmiT gamar-
Tul, mkvidrad Sekrul oTxtaepian strofs moerida (Tumca
Seqmna iluzia rva-Svidmarcvlian rvataepiani strofisa) da
amgvari `TviTnebobiT~ poemas epikuri JReradoba daubruna:

170
 Вестник прискакал к Шатилю,
Крикнул: “Снова нечестивый
Кист напал на нас! И стадо
Взял у наших пастухов!”
Жил там муж Кетелаури –
Мудрый, доблестный,
правдивый, –
Во главе сидел он схода,
Не бросал на ветер слов.

r. ivnevis TargmanSi SeiniSneba vaKJas leqsisaTvis Seufe-

rebeli prozaizmebi, riTac dednis bevri SesaniSnavi saxe Tu
gamoTqma gaufasurda:

erT qurd-kantalas RilRvelsa OОдного врага гильгойца

cudi daudga wamio. Быстро вывел он из строя.

gawires qeTelauri И оставили Алуду

guliTa narianiTa, В одиночестве томиться.
saxelsa aludaisas Как появится в народе,
iZaxdnen bralianiTa. Начинают вс е браниться.

erTgan saukeTeso idiomis nacvlad amgvari prozaizmi

gvxvdeba:

– tyuliad scdebi, aludav, – Не проси меня, Алуда,

tyuilad icveT pirsao. Ты н а с п р о с н о в р е м я
тратишь.

SevadaroT derJavinis Targmans:

Зря ты здесь стоишь, Алуда!

Зря ты мелешь языком!

poeturi nawarmoebis Targmnisas TiTqmis aucdenelia

mTargmneliseuli gadaxvevebi. magram ivneviseuli gadax-
vevebis erTi nawili gaumarTleblad migvaCnia. magaliTad:
171
macne moida Satilsa: Прискакал гонец в Шатили,
– qistebma mogvces ziani, Он принес худые вести:
dagviwiokes mwyemsebi, Наш табун кистины злые
avnia, avi-zniani. Увели с собой из мести.

Tu ki Он принес худые вести – SeiZleba mTargmnelis mra-

valsityvaobad CaiTvalos mxolod, radgan strofis Sinaarss
ar ewinaaRmdegeba, meore CanarTi – Увели с собой из мести –
aSkarad martooden gariTmvis saWiroebiT aris nakarnaxevi.
`месть~ – aq sruliad uadgiloa.
gaugebaria am strofis CanarTic:

guman aqv, gadaavlion Их за перевал Архотский,

arxotis Tavi mTiani, Где цветы лежат коврами,
gadabertyinon naliTa Перегнать хотят кистины
quCi mTebisa, cvriani. По обычаям старинным.

TiTqos qistebi motacebul jogs Zveleburi adaTis da-

sacavad mierekebodnen samSvidobos.
uadgilod gveCveneba amgvari CanarTic:

saklavs TviTon hklavs aluda, Жертву сам заклал Алуда,

mamxsene qistis sulisa. Э т и м в о з м у т и в п р и р о д у.

Sejerebidan gamoirkva, rom mTargmneli ZiriTadad zus-

tad imeorebs dedanis taepTa raodenobas. samwuxarod, amg-
var sizustes poemis bevri brwyinvale adgili Seewira. maT
Soris STambeWdavi tropebi:

jixvni maebnen myinvarsa, На ледник взобрались туры,

madli rqaT adga RvTisao. Будь они благословенны!

ar CauSveben Camsvlelsa, Скалы, вздыбленные к небу,

ca axuria kldisao. Это место окружили.

pirs daswolia nislebi На лице его туманы,

guliT nadeni, Savia. Сердце горестное ноет.

172
 didebulad Targmnis amas derJavini:

На челе чернеют тучи,

Что из сердца поднялись.

r. ivnevs ver SeuniSnavs vaJas poemis erTi Tavisebure-

ba: poeti ar ereva TxrobaSi, iSviaTad uwodebs Tavis gmirs
mamacs, vaJkacs; igi ufro daxvewili xerxebiT migvaniSnebs
maTs vaJkacur bunebas. Tavisqebas arc vaJKas gmirebi etanebi-
an. ivnevi ki Targmnis:

sityva gauSra pirzeda, И х р а б р е ц на землю рухнул,

dabla gaerTxa miwasa. слабости не обнаружил.

– gulSi mWirs, gulSi, – В сердце, в сердце, пес

rjul-ZaRlo, неверный!
vah, cdasa mucalisasa! Горе д о б л е с т и Муцала!

beberi hkiTxavs uSiSa Старец Ушиша желает

aludas ambavs cdisasa. Разузнать про п о д в и г - ч у д о .

gvxvdeba ramdenime faqtobrivi Secdomac:

sovni samgzavros wavidnen, По следам орлиным коршун

mTa-bars maavles Tvalia. Мчится, чуя запах тлена.

svavi aris гриф, xolo коршун– Zera.

cikanic arvis daukal, Не заклав за них козленка

ganRamc kurati didia. Ты теперь пришел с б ы ч к а м и .

Targmani arazustia: aludas kurati mihyavs mucalis su-

lis mosaxseneblad da ara k u r a t e b i .
arazustia amgvari Targmanic:

daipatiJos stumrebi, Пусть готовы будут гости

daamwkriodes jaria. К разгорающейся сече.

173
 aq `jari~ stumarTa simravlis aRmniSvnelia mxolod da
mosalodneli xocva-Jleta mTargmnelis mieraa `yuriT
moTreuli~.
mTargmneli kargad ver garkveula dednis zogierTY ni-
uansSi. saxelovan aludas mTeli Satili egebeba:

Satils gadmodga banebzed

xevsurT qali da rZalia,
gameegebnen aludas
Zma – Zmiswulebi samnia.

TargmanSi ki banaluri, TiTqmis satrfialo situaciaa

gadmocemuli:

А в Шатиле девы с кровель

Взоры в горы устемляют.

SevajeroT dedanTan kidev erTi strofis Targmani:

ver gavimete mucali Жалко стало мне Муцала,

marjvenis mosaWrelada, Не отсек ему десницы,
guli gamiwyra, ara hqna, Не позволило мне сердце
rac saqnelia Znelada. Дикой местью насладиться.

aludas, romelsac mtris xelebi `jRrdesaviTa~ aqvs asx-

muli qavis karze, ara mgonia, ukve gacnobierebuli hqondes,
rom mtrisaTvis mklavis moWra `veluri SurisZiebaa~. alu-
dam mxolod imitom ver gaimeta mucali marjvenis mosaWre-
lad, rom misi vaJkacobiT moixibla.
zogjer ivnevis esa Tu is fraza sakmaod uxeirod JRers:

amxanig-moklul RilRveli Друг убитого гильгойцa

Caxmaxsa ezidebisa. Тя н е т с я к руж ь ю ру ко ю .

sruliad moulodnelia amxedrebul, Tofmomarjvebul

kacze, romelic Caxmaxs ezideba, iTqvas – Тянется к ружью рукою.
174
 TargmanSi zogjer intonaciuri Seusabamobac SeiniSneba.
magaliTad:

raad swyrebian xevsurni, О, Зачем вы так надменны!

rada tyvrebian javriTa?

gaurjulebuls arjuleb, За неверного молиться!..

Sen eg ar Sagixdebisa. Как решился ты? О, горе!

mTargmneli ar erideba ucxo sityvebs, romlebic vaJas

teqsts ver egueba. aseTia, magaliTad – “пистолет”, “трофей”...

dambaCa gamaadgebisT Твоего же п и с т о л е т а

sabrunlad, TiTistarada. Для веретена не жалко.

xeli aludas miarTvis: И, вручив т р о ф е й Алуде,

– waiR, miakar qavada. Он сказал: «Привесь к бойнице».

arazustia amgvari Targmanic:

es vinRa modga, nisliviT, Кто подходит незаметно,

TiTbris nazikis xmaliTa? Меч держа, к священной двери
xevis bers aZlevs mozversa, И подвел бычка, смущенно
dadga daxrilis TaviTa. Поклонившись хевисбери?

`dadga daxrilis TaviTa~ – aq aludas vaJkacur TavSeka-

vebaze, gudanis jvrisadmi morCilebaze migviTiTebs: ivnevi
ki amas morcxvobad miiCnevs.
kvlav arazusti Targmania, gmiris bunebis sawinaaRmdego:

amis gamgone mindias Миндия все это слушал,

mauwyliandes Tvalebi. Слезы лил в душевной муке.

mindias TavSekavebuli boRma-wuxili, romelmac `Tvalebi

mauwyliana~, ar niSnavs –

175
 Слезы лил в душевной муке...

Еле сдерживая слезы,

Слышит Миндия проклятья – rogorc derJavini Targmnis.

amrigad, ivneviseuli `aluda qeTelauris~ rusuli Tar-

gmanis dasaxasiaTeblad SeiZleba vTqvaTL:
1. mTargmnelma ver SeZlo gadmoeca `aluda qeTelauris~
poeturi samyaros mTeli brwyinvaleba. igi SeizRuda rva-
marcvliani taepiT, ramac rig SemTxvevaSi epikuri JRerado-
ba daukarga poemas.
2. ivnevis TargmanSi uxvadaa prozaizmebi, riTac dednis
bevri SesaniSnavi tropi ukvalod daikarga.
3. mTargmneliseuli gadaxvevebi da CanarTebi zogjer
uadgiloa.
4. ivnevi ver garkveula dednis zogierT NniuansSi. aqvs
bundovani, uxerxuli gamoTqmebic.
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, usaTuod unda aRiniSnos, rom
TargmanSi gvxvdeba mosawoni da brwyinvale monakveTebic.
kargad Targmnis ivnevi zogierT calkeul epizods, zogjer
igi dedanTan skrupulozuri siaxloviTac gvancvifrebs.
magaliTad:

cudas rad unda mteroba

kargia mudam mtriani!

ivnevma am taepTa aforistuli stili SeinarCuna:

Лишь храбрец богат врагами,

Трус иметь врагов – боится.

kargi Targmania:

gvelma ver gaWra liboi, Жало змей не подтичило

dResac cocxaliv aria. Стен, державшихся и ныне.

dednis poeturi suli, Senelebuli intonacia, Sebindebis

wynari suraTi kargad gadmoucia mTargmnelsac:
176
dabnelda, wyalni tirian, Смерклось. Тихо плачут воды,
kalTa gvexurvis Ramisa; Что они покрылись тьмою.
droa varskvlavTa JikJikis, Звезды вспыхивают в небе,
mcvreva balaxzed namisa, И трава блестит росою;
mkvdarT sulT saflaviT gamosvlis, В это время на могилах
dro maT simReris wynarisa. Говорит душа с душою.
devni gamovlen kldidama, Из расщелин скал выходят
xev-xuvSi exetebian. Дэвы –с призраками схожи.
yvelam ivaxSma da axla Люди ужинать кончают,
saZiled emzadebian. И ко сну готовят ложе.

kargadaa Targmnili aludas SemaZrwunebeli sizmari, po-

emis finali da sxv.
unda iTqvas, rom am pasaJebis Targmanis sikeTe kidev uf-
ro gamokveTilad warmogvidgens zemoaRniSnul xarvezebs.
amrigad, ivneviseuli Targmani moklebulia `mTlianobas~;
mas, ra Tqma unda, vaJas poemebis saukeTeso TargmanTa ricxvs
ver mivakuTvnebT. esaa `aluda qeTelauris~ rusulad gad-
mocemis pirveli saintereso cda.
vaJa-fSavelas poemebis 1947 wlis rusul gamocemaSi da-
ibeWda `aluda qeTelauris~ derJaviniseuli Targmani. Tum-
ca Targmani ar aris dazRveuli zogierTi xarvezisagan, sa-
erTo STabeWdileba Zalian kargia. derJaviniseuli ZarRviani
striqoni da gamokveTili ritmuli JReradoba Cinebulad
Seesatyviseba dedans.
TvalisaCinoebisavis SevajeroT erTmaneTs oriode pasaJi:

gaTenebisas WiuxSi Звонко горная индейка

SurTxma dareka zario, Запевает на утесах.
ZaRlebs ki sZinav Teoze, Рассветает... Догоняет
jer ar gaSlila cxvario. Вора быстрой сокол скал.
male Saagdo aludam Дремлют псы сторожевые.
qistebis navals Tvalio. Овцы спят. Все травы в росах.
Вскоре разглядел Алуда
След, которого искал...

177
dabnelda, wyalni tirian, Потемнепо, Воды плачут:
kalTa gvexurvis Ramisa; «Ночь подолом нас накрыла!»
droa varskvlavTa K JikJikis, Час, когда мерцают звезды,
mcvreva balaxzed namisa, Росы падают в траву.
mkvdarT sulT saflaviT Час, когда поют уныло
gamosvlis, Души вставших из могилы,
dro maT simReris wynarisa. Выползают дэвы, бродят
По ущельям наяву...

poema TiTqmis Tavidan bolomde udidesi eqspresiiT aris

Targmnili; mainc gamorCeviT SeiZleba davasaxeloT aludas
sizmari, xevisberis wyevla, poemis finali da sxv.
derJavinis Targmanis upirvelesi Tavisebureba da misi
gamarjvebis sawindaric, Cveni azriT, SemdegSia saZiebeli:
vaJas leqsis erTferovani sazomisa da riTmis, `garegnu-
li~ efeqturobis simciris kvalobaze, misi poezia, udidesi
Sinagani poeturi Zalis wyalobiT, erTi avtoris sityvaTa
perifrazi rom gamoviyenoT, saswauls uaxlovdeba. am Tavi-
seburebis `gadmoReba~ mTargmnelis mier SeuZleblad mig-
vaCnia. mTargmnelic axdens xolme `saswauls~, magram es misi
sakuTari `saswaulia~.
asevea derJavinTanac. is mimarTavs rTUul sazomsa da ga-
ucveTav riTmas (zogjer Sinagani riTmac ki gvxvdeba – Рану
затыкает лежа, он с травою с придорожья), ar erideba alitera-
ciebis uxv gamoyenebasac. swored esaa mTargmneliseuli
`saswauli~ – vaJas umdidresi poeturi samyaros sanacvlod:

И рассвирепел Алуда,
Глянул гневным волчьим глазом.
Франкский меч из ножен вырвал;
Словно луч, блеснул клинок.
Над быком клинком взмахнул он,
Голова скатилась наземь.
Кликнул он «Душе Муцала
Жертвы кровь да будет впрок!»

aliteraciis magaliTebia:
178
 Черенок меча проверил...
Догоняет вора быстрый сокол скал...
Привинтил кремень к ружью...

gvxvdeba aliteracia amgvar didebul TargmanSic:

На челе чернеют тучи

Что из сердца поднялись.

derJavins Zaldautaneblad gadmoaqvs amgvari aforizmebi:

cudas rad unda mteroba, Удалец богат врагами, –

kargia mudam mtriani! Кто же трусу будет враг?

ESen ro sxva mahkla, Senc mogkvlen, Кти убил – убитым будет, –

mkvlels ar SaarCens gvaria. Род убийцу не прощает!

brwyinvaled `dasZlia~ mTargmnelma idiomebi Tu andazebi:

– tyuilad scdebi aludav, «Зря ты здесь стоишь, Алуда!

tyuilad icveT pirsao. Зря ты мелешь языком!»

berdia jagaraSlili Хевисбер, как зверь ощерясь.

xalxiske izams pirsao. Взглядом на народ блеснул.

ZaRli ZaRlis Zvals ar stexso…... Песьей кости пес не гложет...

mTargmneli umTavresad erideba mravalsityvaobas, Tum-

ca iSviaTad zedmeti lakonizmiT aubraloebs dedans, Tar-
gmanSi gamotovebulia strofebi:

`wesi ar aris mtris mokvla,

Tu xel ar masWer daniTa~.
vai egeTas samarTals
monaTluls codva-braliTa.

179
 aludasa da mucalis orTabrZolis epizodis TargmanSi
gamotovebulia ori strofi; ris gamoc es monakveTi sakmaod
bundovania.
TargmanSi aluda-mucalis dialogi aludas monologad
qceula:

– oho, qud gauxvretia, «Хо! Гляди – пробила шапку,

wverebsa stusavs Tmisasa Прядь волос моих задела.
– maRla dagicda, beCavo, Плохо целил, бесталанный!
kenCxas ara sWirs Zvlisasa. Череп цел, – и я живой!»

mTargmneli ver Caswvdomia zogierT niuanss. magaliTad:

ra uyvaT, bevri unaxav Много раз поток кровавый

ulvaS-aSlili mkvdaria! Уносил отсель в долины
bevrjer wasula saWalod Мертвецов с багряной пеной
daxocilT sisxlis Rvaria. На взъерошенных усах.

aq `ulvaSaSlili~ daxocilT axalgazrdobaze unda

miuTiTebdes; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, raSi daainteresebda
vaJas aseTi umniSvnelo detali? isic aRsaniSnavia, rom ar-
dotis wyals barSi `daxocilT sisxlis Rvari~ Caaqvs da ara
gvamebi.
kidev erTi magaliTi:

mklavzedav gebas marjvena, Руку правую не рубит,

Senzed alali ario. Говорит: «Ведь это – грех!»

da amas ambobs aluda, romelmac warbSeuxrelad mohkveTa

marjvena mucalis Zmas!
derJavinis TargmanSi gvxvdeba faqtobrivi Secdomac:

taxtaze daukidebav У седла везет он руку

mucalis Zmisa mklavia, Брата младшего Муцала,
vercxliT morTuli bazala, Хоросанский меч «базалу».
eg xorosnuli xmalia.

180
 bazala rom ToDfia, amaze vaJaseuli sqolio migviTiTebs.
TiTqos sakmao raodenobiT xarvezebi CamovTvaleT, mag-
ram ara gvgonia, rom maT mTlianad daCrdilon derJavinis
saintereso da STambeWdavi Targmanis Rirseba.
calkeuli naklovanebani dednisa da Targmanis gamow-
vlilviT Sejerebam warmoaCina; mkiTxvelisaTvis ki derJAa-
viniseuli `aluda qeTelauri~ umTavresad mTlianobaSi
aRiqmeba, didebuli dasawyisidan moyolebuli – damagvir-
gvinebel bolo strofamde:

И покинули родную
Землю путники навеки...
Цепенеют горы. Ветер
Мчится, снежен и слепящо.
Вот за перевалом скрылись.
Не видать следов на снеге,
Только издали донесся
Одинокий женский плач.

181
 SoTa niSnianiZe (1929-1998)

zoia cxadaia

SoTa niSnianiZis SemoqmedebiTi portreti

vinc didobaSic bavSvobas
SeinarCunebs,
poeti gamova anda bedovlaTi
– cxovrebis geri.
SoTa niSnianiZe

roca niSnianiZeze rogorc poetsa da pirovnebaze fiqrs

iwyeb, gansakuTrebuli sifrTxilis ganwyoba geufleba – is
iyo, marTlac, poeti maradiuli bavSvis TvalebiT da guliT.
Znelia, misi lirika dayo etapebad, Tematurad, drois niS-
nebiT da a.S. misi lirika qarTuli hangebis monaTesave xmaa.
aRtacebisa da gaocebis, sevdanarevi sixarulis, tkivilis
da zogjer – gawbilebisac... sicocxles, cxovrebas rom Se-
hxaris, TiTqos, mxolod imisTvis, rac SeiZleba yvela da
yvelaferi uyvardes, yvelas da yvelafers sikeTe miaSuqos
keTilSobiluri adamianuri naturidan. is kargad icnobda
sakuTar Tavs, sakuTar sulier samyaros – mudam aforiaqe-
buls, xan @isris samiznes#, xan – RvTiT nawyalobevs. amas gamox-
atavs igi leqsSi `@guli~#. mTliani teqsti, SeiZleba iTqvas,
SoTa niSnianiZis poeturi kardiogramaa cxovrebaSi, poezi-
aSi, sicocxlesa da sikvdilis Semdegac. es misi sulis nakva-
levia, gulis Ria karia, saidanac ikiTxeba poeti, adamiani.

gulo, sanam guli gqvia, gulo, unda mtkiode.

gulo, unda mierTgulo, mimyve saiqiomde.
es ramxela, ra uZiro da ra gamZle gamodeq,
jojoxeTis damtevelo, pawawina samoTxev...

yvelasaTvis nacnobi da popularulia saqarTveloSi mSve-

nier simReradqceuli es leqsi.

182
 da mainc... rac ar unda Zneli gveCvenos SoTa niSnianiZis
lirikis @dalageba# garkveuli niSnebiT, rCeuli krebulis
pirvelive leqsi (`...@me var misani xari wiqara~#) gzas gvikvalavs
poetis SemoqmedebiTi sivrcisken – xelis gulze devs mamul-
deduli. aqve unda vTqvaT, arc am SemTxvevaSi da, zogadad,
arc sxvagan, SoTa niSnianiZis mamulze (samSobloze) naTqvami
sityva araa mxolod mamuliSviluri valis mosaxdeli, ase
vTqvaT, epoqis stilSi gadawyvetili teqsti. misi leqsebis
saTaurebi da adresatebi (maTdami avtoris eWvmiutaneli
gulwrfeloba) gvarwmunebs amaSi. Tvalis erTi gadavlebiT,
esaa: @`cixe-taZarTa sagalobeli~#, mindor-mindor morbenali
`usaxelo da saxeliani mdinareebi~, @`zedazeni~# da `@broweu-
la~#, @`simRera samegreloze#~, @`kolxuri melodiebi~# da @`afxa-
zuri kantata#~, `@winaparTa sagalobeli~#, `@rionispiras TeTri
tirifi xarobs#~, @`qarTuli zRapari~#, `@roca me gardavicvale~#,
`@xevisberi~#, @`qarTli~#, `@ca qudad#, miwa qalamnad~#, `@vaxtang
mefe#~, @`imereTi~, `giorgobisTve#~, @`sagvareulo xe#~, `@saakaZis
sami cxeni~#, @`dioskuria~#, @`bondis xidi~#, @`mitoveuli saxli~#,
`@sicocxle Semitkbia# (usaTauro)~, @`vazis simfonia#~ da sxv.
qveynad yovelive amis msaxurad movlenil poets qarTuli
xalxuri zRaprebis gmirebidan yvelaze najafari, erTguli
da Tanac gulsaklavi xari wiqara aurCevia arqetipad, su-
lismierad. es leqsi erTgvari savizito baraTia SoTa niSnia-
niZis SemoqmedebiTi portretisaTvis. aq is aris gamoxatuli,
gamoTqmuli, ra valic adevs, zogadad, poets, sityvis os-
tats da, konkretulad, mas, @zRapridan gamoparuls#, @mamul-
dedulis dvritas# (metafora) anu mamulis simtkices Tavisi
wili erTi siyvarulic rom unda Sehmatos. epiTetebi: @misa-
ni#, @qedgaxexili#, @gadatyauli#, @najafari#, @tandakorZili# da
bolos, `@Tvalebi – angelosebis amokocnili~,# STambeWdavad
misaRebia mkiTxvelisaTvis, radgan isini saerToa zRapris
gmirisTvis da @siyvarulisTvis gaCenili# poetisATvis.

me var misani xari wiqara,

Seni dvrita var, mamul-dedulo,
zRapridan misTvis gamovipare,
rom gemsaxuro da gierTgulo.

183
 Seni uReli memCatos agremc,
qedze rom madgas ganaCeniviT.
ar momiRero, geTayva, saxre,
siyvarulisTvis var gaCenili...

ramdenjer vmdgarvar samoTxis karTan

qedgaxexili, gadatyauli...
RmerTTan saubris da niWis garda
araferi maqvs danaSauli.

da roca miwas mivebarebi,

najafari da tandakorZili, –
Senze damrCeba isev Tvalebi
angelosebis amokocnili.

Sedareba @...`uReli, qedze rom madgas ganaCeniviT~,# im mZi-

me, magram sasurvel tvirTs gamoxatavs, romelic Semoqmedma
unda ataros cxovrebis gzaze. es gza, SeiZleba, uSecdomoc
ar iyos, amitomac aris poetis mimarTva mamul-dedulisadmi
damnaSave bavSvis TxovnasaviT rbili, gulubryvilo, amasTan
– emociuri, poeturad damuxtuli metaforiT: @`ar momiRero,
geTayva, saxre, siyvarulisTvis var gaCenili~#.
@`RmerTTan saubris da niWis garda araferi maqvs danaSau-
li~#, – ase xsnis poeti Tavis e.w. danaSauls. aq ilias `@RmerT-
Tan misTvis vlaparakob~# gvaxsendeba, anu es ilias `@poetis~#
aluziaa. SoTa niSnianiZe sagangebod exmianeba didi winapris
lirikul teqsts da amiT misdami pativiscemas da masTan Ta-
naziarobis principsac gamoxatavs. RmerTTan saubaric, ra
Tqma unda, metaforaa – Semoqmedisa da SemoqmedebiTi niWis
urTierTmimarTeba.
isev xari amave saxelwodebis (@`xari~#) leqsSi, isev, @naja-
fari... naRvliani sacera TvalebiT, warmarTobis xanidan –
dRemde; xan RmerTad miCneuli, xan zvarakad Sewiruli, qar-
Tlis cxovrebis Wapanis gamwevi, cixe-qalaqTa amSenebeli,
cxadsa da zRaparSi adamianis (poetis) megobari... tyavi – qa-
lamnad, rqebi – yanwebad.

184
 Zeoba iyo – glexkaci isev Sen gdebda imedebs,
Rreoba iyo, vaime, isev Sen gamogimeteT.
qorwili iyo... vaime, mtkioda guli saRadre,
wamogaqcieT najafi da yeli gamogaRadreT.

... netavi, RmerTo, mec momca jani da mada xarisa,

sityva – xariviT gamwevi mamulis gasaxarada.

isev @xariviT amtanoba#, @xariviT momTmenoba# Tavisi patara

qveynisaTvis, sabolood esaa am didebuli leqsis mTavari
azri, poetis mTavari saTqmeli... SoTa niSnianiZis leqsebi
(@`xari#, @...xari wiqara~#) qarTul poeziaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas,
ubadloa msgavs Temaze Seqmnil lirikul teqstebs Soris,
analogad SeiZleba gavixsenoT giorgi leoniZis brwyinvale
leqsi `@nikora~#.
SoTa niSnianiZis zRaparTan wilnayari leqsebi mxolod
sixarulisTvis ar iwereba. sawuTro Tavisi macduri xibli-
Ta da rTuli arsiT didxans ar aZlebinebs netar gancdebs
adamianSi da poetis xelovnebac isaa, rom yofierebis simZi-
mils sadagi sityva mouZebnos – martivi da gamWvirvale. misi
saTqmeli, umetesad, Soridan, Soreulidan, marad ganuyofe-
lidan iwyeba: cixe-taZrebia Tu @vefxvis tyavze saqarTvelo,
mziswilxvdomili#.

dideba Tqvenda, Torosano bero mamebo,-

Tqven SeginaxavT ena, rjuli, eri, samefo...

vinac aago nikorwminda, sveticxoveli,

dideba mis lands, me ara var metis mTxovneli...

...kurTxeul iyos, vinc ganWvrita kldeSi varZia,

suliT ganaTldes, vinc akvani misi arwia.

...kiriTxurono, kalatozno, ostat-Segirdno,

Tu sadme rame codva gqondeT – RmerTma SegindoT!..

SoTa niSnianiZis lirikis bunebriv niSnad, razedac ar unda

werdes, umTavresia miTosuri, metyveli saxeebi. es mTeli
185
samyaroa – savse uZvelesi sunTqviT da hangebiT... da poeti,
rogorc dauRleli piligrimi, gabmuli am samyaros uTavbo-
lo gzebze, isev miTebsa da sizmrebSi daeZebs Tavisi arsebo-
bis saidumlos, Tavis fesvebs, adgilis dedas, imas, @vinc iyo
pirveli momwvneli facxebis, keriis pirveli gamCaRebeli,
gvaris winamZRoli Tu gvaris damwyebi, vin iyo, sad iyo an ro-
dis saxlobda, romel mdinaresTan an romel maRlobTan#, qvey-
nis, samSoblos @romel kuTxesTan# (@`sagvareulo xe~#).
SoTa niSnianiZisTvis aluzia erT-erTi niSandoblivi mxat-
vruli xerxia saTqmelis gamosaxatavad. leqsi `@qarTli~#, ro-
gorc saTauric migvaniSnebs, saqarTvelos gulad aRiare-
buli kuTxis sadidebladaa Seqmnili, magram arcerTi sityva
patriotuli paTetikisaTvis – poeti mkiTxvelis mzeras zRa-
par-zRapar, Wala-Wala moatarebs, sadac `@sanadirod wamosu-
lan amiran da Zmani misni, / mTas, iremi afreniaT, casa wvdeba
rqani misni~#... qarTlisadmi gamoTqmuli siyvarulis simfo-
nia zRaprisa da realobis poetur nazavSi iqmneba, romlis
ubadlo ostatia SoTa niSnianiZe.

– es ra yivis qarafidan?
– koSki aris camcumisi!
– koSkze orbi gadafrinda.
– suli aris, dastur misi!
aragvze da iorzeda bades isvris sulkalmaxi,
bades Tevzi mohyolia sul wvera da sul kalmaxi.
... aq zvinebi imdenia,
tyes miagavs gamobelils,
kakabs gadahkidebia
Savi SaSvi mgalobeli.

`@ amiran da Zmani misni~#, camcumi, sulkalmaxi – @amiranis#

zRapris gmirebi, @Savi SaSvi mgalobeli# (@`iyo SaSvi mgalobe-
li, RmerTi Cveni mwyalobeli#~) – isev qarTuli xalxuri
zRapris aluziaa. amiT miTebisa da zRaprebis uZveles dro-
sivrceSi gadaaqvs poets Tavisi saTqmeli, ufro umociurad,
meti siRrmiTaa warmosaxuli Zveli qarTlis zRapruli avla
da dideba.
186
 es qarTlia, oqros qarTli! – falavnebis sabrZanisi,
es mze,
es ca,
es simRera
alal misi! alal misi!

leqsi @`qarTuli zRapari~# SoTa niSnianiZis poeturi sti-

lis – qarTuli xmebis gagrZelebaa. aq Tavi mouyria yvelas
da yovelives, rac Zvirfasia xsovnisaTvis Tu kvlav arsebo-
bisaTvis. cxadisa Tu sizmris, ocnebisa Tu realuris saxe-
xatebi qmnian mikro idilias. rogorc saerTod mis poeziaSi,
am leqsebSic cxadia, rom SoTa niSnianiZis poezia saTaves
iRebs qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebidan, iq gaudgams fesvebi,
ukeT – im fesvebis amonayaria misi saukeTeso lirikuli teq-
stebi. zRaprisTvis damaxasiaTebeli hiperboluroba, sike-
Tis naTeli, amaRlebuli ganwyoba, RvTaebrivis SegrZnoba,
daxvewili sisadave da moulodneli kontrastebi qmnian misi
poeziis Taviseburebas:

iq, rionze sanaosTan bondis xidi qanaobda…...

gavdiodi gaRma mxares
da jadosnur lerwams vTlidi.
Turme bewvis xidi iyo, me megona bondis xidi.
viRac qali bJolas sxepda
da vazs umagrebda Wigos,
me megona glexis qali, Turme RvTismSobeli iyo,…
viRac Sublze xars kocnida
da mTesvarad xnuls misdevda,
Turme qriste-RmerTi iyo, me megona guTnis deda.
iq erT biWTan vWidaobdi, xaTrs ar mitexavda isic..
Turme amirani iyo, Zma badris da usupisi.

aluzia amiranis zRapris gmirebisa (@`badri, usup da ami-

ran...#~) araerTxel gvxvdeba SoTa niSnianiZis lirikaSi. moce-
muli leqsi intonaciuradac enaTesaveba amiranis zRapris
poetur teqstebs.

187
 mwerali da literaturaTmcodne, SoTa niSnianiZis poe-
ziis mkvlevari, elguja maRraZe aRniSnavs, rom jer kidev @
cixe-taZarTa sagalobelma#, xevsurma#, @xarma# da Wabukobis-
droindelma leqsebma daudo saTave SoTa niSnianiZis po-
eziis maRal RirebulebaTa fesvebis Ziebas... SoTa niSniani-
Zem ori gvari dainaTla cxovrebaSi, mis heraldikur xatad
ki xari iqca, rogorc samSoblos winaSe maRali movaleobis
gamomxatveli simbolo#...~ (maRraZe e. @monumenturi xelweris
lirikosi#. SoTa niSnianiZe. rCeuli. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba @
merani#, 1983, gv. 435).
@leqsi `xevsuri#~ samasi aragvelis xsovnas eZRvneba. @`zaf-
xulze, aragvze, salude duqanTan, ukravda daira~... `Rre-
obdnen xevsurni~... `devkacebi~, `daCexil cxvir-pirze efi-
naT xaSxaSi, agvistos pirdapir isxamdnen xaxaSi~... maTi
goliaTuri, vaJkacuri Sesaxedaoba, cxenze jiriTi – Sors,
warsulisken abrunebs poetis gulisyurs, mzeras da warmo-
saxvaSi uneblieT SemoiWreba samasi aragvelis aCrdilebi,
rogorc simbolo gmiruli warsulisa an ukeT – warsulis
gmirebis maradiuli xsovnisa. maTi gaxsenebiT nagrZnobi
siamayis gancdaa mTeli teqstis emociuri foni.
yoveli Sexvedra warsulTan, xsovna, gaxseneba, poetis-
Tvis gardasul istoriul dro-sivrcesTan Sexebaa, sevdi-
ani, tkiviliani, Tanac, Tavmosawonebi – mamulis warsuli...
ase ikiTxeba SoTa niSnianiZis poeturi ganwyoba mis leqsebSi:
@`saqarTveloSi yvela cixesTan~#, `@vaxtang mefe#~, @`Tevdore#~,
@`saakaZis sami cxeni~#, `@ioane beri~#, `cotne dadiani~, `mame-
luqebi~, `habo anu ferflis legenda~, @`Temur-lengi~#, @`mon-
Rolebi~#, @`mcxeTaSi~# da mravali sxva; saqarTvelos yvela
kuTxis Znelbedobis Jami ikiTxeba am teqstebSi. gavixsenebT
nawyvets leqsidan `@Tevdore@~:

...balRobaSi nukri iyo, TrialeTze balaxobda,

TeTri irmis ZuZus wovda da algeTSi kalmasobda.

yels ekida qristes jvari – gamgebeli saufloTa,

wmida iyo, saTno iyo, caSi RmerTTan saubrobda...

188
 ...aTas eqvsas mecxre weli, rogorc upatrono raSi,
torebs cemda... Wixvinebda, mTidan gadarboda mTaSi.

wminda beri locvad idga...cidan Camoesma reka...

TrialeTTan mteri modga...didma mTebma iwyes dreka...

am SemTxvevaSic gvaqvs interteqstualobis nimuSebi

(rac araerTxel gvxvdeba SoTa niSnianiZis poeziaSi). inter-
teqsts, saxeldobr, xalxuri leqsis citacias warmoadgens:
@`cidan Camoesma reka~# da @`didma mTebma iwyes dreka#~.
SoTa niSnianiZis poetur-adamianur emociebs, vfiqrobT,
gansakuTrebulad Sexebia kolxuri hangebi. amis dasturad
miviCnevT leqsebs @`siRera samegreloze~# da `@kolxuri melo-
diebi~# (es ukanaskneli eZRvneba oTar TaqTaqiSvils); @`sim-
Rera samegreloze#~ iwyeba ritorikuli kiTxviT: @`amersa da
imers gamoarCev gana?~ da a.S. `mTaSia Tu barSi – samoTxeebs
hgvanan~, – amiT poetma erTiani siyvaruli gamoucxada mTel
saqarTvelos, miuxedavad imisa, rom TiTqmis ar arsebobs
saqarTvelos kuTxe (rogorc ukve iTqva kidec), romelzedac
SoTa niSnianiZes Tavisi saTqmeli ar eTqvas. amjerad ki, leq-
sis gagrZeleba, sul Svidiode striqoni is Jruantelia, rac
poets ganucdia am kuTxis simRerebis mosmenisas:

Sen sul CurCuli xar ... sul kivili Tanac,

Sen aravis hgavxar, sul aravis, nana.

modgmas amorZalTa
da mgelkacTa modgmas
ase unazesi da ciuri moTqma?

glovaa Tu lxini, vin Tqvas SenisTana,

Sen sxva tkivili xar, sxva sicocxle, nana ...

@kolxuri melodiebi# Svidi nawilisgan Sedgeba da mTli-

anobaSi kolxeTis mxaris kulturis, yofiTobis suraTia.
g.Waladidelis citaciaa @`miyvars facxa me megruli~#, megru-

189
li simRerebis aluziebia: @`sisatura#~, @`Cagunia Caguna~#. leq-
sis pirvel nawilSi igive saTqmeli aqvs poets, rac @megruli
melodiebis# teqstSi.

moviare, moviare,
rac mzis gulze asvenia.
xma aseTi mgrZnobiare
arsad, arsad ar msmenia...

vinc es xmebi moismina, – bevri ramec moinana,

vou, nana,
didou, nana,
vou, dida, voi, nana.

viCauqe, vijomarde, viome da vialqaje,

pontos mxare gavaxvie lazur-Wanur ialqanSi.

suli Cemi neSoSia,

eldiT gamonaCalia.
ra metkboba oSoSia,
kidev ufro – mafSalia.
(oSoSia – SoSia, mafSalia – bulbuli – megr.).

@afxazuri kantata# qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis, gan-

sakuTrebiT samegrelosa da afxazeTis rogorc erTi sa-
sicocxlo sivrcis, saerTo Wiris, saerTo sixarulis da
ganuyrelobis simfoniaa sazeimo ganwyobisaTvis... TiTqos,
guli ugrZnobdao poets, rom am urTierTobas safrTxe
emuqreboda. leqsi oTx nawiladaa dayofili da calkeuli
monakveTi am urTierTobebis istoriaa. ukomentarod gasa-
gebia poetis saTqmeli:

ra patara xar! (albaT cremls Tu aRematebi!)

da ramden, ramden simwares da sixaruls itev.
mand, afxazeTSi dagvigia kakanaTebi,
aq ki safarSi vujeqiT Citebs.

190
 ZiZiSvilobdnen winapari saxlikacebi
da mxarze ejdaT erTi Winka da angelosi.
qori wiwilas afxazeTSi Tu itacebda,
hau, hauo, – gviyviria samegreloSi.

am urTierTobas rom bzari gasCenia, gvagrZnobinebs teq-

stis Semdegi monakveTi, romelic megobrul, axloblur Se-
gonebasac moicavs:

erT cas, erT haers, rogorc unda, rodi vafasebT,

erTi mamali aRviZebda odiS-afxazeTs...

leqsis mesame nawili afxazeTisadmi im gulwrfeli

grZnobis ganacxadia, romelic realoba iyo da ara gamona-
goni, romelsac saukunovani safuZveli hqonda, saerTo mi-
wisa da saerTo cis, saerTo Wiris da saerTo lxinisa.

o, afxazeTo, bevri kargi moymis gamdelo,

amorZali xar, mkerdmoWrili usaqarTvelod.
mag tkbil kalTaSi Tavs Cagideb da gavyuCdebi,
locviT, madlobiT, aRsarebiT miTrTis tuCebi.
eg dalal-kavi, eg mandili moiSilife,
ar damemduro, ar miwyino, Seni Wirime,
Tu mordusaviT ver mogxede, ver mogikiTxe, –
mudam SenTan var, Senken mixmobs fiqri dRiTidRe,
Sens kalTas asdis Taflis suni, irmis rZis suni,
yrmobis zRaparo, marTla zRaprul sve-beds gisurveb.

samwuxarod, dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, axdenilia afxa-

zeTis misamarTiT metaforulad naTqvami: @`amorZali xar,
mkerdmoWrili usaqarTvelod~#...
@`vazis simfonia~# Tavs uyris saqarTvelos kuTxeebisadmi
poetis mier calke teqstebSi gamoxatul grZnobebs:

qarTl-kaxeTi legendaa,
imereTi zRapari,
samegrelo ocnebaa – gafrenili fafari.
guria ki simReraa, xolo raWa sizmari,
yvela erTad – venaxia Cveni dasaficari.

191
 mitovebuli raWis soflebis Tema Zalze aqtiuri iyo 70-ian
wlebSi (gansakuTrebiT m. lebaniZis lirikaSi). SoTa niSni-
aniZis @`dedabrisa da mamlis ambavi~# amas mianiSnebs. omSi
daRupuli oTxi Svilis saxels qalaqeli SviliSvilebis mom-
lodine moxuci martoobaSi, mwuxarebaSi, mamlis yivilSi
ismens TiTqos, @`qomagad es erTi mamalia, oTxic – jariskac-
Ta suraTebi~#.
dedabers ki saxelebad rad Caesmis yiyliyo:
– gigilikooo!
– kikilikooo!
– kukurikooo!
– ilikooo!

leqsis vrcel teqstSi es nawili samjer meordeba da

amZafrebs TanagrZnobas, tkivilian gancdas mwuxare dedi-
sadmi, romelic martoobaSi atarebda wuTisofels da @pir-
jvars saxavda mSobliur raWas#.
imereTis @zRapari# SoTa niSnianiZis mraval leqsSia gab-
neuli, axal-axali konteqstebiT: @`gazafxulze qveyana lama-
zia Zlier, / sulo, sulo, afeTqdi da siCumes sZlie. / imere-
Tis apriliviT aboldi, sulo, / rioniviT napirebs gadmodi,
sulo~# (`@...amoduRdi sulo~#). leqsi @`imeruli mgzavruli#~,
aseve, @bavSvobidan marad saTayvanebi# imereTis xedebisa da
cocxali suraTebis, @mindor-mindor, yana-yana... Releebis,
Walebisa da yanebis xilviT gancdili sixarulia... magram
sixarulis miRma, sixarulis gverdiT, rionispiras, @samaris
TeTri qvac# exeba poetis guls. es qvac, es miwac mSobliuria,
misi nawilia, sevdiani nawili. es TeTri qva mTeli teqstis
epicentria.
rionispirad TeTri tirifi xarobs.
TeTo tirifo, netavi visi xaro?
rionispirad RalRas eZaxda RalRa,
rionispirad raRac mihqonda talRas.
rionispirad netavi TeTri raa?
rionispirad samaris TeTri qvaa.
rionispirad TeTri tirifi xarobs...
TeTro tirifo, netavi vina xaro?..
192
 imereTSi gatarebuli dReebis gaxsenebaa usaTauro `@bon-
doia, biWo~#... mxolod es erTi naTqvami – @bondoia#, sagangebod
mimarTva ase, kuTxurad, gvaxsenebs, rom es imereTia. dro,
roca leqsi ibadeba, gazafxulia (@`marwyvi damwifebula#...~),
mere ki sikvdil-sicocxlis usamarTlobis iseTi gamoTqma,
romelic gafiqrebinebs: ase mxolod SoTa niSnianiZes SeeZ-
lo eTqva:

bondoia, biWo, marwyvi damwifebula!

wisqvilebSi wyali miCifCifebs bebrulad.
dedaSeni, biWo, dardiT gagiJebula,
mamaSeni, biWo, mxolod gakvirvebula...

simRerebiT, stveniT da mxne moZaxiliTa

gadavZaxebT bondis xids uzarmazar xididan.
bondoia, biWo, marwyvi damwifebula!
Sens saflavze, bondo, wuxel gawvimebula.

