naTaniel hoTornis romantikuli romanis Tavisebureba

Q<br />

akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti<br />

naTia WiRvaria<br />

<strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> <strong>Tavisebureba</strong><br />

10.01.15 evropis da amerikis xalxTa literatura<br />

D disertacia filologiis doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad<br />

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: profesori<br />

ciala TofuriZe<br />

quTaisi<br />

2010<br />

1

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2<br />

S i n a a r s i<br />

Sesavali ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3<br />

Tavi I. amerikuli romantizmis ganviTarebis social-politikuri da<br />

kulturuli <strong>Tavisebureba</strong>ni -------------------------------------------------------------------- 9<br />

Tavi II. <strong>romantikuli</strong> romani da misi <strong>hoTornis</strong>euli interpretacia-------------<br />

----------------------------------------------------------- 43<br />

2.1 <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> warmoSobis safuZvlebi da specifika<br />

2.2 <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> Semoqmedebis <strong>Tavisebureba</strong> da <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong><br />

Teoriis miseuli interpretacia<br />

Tavi III. <strong>hoTornis</strong> <strong>romantikuli</strong> romani---------------------------------------------- 76<br />

3. 1 realoba da puritanizmis problema <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

romantikul romanSi:<br />

sinTezi.<br />

romanSi.<br />

3. 2 <strong>romantikuli</strong> romani, rogorc warmosaxvisa da sinamdvilis<br />

3. 3- Txrobis struqtura da simboloebi <strong>hoTornis</strong> romantikul<br />

Ddaskvnebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 133<br />

Bbibliografia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 140

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Sesavali<br />

mxatvruli mimdinareoba romantizmi amerikul literaturaSi<br />

ganviTarebis TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeboda. Mfrensis oto matisenma am<br />

literaturul moZraobas meore amerikuli gazafxuli, anu “amerikuli<br />

renesansi” uwoda (117). amerikuli romantizmi evropulisagan gansxvavebiT<br />

ar warmoSobila socialuri protestis gamo, misi dabadeba ufro metad<br />

damoukideblobisaTvis omis nacionalur Taviseburebebs ukavSirdeba.<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtori ki is gaxlavT, rom <strong>romantikuli</strong><br />

literatura axalgazrda saxelmwifos pirvel erovnul literaturas<br />

warmoadgenda.<br />

amerikis, rogorc axali qveynis TviTdamkvidreba sakmaod swrafi<br />

procesi iyo. viTardeboda zusti mecnierebebisa da teqnikis sfero, magram<br />

erovnuli kulturis formireba grZeli da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse<br />

procesi aRmoCnda. materikis aRmoCenasTan dakavSirebulma materialurma<br />

amocanebma sulieri faseulobebi ukana planze gadaswies. amerikuli<br />

kulturuli cxovreba bevrad CamorCa evropis sulieri da kulturuli<br />

cxovrebis centrebs. mTeli sami saukunis manZilze amerikuli<br />

literatura, iseve rogorc amerikeli eri, jer isev Camoyalibebis<br />

procesSi iyo.<br />

A amerikis literaturis mkvlevarTa Soris gavrcelebuli<br />

Sexedulebis mixedviT, romantikosi mwerlebis pirveli nawarmoebebis<br />

gamoCenamde axali qveynis literatura mimbaZvelobiT gamoirCeoda. Mme-17,<br />

me-18 saukuneebSi amerikeli mwerlebi marTlac ganicdidnen evropuli,<br />

gansakuTrebiT inglisuri literaturis gavlenas. popularuli iyo<br />

sentimentaluri, pikareskuli <strong>romanis</strong> tipi, klasicizmis poetika,<br />

istoriuli romani, goTikuri romani.<br />

“romensis”, igive <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> tradicia Cndeba me-18<br />

saukunis bolos da Camoyalibebul saxes ukve me-19 saukunis Sua wlebSi<br />

edgar pos, <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong>, herman melvilis nawarmoebebSi aRwevs. Eam<br />

mwerlebma mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT “romenss”, anu romantikul romans<br />

upiratesoba mianiWes realistur romanTan, anu “novelTan” SedarebiT.<br />

3

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N <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> moRvaweoba mWidro kavSirSia me-19 saukunis<br />

amerikis sulieri cxovrebis atmosferosTan da romantikul<br />

mimarTulebasTan. rogorc stenli benki ambobs, “igi SeiZleba me-19<br />

saukunis amerikis simbolod warmovidginoT” (Bank 2010). <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

TanamedroveTa umetesobisaTvis <strong>romantikuli</strong> romani moqmedebis<br />

TavisuflebasTan, did sivrcesTan asocirdeboda, Tumca maT mier imis<br />

gansazRvra, Tu ras niSnavda es Tavisufleba an ra konkretuli miznebs<br />

iTvaliswinebda ar momxdara. <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> Tanamedrove amerikaSi<br />

cxare debatebi mimdinareobda <strong>romanis</strong> Janris Sesaxeb. Aam Teoriul<br />

gansjaSi “romenss” sxvadasxvagvari, xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi<br />

mniSvnelobebi aqvs. Cven yuradRebas <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong>eul definiciaze<br />

SevaCerebT, radgan is erTerTi pirvelTagania, vinc Camoayaliba<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> Teoria, ganasxvava “romensi” “novelisgan” da Tavisi<br />

naazrevi warmatebiT ganaxorciela sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi.<br />

amerikul da evropul literaturaTmcodneobas <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

Semoqmedebaze winaaRmdegobrivi mosazrebebi gaaCnda, Tumca dRes ukve<br />

aRaravin daobs, rom igi mravalmxrivi, saintereso Semoqmedia da didi<br />

wvlili miuZRvis <strong>romanis</strong> ganviTarebis sferoSi. albaT amanac ganapiroba<br />

is faqti, rom igi amerikel mweralTa Soris erTerTi pirvelia, visi<br />

biografiis mimarTac kritikosebma didi interesi gamoamJRavnes. arlin<br />

terners ekuTvnis naSromi, romelic <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> biografiul<br />

cnobebs detalurad moicavs (173). bevrad ufro srulyofilia jeims<br />

melous wigni “<strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTorni mis droSi” (120). arlin terneris midgoma<br />

ufro literaturulia da didi yur3dReba eTmoba <strong>hoTornis</strong> namuSevrebis<br />

bibliografiul detalebs. jeims melous naSromi ufro socialuri<br />

xasiaTis gaxlavT. inglisSi gatarebuli wlebis Sesaxeb detaluri<br />

informacia aqvs Tavmoyrili raimona hals wignSi “<strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

inglisuri gamocdileba 1853-1864” (93). aRsaniSnavia aseve edvard<br />

davidsonis naSromi “<strong>hoTornis</strong> ukanaskneli periodi” (57).<br />

<strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTorni im mweralTa ricxvs ekuTvnis, vinc odesRac<br />

daiviwyes, me-20 saukuneSi ki xelaxla aRmoaCines da waikiTxes. Mmalkolm<br />

kauli aRniSnavda, “gasakviria is faqti, rom <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

Semoqmedebis mimarT, romelic esoden saintereso Semoqmedi gaxldaT,<br />

4

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mwerlebi nakleb interess amJRavnebdnen, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT mis<br />

Tanamemamuleebze da imaTac, vinc dainteresda misiT, ase cota ram<br />

dagvitoves mis Semoqmedebaze”. (Cowley 1948: 10) robert pen uoreni<br />

asormocdaaTi wlis Semdeg ambobda: “Cven did pativs vcemT emersons,<br />

winaswarmetyvels, romlis winaswarmetyvelebanic gamarTlda, magram dros<br />

ver gauZlo, radgan dResdReobiT naklebad aqtualuria, ris gamoc<br />

emersonis nawinaswarmetyvelevi momavali CvenTvis sul ufro da ufro<br />

Soreul warsulad iqceva, Tavad emersonic didebulad ixevs ukan,<br />

istoriis siRrmis ukana planze, magram <strong>hoTornis</strong> mier katiseburi<br />

mxedvelobis wyalobiT wyvdiadSi danaxulma, mwerlis winaSe momavali<br />

gaxsna da igi CvenTvis aqtualurad aqcia. as welze metia rac hoTorni<br />

gardaicvala, magram misi Semoqmedeba Cven gvaZlevs adamianis sulis<br />

rTul, mravalwaxnagovan da novatorul analizs, romelSic Cven<br />

vacnobierebT sakuTars. Eemersoni qeds ixrida aqtualobis winaSe,<br />

hoTorni Tavad ganasaxierebda mas” (Warren: 1971).<br />

adreul literaturul kritikaSi arsebobs mosazrebebi, rom<br />

mwerali garkveul gavlenebs ganicdida, magram Tanamedrove<br />

literaturul kritikaze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom <strong>naTaniel</strong><br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> Semoqmedeba yovelgvari mibaZvisagan Tavisufali gaxlavT.<br />

mweralma srulyofilad warmogvidgina axali inglisis puritanuli<br />

samyaros mikrokosmosi, masSi arsebuli zneobrivi problemebi da<br />

winaaRmdegobebi. misi “romensebi” ar aris mxolod formis srulyofisaken<br />

swrafva. Tavisi azrovnebiT mweralma epoqas gauswro.<br />

samwuxarod qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

Semoqmedeba am xnis ganmavlobaSi naklebad aqtualuri iyo. ciala<br />

TofuriZes ekuTvnis sami mokle moTxrobis anu “novelis” Targmani da<br />

“amerikuli novelis winasityvaoba” (TofuriZe 1967: 11), agreTve statia<br />

“romani, rogorc fenomeni da misi nominacia anglo-saqsur da qarTul<br />

samyaroSi” (TofuriZe 2007: 17).<br />

M moZiebuli masala, rasac Cven veyrdnobiT da vaanalizebT exeba<br />

amerikuli romantizmis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs, <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

esTetikas, uSualod <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> specifikas da mwerlis<br />

wvlils <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> Janris srulyofaSi. MmkvlevarTa erTi<br />

5

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nawili, magaliTad rojer milsi (126), devid hirSi (91) Tvlian, rom<br />

“romenssa” da “novels” Soris gansxvavebis Zieba gadaWarbebulia. devid<br />

hirSis sityvebi rom gavimeoroT, “romensisa” da “<strong>romanis</strong>” Janrs Soris<br />

gansxvaveba yalbia (Hirsh 1971: 74), es gansxvaveba eyrdnoba ufro Temebsa<br />

da siuJetebs, vidre formas da meTods, rac sakmaod aramyari<br />

argumentacia gaxlavT.<br />

interess imsaxurebs kritikosebis mosazrebebi Mmwerlis<br />

Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb. Mmisi Tanamedroveebi, magaliTad edgar alan po,<br />

herman melvili da henri jeimsi hoTornSi gamoCenil mwerals xedavdnen,<br />

maSin roca kritikosTa jgufi (parqsi, blekmuri, uintersi) cdilobdnen<br />

daemtkicebinaT rom hoTorni susti mweralia, romelic specifikurma<br />

maneram Tavisi drois CarCoebSi Caketa da mxolod istoriulad Tu<br />

daimsaxurebs kritikosTa interess.<br />

Tanamedrove amerikuli literaturuli kritika <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

Semoqmedebis mimarT did interess amJRavnebs. DerTerTi pirveli gaxldaT<br />

frensis oto matisenis wignis “amerikuli renesansi” gamosvla, romelSic<br />

romantikosi mwerlebis Semoqmedebis Rrma analizia mocemuli, matiseni<br />

yuradRebas metwilad amaxvilebs puritanul da simbolistur<br />

tendenciebze <strong>hoTornis</strong> romantikul romanebsa da moTxrobebSi.<br />

uSualod mwerlis Semoqmedebas eZRvneba riCard foglis (72) da hiat<br />

vagoneris (173) monografiebi. literturaTmcodne roi meili Tavis<br />

naSromSi aqcents akeTebs <strong>hoTornis</strong> damokidebulebaze romantizmTan. (110)<br />

david timsi mas modernistad mwerlad miiCnevs (167). jorj dekeri<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> romantikul romans istoriuls uwodebs, rac naklebad<br />

misaRebia, radgan istoriuli warsulis siuJetad, Tematur masalad<br />

gamoyeneba mwerals absoluturad sxva miznisaTvis, zneobrivi da<br />

fsiqologiuri problemebis sakvlevad sWirdeba. (Dekker 1987: 47) agreTve<br />

sainteresoa, Tumca gansjis sagania gilmor simsis mier mocemuli<br />

“romensis” definicia, romelic mkveTrad asxvavebs “romenss” inglisuri<br />

“novelisagan” da aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove “romensi” aris surogati,<br />

romelic SeiZleba Zvel eposTan iqnes gaigivebuli, nawarmoebis forma<br />

Seicvala, Sinaarsi ki igive darCa. (Simms 1844: 6). Mkritikosis morse<br />

peqhemis azriT, <strong>hoTornis</strong> romanebSi gadaWarbebulad aris gamoyenebuli<br />

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goTikuri <strong>romanis</strong> elementebi, rac mas romantizmis negatiur, bnel mxared<br />

miaCnia (Peckham 1951: 99) Cemis azriT, <strong>hoTornis</strong> mier mis nawarmoebebSi<br />

gamoyenebuli romantizmis elementebi umetes SemTxvevaSi optimistur<br />

transcendentalur ganwyobas eyrdnoba, rasac zogjer Tavad avtoric<br />

akritikebs. MmiTologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebi eTanxmebian<br />

mosazrebas, rom amerikuli “romensi” TiTqmis igive goTikuri<br />

romania.MmkvlevarTa jgufi, marjori elderi, (113) miligent beli, (Elder<br />

1969: 34) (Bell 1962: 90) <strong>hoTornis</strong> esTetikas transcendentalurs uwodeben,<br />

rac savsebiT samarTliani SeniSvnaa, Tumca garkveuli koreqtivebis Setana<br />

aqac aucilebelia, radgan <strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTorni zogjer ewinaaRmdegeba maT<br />

mTavar doqtrinas “sakuTari Tavis rwmenis” (Emerson 1841) Sesaxeb, am Temas<br />

mogvianebiT ufro dawvrilebiT SevexebiT naSromSi.M<br />

me-20 saukunis mkvlevarebi aseve aqtiurad dainteresdnen<br />

mwerlis Txrobis formiT da teqnikiT. MmagaliTad riCard milingtoni (<br />

125), miSel diuni (60). riCard brodhedi (40). aseve saintereso gaxlavT<br />

paringtonis naSromi “amerikuli azrovnebis mTavari mimdinareobani” (131).<br />

asocianistur froidistul kritikaSi aris rudolf fon eibelis wigni<br />

“xelovanis sikvdili, <strong>hoTornis</strong> Semoqmedebis dacema”, romelSic avtori<br />

Tavis daskvnebs sakmaod aramyar argumentebze agebs, igi <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

“marmarilos favns” kafkas novelebs adarebs, ZiriTadad nawarmoebebSi<br />

arsebul damTxvevebze dayrdnobiT.M am kvlevis mizani gaxlavT<br />

modernizmis safuZvlebis Zieba me-19 saukunis romantikul literaturaSi<br />

(25). frederik krusi aseve sruliad froidistuli midgomiT ganixilavs<br />

mwerlis Semoqmedebas (Crews 1966: 102).<br />

albaT Sors wagviyvans yvela im naSromis CamoTvla, rac<br />

gamoyenebulia Cvens sadisertacio TemaSi, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />

Tanamedrove amerikuli kritika Zalian saintereso, mravalmxrivi da<br />

erTgvarad winaaRmdegobrivi xedvis matarebeli gaxlavT.<br />

H <strong>hoTornis</strong> <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> irgvliv Seqmnili samecniero<br />

literaturis analizi cxadyofs, rom mkvlevarTa umravlesoba sworad<br />

gansazRvravs <strong>hoTornis</strong> Teoriis mniSvnelobasa da Rirebulebas <strong>romanis</strong><br />

ganviTarebis sferoSi. Mbevri naSromi ikvlevs misi esTetikis calkeul<br />

aspeqtebs. Cven SevecadeT gveCvenebina rogor xdeba yovelive<br />

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zemoTaRniSnulis ganxorcieleba <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> calkeul<br />

romantikul romanebSi. <strong>hoTornis</strong> Semoqmedeba imiT gamoirCeva, rom masSi<br />

erTmaneTs erwymis transcendentaluri tendenciebi da goTikuri <strong>romanis</strong><br />

elementebi, realisturi da <strong>romantikuli</strong> tendenciebi, Cans puritanuli<br />

warsulis gavlena Tanamedrove epoqaze, mwerlis damokidebuleba<br />

realobasTan, simarTlesTan, xelovnebasTan, gmiris gaucxoebis problema<br />

romelic esoden aqtualuri gaxda Tanamedrove literaturaSi. metad<br />

sainteresoa <strong>hoTornis</strong> mier simboloebis, ferebis, Suqis, Txrobis<br />

doneebis gamoyeneba “romensis” scenebis mowyobisaTvis, aqtualuria<br />

rogor ukavSirdeba es yvelaferi erTmaneTs <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong><br />

mxatvrul qsovilSi da rogor iqmneba mTliani mxatvruli sistema.Aar<br />

arsebobs naSromi, romelSic calkeuli romensebis ganxilvis safuZvelze<br />

srulyofilad, monografiulad iqneboda Seswavlili mocemuli sakiTxi.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare sadisertacio naSromis samecniero siaxle<br />

isaa, rom masSi <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> Semoqmedebis esTetikuri safuZvlebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT warmodgenilia misi <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> kvleva<br />

konkretulad romensebis analizis saSualebiT. sakvlevi sakiTxis<br />

irgvliv Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobaSi arsebul zogad Teoriul<br />

da meTodologiur Sromebze dayrdnobiT, amerikuli romantizmis<br />

istoriul kulturuli ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT,Gganxilulia mwerlis mravalmxrivi esTetikuri<br />

Sexedulebani, misi damokidebuleba uSualod romantizmis<br />

mimdinareobasTan. sadisertacio naSromSi naCvenebia rogor xorcieldeba<br />

es yvelaferi mis romantikul romanSi. gaanalizebulia <strong>hoTornis</strong>euli<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> <strong>Tavisebureba</strong>ni.<br />

zemoTaRniSnuli gansazRvravs problemis aqtualobasac, radgan<br />

Teoriis ganxorcieleba praqtikaSi metad mniSvnelovania. <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

esTetikis mravalmxrivi aspeqtebis urTierTmimarTebis da mxatvruli<br />

daniSnulebis kvleva saSualebas mogvcems, rom <strong>romantikuli</strong> romani<br />

aRviqvaT, rogorc erTerTi saintereso da mravalferovani <strong>romanis</strong> tipi<br />

mxatvrul literaturaSi.<br />

sadisertacio naSromis mizania, sakvlevi problemis irgvliv<br />

arsebuli samecniero literaturis gaTvaliswinebiT, romantikul romanze,<br />

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ogorc calkeul Janrze msjeloba, misi warmoSobis safuZvlebis<br />

ganxilva, <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> esTetikuri naazrevis mniSvnelobis<br />

gansazRvra <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> rogorc Janris ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />

uSualod “romensebis” mxatvruli teqstis analizze dayrdnobiT,<br />

vimsjelebT <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> specifikaze. Gcalke<br />

gamovyofT misi esTetikisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mTavar tendenciebs da<br />

mivuTiTebT rogor xdeba maTi gamoyeneba calkeuli “romensebis”<br />

mxatvrul qsovilSi. zogadad ganvixilavT mis moTxrobebs, ramdenadac<br />

isini erTgvarad winapirobas warmoadgendnen <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong><br />

SeqmnisaTvis. gansaxilvelad aviRebT Semdeg romensebs: “alisferi<br />

asomTavruli” (22), “Svidfrontoniani saxli” (16), “marmarilos favni” (18,<br />

19) “blaiTdeilis romani” (13).<br />

sadisertacio naSromis meTodologiuri da Teoriuli<br />

safuZvelia amerikuli literaturis kritikosTa mravalricxovani<br />

samecniero Sroma, litmcodneobiTi xasiaTis samecniero literatura,<br />

sadac ganxilulia amerikuli romantizmis specifika da konkretulad<br />

<strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> SemoqmedebiTi meTodisa da Txrobis stilis ZiriTadi<br />

Taviseburebebi.<br />

sadisertacio naSromi warmoadgens amerikanistikaSi <strong>naTaniel</strong><br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> kvlevis mcdelobas, kvlevis Sedegebi da<br />

ganzogadoebuli daskvnebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas<br />

literaturaTmcodneTa mier romantikul romanTan dakavSirebuli<br />

sakiTxebis Semdgomi SeswavlisaTvis. inglisuri literaturis saleqcio<br />

kursebisa da speckursebisaTvis. igi garkveul samsaxurs gauwevs<br />

amerikuli literaturis dargs <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong><br />

problematikisa da mxatvrul <strong>Tavisebureba</strong>Ta gasarkvevad. saintereso<br />

iqneba rogorc studentTaTvis, aseve zogadad amerikuli romantizmis<br />

specifikiT, <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> JanriT da <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

SemoqmedebiT dainteresebuli pirebisaTvis.<br />

9

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Tavi I<br />

amerikuli romantizmis ganviTarebis istoriuli da<br />

politikuri <strong>Tavisebureba</strong>ni<br />

amerikul literaturaTmcodneobaSi amerikuli romantizmis,<br />

rogorc literaturuli movlenis gaazreba me-20 saukunis ocian wlebSi<br />

Camoyalibda. samoqalaqo omamde Seqmnili mxatvruli nawarmoebebi<br />

regionaluri niSnebiT aris dayofili - axali inglisis, niu-iorkis,<br />

samxreTisa Tu dasavleTis.<br />

ideologiur-mxatvruli mimdinareoba__ romantizmi, warmoiSva<br />

burJuaziuli revoluciebis, ekonomikuri da politikuri Zvrebis xanaSi.<br />

igi evropaSi me-18 saukunis bolos, me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi damkvidrda<br />

da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvagvarad ganviTarda.<br />

am droisaTvis amerika jer kidev axalgazrda saxelmwifos<br />

warmoadgenda. misi erovnuli kultura da literatura Camoyalibebis<br />

procesSi imyofeboda. amerikuli romantizmi Sesabamisad xasiaTdeboda<br />

ganviTarebis TaviseburebebiT, ramac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> mimdinareobis istoriaSi.<br />

sainteresoa rogori istoriuli foni hqonda amerikuli<br />

romantizmis warmoSobas qveyanaSi. ingliseli kolonistebi amerikaSi 1607<br />

wels gamoCndnen, maSin, roca pirveli inglisuri kolonia, virjinia<br />

daarsda. 1620 wlidan safuZveli Caeyara axali inglisis puritanul<br />

koloniebs, romelTa ricxvi TandaTanobiT izrdeboda. 1664 wels<br />

ingliselebma daipyres holandiuri dasaxleba axali niderlandebi da<br />

niu-iorki daarqves. 1681 wels uiliam penma daaarsa cnobili kvakerTa<br />

dasaxleba pensilvaniaSi. socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri mizezebis<br />

gamo, mxolod ingliselebma SeZles CrdiloeT amerikaSi srulyofili<br />

dasaxlebis Seqmna. isini eyrdnobodnen koloniebis siZlieres da TavianT<br />

Zalauflebas zRvaze, ris Sedegadac metoqeebs Zlieri dartyma miayenes.<br />

me-18 saukuneSi espanuri koloniebisaTvis omi ingliselebis gamarjvebiT<br />

dasrulda. 1756-63 wlebSi maT safrangeTs omiTve waarTves mniSvnelovani<br />

teritoria. ase rom CrdiloeT amerikis miwaze inglisuri koloniebi<br />

mniSvnelovan Zalas warmoadgendnen.<br />

10

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amerikeli eris Camoyalibeba, misi kulturis formireba metad<br />

Taviseburi procesi gaxldaT, rac gamowveulia amerikis kolonialuri<br />

warmoSobiT da kolonizaciis mravalerovani xasiaTiT.<br />

amerikuli kulturis specifikis gasagebad amosaval wertilad<br />

unda miviCnioT evropelTa dasaxleba adamianisagan auTvisebel bunebaSi.<br />

es adamianebi evropul civilizacias iyvnen naziarebi. inglisur<br />

koloniebSi umaRlesi skola maTi daarsebisTanave funqcionirebda.<br />

imavdroulad axalmosaxleebs arsebobisaTvis brZola uwevdaT jer<br />

bunebasTan da mere materikis adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan- indiel<br />

tomebTan.<br />

maSin, roca me-17-18 saukuneebis mwerlebi "keTilSobili<br />

veluris" saxes aidealebdnen, yovelive "bunebrivs" ganadidebdnen da<br />

"civilizaciiT garyvnil" evropels upirispirebdnen. amerikis<br />

kolonistebisaTvis, mcire gamonaklisis garda, indielebi TavianTi<br />

arsebobisaTvis saSiSroebas warmoadgendnen. im periodisaTvis metad<br />

popularuli iyo gamoTqma: "kargi indieli mkvdari indielia". da mainc,<br />

indielTa kulturam didi roli Seasrula amerikis erovnuli kulturis<br />

formirebaSi. gaamdidra igi im elementebiT, rasac nacionaluri<br />

Taviseburebebis niSan-Tvisebebi hqvia. indielTa miTologiam didi gavlena<br />

moaxdina kolonistTa mxatvrul cnobierebaze. Tavisi warmoSobiT<br />

mravalerovani amerikuli folklori indiuri eposis elementebsac inaxavs<br />

da Tavad indielTa Tema organulad aris Serwymuli amerikel mweralTa<br />

SemoqmedebasTan.<br />

amerikeli xalxis kulturis formirebaSi mniSvnelovani roli<br />

Seasrules zangebma, romlebic kolonistebma axal miwaze afrikis<br />

qveynebidan Camoiyvanes. Zvelma zangurma folklorma axal qveyanaSi<br />

erTgvari formireba ganicada da amerikul mxatvrul literaturas<br />

Seerwya.<br />

amerikis literaturis istoriis mkvlevarTa Soris<br />

gavrcelebulia Sexeduleba, rom romantikosi mwerlebis pirveli<br />

nawarmoebebis gamoCenamde axali qveynis literatura mimbaZvelobiTi iyo.<br />

me-17-18 saukuneebSi amerikeli mwerlebi marTlac ganicdidnen evropuli<br />

literaturis, gansakuTrebiT inglisuris gavlenas. 1790 wlebSi<br />

11

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igrZnoboda sentimentaluri <strong>romanis</strong> (cdunebis Temaze) uZlieresi gavlena,<br />

aseve popularuli iyo pikareskuli romani, romelic fildingisa da<br />

smoletis mier gaxldaT damkvidrebuli britanul literaturaSi. garda<br />

amisa, amerikelebi STagonebuli iyvnen klasicizmis poetikiT, miltonis<br />

SemoqmedebiT, uolter skotis istoriuli romanebiT, goTikuri romaniT.<br />

amerikis, rogorc axali qveynis TviTdamkvidreba sakmaod swrafi<br />

procesi iyo. viTardeboda zusti mecnierebebisa da teqnikis sfero, magram<br />

erovnuli kulturis formireba grZeli da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse<br />

procesi aRmoCnda. materikis aRmoCenasTan dakavSirebulma materialurma<br />

amocanebma sulieri faseulobebi ukana planze gadaswies. amerikuli<br />

kulturuli cxovreba bevrad CamorCa evropis sulieri da kulturuli<br />

cxovrebis centrebs. mTeli sami saukunis manZilze amerikuli<br />

literatura, iseve rogorc amerikeli eri, jer isev Camoyalibebis<br />

procesSi iyo.<br />

1820 wels "edinburgis mimomxilvelis" gverdebidan sidnei<br />

smiTma gamomwvevad ikiTxa: "vin kiTxulobs amerikul wignebs?" (Smith 1957:<br />

98) es kiTxva damamcireblad JRerda, radgan axalgazrda respublikas ukve<br />

hyavda Tavisi literatorebi. eseni me-18 saukunis ganmanaTleblebi iyvnen.<br />

ukve me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi, literaturaSi axali saxe, uoSington<br />

irvingi gamoCnda, Tavisi pirveli romani gamosca fenimor kuperma.<br />

britaneli kritikosis qedmaRluri kiTxva imiT aixsneba, rom amerikaSi<br />

wignis bazarze aTwleulebis manZilze batonobda ingliseli mwerlebis<br />

nawarmoebebi da evropul enebze naTargmni inglisuri literatura. amave<br />

periodSi, niu-iorkSi ukve arsebobda literaturuli klubebi, magram aqac<br />

orientacia evropul kulturaze iyo aRebuli da "amerikuli" vulgarul<br />

tonad iTvleboda. TviT prezidenti Tomas jefersoni aRiarebda, rom<br />

Seyvarebuli iyo safrangeTze da mis kulturaze, Tumca imeds<br />

gamoTqvamda, rom axali qveyana Tavis nacionalur kulturas Seqmnida.<br />

me-18 saukuneSi, TiTqmis naxevari aswleulis ganmavlobaSi,<br />

kolonistebis ZiriTadi sakiTxavi religiuri literatura iyo, radgan am<br />

periodSi igrZnoba religiuri azrovnebis moZaleba politikasa da<br />

literaturaSi. "gasarTobi" beletristikis kiTxva morwmuneTaTvis<br />

mizanSewonilad ar iTvleboda. me-19 saukunis amerikul mxatvrul<br />

12

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literaturaSi gamefebul am tradicias mkvlevarebi filosofiuri,<br />

bibliuri da religiuri motivebis gavlenas ukavSireben.<br />

amerikuli koloniisaTvis damaxasiTebeli gaxldaT mosaxleobis<br />

gataceba dokumenturi da naxevrad dokumenturi moTxrobebiT, romlebic<br />

gviamboben geografiuli aRmoCenebis, mogzaurobebis, yoveldRiuri yofa-<br />

cxovrebis wvrilmanebis Sesaxeb. avtorebi cdilobdnen mkiTxvelamde<br />

mietanaT Tanamedroveobis individualuri daxasiaTeba. aseTi namuSevrebi<br />

TandaTan naxevrad beletristul xasiaTs iRebda. axali adgilebiT, mamaci<br />

adamianebiT, realuri cxovrebis gamocdilebiT daintereseba mxolod<br />

amerikuli literaturisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. daniel defos<br />

robinzon kruzos fantastikuri Tavgadasavlebi damajereblobas iZendnen<br />

ara mxolod aleqsandre selkirkis irgvliv Seqmnili realuri<br />

problemebis aRweriT, aramed wignSi CarTuli gmiris bed-iRblis<br />

"Semosaval-gasavali" aspeqtebis saqmiani aRricxviT. aseTi midgoma axlo<br />

da gasagebi iyo mesame wodebis adamianisTvis, amitom igi fsiqologiurad<br />

ndobiT iyo ganwyobili aseTi nawarmoebebis mimarT. zemoTxsenebuli tipis<br />

literaturas dokumenturi safuZveli edo da formac dokumenturi<br />

hqonda. dokumentalizmi mogvianebiT erTgvari literaturuli xerxi<br />

gaxda, romelsac amerikeli romantikosebi xSirad mimarTavdnen.<br />

faqtobrivi dokumentalizmis am nakadma, jer kidev me-18 saukunis<br />

amerikul literaturaSi, specifiuri Seferiloba SeiZina. igi romantizmis<br />

ganviTarebis periodSic ar gamqrala, mdidari warmosaxvisa da<br />

egzotikuri koloritis wyalobiT TandaTan ufro feradovani gaxda. es<br />

tendencia amerikul literaturaSi romantizmis ganviTarebis erT-erTi<br />

arsebiTi <strong>Tavisebureba</strong>a.<br />

amerikuli romantizmis dabadebis Semdgomi periodi<br />

qronologiurad axalgazrda respublikis mier teritoriebis gafarToebis<br />

mcdelobas emTxveva. 1803 wels frangebisagan TiTqmis ufasod SeiZines<br />

umdidresi luiziana. 1810 wels espanelebs waarTves dasavleT florida<br />

da 1819 wels maTganve Seisyides mTeli florida xuT milion dolarad.<br />

anglo-amerikuli omis dros 1812-1814 wlebSi amerikelebma scades kanadis<br />

teritoriis dapyroba, magram marcxi ganicades. 1836 wels ajanyebis<br />

provocireba moawyves da texasi meqsikisagan gamoyves. 1845 wels kongresma<br />

13

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oficialurad miiRo texasi SeerTebul StatebSi, ramac imTaviTve<br />

ganapiroba gamoiwvia amerikeli inteligenciis Rrma protesti.<br />

1800 wlis 4 ivliss, qveynis damoukideblobis gamocxadebis<br />

Semdeg, mwerlebi da poetebi iZulebuli gaxdnen saSinao da sagareo<br />

politikis kritikaze gadasuliyvnen. maT unda SeeqmnaT ara mxolod<br />

literatura, aramed axalgazrda eris rTuli eTnikur-filosofiuri<br />

kodeqsi da daxmarebodnen mas CamoyalibebaSi. evropeli romantikosebis<br />

msgavsad, am mimarTulebis amerikelma mwerlebma udidesi mniSvnelobis<br />

istoriuli misia Seasrules. maT SeZles adamianis mier samyaros Secnobis<br />

sazRvrebis gafarToeba. me-18 saukunis ganmanaTlebluri racionalizmi<br />

amisaTvis sakmarisi ar iyo. amerikeli kolonistebis ganmaTavisuflebeli<br />

brZola, revoluciuri Zvrebi, qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikuri<br />

cxovrebis ganviTareba, im droisaTvis ufro Tamam poetur fantazias,<br />

maRal eTikas moiTxovda, romelsac SeeZlo gadatrialebebis<br />

grandiozuloba da tragizmi gamoexata.<br />

gamarjvebis momtani brZolis Sedegad, amerikeli eris<br />

Camoyalibebis xangrZlivi procesi dasasruls miuaxlovda. kontinentis<br />

kolonizaciis dasawyisSi es sakiTxi arc ki damdgara. axalmosaxleebi<br />

ramodenime Taobis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebdnen Tavisi eris nacionalur<br />

TviTSegnebas. amas mowmobs rukaze gaCenili dasaxlebebic: axali<br />

holandia, axali inglisi, axali orleani... emigrantebi amgvarad<br />

inarCunebdnen kavSirs Zvel samSoblosTan.<br />

saWiro gaxda gamoevloT istoriuli ganviTarebis grZeli gza,<br />

sanam axalmosaxleebSi gaCndeboda axal erad Camoyalibebis idea, rac<br />

gaaerTianebda ingliselebs, holandielebs, frangebs, germanelebsa Tu<br />

irlandielebs. arc Tu cota dro gavida, sanam calkeuli koloniis- rod-<br />

ailendis, niu hempSiris, merilendis mcxovrebni gaTavisufldebodnen<br />

regionaluri damokidebulebisagan. TiToeuls xom Tavisi istoria,<br />

eTnikuri Tu religiozuri gansakuTrebuloba da tradicia gaaCnda.<br />

amerikelTa Soris nacionaluri erTianobis SegrZneba<br />

damoukideblobisaTvis omis periodSic ki ar iyo sayovelTao. magaliTad<br />

jon adamsi Tavis Stats, masaCusets "Cvens qveyanad" moixseniebda, mis<br />

warmomadgenels amerikul kongresze ki "Cvens elCad" (Chinard 1933: 35) da<br />

14

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mainc nacionaluri konsolidaciis procesi ganuxrelad mimdinareobda.<br />

1774 wels pirvel kontinentalur kongresze gamosvlisas patrik henrim<br />

ganacxada: "gansxvaveba virjinielebs, pensilvanielebs, niu-iorkelebsa da<br />

axal ingliselebs Soris aRar arsebobs, me axla var ara virjinieli,<br />

aramed amerikeli" (Литературная История США 1977: 30).<br />

amerikelma frangma, heqtor sent jon de krevekerma, Tavis<br />

wignSi, "amerikeli fermeris werilebi" mTeli Tavi miuZRvna kiTxvas _ "ras<br />

niSnavs amerikeli?" krevekeri saubrobs saubrobs inglisuri koloniis<br />

dasaxlebaze. "am Wreli brbodan Camoyalibda gansakuTrebuli xalxi,<br />

romelTac axla amerikelebi hqviaT. amerikeli aris is, vinc Tavisi Zveli<br />

tradiciebi, crurwmenebi ukan moitova da axali cxovrebis wesi, axali<br />

politikuri wyoba, axali adgili miiRo sazogadoebaSi" (Коренева 1981: 49)<br />

amerikeli istorikosi h. folkneri Tavis wignSi, "amerikis<br />

ekonomikuri istoria" am process ase axasiaTebs: "amerikuli xasiaTi da<br />

amerikuli ideologia winaaRmdegobrivi gavlenis Sedegad Seiqmna.<br />

amerikuli civilizaciis damoukidebel ganviTarebas, erTis mxriv, okeanis<br />

siaxlove da evropa aferxebda, meores mxriv, dasavleTisaken<br />

gadaadgileba, egreTwodebuli frontiris cxovreba, sistematiurad<br />

asustebda evropul gavlenas da axali eris Seqmnas exmareboda” (Folkner<br />

U1924: 95). folkneris msjeloba, yovelgvari evropulis gavlenas<br />

amerikuli civilizaciis ganviTarebaze, uaryofiTad ganixilavs, rac<br />

calsaxovania da gadaWarbebuli "amerikanizmisaken" mivyavarT. amerikaSi<br />

gadasaxlebuli evropelebi reformaciisa da ganmanaTleblobis Svilebi<br />

iyvnen. amerikuli kultura garkveulwilad evropulis gamoZaxili iyo.<br />

Tumca, udavoa, rom amerikuli xalxuri kulturis xasiaTi, tradicia,<br />

folklori, ZiriTadad dasavleTSi anu frontirTa Soris Camoyalibda.<br />

bevri amerikeli literaturaTmcodne amerikaSi romantizmis ganviTarebis<br />

safuZvlis Camyrelad frontirTa samyaros Tvlis.<br />

van vik bruqsi amtkicebda, rom "amerikuli literatura<br />

nacionaluri gaxda frontiris sulis sublimaciis wyalobiT" (Брукс<br />

1967: 50). marTalia, frontiri ar warmoadgenda erTaderT mxares am rTul<br />

procesSi, magram is mainc mTavari sayrdeni iyo me-18 saukunis<br />

damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi. swored sazRvarze aRizardnen is<br />

15

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adamianebi, visTvisac yovelive inglisuri ucxo iyo, visganac amerikeli<br />

xalxis erovnuli TviTSegneba daibada.<br />

frontiris gavlenis mniSvnelobas amerikeli<br />

literaturaTmcodneebi sworad aRniSnaven, magram xSirad amis erTgvar<br />

absolutizirebas axdenen, radgan iviwyeben, rom Tavad frontiri<br />

amerikaSi kolonialuri cxovrebis pirobebSi warmoiSva da warmoadgenda<br />

Zireuli gardaqmnebis Sedegs da ara mizezs.<br />

amerikeli kritikosi edvin faseli Tavis naSromSi, romelic<br />

frontiris problemas miuZRvna, Tvlida rom istoriuli da socialuri<br />

faqtorebis mravalsaxeobidan, ramac erovnuli literaturis formirebaze<br />

gavlena moaxdina, ganmsazRvreli swored frontiri iyo da Sesabamisad am<br />

prizmaSi atarebs literaturul movlenebs. (Fussel 1985: 12)<br />

frontirma marTlac didi roli iTamaSa me-19 saukunis<br />

amerikuli literaturis ganviTarebaSi, gansakuTrebiT fenimor kuperis<br />

romanebis seriaSi, "tyavis winda", magram roca zogierTi mkvlevari edgar<br />

pos an herman melvilis Semoqmedebis simbolikaSi mTavar saxed<br />

frontiris Temas miiCnevs, es ukve ramdenadme ararealuri da<br />

gadaWarbebulia.<br />

cnobili amerikeli literaturaTmcodne, vernon luis<br />

paringtoni, vinc pirvelad dasva amerikuli romantizmis sakiTxi, Tavis<br />

wignSi "<strong>romantikuli</strong> revolucia amerikaSi", romantizmis warmoSobas<br />

ukavSirebs ara imdenad nacionalur tradiciebs, aramed evropuls da amis<br />

mizezad safrangeTis burJuaziul revolucias asaxelebs. (Parington 1958: 65)<br />

mkvlevari pol haufmani mxars uWerda paringtonis mosazrebas da 1928<br />

wels werda, rom amerikuli romantizmis gageba evropulis msgavsi unda<br />

yofiliyo.<br />

amerikul literaturas damkvidrebisaTvis brZola uxdeboda<br />

uamrav inglisur wignTan konkurenciis pirobebSi. garda amisa, ingliseli<br />

kritikosebi xSirad eWvisqveS ayenebdnen amerikuli literaturis<br />

arsebobas. brZola nacionaluri xelovnebisa da literaturis<br />

damkvidrebisaTvis bevr literaturis kritikoss sxva ukiduresobaSi<br />

agdebda. isini sulieri kulturis universalurobis ideas aviTarebdnen.<br />

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nacionaluri literaturis CamoyalibebisaTvis aqtiuri brZolis<br />

periodi uolt uitmenis gamosvlam daasrula. "balaxis foTlebis"<br />

winasityvaoba (180) gamsWvalulia amerikis didebuli momavlis da misi<br />

Sesabamisi literaturis naTeli rwmeniT. es iyo "mowodeba amerikeli<br />

poetebis mimarT gaaerTianon Zveli da axali... da maTi bardi Rirsi unda<br />

iyos maTi xalxisa... misi suli misi qveynis suls unda exmaurebodes, mis<br />

bunebas, mdinareebs, tbebs unda ganadidebdes" (Whitmen 1855: 14). Tumca<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom es literaturuli anderZi boloSi metad ucnaurad<br />

ayenebs eWvis qveS amerikuli literaturis arsebobis sakiTxs. (Whitmen<br />

1855: 14). rogorc vxedavT, amerikel mwerlebs Tavadac didxans aRelvebdaT<br />

es problema.<br />

amerikeli kritikosi, e. daikinki im literaturis sferoSi<br />

arsebul mdgomareobas, rac amerikelebs gasuli saukunis kolonialuri<br />

warsulidan memkvidreobiT ergoT ase axasiaTebs: "kolonistebs uyvardaT<br />

TavianTi wina samSoblo da mzad iyvnen mis kanonier Zalauflebas<br />

damorCilebodnen. es xalxi ZiriTadad ingliselebi iyvnen, inglisuri<br />

literatura ki yvela ingliselis saerTo memkvidreoba gaxldaT,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, sad icxovrebdnen. isini inglisurad saubrobdnen, Rrmad<br />

iyvnen gamsWvaluli inglisuri gemovnebiT da ar aRiarebdnen inglisur<br />

mxatvrul saxeze ufro aRmatebul literaturul movlenas. Cvenc<br />

SevurigdiT inglisuri literaturis upiratesobas da mis moswavleobas,<br />

imis magivrad rom gvecada literaturuli xelovnebis ostatebi<br />

gavmxdariyaviT" (Литературная История США 1977: 372) marTlac, me-17-18<br />

saukuneebSi amerikulma literaturam ver moipova mkveTrad gamoxatuli<br />

nacionaluri xasiaTi, Tumca es miznad hqonda dasaxuli da TandaTan<br />

iZenda nacionaluri Taviseburebis niSnebs.<br />

1836 wels niu-iorkSi oTxma axlgazrdam daaarsa literaturuli<br />

klubi "tetraqtisi", mogvianebiT "axalgazrda amerika", romelic uSvebda<br />

Jurnals "arqturi" (1840) (184). man Tavisi arsebobis mcire droSi didi<br />

roli Seasrula amerikis esTetikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi da mZafri<br />

polemikis sagnad aqcia literaturuli da kulturuli ganviTarebis<br />

procesi. am polemikam amerikeli kritikosebi or banakad gahyo:<br />

nacionalistebad da universalistebad. literaturaTmcodne jon<br />

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stefordis azriT, amerikeli mwerlebis am gayofam didi gavlena moaxdina<br />

nacionaluri literaturis formirebaze. "axalgazrda amerikisaTvis"<br />

amerikuli literaturis gageba niSnavda "axal literaturas, axali<br />

adamianisaTvis, axal saukuneSi" (Stafford 1952: 82) isini ZiriTadad<br />

demokratizmis principebs eyrdnobodnen. konservatorebisaTvis anu<br />

"vigebisaTvis", rogorc maT uwodebdnen (ikribebodnen perioduli<br />

gamocemebis "vig reviusa" da "niu-iork revius" irgvliv) amerikuli<br />

literatura niSnavda esoden Zvirfasi patriarqaluri wyobis ngrevas da<br />

axali marTlwesrigis gamefebas, rasac isini "umravlesobis anarqias"<br />

uwodebdnen.<br />

am or banaks Soris polemikis axali talRa gamoiwvia 1842 wels<br />

rusuf grisuoldis mier "amerikuli poeziisa da prozis anTologiis"<br />

gamocemam. (86) SesavalSi avtori miuTiTebda, rom amerikeloba ar niSnavs<br />

nacionalurobis siuJetSi gamovlinebas, igi unda Candes nawarmoebis<br />

sulSi. erovnuli nawarmoebi SeiZleba piramidebzec Seiqmnas. "Cven unda<br />

vecadoT, xeli SevuwyoT "eris energiis" gamomJRavnebas da literatura<br />

TavisTavad gamoCndeba" (Griswold 1963: 88). am ganacxadma konservatorebis<br />

aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. MmaTi pasuxis mixedviT nacionaluri literaturis<br />

momxreebma Tavadac ar icodnen rogori unda iyos es literatura. es<br />

adamianebi amjobinebdnen inglisuri literaturis silamaziT<br />

damtkbariyvnen vidre raRac axali SeeqmnaT.<br />

britanuli gavlena amerikul literaturaze mniSvnelovania,<br />

magram ufro sayuradReboa, rogor Seicvala da transformirda igi<br />

amerikul pirobebSi.<br />

ormocdaaTian wlebSi kamaTi amerikis erovnuli literaturis<br />

irgvliv xan qreboda, xan axali ZaliT CaRdeboda. 1852 wels Jurnali<br />

"amerikan vig reviu" (156) kvlav miubrunda am sakiTxs da ganacxada, rom<br />

ramdenadac amerikelTa nacionaluri <strong>Tavisebureba</strong>ni inglisurs<br />

emTxveoda, ar SeiZleboda saubari arc amerikel xalxze da arc amerikul<br />

literaturaze, rogorc raime gansxvavebulze". 1830 wels amerikuli<br />

literatura "deanglizaciam" Seipyro. omma metropoliasTan,<br />

antibritanuli ganwyobis gamwvavebam, xeli Seuwyo ara mxolod Statebis<br />

erTian kavSirad gaerTianebas, aramed amerikelebis swrafvas, yvelaferSi<br />

18

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ingliselebs dapirispirebodnen. adre es swrafva meti aqtivobiT<br />

politikis sferoSi mJRavndeboda, garkveuli periodis Semdeg ukve<br />

kulturis sferosac daukavSirda. .daiwyo aqtiuri brZola im inglisuri<br />

Stampebisa da mxatvruli saxeebis winaaRmdeg, rasac araviTari Sexeba ar<br />

hqonda amerikul bunebasTan. 1832 wels v. braiantma Tavis Zmas, romelmac<br />

torolaze dawera leqsi, miwera: “torola inglisuri Citia da amerikeli,<br />

romelsac is TvaliT ar unaxavs, misiT ar SeiZleba aRfrTovandes!" imave<br />

wels henri longfelou axalgazrda amerikel poetebs urCevda irgvliv<br />

mimoexedaT, daenaxaT mSvenieri amerikuli landSafti da Tavi<br />

daenebebinaT akviatebuli ideebisaTvis, anu torolebisa da<br />

bulbulebisaTvis, romlebic mxolod wignebSi hyavdaT nanaxi. henri<br />

Toroc mouwodebda Tanamedroveebs mofrTxilebodnen amerikul<br />

meJolias. (Естетика Американcкого Романтизма 1977: 90)<br />

am "Citebis" mxatvruli saxeebis ukan amerikeli mwerlebisaTvis<br />

amaRelvebeli sakiTxi imaleboda. es iyo nacionaluri Tematikis problema.<br />

Secdoma iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom literaturis erovnuli niSan-<br />

Tvisebebi maincdamainc amerikul siuJetSi unda eZebnaT. isini fiqrobdnen,<br />

rom Tematika unda exmarebodes nacionaluri problemis wina planze<br />

dayenebas da ara inglisuri landSaftis suraTebis aRweras, arabuli<br />

qviSebiT an egzotikuri qveynebiT dainteresebas.<br />

amerikuli literaturis nacionalizmis erTerTi adreuli da<br />

gavleniani organo iyo bostonis Crdiloamerikuli reviu (1815). (163)<br />

uiliam todori mis pirvel nomerSi werda: "Cven gvaqvs mdidari,<br />

mravalsaxovani madani, romelic Zlivs gaixsna". (Poirier 1966: 25) me-19<br />

saukunis meore dekadaSi warmoSobili asocianisturi esTetikis nakadma<br />

axali leqsikonic warmoSva, rac mxatvrul Temebs poetur Tvisebebs<br />

miawerda. asocianistebi ambobdnen, rom mSveniereba, ar aris absoluturi.<br />

is metwilad asociaciebisagan, gansakuTrebuli ideebisagan warmoiSoba"<br />

(American Literary Criticism 1981: 46) henri longfeloum 1825 wels mis<br />

boudonel megobrebs, maT Soris hoTorns ganucxada, rom "rac ar unda<br />

iyos keTilSobili da mimzidveli Cvens nacionalur xasiaTSi, erT dRes<br />

yvelaferi mainc poeziis magiasTan asocirdeba" (Longfellow 1839: 39) da<br />

mainc, xSirad asocianizms imis demonstrirebisTvis iyenebdnen, rom<br />

19

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amerikul masalaze Seqmnili literaturis uimedoba daenaxebinaT.<br />

uoSington irvingi evropas amerikisgan ganasxvavebda, rogorc<br />

"legendarul da poetur asociacias" (American Literary Criticism 1981: 17). 1810<br />

wels Tavis eseSi Sotlandieli poeti tomas kempbeli amerikuli<br />

literaturis problemas ase xsnida: "Cveni norCi saxelmwifos<br />

SemTxvevaSi sinanuli Segipyrobs, radgan asociaciebis sruli deficitia,<br />

iqneba es istoriidan Tu moraluri literaturidan. Cveni uzarmazari<br />

mTebi da didmniSvnelovani CanCqerebi aranair poetur asociaciebs ar<br />

aRviZeben" (American literary criticism criticism 1981: 160). amerikel avtorebs<br />

didxans gahyvaT imis gancda rom Eevropas SeeZlo <strong>romantikuli</strong><br />

mimdinareobisaTvis im fufunebis SemoTavazeba, ris saSualebasac mdidari<br />

istoriuli warsuli aZlevda. amerikis, rogorc axali qveynis warsuli<br />

metismetad axlos iyo, mas sWirdeboda is tradicia, romelSic<br />

literatura yvavis xolme. aseTi Civili ucxo arc <strong>naTaniel</strong><br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong>aTvis iyo. 1860 wels “marmarilos favnis” SesavalSi mwerali<br />

igive brals uyenebda amerikul masalas. asocianizmi miuTiTebda im<br />

problemaze, rac uWirda amerikul literaturas da sTavazobda kidec<br />

mwerlebs rogor unda gadaeWraT es problema. ostati unda ecados, rom<br />

mSobliur masalas Tavad STaberos poeturi asociacia. "Semosos<br />

mSobliuri scenebi da adgilebi warmosaxviTi, eqscentruli, saocari<br />

asociaciebiT, rac ase iSviaTad Segxvdeba Cvens axal qveyanaSi" (American<br />

Literature Tradition and Innovation 1969: 56) amitom aqebdnen uoSington irvings<br />

misi Tayvanismcemlebi barbarosuli amerikis klasikurad gadaqcevisaTvis.<br />

sazogadoeba masalaze ufro nerviulobda, vidre Seqmnis procesze. am<br />

gagebiT asocianizmi amerikuli literaturis racionalizacias<br />

emsaxureboda.<br />

amerikis nacionaluri literaturis CamoyalibebaSi udidesi<br />

roli Seasrules amerikelma romantikosma mwerlebma. amerikuli<br />

romantizmis Taobaze kamaTi as welze metia rac grZeldeba.<br />

literaturaTmcodneebs Soris bevri gansxvavebuli mosazreba arsebobs.<br />

gai smiTis popularul saswavlo saxelmZRvaneloSi "amerikuli<br />

literaturis istoria" gvxvdeba mosazreba, rom amerikuli romantizmi ar<br />

aris socialuri protestis gamo warmoSobili movlena, is ubralod<br />

20

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amerikis pirveli erovnuli literaturaa. (Smith 1957: 15) rogorc ukve<br />

aRvniSneT, frensis oto matisenma am literaturul moZraobas meore<br />

amerikuli gazafxuli, anu "amerikuli renesansi" uwoda (119).<br />

eduard smiti amerikul romantizms inglisuri, franguli,<br />

germanuli literaturuli moZraobebis gviandel mibaZvad Tvlida. misi<br />

azriT filip freno, jer kidev ar dabadebuli <strong>romantikuli</strong><br />

mimarTulebis me-18 saukunis "martosuli romantikosi" iyo (Smith 1957. 98).<br />

damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebis gansazRvrisas smiTi mas<br />

evropuls adarebda da askvnida, rom inglisuri romantizmisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, romelic cnobili iyo socialuri tendenciebiT gamowveuli<br />

samrewvelo gadatrialebebiT, (fabrikebis ricxvis zrda, SemoRobvis<br />

procesi, muSaTaA uufleboba...) amerikul romantizms es Taviseburebebi ar<br />

gaaCnda. aqedan gamomdinare smiTi romantizmis kritikul mimarTulebas<br />

ganixilavs, rogorc zogadsakacobrio problemebis kritikas. misi azriT,<br />

amerikuli romantizmis arsi mdgomareobs amerikuli sazogadoebis<br />

weswyobilebis, axali saxelmwifos gandidebaSi. igi xom<br />

damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis Sedegad daibada. "amerikeli<br />

romantikosebi, werda smiTi, Tavisi samSoblos istoriaSi ver poulobdnen<br />

verafers, rac idealizaciis Rirsi iqneboda, miT umetes azradac ar<br />

mosdiodaT evropis warsulisaTvis miemarTaT, rac skotma an sxva<br />

ingliselebma gaakeTes. amitom scades gaeidealebinaT amerikuli<br />

cxovrebis ufro Tanamedrove movlenebi _-indielebi, sasazRvro<br />

dasaxlebis mcxovrebni da dasavleTis yru kuTxeebi" (Smith 1957: 43-44)<br />

rogorc vxedavT, smiTi faqtiurad ugulvebelyofs indielebis Tematikis<br />

mniSvnelobas da frontiris rols literaturis istoriaSi. TiTqmis igive<br />

Sexedulebas icavs r. hertci, avtori naSromisa "inglisuri da amerikuli<br />

romantizmi” (Hertz 1965: 78)<br />

zogierT literaturaTmcodnesTan amerikuli romantizmis<br />

interpretacia gaocebas iwvevs. aihovas Statis universitetis profesori<br />

klark grifiti, avtori mTeli rigi naSromebisa, amtkicebs, "rom<br />

romantizmis esTetikuri koncefcia unda aixsnas edgar pos, herman<br />

melvilis, <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> wignebis simbolikiT. es aris tyuilis<br />

samefo, sadac “araferi ar aris realuri, sadac momxdari ndobas ar<br />

21

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imsaxurebs" bolos is midis pesimistur daskvnamde, rom amerikelma<br />

romantikosebma TavianT SemoqmedebaSi metnaklebi sisruliT gamoxates<br />

adamianis daniSnuleba__darCes gamoqvabulis mcxovrebad, radgan<br />

amqveyniuri yofiereba sinamdvilisagan yru kedliT aris gancalkevebuli.<br />

adamiani, sakuTari arsebiT Secdomebisken aris midrekili da<br />

garemomcveli cxovreba mas yovelTvis atyuebs. (Griffith 1963: 38)<br />

amerikeli kritikosi frederik karpenteri Tavis wignSi<br />

"amerikuli literatura da ocneba" gvTavazobs amerikuli romantizmis<br />

ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis Teorias. misi azriT, frangulma<br />

revoluciam, romelic midrekili iyo ukiduresobebisa da anarqiisaken,<br />

evropuli romantizmi warmoSva, amerikuli romantizmi ki "liberalizmisa<br />

da demokratiis gziT SemoiWra qveyanaSi" (Carpenter 1955: 126) karpenteri<br />

wignSi arcTu mTlad sworad ganixilavs damoukideblobisaTvis omis<br />

sazogadoebriv-politikur arss da axasiaTebs romantizmis namdvil<br />

bunebas. Tumca rogorc xSirad xdeba, TviT yvelaze mcdar gansjaSic aris<br />

WeSmaritebis marcvali. amerikel literaturul kritikosTa Soris<br />

karpenterma yvelaze kargad gaiazra romantizmis mWidro kavSiri<br />

damoukideblobisaTvis omis nacionalur TaviseburebebTan, rac Semdgom<br />

socialur revoluciaSi gadaizarda. karpenteris gamokvlevis es mxare<br />

"amerikuli ocnebis bedis" Sesaxeb garkveul interess imsaxurebs.<br />

luis paringtoni amerikuli sazogadoebrivi azris gadasvlas<br />

romantizmis poziciebze franguli revoluciis ideebis aTvisebas<br />

ukavSirebs. is wers romantizmis gemis Sesaxeb, romelmac okeane<br />

gadmocura, raTa amerikaSi aRmoCeniliyo. rogorc vxedavT, Zalian cota<br />

mkvlevari iTvaliswinebs amerikuli problematikis gavlenas romantizmis<br />

dabadebasa da ganviTarebaze (Parington 1930: 25).<br />

Tavisi arsebobis TiTqmis saukunovani istoriis ganmavlobaSi<br />

romantikulma xelovnebam rTuli evolucia ganicada. inglisis winaaRmdeg<br />

amboxebuli kolonistebis patriotuli deklaraciidan _<br />

abolicionizmamde da amerikuli burJuaziuli sistemis ukompromiso<br />

kritikamde.<br />

amerikel mkvlevarTa umetesoba, romantizmis epoqis aTvlas<br />

mxolod XIX saukunis ociani wlebidan iwyebs, Tumca uiliam braiantsa da<br />

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fillip frenos pirvel erovnul romantikosebad Tvlian. amerikuli<br />

romantizmi mowodebuli iyo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis axali socialuri<br />

normebi, axali kanonzomierebebi aesaxa. amitom XIX saukunis literatura<br />

kulturuli, religiuri, politikuri da socialuri mizezebis gamo<br />

saxesxvaobiT gamoirCeva. puritanuli fsiqologizmi da temperamenti<br />

SenarCunda, magram Zveli dogmebis tyveobisagan gaTavisuflda. axali<br />

inglisis kalvinizmisagan movida unitarianizmi, Semdeg ki<br />

transcendentalizmi. kolonialuri sazogadoebrivi wyobidan<br />

nacionaluri saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba TiToeul amerikels metad<br />

eamayeboda, ibadeboda patriotizmi da amerikuli demokratiis uryevi,<br />

TiTqmis fanatikuri rwmena. Sesabamisad fizikuri da politikuri<br />

nacionalizmis aRmavlobam gamoiwvia amerikuli literaturis aRmavloba.<br />

eris gafarToeba da mitacebulis dabruneba iyo fizikuri, materialuri<br />

simboloebi <strong>romantikuli</strong> swrafvis ganusazRvreli zrdisa da<br />

ganviTarebisaTvis. amerikul gonebas sWirdeboda moenaxa misi saxli,<br />

Seemosa Tavisi siSiSvle, daesaxlebina carieli adgili. "miwa iyo Cveni,<br />

sanam Cven viyaviT miwis" rogorc robert frostma CaTvala saWirod eTqva<br />

(Frost 1916: 30).<br />

Camoyalibda axali klasi burJuazia, romelic cxovrebis baton-<br />

patroni gaxda. gabatonda misi axali wesebi da kanonebi, saidanac<br />

adreuli imedgacruebis pirveli niSnebi warmoiSva.<br />

mwerlebi da publicistebi miznad isaxavdnen bunebiT amerikuli<br />

mxatvruli Rirebulebebi SeeqmnaT. mouwodebdnen amerikuli sazogadoebis<br />

zne-Cveulebebi gamoexataT xelovnebaSi. Tumca es literaturuli<br />

moZraobani, amerikaSi romantizmis warmoSobasTan kavSirSi, zogierTi<br />

kritikosis mier uaryofilia. aiovas universitetis profesori heizeri<br />

literaturul kamaTSi robert spilerTan wers: "literaturuli<br />

nacionalizmi, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar CaiTvleba im Zalad, romelsac<br />

