evropa rogorc maswavlebeli

eZRvneba ilia WavWavaZis dabadebis 180 wlisTavs

NOVA SOCIETAS
EUROPE AS A TEACHER
Europe in the 19 th -Century Georgian Press

Tbilisi
2017
evropa rogorc maswavlebeli
evropa XIX saukunis qarTul presaSi

Tbilisi
2017
redaqtorebi
giorgi sabanaZe
emzar jgerenaia

winasityvaoba
giorgi sabanaZe
emzar jgerenaia

gamocemaze muSaobdnen
nino gedeniZe
xaTuna daviTuri
Tea kenWoSvili
nana maWavariani
lia qardava

dakabadoneba
Salva papalaSvili

ydaze:
z. valiSevski. evropeli da kavkasieli. daculia S. amiranaSvilis saxelo-
bis xelovnebis muzeumSi. foto: saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi.

NOVA SOCIETAS

proeqti dafinansebulia fond `Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos~

mier. teqstisa da komentarebis avtorebis mier gamoxatuli Sexedulebebi,
mosazrebebi da ganacxadebi mxolod maT ekuTvniT da ar gamoxatavs fond
„Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos“ mosazrebebs. Sesabamisad, fondi masa-
lis Sinaarsze pasuxs ar agebs.

© 2017 Nova Societas

ISBN: 978-9941-27-545-6
 sarCevi

giorgi sabanaZe, emzar jgerenaia _ evropa rogorc maswavlebeli 9

ganaTleba
konstantine mamacovi _ ufalo redakto! 31
sergei mesxi _ axali mimarTuleba Cveni axal-Taobisa 32
daviT miqelaZe _ literatura sxva da sxva qveyanaSi 35
sxva mxaresac mivaqcioT yuradReba 37
aleqsandre xaxanaSvili _ rogor gavecnoT evropas 40
i. kavTeli _ hamleti qarTuls scenazed 42
ekonomika da vaWroba
tfilisi 15 ivliss 47
sergei mesxi _ Cveneburi vaWrebi da vaWroba 48
puris vaWroba 50
petre umikaSvili _ saqarTvelos matiane 52
quTaisi, agvistos 1 55
X _ meurnis korrespondencia 56
niko nikolaZe _ Sinauri mimoxilva: saqonlis gamzidavi
vaWroba 58
ioseb zemba _ sad aris Svela? 72
soflis meurneoba da mevenaxeoba
Rvinis dayeneba saqarTveloSi 83
redaqciisgan 85
ivane serebriakovi _ aSeneba orisa fermisa kavkaziisa mxaresa 87
kniazi bagration-muxranski _ guTani Sumanisa 90
wigni q. JeneviTgan 92
ivane serebriakovi _ qaris saSualobiT miwebis morwyua
kavkasiis mxarezed 94
i. xatisiani _ saekonomio wlis aRwera, anu anbavi
sasoflo mamulis keTebis da sxva xelobaebis
mdgomareobisa kavkasiis mxareSi 98
xelT mZRvaneli miwis moqmedisa 103
Sveicariis yvelis gakeTeba 105
grenaJis moqmedeba abreSumis SemuSavebazed nuxSi 108
samagaliTo marani kaxeTSi 111
samagaliTo marani kaxeTSi (gagrZeleba) 117
ivane sulxanovi _ ramdenime sityva angliurs
ransomis guTanzed 119
Tbilisi, oktombris 13 120
sasoflo sazogadoebaTa 122
loWinis sapraqtiko xutori 125
evropis ojaxobis suraTi 127
germaneli meojaxis suraTi 133
raze unda mivbaZoT germanelebs meurneobaSi 135
raze unda mivbaZoT germanelebs meurneobaSi (gagrZeleba) 139
ambebi (am ukanasknel xanSi...) 146
ambebi (kaxeTisaken sofel vaCnaZianSi...) 147
ambebi (kaxeTSi ramdenime glexi...) 148
vlad. jandieri _ werili redaqtorTan 150
xarkovis sameurneo gamofenis gamo 153
n. wereTeli _ rogor unda gavrceldes CvenSi
wesieri mefutkreoba 154
Tbilisi, 9 giorgobisTve 157
v. _ Saqriani wylis anu WaWis Rvino 160
a. inaSvili _ ramdenime sityva guTanzed 163
niko nikolaZe _ Cveni meRvineobis nakli da momavali 168

mogzauroba
petre nakaSiZe _ samgzavro werilebi 175
niko nikolaZe _ qveiTaT da rkinis gzaSi 182
ivane sulxaniSvili _ ai ras swers uf. iv. sulxanovi
qarTuls gazeTs „droebaSi“ 207
giorgi qoCakiZe _ feletoni: civ-civi ambebi 210
sergei mesxi _ qarTveli evropaSi (xami mogzauris
SeniSvnebi da fiqrebi) 214
niko cxvedaZe _ mokle SeniSvnebi samzRvargareTidam 237
i. vaCnaZe _ „kvalis“ korespondenciebi: qal. varSava 296

feminizmi
petre Careqovi _ ramdenime sityva qalis aRzrdaze 300
giorgi wereTeli _ deda-kacis azri deda-kacebzed 303
erTi amerikeli qalis yofna pariJSi... 307
p. _ qali da misi ganaTleba 310
sxvadasaxva
jambakur orbeliani _ iverianelebis galoba, simRera
da RiRini 325
jambakur orbeliani _ qarTvelebis Zveli dro gadmosuli
axlad 326
petre Careqovi _ JurnalT Camomavlobazed evropaSi 327
anton furcelaZe _ wavida is dro 330
ioseb eliozovi _ kukiis Zueli da axali mdgomareoba 332
anton furcelaZe _ sasoflo werilebi 334
go _ TrialeTidam 341
niko nikolaZe _ Sinauri mimoxilva 343
anastasia TumaniSvili-wereTliasa _ modebis istoria 348
Tedo saxokia _ parizis msoflio gamofena da Cveni qveyana 350
pirTa saZiebeli 358
adgilTa saZiebeli 361
 giorgi sabanaZe
emzar jgerenaia

evropa rogorc maswavlebeli

evropia aris lampari mTeli qveynisa,

ganmanaTlebeli kacis gonebisa,
mecniereba moswavleTa, sibrZne gamgeTa
da sikeTile kacobriobisa.1

1999 wlis 27 ianvars saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdo­

marem, zurab Jvaniam, evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleis
sxdomaze, romelzec mxari dauWires saqarTvelos am organi­
zaciaSi gawevrianebas, Tqva: „me bednieri da amayi var imiT, rom
swored Cvens Taobas xvda wilad pativi aq, evropis sasaxlis
tribunidan warmoeTqva qarTulad es ramdenime sityva: me var
qarTveli, maSasadame, me var evropeli.“2 am frazas, romlis war­
moTqmis „privilegia“3 wilad zurab Jvanias xvda, amzadebdnen
mecxramete saukunis qarTveli damkvirveblebi.
Tanamedrove qarTvelebi eWvis TvaliT da kritikulad
ganixilaven zurab Jvanias am frazas da mas xSirad, srulebiT
ararefleqsurad upirispireben komunistur epoqaSi formire­
buli nacionalizmis ritorikas, romlis mTavari Semadgeneli
evropeizaciis zegavleniT nacionaluri identobis („qarTve­
lobis“) dakargvis SiSia. amitom sulac ar aris gasakviri, roca
socialur qselebSi da yoveldRiur saubarSi arcTu iSviaTad

1. jambakur-orbeliani, aleqsandre. 1861. qarTvelebis Zveli dro. ciskari,

noemberi
2. Jvania, zurab. 1999. sityva evropis sabWos generaluri asambleis 1999 wlis 27
ianvris sxdomaze q. strasburgSi. saqarTvelos respublika. 29 ianvari
3. zurab Jvania saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dacvasa da ganmtkicebas, ra­
sac, misi azriT uzrunvelhyofda saqarTvelos evropuli integracia, misi
Taobis privilegiad miiCnevda. ix. Jvania, zurab, Cveni Taobis privilegia:
leqciebis kursi; zurab Jvanias saxel. saq. saz. saqmeTa in-ti (I). – me-2 gamoc.
– Tbilisi, saari, 2006

9
moismen an waikiTxav zurab Jvanias cnobili winadadebis aseT
versias: „me var qarTveli da araviTari maSasadame.“ am gamonaT­
qvams erTgvari popularoba da Tanamedrove qarTvelebis erTi
nawilis winaaRmdegoba saqarTvelos evropul integraciasTan
mxolod imiT unda aixsnas, rom istoriul viTarebaTa gamo da­
viwyebas mieca mecxramete saukunemde da gansakuTrebiT mec­
xramete saukunis qarTveli moRvaweebis Sroma evropuli kul­
turis miRwevebis asaTviseblad.
is, rom Taobebs Soris kavSiri gawyda da erTi Taobis mier Se­
qmnili kulturuli memkvidreoba meore Taobas ar gadaeca, aris
mizezi imisa, rom Tanamedrove qarTvels evrointegracia da
evropuli Rirebulebebis aTvisebisken mowodeba politikuri
koniuqturiT nakarnaxev mtrul gamonagonad eCveneba. swored
Taobebs Soris kavSiris gawyvetis gamo mudam barbarosebiviT
xelaxla gvixdeba „aRmoCena“ da gaxseneba imisa, rac odesRac
Cvens winaprebs SeuqmniaT. es viTareba kulturul mexsierebaSi
wyvetis Sedegia da iwvevs „axali“ ideebisadmi qarTvelebis un­
doblobas. arada „qarTuli kulturis evropuli CV“4 mecxrame­
te saukunemde bevrad adre gaCnda, xolo mecxramete saukunis
inteleqtualurma moZraobam am CV-is uzarmazari korpusi Se­
qmna. Cveni kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebel TaobaTa Soris mexsie­
rebis amdagvar wyvetas istoriuli viTareba ganapirobebda:
I. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos da Semdeg ki odesRac erTiani
feodaluri saqarTvelos calkeuli feodaluri erTeulebis
ruseTTan SeerTebis, xolo 1918-1921 wlis damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos bolSevikuri ruseTis mier aneqsiis Semdeg qar­
Tul istoriografiaSi politikuri koniuqturis zegavleniT
Camoyalibda mosazreba, rom saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTe­
ba iyo erTaderTi alternativa Cveni qveynis gadarCenisaTvis.
zemoTqmulis dadasturebaa eduard SevardnaZis sityvebi, ro­
melic man 1983 wels warmosTqva: „dRes vaqeb-vadidebT did, ge­
nialur rus xalxs, vadidebT mas imitom, rom swored rusi xal­
xis meoxebiT 200 wlis winaT qarTvelma xalxma Tavidan aicila
fizikuri mospobis safrTxe. rusi xalxis meSveobiT, ucxoel
dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg ruseTis Zlevamosili omebis Sedegad
ZiriTadad aRdga saqarTvelos istoriuli sazRvrebi. rusi

4. es cneba profesorma gia nodiam gamoiyena radiogadacemaSi „evropedia“ 2016

wels

10
xalxis meoxebiT daiwyo qarTveli eris konsolidaciis inten­
siuri procesi, erisa, romelic ekonomikuri da kulturuli
aRorZinebis gzas daadga. didi rusi xalxis, ruseTTan erTiano­
bis meoxebiT saqarTvelo eziara ruseTis ganmaTavisuflebel
moZraobas, misi meSveobiT ki evropul kulturas.“5 eduard Se­
vardnaZis es sityvebi dRes SeiZleba ironiis sagani iyos, magram
is amave dros aris qarTvelebis tragikuli istoriis erT-erTi
gamoxatuleba. mTeli qarTuli sabWoTa istoriografia, rome­
lic politikur cenzuras iyo daqvemdebarebuli, SevardnaZis
am sityvebs ireklavda. istoriisa da literaturis saskolo
saxelmZRvaneloebi axlagzrda Taobas im Segnebas unergavda,
rom Tu ara ruseTi, saqarTvelo geografiulad da demografi­
ulad arsebobas Sewyvetda. komunisturma sistemam da am sis­
temis gavlenis qveS moqceulma qarTulma socialurma azrma
mecxramete saukunis proevropul memkvidreobas, misi Semdgomi
TaobisaTvis gadacemas da ganviTarebas saSualeba ar misca da
qarTvelebis evropisaken swrafva qarTuli socialuri azris­
Tvis marginalur sakiTxad aqcia. am viTarebam saqarTvelos ev­
ropis mimarT nihilizmis gaRvivebas Seuwyo xeli. poet muxran
maWavarianis leqsi „saba“6 saqarTvelos evropuli gzis mimarT
am nihilizmis ambivalenturi dadasturebaa, sadac saqarTve­
los evropasTan politikuri urTierToba evropisaTvis umniS­
vnelo da saqarTvelosTvis iluzorul perspeqtivad aris war­
modgenili. metaforulad poetma es ase gamoxata: „safrangeTs
vTxovoT:/gviSveliso,/– sasaciloa!/Seni vaxtangi/ludovikos/
fexze hkidia.“ am leqsSi gamoTqmuli evropis saqarTvelosadmi
damokidebulebis tolfas gamonaTqvams Tanamedrove saqarTve­
loSic gavigonebT. dResac xSirad gvesmis nihilisturi fraza
„CvenTvis dasavleTi ruseTs oms ar dauwyebs“. diplomatiur
enaze ruseTis mimarT gamoTqmuli evropeli politikosebis
frazebi, rogoricaa „SeSfoTebulebi varT ruseTis agresiuli
moqmedebiT“, Tanamedrove qarTvels muxran maWavarianis leq­
sis ganwyobisken agzavnis.

5. SevardnaZe, eduard. 1983. amxanag e. a. SevardnaZis sityva. komunisti. 30 oq­

tomberi; paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom eduard SevardnaZis am ideologi­
urad motivirebul sityvaSi civilizatoruli funqcia akisria ara ruseTs,
aramed evropas.
6. maWavariani, muxran. sulxan-saba orbeliani. (Tbilisi: pirveli sxivi : Tbili­
sis saxelmwifo universitetis studentTa literaturuli wris almanaxi,
1951) 40-41

11
 II. saqarTvelos pirvel respublikas (1918-1921) kavSiri ar
daukargavs mecxramete saukunis qarTveli inteleqtualebis
evropul ideebTan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirvelma respublikam
mecxramete saukuneSi gamoTqmul am ideebs politikuri xorci
Seasxa da damoukidebel saqarTvelos miznad evropul ojaxSi
integracia dausaxa. amaze mkafiod metyvelebs noe Jordanias
sityvebi: „da ramdenad umowyalo, Seubralebeli iyo barbaro­
suli aziis mxriT Cvens xalxze Tavdasxma, imdenaT masSi magrad
idgamda fesvebs evropiuli kulturisadmi miswrafeba.“7 „mTe­
li Cveni mecadineoba me-16 saukunidan mimarTulia dasavleTis
daaxlovebisaken. Cven iq veZebdiT da veZebT wyaros Tavisuf­
lebisa da kulturisa da maSasadame, Cvens Soris ar SeiZleba
iyos SuRli da mtroba.“8 „Cven dRes SegviZlian SevideT evro­
piul xalxTa ojaxSi pirdapir sruliad uSuamavlod. dRes Cven
ukve am gzaze varT da Cven Cvenis nebiT ar gadauxvevT“.9 „Cveni
dRevandeli cxovreba da momavali gza-kvali mWidroT, uSuamav­
loT gadaejaWva dasavleTs da am kavSiris gaqarwyleba ar Zalu­
Zs araviTar Zal-Rones. ...mTelma evropam ganurCevlaT parti­
isa da klasisa, erTxmaT gviTxra: keTili iyos Seni dabadeba,
keTili iyos Seni mobrZaneba da Cven gvmarTebs es erTsulovani
kurTxeva gavamarTloT saqmiT – gavxdeT namdvili evropieli.
rogorc xedavT saqarTvelos da ruseTis gzebi aqac gaiyaren,
Cveni gza midis evropisaken, ruseTis ki aziisaken.“10
sruli TavdajerebulobiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirveli
respublikis ukiduresad proevropuli Rirebulebebi mecxra­
mete saukuneSi SemuSavebuli formulebisa da narativis logi­
kuri gagrZelebaa. es narativi bolSevikuri ruseTis mier saqar­
Tvelos aneqsiis Semdegac bJutavs da saerTod arsebobas wyvets
1930-iani wlebis stalinuri teroris Semdeg. 1937 wlis wiTeli
terori, Tu merab mamardaSvilis cnebas gamoviyenebT, SeiZleba
ganvixiloT, rogorc „anTropologiuri katastrofa“11, rom­

7. Jordania, noe. 1918. saqarTvelos social-demokratiis werili saerTaSori­

so socialisturi biurosadmi miwerili. erToba. 3 noemberi
8. Jordania, noe. 1918. saqarTvelos parlamentis sadResaswaulo sxdoma. er­
Toba. 4 dekemberi
9. Jordania, noe. 1918. saqarTvelos parlamentSi saqarTvelos damouk. dResas­
wauli I qristeSobisTve. saqarTvelo. 4 dekemberi
10. Jordania, noe. 1920. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. dResaswauli. saqarTvelo.
16 ianvari
11. Мамардашвили, М. Сознание и цивилизация : Тексты и беседы – Москва : Логос, 2004, gv. 9

12
lis Sedegi swored mecxramete saukunis memkvidreobis erT na­
wilTan, kerZod, proevropul, humanistur-liberalur ideebTan
kavSiris sruli gawvetaa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1937 wlis tero­
ris kulturuli da socialuri Sedegebi Tanamedrove qarTul
sazogadoebaSi jer kidev sakmarisad ar aris Seswavlili. swored
ioseb stalinis mmarTvelobis wlebSi igeba koncefcia da yalib­
deba Sexeduleba, romlis kvintesenciasac eduard SevardnaZis
1976 wels sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis XXV yriloba­
ze warmoTqmuli sityva warmoadgens: „amxanagebo, saqarTvelos
mziur qveyanas uwodeben, magram Cveni WeSmariti mze aRmosavle­
Tidan ki ara, CrdiloeTidan, ruseTidan amobrwyinda, amobrwyin­
da leninuri ideebis mze, saqarTvelo samxreTis Tbili respub­
likaa, magram WeSmariti siTbo CvenTan Semovida CrdiloeTidan,
darialis xeobidan. igi – leninuri ideebis siTbo – CvenTan movi­
da istoriuli saqarTvelos samxedro gziT, ruseT-saqarTvelos
gziT“.12 es astronomiuli metafora – „mze CrdiloeTidan amo­
dis“ – da „mziani saqarTevlo“ – metropoliis mier koloniisaT­
vis Serqmeuli metsaxeli – amavdroulad im kulturuli wyvetis
metaforuli gamoxatulebaa, romelmac mecxramete saukunis
Cveni proevropuli memkvidreoba „kulturul aracnobierSi“
gadaasaxla. am gadasaxlebas sxvagvarad SeiZleba sruli da Tavi­
sufali adamianis gandevna da martivi homo sovietikusis gamoy­
vana davarqvaT. prokrustes sarecelze dawvenili socialuri da
humanitaruli mecnierebebis pirmSo homo sovietikusi „brtye­
li“ adamiani iyo, romelsac mxolod erTi sxeuli gaaCnda – muSa
sxeuli; mxolod erTi ideologia hqonda – marqsizm-leninizmi.
mas ar hqonda individualuri mexsiereba, misi mexsiereba mxolod
sabWoTa saxelmwifos ideologiiT iyo gaJRenTili. SesaZlebe­
lia, swored es aris mizezi imisa, rom Tanamedrove qarTvels xSi­
rad uWirs yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mravalferovnebis miReba da
gansxvavebuli identobebis matarebeli adamianebisaTvis sajaro
sivrceSi adgilis daTmoba.
1937 wels adamianebs waaWres wina Taobebis memkvidreoba da
mexsiereba da am mexsierebis matarebeli adamianebis didi nawili
fizikurad gaanadgures. Tanamedrove postsabWoTa adamianis
cinizmi da evronihilizmi wina TaobebTan kavSiris gawyvetiTaa
ganpirobebuli. amitom aris „mexsierebawaWrili“ postsabWoTa

12. SevardnaZe, eduard. 1976. eduard SevardnaZis sityva sabWoTa kavSiris komu­
nisturi partiis XXV yrilobaze. komunisti, 27 Tebervali

13
adamianisTvis gaugebari, daujerebeli, miuRebeli, qilikisa
da ironiis sagani Jvanias sityvebi „me var qarTveli, maSasadame,
me var evropeli.“ Tundac Jvanias am sityvebis ukan mecxramete
saukunis qrestomaTiuli avtori an Tundac wmindani idges. es
ki imas niSnavs, rom jer kidev sabWoTa konteqstis nawili varT
da Cveni sabWoTamdeli kulturuli memkvidreoba Cveni Tvi­
Tobis nawili ar gamxdara. Cven davkargeT Cvenive Tavi da axla
vcdi­lobT mis povnas.
sabWoTa sistemam adamianebs waaWra ara mxolod mexsiere­
ba da astronomiuli warmodgenebi politikuri miTologiiT
Seucvala, aramed sivrceSi moZraoba da gadaadgilebac Seuz­
Ruda da is mxolod garkveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTa. saqar­
Tvelos, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, es mimarTuleba xmeleTiT
– saqarTvelos samxedro gziT – ganesazRvra, xolo zRvisken
gaxedva da zRviT sargebloba saerTod SeezRuda. am SezRudvis
Sedegia zRvisadmi sruli sibrmave, zRvis ignorireba, zRvis
verdanaxva. arada, mecxramete saukunis qarTveli damkvirve­
blebi zRvas rogorc qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis alter­
natiul gzas, satransporto saSualebas ganixilaven. isini
iwyeben msjelobas zRvaze rogorc evropasTan kavSir-urTier­
Tobis saSualebaze da kritikulad ganixilaven zRvisadmi qar­
Tvelebis istoriulad arsebul damokidebulebas. „yvela im
xalxebisaTvis, romelnic zRvis napiras dganan, zRva daufase­
bel saunjeT yofila. adamianis daarsebidamve SeniSnulia, rom
yvelaze adre is kaci da is xalxi ganaTlebula da gamdidre­
bula, romelic zRvis napiras cxovrobda. sxvaTa Soris, zRvas
miucia imaTTvis sxva xalxebTan misvla-mosvlisa da vaWro­
bis gamarTvis saxsari, – da es pirveli saSualebaa xalxis win
msvle­lobisa, ganaTlebisa.
raSi gamoviyeneT, rogor visargebleT Cven Savi zRvi­
Ta? dauaxlovdiT Cven ganaTlebul xalxebs? Cven moZme
xal­xebTan, am zRvis napiras mcxovreblebTan, mainc Tu
gvqonda mis­vla-mosvla da cnoba? iqneba is simdidre mainc
gamoviyenoT, romelic zRvaSia? arc erTi, arc meore, arc
mesame. Cvens qve­yanas garda, Tu sxva xalxi da sxva saukeTeso
cxov­reba iyo, Cven xeirianaT arc ki vicodiT; Cveni mezob­lebi
Tu Cveni Zmebi iyvnen da isini gamogvadgebodnen gaWirvebis
Jams, amaze vin hfiqrobda! Sav zRva­Si Tevzis daWera da sxva
aTasi zRvaSi myo­fi nivTebis da cxo­velebis gamoyeneba vis

14
mosdioda TavSi!“13 zRvisadmi es pragmatuli damokidebule­
ba ikargeba sabWoTa epoqaSi, radgan zRva xdeba politikuri
sazRvari sabWoTa kavSirsa da msoflios sxva xal­xebs Soris;
da saqarTvelos, rogorc ssrk-is Semadgenel erT-erT res­
publikas warTmeuli aqvs sagareo politikis warmarTvis
yovelgvari ufleba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, zRva, rome­
lic SeiZleboda kavSir-urTierTobebis saSualeba yofili­
yo, kidev erTxel kargavs Tavis funqcias. postsabWoTa da­
moukidebeli saqarTvelos mTvrobas ori amocana hqonda:
mas erTdroulad unda daeZlia caristuli da bolSevikuri
ruseTis memkvidreoba da amitomac sulac ar aris SemTxvevi­
Ti „vardebis revoluciis“ mTavrobis survili, es zRvasTan
daaxlovebiT moexerxebina. am koloniuri memkvidreobis daZ­
levis mizniT vardebis revoluciis mTavroba iwyebs baTumisa
da mTeli Savi zRvis sanapiro zolis aqtiur aTvisebas da qar­
Tul sazogadoebas sTavazobs axal proeqts – lazikas, rome­
lic postsabWoTa qarTvelma ar gaiziara, radgan proeqtis
mniSvnelobis aRqmaSi mas xeli SeuSala cnobierebidan jer
kidev vergandevnilma xmeleTis, anu ruseTis, gzis ualter­
nativobis koncefciam.
krebulis „evropa rogorc maswavlebeli“ mizani swored
is aris, rom mecxramete saukunis qarTveli damkvirveblebis
„daviwyebuli“, sabWoTa sistemis mier represirebuli proev­
ropuli memkvidreobis gamocemiT erTgvarad xeli SevuwyoT am
mexsierebis Tanamedrove saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis TviTcno­
bierebaSi da SegnebaSi dabrunebas.

***
Cveni kvlevis sagani – mecxramete saukunis qarTuli pre­
sa – diskursulad uaRresad mravalferovania. masSi Cven vi­
poviT ukiduresad da zomierad proevropul, prorusulsa Tu
eTnocentristul diskursebs (cxadia, memarjvene-memarcxene
diskursebis gaswvriv), magram yvelaze Tanmimdevruli, dama­
jerebeli da argumentirebuli aris proeqvropuli diskur­
si, romelic ufro efeqturia TviTSemecnebis da qarTvelebis
mdgo­mareobis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT. swored proevropuli
diskursiT xdeba sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebis intensifikacia.

13. mesxi, sergei. 1874. qarTveli evropaSi : (xami mogzauris SeniSvnebi da fiqre­
bi). droeba. 4 ianvari, 11 ianvari, 18 ianvari

15
 mecxramete saukunis qarTvelma damkvirveblebma evropul
Rirebulebebze, cxovrebis evropul wesze, evropul ganaTle­
baze, evropul sameurneo cxovrebaze, evropuli saxelmwifoe­
bis politikur mowyobaze dakvirvebiT SeZles qarTvelebis
msoflmxedvelobrivi, yofiTi da sxva saxis problemebis iden­
tifikacia da maTi gadaWris gzebis dasaxva. mecxramete sauku­
nis qarTveli damkvirveblebisaTvis evropa warmoadgens ara
mxolod maswavlebels, aramed erTgvar sarkes, romelic saqar­
Tvelos da mTeli kacobriobis momavalsac ireklavs. sxva sit­
yvebiT rom vTqvaT, ganviTarebis evropuli modelebi qarTvel
dam­kvirvebels „universaluri mniSvnelobisa da vargisiano­
bis“14 mqone modelebad miaCnia; amasTan erTad, evropuli kul­
turis miRwevebis sakuTari kulturis miRwevebTan SedarebiT
qarTveli damkvirveblebi imecneben sakuTar Tavs da gansaz­
Rvraven, Tu sad imyofebian istoriuli ganviTarebis gzaze.
dRes, SesaZloa, arc Tu ise politkoreqtulia erTi kultura
meore kulturasTan SefasebiTad SevadaroT da vTqvaT, rom
erTi meores sjobs, erTi upiratesobs meoreze, magram mecxra­
mete saukunis qarTveli damkvirveblebi, iSviaTi gamonaklisis
garda, aRiareben evropuli kulturis winwasulobas da saqar­
Tvelos evropasTan miaxloeba, evropul kulturas damsgavse­
ba srulebiT SesaZleblad da, metic, gadaudebel amocanad
miaCniaT. am SesaZleblobis safuZvels isini xedaven imaSi, rom
(1) saqarTvelo yovelTvis iyo evropuli civilizaciis nawili
da (2) am civilizaciasTan CamoSoreba, masTan kavSiris gawyve­
ta saqarTvelos arCevani ki ar iyo, aramed Cveni evropasTan
daSo­reba istoriulma da geopolitikurma viTarebam ganapiro­
ba. “vinicobaa, Tu Cuens mamapapaT evropielebTan mezobloba
eqnebodaT, maSin SeiZleba yuelas darwmuneba, rom qarTuele­
bi avdenis Zvirfasis niWierebiT savseni arian: didi ganaTleba
iqneboda Cuens queyanaSi, magram vin aRudgeba winagaremoebas?
– saSinels veSapsaviT gawolili osmalos saxelmwifo Cvensa
da evropiis Sua; is fanatizmiT garetebuli osmalos eri, Cue­
nebsRa moagondeboda evropia, romelsaca exueodnen oTxsav
kuTxiv, spars-osmaloebi da sruliad danTqmas upirebdnen, aq
amisi dawera diax advili da wasakiTxavad ufro advili, magram

14. mesxi, sergei. 1874. qarTveli evropaSi : (xami mogzauris SeniSvnebi da fiqre­
bi). droeba. 4 ianvari, 11 ianvari, 18 ianvari

16
Tu sruliad gonebaSi warmoidgenT im anbavsa, zar dasacemi
saSineleba yofila saqarTueloze!”15
ra meTodebiTa da saSualebebiT unda moxdes qarTuli
sazogadoebis modernizacia, anu evropul sazogadoebasTan
misi damsgavseba? erT-erT mniSvnelovan strategiad warmod­
genilia „wabaZva“ da „miTviseba“ (aTviseba). mecxramete saukunis
qarTvel damkvirveblebs gaazrebuli aqvT, rom gaevropeleba,
modernizacia SesaZlebelia mxolod, Tanamedrove eniT rom
vTqvaT, „demokratizaciis gareSe“. cxadia, amis mizezi isaa, rom
ruseTis imperiaSi yovelgvar demokratizacias upirispirde­
ba carizmi, romlis pirobebSi evropeizacia unda momxdariyo
SemovliTi gziT – sameurneo, kulturuli da samecniero miR­
wevebis aTvisebiT. amitom qarTul mediaSi im dros warmoebuli
diskusia evropulsa da qarTul guTanze, maTi Sedareba, SeiZ­
leba dRes vinmes mxolod konkretul sakiTxze davad moeCve­
nos, magram sinamdvileSi amis ukan ufro didi Canafiqri dgas:
konkretuli teqnologiis SemosvliT RirebulebaTa sistemaSi
cvlilebis Setana da evropuli samecniero-kulturuli miR­
wevebis „wabaZviT“ qveynis momavali politikuri ganviTarebis
safuZvlebis Seqmna. impliciturad mocemuli strategia ase
gamoiyureba: jer teqnologiebs, evropul mecnierebas, evro­
pul sameurneo cxovrebis wess daveufloT da amiT SevqmnaT
ruseTis imperiis koloniaSi myofi qveynis momavali damou­
kideblobis safuZveli. amitom sulac ar aris gasakviri 1905
wels besarion lominaZis „wamocdena“ Sveicariaze saubrisas:
„Tu Tavisufleba Cvenc mogveniWa, cxadia, rom swavla-ganaT­
lebis saqmeSi dedamiwaze ukeTess wasabaZ qveyanas ver vipov­
niT.“16 es gabeduli da ruseTis imperiaSi akrZaluli fraza am­
dagvaradac SeiZleba interpretirdes: vidre damoukideblebi
ar gavmxdarvarT, droiT unda visargebloT da jer evropuli
samecniero da teqnologiuri miRwevebi unda aviTvisoT da
ase movemzadoT damoukideblobisaTvis. paradoqsia, magram
faqtia, rom mas Semdeg, rac meoce saukunis bolos saqarTve­
lom damoukidebloba moipova, xolo mogvianebiT „vardebis
revo­luciis“ Semdeg mosulma mTavrobam qveynis modernizacia

15. jambakur-orbeliani, aleqsandre. 1861. qarTvelebis Zveli dro. ciskari,

noemberi
16. lominaZe, besarion. 1905. saxalxo ganaTleba SveicariaSi. cnobis furceli.
28 ivlisi

17
ganizraxa, praqtikulad mecxramete saukuneSi qarTveli dam­
kvirveblebis mier formirebul strategias mimarTa. kerZod,
mTavar amocanad saxelmwifos swrafi teqnologiuri, infra­
struqturuli da saganmanaTleblo modernizacia ganisaz­
Rvra, rac moaruli fraziT iyo gamoxatuli – „kompiuteri­
sa da inglisuris“ codna. amas unda mohyoloda evropasTan
damsgavsebis Semdegi etapi – demokratizacia. paradoqsulad,
damoukidebeli qveynis mTavroba kolonializmis epoqaSi
SemuSavebul strategias mimarTavda.
mecxramete saukunis inteleqtualuri elitis srategiaa:
daveufloT evropul codnas Suamavlis gareSe da ase mivuax­
lovdeT umTavres mizans. unda davemsgavsoT uSualod evropas
da ara ruseTiT gaSualebul evropas: „...Cven darwmunebulni
varT, rom Cveni axal-Taoba marto „qveynis sanaxavad“ ar mi­
dis evropaSi. am SemTxvevaSi isini ufro gonieri azriT xel-­
mZRvaneloben: isini midian evropiuli swavla-mecnierebisa da
cxovrebis gasacnobad da Semdeg amaebis Tavis qveyanaSi dasam­
kvidreblad. vin gaamtyunebs imaT amgvari ganzraxvisaTvis?
vin gabedavs imis Tqmas, rom dasavleTi evropis cxovrebis wa­
baZva da iqidgan pir-da-pir mecnierebis gadmotana aTas wilaT
ukeTesi ar iqneba CvenTvis, vidre sxva romelime qveynidama?
gana yo­velTvis is wyaros wyali ar sjobia, romelic pir-da-pir
miwidam amoCuxCu­xebs da gana ar iciT, rom wyarodam moSorebu­
li wyali (aq aSkarad igulisxmeba ruseTis imperiidan miRebuli
codna. – e.j., g.s.) xandisxan iseTs rameebs SeiTvisebs gzaSi, rom
Semdeg imis gamoyeneba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia?“17
mecxramete saukunis qarTuli inteleqtualuri elita ev­
ropas ganixilavs rogorc maswavlebels. marTalia, sityva „mas­
wavlebeli“ Riad gamoTqmuli ar aris, magram mravali avtori
evropas daufaravad am statuss aniWebs. ase magaliTad, 1864
wels dimitri yifiani wers: „yovelive mzaTa gvaqus evropelebi­
sagan mofiqrebuli, gakeTebuli da saqmeSi Semotanili. Cven Ra,
romelTac arasferze Sroma ar gagviweviara, gvrCeba mxoloT,
rom es mzaT SemoRebuli miviTvisoT Cven sasargebloT. Cuen
mogvindeba arc measedi im Sromisa, romelic evropielT gaswi­
es. imedi maqvs yvela dameTanxmos amazed, imitom rom Tavdapir­
veli moZebna, mopoveba, gakeTeba da gamSueniereba sagnisa ufro

17. qvariani, simon. 1897. ra gvari codna ufro gveWirveba qarTvelebs. meurne.
15 ivnisi

18
Znelia, vidre gacnoba da miTviseba am sagnisa swavliT“.18 sityva
„miTviseba“ aq damowafebas gulisxmobs, xolo dimitri yifia­
nis am citataSi evropas maswavleblis statusi aqvs miniWebuli,
magram es ar aris Seuracxmyofeli statusi. piriqiT: aTviseba,
rogorc yifiani ambobs „miTviseba“, warmodgenilia rogorc
mniSvnelovani kulturuli amocana. es „maswavlebloba“ exe­
ba cxovrebis yvela sferos – ganaTlebas, soflis meurneo­
bas, teqnologias, ekonomikasa da vaWrobas, qalTa ganaTlebas,
politikur mowyobas, infrastruqturas da, zogadad SeiZleba
iTqvas, yoveldRiurobasa da cxovrebis wess.
srulebiT uflebamosili varT, davsvaT kiTxva: rom ara
ruseTi, gaikvlevda Tu ara saqarTvelo gzas evropisaken, mox­
deboda Tu ara misi evropeizacia? cxadia, ruseTis imperiis
SemadgnlobaSi yofnam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa saqar­
Tvelos evropeizaciis saqmeSi. mecxramete saukunis qarTvel
damkvirvebels es srulebiT gacnobierebuli aqvs. magali­
Tad, 1868 wels konstantine mamacaSvili wers: „...qarTvelebi
srulebiT sxva mdgomareobaSi arian, vidre danarCenni aRmo­
savleTis xalxni: radganac saqarTvelo aRiarebs qristiano­
bas da Tavisi bedi da istoria ruseTTan SeaerTa, amisTvis es
ufro evropas ekuTvnis, vidre azias“.19 radgan mecxramete
saukunemdeli qarTveli politikuri moRvaweebis evropu­
li proeqti damarcxda, ruseTTan SeerTeba am politikuri
marcxis alternativadaa warmodgenili. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom evropisaken gzaze ruseTi ganixileba ara rogorc
mizani, aramed rogorc saSualeba. ruseTi bolo gaCereba ar
aris. am mosazrebis gamyareba imiTac aris SesaZlebeli, rom
qarTvelebi Zalian adre mixvdnen, Tu sad moxvdnen da ras war­
moadgenda ruseTis imperia.
ruseTis imperiis Sefasebis erT-erTi nimuSi mocemulia ia­
kob gogebaSvilis soxumis olqis mmarTvel apolon vvedenskis­
Tan diskusiaSi, romelic gaimarTa ruseT-TurqeTis (1877-1878)
omis Semdeg dacarielebuli afxazeTis axalmosaxleebis Casax­
lebis irgvliv. muslim afaxzTa muhajirobis Semdeg af­xazeTi
gaveranda da iakob gogebaSvilma wamoayena afxazeTSi afxaz­
ebTan kulturulad, cxovrebis wesiT axlos mdgari da msgavs

18. yifiani, dimitri. 1864. Cveni nacar qeqiebi. ciskari. ianvari

19. mamacaSvili, konstantine. 1868. ramdenime cnoba saqarTveloze: (Targmani
konstantine mamacaSvilis statiisa). droeba. 19 ivlisi

19
ekologiur garemoSi cxovrebis gamocdilebis mqone meg­relebis
Casaxlebis idea. amas mohyva afxazeTis olqis mmarTvelis apo­
lon vvedenskis pasuxi, sadac is megrelebs CamorCenilebad,
Sesabamisad, afxazeTis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Tvalsazris­
iT gamousadegar xalxad moixseniebda da moiTxovda, rom af­
xazeTSi, misi azriT, sameurneo TvalsazrisiT ganviTarebuli,
ruseTis samxreTSi mosaxle rusebi unda Casaxlebuliyvnen.20
gogebaSvilma vvedenskisadmi Tavis pasuxSi aRniSna, rom rusi
glexi CamorCenilia da ruseTSi soflis meurneobas germane­
li axalmosaxleebi aviTareben. soflis meurneobis ganviTare­
bis resursi da ganaTleba rus glexs ara aqvs da amis mizezi,
gogebaSvilis azriT, ruseTis imperiis inglisis imperiasa da
SeerTebul StatebTan Rrma CamorCeniloba iyo. faqtorivad,
iakob gogebaSvilma ruseTs “CamorCenili imperia” uwoda. SeiZ­
leba gogebaSviliseul ruseTis amgvar SefasebaSi erTgvari
„guldawyvetac“ amovikiTxoT: rom saqarTvelos dampyrobel­
Sic ar gaumarTla da istoriam udisciplino da CamorCenili
imperiis nawilad yofna miusaja.
cxadia, amgvari Sefasebis Sedegi aris qarTvelTa mcdelo­
ba, daemowafon „pirvelwyaros“ – evropas, saidanac unda miiRon
ganaTleba da vis magaliTzec moawyon TavianTi sameurneo cxov­
reba. es sruliad eqspliciturad aqvs gamoTqmuli sergei mesxs:
„yovelgvari codnisa, ganaTlebisa, cxovrebis gaumjobesobisa
da warmatebis wyaro jer-jerobiT dasavleTi evropa aris. yve­
la xalxebi, da maT Soris rusebic, am wyaros ewafebian da aqedam
gamoaqvT yvelaferi, rac ki saukeTesoa, kacis manugeSebelia da
win wamwevi am xalxebis cxovrebaSi... vin gabedavs imis Tqmas, rom
dasavleTi evropis cxovrebis wabaZva da iqidgan pir-da-pir
mecnierebis gadmotana aTas wilaT ukeTesi ar iqneba CvenTvis,
vidre sxva romelime qveynidama? gana yovelTvis is wya­ros wya­
li ar sjobia, romelic pir-da-pir miwidam amoCuxCuxebs da gana
ar iciT, rom wyarodam moSorebuli wyali xandisxan iseTs ra­

20. i. gogebaSvisa da a. vedenskis diskusia ixileT: Гогебашвили, Я.. 1877. Тифлис,

26 сентября. Тифлисский Вестник. 27 seqtemberi.; Гогебашвили, Я.. 1877. Тифлис,
27 сентября. Тифлисский Вестник. 28 seqtemberi.; Введенский, А.. 1877. К вопросу о
будущей колонизации Абхазии. Кавказ. 15 oqtomberi; Гогебашвили, Я., 1877. Тифлис,
5 ноября. Тифлисский Вестник. 6 noemberi; Гогебашвили, Я., 1877. Тифлис, 7 ноября.
Тифлисский Вестник. 8 noemberi; Гогебашвили, Я., 1877. Тифлис, 8 ноября. Тифлисский
Вестник. 9 noemberi; Гогебашвили, Я., 1877. Тифлис, 9 ноября. Тифлисский Вестник. 10
noemberi; Гогебашвили, Я., 1877. Тифлис, 11 ноября. Тифлисский Вестник. 12 noemberi

20
meebs SeiTvisebs gzaSi, rom Semdeg imis gamoyeneba TiTqmis SeuZ­
lebelia? maS mivesalmoT am axal movlinebas da gza daulocoT
im axalgazrdebs, romelnic mieltvian evropisaken dedani wya­
ros dasawafeblad.“21 daaxloebiT aseTsave mosazrebas gamoT­
qvams simon qvariani, romelic wers: ”CavxedoT erTaT qarTveli
eris mkvnesare sulSi, SevignoT misi Wrilobani, SevignoT Cveni
dRevandeli cxovreba, Cveni ekonomika, Cveni kultura, Cavuk­
virdeT msoflio istoriis kanonebs da vcnoT qarTveli eris
mefaraxaT, Cveni ekonomiur warmatebis deda-RerZad evropis
meurneoba da mrewveloba. vcnoT ruseTisa da Cveni specialuri
skolebi CvenTvis uvargisaT, vecadoT gavgzavnoT blomaT Cve­
ni niWieri da momzadebuli ymawvilebi evropaSi meurneobis da
sameurneo texnikis SesaswavlaT“.22
magram sad gadis sazRvari evropasa da araevropas Soris?
mecxramete saukunis qarTveli damkvirveblisTvis es sazRvari
pirvel rigSi politikuri sazRvaria ruseTis imperiasa da ev­
ropul saxelmwifoebs Soris. magram arsebobs ufro mniSvnelo­
vani sazRvari da gansxvavebis ufro mniSvnelovani indikatori,
vidre politikuri sazRvaria. aseTi indikatoria, magali­Tad,
gzebi, skolebi, ganaTleba, infrastruqtura da marTva.
„...mog­vTxoves baSforTebi da naxevar saaTis Semdeg gagvistum­
res avstriis stanciaSi, romelic sam verstze iqneba daSorebu­
li voloCinskis stanciaze. konduktorebis mixra-moxra da ta­
novaneba, vagzlis simSveniere, vagonebis simaRle da sifaqize
– yvela es cxadaT gvimtkicebda, rom ruseTs gamoveTxoveT da
ucxo qveynis samzRvarze gavediT.“23 sxvaTa Soris, sazRvri­
sadmi es damokidebuleba meoce saukunis bolomde ar Secvli­
la. magaliTisTvis, civi omis periodSi „cimbiri iwyeboda „Cek­
point CarlisTan“ berlinis centrSi, aRmosavleT da dasavleT
berlinis sazRvarze.24

21. mesxi, sergei. 1872. saqarTvelo: axali mimarTuleba Cveni axal-Taobisa.

droeba. 20 oqtomberi
22. qvariani, simon. 1897. ra gvari codna ufro gveWirveba qarTvelebs. meurne.
15 ivnisi
23. cxvedaZe, niko. 1878. mokle SeniSvnebi samzRvargareTidam. iveria. 10 agvisto,
17 agvisto, 24 agvisto, 31 agvisto, 7 seqtemberi, 5 oqtomberi, 19 oqtomberi,
26 oqtomberi
24. Applebaum, Anne. Iron Curtain. The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944-1956. (New York: An-
chor Books, 2013) p. 413

21
 ra vuyoT Cvens tradiciebs? es kiTxva iseTive aqtualuria
mecxramete saukuneSi, rogorc dRes. gansxvavebiT dRevande­
lobisagan mecxramete saukunis qarTveli damkvirveblebi bev­
rad ufro racionalurebi arian da tradiciisa da evropuli
modernizaciis dapirispirebaSi am ukanasknelis mxares dganan.
tradiciasa da modernizacias, qarTuli cxovrebis da evropu­
li cxovrebis wesis dapirispirebaSi avtorebi cdiloben, qar­
Tuli tradicia ar uaryon, magram am tradiciebs kritikulad
ganixilaven da evropulTan/racionalurTan/mecnierulTan
kon­fliqtis SemTxvevaSi upirobod „gonebis“ – evropis – mxares
dgebian. „...yovels SemTxvevaSi adaTsa da Cveulebas mxolod ma­
Sin unda vicavdeT Seuryevlad da pativsa vcemdeT, roca ar aris
winaaRmdegi gonebisa da sargeblobisa. Zveli adaTis dacvis
sasargebloT xSirad mohyavT, rom esa da es adaTi ramdenime
saukunea rac dawesebuliao. magram es sabuTi xSirad usafuZ­
vloa. bevri amgvari adaTi da Cveuleba adre yofila kargi da
sasargeblo da Semdgom raki garemoeba adgilisa gamocvlila,
gadaqceula usargeblod da mavneblad da Tu aqamdis ar Secvli­
la, amis mizezi is aris, ro es Secvla fiqrad aravis mosvlia.“25
argumenti amgvari arCevanis sasargeblod aris mecnierebis
upiratesoba tradiciaze. tradicia, mecxramete saukunis qarT­
veli damkvirveblebis azriT, aris avtomaturi da gauazrebeli
gameorebis da ara racionaluri azrovnebis Sedegi: „sasuqis
zemoqmedeba Zvelis ZvelTaganve hqonia xalxs SemCneuli. Cvenma
xalxmac icis es, magram es codna dResac, rogorc ZvelaT, bne­
lia, uangariSo, mxoloT dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli da tradici­
iT erTis Taobisagan meorisaTvis gadmocemuli, ganaTlebuls
qveynebSi ki, cotaTi Tu bevraT, dRes ukve Segnebuli namdvilaT
dafasebuli, angariSiani codnaa. Cven viciT mxoloT, rom sasuqi
mcenarisaTvis kargia, margebelia da meti araferi. risTvis, ro­
gor an riT aris igi kargi, margebeli, Cven eg ar viciT. amitomaa,
rom Cven miwis sasuqaT sxva ara gvgonia ra sasargeblo Tu ara
„saqonlis pativi“, radgan dakvirveba mxoloT am mxriv gvqonia,
da eWvic ki ar Segvparvia, rom sxva raimesac SesZlebiyos miwis
gasuqeba. saqme Turme sul sxvanairaT yofila...“26

25. guTnis deda. 1863. xelT mZRvaneli miwis moqmedisa. 15 ianvari

26. naneiSvili, aleqsandre. 1897. sasuqis movla-momzadeba safrangeTSi. meurne.
14 seqtemberi

22
 „yoveli gaunaTlebeli xalxi sazogadoT da metadre qar­
Tveli yvela Zveleburs magra eWideba. Zveleburs, mama-papeu­
ls, yovelisfers Tayvansa scems ise, rogorc kerps. mama-papeu­
li sazogado wesi, rigi, Cveuleba, iaraRebi, rogorc sameurneo,
ise yoveli saojaxo da saxelosno imas miaCnia iseT ganZaT-qone­
baT, romlis ukeTesi sxvas aravis aqvs da maSasadame yoveli
cvlileba-gaukeTeseba maTi sruliad amaoa imaTis azriT.“27
„am saxiT samagaliTo ferma romelSiac xvna-Tesva da sxva
sasoflo xeloba arian dawyobilni saukeTeso rigzed, war­
mogvidgens Tvalsa xiluls gamocdilebasa. rac unda Zlieri
iyos kacis siyvaruli Zveli wesdebulebisaTvis, rac unda
Rrmad gaedgas imaSi Zirkvi cru morwmunebasa, Tuki TvaliT
dainaxavs axali rigis umjobesobasa, Tuki Tavisive gonebiT
Saityobs, rom sasargebloa Zveli wesis gamocvla, maSin raRa
daabrkolebs mibaZvaSi.“28
miuxedavad imisa, rom modernizacias da evropeizacias
mravali dabrkolebebi aqvs gadasalaxavi, mecxramete saukunis
qarTveli avtorebi optimisturad arian ganwyobilni. am opti­
mizmis safuZvels maT aZlevT is, rom konkretuli teqnologiu­
ri da samecniero siaxleebis Semosvla da maTi warmateba
tradiciis inerciiT moqmed adamians gaakeTebinebs arCevans
modernizaciis sasargeblod da mas racionaluri msjelobisa
da moqmedebis procesSi CarTavs.
tradiciul soflis meurneobasTan erTad modernizaciis
mTavar dabrkolebad mecxramete saukunis qarTvel damkvir­
veblebs warmoudgebaT vaWroba da vaWrobisadmi qarTvelebis
mtruli damokidebuleba (romlis arsebobac qarTuli mxat­
vruli literaturuli narativebiTac dasturdeba). zogadad,
rogorc evropul, qarTul feodalur sistemaSic vaWrebisad­
mi da vaWrobisadmi damokidebuleba gamomdinare qristianuli
moZRvrebidan problemuri iyo. es damokidebuleba safrange­
Tis revoluciam gadalaxa. mesame wodebam aRiarebas miaRwia da
vaWrobas CamoSorda uaryofiTi konotacia. magram safrange­
Tis revoluciur ideebsa da ruseTis imperias Soris gaCxeri­
li proevroipeli qarTveli damkivreblebi modernizaciis da
ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan saSualebad miiCneven vaWrobisad­

27. jandieri, vladimer. 1883. werili redaqtorTan. droeba. 18 maisi

28. serebriakovi [oqromWedliSvili], ivane. 1862. aSeneba orisa fermisa kavkazi­
isa mxaresa. guTnis deda. 1 ianvari

23
mi zizRis gadalaxvas da am saqmianobis gacivilurobas: „jer­
jerobiT, vimeoreb, saWiroa da sakmarisia marto is arsebi­
Ti cvli­leba vitvirToT Cvenis Sexedulobisa, rom indoeTis
kastebis TvaliT ki ara, evropiulad viTvaliswinebdeT da
vepyrobodeT vaWrobas, Rirseuls pativs vcemdeT miss Rirse­
bas, vcdilobdeT misis naklis gasworebas... es cvlileba me­
tad advili egoneba umetess nawils mkiTxvlebisas. namdvilad
ki metismetad Znelia Cvenis sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac
saukunoebis ganmavlobaSi dedis rZesTan erTad SeuTvisebia
sul sxva Sexeduloba. Cvens mozards Taobas aTas nair sagnebs
da cnobebs aswavlian. maTi siuxve da simravle programebSi
alags rodiRa stovebs mozardis zneobrivis gawrTvnisaTvis.
amitomac mama-papuri Semcdari Sexeduloba jafaze, Sromaze,
aReb-micemobaze, vaWrobaze, Seucvlelad gadadis erTis Tao­
bidan meoreSi; agreTve Seucvlelad gadadis Cveul usaqmoebis
da muqTa-mWamlobis natvra da qeba. am deda-boZebzea damyarebu­
li TaRi Cvenis eris ekonomiuris uZlurebisa. sanam am deda-bo­
Zebs ar SevmusravT, da maTs adgilze mkvidr sakurTxevels ar
avagebT patiosanis Sromis Tayvan-sacemlad, manamde namdvilis
warmatebisa da ganaTlebis madli Cven ar gveRirseba da arc
mogvixdeba“.29 vaWrobisadmi negatiuri damokidebulebis da­
saZ­levad qarTveli damkvirvebeli qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis
arcTu ise sasiamovno warsulis gaxsenebasac ar erideba: „Cven­
gans bevrs isic exsomeba, rom, ara Tu vaWroba da yidva-gayidviT
Tavis rCena, TviT sakuTari mosavlis gayidva samarcxvinod iT­
vleboda mebatoneebSi. soflis Tavadi an aznauri malviT hyid­
da Taviss purs, an SeSas, an Rvinos, an siminds. momakvdinebel
codvad miaCndaT es saqme imaT, vinc Sina-ymis, mojalabis, moax­
lis da glexis gayidvas ar Takilobdnen winad... pirvelad rom
xma gavarda CvenSi, erTs did mebatones TuTuni (Tambaqo) gau­
yidniao, mTels sazogadoebaSi marto Zraxva ismoda: „Seurcxva
did-kacoba, mikitnis xelobas Sesdgomiao!“ roca moaxleebisa
da Sina-ymebis gayidva kanonma akrZala, Cvenma mowinave wodebam
miwa-wylis gayidvas gausva xeli, da marto maSin gaicno mosav­
lis gayidvis umankoeba, roca TviT es mosavali imodenad Seum­
cirda, rom TviTonac sayideli gauxda.“30

29. nikolaZe, niko. 1894. Sinauri mimoxilva : saqonlis gamzidavi vaWroba. moambe.
dekemberi
30. iqve

24
 mecxramete saukunis damkvirveblebi cxadad xedaven,
rom vaWrobisadmi damokidebulebis SecvlasTan erTad unda
Seicvalos TviT vaWrobis kulturac, romelsac sergei mesxi
ase axasiaTebs: „Tavis gamdidrebisaTvis, Cveneburi vaWari
arafers ar dazogavs, yvela saxsari kargia, yvela gamosadegaT
miaCnia. naTesavis, tol-amxanagis, nacnobisa da ucnobis motyu­
eba – yvela gamodgeba. magari maudis magierad – damplis Setyu­
ileba, kargi fqvilis magierad – gafuWebulis gasaReba, maneTSi
maneTis sargeblis aReba, yvela es vaWrobaT, karg, moxerxebul
vaWrobaT miaCnia!“31 vaWrobis kultura mainc Seicvleba, radgan
istoriis logika mTeli kacobriobis gaevropulobaSi mdgo­
mareobs. aRmosavluri qarTuli vaWroba, romelic TaRliTo­
basa da momxmareblis motyuebazea dafuZnebuli, evropuli
kulturis zegavleniT transformirdeba da momavali mainc ev­
ropul vaWrobas ekuTvnis: „...magram erTs viwinaswarmetyveleb:
amisTana vaWrobas mkvidri safuZveli ara aqvs. vinc pirveli
gamoCndeba axlandel Cvens vaWrebze ufro gonieri, moxerxebu­
li da cotaTi mainc upatiosnesi Cveni warmoeba da vaWrobac,
ueWvelia, imis xelSi Cavardeba. „motyuebiTa sofeli arvisa
mouWamia“.32 aq aSkarad ikveTba qarTveli inteeqtualebis mcde­
loba daamkvidron evropuli vaWrobisa da ekonomikuri saqmi­
anobis eTosi, romelic anglo-saqsur tradiciaSi cnobilia
cnebiT businesslike conduct. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq
sityva „vaWroba“ farTo azriTac SeiZleba gavigoT da tradi­
ciuli vaWrobis kritikaSi SeiZleba davinaxoT cxovrebis da
adamianuri saqmianobis yvela sferos kritika.
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSic evropisadmi nihilizms kve­
bavs Cveni teqnologiuri CamorCena da SiSi, rom Cven veras­
dros gavuTanaswordebiT evropas. „vardebis revoluciis“
dros da revoluciis Semdegi mTavrobisa da politikuri li­
derebis erT-erTi mTavari gzavnili iyo, rom Cven SegviZlia
Zalian swrafad davZlioT ufskruli, romelic arsebobs qar­
Tul post-sabWoTa sazogadoebasa da evropul sazogadoebas
Soris. amitom „vardebis revoluciis“ mTavrobis warmomadgen­
lebi xSirad usvamdnen xazs konkretuli proeqtebis warmate­
bas (magaliTad, iusticiis saxli, sapatrulo policia da sxva)
da amiT cdilobdnen qarTvelebis nihilizmi, problemebis ver­

31. mesxi, sergei.1874. Cveneburi vaWrebi da vaWroba. droeba. 22 noemberi

32. iqve

25
daZlevis SiSi gadaelaxaT. mecxramete saukunis qarTvel dam­
kvirveblebsac kargad aqvT gacnobierebuli ruseTis imperiis
da, Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos CamorCena evropul civilizaci­
asTan da am CamorCenis niadagze warmoCenili SiSis da nihi­
lizmis dasaZlevad xSirad mimarTaven Sveicariis warmatebul
magaliTs, radgan qarTveli damkvirveblebisTvis Sveicaria
landSafturad, eTnikurad da religiurad saqarTvelos msgav­
si qveyanaa: „rac evropaSi qveynebia arc erTi ise ar hgavs Cvens
mxaresa, rogorc Sveicaria, Tu mivxedavT mdebareoba da sazoga­
dod bunebis Tvisebasa isic aqauriviT mTiani adgilia, dayofi­
li xevebiTa da ReleebiTa; iqac mTis ZirebSi cxeli adgilebia,
sadac xeirobs vazi da mraval gvari xexili. mravalgvari xalxi,
gansxvavebuli erTmaneTisgan CamomavlobiTa, saxiTa, eniTa da
CveulebiTa. buneba TiTqo erTia aqaca da iqaca, magram xalxis
moqmedebasa, xelovnobasa, sarCosa ara aqvsT araferi msgavse­
ba. klde karianobam ver dauSala Sveicarias Semotana da miReba
verca erTis im ganaTlebis nayofebisa, romelnica aqvsT sasiqa­
dulod evropielebsa. rogorc sxva evropiis mxares Sveicaria­
sac aqvs mSvenieri Sossebi da rkinis gzebi imisTana adgilebSi
sadac CvenSi safexuri gzebi Zliv moumsgavsebiaT. uTvalavi
fabrikebi amzadeben yovels gvars evropiul saqonelsa. ganaT­
leba, mSvenieri samoqalaqo dawyobileba Sveicariisa ar Camou­
vardeba arc erTs evropiis qveyanas. mrTeli Sveicariis miwebi
isea gakeTebuli da xmarebuli, rom iSviaTad ipovnis kaci ga­
mosayen adgilsa, romelic ar aZlevdes Tavis Sesafer sarge­
blobasa. Sveicaria hzrdis sam milions xalxsa imodena adgilSi,
sadac CvenSi naxevari milionic ver moTavsebula. didi mniSvne­
loba aqvs CvenSi am qveynis magaliTsa. CvenTvis amitom, rom Tu
aravis daumtkicebia sruli da miucilebeli ufleba bunebis
Tvisebisa kacis moqmedebazed, ueWvelia mainc, rom am Tviseba­
sa aqvs didi gavlena mravalgvar saqmezed, metadre rac Seexeba
miwis SemuSavebasa da maszed dafuZnebul kacis simdidresa da
warmatebasa. bevri ambobs CvenSi: esa da es saqme amisTana klde
karSi ar gamodgebao; rac ra mam papas SemouRia imaze ukeTess
veras moigonebeno: am gvari xmaurobisa magaliTis ucodnelo­
biTgan warmodgeba, sadac ar aris sxva ufro ukadrisi mizezi.
marTali is ari mxolod, rom zog adgilas bevri Sroma unda, zo­
gan mcire da Tavdapirvelad sasowarkveTileba sizarmacis ni­
Sania. Sveicarias amisTana klde karSive daudvia safuZveli ga­
naTlebisa da sarCoobis Sematebisa da Tu asula imisTana maRal

26
xarisxzeda, Cven unda imedi gvqondes, rom klde karianoba arc
CvenTvis Seiqmneba uZlevel dabrkolebaT.“33 qarTvel damkvir­
veblebs aseve kargad esmiT, ratom miaRwia Sveicariam warmate­
bas sameurneosa da politikur cxovrebaSi. es aris Sromis
racionaluri organizacia, droisadmi protestantizmiT ganpi­
robebuli racionaluri damokidebuleba da maRali socialau­
ri kapitali, romelic aklia qarTul kulturas, magram romlis
„miTviseba“ qarTvel damkvirveblebs gadauWrel an gadaulaxav
amocanad ar miaCniaT.
cxadia, mecxramete saukunis qarTveli damkvirveblebis
proevropuli ganwyobebis formirebaze aseve did zegavlenas
axdenda rusuli „zapadnikebis“ prodasavluri inteleqtua­
luri moZraoba, magram gansxvavebiT rusuli „zapadnikobisa­
gan“ qarTuli medasavleTeoba da qarTuli proevropuli azri
proevropelobas ruseTis imperiasTan daSorebisaTvis, ruse­
Tis CamorCenilobis demonstrirebisaTvis da sakuTari nacio­
naluri ideis formirebisTvis iyenebda.
mecxramete saukunis presis da am presaSi ganxiluli prob­
lemebis gacnobisas mkiTxvels SeiZleba gauCndes STabeWdile­
ba, rom saqarTvelo erTgvar mojadoebul wreze trialebs. Tu
ar CavTvliT qveynis mier mopovebul politikur damoukideb­
lobas, dResac saqarTvelos igive problemebi aqvs, romelic
mecxramete saukunis damkvirveblebma gamokveTes. am arcTu
mcdar STabeWdilebas Tavisi safuZveli aqvs. kerZod, es sa­
fuZveli unda veZeboT imaSi, rom mecxramete saukuneSi gaCe­
nili erovnuli idea da kulturuli, politikuri da socialu­
ri problemebis gadaWris xSirad erTmaneTs dapirispirebuli
ideebis (memarcxene, memarjvene, liberaluri da konservatu­
li) spontanuri ganviTareba, rac 1918 wels unda mohyoloda,
sabWoTa okupaciam gayina, ramac prolemebis konservacia ga­
napiroba. 1991 wels Cven es problemebi gavalRveT da maT ga­
dawyvetas erTi saukunis dagvianebiT vcdi­lobT. aqedan aris
swored deJavius is gancda, romelic mecxramete saukunis
mediis kiTxvisas gviCndeba. evropaze dakvirvebis meSveobiT
qar­Tuli sazogadoeba mecxramete saukuneSi axdens jer kidev
koloniadmyofi saqarTvelos samomavlo adgilis gansazRvras
msoflios politikursa da kulturul rukaze da es adgili
aris ara erTmorwmune ruseTi, aramed adamianis Rirsebaze

33. guTnis deda. 1863. Sveicariis yvelis gakeTeba. 15 ivnisi

27
orientirebuli evropa. amitom sulac ar aris gasakviri Terg­
daleulebidan moyolebuli mecxramete saukunis qarTvel in­
teleqtualTa erTsulovani prodasavluroba. Cven ver Seva­
darebT Tanamedrove sazogadoebisa da mecxramete saukunis
sazogadoebis damokidebulebebs evropisadmi, Tumca SegviZ­
lia Tanamedrove da mecxramete saukunis mediebis kontentis
Sedareba da aqedan garkveuli daskvnis gamotana: mecxramete
saukunis mediis kontenti bevrad ufro proevropulia, vidre
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos mediis kontenti.

28
ganaTleba
 konstantine mamacovi

ufalo redakto!

sami nomeri ciskris damatebisa, wodebuli „guTnis dedad“

miviRe da didis kmayofilebiT wavikiTxe. Zalian saWiro iyo, ev­
ropiuli mamulis movla.
erTi weliwadia me vscxovrob gorSi da rogorc gavican go­
ris uezdis mamulis movla, aqamomde srulebiT ara gakeTebula
ra Sesaferad adgilis simdidrisa miwebiTa, wyliTa da tyiTa.
Cuenis siRaribis mizezi am saukunos dawyebamdisin iyo Cve­
ni mousvenebeli cxovreba. samoci weliwadi metia saqarTuelo­
Si mSvidoba aris, magram am mSvidobiT Cven vera visargebleT ra
uswavlelobisa gamo.
Tumca zogni amboben, rom mizezi Cuenis siRaribisa ufu­
loba ariso, magram rogorc me vscan, fulic bevri daxarju­
la Cuenis mamulis patronebisagan srulebiT unayofoT; upir­
velesad fulisa kacisaTvin aris hswavla. magaliTad vxedavT,
rom evropidgan modian francielni, germanielni Cven mamulSi
ufuloT da mokles dros mdidrdebian... guliTa da suliTa gi­
survebT keTil warmatebasa da ganvrcelebasa hswavlisa evro­
piulis mamulis movlisasa.
Tu Cemma samsaxurma momca dro, didis kmayofilebiT Sege­
weviT raodenime statiebiTa.
Tquenis gazeTis „guTnis dedis“ gulmxurvaleT warmatebis
msurveli konstantine mamacovi.
Cyჲb-sa welsa, g-s febervalsa. gori.

guTnis deda. – Tbilisi, 1862 – N4. gv. 36.

31
 sergei mesxi

axali mimarTuleba Cveni axal-Taobisa

ra mimarTuleba hqondaT am aTi wlis winaT Cvens axal­

gazrdebs? ras swavlobdnen isini ruseTis sxva da sxva umaR­
less saswavleblebSi? riTi Svelodnen isini Semdeg TavianT
gamzdel-samSoblos? ra sargebloba mohqondaT „ganaTlebul
axalgazrdebs“ Cveni qveynisaTvis? es da amgvari kiTxvebi imden­
jer aRZrula Cvens sazogadoebaSi da literaturaSi da imaTi
pasuxi imdenjer garkveviT Tqmula, rom exla xel-axlaT amaze
dawerilebiT laparaki, ueWvelia, mkiTxvels Tavs moabezrebs.
vityviT mxolod imas, rom Cveni aTi da oci wlis winaT gamozdili
ymawvil-kacebi mxolod CinovnikobisTvis iyvnen momzadebulni.
Tavidamve imaT iseTi mimarTuleba hqondaT micemuli da Semdeg
swavlasac iseTs iRebdnen, rom an Cinovnikad unda Seqmniliyvnen
da an sul tyuil-ubraloT, usaqmoT da umiznoT moeklaT dro.
erTs xeirian meojaxes, meurneobis mcodnesa, erTs romlisame
namuSevris an sxva raime sagnis mwarmoebels ver naxavT CvenTa­
ganSi; iSviaTad naxavT iseTs axalgazrda naswavls, romelsac
Tavis swavla romlisame kerZo saqmis dawyebaSi gamoeyenebinos.
magram, rogorc zeviT vTqviT, es azrebi Zveli da gacveTi­
li azrebia da amis gamo Cven Zvel-axal Taobas mimarTulebaze
bevrs nu vilaparakebT.
dRes Cven gvinda vsTqvaT ramdenime sityva erTs movlineba­
ze, romelic, ueWvelia, CvenTvis yvelasTvis Zlier sasiamovno
ambavs unda Seadgendes. Cven gvinda vsTqvaT im ltolvilebaze,
romelic ukanasknel Taobis Cvenma axalgazrdebma aRmoaCines.
Cveni ukanaskneli axal-Taoba aTasis magaliTiT darwmun­
da, rom Cinovnikoba arc sakuTariv imaTa da arc sazogadT imaT
samSoblo qveyanas magden sargeblobas ar aZlevs da keTils aras
hmatebs. es mosazreba didi xania cxadi da advilaT SesamCneveli
unda hyofiliyo yvela imaTTvis, romelnic gonebiT dabrmave­
bulni ar iyvnen da Cven naswavl Cinovnikebis cxovrebasa da yo­
fa-qcevas xedavdnen. magram naTqvamia – WeSmariteba swori gziT
arasodes ar moinaxebao. raki Cveni axal-Taoba namdvilaT dar­
wmunda, rom es Zveli gza yovels SemTxvevaSi gamousadegari da

32
xandisxan mavnebeli gza iyo, Seudga axali gzis monaxvas da am
axa­li Taobis saqeblaT unda vsTqvaT, rom es axali gza imaT male
monaxavs. es gza – dasavleTi evropis gza aris.
sikvdilis Semdeg rom sinanuls raime mniSvneloba hqondes,
Cven vitirebdiT im dakarguls drosa da axalgazrdebs, romelnic
tyuil-ubraloT CaiRupnen, sanam es swori gza moinaxeboda. mag­
ram, radganac sikvdilis Semdeg sinanuli araferSi gamogvadge­
ba, amis gamo, ubralo cremlebs Tavi davaneboT da davxarodeT,
rom Cvenma ukanasknelma axal-Taobam swore gzas daadga.
yovelgvari codnisa, ganaTlebisa, cxovrebis gaumjobeso­
bisa da warmatebis wyaro jer-jerobiT dasavleTi evropa aris.
yvela xalxebi, da maT Soris rusebic, am wyaros ewafebian da
aqedam gamoaqvT yvelaferi, rac ki saukeTesoa, kacis manugeSebe­
lia da win wamwevi am xalxebis cxovrebaSi. Tavis Tavisa da Tavis
qveynis win waweva mxolod imas SeuZlia, visac evropis cxovreba
da mecniereba kargad da WeSmaritad gaucnia. gaunaTlebelsa da
Rarib sazogadoebas mxolod is kaci moutans sargeblobas, ro­
melic TviTon evropiul swavla-mecnierebaSi ganviTarebulia
da Tavis TvaliT unaxavs da Seuswavlia siRaribis momspobeli da
keTil-dReobis momniWebeli saxsrebi. sxva ara iyos ra, ubralo
danaxvac ganaTlebuli xalxebis cxovrebisa da mecnierebis na­
yofisa – ara mcired sargeblobas moutans iseTis qveynis Svils,
rogoric Cvenia. tyuila ki ar amboben CvenSi, rodesac romelime
kacis Rirsebaze ityvian, rom „am kacs qveyana unaxavs, ganaTle­
buli kaciao!“ am azrs Tavisi safuZveli aqvs.
magram Cven darwmunebulni varT, rom Cveni axal-Taoba mar­
to „qveynis sanaxavad“ ar midis evropaSi. am SemTxvevaSi isini
ufro gonieri azriT xel-mZRvaneloben: isini midian evropiuli
swavla-mecnierebisa da cxovrebis gasacnobad da Semdeg amaebis
Tavis qveyanaSi dasamkvidreblad. vin gaamtyunebs imaT amgvari
ganzraxvisaTvis? vin gabedavs imis Tqmas, rom dasavleTi evro­
pis cxovrebis wabaZva da iqidgan pir-da-pir mecnierebis gad­
motana aTas wilaT ukeTesi ar iqneba CvenTvis, vidre sxva ro­
melime qveynidama? gana yovelTvis is wyaros wyali ar sjobia,
romelic pir-da-pir miwidam amoCuxCuxebs da gana ar iciT, rom
wyarodam moSorebuli wyali xandisxan iseTs rameebs SeiTvisebs
gzaSi, rom Semdeg imis gamoyeneba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia?
maS mivesalmoT am axal movlinebas da gza daulocoT im
axal­gazrdebs, romelnic mieltvian evropisaken dedani wyaros

33
dasawafeblad. Cven imedi gvaqvs, rom erTi dasavleT evropaSi
gazdili qarTveli Tavis swavliTa da samagaliTo cxovrebiT
ufro mometebul sargeblobas SesZens Cvens Ronis-ZiebiT saw­
yali, magram bunebiT mdidars saqarTvelos, vidrem xuTi da aTi
sxva qveyanaSi gamozrdili.
am sagans SemdegSi Cven kidev daubrundebiT.

droeba. – 1872. – 20 oqt. – N41. – gv. 1.

34
 mevele*

literatura sxva da sxva qveyanaSi

dRes Cven gvsurs upasuxoT erT nawils Cvenis sazogadoebi­

sas romelime braldebazed.
xSirad gagvigonia Cvenca, da uTuod sxvebsac, Semdegi sityve­
bi: „ra ari eg qarTuli literatura?
ra mniSvneloba aqvs mas xalxisTvis? gana Cveni mwerloba exe­
ba umTavress sazogadoebis naklulevanebebs? gana is Zravs WeSma­
ritad saintereso da sasargeblo xalxisaTvis kiTxvebs? irkvevs
is uSiSrad namdvil Cveni cxovrebis simciris mizezebs da sx. da sx.
ai, evropieli literaturis arseboba me mesmis. iq niWieri
mwerali Tavis Zlieri kalmiT uxatavs mTavrobas da sazogadoe­
bas moqmedebis asparezs. iq yvela umTavresi cxovrebis Sesaxebi
sagnebi jer literaturaSi gadawydeba. iq gazeTi nivTieri da
gonebiTi Zalaa. sakmaoa, rom romelime gavlenianma Jurnalma
oriode sityva dabeWdos, da hxedav uricxvi legionebi gaCndebi­
an erT wamSi, romelic sakuTar yofa cxovrebas, colSvils da si­
cocxlesac ar daiSurven, rom Tavis sayvareli gazeTis rCevisa­
ebr moiqcen.
amisTana literaturas, rasakvirvelia, pativiscemiT uc­
qeris kaci. iq marTla rom SeuZlia sTqvas mweralma: me vswer sazo­
gadoebisaTvis da sazogadoeba valdebulia yuri damigdos me! es
ari moqmedeba! es ari Tavis Sromis gamoyeneba xalxisTvis! Torem
Tqveni moRvaweoba da faca-fuci, aba ra samniSvneloa? „xma Ra­
Radebisa udabnosa Sinao“, rom ityvian, amas vamzgavseb me Tqvens
mwerlobiT propagandas“.
diaR, am gamamtyunebel sityvaSi bevri sinamdvilea. Cvenc
kargaT gvesmis da agviwonia is mniSvneloba, romelic qarTul li­
teraturas aqvs Cveni xalxis cxovrebis gasanaTleblaT. gvesmis
isec, ratom ar vflobT mTlad sazogadoebis tvinsa da grZnobas.
magram qarTuli andaza ambobs: „rodesac Tavgatexili Segxvdes,
sanam Tavmgamtexelic ar naxo, manamdis samarTals nu gadasWrio“.
Cven urCevT zogierTebs es brZnuli andaza saxeSi iqonion, rode­
sac isini romelime saqmis ganCinebas apirebden warmoTqmas.

* daviT miqelaZe

35
 pirvelad, vikiTxavT: ician safuZvlebi Cvenma bralmdebeleb­
ma, risTvisac aqvs gavlena evropiel sazogadoebaze mwerlobas?
risTvis Zrwis uzrunvelobaSi myofi sazogadoebis nawili rome­
lime mkacri da niWieri mwerlis winaSe?
amaze mokle da gasagebi pasuxia. evropiel mwerals (yvelgan ki
ara, rasakvirvelia) aqvs sruli ufleba da saSvalebac ilaparakos
yovel saganzed, rac gind mosaridali iyos igi. imas SeuZlian ga­
moaaSkaraos TviToeuli boroteba Seexeba es maRlad mdgoms pirs,
Tu mTels sazogadoebasac. iq mwerals savse aqvs xelebi momak­
vdinebeli isrebiTa. mis azrs, mis rwmunebas gzaSi ver gadaubogir­
deba verc erTi dabrkoleba. is TavisuflaTa grZnobs Tavis Tavs;
rac umaRless da samniSvnelo sagnebzed ar laparakobdes. sazoga­
doeba gulis ZgeriT moelis misi sayvareli mwerlebis sityvas da
dafasebas erTs an meore did saqmezed. mwerali amzadebs sazoga­
doebis Tavs da guls, rogor unda miiRos romelime movlineba, ra
gzas unda daadges da rogori moqmedeba gamoiCinos man.
am nair mdgomareobaSi, cxadia, rom literatura erTi uZ­
lieress saSualebaTagania azrebis mosafenad xalxSi. da risTvis
aris igi eseTi yovlis SemZlebeli“ – imisTvis, rom Tavisuflad
da uSiSrad hqadagebs.
es garemoeba hxdis mwerlobas xalisianaT, gavlenianaT da
RirseulaT Tavis daniSnulebisa.
exla aqedam Cven literaturazed rom gadmovideT ras Sev­
xedavT?..
vin ityvis, rom Cven erTi zemore moxsenebuli iaraRTagani
gvqondes sazogadoebis dasapyrobelad? vin gvibrZanebs, rom Cven
ar visargeblebdiT sxva da sxva movlinebiT da ar gamovxatavdiT
Cvens azrs, Cvens dafasebas, rom zogierTi – jer uZleveli – gare­
moebebi ar gvabrkolebdes?
rasakvirvelia, qarTul mwerlobas ar moeTxova arc ev­
ropieli literaturis siRrme da sivrce da arc imnairi gavle­
na xalxzed; magram arc Cveni sazogadoeba brZandeba evropieli
ganaTlebis xarisxzed asruli. maS sadauri sayveduri! sadauri
gulZviroba vismesgan?
visac droSi da ra nairaT SeuZlian sasargeblo Sroma, ise
imoqmedos man. es udao WeSmariteba – uTuod, unda esmodes yve­
las, visac cotaodeni gageba aqvs...

droeba. – 1873. – 21 dek. – N403. – gv. 1.

36
 sxva mxaresac mivaqcioT yuradReba

erT-erTs Cvens mowinave werilSi aRvbeWdeT axalTaobis

Rvawli da damsaxureba Cvenis qveynis winaSe. aRviareT, rom am
ocis oc-da-aTis wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos axal-Taobam
win waswia sazogadoeba, ganumtkica mas TviT-cnobis grZno­
ba, dausaxa ideali, erTis sityviT – gaaRviZa igi, gauRviZa da
aRuZra iseTi survilebi, romelnic kacis da mTelis eris aR­
mamaRlebelni da zneobiTi gamamSvenebelni arian. awindeli
gonebrivi mdgomareoba Cvenis sazogadoebisa rom SevadaroT
im mdgomareobas, romelSiac Cven am oc-da-aTis wlis winad vim­
yofebodiT – ra Tqma unda, dids gansxvavebas vipoviT. magram
erTs sayuradrebo viTarebas vxedavT Cvens moqmedebaSi sazo­
gado asparezze: mrTeli Cveni yuradReba miqceuli iyo imaze,
rom gagvevrcelebina xalxSi is azrebi, romelnic Seadgenen ga­
naTlebis saukeTeso nayofs, gagvemtkicebina is grZnobebi, ro­
melnic suliTa da guliT amaRleben ers. ase rom Cveni Rvawli
da moqmedeba mxolod imazed iyo mimarTuli, rom SegvZleboda
Cveni gavlena da zed-moqmedoba dagvemCnia xalxisaTvis, sazo­
gadoebisaTvis. Cvens mecadineobas, sabednoerod, fuWad ar
Cauvlia. mxolod meore saSualeba ki uyuradRebod dagvrCa da
dagvrCa imitom, rom momzadebuli pirebi ar gvyavda.
yovels xalxs, yovels ers Tavisi ganaxleba mtkiced mec­
nierebis SeswavliT, sxva da sxva xalxTa literaturis, sxva­­
-da-sxva xalxTa enebis mtkiced da safuZvlianad gacnobiT
dauwyia. ruseTSi damkvidrda namdvili ganaTleba, damkvidrda
mecniereba mxolod maSin, roca ruseTis axalTaoba evropas
dauaxlovda, mtkiced SeiTvisa evropiuli enebi; dRemdisac
asobiT da aTasobiT naxavT sxva-da-sxva evropiul qveynebSi
ruseTis ymawvil-kacobas; is iq iTvisebs enas, mecnierebas, ro­
melic bevrad maRlad sdgas vidre ruseTSi. am gvarad momza­
debuli ruseTis inteligencia acnobebs evropas Tavis samS­
oblos da cdilobs miaqcevinos yuradReba. dRes vxedavT, rom
evropielebma gamoicvales TavianTi azri Sesaxeb ruseTisa,
romlis mcxovrebni uwin TiTqmis kacis-mWamlebad miaCndaT.
ruseTis cxovreba, politikuri, sazogadoebrivi, goneb­
rivi da ekonomiuri Seiqmna evropielebisaTvis Zlier sayu­

37
radRebo sagnad; ase rom dRiTi dRe mdidrdeba samecniero
evropiuli literatura sxva-da-sxva gamokvlevebiT Sesaxeb
ruseTisa; amiTi mdidrdeba mecniereba, amiTi sargeblobs mTe­
li kacobrioba.
vimeorebT, am sasiamovno movlenisaTvis ruseTi madlo­
beli unda iyos imaTi, vinc Tavis qveyana gaacno evropas, vinc
Seayvara pirveli meores.
CvenSi, saqarTveloSi mecniereba orive fexiT koWlobs.
vinc dRemde moqmedobda, an moqmedebs, Cven mxolod evropi­
uli azrebis populiarizatorebi arian. es azrebi meore an me­
same xelidam miuRiaT. kargad Tu avad Cven vicnobT evropas,
magram evropa ki Cven ver gvicnobs, maSasadame imas ar SeuZlia
miaqcios is yuradReba Cvens qveyanas da Cvens cxovrebas, rom­
lis mecnierulad Seswavla aucilebel saWiroebas Seadgens ara
marto CvenTvis, aramed sazogadod civilizaciisaTvisac. es
samwuxaro ambavi imisgan warmosdgeba, rom Cven namdvils, yovel
mxrivs evropiuls ganaTlebas varT moklebuli; Cven ara gvyavs
iseTi kacebi, romelTac icoden ucxo enebi, SeeZloT am enebze
wera, SeeZloT Cvenis mwerlobis nawarmoebis gadaTargmna, SeeZ­
loT sxva-da-sxva ucxoeTel JurnalebSi da dro gamoSvebiTs
gamocemebSi monawileobis miReba. dResac ruseTis mecnierebi
TavianT nawarmoebs ucxoel JurnalebSi beWdaven. am gziT da
am saxiT cdiloben isini gaacnon evropa TavianT qveyanas, am
nairad cdiloben imis pativis cema moixveWon. evropa Cven ver
gagvicnobs, iqauri mecniereba Cvens qveyanas jerovan yuradRe­
bas ar miaqcevs, sanam Cven TiTon ar vaCvenebT, Tu ra saunjis
patroni varT, vina varT, an rani viyaviT.
es SeiZleba mxolod maSin, roca CvenSi gamravldebian is­
eTi pirebi, romelnic evropiulad aRzrdilni iqmnebian, ucx­
oeli enebi ecodinebaT, ise rogorc TavianT RviZli ena. maSin,
mxo­lod maSin gamoviwvevT ganaTlebul qveynebis yuradRebas,
maSin SemuSavdeba CvenSi mecniereba, maSin daiWers Cveni is­
toria, Cveni literatura jerovan adgils sxva qveynebis is­
toriisa da literaturaTa Soris. TviT ucxo enis mecnierebi
mohkideben xels im saqmes, romelsac dRes Cven didis gaWire­
biT vaCanCalebT.
maSasadame unda vecadoT, rom mozard Taobas namdvi­
li evropiuli ganaTleba mivsceT, ucxo enebis Seswavla ga­
vavrceloT, rogorc magaliTad francuzulisa, nemecurisa,

38
inglisurisa. Tu Cveni movaleoba is iyo, rom Cvenis gavleniT,
moqmedebiT xalxi, sazogadoeba gagveRviZebina, momavali Tavo­
bis movaleoba is unda iqmnes, rom gaacnos Tavis qveyana evropas
da am saxiT ecados, – danergos namdvili mecniereba Tavis sam­
SobloSi.

droeba. – 1885. – 21 Teb. – N40. – gv. 1-2.

39
 xax-Svili*

rogor gavecnoT evropas

erTi saSualebaTagani, gavacnoT Tavi da Cveni warsuli ev­

ropas, SevigeniT am zafxuls Cveni mogzaurobis dros. Cvenda sa­
marcxvinoT da samwuxaroT unda aRviaro, rom evropaSi srulebiT
ar icnobs xalxi qarTvelebs. Tu gaugoniaT, anu waukiTxavT rame
saqarTveloze, isev TiTo-orola mecnierT, kabinetSi Casafre­
bulebs. germaniaSi georgien (grusinien) da safrangeTSi georgien
var-meTqi rom vityodi, Cems mobaases xSiraT amiT Tavs ver ga­
vacnobdi xolme. Tu vityodi kidev kavkasiidan, maSin ki mimix­
vdeboden, Tumca Cems nacionalur Camomavlobaze mainc gaugebar
mdgomareobaSi rCeboden. Tu SevadarebT Cvens amgvaraT daSore­
bas evropasTan somxebis bed-iRbals, ar SeiZleba ar iTqvas, rom
ukanasknelnic ase daviwyebulni iyven: imaT TiTqos suyvelgan
icnoben, imaT warsulze da awmyoze warmodgena aqvT. aramc Tu
kerZo pirebi ar icnoben qarTvelebs, mTeli dawesebulebac ver
acdenia SecTomas Cveni eris Sesa­xeb. ai, erTi magaliTi: Jeneva­
Si davaTvaliereT cnobili muzeumi „Arianna“. am muzeumis erTs
oTaxSi Semokrefilia sxva-da sxva enaze saRmTo werilis wignebi.
am wignebSi SevniSneT qarTulaT aRbeWdili „daviTni“, romelsac
qveS mowerili hqonda: „georgien du nord d’Amerique“. qarTuli asoe­
biT dabeWdili wigni miaweres amerikis georgias, sadac inglisu­
ri enis meti xmarebaSi arc erTi ena ar aris! kavkasiis georgia,
JorJi ver gaurCeviaT amerikis georgiisgan! Cven davstambeT Je­
nevis erTs gazeTSi amis Sesaxeb werili da or dRes Semdeg redaq­
ciam Sematyobina, rom muzei „Arianna“ madlobas miZRvnis SeniS­
vnisTvis da Secdoma ukve gasworebul iqna.
am gvari da amaze uaresi Secdomebis asacileblaT da ev­
ropasTan dasaaxloebaT saWiroa, rom Cvenma axalgazrdobam
mainc miaqcios yuradReba am mdgomareobas da, msgavsaT somx­
is ymawvikacebisa, ramdenime TviT an wlobiT waviden xolme
swavlis gasagrZobaT germaniaSi, avstriaSi, SveicariaSi, sa­
frangeTSi da inglisSi. piradaT gacnoba da daaxloeba iqaur
mecnierebTan, mwerlebTan da xalxTan gafantavs cru warmod­

* aleqsandre xaxanaSvili

40
genas saqar­Tveloze da auxsnis namdvil survils qarTveli
xalxisas. am­gvari gacnoba da mogzauroba sasargeblo iqneba,
rogorc mTeli erisTvis, agreTve kerZo pirisTvisac, romel­
sac SeeZleba daakvirdes srulebiT sxva mimarTulebas, iqaur
sazogado da samecniero-saliteraturo cxovrebaSi. aq SeiT­
visebs axal azrebs, gaafarToebs Tvis codnas, SeiZens ucxo ene­
bis mdidar nawerebs da am iaraRiT aRWurvili dabrundeba sam­
SobloSi rigianaT momzadebuli sazogado moRvaweobisaTvis.
amitom sasurvelia, rom imatos ricxvma axalgazrda qarTvel­
Ta saz­RvargareT moswavleTa, romelnic Seiqnebian xidaT qar­
TvelTa da evropelTa Soris.

kvali. – 1894. – N43. – gv. 2.

41
 jajanaSvili*

hamleti qarTuls scenazed

Seqspiris tragediis ganxilva

droTa-viTarebis wyalobiT evropidgan gamotyorcnilma ci­

vilizaciam Cvenamdisinac moaxwia, – kacobriobis waRma-ukuRma
mimdinareobas sami ucvleli kanoni aqvs, romelic adre, Tu gvian
aRsrulebaSi mova da Tavisas ar dahkargavs; igi idumalad moq­
medobs da jerovani nayofi moaqvs kacobriobisaTvis, is imode­
nad Zrielia, rom susts kacs ar SeuZlian imasTan brZola da Tu
kidec ikisra, gabeda imasTan brZola, ueWvelia ferflaT aqcevs
imis arsebobas. es aris buneba Tavis Zlieris kanonebiT, iman aR­
moacena mSvenieri suraTi, romlis sruli marTveli niWierebiT
dajildovebuli kacia. vinc ki kacobriobis istoriulad mimdi­
nareobas Cahkvirvebia, ueWvelia SeamCnevda, rom warsuli kvdeba,
awmyo ibadeba da momavali cocxldeba, xorcieldeba, es bunebiTi
kanonia da Tu ar es Seudrekeli movlena, kacobrioba erTs nabij­
sac ver gadasdgavs win; Tumca ki bevrjel ise xdeba, rom ramode­
nime xnobiT cxovrebis Carxi erTs wertilzed Cerdeba sxva da sxva
mizezebis gamo, magram is ki yovlad SeuZlebelia, rom imis grZno­
ba mokvdes kacis arsebobaSi, mxolod droTa viTrebas SeuZlian
imis daCagvra, magram samoudamod ki ver mohklavs masSi, radganac
buneba kacs ki ar emorCileba, is daCveulia, rom mas emorCilon
da meti nawili egreca xdeba. zogjer sruliad sustdeba igi da
maSinve iwyoba kacobriobis gonebiTi regresiulad mimdinareoba,
xan erTbaSad iRviZeb da regresi netars progresad icvleba, ro­
melic gamalebuli mieltvis win sruls ganviTarebamdis; sadac
gonebiTi ganviTarebuli sazogadoebaa, cxovrebis sitkboebac iq
unda veZeboT da sadac xalxi gonebiT dacemulia, iq ar SeuZlianT
patiosnebas fasi dasdon, es iseTive WeSmaritebaa, rogorc dRe
Ramezed naTelia. amis mizezi sami umTavresi movlenani arian, ro­
melzedac mTeli kacobriobis bedi da ubedobaa damokidebuli:
politikuri, ekonomiuri da socialuri mdgomareobidan mTelis
xalxis da agreTve TviTeulis individumisa.

* i. kavTeli

42
 ai magaliTad aviRoT dasavleTi evropa, istoriulad am rva
an cxra saukunes winad, romelsac dRes gonebiT ganviTarebiT
pirveli adgili uWiravs mTels kacobriobaSi. ras akeTebda mTe­
li Teqvsmeti saukune? – ratom ar SeeZlo imisTanave genialuri
pirni daebadna, rogornic meTeqvsmete saukunem dahbada? – amis
mizezni bevrni arian, magram erTi umTavresTagani socialuri
mdgo­mareobaa, uromloTac civilizacias win wasvla ar SeuZlian.
civilizacias iseTi damokidebuleba aqvs socialurs mdgo­
mareobasTan, rogorc monas Tavis batonTan; magram aRkrZalu­
li xili ufro gemrielia, igi ufro mets energias, Zal-Rones da
mesxierebas idgams, romlis saSualebiTac adre, Tu gvian Tavis
pir-dapir daniSnulebas asrulebs. diax, rodesac dasavleTs ev­
ropaSi kerp-Tayvanis mcemlebi Seimusvren, gaiges TavianTi da­
niSnulebani, gadaaTvarieles warsuli cxovreba kacobriobisa,
mxolod maSin gamoiRviZes, mohkides xeli WeSmaritebas, ai maSin,
mxolod maSin icnes, ra aris buneba da imis kanonebi, romlis Se­
degi yovelTvis civilizaciis aRdginebaa. meTeqvsmete saukune
erTi ukeTesTagani epoqaa, aramc Tu marto dasavleT evropisaT­
vis, aramed mTelis kacobriobisaTvisac, radganac maSindelis
nayofierebiT mTeli awmyo sazogadoeba sargeblobs da agreTve
momavlisTvisac didi nugeSia, ese igi, vidremdis qveyniereba ar­
sebobs, meTeqvsmete saukunes epoqac imisTana mogzauri iqneba,
romelsac ufro dids da farTo adgils miscemen vidre Cveni Ta­
namedrove damfaseblebi. es aris epoqa geniosis Seqspirisa, ro­
melmac Tavis filosofiuris dramatiulis swavliT mTeli kacob­
rioba gadaaxalisa da xel-axlad dahbada, romlis qadageba exeba,
aramc Tu kacobriobis romelsame nawils, aramed mTels xmeleTs
da kacobriobas, mxolod iman SeZlo sruliad kacis bunebis ga­
mocnoba, romelic mTelma Teqvsmetma saukunem ver gamoikvlia is
saidumloni, uromloTac kacs ar SeuZlian sTqvas, rom mec kaci
var da qveyanaze vscxovrebo. igi gvixsnis kacis guls, romlis
siRrmoebaSiac yovelive bunebiTs grZnobaT vkiTxulobT, kacis
zneobiTs simaRles, gmirobas, Tavisufals grZnobas, ampartavne­
bas, vnebaTa Relvas, sindiss, WeSmaritebas, keTils da sxva, – erTi
sityviT Sen Tvalwina xedav iseTs pirT, romlebsac Sens guls
uxsni, megobrulad uyureb da mzada xar sicocxle moispo, rom
Sen, mokle Wkuis kacs, ar SegiZlian imisTanave grZnobebiT aivso
carieli guli, rogoraTac isini arian savseni, – es yovelive mov­
lenani CvenTvis mecxramete saukuneSi mxolod ocnebaa da iqneba
mxolod momavalT SeiZlon amaT sul-grZelobas dauaxlovden.

43
am gvarni pirni Tavis dReSi momavals ar dahkargaven. ai magali­
Tad aviRoT hamleti, romelic mTel imis TxzulebebSi gmiria; es
aris metad inteligentni kaci, romelmac sruliad icis Tavis Ta­
namedrove sazogadoeba; am pirSi ori ukiduresobaa: erTs dros
Tqven imas xedavT nazis grZnobebiT moculs, rogoraTac Teqvsme­
ti wlis umanko qali, xan sruliad CuliviT iqceva da zogjer ki,
rogoraTac gmiri, romelic ebrZoleba mTels kacobriobas, rom
sruliad Seucvalos dacemuli cxovrebis mimdinareoba, igi dro­
Ta viTarebis wyalobiT garemoebas emorCileba. rom Tavis azre­
bi ganaxorcielos, igi ironiulad dascinis kacobriobas, iTmens
im dromde, vidremdis mosaTmenia da bolos, rodesac moTminebis
jaWvi wydeba, iCens Tavis Zalas, Rones, gambedaobas, Tavis azrs
axorcielebs da mowinaaRmdegeT samagieros uxdis, Tumc ki Tvi­
Tonac imis msxverpli xdeba; magram is msxverpli wmindaa, rode­
sac saukunod mniSvnelobas ara hkargavs mTels ganviTarebuls
kacobriobaSi. diax, hamleti warmomadgenelia mTeli kacobrio­
bisa, rogorc viliam Seqspiri mTeli filosofiuri dramatuli
Txzulebebisa miT ufro SesaniSnavia filosofiuri dramatiuli
mecnieri viliam Seqspiri, rom yovelive is bunebiTi saidumloe­
bani, romelsac exla Cveni Tanamedrove mecnierni ikvleven fi­
losofiurs traqtatebSi, imas cocxlad da naTlad traRedieb­
Si aqvs daxatuli; romels mecnierebis sferas aiRebT, rom iq
ar iyos daxatuli, magaliTad: fsixologia, fizika, anatomia,
antropologia, filosofia, astronomia da sxva-da-sxva. yove­
live mecnierebis mxareni metad xelovnurad arian daxatulni.
rogoraTac am TxzulebebSi SexvdebiT xelovnurad daxatuls
kacs, romelic yovelive patiosnuris RirsebebiT savsea, agreTve
imodenadve xelovnurad da cocxlad gvixatavs romelime sferis
zneobiT dacemuls pirs. ramodenaTac pirveli Segiyvardeba da
pativsa scem, imis tanjvebiT macqeralic imWvalebi, agreTve imis
cqeriT hReldebi, mZulvarebiT uyureb, romlis moqmedeba sim­
dableze uumdablesia. ai, magaliTad hamleti aviRoT, romelSiac
sxva-da-sxva Tvisebebis tipni arian daxatulni, romlebis SuaSiac
Suris Zieba ibadeba da erTi meorezed winaaRmdegad moqmedobs.
ramodenaTac hamleti namdvili kacobriobis RirsebebiT aris
dajildoebuli, imodenadve simdabliT imis biZaa (mefe) savse,
romelsac moSurneoba, vnebaTa Relva, didebis mopoveba Tavis
­RviZls Zmas awamlvinebs da amis Semdeg samefo taxts poulobs...

Teatri. – tf. – 1885. – N19. – gv. 177-179

44
ekonomika da vaWroba
 tfilisi 15 ivliss

nawyveti statiidan

18 ivliss iyo mesame kreba. am krebaSi u. qalaqis Tavma krebas

warudgina u. simensis da imis Zmebis winadadeba, romelnic sTxo­
ven tfilisis sazogado sammarTvelos misces imaT tfilisi
gaziT gaanaTon. am winadadebaebSi, sxvaTa Soris, aris naTqvami,
rom tfilisis sazogado sammarTvelo Seekras imaT, simens da
Zmebs, 50 wliT. TiTo gazis faranze qalaqma unda aZlios 24 mane­
Ti da qalaqma imaT unda misces ijariT Tavisi navTis ormoebi,
romelic naTluxis qveiT imyofebian, im fasaT, ra fasaTac exla
aZlevs qalaqi ijariT sxva pirebs. xmovanebma moismines es wina­
dadeba da umetesma ricxvma warmosTqva azri, rom, radganac es
qalaqis axali da Zneli saqmea, amisTvis gadidvas gasaCxrekaT
oktombris krebis dros, rodesac momatebuli xmovanebi Seiy­
rebian da minam am saqmes cotaodens axlo Seityoben. u. qalaqis
Tavi am azrs ar dasTanxmda da imasa hsurda, rom krebas gazis
saqme exlave gaeTavebina. am or azrze kenWi Camoatares da um­
ravlesi kenWi gamovida pirvelis TanaxmaT – rom gazis saqme ok­
tombris krebamdin gadidvas.

droeba. – Tbilisi, 1867 – N33. – gv. 1

47
 sergei mesxi

Cveneburi vaWrebi da vaWroba

am kviris orSabaTs Tfilisis olqis sasamarTloSi erTi

Zlier saintereso da sazogado yuradRebis Rirsi saqme daiwyo.
Cven vambobT im saqmeze, romelic TamamSovis qarvaslisa da Te­
atris dawvas Seexeba. winaswarma gamoZiebam aRmoaCina, rom xse­
nebuls qarvaslaSi cecxli SemTxveviT da gaufrTxileblobiT
ar gaCenilao, ganzraxviT waukides mas cecxlio.
gamoZiebam damnaSavec amoaCina: vaWari lazarevi, romlis
duqanSiac pirvelad gaCenila cecxli.
am saqmis Taobaze samocda ToTxmeti mowamea gamowveu­
li. orSabaTs, procesis dawyebaze, olqis sasamarTlos imdeni
xalxi miawyda, rom sxdomis gaxsnamdi erTis saaTis winaT siviw­
rovisagan kacs suli xdeboda.
kerZoT aRebuli es faqti magdenaT yuradRebis Rirsi ar
aris, vsTqvaT, winaswari gamoZiebisa da bralmdebeli aqtis
azri gamarTlda; vsTqvaT, darwmundnen imaSi, rom uf. lazarev­
ma, xuTmeti aTasi maneTis asaRebad, oTxi aTasi maneTis saqo­
nels cecxli waukida. vimeorebT, am faqts Tu gankerZoebulad
aviReT, magdeni mniSvneloba ar eqneba.
magram saqmec is aris, rom es SemTxveva kargaT gviCvenebs im
sazogado mdgomareobas da vaWrobis mimarTulebas, romelic am
Jamad CvenSi hyvavis.
arsad ar midis vaWrobis saqme ise unormaloT, ise uwesoT,
rogorc CvenSi. aravin ar vaWrobs da aReb-micemobs im nairis
uzneo da cudi saSualebiT, rogorc Cveneburi vaWari.
mecnierebi amboben, rom vaWrobas yvelgan erTi da igive xa­
siaTi aqvso; rom vaWroba TiTqmis yvelgan da mudam mometebul
nawilad motyueba ariso. „rac SegiZlia Zvirad gaasaRe“. es aris
vaWrebis swavla-WeSmaritebao.
evropiel, ganaTlebul qveynebis vaWrebze amis Tqma ise
Tamamad ar SeiZleba, rogorc Cveneburebze.
ganaTlebuli qveynebis vaWari Tavis dReSi ar mimarTavs
iseT saSualebebs, rogorsac mudam dRe vxedavT xolme CvenSi.
imas ufro swavlisa, mecnierebisa, Wkuisa da moxerxebis Semwe­

48
obiT mihyavs Tavis vaWruli saqme da angariSebi. rasakvirvelia,
imis mizanic gamdidrebaa; magram amisaTvis yvela saxsari gamo­
sadegaT da sufTad ar miaCnia. wvrilmani, saZageli motyuileba
xami muStrisa da gabriyveba imas CveulebaT ara aqvs.
es ar iTqmis sazogadoT Cvenebur vaWrebze.
Tavis gamdidrebisaTvis, Cveneburi vaWari arafers ar
dazogavs, yvela saxsari kargia, yvela gamosadegaT miaCnia. na­
Tesavis, tol-amxanagis, nacnobisa da ucnobis motyueba – yvela
gamodgeba. magari maudis magierad – damplis Setyuileba, kar­
gi fqvilis magierad – gafuWebulis gasaReba, maneTSi maneTis
sargeblis aReba, yvela es vaWrobaT, karg, moxerxebul vaWro­
baT miaCnia!
ramdeni magaliTebia CvenSi, rom romelsame vaWars sad­
me miyruebul sofelSi gaWirebuli glexi Caegdos xelSi Tu­
mani esesxebinos da meore wels ori da sami Tumnis rame waer­
Tmios da gaeyidos? ramdeni magaliTebia imis mzgavsi, romelic
am sami-oTxi wlis winaT moxda qalaqSi, rodesac erT viRaca
moxer­xebul kacs meoresaTvis aTas rvaasi maneTi mieca da sam
weliwadSi es fulebi ise gaizarda, rom 17000 maneTamdi Seiqna?
amboben, am or weliwadSi es mesame Tu meoTxe magaliTiao, rom
vaWrebi TavianTi maRaziebisa da saxlebis cecxlis wakidebas
abraleben!
Zalian kargaT vici, rom „mglis Tavze saxarebas vkiTxu­
lob“; vici, rom Cemi sityva udabnoSi mRaRadeblis sityvaa.
magram... magram erTs viwinaswarmetyveleb: amisTana vaWrobas
mkvidri safuZveli ara aqvs. vinc pirveli gamoCndeba axlandel
Cvens vaWrebze ufro gonieri, moxerxebuli da cotaTi mainc
upatiosnesi Cveni warmoeba da vaWrobac, ueWvelia, imis xelSi
Cavardeba.
„motyuebiTa sofeli arvisa mouWamia“

droeba. – tf., 1874. – N450. – gv. 1.

49
 puris vaWroba

didixania ruseTidam did-Zali puri gaaqvT samzRvar ga­

reT da axla es ociod weliwadia saqarTvelodamac ezidebian.
ruseTSi odesa da saqarTveloSi foTi aris puris savaWro ad­
gili. puris myidveli wvrili vaWari kacebi soflebSi agroveb­
dnen, CahqondaT am qalaqebSi, iq sxva vaWarzed hyiddnen mo­
matebul fasad; es myidveli mere ucxo qveynis kacs francuzs,
nemecs, vinc iqneboda, imaze gahyidda, rasakvirvelia kidev mo­
gebiT, es ucxo qveyneli vaWari waiRebda Tavis qveyanaSi da iqa­
ur vaWarzed hyidda, kidev rasakvirvelia mogebiT, da bolos es
ukanaskneli TviTon hyidda meduqne alafebze. aba iangariSeT
ramdeni kaci erTmaneTze hyidda sinam puris mamyvanis xelidam
alafis xelSi gadavidoda.
am ukanasknel weliwads ruseTis zogierT mamulis pat­
ronebs puri odessaSi aRar gaugzavniaT da arc vaWrebisTvis
miuyidniaT. samzRvar gareT puris movaWre kantorebTan mi­wer-
mowera gaumarTavT da bolos sanemecos qalaqSi kenigsber­gSi
morigebulan imisTana kacebTan, romelnic pirdapir aqauris
mazandiTa hyidian.
rasakvirvelia rom am gvaris vaWrobiT puris mamyvani kaci
mets mogebasa naxavs. vidre adessaSi mitaniT gayidvisagan. amis­
gamo SarSan erTis uezdidam marto erT movaWris saxelze oras
ormoci aTasi fuTi xorbali gavida. iwerebian, rom am gvari vaW­
roba karg rgebas miscems puris mamyvansa, radganac erTis m ­ xriv
fasi deedeba xna-Tesvasa, Wirnaxulsa da glex muSa-kacsa da
meores mxriT rgebac meti darCeba puris momyvans, raki gadarCe­
ba im sxva da sxva vaWrebsa, da aTas xelSi gavliT rac mogebaa, es
mogeba pirdapir gamyidvels SerCebao. es ki unda vTqvaTo, rom
jereT am saqmes ufro didi mamulis patronebi da bevri puris
mamyvanni Sesdgomian. rasakvirvelia ufro ukeTesi iqneboda,
rom wvrilma mamulis patronebma da glex kacobamac Seityon
Tavisi sargebloba, erTmaneTs piri miscen, mosavali da naWir­
naxulevi erTaT Seagrovon da samzRvar gareT pirdapir Tavisi
sakuTari kacebi hyavdesT puris gamyidveli.
ruseTSi Tu moaxerxes, aq CvenSi rato ar SeiZleba, rom
pirdapir samzRvar gareT miwer-mowera gamarTon mamulis me­

50
patroneebma da pirdapir gahyidon puris gamyidvel kantoreb­
zeda. CvenSi, imereTSi da qarTlSi soflebSi inglizis puris
gamyidavi kantorebis kacebi daiarebian, siminds, purs iafaT
yiduloben, foTSi agroveben. kargi iqneboda, rom pirvelSi
Cven mebatoneebs erTmaneTisaTvis piri miecaT, simindi da puri
rasac axla TiToobiT ucxo kacebze hyidian, erTaT Seegrove­
binaT da evropaSi kantorebisaTvis adgilobriv mazandiT mie­
yidnaT. Tu ki Cvens TuSebSi kacebi gamoCndnen da matyli pirda­
pir marselSi miaqvT, gana Cveni mebatoneebi ise daecnen, rom
Tavisi sargebloba ar esmodeT. zogs Svilebi hyavT samzRvar
gareT saswavleblaT da SeeZloT amaSi daxmarebodnen“.

sasoflo gazeTi. – tf., 1875. – N3. – gv. 5-6.

51
 p. u.*

saqarTvelos matiane

ager xuTi-eqvsi weliwadia, rac qalaqSi gabriel mirzoevma

qarxana gamarTa xamis (amerikas ro veZaxiT) sakeTeblad. maSine­
bi inglisidam daibara da TviT ostatebica; muSa xalxi ki qala­
qisa unda yofiliyo. imedi iyo rom es qarxana ixeirebda.
imedi amaze SegveZlo dagvemyarebina: pirvelad, bamba aqve
modis. Tu ki waReb-wamoRebiT inglisis xami qarxnis patron­
sa mogebas aZlevs, aqaurs patrons xom umetes mogebas miscem­
da, Tunda rom naklebaTac gaeyidna. meored, qarxnis muSa kaci
qalaqSi ufro iefia, vidre inglisSi, metadre Tu muSa qalaqis
mkvidri mcxovrebelia. amis mizezi sxvaTa Soris erTi SemTxve­
vaa: mkvidri qalaqis mcxovrebeli, moqalaqe Tunda dacemulis
ojaxisSvili iyos Tu ar vaWrobaze da xelosnaT sxva muSaobaze
ara dgeba; mosamsaxureT, an dRiur muSaT dgomas Takilobs. ta­
laxis muSa dReSi eqvsi Sauridam aTamde iRebs; „tiflisis moqa­
laqe“ mokvdeba, samSauraT, muqTaT xelosans qarglaT da Segir­
daT daudgeba da am muSaobas ki ar ikadrebs. radganac saqsovi
qarxana uf. mirzoevisa saxelosnoa, safeiqro adgilia, qalaqis
xalxi ar moerideboda da ise imuSavebda guldajerebiT, ro­
gorc amodena saxelosno duqnebSi muSaobs, Tu ki gulkeTilad
da samarTlianad moeqceodnen. am gvaraT qarxnis patronic xe­
irsa naxavda da Raribi moqalaqec rgebasa.
qarxana rom gaimarTa, maSinve karga Zali xalxi miawyda.
gamgebeli, ostatebi da maSinisti ingliselebi iyvnen. wesi da­
idga da muSaoba rigze wavida. muSakacebs feiqrebs Tofzed da­
niSnuli hqondaT ori abazidam samamde. qseli kargi gamodioda
sufTa da sqeli, ase rom karga iyideboda. erTi wuni is iyo, rom
pirvelSi Zafs saRebavi kargi vera hqonda, da amis gamo, sami dam­
wvari gamodioda. mere es naklulevanebac Seamses.
magram Cvens vaWrebs da fulis patronebs erTi cudi Wiri
sWirT: xelqveiTis naTqvami RvTis wyalobac RvTis risxvaT
mieCniaT da roca kai kacs iSovnian saqmes gulaxdilad ar miando­

* petre umikaSvili

52
ben da metiCarobiT xels uSlian. umcodinare kaci maSinis momar­
TvaSi ras gaarigebs? am qarxnis patroni yvelaferSi ereoda, ise
rom qarxnis gamgebeli da sxva ostatebi mobezrdnen Turme amis
davidarebasa da metiCrobisagan. magram did xans iTmines, radgan
xelweriliT Sekrulni iyvnen da gasvlasTanave uraraod unda
darCeniliyvnen yaribad ucxo qveyanaSi. radgan TiTon ar gadi­
odnen, qarxnis patronma hkra panRuri da TiTo-TiTod gaistum­
ra, rasakvirvelia jarima ka ar SerCa da gadaixada.
amis Semdeg gamgebeli da ostati qarxanas aRara hyolia, rac
iswavles qalaqis uswavlelma muSa kacebma, imiTa iolaT midi­
oda da aba ra muSaoba unda yofiliyo? maSinas vTqvaT ormoci
cxenis Zala hqonda, qarxnis patrons surda ormoc-da-aTis cxe­
nis saqme gaekeTebinebina, amis gamo Carxebs kbilebi hscvioda,
RerZebi emtvreoda da muSaoba TiTo kviraobiTa da TveobiTa
Cerdeboda, vidre aqauri mWedlebi rasme miaker-moakerebdnen,
an, inglisidam, Carxia Tu RerZi movidoda.
yvela xelosnobaSi Seuwyveteli varjiSi muSas aostatebs
da hswvTnis. qarxnis muSebi usaqmoT ulukmapuroT xom ver
darCebodnen da qarxnis gaCerebis gamo xuTas kacamde muSa
iZulebuliyo daSliliyo da sxva samuSao moepovna. xelaxlaT
gaRebis Semdeg bevri amaTgani ar brundeboda da amitom pat­
rons axali xami muSebi unda Semoeyvana. amiT daxelovnebuli
muSa akldeboda.
amas garda fasic dauklo feiqrebsa da or-sam abazis magier
TiTo Tofis qsovisaTvis eqvsi Sauri da aTi Sauri gauxada. amis
gamo 1872 w. saukeTeso feiqrebi gamovidnen da ramdenime kvira
muSaoba naxevrad Semdgari iyo.
mas Semdeg qarxnis maSinebis moSlam da am fasebis daklebam
iseTi uwesoeba Camoagdo qarxanaSi, rom qalaqSi kidec lapara­
kobdnen uf. mirzoevi CiTaxovze gayidvas apirebso, radganac
ziansa xedavso. es ambavi jer-jerobiT WoraT darCa. xolo ai
ra ambavi moxda. SarSan uf. mirzoevma viTomc saqmis gakeTebi­
saTvis ruseTidam as oci kaci qarxanis muSebi moiyvana. erT-
ori Tvis Semdeg amaT aseTi dRe daadgaT, rom ukanve daapires
wasvla da rodesac uf. mirzoevma gzis xarji ar misca, umaRles
mTavrobas mihmarTes da mTavrobam es muSebi Tavisis xarjiT
gaistumra da Semdeg, rasakvirvelia, qarxnis patrons samagie­
ro gadaaxdevina.

53
 axla kidev qalaqSi laparakoben, am Tvis naxevridam qar­
xanaSi muSaoba Semdgariao. im mizeziT, rom winaT dahpirebian
muSebs or Saurs mogimatebT TiTo Tofis qsovazedao, (ukanas­
knel dros xuTi Sauri yofila) da bolos ki aRar moumatniaTo.
amisTana uTavboloT, udireqtoroT, umexanikoT, muSis
fasis daklebiT, rasakvirvelia, qarxana daecema. mere viZaxiT:
CvenSi veraferi vera xeirobso. amazea naTqvami: saqmes waaxdens
uvici faTeraks daabralebso.
CvenSi erTi axirebuli survili aqvsT metadre fulian
xalxsa. ra saqmesac xels mohkideben erTbaSad da uecrad gam­
didreba surT. am qarxanis uxeiroT yofnac am axirebulis sur­
vilis brali unda iyos. pirvel gamarTvas da rigSi Cagdebas, ra­
sakvirvelia, didZali fuli moundeboda. vidre karga fexs ar
gaimagrebda es qarxana im dromde didis mogebis imedi kacs ar
unda hqonoda. sargebeli da kargi mogeba mere Seudgeboda. qar­
xnis patrons ueWvelaT sxva rigaTa hgonebia: Tavni da sargebe­
li rac SeiZleba male unda adgeso. Tu ese ar iyos maS ras unda
mivaweroT, qarxanis xelis-mcodneTa gandevna, muSebis xelfasis
dakleba, romlisa gamoc Cveni erTaT erTi qarxana dRes iRupeba.
sasurveli ki iyo, rom CvenSi am pirvel dawyobil saqmes fexi
moekidna, mtkiceT Tavi Seemagrebina Cvenis qveynis simdidris
aqve dasatrialeblaT, aReb-micemis da xelosnobis gasaCaReb­
laT da sazogadoT qveynis gasamdidreblad. imedi gvqonda rom
Cvens pirvels fulian-kacs gabriel minaiCs sxva fulis pat­
ronebic mihbaZavdnen da sxva da sxva qarxnebi gaimarTeboda,
magram amis mnaxvelni, sxvebi uamisoTac gaubedavni ZnelaT Tu
amas iqiT rasmes am gvars gabedven.

iveria. – tf., 1877. – N13. – gv. 1-2.

54
 quTaisi, agvistos 1

nawyveti statiidan

metad gaWirebuli mdgomareobaa dRes imereTSi. gangebam

ar gvakmara omianoba da yovel gvari mwuxareba rac iqidan war­
mosdgeba – zed sxva ubedurebac daumata. gvalvis SiSi mainc
imereTSi araodes ar yofila, Tu mTaSi ar movidoda mosavali
gvalvis mizeziT, barSi mainc sakmaod movidoda, radgan aq bari
vake adgilebi isec namiania da zed cis cvaric rom daecemoda,
romelic ase uxvad icis aq gvalvis dros mowmendil RameebSi,
wvima TiTqmis bevrad saWiro aRarc ki iyo. magram zogierTi Zve­
li kacebis samduravis ar iyos, camac ki agvarida Tavisi mowyale
piri: es erTi Tvea wvima xom ar aris da ara; da cvari wveTic ar
Camovardnila damsqdar, dadagul dedamiwazed. raRac sakvirve­
lis gangebis ZaliT dRe yovelTvis mowmendilia da Rame ki Rrub­
liani; yovel dRe rogorc mosaRamurdeba da Savi zRvidan wamoi­
wevian SavSavi Rrublebi da kidis kidamdis erTianad mohfenen
cis kamaras; atydeba erTi Weqa-quxili; – muSa kaci wvimis moimede
xel-aRpyrobiT RmerTs madlobasa hwiravs, magram sul tyuili
imedebi gamodis, – verc wvimis Rirsi SeviqeniT da cvaric tyui­
la ubralod gvekargeba. madloba RmerTs kidev puris mosavali
mainc ar iyo urigo, magram, rogorc mogexsenebaT, puri ise bev­
ri ar iTeseba imereTSi. bevrad ufro momatebuli iTeseba simin­
di, romelsac dRes ase didi gansacdeli adgia wina.
mkiTxvelma unda icodes, rom rac ingliselebi Cvenis
qveynidan simindis gatanas Seudgnen, imis Tesvac Zlier gaxSir­
da, da imerlebma am ukanasknel aT-TxuTmet weliwadSi cota
weli Tu gaimagres da ramdenic aris RonisZieba moipoves isev
simindis wyalobiT, Torem sxva Cvenis naqebis „simdidreebiT“
– xe-tyiTa, madneulobiTa, Tu sxva am gvarebiTa, jer jerobiT
ara gamovida ra, radgan Cven mezobel qveynebs imaTi gatana da
moxmareba jer ver mouxerxebiaT da ucxo qveynebi ki metad da­
Sorebulad gvyvanan...

iveria. – tf., 1877. – N24. – gv. 5-6.

