samarTlis Jurnali - Faculty Of Law - Tbilisi State University
samarTlis Jurnali - Faculty Of Law - Tbilisi State University
samarTlis Jurnali - Faculty Of Law - Tbilisi State University
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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
<strong>Tbilisi</strong>s saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
iuridiuli fakulteti<br />
Ivane Javakhishvili <strong>Tbilisi</strong> <strong>State</strong> <strong>University</strong><br />
<strong>Faculty</strong> of <strong>Law</strong><br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong><br />
Journal of <strong>Law</strong><br />
#1-2, 2010<br />
<strong>Tbilisi</strong>, <strong>Tbilisi</strong>
2<br />
g. daviTaSvili, danaSaulis sibieqti qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi<br />
mTavari redaqtori<br />
besarion zoiZe (prof., Tsu)<br />
saredaqcio kolegia:<br />
levan aleqsiZe (prof., Tsu)<br />
giorgi daviTaSvili (prof., Tsu)<br />
avTandil demetraSvili (prof., Tsu)<br />
mzia lekveiSvili (prof., Tsu)<br />
guram naWyebia (prof., Tsu)<br />
Tevdore niniZe (prof., Tsu)<br />
nugzar surgulaZe (prof., Tsu)<br />
lado Wanturia (prof., Tsu)<br />
giorgi xubua (prof., Tsu)<br />
laSa bregvaZe (T. wereTlis sax.<br />
saxelmwifosa da <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
institutis direqtori)<br />
irakli burduli (prof., Tsu)<br />
paata turava (prof., Tsu)<br />
gunter toibneri (prof.,<br />
frankfurtis universiteti)<br />
lourens fridmani (prof.,<br />
stenfordis universiteti)<br />
bernd Sunemani (prof., miunxenis<br />
universiteti)<br />
peter heberle (prof., bairoiTis<br />
universiteti)<br />
© <strong>Tbilisi</strong>s universitetisgamomcemloba, 2011<br />
© <strong>Tbilisi</strong> <strong>University</strong> Press, 2011<br />
ISSN 1987-76-68<br />
Editor-in-Chief<br />
Besarion Zoidze (Prof., TSU)<br />
Editorial Board:<br />
Levan Alexidze (Prof.,TSU)<br />
Giorgi Davitashivili (Prof., TSU)<br />
Avtandil Demetrashvili (Prof.,TSU)<br />
Mzia Lekveishvili (Prof., TSU)<br />
Guram Nachkebia (Prof., TSU)<br />
Tevdore Ninidze (Prof., TSU)<br />
Nugzar Surguladze (Prof.,TSU)<br />
Lado Chanturia (Prof., TSU)<br />
Giorgi Khubua (Prof., TSU)<br />
Lasha Bregvadze (T. Tsereteli<br />
Institute of <strong>State</strong> and <strong>Law</strong>,<br />
Director)<br />
Irakli Burduli (Prof.,TSU)<br />
Paata Turava (Prof., TSU)<br />
Gunther Teubner (Prof., Frankfurt<br />
<strong>University</strong>)<br />
<strong>Law</strong>rence Friedman<br />
(Prof., Stanford <strong>University</strong>)<br />
Bernd Schuneman (Prof., Munich<br />
<strong>University</strong>)<br />
Peter Häberle (Prof., Bayreuth<br />
<strong>University</strong>)
mecniereba<br />
SCIENCE<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong>, #2, 2010<br />
sarCevi<br />
Table of Contents<br />
giorgi daviTaSvili<br />
danaSaulis subieqti qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi ............................................................. 5<br />
Giorgi Davitashvili<br />
Subject in Georgian Customary Criminal <strong>Law</strong> …………………………………………………………….17<br />
irakli burduli<br />
Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi: utopiuri Sexeduleba<br />
ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb ......................................................................................... 18<br />
Irakli Burduli<br />
Legal Consequences of Nonpayment of Contribution: Utopian View on the Exclusion of a Partner<br />
from a Joint-Stock Company ………………………………………………………………………………54<br />
vaxtang zaaliSvili<br />
samomxmareblo kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebis sistemuri<br />
Taviseburebani qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi ................................................................................. 55<br />
Vakhtang Zaalishvili<br />
Systematic Features of the Regulation of Private <strong>Law</strong> Consumer Relations in Georgian Legislation …… 76<br />
mixeil biWia<br />
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi............................. 77<br />
Michael Bichia<br />
Methodological Issues of Public Legal Relations ……………………………………………………… 99<br />
Tamar zoiZe<br />
uxarisxo produqtis mwarmoeblis pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxva................................... 101<br />
Tamar Zoidze<br />
Exclusion of Liability for the Production of a Low-Quality Product………………………………..…….107<br />
daviT maisuraZe<br />
`samewarmeo gansjis wesis~ ganmartebisTvis............................................................................ 108<br />
Davit Maisuradze<br />
The Issues of Business Judgment Rule Interpretation……………………………………………………..126<br />
qeTevan qoCaSvili<br />
kontinenturi evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong> ojaxi iuridiuli geografiis arealSi................... 127<br />
Ketevan Kochashvili<br />
Continental <strong>Law</strong> System in Legal Geography Area……………………………………………………….138<br />
3
4<br />
g. daviTaSvili, danaSaulis sibieqti qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi<br />
akaki qiria<br />
iuridiuli piris dafuZnebis Tavisufleba evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT da<br />
germaniis saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali .............................................................. 139<br />
Akaki Kiria<br />
Freedom of Establishment of Legal Persons according to the European <strong>Law</strong> and International<br />
Corporate <strong>Law</strong> of Germany..........................................................................................................................163<br />
mzia lekveiSvili<br />
dazaralebulis Tanxmoba, rogorc marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli<br />
garemoeba ............................................................................................................................................. 164<br />
Mzia Lekveishvili<br />
Consent of the Victim as an Issue of Circumstance Precluding Wrongfulness …………………………..177<br />
SoTa biWia<br />
xandazmulobis legitimaciis safuZveli sisxlis samarTalSi ......................................... 179<br />
Shota Bitchia<br />
The Basis of Legitimation of Limitation in Criminal <strong>Law</strong>……………………………………….……… 196<br />
moris SalikaSvili<br />
kriminaluri karieris xelSewyobis kriminologiuri analizi<br />
(sazogadoebis roli adamianis kriminalad Camoyalibebis procesSi)............................. 197<br />
Moris Shalikashvili<br />
Criminal Analysis of Assisting Criminal Career<br />
(The role of society in forming a human as a criminal)……………………..………………………….....210<br />
lavrenti maRlakeliZe<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis mniSvneloba ganzraxi da gaufrTxileblobiTi<br />
deliqtebis dros .............................................................................................................................. 211<br />
Lavrenti Maghlakelidze<br />
The Importance of Consciousness of Unlawfulness while Committing Intentional or Unintentional<br />
(Inconsiderate) Delicts…………………………………………………………………………………….239<br />
baCana jiSkariani<br />
evropuli samarTali da misi gavlena nacionalur sisxlis samarTalze ....................... 240<br />
Bachana Jishkariani<br />
European <strong>Law</strong> and Its Influence on National Criminal <strong>Law</strong>………………………………………………257<br />
lado Wanturia<br />
sayuradRebo kvleva saaqcio samarTalSi<br />
recenzia irakli burdulis monografiaze „saaqcio <strong>samarTlis</strong> safuZvlebi~............. 258<br />
saxelmZRvanelo principebi avtorTaTvis ............................................................................... 261
giorgi daviTaSvili *<br />
danaSaulis subieqti qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi<br />
1. Sesavali<br />
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis adreul etapze, rodesac SurisZiebis instituts<br />
gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ukavia, calkeuli individis samarTalsubieqturobaze saubari<br />
SeuZlebelia. am periodSi damnaSavis personificirebis xarisxi Zalze dabalia.<br />
damnaSavis vinaobis dadgena aqtualuria im TvalsazrisiT, rom gairkves, adamianTa<br />
romelma jgufma, romelma gvarma unda agos pasuxi misi wevris mier Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis.<br />
danaSaulis subieqtad gansazRvruli koleqtivi, adamianTa jgufi iTvleba,<br />
ZiriTadad, gvaris saxiT. gvaris ama Tu im wevris mier danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi<br />
SurisZiebis aqti SesaZloa mimarTuliyo am gvaris nebismieri wevrisadmi, xolo dana-<br />
Saulis uSualod, fizikurad Camdenis pirovneba dazaralebul mxares naklebad ainteresebda.<br />
m. kosveni koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb saubrisas aRniSnavs, rom<br />
jgufi STanTqavs individs da dazaralebulis reaqcia mimarTulia jgufisadmi. 1 dana-<br />
Saulis uSualo Camdenis pirovnebisadmi yuradRebis miuqcevloba ganapirobebda imas,<br />
rom araviTari mniSvneloba ar eniWeboda damnaSavis Seracxadobas. kerZod, Tu danaSauls<br />
Caidenda suliT avadmyofi an mcirewlovani, dazaralebuli mxare SurisZiebas mainc<br />
mimarTavda im naTesauri jgufis mimarT, romlis warmomadgenelic iyo danaSaulis<br />
uSualod ganmaxorcielebeli. am ukanasknels, rogorc wesi, arsad uswordebodnen<br />
da SurisZiebas gvaris srulwlovan, janmrTel wevrze mimarTavdnen. yovelive es<br />
obieqturi Seracxvis principis gamovlinebaa, rodesac mTavari miyenebuli ziania da<br />
araviTari yuradReba ar eqceva subieqtur faqtorebs, maT Soris danaSaulis uSualod<br />
Camdenis asaksa da Seracxadobas.<br />
rodesac obieqturi Seracxvis principis batonobis pirobebSi, droTa ganmavlobaSi,<br />
subieqturi Seracxvis elementebic Cndeba, TandaTanobiT danaSaulis Camdenis<br />
personificirebis xarisxi matulobs da meti mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, konkretulad<br />
vin Caidina danaSauli, Tumca koleqtiuri, naTesauri pasuxismgebloba, danaSaulis<br />
uSualod Camdenis asakisa da Seracxadobis gauTvaliswinebloba mainc rCeba da yvela<br />
im sazogadoebas axasiaTebs, sadac SurisZiebis institutia SenarCunebuli.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT m. kosveni miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis kvalobaze,<br />
zianis mimyeneblis pirovnebisadmi garkveuli yuradRebis miqcevis miuxedavad,<br />
samarTali sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar qmnis subieqturi braleulobis<br />
ideas da mas warmodgena ara aqvs pirovnebis Seuracxadobaze. deliqtis Camdenis arc<br />
asaki da arc janmrTelobis mdgomareoba gavlenas ar axdens pasuxismgeblobis dadgo-<br />
* iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis sruli profesori.<br />
1 Косвен М., Преступление и наказание в догосударственном обществе. М., 1925, 127.
6<br />
g. daviTaSvili, danaSaulis subieqti qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi<br />
masa da misi sazRvrebis dadgenaze. yvela xalxSi, sadac SenarCunebulia SurisZieba,<br />
igi aucileblad mosdevs mcirewlovnis mier Cadenil deliqts. kerZod, osebsa da sxva<br />
kavkasiel mTielTa tomebSi SurisZiebas iwvevs bavSvebs Soris Cxubis Sedegad momxdari<br />
mkvleloba. xolo ufro gviandel kompoziciaTa sistemis moqmedebis epoqaSi ar<br />
xdeba materialuri anazRaurebis SezRudva damnaSavis asakisa Tu janmrTelobis<br />
mdgomareobis gamo. 2<br />
2. pasuxismgebloba mcirewlovnisa da Seuracxadis mier Cadenili<br />
danaSaulisaTvis qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi<br />
qarTuli CveulebiTi <strong>samarTlis</strong> masalebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos im kuTxeebSi,<br />
sadac kompoziciaTa sistemis paralelurad fiqsirdeba sisxlis aRebis instituti<br />
(svaneTi, xevsureTi), miuxedavad imisa, rom danaSaulis uSualod Camdenis pirovnebis<br />
sruli ignorireba (gvaris yvela warmomadgenlis Tanabari pasuxismgeblobiT) aRar<br />
xdeba, aRniSnul regionebSi koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba naTesavTa pasuxismgeblobis<br />
saxiT da aseve danaSaulis uSualod Camdenis asakisa da Seuracxadobis gauTvaliswinebloba,<br />
masalebis mixedviT, mainc fiqsirdeba. am garemoebas XX saukunis dasasrulis<br />
araerTi xevsuri informatori adasturebs. sailustraciod ramdenime maTganis<br />
cnoba iqneba moyvanili. erT-erTi aRniSnavs: `mkvleloba mcirewlovanma, giJma rom<br />
Caidinos, masac Tavi daedeba. moZebnian mis gvarSi vinme Wkvians da mas mohklaven, giJs<br />
ar mohklaven~. 3 meore informatoris ganmartebiT: `CvenTan mkvleloba mkvlelobaa da<br />
yvela SemTxvevaSi daedeba mkvlels Tavi, giJic rom iyos igi. magram aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
Tavad giJs ki ar moklaven, amoarCeven mis gvarSi saukeTesos, Wkvian, Zlier pirs da mas<br />
mohklaven~. 4 kidev erTi informatori aseve miuTiTebs, rom `giJma rom moklas kaci sigiJiT,<br />
mas ar SerCeba. an giJs moklaven, an mis axlobels, ufro ki mis axlobels~. 5 es<br />
monacemebi aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom xevsureTSi mcirewlovnis Tu Seuracxadis mier<br />
danaSaulis, kerZod, mkvlelobis Cadena pasuxismgeblobis arc Semamsubuqebel da,<br />
miT umetes, arc gamomricxav garemoebad ar ganixileba. sisxlis aReba Cveulebriv<br />
moxdeba, Tumca TviT mkvlel mcirewlovansa Tu giJs ar isisxleben da mis naTesavTa<br />
Soris yvelaze saxelovan vaJkacs SearCeven Suris saZieblad. kompoziciis gadaxdis<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki misi dafarva sruli odenobiT xdeba da mkvlelis mcirewlovnoba da Seuracxadoba<br />
mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. analogiuri viTareba dasturdeba fSaur CveulebiT<br />
samarTalSic. 6<br />
2<br />
Косвен М., Преступление и наказание в догосударственном обществе. М., 1925, 127-128.<br />
3 jalabaZe d., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988, 41.<br />
4 merabiSvili j., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988,<br />
75.<br />
5<br />
iqve, 47.<br />
6 merabiSvili j., sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli (naSromis<br />
— `fSauri CveulebiTi samarTali~, I Tavis — `danaSauli~, me-2 nawili), krebuli<br />
`qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali~, 3, mecniereba, Tb., 1991, 35.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
es srulad esadageba m.kosvenis zemomoyvanil saerTo debulebas kompoziciaTa<br />
sistemis mqone sazogadoebebTan dakavSirebiT. sainteresoa, rom XX saukunis dasasrulis<br />
es monacemebi analogiuria XIX saukunis bolos m. kovalevskis mier xevsureTSi<br />
Cawerili monacemebisa, romelTa safuZvelzec gamoCenili rusi mecnieri aRniSnavs,<br />
rom danaSaulad iTvleba Svidi wlis bavSvis mier misi megobris CxubSi mkvleloba. 7<br />
daaxloebiT igive suraTi ikveTeba svaneTSi dafiqsirebuli masalebis mixedvi-<br />
Tac. m. kekelias mier svaneTSi XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos Cawerili masalebiT,<br />
suliT avadmyofisa Tu mcirewlovnis mier danaSaulis Cadenas, Cveulebriv, mohyveba<br />
am danaSaulisaTvis dawesebuli pasuxismgebloba. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom svani informatorebi<br />
bavSvis an suliT avadmyofis mier mkvlelobisa Tu daWris Cadenis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi xazs usvamen imas, rom am dros iSviaTia SurisZieba, ZiriTadad xdeba damnaSavis<br />
ojaxis mier qonebrivi sazRauris (`woris~) gadaxda da SurisZiebisaTvis Tavis arideba.<br />
erT-erTi informatoris TqmiT, patara biWis mier misi Tanatolis mokvlis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi `iSviaTad isisxleben. am dros mkvlelis mSoblebs wors gadaaxdevineben. aseve<br />
Serigdebian daWris drosac~. 8 meore informatoris ganmartebiT: `giJi an patara<br />
bavSvi Tu moklavs vinmes, sisxleba TiTqmis gamoricxulia. am dros misianebi ageben<br />
pasuxs mTeli woris gadaxdiT~. 9 msgavs cnobebs iuwyebian sxva informatorebic. 10 cxadia,<br />
Tu damnaSave giJis an bavSvis ojaxi, an misi axloblebi ar gadaixdian saTanado qonebriv<br />
sazRaurs, maSin sisxlis aRebas eqneba adgili. svani informatori am viTarebas<br />
ase ganmartavs: `Tu giJma mokla vinme, an arasrulwlovanma... am SemTxvevaSi gadaixdis<br />
misi mama, Zma, biZa, an romelime naTesavi. Tu giJs, an arasrulwlovans araferi gaaCnia<br />
da ar yavs gadamxdeli (axlobeli), maSin marTalia maTi sisxleba ar SeiZleba (giJis,<br />
bavSvis), magram mis axlobels isisxleben~. 11 amdenad, Tu saqme sisxlis aRebaze midga,<br />
xevsureTis msgavsad, uSualod mkvlelobis Camden giJsa Tu mcirewlovans aravin<br />
isisxlebs, aramed mis axlobelze iZieben Surs.<br />
mcirewlovnis mier Cadenili danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba<br />
svaneTsa da xevsureTSi konkretuli faqtebiTac dasturdeba. 12<br />
7 Ковалевский М., Закон и обычай на Кавказе, т. 2, М., 1890, 118.<br />
8 kekelia m., masalebi svanur CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli 6, 1969, 4.<br />
9 iqve, eTnografiuli rveuli 1, 1967, 107.<br />
10 iqve, eTnografiuli rveuli 5, 1968-1969, 15, 42; iqve, eTnografiuli rveuli 3, 1968, 45.<br />
11 iqve, eTnografiuli rveuli 2, 1968, 43.<br />
12 erT-erTi svani informatoris moTxrobiT, mis pataraobaSi erTma bavSvma meores TamaSis<br />
dros, uneblieT, qva Caartya da cali Tvali gaufuWa, risTvisac damnaSave bavSvis ojaxma<br />
dazaralebulis sasargeblod qonebrivi sazRauri gaiRo (garkveuli odenobis saxnavi<br />
miwa). informatoris ganmartebiT, raki danaSauli uneblieT iyo Cadenili, amitom dakisrebuli<br />
sazRauris odenoba ganaxevrda. ix. kekelia m., masalebi svanur CveulebiT samarTalze,<br />
eTnografiuli rveuli 1, 1967, 57; al. oCiauris masalebSi aRwerilia arxotis<br />
jvarSi momxdari SuRli. erT-erTi dReobis dros, rodesac xalxi daTvra, sofel axielisa<br />
da amRis mcxovreblebi xanjlebiT daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs. rodesac ufrosebi SuRlobdnen,<br />
ymawvilebi calke iyvnen gasulebi da moSuRlarebs qvebs esrodnen: axielelebi<br />
amRelebs, amRelebi axielelebs. erTma axielelma ymawvilma qva TavSi moartya erT-erT<br />
amRel moSuRlars da Wriloba miayena. am ukanasknelma Tavidan yuradReba ar miaqcia Wrilobas,<br />
romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi daCirqda da sabolood misi gardacvaleba gamoiwvia.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom sasikvdilo Wrilobis mimyenebeli ymawvili 11-12 wlisa Tu<br />
7
8<br />
g. daviTaSvili, danaSaulis subieqti qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi<br />
amrigad, svanur da xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalSi (swored am ori kuTxis CveulebiTi<br />
samarTali qmnis yvelaze srulyofil warmodgenas zogadad qarTul CveulebiT<br />
samarTalze) fiqsirdeba samarTalganviTarebis is etapi, rodesac mcirewlovnis<br />
an suliT avadmyofis mier danaSaulis Cadena, Cveulebriv, iwvevs pasuxismgeblobas,<br />
xolo damnaSavis gansazRvruli asaki da Seracxadoba pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli piroba araa. mcirewlovnisa da suliT avadmyofis mier danaSaulis Cadenis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, misi ojaxi Tu naTesaoba iseve iTvleba danaSaulis subieqtad, pasuxismgeblad<br />
am danaSaulisaTvis, rogorc es srulwlovani, Seracxadi piris mier danaSaulis<br />
Cadenis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda.<br />
3. naTesauri jgufi da teritoriuli erTeuli, rogorc danaSaulis<br />
subieqti, qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi<br />
qarTuli CveulebiTi <strong>samarTlis</strong> masalebis mixedviT, danaSaulis subieqtad miiCneva<br />
rogorc calkeuli individi, aseve garkveuli jgufi, gaerTianeba — gvari, gvaris<br />
Semadgeneli struqturuli erTeuli (mamiSviloba, samxubi), aseve sofeli, Temi. es gaerTianebebi<br />
ZiriTadad pasuxs agebda misi wevris (Tu wevrebis) mier Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis.<br />
gvaris aseTi pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve iyo saubari. am gaerTianebaTa<br />
pasuxismgebloba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis garkveul etapze maTi wevris<br />
mier danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi yvela xalxisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da mravali<br />
xalxis uZveles Tu Sua saukuneebis <strong>samarTlis</strong> ZeglebSi fiqsirdeba.<br />
aRniSnul gaerTianebaTa, rogorc danaSaulis subieqtTa, Sesaxeb SesaZloa ufro<br />
konkretulad saubari. magaliTad, gvaris Semadgeneli struqturuli erTeuli — samxubi/lamxubi<br />
svaneTsa da mamiSviloba — xevsureTSi, danaSaulis subieqtad ganixileba<br />
ZiriTadad mkvlelobis, aseve sxva danaSaulTa SemTxvevaSi. aq gvari aRar warmoadgens<br />
myar naTesaur erTobas da naTesauri solidaroba mis struqturul erTeulebSi<br />
vlindeba. g. gasvianis ganmartebiT: `svaneTSi sisxlis aReba gvarsa da gvars Soris<br />
(gvari, rogorc sisxliT naTesavTa erToba, daSlilia) ki ar mimdinareobda, aramed<br />
saZmoTa (lamxub-samxub) Soris. adaTis mixedviT, sisxlis aRebaSi mTeli saZmo ereoda,<br />
magram sisxlis uSualo aReba Zmas, mamas, Svils an biZaSvilebs (mamis gvariT, dedis<br />
gvarze ar gadadioda) evalebodaT~. 13 r. xaraZec adasturebs mkvlelobisa Tu sxva danaSaulTa<br />
Cadenis Sedegad warmoSobil samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi samxubTa monawileobas:<br />
`erTi samxubis mier meore samxubis wevris mokvlisa an raime Seuracxyofis<br />
miyenebis dros ori mowinaaRmdege samxubis monawileoba erT-erT ZiriTad momentad<br />
unda CaiTvalos im xalxuri <strong>samarTlis</strong>a, romelic gvarovneuli wyobilebis darCenil<br />
faqts warmoadgens~. 14 saqarTvelos am kuTxeebis CveulebiTi <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT, da-<br />
iqneboda, mas da mis axlo naTesavebs Cveulebriv daekisraT xevsuruli rjuliT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
pasuxismgebloba mkvlelobisaTvis. ix. oCiauri al., piradi arqivi, 7/6, mosisxleoba<br />
xevsureTSi, 66-67 (al. oCiauris piradi arqivi inaxeba saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
erovnuli akademiis ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivSi).<br />
13 gasviani g., dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis istoriidan, Tb., 1973, 167-168.<br />
14 xaraZe r., didi ojaxis gadmonaSTebi svaneTSi, Tb., 1939, 25.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
naSaulis Cadenisas samxubisa Tu mamiSvilobis yvela wevris pasuxismgebloba Tanazomieri<br />
ar aris da diferencirebulia danaSaulis Camdenisadmi naTesauri siaxlovis mixedviT.<br />
es gansakuTrebiT kargad vlindeba mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi. kerZod, mkvlelobis<br />
Camdenisa da misi uaxloesi naTesavebis (Zmebi, axlo biZaSvilebi) pasuxismgebloba<br />
metia, vidre mamiSvilobasa da samxubSi Semavali gare biZaSvilebisa rogorc<br />
kompoziciis gadaxdis, ise sisxlis aRebisas. magaliTad, svaneTSi `woris~, anu sisxlis<br />
fasis gadaxdisas mkvleli da misi Zmebi ufro mets ixdian, vidre mkvlelis axlo biZaSvilebi<br />
(ZiriS mexubarar). es ukanasknelni ki — ufro mets, vidre gare biZaSvilebi (qaxiqa<br />
mexubarar). 15 sisxlis aRebis SemTxvevaSi SurisZiebis obieqti, pirvel rigSi,<br />
mkvlelia, Tumca SesaZloa misi uaxloesi naTesavic moklan. r. xaraZis erT-erTi xevsuri<br />
informatoris ganmartebiT: `...Tu mahkles mexele (mkvleli — g. d.), xom mahkles,<br />
Tu ara da misi Zma unda mahklan. mokvlis SiSi mxolod Zmasa aqvs. SinSsa (axlo biZaSvili<br />
— g. d.) da gareSe biZaSvils ar mahklaven, magram dakeWnis SiSi aqvs~. 16 rogorc Cans,<br />
mkvlelis mamiSvilobis yvela mamakaci wevri SesaZloa gamxdariyo moklulis naTesav-<br />
Ta mxridan sapasuxo qmedebis obieqti, Tumca sxvadasxva xarisxiT — mkvleli da misi<br />
Zmebi SesaZloa moeklaT, biZaSvilebi ki daeWraT.<br />
zemoTqmuli savsebiT adasturebs, rom qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi samxubi<br />
Tu mamiSviloba danaSaulis subieqtia, rac svaneTsa da xevsureTSi calsaxad vlindeba,<br />
miuxedavad maTi wevrebis diferencirebuli pasuxismgeblobisa. amis maCvenebelia<br />
is, rom Tundac mkvlelobisas samxubisa Tu mamiSvilobis yvela wevri iRebs garkveul<br />
monawileobas kompoziciis gadaxdaSi, an SesaZloa gaxdes SurisZiebis obieqti. aqve<br />
aRsaniSnavia is garemobac, rom danaSaulis Camdenis vinaobis dadgenas didi mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeba da misi personificirebis xarisxi arsebiTia. swored mkvlelia pirvelrigSi<br />
sisxlisaRebis obieqti (Tu is mcirewlovani an giJi ar aris) da is (misi ojaxi) ixdis<br />
kompoziciis met nawils. pasuxismgeblobis individualizaciis maCvenebelia aseve,<br />
magaliTad, is garemoeba, rom xevsureTSi daWra-dasaxiCrebisas Sesabamis qonebriv<br />
sazRaurs srulad ixdis Wrilobis mimyenebeli, misi ojaxi. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZloa<br />
saubari calkeul individze, rogorc danaSaulis subieqtze daWra-dasaxiCrebis<br />
dros, rac kompoziciis gadaxdisas vlindeba. es sxva deliqtebTan dakavSirebiTac<br />
Cans. aRniSnuli garemoebebi qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi pasuxismgeblobis individualizaciisaken<br />
mimarTuli procesis maCvenebelia.<br />
mamiSvilobisa Tu samxubis warmoSoba da droTa ganmavlobaSi danaSaulis subieqtad<br />
swored maTi Camoyalibeba gvaris gamravlebisa da SedarebiT axlo da myar naTesaur<br />
erTeulebad dayofis procesis Sedegia. Tumca saqarTvelos mTianeTSi arsebobs<br />
mcirericxovani gvarebi, romlebic ar aris dayofili struqturul erTeulebad.<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi danaSaulis subieqtad gvari warmodgeba. g. gasvianis dakvirvebiT,<br />
svaneTSi aseTi gvarebi ar SeiniSneba. 17 Zvelad, sanam moxdeboda gvarebis dayofa er-<br />
TmaneTisgan damoukidebel naTesaur erTeulebad, danaSaulis subieqti, cxadia, mTe-<br />
15 xaraZe r., didi ojaxis gadmonaSTebi svaneTSi, Tb., 1939, 34.<br />
16 xaraZe r., xevsuruli rjuli, analebi, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institutis<br />
Sromebi, t. I, 1947, 167.<br />
17 gasviani g., dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis istoriidan, Tb., 1973, 168.<br />
9
10<br />
g. daviTaSvili, danaSaulis subieqti qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi<br />
li gvari iqneboda. gvaris, rogorc danaSaulis subieqtis, Sesaxeb cnoba TuSeTis sinamdvileSic<br />
aris dafiqsirebuli. v. lagaziZis mixedviT, `Tu qurds ar aRmoaCndeboda<br />
imdeni, rom dazaralebulis danakargi aenazRaurebina, maSin sagvareulo iyo valdebuli<br />
zarali aenazRaurebina~. 18 aq naTlad Cans, rom SesaZloa gvars erToblivad<br />
ego pasuxi misi wevris mier Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis.<br />
saqarTvelos im regionebSi, sadac, svaneTisa da xevsureTisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
aRar SemorCa sisxlis aRebis instituti — gvarovnuli solidarobis principi, gamoxatuli<br />
gvaris pasuxismgeblobaSi — misi wevris mier Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis (magali-<br />
Tad, imereTi, guria, qarTl-kaxeTi da sxva) danaSaulis subieqtad, saqarTvelos am regionebSi<br />
moqmedi CveulebiTi <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT, uSualod danaSaulis Camdeni iTvleba<br />
da mxolod is agebs pasuxs mis mier ganxorcielebuli danaSaulisaTvis. am<br />
kuTxiT uaRresad sainteresoa g. Jordanias mier XX saukunis dasawyisSi gamoTqmuli<br />
Tvalsazrisi danaSaulis subieqtis Sesaxeb qarTlis CveulebiTi <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT.<br />
misi ganmartebiT, qarTlis soflebSi yvela pasuxs agebs sakuTari qmedebisaTvis. solidaruli<br />
pasuxismgebloba, ganpirobebuli danaSaulze obieqturi SexedulebiT,<br />
romlis arsebobac gvarovnuli wyobilebisas dasturdeba, aq aRar SemorCa da ukvalod<br />
gamqralia. am mxriv qarTluri ojaxi gverdiT udgas Tanamedrove kulturul<br />
xalxebs, romlebic aRar aweseben ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi jgufis koleqtiur pasuxismgeblobas<br />
misi wevris mier Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis. 19 aqedan gamomdinare, absoluturad<br />
gamoricxulia suliT avadmyofisa Tu mcirewlovnis mier danaSaulis Cadenis<br />
SemTxvevaSi mis nacvlad misi romelime mogvaris pasuxismgebloba. g. Jordanias<br />
dakvirvebiT, qarTlis CveulebiTi <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT, suliT avadmyofebi da mcirewlovnebi<br />
aranair sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas ar eqvemdebarebian. mcirewlovnis<br />
mier danaSaulis Cadenis Sedegad miyenebuli qonebrivi zianisaTvis pasuxs<br />
agebs misi mSobeli, 20 anu mas ekisreba mxolod samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba<br />
da ara sisxlissamarTlebrivi.<br />
qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi danaSaulis subieqtad, naTesauri jgufis garda,<br />
teritoriuli erTeulic miiCneva, kerZod, Temi da sofeli. am teritoriuli erTeulebis<br />
mcxovrebTa erToblivi pasuxismgebloba SesaZloa damdgariyo maT mier rogorc<br />
erToblivad, aseve am teritoriuli erTeulis calkeuli mcxovrebis mier Cadenili<br />
danaSaulisaTvis.<br />
teritoriuli erTeulis, rogorc erTiani korporaciis, pasuxismgebloba mis<br />
wevrTa mier Cadenili erToblivi danaSaulisaTvis qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi<br />
konkretuli faqtebiT dasturdeba. magaliTad, uSgulis Temis mcxovreblebma er-<br />
Toblivi moqmedebiT mokles fuTa dadeSqeliani, romelsac uSgulis damorCileba<br />
hqonda ganzraxuli. maT uSgulis yvela ojaxidan moagroves TiTo marcvali tyviis<br />
18 lagaziZe v., TuSeTis istoriul-eTnografiuli warsulidan, sakandidato disertacia,<br />
xelnaweri, Tb., 1966, 147 (xelnaweri inaxeba ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />
institutis biblioTekaSi).<br />
19 Jordania g., sisxlis samarTali qarTlis soflebSi (rusul enaze), moskovi, saqarTvelos<br />
centraluri saistorio arqivi, 1908, f. 1813.<br />
20 iqve.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
wamali da misgan daamzades fuTas mosaklavi erTi tyvia, mkvlelobisaTvis gamoiyenes<br />
eklesiis Tofi, romlis Caxmaxs gamoabes Toki da TiToeuli ojaxidan moyvanilma Ti-<br />
To bavSvma gamohkra mas xeli. 21 aRniSnuli imitom gakeTda, rom uSgulis yvela ojaxs<br />
Tanabari monawileoba mieRo mkvlelobis CadenaSi da, aqedan gamomdinare, erToblivad<br />
ego pasuxi amisaTvis. meore msgavsi SemTxvevac uSguls ukavSirdeba. balyareTis<br />
Tavadma deveTger murzayulovma Tavis Tanmxleb pirebTan erTad gaZarcva uSgulis<br />
wm. barbares saxelobis eklesia. uSgulelebma Seipyres mZarcvelebi, moiwvies Temis<br />
yriloba, romelmac sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana maT da mZarcvelebi Caqoles. balyarelebma<br />
uSgulelTagan TavianTi Tavadis mokvlisaTvis Sesabamisi kompoziciis gadaxda<br />
moiTxoves. orive mxaris mier arCeulma samediatoro sasamarTlom uSgulelebs<br />
200 mozveris gadaxda daakisra, Tumca 100 gamouqviTa eklesiis `saupatiod~. 22 am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, raki sasikvdilo ganaCeni Temis yrilobis gadawyvetilebiT dadga, CaiTvala,<br />
rom balyareli Tavadis mokvlaSi mTelma Temma erToblivad miiRo monawileoba da<br />
amitom balyarelebma kompoziciis gadaxda mTlianad Temisgan moiTxoves da Temmac<br />
erToblivad ago pasuxi.<br />
orive am SemTxvevaSi danaSaulis subieqtad miiCneva Temi, romlis yvela wevri,<br />
warmodgenili erT gaerTianebad, solidarulad agebs pasuxs erToblivad Cadenili<br />
danaSaulisaTvis.<br />
qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi fiqsirdeba Temisa Tu soflis pasuxismgebloba<br />
misi calkeuli wevris mier Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis, ZiriTadad, qurdobis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
kerZod, Tu naqurdalis kvali dazaralebuls romelime Temis an soflis sazRvarTan<br />
miiyvanda, misi mosaxleoba erToblivad agebda pasuxs, Tu damnaSave ar gamoavlenda<br />
an ar daafiqsirebda naqurdalis kvalis Tavisi teritoriis gareT gasvlas. es<br />
wesi Temuri urTierTobebidan modis da mravali xalxisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli sazogadoebrivi<br />
ganviTarebis adreul etapze. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba xevsuri informatoris<br />
cnobis moyvana: `visac raime daekargeboda da mis kvals `moxelavda~, SeeZlo<br />
kvali mietana romelime sofelSi. Tu es moxdeboda, ufleba hqonda soflisagan moeTxova<br />
an qurdis moZebna an TviTon soflisagan naqurdalis anazRaureba. sofels SeeZlo<br />
gaetana kvali soflidan da am dros damkargavi sofels verafers mosTxovda~. 23<br />
rogorc Cans, sofelSi mitanili naqurdalis kvali imis damamtkicebeli iyo, rom qurdi<br />
am soflis mkvidria da es sakmaris safuZvlad iTvleboda imisaTvis, rom dazaralebuls<br />
am soflisaTvis pretenzia waeyenebina, xolo soflidan kvalis gatanis dafiqsireba<br />
sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebda, rac soflisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan aridebis<br />
safuZveli iqneboda.<br />
soflis pasuxismgebloba misi mcxovrebis mier Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis aWara-<br />
Sic fiqsirdeba. iq Cawerili eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT, sofeli koleqtiu-<br />
21<br />
Ковалевский М., Закон и обычай на Кавказе. т. 2, М., 1890, 17; gabliani eg., Zveli da axali svaneTi,<br />
tf., 1925, 65.<br />
22 gabliani eg., Tavisufali svaneTi, tf., 1927, 24; daviTuliani d., svaneTis CveulebiTi<br />
samarTali, xelnaweri, Tb., 1974-1975, 107.<br />
23 daviTaSvili g., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli,<br />
1991, 6.<br />
11
12<br />
g. daviTaSvili, danaSaulis subieqti qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi<br />
rad agebda pasuxs mis teritoriaze Cadenili qurdobis, aseve soflamde naqurdalis<br />
kvalis mitanis SemTxvevaSi, Tu naqurdalis kvali soflidan ar gavidoda. 1879 wlis<br />
gazeT `droebaSi~ miTiTebulia, rom aWaraSi damkvidrebuli wesis Tanaxmad, mTeli sofeli<br />
valdebuli iyo moenaxa damnaSave. Tu raime daikargeboda sofelSi, TviT am soflis<br />
mosaxleobas unda epova qurdi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mTel sofels unda gadaexada<br />
dakarguli nivTisa Tu iaraRis Rirebuleba. 24 erT-erT aWarel informators<br />
Zalze saintereso SemTxveva mohyavs soflis sazRvramde naqurdalis kvalis mitanis<br />
safuZvelze soflis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb. misi monayolis mixedviT, maxvilaurel<br />
osman dumbaZes mopares eqvsi suli Zroxa. Seikribnen SarabiZelebi da maxvilaurelebi<br />
(mezobeli soflebia) da kvali sxva sofelSi miitanes. am soflis mcxovreblebma<br />
kidev — sxva sofelSi da a. S. bolos kvali sofel agaraSi miitanes. agaris Tavkacebma<br />
aRiares, rom kvali marTlac maT soflamdea mitanili (es maT TviT Seamowmes da<br />
uyoymanod ikisres pasuxismgebloba). meore diliT patronma Tavisi pirutyvi uklebliv<br />
naxa sakuTar ezoSi. 25<br />
4. pasuxismgebloba pirutyvis mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis<br />
qarTuli CveulebiTi <strong>samarTlis</strong> masalebis mixedviT<br />
qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi danaSaulis subieqtis Sesaxeb saubrisas gardauvalia<br />
pirutyvis mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis ganxilva.<br />
cnobilia, rom Zvelad, mraval qveyanaSi, danaSaulis subieqtebad adamianis garda<br />
cxovelebi, frinvelebi, mwerebi, usulo sagnebi miiCneoda. Cveulebrivi movlena iyo<br />
maTi monawileobiT sasamarTlo procesebis gamarTva da pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba<br />
maTze miyenebuli zianisaTvis. m. kovalevskis mixedviT, aseTi ram warmoiqmneba azrovnebis<br />
Cvilobisas, roca batonobs e.w. `animizmi~, e.i. adgili aqvs adamianis mier mTeli<br />
xiluli samyaros gasulierebas. am epoqaSi isjeboda materialuri zianis gamomwvevi<br />
yovelgvari qmedeba, miuxedavad imisa, ganzrax iyo igi Cadenili Tu gaufrTxileblobiT,<br />
adamianis, cxovelisa Tu mcenaris mier, romelic gaasuliera adamianis fantaziam.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, SurisZiebis obieqti adamianebTan erTad iyvnen cxovelebi,<br />
mcenareebi, agreTve iseTi sagnebi, rogoricaa, Tofi da SesaZlebeli iyo sasamarTlo<br />
procesi im xaris mimarT gamarTuliyo, romelmac SemTxveviT mokla vinme, an im xis mimarT,<br />
romelmac waqcevisas gasrisa mis qveS gamavali adamiani. 26<br />
j.j. frezers sxvadasxva veluri tomebis sinamdvilidan mohyavs cxovelebisa Tu<br />
usulo sagnebis mimarT SurisZiebis gavrcelebis konkretuli magaliTebi, Tumca imasac<br />
miuTiTebs, rom maTi pasuxismgebloba ucxo ar yofila warmarTuli epoqis civilizebuli<br />
xalxebisTvisac. magaliTad, pirutyvis pasuxismgeblobazea saubari ebraul<br />
samarTalSi, ZaRlis pasuxismgeblobaze — zend-avestaSi, xolo aTenis ayvavebis xa-<br />
24<br />
gazeTi `droeba~, 1879, 12.<br />
25 zoiZe o., masalebi aWarul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli, 1988, 11-12.<br />
26<br />
Ковалевский М., Современный обычай и древний закон. М., 1886, 101, 109; Ковалевский М., Закон и<br />
обычай на Кавказе. Т. 2, М., 1890, 30.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
naSi Camoyalibda specialuri sasamarTlo im cxovelebisa da usulo sagnebisTvis,<br />
romlebic gamoiwvevdnen adamianis sikvdils an dasaxiCrebas. kunZul tasosze ki moqmedebda<br />
kanoni, romlis mixedviTac, usulo sagani, romlis dacemac adamianis sikvdils<br />
gamoiwvevda, eqvemdebareboda sasamarTlo ganxilvas da, damnaSaved cnobis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, mas agdebdnen wyalSi. 27 sainteresoa, rom msgavs movlenebs Sua saukuneebis<br />
evropasa da ruseTSic hqonda adgili. aqac dasturdeba sasamarTlo procesebis arseboba<br />
Sinauri cxovelebis, Tagvebis, virTxebis, mwerebis winaaRmdeg. j.j. frezeris<br />
ganmartebiT, Sinaur cxovelebs sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> sasamarTloebi asamarTlebdnen,<br />
xolo gareuli cxovelebi da mwerebi saeklesio sasamarTloebis iurisdiqcias emor-<br />
Cilebodnen. aseT sasamarTlo procesebs sakmaod seriozulad udgebodnen: yvela saqmeze<br />
iniSneboda advokati cxovelebis dasacavad, xolo procesi tardeboda procesualuri<br />
normebis sruli dacviT. 28 safrangeTSi moiZies da gamoaqveynes XII-XVIII saukuneebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi cxovelebis winaaRmdeg Catarebuli sasamarTlo procesebis 92<br />
oqmi. am marTlmsajulebis ukanaskneli msxverpli aRmoCnda Zroxa, romelic sikvdiliT<br />
dasajes 1740 wels. 29 j.j. frezeris mixedviT, aRniSnuli marTlmsajuleba efuZneboda<br />
biblias, sadac saubaria pirutyvis pasuxismgeblobaze mis mier adamianis mokvlis<br />
SemTxvevaSi. kerZod, `gamosvlaTas~ XXI TavSi gadmocemuli samarTlebrivi normis<br />
30 Tanaxmad, kuro, romelic urqens adamians da moklavs, qvebiT unda Caiqolos, xolo<br />
xorci misi ar iWamos. 31<br />
am sakiTxs gamoCenili qarTveli iuristi mecnieri g. nadareiSvilic Seexo. 32 igi<br />
cxovelebis, frinvelebis, mwerebisa Tu usulo sagnebis winaaRmdeg Sua saukuneebis<br />
dasavleT evropaSi Catarebul sasamarTlo procesebs xalxze religiis yovlismomcvel<br />
gavlenas miawers. misi ganmartebiT, `rom naTlad warmovidginoT religiis gavlena<br />
iurisprudenciaze, sakmarisia gavixsenoT, rom Sua saukuneebSi mosaxleobis yvela<br />
klasebSi swamdaT, rom rogorc cxovels, ise adamians SeuZlia kavSiri daamyaros<br />
eSmakTan da gaxdes kudiani da jadoqari. aTeul aTasobiT qals brals sdebdnen, rom<br />
maT eSmakTan hqondaT sqesobrivi kavSiri da amisaTvis koconze wvavdnen~. 33<br />
Zveli qarTuli <strong>samarTlis</strong>aTvis msgavsi movlenebi sruliad ucxoa. g. nadareiSvilis<br />
mtkicebiT: `qarTuli samarTali ar cnobda danaSaulis subieqtad cxovelebs,<br />
frinvelebs, mwerebsa da usulo sagnebs, rogorc es Sua saukuneebis evropaSi iyo. amave<br />
dros saqarTveloSi arasdros hqonia adgili e.w. jadosnebisa da kudianebis sawinaaRmdego<br />
samarcxvino procesebs~. 34 danaSaulis subieqtTan dakavSirebiT igive iTqmis qar-<br />
27<br />
Фреззер Дж. Дж., Фольклор в Ветхом Завете, М., 1990, 464-469.<br />
28<br />
iqve, 470. zogierTi procesi dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili j.j. frezeris mier: ix. iqve, 471-<br />
483.<br />
29<br />
iqve, 470.<br />
30<br />
iqve.<br />
31<br />
wignni Zvelisa aRTqumisani, nakveTi I, yvela arsebuli xelnaweris mixedviT gamosacemad<br />
moamzades b. gigineiSvilma da c. kikviZem, Tb., 1989, 434.<br />
32 nadareiSvili g., qarTuli samarTlebrivi kulturis zogierTi sakiTxi XI-XII ss. saqar-<br />
TveloSi, Tb., 1959, 21-25.<br />
33<br />
iqve, 25.<br />
34 iqve.<br />
13
14<br />
g. daviTaSvili, danaSaulis subieqti qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi<br />
Tul CveulebiT samarTalTan mimarTebaSic. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos mTianeTSi<br />
(svaneTi, xevsureTi) dRemde moqmedebs CveulebiTi samarTali, misTvis damaxasia-<br />
Tebeli uZvelesi elementebiT, danaSaulis subieqtad mxolod pirovneba miiCneva da<br />
arc erT SemTxvevaSi cxovelebi, mwerebi Tu usulo sagnebi. qarTuli CveulebiTi samar-<br />
Tlis masalebis mixedviT, Sinauri cxovelis mier miyenebuli zianis SemTxvevaSi pasuxs<br />
misi patroni agebda, iseve rogorc Crdilokavkasiel mTielTa CveulebiT samarTalSi.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa m. kovalevskis dakvirvebani aRniSnul sakiTxze.<br />
misi ganmartebiT, samarTalganviTarebis Semdgom, ufro maRal etapze (im etapTan<br />
SedarebiT, rodesac cxovelebsa da usulo sagnebs sjidnen) adamiani kvlav misTvis<br />
sxvisi moqmedebiT miyenebul zians devnis, ar ganasxvavebs ganzraxvasa da SemTxvevas,<br />
Tumca, amave dros, pasuxismgebloba gadaaqvs cxovelidan mis patronze da cxovelis<br />
mier miyenebuli zianis asanazRaureblad mis patrons mimarTavs. es axasiaTebda zogierT<br />
Crdilokavkasiel xalxs, magaliTad, osebs. m. kovalevskis mixedviT, maTi samediatoro<br />
sasamarTloebi sjidnen pirutyvis patrons am pirutyvis mier SemTxveviT miyenebuli<br />
zianisaTvis. magaliTad, Tu xaris an Zroxis mier mTidan dagorebuli qva vinmes<br />
Tavze daecemoda da moklavda, moklulis gvari pirutyvis patronisagan iTxovda<br />
sisxlis fass, SurisZiebis muqariT. 35 m. kovalevski ufro originalurad miiCnevs<br />
osebSi gavrcelebul Cveulebas, romlis mixedviTac, pasuxismgebloba sxvisi iaraRiT<br />
mkvlelobisaTvis, mkvlelis Tanabrad, iaraRis patrons ekisreboda. misi azriT, am<br />
Cveulebas safuZvlad udevs Tavis droze arsebuli usulo sagnebis pasuxismgebloba<br />
maT mier gamowveuli zianisaTvis, romelic Semdeg, droTa ganmavlobaSi, maT mepatroneebze<br />
gadavida. amas ki, rogorc TviT m. kovalevski aRniSnavs, adasturebs mis dromde<br />
SemorCenili wesi, rodesac mkvlelis gvarma moklulis gvars unda gadasces iara-<br />
Ri, riTac mkvleloba ganxorcielda. 36<br />
rac Seexeba gansaxilvel sakiTxs qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi, masTan dakavSirebiT<br />
m. kovalevskim Zalze saintereso gamokvleva Caatara svaneTSi. man svan moxucebulebs<br />
dausva kiTxva: Sinauri cxovelis mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis agebs Tu ara pasuxs<br />
misi patroni? rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs, man moismina radikalurad gansxvavebuli<br />
pasuxebi saTavado svaneTsa da Tavisufal svaneTSi. kerZod, igi wers: `saTavado<br />
svaneTSi moxucebi ara marto uaryofdnen patronis aseT pasuxismgeblobas cxovelis<br />
mier miyenebuli zianisaTvis, aramed eWvs gamoTqvamdnen, rom aseTi ram sadme iyo SesaZlebeli.<br />
Tavisufal svaneTSi, piriqiT, movismine, rom Zvelad mkvleloba, Cadenili<br />
cxovelis mier iwvevda sisxlis sruli odenobis an naxevris gadaxdas. es niSnavs, rom<br />
svanebi cnoben adamians pasuxismgeblad im materialuri zianisaTvis, romelic miyenebulia<br />
misi nivTis mier, misgan damoukideblad. amas adasturebs Cveuleba, romlis mixedviTac<br />
dazaralebuli ojaxi iRebs mkvlelobis iaraRs, romlis patroni mkvleli<br />
ar yofila~. 37 m. kovalevskis mtkicebiT, imaves miuTiTebs uSgulelTa mier fuTa dadeSqelianis<br />
mkvlelobis faqtic. ra moimoqmedes uSgulelebma imisaTvis, rom Tavi-<br />
35 Ковалевский М., Закон и обычай на Кавказе. т. 2, М., 1890, 30.<br />
36 Ковалевский М., Современный обычай и древний закон. М., 1886, 106.<br />
37 Ковалевский М., Закон и обычай на Кавказе, т. 2, М., 1890, 31.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
dan aeridebinaT SurisZieba maT mimarT? maT esroles fuTas eklesiis fanjridan, eklesiisve<br />
TofiT, riTac fuTas sagvareulos SurisZieba mimarTes eklesiisken. cxadia,<br />
aseTi saqcielis motivi iyo Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, rom nivTis mepatrone uciloblad<br />
agebs pasuxs am nivTiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis. mocemul SemTxvevaSi ki mesakuTre<br />
eklesiaa, romlisganac woris miReba, bunebrivia, advili araa da swored amitom iyo<br />
xelsayreli misken SurisZiebis warmarTva. 38<br />
pirutyvis mier vinmesTvis zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi misi patronis pasuxismgebloba<br />
svaneTSi fiqsirdeba eg. gablianis mierac. igi ixsenebs, rom TviTon iyo imis<br />
mowme, roca erTi svani sasikvdilod dasdevda meores imisaTvis, rom 40 wlis winaT am<br />
svanis mamis jors miurtyams wixli TeZoSi misi babuisTvis, xolo svaneTSi ZaRli rom<br />
ukbenda vinmes, es xSirad iwvevda SurisZiebasa da sisxlis Rvras. 39<br />
imave sakiTxze garkveuli monacemebi xevsureTSicaa dafiqsirebuli. xevsuri informatoris<br />
ganmartebiT, `pirutyvma rom moklas kaci, maSin naxevari kacis Tavi mainc<br />
daekisreba patrons~. 40 meore informators ki gaugonia, rom ZaRlma mokla qali.<br />
samagierod, am qalis patronebma ZaRlis patrons moukles qali. 41 araerTi xevsuri informatori<br />
afiqsirebs, agreTve, sxvisi iaraRiT mkvlelobisas iaraRis patronis mier<br />
e.w. `arbiTis~ saxiT 5 Zroxis gadaxdas. 42<br />
fuTa dadeSqelianis mkvlelobis istoria, m. kovalevskis mier moyvanili monacemebi<br />
da xevsureTSi Sekrebili masalebi adasturebs, rom qarTul CveulebiT samar-<br />
TalSi (svaneTsa da xevsureTSi) sxvisi iaraRiT mkvlelobisas, mkvlelis garda, iara-<br />
Ris patronic agebs garkveulwilad pasuxs (Tundac sxvisi iaraRiT mkvlelobisas,<br />
mkvlelobis iaraRis gadacema moklulis ojaxisaTvis, xevsureTSi `arbiTis~ saxiT 5<br />
Zroxis gadaxda am pasuxismgeblobis gamomxatvelia). es pasuxismgebloba gansxvavebulia<br />
pirutyvis mier miyenebuli zianis SemTxvevaSi pirutyvis patronis pasuxismgeblobisagan,<br />
romelic SesaZloa srulic yofiliyo (anu miyenebuli zianisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
kompoziciis srul gadaxdas, miyenebuli zaralis srul anazRaurebas<br />
gulisxmobda) an sanaxevro mainc da, cxadia, mxolod pirutyvis patrons daekisreboda,<br />
maSin rodesac iaraRis patroni mkvlelTan erTad agebda pasuxs da es pasuxismgebloba<br />
arsebiTad mcire iyo mkvlelis pasuxismgeblobasTan SedarebiT. magaliTad, xevsureTSi<br />
mkvleli srul sisxls — 60 Zroxas ixdida, mkvlelobis iaraRis patroni —<br />
mxolod 5-s. erT-erTi xevsuri informatoris zemomoyvanili konkretuli cnobis mixedviT<br />
ki, Sinauri cxovelis mier adamianis mokvlas SesaZloa SurisZiebac mohyoloda.<br />
am cnobis mixedviT gamodis, rom pirutyvis patroni, mis naTesaobasTan erTad, iseve<br />
agebda pasuxs misi pirutyvis mier Cadenili mkvlelobisaTvis, TiTqos mkvlelobis<br />
ganmaxorcielebeli Tavad yofiliyo.<br />
38<br />
Ковалевский М., Закон и обычай на Кавказе, т. 2, М., 1890, 31.<br />
39 gabliani eg., Zveli da axali svaneTi, tf., 1925, 135.<br />
40 kekelia m., masalebi xevsurul CveulebiT samarTalze, eTnografiuli rveuli 6, 1977, 27.<br />
41<br />
iqve.<br />
42<br />
danaSaulis Cadenis iaraRis patronis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad xevsurul<br />
masalebze dayrdnobiT, ufro srulad Tanamonawileobis institutis ganxilvisas iqneba<br />
saubari.<br />
15
16<br />
g. daviTaSvili, danaSaulis subieqti qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi<br />
5. daskvna<br />
gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SesaZlebelia Semdegi daskvnebis gakeTeba:<br />
• qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi fiqsirdeba koleqtiuri, jgufuri pasuxismgebloba,<br />
rac damaxasiaTebelia im xalxebisaTvis, romlebSic SenarCunebulia SurisZiebis<br />
instituti, daculia gvarovnul-Temuri solidaroba. qarTuli CveulebiTi samar-<br />
Tlis masalebis mixedviT, danaSaulis subieqtad individis garda miiCneva gvari, gvaris<br />
struqturuli erTeuli (samxubi, mamiSviloba), Temi, sofeli.<br />
• kvlevis safuZvelze gamoikveTa, rom qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali mniSvnelovnadaa<br />
gacdenili ganviTarebis im safexurs, rodesac pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisas<br />
jgufi srulad STanTqavs individs. SeiniSneba pasuxismgeblobis individualizaciis<br />
garkveuli elementebi. qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi (svanuri da xevsuruli CveulebiTi<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> masalebis gaTvaliswinebiT) koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobidan individualurze<br />
gadasvlis garkveuli etapi fiqsirdeba. xolo saqarTvelos im regionebis<br />
CveulebiT samarTalSi, sadac ar SemorCa sisxlis aRebis instituti (magaliTad,<br />
qarTlis CveulebiT samarTlSi), damnaSavis absoluturad individualuri pasuxismgebloba<br />
fiqsirdeba.<br />
• obieqturi Seracxvis principis gavleniT, qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi (xevsureTsa<br />
da svaneTSi dafiqsirebuli monacemebiT), mcirewlovnis Tu suliT avadmyofis<br />
mier danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, pasuxismgebloba sruli moculobiT dgeba im<br />
jgufis mimarT, romlis warmomadgenelicaa damnaSave. suliT avadmyofi Tu mcirewlovani<br />
damnaSave, rogorc wesi, ar xdeboda SurisZiebis obieqti. dazaralebuli mxare<br />
Tavis Surisgebas, ZiriTadad, misi gvaris (ufro zustad, mamiSvilobisa Tu samxubis)<br />
vaJkacobiT gamorCeuli wevris winaaRmdeg mimarTavda. im regionebSi ki, sadac sisxlis<br />
aRebisa da gvarovnuli solidarobis principi CveulebiTi <strong>samarTlis</strong> masalebiT<br />
ar fiqsirdeba, suliT avadmyofisa da mcirewlovnis mier danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobas adgili ar hqonda.<br />
• qarTul CveulebiT samarTalSi danaSaulis subieqtad mxolod adamiani, adamianTa<br />
jgufi miiCneva da aq ar fiqsirdeba cxovelebis, frinvelebis, mwerebisa Tu usulo<br />
sagnebis pasuxismgebloba.<br />
• Sinauri cxovelis mier zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi, pasuxismgeblobis subieqtad<br />
misi patroni iTvleba. fiqsirdeba aseve iaraRis (magaliTad, Tofis) patronis garkveuli<br />
pasuxismgebloba, sxvisi iaraRiT danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi.
GIORGI DAVITASHVILI ∗<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
SUBJECT IN GEORGIAN CUSTOMARY CRIMINAL LAW<br />
Summary<br />
1. The Georgian customary law is featured with collective, group responsibility, which is characteristic<br />
to those people who harbor revenge institute and adhere to primitive-communal solidarity. According<br />
to Georgian customary law materials, besides individuals, family, family’s structural unit (samkhubi),<br />
community and village are also subjects of criminal law on equal basis.<br />
2. According to our observations, Georgian customary law has overstepped the stage of development<br />
when individual responsibility is fully substituted by collective responsibility. One can observe certain<br />
elements of individualization. We consider that (judging by Svanetian and Khevsuretian customary<br />
law materials) some kind of transition from collective to individual responsibility is evident in<br />
Georgian customary law. As for the customary law of those regions, where blood feud institute was<br />
abolished (for example customary law of Kartli region), there only appears to be individual<br />
responsibility.<br />
3. Due to the principle of objective imputability in case of crime committed by a juvenile or an insane<br />
person, Georgian customary law attaches complete responsibility to a group, represented by a<br />
wrongdoer. An insane or a juvenile wrongdoer was not, as a rule, an object of revenge. The injured<br />
party mainly addressed its revenge against his/her family member (more precisely samkhubi),<br />
distinguished by manhood. But in regions, where blood feud and communal solidarity principle is not<br />
evidenced by customary law materials, no criminal responsibility emerged in case of crime committed<br />
by an insane person or a juvenile.<br />
4. For damages inflicted by a domestic animal, its master is considered to be the subject of<br />
responsibility. The responsibility of a weapon owner (e.g. a gun) is also confirmed in case of crime<br />
committed with someone’s weapon.<br />
∗ Doctor of Jurisprudence, Full Professor, TSU, <strong>Faculty</strong> of <strong>Law</strong>.<br />
17
irakli burduli ∗<br />
Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi: utopiuri<br />
Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
1. Sesavali<br />
kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebaSi Senatanis ganxorcieleba partnioris erT-erT<br />
umTavres movaleobad miiCneva. Senatanis SetaniT partniori, rogorc wesi, korporaciuli<br />
mosasxamiT imoseba, 1 rac mesame pirTa winaSe sazogadoebis SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
ZiriTad winapirobas qmnis. Sesatanis Setanis movaleobis darRveva garkveul<br />
samarTlebriv SedegTan aris dakavSirebuli. es Sedegi SesaZloa, partniorisaTvis<br />
metad arasasurveli aRmoCndes, radganac mas iseTi movlena ukavSirdeba, rogoric<br />
sazogadoebidan misi (partnioris) garicxvaa. eWvs ar iwvevs is garemoeba, rom<br />
pirveladi da damatebiTi Senatanis valdebulebis darRveva Sps-Si SeiZleba wilis dakargviTa<br />
da sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxviT dasruldes. analogiur viTareba-<br />
Si aRmoCndeboda ss-is aqcioneri, rodesac igi pirveladi Senatanis valdebulebas daarRvevda<br />
da sazogadoeba sawarmodan misi garicxvis sakiTxs daayenebda. Tumca gansxvavebuli<br />
situacia SeiZleba Seiqmnas im dros, rodesac saqme damatebiTi Senatanebis<br />
moTxovnas exeba. amitom sainteresoa, SesaZlebelia Tu ara ss-Si damatebiTi Senatanebis<br />
daweseba, xolo misi Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, valdebulebis damrRvevi<br />
aqcioneris garicxva ss-idan. qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi es sakiTxi ar aris gamokvleuli.<br />
amitom saintereso iqneboda igi germanul doqtrinasTan mimarTebiT gaanalizebuliyo<br />
da garkveuli daskvna gakeTebuliyo. 2 amave dros mniSvnelovania, rom<br />
qarTuli sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> `gaamerikanizebis~ Semdeg sawesdebo avtonomiis<br />
∗ <strong>samarTlis</strong> doqtori, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asocirebuli profesori.<br />
1 am SemTxvevaSi Senatanis keTilsindisier da jerovan Sesrulebaze maxvildeba yuradReba,<br />
rac partnioris mimarT gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis iuridiul safuZvlad<br />
ar iqceva. Palmiter, Corporations, 5 Edit., Aspen Publishers, New York, 2006, 553-571; Hamilton, The<br />
<strong>Law</strong> of Corporations, 5 th Edit., St. Paul, 2000, 134-163; Merkt/Göthel, US-amerikenisches Gesellschaftsrecht, 2.<br />
Auf., Frankfurt, 2006, 236-254; Grunewald, Gesellschaftsrecht, 7. vollständig überbearbeitete Auf., Verlag<br />
Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 2008, 396-402; Merkt/Spindler, Fallgruppen der Durchgrifshaftung und verwandte<br />
Rechtsfiguren, ZGR Sonderheft 17, 2006, 207-277; Raiser, Die Haftungsbeschränkung ist kein Wesensmerkmal<br />
der juristischen Person in: FS Lutter, 2000, 637-650; Fischer, Überlegungen zum sog. Durchgriff im Zivil- und<br />
Steuerrecht in: FS Raupach, 2006, 339-362; da a.S. qarTulad: burduli, sawesdebo kapitali da<br />
misi funqciebi wignSi: Tanamedrove sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> Teoriuli da praqtikuli<br />
sakiTxebi, Tb., 2009, 236-259.<br />
2 `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis warmoSobasa da evoluciaze Tu gakeTdeba aqcenti, advili<br />
dasanaxi iqneba, ratom iqna arCeuli SedarebiTi analizisaTvis germanuli kanonmdebloba.<br />
2008 wlis 14 martamde kanoni germanul suliskveTebas inarCunebda. amitom germanuli<br />
iuridiuli dogmatika, am mxriv, qarTuli kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebaTa <strong>samarTlis</strong>Tvis<br />
umniSvnelo ar unda iyos.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
farglebi sagrZnoblad gafarTovda. es ss-sac exeba. Sesabamisad, sainteresoa am<br />
kuTxiT mewarmeTa kanonis globaluri mizani: unda arsebobdes Tu ara gansxvavebuli<br />
midgoma amasTan dakavSirebiT Sps-sa da (daxurul/Ria) ss-s Soris. ra aris kanonis realuri<br />
neba? aris kanonproeqtis im ganmartebiTi baraTis mizani, romelic Tavisi ideiT<br />
mewarmeTa kanonmdeblobis liberalizms amkvidrebs? aRniSnul statiaSi swored am<br />
sakiTxebis irgvliv iqneba msjeloba. pirveli nawili Sesatanis valdebulebasa da mis<br />
mniSvnelobas Seexeba, meore — Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobasa da mis samarTlebriv<br />
Sedegs. daskvnaSi ki sakiTxis ZiriTadi Teza Camoyalibdeba.<br />
2. Sesatanis Setanis valdebuleba<br />
Senatanis jerovnad ganxorcieleba, aqcioneris wevrobidan gamomdinare, Ziri-<br />
Tad movaleobad iTvleba. 3 rogorc luTeri ambobs, igi partnioris korporaciulsamarTlebrivi<br />
movaleobaa da ss-Si misi wevrobis im ganuyofel nawilad miiCneva, romlis<br />
gareSec SeuZlebeli iqneboda aRniSnul sazogadoebaSi uflebamosilebaTa erTobliobis<br />
Camoyalibeba (dafuZneba). 4 Sesatanis Setanis movaleoba sazogadoebasTan mimar-<br />
TebiT arsebul valdebulebad ganixileba da warmoiSoba sawarmos dafuZnebis dros aqciaTa<br />
miRebis momentSi, axali aqciebis ganTavsebisas misi SeZenis survilis momentSi 5<br />
an kidev iseTi aqciis SeZenis momentSi, romlis Rirebulebac srulyofilad gadaxdili<br />
ar aris. 6 Sesatani SesaZloa, warmodgenili iyos sxvadasxva ekonomikuri obieqtebis, samuSaos<br />
Sesrulebisa da momsaxurebis gawevis 7 saxiT. moqmedebis Sesrulebaze (anu Sesatanis<br />
ganxorcielebaze) valdebuli piri aris aqcioneri, romelmac aqcia sazogadoebis<br />
dafuZnebis 8 an kapitalis momatebis 9 dros e.w. originaluri SeZenisas miiRo. 10 Sesatanis<br />
ganxorcielebis valdebulebis Sesrulebis wesi, moculoba da pirobebi 11 sazogadoe-<br />
3 Langenbucher, Aktien- und Kapitalmarktrecht, Verlag C. H. Beck, München, 2008, 165. amas ganamtkicebs<br />
rogorc germanuli, ise qarTuli kanonmdebloba: AktG §54, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 53-e<br />
muxlis pirveli punqti. Senatanis ganxorcielebis es valdebuleba TiToeuli aqciisaTvis<br />
gadasaxdeli RirebulebiT Semoifargleba (Mayer/Thies in Manz/Mayer/Schröder (Hrsg.), Die<br />
Aktiengesellschaft, 2010, 164; Kübler/Heinz-Dieter Assmann, Gesellschaftsrecht, 6. Auf., C. F. Müller Verlag,<br />
Heidelberg, 2006, 194) da misi gafarToeba dauSvebelia.<br />
4 Lutter in KK-AktG, 1988, §54 Rz. 14.<br />
5 igulisxmeba amis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da piris mier am aqciebis SeZenis<br />
survilis momenti.<br />
6<br />
e.w. Teileingezahlte Aktie. Maul in Müller/Rödder (Hrsg.), Beck’sches Hdb. der AG, §4 Rn. 8.<br />
7<br />
mxolod qarTuli sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT.<br />
8<br />
MünchKommAktG/Bungeroth, Band 1, 3. Auf., (2008), §54 Rn. 3.<br />
9<br />
iqve, Rn. 4.<br />
10<br />
e.w. derivatiuli SeZenis SemTxvevis Sesaxeb ix.: Janssen in AnwK-AktR, §54 Rn. 7; Henze in<br />
GrossKommAktG, §54 Rn. 17.<br />
11 pirobebi qarTuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, radgan es ukanaskneli dawvrilebiT aris<br />
mocemuli rogorc germaniis saaqcio kanonSi, ise kanonSi SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxis ganxilvisas Sps-is Sesaxeb kanonzec iqneba saubari. es<br />
iqidan gamomdinareobs, rom qarTuli kanonmdebloba am sakiTxs ar ixilavs ss-isTvis da<br />
19
20<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
bis wesdebidan momdinareobs. 12 aqcioneris monawileobiTsamarTlebrivi uflebidan<br />
(wevrobidan) gamomdinare, Sesatanis Setanis movaleoba ar moicavs valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv<br />
xelSekrulebebs, dadebuls partniorsa da sazogadoebas Soris. 13 aseTi<br />
SesaZloa iyos, magaliTad, sesxi gacemuli sazogadoebaze aqcioneris mxridan, 14 an nebismieri<br />
sxva saxis valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi SeTanxmeba, romelic msgavs Sinaarss<br />
moicavs. 15 mniSvnelovania, rom aseTi (arakorporaciuli) xelSekrulebis dadebisas<br />
aucilebeli ar aris werilobiTi formis dacva, 16 magram isev da isev mtkicebis tvir-<br />
Tis gaadvilebis mizniT, SemoTavazebulia misi dadeba swored werilobiTi formiT.<br />
rogorc wesi, aseTi SeTanxmeba sazogadoebis wesdebaSi aisaxeba, Tumca SesaZloa, igi<br />
sxva werilobiT (calke) dokumentSic iyos Camoyalibebuli. amitomac naTqvamia, rom<br />
`valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi damatebiTi xasiaTis garigebebi an partniorTa Soris<br />
dadebuli SeTanxmebebi sazogadoebis partniors wesdebis (rogorc korporaciuli<br />
aqtis) 17 miRma ganixilavs~. 18 gamomdinare aqedan, aseTi tipis SeTanxmebebi afuZnebs<br />
specialuri xelSekrulebis sagans da, misi bunebidan gamomdinare, Sexeba aqvs im pirebTan,<br />
romlebmac monawileobdnen am garigebis dadebaSi an Semdgom miuerTdnen<br />
mas. 19 rodesac aseTi SeTanxmeba ideba sazogadoebis dafuZnebis procesSi, es garigeba<br />
wesdebaSi aisaxeba, raTa ar moxdes gaugebroba da SecdomaSi Seyvana Senatanis Setanis<br />
valdebulebasa da misgan damoukidebel valdebulebiT xelSekrulebas Soris. 20 aqcioneris<br />
ZiriTad movaleobad Senatanis ganxorcielebis movaleoba iTvleba, amitom,<br />
rogorc wesi, saaqcio sazogadoebis samarTalSi dauSvebelia sxva (SesatanTan dakav-<br />
Sirebuli) valdebulebebis dakisreba sawarmos partniorisaTvis da am movaleobis<br />
gaTvaliswineba sazogadoebis wesdebiT. 21 aq mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba aqcioneris mxridan<br />
aRebuli valdebuleba sazogadoebis winaSe damatebiTi gadaxdebis ganxorciele-<br />
Sps-isTvis izolirebulad. amitom problemis ukeT warmoCenisa da sakiTxis amowurvisaTvis<br />
germaniis orive kanoni iqneba gamoyenebuli.<br />
12 Maul in Müller/Rödder (Hrsg.), Beck’sches Hdb. der AG, §4 Rn. 9.<br />
13 Hüffer, AktG, 2010, §54 Rn. 7.<br />
14 Langenbucher, Aktien- und Kapitalmarktrecht, 165.<br />
15 Schmiegelt/Gerber in Müller/Winkeljohann (Hrsg.), Beck’sches Hdb. der GmbH, §3 Rn. 149.<br />
16 ase mag.: Westermann in Bürgers/Körber, AktG, §54 Rn. 9. asevea Sps-is samarTalSic: Schäfer in<br />
Bork/Schäfer, Komm zum GmbHG, 2010, §3 Rn. 39.<br />
17 Camateba (i. b.)<br />
18 Schäfer in Bork/ Schäfer (Hrsg.), Kommentar zum GmbH-Gesetz, 1. Auf., RWS Verlag, Köln, 2010, §3 Rn. 38.<br />
19 Schäfer in Bork/Schäfer, Komm zum GmbHG, 2010, §3 Rn. 38. aseTi SemTxvevebi gansakuTrebiT<br />
Warbobs Sps-is samarTlebriv formaSi (Hoffmann-Becking, Der einfluss schuldretlicher Gesellschaftervereinbarungen<br />
auf die Rechtsbeziehung in der Kapitalgesellschaft, ZGR 1994, 442 ff. vuTiTeb: Schäfer in<br />
Bork/Schäfer, Komm zum GmbHG, 2010, §3 Rn. 38.), radganac es ukanaskneli, ss-isagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
gacilebiT ufro did sawesdebo avtonomiaze dafuZnebuli samewarmeo saqmianobis<br />
ganxorcielebis organizaciuli formaa da sazogadoebis (rogorc valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi<br />
kategoriis) gansazRvris farglebi ufro Tavisufalia, vidre es ss-Sia.<br />
20 Lutter in KK-AktG, 2. Auf., Carl Heymanns Verlag, Köln 1988, §54 Rz. 5.<br />
21 Raiser/Veil, Das Recht der Kapitalgesellschaften, 2010, 73.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
bis an e.w. `valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi ajios (danamatis)~ 22 Sesaxeb. es individualuri<br />
SeTanxmeba aqcionersa da sazogadoebas (an sawarmos partniorebs) Soris SesaZloa<br />
aisaxos rogorc wesdebaSi, ise calke werilobiT dokumentSi. 23 Tumca, ra Tqma unda,<br />
masac SesaZloa garkveuli sanqciis Semcveli Sedegi mohyves, romelic, rogorc wesi,<br />
gansxvavdeba pirveladi wesdebiT aRebuli Senatanis Setanis valdebulebis darRvevidan<br />
gamomdinare Sedegisagan. mas (Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobas an mis arajerovan<br />
Sesrulebas) saaqcio samarTalSi aqcioneris sazogadoebidan garicxva moyveba xolme.<br />
3. Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi<br />
3.1 Sedegi wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuli (pirveladi) Senatanis<br />
Seutanlobis SemTxvevaSi<br />
sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxvis instituts germaniaSi xangrZlivi istoria<br />
aqvs da, Sesabamisad, didia is iuridiuli doqtrina, romelic am sakiTxs exeba. saerTod,<br />
dasavleTis sakorporacio samarTalSi, 24 funqciuri TvalsazrisiT, sazogadoebidan<br />
partnioris garicxvis, ZiriTadad, or gzas gamoyofen, romelic, erTi<br />
mxriv, sawarmodan partnioris pirdapir garicxvas, xolo, meore mxriv, arapirdapir<br />
garicxvas ukavSirdeba. 25 germanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT, pirdapiri garicxvis dros<br />
saubroben partnioris mxridan `sazogadoebis im miznis Selaxvis Sesaxeb, romelic<br />
TiToeuli partnioris, rogorc sazogadoebis wevris, statusidan gamomdinareobs da<br />
misi (am valdebulebis) dacva korporaciis yoveli wevris sazrunavs warmoadgens~ 26 .<br />
swored misi darRveva xdeba sazogadoebidan partnioris SesaZlo garicxvis (materialursamarTlebrivi)<br />
safuZveli. arapirdapiri garicxvis dros, ZiriTadad, 27 mxedve-<br />
22 Raiser/Veil, Das Recht der Kapitalgesellschaften, 2010, 73.<br />
23 sainteresoa sakiTxi, SesaZlebelia Tu ara wesdebiT damatebiTi Senatanebis ganxorcielebis<br />
valdebulebis dakisreba sazogadoebis partniorisaTvis da am damatebiTi Senatanis<br />
Setanis valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi misi sawarmodan garicxvis Sesaxeb.<br />
germanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT, am SemTxvevaSi gansasxvavebeli iqneba, Tu romeli kapitaluri<br />
tipis sazogadoebas Seexeba saqme: ss-s Tu Sps-s, radganac damatebiTi Senatanebis<br />
dakisrebis valdebulebis (e.w. Nachschusspflicht) Taobaze am or samarTlebriv formaSi<br />
garkveuli sxvaobebia. mokled, statiaSi (rodesac sakiTxi Senatanis Setanis valdebulebis<br />
darRvevis gamo sazogadoebidan aqcioneris garicxvas Seexeba) warmodgenilia<br />
mcdeloba, es sakiTxi qarTul WrilSi garkveuli saxesxvaobiT warmoCindes, rac nacionaluri<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> Taviseburebadac SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli. germanuli samarTali<br />
damatebiTi Senatanis ganxorcielebis movaleobas pirdapir adgens Sps-is Sesaxeb kanonSi.<br />
GmbHG §26 Abs. 1; 53 Abs. 3. ix. aseve: Schmiegelt/Gerber in Müller/Winkeljohann (Hrsg.), Beck’sches Hdb.<br />
der GmbH, 2009, §3 Rn. 126. swored amiT gansxvavdeba es instituti erTmaneTisagan ss-is da<br />
Sps-is samarTalSi.<br />
24 aq ara mxolod germanuli, aramed aSS-is sakorporacio samarTalic moiazreba.<br />
25 amis Taobaze ix.: Wiedemann, Gesellschaftsrecht, 382 ff.<br />
26 Reinisch, Der Ausschluss von Aktionären aus der Aktiengesellschaft, Verlag Otto Schmidt, Köln 1992, 13.<br />
27 rogorc es amerikul sakorporacio samarTalSia damkvidrebuli.<br />
21
22<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
lobaSi miiReba partnioris sazogadoebidan garicxvis qonebrivi motivebi: am dros,<br />
upirveles yovlisa, xdeba dominanti partnioris (aqcioneris) qonebrivi interesebis<br />
dacva, magaliTad, sawarmos srulyofilad dauflebis motivi meti investiciis Casadebad;<br />
`xelmZRvanelobiTi Sansebis~ erTpirovnulad gaZRolis survili. amave dros,<br />
gamoricxuli ar aris, partniori sawarmodan gairicxos im motiviT, rom masTan `Tanacxovreba~<br />
da sazogadoebis erTiani qolgis qveS moRvaweoba sxva (umravlesobaSi<br />
myof) partniors warmoudgenlad eCveneba. 28 iuridiul dogmatikaSi zemoT CamoTvlili,<br />
partnioris garicxvasTan dakavSirebuli, gzebis CvenebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />
qarTuli sakorporacio samarTali, principSi, imave SesaZleblobebs afuZnebs. Ziri-<br />
Tadad, qarTuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviTac SesaZlebelia sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxvis<br />
instituti, sistemur-funqciuri TvalsazrisiT, or mimarTulebad daiyos:<br />
pirvels ganekuTvneba partnioris erTgulebis movaleobis darRveva sazogadoebisa<br />
da misi partniorebis mimarT. aq, rogorc wesi, unda gamoiyos ori gza: a) partnioris<br />
garicxva Senatanis Setanis valdebulebis darRvevis gamo; b) sazogadoebisaTvis zianis<br />
miyenebis Sedegad. 29 meore, partnioris garicxva (gandevna), magaliTad, aqciaTa savaldebulo<br />
miyidvis motiviT, anu e.w. qonebrivi interesis gamo.<br />
Senatanis Setanis movaleobis Sesruleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ss-is dafuZnebis<br />
dros. germanul samarTalSi aqcioneris mier (pirveladi) Senatanis ganxorcieleba<br />
korporaciis Seqmnis erT-erT winapirobad da Tavad sazogadoebis wevrobis<br />
mopovebis safuZvladac ganixileba. gansxvavebuli viTareba ikveTeba nacionalur samarTalSi.<br />
mewarmeTa kanonis Tanaxmad, sawarmos 30 dafuZnebisas partniorebi (aqcionerebi)<br />
unda SeTanxmdnen wilebis ganawilebaze da daTqvan sawarmos kapitalSi maTi Senatanebis<br />
odenoba. 31 Tavad Senatanebis, maTi ganxorcielebis wesis, pirobebisa da vadebis<br />
Sesaxeb monacemebi asaxuli da dadgenili unda iyos sazogadoebis wesdebaSi.<br />
mokled, am mxriv, qarTul samarTalSi farToa sawesdebo avtonomiis farglebi. amas-<br />
Tanave, qarTuli kanonmdebloba korporaciis CamoyalibebisaTvis da wevrobis statu-<br />
28 es ufro am sakiTxis gadawyvetis amerikuli modeli iqneba. Reinisch, Der Ausschluss von<br />
Aktionären aus der AG, 14. germanuli da amerikuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> Sesadareblad Zalze sainteresoa<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli monografia. ix. Reinisch, Der Ausschluss von Aktionären aus der AG, 13 ff.<br />
am naSromis wakiTxvis Semdeg udavod Camoyalibdeba azri, rom qarTuli samarTali, am<br />
institutTan mimarTebiT, ufro aSS-is <strong>samarTlis</strong> models misdevs.<br />
29 Tumca es CamonaTvali amomwuravi ar aris da SesaZlebeli iqneba partnioris garicxva<br />
sxva iuridiuli faqtebis, samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis arsebobisas. mag., gamomdinare<br />
iqidan, rom sazogadoebac samarTalurTierTobad (da, garkveulwilad, valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv<br />
kategoriad) ganixileba, SesaZlebeli unda iyos samoqalaqosamarTlebriv<br />
normebze dayrdnobiT partnioris garicxva. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi unda miiRebodes<br />
xangrZlivi samarTalurTierTobis vadamde Sewyvetis iuridiuli principi, rac germanuli<br />
BGB-s 737-e paragrafidan gamomdinareobs (ix. palandtis komentari partnioris garicxvasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT: Palandt/Sprau, Komm zum BGB, §737 1 ff). amasTan, germanuli Sps-is<br />
samarTali partniorebs aniWebs SesaZleblobas, sazogadoebis wesdebiT garicxvis sxva safuZvlebic<br />
daadginon. mag., damatebiTi valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
Scholz-Emmerich, GmbHG (2006), §21 Rdnr. 6. Tumca, ramdenad Seexeba es saaqcio sazogadoebas,<br />
rTuli saTqmelia. amaze dResac gauTavebeli diskusia mimdinareobs.<br />
30 maT Soris, ra Tqma unda, ss-is.<br />
31 `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-3 muxlis me-5 punqti.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
sis mopovebisaTvis ar moiTxovs uciloblad Senatanis upirobo ganxorcielebas. es<br />
partnioris mier sazogadoebis winaSe aRebul valdebulebad ganixileba da mis Seusruleblobas<br />
sazogadoebis mxridan garkveuli sanqciis Semcveli Sedegi SeiZleba<br />
mohyves, kerZod, sazogadebidan am partnioris garicxva. Tavad Senatanis Setanis garigeba,<br />
qarTuli saaqcio <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviTac, rogorc es germanul samarTalSia<br />
damkvidrebuli, korporaciul aqtadac unda ganixilebodes. es kanonis 53-e muxlis<br />
pirveli punqtidan gamomdinareobs, radganac aRniSnuli valdebuleba aqcioneris<br />
(rogorc sazogadoebis wevris) erTaderT (korporaciul) movaleobad ganixileba.<br />
Tumca korporaciulTan erTad mas valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi Sinaarsi aqvs. misi<br />
valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi xasiaTi kargad vlindeba kanonis me-3 muxlis me-7 punqtis<br />
Canaweridan, romlis mixedviTac, sazogadoebis wesdebiT partniorebs SeuZliaT<br />
gansazRvron Senatanis Setanis wesi da vada. aRniSnuli punqtis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare,<br />
saubari swored valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv garigebazea, romliTac partniorebi<br />
Sidaorganizaciulad Tanxmdebian, Tu rogor da ra vadaSi unda iqnes ganxorcielebuli<br />
Senatani. miuxedavad imisa, rom es partniorTa Soris dadebuli SeTanxmebaa,<br />
samarTlebrivi Sedegis TvalsazrisiT, mas mniSvneloba sazogadoebisTvisac eniWeba,<br />
radgan Senatanis Setanis valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi swored sazogadoebaa<br />
kreditori 32 da ara misi romelime partniori. qarTul sakorporacio samar-<br />
TalSi, Senatanis Setanis valdebulebis jerovnad Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi, partniori<br />
korporaciuli mosasxamiT imoseba da sakuTar pasuxismgeblobas izRudavs mesame<br />
pirTa winaSe. amitom am normis dacva da Sesruleba Tavad aqcioneris interesSi Sedis,<br />
radganac igi kapitalurad mowyobil sazogadoebaSi swored imitom monawileobs, rom<br />
daicvas Tavisi individualuri qoneba kreditoris moTxovnisagan. Senatanis Seusruleblobis<br />
an misi nawilobrivi Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi Sedegis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
SesaZlebelia ori viTareba gamoiyos: pirveli aqcioneris SezRudul pasuxismgeblobasa<br />
da e.w. gamWoli pasuxismgeblobis doqtrinas exeba. mewarmeTa kanonis<br />
me-3 muxlis me-6 punqtis Tanaxmad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu partniori borotad gamoiyenebs<br />
pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis samarTlebriv farglebs, maSin igi ar ganTavisufldeba<br />
individualuri pasuxismgeblobisagan da, Sesabamisad, veRar isargeblebs SezRuduli<br />
pasuxismgeblobis mqone piris statusiT korporaciaSi. mxatvrulad rom iTqvas, ver<br />
Seimoseba korporaciuli safarveliT, mosasxamiT. meore sazogadoebis mxridan mis<br />
mimarT garkveul sanqcias SeiZleba daukavSirdes, rac kanonis me-3 muxlis me-7 punqtis<br />
Canaweridan momdinareobs. aseTi aqcioneris mimarT SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes<br />
sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxva, rac dasavleTis qveynebSi sakmaod ganviTarebuli<br />
da xangrZlivi tradiciis mqone institutia. amJamad swored meore SemTxvevaze<br />
gamaxvildeba yuradReba.<br />
saaqcio samarTalSi aRniSnuli normis 33 mizani is aris, rom igi kapitalis realuri<br />
Sevsebis princips kidev erTxel uwyobs xels, 34 rasac kapitaluri sazogadoebis sa-<br />
32 MünchKommGmbHG/Schütz, §21 Rn. 73.<br />
33 `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-3 muxlis me-7 punqti; AktG §64.<br />
34 Lutter in KK-AktG, (1988), §64 Rz. 2.<br />
23
24<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
marTalSi gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. 35 amasTan, norma mimarTulia im aqcioneris<br />
wevrobis uflebis Selaxvisaken, 36 romelsac ar surs an ar SeuZlia Senatanis<br />
ganxorcieleba. 37 am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT qarTuli da germanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> Sedarebisas,<br />
aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom sazogadoebidan aqcioneris garicxvas germanuli<br />
saaqcio samarTali gacilebiT ufro frTxilad ekideba, vidre qarTuli. mewarmeTa<br />
kanonmdeblobam, gansakuTrebiT ki 2008 wlis 14 martis reformis Semdeg, partnioris<br />
garicxvis sakiTxi TiTqmis mTlianad wesdebis SeTanxmebaze gaxada damokidebuli da<br />
sakanonmdeblo normebs 38 adgili saerTod ar dautova. gansxvavebiT germanuli kanonmdeblobisagan,<br />
sadac aqcioneris korporaciis (ss-is) rigebidan garicxva, principSi,<br />
uxeSad rom iTqvas, atipuri movlenaa. 39 germanul samarTalSi es sakiTxi mTlianad<br />
aris mowesrigebuli sakanonmdeblo doneze da sawesdebo avtonomiis Tavisuflebis<br />
farglebi masTan mimarTebiT TiTqmis gamoiricxeba. am mxriv Sesadareblad gamodgeba<br />
qarTuli kanonis mocemuloba 2008 wlis 14 martamde redaqciiT, 40 romelSic germanul<br />
samarTalTan siaxlove ikveTeba. aq mxedvelobaSia misaRebi partnioris sazogadoebidan<br />
garicxvis procedura. iseve rogorc amas dRes moqmedi germaniis saaqcio<br />
kanoni awesebs, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoni mis adrindel redaqciaSi garicxvasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
imperatiuli xasiaTis Canawerebs iTvaliswinebda. es, upirveles yovlisa,<br />
partniorisaTvis damatebiTi vadis dawesebis sakiTxs Seexeboda. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac<br />
partniori gadaacilebda Senatanis Setanis vadas, mas danarCeni partniorebi udgendnen<br />
(minimum) erTTvian vadas valdebulebis Sesasruleblad. es vada gamafrTxilebeli<br />
funqciis matarebeli iyo, Tumca misi dacva garicxvis formaluri winapirobebis<br />
dasacavad iyo saWiro, misi daucveloba ki am gadawyvetilebis 41 baTilobas gamoiwvevda.<br />
2005 wlis 24 ivnisis cvlilebiT `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonSi damatebiTi vada,<br />
romelic ar SeiZleba yofiliyo erT Tveze naklebi, kanonidan saerTod amovarda da<br />
igi Tavad partniorTa gadasawyveti (dasadgeni) gaxda. ai, swored pirveli mcdeloba,<br />
es sakiTxi sawesdebo avtonomiis farglebSi moqceuliyo, qarTul samarTalSi swored<br />
35 am normis praqtikuli daniSnulebisa da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb dResac azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa<br />
germaniaSi. mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs, rom Sps-is samarTalSi, sadac saaqcio samarTalTan<br />
SedarebiT am normas udavod farTo gamoyeneba aqvs (rasac federaluri umaRlesi<br />
sasamarTlos praqtikac mowmobs. BGHZ 118, 107; BGH NJW 1996, S. 2306 f; BGH = NZG<br />
1998, 985-986.), aRniSnul Canawers (normis simkacridan gamomdinare) ufro damcavi, prevenciuli<br />
xasiaTi eniWeba. Michalski-Ebbing, GmbHG, §21 Rn. 8.<br />
36 MünchKommAktG/Bayer, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §64 Rn. 2.<br />
37 Lutter in KK-AktG, 1988, §64 Rz. 2. umjobesia naxmari iyos sityva ar SeuZlia gadaxda. ss-is-<br />
Tvis, misi kapitaluri xasiaTidan gamomdinare, gadamwyvetia partnioris kapitaliT<br />
monawileoba sazogadoebaSi. aqcioneris mier daTqmuli Senatanis ganxorcieleba ss-is,<br />
rogorc korporaciis, mizans emsaxureba. amitom misi Selaxva arc erT partniors ar unda<br />
epatiebodes.<br />
38 miT umetes imperatiuli xasiaTis daTqmebs.<br />
39 sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebic, romlebic ss-idan aqcioneris garicxvas exeba, germaniaSi<br />
TiTqmis ar arsebobs. ZiriTadad, am sakiTxs Sps-is <strong>samarTlis</strong> WrilSi ganixilaven,<br />
sadac es SemTxvevebi gacilebiT mravlad aris warmodgenili, vidre saaqcio samarTalSi.<br />
Reinisch, Der Ausschluss von Aktionären aus der AG, 19.<br />
40 ufro sworad, 2005 wlis 24 ivnisamde arsebuli mdgomareobiT.<br />
41 partniorTa krebis gadawyvetileba miiReba mxedvelobaSi.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
aRniSnuli cvlilebiT Semovida. amas Sedegad 2008 wlis cvlileba mohyva, romlis mixedviTac,<br />
Senatanis ganxorcielebis wesi da vada, sazogadoebidan garicxvis procedura<br />
wesdebaze damokidebuli gaxda.<br />
germanul samarTalSi, rogorc zemoT iTqva, aqcioneris sazogadoebidan garicxvas<br />
gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT ekidebian, radganac am qmedebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba aqcioneris<br />
iseTi korporaciulsamarTlebrivi uflebis Selaxva, rogoric wevrobaa. amitomac<br />
igi atipur movlenad ganixileba da ss-Ta praqtikaSi iSviaTad Tu dasturdeba.<br />
ss-idan partnioris garicxvis instituti germanul samarTalSi Semdegi saxiT arsebobs:<br />
aqcioneri movalea, kanoniT gansazRvrul droSi, Seitanos daTqmuli Senatani;<br />
pirvel etapze swored am vadis gasvlas aqceven yuradRebas. Semdeg modis damatebiTi<br />
vadis daweseba da samjer gamoqveyneba (gafrTxileba) Sesabamis gazeTSi. aqcioners<br />
eZleva minimum sami Tve Sesatanis SetanisaTvis. vadis uSedegod gasvlis Semdeg<br />
qveyndeba informacia am aqcioneris mxridan aqciebis dakargvisa da ganxorcielebuli<br />
Senatanis 42 sazogadoebis sasargeblod `CamorTmevis~ Sesaxeb. 43<br />
aqcioneris sazogadoebidan garicxvis materialursamarTlebriv winapirobas<br />
ramdenime aspeqti ganapirobebs. pirveli, aqcioneri unda iyos Setanaze valdebuli<br />
piri; 44 meore, mosuli unda iyos valdebulebis Sesrulebis vada; 45 mesame, daniSnuli<br />
unda iyos damatebiTi vada, Tumca igi uSedegod unda iyos gasuli. 46<br />
a. Setanaze valdebuli piri<br />
sazogadoebidan aqcioneris garicxvisas, upirveles yovlisa, mniSvneloba unda<br />
mieqces imas, rom gasaricxi piri Senatanis Setanaze uflebamosili da valdebuli piri<br />
iyos, anu am SemTxvevaSi saubari sazogadoebis partniorzea. 47 amasTan, niSandoblivia,<br />
rom Senatani srulyofilad ar aris ganxorcielebuli, 48 radgan Senatanis saer-<br />
Tod ganuxorcielebloba registraciaze uaris Tqmis safuZvels warmoadgens 49 da aRniSnuli<br />
normis regulirebis sferoSi, 50 rogorc wesi, ar eqceva. 51 gamomdinare iqidan,<br />
rom korporaciuli wevroba, anu partnioroba kapitalur sazogadoebaSi registraci-<br />
42 nawilobrivi Sesrulebis dros.<br />
43 AktG §64. aseve: Lutter in KK-AktG, (1988), §64 Rz. 3.<br />
44 Hüffer, AktG, (2010), §64 Rn. 3.<br />
45 Lutter in KK-AktG, (1988), §64 Rz. 11.<br />
46 MünchKommAktG/Bayer, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §64 Rn. 17.<br />
47 Ensthaler/Hannewald in Ensthaler/Füller/Schmidt, KommGmbHG, 2010, §21 Rn. 1. anu moTxovnis (valdebulebis<br />
Sesrulebis moTxovnazea aq saubari) adresati, am SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis<br />
partniori unda iyos. MünchKommGmbHG/Schütz, §21 Rn. 29.<br />
48 Bartels in Bork/Schäfer, Komm zum GmbHG, (2010), §21 Rn. 3.<br />
49 amas iTvaliswinebs germaniis rogorc saaqcio kanonmdebloba, ise Sps-is Sesaxeb kanoni.<br />
qarTuli samarTali, am mxriv, radikalurad gansxvavdeba germanuli midgomisagan. amis<br />