SeeZlo romantizmis warmoSobas daxmareboda, Tumca kritikosebi aseT<br />

ganacxads xSirad akeTeben" (Hallowel 1957: 59)<br />

amerikuli romantizmis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba paringtonma 1812<br />

wliTa da samoqalaqo omis qronologiuri CarCoebiT SemosazRvra. "es iyo<br />

Zvelis da umoZraos ngreva, axali samyaroebis aRmoCena, rac romantizms<br />

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nayofier niadgad emsaxura. ar aris saWiro didi gonebamaxviloba<br />

imisaTvis, rom inglisTan meore omis Semdeg amerikaSi momxdari swrafi<br />

gardaqmnebi dainaxo. yovelive aman asazrdova romantizmi, romelmac<br />

warmoudgeneli siZulviliT Seaqcia zurgi Zvelmodur warsuls, rogorc<br />

politikasa da ekonomikaSi, aseve RvTismetyvelebasa da literaturaSi.<br />

amerika moulodnelad axal qveyanad iqca, mas aRar awyobda SezRuduli<br />

Sexedulebebi da frTxili winaprebis cxovrebis wesi. Zveli<br />

kolonialuri periodis amerika modunebul, pesimizmisken midrekil,<br />

racionalistur samyaros warmoadgenda. mas eSinoda yovelive axlis, da<br />

ebRauWeboda tradiciebs. adamianebs gamousworebel, garyvnil arsebebad<br />

Tvlida da naTel momavalze ocnebisaTvis Tavs ar iRlida" (Parington 1930:<br />

27).<br />

pol reubeni gvTavazobs amerikuli romantizmis mokle da<br />

konkretul maxasiaTeblebs, sadac kargad Cans ra elementebi ganasxvavebs<br />

da amsgvasebs am mimdinareobas inglisur romantizmTan. erTerTi wamyvani<br />

maxasiaTebeli gaxlavTFfrontiri, Tavisufleba, meti sivrce da<br />

geografiuli sazRvrebis uqonloba. amerikul romantizms meti optimizmi<br />

axasiaTebs vidre evropuls, rac kritikosis azriT frontiris<br />

damsaxurebaa. (Reuben; 2009) sainteresoa terneriseuli frontiris<br />

demokratiis gavlena. (174)<br />

mniSvnelovani iyo rasebis Sereva, anu didi raodenobiT<br />

emigrantebis Camosvla amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. aseve<br />

industrializaciis zrda, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis polarizacia,<br />

CrdiloeTi gaxda industriuli samxreTi darCa sasoflo sameurneo.<br />

filosofiuri wanamZRvrebis mixedviT me-19 saukune ganicdis 1789 wlis<br />

safrangeTis revoluciis da misi koncefciebis, Tavisufleba,<br />

Tanasworoba, Zmoba gavlenas. inteleqtualurma da spiritulma<br />

revoluciam unitarianizmis aRmavloba gamoiwvia. Ppopularuli iyo<br />

koloniebis Seqmna utopiuri eqsperimentebisaTvis rogoric gaxldaT<br />

axali harmonia, naSoba, furierizmi da sxva sazogadoebebi. mniSvnelovani<br />

iyoMmonobis institutis arseboba samxreTSi, aseve miTi patronis da ymis<br />

Sesaxeb romlis modificirebasac uiliam gilmor simsis berZnul<br />

demokratiasTan axdens. (igulisxmeba perikles aTeni, sadac monobis<br />

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instituti arsebobda, magram saxelmwifo yvelasTvis atarebda kanons<br />

keTildReobisa da usafrTxoebisaTvis.Yyovelive es hgavda monobis<br />

gamarTlebis gzis Ziebas) (Reuben 2009).<br />

amerikuli romantizmis mTavari gansjis sagani “sufTa<br />

silamazis” Ziebaa, igi eqsperimentatulia da aradidaqtikuri. aqtualuria<br />

Soreulisa da araCveulebrivis gamoyeneba: antikuris, ucnauris<br />

saswaulebrivis eqscentriulis. igrZnoba daintereba warsuliT<br />

siZveleebiT. amerikul romantizms axasiaTebs groteskuli goTikuri<br />

SiSis ganwyoba da teroris SegrZneba. ra Tqma unda aqtualuriaGgaqceva<br />

Tanamedrove amerikis problemebisagan, interesi bunebis mimarT,<br />

individualizmi da esTetizmi. iseve rogorc ingliur romantizmSi didi<br />

datvirTva aqvsBbunebis Temas, rogorc primitiulobis SegrZnebis wyaros,<br />

rogorc TavSesafars adamianisaTvis da rogorc rogorc RmerTis<br />

SegrZnebas individisaTvis. amerikuli <strong>romantikuli</strong> midgoma mimarTavs<br />

warmosaxvas, yuradRebas amaxvilebs ufro emociaze, vidre mizezze,<br />

misTvis damaxasiaTebelia optimizmi da didsulovneba, subieqturoba<br />

formasa da mniSvnelobasTan mimarTebaSi. <strong>romantikuli</strong> xerxi<br />

iTvaliswinebs parametrebis droSi da sivrceSi daSorebas. fabula<br />

rogorc wesi ramdenadmeDdaujerebelia, mxatvruli saxeebiAaraadekvaturi<br />

an naklebsarwmuno. yovelTvis CansAavtoriseuli subieqturoba. DxSirad<br />

dgas socialurad mtkivneuli moralurobis problema “sicruis samyaro”.<br />

forma gamomdinareobs Sinaarsidan, xdeba eqsperimentebi axal formebTan<br />

dakavSirebiT.<br />

amerikuli literaturis yvelaze unikaluri periodi 1850-1859<br />

dekada iyo. Ees is wlebia, roca amerikelma avtorebma saukeTeso<br />

naSromebis Seqmnes. Eralf emersonma, <strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTornma, herman melvilma,<br />

hariet biCer stoum, henri Torom, uolt uitmenma, aseve afrikelma<br />

amerikelma mwerlebma, frederik duglasma, uiliam uels braunma, frenk<br />

uebma, martin delanim, hariet uilsonma.<br />

amerikuli romantizmis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis<br />

Seswavlisas aucilebelia mniSvnelovani aspeqtis gaTvaliswineba--<br />

evropuli qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki inglisur romantizmTan misi<br />

mimarTeba. amerika inglisTan dakavSirebuli iyo Tavisi istoriiT, eniT,<br />

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kulturiT. XIX saukunis inglisi burJuaziuli progresis etalonad iqca<br />

sxva qveynebisaTvis. am ori qveynis social-politikuri ganviTarebis<br />

SedarebiT SeiZleba aixsnas <strong>romantikuli</strong> mimdinareobis specifika<br />

amerikaSi. ingliseli romantikosebi industriul progress uaryofiTad<br />

uyurebdnen, is socialur uTanasworobas aRrmavebda, amitom xSirad<br />

akritikebdnen manqanur civilizacias, magaliTad rkinigzas. amerikeli<br />

romantikosebi progress civilizebulad udgebodnen. ralf emersoni 1843<br />

wels tomas karlails werda, rom rkinigzis mSenebloba tyeebs aCanagebs,<br />

magram samagierod "mogzaurobis siswrafe" iseTi gamogonebaa, romelic<br />

metad mniSvnelovania amerikisaTvis (Reuben 2009).<br />

rogori tragizmic ar unda JRerdes amerikel romantikosTa<br />

nawarmoebSi, mainc mkveTrad igrZnoba amerikisa da misi SesaZleblobebis<br />

rwmena.<br />

amerikuli da evropuli literaturis ganviTarebis Sedarebisas<br />

Cven vrwmundebiT, rom romantizmi amerikaSi ufro didxans batonobda<br />

vidre evropaSi. marTalia, mTeli me-19 saukunis manZilze es mimdinareoba<br />

evropaSic mTavar literaturul mimarTulebas warmoadgenda, magram aq<br />

ufro adre dakarga wamyvani poziciebi. realisturi meTodis Camoyalibeba<br />

evropaSi asi wliT adre daiwyo, vidre amerikaSi. ukve 1830 wels<br />

arsebobda " wiTeli da Savi", "parmis savane", "mama gorio," "eJeni grande"...<br />

maSin roca evropaSi onore de balzakma SemoqmedebiTi gza daasrula,<br />

amerikulma romantizmma Tavisi ganviTarebis zenits miaRwia, rasac<br />

mowmobs 1850 wels gamocemuli <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> "alisferi<br />

asomTavruli" da herman melvilis "mobi diki".<br />

romantizmis aseTi xangrZlivi batonoba amerikaSi ganapiroba<br />

amerikis sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis <strong>Tavisebureba</strong>m. klasobrivi<br />

winaaRmdegobebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dafaruli iyo garegnuli<br />

Tanasworobis principiT. kanonieri gaxldaT arCevnebis ufleba, ar<br />

arsebobda klasobrivi privilegiebi. xelsayrel istoriul pirobebSi<br />

aRmocenda miTi amerikelobis gansakuTrebulobaze da axali qveynis<br />

upiratesobaze ZvelTan SedarebiT. me-19 saukunis evropaSi socialuri<br />

dapirispireba saocrad mwvave gaxda. erTmaneTs uwyvet jaWvad mohyva<br />

saxalxo ajanyebebi, omebi, revolucia, amitom evropaSi adre daiwyo<br />

26

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ealizmis mxatvruli meTodis formireba, romlis mTavari mizani<br />

sinamdvilis asaxvaa. romantizms msgavsi ram ar axasiaTebda. socialurma<br />

problematikam romantikul literaturaSi Tavi iCina, magram<br />

ararealisturi, arcTu iSviaTad fantastikuri formiT. verc erTi<br />

romantikosi balzakis msgavsad ver ityoda: "me var doqtori socialuri<br />

mecnierebebisa" (30). romantikos mwerlebTan sazogadoebrivi konfliqtebi<br />

aRiqmeba rogorc eTikuri, sulieri, rasac pirdapiri damokidebuleba ara<br />

aqvs istoriuli ganviTarebis kanonebTan.<br />

amerikul romantizmSi ar arsebobda mkveTri ideuri sxvaoba,<br />

ramac evropaSi iseTi ostatebis msofmxedvelobis dapirispireba<br />

gamoiwvia, rogorebic iyvnen baironi da sauTi, hiugo da Satobriani,<br />

novalisi da haine. amerikaSi, konservatorulma msoflmxedvelobam ver<br />

ipova niadagi feodaluri an kaTolikuri tradiciebis saxiT. amerikeli<br />

romantikosebisaTvis ucxo iyo is revoluciuri, meamboxe nakadi, romelic<br />

evropul romantizms asuldgmulebda. es aixsneba amerikul sazogadoebriv<br />

cxovrebaSi revoluciuri situaciis ar arsebobiT, rac esoden mZafri iyo<br />

evropaSi. amerikul romantizmTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze radikaluri<br />

moZraoba iyo abolicionizmi, romlis warmomadgenlebi monobis<br />

gadasagdebad ibrZodnen. samoqalaqo omis periodSi maT mTavrobac mxars<br />

uWerdaT (26).<br />

amerikuli romantizmis Taobaze kamaTi didi xania grZeldeba.<br />

iyo mcdeloba, amerikeli romantikosebi garkveuli niSnebis mixedviT<br />

daejgufebinaT: qronologiuri, geografiuli, Tematuri, Janrobrivi,<br />

stiluri, religiuri, fsiqologiuri... arsebobs mosazreba rom romantizmi<br />

ar iyo erTiani mimarTuleba am qveynis literaturis istoriaSi.<br />

peterburgeli mkvlevari, iuri kovaliovi, Tavis SromaSi, "herman<br />

melvili da amerikuli romantizmis zogierTi problema" ambobs: "ar<br />

SeiZleba erTi filosofiur-esTetikuri sistemis CarCoSi Caisvas irvingis<br />

novelebi, <strong>hoTornis</strong> romanebi da moTxrobebi, pos novelebi, uittieris<br />

leqsebi, kuperis "tyavis winda" an melvilis "mobi diki". unda vaRiaroT,<br />

rom amerikul romantizmSi ar arsebobda meTodologiuri social-<br />

filosofiuri da esTetikuri erTianoba". (Ковалев 1972: 47)<br />

27

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miuxedavad am mosazrebisa, zemoTxsenebul mweralTa mxatvruli<br />

Taviseburebebis msgavseba udavoa. jorj gordon baironi da persi biSi<br />

Seli, fenimor kuperi da herman melvili, edgar po da uoSington irvingi,<br />

rogorc yvela didi mwerali erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian, magram maTi<br />

Semoqmedeba SesaZleblobas iZleva visaubroT saerTo romantikul<br />

niSnebze me-19 saukunis amerikul literaturaSi. mTavari <strong>romantikuli</strong><br />

nakadi modis ralf emersonis, henri Toros, uolt uitmenis<br />

Semoqmedebidan, ufro gansxvavebuli saxiT, Tumca ara naklebad <strong>naTaniel</strong><br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong>, edgar pos, herman melvilis, naklebad igrZnoba henri<br />

longfelous, uittieris, louelis naazrevSi.<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> moZraobas eqspansiuri idealizmi axasiaTebda. is<br />

bevrad aris davalebuli inglisuri da germanuli romantizmisagan.<br />

germanelma filosofosebma: kantma, herderma, fixtem, Selingma Secvales<br />

niutonis meqanikuri samyaro da hobsisa da lokis materialuri<br />

fsiqologia. inglisSi kolrijma da uordsvorsma adamianis bunebis axali<br />

SesaZleblobebi daamtkices. kolrijis gavlena metad SesmCnevi iyo<br />

amerikul literaturul kritikasa da metafizikaSi. 1840-iani wlebis<br />

"oqros periodis" saukeTeso JurnalebSi yvelgan Cans kolrijis gavlena.<br />

karlailis Semoqmedebas emCneva misi daZabuli idealizmis kvali,<br />

uordsvorsis poezia Tavisi bunebis warmosaxviT erTgvari metri Tu<br />

norma iyo braiantisaTvis, romelsac "amerikel uordsvorssac"<br />

uwodebdnen. ualter skotisa da jorj baironis gavlena igrZnoboda<br />

samxreTel mwerlebze, aseve <strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTornze da axalgazrda edgar<br />

poze.<br />

evropisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac esTetikur azrovnebas<br />

assaukunovani istoria hqonda, amerikaSi nacionaluri esTetikuri skolis<br />

Camoyalibeba romantizmis epoqaSi daiwyo. Tavidanve gamoikveTa am<br />

ganviTarebis ori wamyvani tendencia, demokratiuli da konservatiul-<br />

mimbaZvelobiTi. es omis Semdgom amerikaSi ori kulturis arsebobas<br />

mowmobda da romantizmis batonobis manZilze SenarCunda.<br />

interess imsaxurebs romantizmis kavSiri winamorbed<br />

literaturul mimdinareobasTan. amerikaSic da evropaSic romantizmis<br />

mimarTeba ganmanaTleblobasTan winaaRmdegobrivi iyo. romantizmi erTis<br />

28

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mxriv uaryofda mas da Tan aviTarebda mis zogierT tendencias. es<br />

procesi gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi iyo amerikaSi. amerikel romantikosTa<br />

umetesoba agrZelebda ganmanaTlebelTa brZolas demokratiisaTvis,<br />

ubralo adamianis Rirsebis dacvisaTvis. Tumca romantikosebi midrekilni<br />

iyvnen iracionalurisaken, misticizmisken, intuiciis kultisaken. maTTvis<br />

ucxo ar iyo adamianis da sazogadoebis mudmiv dapirispirebaSi yofna,<br />

pirovnebis martosuloba, arsebuli garesamyaros gamowveva...<br />

ganmanaTleblur koncefcias, rom adamiani dasabamidan srulyofilia,<br />

Caenacvla <strong>romantikuli</strong> pirovnebis gaoreba, cnobierebis gaxleCva.<br />

romantikosTa nawilma gaaideala Suasaukuneebis epoqa, romelic<br />

ganmanaTlebelTa azriT ugunuri iyo. Tumca amerikul romantizmSi es<br />

opozicia bevrad ufro sustad gamoixata, vidre evropaSi. adreul<br />

romantikosebTan (uiliam braianti, uoSington irvingi, holdingi, fenimor<br />

kuperi) adamianis gonebis yovlisSemZleobis doqtrina eWvs ar iwvevs.<br />

mcire Sesworeba Seitanes masSi transcendentalistebma. gvianma<br />

romantikosebma( edgar po, <strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTorni, henri melvili) kritika<br />

gaaZlieres, magram srul uaryofamde aravin misula, TviT poc ki,<br />

romelic yvelaze metad ixreboda iracionalurisaken. edgar pos es<br />

Tviseba gonebis, mecnierebis, codnis rwmeniT iracionalurisaken swrafva<br />

SeniSna dostoevskim da amerikuli nacionaluri xasiaTis Tvisebad<br />

CaTvala. (Достоевски 1930: 523-524)<br />

antiganmanaTlebluri pozicia gviandel amerikel<br />

romantikosebSi yvelaze naTlad eTikis sferoSi gamoCnda, borotebis<br />

arsis da adamianuri bunebis zneobrivi Sefasebisas. ganmanaTleblebi<br />

aRiarebdnen adamianuri bunebis dabadebisTanave srulyofilebis ideas da<br />

borotebis problemas yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen, radgan Tvlidnen, rom is<br />

araswori aRzrdis da gaunaTleblobis Sedegi iyo. edgar po, <strong>naTaniel</strong><br />

hoTorni, herman melvili mZafrad grZnobdnen borotebis Zalas da<br />

aRiarebdnen, rom misi pirvelwyaro ganusazRvrel siRrmeebSi imaleboda<br />

da ara ganmanaTlebelTa mier dasaxelebul mizezebSi. isini Tvlidnen,<br />

rom boroteba adamianur bunebasTan erTad ibadeba. es wingadadgmuli<br />

nabiji iyo, Tumca aman zogi romantikosi Rrma pesimizmamde miiyvana.<br />

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amerikulma romantizmma ganviTarebis ramodenime etapi ganvlo,<br />

rac qveynis sazogadoebriv- politikuri ganviTarebis Sesabamisi iyo.<br />

wina<strong>romantikuli</strong>, anu pirveli etapi ekuTvnis me-18 saukunis<br />

bolos, damoukideblobisaTvis omis periods. romantizmis pirveli niSnebi<br />

Tavs iCenen literaturis, literaturuli kritikis, esTetikis sferoSi.<br />

amerikuli literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mSrali didaqtizmi da<br />

racionaluri klasicizmi romantikul fantazias uTmobs adgils. am<br />

periodis mniSvnelovani figura gaxlavT filip freno. misi statia "rCeva<br />

SemTxzvelebs" amerikuli romantizmis pirveli literaturuli manifestia.<br />

filip frenos Tanamedroveni iyvnen beniamin franklini da Tomas peini,<br />

romelTa Sexedulebebma arsebiTi gavlena moaxdines axalgazrda<br />

respublikis esTetikur azrovnebaze.<br />

amerikuli romantizmis pirvel etapze SeiniSneba "nativizmis"<br />

Zlieri nakadi. (Holt 2002) es termini farTod gavrcelebuli ar gaxlavT<br />

literaturaTmcodneobaSi. "nativizmi" iyo romantizmis CarCoebSi<br />

arsebuli kulturuli da literaturuli moZraoba, romlis mTavar<br />

mamoZravebel ideas "amerikis aRmoCena" warmoadgenda. es aRmoCena<br />

iTvaliswinebda qveynis bunebis, istoriis, sazogadoebrivi da politikuri<br />

zneobis Seswavlas, mxatvruli da filosofiuri azrovnebis daxvewas.<br />

erovnuli literaturis Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze "nativizmi"<br />

gardauvali da aucilebeli movlena gaxldaT. radganac es literatura<br />

mxolod erovnuli TviTSegnebis safuZvelze viTardeboda. es TviTSegneba<br />

aucilebelad iTvaliswinebda amerikis, rogorc erTiani geografiuli,<br />

eTnikuri, socialur-istoriuli, politikuri, zneobriv-fsiqologiuri<br />

kompleqsis zogad cnebad arsebobas. igi TiToeuli amerikelis<br />

cnobierebaSi unda yofiliyo samSoblo da ara kolumbis mier aRmoCenili<br />

teritoria.<br />

qronologiurad "nativizmi" <strong>romantikuli</strong> moZraobis CarCoSi ar<br />

eteva. misi fesvebi ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi unda veZeboT. Tumca mZlavri<br />

ganviTareba man romantizmis Tanmimdevrulad hpova da umaRles wertils<br />

oc-ocdaaTian wlebSi miaRwia. mogvianebiT "nativizmis" niSnebi<br />

SeiniSneboda henri longfelous da uolt uitmenis poeziaSi, H<strong>naTaniel</strong><br />

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<strong>hoTornis</strong>a da herman melvilis romanebSi, henri Toros narkvevebsa da<br />

adgilobrivi koloritis literaturaSi.<br />

romantikosTa pirveli Taoba didi gatacebiT moekida amerikis<br />

aTvisebas. axali qveyana Seuswavleli da moulodnelobebiT aRsavse<br />

gaxldaT.<br />

amerikul literaturaSi "nativizmi" STagonebuli iyo ara<br />

mxolod erovnuli bunebiT, aramed yofa-cxovrebis wesisa da<br />

sazogadoebis zneobis uCveulo saxe-sxvaobiT. indieli tomebis cxovreba<br />

evropelTa cnobierebaSi romantikul legendad arsebobda,<br />

amerikelTaTvis ki es realoba iyo, gamoucnobi, Tavis TavSi Caketili,<br />

magram erovnuli yofa-cxovrebis Tanmdevi faqti. indielTa samyaros,<br />

tradiciebis, zne-Cveulebebis, xasiaTis kvleva axali qveynis aTvisebaSi<br />

erT-erT mTavar mimarTulebas warmoadgenda.<br />

meore mniSvnelovani movlena iyo frontiri_ civilizaciis<br />

moZravi sazRvari- misi ganumeorebeli specifikiT, Taviseburi<br />

sazogadoebrivi, ekonomikuri, iuridiuli urTierTobebiT, sadac<br />

adamianuri arseboba ganuwyvetliv gadaadgilebasTan, velur bunebasTan,<br />

yoveldRiuri yofis simkacresTan iyo dakavSirebuli. yovelive es xels<br />

uwyobda Taviseburi adamianis tipis Camoyalibebas, romelic amerikelTa<br />

cnobierebaSi "pioneris" saxeliT Sevida. frontiri da pionerebi<br />

amerikuli erovnuli movlena gaxldaT.<br />

zRvaosnoba, iyo kidev erTi sfero, romelic nacionaluri<br />

cxovrebis mxatvruli aTvisebisaTvis did SesaZleblobebs iZleoda.<br />

koloniis mcxovrebTaTvis zRva iyo mTavari gza, romelic atlantis<br />

okeanis sanapiro qalaqebs Zvel samyarosTan akavSirebda. sazRvao<br />

cxovrebis literaturul damuSavebas amerikis aTvisebaSi mniSvnelovani<br />

wvlili Sehqonda.<br />

"nativizmis" nakadma romelic jer werilebSi, narkvevebSi,<br />

mogzauris CanawerebSi iCenda Tavs, mxatvruli literaturis ZiriTad<br />

JanrebSic SeaRwia: poemaSi, romanSi, moTxrobasa da dramaSi.<br />

ocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi es moZraoba SeiniSneba<br />

samxreTeli mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi (d. feneli, u. simsi), mogvianebiT ki<br />

axali inglisis literatorebTan. (henri Toro, david uitteri, <strong>naTaniel</strong><br />

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hoTorni, henri longfelou) mwerlebma intensiurad daiwyes amerikis<br />

bunebis, istoriuli movlenebis, frontiris cxovrebis aRwera.<br />

dainteresdnen indielTa tomebis cxovrebiT, zRvaosnobiT.<br />

me-19 saukunis ociani wlebis Semdgom romantizmis aRmavloba<br />

SeiniSneba. evropulma, metwilad ki inglisurma romantizmma am procesSi<br />

arsebiTi roli Seasrula. amerikaSi literaturuli moZraoba msoflio<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> mimdinareobis nawili gaxda. oci, ocdaaTiani wlebis am<br />

epoqas amerikuli romantizmis meore periods uwodeben. mwerlebi ukve<br />

iyenebdnen evropuli romantizmis gamocdilebas. bevri ganicdida<br />

Slegelis, kolrijis esTetikuri koncefciebis gavlenas. amerikuli<br />

literaturis analizisaTvis bevrma kritikosma gamoiyena Slegelis idea<br />

mxatvruli nawarmoebis organuli erTianobis Sesaxeb. albaT arcerTi<br />

calkeuli gansazRvreba ar ganmartavs romantizms mTeli Tavisi<br />

sisruliT. tradiciulad termini <strong>romantikuli</strong> aZlierebs saganTa<br />

SesaZleblobebs, romelic aqamde SeumCneveli iyo. romantikosebs xom<br />

SeeZloT daenaxaT "samyaro qviSis marcvalSi da zeca mindvris yvavilSi"<br />

(38). romantizmis mTavari idea mdgomareobs axal, gansxvavebul xedvaSi,<br />

romelSic yvelaferi cocxalia, ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs da aqvs sakuTari<br />

daniSnuleba. aqedan modis "organulobis" Teoria, romlis mixedviTac<br />

mTeli realoba organulad cocxal kavSirSia gaerTianebuli.<br />

organuloba mxolod poeturi an metafizikuri idea ar gaxlavT. is<br />

warmoiSva me-18 saukunis bolos, biologiuri mecnierebebis aRmavlobasTan<br />

erTad, rogorc calkeuli koncefcia. adre fizikosebi da maTematiosebi<br />

azviadebdnen abstraqciasa da analitikur klasifikaciebs raTa<br />

universaluri Sedegebi mieRoT. Semoqmedebma ki problema gadaWres Tavad<br />

cxovrebis analizis gakeTebiT. organuli erTianobisa da cxovrebis<br />

sruli realizacia ar Sedis mecnierebis kompetenciaSi, romelic<br />

abstraqciasa da klasifikacias mimarTavs Sedegis misaRebad. is ar exeba<br />

sagnebis unikalurobas, romelic Semoqmedis warmosaxvaSi devs, iqneba is<br />

poeti, musikosi, mxatvari Tu mwerali.<br />

yvelaze rTuli urTierTmimarTebani romantikosebisaTvis<br />

aRiqmeba ufro rogorc organuli, vidre meqanikuri. Tu adre realoba<br />

gamoxatul iqna rogorc kargad momuSave majis saaTi, mowesrigebuli<br />

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manqana, axla mis analogad iqca mzardi xe, an mcenare. cxovrebis<br />

mdinarebis Sesabamisad zrdis misteriuli procesi Seqmnis centralur<br />

komponentad iqca. yvela sagani moZraobs, viTardeba, izrdeba da zrdis<br />

Sewyveta aris sikvdili. realoba ar aris statikuri, cocxalia, moZraobs<br />

da icvleba. realobaSi SesaRwevad aucilebelia warmosaxvis niWi, rac<br />

ukavSirebs kacs bunebas, subieqts obieqts, adamianur gonebas mis<br />

garemomcvel samyaros. romantizmis mTavari principi aris<br />

araCveulebrivis arseboba CveulebrivSi, rac warmosaxvaSi mJRavndeba.<br />

uordsvorTi da kolriji xSirad mimarTavdnen am princips da amerikeli<br />

romantikosebic aseve.<br />

romantizmis yvelaze mniSvnelovani damaxasiaTebeli niSani<br />

albaT aris individualizmi, romelic ar unda agverios egoizmSi an<br />

TavdajerebulobaSi. adamiani pativs scems meore adamianis<br />

SesaZleblobebs. Tuki SeiZleba samyaro dainaxo qviSis marcvalSi, an<br />

kristalis struqturaSi, maSin pirovneba aris makrokosmosis, yofierebis<br />

mdidari da amouwuravi interesis mikrokosmosi. "ende sakuTar Tavs,<br />

yoveli guli vibrirebs am rkinis simze" ambobs emersoni. (Emerson 1841). "me<br />

dResaswauls vuxdi Cems Tavs, vumReri mas... es uitmenis sityvebia (Wittmen<br />

1856) Tavdajerebuli henri Toro ganmartoebas amjobinebs, raTa aCvenos<br />

sxvebs adamianuri gamocdilebis namdvili simdidre. didi popularobiT<br />

sargeblobda semuel kolrijiseuli warmosaxvis Teoria, romlis<br />

Tanaxmadac poeturi warmosaxva erTgvari xidia materialur da idealur<br />

samyaroTa Soris.<br />

romantikosebi idealistebi arian, isini Tavs ar izRudaven arc<br />

grZnobaTaA sicxadis da arc realur SemTxvevaTaA winaSe. ar uaryofen<br />

RmerTis arsebobas TavianTi Tavisuflebis gulisaTvis, radganac es<br />

uaryofa mxolod aRatakebs da ar amdidrebs, rameTu RmerTi aris maTi<br />

STagonebis frTaSesxma usasrulobisaken. organuli erTianobis samyaroSi<br />

sulis realoba ar aris gancalkevebuli grZnobaTa realobisagan. buneba<br />

aris RvTiurobis simbolo da misi gamoxatuleba. sityvac aseve aris<br />

cocxali da simboluri.<br />

edgar pom statiaSi "<strong>hoTornis</strong> novelistikis Sesaxeb"<br />

romantizmis esTetikis erTerTi mTavari Tezisi Camoayaliba, "Tuki<br />

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pirvelive fraza ar exmareba mTlianobis efeqtis Seqmnas, maSin mweralma<br />

imTaviTve marcxi ganicada. mTel nawarmoebSi erTi sityvac ar unda iyos<br />

iseTi, romelsac pirdapir Tu iribad erTiani, Cafiqrebuli miznisken ar<br />

mivyavarT. ase saguldagulod, daxelovnebiT iqmneba sabolood suraTi,<br />

romelic sruli kmayofilebis grZnobas aniWebs mas, vinc aseTi xerxi<br />

ganWvrita." (Poe 1842) igive edgar po amtkicebda, rom "ar SeiZleba<br />

erTmaneTSi aurio poeziisa da WeSmaritebis zeTi da wyali" (Poe 1846).<br />

poeziaSi is gulisxmobda mxolod romantikul poezias, WeSmariteba ki<br />

iyo garemomcveli realuri sinamdvile. xelovneba, poezia yovelTvis<br />

upirispirdeba erTferovan sinamdviles. Cvens winaSea poetis ocnebisa da<br />

realobis winaaRmdegobrioba, rac <strong>romantikuli</strong> msofmxedvelobis erTerTi<br />

damaxasiaTebeli niSania.<br />

esTetikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi mRelvare periodi<br />

iyo 1837-1855 wlebi, anu periodi emersonis cnobili esedan- "amerikeli<br />

swavluli" (Emerson 1837), uolt uitmenis "balaxis foTlebis"<br />

winasityvaobamde (Whitman 1855). am periodSi literaturulma problemebma<br />

axali JReradoba SeiZines. epoqis gmiruli miswrafebebis safuZvelze<br />

daibada istoriuli romani, romlis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen: fenimor<br />

kuperi, met brauni, uoSington irvingi. daiwyo amerikuli da evropuli<br />

romantizmis urTierTqmedebis rTuli procesi, romlis istoriac kvlav<br />

kvlevis sagania.<br />

romantizmis meore etapis literaturam msoflio gamoxmaureba<br />

hpova. daiwyo kvleva da Segroveba folkloruli da miTologiuri<br />

nimuSebis, Camoyalibda mxatvruli tradiciebi, ganisazRvra literaturis<br />

wamyvani Temebi, romelTac mogvianebiT transformacia ganicades. es<br />

periodi xasiaTdeboda ganmanaTleblobasTan mWidro kavSiriT.<br />

literaturaSi optimisturi ganwyoba mZlavrobda, radgan monobis sakiTxi<br />

jer mwvaved ar idga. damoukideblobisaTvis omis Sedegebi sazogadoebas<br />

optimistur ganwyobas unarCunebda. magram amerikuli demokratiisa da<br />

burJuaziuli wyobis uaryofiTma mxareebma male iCines Tavi. gamarjvebiT<br />

gamowveuli aRfrTovaneba gaugebrobiTa da dabneulobiT Seicvala.<br />

guSindel jariskacebs ar akmayofilebdaT damoukideblobis deklaraciiT<br />

mopovebuli Tavisufleba. maT moiTxoves miwebi da sakuTari<br />

34

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arsebobisaTvis Sromis ufleba. wvrili fermerebis kerZo mesakuTruli<br />

miswrafeba patriarqalur individualizms daupirispirda. erTi SexedviT<br />

mSvidi cxovrebis ukan rTuli koliziebi imaleboda. amerikeli<br />

romantikosebi maT mniSvnelobas mogvianebiT Cawvdnen. amiT aixsneba mwvave<br />

kritikuli motivebis gaCena fenimor kuperis, uoSington irvingis,<br />

H<strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> SemoqmedebaSi. burJuaziuli arsebobis<br />

yoveldRiurobis prozaulobis mimarT protestis gamoxatvis erTerT<br />

formad iqca evropuli kulturisa da siZveleebis gaidealeba, rac kargad<br />

Cans zemoTxsenebuli mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi.<br />

romantizmis ganviTarebis pirvel da meore periods erTmaneTTan<br />

transcendentalistebis Semoqmedeba akavSirebs. 1835 wels ralf emersonis<br />

irgvliv Seikriba literatorTa jgufi. maT gadaafases ganmanaTlebluri<br />

doqtrinebi da burJuaziul prozaulobas daupirispires adamianuri yofis<br />

transcendentaluri faseulobebi. aqcenti gaakeTes adamianur sikeTeze<br />

wina planze wamoswies pirovnebis koncefcia--"gjerodes Seni Tavis",<br />

(Emerson 1841) rac TviTsrulyofis ideas iTvaliswinebda da emersoniseuli<br />

individualizmis gamoxatuleba iyo. am erTi SexedviT mokle da ubralo<br />

formulaSi metad Rrma da rTuli Sinaarsi iyo Cadebuli. am doqtrinis<br />

mTavari aspeqti dakavSirebulia amerikis sakuTari kulturis Seqmnis<br />

problematikasTan. Eemersoni, ise rogorc yvela amerikeli romantikosi<br />

grZnobda, rom damoukideblobis deklaracias, romelmac qveyanas<br />

politikuri damoukidebloba moutana unda mohyoloda sulieri<br />

damoukidebloba. amas ukve iTxovda amerikaSi arsebuli kulturuli<br />

mdgomareoba. radgan literature, xelovneba da sulieri cxovrebis<br />

sxvadasxva mxare evropidan Semotanili faseulobebiT ikvebeboda. aqedan<br />

gamomdinare warmoiSva doqtrina "ende sakuTar Tavs” romelic<br />

nacionalur masStabebs moicavda. emersoni dauzogavad cdilobda moespo<br />

mimbaZveloba, azris simfrTxale, qedismoxra evropeli avtoritetebis<br />

winaSe. “Cveni religia, Cveni ganaTleba, Cveni xelovneba iswrafvis<br />

yovelive ucxosaken, sazRvargareTulisaken" werda is, "Seqspiris<br />

SeswavliT Seqspirs ver Seqmni" (Emerson 1841).<br />

transcendentalistebi gamoirCeodnen optimizmiT, nacionaluri<br />

siamayis SegrZnebiT. isini akritikebdnen kapitalistur progress, Tumca es<br />

35

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kritika romantikul-utopiur xasiaTs atarebda. maTi literaturul-<br />

esTetikuri safuZveli gaxldaT ganmanaTlebluri civi racionalizmis,<br />

civi gonebis winaaRmdeg dapirispireba. transcendentalistebi uaryofdnen<br />

saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi wyobis arsebul formebs. maT mier<br />

SemuSavebuli literaturuli Teoriebi axal SemoqmedebiT<br />

SesaZleblobebs iZleoda, rac axalgazrda amerikuli literaturisaTvis<br />

ucnobi iyo. margaret fuleri jer kidev uitmenamde aRniSnavda erovnuli<br />

literaturis kavSirs amerikuli sazogadoebis mdgomareobasTan.<br />

romantizmis meore, momwifebul etapze didi gavlena moaxdina<br />

ormociani wlebis ekonomikurma Zvrebma, radikalur-demokratiuli<br />

moZraobis aRmavlobam, Sinaganma da gareganma konfliqtebma.<br />

romantikosebma Seimecnes, rom socialuri boroteba ar iyo raRac<br />

ganyenebuli Zala, romelic garedan angrevs idealur saxelmwifo<br />

struqturas. maT igrZnes burJuaziul sazogadoebaSi antihumanuri,<br />

antidemokratiuli tendenciebis arseboba da aqedan gamomdinare ori<br />

problemis pirispir aRmoCndnen. pirveli, daedginaT demokratiis<br />

gadagvarebis mizezi, meore moeZiaT is gzebi, riTac dakarguli idealebis<br />

aRdgena SeiZleboda. amas daukavSirda saerTo <strong>romantikuli</strong> cnobierebis<br />

cvalebadoba. axla ukve dainteresdnen Tavad adamianiT "homo amerikanus"<br />

(Коренева 1981: 49) "axal adamSi" daiwyes demokratiuli sazogadoebis<br />

transformirebis mizezis Zieba, masve daukavSires universaluri reformis<br />

imedic, romelic WeSmariti demokratiis dabadebamde miiyvandaT.<br />

yovelive es bunebrivia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT rom <strong>romantikuli</strong><br />

msofmxedveloba, germanuli idealisturi filosofiis gnoseologias da<br />

eTikas eyrdnoboda, pirvel rigSi kantis, Selingis, fixtes ideebs.<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> individualizmi, rogorc esTetikuri da zneobrivi<br />

kategoria, didi xania safuZvlianad aris Seswavlili kulturisa da<br />

literaturis mkvlevarTa mier. aqedan gamomdinare adamianis pirovnebiT,<br />

misi Sinagani SesaZleblobebiT daintereseba esoden damaxasiaTebelia<br />

romantikosTa cnobierebisaTvis. am koncefcias eyrdnoba romantikosTa<br />

didi interesi aRorZinebis epoqis kulturis, gansakuTrebiT Seqspiris<br />

mimarT. es gamomJRavnda semuel kolrijis SromebSi, ralf emersonis<br />

esTetikaSi, herman melvilis romanebis "SeqspirizebulobaSi".<br />

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sagulisxmoa, rom amerikuli romantizmis erTerTma yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovanma mkvlevarma f. o. matisenma Tavis fundamentalur Sromas<br />

"amerikuli renesansi" daarqva, Tumca Tavadve aRiarebda, rom "me-19<br />

saukunis amerikuli kulturisaTvis aRorZinebis saxeldeba moklebulia<br />

sizustes, ramdenadac aq adgili ara aqvs amerikaSi manamde arsebuli<br />

Rirebulebebis aRorZinebas" (Matthiessen 1968: 8). matiseni aRiarebda<br />

romantizmisa da aRorZinebis epoqebis erTgvar siaxloves, radgan orives<br />

mTavari Tezisi iyo daeyenebinaT adamiani ideologiuri sistemis samyaros<br />

centrSi.<br />

romantizmis momwifebul periods "romantikul humanizmsac"<br />

uwodeben. magram aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT misi gansxvaveba<br />

renesansuli humanizmisagan. romantikul humanizms ar gaaCnia am<br />

ukanasknelis sivrce da universaluroba. is interesdeba ara adamianiT<br />

zogadad, an misi samyaros centrSi dgomiT, aramed koncentrirebulia<br />

adamianis pirovnebaze, mis cnobierebaze. TviT adamianisa da bunebis<br />

urTierTqmedebis kvlevisas angariSgasawevia mxolod sulieri aspeqti.<br />

mxatvruli aTvisebis mTavari obieqti aris adamianis cnobiereba mis<br />

inteleqtualur zneobriv Tu emociur gamovlinebebSi. ra Tqma unda<br />

saubaria ara zogadad cnobierebaze, aramed me-19 saukunis amerikelis<br />

cnobierebaze. mkvlevarebi romantizmis ganviTarebis am etapze udides<br />

mxatvrul movlenad edgar pos, <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong>, henri longfelous,<br />

herman melvilis, uolt uitmenis Semoqmedebas Tvlian. individualur<br />

cnobierebaze koncentrireba ar niSnavda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis<br />

politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri problemebis mimarT interesis<br />

dakargvas. axali qveynis literaturisaTvis tradiciulma antinomam--<br />

"adamiani es sazogadoebaa" romantikul humanizmSi rTuli, ambivalenturi,<br />

Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi miiRo. meore Taobis amerikeli<br />

romantikosebi burJuaziuli sinamdvilis mZafri kritikosebi iyvnen. maTi<br />

analizis obieqts Tanamedrove ekonomikuri principebi, politikuri<br />

zneoba, socialuri wesrigi, kanonebi, burJuaziuli presa, sazogadoebrivi<br />

azri da Tavad amerikuli demokratiis zneobrivi safuZvlebi<br />

warmoadgenda. aseT SemTxvevaSi adamiani da misi individualuri<br />

cnobiereba sinamdvilis msxverplad warmogvidgeboda.<br />

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sazogadoebrivi borotebis bunebisa da pirvelwyaros dadgenis<br />

mcdelobas romantikosebi adamianTan mis inteleqtTan, zneobriv<br />

cnobierebasTan, mis fsiqologiasTan miyavda. amgvarad pirovneba<br />

gamodioda yovelgvari borotebis saTave da matarebeli. es mxatvruli<br />

gadawyveta gvxvdeba naTniel hoTornTan, herman melvilTan, edgar posTan.<br />

isini problemas sxvadsxvagvarad xedavdnen, eZebdnen pasuxs adamianuri<br />

cnobierebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. po fsiqologiaSi, melvili inteleqtSi,<br />

hoTorni adamianis gulis siRrmeebSi.<br />

am periodisaTvis SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amerikuli kulturis<br />

erovnuli TviTmyofadobisaTvis brZola, rac aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

grZeldeboda, warmatebiT dasrulda.<br />

roca dadga borotebis daZlevis, socialuri reformis sakiTxi,<br />

romantikosebma adamianis cnobierebas mimarTes. ralf emersonma wamoayena<br />

adamianis cnobierebaSi RmerTis arsebobis idea da amaze aago cnobili<br />

Teoria "gwamdes Seni Tavis", <strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTornma Seqmna koncefcia<br />

"adamianis gulis Sesaxeb", romelic sikeTisa da borotebis zneobrivi<br />

substanciis gadakveTis adgilia. edgar po daeyrdno adamianis bunebaSi<br />

arsebul silamazis instinqts. henri Torom es ideebi universalur<br />

formulaSi ganazogada--unda momxdariyo individualuri cnobierebis<br />

revolucia, romelic bolos mouRebda borotebas da ganaxorcielebda<br />

demokratiul idealebs.<br />

male romantikosTa cnobierebaSi eWvi gaCnda, rom<br />

sazogadoebrivi problemebi romelic ukve yvela sferoSi iCenda Tavs,<br />

amerikuli demokratiis safuZvelSi, mis bunebaSi mdgomareobda. rac ufro<br />

Zlierdeboda es azri, miT ufro axlovdeboda <strong>romantikuli</strong><br />

meTodologiis krizisi. mravalsaxovanma borotebam, romelic garemomcvel<br />

sinamdvileSi arsebobda, romantikosTaTvis fataluri, dauZleveli saxe<br />

miiRo, ramac maT SemoqmedebaSi tragikuli mxare gaaZliera. idealisturi<br />

koncefciis (nebas iZleoda yofierebis kanonzomiereba cnobierebis<br />

kanonzomierebamde aeyvana) marcxma, romantikosebs sazogadoebrivi<br />

reformis da TiToeuli pirovnebis Sinagani revoluciis imedi mouspo.<br />

aqedan warmoiSva amerikuli <strong>romantikuli</strong> cnobierebis dualizmi---<br />

axalgazrda respublikis Seqmnis patriotuli siamaye, ganxorcielebuli<br />

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umetesad istoriul romanebSi, SeerTebuli imedgacruebis sevdasTan, rac<br />

gamowveuli iyo demokretiuli idealebis gadagvarebiT. amerikuli<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> cnobierebis evoluciaSi am dualisturi sistemis<br />

elementebis balansireba dairRva. es procesi amerikis sulieri cxovrebis<br />

yvela sferoSi SeiniSneboda.<br />

amerikuli romantizmis mesame etapi samoqalaqo oms ukavSirdeba.<br />

CrdiloeTis da samxreTis dapirispireba, rac jer kidev adreul etapze<br />

arsebobda, omis wlebSi umaRles wertils miuaxlovda. literatura orad<br />

gaiyo: CrdiloelTa Semoqmedeba, igive abolicionisturi literatura,<br />

romelTa yuradRebis sagani iyo ara socialuri usamarTloba, aramed<br />

zneobrivi safuZvlebis ngreva, rasac unda emyarebodes adamianis<br />

Tavisufali da harmoniuli cnobiereba. maT upirispirdeboda samxreTeli<br />

mwerlebis Semoqmedeba, romlebic cdilobdnen daecvaT monaTmflobelTa<br />

interesebi.<br />

samocian wlebSi romantizmma dakarga gabatonebuli<br />

mdgomareoba. misi gavlena Sesustda. amerikelma mwerlebma da<br />

moazrovneebma Seicnes, rom romantikul meTodologias ar hqonda Zala<br />

gamklaveboda cxovrebiseul problemebs, mis gamocanebs, an epova gza am<br />

winaaRmdegobebis gadasawyvetad.<br />

samoqalaqo omis wlebSi <strong>romantikuli</strong> xelovnebis nakadSi ukve<br />

realizmis niSnebi SeimCneva. Tumca es gamoixateboda mxolod iumoristul<br />

moTxrobebsa da narkvevebSi. (p. nesbi, o.'reili, o.'kari)<br />

me-19 saukune bolo ori aTwleulis gamoklebiT amerikis<br />

literaturis istoriaSi romantizmis saukuned rCeba. Seqmnilma saukeTeso<br />

nawarmoebebma msoflio aRiareba moipoves da dRemde SeinarCunes TavianTi<br />

mxatvruli Rirebuleba.<br />

.<br />

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Tavi II<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> romani da misi <strong>hoTornis</strong>euli interpretacia<br />

2.1 <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> warmoSobis safuZvlebi da <strong>Tavisebureba</strong>ni<br />

amerikulma romantizmma Seqmna <strong>romanis</strong> axali forma, romelic<br />

erTis SexedviT hgavs uZveles da tradiciul <strong>romanis</strong> formas, Tumca<br />

gansxvaveba maT Soris ra Tqma unda arsebobs, razec mogvianebiT<br />

visaubrebT naSromSi. Aamerikuli <strong>romantikuli</strong> romani moicavs rogorc<br />

klasikuri <strong>romanis</strong> elementebs, agreTve adaptirebul pastoralis Temas<br />

da goTikuri elementebis garkveul kombinacias. sainteresoa da didxans<br />

iyo davis sagani, ramdenad unikaluri gaxlavT mxatvruli prozis es<br />

amerikuli forma, radgan arsebobs mosazreba, rom is ubralod Janrebis<br />

amalgamas warmoadgenda. kritikosma laionel Trilingma erTerTma<br />

pirvelma wamoWra sakiTxi, rom "romani" exeboda realobas da<br />

xasiaTdeboda "socialuri struqturiT, rac verasodes damkvidrdeba<br />

realurad amerikaSi, radgan amerikeli niWieri mwerlebi TavianT gonebas<br />

sazogadoebis socialuri problemebisaken ar mimarTaven. maTi mxatvruli<br />

nawarmoebebi aris ara "romanebi" aramed "romensebi" (Trilling 1975: 102).<br />

literaturis kritikosebis umravlesobam es argumenti misaRebad miiCnia<br />

da gaavrceles kidec. mocemul sakiTxze gansakuTrebiT gaamaxviles<br />

yuradReba peri milerma da riCard Ceizma. (Chase. 1957: 41), (Miller 1967: 95).<br />

amerikel literatorTa Soris gavrcelebuli SexedulebiT, “romensi”<br />

ufro amerikuli <strong>romanis</strong>Tvis damaxasiaTebeli saxeobaa, xolo “noveli”<br />

inglisuri literaturisaTvis. SeiZleba davadasturoT, rom “romensi”,<br />

romelic amerikul literaturaSi damkvidrda, iyo gansxvavebuli<br />

mimarTulebis Janri, Tumca ki dakavSirebuli klasikur <strong>romanis</strong> JanrTan.<br />

me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi “Teilma” adgili dauTmo mokle<br />

moTxrobas. bret hartma es evolucia aRwera statiaSi "mokle moTxrobis<br />

warmoSoba" (Hart. 1978: 78). swored moTxroba gaxlavT amerikeli mwerlebis<br />

aRiarebis erTerTi mizezi. edgar po am Janris ganumeorebeli ostatia,<br />

henri longfeloum da <strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTornma mas inglisuri klasikis<br />

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ganumeorebeli momxibvleloba mianiWes, Tumca <strong>hoTornis</strong>aTvis moTxrobebi<br />

ufro mosamzadebeli periodi iyo, raTa SemdgomSi cnobili “romensebi”<br />

Seeqmna.<br />

amerikul mxatvrul literaturaSi “romensis” tradicia Cndeba<br />

1790-1820 wlebSi, Carlz brokden braunis, uoSington irvingis naSromebSi<br />

da kulminacias 1840-1850 wlebSi edgar pos, naTniel <strong>hoTornis</strong>, herman<br />

melvilis didebul nawarmoebebSi aRwevs. modernistuli literaturis<br />

warmomadgenlebi romantikul romans gamorCeul formad Tvlian, romelic<br />

Tavisi mxatvruli bunebiT gankuTvnilia abstraqtulis, araistoriulis,<br />

asocialuris, gamonagonis, miTosuris, aracnobieris gamosaxatavad, Tumca<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> “romensi” am mxriv albaT gamonakliss warmoadgens, radgan<br />

masSi Tanamedrove epoqis socialuri problemebiT daintereseba aSkarad<br />

igrZnoba. amis dasturad “alisferi asomTavrulis” Sesavali narkvevi<br />

“sabaJo” kmara. (Hawthorne 1852: 9)<br />

<strong>romanis</strong> cneba inglisur enaSi ori terminiT gadmoicema<br />

“romensi” da “noveli”. orive niSnavs romans, oRond mxatvruli formiTa<br />

da Sinaarsobrivad mainc urTierTgansxvavebuls. am terminebs pirobiTad<br />

ciala TofuriZe ase Targmnis: "romensi es aris <strong>romantikuli</strong> romani da<br />

“noveli” yofiTi realisturi an ubralod romani" (TofuriZe 2004: 17).<br />

<strong>romanis</strong> Janris amgvari dayofa or saxeobad da Sesabamisi terminebi,<br />

Tavdapirvelad inglisur literaturaSi warmoiSva. Semdeg gavrcelda<br />

inglisurenovani qveynebis literaturaSi. amerikuli “romensi” gamoirCeva<br />

socialuri struqturis naklebobiT. <strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTornma da sxva<br />

amerikelma romantikosebma “romensi” Tavis erovnul, amerikuli <strong>romanis</strong><br />

formad aRiares da erTgvarad kidevac daupirispires “novels”, socialur<br />

yofiT romans, rogorc tipiur inglisuri <strong>romanis</strong> saxeobas. amitom isini<br />

yuradRebiT moekidnen <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> poetikis damuSavebas.<br />

“romensis” aRiarebuli mwerali Rebulobda da iyenebda imas, rasac<br />

<strong>romanis</strong>ti malavda an uaryofda, anu imas, rom misi nawarmoebi warmosaxvis<br />

nayofi iyo. “romensiT” mxolod amerikelebi ar dainteresebulan.<br />

ingliselma kritikosebma klara riivma da uiliam kongrivma daweres<br />

naSromi romansa da “romenss” Soris gavrcelebuli gansxvavebis Sesaxeb,<br />

rac erTgvarad <strong>hoTornis</strong> “Svidfrontoniani saxlis” Sesavalis princips<br />

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inarCunebs (Reeve 1930: 110). magram ingliseli mwerlebi “romenss”<br />

gansazRvravdnen ufro fsiqologiur, eTikur sazRvrebSi, vidre<br />

esTetikurSi. “romensi” iyo termini nebismieri moTxrobisa Tu<br />

<strong>romanis</strong>aTvis, romelic ufro gamogonebis nimuSs warmoadgenda, vidre<br />

sinamdvilis mibaZvas. ufro warmosaxvis nayofi iyo, vidre gonebis.<br />

uolter skoti 1827 wels werda: "Cven axla viyenebT termins romensi,<br />

rogorc sinonims warmosaxviTi nawarmoebisa” (Tompkins 1932: 210). igive azri<br />

narCundeboda im periodis amerikul cnobierebaSic. generalma salivanma<br />

ganacxada, rom revoluciis faqtebi da scenebi "iseTi ucnauri da<br />

gmirulia, rom isini ufro mogvagoneben gamogonil miTebs an romensebs,<br />

vidre namdvili istoriis realobas" (Bell: 1962: 37) Carlz brokden braunma<br />

amitomac ganasxvava “romensi” ara <strong>romanis</strong>agan, aramed istoriisagan.<br />

“romensi” misTvis ar iyo erTi saxis sxvasTan dapirispirebuli mxatvruli<br />

literatura, aramed yovelgvari literatura dapirispirebuli faqtTan.<br />

(Sullivan 1877: 85) “romensis” Teoriis gulSi igi dualisturad iyofoda<br />

fantaziad da warmosaxvad. amerikuli “romensi” anu <strong>romantikuli</strong> romani<br />

niSnavda gansxvavebul movlenas gansxvavebuli xalxisaTvis. amerikuli,<br />

orTodoqsuli anu religiuri azri ewinaaRmdegeboda STagonebiT<br />

warmoSobil “romenss”, radgan warmosaxva Tu mkacrad ar aris<br />

gakontrolebuli, saxifaToa individualuri bednierebisaYda socialuri<br />

kavSirebisaTvis. metBbrauni, uoSington irvingi, herman melvili, <strong>naTaniel</strong><br />

hoTorni “romensis” Temas sakmaod mtrulad ganwyobil garemoSi<br />

miubrundnen. Ees iyo periodi, roca mxatvruli literatura uvargis<br />

saqmianobad iTvleboda. me-19 saukunis “romensi” pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT<br />

sufTaA fantaziis nayofi iyo da sakmaod saxifaToc. am faqtma seriozuli<br />

roli iTamaSa zemoTxsenebuli mwerlebis mier nawarmoebis formis<br />

SerCevaSi.<br />

"rodesac mwerali Tavis naSroms “romenss” uwodebs, SeiZleba<br />

Zneli SesamCnevia, magram is iTxovs masalisa da formis gansazRvrul<br />

Tavisuflebas" (Hawthorne 1851: 3) <strong>hoTornis</strong> TanamedroveTa umetesobisaTvis<br />

“romensi” anu <strong>romantikuli</strong> romani TavisuflebasTan, sivrcesTan<br />

asocirdeboda. Tumca isini ar SeTanxmebulan am Tavisuflebis zusti<br />

bunebis da miznis Sesaxeb. me-19 saukunis amerikis Teoriul gansjaSi<br />

42

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omenss sxvadasxvagvari, xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi mniSvnelobebi aqvs.<br />

“romensis” cnobili ganmarteba <strong>hoTornis</strong> Semdeg albaT henri jeimss<br />

ekuTvnis. Oorive mwerlis mier gakeTebuli definicia mniSvnelovania da<br />

sakmaod gansxvavebuli. <strong>hoTornis</strong> azriT, “romensi aris ganzogadoebuli,<br />

erTiani forma, meTodi, romelic mwerlis arCevanis mixedviT did<br />

Tavisuflebas iZleva warmodgenil garemoebebSi. aseTi warmosaxviTi<br />

TamaSi mkacrad aris gakontrolebuli imiT, rasac maRali moraluri<br />

realizmi hqvia.” (Bell 1962: 30) “romensisti Tavisufalia mwerlis<br />

movaleobisgan daicvas sizuste, magram is TavSekavebuli unda iyos Tavisi<br />

warmosaxvis privilegiis gamoyenebaSi. “romensi”, "rogorc xelovnebis<br />

nimuSi mkacrad unda emorCilebodes kanonebs. DdarRveva SeiZleba mxolod<br />

im SemTxvevaSi Tu is gulis simarTles ar gadauxvevs" (James 1934: 30)<br />

zogierTi kritikosi aqtualur gansxvavebas amerikul romenssa<br />

da britanul romans Soris gazviadebulad Tvlida. (Mills 1973: 78) devid<br />

hirSis sityvebi rom gavimeoroT “romenssa” da “romans” Soris devs Janris<br />

mxolod yalbi gansxvaveba, rac eyrdnoba ufro Temebs an siuJets, vidre<br />

formis an meTodis stils (Hirsh 1971: 34). riCard poirieri sinanuls<br />

gamoTqvamda, rom hoTornma airCia aqcenti gaekeTebina garemos<br />

gansxvavebaze literaturul nawarmoebSi, rac mxatvruli literaturis<br />

mxolod erTi aspeqtia, gansakuTrebiT roca Janrebis dayofaze vsaubrobT.<br />

Janrebs ar gaaCniaT gamoxatvis saSualebani, gansakuTrebiT “romenssa” da<br />

“romans”, am egreTwodebul Janrebze ar arsebobs stilis Sesaxeb zusti<br />

SeTanxmeba, rogorc es xdeba iseT JanrebTan, rogoricaa pastorali da<br />

epikuri poema. (Poirier 1985: 11) 1845 wlis ivnisSi Jurnali "ieil literari<br />

megezin" werda, rom gansxvaveba sayofacxovrebo da romantikul romanebs<br />

Soris iseTive didia, rogoric "hogartis uxeS karikaturebsa da<br />

venecieli ostatebis tiloebs Soris. pirvelma mTeli Tavisi sizustiT<br />

unda gamoxatos cxovreba, meores es ar moeTxoveba. erTi unda<br />

SemoisazRvros realobiT, meores ki ufleba aqvs zebunebrivi elementebi<br />

gamoiyenos. romani enaTesaveba istorias, “romensi” ki poezias. (Faust 1939:<br />