55
 X

meurnis korrespondencia

sagarejo, 10 aprils. didi mniSvneloba aqvs da CvenSiac rom

raime manqanebis ZaliT Semovides igi, soflis warmoebas mokle
xanSi daayenebs warmatebis gzazed. sakmaoa Tval win daviyenoT
Cve­neburi, motyuebazed da gamocincvlazed damyarebuli vaW­
roba da wesieri aReb-micemoba – da davrwmundebiT, rom wesieri
aReb-mi­cemoba, romelic sxvisas xels ar hkidebs da mxolod Ta­
visiT sargeblobs, – mawarmoeblis, ase vsTqvaT, imedia, Tavmba­
dia, warmoebaSi wamaqezebelia da xelis Semwyobi, xolo uweso,
sxvisi Sromisa da qonebis wartacvazed da yalbobazed damyare­
buli aReb-micemoba-ki – warmoebis xelis SemSlelia, saqmeSi
gulis amac­ruebeli da maSasadame yvela gvari warmatebis da­
mabrkolebelia warmoebaSi. es yvela erTma SemTxvevam gvaT­
qmevinda, romelic ar SeiZleba ar moviyvanoT aq, viTarca wesi­
eri aReb-micemobis nimuSi.
erTi aqauri memamulis Rvino (SarSandeli mosavlisa) erT­
ma frangma firmam iyida; es firma Turme saqarTveloSi yvelgan
yidu­lobda Rvinos safrangeTSi gasagzavnad. msyidvelma SarSan
Rvi­nobisTveSi naxa Rvinis WaSniki, da Rvinis patronma sruli fasi
CekiT (fulis baraTiT) miiRo savaWro bankidam. amasTan piroba
dasdes, rom wlevandels martSi moiTxovda frangi nasyid Rvinos,
xolo gamsyidveli valdebuli iyo msyidvelisagan gamogzavnil
WurWelSi TviTon Caesxa da Tavisganve daqiravebuli urmiT gaeg­
zavna TbilisSi Casabareblad; am urmis qirac, erTi gzobisa rva
maneTi, msyidvels Rvinis miRebis umal unda gadaexada. sul martSi
frangma gamogzavna WurWeli (boCkebi, winadve gamowyuli), aman
gadmoiRo WurWlebSi aRTqmuli Rvino da gaugzavna msyidvels.
ase dabolovda amaTi aReb-micemoba da orniv Zalian kmayofilni
darCnen: gamsyidvelma Tavis nawarmoebSi Rirebuli fasi ukleb­
lad da masTanave im TaviTve miiRo, xolo msyidvels dakveTili
Rvino moTxovnilebisTanave ukleblad da uvneblad Cahbarda.
Cven vaWrebTan saqmis daWera-ki sul sxva suraTs warmoadgens
da imis nimuSic ar SeiZleba ar warmovidginoT. hnaxavs siraji WaS­
niks da mravali janjlobisa da sxv., darigebuli, sirajebisagan
dafolebis Semdeg rigdebian fasSi da zeviT naTqvami RvinisTa­

56
nas sapalnes, 32-33 Cafians, ikveTavs Svid-rva Tumnad, (vedroobis
angariSiT vedros maneTaTa da cxra Saurad an maneTaTa da camet
Saurad, e.i. naxevar fasad). am mcireds fass (kanonierzed did sa­
palneSi) daumateT, bes micemis dros amoRebuli WaSniki, (ori-sami
Tungi, TeTri Rvinisa calke da wiTlisa calke), Razla Semoxveuli
naxevar Cafiani, esec umetes nawilad kanonierzed ramdenime WiqiT
mozrdili, mere xel-mrudobaSi gaostatebuli amwyveli, rome­lic
yvela amoRebazed Razlisa da qvevridgan ostaturi amoqne­vis Sem­
weobiT sam-oTx Wiqa Rvinos mainc amoayolebs sawyaos, mere kidev
ramdenime Cafisa xelidgan gamocla – es „cocxlebis sadReg­
rZelovo“, es „mkvdrebis Sesandobario“, „saxarjovo“, „amomRebis
gasamrjelovo“ da sxv. da mere kidev sirajisa, misi amalisa da
meurmeebis (uremzed or-ori kacis daxvedra-daTroba) da – gamo­
dis, rom patroni Svid an rva Tumans-ki ar iRebs sapalneSi, aramed
eqvs an Svid Tumanzed naklebs. axla saqme fulis miRebaa. umetes
nawilad Rvinis Cabarebis dros ar aZlevs siraji xvedrs fuls,
ara­med Semdeg rodisme da xSirad mTeli weliwadi TiTo or-or
TumnobiT ixdis, da amnairad, rogorc ityvian, Rvinis patrons
xel­Si uwyaldeba Tavis naWirnaxulevi.
ai, am gvari aReb-micemobis xelSia CabRujvili am Jamad Cveni
yvela gvari warmoeba da umetesad Rvinis warmoeba, da amitomac
cxadi gasagebia, Tu ratom ar Sedis Cveni mevenaxe warmatebaSi da
Cvens Rvinoebs ratom raime gaukeTeseba ar etyoba. yvela warmoe­
bis gaukeTesebas mometebuli Sroma sWirdeba da am Sromas kidev
meti fuli unda, romelic uTuod imave warmoebam unda misces
patrons. da raki Rvinis meurneoba CvenSi im garemoebaSia, aqaur
Rvinis movaWreTa gadamkide, rom jer Rirebul fasadac ver gadis
da mere kidev im fassac naRdad ver iRebs, amitomac Cveni mevena­
xeoba vai-naCrobiT RonRialobs da venaxis patroni imdens Zlivs
axerxebs, rom, ase vsTqvaT, saxeldaxelod, erT donezed uvlis
mas, mxolod imdenad, rom mTlad ar gafuWdes, ar amovardes.
amas bevrad uSvelis, rom wesieri vaWroba Semovides rogorme
CvenSi, da amazed zrunva da fiqri da raime Ronis-Ziebis mopoveba
imaTTvis migvindvia, visac am sagnis codna aqvs da gamocdilebac
miuZRvis. Cven-ki am xelad saWirod migvaCnia jerovani yuradRe­
ba miepyras Razla Semoxveul kanonierzed udidess sawyaoebsa da
daidvas, rom sawyaoebad ixmarebodnen mxolod Semowmebuli da be­
Wed dakruli Cafebi, naxevar Cafebi da sxv.

meurne. – 1889. – N14. – gv. 9-10

57
 niko nikolaZe

Sinauri mimoxilva: saqonlis gamzidavi vaWroba

RvTis madliT im dResac moveswariT, roca qarTulma mwer­

lobam vaWobazedac unda iqonios msjeloba, radganac qarTve­
lobaSi Tan-da-Tan mravldeba imaTi ricxvi, vinc aReb-micemobis
asparezze moqmedobs, mis simZimeze dardobs da mis gaadvilebasa
cdilobs. iyo dro – am oci, oc da aTi wlis winad – roca saTa­
kilod miaCndaT CvenSi es asparezi. Cvengans bevrs isic exsomeba,
rom, ara Tu vaWroba da yidva-gayidviT Tavis rCena, TviT saku­
Tari mosavlis gayidva samarcxvinod iTvleboda mebatoneebSi.
soflis Tavadi an aznauri malviT hyidda Taviss purs, an SeSas,
an Rvinos, an siminds. momakvdinebel codvad miaCndaT es saqme
imaT, vinc Sina-ymis, mojalabis, moaxlis da glexis gayidvas ar
aTakilobdnen winad... pirvelad rom xma gavarda CvenSi, erTs
did mebatones TuTuni (Tambaqo) gauyidniao, mTels sazogadoe­
baSi marto Zraxva ismoda: „Seurcxva did-kacoba, mikitnis xelo­
bas Sesdgomiao!“ roca moaxleebisa da Sina-ymebis gayidva kanon­
ma akrZala, Cvenma mowinave wodebam miwa-wylis gayidvas gausva
xeli, da marto maSin gaicno mosavlis gayidvis umankoeba, roca
TviT es mosavali imodenad Seumcirda, rom TviTonac sayide­
li gauxda. am amaod-morwmunebis da kuda-bzikobis wyalobiT,
aReb-micemoba Cvenis qveynisa ucxo tomis xelSi Cavarda: saiT­
kenac unda gaixedoT, hnaxavT, rom vaWroba zogan berZnis xel­
Sia, zogan somxisa da zogan uriis xelSi. vaWrobas mrewveloba
mosdevs, orives – simdidre, fuliT mainc. amis gamo dRes Cvenis
saekonomio mdgomareobis zogierTi umTavresi sagani da iaraRi
saSovari, SesaZeni gvaqvs.
es Sovna da SeZena ise advili rodia, rogorc umecars hgonia.
xangrZlivi, gonieri, winadve mosazrebuli brZola da mecadineo­
baa saWiro, ara Tu kerZo vaWrebisa, TviT mTelis sazogadoebisa­
ca, Tu gsurs Zveli Secdoma gavisworoT da xelidan gaSvebuli
Zala davibrunoT. Torem gacalkevebul da erTmaneTTan mebrZol
vaWrebis muyaiTobiT ver Seiryeva is simagre, romlis ageba da
gaZ­liereba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Cvens siregvnes ucxoelebi­
saTvis miuniWebia xel-SeuSlelad...

58
 amisaTvis yvelaze uwin saWiroa Zveleburi azri da fiqri Se­
vicvaloT vaWrobis Sesaxeb. vidre Cvenis sazogadoebis umravle­
sobas sisxlsa da xorcSi is rwmena ar gaujdeba, rom sazizRari,
samarcxvino da saTakilo qveyanaze marto uqmoba da muqTa puris
Wamaa, manamde nu gwamT, viTom ganaTlebisa anu warmatebis mironi
mogvcxobodes. vaWroba – Sroma da iseve pativsacemia, rogorc
yovelnairi Sroma. marTalia, vaWrobaSi, xSirad, matyuvroba da
TaRliToba varjiSobs, magram romeli sxva asparezia Tavisufali
am senisagan? rogorc yvela sxva asparezze SeCveuli varT pati­
osani moRvawe upatiosnosagan gavarCioT xolme, ise vaWrobaSiac
TviT vaWroba ki ara, misi momwamvleli TaRliToba unda vgmoT.
es TaRliToba ufro advilad moispoba maSin, roca daveCveviT
sxva-da-sxva nairad movepyroT matyuarasa da patiosans vaWars,
roca TviT vaWrebs SevagnebinebT rigianobis fassa da sargeblo­
bas. am TvaliT uyurebs vaWrobas mTeli ganaTlebuli qveyana, am
saSvalebiT Seamcira da mospo man vaWrobaSi TaRliToba da qur­
doba, am gziT gahxada man vaWroba eris saxeirod mosaxmar Zalad...
zogs wreebSi is azric trialebs, viTom vaWroba qveynisaT­
vis usargeblo moqmedeba iyos: TavisTavad is rodi ras hmatebs
qveynis qonebasao, TviTon warmoebaSi rodi ureviao, marto sxvi­
si nawarmoebi gadaaqvs erTi adgilidan meoreSio; is Suamavalia
mwarmoebelsa da momxmarebels Sua, da, rogorc Suamavali, yo­
velsave savaWros aZvirebs. es Sexeduloba im WeSmaritis azris
damaxinjebaa, romelsac idealad miaCnia usargeblo, nametani
Suamavlis mospoba mwarmoebelsa da momxmarebels Sua. imedia,
kacobriobis wes-wyobilobisaTvis iseTi dro dadgeba odesme,
roca es naTeli ideali mTlad da srulebiT ganxorcieldes da
roca mwarmoebelsa da mis nawarmoebis momxmarebels Sua, sazo­
gadoebis garda, sxva Suamavali aravin iqneba. imedia-meTqi. dRes
ki, jer-jerobiT, da vin icis, rodemde, saqmis viTareba iseTia,
rom uvaWrobod arc warmoebaa SesaZlebeli. dRes, vaWroba rom
ar arsebobdes da ar moqmedebdes CvenSi, yoveli adamiani marto
imas moiwevda, imas moiyvanda, ris gasaRebac TviTon SeeZleboda
Taviss saxlSi an mezoblobaSi. rac dRes CvenSi puri, an simin­
di, an Rvino mogvdis, misi meaTedic ar moiweoda maSin, radganac
gasavali ar eqneboda. meore mxriT, raki TviTon mwarmoebels Ta­
visi mosavlis gadatan-gadmotana, rasakvirvelia, ar SeeZleboda,
myidvelisTvis, momxmareblebisTvis saqoneli imdenad gaZvirde­
boda, rom xalxi, sanaxevrod, mSier-titveli darCeboda. es sura­
Ti uqmis fantaziis nayofi ar gegonoT: didi xani rodia mas aqeT,

59
roca umetesi nawili Cvenis qveynisa piridan wavardnili mzgavse­
ba gaxldaT am suraTisa, da dResac aqa-iq moipoveba kidev zogier­
Ti mazra – Tunda svaneTi, magaliTad – sadac am mdgomareobis da­
naxva da misis avkargianobis dafaseba yvelas advilad SeuZlia. ai,
vinc amgvar mazrebis ekonomiur cxovrebas daukvirdeba, is male
darwmundeba im WeSmaritebis simtkiceSi, rom vaWroba ganuyreli
Zmobili yofila warmoebisa. vaWroba oris gziT amravlebs qvey­
nis qonebas: erTis mxriT bazarsa Soulobs mosavlisaTvis, da
miT warmoebis asparezs Tan-da-Tan afarTovebs, da meores mxriT
– aadvilebs, aaiafebs xalxis saWiroebaTa dakmayofilebas. ami­
tomac xeirianad warmoebuli vaWroba, Tu Semoqmedi ara, momqme­
di Zala mainc aris eris saekonomio cxovrebaSi, da iseTi Zalaa,
uromlosodac warmoeba, Semomqmedi Sroma qveynisa aucileblad
Semcirdeboda.
„xeirianad warmoebuli“ imitoma vTqvi, rom CvenSi sityva
vaWroba sxva-da-svxa nairad ixmareba. dRes umetesi nawili ima­
Ti, romelnic Cvens qveyanaSi vaWroben, marto imaSi atareben
TavianT aReb-micemobas, rom aqedan ucxoeTSi fuli miaqvT an
hgzavnian, da iqidan saqoneli moaqvT, Cvens xalxSi gasasaReb­
lad. es vaWroba calmagia, cal-kerZovani, da ufro auZlurebs,
vidre amdidrebs qveyanas. namdvili, rigianad warmoebuli vaW­
roba isaa, romelic Cvenis qveynis mosavalisa da warmoebisaTvis
umjobess bazars da gasavalsa sZebnis, da mis magier qveynisaTvis
iafad Soulobs ucxoeTSi yvelafers, rac Cvens ers eWirveba. um­
dablesi xarisxi vaWrobisa is gaxlavs, roca vaWars vera gaaqvs-
ra qveynidan, da yvelaferi moaqvs ucxoeTidan, rasakvirvelia,
mamasisxlad. meore nabiji, Tu xarisxi, maSin ibadeba, roca vaW­
robas ucxoeTidan mza-mzareuli saqoneli Semoaqvs, da Tavis
qveynidan ki ucxoeTSi marto xorageuli, marto ubralo saqone­
li, SeumuSavebeli nawarmoebi miwisa (сырье) gaaqvs gasasaReb­
lad. amas Semdeg dgeba mesame periodi vaWrobisa: gatani­lisa da
Semotanilis Tanasworoba, ganwonileba. bolos, rogorc uaR­
resi wertili vaWrobis sikeTe-nayofierebisa, arsdeba iseTi
mdgo­mareoba, rogorSiac dRes inglisi da safrangeTia: vaWro­
bas mzamzareuli saqoneli – manufaqtura, maSinebi da sxv., da
Semoaqvs marto xorageuloba... qveynis ekonomiisaTvis vaWrobas
sxva-da-sxva raodenoba moaqvs sargeblobisa, imisda mixedviT
Tu ra xarisxze sdgas misi moqmedeba.
raRa Tqma unda, CvenTvisa da Cvenis mkiTxvelisaTvis yvelaze
ufro sagulisxmo Cvens vaWrobaSi is iqneba, da is unda iyos, Tu

60
riT, rogor an ranairad moviaxlovoT sanatreli Tanasworo­
ba Cvenis qveynis savaWro balansisa. rasakvirvelia, amisaTvis,
yvelaze umetesad, Cvenis warmoebis, da gansakuTrebiT mrewvelo­
bis, gaZlierebaa saWiro, magram am saqmeSi, Tu imisTanave ara, arc
bevrad naklebi adgili ukavia imasac, Tu ra iaraRi da saSualeba
aqvs vaWrobas Cvenis xorageul-nawarmoebis gasaRebisaTvis uc­
xoeTSi, ra fasad, didisa, Tu mcire xeiriT, Tu sruliad uxeiro­
dac an wagebiT hyidis is ucxoeTSi Cvens xorageulobas. ra Tqma
unda, rac ufro xeirian fasad gasaRdeba ucxoeTSi Cveneburi
saqoneli, miT umetesi mogeba darCeba Cvens qveyanas, radganac
miT ufro mets moigebs jer vaWari, da mere mwarmoebelic. maSasa­
dame, miT ufro male Segrovdeba qveyanaSi, sxva-da-sxva ojaxebSi,
simdidre, kapitali, auculeblad saWiro mrewvelobis dasaarseb­
lad da Tavdapirvel wasamarTvelad. – piriqiT, Tu Cveni saqone­
li ucxoeTSi iafad, wagebiT, gaiyida, vaWaric iZulebuli iqneba
Tavi daanebos mis gazidvas, mwarmoebelsac gasaRebis saRsari
moespoba, da mrewvelobis daarsebis imedi, xom, erTianad gaqar­
wyldeba. aqedan cxadia, rom, TviT warmoebis interesi moiTxovs,
qveyana Tval-yurs adevnebdes saqonlis gamzidav vaWrobis mdgo­
mareobas, Tu surs, rom misi moqmedeba marTla saxeiro Seiqmnas
qveynisa da eris ekonomiisaTvis...
iqneba jer adrec iyos am saganzed baasi, zogierTis Sexe­
dulebiT. sul oTxiode-xuTi weliwadi Tu iqneba – meti ara – mas
aqeT, rac Cveneburi kaci saqonlis gamzidav vaWrobas Seudga. va­
caloT, vnaxoT, riT dabolovdeba misi cda, rogor datrialdeba
misi bedi! Cemis azriT, es Secdoma iqneba. metad didi gambedaoba,
metad didi vaJkacoba gamoiCines imaT, vinc am ucnobs da saSiSs
gzas daadgnen. gambedaoba da vaJkacoba am asparezze iseTi xSiri
saqoneli rodia, rom gulgrilad, gulxel-dakrefili vucqero­
deT Soridan, aba, „ra gamova risgan“. RmerTma nu qnas, ucabedi xi­
faTi rom daemarTos rame TviT Cinebulad naangariSevs da rigia­
nad wayvanils saqmes, misi marcxi xom mTeli ociode wliT dauxSobs
gzasa da saRsars yovels axals cdas da dawyebas am usaWiroess
mimarTulebaSi! meores mxriT, nu Tu saWiro ar aris qveynisaT­
vis, rom, rac Seileba, umetess nawils misis goneba-warmatebul
Svilebisasa naTlad gamosaxuli hqondes Tval-win gza da sura­
Ti Cvenis vaWrobisa ucxoeTSi, romelic dRes yve­lasTvis bnels
tevrsa hgavs? sazogadoeba da mwerloba gulmodgined rom ik­
vlevdes am gzas, ramdens xifaTs aacilebdnen Cvens qveyanas, da
TviT vaWrobasac, ramdens gambedavs kacs ixsnidnen zaralisgan,

61
ramdens fasebis davardnas, ramdens „kriziss“ agvacilebdnen, vin
mosTvlis, vin iangariSebs!...
gamzidavi vaWroba (экспорт, вывозъ) am ukanasknel dromde, mar­
to ucxoelebis xelSi iyo-meTqi. Tavdapirvelad Cvenis qveynidan
gahqondaT ufro bza da nigvzis xe, gahqondaT gansakuTrebiT ber­
Znebs. iSviaTad, erTma-orma sinja amas winad nigvzis xis waReba,
sakuTris xarjiT, marsels, magram Cveneburebis amgvari cda yve­
la wagebiT da damxobiT dabolovda. mogeba Tu visme darCa, marto
imas ergo, vinc berZnebis an ingliselebisaTvis bzasa da ni­gozs
sWrida. eseni TavianTis xarjiT sWridnen xeebs, TavianTisave
saSvalebiT CahqondaT saqoneli zRvis piras, sadac Caabarebdnen
Tu ara gamzidvels, iqve sruls fass iRebdnen. vinc ki am saqmeSi
eria CvenTagani, yvela ambobs, rom didi xeiri vnaxeT, mogebiT
ga­movediTo. samwuxarod exla mxolod isa aqvT, rom bzis tyee­
bi moispo yvelgan da nigvzis xeebi daZvirda: gasavali ki aqvs am
saqonels, magram TviT saqoneli gawyda, an imdenad gaZvirda, rom
myidveli veRar ekareba. amas Semdeg gamzidavi vaWroba Seexo jer
siminds (dasavleT saqarTveloSi) da merme navTs da Sav qvas (mar­
ganecs). Tavdapirvelad es vaWrobac ucxoelebs eWiraT xelSi.
Cveneburi vaWrebi am saqmeSi marto imave rols asrulebdnen, ro­
goric winad, bzas gatanaSi hqondaT... foTSi, yvirilaSi, baTumSi
daarsda sxva-da-sxva ucxoelTa firmebi, romelnic naRd fulzed
yidulobdnen aqauris kacisagan iq Catanils siminds, Sav qvas Tu
navTs. es firmebi TviTon gviniSnavdnen saqonlis fass Tu mazan­
das da am mazandiT Cvengan nayids saqonels ucxoeTSi hgzavnidnen.
ara­vin icoda ki namdvilad, saxeldobr, sad, an ra fasad, asaReb­
dnen Taviss namuStrs. mazandas rom niSnavdnen, gveubnebodnen:
„dRes mag saqonelze evropaSi iseTi mazandaa, rom am fasze mets
aq Tqven ver mogcemTo“. am saxiT midioda saqme aTiod-TxuTme­
tis wlis ganmavlobaSi. Cvens kacs „xels aZlevda“ amgvari damo­
kidebuleba. igebda xan mets, xan naklebs. roca ucxoeli firmisa­
gan daniSnuli mazanda misTvis saxeiro aRar iyo, rodiRa hyidda
Taviss saqonels. magram Tumca am mdgomareobiT yvelani kmayo­
filni iyvnen, mjobnis mjobni ar dailevao, imisi ar iyos, zogma
ifiqra, TviTon Cven rom waviRoT ucxoeTSi Cveni saqoneli da aq
ki ara, iq gavyidoT, ufro mets fass aviRebT, ufro mets movig­
ebTo. ueWveliao, hfiqrobdnen amisTanani vinc ucxoeTidan aq
modis, Cvengan saqonlis sayidlad da Cvenis saqonlis ucxoeTSi
gasagzavnad, is rames unda igebdes Tavisis vaWrobiT, Torem giJi
xom araa, muqTaT iSromos, muqTad imodena fuli daabandoso.

62
Cven rom Cveni saqoneli TviTonve gavitanoT ucxoeTis bazarSi,
ueWvelia, am vaWrebis mogebac Cvenve dagvrCeba jibeSi: qveynis
fuls unda igebdnen isini am vaWrobiTao.
safuZveli am moazrebisa diaRac swori da gonieri iyo. magram
marto safuZveli ar kmara mTelis saxlisaTvis. Cven erTi masa­
la dagvaviwyda, romelsac didi adgili ukavia am aReb-micemobis
saqmeSi: sermia. Cven saqoneli gvqonda, magram is samuSao Tanxa,
оборотный капиталъ-i gvaklda, uromlisodac yovlad SeuZlebe­
lia vaWroba, da uromlisodac vaWroba aucileblad gakotre­
biT dabolovdeba. sermia vaWrobaSi dids upiratesobas aZlevs
mis patrons: gemsac nakleb fasad iqiravebs, muStarsac drozed
iSovis, mocdac SeuZlia, vidre mazanda aiwevodes, da sxva da sxva.
es Cveneburs gamzidvelebs Tavdapirvelad rodi esmodaT. rac
ram gaaCndaT, ris sesxebac SeeZloT, yvelafers saqonlad aqcev­
dnen, oRond ki meti gaegzavnaT xomaldiT. – gzis xarjs ki TavaT
saqoneli gaistumrebso; miva Tu ara marselSi, gaiyideba da fuli
gaCndebao. roca xomaldi marsels mividoda, sanam myidveli ga­
moCndeboda, kapitani daclas da gastumrebas Txoulobda. Cnde­
boda kamisioneri, romelic saqonels Tavis, „skladSi“ awyobda,
da kapitans Tavisis fuliT istumrebda. rasakvirvelia, rom gemis
daclis da saqonlis dabinavebis xarjiT mis jibidan ixarjeboda,
mis davTarSi iniSneboda. kamisioneri amaebs erTgulad yurs ug­
debda, radganac misi mogebac es iyo. umTavresi misi cda da sur­
vili is iyo, rom saqoneli samudamod xelSi ar SerCenoda, Torem
am SemTxvevaSi misi danaxarji yinulze daiwereboda. amis SiSiT
kamisionerebi asaRebdnen saqonels imis miuxedvelad – saxeiro
fass iZleva myidveli, Tu sazaralos saqonlis patronisTvisao.
– raki saqonlis gamyidvel kamisioners araviTari interesi ara
hqonda fasis raodenobaSi, raki maRali mazanda, Tu dabali, mis­
Tvis erTi da igive iyo, is arc ki mecadineobda fasis da mazandis
dacvas, imdenad mainc, ramdenadac uwindeli ucxoeli gamzid­
veli (экспортеръ) cdilobda, romelic saqonlis patroni iyo, da
ara marto Semnaxveli, da romelsac maRali mazanda did mogebas
da dabali SesamCnev wagebas uqadda. xSirad xdeboda xolme, rom
saqonlis myidvelebi, dainaxavdnen Tu ara, rom saqoneli blomad
mosula gemebiTo, gangeb pirs Sehkravdnen – nu viyidiT, Sevixve­
wioT gamyidvelio, visargebloT misis ufulobiTo. gansakuTre­
biT xSirad emarTebodaT es ubedureba navTis gamzidvelebs. amaT
xSiraT dahmarTniaT, rom gemis gasastumreblad navTi ucxoeTSi
bevrad ufro iafad gaeyidnoT ara Tu ucxoeTis, TviT baTumis

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mazandazed. am saxiT, mogebis magier zarali hqondaT da qira-­
xarjs ki TavianT jibidan ayridnen, marto imis gulisaTvis, rom,
molla masradinasi ar iyos, sovdagris saxeli dahrqmeodaT...
es magaliTi didad sayuradReboa vaWrobis saqmeSi. or­gvari
gamzidavia qveyanaze. zogs muStari hyavs winadve naSovni da
garigebuli: roca ama da am saqonels momitan, ama da am Rirsebi­
sa, ama da am raodenobas, samagierod ama da am fass mogcemo. am­
gvari gamzidveli, rasakvirvelia, mtkice da sando niadagze
­sdgas. qira-xarji icis ra daujdeba, fasi, romelsac myidvelisa­
gan aiRebs, winadve naangariSevi aqvs, maSasadame, Cinebulad esmis,
ra fasad unda daisvas CvenSi saqoneli, Tu unda, rom vaWrobam da
gazidvam xeiri aCvenos. meore gvari gamzidveli ki sul sxvanair
niadagze aSenebs Tavis saqmes. is agrovebs, hyidulobs da hgzavnis
saqonels, da Tan arc ki icis, vis, sad da ra fasad mihyidis. ro­
gorc pirvel-nairi gamzidvelis saqme angariSzea dafuZnebuli,
ise meore gvarisa – alal-bedobazedaa damokidebuli. SeiZle­
ba, bedis Carxi waRma datrialdes, da sanam saqoneli zRvaze mi­
curavs, evropaSi mazandam aiwios. gamzidveli did fuls moigebs
maSin. magram am bedis Carxs is xasiaTi sCvevia, rom ukuRmac icis
datrialeba xSirad, im dalocvilma. SeiZleba mazandam, amaRlebis
magier, Zalian daiwios, da maSin mTelis saqonlis fasma gemis qi­
ra-xarji Zlivs gaistumros. sovdagari yelamde valebSi ifloba.
erTis sityviT, b-n asiko cagarelis Tqmisa ar iyos, es ukanaskneli
sistema „riskis saqmea“, maSin rodesac pirveli – „nepremennia“. –
riskis saqme did qonebas, did sermias, dids TabauTs Txoulobs,
naRds, yovelTvis „uzurSi“ Senaxuls, rom sovdagars gamagreba
SeeZlos, sanam cudi mazandaa evropaSi. TviT milionis patronebi
ver hbedaven am gzaze dadgomas, imdenad saSiSi da ganuzomelia aq
gansacdeli. amas spekulacia hqvia, da ara vaWroba. spekulaciis
wyalobiT qveynisaTvis saWiro iaraRi, vaWroba, angariSis xasiaTs
hkargavs da loTian TamaSad xdeba.
gamzidavi vaWroba CvenSi, am ukanasknel wlebamde, umetes
nawilad mainc, angariSiani iyo, radganac rigianis da namdvilad
fulianis firmebis xelSi imyofeboda. bolos da bolos ki ucx­
oeTidan Camoeria Sig spekulaciis suni. raki saqonlis gazidva
iwyes kavkasiidan, fulianis firmebis meoxebiT, male Cvens qve­
yanas ucxoeTidan ufulo spekuliantebi daesien, romelTac aqa-
iq moexerxebinaT kreditis Sovna da marto nasesxis fuliT moq­
medeba SeeZloT. angariSi, sifrTxile ra maTi saqme iqneboda? ra
hqondaT, rom misi dakargvisa hSinebodaT? mogeba SeeZloT, wage­

64
biT ki Tavisas arafers waagebdnen, radganac sruliad araferi
moeZevebodaT. amis gamoisobiT am spekuliantebma gahmarTes uc­
xoeTis savaWro moedanzed lagam-waxsnili jiriTi Cvenis qveynis
saqonliT. bevrjel iseTi mcire fasi dauniSnavT aqedan gatanil
navTze, simindze, Sav-qvaze, romelic xels ar aZlevda angariSiT
momqmed namdvil vaWrebs. spekuliantebi agebdnen xolme did­
Zal fuls, kotrdebodnen kidec, magram xel-axlav sxva adgilas
Soulobdnen kredits da meore Tu mesame gziT gamodiodnen as­
parezze, isev sajiriTodve, fasis dasamcireblad da namdvilis
vaWris SesaSineblad Tu gansadevnelad. did xans Cveni eqsporti
ucxoeTSi amgvar marulas warmoadgenda, namdvil kapitalisteb­
sa da spekuliantebs Soris: xan erTi mxare iRaleboda da daqan­
culi sdebda Zirs far-xmalsa, xan meore. – Cveneburs gamyidvels
ki, amasobaSi, „saqme uzurSi hqonda“. marTalia, mazandis dacemis
gamo ucxoeTSi, imas aq xan Saurs aklebdnen fuTze, xan ors Saurs,
xan metsac. magram is verc ki hgrZnobda. xeirianad, am danakliss,
radganac umciresi fasic ki saxeiro iyo misTvis. ucxoel brZo­
lis simware, da fasebis aRma-daRma qanaoba sagrZnobeli iyo
ufro im ucxoel bankebisaTvis, romelnic spekuliantebs fuls
andobdnen, vidre Cvenis mwarmoeblisaTvis an gamyidvlisaTvis.
am yofaSi iyo saqme, roca zogierTma Cvenebmac moindomes
saqonlis gazidva Tvisis xarjiT da gabedviT. es saqme, rasakvir­
velia, didad sasiamovnoa Cvenis qveynis TavmoyvareobisaTvis, da
– ra bedic unda hxvdeT pirvel pionerebs – metad saxeiro iqneba,
sabolood, eris ekonomiur momavlisaTvis. magram mag saqmes axlo
rom daukvirdes adamiani, hnaxavs, rom zogi gamoucdelobiT, zogi
saWiroebis aucilebel ZaliT, keTilis ganzraxviT aRWurvili
mavne spekuliantad gadiqceva xolme xandis-xan... sakuTarisa Tu
nasesxis an nayidis saqonlis ucxoeTSi gazidva maSinaa saxeiro,
vaWrisa da qveynisTvis, roca winadve navaraudevi, winadve garige­
buli muStari hyavs gamzidvels. im sermiiTa da ZaliT romlis
Sovna da xmareba Cvens kacs SeuZlia, am martivis sagnis sisruleSi
moyvanac didad pativsacem saqmed unda CaiTvalos. es vaWroba an­
gariSiania, TabauTiani, marTalia, magram „urisko“, uxifaTo arc
es aris. ucxoel myidvels urigdeba kaci, ama da am vadazed, uc­
xoeTis ama da am portSi ama da am fasad amdeni da amdeni saqoneli
Cagabaroo, Tu ara da... da sxv. – amgvar aReb-micemobas saxifaTo,
anu winadve ar danaxuli, bevri ram rCeba kidev: vin icis, rogori
mosavali iqneba, an ra tarosi, an ra mazanda iqneba CvenSi saqonel­
ze, an gadaszidi fasi ramdenad aiwevs, an-da uremi, Tu vagoni, Tu

65
gemi droze iSoveba, ar iSoveba, da sxv. da sxv. aTasi warmoudgene­
li SemTxvevaa, romelsac xelis Tu fasis SeSla SeuZlia. SeiZleba
namdvilad sTqvas kacma, rom amgvars gazidvaSi, mTeli naxevari Tu
ara saqmisa, erTi mesamedi xom mainc, „riskis“ uflebaSia. – meore
gvar gazidvis dros ki, roca kaci saqonels hgzavnis da muStari
ki ara hyavs ucxoeTSi winadve aCenili, Sinauri „riski“ riskad
rCeba, da mas emateba axali da uaresi, srulebiT ganumartebeli,
ganusazRvreli riski: ucodinaroba imisi, Tu ra fasad gaiyideba
saqoneli, an rodis gaiyideba, ra dajdeba gasaRebamdin misi Senax­
va ucxoeTSi, da sxv. da sxv. – am mdgomareobaSi saqmis mesamedi da
naxevari ki aRaraa „riskis“ sibneliT mosili, mTeli saqme, an, sul
mciredi, sami meoTxedi eSmakis ZalaSia Cagdebuli, ise, rom kacis
gonierebas, muyaiTobas da moxerxebas masze TiTqmis araviTari
gavlena ar eqoneba... daurTeT, am yofa-mdgomareobis siZneles,
is garemoebac, rom ucxoeTis moedanze Cveneburs gamzidvels ara
Tu ucxoeli mdidari gamzidveli firmebi, ucxoeli spekulian­
tebic mociled daxvdebian, da advilad SegeZlebaT warmoidgi­
noT misis gasaWiris sidide.
gasakvirveli aravisTvis ar unda iyos, roca gvesmis xolme
imaTgan, vinc sinja es gabeduleba, ai amgvari drtvinva:
– sanam Cems qerqSi viyav da Sinaurulad naRds fulze vaZle­
vdi ucxoels gamzidvels Cems saqonels, oriode groSi mogeba qe
mrCeboda yovel weliwads da Cemi mdgomareoba, RvTis madliT,
dRiTi-dRe umjobesdeboda. mas aqeT ki, rac Cemda Tavad sov­
dagrobas Sevudeq, Tqveni mteria, rac me gasaWiri damadga. weli­
wadi ar gava ise, rom xuTi Tu eqvsi wlis monagebi zed ar wavado...
gambedaobis, axali gzis gatkepnis samagierod egzomi zarali
da dasja xeirs rodi daayris qveynis aReb-micemobas. Tu ase iqna
Semdegac, frTa Seekveceba yovelgvar cdas da verc verasodes
daixsnis Cveni xalxi Tavs ucxoeTis ekonomiur monobisagan. unda
gavigoT, risgan moxda, riT aixsneba es zarali, riT SeiZleba misi
Tavidan acileba, mis magier xeiris naxva.
uwin, roca myidvels „stanciaze“ vabarebdiT saqonels, imi­
tom vigebdiT fuls, rom am mokle-vadian aReb-micemobisaTvis
sakmao samuSao Tanxa, «оборотный капиталъ»-i gvqonda xelSi. mar­
Talia, naRdad fuli, iqneba, arc maSin gagvaCnda, magram, samagi­
erod, saqoneli sayidi rodi gvqonda; misi stanciamde Casatani
uremi sakuTari gvebada da xarebis rCenac SegveZlo, sasyidel­
is miRebamde. amaebs garda myidvelic aCenili gvyavda, an mazan­
da TiTqmis namdvili vicodiT, Sinve, sanam saqonels saxlidan

66
gavzidavdiT. am vaWrobas rac Rone da saSualeba sWiroda, is
gvqonda; misi atana SegveZlo. mazanda rom erTob davardniliyo,
sruliad araferi gvaiZulebda mainc da mainc gagveyidna saqone­
li wage­biTa, amis gamo viyaviT vaWrobis meufeni, anarada, sul
cota rom vTqvaT, Tanaswori mainc viyaviT myidvelisa. erTis
sityviT, Cvenis tvirTis asawevi Zala gvqonda swored imodeni,
ramdensac misi simZime moiTxovda, roca ki tvirTi davimZimeT
da moklevadian, Sinauri vaWrobis magier, gamzidavs, Soreuls,
didvadians vaWrobas SevudeqiT, misda Sesaferi Zala winadve
ar dagvimaragebia, misis simZimis amtani sermia ar gvivaraudnia.
raki Cemis saqonlis urmiT zidva SemeZlo stanciamde, vifiqre,
rom mTelis „poezdis“ winamZRolobac SemeZleba-meTqi zRvam­
de, da mTelis xomaldisa – ucxoeTamde. xarebis gaZRola bevrad
ufro advilia, vidre xomaldisa...
vaWroba TiTqmis yvelas alal-bedobis saqmed, latariad, mi­
aCnia: iqneba movigoo. es didi Secdoma gaxlavsT. vaWrobac imave
Seucvlel da garduvals kanonebs, bunebis kanonebs, eqvemdebare­
ba, romelnic hmarTven qveynis ekonomiur da fizikur cxovrebas.
vaWrobaSiac niadagi damokidedebulebaa mizansa da Zalas Sua.
erTis sityviT, vaWroba yovlad SeuZlebelia ufulod, user­
miod da am fulis Tu sermiis raodenoba winadve gansazRvrulia
mecnierebaSi, vaWrobis xangrZlivobis mixedviT. rac ufro male,
rac ufro xSirad da ufro ueWvod trialebs saqoneli, miT nak­
lebi sermia sWiria vaWrobas. es kanoni yovlad aucilebelia
yvelasTvis. CvenTvis misi kargad daxsomeba imitom ki ar aris sa­
Wiro, rom ufulo xalxi vaWrobas CamovaciloT an SevaSinoT, ara
ufro sxva, ufro maRal azris misaRwevad. Cvenma inteligenciam,
am kanonis mixedviT, yoveli RonisZieba unda ixmaros, rom RvTis
madliT CvenSi axlad dabadebul mimarTulebas, axlad gaRviZe­
bul vaWrobis survils, axlad aRorZinebuls gambedaobas Sesa­
feri Semweoba aRmouCinos sakmao sermiisa da kreditis SovniT.
es pirdapiri movaleobaa Cvenis inteligenciisa, Tu imas marTla
surs, rom xangrZlivad frTa ar moekvecos Cvenis eris vaWruls
niWs da gambedaobas.
nu daviviwyebT, rom Cveni kaci, savaWro asparezze, sruli­
ad gankerZovebul mdgomareobaSia. vaWroba ufulod, ukredi­
tod, yovlad SeuZlebelia, is vaWroba ki ara, maSin, tanjva da su­
lis-xafvaa. yovels vaWars CvenSi, somexia, Tu uria, Tu berZeni,
Tu ucxoeli, sakmao ndoba da krediti aqvs saxelmwifo da kerZo
bankebSi. marto qarTvel vaWars arc Tavisi banki moeZeveba ar­

67
sad, arc sxvisaSi aqvs Sesavali. yvela rjulisa da tomis vaWrebs
urTierT Soris damokidebuleba aqvT didis xniT gamarTuli. Ta­
visians yvela mxars uWers, Zalas aZlevs. marto Cveni vaWaria mar­
toxela, Tavis sakuTar Zalaze minabrebuli, gasaWiris dRes imas
aravin uSvelis, bednier SemTxvevaSi Rones aravin miaSvelebs,
zurgs ar mihyudebs, rom is SemTxveva saukeTesod iqmnas moxmare­
bul-gamoyenebuli...
rogorc namdvils da angariSians vaWrobaSi, ise spekula­
ciebSi, uria, somexi, nemeci, ingliseli, frangi, TavisianebSi
imdens fuls iSovis, ramdenic dasWirdeba. Cveneburi gamzid­
veli ki, masTan SedarebiT, sruliad martoxelaa, usaSualo da
xelgaumar­ Tveli rCeba. Cven vicnobT ramdensame gamzidvels,
diaR patiosans, diaR SemZles, TavianT saqonlis gamtanT: versad
groSis ndoba ver SeuZeniaT, Tumca patiosneba maTi ganTqmulia
da mamulebic, Tu SeZlebac didi aqvT. amasobaSi ki ucxo Temis
spekuliants, romelsac arc goneba uWris amaTze mets, arc qoneba
gaaCnia sadme, aTasi TumnobiT uxsnian kredits misi gvartomisani,
ara Tu ucxoel an kerZo bankebSi, TviT Cvens ama Tu im saxelmwifo
sakredito dawesebulebaSi...
nu gvgonia, viTom am mxriT araferi SegveZlos. bevris mo­
xerxeba SegviZlia jer erTi-erTmaneTTan dakavSirebiT, amxana­
gobaTa SedgeniT: sakmao kapitalebis Sedgena SeiZleba CvenSiac,
saaqcionero Tu sxva saurTierTo kavSiris SemoRebiT. amas gar­
da Cvens warmomadgenlobas (qalaqis sabWoebs, marSlebs, mazris
ufrosebs, gubernatorebs da sxv.) SeuZlia sul sxva mimarTuleba
misces mTavrobis moRvaweobas da saxelmwifo bankis zedmoqmede­
bas, vidre dRemde yofila... oRond isaa saWiro, rom qveynis cxov­
rebis am kerZoobas davukvirdeT, misi garemoeba SevignoT, da mi­
sis Secvlis, gaumjobesobis RonisZieba sxvebs gavagebinoT. cda
bedis monaxevreao, ambobdnen Zvelebi. exlandeli mowinave xalxi
ki imas amtkicebs, rom cda bedis meufeao...
rasakvirvelia, veraviTari krediti ver uSvelis – did xans –
imisTana uTavbolo gazidvas, romelsac winadve aCenili muStari
da gadakveTili fasi ara aqvs navareudevi. krediti saswaulmo­
qmedi Zala ki ar aris, rom SeuZlebeli ram SesZlos, momakvdavi
gaacocxlos, mdinare ukuRma adinos. krediti marto imas uS­
velis, visac Tavisi vaWroba gonierad mihyavs: amisTana Zalas
ki erTi-asad aqcevs yovelTvis. meores mxriT, yoveli krediti
erTnairad ki ar uxdeba vaWrobis saqmes. rogorc vaWrobac aris
da vaWrobac. ise kreditic sxva-da-sxva nairia. zogi iseTia, rom

68
Rmer­Tma ixsnas misgan yvela Tavisi danabadi. isev sul ufuloba
sjobia, vidre zogierT fulian kacis xelSi Cavardna, romelic
fulis sargebels calke gaxdevinebs, da Tan Seni saqonlis pat­
ronic xdeba, gamyidvelic da qiriT Semnaxvelic. amgvaris kre­
ditis simZime kargad gamoscades navTis gamzidvelebma. isini Ta­
vianT kamisionerebisgan avansad iRebdnen maTis saqonlis fasis
sams-meoTxeds. gzis qira da yoveli sxva xarji kamisioners unda
exadna. roca kamisioneri saqonels ucxoeTSi gahyidida, aRebuli
fulidan gamoricxavda jer Taviss fuls, misis sargebliTurT,
yovelnair qira-xarjs da Tvisis Sromis „kamisias“. rac amas
gadarCeboda – Tu ki gadarCeboda ram, – sanaxevrod Tu samesame­
dod unda gayofiliyo: zogi saqonlis patrons ergeboda, zogi –
kamisioners. – didi angariSi an Tavis mtvreva ar sWiria kacs imis
misaxvdomad, Tu ra Zvirad ujdeba Cvens kacs amgvari krediti.
avansad miRebuls fulSi ixdis orjel-samjer ufro mets sarge­
bels, vidre vaWrobaSia miRebuli. es kidev araferi. saxifaTo is
aris, rom amgvari movale-kamisioneri ubralo kamisionerze ufro
nakleb mondomebuli unda iyos saqonlis gasaRebasa. is sruliad
arafriT, aras mxriT ar urevia savaWro „riskSi“. imas vaWrobaSi
araviTari interesi ara aqvs. kargad wava vaWroba, Tu avad, moi­
gebs, Tu waagebs saqonlis patroni, male gahyidis saqonels, Tu
gvian, misTvis sul erTia. misis da Tanxis da naxarjis Rirebuli
sawindari mas xelSi ukavia; adre iqneba, Tu gvian, Taviss danaxar­
js xom mainc aiRebs, jerovanis sargebliT. amgvari kamisioneri,
romelsac riskSi wili ar udevs, da romelic, Tan, saqonlis tria­
liT rCeba, mokavSire da damxmare ki ar aris gamzidavis vaWrobisa,
misi sisxlis msmeli wurbelaa. misi moqmedeba vaWrobaSi TiTqmis
sruliad faruli rCeba saqonlis patronisTvis, romelmac arc
is icis, Tu ra fasad gaiyida misi saqoneli, arc is, Tu ra dajda
misi gadazidva an Senaxva... amaebSi is Tavis kamisioneris cariel
sityvas unda endos, da, xma amouRebliv, mis angariSs saxarebis si­
tyvad unda sTvlides, Tumca, vin icis, ramdeni ram mogonili da
yalbi cifiri iyos, Sig Cawerili!... is kavSiri, romelic SarSan am
dros baqoSi Sesdga navTis meqarxneebisa, pirdapir monawileobas
iRebs Tvisis kamisionerebis moqmedebaSi. mas kantrolis ufleba
sruliad aqvs miniWebuli mTavrobisagan. amas garda misi kamisio­
nerebi monawileni arian savaWro riskisa. mainc wrevandels maTs
krebaze baqoSi bevri saCivari ismoda meqarxneebis da saqonlis
patronTa mxriT: msxverpli SeviqeniT kamisionerebisao. Tu ase
uCivian mTavrobis pirdapir mfarvelobis qveS myofi gamzidvele­

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bi, TavianT moZmeebs, maTs riskSi monawileTa, ramdenad ufro gam­
warebuli bRavili dasWirdebaT ubralo mwarmoeblebs, sruliad
gareSe kamisionerebis xelSi CavardnilT?...
rac unda iyos, utirilod, ubRavilod, rogorc bavSvi ar
gaizrdeba, arc vaWroba aidgams fexs imisTana mxareSi, romel­
Siac marto exla ibadeba. eWvs gareSea, rom Tavdapirvlad, sanam
srulwlovanebas da davaJkacebas eRirsebodes Cveni norCi aReb-
mi­cemoba, bevrjel wahkravs fexs aqa-iq, bevrgan waiforxilebs
da kidev waiqceva, cxvir-pirs daimtvrevs, sisxls daidens... ra
vqnaT, es sazogado bedia yovel mozardis arsebisa, da amaebs ar
unda SevuSindeT, amiT energia ar unda davkargoT, suliT ar unda
daveceT. diaRac Zvirfasia Cvenis qveynisTvis yoveli damwyebi
axalis saqmisa, yoveli gamtkepneli axalis gzisa. mTelma Cvenma
sazogadoebam sruli Tvisi RonisZieba imad unda mihmarTos, rom
am gambedav kacT droze daxmareba aRmouCinos, rom maTi iSviaTi
Zala ar daiRupos da qveynisaTvis unayofod ar gahqres. gonier
qveynebSi TvalisCiniviT ufrTxildebian amgvar Zalas... magram
Tu, Cvenis uZlurebis da gamoucdelobis gamoisobiT, droze mxa­
ri ver miveciT amisTana pionerebs, Tu maTi saqme gamarjvebiT
ver dagvirgvinda, nu vifiqrebT, rom maTi marcxi maTgan naval
gzis gadamRobveli unda Seiqnes. yovelTvis ase gulgrili, ase
gaugebari xom ar iqneba Cveni qveyana da sazogadoeba. cxra mTas
iqiT rodiRaa is dro, roca SevignebT saekonomio wyobilebisa da
mdgo­mareobis gavlenas xalxis zneobasa da momavalze... gavigebT,
da muyaiTad movepyrobiT yovels kerZo Zalas, dawyebas, saqmes da
simdidres, radganac sazogado Zliereba erisa marto kerZo Za­
lis Tu SeZlebis SegrovebiT Sesdgeba...
am grZelis saubris Semdeg daskvnili azri is aris, rom droa
mkvidri safuZveli mieces Cvens gamzidav vaWrobas: erTis mxriT
rigian kavSirTa gamarTviT mwarmoebelTa Soris, da meoreTi –
xeirianis kreditis SovniT gamzidvelebisTvis. am saqmes sruli
Tavisi yuradReba unda miaqcios Cvenma warmomadgenlobam, Cven­
ma mowinave Taobam, zogan urTierTobis dasaarseblad an gasa­
Zliereblad, da zogan ki mTavrobis moqmedebis an Semwyobis ga­
mosawvevelad. – am gzaze agreTve bevri SeuZlianT Cvens bankebs,
saadgil-mamulo da saurTierTo ndobisas. imas ki ar vambob, Tavi­
anTi Tanxa gamzidvelebs gauziaron am bankebma-meTqi – RmerTma
maSoros! – am bankebis gamgeblebma Tval-yuri unda adevnon Cve­
nis aReb-micemobis saqmes, misi garemoeba unda gaicnon, da sazo­
gadoebas droze gza da kvali unda uCvenon, Tu ragvar moxerxde­

70
ba Cvenis cxovrebis es kerZooba warmatebaSi Sevides... aq imdeni
fuli ar aris saWiro, ramdenic winamZRroba an meTaurobaa. xeiri­
anis meTaurobiT advilad SeiZleba iseTi gzebi gamoiZebnos, rom­
liT fuli sakmaod mouva Cvens gamzidav vaWrobas, mouva meufed
ki ara, msaxurad an damxmared...
magram yvelaze uwinares saWiroa Cveni mowinave Taoba mama-­
papur Sexedulobas gamoeTxovos vaWrobasa da sazogadod aReb­-
micemobaze. maRlidan, zemodan ki ar unda dascqerodes am saqmes,
TiTqo uRirss, an qvenaxarisxovans, aramed srulis SegnebiT unda
racxdes mas qveynis warmatebis erT umTavres iaraRad. sakmaoa
ai es Sexeduloba, es deda-azri CaviWdioT gonebaSi, rom danar­
Ceni yovelive TavisTavad movides, viTa misi bunebrivi nayofi.
merme SeveCveviT am iaraRis moqmedebis dakvirvebas, gavicnobT,
romeli burRia Sig JangiT SeWmuli, romeli Txoulobs gazeTvas
an gaCarxvas da bolos damxmarec SeviqnebiT misis rigianis tria­
lisa. jerjerobiT, vimeoreb, saWiroa da sakmarisia marto is ar­
sebiTi cvlileba vitvirToT Cvenis Sexedulobisa, rom indoeTis
kastebis TvaliT ki ara, evropiulad viTvaliswinebdeT da vep­
yrobodeT vaWrobas, Rirseuls pativs vcemdeT miss Rirsebas,
vcdi­lobdeT misis naklis gasworebas... es cvlileba metad advili
egoneba umetess nawils mkiTxvelebisas. namdvilad ki metismetad
Znelia Cvenis sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac saukunoebis ganmav­
lobaSi dedis rZes­Tan erTad SeuTvisebia sul sxva Sexeduloba.
Cvens mozards Taobas aTas nair sagnebs da cnobebs aswavlian.
maTi siuxve da simravle programebSi alags rodiRa stovebs mo­
zardis zneobrivis gawrTvnisaTvis. amitomac mama-papuri Sem­
cdari Sexeduloba jafaze, Sromaze, aReb-micemobaze, vaWrobaze,
Seucvlelad gadadis erTis Taobidan meoreSi; agreTve Seuc­
vlelad gadadis Cveul usaqmoebis da muqTa-mWamlobis natvra da
qeba. am deda-boZebzea damyarebuli TaRi Cvenis eris ekonomiuris
uZlurebisa. sanam am deda-boZebs ar SevmusravT, da maTs adgilze
mkvidr sakurTxevels ar avagebT patiosanis Sromis Tayvan-sacem­
lad, manamde namdvilis warmatebisa da ganaTlebis madli Cven ar
gveRirseba da arc mogvixdeba“.

moambe. – 1894. – NN12. – gv. 125-142.

71
 ioseb zemba

Targmani v. masxuliasi

sad aris Svela?

(ekonomiuri werili)

winasityvaoba

kooperacia, e.i. SeerTebulis ZaliT saqmis dawyeba da

warmoeba saqarTveloSi TandaTan fexs idgams da viTardeba. –
sasixaruloT Cvenda quTaisSiac daibada erTi aseTi amxanagoba,
romelsac ewodeba saxelaT „ndobaze daarsebuli puris mcxo­
beli amxanagoba i.m.W. da kompania“. es cda metaT simpatiuria da
pativ sadebi, amitom Cvens movaleobaT migvaCnia warvudginoT
mkiTxvels saqveynoT axsnili da ganmartebuli moqmedeba da ar­
seboba „kooperaciisa“ da misi diadi warmateba dasavleT evro­
pis saxelmwifoebSi. – SeiZleba Cvens SromaSi Secdomebic iqnes,
magram Cven mainc vecdebiT warvudginoT mkiT­xvels swori da
utyuari arseboba-moqmedoba, „kooperaciisa“ dasabuTebuli
cifrebiT, romlebic naTlad mowmoben utyuars maTs moqme­
deba-warmtebas. – aq Cven umetesaT saxeSi gvyavs isini, visac
SeiZleba ara aqvs ekonomiuri Txzulebis saSualebiT „koo­
peraciis“ gacnoba, xolo survili didi aqvsT gaigon da icoden
piruTvneli axsna misi gaCenisa da warmatebisa. – Cveni Sroma
mSromeli xalxisaTvis aris daniSnuli da sayuradRebo, mag­
ram imedi gvaqvs, rom zogierTi inteligentebic siamovnebiT
waikiTxaven da gamoiyeneben mas. – „Quod poteo, facio, faciant
meliora potentes!“

I.

oveni inglisSi da lau safrangeTSi jer kidev am saukunis

dasawyisSi mixvden „associaciis“, amxanagobis Sedgenis Zalas
TanaxmaT Cveni drois praqtikisa. ukanasknelis survili iyo yve­
la mcire qarxnebis patronebi erTaT SeerTebina da miT gaeCina
didi SeerTebuli Zala. es Zala imas ar undoda marto erTi raime

72
samrewvelo saqmisaTvis, aramed misi miswrafeba iyo yovelgan
gaefarTovebina da aewia umaRles wertilamde sxvadasxva dar­
gi mrewvelobisa. – rom laus ideas ueWveli ganxorcieleba da
didi mermiTi moeloda da SeeZlo safrangeTSi SesamCnevi kvali
daeCnia maSindelis samwuxaro ekonomiuris mdgomareobisaTvis,
– es cxadia da yvelasaTvis sarwmuno. magram samwuxaroT, usaz­
Rvro ndobis wyalobiT Tavis azrsa da monagonarze, rogorc
sazogadoT Cveulni arian yvela didi saqmeebis momgonni da
gamavrceleblebi, laum, ganadida principialuri Zala associ­
aciisa da cota ar iyos TavSeukaveblaT imoqmeda mis gansaxor­
cieleblaT, ris gamo misi mSvenieri idea damarcxda da mogex­
senebaT pirveli damarcxeba yovelTvis, ase Tu ise, didi xelis
SemSlelia yovelis keTilis azrisa saqmis gansaxorcieleblaT
da cxovrebaSi gamosayeneblaT.
kacobriobis istoriaSi SeniSnulia yoveli gvari forma da
cda adamianis moqmedebisa Tavis yofa-cxovrebis gansakargeb­
laT, romlis saTiTaoT CamoTvlas aq saWiroT ar vracxT. Cven
vityviT mxoloT sul axals cda da moqmedebaze, romelic ufro
sainteresoa da Cven Segvexeba. inglisSi urTierTSoris dam­
xmarebeli sazogadoeba (Friendly Societies) misdeven metaT
gansazRvruls sagans, da erTsa da imave dros asruleben dam­
xmareblis, emeritaluris da Semnaxvel-gamsesxebel kacebis
movaleobas da sx. amitom ar SeiZleba ar aRviaroT maTi daniSnu­
loba, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT maTsave moqmedebis swrafaT
gavrcelebas. – am JamaT inglisSi arsebobs 32000 zemo-aRniSnu­
lisTana sazogadoeba, romlis wevrebi iTvleba 5 milionamde,
(garda qalebisa da bavSvebisa) Tanxa sazogadoebisa Seadgens
200 milion maneTs, yovel wliuri xarji 20 milion maneTs. ufro
didi sagnis miRwevas ndomoben profesionaluri mokavSireni
(Trade unions), romlebsac sagnaT hqondaT dacva muSa xalxis
interesebisa. udidesi mniSvneloba da gavlena nivTieri mdgo­
mareobis gasaumjobeseblaT da zneobis asamaRleblaT mcxov­
reblebisa, hqondaT da dResac aqvsT egreT wodebuli „koope­
ratiul sazogadoebaT“, romelTac amJamaT mTels evropaSi da
axals qveynebSi udidesi mniSvneloba aqvsT xalxis ekonomiuris
cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblaT.
udides da umaRles tipaT kooperatiuli sazogadoebisa
unda CaiTvalos „sazogadoeba roCdelis patiosan pionerebisa“
(Society of equitable pioners), romlis istorias Cven aq mok­
leT moviyvanT.

73
 qalaqs roCdelSi 1844 w. iricxeboda 20,000 mcxovreble­
bi, romlebis ricxvi dRes Seadgens 100 aTas suls. es qalaqi
ganTqmuli iyo Tavisi sxvadasxva saqsovi fabrikebiT da qar­
xnebiT. inglisis mrewvelobis istoriaSi aRniSnulia, rom 1842
weli sazogadoT mTelis mxrisaTvis metaT autaneli da mZime
iyo, gansakuTrebiT momaval pionerebisaTvis. ai ras mogviTx­
robs im autaneli drois Sesaxeb kargaT cnobili mematiane
Hyndman: „yvelam wina aRudga muSebs, xalxis gamravlebam, sxva­
dasxva gvari manqanebis SemoRebam, fasebis awevam sanovageze da
qalaqebis saSinel mocileobam; sul yvela amaebma aRamaRles
kapitalistebi, romelTac mada gandidebisa CaunergdaT gulSi;
isini TiTqmis ufasoT igdeben xelSi yovel gvar nawarmoebs da
miuxedavaT amisa kidev cdiloben rame nairaT daewiaT Sromis
fasi bavSvebis da qalebis mowveviT fabrikebSi samuSaoT. – qa­
laqs roCdelSi, zemo aRniSnuls inglisisaTvis samaxsovro
wels, metaT mcire da umniSvnelo xelfasi eZleodaT muSebs;
vaWrebmac sanovagis fasi, rogorc mogaxseneT, aswies da sul
tyavi gaaZvres sabralo muSebs. – ukidures mdgomareobamde mi­
sulma da gaRatakebulma 40 muSa-mqsovelebma ganiZraxes Tavis
ganTavisufleba sisxlis mwovara faraonebisagan da gardas­
wyvites daarseba amxanagobisa da saWiro fulis mogroveba sa­
novagis duqnis gasaxsnelaT. amxanagobis survili da ganzraxva
iyo: eyida da gamoewera saWiro saqoneli pirdapir pirveli gam­
yidvelisagan da ara nayidis nayidi da agreTve gaeyida TavianT
Soris rac SeiZleba nakleb fasebSi da naRd fulze yovel gvari
nivTebi da sanovage. am saqmis dasawyebaT da sisruleSi mosay­
vanaT muSa-mqsovelebs sWirdebodaT 28 girvanqa sterlingi. es
mcire jami, romelic udris rusul qaRaldis 280 maneTs, xolo
oqros 180 maneTs, imaTTvis Seadgenda dids SeZlebas. – neta ras
izamden Cveni muSebi, rom iseTs mdgomareobaSi yofiliyvnen,
rogorSidac roCdelis muSa-mqsovelebi iyvnen? vin icis, egeb
amaT miemarTaT vinme didaT SeZlebuli pirisaTvis da daxmare­
ba eTxovaT, romelic moismenda Tu ara yuradRebiT maT Txovnas
SeiZleba rame saswauliT kacT moyvareobis survils gaemsWvala
misi guli da mieca muSebisaTvis xelis mosamarTavaT 280 maneTi,
raica iqneboda mowyaleba damamcirebeli da zneobis Semlaxve­
li mimRebisa, xolo mimcemis damakmayofilebeli. –
roCdelis muSebma mowyalebis miReba ar indomes, imaTi survi­
li iyo maTi sasicocxlo saxsari TviTonve eSovnaT da moepoebiaT
erTmaneT Soris. amitom mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi sami uflebis

74
meqone wevri agrovebda yvela wevrs Soris or-or penss (Pense’a) e.i.
TiTo Saurs yovel kviraSi. Seagroves Tu ara am rigaT muSebma sa­
Wiro fuli, TxovniT mihmarTes parlaments, romelmac TanaxmaT
sazogado krebis ganaCenisa, 24 oktombers 1844 wlisa, neba darTo
muSebs daearsebiaT „sazogadoeba patiosan pionerebisa“ savaW­
ro sermiiT 28 girvanqa sterlingiT. roCdelis muSa-mqsovelebi
marTla rom WeSmariti pionerebi e.i. pirveli kacebi iyvnen, rom­
lebic ar Sedrken da ar SeuSinden sibnele-siRatakes da cudmidre­
kilebas, gardaswyvites gaekafaT da gaewmindaT gza TavianTTvis
da TavianT momxreT sakeTildReoT da sasicocxloT. – roCdelis
pionerebi sworeT ise ebrZoden yovel gvar dabrkoleba-gaWir­
vebas da xelis SemSlel garemoebebs, rogorc amerikis utexsa da
udaburs tyeSi mebrZolni pionerebi. zogierTebs pirvelaT sa­
saciloT ar eyoT sawyal erTi muWa muSebis moqmedeba, romlebmac
gabedes SebrZoleba daxavsebulis da daZvelebulis wesebisa da
medgraT SeebrZolen ganaCens „werisas“, romelmac Seborka sawy­
ali muSa, unda siRatakeSi suli daalevinos da gaxados yurmoW­
ril ymaT mevaxSe vaWrebisa. diaR, SeebrZolen pionerebi TavianTs
mtrebs da, rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, kidec sZlies da daamxves
TavdaRma maTi sisxlis mwovelebi. ingliselTa xasiaTs sxva
imisTana karg mxareebTan, rogorc magaliTaT nebis Zala, simxne
da dauRalavoba maTi, aqvsT kidev erTi uaRresi Tviseba. es Tvise­
ba aris – araT Cagdeba da zizRiT yureba sxvaTa dacinvisa, gind
saerTosic, Tu ki isini, visac dascinian, darwmunebulni arian,
rom maTi saqme marTalia da asasrulebelic. pionerebma icoden,
rom sirajxanas patronebi da gaiZvera vaWar-CarCebi da mevaxSeebi
Seadgenden erTs kavSirs (союзъ) winaaRmdeg muSebisa, maTda dasa­
CagravaT, agreTve icoden pionerebma, rom kavSiri igi TanSezomiT
Zlierdeboda muSebis sizarmaciT, sisuleliT, sibneliT da siR­
atakiT. aseTi kavSiris winaaRmdeg SeuZlia mxo­loT dadges kar­
gaT gawyobils da mtkice niadagze damyarebuls kavSirs, romelic
wina aRudgeba sazogado uxasiaTobas da damRupvel Zalas Tavisi
patiosani da dauRalavi SromiT da gaakeTilSobilebs ukeTurT.
– pionerebma, maTi mtrebis mware dacinvas dauRalavi SromiT upa­
suxes da „sikeTiT sZlies mtrebs“. –
Cvenma mamacma pionerebma, pirvelaT morCili sadgomi dai­
qiraves sami wlis vadiT aT-aT girvanqa sterlingaT weliwad­
Si – duqnis mosawyobaT daixarja TiTqmis naxevari Segrovili
Tanxa, danarCerni TanxiT iyides puris fqvili, karTofili,
erbo, Saqari da sxva wvrilmanebi da gaxsnes duqani savaWroT 21

75
qristeSobisTves 1844 w. – SarSanwin, 1894 w. didis ambiT idRe­
saswaules 50 wlis iubilioni duqnis gaxsnisa, ara Tu marto in­
glisis muSebma, aramed sxva danarCen dasavleT evropis saxel­
mwifobis muSebmac – TavdapirvelaT pionerebi duqans aRebden
mxoloT orjel kviraSi da isic saRamoobiT. 1850 wlidan duqani
yovel dRe Ria iyo savaWroT, garda uqmi dReebisa. amxanagobis
saqme metaT kargaT da sasiamovnoT wavida, 1867 wlis angariSi­
dan sCans, rom „sazogadoebas“ roCdelSi hqonia 11 duqani sa­
novagisa, sami maRazia fexsacmelebisa gansakuTrebiT muSaTaT­
vis saxmarebeli da erTi xelTsaqmaris (мануфактурный) maRazia.
yvela Senoba, sadac ki saqoneli hqondaT dawyobili da vaWro­
ba warmoebda „sazogadoebis“ sakuTrebas Seadgenda; yvela sax­
lebSi TiTo oTaxi daTmobili hqonda wignT sakiTxs, xolo erTs
imaTganSi moTavsebuli iyo sazogado biblioTeka, romelSidac
Svidi aTasi sxvadasxva gvari sasargeblo wignebi iyo, garda ami­
sa iwerden 12 yovel dRiurs gazeTs, 55 yovel kvireul gamoce­
mas, 21 Tviur Jurnalebs da sx. da sx. – garda amisa amxanagobis
qoneba Seadgenda:
1) erTi didi Senoba, romelic Rirda 10 aTas girvanqa ster­
lingaT, raSidac moTavsebuli iyo da Senaxuli yovelgvari
saqoneli da kantora amxanagobisa, biblioTeka da samkiTxvelo
meore sarTulSi iyo moTavsebuli, xolo mesame sarTulSi didi
darbazi sazogado krebisaTvis, romelSidac 1500 kacs SeeZlo
kargaT moTavseba.
2) orTqlis wisqvili, romelic 1867 wlis meore naxevarSi
atrialebda 105 aTas girvanqa sterlingsa da misca amxanagobas
wminda mogeba 4200 girvanqa sterlingi anu 42 aTasi maneTi;
3) sarTveli fabrika 50 aTasi maqoebiT da 633 meqanikuri
samuSao dazgebiT, romelic Svidas muSas aZlevda samuSaos da
akeTebda saqonels 153 aTas girvanqa sterlingis saRirals;
4) saSenobo gansagebeli adgili (Стройтельное бюро);
5) qva naxSiris madnebi;
6) abanoebi da sx.da sx.
im dros, e.i. 1867 w. amxanagobis wevrebaT iricxeboda 6246
kaci, savaWro sermia aRemateboda 100 aTasi girvanqa sterlings,
saqoneli gayiduliyo 249 aTasi girv. sterlingisa, wminda moge­
ba hqoniaT 21,931 girvanqa sterlingi, e.i. TiTo wevrs xuT xuTi
girvanqa sterlingi mogeba Sexvedria.
aseTi iyo amxanagobis saqme oci wlis arsebobis Semdeg. – am
JamaT amxanagobis saqme da mdgomareoba, dawyebuli roCdelis

76
ormoci sawyali muSebis mier, Semdegia: sazogadoebis wevrebi
erT milionamde iricxeba, yovel wliuri aReb-micemoba adis 36
milion girvanqa sterlingamde, wminda mogeba sami milioni gir­
vanqa sterlingia, xolo mudmivi (постоянный) Tanxa 12 milioni
girvanqa sterlingi. hxedavT ra diadi da did mSvenieri Sedegi
gviCvena patiosanma da Segnebulma Sromam!!! roCdelis muSebis
moqmedeba da maT mier motanili nayofi yvelasaTvis Wkuis sas­
wavlebeli da misabaZi unda iqnes.
rogorc parlamentis angariSidan sCans (1871 w. agvisto­
Si) marto inglisSi, roCdelis msgavsi sazogadoeba 769 yofila
250 aTasi wevrebiT da ori milioni girvanqa sterlingi TanxiT,
romelsac wminda mogeba hqonia 550 aTasi girvanqa sterlingi.
– ivanobisTveSi 1887 wels Carlisle-Si Sesdga kongresi dele­
gatebisa, romlebic warmogzavnilni iyvnen 1409 kooperaciuli
inglisisa da Sotlandiis amxanagobis mier 911,797 wevrebis ndo­
biT. is Sedegi, romelic wardgenili iqmna am kongresze akvirvebs
adamians Tavis sidiadiT. am sazogadoebebs 1886 w. savaWro sermia
hqoniaT 33 milioni girvanqa sterlingi (330-ode milioni maneTi)
es fuli udris mTeli ruseTis sazRvar gareT navaWris meoTxeds,
romelic 1886 w. ganatani da Semonatani saqonlis vaWrobiT hqonia
da udris 1184 milion maneTs. wminda mogeba sazogadoebisa 1886
wels Seadgenda 3.1/2 milion girvanqa sterlings e.i. 31 mi­lion
maneTs; es mogeba sjobnis wliur Semosavals iseTis saxelmwi­
foisas, rogoric aris dania. unda SevniSnoT, rom aq baasi wminda
mogebaze gvaqvs gareSe yovel gvari xarjis gastumrebisa, maSin
rodesac Semosavali romelime saxelmwifosi ar hkmara saxel­
mwifo Carxis dasabruneblaT da imis interesebis dasacvelaT.
jer jerobiT am faqtze SevCerdebiT, SeiZleba romelime
Cveni mkiTxveli Caafiqros am didaT saitereso da bevri sikeTis
dampire da SemZenma sakiTxma. – Cven gangeb warvudgenT mkiT­
xvels cifrebiT damtkicebuls da dasabuTebul saqmis viTare­
bas, rom ufro darwmundes da ndobiT Sexedos saqmes. – es idea
viTardeboda da izrdeboda mzgavsaT mdogvis marcvalisa, ro­
melzedac mogviTxrobs wminda saxareba. – yvela patiosans da
gonivruls ideas yovelTvis aseTi Sedegi aqvs, roca is iSovnis
da daecema kargaT SemuSavebulsa da noyiers niadagze. – patio­
san pionerebma qalaqis roCdelisam Cven metaT naTlaT gviCvenes
Tu sad aris Svela.
es yvelaferi kargi, magram zogierTi mkiTxveli gvetyvis:
sad da an ra nairaT SeiZleba Cvens qveyanaSi SemoReba koope­

77
raciisa da mibaZva roCdelis pionerebisa? sadac gnebavsT
yovelgan. kavkasia aris yovelis mxriT erTi umdidresi kuTxe
mTels qveynierobaze, kavkasia samTo samrewvelo qveyanacaa da
ara mxoloT saxnav-saTesi, rogorc amas amtkiceben zogierTi
politiko-ekonomebi. kavkasia axlo momavalSi SeiZleba saqvey­
no bazraT gaxdes yovel gvar madneulobisa, radganac es sim­
didre auarebeli Zevs yovelgan da yovel fexis gadadgmaze am
kurTxeul mxareSi. roCdelis pionerebis magaliTiT Cvenc unda
visargebloT CvenSidac. unda iqnes daarsebuli kooperatiuli
sazogadoeba, romelic yovelgvar simdidres miwis gulidan
amoiRebs da moixmars misda sakeTildReoT. – ramdeni Zvirfasi
da mdidari madneuloba aRmouCeniaT aqnobamde saqarTveloSi
da jer yvela isini TiTqmis xeluxlebelia da SeumuSavebeli.
davaarsebT Tu ara CvenSi roCdelis pionerebis mzgavss sazoga­
doebas, maSin usaTuoT daviwyebas unda mivsceT da wesi avugoT
„tyibulis pionerebs“, romelic cnobilia CvenSi saxelwodebiT:
„samTo-samrewvelo sazogadoeba naxSirasi“. – ar unda daviviw­
yoT, rom „naxSiras“ sazogadoeba daarsebuli aris kapitalis­
turi warmoebis tipze, roca verasodes ver SesZlebs Sehmatos
ram eris simdidris jams, miTi xalxs mouaxlovos dro keTil­
dReobisa da SeaZlebinos mas kacobriobis zogadi civilizaci­
is monagariT sargebloba.
ar unda daviviwyoT, rom „naxSiras“ sazogadoeba Sesdgeba
im xalxis jgufTagan, romlebsac jer kidev kargaT esmisT didi
principi kooperaciisa, amitom arc sakvirvelia, Tu imaT ver
miaRwies TavianT sagans (erTbaSaT gamdidrebas) ris gamo bevri
izarales da dahkarges.
aq vaTavebT Cven „naxSiras sazogadoebaze“ sjas da gadavdi­
varT quTaisSi axlad dabadebuls „puris mcxobels sazogadoe­
baze“. xsenebul sazogadoebas sruli imedi aqvs, rom mas didi
mermisi eqneba, magram amiT igi sulac ar yoyoCobs da baqiaobs,
aramed imis survilia wynaraT, gonivrulaT imoqmedos da mtki­
ce Seuryevels niadagze daayenos da gaafarTovos puris cxo­
bis saqme quTaisSi. – amxanagobas gardawyvetili aqvs umaRlesi
xarisxis puri acxos da rac SeiZleba nakleb fasaT miawodos
muStars. – TiTo pais (пай) fasaT daniSnulia xuTi maneTi, es
fuli imdenaT mcirea da advilaT gamosaRebi, rom darwmunebu­
li varT aravisaTvis gasaWiri ar iqneba misi gamoReba paiebis
SesaZenaT. roca sazogadoebas sakmaoT bevri wevrebi eyoleba,
mas SeZleba miecema dauRalavaT emsaxuros keTils da sasarge­

78
blo saqmes, romelic adre momavalSi imdens nayofs gamoiRebs,
rom verc ki auvalT mis moweva-mokrefas.
diaR, batonebo, kargaT gawyobili da erTis suliT da gu­
liT Semdgari da SeTvisebuli amxanagoba yvelaferis SemZle­
belia. magaliTi Tvalwin gvaqvs: roCeldis gmiri pionerebi,
romlebic ara xalxis JletiT da sisxlis RvriT iyvnen gmire­
baT wodebulni, aramed patiosani da dauRalavi SromiT da
ener­giiT. TumcaRa es asea, magram Cven mainc ar gvinda da arca
gvaqvs ufleba movsTxovoT Cvens mkiTxvels usaTuoT Tavi Sei­
wuxos da unda Tu ar unda gaxdes wevraT „puris mcxobel sazo­
gadoebisa“. Cven mxoloT aq aRvniSneT da vuCvenebT mkiTxvels
im utyuars da sagrZnobel sargeblobas, romelsac yoveli pais
patroni miiRebs. radgan cifrebi ufro sandoT da dasajeraT
RaRadeben WeSmaritebas, amitom Cvenc cifrebs mivmarTavT.
quTaisSi iricxeba sul 30 aTasamde mcxovreblebi; – wevrebis
ricxvi TavdapirvelaT, rasakvirvelia kanti kuntaT daiwyebs
zrdas, amitom „sazogadoebis“ muStraT aTasi kaci CavagdoT.
TiTo kacze Cven daaxlovebiT sam girvanqa purs CavagdebT dRe­
Si; aTasi kaci maSasadame 3 aTas girvanqa purs daxarjavs dReSi,
xolo weliwadSi 1,095,00 girvanqas anu 27,375 fuT purs. – sar­
Ti (припекъ) TiTo fuT fqvilze viangariSoT 10 girvanqa, maSa­
sadame 27,375 fuT purs Cven miviRebT 20531 fuT fqvilisagan.
– fuT purs Cven swori angariSisaTvis CavagdebT 1 man. 20 kap.,
maSasadame Cven gavyidiT purs 32,850 maneTisas. – fuT fqvil­
sac agreTve viangariSebT 1 man. 20 kap., am saxiT sCans, rom ga­
mosacxobaT daniSnuli fqvili Cven dagvijdeba 24637 maneTaT,
maSasadame Cven movigebT 8213 maneTs 60 kap., am jamidan 20% (1642
man. 50 kap.) unda gadidvas administraciis dasajildoeblaT, –
2% (164 man. 20 kap.) mosamsaxureebisaTvis, – 2% (164 man. 20 kap.)
mepureebisaTvis – (хлебопековъ) 36% (2955 man. 50 kap.) sa­ Wiro
nivTebis (инвентарь) SesaZenaT; – 10% (821 man. 26 kap.) SeSis da
sxva wvrimalis xarjvisaTvis; – 30% (2463 man. 80 kap.) unda dau­
rigdes paiebis patronebs imis mixedviT, visac ramdeni pai eqne­
ba SeZenili. – vsTqvaT sul paiebi iyo gayiduli orasi, e.i. aTasi
maneTisa. maSin erTs xuT maneTian pais Sexvdeba mogeba 48%.
es kidev raa, roca sazogadoeba dainaxavs „puris mcxobeli
amxanagobis“ warmatebas da sargeblobas, roca mTeli qalaqis
mkvidrni daiwyeben puris xarjvas „amxanagobisagan“, maSin unda
naxoT mogeba da meti ra gvinda. roca saqme sasurvelaT wava, Sem­
deg SesaZlebeli iqneba bednier wamSi dawyebuli saqme sruliaT

79
gadiddes da gavrceldes. – Semdeg „amxanagobas“ SeZleba eqneba
aaSenos Tavisi sakuTari puris sacxobebi, aaSenos fqvilis da­
sawyobaT da kantorisaTvis saxli, SeiZinos cxenebi da sabargo
oTx Tvliani urmebi (повозки), romeliTac daatarebs mTels qa­
laqebSi saxl da saxl purs gasayidlaT. „amxanagobas“ SeuZlia
agreTve Tavisi samoqmedo moedani gaafarToos da aiRos saqa­
laqo sayasbo, da xorcis savaWro duqnebi da sx. da sx.
Cven erTi garemoeba kidev unda aRvniSnoT aq, romelic di­
daT saWiroa „puris mcxobeli amxanagobisaTvis“: Tanxa amxana­
gobisa unda Sesdges savaWro sermiisgan (оборотный капиталъ) da
saTadarigo (запасный) Tanxisagan, romelic Sedgeba wminda da
sruli mogebis nawilisagan. – CavagdoT 10%. savaWro sermia unda
iyos daniSnuli yovelgvari savaWro nivTebis da saqonlis Se­
saZenaT, puris sacxobebis da sakuTari saxlis asaSeneblaT, ro­
melSidac moTavsebuli iqneba kantora, sawyobi fqvilisa, wignT
sakiTxi, biblioTeka da klubic. – saTadarigo Tanxa (запасный
капиталъ) Seadgens sruls kuTvnilebas mTelis amxanagobisas
da aras gziT ar SeiZleba daubrundes wevrebs. am amxanagobis
daxurvamde (ликвидаций) – (RmerTma nu hqnas rom es moxdes). es
Tanxa unda inaxebodes saxelmwifo bankebSi an naRd fuliT da
an momgebiani qaRaldebiT. – erTi sityviT yoveli rTuli saqme,
rac-ki amxanagobas Seexeba da misi sasargeblo iqneba, sazogado
krebaze unda gadawydes.
Cven sruli imedi gvaqvs, rom quTaisis mcxovreblebi Tana­
grZnobiT moepyrobian axlaT daarsebul „puris mcxobel am­
xanagobas“ da Semweobas aRmouCnen sawevro fulis SetaniT. –
garda amisa unda mogaxsenoT, rom kooperatiuli sazogadoebis
daarseba da SemoReba yovelgan SesaZlebelia CvenSi, rogorc
qalaqebSi, agreTve dabebSi da soflebSiac, Cven kidev unda
davsZinoT aq, rom zemo aRniSnul sazogadoebis mzgavss amxana­
gobas yovelTvis didi gavlena aqvs xalxis ekonomiurs cxovre­
baze im kuTxeSi, sadac igi arsebobs, miT rom auarebel CarCebs
silav Saras sdebs da wess ugebs, xolo TviTon patiosnaT da go­
nivrulaT moqmedobs saerToT yvelas sakeTildReoT.
Semdegs werilSi vecdebiT dawvrilebiT aRvniSnoT da war­
vudginoT mkiTxvels safrangeTis kooperaciuli sazogadoebis
moZraoba da maTi moqmedeba warmateba.

meurne. – 1897. – N1. – gv. 1-6

80
soflis meurneoba
da mevenaxeoba
 Rvinis dayeneba saqarTveloSi

nawyveti statiidan

kaxuri Rvino ZvelTaganve, ara Tu mxolod naqebia mrTels

saqarTveloSi, aramed evropaSiac Sevida qeba da bevriTa hsjobs
imaTs sasmelebs. ar dauwyebT gankicxvas arca evropiis gemo­
sa, ar SeiZleba ara vsTquaT, rom droeba, saWiroeba da xasieTi
xSiraTa hscvlis gemos. amaSi ar aris eWvi, rom gamoCenili fale­
rensiis qveynis Rvino ise ar mogvcems Cven kmayofilebasa, ro­
gorc Cueni kaxuri baxusi. Cveuleba aris agreTve gemo, anu ukeT
vsTquaT, gemo aris zogjer Cveuleba, Tumca ese warmosdgeba
adgilis mdebareobiTgan da haerisgan. –
– sxuaTa qveynis xalxni, aq mosulni, ar aqeben Cvens Rvinos,
Tumca iZaxian, rom ukeTesis Rvinis gakeTeba SeiZleba kaxuris
yurZnisao, ese igi iseTisa, romelica kmayofil gaxdides amaTs
gemovnebas. es srulebiT simarTliT laparaki ar aris, amisTvis
rom yoveli sxuaTa qveynis xalxi aqebs Tavis mamulisas, umete­
saT Tu sargeblobac aris rame Tavisis qveynisa. iqneba amisaT­
visac ar moswondeT, radganc SeuCvevelni arian. gamocdili da
daxelovnebuli am gvar saxlosnobis saqmeSi, zRvebis gaRmiT­
gan Cuen Wkuas ver gvaswavlian. ramdenjer SevxvedrivarT Cuen
sxu­aTa qveynebis Rvinis damyenebelTa, romelTac sisruliT ara
hqoniaT codna am gvaris sagnisa. ician ra sakvirvelia im gvari,
romelica mouxdeba mxolod imaTs mxares, da ara Cuensas. rom
daviwyoT dayeneba Cvenis Rvinisa im wesiT, ra wesiTac ayeneben
evropaSi, es amas niSnavs, aviRoT Rvino da Tavdayira davayenoT.
cxadia, rom Cuenis kaxuris yurZniTgan SesaZlebelia davayenoT
evropielTzed ukeTesi Rvinoebi, magaliTad: davayenoT xeresi,
madera, soterni, burgonisa da sx. magram mgonia saWiroebas ar
moiTxovdes bunebiTis Secvla risame. Cuen unda gvqondes ro­
gorc sakuTars xalxs sakuTari Rvino, sakuTaris gemoTi, sa­
kuTaris surnelebiT, romelsaca gabedviT SegviZlia mivakraT
dabeWdili qaRaldi da vuwodoT nacvlad madera, xeresi, so­
terni, – kardanexuli, yvarelisa, beJanianisa, laRodaRisa da sx.
CuenTa Rvinis damyenebelTa da momxmarebelTa kargaT
da darwmunebiT ician, rom CuenTa yurZenTa imisTana Rirseba
aqusT, rom ueWvelad mogvcemen Cinebuls Rvinos. Cuen mxolod

83
gvaklia erTi, mkiTxavT: ra? ai ra: SevityoT, gamovikiTxoT da
gamoviZioT, Tu viTa ayeneben evropielni TavianT naqebs Rvi­
noebs? ra SevityoT es, Semdgoms vecadneT, davayenoT ise xe­
lovnebiT da mecadineobiT rom arca buneba SeucvaloT Cuens
yurZens da arca ise moviqceT, rom rac ar mouxdeba ise ar Sevuw­
yoT xeli. CuenTa kaxeTis sayvarelTa mebatoneTa kargaT ician,
rom Cueni Rvinoebi kidev iseTni ar arian, rogorc imedi gvaqus
gamosavlisagan. cxadia, rom gvaklia mxolod xelovneba, Tu viTa
davayenoT.
upirvelesi naklulevaneba Cueni mdgomareobs masSi, rom
aqamomden ar viciT gadaReba erTis WurWeliTgan meoreSi, rom­
lisaganac warmosdgeba sibrwyinvale da siwminde, radganc aqa­
momden ara vxmarobT ganmanaTlebels saSvalobas. es amisTvis
ufro warmosdgeba, rom Cuen ZveleburaT imas vfiqrobT mxo­
lod, Rvino gvqondes uxvad da aRar davzdevT Rvinis sikeTes.
saqarTveloSi rogorc viciT yovelTa, Rvino inaxeba
qvevrebSi, im gvar qvevrebSi, romelzedac sxuaTa queynis xalxni
bevrjel hkvirobdnen radganc ar iReben erTis qvevridgan meo­
reSi, saidganac warmosdgeba Rvinis sibrwyinvale da siwminde.
Tumca mravalTa mebatoneTa moigones amisTvis sxua da sxua
gvari saSualoba, garna mainc ver misces sakmao kmayofileba da
mxolod amiT gamoucvales xasiaTica da Rirsebaca TavianTs
Rvinosa...

ciskari. – 1859. – N9. – gv. 61-71

84
 redaqciisgan

soflebis ganmSveniereba ufro momatebulad sasargebloa,

vidre qalaqebSi axalis dawyobilebis Semotanao“ ase hswers
ganvlils wlis, agvistos TveSi, erTs Tavis Sinaurs, axlandeli
mflobeli franciisa; romeli gonieri momakvdavi ar daerwmune­
ba am marTal sityvebsa. umetesad xelmwifis mxriv, romelica
abnevs ramdensame milions franksa Senobaebis daqcevazed da
xelaxlad aRSenebazed Tvis sataxto qalaqSi. dabebSi Tu sof­
lebSi Seikreben momWirneobiT da didis SromiT adgil-mamulis
marTvelni adgilis mosavalsa TavianTi mxaris dasakmayofileb­
lad; iq momzaddeba xolme imgvari saqoneli, romelica saWiroa
vaWrobisaTvis, soflebSi mzaddebian sanovargeni. mrTels
xalxSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs adgil-mamulis marTvis warmoeba­
sa. adgil-mamulis marTva aris upiruelesi da umTavresi sagani
keTilmdgomareobisaTvis mrTelis xalxisa. es aris is imedi, ro­
melic yoveli saxelmwifo moelis aRyvavebasa.
„ormocda aTi weliwadia mas aqeT, rodesac dasavleT ev­
ropaSi mixvdnen, rom miwis SemuSavebis warmatebisTvis saWiroa
hswavlis sagnebi da mrTeli xalxi amis mixedviT uyurebdnen
saqmes da gamoxatulebas, anu rogorc axla anboben, gamocdile­
bas da hswavlas: am saxiT mtkiced da siCqariT momdinareobdnen
warmatebis gzazed. magram, iyvnen im gvarnica, romelnica pirve­
lad gulgrilad mizdevdnen am umTavress sagans, xolo sxuani
dacinebiT uyurebdnen am sagnis mimdevnTa da iZaxdnen, rogorc
axla CuenSi anboben, ra saWiro aris Tqveni wignebi, rodesac
uwignodac gamovdivarTo. Cven am SemTxvevaSi vgevarT swored im
xalxs, romelnic movixsenie zemoT da romelTaca ra ara swamdaT
hswavla, Semdgom misces hswavlasac yuradReba, axla swavliT
aRyvavebuls mdgomareobaSi imyofebian.
axla Cvenis mxariTa vsTquaT, marTlad swavlasa aqvs moq­
medeba ram adgil-mamulis marTvaze? rasakvirvelia es cxadia,
ityvian zogni; hswavla gamoCnda qveyanazed, xvnisa da Tesvis
Semdgomsao. xvna da Tesva iyo hswavlis wineTao, maSasadame
uwignoTac, ese igi uswavlelaTac SegviZlian Zveleburad vm­
arToT Cveni mamulio. aki xnavdnen, sTsavdnen, mkidnen, matyls
akeTebdnen, abreSums da sxuas, maZRarnic iyvnen da Cacmulebic.

85
cxovrobdnen kmayofilad da ara hkiTxavdnen hswavlas Tu ro­
gor moqceuliyvnen. marTalia, srulebiT, marTali! magram aba
axla gavsinjoT rva asis wlis winaT saxnav saTesi miwis iara­
Ri, Tu ar davTaxmdeT, rom Zueleburis iaraRis mixedviT cdi­
lobdnen gaeadvilebinaT da SeemsubuqebinaT iaraRiT muSakoba.
an raRa saWiro aris axlandels droSi qaris wisqvilis gakeTe­
ba, adre rom ar iyo amgvari wisqvili. adgil-mamulis marTvis
Sesaxeb hswav­lazed dacineba ara Tu arsebobs mxolod aziaSi,
TviTqmis evropaSic. am azrma didi dabrkoleba misca da aZlevs
warmatebas. am gvarTa xalxTaTvis srulebiT usargebloa Tunda
iwarmovos, rasakvirvelia iZulebiT.
romelTaca aqusT hswavla, waukiTxavT adgil-mamulis
mar­Tvis Sesaxeb wignebi, isini cxadad xedamen swavlis ucod­
velobas. yovelgan daerwmunebian gamocdilebiT am hswavlis
simarTlezed. pirveli es aris, hswavla anu mdabiurada vsTqvaT
adgil-mamulis marTvis Sesaxeb wigni, an gazeTi ram, msaxurebs
mebatones, anu miwis mxvnels winamZRomelad da unaTebs win gzas,
Tu rogor da ra saxiT miaswros sisrules.
„guTnis dedis“ redaqcia SeZlebisamebr moixmarebs mecadi­
neobas misces sargebloba mkiTxvelTa adgil-mamulis marTvis
Sesaxeb, droiT da droiT gamohkrefavs sxua da sxua SesaniSnav
gazeTebiTgan da wignebiTgan adgil-mamulis marTvis cnobaTa.
amasTanave guTnebis, farcxebis da sxua samuSavo iaraRebis su­
raTebsa, romelnica moqmedebaSi arian evropaSi TviT mcires
saqonliT, Tavis aRwerilobiT.

guTnis deda. – Tbilisi, 1861 – N1. – gv. 1

86
 ivane serebriakovi

aSeneba orisa fermisa kavkaziisa mxaresa

warsulma weliwama dagviteva ori saqme, romelTaca didi

Semateba unda miscen Cvenis mamulisa keTebasa. es aris aSeneba
oris fermisa, erTisa qarTlSi muxranis axlo, qsnisa pirzed,
meore quTaisis axlo, imereTSi. patroni pirvelisa (romelic
aris wodebuli elisabedis fermad) aris Reneral-leitenanti
kniazi ivane konstantines Ze bagrationi muxranski. es daerwmu­
na, rom Zvelebriv Cvens mamulis keTebis dawyobilebasa ara aqvs
jerovani sargebloba, moiTxovs momatebuls Sromasa da xarjsa
da samagieros ar aZlevs imodensa, rogorc evropaSi. mihyo man
xeli fermisa aSenebasa evropiisa weszed. ama hazriT kniazma mux­
ranskim daiWira jamagiriTa swavluli francuzi agronomi, anu
miwis moqmedi. daibara saukeTeso maSinebi da iaraRebi, daiwyo
soflebSi Senobaebi, erTi sityviT daawesa yovelive, raca aris
saWiro kargad-momarTulisa evropiulisa fermisaTvis, esreTue
moiqca quTaisisa axlos, mdidari moskovisa vaWari onanovi, ro­
melsac gamgeblad hyavs aqauri swavluli agronomi u. xatisovi.
Cven gvsurs aq ramdenime sityviT ganvmartoT, Tu ra mniS­
vneloba unda hqondes am fermebsa sxva mamulis mkeTebelTaT­
vis an Tu ra sargeblobis micema SeuZlianT imaT Cveni qvey­
nis mamulis keTebisaTvis. mas aqeT rac mmarTebloba an kerZo
sazogadoeba, Cveni Tu ucxo, Sesdgomia zrunvasa moyvanisaTvis
ukeTess mdgomareobaSi xvna-Tesvisa da sxva sasoflo xelobi­
sa, gamoCenila mravali saSualoba, romliTac SeiZleba am wa­
dilis asruleba. am hazriTa mouxmarebiaT da zogierTs axlac
xmaroben: ganTavisufleba gareganis da Sinaganis baJisgan yov­
lis miwis gamosavalisa, gaadvileba miwisa gasyidvisa, darige­
ba saukeTeso maSinebisa da iaraRebisa, darigeba Tesleulisa,
dajildoba saCino mamulis mkeTeblisa da sx. magram arc erTi
ama saSvalobiTagani ara yofila ise namdvili da utyuari, arc
erTs ara hqonia imodeni sargebloba, rogorc samagaliTo fer­
mebis aSenebasa. da marTlac ase unda iyos, amisTana sapraktiko
saqmeSi, rogorc sasoflo mamu­lis marTva, vera ra gvizams TviT
gamocdilebis, TviT saqmiT wvrTnis magierobasa. roca gvwadian

87
ro vaswavloT visme romelime axali nawili sasoflo xelobisa
anu vaCvenoT umjobesoba erTis iaraRisa meoreze, ras movig­
onebT amazed ukeTess, rom TvaliT davanaxoT da vawrToT TviT
xelobaSi, vaCvenoT iaraRis moqmedeba saqmiT, gavacnoT sxva da
sxva dawyobiloba ise, rom TviTonve SeeZlos garCeva avisa da
kargisa. am saxiT samagaliTo ferma romelSiac xvna-Tesva da
sxva sasoflo xeloba arian dawyobilni saukeTeso rigzed, war­
mogvidgens Tvalsa xiluls gamocdilebasa. rac unda Zlieri
iyos kacis siyvaruli Zveli wesdebulebisaTvis, rac unda Rrmad
gaedgas imaSi Zirkvi cru morwmunebasa, Tuki TvaliT dainaxavs
axali rigis umjobesobasa, Tuki Tavisive gonebiT Saityobs, rom
sasargebloa Zveli wesis gamocvla, maSin raRa daabrkolebs mib­
aZvaSi...
am gvari fermebi CvenSi ar yofila aqamomde da amiT ufro
metad unda gvixarodes aSeneba fermebisa qsnis pirzed da
quTaisis axlo, romelnic unda Seiqmnan magaliTad mamulis
keTebis ayvavilebisa rogorc zemoxsenebuli saxelmwifo fer­
mebi ruseTSi. yoveli glexi, visac ki Sexvdeba muSaoba am fer­
mebSi gamocdilis agronomis zedamxedvelobisa qveSe, iswav­
lis saqmiT jerovansa xvnasa, saukeTeso iaraRebis xmarebasa,
kanoniersa Tesvasa da mcenareT movlasa, yovels am gvars hs­
wavlasa moixmarebs Tavis mamulSi. amaTi mnaxveli mebatone­
ca moindomebs Seityos, Tu ra wesiT aris mowyobili es ucxo
momarTuleba da ra gamoikiTxavs amasa, aRivseba keTilSobilis
mibaZvis surviliTa. Tunda kidec ar mivxedoT ra sargeblobaa
am gvari momarTulobisagan sxva qveynebSi, TviT saqme gvarw­
munebs, rom es fermebi uTuod unda Seiqmnan uZlieres aRmZvre­
lad Cveni qveynis mamulis keTebis warmatebisa, jer Zliv da­
fuZnebuli iyo elisabedis ferma, rom didi Semateba misca Cvens
mamulis makeTebelTa, ganaTlebulma misma patronma gamoscada
am fermaSi sxva da sxva guTnebi da zed miadga imisTanasa, romel­
ic oTxjer aiafebs miwis xvnasa da savsem sazogado sargeblobis
surviliTa gamoacxada gazeTSi es gamocdileba, maSinve yovel
mxridan movida mamulis keTebis upravleniaSi Txovna am gvari
guTnebisa, radganac ukeTesoba imisi advilad Sesatyobia yov­
elTaTvis. Cven gvaqvs sakmao mizezi vimedeulobdeT, rom kniazi
ivane muxranski kvlavac ar dazogavs rom Saatyobinos mamulis
mkeTebelTa Tavisi gamocdileba da Sors gaawvdinos sargeblo­
ba Tavis momarTulobisa.

88
 am saxiT, fermebi aSenebulni kerZo pirTagan da TavianT
sargeblobisaTvis unda Seiqmnas sasargeblod mrTelis sazo­
gadoebisa. amasTan unda vsTqvaT ro, kerZo pirTagan aSenebuli
ferma ufro advilad asrulebs im saqmesa, romelisaTvisac Sen­
deba saxelmwifo ferma e. i. pirveli ufro male aswavlis xal­
xsa jerovansa mamulis keTebasa, vidre bolondeli. saxelmwifo
ferma didxans ar aCens arafers moqmedebasa, amitom rom mTav­
robis mibaZva agre advilad ver mouva fiqrSi kerZo kacsa, is
hazri, rom mTavrobas aqvs didi saSualoba da SeuZlian fantva
fulisa. Tund arafer sargeblobasac ar moelodebodes, pir­
velSi uTuod Seayenebs mravalsa da vidre Saityoben marTeblo­
bis nam­
dvils ganzraxvasa, unda ubralod daikargos droeba.
winaaRmdeg amisa moqmedeba kerZo fermebisa Cndeba swrafad: aq
aRaraferi iWvi ar ayenebs mibaZvasa; yvelas esmis maSinve, rom
ferma aSenebulia gamorComisaTvis, rom cvlileba da axali
dawyobileba miRebulni arian mxolod im mizeziT, rom imaT­
Si meti gamorComaa, vidre Zvel wesSi. es aris mizezi, rom sxva
qveynebSi magdenaT ar moswonT saxelmwifo fermebi da rodesac
hsurT, rom gaamravlon xalxSi romelime xelobis swavla, mTav­
roba aZlevs Semweobasa kerZo fermis patronsa, romelic kisru­
lobs Senaxvasa da swavlebasa ramdenime mowafisasa.

guTnis deda. – Tbilisi, 1862 – N1. gv 5.

89
 kniazi bagration-muxranski

guTani Sumanisa

didad vhmecadinebdi soflisa muSaobisa saqme rogorme mi­

meyuana ima wesszed, rogorica miRebulia evropaSi da sxvaTa
ad­gilTa. aqamdin mabrkolebda samsaxuri da exla Sevudeg pir­
velad guTansa. cnobilia ese, rom mZime qarTuli guTani didad
gvab­rkolebs miwisa muSaobaSi da jdeba Zvirad. kargad da mar­
jved momarTulman guTanman unda mosWras miwa Tanasworisa xa­
ziTa zevidan qveiTamdin, sadamdinac ki saxnisi dahswvTeba, mere
unda moglijos belti miwis-pirad, aswivos da gardaabrunos es
belti ise, rom Ziri pirad moeqces. es gadabruneba beltisa unda
qmnas TviT guTanman kargad momarTulman da ara guTnis-dedam,
romeli­ca yovelTvis didisa Zalis datanebiT cdilobs beltisa
gadabrunebasa, qarTuli guTani Tavisisa gamarTulebiTa, sax­
nisiTa da sakveTiTa hsWris miwasa piridam iribad ase, rom xnul­
Si bevrjer rCeba miwa, romelsaca guTani ver moxvda. es aris
mizezi, rom moxnulsa am gvarad miwaSi modis maRal-dabali yana
anu mosavali.
kargi guTani is aris, romelic moxnavs miwasa ara bevrisa
uRlebiTa. qarTulsa guTanSi unda Seebas amdeni uReli, ramden­
sac arsad ar Seabamen sxvaTa qveynebSi.
radganaca qarTuli guTani aris samZimo miwisa moxvnisaTvis,
amisTvis iTxovda goneba mogvepovna nacvlad ama guTnisa sxva
ufro moxerxebuli da marjve guTani.
movale var mivarTua madloba Reneral-maiorsa m. p. kolu­
bakinsa, romelmanca momca gamosacdelaT ucxo qveynebis guT­
nebSi tfilissa motanilebi. ama guTnebSi aRvirCie da vamjobine
amerikisa guTani uf. Sumanisagan gamarTuli. ese guTani hxnavs
Rrmad da amisTvis aris saukeTeso SemuSavebisaTvis miwisa Cveni­
sa qveynebSi.
amave guTniTa gamosacdelaT vaxvnevine miwa Cemsa sofelSi
diRomsa, sadaca daviswar ama soflisa glexni. kargma moxnul­
man miwaman moiyvana glexni didsa gankvirvebasa. orisa uRliTa
anu oTxisa xariTa Sebmulman guTanman Sumanisma moxna eqvs ver­
Sokianisa siRrmezed imodenive mindori, rasac moxnavs qarTuli
guTani rva uRliTa Sebmuli.

90
 radganac miwa diRomisa aris qviSiani da ufro msubuqi,
amisTvis gardavitane guTani muxransa, sadac miwa aris Tixiani da
saxnavad magari. aRmoCnda, rom aqaca ise advilad moxna miwa ama
guTanman, rogorc diRomSi. aqa damswreTa glexTa gaukvirdaT es
guTani da dauwyes dawvlilebiT sinjva misisa momarTulobisa da
mkiTxavdnen yovelsa guTnisa iaraRsa, raca risTvisa aris saxmari.
ama mizezisaTvis maSinve viyide guTani Sumanisa da vsTxove
u. kolubakinsa momitaninos oTxi amisTanave guTani.
esreTisa gvarisa guTani didad saxmaria Cvenisa qveynisaT­
vis. radganac hxnavs ukeTesad da Sroma moxvnisa oTx jer ufro
naklebi jdeba qarTulsa guTanzed. – fasica ama guTnisa didad
naklebia Cvensa guTanzed. guTani Sumanisa, romelsaca aqvs ori
sakveTi da erTi saxnisi momatebuli, Tu rogorme gatyda. erTi
maTgani hfasobs sam-Tumnad da rva maneTad, maSin, rodesac Cveni
guTani qarTuli iyideba xuT-Tumanze metad.
romelTaca hsurT naxva ama guTnisa SeuZlianT naxon Cemsa
mamulSi elisabedianSi qsnisa mdinarisa pirzed, muxransa axlos
da me TviT ganumarteb maT sityviTa da weriliTa guTnisa momar­
Tulobasa.
es guTani didad da bevrad ufro marjvea Cvensa Zvelebursa
guTanzed. didad mosaxmarisia da sasargeblo metadre glexTaT­
vis. CvenTa glexTa iSviaTad aqvsT TavianTi guTani da arca hyavsT
sakmao saqoneli, amisTvis glexni Seikribebian erTad, moiyvanen
TaviaanTa saqonelTa da erTad Seabamen guTansa da didad uZnel­
debaT erTmaneTTan amxanagoba. bevrjer Seiyreba ocda xuTi am­
xanagi da aneulisa moxvnasa moundeba ori Tve da didad xSirad
mosdiT SfoTi da uTanxmooba. bevr-jer erTi amxanagi erTisa mo­
matebulisa sityvasa Tqmisa, an xarisa momatebuliTa dakvriTa,
aRrevs mTelsa amxanagobasa da hrCeba meores wlamdin uxnavad
miwa. Sumanis guTani iefi Cvensa guTanzed da oriTa uRliTa Seb­
muli moaSorebs ama SfoTsa da uwesobasa.
Sumanisa guTansa aqvs rkinisa sakveTi da beltisa gadasab­
runebeli Cugunisa, rkinisa RerZzed damagrebuli.
aris kidev sxvaca guTani u. dombalisa, evropiisa guTneb­
zed ufro marjve da iefi. amas vxmarobdi Cemsa mamulSiac; magram
radganaca ama guTansa ara aqvs Tavi da RerZi da muSaobisa drosa
uWirdeba guTnis-dedasa misi moxmareba amisTvis; ufro varCive
da vamjobine guTani Sumanisa.

guTnis deda. – Tbilisi, 1862 – N1. – gv. 2

91
 wigni q. JeneviTgan

„guTnis dedis“ gazeTSi ganvlils TveebSi davbeWdeviT,

rom kavkaziis mamulis movlis gamgeblobam gagzavna londonSi
agronomi uf. serebriakovi saqueyno vistavkaSi da sxvaTa So­
ris miando gaeSinja evropaSi mamulis movla rogor warmateba­
Si aris, rom imis mixedviT saqarTveloSiac Semoitanon ukeTe­
sad mamulis movla. 22 ivniss am wlisa, qalaqis Jenevidan ai ras
iwereba uf. serebriakovi: „franciis samxreTis mxriv gavsinje
didis yuradRebiT abreSumis Wiis Senaxvis da gamoxvevis qar­
xnebi. amasTanave gamovikiTxe SeiZleboda Tu ara Wiis momleli
da abreSumis xelovnebis qalebi Cvens tfilisSi wamosuliyvnen
fasiT, rom imaTgan gveswavla Wiis movla da abreSumis wesierad
gakeTeba. tfilisSi wamosvlis msurvelni SeiZleba viSovnoT,
ra sakvirvelia fasiT, Tumca eridebian Sors gzas da tfilisis
havas. am mizezisa gamo Txouloben mets fassa, imazed ra fassac
iReben aq adgilobriv. romelTac aRviares saqarTveloSi wa­
mosvla sxvebze nakleb fasad arian Semdgomni:
1. sagangebo abreSumis qarxnis gamgebelma qalma burnem miqo,
rogorc kargad mcodne Wiis aRzrdisa da abreSumis gakeTebi­
sa, lionSi mcxovrebi dedakaci, romelica Txoulobs weliwadSi
samocs Tumans jamagirs gzisa da sma Wamis xarjis garda.
2. qali stelbranki, romelica namyofia kideca tfilisSi
Tavis mamis grasiuris abreSumis qarxanaSi avlabris fermazed
da romelica Txoulobs ormocda aTs Tumans jamagirs weliwad­
Si gzis da sazrdos xarjis garda.
gzis xarji lionidgan, anu montelimariTgan tfilisamdin
TviTo sulzed meore klasis vagonSi dajdeba oc da sams Tum­
namdin.
amas garda gamovikiTxe, gamoCenilis lionis mexanikis reka­
sagan, Tu ramdeni dajdeba, rom gakeTdes saqarTveloSi abre­
Sumis qarxana.
TviTo Tuji tarabua, Tavisis kuTvnilebiT Rirs – 250
frankaT.
qarxana ormocda aTis tarabuasgan Semdgari – 12 500 franki.
orTqlis maSina oris ZaliT Tavisis qvabiT, milebiT da tum­
boeboT – 5 000 franki.

92
 yuTebSi da WilobiT Sexveva sagzaod, rom ar waxdes – 800
franki.
gadmotana saqarTveloSi (11 000 kiologrami) – 8 500 franki.
srulebiT – 26 500 franki.
uf. reki TviTan modis tfilisSi qarxnis gasamarTavaT
ufasoT, mxoloT Txoulobs gzis xarjs ormocda xuTs Tumansa.
es reki TviTanve amzadebs abreSumis qarxanas rac iaraRebi
eWireba.
fasi TviTeulisa iaraRisa oTxass frankzed meti ar aris.

