sikvdiliT dasja saqarTveloSi

<strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis sakiTxebi saqarTvelosa da yofil sabWoTa<br />

blokis qveynebSi<br />

CemTvis didi pativia esoden pativsacemi auditoriis winaSe<br />

wardgoma. sasiamovnoa is faqti, rom meZleva saSualeba<br />

gagacnoT <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> arsebuli viTareba svdiliT dasjis,<br />

rogorc sasjelis umaRlesi zomis gamoyenebasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT. me Sevecdebi mokled aRgiweroT is gza, romelic<br />

gaiara qarTulma samarTalma am TemasTan mimarTebaSi,<br />

Soreuli warsulidan dRemde. aseve msurs gagiziaroT<br />

saqarTvelos gamocdileba <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis gauqmebasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT.<br />

<strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong> sasjelis umaRlesi da uZvelesi formaa,<br />

romelic sxvadasxva dros TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi<br />

gamoiyeneboda. am mxriv, gamonakliss arc saqarTvelo<br />

warmoadgens. qarTul samarTalSi <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>, mZime<br />

danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi sasjelis erT-erT zomad jer<br />

kidev feodalur xanaSi gamoiyeneboda. feodalizmis<br />

droindelma qarTulma samarTlis Zeglebma Semoinaxa im<br />

danaSaulTa nusxa da dasjis meTodebi, romelTa Cadenis<br />

SemTxvevaSi damnaSavis mimarT iyenebdnen aseTi saxis sanqciebs.<br />

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom 12-e saukuneSi, saqarTvelos<br />

aRmavlobis xanaSi, mefe Tamaris mefobis periodSi, maSin<br />

rodesac saxelmwifoebriobam miaRwia Tavisi ganviTarebis<br />

zenits, im droindelma sazogadoebam uari Tqva sasjelis<br />

umaRles zomaze da garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong> gauqmda. Tumca, mogvianebiT,<br />

mefis centraluri xelisuflebis Sesustebisa da<br />

dampyrobelTa saukonovani mmarTvelobis periodSi<br />

saxelmwifos winaSe kvlav dadga aseTi saxis sasjelis<br />

SemoRebis saWiroeba.<br />

sasjelis zomad <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>s iyenebdnen aseve me-18<br />

saukunis damdegs, rodesac ruseTis imperiam gaauqma mefoba<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> da qveyana imperiis nawili gaxda.<br />

marTlmsajuleba am periodSi, rusuli kanonmdeblobis<br />

mixedviT xorcieldeboda da aseT sanqciebs ZiriTadad<br />

iyenebdnen saxelmwifo damnaSaveebis an recidivistebis mimarT.<br />

uprecedento masStabebs miaRwia <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis, rogorc<br />

sasjelis umaRlesi zomis gamoyenebam <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong><br />

komunisturi mmarTvelobis pirveli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi. am<br />

periodSi, SeiZleba iTqvas daxvreta, rogorc <strong>sikvdiliT</strong><br />

dasjis saSualeba raodenobrivad bevrad sWarbobda sasjelis<br />

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sxva formebs. <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis ganaCeni sabWoTa<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> gamohqondaT umniSvnelo danaSaulis Cadenis<br />

SemTxvevaSic ki, iseTi danaSaulisaTvis, rgoricaa magaliTad<br />

wvrilmani qurdoba, xolo Tu piri sabWoTa xelisuflebis<br />

mimarTYaraloialur damokidebulebaSi iyo eWvmitanili, es<br />

faqti gardauval sikvdils niSnavda. xazi unda gaesvas im<br />

faqts, rom am periodSi ganaCenis gamotana, xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />

xdeboda, ara sasamarTlo xelisuflebis, aramed cnobili<br />

sabWoTa “troicebis” mier, romlebic «Без суда, без следствия»<br />

axdenda adamianebisaTvis sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotanasa da<br />

aRsrulebas. aseTi meTodebi, romelic “xalxis mtrebis”<br />

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli brZolis saxeliT iyo SeniRbuli, erTis<br />

mxriv emsaxureboda mosaxleobis daSinebasa da terors, xolo<br />

meores mxriv iyo saSualeba maSindeli mmarTveli elita<br />

ganTavisuflebuliyo maTTvis saSiSi elementebisgan,<br />

sazogadoebaSi CaexSo gansxvavebuli azris qonis<br />

SesaZleblobac ki. es periodi sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