69).<br />

rogoric ar unda iyos kritikosTa mosazrebani, Cven varCevT<br />

vaRiaroT es termini erTi mizezis gamo: “romensi” aris is sityva,<br />

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omelsac <strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTorni, herman melvili, uoSington irvingi, edgar<br />

po iyenebdnen imis asaRwerad, rasac isini qmnidnen. umjobesia<br />

SeviswavloT mwerlis Semoqmedeba da gamovikvlioT Tu ras<br />

gulisxmobdnen hoTorni da misi Tanamedroveebi am terminis xmarebisas.<br />

romenss me-19 saukunis azrovnebaSi sxva mniSvnelobebic hqonda.<br />

rac mogvianebiT "konservatorul romensis” (McKeon 2000: 153) Teorias<br />

SeuerTda. igi xSirad gamoiyeneboda terminis qveteqstis dasafarad (Bell:<br />

1962: 39).<br />

“romensis” <strong>hoTornis</strong>euli gansazRvra, romelic<br />

“Svidfrontoniani saxlis” SesavalSia mocemuli, literaturasa da<br />

realur faqts radikalurad ar yofs. igi gulisxmobs dualizmis<br />

arsebobas, rac daZleulia winaswarganzraxuli da sakmaod orazrovani<br />

dacviTi strategiiT. miT umetes, rom me-19 saukunis literaturaSi termini<br />

“romensi” iyo ara literaturuli, aramed ganusazRvrelad emociuri.<br />

magaliTad edgar po saubrobda sulis “romensze”, an sara helen uitmenis<br />

xasiaTis “romensze”. “romenss” zogjer miakuTvnebdnen realobas, im<br />

moTxovniT rom "sinamdvile" ipovon obieqtebSi, scenebSi, qmedebebSi an<br />

TvisebebSi, rac literaturul “romensTan” asocirdeboda. “romensi” am<br />

gagebiT xSirad iyo dakavSirebuli poeziasTan an Tavad realobasTan.<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> da poeturi Tvisebebis miniWebiT, amerikeli avtorebi,<br />

romlebic asocianisturi esTetikis gavlenas ganicdidnen, uolter skotis<br />

magaliTis msgavsad cdilobdnen amoevsoT ufskruli fantaziasa da<br />

gamocdilebas, literaturasa da faqts Soris. me-19 saukuneSi aseTi<br />

Sesabamisoba istoriuli faqtsa da romantikul literaturas Soris<br />

SeiZleba miRweuli yofiliyo mxolod bundovan, Soreul warsulTan<br />

mimarTebiT. axlo warsuli, an axlandeli realoba maTi daJinebuli<br />

mtkicebiT xelaxla gaaCenda ufskruls faqtsa da fantazias Soris da<br />

gaamJRavnebda “romensis” fiqtiurobas. aqedan gamomdinareobs <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

mobodiSeba “Svidfrontoniani saxlis” SesavalSi. "romensi kritikis<br />

sagani xdeba, ratom unda vaqcioT is Seubralebeli da saxifaTo<br />

braldebebis samizned dRevandeli dRis realobis da gamogonili<br />

suraTebis gadaxlarTviT" (Hawthorne 1851: 5). <strong>hoTornis</strong>aTvis “romensi” aris<br />

neitraluri teritoria, moraluri an fsiqologiuri brZolis veli.<br />

44

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“romensis” erTerTi pirveli Teoretikosi uiliam gilmor simsi werda:<br />

"Tanamedrove romensi aris Semcvleli, surogati, romelsac adamianebi<br />

dRes uZvelesi eposis nacvlad gvTavazoben. forma Seicvala, Sinaarsi ki<br />

Zalian msgavsia. yovel SemTxvevaSi is ufro gansxvavdeba inglisuri<br />

novelisagan, vidre eposisa da dramisgan, imitom rom gansxvaveba aris<br />

masalaSi da ara mis SeTxzvaSi. mkiTxveli, romelic "aivenhos" kiTxulobs<br />

da Tan inaxavs fildingsa da riCardsons, Secdomas uSvebs Tavisi<br />

ganviTarebis sakiTxSi. am mwerlebis ojaxuri “noveli” Cveulebrivi<br />

yoveldRiuri movlenebis mSvidi TxrobiT aris Semofargluli, xolo<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> romani ufro amaRlebuli warmoSobisaa, vidre yofiTi<br />

romani. roca me vambob, rom Cveni “romensi” aris dramis an eposis<br />

surogati Tanamedrove periodSi, me ar vgulisxmob imas, rom es erTi da<br />

igivea. es msjelobis sakiTxia. maT Soris gansxvaveba Zalian umniSvneloa.<br />

es gansxvaveba eyrdnoba ufro SemoTavazebul masalas, vidre im<br />

gansakuTrebul meTods, romelSic es masalaa gamoyenebuli. “romensi”<br />

ufro amaRlebuli, didebuli warmoSobisaa, vidre noveli. is uaxlovdeba<br />

poemas. is SeiZleba aRviqvaT rogorc am oris narevi. es imas hgavs, vinc<br />

fiqrobs rom poezia gaaigivos strofTan, an riTma aurios poeziaSi.<br />

“romensis” standartebi Zalian hgavs eposisas, is gars ekvris individs<br />

yovlismomcveli interesiT, is moicavs gegmis, miznis da nawilTa<br />

harmonias. is ar SemoisazRvreba imiT, rac cnobilia an rac SesaZlebelia.<br />

“romensi” aTavsebs adamianur moqmed Zalas aqamde gamoucdel situaciaSi,<br />

aRwers mis grZnobebs am procesSi..." (Chase 1957: 16).<br />

bevri amerikeli literaturaTmcodne ikvlevs literaturul<br />

ideebsa da kulturul gavlenas, ramac “romensis” tradicia<br />

warmoSva.MmarTalia, uoSington irvingi, edgar po da sxvebi aqtiuri<br />

mimdevrebi iyvnen am Janris, magram <strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTorni da herman melvili<br />

erTi nabijiT win wavidnen. maT Riad ganacxades am formis specifikuri<br />

problemisa da misi kanonierebis Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb literaturaSi, maT<br />

axal, nacionalur kulturaSi da saboloo jamSi nebismier kulturaSi.<br />

aseTi midgomiT romensistis formaluri eqsperimentebi, misi SiSi formis<br />

xelovnurobisa da aragulwrfelobis mimarT, Rebulobs specifikurad<br />

kulturul an socialur ganzomilebas. mivaqcioT yuradReba rom<br />

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“romensi” henri jeimsisaTvis naklebad aris literaturuli formis an<br />

Janris amsaxveli, ufro ostatobis, gamocdilebis raRac saxea, romlis<br />

Tavisufleba aris fsiqologiuri midgoma. <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> msgavsad,<br />

henri jeimsi ufrTxis fantaziis zedmetobas, magram momxrea ara ufro<br />

maRali moraluri realizmis aTvisebisa, (gvTavazobs simbolur an<br />

metaforul kavSirs mxatvrul literaturasa da simarTles Soris)<br />

aramed Tavad fantaziisaTvis esTetikuri da fsiqologiuri efeqturobis<br />

miniWebis. <strong>hoTornis</strong>aTvis “romensi” iyo moralurad gakontrolebuli,<br />

seriozuli da konservatoruli Janri. jeimsisaTvis es aris sufTa<br />

fantaziis xelovneba "romelic metnaklebad warmatebulad gvaCeCebs<br />

xelSi ostatobis yalb faqsimilies" (James 1934: 34).<br />

2.2. <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> Semoqmedebis <strong>Tavisebureba</strong>ni da <strong>romantikuli</strong><br />

<strong>romanis</strong> Teoriis miseuli interpretacia<br />

<strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTorns daMmTel mis Semoqmedebas mniSvnelovani adgili<br />

uWiravs amerikuli romantizmis istoriaSi. stenli benkis mixedviT<br />

hoTorni SeiZleba me-19 saukunis simbolod warmovidginoT.M(Bank 2009) mas<br />

romantikosTa Soris moixsenieben, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom metad<br />

gansxvavebuli da Taviseburi Semoqmedia. Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT rom<br />

igi erTerTi yvelaze Tanamedrove mweralia. <strong>hoTornis</strong>euli fsiqologiuri<br />

analizi (prefroidizmi) dResac cxovel interess iwvevs. hoTorni<br />

asrulebs puritanul cikls amerikul mwerlobaSi. TemebiTa da stiliT<br />

hoTorni winamorbedia henri jeimsis, uiliam folkneris, robert pen<br />

uorenis. Mmwerali Zalian faqizad arCevs Temebs da maTTan midgomas. misi<br />

Semoqmedebis mTavari sakiTxebi gaxlavT gaucxoeba: gmiri martosulia an<br />

sakuTari mizeziT an garemo pirobebidan gamomdinare an SesaZloa orive<br />

mizezi erTad Segvxvdes. iniciacia: gaucxoebuli gmiris mcdeloba Tavi<br />

daaRwios ganmartoebas. danaSaulis problema: gmiris danaSaulis<br />

SegrZneba gamowveulia puritanuli memkvidreobis, an sazogadoebis<br />

mentalobis gavleniT. aseve aqtualuria codvis da umankoebis<br />

dapirispireba. am Temebis ganxorcielebisaTvis mwerali iyenebs<br />

alegorias, simbolizms, egzotikas, guTur elementebs da siZveleebs. misi<br />

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nawarmoebi me-19 saukunis produqtia da amdenad misi STagonebis wyaros<br />

mTavari nakadi metwilad romantizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tematikaa.<br />

<strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTorni gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs amerikuli<br />

literaturis istoriaSi. herman melvilma, exla ukve cnobil mimoxilvaSi,<br />

romelic “Zveli saxlis xavsi”s Sesaxeb dawera maSin, roca asrulebda mis<br />

“mobi diks”, igi Seqspirs Seadara. (Mellvile 1850)MSeiZleba daveTanxmoT am<br />

Sedarebas im doneze, rom <strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTorns amerikis literaturis<br />

istoriaSi iseTive mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs, rogoric uiliam<br />

Seqspirs britaneTSi. igi SeiZleba amerikuli literaturis erTerT<br />

pirvel klasikosad CavTvaloT. Mmisma 1850 wels gamocemulma<br />

romantikulma romanma farTo gamoxmaureba hpova amerikaSi. erTerTi<br />

ganxilva savaraudod dawerili jorj eliotis mier “blaiTdeilis<br />

romenss” uwodebs “geniis saukeTeso produqts meore naxevarsferodan”<br />

(Timmes 1989: ch 2). miuxedavad klasikosis statusisa, igi arasodes yofila<br />

popularuli gayidvis TvalsazrisiT, Tu ar CavTvliT “alisfer<br />

asomTavruls”, radgan wigni im droisaTvis ramdenadme skandaluri<br />

gaxldaT Tematikis gamo. albaT mniSvnelovani iyo misi gamomcemlis,<br />

jeims fildsis gamocdilebac, romelmac hoTorni, rogorc mwerali<br />

mogvianebiT popularuli gaxada. SesamCnevia, rom hoTornze, rogorc<br />

klasikosze saubari daiwyo 1850-ianebSi, roca qveyanaSi Sida konfliqtma<br />

iCina Tavi. cxadia axal ingliss swadda wina planze wamoewia mwerali,<br />

romelic iyenebda adgilobriv Tematikas da istorias.<br />

rasac hoTorni werda, misi Tanamedrove masis mxolod mcire nawilis<br />

gemovnebas akmayofilebda. Aamerikul sazogadoebas ufro moswonda<br />

saTavgadasavlo ambebi, rogoric magaliTad fenimor kuperis wignebi iyo.<br />

hoTorni fildsTan miweril werilSi mwuxared aRniSnavda: “Cemi azriT<br />

me namdvilad ar var popularuli mwerali da is popularoba, rasac<br />

mivaRwie, aris sruliad SemTxveviTi da damsaxurebaa sul sxva mizezebis,<br />

vidre sakuTriv Cemi” ( Fields 1872: 87) kritikosi nina beimi <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

moRvaweobaze roca saubrobs, ambobs rom avtori cdilobda epova misi<br />

auditoria da amitom mis weris stils wignidan wignamde cvlida, raTa<br />

moergo imisaTvis, risic wamda, rom sazogadoebis gemovneba<br />

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daekmayofilebina. (Baym 1976: 15) zogadad SegviZlia vTqvaT rom avtoris<br />

weris manera aris alegoriuli, didaqtikuri da moralisturi.<br />

magram es ra Tqma unda ar exeba im damokidebulebas, rasac hoTorni<br />

gamoxatavs misi “romensebis” SesavlebSi, sadac imis ZiebaSia, Tu rogor<br />

axsnas misi namuSevris specifika da daadginos “romensis” rogorc<br />

<strong>romanis</strong> gansxvavebuli Janris statusi. is Tavadac aRiarebda, rom Sors<br />

idga sazogadoebis gemovnebis mTavari xazisgan, radgan misi beletristika<br />

namdvilad ar iyo is, rasac misi Tanamedrove amerikuli sazogadoeba<br />

iTxovda an miCveuli gaxldaT.<br />

hoTorni aseve CamorCeboda mis literaturul TanamedroveTa<br />

umetesobas, misi drois axal inglisSi popularuli iyo inteleqtualuri<br />

mimdinareoba transcendentalizmi, magram miuxedavad misi CarTvisa bruk<br />

farmis eqsperimentSi, hoTorni ar gaxldaT emersoniseuli ideebis<br />

mimdevari optimisti. mwerali, romlisTvisac samyaroSi boroteba da<br />

codva mTeli ZaliT arsebobs, Znelad Tu daeTanxmeboda Teziss, rom<br />

boroteba ubralod sikeTis ararsebobaa, ise rogorc sicive siTbosi.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom ganicdida transcendentalizmis filosofiis<br />

gavlenas, faqtiurad satirulad dascina mas Tavis literaturul<br />

kolaJSi, “piligrimTa progresi me-19 saukuneSi”. (Hawthorne 1854: 185)<br />

Hhiat vagoneris mixedviT <strong>hoTornis</strong> midgoma zogadad aris ironiuli,<br />

orazrovani da paradoqsuli. H<strong>hoTornis</strong> “romensebisTvis”<br />

damaxasiaTebelia adamianis fsiqikis siRrmeebis kvleva, codvis,<br />

danaSaulis, sasjelisa da ganwmendis problemebiT daintereseba. igi<br />

pativmoyvareobas ganixilavs rogorc satanur Zalas da cdilobs<br />

mkiTxvels aCvenos es Tviseba gansxeulebuli sxvadasxva xasiaTebSi<br />

fizikurad _ robini, (“rojer melvinis dakrZalva), sulierad_ brauni,<br />

(“axalgazrda brauni”), etan brandi (“etan brandi”) da inteleqtualurad<br />

rapaCini. (“rapaCinis qaliSvili”).<br />

Mgulis simarTlis ZiebaSi <strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTornma da herman<br />

melvilma bevri saerTo ipoves. Aamas mowmobs melvilis werili<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong>admi “hoo, modi viocneboT amaze, davificoT, rom Tuki ofli<br />

mogvdis, es sicxisganaa, romelic aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom venaxSi<br />

mtevnebi damwifdes, umagisod xom Sampanuri ar gveqneboda.… me gulis<br />

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momxre var, eSmaksac wauRia Tavi, umjobesia guliani suleli iyo vidre<br />

Taviani iupiteri” (Melville 1851).<br />

sazogadoebaSi <strong>hoTornis</strong> pirovneba did interess iwvevda. Eedvin<br />

havilend milerma mis biografias miuZRvna wigni, “salemi Cemi samyofeli”<br />

(120), bibliografiaSi misi biografiisadmi miZRvnili ramodenime naSromi<br />

kidev aris miTiTebuli. HhoTorns xan didebul fantastad acxadebdnen,<br />

xan pirquS pesimistad da gandegilad. Lliteratorebis<br />

garda,Ffroidistuli kritikac dainteresda mwerlis SemoqmedebiT.<br />

fsiqografiuli skolis warmomadgeneli vagenknexti didxans ikvlevda mis<br />

biografias. man saintereso naSromi miuZRvna mwerlis fsiqologiur<br />

portrets da aRniSna misi ganumeorebeli individualuroba. (175).<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> nawarmoebebi mkiTxvels ipyrobda Rrma<br />

fsiqologizmiT, daZabuli zneobrivi ZiebebiT, adamianis sulieri<br />

Rirsebebis dacviT. fantastikisa da realobis miseuli Serwyma damwyeb<br />

mwerlebze did gavlenas axdenda. AarcerT amerikel mweralTan ar<br />

gvxvdeba sayofacxovrebo da zebunebrivi elementebis aseTi genialuri<br />

SeTavseba. es irealuri isea gadmocemuli, rom mkiTxvels SeuZlia<br />

orgvarad aRiqvas da zRvari sinamdvilesa da warmosaxvis TamaSs Soris<br />

dakargos.<br />

rogorc xelovani da moazrovne hoTorni mTeli cxovreba<br />

TviTizolaciiT itanjeboda. Tayvans scemda mkvdar, magram ara<br />

daviwyebul warsuls. man daarRvia is CarCo, romelic puritanizmma<br />

Semoavlo axal ingliss. magram miuxedavad amisa, ver tovebda im samyaros,<br />

romlisganac gaTavisuflda. man uaryo puritanizmi, rogorc religiuri<br />

mrwamsi da Semoinaxa Tavisi analizis safuZvelisaTvis. mis warmosaxvaSi<br />

puritanizmi cocxlobda, magram goneba mis dogmebs ar aRiarebda. mwerals<br />

“determinizmis” rwmena hqonda, anu sjeroda bedisweris koncefciis.<br />

determinizmi gulisxmobs rom Tavisufali neba ubralod miTia, yvelaferi<br />

winaswar aris gansazRvruli. puritanizmidan gamomdinare determinizmis<br />

rwmenam, rom adamianTa qmedebebi da arCevani sruliad gansazRvrulia<br />

gareSe faqtorebiT, ganapiroba mis SemoqmedebaSi satanis arsebobis<br />

rwmena. biografiul monacemebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia mokled<br />

ganvsazRvroT ram moaxdina seriozuli gavlena mwerlis Semoqmedebaze.<br />

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upirveles yovlisa salemma, adreulma bavSvobam da Semdeg sabaJoze<br />

gatarebulma wlebma, rasac mTeli Sesavali miuZRvna “alisfer<br />

asomTavrulSi” aseve puritanulma ojaxurma fonma, erTerTi misi winapari<br />

mosamarTle hoTorni monawileobda salemeli kudianebis sasamarTlo<br />

procesSi 1692 wels, sadac erTerTma braldebulma dawyevla da amis<br />

Semdeg ojaxs bevri gauTvaliswinebeli ubedureba daatyda Tavs. es<br />

Tematika mweralma gamoiyena mis romantikul romanSi “alisferi<br />

asomTavruli”, rac mowmobs imas, rom hoTorni mudmivad ganicdida<br />

sindisis qenjnas misi winapris saqcielis gamo da sakuTari gvaris<br />

marTlwerac savaraudod amitom Secvala.<br />

mkvlevarebi mas romantikosad moixsenieben, magram is metad<br />

Taviseburi xelovani gaxldaT, dainteresebuli zneobrivi romantikiT da<br />

adamianis sulis siRrmeebis kvleviT. Mmisi Semoqmedeba azris da<br />

xelovnebis erTianobaa, albaT cotaa iseTi mwerali, vinc ase<br />

emorCileboda sakuTar niWs. is ar iswrafoda mkiTxvelze maincdamainc<br />

didi emociuri efeqti moexdina. Aar Tvlida konkurentad sxva mwerlebs.<br />

arasodes aWarbebda Tavis SesaZleblobebs. <strong>romanis</strong> sferoSi hoTornma<br />

SeZlo Tavisi Teoriis ganxorcieleba, rac metad mniSvnelovania, Tu<br />

gavixsenebT am Janris Sesaxeb mimdinare cxare debatebs me-19 saukuneSi. man<br />

gansazRvra sxvaoba romantikul moTxrobasa da romans Soris. Tumca<br />

zogierT SemTxvevaSi misi idea, Ggardaeqmna romani moraluri<br />

koncefciebis ilustraciad, mogvagonebs puritanul mosazrebas<br />

literaturis Sesaxeb. Mmisi azrovnebis damoukidebloba arRvevda naivur<br />

Sexedulebas sityvis xelovnebaze. roca mis SemoqmedebiT gzas<br />

gadavxedavT literaturul aRiarebamde, vxedavT mis martoobas, romelic<br />

mcire xniT herman melvilTan megobrobam Sewyvita. Ggasaocaria, aseTi<br />

moridebuli adamianis sulieri Zala da daumorCilebeli xasiaTi,<br />

romelmac Mmartooba warmatebiT gamoiyena, raTa dakvirveboda ra xdeboda<br />

mis sulSi.<br />

hoTorni Zalian axlos iyo mkiTxvelTan. ralf emersoni xSirad<br />

Cioda, rom hoTorni “xSirad epatiJeba mkiTxvelebs Tavis kabinetSi da<br />

mTel process gadauSlism, ise TiTqos konditieri sTavazobs klientebs<br />

50

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tortis gakeTebas” (Eigner 1980: 235). amitomac gamoirCeva mwerlis gviandeli<br />

novelebi Ria kompoziciiT.<br />

bostonsa da konkordSi cxovrebam, brukfarmis furieristul<br />

eqsperimentSi monawileobam, transcendentalistebis nacnobobam,<br />

amerikuli kulturis sxva literatorebTan Tu gamoCenil moRvaweebTan<br />

urTierTobam mwerals saSualeba misca ukeT Seecno Tavisi drois<br />

Tanamedrove cxovreba. risi Sedegic 40-iani wlebis novelebi aRmoCnda.<br />

Tumca isini didi mxatvruli RirebulebiT ar gamoirCevian, mainc asaxaven<br />

Tanamedrove samyaros mzard codnas da gadawyvetilebas kritikulad<br />

gadaxedos Tavisi drois socialur problemebs.<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> mTeli Semoqmedeba gviCvenebs pirovnebis da<br />

sazogadoebas Soris mWidro kavSiris aucileblobaze da im kanonebis<br />

arsebobaze, rac am kavSirs gansazRvravs. kaulim kargad aRniSna, rom<br />

“Tavisi martoobis gamocdilebiT hoTornma SeZlo kargi socialuri<br />

gakveTili mieRo, romlis gadacemasac cdilobs is mkiTxvelisaTvis, ris<br />

gamoc ara marto monaTxrobis moralis mkafio formulirebas axdens,<br />

aramed mTeli Txrobis manZilze saubrobs mkiTxvelTan da misi<br />

msjelobani iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc moTxrobis Sinaarsi.” (Cowly<br />

1948: 47) Aase Cndeba <strong>hoTornis</strong> moTxrobebSi “Ria kompozicia” ramac<br />

emersonis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. HhoTorni ki Tvlida, rom nebismieri<br />

saqme, nebismieri kvleva unda iyos adamianebTan erTobis grZnobiT<br />

gamTbari, sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT Sesrulebuli, mxolod maSin aris<br />

is swori da zneobrivi. amiT man emersoniseuli doqtrinis “gjerodes Seni<br />

Tavis” ambivalenturoba dainaxa.<br />

kauli hoTorns Rrmad amerikul da Tan Tanamedrove mwerals<br />

uwodebs. Mmas ar ganucdia ar aRiarebis simware. Mmisma nawarmoebebma<br />

TanamedroveebSi Tavidanve gamoxmaureba hpoves. edgarPpo, romelic<br />

ramodenimejer moubrunda <strong>hoTornis</strong> Semoqmedebas werda, rom Tanamedrove<br />

amerikel mweralTaA Soris is “flobs yvelaze sufTa sityvas, yvelaze<br />

daxvewil gemovnebas, yvelaze sasargeblo erudicias, yvelaze daxvewil<br />

iumors, yvelaze did mgrZnobiarobas, yvelaze naTel da udides<br />

warmosaxviT unars” (Poe 1847).<br />

51

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xorxe luis borxesi <strong>hoTornis</strong> weris stils xose ortego i<br />

gasetisas adarebs da aRniSnavs, rom maTi mxatvruli azri datvirTulia<br />

gawelili metaforebiT. Tumca sxva danarCenSi es ori mwerali<br />

winaaRmdegobrivia. ortegas SeuZlia msjeloba kargad Tu cudad<br />

mniSvneloba ara aqvs, magram aklia warmosaxvis unari. HhoTorni<br />

gansakuTrebuli warmosaxvis adamiania, Tumca rCeba STabeWdileba, rom<br />

misi warmosaxva mis azrovnebasTan ar aris SeTanxmebuli. borxesi ambobs<br />

rom is azrovnebda saxeebiT, intuiciiT da ar emorCileba dialeqtikis<br />

meqanizms. Mmis Semoqmedebas ziani miayena esTetikurma dabneulobam, rac<br />

puritanuli eTikisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. Ees gamoixata<br />

midrekilebaSi, gadaaqcios TiToeuli gamogonili saxe qadagebad, rac<br />

aiZulebda mwerals SeekumSa siuJetebi. (Carrez 2009)<br />

misaRebia i. manis dakvirveba, rom "romantizmis warmoSobisas<br />

fantastikurisa da realuris paralelizmis principi fantastikuri<br />

formebis ganviTarebis saerTo kanons warmoadgenda" (Marjorie 1969: 345).<br />

saocaria <strong>hoTornis</strong> sizmrebTan, ufro sworad zmanebebTan<br />

damokidebuleba. ubis wignakebSi CaniSnuli aqvs siuJeti, roca adamiani<br />

mis megobars endoba, magram sizmrebSi mas sxvagvars xedavs. sabolood<br />

sizmarSi nanaxi simarTle aRmoCndeba, realuri sinamdvile ki<br />

mcdari.Mmwerlis SemoqmedebaSi Cans, rom stimuli <strong>naTaniel</strong><br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong>aTvis, rogorc <strong>romanis</strong>tisaTvis iyo ara xasiaTebi, aramed<br />

situaciebi. jer ifiqrebda situacias da Semdeg eZebda xasiaTebs,<br />

romlebic ganaxorcielebdnen mas. Aam meTodiT Seiqmna misi SesaniSnavi<br />

moTxrobebi, radgan maTi simoklis wyalobiT siuJeti ufro SesamCnevia,<br />

vidre moqmedi gmirebi. Aam meTodiT rogorc borxesi aRniSnavs, kargi<br />

romani naklebad gamova, radgan misi saerTo struqtura mxolod<br />

dasasrulSi Cans. erTi warumateblad Sesrulebeli personaJiT, romelic<br />

arabunebrivia, SeiZleba yvelaferi gafuWdes. raoden gasakviric ar unda<br />

iyos,Bborxesi <strong>hoTornis</strong> novelebs ufro maRla ayenebs, vidre “romensebs”.<br />

“alisferi asomTavrulis” ocdaoTx TavSi bevri dasamaxsovrebeli pasaJia<br />

emociurad dawerili, magram arcerTs ar SevuZrivar ise, rogorc<br />

uekfildis istorias, orjer monaTxrobi ambebidan” (Carres 2009).<br />

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ac ar unda ucnauri iyos, amerikul kritikaSi xSirad<br />

iviwyebdnen <strong>hoTornis</strong> Semoqmedebis romantikul tendenciebs, adarebdnen<br />

mas Tanamedrove inglisel <strong>romanis</strong>tebs. jer kidev 1842 wels, orest<br />

braunsoni Tavis statiaSi ambobs, rom “hoTorni dajildoebulia saocari<br />

geniiT da literaturis im JanrSi, romelSic muSaobs metoqe ara hyavs. Tu<br />

ki moindomebs, SeiZleba srulyos misi qveynis literatura” (Brownson 1850:<br />

528-32). hoTorns adarebdnen Carlz dikenss, jorj eliots, entoni<br />

trollops anu im mwerlebs, romlebic radikalurad sxva mxatvruli<br />

sistemis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, igive realisturi <strong>romanis</strong> fuZemdeblebi.<br />

<strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTornma SeZlo fantastikuri Janris formaSi is<br />

filosofiuri, socialuri, esTetikuri da eTikuri problemebi Caedo, rac<br />

misi epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli da saintereso gaxldaT. Mmisi<br />

mxatvruli meTodi gamoirCeva uSualo STabeWdilebebis gadmocemiT,<br />

konkretuli cxovrebiseuli dakvirvebebiT. miuxedavad<br />

romantikosebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli alegoriisaken midrekilebisa,<br />

sizuste da simarTlesTan siaxlove aRweris doneze gvxvdeba mis<br />

SemoqmedebaSi. Mmisi mxatvruli azrovneba ukavSirdeba ganmanaTlebelTa<br />

TxrobiT tradiciebs. rac gamoixateboda moTxrobebis da sxvadasxva tipis<br />

eseebis, sketCebis gamoyenebaSi. Mmwerlis warmodgenebi Tanamedrove<br />

sinamdvilis Sesaxeb pirdapir da uSualod aris gamoxatuli.<br />

mwerlis Semoqmedebis <strong>Tavisebureba</strong>ni, rogorc <strong>romanis</strong>tisa da<br />

novelistis gamomdinareobs erTis mxriv, amerikuli romantizmis<br />

ganviTarebis specifikidan, meores mxriv SemoqmedebiTi<br />

individualurobidan. romantikosebisaTvis yovelive Soreuli,<br />

miuwvdomeli STagonebis wyaro iyo. gamonaklisi arc amerikeli<br />

romantikosebi yofilan, henri Toro “SoreulSi da mSvenierSi RvTiuri<br />

intuiciis ganxorcielebis saSualebas xedavda” (Bodily 1987: 378)<br />

“Sesabamisi siSoris aucileblobaze” (Hawthorne 1852: 18) saubrobda<br />

hoTornic “blaiTdeilis romensis” SesavalSi. saganTaA ucnauroba,<br />

garegan gamoxatulebasTan siSore mTvaris SuqiT ganaTebul oTaxSi,<br />

aucilebeli pirobaa “romensis” SeqmnisaTvis. mwerlisTvis, mxatvruli<br />

nawarmoebis samyaros yoveldRiurobisgan daSorebis mTavari saSualeba<br />

iyo ara geografiuli sivrce, aramed drois distancia. Aamis mixedviT<br />

53

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Seiqmna misi novelebi “WaRara mxedari”, “gubernatoris saxlis<br />

legendebis” cikli, “endikoti da wiTeli jvari”, “axalgazrda brauni” da<br />

sxvebi. Mmiuxedavad warsulis ase mniSvnelovan aspeqtad gamoyenebisa,<br />

hoTorni ar sazRvravda mis mxatvrul samyaros konkretulad<br />

fantastikiT, an warsuliT. mis nawarmoebebSi sagvareulo portretebis<br />

idumali Zalauflebis garda, gvxvdeba im epoqis teqnikuri saocreba<br />

dagerotipi. Hmwerlis damokidebuleba teqnikuri progresis mimarT<br />

gaorebulia, is aRiarebda rom teqnikis srulyofa, masTan dakavSirebuli<br />

warmoeba aucilebeli iyo komfortis mosapoveblad, magram rogorc<br />

adamians, aseve sazogadoebasac amasTan erTadAdidi danakargic<br />

elodeboda. mis moTxrobebSi Cans, rom civilizaciis ganviTareba da<br />

pirvelyofil bunebasTan daSoreba, zneobis dacemas da adamianis bunebis<br />

degradacias iwvevs.<br />

rCeba STabeWdileba, rom hoTorni mimarTavda romantizms,<br />

imitom rom es mxatvruli sistema saSualebas aZlevda mas yofierebis<br />

WeSmariteba umaRles formaSi aesaxa. realizms misi azriT bevris mocema<br />

SeeZlo sinamdvilis garegnuli, obieqturi mxaris gamosaxatavad. Mmagram<br />

aqve mTavrdeba misi SesaZleblobebi. es kargad Cans fildsTan miweril<br />

cnobil werilSi trolopis wignebis Sesaxeb. “imdenad realuria, TiTqos<br />

viRac goliaTma uzarmazari lampariT gaanaTa dedamiwa”, Tavis namuSevars<br />

ki “warmosaxvis suraTebs” an “koSkebs haerSi” uwodebs” (Throllope 1897)<br />

mwerali sakuTar mxatvrul principebs realisturi <strong>romanis</strong> sistemas<br />

upirispirebs da upiratesobas TiTqos am ukanasknels aniWebs, faqti, rom<br />

moixseniebs realistur nawarmoebebs “novelad” da Tavisas “romensad” aq<br />

ukve Cans. <strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTorni, rogorc aRvniSneT <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong><br />

definiciis erTerTi pirveli ganmsazRvrelia da agreTve novatori mis<br />

praqtikulad ganxorcielebaSi. Tanamedrove kritikosebi Ziebisas, Tu ras<br />

gulisxmobdnen amerikeli romantikosebi “romensSi” zogadad <strong>naTaniel</strong><br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> konservatiul Teorias mimarTaven. azrTa sxvadasxvaobis<br />

miuxedavad, erTi ram cxadi iyo. mwerlebi unda dayrdnobodnen amerikul<br />

masalas. herman melvilma Tavis SedevrebSi veSapebze nadiroba airCia,<br />

uoSington irvingma warsuli da holandiuri niuiorkis axlandeli<br />

periodi. <strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTornma puritanuli inglisis warsuli da<br />

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Tanamedroveoba. <strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTornma da herman melvilma gaacnobieres, rom<br />

axali eri iTxovda literaturul formaSi axali simarTlis realizacias<br />

ris saSualebasac “romensi” iZleoda.<br />

hoTorni gansakuTrebulad dainteresebuli iyo “romensis”<br />

fenomeniT. Cven ar vfiqrobT, rom es gansakuTrebulad problematuri<br />

Janri <strong>hoTornis</strong> mier Seiqmna, magram is axasiaTebs romantikul romans<br />

rogorc aRmoCenas, rasac gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva unda rom mkiTxvels<br />

gaagebino. misi “romensi” naklebad hgavs literaturul formas. igi ufro<br />

fsiqologiuri, kulturuli fenomenia, sadac misi xelovneba warmoiSoba,<br />

sadac mwerali da mkiTxveli erTmaneTs xvdeba da maT Soris garkveuli<br />

azrTa gacvla xdeba. <strong>hoTornis</strong>aTvis “romensis” sfero aris balansisa da<br />

SeTanxmebis sfero, rogorc is sabaJoSi aRwers rogorc "neitralur<br />

teritorias....sadac TiToeuli sagani meoris bunebiT ivseba" (Hawthorne 1852:<br />

33) <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> <strong>romantikuli</strong> romanebis winasityvaobebi isea<br />

mocemuli, TiTqos am warmosaxvis moqmedebis adgils adgenen. isini "gzas<br />

ukvalaven mkiTxvels wignis Siga SexedulebaTaAsistemaSi. “romensis”<br />

saSualebiT miiRweva bevrad ufro rTuli efeqti, vidre cremlebi an<br />

sicilia. “romensSi” mocemuli aRwerilobiTi pasaJebi adgenen ara zust<br />

adgils, aramed konceptualur da fsiqologiur sazRvars, sadac<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong>euli moqmedeba xdeba. magaliTad Zveli saxlis aRwera:<br />

"mocimcime Crdilebi, romlebic wvanan naxevrad mZinare saxlis karsa da<br />

parmaRs Soris, spiritualur mediums mogagonebdaT, imdenad, rom maTi<br />

yurebisas dafiqrdebodi, es Senoba materialur samyaros ekuTnoda Tu<br />

ara." (Hawthorne 1852: 34).<br />

Zveli saxli, rogorc is mogvianebiT aRniSnavs "feriaTa<br />

miwazea ganlagebuli, sadac drois ganzomileba ar arsebobs." (Hawthorne<br />

1866: 23) <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> yvelaze cnobili mcdeloba am Janris<br />

gamoxatvaSi aris misi kabinetis aRwera "sabaJoSi". uiliam gilmor<br />

simsisagan gansxvavebiT, igi <strong>romanis</strong> am formaSi did mxatvrul<br />

SesaZleblobebs xedavda sinamdvilis gadmosacemad da rac misTvis esoden<br />

mniSvnelovani iyo "gulis simarTlis" gamosaxatavad. “romensi” aris<br />

dasrulebuli forma. is did Tavisuflebas iZleva "warmodgenil<br />

garemoebebSi da mwerals arCevans utovebs'aseTi warmosaxviTi TamaSi<br />

55

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mkacrad gaakontrolos imiT, rasac SeiZleba maRali moraluri realizmi<br />

vuwodoT.” “romensis” mwerali Tavisufalia <strong>romanis</strong>tis movaleobisagan,<br />

Tumca “romenss” “novelTan” SedarebiT rTul formad Tvlis, radgan<br />

“romensSi” movlenebi, xasiaTebi, saxeebi uCveuloa, zogjer<br />

fantastikuric, Tan es yvelaferi imgvari ostatobiT unda iqnes<br />

SeTxzuli da gansaxierebuli, rom cxovrebiseul simarTles<br />

damajereblad gamoxatavdes da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar uRalatos<br />

grZnobaTa marTebul warmosaxvas. (TofuriZe 2004: 18) sinamdvilis<br />

pirdapiri asaxva, rogorc es “novelSi” xdeba gacilebiT iolia, vidre<br />

gamonagonis, Seqmnilis datvirTva realobiT, rac WeSmaritad maRal<br />

xelovnebad iTvleba. "Svidfrontoniani saxlis"' SesavalSi hoTorni wers:<br />

"mwerali Tavis Txzulebas "romenss" roca uwodebs, zedmetia imis<br />

mtkiceba, rom amiT mas unda garkveuli Tavisufleba moipovos, rogorc<br />

weris maneris, aseve masalis arCevis mxrivac. amgvar pretenzias veRar<br />

wamoayenebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ganacxadebs rom wers "novels". nawarmoebis<br />

es forma miznad isaxavs yoveli wvrilmanisadmi zedmiwevniT erTgulebas.<br />

ara ubralod savaraudos gadmocemas, aramed dasaSvebisa da adamianis<br />

yofa-cxovrebis Cveulebrivi dinebis asaxvas. “romensi” ki, rogorc<br />

xelovnebis nimuSi, mkacrad eqvemdebareba sakuTar kanonebs, romelTa<br />

Tanaxmad adamianis gulis simarTlidan odnav gadaxrac ki miutevebel<br />

codvad CaeTvleba. mas sruli ufleba aqvs es simarTle warmogvidginos<br />

iseT viTarebaSi, didad gazviadebuli saxiT, rogorsac mwerali Tavisi<br />

nebiT SearCevs Tu SeTxzavs. saWirod Tu CaTvlis, mwerals SeuZlia<br />

atmosferuli mediumi ise moawyos, rom an gaaZlieros an piriqiT<br />

Seasustos ganaTeba, gaaRrmavos da gaamdidros Crdilebi, cxadia, man<br />

imodena sibrZne unda gamoiCinos rom aq miTiTebuli privilegiebi metad<br />

zomierad gamoiyenos" (Hawthorne 1851: 3-5) hoTorni fildsTan miweril<br />

werilSi cdilobs axsnas rogor unda imuSaos xelovanma: "romensis<br />

werisas kaci yovelTvis, an TiTqmis yovelTvis unda avides absurdulobis<br />

ukidures napirze da ostatoba niSnavs masTan axlos misvlas ise, rom<br />

realobasTan miaxloebisas fexi ar dagicdes, wonasworoba ar dakargo.”<br />

(Marjorie 1969: 89). Cans mwerali grZnobs, rom ufskrulis piras<br />

wonasworobis dacva yvelaze kargad warmosaxvis da sinamdvilis SereviT<br />

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miiRweva. Tuki xelovani uZluria moqmedi samyaro warmosaxviTTan<br />

SeaerTos, igi sustia da ararealuri Tavisi ganviTarebis<br />

SesaZleblobaSi." (Marjorie 1969: 91) realurisa da warmosaxvis gadakveTa<br />

ostaturad aris axsnili "alisferi asomTavrulis" SesavalSi "sabaJo",<br />

mTvaris SuqiT ganaTebuli oTaxis magaliTze. avtori Tavis Tavs<br />

ukacriel sastumro oTaxSi mjdomares warmogvidgens, romelsac mxolod<br />

mociale naxSiris cecxli da mTvare anaTebs. am ucnaur SuqTa<br />

gadakveTaSi "nacnobi oTaxis iataki xdeba neitraluri teritoria, sadac<br />

realur da feriaTa qveynis SuaSi warmosaxva da moqmedeba SeiZleba<br />

erTmaneTs Sexvdnen da Seivson erTmaneTis bunebiT" (Hawthorne 1852. 9) es<br />

nacnobi oTaxi savsea realuri sagnebiT. skamebi, magida, samuSao kalaTi,<br />

wignebi, Camqrali lamfa, wignebis karada, suraTi kedelze, bavSvis<br />

fexsacmeli, Tojina, romelic mownul etlSi zis, saTamaSo cxeni. Tbili<br />

naxSirisagan gamocemuli cecxli realur adamianur siTbos gamoscems.<br />

magram oTaxSi Semosuli mTvaris Suqi, romelic ferad xaliCaze ecema,<br />

TiToeul sagans wamierad asulierebs. mTvaris Suqi Cveulebriv dRis Suqs<br />

ar gavs. “romensSi” igi yvela detals ukargavs realobas da warmosaxva<br />

da realoba erTmaneTs erwymis. nacnobi oTaxi neitralur teritoriad<br />

iqceva. cecxlis Tbili Suqi TamaSobs "mTvaris sxivebis civ<br />

sulierebasTan, Tovlis saxeebs miecemaT guli da adamianuri sinazis<br />

mgrZnobeloba. isini qalad da kacad iqcevian” (Hawthorne 1852: 14) am<br />

aRwerlobiTi pasaJebis ena miuTiTebs, rom “romensi” meditaciis adgilia,<br />

sadac sazRvrebi sinaTles da sibneles, suliersa da materialurs,<br />

sinamdvilesa da warmosaxvas Soris uaryofilia. es sazRvrebisgan<br />

gaTavisufleba yvela saxis aRrevis saSualebas iZleva. <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

mtkiceba, rom sinamdvile da warmosaxva erTmaneTs unda gadaexlarTnon<br />

raTa “romensi” Seiqmnas, Seesabameba emersonis transcendentalur xedvas<br />

xelovnebis nimuSis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong>euli “romensis” gansazRvreba da misi gansxvaveba<br />

“novelTan” mimarTebaSi dResac klasikur definiciad iTvleba. Tumca<br />

rogorc aRvniSneT, igi yvelasaTvis erTxmad misaRebi ar yofila. me-19<br />

saukunis bolos henri jeimsma <strong>romanis</strong> Janris dayofis Sesaxeb ganacxada:<br />

"es tlanqi dayofaa, vfiqrob mogonili mkiTxvelebisa da kritikosTa mier<br />

57

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maTsave sasargeblod da im ucnaur dabrkolebaTa gadasalaxavad,<br />

TviTonve rom Seiqmnes" (James 1934: 56). jeimsis am Sefasebas mimdevrebi ar<br />

gamouCndnen. SemdegSic cnobili literaturaTmcodneebi v. bruksi, v.<br />

paringtoni, f. matiseni da sxvani <strong>hoTornis</strong> esTetikuri azrovnebis did<br />

miRwevad Tvlidnen mwerlis mier mocemul <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong><br />

“romensisa” da yofiTi <strong>romanis</strong> “novelis” gansxvavebasa da maTi poetikis<br />

formulirebas.<br />

narkvevSi "sabaJo", romelic "alisfer asomaTavruls" uZRvis<br />

win, hoTornma mogvca SemoqmedebiTi procesis <strong>romantikuli</strong> gaazreba,<br />

rogorc gadasvla realuri samyarodan pirobiTobis sferoSi.<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> <strong>romantikuli</strong> proza mcire JanrTan mimarTebaSi<br />

SeiZleba sam nawilad gaiyos: esse, moTxroba axal inglisze da moralur-<br />

alegoriuli krebulebi. es ori Janri xSirad erT nawarmoebSic gvxvdeba.<br />

magaliTad moTxrobaSi "merimauntis maisis xe" (20) alegoriis<br />

saSualebiT aris gadmocemuli epizodi axali inglisis istoriidan.<br />

puritanTa mier merimauntis ganadgureba, romelic kolonistebma<br />

adamianebisaTvis sixarulis misaniWeblad Seqmnes, bednierebis Sesaxeb<br />

amerikuli ocnebis pirveli marcxia.<br />

mwerlis nawarmoebebis kiTxvisas iseTi STabeWdileba gvrCeba,<br />

TiTqos igi iluzoruli samyaros warmosaxvisa da saqmiani amerikis SuaSi<br />

imyofeba. mkiTxveli mudam rCeba raRac Sualedur sferoSi, romelic<br />

warmosaxviTs arsebulisagan hyofs. realoba <strong>hoTornis</strong>Tvis saSiSi da<br />

mimzidvelia. "rogorc Ramis pepela, ise mofrinavs xelovneba sinamdvilis<br />

Suqze da iRupeba uxeS, realur samyarosTan Sejaxebisas” ambobda igi.<br />

mweralma saukeTeso nawarmoebebi Seqmna im momajadoebeli Sualeduri<br />

samyaros daxmarebiT, romelic alegoriul gamonagonsa da realobas<br />

Soris arsebobs. es idea xorcSesxmulia "sabaJos" erT monakveTSi, sadac<br />

mwerali misi Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb gviambobs: "Cemi yoveldRiuri<br />

arsebobis uferulobis fonze, romelic ase saSinlad mawveboda me,<br />

sruli sigiJe iyo sxva saukuneSi gadasvlis mcdeloba, an rac ar unda<br />

dagjdomoda unda Segeqmna uxilavi xelSeuxebeli elementebisgan<br />

Semdgari realuri samyaros msgavsi raRac, maSin roca Cemi sapnis<br />

buStebis sahaero mSveniereba yovelwuTs iRupeboda sinamdvilesTan<br />

58

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Sejaxebisas." (Hawthorne 1852: 34) "orjer monayoli moTxrobebis" mesame<br />

gamocemis SesavalSi is wers: "rogoric ar unda iyos realuri cxovrebis<br />

suraTebi, Cven upiratesobas alegorias vaniWebT, Tumca yovelTvis<br />

gemovnebiT ver vniRbavT mas, rom winaaRmdegobebis gareSe SeiWras<br />

mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi... Tuki am wigns mimarTavT, unda waikiTxoT<br />

gamWvirvale, damafiqrebel bindbundSi., rogorSic daiwera. Tu mas mzis<br />

kaSkaSa Suqze gadaSliT is carielfurclebian tomad mogeCvenebaT<br />

(Hawthorne 1866. 78) miuxedavad yoymanisa realobasa da warmosaxvas Soris,<br />

ar ifiqroT rom mwerali gaurboda misTvis Tanamedrove sazogadoebas an<br />

epoqis problemebs. igi xedavda, rom amerikaSi Camoyalibebuli<br />

urTierTobebi faqtiurad anadgurebdnen revoluciiT monapovar<br />

Tanasworobis principebs. es faqti misTvis warmoadgenda bunebis kanonis<br />

darRvevas da ara istoriul kanonzomierebas. "Seqmnili mdgomareoba, -<br />

ironiiT aRniSnavs igi_adamianis Rirseba, ganisazRvreba misi adgiliT<br />

gadasaxadis amkrebis wignSi, ramac adamianebi bunebrivi urTierTobebis<br />

gaqrobamde miiyvana, es albaT adamianis fizikuri bunebiT iyo<br />

ganpirobebuli." (Hawthorne 1852: 35) mwerlis mTeli Semoqmedeba<br />

emsaxureboda amerikuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zneobrivi da<br />

socialuri problemebis gaxsnas. hoTorni kolegebs uflebas utovebda<br />

aerCiaT nebismieri situacia, imisgan damoukideblad, Seesabameboda igi<br />

garegnul simarTlis kanonebs Tu ara, oRond misi arsi ar unda<br />

gascdenoda "adamianis gulis simarTles". es simarTle ki xSirad Rrmad<br />

aris Camarxuli garegnuli faqtebis rTul samyaroSi. amitom mweralma ar<br />

unda daijeros is, rasac garegnulad simarTle hqvia. namdvilma ostatma<br />

unda SeZlos macdunebeli garegnobis SigniT, nebismieri saSualebiT,<br />

Tundac es fantastikuri gamonagoni iyos, gaxsnas is, rasac movlenis arsi<br />

ewodeba, am miznis misaRwevad <strong>hoTornis</strong> azriT saukeTeso saSualebaa<br />

“romensis” Janris gamoyeneba.<br />

moTxrobaSi "axali adami da eva", (21) mwerali miuTiTebs uxeSi<br />

materializmis ukidures ganviTarebaze, rasac sulieri damcirebisaken<br />

mivyavarT. sulis da materiis dapirispireba erTerTi mniSvnelovani Temaa<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> SemoqmedebaSi da Txrobis sxvadasxva doneebze meordeba.<br />

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materialuri faseulobebis mopovebis survili anadgurebs adamianis<br />

bunebas, asastikebs suls, arRvevs zneobriv sazRvrebs.<br />

amerikuli romantizmis mkvlevari frensis oto matiseni <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

memkvidreobis abstraqtul-esTetikuri gaazrebis winaaRmdegia. bevri<br />

amCnevda misi Semoqmedebis tragikul siRrmes, magram cotam Tu gaigo rom<br />

misi ideebi da saxeebi uSualo kavSirSi arian mis Tanamedrove<br />

burJuaziul amerikasTan. "Cveulebriv mas ganixilavdnen rogorc<br />

istoriuli Crdilebis samyaros mcxovrebs, romelic mis Txrobas pirquSi<br />

puritanebis mogonebebze qsovs da ver amCnevs me-19 saukunis realur<br />

cxovrebas".M(Mattiesen 1968: 192)<br />

roca hoTorni Tavis romantikul romanebs qmnida, survils<br />

gamoTqvamda "gaekvlia mkiTxvelisaTvis gza Sinagan xedvaTa samyaroSi"<br />

vkiTxulobT "rapaCinis qaliSvilis" SesavalSi. (Hawthorne 1841: 372)<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> nawarmoebebis winasityvaobebi ocwlian periods moicavs da<br />

avtoris esTetikis gasagebad namdvilad Rirebulia. winasityvaobebis da<br />

moTxrobebis saSualebiT “romensebSi” xelovani-damkvirvebeli xdeba<br />

nagulisxmebi azris nawili, garda amisa, avtors saSualebas eZleva Tavisi<br />

Teoriis pirdapiri, swori formulireba moaxdinos. magaliTad mxatvruli<br />

gaformeba da xasiaTebi "marmarilos favnSi" saSualebas iZleva<br />

ganisazRvros xelovanis muSaobis procesi. aqve SemoTavazebulia<br />

esTetikuri Teoria SemTxzvelebis teqnikis Sesaxeb. am namuSevrebTan<br />

erTad metad mniSvnelovania ubis wignakebi, amerikuli, inglisuri,<br />

franguli, italiuri, sadac TiToeuli gverdi SeiZleba avtoris<br />

Canafiqris pirdapiri miniSneba iyos. aseve Rirebulia werilebi jeims<br />

fildTan, uiliam tiknorTan, es adamianebi misi gamomcemlebi da megobrebi<br />

iyvnen, aseve horacio brijTan, vis STagonebasac hoTorni Zalian iwonebda.<br />

albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovania mimowera sofiasTan, mis meuRlesTan,<br />

yvelaze mgrZnobiare msmenelTan. yvelaferi es saSualebas iZleva,<br />

mwerlis, rogorc xelovanis Sinagan samyaroSi CavixedoT.<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> adreuli literaturuli kariera daxloebiT 1825-dan<br />

1849- mde ganisazRvreboda “mokle moTxrobiT” an “TeiliT,” romelTac is<br />

edgar pos msgavsad, Jurnalebsa da wliur gamocemebSi aqveynebda. misi<br />

moTxrobebi im dros amerikuli xelovnebis miRwevad iTvleboda. <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

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Teoria literaturis Sesaxeb misi nawarmoebebis winasityvaobebSia<br />

gabneuli. man sworad aRiqva amerikuli cxovrebis yoveldRiuri sfero,<br />

romelic arcTu ise nayofieri masalaa warmosaxvisaTvis da surda<br />

daufleboda im realur SesaZleblobebs, rasac adamianis sulSi SeRweva<br />

hqvia.<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> mxatvruli azrovnebis <strong>Tavisebureba</strong> ukavSirdeba<br />

ganmanaTlebelTa Txrobis tradicias, romlis drosac dasaSvebi iyo<br />

sxvadasxva tipis eseebis, sketCebis an CanarTebis arseboba <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

novelistikis safuZvelze edgar pom SeimuSava Teoria "STabeWdilebis<br />

mTlianobis" Sesaxeb, rac misi Semoqmedebis ganmsazRvreli gaxda. igi<br />

Tvlida, rom moTxroba, romlis originaluri nimuSi mogvca hoTornma,<br />

iseTi zomis unda iyos, rom misi kiTxva naxevaridan erTi an ori saaTi<br />

dagvWirdes. Tuki mas erTi amosunTqviT ver waikiTxav, emociuri<br />

zemoqmedeba ukve aRar xdeba... kiTxvis SualedSi sayofacxovrebo saqmis<br />

keTeba metnaklebad cvlis, axunebs an ewinaaRmdegeba STabeWdilebas.<br />

ubralo Sesvenebac ki arRvevs mTlianobis efeqts." (Poe 1842)<br />

dasawyisi moTxrobisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre <strong>romanis</strong>aTvis,<br />

radgan struqturuli agebulebis mkafioba, sizuste, ufro arsebiTi<br />

moTxrobaSia da ara romanSi. grZeli, gaWianurebuli eqspoziciebi metad<br />

gavrcelebuli iyo me-19 saukuneSi, radgan maSin moTxroba ufro mWidrod<br />

iyo dakavSirebuli narkvevTan. <strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTorni, gilmor simsi, edgar po<br />

da sxvani xSirad iyenebdnen am xerxs, raTa mTlianobis efeqtisaTvis<br />

mieRwiaT. dasasruli metad mniSvnelovania mwerlisTvisac da<br />

mkiTxvelisTvisac, romelic mouTmenlad elodeba gaigos ra moxda. igi<br />

mravalsaxeobrivia. daxurul dasasrulSi moqmedeba ubralod ar<br />

sruldeba, yvelanairi Txroba amzadebs finals. zogjer dasasrulSi<br />

meordeba dasawyisis elementebi, ufro saTauri, amiT miiRweva is<br />

dasasrulis SegrZneba, romelic ase damaxasiaTebelia <strong>romantikuli</strong><br />

moTxrobisaTvis. me-20 saukuneSi Ria dasasruli novelistebisaTvis<br />

Cveulebriv xerxad iqca, maSin roca <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong>, herman melvilis,<br />

gilmor simsis nawarmoebebi daxurul dasasruls atareben, romlis<br />

drosac Txroba metnaklebad Sordeba ZiriTad fabulas da gadadis<br />

avtoris msjelobaSi Tavad moTxrobaze da mis Seqmnaze. romantikosebTan<br />

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metad gavrcelebulia dasasruli, romelic iwyeba elegiur-sazeimo<br />

kavSiriT -"da". magaliTad "axlgazrda brauni"' mTavrdeba fraziT "....da<br />

icxovra didxans, da moxuci Cavida samareSi. roca rwmena, bavSvebi,<br />

SviliSvilebi, mezoblebi acilebdnen mas ukanasknel gzaze, saflavis<br />

qvaze ar amoukveTavT imediani sityvebi, radgan pirquSi iyo misi<br />

sikvdilis saaTi" (Hawthorne 1835: 1042).<br />

<strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTornma edgar posa da david Torpis msgavsad miaRwia<br />

manipulirebis SesaZleblobas TxrobiT doneebSi da Zalian nayofieradac.<br />

gerard jenetis sityvebi rom moviSvelioT roca mTxrobeli gviyveba<br />

literaturuli gmirebis qmedebebis Sesaxeb, vinc literaturul samyaroSi<br />

cxovrobs, magaliTad mTxrobeli nawarmobSi “rapaCinis qaliSvili”<br />

gviyveba sinior pietro baglionis Sesaxeb is am dros aris diegetikuri<br />

Txrobis, diegetikuri mTxrobeli (Dunne 1995: 75). rodesac erTerTi am<br />

mTxrobelis literaturuli gmirebidan, baglioni yveba moTxrobas<br />

aleqsandre didis Sesaxeb, baglioni xdeba metadiegetikuri mTxrobeli da<br />

misi Txroba aris metadiegetikuri. struqturalisturi poetikis<br />

warmomsaxvelobis mixedviT aseve SesaZlebelia gvqondes eqstadiegetikuri<br />

Txroba, romelic gancalkevebiT arsebobs diegetikuri Txrobisagan, ise<br />

rogorc es mocemulia literaturul kritikul esseSi da “rapaCinis<br />

qaliSvilis” CarCos warmoadgens. Tumca sabolood Txrobam metalefsisis<br />

saSualebiT SeiZleba uaryos gansxvaveba diegezisis am doneebs Soris..<br />

magaliTad “rapaCinis asuli” da “alisa puunis Txovna”. hoTorns SeuZlia<br />

Semoabrunos Txroba jadoqrobis, incestis, mkvlelobis, moSxamvis,<br />

siyvarulis Sesaxeb.<br />

Mmiuxedavad TavianTi gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebisa, <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

Tanamedrove amerikeli da evropeli mwerlebs erTi ram aerTianebdaT, did<br />

yuradRebas aqcevdnen vizualur mxares da xedvis SegrZnebas. sityva,<br />

romelic xSirad meordeba realistebis nawerebSi aris dakvirveba<br />

sakuTar naSromze, metafora, romelsac isini iyeneben TavianTi xelovnebis<br />

mimarT, aris zusti amreklavi sarke. Eralf emersonma da henri Torom<br />

imemkvidres <strong>romantikuli</strong> rwmena, rom xedva aris grZnobis instinqti. rac<br />

zustad aris gamoxatuli kolrijis odaSi “svla_oda” “me vxedav maT ise<br />

brwyinvaled naTlad me vxedav da ara vgrZnob” (Timmes 1989).<br />

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transcendentalistebi grZnobdnen rom msgavsad enisa, xedvas Wirdeboda<br />

xelaxla aRmoCena, gaxsna. emersoni survils gamoTqvamda rom “Tvalis guga<br />

unda yofiliyo gamWvirvale” (Emerson 1908: 4). frensis matiseni aRniSnavda:<br />

“Sexeba garesamyarosTan,… saukunis yoveli faza aRiniSna dakvirvebisadmi<br />

mzardi interesiT, rac gamoixata yevlaferSi, Tundac iseTi mecnieruli<br />

miRwevebis gamogonebaSi, rogoricaa teleskopi an mikroskopi, an mxatvris<br />

axali eqsperimenti SuqTan mimarTebaSi, an fotografebis mier kadris<br />

dafiqsireba da realisti <strong>romanis</strong>tebis Semoqmedeba, romlebic zedapiris<br />

yvela detals afiqsireben (Mattiesen 1944: 264). am midgomas hoTorni<br />

mkveTrad uaryofda, rasac mivyavarT <strong>hoTornis</strong>euli definiciis Semdeg<br />

aspeqtTan, …marSal makluhanis mixedviT es aris xedvis SegrZnebis<br />

izolacia, rasac ganapirobebs beWdviTi kultura, romelic “fiqsirebul<br />

TvalTa xedvis saSualebas iZleva”. (McLuhan 1962: 136) es gaxlavT<br />

realisturi <strong>romanis</strong> mTavari qvakuTxedi, TvalTaxedva, rom arsebobs<br />

movlenebis, fenomenebis zogadi samyaro, avtorTa mier moxseniebuli<br />

farTo sqemebi ar SeiZleba ar aRviqvaT rogorc damoukidebli Cveni<br />

individualuri aRqmisgan.<br />

hoTorni ambobs, rom <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> wera avtors im situaciaSi<br />

ayenebs, romelSic SesaZlebelia “miuteveblad scodo.” miutevebeli<br />

codvisa idea Ria Temaa mis erTerT nawarmoebSi “etan brandi”.(8)<br />

mxatvruli nawarmoebis wera, rogorc esTetiuri ramis, gaxlavT moraluri<br />

saqmianoba da aqedan gamomdinare urTierToba mTxrobels mis nawarmoebebsa<br />

da samyaros Soris problematuria. avtors cvlilebebi iseTi<br />

damajereblobiT Semoaqvs nawarmoebebSi, rac realisti mwerlebisTvis<br />

aris damaxasiaTebeli. sainteresoa, romMmTxrobeli <strong>hoTornis</strong> “romensebis”<br />

da moTxrobebis ukan ar aris gamoxatuli rogorc individualuri<br />

pirovneba, vinc anawilebs simarTles.<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong>, “marmarilos favnis” gamocemis Semdeg hoTorni<br />

erT megobars werda, rom zogierTma britanulma revium “saSinlad<br />

ibuzRuna mis velur prozaze” radgan yvela adamianma ar icis rogor unda<br />

waikiTxos <strong>romantikuli</strong> romani (Timmes 1989). nacvlad imisa, rom<br />

yuradRebiT waekiTxaT avtoris mier nawarmoebisaTvis darTuli Sesavlebi,<br />

rogorc misi survilis damadasturebeli sabuTi rom mkiTxvelis nebas<br />

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mihyoloda. es Sesavlebi unda aRviqvaT ara rogorc axsna ganmartebis<br />

mcdeloba, Tu rogor daiwera es yvelaferi, aramed rogor unda iqnas<br />

wakiTxuli. yovelive es SesaZloa avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierTobaSi<br />

iqnas SemCneuli <strong>hoTornis</strong> teqstebSi, sadac Cans misTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