22 ivnisi 1862 welsa.

q. Jeneva.

guTnis deda. – Tbilisi, 1862. – N14. – gv. 1

93
 ivane serebriakovi

qaris saSualobiT miwebis morwyua kavkasiis mxarezed

nawyveti statiidan

Tumca orTqlis maSinebi dasavleTis evropaSi dids xmareba­

Sia, magram mainc kidev sargebloben qariT, romlis saSvalobiT
amuSaveben wisqvilebsa da sxva gvar qarxanebsa. TviTan anglia­
Si, sadaca aqac orTqlis maSinebs uWiravs pirveli adgili qar­
xanebSi da TviT miwis xvnaSiac SemoutaniaT, qaris wisqvilebs
ver aacilebs Tvalsa sofelSi mavali kaci. gollandiaSi mrav­
lis mamulis xvedri damokidebulia qaris wisqvilebzed, romlis
saSvalobiT aTavisufleben wliTgan Waobian adgilebsa da xdian
saxnav saTes adgilad. eseve upirvelesi alagi uWiravs qaris
wisqvils germaniaSi. CrdiloeTis amerikaSi qaris wisqvilebi
yovelgan ganvrcelebulni arian da did Zals saqmeebs akeTebine­
ben; araTu SeuZlian qaris wisqvilis gakeTeba gakeTebuls mamu­
lis patrons, TviTan saSualo SeZlebisasac, advilad SeuZlian
gaakeTos. saberZneTis da dardalenis kideebi savseni arian qa­
ris wisqvilebiT ise, rom mgzavrs sofeli egoneba gaSenebuli.
qaris wisqvilis moxmareba qarxanebSi rasakvirvelia, ise
sargebloba ar aris, rogorc wyalis wisqvili da orTqlisa ma­
Sina, magram aris SemTxveva, romlisac gakeTeba ufro ukeTesia
iefobisa gamo. magaliTad, wylis amoyvanaSi mindvrebSi mosar­
wyavaT, qalaqis sasmelad da sxva, Tumca zogjer uqmad dgas da
ara muSaobs xolme uqarobiT anu muSaobs da ara TanasworeT,
mag­ram romelime xanis gamomavlobaSi gaakeTebs saqmes, rome­
lica jdeba TiTqo muqTad, radganac pirveli aSenebis garda da
magdeni saWiro aRara aqusra.
Cvens kavkaziis mxarezed Cveulebad ar aris qaris wisqvilis
momarTva da Tumca zogi erTma soflelma rusma gaakeTa, magram
usargeblod gamoudga. zogjer Zrielma qarebma, zogjer waRma
ukuRma qaris bervam, didi dabrkoleba misca Cvens mxarezed wis­
qvilebs, magram es ki unda SevniSnoT, rom ise dabrkolebas ver
miscemda aq wisqvilebs qari, Tu wesierad yofiliyvnen aSenebul­
ni. qaris wisqvilebi CvenSi malorosiis Cveulebazed keTdebod­
nen da es malorosiuli qaris wisqvili mxolod maSin ivargebs,

94
rodesac qari saSualod uberavs, amis garda im gvars wisqvils
yovelTvis zedamxedveloba unda da Tu qari Zriel uberavs, ma­
Sin unda srulad dadges. magram ar SeiZleba v ­ sTqvaT, rom me­
xanikur xelovnebas amis meti vera moegonebinos ra da rom sxva
qveynebSiac eseve naklovaneba hqondes qaris wisqvilsa. ukanas­
knels droebaSi bevrma mswavlulebma miaqcives yuradReba qaris
wisqvilsa da am gvaris wisqvilebis moxmareba dids warmateba­
sac miecnen. sakmaoa movixsenioT, rom evropiis mswavlulebi am
saqmes Tavs ar anebeben da yvela mixvdeba, rom saqme sisruleSi
da ukeTesobaSi modis. wleul gazafxulzed pariJSi, senatis
saxlSi grafis domornis brZanebiT saqveynod gamoetana qaris
wisqvilis modeli (nimuSi) im gvarad momarTuli ra cvlilebi­
sac unda iyos qari, is Tanaswored imuSavebs. es modeli Seadgi­
na da moegonebina lionis mexaniks bernars. ivnisis TveSi gadai­
tanes baReulis vistavkaSi, sadac TviTan me daveswar da vnaxe,
rom didi yuradReba miaqcives mswavlulebma, literatorebma,
mamulis mepatroneTa. amas garda didi qeba ismoda momgonisa.
uf. bernari TviTanac iq imyofeboda da TviTan uxsnida yvelas
am wisqvilis momarTulebasa. mTeli Tve xalxi atyda zed da sin­
javda am a­ xals mogonebuls maSinas. mTeli pariJis Jurnalebi da
gazeTebi aivsnen am maSinazed aRwerilobiT da qebiT. amasTanave
pariJSi dahqondaT sia, agrovebdnen fuls bernaris wisqvilis
asaSeneblad bulonis tyeSi, senis mdinaris kidezed, sadac im­
peratoris napoleonis brZanebiT mouzomes alagi. es qaris wis­
qvili bernarisa dafqvis garda, amoitans wyals senis mdinariT­
gan mindvrebis mosarwyavaT da amis garda xorbalsac galewavs.
rodesac dawvrilebiT Sevitye bernaris maSinis saqme, vifiqre
,rom CvenSi ufro advilad moxerxdeba,Tuki franciaSi, sadac
SeZlebac Semosavalic da miwis mosavlis siuxve mcirea, cdi­
loben imgvari ramis gakeTebas, romelic iafad dajdebodes da
sargeblobas ki mets miscemdes, CvenSi ufro ar unda Semovitan­
deT, ro ufro saWiroeba gvaqvs, umetesad mindvrebis morwyvi­
saTvis. saukeTeso miwebi CvenSi uwylobiT hkargaven Taviss fass.
mtkvari, alazani, iori, aragvi da sxuani amaod ikargebian, maSin
rodesac rom SeiZleboda moxmareba mindvrebis mosarwyavaT.
arxiT gatana amaTi, samZimo saqmea kerZo kacisTvis, radganac
zogan xevi unda Segxvdes, zogan goraki; an TviTan dabla momdin­
areobs da mdinare zemoT mdebareobs. am SemTxvevisaTvis Zriel
saWironi arian wylis amosatani maSinebi, romelTaca SeuZlianT
advilaT mindvrebis morwyva, magram romlis RonisZiebiTa

95
sjobs momarTva w ­ ylis amosatanis maSinisa? CarxebiT, romelTa­
ca amuSavebs wyali anu cxeni? verc sakmao wyals miiRebT da iafa­
dac ar dajdeba; an orTqlis maSiniT, romelica erTi aTad daj­
deba. tfilisSi generalma yorRanovma gaakeTa orTqlis wylis
amosatani maSina mtkvris pirzed da Tumca metad keTil svindi­
sianad iqceva, magram mainc oris dRis miwis morwyva rom gindo­
deT weliwadSi jdeba ormoci Tumani. maSasadame am RonisZie­
baebiT verasfers sargeblobas ver naxavs mamulis patroni, maS
ra unda vqmnaT, Tu ar am usazRrosa, ufasosa yovelgan myofisa
qaris Zalasa, romelica evropaSi miRebulia ar SemovitanT da
cota xarjsac moiTxovs da sargeblobas ki dids mogvcems.
uf. bernaris SemoRebulma maSinam, romlis sargebloba
damtkicdeba momavalSi, damarwmuna, rom qaris wisqvilis Se­
moReba CvenSi im saxiT, ra saxiTac aris franciaSi, mogvcems
metad did sargeblobasa. me vanbob amas amedeia diuranis Se­
moRebuls wisqvilzed, romelica ager oci weliwadia xmaroben
franciaSi da romelica yvela sxva wisqvilebzed ukeTesia. imas
ara aqvs is naklulevaneba, romelic abrkolebs CvenSi qaris wis­
qvilebsa; rodesac qari momatebulad Zrielia, maSin is wisqvi­
li moixmarebs xolme am Zrielis qarisgan saWiro nawils da da­
narCens ar miiRebs. maSasadame wisqvili yovelTvis muSaobaSia
da dayeneba wisqvilisa ar aris saWiro; roca qari gamoicvleba,
TiTonve moatrialebs, ase rom RerZebze zeTis cxebis meti sxva
araferi movla unda; zeTis WurWelic isea momarTuli, rom raki
erTxel Caasxav, aavseb, zeTi Tavis Tavad esmeba wvril wvrilad,
sadac saWiroa.
diuranis wisqvili amiTi ganirCeva sxva wisqvilebzed, rom
imaSi zemoTi piri, romelsaca xvdeba qari moZravia da SeiZleba
gadabrundes RerZis garSemo, rodesac qari aris jerovani maSin
frTa prtylaT dgas da srulebiT miiRebs qaris Zalas; roca qari
gaZlierdeba, maSin frTac gezaT dgeba Tavis Tavad da miiRebs
qarisagan im Zalis nawilsa, rac saWiroa saSualo brunebisaTvis.
erTis sityviT didi qari ver avnebs da dayeneba qariSxalis dros
saWiro ar aris.
aq alagi ar aris, vrclad aRvwero am qaris wisqvilis momar­
Tuloba; am statiiT mxolod msurs Cvenis mamulis patronebis
yuradReba mivaqcio im maSinazed, romelica dids sargeblobas
mogvcems wyalis asatanaT mindvrebisaTvis, rogorc rom aris
franciaSi, alJirSi da egvipteSi. erTs alags, rogorc vnaxe
provansSi, amoaqvs Waobis wyali, meoreSi wyals aZlevs mrTels

96
qalaqs (JerbrusSi) mesameSi – rwyavs mindvrebs. am gvari wis­
qvqvilebi momarTulebi arian franciis ocda eqvs departamen­
tSi, imaTi gaSenebulebi arian sredizemnis zRvis da atlantiis
okeanis kideebi; yovelgan Zriels qars uZleben. am gvars maSinas
zogis mdinarezed dadgmuls, ormocda ors saJenzed aaqvs da
rwyavs mindors erTis verstis siganezed.
diuranis wisqvils, saSualos zomisas SeuZlian morwyos asis
dRiuridgan oras dRiuramdin da didi mxedvelobac ar unda, es
maSina SeiZleba gakeTdes CvenSive da ar moundeba ara romelis­
ame nawilis gamowera ucxo qveyanebiTgan.
amis Semdeg, me ver vxedav mizezs, Tu ratom ar unda Semovita­
noT CvenSi. is saWiroeba Cven yvelas gvesmis; yvelas esmis rom um­
Tavresi sagania miwebis morwyva, amasTanave siiafe da sargeb­loba.

guTnis deda. – Tbilisi, 1862 – N24. – gv. 139

97
 i. xatisiani

saekonomio wlis aRwera, anu anbavi sasoflo

mamulis keTebis da sxva xelobaebis
mdgomareobisa kavkasiis mxareSi

pirveli axalis wlis nomeri gvinda daviwyoT im mdgomare­

obis ganxilviTa, romelSiac imyofeboda CvenSi warsuls weli­
wads mamulis keTeba da masTan damokidebulni saqmeebi. Cven ara
gvwadian rasakvirvelia, dawvlilebiT gavCxrikoT mama papidgan
darComili wesi mamulis keTebisa, an, vaCvenoT Tu ra aris am wes­
Si kargi an avi; arc adgili arc dro jer ara gvaqvs Cvens am gva­
ris ganxilvisaTvis. Cveni wadili is aris, ro vaCvenoT, ra cvli­
leba mieca am saqmes anu ra moxda iseTi am saqmis Sesaxebi, rom
SesaniSnavi iyos Cvenis mkiTxvelebisaTvis.
ueWvelia da vera vinc uars ver ityvis, rom am cota xanSi
Zriel gaiRviZa Cvenma xalxma am saqmezed, da rom Tavis dReSi
iseTi didi yuradReba ara hqonia miwis keTebasa Cven mxareSi ro­
gorc axla. aramc Tu Tavadi da aznauri Seudga mamulis marT­
vis zrunvasa, miwis muSaobas mihyves xeli TviT imaTac, visac
iqam­dis [sasvwrisa] da adlis meti araferi xeloba ar miukarebi­
aTra Tavis dReSi. Cven Sagvityvia viTomc am aTiod wlis wina­
Tac saSinlaT modaT Samosul-iyos mamulis keTeba, metadre
axali ramis Semotana, Teslisa, nergisa an maSinisa, magram pi­
ruTneli istoria mogviTxrobs rom am modas sxvagana hqonia sa­
Zirkveli da ara TviT xelobis sargeblobaSi. Cven ar vaCvenebT
am saZir­kvelis adgilsa, rom Cvenma anbavma, ar miiRos kicxvisa
da zraxvis kilo; iski unda vaRviaroT imaTTvis, vinc erwmune­
ba Cven sityvasa, rom es saZirkveli yofila Jamsa da viTareba­
zed damokidebuli, droebiTi, ucxo im saqmisa, romlis saxelic
daurqmevia da imitomac Seryeula da danqmula, roca Jami da vi­
Tareba gamocvlila.
axlandel gaRviZebas sxva safuZveli aqvs da sixaruliT
vaRviarebT, rom es safuZveli aris namdvili, bunebiTi da amis­
Tvis Seuryeveli da saukuno. daRistnis aReba did gadasavlad
unda Seiricxos Cvens istoriaSi. aramc Tu marto xalxs mieca
mSvidobianoba, miucilebeli saWiroeba miwis SemuSavebisaTvis,
ramTeni kaci dabrunda Tavis saxlSi da Seudga mamulis saqmesa,

98
radganc moespo samxedro saqme, ramTeni xeli da ramdeni Tavi
miemata miwis muSaobas Semdgom Samilis daWerisa? amasTan isic
unda vTqvaT, rom xelisa da Tavis garda, miemata miwas mesame um­
Tavresi saWiroeba mamulis keTebisa fuli anu Tanxa. fodraTe­
bi damcirda rasakvirvelia daRistnis aRebis Semdeg, damcirda
wvrilmani vaWrobaca. bevri aTasi Tumani gabmuli am saqmeSi da
Semdgom dabaTilebuli, miiqca mamulis sasyidlad da mamulis
gasakeTeblada. amasTan unda movixsenioT, rom erTi umTavresTa
mizezTagani gaRviZebisa is aris kidev, rom am bolo droebSi
Zalian gamravlda Cveni aReb micema evropiis xalxTan. mosvla
evropielebisa Cven mxareSi da gatana Cvenis saqonlisa. TviT
gamravleba tfilisSi francielebis modis maRaziebisa, romeli­
ca pirvelis SexedviT mxolod mfantvelobisa da bedovlaTobis
niSani hgonia kacsa, aris sasargeblo Cvenis miwis gamosavali­
saTvis, Seucvleli rjuli politikis ekonomiisa gvamxilebs,
rom kaci anu mrTeli xalxi iq ufro rCeulobs, TavisTvis saWi­
ro saqonelis syidvasa, sadaca aqvs gasavali imis sakuTars gamo­
savalsa. Tu erTi gansakuTrebiTi dabrkoleba ar Sexvdeba. ese
igi: metis meti baJi, an siSore qveynisa. TviT sargebloba evro­
paelebisa moiTxovs, rom aq motanilis TavianT saqonelisaTvis
gagzavnon TavianT qveyanaSi fulis magier aqauri gamosavali,
radganac amiT erTis magierad orgzobaT moigeben. marTlaTac
am bolo dros aqaurma evropaelebma dauwyes zidva Cvens gamo­
savalsa, bambasa, matylsa, abreSumsa, wmindasanTelsa da sxv. amas
garda bevrma evropaelebma daiwyes mosvla mxolod saqonlis
gasazidavaT metadre imas Semdeg roca evropaSi gaCnda abre­
Sumis Wiis avaT myofoba. yvela am SemTxvevas is Seudga, rom Cven
miwis anu pirutyvis gamosavals daedva fasi da waaxalisa xalxi,
da ramdenic es aRebmicema gamravldeba, imTeni fasic aiwevs
da xalisic gamravldeba. rasakvirvelia, rom TviT ganaTlebis
warmatebasa, saWiroebis gamravlebasa da momavals cvlilebasa
batonymobis saqmezed aqvsT didi monawileoba mamulis keTebis
zrunvis gamravlebaSi, romelic Cven droSi aris momxdari
ueWvelad da yvelasTvis sacno saqme. Tavis dReSi ara yofila am­
Teni msurveli axalis maSinebis anu axalis Teslebis dabarebisa,
arc amTeni mTxoveli sxva da sxva xvnaTesis nawilebzed darige­
bisa, arc momxmarebi mamulzed amTenis fulisa. bolos dros
TfilisSi da gareSe aSenda ramTeniode qarxnebi, romelnic ar
Saarcxvendnen TviT evropiis mxaresa da gamoCndnen mamulis
mkeTebelni soflebSiac, sadac moawyves TavianTi mamulebi mSve­

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niers da angariSian weszed. Tavis dros vecdebiT rom vacnoboT
Cven mkiTxvelebs dawvrilebiT es qarxnebi da mamulebi, da imaTi
mommarTvelebica; axlaki SeudgebiT Cvens moTxrobas, romlis
sagani gamovacxadeT am statiis dasabamSi. moTxroba gavyoT im­
Tens nawilzed, ramTenica gvaqvs umTavresi gamosavali miwisa
anu pirutyvisa da yvela gamosavali gavSinjoT calk-calke.
Rvino. warsuli weliwadi ver iyo marjve venaxebisaTvis,
metadre kaxeTSi, sadaca avno vazsa jer gvalvam da mere da­
Jinebulma wvimebma; amasTanac setyvac daemata gaRma mxareSi
ase, rom mosavali TiTqmis ganaxevrda. nacaric gamoCnda aq iq,
Tumca adrindeli Roneki veRar gamoiCina. samegreloSi dari
kargi daudga venaxebsa. es Svidi weliwadia Turme nacari ise ax­
dens iq venaxebsa, rom aramcTu Rvino, yurZenicki aravis daenaxa.
wleul nacars Zalian dauklia ase, rom imedeuleben, rom male
gaqreba ukanaskneli kvali am saSinelis senisa. wleul, gvwers
Cveni korrespodenti, pirvelad davinaxeT zugdidis bazarSi
yurZniT savse kalaTebi da sakuliT maWari, Semotanili axlo­
maxlo soflebiTgan. didi xani iyo, rac odiSs aRardaenaxa es
miucilebeli saWiroeba iqauris xalxisa. radganac sxva ambavi
ar mogvsvlia Rvinozed Cvenis korespodentebisagan, ramdenime
striqoni SavwiroT am saqmis mdgomareobasa. Cven qveyanaSi, bev­
risagan Segvityvia, rom Tu kacma kargad moiangariSoso ra xar­
jic undeba venaxis keTebasa kaxeTSi, qarTlSi an qvemoqveynebSi,
magTeni mogeba aRara darCebao venaxisagan. RvinoSi sirajis meti
mogeba aravisa aqvso, marTali bevria am sityvebSi da srulaTac
darwmunebuli varT, rom Rvinis damyenebels anu mamulis pa­
trons ara aqvs jerovani gamorComa aramcTu marto RvinoSi, anu
sxva mosavalSi. franciaSi oridRis venaxis patroni weliwadSi
bev­rjer asi Tumnis Rvinosa hyidis, da Tu kargaT mouara, co­
ta-cota ormocdaaTi Tumani wminda mogeba rCeba. CvenSi, roca
didi siZvire Camovarda da Rvino erTioTxaT da xuTaT isyide­
boda, maSinac mTel kaxeTSi sul sami kaci Zliv amoaRebinebda
oridRis venaxs amTens fulsa, mizezi am gvaris gansxvavebisa ai
ra aris. CvenSi Rvinos vargisi fasi edeba mxolod roca an erTi
an meore mxare daisetyveba, an waxdeba gvalvisa da daJinebuli
wvimebiTa. kargi mosavlis dros Rvinos fasi srulebiT ekarge­
ba. yovelgan siauxves siafe mosdevs, magram arsad mosavlis
dros ise ar zaraloben, mamulis patronebi, rogorc CvenSi, ami­
to, rom Cveni Rvinis bazari Cvenive qalaqebia da siuxve maSinve
cxaddeba am bazarSi, radganac Rvinis momTxovnelebis ricxvi

100
isev ise rCeba da TviTon Rvinoki matulobs. ra sakvirvelia, ro
Rvinos aras dros ar daekargeboda fasi, TviT, did mosavalSi­
aca, Tu sxvagan sadme gasavali hqondes, rogorc franciisa da
sxva qveynebis Rvinoebsa. amitom, pirveli saWiroeba aris Cveni
mamulis patronebisaTvis rom imaTma Rvinoebma aqaur gasavals
garda sxva bazrebic ipovnon. TviT bunebiTi bazari ra sakvir­
velia ro ruseTia. ruseTs weliwadSi maaqvs sxva qveynebiTgan
Svidi millioni maneTis Rvino da yovel weliwads es ricxvi ma­
tulobas. ra simdidre miecemoda Cven mxares, Tu rom am ricxvis
naxevari mainc aqedam igzavnebodes ruseTSi. aqamdisin Cveni Rvi­
noebi ver wascilebian sxva qveynebis Rvinoebsa im mizeziT, ro
Cveni gza Soria da aqauri Rvinoebic gzazed xdeba. waxdomazed
is unda vsTqvaT, rom am TvisebaSi Cven Rvinosa da sxva qveynebis
Rvinos didi garCeva ar unda hqondeT. sxva qveynebis Rvinoc wax­
deboda ueWvelad, Tu imasac im gvarad amgzavrebdnen, rogorc
aqaur Rvinoebsa. Tu Rvino aris Sors qveyanas gasagzavni, ors da
sams weliwads marnidam ar uSveben, erTi sityvT minam srulad ar
daduRdeba da ar daiwmindeba. burgonis da bordos Rvinos aqa
vxedavT dawmendilsa da daankarebulsa; TavianT adgils da axal
dros am Rvinebsac smen ise mRvriesa, rogoric aris Cveni Rvino.
didi saqme ar aris Rvinis dawmenda, magram mainc naxva da swavla
unda. axla Cvens marTeblobas unda kaxeTSi rom marani gaakeTa,
gaxados am saqmis saswavleblad da daawmendinos kaxuri Rvino,
rogorc iwmindeba sxva qveynebis Rvinoebi; amas garda hswadian,
dawmendili Rvino gagzavnos moskovSi da peterburRSi gamosac­
delad Tu an rogor aitans gzasa, an rogor dafasdeba. am gamoc­
dilebiT unda gadawydes didi da safasuri saqme Cvenis mamulis
patronebisaTvis.
bevri gvetyvis, Tuki ori da sami weliwadi maranSi unda
Seinaxebodes Rvino, ra sargebloba iqneba Cvenis mamulis pat­
ronebisaTvis Tund iswavlon kidec Rvinis dawmenda evropiul
weszed da Tund damtkicdes, rom aqaur Rvinoebsac SeeZlebaT
hqondeT gasavali ruseTSio? vis SauZlian ori da sami weliwa­
di gausyidavi Seinaxos Rvino Cven mxareSi, sadac Tu oriod Tve
fexi daaWires sirajebma, sul naxevar fasad gaxdeba Rvinoebio?
am angariSSiac Cveni qveyana bevriT ar gairCeva sxva qveynebisa­
gan. iqiTac fulis mqoneli mamulis patroni iSviaTia; magram ai
rogora keTdeba saqme. venaxis patronisagan yiduloben fuliani
kacebi yurZensa, tkbilsa, anu maWarsa, ayeneben da swmenden Tav­
ianT marnebSi da ise gzavnian gasasyidaT sxva qveynebSi. venaxis

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patroni maSinve iRebs Tavis fassa; Tanxis patroni inaxavs Rvi­
nosa, radganac amiT fasi emateba da daxarjuli fuli sarge­
blobs. rac Rvino ismeba pariJis qalaqSi, romelSiac ori saqa­
rTvelos tola xalxi iqmneba, naxevari sul yurZnaT SamaaqvsT
da Sigve qalaqSi iwureba da keTdeba Rvino. amisi mizezi zogi ra­
sakvirvelia is aris, rom baJi ar miscen; magram es wesi imgvar Sem­
TxvevaSiac bevrjer ixmareba, sadac baJs veras gziT ver gaeqce­
va da miucilebeli saWiroa, roca undaT Rvino Seinaxon. arian,
amas vin ityvis, bevri venaxis patronebi, romelnic TiTonve ina­
xaven ramTenime wliT Rvinoebsa, magram xSirad ise rom venaxis
patroni da mkeTebeli sxva ari da Rvinis damyenebeli sxva. Cven­
Siac ar iqneba, rom es wesi ar Semovides, roca Rvinoebis vaWroba
ava Tavis Sesafers xarisxzed.
gzebis dabrkolebazed is unda vsTqvaT, rom marTlad es
didi mavnebelia Cvenis RvinoebisaTvis da damSleli ruseT­
Si Rvinis gatanisa. magram esec ar unda daviviwyoT, rom Tumca
evropiis Rvinis Semotanas is simarjve aqvs, rom gzazed imTeni
xarji ar undeba, meores mxriv baJic didi awevs ase rom Cveni
gzis xarjs udris Tu ar daemata kideca. amasTan gzebic Tan da
Tan keTdeba ase, rom am cota xanSi Cveni udidesi xarji iqneba
aqedam orpirs Catana da mere sul wyaliTa da rkinis gziT wava.
amasTan SavityeT,– rom mmarTeblobas aqvs hazrad gomborzed
kargi gzis gaxsna, da Tu es gamarTlda, maSin kaxeTis Rvinoebs
fasi moemateba Tavis adgilsave.
meore mizezi, rom venaxs ara aqvs CvenSi jerovani sargeblo­
ba, is aris, rom yurZnidam Rvinisa da aryis meti sxva ara fris
gamorComa ar ician. sxva qveynebSi, Tavi rodavaneboT aTas fers
yurZnis wveniTgan Semzadebuls nivTebsa, TviT CenCoTgan da
kurkebiTganac aqvsT kargi gamorComa; iqidamac azaveben sxva da
sxva gvar wamlebsa, widasa, zeTsa da amgvar nivTebsa, da yvelas
fuls aRebineben, Cvens mkiTxvelebs Tavis dros vacnobebT, Tu
rogor Sezavdeba an erTi an meore am moxsenebul nivTTagani, ax­
laki imas gaucxadebT, am cota xanSi aqave gamohscdian ameebis
gakeTebasa mmarTeblobis gankargulobiT. kidevac sxva bevri
dabrkoleba aqvsT CvenSi mamulis patronebsa, dabrkoleba rom­
lis Zleva ar aris SeuZlebeli, ese igi daudevneloba jerovanad
venaxebis movlisa. sirajebis amqroba da sxva. magram am saqmeebs
didi ganCxreka unda, da Cven daubrundebiT sxva dros.

guTnis deda. – Tbilisi, 1863 – N1. – gv. 3

102
 xelT mZRvaneli miwis moqmedisa

xSirad jerovans mniSvnelobas ar aZleven sityvebsa: Cveni

miwa, Cveni adaTi da Cveuleba, Cveni saSvaloba. ueWvelia, rom
Cven ar unda mivbaZoT ufiqrelad rac ki vnaxoT sxva qveynebSi
da iqauri ar unda virCioT Cvenebur weszed; isic ueWvelia, rom
sxva qveynis xalxma bevri sasargeblo ram naxos da iswavlos Cve­
nis xvna Tesvisagan; magram amasTan Cvenc ar unda veridoT sxva
qveynebis wesis gamocdasa da kargis saqmis Segnebasa. didaT Ses­
cdeba, vinc ityvis magaliTebr, rom Cven veraferSi mivbaZavT
Rermaniuls keTebasao, amito rom imaTi rigi dawesebula sxva
garemoebis mizeziTao, romelnic arian: miwis sicotave, muSis
siuxve da siafe da miwis gamosavalis siZvireo. es garemoeba unda
gaSinjos dauzarebiT da ar darCes uyuradReboT mxolod Cve­
nis adaTis pativis cemisaTvis da yovels SemTxvevaSi adaTsa da
Cveulebas mxolod maSin unda vicavdeT Seuryevlad da pativsa
vcemdeT, roca ar aris winaaRmdegi gonebisa da sargeblobisa.
Zveli adaTis dacvis sasargebloT xSirad mohyavT, rom esa
da es adaTi ramdenime saukunea rac dawesebulao. magram es sabu­
Ti xSirad usafuZvloa. bevri amgvari adaTi da Cveuleba adre
yofila kargi da sasargeblo da Semdgom raki garemoeba adgili­
sa gamocvlila, gadaqceula usargeblod da mavneblad da Tu
aqamdis ar Secvlila, amis mizezi is aris, ro es Secvla fiqrad
aravis mosvlia.
Cveni guTani im dros aris dawesebuli, roca orisa da sami
dRis naxnavi dids ojaxs sruliad hyofnida, radganac gamo­
savali bevri iyo. maSin am guTnis uxerxooba magTenaT aravis
gamouCndeboda, magram am droSi rac mosavali miwisa TandaTan
klebulobs da saWiro xdeba umetesi adgilis moxvna, rom sakmao
mosavali aiRos mxvnelma, axla am guTnis uxerxooba ufro Tval­
saCino gaxda da didi SecToma iqneboda, rom amave guTans virCev­
deT mxolod im mizeziT, rom Cvens mamapapas eg uxmariao.
mamulis patronobisaTvis swavlis garda saWiro aris wvrTa
anu moxmareba swavlisa TviT saqmeSi. am wvrTasa hqvian praqtika.
TviT mxvnel-mTesvelma amas garda unda icodes xerxianad moq­
ceva sxva da sxva moqmedebaSi, ese igi: xvnaSi, TesvaSi, mkaSi da sx.
da es xerxi moipoeba wvrTiTa da mibaZviTa da ara kiTxviTa. es
sam gvari viTareba: swavla, praqtika da xerxianoba TviT muSao­

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baSi Seadgens sruls mxvnel-mTesvelsa anu agronomsa da erTad
araodes ar iqneba SeerTebuli erT kacSi. didi mamulis mam­
vlelisaTvis saWiroa swavla da praqtika, muSisaTvis – xerxia­
noba muSaobaSi. kiTxva mxvnel-mTesvelobis darigebisa orives
gamoadgeba da orivesaTvis iqneba sasargeblo.
swavla mamulis patronobisa, romelic gvaswavlis sarfi­
anad mosavlis moyvanasa, arafrad ara hgavs ukadriss angare­
basa, zneobis winaaRmdegsa. es swavla sruliad uarhyofs sxvis
SromiT cxovrebis wadilsa da imisi pirveli kanoni aris sit­
yva saRmrTo werilisa: „icxovre ofliTa SeniTa, anu romelsac
ara hsurdes Sroma, nurca hsWamdes. imisi wadili aris sruli
da sasargeblo moxmareba bunebis Zalisa, am gvarad rom es Zali
RvTisgan mocemuliTa CvenTvis niWiTa da gonebiTa SevqmnaT
ufro keTilis-sayofeli kacisaTvis.

guTnis deda. – Tbilisi, – 1863 – N2. – gv. 6

104
 Sveicariis yvelis gakeTeba

nawyveti statiidan

rac evropaSi qveynebia arc erTi ise ar hgavs Cvens mxare­

sa, rogorc Sveicaria, Tu mivxedavT mdebiaroba da sazogadod
bunebis Tvisebasa isic aqauriviT mTiani adgilia, dayofili
xevebiTa da ReleebiTa; iqac mTis ZirebSi cxeli adgilebia,
sadac xeirobs vazi da mraval gvari xexili; mTebi, daburu­
li tyeebiTa, romel zeviTac gaSlilia titvela serebi gamo­
sadegi mxolod saZovrad; mravalgvari xalxi, gansxvavebuli
erTmaneTisgan CamomavlobiTa, saxiTa, eniTa da CveulebiTa.
buneba TiTqo erTia aqaca da iqaca, magram xalxis moqmedebasa,
xelovnobasa, sarCosa ara aqvsT araferi msgavseba. klde kari­
anobam ver dauSala Sveicarias Semotana da miReba verca er­
Tis im ganaTlebis nayofebisa, romelnica aqvsT sasiqadulod
evropielebsa. rogorc sxva evropiis mxares Sveicariasac aqvs
mSvenieri Sossebi da rkinis gzebi imisTana adgilebSi sadac
CvenSi safexuri gzebi Zliv moumsgavsebiaT. uTvalavi fabrike­
bi amzadeben yovels gvars evropiul saqonelsa. ganaTleba,
mSvenieri samoqalaqo dawyobileba Sveicariisa ar Camouvarde­
ba arc erTs evropiis qveyanas da mravalisaTvis samagaliToa.
mrTeli Sveicariis miwebi isea gakeTebuli da xmarebuli, rom
iSviaTad ipovnis kaci gamosayen adgilsa, romelic ar aZlev­
des Tavis Sesafer sargeblobasa. Sveicaria hzrdis sam mili­
ons xalxsa imodena adgilSi, sadac CvenSi naxevari milionic
ver moTavsebula. didi mniSvneloba aqvs CvenSi am qveynis maga­
liTsa. CvenTvis amitom, rom Tu aravis daumtkicebia sruli da
miucilebeli ufleba bunebis Tvisebisa kacis moqmedebazed,
ueWvelia mainc, rom am Tvisebasa aqvs didi gavlena mravalgvar
saqmezed, metadre rac Seexeba miwis SemuSavebasa da maszed da­
fuZnebul kacis simdidresa da warmatebasa. bevri ambobs Cven­
Si: esa da es saqme amisTana klde karSi ar gamodgebao; rac ra
mam papas SemouRia imaze ukeTess veras moigonebeno: am gvari
xmaurobisa magaliTis ucodnelobiTgan warmodgeba, sadac ar
aris sxva ufro ukadrisi mizezi. marTali is ari mxolod, rom
zog adgilas bevri Sroma unda, zogan mcire da Tavdapirvelad
sasowarkveTileba sizarmacis niSania.

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 Sveicarias amisTana klde karSive daudvia safuZveli ga­
naTlebisa da sarCoobis Sematebisa da Tu asula imisTana
maRal xarisxzeda, Cven unda imedi gvqondes, rom klde karia­
noba arc CvenTvis Seiqmneba uZlevel dabrkolebaT. guTnisde­
dis mkiT­ xvelebTan bevrjel Segvxvdeba laparaki Sveicariis
mdgomareobazed Sesaxeb Cvenis sagnisa da imedi gvaqvs kerZo
magaliTebiT daumtkicoT, rom imaTi sasoflo saqmeebis wesi
Rirsia yuradRebisa da Seswavlisa Cveni mamulis mkeTebelisaT­
visac. erTi am magaliTebTgani aris imaTi yvelis gakeTeba. ise­
Ti aravin iqneba, visac ar egemos Sveicariis yveli. radgan ar­
amc Tu TbilisSi, uezdis qalaqebSiac ki ipoeba. Tumca es yveli
bevri wili ruseTidam modis da ara Sveicariidan, magram Tavi
da pirveli adgili, sadac is keTdeba aris Sveicaria da aqedam
aris gatanili swavla imis keTebisa. am yvels xmaroben mrTels
evropaSi da sxvaganac, sadac ki ganaTleba Sasula; mizezi am gva­
ris gamravlebisa, rasakvirvelia unda iyos sikeTe saqonlisa,
Tore imisTana Zvir fass ar miscemdnen da arc ise Sor adgileb­
Si atarebdnen. CvenSi marto am yvelis motana jdeba imTeni, rac
Rirs iqauri kargi yveli. bevri ityvis Sveicaris yvels Cvene­
buri mirCevniao, magram am gvari hsja daamtkicebs mxolod Ta­
vis miwa wylis moyvarebasa da ara piruTnebels dafasebasa. Cve­
nis mowonebiT aqaurs saqonlis patrons araferi emateba, rom
fuTs Cvengan mowonebuls yvels eqvs, Svids abazzad Zliva hyi­
dis, maSin rodesac Sveicaris yveli oTx-xuT maneTad iyideba.
aqauri yveli kargia mxolod xalxSi; visac Senaxva unda imTeni
marili unda axmaros, ise daamlaSos da aayrolos, rom Tu ara
erTi didi Cveuleba da daWireba, momxmarebeli aRar iyos. zam­
Tris piramdi Zlivas sZlebs sun daucemlad. amisTana saqoneli
rogor wava Sor gzas gasasyidlad? Sveicaris yveli raki erTi
damarildeba zomierad, mere aRarc marili unda, aRarc wyali
da Tu kargad Sainaxes, ramdenime weliwadsa hsZlebs wauxden­
lad; Tan da Tan keTdeba kideca. gansxvaveba cxadia da sakmao,
rom vaWrobaSi amas ufro hqondes gasavali, minam aqaursa, raRa
Tqma unda rom sasargeblo iqneboda Cvenis mamulis patronebi­
sTvisac codna Sveicaris yvelis keTebisa; TviT amis fasi am­
tkicebs am sargeblobasa.
Sveicaris yvelis keTebis xeli uswavliaT francuzebsa,
nemecebsa, rusebsa da akeTeben TavianT qveynebSi. imaTi adgile­
bi arafriT ar hgavs Sveicariasa, sul xelovnebazed aris damok­

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idebuli da es xelovnebac ise Zneli ar ari, rom CvenSi ver is­
wavlon, rogorc daamtkicebs Semdegi. am statias gavyobT orad;
pirvelSi avwerT TviT yvelis keTebasa, meoreSi uCvenebT, Tu
iqauri Raribi xalxi rogora Soulobs am Tanxasa, romelic sa­
Wiroa qarxnis mosamarTad da WurWlis sasyidlad.

guTnis deda. – Tbilisi, – 1863 – N12 – gv. 4.

107
 grenaJis moqmedeba abreSumis SemuSavebazed nuxSi

axla didi laparaki aris nuxis vaWar xalxSi amazed, SeiZleba

abreSumis Wiis Tesleuli samzRvars gareT xalxzed gayidon Tu
ara? visac ki aqvs erTi mtkaveli mamuli abreSumis Wiis mosay­
vanaT, didis yuradRebiT ugdebs yurs am axal anbavs. es rogor
moxvda, rom im gvari xalxi gamofxizlda Zilisagan, romelic ar
exsneboda Zvel mamapapurs Cveulebas da romelic arasodes ar
midioda warmatebaSi?
Tu rom yuradRebiT mivxedavT imas, Tu rogor gafacicebiT
yvela yurs ugdebs am axal anbavs, maSin SesaZlebelia SevityoT;
Tu risaTvis SeiZra ase xalxi. wrevandel weliwads abreSums meti
fasi hqonda SarSandelzed, es yvelam viciT, amis garda mamulis
marTvis gamgebloba gaeria am aReb-micemobis saqmeSi da ganiz­
raxa poSlinis daweseba, vinc Tesleuls gaitans aqedan.
axlandels droSi aq Sesdga ori partia; erTi scdilobs
dasces meore. pirvels partiasa surs da yovlis mecadineobiT
cdilobs Tesleuli samZRvars gareT ar gaiSvebodes; meore
partiis fiqri ki is aris, rac SeiZlebodes Tavisufali vaWroba
iyos abreSumisa, TavisuflaT SeiZlebodes gatana ucxo qveyana­
Siac da SeiZlebodes saqonlis advilaT gasaReba. yvela aq Tavis
sarfas eZebs da amasTanave Tavis sakuTari azri aqvs am saqmezed.
saxalxo vaWroba imisTana saqme aris, rom advilad sja imazed
ar SeiZleba. amis garda, ise dasaRupavi mamulis marTvaSi ara
aris ra, rogorc saqmis ucodinroba da gamousadegoba. omiano­
ba da sxva ubedureba, ise dasaRupavi ar aris mamulis marTvaSi,
rogorc saqmis ucodinaroba da gamoucdeloba. abreSumis moy­
vana imisTana rame aris, rom saWiroa am xelobis patronma kar­
gaT da safuZvlianaT icodes es saqme. erT erTs zemoxsenebul
partias rom miudges kaci, es sakmao ar aris, Tu imas am saqmeSi
codna da daxelovneba ara aqvs. erTs brunded dawyobilobas
SeuZlian CaSalos ramdensame weliwads sasargeblo saqme. abre­
Sumis Tesleulis aRwera da imisi garemoebisa ase mokled ar Sei­
Zleba, imas sxva friv dawvrilebiT ganxilva unda. Cven mxolod
aqa gvsurs vsTqvaT Tu ra Rirseba aqvs am mxarezed grenaJsa da
sazogadod ra gavlena aqvsT ucxo qveynisa vaWrebsa.
ra aris grenaJi? grenaJi aris axlad Semotanili abreSumis
saqmeSi. amis SemoRebis mizezi iyo Wiis sneuleba. romels qveya­

108
naSic ar aris sneuleba iqiTgan SemoaqvT mrTeli da wrfeli Tes­
li im qveyanaSi sadac Wiis sneuleba aris. im mrTels da wrfel
Tesls sagangebod akeTeben xelovnebiT momzadebuls alagzed,
romelsacan hqvian greneri anu grenaJi. 1849 wels amgvari Tes­
lis vaWroba Semovida abreSumis SemuSavebaSi da pirveli vaWre­
bi amiT aReb-micemobdnen.
grenaJi Semoitanes nuxis uezdSi am axlos xanSi ucxo ev­
ropiis qveynebiTgan, sadac Wiis sneuleba gaCnda. sadac sneule­
ba iyo iq grenaJisagan didi sargebloba hqondaT vaWrebsa da
sadac mTeli Wiis Tesli moipoveboda iq gasavali ar hqonda am
grenaJis vaWrebs. pirvelad greneri Semoitanes 1836 wels. aq
ucxo qveynis vaWrebma sargebloba vera naxes ra magdeni, radga­
nac usneulo mxare iyo, magram im wliTgan SemoeCvivnen da yovel
weliwads didi aReb-micemoba aqvT evropielebs nuxSia. is vaW­
rebi ara Tu marto abreSums Seexnen, rac ram TavianT qveynebSi
iSviaTi iyo, yvelas dauwyes vaWroba. axla nuxi imisTana qalaqi
aris, sadac mTeli evropiis vaWrebis aReb-micemobis alagia.
evropiis vaWrebma ufro meti yuradReba miaqcies abreSumzed,
romelsac yiduloben bevrs da gaaqvT. iseTi aReb-micemoba aris
nuxSi, romelica fiqriTac ar mouvidodaT. ucxo qveynebSiac ise
moswonT aqauri abreSumi, rom warsuls weliwads gaiyida nuxSi
oci aTas fuTamdin, Tesleuli gaitanes aTas Svidas fuTamdin.
Tu ase yovel wliv warmatebaSi Sevida abreSumis aReb-micemoba
am mxarezed, maSin nuxi gamoCenili qalaqi Seiqmneba.
marTalic aris, minam francuzebi movidodnen nuxSi aReb-­
micemisTvis, nuxis abreSumis momyvanni metad SeiwroebaSi iyvnen.
ase rom cudi amindi dasdgomodaT movla rom ar icodnen, mesa­
meds Semosavals ver miiRebdnen, amis garda gamohqondaT meidan­
Si gasasyidaT da msyidvelni ki arsad moipovebodnen da Tu Sex­
vdebodaT msyidveli, metad mcires fasaTa hyiddnen. Cven im
weliwadebzed ar vanbobT, rodesac sxva qveynebSi ar movidoda
abreSumi da im weliwads mihqondaT mxolod nuxidgan. ise wlobiT
ki, ixvewebodnen nuxelebi da msyidvelebi ki ar moipoebodnen.
erTi mizezi kidev abreSumis fasis Semcirebisa glex kacis
mdgomareboba aris, romelica iRebs vals saWiroebisTvis im az­
riT, rom momiva abreSumi, gavyidi da mivcemo. vali edebaT kidev
wvrilman vaWrebs, radganac mdidari vaWrebi cdiloben fasi Sem­
cirdes, daikveTon blomaT da SemdgomSi ZviraT gayidon.
ucxo qveynis vaWrebma codnac Semoitanes nuxSi, magram
abreSumi iseTs gasavalSia, rom francuzebi axalSive yidulo­

109
ben, abreSumis patrons gasasyidaT aRarc ki gamoaqvs bazarSi,
vaWrebi saxl da saxl dadian da ixvewebian. wrevandels weliwads
axalSi ocda xuT maneTaT fuTs, zogan oc maneTaT yidulob­
dnen. Tvramet maneTzed dabla ki aRar Camosula mdare abreSu­
mis fasi. mSrals droSi abreSumis parki erT fuTs rom iwondes,
axalSi sam fuTs naxevars aiwonis, maSasadame fasi erTis fuTis
abreSumisa iyo eqvsi Tumani da sami maneTi. axalSi gayidva ise
sasargebloT miaCniaT mepatroneebs, rom yovelis Ronis-ZiebiT
cdiloben gaasaRon.

guTnis deda. – Tbilisi, – 1863 – N21 – gv. 2.

110
 samagaliTo marani kaxeTSi

ager oTxi weliwadi modis, rac mTavrobam daiwyo Sene­

ba kaxeTSi evropiuli marnisa, sardafisa da sxva Senobaebisa,
saswavleblisaTvis, romlis gamarTva ewada, SemdgomSi. am Se­
nobaebisTvis aarCia Cobaxuri Zveli nasoflari kondolis da
kisis xevis Sua, Saragzis pirzed, sadac adre iyo zogan uxmari
da usargeblo jagnari, zogan riye da zogan mcire adgils sax­
navi miwa. visac didi xani ar unaxavs es udaburi adgili, axla
rom gaiaros, vgonebT siamovnebiT daakvirvoT Tvali ucxo
weszed aSenebuls saxlebsa, mSvenieri yvavilebiT savse baRsa
da sxva da sxva xeebsa, romelTac Tavis dReSi ar unaxavT ka­
xeTis miwa wyali. ueWvelia rom isiamovnebs gamvleli, magram
sxva TvaliT uyurebs am Senobaebs gamocdili, saqmiani, gamzne
kaxeli, romelsac didi xania Seutyvia vin icis visgan mizezi
am mowyobilobis dafuZnebisa da icis, ra erTi fuli dafantu­
la Senobaebzeda. saxlebi da marani agviSenes, Rvinis dayeneba
unda gaswavloT, ityvis dacinviTa Cveni megobari; „sabralo
kaxelebs, Rvinis dayenebac dagviwyebiao. iqneba axali ram hswa­
dianT gviCvenon sasargeblo. ueWvelia, ueWveli; xvalve waval
da Sagirdad mivebarebi, da minam ar viswavli TaviT bolomdin
magaT sakvirvel xelovnebasa, manam xels ar vaxleb Cems venaxeb­
sa Tund yurZenic zed Camolpes da vazi RiWiviT gadaexlarTos
erTmaneTsa, batono, kaxel kacs ra Rvinis gakeTeba eswavleba;
sxva raRa viciT magis meti; Sen ar mamikvde, rom magaT, saidamac
unda iyvnen mosulni, verc CemsaviT Rvino daayenon, verc Cem­
saviT gakeTon venaxi. Rvinoc kargi maqvs, puric kargi momdis,
saqonelic Cinebuli myavs. sxva rasmeSi Tore, amisTanaebSi ver­
avin majobebs; ra daukargavT, ras eZeben.“
mZimea CvenTvis Seryeva kaxuri ocnebisa, imisTvis ufro,
rom wyaro am gvaris siqadulisa ar aris arc gadareuli da arc
gautexeli siamaye, arc gamoangariSebuli Suri umjobesia; bev­
ri marTlac ari am sityvebSi, da Tu kicxva da siqaduli srulad
usafuZvlod migvaCnia, sxva araferia mizezi garda imisa, rom
mkicxavs karga ver daunaxavs da ar gamoukiTxavs dawvrilebiT
saqme, romelzedac acdens maxvil sityvebsa, didis sixaruliT
da xalisiT daveTanxmebiT kaxelsa, rom kargi Rvinoca aqvs, kar­
gi purica da saqonelica, Tumca es sikeTe unda mieweros ufro

111
bunebasa, minam xelovnebasa; magra vin ecileba, vin gamosula dam­
rRvevi da mZagebeli imis mamulis gamosavalisa, rom gaumagrdes
uzomo dacineba da siqaduli. TviT evropiuli marnis damfuZne­
belic mtkiced aris darwmunebuli, rom kaxeTma Cinebuli Rvi­
noebi icis da kaxelebma sakmaod ician TavianTi xelovneba, dar­
Comili samkvidroT mama papisagan. amasac uars vera vina hyofs,
rom Tu kaxelebi srulad kmayofilni arian TavianTi venaxebis
gamosavliTa, sarfiTa, rogorc gemoTi, saWiro ar aris imaTTvis
am saqmeSi arc momatebuli swavla, arc darigeba. maS riRasTvis
auSenebiaT kaxeTSi samagaliTo marani, raRa saWiroa saswavle­
beli Rvinis keTebisa im qveyanaSi sadac didiT pataramdin yve­
lani ostatebaT gamodgebian am saswavleblisa? saswavlebeli
im dros unda gaimarTos, roca saWiroa gavrceleba xalxSi rom­
lisame gamosadegi, sasargeblo da axlis swavlisa; ra unda gaa­
keTos kaxeTis saswavlebelma? ra axali swavlaa kaxelebisaTvis
Rvinis dayeneba da venaxis movla?
minam daveTanxmebodeT am gvar sabuTebsa, SevityoT dar­
wmunebiT, Tu marTla kaxelebi srulad kmayofilni arian Rvi­nis
keTebisgan da ara aqvT am saqmeSi araferi naklebuleba. Zneli
ar ari amisi Setyoba. daelaparakeT, romelsac gsurdeT kaxe­
Tis mamulis patronsa soflis saqmezed, mosavalzed, gamorCom­
azed, cxovrebazed da yuri daugdeT ras ityvis. pirveli imisi
pasuxi yovelTvis Civilia, rom Rvinos jerovani fasi ara aqvso,
qalaqeli sirajebis xelSi varT da imaT qeifze hkidiao Cveni
sarfa da sargebloba. am sazogado saCivars miucileblad unda
hqondes namdvili da utyuari mizezi; ueWvelia rom kaxelebs
ara aqvs is Semateba venaxebisagan, romelic unda hqonodaT
Tu Rvinis vaWroba yofiliyo mimarTuli bunebiTs da jerovan
weszed. ra unda iyos amisi mizezi? vinc dawvrilebiT ar icis
saqme, da mxo­lod imas miiRebs yuradRebaSi rom am aTi wlis
winaT kaxeTSi axlandelis naxevari fasic ara hqonda Rvinosa,
is arcki daijerebs kaxelebis Civilsa da miawers metis – met
sixarbesa, magram ueWvelia, rom didad Sescdeba am gvari msje­
li. kaxelebis saCivars aqvs marTali da Seuryeveli safuZveli.
Rvinis daZvirebisagan bevri veraferi isargebles TviT Rvinis
damyeneblebma, amisTvis, rom imave zomiT daZvirda sxva sarCoca
da venaxis keTebis xarjic gamravlda; amasTan Rvinis daZvire­
bas Tavis adgilas da qalaqSi ara aqvs jerovani zoma da Sefar­
deba; soflebSi ise ar aiwia Rvinom, rogorc qalaqSi. rogor ar
iCivlos kaxelma ufasobazed maSin, rodesac xedavs rom imis

112
Rvino Tungi aTSaurobazed gasyiduli iyideba qalaqSi maneTad
da rodesac vera feri saSvaloba ver upovnia, rom gamovides am
mdgomareobisagan. Cvenis TvaliT gvinaxavs, ra winaaRmdegoba
SauZlian Rvinis patrons sirajTan da ra xans umagrdeba gadak­
veTils fassa, sirajma srulad icis mdgomareoba Rvinis gam­
syidavisa, icis ra dros visTan mivides WaSnikis sanaxavaT, sad
ra wuni dasdos Rvinosa, ra fasi SeaZlios anu xma amouRebliv
daiwyos ukan dabruneba. sruliad dar­wmunebulia, rom Rvinis
gamsyidavi mouTmenlad aTvalierebs imis moZraobasa da SiSiT
elodeba imis gadawyvetilebasa; darwmunebulia, rom rac unda
iyos vaWars ar gauSvebs xelidgan. nuravis egoneba, rom am SemTx­
vevaSi mamulis patronebis daudgromeloba da sisuste imaT
uTanxmobisagan iyos warmomdgari; Cven Segvityvia rom saerTo
Tanxmobac da piris micemac wamlad ver gamosdgomia am sensa,
bevrjel mTeli soflobiT SaukravT piroba, rom dadebul fass
aravin gadascildes, magram bolos isev gatexilan daWirebisa­
gan da adrindel naZlev fass qveiTad Camosulan. ra daWireba
aqvT mamulis patronebsa da raT eSurebian Rvinis gasyidvasa, es
yvelam icis. Tu pirobam erTmaneTSi vera gariga ra, unda vsTq­
vaT, rom pirdapir Catana qalaqSi da gayidva Rvinisa romelic
aqvT fiqrad Cvens mamulis patronebsa, Tumca asruleba jer ar
saiTa Cans, pirdapir gasyidvac darCeba usargebloT da moatyu­
ebs yvelas imedsa. orSi erTi unda irCios mamulis patronma: an
unda venaxebi sxvas Caabaros da TiTon vaWrobas Seudges, an isev
darCes sofelSi mamulis mosavlelad da Rvinoebi aZlios sir­
ajsa axlandel rigze. orive saqmis kisrva aravis SeuZlian , da
radganac mamulis keTeba ufro eTviseba, isev sjobs vaWrobas
Tavi daanebos. vin icis sad ufro momatebuls zians naxavs ve­
naxis datevebaSi, Tu Rvinis gasyidvaSi. saerTo sardafis aSeneba
TbilisSi isivea, rac calkcalke duqnis gamarTva. Cveni qveyana
jer saimisod ar aris ganaTlebuli, rom am gvari angariSebi ad­
vilad gaswordes da an ar moatyuos monawile ndobam, romelic
saWiroa saqmeSi saerTo samuSaoT, amasTan yvela qveyanaSi Rvin­
is damyenebeli sxvaa da siraji sxva. franciaSi, sadac venaxebs
oTxi da xuTi Cvenotola sargebloba aqvs, aramc Tu Rvinis day­
eneba da vaWroba gayofilia sxva da sxva piris Sua, TviT venaxis
movlac da yurZnis moyvanac sxva gansakuTrebeli xelobaa, ase
rom yurZnis momyvani anu vena­xis patroni hyidis yurZens Rvinis
damyenebelzed, da es hyidis sirajebzed. erTi sityviT Tu ga­
mocdilma saqmiT piris Sekvram mamulis patronebisam ver dasdo

113
jerovani fasi kaxur Rvinoebsa, Tu dapirebuli saerTo sarda­
fi qalaqSi zianis mets veras gvpirdeba momavalSi ueWvelia, rom
Rvinis ufasobis mizezi sxvagan unda veZeboT, da mizezis Sexed­
viT wamalic SeurCioT.
zemoT moviyvaneT yovelTaTvis sacnauri anbavi, rom ma­
mulis patroni eSureba Rvinis gasyidvasa, da siraji ki wynarad
auCqareblad evaWreba saqonels da yovelTvis saqmes aboloebs
Tavis nebazed. risgan ari es uTanasworeba or mxares Sua, ra­
Tari vaWari ese wynari da gulgrili Tavis saqmezed? mamulis
patrons viciT uWirs fuli prikazSi SesatanaT, xarjis misace­
mad, puris sasyidlad, Tu sxva saxlis saWiroebis gasaZRolad,
magram gana sirajisaTvisac isev saWiro ar ari Rvinis syidva,
rom ar moucdes duqani, tyvili jamagiri ar aZlios daxlidarsa,
an usargebloT ar daurCes Tanxa da avejuleba, an ar gadaaCvios
muStari? vin daabralebs uangariSobas sirajsa; imas rom zurgi
magari ara hqondes, rom iseve uWirdes Rvino, rogorc mamulis
patrons fuli, isec ver daimorCilebda Rvinis gamsyidavsa da
ise mkvidrad ver dadgeboda Tavis sityvazed. mizezi is ari, rom
ukanasknel droebSi Rvinis mosavali dametda muStarsa; Tu ar
erTi sazogado uamindoba, visac fuli xelSi aqvs Rvinos yovel­
Tvis iSovnis, Rvinis damyenebeli ki iSviaTi ar aris rom darCes
umuStroT. yurZnis avaTmyofobam da imisgan warmoebulma Rvi­
nis siZvirem aTas rva as ormocda ToTxmetSi da TxuTmetSi di­
daT gaaRviZa erT mxriv venaxis patronebi da meore mxriv vaWrebi.
vaWrebma dauwyes zidili Rvinosa im adgilebidgan, sadac nacari
pirvelSi susti iyo kaxeTzed, da saidamac adre aravis gaego­
na Rvinis zidva; venaxis patronebma yoveli zrunva da cdiloba
imazed dasdes, rom Seumaton venaxebsa, da aqamdinac mizdeven am
gzasa. venaxebi moemata kaxeTSiac, ganjaSiac, borCaloSiac da
qarTlSiac; mosavalic ueWvelad unda mohmateboda, radganac
nacarma male dakarga Tavisi Zali da imisgan danaklisi angariSSi
Semosatanic aRar gaxda, sad unda wavides dametebuli mosavali,
ra gavlena unda hqondes Rvinis faszed? xalxic rom mohmate­
boda am drois ganmavlobaSi, maSin momatebuli mosavali arad
gamoCndeboda; magram xalxi ise male ara mravldeba, rogorc
gamravldeba xolme xelobis nawarmoebi, roca amazed moqmedebs
romelime SemTxveviT da ucxo, garemoeba. mosavlis siuxves si­
afe unda Seudges miucilebelad, uamisoTac Cveni qveynis ga­
mosavali da xalxi rom Segvefardebina sxva qveynebTan, sadac
modis Rvino, davinaxavdiT rom rac CvenSi erTkacis Tavzed Sex­

114
vdeba Rvino weliwadSi, imTeni arc erT qveyanaSi ar ismis. vena­
xebis gavrcelebam ukanasknel droSi ufro gaamravla es zoma.
amasTan kaxeTs gauCnda Zlieri mocile ganjis uezdi da bor­
Calo, vaWrobas iseTi xasiaTi aqvs, Tu erT gzas mieCvia, mere Zne­
ladRa daanebebs Tavsa, da imitom qvemo mxris Rvinoebi kidevac
mouwyvetlad modis qalaqSi, daCvevac rom ar iyos, siraje­
bisaTvis ra sargeblobaa, rom xeli aiRon ganjis da borCalos
Rvinoebidam. zamTarSi da gazafxulSi isinic kargad iyidebian
TbilisSi; kaxuris saxelis darqmevis meti ar undaT, rom Tavi
moawonon umetes wels qalaqis cxovrebisas. bevri wili ueWve­
lia ar dasdevs im namdvilsa, magram ara yovelTaTvis Sesatyobs
garCevasa, romelic aris kaxuri da ganjuri Rvinoebis Sua, fa­
sis garCeva ufro advili Tval saCinaria imaTTvisa, da siafeSi
yvelam icis qvemouri Rvinoebi hsjobnis kaxursa, radgan iqiT
iafia sarCoca da muSaca. es iafi Rvinoebi umagreben zurgs sir­
ajebsa da aZleven mizezs im auCqareblis da wynaris vaWrobisas,
romelica sdis morCilad Cvens mamulis patronebsa. ai namdvi­
li mizezi naklulevanobisa, romelzedac Civian kaxuri mamu­
lis patronebi, siuxve Rvinisa, gamravleba venaxebisa, damateba
saqonlisa maSin, rodesac saqonlis msyidvelis ricxvi darComi­
la uwindeli, gamoCena mocileebisa arian imisTana garemoebani,
romelTac miucileblad unda daecaT upirvelesi gamosavali
kaxeTisa. gamocvla am garemoebisa SeuZlebelia, Tu Rvinos ar
moemata muStari. radganac WkvaSi Semosatani ar aris, rom ik­
los rodisme Rvinis gamosavalma da romelmanme kaxeTis mocile
mxareTaganma aiRos xeli venaxis keTebisagan. Sinagani muStris
momateba aq verafers gaarigebs; rac unda kargi SemTxveva daes­
wras, maSinac xalxi saimisod ver gamravldeba, rom daetyos rame
bazarsa; maSasadame es muStrebi unda veZeboT gareT, rogorc
eZebs da hpoulobs Rvino franciisa, ispaniisa da Rermanisa.
Cveni upirvelesi da bunebiTi muStari unda iyos ruseTi. aqeT
mxriv ro gza gaexsnas saqarTvelos Rvinoebsa, aramc Tu axlan­
deli siuxve mosavlisa da amisgan warmomdgari dabrkoleba
ganqarvdeba da gadaiqceva gamorComis wyarod, erTi aTad rom
gamravldes gamosavali, maSinac ar moakldeba muStari. marto
moskovSi da peterburRSi TxuTmeti imotela xalxi iqneba, rac
TbilisSi, romelic aris umTavresi bazari aqauris Rvinoebisa,
ruseTSi zidva da gasyidva aqauri Rvinoebisa Zveladganve unda
mosvlodaT fiqrSi Cveni qveynis aRebmicemis kacebsa; es imisTa­
na sarfiani saqmea, rom didxans ver darCeboda saidumloT ve­

115
ravisTvis mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelo Seiqmna nawili rusis
imperiisa. magram am samocda sam weliwadSi saqme verafriT ver
wadga wina; axla rogorc adre midis wvrilad Rvinoebi ruseTSi
da radganac gzaze imRvreva da hkargavs srulad sikeTesa, vera­
vis gaubedia gamarTos ruseTSi kaxuri Rvinis duqani da daiwyos
mouwyeteli vaWroba, stavropolis iqiT ver midis aqauri Rvino
didroni partiebiTa, saidamac unda iyos gamosuli; avi da kar­
gi erTgvaraT xdeba ase, rom veRarac ki icnobs kaci: Rvinoa, Tu
sxva gvari sasmeli, wvril wvrilad waRebuls Rvinos moskovSi da
peterburRSi xan qviSaSi sdgamen, xan sardafSi, xan swuraven ti­
loSi, rom rasme daemsagavsos. SarSan londonSi gagzavnes kaxu­
ri Tavi Rvinoebi vistavkaSi warmosadgenaT, da Tumca es Rvinoe­
bi buTilkebSi iyo Casxmuli da mofisuli ise wamxdariyo adgils
misvlamdina, rom feris meti aRaraferi Tviseba ar darCenoda
msgavsi kaxuri Rvinisa. amis mcodne, vxedavT meore mxriv, rom
sxva qveynis Rvinoebi itanen Seucvlelad did gzebis gavlasa, da
dayovna didis xnisa aramc Tu axdens, bevraT akeTebs da umatebs
fassa. TbilisSi SegviZlian vipovnod franciis Rvino aTis wlis
Casxmuli buTilkaSi, srulebiT Seucvleli da romelSiac ver
vipovniT erTibewva simRvriesa. evropaSi ipoeba Rvino dawurvi­
li ramdenime saukunes uwin.

guTnis deda. – Tbilisi, – 1863 – NN14 – gv. 2

116
 samagaliTo marani kaxeTSi

(gagrZeleba)

vinc ki icis rogor akeTeben Rvinos evropaSi da unaxavs

aqauri gakeTebaca, imas ar iqneba ar mouvides fiqrad, rom ze­
moT Cvenebulis garCevis mizezi mdgomarebs Rvinis dayenebaSi,
da venaxis movlaSi. Sors gasagzavns da didxan Sesanaxs Rvinos
evropaelebi akeTeben sxva wesiTa, romelic ar ician Cven qve­
yanaSi. Tu Cveni xalxi yofiliyo sakmaod gaRviZebuli da hqono­
da jerovani zrunva Tavis sargeblobazed, TviTonve ecdebo­
da, rom Seeswavla es wesi da gamoecada aqaur Rvinoebze: magram
aqamdin fiqraTac aravis mosvlia xelis miyofa am sazogado sa­
sargeblo saqmisaTvis, da ueWvelia, kidevac bevri xani gaivlida
amis m­ zrun­velis gamoCenamdin, Tu TviT mTavrobas ar ekisra es
zrunva. ai ra saWiroebisaTvis aaSenebina Tavadma bariaTinskim
sama­galiTo marani kaxeTSi da daapira saswavleblis gamarTva.
mgonia, cxadad davamtkiceT, rom am saswavlebels eqneba saqme
axali, gamosadegi da sasargeblo kaxelebisaTvis. kaxelebma ar
ician is wesi, romelic saWiroa venaxis movlisaTvis da Rvinis da­
yenebisaTvis, roca Rvino undaT Sors gasagzavnaT, anu did­xans
SesanaxavaT; amis winaaRmdegis Tqma veravis SeuZlian. kaxeTis
saswavlebelma unda aCvenos es wesi, da maSasadame usafuZvloa
gulgriloba anu kicxva visganme am saswavlebelzed, usafuZ­
vloa amasTanave survili zogierTis mamulis patronisa, gagoni­
li Cvengan; rom me mamcen eg momarTuleba, me davayeneb karg Rvi­
noebsa, Cven davarwmunebT pativcemuls mamuls patronebsa, rom
Tu mTavrobas sdomeboda kaxuraT Rvinis gakeTeba da sakmari
yofiliyo xelovneba da gamocdileba Cvenis mamulis patronebi­
sa, or qvasac ar dasdebda CobaxurSi; kaxeTis samagaliTo marans
aqvs TviT brZnuli da madliani safuZveli, da didi litoni iqne­
ba visac amaSi darCeba eWvi zemoT naTqvamis Semdeg.
Cven aqamdin gavSinjeT mxolod erTi mxare kaxuris momar­
Tulebisa, saxeldobriv gakeTeba Rvinisa gasagzavnelad da
didxans Sesanaxad; sxva adgilas gavSinjavT, ra mniSvneloba
eqmneba am momarTulebas sazogadoT Cvenis upirvelesis xelo­
bisaTvis. kaxelebs aqamdin ara hqoniaT arc saWiroeba da arc
SemTxveva, rom sxva qveynebSi etarebinaT gasasyidaT TavianTi

117
Rvino: amitom arca hscodniaT im gvarad Rvinis Semzadeba. Rvi­
nos hqonia gasavali adgilobriv, da es ari mizezi, rom kaxeTSi
damkvidrebula wesi Rvinis keTebisa, Sesaferi adgilobriv da­
xarjvisaTvis, anu axlo adgils gagzavnisaTvis. Tumca amgvaris
xmarebisaTvis Zalian kargad aris SerCeuli kaxuri Rvinis da­
yeneba, magram imedi maqvs SemdgomSi davamtkicoT, rom am saqme­
Siac ar avsulvar umaRles xarisxSi da jer bevri dagvrComia
saswavlebeli da dasaTvalierebeli. dasasrulad unda vacno­
boT Cvens mkiTxvelebsa, rom wleul dasrulda da Caebara mamu­
lis patronobis gamgeblobasa kaxuri samagaliTo marani Tavis
SenobaebiTa da wleulve apireben mihyon xeli Rvinis keTebasa
evropiul weszed.

guTnis deda. – Tbilisi, – 1863 – N15 – gv. 1.

118
 ivane sulxanovi

ramdenime sityva angliurs ransomis guTanzed

meore weliwadia, rac SeviZine ufalis valis depodgan

guTani saxeldob angliuri ransomisa Y.F.R. markiT. es moxsenebu­
li guTani gamodga samuSaoT Semdegi Rirsebisa:
1. guTans undeba oTxi uReli xar-kambeCi, erTi guTnis-deda
da mexre...
2. TiTon guTani martivi aris, gamZle da gamyoli. agreTve
TiTveuli mis nawilic gaadvilebs Znels da gamo-gvaluls sax­
navs.
3. saxnisi aqvs brtyeli da mWreli, romelic advilaT gazdevs
miwaSi.
4. guTnis frTa mSvenivraT swmendavs kvals, Tanaswored da
erT mxriv awvens da abrunebs miwas, maRlobs da dablobs Tanas­
worad xnams.
5. guTnis-dedas SeuZlian saCqarod da dauprkoleblad
misces guTans im nairi momarTuleba – ra nairaTac unda, ise
daayenos, ra siRrmezedac surs, an Tu ra veli mosWras ganieri
Tu viwro. veli sruli miaqvs, ase rom Tormets verSokamdin da
agreTve siRrme kvlisa rva verSokamdin mxolod maSin, rodesac
amas sruli xodi miecema, oTx uRlisaTvis mZime satarebeli aris,
maram Tu siRrmiT xuT verSokzed dadgeba da veli Tormet-ver­
Sokzed, maSin zemoT moxsenebuls oTx uRelzed meti ara SemTx­
vevisaTvis saWiro ar aris.
kargi gamarTuloba guTnisa mdgmoiarobs umetes xelis
formaSi da guTnis xelis mosakidSi; etyoba, rom sagulis gu­
loT momzadebuls masalisagan aris Sedgenili. amis gamo TiT­
veuls mis nawils simagre aqvs, ase rom qvis daxvedriT anu sxva
gvaris daprkolebiT ar igrixeba da arcara utydebara.
me unda vsTqva, rom am zemoT moxsenebulis guTniT muSao­
ba didaT sasargeblo aris, mixedvis da gvaraT arc Zviri aris:
es Rirs 82 maneTi. valis depo aris Zvels avlabris fermaSi –
tfilisSi.

droeba – Tbilisi, 1867 – N26. – gv. 4

119
 Tbilisi, oktombris 13

CvenSi, mgonia, bevrma ar icis, rom Svidmet versze Tbilisi­

dan – sof. loWinSi aris meurneobis sapraqtiko xutori, rome­
lic SemdegSi, ueWvelia, dids sargeblobas moutans Cvens mxares.
es xutori ekuTvnis baron a.p. nikolais, romelmac ijariT misca
isa prussiis qveSevrdoms gustav fivegsa. „kavkasiis sameurneo
sazogadoeba“ hxedavda, rom saxelmwifo samagaliTo baRebs ar
mohqonda Cven mxaresaTvis jerovani sargebloba da amis gamo
gamoirCia es xutori axali sasargeblo mcenareebisa da pirut­
yvebis mosaSeneblaT, sameurneo iaraRebis xmarebis saCveneblaT
da agreTve imisTvis rom aq iswavlon rigianaT meurneoba Cvene­
burma axalgazdebma. 1864 wlidan sameurneo sazogadoeba aZlevs
yovel weliwads xutors fulsa da amis nacvlaT fivegi valdebu­
lia, Tavis mxriT, aZlios sazogadoebas gasasyidlaT, an ufasoT
dasarigeblaT ramdenime aTasi xexili, vazi da sxva sasargeblo
xeebi, romlebsac is aSenebs am xutorSi; amas garda fivegma unda
aswavlos meurneoba da gamozardos Tavis xarjiT ymawvili kace­
bi, romlebic xutorSi Sesvlas da swavlas moisurveben. loWinis
xutoris Sagirdebi oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi asruleben swavla­
sa; aq am JamaT 35 Sagirdia; amaT ricxvSi 10 rusia, 11 aqauri qar­
Tlel-imerlebi da 14 mTielebi.
am pirobis dagvaraT wasruls sektemberSi sameurneo sazo­
gadoebis rCevam gamoscada xutoris Sagirdebi da aRmoCnda, rom
TiTqmis yvela Sagirdebs rigianaT SeuZliaT asruleba yanis da
baRis muSaobisa; amas garda ician pirutyvebis movla da, abreSu­
misa da Rvinis moyvana. Sagirdebis umetesma nawilma icis agreTve
rusuli wera-kiTxva da cota angariSic.
28 sektembrisaTvis iyo daniSnuli Sagirdebis saero egzame­
ni loWinSi. Cven daveswariT am pirvels egzamenze da davrwmun­
diT, rom xutorSi ubraloT ar daukargavT dro Sagirdebs; isini
gamoiyvanes mindorSi da aq amuSaves; yvelam icis-ra rigaT unda
Tesva msxvilsa da wvrils Teslsa, ra rigaT unda dargos kac­
ma axalgazda da mozdili xeebi, rogori movla sWiria venaxsa;
agreTve TiTqmis yvela daxelovnebulia yvelis da erbos keTe­
baSi. – yvelaze ufro miaqcia Cveni yuradReba Sagirdebis sis­
wrafem da marjveT muSaobam; amas didaT hSveloda, mgonia, xSiri
gameoreba fivegisagan sityvebisa, rom „dro – fuliao“.

120
 meurneobis egzamenis Semdeg Sagirdebi waiyvanes sadgomSi
da zogierTebs waakiTxes da daawerines rusuli da ariTmetikac
hkiTxes. TiTqmis yvela marjveT hkiTxulobda rusulsa da ariT­
metikaSiac ar iyvnen sustad. mxoloT zogierTma megrelebma ki
ufro sisuste gamoiCines rusulSi.
egzamenebis Semdeg Tbilisis ierusalimis saydris mRvdel­
ma m. simonovma warmosTqva mokle sityva, romelSiac aCvena „kav­
kasiis sameurneo sazogadoebis“ keTili zemoqmedeba aqaurs
me­urneobaze da sazogadoT mmarTeblobis zrunva mxaris keTil­
dReobisaTvis. Semdeg m. simonovma uTxra ramdenime TanagrZno­
bis sityvebi TiTon Segirdebs da moisurva, rom isini Seiqnen sa­
sargeblo wevrni sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosaTvis.
u. sitovskim waikiTxa protokoli „sazogadoebis“ 27 sekt.
sxdomisa romelzedac gadaewyvitaT: Rirs yofna naswavli muSis
wodebisa xuTi SagirdisaTvis, romelTac oTxs weliwadze meti
dahyves loWinis xutorSi: maTe kaliCavaZis, giorgi beldze­
Sevskis, fedore funkis, ivane lemonjis da jonda miqaZis. am xuT
Sagirds kargaT swavlisa da mecadineobisaTvis aCuqes kidec:
kaliCavaZes da beldzeSevskis yuTi baRis iaraRebiT, funks
durglis iaraRebiT da lemanjisa da miqaZes jibis yuTi baRis
iaraRebiTve; – amaT garda „kavk. sam. sazogadoebam“ dauriga
sameurneo wignebi – saCuqrebiT agreTve sxva axal-Semosul Sa­
girdebsac.
gaz. „kavkazi“ am egzamenebis gamo ixsenebs im SarSandels
proeqts, romelic Seadgina u. sitovskim da romliTac unda
daarsebuliyo CvenSi sameurneo Skola da kommisioneroba.*
am nair Skolas da kommisionerobas, ueWvelia, Zalian keTi­
li zemoqmedeba eqneba Cvens meurneobaze da aqedan Cvens yo­
facxovrebazedac. RmerTma inebos, rom es saqme male asrulebu­
liyos.

„sasoflo gazeTi“ – 1869 – N19. – gv. 2

* sameurneo kommisioneroba imisTana dawesebaa, romlis saSualebiT msurvels

SeuZlia daabaros ucxo-qveynebidgan sxva da sxva SemoRebuli iaraRebi, gamosa­
degi produqtebi, xeebi da Teslebi; agreTve SeuZlia miiRos yvela is cnobebi,
rac saWiroa yoveli meojaxisaTvis.

121
 sasoflo sazogadoebaTa

Cevni ojaxoba da miwis muSaoba ar Seefereba axlandels

Cvens cxovrebas. xalxi mravldeba, miwa cotavdeba, uwin rom
erT mosaxles hqonda, imden miwaze axla sami mosaxle cxovrobs;
TiTo mosaxles uwindeli glexis mesamedi adgil-mamuli eqneba,
meti ara; miwis muSaoba ki rogorc uwin yofila, axlac im nai­ria,
Cveni sofleli meojaxe uwinac Svid uRel xar-kambeCs gaibam­
da Tavis mZime guTanSi da axlaca; rogor bar-niCabsac aqamdis
xmarobda, axlac imisTanas xmarobs; rac ZvelaT icoda, imaze
ukeTesi muSaoba arc axla icis. cxadia, rom amisTana mdgomareo­
baSi ufro cota adgil-mamulze, ufro cota namuSevaric mouva.
adgil-mamuli dacotavda, muSaobas ki ar momatebia ra, amisTvis
mosavalic bevraT naklebi mosdiT. uwindeli droc rom aviRoT,
im SemTxvevaSic sarCo glexs aRar unda hyofnides da amas garda
axla cxovrebac winandelze ufro bevrs iTxovs; rac uwin sWir­
deboda, axla ori imdeni sWirdeba. aba amisTana mdgomareobaSi
ra unda ifiqros Cvenma soflis meojaxem, rom roca sWirdeba, is
sakmaoT moipovos?

***
unda ifiqros ukeTesi saxlosnobis swavla, ukeTesi muSaoba
unda daiwyos. ganaTlebuls qveynebs rom Tvali gadavavloT, iq
aseTs simravles vnaxavT xalxisasa, rom TiTqmis sofeli sofel­
zea mobmuli. adgilebi ise cota aris iqa, rom rac exla Cvens
erT glexsa aqvs, imdeni miwa-wyali iq xuT glexs ar eqneba; ma­
gram yoveli iqauri am erTi muWa miwawyliTac mdidaria. dRiurs
adgilze – iq imdeni namuSevari modis, ramdenic xuT dRiurze
ar mova CvenSi. raT aris es ese? – imitom aris, rom iq bevraT
ukeTesi muSaoba ician, vinamc CvenSi; samuSao ukeTess iaraRsac
xmaroben. iqauri guTani dReSi erTi an ori uRliTa imdens dax­
navs, ramdensac CvenSi SviduRliani guTani xuTs dReSi. magram
yvelaze ufro ajildoebs iqaurs soflels kai muSaobis codna.
imaTi simdidris mizezi imaTi swavlaa.
adgil-mamulis daZvirebiT Cveni mdgomareoba Tan da Tan
uaresdeba. erTi Ronis Ziebis meti vera gamogviyvans ra am ga­
Wirvebul mdgomareobisagan. Cven unda daviwyoT iseTi muSaoba,
rom muWisodena adgilze Cveni samyofi namuSevari moviyvanoT.

122
amas unda swavla. rac viciT imiTi iqneba rogorme kide gavaja­
xiroT Cven Cveni cxovreba, magram Cven SvilTa raRa uyoT?.. Tu
imaT ukeTesi codna ar eqnaT, Tavs veRar gaitanen.

***
mTavrobam icoda es Cveni moTxovnileba da amis gamo daawe­
sa ukeTesi ojaxobisa da miwis muSaobis saswavlebelaT sameur­
neo xutori. am xutorze „sasoflo gazeTis“ wina nomerSi
dawvrilebiT vilaparakeT. magram axlac ara uSavs ra oriode
sityva kidev vTqvaT am xutorze.

***
rogorc viciT Svidmet versze Tbilisidan – sof. loWinSi
aris meurneobis sapraqtiko xutori, romelic ekuTvnis kerZo
pirs da ijariT aRebuli aqvs nemecs fivegsa. „kavkasiis sameur­
neo sazogadoebam“ gamoirCia es xutori axali sasargeblo
mcenareebisa da pirutyvis mosaSeneblaT, sameurneo iaraRebis
xmarebis saCveneblaT da agreTve imisTvis rom aq iswavlon ri­
gianaT meurneoba Cveneburma axalgazdebma. 1864 wlidan sameur­
neo sazogadoeba aZlevs yovel weliwads xutoris ijariT amRebs
– fivegs daniSnuls fulsa da amis nacvlaT fivegi valdebulia,
Tavis mxriT, aZlios sazogadoebas gamosasyidliT, an ufasoT
dasarigeblaT ramdenime aTasi xexili, vazi da sxva sasargeblo
xeebi, romlebsac is aSenebs am xutorSi; amas garda fiugema unda
aswavlos meurneoba da gamozardos Tavis xarjiT axalgazrda
ymawvili kacebi, romlebic xutorSi Sesvlas da swavlas moisur­
vileben. loWinis xutoris Sagirdebi oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi
asruleben swavlasa; aq am JamaT ocda TxuTmeti Sagirdia.
am pirobisa dagvaraT warsuls sektemberSi sameurneo sazo­
gadoebis rCevam gamoscada xutoris Sagirdebi da aRmoCnda, rom
TiTqmis yvela Sagirdebs rigianaT SeuZliaT asruleba yanis da
baRis muSaobisa; amas garda imaT ician pirutyvebis movla da
abreSumisa da Rvinis moyvana. Sagirdebis umetesma nawilma icis
agreTve rusuli wera-kiTxva da cota angariSica.

***
am saxiT mTavrobam miaqcia yuradReba Cvens saWiroebas da
gamarTa meurneobis saswavlebeli baRi; axla Cveni valia vi­
sargebloT am baRiTa. soflis mamasaxlisebma da mosamarTleeb­
ma unda urCion soflelebs, rom TiTo sazogadoebidgan or-or

123
an sam-sami ymawvili amoarCion da gagzavnon loWinis xutorSi,
an ukeT vTqvaT baRSi. iq ymawvilebs kidec aswavlian da kidec
arCenen. amiT ramdenime wlis Semdeg gamravldeba Cven sofleb­
Si naswavlni kacebi, romelnic daiwyeben ukeTes muSaobas da win
waiyvanen soflur ojaxobas; imaT ecodinebaT axali iaraRebis
xmarebaca.
loWinis xutori anu baRi pirveli magaliTia, saca Cvenma
sof­lelma axalgazrdobam saqmiT unda iswavlos ukeTesi muSao­
ba da xeloba, amasTan miiRos cotaodeni ganaTlebac; magram
Cveni saxelosnoebis ZirianaT gaumjobesobisaTvis marto es ar
aris sakmao; Cven unda vifiqroT ukeTesi Skolis gamarTvisaT­
vis. da radgan amisTana Skolis qonva moiTxovs bevrs xarjs da
marto mTavrobis RonisZieba ar ikmarebs, amisTvis Cveni sof­
lis xalxmac unda gamoidvas Tavi; warmovidginoT Cveni gaWirve­
ba momavals droisaTvis, roca miwac Zalian daZvirdeba da Cveni
axlandeli miwis muSaobac aRaras gamogvadgeba, da maSin ufro
mivxvdebiT, rom kargi saxlosnobis saswavlebeli Skola ise sa­
Wiroa Cveni SvilebisTvis, rogorc CvenTvis wyali da puri; maS
amis gamarTvisaTvis soflelma xalxmac unda Seswiros xolme
yovel wlobiT imdeni fuli, ramdenic SeuZlia. Semdeg nomerSi
Cven dawvrilebiT movilaparakebT, rogor unda waiyvanon saqme
soflelebma, rom Skolis xarjiT imaT ara gauWirdesT ra; aqve
vilaparakebT, ra nairi sameurneo Skolac unda gaimarTos CvenSi.

„sasoflo gazeTi“ – 1869, – N21

124
 loWinis sapraqtiko xutori

sacdeli praqtikebi baron nikolais mamulSi

imisTvis rom miwis amuSavebis saqme kargaT wavides CvenSi da

namdvil gaacnon xalxs axlad SemoRebuli sameurneo mcenaree­
bis sargebloba, agreTve imisTvis rom meurneoba Seaswavlon aqa­
ur axalgazda kacebs, eqvsi, Tu Svidi wlis wineT dawesda sof.
loWinSi – (Svidmet versze Tbilisidan) sapraqtiko xutori ba­
ron nikolais mamulSi.
roca Tbilisis „sameurneo sazogadoeba“ darwmunda imaSi,
rom saxelmwifo „samagaliTo fermebs“ ar moaqvT mxaresTvis
jerovani sargebloba, maSin is Seekra zemoxsenebuli xutoris
ijariT amRebs u. fivegs Semdegi pirobebiT:
1) fivegma am fermaSi unda aswavlos aTi wlis ganmavloba­
Si meurneoba aqaur ymawvil kacebs da sxva kavkasiis aqeTa mxris
mcxovreblebs, vinc ki moisurvebs masTan Sesvlas. sxva da sxva
Sagirdebs sxva da sxva meurneobis nawili unda aswavlos; zogs
mag. rigianad yanis movla, zogs – abreSumisa, zogs pirutyvebis
moSeneba da sxva, visac ra hsurs da risac xalisi aqvs; ase rom
aqedan gamosulebma unda ivargon karg, gonier muSebaT da meo­
jaxeebad.
2) am nairi swavlis misaRebad fivegis xutorSi aris bevri sa­
Sualeba: kargaT amuSavebuli sayane adgilebi, sabalaxe adgile­
bi, xilisa da yurZnis baRebi, xutoris pirutyvebi, yvelisa da er­
bos mosamzadebeli saxli, Rvinis gamosaxdeli masalebi da sxva.
3) aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi fivegma unda misces sameurneo
sazogadoebas gasayidlad, an muqTad dasarigeblad 50 aTasi xi­
lis xeebi; amaT ricxvSi unda erios 10 aTasi vaSlis xe da 20 aTa­
si sxalisa; Ziriani vazebi fivegma unda misces sazogadoebas 500
aTasi da kidev iseTi veluri xeebi, romlebic wyals naklebad
Txo­uloben.
4) amis magier sameurneo sazogadoebam unda aZlios fivegs
aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi 5 aTasi maneTi yovel weliwads, xutorSi
muSaobis rigianad wasayvanad da Sagirdebis swavlebisaTvis; amas
garda iman unda misces fivegs pirveli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
20 aTasi man., yovel weliwads ara 6-aT. maneTze mometebuli.

125
 oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi Sagirdebma unda Seasrulon iq swav­
la. ai ra pirobiT miiReben Sagirdebs fivegis fermaSi: pirvel
weliwads muSa-Sagirds imas garda, rom yvelaferi mzaT eqneba –
(saWmel-sasmeli, tanT-sacmeli, saxli, saxuravi da sxva) miscemen
kidev samocdaaTs maneTs; meore, mesame da meoTxe weliwadebSi
aT aT maneTs umateben yovel weliwads, ase rom meoTxe weliwads
imas ergeba asi maneTi.
Semosvlis Semdeg ro ori weliwadi gava; Sagirds daiTxoven,
Tu unda, ori Tvis vadiT Sin wasasvlelad da am dros jamagirsac
ar gamouricxaven. yovels Sagirds eZleva tanisamosi, romelic
yvelasTvis erTnairia.
muSa-Sagirdebs garda xutorSi miiReben Sagirdebad agreTve
mcire wlovanebsac: imaT jer aswavlian wera-kiTxvas da mere
cota-­ cotaT miaCveven baRSi da mindorSi muSaobas. isini ic­
xovreben iq srulebiT u. fivegis xarjiT.*

droeba. – 1869. – 3 ivlisi. – N27. – gv. 3-4

* Cven mivaqcevT yuradRebas am sapraktiko xutorze Cveni meojaxe mebatoneebisa

da glexebisas. CvenTvis saWiro aris xeirianad venaxis movla, yanis amuSavebs da
sxv. am saqmeSi es xutori bevr sargeblobas mogvitans. – (red.)

126
 evropis ojaxobis suraTi

Cveni qveynis SedarebiT germaniaSi miwis xeloba Zalian da­

winaurebulia. Cveni gaveranebuli da gafxekili saxnav-saTesi
rom SevadaroT imaT saxnav-saTess, romelic didebuli baRis
mgzav­saT gveCveneba, maSin kidev ufro dids gansxvavebas vnaxavT.
pirvel Sexedvaze Tqven gakvirvebsT mindvrebis sisufTave,
imaTi kanonieraT dawyobileba, mSvenieri wesi xexilebis da ma­
sazrdoebeli mcenarebis yurisgdebisa. mere iqve gakvirvebsT
didi tanis da mSvenieraT napativebi Sinauri saqoneli, lamazaT
da garkveviT agebuli saojaxo Senobebi. rodesac Tvals mohkrav
yanebSi muSakebs, guli gaginaTldeba, imaTs guls modginebas,
momWirneobas da gonieraT muSaobis codnas rom uyureb. yanebi
yovelgan ise damuSavebuli da gawmendilia, rom Sig nemsic ver
dagemaleba SeuniSnavi: mdidrad gaSlili mcenareoba da balax­
bulaxis umyofoba naTlad amtkicebs amas.
germaniaSi miwas umuSaveblad ar daagdeben. Tu vake alage­
bia, iq yovelgan yanebia gamarTuli, da ise mkafiod aris sxva da
sxva meojaxeebis saxnav-saTesi miwebi erTmaneTSi garCeuli rom
rogorc xelis guls ise ganarCev romeli yana romeli meoja­
xis aris. yovelgan hxedav wvrils mSvenieraT gatkecils gzebs,
romelnic yanebsac ar avneben da sasiaruloTac Zalian moxer­
xebulni arian. saca ki cotaT uswor-masworo, an CaRmavebuli
alagebia, yovelgan ruebia gayvanili. erTi sityviT yoveli nabi­
jis gadadgmaze rwmundebiT, rom odna alagic ar aris momWirne
meojaxis uyuradRebo. yoveliferi angariSiT aris gakeTebuli,
yovelgan etyoba, rom im qveynebSi scxovrobs miwis Zalian mosiy­
varule meojaxeebi.

***
Tu adgilis mdebareoba mTa-goriania, is sul dayofilia da­
kibul kvlebaT, odna miwis naglejic ar ipoeba imisTana, saca kacs
xeli miuwvdebodes da SemuSavebuli ar iyos. mTebze damuSavebu­
li miwis kvlebi maRlidgan Zirs kibe-kibeT Camouyveba. Tu sibi
kldea, imazedac ueWvelaT miwaa dayrili da zed daTesili simin­
di. an sxva miwis nayofis momcemi mcenareebi, xexili, venaxis va­
zebi da sxva. pirvel Sexedvaze kacebs da, ase gaSinje, ymawvileb­
sac rom godrebiT miwa aaqvT wriap kldeebze da mTebze, akeTeben

127
zed mTis konwolebze wylis sagubrebs, romliTac rwyven Tavis
sayvarels mcenareobas, amasTanave mZime Sromas muSakisas rom
hxedav, guli gikvdeba, magram ramdenadac Semawuxaria gulCvili
es mZime Sromis suraTi, imodenaT samxiaruloa, roca hxedav rom
am Sromas mdidari nayofi moaqvs. magaliTad yurZnis mokrefis
drosTana samxiarulo ra iqneba? zemoxsenebul mTis ferdebs,
romelzedac asvla miuCvevel kacebisTvis saZnelo da saSiSoa,
germaniis muSaki yidulobs ZviraT da saxelmwifo xarjsac bev­
raT mometebuls ixdis imisTvis; magram Sromis moyvare germa­
niels es ver SeaCerebs verc erTs minutas. es ferdebi morwyulia
germanielis ofliT; isini cxadaT amtkiceben imaT Sromas da
dauZinebels moqmedebas.

***
Tu miwa qviSiania, romelzedac Tavis TavaT araferi xa­
robs, isic ki gamouyenebia germaniels muSas, jer dauTesia zed
ekalfoTola xeebi, magaliTad naZvi, fiWvi, urTxveli da sxva,
gaumagrebia es fxvnili qviSa, gaukeTebia zemoTi miwis piri da
gauxdia samuSao miwebaT. rac unda frewiani, an qviani alagi
iyos, nemeci ar ityvis, rom es uvargi mqisi miwa ariso. saca ki
miwa da haeria, iq isini mcenaresac gaaCenen. Waobiani alagebi
germaniaSi Zalian cotaa da sadac aris sWirian am WaobSi dampal
miwa-areul mcenareobas da xmaroben wivaT, an gahyavT ruebi da
arxebi, an SeimuSaveben iseTnairaT, rom saxnav-saTesi alage­
bi gamodges. mokleT rom vsqvaT, iq ar aris iseTi miviwyebuli
Waobebi, saca bayayebis zRmurdliT aris gatenili iqauroba da
haers xaSmiT swamlaven, ise rogorc ar aris kacis xelis miuw­
vdenili wriapi mTis alagebi, rom zed germaniels samuSao ar
hqondes gamarTuli.

***
rodesac Tvals gadaavleb germaniis tyeebs ise dasufTave­
bulia, rom erT qacvsac ver ipovi. Tanaswori tani da erTi wlo­
vaneba xeebisa guls gaginaTlebs, ise kargi sanaxavia. rogorc
yanebi, Sig Tavis rigze da wesze yoveliferi gamarTulia, ise mTe­
li tye ubnebaT aris dayofili; pirvel weliwads mosWrian erTs
ubans; meore weliwads, meore ubans da ase rigobiT mihyvebian, sa­
nam pirvelad moWrili tyis ubani isev ar dasruldeba imdenaT,
rom xel-axla mosaWrelaT gaxdes. tyeebSiac gayvanilia Tavisi

128
arxebi da ruebi gasawmendaT da mosarwyvelaT. ZviraT moiZebneba
iseTi xe, romelzedac ar etyobodes patronis xeli.
saca bunebiTi gaSvebuli kordebi an mindvrebia, iq vera­
na, unayofo frewebs, an damdgar wylisagan gakeTebul unayofo
alagebs ver naxav. aqauri saTibebi an mindvrebi arian lariviT
sworaT gasulni, iseTi dasufTavebulia, rom Sig Cxirsac ver
ipovni, mravalgvarni ruebi rogorc sididiT, ise sxva da sxva
mxareze mimarTulebiT arian Sig saTibSi gayvanilni, zogan am
ruebs sagubarebi aqvs gakeTebuli, Tu saWiro iqna wylis dasa­
gubeblaT; zogan ruebs dacemuli sadeni aqvs, rom wyals Cqari
dena hqondes, zoggan ruebis kideebi wawvenili bagebia, zoggan
kedlebsaviT sworaT ayudebulia; erTi sityviT, sad rogorc
mouxdeba, yovelgan ise mogvarebulia. amasTana keTebas rasak­
virvelia mravali Sroma unda, magram magieraT isic unda vi­
kiTxoT, aba, ramdenjer iTibeba amisTana saTibebi da ramdens
auarebels Tivas agroveben iqidgan. iseT wyaros versad hnaxav,
rom misi sawoli faCxebiT iyos amovsebuli da wvimebis dros na­
pirebze gadmodiodes, rRvnides maxlobel alagebs da WaobebaT
aqcevdes: wyaro Tu Zalian mixveul-moxveulia da amisgamo Cqari
dena ara aqvs, an wyali tyula ubraloT gubdeba, maSinve ise gaas­
woreben imis kalapots an sawols, rom ase ggonia arxi gauyvania­
To, uwindelis wyaros savals veRarc ki miagnebs kaci. Tu mdi­nare
Tavis mixveul-moxveul deniT aras uSlis mcenareobas, maSin
Tavs daanebeben da aras uSlian, amasTanave alag-alag sagubrebs
gaukeTeben, rom roca saWiroa wyali dagubdes da sxva dros ki
CveulebrivaT sdiodes. Tu amisTana ru sdis WalaSi mTis ZiraT,
maSin yovel sagubarTan gamarTulia wisqvilebi, sadRvebaebi, pa­
tara tyavis saqnelebi, ase gasinje, saxerxavebi da sxva; is ki ara,
patara wyaroebsac ar daayeneben TavisTvis, imasac gaukvalaven,
iqiTken, saiTac ufro sasargeblo iqneba imisi dena ojaxobisaT­
vis. am saxiT wyalic da miwac uxvad ajildoebs SromisaTvis neme­
cur soflis muSas. ai sworeT aq aris miwis muSa namdvili kaci,
romlis xelqveiT da sasargebloT micemulia yoveli qmnileba.

***
exla TviTon Sinauri nemecis mowyobiloba gavsinjoT. nemecs
ojaxi da sadgomebi mSvenieraT dasufTavebulebi aaqvs. garegani
CuqurTmiT Semkuloba saxlebs ara aqvT ra, magram TiTo saxlis
mdebareobas da imis Sin morTulobas rom goneba mivapyroT,

129
sworeT gagakvirvebsT, ise mSvenieri mosazrebiT arian agebul­
ni. yovels nawils SigniT Senobisas Tavis daniSnuleba aqvs. Tqven
imis ojaxobaSi ver naxavT, rogorc CvenSia xolme, Tavgadaxdils
fanCaturebs, romelnic amtkiceben Cveneburi meojaxis uzrun­
velobas, TiTqos amas ambobdes, ginda mqonia, ginda ara, sul er­
Tiao. versad ver naxav, saca ar ginda dayrils nakels, romelic
sul ubraloT hxdeba, Tumca yvelam icis, rom nakeli miwis gan­
maZrielebelia da yovels da yovels miwis muSas mxedvelobaSi
unda hqondes ramdenic SeiZleba ise mometebuli moagrovos; is
ki ara germaniaSi yovelive Tavis wesze dawyobilia, nakeli guls
modginebiT Segrovebuli da Senaxulia, yovelifers amisTanaebs
rogorc fuls ise uyureben.
saxlebis maxloblad ueWvelaT Tqven xvdebiT patara baR­
Cebs, sayvavileebs, an bostnebs, erTi sityviT, yovelgan sasarge­
blo da sasiamovno erTmaneTSi Sezavebulia. imaT Sinaur pi­
rutyvs rom Sexedo guli gaginaTldeba; isini arian mSvidobian­ni,
Tvinierni, maZRarni da didi sargeblobis mZlevelni. pirutyvis
moyvarulma nemecma Zalian kargaT icis Tavis saqonlis movla,
imis Cveuleba, ra sakvebi ufro uyvars, rodis da riTi iyo avaT,
erTi sityviT Tavis pirutyvze iseTs gulCvilobas iCens, ro­
gorc zogierTi mama Tavis Svilze. TiTo Zroxam rom weliwadSi
ToTxmeti baTmani erbo Semoitanis, nemeci imas cuds Semosavals
eZaxis. ufro xSirad Zroxa Teqvsmets baTmans aZlevs weliwad­
Si Tavis patrons da zogierTgan, kidec metsac. amisgamo ori an
oTxi Tumani rom Zroxam weliwadSi Semoitanos, amas arafraT
Caagdeben. aqedgan cxadaT sCans, Tu ramdeni sargebloba eZleva
saxnavsaTess miwebs da TviTon ojaxobasac erTi Zroxidgan.

***
Cveneburi meojaxe arasodes ar daijerebs, rom vuTxra, ger­
maniaSi iseTi meojaxeni arian, romelTac mxolod samasi dRiuri
miwa aqvT samuSaoT da aqedgan wminda Semosavali aTi aTasi mane­
Ti aqvT weliwadSi. ufro sakvirveli es aris, rom es miwa qalaqs
maxloblaT ar mdebareobs da arc cvdeba, rogorc CvenSi moxdeba
xolme, ori sami mosavlis Semdeg; is ki ara nayofierobas Tan da
Tan ufro matulobs. iqauri hava rom naxo, ase ityvi aq ra unda
movideso. hava ise civia, rom venaxi Zlivs izdeba da miwa umetesi
nawili sul unayofo qviSaa. maS risgan aris amdeni auracxeli Se­
mosavali? germanielis anu nemecis Sromisa da codnisagan.

130
 ***
rodesac Cvens meojaxeebs davuwyebT laparaks Cveni ojaxo­
bis unugeSo mdgomareobaze, sxvaTa Soris isini ityvian, kargi
gzebi ara gvaqvs, rom SeiZlebodes Cveni nawarmoebis wasaRebaT
Sors adgilebSio da amisTvis Sin, ginda ar ginda, iaf fasaT hyi­
dio, ise rom nawarmoebi SromaT ar Rirso. magas Tqma ar unda, rom
kargi gzebis qonva da nawarmoebis advilaT gasaReba ojaxobisaT­
vis meti ar SeiZleba ise didi sasargebloa, magram viTom ganaT­
lebuls qveynebSi ki cota wvaleba sWiria nawarmoebis gasaRe­
bas; ojaxobis marTvas da nawarmoebis karga gayidvas yovelgan
bevri gaWireba mosdevs. magram zogjer roca namuSevars kargi
fasi ara aqvs da imis gayidva xeirian fasaT gasaWiria, ganaTle­
bul qveyanaSi moigoneben iseTs xelobas, rom nawarmoebis ga­
yidva, kargaT gasaReba, advili Seiqneba; mag.: gamarTaven arayis
saxdel Senobebs, pivos sakeTebels, saxameblis, Saqris da erbos
sakeTebels; am Senobebs undeba mravali puri, kartofili, gogra,
Warxali, simindi da mravali sxva Wirnaxuli. amasTanave aSeneben
mravals saqonels da hkveben Wirnaxulis gamonaxadiT; saqonels
ki an TviTon xmaroben, an hyidian da Tu Sors wayvana moundaT,
bevri ra daWirdeba, pirutyvi TviTon waiRebs Tavis Tavs. am sa­xiT
nemcis meojaxeebi Tavis karzedve asaReben moweul Wirnaxuls
iaf fasad da amasTan is sargeblobac aqvT, rom iqve ojaxobasTan
rCeba yoveli feri, sxvagan arsad midis: arc Txle, arc puris Cen­
Ci da arc gamonaxadi ar xdeba tyula ubraloT. viTom CvenSiac
rom ase moiqcen, ra dagviSavdeba? me mgonia qons, tyavs da erbos
yovelgan kargi fasi aqvs. zemoxsenebuli ganaTlebuli queynis
movaWreni movlen da iyidian sxva rom ara iyosra. maS aqac gzis
brali ki ara, TviTon Cveni uTaurobis braliTa.

***
ityvian kidev, fuli ara gvaqvs da zemoxsenebuli qarxnebis­
Tana Senobebi riTi unda gavmarToTo? fuli miwaze arsad ar
yria. is TviTon miwaSia, unda iSromo, mosTxaro ofliT da fuli
amova. namdvilaT viciT, rom fulis Sovna germaniaSi ufro Zne­
lia, vinam CvenSi; magram rom icodeT, rogorc afaseben iq yovels
kapeiks, rom mokvde, imas tyulad aravin mogcems.
aqamdis Cveni mebatoneebi sameurneo sazogadoebidan TiT­
qmis unayofoT iRebden fulebs, zogma karga Zali fulic dak­
vrisa, magram gaumjobeloba ara etyoba ra. germaniaSi bevrs ara

131
aqvs fulebi, magram erTi-ori, an sami kaci Seikribebian, gaakeTe­
ben saerToT rame qarxanas da sxvani, romelTac fulebi sul ara
aqvT, mouyrian Tavs Tavis Wirnaxuls da miaqvT mezoblis qarxa­
naSi gasasyidaT. Cven rom ise moviqceT, ra dagviSavdeba, magram
saubeduroT Cven imdeni codna ara gvaqvs, rom raime qarxana gav­
marToT da Cveni ojaxobis saqme amis gamo aris ase gaCerebuli.

***
kargi fasi ara aqvso namuSevars es rom vTqvaT, codvac aris.
siafe yovelTvis xom ar avnebs Semosavals. Cven unda, vecadoT,
rac SeiZleba meti mosavali gveqmnes miwadgan, maSin iafaTac rom
gavyidoT, mainc kargi sargebloba gveqneba.
saqsoniaSi iseTi siafea yovel gvari Wirnaxulisa, rom arsad
ar aris imisTana. magaliTad drezdenSi naxevar maneTad xuTTa­
viani sadili eqneba kacs. CvenSi arc erT qalaqSi ar moxerxde­
ba amisTana sadilis Wama ase iafaT, magram aba SexedeT ranairi
mSvenivraT aris gawyobili miwis muSaoba, sworeT pirvel naxvaze
iqauri ojaxoba aRtacebaSi moiyvans kacs.
raTi mieca amisTana warmatebas germaniis meurneoba? amis
mizezi erTia TviTon muSakebis xasiaTi, imaTi gulsmodgineoba
SromaSi da moTmineba; meorea kargi miwis xeloba da kargi sameur­
neo iaraRebi, romelnic saukunoebiT SeuZeniaT iqaurs miwis mu­
Sakebs; mesamea sazogadoebis keTili gavlena meurneobis saqmeze:
imaT ician amxanagobiT saqmis dawyeba da es Zalian xels uwyobs
yovel saqmes.

sasoflo gazeTi. – tf., 1871. – N6. – gv. 3-6.

132
 germaneli meojaxis suraTi

gansakuTrebiT SesaniSnavi Tviseba miwis momuSave germane­

lisa anu nemecisa aris Sromis moyvareba, moTmineba da meurneo­
bis pativiscema.

***
germanelis anu nemecis Sromis moyvarebaze bevris laparaki
saWiro aris. amis dasamtkiceblaT srulebiT sakmao iqneba, rom
SevxedoT mTebs dakibuli da dakvaluli damuSavebuli niadagiT
garemoculebs, qviSa niadagebs, romelzedac ujafoT Tesli ve­
raferi ver gaidgamda fesvs da sadac am JamaT mSvenieri tyeebi da
buCqebia gaSenebuli, Waobebs, romelnic sasargeblo da mdidari
mcenareobiT arian Semosilni, SexedeT mindvrebs da yanebs, saTi­
bebs, germaniis tyeebs da maSin SeityobT, ra Ronivrad umuSavnia
iq kacs, rogor uomnia kacs bunebis dabrkolebasTan, ranairis
gaWirebiT da Wapan-wyvetiT daurCenia yoveli winwaweuli nabi­
ji meurneobis gaumjobesobaSi. germaniaSi gamrudebulis da oR­
roCoRroians miwis samnebs ver naxav; yanebSi ar yria iseTi qve­
bi, rom saxnisma piri Caimtvrios, an cels wveri mostydes da an
namgals piri daublagvos, Tu sadme sasuqia moyrili, uxeiroT
ar aris zogierT alagas marto dagrovebuli, rom imis mometebu­
li nawili uqmaT fuWdebodes. versad ver naxav verc purs, verc
Svrias daTesils, rom Siga da Sig gorvala, an sxva rame balaxeuli
Tesli iyos gareuli. Tvali gaginaTldeba, roca naxav germani­aSi
sufTaT moxnuls yanas, saca xnuli xnulTan, belti beltze ise
wmindaT da rigis SeucvlelaT aris dalagebuli, rom ifiqreb
guTnis Semdeg kacis xels TiTo-TiTo Seusworebiao. es xnuli ki
ara, sworeT zolia gayolebuli, saca miwis muSa xelosans kacsa­
viT gulsmodginebiT adevnebs Tvals Tavis nakeceebs da ar auC­
qardeba, rom rame waaxdinos.
muSa-kaci germaniaSi aseTia, axla vnaxoT meojaxe ro­
goriRaa. is yvelaze adre adgeba da gvian dawveba, magram rom
Sexedo vardiviT yvava, tanmTelaT aris, Ronieri da mowifulia.
amas xelis gulze uweria, ra mdgomareobaSia yoveli imis samuSao
iaraRi da saqoneli; mTels Tavis samkvidro adgils-mamulSi
odna miwis naglejsac ver ipovni, romlis Tviseba da angariSi

133
meojaxem ar icodes, iman icis rodis ra daTesila imaze, rogor
yofila gasuqebuli, an ra mosavali moiyvana. sul eseebi meoja­
xem dawvrilebiT icis. ar gegonosT, rom visac sabostne alagis
meti ara abadia ra, marto iman icodes Tavis ojaxobis anbavi, ara
imanac imave gvaraT icis, romelsac eqvsi aTasi dRiuri miwa aqvs
sapatrono.

***
Cveneburi meojaxe ambobs: „imisTana muSebi mogveciT, ro­
goric germaniaSi arian da Cven viciT, rogorc waviyvanoT, ma­
Sin nemecebze ukeTesadac gavakeTebT Cvens yanebs, Cveni zarmaci
glexiT ki ras gaakeTebs kaci“. a, batono, miirTviT daiqiraveT
nemecis muSebi – Tqven upasuxebT. ara, magas garda, nemecuri muSa
saqonelic mogveciT, getyvisT kidec Cveneburi mebatone, iqau­
ri samuSao iaraRebi, fuli da ase gasinje havasac ki moiTxoven,
magra yvela eseebic rom misce, Cveni mebatoneebis uTavboloo­
bis gamo mainc ara gamova ra. sami-oTxi weliwadi rom gava, isev im
mdgo­mareobaSi Cavardeba, rogorSiac yofilan imis mama-papani.

sasoflo gazeTi. – tf., 1871. – N11. – gv. 7-8.

134
 raze unda mivbaZoT germanelebs meurneobaSi

germaniaSi muSebi Zriel momTmeni Sromis moyvare da xvna­-

Tesvis mimyolni arian.
rom nemecebi sazogadoT Sromis moyvareni arian, amaSi eWvi
araris. gadavxedoT iqaur bunebas: iqaur mTebs, qviSian ad­
gilebs, Waobebs, sadac Zriel bevria sxva-da-sxva nairi sasargeb­
lo da mdidari mcenareebi, iqaurs tyeebs da mindvrebs, – da Ti­
Toeuli Cvengani cxadaT dainaxavs mas, Tu rogor unda ebrZola
kacs sxva-da-sxva bunebiTi movlinebebTan, rom is warmatebaSi
warsuliyo da Tavis materialuri mdgomareoba gaeumjobesebi­
na. iseTi gawmendilia germaniaSi saxnavi miwebi, rogorc sarke;
Tqven iq ver naxavT qvebs, romlebzedac Cvens samSoblo mxareSi
Zriel xSirad miifSvnitebian xolme guTnebi, celebi da namgle­
bi, romlebsac Cveneburi guTnis-dedebi xSiraT fexs wamosdeben
xolme. unda naxoT, ra rigaT da wesiT ixvnebian iq mindvrebi, ro­
gor gadmodis belti-beltze da rogor ewyobian erTmaneTze!..
rom naxoT xnuli, miwebi, gegonebaT qseli da ara mindvrebi. es
araferi, – axla TiTon muSebs davakvirdeT: CvenSi Tu maTraxiT
iasaulebiviT Tavs ar adganan da TiTo saaTSi TiTo mainc kargi
ar usarTes beWebSi, nu ggoniaT, rom gaakeTon rame; iq (germania­
Si) es ar aris: iqauri muSebi rogorc kargi moxeleni da mxatvre­
bi TavCaRunulni da marTlaT saqmeSi CanTqulni daubrkolebliv
nel-nela, magram didis xalisiT, muSaoben. rom wauxdeT rame, isi­
ni am samuSaos patronze ufro Zriel daRondebian. eseTia ger­
maniaSi muSa; axla mamulis patronebs mivaqcioT yuradReba: isini
yvelaze adre dgebian, da yvelaze gvian wvebian, magram janiT da
simrTeliT yovelTvis sjobian Cvens luarsab TaTqariZeebs. imaT
winaTve ician samuSao iaraRis da cxovlebis mdgomareoba, imaT
mamulebSi erTi bewo adgilsac ver naxavT, romlis Tvisebac imaT
Seswavluli ara hqondeT, ese igi, imaT kargaT da safuZvlianaT
ician, romel adgilze, rodis da ra iyo daTesili, rogori mov­
la mounda da rogor iyo dasaCuqrebuli im adgilebidgan. Senki
ar gegonos, mkiTxvelo, rom TiTos maTgans or sami dRis mamulis
meti ara hqondes, ara, TiToeuli maTgani aTasi dRiuris da kidev
metis patroni aris.

135
 ***
„aba CvenSiac iyos imisTana muSa xalxi, rogoric germaniaSi
da naxavT Tu CvenSi mindvrebi nemcebis mindvrebs ar davamjo­
binoT. – Cven cuRlut glexebTan ras gaarigeb!“ es Zriel xSiraT
ismis Cveneburi doinj Semoyrili mamulis patronebisgan. „ine­
beT, Cemo batonebo – miugebs maT gamocdileba“ – inebeT nemecu­
ri muSebi da vnaxoT rasaiqT da rogor daamtkicebT, mag-Tavis
gasamarTleblaT moyvanils sabuTs – „aba – aq kidev sxvasac mo­
imizezeben rasme da gvetyvian“ – aba mogveciT iseTi guTnebi da
cxenebi, rogoric iq arian, mogveciT imtoli fulebi, rom kargi
saqonliT da SenobeebiT movewyoT da – erTis sityviT – yvela
naklulevaneba davakmayofilod da“. ...viTom enaze Wavli moe­
doT Tu? vin icis ras ar mogTxoven? iqauri havis gadmotanac ar
mogvTxovon, Torem sxvas vinRa Civis. magram, garwmuneb, mkiT­
xvelo, am pirobebis aRsruleba marTlac rom SeviZloT, mainc
kidev qarTveli Tavis uzrunvelobiT da mouxazireblobiT ve­
ras gaawyobs. SeiZleba daiyos cota-cotaT RoRialeba, magram
ra gamovida, Tu ki bolos ar gaatans? SeuZlebelia iman bolo
rasme gaatanos da Tu kidev mouxda da rogorme Suaze ar uSva
xelidgan saqme, mainc da mainc ise waiyvans, rom ori-sami wlis
Semdeg srulebiT veRara gaigosra im saqmisa. vinc ramdenaTme
dahkvirebia Cveni cxovrebis msvlelobas, is ueWvelia bevrs
magaliTs hnaxavda amis dasamtkiceblaT da imedi gvaqvs Tanaxma
iyos CvenTan.

***
ara, sworeT, tyuili Tavis marTlebaa esa, aTi-aTasobiT ro
gadmovrekoT nemcebi, mainc isini yvelafris gakeTebas ver Segve­
wevian, isini mxolod muSebi rom gvakldes, imaT ricxvs Seavseben
da saqmes srulebiT ar SeaCereben, – sxvas Cven isini veras gviSve­
lian. viTomc Cveni xvna-Tesva imaT win waswion? – amao fiqria? Cve­
ni sxvna-Tesvis warmarteba maSin, mxolod maSin SeeZlebaT, rode­
sac safuZvlianaT Cveni samSoblos Tvisebeebi da sxva-da-sxva
movlinebeebi ecodinebaT da ganmgeobiTi ufleba eqnebaT xelSi.
uamisoT imaT araferi ar SeuZlianT da, maSasadame, xvna-Tesva­
Siac verafers cvlilebas ver moaxdenen. ufro unda gveSinodes,
imaT codvaSi ar CavdgeT da isinic aq CvensaviT uzrunvelobas ar
miecnen da Sromaze guli ar aicruon. eseTia Cveni xvedri, Cemo
sayvarelo mkiTxvelo!

136
 ***
jer unda adre adgoma da gvian dawola viswavloT, unda Se­
viyvaroT xvna-Tesva ise rogorc nemcebs uyvarT, imave nemcebi­
sgan unda safuZvlianaT viswavloT miwis movla, erTis sityviT
jer iseTi Sromis moyvareni unda gavxdeT, rogorebic nemcebi
arian da maSin ueWvelia saqmesac win wavwevT da fulebsac bevrs
viSovniT. WeSmaritia is azri, rom Cveni muSa xalxi iseTi saqmis
erTgulebi ar arian, rogoric germanelebi. Cvenebur muSebs pat­
roni Tu sul Tavs ar adgas, ueWvelia icuRlutebs, es iqidgan
warmosgeba, rom Sroma srulebiT ar uyvarT.

***
yvela mamulis mqone kaci unda iyos momTmeni, auCqarebeli
da gautacebelis xasiaTisa, – es Zriel saWiro pirobebia. ueWve­
lia unda icodes mkiTxvelma gamocdilebiT, rom sagnis yovel
mxriv gasarjelaT saWiroa sulis simSvide droebis ganmavloba
da moTmineba; isic icis mkiTxvelma, rom sulis simSvide auCqa­
reblobisagan da moTminebidgan warmosdgeba, maSasadame, cxa­
dia, rom auCqarebloba da moTmineba yovel saqmeSi usaWiroesi
pirobebi arian. meurneoba, sadac kacs didi brZola unda bunebi­
Ti movlinebebTan da sxva-da-sxva SemTxvevebTan, dids mofiqre­
bas da mosazrebas Txoulobs. Cven viciT, rom erTbaSaT araferi
ar keTdeba, yvelafers, cota-Tu-bevri, droeba undeba, magal.
mivxedoT mindvrebSi mcenareebs, ramdeni Tve gaivlis xolme,
­
minam isini gaizrdebian? egreTve pirutyvebis gazdaSi ramdeni
weliwadi gadis? Tu gind tye da baReuloba aviRoT – minam isi­
ni gaSendebian, ramdens Coxas gascveT, Cemo mkiTxvelo? aqedgan
cxadaT sCans, rom meurneobis mimyoli pirebisgan TiTon saqme
iTxovs moTminebas. zeviT vsTqviT, rom nemcebi Zriel momTme­
ni xalxia, amaSi Cven ara vcdebiT; kidec es Tviseba ayvavebs ise
germaniaSi meurneobas. nemeci muSaobis dros Tavis dReSi ar aC­
qardeba da rom wauxdes rame Cveni qarTveliviT ki ar gadireva
da sulis myofobas dahkargavs! is amas srulebiTac arafraT ar
SeimCnevs da yovelgvars Ronis Ziebas ixmarebs, rom isev gaas­
woros is saqme. rac unda mZime saqme iyos is imas Tavs ar daane­
bebs vidremdis ar Seasrulebs da Tu darwmunda, rom imis gakeTe­
ba SeuZlebelia, maSin ki rasakvirvelia is cud ubraloT zed ar
Seakvdeba. gaocdebiT nemcebis xvnas rom uyuroT! TiTqo sicoc­
xle ezarebao, nel-nela misdevs guTans, magram Zriel bevrs da

137
kargaTac xnavs; es iqidgan warmosdgeba, rom is sul gauwyvetil
xnavs, arc TiTon iRaleba, arc pirutyvebs hRlis, arc saxnavi
iaraRebi ufuWdeba da imaT gasworebaSi droeba ar ekargeba. Ti­
Ton iqaur nemcebs uTqvamT CemTvis, rom CvenSi aravis SeuZlian
an Zalian aaCqaros muSaobis dros pirutyvebio da an xeli daawo­
so – amaze jarima aris dadebulio. ganmgeobiT saqmeSiac eseTive
wynari da moTminebis mqone xalxia nemcebi. imaT vaWrobas rom
uyuroT, gaSterdebiT! vsTqvaT axali rame an risame iaraRebi, an
maSina Sexvda nemecs, is jer kargaT gasCxreks, mere gamohkiTxavs
patrons sad da vis aqvs eseTi iaraRi, amasac rom Seityobs, wava
iq, saiTac gaaswavlian da iq dawvrilebiT gamoikvlevs im maSinis
viTarebas, zogi muSasac miiyvans, rom Seityos SeuZlian imas im
iaraRis moxmareba, Tu ara? mere iyidis da viTom Tavis dReSiRa
inanos imis yidva Tu?

***
qarTveli eseTi ar aris: is an sul uzrunvelobaSi atarebs
Tavis sicocxles, an, Tu mouxda rogorme da miaqcia rasme yu­
radReba, gatacebuli da mouTmeneli xdeba. jer arafris mopoe­
bas Seudgeba da Tuki rogorme Seudga, is erTbaSad Sealevs Tavis
Zalas. magram ra gamovida? Tu cota ram damabrkolebeli naxa, ma­
Sinve xels uSvebs. ai, risgan warmosdgeba, rom erTi qarxanac ar
aris qarTvelebis xelSi, an Tu aris sadme, ueWvelia isic dacari­
elebuli iqneba da TiTon patronic jibe carieli daedineba. amas
sul mouTminoba da sul wrafoba gviSvreba. ramtoli magaliTi
yofila, rom qarTvels kacs Tavis mezoblisTvis Tvali miugia,
isac Sesdgomia im jiSis pirutyvebis gaCenas, romlebic mezobel­
ski hyolia da imaski ara, kidec gauCenia, magram an Wirs an sxva
rame SemTxvevas Tu erTi bewo ziani miucia, maSinve moTminebiT­
gan gamosula da Tavisa da bedis wyeva dauwyia raT gavaCineo; ar­
amc Tu TiTon aRar cdila imis yolas, sxvisTvisac dauSlia imis
gaCena. es is magaliTad moviyvaneT, Torem qarTveli kaci yovel­
gvar saqmeSi eseTia. zogjer Tu wauxda rame imis magierTad, rom
gaasworos waxdenili, javrobas da lanZRva-ginebas mohyveba.

sasoflo gazeTi. – tf. 1871. – N12. – gv. 3-4.

138
 raze unda mivbaZoT germanelebs meurneobaSi

(gagrZeleba)

sazogadoT nemcebi da gansakuTrebiT fermebis mqoneni go­

nivruli sifrTxiliT epyrobian yvelafers. rom sacdelaT daak­
virdeT gind Raribis da gind mdidris fermebs, uxeiroT an ugu­
loT SemuSavebuls veras SexvdebiT; iq yvelafers kargsac da
avsac, didsac da mciresac Tavis fasi adevs. magaliTaebr baRebSi
naxavT Tqven mSvenivraT Semkobils Talars (besedkas) da Sig Ta­
larSi mSveniers saojaxo sardafs, naxavT iq gzebs, romlebzedac
seirobis garda cxenebic ki dahyavT an risime SesatanaT an gamo­
satanaT, naxavT fontanebs, romlebic marto sacqerlaT ki ara
hyrian, – aramed iqidgan kvlebi Zalian advilaT irwyvian; imas xom
kiTxva aRar unda ramtel nairs yvavils, kitrs, salaTas da sxva
mwvanileulobas SexvdebiT! erTis sityviT iq cud-ubraloT ga­
keTebuls veras hnaxavT, yvelafridgan sargebloba aqvs patrons,
amasTanave bevri brZolac ara sWirdeba imaT movlaze. saojaxo
saxlebs xom qeba aRar unda, rogor gonivrulaT da didis mosas­
zrebiT arian aSenebulebi! isini mdidraT Semkulni arian, magram
didi ekonomiuri mosazreba ki sCans im SenobebSi, viTom cecxli
moekidos sadme Tu? iseTi sifrTxiliT arian iseTi aSenebulebi,
rom iq arc cecxlis arc sxvisi risime SiSia, SesaniSnavi kidev is
aris, rom am saxlebis aSenebas cota muSebi undeba: ori an sami kaci
dasdgams aseTs saxls, romlis dadgmasac CvenSi aTi kaci Zlivs
SeiZlebs. maSin rodesac SesaZlebia iq CaliTac daixuros saxle­
bi, TiTqmis sul yvela saxls kramiti hxuravs. ar gegonoT, rom
isini kramits marto simagris da simSvenisTvis xmarobden, ara,
iq imasac ar iviwyeben, rom cecxlisgan damcvels sazogadoebas
cota xarji miscen. raRa bevri gavagrZeloT: iq sul yvelafers
didsac da mciresac, cudsac da kargsac patronebis gansakuTre­
biTi yuradReba aqvsT miqceuli da mraval gvars sargeblobiTac
hsaCuqreben TavianT patronebs. yvelafers nivTs Tavisi adgi­
li aqvs: guTnis iaraRi calkea, urmis calke, sxva da-sxva xelis
iaraRi da SeSa calke dawyobilia. nemcebs yvelaferi Tval wina
aqvs, rac ram aris imis xelTqveiT sul yvelaferi faqizaT aris
Senaxuli, ise rom arafers arc dahkargavs da rom moundes rame
arc bevrs Zebnas moundeba da arc arafers wvima gaufuWebs, ami­

139
saTvis, rom imas yvelaferi Tavis adgilze da Tval win aqvs; ma­
Sasadame maSinve SeemCneva, ro daikargos rame, an gafuWdes rame;
TiTqmis imasac ki Seityobs rodis visgan ra aris gafuWebuli.
moSlili samuSao iaraRis gasamarTavaT TiTqmis yvela saxlobas
aqvs saxelosno gamarTuli; zogs adgilebSi ramdensame saxlobas
TavianT xarjze memaSinec hyavT daWerili im pirobiT, rom iman
kviraSi erTxel mainc unda daaTvalieros maSinebi, Tu vinicobaa
wamxdara rame, unda gaasworos da amasTanave kidec unda aswav­
los, sadac saWiroeba moiTxovs, romels maSinas rogor vin unda
moepyras. visac kidev memaSinis yolis SeZleba ara aqvs, is amisTa­
na saxelosnoebSi aZlevs Tavis iaraRs gasamarTavaT. zogjer aq
axlebsac moipoveben xolme, erTis sityviT es patara saxelos­
noebi samuSao iaraRsac ukeTeben patrons, fulebsac aRebineben
da mrTel soflebsac dids sikeTes uSvrebian. yvela ferSi ise­
Ti angariSiT moqmedoben nemcebi, rom zogjer TiTqmis sasaci­
lo xdeba imaTi moqmedeba, magram ra qnan, imaT kargad ician, rom
uTuoT ase unda imoqmedon imisTana adgils, sadac yvelafris
Sovna dids Sromas da cilobas Txoulobs. namdvilia, kaci rasac
dids Sromas da Zalas andomebs imisaTvis is Zvirfasia, Cven viciT
rom nemcebs uSromelaT ara mosdiTra, maSasadame isini rogorc
unda moiqcnen yvelaferi mietevebaT.

***
iqamdin moangariSe xalxia nemcebi, rom Zriel xSiraT moxde­
ba xolme, rom ori kargi mdidari fermeri erTs guTans iyidian
saerToT da rigrigiT xan erTi xnavs imiTi, xan meore; is ufro
xSiria germaniaSi, rom ramdensame ojaxs saerTo salewi iaraRebi
aqvsT, romlebsac xan erTi da xan meore xmarobs. mkas rom morCe­
bian nemcebi, mindvrebs ise ki ar gauSveben, Seabmen erTs gZels
xis focxSi erTs cxens da mofocxaven. zamTarSic ara rCebian
isini usaqmuraT, maSin moamzadeben xolme Znis Sesakrav uloebs.
Calasa da Tivas rom mosTibven 10 anu 15 girvanqobiT erTaT Seh­
kraven xolme da ise aWmeven pirutyvebs: esec Zriel gonivrulia
amisaTvis, rom cud ubraloT arc waRebaSi fuWdeba rame da waRe­
bac Zriel advilaT SeiZleba.
zogierTs es sul ubralo saqmeT eCveneba, marTlac da
ubraloa, magram Tu kargaT daakvirdeba kaci, maSin ueWvelia Se­
ityobs, am ubralo saqmes ra didi mniSvneuloba aqvs cxovreba­
Si. egre rom uyuroT, Cvens sicocxleSi yvelaferi ubraloa, maS
aviRoT yvelafridgan xeli da gulxeldakrefilebma SevcqiroT

140
erTmaneTs... magram amas Tavi davaneboT da Cven iseve Cvens sagans
moubrundeT. sofelSi iseTi kacis saxlSi rom Sexvide, romel­
sac rva an aTs talerze meti Semosavali ara aqvs, gancvifrde­
biT: Tqven hnaxavT iq iseTs faqizobas, rom gagondebaT amaT erTi
aTiode gogo-biWi unda axldeTo, magram iq mxolod erTs gogos
naxavT, sxvas arc laqiebs da arc Sveicrebs Tqven iq ar SexvdebiT.
sadilze gamova mTeli saxloba ubraloT, magram Zriel sufTaT
morTuli da ramdenic unda iyvnen im saxlobaSi, mxolod erTi
gogo adgaT Tavs; sufrasac is gaSlis, saWmelebic imas Seaqvs
da gaaqvs, kidec alagebs – erTis sityviT iq erTi gogo akeTebs
im saqmes, rasac Cvenebur mdidar saxlobaSi oTxi mainc moun­
deba. rasakvirvelia, rom amisTana cxovrebiT kaci bevrs fuls
SeiZinebs da aRar iwuwunebs fulebi ara maqvso.
germaniaSi xvna-Tesvis warmartebas, rogorc zeviT vsTqviT,
ufro is Svelis, rom didis siyvaruliT da TavaziT ekidebian nem­
cebi am xelobas; imaTi sazogado azriT es xeloba yvela xelo­
baze Tavs sdgas da amisaTvis saswavleblebSi aucileblaT unda
aswavlon ymawvilebs es xeloba ise, rogorc sxva samecniero sag­
nebs aswavlian, didi da patara, mdidari da Raribi sazogadoT
sul im azrisani arian, rom xalxis keTil-dReoba xvna-Tesvisa­
gan warmosdgeba da amisTvisac iq TiTqmis yvela kaci Rebulobs
monawileobs am saqmeSi. Segirdebi swavlis Semdeg uTuod unda
baRebSi mividnen da iq akeTon rame. TviTeul imaTgans sakuTriv
aqvs daniSnuli romelime baRis nawili da imas uvlis. aq Cven ar
unda daviviwyoT, rom isini iq saTamaSoT ki ar midian, – kidec ro
ar undodeT wasvla, isini movaleni arian, ro uTuoT wavidnen,
amisTana wesdebulebaa germaniaSi. rogoria mkiTxvelTa azri,
rogori gavlena unda hqondes am wesdebulebas ymawvilebis xa­
siaTze, imaT zneobaze da simarTleze?.. es wesdebuleba patara
qalebsac ki avalebs, rom isini TavianT dedebs moexmarnen Sinaur
saqmeebSi. amasTanave nemcebi iseTi xalxia, rom isini sargeblo­
bisTvis arafers saqmes ar iTakileben; magaliTebr, RmerTma dai­
faros, rom CvenSi zogierTa glexebs garda, mindvrebSi sasuqis
gatana ikadros vinme, qalebi xom TiTqmis glexsac ar miekarebian
gverdiT (suniT daixrCobian) da, sxvebisa raRa Tqma unda, rom ar
ikadreben. germaniaSi yvelani am saqmeSi iseTs monawileobas Re­
buloben, rogorsac sxva saqmeebSi da unda giTxraT, rom kargaT
esmiT, rogori saWiroa xvna-TesvisTvis sasuqis miwebze dayra.
TviTeulma saxlobis wevrma patarobidganve icis yvela saojaxo
saqme da ase arian miCveulebi, rom imaT arc ganaTleba, arc sibere

141
da arc sxva samsaxuri ar daabrkolebs Sinauri saqmis keTebisgan;
pirveli kmayofilebaa moxucebulebisTvis baRebSi daniT xeebis
qerqva, morwyva da Txovna xom amaTi gansakuTrebiTi xelobaa!..
nu ifiqrebT, rom germaniaSi, Tu Zriel didma saWiroebam ar
moiTxova, baRebs da bostnebis mosavlelaT muSa daiWiron! Ti­
Ton romeli muSebi sjobian? marTalia amaT mosavlelaT kar­
gi momarTuli iaraRebi aqvT da amisgamo es saqme Zriel advili
Sesasrulebelia, magram mainc kidev es Cveuleba SesaniSnavi da
mibaZvis Rirsia; rodesac SeiZleba, rom kacma Tavis saqme TiTon
gaakeTos, sxvebs raT unda misces fasi? vgoneb is ufro umjobesi
iyos, rom rasac samuSaoT sxvas aZlevs, Tavis saWiroebaze moix­
maros. an ara da Tavis saqme rom sxvas akeTebinos, TiTon raRa
unda akeTos Tavis sicocxleSi? marto sxva ara iyosra bevri
cudaobiT sicocxle moewyineba! muSaobaze udidesi kmayofile­
ba fiqraTac ar mouvaT nemcebs, amisTvis yvela TviTon uvlis
Tavis baRebs da bostnebs. ras ar naxavT imaT baRebSi! Sig baRis
Sua-gulSi Tqven SexvdebiT fontans, romlidganac wyals saiTac
undaT iqiT waiyvanen da erTi bewo kunWulic ar aris iq, rome­lic
iqidgan ar irwyvebodes; Tu kidev sadme ver miswvdeba, maSin sxva
tyavis Rarsac moumateben da ise morwyven, mxolod im adgilebs,
romlebic saWiroeben morwyvaSi; viTomc gzebi daasvelon Tu?
Tavis dReSi nu ifiqrebT, rom morwyvis dros gzebs erTi nami
saiTme daeces. sasargeblo iqneboda am RonisZiebis mopoeba Cve­
neburi baRebi da bostnebisTvis, romlebis morwyvac dids Sromas
da Zalas Txoulobs da zogjer mourwyvelobisgan sul gaxmebian
xolme. Cveneburs erTs venaxs ramdenime kaci moundeba xolme mo­
sarwyavaT maSin, rodesac amgvari fontniT morwyvas erTi kacic
eyofa, amasTanave unda vsTqvaT, rom es fontani ZviraT ar jdeba
da Zriel didxansac sZlebs.
germaniaSi kargi mamulis mqoneebisTvisac da sazoga­ doT
gamge pirebisTvisac didi kmayofilebaa muSebTan yofna da muSao­
baSi monawileobis miReba. Tumc amaT monawileobac ar SeuZ­lian
muSaobas moumatos rame, magram sxvebis xalisis gasaRviZeblaT
didi mniSvneuloba aqvs. amisaTvisac yovelTvis nemeci Tvis
saqmes Tavs adgas: pirutyvebs aWmeven, Tu Zroxebs swvelen da
mindvrebze sasuqi gaaqvsT, patroni yovelTvis iq aris, Tu an
avaTmyofobam an sxva rame didma mizezma ar daabrkola. amgvari
Cveuleba, cxadia, Zriel kargi da sasargebloa. Cveneburi gle­
xebic rom ese xedavdnen mamulis patronebs frTebs Seisxaven da
ueWvelia kargaT da malec Seasruleben Tavis saqmes. nemecs is

142
xasiaTi ki aqvs, rom zogjer cota rasme didaT gaxdis, magram vin
aris unaklulevano? es sisuste imas mieteveba, miT ufro rom pa­
tiv-sacemi mizezisagan warmosdgeba, – es warmosdgeba cdilobis­
gan yvelafers cota Tu bevri sargebloba moatainos. unda naxoT
ra aRtacebiT ilaparakebs nemeci Tavis Zvel guTanze, romelic
imis papisagan aris SeZinebuli, an kidev – romelime xeze, rome­
lic rodisme yofila qarisgan gafuWebuli, mere gaukeTebiaT da
exla isev nayofierebs! radgan nemcebi ese gulwrfelad ekidebi­
an saqmes, amisTvis TviT saqmec unayofoT ar uSvebs maT rac unda
ubralo nivTi ram iyos, nemeci mainc kidev gamoiyenebs raSime;
aviRoT, mag. patara qaRaldis nagleji, nemeci iseTi kacia, rom
iqidganacki gaakeTebs rasme, da marTlac raT ram unda gafuWdes
saxlobaSi, rodesac yvelaferis moxmareba SeiZleba?
TviTeulma nemecma icis gamocdilebiT, rom meurneoba mxo­
lod maSin wava warmatebaSi, rodesac yvela kaci Tavis saqmes Ti­
Ton akeTebs. es azri imaT valdebulaT xdis, rom isini mSro­melni
iyvnen da TavianT saqmec kargaT esmodeT; amis winaaRmdeg Sem­
TxvevaSi maT ganmgeobaSi pirovani monawileoba aramc-Tu sargeb­
lobas ar moitans, aramed saqmes ufro waaxdens.
marTlac da rom daakvirdeT im sameurneo saqmeebsac, ro­
melnic TiTon patronis da ganmgeblebis zeda-mxedvelobis qveS
arian, ueWvelia dids gansxvavebas SeniSnavT imaTSi; SeuZlebelia
araferi akldes im meurneobas, romliTac daWerilni pirni gana­
geben, TiTon patronebs ki ise mihyavT yvela sameurneo saqme, rom
rogorc unda gasCxrikoT, Tqven ar SegiZlianT mciredi ram nak­
lulevaneba SeniSnoT. Cven amiTi srulebiTac ar gvinda imis Tqma,
rom ganmge pirebT Soris patiosani kacebi ar moipoebodes, imaT­
Si bevria keTil-sinidisiani kaci – amiT mxolod imas vamtkicebT,
rom muSebi kargaT da CqaraTac akeTeben saqmes ufro TiTon pat­
ronebis mxedvelobis qveS, vidre maSin rodesac ganmgeblebis
xelqveiTni arian da, maSasadame, patronebi pirvel SemTxvevaSi
ufro bevrs sargeblobas miiReben, vidre meoreSi. amis dasam­
tkiceblaT bevri magaliTis moyvana SeiZleboda, magram, radgan
isini vinc germaniaSi ar yofilan da ar dahkvirvebia, – mxolod
amas­ki vityviT dabejiTebiT, rom did-didi gansxvavebaa im meur­
neobis Sua, romliTac TiTon patroni gamgeobs da imis Sua, rom­
lis zeda mxedvelaTac ganmgeblebi hyavsT dayenebulebi.
aravis ki ar egonos, rom Cven dayenebuls gamgeblebs
vkicxav­deT, RmerTma dagvixsnas amisgan; amiTi is unda vsTqvaT,
rom Tumc gamgeblebs yvelaferi mindobili aqvT patronebi­

143
sgan da rogorc unda ise awarmoeben saqmes, magram mainc kidev
isini patronebis xelqveiTni arian da amisaTvis xSirad moxdeba
xolme, rom isini patronebis nebis daurTavaT bevrs kargs saqmes
ver Seudgebian xolme, minam isini patiosnebisgan nebas aiReben,
saqme sxva nair mimarTulebas miiRebs xolme da, ro darwmundebi­
an, rom imas im sargeblobis motana aRar SeuZlia, rasac Tavda­
pirvelSi moelodnen, maSin iZulebul arian xolme Tavi daane­
bon im saqmes. ai saidganac ician nemcebma, rom rodesac TiTon
patroni Rebulobs monawileobas Tavis saqmeSi, maSin sargeblo­
ba gacilebiT bevria, vidre maSin rodesac imaTi saqmeebi sxvebsa
aqvsT mindobili.
aq ki isic unda vsTqvaT, rom bevrs SemTxvevaSi mamulis mo­
savlelad sxvebis daWera aucilebelia; magaliTebr, rodesac
mflobeli saxelmwifo samsaxurSia, an kidev rodesac miwebi
Sori-Sors arian dafantulebi. am gvar SemTxvevebisTvis zogi
erTa adgilebSi dawesebulia zedamxedveloba, (inspeqcia). es sa­
Sualeba mamulebis mosavlelaT Zlier gonivrulia. zeda mxed­
velebis vali imaSi mdgomareobs, rom iaron erTi adgilidgan
meore adgilze, Sinjon mamulebi da erTi romelime meurneobis
nawili aiRon da gansakuTrebiT is akeTon. rasakvirvelia mamu­
lebis dasakvireblaTac Tavis droze, rogorc saWiroeba moiT­
xovs unda iaron. pirvel misvlaze is miscems rigs, rogor da ra
unda gaakeTon, meore misvlaze gaSinjavs im rigzea yvelaferi
gakeTebuli, Tu ara, yvela iq momqmed pirs mosTxovs yvelafers
saqmeSi angariSs da, yvelafers ro dawvrilebiT gamoikvlevs,
mere kidev sxva saqmeebs Seuyenebs Tavis xelqveiT pirebs. sxva­
Ta Soris zeda-mxedvelobac aris mizezi germaniaSi sasoflo
meurneobis aseTi warmatebisa, rogorSiac exlaa. es wesdebule­
ba miT ufro sasiamovnoa, rom zedamxedvelebis yola ZviraT
ar jdeba; isini Zriel mcire Semosavlis nawilsac sjerdebian,
Sromis fasaT fulaT kidev imaT jamagiri 50-100 talerze meti
ar aiwevs. sadac TiTon patronebi uvlian TavianT mamulebs, ze­
da-mxedvelebis movaleoba mxolod is aris, rom uwinamZRvron
muSebs da aswavlon, ra rogor gaakeTon; iq ki sadac gamge pirebi
uWiravsT, zeda-mxedvelebi winamZRvroben kidec da reviziasac
uSvrebian saqmeebs. es araferi, bevrs kidev sxva sargeblobasac
uSvebian mamulis mqoneebs zedamxedvelebi; magal. vsTqvaT am
ukanas­knelebma farexSi, Tu sadac unda iyves SeniSnes rame nak­
lulevaneba, eseni maSinve patrons Seatyobineben da darigebas

144
aZleven, ra RonisZiebiT SeiZleba im naklulevnebis mospoba. am
wesdebulobis gamo ganmgeblebis saqmeT isRa rCeba rom aasru­
los zedamxedvelebis gankargulebani.
rac sargeblobani vsTqviT sul araferia imasTan, ra sarge­
blobac moaqvs zeda-mxedvelobas ymawvilebis aRzrdiT. zeda­­
-mxedvelebs ymawvilebi hyavT saswavleblaT ayvanilni, rom­
lebidganac, rasakvirvelia, Rirseuls fass iReben. rodesac
rigianaT moamzadeben, maSin am ymawvil kacebs romelsame mamu­
lSi Tavis mxedvelobis qveS daarCenen da vinicobaa, ganmgebelma
zeda-mxedvelis gankarguleba ver aRasruloes, maSin im ymawvil
kacebs miandoben imis aRsrulebas, ufasoT, mxolod saxliki an
imisi unda iyos, vis mamulSiac dayenebulebi arian, an gamgebli­
sa, saWmeli ki TavianTi nebaa – unda miscemen unda ara, radgan saW­
mlis fasi zeda-mxedvelebisagan eZlevaT imaT. ai ra sargebloba
moaqvsT zeda-mxedvelebs am ymawvilebis aRzrdiT: is ymawvilebi
gamodian mwyemsebi, kargi prikazCikebi, kargi mebaReebi da sxv.
da Zriel iafad dgebian mojamagireebaT, anu sworeT vsTqvaT,
TiTon imaTive statiebi ayeneben im pirobiT, rom vTqvaT imis
dayenebuli ar gamodga, amaze pasuxi unda misces damWers. es
kargi imiTia, rom damWeric arxeinaT aris da TiTon daWerilic
cdilobs rogorme keTil-sindisieraT aRasrulos Tavisi saqme,
rom damyeneblis yuradReba miiqcios da SemdegSi sxvaganac
SeeZ­los adgilis Sovna; is darwmunebulia, rom raki cudi kaco­
ba Seem­Cneva sadme aRaravin arsad miiRebs. maSasadame yovelTvis
ecdeba, rom kargis qceviT da saqmeze erTgulebiT yvelasi yu­
radReba miaqcios.

sasoflo gazeTi. – tf. 1871. – N13. – gv. 5-8.