SemadgenlobaSi Semavali respublikebis istoriaSi “wiTeli<br />

teroris saxeliTaa cnobili”, romelmac saboloo jamSi,<br />

sakavSiro maStabiT milionobiT adamianis sicocxle<br />

imsxverpla.<br />

70-ian 80-ian wlebSi, rodesac sabWoTa kavSirSi, sajaro<br />

seqtorSi korufciis donem Tavisi ganviTarebis piks miaRwia,<br />

maSindelma xelisuflebam miiRo gadawyvetileba ukiduresad<br />

gaemkacrebina brZola e.w. meqrTameebisa da maTTan<br />

danaSaulebriv kavSirSi myofi pirebis winaaRmdeg. am periodSi<br />

sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamohqondaT meqrTameobisaTvis,<br />

gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulisaTvis msjavrdebulTaTvisa da<br />

iSviaT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo damnaSaveTaTvis.<br />

1945 wlis Semdeg, sabWoTa blokSi Semavali centraluri<br />

evropis qveynebi <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>s sabWoTa kanonmdeblobis<br />

analogiurad axorcielebdnen. 1940 wlis bolos da 1950 wlis<br />

dasawyisSi ungreTSi, CexoslovakiaSi, bulgareTsa da sxva<br />

socialistur qveynebSi gaimarTa sasamarTlo procesebi e.w.<br />

“xalxis mtrebis” winaaRmdeg. es procesebi sruliad<br />

Seesabameboda sabWoTa models da umetes SemTxvevaSi<br />

sasjelis saxiT gansasjelebs CamoxrCoba an daxvreta<br />

miesajaT. 1990 wlis Semdeg, am respublikebSi momxdari<br />

“xaverdovani revoluciebis” Sedegad, demokratiulma<br />

xelisuflebebma gaauqmes <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>, rogorc sasjelis<br />

forma. <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong> gauqmda, maT Soris, rumineTSic.<br />

dReisaTvis, belarusi aris ukanaskneli qveyana evropaSi,<br />

sadac moqmedebs <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>, rogorc sasjelis<br />

umaRlesi zoma. belarusis kanonmdebloba <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>s<br />

2

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iTvaliswinebs 12 saxis danaSaulisaTvis mSvidobian dros,<br />

xolo omis periodSi 2 saxis danaSaulisaTvis. 1996 wels<br />

belarusSi respublikis masStabiT Catarebulma sayovelTao<br />

referendumma cxadyo, rom <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis gauqmebas<br />

ewinaaRmdegeboda moqamaqeTa 80.50%.<br />

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirobebSi <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>m,<br />

rogorc sasjelis erT-erTma formam sul 5 weli iarseba. 1997<br />

wels saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni, romlis<br />

mixedviTac sasamarTloebs aekrZalaT msjavrdebulTa mimarT<br />

sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotana. Tumca mivyveT qronologiurad:<br />

90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis<br />

kodeqsis me-13 muxli iTvaliswinebda <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>s<br />

sxvadasxva simZimis danaSaulisaTvis. im dros sazogadoebrivi<br />

azri <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis momxre iyo. arasamTavrobo<br />

organizaciebma, Tavisufalma presam da mmarTvelobaSi myofma<br />

reformatoruli ideebis mqone jgufebma mniSvnelovani roli<br />

iTamaSes <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis winaaRmdeg sazogadoebrivi azris<br />

SemobrunebaSi. am jgufebis muSaobis Sedegag etapobrivad iqna<br />

miRweuli konsesusi sazogadoebaSi, <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis<br />

gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT. 1995-1996 wlebSi moxda<br />

moratoriumis gamocxadeba, marTalia sasamarTloebs kvlav<br />

gamohqondaT saWiroebis SermTxvevaSi sasikvdilo ganaCeni,<br />

Tumca maTi aRsruleba ar xdeboda. sasikvdilo ganaCeni<br />

<strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> bolos 1995 wlis 14 Tebervals iqna sisruleSi<br />

moyvanili. 1996 wlis 12 oqtombers arasamTavrobo<br />

organizaciaTa jgufma daarsa <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis winaaRmdeg<br />

brZolis sakoordinacio centri, romelsac momavalSi mravali<br />

sxva arasamTavrobo organizaciac SeuerTda. drois mcire<br />

monakveTSi centrma <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> wamoiwyo <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis<br />

sawinaaRmdego masStaburi saganmanaTleblo kampania. man<br />

moawyo sxvadasvxa RonisZiebebi, preskonferenciebi dabeWda<br />

statiebi da a.S. am kanpanias aqtiurad auba mxari mas-mediamac.<br />

sazogadoebis aseTma aqtiurobam saSualeba misca<br />

sakanonmdeblo organoSi myof reformatorebs gaeZlierebinaT<br />

brZola parlamentSi axali kanonmdeblobis misaRebad,<br />

romelSic <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>, rogorc sasjelis saxe<br />

gaTvaliswinebuli aRar iqneboda. Sedegad, 1996 wlis bolos<br />

moxda im muxlebis Semcireba, romelTa sanqciac <strong>sikvdiliT</strong><br />

<strong>dasja</strong>s iTvaliswinebda. aseTi muxlebis raodenoba 13<br />

muxlidan-dan 4 muxlamde Semcirda. amis Semdeg, igive<br />

organizaciebi da kerZo pirebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

atarebdnen piar-kampanias im kanonis sruliad da sabolood<br />

gasauqmeblad, romelic <strong>saqarTveloSi</strong> <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>s<br />

iTvaliswinebda. statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, 1995 wlis<br />