@`broweula~#, leqsi – avi zmaneba, roca mSobliur sofelSi

misul adamians, poets, iq aRaraferi daxvdeba, TiTqos iyo da
aRarc araferi iyo... arsad aravin.

wuxel sizmari vnaxe, mzeze egdo xviTo,

broweulas sadguri aRar iyo viTom.
viTom Cveni saxl-kari iyo...… aRarc iyo.…
Sehfenoda Wilyvavi Robis sars da Wigos.
cxra Rele da rioni gadavlaxe curviT,
ver vicani midamo,… amomijda guli.

poetis gancda mkiTxvelisTvis SeiZleba reminiscencia

iyos, mogoneba, gaxseneba galaktionidan: @`magram samSoblos
Zveli gzebiT veRar movagen da ar maxsovda, mqonda igi Tu
momagonda~# (@`gemi dalandi#~).
broweulas sadguri axali konteqstiT, axla ukve aqedan
did omSi wasulTa da ganwirulTa mosagonaria. @1941 wlis
ivlisSi sadgur @broweulaze# gagonili simReris asli#, – ase

193
hqvia SoTa niSnianiZis am leqss, romelic Zveli (pirveli
msoflio omisdroindeli) simReris citaciiT iwyeba: @`vaime,
Cemo, / vaime, Cemo venaxo, / Sors mivdivar... / Svid weliwads
ver gnaxo#~. `@rionispir zRvasaviT rom qanaob, vin dagTesos,
vin dagToxnos, yanao. Semodegze vin dagbertyos nigozo,
devisyela Weri vin damigozos~#... emateba Zvel saTqmels po-
etis axali teqsti... sul samiode striqonSi, mravalwerti-
liT gayofil striqonebSi ixateba mTavari saTqmeli – axali,
meore msoflio omiT Tavsdatexili tragedia.

ase mRerodnen imereTSi...

da im dros ukve
qerCi Savi jvriT moeniSnaT germanul rukebs.

am omis da, zogadadac, omis danatovar mZime sulier iaras

gamoxatavs SoTa niSnianiZe leqsSi `@biWo gogia~#. xalxuri mi-
Ti @biWo gogiaze@ im sevda-tkivilis akompanimentia, romel-
sac gvagrZnobinebs poetis sityva, uxmauro, emociuri:

nuTu Rrubeli javriani da mowyenili

ar dagfenia samareze mamis wveriviT.
nuTu saflavze cxeli wveTi ar dagcemia,
biWo, is wveTi dedis cremli, satrfos cremlia.

nuTu Rrubelma, gadmosulma saqarTvelodan,

ar mogitana surneleba qarTul mdeloTa?
molaRuriviT im idumal martoobidan,
biWo gogia, Seni suli xom ar mofrinda?

WalaSi aprils TeTr muxlebiT CauCoqia

da rqebiT moaqvs gazafxuli, biWo-gogia,
miwac dauxnavs, qvamarilic aulokia…
modis WalebSi stvena-stveniT biWi-gogia….

(am Temazea Seqmnili cnobili mxatvris edmond kalandaZis

SesaniSnavi naxati @`biWo gogia#~).

194
 ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT SoTa niSnianiZis leqsi @`leg-
enda ianoS korCakze#~, gamoCenil bavSvTa eqimze, sabavSvo
mweralsa da swavlul adamianze, romelmac germanelTa tyve-
obaSi sikvdilmisjili bavSvebi viTom sazeimo karnavalze
miiyvana, gamxiarulebul patarebs gazis kameraSi SeuZRva
da maTTan erTad daiRupa: `@amboben. yovel axalwlis Rames, /
roca mRerian da Rvinos svamen, / cad imarTeba sxva karnavali
/ da RvTis wyalobiT xedavs mravali~#...
mravali miZRvnili leqsi aqvs SoTa niSnianiZes. misi ad-
resatebi arian megobrebi, cnobili adamianebi warsulidan
Tu Tanamedroveobidan. gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia @balada
profesor Jordanias gmirobaze#, romelmac 1962 wels rio de
Janeiros maxloblad cecxlmokidebul TviTmfrinavSi Ta-
visi maSveli rgoli erT ubileTo gogonas dauTmo, TviTon
ki daiRupa (curva ar icoda) – adamianobis, gmirobis suraTs
siamayiT xatavs poeti, magram awuxebs erTi `@magram~#...

misis, Tqven ukve gaTxovdiT, Tqven ukve gqviaT deda,

bednieri xarT, Zvirfaso, bednieri xarT metad.
da vinc sicocxle gaCuqaT, Tu gagondebaT neta?

konstantine gamsxaxrudiasadmi miZRvnil leqsSi SoTa

niSnianiZem Tavisi didi siyvaruli da mowiweba gamoxata mwer-
lisa da mwerlisagan xortbaSesxmuli warsulisadmi. gansa-
kuTrebulia leqsis intonacia – sagangebod SerCeuli adre-
satis xasiaTidan gamomdinare – zomierad paTetikuric.

moiare saqarTvelo meroWike beriviT,

moiZie monastrebi JamiT gadabelili,
mkaTaTveSi TrialeTze caa ukabadono,
iqneb kvetars estumrebiT, konstantine batono!
viT daWrili mecixovne Wiris oflgadasxmuli,
didostatis marjvenaze gisvenia warsuli.
gadmodgeba qarTul mTebze dila saiadono
da quds gixdis saqarTvelo, konstantine batono.

195
 SoTa niSnianiZis satrfialo lirikidan mis Zvel mkiTx-
vels, pirvel yovlisa, usaTauro leqsi gaaxsendeba, misi
pirveli striqonebi, pirvelisa da gansakuTrebulis didi
mosagonari:

... isev ise aqvs Sens xmas surneli,

isev iseTi mogaqvs xalisi,
isev imgvarad xar sasurveli,
Cemi ojaxis diasaxlisi.

gana miyvarxar axla naklebad,

Cemi ojaxis patara ia...
ise ki guli meTanaRreba,
Seyvarebuli rom aRar gqvia...

aseTive gancdiTaa dawerili oTxnawiliani leqsi @`gax-

seneba~#... gaxseneba siyvaruliT ganvlili bednieri dReebisa,
erTad gancdili sixarulisa da cxovrebiseuli av-kargisa.

meCurCulebi, mebutbutebi,
TrTian bageni,…
TrTian TiTebi,…
xan umizezod gamebutebi,
xan umizezod Semirigdebi.
gogonas rame Tu wamostkivda –
savse xar SiSiT da SeSfoTebiT,
landiviT zixar bavSvis loginTan,
ase mgonia dardiT mokvdebi.
ase – Relvisgan sunTqva Sekruli,
Caexutebi da eferebi
da momswre qveynad ar meguleba,
amaze didi bednierebis.

leqsi `@me da Sen~#, @`giTxari... gewyina~#, @`gnaxe da mivxvdi~#,

@`roca quCaSi erTad movdivar~#, `@patara gogos mamiko uyvars~#
da sxv. ganvlilis da gasavlelis, @yvelaze sando siyvaruliT#
Sekruli bednieri ojaxuri idiliis anareklia.
196
 vina Tqva Cvenze, viwrod arian,
erTi oTaxis amara davrCiT.
Cvens saxls, Zvirfaso, sami kari aqvs,
sami fanjara:
me,
Sen da bavSvi.

me – Sen da bavSvi oqros sizmrebad

da ocnebebad davixarjebiT,
Cven gavmravldebiT da gavizrdebiT,
moemateba saxls kar-fanjrebi...

aqve unda gavixsenoT SoTa niSnianiZis leqsebi @saxumaro#

(`orSabaTs gogona gavicani~) da @`Cqari matarebeli~#. gan-
sakuTrebiT es ukanaskneli, romelic Zalze STambeWdavia
eqspresuli ritmulobiT, rac bgeraTa da sityvaTa TamaSiT
iqmneba.
dRes, ukve 21-e saukunis gadasaxedidan, SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom SoTa niSnianiZis poezia gulgrils ar datovebs poe-
ziis moyvarul arcerTi drois mkiTxvels; zogadad, 60-iane-
lebma, romel Taobasac SoTa niSnianiZe miekuTvneba, kargad
gamoiyenes poststalinuri liberalizaciis Semdgomi pe-
riodi. Tavisuflebis mizeruli monapovari SemoqmedebiT
stiqiad aqcies da masSi gamotarebuli msoflgancdiT upa-
suxes Tanamedroveobis sulier moTxovnilebebs, zogadsaka-
cobrio problemebs, eris daTrgunvil, miyuCebul emociebs;
leqsis intonaciuri wyoba, @`poeziis e.w. yofiTi reforma#~
(T. doiaSvili) jer kidev 50-iani wlebidan dawyebuli, maT
ufro gaamravalferovnes, gaaRrmaves da umniSvnelovanesi
kvali daamCnies XX sakunis qarTul poezias.
60-ian wlebSi, ase Tu ise, Semsubuqebuli ideologiuri
wnexi 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi kvlav macdur bediswerad
datrialda qarTuli mwerlobis, maT Soris, qarTuli poe-
ziis Tavze. 60-iani wlebis miwurulidan mTeli kavSiris
masStabiT daiwyo axali leniniada, mzadeba leninis dabade-
bidan 100 wlisTavisaTvis, rac Seexo qarTvel mwerlebsac

197
(gamoica samasgverdiani wigni `vin gvWirdeba Cven? – lenini#~,
avtori g. margvelaSvili, rusulad gamoica 1973 w.); daiwyo
sakavSiro cekas organoebis sityvieri brZola da mowodebebi
leninisa da, zogadad, komunistebis saxis SeqmnisaTvis. ro-
gorc yovelTvis, zaraldebodnen poetebi, radgan, poeziis
swrafi reagirebis unaris gamo, misgan myisierad iTxovdnen
dakveTis Sesrulebas. am talRas mohyva SoTa niSnianiZis leq-
si @`komunistebi~#. visac @`komunistebi#~ waukiTxavs, imdenad
uSualo, baldautanebeli (TiTqos) gancdiTaa Seqmnili, eWvi
ar Segepareba, rom aq ar iyo simarTle, rwmena... mkiTxvelisT-
vis gasaocari, magram mainc rwmena. es leqsi imdenad kargad
aris dawerili (mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT), rom popularu-
lic ki gaxda. rogorc dRevandeli gadasaxedidan irkveva,
jer kidev bevrs ar hqonda gacnobierebuli lenin-stalinuri
epoqis, komunisturi epoqis is Semzaravi sisastikeebi, ra-
sac partia da xelisufleba saguldagulod fuTavda; garda
imisa, rom gamoica @`qarTveli poetebi lenins~#, @`msoflio po-
etebi lenins~#, konkretulad komunistebis sadidebeli sity-
va unda Tqmuliyo da iTqva kidevac; magram xelisufleba amas
ar sjerdeboda. axlos iyo sabWoTa sistemis dasasrulis da-
sawyisi. ideologias axali muxti sWirdeboda.
1974 wlis 23-24 aprils saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos
sxdomaTa darbazSi gaimarTa mweralTa da kritikosTa sru-
liad sakavSiro TaTbiri – @`partia Cveni epoqis goneba, namusi
da sindisia~# (gaz. @`literaturuli saqarTvelo~#, 1974, №№17,
18-24). TaTbirSi monawileobdnen mwerlebi ssrk sxvadasxva
respublikebidan; ganixiles Tanamedrove mxatvrul lite-
raturaSi komunistis saxis xorcSesxmis sakiTxi, amasTan
dakavSirebiT moxsenebiT gamovida ssrk mweralTa kavSiris
mdivani vitali ozerovi. TaTbirze sityviT gamovida ck pir-
veli mdivani eduard SevardnaZe – @`socialisturi realiz-
mis literaturisa da xelovnebis axali warmatebisaken~#... am
moxsenebaSi is aRniSnavs: @`im faqtma, rom komunistebma Ta-
visnairi gaxades mSromelTa milioniani masebi, TavianT do-
nemde aamaRles isini, TviT komunistebi naklebad saintereso
adamianebad rodi aqcia, Tumca isini garegnulad ise kolo-

198
ritulad aRar gamoirCevian, rogorc es iyo ocian-ocda-
aTian wlebSi, magram mainc, Tanamedrove komunisti, rogorc
adamiani, ufro rTuli movlena gaxda. misi SeswavlisaTvis,
literaturisa da xelovnebis nawarmoebebSi, misi mxatvruli
xorcSesxmisaTvis saWiroa ufro Rrma midgoma, ufro mdida-
ri palitra, ufro msuye saRebavebi da Strixebi, saxis gamok-
veTis ufro Tanamedrove stili# (ase Seiqmna filmi @`raikomis
mdivani~, reJ. rezo CxeiZe#; leqsebi: @`feodali~#, g. gegeWkoris,
nazi kilasonias ramdenime leqsi komkavSirze, revoluciaze,
leninze, pavlik morozovze da sxv. ara mxolod eseni... z.c.).
es yovelive imisaTvis, Tu ra emociuri safuZveli edo SoTa
niSnianiZis k@ omunistebs#, ra realobaSi aRmoCnda im periodis
qarTuli literatura.
70-80-iani wlebi gansakuTrebiT nayofieria SoTa niSni-
aniZisTvis. miwieri sinamdvile, dakvirveba yofiT movleneb-
sa da faqtebze kidev ufro aRrmavebs saTqmels, afarToebs
mis Tvalsawiers; amave dros, ufro da ufro mZimdeba poetis
sulieri mdgomareoba, radgan am qveyanaze @`madli calkea da
codva calke~#, uflis sarkeSi xSirad @eSma imzireba#. igi rwme-
nis pativismcemeli, RvTis madidebelia Tavisi poeturi sity-
viT, magram amqveyniuri usamarTlobani xSirad ganawyobs
protestis grZnobiT, oRond, Rrmad adamianuri, gasagebi,
safuZvliani protestiT. mas ise SeuZlia ilaparakos umweo
Citis da ZaRlis tragediaze, rogorc sakuTarze, pirovnul-
ze, radgan, misi azriT, Tu RmerTia qveyanaze da isaa arsTa
gamrige, maSin yvelasaTvis unda iyos – kacisTvisac da de-
da-CitisTvisac: @

RmerTo, es fiqri Tu Civilia,

sxvas vis SevCivlo an vis gavando,
iqneb eSmaki Seni Crdilia
da arc arsebobT uerTmaneTod.
(@`simRera Jokeize#~)

samyaro – buneba, adamianebi, cocxalTa da usuloTa sa-

uflo, misi mzeris arealSia mudmivad. Wvrets, grZnobs,

199
fiqrobs, ganicdis. sxvisTvis SeumCneveli detali misTvis
SeiZleba sixarulis, sulieri Svebis netarebad iqces: Tun-
dac, @`xbo rom jiqans wovs# da dedas @netarebiT uTrTis sxe-
uli~#... an: @`deda-Citi rom bartyebs apurebs, bude estradad
aris qceuli#~... an: `@roca dakargul patrons poulobs... la-
mis sigiJis zRvarzea ZaRli~#... an sxva wuTebic, RvTaebrivi
krZalvis: @yrma rom ZuZus wovs,# deda RvTismSobeliviT mSve-
nieria... maSin SeuZlia Tqvas:

am wuTis gamo Rirda diaxac,

mec Cemi sityva meTqva ubralod:
ufalo, am dros ufro miyvarxar
da am dros ufro mwamxar, ufalo!
(@`am wuTis gamo~#)

roca @arsTa mSobels# esityveba, SoTa niSnianiZe gansa-

kuTrebiT mimarTvis formas iyenebs, miT umetes, roca tkivi-
li da sulieri Relva gansakuTrebiT didia (`@ero da bero~#,
@`RmerTo, yovelTa arsTa mSobelo~#, @`meored mosvla#~, @`ufa-
lo, Segviwyale~#, `@sizmrad vnaxe TeTri gedi~#, @`xeebi leqsebiT
ifareba#~ da sxv.).

beds da cxovrebas mec veomebi,

vardis da WinWris mec var damkrefi,
ramdenic ginda, maqvs Secdomebi,
magram Tqvensaze cota naklebi.

albaT meca var cota SeSlili,

yvelaferze rom guli Semtkiva,
magram TqvensaviT beds ar SevCivi
da rac var Tqvenze cota meti var.
(@`igrekis monologi#~)

@cota meti# – es siyvarulis da Semoqmedebis niWia... @da Tu

iRbalic ar dagvebeda, xvinWad darCeba yovelnairi Semoq-
medeba#, – wers igi, magram uiRblo poeti namdvilad ar yo-

200
fila. man erTnairi gznebiT SeZlo cisa da miwis Tayvaniscema,
Tumca ukmarisobis grZnoba mainc dahyveba da aTqmevinebs:

verc me giTxariT, rac suls miwiwknis,

verc me vixile sityviT samoTxe,
verc cisTvis ver vTqvi...
da verc miwisTvis.
(`igrekis monlogi~#)

80-iani wlebis tragikulma dReebma gansakuTrebiT gaam-

Zafra SoTa niSnianiZis lirikuli monologebi – sulisSemZ-
vrelma politikurma movlenebma kidev erTxel aaxeda cisken
mware gulistkiviliT: @`o, RvTismSobelo, Sen Caisvi RvTi-
ur kalTaSi Cveni patara saqarTvelo SemkrTal kraviviT#~
(@`zari~#); magram, roca @qristes perangiviT codva daikvarTa#
da rusTavelis prospeqtze xeebs# godebiT galeqsili RvTis
braldebebi gaekra, roca Tbilisis quCa-moednebi drtvin-
viT gaivso, man Tavisi moqalaqeobrivi pozicia mkveTrad
gamoxata:

Tqven gindaT rom mokvdeT did saqarTvelosTvis,

Tqven marTla did ambavs, did saqmes SemowvdiT,
me ise momwonxarT da ise miyvarxarT,
me minda icocxloT did saqarTvelosTvis!..
ero – stumrisgan aklebulo,
ero – mter-moyvaris maspinZelo,
Tu gsurs falavnoba gaigrZelo,
iyav maSindelze gonieri,
raki uflis neba gamovlinda,
ufro mravali da Ronieri
aRsdeq angelosTa galobidan.
am mgaloblebs guneba ar gaumgelo,
sikvdiliTa sikvdilis damTrgunvelo.
(`@xeebi leqsad ifarCeba~#)

am leqsis saTaurSi metaforulad gamoixata 9 aprilis

tragediisadmi miZRvnili leqsebis mravalferovneba. meta-
201
fora SoTa niSnianiZis poeziis erT-erTi umTavresi versi-
fikaciuli komponentia. am ganwyobiT Seqmnil teqstebSi
ferSecvlilia da gamuqebul-glovisferi `@xeebi, godebiT
galeqsili! amdeni mtirali iadoni, amdeni mglis lekvi ale-
sili#~, @`CeqmiTa gasresili bulbulis yeli#~, @`lamanCelis
dalewili fari da Subi~# da sxv. leqss @`yoveli meaTe#~ wamZR-
vanebuli aqvs epigrafi: @germaneli faSistebi okupirebul
teritoriaze, SurisZiebis an mosaxleobis daSinebis mizniT,
sajarod xvretdnen udanaSaulo moqalaqeebs#. istoria me-
ordeba. icvlebian mxolod moqmedebis adgilebi da moqmedi
pirebi... @`hoda, vinc vcxovrobT romantikul warmodgenebiT,
/ visac kidev gvwams poezia da romantika, / ase mgonia, am ke-
delTan Cvenc gvayeneben, / arada, TviTon, TviTon gavdivarT...
/ roca marTal kacs an simarTles sikvdiliT sjian / da roca
damsjels Tvlian iobad, es imas niSnavs, usircxvilod esvri-
an tyvias / mTel patiosan kacobriobas~#.
xalxur motivze agebul leqsSi @`sizmrad vnaxe TeTri
gedi~# tonaloba rbili da msubuqia Tavisi yovlismomcveli
sisadaviT. axali drois @cotne-biWebisa# da @patara amorZa-
lebis# datireba amgvar saxmo simebs ufro ixdens. dedis xmiT
natiralebi gamoxatvis formiTac da emociuri datvirTvi-
Tac enaTesaveba xalxuri poeziis erT-erT saukeTeso nimuSs:

sizmrad vnaxe TeTri gedi... netav, deda, rao?

sanTlebi da mgaloblebi... netav, deda, rao?
dedi, dedi, TeTri gedi sul me medarao,
frTas miqnevda da mReroda... netav, deda, rao?
– TeTri gedi mRerodao? vah, Sens dedasao!
Senc simReriT momikvdebi... va, Sens dedasao!
– agre mwared rom ymuian, netav, deda, rao?
– es algeTis lekvebia, vah, maT dedasao!
– viTom yvavilebi wvimda... netav, deda, rao?
– saqarTvelo atirdeba... vah, Sens dedasao!

202
 jer kidev ar iyo miwuruli 80-iani wlebi, jer kidev win
iyo ZmaTamkvleli omi. SoTa niSnianiZem movlenebs daaswro
da droulad Tqva:

Sinaur-gareulni erTmaneTs Takiloben,

Cqaroben, erTmaneTi gadaTelon,
ufalo, daifare godoli babilonis –
vulkanze Semdgari saqarTelo~...

igi bolomde keTili TvaliT da gulisyuriT iyo miCere-

buli mSobliur cas da miwas. satkivari stkioda da salxeni
alaRebda. sevdis amod-Tqmac SeeZlo da sruliad sapiris-
piro: himnad amRerebuli lirikis Seqmnac (amRerebulma li-
rikam @`ori tirifi~# gagvaxsena, pawawina, saocari sevdiT,
Soreuli sevdiT amRerebuli...).
SoTa niSnianiZis adamianuri bunebis kidev erTxel dasa-
naxad Tvali gadavavloT mis orstrofian leqss:

ara minda ra, milxins Tu miWirs

arafers ar vTxov beds CaciebiT,
oRondac momces moTmenis niWi,
monaniebis da patiebis.

oRond SemeZlos kvlav gaoceba

da siyvaruli RvTiT boZebuli,
Tundac sul Cemi dRe da moswreba
viyo bavSviviT motyuebuli.

`RvTiT boZebuli siyvaruli~ – sicocxlis didi siyva-

ruli mas da mis poezias bolomde gahyva. winmswreb droSi
gadmoitana sicocxlesTan ganSorebis uCveulo warmosax-
vebi leqsSi `roca me gardavicvale~. aragvelebi Sedgomian
TavianTi mgaloblis cxedars da `did saqarTveloSDi~, mcxe-
Tas, miasveneben, sadac `aRaravin vkvdebiT~...

roca me gardavicvale, idga aRdgomis swori,

zRaparSi xari atirda, saxlSi – Svili da coli...
203
 yvelaze uCveulo da emociuria warsulTan, bavSvobasTan
– sicocxlis yvelaze ferad dReebTan gamoTxovebis sura-
Ti. mwuxare da mainc lamazia am suraTis zRapruli sivrce:
`me Cavuare bavSvobas, – burTs TamaSobda mindvrad, adga
da gamomekida, RvarRvara cremlebs Rvrida~...… rogorc da-
sawyisSive iTqva, SoTa niSnianiZe sicocxles bolomde Seh-
xaroda, samduravi naklebad wamocdenia, siyvaruli – meti da
meti. borotebas, misi SexedulebiT, keTili Zlevda... iqneb,
misTvisac ar iyo mTlad ase harmoniuli es cxovreba, magram
mas ase surda, ase undoda, ase ajerebda Tavs da, albaT, amaSi
iyo misi adamianuri bedniereba, rac, vfiqrobT, iSviaTia... mis
bolo saTqmeladac amave leqsis striqonebs davimowmebT:

ra kargi iyav, sicocxlev,

ver mogiyirWe nebiT,
mtrebic ki myavdnen kargebi,
araTu marto Zmebi...

es siyvarulis didi niWia, romelic ase uxvad daanaTla

gangebam SoTa niSnianiZis poezias.

204
 esma oniani (1938-1999)

inga milorava

Tavisuflebis saknis SeuboWavi suli,

anu sisxlis mzeebi
Cven vcxovrobT daglejil realobaSi, rac ar unda ara-
popularuli, daundobeli da arakoreqtuli iyos amisi Riad
Tqma, asea. danawevrebul, daSlil, sulierebis deficitis
mqone sinamdvileSi arsebobas Tavisi damamaxinjebeli Sede-
gebi aqvs sulieri TvalsazrisiT. es ar emarTeba mxolod
Cvens qveyanas, magram aq ufro SesamCnevia, vinaidan SedarebiT
patara sivrcea, xalxic – cota, sazogadeba – mWidro, yvela
yvelafers xedavs, icis, xvdeba da ormagad, SesaZloa, aTma-
gad mZimed refleqsirebs. Sesabamisad, procesebze gavlenis
moxdenac ufro iolia.
sulieri gamofitva ar dawyebula arc guSin da arc guSin-
win. xSirad postsabWoTa epoqas ukavSireben faseulobebis
msxvrevas, ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSi, kategoriuladac
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ase araa. es Sinagani rRvevis, maradi-
uli faseulobebis kvdomis procesi bevrad adre daiwyo,
jer kidev ruseTis imperiaSi. droisa da sivrcis garkveul
istoriul monakveTSi ilia WavWavaZem da misma Taobam SeZlo
sicocxlis qartexilebSi, qariSxalSi moxvedrili gzadakar-
guli gemis saWis damorCileba da xsnisken Sebruneba, magram
Semdeg ukve cxovrebam – am ulmobelma da kompleqsurma or-
ganizmma – dabada axali epoqa – rsdrp-s da Semdgom mTlianad
bolSevikebis kuTvnili dro, romlis CvenSi gabatonebis aT-
vlac, vfiqrob, 1907 wlidan iwyeba, roca wiwamurTan mokles
ilia da damTavrda didi epoqa. miuxedavad amisa, im didma
lodma, romelic jer kidev 1861 wels Caagdo ilia WavWavaZem
dasaWaobeblad gablantebul sazogadoebaSi, wreebi gaSala
dasawmendad amoZravebuli da aRelvebuli drois wylebis
zedapirze da im wyalze ganfenili da axla ki ukve dasus-
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tebuli rgolebis amara varT darCenilebi. isini jer kidev
uSlian xels Waobis warmoqmnas, gadagvarebas, magram dro
midis da is rgolebic sustdeba da periferiaze veqceviT. ko-
munisturma epoqam bevri rame ukvalodac gaaqro, aRmofxvra.
travebi, romlebic miiRo qveyanam 1921 wels, Semdeg 1924-Si
da 1937 wels, dRemde moqmedebs da Tavisi Sedegebi aqvs. ase
rom, is rRveva, romelic Cvens sulebSia Cabudebuli, im Zafis
wveri, romelic gamoirCa, gamoiwia mravalsaukonovani mtki-
ced naqsovi sulierebis qsovilidan – eris sayrdenidan da
nel-nela sxvadasxva xeli eqaCeba da axvevs, Slis da Sagrenis
tyaviviT acotavebs, droSi bevrad Sorsaa darCenili, vidre
bolo ocdaaTi welia. ubralod, Cven Tvalebidan Camogvi-
varda Wreli saburveli da erTdroulad piridanac agvexsna
alikapi, informaciis axalma, movardnilma nakadma ki yvela-
nairi jebirebi gaarRvia. am dros iolia nihilistad da skep-
tikosad qceva – Zveli daingra, mis mTel simaxinjes farda
aexada, axlis asaSneblad ki energia aRarsadaa..
risTvisa es amxela istoriuli eqskursi?
esma onianis poeziisTvis.
poeziisTvis, romelic sruliad amovardnilia am dro-
iTi konteqstidan – sulis rRvevis da maradiuli zneobrivi
da esTetikuri gaufasurebis procesidan. formalurad is
swored im epoqidanaa, romelSic yvelaferi ukve Cans – Sina-
gani gamofitva, cinizmi, sicariele. mwerlobas ukve hqonda
SedarebiT Tavisufleba da asaxa kidec adamianTa sulebSi
mimdinare rTuli procesebi. amitom naTlad Cans, rom Tana-
medrove realobac iqidanaa amozrdili. imdenad naTlad, rom
Cndeba cduneba daijero im gardasuli sistemis mier aRiare-
buli filosofiis erT-erTi mTavari Tezisi – bazisi qmnis
zednaSens. dResdReobiT xom mTlad didia SesaZlebloba es
materialisturi debuleba srul realobad miiRo – rogori-
caa bazisi, anu ekonomiur-politikuri wyoba, iseTi zedna-
Seni – kultura, suliereba – efuZneba mas.
da am dros arsebobda da axla kidev ufro aqtualurad ar-
sebobs esma onianis poezia!

206
 sruliad zedrouli, sruliad mowyvetili sworedac ba-
ziss, wminda esTetika – mTlianad am adamianis, Semoqmedis sam-
yaroa aseTi da, bunebrivia, misi poeziac, rogorc am mTliani
da erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul sferoTa musikis erTi melo-
dia. is erTi xelis mosmiT anadgurebs materialistur, Sema-
Sinebel, SemaSfoTebel da sasowarmkveT Tezas, rom adamiani
mTlianad miwazea mibmuli da misi arsi gapirobrebuli da
damokidebulia nivTier struqturebze, saWmelze, saxlebze,
simdidreze, xorciel bednierebaze, komfortze, mxolod sxe-
ulis gancxromasa da kmayofilebaze; rom adamians, mis suls
da SemoqmedebiT aqtivobasac marTavs am miwieri survilebis
Zala da safuZveli – ekonomika, politika, Tundac ufro co-
taTi maRla aweuli da TiTqosda sulierebisken gadaziduli,
magram mainc miwierze, yofiTze aRmocenebuli ideologiebi.
esma onianis mTeli samyaro da misi poezia adasturebs,
rom wminda esTetika, mSveniereba, Semoqmedeba sxva sferoebi-
dan modis adamianur samyaroSi, is mowyvetilia xelSesaxebs
da wminda saxeebiT qsovs amqveynad namdvilad arsebobis, su-
lis miwasTan, talaxTan Seurevlobis, Seuryvnelobis ambavs.
es pirveli udidesi mniSvnelobaa esma onianis poeziisa, misi
Rvawlic da gansakuTrebuli niSanic.
meore niSani pirvelidan gamomdinareobs, mas ukavSirdeba,
magram sxva Rirebuleba, faseuloba aqvs qarTuli salitera-
turo (da aramarto saliteraturo) procesisaTvis – esaa
droSi gaxsniloba, Riaoba. erTia, roca Semoqmedi dgeba Ta-
vis kuTvnil sivrceze maRla da misi klanWebidan Tavdaxsni-
li Tavis empiriul droSi qmnis sakuTar samyaros, romelic
mis gancdebs, grZnobebs mainc am myari sibrtyis movlenebisa
da Tvisobrioibidan aireklavs da maTganve gapirobebulia,
Tumca sruliad Tavisuflad, gansakuTrebuli simZafriT
gamoxatavs da meorea, ramdenad aris es yvelaferi imdenad
aralokaluri, zogadadamianuri, sulismieri, esTetikurad
universaluri, maRalmxatvruli da zedrouli, rom misma sa-
xeebma gauZlon dros, adgils, sxvadasxva Sinaarsis da for-
mis gadakveTis wertilebis mudmiv cvlas da sxva droSic
gadaitanon Semoqmedi adamianis drosa da sivrceze gamarjve-

207
bis ambavi. dro, epoqebis monacvleoba arsad gaqreba, iqneb
fardobiTia marTlac dro, magram adamiani masSi cxovrobs da
sxva gza jerjerobiT ara aqvs. amitom Zalian mniSvnelovani
da faseulia esma onianis poezia, romelic dRes, sulierebis
ngrevis, destruqciis, dekonstruqciis ukve niRabaxdil
epoqaSi aris is sayrdeni, romelic adamianebs eubneba: arc
ise mZime da saSiSia es yvelaferi, adamiani metafizikuris ana-
reklia da is amas yovelTvis SeZlebs daicvas, gadaarCinos
da gamoxatos, ise rogorc gamoixata da gamoxatavs amas Tun-
dac esma oniani – xelovani, moazrovne da natifi poeti – Ta-
vis epoqaSi da TqvensaSic. sityva `gamoxatavs~ awmyo droSi
SemTxveviT ar weria – esma onianis poezia am epoqasac zustad
iseve exameba da ekuTvnis, iqneb ufrto metadac ki, rogorc
Tavisas da albaT momdevno drois plastebSic imave ambavs
moyveba – adamianis Semoqmedebis, grZnobierebis, silamazis,
sicocxlis da maradisobis gancdisas.
mesame mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelzec SeiZleba dag-
vafiqros esma onianis poeziam da misma pirovnebamac, aris
xelovnebasa da literaturaSi adgilis povnis problema,
romelic mudam awuxebdaT Semoqmed adamianebs da maTi
cxovrebisa da memkvidreobis SemswavlelT. gamomdinare im
winare niSnebidan, romlebic miuTiTeben, rogori damouki-
debelia esma onianis mxatvruli samyaro misive materialuri
realobidan, romelic mTlianad ideologiuri kliSeebiT
iyo gadaqselili da gamsWvaluli, gasagebia, ratom ar iyo is
saTanadod aRiarebuli. magram amave dros is ukve iseT epo-
qaSi gamovida SemoqmedebiT asparezze, roca Sinagani rRveva
mTeli ZaliT mimdinareobs, magram Semoqmed adamianebze wne-
xi Sesustebulia, represireba Riad ar xdeba da maT ase Tu
ise gza aqvT gaxsnili mkiTxvel-Semmecnebelamde, Tumca sa-
bolood es mainc moCvenebiTi Tavisufleba iyo. esma onianis
poeturi bediswera adasturebs, rom totalitarul ideolo-
gias yvelaze metad, zogjer Riad kritikul azrze metadac ki
eSinia swored zedroulis, ideaTa sauflodan mosulis, meta-
fizikuris da iseTi adamianis, romelsac saWirod ar miaCnia
Tavisi samyaro Zalad gaitanos, rqebiT, aTasi xerxiT gaTxri-

208
li gvirabebiTa da SemovliTi gzebiT iaros da amorful miz-
namde mivides. es avtonomiuroba ki aris swored misi, misi Ta-
visuflebis gamarjveba drozec da avtoritarul sivrcezec,
romelic damarcxebuli rCeba ara imwuTasve, TvalsaCinod,
aramed droSi.
esma onianis ukompromiso anabeWdebi miuRebeli, SesaZ-
loa, aramasobrivi, arapopularuli, arameinstrimuli yofi-
liyo misi kuTvnili droisa da sivrcisTvis, magram samagi-
erod avTenturia da Sedegad – mudmivi – adamianis namdvili
arsis gamaZlierebeli Tavisi faruli gamarjvebiT konfor-
mizmsa da damangrevel kopmpromisebze. TviTonve grZnobda
poeti Tavis misias, roca ambobda, `suls CenCosaviT Sreebad
Semoxvevia Cveni realoba da adamianis misia isaa, am CenCosa-
gan gaTavisufldes...
leqsi „Tavisuflebis mkacri sakani~ kargad gamoxatavs
esma onianis mier sakuTari poeziis ganWvretas, ufro metad,
albaT, zogadad poeziis kredos warmoaCens da bunebrivia, is,
rac poeturi qmnadobis mTavar metafizikur idead miaCnda,
Seecada sakuTar poeziaSi anareklad, ideis emanaciad rac
SeiZleba srulad gaecocxlebina:

enis baRnarSi fSuodnen ukve farSavangebi,

aRar hqonda Seukvecavs sayrdeni myari–
da danis pirze basrad ainTo namdvili sityva,
da tyviasaviT daitena sisxlis mzeTa gamosasxmelad.
(„Tavisuflebis mkacri sakani~)

`enis baRnari~ – esma onianis metafizikuri mudmivi sam-

yofeli, sadac dro Cerdeba da maradiuloba isadgurebs.
am enis baRnars esma onianis individualur ganzomilebaSi
`feris baRnaris~ funqciac aqvs, radgan misi poezia ganuyo-
felia misi mxatvrobisgan, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi sityvas
feris enaze Targmnis, fers ki – sityvebad. da am baRnarSi si-
lamazis, TvalismoWreli ferebis elvarebad dadian sityva –
farSevangebi.
`myari sayrdeni~ – is aRar arsebobs, magram aucilebe-
lia misi povna. rogorc sinaTlis da sikeTis ararseboba gu-
209
lisxmobs maT ara gaqrobas, srul sibneles an borotebas, ise
sayrdenis ararsebobac Tavis TavSi misi arsebobis SesaZleb-
lobasac inaxavs. is sadRac unda arsebobdes da esma oniani
mas sityvaSi(ferSi) eZebs. swored TavSesafris, sayrdenis
– TavisTvis da sxvebisTvisac – moZiebis es mgznebare, qariS-
xliseburi wyurvili TiTqos uCveuloa am qalurad rbili,
naTeli, feradi da grZnobieri samyarosTvis, magram swored
arqauli, pirvelqmnili Zala ganapirobebs esma onianis poe-
ziis namdvil arss da im Sinagan energias, romelmac mas droSi
gadarCenisa da ufro Sevsebis unari mianiWa.
`danis piri~ – aseTia xelovanis sicocxle im realobaSi,
romelSic mouwia poets arseboba. rTuli realobaa, amito-
mac iqneb zedmetad vrcladac visaubreT im winapirobebze,
im drosivrcul nakadze, romlis erT segmentSic mouwia esma
onians warsulis mier zurgSi Cacemuli xanjlis tkivile-
bis da misi Sedegebis gadatana, mere ki ukve Tavisi drois
danis pirze siarulis simware iwvnia. TviTon ambobda, rom
xelovanis tragikuli bedi araa axali, rom faseulobebis
rRveva da yofis simZime sul Tan sdevs adamianebs. man Se-
moqmedi arseboba alesil danis pirze siarulad dainaxa,
SeigrZno, aRiqva da Tavisi umZlavresi sinaziT, qariSxlis
sifaqiziT – esma onianiseuli xelSesaxeb cxovrebiseul da
SemoqmedebiT realobad qceuli oqsimoronebiT – gaiara igi.
`namdvili sityva~ – es ki aris gasaRebi. namdviloba da si-
marTle, utyuaroba, siyalbis organuli miuRebloba aZlevs
poets saSualebas SeinarCunos `enis baRnari~, eZios sayrde-
ni, iaros danis pirze da gadarCes. Tu swored alesili danis
pirze ar ainTo namdvili sityva, namdvili poezia ver daiba-
deba, verc sicocxles da verc droSi arsebobis umTavres
uflebas moipovebs. ver daiteneba tyviasaviT, romelmac un-
da gadalaxos sivrce, dro, samyaros yvela jebiri, sazRvari,
saguSago da miaRwios yvela drois adamianebis gulebamde.
`sisxlis mzeebi~ – aris Sedegi, romelsac isxams namdvili
sityva. esma onianis poeziis arsi am nayofSia – sisxlis mze-
ebSi, romlebic enis umSvenieres, farSavangebiT savse baR-
narSi, myari sayrdenis gareSe samyaros pirispir martod

210
darCenilis, danis piras mosiarulis sulSi namdvili si-
tyvebis kvritebidan tviasaviT amoskda. sisxli da mze – vneba
da sinaTle, mewamuli da oqrosferi (mxatvris ferweris fe-
rebi), Zala da siTbo, tkivili da siyvaruli da kidev uamravi
wveTi da sxivi, romelic scviva am nayofs, qmnis esma onianis
poezias.
da mainc, albaT misi ara marto poeturi, cxovrebiseuli
koncefciis gvirgvinic am leqsis saTauria – `Tavisuflebis
mkacri sakani~. is absoluturad Tavisufal adamianad darCa
bolomde. umTavresi da principulad xelSeuxebeli misT-
vis swored SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba
iyo. amave dros igi naTlad xedavda, rom sakanSi iyo gamom-
wyvdeuli da mixvda, rom swored Tavisuflebaa misi sakani
im Tvisobriobis garemoSi, romelSic is cxovrobda. vizua-
lurad SeiZleba asec davinaxoT – uzarmazari, aborgebuli
garesamyaro, jojxeTuri qvena vnebebiT, cecxliT, kupriT,
laviT, borgviT savse. survilebisgan, pativmoyvareobisgan
dakrunCxuli sxeulebi, zneobrivi kompromisebis lodebqveS
gaWyletili adamianebi trialeben uwonadobaSi, tragikul
usayrdenobaSi. konformisti xelovanebis brtyeli sxeule-
bi hkidia lursmnebze, ikrunCxebian amqveyniur siameTagan
mowamluli da saxewaSlili niWis gamyidvelni, qars miaqvs
maTi saxelebi da saxeebi, magram, miuxedavad am apokalifsuri
qaosisa da areulobisa, es mainc am qveynad yofnis xalxmra-
vali zeimia, isini bevrni arian, erTad arian da am sivrceSi
micuravs da anaTebs TiTqmis wertili – gamWvirvale patara
sakani, savse cisferi, kamkama, wminda haeriT, sadac gamo-
ketilia is, vinc am yvelaferze, rac irgvlivaa, Segnebulad,
gaazrebulad, mtkiced Tqva uari, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTx-
vevaSi, Tavisuflebis damkargavi dakargavda sakuTar Tavs.
man icis, ra mkacria es realoba, ra rTulia martoobis sakan-
Si gamoketva, magram Tavisi SemoqmedebiT naTlad aCvenebs
sxva msgavsi sulis, msgavs Tavisuflebis saknebSi myofebs
– Tavis Tanamedroveebsac da momavlis adamianebsac, rom
Tavisuflebis Sedegia mxolod Rirebuli da nayofieri ar-
seboba – wminda sisxlis mzeebis gamosxma da am nayofebis

211
Secnobis unaric aseT Tanamesakneebs eniWebaT da mxolod
es Tavisuflebaa waruvali, gansxvavebiT garSemo gamefebu-
li, miwier-talaxiani,monisTvis boZebuli wamSi gamqrali
wamisve didebisagan.
amgvari poeturi kanonis da saqmed qceuli sityvis poe-
ti, bunebrivia, ver iqneboda masobrivi da sayovelTao verc
TanamedroveebisaTvis, verc Semdgom epoqaSi, albaT, verc
verasodes iqneba. amis Sesaxeb adreve werda rezi TvaraZe,
manamde, sanam esma onianis Semoqmedeba, rogorc mTliani,
monoliTuri xelovnebis nayofi, ufro meti adamianisTvis
gaxdeboda xelmisawvdomi: `es iyo simZafre, romelic Zneli
gasaZlebi iyo im droisTvis. maSin ase aravin ar werda, garda
ana kalandaZisa da adreuli galaktionisa. es dRemde ver
aitana qarTulma sazogadoebam. amitom aris, rom esma oniani,
ubrwyinvalesi poeti, dRemde darCenilia salonebisa da
calkeuli ojaxuri wreebis kuTvnilebad. sxvaTaSoris, ama-
Si ar vxedav arafers cuds. esma ar SeiZleba iyos masobrivi
poeti, masebSi sakiTxavi poeti, mravalaseulaTasiani mkiTx-
velis poeti~. mraval aseulaTasiani mkiTxveli esma onians
verasodes eyoleba, magram axla igi Tavisi Tavisuflebis
saknis msgavs ufro met sakans Sexvda – esec namdvili poeziis,
namdvili xelovnebis kanonia, rom droSi met monaTesave suls
poulobs, radgan axal-axal epoqebTan erTad modian misi
msgavsi axali adamianebi, romlebsac am samyaros SegrZnoba
SeuZliaT. TiToeul epoqaSi Tavisuflebis saknebis mkvidrTa
Tanafardoba, albaT, maincdamainc arc icvleba, magram dro
midis da axlebi ematebian da eziarebian erTxel Sobil sivr-
ces da is ufrodaufro metisTvis xdeba sakuTari, organuli.
amgvari bedi ergo esma onianis poezias. mainc, albaT. ufro
swori iqneba, Tu mTel mis samyaros mTlian, daunawevrebel,
erTian sicocxled ganvixilavT, sadac grZnoba, sityva, feri,
xazi, azri, tkivili, sixaruli, forma, sinanuli, siyvaruli,
saxe, Sinaarsi, zedapiri, siRrme, naTqvami, miniSnebuli, gamo-
xatuli, nagulisxmebi, teqsti, konteqsti – yvelaferi erTi
didi qsovilia – epikuri, kosmiuri da amave dros Zalian pi-
radulic da ara mxolod avtorisaTvis. igi kosmiur sferoTa