145
 ambebi

am ukanasknel xanSi enkenisTve-RvinobisTveSi kaxeTSi vaC­

naZianT axlos vlado jandieraSvilis francizuli guTani ux­
maria. moxvnis dros glexebi daswrebian da Zalian moswonebiaT,
radganac Rrmadaca xnavs, yevari saqoneli undeba. am guTans
grinionis guTans eZaxian. ramdenime weliwadia kisis-xevis
saxelmwifo mamuli erTma francuzma aiRo, odan dezirem, rome­
lic am guTansa xmarobs. Cveni xalxi xSirad gaivl-gamoivlis ki­
sis-xevisaken da ara vis yuri ar ugdia; francuzic ucxo kacia da
aba ras gaagebinebda. isev Cvenebur kacs miutania vaCnaZianSi es
guTani da uCvenebia. ramdenadac Segvityvia, vlado jandieraS­
vils safrangeTSi Seuswavlia mamulis movla da mowadinebulia
am saqmes daadgeso. CvenSi xSirad wadili da survili unayofoTa
rCeba. Tu am axali guTnis an xvna guTnis SemoReba xalxs moewona
da, rogorc SevityeT, im gvaris gakeTebas anu dabarebas apiro­
ben, es kargi nayofia. mainc da mainc jer bevri da bevri Sroma
moundeba sanam namdvilaT saqme gaimarTebodes. imaze Zneli ara
aris ra, rogorc axalis risame xalxSi Setana, xSirad adamianis
mTeli sicocxle undeba SromiTa da didis moTminebiT savse.

sasoflo gazeTi. – tf., 1875. – N13. – gv. 1.

146
 ambebi

kaxeTisaken sofel vaCnaZianSi xis qalamnebis keTeba Se­

mouRiaT, TiTon glexebi akeTebeno. pirvelaT es qalamnebi
uCvenebia Tavad vlado jandieriSvils, romelsac safrangeTi­
dam moutania. es safrangeTis qalamani ufro yelmoWril waRa­
sa hgavs, wuRasa; Signidam SeSa gamoTxrilia da garedam Zirs
lursmebi akravs, rom male ar gacvdes da quslica aqvs. glexebs
moswonebiaT da xmarobeno. Cveneburi qalamani aTSauraT-sam
abazaTa Rirs da es or samSauraT arc ki jdeba. Cven glexebs
kidev TaviseburaT gaukeTebiaT, zemoTa pirs ufro naklebs
uSvrebian marto napirebi aqvs ori TiTis simaRleT amosuli da
zevidan rogorc qalamans tyavi aqvs Sesakveli, ise amasac ukeTe­
beno. amgvaraT es ufro advili amosaWreli iqneba da gakeTeba ar
gauWirdebaT. imisTana xis qalamani metadre talaxSi kargia da
glexebi ilocebian, ra kargi ram movipoveTo.

sasoflo gazeTi. – tf., 1975. – N14. – gv. 1.

147
 ambebi

kaxeTSi ramdenime glexi vladimir jandieriSvilis Semweo­

biT apirobs francizul guTnis dabarebasa, radganac TvaliT
unaxavT am guTnis sikeTe. winaT movixsenieT, rom am guTniT kar­
ga didi adgili mouxnavs vladimir jandieriSvils vaCnaZianSi,
Sig ori uReli xari bmia. glexoba didis sixaruliT da gakvirve­
biT uyurebdnen rom ori uReli Svid-rva uRel guTneulsaviTa
xnavda ise RrmaTa, rogorc qarTuli guTani xnavs. muSaobis Sem­
deg visac xvnis dros ar enaxa, am guTnis sanaxavaT midiodneno,
abrunebdnen, Sinjavdnen da hkocnidnen, Seni madlis Wirimeo.
amis Semdeg glexkacebma moisurves amgvari (grinionis) guTnis
dabareba. sikeTes kidev imiTac xedaven, rom xvnis Semdeg guT­
neul saqonelidam jafisagan ori sami xari mainc ixoceba. axla
am guTanSi Sebmuli xari erTic ar mamkvdara da kargaT ariano. aq
meti ar iqneba vTqvaT, rom pirvelaT sanam sxva glexi iswavlida
am guTnis tarebas, TiTon jandieriSvili dasdgomia guTnis de­
daTa da pirvel dRes dilidam moyolebuli saRamomdin rogorc
kargi gamocdili guTnis-deda udga guTansao. es CvenSi vgoneb
pirveli magaliTia, rom TavadiSvili guTnis-dedaT gamosuli­
yos kalos galewvaze Tu genaxebaT.
amas winaT Cven movixsenieT, rom kaxeTSi sofel vaCnaZianSi
xis qalamnebi SemouRiaT. es qalamnebi francuzuli qalamania
da imaTTvis uCvenebia imave TavadiSvils vladimir jandieraS­
vilsa. es qalamnebi ise moswonebiaT glexebsa da ise xmarobe­
no, rom vaCnaZianSi ori mkeTebeli gamoCndao. axla am soflis
axlo or sofelSi kalaurSi da SaSianSiac xmareba dauwyiaT
da akeTebeno amisTana qalamnebsao. amis gasakeTebeli iaraRi
ubralo iaraRebia. jer ubralo daniT akeTeban Turme da axla
jan­dieraSvils iaraRebic gaukeTebinebia. xe muxisa kargia
magaria, alvis xisac kargia da msubuqi. sxva xesaca xmaroben. am
qalamans saf­rangeTSi francuzebi roca sofelSi arian, glex­
ebic icmen da didi kacebic. rogorc etyoba CvenSi ueWvelaT
soflebSi male Semova am qalamnis xmareba, radganac exlave sam
sofelSi oriod TveSi SemouRiaT. rasakvirvelia mTa adgils an
tyeSi Znelia amisi tareba, magram sofeli Tu vakezea es qala­
mani Zalian ivargebs. ori sikeTe sWirs, erTi rom iafia da meo­

148
reT wvima avdarSi da talaxSi kacs fexi mSralad eqneba. tyeSi
da mTaze roca asvla dasWirda kacs, Cveneburi qalamanic SeuZ­
lia iqonios da vake sofelSi yofnis dros xis qalamani ecvas.
Cven ramdenmame qarTlelma gvTxova es xis qalamani gveCvenebi­
na; am axlo xanebSi dagvpirdnen kaxeTiTam gamogzavnasa da imedi
­gvaqvs Txovna davakmayofiloT.

sasoflo gazeTi. – tf., 1976. – N2. – gv. 2-3.

149
 vlad. jandieri

werili redaqtorTan

yoveli gaunaTlebeli xalxi sazogadoT da metadre qar­

Tveli yvela Zveleburs magra eWideba. Zveleburs, mama-papeuls,
yovelisfers Tayvansa scems ise, rogorc kerps. mama-papeuli
sazogado wesi, rigi, Cveuleba, iaraRebi, rogorc sameurneo, ise
yoveli saojaxo da saxelosno imas miaCnia iseT ganZaT-qonebaT,
romlis ukeTesi sxvas aravis aqvs da maSasadame yoveli cvlile­
ba-gaukeTeseba maTi sruliad amao imaTis azriT.
modi daajere qarTveli, rom imis gauTleli uremi ar varga,
undeba „or uRela xari“ cariels da sapalnians sami-oTxi uRela
maSin, rodesac imis mezobel xalxs, yazaxis TaTrebs SemouRiaT
gasufTavebuli urmebi; igive sapanes isini atareben ufro msub­
uqaT uReli kambeCiT. an furgoni, romelsac aTasobiT xmaroben
ganjis TaTrebi da orjel mets sapalnes zidven oTxi cxeniT.
uTxariT imas: radganac kaloSi xSirad uniavobisa gamo
mTeli gorebi Sigve rCeba gauniavebeli bevrjel ori-sami dRis
nalewi da avdari xSirad ajejilebs xolme, modi da SeiZine
imisTana saniavebeli, romelic TviT gaaniavebsTqo. an SeiZine
hovardis guTaniTqo nacvlad im guTnisa, romelic imas, qristes
winaTve, RvTis gangebiT, Tu ra movleniT, RmerTma uwyis, mougo­
nia is guTani, romelsac dRes igi xmarobs da sasoeba aqvs maszed
dadebuli.
dRevandlamdis araviTari naklulevaneba anu raime zara­
li imas vera Seumcnevia-ra im guTnisa. arc im niSnebs vxedavT,
rom qarTveli mecadineobdes mainc miss gaukeTesebas e.i. xvnaSi
gamsubuqebas, xarjis Semcirebas da sx. is igive erTs uZrav wer­
tilze dgas goneba daxSuli da TviT kmayofili mama-papeulis
naSTiT. yovels axals-gaukeTesebuls sxvisgan, iaraRzed imas
yovelTvis erTi da igive pasuxi aqvs damzadebuli: „Se dalocvi­
lo, furgoni, sufTa uremi rom gamitydes, vis gavakeTebino.
guTani rom gamifuWdes vis mivmarTo, vis SevakeTebino“ da sxv. es
aris imaTi erTad-erTi sabuTi da am sabuTis ZaliT isini ma­Sinve
ityvian: „ara, batono, eseebi CvenSi ar gamodgeba, isev dalo­
cos Cveni wesi, adaTi, rogorc gvicxovria, ise unda vicxov­
roT“. netavi vicode, ganjis TaTrebi da sxv. rom furgonebs da

150
sufTa-magar urmebsa xmaroben fuls igeben, roca utydebaT, vis
akeTebineben? kaxeTSi kisis-xevis fermaSi francuzi „dombalis“
guTansa xmarobs. ager aTi weliwadia, xelSi uWiravs da jerac
ara gastexia-ra im guTans, TiTqmis magdenic ara gascveTia-ra,
Tumca Zaliana xmarobs. rac am xanSi im guTanma xarji Seumcira,
maSasadame Sehmata, am Sematebulis fasiT Tunda eqvs amisTana
guTans kidev sxvas iyidda imis patroni. evropieli xelosani ise
ganviTarda, rom imisagan gakeTebuli iaraRi, mag. guTnis sakve­
Ti, bari (saxnisi), frTe da sxva nawilebi ise mkvidraT arian na­
keTebni, rom ramdensame weliwads Zalze muSaoben da SekeTeba
ki ara sWirdebaT Zalian did xnobamdis. maSin rodesac qarTu­
li guTnis rkinebi ise rbilia da undilaT nakeTebi, rom kviraSi
erTxel Tu ar daafoladebines, ar daawkepines, sruliad Clun­
gdeba da saqonels stanjavs. xis nawilebi xom dReSi cxrajer
moiSleba da amas, marTali mogaxsenoT, ostati guTnis-deda „Sig
naxnaxSive gaakeTebs“, Tumca xan-da-xan mTeli dRec moucdeba
xolme. evropiuli guTnis deda, winadve Sinjavs Tavis guTans da
Tu Seamcniva rame diaR TiTon ki ver SeakeTebs – amaSi sjobian
„qarTveli guTnis dedebi“, aramed wauRebs xelosans da Sig qar­
xanaSi – samWedurSi ise mkvidraT SeakeTebinebs, rom naxnavSi Ta­
vis dReSi imas guTani ar moeSleba, ar gautydeba.
enkenisTveSi unda Sehpirden erTmanerTs xuTni: erTi guT­
nis-deda da oTxi mexre, daugrZelon sayevrebi, Seasxdnen uRleb­
ze, dasZaxon orovela, xnan zamTris piramdis da bolos iangari­
Son aloebi (dRiuri naxnavi). erTs mexres romelsac v ­TqvaT
„yevari ubia“ am guTneulSi, ergeba am ramdenime Tvis xvna­Si: TiTo
xarsa aqvs 1 dRis alo, yevar xars ergeba maS – 4 dRis alo, erT
mexres, Tu Ramisa (Rame aZovebs saqonels) 4 dRis alo aqvs da Tu
dRis mexrea – 3 dRis alo ergeba. sul Seadgens Svidi dRis an rva
dRis naxnavs. mTeli Semodgoma erTi kaci Tavis yevari (4) xariT
xnamda da ergo rva dRis alo. es kaci am xarebiT, manam guTans
gamouSveben, verc SeSa-fiCxs moutans ojaxs, verc qiraze wava da
ase rva dRis naxnavis gulisaTvis is momcdaria sruli ormoc-da-
aTi an samoci dRe. da bolos angariSiT naxevari wlis mosavalic
ar mosdis da gazafxulze imis col-Svili rCeba mxlisa da Win­
Wris sinabara. bevrjel avdrebisagan dazvepili miwa ise amZimebs
guTans (uimisidac ise mZimes) ise swyvetams muxlSi saqonels,
rom fexis gadadgmis ilaji aRar aqvsT. amas davsZinoT mexreebis
wirvebSi da qorwilebSi tantali da amis gamo mTeli kviraobiT
guTani gamoSvebulia xolme. patara biW-buWebs sinabaras hyria

151
saqoneli da bolos isic moxdeba xolme, rom Tovls wamaayris da
guTans gamalebuli SinaTken gaar­bevineben. alos veRar gamaiy­
vanen xolme ese igi – visac ramdeni dRiuri unda exna, moxnavs da
maSin ityvian xolme „avWalelebma iangariSeso da aloebi ki Sig
darCaTo“.
Tumca „mecniereba kacs zneobiT amaRlebs, amSvidebs, da­
amSvenebso“ ambobs laTinT andaza, magram Cven qarTvelebi mainc
didis kmayofilebiT viZaxiT am sityvebs: „maT gverdiT dinjaT
dadioda mama-papuri guTani ganuSorebel orovelaTi“ da sxv.
amiT TiTqos gvwadian vsTqvaT, rom Cven iseTi dawinaurebuli
xalxi varT, rom evropielebi ukan mogvCxavian da lamis kidev
ver mogvewivnen. magaliTi Tval-win gvidevs, rva maiss rom guT­
nebis gasinjva (ciloba) – konkursi iyo kaspSi; iq qarTul guTan­
Tan yvela evropiuli guTnebi styuoden. qarTuli guTani ga­
niers belts sWrida da rigze kargaT awyobda, arc miwas hyrida
naRarSi da erTi sityviT am guTans vera evropiuli guTani ver
gauwevs cilobas garda francuzulis dombalis grinionisagan
gaukeTesebul guTanisa, magram esec ki saeWvoa. xumroba iqiT
iyos da im sawyal mexres rom erTi dombalis an hovardis guTa­
ni hqondes, romelSiac Tavis or uRel xars Seabamda da ise msu­
buqaT atarebda, rom imis xari verc ki gaigebda tvirTs. rva saeW­
vo dRiuris magieraT is TxuTmet-ocs an raodensac isurvebda,
xnamda da xnamda sakuTraT. Tavisufali droc bevri gadaurCe­
boda – ojaxsac bevrs Sehmatebda mgonia, es urigo ar iqnebo­
da; Tumca zogierTi glexni da ufro Tavadoba, romelnic arca
xnamen da arca sTesen, da sarCos zeciT pouloben imasac ambobd­
nen xolme: mag guTniT naxnavis puri beRelSi ver Sevao, rode­
sac me or uRliT kaxeTSi vxnamdi imiTi da moulodnelaT puri ki
WarbaT momdioda.
rom axals kargs iaraRs kargi xmareba unda da es moiTx­
ovs codnas, romelic Cven tetias ara aqvs da romelic man unda
Seiswavlos TviTveuli naswavl-gamocdil mezoblisagan an ukeT
vsTqvaT: es swavla unda gavrceldes sameurneo saswavlebliT,
romelic dRevndelamdis CvenSi ar arsebobs da sasurveli-kia,
male daarson ara erTi, aramed ramdenime, amisi ki mec Tanaxma var.

droeba. – 1883. – 18 maisi. – N91. – gv. 2-3.

152
 xarkovis sameurneo gamofenis gamo

nawyveti statiidan

...Cveneburi yveli manam axalia, axalad damarilebuli – Zalian

kargia, nazi da sunnelovani – SeuZlian daakmayofilos Zalian
moTxovnilebiani gemovneba, magram Tan im wesebis gamo, romelsac
CvenSi yvelis damarilebisaTvis xmaroben, yveli metis-metad mag­
rdeba, Zalian mlaSdeba da hkargavs gemos, sinazes da sunnelovne­
bas, – swored im zne-Tvisebas, romliTac evropis yvelia mdidari
da Cveni yvelisagan gansxvavebuli amis mizezi, rasakvirvelia, is ar
aris, rom Cveni buneba, an Cveni saqoneli ar vargodes, ara, CvenSi
sakmaod karga inaxaven saqonels da bunebac xels uwyobs saqonlis
momSenebels da yvelis mkeTebels; Cveni yvelis naklulevanebis
mizezi mxolod Cvens ucodinarobaSi mdgomareobs, imaSi, rom im
wesebs, romelnic aZleven yvels gemos da sinazes CvenSi ara xmaro­
ben. garda amisa Cveneburi yveli kargia aqve, adgilobriv, da Zalian
fuWdeba, Tu sadme Sors gaigzavna. yvelis keTebam rom Cvens qvey­
anas meti sargebloba moutanos, saWiroa: yveli mometebulad keT­
debodes da metic iyidebodes; amisaTvis, radganac Cvens qveyanas
ufro meti yvelis gakeTeba SeuZlian vidre adgilobriv SeiWmeva,
saWiroa es yveli gasasyidad sxva qveynebSiac gaigzavnos.
samwuxarod, rogorc zeviTaca vsTqvi, aqauri yvela ver itans
mogzaurobas, male xmeba da fuWdeba. xolo eseve yveli sxva, ufro
gaumjobesebulis wesebiT damarilebuli da gamosuli, rac unda
didi manZili gaiaros, ar dahkargavs Tavis Rirsebasa da fass.
mTels evropaSi ganTqmulia erT gvari yveli, saxelad rok­
fori, romelic, sxvaTa Soris, ruseTSiac Zalian bevri isyideba da
fuTi 5-6 Tumnad fasobs. CvenSi SeiZleba am gvari yvelis keTeba da
rogorc b. vereSCagini amtkicebs, zogierTi Cveneburi cxvris yve­
li, adgilobrivisave wesiT momzadebuli, erTgvari Senaxvisa da ga­
moyvanis Semdeg iseTi yveli dgeba, rom rokforsac ar dauvardeba.
ase, patara mecadineobisa da Sromis SemweobiT, gaumjobesebu­
li, wesebis daxmarebiT SegveZleba ufro meti da ukeTesi yveli
vakeToT, ukeTes fasad vyidoT da am gvarad Cvenma qveyanam naxos
is sargebloba, romelic aqamdis evropiels qveynebsa hqondaT.

meurne. – 1888. – N1. – gv. 2-4. – gagrZ.: N15. – gv. 2-4

153
 n. wereTeli

rogor unda gavrceldes CvenSi wesieri mefutkreoba

amas winad Cveni werili (N37) am kiTxviT davaboloveT, Tu ro­

gor unda movaxerxoT rom evropielebs mefutkreobis gavrcele­
baSi mainc davemsgavsoT.
Tumca Zlier sasurvelia, rom marTla vgvandeT evropielebs
ara marto mefutkreobiT, aramed yovel-gvari sazogado da ker­
Zo saqmeebis gaZRola-gavrcelebaSi, magram xom mogexsenebaT
naT­qvami: „Tavs zeviT Zala ar aris“, – rac ara varT, imad erT­
baSad qceva SeuZlebelia, kidec rom guliTa gvsurdes. gana ara,
Cvenc adamianebi varT, Wkua-goneba da bunebiTi niWi RmerTs
CvenTvisac ara naklebi moucia vidre evropielebisTvis, ganaT­
lebiT ki maT ver mivwvdebiT, magram soflis muSa xalxi, sazoga­
dod roma vsTqvaT, iqac am mxriT gvarianad CamoqveiTebulia...
Tavi da Tavi maTni upiratesoba Cvenzed mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
isini didiT pataramdis, naswavlTan uswavlnic, ase vTqvaT, gaw­
vrTnil-gawafulni arian sazogadoebriv cxovreba-moRvaweo­
baSi. es upiratesoba maTTvis maTs politikurs cxovrebas, maTs
istorias uanderZebia. erTxelve Tavisi Tavis gaZRolas miCveu­
li evropieli TviTonve iRwvis Tavis yofa-cxovrebis da mdgo­
mareobis gasaumjobeseblad, da CvensaviT ar Sehyurebs s ­ xvas: aca
ras miwyalobebs da saiT gamiZRvebao.
Cvenebur sazogado saqmeSi Cveni imedi da nugeSi Cveni
meTaur-winamZRolia, Cven TviTon maszed varT damokidebuli; iq-
ki sazogado saqmes TiTon sazogadoeba hmarTavs da meTauric mis­
gan aRrCeuls gzas adgia...
aviRoT magaliTad Cveneburi kerZo „sazogadoebani“, „amxa­
nagobani“. aRirCeven Tu ara maTni wevrni gamgeoba-mmarTvelobas,
TiTon ganzed gadgebian da, TiTqos seirs uyurebeno, Seacqerdebi­
an aRrCeulebs, aba ra saswaulT-moqmedebas moaxdeneno; TiTon-ki
TiTsac aRar sZraven „sazogadoebis“ sasargeblod. wliur kreba­
sac-ki ar eswrebian!.. aseTs gul-grilobas iCenen gaunaTlebleb­
zed ara-nakleb, Tu ar metadac, TiTon naswavl-ganTlebulebica.*

* sasoflo bankebs „ganaTlebul“ meTaurTa gulgrilobam mouRo bolo CvenSi.

sadac-ki amaT ar uRalatniaT muSa xalxisaTvis, iq saqme samagaliTod midis. (avt.)

154
 amas Semdeg rogorRa unda ixeiron CvenSi sxva-da-sxva „am­
xanagobaTa“? kerZod mefutkreobazed rom vsTqvaT, rogor unda
SevadginoT „amxanagoba“ mefutkreTa? an vin arian Cveneburi me­
futkreebi, rom maT mivmarToT da erTma meores mxari mivsceT?
jer-jerobiT Cveneburi mefutkreebi arian uswavleli sof­
lis glexebi, romelTac evropiul amxanagobisa, sazogadod meur­
neobaSi da kerZod mefutkreobaSi, ara gaegebaT-ra. mefutkreo­
baSi nametnavad yoveli xerxi da codna futkris movlisa xalxs
raRac saidumloebad miaCnia; imasac ki saidumlod inaxavs, rom mas
futkari hyavs, rom is xeirobs da mas sargeblobas aZlevs. eSinian
sinamdvilis gacxadebisa, rom xarbma Tvalma da aramma gulma mo­
Surne mezoblisam ar „gauTvalos“ da ar „gauRalos“ misi sayvare­
li futkari.
ai swored aq aris saWiro „amxanagoba“ naswavl mefutkreTa,
rom uswavlelTa Tval-win gaimarTos samagaliTo safutkree­
bi, rom maT Tval-da-Tval dainaxon, rogor unda futkars mov­
la-moSeneba, ra-da-ra iaraRebi arsebobs metisa da umjobesi Taf­
lis misaRebad. ra gvari ska ufro gamosadegia futkrisTvisac da
misi momvlelisTvisac da sxva-da-sxva. vin da ra RonisZiebani unda
vixmaroT aseT safutkreTa dasaarseblad? am kiTxvis pasuxad
gvaxsendeba rusul gazeTebSi am erTis Tvis winad moyvanili amba­
vi, rom varSavaSi aTass kacs xuT-xuTi Tumani, sul ormocda-aTi
aTasi (50,000) manaTi gamouRia im mizniT, rom es fuli daatrialon
mefutkreobaSi, rom TiTonac Tavis fulis sargebeli iRon da go­
nivruli mefutkreobac gaavrcelon.
RmerTma Cvenc mogvaswros Cvens qveyanaSi iseTs Roniers
„amxanagobas“, romelsac daearsebinos Cveni qveynis sxva-da-sxva
kuTxeSi wera-kiTxvis Skolebi da maTTan samagaliTo safutkreebi,
romelTac (safutkreebs) SesZlebodes yovelwliur SemosavliT
TiTon Skolebis xarjis gaZRolaca. es metismeti natvra, SesaZle­
belia, am cotas xanSi ramodenadme mainc Segvisruldes, Tu-ki ma­
namdis cotas mainc gavirjebiT mefutkreobisaTvis. aq isev unda
vikiTxoT; vin da rogor unda gaisarjos am saqmisaTvis?..
marTalia, soflis maswavlebels uimisodac bevri saqme da
davidaraba awevs kiserzed magram ara mgonia, rom soflis mas­
wavlebels gamouCndes sxva „gareSe“ saqme amazed ufro saWiro
xalxisTvis, sasargeblo TviTon maswavleblisTvis da Sesaferi
moswavleTaTvis. pirveli is, rom skolis safutkris daarsebas
da sazogadod futkris moSenebas Tav-da-pirvelad didi Tanxa ar
eWirveba, – sakmarisia saswavlo mTavrobam skolas oci-oc-da-aTi

155
maneTi Seswiros, rom oTxi-xuTi wlis Semdeg Skolas oci-oc-da-
aTi Ziri ska hyvandes; meorec, Tu ki maswavlebeli futkris moSe­
nebas xalisianad mohkidebs xels, miss Txel qisas cotaodeni Se­
mosavlis wyaro gauCndeba amiT; mesamec, ukanaskneli mimarTuleba
sasoflo skolebis bed-iRblis gasaumjobeseblad pirdapir xels
uwyobs am mosazrebas, radgan axalis mimarTulebiT soflis sko­
las ufro praqtikuli mimarTuleba unda mieces, da mefutkreoba
xom erTi ara ukanaskneli wyaroTagania, xalxis nivTierad gama­
Ronierebeli.
sasurvelia mxolod, rom soflis maswavlebelma icodes fut­
kris movla-moSeneba. amisTvis urigo ar iqneba, rom saolqo mzrun­
velobam yuradReba miaqcios am garemoebas da momaval soflis
maswavlebels, TviT seminariebSi, Seiswavlon es sasargeblo nawi­
li meurneobisa... manamdis-ki, dRevandels soflis maswavleblebs,
ar gvargia, rom Cvendami rwmunebul skolebs ar mivsceT cota­
odnad mainc praqtikuli xasiaTi. movkidoT xeli mefutkreobas,
SeviswavloT wignebidan da TiTon futkris cxovrebis dakvirve­
biT es metismetad gamrTobi da sasargeblo saqme. rogor movki­
doT xeli? an gamoiRebs, Tu ara nayofs Cveni cda? amaebs pasuxs
Semdegs werilSi vacnobeb mkiTxvelebs, – rodesac Cemi futkris
mokle „istorias“ movaxsenebT.

meurne. – 1888. – N44. – gv. 3-4

156
 Tbilisi, 9 giorgobisTve

qarTuli guTnebis simZime da uswormasworo xvna, am dro­

Si mainc, did varamad iTvleba Cveni miwad-moqmedebisaTvis, da
amitom, rodesac-ki gaumjobesebuli guTnebis gamocda yofi­
la sadme CvenSi, yvela gagebian meurnes didi yuradRebiT ude­
vnebia Tval-yuri maTi muSaobisaTvis. amisTana gamocda CvenSi am
ramdenime wlis win orjer Tu samjer moxda: TbilisSi, kaspSi da
vgonebT kidev ganjiskenac. am gamocdam genes guTans gaukeTa ba­
ziri, radgan, marTali unda sTqvas kacma, es guTani yvelazed uke­
Tesad Seefarda Cvens miwas da Cvens jibesac; gamocdaSi raki ga­
icnes, bevrgan daiwyes muSaoba da zog sofelSi am oriode wlis win
aTamdis guTans hnaxavdiT genesas, magram raki ufuWdebodaT igi
siZveliT, anu raime nawilis waxdeniT – stovebdnen samudamod, da
xelmeored misi SeZena TiTqmis aRaravis ufiqria. am gvarad, mom­
etebulTaTvis pirvelma gatacebam gaiara da isev Cvens mama-papis
guTans mihmarTes. mizezi amisi is iyo, rom am drois miwad-moqmed­
TaTvis ukeTesobiT did gansxvavebas ar Seadgenda genes guTnis
muSaoba qarTuli guTnis muSaobasTan, da uaresobiT-ki bevri
ram sWirda iseTi, romelic qarTul guTanSi ufro saSeRavaToa
Cveneburi mxvnel-mTesvelisaTvis. marTalia, genes guTani erTi
da ori uRliT naklebs muSa saqonels iTxovs, belts ukeTesad
abrunebs da naxnavic Tanabari gamohyavs, magram magierad, qar­
Tulzed erTi-orad Zviria da, roca utydebodaT, mis gamkeTeb­
els advilad ver Soulobdnen; qarTul guTans mazed meti naxnavi
gamohyavs, ufro Rrmad uvlis miwas da amasTan, kidev, qarTuli
guTniT ufro Tamamad SeebrZoleba xolme guTnis-deda yvela
gvar yamir miwas. mainc da mainc amiT vera qarwyldeboda qarTu­
li guTnis nak­lulevaneba. uswor-masworo xvna, dauSleli uSve­
lebeli beltebi da Svidi-rva uReli saqonlis saWiroeba mainc
did naklulevanebad eTvleba qarTul guTans, da, raRa Tqma unda,
yvelasaTvis sasurvelia mazed ukeTesi saxnavi iaraRis Sovna. ami­
tomac advili gasagebia, Tu ra didi mouTmenlobiT moelodnen
sameurneo gamofenaSi gamogzavnil evropiel guTnebis gamocdas,
miT ufro, rom aq iyo yvela gamoCenili evropiuli sistemis da
qarxnebis guTnebi da amasTanave gamocdis xel-mZRvanelad iseTi
piri iyo daniSnuli, romelic mTels ruseTSi sameurneo iaraRe­
bis muSaobaSi daxelovnebul kacad iTvleba.

157
 gamofenazed mraval-gvari guTnebi gamoscades: msubuqebi­
ca da mZimeebic. erT-saxnisianica da bevr saxnisianebic. msubuqi
guTnebis gamocda b. lorTqifaniZis nayanobaSi moxda (muStai­
dis gverdzed), da mZimeebisa-ki – gareT mindorSi, yamir alagzed.
msubuqi guTnebis Sesaxeb gamocdidam kaci mxolod im daskvnas
gamoiyvanda, rom igini varganan marto nayanobis saxnavad, an
agreTve Semodgomis naxnavis gazafxulzed xel meored gadasax­
navad – asarevad, asafxviereblad; gamodgebian igini agreTve
imisTana miwis mosaxnavadac, romelic bloma qviSanarevia an kar­
gad gatexili fxvieri Tvisebisaa. ukeTesebi maTSi aRmoCndnen:
sakkisa, ekkertisa, genesi da leinhikisa. am guTnebs Tumca ori
wyvili cxeni an ori uReli xari atarebda, mainc dajerebiT imis
Tqma ar SeiZleba, rom swored es Zala sakmarisi iyos, radgan nax­
evar saaTis muSaobas rac saqoneli SesZlebs, saeWvoa imave saqon­
elma mTeli dRis muSaoba SesZlos.
CvenTvis sayuradRebo ufro mZime guTnebis gamocda iyo,
radgan imiT ufro gavigebdiT Cveni xvna-Tesvis gaWirebas ra wama­
li daedeboda. gamoscades sxvaTa Soris ganTqmuli qarxnebis
guTnebi: genesi, ransomis, ekkertisa, Selisa, essen da maxrovski­
sa, sakkisa, votkinis saxelmwifo qarxnisa da sxv. guTnebSi xuTi
wyvili cxeni eba, Tumca sCanda, rom Zala adgebodaT da SeRavaTiT
ver dadiodnen. xvniT wesieri xvna aqvsT am guTnebs: beltis ga­
dabruneba Tanaswori da kvalSi siaruli dadgromili; veli mih­
qondaT eqvsi-rva verSokis sigane da siRrmiT mometebuli maTgani
3.5-4.5 verSok siRrmezed midioda, da oriode – xuT verSokamdis.
ver gavigeT, ratom moxda, rom rac saxeli aqvsT am guTnebs, nam­
dvilSi ise ar gamovida: yvela maTgans saxeliT eqvsi verSokis
siRrmezed SeuZlian xvna da am gamocdazed-ki erTi Tu ori Zlivs
waiyvanes xuT verSok siRrmemdis. evropiul guTnebs saxeli imi­
Ti aqvsT gaTqmuli, rom guTnis-dedas bevri jafa ar mosdis imaT
tarebaSio, raki kvalSi Cadgeba, – Tavis-Tavad SeuZliano siaru­
li. magram Cven es vera vnaxeT. xan-da-xan, marTalia esec iyo, ma­
gram cota manZilzed, da mere ki ufro uWirdeba guTnis-dedas
saqmes, ase rom muSaobis xelmZRvaneli xan xelebiT daejajgure­
boda xolme Tavis nebazed miSvebisagan gamrudebuls guTans da
xan xelnebzed daekideboda an daajdeboda da Zalzed aryevda
aqeT-iqiT kvalSi Casayeneblad. yvelazed ukeTesi am guTnebSi aR­
moCnda ransomis mZime guTani, romelic belts ise abrunebs, rom
gangeb xeliT gadabrunebac ar SeiZleba ise kargad, magram imis na­
kli es iyo, rom ar amtvrevda belts, – magram es iqneba imitom mox­

158
da, rom sveli adgili Sehxvda am guTans; agreTve kargi iyo vot­
kinis saxelmwifo qarxnisagan gakeTebuli ransomiseburi guTani.
Cven es guTani yvelazed metad mogvewona, radgan siRrmiTac
yvelazed Rrmad es wavida da beltsac gadabrunebasTan metis-­
metad amtvrevda, – magram es iqneba imitom moxda, rom adgili kar­
gi Sehxvda da amas garda kargadac iyo dayenebuli. sxva guTnebmac
ara daaSavesra, metadre maxrovskis samTumnianma guTanma, rome­
lic sxvebs ukan ar CamourCa: oTxi verSoki siRrme da Svidi-rva
verSoki sigane imanac moxna sxvebsaviT.

meurne. – 1889. – N30. – gv. 1-4

159
 v.

Saqriani wylis anu WaWis Rvino

am bolo dros, rodesac vazis avadmyofobaTa da sxva mize­

zebis gamo Rvinis raodenoba SesamCnevad Semcirda da Rvino bev­
rad naklebi dgeba, bevrni safrangeTis da, sazogadod, samzRvar
gareTis mevenaxe-meRvineni zemodasaxelebuli mizezebisagan
Rvinis danakliss imiT Seisruleben xolme, rom Rvino-gamonawu­
ri yurZnidgan – WaWidgan, Saqriani wylis SemweobiT xel-axlad,
meored ayeneben Rvinos. rasakvirvelia, im weliwads, rodesac
Rvinis mosavali kargi iqneba da Rvino blomad dadgeba, maSin
ufro sazaralo iqneba meore Rvinis dayeneba, radgan es Rvino
ufro Zvirad dajdeba, vidre bunebrivi da Cveulebrivi Rvino.
swored rom vsTqvaT es meore, WaWis Rvino ufro imitom
aris sarCevi, rom amis SemweobiT muSa-xalxs RonisZieba miecema
rigiani sasmeli dalios, im Rvinoebzed bevrad ukeTesi, vidre
aqamomde svams – mJave da ubralod wyal-gareuli, bevrjer qa­
laqebSi xelovnurad SekeTebuls; agreTve, mousavlobis dros
Raribs mevenaxe-meRvines SeeZleba mTlad gahyidos Tavisi namd­
vili, pirveli Rvinoebi da mainc rigiani Rvino darCeba saxlSi
saxmareblad. ai am mizezebis da moazrebaTa gamo safrangeTSi
Zalian bevrni ayeneben am meore Rvinos. mxolod iqac, samwu­
xarod, bevrni am saqmes daufiqreblad da moumzadeblad hkide­
ben xels, codnas da gamocdilebas ar daekiTxebian xolme da ami­
tom mxolod zogierTni miaxweven xolme kargs bolomdis, xolo
umetesni-ki ageben da am wagebas TviT saqmis mouxerxeblobas da
uvargisobas miaweren xolme. rigiani Sedegis miRebisaTvis sa­
Wiroa sibejiTe da ueWvelad zogi-erTi wesebis dacva.
radgan WaWis Rvinis dayenebis dros sxva-da-sxva wesebis
xmarebis gamo sxva-da-sxva Rirsebis da Tvisebis Rvinos miiReben
xolme. Cven am werilSi gvsurs moviyvanoT erTi gamocdili wesi,
romlis xmarebiTac saukeTeso Sedegis miReba SeiZleba.
cnobilia da karga damtkicebuli, rom gamonawurs yurZenSi,
WaWaSi kidev blomad moipovebian is sasargeblo da Rvinis das­
ayeneblad saWiro nivTierebani, romlebis gamocla yurZnidgan
daWyletiT Zalian Znelia da romelnic Saqrian wyalSi duRilis
dros ixrwnebian da am Saqrian wyals Rvinis Tvisebas aZleven.

160
 yurZnis wveni, e.i. is Rvino, romelsac yurZnis pirveli
dawurvisagan miviRebT xolme, mTlad ver xrwnis da ver Seiwovs
xolme sxva-da-sxva marilebs, tanins, saRebav da sxva nivTiere­
baTa, romelnic yurZenSi arian xolme. yvela es nivTierebani
sakmaod rCebian WaWaSi. axalad rom raodenime Rvino miviRoT am
WaWidgan, saWiroa im yurZnis wvenis magivrad romelic pirvelad
aviReT da RvinoT davayeneT, imodenave Saqriani wyali davasxaT.
fermentebis zemoqmedebiT Saqari mogvcems alkohols da WaWac
sxva nawilebs, romelnic Rvinis nawilebs Seadgenen.
axla avsweroT TviT is wesi, romelic unda vaxmaroT WaWis
Rvinis dayenebisaTvis.
rodesac yurZens dasWyleten xolme da Rvinos daswurven,
WaWas dahqajaven xolme. exla saWiroa gavigoT, rodesac WaWis
Rvinos ayeneben, WaWa daqajuli unda iyos Tu ara? SeiZleba isec
da asec, mxolod ufro sarCevia rom WaWa saqajavSi gatarebuli ar
iyos. marTalia, amiT namdvils, pirvel Rvinos cota naklebs mi­
viRebT, magram is cota Rvino, romelic aq dagvakldeba – WaWaSive
rCeba da meore, WaWis Rvino ufro ukeTesi gamodis. xolo Tu
hsurT miiRon pirveli, wminda Rvino, ramdenic-ki SesaZlebelia,
maSin, rasakvirvelia, SeuZlianT WaWa saqajavSi gaataron; danar­
Ceni WaWisagan mainc SeiZleba rigiani Rvinis miReba, Tu es WaWa
male, dauyonebliv movixmareT Rvinis dasayeneblad.
meore Rvinis misaRebad sami ram aris saWiro: WaWa, wyali da
Saqari.
WaWa, Tu igi dauqajavia bevrs gafrTxilebas ar hsaWiroebs
da sasargebloa, rac SeiZleba male Seudgnen meore Rvinis daye­
nebas. xolo Tu igi saqajavSi iyo gatarebuli, ueWvelad unda
daaCqaron, ramwav daiwura, kargad daSalon da im-wamsve Cayaron
winadve momzadebuls WurWelSi da male daasxan Saqriani wyali.
es siCqare imitom aris saWiro, rom haeris moqmedebis gamo daW­
yletili da gamonawuri yurZeni ar gafuWdes.
wyali unda kargi, sasmeli iyos e.i. wminda da kargi gemosi.
Wis wyalic gamosadegia Tu sasmelia da mlaSe ar aris. wvimis wya­
li Zalian kargia.
Saqari wminda unda iyos da ukeTesia lerwmisa – rafanadi.
Saqris fxvnili ar unda ixmaron, radgan igi Rvinos gansakuTre­
biTs da usiamovno gemos da suns aZlevs.
ramdenadac-ki SesaZlebelia, saWiroa rom Saqrians wyalSi,
romelsac WaWas asxamen, imodenave sitkbo iyos, ramodenic TviT
yurZnis wvenSia. mainc da mainc sasurvelia da ukeTesi, rom Saqa­

161
ri imdeni iyos, rom Rvinis simagre 100-s ar aRematos. magram,
rogor unda moxerxdes, rom Rvino swored am simagrisa dava­
yenoT: gamokvleulia, rom 4.25 girvanqa Saqari iZleva 1 litrs
alkohols, ase rom 100 litrzed, anu 6 vedrazed imdenjer unda
gaixsnas 4.25 girvanqa Saqari, ra simagris Rvinos miRebac gvsurs;
magaliTad, Tu 100-is simagrisa gvsurs, am rva vedrazed aTjer
4.25 girvanqa anu erTi fuTi da 2.5 girvanqa Saqari mogvindeba,
Tumca ki aq unda SevniSnoT, rom am zomiTac sruli 100 miReba
Znelia da umetesad mxolod ramdenadme aRemateba 90-s.
WaWazed rom Saqrian wyals asxmen, rasakvirvelia, winadve
unda iyos Saqari wyalSi gaSlili, gaxsnili. amas garda saWiroa
rom es Saqriani wyali cota gamTbari unda iyos, ase 25-280.
rodesac WaWas Saqriani wyali daesxa, erTxel kargad unda
airios; amas garda saWiroa, rom WaWa sul ZirSi iyos daleqili
da amisaTvis SeiZleba zed naCvretebiani ficari daefaros da
zedac ramdenime wminda qva daewyos, rom am ficriT WaWa Wur­
Wlis ZirSi daikavon. rodesac am gvarad iqneba saqme mowyobili,
e.i. rodesac WaWa ar tivtivebs da WurWlis ZirSi ar aris dale­
qili da Tavisuflad tivtivebs, maSin saWiroa ramdenjerme ai­
rios, Tore Rvino, SesaZlebelia, rom gamJavdes da gamwardes.
am gvarad dayenebuli „tkbili“ male iwyobs duRils. es du­
Rili ise moxdeba xolme, iseve mimomdinareobs da iseve Tavdeba,
rogorc Cveulebrivi Rvinis duRili. es meore Rvino sazoga­
dod daduRdeba xolme oTxi eqvsi dRis ganmavlobaSi. ra wamsac
duRili Seswydeba, da es imiTi Seityoba xolme rom siTbo (tem­
peratura) klebulobs da Saqari mTlad Seicvleba alkoholad,
maSinve es axali Rvino ueWvelad gadaRebuli unda iqmnas meore
WurWelSi.
am Rvinos SeiZleba cota feri ar uvargodes, magram sxva
Rvino rom gaurion da metadre saferavisa, maSin feric kargi
eqmneba.
es Saqriani wylis Rvinoebi imave Tvisebebisani arian, ro­
gorc namdvili Rvinoebi: sasiamovno sasmelebi, kargad inaxebi­
an, Zveldebian da TandaTan ukeTdesdebian da aras dros mavne ar
arian janmrTelobisaTvis.

meurne. – 1890. – N23. – gv. 1-3

162
 a. inaSvili

ramdenime sityva guTanzed

sasoflo meurneoba da mrewveloba, rogorc eris erTi ga­

maZlierebeli saxsari evropis da amerikis saxelmwifoebSi, Tan­
daTan warmatebaSi Sedis, viTardeba da droebis Sesafers saxes
iZens. CvenSi ki, saqarTveloSi, rogorc warsuli wlis kavkasiis
gamofenam pirnaTlad gvaCvena, es warmoeba Zalian cotad iCens
warmatebis fxas; Cven aq, rasakvirvelia did yuradRebas ar vaq­
cevT im mcired nimuSebs sasoflo mrewvelobisas, romelTac ga­
mofenazed sazogadoebis yuradReba miiqcies da romelnic mainc
qarTvelT simravleobasTan da meurneobis mdgomareobasTan
SedarebiT umniSvneloni iyvnen. Cveneburi guTani gvimtkicebs,
rom, droTa moTxovnilebis mixedviT, Cveni sameurneo mrewve­
loba sanugeSos aras warmogvidgens da rom amas samwuxarod, ara
grZnoben, Torem mis gaumjobesobazed ufro mets ifiqrebdnen.
amnairi guTani, rogoric qarTulia exla, sadac-ki ganaTle­
bam fexi mkvidrad moikida aRar sad aris. guTani, es aucilebe­
li iaraRi mxvnel-mTeselisa da ase saWiro nivTi kacobriobis
cxov­rebaSi, CvenT memamuleTaTvis, romelnic sazogadoebrivi
da ekonomiuri mdgomareobis gamo mxolod miwas Sescqerian,
TiTqmis umniSvnelo ram sagani iyos. didaT ar SevcdebiT, Tu
vsTqvaT rom yvela Cveni qarTveli meurne guTnis muSaobas Cveu­
lebriv uzrunvelad ucqeris da am ekonomiuris mxriT gaWire­
bul dros gul-damSvidebiT da udardelad cxra uRela guTans
amuSavebs. qarTvels xeli ver auRia am aCon­Cxil-akonkil, wne­
lebiT gaxlarTuls mama-papeur xis guTanzed. Tumca-ki ver
warmogvidgenia, rom amis saWiroebas ara grZnobdes igi. RvTis
winaSe, unda madlobiT iTqvas, rom ramdenime pirT eWvi Sei­
tanes droTagan dalocvil mama-papeur guTnis kargisobazed, da
scades, sinjes evropieli guTnebi aqaur miwis niadagis xvnaSi da
dainaxes kidec, rom Cveneburi guTani maTTan SedarebiT ufro
sazaraloa. safiqrebelia, rom kidev did xans gastans, vidre axa­
li guTani daiWerdes qarTuli guTnis adgils. jer exlac dar­
wmunebulni arian Cvenis guTnis upiratesobazed rkinis guTan­
Tan SedarebiT. amaTi azriT es gaumjobeseba miewereba mis advil
gakeTebas, iaf-fasobas da miTi muSaobis SeCveulobas: gautydeba

163
rame xis nawili muSaobaSi yovel guTnis-dedas SeuZlian Tavis­­
-Tavad xeleCoTi an waldiT isev ise SeakeTos, moeRriceba ro­
gorme wveri saxnis-sakveTs – SeuZlian agreTve yvelas moalbos
es cotaT cecxlzed da culis yuiT rogorme gaasworos da an Tu
rame didi zarali mouvida, maSin mihmarTven axlo qalaqs myofi­
areT mWedlebs da gaasworebineben waxdenils iaraRsao. rusuli
guTani-ki, rogoraTac aq uwodeben sazogadoT rkinis guTnebs,
moiTxovso momatebul xelovnobas da codnasao, Cveneburi guT­
nis-deda amisaTvis amas ver Seiferebso da mcodne adamiani-ki
isre advilad aq ar moipovebao. garda amisa Cveneburi guTnis
xvna, amaTi azriT, aRara friT Camoudgeba axal sistemis guT­
nis xvnas; esec umetnakleboT imisive gvarad miwis pirs apobs da
belts beltzed awyobs.
rom marTlac, pirvel Sexedulobazed bevri ram azrebi am
msjelobidam guTnis Sesaxeb ara usafuZvlod warmogvidgeba,
amazed uars ver vityvi; magram rac rom am droebiT SeuZleb­
el sagnad rkinis guTnis Sesaxeb CaiTvleba, is samudamo da da­
mabrkolebel mizezad ara saxiT ar unda Cairicxos, radganac am
gvar damamZimebel movlenas pirvelSive iqmneba Zriel Znelad,
magram patara xnis Semdeg-ki – ueWvelad gauCndeba mSvelelebi
– mcodne ostatebi, romlebic advilad daixsnian da mieSvelebi­
an rkinis guTnis xmarebaSi ucodinar meurnes da pirvelSi bev­
ri ram damabrkolebeli mizezebis mixedviTac, amisgan motanili
sargebloba bevrad aRemateba Cven guTnis motanils sargeblo­
bas. yvelas, visac-ki mcired Seudgenia elementaruli kanonebi
fizikisa da mexanikisa, is advilad mihxvdeba ra didi gansxvave­
ba unda sufevdes am orive guTnis muSaobis mosandomel ZalaSi.
guTnis muSaobazed didi gavlena aqvs guTnis simZimes, miwis mim­
kvrelobas, xexvas da TviTeuli nawilis mowyobilobas im gvarad,
rom guTans msloviaroba ar uZneldebodes yoveli ese Tviseba
rkinis guTans waSorebiT sruli aqvs da amis gamoc gamwevi Zala
rkinis guTnis muSaobaSi bevrad Semcirdeba, naxevrdeba is Zala,
ra Zalasac Cveneburi guTani iTxovs. imas ar vityviT ramodenad
rkinis guTniT moxnuli miwa sjobs Cveneburi guTniT moxnuls,
mxolod mivaqcev yuradRebas am muSaobis Zalis Semcirebazed,
romlisaganac ekonomiuri sikeTe matulobs.
ramdenad rkinis guTnis SemoReba Cveni mxvnel-mTesveli­
saTvis saWiroa da sasurveli, amas cxadad davinaxavT, rodesac
erTisac da meorisac muSaobas sameurneo ekonomiuris mxriT
gavsinjavT. is miwis sivrce, romelsac zafxulis dReSi rva uRe­

164
li da xuTi kaci xnavs, eTanasworeba 1800 saJ. – dRiurs, rogorc
Cems gamokvlevazed yvelam maCvena. am dRiuris erTxel moxvna,
Tu rom fasad viangariSeT, – guTnis-ded Rirs, droebis Sexed­
ulobiT, 2 da 3 maneTamde, pirvelSive, roca ase vtyobilobT
fass dRiuris moxvnisas, Tqven azrs ver moxvalT, ise uswor-mas­
worod geCvenebaT es. 1800 saJ. moxvna 3 man. saTanxmoa, magram 8
uReli saqonlis muSaoba da xuTis kacisa mTel dReSi 3-4 mane­
Tad verad geCvenebaT. marTalic aris, erT kacs Tavisi uReli
xariT erT dRes samuSavod 80 kap. nakleb verasodes ver daiWer­
da exla 16 suli saqonlisa, 5 kacisa da guTnisa Tavisi avejiT
muSaoba erT dRes 3 maneTad didad geocebaT. cxadia, rom am
gvari muSaoba xvna-Tesvis soflelT Soris mxolod Cveulebaa,
soflis rigia, romelic komerciul angariSs srulebiTac ar Se­
exeba. ramdenaTac es wesi xels uwyobs SeuZlebel mxvnel-mTes­
vels da akmayofilebs maT Sesafer moTxovnilebas, sxva Sem­
TxvevaSi rodesac vinme sarCos mosagebad meurneobis saqmes
xel mohkidebs, imdenaTve damabrkolebelia. am SemTxvevaSi es
Tavisufali unda iyves im damokidebulebidam, romelic sufevs
sof­lel glexT urTierTSoris xvna-Tesvis saqmeSia da romelic
bevrad aferxebs meurneobis warmatebas, rom bevrad Tu cotad
Tavis survilisamebr saqme atrialos. SesaZloa Tu ar am droe­
biT Cven Soris am ukanasknelT moRvaweT aRmoCena da gaxSireba
amas Semdegi angariSidan davinaxavT...
Cven mxvnel-mTesvels srulebiT ara aqvs gamokvleuli Tvi­
Teuli samuSavo Zalis Sroma, rom Sedarebis gvarad dasdos mas
Sesaferi fasi. vin gaigona uReli xaris muSaoba 2 abazaT dReSi,
vin miscems dRis mexres, romelic bevrjel 12-13 wlis bavSvia 65
kop., an kidev Rirs Cveneburi guTnis qira 6 abazi dReSi! – maSin
raRa unda Rirdes Tavis Tavad es, rodesac 6 abazi mosdis dRi­
ur muSaobaSi? ai, jer erTi es Sromis fasobis ganusazRvroba,
Cemis azriT, bevrad unda aferxebdes xelis mokidebas sameurneo
saqmisTvis da amasac rom kidev sxva naklulevanebac davumatoT,
maSin raRa Tqma unda, rom msurveli, romelsac ganzraxva hqoni­
yo Tanxa daetrialebina xvna-Tesvis saqmeSi, srulebiT ar Cnde­
ba, radganac mogebis magier, Tval win mxolod daRupvis imedi
ecxadebaT. garda amisa Cvenebur guTans mosdevs erTi kidev didi
naklulovaneba saziaro saqmeSi, – masSi, rom TviTeuli monawile
Tavis nebis Tanaxmad ver isargeblebs dariT. bev­rjel im dros
mouxdeba xolme rigobis gamo Tesva da dafarcxva, rodesac es
srulebiT sasurveli ar aris, magram radganac rigSi sdgas, unda

165
rigis wess emorCilebodes da neba uneburad Tavis xvedri dRiT
isargeblos. amisaTvis xSirad SexvdebiT, rom yo­ vel monaw­
ileT erTnairi Sroma erTnairad ar ejildovebaT: zogs ucdeba
namuSavari da zogs-ki mosdis.
yvela naklulevanebis Semcireba SeiZleba axali sistemis
guTniT, romelic meurnes SeZlebas aZlevs ukeT isargeblos Ta­
vis droebiT da ZaliTac. imisTana guTani romelic sakmaod kar­
gad miudgebodes Cven miwas da 90 fuTzed ara mets Zalas moiTxov­
des gasawevad, moindomebs samuSaod 4 uRel xar-kameCebs. aseTi
guTani, saSualod mozdili, 3 dRis ganmavlobaSi miaxlovebiT 2
desetinas moxnavs, anu 1 dReSi 1600 saJ. Cveneburi guTani maSa­
sadame dReSi – 200 saJ. mets moxnavs 40 dRis ganmavlobaSi aseTi
guTani moxnavs miwis sivrces, romelic eTanasworeba Cveneburs
35 dRiurs...
rkinis guTniT moxvna Cveneburi dRiurisa 2 m. 68 k. nakleb
Rirs, vidre qarTuli guTniT. amis-garda am guTans kidev sxva
sikeTe aqvs Cveni soflis kacisaTvis. 4 uRel saqonels Zriel
advilad Seinaxavs, gamohkvebavs, zamTrobiT da dasayenebel ad­
gilsac TavisTan uSovnis. am 4 uRel saqonliT da 1 erT guTniT
40 dRis ganmavlobaSi TavisiT, Tu ori bavSvic miiSvela, SeuZ­
lian 35 dRiuri miwa moxnas sxvebTan uziarod, maSin rodesac
amave ZaliT Seamxanagebuli sxvebTan moxnavda Tavis wilobazed
mxolod 20 dRisas. es 15 dRe, romelsac am gvarad gebulobs,
glex kacisaTvis da agreTve yovel meurnesaTvis didi Sematebaa,
es Semateba fulad rom gadaiRoT da dRiuri muSaoba 8 m. 30 k.
ianagariSoT 124 m. 50 k. Seadgens. garda amisa, yoveli ori suli
saqonlis myoleli da sxvasTan xvnaSi Seamxanagebuli moxnavs
Tavis wilobazed ori dRiuris magier 6-7 dRiurs, rasac mome­
tebuli mosavali da sikeTe mohyveba. dacemuli da davalebuli
glex-kaci am gvarad gakeTdeba da siRaribes sdevnis. Tundac
rom namuSavari adgilebi ar gaabevros: mainc danarCen dros
SeuZlian sasargeblod moixmaros: iSovnos sxva gvars samuSaos
da ase mogebuli fuliT bevrad Tu cotad Seeweva Tavis Sinaur
mdgomareobas.
Tu rom aqamdisin saqarTveloSi am gvari Semmatebeli sagani
ar aris SemoRebuli da gavrcelebuli, amaSi pirvel damnaSaved
da braldebulad unda vicnoT Cveni mebatone-memamuleni, ro­
melTac sagnis mdgomareobisamebr sdevT yovel saqmeSi wmin­
da vali xelmZRvanelobisa da sazogado sikeTis gavrcelebisa
eris Soris; magram am gvari xelmZRvanelobiT saimedoT Cveni

166
sameurneo saqme mTlad moklebulia. glex-kacs Tumca didi sur­
vili aqvs droebis moTxovnilebisamebr gaaumjobesos yoveli
TavisiT saqme, – imas TavisiT amisaTvis ver miuRwevia, gonebac
gaunaTleblobisa gamo imdenad ver uwevs, rom gamoucdeli saqme
ucdelad marto gonebiT aswonon da cxadad warmoidginon misi
av-kargianoba; agreTve cdasac TavisiT vera hbedavs, radganac
SiSobs, vai Tu amaSi Sevcdeo, saqme kargad ver movagvaro da isic
davRupo, rac exla momepovebao da Cemi ojaxi srulebiT davaq­
cio da davanelovo. misTvis 10 Tumnis, gina 5 Tumnisa dakargva
Zriel saZneloa, sam-oTx weliwadsac ver daibrunebs danakargs
da es Zriel mZimed daawveba mis saxlosnobas; magram mebatone–
memamulesaTvis ki es arad unda CaiTvalos radganac meti Sem­
Zlebelni arian. glex-kaci, Sesaxeb Tavis mdgomareobisa ucdis,
elis vin sxva rasmes scdis, rom imis nacads mibaZos da ise bolos
isargeblos, magram sad aris cda, sad aris gambedaoba! – yvelas
amisaTvis da yovelisTvis zurgi Seuqcevia da sicocxles usi­
cocxlod atarebs.

meurne. – 1890. – N34-35-36. – gv.3-5

167
 niko nikolaZe

Cveni meRvineobis nakli da momavali

Rvino Zvirfas saqonlaT mitom gaxda, rom misi momcemi vazi

marto iSviaT adgilze xarobs, yurZnis Wama ki da Rvinis sma
mTel deda-miwis pirzea gavrcelebuli. saqarTvelo im bednier
mxareebis ricxvSia, romelT buneba venaxis zrdas da nayofiere­
bas xels uwyobs. aq vazis Seneba noes aqeT-da albaT noemdinac –
xalxis xelobaTaa naqcevi. aTasi modgmis meoxebam gaaCina CvenSi
vazis warCinebuli jiSebi da sagangebo Rirsebis Rvinoebi Sehqm­
na, romelTa qeba da saxeli yovelgan mofenilia. magram, Tumc im
iSviaT qveynebs Soris, sadac vazi xarobs, saqarTvelos saukeTe­
so mdebareoba da buneba rgebia, Tumc qarTvelebs mevenaxeoba
sxvebze ufro adre dauwyviaT, da winapruli gamocdileba sxveb­
ze meti miuZRvisT, Cveni meRvineoba, yvela sxva xalxisas Camor­
Ca. ase gasinjeT imisTanaebisasac, visac hava, niadagi da eris war­
suli sruliadac ar Seferoda am xelobas. mTel saqarTveloSi
omis win ormoci aTasi desiatina venaxi Zlivs moiZeoda. samxreT
ruseTSi ki, sadac zamTrobiT miwa erTi adlis siRrmeze iyineba
da zafxulSi vazs araviTari mTis qedi ar icavs myinvare okeanis
susxidan, niav dros mSvenieraT muSavdeboda 89,979 des. venaxi!
pawia bolgiriasac Cvenze meti venaxi gaaCnda, saxeldobr 54,928
desiatina, ruminias – 78,589 des. da ungreTs – 320,355. yvela am
qveynebSi – rogorc ruseTSi – venaxis Seneba da Rvinis yeneba
bevrad ufro Zneli da saxifaToa, vinem CvenSi, marto miT ki ara,
rom Cven daculi varT CrdiloeTis qariSxalidam: CvenSi mze
ufro mxurvalea, vazs ufro meti mziani dRe ergeba weliwadSi
da sxv. es yvelaferi, mogexsenebaT Rvinos Rirsebasa da simagres
umatebs. miuxedavaT yvela am upiratesobisa, sxva qveynebSi, saca
venaxi naZaladevia, maSin roca CvenSi vazi veluraTac izrdeba,
venaxebis ricxvi, sivrce da mosavali swrafaT matulobs, ise,
rom sul mokle xanSi maTi raodenoba zogan erTi orad iqca, zo­
gan qec gasamkecda, CvenSi ki maT zrda ra xania aRar etyoba.
am samwuxaro gansxvavebis mizezi gansakuTrebiT isaa, rom
ucxoeTSi Rvino ufro advilaT igzavneba da saRdeba, vinem Cven­
Si. iq Rvinis yeneba, movla, Senaxva da yidva am saukuneSi Sesam­
Cnevad gaumjobesda. Rvino gaxda ucvlel saqonlaT, romlis

168
gadazid-gadmozidva unaklulod swarmoebs zamTar-zafxul­
Si, rogorc gril, ise cxel amindSi da romelic wlobiT inaxe­
ba yovelgvar garemoebaSi. am simtkices da Tvisebas Rvino iZens
marto miT, rom mas, gamowurvis Semdeg ara nakleb sami wlis
ganmavlobisa, inaxaven iseT sardafSi, sadac niadag ucvle­
li temperatura dgas dRe da Ram, zamTar zafxuls, ara umetes
Tormetis da ara nakleb aTi gradusis siTbosi. amgvar sardafSi
Rvinos sufTad inaxaven didron WurWlebSi (rezervuarebSi, an
boCkebSi), Tavis droze erTidan meoreSi gadasxmiT Txles gamo­
sacvlelaT. uSvelebeli WurWeli aniWebs Rvinos tipiur erT­
ferovnebas da erTgemovnebas, romelic mudmiv myidvels umrav­
lebs da gasavals ufarToebs. ragind didi iyos Cveneburi Wuri,
is amnairi rezervuaris da sardafis magivrobas ver iqms, radgan
Wuri miwaSi unda iqnes Cafluli da temperatura sxvanairia.
gan­sxvaveba siTboisa yelsa da Zirs Sua miT umetesia, rac di­
dia Wuri; mcireoden gansxvavebasac tempereturisas is Sedegi
mosdevs, rom Rvino WurSi niadag moZraobs, trialobs, adis da
Cadis, rac mis mwifebas xels uSlis da xan kidec Wangvas aCqarebs.
iseTi sardafis keTeba, romelSiac temperatura mudam er­Ti
da igivea, auarebel xarjs Txoulobs da ise ZviraT jdeba, rom
marto Zlier SemZle mevenaxes, didZali Rvinis patrons xels­­
-aZlevs misi SeZena da patronoba. sami wlis vadiT did-­ Zali
Rvinis gausaReblaT Senaxva marto milioners SeuZlia, da ara
saSval, miT nakleb wvrilfex mevenaxes. Tanamedrove evropiuli
sardafi imodena fuli jdeba, ara Tu aSenebis da mowyobis dros,
TviT yovelwliuraTac, mis SesanaxavaT da mosavlelaT, rom Tu
Sig asi-aTas vedroebiT ar inaxeba Rvino, misi patroni zaralis
mets veras naxavs. imxela qoneba CvenSi aba visa aqvs, rom samasi
aTasiod vedro Rvino sami wliT inaxos Zvirfas sardafSi, mama­-
sisxlis fasad? am droindel evropiul Rvinos da sardafs Seef­
ereba marto didi mevenaxeoba, romelic marto did miwaTmflo­
belobas misdevs da kapitalistur mrewvelobas Seadgens.
Cvens saqarTveloSi, sadac arc vrceli miwaTmflobelo­
ba arsebobs, arc msxvili mevenaxeoba, arc didi kapitali moi­
Zieba, sruliad uimedoT CaiTvleba meRvineobis evropiul do­
nemde awe­va. saufliswulo mamulma moaxerxa es cda, radganac
mas amisTvis sakmao venaxebic gaaCnda da Tanxis Sovnac SeeZlo,
yvelam icis, ramxela gasavali moemata amiT saufliswulo Rvi­
noebs da ramodenaT saxeiro gamodga es dasawyisi, misi mibaZva
jer CvenSi aravis ucdia, garda oriode parodiisa, romelnic

169
mxedvelobaSi misaRebic ar arian. magram Secdoma iqneba vi­
fiqroT, TiTqo marto mefeebs da milionerebs SeeZloT meRvi­
neobis wesieraT mowyoba, nu daviviwyebT, rom eri mefeebze da
kapitalze bevraT ufro Zlieria, roca mas erToba da Taosnoba
abadia. rac uwin marto lafitebis da rotSildebis monopolias
Seadgenda, dRes evropaSi – da TviT afrikaSic – saaqcio sazo­
gadoebis da kooperativis xelobaT gadaiqca. sruliad advilaT
SeiZleba Cvens wvril miwad-mflobelobis qveyanaSi, glexur
mevenaxeobasac mivceT xelSi is nacadi iaraRi, romelmac gamar­
jveba da bedniereba mianiWa evropiul meRvineobas – sardafi,
Rvinis Semnaxavi mevenaxis uzaraloT da sasargebloT. amisTvis
sakmaoa iseTi sazogadoeba an kooperativi davaarsoT, romelic
saSualebas Sekrebs aiSenos da morTos am droindeli sardafi
iseT modido qalaqSi, sadac SesaZloa kldeSi gvirabis Seyvana.
iq xarji bevraT naklebi iqneba, radganac monatexi qva Senobebi­
sTvis gasaRdeba. Tu sardafi rigianaT gakeTda da momaragda,
sardafis patroni advilaT iSovis banks, romelic Tanxas andobs
da sesxs gascems sardafSi Setanil Rvinoze, imodens, rac tkbi­
li an maWari Rirs dayenebis dros im mazraSi. mevenaxe TiTqo yid­
des Tavis tkbils, an yurZens, bazris fasebSi. sardafis patroni
Rvinos uvlis sami wlis ganmavlobaSi Tanamedrove teqnikis da
mecnierebisamebr, Tavis xarjs da amags RvinosaTvis, agreTve,
rogorc masze gacemul sesxis sargebels. sami wlis Semdeg
sardafidam gamodis tkbi­li ki ara, aramed damwifebuli Rvino,
romlis Rirebuleba samjer-oTxjer mainc aRemateba gacemul
sesxs. sardafis patroni, amxanagoba, an misi moziare banki, an
sxva romelime savaWro Tu satransporto sazogadoeba, asaRebs
am mSvenier Zvel Rvinos iseT qveynebSi sadac misi fasi ician. es
fasi yvelas istumrebs: vaWars, transports, momvlels, mses­
xebels da mevenaxesac, romelsac Sesaferi wili mogebisa eZle­
va zedmetad ukve wineT miRebuli sesxisa. Rvinis Rirebulebis
momateba, Sedegi mecnierulad Rvinis Senaxvisa, sargeblobas
aZlevs amnairaT mTel rigs warmoebisas, mrewvelobis ramdenime
dargs, ese igi amdidrebs da aZlierebs mTel mxares.
marto sardafSi Senaxul Rvinos SeuZlia aitanos Sori
mgzav­roba. Cveneburi ise arsad gaigzavneba, Tu spirtiT ar mov­
naTleT. spirt-narevi Rvino marto CvenSive da ruseTSi saRde­
boda. omis Semdeg ruseTi did bazars misTvis veRar warmoad­
gens: im juris xalxi, visac iq esmoda „yurZnis wvenis gemovneba“,
an gawyda, an gaRatakda, dagvrCa Sinaurobis garda, marto evro­

170
pis bazari, gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, romelTac TviTon Rvi­no
ar mohyavT, saxeldobr germania, dania, Svecia, norvegia, ameri­
ka da sx. iq omamdis da omis ganmavlobaSi metaT gavrcelebuli
iyo frangul Rvinoebis xmareba. ai Cveni meRvineobis asparezi
momavlisaTvis. aq ki marto iseTi Rvino gava, romelic sardafSi
evropiulaT dayenebuli iqneba. es metad didi da uxvi bazaria.
dRes Cveni mevenaxe – wvrili iyos, gind msxvili – valdebu­
lia imecadinos sxva da sxva dargSi: venaxsac unda uvlides,
Rvinosac unda ayenebdes da patronobdes, vaWrobasac unda
awarmoebdes, yvelafers ufulod, ucodnoT, mamapapurad, Sem­
Txvevisa dagvarad.
evropiuli meRvineoba da amxanaguri sardafi mas anTavi­
suflebs yoveli gasaWiridam da stovebs marto mevenaxeT, rac
mis Zal-Rones, gamocdilebas, modgmas da Cveulebas Seefereba.
rogorc mevenaxes, Cvens kacs toli ara yavs! mas Cinebuli, Seu­
darebeli yurZeni mohyavs. CamoacileT mas yvela sxva dardi,
romlis mogeriebis iaraRi mas aklia, moawyveT rigiani yurZnis
texa da wnexva, Rvinis yeneba da movla. misi zidva da yidva, da
naxavT rom amnairi Sromis ganawileba – wyaro yoveli warmoebi­
sa – iseTive frTebs Seasxams Cvens mevenaxeobas rogoric dRes
italiel, frangul da espanur meRvineobas amSveneben. ai, maSin
daiwyebs CvenSiac zrdas venaxebis raodenoba da sivrce, amitom
rom mevenaxes bedi gaadvildeba da gaumjobesdeba da vazis mov­
la CvenSi ufro momcemi da momgebi gaxdeba, vinem yoveli sxva
dargi miwaTmoqmedebisa da mrewvelobisa. erTobaSia saidumlo
am bednierebisa.

saxalxo kalendari – 1921 w; gv. 107

171
mogzauroba
 petre nakaSiZe

samgzavro werilebi

wigni pirveli

momiloce. Zmao, cxovrebis gamocvla: me turisti Seviqeni.

polSadgan vapireb germania gaviaro da pariJSi mivide: aqedgan
SuaxmeleTis zRviT italiaSi Sevivli, vnaxav stambols, mere
Savi zRviT – Cems gurias. – moval tfilisSi, da getyvi: chez nous
á Paris!.. magram sanam me Sen amas getyvode, minda Cemi mimogzav­
roba Sens „moambes“ vuambo, Tu ki mis mosasmenlad eqneba mas dro
da adgili.
27 marts salamazed peterburRs mZimed Tavi davukari da
gavswie varSavis rkinis gzis vagzalisken; guli raRaca siamovne­
bas hgrZnobda, piri rom evropisken daviWire. sanam vagzlam­
dis mividodi, Tvrameti mRvdeli Semxvda gzaSi! Sen kargad ici,
me amaod morwmune ara var, magram Tvrametma mRvdelma ki cota
damafiqra ... Zlivs erTi CemTvisac RmerTman sikeTe moindoma,
vambobdi erT kacsaviT, da vai, Tu egec Camemwaros, meTqi! vagzali
sul erTianad gaWedili iyo jariT, romelic midioda polSaSi.
aviRe bileTi, da Sevel vagonSi, cota xans Semdeg iwivla Tavise­
burad da kidec daiZra Cveni vagoni; xalxma pirjvari gadiwera.
omianobis mizezi iyo, Tu sxva rasame Cemi mezoblebi ise­
Ti daRonebulebi iyvnen, TiTqos, mkvdars acilebdnen sasaf­
laozed, Cems marcxniv isxdnen xuTiode ymawvili kacebi, – erT-
or sityvas Tu warmosTqmidnen rusulad, Torem sul Cumad
isxdnen erTad kuTxeSi. ar SeiZleboda ki, im erT-or sityvaSiac
ar SeemCniva kacs polSuri kilo (akcenti). ueWvelia, egeni pol­
Selebi arian, magram rusulad rad laparakobenmeTqi, Cem Tavs
vkiTxavdi Zlier gakvirvebuli, pirveli naxva iyo Cemgan, rom
polSelebi erTmaneTSi TavianTs enas ara xmarobdnen. maT max­
loblad isxdnen ramdenime Cinovnikebi samxedro Tu samoqalaqo
samsaxurisani. mTeli marjvena mxare ki saldaTebs eWiraT, da
imaT uSver sityvebs, lanZRvas da ginebas ara hqonda bolo. ua­
resi kampania aRar SeiZleboda.
davapire zemoxsenebul ymawvilebTan laparaki damewyo,
magram kargad rom movifiqre – siCume virCie: vin icis ra gvar

175
kacad mimiReben, meTqi. eWvi da daundobloba mSvidobian drosac
ki Cveulebrivi saqmea am qveyanas, aRreulobaSi xom raRa kiT­xva
unda. me ki iseTi xasiaTi mWirs da, vfiqrob, sxvebic egreTive
znisa unda iyvnen, – ucnobi kacis Zriel merideba, swored vityu­
vi – meSinian.
friad SesaZlebelia, magaliTad, rom viRaca gulmtkivneu­
li ucnobi, romelsac unda Tavis tkivilisgan moverCine. Semi­
yvanda vagzlis calke oTaxSi da gamomkiTxamda mamaSvilurad
sad vmsaxurob da sad mivdivar, – Zlier SesaZlebelia rom meore
ucnobic da mesamec – patiosani da keTil mosurne xalxi iyos,
magram .... vin icis? aba „eg vin icis“ eg eWvi da kaczed ar mindo­
ba, daumdebloba kaczed aris mizezi, rom Cven mudam mtrebis
banakSi vgrZnobT Cvens Tavsa da, rasakvirvelia, vxmarobT yo­vel
RonisZiebas, cbierebas da aTas gvar eSmakobas, rom aravis ge­
veTelinoT. Cemi amorCeuli da sayvareli iaraRi am SemTxvevisT­
vis gaxlavs – siCume. davjdebi CemTvis da var Cumad, rogorc
fiCxuli. yvela Wkviani kacic agre iqceva. didma saberZneTis
filosofosma – zenonma gangeb moikvnita ena, rom laparaki ar
SehsZleboda erTis sityviT, – siCume, fiCxuloba didi ram sa­
sargeblo niWia da talanti aris... magram Cemi mkiTxveli, vatyob,
rogorRac keTil-gulobiT iRimeba da fiqrobs: „biWo, Sen sxva
Tqvi rame, Torem rac fiCxulobas da ena kenetiaobas Seexeba,
Seni moZRvari Cemi Sagirdi iyoo“.
bodiSs vixdi, magram Tavsac vimarTleb imitom rom is ad­
gili, romelic me gamoviare riTime unda ameniSna; sxva SesaniSna­
vi ara iyo ra, da Cemi brali ar aris Tu fiCxulobazed laparaki
Camovarda. ra ki rom litvaSi SevediT, Cvens vagons polSelebi
Tan da Tan ematebodnen, ase rom ramdenime xans Semdeg polSelma
elementma cxadaT aiRo upiratesoba im patara samefoSi, romel­
Siac erTi moqalaqeTagani iyo Seni umorCilesi mona. gaabes pol­
Sur enazed laparaki da davi daraba. Cvens vagons sicoc­xle moe­
mata, ase rom Cemi mezobeli – rkinis fiCxulic ki gaxalisda da
moindoma CemTan laparaki, magram, radgan iman rusuli ena Zriel
cudad icoda da me nemecuri – uaresad, mTeli Cveni musaifoba
imiTi daiwyo da gaTavda, rom iman mkiTxa rusulad: nemecurad
xom ar TamaSobo, da me Cemi mwuxareba gamoucxade, rom ara vTa­
maSob. zemoxsenebuli ymawvili kacebic aWikWikdnen, axla ki
polSur enazed. erTma maTganma saaTi amoiRo gasaSinjavad. mec
gavSinje Cemi. – ramdeni saaTia TqvensaSio, mkiTxa. me uTxari ram­
denic iyo; Cemi saaTi xarkovelia, ganagrZela ymawvilma kacma: da

176
cota winaobso. amazed me vhkiTxe cota ram xarkovzed, da lapa­
raki gaimarTa. gamodga, rom eg ymawvili kacebi arian polSeli
studentebi, vin xarkovisa da vin moskovis universtetebidgan.
sxvaTa Soris es gavige misgan, rom xarkovSi erTs students
– russ saSinlad gevelanZReT maskaradSi Cven qarTvelebi. „qar­
Tvelebi briyvebi ariano“, wamoroSa Turme. kargi, rom erTs am
dros iq myofs axal-gazda qarTvels yuri moekra am ambavisaT­
vis da Zriel energiulad wamogvsarCleboda, Torem am gvari
sir­cxvilis Wama muqdad Caivlida. aman daumtkica, Turme erTi
Tqveni mowonebuli pristavuli siliT students, rom is Zriel
Semcdara qarTvelebzed. amazed erTi davi daraba momxvdariyo,
Cvens mosarCles daupires Turme maskaradidgan gamogdeba, mag­
ram, Sen ar momikvde, verca Tu gamoiyvanes, bevri bodiSic moax­
devina Turme imave students. didi leki ram biWi yofila!
litvaSi cxadad grZnobs kaci, rom samxreTisken aris. aq
Tovli srulebiT damdnariyo da Tfili Suqi Camaval mzisa
mxi­
arulad mohfenda cotaTa kidec amwvanebul mindvrebs da
faqizad damuSavebul yanebs. Sors gorizontzed moCandnen mTe­
bi da gauvali tyeebi.
„rogor mogwons Cveni mamulio, mkiTxavda Cemi kompanioni:
Tqven kavkass, rasakvirvelia, ar Seedreba, magram amasac Tavisda
gvari mSveneba aqvso“.
– qveyana Zriel kargia, vupasuxe me, magram xalxi ki sacoda­
via, rom aseT ubedurebaSi Cavarda am ukanasknel dros, meTqi.
– ra ubedurobaSiao?
– amdeni sisxlis Rvra da kacis Jleta maS raa Tu ar ube­
duroba da RvTis wyroma!
– albaT, xalxi ara racxs magas ubedurobad, Tu ase ara zo­
gavs sicocxles sakuTaris TavisuflebisaTvis, momigo imana.
gana aris qveyanazed imisTana xalxi an kaci, romelsac ar hsur­
des keTili cxovreba? yvelas hsurs. magram xalxica aris da
xalxic. zogis survili iseTive sustia da damWknari, rogorc
TviTon xalxia gaTelili da wel-mowyvetili, zogs ki amode­
nad SerCenia kacobriuli grZnoba, rom misTvis sicocxle da
keTil-cxovreba gauyofelia, erTi umeored imisTvis miTam arc
ki yofila, imisTana xalxi ki sul mudama duRs. an gulis wadils
aisrulebs, an ara da im wadilsa zed Seakvdeba. amasTana xalxs
verafriT ver Seayenebs! SiSvelis xeliT zarbaznebs Soulobs;
„visac aqvs xelebi, amboben insergentebi, joxs iSovniso, joxiT
– Tofsa da TofiT – zarbazansao. istoria da kacobrivoba mar­

177
to amisTani xalxs yuradRebas aZlevs da mkvdar xalxs ki uSvebs
„dafvlad TvisTa mkvdarTa“. vagoni Sedga da misma konduktoris
xma „vilnos“ xarkoveli studenti Tavis amxanagebiT aCqarebiT
gavida gareT. „mSvidobiTo, miTxra man, roca mec karSi gamo­
vel; TqvenTvis msurs keTili mgzavroba da CemTvis ki sicocxle
keTil cxovrebiani, an sikvdili vaJ-kacuria“.
– sad midixar? vkiTxe me gakvirvebiT.
– „do liase“. warmosTqva ymawvilma dabali xmiT da mswrafl
gaqra Ramis sibneleSi. mere gavige, rom „do liase“ Cveulebrivad
niSnavs tyeSi Sesvlas; magram axlandel droSi ki aRreulobaSi
garevis mniSvneloba aqvs Turme. Zriel mebraleboda ugunuri
ymawvili kaci, magram raRa dros iyo! sakvirvelia, rom mTavroba
amisTana dros studentebs polSaSi wasvlis nebas aZlevs!
vagzalSi rom Sevel, erTi saSineli ayal mayali damxvda; Sua
zalaSi idga uria, romelsac Seubraleblad scemdnen saldaTebi
da sTokavdnen. gamodga, rom am urias samasi Tofi wamoeRo pe­
terburRidgan insurgentebisaTvis vilnoSi. is iyo fiqrobda
ubeduri, – es ari gadavrCio, da kidec staces xeli. uriebi mainc
raRam gaagiJa meTqi, vfiqrobdi Cem Tavad.
vilnodgan varSavamdis insurgentebma ramodenjerme agvix­
snes win relsebi, magram Cveni kisrebis sabednierod drozed
vtyobulobdiT xolme. Wirs ki mainc ver gadavurCi, – lapis
stanciaSi (varSavidgan ass verstzed) veRar movaswar Sesvla
Cems vagonSi, ise gamifrinda wyeuli Tval win. meti gza ar iyo
unda momecada mTeli 24 saaTi. lapis stancia erTi im udabur
adgilebTagania, ar vityvi, ar iyos cotaoden sasiamovno da, Tu
ginda poetikuric. magram RmerTma daifaros ocda oTxi saaTiT
iq darCena! erTi adamiani ar iyo, xma gameca. konduqtorebi da
maSinistebi, romlebic Seadgenen exlandels Cems sazogadoebas
– yvelani polSelebi iyvnen da arc rusuli ena icodnen da amas
garda rogorRac ise gverduladac miyurebdnen, radgan rusi
vegone, rom me TviTon ar mindoda maTTan laparaki. did xans vi­
yav fiCxeliviT, sanam erTi konduqtori rusi ar gamomiCda. aman
SemomCivla Tavis ukmayofileba polSaSi cxovrebazed da didis
siamovnebiT igonebda saqarTvelos, sadac yofiliyo ramoden­
ime wlis winaT, amazed me ganucxade Cemi qarTvel-Sviloba. da,
unda genaxa ra nairad esiamovna mas da imave dros ra nairad uk­
virda Cemi naxva, ramdenime minutSi mTelma sazogadoebam gai­
go Cemi vinaoba da maSin ki sul sxva TvalebiT damiwyes cqera.
yu­radRebas da pativis cemas, rac SeeZloT, ar maklebdnen: mi­

178
Sovnes-erTi-wminda-oTaxi sufTa qveSagebiTa, romelic maSin Ce­
mTvis daufasebeli nivTi iyo.
cudi xalxia polSelebio, meubneboda Cemi rusi: amaTTan
borots da daumorCilebels xalxs sxvas ver naxav, – didi da pa­
tara – yvela tyeSi miiwevs. ra uWirdaT, magaliTad, maSinistebs
tyeSi wasasvleli? ufro bevri nawili maTgani polkovnikis da
Renerlis jamagirs iRebda, ara, dahkres batono fexi da sul er­
Tianad tyeSi Secvivdnen. mxolod es ki ari imaTSi sakvirveli,
rom erTmaneTSi didi erTpirianoba da siyvaruli aqvT ... aqau­
ri mebatoneebi yvelani muxanaToben mTavrobis winaSe, cxadad
uWiravT insurgentebis mxare da aZleven Semweobas, visac rogor
SeuZlia: daficebuli mainc ar iyvnen! ambobda gul mtkivneulad
Cemi rusi: amas wineT erTs aqaur mezobel SliaxtiCs Tavis saku­
Tars saxlSi daemala ramodenime insurgentebi; Cvenma kapitanma
waiyvana jari da daeca mas Tavs. TviTon saxlis patroni avad yo­
filiyo, deda-kacma ki uari uTxra insurgentebis gamoCenazed;
amazed amaT Zala ixmares; qalma revolvers xeli gaisva. raRa
kiTxva unda, saldaTebma StikebiT aswies giJi deda-kaci da arc
sakvirvelia, Tu ise gasisxiandnen, rom aRaravin daindes da sul
erTianad amoswyvites, vinc ki saxlSi ipoves. yvelaze ufro gasa­
ocari aqauri Rvdlebi arian; ramdens maTgans iWeren da emuqre­
bian, magram isini TavianTs mainc ar iSlian, – dadian soflidgan
sofelSi da hqadageben oms da Tavis uflebas ... „Cemi memusaife
metad sityvis moyvaruli kaci iyo, da ar vici, rom ar damZinebo­
da, rodis gaaTavebda Tavis ara mkiTxe moambeobasa“.
meores dRes didis siamovnebiT gamoveTxove lapis stan­
cias. axali Cemi kompania Sesdgeboda sul aficrebisgan. is iyo,
gadexadnaT ramdenime omi polSelebTan, erTs maTganSi bevri in­
surigentebi daexocaT, sxvaTa Soris, maTi ufrosi – rilski, ro­
melic iyo aRzrdili pariJis saartilerio SkolaSi da romlis
niWs da vaJ-kacobas Zriel aqebdnen. meore partiis ufrosi – ro­
govski tyveT SeepyraT. es yofiliyo sul ymawvili 20 wlis kaci,
magram friad ganviTarebuli saomar xelovnebaSi (garibaldis
adiutantobis dros), niWiani, vaJ-kaci da amasTanave gasaocar
mSvenierebis patroni, „Cems dReSi ar minaxavs kaci ase srulad
Semkuli yovelive keTilis niWiTo, ambobda erTi aficeri, cod­
va kia, rom magisTana kacma saxrCobelaSi unda gahyos Tavio.“
sisxli bevri iRvreba, gamarjveba sul rusebs rCebaT; magram
aRreuloba ki polSaSi ar klebulobs. pirvelTagani mizezi amis
is aris, rom insurgentebis Zala patar-patara partiebad gahfan­

179
tulia mTels mxareSi, romlis adgil mdebareoba imaT Zriel kar­
gad ician da romlis vrcel tyeebSi mdevars advilad emalebian,
oms eridebian, Tu ar aucilebel SemTxvevaSi, roca wasasvleli
gza aRar daurCebaT xolme. xan da xan TviTonac daecemian xolme
rusebs, Tu ki Tavis sakbilod Sexvdnen sadme da Tu gamarjvebis
imedia. am gvari omi viTomc imisTvis amoerCiaT imaT, rom elian
Turme mTeli mxaris adgomas, metadre Tofebis Sovnas, rom­
lis qoneba polSaSi akrZaluli iyo da romlis samagierod axla
TiTqmis culebs da celebs xmaroben. magram rac unda mohdes,
darwmunebuli unda iyo, rom polSis saqme wasulia xelidgan.
rusebis Zalas auarebulia, da mtrebs dausjelad ar gauSvebs.
varSavis erTs ukanasknelsagan stanciaSi damxvda erTi
mSvenieri polSeli qali restoranis patroni. miss Tavisufali
laparaks, yofa-qcevas, ymawviluri simxiarules ar SeiZleboda
ar geexalisebina kaci. mgzavrobaSi lamazi qalis naxvas sul sxva
siamovneba aqvs, ase rom erTma CvenTan momgzaurma aficerma ise
Setopa polSeli qalis eSxSi, cota gawyda xeli ar sTxova samu­
damod. me Tumc xeli ar vsTxove, magram samagierod erTi didi
staqani pika davlie mis sadRegrZelod. vswuxvar ki, rom qalma
ar icoda, Tu ra didi sxverpli iyo eg Cemgan, radgan me piko Zri­
el mZuls da Tu ar didis eSxis gamosacxadeblad, da trfobis
aRtacebisgan verc SemiZlian davlio. am dros gareTgan moisma
erTi raRac xmauroba „daiWireT, SeukariT xelebio“, brZanebda
viRaca, gavel karSi; erTi ymawvili TxuTmetiode wlis kaci eWi­
raT saldaTebs da ukravdnen mxrebs. mzisgan damwvari, magram
lamazi da Tamami saxe, romelzedac etyoboda Zlivs SesaniSna­
vi Rimili, da TiTqmis koxturi tanisamosi misi axirebulad ewi­
naamdegeboda im yofas, romelSiac iyo Cavardnili ymawvili kaci.
vin aris meTqi, vikiTxe. vin icis, paSporti ara aqvs da albaT in­
surgentebTagani unda iyoso, miTxra viRacam. amazed me jibeebs
xeli gavisvi paSportis mosaZebnad – sanam vipovnidi, mwuxarebis
oflma damayara Sublze.
paSporti! gesmis, es ra sityvaa, mkiTxvelo, gesmis mTeli
azri am sityvisa? Seni ar vici, da me ki kargad mesmis. me jer sul
patara viyav – pancioneri, rodesac xativiT damqonda xolme
ega gulzed zevidan mesame da meoTxe Rilebs Sua garWobili, da
axla, rasakvirvelia, ufro mesmis misi fasi da sargebloba, vin
mosTvlis, ramden Wirisagan me magas dauxsnivar! me ver warmo­
mirdgenia, Tu ra sabralo iqneboda Cveni cxovreba, RmerTs rom

180
paSporti ar gaeCina! amboben viTomc angliaSi, amerikaSi, Svei­
cariaSi, belgiaSi, SveciaSi da ukanasknel dros ispaniaSic upaS­
portod cxovrobdnen kacebi; magram me magas aras odes ar davi­
jereb; uTuod aq rom fokusi unda iyos, – xom mogexsneba, Tu ra
fokusnikebi arian zemo xsenebuli? aba upaSportod cxovreba
gagonila sadme Tu ar im zemoxsenebul urjoloebis qveynebSi?
Zriel mebraleboda sawyali upaSporto tyve: is metad
ymawvili iyo im saqmisTvis, romelsac mas swamobdnen; magram
esec ki unda Tqvas kacma, rom xalxisgan sul yvelaferi mosa­
lodnelia. amas winaT erTi cxrisa Tu aTis wlis ymawvili idga
Cem win vagonSi da didis yuradRebiT hSinjavda garSemo tyeebs.
– tyeSi xom ar apireb wasvlas? vkiTxe.
– deda ar miSvebs, miTxra man.
– Tundac rom gagiSvas, gana waxval? meTqi.
– a ikJe!* warmosTqva ymawvilma iseTis saxiT, rom aRar vico­
di raRa meTqva.
Rrma mwuxarebis feri adevs varSavas, qalaqi – dididgan pa­
taramdis glovaSia da SavebSi. aq kacis saxeze Rimils ver dai­
naxav; Teatri da sxva da sxva Sesaqcevebi, romlis didi moy­
varulni iyvnen uwin polSelebi, axla aRar arseboben. ymawvil
kacoba varSavaSi aRar moiZeva; erTs ors axal gazda kacs Tu Sex­
vdebi sadme, isinic, ise damwvarni arian mzisgan da ise exvevian
da hkocnian TavianT nacnobebs, rom ufro tyiur stumrebs hgva­
nan, vinam varSavel mcxovrebsa.
31 martisaTvis, ambobdnen, varSavaSi polSelebi revolu­
cias apirebeno, da didi mzadebac iyo mTavrobis mxridam, mag­
ram amisTana ambvebis dajereba Zriel Znelia im dros, rodesac
savsea qalaqi jariT da amas garda zed Tavs dahyurebs saSiSari
citadeli, romelsac ramdenime saaTSi SeuZlia mtvrad waiRos
mTeli qalaqi.

varSava.

saq. moambe. – tf., – 1863. – N7. – gv. 41-50.

* maS ara?

181
 niko nikolaZe

qveiTaT da rkinis gzaSi

mogzauris SeniSvnebi

...ar maxsovs, ra nariaT Cavyevi me frankfurtSi mainis kides

im adgilamdi, sadac uwin cixis galavani mdinaris napirze Tav­
deboda. im nasadilevs me Zalian dafiqrebuli gamovedi Sini­
dan; Cem TavSi imdeni samwuxaro azrebi varjiSobdnen, rom gzis
gangebis fiqrma tvinSi adgilis povna ver moaxerxa, da me mivxe­
tialobdi pirdapir. Tavis gasamarTleblaT ki SemiZlia gavix­
seno, rom xSiraT mwuxare azrebiT avsebul kacebs cixis gala­
vanzedac gardaubijebiaT, da Sors, Zalian Sors, uSvelebel
bnel ormoSi, zogs kldeze da zogs rokze miusxamT tvini... ase
Sors me beds jer ar gautacebivar; magram, darwmunebuli var,
rom Cemi xasiaTiT am beds me ver avcildebi.
Zveli cixis galavani frankfurtelebma didi xania da­
aqcies, radganac exlandel zarbaznebs da jars Zveleburi cixe
mainc ver daakavebda; galavnis da ormoebis adgilze mSvenieri
xeebi darges, lamazi quCebi gaiyvanes, da exla saRam-saRamoo­
biT TiTqmis mTeli qalaqi Tavisi mSvenieri qalaqis gareSemo
mSvenieri xeebis CrdilSi seirnobs.
aqa-iq kuTxeebSi dganan patara kareebi – lamazi duqnebi,
sadac moseirnes SeuZlia sodis, an zelceris wyali dalios
yinuliT da murabis, an limonis wveniT. am duqnebSi vaWroben
lamazi, lazaTianaT Cacmuli qalebi da, visac qeifi aZlevs,
imas SeuZlia oriode kapeikiT murabis wveniT yelic gaigrilos
da Tan mSvenier qalTan musaifiT gemoc Caigemrielos.
rusulaT naTqvamia: nemeci imisTana moxerxebuli kacia,
rom maimuni gamoigonao. ar vici, marTla gamoigona nemecma
maimuni Tu ara, da fics qveS rom vinme mkiTxos, kidevac vit­
yvi, – ara mgonia meTqi; magram imaze ki Zalian mtkiceTa var
darwmunebuli, rom nemeci moxerxebuli da ostati kacia: aba
CvenSi vin moiazrebda sasmelebis gamyidvelaT lamazi qalebis
dayenebas? azri ki Zalian ubralo da sasargebloa: roca kaci
lamazs qals emusaifeba, is cotaodenaTac mainc aRtacebulia,

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imas ufro Cqara uZgers guli, sisxli muSaobs, da am mizeziT
wyurvilic ufro sastikia. naxevar saaTSi, kaci orjer-samjer
mainc gardakravs TiTo Wiqa civ wyalsa, da ramdenjerac qali
gauRimilebs, pasuxis magieraT, aRelvebuli, narnari, nazi xmiT
evedreba:
– Noch einmal, bitte! (erTic kidev damisxiT).
modi da nu ayvavdeba vaWroba amisTana vaWrebis xelSi!...
im dRes, rogorc weRan vTqvi, me sul sxva nairaT viyavi
aRelvebuli da Zalian gulgrilaT daukari Tavi oriode sas­
melebis gamyidelebs, roca imaT karvebis win gaviare: „oriode“
ki ara, ociode karavsac am nairaTve gavcildebodi, rkinis gzis
stvenas rom uecraT ar gaveretebine. Cems pirdapir, falavni­
dan asiode nabijze stancia idga da, Soridan momavali maSina,
gamwarebulaT mohkivoda.
me Zalian miyvars rkinis gzaze mgzavroba: gauryevelaT
mimfrinav kacs sizmariviT axsendeba datovebuli qalaqebi,
maTSi unayofoT gatarebuli droeba... am warmoudgenel fri­
nvas raRaca TvalT-maqcuri Zala aqvs. kacs hgonia, rom iman
ukanasknels qalaqSi samudamoT datova yoveliferi, rac ki
gulze awva da tvins uWamda; imas ggonia, rom mifrinavs imisTa­
na alagisken, romelic savsea ndobiT, ZmobiT da erTobiT, sa­
dac mcxovrebni erTmaneTis ofliT da SromiT ar ZRebian da,
erTmaneTis mtrobis magieraT, cdiloben erTi meores daex­
maron, xeli gauwyon da sicocxle gauadvilon... marTalia,
es molodini Zalian iSviaTaT sruldeba da axal qalaqSi kaci
Zalian xSiraT fexs waimtvrevs xolme imave uxeirobaebze, ro­
melTac imas winandeli qalaqi moabezres; magram kacis cxovre­
ba ise Zneli da mwarea, rom me ar SemiZlia madlobiT ar movix­
senio rkinis gza, romelic oriode saaTis ganmavlobaSi mainc
gvaviwyebinebs sicocxlis simwares. diax, me Zalian miyvars
rkinis gzaze mogzauroba.
rasakvirvelia, rom maSinis dastvena da Cemi saaTis amoReba
erTs da imave wamSi moxda, da raki saaTi xelaxlav ubeSi Cavide,
meore jibidan amoviRe patara qaRaldi, romelzedac rkinis
gzis wasvla-mosvlis dro iyo dabeWdili.
frankfurtidan rva rkinis gza midis sxva da sxva qalaqebi­
sken. me videqi im gzis pirdapir, romelic mainis da merme reinis
marjvena napirs miyoba, da adgil-adgil mSvenieri „taunusis“
mTebSi Seuxvevs, saidanac sCanan es ori mdinareebi TavianTi

183
mindvrebiT, lamazi qalaqebiT, soflebiT da daqceuli saSual
saukunoebis cixeebiT. saubeduroT, me saaTis sami Careqi kidev
unda momecada Semdgomi maSinis wasvlis dromdi.
– eh, am sam Careqsac rogorme mivpentam meTqi, vifiqre me da
nel-nela siaruli daviwye.
– dRes agre ram mogawyinaT? Soridam damiZaxa erTma axal­
gazrda meduqne qalma, romelic Cvenebur meduqneebs naklebaT
Camogavda.
me miuaxlovdi imis karavs.
– dRes kviraa, mTeli qveyana mxiarulobs, Tqven ki momakvda­
vi kaciviT moRuSulxarT. ra dagemarTaT! sayvareli xom ar dag­
kargviaT, an stomaqi xom ar gtkivaT?
– cotaTi rom kidev ufro maRla agewiaT, mixvdebodiT: me
Tavi miskdeba.
– amisTana sicxeSi es Zneli saqmea.
– saSineli Znelia.
– ara, xumroba gaSvebiT, ase mowyenili raTa xarT? Tqven,
rogorc vxedav, es xSiraT gemarTebaT da, me ver mimxvdarvar ra
mizezia, rom Tqven xan metis meti xumara da mxiaruli xarT da xan
– sruliad daRonebuli.
– mec Zalian mikvirs, rom Tqven xan gZinavT da xan gRviZavT.
– es ra Sedarebaa?
– Sedareba iqiT iyos, me xval Tqven patrons vetyvi, rom
Tqven Zalian cudaT asrulebT Tanamdebobas: ager xuT minutze
metia, rac aq vdgavar, da Tqven azrSic ar mogsvliaT rame dama­
levinoT! amden xans xeiriani movaWre oriode staqans mainc gamo­
aclevinebda moseirnes. grcxvenodeT; Tqven muqTaT iRebT jama­
girs, da is guldeni (sami abazi), romelic Tqven geZlevaT dReSi,
Tu saaqaos ara, saiqios mainc wagmwardebaT...
– Cem cxonebaze da wawymedaze zrunvisaTvis did madlobas
SemogwiravT, magram am zrunviT Tavs tyuilaT nu iwuxebT: maRal­
ma RmerTma ki icis, rom erTi guldeni dReSi sasmel-saWmelSi da
sadgomSi Zlivs myofnis, da lazaTianaT rom ar viyo Cacmuli,
Cemi patroni xvalve gamistumrebs. am guldenis gulisTvis, me
dilis rva saaTidan saRamos aT, da xandis-xan TerTmet saaTamde
aq moucileblad, tusaRiviT unda vijde...
– tusaRebis ambavs, Tu mkiTxavT, mogaxseneb, rom isini Tqven
mdgomareobaSi rom daayenoT, aTs magdens mogarTmeven dReSi sa­
madlobels...
– merwmuneT, didi gansxvaveba ar aris Cvensa da imaT Sua!

184
 – cota imaTac hkiTxeT, da mere me miambeT.
– vTqvaT, rom aris; magram Cven ra davaSaveT imis fasi, rom
TiTqmis tusaRebiviT gvjian? tusaRebi xom rameSi mainc damna­
Saveni arian...
– SeiZleba... magram me zogi tusaRi minaxavs, romelic Tqven­
ze ufro umanko iyo danaSaulobaSi, magaliTad, Tqveni borne.
– rogor Tu borne?
– minam is cocxali iyo, imis samSoblo qalaqma, ai am fran­
kfurtma, tanjvis da wvalebis meti ara aRisra ra; imas arc satu­
saRoSi jdoma daklebia da arc samSoblodan gagdeba. Tqven iciT,
rom is safrangeTSi mokvda. exla ki, roca imis Zvlebs ganZreva ar
SeuZlia, im saxlze, romelSiac is iq daibada, qalaqma marmarilos
qva miaWeda, romelzedac aweria: „am saxlSi ama da am dRes daibada
borneo“. aqaur suraTebis gamofenaze bornes portreTs pirveli
alagi uWiravs. am cota xanSi romelime meidanze imisi Zeglis da­
yenebas apireben; Tqveni qalaqis aweraSi mudam moixseneben: „am qa­
laqSi daibadnen gote da borne“. erTi sityviT, is kaci, romelic
dRes Tqveni TiTqmis pirveli didebaa, romlis saxeliT Tqven di­
lidan saRamomdi, wam da uwum, ampartavnobT, gvariani xani ijda
Tqven satusaRoSi da bolos gagdebuli iyo Tavisi samSoblo qa­
laqidan, romelic dRes imis saxelis xsenebas TiTqmis qudmoux­
delaT ver hbedavs...
– borne!... borne!... me Zalian momwons da miyvars misi Txzu­
lebaebi!...
– me Tavi miskdeba, moita, damalevine rame.
Cemma momusaifem damisxa civi wyali da Sig limonis wveni
gauria.
– borne keTili da gmiri kaci iyo, Tqva iman daRonebulaT;
Cven samSoblos iman bevri sikeTe uyo, bevri ugunuroba mospo,
marTalia; magram, xelaxlad gkiTxavT, Cven ra davaSaveT, – rom am
nairaT vitanjebiT?
– Tqven is daaSaveT, Cemo qalbatonebo, rom survili da swav­
la gakliaT. am or Tvisebas moxerxeba, erToba da gamarjveba
mudam Tan mozdeven. yvedreba da tirili advili saqmea, magram
Tqven verc yvedreba da verc xvewna giSveliT. oh, Tavi, Tavi!...
– maS, Tqveni azriT?...
– Cemi azriT, Cemo lamazo danaSaulo, dRes Zalian kargi ta­
rosia, da zodensSi, an pronbergs axla albaT mSvenieri haeria. me
axlav vapireb zodens wasvlas; aqedan qveiTaT pronbergs da Rom­
burgs, saidanac amaRam meore rkinis gziT davbrundebi.