3

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olos da 1996 wlis dasawyisSi mTeli qveynis masStabiT<br />

wamowyebuli kampanisaas mosaxleobis mxolod 10-20%<br />

gamodioda sasjelis am gansakuTrebuli zomis gauqmebis<br />

momxred. 1997 wlis miwuruls ki, sazogadoebrivi azris<br />

gamokvlevis Sedegad, aseT adamianTa ricxvma 50-55% miaRwia.<br />

sabolood, 1997 wlis 11 noembers saqarTvelos parlamentma<br />

oficialurad moaxdina <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis gauqmeba. xolo,<br />

pirebs, romlebic im droisaTvis elodebodnen sasikvdilo<br />

ganaCenis aRsrulebas, sasjeli SeecvalaT samudamo<br />

patimrobiT, xolo zog SemTxvevaSi Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT 20<br />

wlis vadiT. saqarTvelo, moldovas Semdeg, gaxda meore postsabWoTa<br />

qveyana, romelmac uari Tqva sasjelis am umaRlesi<br />

zomis gamoyenebaze. amis Semdgom sasikvdilo ganaCeni gauqmda<br />

rig post-sabWoTa qveynebZSi, kerZod azerbaijanSi, somxeTSi,<br />

litvaSi, latviaSi, estoneTSi, TurqmeneTSi, ukrainasa da<br />

yirgizeTis respublikaSi.<br />

aucilebelia aRiniSnos saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis<br />

damokidebuleba aRniSnul problemasTan mimarTebaSi:<br />

saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>s miiCnevs<br />

sasjelis umaRles zomad. saerTaSoriso samarTalSi<br />

<strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis sakiTxebs da sikvdilmisjilTa uflebebis<br />

dacvas mogexsenebaT ramdenime saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba<br />

aregulirebs. maTgan erT-erTi umniSvneloanesia 1966 wels<br />

miRebuli “saerTaSoriso paqti saerTaSoriso da politikur<br />

uflebaTa Sesaxeb”, romlis me-6 muxli adgens, rom sasikvdilo<br />

ganaCeni SeiZleba gamotanil iqnas mxolod gansakuTrebiT<br />

mZime danaSaulisaTvis, aseTi danaSaulisas moqmedi<br />

kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, romelic ar ewinaaRmdegeba am<br />

paqtis debulebebs. aqve ganmartebulia sikvdilmisjilTa<br />

uflebebi gaasaCivron gadawyvetileba an iTxovon Sewyaleba.<br />

“samoqalaqo da poitikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis”<br />

meore damatebiTi oqmi, romelic exeba <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis<br />

gauqmebas, miRebulia 1990 wels da igi dRemde moqmedebs. oqmze<br />

xelmomwer saxelmwifoebs swamT, rom <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis<br />

gauqmeba “Tavis wvlils Seitans adamianis Rirsebis metad<br />

warmoCinebaSi da adamianis uflebebis ufro metad<br />

ganviTarebaSi(preambula). aRniSnuli damatebiTi oqmi moiTxovs<br />

saxelmwifoTagan <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis SeCerebas da yvela<br />

SesaZlo zomis miRebas mis gasauqmeblad. oqmis mimarT<br />

akrZalulia yvelanairi daTqmis Camoyalibeba, Tumca<br />

saxelmwifoebma SeiZleba daitovon <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis, rogorc<br />

sasjelis zomis gamoyenebis ufleba omis periodSi, samxedro<br />

tipis mZime danaSaulis Camden pirTa mimarT. Tumca, yvela<br />

saxelmwifo, romelic uerTdeba am daTqmas gaero-s generalur<br />

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mdivans aucileblad unda Seatyobinos qveyanaSi amgvari omis<br />

dawyebisa da damTavrebis dro.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, saerTaSoriso samarTali, dReisaTvis<br />

araorazrovnad gmobs <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>s. 20-e saukunis<br />

dasasruls Seiqmna iseTi politikuri garemo, rodesac<br />

saerTaSoriso uwyebaTa umravlesobam miiRo <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis<br />

gauqmebasTan dakavSirebuli konvenciebi da oqmebi, Tumca<br />

amgvari qmedebisaTvis jer kidev ar miumarTavs zogierT<br />

saxelmwifos. <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong> dReisaTvis kidev moqmedebs,<br />

magaliTad, saudis arabeTSi, CineTSi, iranSi, aseve aSS-s<br />

zogierT StatSi da sxv. saerTaSoriso paqti aSkarad<br />

gamoxatavs saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis damokidebulebas<br />

<strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>sTan mimarTebaSi. me-6 muxlSi mocemulia<br />

mimarTva im saxelmwifoTa mimarT, sadac jer kidev moqmedebs<br />

sasjelis umaRlesi zoma, rom isini sifrTxiliT moekidon<br />

sasjelis amgvari zomis Sefardebas.<br />

wlebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs dava <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis<br />

gauqmebis momxreebsa da mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris, orive mxares<br />

TavianTi sakmaod myari argumentebi gaaCniaT, Tumca neba<br />

miboZeT me Cemi pozicia davafiqsiro da DSevuerTde sikvdilis<br />

dasjis, rogorc sasjelis zomis gamoyenebis mowinaaRmdegeTa<br />

rigebs. imdenad, ramdenadac, <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong>, rogorc<br />

sasjelis zoma safuZvelSive ewinaaRmdegeba sasjelis mizans.<br />

sasjelis mizani xom danaSaulis prevencia, damnaSavis<br />

gamosworeba da misi sazogadoebaSi srulfasovan wevrad<br />

dabrunebaa. marTalia, Cven SegviZlia vikamaToT, Tu ramdenad<br />

uwyobs xels Tanamedrove msoflioSi gavrcelebuli sasjelis<br />

zomebi damnaSaveTa gamosworebas da sazogadoebaSi<br />

srulfasovan wevrad dabrunebas, magram erTi ram Uudavoa, -<br />

<strong>sikvdiliT</strong> <strong>dasja</strong> scildeba humanizmisa da Tanamedrove<br />

Rirebulebebis principebs. <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis, rogorc<br />

sasjelis umaRlesi zomis Sefardebisas saxelmwifo da<br />

sazogadoeba emsgavseba SurisZiebis surviliT Sepyrobil<br />

manqanas, romelsac danaSaulis Camdeni pirisaTvis samagieros<br />

mizRva barbarosuli meTodebiT ganuzraxavs. Cven, erTismxriv,<br />

vkicxavT, vsjiT damnaSaves, mis mier Cadenili gansakuTrebiT<br />

mZime danaSaulisaTvis, xolo meoresmxriv, vaZlevT uflebas<br />

meore adamians, mosmarTles, ganagos adamianis sikvdilsicoxlis<br />

bedi. ganaCenis gamotana xom Cveulebrivi adamianebis<br />

xeliT xdeba, Secdomebisgan ki aravinaa dazRveuli.<br />

dasafiqrebelia, aaqvs ki ufleba saxelmwifos misces ama-Tu im<br />

pirs uflebqamosileba, Tundac kanonis sruli dacviT<br />

miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT xelyos adamianis, Tundac<br />

damnaSavis sicocxlis ufleba. Tu amovalT im wertilidan,<br />

5

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om adamianis sicocxlis mospoba borotebaa, sasikvdilo<br />

ganaCenis gamotaniT Cven erTismxriv sazogadoebas<br />

vaTavisuflebT borotmoqmedisagan, xolo iqve vRebuloT<br />

meore mkvlels, - adamians, romelmac aRasrula sasamarTlos<br />

mier gamotanili sasikvdilo ganaCeni. erT borotebas ki<br />

aucileblad sxva boroteba mohyveba.<br />

Tanamedrove, demokratiuli sazogadoeba erTxmad aRiarebs<br />

adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobis princips, diax, kanonis<br />

winaSe yvela Tanasworia, arcerT adamians ar aqvs ufleba<br />

sicocxle mouswrafos meore adamians. am principebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT <strong>sikvdiliT</strong> dasjis sasjelis zomad<br />

gamoyeneba, rbilad rom vTqvaT, arakonstituciuria da uxeSad<br />

arRvevs saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier aRiarebul normebs.<br />

dabolos, vfiqrob, yvela CvenTaganis valia, erTi wuTiT<br />

mainc davfiqrdeT, ra ufro didi sasjelia damnaSavisaTvis,<br />

mTeli sicocxlis, uvadoTavisuflebaaRkveTilTa sakanSi,<br />

oTx kedelSi, sazogadoebisagan izolaciaSi gatareba Tu<br />

sicocxlis erTi gasroliT dasruleba?!<br />

6