212
xmebsa da ferebs eziara, maT SuagulSi moeqca. uxilav siv-
rceebamde asuli adamiani sxva adamianebs poeturi warmo-
saxviT, ferebis, sagnebis, xmebis enaze, mSobliur da gasageb
saxeTa enaze gadmoscems am idumal samyaroTa gancdas da am-
bavs. am SemTxvevaSi, kargi magaliTia leqsi `mze~, romelSic
swored es kosmiuri JReradoba aRwevs mkiTxvelamde ferTa,
nacnob saganTa, TviT babuis xatis meSveobiT da es epikuri,
yovlismomcveli, Sesaqmeseuli suraTi xdeba Zalian Tbili,
piraduli, xelSesaxebi:

es im varskvavlavis cecxlia, usurvilosi, gulmSvidad civis,

udrtvinvelad, momkavdinebel-Seusmenlad gamovrcobadis.
aq mzed iqceva qedebze da qliavebis lurj sitkboSi,
mwvaned mrekavi zRmartlis zarebs
lpobis feriT Camoamwifebs.
aq mzed iqceva, mzed saxeobs,
axloblurad, mSobliurad Cagvesmineba;
mis sicives, misi sawyisis ganurCevel ucodnelobas
mcxunvarebas cocxal surnelad,
amomCqefar sicxis xvavebad, yvavilebad, xviarebad
gadmoviTargmniT,
madlierebiT, siyvaruliT vmwifvarT ulevad,
es is cecxlia, aq iqceva cvenad marcvalTa,
parki lobios mucelTa rRvevad,
damskdar miwaze fesixgulqveS TeTrad aldeba,
svimon babuas moxril mxrebze gaxurebul xalaTis kerad,
spilenZis taStze ayvavdeba yviTel vardebad.
(`mze~)

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavad poeti Tavis poezias

mainc calke ganixilavda, ferwerisgan damoukideblad. `CemT-
vis megobrebs uTqvamT, TiTqos Cems leqsebs emCneva, rom maTi
avtori mxatvaria da rodesac dausaxelebiaT saamiso niSne-
bi, gamorkveula, rom garegani, zerele msgavseba aZlevT amis
sababs. sinamdvileSi sagnobrioba, konkretuloba, detalebis
siyvaruli, feruli niuansebis zedmiwevniT dazustebis cda

213
(gansakuTrebiT es ferovnebis gamudmebuli ardaviwyeba-gad-
mocema axsenebT ferweras).
es ar aris swori; maT aviwydebaT, rom fers saerTod aqvs
udidesi mniSvneloba adamianur yofierebaSi. CvenTvis sam-
yaros xiluloba-gacxadebaSi~. – werda igi. rogorc Cans,
misTvis principuli iyo, rom poeziis sivrceSi ferweruli
niuansebis arseboba gaemijnaT namdvili ferwerisagan. rea-
lurad asecaa, magram misi poeziis misive mTliani mxatvruli
samyarodan gamocalkeveba analizisas ara mgonia swori iyos.
poets ar surda yofiliyo mxatvari, romelmac poeziaSic
scada bedi, Tumca albaT misTvis mainc Zneli gasacnobiere-
beli iyo, ra rangis movlena iyo Tavad, rom is TviTonaa ukve
mTlianoba, erTgvari xelovnebis metafora, romelic gamo-
xatavs adamianis Semoqmedebis usazRvro SesaZleblobebs
da sinTeturobas. rac Seexeba sagnobriobas, albaT swored
esaa esma onianis poeturi qveynis Sidasivrcis saocari or-
magi bunebis – efemerulobisa da relurobis erTdroulad
arsebobisa da aseve erTianad Semecneba-gancdis erT-erTi
safuZveli – mZafri grZnobiereba, metafizikuris organuli,
pirvelqmnili wvdoma, saxeebis iluzuruloba da amave dros
yvelaferi sagnobrivi, gamokveTili, xelSesaxebi. TvaliT
dasanaxi absoluturad harmoniulad arsebobs, erTmaneTs
avsebs da erTianad emsaxureba saTqmelis srulyofilad.
gamokveTas. albaT, swored es vizualizacia CauTvales po-
etad qceuli mxatvris niSnad , sinamdvileSi ki es misi indi-
vidualobis unikaluri niSania, romelic misi Semoqmedebis
nebismier nawilSi, Sresa da aspeqtSi vlindeba. sagnobribis
am moulodnel aqcentirebas ukavSirdeba misi poeziis epiku-
robac da albaT es sagnobriobaa erTgvari xarki xelSesaxebis,
miwierisa da myarisadmi gadaxdili, `danis pirze~ siaruli-
sas xelmosaWidis, namdvilis, manugeSeblisa da dasayrdenis
Ziebisas.
zogadad, sagulisxmoa, rom igi sakuTari poeziis arsze
TviTonve fiqrobs. es moazrovne Semoqmedis niSania. poeti
Tavadve cdilobs mkiTxvels auxsnas, Tu rogor xedavs Tavis
mxatvrul qsovils, ra surs, ra Canafiqri hqonda misi Seqm-

214
nisas da ras moelis mkiTxvelisagan. aseTi analitikuri mid-
goma da erTgvari rekomendaciebi Zalian faseulia, Tumca,
rogorc wesi, mxatvruli intenciis Sedegi, rogorc ki cal-
ke realobad iqceva, anu `sisxlis mzeebi~ nayofad moesxmeba
Semoqmedis STagonebas da damoukidebel arsebobas iwyebs,
is ukve, faqtobrivad, aRarc ekuTvnis mas da Semmecneblis
kuTvnilebac Tanabrad xdeba, rac aRqmis da interpretaciis
saSulebas da uflebasac ki aniWebs mas. am SemTxvevaSi anali-
tikosi avtoris instruqcia, rogor Seimecnon misi poezia,
rogor xedavs igi Tavis poetur qsovils, aris kidev erTi
damoukidebeli naazrevi, SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis nayofi,
Zalian Rirebuli, saintereso, magram, arsebiTad, isic ise-
Tive interpretaciaa, rogoric nebismieri sxva analitiko-
sis nafiqr-naazrevi. rogorc Cans, poets arc hqonia miznad
sityvier nakadSi mkiTxvelis bolomde SeSveba, famlarulad
gaSinaureba da ase xedavda Tavis poezias, mtkice garsis da
saTuTi SigTavsis mqone sicocxles: „Tqven me ver mipoviT
bzars (rodesac me darwmunebuli vakonkreteb saTqmels),
versaidan SemomeRvrebiT, isea agebuli Cemi saTqmelis rao-
ba, ver miewebebiT, miematebiT, ver SeiWrebiT, ver poulobT
nawiburebs, romelic misi gadaxsnis saSualebas mogcemdaT~.
am SemTxvevaSi misi interpretacia da xedva imiTaa Zalian
mniSvnelovani, rom saSualebas gvaZlevs mivxvdeT, ras moe-
lis is Cvengan, mkiTxvelebisagan, rogor mopyrobas, rogor
damokidebulebas da amis Semdeg, SesaZloa, misi, rogorc
Semoqmedis, poetis bedic da sociumTan, upiratesad ofici-
ozTan, urTierTqmedebis forma da Sedegebic kidev ufro
gasagebi gaxdes. is mxolod grZnobier gamoxmaurebas elo-
deba, gagebas da pativiscemas, adamians, romelic ise exeba
mis samyaros, rom ar cdilobs misi sulis trepanacias, miT
umetes, viviseqciiT. Tavis droze, albaT, amitomac aarides
oficialurma literaturulma biurokratiulma aparatma,
literaturis funqcionerebma da kritikam mas Tvali – ver
SeaRwevdnen misi sulis siRrmeSi, ver daimorCilebdnen – ar
uSvebda, ver daanakuwebdnen, verc TiTs dauqnevdnen da Wku-
as aswavlidnen, mixvdnen da dro ki ukve iseTi iyo, fizikurad

215
am damoukidebeli samyaros avtors ver mospobdnen, amitom
amjobines Tvalis arideba, TiTqos arc arsebobda, magram
rogorc cxovrebis wesia da kanoni, es samyaro daeloda imaT,
vinc mas zustad ise SeigrZnobda da Seicnobda, rogorc mas
surda da es droc movida. meore mxriv, aris raRac TiTqos
zeaRmatebulic, qedmaRalic Tu elitarulobis Canafiqris
elferis mqonec sakuTari poeziis garsis Suvalobis am sur-
vilSi, magram Tu mis samyaros swored ise moepyrobian, ro-
gorc mas surda, miuaxlovdebian faqizad, mSvidad, gulisyu-
riT, uiaraRod, dominirebisa da bolomde amocnobis vnebis
gareSe, miuaxlovdebian ise, rogorc odesRac kurtuazul
samyaroSi raindi uaxlovdeboda Tavis gulis dedofals, ma-
Sin es mxatvruli qsovili mTeli sikaSkaSiTa da rac, mTava-
ria, sruli siTboTi, mTeli Tavisi namdvili, bunebrivi ub-
raloebiT, grZnobierebiTa da silamaziT miegebeba da mainc
bolomde Sesacnobi xdeba mkiTxvelisTvis da isic Tavdavi-
wyebiT exveva am saxeTa elvarebaSi, poeziis abreSumis sig-
rileSi, saxeTa cimcimsa da gancdaTa mcxunvarebaSi da xvdeba
– aravin arafers umalavda, arc uRirsad Tvlida, mxolod
sworad miaxloebas sTxovda, iqneb emudareboda kidevac, mag-
ram RirsebiTa da bibliuri dedamTavrebis siamayiT savse.
zogadad, esma oniani mainc gamoirCeva Teoriuli aspeqte-
bisadmi gamZafrebuli interesiT. igi Tavis werilebsa da es-
eebSi msjelobs poeziis sakiTxebze, poeziisa da ferweris
urTierTmimarTebaze, konvenciuri da Tavisufali leqsis
sakiTxebze. Tavisufleba, romelic mas sakmaod Zvirad da-
ujda, poeziaSic, uSualod striqonebSic prioritetuli da
organuli aRmoCnda misTvis. marTlac rom sakmaod Zvirad
daujda, radgan, miuxedavad Sinagani damoukideblobisa, ro-
gorc misi Canawerebidan Cans, mainc tkivils ayenebda kriti-
kis uyuradReboba da mkiTxvelaTan siSore. Tavisuflebis
maRali xarisxi da arsebiTad, Tavisufleba, rogorc misi
Semoqmedebis jvari da arsi, imaSic gamovlinda, rom konven-
ciuri leqsis formati mainc ufro arabunebrivia misTvis,
riTmul-ritmuli gardauvalobisa da CarCos gamo da pirda-
216
pir SeiZleba iTqvas, iseTi maRalmxatvruli ver gamosdis,
rogorc Tavisufali leqsi.
miuxedavad ase mkveTrad aqcentirebuli pirovnulobi-
sa, gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos esma onianis poeturi
sivrcis araegocentruloba. zogadad, poeturi samyaros,
gansakuTrebiT lirikis centrSi, dgas `me~ – ganmcdeli da
mTxrobeli. es `me~ gamosWvivis yvelgan, iqac, sadac xilulad
ar Cans. esma onianis poezias aqvs ucnauri Tviseba – is li-
rikuli epikurobiT xasiaTdeba da Tanac umetesad poeturi
`me~ ar dominirebs, ar ikavebs mTel sivrces. ra Tqma unda,
misi poezia anTropocentrulia, magram ufro ganzogadebu-
li, ganyenebuli, roca poeti cdilobs gascdes Tavisi `mes~
farglebs, `me~ aqcios sxvad, miswvdes raRac ufro dids, yov-
lismomcvels, gaxdes ara mxolod individualuris gamomxa-
tavi, aramed, transcedenturis gamtari, gadamtani, poetur
saxeebad gardaqmnilad momwodebeli. es swrafva misi poeziis
epikurobis garda bgerweraSic gamoixata. xandaxan, SesaZloa,
gaCndes gancda, rom aliteraciebi, bgeraTa sixuve (da iqneb
mainc feria bgerad Targmnili?), mravalxmianoba, uamravi
xmovani xazi da maTi sxvadasxva Sred da mimarTulebiT gaSla
zedmetia, gana risTvisaa aseTi gadatvirTuloba saWiro?
nuTu marTla garss qmnis ase, rom saTuT siRrmeSi veravin
SeaRwios? savaraudod, swored kosmiur sferoTa adamianis-
Tvis ucxo, uCveulo xmebis, maTi idumalebis, mravalxmiano-
bis, metafizikur saxeTa zustad aRweris, mTlianad moxel-
Tebis da gamoxatvis mcdelobisas swored amgvari bgeriTi
sixuve gaxda poetisaTvis organuli, ara CanafiqriT, aramed
TavisTavad – metafizikurisken sarkmlis gaWras da Semdeg
uCveulo xmaTa miyuradebas bgeraTa simravle mohyva Tan.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom esma onianis poeziaSi ramdenime mTa-
vari sayrdenia: metafizikurTan siaxlove, misi xilvis unari;
sagnobrioba; epikuroba; mdidari xmovaneba; naTel gulwr-
felobasa da xandaxan TiTqmis bavSvur gulubryvilobasTan
Serwymuli warmoudgeneli siRrmeebi; intuicia; saxe, ro-
gorc ambavi da feri. feri mainc mTavaria mis striqonebSi:
217
 mSoblis orTqlia `infantebis~ dagmanuli dauRabis Wrelo, –
xaxvis fuCeCisferi Tmebis gafurCwvna,
kriWaSekruli margalitebi , momwvano-grili;
maqmanebiT, Tmis SirSiniT, vardisfer kabis rux xnulebSi
gaciskrovnebuli cxvirsaxocTa
cxovrebiT cxovrobs
da Sekrulia ferad duRabad da Semoismis
Caskvnil yviTlebis, Savebis da melnsiferad CaxuTuli
xaverdis qoro...
(`velaskesi~)

naTlad Cans, rom sityvebi da ferebi, araordinalurad

gadawnili erTmaneTTan, poetisTvis velaskesis idumal siv-
rceSi SeRwevis gza da saSualebaa. velaskesis `meninebi~ ase-
Tive metafizikurisken gaWrili sarkmelia, sarkeSi asaxuli
anarekliT, romelic realurze metad realuria. velaskesma
gauswro Tavisi epoqis aRqmis dones da Teoriebs da amave
dros ukanac dabrunda – platoniseuli anareklebis samya-
roSi. mxatvris samyaros saidumlos amoxsnas esma oniani
misTvis Zalian niSneuli sityvieri xatebiTa da ferweriT
cdilobs – ikveTeba misi misiac – Tavisuflebis mkacri saknis
mkvidrma ipovos jer gza da mere gasaRebi usazRvro, Seubor-
kavi, adamianis warmosaxvis gamagonebeli miRmuri samyaros
karisa, romlis saketis RriWoSic ki bevrma ver Seixeda.
feris TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa leq-
si `vardisferi~, romelSic srulad gamovlinda poetise-
uli sityvieri feris struqtura. igi iwyebs feris Ziridan:
`vardisferi es iyo wiTlis dasawyisi,/wiTlis fermkrTali
Sviliko`. Semdeg es vardisferi gadadis oTaxSi, abaJuris
qveS, sufraze, grZeldeba `sazurgeebis keTil Crdilebad~,
Saqris siTeTres ereva da sitkbod iqceva, Semdeg vardebis
surnelad da sunsac feri aqvs – `dagvbruis suni moyviTalo,
vardisfrad mfrqvevi tkbili kokrebiT~ da dedis mkerdze
bafTis `Crepe de Chine~ struqturaSi, `vardisfrad SlilSi~
gadadis, bolos ki mTeli am mravalganzomilebiani, mraval
waxnagad gaSlili feris saboloo grZnobieri suraTic
ikveTeba:
218
 amden vardebSi amosacnobi neli gemos da feris mqoni-
namcxvrebis, atmis, CanTaSi nawol Txel cxvirsaxocis
kuTxeebWrelis,
rulwakidebul, siTbod aRmaval, gamabruebel saRamos gvarad
amoicnoba cnobamimxdeli xsovnis sicxadis motkbo varvarad...
(`vardisferi~)

feri mTlianadaa gaSlili, sawyisidan, dasabamidan bo-

lomde. igi qmnis interieris ferTa gamas, naxevartonebs, zav-
deba TeTrSi, SaqrisferSi, gadmoscems sinaTlesa da Crdils,
siTbos, gemos(sitkbos), sivrcis gancdas, qsovilis struq-
turas, surnels, ganwyobas, moqmedebis ritms (`rulwakide-
buli~), mzeris, erTgvari poeturi kameris moZraobis tra-
eqtorias (siTbod aRmavali) da sabolood mTlian, mZlavr
suraTs grZnobierebis, xsovnis maradiulobis, gauxuneblad
arsebobisas da am Sedegs poeti aRwevs adamianis warmosaxva-
Si feris yvela funqciis warmoudgeneli ZaliT gaaqtivebiT,
misi sityvieri qsovilis grZnobieri simZlvriTa da saxeob-
rivi sizustiT.
ferTan erTad poetis individualobas qmnis monaxazic,
wamieri STabeWdilebani poetur teqstSi gabneul impresi-
onistul elementebad gvevlineba, romlebsac igi, erTi Se-
xedviT, statikuri suraTebis Sesaqmnelad iynebs. Tumca sa-
bolood erTi STabeWdilebis Zafze am suraTebiT sakmaod
mravalplaniani da maravlSirani realoba, dinamiuri ambavi
ikinZeba. es impersionistuli monakveTebi raRaciT iaponur
haikuebsac Camohgavs, magram esma oniani ar aris mcire for-
mis qsovilis poeti. igi mozaikis natexs arasodes dasjerde-
ba da arc mkiTxvels datovebs wamier da wertilovan STabeW-
dilebasTan marto, miTumetes Tanaavtorad da ambis Tavis
nebaze gamgrZeleblad da dasasruleblad, rac aseTi buneb-
rivia impresionisti mwerlebisaTvis.

Cemi oTaxi
unabisferi kedlebi,
Camaval mzeSi wiTlad Srialebs.
stumris Tavi – Savi qrizanTema.

219
 ferebi, saxeebi, ganwyoba – haikusac hgavs da mis monaTesa-
ve, iaponuri poeziis da vabis stilis safuZvelze amozrdil
impresionistul teqstsac,. naxatsac... magram esma onianis-
Tvis damaxasiaTebelia, rom Tavisi saTqmeli ar datovos
bolomde gamouxatavi, misi grZnobebi talRebiviT mohyveba
ukan am oTx striqons – ferad natexs da urTierTobaTa mTe-
li ambavi ixateba – poetiseuli zusti detalebiT, drois aR-
niSvniTa da miseuli mZafri dinamikiT. es saintereso Tavise-
burebaa da mis poetur azrovnebas gansakuTrebul iersa da
TviTmyofadobas matebs.
sityvier ferTan da poetur bgerwerasTan erTad esma
onianis poeziaSi namdvili musikis gagonebac SeiZleba da
ara marto iseT leqsSi, rogoricaa `debi iSxnelebi~, sadac
pirdapir sityvaSi gacocxlda simRerebis melodia, ara-
med TiTqmis yvela leqsSi asociaciurad SeiZleba ama Tu
kompozitoris musikis misi striqonebisTvis misadageba. mi-
si leqsebis ferweruloba aSkaraa, zedapirze Zevs da am sa-
kiTxze TviTonac msjelobda, sxvebic ferweras xedavdnen
da xedaven mis elvare sityvier tiloebzec, magram musika
araa aqcentirebuli. iqneb imitom, rom Tavisufal leqsSi,
erTi SexedviT, melodiurobis naklebobaa an iqneb imitomac,
rom versifikaciulad esma onianis leqsebi marTlac mZimea,
magram, vfiqrob, es niSanic unda xazgasmulad gamoikveTos,
rom miuxedavad striqonebis, sityvieri qsovilis sirTulis,
aramelodiurobis da arahaerovnebisa, swored am qsovilis
azrobrivi, Sinaarsobrivi da pirvel yovlisa, feriTi sisav-
se, feris da uCveulo sityvebis erTiani ganlageba teqstis
sivrceze, maTi faruli JReradoba (sxva asociciebTan er-
Tad – surneli, faqturasTan Sexebis, gemos, grZnobierebis
– garkveul SemTxvevebSi erotiul konteqstSic ki) iwvevs
musikalur asociaciebs Sopenidan dawyebuli Snitkes atona-
luri musikiT damTavrebuli. vfiqrob, es esma onianis po-
eziis Sida sivrces afarToebs da Tan gviCvenebs, rom Ta-
visuflebis saknebis siRrmeSi ar arsebobs SezRudva, wesi,
kanoni, raime aucilebeli mocemuloba da moTxovna, romelic
raime nakvTis gareSe datovebs an mxatvrulad daazaralebs

220
poeturi Tavisuflebis nayofs – iq yvelaferi harmoniuli
da srulyofilia.
kidev erTi gansakuTrebuli niSani, romelic esma onia-
nis poezias sityvier peizaJsa da interierTan erTad, fer-
werasTan aaxlovebs, aris poeturi portreti. leqsebSi
`firosmani~, `terenti graneli~ sityvaSi ixateba sulieri
portretebi, magram am TvalsazirisiT mainc gamorCeulia
sakmaod vrceli leqsi `svimon babua~. am leqsSi adamianuri
grZnobiereba, siyvaruli, siTbo, xsovna sikvdil-sicocxlis
WrilSia gadamocemuli. yofna-aryofna ki ubralod cocx-
lad yofnad an cocxlad aRaryofnad ki ar ganixileba, aramed
gaRviZebuli, siyvaruliT da ardaviwyebiT savse yovlismom-
cveli suliT sikvdilis pirispir Rirseulad yofnad. por-
treti erwymis peizaJs, zRvari waSlilia da adamianis – ba-
buis saxe, romelsac mogonebis saTaveSi Tavisi Cveulebrivi
xsovnismieri ambavi hqonda, gamodis am konkretuli CarCo-
dan da erwymis mTel samyaros, yvelaferSi nawildeba: xeebSi,
sivrcis yvela nakvTSi, drois sxvadasxva plastis Tanmdev
emociaSi, saxlSi da ra Tqma unda, ferebSi. bolo, mercxle-
bis scena, is Zlieri akordia, romelsac babuis ukve isedac
bolomde ganzavebuli saxe mistikur sibrtyeSi gadahyavs,
TiTqos gardasuli sicocxle Cvens Tvalwin mercxlebad
mobrunda da mTeli samyaro erTian rkalad Seikra:

ra xdeba axla? sinamdvilis ra anatkeCi

gamogvecxada, dagvenaxa, `Cvens guls moeba~.
irevian frifrinvelebi,
axla WyiviliT wiTlad anTebul aguris kedlebs,
gadaburul, Tav-foTola xeebs gadascdnen,
ra mizanswraful daimedebiT, ra swrafi elviT
Wyivil-daqrian cidan caTamde.
(`svimon babua~)

es STambeWdavi bolo suraTi meordeba leqsSic `moulod-

neli gagrZleba – mama~, romelSic mamis sulieri portreti
ixateba da dasasruls isev TiTqos zavi ideba sikvdilTan,

221
isev ikvreba sikvdil-sicocxlis maradiuli wre, Citebma ki
sicocxlisken gadaswies mistikuri sasworis pina:

aq Sav miwaze vardebis Cqeri

yelwamtvreul vazebSi buCqobs,
aq panTeonis slip oTxkuTxedebs
mzis Casvlis sevda warwerebs uqrobs.
balaxis suniT gzatkecilia Camomavali saburTalodan,
TbilisSi cxeli qari Srialebs.
ginda – ar ginda yurSi gugunebs
xeebis, qaris Srial-galoba;
mwvane xeebiT moCans Tbilisi,
Cveni fanjrebi erTTavad Ria,
iwvis aguris kedlebi wiTlad,
SigadaSig swrafad Citebi hqrian.
(`moulodneli gagrZleba – mama~)

mistikurTan, kosmiurTan, RrvTaebrivTan, miRmurTan

siaxlove da am erTianobis Tavsmoxveuli `mes~ keklucobisa
da TviTwarmoCenis gareSe gadmocemis unari yvelaze metad
aSorebda esma onians Tavisi epoqis mTavar tendenciebs. im
dros, roca igi am unikaluri poetur samyaros qmnis, misti-
kuris Semotana poeziaSi aRarc saSiSia, aRarc Tavasaride-
beli, magiuri realizmis tipis teqstebic arsebobs, magram
zmanebismieris, miRmuris, RmerTis imgvari gancda, romelic
aqvs esma onians, araa meinstrimuli. metic, axlac ki, roca
Tavs datexilma Tavisuflebam religiurobis gancda ucna-
urad arivdaria da daanawevra, aRviraxsnili, mebrZoli aTe-
izmidan, romelic Zalian hgavs pirvel bolSevikTa uRmer-
Tobis Tavgamodebasa da eklesiaTa musvris paToss, magram,
samwuxarod, liberalizmis saxeliTaa SefuTuli, religiur
fanatizmamde da kidev ufro uaresamde, roca eklesiuroba
aris mxolod rituali, religiuri wesebi sruldeba – mTa-
vari arsi – siyvaruli da RmerTTan uSualo siaxlove ki da-
viwyebulia, esma onianis miRmuris, metafizikuris wvdomis
wminda, Seuryvneli da wrfeli gza da unari kidev ufro fa-

222
seuli xdeba. man am TvalsiziriT Tavis drosac gauswro, am-
Jamindelsac da rwmenis ideas – siyvarulis ubraloebas, in-
timurobas, mis sakuTarad, axlobelad gagebas da simSvides
Zalian miuaxlovda. misTvis RmerTi, RvTismSobeli, adamian-
ebi da saerTod sicocxlis yvela ujredi – sevdiani, Tbili,
nostalgiuri da mSobliuri – erTiandeba mikrokosmosSi
– adamianSi, romelic mTlianad, Tavisi grZnobebianad da am-
bebianad RmerTis nawilia – ubralod, arapaTetikurad, ar-
amRaRadeblad, bunebrivad da sadad: aseT SemTxvevebSi misi
rTuli teqstis mravalwaxnagovani elvarebac ki ver Crdi-
lavs am striqonebis miRma mimalul gancdaTa sisadaves:

RvTismSoblis TeTri strumrebi sargveSi serze,

abaSiZeTa sajvareze
(bebias sityvebs axla faifuris asdis nel-grili. –
uZRomlobis, kvlav verafriT amis ver naxvis patara Tavbru),
RvTismSoblis SuqiT, enkenisTvis mzeSi sargveSi
Tbili kvamlis, rodinebis surneliT bolavs,
ficrul ferdebze alag-alag saTesle konebdakidebuli,
siZvelisgan nacrisfrad mbzinav, stumrebis Tvals
mifarebul
am ficrul ferdze
bebias oTaxs erTi kidev amouWres mcire sarkmeli.
.......
nemsebis baliSs, yunwebi Zafebs sxvadasxvafer kudebad
aZvrens,
aq oTaxebi ukve Wknobisken gadaxrili vardebis suns tkbilad
inaxavs,
RvTismSoblis TeTri stumrebi
xaragouliT, marelisiT, laSiT modian,
solomoni, ana, nikoloz, aleqsandre, spandier, kidev...
aq uxvdebian, giorgi, pelo, mariami,
sargveSis serze abaSiZeTa TeTri stumrebi
siyvaruli, axloblobis mtverSi arian.
(`TeTri stumrebi~)

223
 Tavisebur sistemas qmnis da gamokveTili struqtura aqvs
esma onianis sivrces, ufro sworad, uSualod sivrcul mo-
delebs, romlebsac igi qmnis – mistkurobis gancdis sadad
da amave dros siRrmiseulad gadmocemasac es sivrculi
lokalebi uwyobdnen xels, adamianis Sinagan protretis
gare samyaroze proecirebis saSualebasac qmnidnen da po-
etis idumal saTqmelsac itevdnen. es modelebi da maTi Se-
mavsebeli sagnebi simboloebad da metaforebad aqcevdnen
poetis mier metafizikurTan miaxloebisas, misi anarekle-
bis xilvisas mignebul WeSmaritebis namsxvrevebs. aseTi xe-
dva sul sxvadasxva formas, fers da SegrZnebebs moiTxovda
Semoqmedisagan, amitom misi sivrce TiTqos meti xdeba, vi-
dre mxolod foni, sivrce garedan inacvlebs SigniT, sulSi
da sulis sagubaris funqcias asrulebs. misTvis sivrce araa
mxolod peizaJi, arc mxolod interieri, arc sivrceSi ganza-
vebuli portreti, TiToeuli sivrculi xati damoukidebe-
li ambavicaa, romelic mkiTxvels mouTxrobs imaze metsac,
vidre Tavad poets surda gaemxila. TiTqmis yvela leqsSia
gamokveTili sivrculi modelebi, zogan esaa oTaxi, zogan sa-
saflao, aseve naxatebis sivrceebi, qalaqis realuri sivrce-
ebi, rogoricaa, Tundac plexanovis gamziri saRamos. feris,
formatis, mistikuri gancdis, sikvdil-sicocxlis wre-brun-
vis, am maradiuli borbalis xilulad trialis kargad gaaz-
rebuli xerxebiT gadmocemis Sedegad, nebismieri sivrce,
romelsac gamosaxavs poeti, iZens mraval plans, mraval Sres
da TandaTan iSleba sivrculi sazRvrebic da iqmneba usazR-
vroebisa da maradiulobs gancda. ambavi an saxe, romlisga-
nac daiwyo leqsi, TandaTan xdeba arqetipuli, zedrouli,
zesivrculi, aramaterialuri, mudmivi. es aRmavaloba da
xelSesaxebis, sagnobrivis, sivrculad determinebulis efe-
merulSi gadadineba ise, rom saboloo Canacvlebis momenti
uxilavi da amoucnobi rCeba, esma onianis poeziis niSanicaa
da albaT, misi mTavari xiblic, SesaZloa, swored am Tvisebis,
am gansakuTrebuli struqturis gamo dadga igi saerTodac
droze maRla da Tavad iqca ukve xelovnebis, Semoqmedebis
zepirovnebul saxed, metaforad.

224
 Tumca amdeni Srisa da Sinagani sirTulis, idumalebisa da
originalobis miuxedavad, am poeziis sayrdeni da amosavali
mainc siyvarulia, Tumca sruliad arabanalurad mowodebu-
li da uzarmazar speqtrs moicavs RvTaebrividan xorciel
siyvarulamde. vrceli leqsi, romelsac uCveulo JRerado-
bis saTauri aqvs – `gardauvali siyvaruli qalebis wyevliT~
– gviCvenebs qalurobis simZafres, mis usazRvroebas, zog-
jer mis damangrevel Zalasac. aseve, am vrcel leqssa Tu pa-
tara poemaSi ixsneba esma onianis poeziis kidev erTi plasti
– arqauli, miTebis, legendebis, andrezebis realurobisa da
mistikurobis zRvarze mdebare samyaro. ubeduri da mware
siyvarulisgan datanjuli qalebis magiur SurisZiebas er-
wymis maT mier TavianTi siyvarulis qarTuli poeziisTvis
da gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa periodis poeziisaTvis sruliad
uCveulod SeuzRudavi da grZnobieri aRwera, aseve liri-
kuli gmiris vnebiani gancda, romlis adresatic sabolood,
savaraudod, moxuci kacia, romelic bolos gamoCndeba da
rogorc Cans, mas yvelaferi esmis da icis, isic ki, ra mohyveba
qalebis SurisZiebas. am xorcdaSretili moxucisadmi siyva-
ruls ukve sulier da Cveul metafizikur sivrceSi gadah-
yavs moqmedeba, Tumca,albaT, qmedebaze metad mniSvnelovania
idea, rom is, rac aRar SeuZlia sxeuls, maradiulad ZaluZs
suls – esaa esma onianis siyvarulis koncefciac – masTan siy-
varuli miwiericaa, xorcielic, pirvelqmnil velur vneba-
sac moicavs, magram misi saboloo navsayudeli mainc sulia.
marTlac rTulia esma onianis samyaro, mravalplaniani
da mravalSriani, filosofiuri siRrmiTa da azris simwifiT
gamorCeuli. roca xorcieli siyvarulis nakadi Semodis da
mas vexebiT, TavisTavad isev win moiwevs sityva, sityva Tavi-
sufleba. Tavisufleba poetisTvis marTlac iyo mTavari cne-
ba, sayrdeni usayurdenod darCenil realobaSi. am realobas
ki uamravi pirobiToba da akrZalva uxuTavda suls, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom is periodi, rodesac esma oniani qmnida Tavis
poetur sivrces, SedarebiT gaTavisuflda makacri, mora-
listuri, swored moralistobaSive uxamsi da farisevlur-
puritanuli moZaladeobisagan. mainc ar iyo es realoba im

225
xarisxisa da Sinagani siwmindis, rom bevri rame masSi sworad
da srulyofilad gaegoT da mieRoT. esma ionianma am realo-
baSi Seqmna erotikuli poezia, dabada, rogorc afrodite
zRvis qafidan sxeulebrivi trfobis silamaze, SiSveli
grZnobierebis mSveniereba – ganZarcvuli farisevluri uge-
movno jvalos tomridan, romelsac silamazes Zalad afa-
rebdnen. leqsSi `siZe Tu modis movides, Tu ara da meZineba~,
romelsac aseTi epigrafi aqvs – `uTqvams osis patarZals“
(ciklidan `danaxuli andazebi~) – swored im pirvelqmnili
samyaros kari iReba, sadac yvelaferi sufTa da mSvenieria
– adamianis sxeulic da misi SegrZnebebic. esma onianis namd-
vili sityva xorcielebas, sxeulebriv tkbobas biws aclis da
mxolod silamazed aqcevs, zogadadac,es misi poeziis niSania
– sityviT Seqmnas grZnoba da es grZnoba iyos mxolod mSve-
nieri, esTetikurad daxvewili, sufTa da naTeli, Tavisufa-
li yvelanairi damamaxinjebeli minarevisgan.
poezias, mwerlobas, xelovnebas aqvs didi Zala – mas Se-
uZlia gausaZlisi gasaZlebad aqcios, martosuli bolomde
Seavsos, mtkivans tkivili dauamos, bedniers kidev daumatos
sixaruli, dardians miualersos, silamazes mowyurebuls
mSveniereba aCuqos, sakanSi gamoketili gaaTavisuflos. esma
onianis poeziaSi es didi humanuroba, adamanuri Tanagancdi-
sa da adamianis metafizikuramde ayvaniT misi sicocxloes-
Tan Serigebis, misi cxovrebis mTel samyarosTan harmoniul
TanaarsebobaSi gadayvanis udidesi Zala igrZnoba. es Zala ar
modis misi marTlac sruliad gansakuTrebuli poeturi xe-
dvidan, arc mxolod ferebis Sinagani SesaZleblobebisgan,
romlebic sityvaSi bolomde gaxsna, arc aseve marTlac uni-
kaluri mxatvruli sityvaTSeTanxmebebisgan, Zneli saTqme-
lia raa mis poeziaSi wamyvani, mTavari, saTqmelis upirvelesi
gamtari da gadmomcemi, miTumetes, rTulia imis amocnoba,
Tu ra axdens aseT Zlier esTetikur zemoqmedebas, Tu imasac
gavusworebT Tvals da ar davmalavT, rom riTmebis sinati-
fiT da striqonebis saSualo statistikuri mkiTxvelisaT-
vis poeziisTvis wayenebuli moTxovnebis dacviT misi poe-
zia namdvilad ar gamorCeva, arada sul ufrodaufro meti

226
adamiani poulobs masSi esTetikur tkobabsac da ufro mets
– Sinagan sayrdens, im sayrdens, romelis ararsebobis dasaZ-
levadac, Tavisuflebis mkacr sakanSi gamomwyvdeuli, danis
piras mosiaruloe poeti `tyviasaviT daitena sisxlis mzeTa
gamosasxmelad~ da moisxa kidevac poeziis sisxlis mzeebi. is
droSi mudmivad dgas adamianebis winaSe, rogorc Semoqmedi,
xelovani, poeti, moazrovne, pirovneba – adamiani, esma, ro-
melic yovel leqsSi, yovel striqonSi cocxalia da mudmivad
Tavidan yveba, TiTqos pirvelad, Tavisufali sulis amqvey-
nad arsebobis mxolod esmaurad feradsityvian ambavs:

es `me~ var Tqvens win,

amodrekili, amoZaluli Cems sityvebSi
Cemi sulia dadasturebuli, uryev-Tanmxlebi,
ase iqneba – Tuki odesme
vinme Cems sityvebs miekareba,
gaRimebuls, Tvalmobjenils, uryev Tanmxlebs
mas, SeuboWavs, Cems suls ixilavs.
(`esma~)

227
levan gelaSvili

esma onianis werilebi

meoce saukunis saxelovnebo procesebis erT-erTi mniS-

vnelovani tendenciaa or saxelovnebo dargSi moRvawe av-
torebis gamoCena asparezze.
interdisciplinarulma kvlevebma sul ufro da ufro
farTo xasiaTi miiRo.
xelovnebis TiToeuli dargi realobis erT aspeqts war-
moaCens, Tumca ver amowuravs samyaros mravalferovnebis
horizonts. saxviTi xelovneba, kino, musika, literatura...
raRac konkretuli erTi primatiT aRbeWdili samyaros xed-
vas gadmogvcems, korelati saxelovnebo dargebi sxvadasxva
formaciis periodSi garkveuli tradiciebis da urTierT-
zegavlenis ZaliT Camoyalibdnen. kacobriobis adreul
etapze samyaros Semecnebas win uswrebda TavisTavadi aRqma,
obieqturi nivelirebuli Semecneba, rogorc damoukidebeli
cnobiereba. erTi saxelovnebo dargi mTlianad xelovnebis
aRqmis Taviseburebis safuZvelze analizdeboda.
calkeuli saxelovnebo dargis struqturuli sistema
gvboWavs samyaros SemosazRvrul xedvaSi. nawili mTelis
safuZvelze unda gaviazroT da piriqiT. mecnierebebis sxva-
dasxva perspeqtivis daSveba saSualebas gvaZlevs globalu-
rad SevxedoT erTi saxelovnebo dargis sakiTxs sxva darge-
bis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
or saxelovnebo dargSi moRvawe avtorebis SemTxvevaSi
didi sifrTxile gvamarTebs, radgan ramdenime faqtoria
gasaTvaliswinebeli. CvenSi zogs hgonia, radgan avtori or
sferoSi erTdroulad moRvweobs, amitom uTuod erTi sa-
xelovnebo dargis meTodebs iyenebs meoreSic – es araa swori.
saxelovnebo mimarulebebis urTierTgavlena xSirad SeiniS-
neba iseTi avtorebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic mxolod erT
sferoSi moRvaweoben da arc profesiuli codna ar gaaCniaT
sxva dargis Sesaxeb, ase vTqvaT, unebur gavlenas ganicdian.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs avtoris poziciasac; zogi avtori
228
sruliad Segnebulad cdilobs ori dargis gamomsaxvelobi-
Ti meTodebis Segnebul sinTezsa da danergvas originaluri
stilis Seqmnas da amas warmatebiT axerxebs kidec. am SemTx-
vevaSi erTi dargis gavlena meoreze zedapirze devs da Seui-
araRebeli TvaliTac Cans. unda visaubroT dargebis urTi-
erTgavlenaze ara mwerlobaSi, aramed calkeuli avtorebisa
da nawarmoebebis SemTxvevaSi. aris iseTi SemTxvevebic, rode-
sac avtori sruliad Segnebulad cdilobs gamijnos, vTqvaT,
kino da poezia, an ferwera da poezia, imdenad, rom orive
sferoSi misi moRvaweoba mkafio interpretaciis gareSe Tav-
Tavis sazRvrebSi aRiqmebodes. xSirad gvxvdba im tipis ori
dargis urTierTmimarTebac, rodesac gavlena Semoqmedeb-
iTi samyaros Zir-fesvebSia. am tipis nawarmoebebSi avtoris
saSemsruleblo ostatobis, SemoqmedebiTi quris da teqstis
Sreobriv arealSi Sesabamisi fenis gamokveTa, Semdgomi peri-
odis kvalificiur samecniero kvlevebs elodeba xolme. isic
unda aRvniSnoT, rom literaturaTmcodneobaSi cnobilia
im tipis teqstebic, rodesac garemo pirobebi, droTa for-
maciis Sedegad Seqmnili axali teqnologiuri konteqsti da
Tanamedrove socialuri cxovrebis narativi axlidan aRmog-
vaCeninebs xolme nawarmoebebSi sxva saxelovnebo dargis niS-
nebs, tendenciebs, motivebs da gamosaxvis formebs, TiTqos
isini gauTviTcnobiereblad aisaxnen da imalebodnen teq-
stis naratiul strategiebSi. dResdReobiT aseTi kvlevebi
gansakuTrebiT aucilebeli da mravalmxriv sainteresoa.
gasakviri ar aris, rom or dargSi moRvawe mxatvari da po-
eti esma oniani Tavis analitikur esseebSi erTdroulad wers
galaktionze da terentize, daviT kakabaZeze da matisze,
musikaze, poeziaze, ferweraze, firosmanze, pirveli xatvis
maswavlebelze da sxva. misi eseebi da werilebi naTel war-
modgenas gviqmnis avtoris Sexedulebis Sesaxeb xelovne-
baze, mxatvrul-esTetikur kredoze, poeziasa da zogadad
kulturaze, romelic esma onianisTvis mxolod erTi rome-
lime saxelovnebo dargiT ki ar aris SemosazRvruli, aramed
erT mTlian saxelovnebo sivrcul konteqstSi aRiqmeba. esma
oniani Tavis poeziis Sesaxeb, erTgvar gasaRebsac gvaZlevs