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 – netavi Tqven!... Tavisufali kacis bedi sanatrelia: saiT­
kenac unda, iqiT midis, rac moswons, imas Svreba, rasac fiqrobs,
imas ambobs... imas arc gaCumeba sWiria, roca guli uduRs, arc
Rimili da gacineba – roca enaze krulva da sayveduri adgia...
erTi netavi ori-sami Tve maRirsa, rom Cem nebaze viyo, Cem qeifze
viaro, visTanac minda – vimusaifo, vinc mZuls – zurgi Sevaqcio,
vinc miyvars – pirdapir, yvelas win gamovTqva „miyvars meTqi“...
ra yofnaa Cveni cxovreba?... me rom or sam ugunur-uzdelebs,
romelnic aq xandisxan saZagel sityvebs meubnebian da saZaglaT
micinian, Cemi qeifisamebr moveqce, da aqedan samudamoT fexi
amoudga, Cem patrons rogorRa gadaurCebi?...
– egeebic gemarTebaT xolme?
– xandis xan. sazogadoT ki yvelasTan xalisianaT unda vi­
yoT... imas ki aravin kiTxulobs, SesaZlebelia, Tu ara mudam xa­
lisianoba, wamdauwum Rimili... zogjer imisTana kacs unda uci­
node, romelic, RmerTma ki icis, TvalSi dasanaxavaT mezizReba...
– magier zogjer imisTanaebsac uciniT da emusaifebiT, ro­
melnic sul sxva nariaT migaCniaT gulSi; – egec kargia.
– ho, magram imasac nu daiviwyebT, rom am nair iSviaTi Sem­
TxvevebSi saqme marto RimiliT ki ar Tavdeba yovelTvis... roca
Cven xandis-xan erTi namceci, mokle bednierebiT Cveni mombez­
rebel sicocxlis gamSvenierebas vcdilobT, qveynis TvalSi,
kacs es didebiT mieTvleba, Cven qalebs ki – did, uSvelebel
danaSaulobaT, codvaT... usamarTloba amaze meti iqneba?... a?...
sixarulSi da simwareSi, bedSi da ubedurobaSi, Cven yovelTvis
bed-Sekrulni varT... netavi Tqven, netavi Tqven!...
– Tqven Zriel scdebiT: nametani Sesabralebeli arc „Cemi“
da arc sazogadoT „kacis“ bedia; magram am saganze laparaki usar­
gebloa. me marto erTs rasme getyviT xel-axlaT: roca Tqven, qa­
lebi mixvdebiT, rom Tqveni Svela Tqvenzea damokidebuli, rom
damxmarebeli Tqven Tqveni Tavis meti aravin gyavT, maSin Tqveni
bedi sul sxva iqneba. me Tavi momabezra qalebis kvnesam, da nu gewy­
inebaT Cemi sityvebis simware: Tqveni bedi sabraloa, amitom rom
Tqven ara iciT ra jdomisa, Rimilisa da nemsis xmarebis meti. Tqven
mudam pirdaRebuli sjixarT da moeliT saqmros, rome­lic dagex­
marebaT da gagabednierebs. ra gamosadegi xarT Tqven an imisTvis
da an Tqveni TavisTvis?... gaWirvebuli kacis meti, Tqven vin oxeri
Segiyvarebs, vin suleli SegirTavsT? mokle drosTvin, marTalia,
Tqven aravin giwunebs, magram vai imisTana SeerTebas. im nairi rame
iswavleT, rom Tqveni Tavis xeirianaT rCena, Tqveni Tavis movla

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 SegeZlosT; daanaxeT xalxs, rom marto saTamaSoT ara xarT Seq­
mnili da cota xnis siamovnebis garda, sargeblobis motanac Segi­
ZliaT. daamtkiceT, rom Tqven aravisi daxmareba da Svela ar gWir­
debaT, rom TiTon SegiZliaT sxvebs daexmaroT. maSin qali aRar
egvaneba mosamsaxures, romelsac patroni, Tavis medidurobiT
da TavmowonebiT, lazaTian tanisamoss icmevs, da xandisxan sasi­
amovno sityvebsac aRirsebs... moindomeT, iswavleT, ecadeT, er­
TmaneTs daexmareT, da bedniereba Tqven xelSi iqneba...
Cemi momusaife dafiqrebulaT miyurebda me, roca am sit­
yvebs vambobdi.
– me mgonia, uTxari me cota xnis Semdeg, raki Sevatye, rom is
xmis amoRebas ar apirebda, – me mgonia, rom exla Tqven Cemze ufro
moRuSuli xarT. qalbatono, dRes agre ram mogawyinaT? dRes
kviraa, mTeli qveyana mxiarulobs, Tqven ki momakvdavi kaciviT
moRuSulxarT. ra dagemarTaT? sayvareli xom ar dagkargviaT, am
stomaqi xom ar gtkivaT?
– mec Tqvens sityvebs gavimeoreb: maRla rom agewiaT, mixvde­
bodiT. cotaTi rom kidev vimusaifoT am nairaT. mgonia mec Tavi
skdomas damiwyebs.
– amisTana sicxeSi es Zalian Zneli saqme iqneba, umetesad
imisTvis, vinc qalaqSi rCeba... naxvamdis!
– roca am nairaT iyoT gafxizlebuli, gamoiareT xolme aq­
eTken.
– maS weRan raRas mkiTxavdiT, es ra Sedarebaao? naxvamdis,
Cemo marta; meCqareba, maSina ar gameqces.
martam xeli CamomarTva da im nairaT gamomeTxova, TiTqo un­
doda eTqva: suleli xar, rom midixaro...
– es Cemi pirveli sisulele ar aris, vifiqre me da, imedi
­maqvs, ukanasknelic ar iqneba. bileTi, rasakvirvelia, me ucfaT
aviRe da ori-sami minutis Semdgom vagonSi Cavjeqi.
dajdoma, sigaris amoReba da moweva CemTvis erTi wamis saqme
iyo. rkinis gzaSi me marto yofna miyvars da, rogorc adgils
avirCev, maSinve uxeiro sigaras gavirWob pirSi, karis axlo vjde­
bi da, vinc ki vagonSi Tavs Semohyofs adgilis dasaTvaliere­
blad da amosarCevaT, Cemi sigaris komls dauzogavaT vukmev
­cxvir-pirSi.
am saSualebiT movigerie me oriode ingliseli, imdenive
francuzebi, oTxi Tu xuTi nemeci da, imedi mqonda, erTi imdenic
kidev gamestumrebia.
am dros karebze momadga erTi kaci, arc axalgazrda da arc

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beberi, arc maRali da arc dabali, arc sxvili arc wvrili, arc
wveriani arc uwvero, arc meloti da arc Tmiani. imas Tan axlda
dabal dabali, sxvil-sxvili qali, gasivebuli piris saxiT, gamo­
buStuli RiRabiT; da im qals Tan axlda uSvelebeli sxva da sxva
ferovani Tmis godori da dauboloebeli abreSumis kabis kudi.
me erTi Tvalis-mokvris meti ar mWirdeboda am mogzaurebis
gvarovnobis misaxdomlad; vinaa am nairaT gamouxatavi, vin aTrevs
gzaSi abreSumis kabebs da vin itvirTavs mTel godors Tmasa fran­
cuzis qalis meti? es, rogorc moviazre, gulze elda meca.
vin ar icnobs francuzis mamacobas? imas sigaris komliT ki
ara, Tof-zarbazniT ver SeaSinebs kaci; me ki, – zarbazans viRa
eZebs! – erTi bewo dambaCac ar mepoveboda jibeSi. mamakacoba kargi
ram aris, magram am nair SemTxvevaSi, – RmerTo Segcode! – aRtace­
bis magieraT, mamacoba sul sxva nair grZnobas minergavs gulSi...
magram me imedi mainc ar davkarge, azriT pirjvari gadavisaxe
da, Cemi sinidisis dasamSvideblaT, mainc vcade sigaris Zala: ro­
gorc ki mogzaurma karebSi Tavi Semohyo, me, ramdenic ki SemeZ­
lo, komli mivageba cxvirSi.
rasakvirvelia, rom sigaris komlma is ukan ver dahxia. fran­
cuzebs magisTana komli unaxavT? magisTana komli audeniaT Tvi­
Ton? imaT didi xania cxviri komlze SeCveuli aqvT...
qmari gmirulad SemoiWra vagonSi da xeli gaawvdina Tavisi
mZime meuRlis amosayvanaT.
me mSvidi da wynari kaci var, magram am nairi Seupovroba ar
miyvars; amis gamo me gulSi vTqvi: – „an me, da an Tqven meTqi!“
roca coli vagonSi Semogorda da am didi gansacdelis gamo
maSinasaviT quxils da xvneSas xeli mihyo, me nazi xmiT, TiTqmis
RimiliT uTxari.
– vai, Tu Cemi sigaris komlma SegawuxosT.
uxeiro kacs vuZaxi me imas, vinc zarbaznis msgavs ver
moifiqrebs, roca zarbazani uWirs. radgan Cemi mgzavrebis gasa­
denaT zarbazani ara mqonda, me an sxva rame unda momexerxebina, an
ara da Cemi Tavi uxeiro kacaT CameTvala. – kaci yovelTvis kacia,
Tavis moyvarea: – uxeiro kacaT Tavis Tavis CaTvlas gaWirvebu­
li kacis meti, vin ar moerideba. me vifiqre da bolos gavixsene,
rom francuzebs saSinlad sZulT samzRvars gareT francuzebis
Sexvedra. raki es azri momivida TavSi, me vTqvi: Tu exla me eseni
francuzuli enis codnis gamoCeniT ver gavreke, maTi gadena mi­
xeil mTavarangelozsac ar SeeZleba. da isev is emjobineba, rom
me TviTon avibargo, da Cemi adgili amaT dautovo meTqi. am azriT

188
vuTxari me axal Semosul godorian godors is sityvebi, rome­
lic weRan davwere.
– Au fait, c’est incommode (marTla, es Znelia), uTxra qmar­
ma cols francuzulaT. colma xma ar amoiRo, magram im nairaT
Semomxeda, TiTqo undoda Tqma – „kargi iqneba, rom sxva adgils
mohZebnideTo“.
– me vwuxvar, qalbatono, rom Tqveni Sewuxebis mizezi var,
magram mTel gzaSi marto es erTi ganyofilebaa, romelSiac mog­
zaurebs Tambaqos mowevis neba aqvT, da me Tambaqos saSinlad
ve­wevi; uTxari me francuzulaT, roca Sevatye, rom am eniT mo­
geriebas mipirobdnen da Cemi gasvlis imedi hqondaT.
– ra gaewyoba! amoixvneSa mogzaurma da gaiyvana Tavisi colic.
magram-ra nairi TvaliT Semomxeda iman gasvlis dros!... me
darwmunebuli var, im dros Cemi gamdeli rom Cem gverdSi yofili­
yo, daikivlebda: „genacvale, Tvali gkra mag SeCvenebulmao!“ da
Cumis xmiT, butbutiT da wruwuniT „Tvalis gamolocvas“ damiw­
yebda.
cota xnis Semdgom Cven gavfrindiT. sworeT rom vTqva, me az­
riT vicodi, rom mivfrinavdi; Cem Tvalebs da grZnobas ki egonaT,
rom me Zlier mosvenebulaT oTaxSi vijeqi da im oTaxis fanjre­
bis win gagiJebulaT mirbodnen xeebi, telegrafis svetebi, gzis
zeda-mxedvelebis karvebi, mTebi, tye da mindori...
zodeni erTi patara sofelia, romelSiac xuTasi mcxovre­
bic Zlivs moikrifeba; magram am pawawina sofelSi ramdenime
mJave da mware wyaro Camodis, da am wyaroebis gulisTvis aq zaf­
xulSi xuTi, an eqvsi aTasi kaci da qali modis saeqimoT. amaTT­
vis damzadebulia aq asiode lamaz-lamazi saxlebi, erTi amdoni
sastumroebi, patara gazis qarxana, saavaTmyofo saxli, da sxva
da sxv. yovel saRamos mSvenier baRSi ukravs muzika; wyaroebis
gareSemo gaberili saxiT daseirnoben avaTmyofebi, cotaTi mo­
SorebiT, xeebis CrdilSi, lamaz-lamazs skamebze, gamopranWuli
qalebi sxedan da, dros mosaklavaT, zogi gauTavebel stolis-
gardasa­xuravs qsovs, zogi pawawina ZaRls eTamaSeba, zogs xel­
Si wigni uWiravs da uxalisoT da ugulisyuroT mis striqonebs
Tvals adevnebs; yvela ki gamwarebulaT, dauRalavaT amTqnarebs.
– amaT­ Si yovelive xalxis aristokratiuli ojaxebis wevrebi
urevian. am sazogado mobezrebas da „saqmian usaqmoebas“ gak­
virvebuli TvaliT dascqerian xeebi; maTi foTlebi kankaloben
SiSiT, rom am qalebis mobezreba Cvenc ar gardagvedoso, da maTi
kankali xandisxan Srial-SrialiT gardaecema maxlobel xeeb­

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sa da buCqebs. qalebis axlo-maxlo dganan, an dadian ramdenime
axal­ gazrda kacebi, romelnic imave sazogadoebas ekuTvnian.
maTs tanisamoss, gawyobilebas da mixra moxras kils ver gamou­
Zebnis verc erTi mkervali verc erTi dalaqi, an cekvis maswav­
lebeli, Tundac rom modis suraTi xelSi eWiros, da sami saaTis
ganmavlobaSi cocxal kacs adarebdes.
ra sixaruliT datrialdebian es axalgazrdebi, roca ro­
melime qali imaT saqmes gauCens! erTi staqani wyali rom moiT­
xovos vinme, xuTi, eqvsi axalgazrda mirbis zogi marjvniT da
zogi marcxniT, da erTs wamSi xuTi-eqvsi staqani wyali moerT­
meva qals, romelic oriode wveTs mosvams da eqvs kacs madlobas
eubneba. yvela gaxarebulia: saqme gauCndaT, dro gaatares! vin
icis, rodis eRirsebaT kidev am nairi netareba! cota xnis mere,
xalaxlav iwyeba mTqnareba. zogierTebi, dros gasatareblaT,
siy­varulze musaifs iwyebs, – sxva razed unda imusaifon? magram
es musaific male wydeba: rac imaT siyvarulis Zala hqondaT, kai
xania daxarjulia, usaqmoobis mizeziT, gardaWarbebul siam­
ovnebaSi; survili gamqralia da, siyvarulis sityvebis magieraT,
maTi gulidan namdvili grZnobiT da gulrwfelobiT amohkivis
xma: „RmerTo! ra dauboloebuli dRea!“ am xmas mudam mosdebs
mTqnareba, da mis gasadenaT kaci da qali, didi da patara, nac­
nobi da ucnobi erT sulaT, erT gulaT Worianobs, trabaxobs,
cruobs da medidurobs pirSi da zurgs ukan. magram mTqnareba
mainc gamarjvebuli rCeba, da jinis amosayrelaT, yovelTvis da
yovelgan, saxlSi da gareT, dRe da Rame, WkuaSi da tanSi pirvel
alags aravis ar anebebs.
oriode Tvis usaqmoeba da mosveneba sasiamovno da sasargeb­
loa saqmeSi garTuli kacisTvis. magram vinc mudam usaqmoa, visac
jafa da muSaoba Rirsebis damdablebel saqmeT da codvaT miaCnia
imisTvis mosvenebac mosvenebiT ki ar aris wvaleba da tanjvaa.
me aviar Caviare baRSi da, roca am suraTebis cqeram mec
mTqnareba damawyebina, SnoianaT morTul sastumroSi Sevedi,
sadac mosamsaxure qali-Svilma, Cem daukiTxavaT, erTi staqani
rZiani yava, axali gazeTi da nemecuri qalis Rimili Semomageba.
Cemis mxriT, madlobis gvaraT, mec gauRimile, depeSebs Tavli ga­
davavle da yavas miujeqi.
gamwarebul da gamamwarebel sicxeSi yavis sma, sawyeni ambebiT
savse gazeTis kiTxva da lamazi qalis Rimilis cqera, roca kacs
guli ar uRimilebs da Tavi gaskdomas upirebs, Zalian didi si­

190
sulelea. me amas male mivxvdi, yavis gamoclas aRar moucade, gaze­
Ti kuTxeSi mivagde, gardavixade erTi Sauri da gareTken gavswie.
me ar momwons da ar miyvars zodeni, amitom rom es arc qa­
laqia da arc sofeli. iq, sami oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi, areul-da­
reulaT cxovroben sxva da sxva qveynidan mosuli kacebi, romel­
Tac araferi kavSiri da grZnoba, mobezrebisa da mTqnarebis meti,
ar aaxlovebs da ar aerTebs, raT varga amisTana sazogadoeba, ra
Rirseba aqvT mis mwevrebs. Tu ki imaT erTi suli, erTi guli da
grZnoba ar udgiaT, da arc saerTo azri da mizani, arc saerTo
siy­varuli da siZulvili aqvT? amisTana sazogadoeba did sas­
tumros gavs, da sastumro aba vis uyvars?...
am azriT me kronbergisken gavswie. zodenidan kronbergamdi
qveiTi kaci saaT naxevars undeba: mSvenieri gza xan tyeSi da xan
yanebSi, zogan WalebSi da zogan mTis mxrisken iklakneba. am gzaze
imdeni sasiamovno da lamazi rameebi xvdeba kacs, rom saaT naxe­
vari TiTqmis sruliad SeuniSnavaT garbis.
gzaze aqa-iq wyvil-wyvilaT midiodnen kronbergisken axal­
gazrda da moxucebuli kacebi da qalebi; amaT xSiraT win bavSvebi
miuZRoden. wyvilebi xan col-qmarni iyvnen, da xan „daniSnulebi“.
kenti im dRes, mgonia, Cems meti aravin iyo.
„daniSnulebi“ raki vaxsene, unda avxsna, rom germaniaSi, ro­
gorc SveicariaSiac, jvaris daweris win ori-sami wlis ganmav­
lobaSi, momavali col-qmari Zalian daaxlovebulaT arian erT­
maneTTan: uamisoT aq TiTqmis aravin jvars ar iwers; axalgazrda
kaci icnobs Zalian bevr ojaxs, maSasadame Zalian bevrs gasaTxo­
vars qalebsac. aqaur qalebs ar hgoniaT, rom ymarwvili kaci maTi
sastiki mteria, da arc ise wiTldebian mis sazogadoebaSi, TiTqo
kabis qveS moparuli ram damaluli qondeT, da darwmunebuli
iyvnen, rom axalgazrda kacs maTi qurdoba ar gamoparvia. ara. aq
axalgazrdoba Zalian gul-rwfelaT da gul-mxurvaleT iqceva
erTmanerTSi da eWvianobis, an SiSis da ostatobis magieraT, maT
mixra-moxraSi da yofa-qcevaSi pirveli alagi ndobas da patios­
nebas ukavia...
im dRes „kronbergobis“ dResaswauli iyo Turme; axlo-max­
lo soflebidan Sekrebili xalxiT kronbergis quCebi gateni­
li iyo, da wamdauwum kidev modioda dauTvalavi kaci da qali,
zogi qveiTaT da zogi furgunebiT. TiTo soflis mcxovreblebs
oridan sami furguni gaebaT, da TiToSi ocda xuTamde kaci da
qali isxden, yvavilebiT da foTlebiT Semkuls tanisamosSi da

191
Tavsa­xuravSi. maTi tanisamosi Zalian ubralo, magram amisTa­
nave Zalian sufTac iyo; kacebs tilosa da zogs sxva da sxva feri
tvinis serTuki ecvaT, da Tavze zogs Savi da zogs yviTeli Calis
qudebi exuraT; qalebis sarfinkis da CiTis kaba Zalian sufTaT
garecxili da gaxamebuli iyo, rogorc maTi qmrebis da Zmebis
perangebic. sufTa, magram cotaTi mzisgan garujuli pirisaxe,
mokleT SekreWili kacebis Tma, lazaTianaT dawnuli qalis ka­
vebi, romelTac iqa-aq yvavilebi hqondaT Catanebuli, mokle
kabis qveS cotaTi modido fexebi, kaci da qalis mozdo, Zalumi
xelebi da magari tanis-agebuleba, – es yoveliferi amtkicebda,
rom isini germaniis glexi-kacebi iyvnen. am xalxisTvis kvira dRe
Cvenebur aRdgomasaviT saxalisoa, radganac im dRes glexi kace­
bi muSaobas Tavs anebeben da axlo-maxlo soflebSi midian nac­
nobebis sanaxavad megobrebTan, mosalaparakeblaT da oriode
yanwi „pivos“ sazogado lxinSi gadasakravaT. TiTqmis yoveli
kviradRe, zafxulSi, aq romelime soflis dResaswaulia, ase rom
vinc ki zafxulSi yvela dResaswaulebs daeswroba, Semodgomis
damlevs Tavisi mazris yvela soflebi eqneba nanaxi.
rogorc moseirneebi, ise furgunebi da cxenebic yvavilebiT
da wvaniliT iyvnen gaWedili. yovel furgunze, quCris gver­
dSi, dasobili iyo didi uSvelebeli Savi, oqros da sisxlis
feri firklis bairaRi: es germaniis droSaa; ... bairaRebic ki ver
gadarCenodaT foTlebs da yvavilebs.
es suraTi mSvenieri sanaxavi iyo. me pir-daRebuli daviarebo­
di am ucxo xalxis Sua da siamovnebiT uyurebdi miss siamovnebas da
xaliss; magram, – gamovtydebi, – Tavidan ver movicile es Semawu­
xebeli azri: „ixaliseT, vfiqrobdi me, ixaliseT, ramdenic ki Sege­
ZloT; warsuli kviris jafa da sevda gulidan amoixoceT, da moma­
vali kvirisTvis Rone da moTmineba moimzadeT, – Tu SegiZliaT...“
am fiqrSi viyavi me garTuli, roca ukanidam viRacam mxarze
xeli damadva; me ucbaT movbrundi da davinaxe Cemi saxlis pat­
roni, romelic Turme imav dilas frankfurtidan kronbergs Ta­
visi col-SviliT wasuliyo da Tan zogierTi nacnobebic waeyvana.
– Tqven aq ram mogiyvanaT? mkiTxa iman, gaxarebuli gaocebiT.
– marTali giTxraT, arc me vici. davseirnob...
– wavideT, Cven qalebs davewioT, Sin erTaT davbrundeT, Tu
TqvenTvis es sasiamovnoT darCeba...
– batoni brZandebiT.
„Cveni qalebi“ – Cemi saxlis patronis coli da Cveni mezob­
lis ori qali iyvnen, romelTac mesame qali – maTi megobari –

192
wamohyoloda. am sam qals axlda ori imaTganis deda, romelic
Zalian mxurvaleT umtkicebda Cemi saxlis patronis cols, rom
uqmroba qalisTvis ise Zneli saqmea, rogorc qvrivobao.
am musaifSi me xma ar amomeReboda, amitom rom me arc qa­
liSvili da arc qali ar var, arc vyofilvar da arc mgoni rom
rodesme Seviqmne. am mizeziT me or patiosan qalebs Tavi daukar,
xeli CamovarTvi da maSinve cotaTi win gavswie sami qaliSvilis
misawevnaT.
me gvariani xania daumegobrdi imaT ojaxs, radganac isini
Cem pirdapir cxovroben. saRam-saRamoobiT, roca qaliSvilebi
maRaziidan Sin modian, Cven xSiraT vmusaifobT fanjridan; amas
garda isini dadian Cemi saxlis patronis ojaxSi, da xan me davi­
arebi imaTsa.
umfros qals axlda misi saqmro, axalgazrda frankfurte­
li vaWari, romelic exla samxedro samsaxurSia Caricxuli sal­
daTaT, da erTi weliwadi unda imsaxuros – jarSi. aq yvelam ori
weliwadi unda imsaxuros, magram vinc samsaxurSi Sesvlis dros
Cveneburi gimnaziis kursis egzamens daiWers, imas erTi wlis sam­
saxuri epatieba, radganac samxedro samsaxuri da Sinauri muSao­
bis mocileba umetesi nawilisTvis Zneli saqmea, yvela swavlas
da egzamenis daWeras cdilobs, da am nairaT es kanoni Zlier
avrcelebs xalxSi ganaTlebas.
es axalgazrda saldaTi iqneba ocda xuTi, ocda eqvsi wlis;
misi sacolo oc-ocdaori wlisaa. germaniaSi TiTqmis yvelani am
asakSi iweren jvars.
Cemi mezoblis ufrosi qali Zalian lamazia, an, ufro sworeT
rom vTqva, eSxiania. es eSxi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mis mSve­nieri,
cecxliviT anTebuli Tvalebidan sulis da Wkuis Zala gamoJRa­
vis; imis Semxedav kacs hgonia, rom ra dabrkolebac unda Sex­
vdes am qals sicocxleSi, is mainc mamacuraT, SeupovraT zed
gadaiars, da am dardimandobis Semdgom, ampartavnobis da me­
didurobis magieraT, mis pirisaxes marto sixarulis da sicilis
sxivi gaamSvenierebso. ra sasiamovnoa am nairi pirisaxis danaxva
misTvis, visac qalSi da kacSi araferi ar sZuls ise, rogorc bat­
knuri uRonoeba da morCileba, visac usulo da ucecxlo Tvale­
bi – qalis iyos, Tunda kacis – yovelTvis damSeuli, daRonebuli
da momakvdavi xbos Tvalebs moagoneben!...
...ra moqmedeba unda hqondes kacze imisTana qals, romelsac
suli ar udgia, da arc Wkuis, arc sxeulis Zala aqvs! vin icis – ra
SeemTxveva kacs sicocxleSi, ra ubedurebaebi daexveva Tavze, ra

193
gansacdeli miadgeba karze! – ra nairaT unda aikidos iman kiser­
ze imisTana qali, romelsac gaWirvebis dRes, tvin amorTmeuli
qaTamiviT, wrialis da kakanis meti ara SeeZleba ra?... ra sicoc­
xle elis im kacs, romelsac erTs ubedur saRamos marto yofna
moswyindeba da romelic, am mizeziT, pirvel Semxvdar qals samu­
damo siyvarulis sityvas aZlevs, roca mis gulSi siyvaruli ki
ara, sisxlis Relva mefobs. ori sami dRis siamovnebis gulisTis
ramdeni dauboloebeli, mombezrebeli Tve da weliwadi, ramdeni
usiamovneba, tanjva da sinanuli exveva imas Tavze?... ra nairaT
amZimebs imas misi sabralo colis sazogadoeba; ra ubeduria Tvi­
Ton colic, romelic dilidan saRamomdi mTqnarebis mets veras
axerxebs da saRamodam dilamdi, sanatreli siamovnebis magier,
mTqnarebiT da mobezrebiT mobezrebul qmars guls uklavs...
didi ubedurebaa CemTvis da am SeniSvnebis mkiTxvelebisT­
vis am nairi gadaxvev-gadmoxveva sagnidan. me vlaparakobdi Cemi
mezoblis qalze da, mis gamoxatvis magieraT, mTeli naxevari Ta­
baxi avamse sul sxva nairi suraTiT. amas exla raRa gaewyoba Cven
saganze dabrunebis meti?
me vTqvi, rom imis TvalebSi Zala da suli Canda meTqi. exla
daumateb, rom is imisTana qalia, romelzedac kacs SeuZlia Tqvas:
„ai amas ki veras daaklebs gansacdeli, amasTan kacs sicocxle
ar mobezrdeba; gaWirvebis dRes RmerTma amisTana damxmari Cems
keTilismyofs misces“.
gaWirvebis dRe iqiT iyos, mTels sicocxleSi amisTana qali
Tavis qmars jafis tvirTs uadvilebs, da sicocxlis gamSvenie­
rebiT, siamovnebiT, alersiT, nugeSiT da imedis micemiT qmris
Zalasa da SeZlebas erTi aTaT hxdis... iSviaTaT Sexvdeba kacs
amisTana qalebi, misda saubeduroT...
pirissaxeze da agebulebaze ra vTqva? vis mouva TavSi kiT­
xva, ra nairi cxviri, an nikapi, ra feri warbebi, ra sidide yurebi
da ra sigrZe kiseri aqvs amisTana qals?! amas ki vityvi, rom mis
mSvenier, cocxal Tvalebs dacqeris maRali, sufTa Subli, rome­
lic Semokavebulia giSeriviT Savi TmiT. vinc kacis agebulebas
icnobs, imisTvis es sami niSanic sakmaoa danarCeni Tvisebaebis
warmosadgenaT...
roca me qalebs da axalgazrda saldaTs gaupirdapirdi,
ufrosma qalma xeli CamomarTva da imwamsve gamacno Tavisi mego­
bari, romelsac me jer ar vicnobdi; mere me xeli CamovarTvi imis
das da saqmros. musaifis gabmis dro Cven ar gvqonda, amitom rom

194
sanam erTmaneTisTvis ori-sami sityvis Tqma movaswariT, Cven mi­
vediT sastumros karebTan, sadac im dRes dauTvalavi xalxi did
molxenaSi iyo.
germaniaSi TiTqmis yovel sofelSi da, rasakvirvelia, yovel
qalaqSi ramdenime am nairi sastumroebia. TviTon saxli didi ar
aris, sul oTxi, an xuT oTaxiani iqneba, magram am saxls Tan akravs
didi ezo – ukacravaT – didi baRi, romelSiac xeebis CrdilSi
dganan stoli da skamebi, xan saxlSi, Tu saxls didi oTaxi abadia,
xan baRSi, gamarTulia sacekvao adgili, da mis axlo mokavebulia
patara, amaRlebuli alagi mosakraveebisTvis.
aq saRamobiT cekvavs axalgazrda xalxi, romelsac Soridan
siamovnebiT da xandisxan, mgonia, SuriTac dacqerian moxuce­
buli ded-mamebi da CemsaviT agorebuli, ubinao kentebi. Sesa­
niSnavi am cekvaSi is aris, rom yoveli dedakaci da qali cekvavs
Tavis qmarTan, an saqmrosTan da, Zalian iSviaTaT, gareSe pirTan.
TiTo saaTis ganmavlobaSi wyvilebi dardimandulaT da gamware­
bulaT trialeben ise, rom kacs egoneba – es oxrebi vinme sulels
uqiravebia im pirobiT, rom TiTo wveT oflSi maT Sublze TiTo
maneTi unda aZlioso.
raki mkiTxvelma Seityo, – ra aRtacebiT cekvaven aqauri
axalgazrdebi, me unda avwero exla „ra nairia“ imaTi cekva, ami­
tom rom Cvenebur da aqaur cekvaSi didi gansxvavebaa: qals xe­
lebi kacis yelis gareSemo aqvs Semoxveuli, da kacs ki, Tavis
mxriT, orive xelebi Semoxveuli aqvs qalis welze, ise rom wyvili
magraT Caxutebulia erTmaneTis gulSi...
me Zlier qargaT vici, rom am suraTs Cveni mkiTxvelebi ar
moiwoneben, xma maRla mainca, Tumc maT gulSi rom Caxedos kac­
ma, Seatyobs, rom cotaTi ar iyos ki moswonT da, mgonia, kidevac
enat­rebaT am gvari cekva. eh, mkiTxvelo, modi xeli gulze da­
vidvaT da gulwrfelaT gamovtydeT, rom am nairi cekva marTla
mSvenieri ram aris!...
yovelTvis, roca am nair cekvas uyureb, an Sig urevivar, (mo­
mitevebs Cemi moZRvari am Secodebas), me maxsendeba xolme T. raf.
erisTavis mSvenieri leqsi:

odes turfas Seeyaro, visTvisc giZgers marad guli,

Tu rom giyvars WeSmaritaT, ase unda siyvaruli:
xeli welsa gardahxvie, viT rom suro xesTan rguli,
ise mtkiced daekone, viT faTalo Cawmaxvnuli!

195
 maSin unda mSveniersa Tvali TvalSi gauyaro,
Tavi Tavsa, Tma dalalsa, mkerdsa mkerdi daamyaro,
tuCi tuCsa Seawebo, guliT guli gaaxaro,

sworeT am saxiT cekvavs aqauri axalgazrdoba, im gansxvave­

biT, rom „tuCi tuCze“ da sxva am gvarive daaxloveba saSemdegoT
aris gadadebuli – xandisxan ori sami wlis vadiT...
zogierTi mkiTxvelebi inatreben am nair cekvaSi mTeli si­
cocxlis gatarebas; me SemiZlia davarwmuno isini, rom mTe­
li sicocxlis ki ara, naxevari saaTis am gvaraT yofna Znelia;
am mizeziT, mocekvavebi xSiraT trials Tavs anebeben da baRis
CrdilSi pivos smiT sisxls igrileben da Tan xelaxlav sacek­
vavaT Zalas imzadeben. ra nazi musaifia gabmuli maSin daRalu­
li daniSnulebis Sua!... qali Tavis daniSnuls mis mdgomareobas
gamokiTxavs, rCevas aZlevs, Tu rogor moiqces, sad wavides, vis
ra miandos, visgan ra moiTxovos, an iTxovos da sxv. da sxv. dan­
iSnuli, magieraT, Tavis azrebs eubneba, ras apirebs, ris imedi
aqvs, ras moelis, da am nairaT orive axalgazrda kacebi swavlu­
loben SemdgomSi ojaxis saqmeebis xeirianaT garigebas.
am nair musaifebSi xSiraT nazi Rimili da xelis CamorTmeva
ereva axalgazrdobas; es did-codvaT ar unda CaeTvalos. xSir­
aT sxva feri musaific Camovardeba: orive mxare warsuli kviris
ambavs da gardasavals uambobs erTmaneTs; amas Tan mohyveba
nacnobebze azris gamoTqma da, rasakvirvelia, rom am ukanask­
nel sagans xSiraT mosdevs qalis kiskisi da saqmros xarxari. si­
yvarulis aRTqma, lodinis siZneleze trTvinva, imedis micema,
madloba; adgili rom ar mezogebodes, mTels Tabaxs avavsebdi
am saganze molaparakebiT, amitom rom siyvaruli aTas nairaT ga­
moTqvams Tavis mwuxarebas da sixaruls. magram ra saWiroa gag­
Zeleba; sakmao ar iqneba vTqva, rom aqauri daniSnulebi sworeT
im gvaraTve eqcevian erTmaneTs, rogorc CvenSi! – tyuilia,
mkiTxvelo?..
roca Cven am nair sastumros mivaxlovdiT (germaniaSi da
nemecur SveicariaSi amas Gartenwirthschaft’s eZaxian, es niSnavs
„baRian-sastumros“), ufrosma qalma miTxra, rom dRes Cven cek­
vas vapirebT da imedi gvaqvs, Cven molxenaSi Tqvenc monawileobas
miiRebTo. me gamovutydi, rom cekva Zalian sustaT vici da dau­
mate, rom Tavis tkivili da ugzo-ukvloT triali erTaT Zalian
ZnelaT moTavsdebian meTqi.

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 – cekva Zneli saqme ar aris, mipasuxa iman da Tavis tkivili,
mgonia, Tqven imisTvis moigoneT, rom gsurT Zala dagatanoT. Tu
asea da vnaxoT, Tu gabedavT aba uaris Tqmas.
Cven videqiT sacekvavi oTaxis karebis win. muzika offenbax­
is polkas ukravda da mocekvavebi aRtacebiT, gagiJebulaT daa­
frialebden TavianTi daniSnulebis kabebs.
offenbaxis muzika im nairia, rom momakvdavi kacis sasTum­
alTan rom daukraT, avaTmyofi loginidan wamovardeba da cekvas
daiwyebs, ana da xelebis da fexebis nZrevas da braxa-bruxiT mainc
aiklebs iqaurobas. amisTana muzikis moqmedebas rom daumatoT
asi, asocdaaTi kaci da qalis erTbaSaT triali, sicili, xarx­
ari, da rom gaixsenoT ra nairaT gardamdebia molxena, – rogorc
mwuxarebac – Tqven advilaT mixvdebiT, rom me Tavis tkivili da
cekvis ucodinarobac ise male damaviwyda, rogorc yoveliferi,
rac me Cven saswavlebelSi maswavles. da roca ufrosma qal­
ma kiserze xelebi momxvia, me uaris Tqmis magieraT, welze xeli
movavle da danarCen sazogadoebasaviT triali daviwye...
...saRamos xuTi saaTi iqneboda, roca Cven cekvas Tavi davaneb­
eT. me madloba gardauxade samive qalebs, romelTanac vicekve, da
Cven yvelam erTaT SemoujeqiT im sufras, sadac Cemi saxlis pa­
troni Tavisi coliT da axalgazrda qalebis dediT pivos svamda.
sanam Cveni daRaluli sazogadoeba xmis amoRebas Zlivs ax­
erxebs, sanam zogi pivos da zogi Saqar-wyals nel-nela miirTmevs
da gulamojdomilaT xvneSis, Cven, mgonia, cuds ar vizamT, Cemo
mkiTxvelo, sxva rame saganze rom vimusaifoT. Cem mgzavrebs Cven
kidev miveweviT; nu geSinia, – ver gagveqcevian.
roca qali Tavis siyvaruls aRar malavs da kacs pirveljer
pirSi eubneba „miyvarxaro“, roca kaci rwmundeba, rom es siyvar­
uli gulwrfelia, is Tavis sakuTar TvalebSi ucfaT izrdeba da
Tavis Tavi mTeli qveynis dammorCileblaT miaCnia. asea es qvey­
ana: axalgazrdobaSi, pirvel gamarjvebas da pirvelad maRal
qusliani waRebis Cacmas kacze sruliad erTnairi moqmedeba aqvs.
Semdeg ki sxva dro dgeba da, dros gamocvliT, ymarwvilsac
grZnoba ecvleba: axal jvar daweril kacs uecraT raRac nairi
nazoba gaujdeba tanSi, TiTqmis ZvlebSiac: is avaTmyofi kaciviT
azizobs, siTbos da alerss eZebs da bCxili rom wamotkivdes,
loginSi wveba. ra mouTmenlaT elis is sayvarlis nugeSsa, movlas
da alers, ra saSinlaT hsurs imas, rom sayvareli mudam mis sas­
tumalTam idges da mis survils guliT mixvdebodes!...

197
 im dros imas sayvarlis alersi mTeli qveynis fasaT miaCnia.
coli ki civaT, ugrZnobelaT, ugulisyuroT eqceva, TiTqo gul­
Si qmris tanjva uxarodes da marto xalxis TvalisTvis aqcevdes
yuradRebas.
cota xnis Semdgom coli loginaT wveba; maSin imas, rogorc
uwin qmars, mTeli mtkaveli simaRle emateba Tavis TvalSi; mis na­
zobas, alersis da movlis survils bolo ara aqvs. – axla qmari,
romelsac uwin colis gulgriloba suls uxuTavda, colis azi­
zobas udardelaT ucqeris, da gulSi am azris meti ara aqvs ra:
„me gaxlavar es biWio!“...
sasacilo ar aris es! – magram nurc imas daviviwyebT, rom am
briyvul uxeirobas bevri bedniereba moukafavs ZirSi da ufro
meti uTanxmoeba da ayal-mayali autexia col-qmars Sua... sCans,
rom kacis umecrebisTvis RmerTs samzRvari ar gauCenia.
Cven daniSnulebs, pivos smis dros, ase Sors jer ar SeetopaT;
magram, radganc maTi daaxloveba didi xnis saqme ar iyo, axalgazr­
da kaci sworeT ise iqceoda, TiTqo es ari maRal qusliani Ceqmebi
Caecva da jer kidev gamaRlebas ver SeCveoda. sabralo ymawvili,
TiTqo gafrenas apirebda, roca Tavis sayvarlis pirisaxeze co­
taoden Rimils Tvals mohkravda da wamdauwum xan wiTldeboda,
xan Tmas amayad isworebda, xan dgeboda da TavmomwoneT sufris
irgvliv seirnobda... „es Zveli ambavi mudam axalia“ vifiqre me;
„raki erTxel Setope am tbaSi, Senc sxvebisaviT yelamde Caifle­
bi; Sen scdebi, Cemo ymarwvilo Zmao; qalis siyvarulma Cven dro­
Si kaci ar unda gaapartavnos. – Tu Sen qals uyvarxar, is SenSi im
Tvisebaebs ki ar afasebs, romelic Sen TviTon, Seni xasiaTis Zal­
iT, SegiZenia da romliTac Sen sruli neba gaqvs Tavi moiwono. ara
kacSi qali imisTana Tvisebaebs eZebs da afasebs, romelic kacs
misda ukiTxavad – TviT dabadebidan miniWebia: is afasebs gvarov­
nobas – Tu qali gaunaTlebelia, SeZlebas – Tu xarbia, silamazes
ki – yovel SemTxvevaSi. Tu Sen es Tvisebaebi gaqvs, Tavis mowonebis
magieraT, Sen winaparebs madloba Seswire da gulwrfelaT dila
saRamos locvaSi moixsenie is, vinc iyo mizezi Seni dabadebisa, da
Tan imasac nu daiviwyeb, vinc Sen lamaz biWaT gamogakeTa...“
raRa Tqma unda, rom me Cem gulSi vfiqrobdi am nairaT. axal­
gazrda saldaTisTvis rom es azrebi gamemxila, is mouTmenlaT
sityvas Semawyvetinebda da metyoda:
– isini maSin, damijereT, Cem Snoze da silamazeze ar fiqrobd­
nen. – rasakvirvelia, rom me imas ukan ver Camoudgebodi da, raRa
Rone meqneboda, unda mepasuxebia:

198
 – magram arc Tqven fiqrobdiT maSin am saganze...
atydeboda dava, ybedoba, ayalmayali da, vin icis, riTi gaTa­
vdeboda. merwmuneT, mkiTxvelo, me Zalian kargaT vqeni, es azrebi
rom CemTvis da TqvenTvis Sevinaxe.
exla daumatoT, rom rogorc es Tavis mowoneba, egreTve
azizobac usafuZvloa. es azri daumtkiceblaT movatovoT da
daubrundeT Cem sazogadoebas.
Cveni sufris axlo-maxlo ijdnen da musaifobdnen, svamdnen,
an sWamden sxva da sxva nairi pirebi. erTs sufraze SevniSne me Cemi
nacnobi frankfurteli bankiri, romelsac sworeT imdeni mili­
oni aqvs, ramdenic TbilisSi saxlebia; is Tavisi coliT, vaJiT,
ori mSvenieri qaliT da ori Tu sami megobrebiT qeifs eweoda;
meore sufraze ijda ori axalgazrda mxatvari, TavianTi samgzav­
ro iaraRiT; mesameze – oTxiode prusiis jaris aficrebi; meoTx­
eze – erTi wvrili vaWris ojaxeuloba, mexuTeze – aTiode glexi
da muSa kaci; ori sufra axalgazrda prikazCikebiT da studen­
tebiT iyo savse. zogi namdvil nemecur enaze laparakobda, zogi
francuzulze, zogi mdabio xalxis nemecurs xmarobda, zogi
inglisursac; erT moSorebiT dadgmul stolidam rusuli xum­
robaebi moismoda iq myofi qalebis silamazeze da maT cotaode­
naT Sinagan Rirsebaebze... erTi sityviT, am sastumroSi im dRes
areul-dareuli iyo erTmaneTSi gvarovnoba, SeZleba, Rirseba da
xasiaTi. ufro SesaniSnavi ki is iyo, rom es uswor-masworoba aq
aravis ar akvirebda, ase rom Zalian xSiraT ori da xan sami su­
fris Sua gacxarebuli, Tavisufali musaifi imarTeboda.
Cven TiTqmis mTeli saaTi moundiT mosvenebas da am saaTis
ganmavlobaSi Zalian iSviaTaT viRebdiT xmas.
bolos umfrosi qalis daniSnulma xvneSiT da kvnesiT gaixse­
na, rom rva saaTze is frankfurtSi unda dabrundes da kazarma­
Si ufrosebs gamoecxados. rasakvirvelia, es Cven yvelas gvewy­
ina, amitom rom is Zalian mxiaruli da sasiamovno momusaife da
Semqcevi iyo CvenTvis, da ufro imitom, rom misi wasvla mSvenier
qals moawyenda. magram Cven kargaT vicodiT, rom samxedro sam­
saxuri prusiaSi xumroba ar aris. cota xnis Semdgom Cven gavis­
tumreT axalgazrda saldaTi da didi simwuxare da samZimari sag­
ZlaT gavataneT; imis sacolom albaT mixvda, rom amisTana Zneli
da Sori gzisTvis es sagZali ar eyofoda da, gamoTxovebis dros,
jafis amtani Zala Cabera gulSi... ase me imitom vfiqrob, rom aba
tuCs sxva ra azriT miabeWdda is tuCebze, gamoTxovebis dros,
axal­gazrda saldaTs, Tu ara gulSi Zalis CasaberavaT?...

199
 wamavali saldaTi rom gavacileT, Cven xelaxlav „baRian sas­
tumroSi“ davbrundiT da iq, cota xnis Semdgom, vaxSami moviT­
xoveT. Cveni musaifi raRac nairaT aRerRili iyo: ori-sami si­
tyvis mets veravin ver gamoTqvamda, TiTqo yvelas ena dabmuli
hqonda; roca mosamsaxurem Cveni arCivi mogvitana, musaifi
sruliaT Seswyda, – es gasakvirvelic ar aris: damSeul kacs ra
laparakis Tavi aqvs, roca win saWmeli udgia? am mizeziT Cven yve­
lani gaCumebulaT sufras SeveqcevodiT.
magram, Cemo mkiTxvelo, me marto piri mqonda saWmliT gakave­
buli, da ara Tvalebi da tvini. maSasadame vaxSmaT roca vijeqi, me
advilaT SemeZlo nacnobebis cqera da maTi yofaqcevis SeniSvna.
exla erTi kidev gardauxvioT Cveni sagnidan – ra vqna, es Cemi
Cveulebaa, da vin ar icis, rom movales ufro advilaT gaeqceva
kaci, minem Cveulebas.
Cveni mamapapuri, an, ufro sworeT rom vsTqva, deda-bebiu­
ri Cveuleba moiTxovs qalidan, rom sazogadoebaSi iman, rac Sei­
Zleba, naklebaT unda sWamos. amas uwin is mniSvneloba qonda, rom
Cven, qalebi, advili sarCeni varTo, nu geSiniaT, SegvirTeT, –
bevri xarjiT ar dagaRaribebTo. exla ki raRa mniSvneloba aqvs am
Cveulebas, rom damkiros kacma, ver vityvi da ver mivxvdebi. Cven
droSi colis rCenis xarji, saWmelSi ki ara, tanisamosSi da stum­
robaSi gadis: me oriode imisTana qalebs vicnob, rom rva dRes
usaWmloT darCebian, oRond ki imaT axali kaba, an mosasxami Sei­
Zinon, kviradRes saydarSi gamosafenaT. dRes CvenSi qalis mada
ki ar aSinebs qmrebs da saqmroebs, ara; maTi SemaSinebeli qalis
kopwioba da keklucobaa. am azriT, me, xumroba gaSvebiT, vurCev
Cven qaliSvilebs SimSiliT Tavs nu iklavT da magieraT gaTxove­
bamdi mainc moikavon Tavi mimbaZavi da damRupavi kopwiobidan. es
saqmros ufro advilaT auxvevs Tvals...
es azrebi momivida me TavSi, roca Cemi mezoblebis madian
Wamas uyurebdi; imaT dardi ara hqondaT – aravin SeaSinos Cvenma
madamo, da Cveni „RormucelobiT“ (rogorc CvenSi qaliSvilis ma­
das eZaxian) saqmro ar davkargoTo. wveni, xorci, xili, sasmeli ise
gasaRda, rom sufraze carieli TefSebis, Zvlebis da staqnebis
meti ara darCenila ra, da es staqani da TefSebic ise safuZvli­
anaT iyo gawmendili, rom maT gasarecxaT mosamsaxureebs, ara
mgonia, rom bevri jafa daWirdeboda. isec ki unda vTqva, rom arc
kacebs dagviklia xeli sasmel-saWmlisaTvis: gana SeiZleba, rom
kaci qals ukan CamorCes?

200
 cota xnis Semdgom, Cven gavswieT saseirnoT im gziT, rome­
lic kronderburgidan Romburgs midis. es gza ise lamazi da sasi­
amovno ar aris, rogorc zodenidan kronbergs, marTalia, magram
arc sruliad uSnoa: amas arc xeebi da arc oRroCoRroebi aklia,
arc tye da arc yana, ase rom aq seirnobasac Tavis siamovneba aqvs
kacisTvis.
win ori uncrosi qali midioda da gacxarebulaT uCurCu­
lebdnen yurSi erTmaneTs raRaca saidumloebs. maTi usaTuoT
guliTadi aRsarebis Sewyveta me ar mindoda, – es erTi; amas garda
codva iyo sabralo daniSnuli qalis marto mitoveba mwuxareba­
Si, – es ori; mesameT – gamovtydebi, – es mSvenieri da dardimandi
qali me ufro mimizidavda, vidre win mimavali mesaidumleebi...
raki erTxel gamovtydi, gulwrfelobas xels ar SeuSveb da aqve
daumateb, rom marto am mesame mizezma mimiyvana me daniSnuli qa­
lis gverdSi; ori pirveli mizezi me Cemi sindisis dasamSvideb­
laT momivida TavSi, roca Cem mezobels klavi mivarTvi da lapa­
raki dauwye. – ra vqnaT, am nairia kacis buneba!
Cvens ukan Cemi saxlis patronebi da qaliSvilebis deda mo­
dioden; imaT mizdevda Cemi saxlis patronis vaJi – rva an cxra
wlis baSvi, romelic Cven sirbil-sirbiliT wamogveweoda, ga­
mogveTamaSeboda cotas da mere SeCerdeboda Tavis dedmamis mo­
sacdelaT. ori qali isev TavianT saidumloebs uambobden erTi
meores. Cemi saxlis patronebi da maTi mgzavri xan Sinaur da
xan sazogado saqmeebze musaifobden da xan Cven ors xumrobiT
mogvkivoden, rom sabralo saldaTis wasvliT am nairaT sargeb­
loba Cveni mxriT didi usamarTlobaao, da Tan dasmenas gvpir­
deboden.
– sircxvili ar aris, gviZaxoden isini, siyvarulSi am nairi
orguloba da upiroba?! ra SeCvenebuli droa exlandeli dro!
Cven droSi qali imnairaT iyo erTguli daniSnulTan, rom mis gar­
da sxvasTan cekvas da seirnobas ki ara, laparaksac ar fiqrobda...
– Zalian darwmunebuli xarT, rom „ara fiqrobda“? vkiTxe me.
– ver bedavda mainca!
– es sul sxva saqmea.
– qmrisTvis ki sul erTia da...
– es qmarze hkidia: kacia da guneba.
Cemi mgzavri am xumrobaebs yuradRebas ar aqcevda.
– ras gadagvekiden am Tqveni RalatiT, uTxari me imas xumro­
biT, lamis marTla gaorgulobis survili mogvcen...

201
 – xumroba iqiT iyos, Cemi azriT, Ralatis survils, umetes
nawilaT, kacis eWvianoba unda aZlevdes qals.
– SeiZleba, SeiZleba...
– SeiZleba ki ara, ueWvelia. roca colsa da qmars kavSi­
raT azrebisa da xasiaTis erToba ara aqvT, roca imaT saerTo ar
uZevT win, rasakvirvelia, rom maTSi daundobloba iqneba. sadac
daundoblobaa, iq siyvaruls alagi ara aqvs, iq qals Ralatis­
Tvis gabedvis meti ara sWiria ra.
– Tqven Zalian adre dagiwyiaT am saganze fiqroba.
– Tqven es ar mogwonT?
– Zalian momwons.
– rogor ar vifiqro am saganze, roca mTeli Cveni bedniereba
da cxovreba amazed aris damokidebuli?
– magnair erTobas Tu eliT, bevri wyali Caivlis Tqven mdi­
nareSi, sanam Tqven mag bednierebas moeswrebiT.
– vin icis... vTqvaT me kidevac ver moveswro; gana es SeuZle­
beli saqmea Cven droSi? vTqvaT, rom exla, wreuls, mermiss da
mis Semdeg es SeuZlebeli saqme iyos; Cven saxeSi mainc ar unda
gvqondes am nairi mizani? rac dRes Cven SeuZleblaT migvaCnia,
aTi-TuTxmeti wlis Semdgom, namdvili da Zlier SesaZlebeli
saqme iqmneba. cota ramea gana exla eseTi asrulebuli, rac oci
wlis wineT kacs moufiqrebali egona? gotem tyuilaT ki ar Tqva,
rom kacisTvis SeuZlebeli ara aris rao.
– amaSi mec geTanxmebiT.
– maS raRaT ambobT, rom colqmaris azris da xasiaTis erTo­
ba SeuZlebeliao?
– me vambob – Znelia meTqi, Tqveni azrisa da xasiaTis kaci ad­
vili Sesaxdomia?
– rasakvirvelia rom ara: yovel kacsa da qals Zalian iSvia­
TaT Sexvdeba Tavis msgavsi, an toli kaci.
– vTqvaT exla, rom Tqven SegxvdaT Tqveni azris da xasiaTis
kaci, magram gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi; SeirTavT?
– im wamSive, amas raRa kiTxva unda.
– me am pasuxs velodi Tqvengan. magram saqme xom marto Ser­
Tva ar aris. merme?
– merme ra! Cven vimuSavebT, voSoviT rasme da am nairaT
vicxovrebT. me didi xania miCveuli var Cemi Tavis mokavebas. me
kanonaT maqvs: arafer Cveulebas ar aviCen imisTanas, romlis dak­
mayofileba mudam Cemi sakuTari SromiT da mogebiT ar SemeZlos.
me Zalian cota mWiria...

202
 – saubeduroT egre TiTqmis marto Tqven iqceviT, me iSvia­
TaT minaxavs magnairi xasiaTi – es pirmoTneoba ar gegonoT. ima­
sac daumateb, rom me darwmunebuli ara var, gaatanT bolomde mag
Tqveni kanoniT, Tu ori sami wlis Semdgom daiviwyebT imas. axal­
gazrda qalebs – rogorc kacebsac – bevri am nairi azrebi aqvT...
– gavatan bolos Tu ara, es arc me vici. vecdebi ki Zalian.
marTla, xom Zalian kargi kanonia Cemi kanoni?
– cota madroeT, qebis-Sesxmas dagiwerT, frankfurtis pir­
vel maidanze xalxs Sevkreb, Silleris Zeglze Sevforxdebi da
iqedan qebis Sesxmas xma maRla wavikiTxav. ai rogor daviwyeb:
„aqebdiT mas angelosTa dasni meTqi!“
– ixumreT, ramdenic gindodesT, me kidev vityvi, rom es
Zalian kargi da sasargrblo kanonia. vinc am kanons mtkiceT as­
rulebs, is mudam Tavisufalia...
– visac Zala aqvs da xeiriani gamosadeqi Sroma uswavlia.
– magas raRa laparaki unda. yvelam imisTana rame unda iswav­
los, rac cxoverebaSi imas, an mis maxlobels gamoadgeba. vin oxe­
ri miakvdeba usargeblo da cxovrebaSi gamoudegar swavlas?
– is oxeri, visac meti swavlis SeZleba ara aqvs...
– es Znelia, Zalian Zneli, gamoTqva wynaraT Cemma mezobelma
da Cafiqrda.
– vinc am SeuZleblobas gardarCenia, is ver daexmareba?
mkiTxa iman cota xnis Semdgom.
– ratom vera, Tu survili da moxerxeba aqvs. amas misi saku­
Tari sargeblobac moiTxovs; rac ufro SeZlebuli da ganaT­
lebulia sazogadoeba, romelSiac kaci cxovrobs, miT ufro
mtkice, sasiamovno da sanatrelia misi sakuTari mdgomareobac.
aqedan Cans, rom marto Tqveni kanoni sakmao ar aris kacis bed­
nierebisaTvis. xeiriani kaci Tavisi maxloblis damxmare da fex­
ze damyenebeli unda iyos. is mudam unda aukeTesebdes Tavisi
sazogadoebis znes, azrsa da cxovrebas, unda cdilobdes, rom
imis maxloblebidan xeiriani, SemZle da patiosani kacebi gamo­
dioden. marto amnairi kacebis sazogadoebaSi SesaZlebeli da
sanatrelia kacis sicocxle...
me SevCerdi da iqiT-aqeT movixede. gacxarebul laparakSi
Cven Turme Cqara gvevlo da Sors Camogvetovebina Cveni Tana­
mogzaurebi, ise rom Cven win ori qaliSvili ro midioden, isenic
dagvrCenoden da exla imaTi xmac aRar gvesmoda.
– davsxdeT mindorze, uTxari me Cem momusaifes, da Cvenebs
moucadoT.

203
 – mocdas kaci yovelTvis moeswreba, magram, rogorc gindo­
desT, davsxdeT.
Cven gzis axlo saukeTeso xe amovarCieT da imis ZirSi
davsxediT.
– ra nairi moqmedeba aqvs calke pirze sazogadoebis uxeiro­
bas da ugunurebas, Tqven SegiZliaT dainaxoT erTi SesaniSnavi
SemTxvevidan, romelic me exla maxsendeba, Cven rom aq tyeSi mar­
to varT:
„SarSan erTi axalgazrda qali wavida erT patara qalaqSi Ta­
vis biZisa da bicolis sanaxavad. iq gaicno iman biZis saxlSi iqau­
ri sazogadoeba; sxva nacnobebT Soris iyo erTi iqauri Cinovniki
u. n.; es kaci ormoci, ormocda xuTi wlis iqneba; imis piris saxe­
Si, zeTian TvalebSi, gaglesil cxvirpirSi Tavmowonebis meti ara
sCans ra. imis mixra-moxras da siaruls rom SexedoT, gegonebaT,
rom es kaci sabuqnaoT emzadeba da muxlebs iSinjavso; xelebi im
nairaT uWiravs mudam, rom ifiqrebT, es aris doinjebs Semoiyris
da wamoiZaxebs: „SemxedeT, ra dardimandi var!“ rogorc kaci, im
nairi xasiaTic: trabaxa, SemZromi da crupentela. erTi sityviT,
RmerTs imisTvis arc Sno da arc xeiri miuniWebia da, Tqven kar­
gaT iciT, rom, rac ufro uSno da uxeiro kacia, imas Tavis Tavi
ufro didaT miaCnia. am nairia sworeT u. n.
„marTalia, Tqven rom amisTana kaci SegxvdeT, or sityvasac
ar aRirsebT. magram patara qalaqSi isic kacaT iTvleba. gasak­
virveli ar aris, rom im axalgazrda qalma imas ise moeqca, ro­
gorc Tqven, magaliTaT, me meqceviT.
„egec unda giTxraT, rom is qali iyo gazdili erTs qalebis
saSuals saswavlebelSi. swavlis dasrulebis Semdeg is imave sas­
wavlebelSi ymawvilebis zedamxedvelaT iyo ramodenime xans.
warmoidgineT exla am nairi gasaTxovari qali, TqvensaviT Tavi­
sufal mixra-moxras daCveuli; warmoidgineT, rom imas cxovre­
ba marto Tavis saswavlebelis fanjridan unaxavs, warmoidgineT
kidev, rom es qali gaeria imnair sazogadoebaSi, sadac qali kacis
xmis gacemas TiTqmis ver bedavs da Tqven advilaT mixvdebiT, riT
unda gaTavebuliyo am qalis mogzauroba.
„n. uwinac xSiraT daiareboda im qalis biZis ojaxSi; exla ki,
raki dainaxa, rom axal mosuli qali imas TavisuflaT eqceoda,
Tavi ufro metaT moiwona, da yovel dRe daiwyo siaruli; im qve­
yanaSi, romelSiac es ambavi moxda, es jvris daweris niSania, da
ori sami kviris Semdeg mTels qalaqSi xma gavarda, rom n. ama da am
qalze jvars iwerso.

204
 „qalis biZam uTxra n-s, rom am nairi xmebi dadis qalaqSi da,
Tu Cemi Zmis wulis SerTva ar gindaT, sjobia, rom Tqven CvenTan
cotaTi ufro iSviaTaT iaroTo, radganac nacnobobis erTbaSaT
gawyveta Cemi Zmis wulis saxels gatexso. vin icis, iqneba biZas
kidevac surda amaTi dagvirgvineba – es RmerTma da iman icis;
Cems moTxrobaSi am saqmes did mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
„Cemma n-ma raki gaigona es, erTbaSaT Cxiri miatexa im kacis
saxls, da im nairaT dauwyo qceva, TiTqo mTeli qalaqisTvis un­
doda eCvenebina, rom „ganaTlebuli“ qali mivatoveo. iciT Tqven
„mitovebas“ ra mniSvneloba aqvs?.. biZac axirebuli kacia: adga
da roca gzaze Sexvda, oriode sila, Tu joxi aWama. amaze Sedga
gamoZieba da n-ma aTi Tabaxi qaRaldi gaaWrela im qalis Tavisu­
fali qcevis aweriT. „is Cem pir win icinoda, xumrobda, Tavisu­
flaT laparakobda, TavisuflaT iqcevodao; maSasadame, Cemze
azri qondao.
„im qveyanaSi am nairi azris gamoTqmas gasaTxovari qalis­
Tvis sikvdili sjobia, amitom rom misi saxeli tydeba, da visac
saxeli gatexili aqvs, Tunda rom yvelam icodes, rom is sruliad
ubralo iyo im saqmeSi, imas sixaruli ZnelaT eRirseba miss si­
cocxleSi.
„visme rom xanjali aeRo xelSi da im qalisTvis TiTi moeWra,
im kacs sasjelisagan veravin ver daixsnida. TiTis moWra Turme
ufro Zneli saqme yofila, minem wynari da gauTavebeli tanjviT
kacis mokvla.
„es yvela kargi: vin ar icis, rom upatiosno kacebi yovel
sazogadoebaSi urevian? sawyeni da gul-mosaklavi am saqmeSi Tvi­
Ton sazogadoebis moqmedeba da yofaqcevaa. Tqven ggoniaT, rom
am ambis Semdeg u. n.-s yvela nacnobebis saxlis karebi daeketa,
rom arc erTi patiosani kaci imas Tavs aRar ukravda, rom zogi­
erTi pirSiac hkiTxavden? marTalia, ase moiqceoda yoveli ga­
naTlebuli sazogadoeba. iq es saqme ki sul sxvanairaT gaTavda:
u. n. sazogadoebaSi isev isea miRebuli, rogorc uwin iyo; ara Tu
ubralo kacebi, „ganaTlebulebic“ uwindeliviT misi megobrebi
arian; sabralo qali ki TiTqmis yvelam miatova...“
minem am sityvebs vambobdi, me Tavi daRunuli mqonda da jo­
xiT balaxs da yvavilebs vawvalebdi. es Cemi Cveulebaa yovel­
Tvis, roca me cud gunebaze var. am mizeziT me, moTxrobis dros,
erTxelac ar Semixedavs Cemi mezoblis pirisaxeze. moTxroba rom
gavaTave, cota xnis Semdeg Cemi Tanamogzaurisken Tavi mivib­
rune; imis pirisaxe sruliaT gamocvliliyo: lamazs, mudam mo­

205
wiTalo loyebze siwiTlis landic aRar Canda; TvalebSi sisxli
amowoloda da gareT cremlebi gamocvaravden; Tma raRac nairaT
abuZgoda; erTi patara Savi kavi yuris win gardmovardnoda da
ufro fermkrTalaT aCenda mis sruliaT gaTeTrebul loyebsa;
galurjebuli tuCebi cotaTi RiaT qonda darCenili; magieraT
kbilebi im nairaT moeWira erTmaneTze, rom me SemeSinda, ar Caim­
tvrios meTqi.
me xma amouReblaT Tavi CavRune, da xelaxlav joxiT balaxis
CiCqna daviwye.
– Bei Gott im Himmel! (zecier RmerTs vficav), wamoiZaxa iman
bolos da wamodga fexze, me ar megona, amisTana kacebi Tu kidev
sadme iyvnen qveyanaSi!...

droeba. – 1869. – 16 agv. – N33. – gv. 1-4; 21 agv. – N34. – gv. 1-3.

206
 ivane sulxaniSvili

ai ras swers uf. iv. sulxanovi

qarTuls gazeTs „droebaSi“

16 (28) mkaTaTves. didixania rac vocnebobdi evropis naxvas

da gansakuTrebiT iqauri sofluri meurneobis da saxlosnobis
gacnobas, magram dRemde me ar mqonda SemTxveva aRmesrulebina es
Cemi didixnis natvra. samzRvars gareT me gamovemgzavre peter­
burRidan, saca daveswar samanufaqturo gamofenaze da sadac
axlomaxlo SesaniSnavi saxlosnoba cotaodnaT gavican. am TaviT
samzRvars gareT me mindoda menaxa da gamecno meurneobis mxriT
samxreTi nawili safrangeTisa, radganac am mxaris mdebareoba,
hava da miwa-niadagi bevriT emsgavseba Cveni saqarTveloisas.
peterburRidgan gamgzavrebis Semdeg, Cven gavigeT, rom
pir da piri gziT wasvla pariJSi SeuZlebeli saqmeao, radganac
sworeT im dros safrangeTs gamoecxadebina omi prusiisTvis da
amis gamo orive mxares Tav-Tavis samzRvrebze jari gamoeyvanaT
da ramdonsame alagas rkinis gzebic waexdinaT. am mizeziT gza
Zalian gagvigrZelda: varSavidgan avstriazed mouareT da aqed­
gan, SveicariiT rogorc iyo, pariJSi mivawieT.
sakuTriv SveicariaSi Cven davyaviT mxolod ramdonime dRe
im azriT, rom gvenaxa sazogadod iqauri meurneoba da gansa­
kuTrebiT aqauri gamoCenili yvelis keTeba. gansakuTrebiTi yur­
adReba Cemi miiqcia ciurixis maxloblaT venaxebma, romelnic aq
ufro blomaT arian, vidre sxva Sveicariis adgilebSi. aqauri ve­
naxebi sworeT im saxiT arian SemuSavebulni, rogorc Cvens saqa­
rTveloSi, mxoloT, gamoucdeli Tvalic SeniSnavs imas, rom va­
zebi venaxebSi erT rigzed da erTs zomazed arian naxarebi; TviT
venaxebs ara aqvT Semovlebuli araviTari Robe, rogorc CvenSi.
aqauri wesi vazebis SemuSavebisa TiTqmis arafriT ar ganirCeva da
arca sjobia im wessa, romelic CvenSia miRebuli. mxoloT iseTs
dacvas mamulisas, rogoric aq vnaxeT, saqarTvelo didxans ver
moeswreba. Cvens meurneobaSi uRoboT yanebis da zvrebis gaSveba
SeuZlebeli saqmea. yuradRebis Rirsia, rom yoveli ubralo meo­
jaxe mSromeli ise afasebs aq sxvis Sromas da Wirnaxuls, rogorc
Tavisas. Sroma da Sromis nawarmoebi – sakuTreba – sazogadoT
warmatebisaTvis da keTil-dReobisaTvis unda iyos sazogadoe­

207
bisganve kargaT daculi; magram, samwuxa­roT, aqamomde CvenSi am
saqmes Zlier susti yuradReba aqvs miqceuli. magram, vin icis,
iqneba SemdegSi, rodesac CvenSiac ise gavrceldeba ganaTleba,
rogorc aq, rodesac Cveni udabnoebi da kldeebi ise SemuSavdebi­
an, rogorc aq, rodesac aqaursaviT CvenSiac daiwyeben vagone­
bi grialiT curvas da gogvas, maSin iqneba Cveni qveynis kacic
gaufrTxildes da ufro daafasos Ta­ visi da sxvisi Sroma da
nawarmoebi. veravin ver damarwmunebs, rom bunebiTi simdidriT
es naqebi Sveicaria bevriT sjobdes Cvens qveyanas. axla aTasobiT
modian aq da mogzauroben, qaRaldiT da karandaSiT xel­Si, gan­
sakuTrebiT ingliselebi orive sqesisa; isini aRtacebaSi modi­
an aqauri mTebiT da imaTze midgmuli patara qoxebiT; magram, me
darwmunebuli var, rom CvenSiac ase gaadvilebuli iyos mogzau­
roba, rogorc aq, maSin zogierT Cven adgilebSiac (mag. imereTSi
da oseTSi) moinaxebian iseTi suraTebi, romliTac diax SeiZleba
aRtacebaSi movides yoveli kaci.
Sveicariis soflebis meurneobaSi, rogorc Cvens oseTSiac,
pirveli adgili uWiravs saqonels. magram ra gansxvavebaa aqau­
ris da mandauris saqonels Sua? ai, ra mniSvneloba aqvs saqonel­
ze kargaT Senaxvas da movlas. Sveicariis yveli da karaqi xom
ganTqmulia TiTqmis mTels qveyanaSi; aq or nair yvels akeTe­
ben: wminda, naReb mouxdeli rZisagan da meore ufro mdare yve­
li keTdeba iseTi rZisagan, romelsac naRebi moxdili aqvs; am
ukanasknel yvels Tavis Sinaur mosaxmaraT akeTeben.
ciurixidgan wavediT bazelSi, saca TiTqmis mTeli dRe dav­
rCiT axlo-maxlo adgilebis dasaxedavaT. aq sazogadoT ufro
mometebuli nawili saxnav-saTesi adgilebia; venaxebic ki moi­
naxeba. sadilaT Cvenma sastumros maspinZelma moitana saidgan­
Rac erTi boTli TeTri Rvino da TavmowonebiT gviTxra, rom
amisTana Rvino, ueWvelia, Tqven dReSi ar dagileviaTo. amisTana
dawmendili Rvino marTla me iSviaTaT minaxavs, magram, rodesac
gemo vnaxe, sworeT Cveneburi kolonistebis Rvinos Camogavda.
stolze msxdomma stumrebma, rasakvirvelia, es Rvino Zalian
moiwones da amis Semdeg Cvenma maspinZelma kidev ufro moiwo­
na Tavi. me momagonda, rom peterburRis gamofenidgan wamomyva
erTi boTli wiTeli Rvino T. daviT WavWavaZis zvridgan. wamov­
deqi da amoviRe Cemodnidgan Cemi Rvino. pirvelaT vaCvene erTs
meurneobis profesors, romelic aqve isxda. dalia Tu ara, ena
Caiwklapuna da aRtacebaSi movida; cot-cota yvelas ergo da

208
yvelam erT xmiT gadawyvita, rom Tqveneburi kaxuri Rvino bev­
raT sjobnebia aqaur Rvinosao.
meore dRes Cven gamovediT bazelidgan da Sig safrangeTSi
SevadgiT fexi. radgan mkis dro aris, xalxi sul mindorSi iyo da
mkida. sofleli xalxi aqac CveneburaT mkis: namgliTa da celiT.
orTqlis samkeli maSinebi, radgan isini ZviraT Riran, marto
did memamuleebsa aqvT Turme; magram safrangeTSi didi memamu­
leebis ricxvi Zalian cota aris, ase rom maSiniT mkis naxvas me
ver veRirse.
am mogzaurobaSi, erTi Tvalis gadavlebiT, me SevniSne, rom
safrangeTSi bevrgan gansakuTrebiTi yuradReba xilis moSe­
nebisTvis miupyriaT, saca ar gaixedavdi, yvelgan xilis baRebi
da iSviaTaT venaxebi dagxvdeboda. marTlac, wvrilmani memamu­
leebisaTvis amnairi meurneoba yovelTvis ufro gamosadegia.
magram, unda naxoT, rogor uvlis da Tavs evleba safrangeTeli
glexi erT namceca Tavis xilis baRsa, an venaxs; yoveli xilis xe
da toti mikrulia sarzed da, Tu xeebi wyobiT arian, maSin li­
Tonis moajirsaviT akeTeben im simaRlezed, ra simaRlisac Tvi­
Ton xeebi arian. amnairaT, Tavidanve movliT, xes eZleva is for­
ma da siswore, rogoric mebaResa hsurs. SesaniSnavia agreTve is
garemoeba, rom aqaur venaxebSi vazebis totebi sampiri metalis
mavTulebiT arian gakrulni da gamagrebulni rigzed darWobil
boZebzed.
sazogadoT sameurneo iaraRebi im safrangeTis nawilSi,
saca me movgzaurobdi, Zalian iSviaTaT ipoveba da, saca naxavT,
isic inglisidan (ramson da kam.) arian motanili.

sasoflo gazeTi. – 1870. – N14. – gv. 3-4.

209
 giorgi qoCakiZe

feletoni: civ-civi ambebi

am ukanasknel droSi iseTi sicxeebi dgas peterburRSi,

rom uneburaT gsurs kacs sadme gardafrinde... marTalia am
ukanasknel droSi gaaxSires peterburRSi aerostatebis aSve­
ba, magram Zneli es aris, rom es dalocvili aerostatebi saiTac
qari dauberavs iqiT migafrens kacs da aba vis aqvs survili axla
baltiis zRvaSi gacurebisa. amboben, viRac tamaSeviCs gamou­
gonia axali eleqtro-magnituli maSina, romlis SemweobiTac
SeiZleba aerostatebs mieces is mimarTuleba, romelic saWiro
iqneba. aaSena RmerTma, aqobamdi qveyanaze siarulic sWirda da
awi frenac gaadvildeba. am mecxramete saukuneSi ise gaxSirda
gamogonebaebi, rom naxavT Tu Cven ivanikasac survili ar aus­
ruldes da uCin-maCinis qudi ar gamoigonon. marTalia, iqneba
imerlebma ver daimsaxuros es saxeli; magram es xom cxadia, rom
pirvelaT imerelma inatra. magram kmara uCin-maCinis qudzec
laparaki, RmerTma Svidoba misces am peterburRsac, gavideT
aqidan, iqneba qalaqs gareT mainc cotaTi grilodes.
magram raki moSordebiT peterburRs da mis agarebs, im
wamsve SevxTebiT soflebs, romelTac ar etyoba am mdidari qa­
laqis axlo mdebareoba. isev is uTavbolo sofluri cxovreba
ixateba Tval win, romelic ase Cvevia soflur cxovrebas. mag­
ram amisTana didi qalaqis axlo mcxovreb xalxs rom ukeTesi
cxovreba ar enaxos, Zneli safiqrebelia. maS ra mizezia, rom es
xalxi ase CamorCenia Tavis mezoblebs?
me vambob im soflebze, romelsac rusebi Cuxnebis soflebs
eZaxian. es xalxi ekuTvnis finlandiel xalxs da rodesac Cux­
nas dauZaxeben TviTon ar esiamovneba, TiTqo ginebaT miaCndes
es saxeli.
ra ki Tan-da-Tan gascildebiT peterburRs da miuaxlov­
debiT finlandiis Zvel sataxto qalaqs helsingforss, imte­
ni icvleba soflebi da TviTon xalxic. aq Tqven ZviraT naxavT
gZelxalaTian rusis glexs; imas acvia Zveli, magram mokle da
gawmendili tanisamosi, Tmac mokleT da lazaTianaT SeukreWia...
Tumc mixvalT da hkiTxavT rames, is srulebiTac uars ar aris,
Tqveni gulisTvis xuTiode minuti moicados da xeiriani pasuxi

210
mogces. Tqven maSinve atyobT finlandiels, rom es sxva xal­
xia da, raRac, bunebiTi patiosneba Caunergavs RmerTs am xal­
xisaTvis. dedobriv sqesidan Tqven ZviraT dainaxavT aq im fari­
sevlur morcxvobas da yoveli ucxo kacisgan tyeSi gaqcevas,
rogorc xSirad ician CvenSi soflis qalebma. is TqvenTan gamo­
dis siamovnebiT, Tamamad gelaparakebaT da arc moqcemT mizezs,
rom rame ukadrisis Tqma gaubedoT da Tu gaubedeT rame, maSin,
ueWvelia sakadriss pasuxs miiRebT. me TviTon viyavi mowame,
rom erTi ymawvili kaci, romelic miuaxlovda erT fanjaraze
gadmomdgar ymawvil qals da finlandiur enaze oriode sit­
yva uTxra. qalma imwamsve Sebrunda Tavis oTaxSi da didxans ar
dabrunebula. saqme imaSi mdgomareobda Turme, rom am ymawvils
mowyureboda da amxanagebs uTxra: maswavleT finlandiuraT,
rZe rogor vsTxo­voo; magram amxanagebma rZis saxeli aswavles
da zed ymawvili qalisTvis saTakilo sityvebi daamates. qali
dabrunda da erTi xeliT staqniT rZe gardmouwodina ymawvils
da rodesac iman staqani dascala, qalma meore xelidan staqani
ucfaT Semoatriala da mduRare wyali pirSi Seasxa. „is rZe Seni
pirveli Txovnis dasaymayofilebelia da es cxeli wyali meori­
sao“ – upasuxa qalma da am sityviT fanjarac Caiketa. es faqti
imteni SesaniSnavi ar aris, rom amaze laparaki Rirebuliyos; ma­
gram aqidam SeiZleba Seadginos kacma, cotaodenaT, is azri, Tu
ra yofa-qcevis arian aqauri dabali xalxis qalebi. sazoga­doT
finlandielebi, ingliselebis ar iyos, Tavisi ojaxis Zlier
moyvarulni arian da imisi saxeli wminda taZariviT daculi aqvs
yovel finlandiels; is poulobs netarebas Tavis patara ojaxSi
da am netarebas ar gacvlis araviTar qveynier simdidreSi.
SeiZleba aq elaparakna kacs finlandiel sasoflo Skoleb­
ze da dabali xalxis garemoebaze ufro vrclaT, amis masalas,
garda dakvirvebisa, aficialur cnobebic aZlevs kacs; magram
srulebiTac ar mqonia saxeSi am xalxis gaviTarebis istorias
Sev­dgomodi, amisTvis gardavdivar isev helsingforsze da vit­
yvi oriode sityvas imaze, ra CabeWdileba moaxTina Cemze am qa­
laqma da aq mcxovrebma. helsingforsi aris didi qalaqi; magram
is aris aSenebuli evropiel gemoze da rac ki saWiroa ganaTle­
buli qalaqisaTvis is ar aklia. aq aris universiteti, sasamar­
Tloebi, Teatrebi, gimnaziebi, institutebi da ukeTes quCebze
da maidnebze Zeglebica dgas. etyoba, rom am xalxsac Tavisi war­
momadgeneli da gamoCenili kacebic yolia. quCaze raRac sul
sxvanairi sisufTavea da xalxic sxva Tavaziania. aq Tqven Zvi­

211
raT SexvdebiT imisTana „держи морд“ ebs, romelTac uneburaT
utevT gzas sxva ruseTel qalaqebSi. bulvarSi gadixarT saRa­
mos, Tqven iq xedavT finlandiel sazogadoebas, romelsac isev
sxva xasiaTi adevs. rac Seexeba xalxis tips, imaze es iTqmis, rom
kacs ufro xSiraT SexvdebiT lamazs vinem qals; qalebi umetesni
dabali tanis arian, WrelTvala da TeTr Tma-warba, ase rom vi­
sac SavTval-warbiani qalebi moswons, imis yuradRebas ver daak­
mayofilebs am mxriT aqauri keklucebi. magram es garemoeba ar
awuxebs finlandiels da is ZviraT gascvlis aqaur qals Sav-
Tval-warba francuJankebSi.
didi xania rac finlandia SamoerTebulia rusis saxel­
mwifosTan; magram imisi Sinagani wyobileba sul gansxvavebulia
rusebis Sinagani wyobilebisgan; imaT Tavidanve ise wauyvaniaT
TavianTi saqme, rom Tavisi kargi ar daukargavT da sxvisi Tu
rame unaxavT xeiriani imisi miTviseba ar uTakilebiaT. am patara
xalxis xeirs is amtkicebs kidev, rom didi xania rac es qveyana
Svecias da ruseTs Soris aris Cavardnili, magram amiTi imas Ta­
visi nacionaluri xasiaTi ar mouspia. isev im Tavis enaze lapa­
rakobs, swavlulobs, sasamarTloebSi da oficialur saqmeebSi­
dac imas xmarobs. rodesac filandiur enaze surs kacs laparaki,
ar SeiZleba ar moixsenios kacma helsingforsis universiteti,
romelic arsebobs 200 wlis mets. pirvelad abos qalaqSi gus­
tav-adolfs dauarsebia gimnazia; 1840 welSi es gimnazia gar­
dukeTebiaT universitetaT da Semdeq abos dawvisa gardmouta­
niaT helsigforsSi. am universitets ekuTvnis ukeTesi saxeli
finlandielebis. es aris suli da xorci finlandielebis. am uni­
versitets gamoutania finlandieli ena daviwyebidan, Seukrebia
yolisferi, rac ki finlandielma icis Tavis nacionaluri, imas
gauzdia finlandieli sazogadoeba da uCvenebia imisaTvis Tav­
isi wili qveynierebis istoriaSi. es universitetia, rom aZlevs
am xalxs im xeirian axalgazdobas, romelsac ukavia es qveyana
warmatebis gzaze. marTlac unda misces kacma simarTle aqaur
axalgazdobas, egeni arian seimSi, sudSi, vaWrobaSi, samRdeloe­
baSi da yovlgan, sadac ki Sroma da moZraoba saWiroa xalxis­
Tvis. amaT mtkiceT SeukravT urTierT-Soris mtkice kavSiri da
saflavamdi mizdeven Tavis qveynis keTildReobas. imaT Soris
ZviraT naxavT Tqven uTavboloT patriotobaze myviral ymawvil
kacs. magram icodeT, rom saqmiT is namdvili patriotia. mudam
moyvarulia imisi, rasac finlandiis saxeli hqvia. TviTon fin­
landielma gardmomiSala erTi rusuli wigni, romelSidac erTi

212
finlandiuri nacionaluri simReris Targmani iyo dabeWdili. es
simRera finlandiuraT ase daiwyeba: Värt lang, värt land, värt foster-
land… „Cveno qveyana, Cveno qveyana, Cveno samSoblov“. Zvirfaso
sityvav! sad aris sxva mTa, camdis awvdili, anu xeoba, anu kide,
zvirT ukumqcevi, romelnic ufro uyvardesT, vinem Cven gviy­
vars, Cveni mxare, Crdilos mdebare, Cveni mamuli!“
„Cveni qveyana Raribia da RaribaTac darCeba imaTTvis, visac
oqro swyuris. aq ucxo qveyneli amayad Carbis Cvens win; magram
ki gviyvars es qveyana. es Waobiani, mTa-zRva-kldovani qveyana
CvenTvis oqrovani qveyanaa“. ...aba ayure, Tu Cvenis siyvarulis­
agan ar aRmovides – Seni Suqi, Seni elvareba, Seni sixaruli, Seni
imedi. dae, erTi kidev gaixmauros Cvenma samamulo simReram!“
es simReraa, romelic ismis mindorSi, saxlSi, baRSi, Teat­rSi
da romelic aris partreti finlandieli xalxis patriotobisa.
aba naxeT Tu am patara xalxs, am or did saxelmwifo Sua myofs ar
Seunaxavs Tavisi nacionaluri xasiaTi. nu Tu ar kmara magali­
TaT im mwerlebisTvis, romelnic qadagoben, rom didma patara
unda Caylaposo. dasamtkiceblaT momyavs aq erTi oficialuri
rusuli Jurnalis sityvebi, romelic magisTana mqadageblebis­
Tvis, madlobaT kmara:
„Cven sazogadoebaSi kidev ipovebian imisTana pirni, rasak­
virvelia naklebad gaxsnilni, romelnic cudis TvaliT uyure­
ben imasac, rom Cveni mmarTveloba Seuxeblad stovebs Cveni Ta­
namemamule ucxo tomis xalxebSi im adgilobrivs gansxvavebiTs
Tvisebebs, romelnic ar ewinaaRmdegebian arc samarTlianoba­
sa da arc gonierebas. Zalian sasurvelia, rom CvenSi Zirianad
amoik­veTebodes es mtruli azrebi, es brma midrekileba, romel­
sac araviTari gonieri mizani ara aqvs.

1873 wels 19 ivliss. peterburRi.

droeba. – 1873. – 3 agv. – N30. – gv. 1-2.

213
 sergei mesxi

qarTveli evropaSi

xami mogzauris SeniSvnebi da fiqrebi

evropaSi mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebi. dasavleT evropis xal­

xTa yofa-cxovreba, qalaqebi, mrewveloba, meurneoba da sxv.

I. winasityvaobis magier. mas aqeT, rac me pirvelad adamianisa

da qveynierobis saqmeebsa da cxovrebas Tval-yuris devna dau­
wye, Cemi mudmivi survili, dauwynarebeli natvra da guliTadi
ganzraxva is iyo, rom evropa, da gansakuTrebiT safrangeTi, me­
naxa. mindoda menaxa is evropa, romlis cxovreba, namdvilaT rom
gansajos kacma, mTeli qveynierebis cxovrebas Seadgens. da is
safrangeTi, romelic Tavis mxriT, saukeTeso warmomadgenelia
evropis cxovrebisa. mindoda cotaTi, gakvriT mainc, gamecno da
damenaxa im xalxebis cxovreba, romelTac bevrni Senatrian, ro­
melT sxva da sxva dawyobilobasa da wesebs sxvebi hbaZaven. yvela
amaebs sad vnaxavdi Tu ar dasavleT evropaSi da imis saukeTeso
kunWulSi – safrangeTSi!
amas garda CemTvis, romelsac bednieri garemoeba nebas maZ­
levs, rom kviraSi erTxel ramdensame aTass Tu ara, ramdensame
ass kacs mainc erTad velaparako, vambob, evropis xalxebis nax­
va da imaTi cxovrebis gacnoba mainc gansakuTrebiT saWiroebas
Seadgenda.
„Sen saukeTeso cxovrebis gamarTvas, xangrZlivis Zilid­
am gamoRviZebas da tvinisa da xelebis ganZrevas uqadageb Sens
xalxs, vfiqrobdi me Cems Tavze. Zalian kargi; magram unda icode,
rom yovel axal swavlis mqadagebelis sityvas, yovel axali gzis
maCvenebels mxolod maSin eqneba damarwmunebeli Zala da namd­
vili gavlena, rodesac TviTon mqadagebeli darwmunebuli da
bejiTia Tavis swavlaSi da Tavis azrebis umjobesobaSi; da es
SeiZleba moxdes mxolod maSin, rodesac imas Tavisi axali gza, qa­
dagebis sagani kargad gamorkveuli da gacnobili aqvs! ruseTis
oriode qalaqisa da Tfilis-quTaisis cnobis meti Sen araferi
ar migiZRvis win, gamowyvdeulxar sololakSi da mandedam uqad­
ageb qarTvelebs, rom Zils Tavi daanebon, mihyon xeli axal saq­

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meebs da cxovrebas da wabaZon evropis cxovrebas, im cxovrebas,
romelic Sen TiTon ar ginaxavs da ar gagicvnia! aba ra Zala, ra
gavlena unda iqnes Sens sityvas, Sens RaRadebas?!“
amis Semdgom Tqven kargaT gaigebT Cem aRtacebas da mome­
tebulis sixarulisagan xtunvis survils, rodesac, zogierTi
wvrilmani da sxvilmani dabrkolebebis Semdgom, pirvelad ga­
dawyda, rom Cems samzRvars gareT gamgzavrebas aRaviTari da­
mabrkolebeli mizezi aRara aqvs ra.
erTi patara SeniSvnac, sanam Cem mogzaurobas Seudgebode:
me mxolod sami Tvis vadiT SemeZlo wavsuliyav samzRvar ga­
reT. aqedan cxadaT dainaxavT, rom, am mokle xnis ganmavloba­
Si marTla da namdvil evropis gacnobas me ver movaxerxebdi.
maSasadame am Cemi mogzaurobis awerilobidam Cemi mkiTxveli
dawvrilebiT ambebs da dalagebiT evropis cxovrebis aweras ar
unda moelodes. es aris mxolod mgzavris SeniSvnebi da xami Tva­
lis gadavleba ufro mometebulad pariJis cxovrebisa.
wamosvla. ivlisis 6 iyo da saRamos cxris naxevari, rodesac
Cvens saxel-ganTqmul foTi-Tfilisis rkinis gzaSi Cavjeqi da
gamovemgzavre Tfilisidam. suramis qeds rom gadmovcildi da
vigrZeni, rom Tavi isev kiserze mabia, RmerTs madloba Sevswire
da gadavswyvite, rom am mogzaurobaSi RmerTs sasikvdiloT ar
vyolivar gamometebuli, meTqi.
quTaisSi erTi dRiT Seviare. kenWis yra da bankis saqmeze mo­
laparakeba is iyo wina dReebSi gaeTavebiaT. nabrZolari veli sa­
saflaosaviT myudro da usicocxlo iyo: raindebi, gacxarebuli
brZolisa da TeTri da Savi yumbarebis srolis Semdeg, TiTqmis
yvelani TavTavianTsa wasuliyvnen. magram visac wasvla ver moes­
wroT da vnaxe, imwamsve Seatyobda kaci: vin iyo imaTSi gamarjve­
buli da vin – damarcxebuli. mxned mosiarule, yureb-gacveTil
da kudmoqocine ZaRli, unda icodeT, yovelTvis kmayofilia Ta­
vis bedisa, da Tu ZaRls yurebi awuruli aqvs, kudi amoZuebuli
da nel-nela, zozmaniT daiareba, ueWvelia, imas raime ubedureba
SemTxvevia!...
meore dRes me Cavjeqi foTSi cecxlis gemSi da gamovem­
Svidobe, droebiT, Cems qveyanas. ramden nairi grZnoba, ro­
gori fiqrebi aRelvebs kacs, rodesac is Tavis samSoblo miwas
stovebs! siymawvile, megobrebi, tanjva, sixaruli – yvelaferi,
rac gamomicdia, rac ginaxavs da rasac Sen kacad Seuqnixar, yve­
la erTnairad gamogexateba da warmogidgeba Tvalis win. yvelas
eTxovebi. Tvali da goneba ukan grCeba, sanam gemi ukanasknelad

215
ar daistvens da ar mogaSorebs am samSoblo miwas da ar gagifan­
tavs imis gamoTxovebisagan dabadebul azrebs.
mSvidobiT, Cemo kargo, lamazo samSoblov! mSvidobiT... Sen­
ze udidess, umdidress, uWkvianess da umZlavress qveyanas me,
ueWvelia, bevrs vnaxav, magram Senze umSvenieress, Senze usay­
varless da Zvirfass qveyanas CemTvis, me versad vnaxav! mSvido­
biT... xorciT gSordebi, suliT, gonebiT SenTana var!

II. Savi zRva – odessa. me movibrune piri, Cem win fuTfuTebs

da zozmanobs Savi zRva, Tvaluwvdeneli, lurjaT gardaSlili,
mSvenieri...
axirebuli zed-moqmedeba aqvs, zRvas adamianze: kacs hgonia,
rom mTeli qveynieroba imisTvis aris gaCenili, rom is batonia
deda-miwisa da yvelaferi imas unda emorCilebodes.
zRvis danaxva arwmunebs kacs, rom is Semcdaria am azrSi,
rom imas erTob maRla moaqvs Tavi, rogorc WinWvela spilosTan,
ise kaci zRvasTan. rogorc spilo erTis fexis ganZreviT aTas
WinWvelas gasress, ise zRva erTis aRelvebiT, erTis danZreviT
aTas kacs SenTqams da aTi aTasis naSroms gaanadgurebs.
diax, zRvas gonze mohyavs kaci. zRva agonebs imas, rom, Tum­
ca Sen uWkvianesi cxoveli xar, magram mainc cxoveli xar da erTi
ubralo qmnilebTagani didebuli bunebisao!
yvela im xalxebisaTvis, romelnic zRvis napiras dganan,
zRva daufasebel saunjeT yofila. adamianis daarsebidamve
SeniSnulia, rom yvelaze adre is kaci da is xalxi ganaTlebula
da gamdidrebula, romelic zRvis napiras cxovrobda. sxvaTa
Soris, zRvas miucia imaTTvis sxva xalxebTan misvla-mosvlisa
da vaWrobis gamarTvis saxsari, – da es pirveli saSualebaa xal­
xis win msvlelobisa, ganaTlebisa.
raSi gamoviyeneT, rogor visargebleT Cven Savi zRviTa?
dauaxlovdiT Cven ganaTlebul xalxebs? Cven moZme xalxebTan,
am zRvis napiras mcxovreblebTan, mainc Tu gvqonda mis­ vla-
mosvla da cnoba? iqneba is simdidre mainc gamoviyenoT, rome­
lic zRvaSia? arc erTi, arc meore, arc mesame. Cvens qveyanas
garda, Tu sxva xalxi da sxva saukeTeso cxovreba iyo, Cven xei­
rianaT arc ki vicodiT; Cveni mezoblebi Tu Cveni Zmebi iyvnen da
isini gamogvadgebodnen gaWirvebis Jams, amaze vin hfiqrobda!
Sav zRvaSi Tevzis daWera da sxva aTasi zRvaSi myofi nivTebis da
cxovelebis gamoyeneba vis mosdioda TavSi!

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 magram ras vambob? sxva ra gamoviyeneT Cven? Sav zRvas gar­
da, gana bunebas CvenTvis sxva aTasi simdidrisa da keTil-dRe­
obis mompovebeli saSualeba ar moucia? magram romeli erTiT
visargebleT? ubeduri xalxi varT!...
foTidam dawyebuli TiTqmis qerCamdi Cveni gemi zRvis
napirebs ar Sordeba. mogzauri araTu durbindiT, ubralo,
RvTisagan gaCenili ori TvaliTac kargaT hxedavs yvelafers
marjvena mxriT Savi zRvis napirebze. Tqven xedavT Saqris Tav­
ebsaviT Camwkrivebul patar-patara da didroan mTa-gorakebs,
romelnic zRvas Camoswolian; xedavT farToT gardaSlil,
xe-tyian adgilebsa da mindvrebs; alag-alag damtvreul da mi­
yruebul qoxebs. Tqven gaivliT soxums, biWvinTas, gagras, tu­
apses, saWas, mixailovkas (!) da sxva soflebs, romlebSiac Tu
„erT dros sicocxle ara duRda“, rogoric aris, sicocxle
iyo mainc...
TiTqmis yvela es zRvis napira alagebi, es Cerqezebis namo­
saxlari miwebi exla gaCerebulia da zogi gayiduli. mometebuli
nawili am miwebis ekuTvnis vaWrebs, rimelTac aq kaloniebi unda
gamarTon da civilizacia unda daafuZnon. mixailovkis pirda­
pir me miCvenes erTi mTa, romelic, rogorc miTxres, patkovsa da
leontievs ekuTvnis. erTma viRacam Cem gverdiT imaxvila, rom
„RmerTmani, „moskovis uwyebebSi“ statiebis wera da ruseTis pa­
tara xalxebis gineba – sasargeblo saqme yofilao!“
zRva mSvidobiani, wynari iyo; mxoloT sevastopolTan rom
mivawieT, cotaTi SegvanZria da zogierTi mogzaurebi, gansa­
kuTrebiT dedobrivi sqesisa, cota ar iyos Segviwuxa.
mogzaurebic sul wynari, mSvidobiani xalxi iyo. mxolod
erTi osmaleTis STamomavlobis Renerali Seadgenda CvenSi dis­
garmonias; danarCeni sul wvrili xalxi viyaviT. es osmaleTis
STamomavlobis Renerali yarabaxeli patrioti gamodga da mTe­
li gza gvarwmunebda, rom taStamuri da sxva avazakebi avazakebad
ZalaT gaxades, Torem Zalian kargi biWebi iyvnen, me imaT yvelas
vicnobdio. es azri, Renerlisagan warmoTqmuli, Zalian miewona
erT quTaisel iurists da dauwyo mis brwyinvalebas ganmarteba
im swavlisa, rom kaci Tavis moqmedebis batoni ar ariso; es se­
Cenovma daamtkica fiziologiuraTao da sxv. da sxv. warmoidg­
ineT Cemi gakvirveba, rodesac patara xans Semdeg me momesma misi
brwyinvalebis mrisxane sityvebi, rom „viRac seCenovi yofila,
imas kargi „seCenia“ mouxdebao!“

217
 amaT garda Cven gemze modioden xuTi, Tu eqvsi axlad kurs
Sesrulebuli gimnazielebi, romelnic mTeli gza, foTidam ode­
samdi, TiTqmis gauwynarebliv qaRalds TamaSobdnen, samgzavro
fulebi erTi jibidan meoreSi gadadioda, sxvaTa Soris, amaT
zogierTi iseTi rameebi ilaparakes, romelic swored rom Zne­
lad dasajerebelia. magaliTad, erTma sTqva, rom erTma kacma
Cemma amxanagma cxra cxvari miarTva ufrossao da mxoloT imi­
tom miiRo attestatio; meore xuT-xuTi maneTs aZlevda maswav­
lebels TiTo urokSio, mesamem erT maswavlebels samzRvar ga­
reT Tavis xarjiT wayvana dahpirda, meoTxem kidec waiyvana erTi
maswavlebeli venis gamofenazeo da sxv. amgvarebi.
es ambebi me yvela WorebaT mimaCnia. ver warmomidgenia, ro­
mel kavkaziis gimnaziaSi unda sufevdes amisTana wesebi da wyo­
bilebani...
am nairad mSvidobiT gaviareT Cven eqvsi dRis ganmavlobaSi,
es Tav-momabezrebeli, momawyinari gza, romelsac sxvagan erT
dRes an bevri dRe naxevarSi gadian da bolos, rogorc iqna, ode­
saSi mivediT.
yvela ruseTis qalaqebSi, peterburRs garda, odesa ufro
Snoiani da sufTaa da yvelaze ufro hgavs evropiel qalaqsa.
Tavis mSvenieri mdebareobis wyalobiT, odesas samxreT ruse­
TisaTvis, ueWvelia, iseve mniSvneloba miecema, rogoric Crdi­
loeT ruseTisaTvis peterburRsa aqvs.
magram me ar Seudgebi aq arc odesisa da arc ruseTis sxva qa­
laqebis aweras, radgan Cemi ganzraxva is aris, rom Cemi evropaSi
mogzauroba agiweroT.

III. vena – venis gamofena. odesidam pir da pir venaSi gavswie.

vena iyo pirveli evropieli qalaqi, romelic me cotaTi daaxloe­
biT vnaxe. me daviWire erTs miyruebul quCaze patara oTaxi, sam
guldenaT dReSi, cotaTi mivelag-movelage da im wamsve abano­
Si wavedi, radgan voloCinskidam venamdi qva-naxSiris komlma
sworeT buxris mwmendelsaviT Semmura. visac Cveni dalocvili
Tfilisis abanoebi unaxavs, imas es Cemi abano sworeT arafraT
moewoneboda. Semagdes erT patara oTaxSi, sadac auzi idga, Ca­
mouSves am auzSi civi da Tfili wyali da damtoves. arc Cvene­
buri madnis wyali, arc qisa, arc dazela, arc erTi, arc meore.
„madloba RmerTs, vifiqre me Cem gunebaSi: sxvaSi Tu araferSi,
imaSi mainc vjobnebulvarT Cven am ganaTlebul evropielebs!“
amisTana abanoSi did xans darCena, rasakvirvelia, aras miSvel­

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ida: mivedi kantoraSi, sadac erTi moxucebuli, saTvaleebi­
ani qali ijda da ise Cascqeroda Tavis davTars, TiTqo es aris
unda aRmoeCina, rom kudiani varskvlavi daetakeba deda-miwas da
qveyniereba daiRupebao. miveci, rac ergeboda, gamovedi, aviRi­
re kiseri da daviwye ugzo-ukvlod quCebze xetiali. sami dRis
ganmavlobaSi me TiTqos mousvenrad davxetilobdi venaSi: iseTi
quCebi, iseTi alagebi vnaxe, romelic mgoni namdvil venis mcx­
ovrebelsac Tavis dReSi ar enaxos. dRemde quCebSi, naSuadRev­
idam saRamomdi gamofenaze da Semdeg sxva gasarTob da dros
gasatarebel alagebSi, magram araviTari gansakuTrebuli da sa­
siamovnod mosagonebeli STabeWdileba ar damrCenia me venaze,
imis mitovebis Semdeg.
erTi SexedviT vena kargi lamazi qalaqia: xuT-eqvs etaJiani
lamazi saxlebi, gasakvirvelad sufTa da farTo quCebi, romel­
zedac auarebeli xalxi, faetonebi da sacxeno rkinis gzebis om­
nibusebi mousveneblad datrialoben, mdidrulad gamarTuli
maRaziebi – Zalian aSnoianeben qalaqs da sicxoveles aZlevan. gan­
sakuTrebiT exla, rodesac gamofena aris aq da ramdenime Tavis
wevri TiTqmis yvela qveynebs gamougzavniaT, am sicxoveles sxva
da sxva ferobac zed emateba: ra qveynis xalxic gindaT, imas Sex­
vdebiT. yvela xalxs Tavis Wkuis da xelobis nawarmoebi moutania
aq qveynis saCveneblad. bevric mxolod imisTvis mosula radgan
ician, rom aq exla TiTo nagleji mainc iqneba TiTqmis yvela xalx­
ebisa da undaT, eseni yvelani erTad dainaxon mainc aris...
zemo moyvanili sityvebi, rom aqedan „araviTari gansakuTre­
buli STabeWdileba ar mimyveba“ meTqi, gansakuTrebiT venis ga­
mofenas ekuTvnis. yoveli gamofena im nairaT unda iyos gamar­
Tuli, rom gamofenili sagnebis daTvaliereba da gacnoba ara Tu
marto mcodne kacebisaTvis da specialistebisaTvis, yvelasT­
vis SesaZlebeli da gaadvilebuli iyos. yvelas advilaT unda
SeeZlos danaxva, Tu romeli xeloba romels qveyanaSi ufro
winwaweulia da romeli xalxi ufro gavarjiSebulia romel­
same xelobaSi. es aris pirveli da aucilebeli piroba yoveli
gamofenisa da Tu es Sesrulebuli ver aris, amisTana gamofena,
icodeT, magden sargeblobas ver moutans adamianis xelovnebas.
am mxriT arc erTi gamofena, ar yofila ise kargaT gawyobili,
rogorc ukanaskneli pariJis gamofena (1867). erTi didi uSvele­
beli rgvali Senoba iyo gamarTuli; am rgval SenobaSi irgvliv
ramdenime wyoba galereiebi midiodnen, romelSiac TiToSi mxo­
loT TiTo romelime xelovnebis an mecnierebis sagnebi iyo ga­

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mofenili, ase rom aq yvela xalxebis naxelav sagnebs naxavdiT,
magram mxolod erTi romelime xelovnebisas, mag. meurneobis.
sigrZiT, erTi kuTxidam meore kuTxemdi iyvnen sxva galereiebi,
romelnic am rgval galereiebs sWirdnen da romlebSiac TiToSi
mxolod erTi romelime xalxis yovel gvar xelobas naxavdiT. am
nairaT Tqven SegeZloT gadagevloT Tvali an erTi romelime xe­
lobis nawarmoebisaTvis da an erTi romelime xalxis sxva da sxva
xelovnebisaTvis.
venis gamofena ki TiTqmis sruliad usistemod, uTavboloT
aris gamarTuli: gamofenas Zalian didi alagi uWiravs, magram
am alagSi xSiraT erTgvari sagnebi sul sxva da sxva saxlebSia
gamofenili, erTi nawili maSinebis, an meurneobis sagnebisa rom
erT SenobaSia, meore nawili sul sxvagan aris; erTi xalxis xe­
loba zogi erT alagas aris gamofenili da zogi ki sul sxvagan.
ase rom kacs Wkua daebneva, katalogi sruliad ver gSvelis.
mTeli dRe daiarebi, aTvaliereb da dalagebiT verafers ver
tyobilob da ver xedav.
mivedi Tu ara gamofenaze, rasakvirvelia, imwamsve Cven
kavkasiis ganyofilebis Zebna Seudeqi. magram ar damijerebT:
ori dRe veZie, sanam, rogorc iyo, mivageni, magram arc ki Rir­
da, RmerTmani, im Zebnad: me arafris Tqma ar SemiZlia am Cveni
ganyofilebis gamofenaze, radgan isve sagnebia, rac SarSanwin
moskovis politexnikur gamofenaze iyo da imis Tqma, rac erT
„droebis“ korrespondenciaSi iyo naTqvami marTla rom Znelia.
sazogadod gamofenaze or sityvas vityvi da es ori sit­
yvac, saubeduroT dagvianebuli iqneba.
nemecebs gamofenaze, rasakvirvelia, pirveli da udidesi
alagi uWiravT, lomis lukma auRiaT. magram SesaniSnavia, rom es
uSvelebeli alagi, aTas gvari sagnebiT gatenili, imis meoTxed
mayureblebsac ar izidavs, ramdensac, vsTqvaT, safrangeTis da
italiis patara alagebi izidven. araferze ar gagiCerdeba kacs
Tvali, araferi ar miipyrobs Sens yuradRebas, araferi STabeW­
dileba ar grCeba, TiTqmis yvela am germaniis ganyofilebaSi
gamofenili sagnebi Sen didi xania ginaxavs da gul-grilaT mi­
dixar iqiT.
yoveli xalxis xelovnebas Tavis gansakuTrebuli beWedi
asvia, TiTqos xalxs Tavis xasiaTi yovel saganze gamouxatav­
so. aiReT, magaliTad, nemecis naxelavi rame sagani: rac unda
ubralo sagani iyos, SeadyobT, rom imas dRe da Rame ufiqria,
uwvalebia, uWintvia da, rogorc aris, gaukeTebia.

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 mis magieraT daxedeT safrangeTis, italiis, patara Svei­
cariis da TiTqos CineTisa da iaponiis ganyofilebebs, – ram­
deni xalxi asevia, rogor aRtacebiT uyureben wamowiTlebuli
angliCanebi safrangeTis bronzis sagnebs da italiis patar-­
patara Zeglebs!
rac Seexeba maTs silazaTes, gemos – amaSi, rasakvirvelia,
francuzis moxeles vercerTi qveynis moxele ver Seedreba.
marTla sul ubralo rame bronzis Tujis an nikelis sagnebSi
Sno sicocxle, xelovneba sCans, rom artists umuSavnia da im­
deni dro ar mondomebia, ramdenic niWi da xelovneba. SexedeT
italiis ganyofilebis Zeglebs da suraTebs! ramdeni sicoc­
xle, ramdeni bunebiTi simxurvale, grZnoba da vneba ixateba
yvela Zeglebis da suraTebis ara Tu piris saxeze, sxeulSi da
dayenebaSi! im xalxs, romelsac amisTana xelovnebis niWi aqvs,
Tbili sisxli, grZnoba da guli unda hqondes!
ruseTis ganyofilebani yvelani, marTla, gansakuTrebiT
yuradRebas Tokebsa da tyavebs aqceven da marTlac mSvenierad
naxelavi Tokebi da tyavebia...
magram davaneboT Tavi am usulo sagnebs da oriode sityva
sulian qmnilebazedac vsTqvaT – venis macxovreblebze.
exla vena, am gamofenis gamoisobiT, rogorc zeviT vsTqvi,
sxva da sxva aTas gvari xalxiT aris avsebuli. quCebSi da gansa­
kuTrebiT gamofenaze Tqven yovel nabijze SexvdebiT oT­x-kuTx
piris saxian Cinelebs, Tvaleb-mileul gayviTlebul iaponelebs,
mxreb-aweul, mxned gamomxedvare rusis Rene­ rals, romelic
statskur tanisamosSi rogorRac ver grZnobs Tavis Tavs kar­
gaT, pirze wamowiTlebul, grZel fexebian ingliselebs, rome­
lic TiTqo joxi gadauylapavso, ise daiareba; cocxal, facura
francuzebs; Savgvreman, konspiratoris TvalebiT mcqe­ rals
espanielebs da sxva aTas, romlis awera SeuZlebelia.
magram am xalxSi Tqven stumarsa da maspinZels im wamsve ga­
moicnobT. veneli mcxovrebi igive gauTleli, filosofiuri
piris-saxis, pivoT gaberili da ara simpatiuri mixvra-moxvris
nemecia, rogorc sazogadoT. magram yvela es nemecis gamarCev­
eli Tvisebebi venels ufro darbilebuli da, Tu SeiZleba ase
vTqvaT, ufro gatkbilebuli aqvs, vidrem mag. berlinel an mi­
unxenel nemecs. erTis sityviT, berlinel da venel nemecs Sua
isve gansxvaveba aris, rigoric Cvenebur seminarielsa da gimna­
ziels Sua; Tu SeiZleba, rom Cveneburi seminarieli Tavis fi­
losofiuri gamoxedulobiT, wynari, brZnuli mixvra-moxvriT

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da sazogadoT xasiaTis simZimiT berlinis nemecs Seadaros
kacma, maSin veneli nemeci Tavis cotaTi ufro mometebulis si­
cocxliT, ufro msubuqi xasiaTiT uTuoT Cvenebur gimnaziels
Seedareba.
veneli qalebis silamaze mTels qveyanaSi ganTqmulia. Tu
swori piris-saxis dawyobilobas, naz, TeTr-yirmiz cxvirpirs,
kargaT moyvanil Tvalebs, lelwam tanadobas, Tu yvela amas si­
lamaze daerqmeva, maSin ueWvelia, veneli qalebi lamazebi yo­
filan. amboben, rom pariJidam da sxva safrangeTis qalaqebidam
venis gamofenaze aTi aTasi qali (kokotka) meti Cavidao, radgan
ucxo qveynelebisagan iq karg Semosavals moeliano. marTlac
xSiraT SexvdebiT iq maT. magram venis qals da pariJels erTi
SexedviT gamoicnobT: xSiraT veneli qali ufro lamazia, ukeTe­
si tanadia, magram imas arasodes ara aqvs is lazaTi, is Sno, is,
„raRac mimzidvels“ rom eZaxian, romelic ase uxvad miuniWebia
bunebas francuzis qalisaTvis. veneli qali da sazogadoT neme­
cis xSiraT kartinkasaviT lamazio, rom ityvian, sworeT iseTia,
magram kartinkasaviTac sicocxlemoklebuli.
raica Seexeba veneli qalebis zneobas, amboben, rom Znelad
ipoveba venaSi iseTi qmriani qali, romelsac erTi „Sinauruli
megobari“ mainc ara hyvandeso: Zvirad ipoveba iseTi qalio, rom­
lis guli marjve don-Juans ar daemorCilos da romelsac Tavis
kanonieri qmris Subli ukanono rqebiT ar daemSvenebinoso...
esec Tqveni nemecis qalebis „idealuri“ siyvaruli da „ide­
aluri“ zneoba.

droeba. – 1874. – 4 ianv. – N405. – gv. 1-3;

222
 IV. miunxeni. meoTxe dRes, SuadReze, me guldauwyvetlad
gamoveTxove venas da imis gamofenas. wavedi rkinis gzis stan­
ciaze da aviRe bileTi miunxenamde, radgan am pivos sataxto
qalaqSic mindoda erTi dRe davrCeniliyav. meoreT rom dahkra
zarma. me erTi ufro carieli vagoni amovarCie, davjeqi, mive­
lag-movelage da daviwye aqeT-iqiT Tvalebis feceba. sul iqiT,
vagonis meore kuTxeSi, viRac ori nemeci zian da, TiTqo namZi­
narevi iyvnen, welmowtyvetilad laparakoben. cota xans Semdeg
karebi gaiRo da erTi Cveneburi siberisagan kbileb-Cavardni­
li, ulvaSeb-SekreWili da welSi mokakuli somexi Semovida, Ta­
vis maudis kabaSi da Savi atlasis axaluxSi gamowyobili. kidev,
cota xans Semdeg, gaiRo karebi da erTma axalgazrda, vaSlsaviT
loyeb wamowiTlebulma, gafunTulebulma nemecis qalma Semoh­
yo Tavi da zed Cem pirdapir dajda.
pir da pir rom Sevxede am qals, imis TvalebSi amovikiTxe: ro­
gori axalgazrda xar, ara grcxvenia, ratom ar damelaparakebio!
– qalo, Tqven, mgoni, mand mze gawuxebT; Tu gnebavT, aqeT
gadmojeqiT, adgili aris, vuTxari Cemi damtvreuli eniT da miu­
TiTe Cem gverdiT.
– marTaliao, sTqva da bevri ar ufiqrnia, adga da Cem gver­
diT dajda.
– Tqven sad midixarT?
– miunxenSio, Tamamad da RimiliT mipasuxa.
– mec iq mivdivar.
– yofilxarT Tqven miunxenSi? qalaqs icnobT?
– Cem dReSi ara, magram ara uSavs ra ar davikargebi.
– me ki pirvelad mivdivar iq da Zalian meSinia: marto var...
– risi geSiniaT, aq ara var, Tu nebas momcemT, me viqnebi Tqve­
ni raindi?
– madlobeli var, magram...
– magram ra?
– meSinia...
– risi geSiniaT? da amis dasamtkiceblad, rom me mgeli ar vi­
yavi da imis SeWma ar SemeZlo, miviwie axlos imasTan da srulebiT
uneburaT Cemi marjvena xeli imis marcxena xels daedva. antoni­
na cotaTi SehkrTa, magram xeli mainc ar gaswia.
– zogierTi kaci mgelze uaresiao, TvalebSi gamoesaxa an­
toninas.

223
 mTeli gza umtkicebdi, rom is Semcdaria, magram radgan
nemecuri enis diqsioneri male gamomelia, me im eniT dauwye imas
saubari, romelic mTeli qveynisTvis erTia.
bolos, rogorc iqna, Cven mivawieT miunxenSi, movkide xeli
Cem damas, Camoviyvane vagonidam, CavjeqiT Hotel nacional-is
omnibusSi da gavswieT. cota xans Semdeg Cven ori oTaxi daWe­
rili gvqonda da otelidam gamovediT: antonina viRac Tavis
nacnob qalTan wavida da me qalaqSi daviwye CemeburaT xetia­
li da Tvalebis feceba. daviare aqauri politexnikis Skola da
suraTebis galereia da orivesagan sruliad kmayofili davrCi.
qalaqic, rogorc nemecis sifaqizes ekadreba, sufTaa. swori
quCebi, maRali, Zveli saxlebi, pirze wamowiTlebuli da pivoT
gaberili bavarielebi, – erTi sityviT, yvelaferi isea, rogorc,
nemecis qalaqs Seefereba.
saRamos, TerTmeti saaTi iqneboda, rodesac me Cem otelSi
davbrundi. daRaluli, moqanculi viyavi da is iyo tanisamosis
gaxdas Seudeqi da dawolas vemzadebodi, rodesac antoninas
oTaxidam raRac xmauri momesma.
– antoninam Tavis Tavi me Camabara, me vikisre imis movla da
usvindisoba da gauzrdeloba iqneba Cemis mxriT, rom ar Sevide
da ar davxedo, Tu rame saWiroa, an Tu mSvidobiT aris, meTqi, vi­
fiqre da daurakune karebze.
jer xma ar amoiRo me vifiqre, sworeT dawolila meTqi, da
is iyo ukan dabrunebas vapirebdi, rodesac wynaris xmiT momesma:
– Herein! (SemodiTo).
SevaRe nela karebi da Sevedi. gavixed-gamovixede. antonina
arsad ara sCans. im mxridam, sadac sawoli idga, momesma:
– me loginSi var, Zalian daviRale; Tu mgeli ara xarT, exla
gamogaCndebaT, aq nu momekarebiT, dajeqiT mand da ise vilapara­
koT. sad iyaviT ra naxeT, sTqviT!
yur-moWril monasaviT davemorCile imis brZanebas; Camovs­
jeqi stolTan da yvelaze pirvelad vkiTxe, xom kargaT aris, xom
aravis gaubednia imis wynenineba, an Tavis saqme rogor gaariga.
iman miTxra, rom Zalian kmayofilia am otelisa, kargaT memsa­
xureno, vaxSamic kargi maWameso da rac Seexeba Cem saqmes, ise
kargaT gavarige, rom mec ar movelodio.
iman rom gaaTava, mere me movyevi Cemi im dRevandeli alian-Ca­
liani. uTxari yvelaferi, sadac viyavi, rac vnaxe, rogor kmayo­
filad davrCi, rom politexnikuri Skola da sazogadoT aqauri
Skolebi ase kargaT aris gamarTuli, rogor gamakvirva im gare­

224
moebam, rom bavariis mefis sasaxle am saswavlebelTan Sedare­
biT ubralo qoxs gavs meTqi; mere Cveni qveynis mdgomareobaze
da bunebaze daviwye laparaki da sxv. da sxv. da sxv. erTi naxe­
vari saaTi viybede antoninasTan da merme gamovemSvidobe da Cems
oTaxSi wavedi.

V. ciurixi. meore dRes, dilis cxra saaTi iqneboda, roca

Sevkari bargi, gavistumre otelis patroni da gamovswie rkinis
gzis stanciaze. aT saaTze Cveni maSina gaqanebiT midioda Svei­
cariisaken. Cvenebur nasadilevs Cven gadavediT bodenis tbaze.
daiwyo Sveicaria. mowmendili, laJvardi ca, patara gorake­
bi, buCqebiTa da xeebiT amwvanebulni, patara Releebi da sazoga­
doT erTi Tvalis gadavleba am patara da Tan didebuli Sveica­
riisa, me Cem patara samSoblos kuTxes – imereTs – momagonebs...
bodenis tbidam ciurixamde TiTqmis ori saaTis savalia, ra­
sakvirvelia rkinis gziTa.
ai, gamoCnda ciurixica, es Sveicariis ganaTlebis kuWi, es
zogierTisaTvis safrTxo qalaqi, romlis saxelsac zogierTe­
bi TiTqmis gul-grilad verc ki gamosTqvamen, romelSiac miRe­
buli swavla da ganaTleba qveynis damRupvel da damaqcevel da
kacobriobis gamryvnel swavlad da ganaTlebad miaCniaT! erTi
sityviT, es aris ciurixi Tavis politeqnikuri SkoliT, rome­
lic pariJis politexnikuri Skolas Semdeg TiTqmis pirvelia ev­
ropaSi, Tavis rusis axalgazrdebiT gatenilis universitetiT,
Tavis saxel-ganTqmuli fliunterniT, Tavis mSvenieri tbiT, Ta­
vis amayi da kmayofil mcxovreblebiT...
exla rom warmomidgeba Tvalwin ciurixi da mis are-mare,
axi­rebuli Sedareba kia, magram im wamsve quTaisi da imis are-mare
momagondeba xolme. SexedeT ciurixi or nawilad aris gayofi­
li, marjvena mxare mTazea gaSenebuli; marcxena ufro swor ala­
gas; SuaSi ciurixs tba da limati Caudis, marcxena mxriT xedavT
gamoCenil utlis mTasa da albiss; ukan gaixedavT aq da alpis
mTebis Stoebs SexedavT. magram es Sedareba mxoloT am garegani
mxriT Tavdeba. rogorc Cvens goraze wamoWimuli maqsime gabaS­
vilis saxli ciurixis fliunternze wamomdgar politeqnikur
Skolas ar hgavs, ise sxva mxriT es Sesadarebeli sagnebi – ci­
urixi da quTaisi – ar gvanan erTmaneTs...
ciurixi nemecuri Sveicariis udidesi qalaqia. magram ga­
naTlebis misaRebi saSualebebiTa da swavlulebisa da mecnie­
rebis simravliTa is mTels SveicariaSi pirvel qalaqad iTvleba.

225
marTlac, aq aris gamoCenili politexnikuri Skola, romelSiac
yvela qveynebidam modian ganaTlebis misaRebad. aq aris mSve­
nierad gamarTuli universiteti, gimnazia, uangariSo pirvel
dasawyisi Skolebi, biblioTekebi, muzeumebi da sxva, rac ki ga­
naTlebis misaReb saSualebad iTvleba. amasTan TviTon qalaqis
simyudroeba, cxovrebis siiafe da yovel mxriv Tavisufleba,
rasakvirvelia, bevr axalgazrdobas miizidavda ciurixSi; da
marTlac ase moxda: Cems iq yofnis dros, rogorc miTxres, na­
xevarze meti studentebi politexnikurs SkolaSi da universi­
tetSi sul ucxo qveynelebi iyvnen; amaTSi asze meti rusis qali
da vaJi eria da xuTmetamde Cveneburebic iyvnen, romelnic zog­
ni emzadebodnen universitetSi Sesvlas da zogni kidec daiare­
bodnen. magram am ukanasknel dros, gamocemulis mfarvelobis
brZanebis gamo zogierTebi Sin dabrundnen da zogni ki sxva qa­
laqebSi gadavidnen swavlis gasagrZeleblad.
Cems aq yofnaSi rusis axalgazrdobas gacxarebuli yri­
lobebi da molaparakeba hqondaT imaze, Tu, mivdivarT da, ra
uyoT Cvens biblioTekasao. ramdensame imaTs yrilobas da baass
daveswari da davrwmundi, rom eseni, RmerTmani, ise saSiSo da
yuradRebis Rirsni ar arian, rogorc hgoniaT da rogorc Sori­
dan moeCveneba kacs. TviTon imaTi wiTel-wvera winamZRoli xom
arasodes ar yofila safrTxilo kaci da exla xom sul gamofu­
turebula.
TiTon ciurixeli Sveicarielebi rom mouTmenari, uguebe­
li da axirebuli xalxi ar iyos, es rusebi mSvidobiT icxovrebd­
nen ciurixSi da iswavlidnen. magram am dalocvilebs SeudgeniaT
TavisTvis mtkice kanonebi cxovrebisa, yofa-qcevisa, tan-sac­
melisa, da nuravin nu gabedavs am kanonebze gadasvlaso; yvelam
ise icxovros, yvelam ise Caicvas, yvalam ise imoqmedos, rogorc
meo; erTis, sityviT, Cemgan gansxvavebuls, Cems kanonebze gada­
suls me arafers ar moviTmeno. rusebi ki Tavis xasiaTiT, Tavis
CveulebebiT, Tavis kombostoTi, erTi sityviT, Tavis rusobiT
modian aq. ai, es aris im garemoebis mizezi, rom ciurixSi rusebi
rogorRac ver moTavsdnen.
didis kmayofilebiT vambob, rom Cveneburebi am mxriT Zalian
kargaT iqcevian aq. isini rac SeiZleba, scdiloben, rom arc Ta­
vis yofaqceviT da arc garegani SexedulobiT ar ecnen TvalebSi
mcxovreblebs, da amis gamo ciurixelebsac isini Zalian uyvarT
da pativsac scemen yvela kavkasiels. isini rogorc Tavis moZmes,
Tavis megobars, rogorc karg kacs, ise uyureben da siamovnebiT

226
umegobrdebian, Tu ki TviTon kavkasielma moindoma imaTTan
daaxloeba. magram, saubeduroT, es Zalian iSviaTi SemTxvevaa:
Cvenebi ciurixSi erTob gancalkevebuli arian, erTob ganze dga­
nan da Tu SeiZleba ase vsTqvaT, erTob TfilisuraT cxovroben.
magram yvelaze ufro sasiamovno is swavlaSi guls-mod­
gineba da sibejiTe iyo, romelic me Cvenebur orive sqesis axal­
gazrdobas SevamCnie. erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi aq imaT imdeni See­
matebiaT gonebis gaxsnaSi, ramdensac CvenSi, mgoni, xuTi wlis
ganmavlobaSiac ver SeiZendnen.
ori kvira davrCi me SveicariaSi da am ori kviris ganmav­
lobaSi imdeni vixetiale, rom erTs Cem megobars egona, rom mu­
dam mogzaur da dauRalavad yovel kldeze mportyav, inglise­
lad vapirebdi gadaqcevas.
viyavi SavxauzenSi; vnaxe gamoCenili didebuli rkinis wyal­
vardnili...
vnaxe liucerni da imis erT kldeSi gamoWrili, safrangeTis
didi revoliuciis dros daRupuli Sveicarielebis samaxsov­
roT, uSvelebeli lomi.
vnaxe Sveicariis sataxto qalaqi berni... ukacravaT: Sveica­
riaSi taxti ar aris... berni is qalaqia, romelSiac imyofeba mTe­
li Sveicariis kavSiris umTavresi mmarTveloba.
vnaxe mSvenieri oTxi-kantonis (uris, untenvaldenis, Svicis
da liucernis) – tba, Tavis ankara wyliTa, Tavis napirze Camowo­
lili kldeebiTa da Tavis kideebze mercxlis budesaviT misku­
puli soflebiTa.
vnaxe griutli da sazogadoT is adgilebi, sadac 1307 wels
samma kantonis ubralo mcxovreblebma: valter fiurstma, ver­
ner Stafxerma da arnold-de melxtalma Tavis daCagruli ma­
mulis, Tavis mSvenieri mTebis, ucxo tomis xalxisagan ganTa­
visuflebaze Sehfices erTmaneTs da kidec Seasrules es kacis
saukeTeso movaleoba; vnaxe is adgilebi, romelic ukvdavi po­
etis (Silleris) kalamma ase cxadaT, ase cxovlad gamoxata Ta­
vis „vilhelm telSi!“
vnaxe SesaniSnavi rigi kulmis rkinis gza da ara Tu vnaxe, ave­
di kidec am gziT kulmis mTaze da iqidam, rogorc xelis gulzed,
ise davinaxe TiTqmis mTac, es mSvenieri tba, cugis tba, liucer­
ni, Svici, pilatis mTa da Zirs bevri mSvenivrad SemuSavebuli da
amwvanebuli soflebi da adgilebi.
vnaxe... magram ra mniSvneloba aqvs mkiTxvelisaTvis imis
ubralo CamoTvlas, Tu rac me vnaxe SveicariaSi da rac Rirsia

227
naxvisa! araviTari. RmerTs rom CemTvis ufro xelovnuri kala­
mi da aweris niWi moeca, maSinac ubralo aweriT gamousaxavdi
mkiTxvels am patara qveynis mSvenierebas; da gansakuTrebiT Cem
mkiTxvels, iqneba, verc maSin gavakvirvebdi...
SveicariaSi rom daviarebodi da iqaur bunebas vxedavdi,
mudam erTi Sedareba midga Tval-win: kavkasiisa da Sveicari­
isa. bunebiT, adgilis mdebareobiT, TiTqmis haviTa da cxo­
vel-mcenareobiT kavkasiasa da Sveicarias Sua didi msgavsebaa.
Cvens qveyanas mxolod erTi aklia: Sveicariis tbebi. gauCineT
Tfiliss gverdiT Jenevis tba, quTaiss – ciurixis tba, sadme
zemo­-imereTSi oTxi kantonis tba warmoidgineT, da Tu saqar­
Tvelo Sveicarias ar emgvaneba srulebiT Tavis bunebiT, maSin
rac gindaT, is miTxariT.
magram bunebis msgavsebasTan – ra gansxvavebaa erTisa da
meore qveynis ganaTlebaSi, ekonomiur da socialur mdgomareo­
baSi! erTi yovlad ayvavebuli, ganaTlebuli, mdidari, mxne
– meore Rarib-Rataki, umecari! erTi namdvili samoTxe deda-­
miwisa, – meore iseTi kuTxe, romelsac mxolod SeeZlo samoTxed
yofiliyo!
yoveli Sveicarieli yve
laze pirvelad Tavis mamulis moyvarulia. mgoni, arc erTi
meore xalxi ar moiZebneba deda-miwaze romelsac ise uyvars Ta­
vis patara, magram mSvenieri samSoblo, rogorc Sveicariels. is
grZnobs, rom Tavis qveynis bedniereba imis sakuTari bedniere­
baa, da samSoblos damcireba imis damcirebaa. amis gamo marTlac
ise uvlis, ise uyurebs Tavis samSoblos, rogorc namdvili Sobi­
li Tavis mSobels. Sveicarieli grZnobs, rom Tavisufali wevria
Tavis xalxisa da ara visime qveSevrdomi. is amayobs Tavis sam­
SobloTi; aravis ar miscems imis damcirebis da Seuracxyofis
uflebas; gaWirebis dros, rodesac Sveicarias rame SiSi miadge­
ba, mTeli xalxi, rogorc erTi kaci, ise adgeba xolme da gadian
brZolis velze mtris winaaRmdeg; yvela ise icavs, ise uyurebs
sazogado mamuls, rogorc Tavis uZvirfasess sakuTars saqmes;
yvela mzaT aris, mamuls Tu dasWirdeba, araTu Tavis SeZleba da
qoneba, Tavis Tavic Seswiros. Sveicariis yvela saxlebze ori si­
tyva aweria devizaT: – Liberte et patrie – „mamuli da Tavisufleba“
da am ori, erTmaneTSi ganuyofeli sagnisaTvis, isini arafers
ar zogaven; ciurixelsac an sxva romelime nemecuri kantonis
Sveicariels rom hkiTxoT: „nemeci xom ara xarT Tqveno?“ is

228
wyro­miT SemogibRverT da amayaT getyvisT: „ukacravad, ufalo,
me Sveicarieli gaxlavarT!“ agreTve Jenevel Sveicariels rom
francuzoba SeswamoT, Tumca Zalian uyvarT francuzebi, magram
mainc imave siamayiT gipasuxebT, rom „me francuzi ki ara, Svei­
carieli varo!“
ai, amisTana xalxi cxovrobs im mTa-kldian da tba-mdina­
reebian patara SveicariaSi, romelsac bervis mxriT evropis
saukeTeso kunWuls eZaxian, xalxi cocxali, mxne, mSromeli, Tav­
isuflebisa da samSoblos moyvare.
guldawyvetili gamoveTxove me, ori kviris Semdeg ciurixs
da iq myof Cem Tanamemamuleebs da gamovemgzavre JeneviT pari­
Jisaken.

VI. Jeneva. Jenevas pariJis namtvrevs eZaxian. „maSasadame,

vfiqrobdi me, urigo ar iqneba, sanam mTels pariJs erTad vnaxav­
de, jer imis erTi nawili, erTi namtvrevi vnaxo“.
or dReSi amisTana qalaqis gacnoba da yvela aqauri Sesani­
Snavi rameebis naxva, rasakvirvelia, Znelia, magram ramdenadac
gavicani, exla, rodesac pariJi da imis cxovreba naxuli maqvs,
vrwmundebi, rom zemomoyvanils Sedarebas zogierTi mxriT sa­
fuZveli aqvs: marTla, garegani cxovrebis mxriT Jeneva Zalian
mohgavs romelsame pariJis ubans. isve xalxiT gatenili quCebi,
isve mcxovreblebis sicxovele da simkvircxle, erTis sityviT,
isve quCis cxovreba, romelic pariJSi ase ecema kacs TvalSi.
Cems iq yofnaSi JenevaSi brusvikis Rercogi mokvda da radganac
es qalaqi Zalian Sehyvareboda, Tavis mdidar SeZlebidam, sxva­
Ta Soris, 25 milioni franki am qalaqs uanderZa. unda genaxaT,
ra ambavSi iyvnen Jenevelebi! yvela am 25 milionze laparakob­
da, yvela hyviroda; gareSe kacs egoneboda, rom es fulebi, mTel
Jenevas ki ara, gansakuTrebiT TiToeul Jenevels uanderZa im
cxonebulma brusvikis Rercogmao, iseTs gacxarebul baasSi,
yvirilSi da milaparakebaSi iyvnen. yvelgan hkiTxulobdnen da
Cxubobdnen, Tu rogor, raSi unda movixmaroT es fulebi? zogi
amtkicebda federalur universitetisTvis unda daixarjosi,
zogi axali Teatris asaSeneblaT niSnavda da zogi vin icis, risT­
vis. saubeduroT, axla am fulebs bevri memkvidre da modave­ebi
gamouCnda, Torem es 25 milioni franki, romelic TiTqos Jene­
vis wliur Semosavals udris, ueWvelia, bevr keTil saqmeSi ga­
moadgeboda Jenevelebs.

229
 zedve etyoba Jenevas, rom eevropis deda-miwaze is yvelaze
uTavisuflesi qalaqia: rac evropis sxva da sxva mxareebSi
akrZaluli da devnili an wignebi an kacebia, yvelas aq Seufa­
ravs Tavi. sxvaTa Soris, exla Jeneva komunarebiT savsea, ro­
melTac mometebuli nawili Zalian sawyal mdgomareobaSi arian.
romelTac raime xeloba icodnen, kidev rogorc aris gauwyvi­
aT sicocxle. zogierTebi raRac broSurebs sweren, TviTonve
daaqvT da gamvlel-gamomvlels aCeCeben xelSi – iyideo da amiT
Zlivs lukma-purs pouloben. imaT aq sxva da sxva sazogadoebebi
gaumarTavT, sazogado sadilebi dauwyviaT (La marmite sociale)
da amgvari saSualebebiT didis gaWirebiT gamodian.
monblanis mSveniers xidze amarTulia mSvenieri Zegli, ro­
melic warmoadgens or qals, erTmaneTze gadaxveuls. es Zegli
aSenebula imis saxsovraT, rom 1814 wels Jeneva da imis kanto­
ni Sveicariis kavSirs SeuerTda. erT qals (Sveicariis kavSirs)
Cauxutebia gulSi meore (Jeneva) imis niSnad, rom Sen CemTan ara
giSavsrao...
magram Jenevis SesaniSnav rameebSi yvelaze ufro Cemi yu­
radReba Jan-Jak-russos Zeglma miiqcia. es Zegli dgas patara
kunZulze, romelsac agreTve Jan-Jak-russos kunZuli hqvia da
romelzedac bergis xididam patara dakiduli xis xidi aris ga­
Senebuli. ukvdavi meTvramete saukunis mwerali dam­jdaria, xel­
Si uWiravs kalami da qaRaldi da TiTqo erTi im Tavis Sesa­niSnav
wigns swerso, romelTac ase win waswies evropis Wkua-goneba.
JenevaSive mogzaurebs uCveneben erTs saukeTeso sastumros­
Tan (Hotel de ville) im adgils, sadac 1762 wels, maSindeli Je­
nevis mmarTvelobis gadawyvetilebiT, daswves Jan-Jak-russos
saukeTeso Txzuleba „emili“, romelSiac is swerda, Tu rogor
ryvnis adamianis bunebas exlandeli ymawvilis aRzrda da ro­
gori unda iyos namdvili aRzrdao...
amiT vaTaveb me, pariJamdi, Cemi erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTs
mogzaurobis aweras da pir da pir pariJisaken miveSurebi.

droeba. – 1874. – 11 ianv. – N406. – gv. 1-3;

230
 VII. pariJi. pariJis pirvel danaxvas, imis niadagze pirveli
fexis dadgmas gamaSterebeli da Camafiqrebeli zedmoqmede­
ba aqvs kacis gonebaze. Tvali xedavs zRapris qalaqiviT Tval-­
uwvdenel qalaqs, dauboloebel, swor quCebs, koSkebiviT ama­
Rlebul eqvs da Svid etaJian saxlebs da am saxlebs zeviT kidev
imaTze umaRless ekklesiebs, koSkebs da Zeglebs. guli grZnobs,
rom Seni fexi dgas iseTs niadagze, romelzedac ramdensame ass
STamomavlobas ucxovria, umoqmednia, romelzedac ramdenime
revolucia momxdara; grZnob, rom yoveli nabiji am qalaqis mi­
wisa safrangeTis TavisuflebisaTvis daRvril sisxliT aris
morwyuli; grZnob, rom Sen xar im niadagze, im qalaqSi, romel­
ic aris erTsa da imave dros Tavi da guli mTeli safrangeTisa,
sa­dac scems maja politikuri da socialuri cxovrebisa; une­
burad warmogidgeba Tval win pariJis warsuli cxovreba, imis
xalxis brZola, imis muSis TavSewiruloba, imis mowinave kacebi­
sa da mecnierebis gavlena mTeli qveynis gonebiTs cxovrebaze,
– da yvela es azrebi iseT nairaT gagitaceben, iseT nairaT Se­
gipyroben, rom Sterdebi da ZarRvebis uneburi caxcaxi mogdis.
me ar vici, ra emarTebaT da rogori grZnobiT Sedian mahma­
dis Tayvanis-mcemlebi Tavis wminda qalaqs – qabaSi; magram mgo­
nia, rom imaTi grZnoba Zalian unda gvandes aRmosavleTidam pa­
riJSi pirvelad Semomavali kacis grZnobasa!
axirebuli azri gvaqvs Sedgenili Cven yvelas, vinc Cveneburi
wignebiT gamovzrdilvarT, „exlandel“ pariJze da imis cxovre­
baze. yoveli mxriT gvesmis Cven mand, rom pariJi iseTi qalaqiao,
iseTi gagiJebuli cxovreba aris iqao, imden nairi gasarTve­
li, dros dasakargavi da mimzidveli rameebi ipovebao, rom ara
Tu swavla, mosvenebiT cxovreba da sazogadoT gul-damjdari
Sroma iq SeuZlebeli saqmeao.
es Tavidan bolomde Semcdari da cru azria. rasakvirvelia,
dros dasakargavi da gasarTveli rameebi, rogorc sazogadoT sxva
qalaqebSi, pariJSiac blomad moipoveba. magram visac Sroma unda,
vinc swavlis SesaZenad mosula, visac mosvenebuli cxovreba sWi­
ria, darwmunebuli iyos, rom, Tu sadme sxva alagas monaxavs yvela
amas, pariJSi mometebuls Tu ara, naklebad ver naxavs.
am mxriT erTi garemoebaa pariJSi SesaniSnavi: yvela dros ga­
satarebeli adgilebi da sxva ramebi, rogorc magaliTad: Teatre­
bi, aTasnairi balebi, saRamoebi, kancertebis da sxva amgvarebi pa­
riJSi ise Zvirad Rirs, rom Tu kacs kargi saSualeba ara aqvs, imaT

231
gemovnebas da imaTSi garTvas Zalian iSviaTad SeiZleba. winaaR­
mdeg amisa, TiTqmis yvela umaRlesi saswavleblebi, yvela leqcie­
bi, biblioTekebi, wignebi, gazeTebi da sxva gonebis SemamuSavebe­
li da gamxsneli saSualebani an sul muqTi da an Zalian iafi arian,
ase rom Zalian Rarib kacsac SeuZlian imiTi sargebloba, Tu ki,
rasakvirvelia, survili eqneba. visac cuRlutoba, dros dakargva
da fulebis flangva unda, imas es yvelgan SuZlia da pariJSi ki,
marTla, yvelaze ukeTesad da ufro malec...
me ki yvelaze ufro pariJSi politikuri cxovreba mimizidavs.
CaxedeT ra qveynis gazeTebSiac gnebavT: romeli xalxis politi­
kuri cxovrebis aweras uWiravs mometebuli alagi? rasakvirve­
lia, safrangeTis da ara germaniisas, romelic ukanaskneli omis
Smedeg mudam trabaxobs, rom evropaSi pirveli alagi me miWiravso.
es garemoeba gasakvirvelic ar aris. Tqven iciT, rom exla par­
iJSi, anu ukeT vsTqvaT, versalSi, wydeba iseTi kiTxva, romelsac,
safrangeTis momavalze, mis politikur cxovrebazed didi gavle­
na eqneba.
sazogado istoriaSi da gansakuTrebiT safrangeTis istoria­
Si erTi yuradRebis Rirsi movlenaa SeniSnuli: yovelTvis, revo­
luciis Semdeg, rodesac moqanculi, daRaluli xalxi romelsame
erT partias miendoba da imas Caabarebs Tavis bedis gamgeobas da
Tavis qveynis mmarTvelobas, es patara partia, cota xnis Semdeg,
TiTqmis imnairaTve iwyebs moqmedebas, imnairaTve arTmevs xalxs
im Tavisuflebas, romlisaTvisac iman imdeni sisxli daRvara, ro­
gorc winandeli, gardagdebuli mmarTebloba. erTi sityviT, rev­
oluciis Semdeg, jer-jerobiT, TiTqmis mudam reakcia, ukan dab­
runeba, Zveli wesebis ganaxleba da isev xalxis Seviwroeba iwyeba.
rasakvirvelia, es kanoni ar aris. im dRes, rodesac xalxi Ta­
vis namdvil momxreebs gaarCevs pir-moTne da moRalate pirebSi,
im dRes, rodesac xalxi, revoluciis moxdenis Semdeg, TviTonve
daesakuTreba Tavis saqmeebs, – im dRes es ToTqo kanoni moispo­
ba da xalxi igrZnobs Tavis sisxlis Rvris namdvil sargeblobas
da Sedegs.
magram exla ki, jer-jerobiT, asea: revoluciis Semdeg, xal­
xis bedi isev xalxis mtrebs, mxolod Tavis pirovnul sargebloba­
ze mzrunvelebs uvardebaT xelSi, da iwyeba reakcia. ase moxda
1793 wlis didi revoluciis Semdeg, ase moxda 1830 wlis (ivlisis)
revoluciis Semdeg, ase moxda 1848 wlis (Tebervlis) revoluciis
Semdeg da ase xdeba exlac, germaniasTan omis, napoleonis gadag­
debisa da kommunis areulobis Semdeg.