Sesaxeb SegiZliaT ix. burduli, saaqcio <strong>samarTlis</strong> safuZvlebi, I tomi, Tb., 2010, 193 da<br />
momdevnoni, 398 da momdevnoni.<br />
50 AktG §64; GmbHG §21.<br />
51 Ensthaler/Hannewald in Ensthaler/Füller/Schmidt, KommGmbHG, (2010), §21 Rn. 1.<br />
25
26<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
is faqts emyareba, sazogadoeba aseT SemTxvevaSi reestrSi unda iyos registrirebuli. 52<br />
aseve gamoiyureba qarTuli realobac: mewarmeTa kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, 53 sazogadoebis<br />
damfuZnebeli da misi partniori sazogadoebis daarsebis dros, erTi da igive piria.<br />
swored es ukanasknelia valdebuli itvirTos Setanis movaleoba da ganaxorcielos<br />
Senatani, Tumca Sesatanis Setanis vadebi kanonmdeblobiT mowesrigebuli ar aris da es<br />
isev sawesdebo avtonomiis farglebSia moqceuli. Sesabamisad, qarTuli sakorporacio<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT, sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxvisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba Senatanis<br />
rogorc nawilobrivi Sesruleba, ise misi mTlianad Seutanloba. 54 amasTan, wilis<br />
CamorTmeva exeba mxolod im nawils, romelic safuZvlad udevs valdebulebis darRvevas.<br />
aq mxedvelobaSi, ra Tqma unda, ar miiReba partnioris (aqcioneris) is wili, romlis<br />
mopovebisTvisac mas es valdebuleba jerovnad da daTqmul dros aqvs Sesrulebuli. 55<br />
Sesabamisad, Tuki aseTi partniori CamosarTmevi wilis garda flobs kidev sazogadoebis<br />
kapitalSi sxva wils, maSin am ukanasknels es safrTxe ar emuqreba, xolo misi mflobeli<br />
ar dakargavs wevrobis statuss sazogadoebaSi. 56<br />
b. vadamosuli valdebulebis Sesruleba<br />
germanuli kapitaluri sazogadoebis <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT, qonebrivi Senatanebi<br />
sazogadoebis saregistraciod dadgomis aRricxvis momentisaTvis, rogorc wesi,<br />
srulyofilad unda iqnes Setanili. gamonaklisi mxolod fulad Senatanebs Seexeba. 57<br />
kanoni zustad ar gansazRvravs fuladi Senatanis dros darCenili nawilis Setanis vadas,<br />
58 Tumca iuridiul literaturaSi arsebobs erTiani pozicia, rom Sesrulebis vada<br />
sazogadoebis mier ganisazRvreba, romelic amas partniorTa krebis meSveobiT ake-<br />
Tebs. 59 swored moTxovnis Semdeg miiReba mxedvelobaSi valdebulebis Sesrulebis vada<br />
(gadaxdis vada). 60<br />
Senatanis Setanis moTxovnis prerogativa gamgeobis (direqtoratis) uflebamosilebaSi<br />
Sedis. 61 amasTan, metad mniSvnelovania, rom direqtorma Senatanis ganxorcielebis<br />
moTxovna sazogadoebis partniors unda wauyenos sakuTari gadawyvetilebis<br />
mizanSewonilobidan 62 gamomdinare. 63 aseT dros direqtorma, upirveles yovlisa, sa-<br />
52 Reinisch, Der Ausschluss von Aktionären aus der AG, 19; Lutter in KK-AktG, (1988), §63 Rz. 8<br />
53 ix. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-5 muxli.<br />
54 amiT qarTuli kanonmdebloba germanulisagan gansxvavdeba.<br />
55 MünchKommGmbHG/Schütz, §21 Rn. 88.<br />
56<br />
iqve.<br />
57<br />
AktG §36a Abs. 1; GmbHG §7 Abs. 3.<br />
58<br />
germaniis saaqcio kanonis 63-e paragrafis mocemuloba am sakiTxs Riad tovebs.<br />
59<br />
sxva danarCenis nacvlad ix.: Ensthaler in Ensthaler/Füller/Schmidt, KommGmbHG, (2010), §19 Rn. 2.<br />
60<br />
OLG München 1.2.1984 = GmbHR 1985, 56; OLG Hamburg 23.8.1991 = GmbHR 1991, 578; OLG Dresden<br />
17.7.1996 = GmbHR 1997, 946. vuTiTeb: Ensthaler in Ensthaler/Füller/Schmidt, KommGmbHG, 2010, §19 Rn. 2.<br />
61<br />
Hüffer, AktG, 2010, §63 Rn. 5.<br />
62<br />
e.w. pflichtgemässes Ermessen.<br />
63<br />
Michalski-Ebbing, GmbHG, 2010, §21 Rn. 90; MünchKommAktG/Bayer, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §63 Rn. 28.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
zogadoebis interesis primati unda dainaxos 64 da misi gadawyvetileba mxolod amas<br />
unda efuZnebodes. rogorc cnobilia, ganxorcielebuli Senatanebi direqtoratis<br />
Tavisufali gankargvis sferoSi unda iyos moqceuli. 65 qarTuli samarTali, romelic<br />
gansakuTrebiT am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT amerikul models emyareba, aviTarebs qonebrivi<br />
Senatanis Sefasebisa da misi realurad ganxorcielebis e.w. `Sinagani Semowmebis<br />
xarisxis~ 66 princips. es principi imaSi gamoixateba, rom qonebrivi obieqtis ekonomikuri<br />
Rirebulebis, misi Sefasebisa da realurad ganxorcielebis sakiTxze pasuxismgebeli<br />
sawarmos xelmZRvanelobiT-warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili piri<br />
— direqtori iqneba. direqtori Tavis saqmianobas axorcielebs `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis<br />
me-9 muxlis me-6 punqtisa da 56-e muxlis me-4 punqtis Sesabamisad. am normebis<br />
darRvevis SemTxvevaSi direqtori pasuxs agebs sazogadoebis winaSe. gamomdinare iqidan,<br />
rom Senatanis Setanis valdebulebis mimRebi da, Sesabamisad, moTxovnis kreditori<br />
Sesrulebaze sazogadoebaa, xolo sazogadoebis saxeliT direqtori moqmedebs,<br />
swored mas ekisreba movaleoba keTilsindisierad moekidos sazogadoebis saqmeebs da<br />
partniorebs daTqmuli Senatanebis ganxorcieleba mosTxovos. Senatanis Setanis valdebulebis<br />
Sesrulebis moTxovnis dros direqtoratma aucileblad unda daicvas `aqcionerTa<br />
Tanabari mopyrobis~ principi, 67 rac niSnavs, rom moTxovna yvela aqcioners<br />
unda waeyenos 68 da ara erT romelime partniors an aqcionerTa garkveul jgufs. wesdebaSi<br />
aseTi danawesis gaTvaliswinebam am Canaweris baTiloba unda gamoiwvios.<br />
rodesac saubaria sawarmos gamgeobis mxridan Senatanebis ganxorcielebis moTxovnaze,<br />
mxedvelobaSi miiReba, rogorc wesi, is garemoeba, rom Sesrulebis vada Tavad<br />
wesdebiT aris gansazRvruli. praqtikaSi Zalze iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac sazogadoebis<br />
dafuZnebis momentSi partniorebi ar Tanxmdebodnen Senatanis ganxorcielebis<br />
vadebze. swored amitom mewarmeTa kanonis me-3 muxlis me-7 punqti aseT SesaZleblobas<br />
partniorebs aniWebs. sawarmos partniorebi uflebamosilni arian, wesdebiT<br />
daadginon Sesrulebis konkretuli vada. am vadis gasvlis Semdeg ki gza partnioris<br />
sazogadoebidan garicxvisa xsnili iqneba. rodesac ss-Si sameTvalyureo sabWo<br />
moqmedebs, 69 maSin wesdebiT SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebuli iyos, rom Senatanis moTxovnis<br />
uflebamosileba direqtors sameTvalyureo sabWos TanxmobiT hqondes. 70<br />
mokled, vadamosuli Sesruleba sazogadoebis mxridan am Sesrulebis ganxorcielebis<br />
konkretuli vadis dadgenas da, rogorc wesi, sazogadoebis direqtoratis mier<br />
Sesrulebis moTxovnas efuZneba. amitomacaa naTqvami, rom vadis gasvla 71 avtomatu-<br />
64 Michalski-Ebbing, GmbHG, (2010), §21 Rn. 90.<br />
65 Koppensteiner/Rüffler, GmbHG, §10 Rn. 16.<br />
66 Interne Werthaltigkeitsprinzip.<br />
67 MünchKommAktG/Bayer, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §63 Rn. 29.<br />
68 Lutter in KK-AktG, 1988, §63 Rz. 13.<br />
69 es, ra Tqma unda, upirveles yovlisa, germanul saaqcio samarTals exeba.<br />
70 Lutter in KK-AktG, 1988, §63 Rz. 12; Gehrlein in Grosses KommAktG, §63 Rz. 22.<br />
71 am SemTxvevaSi qarTuli da germanuli sakorporacio samarTali erTian WrilSi rom<br />
ganxiluliyo, am winadadebas daemateboda sityvebi `damatebiTi vadis gasvla~.<br />
27
28<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
rad ar iwvevs sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxvas da wilis dakargvas. 72 magaliTad,<br />
Sps-is Sesaxeb germaniis kanoni pirdapir miuTiTebs, 73 rom sazogadoebidan partnioris<br />
garicxva moiTxovs garicxvis ganmartebis gamoxatul formas. 74 Tavad moTxovnis<br />
ganmarteba calmxrivi miRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlenaa. 75 amitom am formaSi werilobiTi<br />
forma igulisxmeba 76 da masze uflebamosili sawarmos direqtoria. 77 formis<br />
daucvelobam ki SesaZloa, garicxvis procedura xarvezianad warmoaCinos. 78 qar-<br />
Tuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT, umjobesia, rom garicxvis wesi partniorebma wesdebiT daadginon,<br />
raTa Semdgomi sirTuleebi Tavidan aicilon. Tumca am wesis wesdebaSi gauTvaliswinebloba<br />
ar niSnavs Tavad partnioris sazogadoebidan garicxvis SeuZleblobas.<br />
amis Taobaze sus-s ramdenime gadawyvetileba aqvs miRebuli. 79 marTalia, uaxlesi<br />
praqtika am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar arsebobs, magram mosamarTleTa azri erTiania<br />
imis Taobaze, 80 rom (1) sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba<br />
miRebuli unda iqnes partniorTa krebis (aqcionerTa saerTo krebis) mier, (2) miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetileba jer ar niSnavs partnioris amoSlas reestridan 81 da (3) partnioris<br />
garicxva unda moxdes ara udavo, aramed sadavo, anu sasarCelo warmoebis gziT.<br />
swored sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Semdeg partniori iuridiulad<br />
garicxulia sazogadoebidan. am mxriv mniSvnelovania is pozicia, romelic 2002 wlis<br />
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis komentarSi iyo ganviTarebuli. aRniSnuli mosazreba par-<br />
72 Michalski-Ebbing, GmbHG, 2010, §21 Rn. 88.<br />
73 GmbHG §21 Abs. 2 Satz 1.<br />
74 Baumbach/Hueck/Fastrich, GmbHG, Kommentar, §21 Rn. 10; Meyer-Landrut/Miller/Niehus, KommGmbHG<br />
§21 Rn. 8. vuTiTeb: Michalski-Ebbing, GmbHG, 2010, §21 Rn. 88.<br />
75 Lichtenwimmer in Ring/Grziwotz, GmbH-Recht, Praxiskomm., §21 Rn. 11.<br />
76 romelic adresatamde aucileblad unda mivides (anu igi unda Cabardes adresats), Sesabamisad,<br />
misi adresatisTvis gagzavna unda ganxorcieldes werilobiTi gzavnilis safuZvelze.<br />
Lichtenwimmer in Ring/Grziwotz, GmbH-Recht, Praxiskomm., §21 Rn. 11. gansxvavebuli situaciaa<br />
saaqcio samarTalSi, sadac moTxovnis ganmarteba specialur gamoqveynebas<br />
saWiroebs.<br />
77 MünchKommGmbHG/Schütz, §21 Rn. 49.<br />
78 amasTan dakavSirebiT SegiZliaT ixiloT qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtika (ix. senakis raionuli<br />
sasamarTlos 56/5/b-226 saqmis masalebi da amave sasamarTlos 2003 wlis 30 ivlisis<br />
gadawyvetileba 2/20-03. es gadawyvetileba ZalaSi datova aseve sus-mac.), romelic erTerT<br />
naSromSia ganxiluli da ganmartebuli. ix. burduli, qonebrivi urTierToba saaqcio<br />
sazogadoebaSi (gansakuTrebiT misi Camoyalibebis procesSi) qarTuli da avstriuli<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> magaliTze, 142-145. es mocemuloba yvelaze kargad Seesabameba zemoT aRweril<br />
viTarebas.<br />
79 amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. susg samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze 2001 w., gv.<br />
1402-1404; sus samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2001 wlis 2 noembris<br />
gadawyvetileba Sps `argos~ saqmeze 3/747-01; susg samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis<br />
saqmeebze 2001 w., gv. 44-50; sus 2002 wlis 21 maisis ganCineba Sps `asilTeminteris~ saqmeze<br />
3/530-02; susg samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze 2001 w. 3, gv. 248; susg<br />
samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze 2001 w. 31, gv. 49.<br />
80 am mxriv SegiZliaT ix. sus/IFC (gamomc.), `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis Taobaze mosamar-<br />
TleTa samuSao Sexvedris Sedegad miRebuli rekomendaciebi da masalebi, Tb., 2009, 33-35.<br />
81 mewarmeTa da arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis reestridan Sps-is SemTxvevaSi, xolo<br />
aqcionerTa reestridan ss-is SemTxvevaSi.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
tnioris garicxvis procedurasTan mimarTebiT 82 or garemoebas usvamda xazs: erTi,<br />
rodesac sakiTxi Seexeboda sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxvas Senatanis Seutanlobis<br />
motiviT. am SemTxvevaSi saWiro ar iyo sarCelis aRZvra sasamarTloSi. sakmarisi<br />
iyo gadawyvetilebis miReba partniorTa krebis mier partnioris garicxvis Taobaze.<br />
83 meore, roca sakiTxi exeboda partnioris garicxvas sazogadoebisTvis zianis miyenebis<br />
gamo, maSin saWiro iyo partniorTa krebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba da<br />
sazogadoebis saxeliT sarCelis aRZvra sasamarTloSi. 84 Tumca meore SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria,<br />
ra saWiroa damatebiT partniorTa krebis mier gadawyvetilebis miReba, an sakiTxavia,<br />
ris Sesaxeb unda miiRos krebam gadawyvetileba? Tu kreba gadawyvetilebas<br />
iRebs sazogadoebisTvis zianis miyenebis gamo partnioris garicxvis Taobaze, es azri<br />
safuZvels moklebulia, radgan im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vinmem 85 sazogadoebas ziani miayena,<br />
86 maSin sazogadoebis saxeliT direqtoria uflebamosili idavos amis Taobaze. es<br />
direqtoris zrunvis sferoSi eqceva da mis movaleobaSic Sedis. 87 Tu direqtori daarRvevs<br />
am valdebulebas, maSin partniorebs SeuZliaT, erTi mxriv, Tavad daicvan da<br />
warmoadginon sazogadoebis interesebi, xolo, meore mxriv, edavon direqtors sawarmos<br />
gaZRolis movaleobis darRvevaSi da mas zianis anazRaureba moTxovon. rogorc<br />
Cans, adre arsebuli qarTuli iuridiuli dogmatika ufro germanul models efuZneboda,<br />
sadac Senatanis Seutanlobis motiviT sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxva<br />
swored direqtoris kompetenciaSi, anu sawarmos Sida saqmianobis sferoSi Sedioda.<br />
amas adasturebs aseve qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtikac 88 , romlis mixedviTac, am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi 89 sazogadoeba Tavad miiRebda gadawyvetilebas partnioris garicxvis Taobaze,<br />
xolo sasamarTlo dadgenilebiT daadasturebda 90 amas da saTanado cvlilebas Seitanda<br />
samewarmeo reestrSi 91 .<br />
rogorc iTqva, vadis dadgena sazogadoebidan partnioris (aqcioneris) garicxvis<br />
procedurisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtia, radgan swored mas ukavSirdeba garicxvis<br />
iuridiuli Sedegic. vada wesdebiT unda dadgindes. Tumca sainteresoa kiTxva,<br />
ra moxdeba maSin, rodesac wesdebiT partniorebs aseTi vada ar ganusazRvravT? ras<br />
daemyareba maSin sazogadoeba? mewarmeTa kanonis me-3 muxlis me-7 punqti dispoziciuri<br />
82<br />
anu unda momxdariyo es udavo Tu sasarCelo warmoebis gziT.<br />
83<br />
Tumca am gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze sasamarTlos Sesabamisi dadgenileba gamohqonda<br />
da samewarmeo reestrSi cvlileba Sehqonda.<br />
84 Wanturia/niniZe, mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis komentari, 2002, 66-67.<br />
85<br />
ara aqvs mniSvneloba partniorma Tu gareSe pirma.<br />
86<br />
Senatanis Seutanloba SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos, rogorc sazogadoebisaTvis zianis miyeneba.<br />
87<br />
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-9 muxlis me-6 punqtidan (Sps-is SemTxvevaSi) da amave<br />
muxlisa da 56-e muxlis me-4 punqtidan gamomdinare.<br />
88<br />
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa CamonaTvali ix. Wanturia/niniZe, mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis<br />
komentari, 2002, 66-67 (me-20, 21-e, 22-e, 23-e sqolioebSi).<br />
89<br />
Sesatanis ganxorcielebis valdebulebis darRvevis dros.<br />
90<br />
samewarmeo reestrs adre xom sasamarTlo awarmoebda.<br />
91<br />
swored ase iqna gadawyvetili dava, romelic Sps `qsilotransis~ erT-erT partniors<br />
panaiotis xaZipapass Seexeboda. ix. senakis raionuli sasamarTlos 56/5/b-226 saqmis<br />
masalebi da amave sasamarTlos 2003 wlis 30 ivlisis gadawyvetileba 2/20-03.<br />
29
30<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
normaa da partniorebs aniWebs SesaZleblobas, vada wesdebiT daadginon. amitom SesaZloa<br />
aseTi vada partniorebis mier 92 saerTod ar iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. mokled, aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli iqneba wesdebaSi an sxva Tanabari Zalis mqone dokumentSi damatebis<br />
Setana da vadis gansazRvra. mxolod vadis dadgenis Semdeg unda warmoiSvas sazogadoebidan<br />
partnioris garicxvis samarTlebrivi safuZveli.<br />
g. damatebiTi vadis gasvla<br />
is, riTac germanuli samarTali radikalurad gansxvavdeba qarTuli sakorporacio<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong>agan, aris sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxvis procedurasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
damatebiTi vadis gansazRvris savaldebulooba. dRes moqmedi kanoni `mewarmeTa<br />
Sesaxeb~ saerTod aRarafers ambobs damatebiTi vadis daniSvnis Taobaze, gansxvavebiT<br />
kanonis 2005 wlamde arsebuli redaqciisgan 93 , sadac partnioris garicxvis<br />
formaluri winapirobisTvis damatebiTi vadis daniSvna iyo saWiro, romelic minimum<br />
erT Tves Seadgenda. 94 swored am vadis uSedegod gasvlis Semdeg sazogadoebas partnioris<br />
garicxvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba eZleoda. Tumca kanonis me-3<br />
muxlis me-7 punqti, romelic ukve am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT dispoziciuri regulirebis<br />
reJimiT gamoirCeva, uflebamosilebas aniWebs partniorebs, wesdebiT aseve gaiTvaliswinon<br />
damatebiTi vada. germanuli kanonmdebloba 95 zustad adgens damatebiT vadas<br />
96 da igi sazogadoebidan partnioris (aqcioneris) garicxvis formalur safuZvels<br />
(winapirobas) qmnis.<br />
damatebiTi vadis uSedegod gasvlis Semdeg gamgeobas (direqtorats) garicxvis<br />
ganmartebis Taobaze partniorTa krebis (aqcionerTa saerTo krebis) specialuri gadawyvetileba<br />
ar esaWiroeba. Tumca ss-isgan gansxvavebiT, Sps-is SemTxvevaSi partniorTa<br />
kreba 97 miTiTebebze uflebamosili organoa. 98 aq igulisxmeba partniorTa krebis<br />
mier direqtoratisTvis garkveuli miTiTebebis micemis uflebamosileba da Tu<br />
partniorTa krebam partnioris garicxvasTan dakavSirebiT raime specialuri gadawy-<br />
92 rac sawarmoTa praqtikaSi gamonaklis SemTxvevad unda iqnes ganxiluli.<br />
93 `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoni 1781 2005 w. 24 ivnisi.<br />
94 2005 wlis 24 ivnisis cvlilebiT (parlamentis kanoni 1781), `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonSi<br />
damatebiTi erTTviani vada amoRebul iqna. swored am droidan partnioris garicxvis procedurasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT norma (me-3.5 muxli, xolo Semdeg 2007 wlis 30 martis cvlilebiT<br />
(parlamentis kanoni 4581) me-3.4 muxli) dispoziciur xasiaTs iRebs. masSi aRniSnulia,<br />
rom partniorebi wesdebiT an sxva werilobiTi formiT Tanxmdebian Senatanis Sesrulebis<br />
vadebze. am vadis uSedegod gasvlis SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis partniorebi uflebamosilni<br />
xdebian dauweson partniors damatebiTi vada. es imas niSnavs, rom damatebiTi<br />
vadis upirobod dadgenis (dawesebis) valdebuleba aRar arsebobs da sazogadoebas am<br />
mxriv moqmedebis Tavisufleba eZleva.<br />
95 am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba rogorc Sps-is kanoni, ise saaqcio kanoni.<br />
96 Sps-is SemTxvevaSi erTi Tve (GmbHG §21 Abs. 1 Satz 3), ss-is SemTxvevaSi sami Tve (AktG §64 Abs. 2).<br />
97 Gesellschafterversammlung.<br />
98 Michalski-Ebbing, GmbHG, 2010, §21 Rn. 91.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
vetileba miiRo, maSin igi direqtorisaTvis yuradsaRebi iqneba. 99 germanul saaqcio<br />
sazogadoebis samarTalSi, gamgeoba sazogadoebas sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi<br />
marTavs. 100 amitom aqcionerTa saerTo kreba ver miscems miTiTebebs gamgeobas<br />
partnioris garicxvasTan dakavSirebiT. aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi igi gamgeobis-<br />
Tvis Sesasrulebeli gadawyvetileba ar iqneba. direqtori Senatanebis Setanis moTxovnis<br />
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas damoukideblad iRebs. 101 marTalia, aqcionerTa saerTo<br />
krebam SeiZleba miiRos gadawyvetileba garicxvis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, magram<br />
igi gamgeobis moqmedebasTan mimarTebiT iuridiuli Zalis mqone ar iqneba. 102 ss-is wesdebamac<br />
SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinos normebi garicxvasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca maTi<br />
Sesruleba gamgeobis ara movaleoba, aramed (misaRebi gadawyvetilebis mizanSewonilobidan<br />
gamomdinare) uflebamosileba iqneba. 103<br />
partnioris garicxva sazogadoebidan am SemTxvevaSi xdeba mis mier Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis,<br />
anu gadauxdelobis gamo. swored daTqmul vadaSi (damatebiT vadaSi)<br />
gadauxdeloba afuZnebs misi garicxvis iuridiul winapirobas. normasac, germanuli<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT, gamafrTxilebeli funqcia aqvs da valdebulebis jerovnad<br />
Sesrulebis `iZulebas~ emsaxureba. amasTan, mniSvnelovania, Tuki gasaricxi partniori<br />
gadaixdis Tanxas (srulad Seasrulebs valdebulebas) damatebiTi vadis gasvlamde,<br />
magram sazogadoebis mxridan aseTi garicxvis ganmartebis gakeTebamde, misi<br />
garicxva sawarmodan SeuZlebeli gaxdeba. 104 mokled, rogorc Cans, partnioris garicxvis<br />
proceduris dacvis dros metad mniSvnelovania swored sazogadoebis mier<br />
partniorisaTvis Sesrulebis moTxovna da damatebiTi vadis 105 gasvla. amitomacaa `mewarmeTa<br />
Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-3 muxlis me-7 punqtSi naTqvami, rom Setanis ganxorcielebis<br />
wesisa da vadis dadgena partniorTa prerogativaSi Sedis. magram unda iyvnen Tu<br />
ara qarTuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT partniorebi (aqcionerebi) uflebamosilni, sazogadoebis<br />
saxeliT mosTxovon `urC~ partniors Senatanis ganxorcieleba, saeWvoa. qar-<br />
Tuli sakanonmdeblo realobis germanulTan Sedarebisas aRmoCndeba, rom me-3 muxlis<br />
me-7 punqtSi imperatiulad gansazRvruli ar aris vadis uSedegod gasvlis Semdeg<br />
partniorTa mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis arasavaldebulooba. aRniSnuli normis<br />
mocemuloba, erTgvarad, iZleva saSualebas, partnioris garicxvis formalur winapirobad<br />
direqtoris mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba miiCneodes. es argumentacia gansakuTrebiT<br />
kargad Seesabameba `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 2008 wlis 14 martidan 2009<br />
wlis 3 noembramde arsebul mdgomareobas. kanonis moqmedebis am SualedSi partniorTa<br />
wilobrivi monawileobis sakiTxi Sidaorganizaciulad wesrigdeboda. saWiro ar iyo<br />
aseTi cvlilebis registracia samewarmeo reestrSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi me-3 muxlis me-7<br />
99 e.w. Weisungsrecht.<br />
100 AktG §76 Abs. 1.<br />
101 MünchKommAktG/Bayer, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §63 Rn. 25.<br />
102 Lutter in KK-AktG, 1988, §63 Rz. 12.<br />
103 Lutter in KK-AktG, 1988, §63 Rz. 12; Sps-s SedarebiT aseve ix.: MünchKommAktG/Bayer, Band 1, 3.<br />
Auf., 2008, §63 Rn. 38.<br />
104 Michalski-Ebbing, GmbHG, (2010), §21 Rn. 88.<br />
105 germanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT.<br />
31
32<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
punqtis bolo winadadeba naTlad iZleoda imis ganmartebis SesaZleblobas, rom im partnioris<br />
sazogadoebidan garicxva, romelmac daarRvia Sesatanis Setanis valdebuleba,<br />
direqtoris diskreciaSi Sedioda. 106 dRes moqmedi kanonmdebloba am sakiTxs uSualod<br />
ganmartebisa da iuridiuli argumentaciis sferoSi aqcevs. is, Tu romelma organom unda<br />
miiRos gadawyvetileba partnioris sazogadoebidan garicxvis Sesaxeb, kanonSi zustad<br />
mocemuli ar aris. Tumca SesaZlebelia, aseve, Camoyalibdes mosazreba, rom es gadawyvetileba<br />
SeiZleba rogorc partniorTa krebam, ise direqtoratma miiRos. 107 Semdeg,<br />
iseve, rogorc amas qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtika wyvets, direqtori mimarTavda<br />
sasamarTlos da sasarCelo warmoebis gziT moxdeboda misi (partnioris) sazogadoebidan<br />
garicxva. 108 Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia nacionaluri kanonis konkretuli `martivi~<br />
Canaweri am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. 109 amitom sazogadoebis (dominanti) partnioris<br />
mxridan am (garicxvis) uflebis borotad gamoyenebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, qar-<br />
Tulma sasamarTlo praqtikam marTebuli arCevani gaakeTa. es kidev erTxel warmoaCens<br />
germanul iuridiul literaturaSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime poziciis arsebobas.<br />
aq mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoeba, SeuZlia Tu ara ss-is wesdebas gaiTvaliswinos<br />
iseTi danawesi, romelic aqcioneris sazogadoebidan garicxvis proceduris<br />
warmoebas ara mxolod gamgeobis, aramed aqcionerTa saerTo krebis diskreciaSic moaqcevda.<br />
igulisxmeba, namdvili iqneba Tu ara wesdebaSi Canaweri, romelic gamgeobas garicxvis<br />
proceduris warmoebas saerTo krebis Tanxmobas daukavSirebda. zogadi mosazrebis<br />
Tanaxmad, gamgeoba am qmedebaze SeuzRudavad aris uflebamosili, Tuki ss-is wesdeba<br />
sxva rames ar iTvaliswinebs. 110 Tumca germaniaSi davoben imaze, SeuZlia Tu ara Tavad<br />
wesdebas sxva ramis gaTvaliswineba (magaliTad, rogorc zemoT iTqva, saerTo krebis<br />
Tanxmoba). dRes gabatonebuli Sexedulebis Sesabamisad, zemoaRniSnuli mosazreba<br />
106 gasaTvaliswinebelia kanonis konkretuli normis sityvasityviTi mniSvneloba: `vadis<br />
uSedegod gasvlis SemTxvevaSi partniori, romelmac ar ganaxorciela gadaxda, kargavs<br />
wils da nawilobriv Sesrulebul valdebulebaTa Sedegebsac~. ra Tqma unda, sazogadoebis<br />
wesdebiT sxva ram dadgenili ar unda iyos, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, me-3 muxlis<br />
me-7 punqtis bolo winadadebis bolo sityvebidan gamomdinare, argumentacia araswori<br />
iqneboda.<br />
107 misaRebi gadawyvetilebis siswrafidan da efeqturobidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonili<br />
iqneboda es sakiTxi swored ase gadawyvetiliyo.<br />
108 es sakiTxi, principSi, SesaZloa ise gadawyvetiliyo, rom sazogadoebidan partnioris<br />
garicxva direqtoris prerogativa iqneboda. direqtori miRebul gadawyvetilebas waradgenda<br />
sajaro reestrSi. es ukanaskneli ki Tavisi CanaweriT moaxdenda cvlilebis registracias<br />
ise, rom mis (am cvlilebis, anu partnioris garicxvis) materialur-samar-<br />
Tlebriv safuZvlebs ar Seamowmebda (amis Semowmeba mizanSewonilia sasamarTlo kontrolis<br />
meSveobiT ganxorcieldes). is aqti, romliTac piri amoiSleboda reestridan rogorc<br />
partniori, administraciuli aqti iqneboda, romlis gasaCivrebac pirs (garicxul<br />
partniors) kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil vadebSi da wesis dacvisas uzrunvelyofili eqneboda.<br />
109 germanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong>agan gansxvavebiT, rogorc iTqva, qarTuli samarTali am sakiTxis<br />
mowesrigebis Tavisufali dispoziciuri reJimiT gamoirCeva.<br />
110 ix.: MünchKommAktG/Bayer, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §64 Rn. 27.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
uaryofilia. Tumca arsebobs pozicia 111 , romelsac aseve emxrobian Tanamedrove komentatorul<br />
literaturaSi 112 , rom ss-is wesdebaSi aseTi Canaweris gaTvaliswineba ar ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
normis 113 mizans da igi savsebiT dasaSvebia. 114<br />
axla sainteresoa sakiTxi, qarTuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT partniors unda mieces<br />
Tu ara damatebiTi vada valdebulebis Sesasruleblad im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki wesdebiT<br />
Sesatanis Setanis konkretuli (kalendaruli) vadaa dadgenili. am sakiTxis asaxsnelad<br />
magaliTi iqneba moyvanili. am magaliTis germanul iuridiul dogmatikasTan Sedarebis<br />
safuZvelze ki sakiTxis `qarTuli~ gadawyvetis gza iqneba SemoTavazebuli.<br />
magaliTad, ss `interkontinentali~ 2010 wlis 12 ivliss dafuZnda. amave wlis 14<br />
ivliss igi registraciaSi gatarda da iuridiuli piris statusi SeiZina. 12 ivlisis<br />
wesdebaSi aRiniSna TiToeuli partnioris wilis (aqciis) odenoba, anu Senatanis sidide,<br />
ganxorcielebis wesi, pirobebi da vada. aRniSnuli wesdebis mixedviT, uklebliv<br />
yvela partniorma ikisra valdebuleba sawarmos registraciis Semdeg araugvianes er-<br />
Ti Tvisa, srulyofilad Seetana Senatani. gamodis, rom Senatanis Setanis valdebulebis<br />
Sesrulebis vada 2010 wlis 14 agvistoa. am vadis gasvlis Semdeg partniori dakargavs<br />
wils (gairicxeba sazogadoebidan). sazogadoebis wesdebiT, sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
mokled, vada gava ise, rom erT-erTi partniori daarRvevs valdebulebas<br />
da Senatans ar ganaxorcielebs. me-3 muxlis me-7 punqtis Canaweridan gamomdinare,<br />
partniorTa kreba, vadamosuli Sesrulebis gasvlis Semdeg, miiRebs gadawyvetilebas<br />
partnioris sazogadoebidan garicxvis Sesaxeb. partniori ar eTanxmeba miRebul<br />
gadawyvetilebas im motiviT, rom misTvis, ssk-is 405-e muxlis Tanaxmad, dawesebuli<br />
unda yofiliyo damatebiTi vada (gafrTxilebis vada) valdebulebis Sesasruleblad.<br />
rogor gadawydeba sakiTxi?<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, am sakiTxis ufro TvalsaCinoebisTvis germanuli komentatoruli<br />
literaturidan iqneba moxmobili azri, romlis Tanaxmad, Tuki konkretuli<br />
gadaxdis terminebi, anu vadebi kalendarulad da zustad aris dadgenili, 115 maSin direqtoris<br />
mier damatebiTi vadis gansazRvra da, ufro metic, amis Taobaze ganmartebis gake-<br />
Teba saWiro aRar aris. 116 amitomacaa aRniSnuli, rom darCenili Sesatanis Sesrulebis<br />
valdebulebis vada mosulia im dros, ra droc es Sesasruleblad wesdebam daadgina. Sesabamisad,<br />
(darCenili) Senatanis ganxorcielebis valdebuleba im momentidan Sedis Zala-<br />
111 am pozicias ufro Zveli drois iuristebi warmoadgenen: markus luTeri (germaniis 1967<br />
wlis saaqcio kanonis erT-erTi Semoqmedi), gerlaini, brodmani da sxvani.<br />
112 ienis universitetis profesori baieri, aseve uve huferi.<br />
113 upirveles yovlisa, saubroben saaqcio kanonis 23-e paragrafis me-5 abzacze.<br />
114 vrclad amis Taobaze SegiZliaT ix.: MünchKommAktG/Bayer, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §64 Rn. 29 f.<br />
avstriaSi, avstriis ss-is Sesaxeb federaluri kanonis 103-e paragrafis me-3 abzacidan<br />
gamomdinare, es udavod aRiarebuli mosazrebaa. ix.: MünchKommAktG/Csoklich, Band 1, 3. Auf.,<br />
2008, §64 Rn. 99.<br />
115 ar aqvs mniSvneloba sazogadoebis wesdebiT Tu misi Zalis mqone raime sxva werilobiTi<br />
dokumentiT. Tumca praqtikaSi amas, ZiriTadad, swored wesdeba adgens. Bartels in Bork/<br />
Schäfer, Komm zum GmbHG, 2010, §19 Rn. 3.<br />
116 Scholz-Winter/Westermann, GmbHG, 2006, §20 Rn. 14.<br />
33
34<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
Si, ra droc sazogadoebis wesdebiT aris dadgenili. 117 amasTan, magaliTad, germanuli<br />
Sps-is <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT, warmoiSoba cinzebis (procentebis) gadaxdis valdebulebac<br />
Tanaxmad Sps-is Sesaxeb kanonis me-20 paragrafisa. amitom partniorTa an direqtoratis<br />
mxridan gansakuTrebuli, ufro sworad, specialuri moTxovnis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis<br />
miReba saWiro aRar aris. 118 amave dros niSandoblivia is garemoeba, rom aseTi vadebi, ganxorcielebis<br />
wesi, adgili (magaliTad, partnioris mier Tanxis dadebis valdebuleba sazogadoebis<br />
pirad angariSze, romelic konkretulad aris miTiTebuli) da a.S. (yoveli<br />
konkretuli informacia) aucileblad mocemuli unda iyos wesdebaSi. 119 mxolod aseTi<br />
advilad identificirebadi da gasagebi da (Sesasruleblad) martivi informaciis arsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi aRar aris saWiro partniorTa gadawyvetilebis miReba. Tumca im Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, rodesac es monacemebi wesdebiT dadgenili ar aris, rogorc wesi (gabatonebuli<br />
mosazrebis Tanaxmad 120 ), saWiro xdeba partniorTa gadawyvetilebis miReba. 121 partniorTa<br />
gadawyvetileba Senatanebis ganxorcielebis moTxovnis Sesaxeb miRebuli iqneba<br />
krebis uflebamosilebis 122 farglebSi. 123 magram Tu wesdebam gaiTvaliswina, rom, Sidaorganizaciuli<br />
urTierTobidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa, moxdes am uflebamosilebis delegireba<br />
sameTvalyureo sabWoze 124 (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) an es diskrecia gadaeces<br />
mmarTvelTa sabWos Tavmjdomares, erT-erT partniors an direqtors, maSin aseTi danawesis<br />
arseboba kanonTan srul SesabamosiobaSi iqneba, xolo partniorTa krebis specialuri<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba saWiro aRar gaxdeba. 125 am mxriv sazogadoebis xelSekrulebisa<br />
da masSi arsebuli Sidapartnioruli SeTanxmebebis mniSvneloba didia. amitomacaa,<br />
rom germanul samarTalSic ki Sps-is Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba sawesdebo avtonomiis farglebis<br />
ufro met Tavisuflebas amkvidrebs, vidre saaqcio kanonmdebloba. saaqcio sa-<br />
117 amas germanul samarTalSi `dadgenil gadaxdis vadas~ uwodeben (fester Zahlungstermin).<br />
Hueck/ Fastrich in Baumbach/Hueck, KommGmbHG, §19 Rdnr. 6.<br />
118 es aris gabatonebuli iuridiuli mosazreba rogorc sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, ise literaturaSi.<br />
BGH = ZIP 1991, S. 724-725; OLG Zweibrücken = GmbHR 1996, S. 122; Müller in Ulmer, §20<br />
Rn. 35; Roth in Roth/Altmeppen, §20 Rn. 4. vuTiTeb: Scholz-Winter/Westermann, GmbHG, 2006, §19 Rn. 9.<br />
119 Scholz-Winter/Westermann, GmbHG, 2006, §20 Rn. 14.<br />
120 Bayer in Lutter/Hommelhoff, GmbHG, 2009, §19 Rn. 9.<br />
121 Bartels in Bork/Schäfer, Komm. zum GmbHG, 2010, §20 Rn. 3.<br />
122 es uflebamosileba pirdapir gamomdinareobs Sps-is Sesaxeb kanonis 46-e paragrafidan,<br />
sadac partniorTa krebis `davalebaTa sferoa~ gansazRvruli: uflebamosilebaTa CamonaTvalis<br />
me-2 nomeri swored `die Einforderung der Einlagen~-s, anu Senatanebis moTxovnis uflebamosilebas<br />
eTmoba. niSandoblivia, rom saaqcio kanonis 119-e paragrafi ar Seicavs aqcionerTa<br />
saerTo krebis amgvar uflebamosilebas, riTic aRniSnuli kanonis sityvasityviTi<br />
Canaweri sps-is Sesaxeb kanonisagan gansxvavdeba. amitom saaqcio samarTalSi<br />
damkvidrebulia azri, rom `Senatanebis moTxovnis uflebamosileba mxolod gamgeobis<br />
prerogativaa~. Lutter in KK-AktG, 1988, §63 Rz. 12. aRniSnuli saaqcio kanonis 63-e paragrafis<br />
pirveli abzacis pirveli winadadebidan gamomdinareobs. MünchKommAktG/Bayer, Band 1, 3.<br />
Auf., 2008, §63 Rn. 25.<br />
123 Bayer in Lutter/Hommelhoff, GmbHG, 2009, §19 Rn. 9.<br />
124 Bayer in Lutter/Hommelhoff, GmbHG, 2009, §19 Rn. 10.<br />
125 Tumca direqtoris mxridan moTxovnis wayeneba savaldebulod rCeba. Scholz-Winter/<br />
Westermann, GmbHG, 2006, §20 Rn. 13.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
marTali krZalavs am uflebamosilebis gadacemas sxva romelime organosaTvis, Tumca<br />
erTaderT 126 gamonakliss, romelsac igi iTvaliswinebs, aris is, rom wesdebiT SesaZloa<br />
dadgindes sameTvalyureo sabWos Tanxmoba Senatanebis moTxovnis dros. 127 esec mxolod<br />
sazogadoebis Sida sferos Seexeba da mas gavlena garesamarTlebriv urTierTobaze ver<br />
eqneba. mniSvnelovania, rom aseTi Tanxmobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi aqcionerebs 128 mainc<br />
aqvT ufleba gamgeobis moTxovnis Sesabamisad Seasrulon valdebuleba, riTac Senatani<br />
ganxorcielebulad, xolo Sesruleba miRebulad CaiTvleba. Tumca, amasTanave, Tanxmobis<br />
ararseboba aZlevs maT uflebas, daeyrdnon Tanxmobis gaucemlobas, sacilod gaxadon<br />
direqtoris mier wayenebuli moTxovnis safuZvlianoba da daayovnon valdebulebis<br />
Sesruleba. 129 miuxedavad imisa, rom wesdebam, partnioris garicxvasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
garkveuli saxis danawesebi SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinos, sazogadoebis xelSekrulebiT, rogorc<br />
wesi, gadauxdelobis motiviT sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxvis warmoeba ar<br />
SeiZleba gamoricxos. 130 aseve ar SeiZleba gasaricxi partniorisTvis, sxvebTan SedarebiT,<br />
ufro `rbili~, lmobieri normebis dadgena. 131 es gasagebicaa: germanuli samarTali<br />
gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas kapitalis realuri Setanis princips aniWebs. amitom yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani swored am principis dacva xdeba.<br />
rogorc iTqva, damatebiTi vadis daweseba aqcioneris ss-idan garicxvis iuridiul<br />
safuZvels Seadgens. am vadis gasvlis Semdeg, rogorc araerTgzis iTqva, piri kargavs<br />
partnioris statuss sazogadoebaSi. garicxvas aqvs sanivTo moqmedebis xasiaTi<br />
da mas dasrulebis Semdeg ukuZala ar SeiZleba mieces. 132 amasTan, mxedvelobaSi unda<br />
iqnes miRebuli is faqti, rom Senatanebis Seutanlobis motiviT sazogadoebidan partnioris<br />
garicxva korporaciis ara valdebuleba, aramed uflebaa. 133 gamomdinare iqidan,<br />
rom sazogadoebidan aqcioneris garicxvis proceduris dawyeba gamgeobis mizan-<br />
Sewonilobis gadawyvetis farglebSi Sedis, 134 es TavisTavad gasagebia: gamgeobam unda<br />
Seafasos misaRebi gadawyvetilebis siswore, drouloba da mizanSewoniloba. garicxvis<br />
materialur-samarTlebrivi winapirobis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania,<br />
damatebiTi vadis daniSvna uSualo da mWidro kavSirSi iyos partnioris sazogadoebidan<br />
SesaZlo garicxvis gancxadebasTan. 135 damatebiTi vadis daniSvnis Sedegic swored<br />
is aris, rom partniorma gadaixados Tanxa, xolo gadauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi icodes,<br />
rom SesaZloa igi sawarmodan gairicxos. garicxvis formalur winapirobebTan mimar-<br />
126 saaqcio samarTalSi Tanamedrove principebis damkvidrebidan gamomdinare.<br />
127 Westermann in Bürgers/Körber, AktG, §63 Rn. 4.<br />
128 gamgeobis SeuzRudavi warmomadgenlobiTi funqciidan gamomdinare (AktG §82).<br />
129 MünchKommAktG/Bayer, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §63 Rn. 26.<br />
130 Koppensteiner/Rüfller, GmbHG, 2007, §66 Rn. 7; aseve germaniaSi gabatonebuli samarTlebrivi<br />
Sexedulebis Tanaxmad: BGH = WM 2002, 555; Bayer/Pilka WuB II A. §64 AktG 1.02; Hüffer, AktG, §64 Rn.<br />
1; Wiesner in MünchHdB AG §16 Rn. 13. miTiTebulia: MünchKommAktG/Bayer, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §64<br />
Rn. 6.<br />
131 Ullmer/Müller, GmbHG, §21 Rn. 4. vuTiTeb: Koppensteiner/Rüfller, GmbHG, 2007, §66 Rn. 7.<br />
132 Frederik Karsten, GmbH-Recht, Verlag Nomos, Baden-Baden 2009, 224.<br />
133 MünchKommAktG/Bayer, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §64 Rn. 31; Hüffer, AktG, 2010, §64 Rn. 2.<br />
134 Westermann in Bürgers/Körber, AktG, §64 Rn. 5.<br />
135 Michalski-Ebbing, GmbHG, 2010, §21 Rn. 73.<br />
35
36<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
TebiT mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom damatebiTi vadis daniSvna, partnioris sazogadoebidan<br />
SesaZlo garicxvis sakiTxis dayenebasTan erTad, aucileblad Tavdapirveli<br />
vadis gasvlas unda mosdevdes. 136 Tavad garicxvis procesi savaldebulod Sesasrulebel<br />
winapirobebzea dafuZnebuli. pirveli aseTi winapiroba ki swored Tavdapirveli<br />
vadis amowurvaa. amitom am vadis gasvlamde (paralelur reJimSi) damatebiTi<br />
vadis daniSvna kanonis darRvevaa da garicxvis procesis baTilobas ganapirobebs. 137<br />
qarTuli iuridiuli Sexedulebisagan gansxvavebiT, germanuli samarTali sazogadoebidan<br />
partnioris garicxvis dasrulebis moments gamgeobis mxridan garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
ganmartebis gakeTebas ukavSirebs. aqcioneris garicxva ZalaSi mas Semdeg Sedis, rac<br />
amis Taobaze gakeTebuli iqneba ganmarteba da igi saTanado wesiT gamoqveyndeba. 138 Sesabamisad,<br />
garicxva iuridiulad ZalaSi Sedis gamoqveynebis momentidan. aqcioneri,<br />
romelic gairicxa sazogadoebidan, kargavs mis aqcias, Sesabamisad, igi kargavs wevrobis<br />
uflebas aRniSnul ss-Si. amasTanave, aqcioneri kargavs yvelafers, rac man sazogadoebas<br />
gadasca. aq igulisxmeba mis mier nawilobriv Sesrulebuli Senatani. aqcioneris<br />
mier Senatanis ganxorcieleba pirdapir ukavSirdeba ss-Si misi wevrobis statusis<br />
mopovebasa da SezRudul pasuxismgeblobas. amitom literaturaSi miiCneva, rom garicxvis<br />
Semdeg aseTi partniori kargavs wils da mis mier (nawilobriv) ganxorcielebul<br />
Senatansac, radgan es ukanaskneli swored wevrobis SeZenis samarTlebriv safuZvelzea<br />
damyarebuli. 139 aqedan gamomdinare, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis normebis gamoyeneba<br />
dauSvebeli unda iyos.<br />
sazogadoebas nebismier dros aqvs ufleba Sewyvitos garicxvis procedura da aqcioners<br />
korporaciaSi wevrad darCenis SesaZlebloba misces. 140 Sesabamisad, ar arsebobs<br />
rogorc garicxvis proceduris dawyebis valdebuleba, ise dawyebuli proceduris<br />
bolomde miyvanis valdebuleba. yvelaferi es mTlianobaSi sazogadoebis interesis<br />
sferoSi eqceva da misaRebi gadawyvetilebac mxolod am interesidan unda momdinareobdes.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki dawyebuli procedura Sewydeba, misi Tavidan gagrZeleba<br />
aRar SeiZleba, 141 anu am SemTxvevaSi garicxvis mTliani procedura Tavidan unda<br />
daiwyos. 142 proceduris gagrZelebis SesaZleblobas saaqcio samarTali ar uSvebs.<br />
Tumca gasaricxi aqcioneris mxridan garicxvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis iuridiul<br />
ZalaSi Sesvlamde, anu saTanadod gamoqveynebis momentamde, rogorc zemoT iTqva,<br />
valdebulebis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi partniori inarCunebs wevris statuss sazogadoebaSi,<br />
radganac iTvleba, rom igi Setanaze valdebuli piri aRar aris (valdebuleba<br />
Sesrulebulia) da, aqedan gamomdinare, sazogadoebas mis mimarT moTxovnis ufleba<br />
136 Lutter in KK-AktG, 1988, §64 Rz. 16.<br />
137 Lutter in KK-AktG, 1988, §64 Rz. 16.<br />
138 Cahn in Spindler/Stilz, AktG, 2007, §64 Rn. 33.<br />
139 MünchKommAktG/Bayer, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §64 Rn. 59; §65 Rn. 92.<br />
140 MünchKommAktG/Bayer, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §64 Rn. 32.<br />
141 MünchKommAktG/Bayer, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §64 Rn. 33.<br />
142 Bayer in Lutter/Hommelhoff, GmbHG, 2009, §21 Rn. 6; MünchKommAktG/Bayer, Band 1, 2008, §64 Rn. 33.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
aRar aqvs. 143 magram proceduris dasrulebis Semdeg aqcioneri garicxulia da valdebulebis<br />
Semdgomi Sesruleba, Tundac amis mimarT sazogadoebis mxridan didi interesi<br />
arsebobdes, ukve SeuZlebeli iqneba. 144 am SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi, risi saSualebac<br />
pirs aqvs, aris is, rom man Tavidan miiRos monawileoba ss-is wevrobis mopovebis procesSi<br />
145 da Sesabamisi raodenobis aqciebi SeiZinos.<br />
rogorc germanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mimoxilvidan Cans, igi sazogadoebidan partnioris<br />
garicxvas gansakuTrebul RonisZiebad miiCnevs. mTeli am proceduris ZiriTadi<br />
mizani, rogorc zemoT iTqva, isaa, rom moxdes zemoqmedeba partniorze da man nakisri<br />
valdebuleba Seasrulos. amitom am mxriv damatebiTi vadis daniSvnis sakiTxs udidesi<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonSi ganxorcielebuli cvlileba, romelzedac<br />
zemoT aRiniSna, am sakiTxis gadawyvetis sxva SesaZleblobas amkvidrebs. am<br />
mxriv mniSvnelovania yuradReba gamaxvildes istoriuli ganmartebis meTodze, radgan<br />
kanonis dRevandeli Canaweri partnioris garicxvis procedurasTan mimarTebiT<br />
gansxvavebul midgomas aviTarebs. es ki metad mniSvnelovania imis asaxsnelad, Tu ra<br />
motivi edo safuZvlad kanonmdeblis mier savaldebulo damatebiTi vadis gauqmebas.<br />
rodesac partnioris garicxvasa da damatebiTi vadis daniSvnazea saubari, germanul<br />
samarTalSi yuradReba erT mniSvnelovan garemoebaze maxvildeba: damatebiTi vada sakorporacio<br />
kanonmdeblobiT aris dadgenili da mas Sexeba samoqalaqo samarTalTan,<br />
rogorc wesi, ar aqvs. mxedvelobaSia xelSekrulebis Sewyvetis gamo damatebiTi vadis<br />
daniSvna. am SemTxvevaSi Sps-is Sesaxeb kanoni da saaqcio kanoni am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT<br />
specialuri mowesrigebiT gamoirCeva da specialuri normebiT specialur vadas<br />
adgens. amitom samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul vadas es sakiTxi ar exeba. qar-<br />
Tul samarTalSi situacia gansxvavebulia. amitomac, am mxriv, marTlac aucilebelia<br />
patara istoriuli eqskursis gakeTeba, Tu rogor iyo daregulirebuli es sakiTxi mewarmeTa<br />
kanoniT. Tavdapirvelad, iseve rogorc es germanul kanonmdeblobaSia, 146<br />
zustad da imperatiulad iyo gansazRvruli, rom sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxvisaTvis,<br />
formaluri TvalsazrisiT, aucilebeli iyo: (1) wesdebiT gansazRvruli<br />
valdebulebis Sesrulebis (ZiriTadi) vadis gasvla, (2) damatebiTi vadis dadgena.<br />
SesaZloa damatebiTi vada ukve dadgenili yofiliyo wesdebiT. am SemTxvevaSi sakmarisi<br />
iyo partniorTa krebis mier gadawyvetilebis miReba. Tu aseTi damatebiTi vada im-<br />
TaviTve ar iqneboda gansazRvruli wesdebiT, maSin sazogadoeba valdebuli iyo daedgina<br />
es vada. damatebiTi vada ar unda yofiliyo erT Tveze naklebi. damatebiTi vadis<br />
miTiTebasTan erTad sazogadoeba ganumartavda mis partniors, rom am vadaSi valde-<br />
143<br />
aqve xazgasasmelia is garemoeba, rom valdebulebis `nawilis nawilis~ Sesrulebis, anu<br />
garicxvis proceduris dasrulebamde partnioris (aqcioneris) mier darCenili Senatanis<br />
mxolod nawilis gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi, igi, bunebrivia, ar gaTavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisagan.<br />
amitom daTqmul vadaSi man aucileblad mTlianad unda Seasrulos valdebuleba,<br />
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas garicxva mainc ar ascdeba.<br />
144<br />
Lutter in KK-AktG, (1988), §64 Rz. 36.<br />
145<br />
Cahn in Spindler/Stilz, AktG, 2007, §64 Rn. 30.<br />
146<br />
da es gasakviri sulac ar aris, radgan qarTuli sakorporacio samarTali swored germanul<br />
models efuZneboda da misi recefciis Sedegad Seqmnil institutad ganixileba.<br />
37
38<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
bulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, igi gairicxeboda 147 sazogadoebidan, Sesabamisad,<br />
dakargavda wils. mokled, am sakiTxs `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoni specialurad<br />
awesrigebda, ganamtkicebda ra specialur normas, romelic valdebulebis Sesrulebis<br />
damatebiT vadas iTvaliswinebda. Sesabamisad, am damatebiTi vadis gasvlis Semdeg<br />
eWvi aravis epareboda, rom ssk-is 405-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli damatebiTi vadis<br />
daniSvna ukve saWiro aRar iyo. ufro metic, am sakiTxis (garicxvis) regulirebisTvis<br />
saerTod ar unda gamoyenebuliyo aRniSnuli muxli. 2005 wels gatarebuli reformis<br />
Sedegad kanonis me-3 muxlis me-7 punqtma 148 arsebiTi cvlileba ganicada. Semdgom,<br />
2008 wlis 14 martis kanoniT, saerTod gauqmda damatebiTi vadis daniSvnis valdebuleba<br />
da norma Semdegnairad Camoyalibda: `partniorebs SeuZliaT wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebul<br />
SemTxvevaSi gansazRvron TiToeuli partnioris Senatanis Setanis wesi da vada.<br />
vadis uSedegod gasvlis SemTxvevaSi partniori, romelmac ar ganaxorciela gadaxda,<br />
kargavs wils da nawilobriv Sesrulebul valdebulebaTa Sedegebsac, Tu wesdebiT<br />
sxva ram ar aris dadgenili~. mokled, kanonis teqsti pirdapir miuTiTebs ramdenime<br />
garemoebaze: (1) partniorebi wesdebiT gansazRvraven daTqmuli Senatanebis<br />
ganxorcielebis wess (amaSi igulisxmeba, Tu rogor unda ganxorcieldes materialuri<br />
Tu aramaterialuri qonebrivi Senatanebi, momsaxurebis gaweva an samuSaos Sesruleba.<br />
amasTan, vin unda Seafasos Setanaunariani sagnebi, vin gaiRebs amisaTvis saTanado<br />
xarjebs da a.S.); (2) wesdebiT partniorebi Tanxmdebian yvelaze mniSvnelovan detalze:<br />
aRniSnuli Senatanis ganxorcielebis vadaze. am ukanasknelSi igulisxmeba konkretuli<br />
vada, romelSic partniorma nakisri valdebuleba unda Seasrulos; 3. Tuki<br />
aseTi vada gansazRvruli da dadgenili iqneba sazogadoebis wesdebiT da igi uSedegod<br />
gava, maSin partniori, romelmac gauSva es vada, kargavs wils, e.i. iricxeba sazogadoebidan.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxva ar Sedis<br />
sazogadoebis valdebulebaSi da es, misi (sawarmos) interesidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilobis<br />
sakiTxia. amitomac miuTiTebs kanoni: `partniorebs SeuZliaT wesdebiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebul..~. 149 Sesabamisad, wesdebam SeiZleba daadginos, rom miuxedavad vadis<br />
gasvlisa, partniori ar dakargavs wils, Tumca dakargavs mis mier nawilobriv Sesrulebul<br />
valdebulebaTa Sedegebs, an sulac arc am Sedegebs dakargavs. mokled, am<br />
mxriv sawesdebo avtonomiis farglebi mravalmxrivia. rac Seexeba damatebiT vadas:<br />
damatebiTi vadis dadgena am SemTxvevaSi savaldebulo ar unda iyos. es kanonmdeblis<br />
nebiT unda aixsnas: radganac axali kanoniT adre moqmedi redaqcia gauqmda, es imas<br />
niSnavs, rom kanonmdebelma saWirod aRar CaTvala aseTi vadis daweseba. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi mas es vada swored `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonSi unda daetovebina. Sesabamisad,<br />
unda gamoiTqvas varaudi, rom kanonis normis mizani aq is aris, rom partniorebs<br />
saSualeba misces Tavisuflad daadginon vada. 150 xolo am vadis uSedegod gasvlis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, anu valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebas misca aseT partni-<br />
147<br />
ufro sworad, SesaZloa garicxuliyo.<br />
148<br />
moqmedi redaqciiT.<br />
149<br />
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-3 muxlis me-7 punqtis pirveli winadadebis pirveli sityvebi.<br />
150<br />
amaSi damatebiTi vadac igulisxmeba. partniorebs aravin uSlis wesdebiT aseTi damatebiTi<br />
vadis dawesebas.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
orTan urTierTobis Sewyvetis — xelSekrulebis moSlis — SesaZlebloba. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
xelSekrulebis SewyvetisTvis damatebiTi gamafrTxilebeli vadis daniSvna saWiro<br />
aRar unda iyos. Tuki sawinaaRmdego pozicia ganviTardeba da iTqmeba, rom damatebiTi<br />
vadis daniSvna aucilebelia ssk-is 405-e muxlis Sesabamisad, maSin gaugebari iqneba,<br />
Tu ras emsaxureboda kanonmdeblis mier mewarmeTa kanonSi arsebuli specialuri<br />
vadis gauqmeba. amasTanave, yuradReba unda mieqces imas, rom wesdebaSi 151 aRniSnuli<br />
Canaweris (vadis) dadgenaSi uklebliv yvela partniori iRebs monawileobas. maT<br />
Soris dgeba garigeba. Sesabamisad, gasaricxi partnioric monawileobs am vadis gansazRvris<br />
sakiTxSi da mis mier nebis gamovleniT eTanxmeba aseTi vadis dadgenas, xolo<br />
valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi (vadaSi Seusruleblobisas) sazogadoebidan SesaZlo<br />
garicxvis, rogorc sanqciis, Sedegsac iTvaliswinebs da aRiarebs.<br />
mokled, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT rTulia erTiani Camoyalibebuli poziciis dafiqsireba,<br />
miT umetes, rom sasamarTlo praqtika amaze saerTod ar arsebobs.<br />
dabolos, erTi sakiTxi, romelic sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxvis samarTlebriv<br />
Sedegebs ukavSirdeba. is, rom `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-3 muxlis me-7 punqtSi<br />
igulisxmeba wilis dakargva, xolo, aqedan gamomdinare, wevrobis statusis CamorTmeva 152 ,<br />
eWvgareSea. wilis dakargva partniorobis dakargvas uTanabrdeba. magram, kargavs Tu ara<br />
garicxuli partniori aseve imas, rac man ukve Seitana sazogadoebaSi, qarTul samarTal-<br />
Si sadavoa. 153 iuristTa nawili Tvlis, rom kanoni unda ganimartos imgvarad, rom am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi partniori mxolod wevrobas da mis mier nawilobriv Sesrulebul valdebulebaTa<br />
Sedegebs kargavs. nawilobriv Sesrulebul valdebulebaTa SedegebSi moiazreba, magaliTad,<br />
dividendis miRebis ufleba da sxv. 154 rac Seexeba mis mier ukve Setanil Senatans,<br />
igi mas garicxvisas ukan unda daubrundes. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba usafuZvlod<br />
gamdidrdeboda, rac garicxul partniors, samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamis<br />
normebze dayrdnobiT, moTxovnis uflebas miscemda. 155 sawinaaRmdego mosazreba SesaZ-<br />
151 da, rogorc wesi, am vadis gansazRvra wesdebiT sazogadoebis dafuZnebis etapzeve xdeba.<br />
152 Tuki wesdebiT, ra Tqma unda, sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli — mewarmeTa kanonis me-<br />
3 muxlis me-7 punqtis bolo sityvebi.<br />
153 amas 2008 wlis 22-23 noembers gamarTuli konferenciac adasturebs, romelic mewarmeTa<br />
kanonmdeblobaSi 2008 wlis 14 marts Sesuli cvlilebebis ganxilvasa da mosamarTleTaTvis<br />
rekomendaciebis miRebas daeTmo. am Sexvedraze dayenebuli iyo sakiTxi, unda dakargos Tu<br />
ara partniorma wilTan erTad Sesrulebuli Senatani, Tu sanqcia mxolod wevrobis<br />
dakargvisken aris mimarTuli da mas Sexeba Sesrulebul SenatanTan ar aqvs. amis Taobaze<br />
vrclad SegiZliaT ixiloT am Sexvedris stenografiuli Canawerebi (sus-s biblioTekaSi).<br />
154 Tumca ganviTarebulia azri, rom partnioris sazogadoebidan garicxvis iuridiuli<br />
proceduris (qarTuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebis<br />
ZalaSi Sesvlamde) dasrulebamde partniori (aqcioneri) ar kargavs nawilobriv<br />
Sesrulebul valdebulebaTa Sedegebs. am SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, dividendis miRebis uflebas.<br />
ix.: Westermann in Bürgers/Körber, AktG, §64 Rn. 11. erTaderTi samarTlebrivi berketi,<br />
romelic, qarTuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT, ss-s miscems Tavdacvis SesaZleblobas (mxedvelobaSia<br />
gasaricxi aqcionerisaTvis dividendis micemis Seferxeba) aris is, rom sazogadoebam<br />
sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis gamoyenebis gancxadebiT mimarTos<br />
sasamarTlos da moiTxovos aRniSnuli partniorisTvis wevrobis statusis SeCereba.<br />
155 es mosazreba pirdapir SeewinaaRmdegeba germanul pozicias: am SemTxvevaSi usafuZvlo<br />
gamdidrebis normebis gamoyeneba dauSvebelia.<br />
39
40<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
loa ganviTardes im mimarTulebiT, rom garicxuli partniori dakargavs wils da mis mier<br />
(nawilobriv) Setanil Senatansac. es pozicia ufro kargad Seesabameba germanul midgomas<br />
da partnioris mier Senatanis ganxoriclebas ganixilavs mis mier wevrobis mopovebis erTerT<br />
umTavres winapirobad. 156 aqcioneri, upirveles yovlisa, ss-is wevria, romelsac garkveuli<br />
uflebebi da movaleobebi aqvs sazogadoebaSi. es uflebamosilebaTa erToblioba<br />
ki swored misi Senatanis valdebulebas ukavSirdeba, subieqtur uflebad 157 ganixileba da<br />
Taviseburi xasiaTis `xangrZlivi samarTalurTierTobis moqmedebis~ 158 reJims efuZneba. 159<br />
damatebiTi vadis daniSvnis momxreebisTvis swored aRniSnuli argumenti gamodgeboda,<br />
kerZod, Tu sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxva am `xangrZlivi samarTalurTierTobis~<br />
moSlas iTvaliswinebs, maSin, albaT, am argumentaciis mimdevrebi samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamis<br />
normas gamoiyenebdnen. 160 garicxvis materialuri moqmedebis TvalsazrisiT aseve<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom partniori kargavs yvelafers, rac mis, rogorc sazogadoebis wevris,<br />
156<br />
MünchKommAktG/Bayer, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §64 Rn. 59.<br />
157<br />
Subjektives Recht. Tumca Tanamedrove qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi es termini na-<br />
Targmnia rogorc `subieqturi samarTali~, rac arasworia. ix. kereseliZe, kerZo samar-<br />
Tlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 3.<br />
158<br />
Dauerrechtsverhältnis.<br />
159<br />
Raiser/Veil, Das Recht der Kapitalgesellschaften, 2010, 61.<br />
160<br />
germanuli sasamarTlo praqtikis mixedviT, gamgeobis mier kavSiridan ukanonod `gagdebul~<br />
wevrs aqvs `xelSekrulebis Selaxvis motiviT zianis anazRaurebis ufleba~. BGHZ<br />
90, 92; BGHZ 110, 323. gamoyenebulia raizeris dasaxelebuli wignidan, gv. 61. TumcaRa aqve<br />
aucileblad dasamatebelia, rom germanuli iuridiuli doqtrina Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis<br />
gamo sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxvis sakiTxs sxva kuTxiT ganixilavs.<br />
kerZod, miCneulia, rom Senatanebis ganuxorcieleblobis an am valdebulebis arajerovani<br />
Sesrulebis gamo sawarmodan partnioris garicxvas kanonebi (igulisxmeba Sps-is<br />
kanoni da saaqcio kanoni) zustad da konkretulad awesrigebs (Sps-isTvis: 21-24-e paragrafebi;<br />
ss-isTvis: 63-65-e paragrafebi). rogorc zemoT iTqva, Senatanis valdebulebis<br />
darRveva sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxvis erT-erT da ara erTaderT iuridiul<br />
safuZvels iZleva. Sesabamisad, partnioris sazogadoebidan garicxva SesaZlebelia aseve<br />
mniSvnelovani safuZvlis arsebobisas, magaliTad, misi mxridan sazogadoebisaTvis zianis<br />
miyenebis Sedegad. kanonmdebloba am sakiTxs konkretulad ar awesrigebs, magram es ar<br />
niSnavs, rom am motiviT sawarmodan partnioris garicxva SeuZlebeli xdeba. es mniSvnelovania<br />
mcire da saSualo saxis Sps-Si, radganac masSi, iseve rogorc, magaliTad, amxanaguri<br />
tipis sazogadoebaSi, gansakuTrebiT mZlavrobs sawarmos `personaluri struqtura~.<br />
Karsten, GmbH-Recht, 230. amitom aseT viTarebaSi xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac partniorebs<br />
Zalian eZabebaT urTierToba da maTi Tanacxovreba erT sazogadoebaSi savsebiT<br />
warmoudgeneli xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo praqtika da iuridiuli dogmatika,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi ram SesaZloa arc iyos gaTvaliswinebuli sazogadoebis<br />
wesdebiT, sazogadoebas (partniorebs) sawarmodan im partnioris garicxvis sakiTxis<br />
dayenebis uflebas aZlevs, romelmac `erTgulebis movaleoba~ daarRvia da sawarmos ziani<br />
miayena. swored am dros germanuli samarTali partnioris garicxvis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi<br />
SesaZleblobis Taobaze saubrobs da mas samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamisi<br />
normebis regulirebas uqvemdebarebs (ai, swored aq gamoiyeneba es instituti, romelic<br />
ambobs: kerZo samarTalSi moqmedebs zogadi xasiaTis principi, romelic mniSvnelovani<br />
safuZvlis arsebobisas iTvaliswinebs xangrZlivi saxelSekrulebosamarTlebrivi ur-<br />
TierTobis moSlis (lösen) SesaZleblobas). Karsten, GmbH-Recht, 230. sazogadoebidan partnioris<br />
am motiviT garicxvisas, iseve rogorc es qarTul samarTalSia, saWiroa sarCelis<br />
aRZvra sasamarTloSi (e.w. Ausschliessungsklage) da Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis miReba.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
statuss ukavSirdeba. Tumca saaqcio samarTalSi aqcionersa da korporacias Soris SesaZloa,<br />
agreTve Camoyalibebuli iyos sxva saxis (ara wevrobis) samarTalurTierToba.<br />
amitom sawarmodan partnioris garicxva am urTierTobaze gavlenas ver moaxdens. 161<br />
3.2 Sedegi damatebiTi Senatanebis valdebulebis darRvevisas<br />
(Sps-is da ss-is magaliTze)<br />
kapitaluri sazogadoebis samarTalSi damatebiTi Senatanebis ganxorcielebis<br />
instituts Taviseburi adgili uWiravs. sazogadoebis partniorTa mxridan damatebi-<br />
Ti Senatanebis valdebulebis aRebas mniSvnelovani roli mxolod Sps-is samarTalSi<br />
aqvs 162 , radganac igi am samarTlebriv formaSi `moqnil finansirebad instrumentad~<br />
miiCneva da sazogadoebis partniorebs sawarmos sakuTari kapitalis Sevsebis funqciiT<br />
aRWuravs. 163 Sesabamisad, sazogadoebas SeuZlia aseTi Senatanebis meSveobiT damatebiTi<br />
qoneba moizidos da sawarmos sarezervo kapitali Seuqmnas. 164 amasTan, Sps-is<br />
samarTalSi am normis mizani sawarmosTvis nebismier dros xelmisawvdom `elastikuri<br />
kapitaliT~ Sevsebis gzas emsaxureba, romelic sazogadoebis materialuri mdgomareobis<br />
saWiroebidan gamomdinareobs da kompanias misi kapitalis momatebis efeqtur sa-<br />
Sualebas uqmnis. 165 marTalia, dogmaturad es instituti damatebiTi dafinansebis<br />
(ekonomikuri) instrumentis saxiT aris cnobili, Tumca Sps-is Sesaxeb germaniis kanoni<br />
26-e paragrafSi konkretulad adgens mis legalur definicias da igi iuridiul kategoriaSi<br />
gadahyavs. aRniSnuli normis mixedviT, damatebiTi Senatanebi 166 warmoadgens<br />
`sazogadoebis partniorTa Semdgom Senatanebs, romelic maT mier SeZenili wilebisagan<br />
damoukideblad iqneba gadaxdili~ 167 . Sesabamisad, damatebiT Senatanebs, garkveulwilad,<br />
partnioris mier wevrobis mopovebisaTvis gadaxdil SenatanTan saerTo<br />
ar unda hqondes. Tumca sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> TeoriaSi miiCneva, rom damatebiTi<br />
Senatanebi (romelic mxolod Sps-is samarTlebriv formaSi gamoiyeneba) aseve warmo-<br />
161<br />
Hüffer, AKtG, 2010, §64 Rn. 7. mag., aqcioners, misi Senatanisagan damoukideblad, sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
droebiT sargeblobaSi gadacemuli hqonda moZravi nivTi (vTqvaT, satvirTo<br />
avtomobili). ra Tqma unda, partnioris mier Senatanis ganxorcielebis valdebulebis<br />
darRveva ar gamoiwvevs korporaciis uars nivTis droebiT sargeblobaSi gadacemis<br />
xelSekrulebis Sesrulebaze. es damoukidebeli garigebaa, romelic sawarmosa da mis<br />
wevrs Soris damoukidebel saxelSekrulebosamarTlebriv urTierTobas afuZnebs. Maul in<br />
Müller/Rödder (Hrsg.), Beck’sches Hdb. der AG, §4 Rn. 9.<br />
162<br />
Tumca gabatonebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, am institutis praqtikuli mniSvneloba<br />
Zalian dabalia (Michalski-Zeidler, GmbHG, 2010, §26 Rn. 2.) da mas samewarmeo sazogadoebebi<br />
Zalze iSviaTad iyeneben (Scholz-Emmerich, GmbHG, 2006, §26 Rn. 1a). MoMiG-is reformis Semdeg<br />
misma praqtikulma mniSvnelobam kidev ufro daiklo. ix.: MünchKommGmbHG/Schütz, §26 Rn. 1.<br />
163<br />
MünchKommGmbHG/Schütz, §26 Rn. 1.<br />
164<br />
Michalski-Zeidler, GmbHG, (2010), §26 Rn. 2.<br />
165<br />
Scholz-Emmerich, GmbHG, (2006), §26 Rn. 1.<br />
166<br />
e.w. Nachschüsse, xolo damatebiTi Senatanebis valdebulebas Nachschusspflicht ewodeba.<br />
167<br />
Ensthaler/Hannewald in Ensthaler/Füller/Schmidt, KommGmbHG, 2010, §26 Rn. 2. SenatanSi mxolod<br />
fuladi Senatani moiazreba. Hachenburg/Müller, GmbHG, §26 Rn. 13; Wicke (Hrsg.) GmbHG, §26 Rn. 1.<br />
41
42<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
adgens wevrobis Semadgenel nawils. 168 amitom im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki sazogadoebis wesdebiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba aseTi damatebiTi Senatanebis Setanis valdebuleba,<br />
maSin kompaniaSi wilis gasxvisebiT an misi (wilis) memkvidreobiT gadacemiT es movaleoba<br />
axal SemZenze avtomaturad gadadis. 169 marTalia, damatebiTi Senatanebis ganxorcielebis<br />
valdebuleba afuZnebs damoukidebel samarTalurTierTobas sazogadoebasa<br />
da mis partniors Soris, TumcaRa am valdebulebis darRvevam SesaZloa, partniorisTvis<br />
garkveuli samarTlebrivi Sedegi gamoiwvios. 170 aseTi Sedegi ki SeiZleba sazogadoebidan<br />
partnioris garicxva iyos.<br />
literaturaSi miiCneva, rom damatebiTi Senatanebis valdebuleba `emsaxureba<br />
partnioris finansur interess~ da ara sawesdebo kapitalis realuri Sevsebis uzrunvelyofisa<br />
da kreditorTa moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis interess. 171 minimaluri savaldebulo<br />
sawesdebo kapitalis realuri Sevsebis normebs germanul samarTalSi<br />
sxva mizani amoZravebs da isini, erTi mxriv, sazogadoebis (rogorc kapitaluri tipis<br />
sawarmos da korporaciis) registraciisTvis, meore mxriv ki kreditorebisaTvis materialuri<br />
`buferuli zonis~ Seqmniskenaa mimarTuli. damatebiTi Senatanebis ganxorcielebiT<br />
ki warmoebs damatebiTi finansuri saSualebebis mozidva da amiT korporaciul-ekonomikuri<br />
miznebis swrafi realizeba. swored amiTac ganasxvaveben Sps-Si<br />
sawesdebo kapitals 172 damatebiTi Senatanebisagan. 173<br />
168<br />
Schweiger in Müller/Winkeljohann (Hrsg.), Beck’sches Hdb. der GmbH, §7 Rn. 81.<br />
169<br />
Scholz/Emmerich §26 Anm. 13. vuTiTeb: Schweiger in Müller/Winkeljohann (Hrsg.), Beck’sches Hdb. der<br />
GmbH, §7 Rn. 81.<br />
170<br />
aseTi damatebiTi Senatanebis Setanis valdebulebisagan gansasxvavebelia e.w. freiwillige<br />
Kapitazuschüsse, anu kapitalis Sevsebis iseTi damatebiTi meqanizmebi, romelic partnioris<br />
Tavisufali nebidan gamomdinareobs. aseTi Tavisufali damoukidebeli xasiaTis Ronis-<br />
Ziebis ganxorcieleba partnioris Tavisufal Sexedulebazea damokidebuli, igi dafuZnebuli<br />
da Camoyalibebuli ar aris wesdebiT da, Sesabamisad, wevrobis TvalsazrisiT<br />
aranair iuridiul sanqcias ar iwvevs. Meyer-Landruth/Miller, §§26-28 Anm. 29. vuTiTeb: Schweiger<br />
in Müller/Winkeljohann (Hrsg.), Beck’sches Hdb. der GmbH, §7 Rn. 81.<br />
171<br />
MünchKommGmbHG/Schütz, §26 Rn. 2. Tumca aRniSnul komentarSi gatarebuli es azri<br />
mTlad swori ar unda iyos, ramdenadac sazogadoeba kreditorebis winaSe pasuxismgebeli<br />
ara mxolod misi sawesdebo kapitaliT, aramed mTeli Tavisi (iuridiuli piris) qonebiTaa.<br />
damatebiTi Senatanebidan Semosuli qoneba ki, ra Tqma unda, mTlianad sazogadoebis<br />
qonebis Semadgeneli nawili (damatebiTi SenatanebiT sakuTari kapitali iqmneba/izrdeba)<br />
gaxdeba, rac sazogadoebis pasuxismgeblobaunarianobas kidev ufro gazrdis.<br />
172<br />
sawesdebo kapitalis nacvlad Sps-Si SesaZloa, gamoyenebuli iyos sityvebi: ZiriTadi,<br />
dawyebiTi kapitali. es germanuli Stammkapital-is sityvasityviTi Targmani iqneba. misi pirdapiri<br />
mniSvnelobiT, germanul samarTalSi, sawesdebo kapitalis aRmniSvnelad saaqciosamarTlebrivi<br />
termini — Grundkapital — gamoiyeneba. amitom sakanonmdeblo ena Stammkapital<br />
da Grundkapital erTmaneTisagan asxvavebs, Tumca Sinaarsobrivad maT Soris sxvaoba ar aris.<br />
173<br />
Altmeppen in Roth/Altmeppen, GmbHG, 2009, §26 Rn. 3. cvlileba, romelic MoMiG-s Sedegad Sevida<br />
aRniSnul (26-e) paragrafSi, gavlenas normis materialursamarTlebriv mniSvnelobaze<br />
ar axdens, miuxedavad imisa, rom paragrafSi aRniSnuli termini — `wilis Rirebulebis<br />
miRma~ (über den Betrag der Stammeinlagen hinaus) — Seicvala sityvebiT — `wilis nominaluri<br />
Rirebulebis miRma~ (über die Nennbeträge der Geschäftsanteile hinaus). amiT aRniSnuli norma<br />
Sps-is me-3 saxecvlil paragrafTan movida SesabamisobaSi. Ulmer/Müller, GmbHG Erg.-Band, §26<br />
Rn. 1.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
germanuli Sps-is samarTali damatebiTi Senatanebis ganxorcielebis ramdenime<br />
variants gamoyofs. ZiriTadad, es variantebi or nawilad SeiZleba daiyos: SeuzRudavi<br />
damatebiTi Senatanis valdebuleba 174 da SezRuduli damatebiTi Senatanis Setanis<br />
valdebuleba 175 . 176 SeuzRudavi damatebiTi Senatanebis Setanis valdebulebaSi, rogorc<br />
es Tavad sityvis mniSvnelobidan momdinareobs, igulisxmeba, rom sazogadoebis<br />
saqmianobis (arsebobis) mTeli drois manZilze sazogadoebis wesdebiT konkretulad<br />
dadgenili ar aris am Senatanis sidide (odenoba), ufro sworad, zeda zRvari. 177 swored<br />
amiT gansxvavdeba igi SezRuduli damatebiTi Senatanebisagan, romelTa odenobac<br />
konkretulad aris miTiTebuli da gaTvaliswinebuli sazogadoebis wesdebiT. 178<br />
Sesabamisad, SezRuduli damatebiTi Senatanebis valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxveva-<br />
Si, iseve rogorc SeuzRudavi Senatanebis dros, sazogadoebas aqvs ufleba, daeyrdnos<br />
Sps-is Sesaxeb kanonis 21-23-e paragrafebs da partnioris garicxvis procedura<br />
warmarTos.<br />
germanul Sps-is samarTalSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi midgoma savsebiT Seesabameba<br />
aseve `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis danawesebs. gansakuTrebiT 2008 wlis 14 martis<br />
reformis Semdeg sawesdebo avtonomiis farglebi swored am samarTlebriv formasTan<br />
mimarTebiT gaizarda. mewarmeTa kanonis specialuri nawiliT 179 gaTvaliswinebuli yoveli<br />
norma iwyeba an mTavrdeba sityvebiT: `Tu wesdebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli~.<br />
imas, rom Sps-idan partnioris garicxva damatebiTi Senatanebis ganuxorcieleblobis<br />
motiviT savsebiT dasaSvebi unda iyos, mowmobs aseve `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis<br />
zogadi nawilic. kerZod, me-9 1 muxli, romelic partniorTa krebis kompetencias<br />
gansazRvravs. am mxriv, metad mniSvnelovania aRniSnuli muxlis me-6 punqtis `z~ qvepunqti,<br />
romelic Sps-is samarTlebriv formaSi 180 axali/damatebiTi Senatanebis ganxorcielebis<br />
meSveobiT sazogadoebis kapitalis gazrdis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis mi-<br />
Rebas exeba. am normidan gamomdinare, Sps-s aqvs ufleba amgvari valdebuleba daadginos<br />
sazogadoebis dafuZnebisas (gaiTvaliswinos igi wesdebaSi) an registraciis Semdeg<br />
nebismier dros, Tanac ise, rom amiT ar dasWirdes wesdebaSi saTanado aRniSvnis<br />
174 unbeschränkte Nachschusspflicht. AktG §27.<br />
175 beschränkte Nachschusspflicht. AktG §28. mag., avstriis kanoni Sps-is Sesaxeb, romelic, principSi,<br />
germanuli kanonia, saerTod ar icnobs SeuzRudavi damatebiTi Senatanis Setanis<br />
valdebulebas. MünchKommGmbHG/Schütz, §27 Rn. 100.<br />
176 Tumca aqve gamoricxuli ar aris kombinirebuli variantis SemuSaveba da misi wesdebaSi<br />
gaTvaliswineba. ix.: Ensthaler/Hannewald in Ensthaler/Füller/Schmidt, KommGmbHG, 2010, §26 Rn. 10.<br />
177 Ulmer/Müller, GmbHG, §27 Rn. 6.<br />
178 Michalski-Zeidler, GmbHG, (2010), §28 Rn.4. amasTan, Senatanebis es zeda zRvari drois garkveul<br />
monakveTsac ukavSirdeba, romlis gasvlis Semdegac aseTi damatebiTi Senatanebis<br />
Setanis valdebulebis moqmedeba Zalas kargavs, anu am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba is, rom damatebiTi<br />
Senatanebis moTxovna sazogadoebas SeuZlia garkveul, wesdebiT gansazRvrul<br />
vadamde.<br />
179 Sps-is momwesrigebeli normebia mxedvelobaSi.<br />
180 Tumca SeiZleba dava imaze, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba gavrceldes zogadi normis aRniSnuli<br />
Canaweri ss-ze. ss-c SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis samarTlebrivi formis warmonaqmnia.<br />
amitom saintereso iqneboda kanonmdeblis dasabuTeba am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT.<br />
ganmartebiT baraTSi ki amis Taobaze araferia naxsenebi.<br />
43
44<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
Setana. 181 Sesabamisad, amisaTvis sakmarisi iqneba partniorTa mier xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT<br />
miRebuli gadawyvetileba. 182 gadawyvetilebiT dadgindeba damatebiTi<br />
Senatanebis Setanis valdebuleba, 183 ganisazRvreba TiToeuli partnioris mier gansaxorcielebeli<br />
Senatanis odenoba (sidide), wesi da vada. 184 vadis uSedegod gasvlis<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki SesaZlebeli iqneba sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxva.<br />
mokled, Sps-is samarTlebriv formasTan mimarTebiT, germanul da qarTul sakorporacio<br />
samarTalSi eWvs ar iwvevs is garemoeba, rom (1) damatebiTi Senatanebis<br />
ganxorcielebis valdebulebis daweseba Seesabameba kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebs da<br />
(2) am valdebulebis darRvevis (misi arajerovani Sesrulebis) SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli<br />
iqneba sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxva. rac Seexeba ss-is samarTlebriv formas,<br />
aq situacia sxvagvaria. ss-is dafinansebis instrumentebi gansxvavdeba Sps-is finansirebadi<br />
wyaroebisagan. istoriulad ss masaze (sajaroobaze) orientirebul (`didi<br />
biznesis~) samarTlebriv formad miiCneoda 185 , romlis xiblic is iyo, rom mas hqonda<br />
unari kapitalis bazris meSveobiT (aqciaTa mimoqceviT) gacilebiT swrafad da<br />
efeqturad moepovebina damatebiTi materialuri (finansuri) saSualebebi korporaciisTvis,<br />
vidre amas sxva mewarme subieqti gaakeTebda. 186 ar daukargavs ss-s aseTi ka-<br />
181 amiT qarTuli samarTali, erTi SexedviT, germanuls waagavs, Tumca im gansxvavebiT, rom<br />
wesdebaSi, germanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT, partniorTa mxridan gadawyvetilebis miReba<br />
saWiro aRar iqneba, Tuki damatebiTi Senatanebis Setanis valdebuleba imTaviTve wesdebiT<br />
iqneba dafuZnebuli. MünchKommGmbHG/Schütz, §26 Rn. 2.<br />
182 aqve agreTve gasaTvaliswinebelia amave muxlis (9 1 ) me-9 punqti, romelic xmaTa ubralo<br />
umravlesobiT sazogadoebas mxolod maSin aZlevs gadawyvetilebebis miRebis uflebamosilebas,<br />
rodesac es gadawyvetileba kanonis mixedviT ar moiTxovs gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebas erTxmad da Tu am gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi arRvevs partniorTa Tanabari<br />
mopyrobis princips (`qmnis araTanabar mdgomareobas~), anda ar xelyofs partnioris arsebiT<br />
interesebs. uxerxulobas kanonis am mocemulobaSi iwvevs `da~ kavSiri: `Tu es kanoni<br />
ar gansazRvravs gadawyvetilebis miRebas erTxmad da Tu am gadawyvetilebis..~.. gamodis,<br />
rom gadawyvetilebis misaRebad sakmarisi iqneba ubralo umravlesoba, radgan erTxmiani<br />
gadawyvetileba aucileblad uSualod unda momdinareobdes kanonidan da misi Sinaarsi<br />
unda laxavdes partnioris arsebiT interess da a.S. mewarmeTa kanonSi ki amis Sesaxeb<br />
araferia naTqvami. mokled, erTxmiani gadawyvetileba maSin iqneboda saWiro, rodesac<br />
amas Tavad kanoni gaiTvaliswinebda. arc Sps-is specialur TavSi da arc kanonis zogadi<br />
nawilis me-9 1 muxlSi (partniorTa krebis uflebamosileba) amis Sesaxeb araferia aRniSnuli.<br />
ar gamodgeba am SemTxvevaSi aseve kanonis me-3 muxlis me-5 1 punqti. winamdebare norma<br />
wesdebaSi iseTi cvlilebis Setanas exeba, romelic `partnioris xmis uflebas, mogebaSi/zaralSi<br />
wils an likvidaciisas mis uflebebs exeba~. aseTi gadawyvetileba ki moiTxovs<br />
partniorTa erTxmad miRebul gadawyvetilebas. gamomdinare iqidan, rom am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSic sakiTxi wesdebaSi saTanado cvlilebas (damatebiTi Senatanebis ganxorcielebas)<br />
exeba, xolo damatebiTi Senatanebis Setanis daweseba SesaZloa, miRebul iqnes wesdebaSi<br />
Sesabamisi cvlilebis gareSe, es norma am SemTxvevaze ver gavrcledeba.<br />
183 am SemTxvevaSi daculi unda iyos partniorTa Tanabari mopyrobis principi (Hueck/<br />
Fastrich in Baumbach/Hueck, GmbHG, 2010, §26 Rn. 1.), Tumca sxva partniorTa Tanxmobis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi SesaZloa gaTvaliswinebuli iyos partniorTa Soris sxvagvari (araTanabari)<br />
gadanawilebis principic. ix.: Scholz-Emmerich, GmbHG, 2006, §26 Rn. 24 ff.<br />
184 rogorc amas `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-3 muxlis me-7 punqti iTvaliswinebs.<br />
185 Klunzinger, Grundzüge des Gesellschaftsrecht, (2009), 161.<br />
186 Schmidt K., Gesellschaftsrecht, 759-760.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
pitalis mozidvis funqcia187 Tanamedrove ekonomikaSic. Tumca damatebiTi Senatanebis<br />
SetaniT kapitalis gazrdis finansuri instrumenti ss-isTvis188 , gabatonebuli Sexedulebis<br />
Tanaxmad, ucxoa. 189 miiCneva, rom damatebiTi Senatanebis valdebulebis dawesebiT<br />
Seilaxeboda saaqcio kanonis 23-e paragrafis me-5 abzacis danawesi. 190 amasTanave,<br />
am principis dadgeniT Crdili miadgeboda aseve saaqcio kanonis 54-e da 55-e paragrafebiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebul imperatiuli xasiaTis normebs. es normebi ki amomwuravad<br />
aRwers aqcionerTa im movaleobebs, romelic Senatanebs Seexeba. 191 am SenatanebSi<br />
rogorc Tavdapirveli, ise Semdgomi Senatanebi moiazreba. amitomac ss-is wesdebis mier<br />
damatebiTi (Semdgomi) Senatanebis dawesebiT kanonis moTxovna Seilaxeboda, xolo<br />
wesdebis Sesabamisi Canaweri baTili iqneboda. 192 damatebiTi Senatanebis meSveobiT kapitalis<br />
gazrdis funqcia `ucxo~, garkveulwilad, arc ss-isTvis unda iyos, ramdenadac<br />
es `moqnili dafinansebis instrumenti~ saaqcio samarTalSi kapitalis nebadar-<br />
Tuli gazrdis institutiT aris Canacvlebuli. es ukanaskneli ki Sps-is samarTlebrivi<br />
formisTvis ucxo iyo, Tumca germaniis parlamentis193 iuridiul sakiTxTa komitetis<br />
mier kanonSemoqmedebiTi procesis bolo stadiaze, MoMiG-is reformis dros194 ,<br />
kanonSi Camatebul iqna 55a paragrafi, romelmac, saaqcio kanonis 202-e (da momdevno)<br />
paragrafis msgavsad, Sps-is samarTlebriv formaSic dauSva aseTi nebadarTuli kapitalis<br />
arsebobis SesaZlebloba. 195 sazogadoebis kapitalis gazrda nebadarTuli momatebis<br />
formiT Sps-Sic, iseve rogorc ss-Si, kapitalis Seqmnis gamartivebul gzas<br />
187 am funqcias germanul samarTalSi sxvagvarad “Kapitalsammelbecken“, anu `mosazid kapitalrezervebs~<br />
uwodeben. Hoffmann-Becking in Hoffmann-Becking (Hrsg.), Münch. Hdb. GesR IV, 2007, §2<br />
Rn. 4. SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes aseve termini: Kapitalsammelfunktion, rac kapitalis<br />
mozidvis, Sevsebis, SekavSirebis funqcias niSnavs. MünchKommAktG/Habersack, Bd. 1, 2008, Ein.<br />
Rn. 5.<br />
188 da kss-isTvis (KGaA).<br />
189 Michalski-Zeidler, GmbHG, 2010, §26 Rn. 4; MünchKommGmbHG/Schütz, §26 Rn. 13; Hueck/Fastrich in<br />
Baumbach/Hueck, GmbHG, 2010, §26 Rn. 1; da sxv.<br />
190 romlis mixedviTac, ss-is wesdebam SesaZloa gaiTvaliswinos am kanonis normebisagan<br />
gadaxvevis SesaZlebloba, Tuki igi pirdapir iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli am kanoniT. amasTan,<br />
wesdebam SeiZleba ganavrcos kanonis postulatebi, Tundac isini zustad awesrigebdnen<br />
urTierTobas, magram wesdebis normebi, ra Tqma unda, ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes mas. `Die<br />
Satzung kann von den Vorschriften dieses Gesetzes nur abweichen, wenn es ausdrücklich zugelassen ist.<br />
Ergänzende Bestimmungen der Satzung sind zulässig, es sei denn, dass dieses Gesetz eine abschliessende<br />
Regelung enthält~. AktG §23 Abs. 5 Satz 1 und 2.<br />
191 MünchKommGmbHG/Schütz, §26 Rn. 13.<br />
192 RGZ 113, 152, 155 ff; BGHZ 160, 253, 256 ff = NJW 2004, S. 3561. vuTiTeb: Hüffer, AktG, 2010, §54<br />
Rn. 5.<br />
193 BT.<br />
194 Wicke, GmbHG, §55a Rn. 1.<br />
195 Heckschen/Heidinger, Die GmbH, §10 Rn. 80. saaqcio samarTalSi arsebuli es tradiciuli<br />
instituti adre ucxo iyo Sps-isTvis. rogorc aRiniSna, cvlileba Sps-is Sesaxeb kanonSi<br />
sul bolo momentSi iqna Setanili. albaT amiT aixsneba is, rom erT-erT komentatorul<br />
literaturaSi, rodesac damatebiTi Senatanebisa (Sps) da nebadarTuli kapitalis (ss)<br />
Sedarebazea saubari, naTqvamia, rom es ukanaskneli instituti Sps-isTvis ucxoa, rac<br />
araswori unda iyos. ix.: MünchKommGmbHG/Schütz, §26 Rn. 13.<br />
45
46<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
qmnis ise, rom amisTvis mxolod direqtoria uflebamosili, xolo gadawyvetileba misi<br />
(direqtoris) mizanSewonilobidan gamomdinareobs. 196 amitom miiCneva, rom Sps-is-<br />
Tvis aseTi SesaZleblobis miniWebiT mas, kapitalis bazris moTxovnebidan gamomdinare,<br />
swrafi moqmedebis asparezi exsneba. amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom kapitalis<br />
momateba nebadarTuli gazrdis formiT aRar moiTxovs partniorTa specialur<br />
gadawyvetilebas, 197 rac am process, ra Tqma unda, gacilebiT martivs, swrafs da efeqturs<br />
xdis. germanul samarTalSi, am or instituts Soris198 is sxvaobaa, rom e.w. genehmigtes<br />
Kapital-is samarTlebrivi Sedegi gadaxdis valdebulebas ar iTvaliswinebs, maSin,<br />
rodesac damatebiTi Senatanebis dros mxedvelobaSi maTi daweseba da gadaxdis moTxovna<br />
miiReba. 199 erTaderTi movaleoba, romelic aqcioners ss-is dafuZnebisas ekisreba,<br />
aris (Tavdapirveli) Senatanis ganxorcieleba, riTac igi wevrobis statuss moipovebs.<br />
am valdebulebis jerovani SesrulebiT aqcioneri Tavisufldeba SenatanebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli movaleobisagan. Tanac gasaTvaliswinebelia is umniSvnelovanesi Canaweri,<br />
romelsac germaniis saaqcio kanonis 23-e paragrafis me-5 abzaci iTvaliswinebs.<br />
germanul saaqcio samarTalSi sawesdebo avtonomiis Tavisuflebis farglebi TiTqmis<br />
ar arsebobs. ss, misi mkacrad gansazRvruli struqturisa da specifikuri (sui generis)<br />
organizaciuli statusis gamo, wesdebis postulatebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aniWebs<br />
mniSvnelobas da aseTis gaTvaliswinebis SesaZleblobas mxolod im dros iZleva, rodesac<br />
es ar ewinaaRmdegeba kanonis moTxovnebs, gamiznulia kanonis normebis gasavrcobad<br />
da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, aseTis dadgenis SesaZlebloba pirdapir aris gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
saaqcio kanoniT. gansxvavebuli viTareba ikveTeba qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi.<br />
am mxriv ramdenime garemoebas unda gaesvas xazi: (1) yuradReba, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 53-e muxlis pirvel punqtze unda gamaxvildes,<br />
sadac naTqvamia: `Tu kanoniT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili, aqcioneris erTaderTi movaleobaa<br />
Seitanos Sesatani kuTvnili aqciebis misaRebad~, anu wevrobis mopovebisTvis<br />
aqcioners erTaderTi ram evaleba — Sesatanis valdebulebis jerovnad ganxorcieleba.<br />
Semdeg niSandoblivia aseve amave punqtis bolo winadadeba: `baTilia ss-is wesdebiT<br />
aqcionerisaTvis kanoniT gauTvaliswinebeli movaleobis dakisreba~, anu Tuki kanoni<br />
ar gaiTvaliswinebs damatebiTi Senatanis Setanis dawesebis SesaZleblobas, ase-<br />
Ti Canaweris arseboba wesdebaSi baTilad unda gamocxaddes. axla yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
momenti rCeba: iTvaliswinebs Tu ara `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoni aqcionerisaTvis<br />
(pirveladi) Senatanisagan damoukideblad SenatanTan dakavSirebuli movaleobis dawesebas.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi yuradReba gamaxvildeboda kanonis 54-e muxlis me-6 punqtze,<br />
sadac aqcionerTa saerTo krebis kompetenciaa mocemuli, kerZod ki, mis `a~ qvepunqtze.<br />
200 gamomdinare aqedan, sazogadoebis wesdebaSi SesaZloa Sevides cvlileba damatebiTi<br />
Senatanebis dawesebis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac aqcionerisaTvis am movaleobis da-<br />
196<br />
Roth in Roth/Altmeppen, GmbHG, 2009, §55a Rn. 1.<br />
197<br />
iqve.<br />
198<br />
nebadarTuli kapitali da damatebiTi Senatanebis Setana.<br />
199<br />
MünchKommGmbHG/Schütz, §26 Rn. 13.<br />
200<br />
ss-is wesdebaSi cvlilebebis miRebis uflebamosileba swored saerTo krebis kompetenciaSi<br />
Sedis (54-e muxlis me-6 punqtis `a~ qvepunqti).