229
publicistur werilebSi, raTa ufro marTebulad gavigoT
misi nawerebi:
„cxadia, romel dargSic iRwvi, am dargis saSemsruleblo
artistizmiT unda ganaxorcielo yvelaferi; xolo, xerx-
saSualebaTa gamoyenebis xarisxovnebaSi zomiereba – es bew-
vis xidia, gadamwyvetia~ (oniani 2000: 299)*.
`poezia poeziis sazRvrebSi rCeba da Tu is „sazRvrs gadas-
cilda~ da mokvda, is ukve sxva formad iqceva da misi gansja
rogorc poeziisa, aRar SeiZleba~ (gv. 293).
esma oniani azris gamosaxatad iSveliebs beketis sityvebs:
„yvelanairi mimarTulebis nawarmoebi Tavisi maxasiaTeb-
lebis sazRvrebSi unda iyos srulyofili~ da dasZens, rom
`yvela dargs Tavisi ena gaaCnia, ar arsebobs Sinaarsis ena,
Sinaarsi erTia – yofiereba. arsebobs dargis ena, gza, sa-
Sualeba da Semoqmedi Tavisi dargis enaze srulyofilad un-
da gveubnebodes saTqmels~. amis dasamtkiceblad mxatvarsa
da poets esma onians mohyavs rusi futuristis maiakovskis
sityvebi, rom araviTari azri araa “в твоем коровьем имени, если
нет у тебя ни молока ни вымени” (gv. 308).
mTlianad maiakovskis am leqsis konteqsti ki aseTia:
«корова» имя,
у тебя
должны быть
молоко
и вымя.
А если ты без молока
и без вымени,
то черта ль в твоём
в коровьем имени!
(Tu saxelad gqvia Zroxa, unda gqondes rZe da curi,
Tu ara gaqvs rZe da curi ra eSmakad gqvia Zroxa –
Targmani, l.g.).

musikisa da poeziis urTierTmimarTebaze, poetis mosaz-

reba aseTia:

* aqac da qvemoTac gverdebi dasaxelebulia wignidan: esma oniani. leqsebi,

eseebi, werilebi. Tbilisi: 2000.
230
 „Tanamedrove leqsSi yvelaferi Rrmad CaSrevebul-Ca-
sisxlxorcebulia: ritmi, es umniSvnelovanesi sayrden-Rer-
Zi, musikaluroba, ferweruloba – ara mxolod garegnu-
li, ara erTxmiani da pirdapir arsaqmeli, aramed SigniTa
kanonzomierebebSi gamoxatuli, mravalxmianrTuli. leqss
musikasTan, ferwerasTan saerTo Sida konstruqciebi, Sida
kanonzomierebebi, badebis, srulqmnis zogadi kanonebi aqvs.
amdenad SeiZleba gavdes erTi dargi meores~ (gv. 295).
TiToeul saxelovnebo dargs individualuri moxmarebis
CarCo gaaCnia. musika ismineba, suraTs TvaliT aRviqvamT...
aRqma diskretulia, romelsac vamTlianebT mas Semdeg, rac
xelovnebis nawarmoebi CvenSi Semoedineba. „sainteresoa – Tu
musika-poezias sulier-materialuris erT mTelad moxel-
Tebis ukeTesi fizikuri (siadvilis mniSvnelobiT) SesaZle-
blobebi aqvT, maTi masalis meti abstrahirebulobis gamo, es
kompensirdeba aRqmisas, sadac ukve ferweras aqvs meti fizi-
kuri SesaZleblobebi nawarmoebis erT mTelad warmodgenaSi
danaxvebisTvis~ (gv. 271).
„erT mTelad~ warmoCena avtoris ganuwyveteli miswrafe-
baa rogorc ferweraSi, aseve poeziaSi. esma onianis stilis-
turi da Tematuri mravalferovneba samyaros erTi mTliani
aRqmisaken aris miswrafebuli, rom mTlianobad aRiqvas da
„erTbaS~-Si gaaerTianos. „Cems ferwerasTan dakavSirebiT
erTi momenti maxsendeba, – es aris gamomsaxvelobis did si-
Zlieremde miyvana, iseT siZlieremde, rom is saWiroebs uf-
ro da ufro Sor manZils aRsaqmelad, vgulisxmob imaze met
manZils, rac saerTod saWiroa ferweruli namuSevris aR-
saqmelad ... Cemi suraTebi piriqiT, im zedmeti siSoridan
Canan rogorc realobis intensiuri naglejebi. rogorc Cans,
erTbaSobis moTxovnileba iwvevs am stilur Taviseburebas~
(gv. 271).
esma oniani Tavad msjelobda sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi fer-
werisa da poeziis urTierTmimarTebaze. „CemTvis megobrebs
uTqvamT, TiTqos Cems leqsebs emCneva, rom maTi avtori mxat-
varia da, rodesac dausaxelebiaT saamiso niSnebi, gamorkve-
ula, rom garegani, zerele msgavseba aZlevT amis Tqmis sa-

231
babs. sinamdvileSi sagnobrioba, konkretuloba, detalebis
siyvaruli, feruli niuansebis zedmiwevniT dazustebis cda
(gansakuTrebiT es ferovnebis gamudmebuli ardaviwyeba-gad-
mocema axsenebT ferweras. es ar aris swori; maT aviwydebaT,
rom fers saerTod aqvs udidesi mniSvneloba adamianur yofi-
erebaSi, CvenTvis samyaros xiluloba-gacxadebaSi). diax, es
yvelaferi ganpirobebulia garkveuli SemoqmedebiTi prin-
cipebiT... rac Seexeba ferweris gavlena-msgavsebas, is ufro
Rrmaa, zogad kanonzomieri imdenadaa, ramdenadac saerTod
xelovnebis yvela dargi axdens erTmaneTze gavlenas, avsebs,
exmareba erTmaneTs, srulqmnis kanonzomierebaTa Tvalsa-
CinoebaSi Svelis; ramdenadac isini mdidrdebian da „swav-
loben Wkuas~ erTmaneTis magaliTze~ (gv. 301).
xolo daviT kakabaZeze msjelobisas poeti aRniSnavs rom
„erTi SexedviT, Temisa Tu gadawyvetis sisadave warmoSobs
damaamebel ZRomas simTlianiT, potenciurad sxvadasxva mi-
marTulebaTa da ganwyobaTa TavisTavSi matareblobiT, im
maradiuli SegrZnebebis amotaniT, romelic cal-calke arc
ferweras, arc poezias da arc musikas, arc dasavlurs da
arc aRmosavlurs ar ekuTvnis – saerTod, xelovnebis WeSma-
riti nawarmoebis damaxasiaTebelia~ (gv. 274).
musika da poezia droSi qmnian sivrces, drosa da sivrceSi
aRiqmebian. esma oniani ferweras, musikas da poezias adarebs
erTmaneTs da gamoyofs dro-sivrcul qmnadobas, romelic
xelovnebis nawarmoebis aRqmisas ibadeba. „adamiani aRiqvams
nawarmoebs, romlis sawyisidan sasrulisken dineba garkve-
uli drois manZilzea gadaWimuli~. musika da poezia „xazs
usvams drois gaadamianurebas e. i. mTelidan mis drois bade-
bas, svlad mdinarebad mis warmoCenas~. simTliane fizikur
droSia ganawilebuli. WeSmariti aRqmelis xsovna inaxavs
nawilebs da drois sivrceSi kravs mTelad. ferwera ki sivr-
ceSi hqmnis dros. feweruli nawarmoebi erTbaSad aRqmadia...
(gv. 270). „erTbaSobis gamoyeneba mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebe-
li, rodesac ferwera uaRresad zustia da masalismieri or-
ganulobiT badebs Tavis sinamdviles... WeSmariti ferweris
232
SemTxvevaSi dro amoqmedebulia misi (ferweris) siZlieris
siRrmeSi CamTrevi unariT~.
„fiqrebi poeziaze~ erT-erTi sagulisxmo werilia, sa-
dac avtori msjelobs verlibris Sesaxeb, yovelmxriv gani-
xilavs am sakiTxs. msjlobas ki iwyebs imis aRniSvniT, rom
verlibri erTgvarad Tanamedroveobis dogmad da modur
aucileblobad iqca.
poetis azriT, tradiciul, WeSmarit poeziaSi poeturi
fraza maqsimalurad emorCileba saTqmelis moTxovnile-
bebs. maSin is „manWia, uxamsi poezia gamodis, romelsac zed-
meti samkauli aqvs~.
esma oniani „qmnis~ procesis samgvarobas gamoyofs:
1) „Sida qvecnobieris moyola, dafiqsireba, uformo
nakadi~.
2) „gareTa gansjiT moTxrobili, gul-RviZlismier sisxl-
oxSivars moklebuli~.
3) „ibadeba srulqmnileba – mogalobe simTele~.
misi azriT, Tavisufal leqsSi Tavisufleba isaa, „rode-
sac Sen saTqmels mkacrad moimwyvdev Sen mierve mosurvebul
artaxebSi~ (gv. 294). esma onianisTvis miSvebuli Tavisufleba
qaosia, Tavisufleba es aris misTvis „Tavisuflebis mkacri
sakani~, sadac igrZnoba poeturi xelovnebis yvela droSi
arsebul mxatvrul xerxTa Sefaruli potenciali.
esma onianisTvis namdvili leqsi mxolod teqnikuri
manipulaciebiT, teqnikurobis win wamoweviT ar unda iqmne-
bodes, Torem is mkiTxvels gulcivs datovebs. misi azriT
„aliteracia ar unda daiwyos leqsSi erTbaSad; igi nel-nela,
TandaTan sul meti da meti SemoparviT gamoJonavs leqsis
qsovilSi da garkveul saaqcentirebo monakveTze amoiel-
vebs, Semdeg ki kvlav nel-neli biZgebiT TandaTan Caikargeba
saerTo mdinarebaSi~ (gv. 299).
rac Seexeba riTmas, misi azriT, „tradiciul leqsSi riTma
leqsis garegani „aCqarebis~ saSualebaa, magram is „Tavisuf-
alSi~ aseve aswrafebis, magram ukve Sida siRrme-arsismieri
aswrafebis saSualebacaa~ (gv. 298).

233
 esma oniani miiCnevs, rom ugemovno, agresiul Tanamedrove
xelonebis „frTebis Sekveca~ unda moxdes WeSmariti xe-
lovnebis gamZlavrebiT. poetisTvis amis wina piroba sazoga-
doebis gemovnebis amaRlebaa, rac kritikis gamoRviZebiT
unda daiwyos. „yvelgan wriulobis dasaZlevi, gadasalaxavi
Zalaa saWiro. Zala ara Zaladoba, ara fizikuri Zala, ara ma-
Traxi da jaWvi, aramed energiis Zala...~ (gv. 364).
„ca mniSnavs~, romelic ciskarSi 1986 wels gamoqveynda,
aseve erT-erTi mniSvnelovani werilia, sadac avtori msje-
lobs xelovnebisa da poetis daniSnulebaze. es werili imi-
Tac aris sayuradRebo, rom avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs po-
eziaze gamoqveynebuli werilebi da erTgvarad am kritikosTa
Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb gamoxmaurebac aris. poeti msjelobs
kritikis mniSvnelobaze, gmobs TviTmiznur publikaciebs,
romelic poeziis WeSmariti bunebis warmoCenaSi ar mona-
wileobs da sakuTari informacia-codnis ilustrirebas ax-
dens. samwuxaroa, rom esma oniani ar asaxelebs konkretul
kritikosebs da magaliTebs.
1. rac ar unda rTuli iyos poezia, is SemdgomSi mainc
atans mkiTxvelis „qsovilSi~. kritikis daniSnuleba swored
is unda iyos, rom daexmaros mkiTxvels poeziis Tavisebu-
rebis sirTuleTa garkvevaSi.
poeti msjelobs kritikosebis mier xSirad gamoyenebul
„arasrulyofili formiT~ gadmocemis terminze. Tumca ar
asaxelebs vin Tqva, sad Tqva, romeli nawarmoebis Sesaxeb.
ar SeiZleba ar vaxsenoT werili „RmerTi da samSoblo~.
esma onianisTvis absoluturi uangaroba RmerTis siyva-
rulia, poetisTvis RmerTis siyvaruli namdvili umaRlesi
siyvarulia, romlidanac sxva yoveli siyvaruli misiT „ga-
Wolilia~. miwier arseboba-qmedebaSi, namdvilTan miwieri
mibaZviT miaxloebuli samSoblos siyvarulia. „uangaro
ltolvis sitkboebis gancda miwier saqmianobaSi samSoblos,
saqmis sufTa, uangariSo siyvarulSi xorcieldeba~ (gv. 332).
„suliereba da aqauri samSoblos siyvaruli erTmaneTis
proporciulia, warmoudgenelia adamianSi Zalumad iyos
suliereba da masSi mSobliuroba, samSoblooba cxoveli ar

234
iyos~. esma onians Semoaqvs ze-samSoblos xsovnis cneba. xsov-
naSi is gulisxmobs adamianis, adamianTa namoqmedars, qmnile-
bas, xalxur simReras, cekvas, poezias da sxva. esma onianis
daskvniT: „suliereba, xsovna, adamianobis maRali cneba da
samSoblos gancdis moTxovnileba erTmaneTzea dafenili,
rogorc surnelovani fTilebi erTi vardisa~ (gv. 335).
esma onianis werilebi zogierT SemTxvevaSi sxva werilze
refleqsiaa. uaRresad sagulisxmoa, rom avtori ar erideba
kritikas da aqtiurad aris CarTuli Tavisi drois saxelov-
nebo kulturul procesebSi. sruliad obieqturad aRniSnavs
amis Sesaxeb nodar naTaZe: „mis vrcel nawersa da nafiqrSi
verc erTxel ver SehxvdebiT verafers wvrilmans, gaRi-
zianebuls, mtrobis gamomxatvels an aRmZvrels, veranair
sisustes, romelic naklovani adamianis damaxasiaTebelia an
yvela adamianis damaxasiaTebelia mis naklovan wuTebSi~ (gv.
8).
calke unda aRiniSnos esma onianis ena. es calke kvlevis
sferoa. uaRersad dawuruli da rTuli eniT wers avtori.
aq ar aris saubari rig SemTxvevaSi sami da xSirad oTxi
sityvisgan Semdgari kompozitebis gamoyenebaze, aramed na-
CuqurTmev frazebzec. SeiZleba ramdenimejer daubrundeT
zogierT winadadebas, ferwerul donezea damuSavebuli
sityvis sintaqsuri agebuleba, sityvebi ki palitridan di-
di rudunebiT naZebni. es aris sruliad individualuri,
gansakuTrebuli, originaluri stilis Txroba, romelic
arasdros ar agerevaT sxva avtorSi. Tundac erTxel rom
waikiTxoT esma onianis werilidan erTi abzacic ki, is uC-
veulo gavlenas moaxdens, samyaros SegagrZnobinebT da sa-
kiTxis Temas myari fundamenturi poziciidan daganaxebT.
winadadebidan winandadebaze ise gadadixarT, TiTqos irg-
vliv burusia, romlidanac nel-nela amoizrdeba mkafio, saRi
mosazreba, romelic raRac gangebis ZaliT avtori winas-
war amzadebda. Tqvens qvecnobierSi ileqeba avtoris is Zi-
riTadi saTqmeli, romelic uargumentod rkinis logikasaa
damorCilebuli. amavdroulad, esTetikurad Camoqlonebu-
235
srulyofilebas SegagrZnobinebT. monoliTuri – aseTi
uzedmetsityvo Txroba avtoris winaswari Canafiqria.
„rogorc kadrebi Caxveuli, gasaSleli („lentad~) – da-
badebamde – mocemulia – imitom mecnoba – yoveli momenti
da ferweraSi Cemi gamoxatvis stili – CanTqma Tbil bnel-
naTel tkbil mTlianobaSi – sanam ar CainTqmebian (winaswar
ki ar vfiqrob, TviTon procesSi mTxovs gemo-mada), ver vkma-
yofildebi~ (gv. 435). amgvari Txroba mxolod konstantine
gamsaxurdias an grigol robaqiZis narativs Tu SegviZlia
SevadaroT.

236
E S S AY

manana kvaWantiraZe

Canawerebi

Tu dro aris maradiulobis TviTgamoxatvis forma (pla-

toni), maSin sityva aris TviTgamoxatvis forma logosisa,
romelic mdumarebs.

***
ena aris energetikuli urTierTgacvlis meqanizmi. igi si-
cocxlis matarebeli uZlieresi formaa samyaroSi. qarTuli
ena yvelafers xedavs moZraobaSi, sicocxleSi, erTianobaSi,
kavSirebSi, anu grZnobadad, siyvarulSi. Semasmeneli (zmna)
imorCilebs Seusmenelsac da qvemdebaresac. iqneb swored es
Zalaa masSi `damarxuli saidumlo“?

***
Tuki „sityva pirvelTaganve iyo“ da a. S., maSin mas gam-
Tlianebis, dakavSirebis funqcia ekisreboda, am misiiT iyo
Seqmnili (qaosis qceva kosmosad, azrisa da materiis dakav-
Sireba), magram droTa ganmavlobaSi, misi socialuri gamoye-
nebis kvaldakval, igi damSlel Zaladac iqca. orive es samo-
qmedo principi, rogorc opozicia, potenciurad imTaviTve
iyo Cadebuli enaSi. mxatvrulSi gamaerTianebeli principia
dominirebuli mxatvruli enis gaZlierebuli emociuri fun-
qciisa da raRac faruli daniSnulebis gamo, rac droTa ka-
vSiris Senaxvasa da samyaros simetriulobis dacviskenaa
mimarTuli. mxatvruli enis umTavresi Tavisebureba swored
daSlilis gaerTianebis impulsia (Tundac sityvaTa asoci-
aciuri dakavSirebis gziT), amitomaa, rom mxatvrul sityvas
gamTlianebis, dakavSirebis uZlieresi energetika aqvs. am az-
237
am azriT, sityvis Tavdapirveli funqcia (bibliis azriT)
yvelaze metad aqaa SenarCunebuli. mxatvruli ena kravs,
aRadgens sxvadasxva tipis daSlil mTlianobebs Cvens cno-
bierebaSi, maT Soris sruliad warmoudgenelsac, magaliTad,
`garCenili var qvebze kalmaxi da axeuli maqvs layuCebi“,
`nisli fiqria mTebisa, imaT kacobis gvirgvini“ da a.S.

***
fraqtalebi – mikrosamyarodan megasamyaromde yvela ti-
pis materiis urTierTmsgavsebisa da kavSiris dadastureba.
mecniereba saubrobs samyaros fraqtalur geometriaze (bi-
umorfuloba), fraqtaluri kosmologia ki varaudobs, rom
Cvens usasrulo samyaroSi astronomiuli obieqtebi urTi-
erTmsgavsi struqturebis – fraqtalebis principiT aige-
ba. fraqtalebia zRvis sanapiroebi, mcenareTa foTlebi da
varji, zRvis varskvlavebi da niJarebi, mTagrexilebi da Tov-
lis fifqebi, elva da Rrublebi, yinvis maqmanebi Cveni fan-
jris minebze da a.S.
Tuki Cvens garSemo arsebuli usasrulo samyaros sivr-
culi mowyoba fraqtaluri principiT xdeba, ratom ar SeiZ-
leba davuSvaT, rom igive principi Cvens SigniT, cnobiereba-
Sic moqmedebs, ena ki mas asaxelebs? da xom ar aris metafora
fraqtalurobis primcipis universalurobis lingvisturi
gamoxatuleba?

***
`sityvakazmulis“ uxilavi semantika:
ikazmeba is, vinc raRacisTvis, ufro ki scenaze gamosas-
vlelad emzadeba (es scena TviT saomari moqmedebebis arenac
SeiZleba iyos); visTvisac mokazmvis rituali nacnobia da
romelmac icis am ritualis mniSvneloba. aq meorexarisxovan
rols ar TamaSobs iseTi qmedebebi, rogoricaa gaxseneba, Ser-
Ceva, Sexameba, taqti da gemovneba, Cveva, da Tqven warmoidgi-
neT, sakuTari TavisTvis Tvalis Cakvra da TiTis daqmevac ki.
ratom daukavSira qarTulma cnobierebam SemoqmedebiTi go-
nis da enis es mdgomareoba mzadebas, tansacmels, vizualur

238
efeqts da saTamaSo ganwyobas? imitom, rom esaa gansakuTrbu-
li dRe, saaTi, wuTi... enis ganTavisuflebis Jami, roca Semoq-
medebiTi nebisa da gonis wyalobiT igi Tavisuflebis usas-
rulo sivrceebSi gainavardebs, roca dafaruls miswvdeba
sityviT, roca Tavs cxovrebis mosamsaxured ki ar igrZnobs,
aramed Tavis Tavdapirvel daniSnulebas – samyaros Sesaqme-
Si Tanamonawileobas gaixsenebs. es is wamia, roca masTan yo-
fiereba stumrobs da ra mosatania am mistikur wamTan Tundac
cotaodeni garja da sagangebo mcdeloba – icvalos yovel-
dRiuri saxe da moikazmos? yoveldRiurobidan gamosasvle-
lad garegnuli elferic Seicvalos, sazeimod moirTos Zvir-
fasi stumris misaRebad? enis es mdgomareoba sxva araferia,
Tu ara cnobierebis Sinagani mzaoba cvlilebisTvis, ufro
zustad, daviwyebuli Tavisuflebis amosaTqmelad.
mokazmva Tavis SeTvalierebasac gulisxmobs. mdgomare-
obas, roca igi sakuTar Tavs afasebs, fxizlad xedavs sarkis
amreklav zedapirze. igi saTamaSo moedanze gadis, yofiere-
bis saidumlos gamTamaSebeli, amomTqmeli. naxeT vaJas si-
tyva da am sityvis patronis Teatraluri plastika leqsSi
`mTas viyav“: `mTas viyav, mwvervalze videg/ Tval win mefina
qveyana, / gulze mesvena mze–mTvare, vlaparakobdi RmerT-
Tana“. ufro adre ki rusTaveli: „melnad vixmare giSris tba
da kalmad me na rxeuli“. `rxeuli“ ena – moTamaSe, normidan
gasuli, mRelvare. arasworxazovani.

***
interpretaciis Tavisufleba TiTqos saxifaTo araa, mag-
ram misiT metismeti gataceba iwvevs mniSvnelobis kriziss:
sazRvrebidan gasvlas, konteqstis datovebas, da bolos,
TviT aRsaniSnis srul gaqrobas Cvens cnobierebaSi. refleq-
sia Zaladobs obieqtze da yvelaferi mTavrdeba imiT, rom
obieqtze Zaladoba gadaizrdeba TviT cnobierebis Zalado-
baSi Tavissave (subieqtis) aracnobierze, am procesis gato-
talureba iwvevs aracnobieris moSlas, radgan aracnobieri
arasodes patiobs masze Zaladobas.
is, riTac vangrevT gareT, angrevs Cvens SigniTac.

239
 ***
interpretaciebis usasruloba mxolod Teoriuli miTia,
romelic cnobierebis SesaZleblobaTa simravliT sazrdo-
obs. realurad ki interpretaciis usasruloba praqtiku-
lad miuRwevelia. es cnobilia.
dekonstruqcia – esaa Zaladoba teqstze, romlis ukanac
mxolod Cemi subieqturi nebis prezumpcia dgas, zurgs mxo-
lod es umagrebs – Zaladoba mkiTxvelis Tavisuflebis saxe-
liT. interpretaciis saxeliT nebadarTuli Zaladoba sxvis
teqstze, romlis avtorsac xmis amoRebis uflebas varTmev,
radgan igi an realurad mkvdaria, an mkvdradaa gamocxade-
buli, rogorc avtori (`avtoris sikvdilis“ postmoder-
nistuli paradigma). teqstic verafriT SemewinaaRmdegeba,
radgan es is enaa, romelic Cems gareSe ver laparakobs da
arc Tavis dacva SeuZlia, rom sakuTari aRsaniSni pirdapir
daasaxelos da daicvas. esaa im tipis Zaladoba, roca aRsa-
niSnis garkveulobas windawinve vauqmeb, uars vambob masze
da misi sicocxlis pirobad Cems interpretaciias vacxadeb.
Tuki teqsti iseTi mkiTxvelis (kritikosis) xelSi aRmoCnde-
ba, visac zomierebisa da gemovnebis gancda Ralatobs, teqsti
emsgavseba mitovebul eklesias, romelsac ucnobi Zalebi (!)
epatronebian.
nebismier teqstSi imTaviTve aucileblad devs, CaSene-
bulia sul mcire, raRac intencia mainc (radgan cnobiereba
intenciuria), romelic zRudavs dRes esoden waxalisebul
aRqmis absolutur Tavisuflebas da igi teqstis erTgvari
damcavi meqanizmia (kodia). amitom da swored amitom vlapa-
rakobT interpretaciis praqtikul SezRudulobaze – te-
qsti, rogorc enobrivi Semoqmedeba, rogorc struqtura da
sistema, yvela sxva cocxali organizmisa da sistemis msgav-
sad, homeostaziss eqvemdebareba.

***
opoziciurobis universalizmi dasaSvebad miiCnevs im
azrs, rom Warbma racionalizmmac SeiZleba migiyvans qaos-
Tan. goneba Tavdajerebulia da Tuki mis am Tavdajerebu-

240
lobas lagams ar amosdeb, maSin samyaroze, rogorc wesrigze
warmodgenas SeiZleba Caenacvlos azri, rom samyaro qaosa-
daa Cafiqrebuli. gonebam (raciom) SeiZleba Tavadve daan-
grios sakuTari Tavi. bulbulis tvinis struqtura icvleba
yoveli axali melodiis Seswavlisas – aseTi iyo rokfeleris
centrSi Catarebuli samecniero kvlevis Zalze damafiqre-
beli Sedegi.

***
rezo siraZes mohyavs gamyreliZisa da ivanovis mosazre-
ba imis Taobaze, rom `poeturi enis indoevropuli aRmniS-
vnelebis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebaa xelos-
nuri warmoebis terminebis metaforuli gamoyeneba poeturi
xelovnebis mimarT“. am niSnuliT Cven TiTqos kulturis am
regions mivekuTvnebiT. rusTaveli:`me rusTveli xelobiTa
viqm saqmesa amadari“; `melnad vixmare...“. vaJa: `ar wamixdino,
meufev, es Cemi wminda xeloba“. magram famuqis wakiTxvis Sem-
deg (`me var wiTeli“) mrCeba STabeWdileba, rom es Tviseba
aranakleb axasiaTebs aRmosavlur azrovnebasac.
qarTuli tradiciiT, SemoqmedebiTi procesi iraciona-
luria, ZiriTadad mainc (barti `gamosaxulebis ritorika-
Si“ am mosazrebas miTs uwodebs). es Sexeduleba Zveli kul-
turebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. muza, STagoneba, niWi da
a.S. – es yvelaferi iracionaluri monacemia. xelosnoba xe-
lovnebis gagebiT mxolod ukiduresi racionalizmis piro-
bebSi SeiZleba iyos misaRebi (oRond imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom aRmosavluri da dasavluri racionalizmi sxvadasxva
movlenaa), Tumca aRmniSvnelTa urTierTkveTa savsebiT mo-
salodnelia. Seqmna RvTiuri saqmea, iracionaluri Zalis
gamovlineba, mis mier xeldasxmuli. Semoqmeds evaleba upat-
ronos, mouaros am niWs, daxvewos, saxe misces. swored aq ig-
ulisxmeba ostatoba, romelic xelosnobisTvis gadamwyve-
tia, magram xelovanisTvis meoradi. pirveli da umTavresi
aq mainc metafizikuri Zalaa, romelic xels logosis nebis
aRsrulebaSi exmareba maSin, roca xelosani am Tanadgomis
gareSe moqmedebs da cxovrebiseul, praqtikul amocanas as-

241
rulebs. xelosnoba mosaqmeobaa (sulxan – saba), sadac xels,
xeliT samuSaos gadamwyveti roli eniWeba – da ara Sesaqme,
da ara Semoqmedeba. qarTuli azrovneba uSvebs asociaciur
kavSirebs, magram Rrma doneze xedavs maT Soris gansxvaveba-
sac. Tu xelobaa, Semoqmedeba `wminda xelobaa“, an saerTod
is Zalaa, `rom gagitans da cocxlad dagmarxavs“ da a.S. da a.S.
mokled, qarTuli klasikuri literatura erTgulad mis-
devs `mosaqmeobis“ princips nawarmoebis dasaxvewad (iseve,
rogorc klasika saerTod), magram arasdros kargavs Semoq-
medebiTi niWis iracionalurobis rwmenas.

***
realizmma swrafad gaiara gza istoriuli realizmidan
tipologiur-kritikul realizmamde – „bedi qarTlisadan“
„kacia adamianamde“. kriticizmi realizmis socialuri maxa-
siaTebeli iyo, magram erT-erTi da ara erTaderTi. Tu se-
miotikis kuTxiT gaviazrebT, „tipiur garemoSi tipiuri
saxeebi“ ukve TavisTavad avlenda am saxeTa niSnur bunebas.
tipi – aRsaniSnTa jgufi erT aRmniSvnelSi (mxatvrul saxeSi)
sinTezirdeba (integrirebaSi nu avurevT) da moeqceva gan-
sakuTrebuli tipis niSanSi ( mxatvrul saxeSi). aRmniSvneli
atarebs aRsaniSnTa jgufis yvela saerTo niSnis (Tvisebis)
xsovnas, magram es arafriT araa niSnis is gageba, romelsac
poststruqturalizmi da dekonstruqcia gvTavazobs. mime-
sisi – baZva (realurTan msgavseba raime saxiT) – esaa xatis
garantia (misi materialur – vizualuri da grZobad-konkre-
tuli gamomsaxvelobiTi Zalis wyalobiT), darCes mxatvrul
saxed da ar iqces niSnad. an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, ganxilul
iqnas gansakuTrebuli tipis niSnad, romelic komunikaciis
specifikur pirobebs da mzaobas moiTxovs. amasTan dakav-
SirebiT maxsendeba Иностранная Литература-s 2006 wlis #2 -is
ydaze reklamirebuli, Jurnal Persona-as garekani vladimer
voinoviCis sityvebiT: „abstraqcia, rogorc sivrce sicru-
isaTvis“ (`Абстракция как простор для обмана“). mimetur xelov-
nebaSi niSani TiTqos gverds uvlis am sivrces.

242
 istoriuli realizmi ar aqcevs movlenas tipurad. tipu-
ri gulisxmobs ganzogadebas, Sesabamisad, garkveuli doziT,
abstragirebasac (swored es uqmnis xifaTs, daemsgavsos
niSans). istoriuli realizmis mizani es araa. aq literatu-
ruli gardasaxvis principi isaa, rom konkretulad, sama-
galiTod Seinaxos faqti, movlena. amitom erekle ar aris ni-
Sani (`bedi qarTlisa“), luarsabi ki garkveulwilad, niSania
(`kacia adamiani?“). Tu amas davuSvebT, maSin unda daisvas
kiTxvac: ra aris kodirebuli luarsabSi? ratom uwoda iliam
Tavis moTxrobas kacia adamiani? ratom dasva kiTxva ase: ka-
cia? adamiani? cxadia, luarsabis onTologiuri kuTvnileba
daayena eWvqveS. cnebis, saxelisa da mniSvnelobis (Sinaarsis)
Sesabamisobis problema dasva ( mgoni, es ukve iTqva).

***
„erTxel maunda aludas, erTxel mabrunva Tavisa“...
am striqonebis, am plastikis tragikuli ubraloeba
SemaZrwunebelia.
yofierebis gancdis am doneze yvelaferi – ubralo faq-
ti, Jesti, sityva iZens tragikul Zalas. es „erTxel“ ambi-a-
lentur mimarTebaSia drosTan. radgan is, rac xdeba erTxel
(„Tavis mabrunva“), samudamodac xdeba, anu orive droSi –
warmavalSic da maradiulSic, didSic da mcireSic. Tavisi
daniSnulebiT esaa wamieri xilvis gadatana, Senaxva, adgi-
lis micema did droSi. aludas Tavis mobrunebis plastika,
romelic mzeraSi aRbeWdvas, kadris `CaWeras“ gulisxmobs,
aramxolod yvelaze Rirebuli vizualur-emociuri STabeW-
dilebis Senaxvis plastikaa, aramed aludas mTeli garegani
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sinaganad qcevis wamia. Tu
ufro davazustebT, `Tavis mabrunva“ maradiul da warmaval
droTa Sexvedris xatia, es `erTxel“ ki yofierebis maradi-
ul struqturas ekuTvnis.
aludas wasvliT sruldeba raRac drois cikli, romel-
sac im wuTas saxeli ar qvia, romelic saxelis Serqmevas elo-
deba. xevis cxovrebaSi es amieridan iqneba „aludas dro“.

243
 ***
ra datvirTva SeiZleba qondes samyaroSi Cvens Jestebs,
moZraobebs? dedamiwa Tavis RerZze maradiulad brunavs.
rogoria es brunva – mZimea Tu msubuqi? Cqari Tu neli ma-
radisobis gadmosaxedidan? ras xedavs igi dRisa da Ramis
gayris wams? amis codnas mxolod literatura iZleva imi-
tom, rom isini, garda imisa, rom ganicdeba da `ixilveba“,
imavdroulad faseulobiTi da funqciuria. erTi natvra
maqvso – goderZi Coxeli ambobs – RmerTma Tavisi Zala mam-
ces, rom dedamiwa aviyvano da xelisgulze davisvao. rato-
mo? – amdens rom brunavs, erTi wamiT davasvenebdio.
sad SeiZleba moismino aseTi natvra, literaturis garda?

***
SevuerTdeT (magaliTad, boloniis process), SevuerT-
deT, SevuerTdeT! (proletarebo yvela qveynisa, SeerTdiT!).
mTeli meoce saukune da ocdameerTis dasawyisic amgva-
ri mowodebebiTaa gadavsebuli – sul SeerTebisken. meore
mxriv – Seicvale, uari Tqvi sakuTar warsulze, ganaxleba
da daviwyeba Seni bednierebis Sansia! an ufro rTulad: gana-
xorciele dekonstruqcia individualur doneze (daSale
RirebulebaTa sistema)! mokled, Tan daSale, Tan SeuerTdi
sxvas, dakarge „ me“ da eZebe `sxvaSi“. CaerTe axal integra-
ciaSi nebismier fasad, oRon arafriT darCe is, rac namdvi-
lad xar.

***
Tema: sikvdilis koncepti qarTul literaturaSi. az-
rovnebis ganviTarebis xazi: „sikvdili saxelovani“ SoTas-
Tan, celiani kaci guramiSvilTan, romantikosebTan, ilias-
Tan, vaJasTan, xalxur SemoqmedebaSi.
„dagelaobdes sikvdili, sudaraebsa hkeravdes“ (vaJa).
dagelaobdes – da-mgel-aobdes. mglis saxe qarTul kul-
turaSi. „sami ar gaiwurTnebis: mgeli, arwivi, kai yma“. sik-
vdilic uwvrTnelia – mgeliviT (da danarCeni oriviT). va-
JasTan es plastika xazgasmulia, misi wyalobiT ki raRaciT

244
momxiblavi, vaJkacuric ki. zogadad, Cvens literaturul
tradiciaSi sikvdilis xati sulac araa Tavzardamcemi.

***
groteskis safuZvlebi ilia WavWavaZis moTxrobaSi
`sarCobelazed“:
1. petres xasiaTi: aRqmis gajiuteba realobis mimarT. mas
unda, tragikul realobaSi `TamaSa“ dainaxos da cdilobs,
Tavi dairwmunos amaSi (`sul rom ase iqnivo fexebi, mainc ar
dagijereb“). magram ratom akeTebs amas, aki kacis Camoxr-
Cobis sanaxavad wamovida? (`gulma uxedneli mozveriviT ki
gamomiwia da...“). mis guls da gonebaSi didi areulobaa, guls
mosvenebas ar aZlevs sakuTari codvilobis SegrZneba, magram
goneba nebismier fasad cdilobs, Tvali aaridos realobas,
radgan. sakuTari gadawyvetilebis miRebisa eSinia. `Tvali
gaqvT da ara hxedavT“ (markozi 8, 19).
2. petres dacinvisa eSinia, rac TavisTavad ayenebs mas sa-
sacilo mdgomareobaSi.
gavixsenoT: gaqurdvis Semdeg petres pirveli fiqri isaa,
damcinebeno. igi movlenis saRad gansjas ki ar cdilobs,
aramed momentalurad Tavdacvis reJimSi gadaerTveba da
`me“-Si iketeba: ar damcinon, jalabi damcinebs. anu sakiTxis
socialuri da moraluri mxare ki ar awuxebs, aramed, ase
vTqvaT, `mokrZalebuli ampartavneba“ – is, rom motyuvda, ga-
acures, rom `ZuZumwovrebma gaqurdes es drouli kaci“.
3. TviT situaciis komikuroba. petre `gaWedilia“–
imeorebs da imeorebs (rom es `TamaSaa“ da mas dascinian).
ilia daaxloebiT 20-jer axsenebs dacinvas da TamaSs petres
mdgomareobis aRwerisas. orive seriozulobis opoziciaa.
misi azri daskvnamde da Sesabamisad, gadawyvetilebamde ver
midis. petre TiTqos TviTonve abrkolebs sakuTar Tavs,
TviTonve uSlis xels realobis sworad aRqmaSi. swored
es acdena, SeboWiloba raRac ararsebuli `dacinvis SiSis“
gamo, aniWebs petres ilias TvalSi komikur elfers, rasac
miemarTeba kidec ilias msubuqi ironia. `Cveni petre“ –
ironiulia. magram ilia ar gadadis ironiis zRvars da esaa

245
yvelaze mniSvnelovani, Tumca is piri, visac aseT braldebas
uyeneb, SeiZleba mware satiris obieqtadac aqcio. iliam icis,
rom igi satiras ar imsaxurebs, radgan nakli zedapirulia,
Rirsebebi ki siRrmiseuli.
petre Zveli saqarTvelos xatia, daSorebuli Rirebule-
bebs, magram imdenadac ara, rom iliam satiras mimarTos.

***
samyaro winswrebiTaa Cafiqrebuli. cnobiereba gviande-
lia da garkveuli informacia preistoriuli samyaros Ses-
axeb mxolod dRes aRwevs Cvenamde. es imas niSnavs, rom Semo-
qmedma adamianis cnobierebas `acala“, raTa momwifebuliyo
samyarosa da misi kanonzomierebebis Sesamecneblad. gvian
`CarTo“. manamde materia moawesriga. amis gakeTeba mxolod
zegonier yofierebas SeeZlo. adamma ar acala RmerTs, sru-
lyofilebis beWedi daesva adamianisTvis – manamde Sescoda.
iCqara `cnobadis xis“ nayofis misaRebad da amitomacaa misi
xedvac da codnac nakluli. SeiZleba, swored aqedan modis
`droSi acdenilobis“ gaucnobierebeli SegrZneba, romelic
periodulad eufleba adamians.

***
ilias daumTavrebel Txzulebebze saubrisas gr. kiknaZe
yuradRebas miaqcevs ilias mosazrebas, rom Tavads samSob-
lo ar edardeba. am fonze gasagebia, ratom irCevs ilia
glexs im problemebis gasaazreblad, romelic saqarTvelos
socialurad ngrevas uqadis. kiTxva: ratom maincdamainc
petre (`me ra SuaSi var?“) da ratom glexi? – am gziT Re-
bulobs pasuxs. sxvaTa Soris, amasve adasturebs arCilis
(Tavadis) aRiareba `gviristiT SekrulTa“ upiratesobaze
`dablandulebTan“ SedarebiT.

***
„bednieri eris“ daweris ufleba iliam tyviiT moipova.
mere ra, rom es tyvia ufro gvian gavarda. es yvelaferi mainc
erT droSi, iliasa da saqarTvelos sicocxlis droSi moxda.

246
siyvaruli yovelTvis gvepatieba, mtrisac ki. siZulvili ki
mxolod maSin, roca misi (gamo)Tqmis uflebas ormagi siyva-
ruliT daimsaxureb, anu TavganwirviT.

***
diuma haji muratis Sesaxeb: `igi legendis gmiria. rac meti
dro gava, misi aCrdili ufro gaizrdeba“. istoria gvamcnobs,
rom am gmiris Tavi sikvdilis mere TbilisSi CamoutaniaT da
gamoufeniaT. misi suraTi gadauRia vinme koradins. tolstoi
pirovnul WrilSi xatavs haji murats, Tumca imperiis konte-
qstis gaTvaliswinebiT: moTxrobaSi `haji muratis moWrili
Tavi“ tolstoi adamianis cxovrebaze, mis pirovnul saxeze
imperiis politikis borot da damangrevel gavlenas ganasax-
ierebs (aka morCilaZis `agvistos paseansSi“ sabargulSi aR-
moCenili ucnobi CeCnis moWrili Tavi ukve kavkasiuri prob-
lemis simboloa. Znelia Tqma, ase Caifiqra Tu ara mweralma
es saxe-siuJeti, magram mgoni, arc aseTi wakiTxviT Savdeba
rame. rogorc Cans, istoriaSi dgeba momentebi, roca realoba
(istoriuli faqti) simbolos Zalas iZens). diumas legendis
demiTologizaciaa grigol orbelianis erTi piradi weri-
li haji muratisadmi, sadac qarTveli poeti da generali,
haji muratis Tanamedrove da savaraudod, kargad mcnobi,
avarels mimarTavs, rogorc erT Cveulebriv kacs, damnaSaves,
romelsac avazakobamde aRaraferi uklia.
realobis, istoriisa da miTis dapirispirebis amaze uke-
Tesi magaliTi iSviaTia. haji muratis Sefaseba misi Taname-
drove sami Semoqmedis mier. diuma da orbeliani – miTi da
realoba, da mesame versia – ase vTqvaT, literaturuli: tol-
stoim TiTqos raRac sxvac icis am kacze.

***
„me igi var...“ aq mTlianad super-ego laparakobs .
„igi“ – ucxo, sxva – mTlianad Semodis „me“- Si. „me“ aRi-
arebs „igi“- s, rogorc“ me“- s, „me“-s aRiarebs „igi“-s meSve-
obiT, misi aRiarebis ZaliT. „me var“ Canacvlebulia „igi var“-
iT. `me“-s myofobas, arsebobas gansazRvravs `igi“-s arseboba,

247
`igi“-s yofna `me“-d. rusTavelTan esaa unikaluri sulieri
gamocdileba, roca `var“ dgindeba ara sicocxlisaTvis, ara-
med sikvdilisaTvis mzaobiT, romelic, Cveulebriv, yovel-
Tvis angrevs „me“-s pozicias. markus avreliusis klasikur
formulas: `Cveni ukanaskneli daniSnuleba sikvdilisaTvis
mzadebaa“ – rusTaveli Tavis cnobil strofSi (`ver daiWi-
ravs sikvdilsa“...) xedvis kuTxes ucvlis: gvTavazobs ara
mzadebas, rogorc process, aramed mzaobas, rogorc awyos
yovelwamier xdomilebas. adamiani aq ar midis sikvdilisak-
en. is dgas. es – sikvdili modis misken, moarRves sivrces, im
gzebs, romlis boloSic kedeliviT (svetiviT) dgas adamiani,
SeiaraRebuli Tavisi arCevaniT (`sjobs“). ra aris kedlis da-
niSnuleba? dabrkoleba Seuqmnas sikvdils, SeaCeros misi
Zlevamosili svla sasicocxlo sivrceSi.
aris Tu ara „me“-s gasvla sakuTari struqturidan
„sxva“-Si TamaSebrivi mdgomareoba, bediswerasTan TamaSi?
egzistencializmis mixedviT, adamiani erTaderTi arsebaa,
romelsac SeuZlia Tqvas „me var“ – da am rwmenas mas yofi-
ereba aniWebs – magram SeuZlia `igi“- s Semoyvanac „me“-s
sazRvrebSi sakuTari arCevanis ZaliT, Tumca realurad `me
– igi“ urTierToba Seuqcevadia: me arasodes ar SemiZlia
realurad SevigrZno sxvisi tkivili, radgan tkivilis gada-
cema SeuZlebelia, magram SemiZlia gaviziaro misi arse-
bobis faqti, romlis gamocdilebac maqvs, Tumca Cemi gamoc-
dileba arasdros udris sxvis gamocdilebas. zutad aseve
ar SemiZlia Cavanacvlo `me“ „igi“-T, anu sxvisi yofierebis
gamocdileba srulad vaqcio Cemad, radgan es SeuZlebeli
mdgomareobaa, romelsac rusTaveli gadalaxavs. rogor?
rodesac rusTaveli ambobs „sjobs“ („...sicocxlesa naZ-
raxsa sikvdili saxe-lovani“...) – mas Semoaqvs sakuTari ar-
Cevani sikvdilisagan dapyrobil sivrceSi. aq is ukve Tavisu-
fali adamiania, arCevanis matarebeli adamiani, romelic `me
var“-is Tqmis uflebas swored am arCevanis ZaliT moipovebs.
„me igi var“ – am uflebis axali safexuria, romelic ara mza-
obis, aramed ukve sikvdilTan TamaSis mdgomareobaSi gada-
dis (`vis sikvdili moyvrisaTvis TamaSad da miCans mRerad“).

