ramaz Sengelia

medicinis istoria
da
zogadi Teoria

wigni pirveli da meore:

 Zveli aRmosavleTi
 dasavleTis samedicino tradiciebi

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 wigni gankuTvnilia umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentTaTvis, axalgazrda
specialistebisaTvis da mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis

wignze muSaobdnen: nani xelaia, jilda gurgeniZe, nino CixlaZe, eka sanikiZe

redaqtori: nunu mindaZe

recenzentebi: lia biTaZe
daviT WiTanava

ISBN 978 – 9941 – 0 – 1876 – 3 (orive wigni)

ISBN 978 – 9941 – 0 – 1877 – 0 (pirveli wigni)

Copyright © , gamomcemloba `engadi~

2009 weli

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 avtorisagan
winamdebare wignSi qronologiuradaa moTxrobili Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebis medicinis
ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebisa da Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, vecade am sakmaod
mravalferovan, gansxvavebuli religiuri da filosofiuri safuZvlebis mqone rTul samedicino-saazrovno
sistemebSi SeZlebisdagvarad gamomeyo is mTavari ZarRvi, riTac iyo warmatebuli konkretuli
qveynisa Tu epoqis samedicino tradicia da igive mizeziT is SeiZleba TanamedroveobisTvisac
saintereso gaxdes, rogorc wmida Teoriuli RirebulebiT, aseve praqtikuli gamoyenebis
aspeqtSi.Aamitomac gaCnda wignis saTaurSi Zveli yaidis medicinis istorikosTaTvis arcTu Cveuli
sityvebi _ “...zogadi Teoria”. am mimarTulebiT dRes msoflios wamyvan centrebSi seriozuli
muSaoba mimdinareobs da unda iTqvas, rom am saqmeSi qarTuli samecniero skola erTerTi pirveli
iyo da aris.
wignis meore nawili daiwyeba dasavleTis samedicino tradiciis formirebis da ganviTarebis
aRweriT da davasrulebT msoflio medicinaSi dRes mimdinare procesebis zogadi analiziT da prog-
nostuli paradigmebis Camoyalibebis perspeqtivebis CvenebiT.
monografiis orive nawilSi Sevecade obieqturad Semefasebina da kuTvnili adgili mimeCina
uZvelesi qarTuli (kolxur-iberiuli) medicinisaTvis, raTa is msoflio medicinis ganviTarebis erTian
palitraSi dagvenaxa. qarTuli medicinis istoriis mkvlevarebma (lado kotetiSvili, mixeil saakaSvili,
mixeil Sengelia, ciala CxeiZe, avTandil gelaSvili, baadur raWveliSvili, pavle firfilaSvili, jangir
mamalaZe da sxvani) udidesi amagi dasdes dargis ganviTarebas, magram sruliad gasagebi obieqturi
mizezebis gamo medicinis istoriis, iseve rogorc zogadad saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavla/swavleba
zemoT aRniSnul mecnierTa moRvaweobis periodSi msoflio procesebidan maqsimalurad
izolirebulad xdeboda. DdRes am xarvezis gamosworeba SesaZlebelia da minda TxovniT mivmarTo
mkiTxvels _ ar daizaros da kritikuli SexedulebiT Segvexmianos, raTa sabolood davadgeT
TviTSefasebisa da ganviTarebis swor gzas.
gansakuTrebuli madloba minda gadavuxado Tssu medicinis istoriisa da bioeTikis
departamentis Zvel da axal TanamSromlebs nani xelaias, maia gurgeniZes, jilda gurgeniZes, jumber
qorCilavas, qeTi ZaZamias, nia matabels, nato asaTians, irine bibileiSvils, eka sanikiZes, Cvens
kolegas Tsu-dan nino CixlaZes sxvadasxva etapze gaweuli maRalprofesiuli daxmarebisa da
TanaavtorobisTvis.
Cvenma studentebma Tssu-s enebis Semswavleli centris xelmZRvanelobiT fasdaudebeli
daxmareba gagviwies; sainformacio arxebiT moiZies, Targmnes da uangarod mogvawodes axali,
saintereso masalebi.
ramaz Sengelia
Tssu medicinis istoriisa da bioeTikis
departamentis sruli profesori,

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saqarTvelos medicinis mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis akademikosi
vaSingtonis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevri
el-fosta: shengelia@tsmu.edu
telefoni: 995 32 542461

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 winasityva
medicina gaCnda maSin, roca gaCnda adamiani. es uryevi da ukvdavi Tezaa. magram, rodis
gaCnda adamiani, _ samyarosTan erTad Tu mogvianebiT?
SeiZleba vinmes ucnauradac moeCvenos, magram kacobrioba, romelmac udides
samecniero_teqnikur progress miaRwia, kvlavindeburad uZluria pasuxi gasces mTavar SekiTxvas:
rodis da rogor gaCnda samyaro?
mecnierTa mravalaTasiani armia kvlav kvlav sruliad Seurigebel or gundadaa gayofili:
kreacionistebad da evolucionistebad.
kreacionistebi Tvlian, rom wesrigi da kanonzomiereba samyaroSi erTiani Zalisa da gonis
(RmerTis) mier sakmaod mokle droSia organizebuli da maT TavianTi Zlieri argumenti gaaCniaT.
evolucionistebs qveynierebis dasabami milionobiT wlis ukan gadaaqvT da amtkiceben, rom
sicocxle dedamiwaze evoluciis _ umartivesidan da urTulesamde gziT viTardeboda, xdeboda
saxeobebisa da qvesaxeobebis warmoSoba da urTierTgardaqmna. am poziciasac Tavisi mtkicebule-
bebi gaaCnia.
ar aris erTiani azri biologiuri arqeologiuri (bioarqeologiuri) masalis daTariRebis Sesaxebac.
radioaqtiuri nivTierebis naxevardaSlis periodiT, qimiuri da fizikuri analizebiT cdiloben Tavisi
Tezis ganmtkicebas, meoreni ki Tvlian, rom es fizikur_qimiuri procesebi sulac ar aris ase zustad
droSi determinirebuli, rom maTi mimdinareobis siswrafe Zalze variabeluria da dayrdnoba am
procesebze raimes xnovanebis garkvevisas araseriozulia.
Zneli saTqmelia, rodis moxdeba poziciebis Sejereba.
simarTle xom erTia.
manamde ki erTi ram cxadia: morwmunes veravin gadaarwmunebs da gajiutebul materialistsac
gasaRebs Znelad mouZebni.
erTi ram dagvrCenia: daviwyoT iqidan razec aravin kamaTobs.
kacobriobis istoria rwmenisa da azrovnebis istoriaa. mecnierebis, adamianis yofisa da
saqmianobis arcerT sferoSia gaerTianebuli es ori komponenti ise, rogorc medicinaSi, saeqimo
saqmeSi. amadac aris, rom am dargis istoria xSiradaa xolme yvelaze saimedo da damajerebeli
maCvenebelia ama Tu im erisa Tu civilizaciis donisa da ganviTarebisa. saeqimo kultura erTan
erTad iwyeba da mTavrdeba, an sxva erSi gadadis da misi kulturuli mSeneblobis erT-erT ZiriTad
qvakuTxedad iqceva.
SesaZloa sakamaTod JRerdes, magram medicinis istoriis dawyeba im paleoistoriul TariRebSi,
romliTac dRes istorikosebi manipulireben, Cemi azriT, ar SeiZleba. medicina kulturologiuri
fenomenia da mas e.w. `pirvelyofili adamiani~ ver Seqmnida. Tuki medicina im uxsovar droSi
arsebobda, maSin is adamiani veluri ar iyo da Tu mas saeqimo xelovnebis anabana ar esmoda,
maSin mas gonier arsebas (Homo Sapiens) ver daarqmev. es midgoma, albaT, sxva sferoebsac
miesadageba. TavisTavad uaRresad sainteresoa is bioarqeologiuri monapovrebi, romlebic
aseulaTasobiT wliT TariRdeba. sainteresoa maTi genetikuri kodi, im dros arsebuli daavadebebi da
a.S.
medicinis istoriis, rogorc aseTis, dawyeba ki, albaT, SesaZlebelia istoriul Tvalsawierze
kulturuli sazogadoebis gamoCenasTan erTad. qr. S-mde VII aTaswleulidan Cndeba pirveli
monacemebi (j. melaarti) mcire aziaSi metalurgiis Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. aRmoCena,
aRiarebuli mosazrebiT, protoqarTvelur tomebs ukavSirdeba da TavisTavad, erTi mxriv,
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ganviTarebuli sazogadoebis maCvenebelia da meore mxriv, karg materialur-teqnikur safuZvlad
unda Seqmniliyo medicinis calkeuli dargebis ganviTarebisTvis (mag. qirurgia, qimia-farmacia da
a.S.)
VI-V aTwleulebi e.w. `keramikul xanadaa~ miCneuli da isic mcire da wina aziis arealSia
moqceuli. Tixis nakeTobebis gaCena bevr rames niSnavda da yvelaferTan erTad samedicino
daniSnulebis WurWlis gamoCenasac. aRmoCenilia saritualo, mcire zomis qandakebebic, rac
magiuri medicinis arsebobaze miuTiTebs.
Tixam, rogorc mosaxerxebelma da xelmisawvdomma sawerma masalam, Cemi azriT,
gadamwyveti roli Seasrula damwerlobis da informaciis fiqsirebis tradiciis, saqmis organizebuli
marTvis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. Tixis firfitebma Semoinaxes swored is istoria, romlis mixedviTac
dRes civilizebuli msoflio Tavis `dabadebis dRes~ aRniSnavs.
msgavsi keramikuli WurWeli da sxva nakeTobebi aRmoCenilia dRevandeli saqarTvelos
teritoriazec, anatoliaSi, SuamdinareTsa da egeidaSic. agreTve, Segrovlia saqarTvelos mTianeTSi
SemorCenili kriptuli damwerlobis nimuSebi, romelic TvalnaTliv grafikul msgavsebas amJRavnebs
Suamdinarul, egviptur, kretul, xeTur da sxva damwerlobebTan.
bunebrivia, es faqti iZleva safuZvels wamovWraT sakiTxi erTian mediteranul kulturul arealze,
romelic kavkasiis mTebamde iSleba. am arealSi viTardeboda medicinac, romlis Sesaxeb uZvelesi
cnobebi Sumerulma Tixis firfitebma (IV aTaswl.) Semogvinaxes. yofiTi saxis CanawerebSi
gamosWvivis cnobebi calkeuli daavadebebis, travmebis Sesaxeb, saubaria bavSvTa movlisa da
aRzrdis Sesaxeb, xolo zogierT maTganze motanilia srulad unikaluri receptura, romlis Sedgeniloba
TiTqmis mTlianad mcenareulia.
yvelaferi daiwyo iqidan, rom XX saukunis SuaxanebSi mecnierebma gamoTqves varaudi, rom
sadRac SuamdinareTis (mdinareebis - tigrossa da evfrats Soris) midamoebSi unda yofiliyo uZvelesi
civilizaciis naSTebi. 1877w. es varaudi frangma arqeologma ernest de sarzekma daadastura, roca
dRevandeli erayis teritoriaze q. nasiriis Crdilo_aRmosavleTiT patara borcvi gaTxara da
qristeSobamde oTxi aTasi wlis winandeli Sumeruli qalaqis _ lagaSis nangrevebi ixila. aq iyo
lursmuli damwerlobiT dafaruli qandakebebi, uamravi informaciis Semcveli Tixis firfitebi da sxv. es
iyo (aris) dRemde cnobili yvelaze Zveli civilizacia da isic _ Zalze maRali. aTwleulebi grZeldeboda
aq arqeologiuri monapovrebis Seswavla. gairkva, rom Zveli Sumerebis yofa principSi didad ar
gansxvavdeboda dRevandelobisgan:. isini cxovrobdnen CvensaviT: uyvardaT, sZuldaT,
mrisxanebdnen, Ralatobdnen da erTgulebdnen, omobdnen, natrobdnen mSvidobas,
swamdaTYTavianTi RmerTebis da qmnidnen. qmnidnen qandakebebs, naxatebs, simRerebs, litera-
turas, saxiobdnen. . .
qarTul-Sumerul paralelebze bevri mecnieri werda da es kavSiri Zalze TvalsaCinoa, rodesac
vadarebT Sumerul da qarTul miToss (amirani-gilgameSi-promeTe), warmarTul panTeons,
astrologias, toponimikas da leqsikas, saubaria enebis tipobriv da struqturul igiveobaze. samedicino
TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs am sam miTosSi moTxrobili siuJeturi da konceptualurad metad
sayuradRebo msgavsebebi: warmodgenebi avadmyofobis warmoSobis, maTi mfarveli/ mbrZanebeli
RvTaebebis, mkurnalobis saSualebebis da a.S. Sesaxeb. identuria orive miTosur siuJetSi aRwerili
samedicino xasiaTis pasaJebi da rac, Cemi azriT, erT-erTi umTavresia, samedicino-anatomiuri
terminologia. es ukanaskneli, saerTod, mdgradi konservatiulobiT gamoirCeva da aseTi paralelebis
Ziebisas angariSgasawevia.

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 Sumeridan wamosuli kultura jaWvuri reaqciiT (rasac misi naklebadkulturul erebTan Sejaxeba
iwvevs) moiwevs Crdilo_dasavleTiT. Sumerebi dasabams aZleven brwyinvale babilonur da asurul
kulturebs, sadac maTi kvali advili SesamCnevia. arsebobs mosazreba, rom babilonSi samefo
dinastia da aristokratia Zveleburad Sumeruli rCeboda, miuxedavad semituri tomebis politikuri
batonobisa. babiloneli mefis hamurabis mier Seqmnil kanonTa Soris erT_erTi umTavresi adgili
saeqimo xasiaTis urTierTobebs exeba da sisxlsavsed gvixatavs imdroindel sazogadoebriv yofas,
eqimis gansakuTrebul adgils am sazogadoebaSi, mkacrad daregulirebul urTierTobebs eqims,
pacientsa da saxelmwifos Soris. fiqroben, rom es kanonebi Sumeruli warmoSobisaa, rogorc am
Zeglis Semqmneli mefec.
vin iyvnen Sumerebi?
faqtia, rom isini semitur tomebs ar ganekuTvnebodnen. arsebobs mosazreba, rom
SuamdinareTidan moyolebuli, mcire aziisa da kavkasiis, samxreT evropisa da CrdiloeT afrikis
sanapiros, TiTqmis britaneTis kunZulebamde CaTvliT gansaxlebuli iyo erTiani kulturuli da
religiuri sivrcis mqone, genetikurad maxlobeli rasiT, romelsac zogma samxreTevropuli, zogma
kavkasiuri (hegeli, blumenbaxi), zogma iberiuli da niko marma ki, iafeturi rasa uwoda.
iafeturi rasa ki, ganifina ra SuamdinareTidan britaneTamde, bunebrivad daiyo tomebad.
Semdeg ki, asimilirda ZiriTadad indoevropul rasaSi da dasabami misca dRevandel samxreTevropul
erebs. faqtia, rom dRes burusiTaa moculi xeTebisa da subarebis, miTanis saxelmwifoebis eTnikuri
Semadgenlobis sakiTxi. davaa urartus irgvlivac. aRarcerTi maTgani SemorCa rukas da darCa
mxolod arafrismTqmeli termini `mcireaziuri erebi~, rac veraviTar SemTxvevaSi SeiZens
eTnonimur semantikas. kavakasia nakrZaliviT SemorCa Zveli iafetidebis (iberebis) mosagoneblad.
baskeTic aseTive nakrZalad Cans, oRond SedarebiT daSorebuli da gaucxoebuli drosa da sivrceSi.
mcire aziaSi gansaxlebul qarTvelur tomebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili eWiraT xalibebs,
mosinikebs, kolaelebs, kolxebs da sxva mravalT. tomebi Zalze bevri da Wreli iyo, iseve, rogorc
dRes qarTuli eTnografiuli kuTxeebi. amitom uWirs ucxoel mkvlevars am aRmosavluri xaliCis
ornamentebSi garkveva.
III aTaswleuli msoflioSi didi migraciebis, an gacxovelebuli urTierTobebis epoqaa.
mcireaziur-kavkasiuri protoqarTveluri tomebi intensiur kavSirebs amyareben egviptesTan, iwyeben
intensiur moZraobas dasavleTiT, xdebian `kulturuli gamtareblebi~ kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT
mcxovrebi, aseve monaTesave tomebisaTvis. yvelaferi amis dasturia mdidari arqeologiuri masala,
naratiuli wyaroebi da epigrafika. am periodiT TariRdeba mtkvar-araqsisa da mogvianebiT
TrialeTuri kulturebis ayvaveba, rac Cemi azriT, SesaZloa, yofiliyo reaqcia (Sedegi) samxreTiT
xeTebis da mesopotamiaSi semitebis eqspansiisa da pirvel SemTxvevaSi xeTuri, xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi Sumeruli civilizaciebis mospoba/transformaciis mimarT. orive agresori, aRmosavlur
kulturaze dayrdnobiT hqmnis SesaniSnav civilizaciebs, magram, rogorc Cans, eTnokulturuli RerZis
CrdiloeTiT gadmoweva TviTgadarCenis Sinagani moTxovnileba iyo.
mtkvar-araqsisa da TrialeTis arqeologiuri monapovaris ganxilvisas samedicino TvalsazrisiT,
yuradRebas ipyrobs sxvadasxva saxis WurWeli, romelic SesaZloa samedicino mizniT iyo
gamoyenebuli, nemsebi, danebi da a.S.
da mainc, rogorc Cans, imas, rasac dRevandeli gagebiT ukve SegviZlia davarqvaT qarTuli
kultura, ZiriTadad II aTaswleulSi yalibdeba. es kolxuri kulturaa da praqtikulad dRevandeli
saqarTvelos mTel teritorias moicavs. am epoqis kulturuli profilis Sesaxeb metnaklebi siTamamiT

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SeiZleba msjeloba ukve arsebuli da sakmaod mdidari arqeologiuri masalis da ase vTqvaT, lite-
raturuli wyaroebis mixedviT.
yuradRebas ipyrobs sxvadasxva dros aRmoCenili samedicino daniSnulebis (didi albaTobiT)
sagnebi: skalpeli, saswori mcire wonebisaTvis, mravalferovani WurWeli specialuri formiTa da
gvelis gamosaxulebebiT, sawurebi, sawnex-saqajavebi da a.S. yvelafer amas srulad exmianeba da
TiTqosda avsebs, adasturebs berZnulenovan samyaroSi Seqmnili miTebi. samedicino TvalsazrisiT
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa miTi medeas Sesaxeb. rodesac saubaria xolme egviptur, Suamdinarul,
berZnul da sxva epoqalur samedicino civilizaciebze (aseTi terminic SeiZleba, albaT) safuZvlad
sruliad daurideblad gamoiyeneba xolme miTebi, legendebi, epigrafika, religiuri xasiaTis
Canawerebi da es sruliad bunebrivi da misaRebia. oRond, es iseTive uSualobiT unda gakeTdes
yvela im miTisa da legendisadmi, folkloruli masalisadmi, romelic yvela sxva qveynis da maT Soris
saqarTvelos istoriasac exeba.

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 SuamdinareTis uZvelesi
civilizacia da medicina

mesopotomias (SuamdinareTs) Zveli berZeni geografosebi uwodebdnen dablob adgils, mdina-

reebs _ tigrossa da evfrats _ Soris, maT qveda da Sua dinebaze. CrdiloeTidan da aRmosavleTidan
mas akravs somxeTisa da iranis mTianeTi, dasavleTidan siriisa da arabeTis naxevradudabnoebi,
xolo samxreTidan _ sparseTis yuris wylebi.
uZvelesi civilizaciis ganviTarebis centri mdebareobda am teritoriis samxreT nawilSi _ Zvel ba-
biloneTSi. CrdiloeT babiloneTi atarebda aqadis saxels, xolo samxreTs Sumeri (sumeri) erqva. Crdi-
loeT mesopotamiaSi, romelic mTianeTSi gardamavali borcvebis sistemas warmoadgenda, mdeba-
reobda asureTi. saerTod, rodesac laparakia Suamdinarul kulturaze da maT Soris medicinazec,
asxvaveben ganviTarebis sam etaps/periods: a)Sumeruli b)babilonuri da g)asuruli. rogorc vxedavT,
sxvadasxva tomisgan ”Seviwroebuli” uZvelesi kultura droTa ganmavlobaSi, nel-nela CrdiloeTisken
inacvlebda. es tendencia istoriis Semdgom etapebzec SeiniSneba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mwarmoebeli meurneoba wina aziaSi ufro adre aRmocenda, vidre eg-
vipteSi, saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba aq ufro gvian moxda, risi mizezic dRemde gaurkvevelia. mi-
waTmoqmedebis uZvelesi kerebi mdebareobda Tanamedrove iordaniis, palestinis, TurqeTis da ira-
nis mTianeTis dasavleT nawilSi.
cnobebi mesopotamiis samxreTSi Sumerebis pirveli dasaxlebebis Sesaxeb Cv. w-mde araugvi-
anes IV aTaswleulSi Cndeba.
Sumerebis istoriis dasawyisi mraval saidumloebas moicavs, romelTa amocnobas istorikosebma
da arqeologebma didi Zala da energia moaxmares. amJamad Cven viciT Tu rogor gamoiyurebod-
nen isini, romel RmerTs eTayvanebodnen, meurneobis romel dargebs misdevdnen, rogor zrdidnen
Svilebs. arqeologebi daabijiben Zvel Sumerul qalaqebSi, akvirdebian saxlebsa da taZrebs, magram
gamocanebis raodenoba mainc ar klebulobs.
Sumerebis qveyanam saxelwodeba miiRo im xalxisgan, romelic aq, mdinare evftratis qveda
welze, sparseTis yuresTan axlos saxlobda Cv. w.aR. -mde daaxloebiT 3000 wels. am adgilas mdi-
nare mravalricxovan totad iyofa, romelic istoriis manZilze xan erTiandeboda, xanac axal totebad iS-
leboda da imis gamo, rom mdinaris napirebi dabali iyo, arcTu iSviaTad kalapotsac icvlida. Zveli
kalapotebi ki Waobad gadaiqceoda xolme. adamianisTvis aseT rTul pirobebSi pirvel rigSi saWiro
iyo `miwis gamoyofa wylisgan~. swored amitom samxreT SuamdinareTis mosaxleoba iZulebuli
iyo amoeSro Waobebi, dambebiT daecva Tavi wyaldidobebisgan.
Tixnari borcvebi, romlebic mdebareobda mdinarisgan moSorebiT, mziT iyo gadamwvari. saSi-
neli sicxe, Waobis mZime Smori, koRosa da qinqlebis Rrubeli, adamianebs aiZulebda Sors daeWi-
raT Tavi am adgilebisgan. evfratis dablobebi xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi ar izidavda wina aziis
miwaTmoqmed da momTabare tomebis yuradRebas.
zogierTi mecnieri fiqrobs, rom yvelaferi Seicvala, roca mdinareebisa da Waobebis am qveya-
naSi gamoCndnen axali, energiuli mepatroneebi _ Sumerebi. maT ar ician saidan movidnen isini
evfratis qveda welSi. Tumca, Sumerul legendebSi naxsenebia maRali mTebi maT samSobloSi,
sazRvao gza, romelmac isini evfratis SesarTavTan miiyvana da kunZuli zRvaSi, romelsac Sumere-
bi ara marto Tavis Zvel samSoblod, aramed saerTod, yvela adamianis winaresamSoblod Tvlidnen.

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 Sumerebi Zlier gansxvavdebodnen maT irgvliv mcxovrebi xalxebisgan da es gansxvaveba pir-
vel rigSi enaSi gamoixateboda. Cvens droSi mecnierebs SeuZliaT Sumeruli warwerebis kiTxva,
Sedgenilia Sumeruli leqsikonebi. mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom Sumeruli ena ar
hgavs arcerT Zvelsa Tu Tanamedrove enebs. amitom ar SegviZlia vTqvaT, Tu romel uZveles xal-
xebs enaTesavebodnen Sumerebi. mecnierebi cdilobdnen maTi samSoblos povnas kavkasiaSic, hi-
malaizec da pamirSic. erT ram ueWvelad mosCans: isini arc semitebi iyvnen da arc indoevropelebi.
winasityvaSi aramigraciul Teorias mivemxreT, rac TvisTavad erTian megaeTnikur (rasobriv) da
kulturul ganfenilobas da erTianobas gulisxmobs mTel xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi Tu ara, mcire
aziasa da wina aRmosavleTSi mainc. am erTobis ideas arc es meore _ migraciuli _ Teoria cvlis.
piriqiT, _ metad amagrebs.
axla Tvali gavadevnoT da vnaxoT Tu rogor iqceodnen Sumerebi axal Tu ZvelTaZvel samSob-
loSi, lerwmianebsa da WaobebSi. garda im miwebisa, romelic Sumerebma nayofierad aqcies, maT
qveyanaSi didi raodenobiT iyo Tixa da lerwami. aq ar iyo arc msxvilvarjiani xeebi, arc samSeneblo
qva da arc madani liTonis gamosadnobad. warmoidgineT, rom Zvel SuamdinareTSi saxlis karebic
ki moZrav qonebad iTvleboda. roca adamiani sacxovrebel saxls icvlida, xis deficitis gamo karebi
Tan mihqonda. Sumerebma iswavles alizisgan saxlebis mSenebloba, romlebsac lerwmiT xuravd-
nen. aseT saxls yovel weliwads, rom ar dangreuliyo, TixiT lesavdnen. roca evfrati adiddeboda da
kalapots icvlida, Sumerebi xSirad tovebdnen sacxovrebel saxlebs. saTevzaod da mdinareze samg-
zavrod isini iyenebdnen lerwmisagan mownul patara, mrgval navebs, romelsac garedan asfaltobitu-
miT faravdnen, rac TixasTan erTad am qveyanaSi blomad moipoveboda.
maT Tixas kidev ufro metad mniSvnelovani funqciac SesZines. misma siuxvem Sumerebi mi-
iyvana im azramde, rom sawer masalad swored Tixis firfitebi gamoeyenebinaT. mozelili Tixisagan
Txeli firfita keTdeboda, romelzedac wvetiani CxiriT werdnen. nedl Tixaze Znelia rom erTnairi siR-
rmis xazebi gaevloT, saweri wkirebi xSirad samkuTxedis an solis formisa iyo. amitom da teqstebis
garegnuli msgavsebis gamoc istorikosebma am damwerlobas lursmuli uwodes. religiurad da
saxelmwifoebrivad mniSvnelovan Canawerebs, bunebrivia, taZris moxeleebi asrulebdnen. maT isic
ki unda daeTvalaT, Tu ramdeni marcvali darCa taZris beRelSi.
Sumerebis ZiriTadi saqmianoba miwaTmoqmedeba iyo. maT marcvleuli kulturebidan qeri,
Svria, ospi mohyavdaT. seli da vazi cudad xarobda, amitom Rvino CrdiloeTidan SemohqondaT.
Cv. w.aR.-mde me-3 aTaswleulSi Seiqmna Sumeruli literaturis Zegli _ `samiwaTmoqmedo almana-
xi~, romelSic aRwerili iyo calkeuli samuSaoebi da rekomendaciebi, Tu rogor moerwyaT miwebi da
SeenarCunebinaT misi nayofiereba. Cv. w-mde me-3 aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi gamoCnda
brinjaos sameurneo iaraRebi. soflis meurneobis mmarTvelobis centrebad iqca Sumeruli taZrebi. did
sataZro meurneobebSi mravali qurumi iyo, romelic miwebis azomviT iyo dakavebuli,
xelmZRvanelobda arxebis gayvanas, aRricxavda moweul mosavals. swored taZari warmarTavda
mezobeli qalaqebisa Tu soflebis mosaxleobisagan gadasaxadebis akrefas, arigebda sakvebs SimSi-
lobis wlebSi. amitom istorikosebi taZrebis irgvliv gaerTianebul mosaxleobas sataZro Tems uwo-
deben.
SumerSi qalaqebsa da olqebs adgilobrivi mTavari taZris qurumebi marTavdnen. umaRlesi qu-
rumi atarebda `en~-is an `ensis~ tituls. taZarTan naklebad iyo dakavSirebuli Temis laSqris meTau-
ri, romelsac `lugali~ ewodeboda. xSirad lugalebic warmoSobiT qurumTa ojaxidan iyvnen. qurume-
bis xelisufleba SumerebSi ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre samxedro beladebis _ lugalebisa.

- 10 -
 taZrebsa da lugalebs Soris xSirad xdeboda Setakebebi. lugalebi cdilobdnen mezobeli qalaqebis
dapyrobas da surdaT qveynis gaerTianeba da erTmmarTvelobis damyareba. magram, vinaidan lu-
gals, rogorc wesi, jaris sarCeni saTanado saxsrebi ar gaaCnda, iwyebda vaWrobas taZarTan. is
qurums miwebs sTxovda, raTa Tavisi mebrZolebis moTxovnebi daekmayofilebina. sanacvlod ki,
lugali taZrebs axal miwebs, mowinaaRmdege qalaqis damorCilebas da nadavlidan wils hpirdeboda.
zogjer lugali am gziT marTlac igdebda xelT did mamulebsa da xelisuflebas.
Sumeri lugalebidan arcerTi aRmoCnda iseTi Zlieri, rom qveyana gaeerTianebina. Cv. w.aR-
mde 2300 wlisaTvis Sumerul qalaqebSi politikurma brZolam metad mZafri xasiaTi miiRo.
samxedro da politikuri upiratesoba xelidan xelSi, qalaqidan qalaqze gadadioda.
Sumerebma Seqmnes metad mdidari da rTuli kultura, romelic misabaZi gaxda mTel Suamdi-
nareTsa da axlo aRmosavleTSi. Sumeruli lursmuli damwerlobiT ki mravali xalxi sargeblobda, rom-
lebmac is TavianT enebs miusadages.
Sumerebi Zlieri religiuri grZnobebis matareblebi iyvnen. maTi warmodgenebi RmerTebis,
samyaros warmoSobis, adamianis bedis Sesaxeb mraval aRmosavlur religiaSi aisaxa. mravali Su-
meruli Tqmuleba gadaiRes ebraelebma da mogvianebiT isini bibliaSi Seitanes. Sumerebs hqondaT
samyaros Secnobis dauokebeli survili: berZnebamde bevrad adre Zveli msoflios saukeTeso maTe-
matikosebad da astronomebad iyvnen aRiarebuli. winaprebis dagrovil codnas isini axalgazrdebs ga-
dascemdnen sataZro skolebSi. aq aswavlidnen lursmul wera-kiTxvas, sameurneo Canawerebis ga-
keTebas, caze dakvirvebas, miwis zust azomvas. Sumerebi udides pativs miagebdnen sibrZnes, ro-
melic maTi azriT (arcTu usafuZvlod), adamianSi yurebiT aRwevda. swored amiT aixsneba Sume-
rul naxatebsa Tu gamosaxulebebze didyureba admianebis arseboba.
Zveli aRmosavleTis qalaqebs Soris uaRresi pativiscemiTa da pirvelobis aRiarebiT babiloni
sargeblobda. is mravali legendis, bibliuri siuJetisa da miTis STagonebis wyarod iqca. TviT qalaqis
saxelwodeba _ bab-ilu (`RmerTis WiSkari~) metyvelebs mis did sakralur mniSvnelobaze. ”babilo”
ZvelqarTulad maRlar venaxsac niSnavs. babilonis umaRles RmerTs _ marduqs mravali xalxi scem-
da Tayvans, isinic ki vinc babilons ar emorCileboda. sainteresoa, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi
naTlias ”mordus” eZaxian. saerTod, Sumeruli da warmarTul qarTul panTeons Soris bevri paralelia
dafiqsirebuli (enguri, lile, ani, odi/odoia, Tamada da sxva). babilonis taZrebi da qurumebi mdidar
saCuqrebs Rebulobdnen mezobeli mefeebisgan.
babiloni orjer iyo mZlavri saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi. misi pirveli gaZliereba Cv. w-mde daaxlo-
ebiT 1800-1700 wlebis periodze modis. am epoqas `Zvel babilonurs~ uwodeben. misi meored aR-
zevebis periodi asiriis saxelmwifos dacemis Semdeg dadga, rac daaxloebiT erTi saukune gagrZelda.
es monakveTi `axali babilonuri~ samefos arsebobis wlebia. momavali babilonis adgilze ki patara
dasaxleba jer kidev Sumerebis epoqaSi arsebobda. babiloni qalaqad gadaiqca mas Semdeg, roca Su-
amdinareTi daipyres amoreebis momTabare semiturma tomebma da adgilobriv mosaxleobas
Seerivnen. kulturiT aRmatebuli Sumerebis upiratesoba aSkara iyo da mTeli Semdgomi istoria maTi
dominanturi mdgomareobiT aris niSandebuli. aristokratia da TviT samefo dinastiac Sumeruli
darCa. amoreebis tomma axali sisxli gadausxa Zvel civilizebul ers da Tavs sakuTari ena da
cxovrebis garegnuli wesi moaxvia.
babilonis samefos mmarTvelebi metad frTxil politikas awarmoebdnen. isini xelSekrulebebs
debdnen mezobel Zlier qalaq-saxelmwifoebTan: larsasTan, isinTan, marisTan. sabolood, babilonis
pirvelma xuTma mmarTvelma SeZlo sakuTari samflobelos metnaklebad gafarToeba.

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 mdgomaroeba Seicvala me-6 mefis, hamurabis, Zveli msoflios erT-erTi udidesi politikosis
mmarTvelobis dros. igi qveyanas marTavda Cv. w-mde 1792-1750 wlebSi. is axalgazrda avida sa-
mefo taxtze da cxovreba daamTavra rogorc udidesi saxelmwifos (imdroindeli sazomebiT)
erTpirovnulma gamgebelma, romelic mTel maSindel SuamdinareTs aerTianebda. politikur mokav-
SireTa kargad gaazrebulma sistemam mas mowinaRmdegeTa gadangurebis saSuleba misca. bolos
hamurabi Tavis mTavar mowinaaRmdeges, CrdiloeTSi mdebare saxelmwifo maris mefes gauswor-
da, romelsac zimri-limi erqva.
qveynis gaerTianebis Semdeg hamurabs mravali rTuli amocanis gadaWra mouxda. misi saxel-
mwifo kvlavac rom ar daSliliyo olqebad da calkeul qalaq-saxelmwifoebad, mas Zlieri xeliT da
kanonis ZaliT unda emarTa qveyana.
1901 wels, frangma arqeologebma suzaSi, Zveli elamis dedaqalaqSi warmoebuli gaTxrebis
dros, aRmoaCines qvis uzarmazari fila _ stela, romelzec hamurabi iyo gamosaxuli da 247 kanonis
teqsti iyo amotvifruli.. is lursmuli wesiT iyo Sesrulebuli. swored am kanonebis saSualebiT gaxda
CvenTvis cnobli babilonis moqalaqeTa cxovrebis wesi, maTi mentaloba da is, Tu rogor marTavda
hamurabi saxelmwifos.
sainteresoa, rom SemdgomSi asureTSi Sumerebis magaliTze Seqmnili administraciuli sistema
jer sparselebma gadaiRes, xolo mogvianebiT romaelma keisrebma. evraziis brwyinvale sasaxleebis
karis mravali wesi da tradicia aseve mesopotamiuri ZirebiT iyo nasazrdoebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli aRTqmisa da qristianul tradiciebSi babilonisa da asureTis mi-
marT mtruli damokidebuleba iyo, babiloni mravali Taobis mexsierebaSi rCeboda `pirvel samefod~,
romlis memkvidreebic SemdegSi sxva didi imperiebi gaxda.
istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, mesopotamiisa da egviptis medicina uZvelesi droidan yofila cno-
bili. Cvenamde moRweulia mesopotamiuri e. w. lursmuli teqstebi sardanapalis biblioTekidan
(asuruli periodi) da hamurabis (babilonis periodi) sakanonmdeblo kodeqsi, romlebidanac Cans am
qveynebSi medicinis ganviTarebis done, sazogadoebis socialuri struqtura da eqimis adgili am
speqtrSi, saeqimo saqmianobis samarTlebrivi da eTikuri sakiTxebi da sxva.
pirveli wyaro SumerebSi samedicino codnis Sesaxeb ganekuTvneba Cv. w. aRricxvamde III
aTaswleuls da warmoadgens 9,5X16 zomis Tixis firfitas, romelic moicavs sam ganyofilebas, 145
striqons da warmoadgens sami saxis (cxeli safenebi, Sinagani da garegani samkurnalo saSulebebi)
15 recepts. Canaweri lakonurobiT gamoirCeva. mag.: ”gaceriT da guldasmiT SeurieT erTmaneTs
kus danayili bakani, mcenare nagas (iyenebdnen sodis misaRebad) ylortebi, marili da mdogvi. moi-
baneT mtkinveuli adgili magari ludiT da cxeli wyliT, ris Semdegac SeizileT zemoaRniSnuli nazavi
da daiyareT soWis dafxvnili wiwvebi.”
saerTod, receptebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom Sumeri mkurnalebi farTod iyenebdnen mcenareuli
warmoSobis samkurnalo saSualebebs, rogoricaa: mdogvi, soWi, fiWvi, qliavi, msxali, tirifi, mcena-
re lekanoru (`mana~). wamlebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda agreTve mineraluri warmoSobis
komponentebic: navTobi, bunebrivi asfaltis kupri, sufris marili. gamoiyeneboda cxoveluri
warmoSobis ingredientebic: rZe, matyli, kus bakani, wylis gvelis organoebi. receptebis analizi
gviCvenebs, rom mkurnali, romelmac es teqstebi Seadgina, Tavis codnas empiriul dakvirvebebiTac
amdidrebda. Tixis firfita ar Seicavs arc erT sityvas RmerTisa da demonebis Sesaxeb, rac ase
SesamCnevia Zveli mesopotamiis ufro gviandel receptebSi. SesaZloa, is ufro didi teqstis nawili
iyos, an asu-eqimis (racionaluri meTodebiT mkurnali) sakuTrebas warmoadgendes. asipu-eqimis
(Selocvebis eqimi) firfita, savaraudod, sulac ar arsebobda: locvebi xom ezoTeruli codnis maragidan
- 12 -
iyo da misi sazogadod gamxela ar egeboda, anu mesopotamiis istoriis am periodisaTvis codnis
mniSvnelovani nawili zepiri saxiT gadaicemoda. firfitaSi miTiTebuli ar aris Tu romeli daavadebe-
bis mkuranlobis dros unda gamoeyenebinaT es recepti, rac gamoTqmuli varaudis sasargeblod
laparakobs..
babilonSi miaCndaT, rom qalRmerTebs Soris upirveless _ iSTars SeeZlo daavadebebisagan
gankurneba. mas `didi mkurnalisa~ da `micvalebulTa gamacocxlebels~ uwodebdnen.
samedicino codnis ganviTareba da tradiciuli medicina babilonSi (XVII-XIII sauk. Cv. eramde)
Sumeris gavleniTa da uSualo memkvidreobis gamo ori mimarTulebiT Camoyalibda: asutu (`mkur-
nalTa xelovneba~) da aSiputu (`SemlocvelTa xelovneba~). xolo daavadebaTa gamomwvevebad sa-
mi mizezi iTvleboda: 1. zebunebrivi Zalebi (mag. maTi rwmeniT Tavis tkivils da gulisrevas iwvev-
da qariSxlis demoni pazuzu, xolo saSinel moxuc demon qals lamaStus SeeZlo bavSvebis daavadeba
cieb-cxelebiT); 2. samarTlebrivi da moraluri normebis, aseve, wes-Cveulebebis darRvevebi (mag.
gaTxovil qalTan an qurumTan miaxloeba) da 3. bunebrivi mizezebi (arajansaRi sakvebis miReba,
dabinZurebul mdinareSi banaoba, usufTaoba).
mkurnali ufro xSirad optimisturad iyo ganwyobili, rac gamoixateboda miTvis Cveul frazebSi:
`is gamojanmrTeldeba~, `is gadarCeba~... Tu daavadeba scildeboda misi kompetenciis farglebs, is
xels ar hkidebda avadmyofs. asus, rogorc mkurnals, gaaCnda realuri mizani: `ciebisa da cxelebis
SeCereba~, `simsivnis dacxroma, `xelisa da fexis gamovardnili ZarRvebis damSvideba~ da sxv. asu
TviTon agrovebda, inaxavda da amzadebda wamlebs sacxis, fxvnilebis, abebis, sanTlebisa da tam-
ponebis saxiT. asus, rogorc warmatebuli mkurnalis Sesaxeb cnobebs Seicavs mefe aSurbanipalisad-
mi misi Zmis mier da qalaq nipuris taZris mkurnalis (XIV sauk. Cv. eramde) mier qalaqis mmaTr-
velisadmi miwerili werilebi. am mimoweridan Cans, agreTve, rom afTiaqi mukalimis xelmZRvane-
lobiT muSaobda, mkurnalobdnen monebsac da pacientebi gamojanmrTelebamde mkurnalis meT-
valyureobis qveS rCebodnen.
aSipus mkurnalobis meTods babilonSi, iseve rogorc SumerebSi, Selocva warmoadgenda. misi
samkurnalwamlo arsenali metad SezRuduli iyo. iSviaTad akeTebda keTilsaimedo prognozebs da
zog SemTxvevaSi axlos ar ekareboda avadmyofs, rogorc boroti da mavne Zalebis msxverpls. amis
miuxedavad, isini mefis karis mkurnalebad iTvlebodnen, sadac, rogorc zemoaRniSnuli werilidanac
Cans, mxolod warumatebeli mkurnalobis SemTxvevaSi iwvevdnen asus. ufro gviandeli xanis same-
dicino teqstebidan Cans, rom aSipum gaaerTiana orive mimarTuleba. es metad mniSvnelovani etapi
gaxlavT medicinis ganviTarebisTvis.
Zveli mesopotamiis samedicino teqstebis umravlesoba aRmoCenilia asureTis dedaqalaqis,
aSuris maxloblad Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros da TariRdeba II-I aTaswleuliT Cv. eram-
de. yoveli maTgani Sedgenilia garkveuli sqemis mixedviT da iwyeba sityvebiT: `Tu adamiani ava-
daa~... da mTavrdeba sityvebiT: `...is gamojanmrTeldeba~.
Zvel mesopotamiaSi saTanadod ar hqondaT Seswavlili adamianis aRnagoba, radgan ar mimar-
Tavdnen gvamebis gakveTas da Zalze zogadi warmodgena hqondaT iseT organoebze, rogoricaa
RviZli, guli, Tirkmeli, kuWi, nawlavebi. Cvenamde moRweul lursmul teqstebSi ar aris aRwerili arc
erTi qirurgiuli operacia, Tumca naxsenebia zogierTi samedicino instrumenti, mag.: spilenZis mile-
bi, Spadelebi, brinjaos danebi da Cv. w. aRricxvamde XI-VI saukuneebis teqstebSi aRwerilia kast-
raciis operacia, romelsac specialurad ganswavluli adamianebi atarebdnen. es teqstebi aseve Seicavs
cnobebs eqimi qalis, romelic kurnavda qalur daavadebebs da Tvalis eqimis Sesaxeb.

- 13 -
 Zveli Suamdinarul saxelmwifoebSi arsebobda higienis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli wesebi. eride-
bodnen wylis dalevas dabinZurebuli WurWlidan, arajansaRi sakvebis miRebas da sxv. gansakuTre-
bulad icavdnen higienas qurumebi, romlebic atarebdnen ZviradRirebul TeTr tansacmels. Tu mefes
miuaxlovdeboda usufTao adamiani, an mosamsaxure WuWyiani xelebiT, iwyeboda mTeli sasaxlisa
da mimdebare teritoriebis dasufTaveba. qalaqebSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar hqondaT kanalizacia.
bunebrivi wyalsacavebi ki imdenad iyo dabinZurebuli, rom wylis nacvlad yvela (maT Soris bavS-
vebic) svamda luds da sxadasxva sasmels.
msoflioSi uZvelesi kanonmdebloba babilonis mefis, hamurabis (1792-1759 Cv. eramde) sa-
xelTanaa dakavSirebuli, romlis drosac babilonis samefom udides ganviTarebas miaRwia. hamurabi
arameul enaze niSnavs `mefe-mkurnals~. `hamurabis kanonebi~ 2,25 metris bazaltis boZzea (luv-
ri,parizi) amotvifruli da ganekuTvneba Cv. welTaRricxvamde XVIII saukunes. kanonebi Sedgeba
prologisagan, sakuTriv kanonebisagan (282 paragrafi) da epilogisagan. igi warmoadgens Zveli me-
sopotamiis yvelaze mniSvnelovan samarTlebriv Zegls, romelSic sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili
uWiravs samedicino samarTlis sakiTxebsac. rogorc teqstidan irkveva, am periodSi mkurnals sak-
maod maRali anazRaureba hqonda, rac aixsneboda maRali profesiuli riskiT. warumatebeli mkurna-
lobis SemTxvevaSi, isini mkacrad isjebodnen. amis Sesaxeb kanonebSi vkiTxulobT: `Tu mkurnals
Semoakvda avadmyofi an dauSrita Tvali, mas unda moeWras mkvlavi~.
hamurebis kanonebSi aRsaniSnavia muxlebi: 196-dan 227-mde, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania Semdegi muxlebi:
muxli 215. `Tu eqimi vinmeze brinjaos daniT mZime ganakveTis saSualebiT gankurnavs (am)
adamians an brinjaos daniT visme Cxintis (Cxinti _ kataraqta) amoRebiT gankurnavs am adamianis
Tvals, igi miiRebs aT sekal vercxls~.
`magram Tu avadmyofi muSkenua, eqimi misgan miiRebs mxolod xuT sekal vercxls~ (muxli
216).
`Tu avadmyofi visime monaa, maSin monis patroni aZlevs eqims or sekal vercxls~ (muxli
217).
muxli 218. `Tu eqimi vinmeze brinjaos daniT mZime ganakveTis gakeTebisas mohklavs (am)
adamians, maSin mas unda moeWras xelebi~.
`magram Tu avadmyofi `muSkenus monaa~, misi sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi eqimi valdebulia
misces monaSi mona~. (muxli 219). `Tvalis dazianebisas ki eqimi ixdis monis Rirebulebis naxe-
vars~. (muxli 220).
amrigad, irkveva, rom Zvel babilonSi eqimi iyo sazogadoebis garkveuli jgufis warmomadgene-
li. misi mdgomareoba, movaleoba da uflebebi ki _ saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanonebiT gansazRvruli.
mTeli Tavisi mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze Zveli mesopotamiis kulturam didi gavlena
moaxdina samecniero codnis ganviTarebaze mTels wina aziaSi. rasakvirvelia, aseve warmatebiT
vrceldeboda mesopotamiuri didi samedicino codna da gamocdileba aramarto am regionSi, aramed
mTels evraziul kontinentze. zemoT ukve aRiniSna SumerTa SesaZlo kavSirebis Sesaxeb
kavkasiasTan.
XIX saukunis frangma orientalistma lenormanma gamoTqva mosazreba qarTuli da Sumeruli
enebis naTesaobis Sesaxeb. mecnierebma SeamCnies bevri religiuri da kulturologiuri Tanxvedrac.
am mxriv sainteresod moCans qarTul _ Sumeruli samedicino xasiaTis paralelebi.
saqarTveloSi Cawerili folkloruli masalis mixedviTac SesaZlebeli xdeba qarTuli warmarTuli
kulturis dakavSireba Sumeruli samyarosTan, gansakuTrebiT Sumerul magiur medicinasTan. maga-
- 14 -
liTad: moarul senTa gamomwvevad xalxs batonebi miaCnda. batonebis dedad aRiarebuli iyo barba-
re. iv. javaxiSvils Tavis TxzulebaSi `saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobel aRmosavleTis istoriul-
eTnologiuri problemebi~ mohyavs qarTlSi Cawerili xalxuri leqsi:
`diliT mze amosuliyo, barbare gamosuliyo
exura didi sabani Sig ewva batoniSvili,
batoniSvili levani margalitisa mtevani~...
aseTive leqsi aqvs Cawerili eqvTime TayaiSvils imereTSi.
wmida barbares Sesaxeb cnobebi Semonaxulia uZveles qarTul teqstebSic. me-10 saukunis xel-
naweris mixedviT TiTqos dioskurma Tavi mohkveTa barbares. wmida barbares saxeli dakavSirebu-
lia zeciur cecxlTan da qariSxalTan.
qarTvel xalxSi dRemde Semonaxul folklorul masalebs iv. javaxiSvili adarebs babilonur wyaro-
ebs da aRniSnavs:
`Sumerebisagan SeTvisebuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad babilonelebsac swamdaT iseve, rogorc
qarTvelebs, rom yovelgvari sneuleba adamians erT-erTi avi RvTaebisagan emarTeboda, aseT av-
sulTa ricxvic gansazRvruli hqondaT. darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom isini Svidni iyvnen da maT iseTi
Zala hqondaT, rom erTxel mTvaris RvTaebasac ki Tavs dasxmian da misi sinaTle daubnelebiaT
(mTvaris dabneleba igulisxmeba)~.
iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, dReisaTvis mTaSi SemorCenili wmida barbare `Svidi batoniT~ Sumer-
Ta drois labartyus saxecvlilebaa qristianul epoqaSi.
marTlac, fonetikurad Sumerul babilonur labartyu-babar emTxveva qarTul barbare _ barbols.
maT Soris ueWveli analogiaa semantikuradac.
kidev ufro meti siaxlovea Sumerul miTs gilgameSis Sesaxeb da qarTul amiranians Soris. garda
siuJeturi igiveobisa, aq aris rigi apeqtebisa, romelic gulisxmobs saerTo warmarTul panTeons,
toponimebsa da anTroponimebs, msoflmxedvelobriv aspeqtebs da a.S. yvela am mimarTulebiT
mniSvnelovani kvlevebi Caatara mixeil Sengeliam. misive moZiebulia saintereso Sumerul-qarTuli
paralelebi samedicino terminologiis kuTxiT, romelTa raodenoba 40-s aRwevs. magaliTad:
sakiki/Tavis tkivili _ Sakiki (qarT.); asakku/sisuste, uRonoba _ asaki, asakobrivi uRonoba (qarT.);
qullu/Tavis qala _ qala (qarT.); kisadu/kiseri _ kiseri (qarT.); banu/sufTa _ banaoba(qarT.);
ten/Wkua, goneba _ tvini (qarT.)
unda aRiniSnos, rom samedicino, ufro zustad, sxeulis svadasxva nawilis aRmniSvneli
terminebi Zalze konservatiulia _ gansakuTrebiT gamZlea drosa da sivrceSi. amdenad, moyvanili
magaliTebi dafiqrebisa da gansjis sababs iZleva.

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 mkurnalobis RvTaeba gula

SuamdinareTis istoriuli rukebi

- 16 -
 ziquraTi _ Suamdinarelebis salocavi

samedicino _ sakraluri mniSvnelobis artefaqtebi

- 17 -
stela hamurabis kanonebiT

Tixis firfitebi

- 18 -
mkurnalobis RvTaeba

babilonis godoli

- 19 -
 eqimoba Zvel egvipteSi

Zveli egvipte afrikis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebareobda. mas CrdiloeTiT xmelTaSua

zRva, dasavleTiT libiis udabno, aRmosavleTiT arabeTis udabno da wiTeli zRva, samxreTiT ki
mdinare nilosis Woromebi da maRali mTebi esazRvreba. nilosi egviptis erTaderTi mdinarea. igi
samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken miedineba. xmelTaSua zRvis SesarTavTan nilosi, uZveles droSi, Svid
totad iyofoda da Zlier waagavda gadabrunebul berZnul aso deltas, amitom mdinaris SesarTavs ber-
Znebma `delta~ uwodes. egviptelebi TavianT sacxvrebels `qemeTs~ anu `Savmiwa qveyanas~
uwodebdnen, udabnos ki _ `wiTel qveyanas~.
Tanamedrove saxelwodeba `egvipte~ berZnulis gavleniT damkvidrda. `egiptos~ _ ase
gamoTqvamdnen isini am qveynis uZvelesi dedaqalaqis heT-ka-ptahis (`ptahis oreulis saxlis~)
saxels. sxvanairad am qalaqis saxels asec gamoTqvamdnen: men-nefer-pepi (`pepis uWknobi
silamaze~), SemoklebiT: men-nefer, memfisi. egvipteli qurumisa da mematianis maneTonis mier
damkvidrebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad egviptis is0tria 4 epoqad da ramdenime periodad iyofa:
adreuli samefos epoqa: 3.000_2.800 w.w. qr.S-mde;
uZvelesi samefos epoqa: 2.800_2.250 w.w. qr.S-mde;
pirveli daSlis periodi: 2.250-2.050w.w. qr.S-mde;
Sua samefos epoqa: 2.050-1.750w.w. qr.S-mde;
meore daSlis periodi: 1.750-1.580w.w. qr.S-mde;
axali samefos periodi: 1.580-1.085w.w. qr.S-mde;
gviani (libiur-saisuri da sparsuli) periodi: 1.085-332 w.w. qr.S-mde;
berZnul-romauli (elinisturi) periodi: 332w.qr.S-mde _ 395w.qr.S._dan
bizantiuri periodi: 395 _ 638w.w.qr.S.-dan:
arabebis SeWra egvipteSi: 639w.qr.S.-dan (islamuri periodi).
qr. S-mde meoTxe aTaswleulis bolos ori saxelmwifo warmoiSva: samxreTi da CrdiloeTi eg-
vipte. am saxelmwifos meTaurebs faraoni ewodeboda, rac egviptur enaze `did saxls~ niSnavs. Crdi-
loeT egviptis faraonTa wiTeli feris gvirgvins amSvenebda papirusi, xolo samxreT egviptis TeTr
gvirgvins _ SroSani.
qr. S-mde 3100 wels samxreT egviptis faraonma menesma ori samefo gaaerTiana. igi iyo erTi-
ani egviptis pirveli faraoni da egviptis dedaqalaqis _ memfisis aRmaSenebeli.
qr. S-mde 28-e saukunidan egvipteSi daiwyo msoflios erT-erTi saocrebis _ piramidebis mSe-
nebloba. piramidebi warmoadgenda faraonebisaTvis gankuTvnil ZvalSesalags. pirveli, e.w.
safexurebiani piramida ekuTvnoda faraon josers, romelic aago SemdgomSi gaRmerTebulma
arqiteqtorma, brZenma da mkurnalma imhotepma. berZnebi mas xSirad asklepiosTan aigivebdnen.
faraon xeofsis (egv. xufu) piramida qr. S-mde 26 s-Si aSenda. piramidis simaRle 147 aRwevda
(amJamad darCenilia 136 m.) TiToeuli gverdis sigrZe 233 metria. piramidas irgvliv rom Semouaro,
daaxloebiT, erTi kilometri unda gaiaro. mis mSeneblobaze 2 300 000 lodi daixarja, Tioeuli maTga-
ni or tonaze mets iwonida. lodebis dasamagreblad araviTar xsnars ar iyenebdnen. xeofsis piramidis
mSenebloba oc wels gagrZelda.
arqeologebma piramidis da samarxebis gaTxrebisas sxva didmniSvnelovan artefaqtebTan
erTad egviptelTa mier Seqmnili saweri masala, papirusi aRmoaCines. igi mzaddeboda papirusis xi-
sagan, romlis simaRle 5 metrs udrida. egviptelebi papirusis webovan guls grZel zolebad Wridnen

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da erTmaneTTan mWidrod awyobdnen. zevidan aseTive zolebs gardigardmo daadebdnen da simZi-
miT dawnexdnen. wnexvis da webovani siTxis gamodinebis Sedegad papirusi Txel, erTian da Ta-
naswor zedapirian furclad gadaiqceoda. wnexvis sistemis gamoyenebiT am furclebs erTmaneTze
gadaabamdnen da gragnilad aqcevdnen. Cvenamde moRweul gragnilebs Soris yvelaze grZeli 45
metri sigrZisaa.
egviptelebma TandaTan iswavles nilosis wyaldidobebisas datovebuli noyieri Slamis miwaT-
moqmedebisaTvis efeqturi gamoyeneba, rac friad mniSvnelovani ram iyo qveynis
ganviTarebisaTvis. es epoqa kulturologiuri TvalsazrisiTac warmatebuli iyo, vinaidan Camoyalibda
religiuri warmodgenebi, msoflmxedvelobrivi kredo, xuroTmoZRvrebisa da xelovnebis
TviTmyofadi ieri, romelic aTaswleulebis manZilze ZiriTadad ucvleli darCa. gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia ieroglifuri damwerlobiTi sistemis SemoReba (berZ. Hieros _ wmida, glyphe _
kveTili gamosaxuleba). saxelwodebidanac Cans, rom is Tavdapirvelad gandobilebisaTvis da sul
didi _ elitaruli wrisTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi da ZiriTadad religiuri, qveynisaTvis mniSvnelovani da
aucilebeli codnis Sesanaxad Seiqmna. eqimoba aseTi codnis kategoriad iqna miCneuli da dRes
Cven xelTa gvaqvs aTaswlovani samedicino xasiaTis egvipturi xelnawerebi. medicina, iseve rogorc
maTematika, arqiteqtura, astronomia da sxva mecnierebebi iswavleboda im drois umaRles skoleb-
Si, romelTac `cxovrebis saxli~ ewodeboda. momaval eqimebs maswavleblebi codnasTan erTad
maRal moralur-eTikur normebsac aziarebdnen. wesebis darRveva Zalze mkacrad isjeboda.
mkurnalis damokidebuleba Tavis skolasTan uwyveti iyo. xSirad misTvis gankuTvnil honorarsac ki
skolas uxdidnen.
egvipturi religia, romelmac TiTqmis 3.500 weli iarseba, iseTive poliTeisturi
(mravalRmerTianoba) iyo, rogorc mesopotamiuri, xaTur – xeTuri, mcireaziur_kavkasiuri Tu
berZnuli. uZveles egvipteSi TiToeul Tems sakuTari RvTaeba hyavda. maT pativsacemad
dasaxlebis centrSi taZari iyo agebuli, romelsac Temis mier arCeuli RvTis msaxuri ganagebda.
Tumca, am qveyanaSi yovelTvis ikveTeboda `mTavari RvTaebis~ gamoyofis aucilebloba da
mniSvneloba. TiToeuls RvTaebaTagan Tavisi (xSirad, _ araerTi) zoomorfuli gamoxatuleba
hqonda: xaris, niangis, katis, cxvris, lomis, Sevardnis, qoris an sxva saxiT iyvnen warmodgenilni
salocavebSi. wmida cxovelebad Seracxulebis mokvla sikvdiliT isjeboda da maT maRali wodebis
adamianebiviT balzamirebasa da mumifikacias ukeTebdnen, sarkofagebSi marxavdnen.
gansakuTrebul pativSi gveli – kobra uajiTi (egv. uajiT – mwvane) iyo. is qvemo egviptes
mfarvelobda da saerTod mterTagan damcveli RvTaebis funqcia hqonda. uajiTi sxva wmida
cxovelebTan erTad faraonis Tavsarqmelze iyo gamosaxuli, xSirad _ wmida Tval `ujaTTan~
wyvilSi. es ukanaskneli RvTiur Tvalad moiazreboda da Sevarden Hhoris (berZn. horos - Soreuli,
maRla myofi) saxe hqonda. TviTon hori – zecisa da haeris RmerTi _ qalRmerT esitas (berZn.-
isida) da RmerT usiris (berZn. _ osiris) Svili iyo. saeqimo sibrZne horma dedisgan – isidasgan –
miiRo memkvidreobiT, romelic papirusebSi magiuri medicinis Semqmnelad da bavSvebis
mfarveladaa moxseniebuli. is aramarto dedobis, aramed, nayofierebis, ganaxlebisa da saerTod,
cocxali samyaros gansaxiereba iyo. mis qmars (Zmas), mze – ras Camomaval osiriss saiqio
cxovrebis da amave dros, TviTganaxlebis, ukvdavebis RmerTad racxdnen da gacocxlebuli mumiis
saxiT gamoxatavdnen. osirisamde saiqios gamgeblad da balzamirebis codnis matareblad inpu
(berZn. – anubis) iTvleboda. gadmocemis Tanaxmad man gaukeTa pirvelad balzamireba da
mumifikacia osiriss.

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 codnisa da damwerlobis erTerTi umTavresi RvTaeba iyo jexuTi (berZn. Tot – ToTi). mas
miewereba damwerlobis, maTematikisa da astronomiis, religiuri wes – Cveulebebis, musikisa da
eqimobis Seqmna da dafuZneba. gadmocemebi masve miaweren pirveli egvipturi samedicino
teqstebis Sedgenasac. mas ibisis an pavianis saxiT gamoxatavdnen. UuSualod saeqimo saqmianobis
mfarveli, anu ase vTqvaT `profesiuli~ RvTaeba sohmeti (egv. Sohmet/Sahmet - Zlieri) iyo. is omis
RvTaebac da memfisis mfarvelis, RvTaebaTa Soris upirvelesis _ ptahis _ meuRlec gaxldaT. mas
trdiciulad lomis saxe hqonda.
qalebisa da kerZod, mSobiareebis qalRmerTi iyo tauerTi. is orsuli hipopotamis saxiT hyavdaT
warmodgenili. misi patara qandaki yovelTvis idga nebismieri wris mSobiare (orsuli) qalis
sasTumalTan.
egviptelTa sakulto azrovnebaSi usulo da sulier sagnebs Soris damokidebulebis, adamiansa da
kosmoss Soris kavSiris simbolod miCneuli iyo xoWo-skarabis cxovrebis wesi: is kvercxebs debs da
aTavsebs Tixanarev nakelis `burTulebSi~, sadac mzis sxivebis saSualebiT xdeba sicocxlis Casaxva.
anu, skarabi mzis sxivebis saSualebiT ukavSirdeba kosmiur Zalebs da amiT uzrunvelyofs axali si-
cocxlisTvis sulis STabervas. Zveli egviptelebis warmodgeniT mTavari sicocxle centralizebuli iyo
gulSi da amitomac skarabis amulets gulis (sicocxlis) damcavi Zala hqonda. skarabi iyo generaciis,
axali sicocxlis da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis simboloc. mas mumiis SigniT amagrebdnen, rac TuTanha-
monis akldamis SeswavliTac dadasturda. saerTod, sruliad unikaluria egviptelTa damokidebuleba
sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxTan. maT mtkiced swamdaT, rom adamiani gardacvalebis merec
agrZelebda cxovrebas da amisTvis isini mTeli amqveynad yofnis dros emzadebodnen.
samedicino codnis ganviTarebas Zvel egvipteSi xeli mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo mumifikaciis
tradiciam. am saqmiT dakavebul adamianebs Tarihevtebs uwodebdnen. mumificireba iyo procesi,
romelic cxedars gaxrwnisagan icavda. balzamirebis ostati gardacvlilis gvamidan Sinagan organo-
ebs: RviZls, filtvebs, kuWs, nawlavebsa da tvins iRebda da specialur WurWelSi e. w. kanopebSi
inaxavda, xolo guls, romelic sicocxlis simbolo iyo da adamianis sibrZnis wyarod iTvleboda, sxeulSi
tovebda. Semdeg gvams bandnen, bunebrivi marilebiT faravdnen da zeTiTa da fisiT JRenTdnen.
bolos gvams tilos ramdenime fenas axvevdnen. dakrZalvis procesi gardacvalebidan 70 dRe grZel-
deboda. pirveli egviptelebi mumificirebamde gardacvlils pirdapir udabnos qviSaSi marxavdnen.
cxeli qviSa gvams aSrobda da gaxrwnisagan icavda, egviptelebs wamdaT, rom sikvdilis Semdeg si-
cocxle grZeleboda, amitom amisTvis winaswar gulmodgined emzadebodnen da mumiebs amzadeb-
dnen, raTa sxeuli gardacvlilTa sulisaTvis SeenarCunebinaT. maTi azriT sulis Semadgenel nawilebs
`ka~-sa da `ba~-s sasmel-saWmeli, TviTon gardacvlils ki msaxurebi, tansacmeli da avejic Wirdebo-
da. aqwdan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, rom egviptelebi am nivTebs saflavSi atandnen. sarkofagebs
aRmosavleT mxareze xSirad axatavdnen Tvalebs, raTa gardacvlils amomavali mzis danaxva SesZ-
leboda. dakrZalvamde qurumi mumiis pirs specialuri instrumentiT exeboda. `piris gaRebis~ es ce-
remonia, egviptelTa azriT sxeuls sicocxles ubrunebda. ase rom sikvdilis Semdeg adamians Wama
da laparaki “SeeZlo”. samoTxeSi mosaxvedrad gardacvlils miwisqveSeTSi `uvneblad~ unda gaevlo
da amisTvis Selocvebi iyo saWiro. Selocvebi papirusis gragnze ewera, romelsac dRes `gardacvlilTa
wigns~ vuwodebT.
egvipturi mumiebis maRalteqnologiuri Seswavla unikalur cnobebs gvawvdis Zveli egviptelebis
daavadebaTa, cxovrebis wesis, kvebis da eTnikuri kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb. SesaZloa rogorc
memkvidruli, aseve SeZenili da infeqciuri sneulebebis deteqcia: saxsrebisa da Zvlebis, ybebisa da
kbilebis, sisxlZarRvTa da parazituli daavadebebis, malariis, Savi Wiris, yvavilis da a. S.
- 22 -
aRmoCena. ase dasturdeba/eWvqveS dgeba mematianeTa Canawerebi, sandod/saeWvod miCneuli
istoriuli faqtebi. bevri ram kvlevis adreul etapebzec dafiqsirda, rac Sesabamisi periodis samecniero
da teqnologiuri doniT iyo ganpirobebuli: Zvlebis tramvuli da paTologiuri dazianebebi, yvavilis Cir-
qgrovebi ramzes II-is saxis kanze, mumiebis kanze aRmoCenili Savi Wiris Cxirebi da sxva.
dRes bioarqeologiuri kvlevebi Semdegi ZiriTadad mimarTulebebiT viTardeba: a) vizualuri
anTropologiuri Seswavla; b) qimiuri analizi; g) stabiluri izotopuri analizi; d) genetikuri kvlevebi.
yvelaferma aman drevandel mecnierebs saSualeba misca argumentirebulad emsjelaT Zveli egviptis
(aramarto egviptis) istoriis bevr sakamaTo da gadauWrel sakiTxze.
sainteresoa, rom egviptelebma pirvelma Semoitanes saiqio, RvTiuri sasamarTlos idea. maTi
warmodgeniT mTavari mosamarTle osirisi iyo, bralmdebeli _ codnis RmerTi ToTi, anubisi ki
gardacvlilis guls wonida, raTa codvili adamianisSvilis Semdgomi bedi gaerkvia: eRirseboda ki mas
saufevelSi moxvedra? amisTvis guli siraqlemas bumbulze msubuqi unda yofiliyo. es ukanaskneli
kanonisa da samarTlianobis simbolod miiCneoda.
Zveli egviptis mecniereba da xelovneba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi harmoniulad viTardeboda.
Sua epoqa egviptis istoriaSi gamoirCeva mecnieruli codnis upiratesi ganviTarebiT da
swrafviT yvelaferi es Cawerili da mowesrigebuli yofiliyo. sabunebismetyvelo, maTematikuri da
samedicino xasiaTis papirusebis uZvelesi nawili swored am dros ganekuTvneba.
axali samefos epoqa egvipturi saxelmwifos politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli ayvavebis
oqros xanad unda CaiTvalos. XVIII – XX dinastiis faraonebis men-hefer-ra (berZn. TuTmos III) da
user-maaT-ra-sotep-en-ra (berZn. ramzes II) zeobisas ganviTarda astronomia: dRe 24 saaTad daiyo,
Seiqmna kalendari, romlis mixedviTac weliwadi 365 dRiT iyo warmodgenili (12 ocdaaTdRiani Tve
da xuTi damatebiTi dRe wlis bolos). es kalendari mogvianebiT (45w. qr,S-dan) romis imperiamac
gadaiRo da gvian Suasaukuneebamde ar daukargavs mniSvneloba evropisaTvis. amave epoqaSi
Seiqmna samedicini papirusebis udidesi nawili.
saerTod, rodesac saubaria Zvel egviptur medicinaze, igulisxmeba uzarmazari drois
monakveTi qristeSobamde IV aTaswleulidan IV saukunemde, anu aleqsandre makedonelis mier
aRmosavleTis damorCilebisa da e.w. `elinisturi xanis~ dasawyisamde. am dros egvipte ukve
elinisturi saxelmwifoebis rigs SeuerTda da ganviTarebis Tvisobrivad axal etaps Seudga, rac
siuzerenuli didi imperiis seriozul gavlenas gulisxmobda. Tumca, am uZveles qveyanas
TviTmyofadoba arasdros daukargavs.
ase rom, egvipturi medicinis ganviTareba SeiZleba pirobiTad ase davyoT:
_ samefo xana: IVaTaswl. _ IVs.qr.S-mde;
_ berZnul–romauli anu elinisturi periodi: 332s.qr.S.- mde – 395w.qr.S.-dan;
_ bizantiuri periodi: 395 – 638w.w.qr.S.-dan;
_ islamuri xana: 638w.qr.S.-dan XIX s-mde.
egvipturi medicinis Seswavlis wyaroebi Sesabamisi epoqebiTaa ganpirobebuli. amdenad, is
SeiZleba mravalgvari iyos:
_ epigrafikuli warwerebi da gamosaxulebebi piramidebze, akldamebze, sarkofagebsa da
stelebze;
_ samedicino xasiaTis papirusebis Seswavla;
_ arqeologiuri masala: samedicino iaraRebi, WurWeli, morTulobebi da sxva;
_ mumiebis tradiciuli da Tanamedrove maRalteqnologiuri meTodebiT Seswavla;

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 _ sxva qveynisa da sxva enaze Sedgenili teqstebi, romlebic egvipturi medicinis Sesaxeb
informacias Seicaven.
Zveli egviptis medicinis istoriis Sesaxeb pirvelad masalas iZleva samarxebisa da piramidebis
kedlebze, sarkofagebsa da stelebze arsebuli samedicino xasiaTis warwerebi. magaliTad egviptis
mexuTe dinastiis mefis neferirka-ras mTavari arqiteqtoris uaS-ptahas akldamis kedelze weria, rom
is uecrad gardaicvala faraonis Tvalwin. es aris yvelaze Zveli cnoba gulis uecari gaCerebiT
gamowveul sikvdilze, romelic sxvadasxva avadmyofobiT SeiZleboda yofiliyo gamowveuli (insulti,
miokardiumis infarqti da sxva).
uZvelesi samedicino papirusebis arsebobaze arqeologiur aRmoCenebamde mowmoben Zvel
istorikosTa Canawerebic. magaliTad maneToni (IVs qr.S.-mde) gvamcnobs, rom pirveli dinastiis
mefe aTotisi daxelovnebuli eqimi yofila da Seudgenia samedicino teqsti adamianis aRnagobis
Sesaxeb.
XIX–XXs.s. Catarebulma arqeologiurma kvlevebma sruliad axali sityva Tqva msoflio kulturis
ganviTarebis istoriaSi. yvelaferi ki napoleonis egvipturi laSqrobiT daiwyo. am avantiuris dros
patara qalaq rozetasTan napovni iqna qva samdamwerlobiani warweriT: ZvelberZnul da oric
Zvelegviptur enaze. egvipturidan erTi ieroglifuri damwerlobiT iyo Sesrulebuli, meore _
demotikuriT. “rozetis qvam~ da napoleonis Tanmxlebi mecnierebis mier Caxatulma egvipturma
damwerlobiTma Zeglebma mosveneba daukarga msoflios mecnierebs. mxolod J. Sampolionma
SeZlo gaeSifra egvipturi ieroglifebi. es 1822 wels moxda da dasabami misca dargebis da
mimarTulebebis mTel rigs. mogvianebiT arqeologebis mier gakeTebulma aRmoCenebma da
gaSifrulma nusxebma axali era daiwyo msoflio kulturologiaSi. am saocar artefaqtebs Soris iyo
samedicino xasiaTis papirusebic, romlebic Sua da axali samefos xanas ekuTvnis da II aTaswleulSia
Cawerili. es sulac ar gamoricxavs ufro adrindeli teqstebis arsebobas, romelTa aslebsac unda
warmoadgendes dRes Cvens xelT arsebuli nusxebi.
qvemoT motanilia ramodenime, albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovani da srulad Semonaxuli papirusis
mokle aRweriloba:
1. kahunis papirusi _ daaxl. 1850w. qr.S.-mde; Sua samefo; XII dinastia _ ZiriTadad ganxilulia
meanobis sakiTxebi. nayofis sqesis gansazRvra. veterinariis zogierTi sakiTxi. motanilia 34 recepti;
2. ramesumis IV da V papirusebi _ 1850w.qr.S.-mde; Sua samefo; XII dinastia _ orive
xelnawerSi: mkurnalobis racionaluri da magiuri meTodebia. IV _ axalSobilTa movla, orsulobis
prognozi, nayofis sqesis gansazRvra, meanoba (hgavs kahunis papiruss); V _ mkurnalobis
meTodebi. 20 recepti, romelic meordeba ebersisa da herstis papirusebSi;
smiTis papirusi _ daaxl. 1550w.qr.S.-mde; axali samefo; XVIII dinastia _ aq aRwerilia qalas
Zvlebis, tvinis, kisris malebis, gulmkerdis yafazis, xerxemlis dazianebisa da maTi mkurnalobis
(magiis gareSe) 48 SemTxveva, komentari da prognozi;
3. ebersis papirusi _ daaxl. 1550w.qr.S.-mde; axali samefo; XVIII dinastia _ “wamlebis
momzadebis wigni sxeulis yvela nawilisTvis~. Seicavs 900-mde recepts, romelic mowodebulia
saWmlis momnelebeli da sasunTqi sistemebis, Tvalis, yuris, kbilebis, saxsrebis, kanisa da parazitul
daavadebaTa samkurnalod. aseve, kosmetikuri saSualebebi, Selocvebi;
4. herstis papirusi _ daaxl. 1550w.qr.S.-mde; axali samefo; XVIII dinastia _ motanilia
sxvadasxva daavadebis mkurnalobis meTodebi. hgavs ebersis papiruss. aRwers motexilobebis da
Sxamian nakbenebis klinikur suraTs da mkurnalobas;

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 5. brugSis papirusi _ daaxl. 1450w.qr.S.-mde; axali samefo; XVIII dinastia _ mTlianad
miZRvnilia bavSvTa daavadebebisadmi;
6. londonis papirusi #10059 _ daaxl. 1350w.qr.S.-mde; axali samefo; XVIII dinastia _
magiuri mkurnalobis meTodebi da 61 recepti;
7. berlinis papirusi #3038 _ daaxl. 1300w. qr.S.-mde; axali samefo; XIX dinastia _
gulsisxlZarRvTa da saxsrebis daavadebebis mkurnaloba. orsulobis gamocnoba. yuris daavadebebi;
8. leidenis papirusi _ daaxl. 1250w. qr.S.-mde; axali samefo; ramzes II-is mefoba _
motanilia sxvadasxva samkurnalo saSualeba da meTodi. ZiriTadad eyrdnoba wina papirusebs.
mkurnaloba am teqstebSi xSirad dayofilia sistemebisa da organoebis mixedviT. edvin smiTis
papirusi, magaliTad, Seicavs 8 teqsts Tavis WrilobaTa Sesaxeb, 19 _ saxis Wrilobebis (Subli,
warbebi, cxviri, safeTqeli, piri, nikapi) Sesaxeb, 6 _ rCevas, Tu rogor moiqces eqimi xorxisa da
kisris Wrilobebis dros, 5 rCeva _ laviwisa da mklavis, 7 _ gul-mkerdis dazianebaTa dros.
kahunis papirusi, rogorc aRvniSneT, eZRvneba naadrev da dagvianebul mSobiarobas, bru-
gSisa ki _ Cvenamde moRweul papirusTagan yvelaze Zvelia, romelic bavSvTa daavadebis mkurna-
lobas Seexeba. yvelaze srul informacias Zveli egviptis medicinis Sesaxeb gvaZlevs ori papirusi:
ebersis didi samedicino papirusi, romelic 108 furclisagan Sedgeba da sigrZiT 20,5 metria da smi-
Tisa _ qirurgiis Sesaxeb, romelic Cv. w. mesame aTaswleulSi iyo Sedgenili eqim imhotepis mier.
samedicino samecniero codnis ganviTareba adamianis sxeulis agebulebisa da calkeuli
organoebis funqciis swori Seswavlidan iwyeba. egvipturi religia iyo erTerTi im iSviaT
religiaTagani msoflioSi, romelic araTu ukrZalavda eqims _ mumifikaciis specialists mikareboda
gardacvlils, aramed mis movaleobadac racxda. balzamirebisa da mumifikaciis yoveldRiur
praqtikaSi danergvam egviptur medicinas im droisaTvis udidesi stimuli misca. adgilobrivi
eqimebis codna am mimarTulebiT gacilebiT meti iyo, vidre nebismier sxva qveyanaSi. es codna ara
marto anatomia-fiziologiis aspeqtebs moicavda, aramed qimiis sakiTxebSi sakmaod Rrma gans-
wavlulobas gulisxmobda. vinaidan, aRniSnuli procesis Catarebisas araerTi sxvadasxva warmoSobis
qimiuri nivTiereba gamoiyeneboda.
II aTaswleulis SuaxanebSi egviptelebma aRweres iseTi sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani organoebi
da sistemebi, rogoricaa Tavis tvini, guli, sisxlZarRvebi, RviZli, Tirkmelebi, Zvlebi, kunTebi,
nawlavebi. e. smiTis papirusSi pirvelad aRiwera Tavis tvini, romlis Ria WrilobaSi moZraoba
(pulsacia) avtorma `spilenZis duRils~ Seadara. manve daadastura am organos dazianebisas
periferiuli gamovlinebebis (mag. dambla) arseboba.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba guls eniWeboda.
egviptelebi guls gamosaxavdnen sityviT `ib~. zogjer sityva `ib~ kuWis aRsaniSnavadac
ixmareobda, sadac is SesaZloa ara mTlianad sityvas, aramed sityvis nawils - marcvals
aRniSnavdes.
gulis ieroglifuri niSani sami nawilisagan Sedgeba, romlebic aRniSnavs vibracias, haers da
sicocxlismatarebel individualur arsebas anu mas, romelic sunTqavs, guli ucems. ebersis papirusSi
naTqvamia, rom yvela eqimis ostatobis saidumlo gulis muSaobis codnaSia.
gulis muSaobis TiToeul organomde, TiToeul qsovilamde mimtanad Zveli egviptelebi
sisxlZarRvebs aRiarebdnen da amitom pulsis Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba eniWeobda. am
xelovnebam sabolod Tavis umaRles wertils Cinur medicinaSi miaRwia. saerTod, egvipturi
medicina Semdgom epoqebsa da periodebSi (mag. elinisturi) tradiciulad anatomia-fiziologiis
gansakuTrebiT maRali doniT gamoirCeoda.
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 daavadebaTa gamowvev mizezebs egviptelebi xedavdnen rogorc materialur samyaroSi _
arajansaRi sakvebi, klimaturi garemo pirobebi, nawlavuri parazitebi da sxva, aseve zebunebriv
ZalebSi _ avsulebSi. sainteresoa, rom am ukanasknels SelocvebTan erTad, xSirad sruliad realuri
formiT ebrZodnen: cudi sunisa da gemos wamlebiT cdilobdnen mis gandevnas.
Zvelma egviptelebma 250-mde daavadeba icodnen. sadiagnozod gamoiyeneboda rogorc
garegani daTvaliereba _ inspeqcia (kani feri, saxis gamometyveleba, sxeulis poza da a.S.), aseve
anamnezis Segroveba – avadmyofis gamokiTxva da obieqturi kvlevis (pulsis gasinjva, perkusia,
Sardisa da fekaliebis daTvaliereba) meTodebi. sainteresoa Zvel mkurnalTa mier simsivneTa
mravalsaxeobis aRwera da maTi midgomebi diagnostikisa da diferencirebis sakiTxebSi.
Sinagan sneulebebsa da wamlismier mkurnalobaze mogviTxrobs ebersis didi samedicino
papirusi, romelic 1872 w. ipoves. is 900 recepts Seicavs da sruliad amarTlebs Tavis saxelwodebas:
aq aris TiTqmis yvela organosa da sistemis daavadebisaTvis gankuTvnili samkurnalo saSualebebi.
wamalT SezavebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda sameurneo mcenareebi, mineralebi da cxoveluri
warmoSobis komponentebi: xaxvi, yayaCo, finiki, lotosi, broweuli, aloe, yurZeni, surma, rkina,
gogirdi, tyvia, alebastri, soda da sxv. zogierT receptSi ormocamde ingredinetic ki Sedioda. wamlebi
ZiriTadad rZeze, Taflsa da ludze mzaddeboda. receptebSi xSiradaa miTiTebuli, Tu romeli Selocva
unda daerTos tradiciul samkurnalo process. es modusi Semdegac TiTqmis yvela qveynis tradiciul
medicinaSi fiqsirdeba.
ebersis papirusSi calke Tavi aqvs daTmobili kosmetologias. aq aRwerilia naoWebis, xalebisa
da meWeWebis, Tmianobis mosacilebeli/gasaZlierebeli saSualebebi. kanisa da Tmis saRebavebi,
sielmis samkurnalo meTodebi. mcxunvare mzisgan dasacavad orive sqesis warmomadgenlebi
Tvalebis irgvliv nuSiseburi mwvane (surmisa da malaqitis marilebi) pastas isvamdnen. es kargad
Cans freskebsa da miniaturebze. egviptelebi Tavs iparsavdnen da sakmaod sqel pariks atarebdnen.
es Tavsarqmeli kargi iyo udabnos mzisgan Tavdasacavad da tilebis gaCenis prevenciac gaxldaT.
egvipteSi, klimaturi pirobebidan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, mZime infeqciur da parazituli
daavadebebi iyo gavrcelebuli. isini ebersis, herstis, berlinisa da londonis papirusebSi âââ
saxelwodebiTaa motanili.
teqstSi aRwerilia am daavadebaTa simptomatika da mimdinareoba. rogorc Cans,
gansakuTrebulad Semawuxebeli Sistosomiazi da malaria iyo. es mumiebis SeswavliTac mtkicdeba.
maTi gavrceleba, iseve rogorc sxva qveynebSi, ganapirobebuli iyo sarwyavi sistemis ganviTarebiT.
sxva mxriv ase sasurveli wyali iqca am daavadebebis gavrcelebis mTavar mizezad.
e. smiTis papirusi, rogorc iTqva, adamianis agebulebasa da rac yvelaze sainteresoa, qirurgiuli
mkurnalobis sakiTxebs exeba. es teqsti Seicavs Tavis qalas, tvinis, kisris malebis, laviwis, lulovani
Zvlebis, xerxemlis travmuli dazianebis 48 SemTxvevis da mocemulia maTi qirurgiuli da
konservatiuli mkurnalobis racionaluri meTodebi. aqvea rCevebi da rekomendaciebi, romelic
eqimebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. aRwerilia sruliad uimedo SemTxvevebic, romelTac eqimisaTvis
oden Teoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda.
saerTod, saeqimo eTikis TvalsazrisiT saintereso tradicia arsebobda. eqims unda ganesazRvra:
a) me am avadmyofs movarCen; b) me vecdebi movarCino es avadmyofi; g) me am avadmyofs ver
movarCen. es gancxadebebi mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebda ukonfliqto damokidebulebas eqims,
pacientsa da mis axloblebs Soris. papirusidan aseve Cans, rom motexilobebis dros egviptelebi
artaSans da imobilizaciis sxva (mWidrod Sexveva) xerxebs mimarTavdnen. aqve aRwerilia
winadacveTisa da kastraciis procesi.
- 26 -
 kbilebisa da RrZilebis daavadebaTa mkurnaloba Sua da axali samefoebis papurusebSia
motanili. kariesul processa da saerTod, kbilis tkivils egviptelebi masSi Wiis arsebobas
ukavSirebdnen. mkurnaloba konservatiuli iyo da Semoifargleboda mtkivan kbilsa da mimdebare
qsofilebze samkurnalo malamoebisa da siTxeebis salbunebis gamoyenebiT. ebersis papirusSi
motanili piris Rrus gamajansaRebeli da kbilebis gamamagrebeli 11 recepti. aseve mkurnalobdnen
isini anTebiT process, xsnidnen kbilis tkivils. vinaidan egviptelebi ver/ar mkurnalobdnen kariess,
mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuli iyo Zvlisazrdelas mZime anTebiTi procesebi, romelic saboloo kbilebis
adreul amocvenasa da ybebis seriozul morfologiur cvlilebebs iwvevda. arqeologiur biomasalaze da
mumiebze ar aris dafiqsirebuli arc erTi SemTxveva bJenis arsebobisa an Zvirfasi liTonebis
gamoyenebisa, garda erTisa, sadac qveda ybis ori molari erTmaneTTan wvrili oqros mavTuliTaa
dakavSirebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom mogvianebiT xanaSi xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi (etruskul
civilizaciaSi) kbilebis proTezireba Cndeba da sakmaod saintereso formiTac. Tumca, amis Sesaxeb
mogvianebiT.
herodotes gadmocemiT egviptelebi did yuradRebas uTmobdnen higienis wesebis dacvas. he-
rodote (Vs.qr.S-mde) amis Sesaxeb wers: `wyals svamen mxolod spilenZis WurWlidan, romelsac
yoveldRe xexaven, atareben tilos tansacmels da dReniadag zrunaven mis sisufTaveze~. qurumebs
sufTad yofna evalebodaT, amitom tani 2-jer dRisiT unda daebanaT da 2-jer RamiT. Rors ar
ekarebodnen da uamravi mwerisgan Tavdasacavad maRal koSkSi iZinebdnen. qurumebi Tavsa da
sxeulze Tmas iparsavdnen. maTTvis garegnobas udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda. kacebica da qalebic
pariks, kosmetikasa da samkaulebs xmarobdnen. kosmetikas sxvadasxva mineralebisagan amzadeb-
dnen. Tvalis Sav fxvnils galenikisagan akeTebdnen, mwvane fxvnils _ malaqitisagan, tuCis Sesa-
Reb wiTel masas _ rkinis Jangisagan, xolo loyebis Sesaferad fxvnils Jangmiwisagan amzadebdnen.
Tvalisaxlo kosmetika SesaZloa, Tvals mzis sxivebisagan icavda.
Tmas iniT iRebavdnen, ibandnen, ivarcxnidnen da sunamos ipkurebdnen, kans ki zeTiT izeld-
nen. egviptelebs sakmeveli, surnelovani muri da zeTebi aRmosavleT afrikidan da arabeTidan
SemohqondaT.
saerTod, egvipturi civilizaciis maRal doneze miuTiTebs brwyinvale arqiteqtura da xelovneba,
daxvewili cxovrebis wesi, Zvirfasi tansacmeli da morTulobebi. yvelaferi es Sesabamisad medicinisa
da sxeulis movlis maRal moTxovnilebas gulisxmobs da asec iyo:
berZnebi egviptelebs mdidari samedicino tradiciebis gamo medicinis `gamomgoneblebs~ uwo-
debdnen.