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
kisreba kanonis Sesabamisi iqneba. rac mTavaria, am sakiTxis asaxsnelad germaniis saaqcio<br />
kanonis 23-e paragrafis me-5 abzaci gamodgeba. germanul saaqcio samarTalSi damatebiTi<br />
Senatanis Setanis valdebulebas imitom gmoben, rom misi dafuZneba da Camoyalibeba<br />
wesdebiT dauSvebelia. ratom? imitom, rom, me-5 abzacidan gamomdinare, kanonma<br />
pirdapir unda gaiTvaliswinos da dauSvas wesdebis mier kanonisagan gadaxvevis<br />
SesaZlebloba. rac Seexeba nacionalur kanonmdeblobas, mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonSi<br />
ss-sTan dakavSirebiTac mZlavrobs sawesdebo avtonomiis principi. kanonis 54-e muxli<br />
201 ar iTvaliswinebs im Sinaarsis Canawers, romelic germanul saaqcio kanonSia ganmtkicebuli.<br />
es imas unda niSnavdes, rom `nebadarTulia is, rac akrZaluli ar aris~.<br />
Sesabamisad, ss-is wesdebiT SesaZlebelia saerTo krebisTvis iseTi uflebamosilebis<br />
miniWeba, romelic wesdebiT iqneba dadgenili.<br />
damatebiTi Senatanebis Setana, rogorc wesi, sazogadoebis kapitalis gazrdas<br />
isaxavs miznad. Tumca saaqcio samarTalSi kapitalis gazrdis damoukidebeli Ronis-<br />
Ziebebi arsebobs, romelsac germanuli samarTali gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs.<br />
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 2008 wlis 14 martis redaqciam gaauqma kapitalis momatebis<br />
RonisZiebebis is formebi, romelTac germanuli samarTali iTvaliswinebs. aq<br />
mxedvelobaSia kapitalis gazrda nebadarTuli kapitalis momatebis gziT, sazogadoebis<br />
saxsrebidan, xelmowerili kapitalis formiT. nacvlad amisa, mewarmeTa kanonSi<br />
datovebulia erTaderTi norma, 202 romelic ss-Si kapitalis momatebas Seexeba. 203 normis<br />
mixedviT, kapitalis gazrda ss-Si SesaZlebelia mxolod axali aqciebis gamoSvebis<br />
an aqciebSi konvertirebadi sxva fasiani qaRaldebis gamoSvebis gziT. Sesabamisad, Tu<br />
iTqmeba, rom, 53-e muxlis pirveli punqtidan gamomdinare, aqcioneris erTaderTi movaleoba<br />
aris wevrobis mopovebisTvis kuTvnili aqciebis SesaZenad Senatanis ganxorcieleba<br />
(da Sesabamisad, yuradReba ar mieqceva zemoT ganviTarebul msjelobasa da<br />
mis siswores), maSin ss-Si kapitalis momatebis mxolod erTaderTi gza darCeba: korporaciis<br />
kapitalis momateba axali fasiani qaRaldebis gamoSvebis meSveobiT. kapitalis<br />
gazrdis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas aqcionerTa saerTo kreba iRebs, 204 romelic<br />
(wesdebiT) gansazRvrul organos kapitalis momatebis warmoebis ganxorcielebis uflebamosilebas<br />
aniWebs. gadawyvetileba aqcionerTa ubralo umravlesobiT miiReba,<br />
Tuki sazogadoebis wesdeba sxva rames ar iTvaliswinebs. 205 kapitalis momatebis Sesaxeb<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebiT aqconeris upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba dgindeba, Tumca<br />
es ukanaskneli SesaZloa, gauqmebul iqnes saerTo krebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis<br />
safuZvelze. 206 axali aqciebis ganTavseba samarTlebrivad ukve gacemul aqcieb-<br />
Tan ar unda iyos dakavSirebuli. axali aqciebis ganTavsebis Sesaxeb miRebuli gadawyvetileba,<br />
romelic sazogadoebisTvis aRsasruleblad savaldebulo iqneba, gavlenas<br />
201<br />
da am sakiTxTan SexebaSi myofi arc erTi sxva norma.<br />
202<br />
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 59-e muxli.<br />
203<br />
Tumca Sinaarsobrivad kanonis 59-e muxlis me-3, me-4, me-5 punqtebi swored nebadarTul<br />
momatebas exeba.<br />
204<br />
Hüffer, AktG, 2010, §182 Rn. 4.<br />
205<br />
ase gamoiyureba es sakiTxi germanul samarTalSi, garkveuli gamonaklisebis garda. ix.<br />
mag.: Marsch-Barner in Bürgers/Körber, AktG, §182 Rn. 13 ff.<br />
206<br />
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 54-e muxlis me-6 punqtis `g~ qvepunqti.<br />
47
48<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
aqcioneris wevrobis statusze ver moaxdens. SeiZens Tu ara sazogadoebis partniori<br />
gamoSvebul axal aqcias, misi gadasawyvetia da igi partniorTa krebaze dafuZnebuli<br />
ar aris. kapitalis gazrda ki, Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebis Tavisufali gadawyvetilebis<br />
sagania da kanonis moTxovnebze (miiReba Tu ara gadawyvetileba kapitalis momatebis<br />
Sesaxeb) damokidebuli araa. amitomac kapitalis momatebis kanonismieri valdebuleba<br />
ar arsebobs, Tundac korporacia mZime finansur mdgomareobaSi moeqces, xolo kapitalis<br />
gazrda erTaderTi gamosavali iyos am rTuli viTarebidan. Sesabamisad, Tu rogor<br />
daisaxaven aqcionerebi sazogadoebis finansuri warmatebis (gajansaRebis) gzebs,<br />
es Tavad maTi gadasawyvetia da amaSi veravin Caereva. 207 unda aRiniSnos, rom kapitalis<br />
gazrdis am RonisZiebis dros aqciis SeZenis ara valdebuleba, aramed ufleba arsebobs.<br />
Sesabamisad, misi gamouyenebloba sazogadoebidan aqcioneris garicxvis sakiTxs<br />
ver daayenebs. aqedan gamomdinare, aqcioneris erTaderTi movaleoba, am TvalsazrisiT,<br />
iqneba Seitanos Senatani wevrobis mopovebisaTvis da Tu igi keTilsindisierad<br />
Seasrulebs nakisr valdebulebas, korporaciidan misi garicxvis aranairi samar-<br />
Tlebrivi safuZveli ar iarsebebs. 208 principSi, swored asea gadawyvetili es sakiTxi<br />
germanul samarTalSi. amasTan, Sps-is samarTlebrivi formisagan ss am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT<br />
imiT gansxvavdeba, rom, rogorc zemoT iTqva, damatebiTi Senatanis Setana<br />
partnioris wevrobis Semadgeneli nawilia, rodesac saaqcio samarTalSi kapitalis<br />
momatebis RonisZiebebs aqcioneris statusTan saerTo araferi aqvs. marTalia, aqcionerebma<br />
SesaZloa, valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi SeTanxmebiT miiRon gadawyvetileba<br />
garkveuli winapirobebis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi Senatanebis Setanis gziT kapitalis<br />
momatebis Sesaxeb, 209 Tumca saaqcio kanonis 182-e paragrafis pirveli abzacis me-4 winadadebis<br />
Sesabamisad, kapitalis aseTi momateba dasaSvebi iqneba mxolod da mxolod<br />
axali aqciebis ganTavsebiT. sxvagvari SeTanxmeba wesdebaSi mis baTilobas gamoiwvevs.<br />
mokled rom iTqvas, germanuli samarTali damatebiTi Senatanebis ganxorcielebis<br />
valdebulebis darRvevis gamo ss-idan aqcioneris garicxvas dauSveblad miiCnevs. ufro<br />
metic, damatebiTi Senatanebis Setanis valdebulebas germanuli saaqcio samarTali<br />
saerTod ar icnobs. identuri unda yofiliyo es mosazreba aseve qarTul samar-<br />
TalSi, rom ara mewarmeTa kanonis is mocemuloba, razedac zemoT iyo saubari. savaraudod,<br />
swored kanonebSi gansxvavebuli Canawerebi ganamtkicebs imis SesaZleblobas,<br />
rom nacionalurma saaqcio samarTalma ss-sTan mimarTebiT damatebiTi Senatanebis<br />
Setanis valdebuleba dauSvas, misi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi ki me-3 muxlis me-7 punqts<br />
daeyrdnos. es midgoma gansakuTrebiT marTebuli iqneboda daxuruli tipis ss-is-<br />
Tvis, romelic Sps-is samarTlebriv formasTan, miT ufro 2008 wlis reformis Semdeg,<br />
did msgavsebas ganicdis. 210 Tu aSS-is sakorporacio samarTals gadaevleba Tvali, ad-<br />
207 Marsch-Barner in Bürgers/Körber, AktG, §182 Rn. 7.<br />
208 aq ar igulisxmeba garicxva sazogadoebisaTvis zianis miyenebis Sedegad.<br />
209 Marsch-Barner in Bürgers/Körber, AktG, §182 Rn. 8. imave SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs aseve<br />
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 59-e muxlis me-4 punqti.<br />
210 amasTan erTad ix. 2008 wlis 14 martis kanonproeqtis ganmartebiTi baraTi da aRniSnuli<br />
kanonis miRebis mTavari mizani: kanonis dispoziciuri normebiT gajereba, yvela samar-
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
vili misaxvedria, Tu ratom icnobs korporaciis mxolod erTaderT formas amerikuli<br />
samarTali.<br />
dabolos, sakiTxi, romelic kidev ufro gaamyarebs zemoT aRniSnul pozicias ss-<br />
Si damatebiTi Senatanebis daSvebisa da misi Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi (qarTuli<br />
kanonmdeblobis mixedviT) aqcioneris korporaciidan garicxvis Sesaxeb. es sakiTxi<br />
isev partniorTa SeTanxmebasa da wesdebaSi aseTi SeTanxmebebis Tavisuflad gansazRvras<br />
ukavSirdeba. rogorc iTqva, damatebiTi Senatanebis Seusruleblobis motiviT<br />
ss-idan partnioris garicxva, ZiriTadad, daxuruli tipis ss-ebSi unda iyos relevanturi.<br />
Ria (sajaro) ss-ebSi misi danergva uxerxulobas gamoiwvevda. gamomdinare iqidan,<br />
rom daxuruli ss, misi samarTlebrivi bunebiT, Zalze axlos dgas Sps-sTan, am tipis<br />
korporaciaSi SesaZlebeli unda iyos partniorTa mxridan wesdebis Tavisufali<br />
gansazRvra. magaliTisTvis, sazogadoebas oTxi partniori (aqcioneri) hyavs. isini, sawarmos<br />
dafuZnebis procesSi, Tanxmdebian da iReben erTsulovan gadawyvetilebas damatebiTi<br />
Senatanebis ganxorcielebis Taobaze. damatebiTi Senatanebis moculoba (sidide)<br />
SeTanxmebiT imTaviTve iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. 211 partniorebi aseve SeTanxmdebian<br />
Senatanebis ganxorcielebis wessa (magaliTad, fuladi Senatani, misi Setana<br />
sazogadoebis pirad angariSze) da vadaze (magaliTad, ss-is registraciidan ara ugvianes<br />
oTxi Tvisa). paralelurad, partniorebi Tanxmdebian Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis<br />
samarTlebriv Sedegze da adgenen, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba partnioris<br />
garicxvis uflebamosilebas itovebs. mokled, dadgenili vadis gasvlisa da erTerTi<br />
aqcioneris mier valdebulebis darRvevis Semdeg dadgeba misi sazogadoebidan<br />
garicxvis sakiTxi. ismis kiTxva: SesaZlebeli iqneba Tu ara aseT SemTxvevaSi aqcioneris<br />
sazogadoebidan garicxva? arsebobs Tu ara am dros samarTlebrivi safuZveli misaRebi<br />
gadawyvetilebisTvis? aq mniSvnelovani isev germanuli saaqcio kanonis 23-e paragrafis<br />
me-5 abzacis Canaweria, romlis msgavsic nacionalur kanonmdeblobaSi ar<br />
arsebobs. partniori ikisrebs damatebiTi Senatanis Setanis valdebulebas. misTvis,<br />
rogorc sawarmos partniorisaTvis, cnobilia, rom am valdebulebis darRvevis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi igi SesaZloa, gairicxos sazogadoebidan da igi Tavidanve iTavisebs da srulad<br />
iTvaliswinebs am Sedegs. germanuli saaqcio <strong>samarTlis</strong>agan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli<br />
kanonmdebloba saerTod arafers ambobs partnioris damatebiTi valdebulebebis<br />
212 Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, aseTi valdebulebis dafuZneba kanonTan Sesabamisi iqneba.<br />
axla rCeba sakiTxi, marTebuli iqneba Tu ara aqcioneris sazogadoebidan garicxvis<br />
sakiTxis dayeneba. am SemTxvevaSi, konkretuli davis gadawyvetisas, sasamarTlo kvlav<br />
partniorTa Soris arsebul xelSekrulebas daeyrdnoboda da valdebulebis darRvevis<br />
gamo sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxvas dauSvebda. aseT dros, sakorporaciosamarTlebriv<br />
reJimTan erTad, 213 sasamarTlo samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamis normadebulebebs<br />
gamoiyenebda. germanuli sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT, sakiTxis<br />
Tlebrivi formisTvis sawesdebo avtonomiis Tavisuflad gansazRvris farglebis dadgena<br />
(maT Soris ss-isa).<br />
211<br />
am SemTxvevaSi saubari e.w. `SezRudul damatebiT Senatanze~ iqneba.<br />
212<br />
e.w. Nebenvepflichtungen der Gesellschafter.<br />
213<br />
`mewarmTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-3 muxlis me-7 punqti.<br />
49
50<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
aseTi gadawyveta dauSvebeli iqneboda iqidan gamomdinare, rom damatebiTi valdebulebebis<br />
aRebis sakiTxi saaqcio kanoniTa da kanoniT Sps-is Sesaxeb (an kanonmdeblobiT)<br />
specialurad aris gansazRvruli. damatebiTi valdebulebebis, SesaZloa iTqvas,<br />
damatebiTi SeTanxmebebis dadebis ufleba partniorebs Tavisuflad aqvT. aseT damatebiTi<br />
SeTanxmebebSi sxvadasxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT partniorTa Soris gaformebuli<br />
SeTanxmebebi moiazrebs. isini awesrigeben samarTalurTierTobas partniorebsa<br />
da sazogadoebas Soris. 214 Tumca damatebiTi SeTanxmebebi unda gansxvavdebodes<br />
wesdebis korporaciuli Semadgeneli nawilisagan, anu korporaciulsamarTlebrivi<br />
SeTanxmebebisagan. es ukanasknelni kanonis imperatiulad dadgenili normebidan momdinareobs.<br />
amitom maTi Selaxva aseTi SeTanxmebebis baTilobas gamoiwvevda. damatebi-<br />
Ti valdebulebis darRveva ar iZleva ss-idan aqcioneris garicxvis safuZvels. 215 es<br />
calsaxaa, radgan damatebiTi valdebulebebi SesaZloa ganxiluli iyos mxolod Ziri-<br />
Tadi (Senatanis Setanis) valdebulebisagan damoukidebel kategoriad216 da maT saer-<br />
To erTmaneTTan araferi eqnebaT. 217 am mxriv germanul saaqcio samarTalSi gansasxvavebelia<br />
damoukidebeli damatebiTi (paraleluri) valdebulebebi218 , aradamoukidebeli<br />
damatebiTi valdebulebebi, 219 aseve, aqcioneris survilidan gamomdinare ganxorcielebuli<br />
moqmedebebi (Leistung) da valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi SeTanxmebebi: amitomacaa<br />
naTqvami literaturaSi, rom 54-e da 55-e paragrafebSi amomwuravad aRwerili<br />
movaleobebisagan damoukideblad aqcionerma sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr SesaZloa,<br />
ikisros garkveuli valdebuleba sazogadoebis winaSe. 220 aseTi ram dasaSvebia da<br />
kanons ar ewinaaRmdegeba. rac Seexeba valdebulebiT SeTanxmebebs: aqcionerma korporaciis<br />
winaSe SeiZleba individualurad sakuTari survilisamebr itvirTos garkveuli<br />
valdebuleba, amitom Tavad aqcionerebsac SeuZliaT erTmaneTTan dadon aseTi saxis<br />
valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi SeTanxmebebi. rogorc zemoT iTqva, amgvar SeTanxmebebs<br />
iuridiuli Zala eqneba rogorc partniorTa Soris, ise partniorebsa da ss-s<br />
Soris. aq mniSvnelovania ubralod imis xazgasma, rom aseTi SeTanxmebebi ar unda<br />
afuZnebdes da ar unda exebodes aqcioneris wevrobis uflebas. igi individualur xasiaTs<br />
unda atarebdes, xolo am SeTanxmebebisagan gamomdinare uflebebs gavlena aq-<br />
214<br />
Münch. Hdb. GesR III/Priester, §21 Rn. 1.<br />
215<br />
MünchKommAktG/Bungeroth, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §55 Rn. 4ff.<br />
216<br />
MünchKommAktG/Bungeroth, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §55 Rn. 2.<br />
217<br />
ss-ebis praqtikaSi aseTi damatebiTi SeTanxmebebi saerTod ar arsebobs. MünchKommAktG/<br />
Doralt/Winner/Bungeroth, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §55 Rn. 53.<br />
218<br />
romelic uSualod saaqcio kanonis 55-e paragrafidan gamomdinareobs, amitom saaqcio kanonis<br />
54-e da 55-e paragrafebi erTobliobaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli da daskvna gamotanili,<br />
rom am normebiT gaTvaliswinebuli (SenatanebTan dakavSirebuli) movaleobebis garda, rogorc<br />
wesi, aqcioners aranairi korporaciulsamarTlebrivi, ss-is wevrobasTan damokidebuli<br />
valdebuleba aRar ekisreba. MünchKommAktG/Bungeroth, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §54 Rn. 22.<br />
219<br />
aseT valdebulebebs Hilfspflichten-s, anu damxmare valdebulebebs eZaxian. mag., germaniaSi<br />
1994 wels dasaSvebi gaxda erTi piris mier (Ein-Personengesellschft) ss-is dafuZneba. im Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, Tu aseT pirs (damfuZnebels) fuladi valdebuleba bolomde ar Seusrulebia,<br />
maSin mas garantia moeTxoveba.<br />
220<br />
MünchKommAktG/Bungeroth, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §54 Rn. 28.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
cioneris wevrobis uflebaze ar unda hqondes. 221 winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi amgvari Canaweris<br />
arseboba wesdebis sawinaaRmdego iqneba da baTilad unda iqnes cnobili. swored<br />
amitomac aris dauSvebeli germanul saaqcio samarTalSi amgvari SeTanxmebebis dar-<br />
Rvevis gamo e.w. Kaduzierungsverfahren-is, anu garicxvis procesis warmoeba. 222 misi iuridiuli<br />
Sedegi ki ara sakorporaciosamarTlebriv, aramed zogad valdebulebiTsamar-<br />
Tlebriv sanqciaze iqneba damyarebuli. 223 rogorc wesi, aseve wydeba sakiTxi germanul<br />
Sps-is samarTalSi. 224 magram gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom sawesdebo avtonomiis<br />
Tavisuflad gansazRvris farglebi mxolod garesamarTlebriv urTierTobaSia SezRuduli.<br />
rac Seexeba SidasamarTlebriv urTierTobas (sadac, ra Tqma unda, Sidapartnioruli<br />
urTierToba da maT Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebebi moiazreba), aq sakiTxi SesaZloa<br />
sxvagvarad gadawydes. Tu is pozicia ganviTardeba, rom aseT SeTanxmebebs orgvari<br />
moqmedebis done axasiaTebs, 225 maSin eWvs ar gamoiwvevs, rom aseTi SeTanxmebebis<br />
darRveva SesaZloa sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxvis samarTlebrivi safuZveli<br />
gaxdes. TumcaRa aq gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom germanul Sps-is samarTlebriv<br />
formasTan mimarTebiT, amas aranairi praqtikuli mniSvneloba ar eqneba. gamomdinare<br />
iqidan, rom damatebiTi Senatanebis Setanis valdebulebis damkvidrebiT isedac<br />
SesaZlebeli iqneba sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxva, amisTvis damatebiTi SeTanxmebebis<br />
miRweva azrs moklebuli iqneboda. rac Seexeba nacionalur kanonmdeblobas:<br />
aq calsaxad is azria gasaviTarebeli, rom amgvari damatebiTi SeTanxmebebis darRvevis<br />
gamo partnioris garicxva yvela SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebi iqneba. 226<br />
221<br />
MünchKommAktG/Bungeroth, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §54 Rn. 30.<br />
222<br />
iqve.<br />
223<br />
Winter, ZHR 1990, 259, 264 f, 281; Lutter in KK zum AktG, §54 Rz. 21; Henze in GrossKomm., §54 Rn. 75.<br />
vuTiTeb: MünchKommAktG/Bungeroth, Band 1, 3. Auf., 2008, §54 Rn. 30.<br />
224<br />
Scholz-Emmerich, GmbHG, 2006, §21 Rn. 5.<br />
225<br />
erTi — partniorebs Soris, xolo meore — partniorebsa da sazogadoebas Soris.<br />
226<br />
rogorc aRiniSna, germanul Sps-is samarTalSic, sadac mZlavrobs wesdebis avtonomiurobis<br />
farglebi da imperatiuli normebi mxedvelobaSi mxolod sazogadoebis garesamarTlebriv<br />
urTierTobaSi miiReba (Münch. Hdb. GesR III/Grziwotz, 2009, §18 Rn. 11), SesaZlebelia<br />
dasaSvebi iyos damatebiTi valdebulebis aRebis darRvevis gamo partnioris garicxva<br />
sazogadoebidan. imperatiulad dadgenili e.w. iZulebiTi normebi (zwingende<br />
Vorschriften) gavlenas, rogorc wesi, sazogadoebis Sida urTierTobaze ver axdens. partniorTa<br />
Tanabari mopyrobis principic Sps-is samarTalSi gacilebiT ufro `elastikurad~<br />
aris Camoyalibebuli, vidre es saaqcio samarTalSia (amitomac amboben, rom<br />
saaqcio samarTali, Sps-is <strong>samarTlis</strong>agan gansxvavebiT, imperatiulad Camoyalibebuli<br />
samarTalia. am samarTlebriv formaSi aqcionerma icis, rom igi monawileobs iseT sazogadoebaSi,<br />
romelic TiTqmis srulad emorCileba sakanonmdeblo Canawerebs. Grunewald.,<br />
Gesellschaftsrecht, 2008, 246.). ra Tqma unda, arsebobs iseTi zogadi xasiaTis normebi, romelic<br />
mTeli kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> erTian principebad ganixileba da maTi Selaxva dauSvebelia. ase,<br />
magaliTad, zneobis sawinaaRmdego Canawerebis gaTvaliswineba sazogadoebis wesdebiT,<br />
rac ar unda farTo iyos Sidapartnioruli SeTanxmebebis Tavisuflebis farglebi,<br />
dauSvebeli iqneboda. Münch. Hdb. GesR III/Grziwotz, §18 Rn. 12. Tumca ramdenad iqneboda damatebiTi<br />
valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxvis<br />
daSvebis sakiTxi am principis sawinaaRmdego, rTuli saTqmelia.<br />
51
52<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
ss iseTi iuridiuli piria, sadac kapitaliT monawileoba mis, rogorc iuridiuli<br />
`konstruqciis elementad~ ganixileba 227 , xolo misi, rogorc samarTlebrivi formis,<br />
arsebobisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqonea. sazogadoebis ekonomikuri miznebidan<br />
da rentabeluri saqmianobis survilidan (da mizanSewonilobidan) gamomdinare,<br />
damatebiTi saxsrebis moZieba, damatebiTi investiciebis ganxorcieleba metad mniSvnelovani<br />
unda iyos. amitom daxuruli tipis ss-Si aqcionerebs unda mieceT aseTi<br />
swrafad investirebadi berketebis danergvis SesaZlebloba, miT ufro, rom aseTi tipis<br />
gadawyvetileba erTxmad (erTsulovnad) iqneboda miRebuli. 228 SiSi imisa, rom dominanti<br />
aqcioneri borotad gamoiyenebda am uflebamosilebas da damatebiTi Senatanebis<br />
Setanis valdebulebas imitom gaiTvaliswinebda, rom misi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi<br />
mas SesaZlebloba miecemoda es partniori sazogadoebidan gaericxa, safuZvels moklebulia.<br />
Senatanebis ganuxorcieleblobis motiviT partnioris garicxva sasamar-<br />
Tlo kontrols eqvemdebareba. Sesabamisad, sasamarTloSi arsebiTi ganxilvis sagani<br />
xdeba is, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani da aucilebelia aRniSnuli korporaciisTvis damatebiTi<br />
Senatanebis gziT sawarmos dafinanseba da amiT samarTlebriv usafrTxoebaze<br />
dafuZnebuli `xangrZlivmoqmedi samarTalurTierTobis~ 229 SenarCuneba. amitom sawinaaRmdego<br />
motivis (partniorisTvis iseTi mdgomareobis Seqmna, romelic Semdgom miscems<br />
dominant partniors umciresobaSi myofi aqcioneris sazogadoebidan garicxvis<br />
SesaZleblobas) dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi, damatebiTi Senatanebis valdebulebis dar-<br />
Rvevis gamo, sazogadoebidan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas sasamar-<br />
Tlo ar miiRebda. Tuki iTqmeba, rom Sps-Si saTanado safuZvlebis arsebobisas (magali-<br />
Tad, rogorc zemoT iTqva, sazogadoebisaTvis arsebiTi zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi)<br />
SesaZlebelia partnioris garicxva, anu masTan saxelSekrulebosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis<br />
moSla, maSin ratom iqneba es dauSvebeli daxurul ss-Si? daxuruli ss-is aqcioneri<br />
Sps-is wilis mflobelisagan arsebiTad arafriT gansxvavdeba. amitom Tu iTqmeba,<br />
rom aqcioneris erTaderTi movaleobaa kuTvnili aqciis mopovebisaTvis Senatanis<br />
ganxorcieleba, misi sxva safuZvliT sazogadoebidan garicxva yovlad dauSvebeli iqneboda.<br />
aman ki SeiZleba saerTod Tavdayira daayenos korporaciuli wesrigi. amis daSveba<br />
aqcioners `aRviraxsnili~ moqmedebis SesaZleblobisken ubiZgebda. aseTi qmedebebis<br />
`moTokvis~ saSualebad ki sakorporacio samarTalSi erTgulebis movaleoba ganixileba,<br />
romelsac gavlena da moqmedeba aseve saaqcio samarTalSic aqvs.<br />
227 Kraft in KK-AktG, 1. Band, 1985, §1 Rn. 50.<br />
228 mewarmeTa kanonis 54-e muxlidan gamomdinare, aseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis qveda<br />
zRvari xmaTa kvalificiuri umravlesobaa, Tumca partniorebi SesaZloa, absolutur<br />
umravlesobaze SeTanxmdnen.<br />
229 Münch. Hdb. GesR III/Grziwotz, 2009, §18 Rn. 17.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
4. daskvna<br />
Sesatanis jerovani ganxorcieleba aqcioneris umTavresi movaleobaa, romlis<br />
darRvevam SesaZloa, misi (partnioris) sazogadoebidan garicxva gamoiwvios. pirveladi<br />
Senatanis Seutanlobis motiviT aqcioneris garicxva sasarCelo warmoebiT mimdinareobs<br />
da garicxvis materialur-samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis sasamarTloseul gadamowmebas<br />
eqvemdebareba. Tumca pirveladi Senatanebisagan damoukideblad sakorporacio<br />
samarTali damatebiTi Senatanebis instituts icnobs, romelic eWvgareSe aRiarebulia<br />
Sps-is samarTlebriv formaSi. germanuli ss-isTvis damatebiTi Senatanis instituti<br />
ucxoa. qarTul samarTalSi misi daSveba kanonmdeblis nebisagan unda momdinareobdes.<br />
rac ar unda utopiurad CaiTvalos aseTi Senatanebis dadgenis valdebuleba,<br />
igi daxurul korporaciaSi kanonmdeblis miznis gamoxatulebas unda warmoadgendes,<br />
radgan 2008 wlis 14 martis reforma mewarmeTa kanonSi sawesdebo avtonomiis<br />
farglebs zrdis, am sakiTxTan mimarTebiT liberalur midgomas amkvidrebs da sakanonmdeblo<br />
cvlilebis Sedegad warmoSobili kanonis globalur miznad aris warmosa-<br />
Ceni. es ss-is samarTlebriv formasac exeba, gansakuTrebiT daxurul ss-s, romelic<br />
funqciurad SesaZloa, Sps-isagan arsebiTad arc ki gansxvavdebodes. Sesabamisad, aseT<br />
organizaciul warmonaqmnSi dasaSvebi unda iyos damatebiTi Senatanebis dawesebiT<br />
partniorisaTvis yvelaze arasasurveli sanqciis — garicxvis — daweseba.<br />
53
IRAKLI BURDULI ∗<br />
54<br />
i. burduli, Senatanis ganuxorcieleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegi:<br />
utopiuri Sexeduleba ss-idan partnioris garicxvis Sesaxeb<br />
LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF NONPAYMENT OF CONTRIBUTION: UTOPIAN VIEW ON THE<br />
EXCLUSION OF A PARTNER FROM A JOINT-STOCK COMPANY<br />
Summary<br />
The article considers a violation of obligation to pay a contribution, its non-fulfillment or improper<br />
fulfillment and the legal consequences following hereof. It presents the analysis of legal basis and the<br />
outcomes of non-fulfillment of initial capital payment as well as the research of the issue of a partner’s<br />
exclusion for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of additional contribution. The paper provides a<br />
comparative analysis of German and Georgian laws. Due to the above-mentioned reason, the work studies<br />
the issue of a partner’s exclusion from a commercial company, though the main focus is made on<br />
the joint-stock company and its stockholders. As different from the limited liability company (where<br />
the exclusion of the partner for non-fulfillment of additional contribution is considered to be an everyday<br />
occurrence), in a closed-type joint-stock company, though, it is theoretically possible to exclude<br />
a partner for the same reason. Practically, this phenomenon is deemed to be very unusual. Generation<br />
of the above-mentioned idea is the main purpose of the research paper.<br />
∗ Doctor of Jurisprudence, Associate Professor, TSU, <strong>Faculty</strong> of <strong>Law</strong>.
vaxtang zaaliSvili ∗<br />
samomxmareblo kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis<br />
regulirebis sistemuri Taviseburebani qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
1. Sesavali<br />
socialuri urTierTobebis Tanamedrove ritmi, raSic moiazreba turizmis ganvi-<br />
Tareba, sabanko momsaxurebis mravalricxovani produqti, garTobis, dasvenebis, sayofacxovrebo<br />
Tu sxva sferoebSi sazogadoebisaTvis SeTavazebuli produqciisa da<br />
momsaxurebis mravalferovneba, Cveulebrivi realobaa. TiToeuli adamiani yoveldRiurad<br />
SeiZens saqonelsa da sargeblobs momsaxurebiT. amdenad, urTierTobis monawileTa<br />
moqmedebebis gansazRvrul samarTlebriv CarCoebSi moqceva obieqturi aucileblobaa,<br />
rac dasturdeba am sferoSi specialuri regulirebis mizniT Seqmnili<br />
kanonmdeblobiT.<br />
Tumca aqve ibadeba kiTxva, Tu riTia ganpirobebuli amgvari midgomis aucilebloba<br />
da ratom ar aris sakmarisi samomxmareblo urTierTobebis reglamentacia im wesebiT,<br />
romelic zogadad moqmedebs samoqalaqo brunvis mosawesrigeblad.<br />
sazogadoebis wevrTa urTierTqmedebani, romelTac samomxmareblo urTierTobebis<br />
saxeliT moixsenieben, uamrav aspeqts moicavs: saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis<br />
garda normatiuli mowesrigebis sagania produqciis usafrTxoebasTan, standarteb-<br />
Tan, teqnikur moTxovnebTan, reklamirebasTan, arakeTilsindisier konkurenciasTan<br />
da sxva sajaro interesebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. urTierTobaTa mTeli kompleqsis<br />
regulirebis sistema Sedgeba sajaro da kerZosamarTlebrivi mimarTulebis<br />
rigi specialuri Tu zogadi kanonebisgan. aseTi mravalwaxnagovneba ganpirobebulia<br />
momxmareblis interesebis efeqtiani dacvis aucileblobiT, rac, erTi mxriv, nawarmoebia<br />
adamianis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis, xolo, meore mxriv, kerZosamarTlebriv<br />
urTierTobebSi monawile mxareTa interesebs Soris balansis SenarCunebis aucileblobiT.<br />
gansaxilvel urTierTobaTa specifikaa is, rom maTi erT-erTi mxarea `momxmarebeli~,<br />
romelic gamoirCeva gansazRvruli niSniT da swored amitom ivaraudeba, rom<br />
igi meore mxaresTan mimarTebiT nakleb xelsayrel pirobebSi imyofeba. amdenad, misi<br />
poziciebis gaTanabreba kontrahentis poziciebTan samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi saxelmwifos<br />
mxridan gansakuTrebuli Carevis winapirobaa. aseTi Careva sakanonmdelo<br />
doneze kerZosamarTlebrivi mimarTulebiT socialuri dacvis imperatiuli normebis<br />
meSveobiT xorcieldeba, xolo danarCeni sxva aspeqtis mowesrigeba administraciuli,<br />
Tu sisxlissamarTlebrivi meqanizmebis moqmedebis sferoSi Sedis. kerZosamarTleb-<br />
∗<br />
iuridiul mecnierebaTa kandidati, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis asocirebuli profesori.
v. zaaliSvili, samomxmareblo kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebis sistemuri<br />
Taviseburebani qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
riv urTierTobebSi saxelmwifo, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ar kmayofildeba zogadi saxis<br />
imperativebiT da regulirebis specialur saxeebze axdens orientirebas, 1 radgan samarTlebrivi<br />
Sedegi, romlis dadgomac obieqturad ufro samarTliani iqneboda aseT<br />
SemTxvevebSi, udavod sxvagvari unda iyos, vidre es or mewarmes Soris arsebuli imave<br />
urTierTobisas iqneboda.<br />
TumcaRa winamdebare naSromis mizani yvela zemoaRniSnuli aspeqtis maregulirebeli<br />
sistemis ganxilva ar aris. yuradReba gamaxvildeba mxolod kerZosamarTlebrivi<br />
urTierTobebis maregulirebel sistemaze — am mimarTulebiT moqmedi normatiuli<br />
aqtebis gamoyenebis Taviseburebebze saqarTveloSi.<br />
56<br />
2. regulirebis zogadi safuZveli<br />
zedapiruli SexedviT, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
saxeobebs, maTi miwodebis odenobas ganapirobebs moTxovna, anu is subieqtebi, romlebic<br />
moixmaren maT: nebismieri saxeobis nivTis warmoebis ganviTareba damokidebulia<br />
imaze, Tu ramdenad gasaRebadia igi. moTxovnazea aseve damokidebuli miwodebuli<br />
produqtis (saqonlisa da momsaxurebis) xarisxi: adamiani, romelmac erTxel SeiZina<br />
uxarisxo produqti, meored imave mwarmoebels aRar mimarTavs. Sedegad momxmareblis<br />
aseTi qceva ganapirobebs miwodebis mTel kompleqss. amgvari logika TiTqosda universaluria<br />
da TviTregulirebad srulyofil sistemas unda qmnides, romelsac sakanonmdeblo<br />
koreqtireba sruliad ar sWirdeba. sakmarisia mxolod Tavisufali konkurenciis<br />
xelSewyoba, romlis pirobebSic SemZeni TviTon wyvets, Tu romeli produqti<br />
Tu momsaxureba airCios da amiT zegavlenas axdens miwodebis rgolze. Tumca praqtikaSi<br />
yvelaferi ase martivi rodia: mwarmoeblebi an momsaxurebis mimwodeblebi, upirvelesad,<br />
mogebis miRebaze arian orientirebulni, rac minimaluri danaxarjiT maqsimaluris<br />
miRebas gulisxmobs da zedmet kapitaldabandebaze gadawyvetilebis miReba,<br />
magaliTad, xarisxis gaumjobesebis mizniT, martooden imis gamo, rom moTxovna Semcirda,<br />
arcTu ioli procesia; ufro metic, aseTi gadawyvetileba xSirad sakmaod ga-<br />
1 germanuli valdebulebiTi <strong>samarTlis</strong> reformis erT-erTi mizezi iyo swored momxmarebelTa<br />
dacvis Sesabamisi specialuri regulirebis meqanizmebis SemoReba. ix.: Rott P.,<br />
Harmonising Different Rights of Withdrawal: Can German <strong>Law</strong> Serve as an Example for EC Consumer <strong>Law</strong>?<br />
“German <strong>Law</strong> Journal”, Vol. 07, No.12, 2006; Rott P., German Sales <strong>Law</strong> After Implementation of Directive<br />
1999/44EC, “German <strong>Law</strong> Journal”, Vol.05, No.03, 240; Schulze R., Consumer <strong>Law</strong> and European Contract<br />
<strong>Law</strong>, The Yearbook of Consumer <strong>Law</strong>, 2007, Edited by Howells G., Nordhausen A., Parry D. and Twigg-<br />
Flesner Ch., 156; britaneTis kanonmdeblobam da precedentulma samarTalma mniSvnelovani<br />
modificireba ganicada samomxmareblo urTierTobebis regulirebis kuTxiT. amis magaliTia<br />
Tundac dispoziciurobis principis erTgvari SezRudva, sadac erTmaneTs daupirispirda<br />
xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis principebi. amgvari<br />
modifikacia ganapiroba evropuli kavSiris masStabiT miRebuli normatiuli aqtebis<br />
recefciis aucileblobam. ix. Howells G.G., Weatherill S., Consumer Protection <strong>Law</strong>, 2 nd Ed., Ashgate,<br />
2005, 21-22, .