248
 davazustoT: arCevani „sjobs“ gzas ikvlevs samyaros im
determinacaSi, rom yvelaferi emorCileba sikvdils („ver
daiWiravs sikvdilsa“ da a.S.). realurad, aq swored arCev-
ani gamodis sikvdilis aucileblobis winaaRmdeg, rogorc
sikeTe, sicocxlis eTikurobis dasturi da argumenti. Tu
sikvdil-sicocxlesTan damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT po-
emis am or frazas erTmaneTs SevadarebT, aRmoCndeba, rom
pirvelidan (`sjobs...“), bunebrivad gadavdivarT meoreze (`me
igi var“...). adamianis moraluri doqtrina, aRmocenebuli sam-
yaros kanonzomierebidan (yvelaferi mowyvladia), swored
dapirispirebis faqtiT amtkicebs, rom masze maRla dgas. me-
ore frazaSi, gadaizrdeba ra axal dapirispirebaSi sikvdil-
Tan, igi ukve konkretul saxes iZens: „me igi var, vinac..“ da
a.S. sikvdilisaTvis es warmosaxviTi mzaoba adasturebs ara
mxolod gancdis umaRles religiurobas (moyvasis siyvaru-
liT sikvdilis damarcxeba), aramed sulis mzaobas, datovos
Tavisi aramaterialuri sivrce da iqces realobad. aq saxezea
aramarto zneobrivi arCevani (`sjobs“), aramed mzadyofna re-
aluri qmedebebisTvisac, rac gamoixateba moZraobis saxeebis
pirdapir dasaxelebaSi: `vis sikvdili moyvrisaTvis TamaSad
da miCans mRerad“ .
rusTaveli racionalistia – im janmrTeli raciona-
lizmis saxiT, romelic adamianis qmedebas, raime Secvalos
RmerTis mier Seqmnil kanonzomierebebSi – eWviT ucqeris.
samagierod, eWviT ar uyurebs adamianis SesaZleblobebs,
gaakeTos arCevani da daicvas es arCevani, rogorc Rmer-
Tis mier miniWebuli Tavisufleba. is iracionaluri raci-
onalistia, romlis `racionalizmi“ sxva araferia, Tu ara
logosTan kavSiris dadastureba, radgan sikvdilis winaSe
veravis ityvis `sjobs“ – Tu ara am kavSiris moimede, Tu
ara is, vinc Tanxmobas ucxadebs logoss mis mier Seqmnil
wesrigze.

***
dro saSineli, arabunebrivi siCqariT garbis, radgan in-
formaciis siWarbis gamo igi ver aswrebs Sinagan gamoc-

249
dilebad qcevas. Sinagani gamocdileba ki isaa, rac xsovnaSi
rCeba. sxvaTa Soris, mexsiereba drois dagrZelebis, gazr-
dis meqanizmia. mexsierebis dro TiTqos emateba Cvens fizi-
kur dros imiT, rom subieqtur, fsiqologiur ganzomile-
baSi igi Slis, afarTovebs realuri drosivrcis aRqmas Cveni
Sinagani gamocdilebis xarjze.
Cven veRar vimaxsovrebT, radgan damaxsovrebis meqanizmi
moiSala informaciis, gansakuTrebiT, vizualuri informa-
ciis siWarbis gamo. drois SegrZneba, romelSic xsovnis mo-
culobac monawileobs, misi aCqarebis, amowurvis, gaqrobis
signals iZleva.

***
cnobilia: axali dro Zvels yovelTvis raRac grimasiT
acilebs. ZiriTadad – siciliT. es xan groteskuli sici-
lia, xan ironia, xan iumori. xan gamayruebeli masobrivi
xarxaria, xan ki mokrZalebuli Cacineba – siaxlis masStabs
gaaCnia. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, sicili aravis arafers aval-
debulebs. sicilis dros subieqti Tavisufldeba mTeli im
pasuxismgeblobisgan, rac mis mier sicilis momentSi gaJ-
Rerda. ase rom, axali dro arasdros agebs pasuxs imaze, rac
gacilebis dros iTqva da swored sicili aTavisuflebs mas
am pasuxismgeblobisgan.
rogorc amboben, rable Sua saukuneebs acilebs gamayru-
ebeli xarxariT, servantesi ki, am fonze – ironiaSeparuli
naRvliani RimiliT. javaxiSvili sarkastulad icinis, gam-
saxurdia tragikuli da nostalgiuri grimasiT emSvidobeba
warsuls.
gardamaval epoqebSi ironia xan axals ekuTvnis, xan Zvels,
xan ki orives.

***
xelovnebisa da literaturis ganviTarebis epoqebi Se-
moqmedebiTi azrovnebis gansxvavebul mdgomareobaTa, mid-
gomaTa, ufro zustad, denotaciebisa da konotaciebis mo-
nacvleobaa. vgulisxmob imas, rom aris periodebi, roca

250
„azrovneba“, refleqsia aSkarad prevalirebs „qmnadobaze“ da
piriqiT. istoriul procesSi isini erTmaneTiT sazrdooben.
„refleqsiis“ periodebi asazrdoeben azrebs, qmnian Sexed-
ulebaTa, warmodgenaTa axal sistemebs. amas mosdevs epoqebi,
romlebic refleqsiis monapovars gardaqmnian xatebis enaze
da gadaaqvT konotaciaSi. Semdeg am konotaciaTa varian-
tebs Sifraven interpretaciis gziT da denotaciis doneze
amoaqvT. mere ki isev konotireba xdeba da ase dausruleblad.
am yvelafers, anu cnobierebis (enis) moZraobas Tavisi ritmi
da Sinagani kanonzomierebebi aqvs, romelsac ganagebs dro,
sicocxle, yofierebis metafizikuri Sre, kulturis univer-
saluri aracnobieri, romelic Semoqmed-ebiTi bunebisaa, ro-
gorc Tavad sicocxle.

***
modernizmma uari Tqva garkveul Rirebulebebze ganax-
lebis saxeliT, magram Tuki es misTvis tragikuli Tu ara,
dramatuli aucilebloba mainc iyo, postmodernizmisTvis
es uari yvelanairi siZvelis (warsulis) mimarT cinikur da-
mokidebulebaSi da ase vTqvaT, momxmareblur nihilizmSi
gadaizarda, Tanac arc ideologebi msxdaran gulxeldakre-
filni. am pirobebSi ki arc erTi miRweva, Tundac formalur
sferoSi, aRaraa WeSmariti Rirebulebis matarebeli, Tumca
istoria, raRac ucnobi kanonzomierebis wyalobiT, aucileb-
lad gamoiyenebs am miRwevebsac.

***
`cisferyanwelebi“ erTaderTi Zmoba iyo am sityvis maRa-
li mniSvnelobiT, Tumca sxvadasxva literaturuli da sa-
xelovnebo gaerTianebebi mravlad gvxvdeba am periodis
saqarTveloSi. me-20 saukunis saqarTveloSi maT rainduli
kulturis es segmentic gadaarCines.

***
me-17 fsalmuni `me“-sa da `Sen“-s Soris dialogia. intensi-
uri. TiTqmis monologis reJimSi. Tavissave SigniT laparaki,

251
„gulisxmebi“ da „xmebi“. uTqmeli da naTqvami sityva. gulSi,
Sidasamyarosken. imisken, rac jer isev mTlianad SenSia da
arsad gasula Sengan. `me“ da `Sen“ ganuyofelni arian wina-
dadebis struqturaSi sadRac Signidan. ena amoTqvams raRac
erTianobas, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT usazRvro, amo-
uwuravi ndoba, an raRac amgvari.
vis mimarT SeiZleba iyos aseTi ndoba, Tu ara uflisadmi?
da vinaa dainteresebuli am dialogis CaxSobiT?
borxesi: `ratom unda uaryos adamianma iseTi naklebad da-
mamZimebeli religia, romelic mwuxarebis Jams, rac ase xSi-
ria Cvens cxovrebaSi, gvexmareba da gvanugeSebs?“

***
Cvens sametyvelo enaSi aris fena, romelic e. w. 25- e kadris
funqcias asrulebs – diskursis uCinari Zaladoba Tanamo-
saubreze: piris niSnebi, zmnis mravlobiTi formebi, nacval-
saxelebi, frazis sintaqsuri wyoba. diskursis patroni
situaciis patronia, Tumca SeiZleba situaciis nacvlad Za-
lauflebis cnebac vixmaroT.

***
zedapiri – esaa Sidapiris TvisebaTa mTeli moculobis
kodirebuli fena. amitomaa adamianis kani aseTi idumali da
ucnauri. esaa safarveli, is, rac faravs SigTavss, gamyofi
sazRvari Cemsa da garemos Soris, damcavi da gammijnavi. na-
piri aris sivrcis kide. galaktionis `Senapiri“ (`ar Canda Se-
napiri“) damatebiT aris danapirebi adgili, raRacis molo-
dini, romelic Tu sadme unda Candes – upirvelesad, napirze,
kideze, zedapirze, rogorc Sidapiris saidumlos xiluli
nawilze. adamianis piric am saidumlos sazRvaria, uTqmel da
naTqvam sityvaTa gamyofi materia-saTavso.

***
ganTavisufleba daclas, dacarielebas niSnavs. magali-
Tad, jinis ganTavisuflebiT boTli jinis substanciisgan
Tavisufldeba. Tavisuflebis saxeliT dRes kacobrioba Tan-

252
daTanobiT icleba im substanciisagan, rac bunebrivad Sead-
gens mis adamianobas: siyvarulisgan – seqsSi gadaRvris gziT,
seqsisgan – ganuwyveteli sityvieri da ekranuli tiraJire-
bis gziT; TanagrZnobisgan – kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili ada-
mianis uflebaTa agresiuli gavrcelebiT, sulieri moTxov-
nilebebisagan – momxmarebluri survilebis waxalisebis
gziT; bednierebisgan – `bednierebis receptebis“ gauTavebe-
li reklamirebiT da a.S..
mniSvnelobis krizisi (identobisa da realobis krizi-
sebis msgavsad) sityvis ganTavisuflebas mohyva; roca igi
ZaliT moaSores Tavis onToss – imas, sadac da visTanac „Tav-
dapirvelad iyo“; roca igi dacales Tavisi substanciisgan
da usasrulo tiraJirebis procesSi CarTes. es mizanmimar-
Tuli Zaladoba gvaSorebs aramxolod mniSvnelobas, aramed
sakuTar Tavsac da realobasac, radgan Cveni realobac da
identobis gancdac mxolod enis monawileobiT gveZleva.

***
mTeli mondomebiTac rom uyuro, mainc verasdros SeZ-
leb imis danaxvas, rogor iSleba vardi. igi mtkiced inaxavs
saidumlos, romlis arsebobac ici, magram verasdros dai-
Wer. vardis gaSla vardis materialuri, biologiuri niSa-
nia, misi uxilveloba ki am biologiuris `gasaidumloeba“,
misi RvTisqmnilobis niSani. firze aRbeWdili daCqarebuli
kadri vardis saidumlos TiTqos amxels, magram mas araferi
aqvs saerTo namdvil gaSlasTan, mis ritmTan da tempTan. es
kadri gaSlis simulaciaa da ara TviT gaSla. drois, grZlivo-
bis procesis saidumlo mainc saidumlod rCeba – verasdros
xvdebi, sad gadadis awmyo warsulSi an rodis Cndeba momavali
awmyoSi. dro mtkiced inaxavs Tavis saidumlos. vardi yo-
velTvis awmyoSia, ra zomiTac ar unda iyos igi gaSlili. igi
yovel wams srulyofilia, sasrulobaa da ara procesi. Cven
ver viWerT process, viWerT mxolod Sedegs. mSveniereba ase
inaxavs Tavis saidumlos, sxvaTa Soris, WeSmaritebac, ro-
melic Tavisi uecari gamonaTebiT, Zalian gavs mSvenierebas.

253
 ***
sicils aramxolod socialuri dacinvis saxe aqvs, aramed
igi sicocxliT aRfrTovanebasac gamoxatavs. amitom ari-
an gamoxatulni momRimari saxiT glexebi, bavSvebi, bunebis
Svilebi da a. S. – is adamianebi, romlebic sicocxlis uSualo
saxeobebTan da formebTan yvelaze axlos dganan. sicocx-
liT aRfrTovaneba axlavs, sxvaTa Soris, mZafrad tragikul
gancdasac. sicocxlis mSvenierebis gancda mTeli sisavsiT
swored tragikulTan opoziciaSi, ukidures sazRvarze iCens
xolme Tavs. amitomac xdebian adamianebi ukeTesebi tragi-
kul wams. am wams adamians sicocxlis mSvenierebaze sinanuli
ipyrobs da aforiaqebs. amas xSirad ganuxorcielebel SesaZ-
leblobebze gaucnobierebeli wuxilic axlavs Tan. musika
da literatura yvelaze kargad axerxebs am faruli gancdis
gadmocemas.

***
gameoreba – meored qmna – Zvelis SenaxvasTan, Tauri ar-
sis xsovnasTan erTad Seicavs ga-mravl-ebis muxts. gameoreba
aris erTis gamravleba erTisadmi erTgulebis niSnad, Tav-
dapirvelisadmi rwmenis manifestacia.

***
SeiZleba TamaSis mdgomareobidan verasodes gamoxvide.
TamaSi/seriozulobis opoziciaSi adamianma SeiZleba uneb-
lieT TamaSis sasargeblod gaakeTos arCevani. es saSiSia
aramxolod moTamaSisaTvis, aramed maTTvisac, vinc serio-
zulobis mxares darCa. TamaSis bunebidan gamomdinare, moTa-
maSe ar iRebs pasuxismgeblobas TamaSis Sedegze, miTufro,
realobis im nawilze, romelic seriozulobas upyria. glo-
baluri TamaSebis dros (politikuri, ekonomikuri, finans-
uri, socialuri, kulturuli) moTamaSes Semoaqvs TamaSis
sakuTari wesebi da mowinaaRmdeges (seriozulobas) aiZulebs
misi wesebiT iTamaSos, oRond pasuxismgeblobas mas utovebs
(faruli iZuleba). Sen xar TamaSis wamyvani, arada, mas aiZuleb
pasuxismgeblobaze fiqrs.

254
 TamaSi Zaladobis saukeTeso saSualebaa iseve, rogorc
sicili. Tanamedrove kacobrioba, ZiriTadad, am ori saqmi-
anobiTaa dakavebuli. sicili angrevs ise, rom ar sWirdeba
gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva maSin, roca seriozulobas (Se-
nebas) igi aucileblad sWirdeba. dRes sicili iseve, ro-
gorc TamaSi, perversirebulia da adamianis winaaRmdegaa
mimarTuli.

***
Coxeli naivuria maSinac, roca sisastikes aRwers (da
moswons) da maSinac, roca sisastikesa da iumors erTmaneTSi
urevs. es naivurobis Tvisebaa, Tumca Tavis droze es mas
araesTeturobad CauTvales. ise, xandaxan marTlac Wris
yurs.

***
otia paWkoria cnobierebis tragikulobas xedavda ima-
Si, rom mecnieri iZulebulia pasuxismgebloba aiRos sa-
kuTari SemoqmedebiTi Sromis nayofze (gamogonebaze) mas
Semdegac ki, rac politikosebi mas sakuTari miznebisaTvis
gamoiyeneben (magaliTad, atomgulis gaxleCa da xirosimas
tragedia). magram dRes? iRebs ki pasuxismgeblobas vinme
raimeze saerTod? „dro fulia“-s da „globaluri TamaSe-
bi“-s metaforebi kacobriobas aTavisuflebs yovelgvari
pasuxismgeblobisagan droisa da saqmis =seriozuloba)
mimarT.

***
azri, Cveulebriv, emateba azrs. gancda emateba sico-
cxles. amitom kargi mwerali metia, vidre kargi mecnieri.
xarisxobrivad meti. amaSi araferia saCoTiro. mecniers
ar SeuZlia aRuZras vinmes gancda Tavisi sityviT. mas Se-
uZlia miawodos informacia, analizi. mecnieri codnas em-
saxureba, teqnikur progress da sazogadoebis materialur
keTildReobas. magram ara sicocxles uSualod. is ki,
rac adamians awuxebs da mosvenebas ukargavs, sicocxlis
ukmarisobis gancdaa da ara codnis ukmarisobisa. gancdiT
255
daiZleva realoba. azri Semguebelia realobasTan. pirveli
brZolaa, meore – Tanxmoba. iqneb SeiZlebodes imis Tqma,
rom azri kulturaa, gancda – buneba. azrs badebs samyaros
kanonzomierebis, sicocxlis formebis Semecnebis survili,
gancdas – am formebTan uSualo Sexeba.

***
Tanamedrove minimalistebze: Tavmoyvare mwerali ar
ikadrebs araferi Tqvas Tavis gancdaze, ar iyos mgrZnobiare
iq, sadac is aseTia, marto imitom, rom es SeiZleba vinmem
`aramodurad“ CaTvalos. minimalizmis xelovneba rTulia
– igi SezRudvebs awesebs. vfiqrob, am mdgomareobaSi gul-
wrfeloba da daxvewiloba is ori aucileblobaa, romelsac
poezia ar unda Seelios. xelovnebis istoriis paradoqsia,
rom am `izmebs“ SemoqmedebiTad naklebad niWieri adamianebi
qmnian, ufro niWierebi ki maT uceb aitaceben xolme. sa-
bednierod, niWi, gemovneba da profesiuli eTika `izmis“
pirobebSic muSaobs.

***
perspeqtiva niSnavs, xedavde samyaros alahis TvaliT, an
quCis ZaRlis TvaliT. – amas famuqi ambobs (`me var wiTeli~).
alahis Tvali da quCis ZaRlis Tvali. ra advilad dadgnen
erTmaneTis gverdiT, ara? imitom, rom amas mwerali ambobs.

***
`me xSirad vuyureb Sens naxatebs, raTa gavigono es CurCu-
li ( alahis? – m.k.)... yovel jerze vxedav axal azrs da ufro
zustad rom vTqva, xelaxla vkiTxulob naxats, rogorc te-
qsts“ – esec famuqia. mxolod mwerals esmis es CurCuli. da
imisTvis, rom ar dakargos is, rac RmerTma uboZa – smena da
mxedveloba (mindiasaviT), raRaceebis daTmoba mouwevs. mwe-
rali sul dakargva –ardakargvis arCevanis winaSe dgas.

***
famuqi ambobs: `ar daujeroT uRmerToebs, romlebic am-
boben, rom alahi ar arsebobs, imitom rom igi ar Cans“. ar Ce-
256
na. RmerTis Seqmnili xiluli samyro Cenaa. TviTon arCenaSi
rCeba, radgan metia am samyroze (rogorc misi Semoqmedi) ise-
ve, rogorc saidumlo yovelTvis metia gacxadebulze.

***
mwerlobam imitom dakarga saxe, rom profesiaze sam-
saxuri daayena adamianis samsaxurze win. teqnikurad Ta-
namedrove mwerloba Zalian win wavida, radgan bazarze
profesionalizmi fasobs (Txrobis ostatoba, saintereso,
damatyvevebeli siuJeti da a. S.). magram mwerloba mainc amis
mere iwyeba, am codniTa da gamocdilebiT, magram mainc mere,
roca siyvarulisa da erTgulebis dro dgeba.

***
pirsi ambobs, rom adamianobis niSani aris xsovna. mex-
siereba virtualuri sivrcea, sadac yvelasTvis moinaxeba
adgili. daberebis process axlavs mexsierebis Sesusteba,
xsovnis kvlebi iSleba da es kvdomis Tanamdevi procesia.
magram iqneb, sapirispiro dinebac arsebobs – rac metad
viviwyebT, miT ufro swrafad miveqanebiT ararsebobisken,
an, ufro martivad: vkvdebiT imitom, rom viviwyebT? iqneb
isini Semxvedri moZraobebia, daviwyebiT ki Cven, adamianebi,
sikvdils viaxlovebT? anu marto buneba ki ar monawileobs
am procesSi (kvdomaSi), aramed adamianic.
Cveni sicocxle xsovnis emociuri muxtebis erTobliobaa.

***
barti: „forma Zvirad fasobs, idebi ki SeiZleba gaaCuqo
kidec“. arada, formas araviTari Rirebuleba ara aqvs saTqme-
lis gareSe da istoriulad yvela tipis SemoqmedebiTi sa-
muSao maTi darRveuli harmoniis aRdgenas, maTi kavSiris
ganaxlebas da uxilavi kavSirebis moZiebas emsaxureba (iuhan
borgeni, nobelis premiis lauriati: `iqneb Sinaarsis iqiT
arc araferia?“). formis sferoSi Zalze bevria gakeTebuli,
amitom arc isaa gasakviri, rom mwerali formaze muSaobiT
sakuTar SesaZleblobebs amowmebs, Tumca dRes masSi aSka-

257
rad iCina Tavi mimtacebelma da momxmarebelma (sxvisi gamoc-
dilebis, sxvisi formis). dRevandel viTarebaSi es ise gamo-
iyureba, rom mwerals SerCa pativmoyvareoba, didebis xsovna,
magram ara guli da emocia, ara keTilsindisiereba. mas aRar
ainteresebs adamiani da misi samsaxuris idea, ainteresebs
mkiTxvelis mxolod erTi statusi – momxmarebluri.
xom ar dadga dro, am tipis mwerlebs raRac sxva saxeli vu-
wodoT, rom mwerlis tradiciuli cnebisgan gavmijnoT?

***
sad movxvdebiT qarTul naxatSi xetialisas? sufrasTan,
romlis axlo-maxloc Savsamosiani mefaitone Ramis moqei-
feebs elodeba Tu mziT ganaTebul velze, yurZnis krefisas?
an iqneb, mTvaris SuqiT ganaTebul idumal sivrceSi daTvTan
erTad? Jirafis gzas gavyvebiT Tu Svlis naxtomebs, kaxeTis
matarebels avemgzavrebiT gaurkvevlobaSi Tu margaritas
kabis naoWebSi CavikargebiT?

***
Tuki vinme wers ise, rogorc es sxvas surs, naweri emsgav-
seba ararsebuli mogonebebis mindors, romelzedac aras-
dros movindomebdiT gaseirnebas, Cveni neba rom iyos. mag-
ram, samwuxarod, mkiTxvelic momxmareblad iqca – yidulobs
imas, rasac reklama urCevs, Tumca rCeva metismetad Tavazi-
ani cnebaa imasTan SedarebiT, rac realurad xdeba. reklama
didi xania daemsgavsa samitingo diskurss, Cveni cxovreba
ki sivrces, sadac am diskursiT waqezebuli masobrivi mom-
xmarebeli erTxmad da agresiulad gahyviris romeliRac
produqtis saxels.

***
adamianisTvis miuRebelia antigravitacia, radgan mTeli
sxeuliTa da im suliT, RmerTma rom Caudga, gravitaciis
kanonzea mibmuli, misiT cxovrobs da samyarosac am kanoniT
ukavSirdeba. miziduloba – ai, ra ganagebs mis arsebas da ra
aZlevs samyaros xibls. mizidulobis aTasnairi forma – su-

258
lieridan fizikuramde, xilulidan uxilavamde, Secnobili-
dan Seucnoblamde... atmis yvavilebis siyvarulidan RmerTis
siyvarulamde. dialogic mizidulobaa. yvelaferi, rac am
kanons eqvemdebareba, samyarosTan Tanaxmierobis niSani da
Sesabamisad, sikeTea.

***
aRazas datireba TiTqos zviadauris sicocxlis Sefa-
sebaa, radgan aq, am momentSi mas veravin xedavs mtris
garda da SesaZloa, rom kaci, romelzedac vaJa ambobs,
`ciT Camosuli svetada“ iyoo, Seufasebeli darCes (`Zlier
Sebralda beCavi,/ rom ucxoeTSi kvdeboda/ arc naTesavi,
arc moZme, / rom visme Sehbraleboda“). ucxoeTSi sikvdili
Semzaravi, ormagad saSineli sikvdilia, damatebiTi sasjeli
(baraTaSvili, rusTaveli). aravin gicnobs, aravinaa Sembrale
da Seniani. am `Senians“, `axlobels” qmnis aRaza, TiTqos colis
magivradac stiris. aq erotikaze saubari sxva araferia, Tu
ara faqtebze Zaldataneba. sxvaTa Soris, amis garantiad vaJa
joyolas sityvebs debs, roca is ambobs: `Cems Tvalebs ar
daemalvis / im grZnobis nakvalevia;“ mokled, is, rom aRaza
simarTles eubneba da arafers malavs, TviT personaJebis
dialogidan ikveTeba da vaJas pozicia swored esaa. danar-
Ceni – interpretaciebia.
tirili vaJasTan calke Temaa. cremli ( aRaza: `ucxosTvis
cremli vRvaria“; aluda: `atirda, rogorc qalio“) sibralu-
lis, TanagrZnobis beWedia. aludac dastiris mucals, apati-
osnebs, uvlis. vaJa qalis tirils Segvaxsenebs swored imi-
tom, rom vaJkacuri cremlis Rrma emociurobas gausvas xazi.

***
cxenze amxedrebuli kacis gavardna, gadakargva – bara-
TaSvilis tradicia, romelsac rCeuliSvili `alaverdobaSi“
agrZelebs.

***
veriko anjafariZis TeatrSi murman jinoria guram rCe-
uliSvilis moTxrobebis inscenirebas marTavda. rogorc mo-
259
salodnelic iyo, saRamoebma bevri mayurebeli miizida. erT
aseT saRamoze sofiko Wiaurelma da kote maxaraZem litera-
turis institutis TanamSromlebic miiwvies. Sesvlamde,
darbazis gareT oTar WilaZes movkari Tvali. saxlSi axal-
dabrunebuli viyavi, telefonma rom dareka. yurmili aviRe.
mananas TxoveT – mesmis. ucnobi xmaa, arada, wamis measedSi
TiTqos ukve vicodi, visic iyo es xma. ver vityvi, velodi-
meTqi, verc imas, rom vinmesas mivamgvane. mere, roca am mdgo-
mareobas vixsenebdi, vfiqrobdi, rom Cemma intuiciam raRac
ucnauroba Caidina. didxans visaubreT. mwerlobaze vlapara-
kobdiT, azrebs vuziarebdiT erTmaneTs, Tavis Semoqmede-
bazec miTxra raRaceebi. gagimxelo (zustad ase miTxra) –
martis mamali Cemi Taobis simboluri saxea, gansakuTrebiT
gamZle jiSis mamaliao. me maSin ukve daculi mqonda sadoqto-
ro disertacia oTar WilaZis romanebze da Cemi dakvirvebis
Sedegi gavuziare yvela misi teqstis uCveulo Sinagan kav-
Sirebze da mTlianobaze. – xom mendobio, arafers vgegmav
winaswar, intuicias da kalams mivyvebio. ra Tqma unda, dave-
Tanxme. aranair racios ar SeuZlia uzrunvelyos is Sinagani
mxatvruli wesrigi da mTlianoba, rac mis teqstebs axasi-
aTebs, saxeTa gadaZaxilebi asociaciur doneze da azrisa da
emociis is uCveulo siRrme da masStabi, rac am gadaZaxile-
bis wyalobiT iqmneba.

***
90-iani wlebis Sua xanebi iyo. safrangeTis saelCos ini-
ciativiT saqarTvelos frangi mwerali, fernandesi ewvia.
es dasavleTTan kulturuli urTierTobebis gaRrmavebis
mizniT gamarTuli erT-erTi pirveli viziti iyo. daigeg-
ma RonisZiebebi, Sexvedrebi. bolos safrangeTis saelCoSi
mokrZalebuli gamosaTxovari vaxSami gaimarTa, romelsac
safrangeTis mxridan, elCis moadgile meuRliTurT, kul-
turis ataSe da erTi-ori frangi eswreboda. qarTul mxares
warmoadgendnen oTar WilaZe, kote jandieri, ganaTlebis
ministri, lia loria. im periodSi saelCos kulturis ganyo-
filebas konsultacias vuwevdi saTargmni literaturis Ser-

260
CevaSi da am RonisZiebaze mec mimiwvies. sufra or magidad iyo
gaSlili da vin sad dajdeboda, `protokoliT“ iyo dagegmi-
li. erT magidasTan dasves fernandesi, saqarTvelos maSin-
deli ganaTlebis ministri, saministros warmomadgeneli da
elCis moadgile meuRlesTan erTad. meore magidasTan ki – ba-
toni oTari, kote jandieri, safrangeTis kulturis ataSe da
kidev erTi-ori kaci. stumar-maspinZlebis aseTi ganawileba,
RonisZiebis daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, meti rom araferi
vTqvaT, uxerxuli iyo – mwerlis upativcemulobas (orive
mxridan) da raRacnair undoblobas usvamda xazs (miT ufro,
rom arc vaxSmamde da arc vaxSmis Semdeg fernandesTan gamo-
laparakebis SesaZleblobac ki aravis hqonia: saguldagu-
lod `icavda“ safrangeTis saelCo).
– ra xdeba, frang mweralTan mikareba akrZalulia? –
ikiTxa batonma oTarma. zusti replika iyo. ironiac bas-
ri. vfiqrobdi da axlac im azrisa var, rom baton oTars
usiamovnod darCa es Sexvedra, Tumca mTeli saRamo xum-
robda misTvis Cveuli maxvili iumoriT, naqebi franguli
samzareulos iq warmodgenili arasaqebi nimuSebic ar
darCenia uyuradRebod.

***
roca wina xelisuflebam mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis re-
forma daiwyo, Zalian SeSfoTebulma damireka: miTxari, ra
xdeba Cvens Tavs, ras gvipirebeno. verc ki warmovidgendi,
aseTi aRelveba Tu SeeZlo. guli cuds ugrZnobda (gamarTlda
kidec). Sevecade damemSvidebina, raRac cvlilebebi auci-
lebeli iyo-meTqi. Sevatyve, ver davarwmune – amaTi ndoba
rogor SeiZleba, ise galanZRaven erTmaneTs saxalxod,
televiziiT, rom Segrcxveba, da roca mgonia, sul cota,
duelSi gamoiwvevn erTmaneTs-meTqi, meore dRes, viTomc
araferi, isev siamtkbilobaSi ariano.

***
2008 wlis Tebrvlis bolos `literaturuli palitris“
redaqciidan damirekes, oTar WilaZis dabadebis dRis aRniS-

261
vnas vapirebT da werils xom ar dagviwerdiTo. cota dro iyo
darCenili da uari vuTxari, magram sawerad mainc davjeqi.
ise gamovida, rom is werili, ukve mogvianebiT, malxaz
xarbedias mivutane da `wignebma“ am weriliT miuloca baton
oTars dabadebis dRe. gazeTis gamosvlidan meore saRamos
batonma Tamazma dareka. es wuTia, kiTxva davasruleTo. Ta-
vis STabeWdilebebs miziarebda. iman, rac misgan movismine,
Zalian gamaxara, ufro zustad, gamabedniera. bolos miTxra,
oTars unda SenTan laparakio da yurmili gadasca. Tamazma
giTxra Cemi saTqmelio – batonma oTarma – da raRacnairad,
odnav Secvlili intonaciiT mkiTxa: manana, var ki iseTi,
ragoradac Sen mxedavo? Zalian moulodneli kiTxva iyo da
mxurvaled da energiuld davudasture. im wams ise aRviqvi,
rom misi SekiTxva im frazas exeboda, sadac did mwerlad vix-
seniebdi. amas mekiTxeboda kaci, nobelis premiis nominanti,
asi aTasobiT mkiTxvelis namdvi¬li siyvaruli, aTeulobiT
maRalprofesionali kritikosisa da cnobili mwerlis mier
Sefasebuli msoflios mraval qveyanaSi, literaturuli
tradiciebi rom amZimebT da Zalian kargad arCeven did mwe-
rals patarisagan. araerTxel mifiqria am SekiTxvaze mas
merec. ra iyo es, `maRalTa Tavmdabloba“ Tu raRac sxva, uceb
wamocdenili, raRac sxva azris iribi gamoxatuleba, romel-
mac im wams TavSi gauelva? ar vici, ucnauri ki iyo. TiTqos,
rogorc Tavadve ambobs erTgan, raRac `eWvs wonida, eWvs aT-
valierebda“. vinc ase Tu ise icnobs msoflio gonis istorias,
dameTanxmeba – am eWviT didi adamianebis amocnoba SeiZleba:
rogor SeiZleba amxela sivrces wvdebode azriT da sakuTa-
ri erTi sicocxlis masStabi ar gacbunebdes?

***
mas Semdeg, rac gavicani, yoveli wlis bolos 31 dekembers,
Ramis 11 saaTze mirekavda da axal wels milocavda winaswar.
11 saaTze rom telefoni darekavda, yurmilis asaRebad me
gavrbodi, vicodi, rom es batoni oTari iyo. arc erTi weli
ar gamoutovebia. mgoni, es misi gamorCeuli Tviseba iyo:
pasuxismgeblobisa da Tanadgomis ucnauri nazavi. iqneb,

262
sityvis uRalato erTgulebis Sedegad gamomuSavebuli
(naxeT misi nawerebi, sityvieri qsovilis uCveulo sizusteze
rom araferi vTqvaT, erT koreqturasac ver ipoviT. mina-
xavs `literaturuli saqarTvelos“ redaqciaSi, 90-ianebis
dasawyisSi, TiTqmis gausaZlis siciveSi, rogor ijda magi-
dasTan da Tavisi werilis koreqturas asworebda. roca Ce-mi
gaoceba gamovxate, aseao, redaqciis TanamSromlebmac da-
midastures, bolomde mihyveba yvelafers, rac misi xelidan
gamodiso). 2008 wlis bolos Cemi telefoni uimedod dazi-
anda da Zalian vwuxdi, batoni oTari veRar darekavs-meTqi.
samzareuloSi meore telefonic gvqonda, calke nomriT.
ruseTSi axalgadasuli mezoblebisgan dagvrCa, magram Zal-
ze iSviaTad vsargeblobdiT. am telefonis arsebobac sul
ramdenime adamianma icoda, Zalian, Zalian axloblebma. 31-is
Ramis TerTmet saaTze rom zari gaisma, baton oTarze arc
mifiqria, karga xnis Caqneuli mqonda xeli. arada, is iyo.
axal wels milocavda tradiciulad. moulodnelobisagan
lamis ena dameba. rogor momageniT, batono oTar, am nomerze,
saidan-meTqi. gulis da qadis ambavi xom gagigoniao, miTxra.
2008-Si gardaicvala da cxadia, vicodi, batoni oTari
veRar damirekavda. daaxloebiT 11 saaTze darekes. saaxal-
wlo samzadisSi viyavi da telefoni Cemma gogonam aiRo.
Tamaz WilaZe milocavda axal wels. madlobebad daviRvare.
gadmocemac miWirs, ramdenad Zvirfasi iyo es zari CemTvis.
erTi kldis ori natexi. Zmebi ZmaTa Soris – WilaZeebi.

263
nomris stumari

lia sturua – 80

interviu

raime cxovrebiseuli devizi Tu gaqvT?

– vwer, e.i. varsebob. ki, perifrazia, postmodernizmi ase

iolad ar Tavdeba, rimeikebis Sleifi kidev didxans gayveba.

riT SeiZleba adamiani ebrZolos siberes?

– rTuli operacia gavikeTe, sakuTar sxeuls ganiv Wril-

Si vuyurebdi da meSinoda, kidev, am SiSs sisxli sdioda, ro-
melic vercerT metaforaSi ver Cavtene da rom ver vwerdi,
yovelgvar SiSze uaresi iyo. daviwye wera da mivxvdi, rom
kargad var, sicocxle grZeldeba.
aseTi galuri andaza arsebobs: „sanam cocxali xar, ar
gabedo sikvdili!“ verbaluradac momxibvlavad JRers da,
kidev, sxeulsac aqvs Tavisi xma, musikaluri smena, zogjer
absoluturi. amis gareSe asaks ver ajobeb.

rogor fiqrobT, mwerloba samsaxuria?

– pirvel rigSi, mwerloba damoukideblobaa da uCarCo-

oba, magram zneobrivi valic, iseTi tkivili, TiTqos mucelSi
upatrono knutebi Cagiyares, grZnoba, rom amisgan unda da-
icva Svilebi, megobrebi, ucnobi adamianebic

„rom Cems Semdgomad moZmesa Cemsa

siZnele gzisa gauadvildes“
martosuloba da baraTaSviloba.

264
 karlos fuentesi ambobs: `warmosaxvisa da enis gareSe
sazogadoeba win ver midis, ver arsebobs“. avtoritaruli
xelisufleba, pirvel rigSi, mwerlis `moTvinierebas“
cdilobs, Tumca arc dadumebaze ambobs uars. demokratiuli
xelisuflebebic cdiloben, sxvadasxva gziT, mwerloba Tavi-
anT samsaxurSi Caiyenon. riTi SeiZleba mwerlobam winaaR-
mdegoba gauwios xelisuflebis Tu ideologiuri jgufe-
bis am aSkara Tu farul Zaladobas? romeli ufro saSiSia
mwerlobisTvis?

– avtoritarul da demokratiul xelisuflebasac pre-

tenzia aqvs, rom sityva esmis, musikisa da mxatvrobisagan
gansxvavebiT. amitom poetebs ufro xSirad klavdnen. saja-
laTo kunZi da koconi warsulSi, dana da tyvia mere, magram
ufro daxvewili formebic arsebobs mkvlelobis: univer-
sitetis auditoriaSi sikvdili, roca saxli ar gaqvs, Tavze
Camocmuli ucxo ca, roca sakuTar caze leqsebi nervebs
ukawravs sxva poetebs.fanjaraSi gasvla mesame sarTulidan,
roca xels ki ar gkraven, gonebiT gibiZgeben, pragmatuli
gonebiT, Sen ki idealistixar „ase iZleoda pasuxs SekiTx-
vaze: romeli saaTia?“

gamodis, rom sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis azriT, mwer-

loba SeiZleba saSiSi iyos. rogor akontrolebs lia sturua
sakuTari sityvisa da warmosaxvis Zalauflebas? visTvis da
risTvis ibrZvis dRes mwerali, Tuki ibrZvis? ra reJimSia
gadasuli?

– sazogadoeba, ufro xSirad, realistia, warmosaxvis una-

ri aRizianebs. vaJa fSavelas mindia xom mkurnalobda adami-
anebs, xes ver Wrida da cxovels ver klavda. ratom sZuldaT?
ratom mokles? poeti iyo, mcenaris da cxovelis ena esmoda
– ratom Cven arao?
ai, ra aris mTavari. unificirebis survili. maRali kis-
rebis damokleba ginda daniT, ginda TeTri markeriT. sxvebze
grZel kisers iseTi Tavi abia, cas wvdeba. Cveulebrivi ada-
mianis simaRle karadis bolomdec ar midis, rom axtes ha-ha
265
Weramde, roca camde, ukve poetia, giJi, ver gaakontroleb,
amitomaa saSiSi.
dRes cenzurasTan brZola aRaraa saWiro. Cemi leqsebis
pirvel wignSi aris leqsi „mgeli“, Cems bolos wina wigns qvia
„mglis saaTi“. mgeli Tavisufali cxovelia, mkacri, saSiSi da,
amave dros, romantikosi. mTvare uyvars, martoxela, sevdi-
ani ymuiliT elaparakeba. albaT, sul cota silamaze Wirdeba,
Tundac, aseTi mouxelTebeli, poetisa ar iyos. maSin, 1965
wels, roca Cemi pirveli wigni gamovida, erTma „amxanagma“ mki-
Txa: – mgelSi stalins xom ar gulisxmobo? madloba RmerTs
am idiotizms bolo moeRo.

nobelianti oqtavio pasi miiCnevs, rom `Cven tradiciis

dasasrulis, kavSirebis wyvetisa da Tanamedrove xelovnebis
dekadansis xanaSi vcxovrobT da rom Tanamedrove poeziis is-
toria rRvevis istoriaa“. eTanxmebiT?

– oqtavio pasis poezia momwons, Cemi poetia. ra Tqma unda,

Tanamedrove poeziis gaufasurebaze laparaki droulia,
roca nobelis premias aZleven bob dilans – simRerebis mar-
tiv teqsts, maskulturas. daTo werediani Tavis Zalian mniS-
vnelovan da saukeTeso wignSi, ara marto qarTuli masSta-
biT „Tema da variaciebi“ wers: „Zneli misaxvedria, nobelis
komitets amjeradac Secdoma mouvida, rogorc araerTxel
mosvlia, Tu Tanamedrove poezias Segnebuli sila gaawna?
bob dilanis teqstebi poeziis saSualo doneze an aris, an
ara“. dekadansi ki CemTvis raRac mzis CasvlasaviT sityvaa,
spilenZisferi mze Tu giyvars, misi Casvlis sevdiani elfe-
ric unda mogwondes. poeziis mTavari mteri komiqsia. bavSvs
rom sityvas ki ar Seayvareb, aramed sagnis ganmartebas aZlev,
ara musikas, fers, xibls, sityvaSi Cadebuls, aramed daba-
debidan siberemde martivi siuJetebis dietaze amyofeb: ai
saxli, ai spaidermeni, ai fuli! TiTqos, aqeTken mivdivarT,
magram
„Tumc rogor ginda poezias Wkua aswavlo?
ginda, Tu ara, SobelZaRli, mainc arsebobs“
(v. maiakovski. j. ajiaSvilis Targmani)
266
 Tqveni `SegrZnebebis romani“ poetizmebiT savse sakmaod
originaluri prozauli teqstia. ram mogcaT aseTi formis
Seqmnis stimuli? Zalebis mosinjva iyo Tu kidev sxva ram?
yvelaze didi da STambeWdavi gadasaxleba poeziidan prozaSi
oTar WilaZis saxels ukavSirdeba. rogor fiqrobT, saTqme-
lis masStabis problema Cndeba xolme Tu raRac sxvaSia saqme?