232
 vis xelSia exla safrangeTis bedi?
imave pirebis xelSi, romelTagan ganTavisuflebas, romlis
gavlenis mospobas ase scdilobda safrangeTis xalxi.
ras SvrebiT, rogor iqcevian es pirebi?
exlandeli konservatoruli umetesoba versalis nacionalu­
ri krebisa sworeT ise iqceva, sworeT im gzaze dgas, sworeT ise
aviwroebs xalxis Tavisuflebas, rogorc adrindeli, gadagdebu­
li napoleonis mmarTveloba, ase rom monarxiuli gazeTebi da gan­
sakuTrebiT bonapartiuli taSs ukravs da aRtacebiT Sehyurebs
yovel imis moqmedebas.
jer erTob bevri moindomes: iseTi wesebis, iseTi mefobis (Sam­
boris) ganaxleba, romelic warsul saukuneSi, 1789 wlamde, arse­
bobda safrangeTSi. mere radganac, respublikuri partiis wya­
lobiT, es ver moaxerxes, iseTi umniSvnelo, uniWo da politikur
saqmeebSi umecari kaci (mak-mahoni) dasves respublikis preziden­
tad, romlis xelSiac rac undaT, imas izamen, rogorc undaT, ise
imoqmedeben da atrialeben da atrialeben safrangeTis saqmeebs.
amaTi ganzraxvis kvali axlave sCans. Tumca am ori wlisa da
naxevris ganmavlobaSi wynaraT da mSvidobianaT cxovrebs, magram
amiTi mainc umetesi nawili am mSvenieri qveynisa samxedro mdgo­
mareobaSi hyavT da Tu sadme faCuni gaigones, hyvirian: ar iqna, rev­
oluciao! da yvela kanonis miuxedavaT atusaReben moqalaqeebs da
spoben gazeTebs.
exla amzadeben iseT kanons, romlis ZaliT qalaqebis da sof­
lebis merebi (gamgeobis ufrosebi) xalxisagan amorCeuli ki ara,
mTavrobisagan dayenebuli unda iqneso.
amzadeben beWdvis Semaviwroebel kanonebs.
undaT erT nawils amomrCevlebs yoveli moqalaqis uZvir­
fasesi ufleba – deputatis amorCevis ufleba – waarTvan da sxv.
erTi sityviT, yovel maT moqmedebaSi, yovel gankargulebaSi is
ganzraxva sCans, rom maT hsurT, xalxs xelebi da piri Seukran da
srul batonaT gaxdnen.

VIII. warmoidgineT anCxli dedamTilis patroni patarZali,

romelic droebiT moSorda imis ganuwyvetel Tval-yuris devnas,
imis sisastikesa da mbrZaneblobas da wavida sadme stumrad, rom iq
ramdenime dro mainc ufro Tavisuflad, damoukideblad da kval­
Si Caudgomelad gaetarebia. warmoidgineT is usiamovno grZno­
ba, romelic aRigZvreba am sacodavi patarZlis gulSi, rodesac
hxedavs, rom dedamTilic ukan gamosdevnebia imas da Tavis erTis

233
SexedviT da yofaqceviT agonebs im usiamovnebas da satanjvels,
romelic suls uwuxebda imas Sin da romelsac gamoeqca.
swored amgvar usiamovno mdgomareobaSi vgrZnob mec Cem
Tavs... aqeT rom movdiodi, sxvaTa Soris, me is nugeSic mqon­
da, rom: „aha, madloba RmerTs, ramdenime TviT mainc movSordi
im pirebs, im saqmeebs da interesebs, romelnic mudam guls miw­
yluleben, romelnic mudam Cem simcires da „Cven“ gaWirvebul
mdgomareobas magoneben, meTqi. „vfiqrobdi: „im ucxo, mSvenier
qveyanaSi droebiT mainc Sevisveneb da aRar davinaxav sxva da sxva
iseTs pirebs da movlenebs, romelTac momakvdinebeli zed moq­
medeba aqvT Cemze, meTqi“.
saubeduroT, es Cemi ganzraxva ar Semisrulda.
Cavjeqi Tu ara foTs xomaldSi, gavixede da erTi p.........i mo­
madga, romelsac TfilisSi vicnobdi da aq sruliadac ar mindo­
da gamovcnaurebulviyav. Cveulebrivi „gamarjoba“ „gagimarjos“
Semdeg is momijda gverdiT da mkiTxa:
– Tqven saiTken?
– venaSi.
– gamofenaze?
– gamofenaze.
– Zalian kargi, mec iq mivdivar, mere iqidan apirebT sadme?
– pariJSi.
– kidev ukeTesi: mec pariJSi. maS Cven Tanamogzaurebi vyo­
filvarT. Zalian kargia gzaSi Tanamogzauris yolao!... daiwyo da
rogorc mogexsenebaT zogierTi laparakis moyvaruli Tanamog­
zaurebis ambavi, mohyva wiladobilasa da ukanaskneli erTi saaTi
gauwyvetliv iWikWika.
– wavxdi kakali kaci, vifiqre Cems gulSi. Tu es kaci ver mo­
viSore Tavidam, sul mamiwamlavs meTqi Cemi samzRvar gareTis mog­
zaurobis siamovnebas.
me amoviRe patara sakidam raRac wigni, romelic gzaSi sakiTxa­
vad mqonda wamoRebuli, da Tan nel-nela dauwye Sla da Tan Cem
mesaubres Sevcqerodi TvalebSi imnairi SexedulobiT, rom iman
bolos, rogorc iyo, gaigo, rom me imis laparakis ara mesmodara
da msurda Tavidam momeSorebina. is imwamsve adga da viRac meore
nacnobs miujda gverdiT.
mas aqeT, odesamdi, Tumca erT xomaldze vmogzaurobdiT,
mag­ram oriod-samiod „saxazino“ sityvas Tu vesrodiT erTmaneTs.
magaliTad: „rogor xarT? xomaldis ryevam xom ar SegawuxaTo?“
Torem sul cal-calke viyaviT.

234
 odesaSi, rogorc iyo, davaxwie imisagan Tavi: me gavipare
xomaldidam CumaT, marto daviWire sastumroSi nomeri (piroba
momca, rom odesaSi erTad daviWiroT nomerio da iqidamac erTad
vimogzauroTo) da iqidamac uimisoT gamovwie venisaken da venidam
pariJSi. erTi sityviT, darwmunebuli viyavi, rom am kacis xilvis
bedniereba me isev TfilisSi meRirseboda da ara samzRvar gareT.
magram, aki gauwyra RmerTi, da pariJSiac ar momnaxa! erTs
saRamos me da erTi francuzis studenti Boulevard des Italiens-ze
davexetebodiT da sxva da sxva maRaziebSi mSvenieri xelobis ga­
mofenil nivTebs vaTvalierebdiT. uecraT ukanidam nacnobi xma
momesma:
– Сергей Семенович! Здравствуйте! Это вы!
movixede. Cemi nacnobi p........i dgas, gamoWimuli evropiul
tanisamosSi da didis aRtacebiT SemomCerebia, Cven mxurvaleT (!)
CamovarTviT erTmaneTs xeli, erTi naxevari saaTi vilaparakeT
Cvens mogzaurobaze. mere CavabareT erTmaneTs Cveni kartoCkebi
da davSordiT... Cem beds davemorCile...
erTxel me da is erTs sastumroSi SevediT sadilis saWmelad.
Tumca Zalian ki ar mindoda rom amasTan mevlo, radgan amis moZ­
meebs aq, pariJSi, da sazogadod samzRvargareT srulebiT sxva
nairi saxeli aqvT davardnili. magram meti gza ar iyo, unda me­
Wama imasTan erTad sadili. es sastumro erTi saukeTesoTagani
sastumroa aq da amitom Cven magdenaT mowiwebiT ar gvaqcevdnen
yu­ radRebas. es garemoeba Cems p........s Zalian awuxebda; imas ar
moewona, rom mosamsaxure biWebi sxvebze mometebul yuradRebas
ar aqcevdnen da ise emsaxurebodnen, rogorc imis gverdiT mjdo­
mare viRac vaWars da vin icis, iqneba, daxlidarsac. magram xilis
motanamdi saqme mSvidobiT midioda. mxoloT xandisxan mrisxaneT
gadaxedavda garcon-s, TiTqos Tvalebis brialiT undoda SiSi da
krZalva Caergo imis gulSi. bolos deserti mogvitanes. is iyo
p........ma gaswia xeli mtevnis asaRebad, am dros movarda meore biWi,
agvacala xonCa da viRaca sxvas miarTva meore stolze. polkovni­
ki sruliad gafiTrda; amisTana uzrdelobisagan gaanCxlebulma
wamoiwia sajdomidam, gagiJebiT daiyvira: garcon, qu’est que tu fais!
da is iyo rom mivardnas upirebda, Cavafrindi kalTaSi da gavaCere.
– aba, modi, da magaTTana xalxs kacuraT moeqec! sTqva­
gul-amomjdarma p........ma. erTi miTxariT, Tqveni Wirime! es sadau­
ri ganaTlebaa? araferi ar minda, netavi magis Tavi CvenSi momca.
raT minda sicocxle, amisTana saqme rom CvenSi miqnas! Cavavleb­
di qoCorSi xels da erTi Tu ori, RvTis wyaloba gaqvs, me magas

235
lazaTianad Sevzelavdi. xmasac ver amoiRebda, da Tu butbuts
daiwyebda, erT maneTs kbilebSi vaxlidi da gaCumdeboda. aq ki ra
unda hqna kacma! aq „eqalite” gaxlavT! sadac fexs ar wahkrav yve­
las saxeze liberte, egalite, fraternite aweria! ai es aris magaTi Tavi­
sufleba, erToba da Zmoba, rom ufrosebis pativis cema ar ician
da gazrdiloba ara aqvT!
– es kidev araferi, ganagrZo polkovnikma: guSin erTs ser­
Jants vkiTxe: esa da es quCa sad aris meTqi. iman gadmomxeda Ta­vis
TvalebiT da damiwyo axsna, rom jer ase sworaT unda waxvideo,
mere marcxniv mouxvie, iqidam marjvniv gaivli da is iqnebao. rode­
sac amas mixsnida, Sen xar Cemi batoni, aiRo Tavis muriani xelebi
da TiTqo imis swori viyavi, mxarze damado! ara, warmoidgineT,
pirdapir aiRo, batono, xelebi da zed mxarze Semawyo! gagonila
Tqveni Wirime!...
– kidev ukeTesi giTxraT: iq, sadac mudam sadilebs vsWamT,
ori mosamsaxure biWia; eseni jer Cven gvemsaxurebian, mere, yvela
Tav saWmelebs rom mogvitaneben, Cvensave stolze gaSlian sufras,
amogvijdebian gverdiT da daiwyeben sadilis mirTmevas! rasakvir­
velia, me imaT mosvenebas ar vaZlev, mudam vyviri garcon, momitane
marili, Rvino da sxva da sxva, yovel wam vagdeb stolidam, magram
momitanen Tu ara, rasac vTxoulob, isev Tavis alagze dabrZan­
debian, TiTqo arafer SuaSi ar iyvnen!.. modi da moiTmine amisTana
cxovreba! ara, Cemo Zmao, me amisTana xalxSi cxovreba ar SemiZlia:
me male waval aqedam; magram daixsomeT Cemi sityva, Tu am francu­
zebs sikeTe daeyarosT!
marTlac rom amis Semdgom p......s didi xania ar dauyvia pariJ­
Si. sami dRiT londonSi wavida da roca dabrunda, gamosaTxovraT
Semovida CemTan da ukanasknelaT imis sityvebi is iyo. rom „girCev,
isev Cven dalocvil qveyanaSi dabrundi, Torem aq, damijere, kargs
veras daiswavlio“!
am nairaT aman sami dRe venaSi dahyo, erTi kvira pariJSi, sami
dRec londonSi da exla, Sin rom dabrundeba, ueWvelia, ityvis, ev­
ropa damivliao, safrangeTis xalxi Zalian dacemuliao, germania
yvelaferSi aTas wilaT ufro dawinaurebulia safrangeTzeo, in­
glisi mdidari qveyanaao da sx.

droeba. –18 ianv. – N407. – gv. 1-3.

236
 qarTveli mgzavri*

mokle SeniSvnebi samzRvargareTidam

(nawili pirevli)

tfilisidam grakovamdin

evropielebis cxovrebis TvaliT naxva, maTis azrovnebis

da moqmedebis gacnoba, erTis sityviT, maTis cxovrebis Calx­
is trialis axlo cqera vis ar survebia da ara ssurs CvenSi?
vis arufiqrnia maze da kidevac ar unugeSnia Tavisa Tavi, rom
rodesme moeswroba amis aRsrulebas? agreTve vin ar icis, roma
rodesac kaci uaxlovdeba Tavis gulis wadilis aRsrulebis
dros, maSin is xdeba mouTmeneli da, ase gaSinjeT, iwyebs dRee­
bis da saaTebis angariSsac ki?! sworeT ase momivida me, rodesac
daWeSmaritebiT gadavwyvite dasavleTis evropisken wamosvla.
ramdenic aq wamosasvleli vada miaxlovdeboda, imdeni ufro
mouTmenloba mawuxebda da Cems TvalSi TiTqmis dRe da saaTi
matulobda. Cems am gvars mdgomareobas moeRo bolo da ivnisis
ors, paraskev diliT, gamovedi vagzalSi, sadamdinac gamamacila
erTma Cemma namdvilma megobarma. orTqliT mavali maSina male
daiZra Tavis adgilidam da erTi kidev dauqnieT Tavi erTier­
TmaneTs me da Cemma megobarma, romlis saxezedac am JamaT naT­
lad iyo wawerili: „mixarian, rom Seni survilis aRsrulebis
karis bWeSi dgexar. wadi imgzavre; Cvenis kacisaTvis saWiroa
sxva xalxebis bed-iRblis adgilobrivi gacnoba“.

***
tfilisidam avstriis samzRvramdin Svidi dRe vimgzavre da
am xnis ganmavlobaSi vnaxe mravali sxva da sxva suraTebi, rom­
lebidganac mxolod zogierTebs dauxatav mkiTxvels. ai mirbis
rionis vakeSi orTqliT mavali maSina da mihyavs siCqariT masze
akonwlil vagonebSi msxdomni, romlebSiac sxva da sxva juris

* niko cxvedaZe

237
xalxia; magram amaTSi Zriel erCevian megrelebi da imerlebi.
aba SexedeT erT ymawvil kacs, tanovans wver-ulvaSiT Semosils,
TaviT fexamdin SeiaraRebuls, momavals im gvaraT, TiTqo am­
bobso: „eh, ganze, Torem gagapob“. ai kidev meore tanovani, xan­
Si sakmaod Sesuli, TeTris grZelis wveriT damSvenebuli, ma­
vali im gvaraT, TiTqos epareba vismeo. ai kidev mesame axmaxis
tanis patroni, wver-moparsuli, Tav-motvlepili, magram didis
ulvaSiT damSvenebuli, mSvenivrad SeiaraRebuli, maRal xmiT
molaparake, TiTqo uwyreba vismeo da kidev sxva mravalni, ro­
melic naklebi ar aris Tavisis warmosadegobiT aRweril pireb­
ze. axla yuri daugdoT amaT laparaks; me Tqven giTxraT, ena
wamouborZikdebaT. amaT laparaks rom kaci ucqeris, ase hgo­
nia, rom samjavro yrilobaSi anu ukeT vsTqvaT parlamentSi ase
daxelovnebulan laparakSiao.
„ki kargi qna uf. loluam, rom Tavi daaneba banks. qve is iq ve­
ras gaakeTebda“. „aba, eubneba meore, piri mogvWama, piri, amomir­
CieTo, amovirCieT da ki arafers akeTebda“. „eg araferi, iRebs
monawileobas laparakSi – mesame – maSin iqneboda Cveni daRup­
va, rom direktoraT amogverCia“. „marTalia qve“, ambobs meoTxe.
„is patiosania misTvis, vinc blomaT fuls aZlevs aba!“ ai meore
vagonebSiac Sejgufulan imerlebi da baasoben. „bevr Tivas gah­
yiddi wels?“ ekiTxeba erTi meores. „blomaT, gavyide. wisqvil­
Tan qve erTi namwewa adgili mqonda da wreulamdis Cem dReSiac
ar gamiTibnia. axla ki gavTibe da orasi rgvali maneTi aviRe, aba!“
am vagonSive fanjarasTan erTi wamosadegi imereli qarTvels
aCvenebs xeliT. „aba SexedeT – es su mekuTvnis. Seni mteri iyves
ise, rogorc aq yazaxebi arian“. „es kidev, roca ramdenime versi
gaiares. ann-isaa da misagan xom keTili ar iqneba da aq iqneba“.

***
ai kidev suraTi. orTqliT mavali gemi Svild-isariviT
mocuravs Sav-zRvaSi. mze iwvereba da misi sxivebi zogierT adgi­
las wylis zemo-pirze ufro da ufro aSuqebs, TiTqo uZaliande­
ba Tavis patrons da ar unda zRvas moSordeso. gemis axlo-maxlo
mozdili Tevzebi TamaSoben, xan axtebian da xan Caxtebian wyalSi;
zogi maTgani TiTqo cdilobso gems moewioso, zogi kidev TiTqo
mzis sxivebs esalmebao. gemis „palubaze“ sxedan sxva da sxva mile­
Tis kacebi da qalebi. zogni erT kunWulSi mogrovilan da zogni
kidev meore kunWulSi da Tevzebis Wyapi-Wyups da TamaSobas uc­
qerian; zogni kidev cal–calke anu sxedan, anu dganan da esenic

238
anu zRvas Cascqerian, anu kidev aqeT iqiT icqirebian; iqneba mTa
davinaxoT rameo. palubis wina adgils daWrilebis yur mgdebel
qalebs uwevT grZel skamze saxadisagan axlaT morCenili saSin­
laT gamxdari TiTqo samaridam es aris exla amouRiaTo, doktori
– eqimi da erTis sakvirvelis sinaziT da pativis-cemiT ufrTxil­
debian. xan erTi qali uzis Tav-qveS da elaparakeba da xan meore;
xandaxan kidev sami-oTxi erTad exvevian da RimiliT elaparake­
bian. am qalebze ufro xSiraT elaparakeba erTi qali, romelsac
yvela „debi“, rogorc erTi erTmaneTs eZaxian, ufrosaT hsTvli­
an da kneinaT ixsenieben.* amasac ise ubraloT acvia, rogorc sxva
„debs“ xandisxan es kneina grZel skamze marto zis da win usku­
pia ori mSvenivraT balniT Semosili kata. es katebi somxeTid­
am wamouyvania da ise ufrTxildeba, rogorc Tavis Svilebs; xan
erTs usvams xels da xan meores. sxva qalebic ar akleben am katebs
alerss. zogni debi rom doktors exvevian, zogni uTuoT katebis
alersSi arian. bevri mgzavrTagani amaT moqmedebas Sescqeris
pirdaRebuli. palubis SuaSi dasakec skamebze sxedan ori ymawvi­
li qali da TavianT momaval mgzavrobaze laparakoben, umetesaT
erTi maTgani, romelic madianaT gamometyvelebs TiToeuls sit­
yvas. me amaT laparakSi miviRe monawileoba da mividgi skami maT
axlo. bevri vilaparakeT – umetesad swavlis miRebaze sam­zRvar-
gareT. somxebis awindel politikur mdgomareobasac SevexeT.
Tqven ver warmoidgenT, Tu ra sicoc­xliT, ra energiulaT, ra
siamovnebiT laparakobda am saganze madianaT molaparake qali
da Tavis laparaki Semdegis SesaniSnavis sityvebiT gaaTava: „Tu
Cemis samSobloSi osmalos somxeTis bedi kargaT datrialda da
Tavisufleba anu „avtonomia“ iSovna, rogorc swavlas Sevasru­
leb samzRvar gareT, maSinve davbrundebi ukan da Cem sulier
Zalas movaxmareb Cvenis xalxis keTil-dReobis warmatebas“. ras
ityvi amaze, Cemo Zvirfaso mkiTxvelo? amas ambobs Cvidmeti wlis
qali, – amas ambobs qali saTuTad da simdidreSi aRzrdili, – amas
ambobs STamomavlobiT somxis qali. es qali aasrulebs am mSveni­
er sityvebs, Tu ara, es CemTvis oriv erTia. me aq vxedav magaliTs
mxolod da magaliTi anu saqme imaSia, rom Cvidmetis wlis qali
Tamamad ambobs, Tavs Sevswirav Cems samSoblosao, Tu man exla
Tavisufleba iSovnao. me am magaliTidam gamomyavs is, rom Cvens

* rogorc bolos Sevityve, es adamiani iyo kneina silkovisa, romelmac mcire

aziaSi Tavis moRvaweobiT daWrilebis Sesaxeb didi pativiscema daimsaxura
mxed­rebT Soris.

239
ZvelTagan ZvelT mezoblebSi muSaobs Tavisuflebis survili,
rom dids da pataras gasjdomia ZvalSi da rbilSi im gvaris Zalis
Sovnis survili, romelsac aqvs TvisebaT ganacxovelos da gaa­
keTilSobilos kacis buneba. me darwmunebuli var, rom is siZun­
we, is gaumaZRaroba, romelsac exla hswamoben da xedaven somxeb
vaWrebSi da romelic zogierTis istoriulis garemoebis Zalda­
tanebiT dabadebula anu maT gasCenia, male aRmoifxvreba maTSi,
raki Tavisufleba gadaafarebs maT Tavis kalTas.

***
ai kidev erTi suraTi. odesidam orTqliT mavali maSina mir­
bis erTis saSinelis butbutiT da vagonebSi msxdomni ki butbuts
srulebiT yurs ar ugdeben. zogs maTgans sTvlems da sacodavaT
Tavs iqnevs, zogi fanjridam gascqeria WirnaxuliT savse miwebs;
zogni kidev erTi erTmaneTs ebaasebian. erTi maTgani Zalzea
mokakuli da serTukis Rilebi aqvs gaxsnili; marcxena xelic Ca­
mobmuli aqvs. sawyals or adgilas aqvs mortymuli tyvia. es daW­
rili rom laparakobs, pirs sul Rimili mosdis – TiTqo Tavis
mobaases ase eubnebao: „xom xedav, ra nairaT var daWrili, magram
mainc sikvdilma ver damaklo ra da ai Cem saxlSi, sadac mimelian
Cemi pawawkintela Svilebi da maTi erTguli deda“. meore mxe­
dars aficers marjvena xeli aqvs wamxdari da sul daRvremili
zis. mesame aficeri Tumca daWrili ar aris, magram saxads Zriel
Seubertynia; madaze axali mosulia da xelidam purs ar uSvebs.
meoTxe mxedari kidev sul paltoSia gaxveuli da laparaks Zri­
el zarobs. erTs mgzavrs anu pasaJirs gulma aRar mousvena da
hkiTxa pir-mocinare mxedars: „rao, Zriel xarT daWrili?“ „Zri­
el. erTis adgilidam ki amomacales tyvia da meoredam ki ara.
exla peterburRSi mivdivar mosarCenaT, magram jereT Cem sax­
lobas Seuvli“. „xom yoCaRaT moqmedobdnen Cvenebi?“ „yoCaRaT
viqnebodiT maS ara? TaTrebi xom ara varT, romlebmac Tavi
uTuod unda amoafaron rasme, Torem Tofis srolas ver SeiZle­
ben. Cvenebi yovelTvin pirdapir midiodnen xolme – srulebiT
arafers eridebodnen. xom wakiTxuli gaqvsT, ra oinebi Cavidi­
neT plevnos asaRebaT. marTalia, bevri mogvikles; magram sam­
jer Cveni mixtoma sakvirveli saqme iyo“. roca es mxedari lapa­
rakobda, vagonSi saSineli siCume iyo – suyvelani ganabulni
yurs ugdebdnen amis laparaks. „ruminelebi rogor moqmedob­
dnen?“ hkiTxa am mxedars meore pasaJirma – mgzavrma. „ruminele­
bi? ai SearcxvinoT RmerTma!.. TaTrebze ufro mxdalni isini yo­

240
filan. garda amisa gaeSmakebuli da or piri xalxia. yvelafers
erTi-orad gvaZlevdnen da cdilobdnen, rogorme movetyue­
bineT“. paltoSi gaxveulma aficerma erTbaSaT xma amoiRo da
­hsTqva: „gana ruminelebi plevnasTan Cvenze naklebad mamacobd­
nen? agreTve – gana megobrulad ar gveqceodnen isini iqamomde,
minam bessarabias moviTxovdiT? es ki marTalia, rom exla cudis
TvaliT gvicqerian da surT, rom fexi gadagvibrundes“. „sma-Wa­
ma rogori gqondao?“ hkiTxa daWrils aficers mesame pasaJirma.
RimiliT upasuxa. „hoo, ra uSavda“. paltoSi gaxveulma kidev
amoiRo xma da sTqva: „ra uSavda ki ara – saZageli iyo“. xSiraT
saldaTebi carielis mucliT omobdnen da bevrs maTgans Ceqme­
bic ara hqonda“. laparakSi miiRes monawileoba sxva mxedrebmac
da saxadSi namyofma aficerma daiwyo laparaki: „Tu Cvenma jarma
gaWireba gamoiara sadme, swored mcire aziaSi gamoiara. xom iciT
ra adgilebi aiRo kavkasiis mxedrobam, ra nairaT gaimarjva, ra
mamacoba gamoiCina! xumroba saqmea yarsis aReba, muxTar-faSis
damarcxeba? garwmunebT, rom Cveni saldaTebi ise moqmedebdnen,
rogorc lomebi. venacvale Cven saldaTebs, imaT gamogvixsnes
sircxvilisagan, Torem an loris-meliqovs, an geimans ra SeeZ­
lo? magram gaWireba ki bevri gamoviareT. Cveni saldaTi xSiraT
carielis mucliT Rvrida sisxls Tavis samSoblosaTvis. an sad
uSovnidiT sazrdos? gana somxebisgan gamodneba rame? uriebi
xom iciT, uriebi, aba imaTze uaresebi arian somxebi. vin h
­ sTqva,
rom somxebs CvenTan SemoerTeba undaTo? es sul tyuvilia da
imaT srulebiTac ara surT CvenTan SemoerTeba. rac Seexeba iqa­
ur moxeleebs, imaT srulebiT miuRiaT somxuri Tviseba. am afi­
cerma bevri ram ilaparaka kidev, magram me yuri veRar ugde da
fanjaraSi Tavi gavyav. miveci Tavi fiqrebs da erTbaSaT afic­
rebis laparakma momagona erTi polSelis sityvebi: „me Tqven
unda giTxraT, rom ruseTis xalxi Cven polSelebs srulebiT ver
gvicnobs: is icnobs mxolod im polSelebs, romlebsac uxatavs
mas moxeleebis fantazia da xom iciT moxeleebis oinebi. amaTT­
vis mRvrie wyali yovelTvis saWiroa, rom Tevzi ufro advilaT
daiWiron“. es momagonda, maSinve gulSi gavivle – xom rumineleb­
ze da somxebzedac rusis xalxi Seadgens Tavis azrs omidgan dab­
runebulis aficrebis da saldaTebis sityvebiT, romlebsac Ce­
mis azriT didi mniSvneloba ar unda miecaT, radganac mxedrebi
omianobis dros TavianT sargeblobis TvaliT ucqerian da sxvis
sargeblobas srulebiT yurs ar ugdeben. amis fiqrSi viyavi, rom
orTqliT mavalma maSinam erTbaSaT SeWyivla da ori wuTic ar ga­

241
mosula, rom Sedga kidec. mxedrebi gadmovidnen vagonidam sxva
gziT wasasvlelaT; Cven ki xuTmetis wuTis Semdeg isev dagvZres
adgilidam da ivnisis 8-s xuTSabaTs sam saaTze voloCinskis stan­
cias Tavi daukariT. aq mogvTxoves baSforTebi da naxevar saaTis
Semdeg gagvistumres avstriis stanciaSi, romelic sam verstze
iqneba daSorebuli voloCinskis stanciaze. konduktorebis mix­
ra-moxra da tanovaneba, vagzlis simSveniere, vagonebis simaRle
da sifaqize – yvela es cxadaT gvimtkicebda, rom ruseTs gamo­
veTxoveT da ucxo qveynis samzRvarze gavediT. cotas xnis gan­
mavlobaSi Cemodnebi jereT gvisxures erTnairis simJaviT, rom
ra ari ruseTidam seni araferi Segvetana imaT qveyanaSi, da mere
gagvCxrikes; bileTebi visac ar hqonda, ayidvines da ise Cagvsxes
vagonebSi. Cveni Casxdoma vagonebSi da karebis Caketa erTi iyo.
male orTqliT mavali maSina daiZra Tavis adgilidam da gaita­
ca masze mibmuli etlebi. me vambob etlebi, marTlac TiToeuli
vagoni rom aiRoT, warmogidgenT sworeT did etls, romelSiac
zixar da karebi garedam gaqvT Caketili. nu ifiqrebT, rom erTis
vagonidam anu etlidam meoreSi gaxvideT. amaT erTi erTmaneT­
Si gasavali ara aqvT. sasxdomi adgilebi anu mdivnebi da patara
Cemodnebis anu yuTebis Sesadgamebi aq mSvenieria. aq mxolod is
awuxebs kacs, rom CaketilSi zis da Tavis nebiT karSi ver gabZan­
deba. rasakvirvelia, nemcebs roca es vagonebi ukeTebiaT, saxeSi
hqoniaT marto TavianTi Tavi da daviwyebiaT, rom imaT vagoneb­
Si sxva qveynis kacebic imgzavreben, romlebis kuWebic SesaZle­
belia ise ar iyvnen miCveulni disciplinas, rogorc nemcebisa.

***
jerec xuTmeti versic ar gagvevlo samZRvridam erTma Cem
gverdze mjdomma mgzavrma wamoiZaxa: „erTi SexedeT am miwebs,
Tu ra xelovnebiT aris daxnuli da daTesili“. maSinve Tavi fan­
jaraSi gavyav da bejiTad yvelafers Sinjva davuwye, magram ris
gaSinjvas moaswrebs kaci, rodesac orTqliT mavali maSina ga­
malebuli mirbis? mainc ki, minam kargaT ar Sebindda, kacis xe­
liT SemuSavebul miwebs Tvali ar movaSore; roca ki Sebindda,
mivjeq etlis kunWulSi da mive Tavi Tvlemas da qnevas. mxoloT
xandis­xan ki avdgebodi xolme, ra ari gamego, Tu romel stanciis
win Sedga maSina da ramden xans idgeba. Cemma mezoblebmac Zils
misces Tavi da zogierTma maTganma didi xvrinvac amouSves. meore
dRes dila adrian Tvalebi SevaWyite or Casuqebuls da pir-mo­
parsuls nemecs, romlebic Rames Camosxdnen vagonSi. erTs maT­

242
gans Zriel gulianaT eZina da kargi taxisaebr xrutunebda. imis
bedze, vagonSi buzebi ar iyvnen, Torem mis daRebul-daRrenil
pirSi sworeT lekurs morTavdnen. am tax-nemecs fexT gaexadna
da Tavisi sxvili fexebi daewyo erT rusis qalis gverdze, ro­
melic tuCs iwevda maRla, magram veras xdeboda. meore nemecs
kidev mucelze xelebi daewyo da gulianaT sTvlemda. amaT aTva­
lierebas da CaTvalierebas rom movrCi, mivaCerdi Cems gverdiT
mjdoms, sustad agebul kacs. amis kikinebi cxadaT mimtkicebden,
rom es iyo ebraeli. es cqvitaT ijda vagonSi da TiTqo fTxilob­
da aravis vawyeninovo. karga xans ucqire me amas da mere vhkiTxe:
„male viqnebiT lembergSi?“ „male, male“, momigo siamovnebiT da
momayara kiTxvebi: „sad midixarT, risTvis midixarT?“ da sxva am
gvari. rom rogorme am kiTxvebze pasuxi Tavidam momesxlitna, me
TviTon vkiTxe: Tqven uTuod lembergidam iqnebiT? „diax“. maS iq
uTuod maRazia geqnebaT? ara, me mamulis patroni var da mamulis
nawarmoebiT vcxovrob. Cemi mamuli lembergaze daaxlovebiT
aris da zafxulobiT sul iq vcxovrob zamTrobiT ki lembergSi.
am pasuxma me gamakvirva da cota ra rom eWvSiac Semiyvana misis
vinaobis Sesaxeb da amisaTvis saWiroT davinaxe mekiTxna vinaoba.
man Tav-mowonebiT daasaxela Tavisi Tavi ebraelaT da sTqva: exla
galiciaSi da krakovSi sxva droeba aris CvenTvis. „Cven ebraelebs
gvaqvs igive uflebebi, ra uflebebic aqvT qristianebs; amisaTvis
Cveni kaci exla cxovrebis yvela kunWulSi moipoveba“. amis mSve­
nieraT da fxianad laparakma nemecur enaze gamakvirva da vkiTxe:
sad giswavliaT agre kargaT nemecuri ena? „sad miswavlia? cxov­
rebaSi da universitetSi, polSur enaze ufro kargaT vlapara­
kob da vswer, radganac Cven universitetSi am enaze aswavlian
mecnierebas“. am sityvebze yurebi vcqvite da gakvirvebuli saxiT
Sevxede. „rao?“ maSinve miTxra ebraelma. „nu Tu ar gjeraT, rac
me giTxario?“ srulebiT mjera. me mxolod ise SemogxedeT. bev­
ri ram kidev vilaparakeT me da dalocvilma ebraelma, romelic
lembergis stanciaSi Camoxta. lembergidam mokidebuli minam
krakovSi mivdiodi, Cemis Tavidam ar gamosula ebraelis lapara­
ki da gonebaSi gamovixate sami oTxi dRe gametarebina krakovSi
da aq suyvelaferi sando kacebisagan gamego. rogorc gamovixate
gonebaSi, swored isec moviqeci. saRamos xuTi saaTi iqneboda,
rom krakovSi Tavi amovyavi da davbinavdi „drezdenis sastumro­
Si“. am drodganve Seudeqi Cemis survilis aRsrulebas.

iveria. – 1878. – 10 agv. – N31. – gv. 7-11

243
 (nawili meore)

II

krakovi. 9-13 ivniss

aba erTi Cvens Wkua-gonebas Zala davatanoT da warmovid­

ginoT: Sua qalaqSi amaRlebuli adgili, Semortymuli maRalis
kedliT; galavnis zogierT adgils TiTqmis Cveneburi koSkebi;
Signidam galavnis kedlebze ori miSenebuli saxlia jarisaTvis;
am saxlebze axlo saSineli, erTi uzar-mazari maRali, grZeli
da viwro Tlilis qviT naSeni eklesia maRla awowvil gumbaTiT;
am ekklesiaSi anu soborSi polSelebis TiTqmis yvela xelmwi­
feebis da gamoCenilis kacebis erTnairi marmarilos qvisagan
mSvenivraT gakeTebuli, gamoTlili saxeebi; ekklesiis qveS ak­
ldameebi; ekklesiis sakvirveli Zvirfasi momarTuloba. cixes
gareT cota moSorebiT kidev sxva Zveli soboro grZeli, viwro
da maRali, – wowola gumbaTebiT, maRalis da viwro sanaTure­
biT; Sig soboroebSi – ekklesiebSi svetebi da viwro TaRebi; am
ekklesiebis gverdze viwro quCebi da zedi-zed mityupuli maRa­
li saxlebi, siZvelis gamo cota TiTqo Semurulebi: adgil-ad­
gil maRali unayofo xeebis baRebi; kidev ekklesiebi TiTqmis
oc-da-aTamdin sulerTnairaT naSenni; aRmosavleTis mxrisken
axali saxlebi ganieris quCebiT; – yvela es rom warmovidginoT,
maSin Tvalwin gveqneba krakovis suraTi. es qalaqi erT dros
deda qalaqi iyo polSis saxelmwifosi da amisaTvis aq hxedavT
dids da maRal goTuris Senobis ekklesiebs, qarxnebis adgilebs
da mraval Senobebs. garda amisa, krakovi, rogorc mkiTxveli
hxedavs, srulebiT saSualo saukunoebis qalaqia. aq myofobis
dros mgzavrs hgonia mecxramete saukunidam meTxuTmete sauku­
neSi daviwieo, mxoloT sastumroSi biWebis mixvra-moxvra da saW­
melebi agoneben, rom is isev mecxramete saukuneSi hscxovrobs
da ukan erTi nabijic ar gadudgams.
axla mivubrundeT krakovis mcxovreblebis ganxilvas. aq
mgzavrs Zriel magari agebuleba unda hqondes, rom seirnobis
dros siciliT gul-RviZli ar amoagdebinos. qalaqis Zvel na­
wilSi fexs rogor gadasgamT, rom uriebis qalebma damtvreul
da daxiCrebul nemecur enaze ar giTxran: „ra gindaT? CvenTan
iyideT, Cven sul yvelaferi gvaqvs da iafaTac vyidiT; iqneba
perangebi gindaT, anu dana, CiTeuleba?“ erTis sityviT, yvelas

244
saxelebs Camohyuebian, rac ki duqanSi ulagiaT. amaze naklebi ar
arian amaTi mamebi, Zmebi da qmrebi. kikinebis nZreviT da wvere­
bis cancariT esenic iwveven risame mosayidavaT gamvlels da ga­
momvlels. magram ufro is aris sacineli, rom aq xSiraT xedavT
camet-ToTxmetis wlis ebraels, romelsac xelSi uWiravs wvri­
li joxi, Tavze axuravs Slapa – cilindri, tanze acvia ­mRvdlis
kabis mgzavsi serTuki da ise micunculebs kikinebis qneviT.
sazogadoT aqauri ebraelebi TavianT Cacma-daxurviT da patara
tanadobiT sasaciloni arian da qarTvels mgzavrs akvirveben.
marTlac, im dros, rodesac saqarTveloSi ebraelni warmosade­
gobiT da TamamobiT, agreTve qarTulis enis codniT naklebi ar
arian qarTvelebze. aq eseni Seadgenen raRac bajajRana da wel­
Si gaxrils xalxs, Tumca ki am bolo dros didi Tavisufleba mi­
uRiaT. eWvi ar aris, rom am gvari agebuloba da Tval-tanadoba
aqauris uriebisa aris cxadi niSani imisa, rom aq uwin sacodavebs
didi gaWirveba sdgomiaT qristianebisagan. nu ifiqreb, mkiT­
xvelo, rom krakovSi marto uriebi scxovrobdnen, – aq, rogorc
polSis saxelmwifos Zvel deda-qalaqSi, polSelebic bevrni ar­
ian; magram, mgoni, uriebis ricxvi ki ufro bevria, minam poliake­
bisa, rogorc Cven deda qalaqSi TfilisSi somxebis ricxvi ufro
metia, minam TviTon qarTvelebisa. xSiraT soflidamac Camodi­
an xolme krakovSi droebiT sacxovreblaT polSeli Tavad-az­
nauroba. Cems aq yofnaSi, erT saRamos sazogado baRSi Semxvdnen
warmosadgeni da mdidrulad morTulni vaJ-kacni. amaTma tani­
samosma miipyra Cemi yuradReba. maudis kabebi ukan gadagdebu­
lis saxlebiT, tanze kabas zemoT Semortymuli farCis sartyle­
bi, ganieri Sarvlebi, apoikis maRalyelian waRebSi Cakecilebi,
xaverdis erTnairis fasonis qudebi, kabebis qveS axaluxis
mgzav­si Casacmelebi yvela es sworeT kaxelis Tavadis Svilis
morTulobas mogagonebda. unda gecqiraT, Tu kikiniani uriebi
rogor dasdevdnen Tan da gakvirvebiT ucqerodnen am warmosa­
deg kacebs. rac Seexeba maRaziebs krakovSi, mometebuli nawili
ebraelebisaa, mxoloT mcire nawili ki polSelebisaa. rogorc
gavige, am bolos dros xeli miuyviaT polSelebs vaWrobisaTvis
da imedovneben, rom maTi ricxvi Zriel gamravldeba.
nu ifiqreb, mkiTxvelo, rom krakovi im mxriT iyves ufro
SesaniSnavi, ra mxriTac avwere. ara, rogorc krakovi da misi maz­
ra, ise mTeli galicia ufro sxva mxriT arian SesaniSnavni da ai
amaT aRweras sxva mxriT Seudgebi qvemoT.

245
 III
avstriis saxelmwifos sxva da sxva kuTxeebSi 16 milio­
namdisin slavianebis tomis xalxni cxovroben. galicielebs
da krakovelebs uWiravT karpatis mTebis CrdiloeT-dasavle­
Ti gverdi da mdinaris vislis saTauris Rele. es mdebiareoba
noyieri mdebiarobaa da krakovis mazraSi, sxvaTa Soris, mari­
lic bevria. bosnias da veliCkas marilis simdidriT didi saxe­
li aqvT mTels evropaSi.
galicielebi warsulsave saukuneSi polSis nawilebis luk­
ma-lukma dafleTis Semdeg, avstriis saxelmwifos SeuerTes.
rac Seexeba krakovelebs, amaT 1846-sin hqoniaT patara Tavisu­
fali saxelmwifo, magram am weliwadSi bedis Carxi ukuRma dau­
trialdaT da Semdeg aq areulobisa aiRes da esec srulebiT
SeuerTes avstrias. am weliwadidam, rogorc galicielebis, ise
krakovelebis bedi sanatreli ar iyo; mxolod 1866-dam avstriis
mTavroba daadga mmarTvelobis gonivrul gzas da moxsenebuli
slavianebis uflebaebsac moemata. am Jamad ai rogoria am xalxis
mdgomareoba:
galicia da krakovi erTs sagubernatoros Seadgenen da
ufrosad hyavT imperatorisagan daniSnuli gubernatori. es
aris administratiuli mmarTveli da wesierebis damcveli mox­
senebuls mazrebSi. miss kancelariaSi saqmeebs awarmoeben pol­
Surs enaze. TviTon gubernatorTanac polSur enaze Sevlen
xolme qaRaldiT, da amisaTvis mxolod polSuris enis mcodne
iniSneba galiciaSi da krakovSi gubernatoraT. rac Seexeba Si­
nauris saqmeebis gangebas, mmarTvelobas, amisaTvis arsebobs aq
„xalxis yriloba“ (сеймъ), romelic weliwadSi erTxel Sehsdge­
ba lembergSi – galiciis deda qalaqSi. raRa laparaki unda, rom
am yrilobaSi mxolod polSur enaze SeiZleba baasi da sagnebis,
saWiro saqmis ganmarteba–ganviTareba. radganac yriloba we­
liwadSi erTxel moxdeba xolme da miss wevrebs ar SeuZlianT
didxans darCnen lembergSi, amisaTvis yriloba Tavis mxriT
irCevs komitets, romlis Tavmjdomares niSnavs imperatori
galiciis anu krakovis mcxovreblebidganve anu yrilobis wev­
rTaganve. es komiteti valdebulia aRsrulebaSi moiyvanos yri­
lobis gadawyvetilebani da Tavis mxriT warudginos yrilobas
Tavisi mosazrebani im sagnebze, romlebic wlis ganmavlobaSi
gamoCndebian. ai es komiteti da gubernatori ganageben galici­
is da krakovis mazris saqmeebs. amaT miwer-mowera da baasi Ta­
vianT yrilobaSi aqvT polSur enaze. rac Seexeba reixstaRTan

246
anu Sinauris saqmeebis ministrTan miwer-moweras, es ki nemecur
enazea. garda amisa, mTeli moxeleebi dawyobili soflis mamasax­
lisidgan da msajulebidgan gubernatoris Tavmoxeleebamdin da
qalaqebis msajulebamdin – sul galicielebi arian. bevrma maT­
ganma srulebiT ar icis nemecuri ena. saqme marto amiT ar Tavde­
ba. saWiroa, rom galicias da krakovis mazras TavianTi warmomad­
genlebi hyvandeT avstriis yrilobaSi – „reixstaRSi“ rom ra ari
aq ar ieSmakon da maTi mavnebeli saqmeebi ar gadawyviton. amaT
kidevac hyavT TavianTi warmomadgenlebi „reixstaRSi“. am samis
wlis wineT galiciis da krakovis „saxlis yriloba“ Tavis wevr­
Ta Soris irCevda xolme ocda Tormets kacs da gzavnida venaSi.
exla ki sxva wesia. es ocdaTormeti kaci unda amoirCios TviTon
xalxma da ara Tu „yrilobam“. es axali wesi arafraT epitnavebaT
aqaur slavianebs. erT ganaTlebuls krakovels hkiTxes, Tu ra­
tom ar moswonT axali wesdebuleba Sesaxeb deputatebis amorCe­
visa, rodesac es ufro sazogado kacobriulia, minam uwindeli
wesi? „eg marTalia“ miTxra am ganaTlebulma kacma, „magram ai
saqme raSi mdgomareobs. didi xani ar aris, rac Cven viSovneT da
mogvaniWes zogierTi politikuri uflebani, amisaTvis Cven de­
putatebaT imisTana kacebi gvinda, romlebsac SeeZloT yovel
SemTxvevaSi am uflebisa da sazogadod Cvenis qveynis sargeblo­
bis dacva. axal wesdebulebiT ki deputatebSi ebraelebic bevr­
ni erevian anu hyvebian. Cven winaaRmdegni ara varT ebraelebisa
da bevrs amaTgan yovel gvars samsaxurSi virCevT; magram Cvenis
qveynis politikuri uflebebis da sargeblobis dacvis mindoba
gardacema maTTvis gveCoTireba da gvaSinebs. ai am politikur
mosazrebis gamo arafraT gvepitnaveba axali wesdebuleba de­
putatebis amorCevis Sesaxeb“.
– slavianebi xom umravlesni xarT da SegiZlianT yovelTvis
Tqveni kacebi irCivoT deputatebaT, vuTxari me krakovels da ai
ra pasuxi momca amaze.
– zogierT adgilebSi umetesad qalaqebSi, ebraelebis ric­
xvi umravlesia da amasTanavec gaiZvera xalxia da yovelTvis
moaxerxeben TiTqmis bevri polSelebic miimxron da TavianTi
kacebi amoirCion. srulebiT sxva saqmea, roca xalxis „yriloba“
irCevs. aq uriebi jereT bevrni ar arian da amasTanave „aRitacia“
rogorc sityvieri, ise literaturulic Rirseulis kacebis sa­
sargebloT SesaZlebelia.
– Tu agre ar mogwonT da mavnebelia TqvenTvis axali wes­
debuleba, maSin rogor moxda, rom „reixstaRma“ avstriis sazo­

247
gado yrilobam Tqveni survilis winaaRmdeg maggvari wesdebule­
ba miiRo im dros, rodesac marto avstriaSic, rom vengrielebis
qveyanac ar CavTvaloT, slavianebis ricxvi ufro bevria, minam
nemcebisa da, maSasadame reixstaRSi Tqveni deputatebis ricx­
vic bevri unda iyves? vkiTxe kidev ganaTlebul krakovels.
– me TviTon vgrZnobdi, rom magas mkiTxavdiT da ai magisi
srulebiT ubralo pasuxi, miTxra me iman da ganagrZela: Tqven
ambobT, rom avstriaSi slavianebis ricxvi bevriao. eg marTalia.
wignebSi bevrgan waikiTxavT, rom avstro-vengriaSi 16 milionam­
disin slaviani hscxovroben; magram saqme imaSia, rom am slavianeb­
Si bevri imisTana slavianebic urevian, romlebSiac slavianuri
aRaraferi darCenila. mswavlulebis azriT StiriaSi da karinti­
aSic slavianebi hscxovroben, magram axla raa imaTSi slavianuri?
garda amisa, sadac slavianebi hscxovroben, iq sxva juris xalxic
scxovrobs da deputatebaT amaT kacebsac irCeven; ase rom xSi­
raT slavianebis ded-mamulidam deputatebaT mibZandebian xolme
venaSi nemcebi. yvela amas unda daumatoT SesaniSnavi ambavi: ro­
gorc iciT, Cexelebi dawinaurebuli xalxia Cven slavianobaSi da
slavianebis winamorbedaTac hsTvlian TavianT Tavs. amaT am oT­xis
wlis wineT, Tu mexsiereba ar mRalatobs, hsTxoves imperators,
rom maTTvis mieca neba hqonodaT sakuTari reixstaRi da saminis­
troebi, erTi sityviT, igive uflebani, ra uflebanic ki aqvT ven­
grielebs. imperatorma ar daakamyofila maTi Txovna da jibrze
TavianT deputatebs avstriis „reixstaRSi“ sazogado yrilobaSi
aRar gzavnian. nemcebsac eg undodaT, radganac Cexelebidgan de­
putatebi aRar modian „saxelmwifo yrilobaSi“, amisTvis slavi­
anebis deputatebis ricxvi ufro kidev mcirea da nemcebs rogorc
hsurT, ise iqcevian. ai roca reixstaRSi laparaki iyo deputat­
Ta amorCevis wesdebaze Cven mxarSi, Cveni deputatebi, romlebis
ricxvi im JamaT ormocdaTormeti iyo, winaaRmdegni gaxdnen, mag­
ram vera gaawyes ra. an ras gaawyobdnen?!... jer xom Cexelebidgan
deputatebi ar iyvnen: amas garda, sxva slavianebis deputatebis
ricxvic magdeni araferi iyo da amis mizezis gamo gamarjvebul­
ni darCnen nemcebi da „reixstaRma“ gamosca zemoxsenebuli wes­
debuleba. am JamaT „reixstaRSi“ nemcebis partia Zlieria da es
garemoeba Cven slavianebs gveCoTireba, hsTqva bolos Cemma memu­
saifem, da amiT gavaTaveT kidec laparaki erTmaneTTan.
ai amgvar politikur garemoebaSi arian galiciis da krako­
vis mazris mcxovrebni. – axla droa SeudgeT maTis ganaTlebis
gacnobas.

248
 ***
mecnierebis da xalxis ganaTlebis gasavrceleblad moxse­
nebul adgilebSi aris ori universiteti, erTi krakovSi da meo­
re lembergSi, – samecniero akademia (академiя наукъ) krakovSi,
ramdenime saostato seminaria – ori maTgani TviT krakovSi,
gimnaziebi, rogorc qalebisTvis, ise vaJebisTvis, samxedro sas­
wavleblebi erTi TviT krakovSi, sasuliero saswavleblebi da
soflis saswavleblebi. samxedro gimnaziebis garda, yvela sas­
wavleblebSi mecnierebas aswavlian marto polSurs enaze; arc
erTs sagans ar aswavlian saxelmwifo e.i. nemecur enaze. erTis
sityviT polSuri ena aris sazogado enad miRebuli da am enaze
avrceleben mecnierebas da ganaTlebas. rac Seexeba nemecurs
enas, amas erT-klasian saswavleblebSi srulebiT ar aswavlian;
maSasadame erT-klasian da or-klasian sasoflo saswavlebleb­
Si amisi xseneba srulebiT ar aris. mxolod amis swavlas iwyoben
sam-klasian saswavlebelSi, – anu mesame klasidam, – erTi, si­
tyviT im klasidam, sadac bavSvebi srulebiT daxelovnebulni
arian TavianT RviZlis enis codnaSi. am enisaTvis kviraSi xuT
gakveTilze meti TiTqmis arc erTs saswavlebelSi ar aris. rac
Seexeba franciulis enis swavlas, amas did klasebSi aswavlian
da amis Sesaswavlad kviraSi sami gakveTilia dadebuli TiTqmis
yvela saswavlebelSi, ase rom nemecuris enisTvis ufro bevri
gakveTilebia miRebuli, minam franculis enisaTvis. radganac
aqaurs saswavleblebs am gvari mowyobiloba aqvs da amas iTxovs
TviT politikuri mdgomareobac, amisTvis maswavleblebi sul
dididam pataramdin daxelovnebulni arian polSurs enaSi. maTi
umetesi nawili ekuTvnis slavianTa gvar-tomobas.
me ar msurs, rom mkiTxvels Wkua-gonebaSi iWvneuloba ram
darCes Sesaxeb Cemgan naambobisa da amisaTvis davasaxeleb da
gak­vriT kidevac avwer im saswavleblebs, romlebic TviTon Ce­
mis TvaliT vnaxe da romlebis ufrosebTan laparaki mqonda.
Cem krakovSi myofobis dros, saaTis pirvels gavswie aqau­
ris saostato saswavleblebis gasasinjavaT da pir-da-pir mive­
di jereT kacebis saswavlebelSi. Cemda samwuxaroT, aq swavlas
morCenodnen da Segirdebi Tav-TavianT saxlebSi midiodnen. me
mainc direktori vnaxe da vsTxove, rom mas CemTvis klasebi eCve­
nebina. Cemma Txovnam es kaci cota ar iyos Caafiqra da ramdenime
wamis Semdeg miTxra: „didi siamovnebiT, magram exla swavla ar
aris da carielis klasebis naxva ra sasiamovno iqmneba Tqven­
Tvis; mainc wamodiT“. pirvelaT SevediT mosamzadebel klasSi.

249
ubralo stolebma, magram axal sistemaze gakeTebulebma, mSve­
nierma didma, advilaT asawev dasawevma ficarma, dakvirvebiTis
swavlisaTvis sxva da sxva suraTebma, maswavlebelisaTvis kopwia
kaTedrama, krakovis gegmam (planma), mTelis krakovis mazris da
galiciis didma rukama, yvela aman miipyra Cemi yuradReba da bo­
los dros vkiTxe uf. direktors: yvela klasebi ase gaqvT mowyo­
bili, Tu ara?
– sul agreao. jereT axalaT vewyobiT da bevri ram kidev
gvakliao.
sxva klasebic rom gavSinje, Sevatye, rom uf. direktors
eCqareboda saxlSi, gakvriT vkiTxe kidev ramdenime sagani, da
iman kiTxvazed es momigo: „es saswavlebeli Sesdgeba sul rva
klasidgan, oTxi saostato seminariaa da oTxi kidev dabali
klasebia. am JamaT aq swavloben orasze meti mowafeni. mecniere­
bas vaswavliT polSurs enaze; nemecurs enas viwyobT mxolod me­
same klasidam.“
es pasuxebi rom miviRe, madloba gadavuxade da gamoveTxove.
aqedam qalebis saostato seminariaSi gavqandi. me Tan momdevda
erTi Cemi nacnobi rusi. romelsac uWirdeboda warmodgena, rom
avstriis saxemwifoSi am gvari wesebia da gzaSi amixirda rom is
direktori, romelsac Sen elaparakebodi nemeciao da es asec
unda iyveso, direktorebad mainc nemcebi iqmnebian aqaurs sas­
wavleblebSio.
es kaci rom verafriT ver davajere, bolos vuTxari: ai exla
mivalT qalebis saswavlebelSi da iq uTuoT SenTan vkiTxav iqa­
urs direktors da imisgan SegviZlia namdvili SevityoT. am lapa­
rakSi viyaviT, rom qalebis saswavlebelSi mivediT, magram ai
kidev ubedureba. aqac morCenilan swavlas da gasaTxovari qale­
bi mxiarulis saxiT mRimaris TvalebiT, saamuris xarxariT, erT
xelSi wignebiT da meore xelSi Slapebis WeriT gamodian saswav­
leblidgan. me mainc ar daviSale da Sevel saswavlebelis kari­
dorSi. erTi vnaxo qalebis wridam gamoqanebuli wamovida Cemsken
xanSi Sesuli, magram cqriala da malxazi kaci da polSurad raRac
damiZaxa. erTis wamis Semdeg es kaci Cem win daerWo. nemecurs enaze
ptyel-ptyelaT auxseni Cveni ganzraxva da rodesac vuTxari Cve­
ni vinaobac, xanSi Sesulma kacma gamomicxada, rom is siamovnebiT
aasrulebs Cven Txovnas da gagviZRva win. dawvrilebiT jereT
klasebi gvaCvena, mere biblioTeka, fizikuri da mineralogiuri
oTaxebi, maswavleblebis sazogado moxdenili oTaxi, agreTve
Segirdebis saTamaSo didi oTaxi, bolos samu­ziko oTaxi. yvela

250
es Zalian saamuri iyo CemTvis. saswavlebels naTlad etyoboda,
rom cdiloben Cvenis drois pedagogiis yvela moTxovnilebani,
ramdenaTac SesaZloa, daakmayofilon. rodesac yvelaferi ga­
davaTvaliere, mivmarTe mards da Tavis saqmeSi daxelovnebuls
direktors, uf. iablonskis zogierTis kiTxvebiT. Tqven ver war­
moidgenT, Tu ra siamovnebiT yurs migdebda da TiToeuls kiT­
xvaze ra garkveuls pasuxs maZlevda. mxolod erTma Cemma kiTx­
vam rogorRac gaaoca, ai es kiTxva: erTi mibZaneT – mecnierebas
am Tqvens saswavlebelSi romel enaze aswavliT. rao? miTxra da
karga xans gaCumda. maSin me imis pirsaxeze wavikiTxe: ra vqna es
kaci ras mkiTxavs! Tu me ver gavige amisi kiTxva?! ramdenime xnis
Semdeg, mipasuxa: me Tqveni kiTxva ar mesmis. gTxovT gaimeoroT.
me rac Zala da Rone mqonda, movifiqre, rigianaT davawye nemecur
enaze sityvebi da kidev ganumeore Cemi azri. „eg ra sakiTxavia,
mipasuxa man, rodesac Tqven sinjavT polSurs saostato semi­
narias. rasakvirvelia polSurs enaze vaswavliT yvelafers. rac
Seexeba nemecuris enis swavlas, amanac isev h
­ sTqva, rac pirvelma
direktorma. sxva Cems kiTxvebze miviRe am gvari pasuxebi: eqvsi
weliwadia, rac es seminaria arsebobs da am JamaT 190 ymawvili
qali swavlobs. sul rva klasia; oTxi maTgani ufros klasebaT
iTvleba, oTxi kidev dabal klasebaT. am dabal klasebSi pir­
velis klasis Segirdebi aZleven gamosacdels gakveTilebs da
gamocdil maswavleblebis gakveTilebze daiarebian. yvelani
Zriel bejiTni arian da siamovnebiTac midian soflis maswavleb­
laT. Cemis nacnobis dasakmayofileblaT, Tumc ki meTakileboda
mekiTxna, gavbede da vkiTxe: vaJebis samaswavleblo seminariis
direktori xom polSelia? rasakvirvelia polSelia bunebiTi
da imis gvari aris tvorak, mamigo ficxlav direktorma. am dros
Cems nacnobs Sevxede, romlis saxec TiTqo amas ambobda: ra vqna,
es sada var? bolos didi guliTadi madloba gadavuxade uf. di­
reqtors da kidevac vTxove rCeva, Tu romeli soflis saswavle­
beli menaxa. iman mirCia siaxlovisa gamo lobzes saswavlebeli,
sadac sadilis Semdeg Tavi amovyavi da iq maswavlebels da erT
gasaTxovars qals velaparakebodi. didi gaWirebuli laparaki
gvqonda me da am maswavlebels, es nemecurs Cemze uxeiroT lapa­
rakobda da polSuris enisa ki me ara vicodi ra. rac Seexeba qals
aman xom erTi sityvac ar icoda nemecurs enaze. maswavlebelma
vai-vaglaxiT amixsna, rom me sxva Skolis maswavlebeli varo da am
Skolis maswavlebeli ki es es aris krakovSi wavidao. am laparakSi
rom viyaviT, gasaTxovarma qalma polSuraT raRac uTxra maswav­

251
lebels; aman bodiSi moiTxova CemTan da cota xnobiT meore oTax­
Si gavida. ram wams ukan dabrunda, maSinve, rogorc iyo, mkiTxa
Cemi vinaoba. saxeze naTlad etyoboda, rom daerigebinaT meore
saxlSi, rom gaego Tu vina var me. rasakvirvelia, me avuxseni Cemi
vinaoba da ganzraxvac. cota-xnis siCumis Semdeg, dawvrilebiT
gamovkiTxe am ymawvils, rogorc saswavleblis, ise maswavleblis
mdgomareoba. ai ra Sevityve: didi xani ar aris Turme, rac lob­
zes saswavlebeli arsebobs da iTvleba erT klasian saswavleb­
laT. mowafeni am klasSi unda darCnen xolme eqvs weliwads. am
JamaT aq swavlobs 50 mowafe, amaTSi oc-da-aTi vaJia da oci qali.
saswavlebels ramdenime ganyofileba aqvs da saswavleblaT dan­
iSnulia: saRmTo sjuli, wera-kiTxva, polSuri ena, ariTmetika,
sxva da sxva cnobebi bunebis metyvelebidam; SesaniSnavi istori­
uli moTxrobebi ufro polSis istoriidam; samSoblo geogra­
fia da sazogado cnoba mTelis qveynis geografiidam, galoba da
xatva. yvela amas aswavlian polSurs enaze. saswavleblis saxli
ar aris gvariani, Tumca ki didi oTaxia, skamebi sul ubraloa da
arc zurgis misayudeblebi aqvT. samaswavleblo masalebi gvar­
iania; ufro SesaniSnavia krakovis gegma (plani) da samSoblos
ruka. ase gasinjeT, kargi mozdili „globusic“ ki aqvs am soflis
saswavlebels. maswavlebeli aris aq uf. dombrovski, romelsac
saostato seminaria aqvs gaTavebuli. Turme esec Zriel sustaT
laparakobs nemecurs. jamagiraT aqvs 300 guldeni. garda amisa,
soflisagan aqvs sadgomi saxli da sakmaoT SeSa. rogorc gavige
Cemi memusaifisagan zogierTs soflebSi or-sam klasiani saswav­
leblebia da am saswavleblebs or-ori da sam-sami maswavleblebi
hyavT. Zriel mindoda erTi am saswavlebelTaganic menaxa, magram
veRar movaxerxe da iZulebuli viyavi maswavlebels da polSels
qals, romelic sul CvenTan trialebda da xandisxan maswavleb­
lis SemweobiT saWiro cnobebs iZleoda, gamovTxovebodi da
davbrunebuliyav krakovSi.
me darwmunebuli var, rom sami saswavleblis gakvriT aR­
wera ufro kidev naTlad daanaxvebda mkiTxvels, rom rogorc
krakovSi da imis mazraSi, isec galiciaSi saswavleblebs aqvT
srulebiT nacionaluri xasiaTi da am gvari maTi xasiaTi Seesa­
bameba moxsenebulis mazrebis politikur mowyobilobas.

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 ***
vin ar icis, rom warmateba rogorc saswavleblebis saqmisa,
ise TviT gamgeblobisa, aris damokidebuli sazogado azrze, rom
sazogado azrma unda uCvenos rogorc saswavleblebs, ise gamge­
blobas – TviT-mmarTvelobas jerovani gza da sagani. mxolod es
sazogado azri ixateba gazeT-JurnalSi anu Tanamedrove mwer­
lobaSi. Tu es asea, maS movixsenioT, Tu ra gazeTebi gamodis mox­
senebul mazrebSi: krakovSi: „xorap“, „diavel“, „Cas“; lembergSi:
„dnevnik polski“, „gazeta divoska“, „SCutek“ da sxva kidev pa­
tara gazeTebi. ai amaTSi ixateba aqauri slavianebis sazogado
azri. rasakvirvelia, mkiTxveli moelis Cemgan gardavce mas mok­
leT is, Tu ra mimarTulebisaa TiToeuli Cemgan dasaxelebuli
gazeTi, magram Cemda samwuxaroT unda vaRviaro, rom me ara mqon­
da dro es gazeTebi daaxloebiT gamecno. aq mxoloT is SemiZlian
vhsTqva, rom yvela moxsenebuli gazeTebi fxizlaT damcvelni
arian TavianT xalxis uflebebisa da cdiloben xalxis warmate­
baSi win wayvanas.

***
oriode sityva unda vsTqva xalxis muSakobaze da nawarmoeb­
zedac. rogorc zemoT SevniSne, krakovis mazras da galicias aqvs
kargi geografiuli mdebareoba da noyieri miwa. mcxovreblebic
SromaSi aravis CamorCebian. uwindel droSi, roca aqaur slavi­
anebs qari uqrodaT da Seadgendnen politikur gansakuTrebiT
„organizms“ da aravize damokidebul saxemwifos, amaTi yovelg­
vari nawarmoebi: puri, marili, saqoneli, agreTve naqsovi da qa­
rxnebSi momzadebuli maudi axlo-maxlo saxemwifoebSi gadioda
da kargi fasic hqonda. exlac eZaxian erT uSvelebels Senobas
krakovSi „sukonica“ sadac maudis didi qarxana yofila. magram
am JamaT ki moxsenebuli mxareebi srulebiT sxva suraTebs war­
mogvidgens. is adgilebi, sadac auarebeli marilia, ekuTvnis
avstriis mTavrobas; xvna-Tesvas imodenaT mizdeven, ramodena­
Tac saWiroa TviTon slavianebisaTvis da amisaTvis meurneobas
namdvili vaWruli xasiaTi ara aqvs. rac Seexeba qarxnebs, amaze
Zalian ukacravaT arian aqaurebi. aqaur maRaziebSi TiTqmis ver­
afers naxavT krakovisa da galiciis qarxnebSi SemuSavebuls. am
ori wlis wineT krakovis daaxlovebiT ori Saqris qarxana yofi­
la da exla marto erTi-Raa da esec vai-vaglaxiT arsebobs. ra
aris am gvaris movlinebis mizezi? ikiTxavs mkiTxveli. meTer­

253
Tmete saukune ubeduri saukune iyo polSelebisaTvis. Sinaur­
ma uwesurobam gadaaWarba aq yovels wres da amasTanave memijne
saxemwifoebs Tvali fxizlaT eWiraT rom ra ari rogorme xelSi
CaegdoT maTi qveyana da erTmaneTSi gaenawilebinaT. es asec mox­
da moxsenebul saukuneSi. am drodgan polSelebis yuradReba
iyo miqceuli imaze Tu rogor daebrunebinaT TavianTi politi­
kuri sicocxle da, rasakvirvelia, igini yovelive RonisZiebas
xmarobdnen am saqmeze. viRas agondeboda muSaoba da qarxnebis
gankargeba. visac uWyaoda rame, exla sazogado saqmisaTvis unda
moexmarebina. ai roca am mdgomareobaSi iyvnen moxseniebulis
mazrebis slavianebi, nemecebis qarxnebma Zriel moimates da war­
moebam didi nabiji wasdga win. nemcebis nawarmoebma sazogado
bazarSi mTel germaniaSi da axlo-maxlo adgilebSi daiWira upi­
ratesoba da polSelebis warmoeba srulebiT daeca. daumateT
am garemoebas isic, rom krakovis da galiciis mcxovreblebis
nawarmoebi verc ruseTSi jerovans adgils daiWerda. es amisT­
vis, rom ruseTis polSaSi ufro darCa warmoeba da radganac
qarxnebi Zveli saqme ar iyo ruseTSi, amisTvis polSelebi waT­
amamdnen da ufro xeli Caavles qarxnebs ukanasknel dros. amaT
nawarmoebs, rasakvirvelia, ufro bevri msyidveli eyoleboda,
minam krakovelebis da galicielebis nawarmoebs. eseni ubaJoT
avrcelebdnen TavianT saqonels ruseTSi; krakovelebs da gal­
icielebs ki amis nebas aravin miscemda. yvela es mizezebi mgoni
sakmao iyo, rom krakovis mazraSi da galiciaSi warmoebaze Sena­
xuliyo warmodgena mxoloT xalxis gonebaSi.
rasakvirvelia, unda movelodeT, rom momavalSi sapoli­
tiko ganaTlebiTi mdgomareoba, romelSic exla arian krakovis
mazris da galiciis mcxovrebni, dahbadavs maTSi warmoebas da
gahxdis maT ekonomiuris mxriTac Tavisufal xalxaT.

***
amiT vaTaveb gakvriT aRweras avstriis slavianebis erTi
nawilis mdgomareobisas da Tu droeba meqneba, iqneba avstriis
sxva slavianebis mdgomareobac gavacno Cems mkiTxvels, vambob
avstriis, romelTanac Tu exla ara, momavalSi mainc mouxde­
ba ruseTs ganxeTqileba da am wertilidamac ki saWiroa slavi­
anebis mdgomareobis codna.

iveria. – 1878. – 17 agv. – N32. – gv. 2-8

254
 (nawili mesame)

IV

fridrixsvaldi 1-4 ivlisis 78 w.

ivnisis 25-s, SafaTs or saaTze, me da erTi Cemi axlaT gac­

nobili ymawvili kaci, soflis saswavleblis momavali ostati,
gamovediT drezdenidam vakzalSi jereT pirnSi da mere aqedam
sofel fridrisxvaldSi wamosasvlelad. rogorc ki CavjeqiT
vagonSi da orTqliT mavali maSina daiZra Tavis adgilidam, me
sul yurebaT gadaviqeci. fanjrebidam xan erT daTesil miwas,
gzis mxriT Semkobil alublis da balis xeebiT, gavscqerodi da
xen meores; xan kidev mivaCerdebodi orTqliT mavali maSinis
gzas da xeebs, romlebic am gzaze gangeb dargulebia; xan kidev
gangeb veZebdi TvaliT mouvlels da Tav-minebebuls adgils,
magram am gvars adgils me versad vpovebdi. me sul aqeT-iqiT
cqeraSi gavatare dro pirnamdin. aq movediT oTxis naxevarze
da SeudeqiT risame Sovnas sofelSi wasasvlelad. ai kidevac
viSovneT droSka erT cxeniani. me Cems nacnobs vuTxari: es cxeni
ise daSorebuls sofelSi, rogorc fridrixsvaldia ver wagviy­
vans; amasTan xom xedavT, wvimac modis. gzaSi didi talaxi iqneba.
amaze ai ra pasuxi miviRe: „aq talaxs ra unda; gzebi aq sul mSve­
nieria“. davemorCile am kacis sityvebs da naxevaris saaTis Sem­
deg gzas gavudeqiT. marTlac gza mSveniereba ram iyo; amisaTvis
wvimas veraferi daeklo. amas garda, es gza mgzavrs mSveniers su­
raTs warmoudgens da qarTvels moagonebs tfilisis ukeTess qu­
Cas. amas aqeT-iqiT sul balis da alublis xeebi aqvs Carigebuli.
– visia es xexilebi? vekiTxebi Cems nacnobs.
– glexebisaa. xom xedavT gzis pirebze daTesils miwebs. vi­
sac es miwebi ekuTvnian, xexilebic imisia“. mipasuxa im axalgaz­
da kacma.
– am xexils gana qurdebi ar iparaven, an kidev saqoneli ar
afuWebs? vkiTxe kidev me imas da miviRe pasuxi:
– „patronis garda am xexilebs aravin ekareba da rac Seexeba
saqonels, amas xom vin gaatarebs daTesilebSi da gzis pirebze
uTavboloT“.
male mieCvia Cemi Tvali ase mSvenivrad morTuls da gatke­
cils gzas da Sors aqeT-iqiT cqera daviwye. manZili pirnadam

255
mokidebuli fridrixsvaldamdin mSveniers sxva da sxva suraTs
warmogvidgenda. erTis mxriT xedavdiT borcvebs – patara maR­
lob adgilebs, SemosilT yanebiT, romlebic niavis wyalobiT
saamurad iqnevdnen Tavebs, da am borcvebis ZirSi xeliT gaCenil
patar-patara tyes; xan xedavdiT borcvebs, Semosils qoCora qa­
Tamisaveb bunebiTis tyiT da amaT ZirSi miwebs, romlebSiac idga
anu puri, anu qeri, anu fSvria, anu kidev karTofili da kombos­
to; meores mxriT xedavdiT Reles ors patara maRlobT Soris
da am Reles mizdevda koxta patarZlis sartyelisaveb fiWvis da
sxva xeebis tye. am tyis bolos sCandnen kramitiT daxurulni or
sarTuliani saxlebi, romlebT Soris ekklesia Tavisis simaRliT
da wowola gumbaTiT Zriel erCeva. am gvaris suraTebis cqeras
da daTvalierebas xSirad gvawyvetinebs soflebi, romlebic gam­
wkrivebulebi arian pirnadam mokidebuli fridrixsvaldamdin.
ai mivadeqiT sofels „zuSendorfs“ da Cems nacnobs ki aRara,
pir-da-pir kuCers vekiTxebi: „es ra qalaqia?“
– es qalaqi ki ar aris – sofelia“. meubneba igi.
ai kidev sofeli „zexiSta“, romelic mSvenivraT gamoic­
qireba. vfiqrob Cem gulSi: es ki uTuod unda qalaqi iyves da
kidevac vkiTxe kuCers, romelic RimiliT meubneba: „es sul so­
flebia da Tqven qalaqebaT raT migaCniaT?“ Cem nacnobs axal­
gazrdas Rimili mosdis da pasuxs aZlevs: „ise, unda gagvabriy­
vos da soflebi qalaqebad dagvarqmevinos“. TiTqo daijera am
kuCerma da Tavisi Soltisaveb grZeli maTraxi gautkacuna Zal­
ze Catrukebuls, Casuqebuls wabla cxensa, romelmac ZugZugiT
gaswia. ase – soflebis, maTis are-mareebis, daTesilis miwebis,
borcvebis da patara Releebis cqeraSi viyavi sul, minam frid­
rixsvaldSi mivdiodi da bolos dros mivedi kidevac. movedi
aq saRamos Svid saaTze da davbinavdi sastumroSi. eqvsi dRea,
rac me moxsenebul sofelSi vcxovrob da am xnis ganmavlobaSi,
rogorc es sofeli, ise yvela maxloblad myofi soflebi Tavi­
anT mcxovreblebiTurT, ramdenaTac SesaZlo iyo, gavicani. mi­
nam fridrixsvaldis dawvrilebiT da sxva soflebis sazogado
aRweras Sevudgebi, me mkiTxvels unda vuTxra, rom yvela Cemi
cnoba, romelsac am werilSi da sxva werilebSi iqneba moyvani­
li, iqneba dadgenili – dafuZnebuli imaze, rasac TviTon vnaxam
da daWeSmaritebiT gavigeb sando kacebisagan. me iseTi siyvar­
uli maqvs WeSmaritebisa da pativiscema kacisa, rom umjobesad
Sevracxav marjvena moviWra da wyalSi gadavuZaxo, minam gangeb

256
ram tyuvili gamovurio Cems nawerebSi. amisaTvis mkiTxvelT
SeuZlian Cems nawerebs sruli rwmuneba aRmouCinos.
fridrixsvaldi didi sofeli ar aris da mdebareobs erT
patara ReleSi, romelsac orive mxriv uwyvia cota amaRlebu­
li adgilebi. SuaSi kidev miCxrialebs pawawkina uCinari wyali.
saxlebi gamomwkrivebula ReleSi da maRlobeebze. jereT sax­
lebis erTi rigi mizdevs Reles orive mxriv; mere meore rigi. am
rigebT Soris gazidulia dawkrialebuli quCebi, TiTqo gangeb,
es aris exla daugviaTo. ekklesia sdgas ufro maRlobze da am
ekklesiis daaxloebiT amave maRlobidam saswavlebeli mTels
sofels gascqeris da TiTqo mgzavrs eubneba: „me var am soflis
aRmaRorZinebeli da patronio“. TiToeuls saxls didi kar-mi­
damo da sabostne adgili uWiravs da amisaTvis sofeli gZlad
aris gaziduli. TiToeuli saxli or sarTulze naklebi ar aris
da zogierTs saxlSi xuTmetamdin – ufro meti oTaxia. zogi­
erTs saxls Tavis kar-midamoze, romelsac an qviTkiris kede­
li avlia, an kidev erTnairi Robe, aqvs didi saraia, sadac miwis
muSaobis yvela iaraRi da sazamTro SeSa ulagiaT; aqve gverdze
sdgas qviTkiris, SuaSi mSvenieri svetebiT, Tavla cxenebisaT­
vis da boseli kidev saqonlisaTvis. yvela saxlebi kramitiT
aris daxuruli da galesili garedam kiriT, Signidam gajiT, anu
kidev sastumro oTaxebs aqvT gakruli sxva da sxva feris qaRal­
di; yvela saxlebSi feCebi rkinisaa, magram maT milebs (trubebs)
ki erTnairi agurebi aqvsT gareSemo Semovlebuli. agreTve yve­
la saxlebi morTulia mebeliT. am sofelSi ori sastumroa or-
ori sarTuliani. amave sofelSi naxavT Tqven derciks, mWedels
da sxva, soflisaTvis saWiro xelosan kacs. mTeli sofeli Tavis
SenobebiT iseT nairad moqmedobs kaczed, umetesad qarTvels
mgzavrze, rom mas hgonia – es sofeli ki ar aris – swored qa­
laqia, Tumca ki Zriel pataraa.
fridrixsvalds uwyvia axlo-maxlo sxva da sxva soflebi:
„ottendorfi“. „zaidevitci“, „nentmansdorfi“, „gersdorfi“,
„borna“ da sxva kidev soflebi. yvela am soflebs im gvarive Se­
nobebi aqvT, rogorc fridrixsvalds da TiToeuli maTgani zo­
gierT mgzavrs qalaqad eCveneba xolme.

***
aba axla CavixedoT fridrixsvaldis zogierT mosaxlee­
bis yofa-cxovrebaSi. ai oc-da-aT wlamdin miRweuli vaJ-kaci,

257
morTuli SlapiT, viwro SarvliT, serTukiT, gaxamebuli peran­
giT da gavaqsulis waRebiT. kviraa – saxlSi darCenila da fus­
fusebs xan saraiaSi da xan TavlaSi. SevideT da davaTvalieroT
am glexis saxli. ai darbazi (zala). aq sdgas mSvenieri mdivani da
amis win mrgvali stoli. kedlebTan mwkrivad awyvia xmeli-gad­
awnuli koxta skamebi. erTs kunWulSi sdgas mozdili fortopi­
ani, meore kunWulSi kidev didi stoli, romelzedac gazeTebis
axali nomrebi awyvia, aq xedavT nemecuris gazeTebis „pirnaer
anceiger“ da „drezdeners anceiger“ nomrebs da sxva wignebsac.
am darbazSi (zalaSi) glexi Tavisis axalgazrda coliT, umcro­
si ZmebiT da moxuci mamiT purs Seeqceva xolme. ai meore oTaxi,
sadac amisi muSani da mojamagireebi pursa sWamen. am darbazis
gverdzea da aq sdgas dasakeci mrgvali stoli da ramdenime
skami. aqve sdgas didi „Skapi“, – romelic saWmel-sasmelis Ses­
anaxavia. am oTaxs akravs zed mSvenieri, koxta samzareulo da
iqiT kidev aris mojamagireebis sawoli oTaxebi. zemo sarTulSi
kidev am glexis da misis colis sawoli didi oTaxia; sxva oTaxe­
bi kidev ganawilebulia saxlobis sxva wevrTa Soris. rac Seexeba
sardafebs, aq zogSi glexs rZis da erbos WurWeli ulagia, zogi
rZes acivebs, erTs did oTaxSi kidev udgas karaqis mosamzade­
beli maSina da aq akeTebinebs karaqs. glexis saxls artyia garSe­
mo qviTkiris galavani; am galavnis kedels aqvs midgmuli didi
boseli ZroxebisaTvis da Tavla cxenebisaTvis. boselSi abia
oci Zroxa da aqve dgas erTnairi maSina karTofilisa da sxvis
risame dasakuwavaT da ise misacemaT saqonlisaTvis saWmelad. am
boselSive kunWulSi, erTnairi wnulia da oTxi Zalze Casuqebu­
li Rori amwyvdevia* TavlaSi kidev ubia oTxi uzarmazaris tanis
cxeni; TviToeul maTSi 600 marka anu oc-oci Tumania micemuli.
galavnis meore kedelze miSenebulia didi saraia, romelic or
nawilaT gaiyofeba. erT nawilSi SeSa da samuSako iaraRi awyvia,
meoreSi kidev puris gasalewi maSina aqvs mowyobili. am maSin­
aSia micemuli oci Tumani fuli, CveneburaT rom viangariSoT.
maSinis dasatrialebeli Calxi saraias gareT aris da amas ori
cxeni atrialebs xolme. Calxis trialis dros maSina moqmedobs
da wminda bzes calke hyris da purs kidev calke. galavnis ga­

* mkiTxvelma unda icodes, rom aq Zriel ufTxildebian saTibebs, tyeebs da daTe­

sil miwebs da amisaTvis saqonels mindvraT ar atareben da sul boselSi hyavT
dabmuli Semodgomis garda. am dros ki cota xnobiT mindvraT daudiT saqoneli,
magram didis sifTxiliT.

258
reT jereT koxta bostania, romelic saxlzea mikruli, am bos­
tanSi saxlis kedelTan sdgas ramdenime vazi, romlebis tote­
bi kedelzea ayvanili da fanjrebs aqvs Semor­tymuli. galavnis
meore ­mxriv awyvia mSvenieri nafuzrebi, romelSiac sdgas zog­
Si TeTri puri, zogSi Savi, zogSi kidev fSravia da cxenebis saW­
meli balaxia. am nafuzrebs artyia garSemo saTibebi. am saTi­
bebidam modis erTi axalgazda, wiTel-loyebiani qali, xelSi
raRac balaxi uWiravs. acvia srulebiT ubraloT, magram rac
ki acvia sul faqizia. es gaxlavT glexis coli, romelic ise
muSaobs, rogorc TviTon qmari.
rogorc mkiTxveli xedavs, es aRwerili glexi gakeTebuli
kacia da maS gadavavloT Tvali xel-nakleb kacis mdgomareobas.
ai or sarTuliani saxli. qvemo sarTulSi sami oTaxia da sami
kidev zemo sarTulSia, xel-nakleb glexsac kargad aqvs mor­
Tuli Tavisi saxli. amasac ki udgia darbazSi mdivani da uwyvia
skamebi; agreTve amasac ki mosdis erTi gazeTi, mxolod amas ar
udgia zalaSi fortopiano. sawoli oTaxebi amasac faqizad aqvs.
saxlis win udgia amasac ramdenime vazi, ayvanili zemo sarTu­
lis fanjrebamdin. rac Seexeba Tavlas, amas marto saqonlis
boseli aqvs, sadac ubia marto ori Zroxa. eseni arian am glexis
mxvnelni da rZe-karaqis momcemni. am meore glexsac saraia aqvs
gayofili oraT – erTSi samuSao iaraRi ulagia, meoreSi kidev
puris salewavi aqvs mowyobili. magram amas puris salewi maSi­
na ara aqvs da amisaTvis es lewavs anu hbegvavs puris Tav-Tav­
ebs Tasmeb­ze milursmuli ketebiT. saxlis gverdze amasac aqvs
mSvenieri SemuSavebuli bostani da bostnis iqiT uwyvia nafuz­
rebi da cotaodeni saTibebi. es meore glexi gaxlavT aqaure­
bis azriT Raribi kaci; magram ra Raribia? puri aqvs sakmaod
da kidevac hyi­dis. rZes da karaqs ar iklebs. garda amisa im or
sacodav Zroxas Tavis xeliT daTlil qvebs azidvinebs Tavis
karebis win gasayidavad da cxovrobs tkbilad da faqizad.
nu daizareb, Cemo mkiTxvelo, da SemomyeviT erTis moxuce­
bulis mewisqvilis mdgomareobis dasaTvalierebladac. warmov­
idginoT moxucebuli kaci, wver-ulvaS moparsuli, Zalze saxiT
daxmajuli. mokle serTukiT da Savis SarvliT, lurji jiletiT
da am jiletis ubeSi saaTi, floStos mgzavsi fexsacmeliT, ga­
xunebulis qudiT da maSin Tvalwin gveqneba Cemis mewisqvilis su­
raTi. ai amis ufrosi qalic. sadRac yofila daTesil miwebisken;
mokle kaba acvia, perangi srulebiT wmindaa da yelTan uCans; amis
titveli fexebi da kidev zemodac titvela wvivebi TeTrad ga­

259
moicqirebian;* Tavze araferi xurams da Tma mSvenivraT aqvs ga­
davarcxnili; mklavebi kidev daumklavebia, TiTqo dasaWidavaT
momzadebulao. mkiTxveli ityvis: „Raribi kaci yofila sawyali
mewisqvile da uTuod saxlSi Zriel Rari­bad aris mowyobilio“.
nu CqarobT, mkiTxvelo, da SemodiT am mewisqvilis saxlSi, rome­
lic wisqvilis zemo sarTulSia. amis darbazi (zala): aq kedelT­
an sdgas gvariani mdivani da win udgia rgvali stoli, romel­
sac garSemo urigia samiode skami; skamebi kidev kedlebTan aris
gamwkriebuli. rgval stolze awyvia pirnas gazeTis ramdenime
nomeri. Cveni mewisqvile kiTxulobs gazeTebs da kacobriobis
trials Tvalyurs adevnebs. aman icis, rom berlinSi yrilobaa
da morigebaze laparakoben. aman karqaT icis, rom SarSan wina­
pirvelaT Zriel gaimarjves TaTrebma da bolos rusebma; aman
karqaT icis plevna sad aris da ra biWoba gamoiCina osman-faSama.
ras ityvi amaze, mkiTxvelo? me vici rasac ityvi da amisaTvis Cve­
ni saqme ganvagoT. mewisqviles am zalis garda ori oTaxic aqvs
da aba amis qalis sawols oTaxSi SevixedoT: ai taxti (krovati)
faqizad loginic dagebuli; am logins zed axuravs axali gare­
cxili saura da yvelgan raRac siwmin­dea. meore oTaxSi kidev
mewisqvilis da misi moxucebulis colis sawolia; aqac zogier­
Ti bargeuloba awyvia, magram yvela Tavis alagas. ra acxovrebs
axla am kacs? erTi Zroxa hyavs da es yovel TveSi, rogorc nam­
dvilad gavige, Svid kakal maneTs anu oc-da-erT markis karaqs
aZlevs. ori maSkebi Roric umwyvdevia da esenic rogorc vian­
gariSe, sam Tumnamdin miscemen weliwadSi. amaT goWebs hyidis
xolme, zogs kidev asuqebs, hklams da amaT xorcidam akeTebs Zex­
vebs gasayidavaT. daumateT amas isic, rom wisqvili amisi ar aris,
– amas ijariT aqvs aRebuli da patrons aZlevs Cveneburi fuli
rom viangariSo xuTmet Tumans da rac wisqvils Semoua, sul mew­
isqvilesia. am wisqvilSi trialebs wya­lobis dros ori wisqvilis
qva. garda amisa wisqvils ekuTvnis ramdenime saxnavi da saTibi
miwa. ai aqedam sazdoebs Cveni mewis­qvile. – erTis sityviT rome­
li glex-kacis saxlobasac ki aiRebT fridrixsvaldSi anu rome­
lime sxva sofelSi pirnas mazraSi da CaakvirdebiT, Tqven SeniS­

* unda SevniSnoT aq, rom soflad Zriel gaxSirebulia siaruli SiSveli fex­
iT. ubralo dReebSi gasaTxovari da qmriani qalebi sul fexSiSvelebi dadian.
es kidev araferi, saswavleblebSi Znelad naxavT fexT-Cacmul moswavles; sul
yvelani fexT-SiSvelebi daiarebian sasoflo saswavleblebSi. rasakvirvelia, es
warmosdgeba Cveulebisagan da ara siRaribisagan.

260
navT yvela nabijze ganaTlebis gavlenas. aq dedul-mamulis
mqone glex-kaci scxovrobs srulebiT ganaTlebulad. aba erTi
aiReT pirveli glexis mdgomareoba da SeadareT Cvenis soflis
romelime TavadiSvils, rasakvirvelia didis dedul-mamulis
patrons, da naTlad dainaxavT, rom es glexi-kaci ufro karis
bWeSi udgas ganaTlebas da daswafebia mis madls minam Cveni Ta­
vadiSvili didis dedeul-mamulis patroni kolxidis qveyanaSi.
aba miCveneT TavadiSvili, romelic ise bejiTad adevnebs Tvals
kacobriobis cxovrebis trials, rogorc sawyali sxvis miwaze
mcxovrebi mewisqvile – anu romelic iwerdes imdens sxva da
sxva gazeTebs, rogorc pirvelad aRwerili glexi. – anu romeli
glexia Cven samSobloSi, romelic Tavisi nayofierebiT arc erT
qveyanas ar CamorCeba, rom ise wmindad da kacuraT scxovrebdes,
rogorc zemoT aRwerili glexebi? gana Cveni glexebi Raribe­
bi arian? ara. ramdeni glexia saqarTveloSi, romlebsac xuTas
kodamdin puri mosdiT da oras kokamdin Rvino weliwadSi, ori
guTnis xar-kambeCi hyavs – TiTo uRel kambeCSi oc-oci Tumani
aqvT micemuli, amaT nafuzrebs da venaxebs nuRar ityviT, mag­
ram mainc glexebis cxovreba didad ar ganirCeva Raribis kacis
cxov­rebisagan, Sin mowyobiloba aris umzgavsi da yovel nabijze
yurSi CasZaxis mxedvels, rom patronebs ganaTleba jereT ar mi­
hkarebia da ekonomiuri mosazrebisac ara ician ra.

iveria. – 1878. – 24 agv. – N33. – gv. 11-15

261
 (nawili meoTxe)

me cota Sors wavedi da Tav-sagans Tavi davanebe. mkiTxve­

lis yuradRebas isev fridrixsvaldis mcxovreblebis aRweras
mivaqcev. am sofelSi, rogorc sxva soflebSi, marto glexebi ar
scxovroben. aq amaTis gonebis gamRviZebelni da ganaTlebis fes­
vebis Camdgmelnic scxovroben. me vambob mRvdelze da maswavle­
belzed Tavisis saswavlebliTurT. amaTzed meti ki aravin scxov­
robs am sofelSi. aq Tavadisa da aznauris xseneba ar aris. jereT
vhsTqvaT ramdenime sityva mRvdelze m. kaverSteinze. warmoid­
gineT axal-gazda, pir-moparsuli da cocxali vaJ-kaci, cnobis
didi moyvare da Tavisis Tanamdebobis bejiTi aRmasrulebeli
– ese igi, yovels bedniers dRes mqadagebeli – da maSin cotaTi
mainc geqnebaT Tval-win am mRvdlis suraTi. amas Seusrulebia
kursi leifcixis universitetSi da es ganaTlebuli kaci sofel­
Si mRvdelobs. magram gana SeiZleba aqaurs soflebSi universi­
tetSi kurs Seusrulebeli mRvdlebi gamodgnen? ara, da amis­
aTvisac yvela soflebSi ganaTlebuli mRvdlebia. unda giTxra,
mkiTxvelo, rom am axal-gazda mRvdelma Tavis cnobis moyvareo­
biT da bevris codniT gamakvirva. ra wigni ar vnaxe amis mdidars
bibliotekaSi? me Tqven giTxraT saqarTveloze ar icis ra? amas
waukiTxavs yvelaferi, rac ki am bolo dros nemcebs dauweriaT
saqarTveloze, amas Tavis stolze uZevs iseTi wignic, sadac qar­
Tuli beWduri asoebia moyvanili. arc ruseTi gauSvia uyuradRe­
bod. ai exla Cems aq myofobaSi es mRvdeli hkiTxulobs Semdegs
Txzulebas: „Vom Don zur Donua, von karl Franzof“. amas didi yuradRe­
ba miuqcevia Txzulebis erTi adgilisaTvis, sadac avtors gamo­
hyavs erTi cimbiridam dabrunebuli kaci da laparakobs, rom is
moqmedobs ise ki ara, rogorc mas surs, aramed ise, rogorc sxvas
surs, da amisaTvis Tavis-Tavs da Tavis juris kacebs eZaxis: „Die
Gezwungenen“ „Zaldatanebulni“. raRa Tqma unda, rom es mRvdeli
wmindaT unda scxovrobdes da kidevac scxovrobs. amisi mSve­
nieri saekklesio saxli da amis mowyobiloba, swored giTxraT,
saamuria. am mRvdelze naklebi aRar aris swavliT da cxovrebiT
ottondorfis mRvdeli, m. Strake.*

* me am m. Strakis saxlSi vnaxe aTamdis axal-gazda xuTmetisa da Teqvsmeti wlis

qalebi, da, rasakvirvelia, am garemoebam miipyra Cemi yuradReba. rogorc Sev­
ityve, Turme saqsoniaSi adaTad aqvT SemZlebels kacebs – ufro vaWrebs Tavi­
anTi qalebi, dabali klasebis gaTavebis Semdeg, miabaron patiosans da naswavls

262
 ***
droa, rom fridrixsvaldis maswavleblis da saswavleblis
mdgomareobis aRweras SevudgeT. me wined vsTqvi, rom saswav­
lebeli maRlobze dgas, meTqi. am saswavlebels artyia garSemo
saTibi, romelSiac Txlad dgas sxva da sxva xexili, ufro vaSli
da alubali. win kidev aqvs patara baRi, romelSiac Turme be­
jiTad muSaobs yovels dRes maswavleblis coli. TviT saswav­
lebeli sam sarTuliani saxlia. erTi sarTuli deda-miwaSi dgas
da Seadgens sardafs: ori sarTuli miwas zemod. Sua sarTulSi
sami patara oTaxia da erTi didi samaswavleblo oTaxi. patara
oTaxebis da didis oTaxis Sua aris mSvenieri karidori, Tlilis
qviT dagebuli. am karidoridam asdevs Tlilis qvis kibe zemo
sarTulSi, sadac scxovrobs maswavlebeli. amas uWiravs sami
pawawkina da sami mozrdili oTaxi. raRa Tqma unda, rom fridrix­
svaldis mcxovreblebis ganmanaTlebels kargad eqneba mowyobi­
li Tavisi sadgomi da kidevac aqvs. amisi darbazis (zalis) mowyo­
biloba sanaxavadac sasiamovnoa. me da Cemi nacnobi ymawvili uf.
lorenci ra wams CamovediT fridrixsvaldSi, pir-da-pir maswav­
lebelTan wavediT daukiTxavad, (radganac uf. lorenci naTe­
savia am maswavleblis), avediT kibeze da zalaSi Tavi SevyaviT. me
aq vnaxe erTi SesaniSnavi suraTi, romelic mkiTxvels unda gar­
davsce: darbazSi skamebi da stolebi sul erTs kunWulSi iyo mi­
grovili da erTi wablis fer TmiT Semosili, moSavo Tvalebiani,
datkecil loyebiani da tanovani gasaTxovari qali Camjdariyo
Zirs; edga gverdzed patara wminda „boCkiT“ wyali da recxda Ta­
visis fafuki xelebiT zalis iataks, radganac meore dRes kvira
iyo. rom dagvinaxa Cven, mardad wamoxta, bodiSi moiTxova, rom
areuloba iyo darbazSi, siswrafiT yvelaferi mialag-moalaga
da meore oTaxSi gavida. CvenTan darCa imisi cotaTi xanSi Sesu­
li deda. am suraTis mnaxvels TvalSi naTlad gamoesaxa is azri,
rom evropiel adamians, rogorc siwmindiT cxovreba uyvars, ise
muSaobac. qali male gamovida isev zalaSi – Tav gadavarcxnili
da fex-Cacmuli. is me gakvirvebiT micqeroda, roca gaigo, Tu
ra Sors qveynidam viyavi da cdilobda laparakSi ganuwyvetliv
monawileoba mieRo. radgan maswavlebeli Sin ar iyo, yavis da­
levis Semdeg, gamoveTxove da Cems sadgomSi wamovedi.

mRvdlebs, ufro soflebSi – simrTelis gasamagreblad da zneobiTis xasiaTis

gasaxsnelad. erTis wlis Semdeg maT TavianTi qalebi ukan mihyavT da aZleven
did klasebSi saswavleblad. m. Straki TiTo qalis aRzdaSi weliwadSi iRebs oc-
oc Tumans da mSvenivradac inaxavs.

263
 zemoT vsTqvi, rom saswavleblis oTaxi Sua sarTulSia,
meTqi es oTaxi didi da maRali oTaxia. fanjrebic didebi aqvs.
Sig am nairad aris mowyobili: SuaSi fanjrebis pir-da-pir
garigebulia mowafeebis stolebi. es stolebi didis xnis ga­
keTebulia da amisaTvis cota ra rom ufro Zveli fasonisaa.
rasakvirvelia, amaT zurgis misayudeblebi ar aqvT; erTni-erT­
maneTs uweven zurgis misayudebelobas. saweri da sakiTxi fi­
crebi ki srulebiT kargi aqvT. saswavleblis didi ficari anu
doska kedelzea Camokidebuli. stolebis win sdgas maswavleb­
lis kaTedra. kedlebis garSemo Camorigebulia qudebis da
paltoebis Camosakideblebi; kedlebze yvela qveynis qartebia
mikruli da SkapSi anu ganjinaSi saswavlebeli wignebi da su­
raTebi saRmrTo da bunebiTis istoriisa awyvia. saWiro nivTebi
ki, yovel dRes saxmari, maswavlebels Tavis kaTedris ujraSi
uwyvia. am saswavlebelSi am Jamad oTxmoc-da-aTi ymawvilia –
ormoc-da-aTi vaJi da ormoci qali; magram es ymawvilebi marto
fridrixsvaldidam ar arian. am sofelzea miwerili ori sxva pa­
tara sofeli, romlebSiac samasi suli, anu oc-da-aTi (30) kom­
li cxovrobs; ase rom, sam sofelSi am Jamad iricxeba 700 suli
adamiani da am ricxvidam saswavlebelSi swavlobs 90 ymawvili.
Cemis mokvlevis saqsoniaSi yvelgan – yvela soflebSi Svidasi
(700) sulidam oTxmoc-da-aTi ymawvili saswavlebelSi dadis
– sxvani ki zogni ded-mamani arian, zogni kidev Zmebi da debi,
romlebsac saswavlebeli gauTavebiaT, zogni kidev ususuri
bavSvebi arian. am ricxvebis mniSvnelobas ufro kargad gaigebs
mkiTxveli, Tu warmoidgens, rom saqarTveloSi bevrs sofelSi
aTasobiT da ori aTasobiT suli cxovrobs da amaTSi erTi mos­
wavle ymawvilic ar aris.
fridrixsvaldis saswavlebeli Sesdgeba oris klasidgan,
da erTi maswavlebeli ki hyavs uf. Srederi. sazogadod unda
SevniSno, rom aq TiTqmis yvelgan or klasians saswavlebelSi
TiTo maswavlebelia. radganac ymawvilebi bevri arian da ara
gziT erT oTaxSi ver daetevian da amasTanave kidev TiToeu­
li klasis Segirdebi dayofilni arian ramdenime gundaT aqa­
urs maswavlebels, rogorc sxvebsac, es wesi SemouRia: di­liT
Svid saaTidam mokidebuli Tormetis naxevramdin aswavlis
pirvelis, ese igi ufrosis klasis mowafeebs, romlebic zogi­
erTs sagnebSi, or-or da sam-sam gundaT arian dayofilni; oris
naxevridam kidev xuTis saaTis naxevramdin – rasakvirvelia

264
sadils ukan – meore klasis mowafeebs aswavlis da esenic gun­
debaT hyavs dayofilni.*

***
saswavleblis kedelze sxvaTa Soris aris gakruli sagnebis
da gakveTilebis sia. am siaSi Semdegi sagnebia moxsenebuli: saR­
mrTo sjuli – anu sarwmunoebaTa swavla, wera-kiTxva, nemcuri
ena, dakvirvebaTa swavla, anu bunebiTi istoria, Tvla anu ariT­
metika, geografia samSoblosi da mTelis xmeleTisa, istoria,
xatva, galoba da xel-saqme qalebisaTvis. me daveswari TiTqmis
yvela moyvanil sagnebis swavlaSi rogorc am saswavlebelSi ise
sxva soflebis saswavleblebSi da ase gasinjeT, drezdenis or
gamoCenils samaswavleblo seminariaSic. magram dro nebas ar ma­
Zlevs warudgino mkiTxvelebs, romlebSoris uTuod bevri mas­
wavlebelnic iqnebian, dawvrilebiTi angariSi Sesaxeb yvela da
yovel gvaris gakveTilebisa. me aq moviyvan mxolod oris sagnis
angariSis – nemecuris enisas da ariTmetikisas.
ivnisis 27-s, fridrixsvaldis maswavlebelma sadilis Sem­
deg oris naxevarzed daiwyo nemecuris enis swavleba. am saganSi
dabali klasi sam gundad hyavs gayofili. pirvel gunds miubrun­
da da dauZaxa: waikiTxeT esa da es gverdi futkarze. – am dros
meore gundi Seudga weras: Kunst bringt Gunst (xelovnebas moaqvs
anu mosdevs Tan siamovneba). xolo mesame gundis mowafeebi kidev
– eqvsisa da Svidis wlis bavSvebi Seudgnen: am marcvlebis da si­
tyvebis weras: mein, dein da sxv. – TiToeuli mowafe cdilobda
asoebi lazaTianad daewera. pirveli gundi ki kiTxulobda fut­
karze. ramdenime winadadeba, anu azri waikiTxa erTma, ramdenime
meorem da ramdenime kidev mesamem; ase rom kiTxvaSi miiRo monaw­
ileoba yvela mowafem. kiTxva rom gaaTaves da maswavlebeli
darwmunda, rom gvarianad kiTxuloben yvelani, misca maT sxva
da sxva kiTxvebi: razea laparaki? ra agebulebisaa futkari?
raSi iCens mofiqrebas? ra aris statiis azriT deda futkari?
ra mniSvneloba aqvs deda futkars futkrebis sazogado saqme­
Si? erTis sityviT – maswavlebelma kiTxvebiT TiToeuli azri

* zamTrobiT kidev sxva wesia: swavlas iwyoben rva saaTidam da aTaveben did klas­
Si TerTmet saaTzed; meore klasSi iwyoben swavlas pirvelis saaTidam da aTave­
ben oTxis naxevarzed; eqvs saaTzed – rasakvirvelia, saRamos, pirvelis klasis
mowafeebi kidev ikribebian da swavloben rva saaTamdin, sanTelze anu lampazed.

265
statiisa naTlad gamoaTqmevina mowafeebs da yvela SemTavrebu­
li da gamokvleuli azri yvelas erTad galobiT aTqmevina. Zne­
li warmosadgenia is siswrafe, is mixra-moxra, ra siswrafiTac
da mixra-moxriT moqmedobda fridrixsvaldis maswavlebeli.
rogorc cercvi – es patara kaci ise daxtoda da sxva gundebsac
yurs ugdebda, xom aravin cuRlutobso. didi siCume iyo klasSi,
mxolod moqmedi pirebis xma ismoda. maswavlebelma gaaTava meca­
dineoba pirvels gundTan, uTxra am gundis mowafeebs TavianTi
sityviT daeweraT rac ilaparakes da waikiTxes futkris Sesaxeb,
da TviTon siswrafiT miubrunda meore gundsa. am gundis mowa­
feebs waakiTxa dawerili: Kunst bringt Gunst da misca kiTxvebi: ras
vuwodebT xelovnebas? miTxariT. – wera, kiTxva, mxatvroba, ga­
loba – yvela es aris xelovneba Tu ara? damisaxeleT kidev ka­
cis moqmedebani, romlebsac SeiZleba xelovneba vuwodoT. siam­
ovneba raRa aris? anu kidev xalxi? ra sargebloba da siamovneba
moaqvs xelovnebas? mravali kidev sxva kiTxvebi misca mowafeebs,
alaparaka dalagebiT – TiToeuli naTeli azri galobiT aTqmevi­
na yvelas da dauniSna jereT gadasawerad da mere wasakiTxavaT
patara statia „frinvelis bude“. bolos miubrunda pawawkina Se­
girdebs – mesame gundis mowafeebs. siwrafiT dauSinja nawerebi,
zogs mouwona, zogs dauwuna da gauswora, da dahkra taSi. suyve­
lani gaswordnen da klasis ficars dauwyes cqera. gaimeoreT,
eubneba maswavlebeli Segirdebs kkk-kkk-kkk-. yvelam. ToToeul­
ma calke. – ai davswer am xmas – k. swers TviTon maswavlebeli
da awerinebs mowafeebsac. xelmeored awerinebs da aTqmevinebs
xan erTad yvelas da xan calke. moZebneT eg aso Tqvens wigneb­
Si da gamoTqviT kidec. mere miubrundeba erTnairad mowyo­
bils ujras, romelSiac uwyvia moZravi beWduri asoebi. iRebs k
da am ujris zemo pirze sdebs – eubneba mowafeebs: daacqerdiT
am asos da SeadareT winandels asos. esec k aris. davsweroT. –
swers da awerinebs! – rasakvirvelia, asos TiToeuls xazs calke
uxsnis da ise awerinebs. Segirdebi sweren. amas miumateT zogi­
erTi asoebi: a,u,i,e da sxvebi – TviTon am asoebs gverdze – mou­
soms k-es. waikiTxes jereT yvelam, mere cal-calke. mowafee­
bi asruleben maswavleblis sityvas. monaxeT yvela es asoebi
Tqvens wignebSi da waikiTxed. – akiTxebs jered yvelas erTad,
mere TiToeuls cal-calke. erTis sityviT, maswavlebeli xmar­
obs yovels RonisZiebas, rom Segirdebma aso k gonebaSi kargad
CaibeWdon. am asos Semdeg gaarCia erTi asoc l da dauniSna saw­

266
eraT: Raum, Rein da sxvani. klasi gaTavda da maswavlebelma kidev
dahkra taSi. yvela SeCerda. erTi dauZaxa maswavlebelma mowa­
feebs da maT xelebi wignebze da doskebze daawyes; – ori, yvelam
Tavis nivTi xelSi aiRo; sami – am sityvaze Segirdebma TavianTi
nivTebi ujrebSi Seawyes. yvela amas rom morCa maswavlebeli,
gamoucxada mowafeebs karSi gamosuliyvnen visac surda. msur­
veli aravin gamoCnda da maswavlebelma daiwyo ariTmetikis, anu
Tvlis gakveTili. aman Cveulebrivi wesiT amoaRebina mowafeebs
doskebi da ariTmetikis wignebi da siswrafiT yvela ganyofile­
bas dauniSna saqme. pirvels gunds misca rTuli gasakeTebeli
da gamosacani cifrebi; meore gunds SesaTvleli da gamosaTv­
leli ramdenime cifrebi; mesame gunds kidev dauniSna xatva + da
oTx-kuTxianisa □. Tavda-pirvelad miubrunda pirvels gunds:
aba waikiTxeT, Tu ra unda gamoikvlioT. pirveli magaliTi. – Se­
girdebi sityviT xsnian, Tu rogor unda gaakeTon es magaliTi.
maswavlebeli ki dafaze hswers. am nairad yvela magaliTebze
gadaavlebina Tvali maswavlebelma mowafeebs da bolos ga­
moucxada, rom maT es magaliTebi dafaze gaekeTebinaT da Semdeg
dafis erT gverdze daeweraT; TviTon ki meore gunds miubrun­
da da uTxra: yvelam erTad waikiTxeT. kiTxuloben maRalis xmiT
wignSi: 30+10=; 30+20=; 20+30=; 20–50=; 70–20=; 30–10= da sxv. am
gvars ricxvebs. axla TviToeulma calke, eubneba maswavlebeli
mowafeebs. jereT Sen, axla Sen, axla Sen da amgvarad yvelas ava­
rjiSebs. bolos aZlevs gamosacan, gamosakvlev sxva ricxvebs da
sams magaliTs dasawerad. TviTon ki uaxlovdeba mesame gunds.
jereT TiTebze aCvenebs: ori TiTi da erTi TiTi Seadgens sams;
erTi TiTi da ori kidev sams. jereT yvelas erTad aTqmevinebs,
mere cal-calke. bolos am ricxvebs hswers anu xatavs jvrebiT
da oTx-kuTxians xazebs dafazed da ase samis warmodgenaSi av­
arjiSebs ymawvilebs jvrebis da oTx-kuTxianis xazebiT; sams
umatebs kidev erTs jvars da imave rigze, amave SuamavlobiT ac­
nobebs oTxs ricxvs, ra SuamavlobiTac Seaswavla sami ric­xvi.
mere siswrafiT usinjavs namuSavars pirvelis da meore gundis
mowafeebs da bolos yvela mowafeeebs eubneba: ariTmetikis kla­
si gaTavda. rigze maswavleblis brZanebiT, Segirdebi dafebs
da wignebs ujrebSi awyoben. xelebi maRla, eubneba maswavlebe­
li mowafeebs. – jereT xelis gulebi maCveneT – mere xelis zemo
kani. maswavlebeli siswrafiT uSinjavs TiTebs vaJebs da qalebs,
xom xelebi daubaneli da melanSi amosvrili aravis aqvso; mere

267
mivardeba winaTve momarTuls Wianurs (skripkas) da agalobebs
bavSvebs jereT patara saRmrTo galobas da mere „lorelai“. co­
taxnis Semdeg bavSvebi karSi gadian, magram isev male brundebi­
an, rom ra ari maswavlebelma Semdegi gakveTili daiwyos.

iveria. – 1878. – 31 agv. – N34. – gv. 7-11

268
 (nawili mexuTe)

TiTqmis yvela aqaurs sasoflo saswavlebelSi zemoT moy­

vanil meTodiT da saxiT aswavlian nemcurs enas da ariTmetikas.
yvela maswavlebelSi xedavT Tavis saqmis mcodne kacs ficxlad
da mswraflad moqmeds. soflis ottendorfis maswavlebeli uf.
gemlixi Tavisis malxazobiT, mixra-moxriT, cocxlaT Tvalis
devniT yvelafrisadmi klasSi da gonivrulis kiTxvebis mocemiT
Segirdebisadmi akvirvebs kacs da afiqrebinebs, Tu kacis buneba
ra Sromis amtani yofilao. marTlac, warmoidgineT aqauris sof­
lis maswavlebelis mdgomareoba: Svidis saaTidam mokidebuli
Tormetis naxevramdin unda aswavlos pirvelis klasis mowafeebs
da oris naxevridam kidev xuTis naxevramdin meore klasis mowa­
feebs. axla rogor? TiTqos yovel wams is aqeT-iqiT unda icqire­
bodes, rom Segirdebma cuRlutoba ar daiwyon, yvelas da yve­
lafers unda adevnos cocxlad Tval-yuri. daumateT amas isic,
rom zamTrobiT eqvsi saaTidamac rva saaTamdin unda aswavlos
ufrosis klasis mowafeebs. axla ra jildos iReben maswavleble­
bi am gvaris SromisaTvis? garda imisa, rom amaT glexoba pativs
hscems da siyvaruliT eqceva, TiToeuls maTgans, rogorc zemoT
SevniSne fridrixsvaldis maswavleblis Sesaxeb, aqvs kargi sad­
gomi oTaxebi, zogs maTgans eqvs oTaxamdinac aqvs, zogs ki sami, da
or oTaxze naklebi ki aravis aqvs. amas garda yvela maswavle­bels
aqvs Tavisi patara baRCa, mSvenivrad Semkobili yvavilebiT da
saWiro mwvaneulobiT. saswavleblis gasaTfobaT sofeli aZlevs
maswavlebels samyofs SeSas. rac Seexeba mosamsaxures, amis mice­
mas sofeli ara kisrulobs. – jamagiri kidev yvelas erTnairi ara
aqvs, zogs meti aqvs, zogs kidev naklebi. im saswavleblis maswav­
leblebs, romlebic ekklesiisani arian „Kirchenschule“, CveneburaT
rom viangariSoT aqvT ormoc-da-aTi Tumani fuli, oc-da-aTi
soflidam da oci kidev ekklesiidam iq msaxurobisaTvis. im saswav­
leblebis maswavleblebs, romlebic ar ekuTvnian ekklesias aqvT
jamagiri oc-da-aT Tumanze cota meti da am gvars saswavlebelSi
umetes nawilad amweseben ucolo da ymawvils maswavleblebs.
me darwmunebuli var, rom mkiTxvelisaTvis sasiamovno iqneba
gaigos, Tu soflebis mcxovreblebi rogor ugroveben erTi erT­
maneTSi jamagirebs maswavlebelsa. TiToeuls sofels gadadebu­
li aqvs saxnavi da saTibi miwebi tyiTa saswavleblis sasargeblod
am mamuls aZleven ijariT kerZo pirebs da aqedam Semosuls fuls
abareben sasoflo xazinadars. amas garda TiToeuli mama, romlis

269
Svilebic daiarebian saswavlebelSi, valdebulia TiTo ymawvilze
Seitanos saswavleblis kasis sasargebloT or-ori maneTi da eqvsi
Sauri (6 mark.) ai aqedam hsdgeba maswavleblis sajamagiro fuli. –
yvela maswavlebeli jamagirs iRebs soflis xazinadrisagan.

***
saWiroa movixsenioT, Tu ra Suamavloba arsebobs saqsoni­
aSi, rom ra aris maswavleblebi ganaTlebas ukan ar darCnen da
mecnierebis wina-msvlelobas misdion. pirnis mazris (Bezirhe)
sof­lebis TiToeuls maswavlebels aqvs dabarebuli pedagogiuri
gazeTi: saqsoniis samaswavleblo gazeTi; „zaoqSulcaitung“; amas
garda – „pirnaier anceiger“ „gartenlaube“ da gazeTs „drezden­
er naxrixten“, magram amiTi ar Tavdeba saqme. pirnis mazris Ti­
Toeulis kunWulis soflebis maswavleblebs or TveSi erTxel
mainc sazogado yriloba aqvT inspeqtoris Tana-daswrebiT da am
yrilobaSi isini laparakoben, baasoben sxva da sxva pedagogiur
sagnebze; erTi maTgani gamosacdelad gakveTils aswavlis, anu
uked v­ hsTqvaT, xsnis da am gakveTilzedac aqvT sja. ai TviTon me
daveswari erTs am gvars yrilobaSi 10-s ivliss (29 ivnis.). SuadRis
ukan me da fridrixsvaldis maswavlebeli wavediT bergisibelis
patara qalaqSi, sadac yriloba unda yofiliyo. Cven cota davagvi­
aneT da yrilobas kidevac daewyo moqmedeba. erTi axal-gazda mas­
wavlebeli aZlevda gamosacdelad gakveTils, uxsnida geografi­
idam pirvelis klasis mowafeebs. Cvenis Sesvlis dros yrilobis
zalaSi maswavlebeli laparakobda evropiis mTebze da wylebze.
bevri xani ar gamosula, rom aman laparaki anu swavleba gaaTava
da karSi gavida. sxva maswavleblebi, romlebT ricxvi TerTmeti
iyo TavianT ufrosis garda, Seudgnen sjas, Tu rogor auxsna ga­
kveTili moxsenebulma mowafeebs. zogma daiwuna es gakveTili da
zogma kidev moiwona. rasakvirvelia – amis Taobaze didi baasi iyo.
pirnis mazris inspeqtorma uf. lemansim ufro maswavleblis mxare
daiWira. roca am saganze sjas morCnen, inspektorma RimiliT uT­
xra maswavleblebs: rasakvirvelia moamzadebdiT pestallocis
cxovrebas da mis Teorias. maswavleblebma am saganze daiwyes
laparaki, TviTon inspeqtoric bevrs laparakobda. jereT ilapa­
rakes pestallocis cxovrebaze da mere gadavidnen imis Teori­
aze; magram am ukanasknelzed laparaki ar gaagrZeles. mxolod isa
sTqves, Tu ra gaakeTa pestallocim dakvirvebiTis swavlisaT­
vis. amis Semdeg inspeqtorma dauriga maswavleblebs Txzulebae­
bi, romlebic maT daeweraT sxva da sxva pedagogiurs sagnebze da

270
dauniSna axla sxva sagnebi dasaweraT, anu gasamarteblad. bolos
hsTxova maswavleblebs, rom SemdegisaTvis moemzadebinaT kome­
niusis cxovreba da misi Teoria, agreTve Txzulebaebic daewe­raT.
roca yrilobam gaaTava Tavisi moqmedeba, gamovida sekretari Sua
adgilas da waikiTxa oqmi (protokoli), romelSiac yvelaferi
iyo moxsenebuli, rac ki gaakeTes am yrilobaSi da mec ki am oqm­
Si Camweres, rom esa da es kaci tfilisis qalaqidam daeswro Cvens
krebaSio. gaTavda yriloba da inspektori Cemken wamovida. me da am
kacma bevri vilaparakeT sxva da sxva saganze; sxvaTa Soris me amas
vuTxari zogierTi SeniSvna pestallocis Teoriis da geografi­
ulis gakveTilis Sesaxeb. Tqven ver warmoidgenT, Tu rogor Sea­
fucxuna Cemma SeniSvnam es inspektori da bodiSis xda daiwyo,
rom geografiuli gakveTili ver iyo namdvili pedagogiuri, rom
pestallociis Teorias mxolod cotaT Seexnen. „me sworeT egre
msurda melaparakna dRes, miTxra me iman, rogorc Tqven ambobT,
magram Zalian dagvianda da amisaTvis avCqardi“. ramdenime xnis
Semdeg, roca laparakis gaTavebas vapirebdi, miTxra kidev uf. in­
spektorma: „Tqven drezdenis samasawavleblo seminariebi dagiT­
valierebiaT da ratom ar gsurT pirnas seminariac naxoT? gar­
wmunebT, rom Cveni seminaria Tavisis mimarTulebiT mogewonebaT.
ai iq naxavT, Tu ra yuradRebaa miqceuli pedaRoRiur mxareze
geografiis swavlis dros? – me gTxovT mnaxoT pirnaSi da me Tvi­
Ton wagiyvanT seminariaSi, romlis direktori Cemi didi megobar­
ia“. me, rasakvirvelia, davpirdi amisi Txovna amesrulebina da Tu
marTla avasruleb, raRa Tqma unda, rom mkiTxvels Sevatyobineb
pirnas seminariis mdgomareobas. roca srulebiT movrCiT lapa­
raks me da inspektori, me mivubrundi saswavleblis zedamxedvels
da vTxove, rom mas Tavisis saswavleblis garemoeba CemTvin aex­
sna. ai ra Sevityve amisagan: bergisibelis qalaqis saxalxo Skola
Sesdgeba eqvsi klasisagan da am JamaT swavlobs 240 mowafe. am sas­
wavlebels mxolod sami maswavlebeli hyavs da misi mowyobilo­
ba srulebiT axalia da pedagogiuri. saswavlebels daTvaliere­
bas da mis zeda-mxedvelTan laparaks, rom movrCi, sastumrosken
davapireT wasvla me da fridrixsvaldis maswavlebelma. in­
speqtorma gamogvicxada, rom isic im sastumroSi modis, radgan iq
col-Svili hyavs. aTis wuTis Semdeg yvelani sastumroSi viyaviT
da inspeqtoris cols, tanovans da saxiT moxdenils qals, velapa­
rakebodi. amanac mTxova, rom eseni pirnaSi menaxa. naxevar saaTis
Semdeg yvelani erTi-erTmaneTs gamoveTxoveniT da Cvens gzaze
wavediT. me da fridrixsvaldis maswavlebels gzaSi wamogvewia

271
ori axalgazrda soflis maswavlebeli. amaTac bodiSi moiTxoves,
rom am Jamad ise ver mouxdaT – ise ver waiyvanes saqme yrilobaSi,
rogorc undodaT. amaTac mTxoves, rom maTi saswavleblebi uTu­
od menaxa, magram piroba ver miveci, radganac maTi soflebi cota
daSorebulia fridrixsvaldis sofelze. male davSordiT er­
Ti-erTmaneTs da me – ocis wuTis Semdeg Cems binaze viyavi; frid­
rixsvaldis maswavlebels madloba gadavuxade, rom man wamiyvana
bergisibelSi da gamacno maswavleblebis kreba.