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
welilia droSi. garda amisa, rodesac bazarze mxolod erTi an ramdenime arakeTilsindisieri<br />
monopolistia, moTxovnis maregulirebel efeqtze dayrdnoba, romelsac<br />
efuZneba TviTregulirebis sistema, sruliad araefeqtiani xdeba. Tanamedrove bazris<br />
Semadgeneli nawilia aseve agresiuli marketinguli praqtika, romelsac mimwodeblebi<br />
mimarTaven momxmarebelTa `ankesze wamosagebad~.<br />
meore mxriv, rogorc wesi, Cveulebrivi momxmarebeli, mimwodebelTan SedarebiT,<br />
arcTu informirebulia misaRebi produqciisa Tu momsaxurebis Taviseburebebze. am<br />
ukanasknelis meti gaTviTcnobierebuloba ki imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom, magaliTad,<br />
konkretuli produqciis warmoeba misi saqmianobis sferoa, romlis yvela detalsac<br />
igi zedmiwevniT kargad icnobs. momxmarebeli ki orientirebulia mxolod Tavisi<br />
moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze da, rogorc wesi, SeiZleba sruliadac ar interesdebodes<br />
misaRebi produqtis TaviseburebebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom am Taviseburebam SeiZleba<br />
mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonios Tundac mis janmrTelobaze. aqvea aRsaniSnavi<br />
mxareebs Soris ekonomikuri uTanasworoba. magaliTad, Cveulebrivi adamianisaTvis<br />
arcTu ise iolia daupirispirdes mZlavr mwarmoebels, rodesac mas ar akmayofilebs<br />
SeZenili produqtis xarisxi. yovelive es sakmaris safuZvels qmnis daskvnis gasake-<br />
Teblad, rom arsebobs seriozuli disbalansi mxareebs Soris da, Sesabamisad, ilaxeba<br />
Tanasworobis principi, rogorc kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> qvakuTxedi.<br />
naTelia, rom poziciebis gaTanabreba momxmarebelsa da mimwodebels Soris samar-<br />
Tliani da socialur Rirebulebebze orientirebuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi funqciaa<br />
da, amdenad, sakanonmdeblo regulirebis aucileblobac saxezea. `keTilsindisierebis<br />
principi~ axali xili ar aris kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi monawile<br />
subieqtebis interesTa balansis uzrunvelsayofad, Tumca aSkaraa, rom momxmareblis<br />
statusi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba mewarmis statusisagan swored nakleb informirebulobisa<br />
da ekonomikurad susti mdgomareobis gamo, rac ganapirobebs ufro meti<br />
da maRali xarisxis samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebis arsebobis aucileblobas.<br />
TumcaRa zogierTi avtori saTuod xdis `susti mxaris~ cnebis arsebobis marTebulobas<br />
im motiviT, rom Tuki aseTi kategoria iarsebebs, es gaxdeba aseTi pirebis aragonivruli<br />
saqcielisa da daudevrobis gamamarTlebeli safuZveli da maT SesaZlebloba<br />
eqnebaT, isargeblon samarTlebrivi dacvis maRali standartebiT nebismier situaciaSi.<br />
2 am Sexedulebis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoaqvT daskvna, rom specialuri regulirebis<br />
safuZvels qmnis ara momxmareblis `sisuste~, aramed koleqtiuri interesebi.<br />
principebi, romelTac unda emyarebodes regulireba, kargadaa formulirebuli evropuli<br />
kavSiris komisiis mier: `...iyide rac ginda, sadac ginda; Tuki ar imuSavebs, daabrune;<br />
icode, ras Wam; daculi iyavi dasvenebisas; momxmarebeli ar unda iqnes Seyvanili<br />
SecdomaSi, momxmarebelma SeiZleba zogjer gadaifiqros. fasebis Sedareba advili<br />
unda iyos, xelSekruleba unda iyos samarTliani da unda arsebobdes efeqtiani<br />
dacvis saSualeba transsasazRvro davebisas~. 3<br />
2 Rinkes J.G.J., European Consumer <strong>Law</strong>: Making Sense, The Yearbook of Consumer <strong>Law</strong>, Edited by Twigg-<br />
Flesner C., Parry D., Howells G., Nordhausen A., Ashgate, 2008, 15.<br />
3 iqve, 3.<br />
57
v. zaaliSvili, samomxmareblo kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebis sistemuri<br />
Taviseburebani qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
58<br />
3. evropuli gamocdileba<br />
samomxmareblo urTierTobebis regulirebis aucilebloba eWvs ar iwvevs. samar-<br />
Tlis am dargis sistemis analizisaTvis, evrostruqturebisken saqarTvelos sul ufro<br />
mzardi miswrafebis fonze, interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos am mimarTulebiT evropuli<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> ganviTarebis tendenciebis analizi, miT umetes, rom wevr saxelmwifoebSi<br />
ganxorcielebuli sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes<br />
sagulisxmo magaliTad qarTuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
evropuli kavSiris doneze rogorc kerZosamarTlebrivi, ise sajarosamarTlebrivi<br />
calkeuli aspeqtebi me-20 saukunis miwurulidan seqtoruli midgomis sagania.<br />
aseTi midgoma aisaxeba harmonizaciis procesSi: miRebulia rigi direqtivebisa 4 , romlebic<br />
sxvadasxvagvarad aisaxa wevr saxelmwifoTa erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi.<br />
evropuli parlamentis mier 1994 wels miRebuli rezoluciiT 5 daiwyo kvleva<br />
kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> erTiani evropuli kodeqsis misaRebad. 6 specialuri komisiis 7 mier<br />
SemuSavebul iqna `evropuli saxelSekrulebo <strong>samarTlis</strong> principebi~. 8 dResdReobiT<br />
farTo ganxilvis sagania samomxmareblo urTierTobebis maregulirebeli seqtoruli<br />
normatiuli bazisa 9 da erTiani evropuli saxelSekrulebo <strong>samarTlis</strong> urTierTmimarTebis<br />
sakiTxi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom seqtoruli midgoma saTanadod ver uz-<br />
4<br />
kerZosamarTlebrivi mimarTulebiT gamosayofia Semdegi direqtivebi: 1990 wlis #314 —<br />
samogzauro, dasasvenebeli da turebis paketebis Sesaxeb (Council Directive on package travel, package<br />
holidays and package tours), OO.J. L 158, 23/06/1990, 0059 - 0064; 1985 wlis #577 — biznessawarmos gareT<br />
(quCaSi) dadebul xelSekrulebebSi momxmarebelTa dacvis Sesaxeb (Council Directive to protect the<br />
consumer in respect of contracts negotiated away from business premises), O.J. L 372 , 31/12/1985, 0031 — 0033;<br />
1997 wlis #7 — distanciaze dadebul xelSekrulebaSi momxmarebelTa dacvis Sesaxeb (Directive<br />
of European Parliament and of Council on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts), OO.J. L 144,<br />
04/06/1997, 0019 — 0027; 1999 wlis #44 — samomxmareblo saqonlis nasyidobisa da masTan dakavSirebuli<br />
garantiebis zogierTi aspeqtebis Sesaxeb (Directive of the European Parliament and of the<br />
Council on certain aspect of the sale of consumer goods and associated gurantees), OO.J. L 171, 07/07/1999, 0012 —<br />
0016; 1993 wlis #13 — samomxmareblo xelSekrulebebSi arakeTilsindisieri pirobebis Sesaxeb<br />
(Council Directive on unfair contract terms in consumer contracts), OJ L 095, 21/04/1993, 0029 — 0034; 1994 wlis<br />
#47 — momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb uZravi qonebis vadiani sargeblobis uflebis<br />
SeZenis Taobaze dadebuli xelSekrulebebis zogierTi aspeqtisas (Directive of the European<br />
Parliament and of the Council on protection of purchasers in respect of certain aspects of contract related to the<br />
purchase of the right to use immovable properties on a timeshare basis), OJ L 280, 29/10/1994, 0083 – 0087,<br />
.<br />
5<br />
evropuli parlamentis rezolucia evropuli saxelSekrulebo da sanivTo <strong>samarTlis</strong> Sesaxeb<br />
(Resolution of the European Parliament concerning European Contract and Property <strong>Law</strong>), OJ L 25 July,<br />
1994, No C. 205/518 ff.<br />
6<br />
Common European Code of Private <strong>Law</strong>.<br />
7<br />
evropuli saxelSekrulebo <strong>samarTlis</strong> specialuri komisia prof. ole landos xelmZRvanelobiT.<br />
8<br />
Principles of European Contract <strong>Law</strong>, http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/eu.contract.principles.1998/doc.html>.<br />
9 ix. me-4 sqolio.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
runvelyofs dasaxuli miznebis realizacias10 da, radganac momxmarebelTa uflebebis<br />
dacvis samarTali Tavisi arsiT saxelSekrulebo <strong>samarTlis</strong> Semadgeneli nawilia,<br />
misi ganviTarebis Tanmimdevruloba dRis wesrigSi dadga “Common Frame of Referece“<br />
(`saerTo kriteriumTa CarCo~) proeqtis saxiT.<br />
yovelive zemoaRniSnuli miuTiTebs imaze, rom mimdinareobs im gzebisa da formebis<br />
Zieba, romelTa meSveobiTac saerTo-evropul doneze ganxorcieldeba direqtivebSi mocemuli<br />
seqtoruli midgomis amsaxveli debulebebis sistematizacia, anu kerZo samar-<br />
Tlis sistemaSi specialuri regulirebis wesebis ufro efeqtiani integrireba.<br />
wevri qveynebis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv doneze, sakanonmdeblo teqnikis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
gansxvavebuli midgomebia warmodgenili. individualuri qveynis arCevani gamomdinareobs<br />
im tradiciebidan, rac maT samarTalSi iyo damkvidrebuli evropuli direqtivebis<br />
implementaciamde. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT RirsSesaniSnavi ori, kerZod, germaniisa<br />
da niderlandebis samefos, magaliTia, sadac regulirebis kerZosamarTlebrivi aspeqtebi<br />
umeteswilad samoqalaqo kodeqsis farglebSia mocemuli, rac mniSvnelovanwilad amcirebs<br />
koliziis SesaZleblobas da, Sesabamisad, praqtikaSi naklebi problemebis wyaroa.<br />
es ki, Tavis mxriv, regulirebis miznis efeqtian miRwevas unda emsaxurebodes. TumcaRa<br />
efeqtiani regulirebis aranakleb warmatebuli modelia erTiani specialuri kanoni11 zogad regulirebasTan kombinaciaSi. saxezea aseve iseTi modelebi, romlebSic sxvadasxva<br />
aspeqtebi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, arakeTilsindisieri pirobebi xelSekrulebaSi, 12<br />
turistuli paketi, 13 quCaSi dadebuli xelSekrulebebi14 da sxva, calkeuli normatiuli<br />
aqtebiTaa regulirebuli. 15<br />
4. momxmarebeli `biznesi~<br />
regulirebis aucileblobas, zemoaRniSnul faqtorebTan erTad, urTierTobaSi<br />
monawile pirebis statusi ganapirobebs, romelTa zusti Camoyalibebac umniSvnelovanesia.<br />
maTi statusi ganixileba specialuri wesebis moqmedebis farglebis gansazRvris<br />
kriteriumad.<br />
10 ix. European Contract <strong>Law</strong> - Common Frame of Reference, .<br />
11 am modelis magaliTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes avstria, safrangeTi, aRmosavleTevropuli<br />
qveynebi.<br />
12 gaerTienebuli samefo.<br />
13 latvia, safrangeTi, sadac samomxmareblo kodeqsis paralelurad moqmedebs 2005 wels<br />
miRebuli turizmis kodeqsi.<br />
14 malta.<br />
15 evropuli kavSiris wevr qveynebSi direqtivebis implementaciiis formebis Sesaxeb ix. EC<br />
Consumer <strong>Law</strong> Compendium, Comparative Analysis, Edited by Schulte-Nölke H. in co-operation with Twigg-<br />
Flesner Ch. and Ebers M., Universität Bielefeld, April 2007, 44-161, .<br />
59
v. zaaliSvili, samomxmareblo kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebis sistemuri<br />
Taviseburebani qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
60<br />
4.1 `momxmarebeli~<br />
upirvelesad, unda Camoyalibdes is maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic iZleva subieqtis<br />
`momxmareblad~ kvalifikaciis saSualebas. umetes evropul direqtivaSi 16 `momxmarebeli~<br />
ganmartebulia rogorc `nebismieri fizikuri piri, ...romelic moqmedebs Tavisi<br />
savaWro, saqmiani an profesiuli miznebis miRma~. 17 `momxmareblis~ msgavsi definiciebia<br />
1980 wlis `saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebisadmi gamosayenebeli <strong>samarTlis</strong> Sesaxeb~<br />
(“Rome Convention on <strong>Law</strong> Applicable to Contractual Obligations“) romisa 18 da 1968 wlis `samoqalaqo<br />
da savaWro saqmeebze qvemdebareobisa da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa aRsrulebis<br />
Sesaxeb~ (“Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments on Civil<br />
and Commercial Matters“) briuselis 19 (aseve evropuli sabWos reglamenti #44/2001 `samoqalaqo<br />
da savaWro saqmeebze qvemdebareobis, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa cnobisa<br />
da aRsrulebis Sesaxeb~ — `briuselis I reglamenti~ — “Regulation on Jurisdiction, Recognition<br />
and Enforcement of Judgments on Civil and Commercial Matters“ 20 ) konvenciebSi.<br />
rogorc formulirebidan naTlad ikveTeba, sakvalifikacioa ori niSani: a) fizikuri<br />
piri da b) misi moqmedebis mizani. pirvel niSanTan dakavSirebiT orazrovneba faqtobrivad<br />
gamoricxulia, maSin, rodesac miznobriobis interpretacia farTo asparezs<br />
iZleva. `momxmareblis~ cnebis amgvari definicia evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> doneze wevr<br />
qveynebSi minimaluri dacvis standartis damkvidrebisken aris mimarTuli, rac implementaciis<br />
procesiT faqtobrivad uzrunvelyofilia; 21 implementaciis procesma aCvena,<br />
rom arsebobs rigi gadaxrebi, Tumca isini `momxmareblis~ cnebis gafarToebis kuTxiT<br />
SeiniSneba. es gadaxrebi ramdenime SemTxveviT Semoifargleba: momxmarebeli — `saboloo<br />
adresati~ (Tumca arasamewarmeo mizanTan kombinacia damkvidrebulia gamoyenebisas)<br />
22 , momxmarebeli — `biznesi~ e.w. saqmianobisaTvis aratipur garigebebSi 23 ; susti mxa-<br />
16<br />
garda 1990 wlis #314 (sadac `momxmareblis~ cneba moicavs rogorc uSualod xelSekrulebis<br />
mxares, aseve im pirsac, romelsac gamosayeneblad gadaeca turistuli paketi)<br />
da1994 wlis #47 (sadac termin `momxmareblis~ nacvlad gamoyenebulia termini `SemZeni~)<br />
direqtivebisa — ix. me-4 sqolio.<br />
17<br />
Any natural person ... acting for the purposes, which are outside his trade, business or profession.<br />
18<br />
OJ L 027, 26/01/1998.<br />
19<br />
OJ L 299, 31/12/1972.<br />
20<br />
OJ L 12 16.01.2001.<br />
21<br />
ix. EC Consumer <strong>Law</strong> Compendium, Comparative Analysis, Edited by Schulte-Nölke H. in co-operation with<br />
Twigg-Flesner and Ebers M., Universität Bielefeld, April 2007, 720, .<br />
22<br />
espaneTi, saberZneTi, ungreTi, luqsemburgi — ix. EC Consumer <strong>Law</strong> Compendium, Comparative<br />
Analysis, Edited by Schulte-Nölke H. in co-operation with Twigg-Flesner Ch. and Ebers M., Universität Bielefeld,<br />
April 2007, 721-722, < http://www.eu-consumer-law.org/study_en.cfm>.<br />
23<br />
safrangeTi (`momxmareblis~ cnebis definicia saerTod ar arsebobs da kriteriumebi<br />
damkvidrebulia sasamarTlo praqtikiT — Cass. Civ. of 28 April 1987, JCP 1987. II. 20893 Juris-classeur<br />
periodique – ix. EC Consumer <strong>Law</strong> Compendium, Comparative Analysis, Edited by Schulte-Nölke H. in cooperation<br />
with Twigg-Flesner Ch. and Ebers M., Universität Bielefeld, April 2007, .<br />
bulgareTi (2005 wlis `momxmarebelTa dacvis Sesaxeb~ kanonis damatebiTi<br />
debulebebi #3, 1 — ix. EC Consumer <strong>Law</strong> Compendium, Comparative Analysis, Edited by Schulte-<br />
Nölke H. in co-operation with Twigg-Flesner Ch. and Ebers M., Universität Bielefeld, April 2007,
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
re — `Sereuli mizniT~ (samewarmeo/piradi moxmarebis) dadebul garigebebSi; dasaqmebuli,<br />
rogorc momxmarebeli 24 ; zogierTi iuridiuli piri `momxmareblis~ rangSi 25 ; piri<br />
garigebaSi, romelic ideba samewarmeo saqmianobis dasawyebad (winare stadiaze) 26 .<br />
4.2 `biznesi~<br />
aranaklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba urTierTobis meore mxaris — `biznesis~ swor kvalifikacias,<br />
radgan, rogorc wesi, or momxmarebels an mewarmes Soris dadebuli garigeba<br />
ar eqceva specialuri regulirebis farglebSi `susti mxaris~ ararsebobis gamo.<br />
terminebi, romlebic evropul direqtivebSi gamoiyeneba, gansxvavebulia: `movaWre~<br />
(“trader“), `mimwodebeli~, `gamyidveli~, `uZravi qonebiT movaWre~ (“vendor“), `momsaxurebis<br />
gamwevi~, `kreditori~. araerTgvarovani midgoma arsebobs formulirebis<br />
TvalsazrisiTac, Tumca maTi Sinaarsidan ori ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebaa saerTo, riTac<br />
formirdeba `biznesis~ cneba; kerZod, a) `biznesi~ SeiZleba iyos, rogorc fizikuri,<br />
ise iuridiuli piri da b) igi unda moqmedebdes TviTdasaqmebis, zogadad saqmianobis<br />
an profesiuli miznebiT.<br />
consumer-law.org/study_en.cfm>. poloneTi (ix. Green Paper on Optimal Vision of Civil Code of the Republic<br />
of Poland, Edited by Radwanski Z., Ministry of Justice, Warsaw, 2006, 87, ); latvia (`momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb~ kanonis 1-li I<br />
muxli, ix. EC Consumer <strong>Law</strong> Compendium, Comparative Analysis, Edited by Schulte-Nölke H. in co-operation<br />
with Twigg-Flesner Ch. and Ebers M., Universität Bielefeld, April 2007, . TumcaRa unda aRiniSnos, rom 2005 wlis reformis Semdgom iuridiuli pirebi<br />
aRar sargebloben <strong>samarTlis</strong> am nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli dacvis meqanizmebiT; britaneTi<br />
(`arakeTilsindisieri saxelSekrulebo pirobebis Sesaxeb~ 1977 wlis kanonis me-12 I<br />
muxli, ); italia (italiis 2003 wlis<br />
momxmarebelTa kodeqsis me-3 I muxlis `a~ da `b~ qvepunqtebi, ; Tavad<br />
evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiTac dasaSvebad iqna miCneuli amgvari gadaxra —<br />
ECJ Judgment of 14 March 2003, C-361/89 — Criminal Proceedings v Patrice Di Pinto [1991] ECR I-01189.<br />
24 germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi mocemuli `momxmareblis~ cnebis definiciis (#13) safuZvelze,<br />
germaniis SromiTi davebis federaluri sasamarTlos mier dasaqmebuli aRiarebul<br />
iqna, rogorc momxmarebeli (BAG, Judgment of 25 May 2005, 5 AZR 572/04, NJW 2005, 3305<br />
– EC Consumer <strong>Law</strong> Compendium, Comparative Analysis, Edited by Schulte-Nölke H. in co-operation with<br />
Twigg-Flesner Ch. and Ebers M., Universität Bielefeld, April 2007, ), Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom zogadad yvela situaciaSi dasaqmebuli SeiZleba<br />
miCneul iqnes momxmareblad.<br />
25 magaliTad, SeiZleba dasaxeldes britaneTi, sadac iuridiuli pirebi eqcevian `arakeTilsindisieri<br />
saxelSekrulebo pirobebis Sesaxeb~ 1977 wlis kanonis moqmedebis sferoSi.<br />
amasTan, avstriaSi 1979 wlis `momxmarebelTa dacvis Sesaxeb~ federalur kanonSi<br />
mocemuli definiciis mixedviT (1-li I muxli), nebismieri piri, maT Soris iuridiuli<br />
pirebic (umetesad saqvelmoqmedo, religiuri organizaciebi), romlebic deben garigebas<br />
saqmiani miznis gareSe, iTvlebian momxmareblebad.<br />
26 avstriis `momxmarebelTa dacvis Sesaxeb~ federaluri kanonis 1-li III muxlis mixedviT,<br />
fizikuri piris mier momavali samewarmeo saqmianobis mizniT dadebuli garigeba ar<br />
iTvleba biznessaqmianobad. germaniis sasamarTlo praqtika ki sapirispiro midgomiT<br />
gamoirCeva, ix. BGH, Decision of 24 February 2005, III ZB 36/04, NJW 2005, 1273-1275.<br />
61
v. zaaliSvili, samomxmareblo kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebis sistemuri<br />
Taviseburebani qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
bundovnadaa warmoCenili saxelmwifo organoebis mier dadebuli garigebebis<br />
SemTxveva, Tumca `arakeTilsindisieri saxelSekrulebo pirobebis Sesaxeb~ 13 direqtivis<br />
me-2 muxlSi am sakiTxs nawilobriv naTeli efineba, radgan `gamyidveli~ an `mimwodebeli~<br />
aris nebismieri fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, miuxedavad misi sakuTrebis<br />
kerZo Tu sajaro formisa. uSualod sajaro dawesebulebebic, rogorc wesi, ganixileba<br />
`biznesad~ 27 .<br />
problematuria aseve moqmedebis mizanTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. logikuria,<br />
rom TavisTavad `biznesis~ cneba, iqneba es TviTdasaqmeba profesiuli Tu savaWro formiT,<br />
saqmian, Sedegze orietirebul koncefciad ganixileba, romlis umTavresi mizania<br />
mogebis miReba, Tumca “animo lucri“ (`mogebis miRebis mizani~) zogadad gadamwyveti kriteriumi<br />
ar aris, radgan igi Sesabamis mxares `manipulirebis~ saSualebas aniWebs. 28 wevri<br />
qveynebis kanonmdeblebi araerTgvarovnad miudgnen am koncefcias: zog maTganSi gadamwyveti<br />
faqtori ar aris mogebis miRebis mizani, 29 amdenad asociaciebi, romlebic mogebisgan<br />
gansxvavebul miznebzea orientirebuli, ganixileba `biznesad~, Tumca zog saxelmwifoSi30<br />
saWiroa moqmedeba xorcieldebodes mogebis mizniT.<br />
kidev erTi Tavisebureba, romelic evropul direqtivebSi `biznesis~ cnebas ukav-<br />
Sirdeba, Seexeba `biznesis~ saxeliT moqmed pirebs, anu warmomadgenlobas garigebebSi.<br />
xSirad momxmareblisaTvis Znelia imis garCeva, Tu visTan debs igi garigebas: es piri SeiZleba<br />
moqmedebdes `biznesis~ saxeliT an am ukanasknelis instruqciebis Sesabamisad,<br />
an mis sasargeblod; davis SemTxvevaSi argumentad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes is, rom<br />
momxmarebelma gaaforma xelSekruleba fizikur pirTan, romelic, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba<br />
dakvalificirdes momxmareblad da, Sesabamisad, urTierTobaze ver gavrceldeba<br />
specialuri regulireba. aseTi warmomadgenlis meSveobiT moqmedeba ar unda iwvevdes<br />
`biznesis~ mier Sesabamisi statusis dakargvas. miuxedavad amisa, poloneTisa da saber-<br />
ZneTis kanonmdeblobaSi msgavsi warmomadgenlebi `biznesad~ ar ganixileba. 31<br />
or kerZo pirs Soris dadebuli garigeba, romelSic Suamavali `biznesia~, germaniasa<br />
da avstriaSi ar ganixileba samomxmareblo xelSekrulebad. sawinaaRmdegod amisa,<br />
daniaSi, italiasa da portugaliaSi uZravi qonebis vadiani sargeblobis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba,<br />
romelSic qonebiT movaWre (“vendor“) araprofesionali warmodgenilia profesionalis<br />
mier, amyarebs samomxmareblo urTierTobas.<br />
27<br />
EC Consumer <strong>Law</strong> Compendium, Comparative Analysis, Edited by Schule-Nölke H. in co-operation with<br />
Twigg-Flesner Ch. and Ebers M., Universität Bielefeld, April 2007, 735, .<br />
28<br />
EC Consumer <strong>Law</strong> Compendium, Comparative Analysis, Edited by Schulte-Nölke H. in co-operation with<br />
Twigg-Flesner Ch. and Ebers M., Universität Bielefeld, April 2007, 734, .<br />
29<br />
germania, avstria, niderlandebi, saberZneTi, bulgareTi, SvedeTi.<br />
30<br />
fineTi, slovenia, espaneTi.<br />
31<br />
EC Consumer <strong>Law</strong> Compendium, Comparative Analysis, Edited by Schulte-Nölke H. in co-operation with<br />
Twigg-Flesner Ch. and Ebers M., Universität Bielefeld, April 2007, 739, .<br />
62
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
5. saqarTvelos konstitucia<br />
termini `momxmarebeli~ saqarTvelos konstituciaSia moxseniebuli: 30-e muxlis<br />
mixedviT, momxmareblis uflebebs icavs kanoni. sruliad logikuria, rom am doneze<br />
cnebis definicia SeuZlebelia, Tumca mniSvnelovania Tavad terminis gamoyeneba qveynis<br />
uzenaes kanonSi, rac adasturebs, rom, miuxedavad cnebis SinaarsTan dakavSirebuli<br />
sakamaTo sakiTxebisa, samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis monawile subieqtebSi gamoiyofa<br />
specialuri kategoria, romelTa uflebebic saxelmwifos mier dacul unda iqnes<br />
sakanonmdeblo doneze.<br />
konstituciis Sesabamisad, urTierTobebi, romelTa monawilec momxmarebeli SeiZleba<br />
iyos, kerZosamarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, regulirebulia ierarqiulad Tanabari<br />
donis ramdenime sxvadasxva dros miRebuli kanoniT, Tumca ramdenad gamarTulia<br />
normatiuli aqtebis sistema im Sedegis misaRwevad, romelsac qveynis mTavari kanoni<br />
isaxavs miznad, calke msjelobis sagania.<br />
6. saqarTveloSi moqmedi sistema<br />
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva specialuri mowesrigebis sferoa qarTul samar-<br />
TalSic: 1996 wels miRebul iqna kanoni `momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb~ 32<br />
(SemdgomSi — mudk), romlis regulirebas eqvemdebareba momxmareblisaTvis saqonlisa<br />
da momsaxurebis miwodebasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi, risi ZiriTadi mizanicaa<br />
momxmareblis socialuri dacvis uzrunvelyofa. mudk iTvaliswinebs rogorc saxel-<br />
Sekrulebo urTierTobebidan gamomdinare dacvis meqanizmebs, ise dacvis mcireoden<br />
sajarosamarTlebriv meqanizmebsac; garda amisa, kanonis regulirebis sferoSi moeqca<br />
uxarisxo produqciiT miyenebuli zianidan gamomdinare urTierTobebic.<br />
mudk-is miReba win uswrebda saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 33 (SemdgomSi — ssk)<br />
Seqmnas, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, moawesriga Tvisobrivad identuri urTierTobebi —<br />
nasyidobisa 34 da nardobis 35 iseve, rogorc turistuli momsaxurebis 36 xelSekrulebebi<br />
specialuri tipebis saxiT. ssk-is deliqtebis TavSi aseve gaTvaliswinebul iqna pasuxismgebloba<br />
uxarisxo produqciiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis. 37<br />
uxarisxo produqciiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebiT aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
`produqciisa da momsaxurebis sertifikaciis Sesaxeb~ kanonis 38<br />
32 saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 1996, #007.<br />
33 saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 1997, #31.<br />
34 ssk-is 477-515-e muxlebi.<br />
35 ssk-is 629-655-e muxlebi.<br />
36 ssk-is 657-667-e muxlebi.<br />
37 ssk-is 1009-1016-e muxlebi, romelTa debulebebi gamiznulia momxmarebelTa uflebebis<br />
dacvisaTvis, winamdebare naSromSi Sefasdeba.<br />
38 saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 1996, #22-23. 2006 wels aRniSnuli kanoni Zireulad<br />
Seicvala kanonmdeblobis evropuli kavSiris samarTalTan daaxloebis mizniT. amdenad,<br />
masSi mocemuli wesebi gasaTvaliswinebelia rogorc axali normebi.<br />
63
v. zaaliSvili, samomxmareblo kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebis sistemuri<br />
Taviseburebani qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
(SemdgomSi — pmsk) is debulebebi, romlebic Seexeba `usafrTxo produqtis~ cnebas da<br />
mimwodeblis valdebulebebs, Tumca kanonmdeblobis am segmentis moqmedebis samar-<br />
Tlebrivi Sedegi upiratesad sajarosamarTlebrivi xasiaTisaa da scdeba winamdebare<br />
naSromis ganxilvis Temas.<br />
pirTa Tanasworuflebianobaze damyarebuli urTierTobebi ssk-is mowesrigebis<br />
sferoa, romelSic, raRa Tqma unda, Sedis samomxmareblo urTierTobebi, Tumca, rogorc<br />
erTiani zogadi kanoni, 39 igi mudk-is debulebebTan winaaRmdegobaSi ar unda modiodes,<br />
aramed unda avsebdes mas. miuxedavad amisa, ssk awesrigebs iseT urTierTobebsac,<br />
romlebic Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT samomxmareblo urTierTobad SeiZleba<br />
dakvalificirdes. aqedan gamomdinare, sainteresoa, aris Tu ara saxeze gansazRvrul<br />
aspeqtebSi regulirebis dublireba.<br />
qvemoT detalurad iqneba ganxiluli, Tu rogor unda mowesrigdes koliziuri<br />
sakiTxebi, anu rogor urTierTqmedebs specialuri da zogadi kanonebi aseT SemTxvevebSi.<br />
64<br />
7. specialuri da ufro axali kanoni<br />
koliziuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetas kerZosamarTlebriv sistemaSi erTdroulad<br />
ori kanonis debulebebi emsaxureba, Tumca yvela sakiTxze erTmniSvnelovani pasuxis<br />
gacema rTulia.<br />
`normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis40 (SemdgomSi — nak) 25-e II da 26-e II muxlebis<br />
mixedviT, koliziis arsebobisas, erTi SexedviT, gamosayenebelia ufro gvian miRebuli<br />
kanoni, rac gansaxilveli sferos SemTxvevaSi, udavod, ssk unda iyos. aseTi midgoma<br />
mudk-is debulebebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas sruliad unda gamoricxavdes.<br />
Tumca, mcdaria mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom mudk aravis gauuqmebia,<br />
nak-is zemoaRniSnuli normebi specialur kanons umoqmedod aqcevs. am daskvnis<br />
gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva meore kanonis debuleba, kerZod: ssk-is me-2 II muxlis 1li<br />
winadadeba, romlis mixedviTac, erTi mxriv, specialuri kanonis normebs upiratesoba<br />
eniWeba zogadTan SedarebiT (“lex specialis derogat lex generalis“) da, meore mxriv, specialurTan<br />
erTad kanoni axalic unda iyos. rogorc formulirebidan naTlad Cans,<br />
kanonis gamoyenebisaTvis erTdroulad ori kriteriumis dakmayofilebaa aucilebeli.<br />
TavisTavad am pirobebis kumulaciuri xasiaTi, gansaxilveli sakiTxebis fonze,<br />
damabnevelia, Tumca konteqsts kidev ramdenime mocemuloba emateba da sakiTxs metnaklebad<br />
efineba naTeli. kerZod, mudk-is srul usargeblobaze saubari ver iqneba<br />
ssk-is me-3 IV muxlidan gamomdinare. am debulebis mixedviT, zogadi xasiaTis kanoni ar<br />
auqmebs specialurs, Tuki gauqmeba ar aris misi pirdapiri mizani; Sesabamisad, radgan<br />
ssk-is mizans ar Seadgens mudk-is gauqmeba, am ukanasknelis debulebebi srulad rCeba<br />
ZalaSi. amave dros gasaTvaliswinebelia ssk-is me-3 III muxli, romelSic CamoTvlilia<br />
39 Sead. kereseliZe d., samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi debulebebi, Jurn. `qarTuli samar-<br />
Tlis mimoxilva~, 7/2004-1, 6.<br />
40<br />
saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 19 noemberi, 1996.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
ramdenime piroba, romelTaganac mxolod erTma SeiZleba eWvqveS daayenos mudk-is gamoyneba<br />
— `axali kanoni moicavs ZveliT mowesrigebul urTierTobebs~. ssk, raRa Tqma<br />
unda, moicavs nasyidobasa da momsaxurebis gawevas, radgan igi specialur yuradRebas<br />
uTmobs aRniSnul urTierTobebs, Tumca am tipur xelSekrulebebs aklia is erTi specifika,<br />
romelic samomxmareblo urTierTobebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, kerZod —<br />
`susti mxare~ garigebaSi.<br />
amdenad, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mudk-is, rogorc specialuri kanonis, moqmedebaze<br />
ssk-is miRebas zegalena ar mouxdenia. erTaderTi gamonaklisi am SemTxvevaSi<br />
turistuli momsaxurebis Sesaxeb Tavia, romelic (gansakuTrebiT masSi ganxorcielebuli<br />
bolo cvlilebebi informaciis miwodebis valdebulebis Sesaxeb) Sesabamisi evropuli<br />
direqtivis debulebebis gaazrebuli Tu gauazrebeli implementaciis Sedegia.<br />
yuradRebas imsaxurebs uxarisxo produqtiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis sakiTxi,<br />
romelic upiratesad ssk-is zemoaRniSnuli debulebebiT reglamentirdeba,<br />
Tumca ramdenad marTebulia konkretul SemTxvevaSi damkvidrebuli sasamarTlo<br />
praqtika, calke msjelobis sagania.<br />
specialuri regulirebis `arsebobis~ gasamyareblad ganxilul unda iqnes mudkis<br />
moqmedebis farglebic.<br />
8. mudk-is moqmedebis sfero<br />
mudk-is moqmedebis sferos ganxilvamde mizanSewonilia aRiniSnos, rom moqmed<br />
kerZosamarTlebriv regulirebaSi samomxmareblo urTierTobebTan `susti mxaris~<br />
niSniT msgavsi SromiTi urTierTobebi analogiuri sistemiT reglamentirdeba. sayuradReboa,<br />
rom saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis 41 (SemdgomSi — sSk) SemTxvevaSi specialuri<br />
da zogadi kanonebis urTierTmimarTeba ar saWiroebs samomxmareblo urTier-<br />
TobebTan mimarTebiT moyvanil wiaRsvlebs: sSk-is 1-li II muxli pirdapir gansazRvravs<br />
ssk-is gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas specialuri kanoniT mouwesrigebeli Sem-<br />
Txvevebis dasaregulireblad.<br />
8.1 zogadi moqmedebis sfero<br />
mudk-is pirveli abzacidan ikveTeba kanonis teritoriuli moqmedebis sfero —<br />
saqarTvelos teritoria da kanonis mizani — moawesrigos momxmarebelTa dacvis samarTlebrivi,<br />
ekonomikuri da socialuri safuZvlebi. amrigad, dacvis sfero sakmaod<br />
farToa da moicavs rogorc kerZosamarTlebriv, ise sajarosamarTlebriv aspeqtebs.<br />
8.2 `momxmareblis~ cneba<br />
mudk-is Tanaxmad, termini `momxmarebeli~ ganimarteba rogorc piradi saWiroebisaTvis<br />
saqonlis (samuSaos, momsaxurebis) gamomyenebeli, SemZeni, SemkveTi an aseTi<br />
41 2009 wlis 19 ivnisi, ssm 23, 183-e muxli.<br />
65
v. zaaliSvili, samomxmareblo kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebis sistemuri<br />
Taviseburebani qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
ganzraxvis mqone moqalaqe. SeniSvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom termini `moqalaqe~<br />
nawilobriv SesabamisobaSia `momxmareblis~ Tanamedrove gagebasTan im TvalsazrisiT,<br />
rom gulisxmobs fizikur pirs. amdenad, iuridiuli pirebi an msgavsi warmonaqmnebi,<br />
erTi SexedviT, sruliad gamoiricxeba am institutis Sinaarsidan. meore mxriv<br />
ki, imave winadadebaSi mocemuli termini `gamomyenebeli~ `moqalaqesTan~ kombinaciaSi<br />
gulisxmobs imas, rom samomxmareblo garigebis subieqtebad gamodian mewarmeebi<br />
(`biznesi~ — igulisxmeba rogorc fizikuri, ise iuridiuli piri), xolo garigebis obieqtiT<br />
sargeblobs `moqalaqe~ (piradi saWiroebisaTvis). aseTi ganmartebis safuZvelze,<br />
erTi mxriv, mewarme fizikuri piris SemTxvevaSi Sereuli mizniT dadebuli garigebebi<br />
eqceva specialuri regulirebis sferoSi da, radganac sasamarTlo praqtika am<br />
mimarTulebiT ar arsebobs, savaraudod, piradi moxmarebis mizani dominant rolSi<br />
unda gamodiodes. meore mxriv, iuridiuli piris SemTxvevaSi erTmniSvnelovania, rom<br />
samogzauro paketi, romelsac organizacia Tavisi TanamSromlisaTvis SeiZens, SeiZleba<br />
moeqces specialuri regulirebis sferoSi. kidev erT magaliTad safexburTo<br />
klubis mier momwodebelTan dadebuli garigeba SeiZleba dasaxeldes, romlis obieqtiT<br />
mosargeblec daqiravebuli fexburTelia da aseTi garigebac Tamamad SeiZleba<br />
samomxmareblo xelSekrulebad dakvalificirdes. hipoTetur magaliTad SeiZleba<br />
dasaxeldes aseve arasamewarmeo iuridiuli piri (kavSiris saxiT), romelic iZens qonebas,<br />
raTa sabolood misma wevrebma isargeblon SeZenili sikeTiT. maRali standartis<br />
daweseba TavisTavad negatiuri movlena rodia, Tumca ramdenad aris msgavs SemTxvevebSi<br />
iuridiuli piri susti mxare garigebaSi da ramdenad imsaxurebs igi socialuri<br />
dacvis imperativebiT sargeblobis uflebas, sakamaToa.<br />
zogadad, iuridiul pirebze specialuri dacvis gavrceleba problemas ar unda<br />
qmnides, radgan fizikuri pirebis miRma specialuri dacvis meqanizmis amoqmedeba, rig<br />
mkacrad reglamentirebul situaciebSi, ramdenime evropuli qveynisTvisaa damaxasia-<br />
Tebeli da arCevanis sakiTxia. aseTi midgoma arc evropuli regulirebis principeb-<br />
Tan modis winaaRmdegobaSi, radgan fizikuri pirebis dacva minimaluri standartia,<br />
magram mudk-Si mocemuli formulireba, romelic aSkarad aseTi farTo interpretaciis<br />
saSualebas iZleva, mizanSewonili ar unda iyos, radgan ganviTarebadi ekonomikis<br />
pirobebSi es zedmet tvirTad daawveba mewarmes.<br />
`piradi saWiroebis~ mizani fizikuri piris monawileobiT dadebul garigebaSi<br />
nakleb problemebs qmnis, radgan igi gonivruli gansjis farglebSi, profesiul, biznes-<br />
an sazogadoebrivi urTierTqmedebis (Tundac mogebis miRebis mizniT) konteqstSi<br />
ar aRiqmeba. ufro rTulia am miznis kombinireba iuridiul pirebTan, radgan,<br />
imis daSvebiT, rom mudk SeiZleba or mewarme subiets Soris dadebul garigebazec gavrceldes,<br />
aseTi subieqtis saWiroeba ukve mis specifikur saqmianobasTan asocirdeba<br />
da bevri gaugebrobis wyaro SeiZleba gaxdes.<br />
Semdgomi problema Tavad termin `moqalaqis~ gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba. raRa Tqma<br />
unda, am cnebaSi moiazrebian rogorc saqarTvelos, ise ucxoeTis moqalaqeebic, magram<br />
daucveli rCebian moqalqeobis armqone pirebi. samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi, romelic<br />
adamianis uflebebzea orientirebuli, aseT segregacias Znelia gamarTleba<br />
mouZebno. aq albaT gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom mudk qarTuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> ganviTa-<br />
66
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
rebis iseT etapze iqna miRebuli, romelic jer kidev gajerebuli iyo Zveli sabWoTa<br />
koncefciebiT — igi win uswrebda ssk-is miRebas. nebismier SemTxvevaSi xarvezi TvalsaCinoa<br />
da kanonmdeblis saTanado yuradRebas moiTxovs.<br />
8.3 `biznesi~<br />
`biznesis~ koncefcia mudk-Si gadmocemulia terminebiT: `damamzadebeli~, `Semsrulebeli~<br />
da `gamyidveli~. `damamzadeblisa~ da `Semsruleblis~ SemTxvevaSi aseTi<br />
subieqtebis nairsaxeobas ganekuTvnebian Sesabamisi `sawarmo~, `organizacia~, `dawesebuleba~<br />
an `moqalaqe-mewarme~. rac Seexeba `gamyidvels~, gansxvaveba im formiT vlindeba,<br />
rom termin `moqalaqes~ `mewarme~ aRar axlavs da amitom mis ganxilvas naSromSi<br />
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmoba.<br />
`organizacia~ da `dawesebuleba~, kerZosamarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, moqmedi kanonmdeblobis<br />
arc erT nawilSi ar ganimarteba da, amdenad, maTi Sinaarsis dasadgenad<br />
terminTa sayovelTaod miRebuli mniSvnelobebi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli. Znelia gadaWriT<br />
iTqvas, samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, ra niSniT gamoirCeva TiToeuli maTgani sxva<br />
danarCenisgan. organizaciisa da dawesebulebis mniSvnelobaSi SeiZleba moiazrebodes<br />
fizikuri pirebi, aseve nebismieri iuridiuli piri ssk-s 24-e muxlis mixedviT. saqmianobis<br />
sistemuri mowesrigeba SesaZlebelia rogorc erTi, ise ramdenime fizikuri piris arsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi. ramdenadac kanonmdebelma `moqalaqe-mewarme~/`moqalaqe~ calke kategoriad<br />
gamoyo, yvela sxva danarCenSi ramdenime piris monawileobiT Seqmnili subieqti<br />
unda igulisxmebodes. miuxedavad amisa, erTi fizikuri piris mier organizaciis, sawarmos<br />
an dawesebulibis Seqmna TavisTavad ar gamoiricxeba da gaugebaria, Tu ratom iqna<br />
daSvebuli amgvari `teqnikuri~ xarvezi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom `sawarmo~ samewarmeo<br />
saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebel warmonaqmnad unda iqnes ganxiluli (`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~<br />
kanonis (SemdgomSi — mSk42 ) 2.1 da 2.2 muxlebis mixedviT).<br />
sainteresoa mizani, romliTac gansaxilveli warmonaqmnebi unda xelmZRvanelobdnen:<br />
a) `damamzadeblisaTvis~ — realizacia an gacvla; b) `SemsruleblisaTvis~ — samu-<br />
Saos Sesruleba an momsaxurebis gaweva da g) `gamyidvelisaTvis~ — produqciis gasaReba.<br />
nebismieri am mizanTagani Tanabrad SeiZleba iyos (samewarmeo saqmianoba mSk-is 1.1<br />
muxlis mixedviT) an ar iyos mogebaze orientirebuli; termini `dawesebuleba~ ganimarteba<br />
`organizaciad, romelic ganagebs raime dargs~, 43 e.i. konkretul mizanze orientirebuli,<br />
wevrobaze dafuZnebuli, iseve rogorc sxva safuZvliT Seqmnili arasamewarmeo<br />
iuridiuli pirebi warmoadgenen `bizness~ samomxmareblo urTierTobebSi. Tumca es daskvna<br />
mxolod ramdenime fizikuri piris monawileobiT Seqmnil subieqtebs unda Seexos,<br />
radgan erTi `moqalaqe-mewarmis~ monawileobis SemTxvevaSi aSkarad ikveTeba `marTlzomieri<br />
da araerTjeradi saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba mogebis miRebis mizniT, damoukideblad<br />
da organizebulad~ (mSk-is 1-li II muxli), Sesabamisad saxezea “animo lucri”.<br />
42 saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani #21-22, 1994.<br />
43 ix. qarTul enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademia,<br />
enaTmecnierebis instituti, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, 1986, 206.<br />
67
v. zaaliSvili, samomxmareblo kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebis sistemuri<br />
Taviseburebani qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
eWvs ar iwvevs, rom sajaro <strong>samarTlis</strong> iuridiuli pirebis cneba, ssk-s 24-e III muxlis<br />
mixedviT, avtomaturad Tavsdeba `biznesis~ farglebSi. ufro metic, saxelmwifo<br />
da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis gansaxilveli kategoriidan gamoricxvac<br />
SeuZlebelia, radgan Tundac privatizaciis procesi warmoSobs samomxmareblo<br />
garigebebis dadebis farTo SesaZleblobas.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, xazi unda gaesvas terminebis — `moqalaqisa~ da `moqalaqe<br />
mewarmis~ gamoyenebas. xarvezi, romelic TavisTavad `moqalaqis~ cnebis gamoyenebas<br />
Seexeba, zemoT delaturad iqna ganxiluli, amdenad igi gameorebas aRar saWiroebs.<br />
sainteresoa, rom mewarmesTan kombinacia mxolod `damamzadeblisa~ da `Semsruleblis~<br />
SemTxvevebSi arsebobs da ganmartebisaTvis sakmarisia mSk-is gamoyeneba, `gamyidveli~<br />
ki met problemas qmnis. kerZod naTelia, rom nebismieri `moqalaqe~ fizikuri<br />
piri Sedis `biznesis~ kategoriaSi da, Sesabamisad, aseTi piris mier `momxmarebelTan~<br />
dadebuli nebismieri nasyidobis xelSekruleba mudk-is regulirebas unda eqvemdebarebodes;<br />
aseTi Sedegi winaaRmdegobrivia Tavad samomxmareblo urTierTobis arsTan,<br />
radgan `moqalaqesa~ da `momxmarebels~ Soris dadebul nasyidobaSi Tvisobrivad arc<br />
erTi aris `susti~ mxare da saTuoa saerTod specialuri regulirebis gavrcelebis<br />
mizanSewoniloba. imis gamo, rom ar arsebobs gansaxilveli urTierTobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
specifika da ssk (rogorc axali kanoni) moicavs mudk-is mier daregulirebul<br />
urTierTobaTa am segments, erTaderTi swori daskvna iqneboda am ukanaskneli kanonis<br />
gamoyenebaze uaris Tqma. Sesabamisad, nasyidobis SemTxvevaSi `moqalaqis~ `biznesad~<br />
ganxilva veRar xerxdeba.<br />
moyvanili msjelobidan naTlad ikveTeba regulirebis qarTuli variantis xarvezebi.<br />
amasTan, “animo lucri” ar unda ganixilebodes gadamwyvet kriteriumad, radgan igi,<br />
erTi mxriv, `biznesis~ mxridan spekulaciis safuZvelia. meore mxriv, iseTi garigeba,<br />
rogoricaa, magaliTad, naxmari inventaris realizacia organizaciis mier, rac scildeba<br />
misi Cveulebrivi saqmianobis sferos, ar unda ganixilebodes samomxmareblo<br />
xelSekrulebad. sasurvelia, rom gaziarebul iqnes subieqtis `biznesad~ kvalifikaciis<br />
evropuli kriteriumebi — TviTdasaqmeba, zogadad saqmianoba an profesiuli<br />
sfero, rac gamoricxavs moyvanil SemTxvevebSi SesaZlo gaugebrobebs.<br />
68<br />
9. ssk-is specialuri debulebebi<br />
9.1 standartuli pirobebi<br />
xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebi specifikuri institutia, romelic ssk-is<br />
miRebiT dainerga qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi. igi uSualod keTilsindisierebis<br />
principidan 44 gamomdinareobs da akonkretebs mas aramewarme fizikuri pirebis mona-<br />
44 detaluri SedarebiTi analizisaTvis ix. ioseliani a., keTilsindisierebis principi<br />
saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi (SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi gamokvleva), Jurn. `qarTuli <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
mimoxilva~, specialuri gamocema, 2007, 60; aseve ix. vaSakiZe g., keTilsin-
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
wileobiT dadebuli garigebebisaTvis. 347-e da 348-e muxlebSi gaTvaliswinebulia ba-<br />
Tili pirobebis CamonaTvali, romelic gamoiyeneba aramewarme fizikuri pirebis mimarT.<br />
`aramewarme fizikuri piris~ cneba aSkarad Seesabameba mudk-Si ganxilul definicias.<br />
ssk-is zemoaRniSnuli muxlebi samomxmareblo urTierTobebis specialur sistemaSi<br />
unda iqnes moazrebuli. igive dasturdeba am muxlTa komentarebSic, sadac ase-<br />
Ti pirebi `momxmareblebad~ iwodebian. 45 iuridiul literaturaSi aramewarme piris<br />
`momxmareblad~ miCneva gaugebrobas warmoSobs, radgan aman SeiZleba ganapirobos<br />
mcdari daskvna imis Taobaze, rom ssk-is 347-e da 384-e muxlebi yvela im SemTxvevaze<br />
gavrceldes, romelsac mudk iTvaliswinebs arsebuli mdgomareobiT (`momxmareblis~<br />
zemomoyvnili farTo interpretaciisas).<br />
rac Seexeba xelSekrulebis meore mxares, orive muxlis formulirebaSi gamoyenebulia<br />
termini `SemTavazebeli~, romelic SeiZleba iyos nebismieri subieqti. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, es normebi sakmaod zogadia da samomxmareblos garda sxva urTierTobebsac<br />
moicavs. maTSi unda moiazrebodes, magaliTad, or fizikur pirs Soris dadebuli<br />
garigebac, miuxedavad imisa aramewarme fizikuri piris kontrahenti moqmedebs Tu<br />
ara samewarmeo, profesiuli an sxva msgavsi miznebiT. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSic Znelia<br />
`susti mxaris~ kriteriumis gansazRvra da, raRa Tqma unda, saxezea specialuri<br />
regulirebis aucileblobac. es SeniSvna ganxilul unda iqnes imis xazgasmiT, rom ba-<br />
Tili standartuli debulebebis mizani unda iyos specialurad samomxmareblo garigebebis<br />
regulireba da amdenad, `SemTavazebeli~ arcTu ise misaRebi terminia.<br />
aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia ssk-is 343-e II muxli, radgan igi mewarme subieqtis monawileobiT<br />
dadebul garigebaSi standartuli pirobebis xelSekrulebis Semadgenel<br />
nawilad qcevisaTvis gamoyofs damatebiT kriteriums, riTac logikurad aramewarme<br />
pirebis monawileobis SemTxvevisaTvis gansxvavebuli reJimis arsebobas usvams xazs.<br />
9.2 quCaSi dadebuli xelSekruleba<br />
`quCaSi dadebuli xelSekruleba~, rogorc samomxmareblo urTierTobebis erTerTi<br />
umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti, ssk-Sia mowesrigebuli. am SemTxvevaSic standartuli<br />
pirobebis msgavsi sistema arsebobs da es instituti iTvleba specialur debulebad<br />
zogadi kanonis farglebSi. normis mizania momxmareblis dacva iseT viTarebaSi dadebul<br />
garigebebSi, romelic `uCveulo~ da moulodnelia am subieqtisaTvis. 46 sainteresoa,<br />
Tu ra situaciebs moicavs mocemuli muxlis moqmedeba da Seesabameba Tu ara su-<br />
disiereba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT — abstraqcia, Tu moqmedi samar-<br />
Tali, Jurn. `qarTuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mimoxilva~, 10/2007-1, 14-56.<br />
45 ix. Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo<br />
kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2001, 196.<br />
46 iqve, 150. quCaSi dadebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb qarTuli da evropuli direqtivis<br />
regulirebaTa SedarebiTi analizisaTvis ix. qardava e., momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis<br />
evropuli standartebis SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi mimoxilva quCaSi dadebuli xelSekrulebebis<br />
magaliTze, Jurn. `qarTuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mimoxilva~, specialuri gamocema, 2007,<br />
122-166.<br />
69
v. zaaliSvili, samomxmareblo kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebis sistemuri<br />
Taviseburebani qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
bieqtebis TvalsazrisiT igi evropul models, romelic Sesabamisi direqtivis implementaciis<br />
Sedegia evropuli kavSiris qveynebis samarTalSi.<br />
336-e muxlis formulirebaSi gamoyenebulia termini `momxmarebeli~, romlis ganmartebac,<br />
Tavis mxriv, mudk-is mixedviT unda moxdes. Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevazec<br />
vrceldeba is xarvezebi, romelic aRniSnuli cnebis ganmartebas axlavs specialur<br />
kanonSi.<br />
rac Seexeba meore mxares, igi warmodgenilia `sakuTari sarewis farglebSi movaWre<br />
piris~ saxiT. Znelia gverdi auaro mocemul formulirebaSi gamoyenebul terminologias,<br />
kerZod ki frazas `sakuTari sarewis farglebSi~. `rewva~, romlisganac gamoyenebuli<br />
frazaa nawarmoebi, ganimarteba rogorc `nadiroba rameze, mopoveba risame;<br />
wvrili xelosnuri warmoeba, rogorc saarsebo saSualebaTa damatebiTi mopovebis<br />
wyaro~ 47 . aSkaraa, rom fraza `...sarewis farglebs gareT..~. gulisxmobs sawarmos teritoriul<br />
farglebs gareT (rasac Semdgomi terminebi — `quCaSi, saxlis win da msgavs<br />
adgilebSi~ adasturebs) ganxorcielebul moqmedebas, rac zogadad Seesabameba evropuli<br />
direqtivis mizans, romlis mixedviTac swored aseTi garemoebebi udevs safuZvlad<br />
moulodnelobis faqtors. TavisTavad arc `rewvis~ pirdapiri mniSvneloba SeiZleba<br />
CaiTvalos problematurad, radgan Tanamedrove konteqstSi masSi ara marto<br />
moyvanili ganmartebis Sinaarsi SeiZleba moiazrebodes, aramed sxva tipis warmoebebic<br />
(Tundac ufro farTo masStabis). problemuria is, rom garemoebaTa CamonaTvali,<br />
rasac ssk-is 336-e muxli iTvaliswinebs, srulad ver asaxavs yvela im situacias, romelic,<br />
Tanamedrove midgomis mixedviT, eqceva am institutis regulirebis sferoSi 48<br />
da, amdenad, misi moqmedebis arealic mcirdeba.<br />
70<br />
9.3 turistuli momsaxureba<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, turistuli momsaxureba, rogorc momsaxurebis konkretuli<br />
sfero, 49 daregulirebulia ssk-is meSveobiT. eWvs ar iwvevs is, rom turisti<br />
(mogzauri) fizikuri piria, romelic am momsaxurebiT individualurad sargeblobs.<br />
aSkaraa agreTve, rom mudk-is mier gaTvaliswinebuli `momxmareblis~ cneba gacilebiT<br />
viwroa, vidre Ssk-iT gaTvaliswinebuli subieqtis Sinaarsi, radgan `momxmarebeli~<br />
`piradi saWiroebisaTvis~ momsaxurebiT mosargeblea. ssk-is 657-e I muxlSi gamoyenebulia<br />
ori termini `turisti~ da `mogzauri~, ris gamoc rCeba STabeWdileba, rom kanoni<br />
ori SemTxvevis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs: Sesabamisad, pirveli asocirdeba<br />
piradi saWiroebis mizanTan, radgan turistuli mogzauroba dasvenebas ukavSirdeba<br />
da gamoricxavs sxva mizans, xolo meore, ufro farToa da SeiZleba samsaxurebriv mivlinebasac<br />
gulisxmobdes. amdenad, `turistis~ SemTxvevaSi ssk-is debulebebi ganxi-<br />
47 ix. Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo<br />
kodeqsis komentari, wigni III, valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2001, 379.<br />
48 Sead. biznessawarmos gareT (quCaSi) dadebul xelSekrulebebSi momxmarebelTa dacvis<br />
Sesaxeb 1985 wlis #577 direqtivis 1-li muxli (ix. me-4 sqolio).<br />
49 ix. Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo<br />
kodeqsis komentari, wigni IV, t. I, Tb., 2001, 292.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
lul unda iqnes rogorc specialuri, xolo mudk-is momsaxurebis nawili — rogorc<br />
zogadi. miuxedavad amisa, ssk-is turistuli momsaxurebis Tavi moicavs am urTierTobis<br />
faqtobrivad amomwurav regulirebas da imis gaTvaliswinebiTac, rom igi axali da<br />
ufro specialuria, mudk-is gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba SeiZleba sruliad gamoiricxos;<br />
`mogzauris~ SemTxvevaze mudk-is gamoyeneba SeiZleba gamoiricxos imave logikiT,<br />
radgan am terminSi ganxiluli gagebiT `turistic~ moiazreba da am momsaxurebis sxva<br />
mizniT mosargeblec. am ukanasknelze, piradi saWiroebis miznis ararsebobis gamo,<br />
mudk-is gavrceleba “ab initio” SeuZlebeli xdeba. Tumca aqve sayuradReboa, rom terminTa<br />
mocemuli kombinaciis moyvanil ganmartebas ewinaaRmdegeba am urTierTobebis<br />
monawile meore mxaris interpretacia ssk-is komentarebSi. kerZod (ssk-is 657-e 1-l<br />
muxlSi gamoyenebulia termini `mogzaurobis momwyobi~ (turistuli sawarmo)), `...kanonmdebeli<br />
turistul momsaxurebas miiCnevs samewarmeo saqmianobad, ris gamoc mogzaurobis<br />
momwyobi SeiZleba iyos mxolod sawarmo, romelic `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonis~<br />
moTxovnaTa dacviT axorcielebs samewarmeo saqmianobas turistuli momsaxurebis<br />
sferoSi~ 50 . citirebuli mosazrebis logikiT, radgan, erTi mxriv, `turisti~ aris<br />
`mogzauri~ (romelic orive mizans aerTianebs), xolo, meore mxriv, `mogzaurobis momwyobi~<br />
— `turistuli sawarmo~, gaugebari xdeba termin `turistis~ gamoyenebis aucilebloba.<br />
ufro metic, am logikidan gamomdinareobs, rom `mogzauris~ mniSvnelobis<br />
dominirebis SemTxvevaSi es termini orive mizans moicavs; es ki niSnavs imas, rom saxeze<br />
erTmniSvnelovnad ar aris `momxmarebeli~ mudk-is gagebiT, anu susti mxare; amdenad,<br />
radgan ssk-is 657-e muxli, subieqtebis TvalsazrisiT, moicavs rogorc mudk-is<br />
moqmedebis, aseve ufro farTo sferosac. igi ganxilul unda iqnes, rogorc zogadi<br />
norma mudk-is normebTan SedarebiT. meore mxriv, turistuli momsaxureba specialuri<br />
(amasTan axali) urTierTobebis tipia, rasac mudk ar aregulirebs da es ukanaskneli<br />
aRniSnuli kriteriumis safuZvelze kidev ufro zogadad miiCneva.<br />
moyvanili msjelobidan ikveTeba winaaRmdegoba or kriteriums Soris, romelTagan<br />
unda ganisazRvros erTi an meore kanonis normebis moqmedebis upiratesoba, rac<br />
sruliad SeuZlebelia: yovel SemTxvevaSi, nak-isa da ssk-is koliziis maregulirebeli<br />
normebi am dilemis erTmniSvnelovani gadawyvetis saSualebas ar iZleva.<br />
SeuZlebelia ar aRiniSnos is, rom `samogzauro, dasasvenebeli da turebis paketebis<br />
Sesaxeb~ #314 direqtivis teqstSic ramdenime adgilas naxsenebia termini `turisti~,<br />
Tumca direqtiva wevri qveynebis kanonmdeblobaTa harmonizaciisaken aris mimarTuli da<br />
evropeli kanonmdebeli im mizniT moqmedebda, rom mieRwia mogzaurTa mier turistuli<br />
organizaciebisgan SeTavazebuli paketebis specialuri mowesrigebisaTvis, is Tu rogor<br />
ganaxorcieles wevr saxelmwifoebma harmonizaciis procesi, calke sakiTxia.<br />
qarTuli modelis warmodgenili orazrovneba mniSvnelovani problemebis wyaro<br />
SeiZleba gaxdes praqtikaSi.<br />
50 ix. Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo<br />
kodeqsis komentari, wigni IV, t. I, Tb., 2001, 292.<br />
71
v. zaaliSvili, samomxmareblo kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebis sistemuri<br />
Taviseburebani qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
72<br />
10. uxarisxo produqtiT gamowveuli ziani<br />
10.1 zogadi SeniSvnebi<br />
samomxmareblo urTierTobebSi uxarisxo produqtiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis<br />
moTxovnas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi am zianis<br />
anazRaurebis orgvari reJimia warmodgenili, romelTa mkveTr gamijvnasac udidesi<br />
praqtikuli datvirTva aqvs, radgan igi anazRaurebaze valdebul sxvadasxva subieqtebs<br />
Seexeba. es reJimebi Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan im niSniT, rom zianis<br />
anazRaurebis moTxovnas erT SemTxvevaSi ganapirobebs saxelSekrulebo, xolo meore<br />
SemTxvevaSi — kanonismieri valdebuleba; Sesabamisad, gamosayenebelia sxvadasxva<br />
kanonSi (an erTi kanonis sxvadasxva nawilSi) mocemuli normebi.<br />
mudk-is me-3 muxli aris aTvlis wertili, romelic safuZveli unda gaxdes zianis<br />
anazRaurebis saxelSekrulebo Tu deliqturi reJimebis gamoyenebisa, Tuki urTier-<br />
TobaSi figurirebs momxmarebeli. kerZod, erTi mxriv, am muxlis 1-li punqtis mixedviT<br />
gamyidveli (damamzadebeli, Semsrulebeli) valdebulia momxmarebels mihyidos<br />
standartiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebis, saxelSekrulebo pirobebis, agreTve<br />
produqciis Sesaxeb mis mier warmodgenili informaciis Sesabamisi xarisxis produqcia.<br />
51 Tavis mxriv, yvela CamoTvlil kriteriums emateba is, rom produqcia `usafrTxo~<br />
52 unda iyos. naTelia, rom es valdebuleba saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebidan<br />
gamomdinare moTxovnis safuZvelia. meore mxriv, imave muxlis me-2 punqtis mixedviT,<br />
momxmarebels zogadad gaaCnia ufleba, moiTxovos, rom produqcia iyos usafrTxo sicocxlis,<br />
janmrTelobisa da garemosaTvis, agreTve ar ayenebdes zians mis qonebas.<br />
aRniSnuli moTxovnis ufleba unda ganapirobebdes rogorc saxelSekrulebo, ise deliqturi<br />
zianis anazRaurebas.<br />
10.2 saxelSekrulebo ziani<br />
uxarisxo produqciis miwodebisas (igulisxmeba rogorc nasyidobis, ise momsaxurebis<br />
gawevis (nardobis) SemTxvevebi) samomxmareblo-saxelSekrulebo urTierTobaSi<br />
saxeze unda iyos ori specifikuri niSniT gamorCeuli mxare — `momxmarebeli~ da `biznesi~.<br />
swored es xdeba safuZveli mudk-is Sesabamisi normebis amoqmedebisa, rac unda<br />
ganapirobebdes `zaralis~ anazRaurebis safuZvlad am kanonis me-10 muxlis gamoyenebis<br />
aucileblobas: niSandoblivia is, rom es muxli sagangebod ar gamoyofs SemTxvevas,<br />
rodesac momxmarebeli uflebamosilia, moTxovna wauyenos uSualod masTan saxelSekrulebo<br />
urTierTobebSi myof pirs. amdenad, mudk-is me-10, iseve rogorc mudkis<br />
me-3 muxli, gamosayenebelia rogorc deliqturi, ise saxelSekrulebo zianis<br />
anazRaurebisas. eWvgareSea is faqti, rom aseTi konstruqciiT zianis anazRaurebis<br />
51 uSualod formulirebis xarvezebi winamdebare naSromSi ar iqneba ganxiluli, radgan<br />
igi calke gansjis sagania da scildeba kvlevis farglebs.<br />
52 pmsk-is me-3 muxlis `o~ punqtis ganmartebis Sesabamisad.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
mudk-iT mouwesrigebeli aspeqtebi, magaliTad, zianis odenobis gansazRvra, brali,<br />
marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis Sinaarsi, Sedegsa da qmedebas Soris arsebuli mizezSedegobrivi<br />
kavSiri da sxva, ssk-is regulirebis sferoa.<br />
10.3 deliqturi ziani<br />
ssk-is specialuri Tavi aregulirebs pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebs uxarisxo produqtiT<br />
gamowveuli zianisaTvis. Sesabamisad, sainteresoa, ramdenad gadaifareba zogad<br />
kanonSi mocemuli wesebiT mudk-is mier gansazRvruli reJimi. am ori reJimis gavrcelebis<br />
sferoebis gasamijnavad unda ganisazRvros kriteriumi, romlis safuZvelzec<br />
erT an meore regulirebas mieniWeba specialuri statusi. es kriteriumebi ki isev<br />
da isev urTierTobaTa monawile subieqtebs ukavSirdeba. ssk-is 1009-e I muxlis mixedviT<br />
urTierTobis ori mxare `mwarmoebeli~ da `dazaralebulia~:<br />
• `mwarmoebeli~, ssk-is 1011-e II-IV muxlis ganmartebis Tanaxmad, aris nebismieri piri<br />
produqtis bazarze miwodebis jaWvSi, miuxedavad imisa, moqmedebs Tu ara igi Tavisi<br />
saqmiani moRvaweobis farglebSi (am muxlis mesame nawilSi mocemuli pirebis<br />
garda, romlebsac saqmiani miznebi amoZravebT). sxva sityvebiT, aRniSnuli gamonaklisis<br />
garda, aseT subieqtad iTvleba nebismieri piri, romelmac awarmova da sxvis-<br />
Tvis xelmisawvdomi gaxada produqti. Sesabamisad, `mwarmoebeli~, mudk-is gagebiT<br />
SeiZleba iyos an ar iyos `biznesi~.<br />
• `dazaralebulis~ cneba ki unda moicavdes nebismier pirs, romlisTvisac xelmisawvdomi<br />
gaxda produqti nebismieri gziT (gamomyenebeli). amdenad, monawileTa<br />
TvalsazrisiT, ssk-is gansaxilveli TaviT regulirebuli deliqturi urTierToba<br />
zogadia da misi moqmedeba ar unda vrceldebodes samomxmareblo urTierTobaze,<br />
radgan mudk-is zemomoyvanili normebi aris specialuri am sferos regulirebisas. 53<br />
ssk-is gansaxilveli Tavis regulirebis sferoSi, moyvanili msjelobis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
SeiZleba gaerTiandes mxolod iseTi deliqtebi, sadac `dazaralebulad~ gamodis<br />
produqtiT mosargeble nebismieri piri, garda mudk-Si mocemuli `momxmareblisa~.<br />
am mimarTulebiT sakmaod mwiri sasamarTlo praqtika arsebobs, ris safuZvelzec<br />
ar ikveTeba midgoma, romelic ar Seesabameba moyvanil msjelobas.<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikidan magaliTad SeiZleba moyvanil iqnes erTi gan-<br />
Cineba. 54 am precedentSi ikveTeba regulirebis sistemur midgomasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
ori umniSvnelovanesi problema:<br />
a) saqmeSi figurirebs, erTi mxriv, kasatori Sps `ifqli~ (pur-produqtebis mwarmoebeli<br />
sawarmo) da, meore mxriv, mowinaaRmdege mxare, dazaralebuli — n. rusaSvili<br />
(uxarisxo produqtis gamomyenebeli). aRwerilobiTi nawilis mixedviT, mowinaaRmdege<br />
mxarem maRaziaSi SeiZina kasatoris mier warmoebuli puris `batoni~, romlisganac mo-<br />
53 Sead. SoTaZe T., saseminaro naSromi: uxarisxo produqtiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis<br />
samarTlebrivi regulirebis problemebi, xelmZRvaneli prof. ZlieriSvili<br />
z., Tb., 2006, 26 (xelmisawvdomia Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis biblioTekaSi).<br />
54 #as-751-1118-06, 13/03/2007, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa<br />
eleqtronul monacemTa baza: .<br />
73
v. zaaliSvili, samomxmareblo kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebis sistemuri<br />
Taviseburebani qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
iwamla da amis gamo iTxovda zianis anazRaurebas ssk-is 1009-e-1010-e muxlebis safuZvelze,<br />
rac dakmayofilebul iqna pirveli ori instanciis sasamarTloebis mier da sabolood<br />
ZalaSi Sevida uzenaesi sasamarTlos gansaxilveli ganCinebiT. mowinaaRmdege<br />
mxare Tvisobrivad `momxmarebelia~, romlis uflebebis dacvac (am konkretul Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi janmrTelobis usafrTxoeba) mudk-is debulebebiT unda xdebodes, TumcaRa<br />
arc erTi instanciis sasamarTlom am komponentze yuradReba ar gaamaxvila, ris gamoc<br />
gamoyenebul iqna kanoni (ssk-is Sesabamisi Tavis debulebebi), romelic, sistemuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT, ar iyo gamarTlebuli. sasamarTloebis amgvari midgoma mcdaria da,<br />
arsebuli sistemuri mowesrigebis gaTvaliswinebiT, zogadad eWvqveS ayenebs mudk-is<br />
arsebobis aucileblobas. obieqturoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom mudk-is gamoyenebis<br />
SemTxvevaSic Tvisobrivad igive samarTlebrivi Sedegi dadgeboda, magram es sruliad<br />
ar unda amarTlebdes im mdgomareobas, romelic iqna aRwerili.<br />
b) meore problema, romelic am SemTxvevidan gamomdinareobs, aris Secdoma kvalifikaciaSi,<br />
romelic Tavis droze, pirvel instanciaSi mowinaaRmdege mxaris mier<br />
sarCelis Setanisas iqna daSvebuli:<br />
rogorc aRiniSna, mowinaaRmdege mxarem maRaziaSi SeiZina puris `batoni~, anu,<br />
mudk-is gagebiT, daido samomxmareblo (nasyidobis) xelSekruleba gamyidvelsa da<br />
momxmarebels Soris. gamyidveli valdebuli iyo, gadaeca momxmareblisaTvis mudk-is<br />
me-3 I muxlis Sesabamisi produqti, romelic, amave dros, iqneboda usafrTxo misi janmrTelobisaTvis.<br />
faqtobrivi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamyidvelma daarRvia<br />
saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, warmoqmna `zaralis~ anazRaurebis<br />
moTxovna imave kanonis me-10 I muxlis safuZvelze.<br />
zianis anazRaurebis saxelSekrulebo da deliqtur sistemas TeoriaSi mijnaven<br />
imis safuZvelze, imyofeboda Tu ara dazaralebuli da anazRaurebaze valdebuli piri<br />
meore mxaresTan valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi, 55 romlisganc gamomdinareobs<br />
moTxovnis ufleba. saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevidan gamomdinare,<br />
zianis anazRaureba sistemurad unda emyarebodes saxelSekrulebo normatiul<br />
safuZvels. 1009-e I muxlis mixedviT, mwarmoebeli pasuxs agebs uxarisxo produqtiT<br />
gamowveuli zianisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, imyofeboda Tu ara igi dazaralebulTan<br />
valdebulebiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi. erTi SexedviT, es formulireba pirdapir<br />
ar gamoricxavs saxelSekrulebo zianis am muxliT regulirebis SesaZleblobas<br />
(kerZod, fraza — `imyofeboda Tu ara~), magram gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda hqondes<br />
imas, rom pasuxismgebloba uxarisxo produqtiT gamowveluli zianisaTvis mowesrigebulia<br />
deliqtebis nawilSi da, sistemuri ganmartebiT, dazaralebulis moTxovnis adresati<br />
ar unda iyos kontrahenti.<br />
naTelia, rom moyvanili SemTxvevis sasamarTlos mier (sarCelis mxardasaWerad)<br />
gamoyenebuli samarTlebrivi dasabuTeba arcTu unakloa. ufro metic, deliqturi da<br />
saxelSekrulebo zianis gamijvnis problema TvalsaCino xdeba praqtikaSi, rasac 1009e<br />
I muxlis formulireba unda ganapirobebdes.<br />
55 ix. Wanturia l., zoiZe b., niniZe T., Sengelia r., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo<br />
kodeqsis komentari, wigni IV, t. II, Tb., 2001, 378-379; Sead. axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi<br />
samarTali, 1999, 258-259.<br />
74
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
am mimarTulebiT evropuli direqtivis 56 erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizania nebismieri<br />
piris da, maT Soris, momxmareblebis safrTxis Semcveli produqciisgan dacvis xel-<br />
Sewyoba. ivaraudeba, rom masSi mocemuli reJimi srulyofs manamde arsebuli deliqturi<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> Sesabamis nawilebs wevr qveynebSi. direqtivis teqstis zedapiruli<br />
Seswavlac ki cxadyofs imas, rom ssk-is gansaxilveli Tavi evropuli analogidan aris<br />
recefcirebuli, Tumca, samwuxarod, logikurad gamouyenebeli unda rCebodes moqmedi<br />
sistemis wyalobiT. am sferoSi arsebuli praqtikis simwire, romelic gamoikveTa<br />
winamdebare naSromSi, ganpirobebuli unda iyos kanonmdeblobis am nawilisadmi er-<br />
Tgvarad bolomde gauazrebeli midgomiT. eWvgareSea, rom ssk-is cvlilebebi, romlebic<br />
gansaxilveli Tavis saxiT iqna miRebuli, kanonmdeblobis daxvewas isaxavda miznad.<br />
Tumca, sistemuri problemebi gadauwyveteli darCa da, Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilia,<br />
rom am kuTxiT Semdgomi RonisZiebebis gatareba kvlav dadges dRis wesrigSi.<br />
11. daskvna<br />
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas: miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva konstituciuradaa garantirebuli, arsebuli sistema<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi ver uzrunvelyofs im mizans, romlis miRwevisTvisacaa Tavad Seqmnili.<br />
pozitiuri faqtoria is, rom kanonmdebeli ssk-is miRebiT Seecada daemkvidrebina<br />
rigi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli da civilizebul qveynebSi damkvidrebuli institutebi,<br />
Tumca bolomde ar iqna gaazrebuli maTi adgili sistemaSi. ZalaSi darCa specialuri<br />
kanoni, romelTan kombinirebisas ssk-is mTeli rigi axali debulebebi gaugebari<br />
da, ufro metic, usargeblo xdeba.<br />
mudk-is umTavres xarvezad gamoyenebul terminTa mniSvneloba unda CaiTvalos,<br />
risi mogvarebis gzad evropul analogTan maTi SesabamisobaSi moyvana SeiZleba dasaxeldes;<br />
aRniSnuli gamarTlebulia Tundac saqarTvelos amJamindeli swrafviT, gaxdes<br />
evropuli ojaxis sruluflebiani wevri, rac SeuZlebelia kanonmdeblobaTa daaxloebis<br />
gareSe.<br />
terminologiuri problemebi nawilobriv ganapirobebs ssk-isa da mudk-is sistemur<br />
SeuTavseblobasac, risi aRmofxvrac orive kanonSi erTdroulad unda moxdes,<br />
Tuki kanonmdebeli airCevs mowesrigebis arsebuli sistemis xelSeuxeblobas.<br />
konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT sistema, romelic Sedgeba specialuri da zogadi,<br />
Semavsebeli kanonebisgan, bevr qveyanaSia aprobirebuli, Tumca misi arseboba yovel-<br />
Tvis moicavs winamdebare statiaSi warmoCenili sistemuri Seusabamobis warmoqmnis<br />
risks, risi magaliTic ssk-is miReba da mudk-is ZalaSi datovebaa. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
sistemuri mowesrigebis saukeTeso saSualeba momxmarebelTa dacvis meqanizmebis ssk-<br />
Si itegrirebis gzaa, rac gaaadvilebs aRniSnuli meqanizmebis gamoyenebas da gamoricxavs<br />
kidev erT, SedarebiT zogad, urTierTobaTa deliqturi da saxelSekrulebo<br />
xasiaTis gamijvnis problemas.<br />
56 evropuli sabWos 1985 wlis 375 direqtiva uxarisxo (defeqturi— defective) produqtis gamo<br />
pasuxismgeblobis wevri qveynebis kanonmdeblobaTa daaxloebis Sesaxeb (Council Directive<br />
on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member <strong>State</strong>s concerning<br />
liability for defective products), OJ L 210, 7.8.1985, 29.<br />
75
v. zaaliSvili, samomxmareblo kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebis sistemuri<br />
Taviseburebani qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
VAKHTANG ZAALISHVILI ∗<br />
SYSTEMATIC FEATURES OF THE REGULATION OF PRIVATE LAW CONSUMER RELATIONS<br />
IN GEORGIAN LEGISLATION<br />
76<br />
Summary<br />
The establishment of “Social and lawful state” is the basis of the Constitution in Georgian legal space.<br />
The aspiration to social justice is mainly directed to the defence of interests of consumers, as a “weak”<br />
part of private law relations. This goal, accordingly, has to be expressed in adequate legislative activities,<br />
after which all the adopted legislative acts should be formed as a clear and organized system.<br />
Such a system, with an effective mechanism of protection, is a key precondition for the accomplishment<br />
of the desired goal.<br />
With the adoption of the Civil Code, the institute of priority of special norms over general ones was<br />
established in the Georgian legislation. This fact undoubtedly moved Georgian legal thinking to a higher<br />
level. However, how well the existing set of special laws fit into this new code is a very controversial<br />
issue. Consumers’ rights belong to the sphere of perfection of a special <strong>Law</strong>; while some modern<br />
mechanisms of the above-mentioned sphere were introduced within the Civil Code.<br />
Accordingly, the main issue of the article is the interaction between the “old special and new general<br />
norms” on the basis of lex specialis derogat lex generalis. The presented reasonings and conclusions<br />
are aimed at finding ways for the solution of ambiguous problems by means of using systemic analysis<br />
and comparative-legal methods.<br />
∗ Candidate of Jurisprudence, Associate Professor, TSU, <strong>Faculty</strong> of <strong>Law</strong>.
mixeil biWia ∗<br />
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis<br />
meTodologiuri sakiTxebi<br />
1. Sesavali<br />
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis samarTlebrivi bunebis dazustebas rogorc<br />
Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs. sakvlevi sakiTxis Taobaze azrTa<br />
sxvadasxvaobam gansakuTrebiT Tavi iCina axali Taobis samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi saniv-<br />
To da valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis tradiciuli klasifikaciis aRdgenis<br />
Semdeg. sanivTosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis cneba, romelic samoqalaqo kodeqsis<br />
komentarebsa da monografiebSia mocemuli, gansxvavdeba <strong>samarTlis</strong> Teoriis<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebiT gaTvaliswinebuli cnebisagan. Tu sanivTosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis<br />
SinaarsSi xazgasmulia subieqtsa da nivTs Soris arsebuli iuridiuli xasia-<br />
Tis urTierTmimarTeba, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis zogadi Teoriuli cneba warmodgenilia<br />
pirTa Soris iuridiuli kavSiris saxiT.<br />
qarTul iuridiul mecnierebaSi saintereso mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli aRniSnuli<br />
problemebis irgvliv. 1 20-ian wlebSi am Temas specialuri monografia miuZRvna i. surgulaZem.<br />
2 samarTlebrivi urTierTobis cnebis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo mosazrebebi gamoTqva<br />
profesor al. vaCeiSvilmac. 3<br />
∗ Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, mowveuli leqtori.<br />
1 civilistikaSi am problemis sxvadasxva aspeqtis Sesaxeb ix. jorbenaZe s., sakuTreba da<br />
sakuTrebis ufleba, stalinis saxelobis <strong>Tbilisi</strong>s saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi,<br />
iuridiul mecnierebaTa seria, t. 89, 1960; zoiZe b., sakuTrebis samarTlebrivi urTierTobis<br />
bunebisTvis, saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis `macne~, ekonomikisa da <strong>samarTlis</strong> seria, 1, 1986;<br />
niniZe T., cocxali xati Rirsebisa, saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis `macne~, ekonomikis da<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> seria, 3, 1987; Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo <strong>samarTlis</strong> zogad<br />
nawilSi, Tb., 1997; zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, me-2 gamoc., Tb., 2003; CitoSvili T.,<br />
absolutur da relatiur uflebaTa zogierTi samarTlebrivi aspeqti, profesor z. axvledianisadmi<br />
miZRvnil saiubileo krebulSi: `zurab axvlediani, 70~ (red. Sengelia r.), Tb.,<br />
2004; kereseliZe d., kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009; <strong>samarTlis</strong> TeoriaSi<br />
am sakiTxze arsebuli mosazrebebis Sesaxeb ix. naneiSvili g., <strong>samarTlis</strong> filosofiis<br />
sakiTxebi, Tb., 1992; savaneli b., <strong>samarTlis</strong> Teoria (iurisprudencia), Tb., 1993; naWyebia g., sisxlis<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> sagani, Tb., 1997; qaCibaia g., samarTlebrivi regulirebis meqanizmi (sakandidato<br />
disertacia), Tb., 2001; xubua g., <strong>samarTlis</strong> Teoria, Tb., 2004.<br />
2 surgulaZe i., xelisufleba da samarTali, Targmani da Sesavali daurTo o. gamyreliZem, Tb.,<br />
2002.<br />
3 ix. vaCeiSvili al., samarTlebrivi urTierTobis cnebisTvis, `sabWoTa samarTali~, 6, 1964.