Tvisebebi.<br />

MmoTxroba “rojer malvinis dakrZalva” gvTavazobs <strong>hoTornis</strong> teqnikis<br />

yvelaze karg ilustracias mis moTxrobebSi da aseve sainteresoa, rogorc<br />

aRebuli magaliTi miSel kolakurcios analizisa mis wignSi <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

adreuli moTxrobebis Sesaxeb. es nawarmoebi bevri misi moTxrobis<br />

msgavsad iwyeba axali inglisis istoriis erTerTi gverdidan. Setakebis<br />

SemdegMmTavari gmiri reuben borni tovebs mis momakvdav simamrs, rojer<br />

malvins did kldesTan, romelic arwmunebs mas datovos da wavides.<br />

mTxrobeli detalurad yveba reubenis cnobierebis gancdas, roca is<br />

tovebs moxucs. moTxrobis gmiri erTerT yvelaze rTul moralur<br />

situaciaSi aRmoCndeba, roca nebismieri moqmedeba mcdaria. Mmartivia darCe<br />

da daelodo moxucis aucilebel sikvdils, Tumca garisko Seni sakuTari<br />

sicocxliT absurdia. rojeris qaliSvilma SeiZleba orive dakargos<br />

qmaric da mamac. GgasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom reubenma SesaZloa<br />

damxmare ipovos da dabrundes kacis gadasarCenad. meores mxriv<br />

daZabuloba rCeba, radgan Svilobrivi valia darCes da sakadrisad<br />

dakrZalos sacolis mama. saabolood is midis im pirobiT, rom dabrundeba.<br />

reubeni ipovis Tavisianebs, gamojanmrTeldeba da daqorwindeba rojeris<br />

qaliSvilze. Tumca ver eubneba cols, rom mamamisi cocxali datova<br />

kldesTan, verc pirobas asrulebs rom dabrundes neStis dasakrZalad,<br />

radgan ver gaamxels momxdar faqts. sabolod mainc uwevs codvis<br />

gamosyidva, radgan uneblied mis sakuTar Svils esvris. kolakurcios<br />

msjeloba aseTia, reubenis danaSauli is ki ar aris wava Tu datovebs,<br />

aramed is, rom ar eubneba cols da ar aRiarebs rom misi saqcieli ar iyo<br />

gmiruli. <strong>hoTornis</strong> es midgoma istoriuli TvalTaxedviT sworic aris,<br />

radgan 1825 wels aqtualuri iyo TeTri civilizaciis dacva<br />

velurebisagan. DmTavari tendencia moTxrobisa “rojer melvilis<br />

dakrZalva” is gaxlavT, rom adamianebi upiratesobas aniWeben maTi<br />

istoriis miTiurobas, saidanac wamoiWreba versia, romelic aRiarebs im<br />

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codvebs rac SeiZleba Cadenil iqnas maTi warmatebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis.<br />

zemoTxsenebuli kritikosis midgoma gamodgeba kontrargumentad <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

Semoqmedebis formalisti kritikosebisa, vinc cdilobs brali dasdos mas<br />

istoriuli konteqstidan amovardnaSi. formalistebi uaryofen mis realur<br />

damokidebulebas Tavis drosTan da mis interess warsulTan mimarTebaSi,<br />

magram imis Tqma, rom <strong>hoTornis</strong> moTxrobebi xSirad moicaven Tavis TavSi<br />

puritanuli doqtrinis Rrma azrs an zust istoriul kavSirs<br />

gadaWarbebulia. <strong>hoTornis</strong> moqniloba realur movlenebTan mimarTebaSi da<br />

mis mier realuri parametrebis gamoyeneba niSnavs, rom misi interesi<br />

koncentrirebulia problemis moralur asaxvaSi, risTvisac stimulad<br />

istorias iyenebs. Bnina beinis azriT hoTorns naklebi interesi aqvs<br />

Teologiuri daxvewilobis mimarT da is ar aris dainteresebuli<br />

istoriis SeTxzviT, misi literaturis TematikiT an imiT rom amerikuli<br />

warsulis Sesaxeb imsjelos.<br />

moTxrobebis umetesobas aqvs redaqtoruli stili, romelic TiTqos<br />

gvTavazobs “komentars” teqstebze, magram sinamdvileSi emsaxureba<br />

mwerlis, rogorc erTaderTi uflebamosilis statusis ignorirebas.<br />

zogjer am komentars xumrobis forma aqvs, rogorc redaqtoris minawers.<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> moTxrobebi Janrobrivad iolad dasayofi ar aris, rogorc<br />

magaliTad edgar posi, umetesoba ufro eses gavs vidre moTxrobas.<br />

magaliTad, ver vityviT rom epizodi, moTxrobidan “endikoti da wiTeli<br />

jvari”, romelSic mxedari jon endikoti iRebs inglisis droSidan<br />

episkoposis simbolos, raTa demonstraciulad aCvenos kolonialuri<br />

gamowveva Carlzis I survilis religiur sakiTxebSi daqvemdebarebis<br />

mimarT, aris sufTa mxatvruli literaturuli epizodi puritanuli<br />

istoriidan, Uufro ukeT es scena mocemulia salemis sketCSi, 1630 wels, iq<br />

mkiTxveli xedavs religiis saxeliT damaxinjebul adamianebs, puritanuli<br />

meqanizmi gamoyenebulia ara mxolod adgilobrivi SeferilobisaTvis,<br />

aramed Tematuri momentis Sesaqmnelad. nawarmoebSi mimdinare movlenebi<br />

moicaven centralur Temas, magram aseve SemoTavazebulia dialogi<br />

endikotsa da puritanebis warmomadgenlis rojer uiliamss Soris, rac<br />

aseve Tematuri miznisTvis aris gamoyenebuli. “endikoti da wiTeli jvari”<br />

ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxolod istoriul moTxrobad. igive SeiZleba<br />

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iTqvas nawarmoebSi Seqmnil fonze, romelic Janris erTerTi<br />

ganmsazRvrelia.<br />

Semdegi Tema, rac aseve axasiaTebs mwerlis esTetikas, aris<br />

realobasTan mimarTeba. hoTorni, romelic aRiarebulia rogorc<br />

romantikosi mwerali, udides pativs scemda realobas. "aris raRac ufro<br />

marTali da ufro realuri, vidre is, rasac vxedavT TvaliT da vexebiT<br />

TiTiT." (Dall 1967: 78) ambobs hoTorni "rapaCinis asulis" avtoriseul<br />

komentarSi. amas SeiZleba aseve davarqvaT "ukeTesi sfero, romelic Cvens<br />

irgvliv TvalTuxilavad wevs, an fiqri im ufro WeSmarit samyaroze,<br />

vidre es Cveni cieb-cxelebiT atanili yofaa, sadac ubralo garegnul<br />

sanaxaobas araferi gaaCnia iseTi, raTa daakmayofilos suli, romelic<br />

simarTles eziara." (Hawthorne 1841:) garegani da Sinagani cxovrebis<br />

gansxvavebisas hoTorni ambobs "uxeSi cxovreba aris zmaneba da<br />

spiritualuri cxovreba aris realoba". (The selected letters of Nathaniel Hawthorne<br />

2002: 71) es realoba idealuri mSvenierebaa "romelsac buneba sTavazobs<br />

Tavis yvela Tavis qmnilebas". am realobasa da individebs Soris<br />

urTierToba arsebobs. adamianebs hoTorni adarebs "Zlier mTebs,<br />

romlebic fiqroben, rom erTmaneTs verafers mouxerxeben. TiToeuls<br />

TavisTvis sakuTari centri aqvs, marto TavisTvis arseboben. TvalisTvis,<br />

romelsac SeuZlia yvela erTad dainaxos, isini erTiani, didi, mSvenieri<br />

ideis nawils warmoadgenen, romelic ar SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Tundac<br />

yvelaze pataris, an yvelaze maRalis gareSe" (Lathrop 1897: 45)<br />

hoTorni fiqrobs im realobaze, romelic adamianSi irekleba. igi<br />

iziarebs transcendentalistebis rwmenas, rom umaRlesi realoba<br />

dedamiwis sagnebis CrdilSia moqceuli. is arsebobs Zveli saxlis axlos,<br />

mdinaris piras da irekleba "TiToeuli xisa da kldis, TiToeuli<br />

balaxis foTlis gamosaxulebaSi, radgan isini idealurad mSvenierni<br />

mxolod anareklSi Canan. mTeli ca Camodis Zirs Cvens fexebTan, msuye<br />

Rrublebi moedinebian zecis fiqrebis msgavsad" (Lathrop 1897: 70) Tumca<br />

mdinare binZuria da arawminda, masSi Cans zecis suraTi avtori ambobs<br />

"dae es iyos simbolo yvelaze miwieri adamianuri sulisa, romelsac aqvs<br />

ganusazRvreli dausrulebeli SesaZlebloba da SeuZlia Seicavdes<br />

ukeTes samyaros Tavis siRrmeSi" (Hawthorne 1902: 68) am anareklebSi aris<br />

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idealuri mSveniereba, romelic suls metad akmayofilebs vidre namdvili<br />

scena.<br />

"marmarilos favnSi" roca donatelo kenionTan erTad monte beniSi<br />

bus koSks uyurebs, aRmoaCenen rom "amindis cvlasTan erTad mindoric<br />

sxvadasxva iersaxes Rebulobs, rom zecis da miwis gverdi farTod aris<br />

gadaSlili Cvens winaSe. is rCevas iZleva. Uubralod daiwye misi kiTxva<br />

da aRmoaCen, rom is Tavad xsnis Tavis Tavs sityvebis daxmarebis gareSe"<br />

(Hawthorne 1866: 50) kenioni did Secdomad Tvlis, rom "Cvens saukeTeso<br />

fiqrebs adamianur enaSi vdebT… imitom, rom roca Cven avdivarT emociisa<br />

da sulieri tkbobis umaRles mwvervalebze, isini SeiZleba gamoixatos<br />

iseTi didebuli ieroglifebiT, rogoricaa asoebi Cvens irgvliv"<br />

(Hawthorne 1866: 50) raRac ufro meti aris Cadebuli adamianTa miwier<br />

siamovnebebSi. erT didebul dRes bunebis siyvaruliT sunTqva Sekruli<br />

hoTorni werda, rom aseTi dRe "aris maradisobis bednieri dapireba.<br />

Semoqmedi ver Seqmnida aseT aminds da ar mogvcemda guls, raTa<br />

davmtkbariyaviT misiT, Tu ar gvigulisxmebda ukvdavebad. es aRebs zecis<br />

WiSkars da anTebs naperwkals Rrmad sulSi.” (Hawthorne 1846) WeSmarit<br />

bednierebaSi aisaxeba "raRac ufro meti, vidre miwa flobs. ufro meti,<br />

vidre momakvdavTa SesaZleblobaa misiT datkbes. hoTorni damkvirvebeli<br />

ambobs "buneba ukeTesi ar aris wignze? adamianis guli xom yvela<br />

filosofiur sistemaze Rrmaa. drois udidesi wigni farTod aris<br />

gadaSlili Cvens win Tu mas sworad wavikiTxavT es iqneba CvenTvis<br />

maradiuli simarTlis momcveli. zogierTi iluziac ki simarTlis<br />

Crdilia. Crdilebis samyaro maradiuli simarTlis wignia, magram<br />

umaRlesi realobis Crdilebi talaxian wyalSia areklili, zecis suraTs<br />

binZuri uwminduri mdinare Crdilavs. kacobriobaMmiwisgan damzadebuli<br />

WurWelia SigniT suliT" (Passages from the American notebooks by Nathaniel<br />

Hawthorne 1868: 49) hoTorni adamianis guls alegoriulad gamoqvabuls<br />

adarebs. SesasvlelTan mzis Suqia, yvavilebi xarobs. Seabijeb SigniT da<br />

mcire manZilis Semdeg garSemortymuli xar pirquSi, saSineli garemoTi<br />

jojoxeTs rom hgavs. amiT gaocebuli adamiani imedis gareSe dawanwalebs.<br />

bolos xvdeba, rom is aRmoCnda iseT adgilze, sadac erTdroulad<br />

SeiZleba arsebobdes silamaze, sinaTle da saSineleba. ase aris avtoris<br />

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mier danaxuli adamianis gulis siRrmeebi. magram ufro Rrmaa maradiuli<br />

mSveniereba, romelsac xSirad miwieri arasrulyofileba Crdilavs. ai es<br />

aris <strong>hoTornis</strong>aTvis umaRlesi realoba, rwmena, rom bunebis ena da<br />

adamianis sulis Crdili maradiul mSvenierebas anaTebs, emersonisa da<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> mier gaazrebuli principia, olkotisaTvis yvela danarCeni iyo<br />

sulis brZola gadarCenisaTvis, imis dasabruneblad rac Tavisi dacemiT<br />

dakarga.<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> winaaRmdegobrivi debulebebi zmanebaTa Sesaxeb erTis<br />

mxriv SesaZloa sxva mweralTa gavlenis Sedegia, magram ufro metad misi<br />

sakuTari cxovrebis daZabulobidan gamomdinareobs. studentobis wlebSi<br />

is itanjeboda SiSiT, rom zmanebebi mas sabolood STanTqavdnen. is<br />

imdenad xSirad aRwers Tavis Tavs, rogorc meocnebes pirad werilebSi,<br />

“romensebis” SesavlebSi, rom Cven albaT ufleba ar gvaqvs amas ubralo<br />

sentimentaluri axireba davarqvaT. Qqorwinebis, mamobis aRiarebis Semdeg<br />

is mainc wuxda misi zmanebebis mniSvnelobaze. hoTorni Tavs<br />

idanaSaulebda, rom pasiuri, usargeblo adamiani da sakuTari warmosaxvis<br />

tyve iyo. Ees Zalian kargad Cans mis werilSi longfelousadmi. "bolo<br />

aTi welia me ar vcxovrob aramed vocnebob cxovrebis Sesaxeb an<br />

zmanebebs vxedav ...raRac magiuri ZaliT Tu ra, me gamoveyavi cxovrebis<br />

mTavar dinebas da ukan dabruneba SeuZlebelia... me Tavad davityveve Tavi,<br />

axla ki gasaRebs ver vpoulob, rom gavTavisuflde. kari rom kidevac Ria<br />

iyos albaT gareT gamosvla SemeSindeboda" (Marshal 58: 4).<br />

marTalia, Tavidan mkiTxvelze mis nawers didi STabeWdileba ar<br />

mouxdenia, magram is mweralobas mainc agrZelebda, radgan "mas sxva<br />

ambicia ar gaaCnda" (Gollin 1979: 46) wlebis manZilze, "uZluri meocnebe",<br />

rogorc is uwodebda Tavs isev da isev ubrundeboda salemis sawol<br />

oTaxs, sadac studentoba gaatara, rogorc zmanebebiT Sepyrobil adgils.<br />

es saxeba mis warmosaxvaSi saxlis datovebis merec SenarCunda. salemSi<br />

vizitisas 1840 wels is sofias werda: “es oTaxi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />

mojadoebulia. aTasi xilva mestumreboda aq da Zalian cota Tu iqneboda<br />

am samyarosTan dakavSirebuli. biografi rom myoloda, am oTaxs did<br />

mniSvnelobas mianiWebda. imitom rom martosuli axalgazrdobis umetesoba<br />

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aq gavatare da Cemi goneba da xasiaTi aq Camoyalibda. TandaTan samyarom<br />

aRmomaCina aq, Cems martosul oTaxSi" (Stewart 1944. 390).<br />

"wyeuli marto yofnis Cveuleba" misTvis ubedurebis momtani ar<br />

yofila, piriqiT, xels uwyobda mis sulier ganviTarebas. xasiaTis es<br />

Tviseba cxovrebis xmaurisa Tu aurzaurisagan icavda mas. 1850-52 wlebi<br />

cnobilia <strong>hoTornis</strong> Semoqmedebis saukeTeso xanad. am dros Seiqmna<br />

"alisferi asomTavruli", (22) "Svidfrontoniani saxli", (16) “blaiTdeilis<br />

romani"(13)... es aTwleuli dasrulda puritnizmisaTvis aqtualuri codvis<br />

problematikisadmi miZRvnili <strong>romantikuli</strong> romaniT "marmarilos<br />

Ffavni"(18, 19) romelic kaTolikur (italiur) safuZvelze iyo gadatanili.<br />

UuoSington irvingisagan gansxvavebiT, hoTorni axalgazrduli<br />

ocnebebis erTguli rCeboda. "inglisuri dRiurebi" gadmogvcemen misi<br />

saqmiani cxovrebis, literaturuli gegmebis Sesaxeb. es SeniSvnebi<br />

inglisis Sesaxeb, grZnobaTa sixalisiT aris gaJRenTili da romantikul<br />

romans sxva elfers aZleven. "marmarilos favnis” kiTxvisas, STabeWdileba<br />

gvrCeba, rom is fantaziis frenisas raRac uxilav bariers ejaxeba. Sav<br />

CanawerebSi mwerali kvlav ubrundeba unayofo simboloebs, obobas da<br />

sisxlian kvals. misi moulodneli sikvdili 1864 wels, pirsTan<br />

gaseirnebisas warmogvidgeba im gonebis sicocxlis dasasrulad, romelic<br />

daiRala "zneobrivi labirinTis xveulebSi siaruliT, sadac meocnebe<br />

seilemeli Wabuki pirvelad naxevari saukunis win moxvda "( Николюкин 1961:<br />

90).<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> Semoqmedebis analizis ganmsazRvreli misi cxovrebis<br />

istoriaa. puritanizmi mis cnobierebaSi bavSvobidanve SeiWra. ukve<br />

TxuTmeti wlis asakSi is gamsWvaluli iyo axali inglisis suliT,<br />

romelSic misi mkacri winaprebi cxovrobdnen da iwvrTnebodnen. hoTorni<br />

cotad Tu gansxvavdeboda mosamarTle <strong>hoTornis</strong>agan, an maior uiliam<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong>agan, am "pirquSi wverosnisagan, romelic atarebda Sav labadas<br />

da Sliapas wvetiani boloTi. vinc amerikis napirebTan maxviliTa da<br />

bibliiT micura." (Николюкин 1961: 98) winaprebma didi daRi daasves<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> xasiaTs. Tavisi mowodebis Sesaxeb igi naxevrad ironiuli<br />

toniT saubrobda imaze, Tu ras ityodnen misi puritani winaprebi,<br />

romelTa sulebic mis Tavze dafrinavdnen, mis mdabal da prozaul<br />

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saqmianobaze. igulisxmeba Txzva. "mizani, romliskenac me viswrafodi, maT<br />

uRirsad moeCvenebodaT. warmateba ki, Tuki Cems cxovrebaSi ojaxuri wris<br />

gareT raime warmateba meqneboda, samarcxvinod da sacodavad CaiTvleboda.<br />

ras akeTebs is? eCurCuleba erTi WaRara winapris aCrdili meores.<br />

romanebs wers. ra saqmianobaa emsaxuro kacobriobas sikvdilamde da mis<br />

mere. cota sxva safuZveli rom hqonoda, albaT quCis musikosic<br />

gamovidoda. aseTi komplimentebiT majildoeben aswleulebis iqedan Cemi<br />

winaprebi". (Hawthorne 1850: 3-45) es citatac miuTiTebs, rom hoTorni<br />

yovelTvis gaorebas ganicdida religiozur mrwamssa da Sinagan<br />

azrovnebas Soris. axali inglisis gageba <strong>hoTornis</strong> gareSe SeiZleba, misi<br />

Semoqmedebis ki am Temis gareSe ara. <strong>hoTornis</strong> wignebi savsea axali<br />

inglisis suraTebiT da mxatvruli saxeebiT, sadac misi winaprebis<br />

Crdilebi cocxldebian. <strong>hoTornis</strong> mxatvruli literatura exeba warsuls,<br />

an warsulis zemoqmedebas axlandelze. misi mSobliuri ganwyobileba<br />

warsulTan metad gansakuTrebuli iyo. Mman Zalian kargad icoda axali<br />

inglisis istoria, amanac ganapiroba, rom misi fiqri, azri Tu grZnoba<br />

sagrZnoblad ganicdida puritanuli mrwamsis gavlenas. albaT amitom<br />

gamoirCeoda mis mier Tanamedrove sazogadoebis problemebis gadwyveta<br />

puritanuli anabeWdiT. TviT misi megobari herman melvili aRniSnavda,<br />

rom "hoTornSi bevria puritanuli sibnele" da es Crdils ayenebda mis<br />

msofmxedvelobas. Tumca mwerali ar Rebulobda pirvelyofili codvisa<br />

da winaswarWvretis ideas kalvinisturi formulirebiT, mainc ar<br />

gamoricxavda adamianuri istoriis aRTqmaSi maT mniSvnelobas. tomas<br />

elioti, romlis Semoqmedebasac matiseni <strong>hoTornis</strong> pirquSi mxareebis<br />

gagrZelebad ganixilavda, aRiarebda, rom <strong>hoTornis</strong> nawarmoebebi aris<br />

puritanuli moralis, transcendentalistebisa da im samyaros kritika,<br />

romelsac is kargad icnobda" (Естетика Американcкого Романтизма 1977: 266)<br />

magram puritanuli moralis uaryofa mweralTan ejaxeba puritanuli<br />

eTikis Sinagan gamarTlebas da misken ltolvas. amitom misi<br />

damokidebuleba puritanobasTan gaorebis niSniT aris aRbeWdili.<br />

surviliT, miiRos is, rasac Sinaganad ar eTanxmeba. rogorc Tavad<br />

ambobda "maTi bunebis Tvisebebi mZlavrad aris CemSi gadaxlarTulni"<br />

(Dekker 1987: 150) erT adreul novelaSi <strong>hoTornis</strong> msjeloba miuTiTebs<br />

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ogor unda gavigoT misi nawarmoebebis Sinagani dialeqtika. "ra aris<br />

danaSauli"? kiTxulobs mwerali da pasuxobs dalaqavebuli sindisi.<br />

sainteresoa, rCeba Tu ara sindisze es sazizRari Camoubaneli laqebi Tu<br />

danaSaulia rogorc Cadena agreTve Cafiqreba.<br />

mwerals ainteresebda axali inglisis istoria da aman gavlena<br />

moaxdina mis ostatobaze. igi CaZiruli iyo uxilav samyaroSi, romlis<br />

arsebobaSi, ise rogorc ralf emersons da henri Toros eWvi ar<br />

epareboda. is ar exeboda Zveli da axali inglisis filosofosTa azrebs,<br />

Tavad gansjida sulieri cxovrebis ganviTarebis gzas. sxva mweralTa<br />

msgavsad, amJRavnebda interess urTierTobis ori formis mimarT: adamianis<br />

mimarTeba RmerTTan da RmerTisa adamianTan. misi msjeloba am kuTxiT<br />

gamoirCeoda ganusazRvrelobiT, bolomde uTqmelobiT, pesimizmiTac ki.<br />

igi didi dainteresebiT da gagebiT moekida transcendentalistebis mier<br />

aRiarebul jonaTan eduardsis swavlebas Cveni cxovrebis moraluri<br />

safuZvlis Sesaxeb. (61) sinaTlis wyaro igive iyo, magram is <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

gonebaSi gansxvavebulad transformirda.<br />

ralf emersonisa da henri Torosagan <strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTorni Tavisi<br />

Seudarebeli ostatobiT gansxvavdeboda, rac mas saSualebas aZlevda<br />

istoriuli movlenebi jadosnuri fantaziiT gamoexata, romelsac<br />

gansxvavebuli ferebis, Suqis, ganaTebis mowyobiT asrulebda. misi<br />

simbolika, xandaxan absurduli da ara yovelTvis kanonzomieri,<br />

gamoxatavs moralis dafarul kanonebs. is Cveulebrivi cxovrebisagan<br />

qmnida moraluri koliziebis, rTul jadosnur siuJetebs. colTan<br />

saubarSi hoTornma Tavis Tavs dauyoliebeli adamiani uwoda, visi<br />

interesebic eyrdnoba ojaxs, samuSaos da misTvis Zvirfas axali inglisis<br />

miwas. yovelive amasTan erTad igi adamianis sulis saidumloebebis<br />

ZebnaSi Tavisi principebis erTguli rCeboda. es kargad Cans mis 160<br />

moTxrobaSi, romantikul romanebsa da narkvevSi. igi inarCunebda<br />

gansakuTrebul skrupulozulobas adamianis gulis kvlevaSi da misi<br />

puritanuli azrovneba Rrma, gamWriax dakvirvebas eqvemdebareboda.<br />

pirvelad henri jeimsi Seecada Seefasebina puritanizmis roli amerikuli<br />

literaturis ganviTarebaSi. am damokidebulebiT, <strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTorni<br />

axloa edgar posTan, aRemateba henri jeims da gaxlavT erTgvari<br />

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fsiqologiuri Janris fuZemdebeli amerikaSi. axali inglisis puritanuli<br />

memkvidreobis mimarTvisas, romelic esoden axlobeli iyo misTvis,<br />

hoTornma TiTqos upasuxa jon uintropis mrisxane gafrTxilebas, roca is<br />

pirvel kolonistebTan erTad gemiT mocuravda axali qveynis napirebTan,<br />

"amerikuli ocnebis idealuri qalaqi gorakze- tyuilad SeiZleba<br />

gadaiqces....(Winthrop 1864: 309-311) masaCusetis pirveli gubernatoris,<br />

uintropis saxe Cndeba <strong>romanis</strong> “alisferi asomTavrulis” furclebze,<br />

romlis moqmedebac uintropis sikvdilis wels xdeba. im Rames, roca<br />

hesTer prini da dimsdeili bavSvTan erTad samarcxvino boZTan dganan.<br />

mwerals aq romantikul paTetikamde ahyavs sinamdvilis emblematuri<br />

xilva, romelic meteoris Suqze mRvdlis TvalebSi irekleba da<br />

uintropis sikvdilis Semdeg mTel bostons anaTebs.<br />

puritanizmi gamsWvalavs <strong>hoTornis</strong> “romensebs”, moTxrobebs da<br />

Crdilavs mTel mis msofmxedvelobas. novelaSi "axalgazrda brauni”,<br />

romelic herman melvilma daaxasiaTaA Rrma, rogorc dante, henri jeimsma<br />

uwoda “patara brwyinvale romensi” (Miller 1991: 119) hoTorni qmnis<br />

yovlismomcvel, kacobriobisaTvis samarcxvino suraTs, romelSic<br />

boroteba mefobs. Ramis Sekrebaze, uwmindurTa tyeSi, axalgazrda brauni<br />

xvdeba yvelas, visac bavSvobidan pativs cemda, ase amobrundeba realoba<br />

da Tavis Sinagan saxes gviCvenebs, imas, rac adamianis TvalTa xedvidan<br />

dafarulia. keTilismqmneli codvilia, patiosani garyvnili, sikeTe<br />

borotebas malavs... siuJetic ki ormag Suqze xdeba, Zneli gasarkvevia<br />

gmirs marTla gadaxda es, Tu tyeSi CaeZina da sizmari naxa.<br />

me-19 saukunis inglisurma romanma didi gavlena moaxdina hoTornze.<br />

gansakuTrebiT "goTikuri skolis” gamocdilebam, ualter skotis<br />

istoriulma romanebma. Mis adreul moTxrobebSi igrZnoba uoSington<br />

irvingis gavlena. Tumca unda aRiniSnos misi sruli gulgriloba<br />

Txrobis mravalmxrivi maneris mimarT. am gagebiT mas ar Seuqmnia raime<br />

iseTi, rasac Carlz dikensi da uiliam Tekerei namdvil wigns uwodebdnen.<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> meuRlem ver SeZlo axsna ra ifareboda mwerlis Savi<br />

pirbadis simbolos ukan. megobrebi ki irwmunebodnen, rom garegnuli<br />

qeduxrelobis ukan meore hoTorni arsebobda. is Tavad saubrobda Tavisi<br />

gonebis ufskrulebze, romelTaA gazomva SeuZlebeli iyo. henri Toros<br />

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msgavsad mas esmoda sferoebis musika, Soreuli medolis xma. <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

cxovrebaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo faruli kuTxe mis sulSi, sadac<br />

azrovneba da martooba arsebobda. es idumali samalavi asazrdoebda mis<br />

arsebobas. roca es wyaro daSra, is mokvda.<br />

zustad ar aris cnobili rodis daiwera <strong>hoTornis</strong> pirve;li<br />

nawarmoebi "fenSo", riTic dasrulda <strong>hoTornis</strong> axalgazrduli cdebi da<br />

dasabami daedo misi rogorc <strong>romanis</strong>tis karieras. mogvianebiT avtorma<br />

Tavad gaanadgura es nawarmoebi, ramac is bibliografiul iSviaTobad<br />

aqcia. “fenSos” Tema da mxatvruli saxeebi saSualebas iZlevian gavigoT<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> adreuli mxatvruli manera, romelic uolter skotisa da<br />

goTikuri romanebis cud gadamRerebas hgavs. dialogebi arabunebrivia,<br />

personaJebi ara gamomsaxvelobiTi, Tumca Tanamedroveni sworad<br />

amCnevdnen, rom am nawarmoebSic SeiniSneboda mwerlis ostatobis<br />

momavali Taviseburebebis Canasaxi.<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> xelovnebis gasagebad sainteresoa Canawerebi, rasac is<br />

Tormeti wlis ganmavlobaSi akeTebda. es is periodia, roca daiwera misi<br />

moTxrobebi da narkvevi. bevri daikarga, ganadgurda magram zogi, rogorc<br />

Tavad avtorma aRniSna, SeiZleba ipovoT gayviTlebuli gazeTis<br />

furclebze. am moswavleobis wlebma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes<br />

mwerlis mxatvruli grZnobebis ganviTarebaSi. adreul wlebSi igi<br />

upiratesobas narkvevs aniWebda. narkvevebSi iolad SeimCneva stilis<br />

araTanabaroba, rac albaT iman gamoiwvia, rom hoTorni orientacias<br />

akeTebda im Jurnalebis xarisxze, romlebTanac is TanamSromlobda.<br />

Tavisi Canawerebis wignakebis wyalobiT avtorma SeZlo dayrdnoboda<br />

misTvis ase saxasiaTo dakvirvebebs, yovelive ucnaursa da<br />

fsiqologiurad araCveulebrivs. "adamiani cdilobs ipovos miutevebeli<br />

codva, da aRmoaCens mas sakuTar gulSi da Tavis qmedebaSi" 1844 wlis am<br />

CanawerSi "iten brandis" Canasaxi Cans. swored am wignakebSi yalibdeboda<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> warmodgena adamianur urTierTobebze da sxva literaturuli<br />

siuJetebis gamoyenebis saWiroeba aRar iyo. <strong>hoTornis</strong> moTxrobebSi ukve<br />

Cans misi “romensebis” Temebi da saxeebi. Tu “romensebidan”<br />

moTxrobebisaken gadavinacvlebT, Tavis TavSi CaZiruli dimsdeili<br />

aRmoCndeba pastori huperi, satanismagvari Cilinguorsi -sawamlavis<br />

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momzadebaSi garTuli rapaCini, srulyofilebisaken mswrafi holinguorsi<br />

ugunur eilmerTan gvabrunebs, vinc colis xalis amokveTiT misi<br />

sicocxle Seiwira. moTxrobebSi aRwerili codvebi “romensebSi” meordeba.<br />

isini ara marto gvexmarebian ukeT gavigoT misi “romensebi”, aramed<br />

saSualebas iZlevian ukeT warmovidginoT me-18 saukunis puritanizmi<br />

Zogadad. "maisis xe mxiarul gorakze",(18) "WaRara mxedari",(13) "maskaradi<br />

housTan"(9). yvela istoriuli moTxroba dawerilia misi puritani<br />

winaprebis cxovrebis Rrma codnis gavleniT. didi nawarmoebebidan<br />

mxolod "alisferi asomTavruli" mowmobs uintropebis da mezerebis<br />

samyaros unikalur codnas. <strong>hoTornis</strong> istoriuli moTxroba didi<br />

ostatobiT gamoirCeva. zogierT maTgans albaT ukvdaveba uweria, Tumca<br />

maTi ricxvi arc ise didia. novelistikis Janris ganviTarebaSi maT<br />

mniSvnelovani wvlili ar SeutaniaT. isini mogvagoneben uoSington<br />

irvingis moTxrobebs, romelTac bevr Tanamedroveze moaxdines gavlena.<br />

samagierod hoTorns veravin Seedreba grZnobaTa gadmocemaSi, rac edgar<br />

pom adreve SeniSna. simbolikis gansakuTrebuli enis moSveliebiT, avtori<br />

gvaiZulebs Tavisi gmirebis yvela zneobrivi tanjva gadavitanoT, mRvdel<br />

huperis martooba, axalgazrda braunis tanjva, rojer melvilis sindisis<br />

qenjna da a.S...<br />

gulisa da gonebis dapirispireba mniSvnelovani Temaa <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

SemoqmedebaSi. is vinc mxolod gonebisgan wamosul brZanebebs emorCileba,<br />

irgvliv mxolod ubedurebas avrcelebs. aqedan modis egoizmi,<br />

ideologiuri fanatizmi, moZmeTa mimarT ugrZnobloba. Tuki adamiani<br />

iviwyebs, rom guli aris "kacobriobis magnituri jaWvis nawili" (Crowley<br />

1970: 375) is aucileblad borotebas Tesavs da upatiebel codvas Cadis.<br />

sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT, hoTorni mecnierebis SesaZleblobis<br />

gamoxatvisas yovelTvis Wvretda masSi dafarul saSiSroebas, rom<br />

SeiZleboda miRwevebi keTilSobilur miznebs ar momsaxureboda. amis<br />

dasturia swavlulis, didi inteleqtis adamianis saxe, romelic Sinaganad<br />

borotebas atarebs. rapaCini, eilmeri, Cilinguorsi am tipis gmirebia mis<br />

nawarmoebebSi.<br />

melvili hoTornze werda, rom aRfrTovanebuli iyo misi "wyvdiadis<br />

ZalauflebiT. es is wyvdiadia, romelic ase majadoebs me" (Mellvile 1850)<br />

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<strong>hoTornis</strong>aTvis satana arsebobda da adamianis bunebasTan axlos iyo. mas<br />

warmosaxviTad swamda codvis da adamianTa dacemis doqtrina. EerTerTi<br />

moTxrobis gmiri mama huperi Sav pirbades atarebs, rogorc saidumlo<br />

codvis emblemas yvela adamianis gulSi. axalgazrda brauni<br />

damorCilebulia bneli tyis misteriebs da datyvevebulia misiT.<br />

angelozis sadari beatriCe rapaCini da jorjiana codvis Sav cixes<br />

sikvdiliT gadarCebian.<br />

Nnovelebidan <strong>hoTornis</strong> yvelaze dadebiTi gmiri ouen uorlandia.<br />

"mSvenierebis ostati" warmatebas aRwevs, radgan aerTianebs realurs da<br />

irealurs Tavis saswaulebriv pepelaSi, romelic meqanikuria, magram<br />

amavdroulad cocxali da organuli, imitom rom is savsea suliT. garda<br />

amisa, miuxedavad warmatebisa es gmiri adamianuri rCeba. is karg<br />

urTierTobaSia mezoblebTan, icnobs sakuTar Tavs. icis ra SeiZleba da<br />

ra ara. bolos misi pepela irRveva, radgan is metismetad srulyofilia,<br />

raTa arsebobdes realobaSi. uorlandi izRvevs Tavs izolaciisagan,<br />

imitom rom mas esmis martoobis saSineleba.<br />

"dabadebis niSanSi" mecnieri eilmeri klavs Tavis mSvenier cols,<br />

jorjianas, roca cdilobs misi erTaderTi fizikuri naklis<br />

ganadgurebas. Tavad avtori eilmeris srulyofilebisaken swrafvis<br />

survils TanaugrZnobs.<br />

roca mwerali grZnobs, rom <strong>romantikuli</strong> xedva umtyunebs,<br />

iyenebs ufro Zvel, moralur da filosofiur tradiciebs puritanuli<br />

memkvidreobidan, religiozulobis wyarodan. moralis mimarT misi<br />

seriozuli midgoma romantikul tendenciebs afermkrTalebs. rogorc<br />

vagoneri aRniSnavs, <strong>hoTornis</strong> religiuri da eTikuri msofxedveloba<br />

metad iolad moeqca termin puritanulSi, maSin roca is aris ubralod<br />

qristianuli. (Waggoner 1962: 175) istoriuli qristianoba emyareba<br />

realobis gansjas, keTilis da borotis dapirispirebas, adamianis<br />

midrekilebas codvis mimarT. amerikaSi es xedva emfatikurad gamoixata<br />

puritanTa mier. puritanizmma warmoSva adgilobrivi terminebi da<br />

simboloebi..<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> damokidebuleba mis winaprebTan winaaRmdegobrivi iyo,<br />

rasac is arc malavda. siyvaruli da siZulvili erTdroulad. SegrZneba<br />

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danaSaulisa, rom maTgan gansxvavebulia da igive SegrZneba, rom maTiania.<br />

kritikuli midgoma maTi crurwmenebis, simkacris mimarT da mzadyofna,<br />

gamoiyenos maTi ucnauri rwmena da uxeSi kompleqsebi, raTa<br />

paradoqsulad warmoadginos uxeSi sinamdvile. hoTorni marTlac<br />

Sewuxebuli iyo puritanuli codvis SegrZnebiT da mis Tanamedroveebs<br />

ufskrulis meore mxares xedavda. mis mxares mxolod herman melvili<br />

idga. didi emersoni uaryofda pirvelsawyisi codvis ideas, rogorc<br />

Teologiur doqtrinas an moralur metaforas (Emerson 1889: 329) herman<br />

melvili "bili badSi" aRniSnavs, rom bibliuri fraza "usamarTlobis<br />

misteria ar iyo Sesabamisi rekomendacia adamianis bneli xasiaTis<br />

Sesacnobad Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisaTvis” (Melvil 1948: 7) hoTorni "gulis<br />

binZuri gamoqvabulis" xangrZlivi dakvirvebis Sedegad uaryofda<br />

winaaRmdegobriv romantikul ideas, rom kacis buneba arsebiTad kargi da<br />

RvTiuria. sakuTar sulSi Caxedvisas, es samagaliTo moqalaqe da<br />

gulubryvilo ojaxis kaci Seicnobda, rom iq ar iyo adamianuri sibinZure.<br />

kacma ar unda SeiZulos misi saZmo, Tundac danaSaulebrivi, acxadebs is<br />

erTerT moTxrobaSi. Tundac xeli gqondes sufTa, guli dabinZurebuli<br />

iqneba mofarfate fantomebiT. adamiani unda grZnobdes, rom rodesac is<br />

daakakunebs zecis WiSkarze, dalaqavebuli cxovreba uflebas ar miscems<br />

mas Sesasvlelad. unda moinanio muxlismoyriT da miteveba mova zemodan.<br />

Tu ara es oqros WiSkari arasodes gaiReba (Hawthorne 2008: 39) am kuTxidan<br />

gansjis igi xelovanis figuras, romelic warmoadgens TviTganviTarebis<br />

unikalur, Tavisufal, wminda romantikul ideals. keTilisa da borotis<br />

Secnoba <strong>hoTornis</strong>aTvis adamianuri cnobierebis simwifes niSnavs.<br />

xelovnebasTan da xelovanTan mimarTeba metad mniSvnelovania<br />

mwerlis esTetikis gansazRvrisaTvis. es aris adgili, sadac <strong>romantikuli</strong><br />

da anti<strong>romantikuli</strong> tendenciebi konfliqtSi modian. xelovani<br />

romantizmis yvelaze gansazRvruli simboloa. <strong>hoTornis</strong> Sexedulebas<br />

xelovanis funqciebis Sesaxeb miligent beli transcendentalurs<br />

uwodebs, (Bell 1962: 34) Tumca <strong>hoTornis</strong> SemoqmedebaSi igive elementebis<br />

kritikac ioli SesamCnevia. mis werilebSi gabneuli uamravi Canaweris<br />

mixedviT, aseve literaturuli naazreviT, STabeWdileba gvrCeba, rom<br />

sofia pibodisa da misi transcendentalisti megobrebis msgavsad, hoTorni<br />

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aRiarebda romantikul xedvas, romelic axali inglisis cnobierebaSi<br />

germanuli idealizmis axali filosofiiT uordsuorsisa da kolrijis<br />

gavliT SemoiWra. hoTorni idealisti iyo, magram misi legendebis<br />

konfiguracia, Txrobisa da xasiaTis daZabuloba, simbolo da toni<br />

sapirispiros niSnavs. gacnobierebulad is eTanxmeboda xelovnebaze<br />

transcendentalistebis Sexedulebas, im idealis warmodgenas,<br />

romelTanac xiluli samyaro araferia Tu ara WeSmaritebis<br />

arasrulyofili gamoxatuleba. mTeli me-19 saukunis ganmavlobaSi<br />

popularuli iyo platoniseuli ideebis doqtrina. romelic xelovnebis<br />

nimuSs gansjis rogorc "aslis asls", im realobis asls, romelic sufTa<br />

samefoSi arsebobs. platoniseuli stili <strong>hoTornis</strong> nawerSic igrZnoba.<br />

Sors wagviyvanda amis daJinebuli alegorizireba mis moTxrobebsa da<br />

“romensebSi”, erTi ki cxadia, rom realobasa da sagnebis garegnul<br />

iersaxes Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba yovelTvis problema iyo misTvis,<br />

rogorc kacisTvis da rogorc mwerlisTvis. <strong>hoTornis</strong> gansjiT, realoba<br />

ufro sulieria, vidre materialuri faqti. paTetikuri iluziiT, rom<br />

masac SeuZlia Cveulebrivad icxovros, hoTornma pirvelive Semxvedr<br />

samuSaos mohkida xeli. 1839-40 wlebSi is naxSirisa da marilis mwonavad<br />

muSaobda bostonis sabaJoSi da gansakuTrebulad fxizeli Canda<br />

arsebobis gayofili bunebis gamo. albaT imitom rom misi fiqrebi<br />

ixliCebodnen misi saqmeebis materialurobasa da SemoqmedebiT muSaobas<br />

Soris. ori wliT adre mis das SesCioda: “me daviRale ornamentad<br />

yofnisagan. patara miwis nakveTi minda romelic Cemi iqneba, imdenad didi<br />

rom davdge, imdenad didi, rom davimarxo. me minda raRac movuxerxo am<br />

materialur samyaros” (Bell 1962: 200) is sofias werda, rom ori Jurnalis<br />

gamoSveba surda garegani da Sinagani cxovrebis. "ra mSrali, suleluri<br />

istoria iqneba gare cxovrebis dRiuri. veravin ifiqrebda, rom erTi da<br />

igive kacs SeuZlia erTdroulad ori aseTi gansxvavebuli cxovrebiT<br />

icxovros...magram es uxeSi cxovreba aris zmaneba da sulieri cxovreba<br />

aris realoba" (Bell 1962: 35). cnobil werilSi sofias is werda, rom<br />

siyvaruli gadaarCens mas Crdilebis samefosgan. misi sabaJoze muSaobis<br />

periodi mowmobs mwerlis mcdelobas, aRiqvas misi drois realisturi<br />

zedapiri. Tumca Semdgom nanobda rom “yoveli dRis bevri brwyinvale<br />

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saaTi mokla am ubedur sabaJoze, romelic ase acarielebda mis<br />

gonebamaxvilobas.” (Stewart 1948: 89) hoTorns mkveTrad idealisturi xedva<br />

arasodes hqonia. brukfarmSi cxovrebis periodSi, Tumca ki<br />

pasuxismgeblobiT asrulebda mis wil samuSaos, ambobda "Cemi realuri<br />

"me" arasodes yofila amxanagobis wevri, es moCvenebiTi movlena iyo.<br />

sayviris xma dRis Sesvenebebisa da Zroxebis wvelisas, kartofilis<br />

margvla, Tivis Sekvra, mzeSi Sroma pativs mdebda mimeRo Cemi saxeli,<br />

magram es moCveneba ar viyavi me Tavad”. (Crowly 1997: 237)<br />

xelovani gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs romantikul esTetikaSi. Mmis<br />

warmosaxvas SeuZlia SeaRwios im SreSi, romelic platoniseul "faqts"<br />

faravs. is marto arsebobs iluzorulsa da realur samyaros Soris da<br />

RvTis sakuTar saxebas qmnis. novelaSi "septimus feltoni" sibil desi<br />

ambobs: "Tuki yvelafers aqvs Tavisi sulieri mniSvneloba, es<br />

literaturisTvis igivea, rac suli aris sxeulisaTvis, maSin ra aris<br />

xelovanis movaleoba?" (Hawthorne: 2008: 92) romensSi "Svidfrontoniani saxli"<br />

hoTornma poeturi instinqti gansazRvra, rogorc "gamWriaxobis saCuqari<br />

ucnaurad Sereuli elementebis sferoSi, silamazisa da didebulebis,<br />

romlebic iZulebulni arian gaiTavison esoden saZageli Cacmuloba."<br />

(Hawthorne 1851. 41) "marmarilos favnis" erT-erT gmirs, landSaftis mxatvars<br />

bunebis mimarT siyvaruli da masTan siaxlove SesaZleblobas aZlevs ise<br />

daxatos, rom misi naxatebi "ufro ukeTesi dedamiwis realobad warmoCndes".<br />

(Gollin 1991: 160)<br />

literaturuli realizmi faqtiurad xelovanis marTali xedvis mteri<br />

iyo. roca avtori warmoaCens venstminsteris saabatos qandakebebs, maT<br />

arcTu Kkargad Sesrulebul portretebs ase xsnida "simarTle rom vTqva,<br />

xelovani grZnobs Zalauflebs imdenad, rom gadaanacvlos Cveulebrivi<br />

cxovrebis aspeqtebis kanonzomiereba ramdenadac SesaZlebelia Sors, ise,<br />

rom msxverplad ar gaiRos msgavsebis yovelgvari kvali" (Bell 1962: 38).<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> komentarebi xelovnebis Sesaxeb amJRavnebs, rom is ufro metad<br />

dainteresebuli iyo xelovanis STagonebis gmiriT, vidre xelovnebis<br />

nimuSis teqnikuri xarisxiT. is aqebda gvidos, sodoms, perujinos im<br />

STagonebis xarisxis mixedviT, rac maT namuSevrebSi naxa. magaliTad is<br />

grZnobda, rom hantis da zogi prerafaelitis tiloebi "erTaderTi<br />

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Tanamedrove suraTebi iyo, romlebic ufro maRal mizans aRwevdnen, vidre<br />

es Tvalis siamovnebaa. es is erTaderTia, gonebis dapyroba rom SeuZliaT”<br />

(Bell 1962: 172) metismetad bevri xelovani mxolod Tvalis<br />

dasakmayofileblad muSaobs da ver gamoxatavs sulis Sadrevnebs.<br />

“mSvenierebis ostatSi” hoTorni wers: "vai rom xelovani, Tundac poeziaSi<br />

an nebismier sxva dargSi, ar unda kmayofildebodes Sinagani tkbobis<br />

mSvenierebiT, aramed unda misdevdes mofarfate misterias, eTeruli<br />

sferos sazRvris zemoT” (Hawthorne 1846) is rasac xelovnebis nimuSi<br />

gvaTavazobs ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre is rasac is realurad<br />

warmoadgens. hoTorni aRmerTebda momakvdavi gladiatoris qandakebas,<br />

romelzec ambobda "msgavsad sxva umaRlesi Sefasebis namuSevrisa... is did<br />

moTxovnebs uyenebs mayurebels. man unda gamoxatos simpatia moqandakis<br />

mimarT da daexmaros mis ostatobas mTeli guliT, Tu arada is bevrad<br />

ufro cotas dainaxavs, vidre es ostaturad dawnexili zedapiria, is<br />

ufro bevrs gvTavazobs vidre gviCvenebs.” (Bochner 1969: 15) aravin<br />

waikiTxavs leqss, ar Sexedavs suraTebs, qandakebebs, Tuki ar eqneba<br />

SesaZlebloba ufro meti dainaxos maTSi, vidre poetma Tu mxatvarma<br />

realurad gamoxates. maTi umaRlesi sazomi aris azris gamowveva, rom<br />

mayurebeli daafiqros Tavisi mravalmniSvnelovnebiT. romSi wm. petres<br />

kaTedralis naxvisas, “marmarilos favnis” gmiri hilda grZnobs, rom es<br />

eklesia mis zmanebebs moicavs, magram es xdeba mxolod didi xnis<br />

dakvirvebis Semdeg, didi intervalebiT SuaSi, “roca aRmoaCen, rom<br />

kaTedrali Tavis gavlenas avrcelebs Sens warmosaxviT taZarze da<br />

adgils miuCens mis Rrubliani koSkebs gumbaTis qveS.” (Hawthorne 1860: 91)<br />

xelovans, WeSmariti xelovnebis Tayvanismcemels ukeTesi xedva unda<br />

hqondes imasTan SedarebiT, rasac is xilul formaSi warudgens<br />

samyaros. hilda eubneba kenions "Sen ar unda misce Tavs ufleba, imis<br />

rwmena dakargo, rac Segiqmnia da gulgatexili iyo amis gamo. me gamigia,<br />

rom poeti msgavs siZulvils gamoxatavs Tavisi yvelaze srulyofili<br />

poemis mimarT, me vSiSob, rom es saboloo sasowarkveTa da grZnobis<br />

ukmarisoba yovelTvis iqneba jildo da sasjeli imaTTvis, vinc<br />

atacebuli iyo didi da lamazi ideiT. es yvelaferi mxolod adasturebs,<br />

rom Sen SegiZlia sagnebi imaze maRla warmoidgino, vidre es mokvdavis<br />

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niWis SesaZleblobis sazRvrebSia. idea gitovebs Sen Tavis arasrul<br />

saxes, romelic pirvelad SeiZleba realur sinamdvileSi SegeSalos,<br />

magram maleve dainaxav, rom am ukanasknelma Tavi daixsna Seni<br />

gavlenisgan”. (Hawthorne 1860. 102)<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom hoTorni grZnobda romantikul siZulvils<br />

xelovnebis nimuSis dasrulebuli fizikuri formis mimarT. Mmis mier<br />

upiratesobis miniWeba Sinagani arsisadmi, miuTiTebda gansakuTrebul<br />

ganwyobaze istoriuli nangrevebis mimarT, rac sxva <strong>romantikuli</strong><br />

konotaciebis gverdiT mSvenieri, burusiT Semosili simbolosken mobruneba<br />

iyo. <strong>hoTornis</strong> mier gamoTqmul azrebSi xelovnebis Sesaxeb Cans, rom is<br />

esTetikur realobas xSirad transcendentalurad aRiqvams. amitom is<br />

eTanxmeba xelovnebis STagonebis Sesaxeb romantikul xedvas. roca<br />

aTvalierebda venus de mediCis uficis galereas, SeniSna: "moqandake unda<br />

iyos religiozurad gamowrTobili da unda grZnobdes, rom mis sakuTar<br />

SesaZleblobebze bevrad ufro maRla, raRac Zala moqmedebs mis xelebze”<br />

(Hawthorne 1860: 47) STagonebis mwvervalis misaRwevad romantikosi xelovani<br />

unda gavdes spiritualistur mediums an religiozur mistikoss. is erTi<br />

SexedviT ver Cawvdeba bunebis guls da arss. emersoni ambobs, rom "bunebis<br />

simSveniere mxolod miraJia, roca Sen diliJansis fanjridan iyurebi (Bell<br />

1962: 48) xelovnebis nimuSis Seqmnis niWi bevrad ar aris damokidebuli<br />

Tandayolil SesaZleblobaze, romelic TiToeulis sulSi cxovrobs. is<br />

ararealizebuli memkvidreobaa, sanam ar moxdeba gamoRviZeba raRac<br />

umaRlesi Zalis mier. hoTorni aRniSnavs "drounis xis saxeSi" (5), rom<br />

"yvela adamianur sulSi aris warmosaxva, mgrZnobeloba, Seqmnis Zala, genia,<br />

romelic garemoebaTa gamo SeiZleba ganviTardes am samyaroSi, an<br />

sisulelis niRabi Camoifaros yofierebis sxva mdgomareobamde" (Hawthorne<br />

1932: 362) hoTorni Tavis TanamedroveTa msgavsad eTanxmeba xelovanis<br />

aRmatebulebis ideas, mis unikalur Zalas Caswvdes saganTa arss. RvTiurad<br />

STagonebuli xelovanis namuSevrebi jadosnuria. hoTirni grZnobda, rom<br />

mxatvroba sxva dargebze metad flobda am zebunebriv Zalas. “es Cemi<br />

axlandeli azria, rom ferwerul xelovnebas SeuZlia iyos magiuris msgavsi,<br />

ufro aRmatebuli da miuRweveli, vidre poezia anda mSvenierebis<br />

ganviTarebis sxva meTodi” ( Hawthorne 1932: 300) Tumca literaturasac<br />

80

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SeeZlo jadoqroba, mwerali imedovnebda rom TiToeuli wigni, romelsac is<br />

kiTxulobda, “Seicavda jados, romelic aRmoaCenda ganZs romelime<br />

WeSmaritebis gamoqvabulSi." (Crowley 1997: 57) <strong>hoTornis</strong>aTvis xelovneba aris<br />

im idealuris wardgena mayureblisaTvis, romelic xiluli samyaros fardis<br />

ukan aris gawolili. is upiratesobas aniWebs umaRles realobas, sulieris<br />

aRmatebulebas materialurze da faqtebis samyaros uwodebs "garegani<br />

garemoebebis morTulobas." xelovans SeuZlia Tvali mokras am umaRles<br />

realobas STagonebis momentSi. arasrulyofili nawarmoebi SeiZleba ufro<br />

axlos iyos xelovanis sulTan, vidre dasrulebuli Sedevrebi. WeSmariti<br />

xelovani aris umaRlesi Zalis WurWeli, sisxlZarRvi da saukeTeso Sedegs<br />

ufro "brZeni pasiurobiT" aRwevs am TvaliTuxilavi movlenebis mimarT,<br />

vidre winaswarganzraxuli gonebis mcdelobiT. es gansxvavebuli<br />

mosazrebebi SegviZlia erTmaneTs iolad davukavSiroT<br />

transcendentalizmis zogadi saTauris qveS. kritikosi hoqsi fearCaildi<br />

miuTiTebda: "mTavaria intuiciuri da sulieri elementebis aRmatebulobis<br />

rwmena grZnobad gamocdilebaze" (Gollin 1991: 67). <strong>romantikuli</strong><br />

transcendentalizmi ufro poeturi iyo, vidre filosofiuri. am esTetikaSi<br />

warmosaxva dapirispirebulia fantaziasTan, rac guliT nakarnaxev moralur<br />

qmedebas gonebisagan acalkevebs. hoTorni eTanxmeboda xelovanis<br />

romantikul mdgomareobas, romelic filosofiurad warmosaxvasa da<br />

intuiciur impulsze iyo damokidebuli.Mman es warmatebiT gamoiyena Tavis<br />

naazrevSi, rac yvelaze metad igrZnoba moTxrobaSi "mSvenierebis ostati".<br />

(13) <strong>romantikuli</strong> transcendentalizmi ganadidebda gonebas da ukana planze<br />

swevda guls. emersoni da sxva ingliseli romantikosebi warmosaxvas<br />

gansazRvravdnen rogorc zebunebrivTan gaigivebul Tvisebas. es<br />

identifikacia xelovans filosofiur da religiur Rirsebasac aZlevda.<br />

romantikosebs sjerodaT, rom warmosaxva zebunebrivi ZaliT exeboda<br />

Sinagan samyaros. es formula hoTornma TiTqmis gaucnobiereblad aiTvisa<br />

transcendentalistebis zogadi garemocvidan, romelSic is cxovrobda da<br />

muSaobda rogorc xelovani.<br />

evropaSi mogzaurobisas <strong>hoTornis</strong> dakvirvebebi xelovnebaze<br />

miuTiTeben mis survilze ganasxvavos warmosaxvis da fantastikis nayofi<br />

erTmaneTisgan. italiaSi yofnisas man kidev erTxel uaryo xelovneba,<br />

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omelic mxolod fantastikis Sedegia. es problema erTgvari sirTuliT<br />

mocemulia "marmarilos favnis" erTerT TavSi “esTetikuri kompania”.<br />

(Hawthorne 1860: 167)<br />

arsebobs SedarebiT meorexarisxovani transcendentaluri detali,<br />

rac mniSvnelovania <strong>hoTornis</strong> esTetikur TeoriaSi. Ees gaxlavT sarkeebi<br />

da yvela saxis anarekli. jer kidev matiseni da kauli aRniSnavdnen, rom<br />

hoTorni xSirad irTobda Tavs idealuri samefos warmosaxviT. konkordis<br />

mdinareze naviT seirnobisas igi transcendentaluri eqstaziT<br />

aSterdeboda wyalSi areklil garemos. wylis gluv zedapirze sarkis<br />

saxeba, SeiZleba <strong>hoTornis</strong>euli warmosaxvis simbolod CavTvaloT,<br />

romelic bunebas aireklavs. metic, fanjris msgavsad aRebs TvaliTuxilav<br />

samyaros. "anarekli sinamdvileSi realobaa", ambobs is, namdvili<br />

moqmedebis adgili TvaliTuxilavi realobis anareklia. rogorc bleiki<br />

werda, "maradiul samyaroSi arsebobs mudmivi realoba, rasac Cven<br />

areklils vxedavT bunebis simwvaneSi". (Coppens 2010) xelovanisaTvis,<br />

sarkes SeuZlia axsnas is simarTle, romelic kacTaTvis damalulia. masSi<br />

SeiZleba maradiuli wminda bunebis danaxva. <strong>hoTornis</strong> amerikuli da<br />

evropuli ubis wignakebi savsea CanawerebiT sarkeebis, gubeebis amreklavi<br />

zedapirebis Sesaxeb, rom avtors yovelTvis SeeZlo Tvali moekra<br />

saxisTvis moCvenebiTi samyaros anarekls iqeT. <strong>hoTornis</strong> daintereseba<br />

sarkis mxatvruli saxiT, fsiqologiuria, radganac masSi pirovnul<br />

gaorebas da narcisizmis momentis arsebobas mowmobs, ris gamoc lamazi,<br />

ganebivrebuli biWi avadmyofur, apaTiur, Tavis TavSi Caketil adamianad<br />

iqca. magram aseTi genezisi sarkis mxatvruli saxisaTvis nakleb<br />

mniSvnelovania. es aris poeturi warmosaxvis Sesabamisi simbolo,<br />

romelsac unikaluri SesaZlebloba aqvs miuaxlovdes maradisobis<br />

warsul da awmyos xedvas. amitom igulisxmeboda, rom sarkeebi mkvdari<br />

adamianebis moCvenebebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. moTxrobaSi "eqim heidegeris<br />

cda", (162) roca eqimis mier gaaxalgazrdavebuli megobrebi gaxarebuli<br />

xtian mis win "maRali sarke ireklavs sam WaRara, gamofitul bebers,<br />

sasacilod rom ibrZvian moxuci, maxinji qalisTvis" (The Great English Short<br />

Story Writers 2008; 80) sarke erTaderTi utyuari adgilia msoflioSi, sadac<br />

farisevloba SeuZlebelia. simarTlis mTqmeli sarke, aris is mxatvruli<br />

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saxe, romelsac hoTorni xSirad iyenebs Tavis romantikul romanebSi.<br />