***
rom aqauri soflelebis cxovrebis da mdgomareobis sru­
li suraTi hqondes Tvalwin mkiTxvels, me unda Sevexo kidev cx­
ovrebis zogierTs mxareebs. ekklesiis da saswavlebelis garda,
xalxs sxva sazogado adgilebic aqvs, sadac Tavs iyris anu gulis
gasarTobad, anu kidev, romelime saqmisaTvis. yvela sofelSi
mgzavri naxavs kargad mowyobils sastumros. fridrixsvaldis
sofeli xom patara sofelia, magram aq erTi sastumroa da meore
restorani, rogorc zemoT SevniSne. sastumros im dids oTaxSi,
sadac biliardze saTamaSod ikribebian glexebi bednier dReebSi,
­hsdgas mSvenieri biliardi da mozrdili fortopiano. rac Seexe­
ba skamebs da stolebs, yvela es xom gvariania da gvariani. sastum­
ros zemo sarTulSi kidev erTi saSineli didi darbazia (zalaa),
sadac zamTrobiT bednier dReebis saRamoebs ikribebian qalebi da
kacebi dros gasatareblad. garda amisa amave sarTulSi ramdenime
kargad mowyobili sastumro oTaxia. TviTon Cemi oTaxi, sadac am
SeniSvnebs vhswer, isea morTuli, rom am gvar oTaxSi tfilisSi
unda aZlios kacma maneT naxevari da me ki am oTaxSi vaZlev erTs
markas – eqvs Saurs; – rac Seexeba restorans, es ufro ukeTesad
aris morTuli. raRa laparaki unda, rom im gvar cxovrebis kacebs,
rogorc aqaurebi arian, sxva adgilic unda hqondeT zafxulSi
dros gasatareblad, – da kidevac aqvT. zaidevitcis Rele maggvar
adgilobas uwevsT. kviraobiT sxva da sxva soflebidam ikribebian
aq darTuli qalebi da vaJebi. zogni aq stolebs usxedan da baas­
iT Seeqcevian pivas, zogi Savs da zogi TeTrs. zogni daseirnoben
da erTi erTmaneTTan laparakSi – axal-gazdebi kidev arSiyoba­
Si arian, zogni kidev muzikis mkvrelebs misCerebian da yurs ug­
deben. arian imisTanebic, romlebic Tofis srolaSi varjiSoben.
saqme imaSia, rom maRali xis kinwiroSi mikrulia arwivis suraTi
da es arwivi aqvT miznaT... yvela rasakvirvelia, cdilobs Tavi ar
Seircxvinos da moartyas am mizans. –

272
 nu ifiqrebT, rom aq zaidevitcis ReleSi uwesoeba rame mox­
des. yvela mSvidobianaT atarebs dros da Zalze, rom moRamdeba,
sazogadoeba iSleba.
sxvaTa Soris ai am gvars yrilobeebs sastumroebSi da im gvar
adgilebSi, rogorc zaidevitcis Relea, aqvs ganmaRviZebeli, gan­
mamxnevebeli, qal-vaJebis erTi-erTmaneTTan damaaxlovebeli
ganvlena soflis glexTa cxovrebaze.

***
rogorc xedavs mkiTxveli, glexebi soflad cxovroben da
ganaTlebis gzas adgian. magram soflad mcxovreblebis glexebis
garda, sxva glexebic arian, romlebsac ded-mamuli ara aqvT da
dRiurad gamodian muSaobiT qarxnebSi da sxva da sxva adgilebSi.
ai amiTi yofa-cxovreba am Jamad saZageli ram aris germaniis yve­
la kunWulSi. moviyvan aq zogierTis nemencebis Sexedulebas uma­
mulo kacebis – muSebis am gvar mdgomareobis mizezebze da amiT
droebiT gamoveTxovebi mkiTxvels.
„safrangeTis da germaniis omianobam daRupa Cveni umamulo
kacebi anu dRiuri muSani. omianobamdin ra uSavdaT maT? magram
omianobis Semdeg am ukanasknels weliwadebSi is xuTi miliar­
di franki, romelic Cven safrangeTs gamovarTviT da erTi-erT­
maneTSi gavinawileT, sawamlavaT gagvixda am bolo dros. ai saqme
raSi mdgomareobs: pirvelad germaniis yvela saxelmwifoebi
Seudgnen Tofebis keTebas, zarbaznebis Camosxmas, simagreebis ga­
keTebas da yvelgan daiwyes gacxarebuli muSaoba. magram ai Tofe­
bis keTebas morCnen, zarbaznebi Camoasxes, simagreebi daakeTes da
safrangeTis fulebic daxarjes. exla samuSako saqme aRar aris.
daumateT amas isic, rom safrangeTi Cvengan aRarafers yidulobs
da saTaTreSi kidev Cveni saqoneli ar gadis, radganac iq ingliss
fexi magra aqvs Camdgari da maSin gaigebT Cvenis qveynis muSebis
mdgomareobas. muSa xalxi bevria da samuSako saqme ki cotaa. ai
es aris Cveni umamulo glexebis – Cvenis muSa xalxis damRupveli
da damqcevi. exla is aris bednieri, visac cota mainc ded-mamuli
aqvs soflad.“

iveria. – 1878. – 7 seqt. – N35. – gv. 8-11

273
 (nawili meeqvse)

kelna. 16-18 ivliss

V
11 ivliss, saRamos rva saaTzed gamoveTxove lebcixs – saq­
soniis ganaTlebis deda-boZs da rkinis gziT gamovswie kelnis
qalaqisken. minam Zalze Sebinddeboda. gzis are-mares Tvals ar
vaSorebdi da yvelgan erTsa da imave suraTs vxedavdi; yvelgan,
yvela adgils kacis xelovnebis niSnebi Rrmad aCnda, cariels da
SeumuSavebels adgils kaci aq Tvals ver mohkravda. Cems samwu­
xarod Zalze Sebindebam Semawyvetina gzis are-maris Tvaliereba
da iZulebuli viyavi zurgiT mivyudebuliyav vagons, anu rkinis
gzis etlsa. Cemi mezoblebic egreve iyvnen miyudebulni da TiTqo
siCumis darRvevas eridebodnen. didi xani ar gamosula. rom eseni
mohyvnen Tvlemas da Tavebis qnevas. mec mindoda amaTebr Zilis­
Tvis Tavi mimeca, magram fiqrebma ar mouSves CemTan Zili. xan erTi
fiqri gamohtyvreboda Cems gonebaSi da Semipyrobda xan kidev meo­
re. sakvirveli ram aris fiqrebis wesi, fiqrebis Sobis kanoni. rode­
sac erTs fiqrs vyvandi xolme srulebiT Sepyrobili, im dros, ro­
gorme es fiqri moedeboda, anu klanWs gamokravda, Tu SeiZleba ase
vsTqvaT, meore gonebiTs Zafze asxmuls fiqrebs da eseni erTbaSaT
zemod amoxtebodnen da Seipyrobdnen Cems gonebas. pirveli fiqri
ki mswraflad gaqreboda xolme. axla ra hqondaT sagnad am Cems
fiqrebs? ra ara aqvndaT? xan saqarTvelos mdebiarebas gamomifend­
nen win da TiTqmis ase meubnebodnen: aba, Seadare aqaurs mdebiare­
basTan! xan am mdebiarebis mcxovreblebis beds mi­xatavdnen – ami­
yvandnen saqarTvelos xalxis istoriul–cxovrebis saTauramdin
da iqidam gadmomaxedebdnen, – xan kidev, romelime saqarTvelos
gamoCinebuls–istoriuls pirs Caavlebdnen xels da amas Semoar­
tyamdnen gareSemo mTels epoxas; – xan kidev umgzavsebs da mamulis
moRalateebs gamoigdebdnen win da maTs moqmedebas magonebdnen.
am sagnebidam erTbaSaT raRac manqanebis ZaliT gadamaf­rendnen
sxva sagzebze, romlebsac araviTari kavSiri ara hqondaT pirvels
sagnebTan; magram raRac mizezisa gamo, cota xnis Semdeg, gamovar­
deboda fiqri, romelime Cems nacnobze tfilisSi da fiqri kidev
am nacnobze gamoiwvevda sxva fiqrebs sxva nacnobebze da maT mo­
qmedebaebze, merme sul erT fiqrad gardaiqceoda da es sazogado
fiqri gaixdida xolme sagnad Cvenis winamorbedebis moqmedebaebs
– awindels da momavals. Cvenis mowinave kacebis xan kargs da gulis

274
saamurs moqmedebaebze miaqcevda Cems yuradRebas, xan kidev mou­
fiqrebels da mavnebels saqarTvelosaTvis. nu warmoidgenT, rom
marto moxsenebuls sagnebzed etrialaT Cems fiqrebs. ara, eseni
xSirad Seexebodnen xolme im STabeWdilebasac, romelic me gamov­
cade mgzavrobis dros – xan srulebiT ubralo STabeWdilebasac
gaixdidnen xolme sagnad. erTis sityviT, vin CamoTvlis. Tu ram­
den sagansa da ra da ra jurisas Seexnen Cemi mousvenari fiqrebi,
manam mec Cems mezoblebisaebr ar mimeZina, meore dRes diliT, xuT
saaTze, TiTqmis yvelas gamogveRviZa da fanjridam daviwye kidev
cqera. exla orTql-mavala migvarbevinebda vesTvaliis mazraSi
da am mazris are-mare, xnulebi, daTesili miwebi, saZovrebi – er­
Tis sityviT vesTvaliis mdebiareba da amisi SemuSaveba saqsoniis
Semdeg veRar momivida TvalSi. aq xSirad vxedavdi SeumuSavebels
miwebs, agreTve uxeiros da uwmindurs bilikebs miwebs Soris, da­
Tesil miwebis gverdze saZovrad gamorekils Zroxebs, Txebs, anu
kidev xarebs. magram miwebis SemuSavebis siwmindis badlad aq vxe­
davdi rkineulobis gasakeTebels qarxnebs, anu kidev qva-naxSiris
madnebs. ramdenic ufro da ufro mivdiodiT dasavleTisken, imde­
ni ufro da ufro qarxnebis ricxvi mravldeboda. reinis mazraSi
rom gadavediT, aq xom yvela nabijze vxedavdiT qarxnebs, buxrebs
da erTs saSinels komls, ase rom es komli TiTqmis srulebiT hfa­
ravda soflebs.
orTql-mavala isev vesTvaliaSi iyo, rom Cemis Ramis mezoble­
bi erTs stanciaSi Camoxtnen da amaT badlad sxvani Semosxdnen va­
gonSi. am Cems axals mezoblebs Soris erTad-erTi axal-gazda vaJ-
kaci iyo. amisi Savi da nazi wveri, gruza Tma, tanis moyvaniloba da
cocxali mixra-moxra swored imerels mogagonebdaT. es yvelas
yovelgvar kiTxvaze cocxlad aZlevda pasuxs da xeliT uCvenebda
anu soflebze. anu kidev patara qalaqebze, rom didi xani ar ariso,
rac aq aseTi cocxali moqmedeba da moZraoba daiwyovo. radganac
am ymawvilma-kacma Sematyo, rom me yvelaze ufro cnobis moyvare­
biT yvelas Tvals vadevnebdi da viZiebdi, Cemken gadmojda. Cveni
mezoblebi TiToeulad sxva da sxva sadgurebSi (stanciebSi) gad­
movidnen da marto me da es ymawvili davrCiT vagonSi. aqeT-iqiT
cqera mogvwyinda da movyeviT laparaks sxva da sxva sagnebze. male
laparakma moitana germaniis awindeli politikuri mdgomareoba
da am ymawvil-kacma gardmomca Semdegi: „exla germaniisaTvis cudi
Jamia; reaqcia apirebs cxovrebis trials, klanWebi Caavlos da
Seayenos, anu kidev ukan daswios. or-jel Tofis srolam imperato­
risadmi gaafuWa saqme. exla vinc ara mgonia social-demokratebze

275
laparakobs da germaniis damRuplebaT hracxs. gazeTebic am gvar
kacebs taSs ukraven da mkiTxvelebs – muSa xalxsac CasZaxian yurSi,
rom social-demokratebi ufro dagRupaven da aramTu giSvelian
rasmeo. es gazeTebi vin icis, ras ar avrceleben social-demokrate­
bze. ai exla 30-s (20) ivliss „reixstaRis“ germaniis sazogado yri­
lobis wevrTa amorCeva iqneba xalxisagan da maSin gadawydeba bedi
da ubeduroba germaniisa. Tu libknexti da amisi momxreebi ar
amoirCies, maSin raRa Tqma unda, rom reaqcias darCeba burTi da
moedani, radganac sxva dasTa momxreebia demokratebi, liberalebi
da sxv. Zalian advilad daemorCilebian xolme „brZanebas“. „rode­
sac leibcixis universitetis studentebs SevexeniT laparakSi,
Cemma memusaifem ai ra azri gamosTqva am studentebze: „exla, leib­
cixis universiteti bismarkis moxele kacebs amzadebs da ara Ta­
visufal moqalaqeebs. aqedam advilad SegviZlian warmovidginoT,
Tu ra ganvlena unda hqondeT momavalSi moxsenebulis universite­
tis studentebs sazogadoebaze“. ai am gvar laparakSi sul dagvavi­
wyda gzis are-mares Tvarieleba da SeuniSvnelaT mivediT kelnis
sadgurs (stanciaSi), sadac me da es ymawvili-kaci gamoveTxoveT
erTi-erTmaneTs. aTi wuTis Semdeg me viyavi kelnis muzeumis daax­
loebiT sastumroSi da aq patara oTaxSi vbinavdebodi.

***
kelnis qalaqi naxevar rgoliviT artyia reihnis marcxena na­
pirs, meore napirze kidev mdebareobs deitci, romelic kelnis qa­
laqTan SeerTebulia oris xidiT. erTi im xidTagani aris rkinisa
da dafuZnebulia Tlilis qvebis did burjebzed, kelnis mxrisaken
am xidis zemo erTs burjzed hsdgas axlandeli imperatoris ma­
mis saxsovari. xolo deitcis mxrisken xidis zemo meore burjze
hsdgas TiTon vilhelmis saxsovari, xidi oraT aris gayofili;
erTs mxareze daiareba orTql-mavala, meore mxareze kidev xalxi.
sazogadod, es xidi Tavisis sigrZiT da burjebiT SesaniSnavi ram
aris. meore xidi kidev xisaa da navebzea gamarTuli. kelnis qalaqs
garSemo artyia cixe da ramdnime xelovnebiTi borcvi; cixes gareT
CrdiloeTisken uwyvia zoologiuri da botaniuri baRebi, romle­
bic TavianT momarTulobiT naklebi ar arian drezdenis zoolo­
giur da botaniur, anu cxovelebis da mcenareebis baRebze. rac Se­
exeba saxlebs da quCebs, amaTi momatebuli nawili Zveli Senobaa da
zed asvia saSualo-saukunoebis beWedi da amiT kelna Zriel agonebs
kacs krakovis qalaqs. quCaSi da yvela saxlSi gayvanilia wyali da
amisaTvis yvela nabijze mgzavri xedavs aq Sadrevnebs quCebSi, sas­

276
tumroebSi da kerZo saxlebSi. wylis patar-patara nakadurebi Ta­
visuflad mimdinaroben quCebSi da amiT qalaqs cuds saxes hsdebs,
radganac am nakadurebs yvela saxlobidam umateben narecxebs.
kelnis qalaqis SenobeebT-Soris bevria SesaniSnavi, muzeu­
mis saxls ityviT, Tu TeaTris Senobas; magram yvelaze SesaniSna­
via aq, rogorc TavianT arxitekturiT ise siZveliT ori Senoba:
qalaqis sabWos sadgomi „Kath-Haus“ da saboro „Domkizehe“. isto­
ria am ukanasknelis Senobisa swored SesaniSnavia. arxiepizkopozs
englberts 1225 w. ganeZraxa didi samagaliTo soboros aSeneba da
Seedgina kidevac gegma (plani), magram sikvdils aRar daeclia es
gegma aRsrulebaSi moeyvana; mxolod amis meore moadgile konradi
Sesdgomoda moxsenebulis ekklesiis aSenebas da 14 agvistos 1248
w. ekurTxebinaT exlandelis soboros saZirkveli; magram Senobis
saqme swrafad ar wasuliyo win. mxolod meTxuTmete saukuneSi
ufro bejiTad Sesdgomodnen Senobis saqmes da es soboro imode­
naT aeSenebinaT, rom Turme samRvTo moqmedebas aRsrulebdnen.
meTeqvsmete da meCvidmete saukunoebSi sxva da sxva politikuri
mdgomareobis gamo srulebiT SeeCerebinaT Senoba. meTvramete
saukuneSi, rodesac francielebma sxva qalaqebTan kelnis qalaqic
daipyres 1796 w. upatronobisa gamo soboros gverdis ekklesiis
Weri Camowoliliyo. bolos mecxramete saukuneSi prusiis karo­
lebs vilhelms III da vilhelms IV gamoecaT brZaneba, rom soboros
danarCeni kedlebi daecvaT; mxolod 1823 w. Sesdgomodnen ekkle­
siis gaaxlebas da 4 seqtembers 1842 kidevac Senobis gangrZelebas.
am wlidam, e.i. 1842 w. am ekklesiis Senobaze mouxmarniaT anu dau­
xarjavT ToTxmet milionamde marki. am Jamad mxolod samreklos­
Ra aklia cotaodeni dasruleba.
moxsenebuli soboro hsdgas patara borcvze, romelic reih­
nis napirze iqneba maRali eqvsis saJeniT. varaudiT rom vhsTqvaT.
soboros eqneba sigrZiT 45 saJeni, siganiT 20 saJeni ufro metic.
simaRliT Sua gumbaTamdin 40 saJ.; samreklos simaRle ufro bev­
ria. davumatoT axla amas isic, rom ekklesia hsdgas jvaredinaT
da yvela mxriT, vin icis ramdeni mSvenieris Tlilis qviT naSeni
wowola, zogi maRali da zogi dabali gumbaTebi aqvs. sazogadod
kelnis ekklesia Tavisis simaRliT, ramdenime mSvenieris gumbaTiT
da Tlilis qvis SenobiT kacs Sehzaravs. amas garda karisbWebis
kedlebze ramdenime frangebis ekklesiis wmindanebis saxeebia mSve­
nivrad gamoWimuli. erTi sityviT, ukeTesi xeloba goTurs Seno­
bis „arxitekturisa“ am soborozea dasrulebuli da amis mnaxveli
Tavis dReSi ar ityvis, rom vizantiis Senoba ukeTesia goTiurzeo,

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ai am soboros yovel dRe da yovel saaTs garSemo axvevian sxva da
sxva qveynidam mosulebi da gakvirvebiT Sescqerian aqeT-iqidama,
zogni kidev vai-vaglaxiT da didis xvneSiT adian saSualo gumbaT­
Si da aqedam gascqerian kelnis are-mares. marTlac am gumbaTidam
mSvenivrad hsCans, rogorc kelnis yvela kuTxeebi, ise axlo-maxlo
qalaqebi da reihnis orive napiri Sors manZilamdin.
kelnis qalaqSi am Jamad cxovrobs 13,000 suli adamiani da de­
itcSi kidev 14,000 suli. kelnis mcxovreblebis momatebuli nawili
kaToliko – sarwmunoebisaa da am sarwmunoebas mTels germaniaSi
ise arsad hqonia da aqvs fesvebi gamdgari, rogorc kelnaSi. es qa­
laqi saSualo saukunoebSive Tavi sabudari iyo papis momxreebisa
da universitetic, romelic maSin aq arsebobda, srulebiT papisa­
gan naCveneb gzas misdevda. mexuTmete saukuneSi da meTeqvsmete
saukunis pirvels weliwadebSi didi erTguloba aRmouCines paps,
rogorc universitetis professorebma, ise aqaurma berebma da See­
bnen axalis moZRvrobis momxreebs. amaT ebraelebis literaturis
gaqrobac, anu dawvac moindomes da kidevac am saZaglobas moax­
dendnen mTelis germaniis samudamo Sesarcxvenlad, rom im dros
ar ekisrna ebraelebis literaturis dacva axalis mimarTulebis
momxres reihslins. reformaciis gavrcelebis drosac kelnis qa­
laqma Tavisis mcxovreblebiT – berebiT da professorebiT didi
winaaRmdegoba aRmouCina liuteris momxreebs da maTi moZRvreba
Tavis axlo ar miuSva. aqamomdin, rogorc zemoT SevniSne, kelna
kaToliko-sarwmunoebis budea.
rac Seexeba kelnis qalaqis sxva mxareebs, unda SevniSnoT,
rom saSualo saukunoebSi aq didi vaWroba iyo da mcxovreblebis
momatebulis nawilis mdgomareoba kargi iyo: magram bolos sau­
kunoebSi, reformaciis gavrcelebis Semdeg germaniaSi, aq vaWro­
ba srulebiT daeca. exla ki am Cven mecxramete saukuneSi reihnis
wyalSi orTql-mavlebis gavrcelebam, rkinis gzis win-wasvlama,
agreTve damSvidebiTma moqmedebam zogierTi Zveli droTganve
mdidarT mcxovreblebisam gahxades qalaqi xelmeored reihnis
didi vaWrobis Sua adgilad da germaniis SesaniSnav bazraT. am Ja­
mad aq didi vaWrobaa da SesaniSnavi maRaziebic aris damarTuli.

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278
 (nawili meSvide)

Cems myofobis dros kelnis qalaqSi, erT dilas ivlisis 15 ce­

cxlisgemiT wavedi kelnidam milxemSi da naxevar saaTis Semdeg iq
viyavi. es patara qalaqi mdebareobs md. reihnis marjvena napirze
da am Jamad mcxovreblebis ricxvi aq 17,000 sulamdin iqneba; maT
Soris 3,000 mainc muSa xalxi unda iyves. am qalaqSi bevria sxva da
sxva qarxnebi da umetesi nawili ekuTvnis naxevar – zaverdis anu
zamatis qarxnebs. ai am qarxanaSi muSaoben, lukma-purisaTvis,
welebze fexs idgamen umamulo muSani. mkiT­xvelisTvis Zneli war­
mosadgenia is sacodaoba, ra sacodaobaSiac eseni arian. di­liT
mokidebuli saRamomdis oflSi iwurebian muSaobiT da kviraSi
erTxel ki Zlivs eRirsebian xolme xorcis Wamas. Cacma-da­xurvas
nuRar ityviT. TiTqmis zamTrobiT da zafxulobiT erTsa da
imave tanisamosSi arian erTis sityviT, rogorc saqsoniaSi, ise
reihnis mazraSi ramdenaTac glexi cxovrobs kargad da aris si­
faqizeSi, imdenad saZaglaT da vai-vaglaxiT cxovrobs dRiuri
muSa. rom karga Seadaros mkiTxvelma dRiuri muSis cxovreba
glexis cxovrebasTan, me gavacnob mas oris muSis saxlobas mainc.
warmovidginoT sam sarTuliani, garedam gaulesavi, umua­
jiro da saSualo fanjrebiT saxli. davumatoT amas isic, rom
es saxli garedam Zlier hgavs satusaRos. ai es saxli dayofilia
patar-patara sadgomebaT da am sadgomSi scxovroben naxevari
xaverdis anu zamaris mqsovelebi. aba vewvioT romelime muSis
saxlobas. ai patara oTaxi da am oTaxis fanjarasTan ayuyulia
qsovis maSina, am maSinis win sdgas Zalze WaRara-Sereuli kaci
da bejiTad hqsovs, radganac amazea damokidebuli misi cxovre­
ba. saxlis erT kunWulSi sdgas sarecxis boCka anu kasri da na­
recxi isev Sig dgas, saxlis meore kunWulSi; kidev rkinis feCi
dgas da aqve alagia patara qvabi da WurWeli: aqve daaxloebiT
sdgas erTi Zveli skami. muSis coli CiTis kabaSia gamoxveuli da
patara bavSvi cariel peranga uWiravs xelSi da nel-nelad xe­
lSi arxevs, da amasTanave TiTqo eubneba: „Svilo, nu itireb am
ucxo kacTan, – laparaki dagvacade, unda Cveni mwuxareba amasac
Sevatyobinovo“. es dedakaci, rasakvirvelia, sul erTs adgilas
trialebs, radganac oTaxis sipatarave gavlis-gamovlis nebas
ar aZlevs. – axla amaTi sawoli davaTvarieloT. sawoli oTaxi
xom ufro pataraa da qveS-sagebi Zlivs gaumarTavT; – zedac
WuW­yiani loginia gagebuli! amis meti araferia aq da kidevac
rom hqonodaT rame, imis dadgmas anu dawyobas versad moaxer­

279
xebdnen. bavSvebs sadRa awvenen? ikiTxavs mkiTxveli. bavSvebis
sawolaT aqvT erTi patara oTaxi CardaxSi, Tu SeiZleba oTaxaT
CaiTvalos; da, rasakvirvelia, Tu iq sicivis gamo zamTrobiT da
sicxis gamo zafxulobiT rogor isveneben bavSvebi. magram xom
gagigonia: „gaWirveba miCveneo, me Sen gaqcevas giCvenebo“. am
sadgomSi WaRara Sereuli da mwareT Cafiqrebuli muSa aZlevs
rva markas TveSi, anu ors maneTs da 64 kapeiks. moxsenebuls sad­
gomSi cxovrobs sul eqvsi suli: coli da qmari da oTxi kidev
amaTi Svili. rogorc dawvrilebiT Sevitye TviTon muSisagan,
samuSavos iRebs kviraSi 10 marks, TveSi ormoc marks: Cvenebur
fulze rom gadavitanoT, sul es Seadgens TveSi 13 maneTs da 20
k. aqedam rom gamovTvaloT saxlis qira, darCeba 10 man. 56k. am
fuliT unda gamohkvebos sawyalma muSam Tavisi col-Svili da
kidevac unda Caacvas da daaxuros. daumateT amas isic, rom am
fulidanve xarjic unda gardaixados da iyidos nevsebi. agreTve
saWiro wvrimali nivTebic maSinisaTvis. amis Semdeg advili war­
mosadgenia, Tu ra mizeziT moxsenebul saxlobas kviraSi erTxel
Zlivs eRirseba xolme xorcze kbilis dadgma.
aba axla Sua sarTulSi avideT da vewvioT, romelime sxva mu­
Sis saxlobas. ai kidev muSis sadgomi. samuSao oTxi cota ufro
mozdilia; aqac fanjarasTan hsdgas qsovis maSina da udgia win
pir-xmela kaci, romelic raRasac asworebs. erTs kedelTan dgas
sarecxis varcli da axlaT darecxili TeTreuloba da CiTeulo­
ba skamze awyvia; meore kedelTan hsdgas grZeli skami da bolos
udgia Calis skami; mesame kedelTan feCi hsdgas da iqidam Tfi­
li haeri scems kacs piris-saxeze, amisaTvis saxlSi Zriel cxela.
muSis coli erTs damtvreuls Skapis win hsdgas da raRacas fus-
fusebs. am samuSako oTaxs gverdze akravs sawoli oTaxi da esec
ase pataraa, rogorc pirvelis muSis sawoli oTaxi. aqac erTis
loginis meti araferi hsdgas. am saxlobasac bavSvebisaTvis sawo­
li oTaxi CardaxSi aqvs. axla ramdeni suli cxovrobs am sadgom­
Si! – col-qmari xuTis SviliT; maSasadame Svidi suli Tavsdeba
aRwerils sadgomSi. radganac am sadgomis samuSako oTaxi cota
raa rom mozdilia, amisaTvis pir-xmela muSa aZlevs qiras TveSi
11 marks, anu sams maneTs da 75 kapeikamdin. es muSa ufro ymawvili
da mZlavria. minam pirveli muSa. amisaTvis amas ufro SeuZlian
did xnobiT muSaoba. amas garda erTi moswrebuli Svilic hyavs.
– ToTxmetis wlisa, romelic xSiraT exmareba mamas da dedas. am
mizezebis gamo pir-xmela muSa kviraSi iRebs 18 markamdin, TveSi
72 marks. aqedam rom gamovideT saxlis qira, darCeba Zirs 61 mar­

280
ki. danarCens fulidam unda gamovideT kidev saxelmwifo xarji,
agreTve wvrimali iaraRis xarjic. danarCenis fuliT pir-xmela
muSamac unda gamohkvebos Tavisi col-Svili da kidevac Caacvas
da daaxuros. „aba rogor unda vacxovro Cemi col-Svili am fu­
liT!“ miTxra me am muSam, rodesac laparaki davuwye muSebis
mdgomareobaze. „xom ici Tqven, Tu ra siZvirea exla, rogorc
saWmel-sasmelisa, ise Cacma-daxurvisa. aba SemoxedeT am Cems
Sarvals, Tu rogor aris daZvelebuli. barem erTi Tvea vemza­
debi viyido, magram ver momixerxebia. unda giTxraT, rom es aris
SimSiliT ar vixocebiT, Torem sxva araferi xeiri ar gvayria.
axla am sicxeSi muSaoba, am gvar soroSi sworeT cecxlia. magram
rasa viq? sad wavide? wavide soflad? me iq mamuli ara maqvs da
umamulo kacs arc iq ayria xeiri. ai Cemi mdgomareoba; magram
me kidev ra miSavs?! xom gaigeT, rom kviraSi mainc 18 markamdin
aviReb xolme. vai kidev imaTi brali, romlebic 10 markze mets
ver iReben da amisTaneebi jereT ai am saxlSi ramdenime sax­
lobaa. rodesac es pir xmela kaci laparakobda Tavis da Tavis
moZmeebis mdgomareobaze, miss xmaSi ismoda didi ukmayofileba
axlandels mowyobilebisadmi da Tvalebidam sul cecxls afqve­
vda. „rogor ar unda daewvas kacs guli, ganagrZela muSam ram­
denime Cemis kiTxvis Semdegi, rom me da Cemi moZmeni welebze fexs
vidgamT, rom ra ari, romelime vaWari gavamdidroT da Cven ki Cve­
nis col-SviliTurT amoviZroT suli siRaribeSi da sisawyleSi.
axla yuri davugdoT gazeTebs. me Tqven giTxariT, guli Sestki­
vaT CvenTvis da Cvens mdgomareobaze dasweren rasmes ara. eseni
Cvenze ar hfiqroben da vinc ki cotaTi mainc hfiqrobs Cvenze.
imas talaxSi svrian da vin icis, Tu ra saxels ar uwodeben. Cems
kiTxvaze: „gana muSebi Tvals adevnebT gazeTebsa“. mipasuxa am
muSam: maS ras unda vadevnoT Tvali? rac unda iyves vfiqrobT:
„ai dRes, ai xval mowinave kacebi daiwyeben Cvenze weras da amis
gamo gazeTebs bejiTad yurs vadevnebT. magram jereT Cveni ime­
di imedaT rCeba da Cvenis damcvelebis ricxvi Zlier mcirea“. am
muSas Zlier kargad axsovs lassali da amisi moqmedeba, agreTve
kargad icis libknextis da yvela social-demokratebis mimar­
Tuleba. nu ifiqrebT, rom am muSis coli ki CumaT mdgariyo da
Cvenis laparakisaTvis marto yuri egdo. ara, es Tavis qmarze nak­
leb ar laparakobda da gul-natkeni hsTvlida Tavis Seviwrove­
bas. „mamuli mqondes sofelSi da aq davrCebodi ki maSin? an am
siRaribeSi viqnebodi?! sofeli rac unda iyves sxva aris; magram
Cveni ubedureba is aris, rom soflaT mamuli ara gvaqvs da varT

281
damokidebuli dRiurs muSaobaze“. meubneboda gul-daTuTquli
deda-kaci, roca misi qmari laparaks Seswyvetda xolme.
Tumca msurda kidev melaparakna am bedisagan daCagruls
adamianebTan, magram amaT oTaxSi ise Zriel cxeloda, rom kidev
darCena SeuZlebeli saqme iyo da iZulebuli viyavi gamovTxovo­
di. am oris saxlobis aRwerac mgoni sakmao iyves mkiTxvelisaT­
vis rom iqonios sruli warmodgena imaze, Tu ra mdgomareobaSi
arian da ras fiqroben am gvars mdgomareobaze muSebi reihnis
mazraSi, agreTve Tu ra didi ganrCevaa soflis glexis cxovre­
baSi da dRiur muSis cxovrebaSi. amas SemiZlian isic davumato
mxolod, rom me daviare ramdenime muSebis saxloba da yvelgan
isive suraTebi vnaxe, ra suraTebic warudgine mkiTxvels zemo
moxsenebuls saxlobaebis Sesaxeb.

***
15 ivlisve, oris naxevarze me gavswie milxeimis erT saxalxo
saswavlebelSi da meoTxe klasis maswavlebels vTxove neba moe­
ca misis gakveTilisaTvis yuri megdo*. aman didis siamovnebiT
neba momca da pir-da-pir Sevedi klassSi. male gakveTilebic
daiwyes. Cems dros maswavlebeli hkiTxavda mowafeebs omis am­
bavs safrangeTsa da germaniis Soris. maswavlebelis yvela hkiT­
xvaze mowafeebi rigian pasuxs iZlevodnen da maT Zlier etyobo­
daT pedagogiuri gawrTvna. amasTanave, rodesac maswavlebeli
mosTxovda, rom eCvenebinaT is adgilebi, sadac datakeba moux­
daT nemcebs da francuzebs, mowafeebi SeucdomelaT aCveneb­
dnen xolme kartaze, romelic pruJiniT iyo Camokidebuli ked­
lis axlo. sazogadoT unda SevniSno, rom am klassSi stolebi,
skamebi da klasis yvela saWiro nivTebi sul axali sistemisaa.
pirveli gakveTili rom gaTavda, maswavlebels vTxo­ve, dabals
klasSi waveyvane da aman wamiyvana pirvel klasSi, romlis mas­
wavlebels gardasca Cemi survili. am dabals klasSi davrCi or
gakveTilze: erTi gakveTili galobisa iyo, xolo meore Tvlisa,
anu ariTmetikisa. me ar vracxam saWiroT avwero, Tu ra nairaT
mihyavda maswvalebels es gakveTilebi, radganac am maswavle­
bels iseTi mixra-moxra da pedagogiuri wesebi hqonda da icvav­
da, ra pedagogiurs wesebsac xmaroben saqsoniaSi – anu pirnis
mazraSi da es wesebi xom wina werilSi vrclaT avwere. me minda

* mkiTxvelma ar unda daiviwyos, rom germaniaSi yvelgan sadils ukanobiTac aris

swavla.

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aq mivaqcio mkiTxvelis yuradReba saswavleblis srulebiT
sxva mxareze. ai saqme raSi mdgomareobs. roca swavla gaTavda,
meoTxe klasis maswavlebelma, romelic pirveli klasis kareb­
Si damxvda gamosvlis dros, mimiwvia Tavis oTaxSi, sadac sxva
maswavleblebic Semovidnen. me amaTgan ai ra gavige saswavleb­
lis Sesaxeb: milxeimis saxarebo (своиселическая) saxalxo Sko­
la, anu saswavlebeli Sesdgeba eqvsi klasisagan da am saswav­
lebelSi mowafeebi rCebian rva weliwads, – ors dabals klasSi
or-ors weliwads da sxva klasebSi ki TiTo weliwads. am JamaT
mowafeebis ricxvi aris sul 400-mdin. amaTSi momatebuli nawi­
li vaJebi arian da mcire nawili qalebi. am saswavlebelSi eqvsi
wlis bavSvebs iReben da asruleben kurss ToTxmetis anu xuTme­
tis wlis mowafeebi. saswavlebeli aris moTavsebuli ors dids
saxlSi, anu SenobaSi da saswavleblis yovel-gvar xarjs ixdis
qalaqi: rac Seexeba maswavleblebs eseni sul eqvsni arian. TiTo
klass TiTo maswavlebeli hyavs da yovel sagans es aswavlis. am
maswavlebelbT Soris ar aris did-pataroba; eseni mxolod imiT
ga­nirCevian erTi-erTmaneTisagan, rom erTi maswavlebeli pir­
velis klasis maswavlebelia, meore meore klasisa, mesame mesame
klasisa... TiToeuli maswavlebeli valdebulia izrunos Tavis
klasze da pasuxis mgebelnic es aris sazogadoebis win. amas gar­
da, rom maswavlebels ar gauWirdes sagnebis swavla, dadebulia,
rom erTi da igive maswavlebeli iyves erTsa da imave klasSi da
mowafeebTan ar gadavides erTi klasidam meore klasSi. rac
See­xeba saswavleblis sazogado saqmes, amas ganagebs maswav­
leblebis rCeva. saswavlebelis Senobeebis patronoba kidev
aris mindobili im maswavleblebze, romlebic am SenobaebSi
cxov­roben. saswavlebelis am gvar mowyobilobas didi zneobi­
Ti gavlena aqvs maswavleblebze, romlebT Soris sufevs erToba
da megobroba. me rom vkiTxe: Tqvengani vin aris umfrosi, anu ze­
da-mxedveli, meTqi, amaT sicilaT ar eyoT es kiTxva da miTxres:
„gana bavSvebi varT, rom zeda-mxedveli gvyavdes. TiToeuls
Cvengans kargad esmis Tavisi saqme da raRa saWiroa aq inspeqto­
ri, anu zeda-mxedveli. „inspektoroba maswavlebels Soris uwin
iyo“, ganagrZela erTma maswavlebelma, „da mgoni germaniis zo­
gierTs adgilebSi exlac aris. am Cvens mazraSi ki didi xania eg
iezuituri wesi aRmoifxvra“.
ase moxsenebuls eqvs-klasian saswavlebels ara hyavs ze­
da-mxedveli, anu maswavleblebT Soris ar aris did-pataraoba:
magram rom, romelime maswavlebelma araviTari mTavrobis, anu

283
sarwmunoebis winaaRmdegi azri ar gaavrcelos mowafeebs Soris
da ministrisagan damtkicebuli programma yvelam Seasrulos,
mTels mazris saxalxo saswavleblebs hyavT mTavrobisagan gan­
wesebuli inspektori, anu direktori, rogorc CvenSi veZaxiT,
da es inspektori erTxel, anu orjel gaSinjavs xolme zemoT aR­
werils saswavlebelsac.
milxeimis saxalxo Skolis maswavleblebis nivTierebiTi
mdgo­mareoba aris gvariani. axal-gazda maswavlebels aqvs jama­
giraT 400 maneTze meti da yovel sams weliwadSi emateba 100 mane­
Ti. ase rom mesame weliwads maswavlebels aqvs jamagiraT 500 man,
meeqvse weliwads 600, mecxre weliwads 700 da samsaxuris meToT­
xmete weliwads kidev 800 meti da es ukanaskneli ricxvi iT­vleba
maswavleblis namdvil jamagiraT; amis gamo Tormetis wlis Sem­
deg maswavlebels aRar emateba jamagiri. rac Seexeba saxls,
amas ar aZlevs qalaqi maswavlebels: mxolod, Tu saswavleblis
SenobaSi meti oTaxebia, maswavleblebs SeuZlianT es oTaxebi
iqiravon. ai exla pirveli da meore klasis maswavleblebi cxov­
roben Skolis SenobaSi da TiToeuls maTgans uWiravs sam-sami
mozdili oTaxi, Sesaferi samzareuloTi da aZlevs qiras eqvs-
eqvs Tumnamdin weliwadSi.
am gvari cnobebis gardmocemisaTvis maswavleblebs didi
madloba vuTxari da, radganac cota ra rom migviandeboda, ga­
movwie siCqariT stanciisken. me Cavjeqi orTqliT maval gemSi
isev kelnis qalaqSi wamosasvlelad da gzaSi mTelis dRis Cems
STabeWdilebebze vfiqrobdi.

iveria. – 1878. – 5 oqt. – N39. – gv. 8-12

284
 (nawili merve)

VI

visbadeni 25 ivliss

ivlisis 21-s, diliT cxris naxevarze Cavjeqi me cecxlis

gemSi da gavswie maincidam sofels valufs. am diliT ca cota
ra rom moRrubluli iyo da reihnis wyals dahqroda civi niavi.
mgzavrebi, romlebic ki sazafxulo tanisamosSi iyvnen, mobu­
zulebi gascqerodnen reihnis napirebs da didi siCume sufevda
maT Soris. mxolod palubis erTs kuTxeSi axali daqorwinebuli
qal-vaJi mimsxdariyvnen da xandis-xan nazis xmiT siCumes arRve­
vdnen. vaJi katasaeb Sescqeroda qals TvalebSi da marjvena xels
mis wels ar aSorebda. am axlad daqorwinebulis vaJis moqmede­
ba im gvari iyo, TiTqo eSinoda es „mercxali“ xelidam ar gami­
frindeso, anu kidev, xelidam aravin gamomglijoso. qali kidev
xan koxta fexebze icqireboda, xan kidev Tavis pawia xelebs Sin­
javda da Tavis saxeze raRac siamovnebas xatavda.
reihni maincidam mokidebuli kalufamdin gaSlilia da ram­
densame kunZuls xedavT aq arc napirebi aqvs maRali da Relec
karga ganieria; amisaTvis mgzavri reihnis napirebze veRar xe­
davs im suraTebs, ra suraTebsac xedavs bonidam wamosuli, e.i.
aq veRar xedavs mTebis kalTebs. mxolod yurZnis vaziT Semo­
silebs, verc mTebis qedebze Zvels cixeebs da koSkebs. aq ufro
vakobia da yvelafers vakeoba dahsCenia. roca cotaTi davuax­
lovdiT reihnis maRal napirebs, megemem erTbaSaT daiZaxa:
„mgoni Tqven kalufSi midixarT da ai kalufic“. amis Semdeg
sami wuTic ar gasula, rom me Cavjeq patara navSi da amiT gavedi
moxsenebuls sofelSi. gasvlis umalve sastumroSi wavedi da aq
mivabare Cemi patara bargeuloba; me TviTon soflis saswavleb­
lis dasaTvarieleblad wavedi. maswavlebeli Sin damxvda da ga­
momicxada, rom dRes mowafeebi ar mecadinoobeno da Tu gsurT
marto klass gaCvenebTo. me da es Zalze xanSi Sesuli maswavlebe­
li avediT Skolis zemo sarTulSi, sadac amas klasi aqvs momar­
Tuli. klasis oTaxi kargi mozdili oTaxia. stolebi, skamebi, ka­
Tedra, didi saweri ficari – yvela es axali fasonisaa. agreTve
yvela saWiro nivTebi da wignebi aqvs am saswavlebels. rogorc
moxucebulma maswavlebelma gardmomca, kalufis saswavlebeli
Sesdgeba samis klasisagan da am Jamad am saswavlebelSi qali da

285
vaJi as-oTxmocamdin (180). aq sami maswavlebelia da TiToeul
maswavlebels TiTo klasi abaria; agreTve samive klasi erTs sax­
lSi. TiToeuli maswavlebeli Tavis klasis SenobaSi, anu saxlSi
scxovrobs da jamagiraT aqvs 500 maneTze cota meti. am jamagi­
ridam TviTeuls maswavlebels uricxaven saxlis qiras 20 maneTs
weliwadSi. TiToeuls maswavlebels sams mozrdils oTaxze na­
klebi Sesaferi samzareuloTi ar uWiravs da amasTanave saxlis
gverdze, anu win aqvs mSvenieri baRCeuloba, samive maswavlebels
erTi da igive ufleba aqvs; amaTSi ar aris did-pataroba – sam­
nive maswavleblad iwodebian. rogorc am saswavlebels, ise ax­
lo-maxlo soflebis sxva saswavleblebs Soris, yuris mgdeblaT
hyavT kalufis soflis mRvdeli. aq unda SevniSno, rom es saswav­
lebeli kaTolikebis, anu frangebis saswavlebelia da amaT sas­
wavleblebs yvelgan Sori-yuris mgdeblaT hyavT mRvdlebi.
roca saswavlebeli gvarianad davaTvaliere da amis gare­
moeba dawvrilebiT Sevityve, maswavlebels gamovucxade Cemi
ganzraxva zogierTis glexebis binadroba menaxa. es ganzraxva
didad moewona maswavlebels da miTxra: „is sastumro, romel­
Siac Tqven dabinavebulxarT, ekuTvnis glexs da es glexi Cvenis
mazris Tavi kacic aris. Tu kidev sxva saxlobaebis naxvas moin­
domebT da dRes moaswrobo, amas TviTon is glexi mogixerxeb­
To“. am maswavleblis rCeviT me isev sastumroSi davbrundi. aq
vikiTxe sastumros patroni da imasTan erTma cqriala qalma wa­
miyvana karis baRSi. aq sastumros patroni uf. gofmani xeivanSi
daseirnobda da bolTasa scemda; ram wams daminaxa, maSinve Cem­
ken wamovida RimiliT. aba warmoidgine, mkiTxvelo, maRali tani,
ganieri mxar-beWi, sqeli kiseri, moyvanili, Tav-WaRara-TmiT
dafaruli, maRali Subli – zemoT cota motvlepili, didroni
Tvalebi, moparsuli piri-saxe, nikapis qveS gamoSvebuli WaRara
Tma, sazafxulo Savi serTuki, cis-feri Sarvali da TeTri Ji­
letka, axali gaxamebuli perangi da zed Savi yel-saxvevi – mTels
piris saxeze kmayofileba da amasTanave did-kacoba – vimeoreb,
aba yvela es warmoidgine, mkiTxvelo, da maSin Tval-win geqneba
im kacis suraTi, romelsac me davuwye laparaki. es ra mSvenieri
baRi gqoniaT?
– „oo! yvela magas meubneba, miTxra siamovnebiT.
– me garwmunebT, rom maincSiac arsad minaxavs ase morTu­
li baRi.
– „maincSiac!“ gaimeora gagrZelebiT Cemma memusaifem da
Tamamad sTqva: „iq, Tu gnebavT, bevria baReuloba, magram rom ase

286
reihns gadascqerodes, is ki marTlac ar aris iq“. marTlac am
uf. gofmanis baRi mSvenieri sanaxavi ram aris. es mdebareobs zed
reihnis pirze da yovel-gvaris yvavilebiT da sasiamovno fanCa­
turebiT, anu samusaifo adgilebiT Semkobilia. amas garda yve­
la sxva da sxva xexils da xes garSemo stolebi artyia da udgas
koxta skamebi didi farnebi xom ufro amSveneben aqaurobas. dau­
mateT amas isic, rom aqedam mcqerals Tval-win aqvs reihni da
amisi gaRma – marcxena napiri da am napirze mokmazuli soflebi,
romlebic naTlad moCanan TavianT TeTrad galesilis saxlebiT
da maRal gumbaTebian eklesiebiT.
– „Tqven unda mosuliyaviT kvira dRes, rom genaxaT, Tu ra
ambavia xolme aq – miTxra kidev gadidkacebulma glexma da ga­
nagrZela: „kviraobiT da sazogadod uqme dReebSi maincidam da
axlo-maxlo adgilebidam didi xalxi momawydeba xolme am baRis
mizeziT“.
– rasakvirvelia, Tqvens vazis baRic geqnebaT – vkiTxe me imas.
– „diax, maqvs“.
– maS, rogorc vxedav, Tqven miwis muSaobasac misdevT.
– „diax. erTis sityviT yvela sofliurs saqmes mivsdev da
uamisobac ar SeiZleba soflaT“.
– me Zlier msurs gavSinjo aqauri sofliuri mowyobiloba
da imedi maqvs, Tqven yvelafers maCvenebT.
– „didis kmayofilebiT. ai exla muSebi miyenia da purs
vabegvineb, wamodiT sanaxavaT.“
gamiZRva win es glexi da roca alayafis karebTan mivediT,
erTbaSaT Sedga da miTxra: „gTxov SebrZandeT“. ornive SevediT
alayafis karebidgan saxlis kar-midamoSi. am kar-midamos gare­
Semo sul Senobaebia. erTi saraia, romelic aris gayofili sam
nawilaT: erTs nawilSi SeSeuloba alagia, meore nawilSi hyria
saqonlis saWmeli da awyvia samuSavo iaraRi; mesame nawili kidev
puris gasalewaT aris gadadebuli. am saraias erTis mxriT cxe­
nebisTvis Tavla adgia, meore mxriT boseli, romelSiac Cems
dros sami uzar-mazara xari da ori kargi jiSiani Zroxa eba.
saraiis mesame nawilSi amJamad eSala Zna da oTxi mosuli kaci di­
dis ketebiT begvavdnen. unda genaxaT, Tu am ubedurebs rogor
wurwuriT CamosdiodaT ofli piris-saxeze.
– ase raT abegvinebT Znas? ratom maSiniT ar alewinebT?
vkiTxe uf. gofmans. „maSiniT!“ gaimeora es sityva. „ase raRa
­uSavs. arc ase mijdeba ZviraT“.

287
 – bze rom gekargebaT!?
– „am Cala-mulas xom saqoneli ara sWams. – arc vaWmev; gana
fSvia da Tiva cota maqvs? mipasuxa Cemma memusaifem da is ki aRar
miiRo saxeSi, rom sawyali muSebi RviZlebs igdebinebdnen puris
begviT. bosels rom davuwye daTvaliereba, xelaxlad vhkiTxe
uf. gofmans:
– es saqoneli ratom mindvraT ara gyavT, Sin raT gibiaT?
– „amisaTvis, rom eg saqoneli mindvraT imdens arafers Ses­
Wams, ramdensac fexiT balaxs gamifuWebs; amis gamo umjobesad
vracxav Sin viyolio, Cvens sofelSi da axlo-maxlo soflebSiac
aseTi wesia“,
– saqsoniaSic eg wesia, mxolod fesTvaliaSi ki ara, vupa­
suxe imas.
– „saqsoniaSi Wkuiani xalxi asxia da eg ar aris gasakvrive­
li“. brZnulad mipasuxa am gadidkacebulma glexma.
– saxlis are-mares daTvalierebas rom movrCi, vTxove me
amas, rom sadilis Semdeg baRic da maranic eCvenebina. exla ki
isev mokazmuls baRSi wavediT. me iq sadili unda meWama. mama-cxo­
nebuls cqriala qals yvelaferi moemzadebina da male Sevudeqi
Cemis kuWis Tavdarigsa. cotas xnobiT uf. gofmanma Tavi dama­
neba. cqriala qals saWmelebi siswrafiT da rigze mohqonda. ai
roca nedli Tevzi momicuncula, me is SevaCere da vkiTxe: Tqven
gofmanis qali iqnebiT?
– „ara, mojamagireT vdgevar – bare es sami weliwadia“.
– maS sad gyavT ded-mama!
– „mama ara myavs da deda ki meore sofelSi scxovrobs bi­
ZasTan“.
– Tqvens biZas uTuod mamuli eqneba?
– „Zriel mcire, magram rogorc aris gamodis da TavisTvis
kargad scxovrobs“.
– ratom biZasTan ar damdgarxarT? mojamagireobas imasTan
cxovreba ar girCevniaT?
– „bare mirCevnian, magram aki giTxariT biZas mcire mamuli
aqvs, meTqi, da is mamuli mxolod imis col-Svils hyofnis: me iq
srulebiT meti viqnebodi da aba ra iqneboda“. rodesac es cqri­
ala da kopwia qali amas laparakobda, erTbaSaT xma Semoisma:
„mariama! moxede,“ maSinve es sxva stumrebisken gaqanda. – didi
xani ar gamosula, uf. gofmani mZimeT fexis gadmodgmiT movida
isev CemTan.

288
 – „rogor mogewonaT es Rvino?“ mkiTxa me iman.
– ra uWirs, – cota Txeli Rvinoa.
– „oo! Txelia; aba, maS Cems maranSi dagalevineb Rvinos da
vnaxoT ras ityviT“.
ram wams sadils movrCi, me da gofmani baRSi wavediT da jere
es baRi davaTvaliere. CveneburaT rom viangariSoT, es baRi
TiTqmis ori dRisa iqneba; magram am baRSi vazis garda arafris­
gan araferi sdgas. nu ifiqrebT, rom aq xeivnebi iyves damarTu­
li. ara, TiToeuli vazi calke sdgas da udgia mokle sari. Tvi­
Ton vazic srulebiT dabalia da im nairaT aris gamwkriebuli,
rom erTi vazi meore vazs ar aCrdilebs. amas garda, ara Tu xexi­
lebi ara sdgas am baRSi, balaxobac ki arsad aris aq. mTeli baRi
gadabarulia im nairaT, TiTqo xeliT gaumargliaTo. rac Seexeba
amis Robes, es srulebiT ubraloa, – wnulis mgzavsi dabali Robe
akria. aq yurZnis moparvisa srulebiT ar hSinebiaT. am baRidam
Cven wavediT maranSi, anu sardafSi, romelic aris gofmanis me­
same or-sarTulian saxlis qveS. aq samTliT CavediT. didroni
boWkebi am marnis kedlebTan or-piraT aris gamwkriebuli. zo­
gierTs boWkebSi Zriel Zveli Rvino sdgas. sul kunWulSi erTi
boWka maCvenes, romelSiac Turme ocis wlis Rvinoa. aTis wlis
Rvino xom bevria am maranSi. erTi boWkidam simfoniT staqaniT
Camoasxa Rvino memarnem da momitana. me ara var Rvinis Semtyo­
bi, Rvinis mcodne, magram unda giTxraT, rom didis gemovnebiT
davlie naxevar staqanze meti da mswraflad vigrZeni am Rvinis
Zalovnoba.
– es srulebiT sxva Rvinoa, vuTxari me uf. gofmans, da ara
hgavs im Rvinos, romelic me, sadilze momitanes.
– „eg Rvino aTis wlis Rvinoa da Tqven rom mogitanes, is er­
Tis wlisaa. sazogadoT mag RvinoebSi didi gansxvavebaa. eg Rvino
mxolod maSin momaqvs, roca sagangeboT Zvels da kargs Rvinos
Txouloben, – ise ki axal Rvinos vxmarob sastumroSi“. – mipa­
suxa me iman.
rac Seexeba yurZnis dawurvas, Turme es kaci, rogorc aq
sxve­bic, swuravs saqajaviT, anu „pressiT“ da didis gafrTxi­
lebiT simfonis SemweobiT erTis boWkidam gadiRebs xolme sxva
boWkebSi. nu ifiqrebT, rom Rvinis gadaRebis dros Caayolon
rame boWkaSi. sxva srulebiT arafer xerxs ar xmaroben aq.
sardafSi gaSinjvas rom movrCi, madloba vuTxari uf.
gofmans, rom yvela es maCvena, da erTaT wamovediT isev sastum­
ros baRSi laparakiT. laparakSi vkiTxe me imas:

289
 – guSin aqac geqnebodaT deputatebis amorCeva da vin amo­
irCieT?
– „rasakvirvelia, gvqonda da Sulce-delitCim ufro bevri
xma miiRo“.
– libknentma? vhkiTxe me imas kidev da mindoda sul wamoeya­
Wa Tavisi azri am saganze.
– „vin? libknentma! cdilobdnen ki imis momxreebi da raRac
baraTebs avrcelebdnen, magram vin amoirCevda imas. iciT vin
aris is!“ Sesdga es kaci da doinji Semoiyara. megona fexebs da­
mityapunebda, Tu rogor gavbede da libknentis saxeli vaxsene.
„es is kacia, romelsac surs, rom Cemi jibe (daido xeli jibeze)
da muSis jibe erTi iyves da amas, erTi miTxariT, vin izams da an
ra mosafiqrebelia. RmerTma dagvifaros imisagan da imis mom­
xreebisagan. Cems mazraSi RvTis madliT imas agre-rigaT aravin
TanaugrZobs“. es rom ase gacxarebuli laparakobda, Cems unebu­
raT gonebaSi mitrialebda fiqrebi: simdidresac Zriel scod­
nia kacis gawuwkeba-meTqi. es glexi Zriel gakuWnula, SeuZenia
simdidre da fexebze hkidia, Tu amis moZmeebsa siRaribeSi suli
sZvre­baT; amas qarxnis romelime patronze naklebaT ara aqvs
guli gaqvavebuli. baRSiac mivediT da cota xnis Semdeg gam­
oveTxove gadidkacebul glexs uf. gofmans, aviRe Cemi patara
bargeuloba da sams saaTze gavudeqi fexiT visbadenis gzas.

iveria. – 1878. – 19 oqt. – N41. – gv. 6-9

290
 (nawili mecxre)

21 ivliss, sam saaTze haers dilis sigrile aRara hqonda da

cac mowmendili iyo. mzes Tavisi sxivebi mofenili hqonda aq­aur
are-mareze da yvelafers sicxis beWedi ajda. diliT me pal­
toSiac mcioda da exla serTukiTac ki miWirdeboda siaruli.
palto ki mxarze mqonda gadagdebuli. jereT isev soflidam ar
gamovsuliyavi, rom gzaSi Semomxvda saZne – „povoska“, romelSi­
ac, warmoidgineT, eba mxolod erTad erTi axmaxi tanis xari da
Tavisuflad mohqonda mSvenivrad gazepil gzaze. axla rogor
eba? CvenSi xom uRels kiserze ukeTeben saqonels da im azrisani
arian, rom xars ityviT Tu kambeCsa orives qedSi aqvs Zalao, aq
ki sxva azrisani yofilan da amisTvis moxsenebul xars zed Tav­
ze hqonda gakeTebuli uReli rqebTan da amodena Znis „povoska“
anu uremi mohqonda. saidam mogaqvT eg Zna? vkiTxe me patrons.
„mindvridam“. gana ar uWirdeba mag erTs xars agre dadebulis
poRoskis zidva? raT gauWirdeba; amisTana gzaze SeiZleba kacma
xeliT gaagoros es saZne „povoska“. momigo man pasuxad.
rogorc gamovedi soflidam, gzis orive mxareze damxvda
­venaxebis rigi. es venaxebi im nairaTve iyo SemuSavebuli, ro­
gorc gofmanis venaxi. aqac ver mohkravdiT Tvals romelsame
xexils, anu xeivans, anu kidev Sua vazebSi maRlarobas. am venax­
ebis rigi rom gaTavda, daiwyo mere xexilebis rigi, romlebic
mSvenivrad misdeven gzis orive napirs. xexilebis CrdilSi
nel-nela mivdiodi da erTbaSad erTi xexilis qveS anu Crdil­
Si Tvali Sevaswar aTiod muSas da ganvizraxe imaTTan lapa­
raki. eqvsiod wamis Semdeg me imaT marTlac velaparakebodi.
unda giTxraT, roma am aTiod muSaSi oTxi deda-kaci eria da
danarCeni ki kacebi iyvnen. – es yana uTuod romelsame Tqven­
gans ekuTvnis? vkiTxe me imaT laparakSi. „ara, sxvisaa da Cven
aq mxolod muSebi varT“. es deda-kacebi: „esenic muSebi arian“.
erTma xumara muSam daatana: „uamaToT Cven arsad vargivarT“.
deda-kacebma xarxari daiwyes. magas rasa svamT agre bejiTad?
– „Rvinos, Tu gnebavT miirTviT“, miTxra meRvinem es sityva da
kidevac didi xeladidam damisxa. me gasaSinjavaT CamovarTvi
RviniT savse Wiqa da srulebiT imeruli anu qarTluli TeTri
Rvino momagona am Rvinoma. Tqven TviTon iyiddiT am Rvinos!
„ara, am yanis patronma gamogvigzavna“ Tqvengans ki aravis ara
aqvs venaxi, anu saxnavi miwebi? „oris garda TiTqmis aravis“, da

291
am orze mimiTiTes. maS Tqven mamuls mosWarbebixarT, rom aq
imuSaoT? vuTxari me am or muSas. „Cveni mamuli Zriel mcirea
da srulebiT ar gvyofnis; qorfa Svilebi ki bevri gvaxvevia“.
am laparakis Semdeg, me aviRe xelSi celi da vuTxari kidev
muSebs sazogadod: raT celavT, ratom ar mkiT? „celvas ra
sjobia? am cels ise avaRebineb xolme yanas, rom erT TavTavs
ar gavuSveb xolme Zirs da namgals magodnoba sad SeuZlian“.
mipasuxa erTma muSam da kidevac gamomarTva celi, rom saqmiT
daemtkicebina Tavis sityva. es muSa Seudga celvas da marTlac
cels mSvenivrad aRebinebda xelaurs. aq unda SevniSno, rom
TviT celic kargad iyo mowyobili. im alags, saca celi moka­
kulia gakeTebuli hqonda saceris mgzavsi naxevar rgoli da
moSluWamda xolme yanas celvis dros, anu amaze miwvdeboda
yana celvis dros. cota xnis Semdeg sxva muSebmac waavles xeli
TavianT celebs da gahyvnen yanis kvals, deda-kacebi kidev mok­
le namglebiT – ufro saTisebiT Seudgnen xeleurebis erTad
mogrovebas. „xedav rogor vcelav, – erT TavTavs ki ar vuSvebT
da,“ damiZaxa erTma muSama „mSvenivrad,“ mivaZaxe da kidevac ga­
moveTxove avedi isev gzaze. davuwye are-mares cqera, gaSlil
da mSvenivrad SemuSavebul miwebSi da yanebSi bevrgan davinaxe
kidev muSebi, magram is xrianceli, is kiJina, is maRali xmiT
xarxari rasac kaci xedavs da esmis saqarTveloSi mkis dros, aq
arsad ismoda. yvelgan siCume sufevda. gavudeqi isev Cem gzas
da kai manZili rom gaviare, Soridam davinaxe, rom erTi kaci
miwas xnavda da guTanSi eba ori zorba cxeni me amisken gavwie,
da rogorc gamovedi miwis TavSi, anu xnulis TavSi, me kidec
gamarjoba davuZaxe. iman RimiliT pasuxi momca da kidec Seay­
ena cxenebi. es guTnis-deda moyvanili tanis axal-gazda vaJ-ka­
ci iyo da raRac patiosneba ixateboda amis saxeze. Tqven eg
Tqveni guTani unda gamaSinjoT kargad. „gaSinjeT, Tu ki agre
sainteresoa TqvenTvis“ – mipasuxa da cxenebs ukan daawevina.
es guTani msubuqi guTani iyo, erTi SexedulobiT moagonebda
kacs qarTul guTans; saxnavi cota ram rom ufro wvetiani hqon­
da da xeze ar iyo wacmuli; amas kaci WaxrakiT advilaT miatri­
al-moatrialebda. sakveTelac ise axmaxi ar hqonda, rogorc
qarTul guTans aqvs. Tvlebs gareSemo Semortymuli hqonda
rkinis rgoli. ori cxeni raT gibia, gana mZimea es guTani? „ara,
xSirad erTi cxeniTac vxnav xolme. guSin cota moWarbebu­
lad vamuSave es cxenebi da imisTvis dRes veRar gavbede erTi

292
cxeniT xvna“. xnuli rom gavSinje kidev mive kiTxva: ase maRla
raT xnavT, gana am guTans ar SeuZlian Rrmad moxsnas? „rogor
ar SeuZlian, magram aq amaze Rrmad moxvna saWiro ar aris. ai
micqireT, ra Rrmad movaxvnevino“ da kidevac moatriala cxen­
ebi mere saxnavi Zir dauSva WaxrakiT – erTis sityviT momarTa
guTani da gaawvina cxenebs. marTlac RrmaT waaRebina xnuli;
mtkavel-naxevarze ki xnavda da meti ra undoda. exla ki mjera
rom Tqven guTans Rrmad SeuZlian xvna da axla es miTxariT:
romeli qveynisaa es guTani? „es namdvili nemecuri guTania da
arc Zviria. amaSia micemuli sul oci marka. sabostne miwis sax­
navi guTani anu kavi xom ufro iafia. – Tqveni iqneba es guTanic
da es cxenebic? „ara,“ amooxvriT miTxra, – „minda ki rom Cemi
iyos, magram ar aris Cemi. me sxvis mojamagire var“. didi jama­
giri geqnebaT? – „magdeni araferi. TveSi maZlevs Cemi aRa sul
25 markas“. kargia soflad amogirCevia muSaoba. – „isev soflaT
sjobia, vidre qalaq adgilas qarxanaSi muSaoba. me exla aq ja­
magirs calke viReb da amas garda sma Wama aRisaa. me SemiZlian
cotaodeni fuli movagrovo da sadme miwa viyido. amas kidevac
movaxerxeb da qarxanaSi rom memuSavna, maSin ki veras dros ver
movaxerxebdi“. am axalgazda umamulo glexs naTlad etyobo­
da rogorc laparakSi, ise pirisaxeze, rom amas bevrjel Zili
gahkrTobia fiqris gamo Tavis mdgomareobaze. me movuwone, ra­
sakvirvelia, amas ganzraxva da kidevac gamoveTxove. avedi isev
gzaze da naxevar saaTis Semdeg me mivedi erT sofelSi, sadac
sastumroSi xuTmet minutamdin davisvene da „nemecuris sas­
meliT“ piviT guli gavigrile, dasvenebis Semdeg gavudeqi isev
gzas. rogorc ki gamovel qalaqis mgzavsi soflidam, amis pirze
damxvda didi Tlili qviT naSeni saxsovari, romlis gverdze­
dac iyo warwerili gvarebi da saxelebi im mxedarTa, romlebic
omis dros nemecebis da francuzebis Soris (1870w.) daWrilo­
biT daxocilan. me am saxsovars davuwye cqera da am cqeraSi
rom gaverTe, erTbaSaT xma Semomesma: „ras SescqerixarT agre,
ar ici ra aris?“ mivxede ukan da SevaWyite Tvalebi erT lurj
perangian moxucebul maRal kacs, romelic, rogorc bolos
Sevitye Turme 87 weliwadia, rac deda-miwis zurgze daiare­
ba. rogor ar vici „oo! aba magis qveS mdebareben Cveni gmirebi,
romlebmac Tavi Seswires mamuls omis dros francuzebTan (es
ukanaskneli sityva Zriel kafieraT gamosTqva). eg ambavic vici.
„rasakvirvelia gecodinebaT. wamodiT, Tu Tqvenc aqeT modi­

293
xarT“ gaiSvira joxi visbadenis gzisken. – sworeT mec mandeT
movdivar – vupasuxe me imas da erTaT gavudeqiT gzas. 87 wels,
rasakvirvelia, es maRali tanis glexi kaci welSi moexara, mag­
ram mainc ise mianabijebda, rom bevr ymawvil kacs gauWirdebo­
da amas fex-da-fex mihyoloda. raRa laparaki undoda, rom am
axirebul moxucebul kacTan siaruli me xeirs ar damayrida,
magram mainc vai-vaglaxiT mivsdevdi. „didi xania mgzavrobT
nemecebis qveyanaSi da an rodis gamoxvediT inglisidam?.. meo­
re Tvea, rac germaniaSi vmgzavrob. magram inglisidam ki ara
var. „maS ingliseli ara xarT?“ ara: maS saidama xarT? es kiT­
xva rom momca, Sedga da pirdapir Semomxeda. „safrangeTidam
xom ara xarT?“ ara. me ruseTidam var. „o,o,o“. gagrZelebiT da
kmayofilebiT gamosTqva. „eg sxva aris, ruseTidamaa! ruseTis
xelmwifisa didi megobaria Cveni xelmwife vilhelmi da didi
megobrobac gauwia osmaleTTan omis dros“. Tqven saidam iciT
eg? „rogor Tu saidam? gazeTebidam da es yvelam icis. „ai exla
berlinSi rogor gaTavda saqme! es sul Cveni xemwifis da Tqveni
xemwifis megobrobis wyalobaa. es Cemi Tana mogzauri im nairaT
laparakobda politikur sagnebze, rom kacs egoneboda sadRac
diplomatiuri maRali saswavlebeli gauTavebiao da am Jamad
swored miwer-mowera aqvs diplomatebTana. – Tumca mindoda
es axirebuli kaci bevri melaparakebina, magram amisma siCqariT
siarulma guli gamiwvrila da vfiqrobdi, Tu rogor avsxle­
todi. am fiqrSi rom viyavi, Cem bedze, erTi patara bilikidam
Sara-gzaze amovida Cven pirdapir erTi dargvalebuli da pir
moparsuli Sua xnis kaci, romelic Cemi memusaifes nacnobi
gamoCnda. amaT rom erTi erTmaneTs laparaki dauwyes, me co­
ta-cotaobiT ukan davrCi da bolos erT adgilze kidevac Cam­
ovjeqi. moxucebulma, magram yoCaRma mosiarulem Semoixeda
ukan, damiqnia xeli, magram me veRar gavbede imasTan siaruli.
maRlobze kargaxan vijeqi da roca sakmaod davisvene,
gavudeq isev gzas da davewie erT ToTxmetis wlis sufTad
Cacmul ymawvils, romelsac soflidam xili mohqonda. amasac
cota ra rom uWirdeboda fexiT siaruli da amisaTvis nel nela
wavediT. bolos gadavdeqiT me da es ymawvili maRlobze da win
gagveSala mSvenieri suraTi: maRali xeebis baRebidama da parke­
bidama gamoicqirebodnen TeTrad galesili maRali saxlebi
da amaT zemodam dascqerodnen gotiuri Senobis ekklesiebis
gumbaTebi; erTad-erTi vizantiuri Senobis ekklesiis oqroTi

294
daferili gumbaTi. kidev tyiani borcvidam brwyinavda da Tavis
are-mares amSvenierebda.* zogierTi borcvebis gverdebze anu
mxareebze dabali aqauraT SemuSavebuli vazi Sefenili iyo da
mzis Cavardnis dros mSvenier sanaxavs warmoadgenda. yvela amas
rgoliviT Semortymuli hqonda tyiT Semosili borcvebi. es
gaxldaT visbadeni. sadac aTi wamis Semdeg quCa-quCa davdiodi
da veZebdi CemTvis kargs da iafis fasis oTaxs.

iveria. – 1878. – 26 oqt. – N42. – gv. 6-8

* es mussebis ekklesiaa.

295
 Saqro*

„kvalis“ korespondenciebi: qal. varSava

varSavis pirvel danaxvaze Tvalwin warmomidga ucxo su­

raTi. ruseTis didi qalaqebisagan ise gansxvavdeba igi, rom
ase megona, sadRac sazRvar gareT, romelsame ucxo evropiel
qalaqSi gavCndi meTqi. Cemi yuradreba miipyro qalaqis samag­
aliTo sisufTavem, romelsac bevri sxva qalaqebi dahnatrian
varSavas. saiTac miixedavT, mTeli qalaqis quCa-ezoebi da sax­
lebi isea dawmendil-dasufTavebuli, rom dakargul nemssac ki
advilaT ipoviT quCaSi. yovel saxlis win dilidan saRamomdis,
sul mudam, dganan muSebi cocxebiT da niCbebiT da wmenden iqa­
urobas; TviT gamvlel-gamomvlelisagan gadayril papirozis
da spiCkis namwvebsac ki hkrefaven quCebSi, Tu ki dainaxes sadme.
garda quCebis da ezoebisa, yovel saxlis kedlebsac hrecxaven
da wmenden yo­vel dRe. quCebSi versad ver SexvdebiT ubraloT
mawanwala da moxetiale loTs anu maTxovars. TiTqmis yvela
saxlebis da duqnebis karebebze aweria, „maTxovaroba akrZalu­
liao“: yvela ubinadro maTxovarTaTvis TavSesafari da sasadi­
loebia gamarTuli.
poloneli xalxi, rogorc etyoba, metad zdilobiani yofi­
la, marto maRali sazogadoeba ki ara, aramed TviT aqauri muSa
xalxic ki. quCebSi Tu vinmem uneburaT fexi wamogkraT, usaTuoT
didis zdilobiT, ramdenjerme, bodiSs moixdis; sxva qalaqebSi
ki bevrjel erTi-erTmaneTs ise daejaxebian xolme, rom Tavbrus
daasxamen da ise gaivlian, TiTqos araferiao.
arc erT ruseTis qalaqSi ver hnaxavT ise koxtaT, sufTaT da
moxdeniT morTul, sxva-da-sxva axal modaze Cacmul-daxurul
xalxs, rogorc aq. sazogadoT yoveli poloneli qali xelsaqmis
didi moyvaruli yofila: samagaliToT misdeven aTas gvar saqmes
da Wra-kervas: erT qals ver hnaxavT, rom raime xelsaqme ar
icodes. qalebis Casacmel-dasaxuri ise iafaT iyideba aq, rom,
ara Tu SeZlebulT, sawylebsac ki advilaT SeuZliaT morTul­
ni iaron. saukeTeso kabis Sekervis xelfass sam maneTs iReben aq

* i. vaCnaZe

296
naqebi mkervalebi, sxva qalaqebSi ki TiTo TumnaTac ara hkeraven
ubralo kabebs.
metad sainteresoa aqauri „SeuZlebel xalxis damxmarebel
sazogadoebis“ mier gamogonili erTi zoma. am sazogadoebas,
garda sxva-da-sxva kerZo Semowirulobisa, umTavres Semosavlis
wyaroT Semdegi aqvs. hyavs daqiravebuli ramdenime kaci: isini
dadian mTel qalaqSi da agroveben yovelgvar gamousadegar da
gadasayrel saqonels, magaliTaT Zveli wignebisa da qaRaldebis
naxevebs, yovel gvar ZonZebs da mCvrebs, SuSebis namtvrevebs,
rkinas, tyvias, Tujs da sxv. yvela amas hyidian aqaur qarxnebSi,
mag. sxva-da-sxva qaRaldebis nafleTebs fuTs 50 kap., wignebis
naxevebs 80 kap. da sxv. aq yovel groSs ZviraT afaseben.
aqauri meetleebi did vaJbatonebsa hgvanan mokazmulobiT:
cxenebi sul inglisur modaze morTul-mokazmulebi hyavT. ar­
sad imdeni xalxi ar dadis velosipedebiT ramdenic aq; velosi­
pediT dadian eqimebi avaTmyofebTan, veqilebi sasamarTloebSi,
werilebis da depeSebis damtareblebi da sxv. da sxv... zogs velo­
sipedebisTvis ukan didroni yuTebic ki daukravT da saqoneli,
barg-barxana Tan daaqvT, am bolo dros orTql-mavali etlebic
gaaCines bevrma da isinic dahqrian. yvela amaebs cxeniani mee­
tleebi yureb-Camoyrilebi Sehyureben.
erTma aqaurma polonelma ai ra miTxra, sazogadoT q. var­
Savis Sesaxeb: – rac varSavaSi saukeTeso Senobebs uyurebT, an
saaReb-micemo adgilebs, sul uriebisaao. marTlac SafaTobiT
aqaur duqneb-bazrebSi verafers iSoviT sasyidels: TiTqmis yve­
la daketilia, kviraobiT ki sul Riaa; amiT davrwmundi, vis xel­
Siac yofila aqauri vaWroba.
aq erTi RviniT movaWrea, gvaraT p. kazazianci. Tavis Rvinos
sul kaxurs uZaxis da gana marto kaxuri saxelis darqmevas ki
kmarobs; RvinoebisaTvis boTlebze dauweria, saxelaT „nino“ da
„Tamari“. gavxseni ramdenime boTli, gavsinje da ai es „ninos“ da
„Tamaris“ Rvinoebi RirsebiT aRmoCnda Saqar-wyali moduRebu­
li da Sig cota arayi da Rvinis feri gareuli. patroni eficeba
yvelas, kaxeTSi sul aseTi Rvinoebi dgebao. ueWvelia Cvenebur
Rvinoebs saxels gaufuWebs.

kvali. – 1897. – N23. – gv. 446-447.

297
feminizmi
 petre Careqovi

ramdenime sityva qalis aRzrdaze

amonaridebi statiidan

Cven Segvxvda cxovreba metad SesaniSvnels da bedniers

droSi. im droSi, romelSiac kacis azrni da ideani siCqariT
icvlebian da ganiwmindebian yovelTa saSual-saukunoebis
SecdomilebaTagan da amiT gvaaxloveben Cuen WeSmaritebisad­
mi, romelSiac mecniereba da ganaTleba iqmonan didsa nabijsa
warmatebisa da ganaTlebisa gzazed, da ukanasknel, romelSiac
ibadebian da dabadebisTanave Txouloben dauyovneblivsa gar­
dawyvetasa, mravalni sxua da sxua gvarni kiTxuani Sesaxebel
sazogadoebiT da saxelmwifoT cxovrebiT sagnebTa. xolo amaT
ricxvSi pirueli adgili uWiravs qalis aRzrdasa, rom ukeTe­
sad warmovadgino yoveli piroba rac ram saWiro aris qalebis
aRzrdisaTvis. piruelad unda vsTqva oriode sityua, Tu ra
daniSnuloba aqus qalsa qveyanazed.
TviT bunebam Seqmna qali yovlisa wodebisa da mdgomareo­
bisa cxovel gulad saxlobisa, ojaxisa da miT uCuena mas misi
pirdapiri daniSnuleba, raTa icxovros da imoqmedos keTilo­
bisa da bednierebisaTvis Tavisisa ojaxisa. aq qali gamoCndebis
pirvelad sayuarel meuRled, meored gulmxurvale dedad,
gamzrdelad axalis STamomavlobisa, da mesamed gonier saxlis
marTvelad...
Cvens sazogadoebazed arseboben mravalni ferad-feradni
hazrni qalis aRzrdazed: zogni fiqroben, rom aRzrda qali­
sa unda SemoisazRvrebodes codniTa mxolod saxlosnobisa da
xelT-saqmnarisa. imaTis hazriT Rirseba qalisa mdgomareobs
mxolod sulierobaSi da gareT gausvlelobaSi, TviT mis-mier
gaugebels aRsrulebaSi yovelTa ekklesiurTa wesdebuleba­
Ta da rigTa, monebrivsa da TiTqmis brma morCilebaSi yovelTa
brZanebaTa da survilTa Tavisisa qmrisa da sx. xolo gonebiTi
da zneobiTi gaxsna qalisa, Seadgens, imaTis azriT ara didsa
saWiroebasa. sxuani viTamc ufro dawinavebulni ganaTlebul­
ni – fiqroben, Tu aRzrda qalisa mdgomareobs amaSi, rom imas
SeeZlos brwyinvaled gamoCena sazogadoebaSi da anbobdnen ga­

300
naTlebuli qaliao. ese igi, SeiZlos tartari franciculsa
enazed, turfad mixvra-moxvra, keklucad tancaoba, alersianad
Sexvedra, Tavisuflad qceva ucnobT pirTa da ukeTu amaebs dae­
matebis codna rogorme fortepianis dakvrisa, maSin is iwodebis
samagaliTo ganaTlebul qalad, ase rom yovelive moqmedeba da
qceva imisni Rirs arian mibaZvisa da gardaRebisa. xolo zogni
sxuani, ricxvTa Soris romelTac ekuTvnis mwerali am striqon­
Ta; uyureben aRzrdasa qalisasa sxua rigis TvaliT: imaTis az­
riT kanonieri aRzrda qalisa mdgomareobs paralelur gaxsnasa
Sina samTa maT elementTa, romelTaganac Semdgari aris buneba
qalisa, ese igi: fizikurTa, zneobiTTa da gonebiTTa niWTa da
ZalTa misTa...
axla gavSinjoT Tu raodnaT aRasruleben TvianTs dan­
iSnulebasa Cueni kavkasiis qalT-saswavlebelni, ese igi: insti­
tutni da zavedeniebi, raodnaT uxsnian gonebiTTa da zneobiTTa
ZalTa TvisTa moswavleTa; (fizikuri gaxsnai imaT fiqrSiac ar
mozdiT) amisaTvis aviRoT erTi institutidam, gina zavedeniid­
am gamosuli qali, da vnaxoT ras warmogvidgens. SexedamT ra imas
Tquen, batono mkiTxvelno, usaTuod ityviT: „ox, ra saucxooT
gazrdili da ganaTlebuli qaliao“ da marTlac: koxta Cacmu­
loba, turfad mixvra-moxvra, nazi qceva, Cinebuli da wyliani
laparaki da xandisxan fortepianis dakvris niWic aZlevs imas
garegansa saxesa evropiis qalisasa, magram rodesac SinjamT da
dauwyebT mas laparaks romlis enazed romlis codna ufro sa­
Wiroa, imis cxovrebisa da bednierebisaTvis saxlzed, ojaxoba­
zed, Svilebzed, imaT aRzrdazed, qmris samsaxurzed, maSin Tqven
daSTebiT Zlier gakvirvebuli imisis usafuZvlo pasuxebiTa...
srulis gonebis gaxsnisaTvis usaWiroesad unda miiRos sru­
li enciklopediuri ganaTleba; mxolod esreTiTa ganaTlebiTa
mas SeuZlian ganTavisufleba im monebidam, romelSiac arian
exla aziulis Cveulebisagan, da maSin moipovian Tavis sruls
Rirsebas simarTlesa, pativs Tanaswor mamakacTa, romelsac
exla srulebiT moklebulni arian romelnic Tanasworobas
usaTuod ekuTvnis imas, da romelTaca uwyebul xarisxadmde
ukue sargebloben dRes qalni ganaTlebuls evropiis saxelmwi­
foebSi. ase rom, me SemiZlian dabejiTebiT vsTqua: Tvisufleba
da ganaTleba qalisa uwyebuls saxelmwifoSi mdgomareoben ze­
moT aRwerils pirobebSi.
axla Tvali gadavavloT qalis mdgomareobazed dasavle­
Tisa evropiaSi da mCrdiloeTisa amerikaSi, romelTaca didaT

301
daiwinaures ganaTlebisa da mecnierebisa gzazed da vnaxoT,
Tu ra dids rols TamaSobs iq qali. me ar SemiZlian sisruliT
gamov­sTqva is sazogado Rrma pativiscema, keTil krZaluleba,
samagaliTo da TiTqmis gasasterebeli Tavazianoba, romelic
aqus iq qalsa; da ufrosRa amerikaSi, sadac mowyalebiTa didisa
ganaTlebisa, ar arseboben ara viTarni sxua da sxua gvarni wode­
bani da STamomavlobiTni Rirsebani, – neStni saSual saukuneTa
SecdomilebaTa da mTavarni mizezni Cueni esreTisa davardni­
lis mdgomareobisa, sadaca Tavisufleba, erT simarTlevano­
ba, da Tanasworoba dagvirgvinebulni hsjulisagan, Sesul ar­
ian Cveulebasa da xasiaTi erTob xalxTa. qali, romelic metad
zemoqmedebs ara marto Cuens nivTiers, aramed suliers mdgo­
mareobazedac – romelica Tavisis siyvarulianis nawilebiT ga­
nabnevs yovelTa SemTxveuls Cuendami javrTa da mwuxarebaTa
da erTadve ganatkbobs suliersa Cuensa myofobasa, maSa sadame,
gareSe yovlisa eWvisa aris rom ese viTar arsebas aqus sruli
zneobiTi simarTle Cuengan Rrmad pativiscemisa ganuzomelisa
Tavazianobisa da Seucvlelisa siyvarulisa.

ciskari. – 1863. – N2. – gv. 301-309

302
 giorgi wereTeli

deda-kacis azri deda-kacebzed

„axlandels droSi dawinavebulni pirni ganaTlebuls

qveynebSi namdvilaT grZnoben, rom qals sazogadoebaSi ara aqvs
miniWebuli Tavisi Sesaferi mdgomareoba. yovel saxelmwifos
sjulSi aris zogi imisTana kanonebi, romlis gamoTac deda-ka­
ci iCagreba da imdeni Tavisufleba ar miecema, ramdenic sa­
Wiroa saxelmwifos keTil mdgomareobisTvis da STamomavlobis
sasargebloT. eWvi ar aris, am sityvebzed Cveni qalebi wyromas
dagviwyeben. – rogor Tu Sesaferi mdgomareoba ara gvaqvso? da­
Cagvra ki ara, Cvenodeni ufleba da Rirseba aravis ara aqvs. ai
warmovidginoT, rodesac qali da kaci quCaSi erTaT daseirno­
ben; deda-kaci win midis da mama-kaci ki biWsaviT ukan aedevne­
bao. qalebi ara varT, rom kacebi, rogorc mefes, mowiwebiT xel­
zed gvkocnian da zogjer Cvens win muxlsac moiyrian? aba erTi
miCvene sazogadoebis yrilobaSi, Tu qals yovelTvis kaczed
upir­velesi adgili ar uWiravs! vis gaugonia am gvari cilis wame­
bao! ara, eg tyuili mogigonia, viRac gamosulxar da swer; mag
sityvebs araodes Cven Tavzed ar miviRebT. CvenisTana batonebi
mama-kacebi ar ariano, Cven ojaxebSi batonebaT vzivarT da isini
ki oflis wurwuriT Sromoben da xarjs gvaZleveno. – pativce­
mulno mandilosanno, Zlier nu gacxardebiT; guli daimSvideT
da ise moismineT Cemi saubari. me aq ufro erTis gamoCenilis de­
da-kacis piriT vlaparakob, romelsac ar moswons qalis batono­
ba axlandels droSi da ambobs, rom am gvari batonoba deda-ka­
cis damamcirebeli da Seuferebeli ariso. maS axla ganvagrZob
laparaks. deda-kacs kanoniT akrZaluli aqvs, rom Tavisi niWi da
goniereba sazogadoebis warsamateblaT moixmaros. deda-kacs
ar SeuZlian sazogado saqmisTvis iSromos, ise rogorc mama-kac­
sa; imas ar SeuZlian cxovrebis saSualoba patiosanis garjiT
moipovos. sazogadoebis Cveuleba deda-kacs nebas ar aZlevs,
rom Tavisi goneba gaanaTlos imdenaT, ramdenaTac mama-kacs
SeuZlian Tavisis gonebis gaxsna. sazogadoebis wesdebuleba uS­
lis deda-kacs, rom is saxelmwifo gamgeobis wevraT gaxdes; imas
ar SeuZlian Seiqnes maswavlebeli, eqimi, samoqalaqo Tanamdebo­
bis aRmasrulebeli da sxva. radganac deda-kacs ara viTari wya­

303
ro TavisuflaT cxovrebisa ara hqonia, amisTvisac is gamxdara
sruli mona mama-kacisa. is pirmoTneoba, romelic col-qmroba­
Si xSiria ojaxis gamryvneli da zneobis damamcirebelia. xasi­
aTis SeuTviseblobiT rom colis gulSi ukmayofileba aRiZras,
ueWvelaT qalma es ukmayofileba unda dahfaros da mudam Tavis
guls unda askdebodes. am nairis mdgomareobisagan deda-kaci
veras RonisZiebiT Tavs ver ixsnis. Tu es ukmayofileba iman cxa­
daT warmosTqva, vai imis moswrebas!.. meti gza ar aris, yovels am
nairs mdgomareobaSi deda-kaci pirmoTneobiT unda aRiWurvos.
ai, am gvarma sazogadoebis sastikma Cveulebam da sjulma aRZra
qalebis drtvinva da ganaTlebulis kacebis ukmayofileba.
yoveli Wkviani qali da kaci evropisa da amerikisa ebrZvis
sazogado wyobilebas da imis Cveulebas deda-kacis mdgomareo­
bis gaumjobesobisaTvis. sxvaTa deda-kacebTa Soris erTi friad
ganaTlebuli qali, grafina dora distria Zalian ukmayofiloa
axlandels Seuferebels qalis mdgomareobazed. dora distria
deda-kacis mdgomareobas sxva da sxva sazogadoebaSi istori­
ulaT ganixilavs da im azrzed damyardeba, rom ugunurs kacis
simZlavres deda-kaci mama-kacis monaT gauxdiao. ai ras ityvis
isa: velurs xalxSi deda-kacs pirutyvsaviT epyrobian da zogjer
imis mdgomareobazedac ufro samZimoa. aq deda-kaci RmerTebi­
sagan moZulebulaT miaCniaT. deda–kacs mama–kacTan puris Wama
ar SeuZlin; rac mama-kacis saWmelia, imas deda-kaci ver Seexe­
ba, mama-kacTan ver dajdeba. romels WurWelsac mama-kaci xma­
robs, deda-kaci im WurWels ver ixmarebs. is iq mama-kacs veras
daamadlebs da mama-kaci ki imazed xSiraT moixmars xolme Taviss
Zalas. am gvari deda-kacis damokidebuleba Zvelidam aqamomde
momdinareobs, mxoloT es ki aris, rom es damonaveba Tan-da-Tan
sustdeba. aRmosavleTis qveynebSi qalis mdgomareoba ar aris
ise sastiki. deda-kaci rom velurs xalxs pirutyvad miaCnia, aR­
mosavleTis xalxi imas ise uyurebs, rogorc Taviss monas. Tumca
qali iqac nivTsaviT sakuTrebaT miaCniaT, magram es sakuTreba
ojaxis mmarTvelia da imas fasic aZevs: deda-kacs aq yiduloben.
radganac aRmosavleTSi deda-kaci savaWro saqonelia, romelic
unda gaisyidos, amisTvis ueWvelia, visac momatebuli SeZleba
aqvs, is am nairs nivTs ufro bevrs moipovebs da ai aqedamac unda
warmomdgar iyo mravalcolianoba. ganaTlebuls saberZneTSi
da romSi qali ufro pativcemuli iyo. aRmosavleTsaviT iq de­
da-kacs ara yiddnen, da arc iTvleboda isa mama-kacis monaT,
Tumca imave mama-kacis xelSi iyo srulebiT.

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 qristianobam Tavisis RvTiuris azrebiT im droSi Ziri-
cvli­leba ver moaxdina deda-kacis Sesaxeb. romis ganaTlebas ar
SeeZlo, rom saqristiano azrebzed gavlena ar hqonoda, rodesac
es azrebi xalxSi vrceldebodnen. am mizezisa gamo qristianobam
ver SeiZlo deda-kacis mdgomareobis gaumjobesoba. amas Cven ax­
landels droSiac naTlaT vxedavT. CvenSi deda-kaci uwindelaT
bevrs uflebas aris moklebuli. is uwindelaT aris mama-kacis
damokidebulebis qveS, maSin rodesac es damokidebuleba imis­
Tvis sruliad saWiro ar aris.
mwerlebi, romelnic sazogado monebisgan deda-kacis ganTa­
visuflebas ewinaaRmdegebian, or gvars sabuTebs warmoadgenen.
erTi sabuTi imas Seicavs, voTomc deda-kacs Tavisi Sesaferi
Tavisufleba qondes miniWebuli; deda-kacis daniSnuleba, ima­
Tis azriT, ojaxoba aris da aq is sruli Tavisufaliao. magram
doras azriT ojaxis movlis garda qals kidev bevri Tavisufa­
li dro darCeba. imas unda neba mieces, rom danaSTeni Tavisu­
fali dro sazogadoebis sasargebloT moixmaros, rogoraTac
sazogadoebis wevrma. erTis sityviT, visac hgonia, rom deda-ka­
ci marto kargi meojaxe unda iyoso, isini Zalian styuian, amis­
Tvis rom SeiZleba kaci kargi ojaxis momvleli iyos da amasTan
kargi eqimic, kargi vaWaric, kargi veqilic, kargi istorikosic,
kargi saxelmwifo moxelec da sxv. ojaxoba, rogorc mama-kacs,
agreTve deda-kacs ver dauSlis istorikosobas da mravals sxva
rigs samoqalaqo samsaxursa.
meore sabuTi deda-kacis winaaRmdeg am azrs warmoadgens,
viTomc imisi niWiereba da mama-kacisa Soris Sors iyos; magram am
gvari azric doras fiqriT sruliaT usafuZvloa. dora distria
aiRebs istorias da iq cxadaT gviCvenebs, rom swavlaSi, poli­
tikaSi da sarwmunoebis sferaSi gamoCenilni deda-kacebi yo­
filan. SesaniSnavia erTi italieli qali, romelic sxvaTa Soris
deda-kacis niWierebis dasamtkiceblaT mohyavs doras. am deda­
kacs rqmevia mariam gaetana agnezi. cxra wlisa rom Seqnila imas
dauweria laTinuri Txzuleba, romelic naTlaT amtkicebs, rom
deda-kacsac SeuZlian am gvari Sroma. TerTmetis wlisas am qals
berZnuli esmoda da ocda aTis wlisa laTinuridam Tar­gmnida
berZnulaT, italiuraT, francuzulaT da nemecuraT, Semdeg
iman kidev ispaniuri da ebrauli ena iswavla. ocis wlisa iyo
mxoloT, rodesac papam benetiktma XIV is miiwvia profesoraT
maTematikis kaTedrazed bolonis universitetSi. es pativcemu­
li adgili am deda-kacma daimsaxura Tavisis SesaniSnavis maTe­

305
matikuris TxzulebiT, romelic im dros swavlulebSi Zalian
xma gavardnili iyo. laura bassic TiTqmis ise SesaniSnavia fi­
losofiaSi da fizikaSi, rogorc agnezi. rodesac prusiaSi Tavi­
suflebisTvis omianoba moxda, maSin mravalma deda-kacma Tavi
gamoiCina mamulis siyvaruliT da sxva moRvaweobiT. sxva da sxva
swavlis nawilSiac bevri saxel ganTqmuli deda-kacebi arian, ma­
gal. filosofiaSi markiz-de-Setele, volteris megobari, eT­
nografiaSi anu xalxis aRweraSi, geografiaSi, fizikaSi sofio
Jermeni, ida feiferi da misi Striklandi, astronomiaSi zomer­
vili da mravali sxv. es deda-kacebi yovels sabuTzed ufro nam­
dvilaT gviCveneben, Tu ramdenaT usafuZvloa im kacebis azrebi,
romelnic ewinaaRmdegebian deda-kacis mama-kacTan gaTanas­
worebasa, da amboben, viTomc mama-kacis niWiereba bevraT maR­
la idges deda-kacis niWierebazed. axla evropis sazogadoebaSi
dawinavebuli pirebi ufro im azrzed arian damyarebulni, rom
deda-kaci ganTavisufldes mama-kacis nivTierebiTis damok­
idebulebisagan da is ufleba mieniWos imaT, romelic mama-kacs
aqvs. ra sakvirvelia, am gvari Tavisufleba deda-kacs mianiWebs
namdvils kacurs Rirsebas da amasTan imis daCagruls mdgo­
mareobasac aRadgens.“

droeba – Tbilisi, 1866 – N5. – gv. 1

306
 erTi amerikeli qalis yofna pariJSi...

erTi amerikeli qalis yofna pariJSi. sul aTi-TxuTmeti we­

liwadi ar iqneba, rac Cvenma qalebma gaxSirebiT SemoiRes bazarSi
siaruli. adre am ocdaaTi wlis winaT Tu naxavda kaci dedakacsa
imasac xniansa naxavda, ufro an dalalebisagan (mosiarule vaW­
rebisagan) yidulobdnen, an bazridgan saqonels moataninebdnen
Sina da ase vai vaglaxiT unda eyidnaT rame. jer exlac marto mo­
siarule qals ZnelaT naxavs kaci, ueWvelaT Tan vinme hyavs. ami­
si mizezi rasakvirvelia dauCvevlobaa, erTi da erTi rom ada­
Ti ara yofila, amas misdeven. meore mizezic is aris, rom kacebi
umar­TebuloT iqcevian qalebTan, metadre ymawvili kacebi. vis
ar gaugonia qalaqis saydrebis dReobaebis ambebi, rom ama da am
qals esa da es upatiuroba miayeneso, amas da amas leCaqi mos­
Wres, amas Salio, amas Tma, amas uCqmiteso da, vin icis ramdeni
sircxvili da biaburoba ar miuyenebiaT ara Tu marto gasaTxo­
vari qalebisTvis, qmrianebisTvisac ki ar daukliaT. exla kidev
qals marto siaruli SeuZlian dRisiT, Rame ki RmerTma Seinaxos.
aba gabedos qalma da bindisas Cven ganaTlebuls da ganaTebuls
bulvarze gamoiaros marto, Tu maSinve erTi rota ymawvili
kacebisa ar daedevnos, an gza ar Seukras, urcxvi laparaki ar
daiwyos da bolos xeli ar Caavlos. ramdeni wivil-kivili da ce­
ma-tyepa xdeba xolme am bulvarze. ai ra wam­xdari da pirutyvuli
yofa qcevisaa Cveni xalxi: xmis amomRebsac ki kaci ara naxavs, rom
upatrono qals gamoesarClos da usia­movneba moaSoros xolme.
sworeT amgvarive, umarTebulobaa sxva da sxva dids evropis
qalaqebSi. moxdeba xolme, rom patiosani ojaxis qali Rame mi­dis
TavisTvis. daedevneba ramdenime kaci, Caavlebs xels da vin icis
ras ar Caidens, ra upatiurebas ar miayenebs, magram am Sem­TvevaSi
gamvlel gamomvleli an policiis moxele geereva, qals aSve­
binebs da ukan momdevarebs samarTalSi aZleven gaupatiurebi­
saTvis. amerikaSi sul sxvaa. iq qali yovelTvis TavisuflaT mar­
to dadis da ZnelaT moxdeba, rom kacisagan upatiureba miadges
qalsa. ara Tu qalaqSi mgzavraTac ki marto daiarebian gasaTxo­
vari qalebi. iseTi adaTia, rom manam qali ar daelaparakos kacsa,
kacisagan gamolaparakeba Zalian umarTebulobaTa aqvT miRebu­
li. xSiraT ician Turme qalebma, rom Tu daWireba aqvT rame ise­
Ti, rom saWiroa adamiani hyvandeT Tana, qali sTxovs kacsa, rom

307
Tu SeiZlebodes ama da am adgilamdin gamacileTo. am SemTxveva­
Siac Turme umarTebuleba iqneba, rom uari uTxras kacma qalsa.
gaacilebs adgilamdin da ise moSordebian erTmaneTs rogorc,
Cemo mkiTxvelo, me, amis damweri, da Sen, erTmanerTs ar vicnobT
da erTsa ambavsa vkiTxulobT gazeTSi. am amerikel qals ra ga­
Wireba SemTxvevia pariJSi. zafxuls pariJis gamofenis sanaxavaT
mosula (am zafxuls qveynis gamofenaa pariJSi, rac qveynis zu­
rgze qveynebia, yvela qveynebidam miwisa Tu xis mosavali, an xe­
losnobiT ram aris gakeTebuli, an qarxnisa an fabrikisa erTis
sityviT, rac kacis xelsa da gonebas gaukeTebia da mougonia,
yvelas nimuSebi iqaris mogrovebuli da xalxisTvis sanaxavaT
gamofenilia erT dids SenobaSi. amitom amas gamofenas eZaxian.
am gamofenas imitoma marTaven, rom sxva da sxva qveynebis xalxma
ufro advilaT naxos yvela xalxis namuSavari da, rac saWiroa,
TiTonac miiRos. rasakvirvelia, visac Ronis Zieba aqvs, midis
da amas garda yvela saxelmwifoebidam mTavroba ramdensame nas­
wavl kacsa gzavnis avisa da kargisa SesatyoblaTa. am gvari mTe­
li qveynis gamofena or qalaqSi xdeba xolme. franciis qalaqSi:
pariJSi da angliisa – londonSi aT weliwadSi erTxel, gamofena
londonSi iqneba 1872-sa w.) am gamofenis sanaxavaT mosula erTi
amerikeli gasaTxovari qali ragindaraebis sayidlaT xSiraT
dadis Turme erT gamoCenil maRaziaSi da yovelTvis erTs pri­
kaSCiks elaparakeba xolme. qali mSvenieri iyo da is prikaSCiki
zdili. bolos erT dRes mivida imave maRaziaSi daRvremili, saC­
qaroT raRac farCa iyida da prikaSCiks uTxra: „erT saaTs Sem­
deg Sin viqnebi, ama da am adgilas vdgevar, gaisarjeT modiT da
biWsac es farCa moataineTo.“ am sityvebTan civaT Tavi daukra
da gamovida. prikaSCiki gakvirvebuli darCa, magram daniSnul
dros mivida qalTan. qalma sauzmeze miiwvia, iman uari ar uT­
xra. magram qali ise SeSfoTebuli iyo, rom prikaSCiki daafiqra.
bolos uecraT qalma uTxra: „erTi bZaneT daukvexraTa, Tqven
SeiZlebT qali daicvaT gaupatiurebisagan?“ – diax SemiZlian
upasuxa prikaSCikma. – „Zalian keTili. Tqven xom Tqveni ofli­
Ta scxovrobT?“ diax Cemi SromiTa vWam pursa. „maS ai ras mogax­
seneb, me TiTqmis aravina myavs qveyanaze da, rac mabadia, sul Ce­
mia. movedi gamofenisa da pariJis sanaxavada. aq ki davrwmundi,
rom am qalaqSi qals mcveli unda hyvandes. me gavbede da Tqven
amogirCieT mcvelaTa. rac droeba dagekargebaT CemTan erTaT
siarulisaTvis, imis gadasaxads fuliT gadagixdiT. amaze ara
sTqvaT, ra es angariSis saqmea. Tanaxma xarT Tu ara?“ prikaS­

308
Cikma ar icoda, ra eTqva, bolos dasTanxmda. – qalma uTxra „me
imedi maqvs, rom qalis moarSiye ukan mdevaris kacis masxarobas
ar izamT. Tu erTi umarTebuloba SemimCnevia, Cveni, kandraxti
dairRveva. romel drodam daviwyoT pirobis asruleba“ – Tund
am saaTidama, upasuxa kacma da am ucnauri Sekrulobis werili
dasweres. prikaSCiki marTebulaT, zdilobiT da patiosnobiT
Tan dasdevda qalsa ZmasaviTa, ise rom amerikeli qali Zalian
madlobeli iyo amisTana kacis amorCevaze. orkviras Semdeg da­
pirebuli fuli gadauxada kacsa da erTmanerTs moSordnen pa­
tiviscemiT da kmayofilebiT. qali gaemgzavra Tavis qveynisaken
amerikaSi. Tu qalsac Tavis Tavis Senaxva unda, Seinaxavs.

droeba – Tbilisi, 1867 – N36. – gv. 4

309
 p.*

qali da misi ganaTleba

nawyveti statiidan

CvenSi dedakaci daCagruli da ufleba-moklebulia. misi

ZalRone da moqmedeba frTeb-Sekvecilia. misi mniSvnelobac
uniSanwylo da uferulia. amaSi brali edebaT rogorc TviT qa­
lebs, ise umetes nawils sazogadoebasac.
ramdenad sazogadoeba dablaT sdgas ganaTlebisa da gan­
viTarebis safexurzed, imdenad dedakacis mdgomareobac Sez­
Rudulia da misi pirovnebac Seviwroebuli. ramdenadac sazoga­
doeba win iwevs ganviTarebis gzazed, imdenad ecvleba mas azri
dedakacis mdgomareobasa, mis daniSnulebasa da uflebazedac.
radganac sazogadoebis ganviTarebam bevrnairi gza ganvlo,
zogi xalxi ukan CamorCa, zogmac gauswro, amasTan erTsa da imave
xalxSic sazogadoebis sxva da sxva wevrebi ganviTarebis sxva da
sxva safexurzed iyvnen da arian, amitom dedakacis Sesaxebac
bevrnairi azri batonobda da axlac batonobs. yvela es azrebi
mokleT SeiZleba ase gamovTqvaT:
1. dedakaci aris mamakacis mona, misi morCili yma, misi yove­
live brZanebis da survilebis Semsrulebeli, misi Svilebis
aRmzrdeli, is mudam mamakacis patronobis qveS unda iyos. sa­
nam gaTxovdebodes misi patronia mama, mere qmari. rom daqvri­
vdes, misi ufrosi vaJi, an sxva ufrosi mamakaci ojaxSi xdeba
mis patronad. yvela sargeblobs misi SromiT, ZalRoniT, misi
pirovnebiTac; TviTon is ki adamianur cxovrebas, xmas da ufle­
bebs moklebulia.
2. marTalia, dedakaci unda emorCilebodes mamakacs, ro­
gorc susti Zliers, magram is ar unda iTvlebodes mamakacis
monad. is mamakacis erTguli TanamSromelia da amitom aRiare­
bul unda iqmnas mis megobrad, WirSi da lxinSi amxanagad. rom
qalma ukeTesi da ufro sasargeblo amxanagoba gaswios, amitom
mis ganaTlebazec aris saWiro zrunva. misi umaRlesi da wminda

* am fsevdonimiT werdnen: petre surgulaZe (1877-1931), samson fircxalava

(1872-1952), petre umikaSvili (1834-1904)

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daniSnulebaa – Svilebis aRzrda da movla. misi valdebulebaa
ojaxis wvrilmanebze Tavis texa da mzrunveloba. sazogado
saqmeebSi mas xma ara aqvs, da romc mieces, araferSi gamodgeba
garda saqvelmoqmedo saqmeebisa. raime politikur uflebebis
miniWeba, an mamakacTan gaTanasworeba, SeuZlebelia, radganac is
susti arsebaa, uflebebs ver moixmars da Tavis daniSnulebas da
valdebulebasac gzas auxvevs.
3. dedakaci iseTive adamiania, rogoric aris mamakaci. Tu is
moCans sust arsebad, es istoriuli pirobebis da aRzrdis bralia.
mas unda mieniWos imnairive aRzrda da ganaTleba, rogorc mamak­
acebs da mieniWos ganaTleba ara rogorc mamakacis TanaSemweebs,
aramed rogorc imnairsave adamianebs, rogorc mamakacebi arian.
Sromis ganawilebaSi mieniWos mas is sfera da moqmedeba, romelic
mas surs, da sadac misi Sromac ufro nayofieri iqneba. piradaT
is sruli Tavisufali unda iyos da hqondes mamakacTan Sedare­
biT Tanaswori uflebebi rogorc ojaxSi, ise sazogadoebaSi da
politikur cxovrebaSic. dedakacmac es uflebebi unda moipovos
da SeinarCunos imnairive brZoliT, rogorc amas mamakacebi Svre­
bian da ar unda ucados im dros, rodesac mamakaci uTavazebs mas
uflebebs, rogorc Taigulis Cuqebas aris xolme SeCveuli.
CvenSi, rogorc CamorCenil qveyanaSi, bevri pirveli azris
momxre da cxovrebaSi gamtarebeli moipoveba. Cveni mowinave
sazogadoeba ufro meore azrs etrfis da asrulebs. mesame azri
ki mxolod rCeulTa miswrafebas Seadgens da didi-didi dro
aris saWiro, sanam is ganxorcieldebodes.
ra mdgomareobaSi aris qalTa kiTxva da rogor uyureben
dedakacis Tanasworobis aRdgenis saqmes romelsame qveyanaSi,
es naTlad sCans iqidan, Tu rogor aris mowyobili qalTa ganaT­
lebis saqme am qveyanaSi.
am mxriv kavkasias ruseTis yvela kuTxeebTan Sedare­
biT (cimbiris garda) ukanaskneli adgili uWiravs da, TviTon
ruseTs saerTod amnairive ukanaskneli adgili uWiravs, Tu sxva
ganaTlebul qveynebs SevadarebT. CvenSi im zomamde cotaa pir­
veldawyebiTi skola da ise sustaT aris ganviTarebuli qalis
pirvel dawyebiTi swavla, rom soflebSi swavlobs skolebSi qa­
liSvilebis mxolod 5%, ese igi, as qalSi 95 skolis gareSe rCe­
ba. qalTa saSualo saswavleblebic ricxviT mcirea. kavkasiaSi
naxevar milion mcxovreblebze mxolod erTi qalTa gimnazia
uwevs. TiTqmis ar arsebobs qalTa komerciuli da savaWro sas­

311
wavlebeli, sxva da sxva tipis profesionaluri, sameurneo da
samrewvelo skolebi. ar aris qalTa samxatvro, musikaluri da
sazogadoT xelovnebaTa saswavleblebi (tfilisis musikalur
da samxatvro saswavleblebSi qalebs Rebuloben vaJebTan er­
Tad). umaRlesi saswavlebeli ar moipoveba mTels kavkasiaSi arc
qalebisaTvis da arc vaJebisaTvis.
kavkasiaze Sors ar aris wasuli TviT ruseTic, sadac qal­
Ta ganaTlebas jer kidev bevri mowinaaRmdege da xelis SemSle­
li hyavs. miuxedavad am winaaRmdegobisa cxovrebam mainc Tavi­
si gaitana da qalTa umaRlesi ganaTlebis pirveli mercxlebi
ukve gaCndnen. sagangeboT qalTa universiteti jer ar arse­
bobs ruseTSi da arc vaJebisaTvis daarsebul universitetebSi
aZleven qalebs Sesvlis nebas, magram gaCden egredwodebuli qa­
lTa umaRlesi kursebi da institutebi.
maTi ricxvi Zlier mcirea da maTi arsebobisaTvis didi
brZola iyo saWiro da axlac saWiroa.
peterburgSi qalTa sazogado ganaTlebis uxucesi kursebi
aris „sankt-peterburgis umaRlesi qalTa kursebi“. daarsebulia
1867 w. pirveli gamge iyo akademikosi bestuJev-riumini da kurse­
bic erTxans mis saxels atarebda. am JamaT iq ori ganyofilebaa
istoriul-filologiuri da fizikur-maTematikuri. leqciebs
kiTxuloben profesorebi daaxloebiT imave programebiT da
meTodiT, rogorc universitetis Sesafer fakultetebzed. vi­
sac kursebzed Sesvla surs unda gaagzavnos Txovna direqtoris
saxelze (vasilievis kunZuli, meaTe linia, 33) 1 agvistomdis Sem­
degis dokumentebiT: a) wodebis mowmoba, b) metrika, g) gimnazi­
is meSvide damatebiTi klasebis an Sesaferi saswavleblis gaT­
avebis mowmobebi, d) mowmoba, rom mTxovnels sakmaod moepoveba
SeZleba peterburgSi sacxovreblad, e) Tavisi avtobiografia, v)
mSob­lebis an apekunebis, Tu gaTxovilia, qmris – nebarTva, z) ori
fotografiuli suraTi sakuTaris warweriT da i) keTil saime­
dobis mowmoba gubernatorisagan, Tu gimnaziis gaTavebis Semdeg
eqvs Tveze metia gasuli. radganac kursebze didi konkursia,
upiratesoba eZlevaT imaT, visac saSualo saswavleblis gaT­
avebis dros miuRiaT medlebi, Sifrebi da sx. saCuqrebi. swavla
iwyeba 1 seqtembridan. wliuri gadasaxadi swavlisaTvis 100 man.
da pansionSi sacxovreblad 300 man. pirveli kursis msmenelTaT­
vis savaldebuloa, an pansionSi icxovron da an mSoblebTan. ara
qristian sarwmunoebis qalTa miReba gansazRvrulia 3 procen­

312
tiT. kerZo binazed cxovreba didis ekonomiis gaweviT jdeba ara
nakleb 30–50 man. wignebze da kulturul gasarTobebze 10 man.
TveSi mainc saWiroa zedmetaT. kursebi oTx wels SeiZleba daas­
rulon da gaTavebis Semdeg Sesafer mowmobas Rebuloben, rome­
lic maswavleblobis uflebas aZlevs.
qalTa pedagogiuri instituti peterb., (goroxovaia, 20). ga­
dakeTebulia pedagogiuri kursebidan. amzadebs specialurad
maswavleblebs. kiTxuloben istorias, filosofias, sityviere­
bas, maTematikas, fizikas, pedagogikas, axal enebsa da praqtiku­
lad iTviseben swavlis meTodebs. Sesvlis pirobebi igivea, rac
umaRless kursebzed. upiratesoba peterburgel qalebs eZle­
vaT. pansioni ar arsebobs. mxolod moswavle qalebi cxovroben
kerZo binebze institutis administraciis zedamxedvelobis
qveS. neba daurTvel binebze an sastumroSi cxovreba akrZalu­
lia, moswavle qalebi sdeben xelwerils, rom institutis wesebs
mtkiced Seasruleben. instituti eqvemdebareba imperatrica
mariamis dawesebulebebs.
arxeologiuri instituti (kuTxe inJinerni da sadovi quCe­
bisa, N1-4.) Rebuloben vaJebTan erTad mxolod im qalebs, ro­
melTac umaRlesi kursebi gauTavebiaT. aswavlian arxeologias,
arxeografias, numizmatikas, da paleografias. leqciebi mxo­
lod saRamoobiT aris. smena ufasoa.
sazogado ganaTlebis kursebi stoiuninis gimnaziasTan
(vladimirskis moedani, 19). kursebs gansazRvruli fakulte­
tis xasiaTi ara aqvs. gasul welSi kiTxulobdnen magaliTad,
mxolod filosofias, uflebis filosofias da zoologias. le­
qciebi saRamoobiT aris. fasi kursisaTvis wliurad 25 man. yvel­
asaTvis erTad – 50 man.
saRamos kursebi maswavlebel qalTa damxmarebel sazoga­
doebisa, leqciebi ikiTxeba reformatebis da wm. petres saswav­
leblebSi. xasiaTi da pirobebi igive aqvs, rogorc stoiuninis
kursebs.
sazogado leqciebi filosofiisa (daarsda 1904 w. kerZo
gimnaziasTan, glinkas q., 6) leqciebs saRamoobiT kiTxuloben,
fasi TiTo kurszed 5 man. leqtorebad arian qalebi (umaRlesi
kursebi aqvT gaTavebuli) qal. volkoviCi da qal. stolica.
moskovSi arsebobs – moskovis umaRlesi qalTa kursebi,
daarsebuli 1900 w. (merxliakovis q., saxli girSisa) rogorc
programebi ise yovelive pirobebi igivea, rac peterburgis am­

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nairsave kursebzed. (arsebobda wineT geries kursebi istoriul
filologiur fakultetis programmiT da liubinkas kursebi –
bunebis metyvelebis fakultetis programmiT). 1904 istoriul
ganyofilebazed kiTxulobden damatebiT leqciebs – politi­
kur ekonomias da romaelTa uflebas. cxovreba moskovSi daax­
loebiT igive Rirs, rac peterburgSi.
yazanSi da kievSi umaRlesi kursebi sxva-da-sxva mizezebis
gamo daixuren da jereT ar gaxsnilan, mxolod zogi professori
gamoacxadebs xolme saRamoobiT ara sistematiur leqciebs,
sadac qalebs SeuZlianT daeswren. didi survili aqvT es saqme
mkvidr niadagze daayenon. qalTa umaRlesi kursebi gaixsna ode­
saSi 1903 w. (paSkovskaias gimnaziasTan). kursebis sruli prog­
rama jer gamorkveuli ar aris, magram daaxlovebiT imnairive
organizacia eqneba, rogorc peterburgis kursebs. gasul welSi
kiTxulobdnen RvTismetyvelebas, istorias, sityvierebas, xe­
lovnebaTa istorias, axal enebs, geometrias, astronomias, alge­
bras, meqanikas da fizikas. wliuri gadasaxadia 150 man. msme­nelis
kerZo cxovreba aq SezRuduli ar aris, rogorc peterburgSia.
cxovreba SedarebiT peterburgTan da moskovTan iafia. haeric
kavkasielebisaTvis Sesaferia.
qalTa umaRlesi saswavleblis daarsebis survili iyo sxva­
ganac, mag. xarkovSi, varSavaSi, iurievSi da sx. magram sxva da sxva
mizezebis gamo es survili jer ver ganuxorcielebiaT da mxolod
ara sistematiuris leqciebis kiTxviT Tavs ikmayofileben.
yvela CamoTvlil kursebze 2000 msmeneli iqneba, (ruseTSi
63 milionamdea mdedrobiTi sqesi) e.i. erT milion qalze mxo­
lod 15-iode qali modis umaRles kursebze moswavle.
qalTa profesionaluri swavla ruseTSi kidev ufro cudaT
aris dayenebuli.
mTels ruseTSi arsebobs mxolod erTi medikuri instituti
(peterburgi. arqielis quCa, 6).
1872 wels daarsda qalTa saeqimo kursebi, romelmac ruseTis
qalebs didi sargebloba moutana da TviT ruseTsac bevri Tav­
gamodebuli moRvawe qali SesZina. samwuxaroT 1882 w. es kursebi
mTavrobam daxura. mxolod 15 wlis Semdeg (1897 w. sekdemberSi)
SesaZlebeli Seiqna gaxsniliyo qalTa medikuri instituti.
instituti moTavsebulia sakuTars SenobaSi – petropav­
lovskis saavadmyofos gverdiT da gvarianadac aris mowyobi­
li. internati arsebobs 120 qalisaTvis. institutSi miiRebian

314
ara nakleb ocisa da ara umetes 35 wlis qalebi (qaliSvilebi da
qmrianebic). ara qristianebidan Rebuloben mxolod 5%. Txovna
da dokumentebi yvelaferi isevea saWiro, rogorc peterburgis
umaRles kursebze Sesasvlelad da imaT garda saWiroa mowmoba,
rom msurvelma laTinuri enidan 8 klasis kursis codnaSi daiWi­
ra gamocda savaJo gimnaziaSi. swavlis fasic igivea. wliurad 100
man da pansionSi 300 man. Tumca institutSi Sesvlis da iq cxov­
rebis pirobebi saZneloa, magram msurvelTa ricxvi mainc imde­
nia, rom imaTgan mxolod 1/6 (ese igi 6 qalSi erTs) Rebuloben.
peterburgSive arsebobs komerciuli kursebi – sazRvar gare­
Tis korespondent qalTa mosamzadeblad (moika, 56). Rebuloben
gimnaziaSi kurs damTavrebulT. kursebze aswavlian evropiul
­enebs praqtikulad da Teoretikulad. kursebi saRamoobiT aris.
programma sami wlisaa. swavlis fasi wliurad – 100 man.
ubralo komerciul da buxgalteriis kursebze umetes naw­
ilad vaJebTan erTad qalebsac Rebuloben.
umaRlesi sameurneo kursebi qalTaTvis daarsda 1903 wels
petrovorazumovis institutTan (moskovis axlos), magram sami
Tvis Semdeg kursebi daixura. am Jamad arsebobs qalTa sameurneo
kursebi saratovSi mariinis sameurneo saswavlebelTan. saswav­
lebeli ver iZleva did codnas. fasi wliurad 25 man. sameurneo
codnis gavrceleba qalTa Soris ruseTSi mxolod axla iwyeba
da es saqme jer kidev proeqtebis xanaSia.
muzikisa, galobis, xatvis, skulpturis da sazogadoT xe­
lovnebaTa saswavleblebis ricxvi ruseTSi Zlier mcirea. sa­
dac aris, umetes nawilad vaJebTan erTad qalebsac Rebuloben
da praqtikam daamtkica, rom qalebi mSvenivrad sargebloben am
wesiT da vaJebze ara nakleb muyaiTobas da niWs iCenen.
marTalia bevri dabrkoleba eRobeba qals win, saswav­
leblebis ricxvic Zlier cotaa, magram is mainc ganaTlebis
gzazed win midis, Tumc ki Zlier nelis nabijiT da cxovrebaSic
axal axal asparezs ikavebs Tavis moqmedebisaTvis: saswavleble­
bi, saavaTmyofoebi, fosta, telegrafi, telefoni, rkinis gza,
savaWro kantorebi da maRaziebi, saqvelmoqmedo da litera­
turuli saqmeebi da sxva–da–sxva xelovnebis dawesebulebebi
cnobiloben qalis Sromis nayofierebas da didaT sargeblo­
ben misi niWiT, codniT da muyaiTobiT. samwuxarod jer kidev
Sromis safass sazogadoT Zalian mcires aZleven dedakacebs
da im SemTxvevaSic naklebs aZleven, vinem mamakacebs, rodesac

315
qalis Sroma gacilebiT ufro sasargeblo da nayofieric aris.
mag. maswavlebeli qali, romelsac gimnaziis rva klasi gauTave­
bia iRebs sazogadoT Tavis SromisaTvis gacilebiT naklebs, vi­
nem maswavlebeli vaJi, romelic SeiZleba, oTx klasze zeviT arc
wasuliyos. agreTvea sazogadoT sxva adgilebSiac. amasTan jer
kidev bevri dawesebulebis karebi Ria ar aris qalebisaTvis da
maT Sromasac bevrgan gasavali ara aqvs.
ekonomiuri damokidebuleba mamakacisagan xelfexs uborka­
vs dedakacs da pirad Tavisuflebasac ukargavs. ramdenad qali
gamodis am ekonomiur damokidebulebisagan, imdenad is win mid­
is Tavisuflebis gzazed da Sesafer uflebebsac iZens. amitom
qalis Sromis asparezis gafarToeba did mniSnelovani kiTxvaa
da am sagans jerovani yuradRebac unda miaqcion.
qalebis SeerTebuli da Tav gamodebiTi moqmedeba usaTuod
Tavisas gaitans. isic unda aRviaroT, rom bevri mamakacic cdi­
lobs am saqmeSi qalebs daxmareba aRmouCinon, ese igi, moepyran
maT ufro samarTlianad, vinem aqamdis epyrobodnen. mag. gasul
welSi – Sida guberniebis erobebma aRZres Suamdgomloba, rom
qalebs erobis saqmeebSi mieniWoT meti uflebebi, vinem aqam­
dis hqondaT: tixvisisa da gJatis mazrebis erobebma daadgines:
mieces qalebs neba gadascen xolme Tavisi cenzi saerTo krebaze
dasaswreblad (TviTon qalebi daswrebis uflebas moklebulni
ari­an) ara marto qmrebs da axlo naTesavebs, rogorc aqamdis
iyo, aramed gareSe pirebsac. 2) zvenigorodis, borisoglebis,
vladimiris, biris, yazanis, sasnovicis, eleckis da saratovis sa­
mazro erobebma daadgines mieces qalebs neba TviTon daeswrnen
krebebs da monawileoba miiRon xmosnebis (yvela mamakacebia)
arCevaSi. 3) moskovis mazris erTobam moiTxova, mieniWos qalebs
ufleba daeswron krebebs, sxvebic amoirCion da TviTonac iqmnen
arCeuli xmosnebad. umaRlesma mTavrobam es Suamdgomlobani
ar Seiwynara, magram mosalodnelia, rom momavalSi mainc iZu­
lebuli gaxdeba, Seiwynaros. ruseTis kanonmdebloba – sisxlis
samarTlis, Tu samoqalaqo saqmeebSi – ise uyurebs da sjis deda­
kacebs raime danaSaulobisaTvis, rogorc mamakacebs – am mxriv
SesaZlebeli yofila Tanasworoba da rac Seexeba kulturul
cxovrebis upiratesobaT da sxva-da-sxva uflebebis miniWebas,
amaSi ki SeuZleblad miaCniaT Tanasworoba, radganac jer kidev
susti da moumzadebeli ariso.
rom es moumzadebloba da qalis ganuviTarebloba ar iyos
xelwamosakrav sagnebad, qalebma yovelive RonisZieba unda ixma­

316
ron, rom Rebulobdnen mamakacebze ara nakleb ganaTlebas.
radganac ruseTSi faqtiurad es SeuZlebelia, qalebma gu­
lis ficarzed unda daiweron, rom maTi uwmindesi miswrafe­
bis dakmayofileba ufro advilad SeiZleba sazRvar gareTis
qveynebSi da iqiTkenac unda miapyran Tavis yuradReba.
marTlac Segnebul qalTa umetesi nawili iqiTken miiltvis
da iq Rebulobs umaRles swavla-ganaTlebas. siamovnebiT unda
aRvniSnoT, rom am bolo xanebSi qarTveli mandilosnebic gzas
igneben sazRvar-gareTisaken, amitom metad ar migvaCnia oriode
sityviT movixsenioT iqauri umaRlesi saswavleblebi, sadac qa­
lebs Sesvlis neba aqvT.
dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebSi – osmaleTi, balkane­
Tis naxevar kunZulis samefoebi da avstria-ungreTi qal­
Ta ganaTlebis saqmeSi ruseTze win ar arian. germaniaSi qalis
umaRles ganaTlebas mainca da mainc ar etrfian. vaJebisaTvis
iq 21 universitetia da 30-mde umaRlesi specialuri saswavle­
beli da gansakuTrebiT qalebisaTvis ki umaRlesi saswavlebe­
li TiTqmis ar arsebobs. principiulad qalebs neba eZlevaT
Sevidnen zogierT universitetSi (yvela fakultetze – garda
RvTismetyvelebis fakultetisa) Tavisufal msmenelad. magram
radgan germaniis universitetebs Sinauri TviTmmarTvelo­
ba aqvT, amitom qalis miReba damokidebulia yovelTvis, TviT
profesorTa korporaciis neba-rTvazed. zogierT SemTxvevaSi
ki korporacia uars ambobs xolme qalebis da gansakuTrebiT
sazRvar-gareTis qalebis miRebazed. ufro Tavisuflad Rebu­
loben qalebs bonnis, berlinis, veidelbergis da freiburgis
universitetebSi.
ufro sxvanairad aris dayenebuli qalTa ganaTlebis saqme
belgiaSi, SveicariaSi da safrangeTSi.
belgiaSi qalebs Rebuloben yvela umaRles saswavlebelSi,
rogorc universitetebSi, ise specialur skolebSi – leqciebs
ukiTxaven vaJebTan erTad. mxolod qalaq luvenis, romelic
klerikalizmis burjad iTvleba, umaRlesi saswavlebeli qa­
lebisaTvis daketilia.
mandilosnebi ufro etanebian briusels da lieJs; aq aris
„briuselis axali universiteti“ (Université Nouvelle de Bruxelles)
daarsebuli 1894 wels. warmoadgens Svids Tavisufal da avtono­
miur umaRles institutebs, romelnic erT did samecniro fed­
eracias warmoadgenen. universitetSi oficialuri programa
ar arsebobs da arc Zveleburi fakulteturi ganyofilebebia.