– araviTari survili romanebis weraze gadasvlis ar mqo-

nia, iseve, rogorc riTmian leqsze, roca sonetebi davwere.
maSin es ganwyobileba mqonda: melodia mominda, simetria,
proporcia, romelic cotaxnis mere davarRvie, gatexil
striqons davubrundi, sityvis Tvisebas (sityva rom bevrjer
gaimeoro, alisferi zari darekavs).
uiliam folknerma Tqva, rom leqsi yvelaze srulyofili
formaa literaturis, romelic ar gamosdioda, radgan bu-
nebiT epikosi iyo da refrenebian romanebs werda. lirikis
unaklobisken ixreboda. oTar WilaZis romanebi saukeTesoa,
rogorc misi leqsebi, es albaT gamonaklisia, Torem poete-
bis romanebi, maT Soris, Cemic leqsis cieb-cxeleba ufroa,
vidre romanis narativi.
aris m. cvetaevas proza, salvador dalis, pablo pikasos,
mark Sagalis Canawerebi, leqsisken rom ixrebian, rogorc
samarTlebliT gaWrili Tvalebi filmSi „Wilofis ZaRlebi“.

erTi mwerali ambobs Tavis nawarmoebebze: dro rom mqon-

des, yvela gverds saguldagulod gavasworebdi da amiT sa-
bolood movklavdio. rogorc fiqrobT, zedmeti gasworeba
daxvewaa Tu mkvleloba? ra adgili uWiravs Tqvens da saer-
Tod, Tanamedrove poeziaSi spontanurs, ukontrolos, ara-
cnobierad amotivtivebuls?

– me araerTxel gamikeTebia aseTi ram. Sedegis recepti ar

arsebobs. zogjer gasworebuli da daxvewili leqsi bevrad
sjobs adrindels, zogjer is, marTlac, kvdeba – reanimaciam
kidec rom uSvelos, is xibli ikargeba, is duende, is mou-
xelTebeli tyuilis simarTle, rac aris poezia.

267
 Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerlobis ena zedmetad gaxsnili
da skabrezulic ki gaxda. mwerluri amocanis metismetad ga-
martivebad xom ar geCvenebaT enis Tavisuflebis mxolod am
gziT gamoxatva? rogor fiqrobT, ra segmentebi Txoulobs
ganviTarebas Tanamedrove qarTul enaSi?

– mwerloba, am yvelaferTan erTad, wonasworobacaa,

oRond ara is, sasworis pinebze awonili, aramed oqros kveTis
wonasworoba.
skabrezs xSirad mimarTaven imisTvis, rom iyviros da ni-
Wis nakleboba damalos. literaturaSi skabrezi, erotika
ise-Tive organulia, rogorc vTqvaT romantika, sentimenta-
lizmi. SeiZleba am yvelaferma erTadac moiyaros Tavi, roca
grZnobis simarTles talanti amagrebs. sxvagvarad poeti
ver ityvis „maqvs mkerds midebuli qnari, rogorc minda“ amis
uflebas RmerTi iZleva. uniWo mwerlisagan Tavisuflebis
TamaSi ususuria. ki, mwerloba TamaSia, „mZivebiT TamaSis“
xelovneba, magram mas Tavisi dauwereli wesebi aqvs, Tu zurg-
sukan angelozi ar gidgas, skamisxela, lirikulad motivire-
buli, ena yalyze dagidgeba, ar dagemorCileba sityva, ilu-
zoruli Tavisufleba Tavisive borkilad iqceva.
Tavisufali rom gaxde, ambobda erTi poeti, sakuTari Ta-
vidan yoveldRe mona unda gamodevno.
rac aTasSi erT adamians SeuZlia.

lia sturua lia sturuas Sesaxeb:

gulwrfeloba

poezia aRsarebacaa da tyuilis simarTlec erTsa da imave

dros. ras SeuZlia am winaaRdegobebis morigeba, gamTliane-
ba? albaT, metaforas, hiperbolas, roca mwvervalze adi-
xar, romelsac ver uRalateb, Tu „erTxel mainc brWyvialze
fexi dagadgmevina“. oRond, sifrTxilea saWiro, sityvebTan
yoveldRiuri urTierTobis drosac da metaforam xom iSvi-
aTad unda gamoanaTos, Tu ginda, rom gamoanaTos.
268
 TviTkritika

ar unda genanebodes leqsis daxeva, waSla, Tu raRaca ar

mogwons. TviTkritikis gareSe Semoqmedi ver Sedgeba.

kritika

kritika orgvaria: samarTliani da Suriani. pirvels yuri

unda miugdo, gindac nebisyofis daZabvis fasad, meores –
zurgi Seaqcio da vaJa-fSavela gaixseno.

cudas rad unda mteroba,

kargia mudam mtriani.

saqarTvelo da qarTvelebi

ramdenic ar unda akritiko, gauucxovde, guli getkinos,

rom Sens uZvelesi kulturis qveyanas mesame samyaros eZa-
xian, rogor kargadac ar unda igrZno Tavi „pirveli samyaros
qveynebSi“, samSoblos erTi Tviseba aqvs – gravitaciis Zala,
bolos mis miwaze daecemi mwife vaSliviT, sxvagan vaSlsac
sxva gemo aqvs, miwasac sxva simkvrive, Seni ar aris, magram
vinc sxvagvarad fiqrobs, ver gavamtyuneb. tanze mobiluri
niJara Tu aqvs mogdebuli, saxlad yvelgan gamoadgeba. sul
patara transformaciis Semdeg.
qarTvelebi. gamowerili maqvs Jurnali „иностранная лите-
ратура“, sadac ibeWdeba, rac ukeTesi leqsi da prozaa msof-
lioSi, nobeliantebi. aravisze naklebi da, Cemis azriT, bev-
rze ukeTesi Tanamedrove literatura gvaqvs, magram Sors
varT, patara miwaze vcxovrobT, qristes kvarTi rom aq aris
damarxuli da meTormete saukuneSi rom renesansi gvqonda,
zRapariviT JRers.
SoTa rusTavelis komiqsebad damaxinjeba arafers Sve-
lis, folkners vin gaubedavs amas, miuxedavad imisa, rom sa-
Sualo amerikelma arc icis, folkneri rasTan iWmeva.

269
 kompromisi

kompromisi saerTod ar miyvars, realur cxovrebaSic.

Semoqmedeba da masTan damokidebuleba ki sruliad ukompro-
miso unda iyos.

etapebi

etapebi. axalgazrdobaSi dasawyisis paTosi, mere – dasas-

rulis, SuaSi balaxiani mindvrebi, cecxli, eleqtrobiT
datenili muxtebis friali, maTi Sejaxeba an siyvaruliT
mTavrdeba, an sikvdiliT. amaze wera bednierebaa, tkivilia,
sikvdilis SiSia, roca sul ufro xSirad gaxsenebs Tavs ma-
radiuli sityva „wuTisofeli“.

axalgazrdoba

erT leqsSi aseTi striqonebi maqvs: „dedaCemi mirekavda,

pirdapir sisxlZarRvebiT krefda nomers, xelebi gaucvda
Cemi Svilis movlaSi, misi axalgazrdoba Tvalebs Wrida, me
ufro megueboda, gaTlili vaSliviT“. axalgazrdebi Tvals
ki ar mWrian Semawuxeblad, TvalismomWrelebi, elvareebi
arian CemTvis, uamravi naklis da xmauris miuxedavad. idea-
luri adamianebisgan RmerTma dagvifaros.

Tanamedrove mwerloba.

qarTuli Tanamedrove mwerloba, rogorc ukve vTqvi, mniS-

nvelovani da sainteresoa msoflio masStabiT, rac TandaTan
naTeli xdeba im qveynebisTvis, sadac poeziis festivalebi,
kolokviumebi, wignis bazrobebi ewyoba.

sayvareli sivrce da sayvareli sityvebi

sakmaod didi sivrce miyvarda erT dros – mTeli Tbilisi.

axla xSirad gaucxoebis grZnoba miCndeba, megapolisad naZa-

270
ladevad gadakeTebuli qalaqi Cemi aRar aris, aq verc erTi
ZaRli da xe ver mcnobs.
„ucxo, ucxo kaci dadis, Sens quCebSi, Cemo qalaqo“ (besik
xaranauli).
sityvebTan siyvaruli da omi maqvs. advilad moTviniere-
buli sityva, SeiZleba, mixarodes, magram sxva, ufro Tavi-
sufali mirCevnia. romelic sul mewinaaRmdegeba, Tavis Sesa-
feris sityvas ver poulobs, rom gverdiT daudges, zari ki
aqvs bgerebSi, magram ganyenebuli, bolos roca damijerebs,
ki ar damemorCileba, SeiZleba leqsadac iqces.

daskvna

vwer, e.i. varsebob.

271
 „encefalograma“*
(lia sturuas germaniaSi gamoqveynebul
lirikul krebulze)

marina biutneri (Marina Büttner) lirikosi,

xelovani, blogeri, aqvs wignis maRazia. wers,
xatavs da cxovrobs berlinSi. aqveynebs lite-
raturul recenziebs, ZiriTadad romanebsa da
lirikul krebulebze, fixpoetry-sTvis da agreTve
sakuTar blogze: literaturleuchtet.

erTi sruliad gansakuTrebuli lirikuli krebuli

miviRe monhardtis gamomcemlobidan. Stefan monhardtis
madlieri var, radgan swored misi wyalobiT veziare am ara-
Cveulebriv leqsebs. Stefan monhardtma TviTon aamety-
vela poeziis enaze TiTqmis 80 wlis qarTveli lirikosis
lia sturuas leqsebi mTargmnel nana WiRlaZesTan erTad.
ase Seiqmna orenovani gamocema, romelic Cems TvalSi Zali-
an lamazia, radgan qarTuli asoTmoxazuloba gansakuTre-
bulad momwons. leqsebi lia sturuas bolo wlebSi gamoq-
veynebuli wignebidan SeurCevia.

„Eine Energiespalampe brennt in meinem Kopf,

in dem sich die Kinder vor Kälte krümmen,
ich wärme sie nicht, beruhige sie nicht,
ich werfe sie gleich in das Gedicht wie
ins Taufbecken“.

TavSi ekonomiuri naTura minTia,

sadac mokuntul bavSvebs scivaT,
arc vaTbob, arc vamSvideb,
pirdapir leqsebSi vyri, rogorc
naTlobis taStSi...

* `encefalograma~ – qarTuli wignis erovnuli centris Georgian National Book

Center mxardaWeriT germanul enaze Targmnili da Edition Monhardt-is mier
gamocemuli (berlini, 2018 w.) lia sturuas poeziis krebuli (mTargmnelebi
nana WiRlaZe da Stefan monhardti).
272
 saTauri ukve miniSnebaa STamagonebel literaturaze,
is xazs usvams encefalogramas, tvinis biosignalebis nev-
rologiur „kardiogramas“, amave fonze gvaxsenebs adamianis
tvinis dauRlelobas. lia sturuas leqsebi aqtiuri, mov-
lenebiT mdidari cxovrebis mowmobaa. cxovrebisa, romelic
savsea mZafri STabeWdilebebiT. rogorc keTili, ise boroti.
lia sturua TviTmxilvelia mravali gadatrialebis, rasac
mis cxovrebaSi, rasakvirvelia, ukvalod ar Cauvlia. gavige,
rom is saqarTveloSi erTerTi pirvelia im qalTa Soris, vinc
literaturaSi damkvidrda rogorc Zlieri da mebrZoli
pirovneba. leqsebis pirveli krebuli 1939 wels dabadebulma
poetma 1965 wels gamoaqveyna. misTvis, miTumetes rogorc
qalisTvis, damaxasiaTebel weris Tanamedrove stils Tavi-
dan skeptikurad Sexvdnen. dResdReobiT is Tavis qveyanaSi
erTerTi mniSvnelovani mweralia da misi Semoqmedeba uamra-
vi jildoTia aRiarebuli.
arsebiTad is Tavis leqsebSi isev da isev ubrundeba
qalis rolTan dakavSirebul Tematikas, qmnis sakuTar pi-
rovnebas rogorc lirikoss. da Tu rogor wers yvelafer
amaze, warmoudgenlad gansacvifrebelia. maqsimalurad Tav-
dajerebuli imavdroulad yovelTvis guldasmiT ikvlevs da
aSuqebs Tavis Temebs. misi moqmedebis areali – misive sam-
yaroa, romelic TiTqos mojadoebuli da saxe-cvlili for-
miT gvibrundeba, enobrivad erTgvarad xelovnebis doneze
daxvewili (arasodes xelovnuri). metamorfozebi. uamravi
ambavi gamocanasaviT gamoiyureba, romelic poetis Sinagan
enazea ametyvelebuli. da mainc isini gamocanebia, romle-
bic siamovnebiT elodebian amoxsnas da romelTa gaSifrvac
calkeuli mkiTxvelis individualur SesaZleblobazea
damokidebuli.

„Ein Winter mit Charakter –

so, wie zu kochendheißes Wasser
allein die orange Tasse passt;
jeden Tag der Wind …
Wenn er sich legt, lässt er seine Zähne in den Bäumen zurück,
dass ihnen das Holz weh tut.“
273
 zamTari iseTi xasiaTis,
mduRare wyals rom
narinjisferi Wiqa uxdeba,
yovel dRe qari...
roca Cadgeba, kbilebs xeebze tovebs,
merqani tkivaT...

lia sturuas leqsebi suraTebs badeben, Tanac iseTi sis-

wrafiT, rom isini Cems warmodgenaSi maSinve mxatvrul ti-
loebad gardaiqmnebian. leqsebis am krebulis kiTxva STabeW-
dilebebiT savse gaseirnebas hgavs naxatebis galereaSi, imav-
droulad myudro baRSi xetials...
„Weiß steht mir gar nicht,
es spült mir den Charakter aus dem Gesicht,
egal, ob man ein Landschaftsbild oder ein Porträt hineinmalte,
das Gesicht nähme es hin.“

TeTri feri sul ar mixdeba,

saxidan xasiaTs mirecxavs,
ginda peizaJi daxate, ginda portreti,
orives aitans...

sturuas Temebi uxvia da mravalferovani. mSoblebi, bavS-

voba, qveyana, siyvaruli da agreTve avadmyofoba, sibere.
striqonebs Soris sazogadoebis kritikac igrZnoba. udidesi
energia moedineba am yvelafridan maSinac ki, roca zogierT
leqSi winaaRmdegobrivi an urCi grZnobebi ibadeba. amasTan
dakavSirebiT erTaderTi azri momdis: xelis Caqnevis nacv-
lad Tavdauzogavi SemarTeba.
am teqstebis mimarT absoluturad wminda aRtacebas
ganvicdi, imdenad axloblad meCvenebian. sulerTia, romel
gverdze gadavSli krebuls, maSinve masTan var. iSviaTad mi-
grZvnia aseTi ram leqsebTan mimarTebaSi. isini kiTxvisas
pirdapir energiad gadaiqcevian, namdvili Suquraa!
lia sturuas lirikuli krebuli `encefalograma~ gamom-
cemloba Edition Monhardt-ma dabeWda. wignze metis Setyoba
aq SegiZliaT: https://monhardt.de/produkt/lia-sturua-enzephalogramm-
gedichte/
274
 besik xaranauli – 80

interviu

ra aris Tqveni cxovrebiseuli devizi, aseTi Tu gaqvT?

– devizi ar maqvs. mgonia, rom devizi marwuxebia. Tundac,

aseTi – `gabede kargad yofna!“

riT SeiZleba adamiani ebrZolos siberes?

– warmosaxviT.

rogor fiqrobT, mwerloba samsaxuria?

– mwerloba Sromaa da samsaxuria. fSaveli moleqseebis

mixedviT ki – usaqmoba da garToba. me rac Semexeba, rac ar
marTobs, imas ar vakeTeb.

karlos fuentesi ambobs: `warmosaxvisa da enis gareSe

sazogadoeba win ver midis, ver arsebobs“. avtoritaruli
xelisufleba, pirvel rigSi, mwerlis `moTvinierebas“ cdi-
lobs, Tumca arc dadumebaze ambobs uars. demokratiuli
xelisuflebebic cdiloben, sxvadasxva gziT, mwerloba Ta-
vianT samsaxurSi Caiyenon. riTi SeiZleba mwerlobam wina-
aRmdegoba gauwios xelisuflebis Tu ideologiuri jgu-
febis am aSkara Tu farul Zaladobas? romeli ufro saSiSia
mwerlobisTvis?

– niWi bunebis ZalasaviT aris. da ginaxavT bunebas vinem

moreoda an daedumebina, Tundac goliaTi. mwerlobisTvis
saSiSia mxolod uniWoba. „poetoba ocnebiT ar aris“ (didi
sma). mwerals, poets, xelovans Tavisi problema aqvs – gamo-
xatvis problema, rom Tqvas is, rac awuxebs, rac Seicno... Tavi
gamoxatos. arc erT namdvil xelovans ar aqvs arc dro da
arc survili romelime ideologiis gamomxatvelad iqces.
ideologia ukve sxva sferoa da Tavisi msaxurebi yavs.
275
 gamodis, rom sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis azriT, mwer-
loba SeiZleba saSiSi iyos. rogor akontrolebs besik xara-
nauli sakuTari sityvisa da warmosaxvis Zalauflebas? vis-
Tvis da risTvis ibrZvis dRes mwerali, Tuki ibrZvis? ra
reJimSia gadasuli?

– mwerloba, ra Tqma unda, saSiSia. saSiSi iyo da aris yoveli

sazogadoebisTvis, rac ar unda humanuri da ganviTarebuli
iyos es sazogadoeba. saSiSia enisTvis, saSiSia zneobisTvis,
saSiSia WeSmaritebisTvis. radgan: xelovnebisTvis ar arse-
bobs erTi sinamdvile: „xelovnebis mosawoni araferi ar aris“
(didi sma).
mweralSi yvelaferia, Sesabamisad mas ar uwevs Zebna vis da
ras ebrZolos.

nobelianti oqtavio pasi miiCnevs, rom `Cven tradiciis

dasasrulis, kavSirebis wyvetisa da Tanamedrove xelovnebis
dekadansis xanaSi vcxovrobT da rom Tanamedrove poeziis is-
toria rRvevis istoriaa“. eTanxmebiT?

yoveli drois Tanamedrove poeziisTvis rRveva iyo pirve-

li rigis amocana. rRveva aCens gzas, ganviTarebas, Senebas. ase
iyo mudam da ase iqneba.

Tqvens did prozaul teqstSi, „60 jorze amxedrebuli

raindi“ besik xaranaulma warmatebiT imogzaura sxva dro-
sivrceSi da sxva teqstebSi. ra mogcaT am wignma gansakuTre-
buli? ras niSnavs poetisaTvis prozis wera. es moTxovnile-
baa Tu interesi?

– „60 jorze amxedrebuli raindi“ CemTvis, yvela sxva wig-

niviT, gansakuTrebulad sayvareli wignia, radgan misi wera
daviwye erTi, CemTvis mniSvnelovani, bavSvobisdroindeli
Tavgadasavlis aRweriT, romelic wina wignSi gamomrCa, sadac
ufro iyo misi adgili. ase Sevyevi da vimogzaure sxva droSi
da sivrceSi da sxva enobriv struqturebSi. aman gamitaca. ar

276
mifiqria es proza iyo Tu poezia. vambobdi imas, risi Tqmac
mindoda. ar vfiqrobdi Janrebze. teqsti CemTvis niSnavs na-
wers, qarTulad. am nawers, sxva nawerebTan erTad, romlebic
Janrobriv diskusias Tu interss iwveven, me davarqvi meta-
poeturi nawerebi. qarTuli aRqma sinamdvilsa metaforulia.
CemTvis metaforaSi meti sinamdvilea, vidre siuJetSi da am-
bis TxrobaSi.CemTvis poezia mxolod leqsi ar aris. poezia
leqsis iqiTcaa, leqsze metia.

Tu araferi meSleba, erT pirad saubarSi (m. kvaWantira-

ZesTan) giTqvamT: vaJa–fSavela aCrdilebs xedavda, me kari-
katurebs vxedavo. rogor fiqobT, es raindebi damarcxebu-
lebi arian Tu gamarjvebulebi?

– sworad miTqvams. vaJa-fSavela erTi saukuniT axlo iyo

im gmirebTan, romelTa aCrdilebsac xedavda, vidre me, rode-
sac es aCrdilebi ukve karikaturebad iqcnen. raindi yovel-
Tvis damarcxebulia Tavis yofaSi, magram gamarjvebulia xe-
lovnebaSi, mwerlobaSi. es kanonzomierebaa.

„mkvdrebis simReraSi“ werT: „sixaruli uborotod rodi

arsebobs / imisi mosvliT mudam raRac daiviwyeba“. daviwyeba
borotebaa?

– Cemi manZili aris striqoni. imis iqiT CemTvis sinamdvile

aRar aris. ganmarteba Cemi saqme ar aris.

Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerlobis ena zedmetad gaxsnili

da skabrezulic ki gaxda. mwerluri amocanis metismetad ga-
martivebad xom ar geCvenebaT enis Tavisuflebis mxolod am
gziT gamoxatva? rogor fiqrobT, ra segmentebi Txoulobs
ganviTarebas Tanamedrove qarTul enaSi?

– aqac mTavari niWia. me bavSvuri warmosaxvis, gulwr-

felobis da mxatvrulobis momxre var. niWieri skabrezi kar-
gia da uniWod gasxipuli teqsti – uxamsobaa. Tanamedrove

277
qarTul enaSi unda Semovides qarTuli dialeqtebi... zRva-
saviT. es aris Cveni ganZTsacavi... dialeqti aris dRevandel
„ literaturul enas“ Sewiruli bavSvi. droa wamodges da
gaiaros.

besik xaranauli besik xaranaulis Sesaxeb:

gulwrfeloba

– gulwrfeloba mTavaria adamianisTvis da gansakuTre-

biT, SemoqmedisTvis. gulwrfeloba Znelia, mravalsaxaa da
zogjer SeiZleba, TvalTmaqcobis saxiTac gveCvenos. Tval-
Tmaqcobaa uZvelesia adamianSi, radgan bunagidan gamoWyeti-
sas ar icoda ras Seeyreboda da rad gadaiqceoda. gulwr-
feloba ganviTarebuli adamianis swrafvaa, TvalTmaqcoba
– dromoWmuli saZaglobaa.

TviTkritika

– adamiani imaze metad TviTkritikulia, vidre Cven

gvgo-nia. TviTkritika Semoqmedebis erTerTi dargia da
mamoZravebeli.

kritika

– kritika ar aris maxvilgonieri idalgos saqme. igi ma-

RalkeTilSobili da maRalzneobrivi saWurvelmtvirTve-
lis cxovrebis azria. Sesabamisad, kritika – aucilebelia.

saqarTvelo da qarTvelebi

– saqarTvelo da qarTvelebi CemTvis gacilebiT mZimea,

vidre mTeli qveynis miwa rom meyaros gulze. zvavidan ga-
momiRwevia da aqedan vera. Svidi atlasi ar meyofa saqebrad,
oRond, erTi CamartymevineT... ena ver aRwers, iseTi xalxis
278
mSobelia da ena ver ityvis, iseTebi yavs daxocili. miyvars
besik gabaSvili Zalian, miyvars nikoloz baraTaSvili Zali-
an, dRes asea... ise wavxdi, rom mxolod qarTvelebi miyvars...

kompromisi

– kompromisi kargia Tanagvar adamianebTan urTierToba-

Si, magram kompromisi sindisTan, RirebulebebTan da Rirse-
basTan – damRupvelia.

etapebi

– winaT advili iyo- mwerlis Semoqmedebaze ityodnen:

revoluciamdeli da revoluciis Semdgomi etapi. amis ana-
logiiT, Cemi etapebia: 20 saukune da 21-e saukune.

axalgazrdoba

– Cemi axalgazrdoba iyo mZime, magram mxiaruli da pi-

riqiT. Zalian miyvars dRevandeli axalgazrdoba, romelic
Tvisi gulwrfelobiT, silaRiT, suliskveTebiT Cems axde-
nil natvras magonebs.

Tanamedrove mwerloba

– Tanamedrove mwerloba, Cemis azriT, metaforiT Camor-

Ceba Tanamedrove teqnologias. saWiroa axali poezia.

sayvareli sivrce da sayvareli sityvebi

– Cemi sayvareli sivrcea, CemTvis autaneli simartove.

Cemi sayvareli sityvebi:
„gaZnelda, besariono, Tan-Tan survili Senia“.

daskvna

naTqvami sityvisTvis unda isjebodes adamiani da ara

dawerilisTvis.
279
norbert humelti
(berlini, 2018 wlis 30 ivlisi)

boloTqma*
Tuki qarTvel lirikosebs, gansakuTrebiT „gardamavali
periodis Taobas“ , anu imaT , visi avtorad Camoyalibebis wle-
bic sabWoeTis mzis Casvenebas (1991) ukavSirdeba, SeekiTxe-
bian, vin iyo maTTvis misabaZi magaliTi, vis zegavlenas ga-
nicdidnen, aucileblad da pirvel rigSi moismenT saxels:
besik xaranauli. germaniaSi mcxovrebi lirikosi bela Ceku-
riSvili ambobs:
„gardamavali periodidan dRemde is xatia qarTveli
mkiTxvelisTvis. socialur mediaSi xSirad ibeWdeba qarTul
gverdebz ebesik xaranaulis leqsebi da mohyavT citatebi
misi leqsebidan. am avtors yovelTvis mxolod saxeliT mo-
ixsenieben – „besiki“ da yvelasaTvis cxadia, viszea saubari.
saqarTveloSi is Zalzed popularulia, radgan misi poezia
ar aris hermetikuli da yvelaze axdens zegavlenas“.
analogiuri STabeWdileba Seeqmna timoTi kerCers,
amerikel lirikoss, romelic 2006-2010 wlebSi TbilisSi
cxovrobda:
„roca mikiTxavs iseTi poetebisTvis, rogorebic arian
zviad ratiani, maia sariSvili da SoTa iaTaSvili, vis Se-
itandnen Tanamedrove qarTuli poeziis anTologiaSi, yo-
velTvis mis saxels mimeorebdnen. saqarTveloSi mas, albaT
,cocxlebs Soris udides poetad miiCneven. meubnebodnen,
Tuki saqarTvelodan vinme imsaxurebs nobelis premiaze li-
teraturis dargSi wardgenas, maSin es besiki unda iyoso, da
is marTlac iqna nominirebuli saqarTvelodan am sapatio wo-
debze. roca mikiTxavs, misi romeli leqsi unda gadameTarg-
mna, „xeibar Tojinas“ misaxelebdnen“.
„xeibari Tojina“ – kerCerma is „The Lame Doll“ saTauriT
gadaTarmna inglisurad – 1972 wels gamomcemloba `meranSi“

* besik xaranaulis lirikuli krebulis `mikarnaxe, angelina!~ – germanuli

gamocemisaTvis.
280
gamoqveynebuli vrceli poemaa, xaranaulis meore publika-
cia. 46 wlis Semdeg, axla ukve male 80 wlis poetTan erTad
vzivar berlinSi, moabitis samzareuloSi da imis mixedviT,
rogorc is am teqstis gamoqveynebis istorias miyveba, meq-
mneba STabeWdileba: jer kidev bolomde ver ijerebs, rom
marTlac gaWra oinma, romelic man cenzuris uwyebaSi am,
yvela arsebuli tabus damangrevel nawarmoebTan, dakavSire-
biT gaiTamaSa. kerZod, mcdari STabeWdilebis Sesaqmnelad
Tqva, rom TiTqos saqme exeboda misi 1968 wels gamoqveyneb-
uli, naklebad mniSvnelovani leqsebis krebulis xelmeored
gamocemas. ydazec ubralod „leqsebi“ ewera, avtoris saxeli
da gvaric ki ar iyo miniSnebuli. pasuxismgebel cenzors amis
gamo arc ki Cauxedavs wignSi, ise daibeWda – namdvilad gabe-
duli nabiji da marTlac ukiduresad aucilebeli komufla-
Ji iyo, radgan „xeibari Tojina“ rogorc Tavisi formiT, ise Si-
naarsiT sabWoTa literaturuli doqtrinis yvela verdiqts
arRvevda. qarTuli leqsi konvenciulad gariTmuli unda yo-
filiyo, mas SeZlebisdagvarad iseT heroikul Temebze unda
emRera, rogoricaa samSoblo, omi an socializmis diadi saq-
meebi da yvela SemTxvevaSi Tavdauzogavi, optimisti mSro-
melis modelis erTguli darCeniliyo. es poema ki absolu-
turad sxvagvaria. is erTgvari godebis simReraa conditio
humana-ze, realurad arsebuli socializmis konkretuli
pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT kavkasiis erT socialistur
respublikaSi. iwyeba imis ironiuli aRweriT, Tu rogori
gaWirvebiT dgeba erTi Suaxnis kaci dilaobiT loginidan,
radgan azrs ver xedavs im yoveldRiuri movaleobebis aR-
srulebaSi, rac elodeba, da mTavrdeba dedis wiaRSi dab-
runebis regresiuli surviliT. es yvelaferi im ganwyo-bebs
gvagonebs, rac avstrielma poetma ernst iandlma Tavis
verbalur operaSi, „ucxoeTidan“*, Camoayaliba da ramdenime
wlis Semdeg aseve radikalurad qaRaldze gadaitana. besik
xaranaulma basri najaxis erTi moqneviT waaqcia iZulebad
qceuli tradicionalizmis futuro xe. am 18 monakveTad
gayofil ugrZes leqsSi ar aris saWiro fiqri memkvidre-

* Ernst Jandl „Aus der Fremde“.

281
obiT miRebul metrul sistemebze, is Tavidan bolomde
Seqmnilia Tavisufali leqsiT, romelic aranair sxva kanons
ar emorCileba, garda poetis STagonebisa da misi gadmocemis
survilisa. qarTveli literaturaTmcodne lali avaliani am
azrs ase ayalibebs:
„rTulia warmoidgino besik xaranauli imaze nakleb non-
konformist poetad, vidre aris. TiTqmis ukve naxevari sa-
ukunea, is erTgulia Tavisi „meTodis“. wers,rogorc amas
guli karnaxobs“.
momdevno Taobebis lirikosebisTvis is novatori da Ta-
visuflebis mimniWebelia, mravalgzis ucdiaT misi warmate-
bebis imitireba – aRniSnavs mTargmneli nana WiRlaZe, rom-
lis mier Sesrulebuli bwkareduli Targmanis safuZvelzec
Seiqmna winamdebare wignis poeturi versia:
„besik xaranaulis gamoCenam qarTuli poeturi xelovne-
bis mdgomareoba absoluturad Secvala da qarTul vers libre-
s warmoudgenlad farTo ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi gada-
uSala. man TviTonve daasabuTa saukeTesod am, maSin axali
mimarTulebis, sicocxlisunarianoba. Tavisi individualo-
biT Seqmna axali realoba xelovnebaSi“.
timoTi kerCeri besikis literaturul-istoriuli mniS-
vnelobis Sefasebisas wers:
„SeiZleba iTqvas, rom besik xaranauli Tavisi qveynis
uolt uitmenia – Tavisufali leqsisi ostati, nonkonformi-
sti poeti, romlis mxrebzec Tanamedrove qarTuli poezia
isvenebs, Tumca es gaamartivebda saqmes. xaranauli gacile-
biT didia, vidre uolt uitmeni. is saqarTvelos ezra paundi
da T.s. eliotia, mogvianebiT Seqmnili nawarmoebebiT ki is
saqarTvelosTvis gabriel garsia markesicaa“.
rasakvirvelia, aq aRmatebiTi xarisxi ar aris mniSvnelo-
vani da Sedarebebsac mxolod maSin eZleva azri, roca zed-
miwevniT SeviswavliT da SevecdebiT besikis leqsebi im
sityvebis fonze wavikiTxoT, rasac T.s. elioti 1917 wels
dabeWdil eseSi „Reflections on vers libre“ wers. es ese, romelic
konvenciur da Tavisufal leqsebs Soris sazRvrebis dadge-
282
nis mcdelobaa, gansacvifrebeli gamonaTqvamiT mTavrdeba:
„There is only good verse, bad verse, and chaos“. elioti:
„riTmidan gaTavisufleba iZleva agreTve riTmis abso-
luturi gaTavisuflebis saSualebas. Tuki is gaTavisufl-
deba samsaxureobrivi movaleobisagan, xeli waaSvelos sust
striqonebs, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba misi udidesi efeqtiT
dasaqmeba iq, sadac is marTlac saWiroa. radgan uriTmo le-
qsebSi aris xSirad pasaJebi, sadac riTmebi gansakuTrebuli
efeqtisTvis gamoiyeneba, moulodneli kompresiisTvis, ku-
mulatiuri zrdis mizniT, sulieri ganwyobis moulodneli
cvlilebisaTvis“.
swored am mosazrebiT mimarTavs besik xaranauli riTmas
gamiznulad da arasistemurad, xolo misi yuriT dawerili
striqonebi isedac riTmulad mCqefarea. rogorc es WeSma-
riti novatorisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, is, bunebrivia, Se-
saniSnavi mcodnea qarTuli poeziis tradiciebisa, romelic
poemas aniWebs upiratesobas, kerZod, SoTa rusTavelis po-
etur eposs „vefxistyaosans“, romelic aseuli wlebia, qar-
Tuli tradiciebis matareblad iTvleba. jer mxolod am
fonze unda gavzomoT poetis, rogorc inovaciis Semomtanis
warmateba, romelmac saqarTveloSi pativsacem, germaniaSi ki
naklebad gavrcelebul, poemis formas absoluturad axali
avTenturi daxvewiloba misca da is, rogorc forma poeziisa,
axal droSi daamkvidra. poeti, romelic mas gansakuTrebiT
uyvars, nikoloz baraTaSvilia. is saqarTveloSi udides ro-
mantikos poetad iTvleba da 27 wlis asakSi gardaicvala. az-
ris siRrmiT mas utrialebs da holderlins amsgavsebs, uqebs
amavdroulad formalur gabedulebas, rom qarTul liri-
kaSi aseuli wlobiT wesad miCneuli Teqvsmetmarcvliani
leqsis sazomi erTi sruli marcvliT Seamcira. yoveli axali
forma, ambobs besiki, Tavis TavSi axleburad fiqrsac gu-
lisxmobs da drodadro es aris didi xnis manZilze arsebu-
li formebis axal konteqstSi moulodneli transpozicia,
rac permanentuli ganaxlebis saSualebas iZleva. uriTmo
leqsebi qarTul saeklesio himnografiasa da gansakuTrebiT
283
ki xalxur poeziaSi manamdec iyo gavrcelebuli, vidre be-
siki am saSualebebiT Tavisi xalxis mxatvrul literaturaSi
gadatrialebas moaxdenda. mis fesvgamdgar kavSirs xalxur
SemoqmedebasTan Soreul bavSvobaSi gadavyavarT da ama-
Relvebelia imis mosmena , Tu rogor ixsenebs xandazmuli po-
eti am Soreul dros:
„bavSvobaSi bebias panaSvidebze davyavdi, sadac xmiT na-
tirali simRerebi sruldeboda, erTgvari forma qarTuli
xalxuri poeziisa, ramac Cemze STambeWdavad imoqmeda. 14
wlis rom viyavi, erT-erTma Tbilisurma gazeTma Cemi pirveli
ori leqsi gamoaqveyn,. orive uriTmo. xmiT natirali poezia
ar aris riTmiani, magram aqvs garkveuli ritmi da garkveuli
forma. mogvianebiT bebias aRar SeeZlo moZraoba, magram is
usmenda radios da roca Sin vbrundebodi, miyveboda, rac
moesmina, naRvliansac d asxvasac. da amis Semdeg mivxvdi: Za-
lzed mniSvnelovania, adamiani daasevdiano, rom is gamofxiz-
ldes. guli unda mokvdes, rom gamococxleba SeZlos“.
besik xaranauli 1939 wels TianeTSi, Tbilisidan Crdilo-
aRmosavleTiT mdebare patara qalaqSi, fSavis mxareSi daiba-
da. mSobliur qalaqze is dRes ambobs: „ TianeTSi arc maSin
xdeboda araferi da arc dRes xdeba. da albaT arc momavalSi
Seicvleba rame“. poetisTvis es araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda
CaiTvalos naklad, aramed didebul nugeSad. bavSvoba didi
sezamia, masSi yvelaferi ise rCeba, rogorc iyo da mxolod
poets SeuZlia Tavisi jadosnuri sityvebiT am sezamis gaRe-
ba. avtoris yvela poetur qmnilebaSi Cndeba misi bavSvobis
mogonebebi da soflis garemo, isini qmnian naTel suraTebs
im yvelaferi damTrgunvelisa da cvalebadis sapirispirod,
rasac zogjer „aled“ an „aleqsandred“ wodebuli protag-
onisti awydeba leqsSi. mogvianebiT besiki TbilisSi gada-
vida. rasakvirvelia, swavlobda filologias da sxvadasxva
Jurnalebis redaqciebsa da gamomcemlobebSi redaqtorad
mu-Saobda. magram TianeTi dRemde rCeba mis meore sacxovre-
bel adgilad, sadac mas SuZlia meuRlesTan erTad Tbiliss
gaecalos. is aq poulobs suraTebs, romlebic mas sWirdeba,
raTa sakuTari poezia isev da isev gamoacocxlos.
284
 winamdebare wigni besik xaranaulis xuTi didi poemis-
gan Sedgeba, dawerilia 1972-1991 wlebSi, dawyebuli legen-
daruli „xeibari TojiniT“ da damTavrebuli „agoniuriT“*,
romlis marto saTauri ukve warmoadgens sabWoTa batono-
bis dasasrulis damafiqrebel komentars. is gviCvenebs, Tu
rogor fiqrobda, aRiqvamda an ras grZnobda poeti im sis-
temis saboloo, grZel fazaSi, sadac is gaizarda, romeli
xmebi SeZlo gamoeZala am SezRuduli cxovrebisTvis. mas
aqeT is agrZelebs weras, wers e.w. „metapoetur“ teqstebs,
sadac lirikisa da prozis Janrebi erTmaneTTanaa Serwymu-
li, agreTve or romans, romlebic mis, rogorc sakuTari
qveynis markesis, Sesafaseblad friad mniSvnelovania – un-
da vimedovnoT, rom odesme germanul enaze maTi gamoce-
mac gaxdeba SesaZlebeli. bolos, 2015 wels gamomcemloba
`inteleqtma“ dabeWda „yvavi xis wverze isaRamoebs“. zogi-
erTi misi leqsi saqarTveloSi imdenad popularulia, rom
amaze Tanamedrove leqsebis avtorebs germanulenovan siv-
rceSi mxolod ocneba Tu SeuZliaT. bela CekuriSvili Ta-
visi gamocdilebis Sesaxeb gviyveba:
„misi pirveli leqsi skolis asakSi wavikiTxe 80-ianeb-
Si, satrfialo lirikis erT-erT anTologiaSi. es leqsi
siyvarulis uCveulo axsna iyo da TiTqmis yvela gogos
sakuTar dRiurSi hqonda Cawerili. mogvianebiT amas mohyva
grZeli leqsi`kartofilis amoReba“, Cemi TaobisTvis raRac
gansakuTrebuli ojaxuri istoria, romelSic axalgazrda
kaci sulac ar apirebs iyos sasargeblo vinmesTvis, anu
„dedas biWia“, rogorc es xSirad Tematizirdeboda qar-
Tul poeziaSi, aq ki ufro metzea saubari, Taobebs Soris
urTierTobebze masTan dakavSirebuli yvela saxis kon-
fliqtiT. ucnauria, magram es yvelaferi iyo naklebad
poeturi, magram Zalian adamianuri da es aRZravda CvenSi
Zlier grZnobebs. mas Semdeg ki , rac me da Cemma jgufeleb-
ma „angelinas“ – cikli wavikiTxeT, davdiodiT Tbilisis

* poemis saTauris germanuli versia: „viRac agoniaSi imyofeba“ („Einer liegt in

Agonie“).
285
universitetis derefnebSi da erTmaneTs am sityvebiT ve-
salmebodiT: „mikarnaxe, angelina“. Zalian uxerxul mdgo-
mareobaSi xvdebodnen isini, vinc romelime wveulebaze an
eqskursiaze ityoda, rom „angelinas“ Sesaxeb an araferi ga-
ego, an am grZeli poemidan erTi citatac ar axsovda“.
diax, ase unda xdebodes yvelgan am samyaroSi. besik xa-
ranaulma , didebulma poetma, aseTebi ki mxolod iSviaTobas
warmoadgenen dedamiwaze, germaniaSic unda ipovos Tavisi
mkiTxveli, romlebic mis striqonebs samudamod Seinaxaven
sakuTar gulSi, radgan isini swored iqidan modian.

286
 XX saukunis literaturuli
azrovnebis istoriidan

jorj santaiana

jorj santaiana (Jorge Augustin Nicolas Rutz de Santayana,

1863-1952) – espanuri warmomavlobis amerikeli filoso-
fosi, mwerali. rogorc xelovnebis Teoretikosi, amerikel
`neokritikosebTan~ didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda. ga-
izarda da ganaTleba miiRo aSS-Si, Tumca mTeli cxovre-
bis ganmavlobaSi espaneTis moqalaqeoba SeinarCuna. misi
ZiriTadi filosofiuri naSromebia: TxzulebaTa eqvsto-
meuli `gonebis sicocxle~ (1905-1906), `skepticizmi da cxo-
veluri rwmena~ (1923), `ukanaskneli puritaneli~ (1935).
santaianas filosofia humanisturi xasiaTisaa. is fiqrobs,
rom filosofiis mTavari amocana ara samyaros axsna, aramed
mis mimarT moraluri poziciis gamomuSavebaa. mas aseve
dauweria leqsebi da romanebi. literaturis istoriisa da
Teoriis sferoSi santaianas mTavari naSromebia: `mSveniere-
bis grZnoba~ (1896), `poeziisa da religiis interpretaciebi~
(1900), `sami poeti-filosofosi~ (lukreciusi, dante, goeTe)
(1910), `daxvewili tradicia CixSia~ (1931) da sxv. msje-
lobani, romlebic xelovnebis nawarmoebis Sinagani wyobis
Taviseburebebs, mxatvruli Semoqmedebis specifikas da
sxva problemebs exeba, dResac inarCunebs aqtualobas.
statia `poeziis safuZvlebi da daniSnuleba~, romlis qar-
Tul Targmans qvemoT gTavazobT, Sedis jorj santaianas
wignSi`poeziisa da religiis interpretaciebi~.

poeziis safuZvlebi da daniSnuleba

Tu kritikosi, rodesac poeziis zusti definiciis mig-
nebas gadawyvets, misi, rogorc metrulad organizebuli
metyvelebis, gansazRvrebiT dakmayofildeba, is, ueWvelia,
sagnis arasakmaris daxasiaTebas iZleva; amave dros, sulac
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ar aris aucilebeli, amis Sercxves, an daxasiaTeba zedapiru-
lad miiCnios. Tumca leqsi marcvlebis TiTebze gadaTvliT
ar iqmneba, yvelaze ufro poetur sinonims imisas, rasac Cven
leqss vuwodebT, mainc `ricxvebi~ warmoadgens, `sazomi~ ki
– yvelaze ufro zusti eqvivalentia silamazis, sikeTis da,
SesaZlebelia, WeSmaritebisac ki. Zveli drois Rrma moaz-
rovneebi, piTagoras mimdevarni, yvela sagnis arss ricxvebSi
xedavdnen da, bibliis Tanaxmad, Semoqmedma Bbuneba swored
wonis, zomis da ricxvis meSveobiT sicarielisagan Seqmna. da
yoveli miwieri arqiteqtori Tavis nagebobas aseve unda mo-
eqces: aguris agurze morgebisas, an qvebis gamoTlisas man
maT swori geometriuli forma unda misces da Semdeg fena
fenas daawyos, imis msgavsad, rogorc poeti Tavis striqonebs
amwkrivebs xolme.
zoma – srulqmnilebis pirobaa, radgan srulqmnileba
yovlisgamsWvalav wesrigs moiTxovs: Cven winaSe mTeli ara
mxolod gansazRvruli formiT unda wardges, aramed, am mTe-
lis yovel nawils Tavis mxriv sakuTari forma unda hqondes;
nawilebi ki erTmaneTs unda Seesabamebodes imis msgavsad, ro-
gorc mTeli Seesabameba sxva nawilebs ufro zogadi struq-
turis CarCoebSi. laibnicis msjelobani organuli materiis
kanonebze, viTarca faqtobrivi mocemuloba, SesaZlebelia,
mcdaric iyos, magram rogorc ideali – es msjelobebi mSve-
nieria: laibnici amtkicebs, rom cocxalsa da mkvdar mate-
rias Soris, cxovelebsa da manqanas Soris sxvaoba is gaxlavT,
rom pirveli maTgani Sedgeba nawilakebisagan, romelTagan
TiToeuli TavisTavad organul sxeuls warmoadgens; am
nawilakTa yoveli SeerTeba ki aris manqana, am manqanis yoveli
nawili – aseve manqana, da ase – usasrulobamde; amasTan, xe-
lovnuri sxeulebi imdenad Rrmad da srulyofilad ar arian
mowyobilni. am, da sxva azriTac xelovneba bunebis mier ga-
moyenebul meTods baZavs da Tavis saukeTeso qmnilebebs im
masalisagan qmnis, romelic TavisTavad mSvenieria. ase rom,
poeziasa da prozas Soris gansxvaveba mxolod sazomic rom
iyos, es ukve sakmarisi iqneboda, raTa igi Zvirfasi qvisa da
Tixis natexis sxvaobisaTvis Segvedarebina.