- 27 -
qurumebi

- 28 -
 fexis pirveli TiTis protezi

imhotepi

samedicino xasiaTis papirusebi

- 29 -
mumifikaciis sxvadasxava etapebi da saSualebebi

- 30 -
- 31 -
 kolxur-iberiuli medicina anu Cura Mediana

wignis SesavalSi vwerdiT, rom garkveul istoriul, lingvistur, arqeologiur da sxva argumenta-
ciaze dayrdnobiT mecnierTa erTi nawili fiqrobs, rom preistoriul xanaSi mTeli areali _
SuamdinareTidan moyolebuli, samxreT evropis CaTvliT mTlianad, TviT britaneTis kunZulebamde
erTiani rasiT (gnebavT, _ megaeTnosiT) iyo dasaxlebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, am azrs gacilebiT
meti momxre hyavs axlo aRmosavleTsa da mcire aziasTan mimarTebaSi. utyuari faqtia, rom am
geografiul sivrceSi semitebisa da indoevropelebis gamoCenamde cxovrobdnen erTi warmoSobis
tomebi, romelTac saerTo ufro meti hqondaT, vidre ganmasxvavebeli. isini erT fuZe enaze
laparakobdnen da es ena sakmaod hgavda Tanamedrove da Zvel qarTvelur (kavkasiur) enebs.
maTTan (davarqvaT maT pirobiTad iberiuli modgma) semitebisa da indoevropeli xalxebis SereviT
warmoiSvnen, rogorc Cans, am regionebSi mcxovrebi Tanamedrove erebi. ase magaliTad:
Sumerebs semiti aqadelebi da amoreelebi Seerwynen, Sedegad babilonuri kultura miviReT. xaTebs
_ xeTebi, pelazgebsa da kolxebs (SeiZleba maT Soris igiveobis niSanic davsvaT) _ elinebi da
brwyinvale berZnuli kulturamac iCina Tavi, etruskebs _ laTinebi, dasavleTis iberebs _ keltebi,
frankebi da a.S. ase rom, kolxo-iberebis kultura Seiqna im civilizaciebis safuZveli, riTac
dRevandeli oikumena amayobs: babilonuri, asuruli, xeTuri, elinuri, dasavleTevropuli...
qr.S. mde III aTaswleulis Suaxanebidan kavkasiasa da Crdilo anatoliaSi arqeologiurad
dasturdeba mtkivar-araqsis STambeWdavi kultura, xolo II aTaswleulidan, ufro lokalurad _
brwyinvale TrialeTuri kultura. daaxloebiT amave periodSi, anatoliis naxevarkunZulze da mis
CrdiloeTiT, istoriul wyaroebSi moxseniebulia saxelmwifo gaerTianebebi _ diaoxi da kolxa,
romelTac Tamamad SeiZleba kulturologiuri, religiuri, enobrivi da sxva aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT
qarTuli an sul cota protoqarTuli qveynebi vuwodoT.
yvelaferi zemoaRniSnuli erTian eTnokulturul areals hqmnida. rodesac kolxebsa da iberebze
vlaparakobT, anda am or termins defisiT gamovyofT, sulac ar igulisxmeba, rom am or eTnonims
Soris raime principuli gansxvaveba iyos. istoriuli wyaroebi da Tanamedrove mecnierebic xSirad
sruliad aigiveben maT.
kurt-ioahim Sprengeli (1766-1833) Tavis cnobil xuTtomian samedicino-saistorio
naSromSi “Verfuch Einer Pragmatifchen Gefchichte der Arzneykunde” (1821),
qronologiurad mimoixilavs sxvadasxva qveynisa da epoqis samedicino tradiciebs. is Txrobas
kolxuri mediciniT iwyebs da finikiuri, karTagenuli, egvipturi, babilonuri, induri da a.S. medicinis
ganxilviT agrZelebs. marTalia, Sprengelis droindeli saistorio mecnierebisTvis jer kidev bevri ram
ucnobi iyo, Tundac Suamdinaruli kulturis damadasturebeli artefaqtebi, magram am axalma
aRmoCenebma araTu uarhyves Sprengeliseuli midgoma, aramed seriozuli analizis safuZvelze
gaafarToves koxur-iberiuli eTnokulturis gavrcelebis areali.
kolxa Savi zRvispireTis samxreT da aRmosavleT zolSi qr.S.-mde XIV-XII saukuneebSi
dadasturebulad arsebobda. rogorc Cans, amave xanebSi, elinur samyaroSi iqmneba metad
gavrcelebuli miTi argonavtebis Sesaxeb, romelic mogviTxrobs, rom kolxeTs _ umdidres samefos
mefe aieti marTavda. igi sataxto qalaq aiaSi cxovrobda. zogi monacemiT qveyanasac aia, ea erqva.
aiets zRapruli saganZuri gaaCnda. mis simdidreSi gansakuTrebiT saxelganTqmuli yofila verZis
oqrosmatyliani tyavi - oqros sawmisi. mravali mecnieris azriT, igi kolxeTSi daunjebuli RvTiuri
sibrZnis simboloa. zogierTi, ufro materialisturad moazrovne komentatori Tvlis, rom aiets cxvris

- 32 -
tyavze wignis saxiT dawerili hqonda mTeli rigi saidumloebebisa, sadac samedicino sibrZnes arcTu
bolo adgili eWira. saerTod, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, `argonavtika” miTosia da aq metad Znelia
gamoarCio alegoriuli, qaragmuli da realuri faqti. realuri faqtis qveS ki SeiZleba istoriuli movlenac
vigulisxmoT da mwerliseuli oden siuJeturi svlac. ase magaliTad, miTSi naxsenebi “spilenZis
Cliqebiani xarebi, romelTac spilenZisave piridan cecxli amosdiodaT”, da romelTa moTvinierebac
evaleboda iazons, sul cota, am ukanasknelis mier samWedlo (metalurgiuli) xelovnebis dauflebaze
unda metyvelebdes. es xelovneba iazonma manamde ar icis. igi liTonis damuSavebis xelovnebas
medeasgan swavlobs. aq medeas saxeSi zogadad kolxuri sibrZnea personificirebuli.
legendis teqstze da arqeologiur nivTmtkicebebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kolxeTSi
maRalganviTarebuli miwaTmoqmedeba da mecxoveleoba yofila. bunebrivia, aseTi maRali kulturis
xalxisTvis sikvdilisa da sicocxlis problemebi, janmrTelobisa da paTologiis sakiTxebi, mkurnalobis
xelovneba erT-erTi upirvelesi sazrunavTagani iqneboda. mravali arqeologiuri monapovari amtki-
cebs, rom maSin kolxeTSi samkurnalo xelovneba Tavisi materialur-teqnikuri baziT, iaraRebiT
damoukidebel dargad arsebobda, Tanac, sagangebo profesiuli emblemiT, – gvelis gamosaxulebiT.
am masalaSi calke aRniSvnis Rirsia piradi higienis nivTebi, sxvadasxva daniSnulebis WurWeli da
sxva.
miTiuri siuJetiT, kolxeTis mefis asuli iyo silamaziT ganTqmuli ymawvilqali medea,
samedicino codnasa da saqmianobaSi didad ganswavluli da brZeni. misTvis cnobili iyo
samkurnalo saSualebebis sxvadasxva forma: Sinagani da garegani gamoyenebis, SesasunTqi da
sxv. mis samkurnalo arsenalSi mravalgvari moqmedebis wamlebi iyo: sxvadasxva daavadebaTa
samkurnalo, Zalismomgvreli, momwamvleli, nelsacxebeli, saswaulebrivi, magiuric. ,,argonavtikis”
teqstSi naTqvamia: ,,igi miCveuli iyo RamRamobiT taZris maxloblad gvamebisa da wamlisTvis
gamosadeg mcenareTa Soris xetials”. ase rom, is saocrebani, romelsac apolonios rodoseli medeas
miawers, alegoriulad garkveuli informaciis matarebelia da usaTuod sinamdviles emyareba.
im samkurnalo manipulaciebs Soris, romlebSic medea iyo ganswavluli, erT-erTi WrilobaTa
swrafi da efeqturi mkurnalobaa. kolxebTan brZolaSi daWrili argonavtebi “medeam sul ramodenime
dReSi gankurna fesvebiTa da raRac balaxebiT” (diodor sicilieli).
medeas uSvilobis mkurnalobac scodnia. aTenis mefes - egeoss, romelic “uZeobiT yofila
daavadebuli”, mkurnali qali eubneba: “Sen jer ar ici, ra beds ewie, rom moxvel CemTan. vici
wamali uZeobisa”.
kolxi qali kosmetologiaSic friad ganswavluli gaxldaT. mas akuTvneben Tmis SeRebvis
aRmoCenis pirvelobas. igi flobda agreTve kanis movlis saidumloebebsac. medeam cremlebiT
gaRizianebuli saxis kani “neqtariviT tkbili zeTiT daizila da moiSuSa”.
mkurnali qali Tavis samedicino moRvaweobaSi mimarTavda sisxlis gadasxmasac. donorad
batkans iyenebda. am manipulacias mimarTa man iazonis biZis, peliasis SemTxvevaSi. akad.
i.kasirski sisxlis gadasxmis istorias medeas mier Catarebuli manipulaciiT iwyebs.
arsebobs mravali literaturuli da sxva monacemi imis Sesaxeb, rom maSindeli kolxeTi
ganTqmuli iyo Sxamebisa da sawamlavebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebiT. saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi
xalxuri medicinis Seswavlis mizniT Catarebuli eqspediciebis dros gairkva, rom dasavleT
saqarTveloSi (gansakuTrebiT, samegreloSi) dRes Zalze bevria Sxamebis damzadebis mcodne, rom
araferi vTqvaT saxalxo mkurnalebze. es Sxamebi mravalgvari moqmedebisaa - ucabedi, xangrZlivi
moqmedebis, sxvadasxva daavadebis gamomwvevi da sxva, ris codna uaRresad gasaidumloebulia
da STamomavlobiT gadaecema. Cans, es ezoTeruli codnis rudimentia, xalxSi Semonaxuli. saerTod,
- 33 -
dRevandel kolxeTSi, am aspeqtiT, Zalze sainteresoa eTnologiuri masala. tyuilad ar uwodebda
rudolf Staineri kolxeTs misteriebis qveyanas. medeas mamida hekate friad ganswavluli iyo
saeqimo xelovnebaSi. igi mefis daa da aq advili SesamCnevia saeqimo codniT kolxeTis samefo
karis daintereseba, ufro metic, - prerogativa am saqmianobaSi. es tradicia Semdgom epoqebSic
grZeldeba. am mxriv, analogi mxolod Cinur medicinaSi moipoveba. dionisios skitobraqioni (qr.S.-
mde w.II-Iss.) wers, rom hekatem “pirvelma aRmoaCina momakvdinebeli fesvebi”. “kirkem,
romelic medeaze ufrosi iyo, bevrad ajoba Tavis mamidas. bevri ram misgan SeiTvisa, zogi ram ki
mravali da sazareli (Sxami.-avt.) TviTon aRmoaCina”. medeas codna ufro srulyofilia. korinToSi
mcxovrebma medeam qalaqis maSindeli gamgebeli kreonti sawamlaviT mokla (dinosi qr.S.-mde I
s.): “lakeas da mis mamas, kreonts iseTi sawamlavisagan gaJRenTili samoseli gaugzavna, rom im
uxilavi sawamlavisagan SemofleToda xorcebi tanze”. medeas imdenad daxvewili aqvs teqnologia
am saqmisa, rom literaturaSi mis Sxamebs konkretuli saxelwodebebiT ixsenieben: “medeasi”,
“erTdRiani”, “irisi”, “kolxuri” da sxva. Tumca, aietis qaliSvilis saxeli marto Sxamebs ar
ukavSirdeba. sofokles dramis mixedviT zevsi xSiri miwieri kavSirebis gamo sulieri da fizikuri
energiisagan icleba, ifiteba. ganimede mas sasicocxlo Zalas RvTaebrivi sasmeliT aRudgens,
romelsac “medea” ewodeba.
hekates (medeas) baRis ZiriTadi binadari mcenareebi dRes TiTqmis yvela cnobilia (Tumca,
ar aris gamoricxuli, rom swored umTavresi maTgani ar vicodeT). asea Tu ise, arc im baRSi da arc
kavkasiaSi mzardi arc erTi mcenaris fesvi ar aris iseTi mZlavri Sxami, rasac argonavtikis
sxvadasxva versiebi aRwers. erTi ram cxadia da ukamaTo: medea samkurnalo mcenareebis
specialuri damuSavebiT - gamoxarSviT, nayeniT, Termuli, meqanikuri, Tu qimiuri zemoqmedebiT,
anu koncentrirebiT iRebs Sxams, sawamlavs. principi, romlis mixedviTac dRevandeli medicina
arsebobs da viTardeba, gaxlavT contraria contrariis curantur (ccc), anu sawinaaRmdegoze
sawinaaRmdegoTi moqmedebis, anu, alopaTiuri principi. prioriteti amJamadac ccc-s ekuTvnis. es
aris mimarTuleba, romelsac msoflios Tanamedrove medicina da farmacia adgas dRes. am principis
efeqturi realizaciis gza Zliermoqmedi qimiuri sawyisia. rac ufro Zlieria sawyisi, miT ufro efeqturia
Sedegi. es Teza emyareba ccc-is principis realizaciis or ZiriTad gzas -- supresiul da
makompensirebel Terapias, sadac zemoqmedebis ganxorcieleba Zliermoqmedi substanciis gareSe
SeuZlebelia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom es mimarTuleba medeas epoqamde arc erTi qveynis medicinaSi ar
Camoyalibebula. aRmosavlur medicinaSi ccc-is principi ar aris gamokveTili, rogorc dominanti. igi
sawyiss iRebs berZnul-romauli medicinidan. am ukanasknelis fesvebi ki saerTo mediteranul -
pelazgur da kolxur-iberiul medicinaSi devs. amis dasturia rodoselis “argonavtika”.
es idea uTuod medeas epoqaSi iwyeba. mkurnali qali cremlebiT gaRizianebul saxes
mosaSuSebeli malamoTi izilavs, moxuc organizmSi, misi gaaxalgazrdavebis mizniT, batknis sisxli
Sehyavs, TeTr Tmebs romeliRac mcenariT Savad Rebavs da a. S.
saeqimo saqmianoba medeas ojaxSi tradiciulia. saeqimo xelovnebis floba qalTa prioritetia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom RvTiuri sibrZne am epoqaSic da Semdgomac “mdedrobiTi sqesisaa”. hekates
baRSi xarobs samkurnalo mcenareebi. maTi gamoyenebiT aietis karze samkurnalo saSualebebi
mzaddeba, magram medea gansakuTrebiT saxelganTqmulia. jer erTi, igi bevr axal mcenareSi
poulobs samkurnalo Tvisebebs, xolo Semdgom, maTgan aqtiuri sawyisis gamoyofiT, amzadebs

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wamlis Sesaqmnel koncentrats - sawamlavs. albaT, aqedanaa qarTul enaSi dafiqsirebuli es kavSiri:
sawamlavi -wamali.
Semdgomi periodis qarTuli samyarosaTvis, saerTod, erTob tradiciuli xdeba sawamlavT-
qmnadoba.
qarTul karabadinebSi sawamlavebisadmi miZRvnili specialuri Tavebia Seqmnili ara kacis
mosawamlad, aramed sawamleblad (vuwamle, vumkurnale).
sawinaaRmdegoze sawinaaRmdegoTi efeqturi moqmedebisaTvis saWiro iyo wamlebi. wamali
ki sawamlavis ganzavebiT mzaddeboda. es gaxda bazisi alopaTiuri samedicino - saazrovno
sistemisa. hekate da circea kargad arian ganswavlulni am saqmianobaSi. maT medeac aziares am
codnas, magram igi `Tavisi midrekilebis gamo, sul sxvagvarad iyenebda~. safiqrebelia, rom am
sityvebis ukan imaleba wamalTteqnologiis ZiriTadi arsis dabadeba. mamidis da dis gamocdilebaze
dayrdnobiT medea, albaT, iRebda ra aqtiuri sawyisis koncentrats mcenaridan, azavebda mas im
doziT, rom es ukanaskneli ara sawamlavad, aramed wamlad gamoiyeneboda. misTvis, uTuod,
imTaviTve cnobili iyo principi: `wamali Sxamia, Sxami wamalia. gansxvaveba mxolod dozebSia~
(paracelsi). imisaTvis, rom medeas sawamlavi saWiro doziT Seetana wamalSi, mas unda scodnoda
optimaluri doza avadmyofobis kerZo SemTxvevisaTvis, rom avadmyofi ki ar moekla, aramed
ganekurna. ukeT rom iTqvas, medeam SeZlo sademarkacio xazis gavleba erTi da igive nivTierebis
Dosa letalis minima-s da Dosa therapeutica-s Soris.
legenda mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor miaZina gveleSapi medeam “jadosnuri siTxiT”. es, ra Tqma
unda, miTosia, magram garkveulwilad informaciuli. rogorc Cans, medeasaTvis ukve cnobili iyo
“gonebis aRmrev” SxamTa arseboba. aseve miTosidan viciT medeas “jadosnuri sawamlavis”
savaraudo teqnologia. nikandre kolofonelis azriT, es aris erT-erTi mcenaris fesvi, an TviT mcenare,
romelic, uTuod, navTTan erTad mzaddeboda. aqvea moxseniebuli medea, rogorc wamlebis,
sawamlavebis da Sxamebis aRmomCeni. Tezas, rom sityva medicina medeadan warmodga (iseve,
rogorc higiena - higiadan, panacea - panaceadan da a. S.), seriozul oponencias uwevs is faqti, rom
TviT berZnebi sityva “medicinas”, saerTod, ar xmaroben. mravali saukune dasWirda, vidre
romaelebi am termins daamkvidrebdnen. rad moxda ase?
medea ucxotomelia berZenTa Soris. misi tragediac amaSi mdgomareobs. igi upirispirdeba Tavis
yofil qmars iazons, mis sapatarZlos, naTesavebs, TiTqmis mTlianad saberZneTs. mas dauxoces
Svilebi1. Tavis codnas medea SurisZiebisTvisRa iyenebs. bunebrivia, igi am codnas aRaravis
gauyofs, aravis aswavlis imas, riTac is Zlieria. aRarc berZnebi arian medeaTi moxibluli da
araviTari survili ar aqvT misi saxelis sakuTar wiaRSi ukvdavyofisa, rogorc organuli da ganuyofeli
nawilisa. miuxedavad elinuri samkurnalo xelovnebis uaRresad maRali donisa, samkurnalo
mcenareebis teqnologiuri gadamuSaveba metad SezRudulia - xdeba iSviaTad da primitiuli formiT.
amdenad “medicina” medeaseuli gagebiT - Sxamis damzadebisa da misi Semdgomi wamlad
gardaqmna - saberZneTSi sustadaa ganviTarebuli. Sxamis damzadeba elinebma met-naklebad ician,
magram misi wamlad qceva, ara. amitomac hipokrates korpusSi aqcenti gakeTebulia dietaze,
cxovrebis wessa da reJimze, klimatur pirobebze, konstituciur tipebze. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
humoruli paTologiis Teoria bazisia principisa ccc. aqedan gamomdinare elinur samedicino
xelovnebaSi aRniSnuli saazrovno sistema – ccc _ fundamenturia, oRond misi realizaciis gzaa
gansxvavebuli. niSandoblivia, rom sokrates mowamvlisas iyeneben ara raRac specialurad damzade-
bul Zliermoqmed Sxams _ koncentrats, aramed Cveulebriv mcenares _ Sxamian maToTs (Gonium
maculatum).
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 miTridate pontoelze, (Zv. w. II-I ss.), romelic sarwmuno monacemebiT kolxur Stos
ekuTvnoda (yovel SemTxvevaSi, is kolxur-iberiul tomebze mefobda), pliniusi mogviTxrobs: “man
SemoiRo yoveldRe momwavlavi saSualebis sma, iRebda ra winaswar Sxamis sawinaaRmdego
wamals. amis gamo man ver SesZlo sawamlavis momakvdinebeli dozis miRebiT Tavis mokvla da
iZulebuli gaxda Tavisi msaxurebisTvis laxvris Cacema ebrZanebina”.
romauli kultura, romelic elinuri civilizaciis mxrebze amoizarda, samkurnalo xelovnebaSic axal
gzebs eZebs, cdilobs fundamenturi principis - ccc-is ufro efeqtianad realizebas. axali gziTa da axali
ZaliT Semodis bunebrivi resursebis (mcenareuli, cxoveluri, mineraluri) teqnologiuri damuSavebis
aucilebloba. magram, saidan? miTridate VI evpatoris mecadineobiT xom ara? mas romTan didi
xnis urTierToba - dauZinebeli mtroba, qiSpoba da, amdenad, mWidro Sexeba hqonda. cnobilia,
rom pompeusma, rogorc iqna, RalatiT daamarcxa miTridate, mis saxlSi SesvlisTanave biblioTeka
moikiTxa, sadac uamravi samedicino xasiaTis folianti inaxeboda. imperatoris brZanebiT aRniSnuli
literatura gazides romSi da sruliad saidumlod iqna Seswavlili. am wignTa umetesobis avtori TviT
miTridate iyo. sruliad ueWvelia, rom amis Semdgom mTel msoflioSi TiTqmis ori aTasi wlis
manZilze gavrcelebuli antidotis da TiTqmis panacead aRiarebuli “miTridatiumis” receptic maSin
iqna amokiTxuli. evropaSi Semodis sawamlavis cneba. keTilSobilTa da taxtis maZiebelTa
“SeiaraRebaSi” umTavres adgils samsala ikavebs, magram amave dros swored es Sxamebi xdeba
safuZveli msoflio farmaciis ganviTarebisa. romSi Cndeba termini “medicina”. medea maTTvis
ukve istoriaa, momxibvleli miTia da RmerTqali. ase rom, ikvreba logikuri rkali informaciis
gavrceleba-gabatonebisa: medeadan - miTridatemde.
romauli saeqimo xelovnebis gvirgvini - galenosi (129-201 ww.) amkvidrebs samedicino
formebs - naxarSi, nayeni, gamonawvlili da sxv. maT dResac “galenur preparatebs” uwodeben da
bunebrivi resursebis wamlad qcevas _ aqtiuri sawyisis gamoyofas, koncentrirebas – warmoadgens.
rogorc Cans, amas uwodebda kurt ioahim Sprengeli Cura Mediana-s, “medeasebur mkurnalobas”
da aqedan aZlevda dasabams termins “medicinas”, mTlianad Tanamedrove samedicino xelovnebas.
galenosamde anazarbuseli pedanius dioskuridi (I s.) (anazarbusi dRevandeli samxreT TurqeTia,
anatoliis naxevarkunZuli, sadac im periodSi mxolod iberiuli da elinuri tomebi saxlobdnen) wers
Sromas “Materia Medica”. masSi 850 mcenareuli, cxoveluri da mineraluri bunebrivi resursia
moyvanili. TviT saTauri Sromisa migviTiTebs, rom laparakia Medica-s masalaze, pirvelsawyisze.
e. i. Cven, dRevandeli gagebiT, farmaciis pirveli nabijebis winaSe vdgavarT.
mogvianebiT arabebi am ideas Tvisobrivad axal simaRleze aiyvanen.
G. Watson samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom romauli imperiis qveS mTeli mediteranuli samyaro
da mimdebare sivrce erTian politikur-kulturul erTeulad iqca, sadac kultura berZnuli, ufro sworad,
elinisturi iyo, xolo politikuri erTianoba laTinebis samxedro Zlierebas emyareboda. ase gansajeT,
romis imperiaSi _ mas Toynby-s sityvebi mohyavs _ laTinuri da berZnuli Tanabrad ismodao. erTi
ram aris aRsaniSnavi: imdroindel romis imperiaSi didi adgili ekava mcire azias, sadac berZnul
mosaxleobaze aranaklebi wili qarTul da somxur eTnossac ekava. is, rom berZnul enas gabatonebuli
mdgomareoba eWira, gasakviri ar aris - is wina imperiis ena gaxldaT. sxva enebze Seqmnili
nawarmoebebi aucileblad iTargmneboda berZnulad da ise miewodeboda civilizebul samyaros.
amisaTvis muSaobdnen saqarTvelos gareT arsebuli qarTuli kulturis centrebi (aTonis iverTa
monasteri, ierusalimis qarTuli savaneebi, petriwonis monasteri, sinasa da Savi mTis qarTuli
centrebi). G. Watson aseve aRniSnavs, rom galenosis mier dasaxelebuli avtorebis vinaobis
garkveva da qronologiis dadgena Zneldeba. is ki udavoa, rom umravlesi maTgani sakuTriv
- 36 -
saberZneTidan ki ara, ufro xSirad mcire aziidanaa. mag., asklepiadi _ biTviniidan, herasi _
kapadokiidan, TviT galenosi _ pergamonidan da a. S. am provinciebSi, gansakuTrebiT
kapadokiaSi, kompaqturad saxlobdnen qarTveluri tomebi da marto miTridates faqtoric rom ara,
galenoss am samyarosTan pirdapiri kavSiri hqonda.
garda amisa, galenosi gadmogvcems im kamaTsa da winaaRmdegobebs sxvadasxva avtors
Soris, rac antidotis, Teriakis da sxva gansazRvrebebma gamoiwvia. ras unda ewodos antidoti? yvela
im saSualebas, romelic mimarTulia yvelanairi nakbenis da ubralo kvebiTi mowamvlis dros, Tu
mxolod erT-erT maTgans, kerZod, Sxamian cxovelTa nakbenis sawinaaRmdegos?
faqtia, es kamaTi miuTiTebs imaze, rom toqsikologia da farmacia, aqtiuri sawyisis
gamoyofisa da koncentrirebis gagebiT, romis imperiaSi Cveni eris dasawyisSi yalibdeba da igi
ukavSirdeba kolxuri modgmis pontos mefes - miTridate VI evpators.
swored romaul periodSi Cndeba wamlis, rogorc aseTis, cneba. avtorebi aRweren ukve ara
TviT mcenaris, cxoveluri Tu mineraluri resursebis, aramed produqtis – wamlis Tvisebebs.
amrigad, medea gvevlineba ara marto kosmetikis, hematologiis, qirurgiis, toqsikologiis da sxva
dargebis savaraudo pirvelmcodned, aramed _ Tanamedrove medicinis ZiriTadi principis efeqturi
realizaciis gzis fuZemdeblad da saxelis - medicinis fuZis donoradac. Semdeg moipova am
terminma ufro farTo ganzogadeba da, saerTod, igi saeqimo xelovnebis sinonimad iqca.
Zveli berZnebi saqrTvelos medicinis Sesaxeb. medeasa da midridates Soris TiTqmis
Tormeti saukunea da bunebrivia, es periodic garkveuli informaciiT unda yofiliyo datvirTuli. rogorc
Cans, msoflioSi (oikumenaSi) mimdinare procesebi arc saqarTvelos uvlida gverds da bevri
paraleluri procesis dafiqsirebac SeiZleba. kavSiri arasodes gawyvetila. rodesac pelasgur-elinuri
hibriduli civilizacia aRmasvlas iwyebs, e.w. `bneli periodis~ (XII_VIIIss) Semdgom, berZnul
saistorio da sxva saxis literaturaSi iwyebs gamoCenas cnobebi saqarTvelos (kolxeTsa da
mogvianebiT - iberias) Sesaxeb. tomebsa da maTi gansaxlebis areebze mogviTxrobs homerosi,
magram intensiurad qarTuli samyaros Sesaxeb klasikur periodSi (VII-IV ss.) iwereba, e.i. im
droidan, rodesac TviTon elinuri kultura xdeba upiratesad wignieri.
qarTul medicinaze da saerTod, qarTul yofaze wers berZeni mTavarsardali da istorikosi
qsenofonte (431-354ww.) Tavis `anabazisSi~. is kolxebis lamaz Cacmulobasa da Tavganwirvaze
mogviTxrobs, Semdgom maT yofaze da yuradRebas amaxvilebs, rogorc Cans, misTvis ucnob da
uCveulo momentebze. kerZod, berZnebma naxes, rom mosinikebi kasrebSi inaxavdnen delfinis
xorcsa da qons da am ukanasknels ise iyenebdnen, rogorc berZnebi sxva cximeuls. amasve
adasturebs mogvianebiT strabonic: igives imeorebs da umatebs, rom mosinikebi Tevzis qons sul
sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT xmarobdnen.
safiqrebelia, rom Tevzis qons, rogorc sakvebi da unikaluri samkurnalo Tvisebebis matarebeli
masalis gamoyenebis istoria kolxeTSi iRebdes dasabams.
romaeli avtori klavdiusi (395 w. qr.S-mde) kavkasiisa da misi bunebrivi resursebis Sesaxeb
werda: `me kargad vicnob sxvadasxva xeebis wvenebsa da yvela im momakvdinebeli mcenareebis
moqmedebas, romlebic izrdebian Sxamiani mcenareebiT uxv kavkasiaSi~.
saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis fsevdoplutarqi gansakuTrebuli mcenaris `xvalos~ Sesaxeb,
romeliv izrdeba fazisSi, rom `mas agroveben gazafxulis dasawyisSi im dros, rodesac
dResaswauloben hekates misterias~. xvalo samkurnalo mcenarea da misi mkurnalobiT
saxelganTqmuli hekates (medeas mamida, sxva cnobebiT - medeas deda) misteriaSi moxsenieba

- 37 -
TviT am dResaswauls mkurnalobisa da janmrTelobis dacvis elfers aZlevs, igive avtori sxva adgilas
`xvalos~ `vazsac~ uwodebs, rac am mcenares met sakralurobas aniWebs.
qristeSobamde I saukunis saxelganTqmuli eqimi dioskuridi Tavis "Materia Medica"-Si aseT
pasaJs gvTavazobs, rodesac samkurnalo mcenareebis gavrcelebis arealebs exeba: `erTia Zlieri
sasiamovno sunis, romelic kolxidaSi izrdeba, meore ki _ romelsac zogierTni gareul niors
uwodeben, hqvia `kolxiki~.
pliniusi (29-79 qr.S.-dan) "Historia Naturalis"-Si wers, rom yvelaze kargi fesvi zambaxisa
izrdeba kolxeTSi, mdinare fazisTan~ agreTve: `kamas saxeli gauTqva gvelma, radgan sWams
kamas, aRidgens mxedvelobis simaxviles da advilad iZrobs Zvel kans. aqedan daaskvnes, rom misi
wveniT ikurneba mxedvelobis sisuste. TviTon wvens aSroben mzeze, misgan Taflis damatebiT
akeTeben malamos. yvelaze karg wvens Rebuloben iberiaSi~...
aseve, berZeni avtorebi aRweren `promeTes balaxs~ (qarTul folklorSi - `amiranbalaxa~),
romelic TiTqosda promeTes danawveTi sisxlidan amovida. is mxolod kavkasiaSi xarobs da
saukeTeso samkurnalo Tvisebebis matarebelia.
rogorc Cans, kolxeTSi TviT hipokratecaa namyofi. igi aRwers am qveyanas, mis mdidar
florasa da faunas. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis fizionomias, aq gavrcelebul daavadebebs. misi stumroba
kolxeTSi SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. is miznobrivi Cans, _ adgilobrivi resursebisa da samkurnalo
tradiciebis Seswavlis mizniT.

- 38 -
saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili brinjaos xanis Tixis WurWeli, romelic savaraudod samedicino
miznebiT gamoiyeneboda

brinjaos xanis samedicino instrumentebi

skalpeli

- 39 -
 nemsebi, pincetebi da sxv. saswori

kavebi, nemsebi, danebi kefalotribi (?)

- 40 -
 Zveli aRTqma da medicina

biblia qristianTa wmida wignia. is ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: Zveli aRTqma da axali aRTqma
anu saxareba. pirveli nawili moculobiT didia da masSi moTxrobilia ambebi samyaros gaCenidan
qristeSobamde, xolo saxareba ieso qristes movlinebaze, mis miwier cxovrebaze, jvarcmaze,
aRdgomasa da amaRlebaze mogviTxrobs. Zveli aRTqma iudauri sarwmunoebisTvisac wmida
wigns warmoadgens gansxvavebuli midgomiTa da komentarebiT. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom am
metad rTul, mravalplastian da mravalwaxnagian wignTa wigns garkveuli literaturuli da tradiciuli
winapiroba hqonda (Sumerul-babilonuri, egvipturi da sxv.). masSi moTxrobilia RmerTis mier
samyaros Seqmnis, adamianis gaCenisa da misi RmerTTan mimarTebis Sesaxeb, gadmocemulia
uamravi istoriuli faqti da movlena da rac mTavaria, is marTali da Seuryeveli rwmenis paradigmas
gvTavazobs _ erTi da yovladZlieri, yovladsamarTliani da kacTmoyvare RmerTis (monoTeizmi)
uryevi rwmenisa da erTguli msaxurebis wess. am wesis darRveva bibliaSi pirovnuli da erovnuli
katastrofis tolfasia. `Tu gaigoneb uflis, Seni RvTis xmas da sworad moiqcevi mis TvalSi, yurs
daugdeb mis brZanebebs da daicav yvela mis wess, ar Segyri arc erT sens, egviptes rom Sevyare,
radgan me var ufali, Seni ganmkurnebeli~.
sruliad bunebrivia, rom Txrobisa da Semecnebis am jaWvSi samedicino-biologiur aspeqtebs
sruliad logikurad uWiravs sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili. sicocxlisa da sikvdilis, janmrTelobisa da
avadmyofobis, adamianis sulieri da fizikuri wyobis cnebebi, maTi urTierTmimarTeba TavisTavad
aris ganmsazRvreli bevri movlenisa Tu movlenaTa mTeli jaWvisa.
saxarebiseul samedicino aspeqtebs odnav mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. Zveli aRTqma ki
samecniero TvalcazrisiT gaazrebuli da Sefasebuli unda iqnas misi Seqmnis savaraudo TariRTan da
Sesabamis epoqalur ZvrebTan mimarTebaSi. moses es xuTwigneuli daaxloebiT im epoqaSi
iqmneba, roca hyvavis egvipturi kultura, Tavisi metnaklebad stabiluri Zlierebis saukuneebs miiTvlis
induri da Cinuri kulturebi, mcire aziasa da egeidaSi dominanturia unikaluri kolxur-iberiuli samyaro,
romelsac cota mogvianebiT indo-evropuli (elinuri) kulturuli da politikuri eqspansia daemuqreba
(troas omi, argonavtika). egviptis tyveobidan Tavdaxsnili ebraeli xalxi ki am dros Tavisi
winamZRolis, moses xelmZRvanelobiT da xeldasxmiT hqmnis TavianT saxelmwifos da safuZvels
uyris originalur kulturasac.
Zveli aRTqmis pirveli Tavebidan _ `dabadeba~, `gamosvla~, `ricxvni~, `levianni~, `rjulTa~,
`mefeTa~ da sxva _ SeimCneva CvenTvis saintereso samedicino pasaJebi. rogorc irkveva, Zvel
ebraelebs sakmaod zusti warmodgena hqoniaT adamianis anatomiasa da fiziologiaze, rac SesaZloa
maTi egviptur samyarosTan siaxloviT aixsnas. wignSi aRwerilia Tandayolili simaxinjenic
(polidaqtilia) da fiziologiuri variaciebic (caciaoba). orTopediuli defeqtis mqone adamianebs ar
hqondaT ufleba RvTismsaxurebisa _ `arc koWls, arc cxvirCaWyletils, arc cxvirwaSverils, arc
fexmotexils, arc xelmotexils...~
sainteresoa RmerTTan mebrZoli iakobis dakoWlebis scena, romelic metad damajerebelia da
naturaluri sizustiT aRwers myesis dazianebis SemTxvevas.
wigni bevr omsa da meomarze mogviTxrobs, amitomac gasakviri ar aris, rom travmebi
xSiradaa naxsenebi da maT mkurnalobazec xSirad pirdapiraa miniSnebuli. amaTgan aRsaniSnavia
abimeleqisa da qanaanis mmarTvelis, sisaras mier miRebuli Tavis qalas travmebi. aRwerilia
avadmyofebis mdgomareoba, gaweuli samedicino daxmareba (qalas fragmentis amoReba), uSualo

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da SedarebiT Soreuli Sedegebi. sainteresoa mefe nabalis ambavic, romelic mTeli Ramis loTobis
Semdeg moulodnelad mokvdeba, rac, rogorc Cans, insultis ganviTarebis Sedegi unda iyos. radgan
nervul sistemaze Camovarda saubari, aRsaniSnavia ieroboamis istoria, romelmac ganrisxebulma
TiTiT mianiSna winaswarmetyvel ioSiaze, raTa es ukanaskneli daepatimrebinaT da daesajaT. mefe
isteriul konversiaSi gaSeSdeba. rogorc Cans, Zalze didi iyo emociuri foni, anda ioSia flobda
gansakuTrebul unars fsiqiuri zemoqmedebisa.
fsiqikuri aSliloba, rogorc RvTis sasjeli, arcTu iSviaTad moevlineba adamianebs.
gansakuTrebiT maT, visac RmerTi adre swyalobda da maT es `ver SeiSvenes~. aseTia sauli,
nabuqodonosori da sxv. saerTod, yovelgvari daavadeba da masiuri epidemia, katastrofa Zvel
aRTqmaSi sasjelad moiazreba da es erT-erTi uZlieresi argumenti gaxlavT zemonaxsenebi rwmenis
uryevobisa. moses Txovnis uaryofisTvis isjeba egviptis faraoni da misi xalxi: epidemiebi da
mousavlianoba, SimSili da klimaturi katastrofebi. Savi Wiris, yvavilis Tu qoleris epidemiebi
Semdgom epoqebSic calsaxad RvTiur sasjeladaa gaazrebuli da maTTan brZola profesional
eqimebTan erTad, swored RvTismsaxurTa Tavdadebul Sromasa da Tavganwirvas moiTxovda.
Zvel aRTqmaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs keTrs. aq ramdenime `feris~ keTria aRwerili,
romelTa identifikacia dRes cnobil daavadebebTan Wirs. danamdvilebiT erTi ram SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom yvela maTgani infeqciuria da midgomac, gamomdinare maTi kontagiozurobis xarisxidan da
gamosavlidan, sxvadasxvanairia. mZime infeqciuri seniT gardacvlili avadmyofis gvamTan da mis
pirad nivTebTan miaxloeba mkacrad ikrZaleboda, masTan sicocxleSic xSiri miaxloeba da
intensiuri movla ar iyo nebadarTuli. xolo gardacvalebis Semdgom gvamianad, karvianad da pirad
nivTebTan erTad yvelaferi cecxls miecemoda xolme. gvamTan saerTod metad frTxili
damokidebuleba Zvel ebraelTa seriozul gamocdilebasa da dakvirvebulobaze miuTiTebs. es
problema gansakuTrebiT samxreT qveynebSi mcxovrebTaTvis aris sacnauri da gasagebi, sadac
sikvdilidan umokles droSi iwyeba gvamuri toqsinebis gamoyofa da xrwna.
Zvel aRTqmaSi somaturi daavadebebi da misi simptomebi sakmaodaa motanili: faRaraTi,
gulisreva, pirRebineba, saerTo sisuste, gonis dakargva, cxeleba da sxv.
mefe iorami, rogorc Cans, msxvili nawlavis simsivniT unda gardacvliliyo:
`yovelive amis Semdeg dasca ufalma igi ukurnebeli seniT. ase iyo dRe da Rame. meore wlis
bolos gamouvida nawlavebi senisgan da saSinel tanjvaSi mokvda~.
swori nawlavis prolafsusi (gamovardna) msxvili nawlavis distaluri simsivneebisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli.
iudeis mefe xizkias ki `wylulze~ (albaT, abscesze) leRvis tylapi daudvia da ise gankurnebula.
saerTod, gamomdinare iqidan, rom biblia, es `wignTa wigni~, religiuri xasiaTis Txzulebaa da
konkretuli mizandasaxuleba gaaCnia, masSi ar unda veZioT konkretuli samkurnalo meTodebi da
saSualebebi. sakmarisia moyvanili faqtebidan imdroindeli medicinis, farmaciis da higienis zogadi
da metad mniSvnelovani Sefasebis kriteriumebi gamovyoT. wignSi aRwerilia saswaulebrivi
gankurnebis SemTxvevebi (mag. elises mier iordaneSi banaobiT nayamanis keTrisgan
gankurneba), rac religiuri datvirTvis garda sruliad konkretuli samedicino xasiaTis daskvnis
gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva: avadmyofi keTrisgan ikurneba da es praqtikulad SesaZlebelia.
yuradRebas iqcevs Zvel aRTqmaSi `mkvdris gacocxlebis~ ori SemTxveva, sadac pasaJis
gaanalizebiT reanimaciuli RonisZiebebis srul suraTs vxedavT. elise mzis dartymiT gondakargul
biWs ase acocxlebs: `zemodan daawva bavSvs, piri pirze daado, Tvali Tvalze, xelis mtevnebi xelis

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mtevnebze da ganerTxa mis zemodan. da gaTba bavSvis sxeuli. erTi gaiar-gamoiara saxlSi (elisem
_ r.S.) da kvlav ganerTxa bavSvs zemoT. Svidjer daacemina ymawvilma da gaaxila Tvali~.
igive suraTia aRwerili, rodesac elia qvrivis Svils Cahberavs sicocxles.
moses janmrTelobis kanonis da mTlianad Zveli aRTqmis samedicino sibrZne mainc mis
higienur kanonebze da cxovrebis wesSia gacxadebuli.
sisufTavis dacva da komunaluri pirobebis uzrunvelyofa aq xSirad konkretuli akrZalvebis
saxiTaa mocemuli. sasmeli wylis mopovebis wesis Tu sakanalizacio sistemebis Seqmnis pirobebis
gansazRvra, sakvebad vargisi cxovelebisa da frinvelebis sia, cxovrebis kanonebis dadgena Tu
colqmruli urTierTobebis regulireba aris Zveli aRTqmis yuradRebis fokusSi.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa es ukanaskneli.
daviwyoT winadacveTiT, romelic israelsa da iudeas garda, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli egviptesa
da Zvel kolxeTSic.
es operacia dResac keTdeba urologiur praqtikaSi (circumcisio) garTulebuli balanitebisa da
balanopostitebis, fimozis dros. aRniSnuli daavadebebi, sruliad bunebrivia, rom samxreTis
qveynebSi gansakuTrebiT yofiliyo gavrcelebuli da tradicias sruliad pragmatuli axsna hqondes.
Tanamedrove israel mecnierTa gamokvleviT ki, Turme winadacveTili pirebis meuRle/partniori
qalebi gacilebiT dabali procentiT avaddebian saSvilosnos yelisa da saSvilosnos simsivniT.
colqmruli cxovreba wmindaa da kanoniT umkacresad daculi. erTguleba valdebulebaa da ara
pirovnebis portretuli samSvenisi. yovelgvari gaukuRmarTebuli kavSiri, incesti, sodomis codva,
onanizmi, bestializmi (cxovelebTan kavSiri) isjeba RvTisgan upirvelesad da isjeba adamianuri,
Temuri kanoniT. qalwulebis institutis dacva savaldebuloa. mogvianebiT wm. pavle mociquli
dawers: `Tu Tavs ver Seikaveben, de iqorwinon, vinaidan, qorwineba jobia gaxelebas~.
ojaxi urTierTpativiscemisa da erTmaneTis Rirsebis damcveli meqanizmia. mefe solomoni
monogamiuri ojaxis apologetia, Tumca is sasiyvarulo urTierTobis karg mcodnedac gvevlineba:
`kargi da cudi~ colebis sayuradRebo daxasiaTebas gvawvdis.
sainteresoa, rom veneruli sneulebebi colqmru-li Ralatis pirdapir Sedegadaa Seracxuli. arsebob-
da e.w. `eWvianobis kanoni~. eWvmitanil qals `mware wyals~ (mtvrisa da taZris wylis narevi)
asmevdnen da Tu is wabilwuli iyo, gonoreuli daavadebis mTeli simptomatika warmoCindeboda.
SesaZloa, es `wyali~ anTebis maprovocirebel (pirogenul) raRac nivTierebas Seicavda. aRniSnuli
daavadeba im drois axlo aRmosavleTSi friad gavrcelebuli Cans. aqac RvTiuri sasjelis gareSe ar
yofila: roca mose sinas mTaze iyo, ebraelebma `oqros xbos~ kerpi dadges, orgiebsa da uwesobebSi
Caeflnen. amas mohyva gonoreis pirveli epidemia. xolo meored da ufro farTo masStabiT maSin
daatydaT Tavze es sasjeli, roca maT moabel qalebTan daiwyes mruSoba, aRviraxsniloba da
kerpTayvanismcemlobasac daubrundnen. rac ar unda alegoria veZeboT am istoriaSi, kavSiri uweso
sqesobriv cxovrebasa da gonoreis gavrcelebas Soris pirdapiria.
Zveli aRTqma meanobisa da ginekologiis sakiTxebsac exeba. aq saubaria asaksa da
Svilosnobaze (sara, ana da ioakimi, zaqaria da elisabedi), SvilierebiT bednierebaze. is, rom ebraeli
qalebi egviptelebze amtanebi arian da swrafad mSobiaroben, magram xandaxan urTuldebaT kidec,
_ roca iakobis meore coli raxeli Sobs beniamins, xandaxan tyupsac aCenen. mSobiarobidan 50 dRis
ganmavlobaSi qmarTan urTierToba akrZaluli aqvT. igive akrZalva vrceldeba menstruaciis
periodzec.
uaRresad Tanadroulad JRers Zveli aRTqmis damokidebuleba Rvinis moxmarebasTan. Rvino
aq gamoiyeneba Wrilobis mosabanad, tkivildamayuCeblad da damamSvideblad. yvelaferi es
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Sesabamisi doziTa da meTodiT. loToba da erTxel daTrobac ki sircxvilad iTvleba. es damokidebu-
leba axal aRTqmaSi da mTlianad qristianul literaturaSi ucvlelad gadava da ganviTardeba.
RvTiuri kanoni krZalavda leSisa da mZoris Wamas, rac SeiZleba infeqciuri daavadebis
gamomwvevi gamxdariyo. es kanoni agreTve im cxovelebis Wamasac krZalavda, romlebic
avadmyofobiT daixocnen, an moklul iqnen sxva cxovelebis mier. sisxli da cximi araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli sakvebad, romelTa gamoricxva kvebis racionidan
mkveTrad amcirebda qolesterinemiis dones zogadad, stenokardiis, infarqtebisa da insultebis
sixSires.
kacobriobis janmrTelobaSi iudaizmis erT-erTi didi damsaxurebaa regularuli dasvenebis dRis _
SabaTis (SemdegSi kviris) SemoReba, rac adamians fizikuri da gonebrivi dasvenebis saSualebas
aZlevda da misi Zalebis ganaxlebas uwyobda xels. am kanonTan iyo dawyvilebuli meore kanoni _
erT-erTi aTi mcnebidan _ imis Sesaxeb, rom danarCeni eqvsi dRe adamians unda Seevso Tavisi
SromiT. TavisTavad es adamianis janmrTelobis SenarCunebis friad mniSvnelovani faqtoria.
kanoni, romelic aregulirebda cxovelTa moSenebasa da marcvleulis moyvanas, iseTnairad
warmarTavda am saqmianobas, rom sabolood, adamianis janmrTelobac ganemtkicebina da
mosavalica da monagaric ufro uxvi hqonoda. sxvadasxva jiSis saqoneli ar unda SeejvarebinaT, ori
sxvadasxva marcvleuli kultura erTY mindorze ar unda daTesiliyo. yovel meSvide wels miwas unda
daesvena, raTa niadagi daculi yofiliyo gamofitvisagan. yovel ormocdameaTe wels ki, mTeli
savargulebi axlidan nawildeboda, rom aravin darCeniliyo Tavisi nakveTis gareSe.
levianTa kanonSi samedicino samarTlis sakiTxebs sakmaod didi adgili hqonda daTmobili.
bevri im kanons, romelic uflebas aZlevs adamians miiRos `Tvali Tvalis wil, kbili kbilis wil, fexi
fexis wil~, ganixilavs, rogorc sastiki SurisZirebis nebadamrTvels. sxva mxriv Tu SevxedavT,
SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom es kanoni seriozulad zRudavda im pirT, romelTac SeeZloT ubralo
dazianebis sapasuxod adamiani sasikvdilod gaemetebinaT.
kaciskvla mkacrad iyo akrZaluli, Tumca es Tavdacvis SemTxvevebze ar vrceldeboda da
qveynis saWiroebisaTvis gamarTul omebsac kurTxeva hqonda miniWebuli.
sainteresoa, rom mkvlelobaSi eWvmitanil pirebs SeeZloT Tavi SeefarebinaT maT dasacavad
specialurad gamoyofili qalaqebisaTvis da guldamSvidebiT dalodebodnen samarTlian ganaCens, rac
udanaSaulobis prezumpciis, am metad mniSvnelovani iuridiuli institutis adreuli gamovlinebaa.
adamianTa gausamarTlebeli, naadrevi da usafuZvlo dasjisgan dacvis sayuradRebo meqanizmia.
SemTxveviTi travmatizmiT gamowveuli Sromisuunarobis gamo, pirovneba fulad daxmarebas
iRebda. es ukve mSromeli adamianis sadazRvevo sistemis albaT pirvel Canasaxs warmoadgens.
Tu qals muceli moeSleboda, mas aseve unda mieRo fuladi kompensacia. cxovelebisgan
miRebuli travmebi, cxovelis patronisgan unda yofiliyo anazRaurebuli.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis wyalobiT, “RmerTis rCeuli xalxi” unda amaRlebuliyo zneobrivad,
daeZlia avadmyofoba, gaWirveba da socialuri sneulebani. israelianni, sibrZnis, siyvarulisa da
RmerTis Zlierebis damadastureblad, misabaZ magaliTad unda qceuliyvnen sxva xalxebisTvis.

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 mkurnalobis xelovneba
Zvel indoeTSi

indoeTis uZvelesi da TviTmyofadi civilizacia Camoyalibda Cv.w.aR-mde III aTaswleulSi.

qveynis dasaxeleba `indoeTi~ berZnuli warmoSobisaa da is ukavSirdeba qveynis Crdilo-dasavleTSi
mdebare mdinares sindhus, romelsac berZnebi indoss eZaxdnen.
periodizaciis TvalsazrisiT Zveli indoeTis medicinis istoriaSi gamoyofen sam ZiriTad etaps:
1. harapuli civilizaciis periodi _ qr.S.-mde III aTaswleuli – qr.sS-mde II aTaswleulis
dasawyisi.
2. veduri periodi _ qr.S.-mde II aTaswleuli – qr.S.-mde I aTaswleulis I naxevari, rodesac
civilizaciis centrma gadainacvla kontinentis aRmosavleT nawilSi. am periodSi daiwyo `wmida
teqstebis~ - vedebis Sedgena. xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi arsebobda vedis Taobidan Taobaze
zepirsityvieri gadacemis tradicia.
3. klasikuri periodi (VIIqr.S.-mde _ IVqr.S.-dan) _ es aris indoeTis tradiciuli kulturis
ganviTarebis umaRlesi mwvervali.
indoeTis istoriisa da samedicino saqmianobis Seswavlis ZiriTadi istoriuli wyaroebia:
- Zveli literaturuli Zeglebi I aTaswleuli qr.S.-mde.
- `manus kanonebi anu manus darigebani~. II s. qr.S.-mde.
- samedicino krebulebi: Carakasa da suSrutas samhitebi. Qqr.S.-dan I saukune.
- arqeologiuri, eTnografiuli monacemebi, Zeglebi, xalxuri eposi (miTologia).
- cnobili istorikosebis, filosofosebis, mogzaurebis Txzulebebi.
qr.S.-mde III aTaswleulSi mdinare indis mimdebare teritoriaze Camoyalibda
maRalganviTarebuli kultura, romelmac mogvianebiT `harapuli kulturis~ saxelwodeba miiRo.
qalaqi harapi mdebareobs Tanamedrove pakistanis (qarTuli wyaroebiT _ sindeTi) teritoriaze.
harapuli kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia monumenturi arqiteqtura, SedarebiT didi qalaqebis
dagegmva da mSenebloba, qalaqebis sanitaruli keTilmowyobis maRali done, xelovnuri morwyvis
sistemebis ganviTareba, xelosnoba da vaWrobis ganviTareba. aq Seiqmna protoinduri damwerloba,
romelic dRemde ar aris gaSifruli. harapulma kulturam mwvervals, sxvadasxva parametrebiT, qr,S.-
mde III aTaswleulis bolos da II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi miaRwia. man win gauswro amave periodis
egviptisa da mesopotamiis Zvel civilizaciebs.
harapuli teqstebi Seicavs 400-mde gansxvavebul niSans. werilobiTi Zeglebis garda isini
Sesrulebulia keramikis, spilenZis, brinjaos, spilos Zvlis nakeTobebze, rac am epoqaSi damwerlobis
farTo moxmarebaze metyvelebs.
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad dReisaTvis aRmoCenilia 800-mde Zveli nasaxlari.
yuradRebas ipyrobs nasaxlari – moxenjo-daro _ (`micvalebulTa borcvi~). is farTobiT 2,5 km 2-ia da
mecnierTa varaudiT 35-100 aTasamde adamiani iyo dasaxlebuli. aqvea sabanao kompleqsi, centrSi
_ auziT (sigrZe 12 m, sigane 7 m, siRrme 3m), romlis fskeri dafarulia bitumiT. misi wyalgaumtari
Tviseba 4 aTasi wlis merec ki SenarCunebulia. amave kompleqsSia ganTavsebuli ori abano.
specialistebis azriT abanos gamTbari wyali miewodeboda da aqve sakulto ritualebic sruldeboda.
harapuli civilizaciis qalaqebis sanitaruli uzrunvelyofis maxasiaTeblebi udaod miuTiTebs
saeqimo codnis da misi realizaciis uaRresad maRal doneze, rac mudmiv maxasiaTeblad ar SeiZleba

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CaiTvalos, radgan Semdgom periodSi sanitariul-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis donis garkveulwilad
dacema SeiniSneba.
vedur periodSi Zveli indoeTis civilizaciis centrma gadainacvla qveynis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT,
mdinare gangisken, sadac ariebis tomebis mosvlis Semdeg Camoyalibebuli iyo ramdenime
saxelmwifo. samedicino saqmianobis Sesaxeb cnobebi am periodSi bevri ar aris, magram is rac
moipoveba _ uaRresad mniSvnelovania.
veduri periodis werilobiTi Zeglebi Seicaven vedur religiur Txzulebebs, epikur poemebs, astro-
nomiuli da samedicino xasiaTis pasaJebis Semcvel traqtatebs. cnobili oTxi saxis vedadan saeqimo
codnis elementebi Semonaxulia `rigvedasa~ (XII-X ss. Cv.w.aR.) da `aTharvavedaSi~ (VIII-VII ss.
qr.S.-mde).
`rigvedaSi~ moxsenebulia sami daavadeba: sisxldena, Wleqi da keTri. aq eqimicaa naxsenebi
Semdeg konteqstSi: `Cveni survilebi gansxvavebulia: medroges surs SeSa, mkurnals _ daavadebebi,
xolo qurums – msxverplSewirva. `rigvedas~ teqstSi ZiriTadad aRwerilia magiuri mkurnalobis
ritualebi. saerTod, vedur periodSi samedicino codna uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli religiasTan da
magiur warmodgenebTan. `rigvedaSi~ mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba veduri religiis mTavar
RmerTs – indras. sicocxlisa da sikvdilis Sesaxeb warmodgenebs da eqimobas ukavSirdeba tyupi
RvTaeba – aSvinebi, soma, agreTve umaRlesi RvTaebebi: agni – cecxlis RmerTi, suria – mzis
RmerTi. Zvelindur miTologiaSi keTili RmerTebis gverdiT boroti RmerTebi da demonebia,
romlebic RmerTebisa da adamianebis mtrebad iyvnen Seracxuli da maT ubedureba, avadmyofoba,
unayofoba mohqondaT.
`aTharvavedaSi~ daavadebebi dakavSirebulia borot sulebTan an miiCneva RmerTis sasjelad.
veduri rwmenis Tanaxmad gankurneba msxverplSewirvis, locvebisa da/an Selocvebis Sedegad
xdeba. amasTanave, `aTharvaveda~-Si asaxulia xalxis mier dagrovili praqtikuli codna: samkurnalo
mcenareTa gamoyeneba, romelTa samkurnalo Zala boroti sulebis Zalas upirispirdeboda. Zvel
mkurnalebs ewodebodaT: bhiSaji. es saxeli eqimebs indoeTis istoriis momdevno periodebSic
SemorCaT, maSinac, rodesac eqimi-Semlocveli eqimi-mkurnaliT, empirikosiT Seicvala.
droTa ganmavlobaSi Sexedulebebma daavadebaTa etiologiaze saxe icvala. veduri periodis
dasasruls sazogadoeba Zvel indoeTSi sabolood daiyo oTx socialur fenad: brahmanebi, vaiSebi,
qSatriebi da Sudrebi, xolo TiToeuli fena iyofoda qvefenebad. Sudrebs da pariebs praqtikulad arafris
ufleba hqondaT. maT ar hqondaT vedis mosmenisa da ganmeorebis uflebac ki. es privilegia da
amasTan, eqimobis ufleba hqondaT mxolod pirveli sami umaRlesi fenis warmomadgenlebs.
qr.S.-mde VI saukunidan, e.w. klasikur periodSi, indoeTSi daiwyo Zlieri sulieri da
inteleqtualuri ganviTareba. am dros Seiqmna iseTi mniSvnelovani damwerlobiTi Zeglebi, rogoricaa
“manus kanonebi”, astrologiuri da samedicino xasiaTis Txzulebebi. amave periodSi Seiqmna
religiur – filosofiuri moZRvreba budaze _ budizmi. indoelebma gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes
maTematikisa da astronomiis ganviTarebaSi. maT Tvlis aTobiTi sistema Seqmnes, romelic
Semdgom arabebma gaavrceles msoflioSi da amis gamo maT arabuli ricxvebi da arabuli sistema
ewoda. Zveli indoelebi angariSobdnen ricxvis procents, ahyavdaT xarisxSi da iRebdnen fesvs,
safuZveli Cauyares trigonometrias da sargeblobdnen sinusuri cxrilebiT.
astronomiaSi indoelebi garkveulwilad mesopotamiuri (babilonuri) maTematikuri astronomiis
skolas efuZnebodnen. hqondaT TanavarskvlavedTa sakuTari sistemac (naqSatra), iziarebdnen
ptolemeusamdeli egviptis, TviT ptolemeusisa da saerTod, berZnul – elinisturi astronomiis ZiriTad
principebs. Zvel indoelTa samecniero miRwevebi farTod gavrcelda mTel msoflioSi da
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mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana iranuli, arabulenovani, mcireaziul – kavkasiuri da mogvianebiT
saerToevropuli kulturis ganviTarebaSi.
Cveni welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi indoeTSi samedicino codnis sakmaod
maRalganviTarebuli sistema arsebobda. aq didi dafaseba hqonda mkurnalobis
xelovnebas. samedicino teqstebSi Semonaxulia cnobebi saswaulmoqmed
mkurnalebze jivakze (VI-V ss. Cv.w. aR-mde), Carakaze, janvanTarsa da suSrutaze (Cv. w. I
s).
Zveli induri medicinis ZiriTadi tradiciuli mimarTulebebi asaxulia Zveli aiurveduri (“aiurveda”
sanskritze – “swavleba xangrZliv sicocxleze”) mwerlobis or kargad cnobil ZeglSi: `Caraka-
samhita~ da `suSruta-samhita~ (quSano – hufTuri periodi).
SedarebiT adreuli xanis Zeglia `Caraka-samhita~, romelic eZRvneba Sinagani daavadebebis
mkurnalobas da moicavs cnobebs 600-ze meti mcenareuli, cxoveluri da mineraluri warmoSobis
samkurnalo saSualebis Sesaxeb. maTi gamoyenebis wesebi mocemulia specialur ganakveTebSi.
`suSruta-samhita~ ki ZiriTadad eZRvneba operaciuli mkurnalobis teqnikas. masSi aRwerilia 300-
mde operacia, 120 qirurgiuli instrumenti da 760 samkurnalo saSualeba.
indoeli eqimebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen codnas adamianis sxeulis
agebulebis Sesaxeb. maT, rogorc Cans, Tavis drois yvelaze srulyofili warmodgena hqondaT am
mimarTulebiT. iseve, rogorc egvipturi, arc induri religia krZalavda gvamis gakveTasa da
preparacias. suSrutas Tanaxmad gvams preparaciis mizniT 7 dReRamis ganmavlobaSi swrafad
gamdinare wylis fskerze xis yuTiT aTavsebdnen da Semdgom iwyebdnen mis Seswavlas. igive
avtoris mixedviT adamianis organizmi aseTi agebulebisa iyo: 500 kunTi, 1000-mde myesi, 300
Zvali, 107 saxsari, 40 msxvili da 700 wvrili sisxlZarRvi, 24 nervi da 9 grZnobaTa organo.
Zvel indoelTa warmodgeniT samyaro Sedgeboda 5 stiqiisagan: miwa, wyali, cecxli, haeri da
eTeri. organizmis cxovelmoqmedeba ki ganisazRvreboda sami elementis kombinaciiT: haeris,
cecxlisa da wylis urTierTqmedebiT, rasac sxeulis sami siTxe (berZn. humori, liqvori) _ naRveli,
lorwo da haeri (prana). es ukanaskneli pozitiuri, kreatiuli Zalis matarebeli iyo da rogorc Cans,
sisxlis (Jangbadis da sxva airebis gadamtani) eqvivalentad moiazreboda. avadmyofoba aRiqmeboda
rogorc organizmis Semadgenel sistemaTa (organoebis funqciuri erToblioba, siTxeebi) harmoniis,
balansis darRveva. es disbalansi SesaZloa gamowveuli yofiliyo an garemo faqtorebis (weliwadis
dro, klimati, kveba, higienuri pirobebi) gavleniT, anda araswori cxovrebisaTvis RvTis sajelad
movlenili keTriT, veneriuli da sxva infeqciuri daavadebebiT manifestirebuli. mkurnaloba
mimarTuli iyo substanciaTa darRveuli Tanafardobis aRdgenisaken, risTvisac gamoiyeneboda dieta,
samkurnalo Terapia, qirurgiuli meTodebi, romelsac srulyofilad flobdnen indoeli eqimebi.
mkurnalobis taqtika Zvel indoeTSi, iseve rogorc yvelgan, Zvel samyaroSi ganisazRvreboda
daavadebis prognoziT. daavadebis prognozis dros mkurnali iTvaliswinebda: daavadebis
Taviseburebas, weliwadis dros, avadmyofis asaks, temperaments, Zalebsa da inteleqts.
Zvel indoeTSi eqimebs mravalmxrivi codna da unar-Cvevebi gaaCndaT. `suSrutaSi~
vkiTxulobT: `mkurnali, romelic flobs fesvebisa da balaxebis samkurnalo Tvisebebs – adamiania;
mkurnali, romelic cnobs danisa da cecxlis Tvisebebs – demonia; mkurnali, romelic flobs locvis
Zalas – winaswarmetyvelia; mkurnali, romelic cnobs vercxliswylis Tvisebebs – RmerTia~.
qr.S.-mde IV saukuneSi Seqmnil suSrutas samedicino traqtatSi aRwerilia anTebis sami stadia,
maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT: pirvel periodSi – umniSvnelo tkivilebi; meoreSi – gamWoli
tkivilebi, SeSupeba, SeboWiloba, adgilobrivi cxeleba, siwiTle da funqciis darRveva; mesameSi –
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SeSupebis dacxroma da Cirqis warmoSoba. mkurnalobisaTvis miTiTebuli iyo adgilobivi wamlebi
da qirurgiuli Careva.. amave traqtatis mixedviT diagnostika emyareboda avadmyofis gamokiTxvas,
sxeulis temperaturis, enisa da kanis feris dadgenas, gamonayofisa da filtvebSi xmauris Seswavlas,
Tumca arsad iyo naxsenebi pulsis gamokvleva. aRwerilia Zveli berZnebisTvisac ki manamde
ucnobi diabeti, romelsac Sardis gemos gasinjviT adgendnen.
mkurnalobis taqtika ganisazRvreboda daavadebis gankurnebisa Tu argankurnebis
SesaZleblobebis dadgenis Sedegad. keTilsaimedo prognozs eqimi akeTebda daavadebis
Taviseburebis, weliwadis drois, avadmyofis asakis, misi temperamentis, fizikuri da gonebrivi
SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. eqimebi Zvel indoeTSi dakvirvebiTa da logikuri azrovnebis
unariT gamoirCeodnen. isini avadmyofs wamals mxolod srulyofili gamokvlevis Semdeg
uniSnavdnen.
indoeli eqimebi ostaturad iyenebdnen adgilobriv mcenareul, cxovelur da mineraluri
warmoSobis wamlebs. suSrutas cnobebSi mocemulia informacia 760 mcenareuli, cxoveluri da
mineraluri wamlis Sesaxeb. indoelebi dakvirvebiT swavlobdnen metalebsa da maT SenaerTebs:
oqros, vercxls, vercxliswyals, spilenZs. gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobda vercxliswyali.
wamlebis damzadebiT mxolod eqimebi iyvnen dakavebulni. saukeTeso samkurnalo mcenareebi
himalaidan CamohqondaT. induri wamlebiTa da samkurnalo meTodebiT sargeblobdnen mezobeli
qveynebic. kerZod, tibeturi medicina didad aris davalebuli Zveli induri medicinisagan.
wamlebs, Sxamebsa da antidotebs amzadebdnen mxolod eqimebi. induri mcenareebis
samkurnalo Tvisebebma Sors gaiTqva saxeli da sxvadasxva qveynebSi importis sagani gaxda.
Zvel indoeTSi meanoba eqimobis gamoukidebel dargad iTvleboda. mSobiarobas eqimis
meTvalyureobis qveS oTxi gamocdili qali iRebda. eqimi ki mxolod maSin ereoda, roca aucilebeli
xdeboda sakeisro kveTa.
`suSrutas~ traqtatSi detalurad aris gadmocemuli rCevebi fexmZimeTaTvis, maT Soris
sisufTavis, cxovrebis swori wesis Sesaxeb, aRwerilia mSobiarobis mimdinareobis paTologiuri
gadaxrebi, nayofis simaxinjeebi, embriotomia, sakeisro kveTa (romelsac mimarTavdnen dedis
sikvdilis Semdeg nayofis gadarCenis mizniT). dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili, Tu rogor unda mouaros
Tavs fexmZime qalma da rogor gamokvebos axalSobili. ganxilulia axalSobilTa da CvilTa
daavadebebic.
Zveli induri operaciuli mkurnalobis (qirurgia) xelovneba mTels msoflioSi saukeTesod
iTvleboda. Zveli indoeli eqimebi mas pirvel adgils aniWebdnen mkurnalobis meTodebs Soris.
indoeli qirurgebi misdevdnen ra Tavisi qveynis wes-Cveulebebs, operaciis dros zedmiwevniT
icavdnen sisufTaves, Tumca jer warmodgena ar hqondaT aseptikasa da antiseptikaze. isini
gamoirCeodnen gambedaobiT, maRali teqnikiT da instrumentebis Cinebuli flobiT. akeTebdnen
amputacias, laparotomias, Tiaqris operacias, kenWebis amoRebas, plastikur operaciebs omebSi
dasaxiCrebulTaTvis, aseve sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT dasjilTaTvis moWrili cxviris, yuris,
tuCebis aRdgenis mizniT. aq aRwerili rinoplastikis meTodi dResac `induri meTodis~ saxeliTaa
cnobili medicinaSi. Zveli indoeli qirurgebi vurtuozulad flobdnen kataraqtis operacias. aRwerilia
Tvalis 76 saxis daavadeba da maTi mkurnalobis meTodebi.
md. indis dablobis uZvelesma civilizaciam ori aTasi wliT adre SesZlo Seeqmna romis cnobil
wyalsadenze ufro srulyofili wyalmomaragebisa da kanalizaciis sistema. gaocebas iwvevs
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili qalaqebis arqiteqtura, sanitariul-teqnikuri uzruyvelyofa
(Webi, abanoebi, auzebi, kanalizaciis sistema).
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 didi yuradReba eqceoda saxisa da sxeulis silamazes, pirad higienas da sadgomis sisufTaves
aseve saWmlis damzadebisa da kvebis higienas. `manus miTiTebebSi~ akrZaluli iyo sacxovrebelis
siaxloves saWmlis narCenebis gadayra, fexis nabani wylis gaaRvra, rom araferi vTqvaT bunebrivi
moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaze.
indoeTSi saWmlis damzadebis teqnologiasa da higienur normebs didi yuradReba eqceoda. am
TemasTan dakavSirebiT mravali Txzuleba iyo Seqmili. maTSi ganxiluli iyo klimaturi pirobebis,
sezonuri cvalebadobis, sakvebis gavlena adamianis janmrTelobaze. iTvleboda, rom banaoba,
sxeulis sxvadasxva malamoTi damuSaveba, aseve axali produqtebiT kveba janmrTelobis erT-erTi
sawindari iyo. isini xis rbili totebiT akeTebdnen kbilis saxex jagrisebs, xolo kbilis pastis
dasamzadeblad iyenebdnen Tafls. sakvebidan upiratesobas aniWebdnen axal xorcs, sufTa cxoveluri
cxims, rZes. vedebSi alkoholuri sasmelebi akrZaluli iyo, magram mogvianebiT is mTels indoeTSi
gavrcelda. suSruta aRwers sxvadasxva mcenareTa nayofebidan damzadebul sasmelebs.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas Rvinos aqcevdnen. is madis aRmZvrelad gamoiyeneboda. am Temaze
mravali wyaro mogviTxrobs.
mauris imperiis dros (Cv. w. aR-mde I aTaswleulis dasawyisi) moqmedebda mkacri kanonebi,
rac gansazRvravda gvamebis dawvis adgilebs da krZalvdnen quCaSi nagvis gadayras. aSokis dros
(268-231 w. qr.S.-mde) budas taZrebTan ganTavsebuli iyo saavadmyofoebi, romlebic indoeTSi
evropasTan SedarebiT 5-6 saukuniT adre warmoiSva. mogvianebiT, hufTebis imperiis dros (IV-VI
s.) specialurad aSenebdnen saxlebs xeibrebis, qvrivebis, oblebisa da avadmyofebisaTvis.
Zveli indoeTis medicinaSi daavadebis profilaqtikisa da mkurnalobisaTvis mniSvnelovani
adgili ekava iogas, romelSic Serwymuli iyo religiur-filosofiuri moZRvreba, moralur-eTikuri
swavleba da savarjiSo sistema. iogas varjiSebs dRemde ar daukargavs aqtualoba da uamravi
mimdevari hyavs janmrTelebsa da avadmyofebs Soris.
saeqimo eTikis wesebi Zvel indoeTSi Zveli berZeni eqimebis ficis principebis magavsi iyo:
maswavleblebisa da kolegebis pativiscema, wundaudebeli garegnoba, Tavmdabloba da
moTmineba, avadmyofis samsaxuri `sakuTari sicocxlis fasadac ki~, upovarTa da xeibarTa
mkurnaloba gasamrjelos gareSe, saeqimo saidumloebis dacva, gansjis unari da Tavisi codnis
mudmivad srulyofa.
medicinas, indoeTSi guruebi aswavliddnen. swavleba mocavda religiur traqtatebSi mocemuli
Selocvebis kiTxvasa da maT axsnas, agreTve wamlebis Seswavlasa da sxva eqimebis
saqmianobaze dakvirvebiT mkurnalobis meTodebis aTvisebas. adamianebi ganaTlebis miRebis
Semdeg rajisgan iRebdnen mkurnalobis nebarTvas, Tumca amasTan erTad, aucilebeli iyo daedoT
piroba higienuri normebis dacvis Sesaxeb. maT moeTxovebodaT mudam gaparsulebi,
TmaSeWrilebi, sufTa tansacmelSi gamowyobilebi yofiliyvnen. garda fizikuri srulyofilebisa didi
mniSvneloba eniWeboda eqimis xasiaTs: kolegebis pativiscema, Tavmdabloba, moTmineba,
avadmyofTa mkurnaloba, upovarTa da megobarTa daxmareba gasamrjelos gareSe _ maTTvis
damaxasiaTebeli umTavresi Tvisebebi unda yofiliyo.
mdidari warsulis mqone indurma medicinam didi gavlena moaxdina samedicino codnis
ganviTarebaze mTel msoflioSi.

swavleba iogas Sesaxeb

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 ioga aris uZvelesi tradiciebis mqone fsiqo-fiziologiuri disciplina, romelic iqmneboda da
ixveweboda saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. pirveli werilobiTi wyaroebi aRmoCenilia indoeTSi
daaxloebiT 5000 wlis win, magram is, rogorc moZRvreba, ufro adreulicaa. saukuneebis manZilze
ioga saxes icvlida da konkretul mimdinareobebad yalibdeboda. sityva “ioga” warmoiSveba
sanskrituli sityvisgan `iukt~ `iuj~, rac kavSirs an erTianobas niSnavs. klasikuri ganmartebiT, ki
ioga niSnavs: adamianis sulis (WeSmariti Sinagani ‘me”-s) erTianobas, kavSirs kosmiur “me”-sTan
(absolutTan). iogebma CaTvales, rom sanam isini im pirvelsawyis Zalas ar Seimecnebdnen da
daukavSirdebodnen, romelic qmnis samyaros da marTavs mas, manam ver miiRebdnen pasuxebs
SekiTxvebze samyaros warmoSobisa da mowyobis Sesaxeb, sakuTari Sinagani samyaros Sesaxeb.
maT daiwyes `mogzauroba~ sakuTar Sinagan samyaroSi anu Wvreta, ramac Semdgom
“meditaciis” saxeli da forma miiRo. isini Tvlian, rom aRmoaCines, gaacnobieres kosmiuri
kanonebi. Tundac is, rom adamiani aris mikrosamyaro makrosamyaroSi da rom mikrosamyaros
igive Tvisebebi aqvs, rac makrosamyaros, rogorc okeanes wveTs aqvs okeanes Tvisebebi da
sakmarisia sakuTari Tavis Secnoba imisaTvis, rom SevicnoT samyaro. es kanoni iqca iogas
swavlebis erT-erT qvakuTxedad, romelic mogvianebiT sxvadasxva drois da epoqis religiur-
filosofiuri swavlebebis safuZveli Seiqna. magaliTad, udidesi Cineli filosofosi lao-Zi `dao de-ZinSi~
ambobs: `Seican Tavi Seni da Seicnob samyaros~. “Seican Tavi Seni” _ iyo sakvanZo sityva
sokrates swavlebisa. aseve xuTwigneulis avtori mose Tavis pirvel wignSi ambobs, rom adamiani
aris RmerTis xatad da msgavsad Seqmnili, rac makro da mikrosamyaros erTianobis miTopoetur
saxed unda CaiTvalos.
rogorc vxedavT aramarto ioga, aramed yvela drois udidesi swavlebebi agebulia am principze.
Ggarda amisa iogebma Seimecnes janmrTelobis principebi: kvebis, biociklebis fizikuri da sunT-
qviTi varjiSebis roli adamianis cxovrebaSi. aseve aRmoaCines Cakrebis (energetikuli centrebis)
arseboba, maTi gawmendis, gaxsnisa da gasxivosnebis meTodebi, romlebic saidumlo meTodebad
iTvleboda da gadaecemoda maswavleblidan moswavles, romelic unda yofiliyo Rirseuli da erTguli
pirovneba. amitomac, iogas swavleba mxolod rCeulTa da erTeulTa xvedri iyo.
iogas klasikur saxelmZRvanelod iTvleba e.w. “iogasutra”, romelic daiwera Cv.w. aR.-mde da
misi avtori aris patanjali. patanjalim SeZlo iogas klasifikacia, ufro farTo masebisTvis gasageb enaze
dawera da iogas konkretul safexurebad dayofa, raTa xalxisaTvis iogas praqtikis aTviseba gaeadvi-
lebina. man ioga pirobiTad rva safexurad daaxarisxa. magaliTad, fizikuri varjiSebi da pozebi
(asanebi) mesame safexurSia Tavmoyrili, xolo sunTqviTi varjiSebi (pranaiama) ki _ meoTxeSi...
merve safexurs hqvia: samadhi, rac srul gasxivosnebas da sulier TviTSemecnebas niSnavs.
iogasutramde iogas Sesaxeb moxseniebuli iyo indur wmida werilebSi (vedebSi). vedebis
epoqis yvelaze ufro avtoritetuli saxelmZRvanelo wyaro aris `bhagavatgita~, sadac bevr sxva
religiur da filosofiur sakiTxTan erTad gadmocemulia iogas WeSmariti arsi da mizani.
`bhagavatgita~ marTlac rom ganZia msoflio literaturisa. is Tvrameti Tavisagan Sedgeba da masSi
Zvelinduri kulturis ZiriTadi kredoa koncentrirebuli.
sxvadasxva adamiani iogas sxvadasxva miznebisTvis misdevs. zogi _ janmrTelobis
gaumjobesebisTvis, radgan ambad gaugiaT, rom iogebi Cveulebriv sxva adamianebze ufro didxans
cocxloben. isini moxucebul asakSic ki Tavs axalgazrdulad da mxned grZnoben. sxva yaidis
adamianebisTvis ioga aris SemoqmedebiTi STagonebis da unarebis ganviTarebis wyaro. isini
amtkiceben, rom meditacia adamians uqmnis xalisian, SemoqmedebiT ganwyobas, aZlevs did
nebisyofas, rac aucilebelia nebismieri Semoqmedi adamianisTvis. garda amisa, meditaciaSi ibadeba
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axali ideebi da es aris mdgomareoba, sadac adamians SeuZlia obieqturad (TiTqos, _ garedan)
daakvirdes sakuTar Secdomebs da gamoasworos isini. iogaSas asanebi adamians sxeuls uviTarebs
plastikas, gracias, rac xelovans exmareba iseT dargebSi, sadac didi fizikuri aqtiuroba igulisxmeba.
iogas mantrebi aviTarebs xmas, koncentracias – smenis da arsSi Cawvdomis unars, xolo sunTqviTi
varjiSebi ki _ sakuTari emociebis marTvis unars. momxmarebelTa mesame kategoriisTvis ioga aris
Sinagani problemebis aRmofxvris saSualeba: iqneba es stresi, depresia, agresia Tu sxva nebismieri
uaryofiTi movlena. cnobilia, rom iogebis cxovrebaSi uaryofiTi emociebi naklebadaa, radgan isini
samyarosTan harmoniaSi cxovroben.
faqtia, rom iogas usistemod varjiSma araerTi savalalo Sedegi moitana da moitans, rac
ueWvelad gasaTvaliswinebelia. sakuTari sulsa da sxeulze Zaladoba da mouzomavi zemoqmedeba,
bunebrivia, kargs arafers moitans. yvela gadawyvetileba, raRac sistemaSi moaqcios sakuTari fsiqo-
fiziologiuri statusi, uaResad mniSvnelovani da sapasuxismgebloa.
ai ras weren msoflios gamoCenili moazrovneebi am wignis Sesaxeb:
`dilaobiT Cems gonebas vban bhagavatgitas gansacvifrebel da kosmogoniur filosofiaSi,
romelTan SedarebiTac Cveni Tanamedrove msoflio da literatura ususuri da trivialuri Cans~.
henri david tori
`me bhagavat-gitas erT didebul dRes vumadli, es udidesi wignia. TiTqos mTeli imperia
gelaparakeba, araferia mcire da uRirsi, aramed farTo, seriozuli, Tanmimdevruli, Zveli sibrZnis
xmaa, romelic sxva epoqasa da pirobebSi, fiqrobda da pasuxebs eZebda imave kiTxvebze,
romelTac Cveni cxovreba moucavs~.
ralf uoldo emersoni
`es aris wigni, romelmac yvelaze didi gansxivosneba momitana mTeli sicocxlis manZilze~.
goeTe
`es udidesi sibrZnis momcveli da yvelaze amaRlebuli nawarmoebia, romelic msoflioSi
arsebobs~.
artur Sopenhaueri

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 eqvsi Cakris ganlageba sxeulze

mantrebi (Selocvebi) sakralur qvebze

qirurgiuli daxmarebis reliefuri indoeli maswavlebeli moswavleebs

gamosaxuleba saeqimo eTikasac aswavlida

- 52 -
 medicina Zvel CineTSi

Cinuri medicina uZveles warsulSi iRebs dasabams. jer kidev jous dinastiis epoqaSi, qr.S.-mde
XIII_XII saukuneebSi. arsebobda medicinis sxvadasxva, specialobebi: Terapia (Sii), qirurgia (ian-
i), dietTerapia (Je-i), veterinaria (Sou-i) da sxva. qr.S.-mde V saukuneSi, imperatoris karze 22
eqimi muSaobda. CineTSi didi yuradReba eqceoda saeqimo sagvareulo tradiciebs, socialur
warmomavlobasa da, rasakvirvelia, eqimebis pirad gamocdilebas. maT yovelwliurad
amowmebdnen da udgendnen saTanado kategorias, romlis mixedviTac uniSnavdnen xelfass.
Cinelebis umetesoba iziarebda gamoTqmas: `wamali miiRe mxolod im eqimisagan, romelic Tavis
gvarSi ekuTvnis eqimTa mesame STamomavlobas~.
Cinuri medicinis fesvebi Zvel filosofiasTanaa msoflmxedvelobriv kavSirSi, romlis
Tanaxmadac arsebobs didi sameuli: ca _ adamiani _ dedamiwa. ori sawyisis erToba _ inis da ianis _
yvelafris Seqmnis wyaroa samyaroSi. maTi Sexameba da urTierTqmedeba gansazRvravs kosmiuri
movlenebis monacvleobas.
ini _ qaluri sawyisia, misi Tvisebebia _ CaZirva, vardna, simSvide; iani _ mamakacuri
sawyisia, misi Tvisebebia _ gamocurva, aweva, moZraoba.
inis da ianis arsis gansamartavad Cineli filosofosebi xSirad iyenebdnen cxovrebiseul
movlenebs. magaliTad, ini aRniSnavda sagnis Cabnelebul mxares, iani _ ganaTebuls; ini _ sxeulis
marjvena mxares, iani _ marcxenas, ini _ sicives, iani _ sicxes. insa da ians ar SeeZloT earsebaT
erTmaneTisgan izolirebulad: `Tuki iani ukan daixevs, gadiddeba ini; Tuki daixevs ini, iani
gadiddeba~.
Cineli medikosebi Zvel droSi Tvlidnen, rom adamiani aris kosmosi miniaturaSi, romelic
moqmedebs im Zalebis zemoqmedebis qveS, romlebic bunebaSi batonoben. adamiani emorCileba
imave kanonebs, romlebsac samyaro, amitom misi sicocxle da janmrTeloba gare samyarosTan
urTierTobiT ganisazRvreba. magaliTad, _ weliwadis droebTan. `inTan da ianTan harmoniis
damyareba _ naTqvamia Zvel Cinur samedicino traqtatSi _ weliwadis oTx drosTan harmoniis
damyarebas niSnavs. Tu Tqven ikamaTebT maTTan, Tqven daRupavT sicocxles; Tu maTTan
TanxmobaSi icxovrebT _ daiviwyebT avadmyofobebs~.
ini da iani samyaros xuTi pirvelsawyisis wyaroa `...iani icvleba da ini yovelTvis masTan erTad
icvleba. ase Cndeba wyali, cecxli, xe, metali da miwa~. maTgan Sedgeba garesamyaros
mravalsaxeoba. Zveli CineTis filosofosebi Tvlidnen, rom stiqiebi mudmivad moZraobasa da
urTierTkavSirSi imyofebian. xuTi pirvelsawyisi cikluri Cinuri kalendris sawyisi elementebia,
romelSic gansazRvruli iyo saeqimo saqmianobisaTvis, mkurnalobis garkveuli meTodebis
gamosayeneblad xelsayreli da araxelsayreli dReebi. am Zveli kalendris samocwliani cikli dRemde
aRmosavleTis bevr qveyanaSia miRebuli. masSi yoveli weli 12 cxovelidan erT-erTis saxels iRebs:
Tagvis, xaris, vefxvis, kurdRlis, drakonis, gvelis, cxenis, cxvris, maimunis, mamlis, ZaRlis da
Roris. garda amisa, dadgenilia xuTi stiqiis ferebis simbolika. am kalendarTan uSualodaa
dakavSirebuli aRmosavlur qveynebis samedicino astrologia. is did rols asrulebs Cinur, indur da
tibetur medicinaSi: uwesebs wamlebis momzadebis vadebs da prognozs akeTebs avadmyofobis
mimdinareobaze. avadmyofobis mkurnalobis meTodebis da wamlebis damzadebis daniSvnisas
Cineli eqimebi adamianisa da garesamyaros urTierTkavSirebis maTeul sistemas eyrdnobodnen. am
dros did rols asrulebda magiuri ricxvebis sistema, romelTa Sorisac gansakuTrebuli adgili `5~ ricxvs

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miekuTvneba. xuT stiqias Seesabameboda swavleba adamianis xasiaTis xuT kategoriaze, xuT
temperamentze. adamianis janmrTelobas da Zalas kvebavda xuTi mcenare: brinji, qeri, fetvi,
xorbali da soios marcvlebi. Cinuri tanvarjiSis moZraobebs amsgavsebdnen `xuTi ci-s TamaSebs~.
`ci~ _ cxovrebiseuli Zalaa.
Zveli Cinuri filosofiuri moZRvrebebi: konfucianeloba da daoizmi qr.S.-mde IV saukuneSi
warmoiSva. aqve unda aRiniSnos filosofosisa da eqimis van Cunis pozicia, romelic gamodioda
sulis ukvdavebis daoisturi ideebis winaaRmdeg: `im arsebebs Soris, romelTa ZarRvebSi sisxli dgas,
ar arseboben ukvdavni~, _ werda is. es im drois CineTis samecniero azris pluralizmze miuTiTebs.
igive pozicias amave epoqaSi, oRond sxva kontinentze, _ evropaSi daiWers kidev erTi genialuri
filosofosi _ aristotele.
Cinuri medicinis mixedviT adamiani (mikrokosmosi) bunebis (makrokosmosis) erT-erTi
Semadgeneli da ganuyofeli nawilia. `mikrokosmosi~ sarkea `makrokosmosisa~. adamianSi, iseve
rogorc bunebaSi, yvelaferi ganicdis ciklur cvlilebebs, rasac ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego Zalis `inis~
da `ianis~ Widili da paeqroba ganapirobebs. `ini~ qaluri sawyisia _ pasiuri, grili, muqi, magram
didi, masiuri da amitom qveviT miiswrafis, `iani~ ki mamakacuri sawyisia _ mxurvale, aqtiuri,
naTeli, da msubuqia da zeviT miiswrafis. `ini~ zrdisa da aRmSeneblobis Zalaa, romelsac sivrceSi
gafarToebis tendencia aqvs. `iani~ formis mimcemi, romelic zRudavs sivrceSi gafarToebis
tendencias da formas aniWebs yovel biologiur substrats. `ini~ cdilobs Seanelos organizmis
garemoze reagireba, gazardos asimilaciuri procesebi (wonaSi mateba), `iani~ ki piriqiT _
amZafrebs organizmis reaqtiulobas, aZlierebs disimilaciur procesebs. Tu Tanamedrove samedicino
Sexedulebebs da terminologias movimarjvebT, `inis~ simptomkompleqsi glukokortikosteroidebis
moqmedebis analogiuria, maSin rodesac `ianis~ simptomkompleqsi _ kateqolaminebis. `inisa~ da
`ianis~ balansi aregulirebs dadebiTi energiis _ `ci~-s moqmedebas, rac TavisTavad uzrunvelyofs
organizmis normalur funqciobas. rodesac wonasworoba irRveva, matulobs daavadebis gamom-
wvevi uaryofiTi energia. dadebiTi energia ebrZvis uaryofiTs, rac yovelTvis misi gamarjvebiT ar
mTavrdeba: xSirad avadmyofis mdgomareoba mZimdeba, daavadeba Rrmavdeba, rac SesaZloa
sikvdiliTac damTavrdes.
adamianis aRnagobis Sesaxeb codna Zvel CineTSi warmoiSva manam, vidre konfucianobis
oficialur religiad aRiareba moxdeboda, romelic krZalavda gvamebis gakveTas. janmrTelobis
safuZvlad iTvleboda `pirveladi elementebis~ wonasworoba, xolo daavadebis mizezad ki am
wonasworobis darRveva. es darRvevebi gamoixateboda 16 sindromiT, romlebic or jgufad iyofoda:
metobis sindromebi _ `iani~ da naklebobis sindromebi `ini~.
Cinuri medicinis mixedviT `inis~ matarebeli organoebia RviZli, guli, Tirkmelebi, elenTa,
pankreasi, filtvebi. `ianis~ matarebelia _ naRvlis buSti, Sardis buSti, kuWi, msxvili da wvrili
nawlavebi. `in~ sindroms miekuTvneba, magaliTad, sifermkrTale, xel-fexis gacieba, neli, susti
majiscema, dabali wneva, kuWis Sekruloba da a.S.
Cinuri filosofiis mixedviT bunebis xuTi elementi Seesabameba cikluri cvlilebebis sxvadasxva
fazebs. pirveli _ miwa, sayovelTao sawyisi da gamaerTianebeli elementia. misi adgili ciklis
centrSia. danarCeni oTxi elementi gamoxatavs maqsimalur/minimalur aqtiurobas da or gardamaval
mdgomareobas maT Soris. (nax. 1).

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 cecxli

rkina miwa xe

wyali
nax. 1.