"sarkeze Tvalis Sevlebisas, Cven vamCnevT mis mojadoebul napirze<br />

movarvare naxevrad Camqral antracits...mTvaris TeTri sxivebi iatakze<br />

ecema da SuqCrdilis monacvleoba am suraTSi erTi nabijia<br />

sinamdvilidan warmosaxvisaken. aseT dros, aseTi scenis winaSe, Tu kaci<br />

marto zis da ar SeuZlia ucnaur sagnebze iocnebos, isini simarTles<br />

miamsgavsos, man arc unda scados romensis wera.” (Hawthorne 1850: 33)<br />

yovelive amis SemoTavazeba ki sarkes SeuZlia. is aris Sesasvleli<br />

mojadoebul zebunebrivi realobis samefoSi. xelovanis warmosaxvis<br />

sarkeSi, rogorc hoTornma Caifiqra aqtualuri idealurad iqca. Tumca is<br />

ar Tvlida rom man warmatebiT miaRwia am romantikul saswauls.<br />

"sabaJoSi" kvlav acxadebs, rom misi sakuTari warmosaxva "dalaqavebuli<br />

sarkea", radgan mas ar SeuZlia ganarCios sulieri simarTle sabaJos<br />

bneli substanciisagan. (Hawthoren 1850: 31)<br />

Tanamedrove Tema xelovanis gaucxoebisa, romelic esoden aqtualuria<br />

dRes, modis swored me-19 saukunis azridan xelovanis Sesaxeb, romelic<br />

gansakuTrebuli, sxvaTagan gamorCeuli adamiania. an angelozi, an demoni,<br />

magram ara Cveulebrivi adamiani. xelovanis martosulobis Tema ufro da<br />

ufro Rrma gaxda romantikosi mwerlebis Semoqmedebis Semdeg.<br />

gaRvTiurebulma xelovanma adgili dauTmo sul sxva adamians, visTvisac es<br />

gacveTili gaqceva aqtualuri aRar aris. es problemis Tanamedrove fazaa,<br />

romelsac TiTqmis mxolod hoTornma miaqcia yuradReba Tavis<br />

TanamedroveTa Soris. is xelovanis martosulobas ar xedavda rogorc<br />

pozas. aramed rogorc erTsa da bevrs Soris ganlagebis realur Sedegs.<br />

igulisxmeba xelovani da auditoria. is grZnobda, rom idealistma<br />

filosofosebma, viskenac midrekilni iyvnen misi Tanamedroveebi, es<br />

ufskruli gaaRrmaves. es gaxlavT erTerTi mTavari Tema mis romantikul<br />

romanSi “blaiTdeilis romensi”. mTavari gmiri koverdeili metad axlos<br />

dgas mwerlis pirovnebasTan. Mmis pirovnebaSi <strong>hoTornis</strong> avtobiografiuli<br />

Strixebi igrZnoba. is pirveli ucxo anu autsaideria amerikul<br />

literaturaSi. maRali mgrZnobelobis adamiani, romelic gaucxoebulia<br />

garesamyarosgan da sasowarkveTiT cdilobs realurad daiWiros kavSiri<br />

masTan. gaucxoebisaTvis brZola Tavad mwerlisTvisac xangrZlivi procesi<br />

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iyo. is ar kmayofildeboda imiT, rom misi xelovneba cxovrebis ganapira<br />

mxares saqmianoba unda yofiliyo, rogorc es "mSvenierebis ostatis" mTavari<br />

gmiris, ouen uorlandis SemTxvevaSi xdeba. is ar Tvlida Rirseulad<br />

xelovnebas, Tuki is garyvnil, antihumanur egoizms emsaxureboda, rac man<br />

simbolurad gamoxata "winaswarmetyvelur suraTebSi". hoTornma Svidi weli<br />

gaatara sazRvargareT. man evropis cdunebani bevrad ufro Rrmad igrZno,<br />

vidre uoSington irvingma an henri longfeloum. mwerlis emigracia,<br />

amerikaSi praqtikuli da inteleqtualuri cxovrebis yofnis gamocdilebis<br />

Sesabamisi iyo. es gaxldaT Sinagani eqspatriacia, rogoric jorj eliotma<br />

da henri jeimsma mogvianebiT gamoscades. erTaderTi Tanamedrove, visac<br />

hoTorni azrs uziarebda, herman melvili gaxldaT, romelsac ar uZebnia<br />

sxvagan nugeSi da miviwyebul niu-iorkSi cxovrobda.<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> Semoqmedebaze dakvirvebisas Cven SevniSneT, rom<br />

gadawyvetileba Tavi miuZRvna xelovnebas yvelgan saxifaToa, magram<br />

metismetad fataluria axal inglisSi. mwerali TiTqos afrTxilebs<br />

yvelas vinc am sabediswero movlenis winaaRmdeg wava, rom is amerikaSi<br />

imyofeba. "mSvenierebis ostatis” socialuri mniSvneloba is gaxlavT, rom<br />

"amerikuli sazogadoebis praqtikuli cxovreba ganqorwinebulia<br />

SemoqmedebiT impulsTan". (Bell 1962: 202)HhoTorni grZnobda ufskruls<br />

fiqrsa da qmedebas Soris, rasac amerikuli cxovreba ufro da ufro<br />

axvevda Tavs Tavis xelovanebs, da ramac 60-70 wlebSi evropuli<br />

civilizaciis mimarT nostalgiis warmoSoba ganapiroba.<br />

didi xani ar aris, rac zogadad miRebulia, rom hoTorni gandegili,<br />

realuri samyaros mimarT indeferentuli adamiani iyo. Tumca<br />

biografiuli cnobebi sawinaaRmdegos miuTiTeben. is mTeli Tavisi<br />

sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi axlos idga politikasTan da politikosebTan.<br />

icoda ra uTanxmoeba arsebobda mis dros gulwrfelobas, idealizmsa da<br />

mSvenierebas Soris. henri longfelousaTvis miweril werilSi werda:<br />

"zogjer Tvalis saWvretidan Tvals movkrav xolme realur samyaros da<br />

is ori Tu sami statia, romelSic me es wamieri STabeWdileba gadmoveci,<br />

metad msiamovnebs, vidre sxva danarCeni" ( Bell 1962: 198) es ganacxadi kidev<br />

erTxel adasturebs, rom warmosaxva bevrad ufro mniSvnelovani iyo<br />

misTvis vidre yoveldRiuri gamocdileba.<br />

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<strong>hoTornis</strong> TiTqmis mTelma cxovrebam axali inglisis patara<br />

qalaqebSi gaiara, Sors xmauriani parizidan, londonidan, rac ase<br />

izidavda xelovan adamianebs. swored erTerT ase wynar qalaqSi Sexvda<br />

is Zlier da mniSvnelovan ideologiur mimdinareobas,<br />

transcendentalizms, romelic me-19 saukunis amerikaSi warmoiSva. axal<br />

inglisSi is TanamSromlobda gazeTebTan, JurnalebTan, iyo redaqtori,<br />

muSaobda sabaJoze, iyo furieristuli koloniis "brukfrmis" wevri.<br />

bolos miiiRo konsulis Tanamdeboba liverpulSi, ramac saSualeba misca<br />

italiasa da safrangeTSi emogzaura. rogorc ar unda yvareboda Tavisi<br />

kabinetis siCume, is tovebda mas da xvdeboda axal adamianebs, axal<br />

tipaJebs, exeboda sxvadasxva cxovrebiseul situaciebs. maTi portretebi<br />

datova kidec "ubis wignakebSi" SesaZloa es adamianebi ar iyvnen raimeTi<br />

gamorCeulni, magram mwerals aZlevdnen sazrdos, raTa dakvirveboda<br />

adamianis bunebas, emsjela zneobriv kanonebsa da garemos zemoqmedebaze.<br />

adamianuri da socialuri gamocdileba wignier da istoriulTan erTad<br />

misi Semoqmedebis safuZvlad iqca, asazrdova misi warmosaxva, radgan<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> fantazia ar iyo ubralod RrublebSi frena. fantastikur<br />

formaSi is debda filosofiur, socialur, eTikur, esTetikur sakiTxebs,<br />

rac misi drois amerikas awuxebda. STabeWdilebis simdidre, konkretuli<br />

cxovrebiseuli dakvirvebebis simravle <strong>hoTornis</strong> mxatvruli meTodis<br />

<strong>Tavisebureba</strong>s warmoadgenda.<br />

sakmaod rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi iyo <strong>hoTornis</strong> damokidebuleba<br />

transcendentalizmTan. edgar posagan gansxvavebiT is aRizarda im axal<br />

inglisur niadagze, sadac transcendentalistebi. magram maT cnobierebaSi<br />

cocxlobda ufro Zveli, axalinglisuri inteleqtualuri tradicia,<br />

puritanuli kalvinizmi. "Tandayolili codvis doqtrina" misTvis mkvdari<br />

religiuri dogma ar iyo. metad bevr codvas xedavdnen isini<br />

garesamyaroSi.<br />

hoTorni Sors idga adamianuri "mes" kultisagan. bevri mwerali<br />

romantikosisgan gansxvavebiT is Tavisi Txrobis centrSi arasodes ar<br />

ayenebda gansakuTrebul pirovnebas. SeiZleba erTi SexedviT vifiqroT,<br />

rom igi gverds uvlida transcendentalistebis doqtrinas "ende sakuTar<br />

Tavs”, magram sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis problema yovelTvis misi<br />

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yuradRebis centrSi idga. amis dasturia misi romanebi "alisferi<br />

asomTavruli" da “blaiTdeilis romani". pirvel romantikul romanSi<br />

konfliqti gmirsa da sazogadoebas Soris wydeba arcTu mTlad<br />

gavrcelebuli <strong>romantikuli</strong> sqemis Sesabamisad. puritanuli sazogadoebis<br />

usamarTlo damokidebuleba esTer prinis mimarT naTelia. gmiri<br />

sulierad maRldeba, misi damsjeli sazogadoeba ki gankicxvas imsaxurebs.<br />

hoTorni am problemas bevrad ufro daxvewilad da siRrmiseulad udgeba.<br />

esTeri sulis siRrmeSi eTanxmeba sazogadoebis mier gamotanil ganaCens,<br />

radgan TviTonac msgavsi suliskveTebiT aris aRzrdili, riTac misi<br />

garemocva. miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoebas Zalian daSorda, is ver<br />

wyvets masTan sulier kavSirs. PpiriqiT, gadatanili tanjva mas ufro<br />

brZens da adamianebis mimarT Semwynareblurs xdis. esTeri sxva adamianad<br />

iqceva. yvela ubeduris, daCagrulis mrCevlad da damamSvideblad.<br />

codvilidan, im adamianebis TvalSi vinc erTdros gaasamarTla, wmindanad<br />

iqca. magram is mainc Zalian Sors aris Cveulebrivi adamianebisagan.<br />

wmindani Tavisi martoobiT maRla dgas adamianebze. codvili ki Tavisi<br />

danaSauliT dabla, Tumca ki orive martoa. esTeri ver Tavisufldeba<br />

miRebuli mZime gamocdilebisagan. marTalia sazogadoebam Seundo mas,<br />

magram mas aRar SeuZlia maTTan dabruneba.<br />

"blaiTdeilis romanSi” HhoTorns sxva sakiTxi awuxebs,<br />

SesaZlebelia Tu ara srulyofili sazogadoebis arseboba. misi daskvna<br />

uaryofiTia, mizezi am pesimisturi ganwyobisa aris imis Secnoba, rom<br />

srulyofili adamiani ar arsebobs. SemTxveviT ar xdeba, rom<br />

falansterebis xelmZRvaneli holinguorsi “blaiTdelis romensidan”<br />

Tavis mTavar miznad damnaSaveTa xelaxla aRzrdas isaxavs. <strong>romanis</strong> gmiri<br />

zenobia Tvlis, rom saWiro ar aris anomaliebiT dainteresde maSin, roca<br />

kacobriobis umetesoba savsebiT normaluri adamianebisagan Sedgeba.<br />

amitom maTze zrunva ufro gamarTlebulia. magram holinguorsma, ise<br />

rogorc hoTornma, icis, rom nebismieri danaSauli aris imis gamoxatvis<br />

ukiduresi forma, rac TiToeul CvenganSi farulad arsebobs. amitom sanam<br />

amqveynad Tundac erTi damnaSave arsebobs, ar aris garantia rom ar<br />

gamoCndeba meore misnairi, mere mesame, meoTxe, meaTe da ase Semdeg.<br />

holinguorsis mcdeloba marcxiT mTavrdeba, ara imitom rom damnaSaveTa<br />

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gamosworeba ar SeiZleba, aramed imis gamo, rom Tavad pedagogi ver<br />

uZlebs Zalauflebis macdunebel Zalas. masSi despoturi midrekilebebi<br />

Cndeba da amis Sedegad CanafiqrSi esoden mSvenieri falansteri ingreva.<br />

am magaliTebis mixedviT kargad Cans, rom hoTorni frTxilobs metismetad<br />

ar endos doqtrinas "ende sakuTar Tavs" da miuTiTebs mis reformator<br />

megobrebs saidan modis safrTxe.<br />

emersonis da sxva transcendentalistebis bevri koncefcia<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> esTetikaSi aris ganxorcielebuli. rasac emersoni zesuliers<br />

uwodebda, luiza olkoti suliers, <strong>hoTornis</strong>Tvis es zerealoba iyo.<br />

xelovani emersonisaTvis adamianTa warmomadgenelia, olkotisaTvis<br />

winaswarmetyveli, fuleri mas sulis bunebrivi cxovrebis momRerals<br />

uwodebs. (Marjorie 1969: 47) hoTorni xelovani transcendentalisti poetis<br />

msgavsad simarTles bunebaSi daxatuls xedavs da Tavisi xelovnebis<br />

nimuSs amis mixedviT qmnis. rasac emersoni fiqris dones uwodebs,<br />

hoTorni imas warmosaxvis da realobis, sinamdvilis SereviT aRwevs, sanam<br />

misi centraluri figura anu adamiani ar Seerwymeba bunebas, an ar<br />

dauaxlovdeba mas. misi xasiaTebis Seqmnisas codvasTan dapirispirebiT<br />

avtori aRwevs gmiris bunebis mimarT transcendentalur simarTles,<br />

romelic universalur simarTles emTxveva. ase iqmneba sulieri samyaros<br />

mxatvruli saxe. <strong>hoTornis</strong> esTetikis kvleva, xelovnebaze Sexedulebebis<br />

detaluri ganxilva safuZvels gvaZlevs vifiqroT, miuxedavad garkveuli<br />

winaaRmdegobebisa misi msofmxedveloba Seesabameba transcendentalur<br />

esTetikas.<br />

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Tavi III<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> <strong>romantikuli</strong> romani<br />

3. 1. realoba da puritanizmTan mimarTeba <strong>hoTornis</strong> “romensSi”<br />

NA <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> esTetikuri Sexedulebani srulyofilad aris<br />

ganxorcielebuli mis SemoqmedebaSi da sakmaod naTlad asaxavs<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong>, igive “romensis” specifikas. amis naTelsayofad<br />

ganvixilavT Semdeg romantikul romanebs: "alisferi asomTavruli",<br />

“Svidfrontoniani saxli”, “marmarilos favni” da “blaiTdeilis romani”.<br />

<strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> romantikul romans "alisferi<br />

asomTavruli" bevri mwerali da kritikosi saukeTesod Tvlis. henri<br />

jeimsi werda: "sxva romanebTan SedarebiT is ufro ubralo da<br />

daxvewilia, srulyofilad aRwevs imas, rac miznad dausaxavs, iseTi<br />

gansazRvras Znelad daqvemdebarebuli momxibvlelobiT, rogorsac Cven<br />

mudam vxvdebiT im ostatis nawarmoebebSi, romelic pirvelad aRwevs<br />

mwvervals Taviseburi pirdapirobiT da ganxorcielebis bunebrivobiT."<br />

(James 1896: 116)<br />

uamravi wlebi daixarja msgavs saxeebze da Temebze, daiwera<br />

moTxrobaTaAmTeli seria, romelic aRwerda axali inglisis istoriis<br />

puritanul periods. yvela es nawarmoebi miuTiTebs, rom avtori kargad<br />

erkveoda puritanuli fsiqologiis, socialuri Tu politikuri<br />

cxovrebis detalebSi. swored amitom daiwera "alisferi asomTavruli"<br />

1849 wels, SesaniSnavi <strong>romantikuli</strong> romani "adamianuri yofierebis<br />

erTferovnebaze da dauSretel mwuxarebaze" (Literary History of The United States<br />

1972: 432) me-17 saukunis axali inglisis cxovrebis mTeli am istoriis<br />

ganmavlobaSi, dawyebuli cixis karis scenidan, esTer prinis saflavis<br />

aRweriT damTavrebuli gvaocebs realobisa da fantastikis didebuli<br />

gadaxlarTva, rac <strong>hoTornis</strong> “romensis” ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba<br />

gaxlavT. mwerali istoriis detalebis WeSmaritebaze ar amaxvilebs<br />

yuradRebas, Tumca gubernator belinhemis da misis hibinsis portretebi<br />

istoriidan aRebuls hgavs. wignSi ostatis gansakuTrebuli azrovneba<br />

igrZnoba. igi gviCvenebs mTeli puritanuli memkvidreobis mxatvrul<br />

suraTs. hoTorni ar axvevs mkiTxvels Tavs religiur dogmebs, an<br />

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adgilobrivi adaT-wesebis gansjas. eklesia, mRvdeli, mRvdelTmsaxureba,<br />

sasamarTlo, samlocvelo gamWriaxi adamianis mier aris naCvenebi. yvela<br />

moTxroba, im Soreul droze, romlis Sesaxebac avtori mezerTan an tomas<br />

pirsTan kiTxulobda yvelaferi, rac Tavad amoicno puritanizmSi,<br />

"alisferi asomTavrulis" safuZvelSia Cadebuli. Tanac im utyuarobiT,<br />

rac mxolod istoriuli arqivebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. Txroba<br />

gamoirCeva mxatvruli saxeebis sicocxliT, iqneba es eklesiis pirquSi<br />

daraji Tu sasiamovno garegnobis esTer prini. "blaiTdeilis romansSi"<br />

hoTorni werda, rom mas urCevnia aTjer moxedos warsuls, vidre erTxel<br />

Caxedos momavals TvalebSi. (Hawthorne 1865: 92) albaT amitom kvlav da<br />

kvlav ubrundeboda Zveli puritanuli inglisis Temas.<br />

"alisferi asomTavrulis" moqmedeba xdeba puritanul axal<br />

inglisSi, bostonSi. Txroba iwyeba cixis Senobis kedlebidan. esTer<br />

prinis istoria, siuJetis mTavari Zafi ar gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli<br />

originalobiT an sirTuliT. igi mogviTxrobs qalis Sesaxeb, romelsac<br />

misjili aqvs mTeli cxovreba gulze ataros alisferi aso “a”- mis mier<br />

Cadenili codvis niSani. (inglisuridan TargmanSi sityva adiulteri<br />

avxorcobas, colqmruli erTgulebis darRvevas aRniSnavs) “romensis”<br />

centrSi dgas filosofiur eTikuri problema, puritanuli sazogadoebis<br />

angariSsworeba misi moralis darRvevis gamo. es is sazogadoebaa,<br />

visTvisac adamiani dabadebamde codvilia da amitom mTeli misi cxovreba<br />

am codvis gamosyidvas unda mieZRvnas.<br />

am istoriiT mwerali <strong>romanis</strong> Seqmnamde didi xniT adre<br />

dainteresda. pirvelad, qali wiTeli asomTavruliT gulze, gvxvdeba<br />

moTxrobaSi "endikoti da wiTeli jvari" (8) 1837 es siuJeti mwerlis ubis<br />

wignakebSic aris aRniSnuli. 1841 wlis 27 oqtombers mwerals dRiurSi<br />

Setanili aqvs: “zneobrivi an sulieri sneulebis simbolizireba<br />

sxeulebrivTan: roca adamiani codvas Cadis, aman SeiZleba mis sxeulze<br />

wylulis gaCena gamoiwvios" (Passages from the American notebooks by Nathaniel<br />

Hawthorne 1868: 49) es Canaweri am dramis erTerTi monawilis, artur<br />

dimsdeilis saxis Seqmnis winapirobaa.<br />

hoTorni romantikul romans im wertilidan iwyebs, romelsac<br />

me-19 saukunis <strong>romanis</strong>tebi dasasruls uwodebdnen. wignis pirvel TavSi<br />

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siuJetis yvelaze mwvave koliziebi ukve ukan aris. bostonSi moedanze<br />

samarcxvino boZTan dgas axalgazrda, lamazi qali, codvis cocxali<br />

dadasturebiT, ukanono bavSviT da gulze wiTeli aso “a” Ti. misi<br />

danaSauliT aRSfoTebuli brbo risxvas, siZulvils afrqvevs. mxolod<br />

avtori, romelic scenas Semdgomi saukunis adamianis TvaliT uyurebs,<br />

esTer prins CviliT xelSi rogorc RvTismSoblis wminda xatebas ise<br />

xedavs. "alisfer asomTavrulSi" warsulTan damokidebulebaSi gansjis<br />

intonacia Warbobs. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom avtori obieqturia<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> movlenebTan mimarTebaSi, rac ewinaaRmdegeba<br />

romantizmisTvis gamorCeulad damaxasiaTebel Txrobis subieqturobas. es<br />

faqti mwerlis gacnobierebuli mcdelobis Sedegia, romelmac amisaTvis<br />

mxatvruli xerxebis mTeli rigi gamoiyena. magaliTad yuradRebis<br />

gamaxvileba <strong>romanis</strong> pirvelwyaroze, TiTqos es mxolod Canawerebis<br />

gadaadgileba iyo, romlebic sabaJos damkvirvebels vinme jonaTan pius<br />

ekuTnoda. Tavis droze es xerxi popularobiT sargeblobda<br />

literaturaSi. avtori meti damajereblobisTvis nivTmtkicebulebasac<br />

gvTavazobs, “a”-s formis wiTeli qsovilis naglejs. hoTorns surs<br />

mkiTxvels STaagonos, rom is ecnoba ara gamogonil, aramed namdvil<br />

istorias. arsebiTi roli eniWeba konteqsts, romelSic es faqtebia<br />

mocemuli.<br />

simbolikisa da <strong>romantikuli</strong> ironiis gverdiT, rac <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

“romensebis” mxatvrul fons qmnis, realisturi tendenciebic arsebobs.<br />

mwerali did pativs scemda materialur samyarosa da realobas, albaT<br />

amitomac xiblavda trolopis novelebi. "soliduri, substanciuri, da<br />

imdenad realuri TiTqos viRac goliaTma uzarmazari lampiT gaanaTa<br />

dedamiwa" (Throllope 1879: 203) es faqti yvelaze xelSesaxebad “romensis”<br />

SesavalSi "sabaJo" igrZnoba. Tavad avtori Sesaval nawils ufro<br />

mniSvnelovnad Tvlida, vidre Tavad nawarmoebs, radgan fiqrobda rom es<br />

narkvevi ufro met yuradRebas miiqcevda. Ggasagebic aris mkiTxvelis da<br />

mkvlevaris cxoveli interesi "sabaJos" mimarT. radgan am SesavalSi<br />

mocemulia mwerlis Sexedulebebi xelovnebaze da <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong><br />

Teoria, romelmac Semdgom xorci Seisxa "alisferi asomTavrulis"<br />

mxatvrul struqturaSi. Tumca es mainc ar aris jer mkafiod<br />

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formulirebuli Janris specifikis mTliani Teoria. avtobiografiuli<br />

narkvevi "sabaJo", mogviTxrobs <strong>hoTornis</strong> samsaxuris Sesaxeb sabaJoze, anu<br />

im wlebze, romelic win uZRoda <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> Seqmnas. realuri<br />

cxovrebidan aRebuli TanamSromelTa portretebis aRwera ukve eWvs aRar<br />

iwvevs biografiuli cnobebis sisworeSi. Txrobis toni xan<br />

damajerebelia, xan msubuqi ironiiT Seferili. Txrobis obieqturobisaken<br />

swrafva winaaRmdegobaSi modis subieqtur mimarTulebasTan, rac<br />

damaxasiaTebelia <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong>aTvis. es faqti mwerlis mxatvruli<br />

xedvis <strong>Tavisebureba</strong>s gansazRvravs. amitom kritikosebi zog SemTxvevaSi<br />

yoymanobdnen miekuTvnebinaT hoTorni romantikosTa jgufisTvis Tu ara.<br />

arc erT mis nawarmoebSi es winaaRmdegobrivi tendencia ase<br />

srulyofilad da bunebrivad ar asaxula, rogorc "alisfer<br />

asomTavrulSi.”<br />

narkvevSi hoTorni ZiriTadad eyrdnoba mogonebebs salemSi muSaobis<br />

periodze. me-18 saukunis ingliseli mwerlis maneriT hoTorni cdilobda<br />

axlos yofiliyo simarTlesTanAda mkiTxvels uxsnida, Tu rogor<br />

Cauvarda xelSi "uamravi gverdi". magram es ar aris erTaderTi mizani.<br />

avtorisaTvis aucilebelia mkiTxvelis gulisaken mimavali gza uSualod<br />

masTan mimarTviT ipovos. aseTi literaturuli xerxi emociur datvirTvas<br />

atarebs da Txrobis lirikuli uvertiuraa, rac metwilad gansazRvravs<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> ZiriTad tonalobas. "alisfer asomTavrulSi" ar<br />

aris moTxrobili ambebi pirdapiri gagebiT. aq warmodgenilia sami<br />

mTavari gmiris sulieri drama. “romensis” kiTxva mkiTxvelis mxridan<br />

TanagrZnobas gulisxmobs. amitom igrZnoba, rom avtori mkiTxvelTan<br />

kontaqtis damyarebas cdilobs. "sabaJo" mTeli <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong><br />

esTetikuri gasaRebia. amitom iyo mwerlisTvis wignis es nawili ase<br />

mniSvnelovani. wignis meore gamocemis SesavalSi man uari Tqva raime<br />

Seecvala masSi.<br />

narkvevi "sabaJo" mSobliuri salemis aRweriT iwyeba, Zvel ports,<br />

dafxavebul navmisadgoms, romelic odesRac pirvelobas iCemebda, axla<br />

bostonisa da niu-iorkisaTvis dauTmia adgili. aq, am Zvel saporto<br />

qalaqSi, romelic ukve vaWrebsac aRar ainteresebT, hoTornma ipova<br />

"siZveleebi, saidumloebebi, ferweruli da bneli boroteba," ris<br />

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naklebobasac is "marmarilos favnis" SesavalSi uCioda. am adgilebSi ori<br />

saukunis win gamoCnda pirveli britaneli emigranti, vinc saTave daudo<br />

hoTornTa gvars. avtori uwyvet kavSirs grZnobs Tavis Tavsa da winaprebs<br />

Soris. misi naweriT is cdilobs winaparTa aCrdilebi gaacocxlos,<br />

gadaiyvanos mkiTxveli puritanuli siZvelis samyaroSi, sadac adamianebs<br />

uyvardaT, itanjebodnen, ZuldaT da sicocxliT ixdidnen Tavisi vnebis<br />

safasurs.<br />

sabaJos sasacilo, mxiaruli moxuci msaxurebi <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong><br />

TviTgvemisken midrekil puritanul sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT gasocar<br />

kontrasts qmnian. "warsuli Taobis gaciebuli xumrobebi sicilTan erTad<br />

ibuStebodnen da dnebodnen maT tuCebze" (Hawthorne 1852: 13) sabaJos<br />

Cinovnikebs ar SeuZliaT Caidinon "suleluri da usindiso saqmeebi", da<br />

mainc, rogorc hoTorni ambobs "sabaJos arc ukana da arc sadarbazo kars<br />

ar SevyavarT samoTxeSi" (Hawthorne 1852: 11) sabaJoze miRebul<br />

gamocdilebaze saubrisas hoTorni mis kolegebze ambobs, rom maTi<br />

umravlesoba aris "damRleli, mosawyeni beberi sulebis gundi, romelTac<br />

veraferi RirsSesaniSnavi ver Sekribes maTi cxovrebis gamocdilebidan,<br />

rac SeiZleba Senaxvad Rirdes" (Hawthorne 1852: 14). es Sesavali mwerlis<br />

satiruli talantiTa da weris maneriT im drois popularul Janrs<br />

romantikul esses mogvagonebs.<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> Sesavali sabaJos Senobis aRweriT iwyeba.<br />

avtori mkiTxvelis yuradRebas saxelmwifo gerbze aCerebs. "fasadze<br />

uzarmazari amerikuli arwivis egzemplari Cans, gaSlili frTebiT, gulze<br />

fariT da Tu mexsiereba ar mRalatobs, TiToeul TaTSi elvis konis<br />

wvetiani isrebgaCrili__da sarkastulad amatebs_ "miuxedavad misi<br />

Sexedulebisa, arcTu cota moqalaqe axlac cdilobs Seefaros<br />

federaluri arwivis frTas, gulmkerdi rbili da myudro aqvs, rogorc<br />

bumbulis baliSi. magram TviT saukeTeso wuTebSic ki igi arcTu Zalian<br />

rbilia da adre Tu gvian, ufro ki adre, gaaZevebs mis bartyebs,<br />

Cauniskartebs an daWris alesili isriT. ai es aris WeSmariti mizezi<br />

gaucxoebis da izolaciisa". (Hawthorne 1852: 3-4) aq ukve iWreba amerikuli<br />

romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTerTi mTavari Tema. Aadamianis<br />

gaucxoeba sazogadoebis mimarT. saxelmwifo samsaxuri adamians unergavs<br />

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iluzorul rwmenas, romelic sabolood Rupavs mas. roca sabolood<br />

moxucdeba, moisvrian "cxovrebis bnel bilikze da sakuTari Tavis anabara<br />

toveben" (Hawthorne 1852: 11) sazogadod rbili da refleqturi mwerali aq<br />

sakmaod mkacrad miuTiTebs amerikaSi fulis Zalauflebis gamefebis<br />

Sesaxeb. "me ar vapireb upativcemuloba gamovamJRavno Zia semis mimarT,<br />

magram Zveli Rirseuli jentlmenis oqros iseTi wyevla adevs, rogorc<br />

satanis saganZurs. is vinc am monetebs Seexeba, sadarajoze unda idges,<br />

Torem molaparakeba mis sawinaaRmdegod Sebrundeba da is suls Tu ara,<br />

bevr saukeTeso sulier Tvisebas dakargavs: gadawyvetilebis miRebis<br />

unars, simtkices, mamacobas, erTgulebas, sakuTari Tavis imeds, erTi<br />

sityviT yvelafers, saidanac adamianuri xasiaTi iwyeba" (Hawthorne 1852: 36)<br />

"sabaJoSi" mwerali aRiarebs, rom Semoqmedis Sroma da misi qmnilebis<br />

Rirseba ar aris misTvis TviTmizani, is Seesabameba im adamianTa<br />

cxovrebas, vinc Tavisi yoveldRiurobiT daSorebulia specifikur<br />

problemebs da kamaTs literaturisa da xelovnebis sakiTxebze. Tavisi<br />

samsaxuris mogonebisas, roca sabaJos mTavari meTvalyure iyo, hoTorni<br />

aRniSnavs, rom "adamianisaTvis, romelic ocnebobs literaturul<br />

didebaze da kalmis saSualebiT msoflioSi cnobili adgilis mopovebaze,<br />

sasargeblo iqneba, Tu gamova im viwro wridan, sadac aRiarebiT<br />

sargeblobs da darwmundeba ramdenad umniSvneloa am sazRvrebs iqeT<br />

yovelive is, rasac akeTebs da riskenac iltvis" (Hawthorne 1852: 24)<br />

Zneli ar aris SeamCnio nawarmoebSi istoriuli faqtebis<br />

erTgvari sazeimo Semotana, rac miuTiTebs avtoris daJinebul survilze,<br />

miuaxlovdes realobas. istoriuli saxelebi, gubernatori belinhemi da<br />

jon uinTropi <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> dasawyisSive Cndeba. uinTropis<br />

sikvdilis specialuri citireba moTxrobaSi momxdar movlenebs ufro<br />

zustadac aTariRebs, vidre es SeiZleba avtors surda. sxva saxelebis<br />

xsenebac: endikoti, bredstriti, ser tomas overberi, istoriis beWeds<br />

asvams nawarmoebs. bostonis puritanTa Cvevebi da cxovreba detalebSi<br />

aris mocemuli. danaSauli, dasjis meTodi, puritanTa garToba, maTi<br />

aqsesuarebi, qadagebani, crurwmenebi... magram im faqtebTan erTad, rac<br />

istoriulad dadasturebulia, hoTorni agebs bevrad ufro gansxvavebul<br />

realobas, romelic ar SeiZleba mxolod istoriul dokumentebs<br />

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eyrdnobodes. erTis mxriv mwerali amtkicebs, rom pius Canaweri aris<br />

"naxevari duJini saweri furclebi, romelic amsubuqebs adamianuri<br />

dardisa da moraluri aramdgradobis ambis Sav saburvels”. (Hawthorne 1852:<br />

30) es aris <strong>hoTornis</strong>euli meTodi, istoriuli sinamdvile Seurios<br />

warmosaxvas raTa Seqmnas esoden metyveli simbolo.<br />

“Svidfrontoniani saxli,” romlis moqmedebac drois da sivrcis<br />

ufro did arealze vrceldeba, gamovida “alisferi asomTavrulis”<br />

gamocemidan ramodenime Tvis mere. Ees nawarmoebi TiTqos erTgvari<br />

reaqcia iyo wina <strong>romantikuli</strong> romanSi momxdar saSinel tragediaze. isic<br />

danarCeni “romensebis” msgavsad, mimarTulia warsulisken. TumcaAavtori<br />

acxadebs rom wignSi momxdari movlenebi arc Tu ise daSorebulni arian<br />

Cvens dros.<br />

H <strong>hoTornis</strong> es nawarmoebi garegnulad sayofacxovrebo, ufro metad<br />

socialur yofiT romans hgavs, rCeba STabeWdileba, rom avtorma Tavad<br />

moisurva is realisturi <strong>romanis</strong>aTvis daeaxlovebina. Aavtoris nebiT am<br />

“romenss” bednieri dasasruli aqvs, romelic nakarnaxevia ara mxolod<br />

movlenebis obieqturi msvlelobiT, aramed misi surviliT, mkiTxveli<br />

moralurad kmayofili datovos. miuxedavad naTlad gamoxatuli<br />

pretenziulobisa, zogierTi mkvlevari am nawarmoebs “alisfer<br />

asomTavrulze” maRla ayenebs. hoTornma mas horacio brijTan miweril<br />

werilSi uwoda "ufro Sesaferisi Cemi azrovnebisaTvis da ufro<br />

Sesaferisi CemTvis, rogorc mwerlisTvis" (Personal Recollections of Hawthorne<br />

1893) ra Tqma unda ara fabulis gamo, romelic originalobiT ar<br />

gamoirCeva. ase rom am “romensisTvis” upiratesobis miniWebisas mwerals<br />

mxedvelobaSi hqonda misi naivuri Wvreta, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis asaxva,<br />

rac am wigns “alisferi asomTavrulisgan” asxvavebs da simyudrovis<br />

atmosferos qmnis. adamianebsa da movlenebze saubari sruldeba im<br />

Sinagani keTilganwyobiT, rasac mwerali moklebuli iyo sxva<br />

nawarmoebebis gmirebTan mimarTebaSi. amitom miuxedavad Zveli wyevlisa,<br />

borotebis tradiciuli saxisa da warsulze pirquSi msjelobebisa,<br />

“romensi” bednierebis SegrZnebiT aris gaJRenTili. <strong>hoTornis</strong>euli<br />

simbolizmi ukve msubuq, ironiul, ufro naTel Suq-Crdilebs ikrebs, rac<br />

ase ar gavs wiTlad movaravre asomTavrulis mZime simbolikas.<br />

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Cilinguorsis boroti samyarosgan metad Sors arian hefsibas qaTmebi,<br />

deiventropebis cisferi Cais servizi da jixuris karis Tavze mowkarune<br />

zanzalaki. am “romensSi” cota ram darCa pirquSi puritanuli<br />

warsulisgan. es wigni "legendaa gardamavali Rrubliani warsulis<br />

SoreTidan dRevandel naTel dRes, fardebi farTod aris gadaweuli da<br />

SigniT meti mze Semodis" werda melvili. (Melville 1851)<br />

romensis fibula aSkarad ganicdis goTikuri <strong>romanis</strong> gavlenas.<br />

Aamas mowmobs cnobili CanarTi, novela-epizodi alisa pinCenis Sesaxeb,<br />

romelic mWidrod aris gadaxlarTuli mistikur musikasTan, Zvelebur<br />

pergamentTan, saidumlo sacavebTan. puritanuli warsulis sisastike am<br />

nawarmoebSi naklebad Cans,Ees wigni warsulidan dRevandel dRemde<br />

moRweul legendas ufro hgavs.<br />

romantikul romanSi “Svidfrontoniani saxli” hoTorni yvelaze<br />

TavSeukavebel fantaziebSic ki fxizel racionalistad rCeboda da Tavis<br />

bundovan legendebs realuri cxovrebis faqtebisagan qmnida. yovelive is,<br />

ris Sesaxebac romantikul romanSi mogviTxrobs iyo, an SeiZleboda<br />

yofiliyo. ganusazRvruloba da miTiuroba ganpirobebulia faqtebis<br />

adamianuri cnobierebis aRqmiT. arcTu usafuZvlod hoTorni legendis<br />

saTaveebs me-17 saukunis bolos miakuTvnebs, roca amerikelebs sjerodaT<br />

uwminduri Zalebis, jadoqrobis, magiuri wyevlis da risTvisac uamravi<br />

adamiani daisaja sikvdiliT. TviT <strong>hoTornis</strong> erTerTi winapari<br />

monawileobda am procesebSi. boroteba ara mxolod saSineli siswrafiT<br />

Rupavs sustebs, rogorc es “alisferi asomTavrulis” gmiris dimsdeilis<br />

SemTxvevaSi xdeba, aramed momaval Taobasac asvams daRs. MmeTiu molis<br />

wyevla "RmerTi daarwyulebs maT adamianis sisxliT”, (Hawthorne 2006: 28)<br />

me-17 saukunes ekuTnis, Sedegs ki me-19 saukuneSi vxedavT. rogorc Cans<br />

abstraqtul-<strong>romantikuli</strong> sikeTe da boroteba aq ukve realur formebs<br />

iRebs. mwerali am dapirispirebis zust mizezsac miuTiTebs. es aris<br />

danaSauliT mopovebuli simdidre da rom ara bednieri SemTxveviToba, es<br />

mtroba aravin icis rodemde gagrZeldeboda. mtrulad ganwyobil or<br />

gvars Soris Seyvarebulebi gamoCndnen da mSvidobam daisadgura.<br />

“marmarilos favni” mwerlis sicocxleSi gamoqveynebuli bolo<br />

nawarmoebia. igi daiwera sruliad gansxvavebuli maneriT, rac gamoarCevs<br />

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mas sxva “romensebisagan”. amas Tavisi mizezebic aqvs. “alisferi<br />

asomTavruli,” “Svidfrontoniani saxli”, “romensi blaiTdeilze” sami<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoqveynda da <strong>hoTornis</strong> mxatvruli ostatobis<br />

ganviTarebis umaRlesi wertilia. amis Semdeg rva weli gavida, avtors<br />

asaki moemata da es daetyo ara mxolod axali <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong><br />

Txrobis maneras, aramed Tavad Janrsac.<br />

A am periodSi hoTorni ukve romSi cxovrobda da ar SeiZleboda<br />

uZveles kulturas masze gavlena ar moexdina. MmarTalia, arsebiTi<br />

cvlilebebi mis msofmxedvelobaSi ar momxdara, magram italiaSi<br />

cxovrebam masSi axali grZnobebi gaaRviZes da gansakuTrebuli<br />

koliziebic gaaCines “marmarilos favnSi”. Aavtori SesavalSive<br />

aRniSnavda, rom qmnida Taviseburad jadosnur da poetur qveyanas, raoden<br />

gasakviric ar unda iyos, hoTorni “marmarilos favnSi” ufro SezRuduli<br />

aRmoCnda masalis raodenobis gamo, vidre Tavisufali. italia metismetad<br />

bevri aRmoCnda misi warmosaxvis asaTviseblad. aRwerilobiTi Txrobis<br />

gamo Senebulia xasiaTebis ganviTareba, Tumca zneobrivi problemebi, rac<br />

avtors awuxebda igive darCa, mxolod garemo Seicvala. rogorc<br />

laTropma aRniSna es qveyana avtorisTvis xilvad sizmrad darCa,<br />

momajadoeblad magram miuRwevlad. (Lathrop 1897: 23) italiuri adgilebi,<br />

sagnebi, romlebic mis “romensSi” simboloebad aris gamoyenebuli,<br />

warmosaxvis nayofs hgavs, rac mis adreul beletristikaSi zmanebebs<br />

ukavSirdeba. oTaxebi, labirinTebi, misteriuli portretebi. roca qveyanas<br />

tovebda Tqva: “arcerT adgils ase Zlierad ar davuWerivar rogorc roms,<br />

arcerTi ar yofila CemTvis ase axlo da nacnobi” (Passages from French and<br />

Italian notebooks of Hawthorne 1876: 216) Tumca survili aRar gasCenia kvlav<br />

mibrunebuliyo iq. TiTqos am adgilma Caylapa is, rogorc Semoqmedi da<br />

ara piriqiT. man Tavisi <strong>romantikuli</strong> romani miakuTna im SemTxvevas, razec<br />

Cven gviocnebia da yofila wamieri Tu iluziuri. AalbaT amiT aixsneba<br />

nawarmoebis zogierTi nakli da es faqti gansazRvravs mis momajadoebel<br />

xiblsac.<br />

M ”marmarilos favnSi” realobasTan dasaaxloeblad avtori romis<br />

skrupulozul aRweras iyenebs. asaxelebs mis Senobebs, quCebs, aRwers<br />

italiel xalxs, axasiaTebs maT. igonebs istoriul personaJebs, vis<br />

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saxelsac atarebs esa Tu is adgili. iyenebs xelovnebis namuSevrebs,<br />

romlebic dResac arseboben. Tavebsac specifikuri saxelebi aqvT “mediCis<br />

baRebi”, “apeninebi”, “perujia”. zogierT detalSi gvxvdeba italielTa<br />

xasiaTebisa da Cvevebis ganxilva. magaliTad mawanwala musikosebis jgufi,<br />

vis musikazec miriami da donatelo cekvaven.… “mTeli italia savsea<br />

aseTebiT". avtori meti damajereblobisaTvis xalxsac axasiaTebs: “isini<br />

(italielebi) arian saocrad guluxvi dapirebebSi, rac realurad mcire,<br />

magram karg survilebs gvpirdeba. TiTqmis SeuZlebelia maTi<br />

gamometyvelebis mixedviT gaarkvio SeiZleba maT daujero, Tu ara. erTi<br />

ram ki cxadia, rom siyalbe iSviaTad aris autaneli tvirTi italiuri<br />

cnobierebisTvis “ (Hawthorne 1866: 186).<br />

romis nangrevTa Soris Cndeba kolizeumi, cezaris sasaxle,<br />

konstantines TaRi, titusis TaRi. romaelebis triumfze saubrisas, avtori<br />

mokled moWris mis istoriul miniSnebas oriod saxelis damatebiT. "Tu<br />

Cven gvinda gamoviwvioT interesi Cveni moTxrobis gmirebis mimarT,<br />

brZnuli iqneba gavixsenoT, rogor adgamda fexs ciceroni ai im qvaze, an<br />

horaciuss rogor surda gaseirneba aqve axlos" (Hawthorne 1866: 201)<br />

xelovnebis nimuSebis Sesaxeb hoTorni saubrobs eqvs wina paragrafSi. did<br />

dros uTmobs gvidos “arqangelozis" ganxilvas. es ise xdeba, TiTqos<br />

moTxroba mogzaurobs romis nangrevebSi. mTxrobelis komentarebi<br />

specifikuri istoriuli faqtis Sesaxeb mkiTxvelis gonebas<br />

sinamdvilisaken mimarTavs.<br />

M me-19 saukunis 40-ianma wlebma amerikul sinamdvileSi axali sazogado<br />

da individualuri cxovrebis aSenebis mcdeloba moitana Tan. 50-ian<br />

wlebSi ukve am utopiuri cdebis gaazreba moxda. “blaiTdeilis romenss”<br />

safuZvlad udevs bruk farmis furieristuli erTobis idea, romelsac<br />

hoTorni erTgvari pativiscemiT, magram sakmaod skeptikurad ekideba.<br />

axalgazrdobis wlebis mogonebisas hoTorni “aliferi asomTavrulis”<br />

SesavalSi igonebs Tavis monawileobas am utopiur wamowyebaSi.<br />

B ”blaiTdeilis romensi” <strong>hoTornis</strong> mcdelobis Sedegia, daewera<br />

“novelis” tipis mxatvruli nawarmoebi. Tu “alisfer asomTavruls” ar<br />

CavTvliT, avtors grZeli, mxatvruli nawarmoebis SeqmnisaTvis<br />

srulyofilad arasodes miuRwevia, garda im meorexarisxovani<br />

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warmatebebisa, romliTac mudam gamoirCeoda misi Semoqmedeba. Mmis wignebs<br />

raRac aklda da man ar icoda rogor gamoesworebina es nakli.M<br />

literaturaTmcodneebi daobdnen imaze, Tu ras mieZRvna “blaiTdeilis<br />

romensi”. zogierTi fiqrobs, rom mTavari da yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

holinguorsis mier damnaSaveebis gamosworebis warumatebeli<br />

filantropiuli gegmaa, sxvebi Txrobis struqturas ufro mniSvnelovnad<br />

Tvlian, zogi ki zenobias romantikul siyvarulis istorias, romlis<br />

TviTmkvlelobiTac sruldeba wigni. zogi furieristuli erTobis<br />

istorias koverdeilis avtobiografiul saxes ukavSirebs, romelic<br />

<strong>romanis</strong> daweras cdilobda.<br />

“romensSi” avtors saCveneblad gamohyavs mogzauri Tojinebis<br />

Teatri, maskaradi, simboluri wyaro, Zveli legenda, mesmeristi, TiTqos<br />

is gamrTobia scenaze, visac improvizacia ise unda gaekeTebina, rom Tavisi<br />

auditoria SeenarCunebina. MkritikosTa nawili aRniSnavs rom <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

Txrobis genias, “Teilis” mokle forma ufro Seefereboda. marTalia,<br />

misma naSromebma hoTorns <strong>romanis</strong> istoriaSi mniSvnelovani adgili<br />

daumkvidra, magram mkacrad rom vTqvaT, sabolood uZluri aRmoCnda<br />

daufleboda <strong>romanis</strong> formas, “romensis” aRmatebis aRiarebis gareSe. Aam<br />

faqtis daSveba ukve Cans “blaiTdeilis romensSi.”<br />

M satirul-utopiur JanrSi, misi mimdevrebisagan gansxvavebiT hoTorni<br />

warmatebuli ver aRmoCnda. ar SeeZlo mihyoloda mis originalur<br />

koncefcias. BblaiTdeilis eqsperimenti da misiT dainteresebuli<br />

literaturuli gmirebi didi gamomsaxvelobiT ar gamoirCevian. isini<br />

izrdebian, fermkrTaldebian, bundovandebian da moTxroba ifanteba<br />

sakmaod sustad dakavSirebul statikur scenebad. rogoricaa magaliTad<br />

maskaradi tyeSi, mdidari scena Tavisi komikuri SesaZleblobebiT,<br />

zenobias TviTmkvleloba, an “eliotis tribunaze” warmoTqmul qadagebaTa<br />

krebuli.<br />

M mTavari gmiri, mails koverdeili, romelic avtoris prototipia,<br />

ambobs, rom is arasodes ar amyarebda am cdaze gansakuTrebul imedebs.<br />

igi bevrad ufro didi siamovnebiT tovebs utopiur arkadias, vidre<br />

odesme miiswrafoda misken. “CemTvis dadga dro, gavemarTo<br />

konservatorebTan, Crdilo amerikuli revius mwerlebTan, vaWrebTan,<br />

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politikur moRvaweebTan, kembrijis tipebTan da saerTod im pativsacem<br />

idiotebTan sasaubrod, romlebic yovlad bundovan, miuwvdomel saqmeebs<br />

eWidebian, romelTa ideebi siaxles namdvilad ar warmoadgens” (Hawthorne<br />

1865: 167) undobloba utopiuri socializmis da msgavsi wamowyebebis<br />

mimarT, yvela amerikeli romantikosisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. Tumca<br />

bevri maTgani “dakavebuli iyo Teoriuli utopiebis agebiT” (Hawthorne 1967:<br />

58) SeiZleba sityva utopia arasakmarisad gamoxatavs maTi miswrafebebis<br />

arss, radgan saubari midis ara imdenad sazogado organizaciis<br />

mowyobaze, ramdenadac zneobriv idealebze, romelic calke adamianSi an<br />

adamianTa erTobaSi xorcieldeba. isev da isev vubrundebiTD im sakiTxs,<br />

romelic ase aqtualuri iyo <strong>hoTornis</strong>aTvis. Marsebobs Tu ara codva im<br />

adamianTaA erTobaSi, romlebic pirvelyofil cxovrebis wess<br />

daubrundnen.<br />

TavSi “Tanamedrove arkadia” (Hawthorne 1965: 70) hoTorni xatavs<br />

furieristul erTobas blaiTdeils, romlis safuZvelSi uaryofis<br />

principi devs. “Cven erTmaneTTan gvakavSirebda uaryofa, yveba mTxrobeli,<br />

TiToeul Cvengans esa Tu is mizezi hqonda, ukmayofilo yofiliyo im wina<br />

sazogadoebiT, romelSic cxovrobda da surda misgan Tavis daRweva.<br />

magram im sakiTxze, Tu riTi unda Seicvalos moZvelebuli<br />

sazogadoebrivi wyoba, Cven erTsulovani ar vyofilvarT. Aase rom ar<br />

vaniWebdiT did mniSvnelobas im daweril wesdebas, romelic Cveni<br />

erTobis safuZveli iyo (Hawthorne 1865: 76). Minda aRvniSno, rom am<br />

ganacxads ramdenadme politikuri elferic aqvs.<br />

H hoTorni maleve mixvda am ideis utopiurobas, amitomac roca<br />

koverdeils mezobelma fermerma duJini goWebis yidva daavala aTqmevina:<br />

“RmerTo Cemo, nuTu adamianTaA Rorebis koltidan imitom wamovediT, rom<br />

goWebs vsdioT (Hawthorne 1865. 27) avtori mixvda rom sazogadoebis<br />

cxovrebis wesis Secvla ioli ar aris. koverdeili Tavidanve mTel am<br />

wamowyebas maskaradad Tvlis, romelSic seriozuli saxiT monawileoben<br />

zrdasruli adamianebi. amitom ironiiT saubrobs kacobriobis aRorZinebis<br />

maRal miznebze, rasac blaiTdeilis kolonistebi isaxavdnen miznad. mware<br />

imedgacruebiT igonebs Tavisi axalgazrdobis iluziebs “Cven araferi<br />

gvaqvs samarcxvino imiT, rom haeris koSkebs vagebdiT. SeiZleba ukeTesia<br />

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maT falansteri vuwodoT. Cven warmovidgendiT saocar suraTebs,<br />

romlebic keriis cecxliviT swrafad iqceodnen ferflad. Mme piradad<br />

mxolod is maxarebs, rom odesRac mjeroda Cveni samyaros gamosworebis,<br />

magram es erTerTi im SecdomaTagania, romelsac adamianebi cxovrebaSi<br />

orjer ar uSveben. aseTi keTilSobiluri sisuste mxolod sufTa da<br />

didsulovan adamianebs emarTebaT. (Hawthorne 1865: 27)<br />

HHO <strong>hoTornis</strong> damokidebuleba blaiTdeilis eqsperimentis mimarT<br />

winaaRmdegobrivia. igi qeds uxrida Canafiqris keTilSobilebas, magram<br />

akritikebda misi realurad ganxorcielebis SesaZlelobas, radgan<br />

dainaxa, rom es mxolod <strong>romantikuli</strong> iluzia iyo. xelovani<br />

adamianisaTvis fizikuri Sroma mZime tvirTia. “Cveni cxovrebis axal<br />

pirobebSi aris ara imis saSiSroeba, rom cudi miwaTmoqmedi gaxde, aramed<br />

imis, rom mxolod miwaTmoqmedi gaxde da meti araferi. sanam Cveni<br />

wamowyeba mxolod Teoria iyo, Cven vtkbebodiT ocnebiT suli STagvebera<br />

SromisaTvis. is unda yofiliyo Cveni locva, Cveni axali religia. niCbis<br />

TiToeul dartymas unda gaeSiSvlebina sibrZnis fesvi, romelic aqamde<br />

mzis Suqs emaleboda” (Hawthorne 1865: 79).<br />

metad sainteresoa mwerlis damokidebuleba simarTlisadmi.<br />

dimsdeilis codva, romelic esoden mniSvnelovania “alisfer<br />

asomTavrulSi”, ar aris vnebis codva, aramed mRvdlis daSoreba<br />

simarTlesTan. <strong>hoTornis</strong> miswrafeba iyo Tayvani eca simarTlisaTvis da<br />

yvela sagani, rasac ar hqonda RvTiuri suli, aReqva Crdilis msgavsad,<br />

adamianTa cxovrebaSi wonas, faseulobas moklebulad. “mas bunebiT<br />

uyvarda simarTle, ver itanda tyuils, rac cotas Tu SeuZlia". (Newton<br />

1929: 24) dimsdeili, rogorc mRvdeli saubrobs simarTleze, Tumca<br />

Tavisive cxovrebaSi aqcevs mas tyuilad, aqedan iwyeba misi gaucxoeba<br />

WeSmaritebisagan, RvTisagan. MmarTalia, xalxs jer kidev esmis simarTle<br />

misi bageebidan, magram misTvis, rogorc pirovnebisaTvis yvelaferi yalbi<br />

xdeba da misi realuri arseboba safrTxis qveS dgeba. avtori ambobs: “es<br />

aris eniT gamouTqmeli tanjva, iseTive yalbi, rogoric misi cxovrebaa.<br />

is iparavs Cvens irgvliv arsebuli realobis arss da substancias, rac<br />

zecidan aris mocemuli, raTa sulisaTvis sakvebi da sixaruli<br />

arsebobdes. aramarTali kacisTvis mTeli samyaro yalbia, is ugrZnobelia<br />

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da ukan ixevs Tavis SegnebaSi. aseTi kaci iqceva Crdilad an ubralod<br />

wyvets arsebobas" (Hawthorne 1852: 126) erTaderTi simarTle, riTac<br />

dimsdeilis realuri arseboba grZeldeboda dedamiwaze, iyo sulis<br />

siRrmeSi arsebuli tanjva, rac gulwrfelad gamoixata mis garegnul<br />

iersaxeSi. avtori Tavis gmirs aTqmevinebs: "epitimia sakmarisad mqonda,<br />

monanieba ki ara". (Hawthorne 1852: 357) raRac alisferi aso “a”-s msgavsi rom<br />

masac saqveynod aRiarebdes codvilad, Tundac es simarTle gadaarCenda,<br />

magram axla, "es yvelaferi siyalbea, sul sicarielea, sikvdilia"<br />

(Hawthorne 1852: 358) dimsdeilis pirovnebaSi arsebobs codva simarTlisa<br />

da RmerTis winaSe, ris gamoc igi ganikveTa. am codvis gamo aRmoCnda igi<br />

siyalbeSi, sicarieleSi, sikvdilSi. misi sikvdili, rogorc Tavad ambobs<br />

aris triumfaluri, sazeimo sircxvili, romelic im imeds warmoSobda,<br />

rom misi suli samudamod dakarguli ar aris. metad dagvianebulia misi<br />

WeSmariti sicocxle amqveynad aRdges. <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> moralsac<br />

albaT es miwieri tragedia warmoadgens. EesTeris gmiri nawarmoebis<br />

simarTlis meore mxarea. is ewinaaRmdegeba RvTiuri dedobriobis saxebas.<br />

"wminda saxebas ucodveli dedobisa, visi Cvilic samyaros codvebis<br />

gamosyidva iyo" (Hawthorne 1852: 108) "saqme gvqonda Rrma codvis laqasTan,<br />

romelmac gansakuTrebulad wminda adamianuri cxovreba daalaqava... da<br />

gamoiwvia is rom samyaro ufro bneli iyo am qalis mSvenebisaTvis, da<br />

kidev ufro dakarguli im bavSvisTvis man rom Sva" (Hawthorne 1852: 108-109)<br />

mogvianebiT esTerma uaryo mSvenieri sagnebis keTebidan miRebuli<br />

siamovneba da RaribebisaTvis uxeSi samosis keTeba daiwyo, rac mis mier<br />

sinanulze miuTiTebs.<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> pretenzia simarTleze “marmarilos favnSi” miekuTvneba am<br />

simarTlis garegan gamoxatulebas xelovnebis nimuSebSi. pirvelive<br />

gverdebze, roca oTx gmirs erTad krebs, is gvTavazobs simbolos "bavSvis<br />

lamaz figuras, romelsac gulze mtredi miuxutebia, magram Tavs gveli<br />

esxmis" (Hawthorne 1866: 16) am simboloSi adamianis sulis arCevania<br />

gamoxatuli, ucodveloba Tu satanis qveSevrdomoba, suraTze ufro<br />

mniSvnelovani aq avtoris komentaria, es "simbolo iseTive damajerebelia<br />

am momentisaTvis, rogoric oriaTasi wlis win iyo" (Hawthorne 1866: 15)<br />

mogvianebiT mwerali amtkicebs misi simbolos universalurobas.<br />

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laitmotivi <strong>hoTornis</strong> “romensSi” aris donatelosa da praqsiteles<br />

favnis msgavseba. donatelo uceb ukavSirdeba mTavar WeSmaritebas.<br />

magaliTad is ambobs "Sav siRrmeebSi favnma ipova suli da ebrZoda mas<br />

zecis SuqisaTvis" (Hawthorne 1866: 53) mniSvnelobebi donatelosa da sxva<br />

gmirebis Sesaxeb, rogorc calkeuli gasaRebi, naCvenebia xelovnebasTan<br />

kavSirSi. moTxrobis dasasruls erTi winadadeba aris sayuradRebo,<br />

avtori yvela Tavis gmirs erTad krebs ise, rogorc es nawarmoebis<br />

dasawyisSi xdeba da gvixatavs miriams, rogorc mTavar gmirs: "man Tavisi<br />

TavisaTvis saswrafod Seqmna axali sfero, romelSic hildas nazi<br />

sisufTave, moqandakis mgrZnobeloba, jansaRi azri da genia, donatelos<br />

bunebrivi ubraloeba miscems mas bednierebis gancdis saSualebas"<br />

(Hawthorne 1866: 246)<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> romantikul romans da saerTod mTel Semoqmedebas<br />

istoriuli reminisensiebi asazrdoebs. igi rTuli gasagebi iqneboda<br />

axali inglisis, misi puritanuli zneobis, Cvevebis, misi itoriisa da<br />

religiuri azrovnebis ganxilvis gareSe. arcerTi amerikeli mwerali<br />

romantikosi ar aris ise mWidro ZafebiT mijaWvuli adgilobriv<br />

tradiciebs, rogorc hoTorni. Sesaval narkvevSi "sabaJo" man gamoxata<br />

Tavisi grZnobebi axali inglisis mimarT. is yovelTvis gaorebuli iyo<br />

puritanul sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi. erTis mxriv, Tavs maT<br />

STamomavlad Tvlida, meores mxriv ki sindisis qenjnas ganicdida, radgan<br />

bolomde ver eTanxmeboda maT morals. es sazogadoeba ara mxolod<br />

ubralo, mkacri an SezRudulia, aramed Seubralebeli sastiki, da<br />

pirovnuli mes damTrgunveli. "is rasac isini Tavisuflebas uwodebdnen-<br />

werda hoTorni moTxrobaSi- "mTavari quCa"- rkinis galias mogagonebdaT"<br />

(Hawthorne 1852: 27) avtoris es sityvebi <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> puritanuli<br />

sazogadoebisTvis aris gankuTvnili. hoTorni ar iviwyebda<br />

axalmosaxleTa sulier siZlieres, rwmenis siwrfeles, xasiaTis<br />

simtkices, qeduxrelobas, magram aRniSnavda, rom winaprebis religiuri<br />

fanatizmi, azrovnebis dogmatizmi, sakuTari ucodvelobis uyoymano<br />

rwmena, misTvis misaRebi ar iyo: "Cven jer kidev ver gadavagdeT yvela is<br />

usiamovno gavlena, rac bevr kargTan erTad puritani winaprebidan<br />

memkvidreobad dagvrCa" (Hawthorne 1852: 41) misi winapari jon hoTorni, 1692<br />