317
swavlis saqme axal niadagze aris dayenebuli. msmenelni yovel
nabijzed grZnoben mecnierebis socialur da zneobriv mniSvne­
lobas. qalebs yovelive ganyofilebebze aZleven disertaciis
wardgenis Semdeg mecnierebis doqtorobis xarisxs.
briuselis Tavisufali universiteti (Université libre de Brux-
elles) Sesdgeba 5 fakultetisagan. Zalian saxel ganTqmulia
politikur da socialur mecnierebaTa ganyofileba. qalebi­
saTvis gimnaziis gaTavebis mowmobaa saWiro. Tavisufali msme­
nelebi swavlis fuls ar ixdian. mxolod siaSi CawerisaTvis
arTmeven 15 franks, namdvili studentebi ki amas garda ixdian
wliurad leqciebisaTvis 50 frankamdis. lieJSi saucxovod aris
mowyobili medikuri fakulteti. cxovreba briuselSi Sedare­
biT ruseTis sataxto qalaqebTan, Zlier iafia. TveSi sakmari­
sia 60–70 frankamdis (25–30 man). axal universitetTan rusis
biblioTeka da studentebis kassac aris daarsebuli, amnairive
kassa li­eJSic aris.
Sveicariis yvela universitetSi Rebuloben qalebs, ro­
gorc Sveicarielebs, ise sazRvar gareTelebsac. umaRlesi sas­
wavlebeli JenevaSi, lozanaSi, bernSi, nevSatelSi da ciurixSi
(TiTo universiteti modis naxevar milion xalxze – ruseTSi
TiTo universiteti modis 13 milion xalxze), Tavisufal msme­
nelad Rebuloben yvela msurvels 18 welze ara naklebs da nam­
dvil studentebad ki mxolod mowmobebians. ekzamenebi saval­
debulo araa. studentebs mxolod is upiratesoba aqvT, rom
samecniero xarisxis miReba SeuZlianT. cxovreba SedarebiT
ruseTTan iafia. 25–35 man. TveSi sakmarisia. JenevaSi da ciurix­
Si rusis studentebis biblioTeka da kassac arsebobs, bernSi ki
jer marto biblioTekaa.
qarTvelebi ufro eltvian Jenevas. maTi ricxvi iq ise gam­
ravlda, rom gasul welSi qarTul warmodgenebis gamarTvac
daiwyes. qarTuli biblioTeka da kassac arsdeba.
safrangeTSi qalebisaTvis calke umaRlesi saswavleblebic
aris da agreTve Rebuloben qalebs zogs universitetebSi va­
JebTan erTad.
saukeTesod mowyobili saswavleblebi pariJSia. sorbon­
nis karebi, rogorc vaJebisaTvis ise qalebisaTvis ganurCevlad
Riaa. Tavisufal msmenelad SesvlisaTvis araviTari diplomi
saWiro ara aris. leqciebis mosmenac ufasoa, magram gaTavebis
Semdeg arc araviTar mowmobas iZlevian. namdvil studentad
miRebisaTvis saWiroa gimnaziis gaTavebis mowmoba, rusuli

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gimnaziis atestatis gamosacdelad frangul atestatze saWi­
roa 125 frankis gadaxda maTematikasa da bunebis metyvelebis
fakultetze da 75 fr. – sityvierebis fakultetze. sorbon­
Si yvela fakultetebia garda medikurisa da iuridiulisa. es
fakultetebi (Ecole de medicine, Ecole de droit) gancalkevebul sas­
wavleblebs Seadgenen.
universitetSi oTxi fakultetia 1. Des letres, 2. des sciences, 3.
théologie prothestante, 4. ecole superieure de pharmacie 4. universitetTan
didi kavSiri Ecole des hautes etudes pratiques da museum d histoire na-
turelle. qalebs Rebuloben yvela ganyofilebaze, garda Teologi­
isa, romlis kursic msurvels SeuZlia moisminos sorbonSi da an
`College de France-Si~. Ecole de Medecine-Si sazRvar-gareTels Rebu­
loben mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu provincialur universitetSi
medikur fakultetze gauvlia 2 an 3 kursi.
College de France-Si yvelas Rebuloben. araviTari atestati an
raime dokumenti saWiro ar aris. swavla ufasoa, kursi ori wli­
saa. iuridiul ganyofilebaze Tumca qalebsac Rebuloben, ma­
gram gaTavebis Semdeg praqtikis nebas ar aZleven, Tu romelime
professoris specialur kursze Caewerebian gamocdisaTvis ar­
aviTari gadasaxadi ar aris dawesebuli.
medikuri fakultetebi da umaRlesi saeqimo da safarmacio
saswavleblebi safrangeTSi – 11 qalaqSia: pariJSi, monpelie­
Si, nansSi, bordoSi, lilSi, tuluzSi, lionSi, marselSi, renSi,
nantSi da alJirSi. am ukanasknel qalaqSi umaRlesi saeqimo da
safarmacio skola qalis mier aris daarsebuli. amaT garda 12
mosamzadebeli saeqimo da safarmacio skolebia. sazRvar-gare­
Telebs Rebuloben yvelgan, ufro siamovnebiT ki provincia­
lur universitetebSi. doqtorobis diplomis misaRebad garda
Sesaferisi gamocdisa saWiroa, saSualo saswavleblis gaTavebis
mowmobis wardgenac. swavlisa, praqtikul mecadineobisa da ga­
mocdisaTvis gadasaxadebi erTad rom viangariSoT sul-gaTave­
bamde saWiroa 1400 frankamdis.
konservatoriaSi miReba konkursiT aris (sazRvar gare­
Tidan mxolod 3% Rebuloben). 1898 wlidan qalebs Rebuloben
xelovnebaTa akademiaSic (ecole des beaux arts). xatvisa, skulptur­
isa da arqiteqturis ganyofilebebSi Sesafer gamocdis daWeraa
saWiro. samzRvar gareTelebma – elCis rekomendacia unda war­
moadginon.
pariJSi aris agreTve rusuli umaRlesi skola socialur
mecnierebaTa (imave programiTaa rogorc „Ecole de hauntes etudes so-

319
cials“, saswavlebels gansazRvruli fakultetis xasiaTi ara aqvs.
gasul welSi kiTxulobden politikur ekonomias, statistikas,
finansebs, ekonomiur politikas, uflebis enciklopedias, sar­
wmunoebaTa, sazogados da ruseTis istoriasa, kavkasiis isto­
rias (kiTxulobs b. TamamSevi), anTropologias, eTnografias, is­
torias, sityvierebisa da xelovnebis istorias da filosofias.
calke leqciebad wakiTxuli iqmna ZiriTadi moZRvrebani samoqa­
laqo da sisxlis samarTlis uflebaTa, politikur moZRvrebaTa
istoria da saxelmwifo ufleba. kursebis mizania, misces msme­
nelT politikuri da socialuri ganaTleba da ganviTareba, rac
Zlier eWirveba axlandel rusis axalgazrdobas. qalebi imnair­
save pirobebSi arian aq, rogorc vaJebi. kursi ori an sami wlisaa.
rusebi sazogadoT Zalian etanebian parizs. aq 18 aTasamde rusi
cxovrobs. kavkasieli axalgazrdobac ufro parizisken miem­
gzavreba, vinem sxva qalaqisaken. aq orasamde qarTveli da so­
mexi moswavle axalgazrdoba moiZebneba, sakuTari kassebi, bib­
lioTekebi da sasadiloebic daarses. aq somxursa da qarTuls
enazed wignebi da perioduli gamocemebic ibeWdeba, cxovreba
igive jdeba, rogorc magaliTad peterburgSi an moskovSi. Tvi­
urad moswavlisaTvis 100-150 franki saWiroa. raime samuSaos
Sovna Znelia da amis imediT wasvla SeuZlebelia.
TiTqmis amnairadve aris dayenebuli qalTa ganaTleba ita­
liaSic, sadac blomaT SexvdebiT qal-profesorebis ricxvs.
1890 w. italiis universitetebSi (21 universitetia) studenti
qalebi gaTanasworebul iqmnen uflebebSi student vaJebTan.
1901 w. neba daerToT agreTve qalebs, rom zogierT saSualo sas­
wavleblebSic iaron vaJebTan erTad.
holandiaSi, daniaSi da skandinaviis saxelmwifoebSi didi
xania SemoiRes vaJebis da qalebis erTad swavleba rogorc sa­
Sualo ise umaRles saswavleblebSi. mecnierebis winaSe yve­
lani Tanasworni arian, magram cxovrebaSi aqac, rogorc evro­
pis yvela saxelmwifoebSi qalebi moklebuli arian zogierT
politikur uflebebs da maTi moqmedebis raionic SezRudulia,
saavad­myofoebisa, skolebis, fostis, telegrafisa da savaWro
dawesebulebaTa garda jer qalebma versad ver moikides fexi.
yvela saxelmwifoebs gauswro am saqmeSi, rogorc bevr rame sxva­
Si – inglisma da gansakuTrebiT amerikam.
inglisSi didi xania Seignes, rom „dedakacebis gonebriv
ganviTarebazea damokidebuli mamakacebis Wkua-gonebac“ da im­
nairive yuradReba miaqcies qalebis ganaTlebas, rogorc vaJe­

320
bisas. Seqmnes auarebeli pirvel-dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebi
da koledJebi, neba misces rom zog universitetSi qalebma vaJeb­
Tan erTad isminon leqciebi da aamaRles maTi socialuri mdgo­
mareobac. im qveyanaSi, sadac, pirovnebis sruli Tavisuflebaa
gabatonebuli, sadac ukanono Zalmomreobas araviTari adgili
ara aqvs, iq ra Tqma unda, qalic sxvanairad unda grZnobdes Tavs.
marTlac inglisSi, rogorc mamakaci grZnobs Tavs – didebuli
britaniis Tavisufal moqalaqeT, ise grZnobs amas dedakacic.
kanonma misca qalebs neba legaluri brZoliT mamakacebsaviT
moipovon Tavisi uflebebi da qalmac isargebla am garemoebiT.
Seadgines uricxvi sazogadoebebi, klubebi, gamarTes mitingebi,
konferansebi, xelSi Caigdes gazeTebi da marTlac Tavisive meca­
dineobiT aRamaRles qalis mdgomareoba ojaxSi, dasdves meti
fasi qalis Sromas, moupoves bevri axali samoRvaweo aspa­rezi da
Seudgen politikur cxovrebaSic monawileobis miRebas...
am mkrTali narkvevidanac mkiTxveli naTlad dainaxavs, rom
TviTon qals didi Sromis da brZolis gaweva sWiria, rom misi
mdgo­mareoba gaumjobesdes.
saWiroa, rom Cveni qarTveli qalebic Caufiqrden da Cauk­
virden Tavis axlandel cxovrebas, igrZnon da gaiTvaliswinon
Tavisi mdgomareoba, gamoiRviZon didi xnis Zilisagan da energi­
ulad, erTobiT Seudgnen axalis adamianuri mandilis mopovebas
da Tavze daxurvas.

saqarTvelos kalendari. – tf., 1905. – gv. 543

321
sxvadasxva
 j. orbeliani

iverianelebis galoba, simRera da RiRini

nawyveti statiidan

[...] diax kargi, uTuoT maSin ise unda yofiliyvnen Cueni wina­
parni, rom gareSe ucxo Teslebis Cveuleba ara mieRoTra imaT,
garemoebisa gamo, magram Zneli es aris; TviTqmis exlac isea
Cueni glexebi, romelnica aravisgan ar swavloben, axlandelsa
kargsa aravisas. magaliTebr: Cems glexebs vkiTxe nemecebis yo­
faqceva da imaTi cxovreba? ai imaTi pasuxi:
– batono, ra kargni arian nemecebi, da imaTi dawyobileba
xom raRa mogaxsenoT?
– mere ratom ara swavlobT imaT dawyobilebasa Tqvenc, Tu
agre mogwonT? me vkiTxe.
imaT es Cemi sityva ar moewonaT da ukmayofilad miTxres. –
eh batono, rac Cuens mamapapas ar uqnia, verc Cuen gadavalT imaT
Cueulebasao.
maSindeli dro sxua iyo, uTuoT ise unda yofiliyvnen Cueni
mamapapani. magram axla aseTi sinaTle aivlis da Camoivlis que­
yanazed, rom uTuoT Cuenc imas unda dauwyoT devna, im naTelsa
drosa. madloba RmerTsa, axla bevrni movediT gonebazed da ax­
landelsa ganaTlebasa anu ganviTarebasa mivmarTeT bevrma, bev­
rma keTilSobilebma, da nurc mogveSleba es fiqri nuravis.
warsuls weliwadis ciskarSi Cems aRweraSi waikiTxavdiT:
uwindels Cuens batonymobas saqarTveloSi. im uwindels Cuens
umankoebas, axlandeli evropiuli sruli ganaTleba zed rom
daerTos da erTs zneobad gakeTdes, maSin ityvian: ai zeciu­
ri cxovreba queyanaze gadmovlenilao, maSindelis garemoe­
bis mixedviT, marTlad SesaniSnavni arian Cueni winapani, ucxo
qveynierebTan, romelnica sruliad gansxvavebulni iyvnen yo­
vels ferSi imasTan. [...]

ciskari – 1861. – N1. – gv.141-160

325
 j. orbeliani

qarTvelebis Zveli dro gadmosuli axlad

nawyveti statiidan

evropia aris lampari mTeli queynisa, ganmanaTlebeli kacis

gonebisa, mecniereba moswavleTa, sibrZne gamgeTa, da sikeTile
kacobriobisa. igi evropia, ara exla, vin icis ramdeni sauku­
noebi, ganaTlebis warmatebaSia da mousvenad cdilobs misTvis,
magram dRevandlamdisin Rrma mswavlulebi, TviT evropiel­
ni amazed dajerebulni arian: jer im xarisxze ar asula ganaT­
leba, rom kacsa boroteba gamovglijoT sruliadao. saukunos
wlebidgan, am saukunemdisin asea evropia, am mocadineobis tan­
jvis zrunvaSi.
evropiisagan uyuradReboT dagdebuli saqarTvelo da saqa­
rTuelosagan srulebiT ucnobi evropia, xandisxan mogzaurni
movidoden aqa, aqaurobas aRwerdnen, qarTuelebis qebas, kace­
bisas Tu dedakacebisas gamoscemdnen werilebSi da mTqmeliki
aravin ara hyvandaT, eTqoT: viTarni arian evropielni, rom maT­
Tan maxlobloba hqondeT Cvenebs. marTalia, evropiis Semosuli
tatrebi ufro SeiZlebdnen amas, radgan yovels saxlSi maxlob­
loba hqondaT, magram isinic amis mets aras zrunvidnen, qarTu­
elebi gaefrangebinaT.
vinicobaa, Tu Cuens mamapapaT evropielebTan mezobloba
eqnebodaT, maSin SeiZleba yuelas darwmuneba, rom qarTuele­
bi avdenis Zvirfasis niWierebiT savseni arian: didi ganaTleba
iqneboda Cuens queyanaSi, magram vin aRudgeba winagaremoebas?
– saSinels veSapsaviT gawolili osmalos saxelmwifo Cvensa
da evropiis Sua; is fanatizmiT garetebuli osmalos eri, Cuen­
ebsRa moagondeboda evropia, romelsaca exueodnen oTxsav
kuTxiv, spars-osmaloebi da sruliad danTqmas upirebdnen, aq
amisi da­wera diax advili da wasakiTxavad ufro advili, magram
Tu sruliad gonebaSi warmoidgenT im anbavsa, zar dasacemi
saSineleba yofila saqarTueloze!

ciskari – 1861. – N11. – gv. 211-231

326
 petre Careqovi

JurnalT Camomavlobazed evropaSi

erTi gansakuTrebuli piroba Jurnalis gamocemisaTvis

aris piroba periodikuli, ese igi: gamocema droTi drodmde.
arseboba Jurnalebisa iwyebis ornaxevrisa saukunis winaT. pir­
velTa periodikulTa evropisa, JurnalTa, iwyes Tavisi myofoba
meCvidmetes saukunoSi. TiTqmis erT dros angliaSi, germaniaSi
da golandiaSi, da iyvnen dawyebulni erTisa mizezisagan: sar­
wmunoebiTTa uTanxmoebaTagan. meaTTuTxmete da TviTqmis me­
aTTequsmete saukuneSi evropiis sazogadoebani ar mizdevnden
arca xalisobden saqmeTa gareganisa politikisas, romelnic
Seadgenden mzrunvelobasa mxolod, xelmwifeTa da ministreb­
Ta, ara icoda ra sazogadoebam raca moxdeboda. gina warmoebda
imaT mezoblebTa Soris. sarwmunoebiTTa omebTa, kaTolikeTa
da protestant Soris mouRes bolo esredsa uyuradmRebolo­
basa Semdgom „ocdaaTiwlis omisa“ TviToeuli piri xalisob­
da, rom Saetyo warmateba Tavisis erT mesarwmunebis jarisa,
romels saxelmwifoSiac unda yofiliyo ese ukanaskneli; da­
sakmayofileblad esreTisa axlad ganRviZebulisa xalisobisa
da survilisa, evropielTa sazogadoebaSi daibada saWiroeba,
rom gamocemul iyvnen periodikulad sxua da sxua cnobani sar­
wmunoebis da politikurTa sagnebTa zeda. ese viTari gamocema
Seiqmna dasawyisad ima JurnalTa, romelTa nayofTagan gemovne­
ben aw auracxvelni mkiTxvelni.
amis Semdgom darwmunebuli var, mkiTxavs „ciskris“ mkiT­
xveli: romeli iyo pirueli Jurnali angliisa, rogori xasiaTi
aqunda da romelni arian pirobani, romelnic Seadgenen Rirse­
baTa TviToeulis Jurnalisas? amazed movaxseneb Semdgoms: an­
gliis, piruels Jurnalsa, gamocemuls 1622 welSi ewodeboda
„TviToeuli kviris ambavi“. is iyo saSualo tanisa, romelica ga­
modioda kviraSi erTxel, da romelSiaca ibeWdebodnen sxua da
sxua cnobani SesaniSvnelTa SemTxvevaTa anu moqmedebaTa, mom­
xdarTa evropiis saxelmwifoebSi, garda angliisa; imisa gamom­
cemi iyo naTaniel baTera, romelica xSirad ganacxadebda Tavis
umadurobasa im gankargulebazed marTebulobisa, romliTac

327
aRekrZala imas beWvdai yovelTa SinaganTa cnobaTa. am gvarma
aRkrZalulebama misca ara mciredi saSvaloba, romliT daiwyo
sxua wodebiT gamocema – axalis anbavebis baraTebisa, ese igi,
xelTnawerTa furclebTa (mzgavsTa mokiTxvis werilTa) romel­
nica igzavnebodnen dedaqalaqidgan uaRresTa pirTa da aznaur­
Tadmi, da romelSiac Tavisuflad aRiwerebodnen da ganisje­
bodnen mravalni Sinaganni cnobani, warmodgenilni ara iSviaTad
matyuars da Secdomis saxeSi. rac Seexebis pirobaTa, romelnic
Seadgenen RirsebaTa Jurnalisas, me vityvi, rom is pirobani ar­
ian mravalni da radganc aRwera TviTeulisa wamiyvans Zrier
Sors, amisTvis vaxseneb raodenTame imaTganTa, romelTac, Cemis
fiqriT, aqusT didi zedmoqmedeba imis xasiaTzed.
pirueli piroba is aris, rom Jurnalsa aqundes mimarTuleba
Tanamedrouli, ese igi, unda idges Tanaswor Tavisis saukunisa;
meore, rom aqundes sastiki miudgomeloba, ese igi TviTeulsa
warmodgenilsa da gansjilsa mis mier cnobaSi RirsebaTa anu
nak­lulevanebaTa zeda viTarime pirisa anu nivTisa, iyvnen xelT
mZRuanvel da damarxul sastiki miudgomeloba, sinamdvile
da WeSmariteba; mesame da umTavresi pirobisagan, aris Tavisu­
fleba da damoukidebloba Jurnalisa; magram ese ukanaskneli
egreTve, Tavis mxriT, damokidebulia ima xarisxisagan, romel­
Siac s­ dgas uwyebuls saxelmwifoSi Tavisufleba sabeWdavisa.
aqedgan cxadaT sCans, Tu wyaro, romlisaganac momdinareoben
zemo aRniSnulni, da sxuani umravlesni pirobani Semadgenelni
RirsebaTa JurnalTa, imyofebis upirvelesad TavisuflebaSi
sabeWdavisa, xolo ese viTari Tavisufleba sabeWdavisa umrav­
lesTa saxelmwifoebSi evropiisa egodnaT susti da nakluleva­
nia, rom vgoneb ar Sevcde, ukeTu vsTqua: aris moCvenebiTi.
mrTels evropiaSi aris mxolod erTi saxelmwifo romel­
Siac, vityi Tamamad, Tavisufleba sabeWdavisa miwevnil aris
TviTqmis yovlad sisruleSi, da imis wyalobiTa iqaurni Jurnal­
ni da mrTeli periodikuli literatura, savseni mravliTa zne­
obiTiTa RirsebiTa yvaviloben da kualad ayvavileben, akeTil
dRevaneben da abedniereben yovelTa mxcovrebTa ima saxelmwi­
foTa, romelic aris anglia.
radganac sityua Camovarda Tvisuflebazed sabeWdavisa,
vityvi or sityuas amazed sazogadod: me ar megulveba saxel­
mwifo, araTu evropiaSi, aramed arcaRa mrTels qveyanazed,
sadaca: swavla, xelovneba da vaWroba iyvnen miwevnilni ima
umaRless xarisxzed Tavisisa gaxsnilobisa, rogorc rom an­

328
gliaSi, sadaca simarTleni pirovnobisa da sakuTrebisa iyvnen
damarxulni da daculni yovelTa umciresT usamarTloebaTa­
gan da, maSasadame, sargeblobden esred vrclad uSiSrobisagan,
rogorc rom angliaSi, sadaca Tanxmoba, keTil ganwyobileba,
madliereba da ur­TierTobrivi rwmuneba, Soris mmarTvelobi­
sa da xalxTa, iyvnen egoden didni da WeSmaritni, rogorc rom
angliaSi. ukanasknelad, sadaca Tavisufleba sarwmunoebisa da
Tavisufleba svindisisa, romeli aris nayofi axlandelisa ga­
naTlebisa da siqaduli meaTcxrametisa saukunisa, iyos esred
pativcemul da keTilad-Sewynarebul kanonTagan, rogorc rom
angliaSi. axla esec vikiTxod: ra aris mizezi? – arian mravalni,
garna ricxuTa Soris ama simravleTa, vityvi srulis kadniere­
biT, pirueli adgili upyriess Tavisuflebasa sabeWdavisas, ima
sabeWdavisas, romelica, erTis mxriT, uzogvelad da Seupovne­
lad ganamzebs yovelTa viTarca kargTa, egreTve cudTaca mo­
qmedebaTa ara Tu marto saSual mosamsaxureTa sasamarTloeb­
Si, aramed TviT minis­trebTaca, xolo meores mxriT igi aZlevs
srulsa nebasa TviToulsa angliCansa, rom iman sTquas da gan­
sajos yoveli nivTi Taviseburad, Tavisis sakuTaris SexedviTa,
srulis siTamamiT, da imoqmedos ise, rogorc mas nebavs; mxolod
aq usaWiroes aris damarxva mis mier erTisa pirobisa: raTa si­
tyuani da moqmedebani imisni ar iyvnen mavnebelni da sazaraloni
sxuaTa pirTa, maSasadame erTob sazogadoebisaca, da ukeTu ese
piroba bejiTad dacul da damarxul aris, maSin Tvisuflebasa
angliCanisas ara aqus sazRuari.

3 noemberi, 1862 welsa.

leCxumi. s. muri

ciskari. – 1862. – N12. – gv. 305-309

329
 Tavxedi*

wavida is dro

(satiruli oxunjoba)

nawyveti statiidan

moqmedeba 2

(scena warmoadgens „ciskris redaqcias. siZvelis mqadage­

belni da uazro mwerlebi baasoben)

siZuelis mqadagebelni

Cuen yovelive RonisZieba unda movixmaroT, rom aras dros

evropiis swavla da ganaTleba ar Semogveparos saqarTvelo­
Sia. ra gviWirs, rom imaTsaviT raRaca janabaebs ar vigonebT!
eg raRaca janabebs igoneben, goniaT magaSi RmerTi erios Tu! –
Tquen ar momikudeT! aba, RmerTi raT ereva, Tu qriste grwamT,
mag. raRaca janaburi, teografia Tu raRaca: Sen rom moskovs
iyve da me aq ise velaparakebiT erTmanerTsa, TiTqo aqa dganano.
amisTana eSmakurs saqmeSi RmerTi gaereva?

uazro mwerlebi

oRonda da ar gaereva! batono, Tu magaSi RmerTi erios,

maS ratom wreuls CuenSi mosavali aRar movida, rac eg boZebi
daurWes iqa! eg imitom, rom is raRaca janabaa rkinis Toki gab­
muli imaSi erTi ram eSmakis saxe unda ijdes: me Sevityve, rom
evropielebs is quabi upovniaT, romelSiac solomon brZenma eS­
makebi daamwyvdia da axla imaTTvis piroba daudebinebiaT...

330
 siZuelis mqadagebeli

... ho, da! Cuen exla unda emagas vecadneT, rom Cuenma qar­
Tvelebma ar iswavlon e magisTana rameebi. aqamdin amitoma gvwya­
lobda RmerTi, rom emagisTana eSmakoba ara iyora: megobrobac
mtkice iyo, naTesaobac daculi iyo, Zmoba da siyuarulic sar­
wmuno iyo. ai, emandera evropaelebs rogor RmerTi gauwyraT:
aRarc naTesaobis dandoba, aRarc erTi, aRarc meore... ase an­
boben rom eg ugvanoebi, viTomc bayaysa da lokokinasa sWam­dnen
(yvelani zizRiT afurTxeben) lfu!... aba, vinc amaT ahyueba,
rakiTxi unda keTili ar daeyreba!...

erTi uazro mweralTagani

me exla davwere erTi azri dasabeWdavaT: ucxadeb yvela

qarTvelebsa, rom egeba sazogadoTa vsTxovoT mTavarmarTe­
belsa, rom eg tilifraRaebi da magisTana mojaduli saqmeebi
gadaagdos Cueni saqarTvelodama... axla kidev amboben, rom rki­
nis gzis gakeTebas apirebeno, romelic Seubmelad usaqonlod
ivliso. aba, sadac emagisTana raRac raRac ram Semova keTili
raT dagveyreba; aba Tqueni WirimeT Tu eSmakis maqaneba ar iyves,
SeuZlebelia rogor gaivlis. jojoxeTs erTi niguzaliRa ak­
lda da isic SeukeTeso: erTi egRa aklda da Cuens gaurjelobasa
da ymawvili xalxis gadabirvasa... RmerTo, Sen dagvifare amisTa­
na gansacdelisagan...

siZuelis mqadagebeli

vaJo, Cueni mamapapani Cuenzed Wkvianebi da Cuenzed uke­

Tesebi ar iyunen, rom ucxovriaT da lxiniTa da qeifiT dro
gautarebiaT!... unda vecadneT rom weriTaca da saqmiTaca, ev­
ropielebma ar migvizidon, Torem Cuenc imaTsaviT garmianeble­
bi SeviqmnebiT...

ciskari. – 1862. – N12. – gv. 287-305

331
 ioseb eliozovi

kukiis Zueli da axali mdgomareoba

(moTxroba)

nawyveti statiidan

[...] 1819 welsa, mTavrobis gankargulebiT gardmoasaxles

saqarTueloSi xuTasi komlni nemencni, romelni gahyves eqvs
nawilad, maTganni marTeblobam daabinava 1. q. kukias. 2. am kuki­
aze sam vers moSorebiT zemo-xsenebuls did-ubes, romeli ized­
wodebis (aleqsandrovski). am orTave dasaxlebulT nemencT
dasavlis mxriT uWiravT mtkvris piri, 3. sofel sarTiWlas, 4.
asureTs, 5. ratevans da 6. elisabedis-polis guberniaSi.
ama kukias da didubes dasaxlebulTaTvis garemo mcxovreb­
ni anbobdnen, sabralo nemencni sastiks haers ver gauZlebeno,
magram isini umetes ganmravldnen.
pirvelad rasakvirvelia iyvnen uqonelni glaxakni, mag­
ram male moipoes qoneba, ama nemencTa mimoixedes, naxes garemo
mcxov­rebi qarTvelni xmaroben Zveleburs dev-gmiruls, rva anu
aT uRlians guTansa da esreTsave uremsa, agreTve Zvirfass ma­
mulebs kargad ar uvlian rom Semosavali hqondeT, amisTvis ar
mixedes imaT magaliTsa. igini gansxvavdnen SromiTa da mowyo­
bilebiTa, Seamzades oTxisa xan eqvsis cxeniT saxvneli guTani,
nacvlad Cueneburis didis saxnisisa, gaukeTes saxnisi subuqi da
basri miwis Rrmad da ganivrad momxvneli.
rasakvirvelia sarfianica ase rom, amas undeba erTi guT­
nis-deda, cxenebis rigze moxmarebisaTvis erTi kaci anu ori
patara biWi. dReSi xnams Cueneburi dRe-naxevris odensa da nac­
vlad urmisa gina erT cxen Sebmulis povoskisa, Seudgines fur­
guni, zidavs ormoc da aTadim as ormoc fuTamdin. amaSi abian
oridam oTx cxenamdin, eseca mswrafli mimomsvleli, TiTqmis
yuela nemencsa aqus saxlSi yvela iaraRi: culi, waldi, danebi,
xerxi, xeleCo, qlibi, fargali, CaquCi, arSini, saJeni, kalatozis
sazomi qafCa da sxua. ubralo paCinkas yovelsave saxmariss Tvi­
Ton gaakeTeben da ara ras daxarjven.

332
 agreTve Seudgnen kacni da qalni samagaliTo Sromas, am
orTa kukiisa da aleqsandrovskis soflis mcxovrebTa mtkvri­
dam aRmarTze maSiniT amoiyvanes wyali da gamoatares aleqsan­
drovskisa da kukiis mcxovreblebis Sua, sasmelad, sarwyavad;
Seamkes mSuenivrad venaxebi sxua da sxua alagebidan motanilis
saukeTeso vaziTa da xexiliTa.
am nemencebis gonierulma Sromam gamosca msuqani nayofi,
puri, qeri, kartofili, kombosto, balaxi, Tiva, xili, yurZeni,
Zroxebis rZisagan Sedgenili yueli, erbo, karaqi da rZe, aZle­
vdaT didsa sargeblobasa, Tfilisis, sarTiWalas, asureTs, ra­
tevans, ar aris kargi Rvinis alagebi, magram, imaT moipoes iseTi
xelovneba rom, isini hyidian yovelTvis kargad dayenebul Rvi­
nos karg fasad...
is adgilebi uwinares maTis dasaxlebisa, iyvnen TiTqo uar­
giso gadagdebulni, uwylo, cud haerianni, magram yovelTa ka­
lonistTa yovels alags haeris wamxdenni simyraleni gana Waobni
gaswmindes, zed daaSenes Senobani da venaxni, xelovnebiT Sorid­
am wylebi gamoiyuanes. wamxdarni alagebi daamgzavses samoTxes.
garemo Cuenni sofelT mcxovrebni, Sehyureben gul grilad,
amis metsa arasa grZnoben, TiTqo es ganSuenebuli mdgomareo­
ba mxolod kalonistebT ekuTvnodes, es cxadia ro, sxua mam­
ulebi sjobian am alagebsa, magaliTebr qarTlisa, liaxvebze
daSe­nebulni da erTob mtkuars gaRma gamoRma Tvisis sarwya­
vis haeriT mzgavsni edemisa egreTue Tbilisisa garemo. kaxeTi
zemoTi da quemoTi somxiTi da sxua romlisa TviTeulis fasi da
samZRuari miuwvdomelia.

ciskari. – 1871. – N5. – gv. 358-417.

333
 a.f.*

sasoflo werilebi

wina werilSi moxsenebulT Cveni gawriokebis mizezTa unda

daurToT kidev isa, rom ramdenic gviaxlovdeba evropiuli
civilizacia, imdeni ufro hmoqmedebs is Cvenzed rogorc dam­
Cagravi movlineba. Tqma aRar unda, am civilizaciisa, rom kar­
gi mxare hmoqmedebs Cvenzed da Semodiodes CvenSi imisi sikeTe,
Cven is ki ver dagvCagravda, dids warmatebas mogvcemda, raTgan
Cveni gonebis garemoeba ar aris ucxo Tavis fizioloRiuri wyo­
bilebiT am movlinebaTaTvis, magram gvCagravs Cven isa, rom am
civilizaciisa Cvenamdis modis da Cven gvecnoba mxolod cudi
mxareni, raTgan cudi ufro advili misaRebia da amasTan pirvel
Jamad sasiamovnoca, vidre kargi. sxvaTa Soris am evropis civi­
lizaciis cudi mxaris mibaZvam CvenSi gaaRviZa mravali moTxov­
nilebani, metadre maRals da SuaTana wodebebSi, saidamac edeba
dabal sazogadoebasac; magram es moTxovnilebani vera hkmayo­
fildebian Cvenis uSverebisa da umecrebisa gamo. moTxovnile­
bani Tan da Tan hmatuloben, da swavla Cveni aris imave garemoe­
baSi, raSiac iyo mama Targamosis dros. yvela, rac Zali da Ronea
iwevs, rom did mdidrajuls cxovrebaSi da koxtapruwaobaSi
ukan aravis CamorCes, da sazrdos SeZenis saxsari ki aravin icis
da vercaravisagana swavlobs. amas yvelas mosdevs marad valebi
da carcva adgil mamulisa. me daveCvie kaliaskebSi Tu sxva eki­
paJebSi jdomas, Caisa da yavas, vercxlis iaraRs da xaverdisa da
farCis tanisamoss, bzisa da kaklis mebels xaverdsa da zarbab
gadakruls, didrovan mraval oTaxian saxlebs, mraval msax­
urebs da franciculs povrebs da franciculs saWmelebs da ki
aRar mamdevs maTda SesavseblaT suki. magram uamaToT cxov­reba
aRar SemiZlian, es cxovreba maqvs Zvalsa da rbilSi gam­jdari.
mamaklda es cxovreba, – garda amisa, rom TviTonac aRar vargi­
var uamisoT, – tol-amxanagi xmas aRar mcemen, axlos aRar mi­
kareben, miyureben TakiliT, TiTqo erTi ram cudi saqme Camedi­
nos. Cem qveiT sazogadoebac ZaRlaTac ar magdebs, TiTqo niSans

* anton furcelaZe

334
migebs, rom me aRar SemiZlian winandeli cxovreba, isic amayaT
damCxavis Tavsa da TakiliT miyurebs, rom am garemoebas, ro­
gorc aris dRiTi davaRwio Tavi, uWer ujeroT, uwesoT, ucod­
vnelad, SeubraleblaT mamulebsa da, vin am mamulebs hsaWiroe­
ben, imaTa. amamaqvs am mamulebidam, rac SemiZlian, da samagieros
aRar ubruneb, raTgan ar mesmis, rom rac amodis miwidam, Tu
ar daubrune, waxdeba mamuli; amasTan, Tu maqvs sadme tye, vyi­
di, vCexav yovlad SeuwyalaT da mousazreblaT. sadac uwin iyo
daburuli da gautanebeli tyeebi, dRes aq arian carieli una­
yofo gatitvlebuli velebi. ai amgvaraT gvCagravs jerobiT da
amgvars mdgomareobas hbadebs Cveni mousazrebeli wabaZva evro­
pis civilizaciis cudi mxarisa.
marTlaca da gadavavloT axla Tvali, sadamdis miaRwevina
am Cvenma gaugebrobam Cvens tyeebs. ramdenic weliwadi gadis, im­
deni cxadliv atyobs kaci, rom tyeebi iqcevian cariel velebaT.
ramdenic weliwadi gadis, imdeni mcirdebian wyaro mdinareni da
nakadulni. ramdenic weliwadi gadis, imdeni gvalva da sxva sas­
tiki bunebis movlinebani amravleben mousavlobas.
ra aris mizezi amgvaris tyis uwyloT ganadgurebisa? gar­
da zeviT moxsenebuli Cveni gaWirvebisa da uSverebisa, ufro
mometebuli Cveni Senobani. Cveneburs Senobazed SeSis mteri da
STamTqmeli Zneli warmosadgenia rame da sadme, qarTli xom aris
da aris, da kaxeTi da imereTi kidev erTi oraTa. qarTlSi es mainc
aris, rom Senoba xisa Zviria, kaxeTsa da imereTSi Senobaebic sul
xisaa, romelic hnTqavs dids Zals tyes. amas daurToT axla isa,
rom arc qarTlsa, arc kaxeTsa da arc lixs iqiTa mxares ar aris
sruliad feCi, maSin mivxvdebiT, ra mizezic aris uwyaloT tyis
CanTqmisa. Cveneburi Senoba aris ufanjro, erdoiani, romli­
sagamo zamTar zafxul Tu kari sul Ria ara gaqvs, veras dainaxav.
bani, an erdo aras dros ver daixureba, raTgan komls asasvleli
gza Seekvris da saxls ramdenic ginda kari gauRo mainc Sua adg­
ilas veras dainaxav. amis gamo unda niadag Cauqrobliv TiTqmis
sakiris msgavsi cecxli genTos, rom mcirec aris hgrZnobde siT­
bos, Torem saxli iqceva sayinuled, da isec aris. dRe da Ram am
Cvens SenobaebSi agzvnian sakireebi da iwvis auarebeli SeSa. Tqma
aRar unda, rom am xalxis gamravlebasTan, tyeebi iCexebian uw­
yaloT, romelic am aT ocs weliwads saSovnelaTac gaWirdeba
TviT SenobaebisTvis da uwyloba da haeris uzomoba xom Tavisas
dagvmarTebs. am tyeebs ara hyavs arc mmarTveli, romelic wesi­
eraT icavdes amaTa da ugdebdes yurs momavlisaTvis, arc hyavs

335
mzogveli, raTgan uSverebisagamo ar ician mcxovrebTa, ra mos­
devs am gvar SeuwyaleblaT tyis Cexvas da mospobas. mebatoneni
ara hzogven imas, raTgan uWirT cxovreba, ara aqvT fuli da ar
ician Tvis moTxovnilebaebis movla, amis gamo TiTo orola gro­
SaT aCexineben da anadgurebineben tyes. meores mxriv, rom ar
gaaCexinon kidec, ra unda hqnan, rodesac hsaWiroebs xalxi SeSas
da ver icxovrebs uSeSoT?!
rac mdgomareebaSi vxedavT tyeebs, imave mdgomareebaSi ar­
ian sxva mamulebi. garda saqonlis pativisa, Cvenma xalxma ara
nivTisa ar icis pativaT xmareba. amisgamo mravalni sagangebo
pativni, rogorc magaliTad adamianis ganavali, Zvlebi, nagavi,
Txis da cxvris feini, frinvelis feini, naxadebi aryisa Tu zeTi­
sa Tu sxvisa, dampali Cala, bze, Tiva da sxva amgvarebi ikargebian
sruliad amaod wylebsa, sanagveebsa da amgvar adgilebSi. aramc
Tu eseni, bevrgan saqonlis pativic ikargeba amaoT da metadre im
adgilebSi, sadac wvrili mebatonis naymevebi arian, am naymevebs
ara aqvT sakuTari nadelebi, hxnaven sxvis mamulebSi, amis gamo
arca aqvT mizezi, rom daayaron Tavis saqonlis pativi sxvis mamu­
ls, romelic memrisve iqneba sxvas darCes mosaxnavaT, amis gamo
imas uyria es pativi da uxdeba tyuilaT karebzed, romliTac
pativi pativaT xdeba da sofels da TviT patronebs uyrolebs
aremares, axdens haers da amravlebs sneulebas. Tqma aRar unda,
rom amgvars garemoebas mosdevs sruli miwebis moRla da kidec
iRlebian. sadac miwa am erTi ormoci wlis winaT dRiuri oc kods
iZleoda, dRes aRar iZleva aTs kods. rac xani gadis, imdeni cxa­
dliv etyoba mosavals kleba da xalxi ki Tan da Tan mravldeba.
am upatiobis garda, Cveni miwebis gaRaribebisaTvis isic sakmao
iqneboda, rom Cveni mosavlisa kargi wili gadis sxva adgilebSi
da aRar ubrundeba am miwebs. magram Cven amasac ar vajerebT, da
vaklebT im pativsac, risac micema Cven xelT aris.
gadaavleT axla Tvali Cvens xelosnobas. garda Cveneburi
guTnisa da guTnis iaraRis gakeTebisa, urmisa da urmis iaraRis
gakeTebisa, Cvenma soflelebma ar ician araviTari xelosnoba.
aqamdis iyvnen feiqrebi, mRebrebi, Wonebi, mejareebi da sxvani.
esenic aRmoikveTnen. niCbisa, fiwlisa, arnadebisa, sarcxlebisa,
kevrebisa, cxavebisa, sacrebis, varclebisa, kidobnebisa, kasre­
bisa, Tabxebisa, qvevrebisa, rumbebisa, tikebisa, kuprisa da sxva
aTasi amgvari wvrilmani soflis meorneobis saWiro nivTeulo­
bis mkeTeblebi sruliad ar arian Cvens soflebSi da eseni yvelani
an unda SeiZinon osTagan, berZenTagan, qalaq adgilebSi da TiTo

336
orola zemoel imerelT da raWvelTagan, sadac ician mxolod
TiTo orola xeloba. lixs iqiTa mxare kidev ufro mwiria amisTa­
na xelosnobaSi garda saCxerisa da raWisa. aramTu amisTanaebSi
TviT pirveli usaWiroesi ar ician iq. magaliTaT samegreloSi
ar ician erbos gakeTeba da karaqis amoReba, ar ician arayis xda
(Tumca didi zarali ki ar aris uarayoba). iq rom ficruli saxli
moundeT unda daibaron raWvelni an zemoeli imerlebi, romel­
nic ufro daxelovnebulni arian sxva Cvens xalxs Soris xelosno­
baSi. aramc eseebi, Cvenma xalxma (garda mTis xalxTa da megrelTa
ar ician Coxis qsovna da an unda mamasisxlaT yidulobdnen qa­
laq adgilas, an osTa da sxva mTis xalxTagan. sxva rigi iaraRebis
keTeba, romelnic Tan da Tan gvWirdebian Cven, ramdenic ufro
da ufro iRviZebs Cveni romelime moTxovnilebani da Semova sxva
rigi adgil mamulis marTva, xom saTqmeli ar aris da arca ra vin
ucxo tomTagani gvyavs amisi mkeTebeli da mswavlebeli.
kaci, romelTac guli SestkivodaT Cveni amgvaris mdgoma­
reebisTvis da romelTac eyurebodaT es cudi mxare Cveni meur­
neobisa, dawyes cda, rom Cven soflebSi dakeTebuliyo saxe­
losno saswavleblebi, sadac Cveni soflis kaci momzadebuliyo
imgvar xelosnad, rom SesZlebodaT sameurneo iaraRisa rogorc
keTeba, ise marTva da dakerebaca, rom amazed Cvens meurneobas
dabrkoleba ar miscemoda da ar dagvjdomoda iaraRebisa syidva
motana mamasisxlaTa, rom amaTis gaCeniT, zarali ki ara, sarge­
bloba gvenaxa. magram amgvarma azrma vera hpova TanagrZnoba
verc sazogadoebaSi, romelic sruliad mouxvedrelia jer Tavis
nandvils sargeblobazed. da verc umaRles adgilas sxva da sxva
mizezisagamo. amgvari azri ekuTvnoda kostantine mamacaSvils,
romelic weriTa Tu piradis qadagebiT SehRaRadebda sazoga­
doebas da marTeblobas, magram pasuxaT miiRo gansvenebuli „ka­
vkazis“ redaqtoris babiliovis uSveri da amayi statia, romli­
Tac ixseniebda upatiuraT amgvarTa azrTa da moT­xovnilebaTa.
sazogadoebam yuric ar gaibertya, TiTqo es Cven ar Segvexebao.
ai amgvars garemoebasa da mdgomareebaSia Cveni sasoflo
meurneoba. yoveli es garemoebani Txouloben saZirkvlianaT
Secvlas Cveni cxovrebisas, Tu gvinda, rom Cveni meurneoba wav­
ides im gzazed, romelic mianiWebs nandvils bednierebas xalxs da
Caudgams suls axalis cxovrebisas. Cveni ekonomiuri da gonebi­
Ti mdgomareeba isea erTmaneTzed gadaxlarTuli, rom orives
cvlileba erTaT unda daiwyos. marTalia, rom Caakvirde karga am
movlinebaTa, am Cvens cuds garemoebaSi brali ufro sxvaTa aqvT,

337
romelTac CvenTvis pirveladve unda meecaT codvna da eCvene­
binaT Rone Tavis patronobisa. magram amaSi arc Cvena varT una­
wiloni. rusebi ityvian: дитье неплачеть, мать не разумъеть. Tu Cven
ar davanaxvebT Cvens naklebulebas, Cvens saWiroebas, sxvebi amas
ZnelaT mixvdebian. marTalia, esec Zneli saqmea zogierTi gare­
moebisagamo, magram, rac SeiZleba is mainc unda gagvemJRaprebi­
na. magram Cven arc amaSi migviwvda gabedva da moxerxeba. garda
amis Cvena gvaqvs amaSi kidev is brali, rom metaT SeveCvieT sxvis
xelis Secqeras da amaSi miveciT neba sxvaTa, rom gvayuron ro­
gorc aRucasa, romelsac, rasac ubrZaneben, is unda Seasrulos
da ise unda moigces; romelsac ara aqvs gaRviZebuli araviTari
sakuTari mkvidri moTxovnileba da mosazruli saWiroeba. xani
gadis da Cven unda davinaxoT, rom didi dafiqreba da mecadineo­
ba gvmarTebs, rom davicaT Cveni sakuTari bunebis niSnebi, Cveni
sakuTari niWi da Cveni gansakuTrebiTi xasiaTebi. erTis sityviT
Cven unda davinaxoT da SeveCvioT im azrsa, rom Cveni Tavis pa­
tronni varT Cvena, rom Cvens Tavs Cvenve vecadneT, rom mouaroT
imdenaT mainc, ramdenaTac amaSi gvexmarebian Cveni garemoebani.
iq, sadac xalxi aris niadag sxvebis zrunvis qveS, da TiTon yuri
migdebuli aqvs Tavis sakuTar saqmeebzed, iq yovelTvis dacem­
ula da gawriokebula xalxi, sadac xalxi TviTon yofila Tavis
saqmeebis Taosani da saqmis mzrunveli, iq xalxi yovelTvis yofi­
la dawinaurebuli da warmatebaSi.
Tqma aRar unda, rom minam es ar SegviZlian, minam es mainc
unda, rom Cveni saWiroeba vacnoboT maT visdamic jer ars da
movTxovoT Segvisrulon isa, rac saWiroebaa.
amisgamo sasargebloT sasoflo meurneobis warmatebisa. im­
denaT mainc, ramdenaT exlandels mdgomareebaSi SesaZlebelia,
aucilebeli saWiroeba moiTxovs, rom administracia, ese igi,
mmarTebloba gaerios saqmeSi da moaxdinos ramdenime cvlileba
da daweseba. es cvlileba da wesebi eseni arian:
1. daimarTos sasoflo saswavleblebi* da SeZlebis dagvarad
alag alag mainc iseTebi, sadac aswavlidnen sasoflo meurneo­
bas wigniT Tu CvenebiT (TeoriulaT Tu praktikulaT).

* aq kidev ar SegviZlian ar movixsenioT mecadineoba i. qr – Ze mamacaSvilisa,

romelic yovelic RonisZiebiT cdilobda soflebSi saswavleblebis dardge­
nas da zogan kidec daardgina goris uezdSi, magram jer erTi exa, raki ar iyo
sakmao RonisZieba, ver movida im sisruleSi, romelic imasa hsurda mieca saswav­
leblebisaTvis, da meorec esa, raki sxva da sxva mizezisagamo moispo imisi gan­
vnena, es dardgenili Skolebic gahqrnen.

338
 2. daimarTos alag alag sameurneo saxelosno, sadac agreTve
aswavlidnen wigns, romelnic uxsnidnen am mxriv imaT gonebas.
3. dasacvelad tyeTa daidvas kanoni, rom vinc axlad daiwyos
Senoba, jer erTi esa yvelam gaikeTos saxli alizisa, romelze­
dac ar ixarjeba tye da arc sxvafriv unda didi xarji; meorec
esa, saxli iyves fanjrebiani, uerdovo; mesamec esa – saxlsa
hqondes feCi, romelic ixurebodes; meoTxec esa, aRikrZalos
Toneebi, romelnic hTqmen metaT bevr tyesa, aZleven cxobaSi
zarals kutebiT da auZlureben TviT puris mcxobelTac: puri
acxon feCebSive. feCebs hqondes dasaxuravebi. rasakvirvelia,
visac SeZleba aqvs – ar aekrZalos alizis saxlis magivraT qvit­
kirisa, oRond saxli nu iqneba xisa, romelic metad azaralebs
tyesa. aRikrZalos xis Senoba, garda romelTame aucilebelTa
saWiroebaTa.
4. dasacvelaTve tyeTa da mdinareTa, raTgan tyis kerZo pa­
tronni verasodes ver SeZleben wesieraT tyis dacvas sasarge­
bloT TviT tyisa da mTlaT mxarisa, romelmac unda icxovros
am tyiTa da mis ZaliTa, yvela kerZo tyeebi daidgas saxasod da
gadvides tyeTa sammarTvelo uwyebaSi. mepatroneTa mieciT amaSi
fasi, romelic gamoerTvas mxares wvril-wvrilad, mxolod mxa­
res mieces neba rom muqTaT axmaros tye Sin saxarjavaT. mxolod
gasasyidSi erTvas xarji, sasargebloT tyeTa mmarTvelobisa.
5. siviwrovisa gasafarToveblaT soflebSi aRekrZaloT
samkurnalo wesiT rac sivrcea saWiro, im sivrcezed mcxovrebT
erTmanerTzed axlo dgoma da maxloblaT im SenobaTa keTeba,
romelnic hvneben xalxis sisaRes, romelTac ara hqondeT imde­
ni mamuli, rom sadgomaT eyoT erTmanTzed am wesiT moSorebiTa
da arca hqondeT SeZleba sxvaTagan amis SeZenisa, maSin mieceT
amaT an saxelmwifo da saeklsio mamulTagan, sadac es mamulebi
arian; Tu ara da amgvar gaWirvebulTaTvis daidos kanonaT, rom
sofelma SeiZinos erTobriv sadgomaTa adgilebi im pirTagan,
romelTac am sofelSi, an maxloblaT aqvT sxvebzed meti mamu­
li da am mamulSi sofelma misces am patronT erTxel da erTxl
taqsiT sofel sofel dadebuli fasi. yvela am mamulzed damd­
gars Tavis sadgomi mamulis fasi gamoerTvas wvril wvrilaT, Se­
Zlebis dagvaraT.
6. Tu SeiZleba erTbaSaT, Tu arada cot cotaTi mainc ecad­
nen, rom mamulebi soflebSi Seiqnes sazogado sasoflo sakuTre­
baT, rogorc aris es rusTSi. mxolod dayofis dros SemuSave­
buli mamulebi daiyon SemmuSavebelTa. venaxebi ormocda aT

339
wlamdis eWiroT gamSeneblebTa da Semdeg daiyos SefardebiT
venaxis patronebs Soris: kargi venaxebi kargis SemmuSaveblebs
da cudi – cudi SemmuSaveblebs Soris. amgvari xniereba da Ser­
CeviT dayofa ar daukargavs muSas venaxisa da mamulis gakeTebis
xalissa. amgvaraT sazogadoT mamulebis dadeba, sxva sikeTeTa
Soris, uSvelis im saSinels siviwrovesac, romelsac exla iTmens
soflis xalxi.
7. ramdensame sofelzed dawesdes TiTo saqonelTa naswavli
mkurnali.
8. gaimarTos maswavlebelTa semenariebi (учительская семи­
нария) sxva da sxva saqarTvelos adgilebSi, rogorc amgvarTa
eqimTa dasazrdeli saswavlebisaTvis, egreTve sxvarigi sameur­
neo saswavleblisaTvis.
marTalia, bevrs es moTxovnileba da cvlileba eCveneba axi­
rebul saqmeTa. magram vinc kargaT daakvirdeba im faktTa da
garmoebaTa, romelnic me aq warmovadgine, yvela damerwmuneba,
rom es cvlilebani da dawesebani arian aucilebeli saWiroeba­
ni, Tu gvinda, rom Cveni meurneoba, Cveni mdgomareoba sruls
ukanasknelobas da ganwirulebas ar mieces.
visac SeuZlian Sors gaxedva da danaxva im movlinebaTa, ro­
melic mosdevs exlandels mdgomareebas, is aramcTu dagveTan­
xmeba am cvlilebaTa saWiroebaSi, aramed hpovebs, rom uamisoT
Cveni sabolovo cudi sanaxavi da unugeSo ram aris.

guTnis deda. – Tbilisi, – 1873 – N17 – gv. 1.

340
 go

TrialeTidam

nawyveti statiidan

„sekdembris pirvels ricxvebSi sofels darbazidan gaq­

ceulma avazakma mexralim moitaca yarafafaxebis da qurTebis
TanaSemweobiT, romelnic ricxviT iqnebodnen 400 kacamde, Tri­
aleTidam 600 cxenamde, romelnic ekuTvnidnen yazaxebs da zogi­
erTs gareSe pirebs. mas Semdeg gavarda xma xalxSi, rom mexrali am
cotas xanSi daecema nemencebis kalonias ekatirinofelds (rat­
evans) da aiklebso. SeSinebulma nemencebma dauwyes gamagreba
kalonias. gaakeTes godoryurebi quCis pirebSi, Cayares xergebi
da yoveli iqauri mcxovrebi, valdebul hyves, rodesac samrek­
los zari daikvreboda, maSinve furgonebi gamoetanaT da Caey­
enebinaT daniSnuls alags quCebSi da miT SaekraT Semosavali
kaloniaSi gza, dedakacoba da wvrilfexoba unda Seyriliyvnen
ekklesiaSi. 15 enkenisTves Ramis sams saaTzed, Seiqna saSineli
zaris reka; tkbilad mZinarni mcxovrebni ratevnisani wamoc­
vivdnen dafeTebulni TavianT sawolebidan. dedakacebi da
ymawvilebi ecnen ekklesias, kacebi furgonebs da iaraRs. Seiqna
saSineli xriali furgonebisa, tirili balRebisa da xmauroba
xalxisa. yoveli hcdilobda bejiTad aResrulebina Tavis mo­
valeoba, rac ki hqonda nabZanebi Sulcisgan. am areulobis dros
erTs dedakacs daecdina fexi kibisaTvis siCqariT, zemo sar­
Tulidam Ziramdin gorviT Camosuliyo da mostexoda fexi da
meore dedakaczed kidev furgons gadaevlo. Semdeg gavigeT am
val-valobis mizezi. erTs ganapirebiT koloniidan mdgoms ne­
mencs saxlSi cecxli gasCenoda da rom xalxs Seatyobinos, sam­
reklos zari daekra.
xuTisa Tu eqvsis dRis Semdeg, Rame, – xelaxlad astyda
zaris reka, maSinve furgonebi gamoitanes nemencebma da Caxer­
ges quCis pirebi da amousxdnen TofebiT am sangrebs, iZaxodnen:
mexrali modis CaTaxis mxridano. erTi nemencni ambobda: me vnax­
eo ormoc kacamdin iyvnen Tof-iaraRianio da mgonia is mowinave
jari unda iyoso. amis mizeziT, rom gaegoT nemencebs mexralis
didi jari hyavs Tu ara, amoarCies Cafrebis uriadniki faSa da

341
gagzavnes dasazverad qaTvanakCisaken. faSa moaxta cxens da gas­
wia gza-gza maSevris WalaSi da raki miaxloebuliyo SeiTalnos
asavals, Ziridan Seexedna da daenaxa serzed, rom cxenosani
gadmodian WalaSi, amasTanave uecrad faSas moesma saSineli
Tqriali cxe­nosan xalxisa, warmoedgina rom me daWeras mipire­
beno, gamoeqcia cxeni, amis cxenis fexis xmazed cxenosanni ga­
mohyolodnen, Tan faSa gulgaxeTqiT movarda nemencebTan da
daiZaxa: modiano! marTladac ar gamosula ori Tu sami wuTi, mo­
isma saSineli fexis Tqriali. nemencebma didxans aRar ucades,
dauSines Tofebi da srola gamarTes. Semdeg, ra naxes, rom To­
fis srolazed pasuxs aravin aZlevs, Seswyvites srola. gaTenda
dila, naxes naomars adgils ori mkvdari Zroxa, TofiT moklu­
li. Turme ra yofila? nemenci momavalebula loqis tyidan da
daunaxavs ramdenime cxenosani qafanakCasTan. igini yofilan
TaTris mayrebi, romelTac mihyolebiaT TaTris patarZali da
es TaTrebi miuRia mowinare jarad; faSas rom serzed cxenosani
jari daenaxa, aqlemebi yofiliyvnen da aqedam faSa uriadni­
ki rom gamoqceuliyo Walazed Camoerbina. misda saubedurod,
WalaSi mdgariyo naxiri, romelSiac Semovardniliyo nadiri,
gaefTxo saqoneli da dasdevneboda faSis cxenis fexis xmas. fa­
Sas hgonebia mterma daminaxao da momdevso. morbis Turme rac
SeuZlian cxeniT faSa da misdevs ukan Tqafa-TqufiT naxiri. mo­
varda gulgaxeTqili faSa kaloniaSi da naxiric zed wamoawyda
amosafruls nemencebs. amaT hgonebodaT, ariqa mteri dagvecao
da daeSinaT Tofebi. gamarjvebis niSnad ori mkvdari Zroxa ki
epovnaT meores dilas“.

iveria. – tf., 1877. – N35. – 27 oqt. – gv. 4-5.

342
 niko nikolaZe

Sinauri mimoxilva

amonaridebi statiidan

qarTvelobas am TveSi sxva ra Sinauri saqmeebi eqneba, an ra

sxva Sinauri mimoxilvisaTvis ecleba, arCevnebis garda? arc
aqvs, da arc unda hqondes amaze ufro sayuradRebo sagani Tu
saqme. marTlac, am gazafxulze rogorc tfiliss, ise quTais­
sac TiTqmis erT da imave dros amosarCevi gvyvanan yvela Cveni
sazogado saqmeebis da dawesebulebebis meTaurebi: marSle­
bi, saadgil-mamulo bankis mmarTvelebi da zedamxedvelebi,
saaznauro skolebis ganmgeblebi, da sxv. amasTanave quTais­
Si, baTumSi, foTSi, gorSi da axalcixeSi qalaqis xmosnebic da
mouravebic amosarCevni arian. am gazafxulze am arCevnebiT
mTels Cvens sazogadoebriv cxovrebas da yvela Cvens sazogado
saqmeebs mimarTuleba miecema, sami an oTxi wlis vadiT, bedisken
Tu ubedobisken, kargisken Tu avisken. am mdgomareobaSi diaRac
safiqrebeli da sazrunvelic aris – Tu rogor unda moiqces ma­
mulis erTguli Svili, an ra saqciels unda sTvlides qveynis­
Tvis sasikeTod da ras – savneblad da samarcxvinod.
Cvens droSi, mTeli kacobriobis azriT, arCevani eris wyo­
bilebis da bedis saZirkvelia. yoveli ganaTlebuli xalxi um­
Tavres Tavis yuradRebas imas aqcevs, rom patiosani da gonieri
kanonebi Seadginos arCevnebis Sesaxeb da yvela Tavis arCevnebi
wesierad, gul-wrfelad da svindisianad moaxdinos, am kanonebis
gaduxvevelad da gaduxdomelad. sadac es mtkiced araa dacu­
li, iq areulobis, matyuvrobis da Zaladobis meti araferi me­
fobs sazogado da saqveyno cxovrebaSi. mciredi ukanonoba an
garyvniloba arCevnebSi swored imnairadve revs da Slis eris
saqmeebs da wyobilebas, rogorc saZirkvelis gamoTxra saxls
azianebs da kidec aqcevs xolme. am mizeziT ganaTlebul qveyneb­
Si erTi namceci moqrTamva, Zaladoba an ukanonoba rom SeamCnion
kenWis-yras, maSinve daarRveven arCevans da xelmeored axals
niSvnen. TviTon sazogadoebis TvalSiac miutevebel biwiere­
bad, TiTqmis momakvdinebel codvad iTvleba rigianobis mcir­
eodnad Selaxva arCevnis dros. rasakvirvelia, yoveli patiosani

343
kaci gansakuTrebiT imas natrobs, cdilobs da eZebs, rom xalxis
sakuTari da Tavisufali surviliT iqnes amorCeuli, eris nebis
namdvili warmomadgeneli gaxdes, da ara matyuvrobiT irqmevdes
am saxarbielo saxels.
saca arCevans ase rigianad afaseben da ufrTxildebian, iq
kenWis-yra an misgan gamowveuli partiebis brZola saukeTeso
skolaa qveynis warmatebisaTvis. iq am brZolis wyalobiT Tan­
daTan umjobesdeba qveynis zneoba, da mTeli xalxi nel-nela
did-Zal mecnierebas Tu gamocdilebas iZens sazogadoebriv an
politikur saqmeebSi. amasTanave eri cnobilobs Tavis mowinave
pirebs, meTaurebs, da, ramdenime aucilebel Secdomebs Semdeg,
marTla xeirianebis amorCevas eCveva. igebs vin sad an raSi argebs
da gamoadgeba. maSin misi sazogado saqmeebic wesier gzaze dgeba,
Rirseul kacebs hbardeba. marto am gziT xerxdeba am saqmeebis
warmateba da xalxis keTil dReobis damyareba.
CvenSiac rom amnairad uyurebdes xalxi arCevnebis saqmes,
bevrad ufro karg mdgomareobaSi viqnebodiT dRes, vinem exla
varT. marTalia, jer-jerobiT didi-ram araferi aqvT gada­
sawyveti an gasarigebeli Cven-mier amorCeul pirebs. rac ki ram
umTavresia Cvenis qveynis cxovrebaSi, rasac ki namdvili gavle­
na aqvs Cvenis eris bedze da momavalze, imas ver swvdeba CvenSi
amorCeuli pirebis asparezi. magram yovelTvis xom ase ar iqneba,
da yovelgan xom swored ase iyo, rom amorCeulebis asparezi Tan­
daTan farTovdeboda, marto dakavebuli asparezis gonierad
xmarebiT, gamoyenebiT. didi-ram araferi gvaqvs jer, marTalia,
magram arc sul dasawuni da SeumCnevelia is, raca gvaqvs. ufro
yur-sagdebi aq is aris, rom jer, raca gvaqvs, imiTac ver gvis­
argeblnia, da is asparezic ar dagvimuSavebia, romelzedac Ta­
visuflad trialis neba da SeZleba gvaqvs. mciredi ver movixma­
reT, dids ras movuxerxebT?
...Cvens sazogadoebas, Cvens sazogado saqmeebs „patronebi“
rom hyavdeT, amisTana marcxi rodi daemarTebodaT. rigiani pa­
troni, xom, Tavis saqmes ise uvlis, yovelTvis, rom arc dros
hkargavs, arc SemTxvevas, da rac ufro xeirianad xmarobs am
dros, an rac ufro srulad sargeblobs SemTxveviT, miT um­
jobesad midis misi saqme. ganaTlebul qveynebSi, saca sazo­
gadoeba Tu eri Tavisi saqmeebis mmarTvelebs TviTon irCevs,
yvelas esmis, rom patroni unda upovon da aurCion am saqmeebs,
iseTi rigiani patroni, romelic saero saqmes swored ise mouv­
lis, TiTqo misi sakuTari iyos: dros daukargvelad, SemTxvevis

344
gauSveblad. amisTvisac iq, arCevani rom dadgeba, sazogadoeba
TviTon eZebs, TviTon hfiqrobs: neta am alagze vin iqneba um­
jobesi, ugonieresi, upatiosnesi patroni Cveni sazogado saq­
misao. eZebs, da arCevs umjobess. amitomac mixedeT, aba, mis
saqmeebs: saca gindaT da ar gindaT, yvelgan rigiani ki ara, uwar­
Cinebulesi moTaveebi uyeniaT, saqmis mcodneni, saqmeze erT­
gulni, muyaiTni. raRa gasakvirvelia, rom iq sazogado Tu saero
saqme kargad da Riresulad midiodes? ukeTesebs, umjobesebs
irCeven yovelTvis saqmis moTaved...
advilic aris iq, kerZo mokenWesTvis, migneba, Tu vin emjo­
bineba ama da am adgilze. kenWis-yris ramdenime kviris winaT Tvi­
Teuli sofeli Tu ubani TiTo sando kacs gzavnis saero krebaze:
erTad varCioT, vis uyaroT kenWio, vin gamoviyenoT kandidata­
do. TviTeuli partia Tav-Tavis krebas hmarTavs. kreba moiwvevs
im pirebs, visac arCevis Rirsad sTvlis da maT Sexedulobas, maT
azrs, survils Tu ganzraxvas cnobilobs da adarebs. maSin mis
win SesaniSnavi da amaRlebuli Setakeba xdeba xolme sxva-da-sx­
va azrebisa da mimarTulebisa, is Setakeba, romelic, franguli
andaziT, WeSmaritebas hbadavs. TviTeuli maZiebeli arCevnisa
gamodis da krebas Tavis Sexedulebas, rwmunebas, ganzraxvas,
programas uxsnis. mTeli misi warsuli, maSin, am krebas win irCeva
da isinjeba. mere, roca yvelasi warsuli saqcieli da momavali
programa mkvidrad gadiTvaliereba, kreba swyvets: ers kandida­
tad es piri warvudginoTo. am saxiT, kenWis yris dRes xalxs war­
dgenili hyavs sxva-da-sxva mimarTulebis kandidatebi: mowinave
partiis kreba mas Tavis kandidats urdgens, konservatorebis
kreba – Tavisas, da sxv. yvelasi Rirseba, warsuli, mimarTuleba
mtkicedaa awonili da gamokvleuli. am „umjobesebidan“ xalxi,
kenWis-yris dRes imas irCevs, visi azri da rwmunebac ufro
Seefereba mekenWeebis umravlesobas. magram, vinc unda Seiqnes
amorCeuli, marcxena mxris kandidati, Tu marjvenisa, ueWvo kia,
rom yovel SemTxvevaSi Rirseuli kaci iqneba arCeuli, radganac
arcerTi partia xalxs iseTs kandidats ar warudgens, romelsac
misi Sercxvena da saxelis gatexa SeeZlos...
CvenSi arCevnebi sul sxvafriv imarTeba. aq sazogadoeba ki ar
eZebs Tavisi saerTo saqmeebis patrons, momvlels da moTaves, –
vigindarebi TviTon gamodian sazogadoebis win da Txouloben,
Tu yiduloben, arCevnis kenWebs. aq partiebic gvyavs, ueWvelia,
magram sul sxvanairi, Cveneburi. aq saqveynod, aSkarad, rodi vin
ardgens krebas, arcaravin „umjobess eZebs“. aq gamoxteba, vinc

345
Tavze xel-aRebulia da aRarafris morideba ara aqvs, da partias
„irdgens“, swored ise, Zvels droSi „saSovnelad“ wamyolia amxana­
gobis gamowveva rom icodnen. „saSovari“ adgili yofilao, sazo­
gado samsaxurisa, Cinebuli jamagiriT, pativic didi aqvs, Turme,
saxelic da gavlenacao. ariqa, viSovnoT; marjve biWi vinca xarT,
exla gamoCndebao! Seiyris ase Tavs ramdenime amxanagi an mezobe­
li, da plans daawyobs: Cumad, malulad, ise, rom veravin gaigos,
mieparon saero krebas, kenWis yras, da ucbad SevardensaviT frTa
hkran da brWyali stacon „saSovar adgils“. kandidats arc war­
suli aqvs Tval-saCeni, arc araferi Rvawli miuZRvis sazogadoe­
bis winaSe. misi saxeli, am sazogadoebis umravlesi nawilisTvis,
da mTeli mxarisTvis, sruliad ucnobia. sazogadoebas da qveyanas
gagebac ara aqvs, Tu ra rwmunebisa, ra mimarTulebisa, ra program­
isaa es kandidati. ra mouqmednia, ras izams, vin icis! ganaTlebul
qveynebSi kandidats sazogadoebis win rom yovelTvis Tavdebebi
hyavs, misi gamoyvanili, misi ganzraxvis mcodneni. aq, CvenSi, axal
gamoxtomil kandidatebs Tavis naTesaobis meti Tanamoazre da
Tavdebi aravina hyavs. risi Tavdeboba, sadauri programao. ismis
yovelgan CvenSi; an warsuli rad unda kacs, an Rvawli, an gavle­
na: mTeli saqme kenWSi yofilao. kenWi iSovne blomad, mets nuras
eZeb, meti araferi yofila Turme saWiroo. kenWi, kenWi, marto
kenWi. Tu Tavis nebiT ar movides mekenWe, moiyvane, moiqrTame:
TvlaSi yvela erTnairad gamodgeba, didi da patara, gulrwfeli
da naqiravebi, kargi da avi...
samwuxaro aq marto is rodia, rom Cveni sazogado saqmee­
bi oxrad, upatronod, gvirCeba, umTavresi Tviseba Cveni arCev­
nebisa is aris, rom marto Tanamdebobis pirebs ki ar virCevT.
ganaTlebul qveynebSi bankis mmarTveli, magaliTad, marto
bankis mmarTvelia, meti araferi, amitom rom iq sazogadoebas,
ers, qveyanas Tav-Tavisi interesebis gamomTqmelad, damcvelad
da momvlelad bevri sxva dawesebuleba aqvs da warmomadgeneli
hyavs. CvenSi, ki bankis meti rom ara gvabadia-ra, bankis mmar­Tvels
aTasnairi tvirTi hmarTebs sazogadoebis da eris winaSe. ganaT­
lebul qveynebSi bankis mmarTvelis arCeva diaRac advili saqmea:
oRond ki qurdi an gaiZvera ar iyos, da bankis angariSebi esmodes,
– mets misgan aravin arafers Txoulobs. CvenSi ki bankis mmarT­
veli banksac gonierad unda uvlides, da Tan TiTqmis yvela Cve­
ni sazogado saqmeebis meTaurad vargodes. qalaqis Tavic amgvar
mdgomareobaSia, marSalic. erTi sityviT, yvela Cvens arCevnebs
bevrad ufro rTuli da mZime roli aqvT, vinem amnairive Tanam­

346
debobis pirebs ucxoeTSi an ruseTSi. marto Cven TviTon ki ar
vucqeriT imaT amisTana TvaliT, marto qarTveloba ki ar SehCe­
rebia imaT gazviadebuli imediT, rusobac ase uyurebs, da TviT
mTavrobac ase epyroba... im mizeziT, rom Cvens saero saqmeebs jer
sakuTari wyoba da marTva ar mihniWebia, Cveni saero interesebis
tvirTi am Jamad Cvengan amorCeul pirebs awevs zurgze. maT xel­
Sia – an maT xelSi unda iyos – Cveni warsulis ganZis dacva, Cveni
exlandeli Sromis winamZRovroba, Cvens momaval bedze mzrun­
veloba. am mZime tvirTs da pasuxi-gebas kai magari beWi sWiria.
rogoric meTauri gveyoleba arCeuli, iseTic msvle­loba eqneba
Cvens saero saqmes, da iseTive pativi gveRirseba mezoblebisa da
ucxoelebisgan... ucxoeTis da ucxoelebis TvalSi Cveni warmo­
madgeneli marto imiT ki ar unda Candes, rom Cveni warmomadgene­
lia, Tavis TaviTac cotaTi mainc cnobili unda iyos riTame, rom
yvelas esmodes: qarTvelebi Rirseul kacebs irCeven TavianTi
saqmis moTavedo, goniereba devs maTi arCevnebis saZirkvlad, da
ara TvalTmaqcoba an cru-morwmuneobao. ase Tu ar iqna, da vig­
indarebi virCieT, maTi uZlureba da sisuste male daumtkicebs
mTel qveyanas, rom qarTvelebi Tavis warmomadgenlebze bevrad
ufro susti da uZluri yofilano...

moambe. – 1894. – N5. – gv. 141-156.

347
 an. T.-w-sa*

modebis istoria**

dRe ar gava, rom sxva-da-sxva qveynis mwerlobam ar astexos

baasi Sesaxeb modebisa, rom is aris damRupveli qalebis janmrTe­
lobisa da kacebis jibeebisa. magram moda mefobs yvelgan da sa­
frangeTis deda qalaqi pariJi niadagi kanonmdebeli aris modisa.
SarSan TviT msoflio gamofenaze CikagoSi gaimarTa qalebis
kongresi, romelzedac didi baasi hqondaT modebis gadavard­
naze. amaT daadgines kidec, Tu ranairi sada tanisamosi unda
SemoiRon yvela modebis mowinaaRmdegeebma. magram amave dros,
TiTqos gangeb, amave msoflio gamofenaze gadamatebiT axirebu­
li da ucnauri modebi iyo gamofenili. metad yvelas yuradRebas
izidavda safrangeTis ganyofileba, aq mnaxvels Tval win war­
moudgeboda mTeli istoria modisa.
xelovnurad morTuli Tojebi warmoadgenden istoriaSi
gamoCenil qalebs, romelTac ecvaT tanisamosi TavianTi drois
Sesaferad.
es naxati warmoadgens im Tojebs, istoriis Sesaferad mo­
dazed Cacmulebs. wminda klotildas da dedofal fredegon­
das, romelTac acviaT sada tanisamosi Zveleburi romaelebisa.
mas mosdeven saSual saukunis qalebi ucnauri TavsaxuravebiT.
magram amaTi tanisamosi jer kidev sadaa da kabebis gamoWra erT
gvaria; mere rodesac dadga xana istoriis ganaxlebisa da Semo­
vida modaT farCa dibebi, Tval-margaliti, xaverdebi da abre­
Sumeuloba – kabebis gamoWram yovelgan iwyo SemoReba.
genrix meoTxis da mis CamomavalTa dros modam ufro iCina
Tavi, kabebs dauwyes grZeli kudebis keTeba, Tmebs maRla iwyob­
den, ityodiT koSki adgiaT Tavzeo.
oqromkediT naqsov kabebs da Zvisfas Tvalmargalits ise
xarbaT xmarobden, rom zogjer TiTo tanisamosi qalisa Rir­
da mTel qonebaT. marTalia riSeliem gamosca sastiki brZaneba,
romliTac aRukrZala yvelas Zvirfasi tanisamosis Cacma, ma­
gram es iyo mxolod droebiTi gankarguleba. ludoviks XV da

* anastasia TumaniSvili-wereTlisa
** statia ilustrirebulia

348
XVI droso yvelani gadirien modebze qalebma, iwyes adrindelze
ufro Zvirfasi tanisamosis Cacma, metadre Tmebs axirebulad
ikeTebdnen da Tavze ras ar iwyobden.
rodesac moxda safrangeTSi revolucia, rogorc politi­
kur cxovrebaSi isec modebSi moxda didi cvlileba. gadavarda
adrindeli Zvirfasi tanTCacma, yvela cdilobda sada tanis­
amosis Cacmas, SemoiRes Zveli romauli kabis nimuSi – gZeli,
sada tunikebi. magram am xanam did xans ar gastana; dadga napo­
leonis dro da daiwyes kidev morTva. mere, rodesac Seicvala
kidev mflobeloba, safrangeTs daubrunden mefeebi – burbone­
bi – modebma isev Zveleburad iCines Tavi. SemoiRes uSvelebeli
krinolinebi da didi frTiani Slapebi lentebiT.
am modamac didxans ar gastana – gadavarda krinolini da
SemoiRes turnurebi. am modis gadaWarbebis mnaxveli bevri Cven­
gani iyo.
am Cven dros daiwyes kidev grZeli kudebiani kabebis xmare­
ba da frTian saxeloebs ikeTeben. korseti, rogorc yovelTvis
mflobelobda, isev mflobelobs.
vinc ki daakvirda am naxats yvela naxavs, rom es tanisamo­
si ara Tu tanis simrTelisTvis aris mavnebeli, TiTon saxmare­
blaTac aris umarjo, ise rom moda ara Tu jibisTvis, jan-mrTe­
lobisTvisac sazaraloa. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom kvlavac ase
ar iyos, amitom yvela gonieri adamiani unda miemxros imaT, vinc
winaaRmdegobas uwevs mtarval modas da iseTi tanisamosi Sem­
oiRon, romelic arc jan-mrTelobisTvis iqneba savnebeli da
arc jibisTvis.

kvali. – 1894. – N5. – gv. 10-11.

349
 Tedo saxokia

parizis msoflio gamofena da Cveni qveyana

mecxramete saukunis afoTeozi, gvirgvini da didebaa –

msoflio gamofena, safrangeTis sataxto qalaqSi mimdinare
wlis aprilSi gaxsnili ramdenisame wlis mzadebisa da lodinis
Semdeg. mdinare senis erTis mxriT Tanxmobis moednidan elises
mindvris gayolebaze trokaders parkiTurT, meore mxriT – in­
validTa moedani, senis napiri da uSvelebeli egred wodebuli
marsis veli; sul sivrciT 56 oTx-kuTxi qcevis adgili upyria am
gamofenas. aq aris gaSenebuli didTa da mcireTa saxelmwifoTa
eqsponatebisaTvis uzar-mazari sasaxleni, pavilionebi, resto­
ranebi, gasarTobTaTvis agebuli Teatrebi da sx. maTSia ga­
mofenili nimuSebi didTa da mcire erTa SemoqmedebiTis niWisa,
mrewvelobisa, meurneobisa, mxatvrobisa, vaWrobisa, xuroTmoZ­
Rvrebisa, mecnierebisa, swavla-ganaTlebisa, Zvelis kulturis
naSTTa, saSinao da sagareo cxovrebisa da sx. da sx. gamofenam
daanaxva yvelas, rani iyvnen winaparni, rogor scxovrobdnen
ramdenisame saukunis winad, rasa sjerdebodnen, ra azri asul­
dgmulebdaT, ra akmayofilebdaT, ra Rirseba anu nakli hqon­
daT, da rani arian dRes maTni STamomavalni, rogor gaimarjves,
rogor waswies win kultura. aq iTqva ukanaskneli sityva adami­
anis bednierebisa, dRegrZelobisa, warmatebisa, mis sulier da
xorciel Zalisa, aqa xedavT naRvawsa martooden moZmis da kaco­
briobis dRegrZelobis siyvaruliTa da azriT gamsWvalulTa
mecnierebis qurumTa pastoris da sxvaTa, romelTac calke sa­
saxle aqvT daTmobili. da amaTsave gverdiT uSvelebel grZlad
gadaWimul SenobaSi gamofenilia modelebi uzarmazar javSnian
gemebis, uzarmazarive gveleSapsaviT sazarlad piraSkmuli
zarbaznebiT, cnobil mezarbazne Sneideris da amxanagobis mier
sisxlis frad SeRebil SenobaSi moTavsebuli. zogi am zarbazTa­
gani (mag. vaker, son da maqsimis) iwons Tavis meqanizmianad 3,126
fuTs, misi yumbara – 19 fuTs da 27 girvanqas, yumbaras gasat­
enad tyvia-wamali 5 fuTi da 30 girvanqas undeba, erT wamSi 2 ver­
sis da 8 mxaris manZils midis TiTo yumbara da erT wuTSi zarba­
zani 6-jer icleba! da yovelive es gamogonilia imave adamianis
Svilis gonebis mier Tavisive msgavs adamis Svilis gasaqrobad,

350
gasaqrobad erTis wamis ganmavlobaSi imisa, rac saukuneTa gan­
mavlobaSi adamis Svilma saSinelis oflis wurviTa da Wapanwyve­
tiT Sehqmna...
mTelis qveynis warmomdgenelT mouyara Tavi parizma am ram­
denime Tvis ganmavlobaSi. ra zRvani da xmelni ar gadaalaxvina
xalxs, rom ramdenisame kviraSi aCvenos, gauTvaliswinos is, ris
naxvasac sxva dros auarebeli fuli da mTeli weliwadebi das­
Wirdeboda. vin gindaT, aq rom ar iyos! ingliseli, amerikeli,
germaneli, rusi, avstrieli, Cineli, velurebi afrikisa da sxva­
da-sxva kunZulebisa. hxedavT yvelas Sinaurs cxovrebas, sim­
didres, znes, Cveulebas.
am gamofenasTan erTad am zafxulSive gaimarTa meore gvari
gamofena, anu msoflio kongresebi mecnierebis TiTqmis yovel
dargis warmomadgenelTa. yvela eri Tavis warmomadgenelis pi­
riT uziarebda sxvebs Taviss azrs, axals gamogonebas, da am sa­
xiT TiToeulis Wkuis da gamocdilebis nayofi saerTaSoriso
kuTvnilebad xdeboda msoflios sakeTildReod.
mTavrobam safrangeTisam arc Sroma dazoga da arc xarji,
rom Rirseulad daxvedroda qveynis oTxsave kuTxidan mosul
stumrebs, rom gamofena brwyinvale gamosuliyo. sawadels ewia
kideca: yvela kmayofili da moxibluli dabrunda am msoflio
ganaTlebis dedis naxviTa. yvelam miss sataxto qalaqSi sazrdo
uSovna Tviss Wkuas, gonebas da aTasgvaris STabeWdilebiT dat­
virTuli da natvriT gamsWvaluli ukan dabrunda.
diaR, saWiro da sasurveli iyo, rom am saerTaSoriso fer­
xulSi Cveni qveyanac Cabmuliyo, Tavisi Tavi, Tavisi sulieri, Tu
materialuri avla-dideba sxva erTaTvis eCvenebina da maTi yur­
adReba mieqcia. am azris ganxorcieleba ikisra SarSan tfilisSi
sagamofenod Semdgarma komitetma da qarTvelebis warmomadgen­
loba miando b-ns rafiel isarliSvils.
vnaxoT, ramdenad vewieniT sawadels, ramdenad ar gagvicruv­
da imedi.
nu daviviwyebT, rom mTeli saukunea, rac gareSe mtrisa
aRar gveSinian, Tof-iaraRis xmareba aRar gveWirveba. SegveZlo
mTeli es dro Cvenis kulturul zrdisa da materialur aRor­
ZinebisaTvis Segvewirna. SegveZlo aRgveyvavebina meurneoba,
mrewveloba, gagvemdidrebina mwerloba, rom iseTis didebulis
warsulis xalxs, rogoric Cvena varT, sapatio adgili gvWeroda
sxva erTa Soris da es Cveni zrda miT ufro gamogveCina aq, am ga­
naTlebisa da winsvlis mSvidobian Sejibrebaze.

351
 diaR, qarTuli ganyofileba unda gamxdariyo sarked, nam­
dvil maCveneblad Cvenis zrdisa. Tu am TvaliT SevxedavT ga­
mofenaze Cvens ganyofilebas, is azri unda davaskvnaT: rom Cven
arca ra gvqonia warsulSi, arca-ra gvaqvs awmyoSi da saeWvoa rame
gveqmnes momavalSi. ai, amas gviCvenebs Cveni ganyofileba. magram
RmerTma nu hqmnas, rom Tamarisa da SoTas samSoblo aseTi iyos!
aq saWiroda vsTvliT movagonoT mkiTxvels, rom qarTul ganyo­
filebis aseTis Zalze fermkrTalobis mizezi bevr-gvaria...
Cveni eqsponatebi Sefarebulia trokaderosTan agebul
ruseTis pavilionSi, romelSiac moTavsebulia sami kolonia
ruseTisa: cimbiri, Turqestani da kavkasia. sakuTriv kavkasias
daTmobili aqvs erTi oTaxi da zed aweria Salle du Caucase. ro­
gorc viciT, kavkasia erTi bunebiT umdidresi da ukeklucesi
nawilia ruseTis imperiis kerZod da msofliosi – sazogadod.
magram imiT, rac am zalaSia gamofenili, is, visac Tavis TvaliT
ar unaxavs kavkasia, bevr arafer azrisa iqmneba am kuTxis Sesa­xeb.
visa da vis miuRia monawileoba am ganyofilebaSi“ – tfilisis
muzeumis patrons b-ns rades, tfilisis sameurneo sazogadoe­
bas, soxumis sameurneo sacdelis sadgurs, oqromWedels sero­
biancs, oqromWedelsave seid-huseins da sazogadod qarTvelo­
bas, romelsac gamge egred-wodebul qarTul ganyofilebisa,
anu „warmomadgeneli qarTvel memamuleTa sazogadoebisa“ “As-
sotiation des proprietaires georgiens”-s gviwodebs yvelgan.
Turqestanis ganyofilebidan kavkasiis zalaSi SexvalT
Tu ara, marjvniv dainaxavT kedelze Camokidebuls ramdensame
sparsuls xaliCas, mere imaT mihyveba fotografiuli suraTe­
bi kavkasiis mTebisa. sxva nivTebTa Soris areulia b-nis rades
saetnografio koleqcia. aq aris modeli Cveneburis urmisa, ro­
melsac yevari kameCi ubia, zed adevs fosta da rusis moxele­
sa da Cveneburs ors meurmes miaqvT mTianis gziT. qveS aweria:
Transport postal au mogen des baffles (fostis gadatana kameCebis sa­
SualebiT). yvelani, vinc ki gauvlidnen, uneblied acqerdebod­
nen am fostis urems, rogorc saocars rasme. evropiels aRarc
ki axsovs is dro, roca aseTis dinjisa da zozina cxovelis sa­
SualebiT atyobinebda Taviss ambavs Sors myof nacnobs, da
oRondac rom gaukvirdeboda da ityoda, es ra xalxi yofila,
Seni Wirime, kavkasiaSio! axalis ambis gageba aq Turme ar eCqa­
rebaT da kameCebs azidvineben werilebsao!... aseTi saSualeba
uwin, SeiZleba, yofiliyo kideca, magram, madloba RmerTs, axla
dasavleTis kavkasia aRmosavleTis kavkasias rkinis gzis wya­

352
lobiT dRenaxevris ganmavlobaSi awvdis xolme Taviss ambavs.
raddesave saeTnografio koleqciaSia: calulvaS Camovar­
dnili leki, CaCqniani xevsuri, xaragaulis WurWeli, qarTuli
sakravebi (xvnaTesvis da sazogadod sameurneo iaraRi arsad
ar iyo), TuSi, raWveli muSa da TeTrad gamowyobili qarTveli
qali. sxvebze aras vityviT da es ori ukanasknekli ki swored
dacinva iyo Cveni. muSisaTvis erTi kokiani tiki wamoukidebiaT
da ise moukakviaT welSi, rom cocxali kaci ise damdgari ueWve­
lad unda daeces. kacs ase egoneba, rom am Txis tyavSi erTi koka
ki ara 30 koka Rvino unda idgas, rom miss simZimes ase moux­
ria welSi sawyali kaci! qarTvel qalisaTis Cixtikopi sadRac
maRla wamoukosebiaT da abaziani leCaqi mouxveviaT, mtvriT
gasvrili. kavebi cxenis kudsaviT CamohSlia... ase CaTlaxad
morTul qals didi rixiT aweria: Femme georgienne… raddes mos­
devs tfilisis saabreSumo sadguri, romelsac gamougzavnia ni­
muSebi abreSumis Zafisa, naqsovisa, parkisa da fotografiuli
suraTebi abreSumis Zafis amoRebisa soflelebis mier. magram
ise miyrili da mtvriT dafaruli, rom daTvalierebac ki eza­
reba adamiansa. tfilisis sameurneo sazogadoebas warmoudge­
nia SuSebSi Cayrili Tesleuloba. soxumis sameurneo sacdel
sadgurs, romelsac soxumis axlo as-oci qceva saukeTeso miwa
aqvs qalaqisagan micemuli, da romelic weliwadSi aTi aTasamde
fulsa hxarjavs, mxolod ramdenisame juris simindi gamougza­
vnia. simindis xeli usadgurodac mSvenivrad ician iqaurebma,
sxva rame sikeTe hkiTxeT Torem. aris kidev tylapi da kaxuris
saxeliT monaTluli daobebuli CurCxela, visganRac gamogza­
vnili, ramdenime nimuSebi madnebisa da eg aris da eg!
axla vnaxoT, Cvens „Assotiation des proprietaires georgiens”-s ra ga­
mougzavnia.
zemoT CamoTvlil nivTebTa Soris aqa-iq CaCxirulia is eq­
sponatebi, rasac b-ni raf. isarliSvili „qarTvel memamule­
Ta“ saxeliT agrovebda SarSan tfilissa da provinciebSi. erT
ala­gas Camokidebulia ori yabalaxi, zed akravs mwvane sqel qa­
Raldze dabeWdili „assotiation” da sxv. amaT gverdiT ramdenime
badiseburi Sarfebia abreSumisa, quTaisis uriebi rionis rkinis
gzis sadgurze eqvs-Svid Saurad rom hyidian xolme, imis gvari­
sa, sxva-da-sxva ferad SeRebilebi. Semdeg erT yuTSi ramdenime
tariani danaa. nu daiviwyebT, rom frangulad yvelas aweria: „qa­
rTvel memamuleTa sazogadoeba“. erT SeumCnevel alagas patara
kolofSi Cawyobilia kuxis (xons axlo) saabreSumo amxanagobis

353
nawarmoebni. meore kolofSi – tyibulis giSris krialosnebia.
bolos kedelze Camofenilia xuTiod nairi Sali xonisa. es aris
Cveni Sinauri mrewveloba. axla vnaxoT nimuSebi Wirnaxulisa.
erTs kolofSi alufxulia kona-konad Sekruli TuTuni
sof. xidisTavis (guria) memamulis varlam gogiberiZisa. imis
pirdapir Taroebze dgas eqvsiod boTli kaxuris Rvinisa. es
eqvsiod boTli warmodgenilia „kaxeTis“ amxanagobisagan da
tfilisSi olgis quCaze movaWre nik. sesiaSvilisagan (vercxlis
medali miiRo). aq isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom „kaxeTis“ amxanago­
bis Rvinoebis oTxi boTli mxolod am bolo TveSi gamoCnda, To­
rem manamde mTel qarTvelobisagan marto n. sesiaSvilis Rvinoe­
bi iyo gamofenili. samwuxaroa, rom „amxanagobas“ ar uzrunia da
franguls enaze ar gamoucia Tavisi daarsebis istoria, sivrce
im raionisa, sadaca vrceldeba misi Rvinoebi, da sx. samwuxaroa,
rom sxvas aravis gamougzavnia Tavisi eqsponati. miT ufro sam­
wuxaroa es Cvenis qveynisaTvis, romelic Rvinis samSoblod
iTvleboda, rac Tavi axsovs. brali ar aris, rom visac „kraxu­
nis“ Rvinos, raWul „yifianT Rvinos“, gurul „Cxavers“, megrul
„svanurs“, afxazur „amilaxurs“ evropa ar icnobdes! oRondac
rom bralia, magram sad aris patroni!..
amnairadve mwiria samadneulo ganyofileba. ramdenime nimu­
Si awyvia WiaTuris Savi qvisa magidaze, isic saukeTeso Rirsebis
ar aris; devs agreTve T. daviT baraTaSvilis mamulidan gamogza­
vnili algeTis litografiulis qvis ficari. iqave, adgilovriv,
cnobebis Setyoba gamofenil nivTebis Sesaxeb SeuZlebelia,
radgan, rogorca vsTqviT, dabeWdili araferia. marTalia, Cve­
ni warmomadgeneli acxadebs, visac rame cnoba unda, Cems binaze
mommarTeTo, magram moisurvebs kia yvela binaze siaruls!
dameTanxmebiT, metad uxerxulia.
erT mxareze dawyobilia albomi qarTvelTa tipebisa, anu
roinaSviliseul fotografiidan aRebuli ormociode suraTi.
tipeb Soris urevia suraTi scenebisa Cvenis cxovrebidan (xato­
ba), magram qveS araferi uweria, rom evropielma cnobismoyva­
reoba daikmayofilos. am albomsac, rogorc sxva nivTebs, awe­
ria: „Assotiation des proprietaires georgiens” da fasic – 200 franki, e.i.
Svid Tuman naxevari adevs! ver gagvigia, rad unda Rirdes ase Zvi­
rad 40 suraTi sakabineto suraTis zomisa! uzomod unda uyvar­
des kacs Cveni qveyana da amasTanave uzomo fulic unda hqondes,
rom es albomi SeiZinis! Tu gakvirveba SegveZlo visime, aba Cvenis
Zvelis xuroTmoRvrebis naSTTa suraTebiTa! da swored CvenTa

354
ekklesiaTa albomi ar moiZeva Cens ganyofilebaSi. daudevro­
ba da uTavboloba meti-Ra gnebavT! aqavea Cvenis gravioris gr.
tatiSvilis ukanaskneli namuSavari qarTul xelovnebidan. es
gaxlavT albomi CuqurTmebisa, gadaRebuli gravioris mier Cve­
nis II, XIII da XV sauk. ekklesia-taZrebidan da „qarTuli Cuqur­
Tmis“ saxeliT erTad Tavmoyrili. frangulad aweria: „L’art deco-
rative au Caucase” (dekoratiuli xelovneba kavkasiaSi). am naSroms,
faqizad da sinidisierad Sesrulebuls, samwuxarod, CvenSi sul
ramdenime kaci Tu icnobs, radgan, rogorc viciT, Semdgenelma
sul asiode dahbeWda da gasasyidad arc ki gadaucia sadme. „qar­
Tul CuqurTmas“ gverdT uZevs gr. tatiSvilisave monogramebi
siTviT saker qarTul anbanisa.
metad gvevoca, roca am monogramaTa ydaze Semdegi warwera
davinaxeT franguls enaze: „Alphabet georgien” – (qarTuli anbani).
Tu vinmem gadaSala da daakvirda, ueWvelia, kargs azrs ar Sead­
genda Cveneburis anbanis Sesaxeb, aseT CaxlarTul asoebs rom
dainaxavda. fasadac 10 franki anu TiTqmis oTxi maneTi aweria
imas, rac CvenSi maneTad iyideba. ramdenadac viciT, myidveli ar­
avin gamosCenia. ar dauviwyniaT gaxunebul ydian „vefxis-tyaos­
nis“ (g. qarTveliSvilis gamocema) gamofenac. devs agreTve Cve­
nis pedagogis Sedgenili wignebi – „deda-ena“ da „bunebis kari“,
NN „cnobis furclisa“, „iveriisa“, ulazaTo kazmiani wignakebi
wmindanTa cxovrebisa da.. morCa is ganyofilebac, romelsac
aweria “La langue georgienne” (qaTuli ena). amasTanave morCa Cvene­
bur eqsponantebis siaca.
ai, ra avla-didebiT wamovediT evropaSi, ai, ris patroni
vapirebdiT aqaurebTan Tavis gamoCenas da saxelis ganTqmas!
mgoni saWiroc aRar aris imis Tqma, rom yvelasagan SeumCneve­
li davrCiT sufris bolos gdebuli. axla unda genaxaT Cvenis
ganyofilebisave gverdiT koloniebi inglisisa da safrangeTi­
sa: ceiloni, kanada, velur dahomelTa qveyana, tunisi, gvinea,
gvadelupi, alJirisas xom nu ityviT! mTeli maTi cxovreba,
bunebrivi simdidre, swavla-ganaTleba, mrewveloba, aReb mice­
ma xelis gulze eSleboda kacs. ubralo wvrilmani ra aris, isic
ki ar dauviwyniaT. iqauri xalxic ki CamouyvaniaT suraTis sis­
rulisaTvis. calke wignebad dabeWdili aRwera yovel kuTxisa,
statistikuri cnobebi ueWvelad aris yovels ganyofilebaSi.
rogorc xedavs mkiTxveli, didi Secdoma iyo Cvenis mxriT,
didi uangariSoba da windauxedavoba am gvaris eqsponatebis
imediT aqeT wamosvla. windawinve unda gvcodnoda, rom rasac

355
vsTesavdiT, imasve movimkidiT. saWiro iyo, gamogzavnamde eq­
sponatebisaTvis Tavi erTad mogveyara da saerTod gadagvewyvi­
ta, imaTis imediT – Rirda evropaSi wamosvla Tu ara. aramc Tu
es ara vqeniT, saqme ise daviwyeT, rom TviT eqsponatebi TiTo
da or-ori Tvis Semdeg modioda TiTo da or-ori, sanam Seivse­
boda is Raribuli koleqcia, rac gamofenazea dRes. ho, raki
erTad movuyridiT Tavs yvelafers, davijero, erTi aravin ga­
moCndeboda iseTi, rom eTqva: amiT wasvla ar SeiZlebao! raki
maT wamouRebloba gadawydeboda, raki yvelasaTvis TvalsaCino
iqneboda, rom jer-jerobiT awmyoTi veravisi gakvirveba SegveZ­
lo, sxva saSualebisTvis unda migvemarTa da es saSualeba kidec
ase Tu ise gaWirebisagan gvixsnida, gagviyvanda fons. me mogax­
senebT Cvenis Zvelis mwerlobis da saekklesio da saarqeolo­
go naSTTa gamofenis Sesaxeb. egred wodebul „patara sasaxle­
Si“ gamofenilia am gvari koleqciebi rogorc kerZo pirTa, ise
muzeumTa kuTvnilni. Cven, madloba RmerTs, aseTni nivTni ar
gvaklia. Tunda marto „qarT. Sor. wera-kiTxvis gamavrc.“ sazo­
gadoebas ekisrna es saqme da Tavisi koleqcia droebiT gamoeg­
zavna. mecnierni da sazogadod yvelani, darwmunebulni varT,
yuradRebas mogvaqcevdnen, cnobismoyvareoba aReZrebodaT Cve­
nis warsulis naxviT da sainteresod gauxdebodaT Ceni gacnoba,
Cveni ambis gageba.
amasTanave unda dagvebeWdna Cvenis qveynis yovelmxrivi aR­
wera, Tu vrceli ara, mokle mainc da xelmisawvdom fasad gagvey­
idna an da sul muqTad dagverigebina, rogorc bevri sxvebi Svre­
bodnen. marTalia, am Jamad ibeWdeba parizSi saqarTelos Sesaxeb
wigni, magram gamofena am erT TveSi gaTavdeba kideca da am wigns
is mniSvneloba ar eqneboda, rac eqneboda maSin, gamofenis dros
rom yofiliyo dabeWdili da iqave Cvens ganyofilebasTan gayi­
dul-gavrcelebuli.
Cven ki gvixarian da bukiTa da naRariT vacxadebT: Cveni war­
momadgeneli gamofenaze safrangeTis respublikis prezidents
lubes warudga, an kidev mileransao. is ki gvaviwydeba, rom am
„wardgomas“ enacvala da Tavs Semoevlo samasi Tumani, tfili­
sis saTavad-aznauro bankis mier gadadebuli, garda kerZo pirTa
mier gaRebul fulisa.
ase iyo Tu ise, gulis gatexa ara gvmarTebs. Tavi imiT unda
vinugeSoT, rom es pirveli cda iyo Cvenis mxriT. xom viciT, rom
pirvel cdas Secdoma da marcxic Tan sdevs xolme. Tavi imiTi
vinugeSoT, rom Tu kvlav mogveca SemTxveva, ufro darbaislu­

356
rad, ufro momzadebulad warvsdgebiT evropielT winaSe, rom
aramcTu ybad asaRebi ar gavxdeT, aramed yuradRebac davimsa­
xuroT, pativi movixveWoT. Tavi da Tavi – am pirvelma marcxma
Wkua mogvakrefinos, raTa SemdegSi umetesis sifrTxiliT ga­
davsdgaT xolme fexi.

moambe. – 1900. – N9, gany. II. – gv. 24-34.

357
 pirTa saZiebeli

b e
bagration muxranski, ivane konstan­ eliozovi - 332
tines Ze - 87,88,90 englberti, arxiepizkopozi - 277
baTera, naTaniel - 327 erisTavi, raf. - 195
baraTaSvili, daviT - 354
bariaTinski - 117 v
bassi, laura - 306 v. - 160
beldzeSevski, giorgi - 121 vali - 119
benedikte XIV - 305 vaCnaZe, i. - 296
bernari - 95,96 vereSCagini, b. - 153
bestuJev-riumini - 312 vilhelm III - 277
bismarki - 276 vilhelms IV - 277
borne - 185 vilhelmi - 276, 294
brusvikis Rercogi - 229 vilhelm teli - 227
burbonebi - 349 volkoviCi - 313
burne - 92
z
g zemba, ioseb - 72
gabaSvili, maqsime - 225 zomervili - 306
gaetana agnezi, mariam - 305,306
garibaldi - 179 i
geimani - 241 iablonski - 251
gemlixi - 269 ivanika - 210
genrix meoTxe - 348 inaSvili, a. - 163
go - 341 isarliSvili, rafiel - 351,353
gote - 185,202
gofmani - 286,287,288,289,290,291 k
grasiuri - 92 kaverSteini, m. - 262
gustav-adolfi - 212 kavTeli, i. - 42
kazazianci, p. - 297
d kaliCavaZe, maTe - 121
distria, dora - 304,305 kolubakini, m.p. - 90,91
diurani, amedea - 96,97 komeniusi - 271
de Setele - 306 konradi - 277
dombrovski - 252
domorni - 95

358
l o
lazarevi - 48 oveni - 72
lassali - 281 onanovi - 87
lau - 72,73 osman-faSa - 260
lafitebi - 170 offenbaxi - 197
lemansi - 270
lemonji, ivane - 121 p
leontievi - 217 p........i - 234,235,236
libknexti (libknenti) - 276,281,290 patkovi - 217
liuteri - 278 paSkovskaia - 314
lobze - 251,252 pestalloci - 270,271
lolua - 238
lorenci - 263 J
lorTqifaniZe, b. - 158 Jan-Jak-russo - 230
loris-meliqovi - 241 Jermeni, sofio - 306
lube - 356
ludoviko XV - 348 r
rade - 352
m reihslini - 278
mak-mahoni - 233 rilski - 179
mamacovi, konstantine - 31 riSelie - 348
mariama - 288 rogovski - 179
mariami, imperatori - 313 rotSildebi - 170
marta - 187
masxulia, v. - 72 s
mevele - 35 seid-huseini - 352
melxtali, arnold-de - 227 serebriakovi, ivane - 87,92,94
mesxi, sergei - 32,48,214 serobianci - 352
milerani - 356 sesiaSvili, n. - 354
mirzoevi, gabriel - 52,53 seCenovi - 217
miqaZe, jonda - 121 silkovi - 239
miqelaZe, daviT - 35 simensi - 47
muxTar-faSi - 241 simonovi, m. - 121
sitovski - 121
n stelbranki - 92
nakaSiZe, petre - 175 sulxaniSvili, ivane - 207
napoleoni - 95,232,233,349 sulxanovi, iv. - 119,207
nikolai, a.p. - 120,125
nikolaZe, niko - 58,168,182,343 t
tatiSvili, gr. - 355
taStamuri - 217
tvoraki - 251

359
u C
u. n. - 204,205 CiTaxovi - 53
umikaSvili, petre - 52,310
c
f cagareli, asiko - 64
feiferi, ida - 306 cxvedaZe, niko - 237
fivegi, gustav - 120,123,125,126
fiursti, valter - 227 w
fredegonda, dedofali - 348 wereTeli, giorgi - 303
funki, fedore - 121 wereTeli, n. - 154
wminda klotilda - 348
q
qarTveli mgzavri - 237 W
qarTveliSvili, g. - 355 WavWavaZe, daviT - 208
qoCakiZe, giorgi - 210
x
y xatisiani, i. - 98
yorRanovi - 96 xatisovi - 87
xax-Svili - 40
S xaxanaSvili, aleqsandre - 40
Saqro - 296
Seqspiri, viliam - 42,43,44 j
Silleri - 203,227 jandieraSvili, vlado - 146,147,148
Sneideri - 350 jandieri, vlad - 150
Srederi - 264 jajanaSvili - 42
Stafxeri, verner - 227
Strake, m. - 262,263 X - 56
Striklandi - 306
Sulce-delitCi - 290
Sulci - 341

360
 adgilTa saZiebeli

a boloni - 305
avlabari - 92,119 bonni, boni - 285,317
avstria - 40,207,237,242,246,247, bordo - 101,319
248,250,253,254 borisoglebi - 316
avstria-ungreTi - 317 borna - 257
avstro-vengria - 248 borCalo - 114,115
avWala - 152 bosnia - 246
azia - 86,239 britania - 321
alazani - 95 briuseli - 317,318
albisi - 225 bulonis tye - 95
algeTi - 354 burgoni - 83,101
alpis mTebi - 225
alJiri - 96,319,355 g
aleqsandrovski - 332,333 gagra - 217
amerika - 40,75,90,163,171,181,302, galicia - 243,245,246,247,248,250,252,
304,307,309,320,351 253,254
amerikis georgia - 40 galiciis mazra - 246,247,248
anglia - 94,181,308,327,328,329 ganja - 114,115,150,157
aragvi - 95 germania - 40,94,127,128,130,131,132,
asureTi - 332,333 133,134,135,136,137,140,
atlantiis okeane - 97 141,142,143,144,171,175,
afrika - 170,351 191,192,193,195,196,220,
axalcixe - 343 232,236,254,273,275,276,
278,282,283,294,317,327
b gersdorfi - 257
bavaria - 225 gvadelupi - 335
bazeli - 208,209 gvinea - 355
baTumi - 62,63,343 golandia, gollandia - 94,327
balkaneTi - 317 gombori - 102
baltiis zRva - 210 gori - 31,343
baqo - 69 goris uezdi - 31,338
belgia - 181,317 grakovi - 237
bergisibeli - 270,271,272 griutli - 227
berlini - 222,260,294,317 guria - 175,354
berni - 227,318
biri - 316 d
bessarabia - 241 dania - 77,171,320
biWvinTa - 217 dasavleT evropa - 33,34,43,72,76,85,
bodenis tba - 225 94,214,237,301,317
bolgiria - 168 dasavleT saqarTvelo - 62

361
daRistani - 98,99 z
deitci - 276,278 zaidevitci - 257
did-ube - 332 zaidevitcis Rele - 272
diRomi - 90,91 zemo-imereTi - 228
drezdeni - 132,255,265,271,276 zexiSta - 256
zvenigorodi - 316
e zodeni - 185,189,191,201
egvipte - 96 zugdidi - 100
evropa - 31,33,37,38,39,40,42,43,48,51, zuSendorfi - 256
62,64,72,73,76,83,85,86,87 90,
91,92,94,95,96,99,102,105,106, T
109,116,117,127,153,163,170, Tanxmobis moedani - 350
175,207,214,215,218,225,229, TrialeTi - 341
230,232,236,237,246,270,301, Turqestani - 352
304,306,307,317,320,326,327,
328,334,335,354,355,356 i
evropiis mTebi - 270 iaponia - 221
ekatirinofeldi - 341 ierusalimis saydari - 121
elecki - 316 imereTi - 51,55,87,208,225,335
elisabediani - 91 inglisi - 40,52,53,60,72,73,74,76,77,
elisabedis-polis gubernia - 332 209,236,273,294,320,321,355
elisabedis ferma - 87,88 indoeTi - 71
elises mindvrebi - 350 invalidTa moedani - 350
iori - 95
v ispania - 115,181
valufi - 285 italia - 175,220,221,320
varSava - 155,175,178,180,181,207,296, iurievi - 314
297,314
vasilievis kunZuli - 312 k
vaCnaZianTi - 146 kavkasia - 40,64,78,94,98,120,123,125,
veidelbergi - 317 163,177,220,226,228,241,301,
veliCka - 246 311,312,320,352,355
velur dahomelTa qveyana - 355 kavkasiis georgia - 40
vena - 218,219,220,221,222,223,234,235, kalauri - 148
236,247,248 kalufa - 285,286
vesTvalia - 275 kanada - 355
vizantia - 277,294 karintia - 248
vilno - 178 karpatis mTebi - 246
visbadeni - 285,290,294,295 kaspi - 152,157
visla - 246 kaxeTi - 84,100,101,102,111,112,114,
vladimiri - 316 115,117,118,146,147,148,149,
voloCinski - 218,242 151,152,297,333,335,354
kelna - 274,276,277,278,279,284

362
kenigsbergi - 50 moskovi - 87,101,115,116,177,220,313,
kievi - 314 314,315,316,320,330
kisis-xevi - 111,146,151 mtkvari - 95,96,332,333
kolxidis qveyana - 261 muri - 329
kondoli - 111 muxrani - 87,91
krakovi - 243,244,245,246,247,249,250, mcire azia - 239,241
251,252,253,254,276
krakovis mazra - 246,247,248,250,253, n
254 naTluxi - 47
kronbergi - 191,192,201 nansi - 319
kronderburgi - 201 nanti - 319
kukia - 332,333 nevSateli - 318
kulmi - 227 nemecuri Sveicaria - 225
kulmis mTa - 227 nentmansdorfi - 257
nuxi - 108,109
l
lapi - 178,179 o
leifcixi - 262 odesa, odessa - 50,216,218,234,235,
lembergi - 243,246,249,253 240,314
leCxumi - 329 odiSi - 100
liaxvi - 333 oseTi - 208
lieJi - 317,318 osmaleTi - 217,294,317,326
lili - 319 osmalos somxeTi - 239
limati - 225 ottendorfi - 257,269
lioni - 92,95,319
litva - 176,177 p
liucerni - 227 parizi/pariJi - 95,102,175,179,207,
liucernis tba - 227 215,219,222,225,229,
lozana - 318 230,231,232,234,235,
londoni - 92,116,236,308 236,307,308,318,319,
loqis tye - 342 348,320,350,351,356
luveni - 317 peterburgi, peterburRi -
101,115,116,175,178,207,208,210,213,
m 218,240,312,313,314,315,320
marseli - 51,62,63,319 pilatis mTa - 227
marsis veli - 350 pirna - 255,256,271
milxeimi - 282,283,284 pirnas mazra - 260,270,282
miunxeni - 223,224 plevno - 240,241,260
mixailovka - 217 polSa - 175,178,179,180,246,252,254
monpelie - 319 polSis saxelmwifo - 244,245
montelimari - 92 pronbergi - 185
prusia, prussia - 120,199,207,277,306

363
J saqsonia - 132,262,264,270,274,275,
Jan-Jak-russos kunZuli - 230 279,282,288
Jeneva - 40,92,93,229,230,318 saWa - 217
Jenevis tba - 228 sevastopoli - 217
Jerbrusi - 97 sena - 95,350
svaneTi - 60
r skandinavia - 320
ratevani - 332,333,341 somxeTi - 239
reini, reihni - 183,276,277,278,279, somxiTi - 333
285,287 sorbona - 318,319
reinis mazra, reihnis mazra - 275,282 soxumi - 217,352,353
reni - 319 sredizemnis zRva - 97
rioni - 237,353 stamboli - 175
romi - 304,305
roCdeli - 73,74,75,76,77,78 t
ruminia - 168 taunusis mTebi - 183
ruseTi - 32,37,38,50,53,77,88,101,102, trokadero - 350,352
106,115,116,153,157,168,170, tuapse - 217
212,214,217,218,221,241,242, tuluza - 319
254,262,294,296,311,312,314, tunisi - 355
315,316,317,318,320,347,352 tfilisi, Tbilisi, Tfilisi -
ruseTis polSa - 254 47,48,90,92,93,96,99,119,175,214,215,
218,228,234,235,237,246,255,271,272,
s 274,312,333,343,351,352,353,354,356
saberZneTi - 94,176,304 tyibuli - 78,354
sagarejo - 56
samegrelo - 100,337 u
samxreT ruseTi - 168,218 ungreTi - 168
saratovi - 315,316 untenvaldenis tba - 227
sarTiWala - 333 uris tba - 227
sasnovici - 316 utlis mTa - 225
safrangeTi - 40,56,60,72,73,80,146,
147,148,160,185,207,209, f
214,220,221,222,227,231, falerensia - 83
232,233,236,273,282,294, fesTvalia - 288
317,318,319,348,349,350, finlandia - 210,212
351,355,356 foTi - 50,51,62,217,218,234,343
saqarTvelo, saqarTuelo - foTi-Tfilisis rkinis gza - 215
37,38,40,41,50,52,56,72,78,83,84,92,93, frankfurti - 182,183,185,192,193,
102,115,116,163,166,168,169,178,207, 199,203
228,245,261,262,264,274,275,292,325, francia - 85,92,95,96,97,100,101,113,
326,330,331,332,340,356 115,116,308

364
freiburgi - 317 C
fridrixsvaldi - 255,256,257,260, CaTaxi - 341
262,263,264,265, Cikago - 348
266,269,270,271, CineTi - 221
272 Cobaxuri - 111
CrdiloeT amerika (mCrdiloeTisa
q amerika) - 94, 301
qaba - 231 CrdiloeT ruseTi - 218
qaTvanakCi - 342
qarTli - 51,87,100,114,333,335 c
qerCi - 217 ceiloni - 355
qsani - 87,88,91 cimbiri - 21,262,311,352
quTaisi - 55,72,78,79,80,87,88,215,225, ciurixi, ciurixis tba -
228,243,353 207,208,225,226,227,228,229,318
cugis tba - 227
R
Romburgi - 185,201 W
WiaTura - 354
y
yazani - 314,316 x
yvirila - 62 xarkovi - 153,177,314

S h
Savi-zRva - 14,15,55,175,216,217 helsingforssi - 210,211,212
Savxauzeni - 227 holandia - 320
SaSiani - 148
Sveicaria - 40,105,106,181,191,196, c
207,208,221,225,227,228, Caucase - 352,355
229,230,317,318
Svecia - 171,181,212 g
Svici - 227 Georgien - 40,352,353,354
Svicis tba - 227 Grusinien - 40
Sotlandia - 77
Stiria - 248

365