`wyali~ (`didi ini~) _ yvelaze civi, pasiuri da mZimea (zamTari, sibere), is aniWebs organizms
stabilurobas. `cecxli~ (`didi iani~) – mxurvale, aqtiuri elementia (zafxuli, sicxe). `xe~ (`mcire iani~)
_ aRmavlobis, ganviTarebis simboloa (rogorc dila an gazafxuli); `rkina~ (`mcire ini~) ki _
ukuganviTarebis, aqtiurobis dacemis elementia (saRamo, Semodgoma).
Cinuri medicina ZiriTadad oTx simptomkompleqss ganixilavs: `didi ini~, `mcire iani~, `didi
iani~, `mcire ini~ da oTxive zemoaRniSnuli ciklis fazebs Seesabameba.
Zveli CineTis medicinis filosofiur aspeqtze saubrisas ar SeiZleba ar SevCerdeT `ci~-s cnebaze.
`yvela arseba _ werda qr.S.-mde V s. didi Cineli filosofosi lao Zi _ atarebs sakuTar TavSi insa da
ians, avsebulni arian ci-T da qmnian harmonias~.
ci is cxovrebiseuli Zalaa, romelic dakavSirebulia sisxlTan da sunTqvasTan. is adamianis orga-
nizmis ritmuli muSaobis daxasiaTebaa, misi sistemebis erTobliobis gamoxatulebaa. inis
zemoqmedebis qveS is moZraobs qveviT, ianis zemoqmedebiT _ zeviT da mudmivad imyofeba
Sesqelebisa da gafantvis urTierTgamomricxav procesebSi.
msoflioSi yvela sagani, maT Soris adamianic savsea ci-T. Sesqelebisas is warmoqmnis xilul
sagnebs, sruli gafantvis mdgomareobaSi ki is sicarieled iqceva.
sityvasityviT `ci~ niSnavs `air~-s, `eTer~-s, misi zoomorfuli gamoxatulebaa _ lomi, iremi,
daTvi, maimuni da frinvelebi. ci gansazRvravs adamianis energias. eqimisaTvis organizmSi
arsebobs ci-s savsebiT konkretuli wyaroebi. is samia:
_ STamomavlobiTi (genetikurad pirobadebuli);
_ ganpirobebuli sunTqvis tipiT;
_ kvebiT ganpirobebuli;
Zveli CineTis sxvadasxva filosofiur skolaSi ci niSnavda zneobas, moralur suls,
WeSmaritebisken swrafvas.
saerTod, organizmis janmrTelobisadmi damokidebuleba da misi daavadebis SemTxvevaSi
mkurnalobis meTodologia Cinurma tradiciulma medicinam SeimuSava organoTa Soris mkafio
urTierTdamokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, maT Soris energiebis gadanawilebiTa da `Rru da
mkvrivi~ dawyvilebiT (mag.: msxvili nawlavi _ filtvi; wvrili nawlavi _ guli; kuWi _ elenTa;
naRvlis buSti _ Tirkmeli). am dawyvilebam Cinel eqimebs saSualeba misca daedginaT, rom Tu
dazianebulia erTi organo, maSin aucileblad dazianebulia misi mewyvilec, xolo organoTa am
dawyvilebas Soris arsebobs `dedaSviluri~ damokidebuleba, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom maT Soris
unda dabalansdes energia `ci~, rasac gascems `deda~ da miiRebs `Svili~ (ix. nax. 3). aRniSnuli
sqema pentagramis formisaa, romelic asaxavs Rrma urTierTkavSirebs makro_ da mikrokosmoss
Soris da is cnobilia `Cinuri penmtagramis~ saxeliT.
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 pirvel dakvirvebas ciur mnaTobebze da insa da ianze swavlebis gamogonebas tradicia brZeni
fu-sis saxels miawers, romelic Cv. w. aR-mde III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi cxovrobda. medicinaSi
misi mTavari damsaxureba adamianis sxeulze ganlagebuli sasicocxlo arxebsa da aqtiur wertilebze
swavlebis Seqmna iyo.
uZvelesi Cinuri werilobiTi Zeglebi ZiriTadad qr. S.-mde II aTaswleulis Sua periods
ganekuTvneba. maT Soris samedicino xasiaTis teqstebs mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs.

wvrili zafxuli (sicxe,

nawlavi, guli cecxli)

guli
gazafxuli (xe, adre Semodgoma
Casaxva) (miwa, sinotive)

RviZli, elenTa
naRvlis pankreasi, kuWi
buSti

TirkmeliSar gviani Semodgoma

d-sawveTi filtvebimsx (liToni, simtkice)
zamTari (wyali,
vili nawlavi
sicive)
( )

jous dinastiis dasawyisSi (XI_XII qr.S.-mde) mefobda naxevrad legendaruli mefe Sen-nuni. igi
miTridate pontoelis (qr.S.-mde I s.) msgavsad sakuTar Tavze atarebda eqsperimentebs, Rebulobda
Sxamebs da Semdeg SxamsawinaaRmdego saSualebebiT uvnebelyofda. Sen-nunma 70-jer Caatara
aseTi eqsperimenti da yvela SemTxvevaSi ixsna Tavi sasikvdilo mowamvlisagan.
traqtatSi `kanoni Sinaganze~ naTqvamia, rom guli gamudmebiT devnis sisxls wreze. sisxlis
moZraobaze ki eqims SeuZlia imsjelos pulsis mixedviT. `pulsi sxeulis asi nawilis Sinagani arsi da
Sinagani sulis yvelaze faqizi gamoxatvaa~. Cineli eqimebi pulsis 20 saxeobaze mets asxvavebdnen
da im daskvnamde mividnen, rom pulsi organizmis yoveli organos da yvela procesis sarkea. pulsis
saSualebiT ramdenime wertilSi SeiZleba daadgino ara marto adamianis avadmyofoba, aramed
iwinaswarmetyvelo misi Sedegi. es swavleba gadmocemulia “kanonSi pulsis Sesaxeb” (qr.S.-dan
III s.).
pulsuri diagnostika Zvel aRmosavlur medicinaSi da, kerZod, CineTSi WeSmarit
xelovnebamde iyo ayvanili. Zvel mkurnalebs SeeZloT ganesazRvraT pulsis avsebis xarisxi,
siZliere, siRrme, simaRle, siswrafe, ritmi da sxva mravali dRes CvenTvis aRuqmeli da gaugebari
parametri. Cinuri medicinis kanonikis Tanaxmad pulsis gazomva unda xdebodes mzis amosvlis
dros SenobaSi, sadac haeris temperatura komfortis zonaSia da stabiluria.
zogjer pulss meqanikurad fiqsirebuli drois monakveTSi ki ar sinjavdnen, aramed avadmyofis
sunTqvasTan mimarTebaSi. amasTan, pulsis yoveli gamokvleva unda Seesabamebodes 9
CasunTqva-amosunTqvas. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac avadmyofis sunTqva gaZnelebuli an

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araTanabaria, zogierTi samedicino naSromi Tavazobda pulsis kvlevisas eqimis sunTqvis
fiziologiuri ritmi gamoeyenebinaT. dro, romelic, Cinelebis azriT, saWiroa pulsis sruli gamokvlevi-
saTvis, daaxloebiT 10 wuTs Seadgenda.
pulsuri diagnostikis fuZemdeblad CineTSi iTvleba cnobili filosofosi da eqimi bian ciao (qr.S.-
mde VI s.).
am didi eqimis saxeli erT moarul gamoTqmaSic aisaxa. rodesac CineTSi undaT eqimis
gansakuTrebuli ostatoba aRniSnon, amboben: `es cocxali bian ciaoa~. is avadmyofobas ganixilavda
rogorc organizmisa da garemos Tanafardobis darRvevis Sedegs da Tvlida, rom mkurnalobis
meTodebis SerCevisas aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia klimati da adamianis xasiaTi, misi kvebis
reJimi da mravali sxva Sinagani Tu gare faqtori.
cxovrebis didi nawili bian ciaom CineTSi mogzaurobaSi gaatara.
istoriuli qronikebi gvamcnoben, rom jer kidev bavSvobaSi bian ciaom gaicno beri _ daosi,
masTan 10 weli iRebda gamocdilebas da saCuqrad Tavisi maswavleblisgan miiRo Zveli wigni
samedicino xelovnebaze, saidanac mTeli cxovreba swavlobda.
bian ciao Tavis praqtikaSi iyenebda nemsiT Cxvletas da mowvas, dazelvas SemTbari
samkurnalo saSualebebiT, samkurnalo nayenebs. garda amisa, is cnobili qirurgic iyo: atarebda
operaciebs gautkivarebiT, risTvisac narkotikuli nivTierebebis Semcvel sasmels iyenebda. bian ciao
Cinuri kompleqsuri Terapiis fuZemdebladaa aRiarebuli.
igi eqimbaSobas da araprofesionalizms ebrZoda. misi azriT, `arsebobs eqvsi ganukurnebeli
avadmyofoba da maT Soris is, rom adamianebs sjeraT eqimbaSebisa da ara eqimebisa~. aqedan
irkveva, rom jer kidev qr.S.-mde IV s.-Si CineTSi mkveTrad iyvnen gamijnuli erTmaneTisgan
ganswavluli eqimebi da SemTxveviTi pirovnebebi.
is uSurvelad exmareboda avadmyofebs. masve miewereba avadmyofobis diagnostikis 4
meTodi: daTvaliereba _ van, gamokiTxva _ vien, sxeulis sxvadasxva xmianobis mosmena, sunis
aRqma (ven) da xeliT gasinjva (Ce).
avadmyofis zogadi daTvalierebiT eqimi yuradRebas aqcevda saxis gamometyvelebas, kanis
fers. mniSvneloba eniWeboda mis gonebriv da fsiqikur aqtivobas (`Sen~). pacientis kanis feriT
medikosi askvnida Sinagani organoebis, sisxlisa da funqciuri sawyisis (`Ci~) mdgomareobas. ase
magaliTad, saxis kanis mbrwyinavi, xalasi feri metyvelebs msubuq daavadebaze, rodesac sisxli da
morfologiuri substrati uvnebelia. Tuki SedarebiT axalgazrda pacients damWknari kani da muqi
saxis feri aqvs, es organizmis dacviTi funqciis daqveiTebasa da avadmyofobis mZime xarisxze
metyvelebs. fiqrobdnen, rom yovel organos sxeulis sxvadasxva zedapirze sakuTari zona gaaCnia:
marcxena loyaze aisaxeba RviZlis mdgomareoba, marjvenaze _ filtvebis, Sublis kanze _ gulis
mdgomareoba, nikapze _ Tirkmlebis, cxvirze _ elenTisa. Tu kans aqvs momwvano feri _
daavadebulia RviZli da, Sesabamisad, dainteresebulia RviZlis meridiani.
didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda avadmyofis qcevas, mis Jestikulacias, mimikas. Tu igi mZime
sunTqavs, es aris `filtvebis sisavse lorwos siWarbiT~, Tu mas ar SeuZlia wola da sawolSi iZulebiT
mjdomare pozaSia _ es gulis ukmarisobas niSnavs.
Tvalis lorwovanis hiperemia Tan axlavs sicxiT mimdinare daavadebebs, quTuToebis
SeSupeba miuTiTebs organizmSi siTxis dagrovebaze, Cacvenili Tvalebi ki, piriqiT _ gamomSrali
organizmisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. aseve mniSvneloba eniWeba avadmyofis madas, wyurvilis
SegrZnebas, Zils da sxva subiieqtur SegrZnebebs.

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 Zveli Cineli medikosebi mimarTavdnen `enis diagnostikas~. enaze arCevdnen 4 zonas.
TiToeuli maTgani Seefardeba garkveul organos da mis mosaxele meridians. ase magaliTad, enis
wveri asaxavs gulisa da filtvebis daavadebebs, enis Sua nawili _ elenTa _ kuWukana jirkvlisa da
kuWis paTologias, enis Ziri gansazRvravs Tirkmlebis mdgomareobas, xolo enis gverdiTi
monakveTebi _ RviZlisa da naRvlis buStis mdgomareobas.
bian ciaos mowafeebma Seadgines wigni `nan-Zini~ (wigni ZnelTa Znelis Sesaxeb), sadac
bian ciaos moZRvrebaa Camoyalibebuli.
qr.S.-mde III s-Si cinis mmarTvelobis dros (Zv.w. 221_207 ww.), Seiqmna Cinuri samedicino
traqtati, saxelad `nei-Zin~ (yviTeli winapris medicinis kanonebi), romelSic ganxilulia rogorc
Teoriuli, ise klinikuri medicinis metad mniSvnelovani praqtikuli sakiTxebi. igi Sedgeba 18
wignisgan. pirveli 9 eZRvneba organizmis aRnagobasa da funqciebs, diagnostikasa da daavadebaTa
mkurnalobas, bolo 9 ki _ `jen-Ziu~ Terapias. aqve motanilia eqimis mier avadmyofis Seswavlis
sqema, etapebi:
 eqimma jer unda daadginos pirvandeli, Tundac minimaluri darRveva;
 unda gaarkvios, ra `SesZina~ avadmyofobam organizms da ra `gaitana~;
 eqims unda axsovdes, rom avadmyofoba cvalebadia da guldasmiT daakvirdes mis
mimdinareobas;
 eqimi ara marto unda daakvirdes avadmyofobis mimdinareobas, aramed unda eZebos am
cvlilebaTa mizezebi;
 eqimma unda Seiswavlos ara marto dazianebuli organo, aramed misi SesaZlo zemoqmedeba
sxva organoebTan urTierTobaSi;
 eqimma, roca daadgens da Seicnobs paTologiuri movlenebis arss da maTi warmoSobis
mizezebs, maSinve unda imoqmedos darRvevebis salikvidaciod.
`nei-Zini~ Seicavs sxvadasxva cnobebs anatomiis, fiziologiisa da paTologiis Sesaxeb.
`nei-Zinis~ im nawilSi, romelic paTologias Seexeba, aRniSnulia, rom avadmyofobas umetesad
garegani faqtorebi iwveven, es moicavs `6 gadaWarbebul movlenas~: sicxes, sicives, qars, sinestes,
simSralesa da cecxls. Sinagan gamomwvevebs ki miakuTvneben 7 grZnobier faqtors: SiSi, risxva,
gadaWarebebuli sixaruli, mwuxareba, naRvlianoba, siyvaruli da survili.
`nei-Zini~ diagnozis dadgenisas iTvaliswinebs: gamokiTxvas, saerTo daTvalierebas, detalur
obieqtur gamokvlevas, dakvirvebas sunTqvasa da xmis tonebze, palpacias da pulsis gasinjvas.
`nei-Zini~-s mixedviT, mkurnaloba unda warimarTos avadmyofis sindromTa sapirispirod anu
sawinaaRmdegoze sawinaaRmdegoTi moqmedebis princips aRiarebs, rac Tanamedrove medicinis
fundamenturi principia.
`nei-Zini~ CineTis istoriis yvela epoqaSi didi popularobiTa da praqtikuli gamoyenebiT
sargeblobda da dResac ar kargavs mniSvnelobas.
Cinuri medicinis mraval korifes Soris gamoirCeva jan-jun-Zini (qr.S.-dan 150_219),
romelmac dawera 16-tomiani traqtati `msjeloba tifur cxelebaze~ da Seqmna saxelmZRvanelo
eqimTaTvis `Zvirfasi receptebi~-s saxelwodebiT. man, hanis dinastiis drois `Cinelma hipokratem~,
Cang-Sas regionis mmarTvelma dawera agreTve traqtati, romelic Seicavs adrindeli avtorebis mier
darTul SeniSvnebs `nei-Zinis~ Sesaxeb.
Cinuri qirurgiis namdvil aRmavlobas ukavSireben SesaniSnavi eqimis xua tos saxels (HI–208).

- 58 -
 xua to (141_208) SesaniSnavi diagnosti iyo. mkurnalobisaTvis ki igi iyenebda rogorc Zveli
Cinuri medicinis meTodebs _ nemsiT Cxvletas da mowvas, aseve SedarebiT axals _ sisxlis
gamoSvebas, wylis gadavlebebs da varjiSebis sakuTar sistemas, romelsac Cvens droSi ukve
klasikur Cinur varjiSs uwodeben. is Tavazobda avadmyofebs miebaZaT cxovelebis pozebisaTvis _
gaeWimaT kiseri, aewiaT xelebi, welSi moxriliyvnen, fexebi moekecaT da a.S. ai, magaliTad,
zogierTi varjiSis saxelwodeba: `mfrinavi wero~ _ `frTebis aweva da wyalTan Sexeba~, `frTebis
Semobruneba da wyalTan Sexeba~. rodesac daTvis moZraobebs baZavda, adamiani xeze Zvreboda
da totze ekideboda; bus mibaZvisas, is abrunebda Tavs da ukan iyureboda im dros, rodesac mTeli
sxeuli gaumZreveli rCeboda. mis mier gamogonebul varjiSebs xua tom arcTu SemTxveviT `xuTi
cxovelis TamaSi~ Searqva: eqims undoda warmoedgina es samkurnalo meTodi, rogorc garToba,
rom avadmyofs fiqri sxva rameze gadaetana, aeZulebina igi daeviwyebina tkivili, aemaRlebina
ganwyoba. is werda: `adamianis sxeuls sWirdeba Sroma da moZraoba, magram zomierad, radganac
racionalur Sromas SeuZlia daexmaros saWmlis monelebaSi, aiZulos sisxli ufro swrafad imoZraos,
es ki xels Seuwyobs avadmyofobebisagan adamianis dacvas~. da mainc, pirvel yovlisa, xua to iyo
qirurgi. man saxeli gaiTqva operaciebis ostaturi SesrulebiT. maT Soris, _ Tavis qalazec. Wrilobis
gasakerad iyenebda abreSums, juTisa da kanafis Zafebs, TuTis xis qsovils, vefxvebis, xboebis da
batknebis ZarRvebs. Cven dromde moaRwia legendebma xua tos qirurgiul xelovnebaze.
moixsenieba SemTxveva, rodesac man naxevari elenTa amokveTa. manve operaciulad umkurnala
imperatoris Zmas, mxedarTmTavar guan guns, romelic mowamluli isriT iyo daWrili da ara marto
tkivilebi Caucxro, SeunarCuna xeli, aramed funqciac aRudgina.
mTeli cxovreba xua tom, rogorc bian ciaom, mogzaurobaSi gaatara. axali mkurnalobis
novatoruli da uCveulo meTodebi, romlebsac is iyenebda, zogjer ukmayofilebasa da gaugebrobas
iwvevda rogorc kolegebis, aseve avadmyofebis mxridanac. arsebobs legenda imis Sesaxeb, rom didi
qirurgi sikvdiliT dasajes 208 wels samTavro beis daundobeli mmarTvelis brZanebiT imis gamo,
rom SeTavazebuli mkurnaloba avadmyofis sicocxlis xelyofad CauTvales.
van-Su-xe (180_270) moRvaweobda Zinis dinastiis dros. iyo saxelganTqmuli diagnosti,
romelic gansakuTrebulad kargad flobda pulsis xelovnebas. man 10 gragnili dawera, romelSic pulsis
24 saxeoba da maTi gasinjvis meTodebia aRwerili.
tao-xon-Zin (452_536) man Tavisi codnidan da gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, 365 axali
saxeobis mcenarisagan 730 sxvadasxva wamali Seqmna da samkurnalo Tvisebebis mixedviT
sxvadasxva kategoriebad dahyo.
van-tao (702_772) cnobilia Tavisi wigniT `medicinis problemebi da saidumloebebi~, romelic
725 wels gamoqveynda. masSi aRwerilia sxvadasxva samedicino sakiTxi, romelic Tematurad,
kategoriebadaa dayofili da Seicavs 6000-mde balaxeul recepts.
jen-Terapia (akupunqtura, nemsis CxvletiT mkurnaloba) medicinis istoriaSi samkurnalo
saSualebebs Soris uZvelesia. is Tavisi arsebobis 5000 wlis istorias iTvlis da mis mamamTavrad
legendaruli xuandi iTvleba. zogierTi wyaro am prioritets fu-sis miawers.
Zveli aRmosavluri medicina jen-Terapiis fundamenturi principis SemuSavebisas eyrdnoba sam
umTavres, ZiriTad cnebas da maT erTianobas / urTierTkavSirs: zemoqmedebis wertili _ meridiani
_ energia. Zveli Cinuri medicinis warmodgeniT, arsebobs 14 mudmivi, klasikuri meridiani. maT
Soris 12 wyvili meridiania, _ erTmaneTTan `ci~ energiis regulaciiT dakavSirebuli. 2 meridiani
kentia. 12 ZiriTadi wyvili meridiani Seesabameba 12 ZiriTad organos da TiToeuli meridiani atarebs

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am organos saxels. esenia: guli, filtvebi, RviZli, elenTa, Tirkmlebi, perikardiumi, kuWi, wvrili
nawlavi, msxvili nawlavi, naRvlis buSti, ukana Suasayari, wina Suasayari da Sardis buSti.
erTi da imave aqtiur akupunqturul wertilebze nemsiT (jen) da siTbur (Ziu) zemoqmedebas
gansxvavebuli Terapiuli Sedegi moaqvs.
meridianuli diagnostika damyarebulia im principze, rom Sinagani organos funqciis moSlas Tan
sdevs energetikuli cirkulaciis moSla Sesabamis meridianSi da, piriqiT, meridianis funqciuri moSlis
yvela SemTxvevaSi saZiebelia am meridianis Sesabamisi organos paTologiuri cvlilebebi.
diagnostika gulisxmobs meridianSi energiis disbalansis dadgenas. amitom, pirvel rigSi aucilebelia
imis gansazRvra, romel meridianSia moWarbebuli energia, an misi ukmarobaa da organizmSi
gamovlenili darRvevebi kerZod romel sindroms miekuTvneba _ `in~-s Tu `ian~-s. adamianis
organizmis struqturisa da funqciis mimarT `in~ ganasaxierebs sxeulis materialur substrats, `ian~ ki
_ mis funqciebs.
istoriul qronikebSi aRniSnulia am meTodis warmatebiT gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi jer kidev
qr.S.-mde XI saukuneSi. nemsTerapiis meTodi uZvelesi droidan gamoiyeneboda masaJTan da
mowvasTan erTad. pirveli nemsebi damzadebuli iyo qvisagan, eqimma van beim 1027 wels
daamzada ori brinjaos figura, romelzedac datanili iyo akupunqturisaTvis aucilebeli yvela wertili
Tavisi Siga arxebiT. figura avsebuli iyo wyliT da dafaruli iyo cviliT. am TvalsaCinoebas
iyenebdnen swavlebis mizniT. Tu moswavle swored akeTebda Cxvletas, figuris zedapirze wylis
wveTi Cndeboda.
lui Senisa da misi meuRlis samarxSi (II saukune qr.S.-mde) pirvelad aRmoaCines Zveli
samkurnalo nemsebi. oTxi maTgani damzadebulia oqrosagan, xolo xuTi ki _ vercxlisagan. maT
Soris yunwiani _ Wrilobis gasakerad da samkuTxa _ venebis gasaxsnelad.
Cinuri medicinis miRwevebi Zvel qarTul medicinaSic aisaxa. garda zogierTi konceptualuri
msgavsebisa, aq nemsiT mkurnalobis meTodis dafiqsirebac xdeba. gamoqveynebul qarTul
werilobiT ZeglebSi (qananelis `usworo karabadini~ _ X s; xojayofilis `wigni saeqimo~ _ XIII s;
zaza fanaskertelis `samkurnalo wigni~ _ XV s; daviT bagrationis `iadigar daudi~ _ XVI s.)
SesaZlebelia aseTi magaliTebis moZieba. aRniSnul saSualebebs iyenebdnen damoukideblad da
mkurnalobis sxva meTodebTan erTad.
jen-ciu Terapiis miRwevebze erTgvar gamoxmaurebad SeiZleba miviCnioT `iadigar daudSi~
naxsenebi windis CxiriT saxsrebis tkivilis mkurnaloba. zemoqmedebis areebad dasaxelebulia xelisa
da fexis TiTebis nunebTan mdebare wertilebi. isini Seesabameba jen-ciu TerapiaSi cnobili
meridianebis sawyis an bolo wertilebs, romelTa erT-erTi sfero swored saxsrebis daavadebebia.
mowvis (moqsa) dros samkurnalo efeqti miiRweoda `sasicocxlo wertilebze~ siTburi
moqmedebiT. kerZod, am wertilebze samkurnalo balaxebisagan (Artemisia Vulgaris) damzadebuli
anTebuli Rerebis meSveobiT. oRond, xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSi
zemoqmedebis areebi / wertilebi sruliad gansxvavdeba igive daavadebis samkurnalod jen-ciu
Terapiis mier mowodebuli biologiurad aqtiuri wertilebis topografiisagan.
wamliT mkurnalobam Zvel CineTSi did srulyofas miaRwia. Cinuri samkurnalo saSualebebis
sam meoTxeds mcenareuli, xolo danarCeni ki cxoveluri da mineraluri warmoSobis wamlebi
Seadgenda. Cinuri tradiciuli medicinidan msoflio praqtikaSi iseTi samkurnalo saSualebebi
damkvidrda, rogoricaa JenSeni, qafuri, Cai, fisi, rkina, vercxliswyali, gogirdi. arsebuli cnobebis
Tanaxmad, 502 wels CineTSi Seiqmna pirveli farmakopea Svid wignad, romelSic mocemulia 730
samkurnalo mcenaris aRwera. samkurnalo mcenareebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis ganviTarebaSi didi
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wvlili miuZRvis gamoCenil Cinel eqimsa da dietologs sun simiaos (581_682), romelsac `wamlebis
mefes~ uwodebdnen. misi kapitaluri naSromi `aTasi oqros rCeva~ 30 wignad Tavisi danarTiT
Zvirfasi SenaZenia farmakologiisa da medicinisaTvis. mis mieraa SemoTavazebuli cxovelis RviZlis
gamoyenebis meTodi `qaTmis sibrmavis~ samkurnalod.
SesamCnevi progresi ganicada Cinurma medicinam Sua saukuneebSi, tanis dinastiis (618_907)
imperatorma gaucinma (649_683) 657 wels Seadgina `materia medikas~ mecnieruli kompilacia,
romelSic Sedioda 833 samedicino nivTiereba _ miRebuli qvebis, mineralebis, metalebis,
mcenareebis, cxovelebis, bostneulobis, xilisa da marcvleulobisagan.
Tavis ilustrirebul farmakopeaSi swavlulma mecnierma SuSongma (1020_1101) mogvca
mcenareebisa da mineralebis sistemuri klasifikacia maT farmakologiur Tvisebebze dayrdnobiT.
manve Rvawli dasdo zoologiis Seswavlas: mogvawoda cxovelTa sxvadasxva saxeobis sistematikuri
aRwerebi da maTi geografiuli ganawilebis areali daadgina.
Zveli Cinuri medicinis Zlier mxares daavadebis profilaqtika warmoadgenda. Cinelebi
namdvil eqimad miiCnevdnen mas, vinc avadmyofebs ki ar kurnavda, aramed daavadebisagan
icavda adamianebs.
mTavari mniSvneloba eniWeboda: gawmendis, regulaciis, Sevsebisa da profilaqtikis faqtorebs.
`gawmenda~ xdeboda gazafxulze, `regulacia~ _ zafxulze, `Sevseba~ _ Semodgomaze, xolo
`profilaqtika~ _ zamTarSi. weliwadis droebTan am faqtorebis dakavSirebas Taviseburi
dasabuTebac gaaCnda, kerZod, gazafxuli Seesabameboda iseT didi sasicocxlo funqciebis
organoebs, rogoricaa elenTa da kuWi, xolo maTi `gawmenda~ am dros iwvevda dadebiTi `ci~ ener-
giis gaZlierebas, aumjobesebda sisxlis mimoqcevas gulSi, tvinsa da filtvebSi, aZlierebda
Tirkmlebis sasicocxlo unars; `regulacia~ zafxulSi efuZneboda organizmis kvebiT organizacias,
radgan am dros, cxeli klimaturi pirobebis fonze, madis daqveiTebis gamo saWiro xdeba
energetikuli balansis regulireba srulfasovani kvebiT. ar unda dairRves energiis gadanawileba
elenTisa da kuWis arxebSi, rac SeiZleba energia `cis~ zedmetad gaaqtiurebam gamoiwvios; Se-
modgomaze `Sevseba-aRdgena~ aixsneboda `in~ elementis Sevsebis aucileblobiT da filtvebSi
`sinotivis~ momatebiT; zamTris civi klimatis pirobebSi, rac organizmSi energia `cis~ aqtiurobis
daqveiTebas iwvevda; wina sami stadiis Tanmimdevrulad Catarebis fonze xorcieldeboda
`profilaqtikis~ bolo faza. es gamoixateboda cximovani sakvebi produqtebis SezRudvisa da
damatebiTi fizikuri datvirTvebis gamoyenebaSi.
saerTod `gawmenda, regulacia, Sevseba da profilaqtika~ organizmis toqsikuri `Slakebisagan~
gasufTavebiTa da energetikuli balansis regulaciiT, warmoadgens tradiciuli Cinuri medicinis erT-
erT saintereso furcels.
tradiciul Cinur medicinas gaaCnda damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi, riTac is gansxvavdeba
yvela sxva Zveli xalxebis medicinisagan. is didi xnis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda sxva
kulturebisagan izolirebulad. magaliTad, evropaSi Cinuri medicinis Sesaxeb cnobebma mxolod XIII
saukuneSi SeaRwia. Zveli Cinuri medicinis mecnierul Seswavlas dResac didi sargeblobis motana
SeuZlia Tanamedrove medicinisTvis.
dReisaTvis Cinuri xalxuri medicina aqtiurad viTardeba. ukve aTeuli wlebia, rac CineTis did
qalaqebSi, maT Soris, pekinSi, arsebobs samecniero-kvleviTi institutebi, sadac mxolod xalxur
medicinas da kerZod, akupunqturas Seiswalian. Tanamedrove kvlevebma jen-Terapias da saerTod,
tradiciul Cinur medicinas ver mounaxa universaluri gasaRebi, Tumca, amiT interesi am
ukanasknelisadmi ar ganelebula.
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 akupunqtura, rogorc yoveli mecniereba, mudmivad ganviTarebis procesSia. dResdReobiT
cnobilia 1054 wertili. es ar aris sabolood dadgenili ricxvi. CineTis yvela did qalaqSi operaciebi
xSirad zogadi narkozis gareSe keTdeba, sadac eqimebi gautkivarebas akupunqturiT aRweven.
mkurnalobis arc erT meTods ar gaaCnia iseTi xangrZlivi, didi da mdidari gamocdileba, rogorc
xuTiaTaswlovan Cinur akupunqturas.
Tanamedrove mecniereba intensiurad muSaobs Cinuri medicinis meqnizmebis Sesaswavlad,
efeqturobis obieqturad SefasebisaTvis. saerTod, rogorc Cans, tradiciuli medicinisa da Tanamedrove
evropuli medicinis sinTezs aqvs momavali, sadac yvelafers Tavisi saxeli daerqmeva da saTanado
adgili ganesazRvreba.
Cinuri andaza ambobs: `vins hkurnavs, WeSmaritebac masTanaa~...

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 ilustraciebi Zveli Cinuri samedicino wignebisaTvis

 1. “ინის” მატარებელი ორგანოებია ღვიძლი, გული, თირკმელები, ელენთა,

პანკრეასი da ფილტვები.
 2. “იანის” მატარებელი ორგანოებია ნაღვლის ბუშტი, შარდის ბუშტი, კუჭი,
მსხვილი და წვრილი ნაწლავები.

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Zveli Cinuri recepturiT Seqmnili Tanamedrove preparatebi

Cinuri medicinis konceptualuri sqemebi

- 64 -
 akupunqtura

ექიმმა ვან ბეიმ 1027 წელს დაამზადა ორი ბრინჯაოს ფიგურა, რომელზედაც
დატანილი იყო აკუპუნქტურისათვის აუცილებელი ყველა წერტილი თავისი შიგა
არხებით. ფიგურა ავსებული იყო წყლით და დაფარული იყო ცვილით. ამ
თვალსაჩინოებას იყენებდნენ სწავლების მიზნით. თუ მოსწავლე სწორად აკეთებდა
ჩხვლეტას, ფიგურის ზედაპირზე წყალი ჩნდებოდა.

jen-Ziu TerapiaSi gamoyenebuli meridianebi da biologiurad aqtiuri wertilebi

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 nemsebi moqmedebaSi

აკუპუნქტურა წარმოადგენს ორგანიზმის განსაზღვრულ წერტილებზე

ზემოქმედებას მასაჟის, ნემსების, ბიოსიგარების მეშვეობით.

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 budizmi da medicina

metafizikur principebs, romelic gazgasmulia budistur medicinaSi, saTaves iRebs istoriuli

budas swavlebidan. is ki _ sidharta gautama buda, dabadebiT ufliswuli _ daaxloebiT 2500 wlis win
cxovrobda. mas, gamomdinare konteqstidan, sxvadasxva saxeliT moixsenieben. misi erTerTi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani Zala da funqcia adamianTa mkurnaloba iyo.
adreuli budisturi Temis rwmeniT cxovrebaSi 4 faqtoria aucilebeli: sakvebi, tansacmeli, TavSe-
safari da medicina. amasTan, `adamiani, romelic ar aris Tavisufali da Sepyrobilia mgznebare JiniT,
miiCneva avadmyofad~. sakiamuni buda, rogorc udidesi mkurnali, samkurnalod iyenebda or
ZiriTad meTods: racionaluri daniSnulebis zusti SesrulebiT da saswaulebrivi gziT mkurnalobas.
sakiamuni buda miCneuli iyo adamiansa da uricxv ciur arsebebTan damakavSirebel xazad, igi
sajarod acxadebda, `me var Seudarebeli mkurnali...~ Cv. w. aR. III saukuniT daTariRebuli
mahaianas budistur tradiciaSi bhaiajia guru, igive istoriuli buda miiCneoda mkurnalobis yvelaze
saxelganTqmul RvTaebad, rogorc `mkurnalobis ostati, lalis qvis ciali tagata~.
adamians SeuZlia mkurnal budasagan samkurnalo Zala `iTxovos~: `moixmos sulier arsebaTa
Zalebi, imisaTvis, rom ganikurnos rogorc Sinagani, ise garegani sneulebebisagan~. bhaiajia guru
gansxvavebuli sulieri maxasiaTeblebis srulyofili amocnobisken mouwodebs, radganac sulieri
mdgomareoba mWidro kavSirSia mkurnalobis formasTan, morwmunis fsiqosocialur
azrovnebasTan.
budistebs swamT, rom mkurnali budas TviT saxels aqvs Zala gankurnos adamiani uaryofiTi
emociebis zemoqmedebisgan. es SeiZleba moxdes misi saxelis warmoTqmiT, gagonebiT an masze
koncentrirebiTac. ase rom, daavadebis mizezebi SesaZloa budasadmi siyvaruliT gaqres, misi
saxelis xSirad TqmiTa da gagonebiTac ki.
yovel diliT budisti mkurnali Tavis warmosaxvaSi aRadgens mkurnali budas sulier da praqtikul
swavlebebs meditaciebiTa da locvebiT. msgavsi ritualebi, budisturi rwmeniT praqtikoss saSualebas
aZlevs Tavidan aicilos yovelgvari Secdoma swori diagnozis dasmisa da gankurnebis dros. negatiur
azrebs ki SeuZlia bundovani gaxados diagnozi an xeli SeuSalos wamlebis efeqtur moqmedebas.
bhaiajia gurus mxatvrulad mravali saxiT gamoxataven. ZiriTadad ki igi warmodgenilia rogorc
RvTaeba, romlis kani muqi lurji, lilaqvis feria. es Zvirfasi qva, romelic metad popularulia aziaSi,
miCneulia yovelgvari RvTaebrivis sawyisad. zogjer bhaiajia gurus raime xiliT xelSi, e.w. dug-
bkomiT xelSi gamosaxaven. rac `sawamlavis moqmedebis damTrgunvels~ niSnavs. dug-bkomi aris
budisturi mkurnalobis simbolo da sami Sxamis daTrgunvis metaforaa. es Sxamebia: dauokebeli
survili, SuRli da SiSi, dabneuloba.
sami sawamlavis materialuri gamovlineba xdeba sami humoriT anu hies-pa (sityvasityviT _
`nakli~, an `Secdoma~, an `dasjis forma~). maTi “moTokva” janmrTelobis sawindaria. budisturi
medicinis Tanaxmad siZulvili da SuRli energetikul disbalanss anu RviZlisa da sanaRvle gzebis
gaRizianebasa da Warbgamoyofas iwvevs. es Sesabamisi simptomebiT gamoixateba: blanti an
moyviTalo-wiTeli feris mqone Sardis arseboba, sqeli moyviTalo fifqi avadmyofis enaze, pulsis
aCqareba da sxva.
mkurnali budasadmi msaxureba, raTa mas saTanado zegavlena moexdina avadmyofobaze,
xdeboda sxvadasxvanairad: meditaciiT, lurji lilaqviT ritualis SesrulebiT, yvavilebis mirTmeviT,
gundrukis kmeviT, misikalur instrumentebze dakvriT, galobiT da sxva.

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 Semdegi rituali, romelic avsebs mkurnal budaze warmodgenas, sruldeba mkurnali lamas mier.
lotosze mjdomi lama/mkurnali, mniSvneloba ar aqvs, realurad Tu simbolurad, awyobs wamlebis
abebs jamSi. mkurnali meditacias axdens lilaqvis suraTze gamosaxul bhaiajia guruze. Semdeg
mkurnali lama meditacias moaxdens an warmoidgens mkurnali budas msgavs RvTaebas mis win.
ritualis dros mkurnali miiCnevs, rom bhaiajia gurus suli maszea gadasuli. mas swams, rom
mkurnali buda warmoqmnis sxivTa gamas, romelic Semdgom Seereva specialur TasSi moTavsebul
wamals da aRavsebs mas yvela daavadebis ganmakurnebeli unariT. am dros mkurnali ganuwyvetliv
imeorebs mantras (locva). roca yvela saWiro procedura Catardeba _ mantras Selocva da `meditaci-
uri stabilizacia~ _ dausrulebliv Cndeba maRalpotenciuri wamlebi. lamaistma berebma icodnen
meditaciis 7 kanoni: mzrunveloba, swavlisken, mSvidobisken swrafva, mxiaruleba, siwynare,
meditaciuri eqstazi da TavdaWera.

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 eqimoba tibeturad

tibeti msoflioSi erTerTi yvelaze maRalmTiani regionia, romelic umaRles mTaTa sistemebiTaa
garSemortymuli – himalai, hinduyuSi da sxva. is faqtiurad or qveyanas Sorisaa moqceuli da
bunebrivia maT _ Cinur da indur kulturaTa gavlenas ganicdis, Tumca is TviTmyofadobiTacaa
niSandebuli. tibeturi medicina budizmze damyarebuli metad saintereso samedicino-saazrovno
sistemaa.
tibetelebi iyeneben medicinis uZveles sistemas, romelic cnobilia saxelwodebiT _ “gso-va rig-
pa”, anu `codna mkurnalobis Sesaxeb~.
tibeturi samedicino tradiciis mixedviT, janmrTelobis koncefcia damyarebulia adamianis orga-
nizmis mamoZravebeli Zalebis mobilizaciaze, raTa, maTi azriT, sulma da sxeulma erToblivad
miaRwios efeqtur da amomwurav samkurnalo strategias. es realizebulia tibetur ritualebSi, romlebic
gansxvavdeba arabudisturi medicinisagan imiTac, rom gamoiyeneba sami saxis Terapiuli
intervencia: samedicino Careva, mantras Zala (qmnadi, ganmeorebiTi xma) da meditaciuri
(stabilizaciis) energia. am saqmianobiT tibeturi mkurnalobis tradiciebs gadavyavarT uCveulo
samyaroSi, sadac kavSirSia bunebis kanonebi da maTi mikrokosmosuri gamovlinebebi. harmonia
da balansi kosmossa da adamians _ mikrosamyaros _ Soris miiCneva aucilebel pirobad sulieri da
xorcieli janmrTelobisaTvis. adamianisaTvis saarsebo fizikur, fsiqologiur da sulier elementebs Soris
balansi janmrTelobis sawindaria.
amasTan, saukunovani janmrTelobisa da cxovrebis maRali xarisxis miRweva tibeturad
gulisxmobs samkurnalo preparatebis, dietebisa da praqtikuli Cvevebis farTod gamoyenebas. tibeturi
mkurnalobis tradicia mdidaria budisturi ritualebiTa da simboloebiT. es ritualebi da simboloebi
mravalnair azrobriv datvirTvas moicaven. xatwera, musika, sagaloblebi, mantra, simboluri sagnebi,
iseve rogorc salocavi wre, salocavi droSebi, mandala (geometriuli naxazebi an Canaxatebi) da
ritualuri warmodgenebi sruldeba mowiwebiTa da Rirsebis SegrZnebiT.
tibetelebis azriT, tanjvisa da daavadebis gardauvaloba TviTon Cveni dabadebis faqtiTaa
ganpirobebuli. maT swamdaT, rom amqveynad Cven vCndebiT realobis WeSmariti bunebis
umecarni da rom swored es aris mizezi tanjvisa da uwesrigobisa. `daavadebis saTave dausabamo
uwesrigobaa~ da `umecreba iseve Tanamdevia yoveli CvenganisaTvis rogorc aCrdili... maSinac ki,
roca vfiqrobT, rom sakmaod janmrTelni varT, sinamdvileSi Cven dausabamo droidan gvaqvs
Cadebuli daavadebis gamowvevis safuZveli~. tibetelebi miiCneven, rom samyaros cru aRqma da
Rrma gaugebrobis marcvali im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, rac am samyaroSi sakuTari adgilis qonas
gulisxmobs, aris saTave tanjvad da avadmyofobad mosuli yovelgvari esenciuri Seusabamobisa.
tibeteli eqimebi mkurnalobisas yuradRebas amaxvileben avadmyofis sulier mdgomareobaze,
yvelaze msubuqi daavadebis SemTxvevaSic ki. nebismieri mkurnali acxadebs, rom `igi aris budas
da sxva samedicino RvTaebebisadmi msxverplad Sewiruli~, xolo samedicino instrumentebi
miCneulia wminda sagnebad. wamlebic ki, romlebic Seicavs mcenareebs, cxovelur da mineralur
komponentebs, mzaddeba metad dakvirvebuli, zusti religiuri ritualebiT. magaliTad, tibeteli
mkurnali mas Semdeg, rac Seagrovebs sxvadasxva saxis uamrav ingredients, romelic saWiroa
Tundac erTi patara abis dasamzadeblad, atarebs meditaciur rituals.
tibetur medicinaSi, miuxedavad imisa aReniSneba Tu ara adamians daavadebis simptomebi, igi
mainc avadmyofadaa miCneuli. Tu sneuleba ar aris aSkarad manifestirebuli, maSin saqme gvaqvs

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mis farul formasTan. ase rom, mkurnalisaTvis yvelafer amaSi garkveva sakmaod rTulia. tibeturi
medicinis Tanaxmad, arsebobs 84.000 sxvadasxva e.w. afeqturi emocia, romlebic warmoSobs
84.000 saxis darRvevas. es kidev SeiZleba 404 specifikur sneulebad daiyos.
martivi ganmartebiT tibeturi sneulebis klasifikacias abalansebs sami tipis buneba: haeri,
naRveli da siTxe. rac ufro yovlismomcvelia wonasworobis darRveva, miT ufro saswrafoa misi
Terapiuli mkurnaloba. sneulebebi dayofilia 42 saxis haeris, 26 tipis naRvelis da 33 tipis flegmatur
darRvevebad, jamSi 101-ze meti. arsebobs disbalansis kidev 101 gamovlineba, romlis safuZveli aris
wina cxovrebis karma. gvxvdeba kidev ufro rTuli bunebis daavadebebi, romlebic, rogorc tibetelebi
miiCneven, ganpirobebulia “wina cxovrebaSi” daSvebuli SecdomebiT. aseTi daavadebebi, rogorc
wesi, aRiarebulia fatalurad, mkurnaloben meditaciiTa da sxva iseTi sulieri praqtikebiT, rogoricaa
aRsareba da ekzorcizmi. arsebobs kidev 101 daavadeba, romelic gamowveulia mavne CvevebiTa
da araswori cxovrebis wesiT: moweva, araswori kveba, varjiSisa da aqtiuri saqmianobis deficiti,
qurdoba, Ralati, motyueba da a.S. gankurneba am mavne Cvevebis uaryofaSia.
tibetelebi mimarTaven daavadebis mkurnalobis ramdenime saukunovan meTods, romelic
moicavs originalur farmakologiur saSualebebs, moqsas (avadmyofis sxeulze moniSnuli adgilebis
mowvas samkurnalo mcenareebiT), Zvirfasi qvebisa da cxovelTa tyavis tarebas, romelTac, tibe-
telebis azriT, samkurnalo Tvisebebi gaaCniaT, sakmevlis dawvas `haeriT gadamdebi sneulebebis~
winaaRmdeg, akupunqturas, romelic gamoiyeneba didi sifrTxiliTa da TavSekavebiT, mineraluri
wylebis abazanebis miRebas, sisxlis gamoSvebas, safaRaraTo saSualebebisa da piris sasaqmebel
iSviaT saSualebebsa da qcevaTa mowesrigebas, dietebisa da seqsualuri aqtivobis regulirebiT.
qirurgiul Carevas iyenebdnen ukidures SemTxvevaSi da is Zalze primitiulia Tanamedrove
standartebTan SedarebiT. tibetelebi fiqroben, rom qirurgia ar aris saukeTeso gza mkurnalobisa,
radgan `ukeTesia gankurno organo, vidre amokveTo igi~. tibeturi medicinis zogadi Teoriis
qvakuTxedi, rogorc iTqva, organizmis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis balansia. amas niipa-sumis balansi
ewodeba. is, Tavis mxriv, Sedgeba rlungis, mxris-pasa da bad-kanisgan. ganvixiloT TiToeuli.
1. rlungi. misi zogadi gansazRvrebaa energiis saTuTi (nazi) nakadi da 5 elementidan (haeri,
cecxli, wyali, miwa da eTeri) yvelaze metad haerTanaa dakavSirebuli. da mainc, es araa ubralod
haeri, romelsac vsunTqvaT, es bevrad ufro metia. igi aris uxeSi, msubuqi, grili, Txeli, mtkice,
moZravi. misi ZiriTadi funqciaa daexmaros sxeuls gazrdaSi, moZraobaSi, CasunTqvasa da
amosunTqvaSi, daexmaros tvins funqciobasa da metyvelebaSi, exmareba organizms arasaWiro
nivTierebebis (magaliTad, Sardi, fekaluri masebi) gancalkevebaSi, Tumca mis ZiriTad funqcias
mainc gonebis, metyvelebisa da sxeulis marTva warmoadgens. is bunebiT cxelicaa da civic. maT
gansxvavebuli funqciebi aqvT.
2. mxris-pa. is bunebiT cxelia da araa mxolod naRveli, rogorc es sxva samedicino sistemebSi
miiCneva. xuTi elementidan igi dakavSirebulia cecxlTan. aris cximiani, basri, msubuqi, mwvave da
notio. mxris-pas mTavari funqciaa sxeulis temperaturis dabalanseba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
exmareba sakvebs gadamuSavebaSi. aseve aniWebs kans brwyinvalebas da wmends forebs. igi
bunebiT cecxlis da mzis analogia.
3. bad-kani xuTi ZiriTadi elementidan dakavSirebulia wyalTan da miwasTan. is aris
cximiiani, grili, mZime, gluvi, mtkice, webovani. bad-kanis mTavari funqcia sxeulis gauwyloebis
Tavidan acilebaa. igi exmareba kuWs sakvebis arevaSi, xels uwyobs gonebriv simtkicesa da
saxsrebis moqnilobas. bunebiT aris civi, iseve rogorc wyali da mTvare.

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 TiToeul am komponentTagani kidev 5 qvesaxeobas Seicavs, romelTac mkveTrad aqvT
gansazRvruli moqmedebis sfero.
Tu niipa-sumi dabalansebulia, maSin sxeulis 7 SemakavSirebeli elementic imyofeba
wonasworobaSi. esenia:
1. miRebuli sakvebi;
2. sisxli;
3. kunTis qsovili;
4. cximi;
5. Zvali;
6. Zvlis tvini;
7. qsovilovani siTxe.
tibeturi samedicino midgomiT, rodesac sakvebs viRebT an vsvamT raimes, igi xvdeba kuWSi,
sadac bad-kani sakvebs erTmaneTSi urevs, mxris-pa xels uwyobs monelebas (gadamuSavebas),
rlangi exmareba mas ZiriTadi sakvebisa da arasaWiro nivTierebebis gancalkevebaSi. usargeblo
narCenebis gamoyofis ki sami saxe arsebobs:
1. fekaluri masebis gamoyofa;
2. Sardis gamoyofa;
3. oflis gamoyofa.
niipa-sumis balansis stabiluri, xangrZlivi darRvevis mizezia zemoaRniSnuli sami saxis
“Sxami”. moklevadian mizezebs ki miekuTvneba: dro da sezoni, sulieri ganwyobis zegavlena,
Seusabamo dieta da Seusabamo qcevebi.
droisa da sezonis mixdviT rlungis sindromi Cndeba zafxulSi, RamiT, mxris-pa SemodgomiT _
SuadRisas an SuaRamisas, bad-kani Cndeba gazafxulze, diliT an Sebindebisas.
dietis Sesaxeb. Tu adamiani iRebs didi raodenobiT iseT sakvebs, rogoricaa: Rorisa da Txis
xorci, rZe, iogurti, Zlieri yava, Cai, soio, bostneuli, cximgaclil rZes _ mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi,
mas aucileblad rlungis sindromi Seawuxebs. xolo Tu igi iRebs didi raodenobiT rZesa da alkohols,
Wams bevr xorcs, cximian yvels, Txils, nayins, Sokolads, Roris qons da saWmels bevr cximSi
akeTebs _ es iwvevs mxris-pas damaxasiaTebel problemebs. rodesac adamiani miirTmevs didi
raodenobiT um sakvebs, rogoricaa moumzadebeli xorci, salaTi, umi Tevzi, civi sasmelebi, auduRari
rZe, mas aucileblad Seawuxebs Bbad-kanuri problemebi.
qceva. Tu adamiani bevrs marxulobs, cota sZinavs, Wams Seusabamo dros, aqvs xSiri seqsi,
daZabulia, nawlavebi da Sardmdeni sistema mouwesrigebeli aqvs, ganicdis fsiqikur zewolas da
saubrobs Zalian bevrs, Tavs iCens rlungis problema. mxris-pa maSin gamoCndeba, rodesac
adamiani mrisxanebs, sxeuli yvirilisagan iZabeba, rodesac mZime samuSaos vasrulebT _ vTxriT
yamir miwas, davdivarT zafxulSi SuadRis mzeze, moulodnelad vvardebiT stresul situaciaSi da a.S.
rac Seexeba bad-kans, igi Tavs iCens didi fizikuri datvirTvis Sedegad, bevri Zilisa da mZime
sakvebis miRebis Sedegad, rodesac yoveldRe viRebT civ Sxaps, gvacvia arasezonurad, vmuSaobT
nestian da civ adgilebSi.
aseTia tibeturi medicinis “paTofiziologiuri” aspeqtebi.
diagnostika. tibetur medicinaSi pacientisaTvis diagnozis dasmis 3 meTodi arsebobs:
1. dakvirveba;
2. xelis SexebiT gasinjva;
3. SekiTxvebis dasma.
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 pirveli meTodis dros dakvirveba xdeba enasa da Sardis analizze. Sardis nimuSi aucileblad
diliT adre unda iyos aRebuli, xolo RamiT pacienti unda moeridos cxare sakvebs, alkoholsa da
seqsualur urTierTobas. tibetur medicinaSi Sardis analizi 8 nawilad iyofa. eqimi amowmebs Sardis
fers, anaorTqls, suns, naleqs, cilas...
Sardis fers gansazRvravs miRebuli sakvebi da sasmeli, aseve Tu ra sezonia da ra daavadeba
sWirs avadmyofs.
mxris-pas pacientis Sardi mowiTalo-moyviTalo Seferilobisaa, aqvs bevri anaorTqli da mZafri
suni. bad-kanis sindromis dros pacientis Sardi moTeTri Seferilobisaa, aqvs cota anaorTqli da susti
suni.
rac Seexebas enas, rlungis SemTxvevaSi pacients aqvs Zalian wiTeli, mSrali da uxeSi. mxris-
pas SemTxvevaSi pacientis ena aris yviTeli feris da sqeli nadebiT, xolo Bbad-kanis dros pacientis
ena aris TeTri, gluvi da notio.
diagnozis dasmis meore meTodia pulsis gasinjva. tibetur medicinaSi pulsis gasinjva 13 nawilad
iyofa. tibeteli eqimebisTvis pulsis gasinjva informaciis fasdaudebel wyaros warmoadgens, radganac
pulsi Sikrikis rols asrulebs eqimsa da pacients Soris. pulsis gasinjvis dros mniSvnelovania, rom
pacienti mSvid mdgomareobaSi imyofebodes. eqimi svams indeqss mesame TiTsa da sxivuri
arteriis SuaSi. yovel TiTs Soris brinjis marcvlis siganis manZilia, xolo TiTebi majidan naxevari
duimiT aris daSorebuli. eqimi pulss amowmebs orive majaSi. rodesac pacienti mamakacia, jer
mowmdeba marcxena maja, xolo Tu qalia, pulsis gasinjva marjvena majidan iwyeba.
diagnozis dasmis mesame da saboloo meTodia e.w. anamnezis Segroveba, rasac sxva
mimdevrobis eqimebi kvlevis dasawyisSi akeTeben. tibeteli eqimi ekiTxeba pacients, rogor da
rodis daiwyo problema, sad ra awuxebs da ra saxis sakvebis miRebis dros grZnobs Tavs kargad an
cudad.
mkurnaloba. arsebobs mkurnalobis 4 meTodi:
1. dietis SerCeva;
2. qcevis koreqcia;
3. wamloba;
4. qirurgiuli, manualuri Careva.
Tu daavadeba arc ise seriozulia, saWiroa mxolod dieta da qcevis normebis dacva. zogadad,
rlungis pacientma unda miiRos mZime da mkvebavi nivTierebebi, rogoricaa xorci, karaqi, badagi,
alkoholi, rZe, sufebi, wiwila, xaxvi, niori da naRebi. mxris-pas pacientma unda miiRos Zroxis
xorci, bostneuli, axali karaqi, Zroxis rZisgan damzadebuli mawoni, kefiri, unda svas susti Cai,
wyaros wyali da moeridos cximian sakvebs. rac Seexeba bad-kanis pacients, man unda miiRos
Tafli, cxvris xorci, Tevzi, qeri, Rvino, naRebi, didi raodenobiT cxeli wyali da momzadebuli
bostneuli.
rac Seexeba cxovrebis wess, rlungis pacientisaTvis sasurvelia mSvidi, myudro da Tbili
garemo, lamazi peizaJebi da axlo megobrebis garemocvaSi yofna. pacientma ar unda idardos
araferze da daisvenos rogorc fizikurad, ise gonebrivad. mxris-pas pacientisaTvis sasurvelia civi
Sxapi, Crdilian adgilebSi jdoma, zRvis sanapiroze fexiT seirnoba, aseve civi sunamos xmareba,
magaliTad, sandlis xisgan damzadebuli sunamo. bad-kanis pacientisTvis sasurvelia mzis abazanebis
miReba, saxlSi Tbili garemos Seqmna, bevri seirnoba da sirbili.
mkurnalobis mesame meTods miekuTvneba wamloba. wamali SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva saxis:
Txevadi, fxvnilis, abebis saxiT da a.S. rlungis pacientisTvis, magaliTisTvis, gamoiyeneba Semdegi
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balaxebis ingredientebi: Swertia chirata (xiratuli naRvela), Momordika charantia, Holarrbena
antidysenterica, Aconitum naviculare (navisebri tilWiri), Ixers gracilis, Chrysosplenium nepalense,
Swertia hookeri (hukeris naRveli) da Berberis asiatica (aziuri kowaxuri)... Bbad-kanis pacientisTvis
ixmareba Chaenomeles (komSi), Inula helenium (kulmuxo), Coriandium sativum (qinZi),
Meconopsis discirega, Punica granatum (finikiuri broweuli), Kaempferia galangal da Phyllantus
emblica da a.S.
mkurnalobis meoTxe, qirurgiuli (manualuri) meTodi tibeturi klasifikaciiT aris rbili da uxeSi.
rbili meTodi rlungis pacientisTvis gulisxmobs masaJs erTi wlis daZvelebuli karaqiTa da zeTis
kompresebiT. xolo uxeSi meTodi ki gulisxmobs moqsas rlungis moniSnul wertilebze. es wertilebia:
Tavis zeda nawili, zurgis tvinis pirveli, mexuTe da meeqvse malebi, kudusuni da a.S. rbili meTodi
mxris-pas pacientisaTvis gulisxmobs wylis Wavlis qveS jdomas da safaRaraTo saSualebebis
miRebas. uxeSi meTodi mxris-pas pacientisaTvis aris sisxlis gamoSveba da kotoSebis mokideba.
rbili meTodi bad-kanis pacientisTvis gulisxmobs saunas da pirsasaqmebeli wamlis miRebas. xolo
uxeSi meTodi amgvari pacientisTvis aris oqros nemsebis Terapia da cxeli qirurgiuli nemsebis
gamoyeneba.
tibetur medicinaSi mkurnaloben daavadebis gamomwvev mizezs da ara simptomebs.
samedicino teqstebSi Semdegi magaliTia moyvanili: Tuki fesvs ar vumkurnalebT anu daavadebis
mizezs, es igive iqneba, rom mowamlul xes mxolod foTlebi da totebi movaWraT fesvis amoZirkvis
gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi Sxamiani fesvi kvlav ganagrZobs zrdas. vinaidan daavadeba izolirebulad
ar arsebobs, xolo tibeturi medicina cdilobs yvela satkivars erTad umkurnalos, lamaisti eqimebis
mier gamowerili receptebi Zalze bevr ingredients Seicavs, anu wamloba polifarmaciulia. es
TavisTavad gulisxmobs mkurnalobis mkacr individualizacias da TiToeuli receptis
“ganumeoreblobas”.
tibeturi medicinis swavleba. tibeturi medicinis centri da astrologiuri instituti amJamad
daramsalaSi _ CrdiloeT indoeTSi mdebareobs. aq aswavlian tibeteli eqimebi da aqve mzaddeba
wamlebi. tibeteli eqimis xarisxis misaRebad minimum 7 welia saWiro. samedicino teqstis
gasagebad, students tibeturi enaTmecnierebis, gramatikisa da poeziis codna moeTxoveba. swavlebis
pirveli oTxi weli Sedgeba 4 samedicino tantras axsniT: ZiriTadi tantra, interpretirebuli tantra, zepiri
tradiciuli tantra da daskvniTi tantra. mexuTe kursis studentebi abareben zepir da weriT gamocdas
oTxive tantraSi. xolo meeqvse da meSvide kursis studentebi igzavnebian praqtikaze gamocdili
eqimebis meTvalyureobis qveS, tibeturi medicinis centrisa da astrologiuri institutis erT-erT filialSi.
amJamad, indoeTsa da nepalSi arsebobs 30-ze meti filiali da damatebiT _ kerZo klinikebi.
tibeturi medicina 5 ZiriTadi mecnierebidan erT-erTia. tibeturi medicinis materia medica-s
95% dafuZnebulia balaxebze, Zvirfasi metalebi ki gamoiyeneba 7 saxis Zvirfasi abis misaRebad.
Tvlian, rom tibeturi medicina efeqturad kurnavs iseT daavadebebs, rogoricaa: revmatizmi, arTriti,
sxvadasxva wylulebi, kuW-nawlavis problemebi, asTma, hepatitebi, egzema, RviZlis problemebi,
nervuli aSliloba.
yvelaze popularuli da mravalmxriv ganmartebuli budisturi samedicino xasiaTis teqsti “Jud-Si”,
romelic gamoyenebulia, rogorc saswavlo-praqtikuli mniSvnelobis ZiriTadi resursi, Seicavs oTx
nawils, 156 Tavs da 4 saidumlo zepir tantras. zepiri swavlebebi, romlebic Zveli welTaRricxvis IV
s.-iT TariRdeba, dakavSirebuli unda iyos meoTxe klasis budas swavlebasTn. tibetelma, romelic
swavlobs mkurnalobas, unda moaxerxos oTxidan sami saxis tantras damaxsovreba mainc:

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 1. ZiriTadi tantra;
2. ganmartebiTi (axsniTi) tantra;
3. saboloo tantra.
sanam tibeteli mkurnali Sesabamis codnasa da mkurnalobis unar-Cvevebs SeiZens, man,
tradiciebis mixedviT, 20 weli mainc unda `ivarjiSos~.

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 mkurnali buda

ilustracia tibeturi samedicino teqstisaTvis

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 Zveli iranuli medicina

irani (sparseTi) indoeTidan dasavleTiT, xolo SuamdinareTidan aRmosavleTiT, ori uZvelesi

civilizaciis Sua iyo da aris moqceuli. am geografiam, rasakvirvelia, Tavisi gavlena iqonia qveynis
(eris) kulturul ganviTarebaze, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom iranuli kultura Camoyalibda da
ganviTarda rogorc damoukidebeli, TviTmyofadi fenomeni. iranuli medicina, bunebrivia, kulturisa
da religiis ganuyofel nawilad gvevlineba. amdenad, misi periodizacia qveynis politikuri da kulturuli
istoriis umTavresi, gardamtexi momentebis Tanmxvedria.
qveynis islamizaciam (VII s.) misi istoria or nawilad gahyo: pre-islamuri da islamuri.
religiurma gardasaxvam politikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis Tvisobrivi cvlileba gamoiwvia. arabuli
iqca religiur, kulturul da saxelmwifo enad, ramac uzarmazar arabul imperiaSi eTnikuri
gansxvavebisa da TviTmyofadobis garkveulwilad nivelireba gamoiwvia.
pre-islamuri medicina ramdenime periodad iyofa:
1. avesturi periodi. samedicino xasiaTis yvelaze adreuli Canawerebi iranuli mazdeanuri (cecxl-
Tayvanismcemloba) religiis umTavres wignSi zend-avestaSi, kerZod, meeqvse tomSi moipoveba.
vendidadis (XX wigni) bolo Tavebi ki TiTqmis mTlianad medicinas eTmoba. aq sami tipis saeqimo
moRvaweobazea saubari: daniT (qirurgia), mcenareebiT mkurnaloba da RvTiuri sityviT
mkurnaloba. vendidadi am ukanasknels saukeTeso saSualebad miiCnevs. spitama zaraTuSTras
eqimebisadmi miZRvnil sityvebSi aRniSnulia, rom wminda Selocva yvelaze Zlieria, radgan is
daavadebas saTaveSive hkurnavs. iranul da indur religias (igulisxmeba, _ medicinasac) bevri ram
aqvs saerTo da is adamianis sulisa da sxeulis wvrTnaSi, srulyofasa da maqsimalurad TviTflobaSi
gamoixateba. es mogvianebiT XIX_XX saukuneebis idealisturi yaidis filosofiuri mimarTulebebis
(f. nicSe, g. gurjievi, r. Staineri, v. blavatskaia da sxv.) qvakuTxedad iqceva.
avesta amave dros moixseniebs Tanadroul gamoCenil iranel eqimebs, aRniSnavs maT
damsaxurebebs.
2. fahlauri periodi. am dros Seqmnili literatura amave saxelwodebas atarebs da masSi
samedicino paragrafebi mocemulia ara gafantuli saxiT, aramed Tavmoyrilia erT enciklopediur
traqtatSi, rasac dinkartis krebuli hqvia. aq 4333 daavadebaa aRwerili da ganmartebuli.
3. aqemeniduri dinastiis periodi (VI_IV ss. qr. S-mde). darios I-is mefobis periodSi Zalze
gaizarda mediciniT (saerTod, _ ganaTlebiT) daintereseba. saisaSi (egvipte) aRdgenili iqna
umaRlesi samedicino skola, ramac didi roli Seasrula am dargis ganviTarebaSi. pirveli saswavlo
saavadmyofo gundiSapuris akademiaSi iqna daarsebuli, sadac iranuli samedicino tradiciebiT
aRzrdil (vendidadi) axalgazrda eqimebs praqtikuli xasiaTis gamocdebs uwyobdnen: maT sami
avadmyofi unda moerCinaT, rac, rasakvirvelia, erTi SexedviT adamianze Catarebul eqsperimentsa
hgavs, magram konfliqti sxva eTikuri, profesiuli da religiuri RirebulebebiT regulirdeboda.
Semdgom periodSi irans selevkidebi (IV s. qr. S-mde) marTaven, aleqsandre makedonelis erT-
erTi mTavarsardlis selevkosis Camomavlebi. am dros Seqmnili elinisturi iranuli saxelmwifoebi _
parTia, baqtria da sxva metad saintereso kulturul fenomens warmoadgenda. aq elinuri da iranuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis, xelovnebis, filosofiis, poeziis Serwyma moxda, ramac didi da ganumeorebeli
tradiciebi warmoSva, axal epoqas Cauyara safuZveli. Semdeg ki sasanidebi (III s. qr. S-dan)
gamefdnen. am epoqaSi Camoyalibebul saxes iZens iranuli kultura, sabolood dgindeba zoroastruli

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dogmebi. epoqisa da msoflioSi (mezoblad) mimdinare procesebis Sesabamisad viTardeboda da
mdidrdeboda, axal mimarTulebas iZenda medicinac.
islamuri iranis medicinas Sesabamisi epoqisadmi miZRvnil TavSi ganvixilavT.
Zvel iranel eqimTa warmodgeniT, da albaT, berZnuli medicinis gavleniTac, adamianis
organizmSi oTxi humoria: sisxli, flegma, Savi da yviTeli naRveli. formula am SemTxvevaSic
ucvlelia: sanam maT Soris urTierToba gawonasworebulia, janmrTeloba SenarCunebulia, xolo am
`wonasworobis~ darRveva iwvevs avadmyofobas.
VI_V saukuneebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, elinistur periodSi, saberZneTTan urTierTobebis dros
iranul medicinaSi bevri ram dainerga. sparselebs manamdec hyavdaT medicinis mfarveli RmerTi _
traetoni, romelsac `specialuri~ TxovniT mimarTavdnen xolme. omebis dros sparselebs kargad
organizebuli samedicino samsaxuri hqondaT, awyobdnen hospitlebs, hqondaT kargad mowyobili
transporti daWrilTa da avadmyofTa gadasayvanad. yvelaferi es gamowveuli iyo sparselTa armiis
gansakuTrebuli mravalricxovnobiT da kargi saerTo organizaciiT..
sparseTSi eqimi didi pativiT sargeblobda, magram pasuxismgeblobac didi ekisreboda. didi
yuradReba eqceoda daavadebaTa profilaqtikas: mas avadmyofobisagan unda daecva janmrTeli da
xolo mkurnalobas janmrTeloba daebrunebina avadmyofisaTvis.
eTika moiTxovda samedicino codnis praqtikaSi uSurvel gamoyenebas. eqimi unda yofiliyo
Tavaziani, alersiani, mSvidi da didsulovani.
avadmyofobis diagnozis gansazRvrisas iraneli mkurnalni did yuradRebas aqcevdnen pulss,
garegnul iersa da Sardis analizs.
gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba da pativi eniWeboda `danis medicinas~, anu qirurgias.
qirurgs damoukidebeli muSaobis ufleba mxolod mas Semdeg eniWeboda, roca is gamocdil
kolegasTan erTad samjer `gankveTda~ da gankurnavda avadmyofs.
Wrilobis sakerav masalad iraneli qirurgebi iynebdnen cxovelis ZarRvebs. narkotikul saSuale-
bebad iyenebdnen Rvinos, opiums, haSiSs _ xsnaris an fxvnilis saxiT. igi saberveliT SehyavdaT
cxviris RruSi, operaciis procesSi ganviTarebuli Sokidan avadmyofi gamohyavdaT sxeulis
gaTbobiT.
iranul teqstebSi mravladaa warmodgenili daavadebaTa simptomebi da formebi. xSirad
moixsenieba malaria. zustadaa aRwerili yvavili da misgan gamowveuli sibrmave, spilos daavadeba,
wvivis trofikuli wylulebi, buasili da mravali sxva daavadeba.
sakmaod mdidari iyo iranuli farmakologia. samkurnalo mcenareebis garda, iyenebdnen marils,
gogirdsa da singurs (kanis sneulebani), surmas (kosmetika, Tvalis avadmyofobebi), tyvias
(Wrilobebis mosaSuSeblad).
aseve ixmareboda cxoveluri warmoSobis saSualebebic: RviZli, naRveli, cximi, Tafli, sanTeli,
gvelis Sxami.
did iranul qalaqSi arsebobda saafTiaqo baRebi samkurnalo mcenareuliT. mefeTa da
warCinebulTa sasaxlis karze mudam iyo afTiaqi da afTiaqari-eqimi.
iranuli andaza ambobs: “aRmofxver sneba manam, vidre is xels Segaxebdes”.

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zoroastruli sibrZnis simbolo

- 78 -
avesta

- 79 -
 dasavleTis samedicino tradiciebi
antikuri saberZneTi da medicina

istoria
dRevandeli msoflio civilizacia Tavisi arsiT da fesvebiT antikuri periodis kulturidan modis. ufro
sworad, is am epoqaSi fiqsirdeba werilobiTi Tu materialuri kulturis gamovlinebebiT. naTqvami
TiTqmis Tanabrad exeba dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs, vinaidan Cinursa da indur kulturaSic am
periodSi Cndeba da Cvenamde aRwevs wignebi, monumenturi arqiteqtura da mxatvroba da
dasavleTSic, – e.w. berZnul–romaul samyaroSi.
dasavluri civilizaciis akvani xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroebze, mcire aziasa da kavkasiaSi dairwa.
rogorc Cans, berZnebisa da saerTod, indoevropelebis mosvlamde mTel am teritoriaze da SesaZloa,
metzec winare civilizaciis matarebeli xalxi cxovrobda. isini arc semitebi iyvnen da arc, rogorc ukve
iTqva – indoevropelebi. es xalxebi mogvianebiT (me–3, me–2 aTaswleulSi) movlen aq da
adgilobriv mosaxleobas Seerevian, TavianT enas da wesrigs moitanen, yvelafris aRricxvisa da
dafiqsirebis survils, saxelmwifoebriv, gnebavT – imperiul azrovnebas. es Sereva–hibridizacia did
Sedegs moitans: msoflio berZnul kulturas miiRebs, romelsac romi imemkvidrebs da gaamravlebs,
dRevandel msoflios daudebs Targad. ganviTardeba filosofia, mwerloba, xelovneba, arqiteqtura,
politika, medicina...
es arasruli CamonaTvalia imisa, riTac Tanamedroveoba antikuri samyarosgan aris davalebuli.
mainc vin iyvnen winare kulturis matarebeli xalxi? Zneli saTqmelia. davarqvaT maT pirobiT
„iberielebi“. uaxlesi arqeologiuri, saenaTmecniero da maRalteqnologiuri kvlevebis Tanaxmad isini
did siaxloves amJRavneben kavkasiur eTnikur, enobriv, kulturul–religiur samyarosTan. pelazgebi,
etruskebi, xuritebi da mravali mcireazieli Tu mediteranuli eTnikuri elementi Tavisi arsiT iZleva
imis saSualebas, rom maTze raRac erTobis niSniT vilaparakoT. cocxali kavkasiur–iberiul enaTa
jgufi, Zveli religiebi da sxva kulturuli plastebi winare civilizaciebTan dakavSirebuli mravali
saidumlos amoxsnis gasaRebad unda iqces momavalSi.

istoriis periodizacia da medicina

Zveli saberZneTis istoria ganviTarebis TiTqmis sam aTaswleuls iTvlis,
romelSic gamoyofen 5 ZiriTad periods : 1) kreta–mikenis an egeosuri (III-II
qr.S.–mde); 2) winapolisuri (XI-IX saukune qr.S.–mde); 3) polisuri ( VIII–VI s.s.
qr.S.–mde.); 4) klasikuri (V-IVss. qr.S.–mde.); 5) elinisturi (IV s. qr.S.–mde – I s.
qr.S.–dan). xelovnebis istorikosebi gansxvavebul periodizacias mimarTaven
xolme, politikisa kidev, – sxvas. medicinis istoriis TvalsazrisiT zemomoyvanili
dayofa Sesaferisad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
yovel zemo aRniSnul periodSi mkurnlobis xelovnebis ganviTarebas da
samedicino codnas Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi hqonda. istoriis (maT Soris
– medicinis) Seswavlis wyaroebi is werilobiTi Zeglebia, romelebmac dRemde
moaRwia: specialuri, samedicino xasiaTis Sromebi (mag. hipokratesTan da mis
skolasTan dakavSirebuli Sromebi) da aseve filosofiuri, mxatvruli, saistorio
Txzulebebi, miTologia: homerosis „iliada“ da „odisea“, herodotes istoria 9

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wignad. piTagoras, platonis, aristotelesa da sxvaTa klasikad qceuli
memkvidreoba.

miTologia da eqimoba
berZnuli miTologiis sawyisi ukve naxsenebi xalxebis – egeosis zRvis auzis
avtoqtonuri mosaxleobis aTaswleulovan istoriaSi imaleba. berZnulma
poliTeisturma religiam Tavi mouyara winare civilizaciis wiaRSi Seqmnil
miTebs, romelTac ramdenime funqcia ekisrebodaT: specialuri, miTosuri eniT
gadmoecaT umniSvnelovanesi istoriuli movlenebi da iqve religiur–filosofiuri,
eTikuri Sefasebis da prognostuli mcdelobis paradigmac Cadebuliyo. aq
yvelafers Tavisi mniSvneloba hqonda da am „enis mcodneTaTvis“ iyo mxolod
sacnauri aq Cadebuli sinrZne. II aTaswleulSi elinebis (indoevropelebis,
saerTod) gamoCenasTan erTad iwyeba am Tavdapirvelad ezoTeruli sibrZnis
Cawera – egzoTerizacia, rasac, albaT, unda vumadlodeT am umniSvnelovanesi
informaciis Cvenamde moRwevas, Tumca, nel–nela daikarga aseTi tipis
teqstebis sworad wakiTxvisa da gagebis tradicia. mkvlevrebi xSirad miTosur
qargaze gawyobil nawarmoebebs mxolod mxatvrul literaturad aRiqvamdnen,
risi mcdarobac araerTxel dadasturda. dRes ukve am codnis aRdgena
mixvedrisa da specialuri, multidisciplinuri kvleviT–Ra Tu SeiZleba, isic
arasrulad, – miaxloebiT.
Zvel saberZneTSi RmerTebs anTropomorfulad warmosaxavdnen. maT
Cveulebrivi adamianebis yvela Tvisebas, rogorc kargs, aseve cuds,
miawerdnen. RmerTebisadmi Tayvaniscema gamoixateboda ritualurad
sasiamovno, xorcieli tkbobiTi procesiT – orgiebiT, baqkanaliebiT da a.S. ara
TviTgvemiT an TviTuaryofiT, aramed xmauriani sazogadoebrivi mxiarulebiT,
Teatraluri warmodgenebiT, sportuli dResaswaulebiT Tu olimpiuri TamaSebiT.
es ar niSnavda imas, rom es religia srulad iyo moklebuli sulierebas, an
sazogadoeba iyo gansakuTrebiT amoraluri. piriqiT, sworad berZnuli
sazogadoebis wiaRSi warmoiSva iseTi religiuri–filosofiuri mimdinareobebi,
rogoric iyo stoicizmi, orfizmi da sxva, romelnic metad mkacri moralur–zneobrivi
kodeqsiT manipulirebdnen. ufro unda vifiqroT, rom warmarTuli religiis wiaRSi
iyo warumatebeli mcdeloba sulieri da xorcieli erTobis miRwevisa, am dualisturi
sintagmis ganwmendisa da amaRlebisa.
asklepiosis, rogorc mkurnalobis RmerTis kulti Zvel eladaSi qr.S.–mde VII
saukeneSi Camoyalibda da mis prototipad troas omis droindeli, legendaruli
mkurnali, Tesaliis mefe da dinastiuri samedicino skolis meTauri – asklepiosi
moiazreba. miTis mixedviT asklepiosi iyo mzis naTelis, musikisa da poeziis
RmerTis apolonos vaJi, romelic aseve RmerTebis mkurnalad da mkurnalTa
RmerTadac iTvleboda. legendis Tanaxmad asklepiosi sakeisro kveTiT daibada.
axalSobili Cvili amoyvanil iqna gardacvlili dedis, koronidas muclidan, romelic
cecxlismfrqveveli titanis – flegias qaliSvili iyo. samkurnalo xelovneba
asklepiosma brZeni kentavrisagan, qironisgan Seiswavla, romelsac vaJis
- 81 -
aRzrda Tavad apolonma daavala. male moswavlem Tavis maswavlebelsac
gadauswro da SeeZlo ara mxolod avadmyofTa gankurneba aramed
mkvdarTaTvis sicoxlis dabrunebac, ramac qvesknelis RmerTis hadesis risxva
gamoiwvia.
gadmocemis Tnaxmad, RmerTma asklepiosma colad SeirTo meobsis
qaliSvili, romelic kunZul kosis mmarTveli iyo. sainteresoa, rom Semdgom es
kunZuli medicinis erT–erT centrad iqca. aq ayvavda asklepiadTa gvari, romelTa
Camomavladac Tvlida Tavs kosze dabadebuli didi hipokrate. man kunZulze didi
da saxelganTqmuli samedicino skola Seqmna.
RmerT asklepiosis Svilebi medicinis TiTqmis yvela mimarTulebas moicaven:
higia –janmrTelobis qalRmerTi (aqedan termini „higiena“); panacea –wamliT
mkurnali qalRmerTi. misi saxeli yovlismkurnalobis sinonimad iqca; maqaoni –
samxedro qirurgiis mamamTavari da podaliri – Sinagani daavadebebis
saxelganTqmuli mkurnali. maT eqimoba mamisgan Seiswavles.
olimpos mTis binadar RmerTTagan bevrs hqonda saerTo mkurnalobasTan,
janmrTelobis SenarCunebasa da cxovrebis janmrTel wesTan. zevsis meuRle
hera iTvleboda qorwinebisa da nayofierebis qalRmerTad. artemida apolonis
tyupiscali da, nadirobisa da cxovelebis mfarveli, iTvleboda aseve bavSvebisa
da qalebis mfarvelad. hestia iyo ojaxis keris mfarveli, romelic icavda saxls
yovelgvari borotisagan. frTosani hipnozi ganasaxierebda sizmars da mas,
rogorc adamianebze, aseve RmerTebzec hqonda gavlena.
sainteresoa berZeni filosofosis evhemerosis azri imis Sesaxeb, rom RmerTebi
– es erTdros saxelganTqmuli xalxi iyo: gmiri mefeebi, moazrovneebi,
gamorCeuli Tvisebebis matarebelebi, romelTa Teozisi (gaRmerTeba)
mogvianebiT moxda. am azrs mowinaaRmdege yovelTvis ufro meti hyavda,
vidre momxre, magram arasodes iviwyebdnen.
berZnuli miTologia aisaxa berZnul xelovnebasa da literaturaSi. specialuri
codnis gareSe rTulia gaigo mravali cnobili nawarmoebis, suraTisa Tu skulpturis
arsi. aseve rTulia mixvde samedicino Sinaarsis sityvebis mniSvnelobas. antikur
xelovnebaSi asklepiosisa da misi qaliSvilis – higias ganuyofel atributs
warmoadgenda gveli, romelic Zvel samyaroSi sibrZnis, ganaxlebisa da bunebis
Zlierebis simbolod iTvleboda. asklepiosi gamoisaxeboda gvelSemoxveuli
kverTxiT da higia ki axalgazra, diademiani, tunikaSi gamowyobili lamazi qalis
saxiT, romelsac xelSi gveli eWira da Wiqidan kvebavda mas. es skulptura
zogierT qveyanaSi medicinis simbolod iqca. erTTaTvis es simbolo gamoxatavs
sibrZnes da bunebis yovlisSemZleobas, xolo meoreni ki Tvlian rom simbolo
adamianebSi iwvevs SiSs misi uxilavi Zalebis gamo.
gvelis Sxami ki, rogorc ukve viciT, gamoiyeneboda rogorc Sxamad, aseve wamladac.

kreta–mikenis an egeosis xana ( III-II aTasw.Cv.w aR.)

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 berZnuli medicinis saTave saberZneTis preistoriis siRrmeebSi ikargeba. Cven ukve visaubreT
winareelinur kulturaze, romelic eWvgareSea dakavSirebuli iyo Zveli aRmosavleTis sxva
kulturebTan: egvipte, babiloni, indoeTi da a.S.
antikuri civilizaciis erTerTi centri iyo kunZuli kreta. Cvens welTaRricxvamde meore
aTaswleulisTvis politikurad Zlier kretaze ganviTarebuli iyo xelosnoba da xelovnebac. mas hqonda
mWidro kavSirebi troas samefosTan, mcireaziur samyarosTan, mTlianad, kontinentur
saberZneTTan, siriasTan da gansakuTrebiT egviptesTan, ramac orive qveyanas didi kvali daaCnia.
kretis socialur – politikuri aRzeveba daemTxva harapebis civilizaciis ayvavebas indoeTSi.
mecnierebi Tvlian, rom indoeTisa da xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebs Soris iyo seriozuli kulturuli
kavSirebi, xolo kretisa da harapebis civilizaciebs bevri saerTo hqondaT.
kunZul kretaze aTas cxraasiani wlebis gaTxrebisas, romelsac a.evansi awarmoebda, aRmoaCines
sanitaruli da samedicino aRWurviloba, Tixis milebi, romlis saSualebiTac wyali Caedineboda
specialur ormoebSi, aseve iyo saucxoo abanoebi da saventilacio gayvanilobebi. maTi Seqmnis drois
miuxedavad isini konceptualurad Zalze hgvanan Tanamedrove sistemebs. knosis sasaxlis
teritoriaze aRmoCenil iqna spilos ZvliTa da oqrosgan damzadebuli qalis patara zomis qandakebebi,
romlebic miwis didi deda–RmerTis (Sdr. qarTuli „adgilis deda“) kults gamosaxavdnen. maT xelSi
gvelebi epyraT. Tumca aranairi pirdapiri miniSneba ar arsebobs imisa, rom isini samedicino kults
mivakuTvnoT. amave periodSi kretaze aRmoCenili iqna e.w. „festosis disko“. am mrgvali formis
Tixis firfitaze spiralurad datanili iyo warwera, romlis gaSifrva erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi ver
moxerxda: ucnobi iyo ena, romelzedac Sesrulda warwera. qarTvelma mecnierma, g.kvaSilavam
SeZlo Zveli kolxuri enis gamoyenebiT waekiTxa es warwera. aRmoCena mecnierTa mier
sayovelTaod iqna aRiarebuli, rac kidev erTxel amtkicebs azrs mTeli oikumenis eTnikuri da
kulturuli istoriuli erTobis Sesaxeb. sainteresoa, rom festosis diskoze warwera „nenanas“, miwisa da
nayofierebis didi deda–RmerTisadmi iyo miZRvnili.
kontinenturi saberZneTis samefoebis aRorZineba Cven welTaRricxvamde II aTaswleulis SuaSi
daiwyo. maT daipyres aRzevebuli kreta da amis Semdeg saberZneTi egeosis zRvis auzSi dominant
qveynad iqca.

qristeSobamde XI-IX saukuneebi - polisamdeli periodi

am periods didi xnis ganmavlobaSi uwodebdnen homerosuls, vinaidan ZiriTad cnobebs mis
Sesaxeb homerosis „iliada“ da „odisea“ iZleodnen. qr.S.–mde XI saukuneSi Seqmnili es poemebi
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, Taobidan TaobaSi zepirad gadadioda. daaxloebiT VIII saukuneSi isini
pirvelad iqna Cawerili da amrigad, berZnuli literaturis pirvel da unikalur Zeglebad iqcnen.
me–19 saukunis meore naxevarSi mcire aziis samxreT–dasavleT egeosur sanapiroze daiwyo
intensiuri arqeologiuri kvlevebi dakarguli qalaqis – troas – saZebnelad. es maSin akademiuri
wreebis mier zRapris personaJebis uazro Zebnad aRiqmeboda. fr. Slimanma maSin mTel msoflios
daumtkica, rom miTosSi aRwerili ambebi sinamdviles efuZneba da meti ndobaa saWiro winaprebis
mimarT. troa napovni iqna da istoriografiaSic axali era daiwyo.
homerosis poemebSi mravladada samedicino Sinaarsis pasaJebi. ambavi umeteswilad omebs da
orTabrZolebs exeba da bunebrivia, xSiradaa aRwerili tanisa da kidurebis dazianeba ( zedapiruli da
Rrma Wrilobebi, daCirqebebi, Sxamiani gvelebis kbenis Sedegebi da a.S.). Wrilobebis mkurnaloba
kompleqsuri iyo: acilebdnen isrebs da sxva mWrel sagnebs, xdeboda sisxlis da Cirqis gamodevna
da tkivilgamayuCebeli, sisxldenis SemaCerebeli mcenareuli fxvnilebis gamoyeneba. mkurnalobasa
- 83 -
da pirvel daxmarebas Zveli saberZneTis jarSi, rogorc TviTon mebrZolebi, aseve gamocdili
mkurnalebi mimarTavdnen. yvelaferi es sakmarisi sizustiTa da saqmis codniTaa zemonaxseneb
wyaroebSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvel saberZneTSi, gansxvavebiT indoeTisa da egviptisa, ar xdeboda
micvalebulebis gakveTa/balzamireba (elinistur periodamde), „iliadasa“ da „odiseas“ samedicino
terminologia metad STambeWdavad gamoiyureba da Tanamedrove anatomiuri enis mniSvnelovani
nawili ukavia. is odnav Tu CamorCeba hipokrates anatomiur cnebaTa korpuss.
homerosis peomaSi laparakia Savi Wiris epidemiaze, ulises (odisevsis) sigiJeze, belerofonis
melanqoliaze, orsulobis meSvide Tveze dabadebul Cvilze, gogirdis Sebolvaze daavadebis
prevenciis mizniT da gogirdis, rogorc samkurnalo saSualebis gamoyenebazec. aRniSnulia isic, rom
zogierTi samkurnalo saSualeba berZnebs Turme Zveli egviptelebisagan gadmouRiaT.
homerosis poemebi adastureben Zvel berZnuli mkurnalobis sawyisis empiriul xasiaTs,Zvel
berZnuli medicinis farTo miRwevebs sxva Zvel civilizaciebTan SedarebiT.

mkurnaloba VIII-VI ss Cv.w. aR.– polisuri periodi

VIII-VI ss Cv.w. aR. saberZneTis teritoriaze yalibdeboda qalaq–saxelmwifoebi anu
polisebi.n isini ZirTadad aerTianebdnen im Tavisufal moqalaqeebs, romlebsac hqondaT miwebi da
hyavdaT ymebi. iseT maRalgaviTarebul polisebSi, rogoric aTeni da korinTo iyo, VI qr.S–mde
batonymoba Zlier iyo ganviTarebuli, xolo sxva qalaqebSi (spartasa da argosSi) didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi feodalur urTierTobasTan erTad Semonaxuli iyo sagvareulo wyobac.
saberZneTis miwebis unayofobam da brZolebis gamwvavebam, vaWrobi ganviTarebam xalxi
aiZula axali samosaxlo da nayofieri miwebi eZebnaT. ase gaCnda berZnuli sapolise dasaxlebebi,
mcire aziis, xmelTaSua, egeosisa da mogvianebiT Savi zRvis napirebze. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT
gamoirCeoda qalaqebi: mileTi, efesosi, knidosi, xersonesi, olvia da sxv. aborigen mosaxlebasTan
farTo savaWro da kulturulma urTierTobebma xeli Seuwyves Zveli saberZneTis ekonomikur da
kulturul ganviTarebas, saintereso mravalferovnebis Camoyalibebas mravalricxovan polisebSi.
es periodi Zveli saberZneTis istoriaSi aRniSnuli ori mniSvnelovani movleniT :
1. ZvelberZnuli filosofiis Camoyalibeba (naturfilosofia), romelic wamoiqmna Cv.w. aR. VI
saukuneSi da sabolood IV saukuneSi Camoyalibda.
2. sataZro medicinis Camoyalibeba, rac dakavSirebuli iyo religiis rolis gaZlierebasTan da
qveynis masStabiT axal–axali taZrebis -asklepiionebis dafuZnebasTan.
sataZro medicina Zvel saberZneTSi viTardeboda empiriuli codnis gaRvivebis fonze. taZrebi
ZiriTadad Sendeboda im adgilebSi, sadac mineraluri wyaroebi moedineboda, fiWvnarebSi,
romelTa ganlagebis adgilebSi gamajansaRebeli Tvisebebis mqone haersac–ki, religiur ritualebTan
erTad, sruliad bunebrivi makurnebeli Zala hqonda.
Epidavris asklepiionis sakurTxevlis teritoriaze iyo abano, biblioTeka, stadioni, gimnazia da
Teatri. yvelgan aRmarTuli iyo Zeglebi, romlebic mkurnalebs da RmerTebs ganasaxierebdnen.
gaTxrebis dros aseTi religiuri datvirTvis adgilebSi napovnia adamianis sxeulis nawilebi:
marmarilos xelebi da fexebi, vercxlis gulebi, oqros Tvalebi da yurebi, rasac, SesaZloa,
gankurnebuli avadmyofebi madlierebis gamo Cuqnidnen taZrebs. erTaderTi rac taZarSi ar
SeiZleboda yofiliyo iyo sikvdili. religiuri rituali gamoricxavda wminda adgilebSi yovelgvar
uwmindurobas: dabadebasac da sikvdilsac. amitom mSobiareebsa da momakvdav avadmyofebs
wminda adgilebSi anu taZrebSi ar uSvebdnen. asklepionebis msaxurebi Tvals adevnebdnen da
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icavdnen sisefTaves. yvela, vinc wminda adgilas Sedioda, unda daebana wminda wyaroSi da
Semdeg ki msxverpli gaeRo RmerTebisTvis.
amrigad, asklepiosis sakurTxeveli Zvel saberZneTSi ar iyo saavadmyofos funqciis matarebeli,
Cveni amJamindeli gagebiT. isini ufro samkurnalo sanatoriumebis xasiaTisani iyvnen.
epidavraSi arasodes yofila samkurnalo skola, rogoric gvxvdeboda sxvagan. asklepionis
samsaxurSi iRebdnen mxolod im pirebs, vinc „wminda fics“ dadebda da asklepidebis Zmobas
SeuerTdeboda. asklepionebSi mkurnaloba empiriuli da magiuri xerxebis erTobliobas
warmoadgenda. ZiriTadi saSualebebi iyo samkurnalo mcenareebi, mineraluri da Termuli wylebi
da fizikuri varjiSebi. amasTan erTad arsebobda „enkomisis rituali“, anu taZrebSi mkurnalobis
ritualis kulminacia. es rituali tardeboda grZel gadaxurul galereebSi, taZris kedlebis gaswvriv, sadac
aravis uSvebdnen specialuri nebarTvis gareSi. iq avadmyofebs „xelovnurad aZinebdnen“ (hipnozis
an eqstazis mdgomareobaSi), romelsac narkotikuli an fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis xerxebiT
aRwevdnen. rituals Tan axlda Teatraluri warmodgenebi, RmerTis an misi wminda gvelis
warmosaxva da Tan qirurgiuli operaciebis Catarebac. epidavraSi da sxva asklepionebSi uamravi
qirurgiuli instrumentia napovni. Zalian male enkomisis ritualma farTo popularoba moipova. is bevr
pacients izidavda da didi Semosavalic mohqonda.
Cvens welTaRricxvamde 430 wels saSineli Savi Wiris epidemiis Semdeg, romlis winaSec
Cveulebrivi medicina uZluri aRmoCnda, religiisa da magiis mimarT yuradReba ufro gaizarda.
wminda qvewarmavali epidavris asklepionidan sazeimod gadaitanes aTenSi, sadac akropolis
ferdobebze Caeyara safuZveli axal asklepions da asklepiosis kulti axali ZaliT gabrwyinda. Zvel
saberZneTSi saero medicinasa da taZrebSi mkurnalobas Soris mkveTri zRvari ar arsebobda.

klasikuri periodis medicina

saberZneTis istoriis klasikur periodSi (V-IVss qr.S.-mde) polisurma wyobam ganviTarebis
umaRles ekonomikur, politikur da kulturul niSnulebs miaRwia. Ees aris saberZneTis yovelmxrivi
ayvavebis epoqa, romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli perikles saxelmwifoebriv moRvaweobasTan
(444-429 qr.S.-mde) da aTenis politikur gaZlierebasTan, rogorc aTenis zRvis kavSiris hegemonisa.
aTenis politikuri wyobis safuZveli iyo moqalaqeTa yvela kategoriis sruli Tanasworoba kanonis
winaSe. monaTmflobelurma demokratiam yvela Tavisufal adamians misca SesaZlebloba
monawileoba mieRo polisis saqmianobaSi. gaCnda moTxovna farTo ganaTlebaze da sxvadsxva
profesiaze, rasac uamravi filosofiuri Tu profesiuli skolis gaCena mohyva. aqedan gamomdinare,
perikles epoqa Seiqna klasikuri filosofiisa da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis sruli gafurCqvnis
periodi. Pperiklem aTenSi uamrav cnobil xelovnebis moRvawes da mecniers mouyara Tavi. maT
Soris iyvnen fidiasi, sofokle, herodote, anaqsagora da sxvebi. maTi azrovneba da SexedulebaTa
sistema gamoirCeoda im xarisxis TavisuflebiT, rom xSirad “xelSeuxebeli” sazRvrebic irRveoda da
aTenelebi seriozuli moralur-eTikuri da ideologiuri vnebaTaRelvebis mowmeni xdebodnen.
saberZneTis istoriis klasikuri periodis samedicino codnaze mowmobs SedarebiT vrceli
literatura: poetebisa da istorikosebis TxzulebaTa pasaJebi (esqile, evripide, herodote, sofokle,
aristofane da sxva), filosofosebis naSromebi, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia
demokrites, platonis, aristoteles Txzulebebs, sokrates naazrevs. xolo, specialuri samedicino
literaturidan, rasakvirvelia, upirvelesad hipokrate da misi “hipokrates krebuli” unda vaxsenoT,
romelmac udidesi kvali daaCnia medicinis mTel Semdgom ganviTarebas.