78<br />
m. biWia, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis problema araer-<br />
Ti samecniero naSromis Tema gamxdara 4 , am sakiTxze SeTanxmebuli Tvalsazrisi dRem-<br />
de ar arsebobs. aseve Tanamedrove periodis dasavlur civilistikaSi samoqalaqosa-<br />
marTlebrivi urTierTobis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia originaluri Sexeduleba, rasac sa-<br />
Tanado akademiuri Sefaseba ar miscemia. 5 am sakiTxis dazusteba mniSvnelovania sas-<br />
wavlo-akademiuri kuTxiT.<br />
sakvlevi problemis Sesaswavlad dasadgenia samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTier-<br />
Tobis ontologiuri buneba, kerZod, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierToba idea-<br />
luri movlenaa, realuri movlena Tu saqme Seexeba idealur-realur movlenas. prob-<br />
lematuria samarTlebrivi urTierTobis cnebis farglebis sakiTxic. kerZod, dasad-<br />
genia samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis Sinaarss mxolod ufleba-movaleobebi<br />
Seadgens Tu ufleba-movaleobebTan erTad — moqmedebebic. aRniSnuli sakiTxebis<br />
garkveva mniSvnelovania iseTi problemis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, rogoricaa samo-<br />
qalaqo urTierTobebis obieqti, urTierTobaTa klasifikacia da sxva. aRniSnuls ki<br />
uaRresad didi meTodologiuri da praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs.<br />
Temis problematurobas zrdis regulatiuri da dacviTi, absoluturi da Sefar-<br />
debiTi, aseve sanivTo da valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis specifikac.<br />
winamdebare statiaSi warmoCenili iqneba zemoxsnebul avtorTa poziciebis SedarebiTi analizi.<br />
4 civilistikaSi aRniSnuli problemis Taobaze gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis Sesaxeb ix.:<br />
Раихер В., Абсолютные и относительные права. Известия экономического политехнического института .<br />
Вып. 1, Л., 1928; Иоффе О.С., Правоотношение по советскому гражданскому праву. Изд-то Ленинградского<br />
гос. ун-та, Л., 1949; Эннекцерус Л., Кипп Т., Вольф М., Курс германского гражданского права. Т.<br />
1, введение и общая часть, Перевод с 13-го немецкого издания Граве К., Полинской Г. и Альтшулера В., под<br />
редакцией, с предисловием и вводными замечаниями Генкина Д. и Новицкого И., Изд. Иностранной Литры,<br />
М., 1949; Генкин Д., Право собственности в СССР. 1961; Братусь С., Иоффе О.С., Гражданское право.<br />
Знание, М., 1967; Мотовиловкер Е., Теория регулятивного и охранительного права. Изд. Воронежского унта,<br />
Воронеж, 1990; Крашенинников Е., Учение Муромцева о защищаемых и защищающих отношениях.<br />
Материалы научной конференции: «Вопросы теории охранительных правоотношений». Ярославь, 1991;<br />
Рыбалов А., Абсолютные права и правоотношения. «Правоведение», №1, Изд. Юридического факультета<br />
СПБГУ, 2006.zogadad samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Taobaze ix.: Александров Н., Законность и<br />
правоотношения в советском обшестве. Государственное издательство юридической литературы, М., 1955;<br />
Кечекьян С., Правоотношения в социалистическом обшестве. Изд. Академии Наук СССР, М., 1958;<br />
Ткаченко Ю., Методологические вопросы теории правоотношений. Юридическая литература, М., 1980;<br />
Алексеев С., Общая теория права. т. II, Юридическая лит-ра, М., 1982.<br />
5 ix.: Savigny F.C. v., System des heutigen Römischen Rechts, I. 1840; Jhering R.V., Geist des römischen Rechts<br />
auf den verschiedenen Stufen seiner Entwicklung, 3. Aufl., Leipzig, 1877, 3. Teil, 1. Abt., § 60; Windscheid B.,<br />
Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl., 1. Band, Frankfurt a.M., 1891, § 37; Brox H., Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgelichen<br />
Gesetzbuchs, Sechste, verbesserte Aufl., Köln-Berlin-München, Carl Heymanns Verlag, 1982; Aden<br />
M., BGB-Leicht, Einfuehrung in das Recht des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches, Muenchen Wien, R. Oldenbourg<br />
Verlag, 2001; Brox H., Walker W.D., Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, 30., vollständig neu bearbeitete Aufl., Köln-<br />
Berlin-München, Carl Heymanns Verlag GmbH, 2006; Bydlinski P., Grundzüge des Privatrechts fuer Ausbildung<br />
und Praxis, 7., wesentlich überarbeitete Aufl., Wien, Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung,<br />
2007.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
2. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis ontologiuri buneba<br />
2.1 samarTlebrivi urTierToba, rogorc realuri movlena<br />
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis ontologiuri bunebis Sesaxeb arsebobs ramdenime<br />
mosazreba: erT-erTi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, samarTlebrivi urTierToba <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
normiT mowesrigebuli faqtobrivi urTierTobaa. 6 es Teoria samarTlebriv fenomenebs<br />
xsnis fsiqologizmis gavleniT, adamianis sulieri cxovrebis individualuri<br />
movlenebiT, ris gamoc ar aris samarTlebrivi urTierTobis namdvili buneba gamokve-<br />
Tili. 7 amasTan, sagulisxmoa, rom sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobs iseTi specifikuri `wminda~<br />
samarTlebrivi saqmianoba, romlis Sedegadac warmoiSoboda mxolod samarTlebrivi<br />
urTierToba, rogorc urTierTobis damoukidebeli saxe. 8 Tumca `samarTlebrivi~<br />
urTierToba ar warmoiSoba cariel adgilas da ar qmnis urTierTobis damoukidebel<br />
saxes. 9 arsebobs ara `wminda~ samarTlebrivi urTierToba, aramed sazogadoebrivi<br />
urTierTobis mxolod samarTlebrivi regulireba. amasTan, samarTlebrivi urTier-<br />
Tobis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis, ganxilva ar ganekuTvneba iuridiul<br />
problematikas, vinaidan am aspeqts samarTlebrivi urTierToba gahyavs `wminda~ iuridiuli<br />
sferodan. 10 jer erTi, urTierToba realuri movlenaa; meore, sazogadoebrivi<br />
urTierTobis Semadgeneli nawilia moqmedeba, romelsac sagnobrivi xasiaTi unda<br />
hqondes, anu realuri unda iyos; 11 mesame, urTierToba relatiuri da sasrulia; meoTxe,<br />
urTierToba ara abstraqtuli, aramed konkretulia. es niSnebi ki realuri sferosTvisaa<br />
damaxasiaTebeli. 12<br />
2.2 samarTlebrivi urTierToba, rogorc idealuri movlena<br />
gansxvavebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, samarTlebrivi urTierToba aris mxolod<br />
subieqtTa uflebebisa da movaleobebis kavSiri, romelic <strong>samarTlis</strong> subieqtTa SesaZlebeli<br />
da aucilebeli moqmedebis individualur models warmoadgens. 13 iurisprudenciaSi<br />
termini `modeli~ <strong>samarTlis</strong> normasTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyeneba. am modelis<br />
Taviseburebaa uflebisa da movaleobis saSualebiT misi ganxilva. amdenad,<br />
moqmedebis modeli ar SeiZleba iyos da arc aris moqmedeba an sazogadoebrivi urTierToba,<br />
aramed am moqmedebisa da mis safuZvelze warmoSobili urTierTobis azrob-<br />
6 Халфина Р., Общее учение о правоотношении. Юрид. лит., М., 1974, 7, 23.<br />
7 gamyreliZe o., irodion surgulaZe da misi wigni — xelisufleba da samarTali, i. surgulaZis<br />
wignSi: xelisufleba da samarTali, Tb., 2002, 18.<br />
8 Ткаченко Ю., Методологические вопросы теории правоотношений. Юридическая литература, М., 1980, 99.<br />
9 iqve, 100.<br />
10 iqve, 102, 104.<br />
11 realuri sferos am niSnebze ix. Ткаченко Ю., Методологические вопросы теории правоотноше-<br />
ний. Юридическая литература, М., 1980, 104, 107.<br />
12 realuri arsis moyvanili maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb ix. avaliani s., Teoriuli filosofia,<br />
Tb., 2007, 35, 36, 38.<br />
13 Ткаченко Ю., Методологические вопросы теории правоотношений. Юридическая литература, М., 1980,<br />
96-97.<br />
79
80<br />
m. biWia, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi<br />
rivi saxea (jerarsuli forma). samarTlebrivi urTierToba, rogorc modeli, SeiZleba<br />
iyos individualizebuli moqmedebis jerarsuli modeli. samarTlebriv urTier-<br />
Tobad jerarsuli modelis aRiareba gamoricxavs samarTlebrivi urTierTobis, rogorc<br />
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis, arsebobis SesaZleblobas. modeli arsebobs fsiqikis<br />
sferoSi, Seexeba sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis asaxvis problemas, maTze zemoqmedebis<br />
saSualebaTa problematikas, Tumca ara TviT sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis<br />
sferos. am saxiT samarTlebrivi urTierTobis ganxilva iZleva mravali sadavo sakiTxis<br />
axleburad dayenebis saSualebas. 14 amasTan, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierToba<br />
unda ganixilebodes im iuridiuli formebis xarisxSi, romelsac iZens urTierToba<br />
regulirebis procesSi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT is ganisazRvreba sazogadoebrivi<br />
urTierTobis iuridiul formad, romelic gamomdinareobs kanonis safuZvelze<br />
SesaZlo moqmedebis saSualebisa (uflebisa) da aucilebeli moqmedebis masStabidan<br />
(movaleobidan). praqtikulad samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis yvela saxe individualuri<br />
samarTlebrivi formaa. iuridiuli formis diapazoni orgvaria, anu<br />
saqme exeba SesaZlo an aucilebel sferos. 15<br />
miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, mocemuli mosazreba srulad ver asaxavs<br />
arsisa da jerarsis mimarTebas.<br />
2.3 samarTlebrivi urTierToba — idealur-realuri movlena?<br />
doqtrinaSi Camoyalibda aseve Sexeduleba, rom samarTlebrivi urTierToba<br />
aris modelisa da urTierTobis erToba. amasTan dakavSirebiT marTebulia tkaCenkos<br />
miTiTeba, rom samarTlebrivi urTierToba ar SeiZleba gulisxmobdes urTierTsawinaaRmdego<br />
sferoebis — modelisa da urTierTobis erTianobas, rameTu aseTi erToba<br />
Sinagan winaaRmdegobas Seicavs. 16<br />
saerTod, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi erT-erTi saxea kerZosamar-<br />
Tlebrivi urTierTobisa, 17 romelic kerZosamarTlebrivi normis saSualebiT awesrigebs<br />
pirTa Soris urTierTobebs da pirebis sagnebTan urTierTobas. 18 zemoaRniSnulma<br />
ki daadastura, rom Tanamedrove dasavlur civilistikaSic dgas samoqalaqosamar-<br />
Tlebrivi urTierTobis bunebis sakiTxi. 19<br />
14 Ткаченко Ю., Методологические вопросы теории правоотношений. Юридическая литература, М., 1980,<br />
106-108.<br />
15 Красавчиков О., Категории науки гражданского права. Избранные труды, в двух томах, т. 2, СТАТУТ,<br />
М., 2005, 21, 24-25.<br />
16 Ткаченко Ю., Методологические вопросы теории правоотношений. Юридическая литература, М.,<br />
1980,111.<br />
17 kereseliZe d., kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 82.<br />
18 ix.: Brox H., Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgelichen Gesetzbuchs, Sechste, verbesserte Aufl., Köln-Berlin-München,<br />
Carl Heymanns Verlag GmbH, 1982, 239; Brox H, Walker W.D., Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, 30., vollständig neu<br />
bearbeitete Aufl., Köln-Berlin-München, Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2006, 315.<br />
19 e.Smidtis azriT, samoqalaqo kodeqsi asaxavs Cveulebriv valdebulebiT urTierTobas,<br />
rogorc or pirs Soris arsebul samarTlebriv urTierTobas, romelSic erT mxares SeuZlia<br />
misi mowinaaRmdegisagan raRac moiTxovos. ix. Schmidt E., Das Schuldverhältnis (Eine syste-
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis arsis swori gageba SesaZlebelia TviT samarTlebrivi<br />
urTierTobis Semadgeneli nawilebis guldasmiTi da zusti analizis gziT. samar-<br />
Tlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtebis — iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis arseboba realur<br />
sferos miewereba. 20 rogorc cnobilia, sityva `piri~ warmodgeba laTinuri sityva<br />
“persona”-sgan, romelic ZiriTadad `rolis, xasiaTis, niRbis~ gagebiT gamoiyeneba. Zvel<br />
romSi msaxiobebi atarebdnen niRabs (“persona”), romelic warmoaCenda piris im Taviseburebebs,<br />
romelsac igi sazogadoebas warudgenda. 21 marTalia, aq saubaria fizikur pirze,<br />
Tumca is sainteresoa iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT; kerZod, `piris~ niRabs amofarebuli<br />
adamiani samarTlebrivi gagebiT. amave dros, yuradRebis miRma ar unda darCes adamiani,<br />
romelic, rogorc s. avaliani SeniSnavs, ori gansxvavebuli — realuri da idealuri<br />
sawyisisagan Sedgeba. misi biologiuri struqtura da fsiqikuri procesebi realuri<br />
arsis sferos ekuTvnis. 22 rac Seexeba iuridiul pirs, mas ramdenime ZiriTadi niSani unda<br />
hqondes, rac mis idealur bunebas warmoadgens, Tumca realur momentebsac gulisxmobs,<br />
vinaidan mis ukan fizikuri pirebi (an piri) moiazrebian. 23 amdenad, samarTlebriv<br />
urTierTobaSi am gagebiT ikveTeba realur-idealuri elementebi.<br />
ufleba-movaleobasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi ar emorCileba realuri<br />
cxovrebis kanonzomierebas, radgan araa damokidebuli adamianis fsiqikur samyaroSi<br />
mimdinare procesebze. 24 aq saqme Seexeba azrobriv models, romelic cnobierebis<br />
sferoSi arsebobs. 25 moqmedebis individualuri modeli ki arsebobs moqmedebis individualuri<br />
SesaZleblobiT (uflebiTa) an moqmedebis individualuri aucileblobiT<br />
(movaleobiT); 26 meore, jerarsuloba momavlisadmi kuTvnilebaa, is, rac amJamad<br />
araa, magram sasurvelia, rom iyos. anu jerarsi idealia. ideali isaa, rac unda iyos,<br />
magram realurad araa. ideali usasrulobaa. <strong>samarTlis</strong> norma jerarsuli formiT<br />
matische Darstellung des Allgemeinen Schuldrechts), Heidelberg, C. F. Müller Verlag, 2004, 2; b. grunevaldi<br />
saubrobs valdebulebiT urTierTobaze, rogorc kompleqsur samarTlebriv urTier-<br />
Tobaze. ix. Grunewald B., Bürgerliches Recht, Ein systematisches Repetitorium, 6., völlig neubearbeitete Aufl.,<br />
München, Verlag C.H. Beck, 2003, 55; kanonismier da saxelSekrulebo valdebulebiT urTierTobebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT ix. Aden M., BGB-Leicht, Einführung in das Recht des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches,<br />
München/Wien, R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2001, 94-98.<br />
20 o. gamyreliZis Sesavali i. surgulaZis wignSi: xelisufleba da samarTali, 2002, 19.<br />
21<br />
Was ist Persönlichkeit? Versuch einer Begriffsbestimmung, , [09.12.2009].<br />
22<br />
realuri arsis am niSnis Sesaxeb ix. avaliani s., Teoriuli filosofia, Tb., 2007, 37; amasTan,<br />
fizikuri piris samarTalsubieqtobisaTvis aucilebelia da sruliad sakmarisi<br />
uflebaunarianobis qona. bunebaSi cocxali adamianis arseboba TavisTavad gulisxmobs misi<br />
saxiT <strong>samarTlis</strong> subieqtis arsebobas. ix. juReli T., fizikur pirTa samarTalsubieqtoba<br />
(SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi kvleva qarTuli da franguli <strong>samarTlis</strong> magaliTze), Tb., 2007, 66.<br />
23<br />
am debulebis Sesaxeb ix. surgulaZe i., xelisufleba da samarTali, Targmani da Sesavali<br />
daurTo o. gamyreliZem, Tb., 2002, 93.<br />
24 o. gamyreliZis Sesavali i. surgulaZis wignSi: xelisufleba da samarTali, 2002, 23.<br />
25<br />
Tumca idealuris problema mxolod Tavis tvinisa da idealuris urTierTobis formiT<br />
ar xorcieldeba. ar unda moxdes idealurisa da fsiqikuris gaigiveba. cnobiereba, rogorc<br />
samyaros Semecneba, rogorc idealuri sinamdvile, efuZneba fsiqikurs, fsiqikurTan<br />
aris dakavSirebuli, magram am ukanasknelisagan Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeba. am debulebebis<br />
Sesaxeb ix. juReli o., idealuris gnoseologiuri aspeqti, Tb., 1988, 9, 15.<br />
26<br />
ix. Ткаченко Ю., Методологические вопросы теории правоотношений. Юридическая литература, М.,<br />
1980, 107.<br />
81
82<br />
m. biWia, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi<br />
asaxavs uflebasa da movaleobas, romlebic samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Sinaarsis<br />
idealur bunebaze miuTiTebs; mesame, ufleba-movaleoba idealuria, vinaidan ideali<br />
usasrulobaa, radgan is yovelTvis unda iyos. ideali ganxorcielebiT gadainacvlebs<br />
arsis sferoSi; meoTxe, idealuri arsi zogadi da abstraqtulia, 27 rac imanenturia<br />
ufleba-movaleobisTvis.<br />
amasTan, subieqti da obieqti i. surgulaZem ganixila, rogorc idealuri movlenebi<br />
iuridiul elementebTan — uflebasa da movaleobasTan erTad. subieqti da obieqti<br />
realuri cxovrebis movlenebia, romlebsac TiTqos ar unda hqondeT Sinagani kavSiri<br />
ufleba-movaleobis idealurad arsebobasTan. 28 aq xazgasasmelia jerarsisa da arsis<br />
sferoebs Soris mimarTeba.<br />
amave dros, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis cneba, rogorc uflebasa da movaleobas<br />
Soris arsebuli damokidebulebis erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli forma, qmnis konkretuli<br />
cxovrebiseuli urTierTobis SinaarsTan SedarebiT TavisTavad sagnobriv erTianobas.<br />
sagnobrivi Sinaarsis TavisTavadoba ar gamoricxavs garkveul urTierTqmedebas<br />
realur cxovrebiseul procesebsa da wminda samarTlebriv elementebs Soris,<br />
romlebic samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi moiazreba. 29 iuridiuli urTierTobis obieqti<br />
ar aris izolirebulad arsebuli. Tu iuridiuli urTierToba sxva araferia, vidre<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> ZiriTad kategoriaSi gamoxatuli forma, maSin obieqtis cneba SeiZleba<br />
warmodgenil iqnes, rogorc am urTierTobis Sinaarsi, rogorc obieqti, romelic<br />
sxvadasxva konkretul SemTxvevaSi mudam samarTlebrivi regulirebis SuagulSi imyofeba.<br />
urTierTobis Sinaarsi amitomac ar aris garedan dakavSirebuli iuridiuli mowesrigebis<br />
procesTan; is mocemulia, rogorc mowesrigebis Sinagan meqanizmSi CarTuli<br />
elementi, romelic regulirebisTvis ZiriTadia imdenad, ramdenadac iuridiuli<br />
urTierToba konkretul formaSi ar SeiZleba am elementis gareSe arsebobdes. amdenad,<br />
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqti aris samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis Sinagan<br />
meqanizmSi CarTuli. 30 samarTlebrivi urTierToba Tavidanve mocemulia, rogorc sazogadoebrivi<br />
urTierTobis samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis abstraqtuli sqema, magram<br />
am sqemis gadasvla SesaZlebelia mxolod ufleba-movaleobis wminda samarTlebriv<br />
kategoriaSi samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqtis meSveobiT. 31 amasTan, subieqtebi<br />
da obieqti, romlebic erTi SexedviT faqtobrivi elementebia, sulac araa bunebidan<br />
momdinare, aramed isini samarTlebrivi regulirebis sistemis elementebia, `bunebriv<br />
garemos~ ukve mowyvetili da misgan izolirebuli. SesaZlebelia, aseTi izolireba<br />
imazea dafuZnebuli, rom samarTlebrivi regulirebis sistemaSi realuri Semadgenlobebi<br />
mxedvelobaSi miiReba ara maTi imanenturi Tvisebebis, aramed maTi iuridiuli<br />
funqciebis mixedviT; amitom isini samarTlebriv kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba. maTi<br />
`bunebrivi~ Sinaarsi am SemTxvevebSi, rogorc i. surgulaZe aRniSnavs, qmnis mxolod<br />
sayrden wertils, romelzec Sendeba axali wminda iuridiuli Tvisebebi, romliTac<br />
`bunebrivi obieqti~ Sedis samarTlebrivi formebis kanonzomierebaSi. 32 amasTan, obi-<br />
27<br />
idealuri arsis am niSnebis Sesaxeb ix. avaliani s., Teoriuli filosofia, Tb., 2007, 218,<br />
219, 341-342, 347.<br />
28 o. gamyreliZis Sesavali i. surgulaZis wignSi: xelisufleba da samarTali, 2002, 28.<br />
29 surgulaZe i., xelisufleba da samarTali, Targmani da Sesavali daurTo o. gamyreliZem,<br />
Tb., 2002, 135.<br />
30<br />
iqve, 136-137.<br />
31<br />
iqve, 144-145.<br />
32<br />
iqve, 188.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
eqti faqtobrivi sferos obieqtia; meore, sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis Semadgeneli<br />
nawilia moqmedeba, romelsac sagnobrivi xasiaTi unda hqondes; 33 aseve obieqti sasrulia,<br />
konkretulia, unikaluria da SeiZleba mizezSedegobriv kavSirSi aRmoCndes<br />
sxvasTan, droSi arsebuli samyaros kuTvnilebaa, 34 e. i. realur sawyissac Seicavs.<br />
uflebis obieqtis ZiriTadi specifika misi samarTlebrivi formiT vlindeba,<br />
romelic mas <strong>samarTlis</strong> moqmedebis sferoSi gansazRvravs. esaa samarTlebrivi reJimi.<br />
samarTlebrivi reJimi aris pozitiursamarTlebrivi debulebebi, romlebic Seicavs<br />
imperatiul da dispoziciur normebs, da romlebic efuZneba maTze subieqtursamarTlebriv<br />
moTxovnebs, romlebic gansazRvravs uflebebs, movaleobebs, nebadar-<br />
Tulobas, akrZalvebsa da winapirobebs absoluturad yvela pirisa, romelTa mimar-<br />
Tac aris isini dadgenili. 35 Tumca sagulisxmoa isic, rom obieqtze dakvirveba aris<br />
cnobierebis mimarTuleba; es obieqti ki SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod bunebis sagnebi da<br />
movlenebi, aramed adamianis Sinagani samyaros (fsiqikis, cnobierebis) fenomenebi. 36 amdenad,<br />
saubaria ra obieqtze, moiazreba samarTlebrivi reJimi konkretul obieqtze,<br />
rac obieqtis realur da idealur sawyisebs gulisxmobs. samarTlebriv urTierToba-<br />
Si ki subieqti urTierTobis am obieqtze iuridiulad zemoqmedebs.<br />
amdenad, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierToba erTi SexedviT realur-idealuri<br />
movlenaa, Tumca mocemuli kombinacia Sinagan winaaRmdegobas Seicavs, ris gamoc<br />
es momenti unda dazustdes.<br />
2.4 samarTlebrivi urTierToba, rogorc specifikuri realoba<br />
samoqalaqosamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi realuri sawyisi gansazRvruli aspeqtiT<br />
— obieqtisa da subieqtis saxiTaa mocemuli, Tumca Seicavs wminda idealur momentebs<br />
— ufleba-movaleobas. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierToba arc erTia (idealuri)<br />
calsaxad da arc meore (realuri), magram masSi orive sawyisi moiazreba. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi<br />
urTierToba arsis sfero ver iqneba, radgan es mis sociologizmamde<br />
dayvanas utoldeba, jerarsi ver iqneba, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
normisa da samarTlebrivi urTierTobis gaigiveba xdeba, aseve samarTlebrivi urTierToba<br />
arsis sferos momentebsac Seicavs.<br />
amasTan, realur sinamdvileSi samarTlebrivi urTierTobis orive mxare (socialuri<br />
da samarTlebrivi) mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. amrigad, ar SeiZleba<br />
samarTlebrivi urTierToba calsaxad CaiTvalos realur an idealur movlenad,<br />
33<br />
realuri sferos am niSnebis Sesaxeb ix. Ткаченко Ю., Методологические вопросы теории правоотношений.<br />
Юридическая литература, М., 1980, 104, 107.<br />
34<br />
realuris arsis zemomoyvanili niSnebis Sesaxeb ix. avaliani s., Teoriuli filosofia,<br />
Tb., 2007, 35, 39, 47, 41-42.<br />
35<br />
Сенчищев В., Обьект гражданского правоотношения. Общее понятие, statiaTa krebulSi: Актуальные<br />
проблемы гражданского права (ред. Брагинский М.). Статут, М., 1998, 139-140.<br />
36 avaliani s., Teoriuli filosofia, Tb., 2007, 266.<br />
83
84<br />
m. biWia, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi<br />
Tumca is arc realur-idealuri movlenaa, aramed maT Soris Sualeduria. 37 moqmedeba,<br />
romliTac norma (jerarsi) unda ganxorcieldes, marTlwesrigis sferoa. e. i., erTi<br />
mxriv, <strong>samarTlis</strong> norma modelia, meore mxriv, arsebobs marTlwesrigi. prof. g. naWyebia<br />
aq logikurad svams SekiTxvas: sad aris samarTlebrivi urTierToba? 38 pasuxi Semdegia:<br />
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis sistemaSi arsebobs faqtebi da urTierTobebi,<br />
romelTac iuridiuli buneba aqvs. kanonmdeblis amocanaa maTi aRmoCena da marTebulad<br />
gageba. amitom samarTlebrivi urTierToba genetikurad saTaves iRebs sazogadoebrivi<br />
urTierTobidan, misi samarTlebrivi bunebidan. amdenad, debuleba imis Sesaxeb,<br />
rom samarTlebrivi urTierToba sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis mowesrigebis<br />
xerxia, arsisa da jerarsis mimarTebas srulad Seesabameba. <strong>samarTlis</strong> norma jerarsulia,<br />
marTlwesrigi arsis sferos miekuTvneba. samarTlebrivi urTierToba jerarsis<br />
arsSi gadasvlis sferoa. 39 saerTod, urTierTdapirispirebuloba imave dros ur-<br />
TierTarsebobas ganapirobebs, Tumca Tezisisa da antiTezisis dapirispireba, urTierTuaryofa<br />
sinTezis miRebiT sruldeba, rac pirveli oris jami ki ar aris, aramed<br />
TiToeuli maTganis dadebiTi momentis SenarCuneba da amiT ganviTarebis procesSi<br />
aRmasvla, Zvelis uaryofa da axlis dafuZnebaa. 40 swored es procesi viTardeba realurisa<br />
da idealuris sinTezirebiT, rac sabolood raRac axals — mesames afuZnebs.<br />
3. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis saxeebi<br />
3.1 absoluturi da relatiuri urTierTobebi<br />
a) absoluturi urTierTobebi<br />
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis absolutur da relatiur urTierTobebad<br />
klasifikacia mniSvnelovania im TvalsazrisiT, rom ukavSirdeba samarTlebriv<br />
urTierTobas, rogorc <strong>samarTlis</strong> normiT mowesrigebul cxovrebiseul urTierTobas,<br />
romelic gulisxmobs piris pirTan an saganTan (nivTebTan an uflebebTan) urTierTobas.<br />
41<br />
37 marTlzomieri qcevis ganxorcielebis Sedegad warmoiSoba marTlwesrigi, xolo marTlwesrigSi<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> normaTa gadayvanis normatiuli xerxi samarTlebrivi urTierTobaa.<br />
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT ix. naWyebia g., sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> sagani, Tb., 1997, 117.<br />
38 jerarsidan arsSi gadasvla ix. naWyebia g., sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> sagani, Tb., 1997, 127. aseve<br />
arsebobs azri, rom marTlwesrigi jerarsuli wesrigia. samarTlebrivi urTierToba<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> normiT mowesrigebuli individebs an individebsa da sagnebs Soris<br />
urTierTobaa. aRniSnulze ix. xubua g., <strong>samarTlis</strong> Teoria, Tb., 2004, 199-200.<br />
39 marTlwesrigisa da <strong>samarTlis</strong>, aseve ufleba-movaleobis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb ix.<br />
Саванели В., Правопорядок и юридическая практика (методологические проблемы). Сабчота Сакартвело,<br />
Тб., 1981, 17-52, 76-89.<br />
40 avaliani s., Teoriuli filosofia, Tb., 2007, 40-41.<br />
41 Эннекцерус Л., Кипп Т., Вольф М., Курс германского гражданского права. т. 1, введение и общая часть,<br />
Перевод с 13-го немецкого издания Граве К., Полинской Г. и Альтшулера В., под редакцией, с<br />
предисловием и вводнымы замечаниями Генкина Д. и Новицкого И., М., Изд. Иностранной Лит-ры, М.,<br />
1949, 238.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom absoluturisa da relatiuris kategoriebi arsisa da azris<br />
uzogadesi kanonzomierebis Semswavleli filosofiuri disciplinis — ontologiis —<br />
fundamenturi kategoriebia. yvela mecniereba gulisxmobs absoluturisa da relatiuris<br />
garkveul mniSvnelobas, rasac mTelis Teoriuli azrovneba unda daemyaros.<br />
amitom gnoseologiur analizs win unda uswrebdes am kategoriebis sazrisis analizi.<br />
absoluturi niSnavs (laT. “absolutus“ — upirobo) maradiul, damoukidebel realobas,<br />
rac usasruloa. esaa substanciuri usasruloba. absoluturi arsi aris substanciuri<br />
arseba, gansxvavebiT specialuri arsebebisagan, romlebic sasrulobisa da usasrulobis<br />
erTianobas warmoadgens da, maSasadame, ar aris `sruli (anu WeSmariti) usasruloba~.<br />
esaa absoluturis cnebis ontologiuri realoba, ris safuZvelzec SeiZleba<br />
absoluturis cnebis anTropologiuri daxasiaTeba, rac gnoseologiur da aqsiologiur<br />
formebs moicavs. anTropologiis enaze absoluturi niSnavs erTniSnas, garkveuls;<br />
erTniSnoba ki garkveulobis safuZvelia. 42<br />
amasTan, absoluturi urTierTobac (da uflebac) ukavSirdeba mis ontologiur<br />
raobas — usasrulobis moments, vinaidan absolutur uflebas winaaRmdegobas uwevs<br />
yvela mesame piris movaleoba. aseTi movaleoba dakavSirebulia moqmedebis ganxorcilebisgan<br />
Tavis SekavebasTan (negatiur moqmedebasTan), romelic absolutur uflebas<br />
xelyofs. 43 e.i., absoluturia uflebebi, `romlebic SeiZleba Seilaxos nebismieri piris<br />
mier da amitom daculia nebismieri pirisgan.~ 44 am urTierTobaSi konkretizebulia<br />
erTi mxare — uflebamosili piri, romlis winaSec movaleoba akisria yvela sxva<br />
pirs. 45 yvela, vinc absolutur uflebas xelyofs, sasamarTlo wesrigs SeiZleba daemorCilos.<br />
aseTi uflebebia sakuTrebis, giravnobis, pirovnuli, saavtoro da sapatento<br />
uflebebi. 46 qonebriv uflebaTagan absoluturi uflebaa sakuTrebis ufleba,<br />
piradi araqonebrivi uflebebi ki TiTqmis yovelTvis absoluturi xasiaTisaa (avtorobis<br />
ufleba, saxelis ufleba, Rirsebis dacvis ufleba da a.S.). 47 piradi araqonebrivi<br />
uflebebis socialuri mniSvneloba aris gacilebiT uzenaesi, vidre im uflebebisa,<br />
romlebic sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis materialur sferoSia warmodgenili. isi-<br />
42 avaliani s., Teoriuli filosofia, Tb., 2007, 300.<br />
43 absolutur uflebaze ix. Иоффе О.С., Советское гражданское право. Общая часть. Право<br />
собственности. Общее учение об обязательствах. Изд-во Ленингр. ун-та, Л., 1958, 75.<br />
44 Братусь С., Иоффе О.С., Гражданское право, М., Знание, 1967, 41.<br />
45 kobaxiZe a., samoqalaqo samarTali, zogadi nawili, t. I., Tb., 2001, 100.<br />
46 Bydlinski P., Grundzüge des Privatrechts für Ausbildung und Praxis, 7., wesentlich überarbeitete Aufl., Wien,<br />
Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung, 2007, 15; absolutur uflebaze ix.: Bydlinski P.<br />
(Hrsg.), Bürgerliches Recht, Springers Kurzlehrbücher der Rechtswissenschaft, Bürgerliches Recht, Band I,<br />
Allgemeiner Teil, dritte, überarbeitete Aufl., Springer Wien/New York, 2005, 62; Brox H., Walker W.D.,<br />
Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, 30., vollständig neu bearbeitete Aufl., Köln-Berlin-München, Carl Heymanns<br />
Verlag, 2006, 324.<br />
47 ix.: Иоффе О.С., Советское гражданское право, общая часть, Право собственности. Общее учение об<br />
обязательствах. Л., 1958, 75; Малеин Н., Гражданский закон и права личности в СССР. Юрид. лит-ра, М.,<br />
1981, 105.<br />
85
86<br />
m. biWia, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi<br />
ni qmnian sazogadoebis sulier safuZvlebs, romlebmac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />
principebi farTo wreSi SeiZleba ganaxorcielon. 48<br />
amasTan, avstriis samoqalaqo kodeqsic did yuradRebas uTmobs absolutur uflebebs,<br />
romlebic mesame pirTa mxridan ukanono Carevisganaa daculi. pirovnuli uflebebis<br />
xelyofis an safrTxeSi Cayenebis sawinaaRmdegod, xelyofils SeuZlia negatorul<br />
sarCels mimarTos, aseve moiTxovos kanonsawinaaRmdego mdgomareobis Sewyveta<br />
da zianis anazRaureba. Tumca zogjer mas akmayofilebs aramaterialuri zianis<br />
anazRaurebis moTxovna, magaliTad, fizikur xelSeuxeblobaSi, sqesobriv TviTgamorkvevaSi<br />
an pirovnul TavisuflebaSi Carevisas. 49<br />
aq arsebiTia imis garkveva, samarTlebrivi urTierToba piris pirTan urTierTobaa<br />
Tu, amasTanave, piris saganTan urTierTobac, vinaidan aRniSnuli uflebebis subieqturi<br />
Semadgenlobis mixedviT dayofas eWvqveS ayenebs. amasTan, aRniSnuli asocirdeba valdebulebiTi<br />
da sanivTo urTierTobis tradiciuli dayofis dabrunebasTan. 50 gavrcelebulia<br />
azri, rom roca sakuTreba piris nivTTan urTierTobaa, amiT misi realuri Sinaarsi —<br />
moxmarebiTi da daniSnulebiTi mdgomareoba gamoixateba. mocemul SemTxvevaSi warmoCindeba<br />
sakuTreba, rogorc nivTebis Sesaxeb adamianTa urTierToba, da sakuTreba, rogorc<br />
piris nivTTan urTierToba. es orive debuleba xazs usvams piris nivTebTan urTierTobas,<br />
Tumca pirvelSi es araa aSkarad warmodgenili. amasTan, miiCneven, rom sakuTrebis<br />
cnebaSi pirveladia misi pozitiuri mdgomareoba — sakuTreba, rogorc piris urTierToba<br />
nivTTan. 51 rogorc Cans, erTmniSvnelovnad ikveTeba samarTlebrivi urTierTobis, rogorc<br />
piris nivTebTan urTierTobis, debulebis aRiareba. es ki ukavSirdeba Zalauflebis<br />
Teorias, romelic uflebis Sinaarsis Semadgenel elementad aRiqmeboda da ara mis<br />
saboloo miznad. 52 amasTan, Tu aRiarebuli iqneba Zalauflebis Teoria, maSin urTierTobebis<br />
subieqturi Semadgenlobis mixedviT dayofa ver iqneba swori, vinaidan aq pirebs Soris<br />
urTierToba ki ara, piris nivTebTan urTierTobaa gamokveTili. mocemuli ukavSirdeba<br />
sanivTo da valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis tradiciuli klasifikaciis<br />
aRdgenas. am tipis winaaRmdegobis Tavidan acilebis gamoc miCneul unda iqnes, rom<br />
sanivTo uflebas statikuri xasiaTi aqvs.<br />
48 Dovgert A.S., Das neue Zivilgesetzbuch der Ukraine, in: Vereinigung deutsch-rusisches Wirtschaftsrecht e. V.,<br />
“Mitteilungen”, Nr. 22, 14/2003, Recht und Praxis der deutsch-rusisches Wirtschaftsbeziehungen, Hamburg,<br />
Oktober 2003, 5-6, , [16.10.2009].<br />
49 Bundesgesetz, mit dem das allgemeine bürgerliche Gesetzbuch und das Konsumentenschutzgesetz geändert<br />
warden (Zivilrechts-Änderungsgesetz 2004 - ZivRÄG 2004) BGBl I 91/2003, , [11.09.2009].<br />
50 karidan tanjviTa da vaebiT gagdebuli mtkiceba `pirsa da nivTs Soris urTierTobis<br />
Sesaxeb~ fanjrebidan Semoparula. es gamoTqma aRebulia jorbenaZe s., sakuTreba da<br />
sakuTrebis ufleba, stalinis saxelobis <strong>Tbilisi</strong>s saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi,<br />
iuridiul mecnierebaTa seria, t. 89, 1960, 100.<br />
51 ix. zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, me-2 gamoc., Tb., 2003, 82.<br />
52 Эннекцерус Л., Кипп Т., Вольф М., Курс германского гражданского права. Т. 1, введение и общая часть,<br />
перевод с 13-го немецкого издания Граве К., Полинской Г. и Альтшулера В., под редакцией, с предисловием<br />
и вводнымы замечаниями Генкина Д. и Новицкого И., Изд. Иностранной Лит-ры, М., 1949, 244.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
aseve sayuradReboa, rom sakuTrebis samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi erT mxareze gamodis<br />
ufleba, yvela danarCenze — movaleobebi. aq mesakuTre aris rogorc aqtiuri subieqti,<br />
ise pasiuric mesame pirTa mimarT. mxolod am ukanasknelT ki ar ekisrebaT movaleoba,<br />
Tavi Seikavon mesakuTris uflebaTa Selaxvisagan, aramed mesakuTremac ar unda miayenos<br />
maT sakuTrebis obieqtiT ziani. amasTan, b. zoiZis azriT, Tu sakuTrebis obieqtis sikeTiT<br />
mxolod mesakuTre sargeblobs (nivTs iyenebs piradi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad),<br />
aq saqme statikas Seexeba, xolo roca sakuTrebis sikeTiT sxvac sargeblobs<br />
(qiravnoba, Txoveba), maSin es dinamikaa. amdenad, sakuTrebiTi urTierToba statikasa da<br />
dinamikaSi unda ganixilebodes. 53 Cndeba SekiTxva: sakuTrebis ufleba statikuria Tu dasawyisSi<br />
statikuria da Semdeg dinamikuri xdeba? 54 Tu aRiarebuli iqneba sanivTo uflebis<br />
dinamikuroba, maSin gaqreba valdebulebiT da sanivTosamarTlebriv urTierTobas<br />
Soris mijna. magaliTad, marTalia, binis gamqiravebels garegnulad daaxloebiT msgavsi<br />
uflebebi aqvs, rac mesakuTres (mflobelobis CamorTmevisas vindikaciis moTxovna, negatoruli<br />
sarCelis ufleba, zianis anazRaureba), magram is sanivTo ufleba araa. valdebulebiT<br />
samarTalSi ufleba-movaleobebi damokidebulia am urTierTobis monawile mxareebze;<br />
mxareTa Secvla ki iwvevs ufleba-movaleobis moSlas. sanivTo samarTalSi uflebebi<br />
da datvirTebi, miuxedavad mxareTa Secvlisa, xelSeuxebeli rCeba. 55 aseve xSirad<br />
valdebulebiTi uflebrivi urTierTobani gamodis, rogorc iuridiuli faqtebi sakuTrebis<br />
uflebis ganxorcielebisTvis. es ki gamokveTs sakuTrebis samarTlebrivi institutis<br />
centralur rols samarTlebriv institutTa Soris. 56<br />
sainteresoa, Tu ra gza airCia dogmatikam. samoqalaqo kodeqsi iziarebs Zalauflebis<br />
Teorias. mflobeloba ganisazRvra, rogorc nivTze faqtobrivi batonobis nebiTi<br />
mopoveba. sagulisxmoa sakuTrebis uflebac. uflebis absoluturi xasiaTi vlindeba niv-<br />
Tze SesaZlo zemoqmedebaSi. zemoqmedeba ki gulisxmobs nivTis flobas, gankargvasa da<br />
sargeblobas. am uflebaSi Carevisagan Tavis Sekaveba aris absoluturi uflebis Semxvedri<br />
movaleoba. amdenad, aucilebelia gabatonebuli mosazrebebisa da dogmatikaSi damkvidrebuli<br />
debulebebis gadaxedva, raTa mecniereba da kanonmdebloba sinqronulad<br />
ganviTardes.<br />
b) relatiuri urTierTobebi<br />
rac Seexeba relatiurobas, termini „relatiuri“ warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisagan<br />
“relativus“, rac SefardebiTs niSnavs. relatiuroba, ontologiuri azriT, sxvasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT yofnas, sxvaze damokidebulobas gulisxmobs. mas damoukidebeli arse-<br />
53 zoiZe b., sakuTrebis samarTlebrivi urTierTobis bunebisTvis, saqarTvelos ssr mecn.<br />
akademiis `macne~, ekonomikisa da <strong>samarTlis</strong> seria, 1, 1986, 82, 84.<br />
54 am saxiT sakiTxis dayenebas didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda jer kidev me-19 saukunis me-2<br />
naxevarSi. ix. jorbenaZe s., sakuTreba da sakuTrebis ufleba, stalinis saxelobis <strong>Tbilisi</strong>s<br />
saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, iuridiul mecnierebaTa seria, t. 89, 1960, 99-107.<br />
55 Wanturia l., uZravi nivTebis sakuTreba, Tb., 2001, 156.<br />
56 jorbenaZe s., sakuTreba da sakuTrebis ufleba, stalinis saxelobis <strong>Tbilisi</strong>s saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis Sromebi, iuridiul mecnierebaTa seria, t. 89, 1960, 106.<br />
87
88<br />
m. biWia, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi<br />
boba ar SeuZlia. relatiuri cvalebadi da mravalniSnaa, icvleba sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi,<br />
mimarTebis cvlileba ki cvlis mimarTebis substrats. erTi da igive mamakaci<br />
sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi SeiZleba iyos qmaric, mamac, Svilic, megobaric da a. S. amasTan,<br />
arsebobs anTropologiuri relatiurobac, romelsac adamianTan mimarTeba qmnis; misi<br />
Zirebi adamianSia. amitom ewodeba mas anTropologiuri. gnoseologiuri relatiuroba<br />
adamianis codnis maxasiaTebelia, romlisTvisac absoluturi WeSmariteba miuwvdomelia<br />
da relatiuroba am gagebiT Secdomebis Semcvelobas, arasruls niSnavs. Semecnebis<br />
procesSi Secdomebis permanentuli eliminacia (gamoricxva) absoluturi<br />
WeSmaritebis miRwevas ver uzrunvelyofs. gnoseologiur subieqtTan mimarTeba, masze<br />
damokidebuleba aq arsebiT rols asrulebs. 57<br />
SefardebiT uflebas upirispirdeba movaleoba valdebuli pirisa, romelmac<br />
araTu Tavi unda Seikavos moqmedebis ganxorcielebisgan, aramed, piriqiT, ganaxorcielos<br />
garkveuli pozitiuri moqmedeba uflebamosili piris sasargeblod. 58 maSasadame,<br />
SefardebiTia ufleba, romelic daculia gansazRvruli pirisgan (an pirebisgan) da<br />
SeiZleba xelyofil iqnes mxolod am piris (an pirTa) mier. 59 mocemul urTierTobaSi<br />
personificirebuli arian subieqtebi (kreditori da movale), romelTa Sorisac ufleba-movaleobebi<br />
gamijnulia. 60 magaliTad, gamyidvels SeuZlia mxolod myidvelisgan<br />
moiTxovos gadasaxdeli Tanxa, moijares ZiriTadad — mxolod meijarisagan ijaris<br />
sagnis naklis aRmofxvra. 61 aseve SefardebiTia ufleba, romelic samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi<br />
garigebebis safuZvelze warmoiSoba.<br />
amdenad, samoqalaqo uflebaTa absolutur da SefardebiT uflebebad dayofa pirobiTi<br />
xasiaTisaa. am urTierTobaSi gaerTianebulia rogorc absoluturi, ise SefardebiTi<br />
urTierTobis elementebi. magaliTad, saijaro xelSekrulebis safuZvelze warmo-<br />
Sobili urTierToba, romelic, TiTqos SefardebiTi urTierTobaa, radgan konkretul<br />
pirs ekisreba garkveuli movaleoba, amave dros, yvela gareSe piri valdebulia, ar daar-<br />
Rvios meijaris uflebebi. 62 rogorc Cans, konkretul sakiTxTa Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaTa<br />
misaRebad kanoni gansazRvravs gansxvavebul wesebs absolutur da SefardebiT uflebeb-<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT, ris gamoc am dayofas azrobrivi datvirTva eniWeba. 63<br />
57 avaliani s., Teoriuli filosofia, Tb., 2007, 300-301.<br />
58 Иоффе О.С., Советское гражданское право. Общая часть. Право собственности. Общее учение об<br />
обязательствах. Изд-во Ленингр. ун-та, Л., 1958,75.<br />
59 Братусь С.Н., Иоффе О.С., Гражданское право. Знание, М., 1967, 41.<br />
60 Малеина М., Личные неимущественные права граждан: понятие, осуществление, защита. 2-е издание,<br />
исправленное и дополненное, «МЗ-ПРЕСС», М., 2001, 105.<br />
61 Bydlinski P., Grundzüge des Privatrechts fuer Ausbildung und Praxis, 7., wesentlich überarbeitete Aufl., Wien,<br />
Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung, 2007, 15.<br />
62 Раихер В., Абсолютные и относительные права. Известия экономического политехнического инсти-<br />
тута, Вып. 1, Л., 1928, 276.<br />
63 Иоффе О.С., Советское гражданское право. Общая часть. Право собственности. Общее учение об<br />
обязательствах. Изд-во Ленингр. ун-та, Л., 1958, 75-76.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
g) relatiuri da absoluturi urTierTobebis mimarTeba<br />
sagulisxmoa is garemoebac, rom absoluturi relatiuris gareSe ar arsebobs;<br />
isini erTmaneTis paralelurad Tanaarseboben. realuri arsis relatiurobis mtkiceba<br />
ar niSnavs relativizms, absoluturis gamoricxvas da mxolod relatiuris arsebobis<br />
aRiarebas. is faqti, rom movlena aris arsebis gamovlena, relativizmis winaaRmdeg<br />
laparakobs. movlena relatiuria, radgan igi arsebis gamovlenaa da maszea damokidebuli.<br />
e.i. arseba da movlena erTmaneTisagan izolirebuli ki araa, aramed erTi da<br />
imave sinamdvilis ori sxvadasxva mxarea. 64 rogorc m. planki aRniSnavs, `yoveli relatiuri<br />
ukanasknel safuZvelSi raime TavisTavadTan, absoluturTan aris dakavSirebuli...<br />
absoluturi aucilebeli, myari amosavali wertilia. 65 amdenad, `absoluturi<br />
da relatiuri, idealuri da realuri, arseba da movlena erTi da imave sinamdvilis<br />
sxvadasxva formebia, sxvadasxva doneebia relatiuridan absoluturisaken logikuri<br />
ganviTarebis gzaze~. 66 samarTlebrivi ganxilvac amas cxadyofs.<br />
garda amisa, mesakuTris sanivTo uflebebi nivTTan damokidebulebaSia absoluturi.<br />
mesakuTris mier sakuTrebaSi sakuTari uflebebis dacva arsebul nivTebTan dakavSirebiT<br />
SeuzRudavia ganusazRvrel pirTa wrisadmi. Tumca es uflebebi garkveulwilad konkretdeba<br />
da relatiur saxes iRebs iseTi sanivTo urTierTobebidan gamomdinare, rogoricaa:<br />
servituti, uzufruqti, ipoTeka, giravnoba, romlebic ZiriTadad kanonis safuZvelze<br />
warmoiSoba konkretul pirebTan dakavSirebiT da relatiur saxes iZens. 67 amdenad, yvela<br />
sanivTo uflebis absolutur uflebad kvalifikacia pirobiTia, vinaidan Tu relatiuri<br />
ufleba niSnavs mesakuTris damokidebulebas konkretul pirTan, maSin yvela sanivTo ufleba<br />
ar SeiZleba erTmniSvnelovnad miekuTvnos absolutur uflebas. SezRuduli saniv-<br />
To uflebebi (aRnagoba, uzufruqti, giravnoba, ipoTeka) warmoiSoba kanonis an xelSekrulebis<br />
safuZvelze mesakuTresa da sanivTo uflebis matarebel konkretul pirs Soris. e.i.<br />
sanivTo urTierTobebidan warmoSobili uflebebi iZens relatiur xasiaTs. mesakuTris<br />
ufleba relatiuri (individualizirebuli) xdeba konkretuli sanivTo garigebis safuZvelze<br />
warmoSobili uflebis mqone pirTan, magaliTad, uzufruqtuarTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
amdenad, sanivTo uflebiT datvirTul nivTTan dakavSirebiT mesakuTre aRWurvilia rogorc<br />
absoluturi (daicvas nivTis xelSeuxebloba yvelasagan), ise relatiuri uflebiT<br />
(sanivTo uflebis mqone pirisagan moiTxovos konkretuli ufleba-movaleobebis dacva<br />
datvirTul nivTTan dakavSirebiT). 68 aq isev valdebulebiTi da sanivTosamarTlebrivi ur-<br />
TierTobis sazRvrebis problema wamoiWreba. am SemTxvevaSi sanivTo uflebis individualizeba<br />
ar unda gaigebodes SefardebiTi uflebis analogiurad. aq mesakuTris ufleba yo-<br />
64 avaliani s., Teoriuli filosofia, Tb., 2007, 43.<br />
65 Планк М., От относительного к абсолютному. Вологда, 1925, 41.<br />
66 avaliani s., Teoriuli filosofia, Tb., 2007, 44-45.<br />
67 CitoSvili T., absolutur da relatiur uflebaTa zogierTi samarTlebrivi aspeqti,<br />
profesor z. axvledianisadmi miZRvnil saiubileo krebulSi: `zurab axvlediani, 70~ (red.<br />
Sengelia r.), Tb., 2004, 54-55.<br />
68 CitoSvili T., absolutur da relatiur uflebaTa zogierTi samarTlebrivi aspeqti,<br />
profesor z. axvledianisadmi miZRvnil saiubileo krebulSi: `zurab axvlediani, 70~ (red.<br />
Sengelia r.), Tb., 2004, 55.<br />
89
90<br />
m. biWia, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi<br />
velTvis absoluturi rCeba, xolo sanivTo garigebis dadebisas movaleTa wre konkretdeba,<br />
Tumca piri, visTanac daido sanivTo garigeba, absoluturi uflebiT sargeblobs. amas-<br />
Tan, nivTisadmi piris damokidebulebis Sesaxeb debuleba ar SeiZleba pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT<br />
iqnes gagebuli; samarTlebrivi urTierToba araa pirsa da nivTs Soris urTierToba.<br />
aq arsismieria, rom `es urTierToba gansazRvravs nivTebisadmi pirTa kompetencias~. 69<br />
swored mocemul SemTxvevebSi unda aixsnas relatiuri da absoluturi aspeqtebis erToblivad<br />
arseboba maTi anTropologiuri warmomavlobiT.<br />
3.2 regulatiuri da dacviTi samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi<br />
aqve mxedvelobaSia misaRebi samarTlebrivi regulirebisa da dacvis problemebi.<br />
regulatiuri urTierTobaa sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis iuridiulad gaSualebuli<br />
dinamika, xolo iuridiul dacvaSi moiazreba SesaZlo an ganxorcielebuli<br />
samarTaldarRvevebis gafrTxileba da Sewyveta (aRkveTa). 70 sagulisxmoa, rom `principulad<br />
erTi da igive sazogadoebrivi urTierToba ar SeiZleba daregulirdes <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
ramdenime dargiT. iq, sadac <strong>samarTlis</strong> sxvadasxva dargis normebi moqmedebs,<br />
adgili aqvs ara erT kompleqsur sazogadoebriv urTierTobas, aramed sxvadasxvagvar<br />
sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa mTel kompleqss~. 71 araqonebrivi urTierTobebi, romlebic<br />
regulirebulia konstituciuri, administraciuli Tu Sromis samarTliT, ar<br />
SeiZleba ganixilebodes piradi araqonebrivi urTierTobebis xarisxSi; piradi araqonebrivi<br />
urTierTobebi, rogorc absoluturi samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi, regulirdeba<br />
mxolod samoqalaqo <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebiT. 72 samoqalaqo samarTali ZiriTadad<br />
awesrigebs qonebriv urTierTobebs, aseve pirad araqonebriv urTierTobebs, romlebic<br />
dakavSirebulia qonebrivTan, aseve icavs pirad araqonebriv urTierTobebs,<br />
romlebic qonebrivTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. 73<br />
sayuradReboa, rom samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierToba Tavisi arsiT regulatiuri<br />
samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis saSualebaa. maT Soris gamoiyofa moTxovnebi,<br />
romlebic gamiznulia kanoniT uzrunvelyofili interesebis dacvisTvis. am moTxovnebs<br />
ganekuTvneba deliqturi moTxovnebi da pativisa da Rirsebis xelmyofi cnobebis<br />
uaryofis Sesaxeb moTxovna. es ukanasknelni warmoiSoba pativisa da Rirsebis Selaxvis<br />
akrZalvis darRvevisas. amdenad, kanoniT daculi interesi arsebobs mxolod damcav<br />
samoqalaqo uflebasTan kavSirSi. 74 amasTan, `dacviTi samarTlebrivi urTierTo-<br />
69 Wanturia l., uZravi nivTebis sakuTreba, , Tb., 2001, 158.<br />
70<br />
Иоффе О.С., Личные неимущественные права и их место в системе советского гражданского права.<br />
«Советское государство и право», №7, 1966, 53.<br />
71<br />
Егоров Н.Д., Личные неимущественные права граждан и организации как институт советского гражданского<br />
права. Журн. «Правоведение», ноябрь-декабрь №6, Изд. Ленинградского Университета, Л., 1984, 32.<br />
72<br />
iqve, 33.<br />
73<br />
Малеина М.Н., Личные неимущественные права граждан: понятие, осуществление, защита. 2-е<br />
издание, исправленное и дополненное, «МЗ-ПРЕСС», М., 2001, 24.<br />
74<br />
Крашенинников Е.А., Охраняемый законом интерес и средства его защиты. Материалы научной<br />
конференции: «Вопросы теории охранительных правоотношений», Ярославь, 1991, 14, 18.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
bebi ar SeiZleba gagebul iqnes regulatiuris gareSe, radgan is warmoiSoba winaaRmdegobiT,<br />
romelic am urTierTobaSia moazrebuli. es winaaRmdegoba vlindeba imiT,<br />
rom konstruqcia — `ufleba-movaleoba~ SeiZleba ganxorcieldes orgvarad: uflebamosili<br />
piris interesi, romelic am kavSirs amyarebs, SeiZleba dakmayofildes movaleobis<br />
SesrulebiT an piriqiT, ar ganxorcieldes misi darRveviT. pirvel SemTxveva-<br />
Si regulatiuri samarTlebrivi urTierToba mSvidobianad mTavrdeba sakuTari ganxorcielebis<br />
gziT~. 75 meore SemTxveva krizisulia, radgan konfliqturi situacia interesis<br />
dakmayofilebis SeuZleblobas adasturebs. amitom is icvleba sxva — damcavi<br />
samarTlebrivi urTierTobiT, romlis farglebSic uflebamosili piris interesi SeiZleba<br />
dakmayofildes. 76 regulatiur samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi ufleba aris moTxovnis<br />
ufleba, ufleba sxvis moqmedebaze, romelic SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod valdebuli<br />
mxaris moqmedebiT. 77 regulatiuri ufleba aris regulatiuri samarTlebrivi<br />
urTierTobis safuZvelze warmoSobili ufleba, romelsac Seesabameba regulatiuri movaleoba,<br />
dacviTi ufleba ki — dacviTi samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinare ufleba,<br />
romelsac Seesatyviseba dacviTi movaleoba. amasTan, `dacviTi ufleba axal urTierTobaSi<br />
ikavebs regulatiuri movaleobis adgils~. `regulatiuri uflebebis darRvevis<br />
Sedegad warmoiSoba winaaRmdegobaTa urTierTSepirobebuloba, romelic gamoxatavs<br />
samarTlebriv urTierTobas~. 78 igive SeiZleba iTqvas regulatiur da dacviT movaleobaze.<br />
regulatiuri samarTlebrivi urTierToba darRveviT qreba an droebiT kargavs ganxorcielebis<br />
yvelanair SesaZleblobas, radgan misi `paralizeba~ xdeba da is axal, dacviT<br />
samarTlebriv urTierTobas uTmobs adgils. 79<br />
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis regulatiurobas isic adasturebs,<br />
rom samoqalaqo samarTali adgens normis adresatebisTvis savaldebulo Tu SesaZlo<br />
qcevis wess, riTac gansazRvrul urTierTobebs awesrigebs. regulaciazea aqcenti gakeTebuli<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mecxre muxlSic, romliTac aRiarebulia<br />
samoqalaqo kanonebis ZiriTadi mizani — uzrunvelyos `saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />
samoqalaqo brunvis Tavisufleba, Tu am Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba ar xelyofs<br />
mesame pirTa uflebebs~ (samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-9 muxli). aq saubaria garkveul wesrigze,<br />
romelic uflebis xelyofamde arsebuli urTierTobis regulirebas ukavSirdeba,<br />
magram samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierToba mxolod amiT ar Semoifargleba; gamonak-<br />
75 Мотовиловкер Е.Я, Основное разделение охранительных правоотношений. Материалы научной<br />
конференции: «Вопросы теории охранительных правоотношений», Ярославь, 1991, 25.<br />
76 ix. iqve. daculi da dasacavi samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis (dRes<br />
cnobili, rogorc regulatiuri da damcavi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb moZRvreba) fu-<br />
Zemdeblad s. muromcevi iTvleba, Tumca igi winaaRmdegobriv azrsac aviTarebs. magaliTad,<br />
misi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, dasacavi urTierTobebi daculi urTierTobebis dar-<br />
Rvevis safuZvelze da dacul urTierTobebTan erTad warmoiSoba. dawvr. ix. Крашенинников<br />
Е.А., Учение Муромцева о защищаемих и защищающих отношениях. Материалы научной конференции:<br />
«Вопросы теории охранительных правоотношений», Ярославь, 1991, 39-45.<br />
77 Мотовиловкер Е.Я., Основное разделение охранительных правоотношений. Материалы научной конференции:<br />
«Вопросы теории охранительных правоотношений», Ярославь, 1991, 26.<br />
78 Мотовиловкер Е.Я., Теория регулятивного и охранительного права. Воронеж, Изд. Воронежского ун-та,<br />
Воронеж, 1990, 54.<br />
79 iqve, 55.<br />
91
92<br />
m. biWia, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi<br />
lis SemTxvevebSi igi xelyofis Semdegac arsebobs. rogorc verSinini miuTiTebs, `dacvi-<br />
Ti materialuri samarTlebrivi urTierToba warmoiSoba materialuri regulatiuri<br />
uflebebis darRvevis momentSi. uflebamosil subieqts ufleba aqvs calkeul SemTxveva-<br />
Si mimarTos dacvis damoukidebel saSualebebs (pretenzia warudginos, Seasrulos samu-<br />
Sao movalis sasargeblod da a. S.). pirs, romelic daarRvevs uflebas, SeuZlia nebayoflobiT<br />
aiRos pasuxismgebloba (aanazRauros ziani, gadaixados jarima da a. S.)~. 80 dacviTi<br />
samarTlebrivi urTierToba aris regulatiuri samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Taviseburi<br />
iZulebiTi gagrZeleba, piris interesTa dakmayofilebis garantirebuli forma. 81 amdenad,<br />
samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis Sedegad warmoSobili urTierToba dasacav samar-<br />
Tlebriv urTierTobebTan asocirdeba, Tumca movalis mier nebayoflobiT, sasamar-<br />
Tlos gverdis avliT ganxorcielebuli valdebulebis Sesrulebisas dacviTi<br />
samoqalaqo urTierTobebic materialursamarTlebrivia.<br />
4. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi da faqtobrivi urTierTobebi<br />
4.1 samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis materialuri da<br />
iuridiuli Sinaarsis Tanafardoba<br />
samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi gamoiyofa materialuri da iuridiuli Sinaarsi.<br />
pirveli faqtobrivi urTierTobaa da warmodgenilia wminda faqtebis saxiT, meore<br />
aris samarTlebrivi urTierTobis formaluri elementi, romlis saSualebiTac faqtobrivi<br />
urTierToba iZens samarTlebriv formas. 82 es ukanaskneli axasiaTebs samar-<br />
Tlebriv urTierTobas, rogorc gansakuTrebul ideologiur formaSi arsebul faqtobriv<br />
sazogadoebriv urTierTobas. samarTlebrivi urTierTobis materialuri Sinaarsi<br />
aris faqtobrivi moqmedeba, romlis Sesruleba uflebamosili piris SesaZleblobis,<br />
xolo movalis valdebulebis sferos ganekuTvneba. 83<br />
rogorc bratusi aRniSnavda, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Sinaarsi `ara marto<br />
misi monawileebis konkretuli SesaZlebeli da aucilebeli moqmedebaa (ufleba-movaleobani),<br />
aramed uflebebsa da movaleobebTan dakavSirebiT realizebuli faqtobrivi<br />
moqmedeba misi mravalgvari SinaarsiT (ekonomikuri, xelisuflebiT-organizaciuli,<br />
socialur-kulturuli da sxva)~. 84 agarkovi samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTier-<br />
80 Вершинин А., Охранительние материально-правовые отношения и право на судебную защиту. Материалы<br />
научной конференции: «Вопросы теории охранительных правоотношений», Ярославь, 1991, 36.<br />
81 Малько А., Охранительные правоотношения как гарантийная форма интересов личности. Материалы<br />
научной конференции: «Вопросы теории охранительных правоотношений», Ярославь, 1991, 29.<br />
82 Savigny F. C. v., System des heutigen Römischen Rechts, I., 1840, 333,<br />
,<br />
[13.09.2009].<br />
83 Алексеев С., Общая теория права. т. II, Юридическая лит-ра, М., 1982, 112.<br />
84 Алексеев С., Общая теория права. т. II, Юридическая лит-ра, М., 1982, 114.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
Tobis Sinaarsad ara uflebebsa da movaleobebs, aramed samarTlebrivi urTierTobis<br />
monawileTa moqmedebas gansazRvravs. 85<br />
bunebrivia daisvas SekiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara faqtobrivi moqmedebac moiazrebodes<br />
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis SinaarsSi? ufleba-movaleobebi TavisTavad ar<br />
sruldeba, isini cxovrebaSi xorcieldeba moqmedebebis saSualebiT. aqve wamoiWreba<br />
faqtisa da <strong>samarTlis</strong> problema, romelic dResac ganxilvis sagania. marTalia, ufleba-movaleoba<br />
moqmedebis (anu garkveuli realobis — arsis sferos) meSveobiT xorcieldeba,<br />
magram es ar niSnavs, rom moqmedebac samarTlebrivi urTierTobis SinaarsSi<br />
moiazreba; moqmedeba arsis sferos miekuTvneba, rac mniSvnelovania dasmuli sakiTxis<br />
gasarkvevad, Tumca is, rom masSi realobis elementi gaCnda, es araa urTierTobis SinaarsSi<br />
moqmedebis moazrebis safuZveli. mocemuli adasturebs mxolod imas, rom<br />
ufleba-movaleoba arsis movlenas ukavSirdeba, magram arsis sferos ar ganekuTvneba<br />
da ar ukargavs ufleba-movaleobas idealuris Sinaarss. aq mniSvnelovania is, rom ar<br />
unda moxdes gadasvla faqtis msjelobaze, romelic mis idealurobas gamoricxavs,<br />
aramed unda ganxorcieldes ufleba-movaleobis samarTlebriv WrilSi ganxilva. es<br />
aseve gamoricxavs subieqtur-fsiqikur aspeqtebze aqcentis gakeTebas, rac esoden<br />
imanenturia realuri sferosTvis. amasTan, dakvirvebuli Tvali idealuri formiT<br />
arsebul ufleba-movaleobebSi xSirad SeniSnavs faqtobrivad gamoZaxils, rac am samarTlebrivi<br />
urTierTobis genetikur sawyiss naTlad gamoxatavs. es arsobrivad <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT ukavSirdeba samarTlebrivi dacvis gafarToebis<br />
problemas, rac, cxadia, asocirdeba samosamarTleo samarTalTan.<br />
amasTan, Tu samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Sinaarsad monawileTa moqmedeba moiazreba,<br />
samarTlebrivi urTierToba garkveuli drois manZilze misi Sinaarsis gareSe<br />
SeiZleba arsebobdes; forma ar SeiZleba arsebobdes misi Sinaarsis gareSe. 86 anu moqmedebisa<br />
da samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Sinaarsis sakiTxi ukavSirdeba Sinaarsisa da<br />
formis problemas. amasTan, rogorc a. qaCibaia aRniSnavs, Tu ufleba da movaleoba<br />
yvela SemTxvevaSi samarTlebriv urTierTobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, maSin maTi realizaciac<br />
am urTierTobis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli procesia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi<br />
ufleba-movaleoba ara marto samarTlebrivi urTierTobis gareSe xorcieldeba,<br />
aramed es ukanasknelic SeiZleba uflebisa da movaleobis gareSe arsebobdes. maSin<br />
Cndeba SekiTxva: riTi gansxvavdeba samarTlebrivi urTierToba sazogadoebrivi ur-<br />
TierTobisagan? 87<br />
85 Агарков М., Обязательство по советскому гражданскому праву. М., 1940, 22-23. misi azri mohyavs<br />
iofesac: Иоффе О.С., Советское гражданское право. Общая часть. Право собственности. Общее учение<br />
об обязательствах. Изд-во Ленингр. ун-та, Л., 1958, 69.<br />
86 mocemul sakiTxze ix. Иоффе О.С., Советское гражданское право. Общая часть, Право собственности.<br />
Общее учение об обязательствах. Изд-во Ленингр. ун-та, Л., 1958, 70.<br />
87 qaCibaia g., samarTlebrivi regulirebis meqanizmi (sakand. disertacia), Tb., 2001, 108.<br />
93
94<br />
m. biWia, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi<br />
4.2 samoqalaqo ufleba-movaleoba samoqalaqosamarTlebriv<br />
urTierTobaSi Tu mis gareT?<br />
Tavdapirvelad unda iTqvas, rom <strong>samarTlis</strong> norma da samarTlebrivi urTierToba<br />
erTianobaa da, Sesabamisad, samarTlebrivi urTierToba normis ganxorcielebis Sedegia.<br />
aq samarTlebrivi urTierToba Setanilia <strong>samarTlis</strong> zogad cnebaSi. aseve arsebobs Sexeduleba,<br />
rom samarTali aris norma, xolo samarTlebrivi urTierToba — <strong>samarTlis</strong> normis<br />
faqtobrivi Sesruleba. Tu ar SeiZleba samarTlebrivi urTierTobis <strong>samarTlis</strong> normis<br />
gareSe arseboba, maSin <strong>samarTlis</strong> normac ar SeiZleba samarTlebrivi urTierTobis<br />
gareSe ganxorcieldes. 88 am TvalsazrisiT ganmsazRvrelia iuridiuli faqtebis mniSvneloba.<br />
kerZod, iuridiuli faqtebi <strong>samarTlis</strong> normas ukavSirebs samarTlebrivi urTier-<br />
Tobis warmoSobas, Secvlas an Sewyvetas. 89 ese igi, samarTlebrivi urTierToba aris xerxi,<br />
romlis saSualebiTac jerarsi (<strong>samarTlis</strong> norma) gadadis iuridiul faqtSi (arsSi).<br />
amdenad, samarTlebrivi urTierToba da <strong>samarTlis</strong> norma araa igiveobrivi, Tumca dauSvebelia<br />
maTi erTmaneTisgan gaTiSva. samarTlebrivi urTierToba konkretulia, ufro<br />
mdidaria Tavisi SinaarsiT, vidre <strong>samarTlis</strong> norma, romelic zogadi da ganyenebuli Tvisebisaa.<br />
ibadeba SekiTxva: <strong>samarTlis</strong> normis moqmedeba yovelTvis samarTlebriv urTier-<br />
TobaTa dadgenaSi gamoixateba? SeiZleba <strong>samarTlis</strong> norma awesebdes ufleba-movaleobebs<br />
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis gareT? 90<br />
am problemaze arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba: erT-erTi mosazrebis mixedviT, samarTlebrivi<br />
urTierToba aris norma moqmedebaSi, Tumca, sxva Sexedulebis Tanaxmad,<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> normis moqmedeba ar daiyvaneba mxolod samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis<br />
Seqmnaze; am gagebiT <strong>samarTlis</strong> normis moqmedeba zogjer gamoixateba mxolod movaleobaTa<br />
dawesebaSi. amis magaliTad zog avtors mohyavs is, rom sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
normebi avalebs moqalaqeebs, Tavi Seikavon danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis Cadenisagan,<br />
Tumca aq am moqmedebebis ganxorcielebamde araviTari samarTlebrivi urTierToba<br />
ar arsebobs. 91 amdenad, dadgenilia zogadi xasiaTis movaleoba, konkretuli samar-<br />
Tlebrivi urTierToba ki jerjerobiT ar arsebobs da warmoiSoba mxolod iuridiuli<br />
faqtis Sedegad. 92 Tumca sagulisxmoa mosazrebac, romelic sisxlissamarTlebriv<br />
88 vaCeiSvili al., samarTlebrivi urTierTobis cnebisTvis, `sabWoTa samarTali~, 6, 1964,<br />
12, 17.<br />
89<br />
iqve, 12.<br />
90<br />
iqve, 17; arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, arasworia, rom iuridiuli faqti warmoSobs,<br />
cvlis an wyvets samarTlebriv urTierTobas, ramdenadac aq mTlianad gawyvetilia<br />
kavSiri jerarssa da arss Soris. faqti aucileblad unda iyos jerarsul wesrigSi<br />
formulirebuli, raTa mas hqondes samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis, Secvlis an<br />
Sewyvetis Zala. amasTan, zianis gamomwvevi moqmedebiT zianis anazRaureba gansazRvrulia<br />
zianis miyenebis Sedegad warmoSobili urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normiT. ix. xubua<br />
g., <strong>samarTlis</strong> Teoria, Tb., 2004, 203.<br />
91<br />
Теория государства и права, под. ред. Ромашкина П. С., Строговича М. С. и Туманова В. А, М., 1962,<br />
462.<br />
92 vaCeiSvili al., samarTlebrivi urTierTobis cnebisTvis, `sabWoTa samarTali~, 6, 1964, 18.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
urTierTobas danaSaulis Cadenamde urTierTobas ukavSirebs. 93 am viTarebaSi ki ufleba-movaleoba<br />
mxolod samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi arsebobs.<br />
d. genkinis mtkicebiT, ufleba SeiZleba arsebobdes samarTlebrivi urTierTobis<br />
gareSec da ar Seadgendes mis elements. aseTad is asaxelebs yvela absolutur uflebas.<br />
sakuTrebis uflebis darRveva aris iuridiuli faqti, romelic aniWebs mesakuTres<br />
vindikaciuri da negatoruli sarCelebis wardgenis SesaZleblobas. amasTan,<br />
SeuZlebelia mesakuTre Sevides samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi yvela pirTan (potenciur<br />
damrRvevTan), romlebmac arc ki ician mocemuli piris arsebobis da misdami ama Tu<br />
im nivTis kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb da romelTac ar icnobs sakuTrebis uflebis matarebeli.<br />
94 rogorc Cans, avtors aq mxedvelobis aredan gamorCa uflebis korelaciuroba<br />
movaleobasTan, rac xsnis kidec am problemas.<br />
al. vaCeiSvilis TqmiT, samarTlebrivi urTierToba atarebs ra konkretul xasiaTs,<br />
meore koncefcias imis Taobaze, rom <strong>samarTlis</strong> norma Tavisi SinaarsiT yovel-<br />
Tvis qmnis samarTlebriv urTierTobebs, safuZveli ekargeba. 95 aqve sagulisxmoa ufleba-movaleobis<br />
korelaciuri kavSiri. Tu yvela mxars uWers absoluturi uflebis<br />
`warmoqmnas~ mis Sesabamis movaleobasTan erTad, maSin dava imis Sesaxeb, ufleba samarTlebrivi<br />
urTierTobis gareT arsebobs Tu ara, safuZvelmoklebulia. 96<br />
amasTan, g. naneiSvili uflebrivi cxovrebis sferos warmoaCens, rogorc gacilebiT<br />
farTo sferos pozitiur samarTalTan SedarebiT. normatiuli faqtebi ki iwvevs<br />
uflebrivi cxovrebis warmoSobas, romelic pozitiuri <strong>samarTlis</strong> moqmedebas ar eqvemdebareba.<br />
amasTan, socialur-fsiqikur faqtebze saubrisas es faqtebi, rogorc<br />
realizebuli aucilebloba an SesaZlebloba, yovelTvis individualuria da amitom<br />
maT ar SeiZleba hqondeT ganxorcielebis raime pretenzia, radgan isini ukve ganxorcielebulia.<br />
amis gamo yovel faqts SeiZleba hqondes raRacasTan kavSiri, rac arsebi-<br />
Tad sxva ram aris, vidre TviT es konkretuli faqtia. faqts ar SeuZlia Seqmnas SesaZlebloba<br />
an aucilebloba Tavisi ganxorcielebisa. Tu namdvilobis xasiaTi faqtTan<br />
erTad samarTals ar unda mivakuTvnoT; jer erTi, is, rac realizebulia samarTalSi,<br />
sxva ramaa, vidre is, rac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes faqtiT; meore, is, rac realizirebulia<br />
samarTalSi, atarebs sxva tendencias, vidre is, rac faqtia. amasTan, <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
namdviloba TviT <strong>samarTlis</strong> azris namdvilobaa, rac, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs mxolod azris<br />
moqmedebas. es namdviloba ki <strong>samarTlis</strong> azris moqmedebaSi gamoixateba. 97 Tumca<br />
pozitiuri <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebi srulad ver amowuravs im urTierTobaTa Tvisebebs,<br />
romelTac es normebi awesrigebs. es rom ase iyos, maSin esa Tu is samoqalaqosamar-<br />
Tlebrivi urTierToba pirebs Soris damyardeboda <strong>samarTlis</strong> gamo; samarTalic ar<br />
93 naWyebia g., sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> sagani, Tb., 1997, 234.<br />
94 Генкин Д., Право собственности в СССР. 1961, 37, 39.<br />
95 vaCeiSvili al., samarTlebrivi urTierTobis cnebisTvis, `sabWoTa samarTali~, 6, 1964, 20.<br />
96 Рыбалов А., Абсолютные права и правоотношения. «Правоведение», №1, Изд. Юридического<br />
факултета СПБГУ, 2006, 142; uflebasa da mis Semxvedr movaleobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas h. broqsic:<br />
Brox H., Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgelichen Gesetzbuchs, Sechste, verbesserte Aufl., Köln-Berlin-München, Carl<br />
Heymanns Verlag GmbH, 1982,240; Brox H., Walker W.D., Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, 30., vollständig neu<br />
bearbeitete Aufl., Köln-Berlin-München, Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2006, 315.<br />
97 naneiSvili g., <strong>samarTlis</strong> filosofiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1992, 63, 75, 107.<br />
95
96<br />
m. biWia, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi<br />
iqneboda ganzogadebuli da yvelaferi konkretuli saxiT iqneboda normaSi moxseniebuli.<br />
amdenad, samarTali yvela urTierTobas ar aregulirebs da faqtobriv samyaro-<br />
Si mocemuli gegma <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonSezomilebaSi ar Tavsdeba, mxolod misi nawili<br />
iZens uflebriv samoss. 98 zogadad samoqalaqosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi SeiZleba<br />
es wesi moqmedebdes, magram gamonaklisi iqneba sanivTo uflebebi, vinaidan isini “Numerous<br />
Clausus”-is principiTaa gansazRvruli. 99<br />
aq mniSvnelovania, iuridiuli faqti warmoSobs Tu ara samarTlebriv urTier-<br />
Tobas. upirveles yovlisa, iuridiuli faqtebi <strong>samarTlis</strong> normas ukavSirebs samar-<br />
Tlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobas, Secvlas an Sewyvetas. 100 Sesabamisad, iuridiuli<br />
faqtebi <strong>samarTlis</strong> normas ufleba-movaleobis warmoSobas, Secvlas an Sewyvetas<br />
ukavSirebs; meore, ufleba-movaleoba idealuri xasiaTisaa da ar emorCileba realuri<br />
sferosTvis damaxasiaTebel kanonzomierebebs (ar Seicavs urTierTobas, romelic<br />
realuri movlenaa; masSi ar Sedis moqmedeba, romelsac unda hqondes sagnobrivi xasiaTi,<br />
anu romelic unda iyos realuri; 101 araa relatiuri da sasruli; aris abstraqtuli<br />
da ara konkretuli.); 102 mesame, araa gamoricxuli, rom ufleba (magaliTad, absoluturi)<br />
gamomdinareobdes <strong>samarTlis</strong> normisgan iuridiuli faqtis arsebobis gare-<br />
Se. am SemTxvevaSi ki ufleba normaSia mocemuli. 103 amdenad, ufleba, romelsac Semxvedri<br />
movaleoba Seesabameba, ukavSirdeba subieqts, romelic iuridiuli faqtis<br />
dadgomis Semdeg axorcielebs uflebas. ufleba gansazRvrul obieqtze aqvs konkretul<br />
pirs jerarsuli formiT, xolo dadgeba ra iuridiuli faqti, is `gaacocxlebs~<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> normas, romelic adgens uflebas da realur sferos ukavSirdeba. Tumca<br />
es ar niSnavs imas, rom uflebaSi realuri sferosTvis damaxasiaTebeli momentebi moiazreba.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi ganmsazRvrelia normaSi ufleba-movaleobis asaxva, romelic<br />
iuridiuli faqtis dadgomis gareSec da subieqtis nebisgan damoukidebulad arsebobs,<br />
rogorc `ufunqcio~ movlena; dadgeba Tu ara iuridiuli faqti, ufleba, rogorc<br />
idealuri movlena, warmoiSoba da daukavSirdeba faqtobriv mocemulobas, rogorc<br />
realur sferos. uflebis warmoSoba Semxvedri movaleobis warmoSobas gulisxmobs.<br />
normaSi `gayinuli~ ufleba-movaleoba usubieqto ufleba-movaleobaa; isini ki<br />
mxolod subieqtebs aqvs da mxolod iuridiuli faqtis dadgomis Semdgom ukavSirdeba<br />
konkretul subieqtsa da obieqts. ufleba-movaleoba cariel adgilas ar warmoi-<br />
Soba; isini samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobasTan erTad aRmocendeba. amasTan,<br />
98 naneiSvili g., <strong>samarTlis</strong> filosofiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1992, 99-100.<br />
99 am principis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, me-2 gamoc.,<br />
Tb., 2003, 5.<br />
100 vaCeiSvili al., samarTlebrivi urTierTobis cnebisTvis, `sabWoTa samarTali~, 6, 1964,<br />
12.<br />
101 realuri sferos am niSnebis Sesaxeb ix. Ткаченко Ю., Методологические вопросы теории правоотношений.<br />
Юридическая литература, М., 1980, 104, 107.<br />
102 realuri arsis moyvanili maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb ix. avaliani s., Teoriuli fi-<br />
losofia, Tb., 2007, 35-36, 38.<br />
103 aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT ix. jorbenaZe s., sakuTreba da sakuTrebis ufleba, stalinis<br />
saxelobis <strong>Tbilisi</strong>s saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, iuridiul mecnierebaTa seria, t.<br />
89, 1960, 108.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
uflebasa da movaleobas Soris arsebobs korelaciuri kavSiri, rac maT, rogorc idealur<br />
movlenebs, yvelaze ukeT warmoaCens da aTavsebs mxolod samarTlebrivi urTierTobis<br />
farglebSi. ese igi, iuridiuli faqti warmoSobs samarTlebriv urTierTobas,<br />
romelSic idealuri formiT moiazreba ufleba-movaleoba, romelic ukavSirdeba<br />
realur sferos. es ar niSnavs imas, rom ufleba faqtobriv urTierTobebs moicavs,<br />
magram gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi ufleba-movaleobaSi airekleba faqtobrivi sawyisic,<br />
rac realurisa da idealuris mWidro kavSirs cxadyofs.<br />
sainteresoa isic, rom ufleba kanonSia fiqsirebuli da mas unda daupirispirdes<br />
Semxvedri movaleoba, Tumca Tu samarTlebrivi urTierTobis gareT maTi arsebobis<br />
SesaZlebloba iqneba daSvebuli, gaCndeba garkveuli bundovaneba. ufleba warmoadgens<br />
ra uflebamosili piris iniciativiT kanoniT dadgenil SesaZlo moqmedebis sa-<br />
Sualebas, romlis Sesrulebac movaleobiT aris uzrunvelyofili, gamodis, rom, garda<br />
imisa, risi uflebac gaqvs, sxva (ram) aris dasaSvebi. aRniSnuls Seesabameba mtkiceba<br />
`dasaSvebia is, rac akrZaluli ar aris~, e.i. dasaSvebia ufro metis ganxorcieleba,<br />
vidre imis ganxorcieleba, risi uflebac gaqvs, Tumca es arc kanons ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes.<br />
mocemuli principi arsismieria kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong>aTvis da JRers ase: `samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi<br />
urTierTobis monawileebs SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon kanoniT<br />
aukrZalavi, maT Soris kanoniT pirdapir gauTvaliswinebeli nebismieri moqmedeba~<br />
(samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-10 muxlis II naw.). aq warmodgenilia ara mxolod is, rac kanoniT<br />
aris aRiarebuli, aramed mis farglebs gareT arsebuli mocemulobac, rac faqtiur<br />
SesaZleblobaTa arsebobaze miuTiTebs.<br />
Sesabamisad, ufleba da movaleoba samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT aris<br />
mxolod kanoniT gansazRvruli; Tumca masSi aSkarad Cans faqtobrivi urTierTobebis<br />
aCrdili. amasTan, ufleba-movaleoba SeiZleba `daemTxves~ faqtobriv SesaZleblobasa<br />
da aucileblobas, magram maT Soris mainc arsebobs mkveTri sazRvrebi, rac kvlav<br />
jerarssa da arss Soris mijnis gavlebas gulisxmobs. marTalia, ufleba jerarsis<br />
sferos ganekuTvneba, magram masSi SeiZleba faqtobrivi mdgomareobac garkveuli miniSnebebis<br />
saSualebiT aRmoCndes an gamomdinareobdes ama Tu im samarTlebrivi abstraqciis<br />
farTo interpretaciis Sedegad, Tumca es pirdapir kanoniT ar iyos gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
uflebaSi faqtobrivi mdgomareobis asaxva ki kidev erTxel adasturebs<br />
imas, rom jerarssa da arss Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs.<br />
5. daskvna<br />
amrigad, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierToba calke arc idealuri movlena<br />
SeiZleba iyos da arc realuri; marTalia, samoqalaqosamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi<br />
Sedis idealuri elementebi ufleba-movaleobis saxiT, aseve subieqti da obieqti,<br />
romlebic Tavisi bunebiT realur-idealur momentebs exeba, magram es srulebiT ar<br />
qmnis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis realur-idealur movlenad ganxilvis<br />
safuZvels. idealuri sawyisebi ufleba-movaleobis saxiT qmnis erT mTlians — korelats,<br />
rac adasturebs maT arsebobas samarTlebriv sivrceSi. ufleba ar arsebobs samarTlebrivi<br />
urTierTobis miRma, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi igi iqneboda faqtobrivi da<br />
97
98<br />
m. biWia, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi<br />
ara iuridiuli SesaZlebloba. odnav gansxvavebuli suraTia absolutur uflebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. kavSiri korelaciurobasa da ufleba-movaleobas Soris ki arsebuli<br />
urTierTobis drosac aucilebeli xasiaTisaa, rac sinTezuri aucileblobaa.<br />
aseve samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierToba idealur-realuri ver iqneba, vinaidan<br />
es formulireba Tavis TavSi winaaRmdegobas gulisxmobs. aq ar SeiZleba ubralod<br />
`xelovnurad~ gaerTiandes realurisa da idealuris nawilebi, radgan sinTezi Semadgenel<br />
nawilTa ekleqturi SeerTeba ki araa, aramed axlis qmnadobas moiazrebs; amas-<br />
Tan, ori mocemulobis — realurisa da idealuris — sinTezis gziT warmoiSoba raRac<br />
mesame — axali fenomeni, rac araa realurisa da idealuris jamis toli. rogorc plusi<br />
da minusi (an 1 da 2) araa plus-minusi (an 1-2), ise arc realurisa da idealuris sin-<br />
TeziT ar miiReba idealur-realuri movlena. samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierToba<br />
garkveulwilad maT orives moicavs da realurisa da idealuris mijnaze imyofeba.<br />
amasTan, <strong>samarTlis</strong> norma, romelic jerarsulia, pirdapir ver gadadis marTlwesrig-<br />
Si, rogorc arsis sferoSi. aq saWiroa raRac logikuri gza (Sualedi), romelic samar-<br />
Tlis normas gadaiyvans marTlwesrigSi. Sesabamisad, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi ur-<br />
TierToba arsisa da jerarsis damakavSirebeli gansazRvruli xerxia. aseve sazogadoebrivi<br />
urTierTobis sistemaSi arsebobs faqtebi, urTierTobebi, romelTac iuridiuli<br />
buneba aqvT. swored kanonmdeblis amocanaa maTi aRmoCena da marTebulad gageba.<br />
amitom samarTlebrivi urTierToba genetikurad saTaves iRebs sazogadoebrivi ur-<br />
TierTobidan, misi samarTlebrivi bunebidan. amdenad, debuleba — `samarTlebrivi<br />
urTierToba sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis mowesrigebis xerxia~ srulad Seesabameba<br />
arsisa da jerarsis mimarTebas. <strong>samarTlis</strong> norma jerarsulia, marTlwesrigi ki — arsis<br />
sferos ganekuTvneba. samarTlebrivi urTierToba jerarsis arsSi gadasvlis sferoa.<br />
amdenad, samarTlebrivi urTierToba arc wminda jerarsia da arc wminda arsi, is<br />
raRac axali — mesame, anu specifikuri movlenaa.<br />
misi raobis gasarkvevad arsebiTia principi — `samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTier-<br />
Tobis monawileebs SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon kanoniT aukrZalavi, maT Soris, kanoniT<br />
pirdapir gauTvaliswinebeli nebismieri moqmedeba~. amasTan, samoqalaqosamarTlebriv<br />
urTierTobaSi vlindeba pirad da saojaxo urTierTobebSi, aseve uSualod konkretul<br />
uflebebSi gamoxatuli faqtobrivi urTierTobebi. Tumca ar unda Seiracxos ise, rom igi<br />
faqtobrivi realobaa, vinaidan mocemuli gamokveTs mis kavSirs realobasTan.<br />
rac Seexeba samoqalaqo urTierTobaTa klasifikacias, mas garkveulwilad praqtikuli<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs. aseve sagulisxmoa samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqturi<br />
Semadgenlobis mixedviT dayofisa da samarTlebrivi urTierTobis, rogorc piris<br />
nivTebTan urTierTobis, Sesaxeb msjelobaTa SeuTavsebloba. es winaaRmdegoba ara<br />
mxolod uSualod mecnierebaSi, aramed dogmatikaSi gavrcelebul debulebebs Sorisac<br />
arsebobs. amave dros, absolutur da relatiur urTierTobebSi ontologiuri sawyisi<br />
devs, magram garkveul SemTxvevebSi wamotivtivdeba relatiuri da absoluturi aspeqtebis<br />
erToblivad arseboba, rac maTi anTropologiuri warmomavlobiT unda aixsnas.
MICHAEL BICHIA ∗<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES OF PUBLIC LEGAL RELATIONS<br />
Summary<br />
As it occurs, public legal relation, taken separately, may be neither an ideal phenomenon nor a real<br />
one; it is true that public legal relation includes ideal elements in the form of rights and obligations, it<br />
also includes a subject and an object, which by nature concern real and ideal moments. However, this<br />
does not mean that public legal relation should be considered as a real-ideal phenomenon. Ideal<br />
elements in the form of rights and obligations create one whole – a correlate which confirms their existence<br />
in the legal sphere. A right does not exist beyond legal relation, as in such case it would be a factual<br />
possibility and not a legal one. We have a slightly different picture regarding the absolute right.<br />
The connection between correlativity and right-obligation has a necessary character even in the case of<br />
the existing relation, which is a synthetic necessity.<br />
Besides, public legal relation cannot be ideal-real, as this statement includes contradiction in itself.<br />
Here we cannot just “artificially” join the parts of real and ideal, because synthesis is not an eclectic<br />
joining of component parts, but it considers the creation of new. At the same time, by means of the<br />
synthesis of two volumes – real and ideal – something third arises – a new phenomenon, which is not<br />
equal to the total of real and ideal. Just as plus and minus (or 1 and 2) is not plus-minus (or 1-2), the<br />
synthesis of real and ideal does not make up an ideal-real phenomenon. Public legal relation, in some<br />
way, embraces both of them and is placed at the crossroads of real and ideal. Herewith, a legal norm,<br />
which is ideal, cannot directly be transited into law and order, as into the sphere of essence. Here we<br />
need some logical way (medium), which shall transfer the law norm to law and order. Accordingly,<br />
public legal relation is a certain method of connecting the essence and the ideal. Also in the system of<br />
public relation there exist facts and relations possessing a legal nature. It is the legislator whose<br />
obligation is to identify and interpret them properly. Thus, legal relation is generated from public relation,<br />
from its legal nature. So, the provision “legal relation is a means of public relation regulation” absolutely<br />
coincides with the correlation of essence and ideal. A legal norm is ideal, while law and order<br />
belongs to the sphere of essence. Legal relation is a sphere of transfer of the ideal to essence. Thus, legal<br />
relation is neither pure ideal, nor pure essence. It is something new – the third or specific phenomenon.<br />
Its meaning is mainly determined by the principle: “Parties to public legal relation can carry out any<br />
activity which is not prohibited by law, as well as any activity which is not directly considered by<br />
∗ Doctoral Student, Visiting Lecturer, TSU, <strong>Faculty</strong> of <strong>Law</strong>.<br />
99
100<br />
m. biWia, samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi<br />
law”. Herewith, it sometimes looks into public legal relation, sometimes into private relations, sometimes<br />
into family relations and sometimes it is a shadow of factual relations expressed in definite rights.<br />
Though, it should not be considered that it is a factual reality, as the given one points to its connection<br />
to reality.<br />
As for the classification of public relation, to some extent it has a practical meaning. Also it is<br />
important to mention the incompatibility of discussions regarding the division of public legal relation<br />
according to subjective composition, and public legal relation as a person’s relation towards things.<br />
We come across with this contradiction not only directly in science, but also in the provisions existing<br />
in science and dogmatism. At the same time, absolute and relative relations have the ontological basis,<br />
but in some cases emerges the co-existence of relative and absolute aspects, which should be explained<br />
by their anthropological origin.
Tamar zoiZe ∗<br />
uxarisxo produqtis mwarmoeblis pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxva<br />
(saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1009-e muxlis analizi)<br />
produqtis mwarmoeblis mkacri pasuxismgeblobis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsi (SemdgomSi — ssk) iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis<br />
SemTxvevebs an misi Semcirebis SesaZleblobas. aRniSnuli gamonaklisebi<br />
ganmtkicebulia ssk-is 1009-e muxlSi. winamdebare statiaSi warmodgenili iqneba xsenebuli<br />
muxlis TiToeuli normis germanul samarTalTan SedarebiTi analizi.<br />
kerZod, mwarmoeblis mimarT xsenebuli Sedegebi dgeba, roca:<br />
1. mas es produqti ar gautania sarealizaciod<br />
1009-e I muxlis `a~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, mwarmoebeli pasuxs ar agebs, Tu mas es<br />
produqti ar gautania sarealizaciod. aq igulisxmeba SemTxveva, rodesac produqtis<br />
realizacia jer kidev ar ganxorcielebula da igi mwarmoebelTan inaxeba. magaliTad,<br />
mwarmoebeli gaTavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisgan, Tu ziani gamoiwvia Zexvma, romli-<br />
Tac igi gaumaspinZlda stumrebs ojaxSi. aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom uxarisxod<br />
SeiZleba CaiTvalos realizaciis procesSi, samoqalaqo brunvaSi CarTuli produqti.<br />
produqtis realizacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sxvisi moqmedebiT, mwarmoeblis<br />
nebisgan damoukideblad. Sesabamisad, pasuxismgebloba uxarisxo produqciis<br />
brunvaSi gamSveb pirebs daekisrebaT, rameTu produqti mwarmoeblis Zalauflebidan<br />
misi nebiT ar gasula. erTi SexedviT, aseT midgomaSi garkveuli alogikuroba ikveTeba.<br />
kerZod, ra mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes uxarisxo produqciiT momxmarebels ziani<br />
miadgeba misi degustaciisa Tu realizaciis procesSi. rogorc Cans, produqtis<br />
vargisianobis prezumfcia mis realizaciaSi gaSvebas ukavSirdeba. am momentamde produqti<br />
ver CaiTvleba im Tvisebriobis mqoned, rac brunvisTvisaa gankuTvnili. realizaciaSi<br />
gaSveba ki gulisxmobs imas, rom mwarmoebelma produqtis xarisxTan dakavSirebiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli yvela piroba (moTxovna) Seasrula. advili SesaZlebelia,<br />
rom sarealizaciod gamzadebuli produqcia ar moeqces samoqalaqo brunvaSi, rac<br />
warmoSobs uxarisxo produqciis arsebobis Sesaxeb prezumfcias.<br />
2. saqmis garemoebebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba imis varaudi, rom nakli,<br />
romelmac ziani gamoiwvia, produqts ar hqonda sarealizaciod gatanisas<br />
1009-e I muxlis `b~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, mwarmoeblis pasuxismgebloba gamoiricxeba<br />
im SemTxvevaSic, Tu nakli zianis gamomwvev produqcias ar hqonda realizaciis momentSi.<br />
magaliTad, Tu vargisianobis vadis gasvliT produqti iqca uxarisxod moxmarebis procesSi,<br />
an momxmarebelma ar daicva eqsploataciis wesebi (samkurnalod gamoiyena medikamentebi<br />
vargisianobis vadis gasvlis Semdeg). avstriuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> Tanaxmadac, `pasuxismgeblobisgan<br />
ganTavisufldeba mwarmoebeli, importiori, mimwodebeli, Tu damtkicde-<br />
∗ Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti.
102<br />
T. zoiZe, uxarisxo produqtis mwarmoeblis pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxva<br />
ba, rom produqcia realizaciis momentSi naklis armqone iyo~ 1 . qarTuli <strong>samarTlis</strong>gan<br />
gansxvavebiT, zemoxsenebuli norma mxolod akonkretebs pasuxismgeblobis subieqtebs<br />
(mwarmoebeli, importiori da mimwodebeli). umTavresi problema mocemul SemTxvevaSi<br />
produqciis samoqalaqo brunvaSi CarTvis momentis gansazRvraa.<br />
produqtis nakli SeiZleba warmoiSvas warmoebis Semdeg, misi realizaciis dawyebamde.<br />
magaliTad, sakvebi produqti, wamlebi da a.S. SeiZleba gafuWdes araswori Senaxvis<br />
Sedegad. sxva produqtebi SesaZlebelia nakliani gaxdes gayidvis procesSi (magaliTad,<br />
roca mineraluri wylis boTli yuTidan gadmovarda da bzari gauCnda). umetes<br />
SemTxvevaSi, produqtis nakli warmoiSoba, roca momxmarebeli Tavad an sxva pirebis<br />
meSveobiT SeakeTebs da Secvlis mas imdenad, rom naklianad aqcevs. 2<br />
3. mwarmoebels produqti ar uwarmoebia arc gasayidad an sxva komerciuli<br />
mizniT, arc Tavisi profesiuli saqmianobis farglebSi<br />
1009-e I muxlis `d~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, mwarmoebeli pasuxs ar agebs aseve, Tu mas<br />
produqti ar uwarmoebia arc gasayidad an sxva komerciuli mizniT, arc Tavisi profesiuli<br />
saqmianobis farglebSi. aq is SemTxveva igulisxmeba, rodesac produqti ar<br />
iwarmoeba sarealizaciod, gasayidad, aramed mxolod saojaxo, piradi miznebisaTvis.<br />
pirveli SemTxvevisagan gansxvavebiT, aq realizaciis mizanic ar arsebobs da, Sesabamisad,<br />
produqtis piradi moxmarebisaTvis mwarmoebeli damamzadebeli pasuxs ar agebs,<br />
Tu am produqtiT stumars miadgeba ziani. aRniSnuli imiT aixsneba, rom damamzadebels<br />
ar SeiZleba moeTxovos imaze meti yuradRebianobis dacva sxvebis mimarT, rasac<br />
sakuTari Tavis mimarT gamoiCenda.<br />
germanuli samarTalic amave poziciaze dgas da gamoricxavs mwarmoeblis pasuxismgeblobas,<br />
romelic produqcias awarmoebs piradi moxmareba-gamoyenebisaTvis,<br />
Cuqebis an sxva raime usasyidlo, arakomerciuli mizniT da ara sayovelTao moxmarebisTvis.<br />
germanuli samarTali komerciul mizanSi moiazrebs samoqalaqo brunvis nebismier<br />
formas, magaliTad, nasyidobis, qiravnobis, frenSaizingis, nardobis, momsaxurebis<br />
da a.S. xelSekrulebas. produqciis profesiuli saqmianobis farglebSi warmoebisa<br />
Tu gayidvisas mwarmoeblis pasuxismgebloba ar gamoiricxeba komerciuli<br />
miznis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic. aq Camoyalibebul pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel<br />
garemoebaTa erTdrouli, kumulaciuri arsebobaa saWiro. 3 magaliTad, rodesac mcxobeli<br />
Tavisufal dros sakuTar samzareuloSi momzadebul namcxvars Tavis maRaziaSi<br />
profesiuli saqmianobis farglebSi gayidis, an Tavis sawarmoSi dasaqmebuli avejis<br />
gamyidveli Tavisufal dros ubralo avejs (magaliTad, skamebs) awarmoebs da Semdgom<br />
nacnobebze yidis. aseTi profesiuli saqmianoba, `uxarisxo produqtisaTvis pasuxis-<br />
1<br />
Mag. Feil E., “Produkthaftung, Produktsicherheit, Verbraucherschutz beim Fernabsatz”, kurzkommentar fur die<br />
praxis, Linde Verlag, Wien, 2001, 51, Rn.2.<br />
2<br />
ix. Kuhlman H. J., Produkthaftungsgesetz: “Gesetz über die Haftung für fehlerhafte Produkte” Kommentar,<br />
3.Aufl., Verlag Schmidt E., Berlin, 2001, 49.<br />
3<br />
ix. Frietsch E. A., “Das Gesetz über die Haftung für fehlerhafte Produkte und seine Konsequenzen für den<br />
Hersteller,” Wirtschaftsrecht, Heft 1, 1990, 31.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
mgeblobis Sesaxeb~ kanonis 1-li paragrafis me-2 abzacis Tanaxmad, ar iTvleba `xelosnur~<br />
saqmianobad. 4<br />
4. produqts aqvs nakli, romelic sarealizaciod misi gatanisas Seesabameboda<br />
im dros moqmed normebs<br />
1009-e I muxlis `d~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, mwarmoebeli pasuxs ar agebs, Tu naklis<br />
mqone produqti sarealizaciod gatanisas Seesabameboda im dros moqmed normebs. SesaZlebelia<br />
produqcia naklisagan ar iyos sruliad Tavisufali, magram es nakli iyos<br />
normis farglebSi, ramac yvelas SeiZleba ar miayenos ziani, magram calkeul SemTxvevaSi<br />
gamoiwvios igi. aRniSnuli ki mwarmoeblis pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvelia.<br />
germanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT, kerZod, `uxarisxo produqtisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis<br />
Sesaxeb~ kanonis 1-li paragrafis me-2 abzacis Tanaxmad, `pasuxismgebloba ar<br />
daekisreba mwarmoebels, rogorc potenciurad pasuxismgebel pirs, Tu daamtkicebs,<br />
rom nakli produqtis brunvaSi gaSvebisas Seesabameboda im dros moqmed <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
normebs~. swored am normaTa miTiTebebis meSveobiT dawesda savaldebulo winapirobebi<br />
produqtis warmoebisaTvis. avstriuli doqtrinis Tanaxmad, mwarmoebels pasuxismgebloba<br />
ar daekisreba, Tu produqtis zianis gamomwvevi Tviseba kanoniT, kanonqvemdebare<br />
an individualuri aqtiT aris gansazRvruli. Tu samarTlebrivi danawesi<br />
iTvaliswinebs naklisagan Tavisufali produqtis arsebobis SesaZleblobas, maSin misi<br />
argamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi mwarmoebeli samarTalze miTiTebiT ver ganTavisufldeba<br />
pasuxismgeblobisgan. aRsaniSnavia, rom `pasuxismgeblobisgan ar Tavisufldeba<br />
mewarme imis damtkicebis SemTxvevaSic, rom produqti nacionalur da zenacionalur<br />
warmoebis wesebs Seesabameba~. 5 aRniSnuli debuleba ar modis winaaRmdegobaSi kanonis<br />
zemoT moyvanil wesTan, rameTu nacionaluri da zenacionaluri warmoebis wes-<br />
Si ar unda igulisxmebodes <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebiT dadgenili savaldebulo wesebi.<br />
5. SeuZlebeli iyo naklis aRmoCena mecnierebisa da teqnikis im donis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
romelic arsebobda sarealizaciod produqtis gatanis dros<br />
ssk awesebs pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis kidev erT safuZvels: 1009-e I<br />
muxlis `e~ qvepunqtis mixedviT, mwarmoebeli pasuxs ar agebs maSinac, Tu SeuZlebeli<br />
iyo naklis aRmoCena mecnierebisa da teqnikis im donis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic arsebobda<br />
produqtis sarealizaciod gatanis dros~. mwarmoebeli ar SeiZleba iyos<br />
mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebis riskis matarebeli. magaliTad, Tu mwarmoebels,<br />
mecnierebisa da teqnikis donis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar SeeZlo ufro usafrTxo avtomobilis<br />
damzadeba, cxadia, zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi mas pasuxismgebloba ar daekisreba.<br />
pasuxismgeblobis igive wesi moqmedebs im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac marTalia,<br />
obieqturad SesaZlebelia usafrTxo avtomobilis damzadeba, magram es ganuxorcielebelia<br />
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. am SemTxvevaSi Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis msgavs<br />
movlenas aqvs adgili. pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi yvela garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
unda gadawydes.<br />
4<br />
Kuhlman H. J., Produkthaftungsgesetz: “ Gesetz über die Haftung für fehlerhafte Produkte” Kommentar,<br />
3.Aufl., Verlag Schmidt E., Berlin, 2001, 55.<br />
5<br />
Mag. Erich F., “Produkthaftung, Produktsicherheit, Verbraucherschutz beim Fernabsatz”, kurzkommentar fur<br />
die praxis, Linde Verlag, Wien, 2001, 51, Rn.2.<br />
103
104<br />
T. zoiZe, uxarisxo produqtis mwarmoeblis pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxva<br />
`uxarisxo produqtisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb~ germaniis kanonis me-8 paragrafis<br />
me-2 abzaci emTxveva ssk-is zemoxsenebul danawess da pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisaTvis<br />
analogiur pirobas iTvaliswinebs. ssk-sgan gansxvavebiT, germanul samarTalSi<br />
mxolod mwarmoeblis mtkicebis tvirTzea gamaxvilebuli yuradReba — `is<br />
ar agebs pasuxs, Tu daamtkicebs, rom produqtis warmoebaSi gatanis droisaTvis arsebuli<br />
nakli, teqnikisa da mecnierebis mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ver iqna aRmoCenili~.<br />
xsenebuli muxlis ZaliT mtkicebis movaleobisgan ganTavisuflebis winapirobaa<br />
naklis arseboba produqtis warmoebaSi gatanis dros. pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania, rom, gansazRvruli produqtis Tvisebidan<br />
gamomdinare, saSiSroeba Seucnobadi iyos mwarmoeblisTvis. am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti<br />
ar aris, rom nakli SeumCneveli iyo piradad konkretuli mwarmoeblisaTvis.<br />
`mecnierebisa da teqnikis mdgomareobaSi~ igulisxmeba mecnierebisa da teqnikis miRwevaTa<br />
obieqturi mdgomareoba produqtis brunvaSi gatanis droisTvis.<br />
mecnierulad gaazrebuli da eqsperimentis Sedegad miRebuli daskvnebi, romel-<br />
Tac axali codna moaqvT, gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tuki es mewarmisTvis xelmisawvdomia,<br />
anu mwarmoebeli (mewarme) valdebulia gamoiyenos mecnierebisa da teqnikis aRniSnuli<br />
codna, gamocdileba Tu mdgomareoba, Tuki mas, ra Tqma unda, xeli miuwvdeba.<br />
mecnierebisa da teqnikis mdgomareobis SefasebisaTvis mniSvnelovania aseve samoqalaqo<br />
brunvaSi saqonlis gatanis dro. Sesabamisad, pasuxismgebeli piri valdebulia amtkicos<br />
mocemuli momentisaTvis misi mxridan naklis Secnobis SeuZlebloba. 6 am<br />
SemTxvevaSi naklis cnebaSi moiazreba konstruqciuli da ara fabrikuli nakli.<br />
evrosabWos direqtivebis miRebis Sedegad pasuxismgeblobis regulirebis sferoSi<br />
safrangeTis, germaniisa da inglisis sasamarTlo praqtikis safuZvelze Seqmnil<br />
meqanizms araviTari cvlileba ar ganucdia. man mxolod gaarTula es regulireba.<br />
wevr saxelmwifoebSi direqtivebis safuZvelze SemoRebul normebTan erTad, ZalaSi<br />
darCa pasuxismgeblobis maregulirebeli nacionaluri <strong>samarTlis</strong> danawesebi. 7<br />
6. nakli gamowveulia im produqtis konstruqciiT, romlis Semadgenelic<br />
gaxda es nawili<br />
ssk-is 1009-e muxlis me-2 nawili gamoricxavs produqtis nawilis mwarmoeblis pasuxismgeblobas,<br />
Tu ziani gamowveulia ara produqtis nawiliT, aramed im produqtis<br />
konstruqciiT, romlis Semadgenelic gaxda es nawili. `mocemul SemTxvevaSi iseT garemoebasTan<br />
gvaqvs saqme, roca produqtis nawili xarisxiania, magram es nawili mwarmoebelma<br />
saboloo produqtis Sesaqmnelad arasworad gamoiyena da produqtma ziani<br />
gamoiwvia~. 8<br />
avstriuli samarTali damatebiT ganamtkicebs SemTxvevas, `rodesac nakli produqtis<br />
mwarmoeblis miTiTebiT iqna gamowveuli~. amdenad, avstriuli samarTali Sei-<br />
6<br />
ix. Erich F.,“Produkthaftung, Produktsicherheit, Verbraucherschutz beim Fernabsatz”, kurzkommentar fur die<br />
praxis, Linde Verlag, Wien, 2001, 51-52, Rn.3.<br />
7<br />
ix. cvaigerti k., kotci h., SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
sferoSi, t. 2, Tb., 2001, 370.<br />
8 axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, me-2 gamoc., Tb., 1999, 277.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
cavs, erTi mxriv, naklis gamowvevas produqtis konstruqciiT, meore mxriv, naklis gamowvevas<br />
saboloo mwarmoeblis miTiTebis safuZvelze.<br />
aRsaniSnavia is, rom mimwodebeli saerTod ar agebs pasuxs, rodesac nakli gamowveul<br />
iqna mis mier miwodebuli produqtis ZiriTadi elementis, nawilis, aseve im produqtis<br />
konstruqciiT, romelSic CarTuli, gamoyenebuli iyo es masala. 9<br />
`mwarmoebels pasuxismgebloba daekisreba avtomanqanis defeqtis mqone dizainis<br />
an konstruqciis arsebobisas. umetes SemTxvevaSi es niSnavs mwarmoeblis gulgril,<br />
gaufrTxilebel damokidebulebas. ZiriTadad, gamonaklisad iTvleba SemTxvevebi:<br />
konkretuli produqti, romelic myidvelma SeiZina, namdvilad iyo defeqturi. Tumca,<br />
mwarmoebels miRebuli hqonda usafrTxoebis (higienis) optimaluri zomebi da defeqtiani<br />
egzemplari araswori teqnologiuri operaciis Sedegi iyo, romelic milionSi<br />
erTxel xdeba da ar SeiZleba aRkveTil iqnes xarjebiT. miuxedavad amisa, mwarmoebels<br />
daekisreba pasuxismgebloba~. 10<br />
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi arsebobs pasuxgaucemeli kiTxvebi, kerZod, `naklovania<br />
Tu ara avtomanqana, rodesac konstruqciiT misi benzinis avzisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
adgili ar aris optimaluri zianis, avariis an sagzao-satransporto SemTxvevis<br />
Sedegad gadmoRvrili benzinisagan xanZris gaCenis SesaZleblobis minimumamde<br />
dayvanis TvalsazrisiT? xolo Tu avzi marTebulad aris moTavsebuli, magram mosar-<br />
Cele daJinebiT amtkicebs, rom igi ufro sqeli Tunuqisgan unda damzadebuliyo? ra<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba im faqts, rom avzis kedlebis gasqeleba gaaZvirebs avtomobilis<br />
Rirebulebas, Seamcirebs mis siCqares da gazrdis sawvavis xarjebs? konstruqciulia<br />
Tu ara nakli, rodesac mopasuxes daaviwyda, Tavisi satvirTo avtomobilis Zaris ukana<br />
mxares, qvemoT, daemagrebina usafrTxoebis specialuri mowyobiloba da a.S. msgavs<br />
SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas iZens pasuxi kiTxvaze, SeiZleba Tu ara arsebuli<br />
samecniero-teqnikuri codnis mocemuli mdgomareobis pirobebSi Seiqmnas ufro<br />
srulyofili da usafrTxo konstruqcia da SeuZlia Tu ara mopasuxes arCevani masze<br />
SeaCeros? savsebiT cxadia, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi saubaria TiTqmis imave faqtebisa<br />
da mtkicebulebebis moyvanaze, rogorc daudevrobis gamo sarCelTa arsebobisas, rodesac<br />
mwarmoeblis pasuxismgebloba damokidebulia imaze, gamoavlina Tu ara man gonieri<br />
adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mzrunveloba da windaxeduloba. rogorc aRiniSna, dRemde<br />
ar arsebobs erTiani Tvalsazrisi samecniero-teqnikuri codnis donis Sesaxeb: ker-<br />
Zod, misi ganviTarebis done gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes saqonlis warmoebisa Tu sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebis momentisaTvis? ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi mwarmoeblisaTvis<br />
es aris damatebiTi pasuxismgebloba `ganviTarebis riskebisTvis~, Tu zianis miyenebis<br />
momentisaTvis SemuSavebuli iyo alternatiuli, ufro usafrTxo konstruqciebi,<br />
vidre iyenebda mopasuxe Tavisi produqciis sawarmoeblad~. 11<br />
9<br />
ix. Mag. Erich F., “Produkthaftung, Produktsicherheit, Verbraucherschutz beim Fernabsatz”, kurzkommentar<br />
fur die praxis, Linde Verlag, Wien, 2001, 52, Rn.4.<br />
10<br />
Познер Р.А., Экономический анализ права. Т.1, Санкт-Петербург, 2004, 246.<br />
11 cvaigerti k., kotci h., SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
sferoSi, t. II, Tb., 2001, 366.<br />
105
106<br />
T. zoiZe, uxarisxo produqtis mwarmoeblis pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxva<br />
7. ziani gamowveulia produqtis nakliT da, imavdroulad, mesame piris<br />
moqmedebiT<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1009-e muxlis me-4 nawili ganamtkicebs SemTxvevas, rodesac<br />
`mwarmoeblis pasuxismgebloba ar mcirdeba, Tu ziani gamowveulia produqtis nakliT<br />
da, imavdroulad, mesame piris moqmedebiT~. analogiur danawess Seicavs germanuli<br />
samarTalic. amdenad, aq saxezea pasuxismgeblobis gadanawileba e.w. mesame pirze, romelic<br />
`mwarmoebelTan erTad xdeba pasuxismgebeli zianis anazRaurebaze~ 12 . `mesame<br />
piri am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos gamyidveli an nebismieri sxva piri, romelsac saTanado<br />
instruqcia unda Caetarebina SemZenisaTvis~. 13<br />
8. zianis dadgoma gamoiwvia dazaralebulis an mis nacvlad pasuxismgebeli<br />
piris braleulma moqmedebam<br />
1009-e muxlis me-3 nawilis mixedviT, ziani SeiZleba gamoiwvios dazaralebulis an<br />
mis nacvlad pasuximgebeli piris braleulma moqmedebam. magaliTad, dazaralebulma<br />
aradaniSnulebisamebr gamoiyena produqti — daarRvia medikamentis miRebis wesi. aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi mwarmoeblis zianis anazRaureba mcirdeba an saerTod gamoiricxeba. 14 mwarmoeblis<br />
pasuxismgeblobisgan ganTavisufleba an misi Semcireba damokidebulia dazaralebulis<br />
bralis xarisxze. es sakiTxi samoqalaqo kodeqsSi sagangebodaa mowesrigebuli.<br />
produqtis mwarmoebeli pasuxismgeblobisgan Tavisufldeba dauZleveli Zalis safuZvelze<br />
miyenebuli zianis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, pasuxismgebloba gamoiricxeba, Tu<br />
Zlieri qariSxalis an miwisZvris Sedegad daziandeba eleqtrogadamcemi mowyobilobani<br />
da Zabvis moulodneli cvlilebis safuZvelze momxmarebels uziandeba qoneba.<br />
dauZlevel Zalas pasuxismgeblobisgan gaTavisuflebis safuZvlebSi moixseniebs<br />
aseve ukrainis samarTalic, kerZod, `momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb~ kanoni<br />
iTvaliswinebs gamyidvelis, saqonlis damamzadeblisa da samuSaos Semsruleblis mier<br />
zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebisgan gaTavisuflebis or SemTxvevas: a) dauZleveli Zala;<br />
b) dazaralebulis mier saqonlis (samuSao, momsaxureoba) gamoyenebis an Senaxvis wesebis<br />
darRveva. 15<br />
12<br />
Kuhlman H. J., Produkthaftungsgesetz: “Gesetz über die Haftung für fehlerhafte Produkte”, Kommentar,<br />
3.Aufl., Verlag Erich Schmidt, Berlin, 2001, 71.<br />
13 axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, me-2 gamocema, Tb., 1999, 278.<br />
14<br />
iqve.<br />
15<br />
ix. Гражданский кодекс Украины: Комментарий. т.2, Изд. 2, Харьков, Одиссей, 2004, 903.