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wels jadoqrebis procesze mosamarTle gaxldaT, sadac cxramet qals<br />

sikvdili miusajes. Tavad hoTorni wers: “is ise gamoirCeoda sisastikiT,<br />

rom maTi sisxlis laqa albaT mis Zvlebsac ki aCnia Cester stritis<br />

sasaflaoze, Tu ukve sul ferflad ar qceulan, da aqve amatebs, ar vici<br />

nanobdnen Cemi winaprebi da RmerTs sTxovdnen Sewyalebas Tu ara, magram<br />

me amas maT magier vakeTeb da RmerTs vTxov, rom yovelgvari wyevla rac<br />

Cens gvars Tavs daatyda, mogvexsnas.” (Winters 1938: 14) es winaaRmdegobrivi<br />

damokidebuleba mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi kargad Cans.<br />

"alisfer asomTavrulSi" puritanuli samsjavros daxasiaTebisas<br />

bazris moedanze hoTorni Cveuli ironiiT aRniSnavs rom puritanebi<br />

patiosani, marTali da gamocdilebiT dabrZenebuli adamianebi iyvnen,<br />

romlebsac SeeZloT garkveuliyvnen gzaabneuli qalis sulSi da gaexsnaT<br />

masSi gadaxlarTuli keTilisa da borotis Zafebi.<br />

esTer prinis istoria, rogorc siuJetis mTavari xazi, originalobiT<br />

an raime sirTuliT ar gamoirCeva. mwerali mkiTxvelis yuradRebas<br />

amaxvilebs sam adamianze, romelTac Cadenili danaSauli da sakuTari<br />

codvis simZime awamebT. erTma aRiara da amiT Tavi gadairCina, meore ar<br />

gamotyda da Tavi daiRupa. mesamem gulis siRrmeSi damala Tavisi bneli<br />

Canafiqri da despotad iqca. Sinaarsis Sesabamisad, Txrobis mimdinareoba<br />

ufro <strong>romanis</strong> personaJebis mier sxvadasxva TvaliT danaxuli<br />

problemebis gansjas hgavs, vidre Txrobas. Tumca mkiTxveli ar aris maTi<br />

danaSaulis uSualo TviTmxilveli, magram mainc SiSiT akvirdeba rogor<br />

RrRnis gmirebs sinanuli da mitevebis wyurvili. codvis misteria da<br />

avtoris mier paradoqsuli midgoma codvis mimarT yvela romensSi Cans.<br />

kiTxva ra aris saerTod codva aqtualuria. imdenad, ramdenadac Cven<br />

naklebad verkveviT bedisweris sakiTxebSi SeiZleba asec iTqvas, rom<br />

adamiani, romelic am moralur wesrigs abijebs Aara maincdamainc<br />

monaniebis gziT, aramed codvis SiSiT da SegrZnebiT. SesaZloa is rac<br />

codva gvgonia sulis regeneraciis saSualeba iyos. SesaZloa adamians<br />

undodes Tavi miuZRvnas maRal idealebs, magram man icis rom es ideali<br />

ar devs bunebis WeSmaritebaSi. maSin misma Tavdadebam SeiZleba<br />

borotebamde miiyvanos. Ees sakiTxebi rwmenasa da danaSaulis<br />

gamosyidvasTan erTad nawarmoebebis moralur problematikaSi Zalian<br />

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aqtualuria. HesTer prinis saqcieli transcendentaluri doqtrinis<br />

“gwamdes sakuTari Tavis” erTgvari gamoxatulebaa, magram ufro<br />

sxvagvarad vidre es emersons aqvs mocemuli. Mqalis siyvaruli<br />

dimsdeilis mimarT misi cxovrebis Tanmdevi gulwrfeli vneba gaxldaT<br />

da qali sruliad daemorCila mas. Tumca SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moraluri<br />

wesrigi daarRvia. nawarmoebSi ar Cans rom avtori gmobs qalis an<br />

mRvdlis codvas. erTaderTi braldeba dimsdeilis mimarT aris misi<br />

silaCre, TviTrwmenis ukmarisoba, aramzaoba, rom sajarod aRiaros misi<br />

siyvaruli. vneba, romelic am or adamians Soris warmoiSva iyo<br />

siyvarulis Sedegi da ar warmoadgens monaniebis sagans. esTeri<br />

gulgrilad aqcevs zurgs axalgazrdobas, vnebebs, raTa warmoaCinos<br />

codvis mkacri Sedegebi. raki mweralTan erTad mkiTxvelic ikvlevs<br />

adamianTa zneobriv sneulebas, ufleba aqvs misi gamomwvevi mizezic<br />

icodes.Aavtorisagan TanagrZnoba Cans dimsdeilisa da esTeris mxatvruli<br />

saxeebis mimarT. gamosyidvis doqtrina Cilingvorsis gmiris mimarT ufro<br />

Cans, romelic sastiki SurisZiebis monad iqca da Tavad gaxda borotebis<br />

sawyisi. Ees faqti erTgvari komentaria emersonis mxiarul doqtrinaze,<br />

rom es pirquSi suli ganwirulia, radgan Mman daRupa axalgazrda qali<br />

masze daqorwinebiT da mainc es ukanaskneli ar brazobs masze, Tumca<br />

Tavadac Tvlis, rom mRvdeli unda daisajos dazaralebuli qmris<br />

mxridan. GdanaSaulis gamosyidva erTis mxriv namdvils fatalizms<br />

emsgavseba, radgan SurisZiebas arasodes aravin miyavs bednier<br />

dasasrulamde. Ggamosyidvis doqtrinis Ooptimisturi Semobruneba esTeris<br />

gmiris mxridan Cans, an umjobesia iTqvas, rom qali emersonis “wreebis”<br />

(Emerson ) optimizmis ilustrirebas axdens, man Sescoda, magram am codvam<br />

cxovrebis ufro did gzaze gaiyvana. esTeri aRmoaCens, rom Tavisi<br />

cxovrebis azri ipova. socialuri astrakizmi mas Tavisufal dros aZlevs<br />

dafiqrdes da swori kuTxidan Sexedos Tu rogor unda gaumklavdes<br />

problemas. amis Semdeg iReba misTvis samyaros is kari, rac Cveulebrivi<br />

qalisaTvis moiuwvdomelia. hoTornma aRwera “alisferi asomTavrulis”<br />

matarebeli originaluri qali “endikotsa da wiTel jvarSi” romelic<br />

Tavis sircxvils imiT gaumklavda, rom lamazad amoqarga “a” da amayad<br />

atara. ase rom romensSi avtori saSulebas aZlevs codvas bolomde<br />

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amowuros Tavi, hesTeris buneba da xasiaTi mxolod silamazisken icvleba,<br />

is ufro moyvaruli xdeba, ufro nazi, ufro didsulovani.<br />

inteleqtualurad emansipirebuli. qali miuxedavad misi patara asakisa,<br />

ukve keTilSobili qalis saxes qmnis. fiqrebi iyvnen misi kompanionebi _<br />

ambobs hoTorni da isini albaT met safrTxes atarebdnen, vidre is codva<br />

iyo, romlis gamoc alisferi asoTi daisaja. hesTeri xvdeboda, Tu<br />

ramdenad unda Secvliliyo socialuri sqema, rom qali damtkbariyo<br />

mamakacTan namdvili TanasworobiT. am romantikul romanSi devs<br />

socialuri interesi, samyaros miukerZoebeli kvleva, rac ganasxvavebs<br />

hoTorns sxva transcendentalistebisagan. puritanuli garsamyaro<br />

warmodgenilia rogorc ukve mkvdari. hoTorni gviCvenebs, rom<br />

religiozuli Tavisuflebis es mamaci damaarseblebi am velur garemoSi<br />

imTaviTve grZnoben saWiroebas rom aaSenon cixe da samarcxvino boZi.<br />

idealebi, romelic Tavidan sazogadoebis Sinagani sinaTle iyo, exla ukve<br />

gansjis sagania da Zaladobis safuZveli xdeba. yovelive amis xazgasmis<br />

dros hoTorni ar iyo puritanizmis Tayvanismcemeli, Tumca unda<br />

aRiniSnos, rom arc misi gamorCeuli kritikosi yofila. man puritanizmis<br />

momenti istoriidan gamoiyena rogorc simarTlis asaxvis saSualeba, roca<br />

sazogadoeba ukve idealebis CarCoebSi moqcevas axdens da sastiki xdeba.<br />

im dros roca erTi wesebis nakrebis uaryofa xdeba, mere iqmneba meore,<br />

axali. Tumca Tavad hesTeris bedSi, Semdeg kide ufro naTlad zenobiasa<br />

da miriamis literaturul gmirebSi garkveulwilad Cans misi Tanamedrove<br />

axali inglisis puritanizmis kritika. samive gmiri gamoirCeva lamazi<br />

garegnobiT, magram cxovrebisgan gariyulia. sazogadoebis mxridan am<br />

damokidebulebis mizezi maTi silamaze xom ar aris da ara maTi qceva. ra<br />

perspeqtiva SeiZleba hqondes qals axal inglisis puritanul<br />

sazogadoebaSi. avtors aseTi kiTxva uCndeba, Tu qali tradiciulia is<br />

iolad SeZlebs gadalaxos barieri, rasac silamaze hqvia, magram<br />

amavdroulad is saSiSia, rogorc sakuTari TavisTvis, aseve<br />

garSemomyofebisaTvis. swored silamazis gamo samive gmiri iZulebulia<br />

adreul asakSi usiyvarulod gaTxovdes. mamakacebi maT sulier<br />

Rirebulebebs ver afaseben.<br />

105

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<strong>hoTornis</strong> romensebis ucvleli Temaa warsulis mudmivi zemoqmedeba<br />

axlandelze, rac aseve damaxasiaTebeli iyo misi Tanamedrove mwerlebis<br />

henri jeimsis, tomas eliotis SemoqmedebisaTvis. es Tema mTavari ideaa<br />

romanSi "Svidfrontoniani saxli". gamonaklisi arc "alisferi<br />

asomTavruli" gaxlavT. romensis vrceli foni Camoqsovilia mogonebebisa<br />

da iluziebisgan da uintropis puritanuli koloniis pirobiT CarCoSia<br />

moqceuli. avtori cdilobs xazi gausvas, rom Cvens winaSea ara sami<br />

RvTismoSiSi, Teologiis dogmebiT datvirTuli adamiani, aramed dilemis<br />

winaSe mdgari sami amayi goni. es dilema iseve Zveli da gadauWrelia<br />

rogorc yofiereba. amoqarguli “a”-s msgavsi puritanuli aqsesuarebi<br />

tragediis garegani mxarea. isini am epoqis Cveulebebs asaxaven. aq mTavaria<br />

ara religiuri dogmebi, aramed sindisis qenjna, tanjva, rac mxolod<br />

puritanebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. codva, misi Sedegi da aqedan<br />

gamomdinare TviTgvema yvela droSi arsebobda. "mkacri, nacnobi gamoxedva"<br />

romelic esTers brals debs, dimsdeilis tanjva, farisevlurad rom<br />

qadagebs kaTedridan, Cilinguorsis TviTgvema SurisZiebisken rom<br />

iswrafvis... yvela es SegrZneba ar aris mxolod me-17 saukunisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli, romlis qronologiur CarCoebSi Seecada hoTorni Caetia<br />

misTvis amaRelvebeli eTikuri da moraluri sakiTxebi. roca Txroba<br />

puritanuli moraliT ar aris gajerebuli, maSin is borotebis bunebis da<br />

adamianis gaucxoebis Sesaxeb msjelobas emsgavseba. am kuTxiT <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> romani bevrad aRemateba mis novelebs. saerTo moqmedebaSi<br />

CaxlarTulia rTuli zneobrivi problemebi. hoTorni xSirad svams<br />

kiTxvebs maT Sesaxeb, Tumca konkretuli pasuxi arasodes ara aqvs.<br />

warsuli "Svidfrontonian saxlSi” sxvadasxva formebSi arsebobs.<br />

pinCenebis gvarSi arsebuli legenda erTerT magaliTad gamodgeba. mis<br />

Tanaxmad, Soreul warsulSi mcxovrebma mdidarma da gamoCenilma<br />

moqalaqem, polkovnikma pinCenma Rarib meTiu mols miwis nakveTi waarTva.<br />

uTanxmoeba grZeldeboda, sanam moli jadiqrobis braldebiT ar<br />

CamoaxrCves. puritanuli fanatizmiT Segulianebuli polkovniki pinCeni<br />

sdevnida mols da rogorc varaudobdnen, mis dasjaSi didi rolic<br />

Seasrula. eSafotze beberma jadoqarma misi misamarTiT cnobili wyevla<br />

warmoTqva "RmerTi daarwyulebs mas adamianis sisxliT" molis sikvdilis<br />

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Semdeg mis nakveTze polkovnikma Svidfrontoniani saxli aaSena.<br />

arqiteqtorad da durglad meTiu molis Svili, tomas moli moiwvia.<br />

axalmosaxleobis dRes polkovniki mkvdari ipoves. mis kiserze muqi<br />

wiTeli kvali Canda, TiTqos daaxrCes, wveri da sayelo ki piridan<br />

gadmonTxeuli sisxliT iyo dasvrili.<br />

am saxlSi mcxovrebi pinCenebi SemdegSi msgavsi sikvdiliT kvdebodnen.<br />

qalaqis mcxovreblebi igonebdnen molis wyevlas, romelic ase amZimebda<br />

pinCenTa gvars. Tumca isini arsebobas ganagrZobdnen da bednierebi ar<br />

iyvnen, molis memkvidreebi ki miiviwyes. miuxedavad amisa, Taobidan<br />

Taobamde maTi gzebi ikveTeboda da molis STamomavlebi agrZelebdnen<br />

SurisZiebas, zogjer gaucnobierebladac ki.<br />

“saxli 7 qimze” imdenad mSvidi istoriaa, rom hoTrniseuli kritika<br />

doqtrinisa “gjerodes sakuTari Tavis”, an codvaTa gamosyidvis Tavidan<br />

didad ar igrZnoba. romensis mTavari Tema aris xangrZlivi SurisZieba,<br />

beberi molis wyevla, romelic uzurpatori pinCenebis yvela Taobas Tan<br />

sdevs. ra sasjels imsaxurebs kaci, romelic Tavis udanaSaulo<br />

biZaSvils mravalwliani patimrobisaTvis gawiravs? igi ubralod<br />

apopleqsiiT kvdeba, riTac savaraudod mokvdeboda udanaSauloc rom<br />

yofiliyo da ra mosdiT mis msxverplT? ioli gasagebia emersoni rogor<br />

miudgeboda klifordisa da hefsibas sakiTxs. klifordis dis loialoba,<br />

romelic moTminebiT da erTgulebiT elodeba Zmas, mis xasiaTs did<br />

keTilSobilebas Zens. hoTorni gviCvenebs saxlSi dabrunebul klifords,<br />

gatexils, gaRizianebuls. hefsibas xangrZlivi molodini ganapirobebs mis<br />

martoobas, TiTqmis iseTive saSinels, rogoric cixeSi yofnaa. avtori<br />

gviCvenebs mas rogorc gamofitul Sinaberas, pirquSs, Zveli mimzidveloba<br />

TiTqmis arsad Cans. avtors ara aqvs survili emersonisgan gansxvavebiT<br />

qalis eTikur silamazeze isaubros misi Tmenidan da cxovrebidan<br />

gamomdinare, Tumca isic, rogorc misi Zma, uxeSi usamarTlobis<br />

msxverplia. Hholgreivi Tavisufalia warsulisagan da aqedan gamomdinare<br />

Tavisufalia axlandelisaganac. Mmisi patiosneba da emansipirebuloba<br />

mkiTxvels izidavs. radgan is araviTari gavlenis qveS ar aris. TviT<br />

pebic ki, axalgazrda gogona romelzec is qorwindeba, romelsac<br />

bunebrivi sixalise da umankoeba aqvs kuriozulad socialuri Cans am<br />

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keTilsindisier mawanwalasTan SedarebiT. romlis erTaderTi SiSi isaa,<br />

rom mouwevs sadme fesvebi gaidgas. romensi iwyeba puritanuli samyaros<br />

dasaxlebis droidan da moqmedeba xorcieldeba axlandel droSi,<br />

keTilmowyobil pinCenebis baRSi. am gawelil drois sivrcesTan<br />

SedarebiT, “alisferi asomTavrulSi” momxdari istoria mxolod mokle<br />

epizodia. molis tragediisagan warmoSobili boroteba gamoiwvia<br />

warsulis zewolam. nuTu verasodes ver gavTavisufldebiT am wyeuli<br />

warsulisagan? ambobs molis STamomavali dagerotipisti holgreivi Tavis<br />

monologSi. (Hawthorne 1851: 197) wigni uaryofiT pasuxs iZleva. adamians<br />

Tavisufali neba ar gaaCnia. transcendentalistebis optimisturi<br />

ganwyobis Tezisis sawinaaRmdegod hoTorni xedavs, rom axlandeli<br />

Seubralebel warsulzea damokidebuli. Tumca es mistikuri legenda<br />

SeiZleba sxvagvaradac iqnes axsnili. meTiu moli, iseve rogorc yvela<br />

misi STamomavali, mesmeriul Zalas flobda. im wlebSi, roca es romensi<br />

iqmneboda, amerika gatacebuli iyo mesmeruli magnetizmiT da hoTornic<br />

mis ZalaSi darwmunebuli gaxldaT. amas misi ubis wignakebic mowmoben. me-<br />

17 saukunis mcxovreblebma araferi icodnen doqtor mesmeris cdebis<br />

Sesaxeb da hipnozSi satanis mzakvrobas xedavdnen. amitom yvela isjeboda,<br />

vinc ki am niWs gamoamJRavnebda. polkovnikis sikvdilsac SeiZleba<br />

realurad SevxedoT. msgavsi niSnebi aqvs sisxlZarRvebis daavadebas,<br />

romelic kargad cnobilia eqimebisaTvis da memkvidreobiT xasiaTs<br />

atarebs. aseTi axsniT, legenda ukve aRar aris legenda da faqtebis<br />

raodenobad iqceva. SevniSnavT, rom hoTorni mxolod uSvebs msgavs<br />

mosazrebebs, magram mas mkiTxvels Tavze ar axvevs, radgan is romantikul<br />

romans werda, romlis mTeli mxatvruli sistema ganusazRvrelobas,<br />

mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis bundovanebas moiTxovs. legenda misTvis<br />

faqtebze mniSvnelovania. mokled rom vTqvaT, warsulis fenomeni am<br />

romensSi ar aris mxolod legenda an faqtebi. is moicavs pinCenebis<br />

gvaris cxovrebis assamoc wels saukunenaxevris ganmavlobaSi. hoTorni<br />

Seecada warsulisaTvis mieca forma, raTa mas nawilobriv simboluri,<br />

nawilobriv ki konkretuli moxazuloba mieRo. mas surda daetvirTa<br />

gmirebi am warsuliT da demonstrireba moexdina misi yoveldRiuri<br />

zemoqmedebisa am adamianebze. albaT aqedan warmoiSva Svidfrontoniani<br />

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saxlis idea, romelic romensSi adamianTa sacxovrebelze ufro<br />

mniSvnelovan raRacas aRniSnavs. saxli simbolo nawarmoebis pirvelive<br />

gverdebze Cndeba, Semdeg es mxatvruli saxe farTovdeba, izrdeba<br />

detalebiT, romlebic sakuTar mniSvnelobas iZenen, yovelive es erTad<br />

aRebuli, erTian, harmoniul mTlianobas warmoadgens. warsulis fenomeni<br />

aqtualuria “marmarilos favnSic”. romauli samyaros nangrevebi romensSi<br />

civilizaciis mTel warsuls ipyroben da italiis xedi bus koSkis<br />

umaRlesi mwvervalidan arsebiTad mTeli adamianuri cxovrebis<br />

msofmxedvelobaa.<br />

Yyvelaze mniSvnelovani da aqtualuri “marmarilos favnSi” kvlav<br />

codvis Temaa. MmTavari gmiri miriami imeorebs igive problemas, rac<br />

esTers da zenobias aqvT. nawarmoebi SesaniSnavad gamoxatavs <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

rwmenas, rom zogierTi Cveni aratradiciuli pirobebisagan Tavisufal<br />

impulsebs mivyavarT praqtikuli moralurobisaken. Mmagram wignis mTeli<br />

filosofia koncentrirebulia donateloSi, bunebis am SesaniSnav<br />

qmnilebaSi, romelic cxovrebas iwyebs cxovelis msgavsi umankoebiT da<br />

romelic ganviTarebasTan erTad impulsuri mkvleli xdeba. “wreebis”<br />

doqtrinis yvelaze naTeli ilustrireba aq xdeba. aq vxedavT pozitivis<br />

evolucias gamomdinares codvisgan da ara codvis monaniebidan. magram Tu<br />

doqtrina srulyofilia da mtkice, Cvens Teologias maSin kargi<br />

gadaxedva Wirdeba da hoTorni gvTavazobs codvis koncefciis logikur<br />

cvlilebas:M”gamodis rom codva, romelsac Cven vTvliT saSinel Sav<br />

laqad am samyaroSi, mxolod adamianuri Secnobis nawilia, iseve rogorc<br />

mwuxareba, romlis gavliTac Cven viswrafviT ufro maRali da ufro<br />

sufTa samyarosaken vidre Cvenia? imisaTvis xom ar daeca adami, rom Cven<br />

migveRwia ufro maRal samoTxemde vidre misi iyo? (Hawthorne 1860:<br />

233)MTavs, romelSic miriamis ucnob mdevars klaven, "ufskrulis piras"<br />

(Hawthorne 1860: 203) ewodeba. igi iwyeba warmosaxviTi ufskrulis pirze da<br />

mTavrdeba namdvilTan. orive adamianuri cnobierebis siRrmiseuli gagebis<br />

sivrcis simboluri eqvivalentia. roca oTxi mTavari gmiri forumTan<br />

dganan, kenioni yveba uZveles legendas ufskrulis Sesaxeb, romelic<br />

uecrad gaiRo aq da daixureboda mxolod romis udidesi ganZis<br />

msxverplSewirvisas. is irwmuneba: “warmoidgineT didi, bneli, naprali,<br />

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Tvaluwvdenelad Rrma, naxevradformirebuli monstrebiT, saSineli<br />

saxeebiT, bundovnad rom mosCanan masSi da warmoidgineT im moqalaqeebis<br />

SiSi, vinc SigniT Caixedavs" (Hawthorne 1866: 203) miriami ufskruls,<br />

rogorc metaforas ise aRiqvams: "me warmomidgenia, rom yvela pirovneba<br />

ixedeba masSi sasowarkveTisa da suliT dacemis dros”. (Hawthorne 1866: 203)<br />

umanko hilda am ideis winaaRmdegia, radgan "is arasodes ixedeba masSi"<br />

(Hawthorne 1866: 203) magram miriami afrTxilebs, rom is misTvisac<br />

gaixsneba. amave TavSi moqmedeba kulminacias aRwevs, megobrebi tarpeis<br />

kldeze dganan da im moRalateebze fiqroben, romlebsac aq dasjis<br />

mizniT tovebdnen. yvelani midian, magram miriami rCeba donatelosTan<br />

erTad da hildac SeumCnevlad mobrundeba, raTa maT SeuerTdes. moCveneba<br />

Cndeba da "Savi ormo” yvelasTvis aRebs pirs. donatelo xels kravs<br />

miriamis mwvalebels da kldidan gadaagdebs. es faqti gaxda mizezi<br />

donatelos pirveli Sexebisa cnobierebis Sav ufskrulTan da hildas<br />

pirveli gamocdilebisa realobisaTvis Tvalis gasasworeblad. am<br />

momentidan samives tanjavs nanaxi. adamianuri bednierebis msubuqi Sris<br />

qvemoT saSineli danaSauli imaleba, rac gmirebis cxovrebis<br />

transformacias iwvevs.<br />

sazogadod avtorma cota izruna iumorisaTvis Tavis naSromSi. misi<br />

azriT wignma ar unda Seqmnas mxiaruli Suqi. perlis celqobebis garda<br />

“alisfer asomTavrulSi”, cota ram Tu gvxvdeba iumoristuli. Tavis<br />

koSkSi monaniebisaTvis myofi donatelo iRimeba, roca laparakobs, rom<br />

ar gamoaCens mis yurebs kenionisaTvis modelirebis dros. avtori iyenebs<br />

iumors, raTa daxatos Tavisi warmosaxviTi xasiaTebi. miriami<br />

gaukontrolebel, feTqebad gonebamaxvilobas flobs, rac mis saubars<br />

iumoristul elfers aZlevs TviT didi tanjvis drosac ki. roca is<br />

kenions marmarilos salonSi xvdeba da uxsnis mis saSinel fiqrTaA<br />

dinebas, kenioni ambobs "es Zalian naRvliania miriam" (Hawthorne 1860: 71) da<br />

avtori gviCvenebs qalis iumors, romelic kenionis seriozulobas mokle,<br />

arabunebrivi siciliT arRvevs. "diax raTqma unda, mec ase vfiqrob"<br />

(Hawthorne 1860: 71) an miriami hildas gamoqandakebuli xelis yurebisas da<br />

misi pirovnuli damoukideblobis gansjisas RimiliT wyvets kenionis<br />

naRvlian fiqrebs "kargi, SeiZleba man gaixsnas daxvewili maja ...am<br />

110

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SemTxvevaSi Sen SeiZleba imedi gqondes" (Hawthorne 1860: 155) donatelos<br />

iumori gansxvavebulia. romensis pirvel etapze mas SeuZlia didebuli<br />

xumara iyos ara inteleqtuluri gonebamaxvilobis mqone, aramed celqi da<br />

mxiaruli. misi yuradReba miriamis mimarT gvagonebs misi spanielisadmi<br />

siyvaruls da esec sxva saxis iumors warmoSobs. kenionis iumori<br />

daxvewili da mosawonia, magram is namdvili damkvirvebelia, vinc SeiZleba<br />

gaerTos nimfisa da Sadrevanis istoriiT an hildas martivi gamosvlebiT<br />

rwmenis Sesaxeb, raSic is "mSvenier absrdulobas xedavs" (Hawthorne 1860:<br />

133) hilda sxva gmirebTan SedarebiT moklebulia iumoris grZnobas. es<br />

gansakuTrebiT romensis dasawyisSi igrZnoba. iqneb amis gamoc, is<br />

realobidan calke gamoyofili gveCveneba. hoTorni mTxrobeli, kenionis<br />

msgavs iumors flobs da ramodenime momentSi es TvalnaTliv Cans.<br />

magaliTad roca komentars akeTebs cocxali an mkvdari berebis sunis,<br />

ucxviro qandakebebis an ceremoniebis Sesaxeb. mwerlisYmier yvelaze<br />

originalurad gamoyenebuli satiraB”blaiTdeilis romensSi” Cans.<br />

brukfarmis eqsperimentma, romelSic hoTornma monawileoba miiRo,<br />

saSualeba misca avtors eqscentruli, uCveulo da TvalismomWreli<br />

xasiaTebi gamoeyenebina misi romensisTvis.MmagaliTad liberali<br />

inteleqtualebis manerebis Seswavla, maTi ideebis komikuri saxis Cveneba.<br />

Ban rogoria inteleqtualuri qalis grZnobebi, romelic recxavda<br />

WurWels, akeTebda fafas. imavdroulad igi Tanamedrove qali iyo da<br />

Tavisi progresuli ideebi unda Camoeyalibebina am saqmianobis dros.<br />

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3. 2. <strong>hoTornis</strong> <strong>romantikuli</strong> romani, warmosaxvisa da realobis gadakveTis<br />

adgili<br />

narkvevSi “sabaJo”, hoTorni cdilobs daarwmunos mkiTxveli, rom misi<br />

monaTxrobi sandoa, rom jonaTan pius Zveli xelnaweri da reliqvia,<br />

wiTeli qsovili oqrosferi naqargis narCeniT “a” dRemde mis xelTaa da<br />

SeuZlia nebismier msurvels warudginos. ukve SesavalSi pirvelive scena,<br />

ukve damaxasiaTebelia <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong>aTvis. roca hoTorni misi<br />

monaTxrobis mixedviT SemTxveviT gulze miidebs droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />

CrCilebisgan SeWmul wiTel naWers, moeCveneba, rom raRac fizikurad<br />

wvavs. "mkiTxvels SeiZleba Cemze gaecinos, magram mas eWvi ar unda<br />

Seeparos Cemi sityvebis simarTleSi. SeiZleboda gefiqraT, rom aso<br />

damzadebuli iyo ara wiTeli qsovilisgan, aramed gavarvarebuli<br />

rkinisgan. me SevkrTi da uneburad igi iatakze davagde." (Hawthorne 1852: 32)<br />

aqve hoTorni isev iyenebs sarkes, rogorc saSualebas, raTa daadasturos<br />

warmosaxvis Zala sagnebis SigniT arsebuli sulieri simarTlis<br />

gasamJRavneblad. "sarke yovelTvis aris fanjris an karis msgavsi ram<br />

spiritualistur samyaroSi Sesasvlelad…….sarkeze Tvalis Sevlebisas,<br />

Cven vamCnevT mis momnusxvel kideze movarvare als, naxevrad Camqral<br />

antracits. mTvaris TeTri, mociale sxivebi iatakze da mTeli<br />

SuqCrdilebis gameoreba, saSualebas iZleva erTi nabiji gadavdgaT<br />

sinamdvilidan warmosaxvisaken. aseT dros, msgavsi scenis winaSe, Tu kaci<br />

marto zis da ar SeuZlia iocnebos ucnaur sagnebze, miamsgavsos isini<br />

simarTles, man arc unda scados romensis wera…... yovelive amas<br />

gvTavazobs sarke, Sesasvleli mojadoebul, zebunebrivi realobis<br />

samefoSi. sarke, romlis erTi SexedviT ugrZnob zedapirze, xiluli<br />

samyaros Crdilebi cimcimeben, adamians realuri samyarosgan<br />

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sinamdvilisgan aTavisuflebs. sabolood, warmosaxva xelovnebis sarkem<br />

unda aireklos, Tu xelovani imedovnebs, rom romantikul romans dawers.”<br />

(Hawthonre 1852: 36)<br />

“alisfer asomTavrulSi” mocemuli axali inglisis mTeli<br />

istoria, dawyebuli cixis karis scenidan, esTer prinis saflavis aRweriT<br />

damTavrebuli, mkiTxvels atyvevebs realobisa da fantastikis didebuli<br />

gadaxlarTviT, rac esoden damaxasiaTebelia romensisaTvis. mweralma<br />

TiTqos xarki gadauxada axali inglisis puritanul warsuls da misi<br />

winaprebis fanatikur brZolas eSmakebis, demonebis da bneli Zalebis<br />

winaaRmdeg. romensi datvirTulia <strong>romantikuli</strong> legendebiT da im<br />

periodis TqmulebebiT. mwerals yvela es istoria ainteresebda, radgan<br />

Zalian awuxebda erTerTi misi winapris, mosamarTle <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

monawileoba "seilemeli jadoqrebis" sasamarTlo procesSi. <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

gmirebic sinamdvilis da warmosaxvis aRrevis Sedegia. am ori xsenebuli<br />

sawyisis Serwyma, mis yvela romensSi gvxvdeba. roca esTeri samarcxvino<br />

boZTan dgas, mwerlis TqmiT, "masSi TiTqos raRac momnusxveli,<br />

jadosnuri imaleboda, romelic qals ganacalkevebda sxva adamianebisagan<br />

da gansakuTrebul wres qmnida mis irgvliv" (Hawthonre 1852: 202-203). es<br />

momenti Tavisi arsiT orazrovania da ekuTvnis romantikul romanSi<br />

arsebul rogorc realur, ise zebunebriv sferoebs. realur planSi,<br />

alisferi “a” gmirs sazogadoebisgan izolirebuls xdis, radgan amieridan<br />

garyvnili qali dasjili aRmoCnda mkacri kanonebis da axali inglisis<br />

farisevluri zneobis Sedegad. imavdroulad, rogorc romensis Semdgomi<br />

moqmedebis ganviTareba gviCvenebs, am qsovilisgan Sekerili asos moqmedeba<br />

zebunebrivicaa. igi esTers exmareba Tanaqalaqelebis keTilRirseuli<br />

garegnobis ukan maTi is codvebi dainaxos, rasac gulSi atareben. avtori<br />

araCveulebrivi ganaTebis Teoriis wyalobiT, romelic realur samyaros<br />

saswaulebis qveyanasTan akavSirebs, TiTqos Tavad mkiTxvels aZlevs<br />

uflebas gadawyvitos marTla iyo alisferi asomTavruli jadosnuri, Tu<br />

esTerma, romelmac mZime tanjvis gza gaiara, unari SeiZina garegnulad<br />

dafaruli adamianis xasiaTis Tvisebebi SeemCnia. LlitmcodneobaSi<br />

arsebobs mosazreba, rom romantizmis warmoSobisas, fantastikurisa da<br />

realuris paralelizmis principi fantastikuri formebis ganviTarebis<br />

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saerTo kanons warmoadgenda. “alisferi asomTavrulis”, rogorc<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> analizi Segvaxsenebs avtoris midrekilebaze<br />

gamoikvlios adamianis qvecnobierebis is sfero, romelic zebunebriv<br />

samyaros exeba. sxvadasxva garemoebebSi misi gmirebi TavianT tanjvas<br />

ukavSireben ucnaur movlenebs caSi Tu miwaze. magram iqve igrZnoba<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong>euli ironia RvTiuri Zalis Carevis rwmenis mimarT.<br />

zebunebriv movlenebTan mimarTebaSi, avtori arasodes ambobs<br />

raimes darwmunebiT. is ubralod svams im maradiul kiTxvebs, romelzec<br />

pasuxis gacema Zalin Znelia. romantikul romanSi igrZnoba avtoris<br />

sifrTxile, RvTiuri azris mimarT Rrma rwmena gamoamJRavnos. amitom<br />

mxolod bundovnad migvaniSnebs, rom esTeris dasasjelad mis samosze<br />

damagrebuli samarcxvino alisferi asomTavruli TiTqos dimsdeilis<br />

mkerdze gamoisaxeba, magram wignis Txrobis stili, avtoris ganwyobileba<br />

am xilvis uazrobaze miuTiTebs da mkiTxvels aiZulebs ifiqros, rom es<br />

yvelaferi sulierad avadmyofi adamianis halucinaciebia. ase iqceva<br />

simbolo sinamdviled. gacocxlebuli moCvenebebi da gmirebis fantaziis<br />

nayofi msubuqad, uxmaurod moZraoben <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> furclebze,<br />

rac gvafiqrebinebs rom axal ingliss esazRvreba meore qveyana "romlis<br />

teritoria SeiZleba mxolod warmovidginoT, radgan vercerT rukaze ver<br />

vnaxavT" (Hawthorne 1952: 36). romanSi aris ori orazrovani momenti, rac<br />

mRvdelze zemoqmedebas axdens: “a”-s msgavsi meteoris gamosaxva caze da<br />

alisferi “a”-s niSnis gaCena mRvdlis mkerdze, rasac avtori mis gonebriv<br />

mdgomareobas miawers. roca tanjuli codvili mkerds iSiSvlebs<br />

eSafotze, hoTorni zusti aRwerisagan Tavs ikavebs. Semdeg ki<br />

sxvadasxvagvar axsnas iZleva. rac zogadad orazrovania, SeiZleba uaryo,<br />

SeiZleba daadasturo. yovel SemTxvevaSi am faqtiT mRvdlis sulieri<br />

gancda da mdgomareoba aRiniSneba. iyo es niSani TvaliT xiluli Tu ara,<br />

orive SemTxvevaSi mkiTxvelis gadasawyvetia. <strong>hoTornis</strong> mier perlis<br />

aRweras, romelic mgels efereba, SeiZleba amgvaradve davinaxoT.<br />

sinamdvilisa da warmosaxvis aRreva avtors im moqandakes amsgavsebs,<br />

romelic qandakebis Crdilis saSualebiT mets ambobs, vidre Tavad<br />

realuri qandakebiT. B<br />

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“Svidfrontoniani saxlis” SesavalSi hoTorni Seecada<br />

Teoriulad gaeazrebina sakuTari esTetikuri pozicia. igi aRniSnavs:<br />

"<strong>romantikuli</strong> romani, rogorc xelovnebis yvela nawarmoebi mkacrad<br />

emorCileba mis kanonebs. Tuki is zogjer Ralatobs simarTles da cvlis<br />

adamianur grZnobebs, maSin Seuwynarebel Secdomas Cadis. magram aseTi<br />

<strong>romanis</strong> Semqmneli mainc ar aris gasakicxi, radgan garkveul garemoebebSi<br />

ar SeiZleba gamoixatos sruli simarTle…... mwerlis miswrafebaze, an<br />

warmosaxvis TamaSze bevri ram aris damokidebuli" (Hawthorne 1851: III)<br />

Tavisufleba materialur sinamdvilesTan mimarTebaSi da mis mier<br />

amorCeuli garemoebani raTa adamianuri grZnobebis simarTle gamoxatos,<br />

organulad ukavSirdeba romensSi dayenebul saerTo problemas. "misi<br />

monaTxrobi_ambobs hoTorni_ ra Tqma unda <strong>romantikuli</strong>a, radgan avtori<br />

cdilobs warsuli axlandels daukavSiros. mkiTxvelis winaSe cocxldeba<br />

Zveli Tqmuleba da bundovani burusiviT efareba dRevandel naTel dRes,<br />

magram Tu mkiTxvels ar moswons es bundovaneba, nu SeniSnavs mas, nu<br />

ganicdis, roca legendis msubuqi Rrubeli ferwerulobis misaRwevad<br />

gars exveva nawarmoebis gmirebs.” (Hawthorne 1851: IV) Zveli legendebidan<br />

axlandel droSi arsebuli problemebi iCens Tavs. avtori gviCvenebs<br />

rogor kveTda Taobidan Taobamde ori gvaris memkvidreTa gzebi<br />

erTmaneTs. molebis SurisZieba wignSi <strong>romantikuli</strong> elferiT aris<br />

Semosili. MmaT gaaCndaT adamianis monusxvis jadoqruli unari da misi<br />

azrebis wakiTxva SeeZloT. am faqtis damadasturebeli legenda alisa<br />

pinCenis Sesaxeb romensSi calke novelad aris CarTuli. Ppolkovnikis<br />

idumalebiT moculi sikvdilis ambavasac aqvs racionaluri axsna.<br />

Dmiuxedavad amisa, legendisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli bundovaneba romensis<br />

pirvelive gverdebze Cndeba da mis dasasrulamde ar ifanteba. romensis<br />

mxatvrul sistemaSi personaJebis mcire aqtivoba da gareqmedebebis<br />

nakleboba kompensirebulia gansakuTrebuli atmosferoTi, romelic<br />

romensisaTvis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Strixia da romelic realuri<br />

faqtebisa da warmosaxvis aRrevis Sedegad warmoiSoba. amasTan erTad<br />

moqmedebis CarCo moZraobs da Tavis TavSi moicavs ara mxolod im<br />

movlenebs, romlis Tanamedrovecaa mTxrobeli, aramed aswleulebis<br />

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winandel ambebsac. moqmedi pirebis ricxvSi is adamianebic figurireben,<br />

vinc karga xania dastova saaqao.<br />

romensSi CarTuli alisa pinCenis istoria gotikuri<br />

romanebidan aris aRebuli. mistikuri musika, Zveli pergamenti, samalavebi,<br />

<strong>romanis</strong> siuJetis ganviTareba, Tavad molis da pinCenebis mtrobis<br />

istoria, mosamarTle pinCenis melodramatuli sikvdili misi adreuli,<br />

SedarebiT susti romanebis gmirebis ambavs mogvagonebs.<br />

“marmarilos favnis” unikaluroba, iseve rogorc sxva<br />

romensebis, warmosaxvis da sinamdvilis aRrevis Sedegia da es Serwyma<br />

bevrad ufro rTulad aris Sesrulebuli vidre sxva nawarmoebebSi. es<br />

sirTule ukve gaorebul saTaurSic Cans__ "marmarilos favni anu<br />

montebenis romensi". praqsiteles favni da montebenis grafi realuri<br />

saxeebia. qandakebas materialurad xelSesaxebi istoriuli mniSvneloba<br />

aqvs da grafic realurad hgavs misi wodebis Sesaferis italiels.<br />

hoTorni aq kvlav mTxrobelad rCeba. romantikul romans laitmotivad<br />

gasdevs qandakebasa da grafs Soris msgavseba. amdenad gasaocari ar aris,<br />

rom nawarmoebSi avtori Tavis xelovnebis srulyofas sinamdvilisa da<br />

warmosaxvis SereviT aRwevs. am <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> paraleli SeiZleba<br />

gavavloT moTxrobasTan "mSvenierebis ostati", romelSic oueni saocar<br />

pepelas qmnis. romauli nangrevebis siZvele romensis mwerlisTvis<br />

aucilebel aCrdilebs warmoSobs da avtoric romensis dasawyisSive<br />

eyrdnoba amas, roca galereaSi oTx gmirs axasiaTebs: "Cven vuyurebT am<br />

sagnebs, am naTel cas, lurj Soreul mTebs, nangrevebs, etruskuls,<br />

romauls, qristianuls, pativsacems Tavisi antikuri warsuliT da<br />

msoflioSi cnobili qandakebebis nakrebs salonSi im imediT, rom<br />

mkiTxvels movaxvedrebT SegrZnebis im mdgomareobaSi, rac yvelaze xSirad<br />

romSi SeiZleba ganicado. mZime mogonebebis SegrZneba romelic Cvens<br />

individualur saqmeebs da interess sanaxevrod realurad aqcevs, aq<br />

yvelaze metad igrZnoba vidre sxvagan" (Hawthorne 1860: 16) Txroba SeiZleba<br />

Camoiqsovos "erTmaneTSi daxlarTuli haerovani da arasubstanciuri<br />

ciuri ZafebiT, rac gamrudebulia adamianuri gamocdilebiT" (Hawthorne<br />

1860: 17) albaT aseTi idea hqonda gonebaSi avtors, roca erT Tavs daarqva<br />

"fragmentuli winadadebebi" (Hawthorne 1860: 119) da meores “miTebi”.<br />

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(Hawthorne 1860: 21) v 2 am ideiT da ara fxizeli gonebiT, miTiuri elferi<br />

eZleva Tavad grafis warmomavlobasac, igive kavSiri Cans momentSi, roca<br />

hilda romidan moulodnelad gaqreba da ambobs, rom dro gaatara<br />

didebul, aw ukve gardacvlil xelovanebTan, romlebsac ase aRmerTebda.<br />

hoTorni bevr mis mier dadgenil parametrebs adgils ucvlis, gadaaqvs<br />

katakombebSi, koSkebSi, saxelosnoebSi, galereebsa Tu kaTedralebSi,<br />

tyeSi Tu mTebSi. sizmris msgavs, mTvariT ganaTebul ufskrulis piras,<br />

Tu zmanebis msgavsi karnavalis uwesrigo mxiarulebis SuagulSi. avtori<br />

TiTqos Tavadac livlivebs ufskrulis pirze lurj sivrcesa da<br />

simaRleSi, saidanac Zlivs Cans realoba, imitom rom amdeni zmanebebis<br />

mere “isini im Seferilobas iReben, romelic mxolod zmanebebs ekuTvnis".<br />

(Hawthorne 1860: 130) Tumca ki aRniSnavs, rom "namdvilad arsebobs romSi<br />

Cabudebuli bunebis CarCo, ara zmanebaTa miwa, aramed istoriis farTo<br />

furceli…...Cveni Txrobisas ar SeiZleba ar mivmarToT istorias, radgan<br />

romSi TviT mtveric ki istoriulia, aucileblad arsebobs Cvens gverdiT<br />

da Sereulia Cvens melanTan" (Hawthorne 1860: 130)<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> oTxi gmiridan TiToeulSi igrZnoba sinamdvilisa da<br />

warmosaxvis Serwyma da raki avtori ambavs iwyebs donatelos msgavsebiT<br />

praqsiteles favnTan, sxva gmirebis urTierToba donatelosTan, rogorc<br />

favnTan kargi dasawyisi iqneba xasiaTebis SeswavlisaTvis. sami gmiri<br />

erTdroulad Zrwundeba donatelosa da favnis saocari msgavsebiT.<br />

miriami saxels ver arqmevs Tu ra momxibvleloba devs am ideaSi.<br />

hildasTvis es Tavsatexia, romelic mas ar ZaluZs amoxsnas. kenioni<br />

Tavisebur interpretacias aZlevs favnis arsebobis saWiroebas. "bunebas<br />

Wirdeboda da axlac Wirdeba es mSvenieri qmnileba, romelic kacisa da<br />

cxovelis SuaSi dgas..." (Hawthorne 1860: 24) donatelo garTobis mizniT,<br />

kenionis TxovniT igive pozaSi dgeba favnis gverdiT da kidev erTxel<br />

adasturebs saocar msgavsebas masa da qandakebas Soris. amis Semdeg<br />

avtori aRwers ara donatelos, aramed favns, graciozuloba, silamaze,<br />

momxibvleloba, iumori, sensualoba, sixalise, silaRe, simarTle.<br />

“ubraloebis gamo am qmnilebaTa daxasiaTebaSi yvelaferi genialuria.<br />

isini tyeebSi cxovroben da adamianur sulTan naTesaoba akavSirebT."<br />

(Hawthorne 1860: 22) albaT poeti igonebs im periods, roca adamianis<br />

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siaxlove bunebasTan da misi megobroba TiToeul cocxal arsebasTan<br />

ufro intimuri da Zvirfasi iyo" (Hawthorne 1860: 22) am ganacxadis Semdeg,<br />

meore TavSi, romelsac “favni” hqvia, avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs<br />

donatelos xasiaTze. am xerxiT is am msgavsebas wignis laitmotivad<br />

aqcevs. pirvelad qandakebas akvirdeba, Semdeg ki axalgazrda kacis<br />

xasiaTs. "Zneli iyo axalgazrda kacis xasiaTSi garkveva" (Hawthorne 1860:<br />

25) is saubrobs mis bunebasTan siaxloveze, umankoebaze. donatelom<br />

Tavisi asaki ar icis, ris gamoc miriami iumoriT aRniSnavs, rom es faqti<br />

dedamiwaze favnis ukvdavebis niSania. am romantikul romanSi hoTorni<br />

Seecada daexata adamianis sulieri transformacia. pirvelad donatelos<br />

magaliTiT, Semdeg hildas, miriamis, kenionis saxecvlilebiT. ase<br />

exlarTeba erTmaneTs sami paraleluri fabula. pirvel da bolo Tavebs<br />

erTnairi saTauri aqvs: "miriami, Hhilda, kenioni da donatelo". (Hawthorne<br />

1860: 15, 275) donatelos kavSiri favnTa modgmasTan nawarmoebSi miTis<br />

ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. hoTorni srul Tavisuflebas aZlevs<br />

mkiTxvels miiRos an uaryos es miTebi, rogoric gaxlavT magaliTad<br />

miniSneba donatelos favnis msgavs yurebze, an pasaJi, roca is cxovelebs<br />

maT enaze uxmobs. miriamis warsulis Sesaxeb saubris dros avtori<br />

gvTavazobs winaaRmdegobrivi informaciis nakrebs, rac orazrovnebas Zens<br />

qalis warsuls. aseve bundovania <strong>hoTornis</strong> mier mocemuli ganmarteba,<br />

romelic warmosaxvis nayofia sad unda yofiliyo hilda misi gaqrobis<br />

dros. unda aRiniSnos rom avtori naklebad warmatebulia realurad<br />

daxatos hildas portreti, gansxvavebiT miriamisagan. mgrZnobiare<br />

mkiTxvelisaTvis kenionis gmiri mowonebas imsaxurebs. is kiTxulobs<br />

montebenis ojaxis ZvelTaZvel dokumentebs, Tumca mas tomaskos<br />

legendebi ufro moswons. moqandake kenions gansakuTrebulad siamovnebs<br />

donatelos xasiaTis da winapriseuli nakvTebis analogia. Aam momentSic<br />

xdeba warmosaxvis da sinamdvilis Sereva, miRebuli simbolo wamaxuli<br />

favnis msgavsi yurebi namdvilad damafiqrebelia mkiTxvelisaTvis. es aris<br />

orazrovani idea, romelic ucvleli rCeba mTeli romensis ganmavlobaSi.<br />

<strong>naTaniel</strong> hoTorni am meTodiT warmosaxvas iumors urevs,<br />

raTaAsinamdvilis albaToba gazardos. es iumori imarTeba sxvaTaA<br />

damokidebulebiT, ise rogorc hoTorni Rebulobs grafisa da favnis<br />

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msgavsebas. es idea pirvelad gvxvdeba mxiarulebis scenaSi, roca miriami<br />

xmamaRla kiTxulobs, mere muSavdeba romensSi, daskvnaSi da adgens<br />

favnisaTvis adgils fantastikisa da realobis Sua teritoriaze.<br />

“blaiTdeilis romensi” ramdenadme gansxvavebulia danarCeni<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> romanebisagan, rasac upirveles yovlisa mowmobs<br />

kompoziciuri Tematuri xazis ar arseboba masSi. magram es aris ara<br />

nawarmoebis mxatvruli sisuste, aramed gansazRvruli esTetikuri<br />

amocanebis Sedegi, rasac mwerali izraxavda, raTa Taviseburi<br />

fsiqologiuri koliziebiT datvirTuli <strong>romantikuli</strong> romani Seeqmna. Cven<br />

verasodes davrwmundebiT bolomde romensis gmiri koverdeili<br />

sinamdvileSi nanax ambavs yveba, Tu imaze saubrobs, razec ocnebobda. Ees<br />

gaoreba sinamdvilis aRqmaSi alegoriulad gamoxatulia TavSi “<br />

maskaradi”, (Hawthorne 1865: 238) romelic blaiTdeilis mcxovreblebma<br />

moawyves. Mmetaforuli figurebis feeriuli ferxulis aRweris Semdeg,<br />

tyis piras grovdebian arkadieli mwyemsebi, zRapruli samyaros<br />

personaJebi, puritanebi, raindebi, revoluciuri armiis oficrebi, kudiani<br />

qali, romelic maTTan erToboda. TiTqos avtors surs gviCvenos, rom<br />

yvela es moCveneba misi Savi xelovnebis nayofia, am suraTis mere,<br />

romelic uwminduri Zalebis SabaSs mogvagonebs, moTxrobidan<br />

“axalgazrda brauni”, koverdeili moulodnelad amCnevs fermer fosters,<br />

romelic romensSi sinamdvilis, realuri samyaros uxeSi simboloa,<br />

maSinve qreba yovelgvari <strong>romantikuli</strong> fantastika, rameTu “TviT oci<br />

alqajic ver gamoiwvevda veranair iluzias, fantastikurs, zebunebrivs,<br />

rogoric ar unda yofiliyo, roca gverdiT xeze miyrdnobili, Tavis<br />

ganuyrel lurj qurTukSi gamowyobili, mokle Cibuxis weviT idga sailas<br />

fosteri da am scenas namdvili iankis eSmakuri orazrovani damcinavi<br />

saxiT Sehyurebda”. (Hawthorne 1865: 245)<br />

realobisa da irealuris dapirispireba Cans burJuaziuli<br />

qalaqis suraTis aRweraSi, romelic koverdeilma datova da blaiTdeilis<br />

iluzorul samyaros miaSura. “roca qalaqis quCebSi davdiodiT,<br />

gveCveneboda rom maRali saxlebi gvawvebodnen da gvsresdnen, rac xels<br />

uSlida Cvens guliscemas. TviT Tovlic uCveulod sacodavi Canda,<br />

WuWyiani, sibinZuriT gaJRenTili. norCi fifqebi cidan TiTqos mxolod<br />

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imitom vardebodnen, rom vinmes maSinve gaesrisa bunebis es usufTavesi<br />

qmnileba tradiciebis Zveli qusliT”. (Hawthorne 1865: 16)<br />

mocemul romantikul romanSi interess imsaxurebs scenebis<br />

struqtura. avtori mkiTxvelis yuradRebis koncentrirebas ufro metad<br />

gmirebis urTierTdamokidebulebaze akeTebs da ara qmedebaze. Kkritikosi<br />

milijent beli aRniSnavs, rom misi nawarmoebebis saTaurebSi zmna ar<br />

figurirebs. avtori, rogorc es misi werilebidan Cans, mniSvnelovan<br />

Canafiqrs debs saTaurebSi da amis mixedviT garkveul TxrobiT meTods<br />

gvTavazobs. Mmis romensSi xSirad gvxvdeba umoZrao, statikuri scenebi.<br />

xasiaTebi naCvenebia mxolod scenebSi, moqmedebaSi da<br />

urTierTdamokidebulebaSi. Sinagani mdgomareoba simbolizirebulia<br />

garegnuli efeqtebiT. faqtiurad scenebis ganviTareba qmnis romantikul<br />

romans. TiToeul scenaSi avtori aerTianebs sxvadasxva detalebs, raTa<br />

simarTle gadmogvces. am gaerTianebis naTel magaliTad gamodgeba<br />

“alisferi asomTavrulis” meore Tavi "bazari". (Hawthorne 1852: 47) mwerals<br />

surs mkiTxvels uCvenos, rogori adamiania esTeri imaTTvis, vinc mas<br />

xedavs da gviCvenos misi saxe am WrilSi. es aris patara scena Casmuli<br />

didSi xuTi qalis monawileobiT. TiToeuli mokled aris daxasiaTebuli<br />

avtoris mier. magaliTad: "ormocdaaTi wlis qalbatoni uxeSi saxis<br />

nakvTebiT", (Hawthorne 1852: 47) romelic fiqrobs, rom kargi iqneboda Tu<br />

xuTive erTad gamoitandnen ganaCens. isini esTers ase iolad ar<br />

gauSvebdnen. meore saubrobs mRvdlis mwuxarebaze aseTi skandalis gamo,<br />

mesame matrona amjobinebs qals damRa Sublze hqondes. mxolod<br />

axalgazrda qali, bavSviT xelSi, iazrebs, rom alisferi asomTavrulis<br />

mtanjveli tkivili mudam iqneba esTeris gulSi. yvelaze maxinji da<br />

Seubralebeli esTers sasikvdilod imetebs. am xuTidan mxolod erTi<br />

iCens sibraluls. danarCenebi msajulebze ufro mkacrni arian. maTi<br />

komentarebiT avtori gvacnobs Temebs, rogorc faqtebs. codvis Tema,<br />

alisferi asomTavruli samosze, tkivili gulSi da sikvdili. sabolood<br />

es viwro wre esTers imdenad srulyofilad gankveTavs sazogadoebisagan,<br />

rom is saerTod izolirebuli rCeba. Semdeg modis detalebis SesaniSnavi<br />

wyoba, magaliTad eSafotis ganlageba eklesiis karnizis qvemoT iseT<br />

efeqts qmnis, rom puritanTa gonebaSi kanonis da religiis erTianoba<br />

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cxadi xdeba. baqani eSafotis Tavze RvTismsaxurTaTvis da msajulTaTvis<br />

aris is pozicia, saidanac maT SeuZliaT zemodan gadmoxedon tanjul<br />

codvilebs.<br />

hoTorni xazs usvams kavSirs adamianis garegan bunebas da<br />

Sinagan samyaros Soris. roca igi peizaJebze saubrobs, xSirad<br />

transcendentalistebis yaidaze warmoadgens kacsa da bunebas Soris<br />

Sesabamisobas. avtori gviCvenebs esTeris TiTqosda xelaxla dabadebas<br />

codvaSi, ris Sedegadac is tyis velur bunebas ekuTvnis, sadac mis goneba<br />

Tavisufalia da SeuZlia umisamarTod ixetialos. is gviCvenebs mis<br />

amorCeul adgils sanapiroze "romelic tyiT dafarul gorakebs uyurebs.”<br />

(Hawthorne 1852: 158) qali sacxovreblad irCevs xeebiT dafarul adgils.<br />

transcendentalistebis eniT rom vTqvaT, TiTqos man Tavad aago Tavisi<br />

samyaro bunebis gareSe. perlic bavSvurad aSenebs mis sakuTar samyaros.<br />

fiWvis xeebs puritanebis saxelebs arqmevs, maxinj sarevelebs maTi<br />

Svilebisas. yovelTvis igonebs mtris saxes, romelTanac saomrad<br />

mieSureba. Pperli, romelsac mowons es veluri buneba, aRmoaCens, rom tye<br />

mas keTilganwyobiT pasuxobs. is Tavazianad uwvdis xels megobrul<br />

cxovelebs, yvavilebs, axlo urTierTobaSia bunebasTan (Hawthorne 1852:<br />

190) am scenaSi avtorma gviCvena bunebis garegnuli Sesabamisoba kacis<br />

Sinagan sulTan. perli ar eqvemdebareba moralur kanons da antikur<br />

bunebas Seesabameba. mzis Suqis nakadi, alisferi asomTavrulis msgavsad<br />

aris sinaTlis wertili, romelic Crdilebs aRrmavebs, radgan isic aseve<br />

maTi siyvarulis garegani gamoxatulebaa. roca dimsdeili tyidan<br />

brundeba, miuxedavad momakvdinebeli codvisa, TiTqos ganzrax midis<br />

daTmobaze Tavis TavTan, rac aqamde arasodes uqnia, gare buneba icvleba,<br />

biliki ufro veluri Cans, nacnobi sagnebi gansxvavebuli. avtori ambobs:<br />

"mRvdlis nebisyofam, esTeris nebam da bedisweram gamoiwvia es<br />

transformacia (Hawthorne 1865: 236) aq Cans, rom avtorma ramodenime gziT<br />

SemogvTavaza kacsa da bunebas Soris Sesabamisoba., transcendentalurad<br />

daasuraTa kaci, romelmac Seqmna mis mier xiluli garegani samyaro<br />

Tavisi Sinagani nebiT.<br />

hoTorni samjer krebs Tavis oTx mTavar gmirs eSafotTan,<br />

rogorc sasjelis da monaniebis simbolos. TiToeuli xasiaTis mimarTeba<br />

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eSafotTan da erTmaneTTan am sami scenis moqmedebaSia mocemuli. am<br />

simboluri suraTebis Seswavla, aRbeWdavs maTi gavlenis mniSvnelobas<br />

gonebaze. pirvel scenaSi amayi esTeri sasjels monaniebis gareSe iRebs.<br />

mRvdeli FfermkrTali, Sewuxebuli saxiT mis TavTan aivanze dgas. iqvea<br />

motyuebuli qmari, Cilinguorsi CaSavebuli saxiT. patara perli xelebs<br />

dimsdeilisaken iwvdis. es xdeba zafxulis dilas. meore SuaRamis scena<br />

dasustebul artur dimsdeils gviCvenebs, romelic sasjels sinanulis<br />

gareSe iRebs. finaluri scena arCevnebis dRes warmogvidgens sulierad<br />

gamarjvebul, ukanasknelad monanie mRvdels, romelic eSafotze kvdeba.<br />

esTeri aqac Cans. perli Cveulebrivi bavSvi xdeba da Cilinguorsi<br />

marcxdeba. es scenebi, tyis scena da scena gubernatoris sasaxleSi<br />

aZlierebs codvis Zireul simbolos, alisferi “a”-s mniSvnelobas. orive<br />

scenaSi oTxive gmiria warmodgenili, mxolod Cilinguorsi aklia tyis<br />

scenas. Tumca man icis, rom aseTi Sexvedra Sedga. gubernatoris saxlSi,<br />

amoburcul sarkeebSi samkerdesa da muzardSi alisferi “a” proporciebis<br />

gareSe diddeba da perlis sicelqec mruddeba, msgavsad puritanTaA<br />

arakeTilganwyobili azrovnebisa da gansjisa. tyis nakadulSi, romelic<br />

sazRvaria or samyaros Soris, perlis gabrazebuli saxe mis mrisxanebas<br />

gamoxatavs. avtoris miniSneba aseTia, marTalia es qalaqi mrude<br />

azrovnebiT gamoirCeva, magram xsna arc tyeSi ar aris.<br />

Semdegi <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong>, “marmarilos favnis” saboloo<br />