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- 86 -
 ZvelberZnuli medicinis filosofiuri
safuZvlebi

Zvel saberZneTSi eqimoba didi xani viTardeboda saerTo filosofiuri codnis

kalapotSi – naturfilosofiis saxiT (laT. Philosophia naturalis; nawarmoebia
berZnulidan: Philosophia – sibrZnis, codnis siyvaruli, natura - buneba). yvela
udidesi mkurnali filosofosi iyo da piriqiT, yvela didi filosofosi kargad erkveoda
medicinaSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi sikvdil-sicocxlis, norma-paTologiisa da sxva
zogad sakiTxebSi.
berZnuli filosofiis formireba xdeboda Vl-IV ss. qr.S.-mde, ZiriTadad ioniaSi
– egeosis zRvis mcireaziur sanapiroebze ganlagebul berZnul dasaxlebebSi an
axlomdebare kunZulebze. misi wamyvani centrebi iyo qalaqebi mileti, efeso,
kosi, knidosi da sxva. aq yvelaze naTlad igrZnoboda avtoqtonuri mosaxleobisa
da elin moaxalSeneTa kulturuli daaxloebisa da erToblivi inteleqtualuri produqtis
Seqmnis procesi.
pirveli ZvelberZeni filosofosebi aRiqvamdnen samyaros, rogorc erT
mTlians. maTi mosazrebiT “arc erTi sagani ar warmoiqmneba... da arc qreba,
radgan buneba yovelTvis ucvleli rCeba” (aristotele). TiToeuli maTgani cdilobda
epovna samyaros pirvelsawyisi, anu ganesazRvraT yovelive arsebulis
(pirvelmateriis) is ucvleli safuZveli, romlisganac yvelaferi warmoiqmneba da
romelSic yvelaferi kvlav ukanve brundeba.
ionuri naturofilosofiis fuZemdebeli Tales mileteli (berZ. Thales, 624-546 qr.S.-mde)
Tvlida, rom yvelaferi warmoiqmneba sinotivisgan (wylisagan), romelzedac dedamiwaa ganfenili.
Talesis mimdevari mileteli anaqsimandre (berZ. Anaximandros, daaxloebiT 611-546
qr.S.-mde) Tvlida, rom yvela arsebis safuZvelSi devs raRac ganzogadebuli pirvelmateria – apeironi
(berZ. Aperion - usazRvro, usasrulo) anu maradiuli da usazRvro materia, romelic mudmiv
moZraobaSia. Mman pirvelma scada sicocxlisa da mTlianad samyaros yovlismomcveli da
racionaluri axsna, varskvlavebis, Rrublebisa da miwisZvrebis Sesaxeb ganmartebebis mocema.
Talesis sxva mimdevari, anaqsimeni mileteli (berZn. anaximenes, daaxloebiT 585-525
qr.S.-mde) Tvlida, pirvelad substanciad haers Tvlida, romlis gaTxelebiT (simkvrivis SemcirebiT)
cecxli warmoiqmneba, xolo misi Sesqelebisas – qari, Rrubeli, wyali, miwa, qvebi, anu is SegnebiT
Tu Seucnobelad raodenobriobis TvisobriobaSi gadasvlis ideas qadagebda.
efeseli heraklite (berZn. herakleitos, daaxloebiT 554-483qr.S.-mde) yofierebis arss
mudmiv moZraobaSi da uwyvet cvlilebebSi, sapirispiro mxareebis mudmiv brZolasa da
amavdroulad erTianobaSi xedavda. gamodis, rom misi filosofia Sinaganad myarad iyo
dakavSirebuli dialeqtikasTan. pirveli ionieli naturfilosofosebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic myar
pirvelnivTierebas eZiebdnen, heraklite Tvlida, rom yvela gardaqmnis sulisCamdgmelia cecxli.
levkipos mileteli anu abderi (berZ. Leukippos, daaxloebiT 500-440 qr.S.-mde.) cdilobda
aexsna, rom samyaroSi rac xdeba, yvelaferi srul sicarieleSi umciresi nawilakebis – atomebis
(berZn. Atomos - ganuyofeli) gadaadgilebiT aris ganpirobebuli. Llevkiposis moswavlem,
abderelma demokritem (berZn. Demokritos 460-371 qr.S.-mde) aiRo ra safuZvlad maswavleblis
atomisturi doqtrina, antikuri atomistikis mTliani sistema Seqmna.
- 87 -
 demokrite enciklopediuri codnis moazrovne gaxld. man uamravi filosofiuri da samecniero
sabunebismetyvelo Txzuleba datova, romelTagan Cvenamde mxolod fragmentebma moaRwia.
medicinis TvalsazrisiT aq sainteresoa msjelobani embriologiaze, dietologiaze, cieb-cxelebaze,
cofze, prognostikaze, wamlebze da aS. demokrite Tvlida, rom yvela sasicocxlo procesi, azrovnebac
ki., SesaZlebelia avxsnaT atomuri bmebiTa da maTi moZraobiT. Ddemokrites filosofia im
droisTvis aTeistur elfers atarebda. berZnuli panTeonis RmerTebi misTvis konkretuli funqciis da
datvirTvis matareblebi iyvnen, sxvadasxva bunebrivi movlenis ganmaxorcieleblebi. is werda:
“locvebSi janmrTelobas SesTxoven RmerTebs da is ki ar ician, rom maT Tavad gaaCniaT
saSualebebi amisTvis. Tavisi TavSeukaveblobiT zians ayeneben sakuTar janmrTelobas da amiT
TviTonve xdebian Tavisi Tavis moRalateebi”. Ddemokrites filosofiuri Sexedulebebi im drois
sabunebismetyvelo – mecnieruli swavlebebis mwvervals warmoadgens.
materiisa da cnobierebis pirveli dapirispireba antikur filosofiaSi didma aTenelma, platonma
(berZn. Plato, 427-347qr.S.-mde) daafiqsira. is yvela drois erTerTi udidesi berZeni moazrovne,
obieqturi idealizmis fuZemdebeli iyo. Mmisi maswavleblis, sokrates sasamarTloTi da sikvdiliT
dasjiT SeZrulma platonma, mTeli Tavisi Zala samarTliani saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis proeqtis
SemuSavebisken mimarTa. Semdgom amasve daefuZna mTlianad obieqturi idealizmis filosofia.
platonis swavlebis ZiriTadi nawilebia: saxelmwifoebrivi swavlebebi, ideis Teoria, eTika da
gnoseologia (berZ. Gnoseologia – swavleba Semecnebaze, gnosis – Semecneba, logos –
swavleba). Pplatonis swavlebis ZiriTadi birTvia – ideis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac arsebuli realuri
samyaro aris anarekli, Crdili idealuri samyaros ideisa. Seiqmna mwyobri filosofiuri sistema,
romelic sikvdil-sicocxlis problemis, gnoseologiuri sakiTxebis idealistur interpretacias iZleoda.
388 qr.S.-mde platonma aTenSi daaarsa sakuTari filosofiuri skola ( berZn. Schole -
maswavleblisa da moswavlis Sexvedris adgili) – “platonis akademia”(berZ. Academia) – es iyo
baRi, sadac platoni Tavs uyrida Tavis moswavleebs. Aakademias hqonda samarTlebrivi statusi
sakulto kavSirisa. Mmisi wevrebi ixdidnen yovelTviur sawevro gadasaxadebs, cxovrobdnen
maswavleblebTan erTad da ZiriTadad dakavebulebi iyvnen maTematikiTa da masze agebuli
Taviseburi dialeqtikiT (berZn.Dialektike). es sityva Tavdapirvelad kamaTis warmarTvis
xelovnebas aRniSnavda, xolo Semdgom bunebis, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sazogado kanonebis
Semswavleli mecnierebis aRmniSvnel terminad iqca.
amrigad, Zveli saberZneTis istoriis klasikur periodSi Camoyalibda ori ZiriTadi klasikuri
sistema antikuri filosofiisa: samecniero sabunebismetyvelo, ufro materialisturi Seferilobisa,
gamoxatuli atomisturi swavlebiT, romelic demokrites naSromebSi iyo Camoyalibebuli da obieqturi
idealizmi, Seqmnili platonis mier. orivem Zireuli zegavlena moaxdina medicinaze, romelic Zvel
samyaroSi ganuyofeli iyo filosofiisgan. ioniurma naturfilosofiam gauxsna gza daavadebebis
mizezebisa da misi procesis momdinareobis Seswavlas. Aantikuri filosofiuri sistemebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli codnis sistematizaciis tendenciam igive procesebi ganapiroba medicinaSic,
safuZveli daudo daavadebis warmoSobis Teorias da calkeul, damoukidebel mimarTulebebs.

saeqimo skolebi
eqimoba Zvel saberZneTSi didxans ojaxur tradiciad rCeboda. Kklasikuri periodis
dasawyisisTvis ojaxuri skolebis CarCoebi gafarTovda: aq ukve iRebdnen im moswavleebsac,
romlebic saeqimo dinastis warmomadgenlebi ar iyvnen. Aase Camoyalibda wamyvani samedicino
skolebi, romlebic klasikur periodSi ZiriTadad ganlagebuli iyo balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis anu
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materikuli saberZneTis farglebs gareT. kerZod, mis zRvisiqiTa dasaxlebebSi. Aadreuli skolebidan
cnobilia kunZul rodosisa (egeosis zRvis aRmosavleT nawili) da kirenis (q.kireni - CrdiloeT
afrikaSi). es ori skola adreve gaqra da maTze cnobebi TiTqmis ar aris. mogvianebiT
aRmocenebulma krotonis (q. krotoni - Tanamedrove italiis samxreTiT), knidosis (q. knidosi - mcire
aziis aRmosavleT sanapiroze), siciliis (kunZuli sicilia) da kosis (kunZuli kosi - egeosis zRvis
aRmosavleT nawilSi) skolebma SesZines dideba ZvelberZnul medicinas.

krotonis saeqimo skolam Tavis ayvavebas ukve qr.S.-mde VI saukuneSi miaRwia. misi
ZiriTadi miRwevebi Tezisurad SeiZleba ase Camoyalibdes: 1) organizmi aris sapirispiro Zalebis
erToblioba; 2) janmrTeli organizmi aris Sedegi sapirispiro Zalebis wonasworobisa: mSralisa da
notiosi, cxelisa da civis da a.S., xolo romelime maTganis batonoba ki (berZ. Monarchia –
erTmmarTveloba) aris daavadebis gamomwvevi mizezi; 3) sapirispiro ikurneba sapirispiroTi (laT.
Contraria contrariis curantur – Tezisi, romelic xSirad miewereboda hipokrates). K
krotonis skolis gamoCenili mkurnali iyo filosofosi – piTagoreli alkmeoni (VI-Vss. qr.S.-
mde), romelmac, rogorc amboben (qalkidiosi), pirvelma gaWra cxoveli Seswavlis mizniT. manve
aRmoaCina mxedvelobis nervis jvaredini da smenis arxi, romelic mogvianebiT evstaqis milad
iwoda da dResac ase hqvia. is werda Tavis tvinze, rogorc Semecnebis organoze (egviptelebis
Semdeg, oRond - aristofanemde) da zogierTi daavadebis mizezebze, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo
lorwos daWarbebasTan organizmSi (oTxi humoris balansis darRvevaze).

knidosis saeqimo skola am qalaqis siamaye gaxda da mas didi saxeli moutana. aqaur
skolaSi ganviTarda swavleba sxeulis oTxi siTxis/humoris (sisxli, lorwo, yviTeli naRveli, Savi
naRveli) Sesaxeb. Tvlidnen, rom janmrTeloba iyo Sedegi am siTxeebis swori TanafardobiT
Serevisa (berZ. Eucrasia) da piriqiT, am siTxeebis balansis darRveva (berZ. diskrasia) fasdeboda,
rogorc uamravi daavadevis mizezi da dasawyisi. (mogvianebiT organizmis “wvenebis”
ZvelberZnuli swavlebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda humoruli (laT. humores - siTxeebi) Teoria,
romelic garkveuli cvlilebebiT oficialur medicinaSi me-19 saukunemde arsebobda. agrZelebda ra
babiloneli da egvipteli mkurnalebis tradiciebs, knidosis skola aviTarebda swavlebas daavadebis
niSnebze – simptomebze (berZ. symptoma – damTxveva, niSani) da diagnostikaze
(laT.diagnostica – Tviseba gaarCios). aq farTod iyenebdnen mosmenis anu auskultaciis meTods,
romliTac hipokratec sargeblobda. magaliTad, ismendnen plevrituli xaxunis xmas da a.S. Aam
skolis gamoCenili mkurnali iyo evrifoni (Eurifon, Vs.qr.S.-mde) – hipokrates Tanamedrove.

siciliis saeqimo skola, rogorc galeni gvacnobebs dafuZnebuli iyo qr.S.-mde V saukuneSi
akraganteli empedokles (berZ. Empredokles, 495-435ww. qr.S.-mde.) mier da arsebobas
agrZelebda platonisa da aristoteles drosac. Eempedokle iyo filosofosi da politikosi, poeti, oratori,
mkurnali da qurumi. Semonaxulia fragmentebi misi ZiriTadi naSromisa “bunebis Sesaxeb”,
romelSic gadmocemulia misi naturofilosofiuri pozicia. is Tvlida, rom yvelafris arsi aris cecxli,
wyali, haeri da miwa. isini mudam ucvlelni, Seucnobelni arian da ar eqvemdebarebian
ganadgurebas. maT ar SeuZliaT erTmaneTSi gadasvla, mxolod erevian erTmaneTs meqanikurad.
samyaros mravaferovneba aris maTi sxvadasxva proporciebiT Serevis Sedegi. amiT empedoklem
safuZveli Cauyara klasikur swavlebas elementebis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove mecnierebis poziciidan
SesaZlebelia am Tezisis pozitiuri interpretacia. Tu gavixsenebT, rom materialuri samyaros oTxi
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agregatuli mdgomareoba aris sayovelTaod aRiarebuli – myari, Txevadi, airovani da plazmuri,
maSin Zveli filosofosis naazrevi arcTu gulubryvilod mogveCveneba. rasakvirvelia, gansxvaveba
terminologiasa da definiciis sizusteSia.
empidokles did pativs scemdnen misi swavlebis mimdevrebi. Mmas miaweren q. selinuntas
gadarCenas gadamdebi daavadebebis (Savi Wiris an malariis) masobrivi afeTqebisgan. am
movlenis aRsaniSnavad monetac ki Camoasxes.

kosis saeqimo skola – Zveli saberZneTis klasikuri periodis mTavari samedicino skolaa.
pirveli cnobebi masze ganekuTvneba qr.S.-mde 584w, rodesac delfosis taZris qurumebma sTxoves
kosel mkurnalebs nebrososs (Nevro) da mis Svils xrisoss (Chrisos) SeewyvitaT Savi Wiri, romelic
mZvinvarebda q. kirosisTvis alyaSemortymul jarSi.Oorive mkurnali dauyovnebliv gamoexmaura
am Txovnas da davaleba saukeTesod Seasrules: epidemia SeCerebuli iqna.
naturfilosofiuri Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad, kosis skolis mkurnalebi adamians, mis
janmrTelobas da daavadebas gare samyarosTan mWidro kavSirSi aRiqvamdnen. iswrafodnen
SeenarCunebinaT organizmSi arsebuli bunebrivi majansaRebeli Zalebi. avadmyofoba, maTi
gagebiT, RmerTebis sasjeli ki ara, aramed garesamyaros zemoqmedebis da kvebis reJimis
darRvevis Sedegia. ase, magaliTad epilefsiis Sesaxeb, romelsac “saRmrTo daavadebad” Tvlidnen,
“hipokrates krebulSi” naTqvamia: pirvelebma, vinc es daavadeba scno saRmrTod, iyvnen iseTive
xalxi, rogorebic axla magebi, Sarlatanebi da matyuarebi arian... saRmrTos ki ara, aramed raRac
adamianurs vxedav me am saqmeSi: am daavadebis mizezi aris tvini”.
kosis skolis mkurnalebi aqtiurad aviTarebdnen moZRvrebas sxeulis oTxi siTxis Sesaxeb da sxeulis
konstituciuri agebulebis tipebze, nergavdnen saeqimo eTikas, amuSavebdnen dakvirvebisa da
mkurnalobis principebs avadmyofis sawolTan (berZ. klinike – mwoliare avadmyofia movla, kline
– sawoli). es ideebi daedo SemdgomSi safuZvlad klinikuri medicinis ganviTarebas.
kosis saeqimo skolis ayvaveba dakavSirebulia hipokrate ll didis saxelTan (daaxl. 460-
370ww.qr.S.-mde), romelic istoriaSi Sevida rogorc hipokrate (berZn. Hippokrates). misi
legendaruli saxeli gaxda simbolo Zveli saberZneTis saeqimo xelovnebisa. mogvianebiT, roca
hipokratem kunZuli kosi datova, im adgilas, sadac misi iq moRvaweobis dros mokrZalebuli taZari
da saeqimo skola iyo, grandiozuli asklepioni aaSenes, romelic SemdgomSic araeTxel gafarTovda.
kosis skolis gamoCenili mkurnalia, agreTve, praqsagora (Praxsagoras, IVs. qr.S.-mde) –
legendaruli herofiles maswavlebeli, romelic aleqsandriuli saeqimo skolis (elinizmis periodi) erT-
erTi fuZemdebeli iyo.
Cveni codna, Zveli saberZneTis klasikuri periodis mkurnalebze, SezRudulia. miuxedavad
amisa, Cvenamde moRweuli cnobebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom am periodis moRvaweebi mxolod
hipokrates saxelTan ar arian dakavSirebulebi, rogorc xSirad surT rom warmoaCinon. am periodSi
moxda mravali, sxvadasxva mimarTulebis mqone saeqimo skolis formireba, romelTac udidesi
miRwevebi hqondaT. adamianis erTianobis da garesamyaros naturfilosofiuri, mecnieruli gageba,
avadmyofobis mizezebis Zieba, sxeulis siTxeebisa da temperaturis Sesaxeb swavlebani,
diagnostikuri meTodebis ganviTareba, prognostika da movla da mkurnaloba mwoliare avadmyofisa
– yvelaferi es iyo Sedegi Zveli saberZneTis sxvadasxva qalaq –saxelmwifos, mcire aziis erebis
mravali Taobis mkurnalebis moRvaweobisa.

Hhipokrate
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 sarwmuno cnobebi hipokrates cxovrebaze arcTu mravalia. pirveli biografiuli Canawerebi
misi sikvdilis Semdeg, ramdenime aswleulis gasvlis mere gakeTda. maTi avtorebi (sorani lls; svida
xs da sxva) ar iyvnen misi Tanamedroveebi da maTi monaTxrobi im legendarulobis elfers atarebs,
romliTac udidesi mkurnalis saxeli misive cxovrebaSi iyo garSemortymuli.
svida Tavis leqsikonSi ( Suida Lexicon) hipokrates Semdegi sityvebiT acnobs mkiTxvels:
“hipokrate – koseli eqimi, heraklites Svili gaxda varskvlavi da sasargeblo sxivi saeqimo
xelovnebaSi... is upirvelesad yovlisa mamamisis moswavle iyo, Semdeg herodikesi salombriidan da
leontineli gorgirasi, ritorisa da filosofosisa, zogierTis mtkicebulebiT – abdereli demokritesic...
hyavda ori biWi Tesali da drakoni. is gardaicvala 104 wlis da dakrZalulia Tesaliis larisaSi”.
amgvarad, cnobilia, rom hipokrate daibada kunZul kosze. Mmamis mxridan asklepiadebis
cnobil gvars miekuTneboda. kerZod, asklepiosis vaJis, podaliriosis Camomavali iyo. is moaruli
mkurnalebis (berZ.Periodeutes) ricxvs miekuTvneboda da bevrs mogzaurobda. misi saeqimo
xelovnebis dideba mraval saxelmwifos moedo. sicocxlis bolo wlebi gaatara ki larisaSi (Tesalia),
sadac gardaicvala kidec, erTi wyarodan 83 wlis, xolo sxva wyaroebis mixedviT 104 wlisa.
Aadgilobrivebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi pativs miagebdnen mis saflavs, aCvenebdnen mas
mogzaurebs.
Aaq dakrZalulia hipokrate Tesalieli
Ddabadebuli kosze
Ffeba is iyo ukvdavi fesvis toti
bevr daavadebas kurnavda, trofeebi augo higias,
bevri qeba daimsaxura man – codniT
da ar SemTxveviT.

hipokrate cxovrobda elinuri kulturis umaRlesi ganviTarebis periodSi, rodesac

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferos gamorCeuli lider hyavda. politikaSi es iyo perikles saukune,
istoriaSi – herodotesa da Tukididesi, filosofiaSi – levkipes, demokrites, empedokles, anaqragoras,
gorgiasi, sokratesi da platonisa, poeziaSi – pindares, esqiles, sofokles, evripides da aristofanesi,
qandakebis da xurorTmoZRvrebis dargSi polikletes, praqsiteles da fidiasis saukune, medicinis
dargSi – hipokrates, evrifones, praqsagorasi...
hipokrate ar iyo “medicinis mama”, rogorc mas aswleulebis manZilze uwodebdnen, aramed
iyo Rirseuli Svili medicinisa, vinaidan man SesZlo Seejamebinsa da sistemaSi moeyvana manamde
mimofantuli saeqimo sibrZne da erTian sistemad Camoeyalibebina. Seqmna sruliad gamorCeuli
saeqimo skola, sadac Tavmoyrili iyo klasikuri periodis ZvelberZnuli medicinis miRwevebi.

“hipokrates krebuli”
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu “Corpus Hippocraticum”-ad cnobili krebulidan romeli Sromebi
ekuTvnis uSualod hipokrates kalams, dRemde gadawyvetili ar aris. im drois tradiciebis Tanaxmad
mkurnalebi Tavis saxels naSromebs ar awerdnen, radgan Tvlidnen, rom naSromSi dafiqsirebuli
codna avtorTan tradiciiT movida da mas ufleba ar hqonda misTvis sakuTari saxeli daerqmia. metad
sayuradRebo eTikuri poziciaa, magram am midgomam istorias yvelaze mcidne da namusiani
moazrovne eqimebis vinaoba daumala.
ZvelberZnuli samedicino Sromebis pirveli krebuli Sedgenili iyo hipokrates sikvdilis Semdeg
qr.S.-mde lll saukuneSi, aleqsandriis xelnawerTa cnobil sacavSi, aleqsandre makedonelis uaxloesi
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TanamebrZolis, mTavari diadoxosis ( berZ. Diadochos – mimdevari) - ptolemeos l soteris mier. is
elinisturi egviptis pirveli mmarTveli (323-282 ww.qr.S.-mde.) iyo. ptolemeosebis braZanebiT
aleqsandriaSi msoflios yvela mxridan CamohqondaT samecniero xelnawerebi, axarisxebdnen maT
katalogebSi, swavlobdnen, Targmnidnen da xelaxla iwerdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi xelnawerebis
ricxvma 700 aTas gragnils gadaaWarba. maT Soris iyo 72 samedicino naSromi, romelic berZnulis
ioniur dialeqtze iyo dawerili. arcerT naSroms avtori miTiTebuli ar hqonda. samwuxarod istoriam ar
Semogvinaxa erTi Txzulebac-ki, romelzec an hipokrates, an sxva vinme klasikuri periodis avtoris
saxeli yofiliyo miTiTebuli. yvela samedicino xelnaweri gaerTianebul iqna “hipokrates krebulSi”.
amgvarad, alqsandrielma mecnierebma Semogvinaxes hipokratesa da sxva berZeni eqimebis
naSromebi, romlebic qr.S.-mde V-lll saukuneebSi moRvaweobdnen.
mkvlevarTa didi umravlesoba Tvlis, rom hipokrates yvelaze cnobili da fundamenturi
Sromebi ekuTvnis: “haeris, wylebis da garemos Sesaxeb”, “motexilobebis Sesaxeb”, “Tavis
Wrilobebis Sesaxeb”, “uZvelesi medicinis Sesaxeb” da SesaZlebelia bevri sxvac.
“aforizmebi” (berZn. aphorismos – dasrulebuli azri) Sedgeba 8 nawilisagan. maTSi
Sekrebilia dieturi da saeqimo darigebebi Sinagani sneulebebis mkurnalobaze, qirurgiasa da
meanobaze. erTerTi ZiriTadi adgili ukavia prognostikasac (berZn. prognostike, pro- wina, geosis
– codna).
”aforizmebi” iwyeba Semdegi sityvebiT: “sicocxle xanmoklea, xelovnebis gza xangrZlivi,
xelsayreli SemTxveva swrafwarmavalia, gamocdileba matyuara, msjeloba rTuli. Aamitom ara
mxolod eqimma unda gamoiyenos saqmeSi yvelaferi, rac saWiroa, aramed avadmyofmac da misma
garemocvamac, yvela garegani viTareba unda exmarebodes eqims mis saqmianobaSi.”
“prognostika’ (laT.prognosticum) erTerTi gamorCeuli naSromia. masSi dawvrilebiT aris
aRwerili daavadebis prognozirebisTvis aucilebel monacemTa erTobliobis Sefaseba, mwoliare
avadmyofze dakvirvebis meTodebi (dakvirveba, gasinjva, avadmyofis gamokiTxva) da
mkurnalobis safuZvlebi. “prognostikaSi” moyvanili bevri gamonaTqvami, Teza Tu debuleba
klasikuri gaxda. mag.Mmomakvdavi adamianis saxis aRweriloba: “wvetiani cxviri, Cacvenili
Tvalebi, Caweuli safeTqlebi... daWimuli da mSrali kani... saxis feri _ mwvane, fermkrTali an muqi,
moSavo, tyviisferi”.
“epidemia Svid nawilad” (laT. Epidemisrum Libri Vll) SinaarsiT da agebulebiT waagavs
“prognostikas”. sityva epidemiis qveS saberZneTSi gulisxmobdnen ara infeqciur, gadamdeb,
aramed xalxSi farTod gavrcelebul daavadebebs (berZn. epi – zed da demos – xalxi). Ees
endemuri (berZn. endemos – adgilobrivi) Waobis cieb-cxelebebi, Wleqi, damblebi, gaciebis
Sedegad kanis, Tvalis da sxva daavadebebia. l da lll nawilebSi moyvanilia 42 sakmaod saintereso
da moswavleTaTvis sayuradRebo avadmyofobis garCeva. aRwerilia, Tu rogor akvirdeboda
mkurnali yoveldRiurad avadmyofs, Caiwerda mis mdgomareobas da Catarebul mkurnalobas.. es
Txzuleba iZleva dasrulebul warmodgenas im klinikuri midgomebze, romelic Zvel saberZneTSi iyo
fexmokidebuli da romlisaganac asea davalebuli Tanamedrove klinikuri medicina.
“haeris, wylebis da garemos Sesaxeb” (laT. De aere, Aquis, Locis) – Cvenamde
moRweuli pirveli Txzulebaa, romelSic adamianze bunebis zemoqmedebis Sedegebi naturofilosofiis
poziciidan aris danaxuli. am nawarmoebSi Ddidi adgili daavadebis aRmocenebis mizezis analizs
eTmoba. isini or jgufadaa gayofili: 1) daavadebis mizezebi, romelic saerToa yvela am adgilas
mcxovrebTaTvis da ganpirobebulia garemomcveli bunebis konkretuli maxasiaTeblebiT. 2)
individualuri mizezebi, romelic ganisazRvreba TiToeulis cxovrebis wesiT.
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 Zvel saberZneTSi cxovrebis wess did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. wignierebisa da musikis
swavlebasTan erTad mudam dRis wesrigSi idga fizikuri aRzrdac, sxeulis gakaJeba da piradi
higienis dacva. Aam nawarmoebSi aRwerilia xasiaTis sxvadasxva tipi da sxeulis agebulebis
konstituciuri Taviseburebebi ganpirobebuli ZiriTadad sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT (mxare:
samxreTi, aRmosavleTi, CrdiloeTi, dasavleTi; maRali mTebi, nayofieri xeoba, Waobiani adgili),
anu ekologiuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Zveli berZnebis azriT, yvela tipis adamians Tavisi,
Tandayolili Tu SeZenili Taviseburebebi gaaCnia, romelic ganapirobebs ganwyobas garkveuli
daavadebisadmi, misi mimdinareobis formas da moiTxovs gansxvavebul midgomebs mkurnalobis
dros.
SemdgomSi (gviani antikuri da adreuli Suasaukuneebi), ZvelberZnuli warmodgenebis
safuZvelze, romlis mixedviTac mTeli garemomcveli samyaro oTxi stiqiisagan (haeri, wyali, cecxli
da miwa) Sedgeboda, xolo adamianis sxeuli Sesabamisad oTxi siTxisgan, Camoyalibda swavleba
oTx temperamentze, oTx konstituciur tipze, rac gansazRvruli iyo organizmSi am oTxi siTxidan
erT-erTis daWarbebaze: sisxlis (laT. sanguis) – sangvinikuri tipi; lorwos (berZn. phlegma) –
flegmaturi; yviTeli naRvelis (berZn. chole) – qolerikuli tipi; Savi naRvelis (berZn. melaine-chole)
_ melanqoliuri. am tipebis dasaxeleba ar aris TxzulebaSi “haeris, wylebisa da garemos Sesaxeb”,
radganac, rogorc ukve iTqva, es klasifikacia mogvianebiT, ufro romaul samyaroSi Seiqmna.
Txzulebani qirurgiaSi (berZn.cheirurgia, cheir – xeli da ergon – moqmedeba) -_
“motexilobebis Sesaxeb”, “Tavis Wrilobebis Sesaxeb”, “saxsrebis Casworebis Sesaxeb” da a.S.
iZleva naTel warmodgenas qorurgiis ganviTarebis doneze: swavlebebi naxvevebze, qirurgiul
iaraRebebze, Wrilobebis mkurnalobaze, motexilobebze, naRrZobebze, Tavis dazianebebze (maT
Soris, saxis dazianebebi). TxzulebaSi “ saxsrebis Casworebis Sesaxeb” aRwerilia e.w. “hipokrates
skami” _ berketiani mowyobiloba naRrZobis Casasworeblad, xolo rTuli qirurgiuli naxvevi, cnobili
rogorc “hipokrates qudi”, qirurgiaSi dRemde gamoiyeneba.
vinaidan, klasikur periodSi Zveli berZnebi ar kveTdnen (religiuri mosazrebebiT)
micvalebulis sxeuls, Sesabamisad arc egviptelebiviT da indoelebiviT icodnen anatomia. amdenad,
isini qirurgiaSi ZiriTadad im sferoSi saqmianobdnen, romelic dRes travmatologiasa da desmurgias
moicavs – swavlebas samedicino naxvevebze (berZ.desmos-naxvevi da ergon – moqmedeba).
“hipokrates krebulSi” sakmaod farTodaa aRwerili kbilebisa da RrZilebis daavadebebi
(pulpitidan alveolarul abscesamde da Zvlis nekrozamde) da piris Rrus daavadebebi (gingiviti,
stomatiti, suravandi, enis daavadebebi). kbilis tkivilisas gamoiyeneboda zogadi (sisxlis gamoSveba,
sasaqmebeli da pirRebinebis saSualebebi, dieta) da adgilobrivi saSualebebi (narkotikebi, balaxebis
nayenebis savlebebi, ospis naxarSis cxelsafenebi da a.S.). kbils mxolod maSin iRebdnen, roca is
moryeuli iyo (eqstraqciuli maSebis nimuSebi Senaxulia apolonis taZarSi, delfosSi). amasTan, ybis
motexilobisa Tu naRrZobis mkurnalobaSi berZnebma did warmatebas miaRwies: isini Zvlis
repoziciis Semdgom kbilebs oqros ZafebiT amagrebdnen.
“hipokrates krebulSi” aRwerilia is mdgomareobebi, romelic bavSvebSikbilis amoWrasTan
iyo dakavSirebuli _ cieb-cxeleba, krunCxvebi, faRaraTi, xvela. mowodebulia rCevebi. Moyvanilia,
agreTve, rekomendaciebi piridan cudi sunis mosaSoreblad.
kbilis tkivilisa da yba-saxis tramvebis dros daxmarebis gawevis procesi aRwerilia antikur
xelovnebaSi sxvadasxva WurWelze naWdevi Tu naxati gamosaxulebebis saxiT.
“hipokrates krebuli”, romelic aerTianebs sxvadasxva saeqimo skolebis naSromebs,
warmoadgens klasikuri periodis ZvelberZnuli medicinis enciklopedias. masSi CamoTvlilia
- 93 -
daaxloebiT 250 mcenareuli da 50 cxoveluri samkurnalo saSualeba. aq gerTianebul SromebSi
asaxulia im drois mecnieruli warmodgenebi adamianisa da gare samyaros ganuyofel erTianobaze,
daavadebis mizezobriv kavSirze cxovrebis pirobebTan da bunebis samkurnalo Tvisebebze. Aseve,
ZvelberZeni eqimebis Zireuli Sexedulebebi da miRwevebi TerapiaSi, trvmatologiasa da saeqimo
eTikaSi.
Zveli berZnebi saqrTvelos medicinis Sesaxeb. medeasa da midridates Soris TiTqmis
Tormeti saukunea da bunebrivia, es periodic garkveuli informaciiT unda yofiliyo datvirTuli. rogorc
Cans, msoflioSi (oikumenaSi) mimdinare procesebi arc saqarTvelos uvlida gverds da bevri
paraleluri procesis dafiqsirebac SeiZleba. kavSiri arasodes gawyvetila. rodesac pelasgur-elinuri
hibriduli civilizacia aRmasvlas iwyebs, e.w. `bneli periodis~ (XII_VIIIss) Semdgom, berZnul
saistorio da sxva saxis literaturaSi iwyebs gamoCenas cnobebi saqarTvelos (kolxeTsa da
mogvianebiT - iberias) Sesaxeb. tomebsa da maTi gansaxlebis areebze mogviTxrobs homerosi,
magram intensiurad qarTuli samyaros Sesaxeb klasikur periodSi (VII-IV ss.) iwereba, e.i. im
droidan, rodesac TviTon elinuri kultura xdeba upiratesad wignieri.
qarTul medicinaze da saerTod, qarTul yofaze wers berZeni mTavarsardali da istorikosi
qsenofonte (431-354ww.) Tavis `anabazisSi~. is kolxebis lamaz Cacmulobasa da brZolaSi
Tavganwirvaze mogviTxrobs, Semdgom maT yofaze da yuradRebas amaxvilebs, rogorc Cans,
misTvis ucnob da uCveulo momentebze. kerZod, berZnebma naxes, rom mosinikebi kasrebSi
inaxavdnen delfinis xorcsa da qons da am ukanasknels ise iyenebdnen, rogorc berZnebi sxva
cximeuls. amasve adasturebs mogvianebiT strabonic: igives imeorebs da umatebs, rom mosinikebi
Tevzis qons sul sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT xmarobdnen.
safiqrebelia, rom Tevzis qons, rogorc sakvebi da unikaluri samkurnalo Tvisebebis matarebeli
masalis gamoyenebis istoria kolxeTSi iRebdes dasabams.
romaeli avtori klavdiusi (395 w. qr.S-mde) kavkasiisa da misi bunebrivi resursebis Sesaxeb
werda: `me kargad vicnob sxvadasxva xeebis wvenebsa da yvela im momakvdinebeli mcenareebis
moqmedebas, romlebic izrdebian Sxamiani mcenareebiT uxv kavkasiaSi~.
saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis fsevdoplutarqe gansakuTrebuli mcenaris `xvalos~ Sesaxeb,
romeliv izrdeba fazisSi, rom `mas agroveben gazafxulis dasawyisSi im dros, rodesac
dResaswauloben hekates misterias~. xvalo samkurnalo mcenarea da misi mkurnalobiT
saxelganTqmuli hekates (medeas mamida, sxva cnobebiT - deda) misteriaSi moxsenieba TviT am
dResaswauls mkurnalobisa da janmrTelobis dacvis elfers aZlevs, igive avtori sxva adgilas `xvalos~
`vazsac~ uwodebs, rac am mcenares met sakralurobas aniWebs.
qristeSobamde I saukunis saxelganTqmuli eqimi dioskoridi Tavis "Materia Medica"-Si
aseT pasaJs gvTavazobs, rodesac samkurnalo mcenareebis gavrcelebis arealebs exeba: `erTia Zlieri
sasiamovno sunis, romelic kolxidaSi izrdeba, meore ki _ romelsac zogierTni gareul niors
uwodeben, hqvia `kolxiki~.
pliniusi (29-79 qr.S.-dan) "Historia Naturalis"-Si wers, rom yvelaze kargi fesvi zambaxisa
izrdeba kolxeTSi, mdinare fazisTan~ agreTve: `kamas saxeli gauTqva gvelma, radgan sWams
kamas, aRidgens mxedvelobis simaxviles da advilad iZrobs Zvel kans. aqedan daaskvnes, rom misi
wveniT ikurneba mxedvelobis sisuste. TviTon wvens aSroben mzeze, misgan Taflis damatebiT
akeTeben malamos. yvelaze karg wvens Rebuloben iberiaSi~...

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 aseve, berZeni avtorebi aRweren `promeTes balaxs~ (qarTul folklorSi - `amiranbalaxa~),
romelic TiTqosda promeTes danawveTi sisxlidan amovida. is mxolod kavkasiaSi xarobs da
saukeTeso samkurnalo Tvisebebis matarebelia.
rogorc Cans, kolxeTSi TviT hipokratecaa namyofi. igi aRwers am qveyanas, mis mdidar
florasa da faunas. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis fizionomias, aq gavrcelebul daavadebebs. misi stumroba
kolxeTSi SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. is miznobrivi Cans, _ adgilobrivi resursebisa da samkurnalo
tradiciebis Seswavlis mizniT.

saeqimo eTika Zvel saberZneTSi

“hipokrates krebuli” Seicavs xuT Txzulebas, romelic eZRvneba saeqimo eTikas (laT.
Ethica, berZnulidan ethos- Cveva) da saeqimo urTierTobebis wesebs Zvel saberZneTSi. “fici”.
“kanoni”, “eqimis Sesaxeb”, “keTilsindisier qcevis Sesaxeb” da “rCeva-darigeba” sxva
naSromebTan erTad gviqmnian warmodgenas, Tu ra mimarTulebiT xdeboda mkurnalebis moraluri
aRzrda da ra moTxovnebs uyenebda maT sazogadoeba.
swavlebis procesSi momavali eqimi unda aRzrdiliyo aramarto rogorc daxelovnebuli
profesionali, aramed aseve _ daxvewili pirovneba da samagaliTo moqalaqe. masSi myarad unda
gaCeniliyo: “fulis siZulvili, sindisi, morideba, ... gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari, sisufTave, azrebis
siuxve, yvelaferi imis codna, rac saWiro da sasargebloa sicocxlisaTvis, garyvnilebis zizRi,
crurwmenis uaryofa... radgan eqimi–filosofosi RmerTis tolia”.
mkurnalma mudam unda iswavlos, axsovdes wamlebi, maTi damzadebis wesi da sworad
gamoyeneba, ar daibnes avadmyofis sawolTan, xSirad moinaxulos da daakvirdes cvlilebebs.
“yvelaferi es unda gakeTdes mSvidad da marjved... ubrZano (avadmyofs) mxiaruli da naTeli
gamoxedviT is, rac unda gaakeTos da xeli aaRebino Tavis Wirveul survilebze mkacrad da
momTxovnad (“keTilsindisieri qcevais Sexeb”).
avadmyofis mkurnalobisas eqims unda axsovdes umTavresi mcneba: “upirveles yovlisa, ar
avno” (mogvianebiT es Tezisi gaCnda laTinur literaturaSic _ “Primum non nocere” da dRes
ZiriTad boieTikur principad aris aRiarebuli). avadmyofis janmrTelobaze mzrunvelma mkurnalma
ar unda ifiqros Tavis gasamrjeloze, radgan amaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebam SesaZloa ziani
moutanos avadmyofs. zogjer saWiroa uangarodac mkurnaloba, radgan keTili xsovna maRla dgas
wuTier keTildReobaze. xolo, Tu saSualeba mogecema daxmareba aRmouCino ucxoels an Raribs,
es gansakuTrebuli mondomebiT unda gaakeTo.”
maRal profesiul moTxovnebTan erTad didi yuradReba eniWeboda eqimis garegnobas, mis
qcevas sazogadoebaSi. “is, vinc TviTon ar gamoirCeva kargi, sasiamovno garegnobiT, ar aris Rirsi
hqondes sxvaze zrunvis ufleba”. amitom, mkurnali valdebulia: “iyos sufTad, hqondes kargi samosi
da ixmaros surnelovani nelsacxeblebi, radgan es yvelaferi sasiamovnoa avadmyofisaTvisac... is
unda iyos samarTliani yvela SemTxvevaSi, radgan bevr saqmeSi es ubralod aucilebelia (“eqimebis
Sesaxeb”).
swavlis damTavrebis Semdeg momavali mkurnali debda “fics”, romelsac ar arRvevda mTeli
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi, radgan:
“is, vinc mowinavea mecnierebaSi da CamorCeba zneobaSi, sargebelze bevrad meti
mavneblobis motana SeuZlia”

eqimis fici
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 “vficav mkurnal apolons, asklepioss, higias da panaceas da yvela RmerTs, vixmob
mowmeebad, Sevasrulo Rirseulad, Cemi Zalebis da gonebis Sesabamisad Semdgomi fici da
werilobiTi valdebuleba: vinc me Semaswavla samkurnalo saqme CavTvalo Cemi mSoblebis
tolfasad, gavuyo mas sakuTari SeZleba da mivexmaro gaWirvebis dros; misi STamomavloba
CavTvalo sakuTar Zmebad da es xelovneba, Tu isini moindomeben, Sevaswavlo uangarod da
yovelgvari gasamrjelos gareSe, zepiri gakveTilebi da sxva. danarCeni gadavce maswavleblis vaJebs
da moswavleebs, romelnic dakavSirebulni arian samedicino ficiT da aravis sxvas.
me warvmarTav avadmyofebis mkurnalobis reJims maTi keTildReobisaken. Cemi Zalebisa da
codnidan gamomdinare, Tavi Sevikaveb cudis miyenebisa da usamarTlobisagan. me ar mivcem
aravis sasikvdilo saSualebebs da ar vaswavli gzebs mis gansaxorcieleblad, aseve ar mivcem arc erT
qals saaborte pesarias.
sufTad da SeubRalavad gavatareb sicocxles da Cems mecnierebas. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
gavukeTeb kveTas avadmyofebs, romelTac aqvT kenWovani daavadeba. mivcem saSualebas maT
vinc amas akeTebs. romel saxlSic ar unda Sevide me Seval iq avadmyofis sasargeblod, viqnebi Sors
yovelive ganzraxulisgan, usamarTlobisgan da momakvdineblisgan gansakuTrebiT qalis da kacis
sasiyvarulo saqmeebSi da Tavisuflebis da monebis saqmeebSi.
mkurnalobis da Tu ginda aramkurnalobis dros, rac ar unda davinaxo da gavigono, rac exeba
adamianis sicocxles da rac ar aris saWiro iTqvas, me gavCumdebi da CavTvli amas saidumlod. me,
romelic Sevasruleb am fics mqondes bedniereba cxovrebaSi da mecnierebaSi da dideba yvela
xalxSi mudam; xolo damrRvevebs da cru ficis damdebebs yvelaferi sapirispiro.”
cnobili ar aris, rodis Sedga pirvelad saeqimo fici. zepiri formiT is gadadioda Taobidan
TaobaSi da ZiriTadi StrixebiT unda Seqmniliyo hipokratemde. “fici” Sevida “hipokrates krebulSi”
da amis Semdeg farTo wreebSi mas hipokrates saxeliT moixseniebdnen. saeqimo ficTan erTad,
Zvel saberZneTSi arsebobda iuridiuli fici, mowmeebis fici da sxvadasxva daniSnulebis profesiuli
ficebi. yvela es gulisxmobda RmerTebis Semweobas, romlebic akurTxebdnen fics da dasjidnen
maT damrRvevs. saeqimo ficis SemTxvevaSi es RmerTebi iyvnen mkurnalobis Zalis mqoneni:
apoloni, asklepiosi, higia da panacea. ase rom, mkurnalis mier micemuli fici, iyo ra garantia
umaRlesi saeqimo zneobisa, erTis mxriv icavda pacientebs, da meore mxriv – uzrunvelyofda
mkurnalisadmi sazogadoebis ndobas.
saeqimo eTikis kanonebi Zvel saberZneTSi ganuxrelad sruldeboda da iyo sazogadoebis
dauwereli kanoni, ucvleli ganwyoba, romelsac xalxi mudam gamoxatavda, vinaidan: “sadac aris
xalxis siyvaruli, iq aris siyvaruli sakuTari xelovnebisa” (“rCeva-darigebebi”).
dRes yvela qveyanaSi aris sakuTari fici eqimisa. daculia ra ZvelberZnuli ficis suliskveTeba,
TiToeuli maTgani Seesabameba samedicino codnisa da praqtikis, xalxTa urTierTobebis
Tanamedrove dones, asaxavs nacionalur Taviseburebebs da msoflio ganviTarebis saerTo
tendeciebs.

elinisturi medicina
E elinisturi periodi (qr.S.-mde IVs _ qr.S.-dan Is) Zveli saberZneTis politikuri da kulturuli
ganviTarebis damamTavrebeli, logikuri etapia. is sam aswleuls grZeldeboda da geografiulad friad
did ares moicavda: samxreT SuamdinareTi, samxreT da Sua azia, mcire azia da kavkasia, CrdiloeT
afrika. am im droisaTvis uzarmazari imperiis Seqmna aleqsandre makedonelis mamis, filipe meoris
politikuri warmatebebiT iyo inicirebuli. man jer mSobliur makedoniaSi ganimtkica poziciebi, mere
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dasustebuli berZnuli qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi, polisebi gaaerTiana (337w. qr.S.-mde). aleqsandres
gamefebiT (336w. qr.S.-mde) iwyeba imperiis formireba, romelic bolo elinisturi saxelmwifos _
egviptis _ mierTebiT mTavrdeba da safuZveli eyreba romis brwyinvale imperias (I s. qr.S.-dan).
aleqsandres sikvdilis Semdeg, misi manamde arnaxuli sididis saxelmwifo, romelic gadaWimuli iyo
siciliidan himalaimde, Savi zRvidan arabeTis naxevarkunZulamde da romelic evropis, aziis da
afrikis, mniSvnelovan teritoriebs moicavda, ramodenime elinistur saxelmwifod daiqsaqsa,
romelTac saTaveSi aleqsandres uaxloesi TanamebrZolebi Caudgnen da samefo dinastiebi Seqmnes.
maT Soris yvelaze STambeWdavi berZnul-egvipturi samefo iyo. ptolemeosis samefo elinistur
egviptes da libias moicavda. dedaqalaqi iyo aleqsandria _ msxvili savaWro da kulturuli centri,
romelic aleqsandrem 331w nilosis deltaSi daaarsa.
Aras niSnavs termini “elinisturi”?
is arsobrivad gansxvavdeba “elinuri”-sagan, romelic sakuTriv “berZnulis” mniSvnelobiT
ixmareba, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, roca saqme gvian brinjaos xanas (daaxloebiT, qr.S.-mde II
aTaswleulis meore naxevari) Seexeba. aleqsandre makedonelis dapyrobiTi omebis Sedegad
Seqmnil imperiaSi erTmaneTis gverdiT Tanaarsebobda erTi mxriv, adgilobrivi, xSirad
maRalganviTarebuli da Zlieri tradiciebiT gamagrebuli kultura da meore mxriv, importirebuli elinuri
kultura. SedarebiT mokle drois ganmavlobaSi moxda am fenomenTa Serwyma da warmoiSva
elinisturi kultura, romelic moicavda cxovrebis yvela sferos, dawyebuli saxelmwifoebrivi
mowyobidan damTavrebuli, Tundac, _ mediciniT.
elinizmis epoqaSi medicina Zalze ganviTarda. aleqsandres laSqrobebma aRmosavleTSi
saSualeba warmoSva damyarebuliyo saintereso kavSiri aRmosavlur samedicino sibrZnesa da
gamocdilebas da berZnul filosofiur azrovnebas Soris. Sedegi STambeWdavi gamovida.
amboben, rom aleqsandres epoqa aristoteles epoqaa da am sityvebSi didia WeSmaritebis marcvali.
medicinis da zogadad bunebimetyvelebis ganviTarebisTvis udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda stagireli
aristoteles moRvaweobas. misi mama makedoniis samefo karis eqimi iyoda Tavs maqaonis
Camomavlad Tvlida. 17 wlis asakSi aristotele platonis akademiaSi miebara, sadac 20 wlis
ganmavlobaSi msmenelad iyo, Semdeg _ maswavlebeli da filosofosTa amxanagobis sruluflebiani
wevri. platonis sikvdilis Semdeg man datova akademia da bevrs mogzaurobda. amis Semdeg sami
wlis ganmavlobaSi aleqsandre makedonelis maswavlebeli iyo. 335 qr.S.-mde aristotelem daaarsa
sakuTari, im droisTvis yvelaze cnobili peripaTeTikosTa filosofiuri skola (berZn.peripatos - adgili
seirnobisTvis, anu adgili, sadac mimdinareobda swavleba).
Tavis naturfilosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi aristotelem TiTqosda gaaerTiana demokrites
moZRvrebis ZiriTadi Tezebi platonis filosofiur swavlebasTan. man miiRo “platoniseuli idea”
(amasTan, cdilobda mis daZlevas) da demokrites atomisturi Teoriac. Tumca, es ukanaskneli, Tavisi
meqanisturi materializmiT ver xsnida cocxali samyaros kanonzomieri ganviTarebis da
maRalorganizebulobis mizezebs, mis safuZvels. aristoteles ki swored amis gageba surda. is
warmosaxviT dedamiwas ucvleli da dausrulebeli samyaros centrSi aTavsebda. miwier yofaSi
arsebobs sxvadasxva substanciur formaTa ierarqia _ mineralebidan adamianamde. yvela es forma
Sedgeba oTxi stiqiisgan: cecxlisagan, haerisagan, wylisagan da miwisagan da es Semadgenloba
maradiuli da ucvlelia.
Aaristoteles Sromebi logikaSi, politikaSi, fsiqologiaSi, eTikaSi, fizikaSi. maTematikaSi,
astronomiaSi, zoologiaSi, istoriaSi, cxovelTa SedarebiT anatomiasa da medicinaSi warmoadgens
klasikuri epoqis bolosa da antikuri periodis samecniero enciklopedias. am Sromebma uzarmazari
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roli iTamaSa samecnier-filosofiuri azris ganviTarebaze, rogorc aRniSnul periodSi, aseve Semdgom
_ Suasaukuneebsa da axal droebaSic.
aristoteles naturfilisofiurma ideebma ganviTareba hpoves misi skolis _ peripaTeTikosTa _
SromebSi. am skolis mimdevrebiEcdilobdnen bunebrivi movlenebis, cocxali samyaros arsebobisa
da moZraobis safuZvelTa dadgenisas teleologiuri (berZn.telos – mizani) midgomis nacvlad
kauzaluri (berZn.causa – mizezi) principi eRiarebinaT, anu garkveulwilad mizez-Sedegobriv
materialistur maqsimas misces prioriteti. Sedegad miiRes ideaTa sistema, romelic sabolood
RmerTze im dros arsebul warmodgenas upirispirdeboda. am poziciam seriozuli gavlena moaxdina
mogvianebiT warmoSobil, Suasaukuneebis arabul filosofiaze.
elinizmis epoqis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani manamde, sxvadasxva epoqasa da
geografiul areSi arsebuli codnis integracia da sistemaSi moyvanaa. es am epoqis udidesi
damsaxurebacaa, ramac mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra mTeli msoflios Semdgomi ganviTareba.
Aam droisTvis berZnuli mecnierebis da kulturis centrebma samxreTSi _ aleqsandriaSi,
eTiopiaSi, pergamosSi, antioqiaSi, selevkidebis sparseTSi gadainacvles. maT Soris wamyvani
adgili aleqsandrias eWira. ptolemeosebi elinuri samyarodan Tavis dedaqalaqSi mecnierebs,
mwerlebsa da poetebs iwvevdnen. elinizmis epoqaSi 7 mln adgilobriv egviptelze modioda
daaxloebiT 1 mln berZeni. berZnuli ena oficialur enad iyo aRiarebuli.
saxelmwifos politikuri da ekonomikuri interesebidan gamomdinare, ptolemeosebi kulturisa da
mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargebs mfarvelobdnen. maTi zeobis dros iqna daarsebuli aleqsandriis
muzeumi (berZn.museion - muzebis taZari) da msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli, udidesi aleqsandriis
biblioTeka, sadac 700 000-ze meti xelnaweri wigni inaxeboda. biblioTeka araerTxel gadaurCa
xanZars, magram sabolood am stiqias mainc ver gadaurCa da is 380 wels cecxlTayvanismcemlebis
da qristianebis Setakebis dros ganadgurda.
aleqsandriis museioni iyo erTerTi mTavari kulturul-saganmanaTleblo centri. wignsacavis
garda, aq botanikuri da zoologiuri baRebi, observatoriebi da anatomiuri skola iyo ganTavsebuli. is
aerTianebda samecniero-kvleviT akademias, umaRles skolas da pansions mecnierebisTvis,
romelnic iyo srul mefur kmayofaze iyvnen. mimdinareobda intensiuri kvlevebi mecnierebis
TiTqmis yvela dargSi da maT im drois saukeTeso, msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxidan mowveuli
moazrovneebi warmarTavdnen. aleqsandriaSi moRvaweobdnen: maTematikosi evklide, fizikosi da
maTematikosi arqimede sirakuzidan, astronomebi aristarqe kunZul samosidan da TviT ptolemeosi,
gramatikosi zenodote efesodan, romelmac pirvelma uxelmZRvanela aleqsandriis biblioTekas da
mkurnalebi _ mcireazieli herofile da qioseli erazistrate.
Eelinizmis epoqis medicina xasiaTdeba anatomiisa da qirurgiis mZlavri ganviTarebiT da am
warmatebebis didi nawili aleqsandriis samedicino skolas ukavSirdeba.
anatomia (berZn.anatomos – gakveTa) elinizmisa epoqaSi medicinis damoukidebel sagnad
iqca. aleqsandriaSi mis ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo balzamirebis Zvelegvipturma tradiciam da
ptolemeosis nebarTvam gardacvlilTa kveTis Sesaxeb, xolo sikvdilmisjilebs es procesi cocxlad
utardebodaT. a. celsiusis aRweris Tanaxmad, ptolemeos II filadelfosi (285-240w. qr.S.-mde)
mecnierebs viviseqciisTvis msjavrdebul patimrebs gadaulocavda xolme: Tavidan gaxsnidnen
muclis Rrus, Semdeg kveTdnen diafragmas (ris Semdegac dgeboda sikvdili), sxnidnen gulmkerds
da ikvlevdnen organoebis ganlagebasa da agebulebas. aRwerilobiTi anatomiis fuZemdeblad
aleqsandriaSi (Zvel saberZneTSi mTlianad) iTvleboda zemoxsenebuli herofile. is pirveli berZeni

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iyo, romelmac gvamebis gakveTas mihyo xeli. is pragsagoras mowafed Tvlida Tavs da amdenad,
kosis saeqimo skolis tradiciebis mimdevari da humoruli moZRvrebis adepti iyo.
Tavis naSromSi man dawvrilebiT aRwera tvinis rbili da mkvrivi garsebi, meoTxe parkuWi
da miaCnda, rom am ukanasknelSi adamianis sulia damkvidrebuli. herofile daakvirda nervebis
svlas arxebSi da daadgina maTi funqciuri kavSiri Tavis tvinTan. man aRwera RviZli, Tormetgoja
nawlavi, romelsac es saxelwodeba TviTonve daanaTla da a.S. mravali anatomiuri struqtura
dRemde atarebs herofiles micemul saxelebs: Duodenum ,Calamus Scriptorius Torcular Herophili,
Plexsus choriodei, Sinus Venosi da a.S. misi azriT umniSvnelovanesi organoebi _ RviZli, kuW-
nawlavi, guli da filtvebi 4 sasicocxlo Zalas miesadagebian. saerTod, herofiles ideaTa umravlesobam
SemdgomSi galenosis SromebSi hpova ganviTareba, romelic romSi ramodenime saukunis Semdeg
moRvaweobda.
mxedvelobis Sesaxeb TxzulebaSi herofilem brolis sxeuli, Tvalbude da badura aRwera, xolo
traqtati majis (pulsis) Sesaxeb ZiriTadad sisxlZarRvebis anatomias da maT funqciur daxasiaTebas
miuZRvna. kerZod, dawvrilebiT mimoixila filtvis arteria da venebi, arteriuli pulsis
maxasiaTeblebi, romelTac gulis funqciur mdgomareobasTan akavSirebda. es iyo umniSvelovanesi
debulebebi, romlebic SemdgomSi saukuneebis manZilze iqna miviwyebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvel
CineTSi, romelic pulsis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis klasikur qveynad iTvleba, yvelaze adrindeli Canaweri
am Temaze “neiczin” traqtatSi, qr.S.-mde III saukuneSia dafiqsirebuli.
Hherofiles ideuri memkvidre iyo erazistrate. (300-240ww. Cv. w. aR-mde) pliniusis Tanaxmad is
daibada kunZul keosze, romelzec cxovrobda da moRvaweobda. kunZul kosze daibada, medicinas
swavlobda qrisiposTan da metradorosTan, knidosis skolis cnobil mkurnalebTan. SemdgomSi ki,
kunZul kosze praqsagorasTan mimdevrebTan gaagrZela daostateba. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
erazistrate siriis samefos mmarTvelis, selevkos I nikatoris karis eqimi iyo, xolo ptolemeos II-is
mefobis dros cxovrobda da moRvaweobda aleqsandriaSi.
Eerazistratem kargad Seiswavla tvinis agebuleba, aRwera tvinis garsebi da qerqis xveulebi.
pirvelma dayo nervebi mgrZnobiared da mamoZraveblad. aCvena, rom yvela nervi tvinidan
gamodis. tvinis parkuWebi manac sulis samkvidrod miiCnia, xolo guli sasicocxlo pnevmis centrad.
es Sexedul;ebebi SemdgomSi galenis naSromebSi dafiqsirda. erazistratem pirvelma aRwera limfuri
sadinrebi da ise gamowvlilviT Seiswavla gulis agebuleba da misi funqciuri aspeqtebi, rom
SemdgomSi galenma bevri veraferi daamata. erazistrate Tvlida, rom yvela organo erTmaneTTan
venebis da arteriebis sistmebiTaa dakavSirebuli. miaCnda, rom venebSi moZraobs sisxli, romelic
sakvebis gadamuSavebisas formirdeba, xolo arteriebSi sicocxlis momniWebeli pnevma moZraobs,
romelic filtvebTanaa mWidro kavSirSi. man aseve daaskvna, rom arteriuli da venuri sisxli
erTmaneTs wvrili sisxlZarRvebiT _ sinastomozebiT ukavSirdeba. sabolood, is Zalian axlos mivida
sisxlmimoqcevis sistemis srulyofil aRweramde. herofiles misi umTavresi Secdoma imaSi
mdgomareobda, rom misi warmodgeniT arteriebSi haeri moZraobda. es imiT iyo ganpirobebuli,
rom gardacvlilis arteriebi mudam carieli iyo da sisxlis kvalic ki ar Canda. es azri, sxvaTaSoris,
saukuneebis manZilze iyo gabatonebuli.
E erazistrate nawilobriv ganudga imdroindeli humoruli paTologiis Teorias. misi moZRvrebis
Tanaxmad, sxeuli uamravi mkvrivi nawilakisagan, atomebisagan Sedgeba, romlebic arxebis
meSveobiT moZraoben sxeulSi. am arxebis Caketva, anu garkveuli balansis darRveva iwvevs
avadmyofobas. aqedan gamomdinare, erazistrate mimarTavda mkurnalobas, romelic orientirebuli

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iyo moZraobis regulirebaze, sxvadasxva iseT aramedikamentozur meTodebze, rogoricaa: mkacri
dieta, ofldena, Rebineba, varjiSebi, masaJi, wylis procedurebi.
Eerazistrate gvamebs kveTda. man SeamCnia, rom wyalmankis Sedegad gardacvlils RviZli
qvasaviT mkvrivi aqvs. Sxamiani gvelis kbenis Sedegad ganviTarebuli mowamvla iwvevs RviZlisa
da msxvili nawlavis dazianebas. amdenad, erazistratem pirvelma gadadga nabiji paTologiuri
anatomiis, rogorc klinikuri medicinis damxmare disciplinis danergvisken. misi saqmis
gamgrZelebels erazistatorebs uwodebdnen. maT Soris mixsenieben Zveli romis cnobil eqimebs:
asklepiads, dioskorids, sorans, galenoss.
Eelinizmis epoqis qirurgia ori uZlieresi wyaroTi ikvebeboda. amaTgan pirveli, berZnuli
(elinuri) qirurgia dakavSirebuli iyo mkurnalobis ZiriTadad usisxlo meTodebTan: amovardnilobebis,
motexilobebis koreqciasTan, mcire Wrilobebis movlasTan da meore, _ induri qirurgia, romelic
cnobili iyo dRevandeli sazomebiTac-ki rTuli operaciebiT. aleqsandriuli periodis qirurgiis
umniSvnelovanes miRwevebs Soris, zogadi qirurgiis kuTxiT, aris sisxlZarRvTa gadakvanZvis
meTodis SemuSaveba, analgeziis mizniT mandragoris fesvis gamoyeneba, kaTeterizaciis
SemoReba. kerZo qirurgiis mxriv aRsaniSnavia: Tirkmelebze,GRviZlze, elenTaze rTuli operaciis
Catareba, kidurebis amputacia, laparatomia nawlavebis meqanikuri gauvalobis dros da paracentezi
ascitis dros. erazistrate empiemis dros drenirebasac mimarTavda, RviZlis daavadebis dros ki
samkurnalo saSualebebs pirdapir RviZlze aTavsebda da a.S. ase da amgvarad, aleqsandriis skolam,
Zvel berZnul –klasikur qirurgiasTan SedarebiT, qirurgiaSi umniSvnelovanesi nabijebi gadadga
win.
momavalma udidesma imperiam, romma Tavisi dampyrobluri politikiT bolo mouRo
elinisturi saxelmwifoebis damoukideblobas da xmelTaSua zRvis politikur-ekonomikur da kulturul
centrad iqca. magram elinisturma kulturam ufro metxans iarseba, vidre elinisturma
saxelmwifoebma. es kultura saukuneebis manZilze ganagZobda arsebobas, gaxda
umniSvnelovanesi nawili im fundamentisa, romelzec aTaswleulis manZilze warmatebulad
viTardeboda, rogorc evropuli aseve, mTeli msoflios kultura mTlianad da kerZod medicina.

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 medicina antikur romSi

“antikuri romis” cnebis qveS saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva Sinaarsi igulisxmeboda:

romi _ qalaqi, romi _ respublikuri mowyobis saxelmwifo da Semdgom didi romauli imperia,
romelmac ayvavebis xanaSi daipyro da SemoierTa xmelTaSua zRvis TiTqmis uklebliv yvela
saxelmwifo da is imperiis “Sida zRvad” aqcia (laT. Mare nostrum – Cveni zRva).
maSasadame, adreuli romis istoria sam ZiriTad etapad iyofa: 1) samefo periodi (qr.S.-mde VIII-
VI s.s.), roca antikuri italia warmoadgenda ara erTian saxelmwifos, aramed damoukidebeli
qalaqebis erToba-saxelmwifos, romelTa Soris romic iyo; 2) respublikis periodi (qr.S.-mde 510-31
w.w.), roca qalaqi romi adreuli italiis dedaqalaqi iyo da dapyrobiTi omebi daiwyo apeninis
naxevarkunZulis farglebs gareT; 3) imperiis periodi (qr.S.-mde 31 w. – qr.S.-dan 476 w.), rasac
yvelaze didi da seriozuli warmatebebi mohyva cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.
msoflios am regionis medicinis istoriis etapebic Sesabamisad iwodeba: ”adreuli romis
medicina”, romliTac erT SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba adreuli, qalaq romis medicina, meore
SemTxvevaSi _ romauli respublikis medicina da mesamed ki – medicina romaul imperiaSi.
medicinis ganviTarebas yovel am etapze gaaCnia maxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi da
erTmaneTisgan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba.
istoriisa da medicinis Seswavlis wyaroebia literaturuli Zeglebi (eqimebis, filosofosebis,
poetebis naSromebi), arqeologiuri monapovrebi, eTnografiuli masala, materialuri kulturis sxva
Zeglebi.

mkurnaloba samefo periodSi

(qr.S.-mde VIII-VI s.s.)
istoriuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, romelic markus terencius varonidan (M. T. Varro, qr,S.-mde
116-26 w.w.) iwyeba, qalaq romis dafuZnebis TariRad qr.S.-mde 753 weli iTvleba. qalaq-
saxelmwifod romi qr.S.-mde VI saukuneSi gardaiqmna. tradicia Svidi mefis saxels inaxavs,
romelTagan sami ukanaskneli tarkviniusebis etruskuli dinastiidan iyo.
Eetruskebi, rolebic italiis CrdiloeTiT, liguriis zRvis piras cxovrobdnen, mecnierTa azriT mcire
aziidan pelazgebis monaTesave tomebis migraciiT Seqmnili eTnosi unda iyos. arcTu Zneli
dasanaxia etruskuli da mcireaziur-kavkasiuri kulturebis paralelebi.
etruskebma mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdines romaelebis kulturasa da medicinaze: am
ukanasknelebma memkvidreobiT miiRes etruskuli damwerloba da egreTwodebuli “romauli
cifrebi”, Cacmuloba, wes-Cveulebebi, urbanuli arqiteqtura da religia. Mmefe tarkviniusis (qr.S.-
mde VI s.) dros romSi arxebis saSualebiT daWaobebuli raionebis amoSroba daiwyes. moawyves
sakanilazacio Camdinare sistema da Cloaca maxima, romelic dRemde arsebobs.
etruskebs italiis teritoriaze pirveli salocavebisa da taZrebis mSeneblebad miiCneven. qurumTa
kolegiur gaerTianebas mniSvnelovani adgili eWira sazogadoebaSi. maT evalebodaT
winaswarmetyveleba Signeulobis (upiratesad RviZli) mixedviT. qurumi/winaswarmetyveli _
haruspiki (laT. Haruspex, etruskulad: Harus – nawlavi, Sida organoebi da specere _ dakvirveba)
samsxverplo cxovelebze dakvirvebiT ritualur Cvevebs uyridnen safuZvels da bunebis movlenebsac
amoicnobdnen. haruspikebs epatiJebodnen samefo karze, isini mxedarmTavarTa amalaSi
iricxebodnen. maTi rCevebi senatis Sesabamisi damowmebis Semdeg Sedioda ZalaSi.
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 samefo periodSi (qr.S.-mde III s-is dasasrulamde) samedicino saqmis profesionalebi romSi
ar Canan. sxvasxva istoriuli wyaros mixedviT mkurnalobdnen xolme binaze, saxalxo saSualebebiT
_ balaxebiT, TeslebiT, nayofiTa Tu maTi yvavilebiT da umetesad magiuri SelocvebiT. gamoCenili
romaeli mwerlis da saxelmwifo moRvawis markus porcius katonis (M. Porcius Caton Maior,
qr.S.mde 234-149 w.w.) cnobiT asi wlis ganmavlobaSi Yyvelaze popularul samkurnalo saSualebad
kombosto iTvleboda: “kombosto pirvelia bostneulidan”_ werda is Tavis “miwaTmoqmedebaSi”.
“WameT moxarSuli yvelTan erTad da saswaulad dagexmarebaT saWmlis monelebaSi. awesrigebs
kuWis moqmedebas, wamlad ergeba mas, vinc miirTmevs. aseve SegiZliaT… daidoT Wrilobebsa
da wylulebze. is yvela saxis wyluls da damwvrobas asufTavebs, umtkivneulod kurnavs maT. Tuki
arsebobs sisxlCaqceva _ gaiwovs mas. is yvelafers kurnavs, ayuCebs Tavisa da Tvalis tkivils”.
unda vifiqroT, rom etruskebis, am metad maRalkulturuli eris samedicino codnisa da xelovnebis
Sesaxeb cnobebi arasruladaa Semonaxuli, radgan calkeul dargebSi etruskebis samedicino codnis
damadasturebelma seriozulma artefaqtebma moaRwia dRemde: aRmoCenilia etruskebis mier
damzadebuli kbilis proTezebi, romelsac isini cxovelebis Zvlebidan akeTebdnen da oqros xidis
saSualebiT amagrebdnen.
Zveli romis teritoriaze samefo periodis amsaxveli materialuri kulturis ZeglebSi berZnul
medicinis kvali jerjerobiT ar Cans.

respublikis periodis medicina

(qr.S-mde VI s-is dasasruli - 31w.)

antikuri romis istoriis samefo da respublikis periodebs Soris fiqtiur sazRvrad iTvleba qr.S-mde
510 w. – romaelebis ajanyebis weli, etruskebis mefis tarkvinius gordogos Camogdeba da
respublikuri wyobis dafuZneba (laT. resrepublica - saxalxo saqme).
medicinis sferoSi es periodi xasiaTdeba: sanitaruli kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebiT da sanitarul-
teqnikuri nagebobebis mSeneblobiT; profesionali eqimebis gamoCeniT, samedicino saqmisa da
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebis warmoSobiT da ganviTarebiT, maTi saxelmwifo
reglamentaciiT; medicinaSi materialisturi msoflmxedvelobis formirebiT.
sanitaruli saqme. adreul werilobiT cnobebSi romis moqalaqis yuradReba sanitaruli xasiaTis
RonisZiebebisken mimarTuli iyo ”XII tabulis kanoniT” (“Leges XII Tabularium”, qr.S-mde 451-459
w.w.), romelTa lakoniuroba dRemde aRafrTovanebs iuristebs. Aadreuli respublikis Semadgenloba
da periodi plebiscitizmis zewolis qveS, maT warmoaCenda adreuli klasobrivi sazogadoebis
kodeqsis maxasiaTebel nimuSebad (patriarqaluri tradiciebis dacva, talionis principebisa da fuladi
jarimebis erToba da a.S.). magaliTad:
tabula VIII.
2. Tu mavani daazianebs sxvas da ar Seurigdeba, igive miezRos masve.
3. Tu mavani xeliT an joxiT Tavisufal adamians Zvals mostexs, man jarima 300 asi unda
gadaixados; Tuki msgavsi SemTxveva monasTan mimarTebaSi moxda, man 150 asi unda
gadaixados (laT. ass - erTi funti brinjao).
“kanonebis tabula XII” –is Tanaxmad, Cvils, romelic gansakuTrebuli sigonjisaa, unda waerTvas
sicocxle. (tabula IV. I). romis istoriis am periodis sisastike, misi sarwmunoobiT, gansazRvravs

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pirveldawyebiTi periodis adreul klasobriv periodSi gardamavali periodis mZime pirobebs,
konkretul social-ekonomiur mdgomareobaSi.
“tabula XII kanonebi”-s rigi paragrafebisa uSualod exeba qalaqis (romi) sanitaruli mdgomareobis
dacvas: gardacvlilis dasaflavebis/kremaciis, piradi da sazogadoebrivi higienis normebs da sxva.
kanonebis Sesrulebaze Tvalis devneba evalebodaT qalaqis magistratebs – edilebs (laT. Aediles;
aedes – taZari), romlebic eqimebi ar iyvnen.
isini Tvals adevnebdnen mSeneblobebs, mdgomareobas quCebSi, eklesiebSi, bazrebsa da
abanoebSi; Aanawilebdnen purs, organizacias uwevdnen sazogadoebriv TamaSebs da icavdnen
saxelmwifo xazinas. Eedilebis uflebamosileba Semdgomi kanonebiT iqna gamyarebuli. herakleas
cxrili, rogorc fiqroben, iulius keisris (qr.S.-mde 100-44 w.w.) kanonebs unda asaxavdes
municipalitetis Sesaxeb (laT.Municipium – qalaqi TviTmmarTvelobis uflebiT). kerZod, is quCis
safaris mTlianobis dacvisadmi mosaxleobis da edilebis valdebulebebisadmia miZRvnili.
Aadreuli respublikis periodSi romSi daiwyo aqvedukebis (laT. aquaeductus; aqua – wyali, duco
– mivmarTav) mSenebloba, vinaidan, miwisqveSa wyaroebs ukve ar SeeZloT qalaqis yvela
macxovreblis sufTa sasmeli wyliT uzrunvelyofa. mdinare tibris wyali ki am droisTvis ise Zalian iyo
dabinZurebuli Canadeni wylebiT, rom misi sasmelad gamoyeneba kanoniT ar SeiZleboda.P16,5 km
sigrZis pirveli aqveduki respublikis dedaqalaqSi, romSi qr.S.-mde 312 w., cenzor apius
klavdiusis dros aSenda. misi saSualebiT Semodioda romSi wyaros wyali, romelic saTaves mdinare
anios midamoebidan iRebda.
ormoci wlis Semdeg, qr.S.-mde 272 w. aaSenes meore wyalsadeni _ (Aqua Vetus), 70 km.
sigrZisa. 144 w. aSenda mesame aqvedukic (Aqua Marcia), romelic dRemde arsebobs. Mmisi
sigrZe 61 km-ia. axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi romSi 11 aqveduki arsebobda, saerTo sigrZiT _
436 km. antikuri romis ori aqveduki dRemde amaragebs qalaqs wyliT. dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi
isini sabinas mTebidan qalaqs 1,5 milion kubur metr sufTa sasmel wyals aZlevdnen. martivi
gamoTvliT, romauli respublikis dedaqalaqis yoveli suli mosaxle yoveldRiurad 600 – dan 900
litramde wyals xmarobda, rac Zalze maRal maCveneblad iTvleba dRevandeli moTxovnebis
gaTvaliswinebiTac. unda aRiniSnos, rom aqvedukebi romaelTa aRmoCenad ver CaiTvleba. maT es
migneba aRmosavleTSi dapyrobiTi omebis dros gadmoiRes. jer kidev qr.S.-mde VII s. (romis
pirvel aqvedukamde sami saukuniT adre) asiriaSi sinanqeribis zeobisas aSenda wylis udidesi
gamtari, romelic dablobebsa da xeobebs kveTda da TaRovan xidebze gadadioda. saerTod,
wyalmomaragebis, kanalizaciis da zogadad higienuri normebis prerogativa, ueWvelad,
aRmosavleTs ekuTvnis. rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, es naTlad Cans romis am aspeqtSi, sabolood
mainc arasrulyofil mowyobaSi. rasac ver vityviT adreuli indoeTis e.w. “harapuli kulturis” Sesaxeb,
sadac kargad dagegmili sakanalizacio sistema SeiniSneba (qr.S.-mde III aTaswleuli).
romis Zalmosilebis xanaSi aqvedukebi aSenda rogorc imperiis aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT
provinciebSi. sabolood, aqvedukebis daxmarebiT daaxloebiT 100 qalaqi maragdeboda sufTa wyliT.
A antikuri romis aqvedukebs icavda kanoni. Aam kolosaluri wyalgamtari qselis teqnikur
mdgomareobaze kontrols anxorcielebda wyliT momaragebis dacvis specialuri samsaxuri –
Curatores aquarum. wyalgamtari milebisa da wylis damwnevi koSkebis ganzrax dazianebisTvis
damnaSaves ajarimebdnen 100 aTasi sesterciiT (laT. sestertius – adreuli romis vercxlis moneta,
romelic udrida 2,5 asas).

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 Tuki dazianeba boroti ganzraxvis gareSe iyo momxdari, damnaSaves dauyovnebliv unda
aRedgina dazianebuli ubani.
wylis kolosaluri raodenoba, romelsac romi misi ayvavebis periodSi iyenebda, nawildeboda
imperatoris sasaxles, sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebsa (bazrebi, sawyobebi, baRebi, amfiTeatrebi da
a.S) da uricxv Sadrevnebs Soris, romelTa raodenoba 600 aRwevda. sakuTar saxlSi wyali, rogorc
wesi, ar miewodebodaT. A wyals an yidulobdnen, an wylis Sadrevnebidan iRebdnen. saxlSi wylis
arqonas da sacxovrebel kvartlebSi kanalizaciis ar arsebobas Tavisi Sedegebi mohqonda: romaelebi
“iyenebdnen sazogadoebriv tualetebs an nagavi gadahqondaT mezoblis grovaSi, an ubralod
fanjridan quCaSi yridnen.
pirveli Termebi (laT. thermae – cxeli abano; berZn. thermos – Tbili) romSi markus
agripam qr.S.-mde III saukuneSi aaSena. man es Termebi qalaqis mosaxleobas ufasod gadasca.
maTi materialuri uzrunvelyofis mizniT agripam qalaqs mdidari mamuli gadasca, xolo wyliT
mosamarageblad specialuri aqveduki aaSena. es saqcieli gadamdebi aRmoCnda. popularobis
maZiebelma mdidarma romaelebma (imperatorebis CaTvliT) Termebis mSeneblobebi iwyes da
Semdgom samudamod mflobelobaSi uanderZebdnen qalaqis mosaxleobas. isini agripasaviT
mamulsac moayolebdnen xolme, romlis SemosavlebiTac xdeboda abanoTa SenarCuneba.
Aamgvarad, romSi iyo ara marto kerZo, mdidruli Termebi, aramed sazogadoebrivic, sadac, Cveuli
populisturi mizniT, xandaxan TviT imperatorebic ki dadiodnen. am Termebis gafarToeba an
remonti, rogorc Cans, ukve sazogadoebis saqme iyo, razec specialuri Canawerebi mogviTxroben.
respublikis periodis dasasrulisTvis (Cveni eris dasawyisSi) romSi 170 sazogadoebrivi Terma
aSenda, xolo imperiis dasasruls (IVs.qr.S,-dan) maTi raodenoba ukve daaxloebiT aTass Seadgenda.
dedaqalaqis TermebSi Sesvlis ufleba yvelas hqonda da erTdroulad SeeZlo mravals ebanava.
Termebi, rogorc Senobis arqiteqturuli tipi, jer kidev respublikis periodSi (qr.S.-mde II s.
dasasruls) Camoyalibda, Tumca ganviTarebis mwvervals maT imperiis periodSi miaRwies.
Termebi, saucxoo morTulobiT, mnaxvelebs muzeums moagonebda. kedlebi saucxoo
xarisxis marmariloTi Sendeboda.Kkedlebis da iatakis sisqeSi CaSenebuli iyo specialuri milebi cxeli
haeriT an Tbili wyliT. gaTbobis aseTi saSualeba Termebs gansakuTrebiT maRali sanitarul-
higienuri moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad aTbobda: gamonabolqvis da naxSirbadis oqsidebis
ararseboba, mudmivi temperaturis SenarCuneba, kedlis mxatvrobis dacvis saukeTeso pirobebi. es
ukanaskneli dRemde dauzianebeli da mSrali darCa saabazano oTaxebSic ki.
TermebSi sxvadasxva oTaxebi iyo: sportis darbazi (berZ. Ppaliastra), gasaxdeli (laT.
apodyterium), cxeli saabazano (laT. caldarium), Tbili saabazano (laT. tepidarium), civi saabazano
(laT. frigidarium), auzi (laT. natatio). mdidrulad morTul imperatorebis TermebSi agreTve
hqondaT biblioTekebi, darbazebi sadResaswaulo sufrisTvis, sasaubrod da SekrebebisTvis, sadac
filosofosebi da swavlulebi saaTobiT awyobdnen diskusiebs.
Sida darbazebi morTuli iyo mxatvrobiT, TeTri marmarilos svetebiTa da qandakebebiT. maT Soris
gamorCeul adgilas idga asklepiosisa da higias gamosaxulebebi. dRes msoflios bevr muzeums
amSvenebs romaelTa TermebSi napovni antikuri xelovnebis nimuSebi.
tradiciulad Zveli medicina abazanebs aTasobiT samkurnalo saSualebebis ricxvSi
moiazrebda da bevri sneulebis mkurnaloba maT gareSe arc xdeboda.

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 ase daAamgvarad, romauli Termebi higienur, samkurnalo, sazogadoebriv da kulturul centrebad
unda miviCnioT. TviT xalxis SromiT aSenebuli, isini ZlierTa ama qveynisas mier romis
mosaxleobisadmi miZRvnil Zvirfas saCuqrad iqceoda xolme.

samedicino saqmis organizaciis dasawyisi

rogorc dRevandel istoriografiaSia miRebuli, Cvens eramde da TiTqmis II saukunemde
qr.S.-dan, Zvel italiaSi Turme eqimi-profesionalebis gareSec iolas gadiodnen. berZnuli medicina
nametur daxvewilobisa da fufunebis gamoxatulebad miiCneoda. Tu es ase iyo, maSin Zveli italiis
profesiuli medicinis ganviTareba sruliad gasagebi mizeziT dabrkoldeboda. Aamitom, bunebrivicaa,
rom pirveli eqimebi samxedro tyveebis ricxvidan iyvnen, umTavresad berZnulenovanni
(saberZneTidan, mcire aziidan, egviptidan).
romSi “inteligenciis monuri fena”, gansakuTrebiT respublikis arsebobis bolo wlebSi, friad
mravalricxovani iyo. romauli kulturis SeqmnaSi gansakuTrebiT didi wvlili berZnebs miuZRviT.
Tanamedroveni ambobdnen, rom romis quCebSi berZnuli da laTinuri Tanabrad ismoda. mTeli rigi
“inteleqtualuri” profesiebisa berZnebis mier iyo monopolizirebuli. romaeli maswavlebleblebis,
eqimebs da musikosebis armias, TiTqmis uklebliv, berZnebi an berZnul enaze metyveli
mcireazielebi Seadgendnen.
Yyoveli SeZlebuli romaeli moqalaqe iswrafoda, rom moepovebina mona-eqimi (laT. servus
medicus).Mmona mkurnalobda ojaxis wevrebs da axlo naTesavebs. mona-eqimis maRali kulturuli
da profesiuli done TandaTan zrdida mis avtoritets, sul ufro met gavlenas iZenda, rogorc am ojaxis,
ise mTlianad sazogadoebis TvalSi. is maTac emsaxureboda da kargi specialistis Tavisufali praqtika
monaTmflobelisTvisac uaRresad momgebiani xdeboda. mona-specialistebi garkveuli sazRauris
fasad Tavisufldebodnen kidec monobidan da Tu sakuTar Tavs TviTon irCendnen, sazogadoebis
sruluflebiani wevrebi mainc ver xdebodnen.
ganTavisuflebuli eqimi valdebuli iyo yofili mflobelisTvis, misi ojaxisTvis, megobrebisTvis da
monebisTvis ufasod emkurnala. mas unda mieca misTvis wili misi mogebidan. iuridiulad
ganTavisuflebuli eqimebi monaTmflobelebze damokidebulni darCnen da romaul sazogadoebaSi
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi maT realurad arafrad agdebdnen.
qr.S.-mde III saukunis dasasruls da II saukunis dasawyisSi romis respublikis dedaqalaqSi
gamoCndnen berZnuli warmoSobis Tavisufali eqimebi. iTvleba, rom pirveli Tavisufali berZeni
eqimi romSi peloponeseli arqagaTosi (berZn. _ Archagathos) iyo. is dedaqalaqSi qr.S.-mde 219
wels Camovida da romaelebma is Tbilad miiRes. Mmas romis moqalaqeoba mianiWes da
saxelmwifo saxlic gadasces kerZo praqtikisTvis. moRvaweobis dasawyisSive arqagaTosma didi
popularoba moipova. magram, mokle xanSi, Catarebulma qirurgiulma operaciebma da Wrilobebis
mowviT mkurnalobam ndoba daukarga mas TanaqalaqelTa TvalSi: metsaxelad “yasabi” Searqves
da masTan urTierToba Sewyvites. qirurgiisadmi es damokidebuleba evropelebs kidev mravali
saukune gahyvebaT, maSin rodesac medicinis es dargi mTels aRmosavleTSi _ arabeTSi, mcire
aziasa da kavkasiaSi didi warmatebiT viTardeboda. qirurgia evropaSi moqalaqeobas mxolod gvian
SuasaukuneebSi moipovebs.
berZnulma medicinam romis respublikis dedaqalaqSi saTanado aRiareba mxolod ramdenime
aswleulis Semdgom moipova. Agadamwyveti am saqmeSi aRmoCnda iulius keisris qr.S.-mde 46
wlis ediqti, romlis mixedviTac romis moqalaqeobis sapatio ufleba miecaT rogorc Camosul

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eqimebs – saberZneTidan, mcire aziidan, egviptidan da saxelmwifos sxva provinciebidan, aseve
adgilobriv macxovreblebs, romelTac moaswres daxelovnebuliyvnen medicinaSi. mogvianebiT,
imperatorma konstantine didma (337 w.) am sakiTxs specialuri preskripti uZRvna da
gaanTavisufla xelosnebi mTeli rigi valdebulebebisgan, raTa maT hqonodaT meti saSualeba
daxelovnebuliyvnen arCeul profesiaSi da moswavleebic aRezardaT. am siaSi iyvnen: arqiteqtorebi,
eqimebi, veterinarebi, mxatvrebi, moqandakeebi... sul 33 profesia.
A aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom eqimebi da veterinarebi am CamonaTvalis pirvel rigebs
ikavebdnen. Aamdenad, romaul respublikaSi Tavi iCina samedicino saqmis saxelmwifo
reglamentaciis elementebma, rac ganmtkicda da damtkicda imperiis periodSi.

antikuri romis medicinis msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvlebi

romaelTa msoflmxedvelobam im erebis kulturisa da kerZod filosofiis mniSvnelovani da
ganmsazRvreli gavlena ganicada, romlebic istoriis sxvadasxva etapze Tanamosaxele imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi imyofebodnen. es gansakuTrebiT antikur berZnul filosofias exeba.
Aatomisturi moZRvreba, romelic gamoCenili berZeni filosofosebis levkiposis, demokrites da
epikures mier Seiqmna, Tavi iCina antikuri romaelebis filosofiaSi, kerZod, romauli epikureizmis
gamoCenili warmomadgenlis – filosofosisa da poetis titus lukrecius karusis (Lucretius Carus,
Titus, qr.S.-mde 96-55 ww) SromebSi. misi poema 6 wignad _ “saganTa bunebis Sesaxeb” (“De
rerum natura”) _ warmoadgens im drois enciklopediuri xasiaTis Txzulebas. is gamoxatavda
romaelebis erTi nawilis pozicias filosofiis, bunebismetyvelebis, medicinis, fsiqologiis, istoriis
sferoSi da didwilad atarebda materialisturi xedvis elementebs. poemaSi “saganTa buneba”
lukreciusi medicinisa da bunebismetyvelebis sakiTxebs atomisturi TvalTaxedviT Seexo. is martivi
eniT saubrobs cocxali organizmebis rTul agebulebaze da memkvidruli niSnebis gadacemaze,
garemosadmi araadaptirebuli organizmis kvdomaze da Semguebeli organizmis gadarCenis
SesaZleblobebze. is axasiaTebs ramdenime avadmyofobas da gansakuTrebuli sizustiT xatavs
sxvadasxva simptomebs. lukreciusma warmoadgina infeqciuri sneulebis warmoqmnis miazmuri
koncefcia da yuradReba miapyro infeqciis wylidan, sakvebidan da sxva sagnebidan gavrcelebis
SesaZleblobebze. es iyo pirveli miniSneba infeqciis kontagiozurobaze, ramac Semdgomi
ganviTareba hpova renesansis epoqis italieli swavlulis jiorolamo frakastoros (1478-1553)
naSromSi _ “kontagiaze, kontagiozur sneulebebsa da maT mkurnalobaze”.
Eepikures moZRvrebam da lukreciusis Sexedulebebma didi gavlena iqonia biTviniel
asklepiadeze (berZ Asklepiades. laT. Asclepiades, qr.S.-mde 128-56 w.w.), – berZnuli
warmoSobis romael eqimze. antikuri romis medicinaSi sabunebismetyvelo-samecniero
mimarTulebis ganviTareba mWidrodadaa dakavSirebuli mis mier dafuZnebuli meToduri skolis
principebTan.Mmisi kredo – mkurnaloba usafrTxod, swrafad da sasiamovnod (laT. tuto, celeliter et
incunde curare) bevrad momgebiani aRmoCnda wina saukunis berZeni eqimis arqagaTosis
“yasabur” samkurnalo meTodebTan SedarebiT.
Aasklepiade aRmoCnda erazistrates mimdevari im aspeqtSi, rom manac uarhyo im dros
gabatonebuli humoralizmis Teoria da Tavisi koncefcia sxeulis umcires myar nawilakebze aago.
asklepiadi daavadebas upirveles yovlisa sxeulis forebsa da arxebSi myari nawilakebis stagnaciis
Sedegad aRiqvamda (laT. stagnatio; stagnum-idan gamomdinare,_gaCerebuli wyali), xolo Semdeg,
rogorc siTxeebisa da pnevmis moZraobis dabrkolebas.Mmis moZRvrebaSi gaerTianebulia

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sneulebis warmoSobis orive xedva: humoraluri da solidaruli (laTinuridan solidus –myari,
kompaqturi).
am Teoriebze dayrdnobiT asklepiadem didi mniSvneloba mianiWa kanis safaris sunTqvas
(laT. perspiration insensibilis _ SeumCneveli, kanismieri sunTqva). misi mkurnaloba mimarTuli
iyo paTologiurad Secvlili funqciebis aRdgenisken da Sedgeboda martivi da bunebrivi
RonisZiebebisagan: gonivruli dieta, kanis sisufTavis dacva, wyliT mkurnaloba, masaJi, abazanebi
da moZraoba yvela SesaZlo variantebSi. Aasklepiade urCevda Tavis pacientebs: eseirnaT fexiT da
cxeniT, emogzauraT etliT da gemiT. erTi sityviT, yofiliyvnen ganuwyvetel moZraobaSi (dRes,
“hipodinamiis saukuneSi”, es rekomendacia gansakuTrebuli aqtualobiT JRers). P urCevda:
paralizebulebi hamakiT eqanavaT, raTa uZravad myofi sxeuli nawilobriv mainc aemoZravebina.
wamlebs iSviaTad uniSnavda pacientebs. A
asklepiades mtkiced swamda, rom adamiani, romelsac medicinaSi sakmarisi codna aqvs,
arasdros gaxdeba avad. is TviTon iyo amis saukeTeso magaliTi – arasdros ar gamxdara avad da
gardaicvala Rrmad moxucebuli, ubeduri SemTxvevis Sedegad.
asklepiades meTodurma sistemam uaRresad dadebiTi gavlena moaxdina imperiis periodis
medicinis ganviTarebaze da medicinis sabunebismetyvelo-samecniero mimarTulebaze mTlianad.

imperiis periodis medicina

(Cv.w.aR-mde 31w. - Cv.w.aR-iT 476w.)

romis imperiis istoria xuT aswleuls moicavs: 31w (qr.AS.-mde) _ 476w (qr.S.-dan).
am periodis romis mecnierebam mTlianad Semoinaxa empiriul-aRwerilobiTi, kompiliaciuri
Tviseba da pragmatuli xasiaTi. praqtikuli aucileblobidan gamomdinare ganviTarda soflis
meurneoba, iurisprudencia, maTematika da masTan dakavSirebuli mecnierebebi, gagrZelda
sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis mSenebloba, maT Soris Termebisa da aqvedukebisa. imperiis periodSi
romSi aSenda gansakuTrebiT cnobili Termebi: imperatorebis neronis (54-68), markus avreliusis,
severus Aantoniusis, metsaxelad karakalla (211-217) da aleqsandre severusis dros (222-253).
Semonaxulia karakallis saukeTeso Termebi (maTi oficialuri saxelwodeba – antoninoebi). maTSi
gansakuTrebiT fasdeboda arqiteqturuli daxvewiloba, Sida moxatulobis didebuleba da saerTod,
romis erT-erT saswaulad aRiqmeboda. Kkarakalas TermebSi napovnia antikuri xelovnebis mravali
nawarmoebi: herkulesisa da floras qandakebebi, farnezis jixvi, apolon belvederelis ConCxi.
imperiis periodSi samedicino saqmis ganviTarebaze romauli praqticizmis TvalnaTlivi gavlena
igrZnoba, ramac realuri asaxva samxedro medicinis warmoSobaSi hpova.

samxedro medicina
pirveli diqtatoridan _ suladan (kornelius sula lucius, 83-87 ww. qr.S.-mde) dawyebuli, romis
imperatorebis xelisufleba mkacrad gamoxatul samxedro xasiaTs atarebda da armias eyrdnoboda.
Ddidi xnis ganmavlobaSi, romis respublikis saboloo dacemamde, armia samoqalaqo rezervad “de
iure” rCeboda, “de faqto” ki profesiul armiad iyo qceuli. sabolood realuri statusis miniWeba
dasrulda imperator avgustusis dros (qr.S.-mde 27 w. _ qr.S.-dan 14 w). misma samxedro

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reformebma armias mianiWa forma, romelic am ukanasknelma TiTqmis ori aswleulis
ganmavlobaSi SeinarCuna.
romauli armiis saboloo unificireba da farTomasStabiani dapyrobiTi omebi saWiroebda armiis
samedicino samsaxuris organizacias, romelic ukve arsebobda traianes (qr.S.-mde 98-117)
mmarTvelobis dros. saomari moqmedebebis dros samedicino daxmareba aRbeWdilia traianes svetis
reliefze, romSi (nax.). umcrosi medikosebi - kapsarebi (laT. capsarii; capsa-dan – mrgvali yuTi,
sadac inaxavdnen Sesaxvev saSualebebs), saomar tanisamosSi gamowyobili, meomrebs pirdapir
brZolis velze uxvevdnen Wrilobebs. I-saukunis dasasrulsa da II saukunis dasawyisSi yvela saxis
qvedanayofSi (legionebSi, kohortebSi) gamoCndnen eqimi-profesionalebi – medici. romis istoriis
ufro adreul periodSi samxedro eqimebis Sesaxeb cnobebi ar arsebobs. neronis armiis samxedro
qirurgze – dioskorideze pirveli cnoba I saukuneSi gamoCnda. yovel legionSi iyo eqimi _ medicos
legionis, yovel kohortas hyavda oTxi eqimi – medici cohortis. armiaSi iyvnen agreTve Wrilobis
specialistebi – medici vulnerarii (laT. vulnerare – Wriloba). flotSi yovel samxedro xomaldze erTi
eqimi iyo. maT daWrili meomrebis pirveladi daxmarebis aRmosaCenad saomari moqmedebebisas
mudam Tan unda hqonodaT aucilebeli Sesaxvevi saSualebebi da iaraRebi.
brZolis Semdeg daWrilebi da avadmyofebi gadahyavdaT uaxloes sofelSi an samxedro banakSi,
sadac mowyobili iyo samxedro-samedicino dawesebuleba, erTgvari hospitali – valetudinariumi
(laT.valetudinarium). is yoveli 3-4 legionisTvis erTi ixsneboda. momsaxure personali Sedgeboda
eqimebisagan, ekonomosebisagan, instrumentariosisagan da umcrosi personalisagan.
instrumentarioss amaragebdnen instrumentebiT, wamlebiT, Sesaxvevi masaliT. umcros personals,
romlebic umTavresad monebisagan Sedgebodnen, avadmyofebis mosavlelad iyenebdnen.
saxelmwifo (samoqalaqo) saavadmyofo antikur romSi jer kidev ar iyo: eqimebi avadmyofebis
hospitalizacias sakuTarive binaSi axdendnen da ambulatoriul avadmyofebi saxlSi iRebdnen.
Aamavdroulad, monaTmflobelebis mamulebSi organizacia gaukeTes specialur
valetudinariumebs, sadac mona-medikosebi msaxurobdnen. Aamis Sesaxeb werda romis
gamoCenili mwerali da agronomi kolumela (I s.) Tavis naSromSi _ “soflis meurneobaze” (“De re
rustica” 12 wignad). aseT valetudinariumebSi, rogorc wesi, TviTon monebs ar mkurnalobnen.
dedaqalaqSi ki saxlis patroni Tvlida, rom is kanonis mixedviT ar aris valdebuli avadmyofi monis
janmrTelobaze izrunos. avadmyof monas agzavniden kunZul asklepiasze (an wminda
barTolomeaze), mdinare tibrze da tovebdnen iq gardacvalebamde. gamojanmrTelebis
SemTxvevaSi aseTi mona Tavisufali xdeboda da imperator klavdiusis (41-54w. qr.S-dan) ediqtis
Tanaxmad ar iyo valdebuli monaTmflobelTan dabrunebuliyo. mogvianebiT, SuasaukuneebSi
bizantiis imperatorma iustinianem (527-565w. qr.S-dan) kanons ufro srolyofili saxe mianiWa:
mona, romelic avadmyofobis dros mepatronem miatova, unda ganTavisuflebuliyo monobisagan,
gamxdariyo Tavisufali moqalaqe da adrindel batonTan mas aRaraferi akavSirebda. es iyo
gamoxatuleba im saerTo krizisisa, romelmac xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi monaTmflobeluri sistema
moicva.

samoqalaqo samedicino saqmis ganviTareba

imperiis periodSi samxedro medicinisaTan erTad ganviTarda samedicino saqme qalaqebsa da
provinciebSi, sadac saxelmwifo xelisuflebam eqimebis xelfasiani Tanamdebobebi daawesa –
arqiatro (berZ. Archiatros – ufrosi eqimi; berZnulad archi – ufrosi, mTavari da iatros – eqimi).