TAMAR ZOIDZE ∗<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A LOW-QUALITY PRODUCT<br />
Summary<br />
A poor quality product is a problem for the whole world. Many people die every day after using such a<br />
product. That is why, the problem of liability for the damage caused by a low-quality product is one of<br />
the main topics in the law of a progressive state. It is regulated in detail by the Georgian Civil Code as<br />
well. In Georgian reality a bad quality product is very common for the market. Therefore, every citizen<br />
should be aware of their rights, as a consumer, in case of the damage caused by a poor quality product.<br />
The presented article discusses the cases of lessening or full exemption from liability for the production<br />
of a low-quality product. This issue is studied by means of comparative analysis of Georgian and<br />
German law. It is confirmed that they are quite similar to the basis of European Union directives,<br />
however, Georgian law includes some irrelevances.<br />
∗ Doctoral Student, TSU, <strong>Faculty</strong> of <strong>Law</strong>.<br />
107
daviT maisuraZe ∗<br />
`samewarmeo gansjis wesis~ ganmartebisTvis<br />
(kritikuli analizi)<br />
1. Sesavali<br />
samewarmeo sazogadoeba, iqneba es mcire Tu didi moculobis struqturuli er-<br />
Teuli, yovelTvis dakavSirebulia saqmianobasTan, romelSic xelmZRvanelobiTi uflebamosilebiT<br />
aRWurvili piri umTavresad gadamwyvet rols asrulebs. aRniSnul<br />
pirs erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba direqtori erqvas, sxva SemTxvevaSi — gamgeobis wevri,<br />
magram mTavari da ganmsazRvrelia ara aRniSnuli Tanamdebobis saxelwodeba, aramed<br />
funqciebi, romliTac es Tanamdebobaa datvirTuli.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, xelmZRvaneloba samewarmeo sazogadoebebSi ar gulisxmobs Zalauflebis<br />
absolutur koncentracias, aramed damyarebulia iseTi saxis xelmZRvanelobiTi<br />
uflebamosilebis gatarebaze, sadac samewarmeo sazogadoebis TiToeuli partniorisTvis<br />
Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi iqneba aRniSnuli sazogadoebis sasargeblod da<br />
am sazogadoebis saxeliT saqmianobis ganxorcieleba.<br />
xelmZRvanels, rogorc samewarmeo sazogadoebis warmatebis gzaze erT-erT mTavar<br />
moqmed pirs, unda hqondes sazogadoebis saxeliT da sazogadoebis sasargeblod<br />
garkveul saqmianobaTa ganxorcielebis Tavisufleba, Tumca ara es Tavisufleba, aramed<br />
am moqmedebaTa ganxorcielebis wesi garkveul standartebs unda akmayofilebdes.<br />
kerZod, xelmZRvanelebs xelmZRvanelobiTi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis<br />
dros ekisrebaT garkveuli movaleobebi, romelTa farglebSic da romelTa moTxovnebis<br />
Sesabamisadac isini axorcieleben TavianT uflebamosilebas. amerikul sakorporacio<br />
samarTalSi aRniSnul movaleobebs yofen or did jgufad: gulmodgine xelmZRvanelobisa<br />
da erTgulebis movaleobebad. germanul samarTalSic xelmZRvanel<br />
organoTa movaleobebis analogiuri dayofa arsebobs, Tumca maT movaleobaTa kidev<br />
erTi jgufic emateba. 1 rac Seexeba qarTul samewarmeo samarTals, aq movaleobaTa gamoxatuli<br />
dayofa ar ikveTeba, Tumca `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 2 sxvadasxva muxlebidan<br />
gamomdinare, naTeli xdeba, rom qarTveli kanonmdebeli xelmZRvanelebs akisrebs<br />
rogorc gulmodginebis, aseve erTgulebis movaleobas.<br />
winamdebare naSromis ganxilvis sagani ar aris xelmZRvaneli organoebis movaleobaTa<br />
Seswavla, aramed am movaleobaTa, ufro zustad, gulmodginebis movaleobis<br />
safuZvelze aRmocenebuli iseTi institutis kvlevaa, rogoricaa “Business Judgment Rule”,<br />
anu samewarmeo gansjis wesi. “Business Judgment Rule”, Tavisi SinaarsiT, garkveuli<br />
kriteriumebis dacviT, xelmZRvanelis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis wess gulis-<br />
∗ <strong>samarTlis</strong> magistri (Tsu).<br />
1 Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio<br />
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 199.<br />
2 saqarTvelos kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 1994, 21-22.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
xmobs. es instituti Tavdapirvelad aSS-Si ganviTarda da, misi uaRresad didi mniSvnelobidan<br />
gamomdinare, mraval qveyanaSi moxda misi recefcia.<br />
naSromi Seexeba samewarmeo gansjis wesis recefcis sakiTxs kontinenturi evropis<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> iseT qveyanaSi, rogoric germaniaa. winamdebare statiis farglebSi samewarmeo<br />
gansjis wesis ukeT SeswavlisaTvis kvleva daefuZneba amerikul samosamarTlo praqtikas.<br />
amasTanave, warmoCenili iqneba samewarmeo gansjis wesis qarTuli Canasaxebi.<br />
2. samewarmeo gansjis wesis cneba da mniSvneloba<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli <strong>State</strong>bis delaveris umaRlesma sasamarTlom 3 erT-erTi saqmis<br />
ganxilvis dros samewarmeo gansjis wesi ase ganmarta: samewarmeo gansjis wesi aris `prezumpcia,<br />
rom samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros direqtorebi iyvnen informirebulni,<br />
moqmedebdnen keTilsindisierebis principze dayrdnobiT da gonivrulad swamdaT<br />
korporaciis saukeTeso interesebisadmi maTi moqmedebis Sesabamisoba.~ 4<br />
aRniSnuli definicia samewarmeo gansjis wesis aucilebel komponentebze msjelobis<br />
saSualebas iZleva. es komponentebia:<br />
• informirebuloba — samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros direqtorebi<br />
gaTviTcnobierebulni unda iyvnen samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis<br />
mniSvnelovan faqtebSi, radgan sazogadoebis sasargeblod gadawyvetilebis mi-<br />
Reba moiTxovs yovel konkretul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT zusti informaciis<br />
flobas. Tavis mxriv, direqtorebma maT xelTarsebuli informacia unda gauziaron<br />
kolegebs.<br />
• keTilsindisierebis principi — samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros<br />
direqtorebis moqmedeba unda Seesabamebodes keTilsindisierebis princips.<br />
• korporaciis saukeTeso interesebis Sesatyvisi moqmedeba — radgan samewarmeo<br />
gansjis wesi gulmodginebis movaleobis safuZvelzea aRmocenebuli,<br />
igi sakuTar TavSi moicavs korporaciis saukeTeso interesebis Sesabamisad<br />
moqmedebis valdebulebas da gulmodginebis movaleobis dacvis saSualebad ganixileba.<br />
profesori l. Wanturia “Business Judgment Rule”-is qarTul Sesatyvisad iyenebs<br />
termins — `samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis Tavisufleba~ 5 . aseTi Targmani rogorc sityvasityviTi,<br />
ise azrobrivi TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba uzustod CaiTvalos: `samewarmeo<br />
gadawyvetilebis Tavisufleba~ ufro “Business Judgment Rule”-is Semadgenel komponen-<br />
3<br />
aSS-Si gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva delaveris Statis korporaciuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> sistema,<br />
romlis sasamarTlos mier ganxilulia samewarmeo gansjis wesTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze<br />
gaxmaurebuli saqmeebi. winamdebare statiaSi moyvanili amerikuli sasamarTlo praqtikis<br />
yvela dava delaveris sasamarTlos mieraa gadawyvetili.<br />
4<br />
Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805 (Del. 1984). “It is a presumption that in making a business decision the<br />
directors of a corporation acted on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken<br />
was in the best interests of the company.”<br />
5 Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio<br />
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 215.<br />
109
110<br />
d. maisuraZe, `samewarmeo gansjis wesis~ ganmartebisTvis<br />
tad an direqtoris mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesis damaxasiaTebel principad<br />
(direqtoris mier gadawyvetilebis miReba sxva pirTa zewolis gareSe) SeiZleba<br />
iqnes miCneuli, vidre sakuTriv aRniSnuli cnebis qarTul Sesatyvisad. “Business Judgment<br />
Rule”-is arseboba ganpirobebulia swored direqtorebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis<br />
dacvis aucileblobiT. kerZod, aRniSnuli prezumpcia acxadebs, rom gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis dros direqtorma an menejerma imoqmeda, iseve rogorc imoqmedebda<br />
analogiur pirobebSi myofi, Cveulebrivi saRad moazrovne piri, keTilsindisierebis<br />
principis dacviT, korporaciis saukeTeso interesebidan gamomdinare. xolo<br />
samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis Tavisufleba ar unda uzrunvelyofdes am yvelafris<br />
dacvas. direqtors samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros SeiZleba hqondes sakmarisi<br />
Tavisufleba, rac damatebiTi xelSemwyobi garemoeba iqneba korporaciiis saku-<br />
Teso interesebis dacvis gzaze.<br />
winamdebare statiaSi “Business Judgment Rule” naTargmnia rogorc `samewarmeo gansjis<br />
wesi~, radgan es termini srulad asaxavs yvela im subieqtur da obieqtur faqtors,<br />
rac gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesis Tanmdevia. direqtoris mier miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetileba samewarmeo gansjis sagani xdeba; kerZod, iyvnen Tu ara direqtorebi<br />
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad aucilebeli mniSvnelovani faqtebis Sesaxeb informirebulni,<br />
moqmedebdnen Tu ara keTilsindisierebis principze dayrdnobiT da korporaciis<br />
saukeTeso interesebis Sesabamisad.<br />
samewarmeo gansjis wesis kritikis pirveli, da albaT yvelaze mTavari, mizezi<br />
aris swored samewarmeo gansjis wesis araswori gageba, rac misi araswori Targmani-<br />
Tac dasturdeba. “Business Judgment Rule’’ araviTar SemTxvevaSi, TviT amerikul sasamar-<br />
Tlo praqtikaSi, ar niSnavs direqtoris srul Tavisuflebas sawarmos saqmianobasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT; piriqiT, es kompleqsuri cnebaa, romelic ukavSirdeba mraval sakiTxs<br />
da moicavs Zalian mniSvnelovani procesebis Tanmimdevrobas. zogadad, yvela es sakiTxi<br />
gulisxmobs direqtoris mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi uamravi kriteriumis<br />
dacvas. magaliTad, SeiZleba mowveul iqnen sakonsultacio jgufebi, romelTa<br />
wevrebi ar unda iyvnen damokidebuli pirebi sazogadoebis direqtorebze da<br />
arc sxva SesaZlo garigebis romelime mxareze. aseve SeiZleba Seiqmnas specialuri komisia,<br />
romelic dakompleqtebuli iqneba bordSi warmodgenili umciresobiT an mowveuli<br />
direqtorebiT.<br />
“Business Judgment Rule”-is Tanaxmad, direqtorebs ekisrebaT samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis dros gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela mniSvnelovani faqtis<br />
sazogadoebis partniorebisaTvis Setyobinebis valdebuleba.<br />
3. samewarmeo gansjis wesis farglebi da mtkicebis tvirTi<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom samewarmeo gansjis wesis moqmedeba Semoifargleba mxolod<br />
bordis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT. bordis mier ganxorcielebul sxva saqmianobasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT samewarmeo gansjis wesi ar gamoiyeneba. samewarmeo gansjis wesi<br />
icavs bordis umoqmedobasac, Tu mis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba umoqmedobis<br />
formiT vlindeba. samewarmeo gansjis wesis mier direqtorebis dacva gulisxmobs sa-
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
samarTlos meSveobiT direqtorTa mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi zemoxsenebuli<br />
principebis dacvis gadamowmebas, romlis drosac gadawyvetilebis arsis safuZvliani<br />
Semowmeba ar xdeba. gadawyvetilebis arsebiTi Semowmeba daiSveba mxolod<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mowinaaRmdege mxare gaaqarwylebs samewarmeo gansjis wesis moqmedebas<br />
da sasamarTlo CaTvlis, rom direqtorTa moqmedeba ar akmayofilebs samewarmeo<br />
gansjis wesiT dadgenil standartebs.<br />
vinaidan samewarmeo gansjis wesi aris prezumpcia, romelic gulisxmobs bordis<br />
mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros gulmodginebis movaleobiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
yvela principis dacvas, amitom aRniSnuli varaudis gabaTilebis tvirTi mosarCele<br />
mxares ekisreba, romelic direqtorebis swor qmedebas sadavos gaxdis.<br />
4. samewarmeo gansjis wesi, rogorc gulmodginebis safuZvelze<br />
aRmocenebuli instituti<br />
samewarmeo gansjis wesi gulmodginebis movaleobis safuZvelze aRmocenda. amitom,<br />
upirveles yovlisa, unda daxasiaTdes is safuZvlebi, romlebsac es instituti emyareba.<br />
direqtors an menejers, rogorc sawarmos xelmZRvanelobiTi uflebamosilebiT<br />
aRWurvil pirebs, xSirad uwevT ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT sarisko gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miReba, rac xSirad yofna-aryofnis zRvarze ayenebs korporaciis momavals. swored<br />
aseTi saxis (Tumca ara marto am tipis) gadawyvetilebebis gamarTleba xdeba gulmodginebis<br />
movaleobis safuZvelze. samewarmeo gansjis wesi ZiriTadad gulmodginebis<br />
movaleobiT ganmtkicebuli uflebamosilebis dacvisTvisaa Seqmnili.<br />
gulmodginebis movaleobis definicia albaT yvelaze naTlad amerikis samar-<br />
Tlis institutis korporaciuli marTvis principebSia 6 gadmocemuli, romlis Tanaxmad,<br />
`direqtors an menejers korporaciis winaSe ekisreba Tavisi movaleobebis ke-<br />
Tilsindisierad ganxorcielebis valdebuleba. amasTan, mas gonivrulad unda swamdes,<br />
rom moqmedebs korporaciis saukeTeso interesebidan gamomdinare da iseTi<br />
gulmodginebiT, rogorsac gonivrulad moelian analogiur Tanamdebobaze da analogiur<br />
pirobebSi myofi Cveulebrivi windaxeduli pirisgan~. 7 germanul samarTalSi<br />
gulmodginebis movaleobis definicias ganamtkicebs germaniis `saaqcio kanoni~ da kanoni<br />
`SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis~ Sesaxeb. germaniis `saaqcio kanonis~<br />
Tanaxmad, `gamgeobis wevrebis mier xelmZRvaneloba unda ganxorcieldes wesieri<br />
da keTilsindisieri xelmZRvanelis gulmodginebiT~. 8<br />
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad, `direqtorebi da sameTvalyureo<br />
sabWos wevrebi sazogadoebis saqmeebs unda gauZRvnen keTilsindisierad; kerZod,<br />
zrunavdnen ise, rogorc zrunavs analogiur Tanamdebobaze da analogiur pirobebSi<br />
myofi Cveulebrivi, saRad moazrovne piri da moqmedebdnen im rwmeniT, rom maTi es<br />
6<br />
ALI. Principles of Corporate Governance, § 4.01.<br />
7Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio<br />
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 202.<br />
8 Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio<br />
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 206.<br />
111
112<br />
d. maisuraZe, `samewarmeo gansjis wesis~ ganmartebisTvis<br />
moqmedeba yvelaze xelsayrelia sazogadoebisaTvis~ 9 . rogorc definiciidan Cans, `mewarmeTa<br />
Sesaxeb~ kanoni ar avlebs zRvars gulmodginebisa da erTgulebis movaleobas<br />
Soris. aRniSnuli definicia faqtobrivad orive movaleobas moicavs; erTi mxriv, ikveTeba<br />
gulmodginebis movaleoba — analogiur Tanamdebobaze da analogiur pirobeb-<br />
Si myofi Cveulebrivi, saRad moazrovne piri da, meore mxriv, sazogadoebis sasargeblod<br />
yvelaze xelsayreli moqmedebis ganxorcieleba, rac Tavis arsSi rogorc gulmodginebis,<br />
ise erTgulebis movaleobebs aerTianebs.<br />
niSandoblivia aseve `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 56-e IV muxli, romlis Tanaxmad `direqtorebma<br />
keTilsindisierad da gulmodgined unda Seasrulon dakisrebuli amocanebi~<br />
10 . 56-e IV muxli, erTi mxriv, saubrobs keTilsindisierebaze, romlis definicia `mewarmeTa<br />
Sesaxeb~ kanonis zogad nawilSia warmodgenili, xolo, meore mxriv, Seexeba gulmodginebis<br />
movaleobas, romlis gansazRvrebac imave kanonSi ar aris gadmocemuli.<br />
aRniSnuli sakiTxi sakmaod problematuria, ramdenadac gulmodginebis movaleoba<br />
ar SeiZleba iyos mxolod saaqcio sazogadoebis direqtorebis samoqmedo principi,<br />
igi Tanabrad unda gavrceldes yvela sxva samewarmeo sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelTa<br />
saqmianobaze.<br />
xelmZRvanelobiTi movaleobani ufro detaluradaa gansazRvruli `fasiani qa-<br />
Raldebis bazris Sesaxeb~ kanonSi. aRniSnuli kanonis me-16 I muxlis Tanaxmad, `angariSvaldebuli<br />
sawarmos mmarTveli organos wevrebi TavianTi ufleba-movaleobebis<br />
ganxorcielebisas unda:<br />
a) moqmedebdnen keTilsindisierad;<br />
b) zrunavdnen ise, rogorc zrunavs analogiur Tanamdebobaze da analogiur pirobebSi<br />
myofi Cveulebrivi, saRad moazrovne piri;<br />
g) moqmedebdnen im rwmeniT, rom maTi es moqmedeba yvelaze ukeTesia sawarmosa da<br />
misi fasiani qaRaldebis mflobelTa interesebisaTvis~ 11 .<br />
aRniSnuli ganmarteba sakmaod sainteresoa im kuTxiT, rom masSi gulmodginebis<br />
movaleoba (zrunavdnen ise, rogorc zrunavs analogiur Tanamdebobaze da analogiur<br />
pirobebSi myofi Cveulebrivi, saRad moazrovne piri) gamijnulia erTgulebis movaleobisgan<br />
(moqmedebdnen im rwmeniT, rom maTi es moqmedeba yvelaze ukeTesia sawarmosa<br />
da misi fasiani qaRaldebis mflobelTa interesebisaTvis). xolo imave kanonis me-9 I<br />
muxlis Tanaxmad, `angariSvaldebul sawarmod miiCneva `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos<br />
kanonis Sesabamisad dafuZnebuli iuridiuli piri, romlis mier gamoSvebuli fasiani<br />
qaRaldebi (garda sruliad dafaruli sasesxo fasiani qaRaldebisa) ganTavsda<br />
sajaro SeTavazebis gziT an/da daSvebulia savaWrod safondo birJaze~ 12 . es kanoni<br />
me-16 I muxliT gaTvaliswinebul movaleobebs akisrebs marto im iuridiul pirebs,<br />
romelTa mier gamoSvebuli fasiani qaRaldebi ganTavsda sajaro SeTavazebis gziT an-<br />
/da daSvebulia savaWrod safondo birJaze.<br />
9<br />
saqarTvelos kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 1994, me-9 VI<br />
muxli.<br />
10<br />
iqve, 56-e IV muxli.<br />
11<br />
saqarTvelos kanoni `fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo<br />
macne, 1998, 1(8), me-16 I muxli.<br />
12<br />
iqve, me-9 I muxli.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
mizanSewonilia me-16 I muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli movaleobebi imive saxiT asaxul<br />
iqnes `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonSi, magram maTi moqmedeba gavrceldes zogadad `mewarmeTa<br />
Sesaxeb~ kanonis safuZvelze Seqmnil yvela iuridiul pirze da ara mxolod im<br />
iuridiul pirebze, romelTa fasiani qaRaldebic daSvebulia savaWrod fasiani qa-<br />
Raldebis birJaze.<br />
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, samewarmeo gansjis wesis mizani direqtoris mier miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebis dacvaa, radgan direqtoris samewarmeo gadawyvetileba Tavidanve<br />
miiCneva korporaciis saukeTeso interesebis Sesatyvisad. samewarmeo gansjis wesi<br />
mxolod maSin amoqmeddeba, rodesac gamoiricxeba direqtoris piradi daintereseba.<br />
Tumca, piradi dainteresebis ararsebobis miTiTeba samewarmeo gansjis wesis aucilebel<br />
komponentad sabolood gulmodginebisa da erTgulebis movaleobebs Soris<br />
zRvaris moSlasa da gaugebrobas gamoiwvevs. 13<br />
5. samewarmeo gansjis wesi aSS-is samarTalSi<br />
samewarmeo gansjis wesis damkvidreba amerikul samarTalSi sxvadasxva mizeziTaa<br />
ganpirobebuli:<br />
• pirveli, da albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovani, mizezi aris direqtorebisaTvis dacvis<br />
garantiebis Seqmna. ar SeiZleba xelmZRvanels daekisros pasuxismgebloba samewarmeo<br />
warumateblobisTvis. TviT gulmodgine da keTilsindisieri direqtoris<br />
mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebac SeiZleba mogvianebiT mcdari aRmoCndes, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom analogiur pirobebSi myofi saRad moazrovne adamiani mocemul<br />
viTarebaSi ver SeZlebda sxva ukeTesi gadawyvetilebis miRebas. samewarmeo<br />
warumateblobis safuZvliT direqtorebs pasuxismgebloba daekisrebaT mxolod<br />
braleuli gadacdomis arsebobisas.<br />
• meore, direqtori, rogorc Sesabamisi ganaTlebisa da gamocdilebis mqone piri,<br />
sxva danarCenze ukeTesad SeiZleba flobdes samewarmeo sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa<br />
Tu warmatebis miRwevis strategias, romelic TavisTavad garkveul risks<br />
ukavSirdeba. amrigad, samewarmeo gansjis wesi icavs direqtorebis mier samewarmeo<br />
gadawyvetilebis Tavisuflad miRebis princips.<br />
• mesame, samewarmeo gansjis wesi uzrunvelyofs, rom korporaciis xelmZRvaneloba<br />
darCes direqtorebis xelSi da ar gadavides aqcionerebze. 14 direqtorebi<br />
arian aqcionerTa ndobiT aRWurvili pirebi, romlebic axorcieleben korpora-<br />
13 Sead. luTeri m., II qarTul-germanuli simpoziumi, saaqcio sazogadoebisa da SezRuduli<br />
pasuxismgeblobis mmarTveli organoebis pasuxismgebloba, Tb., 2003, 27.<br />
14 Smith v. Van Gorkom-is gaxmaurebul saqmeSi delaveris umaRlesma sasamarTlom aRniSna,<br />
rom samewarmeo gansjis wesi gamomdinareobda delaveris sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> §141(a)<br />
muxlidan, romlis Tanaxmad, kompaniis biznesi da saqmianoba regulirdeba bordis mier.<br />
aRniSnuli debulebis mizania, rom sawarmos xelmZRvaneloba darCes direqtorebis xelSi<br />
da ar gadavides aqcionerebze. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom samewarmeo gansjis wesis<br />
arsebobis erT-erTi mizanic swored isaa, rom daicvas direqtorebis mier menejeruli<br />
uflebamosilebis sruli da Tavisufali ganxorcielebis uflebamosileba.<br />
113
114<br />
d. maisuraZe, `samewarmeo gansjis wesis~ ganmartebisTvis<br />
ciis saukeTeso interesebis Sesabamis moqmedebas, rac imavdroulad samewarmeo<br />
sazogadoebis interesebis Sesatyvis saqmianobad ganixileba. samewarmeo gansjis<br />
wesis damkvidrebis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi iyo sasamarTlo praqtikis aRiareba,<br />
romelic sawarmos saqmianobas direqtorebis prerogativad ganixilavs, rac,<br />
bunebrivia, ar gulisxmobs direqtorebis mier sawarmos ganukiTxavi marTvis uflebas.<br />
15 samewarmeo gansjis wesis gamoyenebiT direqtorebs eZlevaT samewarmeo<br />
sazogadoebis gakontrolebis SesaZlebloba, raTa marTvis funqciam aqcioner-<br />
Ta xelSi ar gadainacvlos. 16<br />
5.1 informirebulobis movaleoba samewarmeo<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros<br />
samewarmeo gansjis wesTan dakavSirebiT erT-erTi yvelaze gaxmaurebeli saqmea<br />
smiti van gorkomis winaaRmdeg, 17 romelmac amerikul iuridiul literaturaSi didi<br />
diskusia gamoiwvia. aRniSnul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT mTavari sadavo sakiTxi iyo, eqvemdebareboda<br />
Tu ara direqtorebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba samewarmeo gansjis<br />
wesis Sefardebas. mosarCele mxare sadavod xdida direqtorebis informirebulobis<br />
sakiTxs. kerZod, saqmis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobda: kompania `Trans unioni~ unda<br />
Serwymoda korporacia `niu T~-s. `Trans unionis~ direqtorTa sabWos Tavmjdomarem<br />
van gorkomma Serwymis Sesaxeb individualurad miiRo gadawyvetileba. miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom direqtors ar hqonda sawarmoTa Serwymis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis erTpirovnulad<br />
miRebis uflebamosileba, man damoukideblad gaswia winaswari mosamzadebeli<br />
samuSaoebi. 18 direqtorTa sabWos, faqtobrivad, ar hqonda dro, gaeanalizebina aRniSnuli<br />
Serwymis dadebiTi da uaryofiT mxareebi. van gorkomma Tavad gansazRvra `Trans<br />
15<br />
rac aseve ganmtkicebulia delaveris korporaciuli samarTliT: Delaware General Corporation<br />
<strong>Law</strong>, 141(a): “…the business and affairs of every corporation… shall be managed by or under the direction<br />
of a board of directors“…<br />
16 Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio<br />
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 217.<br />
17<br />
Smith v. Van Gorkom, 488 A.2d 872 (Del. 1985).<br />
18<br />
garigebis winaswar mosamzadebel samuSaoebTan dakavSirebiT sakmaod sainteresoa<br />
Semdegi mosazreba: `gadawyvetileba, misi formisa da mniSvnelobis mixedviT, zedmiwevniT<br />
unda iqnes momzadebuli. e.i. aq RonisZiebis Sedegze pasuxismgeblobis adgils ikavebs<br />
gadawyvetilebis keTilsindisierad momzadebis valdebuleba. sxvagvarad rom iTqvas: Tu<br />
Sesabamisi RonisZieba warumateblad dasruldeba da amiT sazogadoebas danakargs moutans,<br />
mmarTveli organoebis wevrTa pasuxisgmeblobis safuZvelad miCneul iqneba ara RonisZiebis<br />
warumateblobis, aramed gadawyvetilebis saTanado doneze moumzadeblobis<br />
faqti~. ix. luTeri m., saaqcio sazogadoebisa da SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis<br />
mmarTveli organoebis pasuxismgebloba, II qarTul-germanul simpoziumi, Tb., 2003,<br />
26. aRniSnul mosazrebaSi informirebulobis movaleoba ifareba zogadad gadawyvetilebis<br />
sworad momzadebis principiT, rac sakamaTod SeiZleba CaiTvalos. es modeli<br />
SeiZleba kontinenturi evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong> qveynebisaTvis savsebiT misaRebi iyos, Tumca<br />
samewarmeo gansjis wesis amerikuli varianti informirebulobis princips calke gamoyofs<br />
da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs mas, rasac Smith v. Van Gorkom-is saqmec<br />
adasturebs.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
unionis~ aqciebis gasayidi fasi, damoukideblad awarmova molaparakebebi, xolo direqtorebs<br />
Serwymis Sesaxeb garigeba ar hqondaT wakiTxuli meore mxaris mier mis xelmoweramde.<br />
miT umetes, rom bordma araferi moimoqmeda sawarmos namdvili Rirebulebis dasadgenad.<br />
Serwymis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas mxari aqcionerebmac dauWires.<br />
mopasuxe direqtorebma sakuTari mosazrebebi sxvadasxva faqtebze dayrdnobiT Camoayalibes,<br />
romelTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovnad SeiZleba CaiTvalos Semdegi: 1) `Trans<br />
unionis~ 1 aqciis sabazro Rirebuleba iyo 38 aSS dolari, xolo meore mxaris mier Semo-<br />
Tavazebuli Tanxa iyo 55 aSS dolari 1 aqciis sanacvlod; faqtobrivad, van gorkomis mier<br />
SeTanxmebuli fasi mxolod molaparakebebis da ara sxva raime mtkicebulebis safuZvleze<br />
iyo miRweuli; 2) bordis mier datovebuli iyo Tavisufali arCevanis ufleba, rom<br />
mieRo sxva ukeTesi SemoTavazeba; 3) bordis Sida da mowveul direqtorebs hqondaT saTanado<br />
gamocdileba, rom msgavsi sirTulis gadawyvetileba mokle vadaSi mieRoT; 4) aseve<br />
bordi daeyrdno erT-erTi iuristis mosazrebas, romelmac urCia, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi<br />
daedoT garigeba, radgan uaris SemTxvevaSi meore mxares SeeZlo eCivla.<br />
sasamarTlom mTavari yuradReba mopasuxis pirvel mosazrebaze gaamaxvila, xolo<br />
mopasuxis danarCeni mosazrebebi uaryo. sasamarTlos TqmiT, mopasuxeebma aqciebis gasayidi<br />
fasi konkretul faqtebze dayrdnobiT ar gansazRvres, arc aqciebis gasayidi fasi<br />
Seiswavles, aramed gadawyvetileba mxolod meore mxaresTan SeTanxmebiT miiRes, anu direqtorebma<br />
ar daadgines aqciebis namdvili Rirebuleba. aseve, van gorkomma ar warudgina<br />
bords Tavisi mosazrebis gasamyarebeli arc erTi mtkicebuleba. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros warmodgenili informacia<br />
da sabuTebi ar iyo sakmarisi direqtorebis informirebulobisTvis.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom direqtorebis Semdeg aqcionerebmac dauWires mxari bordis<br />
mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas, sasamarTlom direqtorebi daadanaSaula gadawyvetilebis<br />
misaRebad aucilebeli faqtebis rogorc erTmaneTis, ise aqcionerebis winaSe<br />
gaumWvirvalobaSi, riTac miiCnia, rom maT daarRvies aqcionerebis winaSe nakisri<br />
movaleobebi. `aseT rTul sakiTxze, romlis Taobazec bords winaswar arasdros umsjelia,<br />
SeuZlebeli iyo obieqturi gadawyvetilebis miReba sul raRac ori saaTis<br />
ganmavlobaSi ise, rom arc ki mouTxoviaT eqspertTa daskvnebi~. 19<br />
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sasamarTlom direqtorebis aRniSnul<br />
qmedebas ar Seufarda samewarmeo gansjis wesis moqmedeba, radgan darRveuli iyo<br />
erT-erTi umTavresi principi, winapiroba, direqtorTa informirebulobis saxiT. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, mosarCele mxarem SeZlo samewarmeo gansjis wesis barieris gadalaxva.<br />
aRniSnulma gadawyvetilebam, faqtobrivad, safuZveli daudo Zalian did cvlilebebs<br />
amerikul korporaciul samarTalSi. kerZod, gaizarda rogorc mowveuli direqtorebis,<br />
ise bordTan Seqmnili sxvadasxva komitetebis roli samewarmeo sazogadoebis<br />
momaval saqmianobaSi. `iTvleba, rom am procesis ganviTarebaSi delaveris<br />
umaRlesi sasamarTlos aRniSnulma gadawyvetilebamac Seitana wvlili da man korporaciuli<br />
marTvis perspeqtivebi iwinaswarmetyvela~. 20<br />
19 Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio<br />
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 227.<br />
20 iqve, 228.<br />
115
116<br />
d. maisuraZe, `samewarmeo gansjis wesis~ ganmartebisTvis<br />
5.2 samewarmeo gansjis wesis Seusruleblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, samewarmeo gansjis wesi direqtorTa gadawyvetilebis<br />
dacvis saSualebaa, magram Tu mosarCele mxarem SeZlo moqmedi prezumpciis gadalaxva<br />
da daamtkica, rom miRebuli gadawyvetileba ar akmayofilebs samewarmeo gansjis<br />
wesiT dadgenil pirobebs, am moTxovnebis Seusruleblobas mohyveba sasamarTlo ganxilvis<br />
axal etapze gadasvla. mocemul stadiaze, wina etapisgan gansaxvavebiT, mtkicebis<br />
tvirTi awevT direqtorebs; maT unda daamtkicon, rom miRebuli gadawyvetileba<br />
akmayofilebs garigebis samarTlianobis tests (“Entire Fairness Test”) 21 . e.i. mas Semdeg,<br />
rac gadalaxulia samewarmeo gansjis wesis moqmedeba, direqtorebis mier miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetileba gadis Semowmebas samarTlianobis standartebis kuTxiT. 22 maT<br />
unda amtkicon garigebis mTeli procesis marTlzomiereba da aqcionerTaTvis zianis<br />
miyenebis faqtis ararseboba. 23<br />
garigebis samarTlianobis testi or ZiriTad moTxovnas emyareba: garigebis samarTlebriv<br />
(“Fair Dealing”) da ekonomikur aspeqtebs (“Fair Price”). garigebis samar-<br />
Tlebriv aspeqtSi igulisxmeba yvela is ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romelic Tan sdevs gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis process. magaliTad, rogor iyo es garigeba inicirebuli, rogoria<br />
garigebis struqtura, molaparakebebis mimdinareoba, direqtorebis informirebuloba<br />
da ra meTodebis gamoyenebiT moxda direqtorebisa da aqcionerebis Tanxmobis<br />
mopoveba. ekonomikur aspeqtSi igulisxmeba garigebis iseTi ekonomikuri sakiTxebi,<br />
rogoricaa: qoneba, sabazro Rirebuleba, Semosavali, momavali mogeba da sxva nebismieri<br />
— rogorc Sida, ise gare faqtori, romelsac kompaniis aqciebze gavlenis moxdena<br />
SeuZlia. samarTlianobis testis es orive standarti unda Semowmdes rogorc erTi<br />
mTlianoba da mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba CaiTvalos miRebuli gadawyvetileba mar-<br />
Tlzomierad da samarTlianad aqcionerTa mimarT. 24<br />
Tu direqtorTa qmedeba daakmayofilebs samarTlianobis orive standarts, maSin<br />
maTi gadawyvetileba CaiTvleba marTlzomierad da isini gaTavisufldebian yovel-<br />
21 profesor l. Wanturias aRniSnuli terminis qarTul analogad gamoyenebuli aqvs<br />
termini `koreqtulobis testi~, xolo mis Semadgenel sakiTxebad — `garigebis koreqtuli<br />
momzadeba~ da `swori fasi~ (Sead. Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa<br />
pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 236.). vinaidan ganxilvis am stadiaze<br />
sasamarTlo amowmebs direqtoris mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis samarTlianobasa<br />
da aqcionerTa interesebisadmi mis Sesabamisobas, mocemul SemTxvevaSi `samarTlianobis~<br />
termins upiratesi mniSvneloba unda eniWebodes.<br />
22 Unitrin, Inc. v. American Gen. Corp., Del. Supr., 651 A.2d at 1371 n. 7 (1995).<br />
23 Tu garigebis orive mxares xmaTa umravlesobis mqone aqcioneria warmodgenili, direqtorebs<br />
samewarmeo gansjis wesi ar icavT, aramed sasamarTlo pirdapir xelmZRvanelobs<br />
garigebis samarTlianobis testiT, rac mtkicebis tvirTs direqtorebs akisrebs.<br />
24 Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., 457 A.2d 701 (Del. 1983). profesori l. Wanturia garigebisaTvis swori<br />
fasis SerCevas umTavres mniSvnelobas aniWebs, Tumca garigebis testi orive moTxovnas —<br />
garigebis samarTlebriv da ekonomikur aspeqtebs, aucileblad unda akmayofilebdes imisaTvis,<br />
rom direqtorebma SeZlon sakuTari gadawyvetilebis gamarTleba. amasTan, ekonomikuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT, sxva ekonomikur aspeqtebTan SedarebiT, ra Tqma unda, fass eniWeba<br />
upiratesoba, magram aqve sagulisxmoa yvela is garemoeba, ramac SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos<br />
garigebis finansur pirobebze.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
gvari zianis anazRaurebis valdebulebisgan. delaveris sasamarTlos istoriaSi erTerTi<br />
yvelaze gaxmaurebuli saqme naTlad asaxavs samarTlianobis testis TiToeul<br />
aspeqts da sasamarTlo Semowmebis tvirTs, romelic garigebis yvela ZiriTadi detalis<br />
marTlzomierebis standartebTan Sesabamisobas axdens.<br />
saqme sinerma teqnikoloris winaaRmdeg 25 aris samarTlianobis testis Semowmebis<br />
TvalsaCino magaliTi. mosarCele mxarem moaxerxa gaebaTilebina samewarmeo gansjis<br />
wesis moqmedeba. man daasabuTa, rom direqtorTa qmedebaSi darRveuli iyo informirebulobis<br />
standarti, ris gamoc maTi qmedebis mimarT samewarmeo gansjis wesi ver<br />
gavrceldeboda.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac mosarCele mxarem SeZlo gaeqarwylebina samewarmeo gansjis wesis<br />
moqmedeba, direqtorebi iZulebulni gaxdnen TavianTi gadawyvetilebis marTlzomiereba<br />
samarTlianobis testis standartebis dacviT emtkicebinaT. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,<br />
samarTlianobis testi or ZiriTad moTxovnas emyareba: garigebis samarTlebriv<br />
da ekonomikur sakiTxebs. sasamarTlom samarTlianobis testis ganxilva garigebis samarTlebrivi<br />
aspeqtebiT daiwyo.<br />
garigebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebidan sasamarTlom Semdegi sakiTxebi gamoyo: 1)<br />
garigebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli drois swori menejmenti; 2) garigebis inicirebis<br />
pirobebi; kerZod, saxeze iyo mtruli Tu megobruli SeZena da daadgina, rom `teqnikolori~<br />
iyo ekonomikurad sakmarisad daculi imisaTvis, rom Tavi daecva mtruli SeZenebisgan,<br />
amitom aRniSnuli SeZenis winadadeba megobrulad CaiTvala. mowinaaRmdege<br />
mxares yovelive es kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli; 3) sasamarTlo Seexo molaparakebebis<br />
mimdinareobis process da daadgina, rom or mxares Soris warmoebuli molaparakebebi<br />
aseve iyo samarTlianobis standartis Sesatyvisi. kerZod, `teqnikoloris~ warmomadgenlebma<br />
gamocdil konsultantebze dayrdnobiT sworad moiTxoves fasis gazrda,<br />
rac uSualod emsaxureboda aqcionerTa da ara bordis pirad interesebs. amas-<br />
Tan, orive mxaris bordi ar iyo kontrolirebuli umravlesobis mqone aqcionerebiT;<br />
26 4) sasamarTlom aseve yuradRebiT ganixila garigebis struqturis sakiTxi; 5) sasamarTlo<br />
Seexo direqtorTa informirebulobisa da maT mier garigebis damtkicebis<br />
sakiTxs. sasamarTlom molaparakebebis dawyebamde `teqnikoloris~ direqtoris Sexvedra<br />
meore mxaresTan ar miiCnia xelmZRvanelobis valdebulebis darRvevad; 6) sasamarTlom<br />
ganixila garigebis samarTlebrivi mxaris erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
sakiTxi — garigebis detalebis gamWvirvaloba aqcionerTaTvis da maT mier garigebis<br />
damtkiceba. sasamarTlom direqtorTa mxridan garigebis pirobebis gamWvirvalobis<br />
moTxovna daculad miiCnia, xolo aqcionerTa 75% metma mxari dauWira aRniSnuli garigebis<br />
damtkicebas. 27 yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom samar-<br />
Tlianobis testis pirveli standarti, rac samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis direqtorebis<br />
mxridan dacvas gulisxmobs, `teqnikoloris~ mier Sesrulebulad miiCnia.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac sasamarTlom ganixila da daadgina garigebis samarTlebrivi standartis<br />
aqcionerTa interesebisadmi Sesabamisoba, sasamarTlo ganxilva samarTlianobis<br />
testis meore nawilis Seswavlaze gadavida; kerZod, direqtorebs unda daesabu-<br />
TebinaT maT mier samarTlianobis testis ekonomikuri moTxovnebis dacvac.<br />
25 Cinerma, Inc. v. Techniclor, Inc. [Cede III], 663 A.2d 1156, (Del. 1995).<br />
26 Kahn v. Lynch Communication Systems, Inc., 638 A.2d 1110 (Del. 1994).<br />
27 “…where majority of fully informed stockholders ratify action of even interested directors, an attack on the<br />
ratified transaction normally must fail”, - Smith v. Van Gorkom, Del. Supr., 488 A.2d 858, 890 (1985).<br />
117
118<br />
d. maisuraZe, `samewarmeo gansjis wesis~ ganmartebisTvis<br />
ekonomikur aspeqtSi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ramdenime sakiTxi igulisxmeba,<br />
Tumca umTavresi mniSvneloba mainc garigebiT gansazRvrul fass eniWeba. sasamar-<br />
Tlomac mTavari yuradReba fasis ganxilvas miaqcia, radgan `teqnikolorisTvis~ Se-<br />
Tavazebuli fasi im droisTvis yvela SesaZlo SeTavazebaze ufro maRali iyo. kerZod,<br />
SeTavazebuli fasi 100%-iT aRemateboda `teqnikoloris~ aqciebis sabazro Rirebulebas.<br />
aseve sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina is faqti, rom aqciaTa umravlesobis mqone aqcionerebma<br />
imave fasad gayides aqciebi, rogorc umciresobis mqone aqcionerebma,<br />
rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs SeTavazebuli fasis samarTalianobaze. imaves adastureben<br />
konsultantebi, romlebic aRniSnuli fasis dadgenaze muSaobdnen. amasTan, sasamarTlos<br />
azriT, mowinaaRmdege mxarem ver warmoadgina iseTi utyuari mtkicebulebebi,<br />
romelTa safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli iqneboda direqtorebis mtkicebulebebis<br />
gabaTileba. amrigad, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT direqtorebma moaxerxes Tavian-<br />
Ti garigebis ekonomikuri aspeqtebis samarTlianobis dasabuTeba.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulze dayrdnobiT sabolood sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba<br />
direqtorTa mier garigebis samarTalianobis standartebis dacvisa da maTi garigebis<br />
aqcionerTa mimarT samarTlianobis Sesaxeb. 28<br />
amrigad, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca samewarmeo gansjis wesi veRar uzrunvelyofs<br />
bordis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis dacvas, am ukanasknels SeuZlia garigebis samarTlianobis<br />
standartis dadgeniT daasabuTos Tavisi gadawyvetilebis siswore da<br />
Tavidan aicilos zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba.<br />
zemoTqmulidan naTlad Cans garigebis samarTlianobis standartis dacvis sir-<br />
Tule. iqamde, sanam bordis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebaze samewarmeo gansjis wesis<br />
moqmedeba vrceldeba, ar xdeba gadawyvetilebis arsebiTi Semowmeba. xolo Tu mosar-<br />
Cele mxaris mier gabaTildeba samewarmeo gansjis wesi, ukve direqtorebs mouwevT sakuTari<br />
gadawyvetilebis sisworis mtkiceba. faqtobrivad, bordis mier gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebasTan dakavSirebiT ganxorcielebuli nebismieri qmedeba eqvemdebareba<br />
sasamarTlo Semowmebas. Tu bordma SeZlo sakuTari gadawyvetilebis miRebis rogorc<br />
samarTlebrivi, ise ekonomikuri aspeqtebis dacva, is aicilebs Tavidan zianis anazRaurebas.<br />
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas mouwevs pasuxismgebloba, rac sxvadasxva saxiT SeiZleba<br />
gamoixatos. magaliTad, Tu sawarmo ufro nakleb fasad gaiyida, maSin bordi<br />
aanazRaurebs realur da gasayid fass Soris arsebul gansxvavebas. 29<br />
6. samewarmeo gansjis wesi germanul samarTalSi<br />
germanuli samarTali dasaSvebad miiCnevs samewarmeo gansjis wesis gamoyenebas<br />
oRond ara im saxiT, rogorc es amerikul samarTalSia warmodgenili, aramed germaniis<br />
`saaqcio kanonis~ 93-e I paragrafSi Camoyalibebuli definiciis SinaarsiT: `movaleobis<br />
darRveva ar arsebobs, Tu gamgeobis wevrs samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis miRebisas<br />
28 rd<br />
Oesterle D. A., The <strong>Law</strong> of Mergers and Acquisitions, American Casebook Series, 3 Ed., 2005, 450-461.<br />
29 Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio<br />
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 236.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
gonivrulad SeeZlo evarauda, rom igi saTanado informaciis safuZvelze sazogadoebis<br />
sakeTildReod moqmedebda~. 30 profesori l. Wanturia am cvlilebebis mizezad<br />
germaniis federaluri umaRlesi sasamarTlos erT-erT gadawyvetilebas miiCnevs;<br />
kerZod, saubaria arag/garmenbekis 31 saqmeze, romelmac `saaqcio kanonis~ cvlilebebs<br />
daudo safuZveli da masve ukavSirdeba germanul samarTalSi samewarmeo gansjis wesis<br />
recefcia.<br />
xsenebul saqmeSi sameTvalyureo sabWos umciresobam Seitana sarCeli sameTvalyureo<br />
sabWos umravlesobis winaaRmdeg, radgan am ukanasknels ar surda gamgeobis winaaRmdeg<br />
sarCelis wardgena. `umaRlesma federalurma sasamarTlom ar gaamarTla is<br />
imedebi, rasac masze amyarebdnen. Tumca ramdenime mkacri sityviT aRniSna, rom sameTvalyureo<br />
sabWo valdebulia, gaiTvaliswinos da daakmayofilos sazogadoebis pretenziebi<br />
mmarTveli organoebis wevrebis mimarT. magram amave dros maT ori gamosavali<br />
dautova: 1) pirvel rigSi igi valdebuli ar aris Seitanos sarCeli, Tu, misi azriT,<br />
sasamarTlo procesTan dakavSirebuli riski metad maRalia; 2) mas aseve ar ekisreba<br />
sarCelis Setanis valdebuleba, Tu darwmunebulia, rom aRniSnuli ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebis<br />
interesebs: magaliTad, Tu sazogadoebas ar surs gamgeobis am wevris dakargva,<br />
es procesi sazogadoebis saxelze mxolod cudad aisaxeba da a.S. mokled rom<br />
iTqvas: Tu sameTvalyureo sabWosa da gamgeobas ar surT erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg sar-<br />
Celis wardgena, saamiso safuZvlis moZebna maT yovelTvis SeuZliaT, rasac federaluri<br />
sasamarTlo misaRebad CaTvlis~. 32<br />
sasamarTlos es gadawyvetileba mniSvenlovania im kuTxiT, rom igi avlens amerikuli<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> upiratesobas, radgan aqcionerebs aniWebs direqtorebis mier miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis uflebas.<br />
m. luTeri Tavis statiaSi CamoTvlis ramdenime princips, romelsac samewarmeo<br />
gansjis wesi unda akmayofilebdes:<br />
• `upirveles yovlisa saqme unda exebodes sakuTriv samewarmeo gadawyvetilebas.<br />
igulisxmeba sazogadoebis saqmianobis ganxorcielebisken mimarTuli yvela RonisZieba,<br />
romelic ar moiazrebs ubralod kanonis an wesdebis Sesrulebas. radgan<br />
`samewarmeo gadawyvetileba~ farTo cnebaa, dakonkretebis TvalsazrisiT<br />
umjobesi iqneboda terminis — `sazogadoebasTan dakavSirebuli samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis~<br />
gamoyeneba~. 33 `germanul samarTalSi aRiarebuli samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis<br />
cneba ZiriTadad emyareba ekonomikuri mecnierebis mier SemoTavazebul<br />
definicias, romlis Tanaxmad, samewarmeod miiCneva iseTi gadawyvetileba,<br />
romelsac sawarmos qonebriv an finansur mdgomareobaze gavlenis moxdena<br />
SeuZlia. uaxles iuridiul literaturaSi samewarmeo gadawyvetilebad miiCne-<br />
30 Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio<br />
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 237.<br />
31<br />
Arag/Garmenbeck-Entscheidung des BGH: BGHZ 135 ff.<br />
32 luTeri m., II qarTul-germanuli simpoziumi, saaqcio sazogadoebisa da SezRuduli<br />
pasuxismgeblobis mmarTveli organoebis pasuxismgebloba, Tb., 2003, 32.<br />
33<br />
iqve, 25.<br />
119
120<br />
d. maisuraZe, `samewarmeo gansjis wesis~ ganmartebisTvis<br />
ven gamgeobis nebismier moqmedebas sagareo urTierTobebSi, romliTac xdeba kanoniT<br />
miniWebuli xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosilebis gamoyeneba sazogadoebis<br />
miznebis misaRwevad~. 34 aqedan gamomdinare, samewarmeo gansjis wesi gamoiyeneba<br />
mxolod samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis arsebobisas;<br />
• gadawyvetilebis keTilsindisieri momzadebis valdebuleba. kerZod, Tu garkveuli<br />
gadawyvetilebis miReba `Cavarda~, ramac sazogadoebas danakargi moutana,<br />
SesaZlebelia dadges mmarTveli organoebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi Sesabamisi<br />
gadawyvetilebis saTanadod moumzadeblobis safuZvliT;<br />
• interesTa konfliqtis ararseboba, anu unda gamoiricxos direqtorTa piradi<br />
daintereseba.<br />
• gadawyvetileba ar unda Seicavdes sazogadoebisaTvis zedmet risks~. 35<br />
7. samewarmeo gansjis wesis recefcia qarTul samarTalSi<br />
winamdebare Tavis farglebSi samewarmeo gansjis wesis recefcia qarTul sakorporacio<br />
samarTalSi ori mimarTulebiT iqneba ganxiluli: upirveles yovlisa, gaanalizdeba<br />
qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtikis magaliTebi, romelTac mniSvnelovani roli<br />
eniWebaT samewarmeo gansjis wesis qarTul samarTalSi recefciis gzaze. ra Tqma unda,<br />
qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi ar arsebobs amerikuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis<br />
msgavsi magaliTebi, magram erovnuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebic imave<br />
mniSvnelobiT itvirTeba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> ganviTarebisTvis,<br />
ra mniSvnelobisa da rolis matarebelic iyo zemoganxiluli saqme germanuli<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong>Tvis.<br />
7.1 samewarmeo gansjis wesis gamoyenebis qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtika<br />
moZiebul sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebSi xSiria proceduruli normebis dar-<br />
Rvevisa da direqtorTa qmedebebSi sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> danaSaulis niSnebi.<br />
samewarmeo gansjis wesTan dakavSirebiT erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania ss `modebis<br />
respublikuri centris~ saqme, 36 sadac aqcionerebma sarCeli Seitanes am sazogadoebis<br />
sameTvalyureo sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgilisa da direqtoris winaaRmdeg.<br />
maT bralad edebodaT ss `modebis respublikuri centris~ aqciaTa 81%-is marTlsawinaaRmdego<br />
misakuTreba, sazogadoebis qonebis ganzrax dabal fasad gayidva, rasac<br />
SemdgomSi Tan daerTo sagadasaxado deklarireba yalb monacemebze dayrdnobiT. anu<br />
aqcionerebs sakiTxi unda daeyenebinaT xelmZRvanelobis mxridan keTilsindisiere-<br />
34 Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio<br />
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 241.<br />
35 luTeri m., II qarTul-germanuli simpoziumi, saaqcio sazogadoebisa da SezRuduli<br />
pasuxismgeblobis mmarTveli organoebis pasuxismgebloba, Tb., 2003, 27.<br />
36<br />
<strong>Tbilisi</strong>s saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, #2b/437-08, <strong>Tbilisi</strong>, 28 oqtomberi,<br />
2008. xelmisawvdomia mxolod sasamarTlo arqivSi.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
bis movaleobis darRvevis Sesaxeb, rasac unda mohyoloda qonebrivi zianis anazRaureba;<br />
nacvlad amisa, aqcionerebma moiTxoves sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> saqmis aRZvra maTi,<br />
rogorc fizikuri pirebis da ara rogorc aqcionerebis, zianis asanazRaureblad.<br />
marTalia, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom daakmayofila aqcionerTa sarCeli,<br />
magram saapelacio sasamarTlom saqmeze axali gadawyvetileba gamoitana, sadac aqcionerebis<br />
moTxovna dakmayofilebuli ar aris.<br />
upirveles yovlisa, sarCelis daukmayofileblobis mizezad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes<br />
braldebulebis mxridan danaSaulis aRiareba da saxelmwifo mxaresTan saproceso garigebis<br />
gaformeba. rac Seexeba meore mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, esaa TviT mosarCeleebis Secdoma,<br />
rodesac maT sarCeli Seitanes ara saaqcio sazogadoebis, aramed Cveulebrivi fizikuri<br />
pirebis saxeliT, romelTac konkretuli pirebis qmedebam miayena qonebrivi ziani.<br />
rogorc `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanoni miuTiTebs, mxolod sameTvalyureo sabWos aqvs<br />
direqtorebis winaaRmdeg sazogadoebis saxeliT sarCelis Setanis ufleba, Tumca sasamarTlo<br />
ar ucxadebs mosarCeleebs, rom maT ar hqondaT aRniSnuli uflebamosileba, piriqiT,<br />
sakmaod Riad miuTiTebs, rom mosarCeleebi swored ase unda moqceuliyvnen. zemomoyvanil<br />
germanul saqmeSi sameTvalyureo sabWo uars acxadebda direqtorebis winaaRmdeg<br />
sarCelis Setanaze. aqac daaxloebiT igive mdgomareobaa, radgan ori eWvmitanilidan<br />
erTi sameTvalureo sabWos erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli, xolo meore sazogadoebis direqtoria.<br />
msgavs situaciaSi aqcionerTa dacvis erTaderTi Tu ara erT-erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
saSualeba swored, sazogadoebis saxeliT amave sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelobis winaaRmdeg<br />
aqcionerebis mier sarCelis Setana SeiZleba gaxdes.<br />
aseve Zalian sainteresoa ss `avtovagzal didubis~ saqme, 37 sadac aqcionerma<br />
z. yvavaZem uCivla sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelobas da moiTxova maT mier dadebuli<br />
ijaris xelSekrulebis baTilad cnoba. aRniSnuli ijaris xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, ss<br />
`didubis avtovagzlis~ sameTvalyureo sabWom ss-is mTeli qoneba ijariT gadasca Sps<br />
`transjorjia-2002~-s, romelsac ss `didubis avtovagzlis~ yofili direqtori edga<br />
saTaveSi. saijaro qira weliwadSi Seadgenda 35000 lars.<br />
didube-CuRureTis raionulma sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi sadavo<br />
ijaris xelSekrulebis dadebiT misma monawileebma, faqtobrivad, moaxdines sazogadoebis<br />
likvidacia, radgan rogor warmatebuladac ar unda gamoeyenebina moijares<br />
gadacemuli qoneba da raoden didi Semosavalic ar unda mieRo mas, saijaro qira<br />
saaqcio sazogadoebisaTvis weliwadSi mainc 35000 lari iqneboda. sasamarTlos mosazrebiT,<br />
ijaris xelSekruleba ar iyo dadebuli sazogadoebis interesebis Sesabamisad<br />
da namdvili iuridiuli Sedegis misaRwevad. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT,<br />
baTilad iqna cnobili ss `didubis avtovagzalsa~ da Sps `transjorjias-2002~-s<br />
Soris dadebuli ijaris xelSekruleba.<br />
sasamarTlom absoluturad sworad imsjela da gadawyvita, rom ijaris xelSekrulebis<br />
dadeba ar iyo ss `avtovagzal didubis~ samewarmeo interesebTan SesabamisobaSi,<br />
ss `avtovagzal didubis~ aqcionerebs imaze meti Semosavlis miRebis SesaZlebloba<br />
ar eqneboda, vidre es ijaris xelSekrulebiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. amasTan,<br />
37 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganiCineba, #as-566-796-08, Tb., 8 dekemberi, 2008,<br />
, [29 aprili, 2010].<br />
121
122<br />
d. maisuraZe, `samewarmeo gansjis wesis~ ganmartebisTvis<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom Sps `transjorjia-2002~-is damfuZnebeli iyo ss `avtovagzal didubis~<br />
yofili direqtori, xolo sameTvalyureo sabWom sazogadoebis sazianod mxari<br />
dauWira yofili direqtoris saqmianobas.<br />
mowinaaRmdege mxarem gaasaCivra aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba, Sedegad saapelacio<br />
sasamarTlom dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba gamoitana ss `avtovagzal didubisa~ da<br />
Sps `transjorjia-2002~-is sasargeblod, romelic uzenaesma sasamarTlom ZalaSi datova.<br />
marTalia, sabolood aqcioneris sarCelma mizans ver miaRwia, magram raionuli<br />
sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba, sasamarTlo praqtikis Semdgomi ganvi-<br />
Tarebis kuTxiT, Zalian mniSvnelovania.<br />
ra roli SeeZlo Seesrulebina samewarmeo gansjis wess aRniSnul saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT?<br />
pirvel saqmeSi saxezea sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> danaSaulis niSnebi. amasTan,<br />
sarCeli mosarCeleebis mier fizikuri pirebis saxiT aris wardgenili. maT rom sarCeli<br />
aqcionerebis saxiT waredginaT da qonebrivi zianis anazRaureba moeTxovaT, maSin,<br />
bunebrivia, xelmZRvanelebis qmedebas samewarmeo gansjis wesi ver daicavda, radgan<br />
is ar iyo arc keTilsindisierebis da arc kompaniis saukeTeso interesebis Sesabamisi.<br />
xolo samarTlianobis standartebis Semowmebis SemTxvevaSi ukve direqtorebs mouwevdaT<br />
sakuTari qmedebis detaluri dasabuTeba, rac, maTi qmedebidan gamomdinare,<br />
SeuZlebeli iqneboda. meore magaliTSi saintereso iqneboda, Tu rogor moaxerxebda<br />
sazogadoebis xelmZRvaneloba miRebuli gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebas, Tumca saqmis<br />
msvlelobidan gamomdinare, maT es meore mxaris mier sasamarTlo procedurebis dar-<br />
Rvevis xarjze ganaxorcieles.<br />
rogorc orive zemoganxiluli magaliTidan Cans, samewarmeo gansjis wesi ar SeiZleba<br />
iyos direqtorebis mier ganxorcielebuli saqmianobis gamarTlebis garanti. is mxolod<br />
prezumpciaa, romelic marTalia xelmZRvanelebs aniWebs sawarmos saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
sxvebisgan Carevis gareSe da sakuTari Sinagani rwmeniT gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebamosilebas,<br />
magram direqtorebis mxridan valdebulebebis Segnebulad darRvevis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, am prezumpciis gadalaxva mosarCeleebisTvis sakmaod advilia.<br />
7.2 samewarmeo gansjis wesis qarTuli koncefcia<br />
ra adgils daikavebs samewarmeo gansjis wesi qarTul samewarmeo samarTalSi? zemoganxiluli<br />
sakiTxebisa da qarTuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> dRevandeli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
SesaZlebelia garkveuli daskvnebi Sejerdes:<br />
1) imisaTvis, rom samewarmeo gansjis wesma daimkvidros Tavisi gamoxatuli saxe,<br />
aucilebelia sawarmos xelmZRvanelobis movaleobaTa ufro detaluri Camoyalibeba.<br />
kerZod, sasurveli iqneba, mkafio zRvari gaivlos xelmZRvanelobis gulmodginebisa<br />
da erTgulebis movaleobebs Soris. dRes arsebuli `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis redaqcia<br />
amis saSualebas ar iTvaliswinebs. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, kanonSi saubaria mxolod<br />
keTilsindisierebis principze, romelic aerTianebs gulmodginebisa da erTgulebis<br />
movaleobebis Sinaarss. xolo Semdgom muxlebSi, saaqcio sazogadoebis direqtorebze<br />
saubrisas, gamoyenebulia termini `gulmodgineba~ TviT cnebis ganmartebis<br />
gareSe. kerZod, direqtors evaleba Tavisi movaleobebis gulmodgined da keTilsin-
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
disierad Sesruleba, aseve gaugebaria, Tu ratom iyenebs kanonmdebeli `gulmodginebas~<br />
mxolod saaqcio sazogadoebis direqtorTa mimarT. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, umjobesi<br />
iqneba, kanonSi `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ ganmtkicdes erTgulebisa da gulmodginebis<br />
movaleobis cnebebi da ganisazRvros maTi definiciebi, iseve rogorc es`fasiani<br />
qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb~ kanonis me-16 muxlSia warmodgenili.<br />
2) rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, samewarmeo gansjis wesi aris faqtobrivi aRiareba imisa,<br />
rom sawarmos saqmianobis gaZRola ara mxolod direqtorTa valdebuleba, aramed<br />
maTi pirdapiri uflebamosilebacaa, romlis ganxorcielebis dros moqmedebs direqtorebis<br />
mier dakisrebuli movaleobebis gulmodgined Sesrulebis varaudi. swored<br />
maTzea damokidebuli sawarmos Semdgomi warmatebebi. aRniSnuli aRiarebulia aseve<br />
qarTul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi.<br />
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos erT-erTi gadawyvetileba pirdapir exmianeba<br />
direqtorebis mier sazogadoebis saqmianobis warmarTvis uflebamosilebas. kerZod,<br />
`direqtori aris partniorTa mier SemuSavebuli sameurneo politikis ganmaxorcielebeli<br />
mTavari figura, romelic valdebulia Tavisi movaleoba Seasrulos komersantis<br />
gulisxmierebiTa da keTilsindisierebiT. swored direqtoris keTilsindisierebasa<br />
da samewarmeo unar-Cvevebzea damokidebuli sawarmos ganviTareba da, Sesabamisad,<br />
samewarmeo warmatebebi, amitom direqtorisaTvis sawarmos marTvisa da qonebis<br />
gankargvis uflebis miniWebis riskis sakompensaciod partniorebs yovelTvis unda<br />
hqondeT ufleba, nebismier dros gaaTavisuflon direqtori da am SemTxvevaze saqar-<br />
Tvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsis moTxovnebi ar SeiZleba gavrceldes. saqarTvelos<br />
Sromis kanonTa kodeqsiT mowesrigebulia sawarmos direqtorsa da mis mier daqiravebul<br />
muSaks Soris urTierToba, romelic, Cveulebriv, SromiTsamarTlebrivi xasia-<br />
Tis urTierTobaa, xolo direqtoris saqmianoba aris samewarmeo Sinaarsis. igi Cveulebrivi<br />
mewarmea, misi urTierToba sazogadoebis partiorebTan unda regulirdebodes<br />
`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanoniT~. 38<br />
am magaliTSi sasamarTlo ganamtkicebs direqtorebis mier sawarmos marTvisa da qonebis<br />
gankargvis uflebas. sasamarTlos mier naxseneb `gulisxmierebaSi~, faqtobrivad,<br />
`gulmodgineba~ ivaraudeba. aseve saubaria direqtorebis mxridan gaweul samewarmeo<br />
riskze, romelic samewarmeo gansjis wesis damkvidrebis erT-erT mniSvenlovan mizezad<br />
aris cnobili.<br />
3) qarTul samewarmeo samarTalSi SeiZleba sakmaod problemuri iyos sakiTxi, Tu direqtorebis<br />
romeli gadawyvetilebis mimarT SeiZleba samewarmeo gansjis wesis gamoyeneba.<br />
am sakiTxisadmi arsebuli germanuli da amerikuli midgomis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia<br />
Sejerebuli poziciis Camoyalibeba. amerikuli midgomis Tanaxmad, samewarmeo gansjis<br />
wesi ar vrceldeba direqtorebis yoveldRiur saqmianobaze, aramed mxolod maT mier mi-<br />
Rebul gadawyvetilebebsa da umoqmedobaze, Tu igi gacnobierebul gadawyvetilebas emya-<br />
38 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da<br />
gakotrebis saqmeebze, #3k/259-01, Tb., 30 marti, 2001, 715.<br />
123
124<br />
d. maisuraZe, `samewarmeo gansjis wesis~ ganmartebisTvis<br />
reba. 39 germanuli samarTali cdilobs konkretulad gansazRvros, ra SeiZleba igulisxmebodes<br />
samewarmeo gadawyvetilebis cnebaSi. 40 zemoxsenebulidan gamomdinare, samewarmeo<br />
gadawyvetilebis ganmartebis germanul variants unda eniWebodes upiratesoba.<br />
4) samewarmeo gansjis wesis qarTul samewarmeo samarTalSi damkvidrebisaTvis Zalian<br />
mniSvnelovania aqcionerebis uflebebis gazrda direqtorebis winaaRmdeg sarCelis<br />
Setanis kuTxiT. kerZod, moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT sazogadoebis saxeliT direqtorebis<br />
winaaRmdeg sarCelis Setanis uflebamosileba mxolod am sazogadoebis sameTvalyureo<br />
sabWos ekuTvnis. 41<br />
aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo cvlileba sakmaod mZlavri stimuli iqneba zogadad samewarmeosamarTlebrivi<br />
urTierTobis ganviTarebisaTvis. amerikul samarTalSi samewarmeo<br />
gansjis wesis ganviTarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani xelSemwyobi faqtori aris aqcionerTa<br />
ufleba — sarCeli Seitanon sakuTari direqtorebis winaaRmdeg. samewarmeo gansjis<br />
wesTan dakavSirebuli umniSvnelovanesi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi, magaliTad,<br />
aronsoni luisis winaaRmdeg (Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805 (Del. 1984)) da smiti van gorkomis<br />
winaaRmdeg (Smith v. Van Gorkom, 488 A.2d 872 (Del. 1985)), iseve rogorc bevri sxva, swored aqcionerebis<br />
sarCelis safuZvelzea gamotanili, sadac isini maTi direqtorebis mier mi-<br />
Rebul gadawyvetilebebs asaCivreben.<br />
amasTan, mizanSewonilia aqcionerTa sarCeli konkretul safuZvelze dayrdnobiT<br />
iyos warmodgenili, raTa gasaCivrebis SemTxvevebma sawarmos ganviTarebis sawinaaRmdegod<br />
masobrivi da gauazrebeli xasiaTi ar miiRos. kerZod, saxeze unda iyos direqtoris<br />
mier miRebuli samewarmeo gadawyetileba, romelic arsebiTad laxavs aqcioneris uflebebs.<br />
marTalia, `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis Tanaxmad, sameTvalyureo sabWos SeuZlia sazogadoebis<br />
saxeliT sarCeli Seitanos direqtorebis winaaRmdeg, magram rodesac saxezea<br />
umravlesobis mier daniSnuli sameTvalyureo sabWo, aRniSnuli muxlis Sesruleba<br />
realurad SeuZlebelia. aqcionerebis (partniorebis) mxridan direqtorebis gadawyvetilebis<br />
gasaCivreba, ra Tqma unda, aqcionerTaTvis sazogadoebis saqmianobis kontrolis<br />
damatebiTi berketi iqneba.<br />
statiaSi, kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare, aqcionerebis (partniorebis) aRniSnuli<br />
ufleba mxolod samewarmeo gansjis wesis damkvidrebis aucileblobidan gamomdinare iqna<br />
ganxiluli.<br />
39 Wanturia l., korporaciuli marTva da xelmZRvanelTa pasuxismgebloba sakorporacio<br />
samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 222.<br />
40<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, igi gulisxmobs nebismier gadawyvetilebas,<br />
romelsac SeuZlia sawarmos finansur saqmianobaze gavlenis moxdena.<br />
41<br />
saqarTvelos kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 1994, #21-<br />
22, 55.7 1 muxli.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
8. daskvna<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, samewarmeo <strong>samarTlis</strong> praqtikis ganviTarebis<br />
kvalobaze, zogadad qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis Sesabamisad, aucileblad gaizrdeba<br />
samewarmeo gansjis wesis mniSvneloba saqarTveloSi.<br />
samewarmeo gansjis wesi, marTalia, samosamarTlo praqtikis qmnilebaa, magram<br />
imavdroulad is aris Zlieri da ganviTarebuli qveynis samosamarTlo <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
qmnileba, romelic saWiroebda da dResac saWiroebs ekonomikis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis<br />
Zlieri samarTlebrivi berketebis Seqmnas, rac xels Seuwyobs iniciativebis<br />
gamovlenas, sazogadoebis qonebis zrdas, miscems xelmZRvanelobiTi niWis mqone adamianebs<br />
sakuTari SesaZleblobebis srulyofilad warmoCenis SesaZleblobas da, maTi<br />
profesiuli ganaTlebisa da gamocdilebis Sesabamisad, moutans warmatebas samewarmeo<br />
sazogadoebebs.<br />
warmodgenili naSromis mizani iyo samewarmeo gansjis wesis, rogorc samarTlebrivi<br />
institutis, daxasiaTeba, aseve samewarmeo sazogadoebebSi misi rolisa da mniSvnelobis<br />
xazgasma. marTalia kvleva SedarebiT `mikerZoebulia~ da samewarmeo gansjis<br />
wesis damkvidrebis sasargeblod ixreba, magram ganxiluli sasamarTlo praqtikis<br />
safuZvelze mkiTxvelsac miecema samewarmeo gansjis wesis mizanSewonilobis Sefasebis<br />
SesaZlebloba.<br />
kvlevis safuZvelze dasabuTebulia xelmZRvanelobis movaleobaTa sistemis Secvla<br />
da aqcionerebisTvis (partniorebisTvis) direqtorTa samewarmeo gadawyvetilebebis<br />
gasaCivrebis uflebis miniWebis mizanSewoniloba `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos<br />
kanonSi; statiaSi samewarmeo gansjis wesi ganxilulia, rogorc aqcionerTa mxridan<br />
Carevis gareSe direqtorTa mier sakuTari uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis<br />
mtkice garanti.<br />
statiaSi ganxiluli Temis farglebSi SeiZleba gamoikveTos mravali sadiskusio<br />
sakiTxi samewarmeo gansjis wesis dadebiT da uaryofiT aspeqtebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
magram darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qveynis ganviTareba samomavlod ganapirobebs<br />
xelmZRvanelobis movaleobaTa Secvlas da axal sistemaSi ufro didi roli mieniWeba<br />
iseT samarTlebriv instituts, rogoricaa samewarmeo gansjis wesi.<br />
125
DAVIT MAISURADZE ∗<br />
126<br />
d. maisuraZe, `samewarmeo gansjis wesis~ ganmartebisTvis<br />
THE ISSUES OF BUSINESS JUDGMENT RULE INTERPRETATION<br />
Summary<br />
The article is devoted to one of the most important problems of Georgian Corporate <strong>Law</strong>, such as Business<br />
Judgment Rule. In legal scholarship the actuality of this problem is gradually increasing. Business<br />
Judgment Rule is the Georgian analogue of the corresponding legal institute derived and developed<br />
from American law. The aim of this work is to study some important issues of reception of “Business<br />
Judgment Rule” in Georgian law on the basis of critical analysis, in particular, how this institute<br />
should be introduced and developed in Georgian legislation.<br />
First and foremost, the term (“Business Judgment Rule”) itself and its Georgian translation are thoroughly<br />
researched. With regard to the above-mentioned institute, the survey suggests the introduction<br />
of a new term in the Georgian legislation. The offered term is not the first Georgian translation of this<br />
concept, however, the scientific work presents a well-grounded critique of previously used Georgian<br />
equivalents. The adoption of the term – Business Judgment Rule – is an attempt to comprehensively<br />
express all the aspects of the mentioned legal institution.<br />
As for the research topic, major attention is paid to the analysis of American judicial practice. As Business<br />
Judgment Rule is an American case law-derived concept, the most actual legal issues related to<br />
the problem at hand can be found in the decisions made by American courts. The article also<br />
enumerates the reasons for the establishment and development of Business Judgment Rule institute in<br />
American law.<br />
In addition, the scientific paper considers the reasons and grounds of Business Judgment<br />
Rule reception in German <strong>Law</strong>. Taking into consideration the views expressed by different scientists,<br />
the the most optimal alternatives of Business Judgment Rule reception in Georgian and European law<br />
are offered. The survey also touches upon the main reasons for the reception of this legal institute, as<br />
well as the goals that should be achieved by its introduction, into European <strong>Law</strong>.<br />
Special attention is dedicated to the methods of comparative research and critical analysis, enabling<br />
the reader to determine and evaluate positive and negative aspects of Business Judgment Rule<br />
reception in Georgian law.<br />
∗ Master of <strong>Law</strong>s, TSU, <strong>Faculty</strong> of <strong>Law</strong>.
qeTevan qoCaSvili ∗<br />
kontinenturi evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong> ojaxi<br />
iuridiuli geografiis arealSi<br />
(mokle mimoxilva)<br />
eZRvneba profesorebis —<br />
gia qiriasa da revaz gogSeliZis<br />
naTel xsovnas<br />
samarTlebrivi sistemebis samarTlebriv ojaxebad gaerTianebisas komparativistika<br />
iTvaliswinebs maT msgavs, saerTo samarTlebriv niSnebs, romlebSic, sistemis istoriuli<br />
ganviTarebis, <strong>samarTlis</strong> wyaroebis, ZiriTadi institutebis, samarTlebrivi<br />
kulturisa Tu iuridiuli terminologiis garda, moiazreba TiToeul sistemaze<br />
romauli <strong>samarTlis</strong> zegavlenis xarisxi. 1 Tanamedroveobis samarTlebrivi ojaxebidan<br />
yvelaze metad romanul-germanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> ojaxia ganmsWvaluli romis samar-<br />
Tlis suliT, 2 rac vlindeba mis mier romauli samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebis, principebis,<br />
cnebebisa da terminologiis gamoyenebaSi. 3 am ojaxis istoriul-genetikuri<br />
sawyisi romis samarTalSia da Tavad misi SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebis Sedegia. 4<br />
1. <strong>samarTlis</strong> ideis aRorZineba<br />
kontinenturi evropis samarTlebrivi ojaxis warmoSoba ukavSirdeba Sua saukuneebSi<br />
renesansis epoqas, romelic daiwyo italiaSi, gagrZelda mTels dasavleT evropaSi<br />
da gulisxmobda antikuri kulturisadmi mimarTvas, gamovlenils sxvadasxva,<br />
maT Soris samarTlebrivi, kuTxiT. 5<br />
evropaSi, centralizebul saxelmwifoTa ararsebobis, <strong>samarTlis</strong> partikularizmis,<br />
daSlili sasamarTlo sistemis pirobebSi, sadac ar iyo uzrunvelyofili sasamarTlo<br />
gadawyvetilebaTa aRsruleba, samarTalze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis arsebobis<br />
idea uaryofil iqna. aRorZinebis epoqidan sazogadoebam kvlav gaacnobiera<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong>, rogorc sajaro wesrigis safuZvlis, aucilebloba, samarTalma kvlav<br />
∗ Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, asistent-profesori.<br />
1 gogiaSvili g., <strong>samarTlis</strong> gansazRvrulobis problema saerTo da kontinentursamar-<br />
Tlebriv sistemebSi, prof. z. axvledianis 70-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli,<br />
Tb., 2004, 23.<br />
2 radbruxi g., Tqven, axalgazrda iuristebo, germanulidan Targmna m. leJavam da v. grigalaSvilma,<br />
Jurn. `saxelmwifo da samarTali~, 9, 1990, 56.<br />
3 Хаусманингер Р., О современном значении римского права. Журн. «Государство и право», 1991, №5, 99.<br />
4 Давид Р., Жоффре-Спинози К., Основные правовые системы современности. М., 1993, 9.<br />
5 Марченко М.Н., Сравнительное правоведение. М., 2001, 270.