struqtura isevea Camoyalibebuli, rogorc alisferi asomTavrulis,<br />

magram kidev SeiZleba damatebiT raRac iTqvas scenebis ganviTarebaze.<br />

scenebSi cvlilebebis sqema aRniSnavs, rogor moZraobs avtori adgilidan<br />

adgilze, raTa mkiTxvels moqmedebis mniSvneloba aCvenos. ormocdaaT<br />

TavSi saTaurebSi ar aris zmnebi, ZiriTadad gmirebis, xelovnebis<br />

nimuSebis, an adgilebis saxelebia mocemuli. mxolod Tormeti maTgani<br />

gamoxatavs SemTxvevas. Uukve aRvniSneT, rom mwerali romensisTvis<br />

saguldagulod qmnis scenebs, hoTorni cdilobs adamianis suli bunebis<br />

eniT gamoxatos. “marmarilos favnSi” is specialurad iwvevs sam mxatvars,<br />

raTa maTi Sinagani me muSaobis procesSi gamoamJRavnos da Sinagani<br />

samyaro saxelosnoSi aCvenos. donatelo marTalia mxatvari ar aris,<br />

magram is adamiania. KkoSki, sadac cxovrobs, TiTqos misi sulis<br />

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moZraobas gamoxatavs. igi antikur bunebas da saerTod bunebas ekuTnis.<br />

hoTorns Semoaqvs specifiuri simboluri detalebi, raTa misi simarTle<br />

daadasturos. miriamis xelovneba misi sulieri moZraobis garegani<br />

gamoxatulebaa. mis saxelosnoSi, naxevradbnel oTaxSi, yoveli eskizi<br />

gamoxatavs SurismaZiebel qals mamakacis mimarT. rogoric ar unda iyos<br />

motivi, qali Tavad itanjeba amisagan. is ambobs: "es aris maxinji<br />

fantomebi, romlebic gonebas mparaven, ara sagnebi romelsac me vqmni,<br />

aramed sagnebi, romlebic majadoeben me" (Hawthorne 1860: 61). mayurebeli<br />

iqve aRmoaCens Cveulebriv cxovrebiseul naxatebs "romlebic qals<br />

sulierebas aniWeben" miriamis portretebs yovelTvis "Rrma sevdis daRi<br />

azis. misi avtoportretidan iyureba Rrma, Savi, Tvalebi Savi, sqeli Tma,<br />

mdidruli sevdiani silamaze, riTic gaJRenTilia misi saxelosno.”<br />

(Hawthorne 1860: 65)<br />

G gansxvavebiT miriamisagan, hildas xelovnebis nimuSebi<br />

originalurobiT ar gamoirCeva, am faqtiT avtori kidev erTxel<br />

gviCvenebs am or pirovnebas Soris gansxvavebas. is SesaniSnav aslebs<br />

akeTebs. Cans, rom iWers "Suqs, romelic Zvelma ostatma datova<br />

originalze” (Hawthorne 1865: 78) hilda Tavis eTerul samyaroSi cxovrobs<br />

da anTebul lampars inaxavs sibnelis Tavze. misi Sedevri, romelsac<br />

sakuTari avtoportreti warmoadgens aslia. is winaswarmetyvelebs<br />

beatriCe CenCis wamebul umankoebas. misi naxatebi, misi cxovrebis msgavsad,<br />

moklebulni arian "realobas, rac mxolod realur cxovrebasTan<br />

siaxloveSi modis, wlebTan da gamocdilebasTan erTad. man unda<br />

ganicados bneli Zaladobis Sexeba, rac miscems mis eskizebs im<br />

cvlilebas, rac WirdebaT” (Hawthorne 1865: 74) hildas Tavisi umankoebis<br />

wyalobiT SesaniSnavi Sinagani xedva gaaCnia, risi wyalobiTac is<br />

brwyinvled iRebs Sedevrebis aslebs.<br />

kenionis xasiaTi yvelaze kargad albaT mis saxelosnoSi<br />

muSaobis procesSi ixsneba. "sadac xelovanis SemoqmedebiTi Zala<br />

deformirebulia...sityviT" (Hawthorne 1865: 148) aq mkiTxvels SeuZlia naxos<br />

hildas TeTri xeli, TiTqmis miriamis msgavsi kleopatra da donatelos<br />

dausrulebeli biusti, romelic sulis evoluciis gamocanis gansasjelad<br />

gamodgeba. moqandake kenioni, marmariloSi samganzomilebian xatebas<br />

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gvTavazobs, rac Cvens Tvalwin iRebs formas. erTdros tyis qmnilebebTan<br />

moTamaSe donatelo Tavisi miTiuri harmoniiT ufro metad velur bunebas<br />

ekuTnis, sadac TviT Citebic ki cnoben mas, rogroc naTesavs.<br />

“blaiTdeilis romensis” Txrobis ganviTarebis manZilze, avtori<br />

ufro da ufro interesdeba koverdeilis, rogorc damkvirveblis<br />

statusiT. am problemas misTvis literaturuli da moraluri datvirTva<br />

aqvs. upatiebel codvas Cadis is, vinc gamocdilebiT, Rrma inteleqtis<br />

saSualebiT adamianis gulze Zaladobs. “blaiTdeilis romensSi” naTlad<br />

Cans, romHhoTorni Segnebulad atarebs eqsperiments Tavis<br />

msofmxedvelobaze. ganmeorebiT aRwers mTxrobel koverdeils. rogorc<br />

Tavisi poziciidan gamomdinare damkvirvebeli, Cveni mTxrobeli<br />

umniSvnelo, meorexarisxovani poetia. is sakmaod egoisturia,<br />

pretenziuli, gulgrili da zomierad ironiuli. koverdeili eloliaveba<br />

mis Sinagan azrs adamianebisa da sagnebis Sesaxeb. aris raRac ukanono da<br />

winaaRmdegobrivi mis irgvliv. is cxovrebas SefarviT Wvrets. miSelKduni<br />

mas voyer uwodebs. (adamiani visi avadmyofuri cnobismoyvareoba<br />

erotikuli scenebis xedviT kmayofildeba) xSirad wiTldeba da cota<br />

mfrTxalic aris. Aavtori, romelmac daajildova es gmiri pirvel pirSi<br />

mTxrobelis privilegirebuli poziciiT, ver svams kiTxvis niSnis qveS mis<br />

saqciels da verc uflebas aZlevs ufro Rrmad Caerios mis moqmedebaSi.A<br />

hoTorni misTvis Cveuli meTodiT mkiTxvels statikur scenebSi axedebs,<br />

tovebs adgils mkiTxvelisaTvis moTxrobaSi, saidanac Cven vamCnevT<br />

scenebs da vuyurebT. Dsainteresoa damkvirveblis poziciebis cvla. Cven<br />

vakvirdebiT gmirebs axlo xedidan, zogjer ufro Soridan. Cven vxedavT<br />

maT Teatralurad CarCoSi Casmuls, pansionatis ukana fanjaraSi, ise<br />

rogorc koverdeili akvirdeba maT mopirdapire Senobis zeda oTaxidan.<br />

M mkiTxveli sagnebs gansxvavebulad uyurebs. igiDdamokidebulia<br />

koverdeilis janmrTelobasa Tu xasiaTis mdgomareobaze. roca is avadaa<br />

da ciebcxeleba aqvs, misi aRqmis unari gamaxvilebulia, raRac<br />

avadmyofuri, paTologiuri Cans mis pirovnebaSi. igi mojadoebuli iyo<br />

zenobias seqsualurobiT, magram Semdeg Tavs uflebas aZlevs uwodos mas<br />

“kudiani jadoqari“ (Hawthorne 1865: 55) da ainteresebs zenobias cxovrebaSi<br />

“qalis arsebobis mTavari movlena Tu iyo realizebuli”. (Hawthorne 1865:<br />

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56) GgamojanmrTelebis Semdeg avtori migvaniSnebs, rom misi avadoba<br />

raRac sikvdilis msgavsi iyo, misi gamojansaReba ki xelaxla dabadebis<br />

tolfasi. is realobaSi xelaxla daibada, ukve SeeZleba uSiSrad da<br />

uSecdomod gaanalizos furieristuli erToba da misi mcxovreblebi,<br />

radgan mas marTlac SeuZlia Rirseuli gamWriaxobiT gaumklavdes<br />

sagnebs, movlenebs, Tu siRrmiseulad ara, sworad mainc xedavs maT. is<br />

cdilobs Caixedos sxvebis TvalebSi da sxvaTa TvaliT daakvirdes<br />

samyaros, raTa Seadaros ras xedavs Tavad da ras xedaven sxvebi.<br />

koverdeili uaryofs holinguorsis liderobas, roca acnobierebs, rom es<br />

ukanaskneli misi megobrebisgan iTxovs uari Tqvan uflebaze, sakuTari<br />

TvaliTac dainaxon da azri gamoTqvan.<br />

koverdeilis pozicia moTxrobaSi, “mogvagonebs qoros klasikur<br />

dadgmaSi, romelic pirovnuli mniSvnelobis gaucxoebis SesaZleblobas<br />

hgavs” (Hawthorne 1865: 116) misi urTierToba sxva gmirebTan gamoixateba<br />

simpatiiT, rasac is maT mimarT grZnobs, radgan xedavs, rom maTma<br />

SesaZleblobebma Tavisi Tavi amowura. nawarmoebis bolos gulgrili<br />

damkvirveblisaTvis gadauwyveteli dilemma Tavad ambis TxrobaSi Cans. “es<br />

iyo naRvliani da saxifaTo, CavCurCule Cems Tavs, iyo metismetad axlo<br />

naTesaobaSi vnebebTan, SecdomebTan da im individebis warumateblobasTan,<br />

vinc sakuTari wris SigniT dgas, romelSic me Tu Sevabije, es iqneba<br />

daupatiJebeli stumroba, TviTmarqvioba da im riskis tolfasi, romlis<br />

Sefaseba me ar SemiZlia” (Hawthorne 1865: 240)<br />

E es aris mtkice moraluroba, rac hoTorns mTeli romensis<br />

ganmavlobaSi ainteresebs da awuxebs. marTalia mkiTxvelic<br />

dainteresebulia, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom hoTorni albaT ukeTes<br />

romans dawerda Tu nebas darTavda mis damkvirvebels daenaxa is, risi<br />

danaxvac SeeZlo, nacvlad imisa, rasac amowmebda dakvirvebis moraluri<br />

TvalsazrisiT. am romensSi hoTorni ewinaaRmdegeba dilemmas, rasac<br />

ganapirobebs misi moraluri msofmxedvloba. is rogorc mwerali<br />

detalurad Seiswavlis mis gmirebs magram ara aqvs SesaZlebloba maTTan<br />

erTad gaiziaros maTi arasrulyofili humanuroba, Seimecnos sakuTari<br />

msgavseba maT gamocdilebasa da bediswerasTan.<br />

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3. 3 Txrobis struqtura da simboloebi <strong>hoTornis</strong> romantikul<br />

romanSi<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> formaze dakvirveba <strong>hoTornis</strong> romensebis<br />

originalurobas adasturebs. “alisferi asomTavruli” agebulia<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> poetikis safuZvelze. nawarmoebi mdidaria simboloebiT,<br />

arsebobs mosazreba, rom is erTerTi pirveli simbolikuri romensia<br />

amerikul literaturaSi. metaforisagan gansxvavebiT simbolo cvlilebas<br />

aRwers meti siRrmiT da ZaliT. Ggarda sagnebisa, adamianebic anu wignis<br />

gmirebi SeiZleba aRqmulni iqnan rogorc simboloebi, magaliTad artur<br />

dimsdeili Tavisi Rrma tkiviliT da gancdebiT simbolurad gamoxatavs<br />

simarTlis namdvil Rirebulebas da ironias misi miuRwevlobis gamo.<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong>euli teqnikis erTerTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli, riTic igi<br />

ase efeqturad tvirTavs mkiTxvels, aris misi moTxrobis atmosferos<br />

SeqmnisaTvis garemos ganlageba. romensSi “alisferi asomTavruli” mTeli<br />

ambavi xdeba patara kolonialur qalaq bostonSi da mis SemogarenSi.<br />

qalaqis gareT mdebare Savi tye Zlieri simboloa borotebasa da<br />

amoralobasTan mimarTebaSi. mTxrobeli roca tyeze saubrobs, aRwers<br />

sacalfexo biliks, romelic Sedis “pirvelyofil tyeSi, es tye ise<br />

mWidrod gekvroda gars, iseTi bneli da sqeli iyo Sens irgvliv”, esTeris<br />

warmodgenaSi es tye morals ukavSirdeba, “romlis udabur labirinTSi<br />

amdeni ixetiala” (Hawthorne 1852: 164) avtori xSirad mimarTavs romantikul<br />

simbolikas. <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> dasawyisi da daboloeba wiTeli da<br />

Savi feris simboloebiT aris aRniSnuli, siyvarulisa da siZulvilis<br />

ferebiT. nawarmoebi iwyeba ori simboloTi: cixe- "civilizaciis Savi<br />

yvavili"( Hawthorne 1852: 45) da iqve cixis karTan ayvavebuli vardis buCqi,<br />

nazi, vardisferi yvavilebiT, cixe pirvelive gverdze ganasaxierebs<br />

adamianze Zaladobis faqts. miuxedavad imisa, rom es qalaqi axali<br />

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dasaxlebaa, Tavad cixe ukve aRbeWdilia amindis laqebiT da rac kidev<br />

ufro pirquSs xdis mis fasads, qalaqic nacrisferia mis mcxovreblebTan<br />

erTad “romelTac arasodes unaxavT axalgazrdoba” (Hawthorne 1852: 46)<br />

TiTqos es qalaqi imdenad hgavs im pirquS tyes, romelic gars akravs rom<br />

STanTqmulia misgan. avtori cixis SesasvlelTan veluri vardis buCqs<br />

amozrdis, TiTqos cdilobs sinaTle Semoitanos xis Senobis win<br />

Segrovili puritanebis pirquS da CaJamul suraTSi. vardebi, romelic<br />

cixis karTan "uxsovari droidan izrdeba”, mSvenierebis, sicocxlis<br />

poeturi simboloa, romlis ganadgureba arc ise iolia. nazi yvavilebi<br />

Crdilaven adamianuri urTierTobebis arabunebrivobas, rac Tavad<br />

adamianebma ganapirobes da romlis Sedegic esTer prinis naRvliani<br />

istoriaa. "ramdenadac es buCqi imyofeba Cveni Txrobis zRurblze,<br />

romelic saTaves iRebs uborotesi SesarTavidan, Cven mxolod erTi ram<br />

gvrCeba, movwyvitoT yvavili da mkiTxvels SevTavazoT. Cven vimedovnebT<br />

rom is iqneba simbolo sxva, mSvenieri, cxovrebis gzaze gazrdili<br />

gasulierebuli yvavilisa. egeb man SeZlos Seamsubuqos am moTxrobis<br />

bneli dasasruli adamianur sisustesa da sircxvilze" (Hawthorne 1852: 46).<br />

am simboloebiT aseve aRiniSneba romensis ZiriTadi konfliqti<br />

puritanTa mkacr morals da siyvarulis Tavisufal grZnobas Soris.<br />

nawarmoebis kiTxvisas gvagondeba mwerlis sityvebi misi mxatvruli<br />

azrovnebis simbolikuri saxeebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb: "me ar SemiZlia<br />

gamovyo idea im simbolosgan, romelSic igi Tavis Tavs asaxavs" (More 1904)<br />

<strong>romanis</strong> epilogSi dimsdeilisa da esTeris saflavis aRwerisas kvlav<br />

wiTelis da Savis simbolikaa mocemuli. Sav mindorze wiTeli aso “a“<br />

gizgizebs. wiTel fers puritanebi jojoxeTis alad Tvlidnen,<br />

sataniseul wyeul cecxlad. romensis gmiris wyalobiT igi brZolisa da<br />

siyvarulis ferad gadaiqca, sulieri siZlieris, an angelozis aRmniSvnel<br />

asod. simbolika romensis bolomde aqtualuria. bostonis idumal<br />

codvilTan Sexvedrisas esTeris gulze aso “a” wiTlad gaibrwyinebs.<br />

igive “a” Cndeba dimsdeilis SiSvel mkerdze, rogorc saidumlo codvis<br />

simbolo. nawarmoebi da misi saTauri "alisferi asomTavruli” fers, Suqs,<br />

Crdilovan figurebs gvTavazobs da yovelive es gansxvavebuladac aris<br />

gamoyenebuli romensSi. hoTorni Suqis saSualebiT misi xasiaTebis<br />

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daniSnulebas da kontrastuli scenebs gamoxatavs moTxrobis<br />

struqturaSi. dimsdeilis sifermkrTale, romelsac xSirad axsenebs,<br />

ufro mets niSnavs vidre ubralod saxis feri, is migvaniSnebs "sulis<br />

bnel saidumloebaze”. am SemTxvevaSi kontrastic aris gamoyenebuli, roca<br />

STagonebis sicxe iwvis mis loyaze, saxes sikvdilis feri anarekli<br />

dasTamaSebs. esTeris pirveli gamoCenisTanave ferze keTdeba aqcenti,<br />

wiTeli amoqarguli aso “a”, wiTeli tansacmeli da oqrosferi Zafis<br />

brwyinvaleba. hoTorni saubrobs qalis "Rrma, Sav Tvalebze, mzis Suqis<br />

anareklze, romelic Sav mbzinvare Tmaze cialebs". (Hawthorne 1852: 50)<br />

isini, vinc mas adrec icnobdnen, elodnen, rom qals naxavdnen<br />

Sepyrobils, ubedurebis RrubliT dabnelebuls. axla ki gaocebuli da<br />

Secbunebuli uyureben rogor anaTebs misi mSveniereba. H(Hawthorne 1952: 50)<br />

wiTeli qsovili Cilinguorsis TiTis miTiTebiT TiTqos kidev ufro<br />

mkveTr wiTel fers Rebulobs da cxeldeba. misi samosi Cveulebisamebr<br />

pirquSia, "misi fermkrTali loyebi mxolod zogjer xdeba muqi wiTeli.”<br />

(Hawthorne 1952: 216) gmiris aseTi aRwera xazs usvams mis iZulebiT<br />

epitimias. misi Tmis pirquSi, nacrisferi Tavsaburavi garegnulad<br />

Seesabameba sazogadoebis moTxovnebs. tyeSi esTeri iZrobs Tavsaburavs da<br />

Tmebi "muqi, sqeli, mis beWebze iyreba, SuqiT savse misi Tvalebis sxivi,<br />

piris irgvliv mociale nazi Rimili, axla loyebze varvarebs, romelic<br />

amdenxans fermkrTali iyo" (Hawthorne 1952: 176) momentalurad romensis<br />

gmiri warmogvidgeba mSvenier, didebuli garegnobis qalad, ris<br />

uflebasac mas tyeSi yofna aZlevs. Tumca perlis daJinebuli TxovniT, is<br />

kvlav ibrunebs alisfer asos, ikravs Tmas TiTqos "am asoSi iyos<br />

damRupveli, damferflavi Selocva, jado. misi mSveniereba, misi qalobis<br />

siTbo da simdidre midis, kvdeba msgavsad gamqrali mzis Suqisa da<br />

nacrisferi Crdili kvlav ecema mas" (Hawthorne 1952: 198)<br />

Cilinguorsi esTers pirvelad axsendeba rogorc "fermkrTali,<br />

gamxdari studenti dabinduli TvalebiT". (Hawthorne 1952: 54) Tumca am<br />

Tvalebs adamianis sulSi Caxedvis Zala hqondaT. eSafotTan mdgar<br />

Cilinguorss, romelic esTeris dasjis sayureblad aris mosuli, Zlieri<br />

emociisgan saxe CaSavebuli aqvs. misi Tvalebi saocrad elaven, imis<br />

mcdelobiT, rom esTeris saidumlo amoicnon. roca is dimsdeils<br />

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akvirdeba, misi saxis nakvTebi cvlilebas ganicdis. "misi muqi saxis feri<br />

ufro pirquSi da bneli xdeba. Rimili, romliTac rojeri zogjer<br />

cdilobs niRabi aifaros da WeSmariti saxe damalos, mis saxeze<br />

damcinavad ifeTqebs xolme da zogjer wiTeli Suqi cialebs mis saxeze,<br />

romelic drodadro Tvalebidan anaTebs, TiTqos misi suli cecxlSia da<br />

mis mkerdSi varvarebs.” (Hawthorne 1952: 147) bolo suraTSi Cilinguorsi<br />

dgas "carieli, suleluri saxis gamometyvelebiT,” TiTqos sicocxle<br />

dasrulda. marTlac mizani aRar arsebobs da jojoxeTis Suqic qreba.<br />

perls da alisfer asomTavruls esTerisgan boZebuli<br />

erTnairi brwyinvaleba aqvT. "bavSvis dabadebisTanave axali sicocxlis<br />

TeTrma da wminda sxivebma waiRes muqi wiTlis, oqrosferis Rrma laqebi.<br />

cecxlis alis brwyinva, Savi Crdili". (Hawthorne 1952: 80) marTalia<br />

"Rrublis msgavsi sasowarkveTa da pirquSoba aris am bavSvSi, magram<br />

ganaTebuli bavSvuri xasiaTis dilis msgavsi brwyinvalebiT" (Hawthorne<br />

1952: 81) misi SesaniSnavi kaba da aqsesuarebi, misi mSvenierebis didebuleba<br />

"kotejis Sav iatakze qmnis brwyinvale cialis wres mis irgvliv” Hawthorne<br />

1852: 80) roca gubernatoris saxlSi Tavisi mdidruli mSvenierebiT<br />

gabrwyinebuli perli gamoCndeba, avtori aRniSnavs, rom “masSi da mis<br />

irgvliv cecxlia" (Hawthorne 1852: 89) misi muqi wiTeli velvetis tunika<br />

"amoqarguli fantaziiTa da ayvavebuli oqros ZafiT, mas yvelaze kaSkaSa,<br />

patara cecxlis enad aqcevs, romelsac odesme ucekvia dedamiwaze<br />

(Hawthorne 1852: 89) aseTi emfatikuri analogia alisfer asomTavrulsa da<br />

perls Soris esTeris avadmyofuri warmosaxvis nayofia. arCevnebis dRes<br />

gamowyobili perli gavs "peplis frTis mravalferovan brwyinvalebas an<br />

kaSkaSa yvavilis furclidan gadmoxatul silamazes" (Hawthorne 1852: 197)<br />

an "briliantis cimcims, romelic anaTebs da cialebs (Hawthorne 1852: 197)<br />

magram perlis xasiaTs mTeli misi brwinvalebis miuxedavad, aqvs "mZime<br />

liTonis brwyinva, romelsac mxolod mwuxareba Tu Searbilebs" (Hawthorne<br />

1852: 197).<br />

hoTorni aseve warmatebiT iyenebs Suqs TxrobiTi struqturis<br />

ganviTarebisTvis. wignis pirveli scena gazafxulis dilas iwyeba. bneli<br />

cixis karebidan da martoxela vardis buCqidan. naTel dilas mzis Suqi<br />

Cndeba qalaqis Sav CrdilSi, Semdeg mTvlemare bavSvi gamoyavT "dRis<br />

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naTel Suqze, cixis nacrisferi bindidan.” (Hawthorne 1852: 48) is alisferi<br />

asomTavruliT ganaTebul esTers gamoyavs rogorc "usamarTloba,<br />

gamoTreuli mzis Suqze" (Hawthorne 1852: 49) aq erTgvari Seusabamoba Cans,<br />

erTis mxriv saWiroa simarTle yvelam gaigos, magram roca adamianebi<br />

Tavis Tavze iReben aseT gasamarTlebas, es ukve dauSvebelia. cxeli<br />

SuadRis mze wvavs esTers da Suqs hfens mis sircxvils. es is qalia, vinc<br />

keriis wynari cecxlis gverdiT unda ijdes. am mzis Suqzeve gamodis<br />

gubernatori, RvTis msaxur jon uilsonTan erTad, visi qadagebac am<br />

simbolos axal SiSs Zens, radgan misi Seferiloba jojoxeTis ormos<br />

alebidan aris warmoSobili. isini, vinc esTers Tvals adevnebs, roca is<br />

kvlav qreba cixis kars miRma, fiqroben rom alisferi asomTavruli<br />

"movarvare cecxlis alis msgavs sxivebs isvris cixis bnel gasasvlelSi"<br />

(Hawthorne 1952: 63) ase rom pirveli didi scena iwyeba da mTavrdeba cixis<br />

sibneleSi da gaSlilia mzis kaSkaSa Suqze.<br />

scenas gubernatoris saxlis derefanSi gansxvavebuli ganaTeba<br />

aqvs. saxlis viTom mxiaruli interieri matyuaraa. Ffanjrebidan Semosuli<br />

mzis Suqi civ, saomar sagnebs ecema. abjars, muzarads, gamoberil<br />

sarkeebs, romlebic adideben alisfer asomTavruls yovelgvari<br />

proporciis gareSe da perlis sicelqes ise ireklaven, rom bavSvi ki ara,<br />

eSmaki gegoneba. avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs muzaradidan da abjridan<br />

areklil Suqze, romelic mkacr puritanebs gvaxsenebs.<br />

Tavisi gansakuTrebuli ganaTeba aqvs SuaRames eSafotis scenas.<br />

"bneli Rame dafarulia ganurCeveli Rrublis safariT, romelic cis<br />

mTel sivrces axSobs ....bneli nacrisferi SuaRame" (Hawthorne 1852: 128)<br />

moCvenebis msgavsi beberi gubernatori TeTri CaCiT da saRamuri perangiT<br />

fanjridan iyureba. sxva fanjaraSi kudiani qalis lampa anaTebs. Semdeg<br />

kvlav sibnele dgeba. nelnela perlisa da esTeris figurebi ikveTeba am<br />

sibneleSi. isini mRvdelTan erTadAeSafotTan dganan. Ddimsdeils ar<br />

SeuZlia dRisiT iq dadgoma, amitom mxolod umaRlesi samsjavros winaSe<br />

warsdgebian samiveni erTad. "am samyaros dRis Suqma Cveni Sexvedra ar<br />

unda dainaxos... mRvdeli Tavisi Seryeuli gonebiT fiqrobs, rom alisfer<br />

aso “a”-s caze gaelvebuls xedavs (Hawthorne 1852: 141) roca Cilinguorsi<br />

Caivlis, am scenis ganaTeba gansakuTrebiT kontrastulia adreul<br />

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scenebTan SedarebiT. GgavixsenoT, rom am epizodSi dimsdeili erTgvarad<br />

dascinis monaniebas, simarTles siyalbed aqcevs, ise, rom Tavad TiTqmis<br />

SeSlilobamde midis. misi SeSlili xarxari perls aocebs. Sesabamisad<br />

aseT situaciaSi meteoris gamoCena yvelaze Sesaferisi ganaTebaa.<br />

tyis scenas gansxvavebuli tipis ganaTeba aqvs. roca esTeri da<br />

perli tyeSi Sedian, "moTamaSe mzis Suqi bilikze cimcimebs,” (Hawthorne<br />

1852: 159) magram roca isini uaxlovdebian qreba, dedaSvilis ukan mrume<br />

naRvliani Crdili rCeba, perli cdilobs mzis Suqis daWeras, magram<br />

esTeri ver bedavs xelis gawvdenas, raTa xelisgulSi moiqcios is.<br />

daburul tyeSi wyvilisTvis Znelia gaiazron erTmaneTis sxeulebrivi Tu<br />

qmediTi arseboba. isini efarebian Crdilian tyes da salaparakod jdebian.<br />

amjerad tyis wyvdiadi ufro Zvirfasia, vidre oqrosferi Suqi. mxolod<br />

aq, mcire xniT warmogvidgeba artur dimsdeili Tavisi WeSmariti saxiT,<br />

radgan mxolod esTeri xedavs mas. es aris mcire epizodi. yvela sxva<br />

SemTxvevaSi mRvdeli yalbia RmerTisa da kacis winaSe. Sesabamisad,<br />

dimsdeilis am wuTier bunebriobaSi, hoTorni nebas rTavs velur,<br />

mkrexelur tyis bunebas, wyvils mzis Suqis nakadi daafrqvios, rogorc<br />

zecis moulodneli gaRimeba "sixarulis momniWebeli TiToeuli mwvane<br />

foTlisaTvis, yviTeli, mkvdari foTlebis oqrosfrad gardamqmneli da<br />

didebuli xeebis nacrisferi zros gamnaTebeli". (Hawthorne 1852: 176)<br />

sagnebi, romlebic amdenxans Crdilebs qmnidnen, axla sinaTles asxiveben.<br />

“siyvarulisTvis yovelTvis unda iyos mzis Suqi, romelic iseTi<br />

brwyinvalebiT avsebs guls, rom man Semdeg garesamyaro aavsos” (Hawthorne<br />

1852: 177) perlic mzis Suqis zolze dgas, magram nakadulis meore mxares<br />

da roca sabolood midian, Wala rCeba "marto bneli, beberi xeebiT. es<br />

aris bunebis Rimili siyvarulisadmi”. magram rogorc avtori aRniSnavs es<br />

mxolod wamieria, radgan aq aris perli da alisferi asomTavruli. anu<br />

jerac arsebobs sazogadoebis nawili da kanoni, romelsac isini unda<br />

daemorCilon.<br />

axali inglisis dResaswauli Seferilia indielebiT,<br />

mezRvaurebiT. TviT pirquSi puritanebic ki ufro mxiarul samosSi arian<br />

naCvenebi, vidre Cveulebriv. mzis Suqi didxans cialebs iaraRze, abjarze,<br />

da perlic xtis da cialebs "briliantis msgavsad.” mister hibinsi<br />

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igonebs, rom alisferi asomTavruli, romelsac mzis Suqze yvela xedavs,<br />

"varvarebs, rogorc cecxli sibneleSi (Hawthorne 1852: 172). "meridianidan<br />

mcired gadaxrili mze mRvdels anaTebs da simkveTres Zens mis figuras,<br />

romelic samyarosgan gancalkevebiT dgas. da mis vedrebas maradiuli<br />

samsjavros sakurTxevelze debs" (Hawthorne 1852: 219) aseTia pirquSi<br />

legenda "Semsubuqebuli mxolod erTi marad gaciskrovnebuli movarvare<br />

sinaTlis wertiliT, ufro pirquSiT vidre Crdilia: Sav mdeloze wiTlad<br />

agizgizebuli “alisferi asomTavruli”. (Hawthorne 1852: 222)<br />

“marmarilos favnSi” ise rogorc “alisfer asomTavrulSi”,<br />

avtorma kidev erTxel warmatebiT gamoiyena Suqis efeqti. "Suqi yvela<br />

mxridan anaTebs interiers da buravs mas cocxali didebulebiT".<br />

(Hawthorne 1852: 54) rogorc ferebi gardaqmnian Cveulebriv dRis Suqs<br />

simdidris da didebulebis saswaulad, hoTorni amgvarad aviTarebs mis<br />

xasiaTebs Suqisa da feris saSualebiT. miriami yvelaze brwyinvale da<br />

feradovania sxva gmirebTan SedarebiT. is <strong>hoTornis</strong> pirquSi mSvenierebis<br />

mqone qalTa ricxvs ekuTnis. mis Sesaxeb avtori ambobs, rom “mis bunebas<br />

ferTaA simravle aqvs". (Hawthorne 1866: 33) an vxedavT "fermkrTali<br />

cremlebiT dalaqavebuli saxiT,' xasiaTiT, romelic mexis wvimasaviT<br />

Camoivlis da mzis Suqs isev tovebs (Hawthorne 1860: 266) qali mogvagonebs<br />

Suqis im erTerT saxeobas, romelic "saswauls iwvevs da aiZulebs anaTos<br />

Cvens winaSe" (Hawthorne 1860: 11) misi CiraRdnis ciali katakombebSi mis<br />

seriozul saxes fens naTels, rac "ewinaaRmdegeba sicilis sxivs mis Sav<br />

TvalebSi" (Hawthorne 1860: 48) magram qalis dawvrilebiTi aRwera ar aris<br />

mocemuli, sanam avtori donatelos ar aCvenebs miriamis avtoportrets.<br />

hoTornma winaswar ganWvrita es SemTxveva, raTaA miriamis mSveniereba<br />

mietana mkiTxvelamde. es portreti gviCvenebs saxis fers "arc vardisferi<br />

yvaoda, arc fermkrTali iyo, Savi Tvalebi gaocebdaTATavisi siRrmiT.<br />

araviTari vulgaruli brwyinvaleba sxva qalebis Savi kululebisa, mis<br />

Sav sqel Tmebs gvirgvinad rom adga mis Tavs ufro muqi didebuleba<br />

hqonda." (Hawthorne 1860: 65). donatelos eqstazis danaxvisas, roca is<br />

suraTs uyurebs "siamovnebis Rimili abrwyinebs mis saxes, Tumca misi<br />

Tvalebi zizRsac asxiveben. roca naTel, bunebriv Rimils xedavs mis<br />

saxeze, donatelos surs es Rimili suraTzec anaTebdes" (Hawthorne 1860:<br />

132

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67) hoTorni qalis xasiaTis ganxilvis drosac inarCunebs bundovan,<br />

idumal moments. axatvinebs avtoportrets qalaqgareT, vilaSi "mzis Suqis<br />

sxivi cialebs da anaTebs misi saxis fermkrTal muq mSvenebas” (Hawthorne<br />

1860: 99) aq “is ganaTebulia Sinagani aliT, mis loyebs movarvare cecxli<br />

avsebs da mis Tvalis gugebSi cekvavs" (Hawthorne 1860: 107) magram miriams<br />

kvlav ubrundeba Savi emocia, rogorc ki misi modeli tyis cekvas<br />

Sewyvets. momentalurad irRveva mzis Suqi, rasac is donateloSi<br />

poulobs. es momenti TiTqos mianiSnebs, rom qalis "TeTri xeli erTxel<br />

dalaqavebuli iyo muqi wiTeli laqiT” (Hawthorne 1860: 125) is fiqrobs, rom<br />

"codvam daalaqava donatelos mxiaruli buneba siSaviT” (Hawthorne 1860:<br />

199) mwuxareba aZlierebs mis eWvebs RmerTis yovlisSemZleobis Sesaxeb da<br />

hildas eubneba rom mocemuli momentisaTvis es Zalian Znelia misTvis.<br />

sisxliani danaSauli mis urTierTobas donatelosTan amyarebs, magram<br />

mere "veluri eqstazi gaqra da CaiZira cecxlis mkvdar ferflSi,<br />

romelic erT dros ase Zlier anaTebda” (Hawthorne 1860: 223) mkvlelobis<br />

Semdeg qali gamoCndeba kenionis salonSi Zalian fermkrTali da SavebSi<br />

Cacmuli. Semdeg imedi, rom donatelos kvlav uyvars, aferadebs misi<br />

loyebis sifermkrTales, rodesac miriami kenions gamoecxadeba karetiT,<br />

gazis lampis Suqi anaTebs mis saxes. mxatvari xedavs mas mdidrul<br />

samosSi da amCnevs mis saboloo cvlilebas, rac nawilobriv gamowveulia<br />

mis mkerdze dabneuli Zvirfasi gemmiT, "rac samxreTis cis varskvlavis<br />

msgavsad wiTeli cialiT anaTebda. es feradi Suqi TiTqos mis bunebaSi<br />

movarvare vnebebs gamoxatavs, rac dakristalda mis mkerdze da exla<br />

cimcimebda ufro brwyinvaled, vidre odesme, misi gulis emociis<br />

Sesabamisad" (Hawthorne 1866: 209). karnavalis dros miriami Cndeba "erTerT<br />

im brwyinvale kostumSi, romelic uxvad Rvioda muqi wiTeliT da<br />

gawyobili iyo oqrosferi naqargiT" (Hawthorne 1866: 244) Tumca misi Rimili<br />

melanqoliur Tvalebs anaTebda. kenioni xvdeba, rom "misi niRabis ukan<br />

fermkrTali cremliT dalaqavebuli saxe imaleba.” (Hawthorne 1866: 270)<br />

rogorc vxedavT, hoTornma feradi SuqiT warmatebiT SeZlo daexata<br />

cvalebadi, yovelTvis idumali qalis saxe.<br />

donatelos uyvars "kurTxeuli dRis Suqi" (Hawthorne 1860: 38) da<br />

eSinia sibnelis. igi asocirdeba "erT brwyinvale sxivTan, romelic<br />

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axerxebs icialos da icelqos miriamis Crdiliani oTaxis kedlebis<br />

garSemo" (Hawthorne 1860: 64) igive mzis Suqis sxivi qalaqgareT vilaSi<br />

moZraobs miriamis pirquS meditaciebSi. cekvis dros "is asxivebs<br />

mxiarulebas mTeli misi cocxali, moZravi pirovnebiT. (Hawthorne 1886: 136)<br />

magram ucnobis gamoCena grevis SadrevanTan, donatelos cxoveluri<br />

sibraziT aRanTebs "vefxvis msgavsad, veluri naperwkali anaTebs misi<br />

Tvalebidan (Hawthorne 1860: 187), misi siyvaruli miriamisadmi umaRles<br />

grZnobas gamoxatavs da mis saxes aciskrovnebs. mkvlelobis Semdeg ki ukve<br />

"brazi varvarebs mis saxeze da anaTebs misi Tvalebidan.” (Hawthorne 1860:<br />

203) Tumca "aq ukve inteleqtis Suqi irekleba, romelic vnebam warmoSva<br />

masSi H(Hawthorne 1860: 123) mogvianebiT mis pirovnebas "muqi sqeli Rrubeli<br />

amZimebs, xasiaTi pirquSdeba codvis SecnobiTa da mwuxarebiT" (Hawthorne<br />

2004: 124) kenioni am tragediis Semdeg erTxel isev xedavs velur anarekls<br />

donatelos TvalebSi "tyeSi SemTxveviT SemofeTebuli mglis msgavss"<br />

Hawthorne 1860: 19) maSin, roca miriamis saxels axsenebs. codvis Secnobis<br />

mere misi cxovreba icvleba. is im biWs gavs, romelmac Zveli WeSmariteba<br />

aRmoaCina rom "dro mifrinavs magram Tavis Crdils ukan tovebs."<br />

(Hawthorne 1860: 7) sabolood kenionis SemoTavazebiT, rom mSvidoba<br />

SeiZleba kacobriobis samsaxurSi movides "misi saxe naTdeba<br />

varskvlavebis qvemoT" H (Hawthorne 1860: 64) donatelos pirovnebaSi<br />

antikuri favnis Tvisebebi cecxlis Suqs hgavs da ara mzisas, rac mas<br />

adamianur qmnilebad aqcevs. magram es Suqi mas mxolod sinanulis<br />

gancdis Semdeg daubrunda, sinanulis da rwmenis, radgan is zecis<br />

winaaRmdeg ibrZvis Tavisi axalaRmoCenili suliT.<br />

hildas, "TeTrebSi Cacmul wesier gogonas" (Hawthorne 1860: 70)<br />

avtori hilda mtreds uwodebs. mis umankoebas araviTari eWvi da Crdili<br />

ar adgeba. "Ria yavisferi kululebiT, jansaRi saxis feriT, misi saxe<br />

mSvenieri da eldis momgvrelia, TiTqos Sinagani fiqri da grZnoba amodis<br />

zedapirze, anaTebs da isev SigniT suls ubrundeba." (Hawthorne 1860:<br />

83)GegonebodaT, rom “hilda xiluli iyo misi sulis mzis SuqiT" (Hawthorne<br />

1860: 83) "TeTri mtredebi da TeTri fiqrebi misi kompanionebi arian"<br />

(Hawthorne 1860: 144) is naxevrad idealuri qmnilebaa. rogorc miriami<br />

ambobs, "hilda ar cxovrobs Cvens mokvdav atmosferoSi da Zneli iqneba<br />

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misi gulis mogeba ise, rogorc TeTri Citis Secdena da Camotyueba cis<br />

mziani Tavisuflebidan" (Hawthorne 1860: 155) kenionic aseve xedavs "hildas<br />

bunebis TeTr, mokaSkaSe sisufTaves, rogorc calke substancias.”<br />

(Hawthorne 1860: 168) mkvlelobis Semdeg, TeTri hilda damwuxrebuli zis.<br />

"misi goneba, bunebrivi sicocxlis siyvaruliT mzis Suqis ase msgavsi,<br />

moZraobs fiqridan fiqramde" (Hawthorne 1860: 254) magram ver poulobs<br />

dasayrdens, radgan exla miriamis bneli saidumlo aqvs Sesanaxi. roca<br />

hilda piradad ejaxeba satanis arsebobas samyaroSi, "TiTqos iseTma<br />

bnelma Rrubelma Seikra piri dilis Suqze, rom aRar gegoneba Tu mzis<br />

Suqi arsebobs mis Tavze an ukan (Hawthorne 1860: 132) hildas saSineli<br />

martooba civi sapatimroa, romelic "nacrisfer bindbundSi ifarebs mas"<br />

Hawthorne 1866: 134) avtors surs dagvanaxos, rom umankoeba sxvisi<br />

danaSaulis gamo itanjeba, ramac mis TeTr samoss sisxlis laqa daaCnia.<br />

satanam "ise farTed gaSala misi Savi frTebi, rom Crdili miadga<br />

umankoebasac da danaSaulsac" (Hawthorne 1866: 243) es arbilebs da humanurs<br />

xdis hildas. bolos, roca is brundeba, "mxiarulebis sxivi aqvs<br />

TvalebSi". kenioni romelsac "ar dahnaTis polaruli varskvlavi Tavze,<br />

arc lampis sxivi unaTebs saxlis fanjridan, isurvebda hilda yofiliyo<br />

misTvis gzisgamkvlevi, mrCeveli, megobari, Tavisi TeTri, spetaki sibrZniT,<br />

romelic ciuri samosiviT evleba gars. man unda uCvenos gza kenions<br />

Sinisaken" H (Hawthorne 1866: 280)<br />

avtori kenions damkvirveblis da mTxrobelis poziciisaTvis<br />

iyenebs, romelsac SeuZlia moiwonos an ar moiwonos sxva gmirebis<br />

qmedebebi da maTi interpretacia moaxdinos. romensSi masTan mimarTebaSi<br />

igrZnoba ferisa da Suqis nakleboba. misi "Ria yavisferi wveri da<br />

nacrisferi zeda” erTxel ixsenieba avtoris mier. is xSirad aRniSnavs,<br />

rom “ikargeba sibneleSi" (Hawthorne 1866: 265), amitom Wirdeba "TeTri<br />

sibrZne", risTvisac is evedreba hildas daqorwindes masze.<br />

ucnobi am <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> Savi gmiria, bneli,<br />

gaburZgnuli, wveriani moCvenebis azrebi migvaniSnebs, rom is saukuneTa<br />

sibneleSi moZraobda da mzis Suqs elodeboda. Ppirvelad wamierad<br />

gamoCndeba da kvlav zurgs aqcevs CiraRdnebs. "im qmnilebis msgavsad,<br />

visTvisac SuaRame ufro sasiamovnoa, vidre SuadRe" (Hawthorne 1860: 44) is<br />

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miriamis mdevar aCrdilad iqceva. mxolod erTxel icvlis fers,<br />

"fermkrTaldeba ferflisfrad", roca miriami sTavazobs rom<br />

gadarCenisaTvis ilocos. is ibans "mis yavisfer, Zvlian brWyalebs grevis<br />

SadrevanSi SeSlilis msgavsad da ixedeba SigniT, TiTqos romis didi<br />

sasmeli Wiqidan aucileblad dalaqavdeba Savad an sisxlisfrad"<br />

(Hawthorne 1860: 187) <strong>hoTornis</strong> ferTa gama saSualebas aZlevs mkiTxvels<br />

dainaxos Tu raoden saSiSi da saZulvelia is.<br />

hoTorni garkveuli scenebisaTvis ramodenime saxis ganaTebas<br />

iyenebs. miwisqveSa Suqi, naxevrad oqrosferi, mTvaris sxivebi, bus koSkis<br />

ganaTeba, moxatuli fanjridan momdinare Suqi, zeciuri, karnavalis Suqi,<br />

mzis sxivebis gansxvavebuli naTeba. TavSi "miwisqveSa reminisensiebi"<br />

(Hawthorne 1860: 32) avtori axetialebs Tavis gmirebs "CiraRdnis Suqze,<br />

zmanebis msgavs substanciaSi, romelSic eklesiis rigebisa da senakebis<br />

remisisensiebi rialeben. orive mxares CiraRdnis Suqze TeTri ferfli<br />

Cans (Hawthorne 1860: 38)<br />

es aris “sibnelis labirinTi, maTi CiraRdnebis dabinduli<br />

Suqi masiur sibneles ebrZvis da amJRavnebs aCrdils, romelic<br />

katakombebis carieli sibnelidan gamoCnda" (Hawthorne 2004: 39) idumali<br />

arseba ar Cans, magram sikvdilis suni mosdevs Tan. is TiTqos miriamis<br />

cxovrebis maradiuli aCrdilia. satanis mociquli, romelic garemomcveli<br />

sibnelisgan ibadeba. Suqis efeqtiT hoTorni Tavisi gmirebis Sinagani<br />

mdgomareobis daxasiaTebasac axerxebs. miriamis "Crdilebian oTaxSi yvela<br />

daraba daxurulia, mxolod erTia sanaxevrod Ria, romelSic umzeo cis<br />

nawili moCans.” (Hawthorne 1860: 57) misi saxelosnos idumali wyvdiadi,<br />

mis sulier mdgomareobas gamoxatavs. hildas samyofelSi piriqiT,<br />

yovelTvis mzis SuqiT ganaTebuli sakurTxeveli moCans, sadac is<br />

maradiuli lampis als inaxavs. TeTri mtredebis gundi frTxialebs da<br />

RuRunebs misi koSkis Tavze. MmaTi vercxlisferi frTebi TiTqos anaTeben<br />

haeris sufTa gamWvirvalebaSi. (Hawthorne 1860: 70) es is atmosferoa,<br />

romelic hildas sulis TeTr Suqs Seesabameba. donatelo qalaqgareT<br />

vilaSi cxovrobs, sadac "fiWvebi sqel totebs ise maRla weven, rom mwvane<br />

kunZulebs mogvagoneben, Crdils rom isvrian torfze. aq anemonebi da<br />

iasamani yvavis. TeTri, vardisferi yvavilebi idealur peizaJs qmnis,<br />

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omelic TiTqos poetis gonebam daagegmara. aq mzis Casvla oqrosferia,<br />

Sadrevani cimcimebs, mwvane da lurji xvlikebi mzeze Tbebian da<br />

donatelo, romelic jer ar icnobs codvas, laRia da xalasi rogorc<br />

Tavad es buneba. (Hawthorne 1860: 94)<br />

mTvaris Suqze seirnobisas megobrebi ezodan uyureben "SuqiT savse<br />

cas, romelsac muqi wiTeli, mewamuli elferi dahkravs. es Suqi<br />

asxivebs sasaxlis arqiteqturul ornamentebs, fanjrebs. trevis<br />

Sadrevani cialebs da caxcaxebs mTvaris Suqze. wyali esxmeba did<br />

marmarilos auzs da kamkama, mocaxcaxe nakadiT avsebs mas. sami<br />

megobris Crdili am wyalSi iZireba”. (Hawthorne 1860: 180) TaRebSi<br />

sibnelea da Savi feri mefobs. kolizeumis yvelaze maRal kedelTan<br />

zis kompania da tkbeba mTvaris SuqCrdilebiT, awmyos mxiarulebis<br />

pirquSi mogonebebiT. idumali ucnobi, "gotikuri saSinelebis”<br />

msgavsad Semodis "mSvidobian, mTvariT ganaTebul suraTSi". (Hawthorne<br />

1860: 197) saxeze Suqi anaTebs. roca Semobrundeba mxatvrebis winaSe,<br />

wamierad kontroldakarguli miriami ukuiqceva "TaRis Rrma<br />

sibneleSi". (Hawthorne 1860: 198) forumis SemogarenTan, ufskrulis<br />

didi, bneli, Tvaluwvdenelad Rrma naprali aRebs pirs. miriami<br />

fiqrobs, rom “yvela adamians mouwevs Caixedos masSi sasowarkveTis,<br />

sulieri dacemis dros" da hildas pirdeba, rom misTvisac gaiReba<br />

aseTi ufskruli. radgan ufskruli aris "ubralod erTerTi<br />

gasasvleli im Savi ormosi, romelic Cvens qvemoT wevs" (Hawthorne 1860:<br />

204)<br />

bus koSkSi gancalkevebuli montebenis grafi sxva SuqiT aris<br />

daxatuli. "nacrisferi xavsiani koSki, nacrisferi da yviTeli, daRlili<br />

kibeebi, bneli oTaxebi..." (Hawthorne 1860: 46) donatelo Zalian<br />

martosulia. kenioni eubneba mas rom "misi bneli safexurebiT da bneli<br />

sapatimros senakebiT koSki gavs bevri codvili sulis spiritualistur<br />

gamocdilebas, romelic miuxedavad yvelafrisa, SeiZleba sufTa<br />

haerisTvis da zecisTvis ibrZvis" (Hawthorne 1860: 47) donatelos oTaxSi<br />

"nacrisferi TabaSiris Tavisqala TeTri marmarilos baliSze isvenebs"<br />

(Hawthorne 1866: 50), fanjridan qvemoT italia SeiZleba dainaxo "RmerTis<br />

farTo mziani Rimilis qvemoT" (Hawthorne 1860: 51) patara buCqi priala,<br />

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mwvane foTlebiT erTaderTi mwvane sagania aq, romelic cdilobs<br />

gaizardos kldis napralSi. donatelos marnidan amomavali mzis Suqi,<br />

"axalgazrduli imedebis haerovan sitkboebas flobs, romelsac<br />

veraviTari realoba ver daakmayofilebs" (Hawthorne 1860: 12) mkrTali<br />

oqrosferi liqiori ufro metad moralur tkbobas iZleva, vidre<br />

fizikurs. igi ar iyideba fulze da ar SeiZleba misi gadatana.<br />

eklesiis suraTebisgan momdinare Suqi, mkveTr kontrastSia<br />

moxatuli minis SuqTan. Zveli mxatvrebis daxatuli freskebi cocxali<br />

sulis simboloebis msgavsad varvareben, imitom, rom "ufali Tavad<br />

anaTebs maTSi". (Hawthorne 1860: 104) kenioni ambobs: “qristianuli rwmena,<br />

aris didi kaTedrali RvTiurad moxatuli fanjrebiT da aqedan<br />

Semomavali Suqis TiToeuli sxivi amJRavnebs eniT gamouTqmeli<br />

didebulebis harmonias. (Hawthorne 1860: 108)<br />

wminda petres taZris SigniT saocari sinaTlea, rac "axali<br />

qmnilebis saocar efeqts" kidev ufro aZlierebs. "is SesaniSnavia,<br />

yovelmxriv religiuri, rwmenis didebuli simbolo, feradi marmarilos<br />

iataki da gumbaTi mdidruli, didebuli mzis SuqiT aris avsebuli.<br />

gauxunari saukuneebis Semdeg, misi siRrme zecas mokvdavTa ambavs<br />

agebinebda da suls exmareboda ufro maRali da vrceli sferos<br />

miRwevaSi”. (Hawthorne 1860: 156) Hhilda, romelic jer kidev "maxeSia<br />

gabmuli am ugemovno crurwmenebiT", ixreba "oqrosferi Suqisken,<br />

romelic maRali sakurTxevlis win iRvreba". qali iCoqebs "maradi<br />

lampis qveS, romelic keTilisa da borotis brZolis suraTze sxivebiT<br />

anaTebs arqangelozis saxes" (Hawthorne 1866: 179) mis mwuxarebaSi imedi<br />

iwyebs cimcims, roca mzis Suqs xedavs dasavleTis fanjrebSi. is<br />

grZnobs, rom kaTolikebs aqvT privilegia datovon "jvris ferxTiT Savi<br />

tvirTi da wavidnen, aRarc codva aqvT, aRarc wuxili. cxovroben isev<br />

ucodvelobis simsubuqeSi" (Hawthorne 1866: 161) hilda datovebs "bnel<br />

monaTxrobs mRvdelTan da puritanTa asuli msoflios kaTedralTan<br />

zeciur Suqis sxivs iWers. (Hawthorne 1866: 137) kenioni Tvlis, rom<br />

eklesias unda hqondes moxatuli fanjrebi. hildasTvis ki amdeni ferTa<br />

simdidre Seusabamobaa. didebuli bundovaneba ufro misaRebia.<br />

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wyinvale ferebiT aris daxatuli karnavali korsoSi.<br />

italiuri cis grZeli lurji zoli mxiarulebas dahnaTis, aivnebs<br />

gadmoufeniaT "kaSkaSa, didebuli xaliCebi, naTeli abreSumebi<br />

oqrosferi ZafebiT, sxvadsxva SeferilobiT mociale gobelenebi.”<br />

(Hawthorne 1860: 255) hercogis kareta "sami oqrosferi laqiiT ukan"<br />

(Hawthorne 1860: 257) sacodavad CamomWknari yvavilebis Taigulebi,<br />

dabinZurebuli "romis WuWyiT, talaxSi CaugdiaT da gadaugdiaT<br />

msgavsad im gatexili gulisa, romelmac xelidan xelSi gaiara<br />

cxovrebis WuWyian Saragzaze" (Hawthorne 1866: 258) Wrelma msaxiobebma<br />

"Txeli zmanebasaviT” Caiares. <strong>hoTornis</strong> mier Suqis gamoyenebis<br />

saxesxvaoba arcerT romensSi ar aris ise kargad ilustrirebuli,<br />

rogorc “marmarilos favnSi”. Suqi anaTebs mis xasiTebs da axasiaTebs<br />

maT.<br />

romensSi “Svidfrontoniani saxli” Tavad saxli aris<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> centraluri saxe, simbolo, romelsac<br />

mravalfunqciuri mniSvneloba aqvs. Yyvela movlenas, rac am nawarmoebSi<br />

xdeba, pirdapiri an arapirdapiri Sexeba aqvs saxlTan. Tavad hoTorni<br />

did yuradRebiT ekideboda yvela wvrilmans, riTac pinCenebis Zveli<br />

sasaxlis saxe iqmneboda. fildsTan miweril werilSi is werda: “am<br />

wignis bevri gverdi aucilebeli efeqtis miRwevisaTvis detalebis iseT<br />

zust srulyofilebas moiTxovs, rogorsac holandieli ostatebis<br />

tiloebze vxedavT... gasakviria, ramdenad sulCadgmuli da mniSvnelovani<br />

xdeba prozauli sagani, magaliTad Tixis qoTani, Tu mas sruli<br />

sizustiT gamovsaxavT. holandielebma, icodnen ubralo sagnebis sulSi<br />

Cawvdoma da aiZulebdnen maT aesaxaT da gaexsnaT adamianis sulieri<br />

samyaro." (Fields 1881: 29) amisken iswrafoda hoTornic. Svidfrontoniani<br />

saxlis saxebas unda aesaxa da gaexsna adamianis sulieri samyaro.<br />

CaJamuli, gamofituli, dampali kedlebi, pirquSi qimebi, sagvareulo<br />

portretebiT damSvenebuli bneli oTaxebi, uzarmazari buxari da<br />

savarZeli, romelSic erTimeoris miyolebiT kvdebodnen pinCenebi,<br />

yovelive es sunTqavs Taobis tragikulobiT, pinCenebiseuli codvis<br />

simZimiT. “am pativcemuli Senobis iersaxe, Cemze yovelTvis iseT<br />

STabeWdilebas axdenda, rogorc adamianis saxe. Mmis kedlebze marto<br />

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uamindobis an mzis kvals ver dainaxavdiT, isini im adamianTa<br />

cxovrebaze da bedis ukuRmarTobaze metyvelebdnen, romlebic am saxlSi<br />

cxovrobdenen” (Hawthorne 1851: 213) es saxli mis mcxovreblebs Tavis nebas<br />

karnaxobs. misi kedlebi cixis kedlebs hgavs. aq mcxovrebni verasodes<br />

gavlen farTo samyaroSi, ver ipovian saerTo enas adamianebTan. saxli<br />

warsulis simboloa, romelic mkvdar tvirTad awevs axlandels.<br />

Tanamedrove cxovreba <strong>hoTornis</strong> mier simbolurad asaxulia<br />

rkinigzaSi, sadac warsulis samyarodan aRmoCndebian hefsiba da<br />

klifordi. agreTve dagerotipul portretebSi, romelsac holgreivi<br />

akeTebs. portretebi gamoxataven mwerlis damokidebulebas realizmTan,<br />

rogorc WeSmariti faqtis utyuar xelovnebasTan. isini gvanan cocxal<br />

xelovnebas, magram <strong>hoTornis</strong> <strong>romantikuli</strong> ganwyobiT es ar aris<br />

xelovneba. avtori aRniSnavs, rom suraTebs, qandakebebs an adgilebs<br />

simboluri mniSvneloba aqvT mis naSromSi. is aRiarebs- "Cemi ganzraxva<br />

ar aris ufro Sors wavide aRwerebSi, isedac sakmaod Sevcode am<br />

mimarTebiT" (Hawthorne 1851: 523) hoTorni “marmarilos favnis” SesavalSi<br />

ambobs, rom mas ara aqvs ganzraxva italiuri manerebi da xasiaTebi<br />

aRweros (Hawthorne 1860: VIII) igi naSromSi moZraobs nangrevebis<br />

didebulebaSi, romelic misTvis ganusazRvrelad romantikul<br />

atmosferos qmnis. miuTiTebs xan erT, xan meore istoriul Zeglze, an<br />

aqcents akeTebs romelime erTze, raTa simboluroba mianiWos da<br />

mkiTxvels saSualeba misces warmosaxva ise gaavarjiSos, rogorc es<br />

Tavad gaakeTa praqsiteles favnTan mimarTebaSi da is <strong>romantikuli</strong><br />