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 imperatoris kar-midamoSi msaxurobdnen sasaxlis karis arqiatrebi (archiatri palatine),
provinciebSi – provinciis arqiatrebi (archiatri provincialis), qalaqebSi – saxalxo arqiatrebi (archiatri
populares). titulebi imperator konstantines mmarTvelobis dros (306-337 w.w.) iqna dawesebuli.
qalaqebSi, mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT, 5-10 eqimi iyo daniSnuli. Tvlian, rom imperatoris
pirvel arqiatri qsenofoni (qr.S.-dan I s.) iyo - imperator klavdiusis piradi eqimi, romelsac es
ukanaskneli eqimad dabadebuls uwodebda, legendaruli eskulapis STamomavalad miiCnevda
(rogorc romaelebi mkurnalobis RmerTs _ asklepioss uwodebdnen).
Aarqiatrebi gaerTiandnen kolegiaSi (laT. collegium – erTi profesiis, kultis da a.S. pirTa kavSiri)
da adgilobrivi xelisuflebisa da centraluri mmarTvelobis kontrolqveS imyofebodnen, romlebic maT
dakavebuli Tanamdebobisa da movaleobis Sesrulebis xarisxis Sesabamisobas mkacrad
akvirdebodnen. Tanamdebobaze arCevis/daniSvnis procedura moicavda sakmaod mkacr gamocdas,
romlis Semdegac eqimi Rebulobda wodebas: “saxelmwifos mier damtkicebuli eqimi” (laT.
Medicus a Republica probatus). arqiatrebi muSaobdnen xelosanTa gaerTianebebSi, TeatrebSi,
cirkebSi da a.S. maT mudmivi xelfasi hqondaT da Tan SeeZloT kerZo praqtikiTac emuSavaT.
antikuri msoflios gamoCenili eqimi galeni axalgazrdobaSi, wlebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda
pergamos gladiatorebis skolaSi eqimad.
am fonze yuradRebas ipyrobs V saukunis saqarTveloSi dedofal bakurduxtis mier daarsebuli
saavadmyofoebi, romlebicQqveynis Semosasvlel karebTan da did gzajvaredinebze gaimarTa. is,
ueWvelad, sakarantino funqciasac Seasrulebda da profesionali, mudmivad dakavebuli eqimebis
aucileblobasac gulisxmobda. am sakiTxs migvianebiT SevexebiT.
qalaqis mTavari arqiatrebis valdebulebaSi specialur skolebSi medicinis swavlebac Sedioda.
aseTi skolebi iyo romSi, aTenSi, aleqsandriaSi, antioqiaSi, beriteSi da a.S.. anatomia iswavleboda
cxovelebze da xandaxan daWrilebsa da avadmyofebze. Ppraqtikul medicinas aswavlidnen
avadmyofis sawolTan. kanoni mkacrad gansazRvravda moswavleebis valdebulebebs. mTeli dro
maT swavlisTvis unda mieZRvnaT. maT ekrZalebodaT dResaswaulebze garToba, SemTxveviTi da
saeWvo nacnobobis gabma da a.S.
saxelmwifo samedicino skolebis gverdiT romis imperiaSi gamoCnda mcire raodenobiT kerZo
skolebic, sadac eqimebs amzadebdnen. erT-erTi maTgani (SesaZlebelia pirvelic) asklepiadem
daafuZna.
droTa ganmavlobaSi romSi eqimebis mdgomareoba ufro ganmtkicda. maT miiRes meti
uflebebi, ganTavisufldnen zedmeti valdebulebebisgan, magram privilegiebisaganac. Oomis
periodSi eqimebi da maTi vaJebi ganTavisuflebul iqnen saerTo saomari begarisagan. Mmsgavsi
privilegia SeexoT romis ucxoeTidan Semosul eqimebs, ramac maTi raodenobis mkveTri zrda
gamoiwvia. bunebrivia, yvelafer amas konkurenciis gamZafreba da Sesabamisad, profesiuli
aqtivobis SezRudva mohyva. II s. dasasruls imperiis dedaqalaqSi bevri viwro specialobios eqimi
gaCnda: iyvnen Tvalis da kbilis eqimebi, specialistebi, romlebic kurnavdnen mxolod Sardis buStis
daavadebas, an qirurgebi, romlebic awarmoebdnen mxolod erT operacias (magaliTad, _ Tiaqrisa).
E
ase rom, eqimis mdgomareoba romis imperiaSi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda adreuli
saberZneTis eqimis mdgomareobisagan, sadac eqimi Tavisufali iyo saxelmwifos winaSe
valdebulebebisagan. unda gavixsenoT, rom antikur saberZneTSi eqimebs saxelmwifo samsaxurSi

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niSnavdnen mxolod epidemiebis SemTxvevaSi an saomari moqmedebebisas, isic maTi survilis
Sesabamisad.

samecino codnis ganviTareba

romaul mecnierebas imperiis periodSi empiriul-aRwerilobiTi da gamoyenebiTi xasiaTi,
hqonda rac romauli praqticizmisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. egviptisa da SuamdinareTis, anatolia-
kavkasiis, xmelTaSua zRvis xalxebis, saberZneTis miRwevebis sruli gaziarebis Sedegad romi
kulturul konglomeratad Camoyalibda.Ees tendencia mkafiod gamoixata mravaltomeul (daaxloebiT
20 t.) enciklopediaSi “Artes” (“xelovneba”), Sedgenili laTinur enaze avlus kornelius celsusis mier
(Celsus, Aulus Cornelius, 30/25 qr.S.-mde _ 45/50w qr.S.-dan). Cvenamde moaRwia mxolod rva
tomma (VI-XIII), miZRvnilma medicinisadmi (“De medicina”). Ees naSromi daaxloebiT qr.S.-dan
30 wels Seiqmna da warmoadgens yvelaze adreul (CvenTvis cnobil) samedicino naSroms laTinur
enaze. Mmisi xelnaweri aRmoCenil iqna XV s. Sua xanebSi (daaxl. 1443 w.) da pirvelad 1478w.
florenciaSi gamoica.
farTod ganaTlebulma adamianma da monaTmflobelma celsusma mTargmnelebi da
gadamwerebi moizida, romelTac berZeni, aleqsandrieli, indoeli da sxva avtorebis namuSevrebi
gadaTargmnes filosofiaSi, ritorikaSi, samarTalSi, medicinaSi, soflis meurneobasa da samxedro
saqmeSi. bevri maTganis dedani dRevandlamde ar Semonaxula da Cven maT Sesaxeb mxolod
celsusis wyalobiT viciT, magaliTad, herofilesa da erazistrates naSromebi. Dda saerTod, celsusiseuli
traqtatis gareSe alqsandriis saeqimo skolis garSemo istoriaSi arsebiTi problemebi Seiqmneboda.
Ggalenis Tanaxmad celsusma Seqmna “praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo, romelic Tavis sakuTar
valetudinariumSi (monebisTvis) iyo dakavebuli avadmyofebis gankurnebiT”. man detalurad
aRwera romis adreuli imperiis medicinis SesaZleblobebi dietetikis, higienis, avadmyofobis
paTogenezis, Terapiis da gansakuTrebiT qirurgiis mimarT. Mmis mier aRwerili damwvrobis oTxi
niSnis (gawiTleba, Sesieba, sicxe da funqciis moSla) aRwera, mkvlevarebis azriT, gadmotanilia
induri traqtatidan. is, bunebrivia, ver iqneboda samxitebi (Caraka da suSruta), radganac
Tanamedrove mecniereba am naSromebs qr.S.dan II-IV saukuniT aTariRebs. celsusma ki Tavisi
enciklopedia imperator tiberiusis (qr.S-dan 24-37 w.w., e.i. I saukunis dasawyisSi) dros Seqmna.
Mmisi ena, plinius ufrosis azriT klasikuria – “oqros laTinuri”. Pplinius ufrosi (Plinus Secundus,
qr.S.-dan 24-79 w.w.) romaul mwerlobaSi enciklopediuri mimarTulebis gamoCenili
warmomadgeneli, mwerali, pedagogi da saxelmwifo moRvawea. pliniusi gamoirCeoda bunebaze
dakvirvebis wyurviliT (is vulkan vezuvis amofrqvevis dros daiRupa, roca stiqias gemis baqnidan
Tvalmouwyvetvliv akvirdeboda). Mpliniusis mravalricxovani naSromidan gadarCa mxolod
“bunebismetyvelebis istoria” (“Historia Naturallis”), 37 wignad Sedgenili. masSi gadmocemulia
yovlismomcveli codna imdroindel astronomiaze, geografiaze, istoriaze, botanikaze, soflis
meurneobaze, medicinaze da mineralebze (pliniusma gaanaliza asze meti avtoris ori aTasze meti
naSromi). Zogadi samedicino xasiaTis mimoxilva mocemulia mis XXIII-XXVIII tomSi. cxoveluri
warmoSobis wamlebi aRwerilia XXVIII-XXXII wignebSi. mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi
pliniusis “bunebismetyvelebis istoria” sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis Seswavlis sferoSi erT-erTi
ZiriTadi wyaro iyo.
Mmkacr samecniero codnasTan erTad, pliniusma Camoayaliba Sexedulebebi paradoqskografiaze
da saxalxo rwmena-warmodgenebzec ki. Ees yvelaferi wignieri, enciklopediuri codnis tradiciebs

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Seesabameboda, romelic gvianantikuri xanisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. VII wignSi Tavmoyrilia
monacemebi adamianis bunebrivi ganviTarebisa da anomaliebis Sesaxeb (paradoqsografia):
tyupebisa da sami tyupis dabadeba, simaxinjeebi da STamomavlobiTi niSnebis gadacema meoTxe
Taobamdec ki. Ppliniusma mogviTxro aseve im drois crurwmenebzec: aRwera frinveli feniqsi da
hipokentavri, romelic, rogorc irwmuneboda, TviTon naxa balzamirebul mdgomareobaSi.
Ppliniusis Tanamedrove iyo cnobili romaeli samxedro eqimi dioskoridi pedaniusi kilikiidan
( berZ. Dioskuridies, laT. Dioscoridies Pedanius, I s. qr.S.-dan). Mmisi naSromi: “materia medika”
(“De Materia Medica”), romelic samkurnalo saSualebebis sruli reestris Seqmnis pirveli cda unda
iyos, Sedgenilia berZnul enaze da Seicavs 600-ze meti wamlis (samkurnalo saSualebis) sistemur
daxasiaTebas. maT praqtikaSi gamoiyenebdnen imperatorebis _ klavdiusisa (41-54) da neronis
dros (54-68). dioskoridis naSromi XVI s.-mde farTo aRiarebiT sargeblobda da aseve
mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa mcenareTaA sistematikis damuSavebaSi. Bbizantiis imperiasa da
arabul enaze mosaubre aRmosavleTSi is warmoadgenda ZiriTad gzamkvlevs mcenareTa
samyaroSi. es naSromi Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi cnobili arabulidan gakeTebuli
Targmanis wyalobiT gaxda.
Cvenamde moRweuli, dioskoridis naSromis gansakuTrebiT Rirebuli asli ilustrirebul xelnawers
warmoadgens, romelic 512 w.-mdea Sesrulebuli peris (konstantinopolis ubani) moqalaqeTa
SekveTiT; maT es naSromi uZRvnes iuliane anikias, keisar flavios oniciusis qaliSvils qtitoruli
moRvaweobisaTvis madlobis niSnad. dReisdReobiT es ekzemplari inaxeba venaSi, avstriis
nacionalur biblioTekaSi, ris gamoc mas – “venis dioskoridi” ewoda.
imperiis periodSi romauli qirurgiis ganviTarebaze metyvelebs qirurgiuli xelsawyoebis
kompleqtebi, romelic arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros ipoves “qirurgis saxlSi”, pompeiSi, badenSi,
bingesSi, xersonessa da oliviaSi da sxva. kompleqtSi Sedioda pincetebi, eqstraqtorebi, kovzebi,
Wrilobis gamfarToeblebi, qirurgiuli danebi da nemsebi, kaTeterebi, sameano sarkeebi da sxva
instrumentebi, romlebsac qirurgiul da sameano-ginekologiur praqtikaSi iyenebdnen.
Zveli literaturidan yvelaze mniSvnelovani naSromi meanobaSi, ginekologiasa da pediatriaSi
Seqmna soranma efesodan (berZ. Soranos, laT. Soranus, 98-138), berZenma eqimma, romelic
romSi II s. dasawyisSi moRvaweobda. mis mier Seqmnili namuSevrebidan Cvenamde moaRwia
naSromebma: “ginekologia”, “saxvevze”, “cvlilebebze” da a.S..
sorani emxroboda meToduri samedicino skolis Sexedulebebs. mSobiarobis dros is
mondomebiT cdilobda, rom ar gamoeyenebina uxeSi da ZaldatanebiTi meTodebi. Eembriotomiis
operaciisTvis SeimuSava kvlevis da moqmedebis sistemuri meTodi (zogadi kvleva, nayofis
adgilmdebareobis adgilebSi mosmena, sisvelis Semowmeba, Zalis gansazRvra). Mman didi
yuradReba miaqcia bavSvebis adreul asakSi kvlevas, gansakuTrebiT Cvilis dietetikas, misi
mxneobis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolas da a.S. soranis naSromi farTod gavrcelda Sors,
aRmosavleTSi da dasavleT evropaSi da XVIII saukunemde meanobis, genokologiisa da bavSvebis
adreul asakSi mkurnalobis sferoSi swavlebis ZiriTad wyarod iTvleboda.
Ggviani imperiis periodSi romauli kulturis bedi, maT Soris filosofiis, bunebismetyvelebisa da
medicinisa ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iqna saerTo politikuri da ekonomikuri krizisiT. am dros
sabunebismetyvelo sferos mraval mimarTulebaSi Tavi iCina dualisturma tendenciebma
(laTinuridan dualis-ormagi). es ormagoba exeboda garemomcveli samyaros ori ZiriTadi _ sulieri da
materialuri _ sawyisis aRiarebaSi.

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 Mmsgavsi ormagobis msoflmxedveloba damaxasiaTebeli iyo gvianantikuri periodis
swavlulebisTvis. Mmedicinis sferoSi es dualizmi mkveTrad warmoCnda adreuli msoflios udidesi
eqimis – galenis moRvaweobaSi.

galeni-misi moZRvreba da galenizmi

adreuli msoflios gamoCenili eqimi galeni pergamodan (berZ. Galenos, laT. Galenus, 129-
199), daibada qalaq pergamoSi (axlandeli bergami, TurqeTi), maTematikosisa da arqiteqtoris
nikonas ojaxSi. 14 wlis asakSi galenma swavla daiwyo filosofiis skolaSi, sadac gaicno swavlulebi:
stoikosebi, platonikosebi, peripatetikosebi da epikureistebi. 17 wlidan man Tavi uZRvna medicinas,
romelsac is pergamoSi, smirnaSi, korinToSi, aTenSi, gansakuTrebiT aleqsandriaSi eufleboda, sadac
misi maswavleblebi iyvnen herofilesa da erazistrates mimdevrebi.
Ggalenma didi mondomebiT Seiswavla misi winamorbedebisa da Tanamedroveebis
naSromebi. bevri ena icoda, magram werda berZnulad. is mecnieruli keTilsindisierebiT akeTebda
gamoCenili moazrovneebis citirebas da amiT galenma momdevno Taobebs Semounaxa imaTi
saxelebi da miRwevebi, romelTa naSromebi sxvadasxva mizeziT (mravalricxovani xanZrebi,
omebi, Segnebuli mavnebloba) da sxvadasxva dros ganadgurda.
Ggalenma bevri imogzaura: estumra kvipross, palestinas, lemnoss, kabadokias, aqvileas.
Ddabrunebuli pergamoSi, is ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi (157-161) muSaobda gladiatorebis
skolaSi arqiatris Tanamdebobaze. Ggladiatorebis gaficvis Semdeg galeni gaemgzavra romSi, sadac
cnobili gaxda leqciebiTa da warmatebuli saeqimo praqtikiT. 169 wlidan galeni romis imperatoris
kariskaci _ arqiatria.
Ggaleni medicinaSi 125–ze meti naSromis avtorad iTvleba, romelTagan daaxloebiT 80 naSromi
dRemdea Semonaxuli. maTgan mTavari Semdegi naSromebia: “adamianuri sxeulis nawilebis
daniSnulebaze” (laT. “De usu partium corporis humani”), “anatomiaze...” (“De anatomics
administrationibus” Libri I-IX”), “Terapiuli meTodebi” (“De methodo medendi”), “sxeulis
daavadebul nawilebze: (“De locis affectis”), “wamlis Semadgenlobaze...” (“De compositione
medicamentorum...”) da a.S. galenis ramdenime naSromi hipokrates tomeulis komentirebisadmia
miZRvnili. am Sromebis wyalobiT hopokrates bevrma naazrevma moaRwia dRemde. G
galenis sabunebismetyvelo-samecniero pozicia anatomiisa da fiziologiis sferoSi
dakvirvebasa da eqsperimentuli kvlevebSi, farTo saeqimo praqtikaSi hpovebda ganxorcielebas. im
periodSi, roca galenma aleqsandrias moaRwia, aq adamianis gvamis kvleva-seqcia, religiuri
misazrebiT ukve akrZaluli iyo da galeni iZulebuli gaxda anatomiuri kvleva cxovelebisTvis
Caetarebina. is gakveTas maimuns, Rors, ZaRls da xandaxan lomebs da spiloebsac ki utarebda.
Mistoriuli cnobebis Tanaxmad, man uricxvi cxovelis kvlevis Sedegebis proeqcia adamianis
anatomiur-fiziologiur Seswavlaze moaxdina. traqtatSi “kunTebis anatomiaze” man daaxasiaTa
daaxloebiT 300 kunTi, maT Soris iseTebic, romelic mxolod ramdenime cxovels gaaCnia, magram
kunTis funqciis SeswavlisTvis sainteresoa. AamasTan, galenis yuradRebis miRma darCa adamianis
anatomiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi mniSvnelovani momenti. galenisAes da sxva Secdomebi
renesansis epoqis gamoCenilma eqimma da anatomma andreas vezaliusma gaaswora.
Ggalenma detalurad Seiswavla organizmis yvela sistema. Mman aRwera kunTebi, Zvlebi,
nervuli wnulebi, Sinagani organoebi. gansakuTrebiT didia misi Rvawli nervuli sistemis kvlevaSi.
Ggalenma aRwera Tavisa da zurgis tvinis calkeuli nawilebi, iqidan gamomavali nervebi da Sida

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organoebis inervaciuli sistema. mgrZnobelobiTi da moZraobiTi funqciis moSlis kvlevis mizniT,
man gamoiyena zurgis tvinis ganivi da sigrZivi Wrili. Wrilis dabla adgilas. “romelime nervis
gadakveTisas - werda galeni - Wrilobis zeda mxares mdebare organos nawili, romelsac kavSiri aqvs
Tavis tvinTan, inarCunebs am sawyisidan moniWebul SesaZleblobebs. amasTan, yvela is nawili,
romelic Wrilobis qvemoT mdebareobs moklebulia moZraobisa da mgrZnobelobis unars”.
man detalurad aRwera gulis anatomiuri agebuleba, venebis da arteriebis svla. Mmagram
galenma SecdomiT CaTvala, rom gulis tixari sisxlgamtari iyo (rogorc es nayofis SemTxvevaSia).
Mmisi azriT, sisxls SeeZlo daubrkoleblad gadasuliyo marjvena gulidan marcxenaSi CvenTvis
cnobili sisxlis mimoqcevis wris gverdis avliT.Ees Secdoma mravali aswleulis manZilze evropaSi
erTaderT WeSmaritebad iTvleboda da kritika XVI s.-mde ar Sexebia, sanam espanelma swavlulma-
Teologma migel servetma Tavis naSromSi “qristianobis aRorZineba” evropaSi pirvelad ar aRwera
sisxlis mimoqcevis mcire wre. sisxlis mimoqcevis wreebis maTematikuri da eqsperimentuli
mtkicebulebebi mxolod 1628 wels, ingliseli swavlulis uiliam harveis mier iqna mowodebuli.
Ggaleni didi saeqimo praqtika hqonda. Mmisi warmodgena daavadebaTa etiopaTogenezze
humoruli Teoriis Tanmxvedri iyo. is aseve daxelovnebuli qirurgi iyo da anatomiis codnas qierurgiis
safuZvlad Tvlida. is werda: “me xSirad xelCakidebuli mitarebia anatomiaSi naklebad gamocdili
qirurgi da amiT is sajaro sircxvilisagan gadamirCenia”.
Ggalens aseve didi wvlili miuZRvis farmakologiis ganviTarebaSi. samkurnalo saSualebebi,
romelTac galeniseuli meTodiT bunebrivi nedleulis fizikur-qimiuri damuSavebis Sedegad
DRebulobdnen, dResac “galenuri preparatebis” saxelwodebas atareben. es aris termini, romelic
paracelsma XVI s. pirvel naxevarSi daafuZna.
sabunebismetyvelo-kvleviTi, ase vTqvaT, mecnieruli poziciis paralelurad galenis
moZRvrebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs idealistur xedvas. Mmisi msoflmxedvelobis
formirebaSi didi gavlena iqonia platonis filosofiam, romelic kosmologiuri dualizmis gverdiT (idea
da materia), aseve anTropologiur dualizmsac (tani da suli) scnobda da aristoteles teleologiam _
bunebaSi yvela qmnilebis miznobriobis Sesaxeb (berZ. teleologia; telos – mizani da logos-
swavleba).
P platonis moZRvrebidan gamomdinare galeni Tvlida, rom organizmSi suli sxvadsxva formiT
arsebobs: “samSvineliseuli” suli (laT. spiritus animalis) – tvinSi, “macocxlebeli” suli (laT. spiritus
vitalis) – gulSi, da “bunebrivi” suli (laT.spiritus naturalis) – RviZlSi. yvela sasicocxlo procesi man
aramaterialuri Zalis moqmedebiT ganpirobebulad miiCnia, romlebic warmoiSvebian sulis formebis
cvalebadobis kvalobaze: nervebi samSvinelis ZalTa gamtareblebi arian (laT. vis animalis), RviZli
sisxls “bunebriv Zalas” aniWebs (laT. vis naturalis), pulsi “mopulsire Zalis” (laT. vis pulsitiva)
moqmedebiT warmoiSveba da a.S. galenma mis mier rudunebiT da uaRresi skrupulozurobiT
mopovebul da aRweril klinikur da eqsperimentul masalas idealisturi axsna misca. es iyo galenis
moZRvrebis dualizmi, misi filosofiuri pozicia.
SuasaukuneebSi kaTolikurma eklesiam da sqolastikam galenis moZRvrebis dualisturi
postulatebi Teologiuri xasiTis diskusiebSi CarTes.Aase warmoiSva galenizmi, romelTanac TviT
galens TiTqmis araviTari kavSiri aqvs daGgalenis moZRvrebis calmxriv gagebad unda Sefasdes.
galenis moZRvreba da misi mniSvneloba samedicino-biologiuri azris ganviTarebaSi Zneli
Sesafasebelia. galenis nawarmoebebi 14 aswleulis ganmavlobaSi samedicino swavlebis ZiriTad
wyaros warmoadgendnen Soreul da Sua aRmosavleTsa da evropaSi. Mmecnierebis istoriaSi galeni

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iyo da darCeba eqsperimentuli anatomiisa da fiziologiis fuZemdeblad, brwyinvale Terapevtad,
farmacevtad, qirurgad, eqim-filosofosad da mkvlevarad, bunebis mcodned. is msoflios mecnierebis
im rigebSi dgas, romelTac msoflio Secvales.
qristeSobidan II saukuneSi romis imperiis teritoria mezobeli saxelmwifoebis Semotevebis da
Sinauri uTanxmoebebis Sedegad dapataravda. 359 wels imperator Teodosis gardacvalebis Semdeg
erTdros uZlieresi imperia or nawilad gaiyo: dasavleT romis imperia, romelmac 476 wlamde iarseba
da aRmosavleT romis (bizantiis) imperia, romelic 1453 wlamde arsebobda.
daiwyo kacobriobis istoriaSi axali periodi – Suasaukuneebis saxeliT cnobili da misTvis
maxasiaTebeli axali sazogadoebrivi struqturiT – feodalizmiT. Ffeodaluri sazogadoebis kultura
(maT Soris medicina) daibada rTul politikur, socialur da ekonomikur pirobebSi. Mmiuxedavad
amisa, ganviTarebis sirTuleebTan erTad, erT-erTi yvelaze mTavari mis warmoSobaSi iyo adreuli
msoflios udidesi civilizaciis miRwevebi, romelTac safuZveli Cauyares kacobriobis Semdgom
ganviTarebas.

qristianoba da medicina
mecniereba dRevandeli gagebiT, gvian SuasaukuneebSi iwyebs Camoyalibebas (daaxl.
XVs_dan) da ZiriTadi amosavali wertili analizi da cdiseuli meTodi gaxda. adamianTa Taobebma
ganvles ra gza garemos naturaluri aRqmisa da masTan harmoniuli SeTvisebisa (RmerTis
grZnobieri aRqma), WeSmaritebis gansjiT Ziebisa (RmerTis arsebobis gansjadi dadastureba),
miadgnen logikur etapsa Tu survils: cdiseulad, analiziT SeeswavlaT buneba _ anu, `daenaxaT~
RmerTi. am gzas sxvadasxva etapze Teocentruli, humanocentruli (egocentruli) da biocentruli
mimarTulebebi gansazRvravda da piriqiT, TviT es mimarTulebebi am gzis Seucnobeli logikiT iyo
sazRvruli. faqtia, adamiani eZiebda ra RmerTs Sesaxebad, maqsimalurad scildeboda mas. bolo
mimarTuleba, romelsac Cven biocentruli vuwodeT, ganapiroba msoflioSi mimdinare
samecniero_teqnikuri progresiT gamowveulma eTikurma (bioeTikurma) koliziebma. biocentrulma
mimarTulebam kidev ufro daaSora adamiani RmerTs, tolobis niSani dausva adamiansa da cxovels,
gamijna religiuri mcnebebi da eTikuri normebi, kidev ufro daucveli gaxada adamiani.
samedicino_biologiuri Sexedulebebi miuxedavad samecniero_teqnikuri, ase vTqvaT, _ revoluciisa
sakmaod myari aRmoCnda. is, ZiriTadad Tavidanve gansazRvrul polusebs Soris trialebs da
sxvadasxva epoqebsa da civilizaciebSi sxvadasxva elferiTa da siRrmiT warmoCindeba.
samedicino-biologiuri saazrovno sistema TiTqmisYyvela SemTxvevaSi cdilobda
Semdegi kiTxvebisaTvis gaeca pasuxi:
1. ra aris sicocxle da ra aris sikvdili?
a) ukvdavia Tu ara suli? b) arsebobs Tu ara miRmieri samyaro? g) sad da rogor grZeldeba
Cveni yofa?
2. ra aris janmrTeloba da ra aris avadmyofoba.
a) ra ganapirobebs janmrTelobas? b) rodis iwyeba da ras SeiZleba ewodos avadmyofoba? g)
riT vumkurnaloT?
3. wyeba eTikuri sakiTxebisa.
pirvel kiTxvaze (Tavisi qvekiTxvebiT) pasuxi yovelTvis iyo da aris orgvari: `ho~ an `ara~. am
alternativam gahyo msoflio azrovneba or nawilad _ materialisturad da idealisturad.

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 meore kiTxva, romelic normisa da paTologiis sakiTxs Seexeba, aranakleb mniSvnelovania
da pirvelTan mimarTebaSi urTierTganmsazRvrelia.
unda iTqvas, rom ZiriTadi konceptualuri bazisi samedicino_biologiuri azrovnebisa
qristianobamde aTeuli saukunis win iqna Cayrili da samecniero_teqnikuri progresis kvalobaze
icvlida nirs. qristianobis Semosvlam Zireulad Secvala bazisuri da eTikuri sakiTxebi da am mxriv
sruliad axal, gansxvavebul eras Cauyara safuZveli.
amaze mogvianebiT. manamde ki, mokled mimovixiloT qristianobamdel msoflioSi arsebuli
samedicino_biologiuri saazrovno sistemebi.
saerTo yvela am sistemas (ibero-elinurs, Cinurs, indurs da sxv.) hqonda is, rom normas isini
ganixilavdnen rogorc adamianis (msoflios) Semadgeneli ZiriTadi substanciebis (stiqiebis,
elementebis, humorebis da a.S.) balanss, harmonias, xolo paTologias, _ am harmoniis darRvevad.
es imdenad gasaocradaa unificirebuli dedamiwis totalur geografiul sivrceSi, rom am ganfenilobis
axsna praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. ibero-elinuri da Cinuri medicinis bazisur koncepciaSi normis
/paTologiis Sesaxeb imdenad mcirea gansxvaveba, rom bunebrivad ibadeba eWvi erTi
sainformacio wyaros arsebobis Sesaxeb. gansxvaveba ibero-elinur, Cinur da indur 1 sistemebSi
iwyeba sasicocxlo_mamoZravebeli Zalebis gansazRvris da Sesabamisad mkurnalobis meTodebisa
da saSualebebis Camoyalibebisas. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom aqac konceptualur aspeqtSi saerTo
metia gansxvavebaze.
ibero_elinuri medicina mkacrad mihyveba humoruli Teoriis principebs da mkurnalobis
uZiriTadesi principis _ `sawinaaRmdegosi sawinaaRmdegoTi daTrgunvis~ _ realizaciis yvelaze
efeqtur gzebs eZebs. es Zieba pirobiTad medeaTi iwyeba, mTel kolxur_iberiul samyaros moicavs
da Semdgom miTridate VI evpatoris saSualebiT evropas moefineba. xolo, azri am Ziebisa gaxlavT
samkurnalo saSualebebidan (samkurnalo mcenare, mineraluri, cxoveluri produqti) Zlieri sawyisis
gamoyofa (fizikur, qimiuri da meqanikuri damuSaveba) da efeqturi wamlis /sawamlavis Seqmna. es
farmakologia_farmaciis dabadebaa da is ueWvelad protoqarTul samyaros ukavSirdeba.
Cinur medicinaSi upiratesi adgili bioenergetikuli balansis regulirebas eTmoboda
(nemsTerapia, moqsa da sxv.). Cineli eqimebi udides codnas flobdnen adamianis energetikuli
resursebis, aqtiuri wertilebis Sesaxeb, rac, unda iTqvas, rom araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleboda
empiriuli gziT mosuliyo.
induri medicinis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba, Cveni azriT, adamianis garegan, kosmiur ZalebTan
kavSiris dadgenaSi unda veZioT da am mimarTulebis srulyofis gziT didi Sinagani sasicocxlo
Zalebis mobilizebaSi davinaxoT. es sami, ase gansxvavebuli da Sinaganad erTiani
samedicino_biologiuri saazrovno sistema sxvadasxva epoqaSi da geografiulad daSorebul sivrceebSi
viTardeboda. sainteresoa is faqti, rom qarTul medicinaSi es sistemebi metnaklebi, magram
gasaocrad didi doziTaa daleqili.
gansxvaveba ibero-elinur, Cinur da indur medicinaSi filosofiuri da religiuri bazisis,
moralur_eTikuri safanelis araerTgvarovnebiTaa ganpirobebuli. amjerad, Cven gvsurs Tvali
gavadevnoT medicinis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi da davafiqsiroT is gardamtexi movlena, roca
qristianoba Semodis saqarTveloSi Tavisi madliT _ mcnebebiT, literaturiT, esTetikur-eTikuri
dogmatikiT.

1
Cven aqac da Semdgomac am sam sistemaze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas, rogorc yvelaze ganviTarebul da mwyobr
Teoriul_praqtikul moZRvrebaze.
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 rogorc viciT, tradiciuli medicina orad ganiyofa: a) Zveli mecnieruli medicina Semonaxuli
xelnawerebis saxiT da cnobili /ucnobi pirovnebis avtorobiT; b) xalxuri medicina, _ arsebuli
samedicino folklorisa da eTnografiis saxiT.
qristianobis Semosvla xangrZlivi da mtkivneuli procesi gamodga. is mkvidrdeboda
TandaTan, _ ufro ganviTarebul, kulturulad, mentalurad momzadebul qveynebSi, im xalxSi, romelic
mzad iyo mieRo moseseuli dekalogi, romelsac unari Seswevda qristesmieri madli ecno da daenaxa,
gaeTavisebina.
mecnieruli medicinis transformacia qristianul yaidaze, Cveni azriT, SedarebiT iolad unda
momxdariyo. saqme exeboda ramodenime (Tundac, ramodenime aTeul) mecnier eqims, romelTac
undodaT Tu ar undodaT, es unda gaekeTebinaT: warmarTobisas dagrovili samedicino sibrZne
qristianul religiaze unda morgebuliyo. es ganxorcielda ise, rom TiTqmis arcerT
samedicino_biologiuri Sinaarsis doqtrinas realuri cvlileba ar ganucdia, yovel SemTxvevaSi amis
kvali ar Cans. ueWvelia, rom gaqra Teza sulis mokvdaobis Sesaxeb, aRarsadaa poliTeisturi
Sexedulebani da sxv., magram ucvleli darCa humoruli paTologiis Teoria, Sexedulebebi sicocxlis
maformirebeli da mamoZravebeli Zalebis Sesaxeb da a.S. 527_ze met qarTul samedicino
xelnawerSi WeSmariti qristianuli suli da madli gamosWvivis, Tumca, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT
sakmaod igrZnoba `palimfsesturi sindromi~, anu striqonebs Soris uZvelesi, qristianobamdeli
sibrZnis arcTu mkrTali anabeWdi moCans.
cota ufro sxvagvaradaa saqme xalxur medicinaSi. qarTvelma medicinis istorikosebma prof.
mixeil Sengelias iniciativiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, 1960 wlidan
moyolebuli 40_ze meti eqspedicia moawyves da Cawerili iqna aTiaTasobiT nimuSi qarTuli xalxuri
medicinisa. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs samedicino xasiaTis Selocvebi, legendebi da
miTebi. am sakiTxs araerTxel Sexebian qarTveli mecnierebi, magram, vfiqrobT, garkveuli
daskvnebi jer kidev gasakeTebelia.
aravin kamaTobs imaze, rom gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi Cawerili samedicino
eTnologiuri masala sruliad Riad Seicavs qristianobamdeli formisa da Sinaarsis pasaJebs. xSirad
mimarTvis obieqtic ki warmarTuli panTeonis RmerTebisadmi/RmerTqalebisadmia. aq Cans susti
cda am RvTaebebis qristianizaciisa. saqarTvelos mTianeTi, rogorc cnobilia, Zalze mZimed da
usurvilod ahyva gaqristianebis process. sabolood ki, iq Camoyalibda sakmaod Zlieri, magram
metad Taviseburi qristianuli Temi. is uZvirfases masalad iqca aRniSnuli procesebis
SemswavlelTaTvis. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi Cawerili Selocvebi da saerTod miTosuri masala
uaRresad mWidro kavSirebs, ueWvel paralelebs poulobs Zvel Sumerul da xeTur samyarosTan,
pelazgo-elinur miTiur panTeonTan da aqedan gamomdinare, metad mniSvnelovani daskvnebis
safuZvels iZleva am samyaroebis erTiani kulturul_genetikuri sawyisebis Sesaxeb.
Cven ar SevudgebiT konkretuli masalis farTod ganxilvas, ubralod, vityviT, rom qristianobis
Semosvla Zireulad cvlis amisaTvis Sinaganad gamzadebuli mosaxleobis mentalitets, maTs
damokidebulebas avadmyofobasTan da avadmyofTan. Cven viciT, rom bevrma qristianobamdelma
RvTaebam, SemdgomSi sruliad konkretuli qristianuli wmindanis saxe miiRo da es procesi, vfiqrob,
metad rTuli asaxsnelia dRes. erT_erTi aseTi gaxldaT babari //babar_labartyu//barbali, romelic,
safiqrebelia, rom mzis RvTaebas ukavSirdebodes (borbali//brbali). am RvTaebam adreul qristianul
xanaSi wm. barbares Sesatyvisi saxe miiRo. aq SeiZleboda ubralo fonetikur Tanxvedraze yofiliyo
saubari, rom ara TiTqmis sruliad identuri funqciuri datvirTva.

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 rogorc qarTul samedicino folklorSi, iseve Sumerul miTosSi babari //babar_labartyu
avadmyofobis gamomwvevi batonebis meufea. es batonebi sxvadasxva ferisaa (wiTeli, yviTeli,
Savi da a.S.) da Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva saxis daavadebebs iwveven. Selocvebis Sinaarsis
Sedarebisas, identuroba qarTul da Sumerul masalas Soris gasaocaria. da mainc, ra aris aq
samedicino da samedicino_eTikuri TvalsazrisiT mTavari?
qristianobamdel masalaSi aSkarad SeimCneva, da es dasturdreba sxva istoriul_arqeologiuri
monacemebiTac, _ mlocvelis /adamianis sruliad daTrgunuli saxe, romelic mzadaa miwas
ganerTxas, ixoxos, Seswiros yvelaze sayvareli ram (xandaxan Cvili bavSvebic), borot, mrisxane,
SurismaZiebel RvTaebas. minda gavimeoro bolo Teza: warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebi (ix.
pelazgur-elinuri miTologia) ase Zalian rom hgvanan rigiT adamianebs, maTeuli, yvelaze mdabali
Tvisebebis matareblebic arian da amas sruliad ar malavs arcerTi miTi. isini mrisxaneben,
mruSoben, sCadian aTas Zalmomreobas, Surs iZieben, SurT, sZulT da a.S. qristianobamdeli
mlocveli sicocxlisa da janmrTelobisaTvis praqtikulad mlocveli ki ara, mTxovneli iyo da is mzad
iyo yvelaferi gaeRo amisTvis.N N
qristianobam moaxdina Zlieri cvlileba am zneobrivsa da moralur mravalwaxnagaSi. moses
dekalogiT aRWurvili, Zveli aRTqmis sibrZnes dayrdnobili da qristes madliT cxebuli da
ganbrwyinebuli adamiani fexze wamodga. is axla mrisxane da `araprognozirebad~ RvTaebas _
babars _ ki ar exveweba sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas, aramed wm. barbares. wmindans, keTilsa da
moyvares, samarTlians, ufal RmerTTan mTxovnelsa da Suamavals, raTa janmrTeloba da sicocxle
ar moaklos kacTa modgmas.
anu, Zireulad icvleba adamianis zneobrivi da socialuri poza. misi rwmena amaRlebulia
da sufTa, mis mier danTebuli sanTeli sulieri Sesawiravia RvTisadmi da ara sisxliani zvaraki.
kacobrioba axal gzas adgeba.
es gza ki palestinis wmida miwaze daiwyo, maSin roca macxovari Cveni, ieso qriste Tavis
saswaulmoqmed cxovrebas iwyebs. mis mier gacxadebuli meore saswauli xom, brmis Tvalis
axelaa. aqedan moyolebuli uflis saswaulTa udidesi wili xeibarTa gankurneba, micvalebulTa
aRdgineba da sxva mravali, adamianis janmrTelobisa da sicocxlisadmia miZRvnili. oRond, aq,
saWiroa gaimijnos miTosuri eniT naTqvami da realuri qmedeba. es sakmaod rTulia. zogjer uflisa
Tu romelime wmindanis mier moxdenili saswaulmoqmedi kurneba sulier gajansaRebas, axal
moZRvrebasTan, WeSmarit rwmenasTan ziarebas unda niSnavdes da ara pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT
romelime daavadebisgan gankurnebas. zog SemTxvevaSi ki, namdvilad saeqimo qmedebasTan
gvaqvs saqme.
sityvam moitana da unda iTqvas, rom qristianobis damkvidrebis Semdeg samedicino saqme
TiTqmis mTlianad eklesiis prerogativa xdeba. ar aris akrZaluli profesionali eqimebis moRvaweoba.
piriqiT, martviri sabawmindelis (Vs.) TxzulebaSi, maSin, roca lavraSi moRvawe mamebi verafriT
Svelian sneuls, daxelovnebul mkurnals iwveven qalaqidan.
miuxedavad saero medicinis maRali donisa, saeklesio medicina mainc wamyvania: is asrulebs
ZiriTad rols masaxleobis pirvelad samedicino daxmarebaSi. eklesiebTanaa mowyobili sasneuloebi,
TavSesafrebi, leprozoriumebi, fsiqiurad daavadebulTa saavadmyofoebi da a.S. yvela saeklesio
moRvawe garkveul samedicino codnas flobs, vinaidan maT Rrmad aqvT Segnebuli, rom valdebuli
arian am mxrivac gascen uSurveli madli.
sruliad calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela qarTveli wmindani mkurnalicaa. es, qristianobis
CanasaxSive iqca tradiciad da valdebulebad.
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 wm. SuSaniki, cameti asureli mama, msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli _ ilarion qarTveli, grigol
xanZTeli, aToneli mamebi da mravali sxva qarTulis sulieri da materialuri kulturis udides
moRvaweebTan erTad, qarTuli medicinis mnaTobebic arian. maT mier moxda saqarTvelos deda
eklesiaSi samedicino tradiciebis dafuZneba, romlis ZiriTadi niSan_Tvisebebi gaxldaT:
1. `uvercxlo mkurnaloba~ _ anu mkurnaloba gasamrjelos gareSe. es arcTu xSiri movlena iyo
imdroindel msoflioSi da amitomac gansakuTrebiT aRiniSneboda agiografiul nawarmoebebsa
da relaciebSi.
2. avadmyofis movla, mis gverdiT yofna da Tavganwirva. Zvel aRTqmaSi aRwerilia, Tu ramdeni
xniT unda moxdes sxvadasxva daavadebis dros, avadmyofis garideba Temisagan. mkacrad
ikrZaleboda miaxloebac-ki. es, rasakvirvelia, epidemiologiuri TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebuli Cans,
magram, meore mxriv, avadmyofis bedis anabara mitovebaa. qristianoba aqac metad gabedul
nabijs dgams: WeSmariti mama da moZRvari arasodes tovebda gaWirvebis Jams Tavis mrevls.
es gaWirveba ki epidemiebi iyo.
3. eklesiam Tavis wiaRSi adgili miuCina ise mZimed daavadebul adamianebs, rogorebic iyvnen
keTrovanebi da fsiqiuri avadmyofebi. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba maTze zrunvas Tavis Tavze
mxolod SuasaukuneebSi aiRebs.
qristianoba yovelTvis saukeTesos eZebda winare xanaSi, cdilobda ar daekarga is da axali
sxiviT gaenaTebina, axali sicocxle mieca, qristesmieri madli ecxo misTvis.
ase movida Cvenamde didi berZnuli kulturis nimuSebi. ase moaRwia platonis, aristoteles,
hipokrates, galenis, dioskuridis da sxvaTa naRvawma.
qristianuli samedicino eTikac msoflios mravalsaukunovani kulturuli istoriis Rirseul
dajamebad da maRalsulierebis formiseul gaazrebad unda miviCnioT.

hagiografiuli literatura da medicina. ieso qristem Tavisi miwieri cxovrebis dros uamravi
saswauli Caidina da maT Soris umravlesi iyo kurneba sulTa da xorcTa, xolo vinaidan RmerTma
Segvqmna Cven `xatad da msgavsad Tvissa~, mRvdelmsaxurni, mcireni Tu didni, yovelTvis
cdilobdnen SeemsubuqebinaT tkivili TanamoZmeTa. amdenad, wmidanTa cxovreba gajerebulia
aseTi faqtebiT da praqtikulad ar arsebobs patristikaSi persona, romelic am mxriv gamonakliss
warmoadgendes. rasakvirvelia, aq kvlav rCeba problema realuri, xorcieli mkurnalobis garCevisa
sulieri mkurnalobisagan. xSirad `Tvalis axela~, `xeibris da mkelobelis mZlianis (anu, arasworad
mosiarules) gankurneba~ da sxva, marTlac rwmenaze moqcevas unda gulisxmobdes da ara realur
saeqimo saqmianobas. Tumca axali aRTqmis mixedviT qristem saswaulebrivad gankurna
adamianebi, romlebic Sepyrobili iyvnen iseTi sneulebebiT, rogoricaa: fsiqiuri-“eSmakeulis
gankurneba”; nervuli-“ganrRveulis gankurneba”, “xelganmxmaris gankurneba”, “bnediani
eSmakeulis” da “mTvareuli eSmakeulis gankurneba”; infeqciuri-“keTrovanis gankurneba”;
Sinagani-“wyalmankieris gankurneba”, “mxurvalebisagan gankurneba”;
ginekologiuri-“sisxlmdinare qalis gankurneba”; aseve “Sobidan yruis da utyvis gankurneba” da
“Sobidan brmis gankurneba”. da mainc, hagiografiul literaturaSi moyvanili kurnebis faqtebis
garkveuli da albaT, soliduri nawili samedicino xelovnebis praqtikul gamoyenebasac unda
gulisxmobdes. wmida mamebi amitomac atarebdnen am saxels, rom RvTisagan hqondaT
momadlebuli codna da unari ganekurnaT adamianebi, maTi tanjva SeemsubuqebinaT. es `codna da
unari~ ueWvelad gulisxmobda realur informacias samkurnalo balaxebisa da sxva, saukuneebiT
gamocdili saSualebebis Sesaxeb da gansakuTrebul momadlebul unarsac.
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 qarTveli hagiografebi mogviTxroben, rom wmindanebi agrZeleben im gzas da saqmianobas,
rac qristem gaiara miwieri cxovrebis pirobebSi, saswaulebriv gankurnebasTan mimarTebaSi.
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom maT nawarmoebebSi moyvanilia iseTi daavadebebi, romelTa Sesaxeb
axali aRTqmis avtorebi ar saubroben. magaliTad wminda SuSanikis da petre iberis cxovrebaSi
vxvdebiT uSvilobis saswaulebriv gankurnebas, xolo grigol xancTelis cxovrebaSi merCule
aRniSnavs, rom mas SeeZlo nikrisis qaris (podagra) da simsivnis (mjdomi) saswaulebrivi
gankurneba.
qarTuli qristianuli hagiografia wm. ninoTi iwyeba. `wminda ninos cxovreba~ saqarTveloSi
qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRiarebis istoriul faqts aRwers. nawarmoebi mravali aspeqtiTaa
saintereso da maT Soris medicinas namdvilad ar uWiravs ukanaskneli adgili. rogorc avtoris
monaTxrobidan vgebulobT, wminda ninos, kapadokieli qalwulis, qarTlSi warmatebuli
moRvaweobis erT-erTi realuri mizezi, Tvinier RvTaebrivi kurTxevisa, misi samedicino codnac
gaxldaT. Tavidan man saxeli mZimed daavadebuli bavSvis gankurnebiT moipova, Semdeg iyo
mebaRis ojaxi, TviTon nana dedofali. wm. nino RvTisagan moniWebuli ZaliTa da adamianisagan
naswavli samkurnalo saSualebebiT sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas aniWebda xalxs. amave dros,
qveyanaSi arsebobdnen Turme `mecnierni kurnebisa~, `xelovanni mkurnalni~ da a.S., romelTac
Turme mavani avadmyofi `Seiswaves igi yovelTa~, magram `arodes poves sargebeli kurnebisa
yrmisa misTvs~ da bolos isev wmida ninos miakiTxes.
ninom mravali avadmyofi gankurna, magram TviTon sruliad axalgazrda dasneulda. SevecadeT
gagverkvia wm. ninos mZime daavadebisa da gardacvalebis mizezi.
Satberduli redaqciis cnobis mixedviT, qarTlis ganmanaTlebeli gardacvlila qarTlSi mosvlidan
meTxuTmete wels: `da Sehvedra suli TÂsi ÃelTa RmrTisaTa qarTlad mosvliTgan meaTxuTmete
welsa~. WeliSur redaqciaSi `meaTxuTmete~-s nacvlad vkiTxulobT `oc da me[a]TxuTmet[e]sa
welsa~. Sesabamisad, radgan wm. nino qarTlSi mosvlisas 16 wlis iyo, igi, Satberduli redaqciis
Tanaxmad, gardacvlila 31 wlis asakSi (16 + 15 = 31), xolo WeliSuris Tanaxmad _ 51 wlis asakSi
(16 + 35 = 51). Cven migvaCnia, rom am SemTxvevaSi Satberduli redaqciis TariRi unda iyos
swori, radgan Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom wm. ninos qarTlSi Semosvlidan meSvide wels mouqcevia
miriani, warmoudgenelia, rom jvrebis aRmarTvas, eklesiaTa safuZvlebis Cayras (ninos
gardacvalebis dros mayvlovanSi mSenebare qvis eklesia jer kidev ar iyo damTavrebuli) da aragvisa
da ivrispireTSi qadagebas wminda qalwulma 28 (35-7=28) weli moandoma. ufro sando Cans
Satberduli redaqciis cnoba, romlis mixedviTac, yovelive am saqmianobisTvis wm. ninos 8 (15-7=8)
weli dasWirvebia.
am SemTxvevaSi, erTi SexedviT, TiTqosda gakvirvebas iwvevs wmindanis aseT adreul, 31
wlis asakSi gardacvalebis faqti, magram saqme isaa, rom `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-s cnobiT, igi
raRac ucnobi sneulebiT gardacvlila. Satberdul xelnawerSi vkiTxulobT: `viTar moiwia queyanasa
kxoeTisasa, dabasa buds, dasneulda sneulebiTa miT, romliTa-ca mo-ca-kuda~. Sesabamis adgilas
WeliSur da sinur redaqciebSi am ucnob, momakvdinebel daavadebas `didi sneuleba~ ewodeba:
`dasneulda sneulebiTa didiTa, romliTa-ca Seisuena~ (WeliS.); `dasneulda sneulebiTa didiTa,
romliTa-ca mokuda~.
sainteresoa, romeli daavadebaa es `didi sneuleba~? Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebis terminebi
_ `didi sneuleba~, `didi seni~, `diadi seni~ da a. S., SeiZleba orgvarad iqnas gagebuli: erTi, rodesac
epiTeti `didi~ gamoxatavs zogadad avadmyofobis simZimes da prognostul pesimas da meore, roca

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is raime konkretuli daavadebis gamomxatvelia. am SemTxvevaSi, ufro dazustebiT verafers
vityodiT, rom ara `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-s axlad aRmoCenili sinuri xelnaweri.
Catarebuli analizis Tanaxmad TiTqmis ueWvelad SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom qarTlis
ganmanaTlebeli wminda nino unda dasneulebuliyo da gardacviliyo ivrisa da alaznis xeobebis
arealSi gavrcelebuli seniT, malariiT, anu, rogorc mas `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-s sinuri versia
uwodebs _ `sicxisa da Ãurvebisagan~.
rogorc zemoT vTqviT, qarTuli samedicino tradicia malarias mourCenel senad ar Tvlis,
magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im dros, roca wm. nino moRvaweobda, 31 wlis misioneri qalwulis
cxovrebis ukiduresad asketur wessa da misi organizmisTvis ucxo da mZime adgilobriv klimats,
maSin sruliad gasagebi Cans, Tu ratom gaxda malaria qarTlis ganamanaTleblisTvis letaluri Sedegis
gamomwvevi, ris gamoc `miiZina Zili igi sanatreli da aw meox ars CuenTÂs winaSe RmrTisa~.
uZveles qarTul hagiografiul nawarmoebSi _ `wm. SuSanikis wamebaSi~ aRwerilia varsqen
pitiaxSis meuRlis SuSanikis mowamebrivi cxovreba da Rvawli. is qristianobis moRalate qarTlis
erisTavma, misive meuRlem awama da samaris karamde miiyvana. nawarmoebi Seqmnilia karis
moZRvris, iakob xucesis (curtavelis) mier, romelic, rogorc monaTxrobidan Cans, saeqimo
saqmeSic yofila gawafuli. xucesma nagvem-natanji SuSaniki moinaxula da wamlebsa da salbunebis
dadeba SesTavaza, raTa iarebisa da wylulebisagan datanjuli qalisaTvis Sveba mieca, meore, albaT
ufro mZime dRisTvis moemzadebina. wamebagamovlili SuSaniki male TviTonve xdeba mkurnali
da saswaulmoqmedi. es bunebrivia: mTlianma sulierma kaTarzisma masSi miZinebuli da
RvTivmoniWebuli Zalebi aamoZrava, goni gauxsna da sxvisaTvis miuwvdomeli horizontebi
daanaxva. ukve saxelganTqmuli mkurnali SuSaniki sparsel qals rjulsac ki Seacvlevinebs da ise
moarCens sneulebisagan. nawarmoebi uaRresad sainteresoa, rogorc saistorio, saenaTmecniero da
sxva mravali aspeqtiT. iakob xucesi daxelovnebuli mTxrobelia da aq bevri ram ikveTeba.
magaliTad, is msjelobs garemo pirobebis gavlenaze avadmyofobis warmoSobaze, sulier
mdgomareobaze da a.S. qarTuli hagiografia Zalze mdidaria da TiToeuli nawarmoebis garCeva Sors
wagviyvanda. erTi ram faqtia: am nawarmoebebis gacnobisas rCeba STabeWdileba, rom
saqarTvelos nebismier periodSi, iqneba es aRmSeneblobisa Tu dacemis Jami, arasodes moklebia
ganaTlebuli da mcodne sazogadoeba, daxelovnebuli mkurnalebi, farTod moazrovne mecnierebi.
petre iberieli da misi saavadmyofo palestinaSi. adreul Suasaukuneebs ekuTvnis cnobebi
petre iberielisa (411-491 ww.) da palestinis qarTuli samedicino kerisa da saavadmyofos Sesaxeb.
petre iberi qarTlis mefis, varaz-baqaris Svili iyo. eriskacobaSi petres murvanozi erqva. varaz-
baqarma Tavisi 14 wlis memkvidre mZevlad gagzavna bizantiis keisris karze, konstantinopolSi. iq
aRizarda murvanozi, miiRo Rrma filosofiuri, Teologiuri da, rogorc Cans, samedicino ganaTlebac.
nayofier Teologiur-filosofiur moRvaweobasTan erTad, man samedicino azrovnebasac daaCnia
kvali. eweoda praqtikul saeqimo saqmianobasac. “mravalni saswaulni qmna RmerTman xeliTa
petre netarisaTa, eklesiasca mas Sina da queyanasaca aleqsandriisaca da mravali eSmakeulni da
mkelobelni da keTrovanni gankurnes”. Semdgom periodSi petre iberi maiumis episkoposi gaxda.
mas saSualeba mieca gaefarToebina Tavisi saeqimo moRvaweoba. rogorc irkveva, petres
saavadmyofo gauxsnia da avadmyofebsac Rebulobda piradad : “wmindao RvTisao, gangviRe da
gankurne yrma ese, rameTu iguemebis mterisagan” (e.i. avi znisagan). rogorc teqstidan Cans, petres
xelmZRvanelobiT saavadmyofos specialuri Senoba auSenebiaT: “da iyofodes maT mier
aRSenebulsa mas monastersa da sxvaca monasteri aRaSenes da sasneulo. petre iberis saeqimo
moRvaweobaze “qarTlis cxovrebac” mogviTxrobs. movida ra murvanozi “ierusalimed”, “uwodes
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murvanos petre, xolo saWurissa iovane (igulisxmeba ioane lazi, petres maswavlebeli da aRmzrdeli.
– avt.), romelTa Rvawlni da Sromani gamouTqmel arian da aRaSennes monasterni da qsenoni”, is
„uSviloTa Svilier, sneulTa gankurnebda, unayofoTa nayofier hyofda”. [11, 135]
Cans, petre iberis mravalmxriv moRvaweobaSi samkurnalo saqme erT-erTi arsebiTi iyo,
radgan mematianeni, misi cxovrebis mniSvnelovan momentTa aRwerisas, xelmeored axseneben
“sasneulos”. rodesac petrem “movlna yovelni udabnoni egviptisani da skitisani” da kvlav
daubrunda ierusalims, “qarTlis cxovrebis” gadmocemiT, is “kualad monastersa da qsenonsa Tavissa
moiqca”.
gaurkvevelia, Tu ramdenad sarwmuno wyarozea damyarebuli z. WiWinaZis miTiTeba petre
iberze, rogorc praqtikuli saeqimo wignis avtorze, magram, albaT, raime safuZveli arsebobda,
rodesac werda: “pirvelad qarTul enazed karabadinis Targmna amas ekuTvnis”.
petre iberis saeqimo moRvaweoba da ierusalimSi misi xelmZRvanelobiT saavadmyofos
Seqmna V saukunis II naxevarSi dadasturebulia rogorc asuruli, ise qarTuli wyaroebiT.
dedofal bakurduxtis saavadmyofoebi. bakurduxti qarTlis mefis varaz-baqaris (V s.)
Tanamecxedrea da petre iberis deda.
palestinaSi moRvaweobisas petre, aSkaraa, zrunavda Tavis samSobloze. mas iq auSenebia
monasteri, romelsac “hqvian qarTvelisa monasteri”, TviT ierusalimSi ki man “aRaSena saxli
sastumro qalaqsa Sina da ganusvenebda momavalTa ZmaTa qarTvelTa da berZenTa”. uZveles
qarTul wyaroebSi Semonaxulia cnobebi petres dedis, dedofal bakurduxtis samedicino
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. petre iberis cxovrebis aRmweri zaqaria qarTveli, romelic petres
Tanamedrove iyo, wers, rom “petre qarTvelis dedas bakurduxts mogzaurTaTvis sistumroebi da
saavadmyofoebi auSenebia”. yuradsaRebia isic, rom bakurduxtis saqmianobis Sesaxeb swored
petres biografi gvaZlevs cnobas da ara vinme sxva.
niSandoblivia, rom bakurduxts gauxsnia ara erTi saavadmyofo, aramed saavadmyofoebis qseli
qveynis masStabiT da isic ara romelime monasterTan, aramed “mogzaurTaTvis” gaSenebul
sastumroebTan. es, TavisTavad, sakarantino funqciasac Seasrulebda, rac im droisaTvis metad
progresulia.
sxva cnobebi am saavadmyofoTa Sesaxeb jerjerobiT ar aris mikvleuli. TumcaRa, unda iTqvas,
rom, rogorc Cans saqme gvaqvs janmrTelobis dacvis garkveuli sistemis metad adreul CanasaxTan.
saqarTveloSi qristianuli taZrebis mSenebloba da samonastro cxovreba qristianobis
saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebisTanave dawyebula. es procesi marto adgilobrivi movlena ar iyo
da imTaviTve wmida miwasTan hqonia kavSiri. amis erT-erTi dadasturebaa wm. saba
ganwmendilis lavraSi (daarsebulia palestinaSi 483 w. qr. S.-dan) qarTvelTa moRvaweoba. xelTa
gvaqvs lavraSi moRvawe qarTveli saeklesio moRvawis (SesaZloa, monastris winamZRvris)
Txzuleba _ `sinanulisaTvis simdablisa, Tqmuli netarisa martÂiri monazonisa sxuaTa monazonTa
mimarT~, romelic monastris tipikonis damatebiT saxelmZRvanelod SegviZlia miviCnioT.
sxvadasxva saxis rCevebisa da ufleba-movaleobebis Sexsenebis Semdgom martÂiri sabawmindeli
berTa saZmos samedicino xasiaTis rCevebs aZlevs, rac uaRresad sainteresoa da imdroindeli
medicinis da mosaxleobis samedicino informatiulobis sakmaod mdidar suraTs gvaZlevs.
upirvelesad aRsaniSnavia, rom avtori eqimi ar aris. is zedmiwevniT ganaTlebuli pirovnebaa da
igi aramarto samedicino-biologiuri xasiaTis did informacias flobs, aramed mas es codna
gadamuSavebuli, gaazrebuli da sistematizebuli aqvs, calkeuli organoebis anatomiisa Tu funqciis

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aRwerisas ar iSurebs Sedarebebs, xatovan gamoTqmebs, TiTqosda surs misTvis aserigad kargad
cnobili ram Tavisi moZmeebisaTvisac sacnauri gaxados.
cocxali organizmi sabawmindels mTlian, ganuyofel erTianobad warmoudgenia, romelsac
vercerTi sistema Tu organo ver daarRvevs, ver aRudgeba win `cnobasa da gonebas, romel ars
ganmgebeli yovlisa guamisa~. yvela organo emsaxureba erTmaneTs da erT mTlians. ganxilulia
saWmlis momnelebeli traqti, misi TiToeuli etapi, organoTa funqciebi. sainteresoa, rom `Sinagani
asoni~ (Sinagani organoebi _ r.S.) organizms aZleven `Zalasa da sazrdels~.
aseve: `ismenen yurni gareSeTa sityvaTa da miscemen cnobasa gonebasa~ da `acnobeben
tvinsa da yovelsa sacnobelsa~. midgoma im droisaTvis sruliad unikaluria.
TxzulebaSi ramodenime aTeuli samedicino terminia, romelTa absoluturi umravlesoba ar
Secvlila momdevno saukuneebSi da unda vifiqroT, rom es terminologia arc qristianobis gariJraJze
warmoSobila. amaze ukve iTqva qarTul-Sumerul paralelebze saubrisas.
sabawmindis lavraSi sasneulos arsebobis Sesaxeb cnoba Semonaxulia kirile skviTopolelis
`sabas cxovrebaSi~ (daiwera 555 wels). aq moTxrobilia, rom orma isaurelma Zmam lavras auSena
`artokopi, romel ar ars purisa saqmari da sasneulo~. aqve aRwerilia, rom erT-erT daWril
ZmaTagans mkurnali mouyvanes, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom, jer erTi, sasneulos Tavisi mkurnal-
momvlelebi hyavda da meorec, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, garedan profesionali mkurnalis
(SesaZloa, qirurg-dastaqari) moyvanac hqondaT praqtikaSi.
cameti asureli mama. V_VI saukuneebi marTlmadideblobas saqarTveloSi sakmaod mZime
dro daudga. monofiziturma agresiam, romelsac gare Zalebi (sparsuli) uwyobda xels, waleka qveynis
aRmosavleTi nawili. am dros, VI saukunis meore naxevarSi, saqarTvelos 13 asureli mama
moevlina. zogierTis azriT, TiTqosda qarTvelebi unda yofiliyvnen, erT dros saswavleblad antioqias
gagzavnilebi. faqtia, rom adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan saurTierTobo enis problema ar hqoniaT.
dazustebiT aravin icis da es arc aris mTavari. maTma mosvlam saqarTveloSi da sxva Sida Zalebis
gaaqtiurebam (dinara dedofali) qveyana sarwmunoebrivi krizisidan gamoiyvana. aSenda axali
monastrebi, Seiqmna axali eparqiebi, aRsdga marTlmadidebluri qarTuli wirva-locva. eklesia-
monastrebTan, rogorc wesi, iqmneboda sasneuloebi. wmida mamebma saxeli swored amiT
gaiTqves da mravalricxovani mrevli moizides. ioane zedaznelis, daviT garejelis, Sio mRvimelis,
iese wilknelis, abibos nekreselis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb Seqmnili hagiografiuli masala erTxmad
mogviTxroben mamaTa metad nayofier da warmatebul saeqimo saqmianobaze.
ioane zedazneli locviTa da samkurnalo saSualebebiT axdenda saswaulebs. erTxelac ioane
RmerTs Seevedra da manac `mTasa mas zeda aRmoucena wyali~, sadac `movidodes yoveli kerZo
da moaqunda uZlurebi da svian da ra icxian yovelni ganikurnebodes~.
iese wilkneli: `sneulTa hkurnebda da eSmakTa brZanebiTa ganasxmida~.
Sio mRvimeli: `misca mas RmrTisa mier madli senTa otebad kacTagan da pirutyvTa da
eSmakeulTa satyÂT gankurnebda da yovlis kerZo momavalni ioanessa sneulni da eSmakeulni
locviTa amisiTa ganikurnebodes~.
sainteresoa wmida mamaTa filosofiuri bazisic. abibos nekreseli sparseli marzpanis brZanebiT
iwameboda da rodesac es ukanaskneli misi lomiviT damarcxebas Seecada da Teologiuri disputi
gaumarTa, nekreselma mamam iqve saTayvaneblad danTebul cecxls wyali daasxa da Caaqro: amiT
man maTi RmerTis uZlurebas gausva xazi da sityviTac auxsna gamZvinvarebul marzpans, rom
cecxli erT-erTia im oTx stiqiaTagan, romlisganac qveyniereba Sesdgeba da ara yovlisgamrige

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RmerTio. amiT, man Tavisi antikuri msoflmxedvelobrivi pozicia gaamJRavna. rogorc Cans, is
aseve icnobda am Temaze damyarebul humoruli paTologiis Teoriasac.
unda vifiqroT, rom cametive asureli mama erTi Teologiuri da filosofiuri skolis
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen.

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 adreuli (V_Xss.) da ganviTarebuli
Suasaukunebis (XI_XVss.) medicina

termini ”Sua saukuneebi” an ufro zustad ”Sua xana”@(laT. medium aevum), warmoiSva italiaSi
XV_XVI sukuneSi e.w. humanistTa Soris, romlebmac aseTi xerxiT Tanamedrove epoqa qveynis
uZvelesi istoriisagan gamohyves. SemdgomSi termini ”Sua saukune” swrafad vrceldeboda rogorc
droSi, aseve sivrceSi. misi gamoyeneba daiwyes msoflios istoriaSi qronologiuri ECarCoebis
dasadgenad. Tumca is metad SefardebiTi cnebaa, dedamiwis gansxvavebul regonebSi feodaluri
xana, rac erTerTi ZiriTadi epoqaluri parametria, warmoiqmna da viTardeboda ara erTdroulad,
aramed drois gansxvavebul farglebSi. dasavleT evropaSi Sua saukuneebis da feodalizmis dasawyis
xanad iTvleba dasavleT romis imperiis dacemis dasawyisi (Vs. bolo meoTxedi). aRmosavleT
qveynebSi feodalizmi SedarebiT adre Caisaxa. CineTSi is III saukuneSi damyarda, kavkasiis
qveynebSi _ IVsaukuneSi, bizantiasa da Sua aziis qveynebSi _ VII sukuneSi. evropuli Sua
saukuneebis istoria sam periodad iyofa: 1) adreuli Sua saukunebi (V_XIs.); 2) ganviTarebuli anu
klasikuri Sua saukuneebi (XI_XVs.) da 3) gviandeli Sua saukuneebi (XV_XVIIs.). droTa
ganmalobaSi es dayofa sxva regionebzec gavrcelda. Sua saukuneebis dasasruls Tanamedrove
istoriuli mecniereba kapitalizmis ganviTarebas da pirvel burJuaziul revoluciebs ukavSirebs. inglisSi
momxdar burJuaziul revolucias ki (1640_1649ww.) momdevno msgavsi procesebis detonatoris roli
da saerToevropuli mniSvneloba hqonda. misi dasawyisi dasavleT evropaSi Sua saukunis dasasrulad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos _ sazRvari Sua saukunis istoriasa da axal dros Soris. dedamiwis sxvadasxva
regionSi feodalizmis Secvla sxvadasxva dros xdeboda da xdeba: daiwo XVIIs da grZeldeba Cvens
droSic: zogierT saxelmwifoSi dRemde SemorCa feodalur tradiciaTa narCenebi.
Sua saukuneebSi medicina sxva dargebTan mWidro kavSirSi viTardeboda. masze, bunebrivia,
didi zegavlena moaxdines iseTma dargebma rogoricaa: maTematika, meqanika, fizika, qimia da
sxva, filosofiuri sistemebis da swavlebebis Camoyalibebam, msoflio da nacionalurma religiebma,
iseTma msoflio masStabis movlenebma, rogoricaa jvarosnuli laSqrobebi, omebi, epidemiebi da
pandemiebi da bevri sxva.

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 medicina bizantiis imperiaSi

istoria. msoflio kulturis istoriaSi bizantiuri civilizacia

berZnul_romauli samyaros pirdapir memkvidred aris miCneuli. is aTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi
metad TviTmyofadi da brwyinvale kulturis centri iyo.
bizantiis anu aRmosavleT romis, rogorc mas Tanamedroveebi uwodebdnen, saxelmwifos istoria
jer kidev erTiani romis imperatoris konstantines (306_337) marTvis droidan iwyeba. es ukanaskneli
cnobilia rogorc pirveli qristiani monarqi, romelmac samsaukunovani sastiki devnis mere qristianoba
imperiaSi oficialurad daSvebul religiad gamoacxada. manve imperiis axali dedaqalaqi daafuZna da
saxelganTqmuli romidan bosforis sanapiroze, ZvelberZnul, mcire, magram metad karg geopolotikur
arealSi myof dasaxlebaSi _ bizantionSi gadmoitana. momavalSi orad gayofili romis imperiis
aRmosavleT nawils saxelic aqedan ewoda – bizantia. Tumca, es gacilebiT gvian moxdeba,
SuasaukuneebSi. momavali dedaqalaqis Seneba konstantinem 304w daiwyo. TviTon daudo
sazRvrebi: sazeimod gaiara momavali qalaqis perimetrze. mas surda Seeqmna dedaqalaqi, romelic
saukuneebis ganmalobaSi ukvdavyofda Semqmnelis saxels da maradiuli qalaqis, romis saxels
daCrdilavda. konstantines brZanebiT qalaq bizantionSi unda CamoeyvanaT yvelaze cnobili
arqiteqtorebi, mSeneblebi, moqandaqkeni. misi uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT qalaqSi 30 sasaxle da
taZari, 4 aTasze meti Senoba, cirki, ori Teatri, ipodromi, 150-ze meti abano da 8 wyalsacavi iqna
aSenebuli. romis yvela didebuli aiZules, rom mSenebare qalaqSi erTi bina mainc hqonoda. axali
dedaqalaqi 330 wlis maisSi sazeimod akurTxes. mas konstantinopoli ewoda. 1054 wlidan, bizantiis
imperiis dacemis Semdeg mas ukve stamboli hqvia.
IV saukunis bolos romis imperia SesamCnevad dasustda. mis CrdiloeT da dasavleT teritoriebs
sul ufro xSirad esxmodnen Tavs germanuli da sxva tomebi, romlebic dasavleT evropaSi “xalxis
gadasaxlebis” Sedegad gamoCndnen. romis imperiis aRmosavleTi nawili (romlis SemadgenlobaSi
Sedioda saberZneTi, mcire azia, egvipte) politikurad da ekonomikurad ufro Zlieri iyo. ukve
diokletianes dros (284_305), maT damoukidebeli mmarTveloba hqondaT, xolo 395 wels sabolood
gaemijnen roms da aRmosavleT romis imperiad (mogvianebiT, _ bizantiis imperia) iwodebodnen.
dasavleT romis imperiam, Cabmulma ganuwyvetel omebSi, dasustebulma monaTa ajanyebebiT
arcTu didxans iarseba: 476w. rugias tomebma odoakris xelmZRvanelobiT daaamxes imperatori
romul avgustusi da dasavleT imperiamac arseboba Sewyvita. is arsebobas mogvianebiT, germanuli
tomebis meTaurobiT Seqmnil saRvTo romis imperiis saxeliT gaagrZelebs.
momdevno saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gansxvavebuli bedi hqonda aRmosavleT romis imperias,
dedaqalaq konstantinopolTan erTad. ayvavebuli provinciebis ekonomikurma simyarem
uzrunvelhyo warmoebis, xelosnobis, miwaTmoqmedebis maRali done. gaifurCqna xelovneba,
literatura, mimdinareobda saeklesio da saero aRmSenebloba.
gacxovelebuli vaWroba gaCaRda arabeTTan, CineTTan da indoeTTan. imperiis mTavari
qalaqebi _konstantinopoli, kesaria, beiruTi, smirna- efeso, biblosi da sxva msxvil ekonomikur
da saxelovnebo centrebad iqcnen. antikuri kulturis pirdapiri memkvidre, bizantiis imperia
dadxans inaxavda Zveli romis tradiciebs: qalaqTmSenebloba, didi baRebi Senobebis irgvliv,
abanoebi, sasaxleebis mdidruli mowyoba, tansacmeli, sporti, cirki, laTinuri ena, politikuri ena,
taZrebi da literatura (Vs. idan Seicvala berZnulze).