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 enis pirvelelementi – sityvaa, sityvis grZnobadi forma
ki – bgera, Sesabamisad, Tu gvsurs, enas srulqmnileba mivani-
WoT, elementebic, romlebisganac is Sedgeba, mSvenieri unda
gavxadoT – gansazRvruli forma unda movargoT da gansazR-
vrul sazoms davuqvemdebaroT. es marTalia, rom ena ufro
metad gonebis simbolo gaxlavT, vidre grZnobebis aRmZvre-
li, da, Sesabamisad, metyvelebis silamaze, romelic Cveu-
lebriv gagvitacebs xolme, – silamazea obieqtis, an ideisa,
romlebzec vsaubrobT; simboloebs imavdroulad grZnoba-
di realoba, keTilxmovneba gaaCniaT, romlebic Cvens grZno-
bebSi aRwevs, Tu maT Riad davtovebT. ena JReradobis iseT
formebs irCevs, romlebic sakuTar TavSi bunebriv silamazes
atareben, nebismier bgeras Tu SegrZnebas TavisTavad rom
axasiaTebs; mexsiereba bgeraTa am SeTanxmebebs ayovnebs, isi-
ni cnobierebaSi kvlav da kvlav aRweven da bolos da bolos
bunebrivi metyvelebis stereotipebad da emociuri gamox-
maurebis gamomwvev standartebad iqcevian.
amgvari keTilxmovnebis umaRles formas simRera war-
moadgens; simRerisas xma bgerebs tonur cvalebadobas ani-
Webs; TviT es rxevebi (cvalebadobani), rogorc cnobilia,
aRebuli notebis ricxobrivi TanafardobiT ganisazRvreba.
magram Cven keTilxmovnebisa da grZnobadi silamazis es saxe-
oba – umaRlesi, romlis unaric bgerebs SeswevT, – Cvens me-
tyvelebaSi TiTqmis mTlianad ganvazaveT. Cvenma gonebam
umaRlesi organizeba SeiZina da ena, romliTac sakuTar az-
rebs gadmovcemT, kidev ufro cocxali, sityvauxvi Dda ab-
straqtuli xdeba, ase rom, is simRerisaTvis vargisi ver
iqneba. imave dros, musikac ufro maRal organizebas iZens da,
rodesacA sityvebs uerTdeba, erTi mxriv, melodiis rTuli
niuansebiT amaxinjebs, meore mxriv – Tavisi mZlavri JRera-
dobiT STanTqavs maT. ase rom, amJamad simReris xelovneba
imave mdgomareobaSia, rogorc skulptura; es ukanaskneli
abstraqtul da pirobiT saqmianobad gadagvarda, romlis sa-
sicocxlo wvenebi narCundeba oden tradiciiT da im Sinagani,
magram ukve amowuruli impulsiT, romelic am xelovnebaTa
WeSmarit arsebobas ufro martiv garemoebebSic uzrunvel-
yofda. amgvarad, aRmoCndeba, rom poezia yvelaze namdvili

289
keTilxmovnebis gareSe darCeba. Tu leqsebi musikas jer kidev
ver ewyoba, Cveulebriv, es yvelaze uxamsi leqsebia, romelT-
ac gamoZebnian xolme sentimentaluri da inteleqtualuri
gagebiT umwifari kompozitorebi, cdunebulni im efeqtiT,
romelsac amgvari Txzulebebis ritorikuli ugemovnoba Se-
iZleba axdendes.
simReris dasrulebasTan erTad metyveleba grZnobadis
raRac xarisxs mainc inarCunebs xmovnebisa da Tanxmovnebis
wyalobiT, romlebic bgeraTa SeTanxmebas qmnian. keTilxmov-
nebis amgvari saxeoba zogierT tkbilmoubar poets SeumCne-
veli ar darCenia; is axla aseve saqmianad Seiswavleba zog
samecniero kaTedraze, da momismenia, erTi sakmarisad gavle-
niani kritikosi rogor amtkicebda, rom poeziis silamaze
ganpirobebulia mxolod da mxolod bgera `j~-sa da `S~-s
gameorebis sixSiriT da nerwyvis Sesabamisi raodenobiT, am
dros pirSi rom grovdebao. magram nerwyvi poeturi silama-
zis ZiriTad kriteriumad Tu ar gvevlineba, mainc udavo da
Rrma gansxvaveba arsebobs im efeqtebSi, romlebsac sxvada-
sxva poetis mier leqsebis wakiTxvis gansxvavebuli manera
axdens; es gansakuTrebulad cxadiO xdeba, rodesac poetebi
sxvadasxva enaze saubroben. erTi adamianis, erTi xalxis mety-
veleba kompaqturia, uxvia TanxmovnebiT, xorkliania, gamo-
yofilia maxviliani sityvebiT; sxva adamianis, sxva xalxis
ena RiaobiT, simsubuqiT, siswrafiT, intonaciis sidinjiT
gamoirCeva. amgvarad, daxvewil grZnobasTan burleskis Se-
revisas baironi inglisur metyvelebas ymawviluri simsu-
buqiT upirispirebs italiurs:
me ena miyvars! laTinuris amayi bgera,
rarig nazia siyvarulis gamotydomisas!
rarigad sunTqavs masSi amo rbili samxreTi!
rarig tkbilia mis momReral xmovanTa JRera!
Cvensas ki ar hgavs, qaraSotTa samefos Sobils,
aRsavses mqrqali, uRimRamo bgerebis wyebiT, –
imgvar Znel enas, laparakis Jams rom vjaxirobT,
vaxvelebT, vustvenT an vWedavT.

da mainc, es aSkara kontrastebi, Tuki ukidures SemTx-

vevebs aviRebT, Cveni cnobierebidan iSleba, rodesac ub-
290
ralod mSobliur enaze vsaubrobT. TviT metyvelebis pro-
cesi gvaiZulebs, daviviwyoT instrumenti, miT umetes, rom
is praqtikulad yovelTvis ucvlelad erTia. Sesabamisad,
keTilxmovnebis grZnoba sxva, ufro cocxal sferoebSi ga-
dadis: intonacia, sazomi, metyvelebis ritmi. elementarul
bgerebs im enis kanonebi gvkarnaxobs, romelzec vsaubrobT
da aq arCevani didi ar aris; magram sityvaTa organizeba jer
kidev sakmarisad Tavisufalia da rodesac Cvens metyvelebas
metrul da ritmul xasiaTs vaniWebT, amiT mis JReradobas
vaZlierebT, naTqvamis Sinaarsis damoukidebladac ki. for-
mis TvalsazrisiT poeziis Tavisufali ganmarteba amgvarad
SeiZleba JRerdes: poezia – es metyvelebaa, romelSic ins-
trumenti azris tolmniSvnelovania; poezia – es metyvele-
baa metyvelebisaTvis da Tavisi sakuTari silamazisaTvis.
msgavsad imisa, rogorc Cveulebrivi fanjrebi, romlebic
mxolod imisTvis aris gankuTvnili, rom Suqi SemouSvas, vi-
traJi ki mas aferadebs da, amasTan, TavisTavad TviT qmnis
garemos, romelic Semdeg sxva sagnebs gansakuTrebul tons
aZlevs. asea poeziac, romelic – wminda prozisagan gans-
xvavebiT, oden azris gadmocemas rom emsaxureba, – Tavisi
sakuTari sinaTlisa da Crdilis TamaSiT gajadoebs, saku-
Tari didebulebiT gxiblavs da xandaxan sinaTles gaelvebis
nebas aZlevs, da amiT mkiTxvels dabneulobaSi tovebs – imis
imediT, rom Semdeg masac gasxivosneba ewveva.
swored am azriT gaxlavT poeturni grZeli pasaJebi Se-
lis `islamis amboxidan~ da kitsis `endimionidan~; SesaZle-
belia, mkiTxvelma maTgan veranairi gansazRvruli azri ver
gamoitanos, magram ganicdis poeturi enis keTilxmovani da
swored rom gadaSenebuli sityvis zegavlenas, sityvisas,
upirovno vnebiT rom aRvsila da im grZnobasac aRemateba,
TviT leqsis striqonebis moZraobiTa da simdidriT rom ga-
nicdi. amgvar poezias diads ver uwodeb; igi uSinaarsoa da
momwifebuli gonebisaTvis Seuferebeli; magram is poetu-
ria da oden muzis kanonier Svilebs SeuZliaT, Seqmnan. mowa-
feobis wlebs ekuTvnis, magram es geniosis mowafeobis wle-
bia. igi inaxavs naTesaur kavSirebs diad poetebTan, romelTa
rakraki da umizno JRurtuli, Tavis mxriv, simReris maRal
xelovnebasTan kavSirs inarCunebs – am gziT es poemebi imis
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siRrmiseul SesaZleblobebs da silamazes gadmoscemen, rac
xelovnebis instrumenti unda iyos. am grZnobadi fonisa da
silamazisadmi Sinagani winaswarganwyobis gareSe arcerT
xelovnebas ar ZaluZs, zegavlenis Rrma da daxvewil efeqts
miaRwios; am grZnobad Tvisebebs Sinaarsiani struqturis
gareSec xelewifebaT, idealuri samyaros is SegrZneba ga-
napirobon, romelsac ganvicdiT, odes WeSmarit silamazes
vxvdebiT.
amitom gansazRvruli saxis poeziisaTvis sityvebis
grZnobadi silamazec, maTi bgeriTi sazomic ukve sakmarisia:
maTi yofna poeturobis arsebobas Seumcdarad aCvenebs;
Tumca poezia, mis srul, umaRles gamoxatulebaSi aq SeiZ-
leba arc iyos. sinamdvileSi iseT nawarmoebebSi, rogore-
bicaa `islamis amboxi~ an `endimioni~, ukve raRac ufro metia,
vidre ubralod metri an JReradoba, maTSi aris feri, isini
sityvis ZiebiT, striqonebis ucnauri, zogjer mxatvruli
SexamebiTac ki aRbeWdilan. maTi ena da Lstili daxvewilia,
SesaZlebelia, ramdenadme afeqtirebuli, magram yvela Sem-
TxvevaSi, moxdenili.
amgvar stils, romliTac simbolistebi TiTqmis ganuyof-
lad aRiWurvnen, SegviZlia, evfuisturi vuwodoT. is gan-
sazRvruli saxis Seferadebuli sityvebisa da uCveulo,
eliptikur SeTanxmebaTa SerCevaze gaxlavT damyarebuli.
Tu didi poetebis Sedareba SeiZleba arqiteqtorebTan
da skulptorebTan, evfuistebi oqrosxelebian ostatebsa
da iuvelirebs gagoneben; isini moelvare qvebiT mdidar,
Zvirfas qanTan muSaoben. evfuistebi didad uwyoben xels
im poetur efeqts, rasac kitsisa da Selis tiradebi axdens;
Tu movisurvebdiT, gverwmuna Zala versifikatorobisa,
evfuizmi rom ar Sexebia, Cven popis tiradebisaTvis unda
migvemarTa, poetisa, romelsac metri da keTilxmovneba Ta-
visTavad gamosdis da amgvarad viRebT konturs, poeziis
ConCxs, xorcisagan ganZarculs.
goneba ugzod xetialobs,
lamobs, gaigos,
ra aris samarTliani.
WeSmariteba ki martivia:
yoveli arsebuli – marTalia.
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 saWiroa, kargad dafiqrde, vidre am striqonebs poeturs
uwodeb; ase rom, poeziis formaluri arsi evfuizmsac mo-
iTxovs da metrul simwyobresac.
da mainc, motanil magaliTs wmindad sityvieri sferodan
warmosaxvis sferoSi gadavyavarT. popi arapoeturi an TiT-
qmis arapoeturia, imitom ki ara, rom mis leqsebSi ar aris
harmonia – keTilxmovaneba; is zedmetad inteleqtualuria,
gonebas zedmetad bevr raimes sTxovs.AerTi sityviT, poezia
ufro msubuqi im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu mas aranairi azri ar
moaqvs, aRiqmeba, ubralod rogorc gancda an musika; magram
poezia winaaRmdegobas uwevs sityvas, Tu is abstraqtul
ideas Seicavs, gansakuTrebiT, Tu es idea Semosilia imgvari
brtyeli sofizmis formiT, rogoradac Cven winaSe citire-
buli striqonebi warmodgeba; grZnobis mxurvaleba inteleq-
tis xrkebiT icvleba, azris xelovnuri ageba ki nebas ar gvaZ-
levs, ganvicadoT sixaruli, naTqvamis silamaze rom gvCuqnis.
Tu Tavisi umaRlesi miRwevebiT poezia ufro filoso-
fiuria, vidre istoria, radgan umniSvnelo garemoebaTa
wreSic ki gamoyofs adamianTa da movlenaTa dasamaxsovrebel
tipebs, zustad aseve, Tavisi pirveladi arsiT da bunebiT
poezia ufro filosofiuri gaxlavT, vidre proza, radgan
is Cvens uSualo gamocdilebasTan ufro axlos dgas. po-
ezia yavlgasuli sityvebiT gadmocemul moarul ideebs
amsxvrevs da maT aniWebs grZnobad Sinaarss,A romlisganac
Tavdapirvelad es ideebi miiRes. Cven saxels vaniWebT imas,
rasac vacnobierebT da risic gvjera, magram ara imas, ra-
sac vxedavT; sagnebs, da ara saxeebs, suls, da ara bgerebs da
siluetebs. grZnobaTa aRzrdis zogad sistemaSi Sesvlisas
es saxeldeba cxovrebis marTebul aRqmas ganapirobebs; gza
rom gavikvaloT sagnebis labirinTSi, gars rom gvaxvevia,
Cvens grZnobad gamocdilebaSi umaRlesi xarisxiT gamWri-
axni unda viyoT; naxevarma imisagan, rasac Cven vxedavT da
vismenT, SeumCnevlad unda Caiaros, maSin, rodesac meore
naxevari unda gamoiyos idealuri sizustiT, romelic auci-
lebelia imisaTvis, rom misgan dasrulebuli da organi-
zebuli samyaro Seiqmnas. es gaxlavT samuSao Secnobisa da
SerCevisaTvis, es cdis materialuri sazrisis amoSifrvaa,