128<br />
q. qoCaSvili, kontinenturi evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong> ojaxi iuridiuli geografiis arealSi<br />
aRidgina sakuTari roli da avtonomia, rac dasavleTis civilizaciisa da azrovnebis<br />
sistemisaTvis gaxda niSandoblivi. 6 am ojaxis Camoyalibebis analizi warmoudgenelia<br />
Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebis wiaRSi sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebis<br />
procesisgan damoukideblad, rac cxadyofs <strong>samarTlis</strong> logikur kavSirs politikasa<br />
da ekonomikasTan. naturaluri meurneobisa da warmoebis bazris ararsebobis sapirispirod,<br />
mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis ganviTarebam, wodebrivi xasiaTis CveulebiTi<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> nacvlad, moiTxova <strong>samarTlis</strong> srulyofili forma, 7 saWiro Seiqmna individualizmis,<br />
Tavisuflebisa da TviTgansazRvris principebze agebuli, samoqalaqo uflebaTa<br />
erTianobaze damyarebuli, 8 universaluri Tvisebebis mqone <strong>samarTlis</strong> arseboba.<br />
aseTad romis kerZo samarTali miiCnies, romlis mier Seqmnili wesrigi qmnis<br />
romSi mcxovrebi adamianebis TviTrealizebis garants Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa<br />
da kerZo sakuTrebis pirobebSi. 9<br />
evropis universitetTa ZalisxmeviT, imperator iustinianes kodifikaciis safuZvelze,<br />
romelSic romis samarTalma, rogorc iuridiuli gonis namdvili formebis pirvelma<br />
Secnobam, 10 dasrulebuli saxiT pova asaxva, Seiqmna da ganviTarda saerTo-evropuli<br />
iuridiuli mecniereba da samarTali im epoqis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad.<br />
axlad Camoyalibebuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> ojaxis saxelwodebad termini `romanul-germanuli~<br />
SeirCa, raTa kuTvnili miegoT laTinuri da germanuli qveynebis universitetTa<br />
mier gaweuli SromisTvis. 11 amasTan, es termini pirobiTia, radgan zogierTi am<br />
ojaxis wevri sistema naklebad ganicdis romauli Tu germanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> gavlenas.<br />
amitom, <strong>samarTlis</strong> xsenebul ojaxs kontinentur samarTalsac uwodeben. 12 kontinenturi<br />
evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong> sistemaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos romanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong>a da germanuli<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> qveynebi. romanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> qveynebSi didia franguli <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
gavlena, xolo germanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> jgufi Camoyalibda germanuli iuridiuli mecnierebis<br />
gavleniT. 13<br />
2. glosatorebi da komentatorebi romis <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
gaazrebis procesSi<br />
romanul-germanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> ojaxis warmoSobas dasabami misca me-12 saukunis<br />
dasawyisSi CrdiloeT italiaSi, boloniis universitetSi glosatorebis skolis mier<br />
ganxorcielebulma saqmianobam. glosatorebisTvis faseuli iyo romis samarTali,<br />
rogorc werilobiTi goni (“ratio scripta”) misi praqtikuli gamoyenebis gareSe. am sko-<br />
6 davidi r., Tanamedroveobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi sistemebi, rusuli gamocemidan<br />
Targmna da winasityvaoba daurTo T. niniZem, Tb., 1993, 45.<br />
7<br />
Сайдов А.Х., Сравнительное правоведение. М., 2009, 250.<br />
8 zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> recefcia saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005, 22.<br />
9<br />
Хаусманингер Р., О современном значении римского права. Журн. «Государство и право», №5, 1991, 101.<br />
10 radbruxi g., Tqven, axalgazrda iuristebo, germanulidan Targmna m. leJavam da v. grigalaSvilma,<br />
Jurn. `saxelmwifo da samarTali~, 9, 1990, 101.<br />
11 davidi r., Tanamedroveobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi sistemebi, rusuli gamocemidan<br />
Targmna da winasityvaoba daurTo T. niniZem, Tb., 1993, 32.<br />
12 niniZe T., winaTqma r. davidis wignze: Tanamedroveobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi sistemebi,<br />
Tb., 1993, 9.<br />
13 xubua g., <strong>samarTlis</strong> Teoria, Tb., 2004, 212.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
lis warmomadgenlebi imperator iustinianes krebuls aRiarebdnen Seuval WeSmaritebad,<br />
14 romelsac mxolod Tanmimdevruli (sityvasityviTi) ganmarteba sWirdeboda. Sesabamisad,<br />
maTi moRvaweoba mimarTuli iyo romis <strong>samarTlis</strong> Seswavla-damuSavebisken<br />
misi wyaroebis gaTavisebisa da maTi pirvandeli Sinaarsis dadgenis gziT (gavigo teqsti<br />
ise, rogorc es iyo uwin), misi istoriuli analizis filosofiuri kritikis gare-<br />
Se. am mizniT isini Zeglis teqstebSi ayalibebdnen Sesatyvis ganmartebas — glosas, 15<br />
romelic Tavdapirvelad calkeuli gaurkveveli sityvebis ganmartebas gulisxmobda,<br />
Semdeg gascda am mniSvnelobas da teqstis Sinaarsis gagebas aRniSnavda. glosaTa<br />
ricxvis zrdasTan erTad glosebi gafarTovda da “corpus iuris civilis”-is uwyvet komentarad<br />
gardaiqmna. 16 aRsaniSnavia, rom glosatorebis Seswavlis ZiriTadi sagani iyo<br />
digestebi, radgan maTSi vlindeboda azris araCveulebrivi sicocxle, riTac gamoir-<br />
Ceoda romauli samarTalSemoqmedeba. 17<br />
romauli wyaroebis gagebas nawilobriv urTierTgamomricxavi normebi, arasistemuri<br />
xasiaTi da enobrivi barieri arTulebda. “Corpus iuris civilis”-is xarvezebi mkvlevarTa<br />
mxridan gramatikuli, logikuri da ritorikuli ganmartebis meSveobiT, mecnieruli<br />
analizis daxvewiTa da samarTlebrivi azrovnebis formirebiT ivseboda. 18 wyaroTa<br />
ukeT gaazrebisTvis glosatorebi arsobrivad msgavs sakiTxebs urTierTkavSir-<br />
Si ganixilavdnen, riTac aadvilebdnen ganmartebis process. 19<br />
iustinianes krebulis xelaxali gaazrebis morigi talRa postglosatorebs (komentatorebi)<br />
ukavSirdeba. 20 maTi saqmianoba, winamorbedTagan gansxvavebiT, miznad<br />
isaxavda romis <strong>samarTlis</strong> moqmed, praqtikaSi gamosayenebel samarTlad gardaqmnas<br />
(gavigo teqsti ise, rogorc me minda iyos dRes). es gulisxmobda Tanamedrove cxovrebiseuli<br />
movlenis danaxvas romis samarTlebriv cnebebSi, kategoriebsa da terminologiaSi,<br />
21 romis <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebisaTvis am movlenaTa daqvemdebarebas da maT misadagebas<br />
axali warmomavlobis davebisadmi. am mizniT maT romis samarTali dauaxloves,<br />
miusadages kanonikur da adgilobriv samarTals. samarTlebrivi ideali kompromisSi<br />
unda Sesuliyo sinamdvilesTan. ase yalibdeboda samarTali, saxelwodebiT —<br />
`romauli~, magram praqtikuli daniSnulebiT — Tanamedrove. 22 postglosatorebis<br />
saqmianobiT iustinianes kodifikacias subsidiuri moqmedebis Zala mieniWa da me-14<br />
saukunidan praqtikaSic daimkvidra adgili. 23<br />
14<br />
iustinianes krebulis aRmoCena arsebiTad glosatorebis damsaxurebaa – Koschaker P.,<br />
Europa und das romische Recht, 1958, 85 ff. miTiTebulia wignSi: kereseliZe d., kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 19.<br />
15<br />
Еннекцерус Л., Курс германского гражданского права. т. 1., М., 1950, 98.<br />
16<br />
Коркунов Н.М., История философии права. изд. 5-ое, СПБ, 1908, 86.<br />
17<br />
Муромцев С., Рецепция Римского права. М., 1886, 26.<br />
18 kereseliZe d., kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 19.<br />
19<br />
Виндшаид Б., Учебник Пандектного права. Общая часть. Пер. c немецкого Пахмана С.В., CПБ, 1874.<br />
20 kereseliZe d., kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 21.<br />
21<br />
prof. T. niniZis mier Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtorantebTan wakiTxuli leqciis,<br />
`civilisturi azris istoria~, Canaweri.<br />
22<br />
Муромцев С,. Рецепция Римского права. М., 1886, 28.<br />
23<br />
Koschaker P., Europa und das romische recht, 1958, 88 ff. miTiTebulia wignSi: kereseliZe d.,<br />
kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 21.<br />
129
130<br />
q. qoCaSvili, kontinenturi evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong> ojaxi iuridiuli geografiis arealSi<br />
3. romis <strong>samarTlis</strong> recefcia, rogorc istoriul-kulturuli movlena<br />
dasavleT evropis universitetebSi romis <strong>samarTlis</strong> Seswavla-damuSavebiTa da<br />
swavlebiT safuZveli Caeyara im istoriul-kulturul process, romelic romis samar-<br />
Tlis recefciis saxeliT aris cnobili. 24 termini “reteptio” gamoiyeneba erTi sazogadoebis<br />
kulturis elementebis dasesxebis procesis aRsaniSnavad. <strong>samarTlis</strong> recefcia<br />
gulisxmobs progresuli samarTlebrivi sistemidan ara Tavdapirveli, aramed srulyofili,<br />
praqtikas misadagebuli gamocdilebiT gamdidrebuli formiT institutebis,<br />
principebis, koncefciebis, iuridiuli leqsikisa da a.S. gadmoRebas. 25 mas aseve kulturul-saganmanaTleblo<br />
procesis mniSvnelovan elementad ganixilaven. 26 Tu erovnuli<br />
xasiaTis karCaketiloba da sxva xalxebis kulturasTan urTierTobis uunaroba xelSem-<br />
Sleli faqtoria <strong>samarTlis</strong> winsvlis gzaze, kulturul xalxTa ganviTarebuli samar-<br />
Tlis recefcia xels uwyobs <strong>samarTlis</strong> evoluciis procesis daCqarebas. 27<br />
romis <strong>samarTlis</strong> recefcia ar aris ubralod erTi <strong>samarTlis</strong> gavlena an dasesxeba<br />
meore qveynis <strong>samarTlis</strong> mier. is specifikuri istoriuli movlenaa, romelic me-15<br />
saukunis dasasrulidan daiwyo evropaSi, me-16 saukunidan farTod gaiSala28 da gulisxmobda<br />
romis <strong>samarTlis</strong> im normatiuli, ideur-Teoriuli Sinaarsis moqmedebis<br />
aRdgenas, romelic misaRebi aRmoCnda axali urTierTobebis mosawesrigeblad. 29<br />
romis <strong>samarTlis</strong> recefciis mizezi iyo ara mxolod antikuri kulturis gavlena<br />
an romauli ideebiT gataceba, aramed umTavresad is faqti, rom axali drois ekonomikuri<br />
urTierTobebi SesaZlebels xdida romis <strong>samarTlis</strong> elementebis gamoyenebas.<br />
romauli <strong>samarTlis</strong> bolo sityvis — “ius gentium”-is mier aRiarebuli faseulobebi xom<br />
adamianis bunebisa da samoqalaqo brunvis interesebis gamomxatvel sazogado Rirebulebebs<br />
warmoadgenda. 30 romis samarTali adekvaturi formaa kerZo sakuTrebaze<br />
dafuZnebuli samoqalaqo brunvis farTod ganviTarebis pirobebSi pirovnulad Tavisufal<br />
saqonelmflobelTa urTierTdamokidebulebisa. evropas SeeZlo Tavidan aecilebina<br />
romis <strong>samarTlis</strong> recefcia, amisTvis is iZulebuli iqneboda damoukideblad<br />
SeemuSavebina Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi institutebi da principebi, riTac gaxangrZlivdeboda<br />
da gaZneldeboda kerZo sakuTrebis samarTlebrivi regulireba. 31<br />
24 Coing H., Europäisches Privatrecht, Bd. I, 7. miTiTebulia wignSi: Wanturia l., Sesavali saqar-<br />
Tvelos samoqalaqo <strong>samarTlis</strong> zogad nawilSi, Tb., 1997, 13.<br />
25 Wanturia l., <strong>samarTlis</strong> reforma da iuridiuli ganaTleba, prof. g. inwkirvelis dabadebidan<br />
70-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 1996, 260.<br />
26 Wanturia l., evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> recefcia — evropuli integraciis winapiroba,<br />
gamoxmaureba prof. b. zoiZis wignze: evropuli kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> recefcia saqarTveloSi,<br />
Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, 4, 2005, 185.<br />
27 Муромцев С,. Рецепция Римского права. М., 1886, 94.<br />
28 jorbenaZe s., recenzia b. zoiZis naSromze: feodaluri saqarTvelos memkvidreobiTi<br />
samarTali, romlisTvisac avtors mieniWa iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtoris samecniero<br />
xarisxi, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, 3, 2002, 196.<br />
29 Сайдов А.Х., Сравнительное правоведение. М., 2009, 154.<br />
30 zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> recefcia saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005, 22.<br />
31 Бек В.А., Рецепция римского права в западной Европе. М., 1950, 263.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
recefcirebuli romis samarTali feodalur da kanonikur samarTalTan erTad<br />
qmnida saerTo samarTals — “Ius Commune”, romelic Tavisi arsiT doqtrinaluri, universitetebis<br />
samarTali iyo. is ganixileboda normaTa sistemad, romelic aRiarebuli<br />
iyo da gamoiyeneboda ara gansazRvrul teritoriaze, aramed saerTaSoriso mas-<br />
StabiT. mTels evropaSi sargeblobdnen erTi da imave iuridiuli ganaTlebiT, evropuli<br />
iuridiuli mecniereba, mcire gansxvavebaTa miuxedavad, rCeboda erTian inteleqtualur<br />
samyarod, 32 amasTan, erTiani politikuri da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis<br />
ararsebobis pirobebSi, “Ius Commune”-is cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebis uzrunvelmyofi<br />
meqanizmi ar arsebobda. 33<br />
4. kodifikaciis ideis warmoSoba<br />
ganaTlebuli absolutizmisa da burJuaziuli revoluciis epoqam dasabami misca<br />
damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Camoyalibebas evropaSi. magaliTad, safrangeTSi am vi-<br />
Tarebas adgili aqvs me-15 saukunidan, xolo germaniaSi — me-19 saukunis 70-iani wlebidan.<br />
axlad Seqmnil saxelmwifoTa mizans erTiani samarTlebrivi sivrcis Seqmna Seadgenda.<br />
34 nacionaluri <strong>samarTlis</strong> mniSvnelobis warmoCena, samarTalSi erovnuli TviT-<br />
Segnebis gaRviZeba da maTi <strong>samarTlis</strong> srulfasovan wyarod aRiarebisTvis xelSewyoba<br />
humanisturi skolis mier iustinianes krebulis mimarT kritikuli midgomiT warmo-<br />
Cinda. 35<br />
nacionaluri <strong>samarTlis</strong> sistemis Seqmnis yvelaze Sesaferis saSualebad samar-<br />
Tlis kodifikacia iqca. moZRvreba kanonis normaTa abstraqtuli xasiaTis Sesaxeb safuZvlad<br />
daedo axal sakanonmdeblo teqnikas. 36 kanoni iqca kontinenturi evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
ZiriTad wyarod. is, rogorc umaRlesi xelisuflebis Semoqmedebis Sedegi,<br />
aRmoCnda yvelaze misaRebi saSualeba erTiani erovnuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> sistemis Seqmnisa<br />
da kanonierebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. 37 mxolod <strong>samarTlis</strong> mizanmimarTuli da yovlismomcveli<br />
sistematizaciiTaa SesaZlebeli safuZveli Caeyaros sazogadoebis mSeneblobas<br />
racionalur sawyisebze, 38 kodifikaciis gziT samarTali modis sistemaSi,<br />
imsWvaleba saerTo principebiT. 39 im periodSi <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodifikacia <strong>samarTlis</strong> politikis<br />
idealad iqca. 40<br />
32<br />
Синявская М., Европейская интеграция и вопросы частного права. Журн. «Вестник высшего арбитражного<br />
суда Российской Федерации», №9, 2003, 128.<br />
33 Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo <strong>samarTlis</strong> zogad nawilSi, Tb., 1997, 21.<br />
34 abaSmaZe v., qarTuli inteleqtualuri fenomenebi, Tb., 1992, 362.<br />
35 kereseliZe d., kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 22.<br />
36 gogiaSvili g., <strong>samarTlis</strong> gansazRvrulobis problema saerTo da kontinentursamar-<br />
Tlebriv sistemebSi, prof. z. axvledianis 70-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli,<br />
Tb., 2004, 29.<br />
37 Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo <strong>samarTlis</strong> zogad nawilSi, Tb., 1997, 24.<br />
38 cvaigerti k., kotci h., SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
sferoSi, t. I, Tb., 2000, 94.<br />
39<br />
Косарев А.И., История государства и права зарубежных стран. М., 2003, 250.<br />
40<br />
Coing H., Europaisches Privatrecht, Bd. II., 19. Jahrundert, München, 1989, 2. miTiTebulia wignSi: Wanturia<br />
l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo <strong>samarTlis</strong> zogad nawilSi, Tb., 1997, 24.<br />
131
132<br />
q. qoCaSvili, kontinenturi evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong> ojaxi iuridiuli geografiis arealSi<br />
kodifikacia samarTlebrivi kulturis qmnilebaa — dasawyisSi mxolod dasavleT<br />
da Sua evropis niadagze aRmocenebuli evropuli sulis dawesebuleba, romelSic gansakuTrebuli<br />
gamomsaxvelobiT gamovlinda evropis sazogadoebrivi da ideur-istoriuli<br />
Tavisebureba. 41 samoqalaqo kodifikacia aris pirTa Tanasworobasa da nebis avtonomiaze<br />
damyarebuli urTierTobebis mowesrigeba logikurad urTierTdakavSirebuli<br />
cnebebisa da institutebis sistemis safuZvelze. igi kerZosamarTlebrivi ur-<br />
TierTobebis erTiani, zogadi kanoniT regulirebis mizniT miiReba. 42<br />
am procesSic romis samarTali, rogorc iurisprudenciis cnebaTa ganZTsacavi,<br />
ZiriTadi masala iyo axali kodeqsebis momzadebisas. <strong>samarTlis</strong> wyaroTa simravlis<br />
miuxedavad (samefo ordonansebi, Cveulebebi, saero da kanonikuri <strong>samarTlis</strong> Zeglebi,<br />
msoflio da adgilobrivi saeklesio krebis dadgenilebebi), 43 im epoqis sulisCamdgmeli<br />
bunebiTi <strong>samarTlis</strong> ideebi — pirovnebis Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, samar-<br />
Tlianoba, rac ganapirobebda sakuTrebis, xelSekrulebis, mewarmeobis Tavisuflebis<br />
koncefciebis arsebobas — iustinianes qmnilebaSi moiZebna. bunebiTi <strong>samarTlis</strong> skolis<br />
mamamTavari hugo grociusi Tavis sasurvel bunebiTi <strong>samarTlis</strong> Senobas aTasobiT<br />
citatisgan agebda, risTvisac is yvelaze xSirad bibliasa da “corpus iuris civilis”-s<br />
mimarTavda, radgan, misi azriT, romauli samarTali bunebiT samarTalsa da gons Seesabameboda<br />
44 . am mosazrebas aviTarebda aseve frangi iuristi doma: yvelaferi, rasac<br />
romauli <strong>samarTlis</strong>gan viRebT, umetesad bunebiTi <strong>samarTlis</strong>gan warmodgeba da moicavs<br />
ramdenime TviTnebur kanons. 45<br />
5. safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi — konsensusi <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
sxvadasxva sawyiss Soris<br />
didi kodifikaciebis epoqas mZlavri biZgi misca safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsma.<br />
saocrad mcire droSi momzadda kodeqsis proeqti, romlis Seqmnis procesSi miRweul<br />
iqna erTgvari garigeba qveynis samxreTSi moqmed e.w. daweril samarTalsa da<br />
CrdiloeTSi damkvidrebul, kuTxurobiT gamorCeul CveulebiT, kutiumebis samar-<br />
Tals Soris, 46 ise, rom amiT ar darRveula Sesaqmneli sistemis erTianoba da saerTo<br />
suli (portalisi). 47 aRniSnuli ganpirobebuli iyo, erTi mxriv, kodeqsis Semqmneli<br />
komisiis wevrTa orientaciiT rogorc romis, ise CveulebiT samarTalze da aRiarebul<br />
mecnierTa (doma, potie, diumuleni) Sromebze, meore mxriv, saukuneTa manZilze<br />
41<br />
Виакер Ф., Зарождение, расцвет и кризис идеи кодификации. Журн. «Ежегодник истории права и<br />
правоведения», №1, 2000, 14,< www.law.edu.ru/magazine>, [24 /07/2008].<br />
42 kereseliZe d., kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 10.<br />
43 cacanaSvili m., saxelmwifosa da <strong>samarTlis</strong> zogadi istoria, Tb., 1995, 195.<br />
44 TaboriZe i., bunebiTi <strong>samarTlis</strong> roli adamianis Rirsebis gagebis CamoyalibebaSi, Jurn.<br />
`qarTuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mimoxilva~, spec. gamocema, 2004, 137.<br />
45 davidi r., Tanamedroveobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi sistemebi, rusuli gamocemidan<br />
Targmna da winasityvaoba daurTo T. niniZem, Tb., 1993, 52.<br />
46 nadareiSvili g., safrangeTis samoqalaqo <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsi Tu napoleon bonapartis<br />
mier mogebuli 40 brZola, ra ufro faseulia msoflio imperiisTvis? Jurn. `adamiani da<br />
konstitucia~, 1, 2003, 63.<br />
47 cvaigerti k., kotci h., SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> sferoSi,<br />
t. I, Tb., 2000, 96.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
kutiumebis CaweriT, damuSavebiTa da sistematizaciiT formirebuli CveulebiTi <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
arsebobiT.<br />
1804 wlis safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, romelSic ara mxolod franguli,<br />
aramed zogadad evropuli samarTlebrivi goni iyo kodificirebuli, 48 unikaluria<br />
rogorc Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da solidarobis ideiT ganmsWvaluli da arsebiTad<br />
mxolod kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigebaze orientirebuli.<br />
man didi gavlena iqonia evropis qveynebis <strong>samarTlis</strong> Semdgomi ganviTarebis tendenciebze,<br />
gansakuTrebiT e.w. `romanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong>~ qveynebis kanonmdeblobaze, rogorc<br />
sistemuri, ise calkeuli institutebis mowesrigebis TvalsazrisiT. 49<br />
instituciuri sistemis mqone kodeqsis gavrcelebas xels uwyobda misi enisa da<br />
stilis ganumeorebloba, kodeqsis formulirebaTa TvalsaCinoeba da sicxade. masSi<br />
specialuri iuridiul-teqnikuri gamonaTqvamebis ararseboba araerTxel gamxdara<br />
aRfrTovanebuli gamoZaxilis obieqti. 50<br />
6. germaniis samoqalaqo sjuldebis Seqmnis ideis<br />
gansxeulebis procesi<br />
germaniaSi romanistebi (zomi, vindSaidi, savini, puxta) da germanistebi (tibo,<br />
girke) xangrZlivad kamaTobdnen erTiani samoqalaqo <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis Seqmnis aucileblobisa<br />
da misi wyaroebis Taobaze. samarTlebrivi reformis problematika dakavSirebuli<br />
iyo erovnul sakiTxTan — erTiani samoqalaqo kodeqsi aucilebeli iyo<br />
nacionaluri erTianobis gansamtkiceblad, wvrilsaxelmwifoebrivi partikularizmis<br />
dasaZlevad. 51<br />
1814 wels gamoqveynebuli tibos naSromi — `germaniisTvis erTiani <strong>samarTlis</strong> aucileblobis<br />
Sesaxeb~ — Seiqmna franguli revoluciis ideebisa da nacionaluri moZraobis<br />
gavleniT. 52 tibos msgavsad, girke recefciamdeli germanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> damoukidebel<br />
erovnul fenomenad ganxilvas cdilobda. 53 romis <strong>samarTlis</strong> ganaxlebis<br />
procesSi kidev erTxel amoqmedda Zveli tradiciebi, rogorc samarTlebrivi cxovrebis<br />
wodebrivi, istoriuli da regionaluri faqtorebi. Zvelma samarTalma da SezRudul-federaciulma<br />
samarTlebrivma ideam kavSiri Sekres. am dros nacionaluri kodifikaciis<br />
idea ganixileba, rogorc ajanyeba istoriuli legitimurobis mimarT. aRniSnuli<br />
politikurad saSiSia, radgan xalxebs hpirdeba centralizebul kanonierebas<br />
da emyareba erTiani xelisuflebis demokratias. 54<br />
48 Виакер Ф., Зарождение, расцвет и кризис идеи кодификации. Журн. «Ежегодник истории права и правоведения»,<br />
№1, 2000, 12, < www.law.edu.ru/magazine>, [24 /07/2008].<br />
49 kereseliZe d., kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 36.<br />
50 cvaigerti k., kotci h., SedarebiTi samarTalmcodneobis Sesavali kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> sfe-<br />
roSi, t. I, Tb., 2000, 100.<br />
51 Книпер Р., Закон и история. Баден-Баден, Алматы, 2005, 31.<br />
52 Баев В.П., Историческая школа права: теория и политическая практика в Германии (1815-1848). Журн.<br />
«Право и политика», №10, 2005, 118.<br />
53 kereseliZe d., kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 33.<br />
54 Виакер Ф., Зарождение, расцвет и кризис идеи кодификации. Журн. «Ежегодник истории права и<br />
правоведения», 2000, №1, 13, < www.law.edu.ru/magazine>, [24 /07/2008].<br />
133
134<br />
q. qoCaSvili, kontinenturi evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong> ojaxi iuridiuli geografiis arealSi<br />
tibos kodifikaciis ideas gamoexmaura savini naSromiT — `Cveni drois mowodebis<br />
Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobisa da სamarTlis mecnierebisaken~. savini, <strong>samarTlis</strong> istoriuli<br />
skolis koncefciidan gamomdinare, ewinaaRmdegeba am ideas, radgan Tvlis, rom samarTali,<br />
romelic enis, Cveulebis, politikuri wyobis msgavsad istoriulad xalxis<br />
wiaRSi yalibdeba da eris suliTaa gaJRenTili, mxolod CveulebiT samarTalSi aisaxeba.<br />
kodificirebuli kanonmdebloba ver asaxavs sazogadoebaSi moqmed WeSmarit samarTals,<br />
romelic arsebobs rogorc saxalxo sulis gamovlineba. saxalxo suli savinisTvis<br />
niSnavda im mistikur Zalas, romelic socialur-kulturuli evoluciis ganmapirobebeli<br />
umTavresi faqtoria da romelsac verasdros Secvlis saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
regulirebis romelime aparati. kodificirebuli samarTali verasdros siRrmiseulad<br />
ver asaxavs spontanuri adamianuri urTierTobebis kvaldakval Camoyalibebul<br />
samarTlebriv wesrigs. 55 mecnier-iuristTa da kanonmdebelis funqcia ara <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
qmnaa, aramed saxalxo sulis sxvadasxva mxaris axsna, romelsac iuristebi mxolod<br />
normatiul formas aZleven da konkretul SemTxvevas ufardeben. 56 savini mowesrigebuli<br />
sjuldebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas mxolod ganviTarebuli iuridiuli mecnierebis<br />
pirobebSi aRiarebda, romlis germaniaSi ararsebobis gamo, igi kodifikacias naadrevad<br />
miiCnevda. 57<br />
amgvarad, <strong>samarTlis</strong> istoriuli skola <strong>samarTlis</strong> ganviTarebisaTvis upiratesi<br />
mniSvnelobis mqoned, xalxis sulidan gamomdinare, sakuTari qveynis samarTals asaxelebs,<br />
Tumca mas romis <strong>samarTlis</strong>gan ganuyoflad miiCnevs. 58 am skolis warmomadgenlebis<br />
mosazrebiT, romauli samarTali gaTavisebul iqna germaneli iuristebis saqmianobiT<br />
da am gziT SeiWra igi germaneli xalxis samarTlebriv cnobierebaSi. 59 germani-<br />
55 bregvaZe l., samarTlebrivi kultura globalizmsa da lokalizms Soris, <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
transferebis funqcionaluri ganmartebisTvis, Jurn. `<strong>samarTlis</strong> macne~, 1, 2006, 6.<br />
56 kereseliZe d., kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 34. iuridiuli<br />
normebis avtoriteti xalxis SegnebaSi damkvidrebul samarTlebriv ideebTan SeTanxmebulobasa<br />
da sazogadoebaSi arsebul eTikur moTxovnebTan Sesabamisobazea dafuZnebuli.<br />
samarTalSemoqmedebis procesi saxalxo sindisierebis wiaRidan momdinareobs da socialur<br />
fsiqikas emyareba. saxelmwifo organoebi, romlebic sakanonmdeblo saqmianobas<br />
arsebuli marTlwesrigis safuZvelze ewevian, araTu qmnian samarTals, aramed pouloben<br />
mas. isini swavloben cxovrebaSi damkvidrebul damokidebulebebs, axdenen maT Sefasebas im<br />
ideebis TvalsazrisiT, romlebic xalxis samarTalxedvas gansazRvraven da amis safuZvelze<br />
SemuSavebuli wesebiT aregulireben am damokidebulebebs aRniSnuli ideebis Sesabamisad<br />
— elineki g., Zveli <strong>samarTlis</strong> brZola axal samarTalTan (rusulidan Targmna da<br />
winaTqma daurTo z. nanobaSvilma), Tb, 2006, 22. kanonmdebels ara aqvs ufleba, samoqalaqo<br />
cxovrebis dinebis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebdes. is gavlenas axdens cxovrebaze, magram<br />
Tavad ar qmnis mas. kanonmdebeli ar qmnis samarTals, aramed mxolod misi arsebobis formas<br />
adgens — zoiZe b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi, Tb,<br />
2007, 110.<br />
57 История политических и правовых учений, Под. ред. Лейста О.Э., М, 1999, 416.<br />
58 Hugo G., Institutioner des Heutigen römischen Rechts, §4, 1789, 17. miTiTebulia wignSi: kereseliZe<br />
d., kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, Tb., 2009, 31.<br />
59 Покровский И.А., Основные проблемы гражданского права. М., 1998, 56. savinis naSromebi —<br />
`romauli <strong>samarTlis</strong> istoria Sua saukuneebSi~ da `dRevandeli romauli <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
sistema~ — warmoadgenda misi, rogorc romanistis, mcdelobas, moeZebna romauli samara-
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
aSi romis samarTals saerTo <strong>samarTlis</strong> avtoriteti hqonda. misi mniSvneloba didi<br />
iyo ara marto im teritoriebze, sadac ar arsebobda adgilobrivi kodifikaciebi,<br />
aramed im regionebSic, sadac kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi wesrigdeboda kodeqsebiT.<br />
aRniSnulis mizezi iyo is, rom germaniis samarTlebriv cxovrebas safuZvlad<br />
edo romauli <strong>samarTlis</strong> cnebebi, Rirebulebebi, ramac ganapiroba romis samar-<br />
Tlis `meore recefcia~. 60<br />
romanistebisTvis antikuroba iyo WeSmariti samecniero codnis Rirebulebis<br />
umaRlesi sazomi, xolo iustinianes krebuli — droiT Seuryeveli samarTlebrivi Rirebulebebis<br />
saganZuri, romlis moqmed samarTlad gamoyeneba SeiZleboda. 61 savini da<br />
misi mowafeebi swavlobdnen romis samarTals ara Sua saukuneebis formebiT an pandeqtebis<br />
saxiT, aramed iustinianes mier kodificirebuli wyaroebiT. romis samarTali im<br />
epoqaSi germaniis erovnuli samarTali gaxda, romis <strong>samarTlis</strong> Camocilebis survili<br />
niSnavda germanuli kodeqsis Seqmnas germanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> gareSe. 62<br />
sabolood romanistikam Seicvala saxe da gardaiqmna pandeqtistikad, romauli<br />
samarTalmcodneoba ganaxlda Tanamedrove sameurneo sazogadoebis kerZo samar-<br />
Tlad. 63 pandeqtebis Sesaxeb mecnierebis mizani iyo romauli <strong>samarTlis</strong> normatiuli<br />
masalis sistematizacia da dogmaturi damuSaveba, ganviTareba, srulyofa, Tanamedroveobis<br />
moTxovnebs misadagebul, modernizebul samarTlad qceva. “Usus modernus<br />
pandectarum” warmoadgenda romis, kanonikuri, Zvelgermanuli da imdroindeli adgilobrivi<br />
saimperatoro kanonTa danawesebis erTobliobas. germaniis mTels teritoriaze<br />
moqmedi romauli warmoSobis saerTo germanuli samoqalaqo samarTali iqca<br />
germaniiis samoqalaqo kodeqsis ZiriTad wyarod, 64 romelic, abstraqtuli gansazRvrebebisa<br />
da rTuli winadadebebis miuxedavad, iuridiuli teqnikis, struqturisa da<br />
terminologiis erTianobis TvalsazrisiT, srulyofilad iTvleba. 65<br />
7. ruseTi, rogorc kontinenturi evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong> ojaxis wevri<br />
kontinenturi evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong> ojaxSi moiazreboda yofili socialisturi <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
ojaxis wevri qveynebic, xSirad maTi ideologiuri mosazrebebis safuZvelze<br />
gamocalkevebisa da damoukidebel jgufad ganxilvis miuxedavad. am qveynebis samar-<br />
Tlis sistemis germanuli ganviTarebis damamtkicebeli sabuTi, romelsac saxalxo xasia-<br />
Ti eqneboda — broduri h., savini f.k. (germanulidan Targmna r. faRavam), Jurn. `saxelmwifo<br />
da samarTali~, 8, 1990, 65.<br />
60 Леже Р., Великие правовые системы современности. Пер. с французского Грядова А.В., M., 2009, 321.<br />
61 Книпер Р., Закон и история. Баден-Баден, Алматы, 2005, 41.<br />
62 Saleilles R., Introduction à l'etude du code civil allemand, 1904, 8. miTiTebulia wignSi: davidi r.,<br />
Tanamedroveobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi sistemebi, rusuli gamocemidan Targmna da<br />
winasityvaoba daurTo T. niniZem, Tb., 1993, 63.<br />
63 Виакер Ф., Зарождение, расцвет и кризис идеи кодификации. Журн. «Ежегодник истории права и<br />
правоведения», №1, 2000, 14, , [24 /07/2008].<br />
64 Омельченко О. А Всеобщая история государства и права. Т. 2,.М., 2001, 249.<br />
65 Правовые системы стран мира, Под. ред. Сухарева А.Я., М., 2003, 202.<br />
135
136<br />
q. qoCaSvili, kontinenturi evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong> ojaxi iuridiuli geografiis arealSi<br />
Tlebriv sistemebs hibriduli, gardamavali samarTlebrivi wesrigis saxelwodebiTac<br />
moixsenieben. 66 kontinenturi evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong> ojaxis nawilad Tvlian ruseTsac.<br />
zogadad, rusuli sociumis socialur-kulturuli TviTgansazRvris procesSi Camoyalibebuli<br />
erT-erTi poziciis Tanaxmad, ruseTi ekuTvnis dasavlur samyaros ara<br />
dabadebis, aramed Svilobilis uflebiT, rac ganpirobebuli iyo kievis ruseTis mier<br />
bizantiuri qristianobis miRebiT. bizantia, Tavis mxriv, berZnul-romauli kulturis<br />
memkvidred iTvleboda; evropuli kulturis damkvidrebaSi didi wvlili<br />
miuZRoda rusul inteligenciasac, romelic ganmanaTleblobaSi xedavda Tavis daniSnulebas.<br />
67<br />
jer kidev revoluciamdel rusul iuridiul mecnierebas bevri ram hqonda recefcirebuli<br />
romis samarTlidan da kontinenturi evropis im qveynebidan, romlebic romanul<br />
sistemas miekuTvnebodnen. rusuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> kategoriebi, universitetebisa da iuristebis<br />
mier aRiarebuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> koncefciebi romanuli iyo. rusi iuristebic <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
normas miiCnevdnen individebisTvis dawesebul qcevis wesad, romlis formulirebac<br />
doqtrinis an kanonmdebelis movaleoba iyo da ara mo<strong>samarTlis</strong>. 68<br />
sabWoTa periodSi ideologiis fenomenis moqmedebis Sedegad sakuTrebis problemis<br />
mimarT msoflmxedvelobrivi gansxvavebebisa 69 da TanamedroveobaSic sajarosamarTlebrivi<br />
marTlSegnebis arsebobis 70 miuxedavad, rusuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> sistemaSi<br />
garkveulwilad SenarCunda romis samarTlidan momdinare da kontinenturi evropis<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> sirceSi ganfenili samarTlebrivi kategoriebi Tu iuridiuli leqsika.<br />
66 kereseliZe d., evropuli kodifikaciebisa da kanonmdeblobis unifikaciis saerTaSoriso<br />
instrumentebis gavlena saqarTvelos kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> ganviTarebaze, Jurn. `qarTuli<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> mimoxilva~, spec. gamocema, 2007, 6.<br />
67 sxva mosazrebiT, ruseTi ekuTvnis azias, romlisTvisac maxasiaTebeli `Cven~ zemoqmedebs<br />
individualur `me~-ze. xelisuflebis miswrafeba TviTmpyrobelobisken, xalxis uufleboba,<br />
maTi unari damonebisa ar aris dasavluri warmoSobis. kidev sxva poziciiT, ruseTi ekuTvnis<br />
rogorc evropas, ise azias. is socialur-kulturuli samyaroa, romelic sakuTar arsSi abalansebs<br />
dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis poziciebs maTi faseulobebis sinTezirebiT. Бачинин<br />
Б.А., Энциклопедия философии и социологии права. СПБ, 2006, 737.<br />
68 davidi r., Tanamedroveobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi sistemebi, rusuli gamocemidan Targmna<br />
da winasityvaoba daurTo T. niniZem, Tb., 1993, 145.<br />
69 1917 wels ruseTSi dawyebuli komunisturi eqsperimentis — socialisturi sazogadoebis<br />
mSenebloba — ganxorcielebiT daiwyo <strong>samarTlis</strong> meSveobiT sazogadoebis fundamenturad<br />
Secvlis procesi. <strong>samarTlis</strong> wyarod, <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebis nacvlad, miiCneoda proletaruli<br />
marTlSegnebiT moqmed normis SemfardebelTa Sexedulebebi. saxelmwifo ideologias marqsizm-leninizmi<br />
warmoadgenda, romelsac icavda samarTlebrivi saSualebebis mTeli arsenali.<br />
sabWoTa saxelmwifos ideologia qmnida monosakuTrebas, kerZo sakuTreba ganixileboda<br />
absolutur borotebad, arsebobda pirovnebis interesebze saxelmwifo interesis<br />
primati. ix. Сайдов А.Х., Сравнительное правоведение. М., 2009, 461-462.<br />
70 aRniSnulis dasturi sabWouri warmoSobis institutebis — operatiuli marTva da sruli<br />
sameurneo gamgebloba — SenarCunebaa, rasac rusi avtorebi gardamavali periodiT xsnian da<br />
momavalSi sabazro ekonomikis metad ganviTarebasTan erTad imedovneben mis gauqmebas.<br />
aseve aq Tanaarsebobs sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebi: saxelmwifo, municipaluri, kerZo —<br />
individualuri, saerTo, koleqtiuri, Tumca maT Soris kerZo sakuTrebas gadamwyveti<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs – Барабанщикова Л.М., Структура собственности в Российском гражданском праве.<br />
Журн. «Юридический Мир», №4, 2003, 23
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
sabWoTa periodSic, evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> recefciis Taobaze komunistebis sastiki<br />
winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, 1922 wlis pirveli sabWoTa samoqalaqo kodeqsis ZiriTadi<br />
wyaro germaniis samoqalaqo sjuldeba iyo, masSi SenarCunebuli iyo is samarTlebrivi<br />
kategoriebi, romelTa xelaxla gamogonebac SeuZlebeli iyo da ar miayenebda zians<br />
revoluciur marTlSegnebas. 71<br />
ruseTis federaciis moqmedi konstituciis me-8 muxli qmnis kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
ganviTarebis pirobebs:<br />
1. ruseTis federaciaSi garantirebulia ekonomikuri sivrcis erTianoba, saqonlis,<br />
momsaxurebisa da finansuri saxsrebis Tavisufali gadaadgileba, konkurenciis<br />
mxardaWera, ekonomikuri saqmianobis Tavisufleba.<br />
2. ruseTis federaciaSi Tanabrad aRiarebuli da daculia kerZo, saxelmwifo,<br />
municipaluri da sakuTrebis sxva formebi. 72<br />
2009 wels 20 marts parizSi Catarebul samecniero konferenciaze — `erToblivi<br />
Sexeduleba Tanamedrove ruseTis samoqalaqo kodeqsze~, romelic organizebuli iyo<br />
SedarebiTi kanonmdeblebisa da iuristTa frangul-rusuli sazogadoebis ZalisxmeviT,<br />
frangi mkvlevris (J.spinozi) mier aRiniSna, rom ruseTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi,<br />
komparativistuli kvlevis TvalsazrisiT, metad sainteresoa. misi struqtura msgavsia<br />
romanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> ojaxis, Tumca kodeqsis zogadi nawilis arseboba germanuli<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> sistemebis Taviseburebaa. 73 dRes arsebuli poziciiT, rusuli samarTali<br />
marTalia rCeba kontinenturi evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong> nawilad, Tumca imavdroulad mzad<br />
aris nebismieri <strong>samarTlis</strong> sistemas gauRos kari. 74<br />
71 zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> recefcia saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005, 88.<br />
72<br />
Леже Р., Великие правовые системы современности. Пер. с французского Грядова А.В., M., 2009, 228.<br />
73<br />
Талапина Э.В., Российско-Французский взгляд на гражданский кодекс России. Журн. «Государство и<br />
право», №2, 2010, 111.<br />
74<br />
Сайдов А.Х., Сравнительное правоведение. М., 2009, 377.<br />
137
138<br />
q. qoCaSvili, kontinenturi evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong> ojaxi iuridiuli geografiis arealSi<br />
KETEVAN KOCHASHVILI ∗<br />
CONTINENTAL LAW SYSTEM IN LEGAL GEOGRAPHY AREA<br />
Summary<br />
The article provides a brief overview of the origin and further development of the most important and,<br />
historically, the first legal system of modernity – the Continental <strong>Law</strong> Family. The work, conducted<br />
by glossators and post-glossators through studying and teaching Roman <strong>Law</strong>, laid the foundation for<br />
the law family under consideration. The process of reception of Roman <strong>Law</strong> (as the perfect form of<br />
law) by different countries contributed to the development of common European law – ius commune –<br />
which, due to its doctrinal character, was highly authoritative but was not legally binding. It is also<br />
noted that the creation of nation states conditioned the development of national legal systems. Codification<br />
turned to be the most appropriate way for fixing national laws. The survey considers historical<br />
and legal aspects of codifications of France and Germany, founders of Roman-German Legal System,<br />
and other prominent representatives of the family. The article briefly overviews Russian codification<br />
in historical and modern context.<br />
∗ Doctoral Student, Assistant Professor, TSU, <strong>Faculty</strong> of <strong>Law</strong>.
akaki qiria *<br />
iuridiuli piris dafuZnebis Tavisufleba evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
mixedviT da germaniis saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali<br />
1. Sesavali<br />
evropis ekonomikur integracias myari samarTlebrivi safuZveli aqvs. evropis<br />
pirveladi <strong>samarTlis</strong> Zireuli institutebi, rogoricaa saqonlis, momsaxurebis, pirebisa<br />
da kapitalis Tavisufali gadaadgileba, saerTo Sida bazris realur funqcionirebas<br />
uzrunvelyofs. CamoTvlili ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi sistemurad evropuli<br />
gaerTianebis fuZemdeblur xelSekrulebaSia moTavsebuli.<br />
am statiis mizania, mkiTxvelis yuradReba SeaCeros evrokavSiris masStabiT iuridiuli<br />
pirebis dafuZnebis Tavisuflebasa da amis Sedegad warmoqmnil samarTlebriv<br />
problemaze, romelic evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis Sida marTlwesrigebSi ucxouri<br />
kompaniebis aRiarebas Seexeba. am kuTxiT evrokavSiris <strong>samarTlis</strong>a da wevr saxelmwifoTa<br />
nacionaluri samarTalis gadakveTis centralur wertils saerTaSoriso kerZo<br />
samarTali qmnis, romelic nacionaluri <strong>samarTlis</strong> nawilia.<br />
statiis pirveli nawili Seexeba kontinenturi evropis qveynebis saerTaSoriso<br />
sakorporacio samarTals germanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> magaliTze da mis ZiriTad Teoriebs.<br />
Semdgomi nawilebi ki am mimarTulebiT evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> moTxovnebsa da samar-<br />
Tlebrivi brunvis dacvis problemis gadawyvetis gzebs daeTmoba.<br />
evropaSi dasmuli problemis aqtualurobis da bolo dros evrokavSirTan saqar-<br />
Tvelos mzardi institucionaluri daaxloebis fonze, statia sakmaod saintereso<br />
unda iyos qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis, radganac mas bevr informaciul da analitikur<br />
sakiTxTan eqneba Sexeba.<br />
2. saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali<br />
2.1. saerTaSoriso sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> regulirebis sfero<br />
saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali saerTaSoriso kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> nawilia.<br />
misi regulirebis sagania iuridiuli piris mimarT gamosayenebeli samarTlebrivi regulirebis<br />
gansazRvra mis mier nacionaluri sazRvris gadakveTis SemTxvevaSi. 1 magaliTad,<br />
germaniaSi germanuli samarTliT dafuZnebuli SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
*<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> magistri (iena), fridrix Sileris saxelobis ienis universitetis doqtoranti.<br />
1<br />
Behrens, ZGR 1994, 1, 4; Staudinger/Großfeld, Kommentar zum BGB, int.Gesellschaftsrecht, 13. Aufl.,<br />
1998, Einl. Rn. 1; MünchKommBGB/Kindler, 4. Aufl. 2006, Bd. 11, Einl. Rn. 1
140<br />
a. qiria, iuridiuli piris dafuZnebis Tavisufleba evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT da<br />
germaniis saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali<br />
sazogadoebis belgiaSi gadasvla da iq operatiuli saqmianobis dawyeba daayenebs sakiTxs,<br />
Tu romeli qveynis sakorporacio samarTali unda iqnes mis mimarT gamoyenebuli.<br />
sxva sityviT rom iTqvas, saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali, rogorc koliziuri<br />
norma, iuridiuli piris personalur statuts (mis mimarT moqmed normaTa sistemas)<br />
gansazRvravs. ismis kiTxva: romeli qveynis samarTliT `ibadeba, cocxlobs da<br />
kvdeba~ 2 ~emigrirebuli~ korporacia? saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali cdilobs upasuxos<br />
am kiTxvebs. upirveles yovlisa, igi personaluri statutisTvis saTanado mibmas<br />
azustebs da adgens am statutis regulirebis areals, anu axdens kvalifikacias. 3<br />
iuridiuli piris personaluri statutis cneba restriqtulad unda iqnes aRqmuli.<br />
is moicavs mibmis im Semadgenlobas, romelic aregulirebs mxolod sakorporaciosamarTlebriv<br />
sakiTxebs da ara iuridiuli piris mimarT gamosayenebel sxva saerTa-<br />
Soriso kerZosamarTlebriv institutebs (saxelSekrulebo kerZo samarTali, deliqti<br />
da a.S.). 4<br />
germaniaSi kodificirebuli saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali dRemde ar<br />
arsebobs. amis istoriuli mizezi kanonmdeblis oportunistuli moqmedebaa, rac imiT<br />
iyo ganpirobebuli, rom samewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis saerTaSoriso aqtivobis mateba<br />
da ekonomikuri politikis cvalebadoba sakiTxis erTmniSvnelovan samarTlebriv<br />
gadawyvetas uSlida xels. arc evropuli samarTali Cqarobda dilemisagan Tavis<br />
daRwevas. Sesabamisad, ucxouri iuridiuli piris mimarT gamosayenebeli samarTali<br />
gansazRvra germaniis maRali instanciis sasamarTloebis mier gamomuSavebulma dauwerelma,<br />
CveulebiTi <strong>samarTlis</strong> Teoriebma. 5<br />
2.2. koliziuri normis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi Teoriebi<br />
a. adgilsamyoflis Teoria (Sitztheorie)<br />
germanuli saerTaSoriso sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> tradiciuli moZRvreba, romlis<br />
mixedviTac ucxouri korporaciis personaluri statuti unda ganisazRvros,<br />
aris adgilsamyoflis Teoria. rogorc sasamarTlo praqtika, 6 ise gabatonebuli azri<br />
doqtrinaSi am moZRvrebas aRiarebda da, nawilobriv, dResac misi mimdevaria. 7 am Teoriis<br />
Tanaxmad, gamoyenebul unda iqnes im qveynis samarTali, sadac iuridiuli piris<br />
mmarTvelobis faqtobrivi adgilsamyofeli mdebareobs, romlis determinireba obieqturi<br />
niSniT unda moxdes. germaniis federaluri umaRlesi sasamarTlos mier dam-<br />
2<br />
BGHZ 25, 134, 144; Wiedemann, Gesellschaftsrecht, 1980, Bd. I, 776<br />
3<br />
MünchKommBGB/Kindler, Rn. 1f.<br />
4<br />
Staudinger/Großfeld, Rn. 17.<br />
5<br />
Palandt/Thorn, 68.Aufl. 2009, Anh. zu Art. 12, Rn. 1<br />
6<br />
BGHZ 25, 134, 144; BGHZ 51, 27, 28; BGHZ 53, 181, 183; BGHZ 78, 318, 334; BGHZ 97, 269, 272;<br />
Staudinger/Großfeld, Rn. 28; Kropholler, Internationales Gesellschaftsrecht, 571<br />
7<br />
Staudinger/Großfeld, Rn. 38; Kegel/Schurig, Internationales Gesellschaftsrecht, 9 Aufl. 2004, 573; Münch-<br />
KommBGB/Kindler, Int. Wirtschaftsrecht, Bd. 11, Rn. 401; K. Schmidt, ZGR 1999, 20, 23; Palandt/Thorn, Anh.<br />
an Art. 12, Rn. 9; Wiedemann, Gesellschaftsrecht, Bd. I, 1980, 785.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
kvidrebuli formula aseTia: iuridiuli piris mmarTvelobis faqtobrivi adgilsamyofeli<br />
aris iq, sadac xelmZRvaneloba sawarmos fundamentur gadawvetilebebs realurad<br />
da efeqturad operatiul saqmianobaSi gardasaxavs. 8 aqedan gamomdinare da<br />
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom adgilsamyoflis Teoria yovelmxriv koliziur normad<br />
aris miCneuli, `emigrirebuli~ iuridiuli piris mimarT im qveynis samarTali unda iqnes<br />
gamoyenebuli, sadac iuridiuli piri faqtobrivad moRvaweobs da ara misi mSobliuri<br />
samarTali, romlis mixedviTac is dafuZnda. am Tavis pirvel nawilSi moyvanili<br />
magaliTisTvis es niSnavs, rom belgiaSi moqmedi germanuli Sps-is mimarT belgiuri<br />
sakorporacio samarTali moqmedebs. amgvari gadawyvetis ukan dgas idea, rom korporacia<br />
unda kontroldebodes im qveynis mier, romelic misi moRvaweobiT yvelaze metad<br />
aris `dazaralebuli~, radgan am qveyanaSi imyofebian iuridiuli piris kreditorebi,<br />
TanamSromlebi da partniorebi, ufro metic, kompaniis mTeli gare samyaro (stakeholders),<br />
romelTa dacvac amave qveynis sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> prerogativa unda<br />
iyos. amgvarad, korporacia imyofeba faqtobrivi adgilsamyoflis marTlwesrigis samarTlebrivi<br />
revidirebis qveS. 9<br />
aRniSnulis gamo, adgilsamyoflis Teorias `araRiarebis~ Teoriasac10 uwodeben.<br />
misi uSualo samarTlebrivi Sedegi imiT vlindeba, rom sxva qveyanaSi daarsebuli iuridiuli<br />
piris uflebaunarianoba ar aris aRiarebuli im saxelmwifos mier, sadac misi<br />
faqtobrivi domicili mdebareobs. korporacia ar ganixileba samarTalsubieqtur<br />
organizaciad da mis mimarT ipso iure amoqmeddeba mimRebi saxelmwifos samarTali. inglsuri<br />
private limited company, romelic kanoniT gansazRvruli minimaluri sawesdebo<br />
kapitalis gareSe11 fuZndeba da eqvemdebareba ufro liberalur samarTlebriv re-<br />
Jims, ar iqneba aRiarebuli kontinentuli evropis im saxelmwifoebSi, romlebic adgilsamyoflis<br />
Teorias misdeven. is iZulebuli gaxdeba daregistrirdes faqtobrivi<br />
adgilsamyoflis saxelmwifoSi, Tu am qveynis sakorporacio samarTali iuridiuli<br />
piris warmoSobas sawarmos registraciasTan akavSirebs da amave dros Seasrulos am<br />
qveynis sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> yvela moTxovna, maT Soris sawesdebo kapitalTan da<br />
mTlianad finansur da organizaciul struqturasTan dakavSirebiT. faqtobrivad es<br />
sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu ara mis xelaxal daarsebas faqtobrivi domicilis saxelmwifoSi.<br />
iuridiuli piris aRiareba damokidebulia misi faqtobrivi domicilis lokalizebaze.<br />
Tu registraciis qveyana da iuridiuli piris faqtobrivi adgilsamyofeli em-<br />
Txveva, anu ar xdeba statutaruli da faqtobrivi adgilsamyoflis gaxleCa or qveyanas<br />
Soris, maSin adgilsamyofelis Teoria Tavis am represiul samarTlebriv Sedegs<br />
ar amJRavnebs da korporaciis samarTalsubieqturobas SeuzRudavad aRiarebs. Sesabamisad,<br />
Tu xdeba statutaruli (wesdebiT dadgenili) da faqtobrivi domicilis<br />
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ganTavseba, es ukanaskneli ucxour iuridiul pirs Tavisi mar-<br />
Tlwesrigis farglebSi ar aRiarebs.<br />
8<br />
BGHZ 97, 269, 1272.<br />
9<br />
Staudinger/Großfeld, Rn. 41; MünchKommBGB/Kindler, Rn. 403, Wiedemann, 784.<br />
10<br />
Knobbe-Kuek, ZHR 154 (1990), 325, 338.<br />
11<br />
Tumca es ar exeba Ria kompanias (public limited company), romelic evrokavSiris me-2 sakorporaciosamarTlebrivi<br />
(kapitalis) direqtivis moqmedebis qveS eqceva da kanonismier<br />
minimalur sawesdebo kapitals moiTxovs.<br />
141
142<br />
a. qiria, iuridiuli piris dafuZnebis Tavisufleba evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT da<br />
germaniis saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali<br />
adgilsamyofelis Teoria zogadi prevenciuli RonisZiebaa, romelic teleologiurad<br />
iqiT aris mimarTuli, rom xeli SeuSalos nacionaluri sakorporacio samar-<br />
Tlis moTxovnebisTvis gverdis avlas. amasTan, ar dauSvas sawarmos damfuZneblebis<br />
gasvla ufro liberaluri marTlwesrigis mqone saxelmwifoSi da iqidan maT mier daarsebuli<br />
ufro `iaffasiani~ iuridiuli piris importis SesaZlebloba. problemis<br />
arsi SemdegSia: fsevdoucxouri kompaniebis (pseudo foreign companies) damaarseblebis<br />
mTavari mizania, rom ucxoeTSi ufro martivi proceduriT daarsebuli kompaniiT<br />
warsdgnen sakuTari qveynis Sida bazarze da gverdi auaron Sida marTlwesrigis sakorporacio<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> SedarebiT mkacr normebs, romlebic safrTxes uqmnian nacionalur<br />
brunvas. adgilsamyoflis Teoriis funqcia ki mTeli am konstruqciis CaSlis<br />
mcdelobaa. Tu ucxour kompanias Sida samarTali ar aRiarebs, mis daarsebas praqtikulad<br />
azri ekargeba, miT umetes, Tu mis damfuZneblebs misi meSveobiT samewarmeo<br />
saqmianobis ganxorcieleba samSobloSi surdaT. amrigad, adgilsamyoflis Teoria<br />
destruqciuli Teoriaa. 12<br />
b. adgilsamyoflis modificirebuli Teoria (modifizierte Sitztheorie)<br />
adgilsamyoflis tradiciuli Teoriis es samarTlebrivi Sedegi, kerZod, ucxoeTSi<br />
daarsebuli iuridiuli pirebis generaluri da upirobo araRiareba, droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
Teoretikosebis mxridan mzardi kritikis sagani gaxda. 13 es kritika samar-<br />
Tliania. adgilsamyoflis Teorias aqvs udidesi funqciuri deficiti, rac ara misi<br />
dogmaturi, aramed pragmatuli sisustiT aris ganpirobebuli. pirvel rigSi, es Teoria<br />
ver aRwevs Tavis mizans: is ver icavs samarTlebriv brunvas. kreditors waerTva<br />
mis winaSe pasuxismgebeli piri. 14 mas gauZnelda sakuTari interesis dacva. warmovidginoT<br />
aseTi SemTxveva: holandiuri kompania afuZnebs germaniaSi faqtobriv domicils<br />
da iwyebs iq operatiul saqmianobas. is Sedis kontaqtSi ekonomikuri brunvis<br />
subieqtebTan da xdeba germaneli kreditoris movale. kreditorTan xelSekrulebis<br />
pirobebis darRvevis gamo logikurad unda dadges am kompaniis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi adgilsamyoflis Teoria kuriozul Sedegs iwvevs: germaneli<br />
kreditori mis winaaRmdeg germaniaSi sarCels ver aRZravs im ubralo mizezis gamo,<br />
rom misi movale holandiuri kompaniis uflebaunarianoba da, Sesabamisad, misi saproceso<br />
uflebaunarianoba germaniaSi aRiarebuli ar aris. is ver gaxdeba davis mxare. samarTlebrivi<br />
devnis ganxorcielebis saSualeba kreditors waerTva TiTqos misive<br />
dacvis motiviT.<br />
meore mxriv, ucxouri iuridiuli piris generalur-abstraqtuli araRiareba evrokavSiris<br />
wevri saxelmwifoebis mier aSkara SeusabamobaSi movida evropul samar-<br />
TalTan, romelic meTodurad rangiT maRla dgas wevri saxelmwifoebis Sida samar-<br />
Talze. 15<br />
12 Behrens, IPRax 2003, 193, 194; Soergel/Kegel, Bd.10 Art. IntGesR, Art. 10 Anh. 2, Rn. 4<br />
13 Behrens, RabelsZ 52 (1988), 498ff; ders. IPRax. 2003, 193 ff; Eidenmüller/Rehm, ZGR 1997, 89ff.; Knobbe-<br />
Kuek, ZHR 154 (1990), 325 ff; Kötz, GmbHR 1965, 69 f.; Sandrock, RabelsZ 42(1978), 227 ff.<br />
14 Knobbe-Kuek, ZHR 154 (1990), 325, 337.<br />
15 amaze dawvrilebiT qvemoT iqneba saubari.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
literaturaSi gamoTqmuli kritikis Sedegad germaniis federalurma umaRlesma<br />
sasamarTlom Secvala aTwleulebis manZilze daculi midgoma da moaxdina adgilsamyoflis<br />
Teoriis modernizeba. saqme exeboda kunZul jersize daarsebul portugaliur<br />
kompanias, romelmac faqtobrivi domicili germaniaSi gadaitana. germaniis federalurma<br />
umaRlesma sasamarTlom es kompania aRiara uflebaunarian gaerTianebad,<br />
magram ara ucxouri <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT daarsebul kompaniad, aramed germanul personalur<br />
sazogadoebad. 16 germaniaSi personalur sazogadoebebs iuridiuli pirebisgan<br />
mijnaven. iuridiul pirebad miiCneva korporaciebi, xolo personalur sazogadoebebad<br />
— gaerTianebebi, romelTa partniorebi kreditoris winaSe piradad, SeuzRudavad,<br />
mTeli Tavisi qonebiT da solidarulad ageben pasuxs. aseTad iTvleba samoqalaqo<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong>, Ria savaWro da komandituri sazogadoeba. amrigad, ucxouri korporaciuli<br />
saxis iuridiuli pirebi, germaniaSi faqtobrivi domicilis dafuZnebis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, kanonis ZaliT, avtomaturad miCneulni iqnebodnen germanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
personalur sazogadoebebad (GbR, OHG, KG). 17<br />
aseTi gadawyveta ar iyo dogmaturad susti, radgan germanuli samarTali Numerus<br />
Clausus principis mimdevaria, romlis mixedviTac, damfuZneblis dispoziciaSi mxolod<br />
is gaerTianebebi dgas, romelTac kanoni aRiarebs. kanonis gareT gansxvavebuli<br />
samarTlebrivi formis mofiqreba damfuZnebels ar SeuZlia. gamomdinare iqidan, rom<br />
korporaciebis warmoSobas germanuli samarTali savaWro reestrSi registraciis<br />
konstituciur faqts ukavSirebs, xolo personaluri sazogadoebebis warmoSobis-<br />
Tvis registracia savaldebulo ar aris, 18 germaniis federalurma umaRlesma sasamar-<br />
Tlom miagno Semdeg gamosavals: man ucxouri korporacia aRiara germanuli samar-<br />
Tlis personalur gaerTianebad, qarTuli klasificirebis moSveliebiT, ucxouri Sps<br />
sakuTari <strong>samarTlis</strong> solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebad gadaakvalificira.<br />
amgvari `metamorfoziT~ germaniis uzenaesma sasamarTlom TiTqosda Cixidan gamosavals<br />
miagno da e.w. fsevdoucxouri kompaniebis samarTalsubieqturobis aRiarebis<br />
sakiTxi gadawyvita. 19 adgilsamyoflis Teoria prevenciuli, politikuri programidan<br />
namdvil samarTlebriv danawesad, namdvil koliziur normad gardaisaxa. 20<br />
16 BGH, WM 2002, 1929.<br />
17 Staudinger/Großfeld, Int. Gesellschaftsrecht, 13. Aufl., 1998, Rn. 440.<br />
18 samoqalaqo <strong>samarTlis</strong> gaerTianebis (GbR) uflebaunarian gaerTianebad warmoSobisaTvis<br />
registracia saWiro ar aris. rac Seexeba samewarmeo personalur sazogadoebas,<br />
Ria savaWro sazogadoebas (OHG), misi warmoSobisTvis registraciis winapirobis dacva im<br />
SemTxvevaSia savaldebulo, Tu is registraciamde faqtobrivad samewarmeo saqmianobas ar<br />
eweva, anu mesame pirebTan urTierTobaSi Ria savaWro sazogadoebis namdvilobis ori<br />
fakultatiuri winapiroba arsebobs: 1. is unda daregistrirdes savaWro reestrSi an 2. mas<br />
registraciamde samewarmeo saqmianoba dawyebuli unda hqondes. ix. Kübler/Assmann, Gesellschaftsrecht,<br />
6. Aufl., 2006, § 7 I 71.<br />
19 Leible/Hoffmann, DB 2002, 2203, 2204.<br />
20 Behrens, IPRax 2003, 193, 199.<br />
143
144<br />
a. qiria, iuridiuli piris dafuZnebis Tavisufleba evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT da<br />
germaniis saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali<br />
g. adgilsamyoflis Teoriis kritika<br />
sruliad gamarTlebuli da aqceptirebadi brunvis damcavi funqciis garda, adgilsamyoflis<br />
Teoriam evropul marTlwesrigebs bevri veraferi SesTavaza. man ufro<br />
meti problema wamoWra, vidre gadaWra. upirveles yovlisa, es Teoria evropaSi sawarmoTa<br />
transnacionalur mobilobas uSlis xels. 21 globaluri ekonomikuri aqtivobis<br />
zrdasTan erTad, sul ufro da ufro mcirdeba proteqcionistuli Teoriebis damajerebloba<br />
da funqcia. ekonomikuri globalizaciis fenomeni da evropuli Sida bazari,<br />
rogorc misi erT-erTi gamovlineba, moiTxovs ekonomikuri brunvis monawileebisgan<br />
struqturuli gadawyvetilebis miRebas sawarmos aqtivobis sivrcobrivi arealis<br />
gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT. msgavsi saxis gadawyvetilebebi ara samarTlebriv,<br />
aramed ekonomikur xasiaTs atarebs. misi gadawyveta menejments sawarmos ganviTarebis<br />
grZelvadiani strategiuli gegmis SesamuSaveblad esaWiroeba. ekonomikuri <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
funqciaa, xeli Seuwyos msgavsi racionaluri gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da<br />
implementaciis gaiolebas. adgilsamyoflis Teoria ki piriqiT, xels uSlis yovelive<br />
amas, radgan misi mizania, sawarmo mSobliuri marTlwesrigis sazRvrebSi Caketos. rac<br />
Seexeba adgilsamyoflis modificirebul Teorias, is, miuxedavad misi SedarebiT<br />
progresuli xasiaTisa, imave funqcias asrulebs, rasac tradiciuli adgilsamyoflis<br />
Teoria. es Teoria Semosuli iuridiuli piris damfuZneblebs sjis ipso iure imiT, rom<br />
maT akisrebs pirad da solidarul pasuxismgeblobas sazogadoebis valebisTvis,<br />
cvlis kompaniis Tavdapirvel iuridiul konturebs da personalur sazogadoebad ma-<br />
Ti gardaqmniT damfuZnebelTa kerZo avtonomias absoluturad ugulebelyofs. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi kompaniis damfuZnebelTa mier misaRebi Zireuli gadawyvetileba, Tu ra<br />
saxis sazogadoeba unda Seqmnan da SeizRudon Tu ara piradi pasuxismgebloba, maT<br />
nacvlad germaniis federalurma umaRlesma sasamarTlom miiRo. 22 yovelive es sanqcias<br />
ufro waagavs, vidre konstruqciul nabijs. damfuZnebeli, romelmac icis, rom sxva<br />
saxelmwifoSi misi damkvidreba mis SeuzRudav pirad pasuxismgeblobas gamoiwvevs da<br />
aseve, Semosvlis Semdeg integraciisa da damxvedr samarTalTan morgebis xarjebi daawveba<br />
kisrad, saerTod uars ityvis am nabijze. 23 miT ufro, rom ucxoeTSi ufro xelsayreli<br />
samarTlebrivi formis dafuZnebis ofciiT ZiriTadad mcirekapitaliani,<br />
damwyebi mewarmeeebi sargebloben. amave dros, gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes mcire wilis<br />
mflobeli partniorebis interesebic, romlebmac mxari ar dauWires domicilis<br />
sxva qveyanaSi gadatanas. umravlesobis gadawyvetileba maT mZime viTarebaSi Caagdebs,<br />
radgan solidaruli pasuxismgebloba sruli moculobiT, maTi nebis sawinaaRmdegod,<br />
maTzec gavrceldeba.<br />
praqtikuli gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze did problemas qmnis adgilsamyoflis<br />
Teoria. xSirad Znelia erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvro, Tu sad mdebareobs kompa-<br />
21 Behrens, ZGR 1994, 1.<br />
22 Behrens, UPRax 2003, 193, 200.<br />
23 W.-H. Roth, IPRax 2003, 117, 123.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
niis mmarTvelobis faqtobrivi adgilsamyofeli. 24 magaliTad, germanuli kompania daimlerisa<br />
da amerikuli kompania kraisleris Serwymis Semdeg, cnobilia, rom maTi<br />
mmarTveli direqtorebi erTmaneTs niu-iorkSi xvdebodnen xolme mimdinare sakiTxebis<br />
gadasawyvetad. kompanias orive qveyanaSi hqonda faqtobrivi domicili. adgilsamyoflis<br />
Teoria erTmniSvnelovnad ver adgens transnacionaluri kompaniebis mimarT<br />
gamosayenebel samarTals da nergavs samarTlebrivi qaosis sindroms.<br />
d. dafuZnebis Teoria (Gründungstheorie)<br />
dafuZnebis (inkorporaciis) Teoria iuridiuli piris personalur statuts gansazRvravs<br />
wesdebiT gansazRvruli domicilis mixedviT: iuridiuli piri, romelic<br />
faqtobriv adgilsamyofels gadaitans sxva qveyanaSi, eqvemdebareba im qveynis samar-<br />
Tals, sadac is dafuZnda, anu daregistrirda. 25 adgilsamyoflis Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
am SemTxvevaSi ar xdeba `emigrirebuli~ iuridiuli piris statutis Secvla da<br />
masze yvelgan, sadac ar unda moRvaweobdes is operatiulad, vrceldeba `mSobliuri~<br />
samarTali. uflebaunarianobis CamorTmeva an sxvagvari sanqcia mimRebi saxelmwifos<br />
mier mas ar daemuqreba. 26 realurad, es imas niSnavs, rom damfuZneblebs SeuZliaT,<br />
airCion maTTvis yvelaze misaRebi marTlwesrigi, daafuZnon maTTvis sasurveli samarTlebrivi<br />
forma am marTlwesrigis mixedviT da realuri adgilsamyofeli gadaitanon<br />
maTTvis sasurvel qveyanaSi.<br />
dafuZnebis Teoriis upiratesoba adgilsamyoflis TeoriasTan SedarebiT SeuZlebelia<br />
ar iqnes danaxuli. pirvel rigSi, am Teoriis pirobebSi advilia iuridiuli<br />
piris personaluri statuti ganisazRvros. 27 misi dafuZnebis adgilis garkveva saregistracio<br />
dokumentebidan did sirTules ar warmoadgens, vidre imis dadgena, Tu<br />
romeli qveynidan imarTeba korporacia efeqturad. 28 es mibma samarTlebrivad ufro<br />
stabiluri da transparentulia.<br />
dafuZnebis Teoriis Semdegi upiratesoba <strong>samarTlis</strong> ekonomikur analizs ukav-<br />
Sirdeba. korporaciis xelmZRvanelobis adgilsamyoflis gadatana sazRvargareT aiolebs<br />
ekonomikur brunvas da moqnils xdis sawarmoTa gadaadgilebas. 29 menejmentis<br />
mier Sesabamisi strategiuli gadawyvetilebis miReba sawarmos transnacionaluri aqtivobis<br />
Sesaxeb am Teoriis pirobebSi gacilebiT advili xdeba. amasTan, izrdeba konkurencia<br />
nacionalur kanonmdeblobebs Soris. samarTlebrivi reJimebi, romlebic ma-<br />
Rali proteqcionistuli safuZvlebiT gamoirCevian, iZulebulni xdebian, dafuZnebis<br />
Teoriis Sedegebis SiSiT, Secvalon sakanonmdeblo politika da gaaTanabron<br />
standartebi im saxelmwifoebTan, romelTa samarTlebrivi formebis moTxovna bazar-<br />
24<br />
Zimmer, Internationales Gesellschaftsrecht im 21. Jahrhundert, in: FS Lutter, 2000, S. 236; ders.<br />
Internationales Gesellschaftsrecht, 1996, 233ff; W.-H. Roth, IPRax 2003, 117,123.<br />
25<br />
Kropholler, Internationales Privatrecht, 2006, 575.<br />
26<br />
Bayer, BB 2003, 2357, 2358.<br />
27<br />
Bayer, BB 2003, 2357, 2358.<br />
28<br />
Knobbe-Kuek, ZHR 154 (1990), 325, 355; Lieder/Kliebisch, BB 2009, 338, 341.<br />
29 Lieder/Kliebisch, BB 2009, 338, 341.<br />
145
146<br />
a. qiria, iuridiuli piris dafuZnebis Tavisufleba evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT da<br />
germaniis saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali<br />
ze gacilebiT maRalia. 30 am SemTxvevaSi <strong>samarTlis</strong> gaTanabreba sxvadasxva marTlwesrigebs<br />
Soris forsirebulia ara saerTaSoriso iuridiuli aqtebiT, rasac grZelvadiani<br />
Zalisxmeva sWirdeba, aramed konkurenciis cnobili ekonomikuri efeqtiT: rac<br />
ufro uxarisxoa produqti, am SemTxvevaSi organizaciuli forma, miT ufro dabalia<br />
mis mimarT moTxovna bazarze da, Sesabamisad, miT ufro metia moTxovna konkurentis<br />
produqtze, anu am SemTxvevaSi ucxour kompaniaze. es martivi daskvna arcTu ise uproblemoa,<br />
Tu igi samarTlebriv sibrtyeze iqneba gadatanili. dafuZnebis Teoriis<br />
naklic swored is aris, rom man SeiZleba “race to the bottom”-sindromi gaaZlieros. 31 xarisxobrivad<br />
samarTlebrivi standartebis gauareseba, anu yvelaze dabali moTxovnebis<br />
Semcveli <strong>samarTlis</strong>ken swrafva, romelic, aseve, evropaSi `delaveruli efeqtis~<br />
saxeliT aris cnobili, asustebs sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> dacviT funqcias. Sedegad,<br />
sazogadoebis samarTliani interesebi dazaraldeba: iuridiuli piris kreditorTa<br />
da umciresobaSi myofi partniorebis uflebebi. 32 garda amisa, iqmneba sxva safrTxec:<br />
dafuZnebis Teoria aiolebs sakuTari qveynis sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebisTvis<br />
gverdis avlas. 33 msgavsi fenomenis saSiSroeba awuxebs pirvel rigSi germanias,<br />
romlis sakorporacio samarTals evropaSi erT-erTi yvelaze mkacri da garTulebuli<br />
regulaciis reputacia aqvs. germanuli sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> tradiciuli<br />
amocanaa sazogadoebis interesTa dacva partniorTa mier SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
borotad gamoyenebisgan. Sps-is dafuZneba kanoniT dadgenili sawesdebo kapitalis<br />
da am kapitalis realurad dadebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. amas emateba sazogadoebis<br />
finansebis ganawilebis mkacri normireba da iuridiuli piris muSa-mosamsaxure-<br />
Ta interesebis dacvis gansakuTrebuli sistema (Arbeitnehmermitbestimmung). am mkacri<br />
danawesebisTvis gverdis avlis SesaZleblobas ki dafuZnebis Teoria uzrunvelyofs.<br />
amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom germaniaSi dafuZnebis Teorias Zlieri winaaRmdegoba Sexvda.<br />
araseriozuli da finansurad susti damfuZnebeli, ucxouri samarTlebrivi<br />
formis Semotanis gziT, yovelTvis cdilobs am xist germanul normebs gverdi auaros.<br />
34<br />
2.3. damakavSirebeli Teoriebi germaniaSi (Die vermittelnde Lehren)<br />
saerTaSoriso kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> germanelma Teoretikosebma scades gaeneitralebinaT<br />
orive ZiriTadi Teoriis xarvezebi. am mizniT Seiqmna mravali Teoria, romelTagan<br />
ramdenime mniSvnelovania gamosarCevi. am Teoriebs saerTo erTi ram aqvT:<br />
isini cdiloben, ipovon kompromisuli amoxsna da daakavSiron erTmaneTTan adgilsamyoflis<br />
da dafuZnebis Teoriis Zlieri mxareebi. amitomac maT, garkveulwilad, Sualeduri<br />
Teoriebic SeiZleba ewodoT.<br />
30 Kieninger, ZGR 1999, 724, 748.<br />
31 BGH, GmbHR 2000, 715.<br />
32 Schön, ZHR 160 (1996), 221, 234f.<br />
33 MünchKommBGB/Kindler, Bd. 11, IntGesR, Rn. 349, 352; Sandrock, RabelsZ 42 (1978), 227, 257.<br />
34 Hoffmann/Thorn, Internationales Privatrecht, 9 Aufl., 2007, S. 288, Rn. 24; Zimmer, FS Lutter, 2000, 232.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
a. grasmanis diferencirebis Teoria (Differenzierungstheorie)<br />
Tavis TeoriaSi grasmani 35 gamodis Tezisidan, rom iuridiuli pirebis personaluri<br />
statuti ar aris aucilebeli erTianad iqnes moazrebuli da SesaZlebelia er-<br />
Tiani mibmis nacvlad diferencirebuli mibma ganxorcieldes. is erTmaneTisagan mijnavs<br />
iuridiuli piris Sida da gare urTierTobas. korporaciis mimarT gamosayenebeli<br />
samarTalic swored am gayofis Sedegad unda ganisazRvros. Tu saqme exeba sazogadoebis<br />
Sida urTierTobas, anu, erTi mxriv, partniorTa Soris da, meore mxriv, partniorsa<br />
da TviTon iuridiul pirs Soris urTierTobas, am sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad<br />
dafuZnebis qveynis samarTalma unda imoqmedos. rodesac saqme iuridiuli piris mesame<br />
pirebTan, kreditorebTan, saxelmwifosTan da a.S. urTierTobas exeba, am nawilSi<br />
moqmedebs im qveynis samarTali, sadac es mesame pirebi imyofebian, anu iuridiuli piris<br />
realuri adgilsamyofeli qveynis samarTali. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi adgilsamyoflis<br />
samarTlze mibma samarTlebrivi brunvis monawileTa interesebis dacviT<br />
aris gamarTlebuli. 36<br />
grasmanis Teoria samarTlianad iqna uaryofili. misi dogmaturi dasabuTeba did<br />
eWvs iwvevs. es Teoria ugulebelyofs saerTaSoriso kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> erT-erT fu-<br />
Zemdeblur princips, romelic erTiani mibmis aucileblobiT gamoixateba. nacvlad<br />
amisa, grasmani cdilobs, gaxliCos erTiani statuti da xelovnurad daacilos erTmaneTs<br />
sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> funqciuri erTianoba. igi erTsa da imave subieqts uqvemdebarebs<br />
or samarTlebriv sivrces, rac, saboloo jamSi, sxvas arafers gamoiwvevs,<br />
Tu ara samarTlebriv gaurkvevlobasa da normaTa qaoss. 37<br />
b. sandrokis Canacvlebis Teoria (Überlagerungstheorie)<br />
sandroki, grasmanis msgavsad, iuridiuli piris personaluri statutis gayofas<br />
uWers mxars. 38 sandroks unda, rom ucxouri iuridiuli piris uflebaunarianoba avtomaturad<br />
ise iqnes aRiarebuli, rogorc amas misi dafuZnebis samarTali gansazRvravs.<br />
amave dros, is acalkevebs iuridiuli piris uflebaunarianobas personaluri<br />
statutis danarCeni elementebisgan da cdilobs, kompaniis mesame pirebTan urTier-<br />
Tobis regulireba adgilsamyofeli qveynis samarTals dauqvemdebaros, magram mxolod<br />
gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, kerZod, maSin, rodesac kreditoris mniSvnelovani ker-<br />
ZosamarTlebrivi interesebis dacva sxva gziT SeuZlebelia da dafuZnebis samarTalze<br />
personaluri statutis erTiani mibma mesame pirebisTvis mniSvnelovan zians gamoiwvevs.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi faqtobrivi adgilsamyoflis sakorporacio samarTali Caanacvlebs<br />
dafuZnebis samarTals.<br />
35 Grasmann, System des internationalen Gesellschaftsrechts, 1971, 343 ff.<br />
36 Grasmann, Rn. 979.<br />
37 Staudinger/Großfeld, IntGesR, Rn. 64.<br />
38 Sandrock, RabelsZ 42 (1978), 227 ff.<br />
147
148<br />
a. qiria, iuridiuli piris dafuZnebis Tavisufleba evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT da<br />
germaniis saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali<br />
evropis uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikam sandroks daanaxa sakuTari Teoriis evropul<br />
samarTalTan SeuTavsebloba da is Seecada sakuTari Teoriis modificirebas,<br />
ris Sedegadac mivida daskvnamde, rom Zalian mcirea, an praqtikulad, TiTqmis, ar arsebobs<br />
regulirebis sfero, sadac dafuZnebis <strong>samarTlis</strong> Canacvlebas adgilsamyoflis<br />
samarTali SeZlebs. 39<br />
saboloo jamSi, sandrokis Teorias aqvs iseTive xarvezebi, rogoric grasmanis<br />
diferencirebis Teorias aRmoaCnda. sandrokis amosavali wertilic statutis diferencirebaa,<br />
rac aseve normaTa qaoss ganapirobebs.<br />
g. berensis dafuZnebis SezRuduli Teoria<br />
(Die eingeschränkte Gründungstheorie)<br />
berensis Teoriis 40 mixedviT, iuridiuli piri, ZiriTadad, eqvemdebareba im qveynis<br />
samarTals, sadac is dafuZnda. koliziur-samarTlebrivi principi, romelic er-<br />
Tian mibmas iTvaliswinebs, dacul unda iqnes da, Sesabamisad, personaluri statutis<br />
calkeuli elementebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna SeuZlebelia, magram, amasTanave, arsebobs<br />
kompaniis realuri domicilis saxelmwifoSi samarTlebrivi dacvis Rirsi socialuri<br />
interesi, romelTa realizebac aucilebelia. berensi samarTlebriv normaTa<br />
sam jgufs ganasxvavebs: 1. adgilsamyofeli qveynis samewarmeo brunvis <strong>samarTlis</strong> damcavi<br />
normebi iuridiuli piris statutis miRma (deliqturi samarTali, gakotrebis<br />
samarTali, sisxlis samarTali), romlebic damoukidebelia iuridiuli piris personaluri<br />
statutisgan da gamoiyeneba saxelmwifoSi rogorc sakuTari moqalaqeebis,<br />
aseve droebiT mcxovrebi ucxoeli moqalaqeebis mimarT, anu faravs personebze gavrcelebis<br />
universalur areals da konkretuli qveynis sajaro wesrigis nawilia; 2. adgilsamyofeli<br />
qveynis sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebi; 3. saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi,<br />
brunvis damcavi imperatiuli normebi.<br />
dafuZnebis Teoriis berensiseuli modeli damajerebelia winamorbedi Teoriebisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT. is iTvaliswinebs rogorc saerTaSoriso kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> dogmatikas,<br />
aseve, evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> moTxovnebs da, rac mTavaria, kompaniasTan urTier-<br />
TobaSi myofi socialuri jgufebis dacviT interesebs.<br />
d. cimeris kombinaciis Teoria (Kombinationslehre)<br />
damakavSirebeli Teoriebidan yvelaze axalgazrda cimeris kombinaciis moZRvrebaa.<br />
cimeri postulirebs, rom damfuZnebelTa kerZo avtonomia ar SeiZleba usazRvro<br />
iyos. 41 sakorporacio samarTalSi mxareTa kerZo avtonomia ufro metad saWiroebs<br />
SezRudvas, vidre saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi. saxelSekrulebo <strong>samarTlis</strong> SemTxve-<br />
39 Sandrock, ZvglRWiss 102 (2003), 447 ff.<br />
40 Behrens, RabelsZ 42 (1988), 498 ff.; ders., ZGR 1994, 1 ff.; IPRax 2003, 193 ff.<br />
41 Zimmer, Internationales Gesellschaftsrecht, 1996, 220.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
vaSi, zogadad, mxareebs momavali xelSekrulebis pirobebis dasadgenad Tanabari Zalaufleba<br />
gaaCniaT da erT mxares SeuZlia xelSekrulebis pirobebi ar miiRos an meore<br />
mxares, am ukanasknelis nebis Sesabamisad, misTvis ufro misaRebi pirobebi „dastyuos“.<br />