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 bizantiis imperiam Tavis aseT siZlieres iustiniane I dros (527_565ww) miaRwia,
rodesac, dasavleTis miwebis dapyrobiT, TiTqmis ori saukuniT xmelTaSua zRva imperiis ”Sida
tbad” aqcia. VI saukuneSi bizantiis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda balkaneTi da mcire azia, egeosis zRvis kunZulebi
da CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTi zogierTi raioni, siria, palestina da
egvipte. mas Semdeg, rac bolo sami regioni VII saukuneSi arabebis mier iqna dapyrobili, is mainc
rCeboda umsxviles saxelmwifod Sua saukuneebis evropaSi. XII saukunis CaTvliT is
warmoadgenda yvelaze kulturul saxelmwifos evropaSi da didi gavlena hqonda mezobel
qveynebze, maT kulturul ganviTarebaze.
xmelTaSua zRvaze bizantiis savaWro floti XI saukunemde batonobda.
misi dedaqalaqi konstantinopoli iyo oqros xidi “dasavleT_aRmosavleT Soris,” “mefe qalaqebisa”
da “aRmosavleTis romi”.
1314w. konstantinopoli Turqebis mier iqna aRebuli, bizantiuri miwebi osmaleTis imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi Sevida da bizantiam, rogorc saxelmwifom Sewyvita Tavisi arseboba.
miuxedavad amisa, bizantiis imperiis zegavlena dasavleT da aRmosavleT qveynebSi mravali
aswleulis ganmalobaSi SeimCneoda. swored bizantiam Semoinaxa is antikuri tradiciebi, romlis
pirdapiri gadacema dasavleT evropaSi mizezTa da mizezTa gamo SeuZlebeli iyo.

sanitarul_teqnikuri mowyobilebani.
adreulma bizantiurma civilizaciam antikuri samyarodan memkvidreobiT maRali
aRmSeneblobiTi da sainJinro kultura miiRo: didi da im droisaTvis komfortuli sasaxleebi,
wyalsadenebi, abanoebi da a.S., rac mTeli ZaliT gamoixata konstantinopolis mSeneblobisas. qviani
niadagi, romelzedac Zveli qalaqi bizantioni iyo gaSenebuli aZnelebda sasmeli wylis Webis da
sakanalizacio sistemebis mowyobas, ufro metic, wyals, romelic Webs avsebda, mware _ mariliani
gemo hqonda da praqtikulad dasalevad uvargisi iyo. swored amitom, dedaqalaqis mSeneblobisas,
romelic ramodenime aTwleuls gagrZelda, erT_erT umTavres amocanad aqvedukebis
(wyalsadenebis) mSenebloba iqca. es ukanaskneli arqiteqturul nagebobas warmoadgenda, romelic
umetesad 2-3 sarTulian, TaRebze dayrdnobil kedels wamoadgenda, romlis Tavzec specialur
milebSi (arxebSi) sasmeli wyali miedineboda da qalaqis cisternebs, Sadrevnebs avsebda. am
gonierad gamoTvlili hidroteqnikuri nagebobebis umetesoba konstantine didis, valentisa da
iustiniane I-is dros, IV-VI saukuneebSi iyo aSenebuli.
valentis or sarTuliani wyalsadeni erT_erT uZveles akveduks warmoadgens, romelic dRemde
Soris SemorCa konstantinopolSi. misi Seneba daiwyo IIs. imperator adrianes dros da IV saukuneSi
imperator valentis zeobisas dasrulda. 23 metris simaRlis orsarTuliani wyalsadeni 625 metrze iyo
gadaWimuli. is mTel qalaqs kveTda erTi bolodan meoreSi, gadadioda gzebze da saxlebis
saxuravebze. daaxloebiT amave periodisaa (iustine I-is mefoba) meore aqvedukic, is oTxi
sarTulisagan Sedgeba, simaRle 16m-ia, sigane _ 140m.
(abzaciT)konstantinopolis avtoriteti, rogorc praqtikulad auRebeli qalaqisa, garkveulwilad
sasmeli wylis ulevi maragiTa da misi saimedo daculobiTac iyo ganpirobebuli. wylis savse
cisternebi Rrmad miwis qveS (qalaqis proeqciaze) iyo ganlagebuli. isini dRemdea SemorCenili.
magaliTad, bazilikis cisterna (ierebatan_sarai), sasaxle romelic Cavarda miwaSi. misi zomebi
uzarmazaria: sigrZe 112m, sigane 61m, simaRle 13,5m. gumbaTi anu mrgvali Weri 336 svetiT aris
gamagrebuli. Cvenamde moRweul am cisternaSi sufTa wyalia. am droisaTvis ierebatan_sarai
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warmoadgens aia-sofias taZris muzeumis filials, romlis siaxlovesac is mdebareobs. wyalsacavis
daTvaliereba navebiT SeiZleba.
daxvewilma arqiteqturam da teqnikurma mowyobam am wyalsacavebs aqvedukebTan erTad
istoriuli, zogadsakacobrio Zeglis statusi mianiWa da bizantiuri kulturis erTerT unikalur
gamovlinebadaa miCneuli. konstantinipolsa da sxva Zvel bizantiur qalaqebSi, TiTqmis yvelgan iyo
abanoebi iyo mowyobili. abanosa da saerTod, piradi higienis dacvas bizantiaSi Zalze didi
yuradReba eTmoboda. dedaqalaqis abanoebi Cvelebisamebr ramodenime Senobisagan Sedgeboda.
maTSi cxeli wyali mudmivad moedineboda. provinciul abanoebs gansxvavebuli saxe hqonda da
gaTbobis sistemac naklebad daxvewili hqondaT. samonastro kompleqsebTan axlos ki mcire zomis
abanoebi Sendeboda: bermonazonTaTvis da iq Sefarebuli xalxisTvis _ upovarTaTvis da
avadmyofebisTvis. abano samkurnalo adgilad rCeboda: eqimebi avadmyofebs garkveul
daavadebebisgan cxeli da grili wylis abazanebiT kurnavdnen, miTumetes Tu es wyali mdidari
mineraluri Semcvelobisa iyo.
bizantiuri mecniereba da religia
mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze bizantia imperia iyo anu is mravali eris politikur
gaerTianebas warmoadgenda. mis uSualo sazRvrebSi xan mTeli qveynebi, xan ki maTi garkveuli
provinciebi eqceoda. garda amisa, bizantias mTels aRmosavleTSi da albaT, msoflioSi erTerTi
ZiriTadi politikuri moTamaSis statusi hqonda da misi zegavlena mezoblebsa Tu moSorebiT
ganlagebul qveynebze udao iyo. kulturul aspeqtSi ki misi roli kidev ufro TvalsaCino Cans. berZnuli
ena saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi msoflios samecniero, saerTaSoriso-saurTierTobo da sareligio iyo.
imdenad, rom dRes TiTqmis SeuZlebelia gaverkveT TiToeuli eTnosis mier saerTo bizantiur
kulturaSi Setanil wvlilSi. im drois saeklesio da kulturis moRvaweTa udidesi nawili berZnulad
werda da metyvelebda. axlo qristianul aRmosavleTSi mxolod qarTvelebis, somxebis da sirielebis
sakuTar, mSobliur enaze naTqvami woniani sityva Tu moCans mxolod. am erebis Svilebis didi
nawili ki mainc berZnulad qmnida da utovebda STamomavlobas.
(abzaciT)warmateba mecnierebasa da xelovnebaSi, TeologiaSi uzarmazari iyo.
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba im dargebis codnas eqceoda, romelic praqtikasTan mWidro kavSirSi
moiazreboda, pirvel yovlisa _ soflis meurneoba, medicina, mSenebloba, zRvaosnoba.
bizantiaSi, am droisaTvis, yvela mecnierebis zogadi safuZveli, tradiciisamebr ara filosofia, aramed
TeologiaA(berZ. theologia; theo_RmerTi; logos_swavleba) Seiqna. bizantiaSi qristianoba swrafad
vrceldeboda. is bunebriv winaaRmdegobaSi movida tradiciul warmarTul religiasTan da amasTan,
mdidar antikur filosofiasTan. warmarToba qristianobasTan erTad did xans Sefarulad
Tanaarsebobda bizantiis imperiaSi, iseve rogorc mezobel, maRali kulturis mqone saxelmwifoebSi
(saqarTvelo, somxeTi, siria). IV_V saukunis qristianuli eklesiis didi mamebi xSirad warmarTuli
skolebidan, warmarTuli ojxebidan modiodnen da amdenad maTSi yovelTvis Rvioda survili ar
daekargaT qristianobamdeli msoflios inteleqtualuri monapovari, enaxaT gzebi da saSualebebi
saerTo konceptualuri bazisis SenarCunebisa.
(abzaciT)didi kapadokieli mama basili didi (330_379), romelmac ganaTleba aTenis umaRles
skolaSi miiRo, Tavis nawarmoebSi didi pativiscemiT moixseniebs antikur kulturul memkvidreobas.
is darwmunebiT amtkicebda, rom antikurma literaturam iwinaswarmetyvela da erTgvari safuZvelic
ki moamzada kidec qristianobis gamarjvebisaTvis, ufro metic basili didi, rogorc sxva adreqristianuli
mwerlebi, (gadabmulad) amtkicebda, rom saWiro iyo iseTi sayovelTao ganaTleba, rogorsac

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didebulebi, im drois aristokratebi iRebdnen. man Tavis ZmasTan _ grigol noselTan da grigol
nazianzelTan (RvTismetyvelTan) erTad Seqmna mwyobri Teologiuri koncefcia, sadac is antikuri
filosofosebis (gansakuTrebiT, _ platonis) naazrevSi xedavda qristianuli azrovnebis winapirobas da
amdenad mTel am uzarmazar memkvidreobas sasargeblod miiCnevda. es iyo qristianuli da albaT,
msoflio civilizaciis ganviTarebis realuri da yvelaze efeqturi, yovelmxriv gamarTlebuli da misaRebi,
kulturuli uwyvetobis gza. kapadokia, romelic romis imperiis vasalad iqca didi miTridate VI-is
damarcxebis Semdeg, rogorc cnobilia, ZiriTadad qarTveluri tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da maTi
oficialuri ena, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, imperiuli _ bizantiuri berZnuli _ iyo. basilisa da ori
grigolis gamorCeuli popularoba saqarTveloSi, rogorc mecnierebi varaudoben, maTi kapadokiuri
warmomavlobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. maT naazrevs evropaSi aTasi wlis mere gaixseneben, roca dRis
wesrigSi renesansis ideologiuri safanelis Zieba dadgeba. albaT amiT aixsneba basil didis
naSromebiT (”equsTa dReTa” da ”mxecTaTvis saxis sityuai”) da grigol noselis TxzulebiT (”kacisa
Sesaqme”) qarTvelTa daintereseba, rac dasturdeba sxvadasxva periodis qarTul qristianul kerebSi
Sesrulebuli TargmanebiT.
(abzaciT)manamde ki bizantieli qristianebi sruliad samarTlianad iCemeben didi romis imperiis
memkvidris saxels. saxeladac aRmosavleT romis imperia hqviaT. bizantia maT Zalze gvian
daerqmevaT, maSin, rodesac TviT bizantiis imperia aRar iarsebebs. darCenili antikuri
memkvidreobidan gansakuTrebiT imas CaeWidebian, rac qristianobis ganmtkicebas uwyobs xels.
kapadokieli mamebis mier Seqmnili qristianuli literatura Seiqneba safuZveli mecnierebis da
literaturis, xelovnebis ganviTarebisa.
(abzaciT)Sua saukunis qristianoba saxelmwifo ideologiad gaxdomis Semdeg, warmarTavda
sazogadoebriv da politikur cxovrebas. qristianul saxelmwifoebrivi doqtorinas ganmsazRvreli
zegavlena hqonda imperiis yoveldRiurobasa da istoriul perspeqtivaze: ideologiaze, kulturaze,
filosofiaze, istoriografiaze, literaturaze, xelovnebasa da sxvadasxva saxis sistemur codnaze, maT
Soris medicinaze.

samedicino codnis ganviTareba

bizantiis imperiaSi medicinis Sewavlis mTavar wyarod da safuZvlad
“hipokrates krebuli” da galenis naSromi iTvleboda. am TxzulebaTa Sinaarsi da paTosi
metnaklebad Seesatyviseboda qristianul sulierebas. aRniSnul nawarmoebTa bazisze Seiqmna rigi
kompilaciebisa, romelTac gansazRvres kidec am epoqisa da geografiuli arealis samedicino profili.
(abzaciT)mecnieruli Zieba avadmyofobis bunebis da meqnizmebis Sesaxeb garkveulwilad
(gadabmulad) SeCerda da pirvel planze wamoiwia praqtikuli medicinis ganviTarebis aucileblobam.
(abzaciT)bizantieli eqimebi am droisaTvis akeTeben TavianTi gamocdilebis erTgvar
Sejamebas, azusteben sxvadasxva mcenaris aRwerasa da maT samkurnalo Tvisebebs. imperiaSi
mcenareul wamlebisadmi interesi imdenad didi iyo, rom botanika praqtikulad medicinis dargad
gadaiqca, romelic yvela samkurnalo mcenares da misi gamoyenebis gzebs Seiswavlida.
(abzaciT)codna mcenareebis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad antikuri periodis naSromebSi iyo akumulirebuli,
romelTa avtorebi iyvnen “botanikis mama”_ Teofraste (theophrastus, 372-287ss.) da romaeli
samxedro eqimi dioskoridi, warmoSobiT mcireazieli. misi naSromi samkurnalo saSualebebis
resursebis Seaxeb “samedicino nivTierebebi” (De Materia Medica) daaxloebiT Teqvsmeti
aswleulis ganmalobaSi iyo Seucvleli, unikaluri wigni farmacevtebisa da eqimebisaTvis wamlebisa

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da misi resursebis, damzadebisa da formebis Sesaxeb. droTa ganmavlobaSi wamlebis damzadebis
xelovnebiT qimikosebi dainteresdnen. Sua saukunis periodisaTvis qimia, rogorc mecniereba jer
kidev ar iyo Camoyalibebuli: iyo xana monacemebis dagrovebisa da am ukanasknelma sakmaod
moiyara Tavi. adgendnen specialur jgufebs, romlebic moipovebdnen msoflioSi arsebul miRwevebs
(magaliTad, arabebisgan) da qmnidnen saxvadasxva nivTierebebs, iseTebs, rogoricaa saRebavebi,
nelsacxeblebi da rasakvirvelia, wamlebi. saWiro informaciis da codnis dagrovebas qimias alqimiac
(laT.alchemia) waexmara, romelsac pirvel saukuneSi Caeyara safuZveli da man umaRles
ganviTarebas Sua saukuneebSi miaRwia. alqimikosebs sjerodaT metalis transmutaciuri Tvisebis _
qimiuri reaqciebis saSualebiT oqros, vercxlis da sxva Zvirfasi metalebis miRebis SesaZleblobisa.
isini dakavebulni iyvnen filosofiuri qvis ZiebiT da iseTi eleqsiris SeqmniT, romelic adamians
avadmyofobisagan gaanTavisuflebda da xangrZliv cxovrebas uzrunvelyofda (ukvdavebasac-ki).
miuxedavad imisa, rom alqimikosebis Sroma mTavari Sedegis misaRwevad ganwiruli iyo, maTma
mecadineobam didad Seuwyo xeli codnis gafarToebas qimiur_teqnologiur procesebis arssa da
maTi Seswavlis meTodebSi, aseve wamlebis miRebis xerxebsa da maTi moqmedebis
meqanizmebSi. IV_VII saukuneebis erTi SexedviT qaoturma epoqam ufro meti werilobiTi
samedicino naSromi datova, vidre bizantiis mTelma Semdgomma istoriam. (gadabmulad) es iyo is
periodi, rodesac iqmneboda mravaltomiani enciklopediebi, (gadabmulad) romelic antikuri epoqis
berZeni da bizantieli eqimebis naSromebs aerTianebda.
bizantiaSi erT_erTi yvelaze saxelganTqmuli eqimi oribazi iyo, warmomavlobiT
mcireazieli, werda berZenulad (ლათ. Oribasius, 325-403). man medicina aleqsandriaSi Seiswavla,
romelic im droisaTvis jer kidev inarCunebda xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi umsxvilesi samedicino
centris reputacias. misi maswavlebeli iyo im droisaTvis cnobili eqimi zenoni. oribazi iyo imperator
iulianes megobari da eqimi (360-363). sakmaod wignierma imperatorma qristianuli religia ar miiRo
da yvelanairad cdilobda SeenarCunebina da ganeviTarebina antikuri, warmarTuli civilizaciis
memkvidreoba. es, rasakvirvelia, medicinasac exeboda. misi TxovniT oribazma 361 wels Seqmna
Tavisi umTavresi enciklopediuri Txzuleba “saeqimo krebuli”, (Collecta Medicinalia), 72 wignad,
aqedan Cvenamde mxolod 27-ma moaRwia. oribazma am tomeulSi aRwera da sistemaSi moiyvana
mTeli saeqimo memkvidreoba hipokratedan galenamde, gaanaliza herodotes dioskoridis, diokles da
sxva antikuri avtorebis naSromebi. sakutari Svilis _ evstaTes (gadabmulad) TxovniT, romelic aseve
medicinas swavlobda, oribasma Tavisi naSromis Semoklebuli variantic Seadgina: e.w. “sinopsisi”,
(ბერძ.synopsis- mimoxilva), 9 (gadabmulad) wignad. es ukanaskneli iqca ZiriTad
saxelmZRvanelod saeqimo mecnierebis SemswavlelTaTvis. (gadabmulad) ”sinopsisidan” kidev
ufro mokle variantic Seiqmna: is gankuTvnili iyo ukve araeqimTaTvis, saxlis pirobebSi wamlebis
damzadebis rCevebs Seicavda da Zalze popularuli Seiqna, saxelad: ”yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi
wamlebi” (Euporista). (gadabmulad) orive naSromi V saukuneSi laTinur enaze iqna gadaTargmnili
da Cvenamde (gadabmulad) srulad moaRwia. (gadabmulad) oribazi, antikuri tradiciebisadmi da
praqtikulad warmarTuli rwmenis erTgulebisadmi, qristianul eklesiasTan bunebriv konfliqtSi
imyofeboda. misi mfarvelis, imperator iulianes 363 wels sparsul laSqrobaSi daRupvis Semdeg is
droebiT gandevnili iqna konstantinopolidan.
(abzaciT)oribazis Semdeg bizantiaSi ramdenime cnobili enciklopedisti_eqimi moRvaweobda.
maT Soris iyo aeciusi amididan (berZ. aecios.laT. aetius (gadabmulad) amidenus 502-572),
romelic pirveli gamoCenili qristiani eqimi gaxldaT bizantiaSi. is erTxans aleqsandriaSi swavlobda

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da samefo karze warmatebebi hqonda: mefis amalis Tavkaci da imperatoris (iustinianes dros) karis
eqimic-ki iyo. aeciusis inteleqtualuri memkvidreoba _ samedicino profilis saxelmZRvanelo _ 16
tomisgan Semdgari e.w. ”oTxwigneulia” (tetrabiblos), romelic ZiriTadad galenis, oribazis, soran
efeselis da sxvaTa gonivrulad Sedgenili kompilaciaa. amasTan, mas farTod moaqvs receptura
egvipturi da eTiopuri medicinidan, romelsac is, rogorc ukve iTqva, kargad icnobda da logikuria,
rom misi Txzulebebi im drois mTeli xmelTaSuazRvispireTis medicinis erTgvar dajamebad
miviCnioT.
aeciusis TanamedroveTagan cnobili iyo aleqsandre tralidan (laT.
Alexander Trallianus, daaxl.525-605). is eqimis ojaxidan iyo, misi Zma ki konstantinopolSi aia-
sofias taZris mSenebeli, arqiteqtori anTimiosi gaxldaT. aleqsandres 12 tomiani naSromi Sinagani
daavadebisa da maTi mkurnalobis Sesaxeb metad popularuli iyo mTeli Suasaukuneebis
ganmalobaSi. is laTinuradac (Libri Duodecim de re Medica) Targmnes, aseve arabul, siriul da
ebraul enebze da amdenad, is farTod iyo cnobili rogorc dasavleT aseve aRmosavleT qveynebSi.
mas mTel msoflioSi ”aleqsandre mkurnals” ( Alexander Jatros) uwodebdnen. aleqsandres
didtaniani Txzulebis ZiriTad wyaros misi mdidari saeqimo praqtika warmoadgenda. sizuste
(gadabmulad) diagnostikaSi da daavadebis mizezTa Ziebisadmi ltolva SesamCnevad (gadabmulad)
ganasxvavebda aleqsandres sxva kolegebisagan. misa azriT: “eqimi, Tavis gamocdilebasa da
codnaze dayrdnobiT, valdebulia gamoikvlios yvelaferi is rac, misi rwmeniT, kacobriobas sargebels
moutans”. (gadabmulad) is Tavs uflebas aZlevda zogierT sakiTxSi galensac ki ar daTanxmeboda da
mis mosazrebebs akritikebda. traleli eqimis erTerT umTavres amocanad (gadabmulad) profilaqtikas
miiCnevda. is, msgavsad misi kolegebisa, bevrs mogzaurobda da xSirad sxvasxva qveyanaSi
cxovrobda: galiaSi, saberZneTsa da afrikaSi, italiaSi. gardaicvala romSi, sadac papis, gregori didis
mier (590_604), miwveviT qalaqis arqiatris movaleobas asrulebda Wiris epidemiis dros. es saSineli
epidemia, romelic egviptidan gavrcelda evropaSi, 60 weli grZeldeboda da mTeli
xmelTaSuazRvispireTi mosaxleobisgan dacala.
marto konstantinopolSi yoveldRiurad, epidemiis mZvinvarebis pikze, 542 wels ramdenime aTasi
adamiani kvdeboda.
bizantiis gamoCenili eqimi iyo pavle egineli (berZ. Paulos, laT. Paulus Aegineta, 625-690).
misi moRvaweoba mTlianad aris dakavSirebuli aleqsandriasTan, sadac is swavlobda da muSaobda.
am dros egvipte bizantiis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. mas mere, rac es qveyana arabebma
daipyres, pavle mSobliur qalaqSi darCa da didi pativiT sargeblobda dampyrobelTagan. isini
afasabdnen mas, rogorc qirurgs, ginekologs da Seudarebel aRmzrdels.
pavlem ori didi naSromi datova: erTi _ qalTa daavadebis Sesaxeb (romelmac, samwuxarod,
Cvenamde ver moaRwia) da mediko_qirurgiuli krebuli 7 wignad “Compendii Medici Libri Septem”.
pavles naSromi azris originalobiT, gadmocemis sizustiT da sagnis zedmiwevniTi codniT
gamoirCeva. berZnulma aRmosavleTma ufro adre gaigo da daafasa es naSromi, laTinurma
dasavleTma cota gvian, magram mTeli Suasaukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iyenebda mas, rogorc
ZiriTad saxelmZRvanelos. gansakuTrebul Rirebulebas am naSromis meeqvse (gadabmulad) wigni
warmoadgens: VII sukunisaTvis qirurgiis ganviTarebis srulyofoli mimoxilva da analizi _ mcire
qirurgia, swavleba motexilobebis, amovardnasa da amputaciebis Sesaxeb, muclis Rrus, samxedro
da plastikuri qirurgia). renesansis epoqaSi, medicinis fakultetebis Camoyalibebisas (magaliTad,
parizis universiteti) qirurgiis Sesaswavlad mxolod pavles naSroms aZlevdnen upiratesobas. masSi

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aRwerili radikaluri operaciebi klasikurad XVII saukunemde iTvleboda, xolo TviTon pavles yvelaze
gambedavi qirurgis reputacia hqonda.
Aunda iTqvas, rom, rom droTa ganmalobaSi bizantieli eqimebi ara marto antikur
memkvidreobas eyrdnobian, aramed asparezze gamoCenil maRali xarisxis arabulenovan
samedicino-samecniero literaturasac etanebian: Targmnian, aanalizeben. popularuli gaxda wamlebis
arabuli receptebi. bunebrivia, rom arabuli medicinis gavlena igrZnoba gvian bizantiel avtorTa
naSromebSi. maT Sorisaa simeon seTis (Simeon Seth, IXs.) naSromi sakvebis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb
da nikoloz mirepsis (Nicolaus Mirepsus, XIII s.) wigni wamalTmcodneobaze (“Opus
Medicamentorum”), romelic XVIII saukunemde gamoiyeneboda universitetebSi.

saavadmyofoebi
samonastro saavadmyofoebis da saerTod, saavadmyofoebis Tema mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
rogorc bizantiis, aseve mcireaziuli da kavkasiuri qveynebis istoriasTan.
samonastro saqmis istoria IV saukunis dasawyisSi daiwyo, rodesac egviptis teritoriaze
pirveli meudabnoeebi gaCndnen. es beruli cxovrebis sawyisi forma iyo. misi damaarsebeli andria
didi sulieri simaRlis dasaufleblad da adamianTa codvili sazogadoebisgan gansarideblad srul
simartovesa da asketur, yovelgvar adamianuri vnebebisgan daclil yofas arCevda. man Tavisi
qoneba upovarT dauriga, wavida udabnoSi da male magaliTi gaxda uamravi adamianisTvis.
udabnos pirveli mcxovrebni _ anahoretebi ( berZ. Anahoretes-ganmartoebuli, meudabnoe)
martosuli, moxetiale an dausaxlebel adgilas mcxovrebi berebi iyvnen. Ppirveli saerTo sacxovrebeli
monasteri _ kinovia (berZ. Kinovios, kino-saerTo, vios-cxovreba) egvipteSi 320 wels iqna
daarsebuli. amis Semdgom samonastro cxovreba mTel qristianul aRmosavleTs moedo: palestinaSi,
siriaSi, saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi, bizantiis imperiis mTel teritoriaze. droTa ganmalobaSi berebma
ufri aqtiurad daiwyes saero saqmeebiT daintereseba, rac mosaxleobisaTvis sxvadasxva saxis
daxmarebaSi gamoixateboda. monasteri TandaTanobiT gaxda adgili, sadac intensiuri kulturuli
saqmianoba duRda: kiTxulobdnen, werdnen da ^Targmnidnen wignebs. kargad organizebulma
saqmem da disciplinam, maRalma sulierebam da idealebisadmi erTgulebam monastrebs misca
saSualeba Znelbedobis drosac ki ar Seewyvita saqmianoba. xolo omisa da epidemiebis dros
sneulebi da daWrilebi, mSvidobianobisas moxucebulebi da bavSvebi, upovarni, daxmarebis
moimede yvela adamiani Seefarebina. ase Seiqmna pirveli samonastro TavSesafrebi, romelTac
qsenodoqiebi (xenodochio –sastumro-funduki, berZn.xenos –ucxo, dochio-saTavso) ewodebodaT
da samonastro saavadmyofoebis pirvel saxes warmoadgenda.
monastrebi mkacrad arCevdnen saeklesio da saero literaturidan imas, rac, rasakvirvelia,
eklesiis poziciidan gamomdinare misaRebi iyo da saWiro iyo maTi Targmna, gamravleba, Senaxva
da komentari. Aam gadarCevis Sedegze iyo damokidebuli mecnierebis da kulturis momavali. adreul
Sua saukuneebSi bizantiasa da qristianul aRmosavleTSi mTlianad, laTinur dasavleTTan SedarebiT
saavadmyofo saqme Seudareblad maRal doneze iyo.P
pirveli didi qristianuli saavadmyofo kapadokiis kesariaSi, 370 wels, basili didma aaSena. is
patara qalaqs hgavda: im droisaTvis cnobili yvela daavadebiT dasneulebulTaTvis calke nageboba
iyo gamoyofili, sadac aramarto mkurnalobdnen, aramed Seiswavlidnen kidec nozologiebs. kidev
ufro Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, sevastiaSi, ukve IV sukuneSi ganTqmuli iyo savadmyofo
gaWirvebulTaTvis, ucxoelTaTvis, invalidebisaTvis, xolo kidev ufro sainteresod moCans KV

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saukuneSi, bizantiis uSualo mezoblobaSi, qarTlis (aRm. saqarTvelo) dedoflis bakurduxtis mier
qveynis Semosasvlel gzebsa da mTavar gzajvaredinebze saaavadmyofo-sastumroebis ageba. es
dawesebulebebi yvelaferTan erTad sakarantino funqciasac asrulebdnen da qveyanas
epidemiebisagan icavdnen. analogia im periodis msoflioSi arsebuli monacemebiT ar Cans.
bizantiaSi, droTa ganmavlobaSi, saavadmyofo saqme warmatebiT viTardeboda da
Tanamedrove TvalTaxedviT yvela SesaZlo srulyofilebas XII saukuneSi ioane II dros miaRwia.
konatantinopolis pantokratoris saavadmyofoSi 5 ganyofileba iyo, romelSic calke Sedioda qalTa
daavadebebis ganyofileba. saavadmyofo loginTa saerTo ricxvi 50-s aRwevda. eqimebis mudmivi
Stati muSaobda. specialistebi (qirurgebis, meanebi) da maTi damxmareebi, TveSi erTxel cvlidnen
erTmaneTs. yovel ganyofilebaSi ori eqimi iyo, romlebic ambulatoriul avadmyofebsac iRebdnen.
Eanazraurebas eqimebi iRebdnen fuliT da produqtebiT, sargeblobdnen ufaso samonastro
sacxovrebliT da cxenebiT. Tumca maT, imperatoris specialuri nebarTvis gareSe kerZo praqtikis
ufleba ar hqondaT.
savadmyofosTan samedicino skolac funqciobda, sadac axalgazrdebi saeqimo xelovnebas
euflebodnen.

ganaTleba da medicina.
adreul Sua saukuneebSi ganaTlebas bizantiis imperiaSi saero xasiaTi hqonda. IV_VIIss.
Mmis ZiriTad samecnier-kulturul centrebad antikuri qalaqebi rCeboda. aleqsandria, rogorc
yovelTvis, samedicino skoliT gamoirCeoda, romelic arabebis dapyrobis Semdegac (VIIIs.
dasawyisi) ar wyvetda funqciobas.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, aleqsandriis samedicino skolam mogvca medicinis iseTi korifeebi,
rogoricaa: oribazi, aeciusi, pavle egineli da sxva gamoCenili bizantieli eqimebi. aTenSi _ ritorikisa
da filosofiis (gadabmulad) dedaqalaqSi _ muSaobas ganagrZobdnen. platonis mier daarsebuli
akademia (daixura iustinianes dros). BbeiruTi iuridiuli ganaTlebis centri iyo. gaaza ritorikuli skoliT
iwonebda Tavs, romelic elinur tradiciebs didi (gadabmulad) xnis ganmalobaSi inarCunebda.
swavleba aq berZnul enaze mimdinareobda.
ganaTlebis safuZvlad antikuri avtorebis qristianul yaidaze gawyobili nawarmoebebi ido.
ufro metic, RvTismetyveleba ar iswavleboda konstantinopolis erTaderT universitetSi _
”auditoriumSi” (”Auditorium Specaliter Nostrum”) romelic Teodosi II-m 425 wels daarsa.
samagierod, Teologiuri mecniereba da praqtika bizantiuri akademiebis da skolebis kedlebSi
umaRles mwvervalebs aRwevda da mTeli qristianuli samyaros gamorCeul centrebad iyo
aRiarebuli. filosofiiT zedmet gatacebas, bizantieli wmida mamebis azriT, adamiani eresamde
mihyavda, xolo misi naklovaneba azrisa da rwmenis simtkices vnebda. yvela mecniereba da maT
Soris filosofia is sawyisi etapi iyo ganaTlebisa, romelic safuZvels uyrida RvTismetyvelebaSi
sabolood daxvewasa da maRali sulierebis miRwevas.
medicina bizantiis ganaTlebis programaSi moiazreboda da oTx saganTan erTad mWidro
kavSirSi Seiswavleboda _ maTematika, geometria, astrologia da musika. maT erTiani saxeli erqvaT
_ “Quadrivium” (laT. oTxgzoba, gzajvaredini). AamaT garda iswavleboda “Trivium”-ic: gramatika,
dialeqtika da ritorika. Mswavlebis es forma saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi SenarCunda da safuZvlad
daedo mTel momdevno dasavleTevropul sauniversiteto saganmanaTleblo sistemas.
miuxedavad Tavisi praqtikuli xasiaTisa, medicina bizantiaSi Teoriul disciplinad rCeboda da
antikuri periodis moRvaweTa TxzulebebiT iswavleboda. axals anatomiisa da fiziologiis kuTxiT
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veravin Tavazobda da amitomac ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanili iqna mkurnalobis meTodebze, axali
samkurnalo saSualebebis Seqmnaze. Tu adreul SuasaukuneebSi bizantiaSi (gadabmulad)
aleqsandriuli skola gamoirCeoda da yvela eqimobis msurveli mas etaneboda, mogvianebiT,
saeqimo_saganmanaTleblo centrebad konstantinopoli da oxrida (makedonia) iqca.
(abzaciT)Tanamedroveni aRniSnaven, rom medicinis swavleba diskusiis xasiaTs atarebda.
swavlebis damTavrebisas, specialur kolegiasTan gamocdebis Cabarebis Semdeg (gadabmulad)
iRebdnen specialuri mowmobas, romelic samedicino skolis damTavrebas adasturebda. maT
SeeZloT daekavebinaT saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba da arqiatris wodebac mieRoT. Tumca, rogorc
amboben, umetes SemTxvevaSi isini kerZo praqtikas arCevdnen.
bizantiis imperiis vrcel teritoriaze dRes mravali saxelmwifoa ganTavsebuli: saberZneTi,
bulgareTi, iugoslaviis yofili qveynebi, rumineTi, TurqeTi, ungreTi, italia, egvipte da
SuazRvispireTis sxva qveyanebi. aTi saukunis ganmalobaSi bizantiam SeZlo SeenarCunebina
antikuri kulturuli memkvidreoba, ganeviTarebina, sistemaSi moeyvana da amve dros Seqmna
sakuTari, didi, TviTmyofadi kultura da civilizacia, romelmac udidesi da albaT gadamwyveti
zegavlena moaxdina mTeli msoflios da gansakuTrebiT dasavluri samyaros Semdgom
ganviTarebasa da formirebaze.

Suasaukuneebis qarTuli medicina

grigol xancTeli da xancTis savane. arabTa eqspansiis pirobebSi, VIII saukunidan

moyolebuli, qarTulma politikurma da kulturulma RerZma samxreT-dasavleTiT gadaiwia da
aqedan gamomdinare, tao-klarjeTis sasuliero centrebSi xdeboda nebismieri, kulturologiuri Tu
saerTaSoriso politikuri koncefciis formireba. aq, xanZTaSi, SatberdSi, iSxanSi, oSksa Tu parxalSi
mecadineobdnen berebi: gadaswerdnen, Targmnidnen, originalur Txzulebebs hqmnidnen. SatbertSi
pirvelad iTargmna berZnulidan qarTulad basili didis „mxecTaTvis saxis sityuai“, „equsTa dReTa“
da grigol noselis „kacisa Sesaqme“. Targmani ekuTvnis giorgi aTonels-mTawmindels, xolo
gadawerilia grigol vaCeZorelis mier.
grigol xancTeli, qarTveli didgvarovani, adre ganerida saerisTao kars da xanZTis udabnos
miaSura. mas, rogorc Cans, didi da metad mniSvnelovan saqmes iyo mokidebuli da misi
ganxorcieleba mxolod sruli Tavisuflebis pirobebSi SeiZleboda. man es misia brwyinvaled aRasrula.
es iyo Sidaerovnuli gamaerTianebeli dvritis migneba, saerTaSoriso politikuri orientirebis
arCeva da `friadi qveynis~ - qarTlis anu mTlianad saqarTvelos erTiani aRqma da dafuZneba.
am uaRresad did pirovnebas cxovrebis wesic ubadlo hqonda. xanZTis monastrisa Tu mis
mimdebare eklesia-monastrebSi man da misma mowafem - epifanem intensiuri saeqimo
saqmianoba gaaCaRes. hagiografi giorgi merCule, zogierT im daavadebaTagans, romelTac berebi
mkurnaloben, ubralod axsenebs (ar CamoTvlis): mteri (epilefsia), kidurebis dambla, sisxldenebi,
wrdiali (nikrisi, podagra), dabadebidan yru-munjoba, simsivneebi da a.S. sainteresoa, rom mamaTa
monastrebSi berebi ginekologiuri daavadebebiT Sepyrobil qalebsac ki sinjavdnen da
mkurnalobdnen.
rasakvirvelia, sruliad bunebrivia, rom xanZTis sakmaod didi da mravalSenobian monasterSi
sasneuloc yofiliyo. Tumca dResdReobiT es dadgenilad ver CaiTvleba im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom

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arqeologiuri gaTxrebi aq praqtikulad aravis uwarmoebia. rogorc ukve iTqva, monastersa da mis
daqvemdebarebul sxva centrebSi intensiuri samwignobro moRvaweoba mimdinareobda, ris
Sedegadac mravali anatomiur-fiziologiuri traqtati SemogvrCa.
wm. ilarion qarTveli. iSviaTia vinme qarTvel wmindanTa da saeklesio moRvaweTagani,
romlis Sesaxebac amdeni ram vicodeT: warmomavloba da ojaxi, moRvaweobis wlebi da adgilebi,
misdami damokidebuleba da a.S. aseve ucnauria isic, Tu rogor amoiSanTa am udidesi saeklesio
moRvawisa da pirveli sikaSkaSis wmindanis saxeli berZnul mwerlobasa da liturgiaSi. faqtia, _
amoSanTes. es, albaT, arcaa gasakviri, roca igive berZnul analebSi versad waawydebiT daviT didi
kuropalatis saxels. adamianisa, romelmac bizantiis daRupva sul cota 500 wliT gadasdo da udidesi
amagi dasdo qristianobas. rom ara daviTi, dRevandeli saqristiano, gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba
iTqvas, Zneli warmosadgeni iqneboda.
wmida ilarion qarTvelis irgvliv sakmao hagiografiuli masalaa Segrovili. is 4 redaqcias (oc
erTeuls) moicavs da asea ganawilebuli: 1 vrceli aTonuri redaqcia, 2 mokle aTonuri redaqcia, 9
metafrasuli redaqcia da 8 _ svinaqsaruli. Seqmnilia sami sagalobeli: erTi zosimesi, romelic aTonur
samwerlobo wres ganekuTvneba da erTic, Tavisi stilistikiT gansxvavebuli da ufro adreuli, sadRac
saqarTveloSi unda Seqmniliyo. avtori ucnobia. mesame sagalobeli SedarebiT gviandelia. aRniSnuli
masala XII saukunemdea Seqmnili da dRes is fundamenturad aris Seswavlili qarTveli da ucxoeli
avtorebis mier. sabolood yvelafer amas Tavi mouyara da gaanaliza q_nma manana dolaqiZem
(`ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebis Zveli redaqciebi~. 1974w.). Cvenc ZiriTadad am monografias
veyrdnobiT, Tumca, aramarto.
wm. ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebas pirvelad mari brose Seexo, Semdgom dimitri baqraZe,
aleqsandre cagareli da mose janaSvilic dainteresdnen. rusulad `cxoreba~ 1860w. muraviovma
Targmna, igive moimoqmeda mogvianebiT da ase vTqvaT `sakuTari versiac~ Seqmna m.
sabininma. mxedvelobaSi maqvs is cnobebi da damatebebi, rac man adreul vrcel redaqciebs
Sehmata.
rasakvirvelia, am saintereso sakiTxs verc niko mari auvlida gverds.
albert fogti Tavis monografiaSi basili I makedonelis Sesaxeb sakmaod vrclad exeba wm.
ilarionis biografias.
kirion II (saZagliSvili) iziarebs mecnierTa mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas wm. ilarionis
`cxorebis~ SeqmnaSi eqvTime aTonelis damsaxurebis Sesaxeb. kamaTi am sakiTxis irgvliv _
adreuli redaqciebis qronologiis, avtorobisa da urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb grZeldeba. Tumca-ki, q-
n manana dolaqiZis argumentirebuli msjelobis Semdgom, ukve sistemad qceul mosazrebebSi raime
koreqtivis Setana gaZneldeba. gansakuTrebiT safuZvlianad am sakiTxs akademikosi korneli
kekeliZe Seexo. sxvadasxva dros wm. ilarion qarTvelis Sesaxeb werdnen p. peetersi (`cxoreba~
Targmna laTinurad 1913w), m. vanesbroki, p. parguari, qr. loparevi, a. rudakovi, m. siuzumovi, m.
zaborovi da sxv.; qarTveli mecnierebi: l. menabde, m. lorTqifaniZe, b. lominaZe, b. kilanava da
sxv.
sad da rodis Seiqmna wm. ilarion qarTvelis `cxoreba~?
tradicia gvamcnobs, rom igi basili I makedonelis dros misive brZanebiT Seqmna wmidanis
Tanamedrovem _ basili protoasinkritma (zogi mosazrebiT, _ qarTvelma). fiqroben, rom pirvelad
Seiqmna enkomia _ Sesxma, xolo Semdgom masze dayrdnobiT sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva
skolis (aToni, saberZneTis erT-erTi qarTuli kolonia, ierusalimi, saqarTvelos romelime monasteri
da a.S.) mier Seqmnili iqna is ZiriTadi versiebi, razec ukve iTqva. zogierTi mosazrebiT `cxoreba~
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Tavidanve qarTulad Seiqmna qarTvelTa mravalricxovani diasporisaTvis (p. peetersi, qr. loparevi).
magram, naxsenebi tradiciis mixedviT is berZnulad Seiqmna da Semdgom Teofile xucesmonazvnis
mier iTargmna qarTulad. asea, Tu ise, zemomoyvanili redaqciebi umeteswilad Sinaarsobrivad
emTxveva erTmaneTs da sabolood, didi qarTveli saeklesio moRvawis biografiis (hagiografiis)
ZiriTadi momentebis rekonstruqciis saSualebas iZleva.
ilarionis biografiuli momentebis Sesaxeb p. peetersi Zalze damajerebel da maTematikuri
sizustiT gaTvlil daskvnebs gvTavazobs. mis mier agebuli sqemis mixedviT ilarion qarTveli daibada
822 wels kaxeTSi, didgvarovan, SeZlebul da warmatebul ojaxSi. sabinini vaCnaZeTa gvaris
donauris Stos miakuTvnebs am ojaxs. vaCnaZianT gvari am saukuneSi am formiT ar dasturdeba,
magram `qarTlis cxovreba~ gvamcnobs: `SeiTqunes gardabnelni da ganaCines qorepiskoposad
daCi, Ze iovane quabulis Zisa da Semdgomad amisa dasues qorepiskoposad samoel donauri~.
es 826 wlis siaxloves xdeba. ueWvelia, Tu sabininis cnoba sworia, samoeli ilarionis an ojaxis
wevri an axlo naTesavia. momavali saeklesio moRvawis ojaxis SeZlebulobasa da keTilSobilebaze
yvela wyaro gamorCeviTad laparakobs.
ilarions axalgazrdobidanve gasCenia midrekileba RvTismsaxurebisadmi. mamas misTvis
patara karis eklesiasc ki auSenebia, magram ymawvili ilarioni sul sxva masStabiT uyurebda
sakuTar misias. is jer garejaSi midis aTi wliT 837_847. aq mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli
feriscvalebis eklesiis gafarToeba_keTilmowyoba, e.w. `filialis~ daarseba (11 ZmasTan erTad)
imave lavraSi da akuris mama_daviTis dedaTa monastris daarseba.
847 wels ilarioni ierusalimSi adis da iq iordaniis udabnoSi dahyofs 7 wels. erT Rames
sizmarSi samSoblos, mamas ixilavs da imwams ukan, saqarTvelos moaSurebs (855w.). mama
gardacvlili daxvdeba, dedasa da das monazvnebad aRkvecs, auracxel simdidres glaxakT da
upovarT daurigebs da imave wels kvlav garejs mihmarTavs. udabnoSi is mcire xans dahyofs da
aqedan iwyeba ilarionis mzera da moZraoba dasavleTisken, _ is konstantinopolSi midis. bizantiis
dedaqalaqSi ilarioni 859w._mdea. amis Semdgom is bevrs mogzaurobs, bevr sikeTesa da madls
mohfens msoflios, magram etyoba, misi madli _ xalxis sakurneblad gacemuli _ gansakuTrebulia.
Mmas, saswaulmoqmeds, `uvercxlo mkurnals~ uwodeben da misi `cxorebac~ savsea aseTi
magaliTebiT.
faqtia, TiTqmis yvela wmidani garkveulwilad mkurnalicaa da es tradicia uryevia
marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi. maT Soris mainc gamoikveTeba gamorCeulni am saqmiT. me aras
vambob kozman da damianeze, an panteleimon mkurnalze, romelTa saxelebi praqtikulad am
konteqstSi moixsenieba. sxva mraval wmidans Soris moCans (maTi epiTeti, rogorc wesi,
`saswaulTmoqmedi~-a) sruliad konkretuli saxeebi mWidrod dakavSirebuli medicinasTan, sulisa da
xorcis kurnebasTan, adamianTa movlasa da gansakuTrebul kacTmoyvareobasTan.
aseTia wmida ilarion qarTveli.
rogorc Cans misi saeqimo moRvaweoba ierusalimidan dabrunebis Semdeg iwyeba. codna
miRebuli mSobliur kaxeTSi, azriTa da rwmeniT gaZlierebuli wmida miwaze xdeba saZrisi misi
saswaulebrivi saeqimo moRvaweobisa. ukan dabrunebuli da garejis senakSi ganmartoebuli is iRebs
avadmyofebsa da SeWirvebulT, kurnavs maT da sasargeblo codna_Cvevebs aziarebs maT: ` . . . T
Toeulsa maTgansa miscemn wamalsa sakurnebelsa, romeli igi gamocdilebisagan da gulis xmis
yofisa da mravlisa misgan gankiTxÂsa da eunja Tavsa Soris TÂssa, egreTve kualad
hmoZRvravdaÁda maT da aswavebda. . . ~

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 sruliad yrma ilarions ukve didi saxeli aqvs gavardnili adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi,
mRvdelmsaxurebi masSi didi momavlis pirovnebasa da klerikals xedaven, ubralo xalxi ki
mSvelelsa da imedad mosuls: `iyo igi Tual brmaTa, ferx koWlTa, saxl usaxloTa, mkurnal sulTa,
mzrdel, msaxur da nugeSinis mcemel, aramed yovelTa eqmneboda, yovel gardametebulebiTa maT
kacTmoyvareobiTa...~
ilarioni, mas mere rac konstantinopols moilocavs, ulumbos mTas miaSurebs, sadac im drois
qristianuli eklesiis uZlieresi centria _ wmida mTaa. aq berZen berebTan `mcireodeni konfliqtis~
mere, mas didi pativiT iReben da ilarioni Tavis saeqimo Zalas maTac uCvenebs: adgilobrivi
mamasaxlisis diswuli moarTmevda Turme kviraobiT sufras zedaSes. sruliad axalgazrda kaci
dabadebidan nakluli yofila: marjvena kidurebi hqonia dadamblavebuli, Tvalica da yuric dazianebuli
hqonia. erT mSvenier dRes fexi qvisTvis wamoukravs sawyals, dacemula da ase mtirali miadga
wmida ilarions. RvTis madliT sruliad moarCina wmida mamam ymawvili kaci.
kvlav gauvarda saxeli ilarions. iwyo xalxma dineba. `mravalni moarTmevdes mas safaseTa
mravalTa, garna araÁ ra yovladve miiros maTgan.~
`uvercxlo mkurnali~ iyo ilarioni. araTu Tavs ikavebda safasuris miRebisagan (SeeZlo
monastrisTvisac Seewira!), aramed keTrovaniviT gaurboda kidec misgan morCenil kacs. locva da
RvTismsaxureba iyo misTvis mainc pirveli da umniSvnelovanesi. aqedan miRebuli Zali undoda
moexmara xalxisTvis, magram aravin asvenebda. `mravalni ukuÀ movidodes missa, romelnime
sargeblisTÂsa sulisa da romelnime kurnebisaTÂs xorcTasa, xolo igi xedvida ra Tavs TÂssa,
rameTu ara uteveben dayudebad, aramed movlen da aSfoTeben da romelnime adidebdes RmerTsa,
SeeSina nu ukuÀ bralsa STavardes uRirsebiT qebisaTÂs, rameTu igi namdvilve Rirs iyo yovlisa
pativisa da ganizraxa, raTa misces Tavi TÂsi kualad ucxoebad.~
ilarioni tovebs ulumbos (biTviniis olimpos) da kvlav `garbis~. misi mogzauroba im drois
qristianul da ganaTlebul msoflioSi RvTisa da kacis msaxurebis niSniTaa aRbeWdili. amitomaa,
rom am wmidanis saxeli didi sikaSkaSiT brwyinavs. mas yvelgan icnoben, smeniaT misi
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. karebi ZlierTa ama qveynisa mudam Riaa misTvis.
konstantinopolis molocvis Semdeg Tesaloniks miaSura ilarionma. gzad erTi venaxis mcveli
gadaeyara. koWli iyo da ase venaxis ganapiras Camomjdari darajobda mas. erTi mtevani sTxova
berma sapyar darajs. igemovne romelnic geneboso _ miugo mcvelma. morTmevaze bodiSi
gamosTxova: adgomas ver SevZlebo. RvTis nebiTa da wmidaniseuli ZaliT wamoayena ilarionma
sapyari da yurZnis mtevani moatanina. sixarulisagan kinaRam gonebaze gadascda yofili sapyari.
ukan mobrunebuls ucnauri beri adgilze rom ar daxvda, mTeli Tesaloniki siciliTa da kuntruSiT
Semourbenia _ Tavis mxsnels eZebda, raTa riTime eca pativi. mTeli qalaqi Sehyara da es saswauli
amcno. warbebSekruli `uRmo~ beri ki verasad ipoves. zemore naxsenebi miTosuris da realuris
ostaturi Serwymis magaliTad mimaCnia. vinaidan, vfiqrob, aq `venaxis~ gamoCenas aqvs
gansakuTrebuli Teologiuri datvirTva.
mas mere samiode weli romSi gaatara wm. ilarionma da, rogorc Cans, metad mniSvnelovani
saeklesio-politikuri saqmeebi ganasrula. romSi Casuli ilarioni dasavleTs eziareba da aRmosavlur
qristianobasac aziarebs maspinZlebs. im drois saqristiano xom calsaxad aRmosavleTidan iwovda
sulier sazrdos. Tanac, romsa da konstantinopols Soris daZabuli urTierToba iyo mosawesrigebeli,
rac, Cemi azriT, ilarionma karga xniT moagvara. Aamaze miuTiTebs ilarionis gardacvalebis
Semdgom misi mociqulebTan pativiT gasworeba: ori mociqulisa da ilarionis wmida nawilebTan

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Tanabrad sam-sami kandeli daanTes. m. TarxniSvilis azriT amave periods ukavSirdeba petres
liturgiis laTinuridan qarTuli Targmani.
romidan mobrunebuli isev Tesaloniks moadga da sawuxari ram ixila: momakvdavi yrma
gamoesvenebinaT da saxlTan axlos daesvenebinaT.Tesalonikis mTavris vaJi aRmoCnda. mTeli
qalaqi SeZrwunebuli iyo.
saswaulebriv gankurna yrma ilarionma.
amis Semdgom is arsad gauSves da sicocxlis bolomde TesalonikSi didi pativiTa da siyvaruliT
moRvaweobda. man mTavars, mis meuRles da kidev mraval Tesalonikels umkurnala. `da
gankurnna sulni mSobelTani ufros vidreRa SÂlisa mis maTisa senni xorcielni~. aq ki mkveTradaa
gamijnuli ilarionis madli rogorc moZRvrisa da rogorc eqimisa. is evedreboda RmerTs: `raTa
aqundes maT maradis mkurnalad wylulebisa da xorcTa maTTasa.~
misi gardacvalebac (875w.) da saflavic kvlavac eqimobas da kurnebas ukavSirdeba.
brwyinvalebiT agebuli saflavi yvela suliTa da xorciT avadmyofis mkurnali Seiqna. qveynis
yvela kuTxidan modiodnen sneulni da sapyarni, suliT avadmyofni da SeWirvebulni. saflavma
saswaulmoqmedi, makurnebeli Zali SeiZina.
didi da Zlieri qalaqi Tesaloniki kidev ufro saxelganTqmuli gaxda. am ambavma, rasakvirvelia,
basili I makedonelis yuramdec miaRwia da saTavisod moindoma `yoveli sikeTe~. Mmefis
msaxurebma RamiT moipares wmida luskuma da sataxto qalaqSi gadaasvenes. wmidanis
Tanamoazre da Tanamemamule berebs konstantinopolSI SesTavazes didi saeklesio mamis
ZvalSesalagis ageba. maT uari ganacxades da bosforis sanapiroze metad sakraluri, lamazi da
“udabno” adgili SearCies. Aaq aigo basili makedonelis surviliTa da uSualo mecadineobiT pirveli
qarTuli sulierebis kera evropis teritoriaze _ romanas qarTvelTa monasteri.
saqarTveloSi, ubisas portalis naxevarwriul freskaze gamoxatulia sami figura: aqeT_iqiT rkalur
formas imeorebs kozmanisa da damianes figurebi, xolo centrSi skufiiT Tavze gamoxatulia
wmidani, romlis gamosaxulebis orive mxares asomTavruliT ikiTxeba: ilarion qarTveli. Ees kidev
erTxel miuTiTebs ilarionis gansakuTrebul adgilze mkurnal wmidanTa Soris.
ubisa IX saukunis Zeglia da igi ilarion qarTvelis Tanamedrovisa da albaT, Tanamoazris grigol
xanZTelis agebulia. jerjerobiT burusiTaa moculi maTi urTierTobebi, romelic raRac formiT
ueWvelad iarsebebda.
aTonis iverTa monasteri.
X saukunisaTvis qristianuli (marTlmadidebluri) samonastro cxovrebis centrma biTviniis
olimpodan (ulumbo, ulu-daRi) qalkedonis naxevarkunZulze, aTonis mTaze gadmoinacvla. amas,
rogorc Cans, im droisaTvis didi politikuri mniSvneloba hqonda: mwifdeboda sqizma
konstantinopolsa da romis eklesias Soris da aseTi didi samonastro kompleqsis da gnebavT,
marTlmadidebluri RerZis evropisaken gadmoweva uTuod mizanmimarTuli qmedeba gaxldaT.
qarTvelebi imTaviTve aqtiurad monawileobdnen wminda mTis aTviseba-ganaSenianebaSi. ioane
da eqvTime aTonelebis, ioane Tornikyofilisa da mogvianebiT giorgi aTonelis mecadineobiT aTonis
iverTa monasteri erT-erTi meTaurTagani da didi madlis matarebeli qristianuli centrTagani Seiqna.
is 980-983 ww. auSenebiaT. man oficialurad (tipikoniT) gaagrZela sabawmindis, xanZTis, romanas
qarTvelTa monastris tradiciebi da politika. iqca marTlmadideblobis qadagebis, qristianuli samyaros
erTianobis damcveli da qarTuli kulturis seriozuli propagandisti da gamamdidrebeli. aRapebSi
arsebobs cnobebi monastrebi saavadmyofoebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. is vinme miqelis
SemowirulobebiT aRuSenebiaT, xolo sxvas zeTisxilis baRebi Seuwiravs. mogvianebiT
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sasneuloebis aRSeneba-ganaxlebaze saqarTvelos didi feodalebic zrunavdnen: mzeWabuk
aTabagma (XV s.) `sauZlure aRaSena misi akazmulobiTa~.
aTonis mTaze saavadmyofo unaxavs timoTe gabaSvilsac 1755 wels, romelic Turme
intensiurad funqciobda. es cnoba daadastura mitropolitma ionam (gedevaniSvilma), romelmac im
mxareSi 1785 w. imogzaura. is lamazad da xatovnad aRwers saavadmyofos mdebareobas,
mogviTxrobs momsaxureTa saqmianobaze da resursebze.
Aam Temaze dawvrilebiT mogviTxrobs rusi mkvlevari da mogzauri porfiri uspenskic (1846
w.) da metic, igi aq ori saavadmyofos arsebobaze miuTiTebs - wm. giorgisa da wm. modestis, xolo
monastris sanaxebis dasawyisSi keTrovanTa `pirquS TavSesafars~ aRwers.
keTrovanTaTvis calke eklesia auSenebiaT da calke wyalsadenic ki gauyvaniaT. es
ukanaskneli faqti epidemiologiuri TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania.
aTonis mTa mwignobrobis upirvelesi kera iyo da aq mravali samedicino-biologiuri xasiaTis
wigni iTargmna berZnulidan qarTulad da piriqiT. aRsaniSnavia giorgi aToneli-mTawmindelis mier
berZnulidan Targmnili anatomiur fiziologiuri traqtati “dabadebisaTvis kacisa” (“kacisa Sesaqme”
romlis avtori iyo cnobili bizantieli (kapadokieli) grigol noseli. samonastro biblioTeka metad
mdidari iyo, razedac Tundac ruseTis imperatoris brZanebiT (XVII s.) monastridan gaziduli
wignebis nusxac ikmarebs. gatanil wignebs Soris mravladaa samedicino Txulebebic: aleqsandre
tralianis 12 tomi Terapiaze, razas (ar-razi) wignebi, oribazis 4 tomi, galenosis Txzulebebi da
mravali sxva, romelTa raodenoba or aseuls aRwevda.
petriwonis qarTvelTa monasteri.
petriwonis monasteri 1083w. bizantiis imperiaSi (bulgareTi, rodopis mTebi, sof. baCkovo)
daaarsa taoelma qarTvelma, “erisTavT-erisTavma”, grigol bakurianis Zem. igi Tavis Zma abasTan
erTad msaxurebda bizantiis imperiis samxedro samsaxurSi. maT didi TanamdebobebisTvis
miuRweviaT.
petriwonis monasteri sami eklesiisa da sacxovrebeli binebisgan Sedgeboda, garSemortymuli
yofila koSkebiTa da maRali galavniT. grigols Tavad Seudgenia wesdeba (tipikoni), romliTac man
monasters sruli damoukidebloba mianiWa. monasteri gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mxolod da mxolod
qarTvelTaTvis. monasterTan arsebobda seminaria, sadac qarTul enaze aswavlidnen. frangi mecnieri
lui peti werda: “Cven aq gvaqvs metad iSviaTi, SeiZleba erTaderTi magaliTi bizantiaSi seminariis
arsebobisa”. tipikonis 28-e TavSi aRniSnulia, rom monasterSi iyo sasneulo uZlurTaTvis,
sneulTaTvis da TavSesafari moxucebulTaTvis.
20 wlis ganmavlobaSi monasterSi moRvaweobda didi qarTveli filosofosi da moazrovne ioane
petriwi, romelic metad dainteresebuli yofila mediciniTa da bunebismetyvelebiT. arsebobs
damajerebeli motivebi imis Sesaxeb, rom cnobili “salernos skolis” praqtikuli saeqimo wignis avtori
ioane petriwia. petriwonis monasterSi moRvaweobdnen efrem mcire da arsen iyalToeli, romelTac
ioanesTan erTad petriwonuli tradiciebi gadmoutaniaT saqarTveloSi (gelaTSi).

islamuri medicina

istoriuli winamZRvrebi. TviT termini “islamuri medicina” erTi SexedviT da arsebiTadac

winaaRmdegobrivia. adamianis anatomia da fiziologia, sneulebebi, racionaluri samkurnalo
saSualebebi da meTodebi ar SeiZleba iyos romelime religiis sakuTreba da mxolod im xalxebisTvis

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iyos damaxasiaTebeli, romelic amaTuim konfesiis aRmsarebelia. medicinis mTeli xibli da
globalizmic am faqtSia, Tumca terminebma _ “qristianuli medicina”, “budisturi medicina” da
gansakuTrebiT “islamuri medicina” _ gavrceleba mainc hpoves. mizezi amisa, rogorc Cans, imaSia,
rom sxvadsxva epoqisa da qveynebis, regionebis, xandaxan _ kontinentebis samedicino kultura
Tavisi SinaarsiT, moralur-eTikuri kredoTi, filosofiuri safaneliT, iracionaluri samkurnalo
meTodebiT, eniT sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan da determinirebul kulturul samyaros
qmnian. am gansxvavebulobaSi ZiriTad da gadamwyvet rols religia TamaSobs xolme. asea am
konkretul SemTxvevaSic. islamma, romelmac samyaros aRmosavleTi nawilis didi are moicva, erTi
_ arabuli _ eniT SeakavSira mravali eri da Seqmna mZlavri kultura, romelmac mravalmxriv
ganapiroba (Tundac masTan politikuri dapirispirebis gziT) Tanamedrove dasvluri civilizaciis
profili. iseTma maRalganviTarebulma da mdidari istoriis qveynebma rogoric Tundac sparseTia,
didwilad uari Tqves mSobliur enaze samecniero (samedicino) Txzulebebis Seqmnaze da uzarmazar
arabulenovan kulturas SesZines didmniSvnelovani Zeglebi. amdenad, dRes araerTxel gamxdara
kamaTisa da davis sagani amaTuim mecnieris, xelovanis, politikuri moRvawis, erTi mxriv, da
meores mxriv, TviT nawarmoebis, Tu mTlianad, _ romelime inteleqtualuri fenomenis “erovnuli
kuTvnilebis” sakiTxi.
islamuri kulturis ZiriTadi Semoqmedi mainc, rogorc Cans, arabi xalxia.Aarabi tomebis
pirveladi gansaxlebis adgili arabeTis naxevarkunZuli iyo. wylis resursebis arsebobidan
gamomdinare, mis samxreT nawilSi adreve Camoyalibda ganviTarebuli miwaTmoqmedebis
kultura. Cvens eramde pirvel aTaswleulSi aq pirveli arabuli qalaqebi da saxelmwifoebi warmoiSva.
samxreT raionebis ganviTarebas, rogorc ukve iTqva, xels uwyobda irigaciuli miwaTmoqmedeba,
agreTve, oqros mopoveba da iseT qveynebs Soris ganviTarebuli vaWroba, rogoric indoeTi da
eTiopia iyo.
qr.S.-mde VI saukuneSi samxreT-dasavleT arabeTi bizantiisa da iranis dampyrobluri
politikis obieqti gaxda, romlebic savaWro gzebis xelSi Casagdebad ibrZodnen. Ees gzebi
aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs akavSirebda. am brZolis Sedegad erT dros ayvavebulma arabulma
saxelmwifoebma damoukidebloba dakarges da jer eTiopiis, Semdeg ki iranis uRelqveS moeqcnen.
qr.S.-dan VI-VII saukuneebSi, rodesac axlo aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi qristianoba
mZlavri nabijebiT midioda win, arabuli tomebis didi nawili gvarovnuli urTierTobebidan
adrefeodaluri sazogadoebisken gadasvlis stadiaze imyofeboda. arabuli samyaro viTardebodaAda
mas axali droebis Sesabamisi religia, ideologia sWirdeboda. am periodSi arabma mogzaurma da
negociantma muhamedma axali religia _ islami _ iqadaga.Mmuhamedis survili naTeli da gasagebi
iyo: mas erTiani, didi da mZlavri arabuli saxelmwifos Seqmna undoda. sastiki brZolebis Sedegad
Camoyalibda feodaluri politikuri wyobis, muslimanuri, arabulenovani saxelmwifo _ xalifati. mas
saTaveSi xalifa edga, xolo dedaqalaqi damaskoSi iyo. xalifatis istoriaSi sam periods gamoyofen:
pirveli periodi (632_750) dakavSirebulia pirveli oTxi xalifis mmarTvelobasTan. eseni
iyvnen: abu-beqri (632-634), omari (634-644), osmani (644-656), ali (656-661) da omeiadebis
dinastia (661-750). VII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, dampyrobluri omebis Sedegad xalifatis
SemadgenlobaSi Sevida bizantiuri koloniebi (siria, palestina, kviprosi) da sasaniduri irani, somxeTi
da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nawili, Tbilisi. Tumca, xalifati verc aRmosavleT da
miTumetes, mTel saqarTveloSi srul kontrols ver axorcielebda, rac mudmivi Semosevebisa da
sisxlismRvreli omebis mizezi xdeboda.

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 omeiadebis dinastiis periodSi, brZolebis meore etapis Sedegad iyo dapyrobili iqna Crdilo
afrika (maRribi), espaneTi, Sua aziisa da amierkavkasiis didi nawili. Tavisi teritoriis sididiT
xalifatma gadaaWarba aleqsandre makedonelisa da romis imperiis masStabebs, atlantikis okeanidan
mdinare indamde gadaiWima.
dapyrobil qveynebSi arabuli ena da islamuri sarwmunoeba gavrcelda. aRsaniSnavia, rom
arabebi dapyrobil qveynebSi ar cdilobdnen enisa da kanonebis, marTvis sistemebis Secvlas. es imiT
aixsneboda, rom dapyrobili xalxi zogjer ganviTarebiT jer kidev bevrad aRemateboda
dampyroblebs. es ukanasknelni xarbad iTvisebdnen yovelive mowinavesa da sasargeblos. is ki
arada, omeiadebis xanaSi arabebi religiur loialobasac ki iCendnen: Sesabamisi miwis (xaraja) da
erT sulze (jizia) gadasaxadis gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi, mavanni araTu inarCunebdnen Zvel
sarwmunoebas, aramed xalifis karzec ki SeeZloT Tavi gamoeCinaT. Tumca, es didxans ar
gagrZelebula.
meore periodi (750_IXs. Suaxanebi) abasidebis dinastiis mmarTvelobis droa. es arabuli anu
arabul-islamuri kulturis ayvavebis xanaa. am dros Seiqmna yvelaferis is, rasac dRes arabuli
(islamuri) kultura hqvia. VII saukunis dasasruls xalifati kidev ufro gaizarda: mis SemadgenlobaSi
sxvadasxva xalxebi (mcireazieli berZnebi, italielebi, egviptelebi da sxva) Sevidnen. maT Soris
arabebi ukve umciresobas warmoadgendnen, magram am xalxebisTvis ramodenime saukunis
manZilze arabuli ena iqca mecnierebisa da kulturis, politikisa da religiis enad. maTTvisac ki, vinc
xalfatis uSualo politikur daqvvemdebarebaSi ar moqceula.
rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni, didi da mravalerovani xalifati aramyari aRmoCnda.
misi mesame periodi, IX-XIII saukuneebi xalifatis wvril-wvril saxalifoebad (baRdadis, egviptis,
kordovis) da nacionalur saxelmwifoebad daSlis epoqad iqca. saboloo dartyma mas monRolebma da
Turq-selCukebma 1258 wels miayenes. abasidebis dinastiis dacemiT baRdadis xalifatma arseboba
Sewyvita. adre dapyrobil zog qveyanaSi (siria, palestina, alJiri, tunisi, maroko) ZiriTadma
mosaxleobam nawilobriv an mTlianad miiRo muslimanuri religia da arabuli ena. isini dRes arabul
qveynebad moiazrebian. zogierTma qveyanam religia dainarCuna, magram kultura isev sakuTar
enaze ganaviTara (irani, mogvianebiT TurqeTi), sxva qveynebSi (saqarTvelo, somxeTi, evropuli
qveynebi) xalxma SeZlo SeenarCunebina ara marto politikuri damoukidebuleba, aramed
nacionaluri enac da TviTmyofadi kultura. arabuli civilizaciis gavlena mainc didi da masStaburi iyo.
imperiuli kultura, romelic maT Seqmnes mravali eris gamocdilebis safuZvelze da maTi
monawileobiTve Seiqmna, magram organizebuli da sistematizebuli arabuli xalifatis politikuri
manqanis mier iqna.

M
arabulenovani kultura da medicina

VII saukuneSi, rodesac arabebma siria da egvipte daipyres, iqaur samecniero centrebSi
berZnuli mecniereba da filosofia hyvaoda. medicinis sferoSi yvelaze cnobili ki, rogorc ukve viciT,
aleqsandriis skola iyo egvipteSi. aseve, qristianuli (nestorianuli) skola gundiSapurSi, iranis
samxreTiT. es skola daamTavra xalifa al-mansuris (754-776) karis eqimma, jurjus ibn bahtiSum,
romelic karis eqimebis dinastiis fuZemdebeli Seiqna. es dinastia ornaxevari saukune emsaxureboda
baRdadis xalifebs.

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 IX-X saukuneebSi arabul enaze TiTqmis yvela is xelmisawvdomi literatura iTargmna,
romelic ki SeiZleboda arabebis interesis sagani yofiliyo. Targmanebi uSualod berZnulidan
keTdeboda. al-mahmudis (813-833) mmarTvelobis dros baRdadSi am mizniT “brZenTa
saxli”LCamoyalibda. yvelaze cnobil mTargmnelad sirieli qristiani hunain ibn ishaki (809-873)
iTvleboda. medicinaSi mas Rrma codna hqonda, iyo sasaxlis eqimi da medicinas baRdadis skolaSi
aswavlida. igi flobda arabul, siriul, berZnul da laTinur enebs. man Targmna hipokrates, dioskoridis,
galenis, platonis, aristoteles da sxvaTa nawarmoebebi, aiTvisa ucxouri samedicino terminologia,
Seitana is arabul enaSi da amiT metad Zvirfasi leqsikuri maragi Seqmna. xunaini qarTul
samedicino xelnawerebSic moixsenieba. arabebma bevri teqsti Targmnes sparsuli enidanac. gaicnes
induri civilizaciis miRwevebi, gansakuTrebiT astronomiis, medicinis da maTematikis sferoSi.
indoelebisgan maT cifrebis moxazuloba gadaiRes, romlebsac evropelebma arabuli uwodes. arabebis
damsaxurebaa isic, rom maT sworad auRes alRo CinelTa SeasaniSnav gamogonebas _ qaRalds,
farTod danerges is da evropasac gaacnes.
VIII-XI saukuneebi arabulenovani kulturis ayvavebis xanaa. Camoyalibda klasikuri arabuli
ena, Seiqmna originaluri literatura. X saukuneSi gamoica cnobili zRaprebis krebuli K”aTas erTi
Rame”, romelic uzarmazar arabul imperiaSi Semaval xalxTa miTologiisa da literaturuli tradiciebis
erTgvar Sejamebad iqca. amave saukuneSi Camoyalibda saSualo da umaRlesi tipis muslimanuri
skola _ madrasa (medrese). Suasaukuneebis muslimanur samyaroSi sazogadod codna or sferod
iyofoda: islamTan asocirebuli arabul-tradiciuli da ucxouri (Zveli) _ saerTo yvela xalxisTvis da
religiisTvis.
arabuli humanitaruli mecnierebebi (gramatika, leqsikografia da sxva) Camoyalibda
hadisebis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebasTn erTad. hadisi aris moZRvreba muhamedis
gamonaTqvamebsa da moqmedebebis Sesaxeb, romelic am funqciiT qristianul egzegetikas
waagavs. umTavres rols, rasakvirvelia yurani TamaSobda _ islamis umTavresi wminda wigni. misi
codna muslimanisTvis aucilebelia.
Tavidanve, sakuTari sazogadoebis da saxelmwifos interesebisTvis, religiis ganviTarebis
uzrunvelsayofad aucilebeli gaxda uZvelesi mecnierebebis Seswavla, maTi praqtikuli
gamoyenebisadmi swrafva da es cxadad gamoCnda maTi interesebis arealSi. Ggeografia aucilebeli
iyo sxvadasxva, saintereso qveynebis zusti daxasiaTebisTvis, istoria warmoadgenda safuZvels
winaswarmetyvelis cxovrebis Sesaswavlad, astronomia da maTematika azustebda wminda
kalendars da a.S. gaizarda interesi medicinis mimarT, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi im profesiad
gamoikveTa, romelic alahis mier iyo dalocvili da mas dauflebuli kaci qebas imsaxurebda. islamuri
tradiciis Tanaxmad alahi ar dauSvebs avadmyofobas sanam ar Seqmnis misi mkurnalobis
saSualebas. eqimis amocanaa ipovos es saSualeba.
vinc medicinas swavlobda, TeoriasTan erTad praqtikasac safuZvlianad eufleboda, rac
saSualebas aZlevda moswavles meTodurad gaeanalizebina daavadebis mizezebi, eswavla diagnozis
dasma, prognozis gansazRvra da dasabuTebuli mkurnalobis sqemis arCeva. umaRlesi ganaTlebis
centrebma TandaTanobiT gadainacvles baRdadSi, kairoSi da samaryandSi. Yyvela did qalaqSi
iqmnebda biblioTekebi. zogierT mmarTvels da mdidar adamianebs sakuTari biblioTekebi hqondaT,
aseTi iyo cnobili baRdadeli eqimi ibn al-Talmidi (XIIs.), Tavis droze saukeTeso farmakopeis
Semqmneli. mis biblioTekaSi oci aTasze meti wigni inaxeboda. am saukuneSi, evropaSi mxolod
ori universiteti iyo _ boloniasa da salernoSi. marto kordovis saxalifoSi ki 70 biblioTeka da 17
umaRlesi skola funqciobda.
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 arabulenovan medicinas rva saukunis manZilze wamyvani adgili eWira xmelTaSuazRvis
auzSi. isini berZnul-romauli tradiciebis gamgrZeleblebad moevlinnen samedicino samyaros.
amdenad, maTi swavleba misaRebi Seiqna bizantiuri kulturul arealSi myofi qveynebisTvis. qarTuli
samedicino xelnawerebi did siaxloves amJRavneben arabuli analogebisadmi. aq saintereso rkali
Seikra: Tavis droze, medeas kolxuri da pontos samefos, saerTod mcireaziuli samedicino
gamocdilebis moziare berZnuli medicina, ukve TviTon qceuliyo axali epoqis medicinis
mesaZirkvled. es medicina qarTvelebisTvis da somxebisTvis misaRebi da axlobeli iyo. humoruli
Teoriis mixedviT arabebic Tvlidnen, rom Zveli berZnuli swavleba 4 substanciasa (arkani) da 4
ZiriTad siTxeze (ahlaTi) marTebuli iyo. es swavleba Tavis droze hipokrates krebulsa da aristoteles
SromebSi Camoyalibda da mogvianebiT galenma ganavrco. arabebis warmodgeniT TiToeuli
substancia da siTxe monawileobs oTxi sxvadasxva nazavis SeqmnaSi. siTbo, sicive, simSrale da
tenianoba gansazRvraven mizajs _ temperaments. rodesac Tanafrdoba irRveva, eqimi movalea
aRadginos pirveladi balansi. temperamenti mudmivi unda iyos. igi icvleba mxolod asakTan erTad
da garemo pirobebis zemoqmedebiT.
Sinagani daavadebebis samkurnalod udidesi yuradReba eTmoboda cxovrebis swori reJimis
SerCevas da amis Semdeg iniSneboda wamlebi. arabeTSi aqtiurad viTardeboda farmacia,
ixsneboda afTiaqebi (pirveli gaixsna baRdadSi 754w.) da es yvelaferi maTematikis da
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. am dargebis ganviTarebam saSualeba misca
arab eqimebs wonis umciresi erTeulebiT ganesazRvraT wamlis doza, qimia/alqimiis miRwevebma
gaaCines sufTa qimiuri nivTierebebis receptSi CarTvis saSualeba. aqaurma alqimikosebma
gamoigones wylis gamosaxdeli aparati, miagnes filtraciis meTods, aseve sufTa saxiT miiRes
marilmJava, azotmJava, sxva qimiuri SenaerTebi, spirti, romelsac alkoholi uwodes. rodesac
arabebma pirineis naxevarkunZuli daipyres, es codna Tan Caitanes da dasavleT evropaSi
gaavrceles.
gamoCenili filosofosi, eqimi da qimikosi iyo abu baqr muhamed ibn zaqaria ar-razi,
mokled _ ar razi, daibada reeSi, TeiranTan axlos. mediciniT dainteresda ocdaaTi wlis asakSi.
cxovrobda baRdadSi, aqve gaxsna saavadmyofo, sadac skolac hqonda mowyobili. man Zvel
berZeni da romaeli medikosebis eqsperimentuli medicinis tradiciac gaagrZela da maimunis
orgamizmze vercxliswylis marilebis moqmedeba Seiswavla, pirvelad gamoiyena gamoiyena bamba
medicinaSi da xorxidan ucxo sxeulis amosaRebi xelsawyo gamoigona. misi wignebi _
“yovlismomcveli wigni medicinaze”L (25 tomi) da “samedicino wigni”L(aTi tomi), romelic
xorasanis mmarTvel al-mansurs miuZRvna, Zalze popularuli iyo. aseve, sxva TxzulebaTa Soris
gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia traqtati “yvavilisa da wiTelas Sesaxeb”, romelic mecnierebis mier
aRiarebulia rogorc yvelaze originaluri naSromi Suasaukunovan arabulenovan samedicino
literaturaSi. es aris pirveli naSromi, sadac vrclad aris gadmocemuli am ori saSiSi infeqciuri
daavadebis klinika da mkurnaloba, romelTac araerTi sicocxle SeuwiravT. laTinurad is 1498 wels
iTargmna da veneciaSi gamoica. es naSromi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi asrulebda saswavlo da
samagido wignis funqcias evropaSi. es naSromi sxvadasxva enebzec iTargmna: laTinurad,
berZnulad, frangulad, inglisurad.
egviptelma astronomma da eqimma ibn al haiTamma (965_1039), romelsac evropaSi
alhazenis saxeliT icnobdnen, Tvalis anatomia Seiswavla, yvela warmonaqmns Tavisi saxeli uwoda
da sxivTa gardatexis meqanizmic pirvelma axsna. manve Tvalis brolis modeli daamzada mTis
brolisa da SuSisgan, amasTan, wamoayena idea ormxrivamozneqili linzebis saSualebiT
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mxedvelobis koreqciisa da azric gamoTqva, rom is xanSiSesul adamianebs kiTxvis dros
gamoeyenebinaT. alhazenma wigniT “traqtati optikis Sesaxeb” msoflio saxeli moipova.
cnobili Tvalis eqimi iyo qairoeli amar ibn ali al-mausili (Xs.). man specialuri Rru nemsis
gamoyenebiT kataraqtis operaciis gegma SeimuSava, romelsac misi saxeli _ “amaris operacia”
ewoda. aseve saxelganTqmuli okulisti iyo XI saukuneSi moRvawe ali ibn isa. mis kalams ekuTvnis
Txzuleba “memorandumi okulistebisaTvis”, sadac is dawvrilebiT aRwers Tvalis anatomias,
davadebebs da maT mkurnalobas, maT Soris im gadaxrebsac, romelTac TviTon avadmyofi verc ki
amCnevs da maTi progresirebaa mosalodneli.
es ofTalmologiis globaluri ganviTarebis sawyisebi iyo.
sirielma eqimma damaskodan, ibn an-nafisma (1210-1288) Tavis umTavres naSromSi
_K”ibn sinas “kanonis” saanatomio nawilis komentarebi”L_ gulisa da filtvis sisxlismimoqceva
aRwera. da daaskvna, rom sisxli marjvena parkuWidan filtvis ReroTi filtvebSi midis, iq haeriT
ivseba, brundeba marcxena winagulSi da Semdeg marcxena parkuWSi gadainaclebs, sadac misi
azriT suli formirdeba. gamodis rom, ibn an-nafisma migel servetze sami saukuniT dre aRwera
sisxlis mimoqcevis mcire wre.
Suasaukuneebis yvelaze gamoCenili arabulenovani qirurgi abul kasim xalaf ibn abas az-
zahravi (daaxl.936-1013) iyo, evropaSi abulkasimis saxeliT cnobili. is muslimanur espaneTSi,
kordovasTan axlos daibada. is arabul-espanuri kulturis “oqros xanaSi” moRvaweobda.
Aaz-zahravi brwyinvale operatori iyo. igi Tvlida, rom anatomiis codna uwinares aris
aucilebeli qirurgisaTvis da SeswavlisaTvis galenis Sromebs miuTiTebda. amasTan, is ZiriTadad
sakuTar dakvirvebasa da gamocdilebas eyrdnoboda da sxvaTa naSromebs iSviaTad Tu
moixseniebda. man didad waswia win qirurgia. mis priorotetebs miekuTvneba ketgutis gamoyeneba
abdominalur qirurgiasa da kanqveSa nakerebisTvis, nakeri ori nemsis gamoyenebiT, mcire menjis
Rrus organoebze operaciuli Careva mjdomare pozaSi, romelic mere klasikur midgomad iqca,
Zvlebis tuberkulozis aRwera da mravali sxva. is oftalmologiaSic muSaobda da termini “kataraqtac”
(berZn. katarrhaktes-CanCqeri) masve ekuTvnis. man bevri axali qirurgiuli instrumenti Seqmna,
SeimuSava adgilobrivi mowvis meTodika qirurgiuli operaciebis dros _kauterizacia (berZn.kauter-
gavarvarebuli rkina). mas Tanamedroveni xSirad adanaSaulebdnen imaSi, rom dana gacxelebuli
rkiniT Secvala, magram sruliad naTelia, rom az-zahravim dros gaaswro. masve ekuTvnis
ramdenime cnobili naSromi qirurgiaSi.
evropis X saukunis umTavresi samecniero centrebi, sadac medicinasac aswavlidnen,
muslimanur espaneTSi gaCnda. es iyo universitetebi kordovaSi, seviliaSi, grenadSi, malagaSi.

hospitaluri saqmis orgnizacia

saavadmyofoebis mSeneblobisa da sistemuri organizaciis saqmis ganviTarebam xalifatebSi
umaRles dones miaRwia. saavadmyofos sparsuli saxeli _ bimaristani erqva, rac kidev erTxel
miuTiTebs Zveli istoriis mqone qveynebis prioritetul rolze arabuli kulturis CamoyalibebaSi.
istorikos al-maqrizis (1364-1442) cnobiT, 707 wels _ omeidebis dinastiis dros, al-validis
xalifobis periodSi _ Seiqmna pirveli saavadmyofo. aq keTriT daavadebulebs aTavsebdnen.
mogvianebiT daiwyes specialuri saavadmyofoebis Seneba suliT avadmyofebisTvis, usinaTloebisa
da moxucebisTvis. zogadi profilis saavadmyofoebi yvela did qalaqSi iyo, maT aSenebdnen Zlierni
ama qveynisa da TviTve inaxavdnen.

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 saerTod, saavadmyofoebi sam kategoriad iyofoda. pirvel jgufs miekuTvneboda msxvili
saavadmyofoebi mosaxleobis farTo wrisTvis, romelTac swored zemoxsenebuli xalxi aarsebda:
xalifebi, ufliswulebi, SeZlebuli adamianebi an saxelmwifo xazina gamohyofda saxsrebs. iqve
iqmnebda biblioTekebi da saeqimo skolebi.
pirveli didi muslimanuri saavadmyofo egviptis teritoriaze 873 wels aSenda, iqauri
mmarTvelis, axmed ibn tulunis mier. is mosaxleobis Raribi fenisTvis iyo gaxsnili da sxvebs _
jariskacebs, momsaxureebs iq misvla ekrZalebodaT. mmarTvelis surviliT meCeTTan afTiaqic
moqmedebda, sadac yovel paraskevs misul nebismier avadmyofs eqimi ufasod mkurnalobda. qalTa
da mamakacTa ganyofilebebi, abanoebi calk-calke, daavadebebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare
funqciobda.
aseTi saavadmyofoebi imperiaSi sakmaod bevri iyo. marto baRdadSi, X saukunis dasawyiSi
xalifas karze xuTi didi saavadmyofo moqmedebda. 918 wels kidev ori daemata, romelTac TviT
xalifa patronobda. ase rom ukve 1160 wlisTvis baRdadSi 60 saavadmyofo iyo. maT Soris
gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sami msxvili saavadmyofo sargeblobda: “al-adudi” baRdadSi, “al-
nuri” _ damaskoSi da “al-mansuri” _ qairoSi.
“al-adudi” 981 wels aaSenes ar-razis gamoTvliT baRdadis ekologiurad yvelaze sufTa
adgilas, mdinare tigrosis marcxena napirze. SerCevis principi aseTi iyo: qalaqSi, ramdenime adgilas
dahkidebdnen axal xorcs da sadac yvelaze didxans gaufuWeblad gaZlebda, iq aSenebdnen
saavadmyofos. iqve, axlos aSenda xalifis sasaxlec. 24 eqimi da uamravi momsaxure personali
emsaxureboda am saavadmyofos. specialuri arxiT wyalic miewodeboda TiToeul Senobas. aq
moRvawe eqimebidan gansakuTrebiT saxelganTqmuli iyvnen - jibrail ibn bahtiSu da ukve
zemonaxsenebi ibn al-Talmidi.
qristiani eqimi _ jibrail ibn bahtiSu mesame iyo bahtiSuebis sasaxlis eqimebis cnobil
dinastiaSi. misi babua, zemoxsenebuli jurjus ibn bahtiSu 765 wels gundiSapuris skolis da eqimTa
dinastiis damaarsebeli iyo. man umkurnala da mZime senisgan moarCina avadmyofi xalifa al-
mansuri. miuxedavad misi erTgulebisa qristianuli sarwmunoebisadmi. xalifam is mainc baRdadis
mTavar eqimad daniSna. am saxelganTqmul eqimTa dinastiis kidev eqvsma Taobam didi pativiT
imsaxura xalifas karze.
meore cnobili saavadmyofo “al-nuri” damaskoSi, nur al-din zangis mier 1154 wels daarsda.
aq qveynierebis mravali kuTxidan (espaneTi, egvipte, erayi) modioda janmrTelobis maZiebeli
xalxi. “al-adudisgan” gansxvavebiT saavadmyofos adgilas erTi Senoba mainc SemorCa, rac,
rasakvirvelia gardasul dReTa brwyinvalebas odnavadac ver asaxavs.
mainc arabuli samyaros yvelaze cnobili saavadmyofo “al-mansuri” iyo, qairoSi. is 1282
wels daarsda xalif al-malik al-mansur kalavunis mier, romelic Tavis droze “saswaulebrivad”
ganikurna damaskoSi da aRTqma dado, rom saavadmyofos aaSenebda. es man qairoSi gaakeTa.
Seqmnil samedicino skolaSi Tavi moiyara mTeli dasavleT-aRmosavleTis samedicino sibrZnem _
berZnul-romaulma, kolxur-iberiulma, egvipturma da a.S. aq erTdroulad 8 aTas (!) avadmyofs
uvlidnen da rogorc Tanamedroveebi aRniSnavdnen mas vercerTi samedicino centri ver Seedreboda
verc eqimTa SemadgenlobiT da verc Senoba-saTavsoebiT, mowyobiT, wesrigiTa da momaragebiT,
saerTo uzrunvelyofiT.
meore tipi saavadmyofoebisa iqmneboda gamoCenili eqimebisa da religiuri moRvaweebis
mier. maT masStabi bevrad mcire iyo, magram prestiJulobiT gamoirCeoda.

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 saavadmyofoebis mesame tipi mobiluri iyo. es iyo jariskacebisTvis specialurad Seqmnili
hospitalebi, sadac iyvnen rogorc mamakaci eqimebi, aseve qalebic, romlebic daWrilebs uvlidnen.
hospitlebi karvebSi, cixe-simagreebSi, dapyrobil sasaxleebSi imarTeboda. qal medikosTgan
ramdenime saxeli istoriamac Semoinaxa: omeiadebis periodis qali-okulisti zeinabi, avdis tomidan,
ibn-zuhri (xalifa al-xafidis da) Tavis qaliSvilebTan erTad. am ukanasknelebma gansakuTrebiT
qaluri daavadebebis mkurnalobiT gaiTqves saxeli. isini xalifa al-mansuris haremSic ki eweodnen
saeqimo saqmianobas.
viTardeboda aseve higiena da daavadebaTa profilaqtika. arabeTi samxreTuli qveyana iyo da
epidemiebis gavrcelebis didi saSiSroeba arsebobda. amitom, profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebis
dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebas didi yuradReba eqceoda. samedicino normebsa da rekomendaciebSi
ganmsazRvreli adgili daikava yuranidan momdinare kanonebiT dadgenilma CarCoebma:
ikrZaleboda gvamis gakveTa, Rvinis sma da Roris xorcis Wama. savaldebulo iyo piradi higienuri
normebis dacva, normaluri qceva sazogadoebaSi da a.S. yvela saSualeba iZebneboda janmrTelobis
SesanarCuneblad.

saqarTvelos medicina kulturaTa

gzagasayarze

qarTuli samedicino xelnawerebi. informaciam tradiciuli medicinis (tm) Sesaxeb moaRwia

umniSvnelovanesi wyaros meSveobiT _ werilobiTi Zeglebis gziT. Zveli samedicino xelnawerebi
gvevlineba Tavisi epoqis mecnierul medicinad, romelmac gauZlo mraval saukunes da SegviZlia
miviCnioT e.w. `dadasturebul medicinad~ ("Evidence Based Medicine"). maT umetesad hyavT
avtorebi. bevri qveyana, romelTac ar aqvT Zveli samedicino xelnaweri Tu nabeWdi wignebi,
mimarTaven e.w. `xalxur mkurnalebs~, an kidev iyeneben xalxis mexsierebaSi SemorCenil
samkurnalo meTodebsa da saSualebebs.
tm-Si Semonaxulia codnisa da sibrZnis amouwuravi saidumlo cocxali samyaros Sesaxeb.
swored amitomac jandacvis msoflio organizaciis (janmo), gaeros savaWro da samrewvelo
organizaciebis mier miRebul iqna uamravi programuli dokumenti tm-is Sesaswavlad da moZiebuli
masalebis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos tm moicavs uZveles mecnierul medicinas. am fenomenis kulturuli da praqtikuli
mniSvnelobis Seswavla daiwyo jer kidev XIX s. 60-ian wlebSi kavkasiis samecniero sazogadoebis
mier, romlis samecniero moRvaweobis centri iyo saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi _ Tbilisi. es saqme didi
warmatebiT gaagrZeles XX s. qarTvelma mecnierebma: l. kotetiSvilma, m. saakaSvilma, m.
Sengeliam, c. CxeiZem, a. gelaSvilma, b. raWveliSvilma da sxv.
qarTuli samedicino Sinaarsis xelnawerTagan Seswavlili da gamoqveynebulia l. kotetiSvilis
mier X s. qananelis `usworo karabadini~ (1940), XIII s. xojayofilis `wigni saaqimoÁ~ (1936), XVI
s. daviT bagrationis `iadigar daudi~ (1938), jer m. saakaSvilisa da i. abulaZis (1950), xolo Semdeg
m. Sengelias mier (1959, 1978) iqna gamoqveynebuli XV s. zaza fanaskertel-ciciSvilis `samkurnalo
wigni _ karabadini~. es Zeglebi gvevlinebian Tavisi drois Sedevrebad. isini sainteresoni arian
rogorc kulturologiuri fenomeni, praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT ki aqvT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, rac
ganpirobebulia: a) anatomiur-fiziologiuri codnis maRali doniT, b) daavadebaTa klinikuri suraTis
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aRweris sisruliT, g) daxvewili da zusti recepturiT, d) samkurnalo mcenareTa gamoyenebis farTo
speqtriT, maT Soris endemuri saxeobebis, e) cxoveluri da mineraluri warmoSobis mravalferovani
resursebis gamoyenebiT.
1975_1980 ww. profesor m. Sengelias xelmZRvanelobiT, mkvlevarTa jgufis monawileobiT
aRinusxa 527-ze meti qarTuli samedicino xelnaweri (qsx), romlebic daculia xelnawerTa erovnul
centrSi (358), saqarTvelos Sss centralur istoriul arqivSi (35), g. leoniZis sax. qarTuli literaturis
saxelmwifo muzeumSi (20), m. Sengelias sax. qarTuli medicinis istoriis muzeumSi (8), saqarTvelos
parlamentis erovnul biblioTekaSi (2), s. janaSias sax. saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi (3), n.
berZeniSvilis sax. quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriul muzeumSi (19), s. makalaTias sax. goris
saxelmwifo istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi (7), g. CubinaSvilis sax. Telavis saxelmwifo istoriul-
eTnografiul muzeumSi (11), i. javaxiSvilis sax. samcxe-javaxeTis istoriul muzeumSi (13), cageris
mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi (7), siRnaRis istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi (3), ozurgeTis
mxareTmcodneobisistoriul muzeumSi (1), zugdidis dadianebis sasaxleTa saxelmwifo istoriul-
arqiteqturul muzeumSi (2), onis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi (3), winandlis al. WavWavaZis
saxl-muzeumSi (1), sankt-peterburgis aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutSi (14) da saltikov-SCedrinis
sax. biblioTekaSi (13), Coxatauris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi (3), mesrop maStocis sax. Zvel
xelnawerTa institutSi (1), kerZo koleqciebSi (2). maT Seadgines aqvT unikaluri, aRwerilobiTi
xasiaTis katalogi, sadac teqnikuri monacemebis garda aris informacia Sinaarsis, kerZod,
mowodebulia, daavadebaTa saZiebeli. qsx Tavisi Sinaarsis, arqiteqtonikis da tipologiis mixedviT
klasificirdeba Semdegnairad: 1. anatomiur-fiziologiuri traqtatebi; 2. saeqimo wignebi _
saxelmZRvaneloebi; 3. samkurnalo wignebi _ karabadinebi, romlebic Seicaven samedicino
rekomendaciebs da receptebs; 4. krebulebi, romlebSic mocemulia samedicino Sinaarsis statiebi da
paragrafebi; 5. krebulebi, romlebic Seicaven veterinarul statiebsa da paragrafebs; 6. mokle
karabadinebi-cnobarebi; 7. samedicino Sinaarsis fragmentebi; 8. leqsikonebi; 9. xelnawerebi,
romlebSic motanilia samedicino Selocvebi da magiuri ritualebi.
2017 w. Tbilisis saxelmwifo samedicino universitetis da m. Sengelias sax. qarTuli medicinis
istoriis muzeumis egidiT gamoqveynda “qarTul samedicino xelnawerTa katalogi”, romelic
gankuTvnilia, rogorc humanitaruli profilis, aseve medicinisa da sabunebismetyvelo dargebis
mkvlevarTaTvis.
dasaxelebuli xelnawerebis mixedviT Seswavlilia medicinis iseTi dargebis ganviTarebis
istoria, rogoricaa: nevrologia, ofTalmologia, ginekologia, kardiologia, qirurgia, gastro-enterologia,
stomatologia, fTiziatria, samedicino botanika da sxva. Catarebulia agreTve kvlevebi bunebriv
samkurnalo saSualebaTa dasaxelebebis identificirebis mizniT, dadgenilia maTi Tanamedrove
dasaxeleba, gaSifrulia uZvelesi receptebi da Sefasebulia maTi mniSvneloba Tanamedrove
samedicino praqtikaSi gamosayeneblad.
am masalebis gamoyenebiT Sesrulebulia mravali sakvalifikacio da samecniero naSromi.
1980_1984 ww. qsx-Tagan mkvlevari n.xelaias mier SerCeuli, da Seswavlili da
gamoqveynebuli iqna originaluri Txzulebebi: XVI_XVII ss. `karabadini kargi da margebeli~
(xelnawerTa erovnuli fondi H–414), XVII s. `abram mwerlis karabadini~ (xelnawerTa erovnuli
fondi H–916), XVIII s. “saeqimo wigni” (xelnawerTa erovnuli fondi H–3045) da XVIII s.
`azrumelis cnobari~ (mkvlevari _ n.xelaia; (m. Sengelias sax. qarTuli medicinis istoriis muzeumi

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46_6). r. surmaniZis da j. qorCilavas mier 1996_1999 ww. gamocemuli iqna gvian Suasaukuneebis
droindeli qarTuli (`aWaruli~ da `guruli~) karabadinebi.
qsx-Si moxseniebul bss-Ta aprioruli Sefasebisa da SeswavlisaTvis r. Sengelias mier
Seqmnilia specialuri kompiuteruli programa _ Remedies Estimating Program (REP), romlis
daxmarebiT dgindeba bunebriv samkurnalo saSualebaTa (bss) e.w. `sandoobis koeficienti~ (1997)
konkretuli daavadebebis mimarT.
2018 w. l. samyuraSvilis mier gamoqveynebul iqna XV s. zahira xuarazmSahis qarTuli versiis
xelnaweri (mesrop maStocis sax. Zvel xelnawerTa instituti, erevani, ucxo enaTa fondi N18).