293
daprogramebuli Cvens yoveldRiur enasa da warmodgenebSi;
warmodgenebSi, romlebsac, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, poeturi
vuwodoT im azriT, rom isini `gakeTebulia~ (radgan yoveli
idea zrdasrul cnobierebaSi konstantirdeba, rogorc
gamonagoni), magram romlebic amave dros prozaulicaa,
radgan abstraqciis gziT da utilitaruli miznisaTvisaa
konstruirebuli.
rodesac axalgazrda poeturi genia, romelmac es inte-
leqtualuri da utilitaruli ena jer kidev akvanSi Seis-
wavla, Tavisuflad gamodis da bunebis niSnebis aRqmas
iwyebs, igi Rrmad Seiwovs cxovrebiseul STabeWdilebaTa sim-
ravlesac, romelic inteleqtma ugulebelyo da romelTa
gadmocemac, saeWvoa, inteleqtis enas SeeZlos; mas Semecne-
bis usaxelo tvirTis tareba uwevs da sakuTar Tavs uanga-
riSo grZnobebsa da ocnebebSi flangavs, vidre bolos da
bolos romelime xelovnebis meTods ar daeufleba, romelic
gzas miscems mis STagonebas, ufro zustad, mis im naSTebs,
romelTac drois gamocdas da gamoxatvis disciplinas
gauZles. A A
poeti bunebisagan azris umankoebiT gaxlavT dajildo-
ebuli an iolad iZens mas; Cveulebriv warmodgenaTa fiqci-
ebs is grZnobad elementebad xleCs, kvlav SemTxveviT war-
monaqmnebad aerTebs – iseve, rogorc yovelgvari sistemis
gareSe maT SeaerTebda wre, romelSic is izrdeboda, anda misi
temperamentis ucnaurobani; da ai, grZnobaTa es simdidre, es
Tavisufleba fantaziisa, romlebic misi udieri gulis Sesa-
niSnav ferments warmoadgens, gareT gadmoiRvreba da gamo-
xatvis raRac formas iRebs.
am saxis gadmoRvris sisavse da grZnobadoba Cveni aRqmis-
Tvis ufro gasagebi xdeba, vidre yoveldRiuri metyveleba;
amave dros, maT srulad xelewifebaT, carielni, maRalfar-
dovanni da Soreulni moeCvenon maT, vinc oden simboloe-
biT azrovnebas SeeCvia, vinc Tavs uflebas ar aZlevs, az-
ris maTematikuri sizuste Tundac wuTieri pauziT da
gulisadmi mimarTviT gawyvitos, vinac ar uwyis, Tundac wa-
mierad, grZnobaTa da warmodgenaTa im nakads daemorCilos,
romelzec yoveldRiur asociaciaTa is xidia gadebuli, pi-
robiT qmedebaTa napirze Cveulebriv mSralad da mSvidad
294
rom gadavyavarT. ramdenad myifea es xidi, ramdenad didad
aris damokidebuli sayrdenebisa da konstruqciaTa sim-
yareze, im dromde ver acnobiereb, vidre ar iswavli, TviT-
CaRrmavebis diadi simZafre ganicado. magram fsiqologebma
aRmoaCines – da Cven, Cveulebriv adamianebs, gvixdeba, maTi si-
marTle vaRiaroT, – rom imis msgavsad, rogorc Cven, saku-
Tar saqmeSi Caflulni, quCis xmaurs, manqanebis moZraobas ver
vamCnevT da viswrafviT, rac SeiZleba Cqara mivaRwioT quCis
kuTxemde, sadac unda SemovtrialdeT, an karamde, romelSic
unda SevideT, zustad aseve, Cven SeveCvieT, yuradReba ar mi-
vaqcioT idealuri xatebis nakads, Cveni cnobierebis gavliT
rom Caiqrolebs xolme. magram Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovre-
bis yvelaze daZabul momentebSi Cveni sulis siRrmeebi CvenSi
farulad Tvlems. realuri samyaro Tavisi siSiSvliT qaossa
da sulis SfoTvas upirispirdeba. logikuri azrovneba Cvens
yoveldRiur gamocdilebas ufro meti xarisxiT ver gansazR-
vravs, vidre paralelebi da meridianebi, romlebic zRvis
zedapirze kvadratebs xazaven da zRvis wylebis msvlelobas
gansazRvraven. isini kurss gviCveneben, yuradRebas ar aqcev-
en maradiulad mSfoTvare talRebs da arad agdeben Cvens un-
ars, dasaxul mizans maTi gavliT mivaRwioT. saRad azrovneba
– es sigiJea, keTili saqmeebisaken mimarTuli, sifxizle – es
aris ocneba, kontrols daqvemdebarebuli.
poeti Tavis xatebs ocnebis am idumal simdidreTagan
moipovebs. igi samyaros racionaluri garsis qveS ganlage-
bul qaosSi aRwevs, iqidan mfrinav xats, SemTxveviT grZno-
bas iRebs da maT realur obieqtze mimarTavs; is garduva-
lis, ucvlelis uflebebs ki ar amkvidrebs, aramed aRniSnavs
ucvlels, bunebas ubrunebs elfers, romelsac inteleqti
gaxunebis nebas aZlevs. zogjer SeiZleba mogeCvenos, rom is
arad agdebs faqtebs, magram es mxolod imitom xdeba, rom igi
cocxal gamocdilebas aRadgens. Cven SegviZlia am process
umartives magaliTebze davakvirdeT. rodesac osiani mzes
Tavis mamaTa mrgval fars adarebs, igi poetur figuras
iyenebs. ratom? imitom, rom sityva `mzes~, TviTkmarsa da sxvag-
var ganmartebaTa ardamSvebs, is sxva sityvebs moayolebs,
romlebic sagnis praqtikuli daxasiaTebisaTvis aucilebe-
li ar aris, magram misi sakuTari aRqmis individualobas da
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im asociaciebs gamoxatavs, romlebic poetis cnobierebaSi
warmoiqmneba. ar arsebobs kvadratuli mze, romelic SeiZ-
leba, im mzeSi agerios, rom is saubrobs; Semdeg sagangebod
SeCereba imis saTqmelad, rom igi mrgvalia – gaxlavT fufu-
neba, grZnobis garRveva, daSvebuli siyvarulis im formis
saxeliT, romliTac is imoseba. xolo Txrobis gagrZeleba
da imis Tqma – sxvaTa Soris, savsebiT uadgilod – rom misi
mamebis faric aseve mrgvali iyo, mxolod imas niSnavs, rom igi
Tavisi warmosaxvis SemTxveviT msvlelobaSi Tanamonawile-
obisaTvis gviwvevs, raTa misi tvinis SigTavss CavxedoT; SeiZ-
leba sxvagvaradac iTqvas: ase rom hyveba ambavs, poeti Tavis
naqsovs TiTqosda ukuRma amoabrunebs da Zafebis nawyvetebs
gviCvenebs, ukuRma mxares rom CamoSvebula. msgavsi eskapade-
bi sagnis marTebul xedvas amaxinjebs da didi poeti, rode-
sac mzis srulqmnil xats qmnis da sakuTar Tavs masSi gana-
zavebs, amgvar gzas albaT zizRiT uaryofda; magram masSi aris
raRac romantikuli da ukuRmarTi interesi: igi sinamdvi-
lis gamocdilebas aRadgens da am TvalsazrisiT poeturi
gaxlavT. Cven gvaiZules, ganvicadoT grZnoba, poets rom
flobs, wamierad CavwvdeT mis aramiwier arss.
magram SeCveuli sagnebis gaSiSvlebuli formis dafar-
visas poeti Tavisi gamocdilebis sakuWnaodan oden ideebsa
da xatebs rodi moipovebs; xSirad is am sagnebs ufro natifi
ornamentiT amkobs, rodesac imave wyarodan amoxapavs. pir-
veli, rasac inteleqti movlenis arsis formirebis procesSi
ukuagdebs, – es aris grZnoba, romelic Semecnebas Tan axlavs;
pirveli, rasac poeti akeTebs, – is am grZnobas sicocxles
ubrunebs. igi xatis win Seyovndeba, raTa es tkboba gamosca-
dos. is asociaciebis klaknil bilikebze eSureba, radgan es
bilikebi mSvenieria. mSvenierebis siyvaruli, romelic mas
iZulebuls xdis, sityvebs sazomi da ritmi SeurCios, si-
yvaruli harmoniisadmi, poets riTmebis Ziebas rom aiZulebs,
mis warmosaxvas aRviZebs da iZulebuls xdis, SearCios is,
rac TavisTavad mSvenieria, an is, rasac unari Seswevs, mSve-
nier formebSi gadmoiRvaros. yvelaze xSirad poets swored
es grZnoba aZlevs saSualebas, erTad SeakavSiros ideebi,
romelTac zogjer erTmaneTTan cota ram Tu aerTianebs;
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maTTvis saerTo – mSvenierebisa da saSinelebis romeliRac
elementia.
poetis xelovneba – es umetesi xarisxiT grZnobebis
gaZlierebis xelovnebaa im daqsaqsul obieqtTa montaJis
gziT, romlebmac es grZnobebi gamoiwvia. poeti saganTa
WeSmarit kavSirs wvdeba, radgan maT elementarul kavSi-
rebs Jinianad akvirdeba. Cveulebrivi azrovnebis wamyvani
principi ubralod interesi gaxlavT, da, amgvarad, yurad-
Rebis arealSi mxolod is xvdeba, rac am interess Seesaba-
meba; mecnieruli azrovnebis wamyvani principi aris ada-
mianebis kavSiri drosa da sivrceSi, an kanonzomierebaTa
raRac erToba; poeturi azrovnebis wamyvani principi xSirad
ganwyobileba an gancda xdeba. erTnairi grZnobiT gamsWva-
lul sxvadasxvagvar saganTa amgvari gaerTianebis procesSi
TviT es grZnoba mZlavr Zalmosilebas iZens; ufro metic,
xSirad is pirvelad iRviZebs. ai, zustad aseve, ukve cnobil
ferebs rom urevda, perujino feris arnaxul gamWvirvalobas
aRwevda, ticiani ki – arnaxul sixasxases. poetebs amgvarad-
ve SeuZliaT, gaaRviZon grZnobebi, ufro mSvenierni, vidre
isini, romlebic maTTvis manamde iyo cnobili; qmnadobis
procesSi isini bednierebisa da tanjvaTa axali mijnebis
pirvelaRmomCenni xdebian. `gamoxatva~ – macdunebeli ter-
minia, radgan is varaudobs, rom raRac ukve cnobili gad-
moicema an aisaxeba; sinamdvileSi ki gamoxatva TavisTavad
originalur qmedebas warmoadgens, romlis Rirsebebi Semdeg
gamoxatul sagans gadaecema, imis msgavsad, rogorc Cinuri
mandarinebis Rirsebani retrospeqtulad vrceldeboda maT
winaprebze. aseve, poeti, grZnobaTa sxvadasxvanairi elfe-
riT sagnebis wvdomis Jams momxiblvelobis sxivebs moqmede-
bis scenaze mimarTavs, isini ki mTavari rolis Semsrulebels
ecema, romelic marjve xelovanis mier misTvis agebuli
dekoraciis upiratesobebs iyenebs.
am iluziis subieqts TviT poeti warmoadgens, da udidesi
– Tumca ara mTlad saukeTeso – nawili imisa, rasac poezia
ewodeba, amgvari saxis idealizeba gaxlavT, ganxorcielebu-
li Semoqmedis nebiT. Cven samyaros Cveni sakuTari ferebiT
vaferadebT; Sesabralisad vcdebiT, rodesac sakuTar Segr-
297
Znebebs yalbad warvmarTavT da bunebas sakuTari gancdebiT
vavsebT, Semdeg ki Cveni zneobrivi yofisadmi misi rbili
TanagrZnobiT aRvfrTovandebiT. amgvari saxis aberacia, ro-
gorc is vordsvortis magaliTze SeiZleba vaCvenoT, savsebiT
SesaZlebelia, swored im unarTa maRal ganviTarebas Seexa-
mos, romlebic damaxinjebebs eqvemdebareba, – xedvis unars
da SegrZnebis unars. piriqiT, Warbi grZnoba da originaluri
xedva sakuTar Tavs iolad swored daunawevrebeli formiT
gamoxatavs. saWiroa Zala inteleqtisa, romelsac poetebi iS-
viaTad floben, raTa STagoneba gonebiT SevamowmoT da, amave
dros, pirveli maTgani ar SevasustoT; Tuki, rogorc es Cve-
ulebriv xdeba, Zala ocnebisa da vnebisa, poets rom eufleba,
mis saazrovno SesaZlebobebs aRemateba da igi Tavis leqseb-
Si WeSmariti harmoniisa da umaRlesi mSvenierebis miRwevas
ver SeZlebs. maSin aseT SemTxvevebSic ki mas SesaZlebloba
eZleva, isini saucxoo saxeebiT da maRali moraluri paTo-
siT aRavsos.
Tuki Semoqmedebis inteleqtualuri da emociuri ele-
mentebi erTmaneTs daunawevrebel mTlianobad erwymis, ma-
Sin warmosaxva imgvar siwrfelesa da WeSmaritebas iZens, ro-
goric grZnobadi poeziisaTvis miuwvdomelia. gare samyaro,
adamianuri grZnobis nakadebSi ganivTebuli, Sinagani samya-
ro, gare sagnebis formebs rom iRebs – ai, bunebrivi mdgo-
mareoba erTis da meorisa manam, sanam inteleqti obieqtebis
prozaul klasificirebas ar moaxdens, ar ganazogadebs maT
da Sesabamis sferoebSi ar gadaanawilebs. amgvari klasifika-
cia, romliTac zogierTi metafizikosic amayobs, WeSmariti
geniosis aRmoCena ar gaxlavT; is zustad mogvagonebs osia-
nis dakvirvebebs: mrgvalia mze da aseve mrgvalia misi mam-
ebis fari; amgvari klasifikacia Cveuli obieqtebis gayofas
warmoadgens, romlis Sedegad Cvens cnobierebaSi pirveladi
asociaciebi aRorZindeba; Semdeg Cven gveubnebian, rom obi-
eqti da grZnoba, SemTxveviT droSi Tanxvedrilni, warmoad-
gens raRac erTianobas, da Cven – Tuki zemoxsenebuli prin-
cipi organizebis romelime umaRlesi da gaumjobesebuli
sistemiT ar Seicvleba – vubrundebiT qaoss uZravi cxove-
luri cnobierebisas, romelSic yvelaferi erTad gadaxlar-
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Tula, daunawevreblad aisaxeba da SeigrZnoba, rogorc erTi
gamouTqmeli mTlianoba.
ubadruki cdomileba gaxlavT es dabruneba Cveni Soreuli
winaprebis azrobriv formebTan, keTili da boroti sulebiT
rom asaxlebdnen samyaros; sagniT maTSi gamowveul grZno-
bebs isini Tavad sagnis Tvisebad aRiqvamdnen. am bunebriv
qaosTan mibrunebisas poezia adamianebs emsaxureba, radgan
Cvens mexsierebaSi aRadgens da asxivosnebs adamianuri ga-
mocdilebis im fazebs, romlebic materialuri samyaros
Tanamedrove gagebisaTvis usargeblod qceula da saerTod
miviwyebis riskis winaSea. aq poezia Tavis sasicocxlo wvenebs
moipovebs, radgan saganTa arsSi SeRwevisas is Cvens utili-
tarul enas asxvaferebs da saxeobrivi siRatakis mdgomare-
obidan gamovyavarT; igi Cven odesRac gancdils Segvaxsenebs,
is ocnebasTan gvepatiJeba, igi im saucxoo, mfrinav xatebs
eloliaveba, romelTagan, viTarca sanTels namwvisagan, Cvens
tvinis xveulebs vwmendT. da Sedegad oden wamier da warmaval
siamovnebas ar viRebT; gancdili aRtaceba CvenTan rCeba da
Cvens cnobierebaSi aRwevs; es gamocdileba saSualebas gva-
Zlevs, ufro Sors vxedavdeT da ufro Rrmad SevigrZnob-
deT; Cven viZenT unars, bunebisa da cxovrebis Cveulebriv
gamovlinebebSi vpovoT meti siamovneba. rodesac poeti Cveni
Tvalebidan pirobiTobis saburvels xsnis, Cven ufro zus-
tad vakontrolebT yovel sakuTar nabijs, baton-patronni
vxdebiT Cveni cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebisa, SesaZlebloba
gveZleva, vcvaloT misi moZraoba, xan mis usasrulod mcire
sidideebSi viZirebiT, xanac misi rTuli labirinTebis siR-
rmeebSi SevdivarT.
Tumca, Tuki poeziis funqcia grZnobadi da mxatvruli
Tavisuflebis amgvari ganaxlebiT SemoisazRvreboda – Cven-
Tvis Cveuli azrovnebis wesis xarjze, – Cven, grZnobaTa si-
munjisagan droebiTi ganTavisuflebisaTvis madlierebiT
aRvsilebs, is mainc unda gveRiarebina, rom saubaria oden
dasvenebaze. sulieri disciplina am SemTxvevaSi veranairad
ver miiRweva, da misi Zieba mTlianad im inteleqtualuri
sivrcis farglebSi unda moxdes, rasac mecniereba bunebis
Sesaxeb prozis kategoriebSi qmnis. amgvarad aRqmuli poe-
zia imsaxurebs sasamarTlos, platonisagan pirferobisa da
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garTobis msaxuri yvela xelovnebisaTvis ganmwesebuls; Se-
saZlebelia, xotba Seasxa poeziis saocrebebs, magram, amave
dros, is cxovrebidan unda gandevno, rogorc zneobriobis
safrTxe, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aRiaro raRac iseTad, rac mkacr
sazRvrebSi unda gadaiyvano, saidanac is yvelaze naklebi zia-
nis moyenebas SeZlebs. Cveulebriv, filosofosebi uaryofen
platonis sasamarTlos, Tumca is, udavoa, efuZneba da SeiZ-
leba dadasturdes moralis elementaruli principebiT. rac
Seexeba saero xalxs, igi, piriqiT, iRebs poezias; adamianebi
poetebsa da mxatvrebs uyureben, rogorc suliT avadmyo-
febs, romelTa zegavlena seriozul safrTxes malavs, magram
romlebic dResaswaulis dReebSi SeiZleba gamoiyenon, ro-
gorc maTi mTavari kerZi da samkauli – imaTi msgavsi, rogo-
rebicaa mzareulebi, parikmaxerebi da yvavilebiT movaWreni.
da mainc, zogierTi garemoeba nebas gvaZlevs, vifiqroT,
rom poeziis umaRlesi sazrisi jer kidev ar monaxula. pla-
toni, homeross rom gmobda, Tavadac Taviseburad poeti gax-
ldaT; misi konfliqti muzis aRzrdilebTan ar iyo Tavad
qalRmerTTan konfliqti; da keTili filistimelebi, rogo-
ri undoblobiTac ar unda mokidebodnen saero xelovnebas,
uRrmesi pativiscemiT uxdidnen xarks religias, romelic
poeziis saxeobas warmoadgens, maT cxovrebaze iseve amaR-
lebuls, rogorc kiferonis mTaze SuaRamis nadimebi, romle-
bic, rogorc cnobilia, aseve religiur xasiaTs atarebdnen.
neba miboZeT, vikiTxo, ra aris amgvar SeusabamisobaTa mize-
zi? ratom uTmoben adamianebi TavianT cxovrebaSi adgils
religias? ratom aris, rom platoni poetebs gandevnis da
Tavis prozaSi samyaros ganadidebs? imitom, rom cnebaTa
ganzogadebis (abstrahirebis) gza, ris Sedegad mecnierebis
samyaro da yoveldRiuri yofa Cvens cxovrebiseul gamoc-
dilebas gamoeyofa – daufiqrebeli da vulgaruli adami-
anebisTvisac ki Zalze sastiki gzaa; idealuroba meqanizmi-
sa, romelsac Cven vuwodebT bunebas, pirobiToba dramisa,
romelsac Cven samyaros vuwodebT, metad TvalismomWrelia,
raTa nebismierma Cvenganma Tundac ramenairad ar aRiqvas
isini. yovelma adamianma Tundac odesme sakuTar sulSi unda
Caixedos; sikvdilze fiqriT TiToeulma misi moCvenebiToba
unda daijeros; yvelam sakuTar Tavs unda hkiTxos: mainc ra
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aris Cemi cxovrebis azri da Rirebuleba? adamiani Tavis Zi-
riTad midrekilebebs gaixsenebs, igi igrZnobs, rom realobis
SegrZnebis miniWeba misTvis oden iluziebs SeeZloT, mxolod
vnebas xelewifeboda, imedisa da mSvidobis SegrZneba eCuqe-
bina. igi waikiTxavs Tavisi cxovrebs wigns da imas miuaxlov-
deba, rom Tavisi arsebobis azrs Cawvdes; yovel SemTxvevaSi,
is Tundac naxevrad darwmundeba imaSi, rom yvelaferi, risi
gavlac mas mouwia, oden ocneba da simbolo iyo, da maSin igi
sxva sazRvrebSi mdebare WeSmaritebis ZiebisTvisac aaxels
Tvals.
esaa cvalebadi mdgomareoba sulisa, rodesac Cven vwvde-
biT xelovnurobas im cnebebisas, romlebiTac saRi azri
operirebs, da esaa poeziisaTvis WeSmaritebis momenti – mo-
menti, aqve davamatebT, romelsac poetebi Zalze xSirad uSve-
ben xelidan. yuradRebis daZabva, saganTa farul uSualobaze
azrebis koncentrireba, Cveulebriv, dabneulobaSi gvagdebs.
Cven gancvifrebulni varT, vivsebiT saganTa gamouTqmelo-
bis grZnobiT, TvalismomWrelad kaSkaSa, magram ara dana-
wevrebulebis – mravalTa, magram TavianT simravleSi erTi-
anTa. da, imis nacvlad, rom warmosaxvis mwvervalebisaken
gaveSuroT, misticizmSi viZirebiT.
saganTa mistikuri daSla maT Semadgenel elementebad
xelovnebis amocanebSi ar Sedis; Tu gadavwyvetT, rom rome-
lime xelovneba amas axorcielebs, am ganxorcielebis efeqti
mxolod meorexarisxovani SeiZleba iyos, xelovnebis WeSma-
riti obieqtis damuSavebisas warmoqmnili – zustad iseve,
rogorc xeebis miwidan pirdapir fesvebianad amoTxra gvi-
wevs taZris saZirkvlis Cayrisas – radgan yoveli xelovneba
masalas SenebisaTvis eZebs. da swored imitom, rom saRi azriT
da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebiT Seqmnili samyaro – nak-
luli samyaroa (da warmoadgens ConCxs, romelic, cxovrebis
dasawyebad jer grZnobiT unda aRivsos), momentia, rodesac
Cven am naklulobas vacnobierebT, da aris momenti, romelsac
xelovneba moixelTebs. rodesac samyaro danakuwebulia, is
(xelovneba) modis da `gulis kanonebiT aRadgens mas~.
poeziis umaRlesi sazrisi, romelic aq jer kidev ar Camo-
yalibebula, swored amaSi mdgomareobs: cocxali sinamdvi-
lis masalis gamoyenebiT igi gancdis realurobas swvdeba da
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moarul warmodgenaTa zedapirs aRwevs, Semdeg ki am cocxa-
li, magram Camouyalibebeli masalisagan axal struqturebs
qmnis, ufro mdidars, mSveniersa da adamianuri bunebis siR-
rmiseul tendenciebTan miaxloebuls, ufro erTguls sulis
umaRlesi SesaZleblobebisadmi. CayvinTva im doneze, sadac
Cveni yofierebis nawilakuri elementebi mdebareobs, mar-
Tldeba zogad sazrisTan misi Semdgomi Tavisufali zeaR-
svliT: grZnobas mxolod imitom mivmarTavT, raTa gonebis-
Tvis sakvebi movipovoT; Cven pirobiTobebs mxolod imisTvis
varRvevT, raTa idealebi SevqmnaT.
Semoqmedebis amgvari gza – mTeli diadi poeziis safuZve-
lia. mecniereba da saRi azri Taviseburad aseve poetebs war-
moadgenen da ulazaToni sulac ar arian; radgan sinamdvi-
lis masalis gamoyenebiT isini misgan naTel, simetriul da
mSvenier samyaros qmnian; miT ufro, TviT wesiereba amgvari
xelovnebisa mas Cveulebrivad aqcevs. misi paTosi ubralo
ritorikad gardaiqmneba, misi metaforebi – prozad. mag-
ram mecnierul-maTematikuri xedva sakuTar TavSi amgvari
xarisxiTac ki ufro met silamazes flobs, vidre gancdisa
da impulsis iracionaluri poezia, romelic, spirtiani sas-
melis msgavsad, Cvens gonebas ubralod aRagznebs da Cvens
SemTxveviT da mdabal vnebebze TamaSobs. piriqiT, didi po-
etis warmosaxva imdenadve mkacrad masStaburia, ramdenadac
astronomis warmosaxva; igi flobs naturalistis moTmine-
bas, detalebisadmi mis siyvaruls, mis gavarjiSebul Tvals,
romelsac unari aqvs, dainaxos odnav SesamCnevi niuansebi da
ZiriTadi mimarTulebani; man ar icis fusfusi; is ar pozi-
rebs da originalobaze pretenzias ar acxadebs; igi Zalas
Tavis obieqtSi eZebs, misi obieqti ki – saarsebo, aucilebeli
samyaro gaxlavT. yovelive amiT naturalists mogvagonebs,
Tumca poeti misgan Tavisi interesebis xarisxiT gansxvav-
deba; poets ufro konkretuli goneba aqvs; samyaro mis winaSe
misi yoveli elferiT wardgeba da mTel Tavis Sinagani vnebisa
da cxovrebis muxts inarCunebs. imis nacvlad, rom yofiere-
bis raodenobrivi elementebi Seiswavlos, poeti mis mora-
lur RirebulebebSi, mis mSvenierebaSi, mis wyaroebSi aRwevs,
romelTagan adamianis suli sazrdoobs: amgvarad, kosmosi,
mis mier Seqmnili, sulis idealur scenad iqceva, romelzec
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poetis potenciuri SesaZleblobebis ukeTilSobilesi dra-
ma TamaSdeba da misi mowodeba isxams xorcs.
poeziis umaRlesi sazrisi gaxlavT dasrulebuli gamo-
xatva im meTodisa, romlis daxmarebiTac sityvebi da xatebi
leqsad gardaiqmneba. imis msgavsad, rogorc leqsi marcvle-
bis (enis) prozismier wesrigs arRvevs da maT xilul da tkbo-
bis momniWebel sazomSi ayalibebs, aseve poezia mTlianobaSi
sinamdvilis saerTo prozaul suraTs imisTvis arRvevs, rom
igi gonebisaTvis ufro axlo da mkafio ritmebSi gamoxatos.
orive SemTxvevaSi principulad igive qmedeba xorcielde-
ba, romlis meSveobiTac Sualedur sferoebSi saRi azris
mier uaryofili xatebi da emociebi, romlebic ver SeniSnes,
imgvari wesrigiT lagdebian, raTa goneba misi sakuTari yo-
fierebis ufro WeSmariti da Rrma SemecnebisaTvis moamza-
don. am Sualedur doneze arsebobs fantastikuri poezia da
damkvirvebeli poezia; poezia, romelic marcvlis ubralo
JReradobiTa da virtuozulobiT SemoisazRvreba, yvelaze
dabal safexurzea ganlagebuli; umaRlesi sferoebi ki Semoq-
medebiTi gonebis poezias ekuTvnis. magram ucvlelia erTi
principi – principi mSvenierebisa; movlenaTa mimsgavsebis
xelovneba – sityvebSi, xatebSi, emociebSi an ideis sistemebSi
Tu gamoixateba – gonebis moZraobisaTvis dafaruli rCeba.
axla vcadoT, ramdenadme CavuRrmavdeT poeziis am maRal
sazriss da gamovyoT misi zogierTi faza.
xasiaTebis Seqmna – ai, sad surT mravalT, warmosaxvis mTa-
vari triumfi ixilon. magram Tu Cven Cvens pirad midrekile-
bebs gavemijnebiT da saqmes misi adamianuri da logikuri
kavSirebis TvalsazrisiT SevxedavT, cxadia, imisi aRiareba
mogviwevs, rom xasiaTebis dalageba (Seqmna) poeturi Semoq-
medebis umaRlesi amocana ar gaxlavT. xasiaTs ar ZaluZs, Cve-
ni cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis mTeli arsi amowuros; is sa-
kuTari TvisebebiT, sxva xasiaTebTan sakuTari kavSirebiTaa
Caketili, igi Cveni bunebrivi SesaZleblobebis mxolod erT
mxares gamoxatavs. amitom SeuZlebelia, yofierebis umaRle-
si sazrisi xasiaTSi gamoixatos. poets aqvs unari, Tavis nebis-
mier gmirSi sakuTari arsebis oden nawili Cados, magram misi
movaleobaa – Tavis qmnilebaSi mTliani gamoxatos. Sesabami-
sad, xasiaTic oden fragmentuli mTlianobaa; fragmentuli
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Tavis wyarosTan mimarTebiT, ramdenadac igi, ase vTqvaT,
Cveni arsebobis erTi Tvisebis gazrdas emyareba yvela dan-
arCenis Semcirebis xarjze. igi fragmentulia im obieqtTan
mimarTebiT, romelsac is warmoadgens, ramdenadac xasiaTi
raRac garemoSi funqcionirebs da mxolod sxva xasiaTebTan
SedarebiT da Tavisi warmomavlobis aspeqtiT SeiZleba Se-
fasdes. ara xasiaTi, aramed misi gamovlinebebi, misi warmoq-
mnis mizezebi – ai, WeSmariti interesis sagani. amgvarad, diad
ostatebTan, homerosisa da dantes sadarebTan, xasiaTebi,
Tundac SesaniSnavad gamoZerwilni, suraTis moZraobasa da
sazriss eqvemdebareba. yovel gamoxatul sulSi WeSmaritad
aris raRac ubadruki, raRac komikuri; sulebi, rogorc yo-
velive danarCeni, pirvel yovlisa, imiT xasiaTdebian, rac maT
akliaT. Cven instinqturad SevivgrZnobT, rom adamianisaTvis
Seuracxmyofeli iqneboda moesmina is, rasac mis zurgsukan
vambobT, maSinac ki, Tu Cveni sityvebis sazrisi mowoneba gax-
lavT: radgan aryofnis Jams is warmoadgens Semfasebel xa-
siaTs, yofnisas ki – Zalas, romelsac angariSi unda gauwio.
idealuri xasiaTebis Seqmnis procesSi warmosaxva Semdeg
ukve masalas gadaamuSavebs – gansazRvrul qmedebebsa da az-
rebs, – rac am ukanasknelTa calkeuli pirovnebebis saxeebSi
unificirebas gulisxmobs; magram saeWvoa, amgvarad Cafiqre-
buli xasiaTebi Cvens dakvirvebaTa nakads Seesabamebodes da
maT kidev ufro naklebad SeuZliaT, adamianuri yofierebis
mimarT interesis mTeli mravalsaxeoba amowuron. TavianT
safuZvelSi xasiaTebi cxovrebaSi arian CaZirulni, zustad
iseve, rogorc Tavdapirvelad TviT RmerTebi bunebaSi iyvnen
ganzavebulni. amitom poezia, imisaTvis, rom mTeli sinamd-
vile warmosaxos, unda Cawvdes misi gmirebis saidumloebebs
da movlenaTa sazriss, romlebiTac maTi qceva ganisazRvreba.
Cven isini iseT upirobo garemoSi unda movaqcioT, romelic
gansazRvruli landSaftis saxiT iSleba da grZnobisaTvis
yuradsaRebi gansazRvruli socialuri situaciis CarCoeb-
Si xvdeba.
xiluli landSafti poeziisaTvis WeSmariti obieqti jer
kidev ar aris. misi elementebi da, gansakuTrebiT, is emo-
ciuri agzneba, romelsac igi iwvevs, SeiZleba moTavsdes an
gamoixatos leqsSi; magram swored amiT landSafti Tavis
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WeSmarit moxazulobas kargavs da mxolod moraluri kod-
eqsis elementad gvevlineba. mxatvroba, arqiteqtura, meba-
Reoba da scenis gaformebis xelovneba peizaJs gamoiyenebs,
rogorc Tavis obieqts; da is xelovnebis am dargebs unda
davutovoT. magram arsebobs landSafti, romelic xilulis
sazRvrebs aRmatebulia da xedviTi sinTezisaTvis miuwv-
domeli gaxlavT; is im topografiuli azriT arsebobs, ro-
melic saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevigrZnoT, rom arsebobs zRva,
mTebi, ca Cven zemoT, maSinac ki, rodesac yovelive amas ver
vxedavT, da rom adamianTa tomebi, ganviTarebis sxvadasxva
safexurze mdgomni, dedamiwis uzarmazar zedapirze gafan-
tulan. yovelive amis gamoxatva oden kosmiuri landSaftis
poezias SeuZlia da xelovnebis mniSvnelovani roli isaa, rom
saWiro momentSi amgvari landSaftis grZnoba gaaRviZos: ise,
rom SeiZlebodes, kompoziciis centrSi mdgari obieqti swor
Suqze dainaxo; rom masze dadebuli ferebi mis yvela farTo
kavSirs asaxavdes; rom is diadTan da maradiulTan xelSesa-
xebi naTesaobiT gakeTilSobildes. ai, amgvarad, italieli
ostatebi farTo tiloze TavianT wmindanebis jgufebs ma-
donas irgvliv gamosaxavdnen da adgils tovebdnen cis, mTe-
bisa da mdinareebs, da kidev, albaT, romelime axlos mdebare
dekoratiuli sagnisaTvis; amgvarad, didi poeti Tavis xasi-
aTebs bunebis atmosferoSi ganaTavsebs da mudmivad gvinar-
Cunebs SegrZnebas, rom isini did samyaroSi cxovroben.
poetis Rirsebebi – misi azris keTilSobileba da adami-
anuroba, – iseTi sizustiT, albaT, sxva verafriT gaizomeba,
rogorc im samyaros masStabebiT, romelSic is cxovrobs; Tu
es umaRlesi sinjis poetia, misi mzera, dantes mzeris darad,
varskvlavebs aRwevs. vergiliusi, didi poeti, romlis mniS-
vnelobas zogjer usamarTlod aknineben, amasve gvaCvenebs,
mxolod sxva formiT; misi landSafti – romis mTeli sam-
yaroa, misi Tema – romauli didebulebis wminda wylebia,
gamoxatuli RvTismosaobaSi, mudmivobasa da kanonSi. mis yo-
vel striqonSi romaelis grZnoba sunTqavs, mas uyvars sofe-
li da misi Wapanwyvetani, radgan maTSi samoqalaqo sidiadis
safuZvlebsa da sayrdens xedavs; igi tradiciis pativiscemis
xarks ixdis, radgan is perspeqtivasa da istoriis mamoZrave-
bel impulss iZleva; igi mimarTavs RmerTebs, radgan isini
305
kuri da moraluri Zalebis is simboloebia, romlebic roms
msoflio batonobisaTvis brZolaSi STaagonebda.
TiTqmis yoveli klasikuri poeti am topografiul grZno-
bas flobs; mis leqsebSi didi odenobiT gvxvdeba sakuTari
saxelebi da miTiTebani istoriasa da miTologiaze; Tu mas,
imisaTvis, rom sazoms gauZlos, epiTeti sWirdeba, igi instin-
qturad irCevs adgilis an saxeobis dasaxelebas; misi Rvino
– wiTeli Rvino ar gaxlavT, aramed Rvino samosa; misi xeo-
bebi – Rrma xeobebi ar aris, aramed xemusis xeobebi; misi sim-
Rerebi – keTilJReradi simRerebi ar aris, aramed panis sim-
Rerebia. Cven SegviZlia, amgvar meTodebs davcinoT, rogorc
pirobiTobas, magram poets miT ufro meti safuZveli aqvs,
dascinos Cvens pirobiTobaTa ubadrukobas. isini TavisTavad
ar aRmocendebian da geniosma uwyis, rogor amaRldes maTze
da cincxali mzeriT Seafasos maTi Rirseba; is maT warmaval
gemovnebasTan Seguebis cdunebas ar ganicdis. Zveli adami-
anebi poezias imdenad grZnobier gancdebSi ki ar aRmoaCend-
nen, ramdenadac siRrmiseul formebsa da keTilSobilur
asociaciebSi: es naTlad metyvelebs maTi zneobrivi aRzr-
dis maRal doneze. isini ise flobdnen samyaros, rogorc Cven
mas ukve veRar vflobT, da ise cxovrobdnen, rogorc Cven, sa-
ganTa racionalur ierarqiaSi zedmetad CaflulT, ukve aRar
SegviZlia cxovreba.
da mainc, poetisaTvis fizikuri da istoriuli foni nak-
lebad arsebiTia misi gmirebis sxva maxasiaTeblebTan – im
dramatul konfliqtebTan SedarebiT, romlebSic isini CaT-
reulni aRmoCndebian. bolos da bolos, poeziis arsi –
grZnobaa; da Tumca tevadia Semecnebis inteleqtualuri
grZnoba da xorcSesxmis mimeturi grZnoba, isini imdenad in-
tensiuri ar gaxlavT, rogorc mada da cxovrebis sxva warma-
vali grZnobebi; vnebebi yovelgvari interesis safuZvelSi
Zevs, yvelaze idealurSic ki, xolo vnebebi sxva ramiT iSvi-
aTad aRiZvreba, Tu ara adamianis adamianTan urTierTobiT.
siyvarulisa da siZulvilis sxvadasxva formebi mxolod
sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas, da poetis amocana is
aris, rom warmoidginos situaciebi, romlebSic es grZnobebi
mTeli sisavsiT SeiZleba gadmoiRvaros; am SemTxvevaSi po-
eti fantazior mozards emsgavseba, romelic ocnebebSi sa-
306
kuTar Tavs gmirebisa da sayvarlebis auracxel saxeebSi war-
moidgens. warmtaci Tavgadasavlebi, romlebzec is ocnebobs,
Sesatyvis Teatralur gaformebas iTxovs; aRtacebulma Seg-
rZnebebma, romlebSic is dacuravs, radac ar unda dajdes,
adeqvaturi xorcSesxma unda hpovos, Tundac warmosaxviTi.
magram vnebebi TavianTi bunebiT brmani arian, xolo Ta-
vis nebaze miSvebuli warmosaxvis simwire absoluturia. ra
ZaliTac ar unda iboboqron vnebebma, maTi energia ideas ve-
rasodes Sobs. ideebi mxolod grZnobebiT, garegani gamoc-
dilebiT ibadeba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sulis SimSili mara-
diulad gamoikvebeba sakuTari sicarieliT. magram grZnobis
marcvali erTxelac rom gadaagdo, zrdis usasruloba, fan-
taziis mravalsaxeoba da aRtaceba uzrunvelyofilia. Cven
mxolod jer kidev vxedavT (rogorc mozardis ocnebebis Sem-
TxvevaSi an uwignuri da mistikuri poetebis SemoqmedebaSi),
rom xilvis intensivobas, sakuTari Sinagani energiiTE rom
narCundeba, ver mivyavarT misi masStabebis gafarToebisaken,
misi Rirsebis amaRlebisaken. gauwvrTneli goneba sust go-
nebad darCeba, rac ar unda maRla swevdes bunebrivi vneba mis
temperaturas. fixtesa da Sopenhaueris yvelaze didi Sec-
doma is iyo, rom isini nebelobas ideis mTavar formad war-
momqmnel elementad miiCnevdnen. isini, rogorc es ubralo
mokvdavebTanac xdeba xolme, sasowarkveTilebis momenteb-
Sic ki idealurs realuriT cvlidnen; rodesac xedavdnen,
Tu ra mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli nebeloba Tavis obieqt-
Tan, rogor SearCevs da ganadidebs mas, maT CaTvales, rom mas
Tavad maTi warmoSobac SeuZlia. naTlad moazrovne adamiani
iolad dainaxavs, rom nebelobis aseTi TviTkmaroba SeuZle-
belia, radgan imas, rasac gare kavSirebi ara aqvs da struq-
turis mravalsaxeobas moklebulia, TavisTavad ar SeuZlia,
mizanTa mravalsaxeobas miaRwios. amgvari SeuZlebloba, ra
Tqma unda, mikerZoebuli gonebis adamians did dabrkolebad
ar unda moeCvenos; mas xelewifeba, garkveuli Tanmimdevro-
bac ki ipovos SeuZleblis, rogorc WeSmaritis, postulire-
baSi (oden misi survilis Zalas rom efuZneba).
Tumca nebelobis warmosaxviTi formis warmomqmneli Za-
la ukuigdeba cdiT, romliTac metafizikosebma saboloo
angariSiT TavianTi analogiebi da daskvnebis albaToba unda
307
daamtkicon. vnebebi TavianT safuZvlebs gamoavlenen, magram
ver qmnian maT; am faqtis sicxade dadasturdeba, rogorc ki
mixvdebiT, ramdenad Zlierad amaxinjebs vneba nebismier obi-
eqts, misi gavlenis arealSi rom xvdeba da ramdenad aramyari,
cvalebadi da SemTxveviTia emociebi maT obieqtebTan Seda-
rebiT. Tojinas SeuZlia, siyvarulis obieqtad iqces bavSvis
nacvlad, bavSvs – sayvarlis magier, RmerTs – yovelive ar-
sebulis nacvlad. vnebaTa nairgvaroba, ramdenadac SeiZleba
is gaiazro, damokidebulia mravalferovnebaze, cdis obieq-
tebze, ese igi, maTi gamomwvevi grZnobebisa da sagnebis
mravalferovnebaze.
rodesac `usasrulo~ suli adamianis sxeulSi Sedis, igi
arsebobis gansazRvrul Caketil formebs iRebs; misi da-
uxarjavi SesaZleblobebi azrsa da saqmeSi isxams xorcs
– es SemTxvevasa da TviT sulis bunebazea damokidebuli.
amgvarad, vnebis simwifes ZaluZs, inteleqtis muSaobas ga-
uswros da gverdiT bilikebze umizno xetialisaken wagiy-
vanos – fenomeni, romelic vlindeba ara mxolod umniSvnelo
individis (vis normidan gadaxrasac qveyniereba arad agdebs),
gamocdilebaSi, aramed mowyurebuli, naxevrad ganaTlebu-
li geniosis cdaSi, geniosisa, romelic trivialuri xelov-
nebis an groteskuli crurwmenebis formebSi Tavisi sulis
mTel vnebas gadmoRvris. poeziis istoriuli formebi, re-
ligiuri eqstazi – gzasacdenili idealizmis TavSesafa-
ria; dakarguli an warumateblad warmarTuli sicocxleebi
Cveulebriv am nakadebs mihyveba. siymawvilis sxeulebrivi
cdunebani – dabneulobis iseTive magaliTia, rogorc is
vnebebi, romlebic Zalas jer kidev manamde ikrefen, vidre
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis pirobiTobani mas fizikuri dak-
mayofilebis SesaZleblobas miscems, da gacilebiT adre
iqamde, vidre religia an filosofia imedovneben, isini Ta-
vianTi wminda cecxlisaTvis sawvavad gadaaqcion.
mxatvruli SemoqmedebisaTvis aq udidesi SesaZleblo-
bac Cndeba. Cven erTgvarad usasrulo nebelobas vflobT;
magram Cveni gamocdileba SezRudulia, da samwuxarod, am
nebelobis xorcSesxmas Seuwyobeli – mis siwmindeSic da mis
ZalaSic. Cvens unarebs gzas veraferi miscems, Tu ara Se-
saferisi SemTxveva; swored mas gvTavazobs poeti, rodesac
308
samyaros swavlobs da Tavis dakvirvebis Sedegebs iyenebs.
is gvaziarebs movlenebs, romlebic Cveni yoveldRiuri
gamocdilebis viwro CarCoebs iqiT TamaSdeba, igi Cven se-
riozul saqmeebTan gvaxvedrebs, ase rom, Cveni suli myi-
sierad misi diadi sityvis mwvervalebisaken milivlivebs.
Cven winaSe ixsneba siyvarulisa da didebis, intrigebisa da
cdomilebis gzebi; poeti moZrav siuJets gvTavazobs, Cven ki
ukve mzad varT, is cocxali xasiaTebiT davasaxloT, radgan
yovel maTganSi TviT Cvenive Tavis ararealizebuli nawilaki
aisaxeba. poeturi xasiaTebi swored siuJetSi cocxldeba,
radgan Cveni sakuTari xasiaTebis faruli SesaZleblobani
aseve siuJetSi ixsneba.
ucxo xasiaTis aRwera am mizans friad arasiamedod emsa-
xureba; magram im garemoebaTa gamosaxva, romlebSic xasiaTi
sakuTar Tavs avlens, amgvar aRweras zedmetad xdis, radgan
misi xorcSesxmisavis yovelive aucilebels instinqti gvkar-
naxobs. aqedan gamomdinareobs, is rom aristotele marTali
iyo, rodesac siuJets mxatvruli Semoqmedebis mTavar ele-
mentad miiCnevda, radgan xasiaTebi TavianT arsebobas swo-
red siuJetis Rirsebebs unda umadlodnen, ufro zustad
ki, Cvens sicocxles maTSi, da, Sesabamisad, siuJetis Rirse-
bani Cvens sulebs SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobisaken ubiZgebs, ro-
melic, Tavis mxriv, gvaiZulebs, kerZo cxovrebis sazRvrebi
gadavlaxoT da idealamde avmaRldeT. amgvari saxis ideali-
zeba, ra Tqma unda, oden erTi elementia im gancdisa, romlis
Tanamonawilenic vxdebiT. magram raRac erTiani aRtyinebis
Jams Cveni nebeloba TviTgamoxatvisa da TviTSemecnebis sa-
Sualebas poulobs, aRwevs simaRleebs, romlebiskenac idu-
malad iswrafvis, da am mogzaurobidan nayofier gakveTils
iRebs.
amaSia tragediis arsi: cxovrebis sisrulis SegrZneba,
grZnoba nebelobis realizebis da gasxivosnebisa, gonebis
ganwmendisa, romelzec ase didxans kamaTobdnen da romelic
gzas aZlevs gamouyenebel energias, ufro diadi miznebi-
saken warmarTavs Cvens grZnobebs da amgvarad amarTlebs da
moZraobaSi mohyavs Cveni gayinuli grZnobebi. amave dros, is
maT, Tundac wamierad, miwieri cxovrebis SemTxveviTobisagan
wyvets. calkeuli epizodi, ramdenadac gnebavT, tragikuli,
309
am keTilSobili azriT, tragedia jer kidev ar aris, radgan
dausruleblobis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba; is gvCuqnis ganc-
das, magram ar gvakmayofilebs, is SegvZravs, magram ar gvas-
xivosnebs. ara mgonia, saWiro iyos gavimeoroT, rom amgvari
gasxivosneba – Teoriis an moralis sakiTxi ar gaxlavT; gas-
xivosneba, romelic tragedias sidiades aniWebs, – Cven winaSe
gaelvebuli xatia Cveni nebelobis umaRlesi daniSnulebisa.
aucilebeli ar aris, amgvari aRmoCena moraluri amaRlebis
xasiaTs atarebdes – makbeti da otelo mas zustad imgvaradve
gvCuqnian, rogorc brutusi an hamleti, – mas SeuZlia, gaaZ-
lieros sasowarkveTa, an sisastike, an gulgriloba, mas Za-
luZs, warmosaxva mxolod wamierad gaasxivosnos da seri-
ozulad ar daarRvios gonebis Cveulebrivi mdgomareoba.
magram amgvari gaelvebis gareSe, romelSic vnebis sazrisi
ixsneba, TviT vneba Seucnobeli rCeba, Semoqmedeba ki am Sem-
TxvevaSi ubralod garTobis miznebs emsaxureba, da ara Cveni
idealuri gamocdilebis sazRvrebis gafarToebas. mexsiere-
ba da grZnoba moZraobaSi ki modian, magram warmosaxva maT
axal sakvebs ar awvdis.
dramatuli situacia mxolod vnebis atmosferoSi gvZi-
ravs da cxovrebas mis erT romeliRac fazaSi warmogvidgens;
da vneba, romeos siyvarulis msgavsi, yovlisSTanmTqmelad
SeiZleba mogveCvenos, misi aRtyinebani ki Cvens warmodgena-
Si adamianis mTel xats erwymis, aseT SemTxvevaSi mainc xde-
ba gaubraloeba da pirovnebis udidesi nawili, amasTan, misi
saukeTeso nawili, miviwyebas eZleva. magaliTisaTvis, Tu
leonardo da vinCi siymawvileSi romeos beds gaiziarebda,
misi aRsasruli ufro idealurad tragikuli ar iqneboda,
vidre maSin, Tu is 18 wlis asakSi cieb-cxelebisagan garda-
icvleboda; Cven is ufro SegvZravda, rac mas ar dascalda,
vidre is, rac man gadaitana. vneba, romeos vnebis msgavsi, ada-
mianuri azrisa da grZnobis idealur masStabTan SedarebiT
– ubadruki ocnebaa, paTologiuri gancda.
magaliTad, aristofane, odes tragediis WeSmarit religi-
ur da politikur miznebze msjelobda, wiTldeboda, scena-
ze Seyvarebul qals rom xedavda. da Cven mas unda davTanx-
mebodiT, Tu ara ori garemoeba: erTi – Cvens moTxovnebSi
xelovnebisadmi Cven gonebis keTilSobilebas, mTlianobis
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ideas da proporciebis siswores metismetad vSordebiT;
meore – Cven metad SeveCvieT, calkeul epizodebSi simbolu-
ri mniSvneloba veZeboT da SemTxveviTi grZnobebi, romleb-
sac isini TavianTi sisastikiT STanTqmisas aRviZeben CvenSi,
raRac wmindad da sayovelTaod miviRoT. amgvarad, uazro
gancdis, an danaSaulis saxeoba, aranair Sedegamde rom ar mi-
vyavarT, Cvens romantikul warmosaxvas ubadruk farsad ki ar
warmoudgeba, rogoric is sinamdvileSia, aramed tragediad.
zogierTebma WeSmariti tragediis aRqmis unaric ki dakarges,
radgan kosmiur wesrigze, yofierebis zogad kanonzomierebe-
bze, religiaze warmodgenac ara aqvT. grZnobis siRrmes isini
misi intensivobis mixedviT zomaven, magram mis cxovrebi-
seul gamarTlebas ar eZieben; maTi suli srul daSlas eqvem-
debareba, da, rac ufro moculni arian momxdariT, sisavsis
iluzia maTSi miT ufro Zlieria. magram bevri Cvengani saku-
Tari mwuxarebisa da sevdis gaazrebis unars mainc inarCu-
nebs da, maSinac ki, Tu Cven ar SegviZlia maT umaRles mizezs
CavwvdeT, vgrZnobT, rom imas, rac aq da axla Cvens Tavs xdeba,
oden warmavali mniSvneloba aqvs; rom es gaxlavT simbolo
da intuicia mTeli yofierebisa, sulis sruli realizebisa.
amave dros, Cveni goneba metismetad dabneulia, am yofiere-
bas raime saxe mianiWos, nebeloba ki metismetad sustia, raTa
Cveni daqsaqsuli midrekilebebi religiis kalapotSi moaq-
cios, religiisa, Secnobad samyaros rom ar ewinaaRmdegeba
da masTan harmoniaSi imyofeba. racionaluri ideali xelidan
gvisxlteba, Cven ufro misticizmisaken vixrebiT.
da mainc, poeziis, iseve, rogorc mecnierebis, miznis
miRweva oden harmoniis gzebze SeiZleba, harmoniisa, rome-
lic, Tavisi sazRvrebis gafarToebasTan erTad sul ufro
met sicxades iZens. SemTxveviTi nota saerTo melodiur
sistemaSi moxvedrisas masSi wamyvani da aucilebeli xdeba,
melodia ki, harmoniis sistemaSi moxvedrisas am sistemaSi
eqsplicirdeba da masSi myarad magrdeba; ai, zustad aseve,
grZnobac da mfrinavi ocnebac, poetis mier warmosaxviT
da ukvdav formaTa samyaroSi ganTavsebulni, cdiloben, am
samyaroSi idealuri sayrdeni da kavSirebi ipovon. maT isini
unda monaxon, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isini ubralod
aCrdilis msgavsad gaifantebian. umaRlesi idealuroba re-
311
aluris wvdomaSi mdgomareobs. poezia Tavis mwvervalebs
maSin ki ar aRwevs, rodesac yvela am axal SesaZlebel situ-
acias gamosaxavs, aramed, rodesac warmoidgens maT da imis-
gan, rac sinamdvileSi uazrobaa, Zafs abams Cvens realur
cxovrebiseul gamocdilebamde.
amgvari saxis poeziis umaRles magaliTad religia gvev-
lineba; da, Tumca misi arsi damaxinjebulia, morwmune, magram
cxovrebis poeturi aRqmis uunaro adamianTa miamitobiT
mcdaradaa ganmartebuli – religiis WeSmaritebac swored
amaSi mdgomareobs, – igi amgvari saxiTac sasikeToa, radgan
cxovrebas idealis ferebiT aferadebs. religias xelewife-
ba, ideali sinamdviled gaasaRos, magram saWiroa gvaxsovdes,
rom ideali, raime sxva saxiT warmodgenili, umravlesobis
dacinvas gamoiwvevs, ramdenadac es umravlesoba uunaroa,
mixvdes, rom sagnebis Rirebuleba maT moralurobaSia. Sesa-
bamisad, moralurobas is yoveldRiur gamocdilebasTan akav-
Sirebs da amgvarad imedovnebs, misi mniSvnelovneba da Rire-
buleba gaamarTlos. magram Rirebuleba ideaSi mdgomareobs,
da ara arsebaSi; idealSi, romliskenac sagnebi iswrafvian, da
ara energiaSi, romelic maTSia moqceuli.
amgvarad, poeziis mwvervalebs aRweven ara versifikato-
rebi, aramed winaswarmetyvelebi an is poetebi, romlebic
sityvaSi im xilvebs gadmoscemen, winaswarmetyvelebi qmede-
baSi an gancdaSi ufro swrafad rom asxamen xorcs, vidre
adeqvatur sityvier gamoxatulebaSi. is, rom religiis wi-
naswarganWvretani poeturia da rom poezia am winaswargan-
Wvretebs, rogorc umaRles mizans, eswrafvis – WeSmaritebaa,
romelsac poeziac da religiac miT ufro naTlad swvdebi-
an, rac ufro amravleben silamazesa da siRrmes. ganuviTa-
rebel da zedapirul Teologias xelewifeba, RvTaebrivis
gamovlineba dainaxos Weqa-quxilSi, mTebSi, ciur sxeulebSi
an mTel samyaroSi; magram, rodesac am gulubryvilo mims-
gavsebaTagan gadavinacvlebT religiaze, romlis fesvebic
istoriasa da adamianTa gulebSi midis da maTSi didebulad
aRmocendeba, aRmovaCenT, rom misi gmirebi da kanonebi ka-
cobriobis moraluri gamocdilebis idealur gamoxatule-
bas da adamianur saWiroebaTa umaRles realizebas warmoad-
gens. istoriis mowmobani, grZnobaTa Cvenebani ganzavdeba da
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yovelgvar mniSvnelobas kargavs; mniSvnelovanni mxolod
gulis mowmobani, ideis Rirebuleba xdeba.
aviRoT, magaliTad, transsubstanciaciis doqtrina.
dogmis safuZvelSi aq metafora Zevs, radgan ukanaskneli,
pirvelis msgavsad, gamWvirvale simaRleebisaken iswrafvis
da Tavis wvens erTi da imave emociebis wiaRidan moipovebs.
aq religia poeziasTan Tavis kavSirebs amJRavnebs da, rode-
sac daJinebiT iTxovs Tavis saidumloebaTa WeSmaritad
aRiarebas, aracnobierad Tavisi WeSmaritebis idealur idu-
malebas amarTlebs. dogmis Tanaxmad, puri da Rvino qristes
sxeulis, sisxlis da RvTaebriobis emanacias warmoadgens.
magram ra aris es, Tu ara faqtebis axsna maTi garegnuli
ieris mixedviT, xolo maTi idealuri Sinaarsisa, rogorc
realobis? poeziis safuZvelSic igive Zevs, poeziisa, rom-
lisTvisac xiluli wmindaa da warmoadgens garegnul niSans
im Sinagani mSvenierebisa, romliskenac suli iswrafvis.
zustad amgvaradve, im momentSi, rodesac poezia Tavisi
elementaruli da garegani gamovlinebebidan – ritmebi, tro-
pebi, daxasiaTeba, kompozicia – maRldeba Tavisi umaRlesi
daniSnulebis gacnobierebebamde, romelic gamocdilebisa
da bedisweris idealebis fiqsirebaSi mdgomareobs, poeti sa-
kuTar Tavs winaswarmetyvelad Seimecnebs da, homerosisa da
dantes msgavsad, an siyvaruliT mihyveba religias, romelic
ukve arsebobs, an, rogorc lukreciusi da vordsvorti, iseT
religias asxams xotbas, romelic, misi azriT, SeiZleba arse-
bobdes. amgvari poetebi TavianT umaRles misias acnobiere-
ben; sxvebisaTvis, rac ar unda Zlieri iyos maTi talanti,
maTi, rogorc poetebis, upirvelesi amocana gamoucnobia.
yovel droSi isini imas eswrafvian, rom samyaro mSvenierebis
mZlavri nakadebiT gaakeTilSobilon da, amis miuxedavad, is
iseTive maxinji datovon, rogoric Tavis mTlianobaSi igi
aris kidec. maT TanamedroveT, maT Tanamemamuleebs mravali
saukunis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba amgvari poeziis naklovaneba
arc ki SeemCniaT, radgan harmoniis aucileblobas isini, bu-
nebrivia, kidev ufro naklebad acnobiereben, vidre poeti.
Tu poeti becia, maSin isini brmebi arian da SeiZleba, misi po-
eturi samyaro maT WeSmaritad mSvenierad moeCvenoT, radgan
is maT, Tundac droebiT, saero tvirTisagan aTavisuflebs
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da, Tundac nawilobriv, maT mouwesrigebel azrebs idealu-
robas aniWebs.
amgvari ugrZnobloba poeziis umaRlesi nimuSebisadmi
ufro gansacvifrebeli ar gaxlavT, vidre amgvarive gul-
griloba religiis umaRlesi nimuSebis mimarT; Tumca keTil-
Sobileba da srulqmnileba ara naxevrad uwignuri adamiane-
bis saarCevno uflebas emsgavseba, aramed Tixisa da meTunis
WeSmarit damokidebulebas; sxva sityvebiT, xelovnebisa da
adamianuri bunebis idealuri SesaZleblobebis Tanafardo-
bas. zustad iseve, rogorc noti sjobs ubralo xmaurs, rad-
gan sazomis principebs emyareba da am regularobas yursa da
gonebas miapyrobs, harmonia Tavis nebismier stadiaze um-
jobesia, vidre qaosi, romlisganac is aRmocendeba, radgan
am harmoniis aRmqmeli suli mas Seiwynarebs, rogorc Tavis
bunebriv miswrafebaTa xorcSesxmas. amitom piTagorelebi
samarTlianad miiCnevdnen ricxvs Secnobadi samyaros safuZ-
vlad, platoni ki samarTlianad amtkicebda, rom harmonia
umaRlesi sikeTis upirvelesi pirobaa. keTili adamiani – po-
etia, romlis sityvebi saqmeebad iqceva da visac bunebaSi har-
monia Seaqvs. poeti – adamiania, romelic warmosaxvas ufle-
bebSi aRadgens da amgvarad harmonias asxams xorcs. da is ar
gaxlavT poeti, am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT, Tu mTeli
misi warmosaxva harmonias ar SeuTanxmdeba da Tu misi gamoc-
dilebis mTeli sisavse gamoxatulebas oden erT simfoniaSi
hpovebs.
poetis saboloo srulyofis sazomi, Sesabamisad, pirvel
rigSi imiT ganisazRvreba, rom is mReris; rom misi xma sufTa
da kargad dayenebulia; rom misi notebi erTimeoreSi nar-
narad gadadian; Semdeg, ufro maRal safexurze, misi nimuSebi
erTmaneTs unda Seesabamebodes; is evfuisturi unda iyos, man
Tavisi azrebi mexsierebidan da azridan areklili sinaTliT
imgvarad unda gaanaTos, rom harmoniam simdidre da siRrme
SeiZinos; Semdeg, kidev ufro maRal safexurze, igi aTvisebis
unaris mqone da Tavisufali unda iyos, ese igi, Tavisi sa-
myaro gamocdilebis pirveladi masalebisagan unda aagos da
yoveldRiuri cnobierebisa da azris pirobiTobani Tavidan

314
aicilos; man Tavisi harmoniiT mTlianad unda daipyros ada-
mianis suli, Tundac amisaTvis gamocdilebis nawilobrivi
sistemebis dangrevac mouxdes, abstraqtul mecnierebas
prozismier kategoriebSi rom augia. magram saboloo Sede-
giT am ngrevam poeti grZnobisa da vnebis sumburSi ar unda
datovos; es, ase vTqvaT, niadagis gafxvierebaa axali mosav-
lis asaRebad, Tixis mozelili gunda, romelic axal, ufro
srulyofil formebs miiRebs. grZnobis gamoxatva unda iyos
gamarTlebuli xasiaTiT, romelic daefuZneba mis gamomwvev
realur mizezs, bunebas, istorias, mTel samyaroseul WeS-
maritebas; warmosaxviTi gamocdileba unda gacnobierdes,
rogorc bediswera, kanonzomierebebTan TanxmobaSi gan-
xorcielebuli da nebelobis wesrigiTa da gasxivosnebiT
dasrulebuli. mxolod am gzaze xelewifeba poezias, iqces
cxovrebis interpretaciad, da ara ubralod TviTnebur gas-
eirnebad fantaziis sferoSi, gaseirnebad, romelic xatebis
raodenobas umiznod zrdis, saqmes mogvacdens, magram Cvens
suls ar amaRlebs.
da Tu axla vecdebiT, poeziis gansazRvreba warmovadgi-
noT, gamovdivarT ara aucileblobidan, minimalurad zustad
aRvniSnoT is, rasac Cveulebriv am saxels uwodeben, aramed
im miznis gansazRvrebis idealuri grZnobidan, romliske-
nac is iswrafvis, da im simaRleebidan, romlebzec yvela misi
principi xorcieldeba, es (gansazRvreba) SeiZleba amgvarad
JRerdes: poezia – es metrikuli da evfuisturi msjelobaa,
gamomxatveli azrisa, romelic grZnobadi da idealuria.
amgvaria poezia literaturuli formis TvalsazrisiT;
magram, Tu am SezRudvas oden sityvieri gamoxatulebis miR-
ma davtovebT da poezias im mouxelTebel cecxls da Sinagan
sinaTles SevadarebT, xandaxan rom gamokrTeba da Cvens cno-
bierebas Tavisi auwereli mSvenierebiT mieaxleba, maSin poe-
zia warmodgeba sulis harmoniis saxiT, uZraobisa da qaosis
wiaRSi rom warmoqmnila, – RvTaebrivi naperwkali da mowo-
deba religiuri cxovrebisaken.
religia – es poeziaa, cxovrebis megzurad qceuli, poezia,
mecnierebis Semcvleli an mis kvaldakval umaRlesi realo-

315
bisaken mimavali. poezia – es religiaa moZraobaSi, gaTavi-
suflebuli mkacri pirobiTobebisa da qcevaTa dogmebisagan,
upirobo Tayvaniscemas rom ar moiTxovs; es religiaa, praqti-
kul qmediTobas da metafizikur iluziebs moklebuli. Tum-
ca poeziis amgvari abstraqtuloba mxolod iq aRmocendeba,
sadac is viwro TvalsawieriT SemoisazRvreba; poeti, ro-
melic naxevari saaTis ganmavlobaSi oden ideasTan keklu-
cobs, an siRrmiseul moralur Sinaarss moklebul xasiaTs
qmnis, iviwyebs Tavis azrs, an ixsenebs mas, rogorc oden Tavis
gasarTob saTamaSos, radgan Wa, romelic man amoTxara, pata-
raa da misi sakuTari cxovrebis wyalqveSa dinebebi ucvleli
darCa. magram, rodesac poeti moqmedebis scenas afarToebs
da sakuTar simRerebs Tavisi xalxisa da Tavisi sulis WeSma-
riti xedviT aRavsebs, Semoqmedeba misi siRrmiseuli mrwam-
sis wminda gamoxatuleba xdeba, igi misi religiis srul WeS-
maritebas moicavs. is, rasac quCis religia poetis religias
umatebs, pirveli maTganis viwro azrovnebis ubralo iner-
cias warmoadgens, ramdenadac igi sityvasityviT aRiqvams
imas, rasac gamoxatavs, rogorc idealurs, imas ki, rac mis
cnobierebaSi gamoixateba, rogorc moralis doneze samyaros
WeSmariti ganmarteba, is mcdarad avrcelebs yoveldRiurobaze.
umaRlesi done – gacnobierebuli warmosaxvis, namdvili
Semoqmedebis, idealizmis sferoa, sinamdvilis ganmartebad
qceuli, sinamdvilisa, romelic udables safexurebze darCa.
amgvarad poezia, Tavis namdvil Zalmosilebamde amaRlebu-
li, misi WeSmaritebis momentSi aRebuli religiis Tanabaria;
Sexvedris momentSi oriveni namdvil sisufTavesa da keTil-
ismyofelobas iZenen, radgan maSin poezia frivolurobaze
ambobs uars da xels iRebs mademoralzebeli zegavlenis mox-
denaze, religia ki Tavis iluziebTan kavSirs wyvets da sic-
ruis Tesvas anebebs Tavs.
1900 w.

316
 komentarebi:

1. `islamis amboxi~ (1817) – ingliseli poetis persi biSi Selis

(1792-1822) poema.
2. `endimioni~ (1818) – jon kitsis (1795-1821) poema, romlis siu-
Jeti mTvaris qalRmerT selenasa da mwyemsi endimionis siyvarulis
antikur miTs eyrdnoba.
3. ...daxetialobs goneba~ – citata ingliseli poeti-klasicistis
aleqsandre popis (1688-1744) wignidan `cda adamianze” (1773).
4. osiani – legendaruli kelti bardi, romelic Tavisi mamis,
Sotlandiis mmarTvelis, fingalis sagmiro saqmeebs umReroda.
`osianis simRerebi~ (1765) – mistifikaciaa Sotlandieli poetisa da
folkloris Semgroveblis jeims makfersonisa (1736-1796), romel-
mac is Zveli galuri enidan Targmanis saxiT gamoaqveyna.
5. vordsvort uiliam (1770-1850) – ingliseli poeti-romantiko-
si, romlis SemoqmedebaSi bunebas umniSvnelovanesi adgili uWiravs.
6. ...amgvarad aRqmuli poezia imsaxurebs sasamarTlos, pla-
tonisagan pirferobisa da garTobis msaxuri yvela xelovnebisaTvis
ganmwesebuls... – aq mxedvelobaSia sofisturi ritorika, romelsac
Zveli berZeni filosofosi platoni (427-347 C. w. aRm.-de) akri-
tikebs, kerZod, Tavis dialogSi `gorgia~.
7. ...aristotele marTali iyo, rodesac siuJets mxatvruli Se-
moqmedebis mTavar elementad miiCnevda... – igulisxmeba aristo-
teles (384-322 C. w. aR.-mde) `poetikis~ I da IV nawilis msjelobani.
8. ... aristofane, odes tragediis WeSmarit religiur da poli-
tikur miznebze msjelobda... – igulisxmeba aristofanes polemi-
ka evripidesTan. rig komediebSi, kerZod, `bayayebSi~ aristofane
evripides dramaturgias dascinis da mas samoqalaqo paToss mok-
lebulad miiCnevs.
9. `transubstanciaciis doqtrina~– Teologiuri doqtrina; igu-
lisxmeba purisa da Rvinis gadaqceva qristes sxeulad da sisxlad
(evqaristia).
10. piTagorelebi – Zveli berZnuli filosofiuri skola, ro-
melmac saxelwodeba miiRo misi damaarseblis, filosofosisa da
maTematikosis piTagoras (daaxl. 571-497 C. w. aR.-mde) saxelisagan.

Targmna manana kvataiam.

317
 sarCevi

veqtorebi

maia jaliaSvili
siyvarulis odisea
Temur babluanis romanze „mze, mTvare da puris yana
(manuSaka melodeba)“............................................................................3

ada nemsaZe
„cxeli Sokoladis“ mistikuri
aromatiT gajerebuli saukunovani ambebi...
(nino xaratiSvilis „merve sicocxle
(brilkas)“).............................................................................................15

nona kupreiSvili
katastrofis saukeTeso montaJisTvis
(herta miuleris sami romanis mixedviT)....................................33

mzia jamagiZe
aka morCilaZis `kupidoni kremlis kedelTan“ –
sabWoTa antizRapari........................................................................43

amiran arabuli
guram asaTianis
folkloristuli wiaRsvlebi.......................................................56

kultura

gia arganaSvili
paraleluri montaJi eTnofsiqologiuri
portretis Sesaqmnelad
(reJisor soso CxaiZis „TuSi mecxvare“ da
mweral nugzar SataiZis „puris moTxroba“).............................61

318
xelovneba

karlo kaWarava

levan bregaZe
`Cven gvaSinebs ubraloeba~
(karlo kaWaravas poetikis Sesavali)..........................................80

qeTevan jiSiaSvili
karlo kaWaravas qalaqi....................................................................91

Jurnalistika

salome samxaraZe
manana SamiliSvili
„gamkiTxavi siciliT“ Tqmuli
simarTle – Jurnal „niangis“
karikaturaTa semiotikuri analizi.........................................114

Memoria

vaJa-fSavelas `aluda qeTelauri~ – 130

manana kvaWantiraZe
miTisqmnadobis specifika
vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi..................................................................135

Tamaz vasaZe
sicocxlis saerTo neba..................................................................152

gia arganaSvili
vaJa- fSavelas „aluda qeTelauris“
literaturuli personaJis genezisisTvis............................157

lali avaliani
`aluda qeTelauris~ ivneviseuli
da derJaviniseuli Targmanebi....................................................169
319
SoTa niSnianiZe
zoia cxadaia
SoTa niSnianiZis
SemoqmedebiTi portreti..............................................................182

esma oniani
inga milorava
Tavisuflebis saknis SeuboWavi suli,
anu sisxlis mzeebi............................................................................205

levan gelaSvili
esma onianis werilebi.....................................................................228

ESSAY
manana kvaWantiraZe
Canawerebi............................................................................................237

nomris stumari
lia sturua
interviu..............................................................................................264
marina biutneri
encefalograma................................................................................272
besik xaranauli
interviu..............................................................................................275

norbert humelti
boloTqma...........................................................................................280

XX saukunis Teoriuli
azrovnebis istoriidan
jorj santaiana
poeziis safuZvlebi da daniSnuleba
(Targmna manana kvataiam)................................................................287

320