<strong>romanis</strong> mTavar simbolod aqcia. romensSi TviT is adgilebic, sadac<br />

cxovroben Tu muSaoben adamianebi, maTi macxovreblebis xasiaTs<br />

gansazRvravs. TiToeul am sivrces gaaCnia Tavisi damakavSirebeli<br />

gasasvleli garesamyarosTan. miriamis saxelosno, mojadoebuli oTaxis<br />

msgavsia, romlis msgavsi xSirad gvxvdeba mwerlis sasiyvarulo<br />

werilebsa da ubis wignakebSi. martosuli, mgrZnobiare, individis<br />

Sewuxebuli gonebisaTvis, es is adgilia, sadac ucnauri, sayvareli<br />

fantaziebi Cndebian, romelTac Znelad Tu miakuTvnebT realur<br />

garesamyaros. igi ufro metad poetis mojadoebuli warmosaxvis nayofia.<br />

es adgili navTsayudelia miriamis SiSebisa da sevdiani<br />

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mogonebebisaTvis. am ocnebaTa adgilze, misi xelovneba formas aZlevs<br />

zmanebebs. <strong>hoTornis</strong> adreul xelovan meocnebeTa msgavsad,Aqali<br />

sakuTari fantaziebis msxverplia. Tavis namuSevrebze is ambobs "ara<br />

sagnebi, rac me Sevqmeni, aramed sagnebi rasac me Sepyrobili vyavar.”<br />

(Hawthorne 1860: 61) am momajadoebel saxeTa Soris aris "katakombebis<br />

moCveneba", miriamis avtoportreti, romelzec aSkarad aris aRbeWdili<br />

"mis gulSi arsebuli codnis intimuri detalebi". (Hawthorne 1860: 67)<br />

“blaiTdeilis <strong>romanis</strong>” simboloebi martivi da efeqturia, rac<br />

momxibvlelobas aZlevs moTxrobas da aZlierebs mis fsiqologias—<br />

magaliTad pirbadeebi, maskaradebi, raTa motivisa da rwmenis<br />

orsaxovneba SemogvTavazos. Mmesmerizmi, raTa sulisa da emociurad<br />

damajerebeli xrikebis orbunebovaneba Semoitanos, keriis cecxli, raTa<br />

gvaCvenos mxiaruli, genialuri, emociuri cxovreba, romelic ironiulad<br />

usxlteba xelidan blaiTdeilianebis civ ideologias. Aaq aseve gvxvdeba<br />

pastoraluri, mxatvruli gaformeba, dekoraciebi. Tumca es imas ar<br />

niSnavs rom es <strong>romantikuli</strong> romani pastoraluri idiliebiT mdidar<br />

literaturas ekuTvnis.<br />

H avtori nayofierad iyenebs transcendentalur simbolizms misi<br />

naazrevis gadmosacemad. Ekrizisi <strong>hoTornis</strong> mier xelovnebis sazRvrebis<br />

gagebSi Cans zenobias legendaSi “vercxlisferi pirbade” (Hawthorne 1865:<br />

127) es gaxlavT Teodoris (igive koverdeilis), ambavi, vinc kocniT unda<br />

gaaTavisuflos monobisgan pirbadiani qali (priscila), ise, rom ar<br />

Seixedos pirbadis qveS. metismetad skeptikuri da civi Teodori jer<br />

pirbadis awevas moiTxovs. Ppirbadiani qali rCeba monobaSi da gmiri<br />

ganwirulia inanos misi yoymani mTeli misi darCenili cxovreba.<br />

sainteresoa, rogor TxrobiT strategias iyenebs hoTorni<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong>aTvis. rogorc literaturaTmcodne miSel diuni<br />

aRniSnavs “alisfer asomTavrulSi" avtori metadiegetikur TxrobiT<br />

meqanizms iyenebs, magram ara pirdapiri gziT. magaliTad meore TavSi<br />

esTeri cdilobs saxalxo damcirebisgan miRebuli fsiqologiuri<br />

stresi warsul cxovrebaze fiqriT gaaiolos. realisturad esTeris<br />

mogonebebi SeZleba gavigoT rogorc TxrobiTi eqspozicia. Cveneba,<br />

aRwera, raTa mkiTxvelma gaigos, rogor gaxda esTeri ukanono bavSvis<br />

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deda. meores mxriv, qalis mier gamowveuli reminisencia, daucveli,<br />

lamazi gogonas istoria, romelic zebunebrivi Zalis mflobel asakiT<br />

ufros mamakacze gaaTxoves, SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc guTuri<br />

<strong>romanis</strong> elementi.<br />

“alisferi asomTavrulis” SesavalSi "sabaJo", erTi saintereso pasaJi<br />

Cndeba, romelsac miSel diuni paradiegetikur TxrobiT strategias<br />

uwodebs. aq avtori mogviTxrobs, rom "esTeris ambis mTavari faqtebi<br />

dadasturebuli da nebadarTulia jonaTan pius dokumentiT”. (Hawthorne<br />

1852: 31) es adamiani adgilobrivi mematiane iyo da jer kidev <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

mosvlamde muSaobda sabaJoSi. mogvianebiT, romensSi, mTxrobeli zogjer<br />

pius Sefasebas iyenebs, raTa daamowmos diegetikuri movlena. roca<br />

codvili mRvdlis, dimsdeilis momxreebi uaryofen mis mier Cadenili<br />

garyvnilebis aRsarebas, an raime niSnis arsebobas mis mkerdze, mTxrobeli<br />

sakamaTod pius xelnawers iyenebs maTi versiis winaaRmdeg, Tu ra moxda<br />

samarcxvino boZis scenis dros. "sarwmuno nivTmtkiceba, rasac Cven<br />

ZiriTadad veyrdnobodiT, individualuri pirebis zepiri Cvenebidan<br />

Sedgenili Zveli TariRis xelnaweria. zogierTi kargad icnobda esTer<br />

prins, sxvebma ki es ambavi misi Tanamedrove mowmeTagan moismines.”<br />

(Hawthorne 1852: 61) pius xelnaweri aseve Seicavs xilul mowmeTa mogonebebs<br />

esTerze, rogorc "Zalian moxuc, magram ara mixrwnil qalze, didebulsa<br />

da martosulze (Hawthorne 1852: 33) "es qali unda wasuliyo qveynidan,<br />

rogorc moxalise medda, raime gansxvavebulad kargi unda ekeTebina,<br />

Tundac is, rom rCevebi mieca adamianebisaTvis yvela situaciaSi,<br />

gansakuTrebiT gulis saqmeebSi." (Hawthorne 1852: 33) sul es aris, rac<br />

jonaTan pium Caiwera, anu rac adamianebs axsovT. da mainc esTerma ar<br />

datova axali inglisi, is da dimsdeili ar daberebulan erTad RvTisgan<br />

kurTxeul qorwinebaSi. mTxrobelis mixedviT, es arc SeiZleba igulixmo,<br />

radgan TxrobaSi mocemulia ara ubralod albaToba, aramed pius<br />

metadiegetikuri Txroba. <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> pirveli gverdebidanve<br />

avtori cdilobs aRweras arqauli xasiaTi misces: "xis Senoba ukve<br />

Camuqda, misi fasadi moZvelda da kidev ufro pirquSi gaxda, mZime muxis<br />

kars anjamaze iseTi Jangis fena edo, rom gegoneboda mTel axal<br />

samyaroSi am cixeze Zveli araferiao. TiTqos is aseTi daibada, Zveli,<br />

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ogorc danaSauli" (Hawthorne 1852: 45) arqaulobac agreTve<br />

romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTerTi mniSvnelovani atributia.<br />

"alisferi asomTavruli” yvelaze warmatebul nawarmoebad aris<br />

aRiarebuli. masSi srulad aris ganxorcielebuli <strong>romantikuli</strong><br />

<strong>romanis</strong>aTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela niSan Tviseba. rogorc ukve<br />

aRvniSneT, avtori SesavalSi ambobs, rom nawarmoebis "mTavari faqtebi<br />

rwmunebuli da uflebamosili iyo sabaJos Cinovnikis pius dokumentiT".<br />

<strong>romanis</strong> daskvnaSi avtori am faqts imeorebs, riTac sqemis sarwmunoobas<br />

amtkicebs. hoTornma TiTqos mxolod warmosaxva moiSvelia, raTa esTer<br />

prinis istoria daemuSavebina. <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> mTavari Rirseba<br />

mdgomareobs misi mxatvruli stilis srulyofasa da erTianobaSi. es aris<br />

avtoris mxatvrulad Zlieri qmnileba, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs<br />

mis filosofiur, socialur-eTikur da esTetikur warmodgenebs<br />

cxovrebasa da adamianze. "alisferi asomTavruli" aris axali esTetikuri<br />

qadagebis aRsruleba, amerikis arcTu Soreuli warsulis poetizireba,<br />

axlgazrda qveynisaTvis esTetikurad amaRlebuli siZvelis micema,<br />

romlis naklebobasac ase ganicdidnen <strong>hoTornis</strong> Tanamedrove mwerlebi. H<br />

avtorSi, rogorc mTxrobelSi TiTqos ori adamiani Tavsdeba,<br />

romlebic sxvadasxvagvarad uyureben erTsa da imave movlenas. erTi<br />

maTgani am movlenebis Tanamedrovea, paTetikurad aRmweri da me-17-18<br />

saukunis amerikelis poziciidan maTi Semfasebeli. meore <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

Tanamedrovea, me-19 saukunis warmomadgeneli, ganmanaTlebelTa ideebze<br />

aRzrdili, Sors myofi Savi crurwmenebisgan da warsulis zemoqmedebis<br />

rwmenisgan, cotaTi ironiuli, analizisa da ganzogadoebisaken midrekili.<br />

am saxiT romensSi ori monacvleobiTi Txrobis done warmoiSoba,<br />

romlebic erTmaneTTan faqtebis saSualebiT aris dakavSirebuli.<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> or romantikul romanSi Cans intonaciis ritmulobis<br />

literaturuli analogia. erTi aris alisa pinCenis istoria<br />

“Svidfrontonian saxlSi” da meore zenobias legenda “blaiTdeilis<br />

romensSi”. Tematurad am ukanasknels umaRlesi mniSvneloba aqvs. mas<br />

mohyveba romensis Sinaarsis ori mTavari xazi. es aris “kuTvnilebis”<br />

fsiqologiuri gageba da misi diametrikulad sapirispiro siyvaruli,<br />

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omelic Sedgeba asimilirebis survilisgan da aris SemosazRvruli<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> subieqturobis pirobiT.<br />

zenobias monaTxrobSi pirbadiani qalbatonis Sesaxeb Txroba<br />

iwyeba Teodoras sanaZleoTi, rom is aRmoaCens pirbadiani qalis<br />

pirovnebas. pirbadis simbolo aRwevs <strong>romanis</strong> mTlianobaSi. aq albaT<br />

mkiTxveli gaixsenebs <strong>hoTornis</strong> adreul moTxrobas “mRvdlis Savi<br />

pirbade”. pirbadis simbolizmis cvlileba Savidan TeTrisaken aris<br />

gadamwyveti, rac niSnavs rom pirbadis mniSvneloba cocxlobs ara<br />

grZnobebSi an codvis gacnobierebaSi, aramed ufro metad subieqturi<br />

ganmartoebis pirobebSi, romelic acalkevebs TiToeul individualur<br />

formas yvela sxvisagan. es aris piroba, romelic qmnis, rogorc hoTornma<br />

ukve SeamCnia Tavis adreul moTxrobaSi, iZulebul dialeqtikur<br />

urTierTobas gmirsa da sxvebs Soris<br />

mxolod subieqturi ganmartoeba, rasac pirbadis tareba<br />

gulisxmobs mis subieqtze aris TavisTavad wameba, adamiani eZebs sxva<br />

saSualebas, raTa Tavidan aicilos igi. Aamitom pirbadiani ledi<br />

sTavazobs Teodors arCevans aswios “es idumali pirbade, romlis qveSac<br />

me var naRvliani da martosuli patimari im tyveobaSi, romelic CemTvis<br />

sikvdilze uaresia” (Hawthorne 1865: 113) qali Txovs Teodors “magram sanam<br />

awev mas, me gTxov mTeli qalwulebrivi TavmdablobiT, daixaro da<br />

aRbeWdo Seni kocna pirbadeze iq, sadac Cemi sunTqva arxevs mas da Cemi<br />

qalwuli tuCebi Sexvdebian Sensas da im wamidan Teodore Sen iqnebi Cemi<br />

da me Seni da aRar iqneba pirbade Cvens Soris da mTeli bedniereba<br />

dedamiwis da momavali samyarosi iqneba Seni da Cemi erTad” (Hawthorne 1865:<br />

87) aseTi ficis arsi iqneboda gamomJRavneba misi yvelaze wminda<br />

grZnobebisa, rac rogorc pirbadiani qalbatonis sityvebi gulisxmobs<br />

mxolod rwmenis gavliT SeiZleba moxdes. rogorc pirbadiani qali xsnis,<br />

Teodors sxva arCevanic aqvs, aswios pirbade, sanam akocebdes, Tumca es<br />

aris Tavis damorCileba autaneli naRvelisaTvis. guli ciebcxelebiT<br />

eZebs im sxvas, vinc dakarga. sainteresoa ra mniSvnelobas atarebs<br />

kocnamde pirbadis aweva. Tu pirbade aris subieqturi ufskruli, romelic<br />

yofs maT kocnamde, maSin pirbadis aweva Zaladobis Sesabamisia. Sinagani<br />

bunebis idumaleba aseTi moqmedebis Semdeg mniSvnelobas kargavs. pirbadis<br />

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aweviT Teodori angrevs mis bednierebas, cvlis SesaZleblobas, romelic<br />

rwmenas daubrunebda mas, rac esoden aucilebelia nebismieri subieqturi<br />

erTobis CamoyalibebisaTvis. Mmisi survili aRwevs romensis mTlianobaSi<br />

koverdeilis cnobierebis gavliT. igrZnoba fsiqologiuri upiratesoba<br />

misi saidumlo motivebis an damokidebulebebis codniT. koverdeiliseuli<br />

cnobiereba raRac Tavsmoxveuli vnebiT aris datvirTuli, romelsac<br />

sxvisi bunebis kvleva ainteresebs. aseTi cnobierebisTvis sxvisi gacnoba<br />

xdeba ucnaurad dakavSirebuli seqsualuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxTan. aq<br />

Cans erotizmi seqsualuri urTierTobis gamocdilebaSi, romliTac Semdeg<br />

yalibdeba fsiqologiuri kuTvnileba. E<strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> erT adgilze<br />

Txrobisas koverdeili Tavad aRniSnavs analogs seqsualur da<br />

fsiqologiur kuTvnilebas Soris. qalTa uflebebze kamaTis Semdeg,<br />

romelic eliotis mier kaTedraze warmoTqmuli qadagebis dros xdeba, is<br />

priscilasTan erTad marto aRmoCndeba, rasac mosdevs zenobias wasvla<br />

holinguorsTan. “eWvi ar aris, rom es iyo mkrexelobis msgavsi, roca<br />

vecade aRmovCeniliyavi misi qalwulebrivi misteriis sazRvrebSi, magram<br />

radgan is aRmoCnda gverdze migdebuli Tavisi amxanagebis mier, romelTac<br />

uzrunvelad misces dacemis ufleba, me ver SevewinaaRmdege im impulss,<br />

raTa mxolod erTxel Semexeda misi amobrunebuli furclebis qvemoT”<br />

(Hawthorne 1865: 125) es aris koverdeilis urTierToba zenobiasTan, rac<br />

yvelaze kargad gamoxatavs survilis flobis Zalasa da bunebas. zenobia<br />

Tavadac grZnobs amas, es gamoxatulia gansakuTrebul SemoxedvaSi,<br />

yurebis maneraSi, radgan xedva asocirdeba codnasTan, SeiZleba asociacia<br />

gaCndes, rom uaieris fsiqologias aqvs raRac saerTo saerTo koverdeilTan.<br />

zenobias ainteresebs ris aRmoCenas cdilobs mamakaci masSi, koverdeili<br />

pasuxobs rom qalis cxovrebis idumaleba ipyrobs. Ees misteria rogorc<br />

wina pasaJSi Cans, exeba zenobias qorwinebas, anu iyo Tu ara is vinmes<br />

sakuTreba seqsualurad Tu fsiqologiurad.<br />

diegetikuri TxrobiTi strategiis magaliTi naTlad Cans<br />

romensSi “Svidfrontonian saxli”. cameti Tavi srulad moicavs am<br />

Txrobis stils. MmagaliTad Tavi "alisa pinCeni", (Hawthorne 1851: 202)<br />

sadac Txroba diegetikuri gmiris holgreivis mier sruldeba. es<br />

Taviseburi nawarmoebi, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, cudad jdeba<br />

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omantikuli <strong>romanis</strong> tradiciul CarCoebSi. masSi cota personaJebia,<br />

TiTqmis ar xdeba aqtiuri moqmedeba. avtoris mier mocemuli xasiaTebi ar<br />

floben Sinagan dinamikas. henri jeimsi am wignis personaJebis Sesaxeb<br />

samarTlianad aRniSnavda, rom isini "isini ufro figurebs gvanan, vidre<br />

xasiaTebs, ufro portretebs, vidre pirovnebebs". (James 1879) magram<br />

fabulis siRrme da es portretuloba gamomdinareobs Txrobis saerTo<br />

mxatvruli principebidan. <strong>hoTornis</strong> kidev erTi Tanamedrove, me-19 saukunis<br />

Suawlebis popularuli kritikosi, edvin uipli miuTiTebda mwerlis<br />

Semoqmedebis <strong>Tavisebureba</strong>ze, romelic uecrad gamoCnda "Svidfrontonian<br />

saxlSi”. es iyo avtoris midrekileba, adamianebi im kanonTan<br />

urTierTdamokidebulebaSi dainaxos, romlis zemoqmedebasac isini<br />

ilustrireben. (Whipple 1866: 231-232) swored am kuTxidan xedavs mkvlevari<br />

adamianis xasiaTis gamoxatvis specifikas romensSi da marTalic aris.<br />

xasiaTebi da siuJetebi sruliad emorCileba "saerTo kanonebs".<br />

“marmarilos favnSi”, ise rogorc “blaiTdeilis romanSi”<br />

metadiegetikuri Txroba xSirad aris gamoyenebuli, raTa avtorma<br />

Semoitanos guTuri saswaulebi ise, rom diegetikuri Txroba SeinarCunos.<br />

miriami magaliTad megobrebs ganumartavs mis adreul urTierTobas<br />

mistikur ucnobTan "ucnauri seriozulobis ieriT mTel saxeze, mxolod<br />

sawinaaRmdegos metyvelebs mis Sav TvalebSi gamkrTali sicilis<br />

anarekli. man suli gacvala romanuli freskebis mxatvrobis didi xnis<br />

winaT dakargul Seufasebel saidumloSi" (Hawthorne 1860: 48) mkiTxveli<br />

amgvarad emorCileba moCvenebiT Sefasebas am xasiaTebis warsulis Sesaxeb.<br />

radgan es midgoma ar aris WeSmariti, miriami sxva variantsac gvTavazobs,<br />

"rom is ekamaTeba mas, rom miaRwevs didebas da kmayofilebas Tu moaqcevs<br />

mas qristianul rwmenaze. (Hawthorne 1860: 48) samwuxarod is cudi mokamaTea.<br />

arcerTi am siuJetebidan ar emsaxureba imas, ris ganviTarebasac hoTorni<br />

cdilobs, mxolod abundovanebs Txrobis mTavar xazs. miriams TiTqos ara<br />

aqvs raime movaleoba ucnobis mimarT, Tumca is daTrgunulia da uZluri<br />

Cans bolo mouRos am kavSirs. es metadiegetikuri Txrobani ar iZleva<br />

ganmartebas ra gadaxdaT gmirebs manamde, ar exeba mTxrobelis mTavar<br />

diegeziss. igive teqnika xorcieldeba me-17 TavSi, roca oTxi gmiri RamiT<br />

kolizeumSi Sedis. ((Hawthorne 1860: 193) kenioni pirveli akeTebs komentars<br />

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scenis istoriul da esTetikur ganzomilebaze im stiliT, romelic Cans<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> ubis wignakebSi. es aris epizodi benvenuto Celinis<br />

biografiidan. rogorc kenioni ambobs, Celini wers, rom “misi nacnobi<br />

jadoqari xatavs magiur wres iq, sadac axla Savi jvari dgas da<br />

milionobiT demons iZaxebs... es moCvenebebi am sisxliani amfiTeatris<br />

mudmivi mayureblebi arian" (Hawthorne 1860: 197) Celinis es xseneba mistikur<br />

gamosaxulebas umatebs scenas. aqac efeqti aris Zlieri da uecari. hilda<br />

pasuxobs "me vxedav moCvenebas axla” (Hawthorne 1860: 197) es moCveneba ra<br />

Tqma unda miriamis idumali mdevaria. Tumca favns ar jera, rom es arseba<br />

demoni an moCvenebaa Zveli romidan, magram faqtia, mas mainc sataniseuli<br />

gavlena aqvs miriamze. igive strategias inarCunebs mwerali TavSi<br />

"miriamis saxelosno", iyenebs ra metadiegetikur TxrobiT saSualebebs<br />

miriamis zogierT naxatTan mimarTebaSi. es ar aris dasrulebuli<br />

namuSevrebi, ubralod Canaxatebia bibliur Temaze: iaeli lursmans rom<br />

aWedebs siseras taZarSi, judiTi holofernis TaviT, herodes qaliSvili<br />

ioane naTlismcemelis TaviT” (Hawthorne 1860: 60) miriami fizikurad aravis<br />

klavs awmyoSi. is moralurad sufTa adamiania da albaT arc aravin<br />

mouklavs adre. mainc ostatis warmosaxva da eskizebi mianiSnebs, rom<br />

“qalis xeli dalaqavebuli iyo sisxliT" (Hawthorne 1860: 61) me-5 TavSi<br />

igulisxmeba rom am diegetikur TxrobaSi viRacas moklaven, rom<br />

msxverpli iqneba kaci da miriams es ambavi Seexeba. (Hawthorne 1860: 52)<br />

amisaTvis metadiegetikuri Txroba mTavar Txrobas erTvis. ufro vrclad<br />

metadiegetikuri Txroba Cndeba im TavebSi, romelic emsaxureba<br />

simbolikuri kavSiris Camoyalibebas donatelosa da antikur favns Soris,<br />

rac romantikul romans pirvelidan bolo Tavamde feradovnebas aniWebs.<br />

Kkenioni SeniSnavs Zvel freskebs, romlebic "gamoxatavdnen arkadiis<br />

scenebs, sadac favnebi, nimfebi, satirebi, erTobodnen mokvdav axlgazrda<br />

kacebTan da qalebTan” (Hawthorne 1860: 114) da SeniSnavs msgavsebas<br />

donatelosa da favnis figuras Soris. mTxrobeli ra Tqma unda ar<br />

ambobs, rom donatelo realurad favnia an Tundac maTi STamomavali,<br />

magram mkiTxveli mainc grZnobs rom am msgavsebas didi datvirTva aqvs<br />

romantikul romanSi. es asociacia Zlierdeba Semdeg TavSi "montebenis<br />

sagvareulo." (Hawthorne 1860: 25)<br />

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omensSi mocemulia metadiegetikuri legendebi. magaliTad<br />

tomasos mier babuamisisagan gagonili ambavi "tyis mbrZaneblis Sesaxeb,<br />

romelic tyeebSi dadioda da xeebidan da Sadrevnebidan umSvenieres<br />

asulebs iZaxebda” (Hawthorne 1860: 31-32) Semdeg TavSi “miTebi” (Hawthorne<br />

1860: 35) donatelo ambobs, rom misma winaparma favnma aq, mis sasaxleSi<br />

moiyvana adamianis qaliSvili, vinc mas Zalian uyvarda da viszec<br />

daqorwinda. kenioni am ambavs "momajadoebel araks" uwodebs. TviT<br />

freskebze gamosaxul istoriebSi, adamiani, buneba da zebunebrivi am<br />

mokle monaTxrobebSi erTmaneTs gadakveTs. ase gamoisaxeba atmosfero,<br />

ara faqtismieri, aramed misteriuli da ramdenadme erotikulic. rasac<br />

hoTorni didi xelovnebiT iyenebs Tavis diegetikur TxrobaSi. ufro<br />

vrceli metadiegetikuri Txroba mosdevs donatelos mier moTxrobil<br />

"tkbili, Zveli ambis” saxiT wina magaliTs. es miTi saukunis, an aTasi<br />

wlis winandelia, SeiZleba sulac qristianobamdeli. qronotropi Zalian<br />

gavs zRapris dasawyiss "iyo da ara iyo ra" raindsa da wylis asuls<br />

erTmaneTi SeuyvardaT.... nimfa gaqra SadrevanSi sisxlis laqiT warbze da<br />

raindi mTeli cxovreba glovobda mas. (Hawthorne 1860: 38) es qronotropi<br />

moicavs miriamisa da donatelos ambavs, romlebic mcire xniT tkbebodnen<br />

kurTxeuli, aracivilizebuli erTobiT da mere erTad gaiziares sisxliT<br />

dalaqavebuli danaSauli. maT es vnebebi gadaitanes italiaSi da ara<br />

"naTel da primitiul dRis Suqze" (Hawthorne 1860: 8) hoTorni brZnulad<br />

moiqca rom donatelos metadiegetikuri Txrobis es mSvenieri goTikuri<br />

intonaciebi gadaitana istoriulad Soreul qronotropSi. am<br />

TvalsazrisiT donatelos monaTxrobi nimfasa da raindze tipiuri<br />

magaliTia <strong>hoTornis</strong> mier metadiegetikuri Txrobis gamoyenebisa<br />

“marmarilos favnSi.”<br />

“blaiTdeilis romensSi” Txrobis struqtura gansxvavebulia.<br />

centrSi dganan personaJTa jgufi, romelTaA Soris gamoirCeva<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> literaturuli gmiri, lamazi zenobia, gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />

xarisxi am qalis da meore gmiris, priscilasi mniSvnelovnad maRalia<br />

vidre “Svidfrontonian saxlSi” an TviT “alisfer asomTavrulSi”. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi es gmirebi socialuri mdgomareobis gamosaxatavad alegoriis<br />

funqcias asruleben. ulamazesi zenobia, brwyinvale gonebiT, ganaTlebiT<br />

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da TvalismomWreli silamaziT da priscila, fermkrTali, susti,<br />

moridebuli. debad maT avtori ara mxolod siuJetis saWiroebis, aramed<br />

alegoriuli rolebis Sesabamisad warmogvidgens. sabediswero idumaleba<br />

mosavs uesterveltis mxatvrul saxes, rasac sxva personaJebis<br />

realisturi monaxazi awonasworebs. fermer sailes fosterisa da<br />

gansakuTrebT moxuci muudis, zenobiasa da priscilas mamis, romlis<br />

mxatvruli saxe groteskis gamoyenebiT aris Seqmnili. am <strong>romantikuli</strong><br />

<strong>romanis</strong> socialuri foni ufro vrcelia “alisferi asomTavrulisgan”<br />

gansxvavebiT, sadac moqmedeba moicavs monoliTur puritanul<br />

sazogadoebas. “blaiTdeilis romensisTvis” damaxasiaTebelia epizodebis<br />

cvalebadoba, rac socialuri yofis araerTgvarovnebaze miuTiTebs.<br />

Kkoverdeilis myudro sacxovrebelidan scena icvleba idealistebis<br />

asketuri banakis suraTiT, fardis ukan mjdomi qalis idumali seansebiT<br />

da albaT <strong>romantikuli</strong> nawarmoebis konteqstisaTvis moulodneli<br />

epizodiT binZur sasauzmeSi, sadac Tavad haeric ki mowamlulia banaluri<br />

yoveldRiurobis sasowarkveTilebiT. hoTornma sakmaod bevri siaxle<br />

Semoitana rom am urTules JanrTan mimarTebSi. es Siga transformacia<br />

pasuxobda socialuri ganviTarebis dinamikas. mwerali iyenebda<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> Txrobis struqturas, magram ara rogorc statikurs. misTvis<br />

es moZravi formebia, romelTa ganviTarebac SesaZlebelia, raTa kargad<br />

axsnas cxovrebiseuli problematika literaturulad. maTi<br />

ganxorcielebis mcdelobas mivyavarT Tavad formebis da Txrobis<br />

struqturis modifikaciamde. am romensSi aris ori metadiegetikuri<br />

Txroba. pirveli Cndeba me-13 TavSi “zenobias legenda.” (Hawthorne 1865: 127)<br />

am SemTxvevaSi diegetikuri gmiris zenobias warmarTul Txrobas rva<br />

gasacnobi paragrafi uZRvis win, romlebic aulitorias amzadeben misi<br />

gamosvlisaTvis. metadiegetikuri Txroba mosdevs CarTul Tavs “vercxlis<br />

pirbade” (Hawthorne 1865: 10) da xazs usvams zenobias Txrobis efeqts sxva<br />

diegetikur gmirebze. meore metediegetikuri Txroba moicavs romensis 22<br />

Tavs da gansxvavebulia holgreivis Txrobisagan da zenobias<br />

deklamaciisagan. am Tavs hqvia “fauntleroi” (Hawthorne 1865: 213) da<br />

dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems zenobias, priscilas da beberi mudis<br />

monacemebs. erTis mxriv, orive metadiegetikuri Txroba ufro metad<br />

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mogvagonebs holgreivis alisa pinCens, vidre pius angariSebs da xsnis<br />

movlenebs diegetikuri awmyos realistur samyaroSi, magram inarCunebs<br />

guTuri metadiegetikuri warsulis sazRvrebs. es TxrobiTi xerxi gaxda<br />

mizezi henri jeimsis protestisa wignis mimarT. "Cven fexqveS myar miwas<br />

vgrZnobdiT Cveni dakvirvebidan Cveni xedvidan gamomdinare" (James 1879: 135).<br />

jeimsi winaaRmdegia am guTuri elementebisa, rac ar unda<br />

iribad iyos gamoyenebuli. misi mkacri midgoma am sakiTxis mimarT<br />

gviCvenebs im problemebs, ris winaSec idga hoTorni romensis Seqmnisas. es<br />

iyo siZnele, daecva zomiereba realistur, fsiqologiurad simarTlis<br />

msgavs yoveldRiuri albaTobis Seqmnisas. man gasaocari TavisuflebiT<br />

SemogvTavaza guTuri <strong>romantikuli</strong> Txrobis idea. zenobias<br />

SemoTavazebuli metadiegetikuri Txroba aRwerilia ara rogorc<br />

‘speqtraluri legenda", aramed "fantastikuri patara istoria" da<br />

"moCvenebaTa istoria." zenobias metadiegetikur TxrobaSi hoTorni nebas<br />

aZlevs "misi tvinis qmnilebebs, iTamaSon TavianTi fantasmagoriuli<br />

sicelqiT da ar gamoafinon isini realuri cxovrebis aqtualur<br />

movlenebTan SedarebiT" zenobias TxrobiTi teqnikis Sedegi aris guTuri<br />

motivebis gacnoba, rom keTilSobili ledi monobaSia. misi Txroba<br />

Sesabamisad uaryofs fabulis siuJetis sxvagvar ganviTarebas. “pirbade<br />

faravda yvelaze lamaz saxes samyaroSi" (Hawthorne 1865: 131) SesaZloa saxe<br />

iyo yvelaze sazizRari da saSineli. MmagaliTad gvamis Tavis msgavsi,<br />

monstruli saxeba, gorgona meduzas gvelismsgavsi lokonebiT da erTi<br />

didi wiTeli TvaliT Sublis centrSi" (Hawthorne 1865: 131) Tumca sanam<br />

mogvianebiT ar aRmoCndeba, rom pirbade faravs mxolod fermkrTal<br />

sayvarel saxes (Hawthorne 1865: 136) avtoris mier gamoyenebuli yvela es<br />

goTikuri SesaZlebloba SeiZleba CaiTvalos ufro nawarmoebis fonis<br />

Sesaqmnelad vidre struqturis. zenobias monaTxrobi saSulebas ar iZleva<br />

romelime sxva potenciuri fabula srulyofilad ganviTardes. es<br />

yvelaferi mis monaTxrobSi pirdapir Semodis, raTa msmenelis<br />

warmosaxvaSi da <strong>hoTornis</strong> mkiTxvelSi goTikuri anarekli Seiqmnas.<br />

“blaiTdeilis romensSi” paralelebi zenobiasa da koverdeilis<br />

moTxrobaTaA Soris gamyarebulia sxva mniSvnelovani metadiegetikuri<br />

TxrobiT. Aamis magaliTia Tavi 22 “fauntleroi.” "xuTi da oci wlis win,<br />

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am ambis epoqaSi, erT Sua StatSi cxovrobda kaci, visac vuwodebT<br />

fauntlerois. kaci mdidari, brwyinvale gemovnebis da guluxvi" (Hawthorne<br />

1865: 218) Txrobis manera bevr rames migvaniSnebs. amobrunebuli<br />

inversiuli winadadebis struqtura miuZRvis zmnur frazas "iq<br />

cxovrobda" ganusazRvreli adgilis mdebareobas aRniSnavs "erTerTi Sua<br />

Stati" aSkara miniSneba "am ambisa" mowmobs Sesavals gamogonili<br />

Txrobisa. es niSnebi damtkicebulia TxrobiTi metalefsisiT, "visac Cven<br />

vuwodebT fauntlerois" msgavsad zenobias gadawyvetilebisa, mis gmirs<br />

Teodore daarqvas da <strong>hoTornis</strong> gadawyvetisa, mis gmirs ueikfildi<br />

dauZaxos. koverdeilis arCevani am SemTxvevaSi mowmobs mis TxrobiT<br />

Tavisuflebas. SesaZloa es Tavisufleba amarTlebs mas goTikuri<br />

egzotikisadmi midrekilebaSi. koverdeili uestervelts Tavis<br />

metadiegetikur TxrobaSi gvacnobs ara saxeliT, armed mezobelTa<br />

saCivriT, rom is iyo "jadoqari, visi Zalauflebis sazRvrebic<br />

gansazRvruli iyo erTis mxriv tartarozis wyvdiadis siRrmiT, meores<br />

mxriv astronomiuli samyaros mesame sferoTi" (Hawthorne 1865: 220)<br />

koverdeili Tavadac grZnobs, rom aseTi crurwmenebi absurdulia. mas<br />

urCevnia misi monaTxrobi zebunebriv elementebs saerTod ar moicavdes.<br />

magram simarTle aiZulebs mas ase moiqces mesmerizmis formiT mainc. "misi<br />

buneba im droisaTvis nakleb gasagebi iyo, vidre axla, roca am saxis<br />

saswaulebi ise gacvda, rom nasiamovnebi viqnebodi, Tu saerTod<br />

gamovtovebdi amaze saubars Cems monaTxrobSi" (Hawthorne 1865: 194) isev<br />

"yoveldRiuri SesaZleblobebis" realisturi samyaro aZlevs sivrces<br />

literaturis romantikul sferos. zenobias pirvelad fauntlerois<br />

mitovebul bavSvs uwodeben. esTer prinis msgavsad igi adreve darCa<br />

udedod. mis msgavsadve romantikul gmirad gaizarda, "vnebiani,<br />

nebisyofiani, mbrZanebluri" (Hawthorne 1865: 194) zenobias egzotikuri<br />

qcevis Sesaxeb koverdeilis TxrobaSi inforamcia iribad Semodis.<br />

"CurCulebdnen saidumlo qorwinebis Sesaxeb momajadoebel, srulyofil,<br />

magram uzneo axalgazrda kacTan" (Hawthorne 1865: 222) vin aris es kaci,<br />

marTla estumra Tu ara fauntlerois, Cven ar viciT. koverdeili am<br />

kiTxvebs mkiTxvelisTvis tovebs. Semdeg igi ukve naklebad moridebul<br />

tons iRebs, raTa Tqvas rom "nawili zenobias axlandeli cxovrebisa<br />

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moTxrobil iqneba Semdeg TavebSi." (Hawthorne 1865: 222) aseve akeTebs<br />

ganacxads, rom "priscila mas gahyva blaiTdeilSi" aq ar Cans priscila<br />

idumali mizeziT wavida, Tu ugulo Teodorma iTamaSa garkveuli roli<br />

mis cxovrebaSi. tonis Seucvlelad koverdeili Semdeg paragrafs aseTi<br />

winadadebiT iwyebs: "erT saRamos, priscilas wasvlidan erTi Tvis mere,<br />

roca mudi fauntleroi marto ijda oTaxSi, kibeze nafexurebi gamoCnda.”<br />

(Hawthorne 1865: 223) koverdeili amtkicebs, rom es nafexurebi zenobias<br />

ekuTnoda. zogjer koverdeili tovebs realistis pozas, raTa aqtiuri<br />

mTxrobelis roli moirgos.<br />

koverdeilis metadiegetikuri Txrobis saSualebiT hoTornma<br />

ganaviTara Tavisi gmirebi xorci Seasxa misi fabulis ganviTarebas,<br />

moimaraga informacia gadamwyveti, mogvianebiTi siuJetis<br />

ganviTarebisaTvis da SeumCnevlad Semoitana Sesabamisi goTikuri<br />

bundovaneba.<br />

Ddaskvnebi<br />

1. amerikul literaturaSi <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong>, rogorc Janris<br />

realizeba srulyofilad <strong>naTaniel</strong> <strong>hoTornis</strong> SemoqmedebaSi moxda. Mmisi<br />

“romensi” TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva. garda literaturuli formisa, igi<br />

aseve fsiqologiuri, kulturuli fenomenia. “romensisaTvis” <strong>romantikuli</strong><br />

da poeturi Tvisebebis miniWebiT, hoTornma SeZlo daekavSirebina<br />

istoriuli faqti da mxatvruli literatura, realoba da warmosaxva.<br />

2. <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> mwerali Tavisufalia sinamdvilis realisturi<br />

asaxvis principebisgan, <strong>hoTornis</strong>aTvis <strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> sfero is<br />

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neitraluri teritoriaa, romlis saSualebiT bevrad ufro rTuli<br />

efeqti miiRweva, vidre ubralod mkiTxvelSi emociis gamowvevaa.<br />

misNnawarmoebebSi mocemuli aRwerilobiTi pasaJebi konceptualur da<br />

fsiqologiur sazRvars adgenen, sadac avtori gmirebis moqmedebas<br />

gadmogvcems. “romensi” mwerals did Tavisuflebas aZlevs, da arCevans<br />

utovebs' warmosaxva gaakontrolos maRali moralis saSulebiT.<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong>eul “romensSi” movlenebi, xasiaTebi, saxeebi uCveuloa, zogjer<br />

fantastikuric. amasTan es yvelaferi imgvari ostatobiT ukavSirdeba<br />

erTmaneTs rom cxovrebiseul simarTles mainc damajereblad gamoxatavs.<br />

sinamdvilis pirdapiri asaxva, rogorc es Cveulebriv romanSi anu<br />

“novelSi” xdeba, gacilebiT iolia, vidre gamonagonis, Seqmnilis<br />

datvirTva realobiT, rac WeSmaritad maRal xelovnebad iTvleba.<br />

“romensi”, rogorc xelovnebis nimuSi, mkacrad eqvemdebareba sakuTar<br />

kanonebs, romelTa Tanaxmad adamianis gulis simarTlidan odnav gadaxrac<br />

ki miutevebel codvad CaeTvleba, amitom romensi novelTan SedarebiT<br />

rTul formad iTvleba.<br />

3. <strong>hoTornis</strong> romantikul romanSi gamoyenebuli aRwerilobiTi pasaJebi<br />

miuTiTeben, rom romensi erTgvari meditaciis adgilia, sadac sazRvrebi<br />

sinaTles da sibneles, suliersa da materialurs, sinamdvilesa da<br />

warmosaxvas Soris uaryofilia. swored es sazRvrebisgan gaTavisufleba<br />

yvela saxis aRrevis saSualebas iZleva. <strong>hoTornis</strong> mtkiceba, rom<br />

sinamdvile da warmosaxva erTmaneTs unda gadaexlarTnon, raTa romensi<br />

Seiqmnas, Seesabameba emersonis transcendentalur xedvas xelovnebis<br />

nimuSis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. mweralma saukeTeso nawarmoebebi Seqmna im<br />

Sualeduri samyaros daxmarebiT, romelic alegoriul gamonagonsa da<br />

realobas Soris arsebobs.<br />

4. <strong>hoTornis</strong>euli “romensis” mxatvrul sistemaSi personaJebis mcire<br />

aqtivoba kompensirebulia gansakuTrebuli atmosferoTi, romelic<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong>Tvis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Strixia da realuri<br />

faqtebisa da warmosaxvis aRrevis Sedegad warmoiSoba. amasTan erTad<br />

moqmedebis CarCo moZraobs da Tavis TavSi moicavs ara mxolod im<br />

movlenebs, romlis Tanamedrovecaa mTxrobeli, aramed aswleulebis<br />

winandel ambebsac. moqmedi pirebis ricxvSi is adamianebic figurireben,<br />

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vinc karga xania dastova saaqao. SevniSnavT, rom hoTorni mxolod uSvebs<br />

msgavs mosazrebebs, magram mas mkiTxvels Tavze ar axvevs, radgan is<br />

romantikul romans werda, romlis mTeli mxatvruli sistema cnobil<br />

ganusazRvrelobas, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis bundovanebas moiTxovs.<br />

legenda misTvis faqtebze mniSvnelovania.<br />

5. avtori originaluri ganaTebis Teoriis wyalobiT, romliTac realur<br />

samyaros warmosaxvis sferosTan akavSirebs, TiTqos Tavad mkiTxvels<br />

aZlevs uflebas gadawyvitos, iyo esa Tu is movlena zebunebrivi Tu ara.<br />

<strong>romantikuli</strong> <strong>romanis</strong> analizi Segvaxsenebs avtoris midrekilebaze<br />

adamianis cnobierebis im sferosken, romelic zebunebriv samyaros exeba.<br />

sxvadasxva garemoebebSi misi gmirebi TavianT tanjvas ukavSireben ucnaur<br />

movlenebs caSi Tu miwaze. magram iqve igrZnoba <strong>hoTornis</strong>euli ironia<br />

RvTiuri Zalis Carevis rwmenis mimarT. hoTorni am meTodiT warmosaxvas<br />

iumors urevs, raTaA sinamdvilis albaToba gazardos. es iumori<br />

nawarmoebis gmirebis saSualebiT imarTeba.<br />

6. <strong>hoTornis</strong> romantikul romans da saerTod mTel Semoqmedebas<br />

istoriuli reminisensiebi asazrdoebs. misi religiuri da eTikuri<br />

msofxedveloba ufro qristianulia vidre puritanuli. puritanuli<br />

moralis uaryofa mweralTan ejaxeba puritanuli eTikis Sinagan<br />

gamarTlebas da misken ltolvas. amitom misi damokidebuleba<br />

puritanobasTan gaorebis niSniT aris aRbeWdili. surviliT miiRos is,<br />

rasac Sinaganad ar eTanxmeba. SeTanxmebas man pirvel rigSi Soreul<br />

warsulTan mimarTebiT miaRwia, radgan axlo warsuli, an Tanamedrove<br />

realoba daaSorebda sinamdvilesa da warmosaxvas, Erac romensis<br />

fiqtiurobas gamoiwvevda. transcendentalistebis optimizmis<br />

sawinaaRmdegod mwerals sjera, rom axlandeli Seubralebel warsulzea<br />

damokidebuli.Aamitom misi romensebis ucvleli Temaa warsulis mudmivi<br />

zemoqmedeba axlandelze.<br />

7. simbolikisa da <strong>romantikuli</strong> ironiis gverdiT, rac <strong>hoTornis</strong><br />

romensebis mxatvrul fons qmnis, realisturi tendenciebic arsebobs.<br />

Tavisufleba materialur sinamdvilesTan mimarTebaSi da mis mier<br />

amorCeuli garemoebani raTa adamianuri grZnobebis simarTle gamoxatos,<br />

organulad ukavSirdeba romensebSi dayenebul saerTo zneobriv<br />

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problemebs. Txrobis obieqturobisaken swrafva, winaaRmdegobaSi modis<br />

subieqtur mimarTulebasTan, rac damaxasiaTebelia <strong>romantikuli</strong><br />

<strong>romanis</strong>aTvis. es faqti mwerlis mxatvruli xedvis <strong>Tavisebureba</strong>s<br />

gansazRvravs. H<strong>hoTornis</strong> nawarmoebebi garegnulad sayofacxovrebo, ufro<br />

metad socialur yofiT romans hgavs. rCeba STabeWdileba, rom avtorma<br />

Tavad moisurva realistur romans daaxloveboda. romensebSi hoTorni<br />

yvelaze TavSeukavebel fantaziebSic ki fxizel racionalistad rCeba da<br />

Tavis bundovan legendebs realuri cxovrebis faqtebisagan qmnis.<br />

abstraqtul-<strong>romantikuli</strong> sikeTe da boroteba mis SemoqmedebaSi ukve<br />

realur formebs iRebs. MrealobasTan dasaaxloeblad avtori xSirad<br />

aRwerebs iyenebs da cdilobs aRweras arqauli xasiaTi misces.<br />

arqaulobac agreTve romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTerTi<br />

mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia. mTxrobelis komentarebi specifikuri<br />

istoriuli faqtebs Sesaxeb, mkiTxvelis gonebas sinamdvilisaken<br />

mimarTavs. im faqtebTan erTad, rac istoriulad dadasturebulia,<br />

hoTorni agebs bevrad ufro maRal realobas, romelic ar SeiZleba<br />

istoriuli dokumenti iyos. es aris <strong>hoTornis</strong>euli meTodi, istoriuli<br />

sinamdvile Seurios warmosaxvas, raTa Seqmnas esoden metyveli simbolo.<br />

Zneli ar aris SeamCnio romensSi istoriuli faqtebis erTgvari sazeimo<br />

Semotana, rac miuTiTebs avtoris daJinebul survilze miuaxlovdes<br />

realobas. isev "yoveldRiuri SesaZleblobebis" realisturi samyaro<br />

aZlevs sivrces literaturis romantikul sferos.<br />

8. rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivia <strong>hoTornis</strong> damokidebuleba<br />

transcendentalizmTan. "Tandayolili codvis doqtrina" misTvis<br />

mniSvnelovani religiuri dogmaa, Tumca Sors dgas adamianuri "mes"<br />

kultisagan. bevri romantikosisagan gansxvavebiT, is Tavisi Txrobis<br />

centrSi arasodes ar ayenebs gansakuTrebul pirovnebas, Tumca<br />

sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis urTierTobis problema yovelTvis<br />

aqtualuria mis romensebSi. amis dasturia "alisferi asomTavruli" da<br />

“blaiTdeilis romensi”. <strong>hoTornis</strong> esTetikis kvleva, xelovnebaze<br />

Sexedulebebis detaluri ganxilva, kacis da bunebis Sesabamisobis<br />

gamoyeneba sarkeebis da yvela saxis anareklis rogorc poetis armosaxvis<br />

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simbolos gamoyeneba safuZvels gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom misi<br />

msofmxedveloba Seesabameba transcendentalur esTetikas.<br />

9. kompoziciuri Tematuri xazis ar arseboba zog romensSi, an naklebad<br />

Tanmimdevruloba. aris ara nawarmoebis mxatvruli sisuste, aramed<br />

gansazRvruli esTetikuri amocanebis Sedegi, rasac mwerali<br />

ganizraxavda, raTa fsiqologiuri koliziebiT datvirTuli <strong>romantikuli</strong><br />

romani Seeqmna. romensis gmirebis mxatvruli saxeebi srulyofilebiT<br />

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian da nawarmoebis mxatvruli qsovilis SeqmnaSi<br />

did rols asruleben. avtors isini ainteresebs ara rogorc cocxali<br />

xasiaTebi, aramed abstraqtuli, ararealuri simboloebi. zog SemTxvevaSi<br />

garegnobis Sesabamisoba sulierTan Zalian ostaturad da bunebrivad aris<br />

Sesrulebuli. avtori mkiTxvelis yuradRebis koncentrirebas ufro metad<br />

gmirebis urTierTdamokidebulebaze akeTebs da ara qmedebaze. HhoTorni<br />

mniSvnelovan Canafiqrs debs saTaurebSi da maT mixedviT TxrobiT meTods<br />

gvTavazobs. xasiaTebi naCvenebia mxolod scenebSi da urTierTobebSi. maTi<br />

Sinagani mdgomareoba simbolizirebulia garegnuli efeqtebiT. scenebis<br />

ganviTareba mogviTxrobs romans. TiToeul scenaSi avtori aerTianebs<br />

sxvadasxva detalebs, raTa simarTle gadmogvces. scenebSi cvlilebebis<br />

sqema aRniSnavs, rogor moZraobs avtori adgilidan adgilze, raTa<br />

daxatos moqmedebis mniSvneloba.Uukve aRvniSneT, rom mwerali<br />

romensisTvis saguldagulod qmnis scenebs, hoTorni misTvis Cveuli<br />

meTodiT mkiTxvels scenebSi axedebs, tovebs adgils moTxrobaSi,<br />

saidanac Cven SegviZlia damkvirveblis poziciidan SevxedoT moqmedebis<br />

ganviTarebas.<br />

10. romensebis formaze dakvirveba maT originalurobas adasturebs.<br />

isini agebulia <strong>romantikuli</strong> poetikis safuZvelze. avtori warmatebiT<br />

iyenebs romantikul simbolikas. am simboloebiT aRiniSneba romensis<br />

ZiriTadi konfliqtebi, fsiqologiuri koliziebi. misi simbolika,<br />

xandaxan absurduli da ara yovelTvis kanonzomieri, gamoxatavs moralis<br />

dafarul kanonebs. simbolikis gansakuTrebuli enis moSveliebiT, avtori<br />

aiZulebs mkiTxvels Tavisi gmirebis yvela zneobrivi tanjva gadaitanos.<br />

mwerali ar gamoyofs ideas im simbolosgan, romelSic igi aisaxeba.<br />

avtori fers, Suqs, Crdilovan figurebs gvTavazobs da yovelive es<br />

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gansxvavebulad aris gamoyenebuli romensSi. hoTorni Suqis saSualebiT<br />

misi xasiaTebis daniSnulebas da kontrastul scenebs gamoxatavs<br />

moTxrobis struqturaSi. igi aseve warmatebiT iyenebs Suqs TxrobiTi<br />

struqturis ganviTarebisTvis, xasiaTebis warmoCenisaTvis. hoTorni<br />

garkveuli scenebisaTvis ramodenime saxis ganaTebas iyenebs. Suqis<br />

efeqtiT hoTorni Tavisi gmirebis Sinagani mdgomareobis daxasiaTebasac<br />

axdens.<br />

11 hoTornma posa da Torpis msgavsad miaRwia manipulirebis<br />

SesaZleblobas TxrobiT doneebSi da Zalian nayofieradac. misi moTxroba<br />

Seicavs goTikur, istoriul, diagetikur, metadiagetikur, realistursa da<br />

sentimentalur doneebs. igi moTxrobebSi egzotikurobisaTvis iyenebs<br />

gadanacvlebiT TxrobiT SesaZleblobebs sxvadasxva diegetikur doneze.<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> nawarmoebebis umetesoba daxurul dasasruls atarebs, romlis<br />

drosac Txroba metnaklebad Sordeba ZiriTad fabulas da gadadis<br />

avtoris msjelobaSi Tavad moTxrobaze da mis Seqmnaze. avtori<br />

metadiegetikur TxrobiT meqanizms iyenebs, magram ara pirdapiri gziT.<br />

masSi, rogorc mTxrobelSi, ori adamiani Tavsdeba, romlebic<br />

sxvadasxvagvarad uyureben erTsa da imave movlenas. erTi maTgani am<br />

movlenebis Tanamedrovea, meore, me-19 saukunis warmomadgeneli,<br />

ganmanaTlebelTa ideebze aRzrdili, Sors myofi Savi crurwmenebisgan.<br />

cotaTi ironiuli, analizisa da ganzogadoebisaken midrekili. amgvarad<br />

romensSi ori monacvleobiTi Txrobis done warmoiSoba, romlebic<br />

erTmaneTTan faqtebis saSualebiT aris dakavSirebuli. metadiegetikuri<br />

Txroba saSualebas iZleva Semoitanos gotikuri saswaulebi, Tumca igi<br />

ar iZleva ganmartebas, ra gadaxdaT gmirebs manamde, ar exeba mTxrobelis<br />

mTavar diegeziss.<br />

12. romensSi mocemul metadiegetikur legendebSi adamiani, buneba da<br />

zebunebrivi erTmaneTs gadakveTs. ase gamoisaxeba atmosfero, ara<br />

faqtismieri, aramed mistikuri da erotikulic, rasac hoTorni didi<br />

xelovnebiT iyenebs Tavis diegetikur TxrobaSi. metadiegetikuri Txrobis<br />

gotikuri intonaciebi man istoriulad Soreul qronotropSi gadaitana.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT, hoTornma sakmao cvlileba Seitana am rTul JanrSi. es<br />

transformacia pasuxobda socialuri ganviTarebis dinamikas da<br />

157

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adasturebda <strong>romantikuli</strong> tradiciis aqtualobas amerikul<br />

literaturaSi. <strong>hoTornis</strong>aTvis <strong>romantikuli</strong> Txrobis struqtura ar aris<br />

statikuri. is moZrav formas warmoadgens, romlis ganviTarebasac<br />

SeuZlia kargad axsnas cxovrebis literaturuli gamovlineba, romlis<br />

ganxorcielebis mcdelobas mivyavarT Tavad formebis da Txrobis<br />

struqturis modifikaciamde. es Tavisufleba amarTlebs mas gotikuri<br />

egzotikisadmi midrekilebaSi. metadiegetikuri Txrobis saSualebiT<br />

hoTornma ganaviTara Tavisi gmirebi, xorci Seasxa misi fabulis<br />

ganviTarebas, moimaraga informacia Semdgomi siuJetis ganviTarebisaTvis<br />

da SeumCnevlad Semoitana Sesabamisi gotikuri bundovaneba.<br />

12. romensis mTavari Rirseba mdgomareobs misi mxatvruli stilis<br />

srulyofasa da erTianobaSi. es aris avtoris mxatvrulad Zlieri<br />

qmnileba, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs mis filosofiur, socialur-<br />

eTikur da esTetikur warmodgenebs cxovrebasa da adamianze.<br />

romantikulma romanma SeZlo axlgazrda qveynisaTvis esTetikurad<br />

amaRlebuli siZvelis micema, romlis naklebobasac ase ganicdidnen<br />

<strong>hoTornis</strong> Tanamedrove mwerlebi.<br />

K kvleva safuZvels gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom marTalia, es<br />

gansakuTrebulad problematuri Janri <strong>hoTornis</strong> mier ar Seqmnila, magram<br />

mweralma didi roli Seasrula misi rogorc calke Janris<br />

CamoyalibebaSi. man sxva amerikel romantikosebTan erTad romensi<br />

erovnul, amerikuli <strong>romanis</strong> formad aRiara da novels anu socialur<br />

yofiT romans daupirispira. Aamerikel romantikosTaA Soris, hoTorni<br />

yvelaze warmatebuli aRmoCnda <strong>romanis</strong> poetikis damuSavebis sakiTxSi. man<br />

Riad ganacxada <strong>romanis</strong> am formis specifikurobis Sesaxeb da Tavisi<br />

Teoria Camoayaliba. <strong>hoTornis</strong>euli romensis aRwerilobiTi gansazRvra da<br />

misi gansxvaveba novelTan mimarTebaSi, dResac klasikur definiciad<br />

iTvleba.<br />

1. eseebi inglisuridan Targmnes paata da rostom CxeiZeebma.<br />

Tbilisi, "merani". 1989<br />

158

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2. TofuriZe. c. romani rogorc fenomeni da misi nominacia anglosaqsur<br />

da qarTul samyaroSi. samecniero SromaTa krebuli.<br />

“ena, Targmani, literatura” Tbilisis i. WavWavaZis saxelobis<br />

enisa da kulturis saxelmwifo universiteti. Ggamomcemloba.<br />

“ena da kultura” 2003<br />

3. TofuriZe. c. winasityvaoba AwignisaTvis amerikuli novella.<br />

gamomcemloba “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”. 1967<br />

4. Hawthorne. N. Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment. From Twice Told Tales. v1. 1865.<br />

http://books.google.com/books?id=0k_MYRdVN7IC&pg=PA251&dq=Hawthorne<br />

+Dr.+Heidegger's+experiment&cd=2#v=onepage&q&f=false<br />

5. ------------- Drowne’s Wooden Image. From Mosses From an Old Manse. 1854<br />

http://www.eldritchpress.org/nh/dwi.html<br />

6. ------------- Celestial Road From Mosses From an Old Manse.1854 p 185<br />

http://books.google.com/books?id=Uxc2eYuMArkC&pg=PA185&dq=celestial+roa<br />

d,+Hawthorn&hl=en&ei=IlmkTOSoFojEswaC-<br />

P2UCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=<br />

onepage&q&f=false<br />

7. --------------Earth’s Holocaust. From the Mosses From an Old Manse. 1846; 1854<br />

http://www.ibiblio.org/eldritch/nh/holo.html<br />

8. -------------- Endicott and the Red Cross. From Twice Told Tales. V2. 1837. 1851.<br />

http://www.eldritchpress.org/nh/erc.html<br />

9. -------------- Ethan Brand: A Chapter from an Abortive Romance. From Twice Told<br />

Tales 1850. 1852. http://www.ibiblio.org/eldritch/nh/eb.html<br />

10. -------------- How’s Masquerade. From Legends of the Province House. 1837. 1851<br />

http://www.ibiblio.org/eldritch/nh/howe.html<br />

11. -------------- Rappaccini’s Daughter Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia<br />

Library. Published in 1841. http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccernew2?id=HawRapp.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/par<br />

sed&tag=public&part=1&division=div2<br />

12. -------------- Septimius Felton. BiblioBazaar; 2008<br />

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13. -------------- The Artist of the Beautiful. From Mosses From an Old Mans. 1846.<br />

1854. http://www.eldritchpress.org/nh/aotb.html<br />

14. -------------- The Blithedale Romance. Boston: Ticknor and Fields. Harvard College<br />

Library 1865<br />

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he+Blithdale+Romence&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false<br />

15. -------------- The Grey Champion. From Twice Told Tales. 1837. 1851.<br />

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16. --------------- The Old Manse. From Moses from the Old Manse. 1846<br />

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17. -------------- The House of the Seven Gables. Boston: Ticknor, Reed and Fields. M<br />

DCCC LI. 1851.<br />

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18. ------------- The Main Street. From The Snow-image. 1852 copyright 1901; Lewis<br />

Buddy; http://books.google.com/books?id=_3cd8e-<br />

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20. -------------- The Marble Faun: or, the Romance of Monte Beni. v 2. Boston: Ticknor<br />

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21. -------------- The May-Pole of Merry Mount From Twice Told Tales. 1836. 1837<br />

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22. -------------- The New Adam and Eva. From Mosses of the Old Manse. 1846. 1854.<br />

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23. -------------- The Scarlet Letter. London: G. Roughtledge and Co: Farringdon Street.<br />

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24. -------------- The Sunday Evening. The Twice Told Tales. 1837. 1851.<br />

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36. Benoit. R. Single Natures Double Name. The collectedness of conflicting in British<br />

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37. Bewley. M. The complex Fate: Hawthorne, Henri James and Some Other American<br />

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38. Blair. W. Color, Light and Shadow in Hawthorne’s Fiction. New England Quarterly<br />

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40. Bodily. C. Henry David Thoreau: The Instrumental Transcendentalist? Journal of<br />

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Anchor Books; 1957.<br />

47. Chinard. G. Honest John Adams. Dated but still-valuable biography. 1933.<br />

48. Colacurcio. M. The Province of Piety: Moral History in Hawthorne's Early Tales<br />

Cambridge, Mass, and London: Harvard University Press; 1984<br />

49. Coleridge. S. Dejection: An Ode. The Oxford Book of English Verse of the Romantic<br />

Period: 1798-1837 Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1935.<br />

50. Coltman. D. Nathaniel Hawthorne: An Approach to an Analysis of Artistic<br />

Creation. Cleveland OH: Press of Case Western Reserve. University, 1970<br />

51. Coppens. P. William Blake: what paintings of visions come.<br />

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52. Cowley. M. Hawthorne in the Looking Glass, Sewanee review LVI; 1948.<br />

53. Crews. F. A New Reading of Blithedale Romence. American literature XXIX; 1957.<br />

54. Crews. F. The Sins of the Fathers: Hawthorne's Psychological Themes. New-York:<br />

Oxford University Press. 1966.<br />

55. Crews. F. The Logic of Compulsion in “Roger Malvin’s Burial”. PMLA; v 79.<br />

Modern Language Association; 1964. http://www.jstor.org/pss/460751<br />

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61. Dunne. M. Hawthorne's Narrative Strategy. University Press of Mississippi;<br />

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64. Emerson. R. Complete Prose Works. London; Ward Lock and Co Ltd; 1900<br />

65. ------------ Circles From essays first series. 1841;<br />

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66. ----------. Self-Reliance http://www.emersoncentral.com/selfreliance.htm<br />

67. ----------- Shakespeare, or The Poet.<br />

http://www.xmission.com/~seldom74/emerson/shakespe.html<br />

68. ----------- The American Scholar. 1837.<br />

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69. ------------ Nature, The Conduct of Life, Nature and Other Essays. (1836); London:<br />

J. M. Dent; 1908.<br />

70. Faust. B. Hawthorne's Contemporaneous Reputation: A Study of Literary Opinion<br />

in America and England.1828-1864; Philadelphia. University of Pennsylvania.1939.<br />

71. Feidelson. C. Symbolism and American Literature. Chicago. University of Chicago<br />

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72. Fields. J. Yesterdays with Authors. London: Sampson Low; 1872<br />

73. Fogle. R. Hawthorne’s Fiction the Light and the Dark. Rev. ed. 1952. Norman;<br />

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79. Gaeddert. L. A New England Love Story: Nathaniel Hawthorne and Sophia<br />

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80. Gerber. J. Form and Content in the Scarlet Letter. New England Quarterly XVII.<br />

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