“usworo karabadini” da misi adgili medicinis istoriaSi.

lado kotetiSvilma 1940 wels ~usworo karabadini~ gamosca. es iyo akademiuri gamocema -
sruli teqsturi analiziT, samecniero aparaturiT, leqsikoniT da, rac mTavaria, windarTuli SesaniSnavi
gamokvleviT. saerTod, qarTuli samedicino-biologiuri azrovnebis sami Sedevris - ~usworo
karabadinis~, ~wigni saaqimois~ da ~iadigar daudis~ gamocemiT iwyeba qarTuli medicinis istoriis
profesiuli kvlevis Tvisobrivad axali era, romelic lado kotetiSvilis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli. amiT
Camoyalibda samedicino werilobiTi Zeglebis Seswavlis sqema, moixaza samomavlo gegmebi,
garkveulad gamoiTqva prognozi. es memkvidreoba Rirseulad miiRes da saTanado akademiurobiT
gaagrZeles Semdgomi Taobis mecnier-eqimebma (m. saakaSvili, mix. Sengelia, b. raWveliSvili, a.
gelaSvili da sxv.).
ocdaaTian wlebSi, uaRresad rTul pirobebSi iwyebs lado kotetiSvili Tavisi upirvelesi misiis
Sesrulebas, qarTuli samedicino tradiciis mecnierul Seswavlas. igi ase werda: cnobilia, rom yvela
kulturul ers aqvs Tavisi saeqimo azrovneba, originaluri Tu nasesxebi sxva ufro kulturuli
xalxebisagan.
saqarTvelosac aqvs Tavisi saeqimo filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba sicocx- lis, avadmyofobis da
sikvdilis mizezebis axsna - gagebaSi. am originaluri saeqimo filosofiuri azrovnebis Sedegia Zveli
qarTuli sityvakazmuli mwerlobis udidesi Zeglebi, romelnic Cven mogvepoveba, agreTve
hagiografiuli, sabunebismetyvelo da saxviTi xelovnebis upirvelesi Zeglebi.
lado kotetiSvilma pirvelma moiZia, akademiurad daamuSava da gamosca qarTuli medicinis
fundamenturi Sromebi, romelTa mniSvneloba Sors scildeba erTi eris sazRvrebs - qananelis
~usworo karabadini~ (X s.) da xojayofilis ~wigni saaqimoi~ (XIII s.). marto es ikmarebda, raTa es
mkvlevari saqarTvelos istorias darCenoda. swored ase Seafasa is didma ivane javaxiSvilmac.
mkvlevarma Tavisi xanmokle cxovrebis manZilze Seqmna da STamomavlobas dautova metad
mniSvnelovani samecniero memkvidreoba. zemoaRniSnuli Zeglebis gamocemas Tan erTvoda
Sesabamisi periodis qarTuli medicinis istoriis safuZvliani kvleva. lado kotetiSvils ekuTvnis
sxvadasxva xasiaTis Sromebi (nawili jerac ar gamoqveynebula): ~medicina Zvel saqarTveloSi
XVIII da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi~, ~saeqimo ideebi ~vefxistyaosanSi~, ~Selocvebi~, biblioTe-
kebisa da muzeumebis xelnawerebisa da wignebis mimoxilva, qarTuli samedicino terminologia,
Targmanebi da sxv.
~usworo karabadini~ dRevandeli saxiT ori xelnaweris SejerebiT iqna miRebuli. pirveli daculi
iyo saqarTvelos sax. muzeumis arqivSi Z-26 nomriT da Zalze nakluli Canda. garda amisa paginacia,
gakeTebuli ubralo fanqriT, gviandeli iyo da gverdebis Tanmimdevroba ar emTxveoda Sinaarss.
mkvlevarma moaxerxa wigni met-naklebad sworad aewyo, magram misi Zeglad gamocema am

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saxiT da, miTumetes, dabeWdva ar SeiZleboda. saWiro iyo sxva piris Zieba. leningradis
aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis arqivSi iqna mikvleuli kidev erTi nusxa K23-is nomriT. is
moculobiT orjer meti aRmoCnda Tbilisurze da praqtikulad srulyofili Canda. rogorc minaweri
iuwyeboda, gadawerili yofila vaxtang VI ~sefeTa darbazis~ mier. es momenti l. kotetiSvilma
Seajera ori xelnaweri, ris Sedegadac metad gamoixata suraTi.
~usworo karabadini~, rogorc kotetiSvilma uwoda xelnawers, gamomdinare TviT teqstis
Sesavali nawilidan, metad saintereso da dRemde uCveulo arqiteqtonikisa aRmoCnda. Tu aqamde
yvela samedicino xasiaTis xelnaweri misdevda ~wigni saaqimois~ mier daweril CarCoebs da es
modusi XVIII saukunemde arsebobda, ~usworo karabadini~ am daweril Tu dauwerel kanons
arRvevda. kerZod, am periodSi Seqmnili yvela karabadini daaxloebiT aseTi gegmiT iqmneboda: a)
saeqimo-filosofiuri, embriologiuri da biologiuri, anatomiur-fiziologiuri cnobebi, diagnostikuri
xerxebis aRwera, warmodgenebi zogad paTologiaze, dietetika. b)kerZo paTologia, dawyebuli
nervuli sneulebebiT, Tvalis, yuris, cxviris, piris, saylapavis, filtvebis, gulis, saWmlis momnelebeli,
Sard-sasqeso sistemis, kidurebis (anu Zval-saxsrovani sistemis), kanis, qirurgiul sneulebaTa da a. S.
etiopaTogenezis, klinikuri suraTisa da mkurnalobis meTodebis aRwera, wamleulobis formebi da
receptura.
~usworo karabadini~ arRvevda am Tanmimdevrobas: zogad nawilSi iyo gadatanili
wamleulobis formebi da receptura, xolo boloSi iyo moqceuli dietetikis sakiTxebi, zogad-saeqimo
rCevebi. am momentma aiZula l. kotetiSvili XIII-XVIII saukuneebis monakveTis miRma eZebna
~u.k.~-is Seqmnis TariRi. man amisTvis metad logikuri da Zlieri argumentacia moiSvelia, rac
teqstSi im avtorTa moxseniebaSi gamoixateba, romelTa cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis TariRebi
garkveulia. amdenad, ~usworo karabadini~ unda daweriliyo muhamed ibn zaqarias (gardaicvala
923 w.) da avicenas (abu ali ibn sina - daibada 980 w., gardaicvala 1037 w.) Soris anu X saukunis
dasawyisidan (aravin icis, rodis gaicno avtorma muhamed ibn zaqarias Sromebi, sikvdilamde Tu
merme). - 1037 wlamde. daviwyoT imiT, rom qarTvelTa gauTviTcnobierebloba da informaciis
dagvianebiT miRebaze dayrdnoba Sua saukuneebisaTvis absurdia. misvla-mosvla da kontaqtebi am
periodSi metad intensiuria da informaciis gadacema SeiZleba mxolod TveebiT yofiliyo
gansazRvruli. aq aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom hamadansa da ispahanSi avicena Cadis 1012 wels,
sadac is vezirad iniSneba. es sparsuli regionebi ki qarTvelTa mier metad intensiurad aris
~aTvisebuli~. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sparseTi am dros qarTuli mecnierebisa da xelovnebis erT-erTi
TavSesafari iyo, asec rom ar yofiliyo, iqidan informaciis miRebas dReebi dasWirdeboda.
maS, rodis dawera avicenam Tavisi ~kanoni~, romelTac mTeli msoflios samedicino azri
Seirya? f. dimermani Tvlis, rom es moxda 1000 wels. b. petrovs miaCnia, rom avicenam Sroma
daiwyo 1000 wels, magram 1012 wels mis vezirad daniSvnas mecnieruli moRvaweobis dasasrulad
miiCnevs.
xorezmSi avicena 1000 wels Cavida. igi ukve saxelmoxveWili eqimia. albaT, kanonis didi
nawili (Tu mTlianad ara!) ukve dawerili aqvs, vinaidan, rogorc misi Tanamedroveebi aRniSnaven,
igi aq bevr filosofossa da mecniers ukavSirdeba, maTi megobari xdeba. es ki marto survilze ar aris
damokidebuli _ avicena xom devnilia. da bolos, avtobiografiaSi avicena aRwers, rom igi buxaris
emiris nux ibn mansur II-is karze maSin miiwvies, roca yvela sxva eqimis cda amao aRmoCnda.
davakvirdeT buxaras mmarTvelis gardacvalebis TariRs. - 997 w. e. i. avicena jer kidev manamde
sruliad axalgazrda - legendaruli saxelisaa. erTi ram ueWvelia, ~usworo karabadinis~ avtors
Txzulebis wera sul cota 1000 wels an mere rom daewyo, is aucileblad axsenebda am msoflio
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samedicino azris saWeTmpyrobels. miTumetes, rom avicena metad Taviseburi da ~xmauriani~
pirovneba gaxldaT da misi arSemCneva am drois msoflioSi, Tundac sruliad axalgazrdisa,
SeuZlebeli iyo.
amdenad, lado kotetiSvilis mier dadgenili me-11 saukunis dasawyisi SeiZleba CaiTvalos
zedmetad mokrZalebulad da ~usworo karabadinis~ daweris TariRad me-10 saukunis Sua wlebi Tu
ara, sul cota, me-10 saukunis miwuruli mainc unda miviCnioT. .
lado kotetiSvili ~usworo karabadini~-sa da ~wigni saaqimoi~-s urTierTSejerebisas metad
saintereso daskvnas gvTavazobs. ~usworo karabadini~, gamomdinare teqstis obieqturi kvlevidan,
miCneulia berZnuli medicinis gavlenis nimuSad, xolo ~wigni saaqimoi~, igive kriteriumebiT -
arabulisa. Znelia avtors Seedavo am Tezis damadasturebeli saenaTmecniero magaliTebis
utyuarobaSi, magram, vfiqrobT, daskvnis gakeTeba cota sxva aspeqtiT SeiZleboda. jer erTi, X
saukunis miwuruls, roca qananeli Tavis Sedevrs qmnida, saqarTvelo praqtikulad Tavisufali gaxldaT
arabuli politikuri gavlenisagan, e. i. ukan iyo mitovebuli es mZime periodi da didi xnis dawyebuli
iyo erovnuli konsolidacia. logikurad ki es is periodia, roca arabuli kulturis gavlenis piki unda
yofiliyo, Tu am gavlenis arseboba ase garduvalia.
am SemTxvevaSi berZnuli kulturis gavlenaze laparaki aSkara anaqronizmia. da Tu qananels
Tavisi mecnieruli mzera ufro antikuri medicinisaken aqvs mimarTuli, es am nawarmoebis
renesansulobaze miuTiTebs.
lado kotetiSvili erT SesaniSnav paragrafs agnebs ~usworo karabadinSi~. diagnostikisadmi
miZRvnil nawilSi aRwerilia ~xelTa banis niSani”. mas ver naxavT verc berZnul da verc arabul
medicinaSi. gamokvlevis es meTodi, kotetiSviliseulive ganmartebiT, babilonuri medicinisaa.
vfiqrobT, es momenti kidev ufro aZlierebs Tezas ~usworo karabadinis~ romelime gavlenis qveS
moTavsebis aucileblobis aramarTebulobis Sesaxeb. Cvenma ukanasknelma gamokvlevebma
daadastures ~usworo karabadinisa~ da sxva samedicino xelnawerebSi Cinuri da induri (veduri da
iunanis) medicinis plastebis arseboba. es plastebi moicaven rogorc zogad, aseve kerZo xasiaTis
(meTodika, wamleuloba) pasaJebs.
ase, rom qananeli Tavisi drois uganaTlebulesi mecnieri eqimia, romelic qmnis unikalur
nawarmoebs ise, rogorc es epoqas, erovnul suliskveTebas da miswrafebas Seesabameba: filosofiuri
poziciiT - renesansuli, istoriul-faqtologiuri masaliT (dawyebuli babiloniT, damTavrebuli arabuliT)
ufarToes, rwmeniT - marTlmadidebluri, formiT - qarTuli, erovnuli.
aRsaniSnavia am nawarmoebSi mimofantuli, im drois berZnul-romauli da arabuli
medicinisaTvis aradamaxasiaTebeli paragrafebi. aq sakmaod gamosWvivis mistika. uZvelesi
kolxuri misteriebis suli Tua gacxadebuli am tendenciaSi.
(abzaciT)~wigni saaqimoi~-s Sesaxeb ki aucilebelia iTqvas, rom XIII saukuneSi arabuli
kulturis gavlenaze laparaki, albaT, Zalian dagvianebulia. aq SeiZleba aRvniSnoT mxolod erTi ram:
medicina, romelsac Cven arabuls vuwodebT, faqtiurad arabulenovania mxolod.
SuasakuneebSi arabuli samecniero enad iqca, xolo TviT mecniereba, iseve, rogorc
imdroindeli msoflio, berZnul-romaulidan iRebs saTaves. berZnuli medicina ki, rogorc zogadad
berZnuli kultura, pelazguri samyaros wiaRSi iRebs dasabams. ra etapze moxda qarTuli samyaros,
rogorc damoukidebeli saazrovno sistemis nawilobrivi izolacia da TviTganviTareba, Zneli
saTqmelia. faqtia, is garkveulwilad damoukideblad viTardeboda, arabma mecnierebma ganaviTares
da Zalzed bevri ram SesZines medicinas. daxvewili qimizmi, infeqciur daavadebaTa Seswavla,
nozologiaTa da samkurnalo saSualebaTa sistematizacia da sxva. qarTuli medicina istoriuli
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ganviTarebis yovel etapze axdenda msoflio miRwevebis reziumirebas da sakuTar niadagze
adaptacias. amisTvis es miRwevebi misTvis mSobliur, originalur maxlobel fesvebze unda yofiliyo
aRmocenebuli. aseTi iyo arabuli medicinac, romelic aqve, mezoblad, viTardeboda da romlis
CamoyalibebaSi, iseve, rogorc sxva mravali eris xalxs, qarTvelebsac miuZRodaT garkveuli wili.
isini xom mravlad moRvaweobdnen xalifebis karze. amdenad ~wigni saaqimoi~-s, rogorc
`enciklopediuri Sromis~, Seqmna XIII saukuneSi, ubralod, aucilebeli iyo. aseTi yovlismomcveli
naSromis Seqmnas, sadac sakuTari poziciac iqneboda gamoxatuli, Targmaneba erqva (ix. sulxan-
saba orbelianis leqsikoni). praqtikulad, dRevandeli gagebiT swored es aris originaluri, samecniero
pretenziis mqone naSromi.
ase, rom arc ~wigni saaqimoi~-c Seqmnila raRacisa Tu viRacis gavleniT. is arabuli medicinis
mimoxilvisaTvis Seiqmna da avtorma misi qarTuli samyarosTvis adaptirebisaTvis yvelaferi iRona.
es aris mizezi qarTuli samedicino werilobiTi Zeglebis e. w. ~arabuli originalebis~
warumatebeli Ziebisa. aseTi ram ar arsebobs. qarTuli samedicino werilobiTi Zeglebi SesaniSnavi
dadasturebaa im misiisa, romelic odiTgan hqonia qarTul kulturas, qarTul samyaros saerTod:
yofiliyo damakavSirebeli rgoli aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris, sakuTar wiaRSi gaenivTebina
yvelaferi Rirebuli, rac ki am or samyaroSi Seiqmneboda.
daviT IV aRmaSenebeli da gelaTi.
XII saukunis dasawyisSi daviT aRmaSenebelma Seqmna axali samonastro centri gelaTi,
romelmac udidesi roli Seasrula qarTuli kulturis Semdgomi ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
gelaTis monasterTan Camoyalibebuli iyo akademia. mas da mTel samonastro saqmianobas
xelmZRvanelobda cnobili qarTveli filosofosi ioane petriwi, romelic daviT aRmaSeneblma
Camoiyvana petriwonis monastridan, rogorc kaci patiosani “cxovrebiTa” da Semkuli “yovliTa
saTnoebiTa”. gelaTis akademia im droisaTvis arsebuli umaRlesi tipis saswavleblebis mixedviT iyo
mowyobili. petriwis garda, iq moRvaweobdnen arsen iyalToeli, ioane tariWis Ze da sxv.
fiqroben, rom nemesios emeselis “bunebisaTvis kacisa” Targmnilia ioane petriwis mier swored
gelaTSi moRvaweobis dros. marTalia, ioane petriwi, ZiriTadad, filosofosi iyo da mas
gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda neoplatonuri literatura, romlis erT-erTi nimuSia “bunebisaTvis
kacisa”, magram sruliad bunebrivia, rom anatomiur-fiziologiuri traqtatis es arCevani, ZiriTadad,
gelaTis akademiis praqtikuli saswavlo saWiroebiT yofiliyo gamowveuli.
rogorc irkveva, daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamaris epoqaSi saeqimo saqmianobas,
saavadmyofoebis dafuZnebasa da movla-patronobas saxelmwifo aqtiurad uWerda mxars. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom TiTqmis yvela saeklesio kulturul centrSi saavadmyofoTa daarseba erTgvar
tradiciad iqca, gelaTSic arafers unda SeeSala xeli am saqmisaTvis. 1948 wels gelaTSi Catarebuli
arqeologiuri eqspediciis ganxilvisas profesori simon yauxCiSvili aRniSnavs: gelaTis “monastris
aRmosavleTiT, ukeT rom vTqvaT, Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, ramdenime nabijis moSorebiT, galavans
iqeT aris Senoba, romelsac dRes (da ukanaskneli saukuneebis masalebiT) “soxasters” eZaxian.
SeiZleboda amis midamoebSi gveZebna is dawesebuleba, romelsac daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi
“qsenons” uwodebs.
istorikosi wers, rom mefe xSirad midioda qsenonSi da piradad naxulobda avadmyofebs. “TviT
movidis, moilxinis, moikiTxnis da amboris uyvis, TviToeulsa mamebr swyalobdes ...”
qsenoni SeiZleboda agebuli yofiliyo quTaisSic da gelaTSic, xolo upiratesoba Semdegi
monacemebiT gelaTs unda mieces: bizantiaSi cnobilia dawesebulebaTa aseTi sistema – monasteri,
umaRlesi skola, qsenoni. magaliTad, XIII saukuneSi arsebuli planudes skola konstantinopolSi
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Seicavda: skolas, monasters, qsenons. Tu qsenoni, marTlac, gelaTis sistemaSi Sedioda, maSin
savaraudoa, rom gelaTis akademiaSi, garda tradiciuli Svidi disciplinisa, iswavleboda medicinac,
rogorc es bizantiur skolebSi iyo miRebuli. SeiZleba, SemTxveviTi ar iyos is garemoebac, rom
ioane petriwi im dros, rodesac akademiaSi saswavlebel Svid disciplinaze laparakobs da filosofiaze
saubars moaTavebs, ar iviwyebs medicinasac. “soxasterad” wodebul SenobaSi dRes marto patara
eklesiaa Semonaxuli, magram misgan samxreTiT, uzarmazar teritoriaze, Senobis nangrevebia,
sadac maRalTaRiani Sesavali SeiniSneba. rogorc Cans, iq raRac didi dawesebuleba yofila,
romelsac, Tan patara eklesiac hqonia. Tu qsenoni gelaTSi iyo agebuli, misi Senoba “soxasteris”
nagebobaTa midamoebSia saZiebeli”.
logikuri da damajerebelia 1652 wlis 28 Tebervlis erT-erTi wyaro (Посольство стольника
Толочанова и дьяка Иевлева в Имеретию, 1650 1652), sadac pirdapir aRniSnulia gelaTSi
saavadmyofos arsebobis Sesaxeb: imereTis mefe aleqsandre III-sTan wargzavnili ruseTis elCis
nikifore toloCanovis amalis wevrTa Soris avad gamxdara vinme stenka rudnevi, romelic
dauwveniaT samkurnalod zaqaria mitropolitis (zaqaria gaenaTeli) monasterSi, e.i gelaTis monastris
saavadmyofoSi.
rogorc “qarTlis cxovrebaSi” Semonaxuli cnobebiT da sxva wyaroebiT irkveva, quTaisis
midamoebSi gelaTis monastris qsenonis garda, savaraudoa samoqalaqo mniSvnelobis sasneulosa da
samkurnalo daniSnulebis abanoebis (wyaltubo, nagarevi - “sabanela”, mdinare ruas napirze - “mefis
taxti” da sxva) arseboba.
arsen iyalToeli 1114 wels, daviT aRmaSeneblis mowveviT, Teofile xuces-monazonTan da
ioane tariWisZesTan erTad iwyeben moRvaweobas gelaTis akademiaSi. Semdeg is iyalTos
monasterTan akademias aarsebs, romlis reqtoric Tavad iyo. sabolood ki SiomRvimis monasterSi
damkvidrebula. A arsen iyalToels, efrem mcires, ioane petriws da ioane tariWisZes ganaTleba
miuRiaT konstantine monomaxis mier daarsebul manganis akademiaSi (konstantinopoli). arsenis
Sesaxeb werdnen: “RuTis-metyveleba amisi ars saqebel fisika kualad, anatomia sxuani, filosofia,
xedviTi praqtikaTurT gamoCineba, silogizmo, WeSmarit aRmoCineba, vervisagan darRuvevadi”.
anton kaTalikosi (bagrationi) arsen iyalToels ixseniebs rogorc anatomsac. analogiur cnobas
gvawvdis agreTve ioane batoniSvili Tavis “kalmasobaSi”.
“mama arseni iyalToeli iyo RvTismetyvel filosofosi da fizikosi, da anatomikosi aliRoriulTa
SemTxzvaTa Sina qebuli, saRrmToTa sagalobelTa keTilad damTxzveli, ucxo da maRali mestixe da
saeklesioTa tibikonTa mecnieri”.
anatomia mxolod Teoriuli sagania. arsen iyalToeli rom praqtikosi eqimi yofiliyo, mas eqimad
an mkurnalad moixseniebdnen. savaraudoa, rom arsen iyalToeli anatomias kiTxulobda gelaTis da
iyalTos akademiebSi. Ees kidev ufro ganamtkicebs azrs, rom qarTul akademiebSi medicinas
aswavlidnen. anatomiis swavlebas azri ara aqvs, Tu, saerTod medicinis sxva disciplinebic ar
iswavleba.
gelaTSi saeqimo saqmianobasa da umaRles samedicino ganaTlebasTan unda iyos
dakavSirebuli arsen iyalToelis mier ioane damaskelis “gardamocemaΔ-s meored Targmna qarTul
enaze (adre is Targmnili iyo efrem mciris mier) da ioane petriwis mier nemesios emeselis
“bunebisaTvis kacisas” gadmoTargmna berZnulidan.
Tamari, varZiis afTiaqi, vanisqvabis monastris sasneulo.
Tamaris epoqis ZeglTagan umniSvnelovanesi nagebobaa kldeSi gamokveTili qalaqi varZia,
romlis kompleqsis zog elements medicinis istoriisaTvis metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs. varZia
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sainteresoa wyalmomaragebis sakmaod rTuli sistemiT, Sori manZilidan gamoyvanili wyalsadeniTa
da amJamad moqmedi, didi ostatobiT gakeTebuli xelovnuri wyaro-auziT. kldis siRrmeSi
gamokveTili oTaxebisaTvis sakmaod gonebamaxviluradaa gamoWrili haeris gamwovi mili,
romelic mTeli kompleqsis SuagulSia da centraluri derefnis saSualebiT gaiwovs haers patara
derefnebidan da oTaxebidan. varZiaSi kanalizaciis arsebobazec miuTiTeben, rac jer kidev
Seswavlas moiTxovs. miwisqveSa saZroxesa da farexs sakuTari sakanalizacio sistema aqvs, romlis
mowyobiloba metad originaluria.
varZiis kompleqsSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania VI sarTulze mdebare afTiaqi (15-20-mde kv.
metri farTobis oTaxi). mis kedlebSi gamoWrilia erTi da imave sididis 265 niSa horizontaluri ZiriTa
da naxevarwriseburi TaRiT. rogorc Cans, TiToeuli niSa gankuTvnili iyo TiTo samkurnalo
saSualebisaTvis. unda vifiqroT, rom aseT did afTiaqTan erTad varZiaSi saavadmyofoc iqneboda. is
rom gareSe momsvlelTaTvis gankuTvnili savaWro wamalxana yofiliyo, rac aranaklebi, magram
sxva mniSvnelobis faqtia, maSin qveda sarTulebSi iqneboda moTavsebuli.
varZiidan ramdenime kilometris daSorebiT aris vanisqvabis monasteri, romelic agreTve 14-15
sarTuladaa gamokveTili kldeSi. mraval qvabsenakTan erTad iq 7 eklesiaa wyalsadeniTa da wylis
arxebiT. es monasteri Tamaris mefobis dros auSenebia mwignobarTuxuces anton Wyondidels.
rogorc varZia, ise vanisqvabis qvabsenakebi saSinelma miwisZvram orjer daangria.
1956 wels eqspediciam vanisqvabSi aRmoaCina miwisZvris Sedegad nangrevebSi moyolili
adamianTa ConCxebi jgufebad. maT vercxlis Tasebi sWeriaT xelSi. “mematiane aRdgomis
dResaswauls ukavSirebs am miwisZvras, gamarTlda xalxuri gadmocema, rom vanisqvabis
dResaswaulze miwisZvras daungrevia da Svidi nefe-dedofali daitana kldis nangrevebmao”.
vanisqvabis monastris wesdeba-tipikoni dRemde SemogvrCa “vahanis qvabTa gangebis”
saxelwodebiT, romelic XIII saukunis Sua wlebSia Sedgenili Tmogvelebis mier. am tipikoniT
irkveva, rom vanisqvabSi iyo sasneulo, romlis wesdeba iTvaliswinebda mesneulis Tanamdebobas,
dReSi samjer sneulTa Semovlas da maT “uSurvel” uzrunvelyofas kvebiTa da sxva yovelgvari
saWiroebiT.
Tu vanisqvabis monasters (varZiasTan SedarebiT - mcires) Tavis struqturaSi gaTvaliswinebuli
hqonda sasneulo, Tundac mxolod monazonTaTvis, cxadia, varZias aucileblad eqneboda ufro
masStaburi saavadmyofo, rasac mis kompleqsSi afTiaqis arsebobac adasturebs. vanisqvabis
tipikonis zemoaRniSnuli muxli metad sainteresoa imiTac, rom masSi xazgasmulia avadmyofTa
movlis procesi - Semovla dReSi samjer. am epoqis sxva samedicino Zeglsa an istoriul wyaroebSi es
wesi ar gvxvdeba. unda iTqvas, rom zemoaRniSnuli ubralod ki ar Tanxvdeba Tamaris zeobas,
aramed mas ganapirobebda sulmnaTi mefe qalis pirovneba da miswrafebani. folklorul masalaSi,
gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT mTianeTisaSi, Tamars xSirad moixsenieben ,,aqim-dedoflad”, rac
safuZvels moklebuli ar iqneboda, Tumca amis damadasturebeli materialuri ram ar mogvepoveba.
Tamaris epoqaSi misi mwignobarTuxucesis brZanebiT da, ueWvelia, Tamaris dasturiT
Seiqmna xoja yofilis mier ,,wigni saaqimoi” (XIIIs.) _ arabuli medicinis brwyinvale Sejameba,
sadac qarTuli samedicino skolis mdidari gamocdilebac gamosWvivis.

adreuli Suasaukuneebis evropuli medicina

istoriuli mimoxilva. Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropis istoriis dasawyisad iTvleba 476
weli_dasavleT romis imperiis ukanaskneli imperatoris-romul avgustusis dro. am droisaTvis Crdilo-

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dasavleT evropaSi, jer kidev ar iyo arcerTi saxelmwifo. misi miwebi dafaruli iyo gauvali tyeebiTa
da WaobebiT da iq mcxovrebi xalxi (germanelebi da slavebi) Temur wyobilebas inarCunebdnen.
qr.S.mde I saukuneSi daiwyo xalxTa “didi gadasaxleba”. ukeTesi miwebis ZebnaSi mravali tomi
daZra aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken da CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken
im droisaTvis dasustebul romis imperias ar SeeZlo Seekavebina barbarosi tomebis Semoseva da
V saukuneSi isini gansaxldnen mis mTel teritoriebze: vestguTebi _ espaneTSi, ostguTebi _ italiaSi,
frankebi _ galileaSi, anglebi da saqsebi _ britaneTSi, vandalebi _ CrdiloeT afrikaSi. monebi da e.w.
kolonebi (laT.colonus _ miwaTmoqmedi, romelic miwis mflobelzea damokidebuli) dampyroblis
mxareze gadadiodnen. barbarosi xalxebi, romlebmac dasavleT romis imperia daipyres, klasobrivi
sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi Camoyalibebis stadiaSi imyofebodnen. maTi civilizaciis
procesi mxolod iwyeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, maT ver SeZles gamxdariyvnen gvianantikuri
tradiciebis srulfasovani gamgrZeleblebi. imisTvis, rom es kultura gaeTavisebinaT, maT dro
sWirdebodaT. es aris mizezi ris gamoc feodaluri dasavleTi CamorCeboda Sua saukuneebis
aRmosavleTs, sadac ekonomikuri da kulturuli winsvla Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel aTaswleulSi
ZvelberZnul, aRmosavleT romis da bizantiuri tradiciebis safuZvelze mimdinareobda.
usamarTloba iqneboda gvefiqra, rom Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropa ukangadadgmuli nabiji
iyo kacobriobis kulturul istoriaSi. dasavleT evropuli feodalizmi iyo romis monaTmflobelobisa da
germaniis gvarovnul-Temuri tradiciebis urTierTgavlenis sinTezi. dasavleT evropis xalxebma
ganvles rTuli gza socialuri ganviTarebisa Temuri wyobilebidan feodalizmamde, romlis
Camoyalibebis procesi XI saukuneSi dasrulda. maT Camoayalibes TviTmyofadi kultura, romelsac
evropis xalxebis (da aramarto maTi) mTeli Semdgomi ganviTareba _ Tanamedrove civilizacia _
daefuZna.

Suasaukuneebi: sqolastika da medicina.

klasikuri Suasaukuneebis dasavleT evropuli ideologia ZiriTadad eklesiis mier ganisazRvreboda.
XI saukunis Suaxanebamde qristianuli eklesia erTiani iyo. 1054 wlisaTvis, dogmatikur sakiTxebSi
SeuTanxmeblobis formaluri mizeziT, sabolood Camoyalibda sqizma (ganxeTqileba) da qristianuli
eklesia orad gaiyo: dasavleT anu kaTolikur (romis) da aRmosavlur (konstantinopolis) anu
orTodoqsul eklesiebad. maT ganviTarebis damoukidebeli gza airCies. amis Semdgom kaTolikuri
eklesias kidev araerTxel gamoeyofa calkeuli religiuri (e.w. “protestantuli”) jgufebi da
mimarTulebebi (luTeranizmi, kalvinizmi, evangelizmi, baptizmi da sxva).
(abzaciT)am periodSi, qristianuli religiis Tanaxmad codna or dones moicavda: umaRlesi
safexuri _ RvTiuri sibrZne, romelic gamocxadebiT miiReba da kanonikur teqstebSi (bibliasa da
wmida werilebSi gadmocemuli) da miwieri, adamianis goniT Secnobili da sistematizebuli codna,
gamoxatuli antikur da Tanamedrove (maTTvis) filosofosTa cnobil da dakanonebul, aRiarebul
naSromebSi. mecnierTa mizani iyo moeZebnaT saerTo, urTierTmisaRebi pozicia codnis am or
dones Soris, maqsimalurad yofiliyo samecniero azri CarTuli Teologiuri sakiTxebis gadasaWrelad.
primati am doneebs Soris, rasakvirvelia pirvels epyra. evropuli inteleqtualuri potenciali cdilobda
adamianis gonebis usazRvro, xandaxan saSiSi gaqanebis moTokvas da garkveul CarCoebSi
moqcevas, sadac naklebi safrTxe daemuqreboda masac da adamianTa modgmasac mTlianad. amis
safuZvelze Camoyalibda Sua saukuneebis sqolastika (berZn. schole – skola), eklesiur dogmatebze
dafuZnebuli religiuri filosofiis tipi, ase vTqvaT, “saskolo filosofia”, romelic mkacrad

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gansazRvravda samecniero da saxelovnebo azrovnebis Tu mTlianad moculobas ara, mimarTulebas
da xasiaTs mainc. am sqolastikasTan brZolaSi yalibdeba sabolood “evropul renesansad” wodebuli
is filosofiur-samecniero-saxelovnebo mimarTuleba, romelic sabolood gaimarjvebs humanizmisa da
Tavisuflebis droSiT da religiur wreebsac amis Segueba mouxdebaT. (gadabmulad)am dros,
samedicino sferoSi mTavari avtoritetebi iyvnen galeni, hipokrate da ibn sina. maTi nawarmoebebi
SerCeuli da recenzirebuli iyo eklesiis msaxurebis mier da maT zepirad swavlobdnen. samedicino
ganaTlebis mesveurebma uari Tqves galenis SesaniSnav eqsperimentul kvlevebze cocxali
organizmebis agebulebisa da funqciis Sesaxeb da mTavari aqcenti gadaitanes mis Teoriul
naSromebze, romelic exeboda organizmSi mimdinare procesebis winaswar gansazRvrulobas,
pnevmis da sxva sasicocxlo Zalebis rols da a.S. es Teoriuli warmodgenebi dogmebis rangSi iqna
ayvanili da Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropis medicinis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad iqca. ase
warmoiSva galenizmi, galenis calmxrivad da sabolood arasworad gagebuli memkvidreoba, romlis
uaryofasac saukunebi dasWirda da romelmac is Sedegebi ver moitana, rasac klerikalebi
gegmavdnen. sxva damokidebuleba SeiniSneba aRmosavlur eklesiaSi. dRes bevrs laparakoben
qarTul filosofiasa da literaturaSi (maT Soris samedicino xasiaTisa) evropul renesansTan SedarebiT
adreul aRorZinebaze, magram albaT, erTi ram aris gasaTvaliswinebeli: qarTuli saxelmwifo da
eklesia arasdros dadgomia sqolastikis gzas da amdenad arc is revoluciuri renesansi dasWirvebia
sikeTesTan erTad problemebiT savse rom “daatyda Tavs” dasavleT evropas.
(gadabmulad)manamde ki, mcdelobebi, Tavidan gadaemuSavebinaT da gaeazrebinaT eklesiuri
dogmebs morgebuli samecniero Tezebi, mkacrad kontroldeboda. amis magaliTad gamodgeba
ingliseli rojer bekonis (Roger Baco, 1215-1294) _ oqsfordis universitetis profesorisa da franciskeli
beris bedi.
(abzaciT)r. bekoni zusti mecnierebebis _ maTematikas, meqanikisa da alqimiis mniSvelobaze
miuTiTebda, romlebic misi azriT niadagis, mcenareebis, saerTod cocxali samyaros da samkurnalo
saSualebebis bunebas Seiswavlida. qimiur mecnierebaSi man pirvelma ganacalkeva Teoria da
praqtika (“mimoxilviTi alqimia” da “praqtikuli alqimia”) da kvlav cdiseul meTods mimarTa,
romelsac WeSmaritebisken mimaval erTaderT gzad miiCnevda. sabolood bekons “uwmindur
ZalebTan” urTierTobaSi dasdes brali, inkviziciam gaasamarTla da 24 wliani cixe miusaja, saidanac
is Rrmad moxucebuli gamovida. (gadabmulad)alqimias xSirad uwodeben cru mecnierebas,
sinamdvileSi es iyo kanonzomieri istoriuli etapi Tanamedrove qimiis CamoyalibebaSi, romelmac
ganviTarebis ramdenime safexuri (alqimia, iatroqimia, flogistika) gaiara. is saTaves iRebs Zveli
egviptidan, sadac qurumebi did dros uTmobdnen sxvadasxva Senadnobebis miRebas. metalurgiis
pionerebad da mTeli rigi terminebis damamkvidreblad qarTveluri tomebi _ xalibebi da mosinikebi
iTvlebian. Semdgom es sibrZne berZnebma gadaiRes da chimeia uwodes, rac “dasxmas” niSnavs.
mogvianebiT estafeta arabebma miiRes da “qimias” win “al” daumates, romelsac evropaSi mxolod
XVI saukuneSi Seelien. (gadabmulad) arabuli alqimiuri xelnawerebis laTinur enaze Targmnam XII
saukunis dasawyisSi dasavleT evropaSi alqimiuri bumi gamoiwvia. (gadabmulad)XII-XVI
saukunemde evropelma alqimikosebma aRmoaCines mravali nivTiereba, aiTvises qaRaldisa da
denTis damzadebis meTodi. maT praqtikuli amocanebi daisaxes: daamuSaves mravali qimiuri
meTodi da Seqmnes drois Sesabamisi nivTierebaTa Teoria. (gadabmulad)epoqis suli alqimiasa da
masTan erTad farmaciaSic aisaxa. Suasaukuneebis evropis alqimiis mTavari mizani gaxda
Cveulebrivi metalebis gakeTilSobileba _ oqrod qceva. fiqrobdnen, rom amaSi maT “filosofiuri

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qva” daexmarebodaT, romlis Zebnasa da aRmoCenaSi mravali Taobis alqimikosTa Zalisxmeva
daixarja. filosofiur qvas awerdnen saswaulmoqmed ganmkurnebel Zalasac da uebar
gamaaxalgazrdavebel Tvisebasac. sacduri didi iyo da amis gamo alqimiiT dakavebuli iyvnen
yvelani: mefeebi, didebulebi, eqimebi da rasakvirvelia, gaurkveveli profesiis adamianebi.
(gadabmulad)Sua saukuneebis cnobili swavlulebi sxva gziTac iswrafodnen amoexsnaT amocana
nivTierebebis gardaqmnis Sesaxeb, risTvisac naturfilosofiuri midgomas mimarTavdnen. maT Soris
iyvnen odo menadan (Xs.) _poemis avtori mcenareTa Tvisebebis Sesaxeb; arnoldi vilanovadan,
romelmac dawera traqtati “sawamlavebis Sesaxeb” da rojer bekoni Semdgeneli Txzulebebisa _ “
didi naSromi”, “alqimiis yovlisSemZleoba”, da “alqimiis sarke”. (gadabmulad) “ar unda miveceT
magiur iluziebs _ werda r. bekoni _ roca mecnierebas Zala Seswevs gamoiwvios moqmedebebi”.
(gadabmulad)Sua saukuneebSi alqimia da saeqimo xelovneba mWidrod iyvnen dakavSirebuli
erTmaneTTan. saukeTeso eqimebi da wamalTmcodneebi xSirad amavdroulad didi alqimikosebic
iyvnen.
ganaTleba da medicina. pirveli umaRlesi skolebi dasavleT evropaSi italiaSi gaCnda.
uZvelesi maT Soris salernos eqimTa skolaa, romlis dafuZnebasac IX saukuneSi varaudoben.
salernos (neapolTan axlos) eqimTa skola saero iyo da antikuri medicinis saukeTeso tradiciebis
gamgrZeleblad iTvleboda. is imdenad saxelganTqmuli iyo, rom salernoSi iuristebisa da
filosofosebis skolebis gaxsnis Semdegac mas ”hipokrates qalaqs” uwodebdnen. fridrix II-is (1212-
1250) mmarTvelobis mxolod am skolas hqonda ufleba eqimis wodebis miniWebisa. aRniSnuli
skolis licenziis gareSe samedicino saqmianobis ufleba ar hqondaT. 1213 wels salernos skolas
universitetis saxeli mieniWa. salernSi swavla 5 weli grZeldeboda, rasac erTwliani aucilebeli
saeqimo praqtika mosdevda. salerno evropis samedicino centrad iqca, saiTkenac codnisa da
janmrTelobis maZieblebi iswrafodnen.
salernos saeqimo skolaSi Seqmnil saukeTeso nawarmoebad, arsebobis mTeli aTaswleulis
manZilze, “salernos janmrTelobis kodeqsi” (Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum) aris aRiarebuli. misi
avtoria arnold vilanoveli (1235-1311), saxelganTqmuli mecnieri _ mecnieri da alqimikosi.
mogvianebiT is monpelies universitetis magistri xdeba. misi Txzuleba poemis saxiTaa dawerili da
dietologias da avadmyofobisgan Tavis dacvas eZRvneba. masSi aseve motanilia mcireodeni
cnobebi adaminis sxeulis agebulebis (mag.: Zvlebis da kbilebis raodenobis, msxvili sisxlZarRvebis)
Sesaxeb. arnoldma lamazad aRwera adamianis oTxi temperamenti. im droisTvis, aRmosavleTidan
Semosuli warmodgenebi ukve Taviseburad gaazrebuli da gadamuSavebuli mecnierul sistemebad
yalibdeboda evropaSi. arnold vilanovelis naSromi pirvelad 1480 wels gamoica, mraval evropul
enaze iTargmna da sxvadasxva dros 300-jer da metad iqna gamocemuli.
Sua saukuneebSi erTi profesiiT da erTi mizniT Sekrul adamianTa erTobas “universitas”
(laT.Universitas _ erToba, Tanaarseboba) ewodeboda. amis kvalad, maswavlebelTa da moswavleTa
gaeRtianebasac “Universitas Magistrorum et scholarium” uwodes. saintersoa, rom is aseve
aerTianebda yvela im xelosans, romelic raRaciT mainc ukavSirdeboda saganmanaTleblo sferos:
wignis mbeWdavi, mkinZavi da gamyidvelic ki, minamberi, romelic laboratoriul WurWels
amzadebda da sxva. ase warmoiSva termini universiteti. Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi,
universitetis Camoyalibeba dakavSirebuli iyo qalaqis masStabze, vaWrobis ganviTarebulobaze,
kulturul da cxovrebiseul moTxovnebze. ase Seiqmna sorbonis universitetis garSemo dRes ukve

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saxelganTqmuli laTinuri kvartali, romelic Tavis droze qalaqis ganapira da yvelaze iaffasian
kvartalad iyo miCneuli.
1158 wels,universitetis statusi miiRo iuridiulma skolam boloniaSi (italia). mis Semdeg
oqsfordisa da kembrijis skolebma (britaneTi, 1209), Semdeg parizis (safrangeTi, 1215),
salamankaSi (espaneTi, 1218), paduaSi (italia, 1222), neapolSi (italia, 1224), monpelieSi
(safrangeTi, 1289), lisabonSi (portugalia, 1290), praRaSi (CexeTi, 1348), krakovSi
(poloneTi,1364), venaSi (avstria, 1365), haidelbergSi (germania, 1386), kiolnSi (1388), laifcigSi
(1409) da a.S.
rogorc wesi, Sua saukuneebis universitetebSi oTxi fakulteti iyo, erTi mosamzadebeli da sami
ZiriTadi. termini “fakulteti” (laT.facultas – SesaZlebloba, unari, talanti) sxvadasxva specialobebis
aRsaniSnavad, eklesiis ZalisxmeviT gaxsnil parizis universitetSi 1232 wels papi grigori IX mier
iqna SemoRebuli. yvelasaTvis savaldebulo iyo mosamzadebeli anu saxelovnebo fakulteti (laT.artes
– xelovneba), sadac 7 “Tavisufal xelovnebas” (Septem Artes Liberales) aswavlidnen, romlis
fesvebic bizantiuri ganaTlebis sistemidan modioda. “Trivium”-is (gramatika, dialeqtika, ritorika)
programis dauflebisa da Sesabamisi gamocdebis Cabarebis Semdeg, moswavleebs eniWebodaT
xelovnebis bakalavris wodeba. “Quadrivium” (maTematika, geometria, astrologia, musikis Teoria)
kursis dauflebis Semdeg ki moswavle xelovnebis magistris wodebas iRebda da amasTan swavlis
gagrZelebis uflebas erT-erT ZiriTad fakultetze: saRvTismetyvelo, samedicino an iuridiuli, romlis
dasrulebis Semdegac students magistris (doqtori) wodeba eniWeboda Sesabamisi fakultetis profiliT.
sityva “studenti” warmoiSva laTinuri sityvidan studere _ swavla. studentebs eZaxdnen yvelas,
vinc universitetSi swavlobda. isini, rogor wesi, iyvnen sazogadoebis maRali wris
warmomadgenlebi, zrdasruli, mowifuli adamianebi sakmaod maRali socialuri mdgomareobiT:
arqidiakonebi, prelatebi, aristokratebi. swavlebis xangrZlivoba da studentTa asaki gansazRvruli ar
iyo. Sua saukuneebis universiteti mravalerovan saswavlo dawesebulebas warmoadgenda, sadac
studentebi saTvistomoebSi iyvnen gaerTianebuli
studentTa raodenoba iyo mcire, erT specialobaze iSviaTad Tu naxavdiT aT msmenelze mets.
maTgan irCevdnen jgufis xelmZRvanels – dekans (laT.Decanus; sityvidan decem _ aTeuli).
universitetis saTaveSi idga Rector Magnificissmus (laT.rector – mmarTveli). aRniSnul orive
Tanamdebobas ikavebdnen maRali sasuliero pirebi. saklesio universitetebSi (mag. parizSi) isini
iniSnebodnen da finansdebodnen eklesiis mier, xolo mefis brZanebiT daarsebuli universitetebi
(mag. neapolSi) samefo xelisuflebis mier.
termini profesori (laT. professor _ mcodne, aRiarebuli maswavleblad) warmoiSva Zvel romSi
(romSi ritorikis pirveli profesori kvintiliani iyo, qr.S.-mde 68 wels). XV-XVI saukuneebis evropul
universitetebSi profesorebs magistrebsa (laT.magister _ ufrosi, aRmzrdeli) da doqtorebs
(laT.doctor _ maswavlebeli) eZaxdnen.
Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi swavleba laTinur enaze mimdinareobda. am periodSi wigni
did iSviaTobas warmoadgenda da Zalian Zviric Rirda. mis furclebs amzadebdnen pergamentisgan _
gansakuTrebuli wesiT damuSavebuli cxovelis tyavisgan. pergamentis warmoeba qr.S.-mde 180
wels daiwyo mcire aziis qalaq pergamoSi. gadamweri berebi TiToeul wignze ramdenime wlis
ganmavlobaSi muSaobdnen. yvelaze faseul da iSviaT wignebs Taroebze an kaTedraze (berZn.
kathedra – adgili, sadac ritorebi da profesorebi warmoTqvamdnen sityvas) jaWviT amagrebdnen.

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aRsaniSnavia, rom XV saukuneSi parizis universitetis samedicino fakultetze mxolod 12 wigni
hqondaT.
Sua saukuneebis universitetebSi swavleba dogmatur xasiaTs atarebda. eklesiis mier
recenzirebuli galeni, hipokrate da avicena zepirad iswavleboda. praqtikuli swavlebebi, rogorc wesi,
ar iyo. warmodgenebi adamianis agebulebaze zedapiruli iyo. religia, bunebrivia, krZalavda
mecnieruli interesis gamo adamianis gvamis gakveTas. unda aRiniSnos, rom aleqsandriaSi,
elinistur egvipteSi, jer kidev Zv.w. IV saukuneSi herofile da erazistrate sistematurad atarebdnen
gardacvlili da sikvdiliT dasjili damnaSaveebis gvamebis gakveTas da Tu ram codna iyo dagrovili
aRwerilobiTi anatomiis kuTxiT, evropelebi swored maT umadlodnen.
dasavleT evropaSi micvalebulTa pirvel gakveTebi mxolod XIII-XIV saukuneSi, salernosa da
monpelieSi, monarqTa specialuri nebarTviT daiwyes. 1238 wels fridrix II-m salernos samedicino
fakultets 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi erTi gvamis gakveTis neba darTo. xolo 1376 wels anJus hercogma
da langedokis mmarTvelma ludovikom Tavis sasamarTlos ubrZana, raTa mompelies
universitetisaTvis weliwadSi erTi gvami gadaecaT.
Suasaukuneebis evropaSi monpelies universiteti erTerTi progresulTagani iyo. iq samedicino
ganaTleba savaldebulo saeqimo praqtikas iTvaliswinebda qalaqis farglebs gareT. 1240 wels
studentebi atestats mxolod saavadmyofoSi eqvsTviani muSaobis Semdeg iRebdnen. ukve 1309
wlidan saWiro iyi 8 Tviani praqtika monpelies sazRvrebs miRma. arsebobs cnobebi maszed, rom
monpelies studentebi ukve XIII saukuneSi eswrebodnen maTi maswavlebeli-magistrebis mier
Catarebul operaciebs.
Suasaukuneebis universitetebis umravlesobaSi qirurgia ar iswavleboda da samedicino
disciplinebSi saerTod ar Sedioda. qirurgiiT dakavebuli iyvnen SemTxveviTi adamianebi _ dalaqebi,
meqiseebi da qirurgebad wodebuli moqalaqeebi, romelTac, rasakvirvelia, sauniversiteto ganaTleba
ar hqondaT. damokidebuleba qirurgiisadmi arabuli xelnawerebis Targmnisa da jvarosnuli
laSqrobebis Semdeg Seicvala.
dasavleT evropaSi anatomiis pirveli saxelmZRvanelo 1316 wels Seadgines. avtori boloniis
universitetis magistri, mondino de luci (Mondino de Luzzi, 1275-1326) iyo. kvleva orad-ori gvamis
gakveTas eyrdnoboda, romelsac aseTi miuwvdomlobis gamo mTeli kvirebis ganmavlobaSi metad
guldasmiT atarebdnen. bevri ram wignSi Setanili iyo galenis naSromidan _ ,,adamianis sxeulis
nawilTa daniSnulebisaTvis”. mondino de lucis saxelmZRvaneloTi anatomias andreas vezaliusi,
samecniero anatomiis fuZemdebelic ki swavlobda.
boloniisa da monpelies universitetebis cnobil aRzrdilTagani iyo gi de Soliaki (Guy de Chauliac,
daaxl.1300-1368), romlis kompilaciuri naSromi _ “qirurgiuli xelovnebis mimoxilva” (Collectorium
Artis Chirurgicalis Medicinae” 1363) warmoadgens im drois qirurgiul enciklopedias. XVII
saukunemde is yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelmZRvanelo iyo dasavleT evropaSi.
SuasaukuneebSi sqolastikuri medicina dasavleT evropaSi xSir SemTxvevaSi metad iyo
gatacebuli Teoriuli xasiaTis daviT, dogmaturi SeurigeblobiT, sityvamigebiT da nakleb dros
uTmobda avadmyofs, naklebad zrunavda misi mdgomareobis gaumjobrsebaze, _ ase vTqvaT
“zurgiT idga” avadmyofTan. es epoqis suli iyo da is droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala. dagrovilma
codnam, gamocdilebam, axali meTodebis danergvam Tavistavad moiTxova RirebulebaTa
gadafaseba.

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 epidemiebi da pandemiebi yovelTvis iyo kacobriobis istoriaSi. maTgan daRupulTa ricxvi
aRwevda da zogjer aRemateboda kidec saomar moqmedebebSi daRupulTa raodenobas. infeqciuri
daavadebebis istoriis erTerTi yvelaze tragikuli furclebi Suasaukuneebis dasavleT evropas
ukavSirdeba.
Suasaukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi qalaqis mcxovreblebi nagavsa da sakvebis narCenebs
pirdapir quCebSi yridnen. wvimian amindSi quCebi gauval. myral Waobebad iqceoda xolme, xolo
roca mze daaWerda, qalaqSi sunTqva Wirda. gasagebia, rom aseT pirobebi xelisSemwyobi iyo
gadamdebi daavadebebis gavrcelebisTvis. Wiris, qolerisa da muclis tifis epidemiis dros qalaqebSi
sikvdilianoba yvelaze meti iyo. amasTan, jvarosnuli laSqrobebi (1096-1270), bevri gadamdebi
daavadebis farTod gavrcelebas uwyobda xels.
dasavleT evropisaTvis am laSqrobebma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa kulturuli da sameurneo
kuTxiT: gaCndnen axali sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi (wiwibura, brinji, atami, sazamTro).
moxmarebaSi Semovida Saqari. damkvidrda aRmosavluri Cveulebebi (wveris tareba, xelebis
dabana Wamis win, cxeli abano). aRmosavleTis magaliTze dasavleT evropis qalaqebSi daiwyo
saero tipis saavadmyofoebis mSeneblobebi. aqamde dasavleT evropis saavadmyofoebi (rogorc
bizantiis imperiaSi) ganTavsebuli iyo mxolod monastrebSi. mag. ,,uflis saxli” (Hotel-Dieu) lionSi
(VI sauk.), parizSi (VIII s.) da sxva.
amasTan, swored jvarosnulma laSqrobebma “SesZina” evropas keTri (lepra).
adamians, romelic keTrovnad (leprosus) CaTvlidnen, sazogadoebidan aZevebdnen, radgan
daavadebas umZimes, mourCenel da advilad gadamdebad miiCnevdnen. avadmyofs specialur,
keTrovanTaTvis gankuTvnil TavSesafarSi aTavsebdnen, ris Semdegac is, rogorc eklesiisaTvis ise
sazogadoebisaTvis mkvdrad iTvleboda. mas ar hqonda arc muSaobis da arc memkvidreobis ufleba.
risi uflebac keTrovnebs rCebodaT, iyo _AmaTxovroba. maT eZleodaT specialuri Savi naWris
kabebi, qudebi TeTri lentiT da zanzalakiT, romlis xmac garSemo myofebs keTrovanis miaxloebas
amcnobda. moqalaqesTan Sexvedris dros avadmyofi valdebuli iyo ganze gamdgariyo da gza
daeTmo misTvis. qalaqSi Sesvla keTrovanTaTvis dasaSvebi iyo mxolod specialurad gamoyofil
dReebSi. raimes SeZenisas maT specialuri joxiT unda mieTiTebinaT.
dasavleT EevropaSi keTrovanebis sazogadoebisagan izolaciis idea jer kidev VI saukuneSi
gaCnda, rodesac wminda lazares ordenis berebma (italiaSi) keTrovanebze zrunva ikisres. jvarosnuli
laSqrobebis Semdeg keTri mTel evropas moedo ise, rogorc arasdros da arsad kacobriobis istoriaSi.
daavadebebulTa raodenoba kontinetze 19 aTass miaRwia. marto safrangeTSi, ludoviko VIII-is dros
(maSindeli teritoria orjer naklebi iyo Tanamedrove safrangeTze) dros 2 aTasi leprozoriumi
(keTrovanTa TavSesafari) iyo mowyobili. keTri dasavleT evropaSi Semcirda da mere saerTod
gaqra renesansis epoqaSi, rodesac sanitaruli mdgomareoba qalaqebSi radikalurad gaumjobesda,
Seicvala cxovrebis wesi da damikidebulebebi.
klasikuri Suasaukuneebis kidev erTi saSineli daavadeba iyo Wiri. Wirianobis istoriaSi cnobilia
sami kolosaluri pandemia: pirveli _ “iustinianes Wiri”, romelic egviptidan gavrcelda, moicva mTeli
xmelTaSuazRvispireTi da 60 wlis ganmavlobaSi mZvinvarebda. epidemiis zenitSi, 542 wels,
mxolod konstantinopolSi yoveldRiurad aTasobiT adamiani iRupeboda. meore, dasavleT
evropisTvis yvelaze didi tragedia iyo e.w.“Savi sikvdili”, romelic XIV saukunis Sua xanebSi
gavrcelda. Wiris mesame pandemia 1892 wels daiwyo indoeTSi (6 milionze meti adamiani

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daiRupa) da gamoZaxili hqonda XX saukuneSic _ azoris kunZulebze, samxreT amerikasa da
msoflios sxvadasxva raionebSi.
“Savi sikvdili” 1346_1348 wlebSi evropaSi genuadan, veneciidan da neapolidan iqna
Semotanili. is aziaSi daiwyo, rasac didi msxverpli moyva TrakiaSi, makedoniaSi, siriaSi, egvipteSi,
saqarTveloSi, kviprosSi, siciliaSi, Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis _ italiis, saberZneTis, safrangeTi,
inglisis, espaneTis, Ggermaniis, poloneTis, ruseTis teritoriebze. sikvdili dgeboda daavadebidan
ramdenime saaTSi. kesariaSi (mcire azia) aravin darCa cocxali. neapolSi 60 aTasi kaci daiRupa,
genuaSi _ 40 aTasi (mosaxleobis 50%), veneciaSi _ 100 aTasi (70%), londonSi _ mosaxleobis 90%.
mTel msoflioSi am pandemiisas 50 milioni adamiani daiRupa. rasakvirvelia, im drois vercerTi
omi da stiqiuri ubedureba Seedreba am saSineli daavadebis mZvinvarebas. am dros mTeli sisavsiT
da ZaliT warmoCnda qristianuli eTikis da moralis simaRle. sazogadoebaSi ukve fexmokidebuli iyo
TanagrZnobis da moyvarisaTvis Tavganwirvis idea, romelsac qristianoba nergavda mTeli am
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. eklesiis msaxurni bolomde rCebodnen xolme Tavis samwysosTan,
uvlidnen, yofas umsubuqebdnen da umetesad maTTan erTad iRupebodnen. es kacobriobis didi
gamocda iyo da eklesiam maSi araerTi wmidani SeiZina.
didi xniT adre, vidre infeqciur daavadebebTan sabrZolvelad mecnieruli safuZveli Seiqmneboda,
Suasaukunis evropaSi, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sasazRvro punqtebze adamianebisa da saqonlis
40 dRiT dakavebis meTods iyenebdnen. aqedan warmodga termini”karantini” (ital. quarantena;
quaranta gironi _ ormoci dRe). pirveli karantinebi SemoRebuli iqna italiis saporto qalaqebSi 1348
wels. 1403wels wm. lazares kunZulze, veneciis axlos, moewyo pirveli lazareTi (ital. lazzaretto)
sazRvao transportSi karantinis dros gamovlenil daavadebulebisaTvis. 1485 wels SemuSvda mTeli
sistema sazRvao karantinebisa. ase Camoyalibda sakarantino samsaxuris safuZvlebi, romelmac
Semdgom didi gavrcleba hpova da dResac erTerT qmediT RonisZiebad iTvleba.

Amecnieruli fiziologiis Camoyalibeba.

iatrofizika.

dasavluri samedicino saistorio tradicia fiziologiis, rogorc mecnierebis Camoyalibebas

ingliseli eqimis uiliam harveis (William Harvey, 1578-1657) saxels ukavSirebs, romlis ZiraTad
damsaxurebad sisxlmimoqcevis mwyobri Teoriis Seqmnaa miCneuli. kembrijis universitetis
dasrulebis Semdeg u. harveim 24 wlis asakSi paduis (italia) universitetSi medicinis doqtoris
wodeba moipova da londonSi dabrunda, sadac anatomiis, fiziologiisa da qirurgiis kaTedris
profesoris Tanamdeboba daikava.
galenis, vezaliusis, kolombos. fabriciusisa da sxvaTa gamocdilebis gaziarebiTa da kritikuli
gadamuSavebiT u. harveim maTematikurad gaTvala da eqsperimentulad daadastura
sisxlmimoqcevis ZiriTadi principebi: ori – didi da mcire wre, kapilarebisa da anastomozebis
arseboba, arteriuli sisxlis qsovilebSi gavlis Semdgom venur sisxlad da piriqiT _ filtvebSi _

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gadaqcevis meqnizmi da sxva. sainteresoa, rom am periodSi safiziologo kvlevisTvis mikroskopi jer
kidev ar gamoiyeneboda da harveis kapilarebis TvaliT danaxva ar SeeZlo. rasakvirvelia, es
momenti ingliseli fiziologis miRwevas met fass adebs. kapilarebi ki harveis gardacvalebidan sul
raRac oTx weliwadSi “dainaxa” marCelo malpigma (Marcello Malpighi, 1628-1694).
u. harveim Tavisi mravalwliani Sroma Teoriad Camoqna da erT fundamentur naSromSi
Caatia: “gulisa da sisxlis moZraobis anatomiuri kvleva cxovelebSi” (“Exercitatio Anatomica de
Motu Cordis et Sangvinis in Animalibus”, 1628). avtori Tavidanve Seiqna kritikisa da ideologiuri
Tavdasxmis obieqti. pirvelad misi naSromi rene dekartma aRiara, Semdeg ki amas g.galileis,
s.santoriosa da sxvaTa dadebiTi gamoxmaurebebi mohyva. es naSromi droTa ganmavlobaSi
adamianis mecnieruli gonebis siZlieris, logikis da siTamamis simbolod iqca.
bunebismetyvelebis ganviTarebaze udidesi gavlena iqonia amave epoqis gamoCenilma
filosofosma da politikurma moRvawem frensis bekonma (Francis Bacon, 1561-1626).
is eqimi ar gaxldaT, magram misma Sexedulebebma mraval aspeqtSi gansazRvra medicinis
ganviTareba, mimarTulebebi. bekons mTavari filosofiuri traqtati `mecnierebaTa didi aRorZineba”,
romelic miZRvnilia mecnierebis Camoyalibebisa da mecnieruli Semecnebisadmi, ar dausrulebia.
magram, mis meore nawilSi _ `axali organoni” (“Novum Organum Scientiarum”,1620) bekonma
ukve Camoayaliba medicinis sami ZiriTadi mizani: pirveli – janmrTelobis SenarCuneba, meore –
avadmyofobis gankurneba, mesame – sicocxlis gaxangrZliveba. mecniereba mas im ZiriTad
saSualebad warmoedgina, romliTac mTavari socialuri problemebi unda gadawyvetiliyo
sazogadoebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare is mecnierebasa da xelisuflebas Soris mWidro kavSiris da
TanamSrolobis momxre iyo.
Semecnebis ZiriTad wyarod bekoni miiCnevda grZnobaTa sistemas, gamocdilebas, cdas da
yvelafer imas, rac maTi saSualebiT miiReboda.
rodesac bekoni mecnierebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb saubrobda, igi aswleulebiT uswrebda
movlenebs. medicinis sferoSi man wamoayena mTeli rigi ideebisa, romelTa realizaciaze Semdgom
mecnierTa araerTi Taoba muSaobda. magaliTisTvis: is gvTavazobda Segveswavla aramarto
janmrTeli adamianis anatomia, aramed avadmyofi organizmisac; iRvwoda tkivilgamayuCebeli
saSualebebis SeqmnisaTvis da did mniSvnelobas aniWebda am saqmes; mkurnalobisTvis, upirveles
yovlisa, bunebrivi faqtorebi da belneologiuri saSualebebi yofiliyo CarTuli da mravali sxva.
bekonma filosofiuri azris ganviTarebas, ase vTqvaT, droSi gauswro da Sesabamisad, misi
Camoyalibebis xasiaTic gansazRvra. is azrovnebaSi axali epoqis erTerT mesaZirkvled aris
miCneuli.
frensis bekonis Tanamedrove, frangi mecnieri rene dekarti (Rene Descartes, 1596-1650)
aseve axali droebis filosofiuri azrovnebisa da bunebismetyvelebis upiratesi ganviTarebis adeptia.
humanizmis saukeTeso tradiciebidan gamomdinare, dekartma filosofia mimarTa im sivrceSi, sadac
centri da mTavari figura adamiani iyo. azri unda iwyebodes TviT SenSi _ fiqrobda dekarti.
dekarti iatrofizikis (berZn. iatrophysike; iatros-eqimi, physis-buneba) erT-erTi Semqmneli
iyo. es aris mimarTuleba bunebismetyvelebasa da medicinaSi, romelic yvela cocxali arsebis
cxovelmoqmedebas fizikuri procesebis poziciidan ganixilavda. iatrofizika Seiswavlida bunebrivad
mimdinare procesebs simSvidis pirobebSi da principSi asaxavda XVII – XVIII saukuneebis
metafizikur ganwyobas filosofiaSi. metafizikuri azrovneba Suasaukuneebis sqolastikasTan
SedrebiT ueWveli progresi iyo. misi saxelwodebac da konceptualuri Ziric aristoteles im filosofiuri

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naSromidan warmodgeboda, romelic misi cnobili traqtatis _ “mecniereba bunebis Sesaxeb” _ bolos
iyo ganTavsebuli, anu “fizikis” Semdeg (berZn. Meta physike). azrobrivad, aq saubari iyo im
sakiTxebze, sadac fizikuri samyaros sazRvari mTavrdeba da sxva ganzomilebaTa samyaro iwyeba.
midgoma am sferosadmi, am epoqis mecnierebis azriT, aseve mecnieruli unda yofiliyo.
dekartis meqanisturma warmodgenebma dadebiTi gavlena moaxdines filosofiis da
bunebismetyvelebis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. is Tvlida, rom cocxali organizmebis nebismieri
cxovelmoqmedeba meqnikur kanonebs eqvemdebareba da arekvlis (asaxvis) unari gaaCnia (am
process SemdgomSi `refleqtoruli” ewoda). nervebi man orad dahyo: pirveli, nervebi romelTa
gavliT impulsebi tvinSi midioda, (SemdgomSi maT `centriskenuli” ewodaT) xolo meore, romlebic
piriqiT, impulsebs centridan organoebs awvdidnen (Semdgom maT `centridanuli” ewodaT).
amgvarad, dekartma umartivesi saxiT warmoadgina refleqtoruli rkalis sqema. igi aseve swavlobda
adamianis Tvalis anatomias da amuSavebda axal Teorias sinaTlis bunebis Sesaxeb.
aRsaniSnavia, rom dekarti ar iyo Tanmimdevruli materialisti da zogierTi sakiTxis
ganxilvisas idealistur pozicias emxroboda. ase magaliTad, is Tvlida, rom azrovneba sulis Tviseba
iyo da ara sxeulisa.
bunebrivia, rom fizikaSi warmoSobili tendenciebi zust mecnierebaTa sxva sferoebSic
asaxuliyo. ase gaCnda iatromaTematika, romelic bunebismetyvelebis kvlevaSi raodenobriv
urTierTobebs aniWebda upiratesobas da iatromeqanika – romelic yvela saxis cxovelmoqmedebas
manqanis muSaobis principidan umzerda.
bunebismetyvelebaSi warmoSobili am mimarTulebebis koncepciiT yvela procesis axsna
SeiZleboda maTematikis da meqanikis kanonebis gamoyenebiT. iatromeqanikis ZiriTadi
miamrTulebebi da safuZvlebi warmodgenilia italieli fizikosisa da anatomis – jovani alfonso
borelis (Giovanni Alfonso Borelli 1608-1679) naSromSi _ `cxovelebis moZraobis Sesaxeb”. ase
eyreboda safuZveli mTel rig mimarTulebebs mecnierebaSi, romelTac mogvianebiT biomeqanika,
bionika da sxva daerqvaT.
aRorZinebis drois yvelaze did miRwevebs Soris fizikasa da medicinaSi aRsaniSnavia XVI
saukunis bolos Termometris, ufro zustad ki sahaero Termoskopis Seqmna. misi avtori iyo
aRorZinebis epoqis erT-erTi titani, italieli mecnieri galileo galilei (Galileo Galilei, 1564 – 1642),
romelmac saxeli imiT gaiTqva, rom daadastura da ganaviTara nikolo kopernikiseuli (1543)
heliocentruli Teoria. amis gamo misi mravali xelnaweri inkvizitorebma cecxls misces. imaSi, rac
gadarCa aRmoCnda pirveli Termoskopis (Termometris) suraTebi. is warmoadgenda mcire zomis
SuSis sferos, romelTanac mierTebuli iyo Txeli minis milaki, romlis Tavisufali bolo Cayursuli iyo
SeRebili wyliT an RviniT savse WurWelSi. Tanamedrove Termometrisagan gansxvavebiT, galileis
TermometrSi farTovdeboda haeri da ara vercxliswyali. rogorc ki sfero gagrildeboda, kapilarSi
siTxe maRla iwevda.
TiTqmis amave dros, paduas universitetis profesorma, eqimma, anatomma da fiziologma
s.santoriom (S.Santorio, 1561 – 1636), gamoigona principulad msgavsi xelsawyo, romlis
daxmarebiTac igi adamianis sxeulis temperaturas zomavda. santorios xelsawyo aseve Sedgeboda
burTisgan da grZeli daxveuli milisagan, romelzec danayofebi iyo aRniSnuli. milis Tavisufali bolo
ivseboda SeRebili siTxiT. daavadebuli pirSi idebda burTs, an aTbobda mas xelebiT. adamianis
temperatura izomeboda pulsis aTi daTvlis monakveTSi, milSi siTxis donis cvalebadobis mixedviT.
santorios xelsawyo sakmaod didi da mouxerxebeli iyo, ris gamoc igi ezoSi dadges, rasac

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mosaxleobaSi didi gamoxmaureba hqonda. modiodnen sanaxavad da gamosacdelad. santoriom
aseve eqsperimentuli kamera – saswori Seqmna, romliTac sakvebis aTvisebis metad saintereso
process Seiswavlida sakuTari sxeulis, miRebuli sakvebis da oraganizmidan gamonayofis wonis
kontrolis gziT. dakvirvebis Sedegebi aisaxa SromaSi `wonasworobis medicinis Sesaxeb” (“De
Statica Medicina”, 1614).
XVII saukunis dasawyisSi ervopaSi mravali originaluri Termometri Seqmnes. pirveli
Termometri, romlis Cveneba ar iyo damokidebuli atmosferuli wnevis cvalebadobaze, 1641 wels,
saRvTo romis imperiis monarqisFferdinand meoris karze damzadda. imperatori ara marto
xelovnebis didi mfarveli iyo, aramed TviTonac iRebda aqtiur monawileobas mTel rigi fizikuri
xelsawyoebis SeqmnaSi. mis karze Seiqmna metad originaluri Termometrebi, romelTac pawawina
bayayebis forma hqondaT. maTi daniSnuleba adamianis sxeulis temperaturis gazomva iyo da
sxeulze garkveuli droiT amagrebdnen. `bayayebis” SigTavsi ivseboda siTxiT, romelSic sxvadasxva
simkvrivis feradi burTulebi tivtivebda. roca siTxe Tbeboda, misi moculoba izrdeboda, Sesabamisad
simkvrive mcirdeboda da ris gamoc zogierTi burTula fskerze iZireboda. gamosakvlevi sxeulis
temperatura isazRvreboda feradi burTulebis im raodenobiT, romelic zedapirze rCeboda: rac ufro
naklebi iyo maTi raodenoba, miT ufro maRali iyo sxeulis temperatura.
miuxedavad, originaluri Termometrebis didi raodenobisa, maTi gamoyeneba klinikebSi
mxolod XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi daiwyes.

iatroqomia da medicina
aRorZinebis epoqaSi, zemoaRniSnul mimdinareobebTan da saerTod bunebismetyvelebis
arnaxul ganviTarebasTan erTad, warmoiSva iatroqomiac (berZn. iatrochimeia; iatros–eqimi da
chimeia-qimia), romelic im drois medicinis organul nawilad Seiqna da romelic, bunebrivia qimiis
miRwevebTan iyo kavSirSi. iatroqomikosebi Tvlidnen, rom organizmSi mimdinare procesebis
safuZveli qimiuri iyo da amitom maTi Seswavla am kuTxiT unda warmarTuliyo da mkurnalobis
principic masve unda damyareboda.
iatroqimiis fuZemdeblad iTvleba samedicino samyaros yvela drois erTerTi yvelaze cnobili
eqimi da qimikosi filipus aureolus Teofrastus fon hogenhaimi (Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus
von Hogenheim, 1493-1541), romelic istorias ufro laTinuri saxeliT _ paracelsiT SemorCa (laT.
Paracelsus_niSnavs celsiusis msgavsss). es metsaxeli man SemoqmedebiTi gafurCqvnis xanaSi
miiRo (1529 wlis Semdeg).
man, warmoSobiT Sveicarielma, samedicino ganaTleba italiaSi, feraras universsitetSi
miiRo. Semdeg, 8 wlis ganmavlobaSi (1816–1824) wlebSi is bevrs mogzaurobda, mTeli evropa
moiara, maT Soris misi aRmosavleTic. is werda: `eqimma bevri unda imogzauros, fexiT unda
moiaros qveynebi da mxareebi”. cxovrebis aseTi wesi miaCnda mas Semecnebis erTaderT wyarod.
is dascinoda im `swavlulebs” romlebic mTeli cxovreba buxarTan isxdnen, wignebSi Caflulebs sxva
araferi axsovdaT da warmosaxviT curavdnen gemze – “briyvebis gemze”.
starsburgSi paracelsi adgilobriv qirurgTa amqarSi iqna miRebuli (1526) da didi popularoba
moixveWa ara marto mTel elzasSi, aramed aseve maxloblad mdebare Sveicariul qalaq bazelSi,
sadac qalaqis eqimad muSaobda xolme. misi pacientebi iyvnen mwerali erazm roterdameli da
aRorZinebis epoqis cnobili gamomcemeli iohan frobeni.

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 paracelsi (im dros jer kidev hogenhaimis saxeliT icnobdnen) bazelis universitetSi (1527 –
1528) leqciebs kiTxulobda. Tavidan _ laTinurad, Semdeg ki _ ukve Tavis mSobliur, germanul
enaze, “raTa is gasagebi yofiliyo rac SeiZleba didi raodenobis msmenelisaTvis”. sanam profesoris
Tanamdebobas daikavebda, man memorandumi gamoqveyna, romelSic amtkicebda: `ara
hipokrates, galenis da avicenas gamokvlevebis mWermetyveluri gameoreba sWirdeba eqims,
aramed sakuTari dakvirvebebis da gamocdilebis dagroveba da gaazreba, raTa avadmyofTa
daxmarebisTvis realuri gzebis moZebna SeZlos”.
paracelsi iyo Tavis drois erTerTi pioneri mecnierebaSi cdiseuli meTodis dafuZnebisa.
amavdroulad is Teoretikosic iyo da praqtikosic: `eqimis Teoria _ es aris gamocdileba. aravis
SeuZlia gaxdes eqimi gamocdilebisa da mecnierebis gareSe” – ambobda paracelsi da im eqimebs
akritikebda, romlTac sakuTari gamocdileba (gansakuTrebulad qimiaSi) ar hqondaT da wamlebs
`wignis mixedviT” uwerdnen avadmyofebs.
paracelsiT iwyeba qimiis (im dros _ alqimiis) kardinaluri gardaqmna da misi medicinisadmi
misadageba: oqros miRebis xerxis Ziebidan wamlebis Seqmnamde. `marTlebi isini ki ar arian,
romlebic amboben, rom alqimia oqrosa da vercxls gvaZlevso, aramed isini, romlebic amtkiceben,
rom alqimiis saSualebiT wamlis miReba SeiZleba, romelsac avadmyofobis winaaRmdeg
gamoviyenebT” – ambobda paracelsi.
misi saeqimo xelovneba sam qimiur elements (“princips”) emyareboda: gogirdi,
vercxliwyali da stibiumi (surma). avadmyofobas am sami komponentis disbalansSi xedavda. rogorc
Cans, es iyo mizezi aRorZinebis epoqis eqimebis am nivTirebebiTa da maTi marilebiT nameturi
gatacebisa: receptebSi xSirad figurirebda es qimiuri elementebi da maTi mopovebis gzebi
intensiurad iZebneboda.
saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom daavadebaTa samkurnalod mineralebis gamoyeneba aRorZinebis
xanis medicinis monapovrad unda CaiTvalos. adreul epoqebSi xom samkurnalo saSualebebis
ZiriTad wyarod samkurnalo mcenareebi da cxoveluri wrmoSobis produqtebi miiCneoda. mineraluri
saSualebebic gamoiyeneboda, oRond bunebaSi arsebuli saxiT, _ daumuSavebeli an mcired
damuSavebuli.
evropaSi axlad gavrcelebuli sifilisis samkurnalod paracelsi warmatebiT iyenebda
vercxliswyals, kolegebs urCevda gamoeyenebinaT surma (stibiumi) da sxva arcTu uxifaTo
nivTierebebi. ar aris gasakviri, rom Tanamedroveni mas moqalaqeTa mowamvlaSic sdebdnen brals,
magram paracelsi maT im ukvdav WeSmaritebas axsenebda, rom wamali da sawamlavi erTia da
gansxvaveba mxolod dozasa da gonierad gamoyenebaSia. am principiT ki, rogorc albaT gvaxsovs,
jer kidev kolxi medea moqmedebda.
paracelsma warsulis mravali mosazreba daayena eWvqveS: is undoblad uyurebda sxeulis
“oTxi siTxis” (humorul) Teorias, ar uwonebda kolegebs sisxlis gamoSvebiT zedmetad gatacebas da
arc sasaqmebeli saSualebebiT organizmis xSiri “gawmendis” momxre iyo. man wamoayena
sakuTari koncefcia adamianis janmrTelobis ganmapirobebeli faqtorebis (laT. ens, entia) Sesaxeb da
isini 5 jgufad dahyo:
1. is bunebrivi faqtorebi, romlebic TviTon adamianis konstituciuri agebulebiT iyo pirobadebuli
(laT. ens naturale);
2. Sxamebi da damasnebovanebeli faqtorebi, anu Tanamedrove gagebiT: infeqciis gamomwvevi
da momwamlavi nivTierebebi (laT. ens veneni);
3. sulieri (fsiqologiuri) zemoqmedeba (laT. ens spirituale);
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 4. astraluri zemoqmedeba, rac gulisxmobda kosmosuri sxeulebis, atmosferuli da klimaturi
pirobebis gavlenis erTobliobas (laT. ens astrorum). sxvaTaSoris, saintereso iyo materialuri
samyaros miseuli aRqma da kosmogoniuri koncefci;
5. RvTiuri gangeba, romlis Zalac rwmeniT iyo nasazrdoebi da realurad hqonda kurnebis unari
(laT. ens deale);
rogorc vxedavT, iseve, rogorc aRorZinebis epoqis yvela titani, paracelsic dualisturi
msoflmxedvelobisa iyo, anu erTnairi warmatebiT swamda RmrTisac da adamianis Semmecnebeli
gonebisac. fiqroben, rom genialurma iohan volfgang goeTem (1749-1832) Tavisi faustis prototipad
swored paracelsi, mudam axlis maZiebeli, mousvenari, sibnelidan sinaTlisken mswrafi sulis
matarebeli adamiani hyavda.
paracelsi, romelic Tavs WeSmarit kaToliked Tvlida, kategoriuli winaaRmdegi iyo eqimebis
inkviciur saqmeebSi CarTvisa. “eqimi ar SeiZleba iyos mwvalebeli, arc jalaTi da arc misi
damxmare...” mas eqimi dedamiwaze RmerTis wargzavnilad miaCnda da umaRles eTikur normebs
uwesebda.
im droisTvis uCveulo iyo germaneli mecnieris damokidebuleba qirurgiisadmi, romelsac,
sxvebisgan gansaxvavebiT, medicinis srulyofil dargad aRiqvamda, radgam misi saSualebiTac
miiRweoda medicinis umTavresi mizani _ gajanmrTeleba. is sakmaod iyo daxelovnebuli qirurgiaSi
da Wrilobebis mkurnalobas wignic ki miuZRvna.
paracelsma samTamadno maRaroebSi dasaqmebulebze dakvirvebiT profesiuli daavadebis
Seswavlasac Cauyara safuZveli: aRwera sindiyiT, surmiT. tyviiT, gogirdiT mowamluli muSebis
mdgomareoba da maTi mkurnalobis gzebic dasaxa. am saqmeSi misi Tanamzraxveli iyo georg
baueri, agrikolas saxeliT (Georg Agricola, 1494-1555) cnobili mecnieri eqimi.
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis miRwvebma farmacevtuli (saafTiaqo) saqmis
ganviTarebasac Seuwyo xeli.

saafTiaqo saqme. aravin icis msoflioSi rodis Seiqmna pirveli afTiaqi damoukidebeli saxiT.
werilobiTi wyaroebi arabulenovan samyaroSi 754 wels baRdadSi afiqsireben afTiaqis gaxsnis
faqts. evropaSi es siaxle XI saukunidan Semodis espanur qalaqebSi _ toledosa da kordovaSi, rac
isev arabuli samyarosTan aris dakavSirebuli. saqarTvelos teritoriaze, kldovan qalaq varZiaSi
(XIIIs.) TaxCebiani oTaxi aris aRwerili, romelsac mecnierebi savaraudod afTiaqad miiCneven.
aseTi saTavsoebi ufro adrindel Zeglebzec SeimCneva.
droTa ganmavlobaSi, aRorZinebis epoqis afTiaqebi ubralo sasawyobo saTavsodan
Camoyalibebul, kargad aRWurvil farmacevtul laboratoriebad iqcnen. aq ukve ramodenime oTaxi
iyo: misaRebi, wamlis dasamzadebeli, wamlis nedleulis gadasamuSavebeli da Sesanaxi da a.S.
hqondaT Rumelebi, wylis gamosaxdeli mowyobiloba, nairgvari WurWeli... XV saukunidan
gansakuTrebiT gavrcelda samkurnalo mcenareebis baRebi. albaT iseTi, kolxeTis mefis asul medeas
rom hqonda fazisis napirebze qristeSobamde II aTaswleulSi. am “saafTiaqo botanikur baRebs”
laTinurad Hortus Sanitatis erqva. samkurnalo mcenareebis garda wamlebis dasamzadeblad
mineralur resursebsa da cxoveluri warmoSobis produqtebsac iyenebdnen.
Cven ukve aRvniSneT Zveli welTaRricxvis miwuruls pontos mefis, miTridates
damsaxureba Sxamebisa da SxamsawinaaRmdego saSualebebis Seqmnisa da gavrcelebis saqmeSi,
romelic kolxuri tradiciebidan modioda. yvelaze saxelganTqmulma Teriakma, romelic

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“miTridatumad” iwodeboda ori aTasi weli iarseba evropuli afTiaqebis Taroebze. mas aramarto
antidotur Tvisebebs miawerdnen, aramed ukamaTod panacead iyo aRiarebuli. dRevandeli
poziciidan Zneldeba am TiTqmis 70 ingredientisgan Seqmnili “uebari wamlis” popularobis axsna.
Tumca, mis SedgenilobaSi garkveuli logikis danaxva SesaZlebelia da is ueWvelad aseve garkveuli
efeqtis mqone iyo.
aRorZinebis epoqis afTiaqarebma saTanado roli iTamaSes Tanadrouli sazogadoebis
kulturuli profilis CamoyalibebaSi. isini gavleniani da pativdebuli moqalaqeebi iyvnen, magram
saxelmwifoc aregulirebda maT saqmianobas. XVI saukunidan gamoCenas iwyebs pirveli
farmakopeebi, sadac motanili im wamlebis CamonaTvali, romelTa gayidva iyo nebadarTuli,
damzadebis da miRebis wesis aRniSvniTa da fasiT. marTalia, am informaciis nawili (damzadebisa
da miRebis wesi) Suasaukuneebis aRmosavleTis xelnawerebSi (Cinuri, induri, arabuli, qarTuli,
somxuri) Warbad moipoveba, magram finansur da samarTlebriv regulaciur meqanizms es wyaroebi
moklebuli iyvnen.
istoriis am metad saintereso monakveTSi jer kidev SenarCunebuli iyo codnis, rogorc erTian
sistemad aRqmis tradicia. eqimobis xelovneba ganixileboda filosofiasTan, bunebismetyvelebasTan,
astronomiasa da musikasTanac ki kavSirSi. didi eqimebi umeteswilad didi enciklopedistebic
iyvnen. didi qarTveli eqimi da gavleniani politikuri moRvawe zaza fanaskerteli-ciciSvili (XVs.),
werda, rom eqimi da filosofi erTia da “sacilobel maT Soris ara aris ra...” ase magaliTad, genialuri
poloneli mecnieri nikolo koperniki (Nikolaus Kopernikus, 1473-1543), romelmac msoflio aRiarebas
astronomiasa da maTematikaSi miaRwia, paduis universitetSi jioralomo frakastoros leqciebsac
usmenda medicinaSi da mSobliur qalaqSi saxelganTqmuli eqimi iyo. Semonaxulia misi 21
komponentiani receptis xelnaweri, sadac sxva saSualebebTan erTad Zvirfasi Tvlebisa da
mineralebis wminda fxvnilicaa Sereuli. am SemTxvevaSic, bunebrivia, metad rTulia am wamlis
moqmedebis meqanizmis dadgena.

epidemiebi da infeqciur daavadebaTa arsi

aRorZinebis epoqaSi epidemiebis xasiaTic Seicvala. kerZod, ori tendencia SeimCneva: erTi
mxriv, iklebs zogierTi „Zveli“ daavadebis gavrceleba, kerZod, keTrisa da Savi Wiris, xolo meore
mxriv Cndeba axali daavadebebis (sifilisi, inglisuri ofliani cieba, muclis tifi) epidemiebi da xSirad
pandemiebic.
me-15 saukunis bolosa da me-16 saukunis dasawyisSi mTeli evropa moicva sifilisis
epidemiam. me-16 sauk. dasawysSi masze werdnen j. frakastoro, a.pare, paracelsi, g. falopiusi da
sxv. mecnierebi. saxmeleTo da sazRvao savaWro gzebiT sifilisi vrceldeboda evropis kontinentis
sazRvrebs miRmac. saerTo–saxalxo abanoebi, romlebic higienuri da samkurnalo mizniT farTod
gamoiyeneboda, sifilisis epidemiis gamo daixura. am Zlieri epidemiis gamomwvevi mizezebi jer
kidev arasakmarisadaa Seswavlili. zogi mecnieri varaudobs, rom sifilisi evropaSi amerikis
aRmoCenis Semdeg iqna Semotanili. TvalsaCinoebisTvis mohyavT espaneli eqimis dias de islis
aRwera (1537 w.), romelic kunZul haitidan Camosul qristeforo kolumbis gemis ekipaJs
mkurnalobda. mecnierTa didi umravlesobis mosazrebiT sifilisi evropaSi arsebobda uZvelesi
droidan. amaze metyvelebs evropisa da aziis sxvadasxva raionebSi antikuri avtorebis, Sua saukunis
eqimebisa da saflavebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis aRwerebi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenilia

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Tavis qala, romelsac sifilisuri dazianebis niSnebi aReniSneba, Tumca gadawyvetiT ramis Tqma
jerejerobiT ver xerxdeba.
mainc, ufro safiqrebelia, rom sifilisi uZvelesi droidan arsebobda evropa-aziasa da amerikaSi,
xolo me-15 saukunis bolos sifilisis epidemiis uecari da moulodneli afeTqeba gamowveuli iyo
xangrZlivi omebiT, xalxTa masiuri migraciiT da SesaZlebelia amerikis kontinentidan am
avadmyofobis gamomwvevis axali nairsaxeobis SemotaniT. procesi ormxrivi iyo da espanelma
dampyroblebma, konkistadorebma amerikaSi aborigenTaTvis ucnobi avadmyofoba – yvavili –
Seitanes. axali kontinentis istoriis es samwuxaro furclebi kidev ufro dramatul saxes iZens, roca
gebulob, rom konkistadorebi yvaviliT dainficirebul tansacmels aborigenTa ganadgurebis mizniT
iyenebdnen. es iyo baqteriuli iaraRis albaT pirveli Taobis winapari.
am daundobeli baqterologiuri omis Sedegad milionobiT Zireuli amerikeli daiRupa.
kontinentis bevri regioni srulad gaukacrielda. yvaviliT sikvdilianoba im dros isedac Zalze maRali
iyo. e.jeneris meTodiT acris SemoRebamde (1796) marto evropaSi yovelwliurad yvaviliT 10
milioni adamiani avaddeboda, romelTagan 25 – 40 % mde kvdeboda. epidemiis realuri mizezebi
Sua saukuneebSi cnobilin jer kidev ar iyo. am Tavsdatexili ubedurebis mimarT adamianTa
umweoba iwvevda panikur, hiperbolizebul SiSsa da crurwmenebs. zogierTi mecnieri epidemiebs
aseve masobrivi ganadgurebis movlenas – miwisZvrebs ukavSirebda. rogorc germaneli mecnieri
medicinis istorikosi g.gezeri amtkicebda, miwisZvrebi yovelTvis emTxveoda sayovelTaod
gamanadgurebel avadmyofobebs. mecnierTa ufro didi nawilis azriT epidemiebis mizezi iyo
„miazmebi“ da „damasnebovanebeli anaorTqlebi“, romelic miwisqveSa lpobiTi procesebis Sedegad
Cndeboda da vulkanis amofrqveviT moevlineboda qveyanas.
iyo kidev erTi nawili mecnierebisa, romelnic epidemiis warmoSobasa da gavrcelebas
varskvlavebis gansakuTrebul mdebareobas, „ganwyobas“ ukavSirebdnen. aqedan gamomdinare,
adamianebi zogjer tovebdnen ganadgurebul qalaqebsa da soflebs da astrologiurad ufro
keTilganwyobil adgilebs eZiebdnen, rac xSirad araTu amcirebda maTi dasnebovnebis saSiSroebas,
aramed daaavadebis gavrcelebas uwyobda xels.
pirveli mecnierulad dasabuTebuli koncefcia gadamdebi avadmyofobebisa wamoayena
italielma mecnierma jiorolamo frakastorom (irolamo Fracastoro,1478-1553) - eqimma, fizikosma,
astrologma da poetma, epoqis erT-erTma gamorCeulma moRvawem. samecniero ganaTleba man
cnobil paduas universitetSi miiRo – „patavinis akademiaSi“, romelTanac galileosa da santorios,
vezaliusisa da falopiusis, kopernikisa da harveis saxelebia dakavSirebulia.
jioralomo frakastorom, paduas universitetis profesorma, 1546 wels dawera fundamenturi
Sroma „kontagiis, kontagiuri avadmyofobisa da mkurnalobis Sesaxeb“ (De Contagione et
Contagiosis Morbis et Curatione Libri Tres). Sroma sami wignisgan Sedgeboda. pirveli maTgani
moicavs frakastoros winamorbedebis - hipokratesa da Tukidides, aristotelesa da titus lukrecius
karas, plinius ufrosis da galenis, ar-razisa da ibn-sinas Teoriul mosazrebebs, maT mimoxilvasa da
kritikul analizs. meore eZRvneba infeqciur daavadebaTa (yvavilis, keTris, Savi Wiris, malariis,
cofis, inglisuri ciebis da keTris) aRweras. (gadabmulad)mesame – im droisaTvis cnobili
meTodebiT mkurnalobas.
Tavis naSromSi frakastorom Camoayaliba mwyobri moZRvreba „kontagiis“ Sesaxeb, anu
cocxal, gamravlebis unaris mqone sneulebis sawyisze, romelsac avadmyofis organizmi
gamohyofs. am revoluciurma mignebam mniSvnelovnad Searyia farTod gavrcelebuli warmodgena

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„miazmebze“. Tumca, SesaZloa miCneul iqnas, rom frakastoros Teoria adre arsebuli
warmodgenebis erTgvari sumacia da swori mimarTulebiT ganviTarebis mcdelobac iyo. amasTan,
sainteresoa, rom italieli mecnieri darwmunebuli iyo am infeqciuri daavadebebis gamomwvevTa
specifiurobaSi.
frakastoros moZRvrebis mixedviT arsebobs infeqciis gadacemis 3 gza: avadmyofTan
uSualo Sexeba, dasnebovanebul nivTebTan Sexeba da garkveul manZilze haeriT gadacema.
frakastoro samarTlianad miiCnevda, rom garkveuli manZilidan yvela avadmyofoba ar vrceldeba,
xolo uSualo SexebiT – TiTqmis yvela.
manve SemoiRo termini infeqcia (laT. infectio; inficere – SeRweva, mowamvla). aqedan
warmodga termini „infeqciuri sneulebani“, romelic mogvianebiT germanelma eqimma k.
hufelandma (ufeland, 1762-1836) daafuZna. termin dezinfeqciis avtoric aseve frakastoroa.
j.frakastoros mignebebi usaTuod metad STambeWdavia. gansakuTrebiT, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom jer ar arsebobs teqnikuri saSualeba davinaxoT mikrobuli organizmebi.
amdenad, jer kidev ar iyo da arc SeiZleba yofiliyo daavadebis mizezebis dadgenis namdvili,
mecnierulad dasabuTebuli meTodebi. dasavleT evropaSi diagnostikisa da kvlevis mTavar
saSualebebad rCeboda avadmyofis vizualuri Seswavla, gamokiTxva da urinoskopia (laT.
urinoscopia; urin-Sardi da scopeo-xedva). medicina am mimarTulebiT Tvisobrivad axal etapze
mxolod ori saukunis Semdeg gadava, roca jer e.jeneri qarTuli (kavkasiuri) tradiciuli medicinis
gamocdilebas genialur analizs gaukeTebs, xolo Semdeg l.pasteri da e.listeri Seucvlian medicinis
mTel rig dargebs mimarTulebas.

qirurgiis ganviTareba

Sua saukuneebis dasasrulis evropaSi xalxis mkurnalobiT mosaqmiane

adamianebis ori jgufi arsebobda: isini, visac samedicino ganaTleba universitetSi
hqonad miRebuli da ZiriTadad mxolod Sinagani daavadebebis mkurnalobiT
iyvnen dakavebuli da isini, visac ar hqonda samedicino ganaTleba, qirurgiuli
meTodebiT mkurnalobdnen da Sesabamisad, maT arc eqimebad Tvlidnen. Sua
saukuneebis qalaqis hamqruli organizaciis Tanaxmad qirurgebs xelosnebad
miiCnevdnen da gaerTianebuli iyvnen TavianT profesiul korporaciaSi. ase
magaliTad: parizSi sadac yvelaze mkafiod gamoixateboda eqimebs da
qirurgebs Soris dapirispireba, qirurgebi “wmida kozmas ZmobaSi”
gaerTiandnen, xolo eqimebi gaerTianebuli iyvnen parizis universitetis
samedicino korporaciaSi, Tavisi rigebis siwmindes, uflebebs da interesebs
aqtiurad icavdnen.
qirurgebsa da eqimebs Soris mimdinareobda dausrulebeli, arafris momtani
brZola. eqimebi im drois oficialur medicinas warmoadgendnen, sadac jer kidev
karg tradiciad iTvleboda samedicino teqstebis dazuTxva, mWermetyveluri
disputebi, amastan, jer kidev Sors iyvnen namdvili klinikuri analizisgan,
obieqturi instrumentuli kvlevisgan da im procesebis realuri gagebisgan,

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janmrTel an daavadebul organizmSi rom xdeboda. xelosan qirurgebs ki, piriqiT,
hqondaT Zalze mdidari praqtikuli gamocdileba. maTi profesia konkretul
codnasTan erTad, mTeli rigi daavadebebisa da situaciebis dros energiul
moqmedebasa da swrafi gadawyvetilebis miRebis unars moiTxovda.
gamocdilebis uzarmazari resurss mravali laSqroba da omi warmoadgenda.
paradoqsulia, magram faqtia, rom dResac ki medicinis ganviTarebis
stimulirebis erTerT umZlavres faqtorad isev omebi, masobrivi Tu individualuri
ganadgurebis iaraRiT miyenebuli dazianebebis mkurnaloba da prevencia
rCeba.
kompetenciidan gamomdinare, qirurgebs Soris arsebobda profesiuli
gradacia. yvelaze maRal safexurze e.w. “grZelkalTiani” qirurgebi idgnen,
romlebic saTanadod grZeli, specialuri Targis tansacmeliT gamoirCeodnen. maT
ufleba hqondaT SeesrulebinaT rTuli operaciebi: Sardovani kenWebis amoReba,
TiaqarkveTa da sxva. “moklekallTiani” qirurgebi ufro e.w. mcire qirurgias
misdevdnen: sisxlis gamoSveba, kbilis amoReba da a.S. yvelaze dabal
safexurze qirurgebis mesame kategoria idga. am saqmianobas ZiriTadad meqiseebi
iTavsebdnen da maT movaleobaSi koJrebis mocileba, sxva kosmetikuri da mcire momsaxurebebi
Sedioda. am jgufebs Sorisac mudmivi brZola mimdinareobda.
oficialuri medicina jiutad ewinaaRmdegeboda qirurgebis Tanabari
uflebebis aRiarebas. maT ekrZalebodaT gascdenodnen TavianTi xelobis
sazRvars: SeesrulebinaT saeqimo manipulaciebi da gamoeweraT recepti.
qirurgebi universitetebSi ar daiSvebdnen. qirurgiuli ganaTlebis miReba
Tavdapirvelad mxolod hamqarSi (profesiul gaerTianebaSi) iyo SesaZlebeli,
mogvianebiT ki qirurgiuli skolebis gaxsnac daiwyes. am skolebis popularoba
droTa ganmavlobaSi matulobda da 1731 wels, miuxedavad parizis universitetis
medicinis fakultetis Zlieri winaaRmdegobisa, mefis gadawyvetilebiT pirveli
qirurgiuli akademia gaixsna, 1743 wels igi medicinis fakultets gautolda da XVIII
saukunis bolos, rodesac safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis Semdeg parizis
universiteti daixura, swored qirurgiuli skolebi daedo safuZvlad axali tipis
samedicino skolebis warmoqmnas.
dasavleT evropis qirurgia XIX saukunemde ar flobda tkivilis gayuCebis
teqnologias. yvela Catarebuli operacia pacients araamqveyniur tkivilebs
ayenebda. aseve ar gaaCndaT swori Sexeduleba Wrilobebze, maTSi SeWril
infeqciebsa da maT brZolis meTodebze. amitom iyo, rom avadmyofebis udidesi
nawili sxvadasxva garTulebiT _ Cirqovani procesebiTa da sefsisiT _ iRupeboda.
kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom am periodis aRmosavleTis qveynebis
(muslimanuri samyaro da qristianuli kavkasia) qirurgia Seudareblad ufro win
iyo operaciul CarevaTa moculobis Tu tkivilgayuCebis, infeqciebTan brZolis Tu
qirurgiul instrumentTa Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT.
XIV saukunis evropaSi cecxsasroli iaraRis gamoCenam Zireulad Secvala
Wrilobis xasiaTi. gaizarda Wrilobebis Ria zedapiris farTobi, misi dabinZurebis
xarisxi, rasac mohyveboda mTeli rigi garTulebebisa: daCirqeba, intoqsikacia,
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dawyluleba... xSirad yvelafer amas organizmSi moxvedril “safantis Sxams”
ukavSirebdnen. amis Sesaxeb pirvelad italielma qirurgma iohanes de vigom
(Johanes de Vigo, 1450-1545) dawera Tavis wignSi “qirurgiuli xelovneba” (Arte
Chirurgica,1514). wigni mraval enaze 50-jer gamoica. de vigo Tvlida, rom
cecxsasroli iaraRiT miyenebuli Wrilobis denTisgan yvelaze kargi gasufTavebis
da damuSavebis meTodi iyo Wrilobis mowva, rac agreTve xels SeuSlida
daCirqebasa da dawylulebas. meTodi dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, rasakvirvelia,
miuRebelia. miTumetes, rom man mkurnalobis ori meTodi mogvawoda:
gavarvarebuli metaliT da aduRebuli zeTiT, romelsac pacients Wrilobaze
adebdnen an asxamdnen. am periodSi, rogorc ukve iTqva, gamayuCebeli ar
arsebobda da advili warmosadgenia is didi tkivili da tanjva, pacienti rom
ganicdida. amas emateboda isic, rom brZolis velze gadarCenili meomari,
SesaZloa aseTi gziT mkurnalobas Sewirvoda. miuxedavad amisa, es iyo
seriozuli cdebi sistemuri savele-samxedro qirurgiis Seqmnisa.
medicinasa da kerZod, qirurgiaSi revoluciuri cvlilebebis avtori Seiqna didi
frangi qirurgi da meani ambruaz pare (Ambroise Pare, 1510-1590). mas saeqimo
ganaTleba ar miuRia. qirurgias parizis saavadmyofoSi (Hotel-dieu) swavlobda.
1536 wels parem samxedro qirurgad daiwyo muSaoba.
a.pares pirveli naSromi samxedro qirurgiaSi exeboda cecxlsasroli iaraRiTa
da isrebiT miyenebuli Wrilobebis mkurnalobis meTodebs. es wigni gamovida
1545 wels sasaubro frangul enaze (avtorma laTinuri ar icoda). 1552 wels
naSromi meored gamosces.
1549 wels parem gamoaqveyna naSromi “dedis organizmidan rogorc bavSvis, ise mkvdari
nayofis gamoyvanis saxelmZRvanelo”.
ambruaz pare ara marto gamoCenili qirurgi, aramed brwyinvale meanic iyo. is safrangeTis im
drois yvela mefis karze msaxurobda da amasTan im saavadmyofos (Hotel-dieu) mTavari qirurgi
gaxda, sadac pirvelad aidga fexi.
a. pares uaRresad didi miRwevebs Soris yvelaze brwyinvale aRmoCenad mainc cecxsasroli
iaraRiT miyenebuli Wrilobis mkurnalobis axali meTodi gaxda.
1536 wels CrdiloeT italiaSi laSqrobis dros, axalgazrda pares yvela daWrilisTvis ar eyo is
cxeli fisovani nivTiereba, romelic sayovelTaod miRebuli wesis Tanaxmad WrilobaSi unda Caesxa,
arc imis saSualeba hqonda rom cxeli rkiniT moewva Wrilobis kideebi, amitom man kvercxis cilisa
da sxvadasxva saxis zeTisagan daamzada safenebi da Wrilobebi ase Seuxvia jariskacebs. “mTeli
Rame ar meZina. meSinoda, rom daWrilebi, romelTac ver movuwvi Wriloba Zalian cud
mdgomareobaSi damxvdebodnen” _ werda a.pare Semdeg Tavis dRiurebSi. mis gakvirvebas
sazRvari ar hqonda, rodesac dilas mas yvela is pacienti, romelsac axali meTodiT umkurnala
gamojanmrTelebulebi, damSvidebulebi da gamoZinebuli daxvdnen, maSin rodesac isini, visac
Zveli meTodiT umkurnala, mZime mdgomareobaSi iyvnen. Wriloba _ Sesiebuli, maRali sicxiT,
tkivilisgan ganawamebi da a.S. es SemTxveva gaxda Semobrunebis momenti Wrilobis humanuri
meTodebiT mkuralobis saqmeSi.
ambruaz parem mniSvnelovnad daxvewa operaciuli teqnika, aRadgina miviwyebuli sameano
meTodebi, Seqmna qirurgiuli instrumentebi da orTopediuli mowyobilobebi. mis saxelTanaa
- 169 -
dakavSirebuli kidurebis proTezebis gamogonebac. bevri misi mignebis realizacia, pares
gardacvalebis Semdeg, misi naxazebis safuZvelze gakeTda.
ambruaz pares damsaxureba qirurgiis ganviTarebaSi uzarmazaria. is ubralo, xelosani qirurgidan
iqca uZlieres, brwyinvale mecnier qirurgad, srulfasovan eqimad. mas Zalian bevri mimdevari da
Tanamoazre hyavda msoflios sxvadasxva qveynaSi. misma moRvaweobam axali epoqa Seqmna
aramarto qirurgiasa da mean-ginekologiaSi, aramed mTlianad medicina aiyvana ganviTarebis axal
etapze.
ambruaz pare 1545 wels gardaicvala. misi saxeli paracelsTan, frakastorosTan da
aRorZinebis epoqis uamrav sxva moRvawesTan erTad moixsenieba. maT Secvales Tanamedrove
msoflio azrovnebis stili da mimarTuleba. pirvel planze gamovida adamiani Tavisi tkivilebiTa da
survilebiT. is Seiqna samyaros centri, misi mTavari subieqtica da obieqtic. gaCnda safuZveli
terminisTvis _ “humanizmi”. calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRevandeli msoflio am periodSi
Semzadebul niadagze cxovrobs da iRvwis, im dros Seqmnili RirebulebebiTa da uzogadesi
kanonebiT. inteleqtualuri epoqa, romelSic dRevandeli msoflio cdilobs did mecnierul warmatebebze
dayrdnobiT Seqmnas didi da garantirebuli momavali, evropis im jer kidev mouvlel, alag-alag
inkviziciis cecxliT Setrusul quCebsa da moednebze ibadeboda, TanamedroveTagan umeteswilad
gawirul da vergagebul adamianTa gonebasa da gulebSi.

medicina Zvel amerikaSi

istoria. amerikis kontinentis kulturuli da politikuri istoria or etapad iyofa. pirveli, romelic
daaxloebiT 30 000 weli grZeldeboda, kolumbis mier amerikis kontinentis evropelTaTvis
aRmoCeniT, 1492 wels sruldeba da mas konkistamdeli periodi ewodeba,. xolo meore am epoqaluri
aRmoCeniT iwyeba, am kontinentis kolonizaciiT aris niSandebuli da dRevandlamde modis.
mecnierTa gavrcelebuli azriT, amerikis aborigenuli mosaxleoba aq aziidan 20-30 aTasi wlis
win movida da saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sami didi civilizacia Seqmnes: maia _ centralur
amerikaSi (II aTaswleuli qr.S.-mde), actekebisa _ Tanamedrove meqsikis teritoriaze (XIIs. qr.S-
dan) da inkebisa _ Tanamedrove perus teritoriaze (XIVs. qr.S-dan). am veeba kontinentis sxva
nawilebi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze myofi xalxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.
amerikis uZvelesi da udidesi civilizacia maias (esp. mayas) saxeliTaa cnobili. is qr.S.-mde V
saukuneSi ukve mZlavrad iyo ganviTarebuli da droSi damafiqreblad emTxveva rogorc berZnuli,
aseve induri da Cinuri didi kulturebis ayvavebis klasikur periodebs.
maT kontinentze pirvelebma da konkistamde erTaderTebma Seqmnes ieroglifuri damwerloba,
unikaluri kalendari, romelmac warmoudgenlad didi dro moicva da dResac ganxilvisa da
vnebaTaRelvis sagania. hqondaT Zalze saintereso maTematikuri mignebebi: nulis principi, “pi”-s
zusti gansazRvra da sxva, rac imdroindeli evropis dones mniSvelovnad uswrebda. jer kidev Cvens
eramde aaSenes maias mcxovreblebma qvis unikaluri Senobebi _ saxlebi, taZrebi, piramidebi,
burTis saTamaSo stadionebi da sxva. am qveyanaSi asze meti qalaqi iyo: tikali, kopani, CiCen-ica
da sxva. maias kulturam ganmsazRvreli roli iTamaSa amerikis kontinentis ganviTarebaSi.
Sua saukuneebSi asparezze mezoamerikis mosaxleoba da inkebis imperia gamodian.
mezoamerokis maRali civilizaciebis ganviTareba pirobiTad or periodad iyofa: adreuli anu klasikuri
(IVs.qr.S.-dan _ Xs.qr.S.-mde) da gviandeli anu postklasikuri(X-XVIss. qr.S.-dan).

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 klasikur periodSi gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda: centralur meqsikaSi _ Teotihuakanis, oahakSi
_ sapoTekis, verakrusSi _ ToTonakisa, xolo samxreT meqsikasa, gvatemalasa da hondurasSi maias
kulturebi. jerjerobiT gaurkveveli mizezebiT, Cveni eris I aTaswleulis dasasrulisTvis es kulturebi
qreba.
postklasikur periodSi meqsikisa da centraluri amerikis teritoriaze ramdenime swrafad
ganviTarebadi qalaqi-saxelmwifo warmoiSva. espanel konkistadorebs aq sami maRalganviTarebuli
civilizacia daxvdaT: actekebisa, miStekisa da iukatanis maiasi.
maTgan yvelaze mZlavri actekebi (esp. aztekas) iyvnen. maT, marTalia, Zalze cota xans
iarsebes, magram metad saintereso kulturis matareblebi iyvnen. actekebi sargeblobdnen Tvlis
ocobiTi sistemiT, mzis kalendriT, flobdnen damwerlobis piqtografiul meTods (laT.pictographia,
pictus–naxati, grapho_vwer), mSeneblobis uaRresad maRal xelovnebas. maTi medicina
saxelganTqmuli iyo.
dRevandeli mexikos teritoriaze actekebma 1325 wels dasaxlebas Cauyares safuZveli, saxelad
_ tenoCtitlani, romelic male dedaqalaqad iqca. 1427 wlisTvis es imperia meqsikis yuridan wynar
okeanemde gadaiWima, romelsac 1519-21 wlebSi bolo mouRes espanelma konkistadorebma ernan
kortesis xelmZRvanelobiT. am tragikuli istoriisadmi interesi saukuneebia ar ganelebula. actekebze
20 wliT meti iarseba CrdiloeT gvatemalis maielTa saxelmwifom.
samxreT amerikaSi dRevandeli perus, nawilobriv _ ekvadoris, Cilesa da boliviis teritoriebze,
1438 wels Seiqmna saxelmwifo tahuantinsuiu (Tahuantinsuiu), romelsac inkebis imperiis saxeliT
icnoben (Tavdapirvelad inca imperiis mmarTvels niSnavda). dedaqalaqs kusko erqva.
inkebma did warmatebas miaRwies mSeneblobis saqmeSi, keramikisa da safeiqro
mrewvelobaSi, oqros, brinjaosa da spilenZis damuSavebaSi, damwerlobasa da komunikaciis sxva
saxeobebSi. maT mier damuSavebuli mumiebi dResac saukeTesodaa Semonaxuli. 1532 wels am
imperiamac tragikulad daasrula arseboba. espaneli konkistadorebis am SenaerTs ukve francisko
pisaro xelmZRvanelobda.
evropeli dampyroblebis mier amerikis kontinentze ganadgurda adgilobrivi mosaxleoba,
pirisagan miwisa aRigava uZvelesi civilizaciebi, romelic ase gansxvavdeboda ukve nacnobisgan da
amave dros saocrad bevri ram saerToc iyo. inkviziciis cecxlSi aramarto adamianebi, aramed maT
mier Seqmnili religiurad miuRebeli wignebic iwvoda _ ikargeboda informacia, romlis aRdgenas
adamianebi veRarasodes SeZleben. amasTan, Zvelma amerikelebma araferi icodnen borblisa da
guTnis Sesaxeb, ar aSenebdnen wisqvilebs da ar aSinaurebdnen pirutyvs, ar icodnen rkinis
gamodnoba da denTis damzadeba. SesaZloa, isini amitomac da Tavisi gulubryvilobisa da rainduli
bunebis gamo gamodgnen konkistadorebisTvis ioli lukma. samagierod maT unda umadlodes
danarCeni msoflio katofils, siminds, pomidors, lobios, gogras, nesvs, kakaos, bambas, ananass,
Tambaqos, kauCuks da mraval sxva kvebisa da samrewvelo produqts. yvelaferma aman
TavisTavad gamoiwvia bevri dargis ganviTareba yvela kontinentze.

medicinis Sesaxeb.
amerikis aborigenebis uZvelesi teqstebis Seswavlis SesaZlebloba mxolod me-20 saukunis
dasawyisSi, maias tomis ieroglifuri damwerlobis gaSifrvis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli. maias tomis
(centraluri amerika. I aTaswleuli Cv. eramde) saswaulebrivad gadarCenili xelnawerebidan

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aRsaniSnavia “popol vuhi” epidemiebis Sesaxeb, “malabeCis kodeqsi”, “borjias kodeqsi”, actekeli
eqimis martin de la krusis (1525w) “badianos kodeqsi” da a.S.
aseve didi mniSvneloba aqvs konkistis monawileTa (samxedro pirebi, mRvdelmsaxurebi,
eqimebi, eTnografebi) Canawerebs, sadac isini xSirad piruTvnelad aRwerdnen danaxulsa da
mosmenils adgilobrivi medicinis Sesaxeb.
garda werilobiTi Zeglebisa, Zveli amerikelebis daavadebebsa da maTi mkurnalobis Sesaxeb
mogviTxroben maias piramidebi, inkebis (Tanamedrove perus teritoria) mumiebi, xelovnebis
nimuSebi, agreTve Zveli perus mravalricxovani keramikuli nakeTobani, romlebzedac gamosaxulia
adamianis fizikuri ganviTarebis anomaliebi (kurdRlis tuCi, akromegalia), daavadebebi (sibrmave,
kanis daavadebebi, farisebri jirkvlis gadideba), operaciuli Carevis Sedegebi (kidurebis amputacia,
Tavis qalas trepanacia), agreTve mSobiarobisAprocesi.
Zvel amerikaSi yvela xalxs Tavisi mkurnalobis RmerTi hyavda. ase magaliTad, maias tomi
Tayvans scemda gamravlebis (mSobiarobis) qalRmerT iqsCels, sikvdilis RmerTs ah-puCs, xolo
sxvadasxva daavadebebs “umcros RmerTebs” _ maimunebs ukavSirebdnen. CrdiloeTis tomebSi
janmrTelobis gamrige iyo “diadi suli-manitu”. samxreTiT, inkebi gardacvlilTa sulebs miagebdnen
pativs da Tvlidnen, rom swored isini axdendnen gavlenas cocxalTa bedze. es damokidebuleba
identuria evrazieli xalxebis warmodgenebisa. inkebi eTayvenebodnen mamakoCas, romelic
janmrTelobis damcvelad iyo aRiarebuli, xolo mzis RmerTis Svili imahianu samkurnalo
mcenareebis SerCevaSi “exmareboda” mkurnalebs. yvelaze mravalricxovani panTeoni, romelic
daavadebebsa da maT mkurnalobas ukavSirdeboda, actekebs hqondaT: Tzapotlatena wamlebis
RmerTi iyo, qsipeToteki kanis da Tvalis daavadebebs “ganagebda”, siyvarulis qalRmerTi
qsoCikeTzali _ bubonebsa da sxvadasxva gamonayars, wvimis RmerTi tlaloki _ kidurebis
daavadebebs, wylulebsa da gaciebas.
sikvdilis Semdeg cxovrebis rwmenam miiyvana isini gvamebis balzamirebis praqtikamde.
inkebma icodnen gvamebis Senaxvis qimiuri meTodebi. gakveTis maTeuli teqnika mogvagonebs
Zvelegvipturs. Signeulobisa da Tavis tvinis gamoRebis Semdeg (ZiriTadad kefis didi Riobis
mxridan), gvams amuSavebdnen balzamiT, romelsac tolu erqva da romlis SemadgenlobaSic peruuli
balzami, xis fisi, marili, alkaloidebi, menToli, tanini da bevri sxva adgilobrivi bunebrivi nivTiereba
Sedioda. inkebis miTosSi arsebobda gvamebis mfarveli RmerTi _ vari. mumiebis gamokvlevam
aCvena, rom amerikeli aborigenebis sazogadoebis garkveul fenas wesad hqonda adamianis sxeulis
nawilebis formis ganzrax Secvla: zeda kbilebis wamaxvileba, kbilebis inkrustacia nefritiT,
obsidianiT, iaspiTa da oqroTi, Tavis qalis formis Secvla, cxviris Zgidis, bibiloebisa da enis
gaxvreta. maias warmodgena silamazeze gulisxmobda brtyel Subls, wagrZelebul qalas da sielmes.
amis gamo axalSobilis Tavs dabadebisTanave or brtyel ficars Soris moaqcevdnen, xolo Sublze,
Tvalebs Soris yuradRebis misaqcevad mZivs hkidebdnen.
Zveli amerikis medicina misi Tanamedrove feodaluri evropis medicinas aRemateboda rigi
aspeqtebis mixedviT. adamianis sxeulis nawilebis aRsaniSnavad yvelaze met (ramdenime aseul)
termins actekebi iyenebdnen maSin, rodesac maias tomi mxolod 150-s. bevri mkvlevari am faqts
ukavSirebs ritualuri msxverplTSewirvis praqtikas, rodesac dadgenil dReebSi ramdenime aTas
adamians kveTdnen mkerdsa da uRebdnen guls.

daavadebebis mizezad iTvleboda cudi saqcieli da codvebi, kalendaruli wlis Taviseburebebi.

arasrulyofili msxverplTSewirva, aramiwieri da magiuri Zalebi. rogorc ukve iTqva, actekebi
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miiCnevdnen, rom fexebis daavadebebs, wylulebsa da gaciebebs wvimis RmerTi tlaloki ugzavnida
maT, xolo maias tomi ciebas, siyviTles, sisxlRebinebas ukavSirebda maimunebs, romlebsac Tavis
winaprad miiCnevdnen. amasTan erTad, avadmyofis cxovrebidan gamomdinare, aRiarebdnen
daavadebis bunebriv mizezebsac.
mkurnaloba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli magiasTan, Tumca is arsobrivad efuZneboda
kontinentis xalxebis empiriul gamocdilebas. daavadebebs mkurnalobdnen qurumebi da saxalxo
mkurnalebi. actekebi maT tisitlebs uwodebdnen. Zvel peruSi arsebobda mTeli tomi mkurnalebisa _
`kaleualia~, romlebic mkurnalobdnen mmarTvel inkebs da inaxavdnen Tavisi xelovnebis
saidumloebebs tomis SigniT.
Cvenamde moRweul kodeqsebSi aRwerilia calkeuli daavadebebi da maTi mkurnalobis
meTodebi. am kodeqsebidan vigebT, rom maia da actekebi xSirad avaddebodnen sxvadasxva
gadamdebi daavadebebiT. magaliTad, tulas saxelmwifos dacema aixsneba masobrivi daavadebebiT,
romelsac Tan axlda sisxliani Rebineba da faRaraTi. teqstebi gvamcnoben sxvadasxva ciebebis
Sesaxebac, maT Sorisaa daavadebac, romelmac SemdegSi miiRo saxelwodeba `malaria~
(espanurad _ cudi haeri). “saagunas kodeqsSi” specialur ganyofilebaSi balaxebis Sesaxeb,
aRwerilia 251 samkurnalo mcenare da moyvanilia maTi 185 feradi suraTi.
zogierTi swavlulis azriT, actekelma mkurnalebma icodnen 3000 samkurnalo mcenare. maT
mier gaSenebulma samkurnalo mcenareebis baRebma ganacvifres espaneli konkistadorebi.
Zveli perus medicinis Sesaxeb werda inki garsilaso de la vega. Tavis `inkebis saxelmwifos
istoriaSi~ is mogviTxrobs sisxlis gamoSvebaze da adgilobrivi kuWisamSleli da Rebinebis
gamomwvevi saSualebebiT kuWis gawmendaze, maxvila Wiebis gamodevnaze organizmidan,
dietiT ganwmendaze, Wrilobebis mkurnalobaze da RrZilebis gamagrebaze, aseve balaxis,
saxelwodebiT `mateklu~ moqmedebis efeqturobaze, romlis dadebac kurnavda mwvave anTebiT
daavadebebs da ori dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi aqrobda librs. dReisaTvis kontinentis samkurnalo
mcenareebis umdidresi arsenalidan bevri maTgani Seswavlilia da danergilia msoflio samedicino
praqtikaSi. esenia: ipekakuana da saTiTura, qinaqinisa da guaiakovos xis qerqi, narkotikuli
saSualebebi, peruuli balzami, kokas furclebi da mravali sxva.
kontinentze umaRles dones miaRwia mSobiareTa daxmarebis xelovnebam da qaluri
daavadebebis mkurnalobam, romelic im drois evropuls ar Camouvardebda. mSobiarobis miRebiT
kontinentze dakavebuli iyvnen is qalebi, romlebmac ukve imSobiares. isini sargeblobdnen didi
pativiscemiT da iwvevdnen ojaxebSi qorwinebisTanave, raTa maTgan mieRoT aucilebeli rCevebi
higienasa da fexmZimobis periodSi qcevis wesebze. mSobiarobamde ramdenime TviT adre
fexmZimes uwyobdnen abanos, romlis drosac usinjavdnen mucels, arkvevdnen nayofis
mdebareobas da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi asworebdnen kidec. mSobiarobis pirvelive niSnebis
gamovlinebisTanave mSobiares abanoSi bandnen, dazianebebis Tavidan asacileblad aZlevdnen
wamals saxelwodebiT `sasauaktili~ da asmevdnen wvenebs, nayenebsa da balaxebis naxarSebs,
romlebic xels uwyobdnen gautkivarebasa da axdendnen mSobiarobis stimulirebas. mSobiarobidan
oTxze damdgari an Cacucqulni. rogorc wesi, mSobiares exmareboda ori qali: erTi uknidan iWerda
mas, xolo meore iRebda axaldabadebuls. ZuZuTi kvebas iwyebdnen dabadebidan 2_3 dRis
Semdeg, romelic xandaxan grZeldeboda 3_4 weli. rZis moyvanis stimulaciisaTvis gamoiyenebdnen
samkurnalo mcenareebs. saerTod, maiasa da actekebis cxovrebaSi did rols asrulebdnen saxalxo
abanoebi, romlebic gamoiyenebodnen higienuri, samkurnalo da saritualo mizniT. abanoSi

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emzadebodnen samSobiarod, bandnen axaldabadebuls, akeTebdnen masaJebs, gogirdis wyliT
mkurnalobdnen kanis daavadebebs.
qaluri daavadebebis mkurnaloba aseve Zalze efeqturad mimdinareobda adgilobrivi
samkurnalo mcenareebis, mineralebisa da cxovelebis nawilebis gamoyenebiT da dozebis mkacri
dacviT. kolumbamdeli amerikis medicinis zogierTi saSualeba dResac gamoiyeneba sameano-
ginekologiur praqtikaSi, Tumca bevri maTgani ucnobia Tanamedrove mecnierebisaTvis. kerZod, es
exeba orsulobis sixSiris regulacias: Tu Tanamedrove braziliis indielTa tomis qalma gadawyvita
Tavi Seikavos dafexmZimebisagan, is svams raRac balaxebis nayens da ar fexmZimdeba. Tu
ramdenime wlis Semdeg gadawyvets daorsulebas, saamisod is sxva balaxs iyenebs. es saidumlo
mkacrad aris daculi tomis SigniT da zepirad gadaecema Taobidan Taobas.
operatiuli mkurnalobis sferoSi udides warmatebebs miaRwies inkebma da maTma
winamorbedma pre-inkebma. maTi mkurnalebi kargad axorcebdnen Wrilobebs, akeTebdnen zeda
da qveda kidurebis amputaciebs, Tavis qalis trepanaciebs. operaciaTa 70% warmatebiT
mTavrdeboda, razec miuTiTebs arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros aRmoCenil Tavis qalebze oTxkuTxa
da mravalkuTxa naWrilobevebis irgvliv warmoqmnili Zvlovani koJrebi, risi ganviTarebac mxolod
pacientis sicocxleSi iyo SesaZlebeli. trepanacia warmoebda rogorc ritualuri, ise samkurnalo
miznebiT: Tavis qalas Wrilobebisa da travmebis, Zvlovani qsovilis anTebiTi procesebis, sifilisuri
wylulebisa da sxva SemTxvevebSi.
actekebis saxelmwifoSi arsebobda specialuri organo, romelic mkurnalTa moRvaweobas
awesrigebda. kortesis Canawerebis mixedviT, actekebis armiaSi, romelic 150 aTas adamians
iTvlida, iyvnen brZolis velidan daWrilebis gamoyvaniT dasaqmebuli specialuri pirebi. arsebobda
samxedro hospitalebi, aseve specialuri Senobebi xeibrebis, albinosebis, ukurnebeli da ucnobi
daavadebebiT Sepyrobili adamianebis izolaciisaTvis. epidemiebis dros dauyovnebliv tovebdnen
daavadebis kerebs, gansakuTrebiT maRali socialuri fenebis warmomadgenlebi.
inkebis imperiaSi arsebobda mkacri wesebi, romlebic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
saxelmwifoebrivi reglamentacia. mag. avadmyofebs ekrZalebodaT qalaqebSi cxovreba,
dabadebidan avadmyofebs ki _ qorwineba, agreTve avadmyofebis TavSesafrebis organizacia da
sxv.
kolumbamdeli amerikis maRalcivilizebuli kulturis centrebi didad gansxvavdebodnen maTi
Tanamedrove dasavleT evropuli centrebisagan. mag. actekebis dedaqalaqSi tenoCtitlaneSi, romelic
150 aTas adamians iTvlida, sisufTavis dacvas emsaxureboda aTasamde adamiani. am qalaqis
quCebSi iseTi sisufTave iyo, rom konkistadorebis gadmocemiT, `fexs verafers wamokravdiT~.
qalaqSi sufTa sasmeli wyali mTebidan qvis ori wyalsadeni miliT moedineboda.
Zveli amerikis medicina Zveli samyaros medicinis istoriis erT-erTi TvalsaCino da saintereso
furcelia. Zveli amerikis civilizaciis tragikulma dasasrulma aCvena adamianebs, rom aucilebelia
warsulis memkvidreobis gulmodgined dacva, safuZvliani Seswavla, gamdidreba da Semdgomi
ganviTarebis mizniT momavali TaobebisaTvis gadacema.

saqarTvelos medicina evropuli

aRorZinebis epoqaSi

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 XV-XVII saukuneebis saqarTvelos politikuri da kulturuli ganviTareba naklebadaa evropaSi
mimdinare procesebisa. aRmosavleTis axlos gacnobis Semdeg dasavleTis cxovrebaSi iwyeba didi
da warmatebuli procesebi, rac ar SeiZleba iTqvas axlo aRmosavleTsa da kavkasiaze. TurqeTis
eqspansiam da konstantinopolis dacemam am regionis qristianuli mosaxleobisaTvis katastrofuli
situacia Seqmna. erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo iwyebs daSlas sam samefod da amdenive samTavrod,
mimdinareobs qveynis politikuri da kulturuli partikularizacia. amasTan, qarTuli Tvimyofadi kultura
mainc viTardeba araerT sayuradRebo nimuSs gvitovebs saeklesio Tu saero literaturis, arqiteqturis,
ferweris da sxva dargebSi. tradiciulad maRal dones inarCunebs medicina, risi daasturebacaa zaza
fanaskerteli-ciciSvilis da odnav mogvianebiT, daviT XI-is, saqarTvelos arcTu warmatebuli mefis
samedicino moRvaweoba.
zaza fanaskertel-ciciSvili da misi samkurnalo wigni. zaza fanaskerteli-ciciSvili XV
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi daibada. is Zalze cnobili da warmatebuli feodaluri gvaris
warmomadgeneli gaxldaT. mis mamulebi taoSi, xolo centri mdinare fanis piras, fanaskertSi iyo.
aqedanaa gvaric - fanaskerteli. zogierTi iribi sabuTi, maT bagrationebTan naTesaobas miuTiTebs.
asea Tu ise, fanaskertelTa erTgulebam saqarTvelos samefo karisadmi da ltolvam centralizebuli
saxelmwifos aRdgenisaken maT samcxe-saaTabagoSi bevri mteri SesZina da maT Soris upirvelesni
jayelebi iyvnen. am dapirispirebas fanaskertelTa mamulidan ayra da Sida qarTlSi gadmosaxleba
mohyva. maT isev menapire Tavadis, anu qarTlSi samxreTidan Semosavali karebis dacva
daevalaT.
zaza fanaskirteli iyo pirveli vinc Sida qarTls dasaxlda da aman gvarsac - ciciSvilebs misca
dasabami.
Zneli saTqmelia, Tu saidan mieca am ojaxs aseTi didi da fundamentaluri codna medicinisa.
gadmosaxlebul didgvarovanT Tan yma Tavad-aznauroba da glexobac gadmohyva da ambad
hyvebian, rom TurmaniZeebi, maRalaZeebi da sxva SemdgomSi saxelganTqmuli mkurnalebi
Turme fanaskertelTa saxleulidan yofilan. maTi kavSiri dRevandeli Tvalsawieridan sruliad logikuri
Cans. zazam xelmwifisa da qveynis samsaxuri qarTlSic didi mondomebiT gaagrZela. misma
gonierebam, mravalmxrivma ganaTlebam mas brZenmTavris tituli SesZina.
wigni, romelic fanaskertelma momaval Taobas dautova, unikaluria. formiT, SinaarsiT da
yovlismomcvelobiT is tols ar udebs im drois msoflioSi gavrcelebul saxelmZRvaneloebs da
enciklopediuri xasiaTis gamocemebs. marTalia, im dros evropaSi ukve Cans niSnebi cdiseuli
mecnierebis ganviTarebisa, medicinis calkeuli dargebis formirebisa, magram umaRles
saswavleblebSi mainc aRmosavluri an masze damyarebuli literaturiT mimdinareobs swavleba. am
mxriv zazas `samkurnalo wigni-karabadini~ im epoqis Tanadroulia da zogierT aspeqtSi, kerZod,
qirurgiis ganviTarebiT, mTeli etapiT uswrebs evropul medicinas.
`samkurnalo wigni - karabadini~ msoflmxedvelobrivad efuZneba humoruli paTologiis
Teorias, xolo struqturulad - islamuri medicinis saukeTeso nimuSebs (avicena, averoesi da a.S.).
misi zogadi nawili exeba anatomia-fiziologias, embriologiis, wamalmcodneobis, Sxamebisa da
antidotebis, higienis, cxovrebis wesis, dietologiisa da sxva sakiTxebs. kerZo nawilSi ganxilulia
yvela sistemisa da organos avtorisaTvis cnobili daavadeba, simptomokompleqsi, etiopaTogenezi,
klinikuri mimdinareoba, mkurnaloba da prognozi.
wigni bevr aspeqtSi eyrdnoba da imeorebs winare samedicino monografiebs - `usworo
karabadinsa~ da `wigni saaqimoÁs~. is vaxtang VI-is (XVII) mier Seqmnili swavlulTa sabWos
mier aris Sevsebuli da redaqtirebuli.
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 monografiaSi aseulobiT samkurnalo mcenare da sxva resursia naxsenebi, mowodebulia
mravalgvari samkurnalo saSualeba da meTodi, magram vfiqrob, karabadinis gansakuTrebuli
mravalferovneba masSi motanili qirurgiuli xasiaTis teqstebia. es aSkarad siaxlea qarTuli
karabadinebisaTvis da albaT es ganpirobebuli unda iyos misi cxovrebis gamoxatulad saero
xasiaTiT, meomrobiT da didi gamocdilebiT.
`qriste RmerTo, adide orTave Sina cxovrebiTa brZenTmTavari fanaskerteli zaza, amin~.
`qriste Rmerto, adide patroni Cveni zaza mkurnali~ ase locavs mematiane “qarTlis cxovrebisa”
mkurnals, brZenTmTavarsa da Tavisi samSoblos gaerTianebisa da sulierebisaTvis damaSvral
moRvawes, `Tqven Cvenisa amodyofisa mecade~ - ase mimarTavs mas wyalobis wignSi qarTlis
mefe. sityvaZunw mematianeebs ki bevrisaTvis ar miugiaT aseTi pativi. es rCeulTa Soris rCeulebis
xvedri iyo.
da mainc, zaza mkurnalma Zegli im `karabadiniT~ daidga, dResac ase rom etaneba da
eloliaveba qarTveli eri.
am sqeltanian wignSi gaerTianebulia mTeli aRmosavleTis saeqimo miRwevebi. Mmagram,
zaza ubralo gadamweri araa aRmosavluri foliantebisa. igi sakuTari gamocdilebis prizmaSi atarebs
yvelafers, xSirad mimarTavs xalxur medicinas, Tavisi xalxis naazrevs. amdenad igi uaRresad
originaluria.
`samkurnalo wigni~ orad aris gayofili. pirveli wignis teqsti Sinaarsobrivad or nawilad
SeiZleba daiyos: pirvelSi ganxilulia medicinis zogadi sakiTxebi, meore nawili ki eZRvneba kerZo
paTologias, calkeul daavadebaTa ganxilvas, samkurnalwamlo saSualebaTa ZiriTad formebsa da
naerTebs. sxeulis gamokvlevis, diagnostikis aspeqtebis ganxilvisas zaza saocar Tanamimdevrobasa
da profesiulobas (Tanamedrove gagebiT) iCens. is sxeuls sinjavs `xelTa dabaniTa~, majis
gasinjviT, Sardisa da ganavlis gamokvlevebiT (im drois Sesabamisi meTodebiT, rasakvirvelia).
asakis dadgeniT, weliwadis droTa da klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, inspeqciiTa da
anamnezuri monacemebiT dgindeba avadmyofoba, misi simZime. aqvea Zilisa da tansacmlis
higienis sakiTxebic.
zaza fanaskerteli-ciciSvili SesaniSnavad icnobs adamianis anatomias da fiziologias,
zedmiwevniT aRwers tvinis garsebs, nervTa Tanamimdevrul svlas, sxvadasxva organoTa
topografiasa da qsovilTa xasiaTs. igi racionalurad moazrovnea. es im epoqis evropul tendenciaTa
Tanmxvedria, romelSic mkurnali da moazrovne cxovrobda. misi gabeduli, Tavisufali midgoma
praqtikuli da samedicino- filosofiuri sakiTxebisadmi TvalnaTlivia da swored es aris misi profesiuli
qirurgiuli profesionalizmis safuZveli, mizezi qirurgiul CarevaTa im gansacvifrebeli moculobisa,
romelsac igi aRwers Tavis samkurnalo wignSi.
dawyebuli gvelisa da ZaRlis nakbenisa, gaTavebuli Tirkmelidan kenWis amoRebiT - igi
zustad agviwers avadmyofobis simptomatikas, mkurnalobas da gamojanmrTelebis mimdinareobis
niuansebsac.
Wriloba qirurgiis upirvelesi kari da anbania da zazac Zalze xSirad da farTod exeba am
sakiTxs. igi Wrilobis qirurgiuli damuSavebis uiSviaTes suraTs aRwers. isriT miRebuli Wrilobis
dros: `isari gamoiRos da misi adgili mokueTe da gaagde...~, xolo Tu dakodili didi iyos Sekere
nemsiTa da abreSumiT da ese wamlebi Sigan Cauyare da Zveli bamba dazdev da Seuxvie da
uSvelis”_ ambobs zaza. yvelasTvis, araspecialistebisTvisac ki, cnobilia, rom Wrilobis damuSavebis
es meTodi dResac ZiriTadia Tanamedrove klinikebSi. aq Tanmimdevrobac daculia: 1. meqanikuri
damuSaveba, 2. savaraudo antiseptikuri damuSaveba, radganac, dasadgenia, `ese wamlebi” ra
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qimiuri Tvisebebis matareblebia da 3 Wrilobis gakerva. zaza Wrilobis malamoTa uamrav recepturul
masalasac gvawvdis.
karabadinSi gansakuTrebiT didi adgili uWiravs urologiur aspeqtebs. Tirkmlis SardkenWovani
daavadeba (`TirkmelCigan Sirimi~), Tirkmlis ukmarisoba (`TirkmelTa ususuroba~), Wvali (`tkivili
TirkmelTagani~), Tirkmlisa da Sardis buStis simsivne (`simsivnisa TirkmelTa da qanTilisa~),
hematuria (`TirkmelTa, qanTilTa da sisxlis denis~) da mravali sxva aris zazas interesebis sfero. igi
Sardis 9 fers arkvevs. gvawvdis zemoT moyvanili daavadebebis mkurnalobis meTodebs, rogorc
konservatiuls ise operaciuls: `Tu ama wamalma ver uSvelos, da es qva qvemo buStuSigan iyos da
ver uSuelos, meSirimeman amoarTuas” da Tan kenWi ise unda amoviRoT, rom namceci ram ar
unda darCes, Torem xelmeored ganviTardebao, kenWis amoRebisaTvis zaza agreTve iyenebs
specialur mils – vantirs. vantiri idgmeba asodan, Sehyavs saSarde gzebSi da am gziT aTavisuflebs
Sekavebul Sardsac da kenWsac `Tu SeeZlos~. `Tu qva didi iyos, Sirimi da ar dadnebodes amiT
wamlebiTa da daexSas savali fselsa, maSin Cayav mili, romelsac saxeli hqvia vantiri, sarcxunelsa
Siga da ukrZale rome gamovides fseli, gaupos da gamouRos qva, Tu SeeZlos~. meTodi, faqtia,
Zlier sainteresoa. yuradsaRebia agreTve sxvanairi mili - `stuiri~. wamali `stuiriTa amod-amod
sarcxuinelSigan CaasxiT, rome daalbos~. cxadia, orive SemTxvevaSi dRes farTod gavrcelebuli
kaTeterizaciasTan da saSarde gzebis gamorecxvasTan gvaqvs saqme. meTodika da instrumenti
principulad identuria.
zaza arc laparotomias erideba. elenTis daavadebis mkurnalobisas igi wers: `Sevasui samsa
dResa wamali eseTelsa da maSin gaapes muceli~. aq sainteresoa is, rom operacias sacdeli
laparatomiis elferi dahkravs. gaurkveveli rCeba sakiTxi avadmyofis operaciis Semdgomi
mdgomareobisa, magram aseTi gadawyvetili nabijis Sefasebisas, mxolod im daskvnis gakeTeba
SeiZleba, rom es ambavi maTTvis Cveulebrivi ram yofila.
sainteresoa karabadinSi moyvanili travmatologiuri daavadebis aRweriloba da mkurnaloba.
aqac uaRresad farToa avtoris diapazoni. ubralo motexiloba da myesis damokleba, myesTa budis
anTeba da damwvrobebi ganxilulia cal-calke, dawvrilebiT. aqve sruli sicxadiT aris aRwerili
xerxemlis arxis gaxsna an ufro sworad dRevandeli gagebiT suboqcipitaluri ineqcia, romelsac zaza
Zlieri, isarze wasmuli SxamebiT (albaT paralitikuri moqmedebis) mowamvlisas mimarTavda. es
momenti mxolod gulwrfel gaocebas da pativiscemas imsaxurebs imdroindeli qarTuli medicinis
mimarT.
didi adgili eTmoba proqtologiur daavadebebsac. kerZod, buasilis (bavasiri, bovasiri, buvasiri,
buasiri) etiopaTogenzs, diagnostikas da mkurnalobas. zaza am daavadebis Sesaxeb ambobs, rom igi
`sisxlisagan ars~. e.i. misTvis cnobilia, rom daavadeba hemoroiduli venebis paTologiaa. igi buasils
mraval daavadebasTan erTad ganixilavs, TiTqmis yovelTvis yabzobasTan akavSirebs da mraval
safaRaraTo saSualebebs gvawvdis: `romeli uSvelis stomaqsa rome gasustebuli iyos da buasilisa da
qarisa da sxuasa sensa...~ zaza, garda amisa, gvawvdis buasilis adgilobrivi mkurnalobis meTodebs
malamoebiT da tkivilgamayuCebel saSualebebs gvirCevs daavadebis gamwvavebisas.
karabadinis erTi momcro Tavi mTlianad eTmoba sisxlis denasa da an sisxlis gamoSvebiT
mkurnalobis sakiTxebs. `kari sisxlis denisa~ ase hqvia am Tavs. aq mocemulia venaseqciis adgilisa
da daniSnulebis zusti gegma, miTiTebulia Tu romeli sisxlZarRvis romel adgilas gaxsna uSvelis
konkretuli daavadebiT Sepyrobil avadmyofs. magaliTad: `da ZarRvi meore, romeli ar garquenasa
xelsa, saSual neksa da nekisa Sedegsa... ergebis tkivilsa da simsivnesa RviZlisasa da raca tkivili
iyos marjvenisa kerZsa da odes adino, gamoiRe sisxli litra erTi~... nu gamovedevnebiT imas, Tu
- 177 -
ramdenad damajereblad migvaCnia aRniSnuli meTodi. angariSgasawevia sizuste sisxlZarRvis
lokalizaciisa da konkretuloba im daavadebisa, romelsac zaza am meTodiT ebrZvis. sagulixmoa
aRebuli sisxlis raodenobac _ 1 litri. basilikis gaxsnas zaza iyenebs mcire wreSi Segubebis dros _
`Tu firtuisagan iyos~ ambobs igi da mas ramodenime daavadebis garTulebad miiCnevs. es meTodi
ki dResac moqmedia.
garda amisa, zaza fanaskerteli-ciciSvili aRwers da mkurnalobis araerT saSualebas gvawvdis
iseTi daavadebebisaTvis, rogoricaa kuWis flegmona, kuWis sisxlmdeni wyluli, daCirqebuli
simsivne da mravali sxva, romelTa CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda.
zaza Tavisi epoqis teqnikur arsenalsac warmatebiT iyenebs. Tu avadmyofma raRacnairi gziT
rkinis wida miiRo, mis gamosadevnad zaza mogviwodebs: `maTTvis, romelTa rkinisa wida
eWamos da mucelsa Siga darComodes - kurneba miTi ese ars - aiRe qva maRnitisa romeli rkinasa
aiRebs... danaye kargad da Seasvi RviniTa da tkivilTa wyliTa, vidre Seekribos wida igi erdgan~.
komentari zedmetia.
oriode sityva unda iTqvas terminologiaze. igi umetesad qarTul-arabul-berZnulia, magram
dRevandeli samedicino terminologiisaTvis igi friad originaluria da amdenad, erovnulic.
Bbunebrivia, saerTaSoriso samecniero enasa da terminologias ver da arc gaeqceoda. piriqiT,
yvelaferi es mis farTo erudiciasa da enebis codnaze miuTiTebs. Sardisa da naRvlovani kenWi -
Sirimi; kuWis sisxlmdeni wyluli - dosinatria; flegmona, Cirqgrova - dubela; Sardis buSti,
SardsawveTi – q-anTeli, Tia - lipoma; stuiri, vantiri - kaTeteri, Ramis qoTani - karula da sxva. Aam
mokle da mosaxerxebel terminTa gamoyeneba, albaT, dResac SesaZlebelia.
zaza fanaskerteli-ciciSvilis Tavisufali midgoma, me vetyodi _ silaRe daavadebebis qirurgiuli
mkurnalobisadmi mas msoflios im udides medikosTa Soris ayenebs, romelTac erTerTma
pirvelebma gaikvlies gza Ria Wrilobisaken da jer kidev qirurgiis oficialur aRiarebamde (XVIII s. II
naxevari) Seitanes wvlili am dargis ganviTarebaSi.

daviT bagrationis iadigari. daviT XI mefobda 1569-1578 wlebSi. 1579-1585 wlebSi ki is

stambolSia, rogorc politikuri ltolvili. swored aq daasrula man Tavisi sqeltaniani samedicino Zegli
“iadigar daudi”.
“da erTsa dResa, erTsa bedniersa da filosofossa kacsa SemoveyareniT da Tavisa saxlSiga
mimiyvana da mravali saeqimo da samecniero wignebi hqonda da gviCvena. da sruli is wignebi
vnaxeT da gavsinjeT da mwoved mogvinda da mogvewona. winas kacTa mcnebasa da mcodneobas
gavhkvirdiT, Tu ama yuelasa sensa, Wirsa da satkivarsa an rogor mixudes, an guli rogor gaavles, da
amTensa sensa da Wirsa Tav Tavisi wamlebi rogo upoves.” Tu ratom dainteresda axalgazrda
ufliswuli maincdamainc mediciniT, is ase gvixsnis: “awe ese Cuenca vicodiT, rome dRes
saqristianoSiga amisTana da amgvari wigni saaqimoÎar iyo da saqrisitianoSiga (saqarTveloSi)
mravali iseTi kaci vnaxeT, rome uxelobiTa da ucodnelobiTa mokvda da daziandnes, rome raca
maT kaczeda seni da Wiri vnaxeT an misi senisagan isi kacni dazindnes, mis senisa da Wiris
wamali yuela advilisa saqmiTa maT wignebSiga ewera. vnaxeT da wavikiTxeT am rigisa senisa
mkurnali wamalica bevri vnaxeT”.zemoTqmuli batoniSvilis saerTo ganaTlebasTan erTad,
medicinis bazisur codnazec miuTiTebs.
avtori ganagrZobs: “merme Cemi Tavi da Cemi gulis yuri, Cemi Wkua da mcodinaroba
davscado Tu ama orisa TaTrulisa wignisa erTgan Sekreba da gadmoTargmna SemiZlian Tu ara
meTqi”...
- 178 -
 Semdeg avtori acxadebs: “awe erTi saaqimo muxaTsari viTamca da cota da kargi wigni
gardmoviRo da yovlis saaqimoisa wignebidaRman gadmoRebuli da an rac brZenTa da filosofosTa
kacTagan naqmari an naTqvami sityuani da saqmeebi iyos, an me codvilsa da uRirssa mamegonos
da gamomeRos an mravaljer damecados, yuela ama wignSiga davswero”.
faqtia, saqme gvaqvs praqtikulad seriozulad moRvawe eqimTan.
daviTis samedicino-filosofiuri koncefcia damyarebulia humorul-paTologiur Teoriaze. wigni
ori ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: zogadi da kerZo paTologiisa da Terapiisagan. zogad nawilSi,
mokle anatomiur-fiziologiuri monacemebis Semdeg, Zalian detaluradaa ganxiluli higienisa da
dietetikis sakiTxebi. higienis sakiTxebidan aRsaniSnavia: “Zilisa da sifxizlis wesebi”, sqesobrivi
higienis wesebi, movlis, kvebisa da mkurnalobis zogadi proncipebi, profilaqtikuri mkurnalobis
wesebi (gasaxsneli wamlebis miRebis, pirRebinebis, sisxlis gamoSvebis, oynis gakeTebis wesebi
da sxv.).
gansakuTrebuli gulmodginebiTaa gadmocemuli dietetikis sakiTxebi; ganxilulia TiTqmis
yvela sakvebi da samkurnalo saSualebis Tvisebebi, garCeulia puris, xorcis (32 saxis), cximeulis
(qoni, erbo, zeTi), rZisa da misi nawarmis, Tesleulis (50-mde saxis), xilis (70-mde dasaxelebis)
kvebiTi da samkurnalo Rirebuleba, mavneoba.
Semdgom TavSi sakmaod vrclad da sainteresodaa gadmocemuli diagnostikuri saSualebani,
ZiriTad nawilSi garCeulia kerZo paTologia da Terapia, Tanamimdevruladaa ganxiluli imdroindeli
medicinis TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadi dargi.
avtori, pirvel rigSi, ganixilavs nervul da fsiqikur daavadebebs, Semdeg Tvalis, yuris, kbilis,
ybis, enis, piris Rrus, saxisa da yelis, filtvebis, RrZilisa da Tirkmlebis, gulisa da kuWis, elenTis,
nawlavebis, Sardis buStisa da sasqeso organoebis, kanisa da saxsrebis daavadebebs, cieb-cxelebas,
wylulebsa da Wrilobebs, motexilobasa da damwvrobas, ZaRlis, gvelis, morielisa da futkris nakbens.
gonebamaxviluradaa ganxiluli TiTqmis yvela calkeuli daavadeba. gansakuTrebiT vrcladaa
mocemuli am daavadebaTa mkurnalobis meTodebi. garCeulia mravali samkurnalwamlo saSualeba,
sxvadasxva avtoris mier SemuSavebuli variantebi. l. kotetiSvili SeniSnavs, rom daviT batoniSvilis
wignsa da, saerTod, Zvel qarTul samedicino ZeglebSi gamoyenebulia e.w. polifarmaciis principi,
anu bevri wamlis erTad gamowera. es tradicia, lado kotetiSvilis azriT, Semotanili unda iyos
saqarTveloSi arabeTidan, sadac arabma eqimebma wamlebis isedac didi ricxvi ufro gaamravleso.
Cveni azriT, aq SeiZleba sxva aRmosavluri samedicino sistemis gavlenazec vilaparakoT,
gansakuTrebiT - tibeturze, miTumetes, rodesac Cinuri da induri medicinis plastebi qarTul tradiciul
medicinaSi advili SesamCnevia. bolos mocemulia SarbaTebis, malamoebisa da sxva
samkurnalwamlo saSualebaTa damzadebis zogadi principebi.
palpaciisa da auskultaciis garda, wignSi ganxilulia agreTve qaluri daavadebis dros
saSvilosnos ori TiTiT gasinjva. ise rogorc dRes, “saymawvilos TavSiga ori TiTi Seyos da Tu TiTsa
Zalian ecemodes da an mwved gamostexdes icodeT es dedakacis orsuloba varamisagan (simsivne)
aris”. aq mocemulia orsulobisa da moCvenebiTi orsulobis (simsivniT gamowveuli) diferencirebis
saSualeba obieqturi gasinjviT.
cofis diagnostikis biologiuri cdis Sesaxeb karSi vkiTxulobT: “moitane nigvzis guli da ZaRlis
nakbenis alagi ima nigvzis guliTa dauzileT da mere ese nigozi qaTamsa miuyareT, da Tu an ara
Wama da da an Wama da qaTami mokvda icode braziani (cofiani) ZaRlis nakbeni aris. da Tu
Wama da qaTami ar mokvda ... marTlis ZaRlis nakbeni aris”. rogorc vxedavT, saqme gvaqvs metad
sayuradRebo biologiuri cdis principebTan.
- 179 -
 adrindeli samkurnalo Zeglebidan cnobili samkurnalo manipulaciebis (xelis gaxsna, kotoSebi,
wurblebi, oynis gakeTeba da sxv.) garda, “iadigar daudSi” aRwerilia wamlis miRebis metad
saintereso meTodi - inhalciis saxiT.
karSi “T” vkiTxulobT: “moitane erTi aguri da kargad gaaxurve, merme gamoiRe da zed cxari
Zmari daasxi da mas cxvircinglianma kacman, asse unda, Tavi da cxviri ama Zmris orTqlzeda
daiWiros, da Tavzeda rame waixuros, rome orTqli ar gaucivdes da kargad iorTqlon”. rogorc Cans,
aq aRwerilia surdos (Rhinitis) mkurnaloba inhalaciiT. qvemoT (kari “kv”) aRwerilia sasunTqi
organoebis mkurnaloba: “moitane erTi pirviwro litra da ama litraSic cotaodeni vardis yvavili
Cayare da amazeda cota nakverCxali daayare da nakverCxalzeda ama gundebisagan (wamalia)
erTi, ori gunda daafSvnite da ima litrasa piri mouglise da ama lerwmis meore safayarianman
kacman pirSiga unda daiWiros da ama wamlebis kuamli amoswovos, rome wamlebis kuamli yueli
pirsa da xaxaSigan Semoidinos, da asre unda ese kuamli Caylapis”. rogorc irkveva, inhalacias, anu
“kuamleba”-s iyenebdnen ara marto sasunTqi organoebis samkurnalod, aramed Tvalis koniuqtivuri
parkis SebolvisaTvis (hemeralopiis SemTxvevaSi), saSvilosnosa da swori nawlavidan
SeorTqlebisaTvis sxvadasxva daavadebis dros da a.S. iyenebdnen agreTve mSralad wamlis
Cabervas xaxaSi: “da erTsa lerwmisa masraSiga CayareT (wamlebi) da ama masrisa erTi wveri
cxvirSiga SeudeviT da meore wveri pirTana daiWireT da ama masrasa wynarad SeubereT, rome
ese wamlebi kacsa damaRSiga Seuvides” (kari “T”). an kidev “lerwmis masriTa xaxaSi Cauyaron
da asre rigad Caberon rome, wamali xaxaSiga Cauvides” (kari “kb”).
wignSi naklebadaa ganxiluli qirurgia, radgan avtoris azriT, “rkinis saqme da Cueni aqimoba
Sori Sor aris”. Cans, igi mtkiced iziarebda mosazrebas zogierT “aqimTa” (TerapevtTa) mxriv
qirurgiis ugulebelyofis Sesaxeb. magram, qirurgiisadmi aseTi ganwyobilebis miuxedavad, zogierT
qirurgiul CarevaTa Soris avtori erT-erT saintereso operaciasac aRniSnavs: “da bevrsa aqimTa
asreca uTquams Tu aRara Rone iyos (swori nawlavis gamovardnis dros) ukana kari Seukerono da
kideca dasdaRono, magra dadgebiso”. cxadia, aq laparakia swori nawlavis gamovardnilobis
(Prolapsus ani) qirurgiul mkurnalobaze, romelic, Cans, imdenad gavrcelebul da saimedo operaciad
miaCnia avtors, rom xazs usvams mis efeqturobas.
ZeglSi laparakia agreTve bunebrivi faqtorebiT mkurnalobis, klimatur-balneologiuri
mkurnalobis principebis mniSvnelobaze. mziT mkurnaloba gamoyenebulia “isisxis seniT”, anu
wyalmankis seniT (tuberkulozuri peritonitiT) daavadebis dros: “an mze Siga cxelsa alagsa unda
dajdes, rome ama kacsa Tavi CrdilSiga unda hqondes da srulad tani mzeSiga hqondes. da Tu mze ar
iyos amav rigad cecxlis pirsa da an Tornis pirsa dajdes”. kargad icis avtorma zRvisa da mineraluri
wylebis samkurnalo Tvisebebi: “an zRvis wyalSiga, an gogirdis an qanis (mineralur) wyalSiga
yelamdis Casvan da Tu eseebi arcerTi iyo, amave rigad yelamdisi marils wyalSiga Casvan”, an
kidev: “da Tu aseTsa Tbilsa abanoSiga ibanon rome miwidaRman TviTon Tbili gamodiodes
amrigsa iliajaSiga (abazana) baneba da Sig jdoma sisxisa sensa da simsivnesa mwoves argebs da
kargad mouxdebis”.
avtori melanqoliis, sevdianobisa da, saerTod, nervul daavadebaTa dros urCevs avadmyofT
lamazi sagnebis xilvas, tkbil saubars, musikis mosmenas da sxv.: “kais sakravisa an kais xmis
gagoneba, da lamazis alagis naxva, da yovlis wamlisagan metadre Tavis sayuarlis naxva, daWureta,
yovlis senisa da Wirisa wamal da aqimi aris”.gamorCeulad didi adgili aqvs daTmobili dietologiis
sakiTxebs. aRmosavleTis saukeTeso tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT da sakuTari dakvirvebiT avtori
kvebis metad sayuradRebo sqemebs gvTavazobs, rac dRevandeli poziciebidan uaRresad
- 180 -
sainteresoa. am codnisa da midgomebis gamoyenebiT ukve Seqmnilia Tanamedrove sistema dietis
individualizaciisa, rac niadags hqmnis bevri problemis gadawyvetisaTvis.
amrigad, daviT batoniSvilis “iadigar daudi” enciklopediuri xasiaTis naSromia, romelic
maSindeli medicinis TiTqmis yvela ZiriTad sakiTxs exeba.

kaTolike misionerTa cnobebi qarTuli medicinis Sesaxeb

XVII saukunis saqarTvelos medicinis amsaxveli saarqivo masalebi, dokumenturi wyaroebi,
memuaruli Tu aRwerilobiTi literatura naklebad gagvaCnia, amdenad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba yvela im cnobas, romelic am periodis saeqimo saqmes mohfens naTels.
am mxriv did interess iwvevs italiel misionerTa Sromebi, romlebic Cven mier samedicino
WrilSia ganxiluli. maT mier mowodebuli mdidari masala sakmaod informatiulia da ilustrirebulic.
kaTolikuri propaganda saqarTveloSi XVII saukunis 20-iani wlebidan iwyeba da mTavrdeba
1845 wels, roca ruseTis imperiis umaRlesi xelisuflebis brZanebiT misionerebi gandevnes
saqarTvelos sazRvrebidan. am xnis ganmavlobaSi periodulad iezuitTa sxvadasxva ordenis
warmomadgenlebi _ dominikanelebi, franCeskanelebi, kapuCinelebi da TeaTinelebi _ eweodnen
misionerul moRvaweobas saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi. maTgan gansakuTrebuli adgili
TeaTinelebs ekuTvniT, romelTa faqtobrivma monacemebma bevri koreqtiva Seitanes da axali
cnobebiT gaamdidres am periodis saqarTvelos istoria. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia TeaTinelTa
ordenis warmomadgelebis don arqanjelo lambertis, don juzepe judiCes [8] da don qristoforo de
kastelis moRvaweoba. es sakiTxi qarTveli medicinis istorikosebis mier dRemde arasaTanadod iyo
Seswavlili.
arqanjelo lamberti da juzepe judiCe gorSi movidnen 1631 wlis 12 maiss. erTi wlis Semdeg
1632 wlis 7 ivliss ki pietro avitabile romidan meored Camovida saqarTveloSi. mas axldnen
TeaTinelebi: jeronimo karafa, justo prato, antonio jardina, serafino filinjeri, klaudio gaetano korlito,
mateo florino da qristoforo kasteli.
im drois dasavleT saqarTvelo oTx ZiriTad regionad iyofoda: imereTi, samegrelo, afxazeTi da
guria. mosaxleoba ZiriTadad monoeTnikuri iyo saintereso eTnografiuli saxesxvaobebiT. maT
mTavrebi ganagebdnen, romlebic metnaklebi damoukideblobiT marTavdnen regionebs.
lambertim da judiCem Cauyares safuZveli samegrelos misions (1633), kastelim da jardinam ki
guriisas (1634), Tumca male isinic malaqia II gurielis (1577-1639), romelic iyo dasavleT
saqarTvelos kaTalikos patriarqi (1616-1639) da agreTve guriis mTavari (1625-1639), gardacvalebis
Semdeg, samegrelos misions SeuerTdnen (1635).
samegrelos mTavris levan dadianis gardacvalebis Semdeg dasrulda TeaTinelTa moRvaweoba
(1658). mxolod kastelim da lambertim SeZles dabrunebuliyvnen italiaSi, misionerTa danarCeni
nawili ki daixoca.
misionerTa mTavari mizani iyo kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba gaevrcelebina rogorc
marTlmadidebel, ise mahmadian qarTvelTa Soris, agreTve aq mcxovreb sxvadasxva eris
warmomadgenelTa Soris.
bunebrivia, mxolod qadagebiT adgilobrivi xalxis simpaTias isini ver daimsaxurebdnen.
misionerebi, gansakuTrebiT TeaTinelebi, arasodes Txoulobdnen mowyalebas. sakuTari SromiT
irCendnen Tavs. isini friad ganaTlebuli da kargi xelosnebi iyvnen. misdevdnen feiqrobas,

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mxatvrobas, durglobas, oqromWedlobas da sxv. amasTan, isini gansakuTrebiT kargi mkurnalebi
iyvnen.
Cveni azriT, swored mkurnaloba kargi gamosavliT is mTavari momenti iyo maT
moRvaweobaSi, romliTac SeiZleboda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ndobis da keTilganwyobis
mopoveba kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis mimarT.
amis dasadastureblad SeiZleba erTi fragmenti moviyvanoT kastelis `relacionidan~: `rogorc ki
dadianma moismina ucxo adamianebis humanuri da metad gonivruli sityvebi... mxiaruli da keTili
saxiT miiRo isini da brZana, rom Zalian xelgaSlilad momsaxurebodnen maT gzaze gamovlili
gaWirvebis gamo. Semdeg moindoma gamoecada maTi saTnoeba. mas hyavda dambladacemuli
qaliSvili, romlis avadmyofoba imaSi gamoixateboda, rom igi bavSvobidanve enas, xelebsa da
fexebs uneburad, ganuwyvetliv amoZravebda. misi gankurneba uimedod eCvenebodaT eqimebs da
mamamisma ar icoda, rogor daebrunebina misTvis pirvandeli mdgomareoba. amitom Seexvewa
patrebs ezrunaT masze da maTve Caabara avadmyofi, magram patrebs Zalian gauZneldaT
mkurnaloba. maT es saqme ufals miandes, romlisTvis yvelaferi SesaZlebelia. TiToeulma
moindoma gankurneba ufro metad locvebiT, vidre wamliT. ufalma Seismina maTi locva. meoce
dRes igi saswaulebrivad gankurnes... gancvifrebuli ojaxis yvela wevri RmerTs madlobas
swiravda...~.
dadianis qaliSvilis daavadebis klinikuri niSnebi _ enis, xelebis da fexebis ganuwyveteli
moZraoba _ Zalian mogvagonebs qoreis klasikur simptomebs, romlis mkurnalobaSi dResac
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba zogad damawynarebel, damamSvidebel saSualebebs da
sruliad SesaZleblad migvaCnia, rom locvas swored hipokineziuri fsiqoTerapiuli roli eTamaSa.
advili warmosadgenia am faqtis Semdeg ra xelSewyoba da mxardaWera eqneboda patrebs
dadianisagan. swored daxmarebisa da xelisSewyobis miRebis imediT, TavianTi mTavari miznis
misaRwevad, patrebi xSirad mTavrebisa da didebulTa ojaxis wevrebs mkurnalobdnen. `me msurda
Cemi wamlebis Zala usasyidlod gamomeyenebina avadmyof mTavar malaqiaze (igulisxmeba
gurieli), romelsac dauyvedreblad vmkurnalobdi mravali weli...~ _ aRniSnavs qristoforo de kasteli.
gvrCeba STabeWdileba, rom misionerebi ara mxolod locviT, aramed wamlebiTac kurnavdnen
avadmyofebs. garda amisa, isini `...anugeSebdnen damwuxrebulebs, umsubuqebdnen
mdgomareobas Seviwroebulebs, TavianTi sikeTiT didi sargebloba mohqondaT... yvelas ixmobdnen
TavisTan da vinaidan maTi mosmena akrZaluli iyo, amitom sababad muclis Wiebisagan
gasaTavisuflebel wamals aZlevdnen. misionerebi, pirvel yovlisa, qadagebdnen mozrdilTa naTvlas,
magram radgan yoveli qarTveli dabadebisTanave inaTleboda, amitom misionerTa aseTma
moTxovnam yvela gaaRiziana, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar undodaT amis dajereba da mas mtkiced
ewinaaRmdegebodnen. aseT uxeSsa da mtkice winaaRmdegobas adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis
ziani mohqonda. bolos, qristes Tayvanismcemel misionerTa winadadebam yvela daakmayofila da
daajera, rom RmerTis meSveobiT anu monaTvlis saSualebiT mravali patara ara marto ganikurna
pirveladi avadmyofobisagan, aramed muclis Wiebisaganac, ris Semdeg maT dedebsa da mamebs
mozrdilnic mihyavdaT samkurnalod. Cveni misionerebi aseT gansabans gasavrcelebels
uwodebdnen, xolo megrelebis sityviT boSebis wamali ewodeboda, rac Cvens enaze bavSvebis
wamals niSnavs~.
yvela es faqti asaxavs misionerTa samkurnalo moRvaweobas, maT samedicino ganaTlebis
garkveul dones.

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 misionerebi qarTveli mTavrebis, didebulebis, mosaxleobis didma nawilma kargad miiRo,
miuxedavad imisa, rom patrebi maTTvis Seusabamo religiis propagandistebi iyvnen _ qarTvelTa
stumarTmoyvareobis, e.i. kulturis maRali donis da evropuli kulturis elementebis aTvisebisaken
swrafvis maCvenebelia.
mosaxleobis nawilma patrebis mier warmoebuli zogierTi efeqturi mkurnaloba maTi religiis
yovlisSemZleobas miawera da kaTolikebad `moiqcnen~, didma nawilma ar irwmuna am religiis
sakraluri mkurnalobis Zala da patrebis racionalur bunebrivi samkurnalwamlo saSualebebiT
mkurnalobas dasjerda mxolod.
amis garda, faqtia rom im periodis saqarTveloSi adgilobrivi mkurnalebic mravlad iqnebodnen
mosaxleobaSi, romelTa samedicino ganaTleba da unar-Cvevebi aRiares patrebma da saTanado
adgili miuCines TavianT CanawerebSi.
sruliad calke unda gamoiyos samegrelos mTavris (1611_1657) levan II dadianis portreti. misi
pirovneba araerTgvarovnadaa Sefasebuli TanamedroveTa mier. erTis mxriv, Zlieri, niWieri
mmarTveli, SesaniSnavi mxedari da strategi, ganaTlebuli, wignieri pirovneba, xolo meore mxriv
daundobeli, sastiki, qvena grZnobebs ayolili, TavkerZa tirani. mis Sesaxeb arqanjelo lamberti wers:
`misi saqmeebi naTlad gviCveneben, rom es mTavari Cvens ganaTlebul qveyanaSi rom aRzrdiliyo
da Cvens saukeTeso maswavleblebisgan mieRo swavla-ganaTleba, vercerTi mTavari mas ver
ajobebda. umoZRvrod da uTvistomod, mxolod bunebiT, SeuTvisebia mas marad saqebari zne-
Cveulebebi~.
aq lamberti aWarbebs, radgan saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebs arc aRmzrdeli akldaT da arc
saukuneebiT damkvidrebuli tradicia da zneobrivi kodeqsi.
levan II dadiani, iseve rogorc qarTuli samefo kari mTlianad, moyolebuli arqauli droidan [6],
udides yuradRebas uTmobda farmaciasa da medicinas. mivmarToT isev lambertis: `imisaTvis, rom
eqimoba gauwios Tavis xalxs, kiTxulobs sxvadasxva saeqimo wignebs, rac gadmoTargmnilia
laTinuridan maT enaze, Seswavlili aqvs mravali sanelebeli, samkurnalo balaxi, mcenaris ZirebiT
akeTebs mraval malamos da wamals. aseTi wamlebiT savse aqvs yuTebi, romelTac Tan daatarebs
da saWiroebisamebr yvelas urigebs. am wamlebs Txouloben, TiTqos iyos galeni. isic urigebs
maT~.
am mcire amonaridSi, vfiqrobT, didi informacia devs da misi komentari mkiTxvelisTvis
migvindia. Turme levan dadianisnair yuTs Zvel samegrelosa da afxazeTSi yvela mkurnali atarebda.
`TiToeul didebuls odiSSi aqvs erTnairi yuTi, romelSic inaxavs sxvadasxva abebs, sasmelebs da
vardis wyals~. _ wers lamberti.
garda yvelafrisa, levani friad daxelovnebuli veterinaric yofila da TviTon uvlida, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, Tavis SesaniSnav cxenebs, sanadiro ZaRlebs da qor-miminoebs.
igi Tavisi qveynis mravalsaukunovani medicinidan: Zveli karabadinebidan da xalxuri
medicinidan iRebda codnas. amas umatebda axlebur, evropul samedicino codnas da gasakviric aRar
aris misi aseTi keTilganwyoba da daintereseba TeaTineli patrebis mimarT.
levans codnis misaRebad, pirvel rigSi, unda Seeswavla odiSSi moqmedi samedicino praqtikis
monacemebi, romlebic, rogorc yvela niSniT Cans, sakmaod maRali efeqturobiT gamoirCeva. amas
adasturebs italiel misionerTa gancxadebebic, romlebic SeTavsebiT odiSSi intensiur samedicino-
farmacevtul saqmianobas eweodnen. Tumca misionerebs specialuri samedicino ganaTleba ar
hqoniaT miRebuli da samonastro medicinis doneze iyvnen momzadebulni, droTa ganmavlobaSi
maT mainc SeZles kvalifikaciis sagrZnoblad amaRleba. aman ki mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula
- 183 -
agreTve adgilobriv samkurnalo praqtikaSi gamoyenebuli wesebis Seswavla-aTvisebaSic. Tu
ramdenad efeqturi iyo es wesebi samkurnalo TvalsazrisiT, amaze migviTiTebs misioner juzepe
judiCes Semdegi cnoba: `Tumca yvela Cvenganma mravali sneuli moarCina, magram saamiso
mecnieruli swavla ar gvqonia, garda ramdenime sacnobaro wignisa... wamlebis momzadebis codna
da gamocdileba ar gagvaCnda, ar vicodiT romeli wamali iyo avadmyofisaTvis saWiro. vicnobdiT
adgilze xmarebul medikamentebs, romlebsac didi sargebloba moutania daavadebulTaTvis. garda
erTi SemTxvevisa, am wamlebs kargad umoqmedia avadmyofebze~. cnobis bolo fragmentidan
naTlad Cans, rom adgilobriv gamoyenebuli wamlebis aprobirebisas kvlav dadasturda maTi
efeqturoba da saimedooba. es wamlebi misionrebs TavianT samkurnalo praqtikaSic
gamouyenebiaT (cxadia, erTi uaryofiTi Sedegi gavlenas ver moaxdenda wamlebis dadebiTad
Sefasebisas). aqedan gamomdinare, eWvs ar iwvevs, rom adgilobrivi praqtikis (gamocdilebis)
aTvisebiT levan dadiani, misionrebis msgavsad, solidur samedicino-farmacevtul codnas da Cvevebs
SeiZenda.
garkveuli codna unda mieRo levans misionrebisganac. jer kidev 1628 wels misionrebis
saqarTveloSi Camosvlamde, maT Sesaxeb man Semdegi ganucxada erT ucxoels: `Zalian vnatrob
patrebis Camosvlas, radgan vici, rom ganswavlulebi arian da eqimobac iciano. maT mrCevlebad
viyoliebo~. mogvianebiT levanma marTlac Seasrula Tavisi sityva da mWidro urTierToba daamyara
misionrebTan. is xSirad eTaTbireboda maT sxvadasxva sakiTxebze _ `mTavars rogorc raime
siZnele warmoeqmneboda, aseT SemTxvevaSi surda patrebis rCevac moesmina~. cxadia, rom,
rogorc mkurnali-farmacevti, is garkveul dros am TaTbirSic medicinas dauTmobda da misionrebis
saSualebiT gaecnoboda mTel rig axal evropul wamlebs. marto is rad Rirs, rom XVII saukunis
dasawyisSi amerikidan Semotanil iqna qinaqina, romelic sakmaod male misionrebma gamoiyenes,
rogorc ciebisagan wamlobis uebari saSualeba.
adgilobrivi specialistebisa da misionrebis garda, samTavroSi moRvaweobdnen sxva
qveynebidan mowveuli mkurnalebic (Turqebi, iranelebi, polonelebi, frangebi da sxv.), romlebsac
levan dadiani saucxoo pirobebs uqmnida adgilze dasasaxleblad. yvela am specialistidan, iseve,
rogorc adgilobrivi mkurnalebidan da misionrebidan, codnis miRebas levani odiSSi SemuSavebuli
im wesiT axorcielebda, romlebmac misionrebis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miiqcies: `iqaurebi
yvelani metad mowadinebuli arian Seiswavlon raime wamali. amitomac cdiloben, rom eqimma
maT Tvalwin moamzados wamali. roca Seiswavlian wamlis momzadebas, maSinve mTel qveyanas
aswavlian. ufro cnobismoyvareebs mravali wamali aqvT Seswavlili da Cawerili maT enaze erTnair
wignSi, romelsac karabadini hqvian~.
aseve saintereso pirovnebad miiCnevs kasteli `relacionSi~ vinme fridons, romelic
`...axalgazrdobaSi meomari yofila da Semdeg erT sazRvao brZolaSi tyved Cavardnila TurqebTan,
qriste uaruyvia da mahmadianur seqtas mimxrobia. Casula konstantinopolSi da iqve daojaxebula...
Seuswavlia Wrilobebis samkurnalo araCveulebrivi xerxebi, bolos, roca gaigo, rom moxuci
mTavari, guriis patriarqi malaqia Sepyrobilia mravali avadmyofobiTa da wyluliT da didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi TavisTan mouwodebda gamocdil eqims janmrTelobis aRsadgenad, masTan
wavida... fridoni iyo gamWriaxi gonebis, enebis mcodne... SeeZlo laTinur, italiur, Turqul, iberiul
enebze laparaki. amitom, rodesac mTavarma Seityo misi es xelovneba, moiyvana ara mxolod Tavis
janmrTelobaze sazrunavad, aramed agreTve Tavisi ojaxis zogi sxva saqmis (aReb-micemoba)
Sesasrulebladac, vinaidan mas kargad esmoda yvela sakiTxi~.

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 rogorc vxedavT, kasteli aRiarebs fridonis yovelmxriv ganaTlebulobas da mis avtoritets
mTavris sasaxleSi.
aq kidev erTxel ipyrobs yuradRebas samegrelos mTavari levan II dadiani, rogorc uaRresad
dainteresebuli piri medicinaSi da mTeli am urTierTobebis damabalansebeli, samedicino codnis
gacvlis makoordinirebeli.
kastelis naSromi imiTac aris saintereso, rom aq aRwerilia is daavadebebi, romlebic
gavrcelebuli iyo imdroindel saqarTveloSi, kerZod, kolxeTSi: `bunebis sxva movlenaTa Soris
sWarbobs Zlieri tenianoba, romelic mraval avadmyofobas aCens. swored amitom gvxvdeba ase
xSirad kolxebSi wyalmankis avadmyofoba, Sewuxebuli arian agreTve cieb-cxelebisagan; aseve
perioduli avadmyofobebia e.w. samdRiani da oTxdRiani (terziane da quartane). cocxal adamianTa
stomaqebi savsea muclis WiebiT...~.
roca avtori axsenebs cieb-cxelebas, samdRian da oTxdRian avadmyofobebs, rogorc Cans, igi
sxvadasxva saxeobis plazmodiumiT gamowveul malarias gulisxmobs, romelic didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi mZvinvarebda kolxeTis dablobSi. xolo roca igi Wiebis did gavrcelebas aRniSnavs _
Cven askaridozTan erTad usaTuod ankilostomidozic unda vigulisxmoT, romelic dResac araa
likvidirebuli dasavleT saqarTveloSi, xolo foTi (fazisi) am daavadebis endemur keradaa miCneuli.
sainteresoa is faqtic, rom avtori tenianobas Tvlis am daavadebaTa gavrcelebis mTavar mizezad.
vfiqrobT, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa aRiniSnos qristoforo kastelis is mosazreba, rom
`hipokrates yvela wamalTan SedarebiT aq arsebul balaxebs uSesaniSnavesi Tvisebebi gaaCniaT~.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Zveli saqarTvelo, kolxeTi da iberia, romaeli da berZeni istorikosebis,
mwerlebis, medikosebis mier aRiarebuli iyo samkurnalo mcenareebisa da wamlebis, Sxamebisa da
antiSxamebis qveynad. klavdiusi (395 w. Zv. w. aR.), dioskoridi (I s. Zv. w. aR.), horaciusi (65_8
Zv. w. aR.), pliniusi (29_79 ax. w.) da sxv. miuTiTeben ra kolxeTsa da iberiaSi mTeli rigi
mcenareebis SesaniSnav samkurnalo Tvisebebs, aRweren maT moqmedebasa da damzadebis
teqnologiur procesebs. qristoforo kasteli icnobs am uZveles wyaroebs, magram Cans, rom piradi
dakvirvebisa da gamocdilebis Sedegad akeTebs zemoT moyvanil daskvnas.
sainteresoa lambertis mosazreba kolxur mcenareulobasa da samkurnalo floraze, agreTve
sakveb mcenareebze. igi aRniSnavs marcvleuli da parkosani kulturebidan Romis-Romis Setaria
italica da parkosnebidan lobios _ Phaseolus vulgaris dadebiT sakveb Rirebulebas da dietur
Tvisebebs.
sayuradReboa lambertis dakvirvebebi kolxeTis mosaxleobis komunalur da pirad higienaze. igi
aRniSnavs, rom kolxeTSi sasmelad umTavresad ixmareboda wyaros da Wis wyali. samegreloSi,
visac ki SeeZlo, sacxovrebel saxlSi cal-calke hqonda sastumro da sawoli oTaxebi, tanisamosis
Sesanaxi, sursaTis sawyobi da sxv. xazgasmiT aRwers, rom Wamis win mosamsaxure taStiT da
xeladiT cqvitad Camouvlis yvelas da miarTmevs xelis dasaban wyals, ra Tqma unda, ufrosidan
daiwyebs.
uyuradRebod ar rCeba qarTvelTa yoveldRiuri da sadResaswaulo tansacmlis aRwera, sezonis
gaTvaliswinebiT, agreTve sxeulis sisufTavis dacvis da Tmis movlis wesis aRniSvna.
kastelis naSromi, garda `relaciebisa~, umTavresad CanaxatebiT aris warmodgenili, rac
Zvirfas, uaRresad STambeWdav suraTebs gvaZlevs am periodis saqarTvelos medicinis istoriis
calkeul sakiTxebze. masSi ilustraciebis saxiT asaxulia:

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  imereTis mefe giorgis da dedoflis mkurnaloba (nax. 78). Cans, rom mkurnali misionerebi
ojaxis wevrTa da didebulTa TandaswrebiT msjeloben mkurnalobis garSemo;
 giorgi mefe ebrZvis sikvdils, iqve mkurnali patri dasdgomia Tavze (nax. 79);
 patri mkurnalobs avadmyof qalebs (nax. 166, 168, 169, 170);
 dedoflis mkurnaloba (nax. 167);
 imereTis ufliswulis _ bagratis avadmyofoba (nax. 171);
 avadmyofis sakraluri wesiT mkurnaloba (nax. 172);
 misionerebi mkurnaloben avadmyofebs (nax. 255, 356, 420, 423, 425);
 misionerebis qadageba, mSeneblobis xelmZRvaneloba da saeqimo daxmareba (nax. 364).
es Canaxatebi warmodgenas gviqmnis 300 wlis winandel mkurnalobisa da yofis saintereso
momentebze: Cacmuloba, inventari, wamleulis SuSebi, mkurnalTa da avadmyofTa urTierToba,
mkurnalTa damokidebuleba mTavarTa da didebulTa mimarT, gavrcelebuli sportuli saxeobani,
cnobebi misi Tanamedrove qarTveli poetebis, filosofosebis, mxatvrebis, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
qalTa adgilis Sesaxeb da sxv. garda amisa, suraTebs aqvs mniSvnelovani minawerebi, romelic
gauSifravs da amoukiTxavs wignis gamomcemels da saintereso faqtebis dadgenis saSualebas
iZleva.
78-e suraTs aseTi warwera aqvs: `mefes Cveni (laTinTa) ndoba daekarga, radgan is
daarwmunes, rom roca avad iyo, Cven marxvaSi wamlad vaxmareT magiuri urna, ramac
sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba _ xvela gamoiwvia. es moarCenda kidec, rom marTlmadidebeli
mRvdlebi ar alaparakebuliyvnen: laTineli patrebis daJinebiTi moTxovniT mkurnalobas ziani
mohyva marxvaSi misi Catarebisa gamoo. mefes velaparakebodi da vumtkicebdi, rom
avadmyofoba momdinareobs sulidan da sxva~.
am minaweridan irkveva, rom adgilobriv klerikalebTan da mkurnalebTan maT xandaxan
seriozuli konfliqti hqoniaT, ris sababsac swored mkurnalobis sakiTxebSi eZebdnen. miuxedavad
aseTi winaaRmdegobisa, laTin mkurnalTa mimarT mainc kargi ganwyobileba hqondaT qveynis
mesveurT, isini xom mainc im evropuli kulturis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, romlis nawiladac
Tvlidnen Tavs qarTvelebi. miuxedavad Seurigebeli religiur-dogmaturi winaaRmdegobisa, maT
sabolood mainc uqmnidnen saqarTveloSi cxovrebisa da saqmianobis saSualebas. es sakiTxi
gagebuli unda iyos qarTvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebuli stumarTmoyvareobisa da
erovnuli da religiuri tolerantobis WrilSi. swored amitom SeZlo don qristoforo de kastelma ecxovra
saqarTveloSi mravali weliwadi da sabolood igi samSoblosaviT tkbilmosagonar qveynad CaeTvala.
sainteresoa 172-e suraTis minaweri: `saqarTveloSi, samegrelosa da sxva samefoebSi cnobil
pirebs da qalebs avadmyofobis dros sawolis irgvliv bades Semoaxveven da gars Semouwyoben
xolme crumorwmuneobis nairnair nivTebs. mxedrebsa da wodebis mqoneT ki mokle xmals,
msubuqsa da mrgval fars~.
vfiqrobT, Semonaxulia mkurnalobis adgilobrivi wesebi magiur ritualebTan Serwymuli,
romelSic qristianobamdeli medicinis nakvalevi Cans. dadebiT momentad SeiZleba miviCnioT
avadmyofis gamocalkevebis, izolaciis tendencia, mas uTuod didi mniSvneloba eqneboda
sxvadasxva daavadebaTa mkurnalobisas.
356-e suraTze minaweridan irkveva, rom laTini mkurnalebi dahyavdaT sxvadasxva soflebSi
samkurnalod: `samegrelos sofel marcxulaSi... xSirad eZaxian Cvenebs samkurnalodo~ _ wers
kasteli.

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 420-e suraTzec aseTive warweraa `gamoZaxebis~ Sesaxeb: `megreli qalebi wamals aZleven
avadmyofs, amisaTvis gamoZaxebulia patri...~.
isini afxazTa samTavroSi svanebiT dasaxlebul sofelSic midian: `...CavediT am xalxis
mezoblad sofel sariaSi, sadac sxvadasxva avadmyofobisagan bevri ganvkurne~. kasteli xazs
usvams, rom is mxolod mkurnalobis mizniT wasula avadmyofebTan da ara religiuri mosazrebiT, is
pirdapir wers _ `ar mqonda maTi moqcevis ganzraxvao~.
laTin mkurnalebs adgilobriv mcxovreblebSi Cans, sakmaod didi gavlena mouxveWiaT,
radgan `sadac ar unda yofiliyvnen patrebi, avadmyofebi samkurnalod iq midiodneno~ _ ikiTxeba
kastelis Canaxatebis erT-erT minawerSi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom XVI_XVIII saukuneebi qarTuli medicinis istoriaSi aRdgenis periodad
aris aRiarebuli. am periodSi saerTod qarTuli kultura da, kerZod, medicina SedarebiT wina _
dacemis periodTan, Zveli klasikuri periodis samedicino kulturis aRdgenasa da ganaxlebas ganicdis,
aris swrafva axali evropuli medicinisken. am saukuneebSi iqmneba samedicino Sinaarsis
nawarmoebebi, karabadinebi, rac dRemde Semonaxulia Cvens muzeumebsa da qarTul saganZurTa
sacavebSi xelnawerebis saxiT. magram TviT saeqimo saqmianobis, mosaxleobisadmi saeqimo
daxmarebis, organizaciis amsaxveli masalebi naklebad gvaqvs.
arqanjelo lambertis, juzepe judiCes, gansakuTrebiT ki qristoforo de kastelis Canawerebi ki
nawilobriv avsebs am xarvezs, igi iZleva am periodis guriasa da samegreloSi daavadebianobisa da
saeqimo momsaxureobis garkveul suraTs.
Cven mier misionerebis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT ganxiluli cxobebi srul uflebas
gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom
 misionerTa moRvaweoba saqarTveloSi, miuxedavad maTi religiuri misiisa, dadebiT
movlenad unda CaiTvalos qarTuli kulturis, samedicino azrovnebis istoriaSi;
 am dros gamomJRavnda qarTveli xalxis mzadyofna da miswrafeba im periodisaTvis ufro
progresuli evropuli medicinis miRebisadmi;
 swored efeqturi samkurnalo moRvaweoba gaxda patrebis garkveuli avtoritetis Seqmnis
mizezi saqarTveloSi;
 rogorc kastelis, aseve lambertis da judiCes cnobebidan Cans, adgilobrivi mkurnalebic
yofilan imdroindel saqarTveloSi, romelnic friad pativcemulni da privilegirebulni iyvnen
mTavarTa Tu didebulTa karze;
 zogierT Zvel berZen da romael istorikosTa msgavsad da maTgan damoukideblad, sakuTari
dakvirvebebis safuZvelze, don qristoforo de kasteli aRiarebs iberiuli da kolxuri balaxebis
SesaniSnav samkurnalo Tvisebebs `hipokrates yvela wamalTan SedarebiT~. amasve
adasturebs lambertic;
 kastelim konkretul masalaze dagvixata suraTi im drois saqarTveloSi da, kerZod, kolxeTSi
gavrcelebuli zogierTi daavadebebisa (malaria, helminTozebi da sxv.) da maTi
endemurobis ramdenadme saintereso axsnac ki mogvca.
yovelives gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom italiel misionerebs fasdaudebeli
Rvawli miuZRviT XVII saukunis saqarTvelos medicinis istoriis ucnobi faqtebis gamovlenaSi.

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 gamoyenebuli literatura

1. ო. ლორთქიფანიძე. არგონავტიკა და ძველი კოლხეთი, თბ., 1986.

2. ნ. ჯაფარიძე. ბრინჯაოს ხანის ოქროსმჭედლობა საქართველოში, თბ., 1981.
3. მ. შენგელია. ქართული მედიცინის ისტორია, თბ., 1980.
4. Sprengel K. Versuch einer pragmatischen Geschichte der Arzheikunde, Halle, Gebauer, 1792-
1803.
5. აპოლონიოს როდოსელი. არგონავტიკა, თბ., 1978.
6. The Westerns Medical Tradition - L. U. Conrad, M. Neve, V. Nutton, R. Porter, A. Wear
Cambridge University Press. 1995.
7. The History of Medicine - D. Guthrie. Thomas Nelson an Sons LTD. 1946.
8. Thertiac and mithridatium. A Study in Therappeutics. London. The Wellcome Historical Medical
Library. 1966.
9. გ. გოზალიშვილი. მითრიდატე პონტოელი, თბ., 1962.
10. რ. შენგელია, ი. ბიბილეიშვილი. მედეა და მედიცინის თანამედროვე კონცეფცია.
“უსწორო კარაბადინის” 1000 წლისთავისადმი მიძღვნილი საერთაშორისო
კონფერენციის მასალები, თბ., 1997.
23. მიხეილ შენგელია. ეტიუდები ქართული მედიცინის ისტორიიდან, თბ., 1963.
24. Мейер-Штеинег Т. Зудгоф К. История медицины. 1932.
25. Мультановский М. История медицины. 1967.
26. Заблудовский П. и др. История медицины. 1981.
27. Сорокина Т. История медицины. 1994.

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Аюрведа
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Медицина_Дреней_Индии
http://www.medportal.ge/masalebi/msofli_med_istoria_int.htm#3
http://www.geocities.com/dipalsarvesh/indexMedicine.html

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 Sinaarsi

winasityva 5
SuamdinareTis uZvelesi civilizacia da medicina 12
eqimoba Zvel egvipteSi 30
kolxur-iberiuli medicina anu Cura Mediana 52
Zveli aRTqma da medicina 70
mkurnalobis xelovneba Zvel indoeTSi 78
medicina Zvel CineTSi 93
budizmi da medicina 116
eqimoba tibeturad 119
Zveli iranuli medicina 130

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SeniSvnebi

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