saqme horizontalur paritetTan gvaqvs, romelic harmoniulad funqcionirebs<br />
manam, sanam Tanabari Zalis mqone mxareebidan erT-erTi ar daarRvevs xelSekrulebas.<br />
42<br />
sakorporacio samarTalSi ki sxva suraTi iqmneba. marTalia, dafuZnebis periodSi<br />
mxareTa Zalaufleba gawonasworebulia, magram problemebi mcire mowileebis dacvas-<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT droTa ganmavlobaSi gardauvali xdeba. partniorTa krebaze sityva<br />
mxolod umravlesobas eTqmis. is, vinc absolutur umravlesobas flobs, aris iuridiuli<br />
piris faqtobrivi mesakuTre. man ki SesaZlebelia, mcire mowileTa uflebebi<br />
srulad ugulebelyos. umravlesoba iRebs kompaniis yvela struqturul da principul<br />
gadawyvetilebas. aq ukve dgeba umciresobis dacvis sakiTxi da aqve unda damTavrdes<br />
mxareTa kerZo avtonomiac. meore mxriv, dacvas saWiroeben kompaniis miRma myofi<br />
pirebi, romlebic masTan mxolod ekonomikurad arian dakavSirebulebi. erT-erTi<br />
aseTi outsider kreditoria. misi finansuri interesebi movale kompaniis menejmentzea<br />
damokidebuli, magram, ZiriTadad, is, rogorc gareSe piri, kompaniis marTvaSi ver<br />
ereva. amitom mas sxvaze metad esaWiroeba dacviTi garantiebi. 43<br />
am mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, cimers ucxouri iuridiuli piris aRiarebis saintereso<br />
gadawyveta aqvs SemoTavazebuli. misi Teoriis mixedviT, iuridiuli piris<br />
damfuZneblebs, transnacionaluri aqtivobis SemTxvevaSi, unda mieceT <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
arCevis ufleba, rogorc amas adgili aqvs saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo samarTal-<br />
Si. 44 Tumca, es unda moxdes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qveyanaSi Semosuli iuridiuli<br />
piri fsevdoucxouri korporacia ar aris, anu mas unda gaaCndes realuri ekonomikuri<br />
da samarTlebrivi kavSiri dafuZnebis qveyanasTan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mis mimarT<br />
sruli moculobiT unda iqnes gamoyenebuli realuri adgilsamyoflis samarTali<br />
da ar mieces <strong>samarTlis</strong> arCevis saSualeba saerTaSoriso-saxelSekrulebo samar-<br />
Tlis analogiiT. 45<br />
2.4. Sualeduri daskvna<br />
saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali svams kiTxvebs, romlebzec pasuxis gacema<br />
calke aRebuli erTi romelime Teoriis farglebSi savsebiT SeuZlebelia. yvela<br />
warmodgenil Teorias susti mxareebic axasiaTebs. Tumca, yvelaze dasabuTebulia dafuZnebisa<br />
da mis bazaze Seqmnili berensis modificirebuli Teoria. dafuZnebis Teoria<br />
ar iwvevs iuridiuli logikis rRvevas da iTvaliswinebs mxareTa kerZo avtonomiis<br />
princips. amave dros is gamoimuSavebs samarTlebrivad stabilur mibmas, radgan da-<br />
42 igive mosazreba ix. Kaulen, IPRax 2008, 389, 393.<br />
43 Zimmer, FS Lutter, 2000, 232.<br />
44 Zimmer, Internationales Gesellschaftsrecht, 223.<br />
45 iqve, 226.<br />
149
150<br />
a. qiria, iuridiuli piris dafuZnebis Tavisufleba evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT da<br />
germaniis saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali<br />
fuZnebis qveynis dadgena araviTar sirTulesTan ar aris dakavSirebuli, gansxvavebiT<br />
misi mmarTvelobis realuri adgilsamyoflis garkvevisagan. es ukanaskneli zog Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi amouxsneli amocanaa.<br />
qvemoT saerTaSoriso sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> mimarT evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
moTxovnebi gaSuqdeba. Sesabamisad, iqneba mcdeloba gairkves, Tu praqtikulad romeli<br />
Teoriis aRiarebas miiCnevs evropuli samarTali upiratesad.<br />
3. evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> ZiriTadi Tavisufleba — iuridiuli piris<br />
dafuZnebis Tavisufleba (Niederlassungsfreiheit)<br />
evrokavSiris ZiriTadi ekonomikuri idea realurad funqcionirebad saerTo Sida<br />
bazris Seqmnas isaxavs miznad. am ideis ganxorcieleba uzrunvelyofilia pirveladi<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong>, kerZod, evrogaerTianebis xelSekrulebiT ganmtkicebuli ZiriTadi<br />
TavisuflebebiT. erT-erTi aseTi evropuli ZiriTadi Tavisuflebaa dafuZnebis Tavisufleba.<br />
dafuZnebis Tavisufleba, muSaxelis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis uflebas-<br />
Tan erTad, evrokavSiris sivrceSi pirebis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis garantias<br />
qmnis. 46 dafuZnebis Tavisuflebas, iseve rogorc evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> sxva ZiriTad<br />
Tavisuflebebs, mniSvnelobas aniWebs wevr saxelmwifoebSi evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> moqmedebis<br />
primatis principi. es niSnavs, rom wevri saxelmwifos yovel moqalaqes SeuZlia,<br />
pirdapir daeyrdnos dafuZnebis Tavisuflebas, 47 rasac ormagi efeqti gaaCnia:<br />
erTi mxriv, evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifos Sesabamis nacionalur danawesebze rangiT<br />
maRla dgas. meore mxriv, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, dafuZnebis Tavisufleba imiTaa<br />
saintereso, rom man SeiZleba nacionalur koliziur normebzec iqonios gavlena.<br />
statiaSi Semowmdeba am ukanaskneli Tezisis siswore da gaanalizdeba dafuZnebis<br />
Tavisuflebis samarTlebrivi Sinaarsi.<br />
3.1 dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis Sinaarsi<br />
evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 43-e muxli evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebSi<br />
dafuZnebul samewarmeo gaerTianebebs, samewarmeo saqmianobis dawyebis, sawarmos<br />
daarsebisa da marTvis mizniT, sxva wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze Tavisufali<br />
gadasvlis uflebas aniWebs. aqedan gamomdinare, normis pirveladi mizanic saerTo<br />
bazris ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofiT vlindeba. 48 lingvisturad martivad gasagebi<br />
normis ukan arcTu ise martivad gadasawyveti samarTlebrivi problema imaleba. 43-e<br />
muxlis samarTlebriv gagebas arTulebs is garemoeba, rom amave normas, Tavisi meore<br />
winadadebiT, TamaSSi Semohyavs evropis SedarebiT „araliberaluri“ marTlwesrigebisaTvis<br />
saxifaTo elementi: 43-e muxlis norma sxva wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze<br />
46<br />
Randelzofer/Forsthoff in: Grabitz/Hilf (Hrsg), das Recht der Europäischen Union, Bd.I, Art. 43, Rd. 2.<br />
47<br />
Frenz, Handbuch Europarecht, 2004, Bd.I, Rn. 1864; Grundmann, Europäisches Gesellschaftsrecht, 2004, 84<br />
Rn. 175.<br />
48<br />
Randelzofer/Forsthof,f in: Grabitz/Hilf (Hrsg), das Recht der Europäischen Union, Bd.I, Art. 43, Rd. 2.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
Tavisufali mewarmeobis uflebas aniWebs ara mxolod fizikur, aramed iuridiul pirebsac.<br />
Tu fizikuri pirebis SemTxvevaSi maT mimarT gamosayenebeli samarTali, Ziri-<br />
Tadad, maT moqalaqeobazea mibmuli da moqalaqeobis dadgena martivi saqmea, 49 sakiTxi<br />
iuridiuli pirebis SemTxvevaSi rTuldeba. iTvleba, rom iuridiul pirs „samSoblo“<br />
ar aqvs. 50 marTalia, is daregistrirebulia garkveul saxelmwifoSi, eniWeba uflebaunarianoba,<br />
magram am saxelmwifos gareT aqtivobis SemTxvevaSi dRis wesrigSi dgeba<br />
ukve kargad nacnobi interesebis dacvis problema, rac imiT aris gamowveuli, rom<br />
mimRebi saxelmwifo SeiZleba bevrad ufro dazaraldes kompaniis SemosvliT, vidre<br />
misi warmomSobi „deda-marTlwesrigi“. „dazaralebaSi“ igulisxmeba ara nacionaluri<br />
ekonomikisTvis zianis miyeneba (radgan Semosuli ucxouri kompania investiciasTan<br />
asocirdeba), aramed im pirebis interesebis dazianeba, romlebic aseT Semosul kompaniasTan<br />
saqmian urTierTobebs amyareben. ismis kiTxva: ram SeiZleba daazaralos Semosuli<br />
ucxouri iuridiuli piris mevale an aseT kompaniaSi dasaqmebuli muSaxeli? pasuxi<br />
martivia: kompaniis araseriozulobam, kapitalis arasakmarisobam, informaciis<br />
asimetriulobam, rac kompaniis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis aragamWvirvalobaSi SeiZleba<br />
gamoixatos. aseve sxva faqtorebmac, romlebic korporaciuli struqturis TaviseburebebSi<br />
vlindeba. Semdegi logikuri kiTxva: ra upiratesoba SeiZleba hqondes,<br />
magaliTad, germanul kompanias Semosul ucxour kompaniasTan SedarebiT? pasuxi ase-<br />
Tia: sakuTari qveynis kompaniis meti da moqnili kontroli saxelmwifos mxridan.<br />
msgavsi Sedegi SeiZleba gamoiwvios nacionaluri sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> ucxour<br />
kompaniaze gauvrceleblobam. amitom unda gairkves, Tu romeli qveynis sakorporacio<br />
samarTali aregulirebs ucxouri kompaniis samarTlebriv urTierTobebs: iuridiuli<br />
piris daarsebis Tu misi faqtobrivi domicilis.<br />
evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis arc 43-e da arc 48-e muxli am kiTxvaze<br />
pirdapir pasuxs ar iZleva. normis bundovaneba ki spekulaciis saSualebas iZleva, rasac<br />
Tvisobrivad adgili hqonda kidec evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi. adgilsamyoflis<br />
Teoriis mimdevari saxelmwifoebi (germania, safrangeTi, avstria, italia, belgia)<br />
normas ganmartavdnen sakuTari preferenciebis Sesabamisad da Semosul iuridiul pirebs<br />
TavianT samarTals uqvemdebarebdnen, rac mimReb saxelmwifoSi kompaniebis xelaxal<br />
daarsebas niSnavda. Tavis mxriv, dafuZnebis Teoriis tradiciuli mimdevrebi<br />
(inglisi, holandia, skandinaviuri qveynebi) azrs ar icvlidnen da Semosul kompaniebs<br />
ucxour kompaniebad ganixilavdnen, romlebic maTi damaregistrirebeli qveynis <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
mixedviT dafuZndnen da arseboben. 51<br />
ras iTvaliswinebs evropuli gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 43-e da 48-e muxlebi?<br />
erTi SexedviT, mxolod imas, rom iuridiul pirs SeuZlia gadavides sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi<br />
da ganaxorcielos iq samewarmeo saqmianoba filialis, saagentos an Svilobili<br />
kompaniis daarsebis gziT. misi es ufleba ki damokidebulia ori winapirobis Sesrulebaze:<br />
pirveli, iuridiuli piri unda iyos namdvilad dafuZnebuli evrokavSiris<br />
49<br />
Randelzhofer/Forsthoff, in: Grabitz/Hilf(Hrsg.), das Recht des Europäischen Union, Art. 48 Rn. 9.<br />
50<br />
Kegel/Schurig, Internationales Pirvatrecht, 2004, 45.<br />
51<br />
ix. komparativistuli mimoxilva: Staudinger/Großfeld, Internationales Gesellschaftsrecht, Rn. 153-159.<br />
151
152<br />
a. qiria, iuridiuli piris dafuZnebis Tavisufleba evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT da<br />
germaniis saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali<br />
erT-erTi wevri saxelmwifos <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT, da meore, mas unda hqondes wesdebiT<br />
gansazRvruli iuridiuli misamarTi, mmarTvelobis adgilsamyofeli an ZiriTadi<br />
adgilsamyofeli evrogaerTianebis sazRvrebs SigniT. 52 am winapirobebis wamoyenebis<br />
azri ki isaa, rom evropel kanonmdebels surs, gaiadvilos kompaniis evrokavSiris romelime<br />
saxelmwifosadmi mikuTvnebis dadgena, iseve rogorc fizikuri piris moqalaqeobis<br />
instituti moqalaqis konkretuli saxelmwifosadmi mikuTvnebis gansazRvras<br />
isaxavs miznad. 53<br />
sxva, ufro Sors mimavali daskvnebis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas am normebis gramatikuli<br />
analizi ar uzrunvelyofs, rac dakavSirebuli iyo Tavis droze evropuli gaerTianebis<br />
wevr qveynebSi sakorporacio koliziuri <strong>samarTlis</strong> ganusazRvrelobas-<br />
Tan, sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas: samarTlebriv arastabilurobasTan. Zlevamosili maSvelis<br />
rols aseT SemTxvevebSi evropis uzenaesi sasamarTlo itvirTebs xolme. amjeradac<br />
ase moxda. misma praqtikam naTeli mohfina bevr sadavo sakiTxs. saWiroa gaanalizdes<br />
es principuli gadawyvetilebebi qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT. amave dros,<br />
isini Tematurad unda gaimijnos da or jgufad daiyos. pirveli jgufi iuridiuli piris<br />
Semosvlis Tavisuflebas, xolo meore inkorporaciis qveynidan sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi<br />
gasvlis Tavisuflebas exeba.<br />
3.2. evropis uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtika<br />
a) Semosvlis Tavisufleba — “Centros”-idan “Inspire Art”-mde<br />
yinulis lRoba daiwyo evropuli uzenaesi sasamarTlos 1999 wlis gadawyvetilebiT<br />
saqmeze “Centros”. 54 saqmis garemoebaTa mixedviT, danieli col-qmari braidebi gaerTianebul<br />
samefoSi gadavidnen, kerZod, londonSi. iq maT inglisuri SezRuduli<br />
pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba (private limited company) safirmo saxelwodebiT — “Centros”<br />
daaarses, romelic erTi funti sterlingis Rirebulebis kapitaliT aRWurves da<br />
iqve megobris sacxovrebel misamarTze daaregistrires. TviTon ki samSobloSi (daniaSi)<br />
dabrundnen, raTa daarsebuli inglisuri <strong>samarTlis</strong> kompaniis kalTas amofarebulebs<br />
samewarmeo saqmianoba daewyoT. daniis mTavrobisagan braidebma uari miiRes<br />
`centrosis~ daniuri filialis daregistrirebaze im motiviT, rom maT mier kompaniis<br />
inglisSi daarseba miznad isaxavda daniis sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebisaTvis<br />
gverdis avlasa da sawesdebo kapitalis realuri Sevsebis principisTvis Tavis aridebas.<br />
amasTan, daniis mTavrobis eWvs is faqtic aZlierebda, rom `centross~ Tavisi biznesaqtivoba<br />
mxolod daniaSi unda gaeSala da daarsebis adgilTan — inglisTan — registraciis<br />
da faqtobrivi misamarTis garda saerTod araferi akavSirebda. sapasuxod,<br />
col-qmari braidebi eyrdnobodnen evropis gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis Sesaba-<br />
52 Randelzhofer/Forsthoff, in: Grabitz/Hilf(Hrsg.), das Recht des Europäischen Union, Art. 48 Rn. 20.<br />
53 EuGH, Urt.v.10.7.1986, 75/85, NJW 1987, 571, Rn. 13. -Segers.<br />
54 EuGH Urt.v. 9.3.1999, NZG 1999, 298 ff.-Centros.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
mis normebs dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb da acxadebdnen, rom evropuli samarTali<br />
maT amis uflebas aZlevda. evropis uzenaesma sasamarTlom, marTlac, daadgina daniis<br />
mxridan dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis SezRudva da Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi ramdenime<br />
sayuradRebo principi Camoayaliba. sasamarTlos azriT, is garemoeba, rom piri<br />
sxva qveynis kompanias im mosazrebiT aarsebs, rom Tavi daiZvrinos sakuTari samar-<br />
Tlis moTxovnebis Sesrulebisagan, ar warmoadgens evropuli samarTliT misTvis miniWebuli<br />
dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis borotad gamoyenebas. ufro metic, dafuZnebis<br />
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebis mizania, erTi wevri saxelmwifos<br />
samarTliT daarsebul kompaniebs ufleba mieceT, rom filialis, saagentos an<br />
Svilobili kompaniis meSveobiT, Tavisuflad imoqmedon sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi. Tumca,<br />
aqve evropis uzenaesma sasamarTlom Cado generaluri daTqma, romlis mixedviTac,<br />
wevr saxelmwifoebs miecaT evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong> borotad gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg Sesabamisi<br />
zomebis gatarebis ufleba, ise, rom es `Sesabamisi zomebi~ ar dakonkretebula.<br />
`centrosma~ germanul iuridiul literaturaSi didi rezonansi gamoiwvia. zogi<br />
avtori ukve alaparakda revoluciur cvlilebaze da adgilsamyoflis Teoriis dasasrulze,<br />
rac SemdgomSi gabatonebul azradac iqca. 55 meore nawilma ki `centrosis~<br />
amgvari mniSvneloba germanuli koliziuri <strong>samarTlis</strong>Tvis sxvadasxva mizezebiT uaryo,<br />
an ukidures SemTxvevaSi mkveTri daskvnebisagan Tavi Seikava. 56 azrTa sxvadasxvaobis<br />
mizezi iyo is, rom evropis uzenaesma sasamarTlom am gadawyvetilebaSi ganixila<br />
mxolod meoreuli dafuZnebis Tavisufleba, anu mxolod filialis gaxsnis Tavisufleba<br />
da ar uxsenebia kompaniis efeqturi mmarTvelobis gadatana. amave dros, is mkafiod<br />
ar gaemijna mis mierve damkvidrebul adrindel praqtikas, 57 romelic kompaniebs<br />
dafuZnebis qveynidan Tavisuflad gasvlis garantias ar aZlevda. Tumca, `centrosis~<br />
saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetilebis paTosi mianiSnebda evropuli dafuZnebis samar-<br />
Tlis ara evoluciaze, aramed revoluciaze, romelic Semdgomi gadawyvetilebebiT<br />
gaxda naTeli.<br />
2002 wels evropis uzenaesma sasamarTlom kidev erTi principuli gadawyvetileba<br />
gamoitana, romelic Überseering-is saqmis saxeliT aris cnobili. 58 saqme holandiur<br />
kompanias exeba. misi damfuZneblebi, romlebic amave dros kompaniis direqtorebic<br />
iyvnen, gadawyveten, kompaniaSi maTi wilebi mTlianad mihyidon diuseldorfSi (germania)<br />
mcxovreb germaniis or moqalaqes. transaqciis Semdeg wesdebaSi Sesabamisi cvlilebebic<br />
ganxorcielda da holandiurma kompania `iuberseeringma~, praqtikulad,<br />
germaniis teritoriaze gadmoinacvla da faqtobrivi adgilsamyofeli diuseldorfSi<br />
Seqmna. `iuberseeringis~ axalma germanelma partniorebma da imavdroulad direqtorebma<br />
samewarmeo saqmianobis farglebSi, kompaniis saxeliT, erT germanul samSeneblo<br />
kompaniasTan nardobis xelSekruleba dades. xelSekruleba menardis mxridan<br />
jerovnad ar Sesrulda. `iuberseeringma~, saTanado Sesrulebis moTxovniT, germa-<br />
55<br />
ix. Behrens, IPRax 1999, 323; Steindorff, JZ 1999, 1140; Freitag, EuZW 1999, 267; Hoefling, DB 1999,<br />
1206; Klinke, ZGR 2002, 163; Sedemund/Hausmann, BB 1999, 810; Kieninger, ZGR 1999, 724.<br />
56<br />
ix. Kindler, NJW 1999, 1993; Goerk, GmbHR 1999, 793; Ebke, JZ 1999, 656.<br />
57<br />
EuGH Urt.v.27.9.1988, NJW 1989, 2186ff- Daily Mail.<br />
58<br />
EuGH Urt. v. 5.11.2002, Rs. C-208/00, NJW 2002,3614ff.-Überseering.<br />
153
154<br />
a. qiria, iuridiuli piris dafuZnebis Tavisufleba evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT da<br />
germaniis saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali<br />
nul sasamarTloSi sarCeli aRZra. sasarCelo gancxadeba warmoebaSi ar iqna miRebuli<br />
im mizeziT, rom `iuberseeringi~, rogorc holandiur kompania, germaniis teritoriaze<br />
ar iyo uflebaunariani da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar hqonda saproceso uflebaunarianobac,<br />
radgan am kompaniis efeqturi mmarTvelobis adgilsamyofeli, holandiis nacvlad,<br />
germaniaSi mdebareobda da iq moqmedi adgilsamyoflis Teoria msgavs kompaniebs<br />
uflebaunarianad ar aRiarebda. evropis uzenaesma sasamarTlom, am SemTxvevaSic,<br />
daadgina germaniis mier evropuli dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis darRveva. sasamarTlom<br />
daadgina, rom iuridiuli piris uflebaunarianobis sakiTxs wyvets ara mimRebi saxelmwifo,<br />
aramed misi daarsebis samarTali. erTxel miniWebuli uflebaunarianoba, Sesabamisad,<br />
am uflebaunarianobis mimniWebeli samarTali, mimRebma saxelwifom upirobod<br />
unda aRiaros, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, amiT igi evrogaerTianebis xelSekrulebis<br />
43-e da 48-e muxlebs daarRvevs. 59<br />
Tu `centrosi~ formalurad meore wevr saxelmwifoSi filialis dafuZnebis uflebas<br />
exeboda, `iuberseeringma~ naTeli mohfina evropis uzenaesi sasamarTlo praqtikis<br />
cvlilebas: mocemul SemTxvevaSi saxezea ara mxolod dafuZnebis meoreuli<br />
(“sekundäre Niederlassungsfreiheit”), aramed aseve misi pirveladi Tavisufleba (“primäre Niederlassungsfreiheit”),<br />
anu iuridiuli piris mmarTvelobis, martivad rom vTqvaT, `saTavo<br />
ofisis~ sxva saxelmwifoSi SeuzRudavad gadatanis ufleba.<br />
mesame da dRemde ukanaskneli gadawyvetileba, romelmac Seqmna evrokavSiris er-<br />
Ti qveynidan meoreSi kompaniis Sesvlis Sesaxeb evropis uzenaesi sasamarTlo praqtikis<br />
funqciuri erTianoba, iyo 2003 wlis gadawyvetileba “Inspire Art”-is saqmeze. 60am SemTxvevaSi ukve holandiis moqalaqem gamoiyena inglisuri company act-is didsulovneba<br />
da inglisuri private limited company daafuZna, raTa is holandiaSi ekonomikuri saqmianobisTvis<br />
gamoeyenebina. saqmis garemoeba aq erTi erTze emTxveva `centrisis~ faqtologias,<br />
Tumca erTi gansxvavebiT: holandiurma sasamarTlom filialis registraciaze<br />
uari ki ar ganacxada, aramed moTxova Inspire Art-is damfuZnebels Sesabamisi firmireba,<br />
anu safirmo saxelwodebisTvis Sesabamisi danamatis — `formalurad ucxouri<br />
kompania~ — damateba da holandiaSi msgavsi kompaniis dafuZnebisTvis saWiro sawesdebo<br />
kapitalis (25 000 evros) realurad Sevseba. evropis uzenaesma sasamarTlom arc aq<br />
miiRo mopasuxe saxelmwifos argumentacia da es moTxovnebi evropuli dafuZnebis<br />
Tavisuflebis SezRudvad daakvalificira.<br />
Tumca, samive am gadawyvetilebaSi evropis uzenaesma sasamarTlom wevr saxelmwifoebs<br />
`saTadarigo gasasvleli~ dautova, romelic, Tu zemoT ganxiluli principebi<br />
iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli, arcTu ise farToa. kerZod, uzenaesma sasamarTlom dafuZnebis<br />
Tavisuflebaze e.w. `gebhardis formula~ 61 ganavrco, romlis mixedviTac, wevri<br />
saxelmwifoebi uflebamosili arian, daicvan Tavi ucxouri kompaniebisagan da daaweson<br />
maT mimarT garkveuli samarTlebrivi brunvis damcavi SezRudvebi, Tu es SezRudvebi<br />
Semdeg oTx kriteriums akmayofilebs: 1. SezRudva ar unda iyos diskriminaciuli<br />
59 EuGH Überseering, NJW 2002, 3614, 3616, Rn. 82.<br />
60 EuGH Urt.v.30.9.2003-Rs. C-167/o1 NJW 2003, 3331ff.-Inspire Art.<br />
61 EuGH, Urt.v.30.11.1995, Rs. C-55/94, Slg. 1995, I-4165, 4197, Tz. 37-Gebhard.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
xasiaTis, anu ar unda ayenebdes ucxour kompanias uaress viTarebaSi, vidre sakuTari<br />
qveynis kompanias; 2. SemzRudavi zomis gatareba unda gamomdinareobdes sazogadoebis<br />
aucilebeli interesebidan; 3. SezRudva unda iyos saTanado, anu vargisi dasaxuli<br />
miznis misaRwevad da 4. is unda iyos aucilebeli zoma da imavdroulad SesabamisobaSi<br />
dasaxul mizanTan (e.w. `oTxi kriteriumis testi~). aqedan gamomdinare, yvela nacionaluri<br />
SezRudva gamarTlebulia, Tu man oTxive kriteriumze dadebiTi pasuxi gasca,<br />
rac praqtikaSi iSviaTad momxdara.<br />
b) gasvlis Tavisufleba — “Daily Mail” da “Cartesio”<br />
evropis uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina ra Semosvlis Tavisuflebis xelSeuvaloba<br />
da mimReb saxelmwifos ucxouri kompaniebis Semosvlis sawinaaRmdego SezRudvebi<br />
aukrZala, medlis meore mxare, yvelasaTvis gasaocrad, ucvleli datova da dafuZnebis<br />
Tavisuflebas ar dauqvemdebara sawinaaRmdego procesi, anu kompaniis gasvla<br />
dafuZnebis qveynidan. amgvari midgoma gamoamJRavna uzenaesma sasamarTlom Soreul,<br />
1987 wels Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi “Daily Mail” 62 , romlis principebic STambeWdavad<br />
daicva 2009 wlis gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze “Cartesio”. 63 pirvel SemTxvevaSi gasvlis<br />
ufleba ar mieca inglisur kompanias, romelic, sagadasaxado samarTlebrivi mizezebis<br />
gamo, cdilobda holandiaSi gasvlas da, meore SemTxvevaSi, ungrul kompanias<br />
aekrZala italiaSi faqtobrivi iuridiuli misamarTis gadatana. orive gadawyvetilebaSi<br />
uzenaesma sasamarTlom msgavs argumentacias mimarTa da ganacxada, rom iuridiuli<br />
piri, rogorc <strong>samarTlis</strong> qmnileba, mWidrod dakavSirebulia deda-marTlwesrig-<br />
Tan, amitom, amave marTlwesrigs unda mieces kompaniis momavali bedis gansazRvris<br />
ufleba.<br />
amrigad, evrogaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 43-e da 48-e muxlebi iuridiuli piris<br />
dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb moicavs kompaniis mimReb saxelwifoSi Sesvlis Tavisuflebas,<br />
magram ar iZleva kompaniis daarsebis saxelmwifodan Tavisufali gasvlis<br />
garantias.<br />
3.3 evropis uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikis analizi<br />
evropis uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtika dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb ramdenime<br />
mniSvnelovani daskvnis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. `centrosma~ aCvena, rom<br />
dafuZnebis Tavisufleba diskriminaciis ubralo akrZalvidan SezRudvis akrZalvad<br />
transformirda. 64 Tu manamde iTvleboda, rom dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis samarTlebrivi<br />
instituti, ubralod, saerTo bazris ganxorcielebis ganzraxulobaTa deklari-<br />
62 EuGH Urt.v.27.9.1988, NJW 1989, 2186ff- Daily Mail.<br />
63 EuGH Urt. v. 16.12.2008-C-210/06, NZG 2009, 61 ff.-Cartesio.<br />
64 Tumca es procesi evropis uzenaesma sasamarTlom SedarebiT adreul gadawyvetilebebSi<br />
ganaxorciela: EuGH Urt.v.31.3.1993, Rs. C-19/92, Slg. 1993, I-1663, 1697, Rn. 32-Kraus; EuGH<br />
Urt.v.30.11.1995, Rs. C-55/94, Slg. 1995, I-4165, 4197, Rn. 37-Gebhard.<br />
155
156<br />
a. qiria, iuridiuli piris dafuZnebis Tavisufleba evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT da<br />
germaniis saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali<br />
reba iyo da evropel kanonmdeblebs mxolod ucxouri iuridiuli pirebis nacionalur<br />
kompaniebTan uflebrivi gaTanabrebisken mouwodebda, anu, diskriminacias krZalavda,<br />
SezRudvis akrZalvam Semdegi samarTlebrivi Sedegi gamoiRo: evrokavSiris<br />
sxva wevri saxelmwifodan Semosuli iuridiuli piris mimarT yovelgvari SemzRudavi<br />
zomebis gamoyeneba CaiTvleba dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis ugulebelyofad da is mxolod<br />
e.w. `oTxi kriteriumis testis~ meSveobiT SeiZleba iqnes gamarTlebuli. 65 literaturaSi<br />
azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs am SezRudvis arealis dadgena, anu is, Tu ramdenad<br />
Sors midis dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis evropuli instituti. sistemurad yvelaze<br />
gamarTuli iqneboda, saqonlis Tavisufali mimoqcevis Sesaxeb evropis uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />
praqtikis, kerZod ki, “Keck”-is formulisTvis dasesxeba. 66 am formulis<br />
mixedviT, evrokavSiris sivrceSi saqonlis Tavisufali brunvis SezRudvis dasaSveboba<br />
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra tipis akrZalvaa saxeze: im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqme exeba<br />
produqtis gayidvis pirobebs, mimRebi saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, daawesos aradiskriminaciuli<br />
SezRudvebi, Tu es gamarTlebulia sazogadoebis interesebiT. TviTon<br />
produqtTan dakavSirebuli SezRudvebi evropis uzenaesma sasamarTlom dauSveblad<br />
gamoacxada. 67 `kekis formulis~ teleologiuri reduqcia aucilebeli gaxda imisaTvis,<br />
rom wevr saxelwifos, evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> moTxovnebis darRvevis gareSe, saku-<br />
Tari Sida marTlwesrigis gamoyenebiT, nacionaluri brunvis interesebis dacva SeZleboda,<br />
raSic igulisxmeba ara ekonomikuri interesebi, aramed sazogadoebis uaRresad<br />
mniSvnelovani samarTlebrivi sikeTeebi, rogoric aris, magaliTad, moqalaqeTa<br />
janmrTeloba. Tu sxva ra konkretuli sikeTe imaleba am generaluri daTqmis ukan,<br />
bundovania da wevri saxelmwifo mudmivad imyofeba briuselisa da luqsemburgis<br />
mxridan revidirebis reJimSi.<br />
dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs SezRudvis aseTi naTeli<br />
sazRvrebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SezRudva usazRvroa, sanam is ar dakonkretdeba evropis<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier. am SemTxvevaSi arsebobs sami gamosavali: an unda<br />
davelodoT, pirvelive SesaZleblobisTanave, winaswari gadawyvetilebis farglebSi<br />
evropis uzenaesi sasamarTlosTvis Sesabamisi kiTxvis dasmas da mis mier pasuxis maqsimalur<br />
konkretikas. alternatiuli gadawyveta ukavSirdeba Semosuli kompaniebis<br />
mimarT Sida brunvis damcavi danawesebis saerTod argamoyenebas da, gamoyenebis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, `oTxi kriteriumis testiT~ fons gasvlas. mesame da yvelaze realuri gza<br />
aris `Keck~-is principebis analogiuri gamoyeneba dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis mimarT. 68<br />
msgavs gadawyvetaze ramdenime argumenti metyvelebs: jer erTi, amgvarad Sedgeba evropis<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier evropul ZiriTad Tavisuflebebze gamotanili ga-<br />
65 Goette, ZIP 2006, 541, 542.<br />
66 EuGH, Urt. v. 24.11.1993, Rs. C-268/91, Slg. 1993, I-6097, 6131-Keck.<br />
67 EuGH, Urt. v. 24.11.1993, Rs. C-268/91, Slg. 1993, I-6097, 6131, Tz. 16, 17.<br />
68 Eidenmüller, JZ 2004, 26f, ders./Rehm, ZGR 2004, 159, 167f.; Everling, in: GS für Knobbe-Kuek, 1997, 607,<br />
621; Habersack, Europäisches Gesellschaftsrecht, 3.Aufl., S. 13, Rn.7; Randelzhofer/Forsthoff, in: Grabitz/Hilf<br />
(Hrsg.), das Recht der Europäischen Union, 2004, Bd. I, Art. 43, Rn. 89; W.-H. Roth, GS Knobbe-Kuek, S. 729,<br />
739f.; Schanze/Jüttner, AG 2003, 661, 667; Spindler/Berner, RIW 2003, 949, 955; a.A. Tiedje/Troberg, in: van<br />
der Groeben/Schwarz (Hrsg.), Vertrag über die EU und Vertrag zur Gründung der Europäischen Gemeinschaft, 4<br />
Aufl., 2003, Art. 43, Rn. 103.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
dawyvetilebebis sistemuri erToba da saerTo bazris teleologia Tu iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
— radgan yvela ZiriTadi Tavisufleba erTsa da imave mizans emsaxureba<br />
— maTi SezRudvis xarisxic erTgvarovani praqtikiT daregulirdeba. meore, ase ufro<br />
gaadvildeba evropis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier wevri saxelmwifoebisadmi dadgenili<br />
programis ganxorcieleba, romlis mixedviTac, evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> borotad gamoyenebis<br />
aRkveTis mizniT, maT ufleba aqvT mimarTon Sesabamis zomebs, gamoiyenon nacionaluri<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> danawesebi da ise ganmarton, rom ar Selaxon evropuli samar-<br />
TliT fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisadmi miniWebuli Tavisuflebebi. 69<br />
mTavari, rac dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb evropis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier<br />
ganviTarebuli praqtikidan aris cnobili, aris is, rom wevr saxelmwifoebs akrZaluli<br />
aqvs SezRudos maT suverenul teritoriaze sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi daarsebuli<br />
iuridiuli piris an aseTi statusis armqone samewarmeo pirTa gaerTianebis Semosvla<br />
da saqmianoba. Semosuli kompaniebi maT unda miiRon iseTad, rogorebic es kompaniebi<br />
daarsebis statutis mixedviT arian, yovelgvari samarTlebrivi modificirebis<br />
gareSe. Semosuli kompaniebi arsebobs dafuZnebis adgilis samarTliT da SeuZlia am<br />
statuss daeyrdnos yvelgan, sadac daidebs binas. 70 iuridiuli piris cxovrebaSi warmoqmnili<br />
yvela sakorporaciosamarTlebrivi sakiTxi unda gadawydes aseve warmoSobis<br />
qveynis <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT. 71<br />
am yvelafris Sedegia is, rom evropaSi nacionaluri kanonmdeblobebis erTgvari<br />
Sejibri daiwyo. 72 wevri saxelmwifoebis <strong>samarTlis</strong> politika sakorporacio samar-<br />
Tlis sferoSi mimarTulia iqiTken, rom Seqmnas iseTi organizaciuli forma, romelic<br />
yvelaze kargad daakmayofilebs mcire da saSualo biznesiT dainteresebuli<br />
kompaniis damfuZneblebis interesebs. organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebi daemsgavsa<br />
advilad mimoqcevad saqonels. inglisSi Casul germanel damfuZnebels SeuZlia<br />
`iyidos~ inglisuri private limited company, Semoitanos is germaniaSi da gamoiyenos<br />
germanuli sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong>aTvis Tavis aridebis iaraRad. aman aiZula germaneli<br />
kanonmdebeli, 2008 wels ganexorcielebina SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis<br />
(GmbH) <strong>samarTlis</strong> uprecedento reforma 73 da odnav mainc mieSva samarTlebrivi<br />
sadaveebi, raTa Tavidan aeridebina germaneli mewarmeebis gadineba inglisSi inglisuri<br />
kompaniebis `Camosatanad~. Tu ramdenad gamoiwvevs es yovelive saSiS “race to<br />
the bottom”-s, Zneli saTqmelia, Tumca, dRes amis empiriuli safrTxe ar SeiniSneba. 74 <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
politikis meore mimarTuleba ki aris samewarmeo brunvis dacviTi institutebis<br />
gamomuSaveba, 75 rac tradiciuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> qveynebisaTvis namdvil problemad<br />
iqca.<br />
69<br />
EuGH, Centros, NJW 1999, 2027, Rz. 24.<br />
70<br />
termini `dafuZneba~ statiaSi gamoyenebulia ori mniSvnelobiT: 1. sawarmos daarseba da<br />
2. adgilsamyoflis, anu domicilis dafuZneba.<br />
71<br />
Behrens, IPRax 2004, 20, 23; Eidenmüller, JZ 2004, 24, 25; Leible/Hoffmann, RIW 2002, 925, 928; Martin-<br />
Ehlers in: Sandrock/Wetzler (Hrsg.), Deutsches Gesellscjaftsrecht im Wettbewerb der Rectsordnungen, 23;<br />
Spindler/Berner, RIW 2004, 7,8; Westermann, GmbHR 2005, 4, 11.<br />
72<br />
Eidenmüller, JZ 2004, 24, 33; Göttsche, DStR 1999, 1403, 1406.<br />
73<br />
Das Gesetz zur Modernisierung des GmbH-Rechts und zur Bekämpfung von Missbräuchen (MoMiG), BGBl.<br />
2008, 2026<br />
74<br />
ix. statistikuri kvleva: Bayer/Hoffmann, GmbHR 2007, 414.<br />
75 K. Schmidt, ZGR 2004, 493, 496.<br />
157
158<br />
a. qiria, iuridiuli piris dafuZnebis Tavisufleba evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT da<br />
germaniis saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali<br />
4. evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong>a da germaniis saerTaSoriso sakorporacio<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> urTierTmimarTeba — adgilsamyoflis Teoriis dasasruli<br />
4.1 Sedegebi wevri saxelmwifoebis koliziuri <strong>samarTlis</strong>aTvis<br />
evropis uzenaesi sasamarTlos sasamarTlo praqtikam germaniaSi sakmaod energiuli<br />
akademiuri diskusia gamoiwvia. interpretatorebis erTi nawili Tvlis, rom evropuli<br />
gaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 43-e da 48-e muxlebi dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis<br />
Sesaxeb farul koliziur normas Seicavs. 76 praqtikulad es imas niSnavs, rom nacionaluri<br />
kanonmdebeli da sasamarTlo praqtika valdebuli xdeba, sakuTari koliziuri<br />
(saerTaSoriso) sakorporacio samarTali Caasworos da Seusabamos rangiT maRla<br />
mdgom evropul samarTals, romelic mxolod dafuZnebis Teorias aRiarebs. interpretatorTa<br />
am nawilma adgilsamyoflis Teoria dasrulebulad gamoacxada. maTi azriT,<br />
evropuli samarTali `warmoSobis qveynis principis~ 77 mimarT loialuria.<br />
sapirispiro mosazreba uaryofs evrogaerTianebis xelSekrulebis 43-e da 48-e<br />
muxlebis koliziursamarTlebriv bunebas. am mosazrebis mxardamWerebi miuTiTeben<br />
im meTodur garemoebaze, rom evropis uzenaesi sasamarTlo ar aris uflebamosili<br />
romelime wevri saxelmwifos <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebi, maT Soris, koliziuri normebi, Zaladakargulad<br />
gamoacxados, an TviTon aiRos kanonmdeblis funqciebi da moaxdinos<br />
wevri saxelmwifoebis <strong>samarTlis</strong> koreqtireba. 78<br />
sakiTxis amgvarad dasma metismetad akademiur elfers iZens da wminda Teoriuli<br />
xasiaTisaa. evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> rangobrivi simaRle wevri saxelmwifoebis nacionalur<br />
samarTalTan SedarebiT nacionaluri <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebs, evropuli elementis<br />
arsebobisas, praqtikulad yovelgvar mniSvnelobas akargvinebs. igive exeba adgilsamyoflis<br />
Teoriasac, romelsac evropulma uzenaesma sasamarTlom `niadagi gamoacala~.<br />
79 Tumca, sakiTxi ver aitans aradiferencirebul midgomas. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,<br />
dafuZnebis Tavisufleba ar iZleva daarsebis, anu registraciis qveynidan Tavisuflad<br />
gasvlis SesaZleblobas da, am mimarTebiT, adgilsamyofelis Teoria SenarCunebulia.<br />
80 imaves Tqma SeiZleba mesame qveynebidan Semosul kompaniebTan mimarTebi-<br />
Tac, radgan evropuli samarTali mesame qveynebTan urTierTobaSi evropuli ZiriTadi<br />
Tavisuflebebis sivrcobrivi moqmedebis arealis garantias ar iZleva. 81<br />
76<br />
Basedow, RabelsZ 59 (1995), 1, 12ff. Behrens, IPRax 1999, 323, 324; Brödemann/Iversen, Europäisches<br />
Gemeinschaftsrecht und internationales Privatrecht, 1994, S. 60 ff; Drobnig, in: von Bar (Hrsg.), Europäisches<br />
Gemeinschaftsrecht und Internationales Privatrecht, S. 193 f.; Eidenmüller, ZIP 2002, 2233, 2241; Klinke, ZGR<br />
2002, 163, 169; Leible/Hoffmann, RIW 2002, 925, 930; iE Binz/Mayer, GmbHR 2003, 249, 254; Freitag, EuZW<br />
1999, 267, 268; Paefgen, DB 2003, 487, 488.<br />
77<br />
Eidenmüller, ZIP 2002, 2233, 2241; Martin-Ehlers, in: Sandrock/Wetzler (Hrsg.), Deutsches Gesellschaftsrecht<br />
im Wettbewerb der Rechtsordnungen, 2004, 21f.<br />
78<br />
MünchKomm BGB/Kindler, Int. Wirtschaftsrecht, Bd. 11, 2006, IntGesR, Rn. 116 ff.; Schanze/Jüttner, AG<br />
2003, 661, 665; Steindorf, JZ 1999, 1140, 1142; Wilhelmi, JZ 2009, 411, 412 f.; iE Görk, GmbHR 1999, 793,<br />
796.<br />
79<br />
Bayer, BB 2003, 2357, 2363.<br />
80<br />
BGHZ 154, 185, 188 ff; Bayer, BB 2003, 2357, 2363; Behrens, IPRax 2004, 20, 25; Eidenmüller, JZ 2004, 23<br />
f; Ulmer, NJW 2004, 1201 ff; Thole, KTS 2007, 293, 295.<br />
81<br />
Werner, GmbHR 2009, 191 ff.; Kobelt, GmbHR 2009, 808, 811.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
Sedegad, im qveynebSi, romlebic tradiciulad adgilsamyoflis Teoriis mimdevrebi<br />
iyvnen, arsebobs or nawilad gayofili koliziuri norma. evropuli kompaniebis<br />
mimarT gamoiyeneba dafuZnebis Teoria, xolo araevropuli kompaniebis samarTlebrivi<br />
statuti isev adgilsamyoflis TeoriiT ganisazRvreba. msgavsi situacia arTulebs<br />
koliziuri <strong>samarTlis</strong> aRqmas, Sesabamisad, umjobesi iqneboda, rom am qveynebs, romelTa<br />
Soris germaniac moiazreba, xeli aeRoT sakorporaciosamarTlebrivi erTiani<br />
koliziuri normis xelovnur gayofaze. am mimarTulebiT germaniis mTavrobam ukve<br />
gadadga qmediTi nabijebi Sesabamisi kanonproeqtis momzadebiT, riTac safuZveli Cauyara<br />
saerTaSoriso sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodifikacias. 82 kanonproeqti iTvaliswinebs<br />
dafuZnebis Teoriaze sruli moculobiT gadasvlas, rogorc evropul, aseve<br />
mesame qveynebis kompaniebTan mimarTebiT.<br />
4.2 Sedegebi wevri saxelmwifoebis materialuri <strong>samarTlis</strong>aTvis<br />
rac Seexeba wevri saxelmwifoebis materialur samarTals, aq sakiTxi bevrad ufro<br />
rTulad dgas. evropul marTlwesrigebSi mimdinareobs Sesabamisi iuridiuli konstruqciebis<br />
Zieba, rom aSendes damcavi jebiri ucxouri araseriozuli kompaniebisagan<br />
samarTlebrivi brunvis dasacavad. is, rom kanonismieri minimaluri sawesdebo kapitalis<br />
principi evropis uzenaesi sasamarTlos simpaTiebs ar imsaxurebs, bolos<br />
“Inspire Art”-is saqmeze gamotanilma gadawyvetilebam kidev erTxel aCvena. 83 sagarantio<br />
kapitalis institutis qveyanaSi Semosul evropul kompaniaze gavrceleba, kreditorTa<br />
interesebis dacvis motiviT, arasaTanado RonisZiebaa, romelic evropul<br />
`oTxi kriteriumis tests~, ukve namdvilad cnobilia, rom ver Caabarebs. 84 Sesabamisad,<br />
miznis misaRwevad aseve uvargisi iqneboda ucxour korporaciaze sagarantio kapitalis<br />
dadebisa da misi kompaniaSi SenarCunebis germanuli normebis gavrceleba. praqtikulad,<br />
es imas niSnavs, rom Semosuli kompaniebis mimarT mimRebi qveynis sakorporacio<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> debulebebis gavrceleba dRis wesrigidan moixsna, Tundac es debulebebi<br />
samewarmeo brunvis subieqtebis dasacavad uaRresad saWiro normaTa sistema<br />
iyos. amave dros, naTelia, rom Sida samewarmeo brunva dacvas saWiroebs. aralikviduri<br />
kompaniebis momravlebam es naTeli gaxada. 85 ram unda daicvas qveynis sazRvrebSi<br />
Semosuli evrokavSiruli kompaniis movale?<br />
pirvel rigSi, sayuradReboa evropis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier favorizebuli<br />
modeli, romelsac informaciis modeli unda ewodos. am modelze uzenaesma sasamar-<br />
Tlom pirvelad yuradReba gaamaxvila gadawyvetilebaSi “Centros”. 86 modeli sakmaod<br />
martiv gamosavals iTvaliswinebs: `saSualo (inteleqtis) mevale~ TviTon daicavs sakuTar<br />
Tavs, Tu mas miecema SesaZlebloba, rom winaswar gaecnos misi momavali kon-<br />
82<br />
Referentenentwurf Gesetz Internationalen Privatrecht der Gesellshaften, Vereine und juristischen Personen.<br />
83<br />
EuGH, Inspire Art, NJW 2003, 3331, 3334, Rn. 104.<br />
84<br />
Meilicke, GmbHR 2003, 793, 805; Paefgen, DB 2003, 487, 490.<br />
85<br />
ix. gakotrebis statistika: Bayer/Hoffmann, ZIP 2008, 2400.<br />
86<br />
EuGH, Centros, NJW 1999, 2027, 2029, Rn. 36.<br />
159
160<br />
a. qiria, iuridiuli piris dafuZnebis Tavisufleba evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT da<br />
germaniis saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali<br />
trahentis finansur da organizaciul monacemebs. am mizans emsaxureba sakorporaciosamarTlebrivi<br />
direqtivebis mTeli rigi: pirveli direqtiva kompaniebis gamWvirvaleobis<br />
Sesaxeb, 87 meoTxe direqtiva kompaniis xarjTaRricxvis gamoqveynebis Sesaxeb, 88<br />
meSvide direqtiva koncernis balansis gamoqveynebis Sesaxeb89 , dabolos, meTerTmete<br />
direqtiva iuridiuli piris filialebis sajaroobis Sesaxeb. 90 oTxive direqtiva ukve<br />
didi xania transformirebulia germaniaSi Sesabamisi kanonebiTa da am mimarTulebiT<br />
evropul samarTalTan Seusabamoba ar SeiniSneba. es imas niSnavs, rom Semosuli ucxouri<br />
kompania valdebulia, daregistrirdes germanul savaWro reestrSi, rasac deklaraciuli<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs da ar ukavSirdeba kompaniis warmoSobis savaldebulo registracias.<br />
registracia ubralod uzrunvelyofs kompaniis finansur da organizaciul<br />
gamWvirvalobas. misi balansi xelmisawvdomia yvelasaTvis. kreditors SeuZlia<br />
martivi proceduriT ixilos eleqtronul reestrSi misi momavali kontrahentis monacemebi,<br />
xolo amis Sedegad miiRos gadawyvetileba misTvis kreditis gacemis an sxva<br />
valdebulebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb.<br />
aris ki saqme ase martivad?! pasuxi iqneba — ara. balansis sajarooba raRac donemde<br />
kreditoris dacvas uzrunvelyofs, magram arasakmarisad. jer erTi, kompaniis gam-<br />
Wvirvaloba kreditis gacemis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas gauiolebs, an Tavis dacvis SesaZleblobas<br />
uCens saxelSekrulebo da ara deliqtur mevales, 91 romelmac ar SeiZleba<br />
winaswar icodes, Tu romeli kompania miayenebs mas zians da arasodes daaTvalierebs<br />
kompaniebis vebgverdebs imis SiSiT, vaiTu romelimem xval deliqturi ziani miayenos.<br />
aseve saeWvoa, Tu ramdenad daexmareba gamoqveynebuli informacia saxelSekrulebo<br />
kreditors Tavis dacvaSi. balansSi mocemuli qonebrivi monacemebi dakavSirebulia<br />
warsulTan da gasuli wlisa da mimdinare kvartalebis qonebrivi mdgomareobis<br />
Sualedur, statikur fotografirebas warmoadgens. 92 kompaniis likvidurobis dadgenisas<br />
mas praqtikaSi naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs imitom, rom balansze dayrdnobiT rTulia<br />
momavalSi fulis nakadis (cash flow) Semodinebisa Tu gadinebis zusti analizi. 93 es<br />
problema jer kidev gadauWrelia informaciis modelis qveynebSi, kerZod, inglisSi<br />
da amerikis SeerTebul <strong>State</strong>bSi. finansurma mecnierebam jer ver SeimuSava finansuri<br />
analizisTvis balansze ufro efeqturi iaraRi. 94 `Segnebuli movalis~ 95 fenomenze<br />
dayrdnoba aq bevrs verafers cvlis. amave dros, garda am funqcionaluri sisustisa,<br />
informaciis models konkurenciisa da ekonomikis politikis kuTxiTac didi nakli<br />
aqvs: sawarmos finansuri detalebis gamoqveyneba pirdapiri SeTavazebaa msgavs seg-<br />
87 Richtlinie vom 9. März 1968, 68/151/EWG, ABL.Nr.L 65/8.<br />
88 Richtlinie 78/660/EWG vom 25.07.1978, ABl. Nr.L. 222/11 vom 14.08.1978.<br />
89 Richtlinie 83/349/EWG vom 13.07.1983, ABl.Nr.L 193/1 vom 18.07.1983.<br />
90 Richtlinie vom 21.Dezember 1989, 89/666/EWG, ABL.Nr.L 395/36 v. 30.12.1989.<br />
91 Eidenmüller, JZ 2004, 24; Leible/Hoffmann, EuZW 2003, 677; Spindler/Berner, RIW 2003, 954.<br />
92 Luttermann, RIW 2010, 417-418.<br />
93 Jungmann, ZGR 2006, 638, 664; Höfner, NJW 2004, 475; Naujok, GmbHR 2003, 263, 266.<br />
94 Jungmann, ZGR 2006, 638, 663.<br />
95 Martin-Ehlers, in: Sandrock/Wetzler (Hrsg.), Deutsches Gesellschaftsrecht im Wettbewerb der<br />
Rechtsordnungen, Heidelberg 2004, S. 24“verständige Gläubiger”).
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
mentSi momuSave konkurenti sawarmoebisTvis, rom amoxsnan maTi konkurenti kompaniis<br />
warmatebisa da warumateblobis saidumlo, rac kompaniis kreditorebs arapirdapir,<br />
magram perspeqtivaSi interesebis dazianebiT emuqreba. 96<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, informaciis modeli problemas, nawilobriv,<br />
magram srulad ver moxsnis. germanuli dogmatika cdilobs moZebnos sxva gza, romelsac<br />
miagno kidevac. literaturaSi gabatonebuli mosazreba, marTalia, uaryofs<br />
Semosuli kompaniis mimarT germanuli sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebis gamoyenebas,<br />
magram Tanxmdeba imaze, rom SesaZlebelia msgavsi kompaniebis mimarT germaniis<br />
brunvis damcavi <strong>samarTlis</strong> sistemis gavrceleba, Tu es normebi specialuri mibmebis<br />
saxes miiRebs (Sonderanknxpfungen). 97 zogadi xasiaTis damcavi normebis moqmedebas ucxouri<br />
kompaniebis mimarT evropuli samarTali win ver aRudgeba da boroti ganzraxviT<br />
Semosul kompaniebs germaniaSi ioli gaseirneba ar elodebaT. pirvel rigSi, maT mimarT<br />
amoqmeddeba saerTaSoriso deliqtur samarTalSi moqmedi teritoriulobis<br />
principidan gamomdinare germanuli deliqturi <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebi. imave saxis mibmas<br />
iTvaliswinebs evropis gakotrebis samarTali, romelic aseve lex fori-is principidan<br />
momdinareobs. SeiniSneba imis tendenciac, rom adre sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong>admi mikuTvnebuli<br />
institutebi: direqtorTa mier gakotrebis saqmis aRZvris valdebuleba<br />
da dauwereli <strong>samarTlis</strong> instituti, iuridiuli piris `arsebobis xelyofa~ (Existenzvernichtungshaftung),<br />
romlis samarTlebrivi Sedegi uaRresad represiulia da iuridiuli<br />
piris xelmyofi partniorebis pirad da SeuzRudav pasuxismgeblobas iwvevs, dogmaturadac<br />
da sistematuradac gamoeyos sakorporacio samarTls. 98 zemoxsenebul institutebs<br />
sistemurad adgili deliqtur da gakotrebis samarTalSi Semosuli kompaniebisa<br />
da maTi partniorebis mimarT maTi gamoyenebis gaadvilebis mizniT miuCines. 99<br />
5. Catarebuli analizis praqtikuli Sedegebi qarTuli<br />
kompaniebisaTvis<br />
qarTuli kompaniebi, ra Tqma unda, ver isargebleben evropuli dafuZnebis Tavisuflebis<br />
privilegiebiT, radgan saqarTvelo evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong> sivrcobrivi moqmedebis<br />
arealSi ar imyofeba. amitom maT mimarT moqmedebs Sesabamisad is samarTlebrivi<br />
reJimi, romelsac TiToeuli wevri saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali<br />
gansazRvravs. evrokavSiris qveynebis samarTlebrivi ruqa ki, am TvalsazrisiT,<br />
arcTu ise mravalferovania. britaneTSi, holandiasa da skandinaviis qveynebSi,<br />
sadac dafuZnebis Teoria moqmedebs, qarTul kompaniebs SeuZlia SeuzRudavad Se-<br />
96<br />
Naujok, GmbHR 2006, 263, 266 f; Theile, GmbHR 2000, 215.<br />
97<br />
v. Halen, Das Gesellschaftsstatut nach der Centros-Entscheidung des EuGH, 2001, 230.<br />
98<br />
Vetter, ZGR 2005, 788, 824.<br />
99<br />
zogadad mocemul problemasTan dakavSirebiT bevri sxva avtoris nacvlad ix. Lanzius,<br />
Anwendbares Recht und Sonderanknüpfungen unter der Gründungstheorie, Frankfurt am Mein, 2005; Spindler,<br />
Der Gläubigerschutz zwischen Gesellschafts- und Insolvenzrecht, JZ 2006, 839 ff.<br />
161
162<br />
a. qiria, iuridiuli piris dafuZnebis Tavisufleba evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mixedviT da<br />
germaniis saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTali<br />
vides da daafuZnos faqtobrivi domicili an filialebi da amasTan, ganagrZos arseboba,<br />
rogorc qarTuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> iuridiulma pirebma.<br />
gansxvavebuli suraTia kontinenturi evropis im qveynebSi, sadac mesame qveynidan<br />
Sesuli kompaniebis mimarT adgilsamyoflis Teoria batonobs. maT ricxvs germaniac<br />
ganekuTvneba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qarTuli kompania germaniaSi adgilsamyoflis dafuZnebas<br />
gadawyvets, mas ar unda gamorCes is garemoeba, rom is qarTuli <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
mixedviT daarsebuli iuridiuli piris statuss dakargavs da kanonis ZaliT gardaisaxeba<br />
germanuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> personalur sazogadoebad. mesame qveynebis kompaniebis<br />
mimarT aseTi midgoma kidev erTxel daadastura germaniis federaluri umaRlesi sasamarTlos<br />
2008 wlis gaxmaurebulma gadawyvetilebam “Trabrennbahn”, 100 romelmac germaniaSi<br />
gadmobargebuli Sveicariuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> iuridiuli piri germanuli samar-<br />
Tlis solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebad Seracxa. amgvarad, qarTuli iuridiuli<br />
pirebi germaniaSi adgilsamyoflis modificirebul Teorias daeqvemdebarebian.<br />
6. daskvna<br />
kvlevis Sedegebi SesaZlebelia ramdenime TezisiT Sejamdes:<br />
1. evropuli qveynebis saerTaSoriso sakorporacio samarTalma adgilsamyoflis<br />
Teoriis qveynebSi cvlilebebi ganicada. adgilsamyoflis Teoriis nacvlad, dRes gabatonebuli<br />
koliziuri norma dafuZnebis Teoriaa, rac didwilad evropis uzenaesi<br />
sasamarTlos damsaxurebaa.<br />
2. evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoSi daarsebuli iuridiuli piris gadasvla sxva<br />
wevr saxelmwifoSi SeuzRudavia. es exeba rogorc meoreuli dafuZnebis Tavisuflebas,<br />
rac filialis, saagentosa da Svilobili kompaniis dafuZnebaSi gamoixateba, aseve<br />
dafuZnebis pirvelad Tavisuflebas, anu kompaniis mmarTvelobis gadamisamarTebas<br />
sxva wevr saxelmwifoSi.<br />
3. amave dros, evropuli samarTliT ar aris garantirebuli kompaniebis mier daarsebis<br />
adgilis Tavisufali datovebis ufleba da, am WrilSi, adgilsamyoflis Teoria<br />
moqmedebas ganagrZobs.<br />
4. adgilsamyoflis Teoria aseve SeiZleba SenarCunebul iqnes mesame qveynebidan<br />
Semosul kompaniebTan mimarTebiT.<br />
5. `araseriozuli~ ucxouri kompaniebis moqmedebisagan Sida samewarmeo brunvis<br />
dacva wevr saxelmwifoebs SeuZlia specialuri mibmebiT uzrunvelyos, kerZod, maT<br />
mimarT gamoiyenos sakuTari deliqturi da gakotrebis samarTali, raTa kompaniasTan<br />
samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi myofi mesame pirebisaTvis riskebi Seamciros.<br />
100<br />
BGH v. 27. 10. 2008- II ZR 158/06-Trabrennbahn, ZIP 2008, 2411; ix. gadawyvetilebis komentari:<br />
Gottschalk, ZIP 2009, 948; Lieder/Kliebisch, BB 2009, 338.
AKAKI KIRIA *<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
FREEDOM OF ESTABLISHMENT OF LEGAL PERSONS ACCORDING TO THE EUROPEAN LAW<br />
AND INTERNATIONAL CORPORATE LAW OF GERMANY<br />
Summary<br />
The new wave of decisions of the European Court of Justice in regard to freedom of establishment of<br />
legal persons in the European Union zone has substantially changed international corporate law of<br />
member states. The previously dominated residence principle, designated for determining the law applicable<br />
to foreign companies entering the internal market, has undergone drastic reforms. If legal regulation<br />
of entering companies was considered to be prerogative of host country, today the paradigm<br />
is shifted, as the principles of common EU internal market required Brussels to review its legal policy<br />
on the issue and determine the legal regulation of transnational companies according to the nationality<br />
principle. The article overviews the process of shifting the paradigm and considers the problems,<br />
which have emerged in the result.<br />
The biggest problem is not that some states do not want to give up their traditional dogmatic approach<br />
or that their aesthetic taste suggests them to retain the old system. Here we deal with the problem<br />
which has emerged as a result of convergence of corporate, private international and European laws.<br />
This problem has a very interesting designation: protection of internal economic turnover. Such vacuum<br />
in the regulation might be caused by the fact that legal norms on turnover protection in the national<br />
law of the entering company do not fulfill their function adequately, or they are not applicable in another<br />
state due to the principle of territoriality. For example, in England company liquidity is overseen<br />
by the state. The English company “reincorporated” in Germany will stay without such control, since<br />
Great Britain is not allowed to interfere in the legal system of Germany. The problem can be resolved<br />
by means of using a method recognized by private international law, when regulation vacuum is filled<br />
by national legislation through reference. Such special reference is offered in bankruptcy, criminal and<br />
tort laws, which are universal norms and are applied without discrimination against domestic, as well<br />
as foreign legal persons. The essay considers to what extent such approach complies with European<br />
<strong>Law</strong>.<br />
* LL.M. oec. (Jena), Doctoral Student, Friedrich Schiller <strong>University</strong> Jena, <strong>Faculty</strong> of <strong>Law</strong>.<br />
163
mzia lekveiSvili ∗<br />
dazaralebulis Tanxmoba, rogorc marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
gamomricxveli garemoeba<br />
dazaralebulis TanxmobiT zianis miyenebis, rogorc marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli<br />
garemoebis, sakiTxi yovelTvis iyo sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> mecnierebis Seswavlis<br />
sagani, Tumca pozitiuri kanonmdebloba am Temaze dumils amjobinebda. mecnierebi<br />
aRniSnul problemas ama Tu im filosofiuri koncefciis safuZvelze ganixilavdnen.<br />
kerZod, germaneli kriminalistebi dazaralebulis TanxmobiT zianis miyenebis<br />
sakiTxis gadawyvetas safuZvlad udebdnen dazaralebulis uflebaTa dayofas<br />
gasxvisebad da ganusxvisebel uflebad. maTi azriT, dazaralebulis Tanxmoba mxolod<br />
gasxvisebad uflebaTa mimarTebiT gamoricxavda xelyofis dasjadobas. 1<br />
subieqturma idealizmma, romelic danaSauls adamianis individualuri nebis<br />
darRvevad miiCnevda, adamianis yvela ufleba gasxvisebad uflebad aRiara da, aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, dazaralebulis uflebis darRvevaze misi Tanxmoba qmedebis danaSaulebriobis<br />
gamomricxvel garemoebad CaTvala. am Teoriam kriminalistTa Soris far-<br />
To mxardaWera ver pova. amis gamo, subieqturi idealizmis zogierTma warmomadgenelma<br />
uflebebis gasxvisebad da ganusxvisebel uflebad dayofis koncefcia aRiara.<br />
Semdgom periodSi mecnierTa pozicia dazaralebulis TanxmobiT zianis miyenebisadmi<br />
or ZiriTad mimarTulebad Camoyalibda. pirveli mimarTuleba zneobriv sawyiss<br />
aniWebda upiratesobas da Tvlida, rom adamianis uflebebi ganusazRvrelia zneobriv<br />
moTxovnaTa ZaliT da maTze ar vrceldeba misi matareblis Zalaufleba. amasTan, ganusxvisebad<br />
uflebebze uaris Tqma da maTi darRveva TviT am uflebaTa matareblis<br />
TanxmobiT, policiur darRvevad iTvleboda, romelic danaSaulTan SedarebiT ufro<br />
msubuq pasuxismgeblobas iwvevda.<br />
meore mimdinareoba, romelic subieqtur idealizms efuZneboda, Tvlida, rom<br />
ufleba sicocxleze, janmrTelobaze, Tavisuflebaze, Rirsebis dacvaze, qonebaze da<br />
sxva, pirisgan ganuyofelia da ar SeiZleba am uflebebze uaris Tqma. amave dros am Teoriis<br />
mimdevrebi Tvlidnen, rom aseTi uari dasaSvebia mxolod <strong>samarTlis</strong> calkeuli<br />
normis gamoyenebisas da isic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac misi gamoyofa SesaZlebelia<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> substanciidan. aqedan gamomdinare, ganasxvavebdnen ganuyofel da<br />
gasayof uflebebs. magaliTad, iTvleboda, rom qonebriv uflebaze uaris Tqma dasaSvebia<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar irRveva misi arsi, an kidev, aseTive pirobis arsebobisas uaris<br />
Tqma piradi Tavisuflebis uflebaze, Rirsebaze da a. S. sicocxlis uflebaze ua-<br />
∗ iuridiul mecnierebaTa kandidati, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis sruli profesori.<br />
1 Таганцев Н.С., Русское уголовное право. Часть общая. Т. I , 2001, 399-400.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
ris Tqma ki dauSvebelia iseve, rogorc piris TanxmobiT misTvis janmrTelobis mZime<br />
dazianebis miyeneba. 2<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi am problemis kvlevas safuZvlad daedo danaSaulis arsi da<br />
sakiTxi dazaralebulis Tanxmobis Sesaxeb daefuZna danaSauliT xelyofil normaTa<br />
Soris gansxvavebas. unda aRiniSnos, rom am swavlebis momxreebic orad gaiyvnen. pirveli<br />
jgufi, danaSaulebrivi qmedebis cnebidan gamomdinare, wina planze ayenebda zogad<br />
principebs. kerZod, es jgufi Tvlida, magaliTad, rom subieqturi uflebis<br />
mflobels yovelTvis SeuZlia uari Tqvas Tavis uflebaze da, aqedan gamomdinare, is<br />
qmedeba, romelic misi TanxmobiT am uflebas xelyofs, danaSauls ar warmoadgens. es<br />
principi vrceldeba yvelaferze, garda im SemTxvevebisa, sadac kanoni amas kategoriulad<br />
ar krZalavs. 3<br />
n. tagancevi, romelic am jgufis pozicias iziarebda, Tvlida, rom Tu interesi<br />
TavisTavad da uSualod aris daculi, maSin Tanxmobas araviTari iuridiuli mniSvneloba<br />
ar eniWeba. xolo Tu daculia mxolod am interesisadmi piris iuridiuli `damokidebuleba~,<br />
anu daculia am interesis Tavisuflad flobis, sargeblobisa da gankargvis<br />
SesaZlebloba, maSin qmedeba danaSaulad ar iTvleba. amrigad, n. tagancevi Tvlida,<br />
rom dazaralebulis Tanxmoba gamoricxavda qmedebis danaSaulebriobas, garda im<br />
specialuri SemTxvevebisa, rodesac TviT kanonis mier iyo akrZaluli amgvari qmedebis<br />
ganxorcieleba. 4<br />
n. rozinis azriT, dazaralebulis Tanxmobis iuridiuli mniSvnelobis ganxilvisas,<br />
erTmaneTisgan unda gansxvavdes de lege ferenda da de lege lata. n. rozini mxars uWerda<br />
avtorTa meore jgufs, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom dazaralebulis Tanxmoba zianis miyenebaze<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kerZo nawiliT unda mowesrigebuliyo. misi azriT, piris<br />
Tanxmoba gamoricxavs qmedebis danaSaulebriobas manam, sanam masSi sajaro interesi<br />
ar warmoiSoba. es exeba rogorc qonebriv xelyofas, ise janmrTelobis xelSeuxeblobasa<br />
da Rirsebas. 5<br />
rac Seexeba sabWoTa periodis sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturas, masSi dazaralebulis<br />
Tanxmobis mniSvneloba sxvadasxvagvarad fasdeboda. magaliTad, kriminalistTa<br />
erTi jgufi dazaralebulis Tanxmobas ganixilavda im garemoebaTa konteqstSi,<br />
romlebic gamoricxavdnen Cadenili qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobas (sazogadoebriv<br />
saSiSroebas). magaliTad, a. piontkovski, i. slucki, a. santalovi, a. krasikovi da<br />
sxvebi. isini miiCnevdnen, rom am dros kriteriumad unda aRebuliyo is, rom garkveul<br />
garemoebaTa arsebobisas piris qmedeba araTu sazogadoebrivad saSiSi, aramed, piriqiT,<br />
sazogadoebrivad sasargebloc ki aris.<br />
kriminalistTa mesame jgufi (mag., p.s. dageli) Tvlida, rom sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
gagebiT, dazaralebulia is piri, visi sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonmdeblobiT daculi<br />
uflebebi da interesebi xelyofilia damnaSaveTa mier. amgvari dacvis gansaxorcie-<br />
2<br />
Розин Н., К Вопросу о согласии потерпевшего. Вестник права. XXIX, №9, 1899, 103.<br />
3<br />
iqve, 109.<br />
4<br />
Таганцев Н. С., Русское уголовное право.Часть общая. т.I , 2001, 400-403.<br />
5<br />
Розин Н., К Вопросу о согласии потерпевшего. Вестник права. XXIX, №9, 1899, 118.<br />
165
166<br />
m. lekveiSvili, dazaralebulis Tanxmoba, rogorc marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
gamomricxveli garemoeba<br />
leblad ar aris saWiro dazaralebulis nebis gamovlena (kerZo braldebis saqmeTa gamoklebiT).<br />
sisxlis samarTali ver daukavSirebs sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
arsebobas an ararsebobas dazaralebulis subieqtur Sefasebas mis mimarT ganxorcielebuli<br />
danaSaulis niSnebis mqone qmedebis mimarT. 6<br />
mecnierTa sakmaod didi nawili dazaralebulis Tanxmobas ar ganixilavda qmedebis<br />
danaSaulebriobis gamomricxvel garemoebad imis gamo, rom igi ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsSi. isini miiCnevdnen, rom dazaralebulis Tanxmobas<br />
sxva iuridiuli buneba gaaCnia da dazaralebulis Tanxmobis Sesaxeb arsebuli sisxlis<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> normebi faqtobrivad <strong>samarTlis</strong> sxva dargebSi aris asaxuli. 7<br />
Tanamedrove sisxlissamarTlebriv literaturaSi dazaralebulis Tanxmobis iuridiuli<br />
buneba kvlav sxvadasxvagvarad aris Sefasebuli. magaliTad, a.a. ter-akopovi<br />
Tvlis, rom subieqturi uflebis ganxorcieleba moicavs ara marto Tavisi, aramed<br />
sxva pirTa uflebis realizaciasac, amitom savsebiT dasaSvebia piris mier rogorc sakuTari<br />
TavisTvis, aseve sxva pirisaTvis qonebrivi zianis miyenebisas qmedebis danaSaulebriobis<br />
gamoricxva. magram, misi azriT, adamianis TxovniT misi sicocxlis an janmrTelobisaTvis<br />
zianis miyeneba ar SeiZleba marTlzomierad CaiTvalos. 8<br />
rus mecnierTa nawilis (i.m. tkaCevski, i.m. tiaJkova, g. kelina da sxvebi) azriT, dazaralebulis<br />
Tanxmoba srulad pasuxobs danaSaulebrivi qmedebis gamomricxvel garemoebaTa<br />
yvela niSans. a.i. ignatovi aseve Tvlis, rom dazaralebulis Tanxmobas, iseve<br />
rogorc qmedebis danaSaulebriobis gamomricxvel sxva garemoebebs, romlebic ar<br />
aris gaTvaliswinebuli sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsSi, sisxlissamarTlebrivi mniSvneloba<br />
aqvT da maT SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinon sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
sakiTxis gadawyvetaze. 9 sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> mecnierebaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebaTa<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, dazaralebulis Tanxmoba SeiZleba or jgufad daiyos: 1. qmedebis<br />
Semadgenlobisa da 2. qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel garemoebebad.<br />
pirveli SemTxveva saxezea, Tu ar arsebobs sruli Tanxvedra ganxorcielebul qmedebasa<br />
da sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis Semadgenlobas Soris,<br />
rac pirobadebulia qmedebis Semadgenlobis romelime niSnis arsebobiT; magali-<br />
Tad, danaSaulis Cadenis xerxi, saSualeba da sxva. 10 i. dvaliZe samarTlianad miiCnevs<br />
a. Jalinskis pozicias, romelsac am azris dasadastureblad mohyavs qmedebis Semadgenlobis<br />
ararsebobis magaliTebi; kerZod, Tu qali nebayoflobiT iWers sqesobriv<br />
kavSirs, an kidev piris mier binidan raime nivTis gamotana xdeba am nivTis mesakuTris<br />
TanxmobiT, aqac qmedebis Semadgenlobis ararseboba ganpirobebulia dazaralebulis<br />
nebis Sesabamisi qmedebis arsebobiT. 11<br />
6<br />
Дагель П., Имеет ли согласие потерпевшего уголовно правовое значение. Сов. Юстиция, №3, 1972,<br />
25Сахаров А.Б., Уголовный закон, опыт теоретического моделирования. М., 1987, 138.<br />
7<br />
Дурманов Н. Д., Обстоятелства исключающые общественную опасность и противоправность. М., 1961, 4.<br />
8<br />
Тер-Акопов А.А., Преступность и проблемы нефизической причинности в уголовном праве. М.,<br />
ЮРКНИГА, 2003, 157.<br />
9<br />
Игнатов А.И., Красиков Ю. А., Курс российского уголовного права. Т. I , общая часть, М., 2001, 308.<br />
10<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> zogadi nawili, saxelmZRvanelo, 2007, 267.<br />
11<br />
Жалинский А.Э., Современное немецкое уголовное право. М., 2004, 207.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
rac Seexeba qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel garemoebad dazaralebulis<br />
Tanxmobis aRiarebas, aq gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
dacvis obieqts. Tu qmedeba mimarTulia kerZo interesis winaaRmdeg, rogorc wesi,<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegoba gamoiricxeba im piris TanxmobiT, romelsac xelyofil sikeTeze<br />
saTanado ufleba gaaCnia. xolo Tu prevalirebs sajaro interesi, qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba<br />
mxolod maSin SeiZleba gamoiricxos, Tu Sesabamisi saxelmwifo struqtura<br />
gamoavlens saTanado nebas kanonieri gadawyvetilebis miRebiT.<br />
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gamarTlebuli unda iyos im avtorTa pozicia,<br />
romlebic dazaralebulis Tanxmobis problemis ganxilvas misi iuridiuli bunebis<br />
garkvevidan iwyeben. magram ar SeiZleba gaziarebul iqnes im mecnierTa mosazreba,<br />
romlebic Tvlian, rom dazaralebulis interesisaTvis zianis miyenebis sakiTxi mowesrigebulia<br />
ara sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong>, aramed <strong>samarTlis</strong> sxva dargebiT.<br />
sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma ufro farTo sadiskusio sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. ker-<br />
Zod, gaTvaliswinebulia Tu ara qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli yvela<br />
garemoeba sisxlis samarTalSi, Tu mis farglebs gareTac arsebobs aseTi garemoebani?<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis (qmedebis danaSaulobriobis) gamomricxveli garemoebani<br />
Tavis asaxvas unda poulobdes ara marto sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong>, aramed <strong>samarTlis</strong> sxva<br />
dargis kanonmdeblobaSic. es imiT aixsneba, rom adamianTa marTlzomieri da, rogorc<br />
wesi, sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo qceva <strong>samarTlis</strong> im dargebiT aris mowesrigebuli,<br />
romlebic adamianTa pozitiur qcevas aregulireben (magaliTad, kerZo da sajaro <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
iseTi dargebi, rogoricaa samoqalaqo da administraciuli samarTali). magram<br />
zogierTi aseTi moqmedeba imitom aris mocemuli sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsSi,<br />
rom igi Tavisi faqtobrivi niSnebiT emTxveva masSi gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis subieqtur<br />
niSnebs. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom amgvari xasiaTis sxvadasxva qmedebam sisxlis<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsSi asaxva pova arsebul tradiciebTan dakavSirebiT, an misi SedarebiT<br />
farTo gavrcelebis gamo, danaSaulisagan gamijvnis siZnelesTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
mecnierebis kanonmdebelze zegavleniT da sxva.<br />
aqve oriode sityviT unda aRiniSnos `dazaralebulis Tanxmobis~ cnebis Sesaxeb,<br />
romelic gulisxmobs winaswar imis gansazRvras, Tu ras warmoadgens es Tanxmoba da<br />
vin aris misi subieqti, anu dazaralebuli, romelmac Tavisi uflebebisa da kanonieri<br />
interesisaTvis zianis miyenebaze misca Tanxmoba. dazaralebulis TanxmobaSi unda<br />
igulisxmebodes piris Tavisufali nebis gamoxatuleba sakuTari sikeTis xelyofaze<br />
an safrTxis Seqmnaze. igi, erTi mxriv, unda iyos piradi interesis miRwevis saSualeba,<br />
xolo, meore mxriv, am Tanxmobis farglebSi mesame pirTa qmedeba.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT gaziarebul unda iqnes p.s. dagelis mosazreba, romelic aRniSnavda,<br />
rom ar SeiZleba vcnoT piri dazaralebulad, Tu igi iZleva Tanxmobas mis-<br />
Tvis zianis miyenebaze da amiT xels uwyobs danaSaulis Cadenas an TviTon Cadis mas.<br />
p.s. dageli Tvlida, rom sazogadoebrivad saSiSi qmedebis Cadenisas aseTi piri subieqturad<br />
warmoadgens dazaralebuls; obieqturad ki, Tumca pirs misi TanxmobiT adgeba<br />
gansazRvruli fizikuri, materialuri an moraluri ziani, ziani erTdroulad<br />
adgeba sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanoniT dacul sazogadoebriv interessac. avtoris azriT,<br />
sisxlissamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi am piris mdgomareoba ufro axlo dgas Tanamona-<br />
167
168<br />
m. lekveiSvili, dazaralebulis Tanxmoba, rogorc marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
gamomricxveli garemoeba<br />
wilis, vidre dazaralebulis mdgomareobasTan. m. turava sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> zogadi<br />
nawilis mimoxilvaSi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom dazaralebulis Tanxmobis marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
gamomricxvel garemoebad aRiarebisTvis aucilebelia, rom Tanxmobis<br />
mimcemi TviT iyos dazaralebuli samarTlebrivi sikeTis matarebeli. avtors magali-<br />
Tad mohyavs saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis 370-e muxli, romelic iTvaliswinebs<br />
pasuxismgeblobas cru Cvenebis micemisaTvis. avtori samarTlianad miiCnevs,<br />
rom „Tanxmoba cru Cvenebis micemaze ar SeiZleba marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli<br />
garemoeba iyos, vinaidan am danaSaulis dacvis obieqtia ara individualuri,<br />
aramed sayovelTao samarTlebrivi sikeTe — marTlmsajulebis interesi. 12<br />
saintereso unda iyos p. dagelis mier termin „dazaralebulis Tanxmobis“ cnebaSi<br />
arsebuli Sinagani winaaRmdegobis aRwera. saxeldobr, mas miaCnia, rom piris Tanxmobis<br />
arseboba gamoricxavs dazaralebulis arsebobasac, da piriqiT, Tu saxezea dazaralebuli,<br />
ar SeiZleba arsebobdes misi Tanxmoba danaSaulis Cadenaze. 13<br />
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, vinaidan arsebuli tradiciiT damkvidrebul<br />
termin „dazaralebulis Tanxmobas“ pirobiToba axasiaTebs, ufro mizanSewonili iqneboda,<br />
rom mecnierul literaturaSi damkvidrebuliyo termini „piris Tanxmoba saku-<br />
Tari interesisaTvis zianis miyenebaze“.<br />
rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, garkveuli pirobebis arsebobisas dazaralebulis<br />
Tanxmoba misTvis zianis miyenebis Sesaxeb, gamoricxavs sxva piris sisxlissamarTlebriv<br />
pasuxismgeblobas, Tumca es ar exeba da verc Seexeba adamianis iseTi xelSeuvali<br />
uflebis xelyofas, rogoricaa adamianis sicocxlis ufleba. saqarTvelos konstituciis<br />
me-15 muxlSi xazgasmulia, rom sicocxle adamianis xelSeuvali uflebaa da mas<br />
icavs kanoni. garda amisa, dazaralebulis Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSic ki akrZalulia mis-<br />
Tvis sxeulis dazianeba, Tu igi nakarnaxevi ar aris misi janmrTelobisaTvis sasikeTo<br />
miznis miRweviT (magaliTad, qirurgiuli Carevis aucilebloba). amrigad, marTlsawinaaRmdegod<br />
CaiTvleba yvela is samedicino eqsperimenti, romelic, SeiZleba masSi monawile<br />
piris TanxmobiT xorcieldebodes, magram ewinaaRmdegebodes sazogadoebaSi<br />
arsebul Tanacxovrebis wess.<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> mecnierebasa da praqtikaSi sakiTxi msxverplis TxovniT misi<br />
sicocxlis mospobis Sesaxeb yovelTvis iyo da dResac gansakuTrebiT sakamaToa. ara<br />
mxolod sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> TeoriaSi ukavSirdeba igi eTikur problemas. arsebobs<br />
sxvadasxva mosazreba imis Taobaze, SeuZlia Tu ara adamians gankargos Tavisi sicocxle<br />
ise, rogorc surs. evTanazia gulisxmobs adamianis sikvdilis ganzrax daCqarebas<br />
an terminalur mdgomareobaSi mourCeneli avadmyofisaTvis sicocxlis mospobas misi<br />
tanjvisagan gaTavisuflebis mizniT. evTanazia warmoSobs winaaRmdegobas or uflebas<br />
Soris: erTia momakvdavi adamianis sicocxlis ufleba da meore — Tavad momakvdavis<br />
sikvdilis survili. cxovrebaSi xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac axloblebs uxdebaT<br />
jer kidev saRi azrovnebis mqone sayvareli adamianis wamebis yureba. es saSineli<br />
mdgomareoba zogjer Tveebi an wlebi grZeldeba. risTvis? ratom unda daamTavros<br />
12 turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, Tb., 2008, 227.<br />
13 Дагель П., Имеет ли согласие потерпевшего уголовно правовое значение. Сов. Юстиция, №3, 1972, 26.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
adamianma sicocxle da wavides am qveynidan sicocxlis siZulviliT? Tuki adamians<br />
aqvs sicocxlis ufleba, ratom ar unda hqondes sikvdilis ufleba? sad aris zRvari<br />
humanurobasa da mkvlelobas Soris? ra ufro humanuria — reanimacia pacientisa, romelic<br />
droebiT mova gons da tanjvaSi iqneba, Tu evTanaziis ganxorcieleba? am kiTxvebze<br />
pasuxi scildeba samedicino eTikis farglebs da moiTxovs samarTlebrivi<br />
TvalsazrisiT Sefasebas.<br />
Tanamedrove civilizebuli samyaro iZulebiTi evTanaziis Sesaxeb azrsac ki dasagmobad<br />
Tvlis. tragikuli SemTxvevebi, romelTac adgili hqondaT meore msoflio<br />
omis dros, naTlad adasturebs, rom aravis aqvs ufleba xelyos adamianis sicocxle<br />
mxolod im safuZvliT, rom misi SenarCuneba sazogadoebas tvirTad awveba. germanuli<br />
faSizmis e. w. evTanaziis programam moaxdina Tavad evTanaziis ideis diskreditacia.<br />
amitomacaa, rom msoflio sazogadoebrivi azri evTanaziis problemas didi sifrTxiliT<br />
ekideba.<br />
rogoria eqimis amocana ukurnebeli daavadebis bolo stadiaze myofi avadmyofis<br />
mkurnalobisas — mxolod tkivilis gayuCeba Tu gardauvali sikvdilis Semsubuqebac?<br />
aqvs Tu ara ufleba avadmyofs, mis naTesavebs an eqims tanjvis dasrulebis mizniT<br />
Sewyvitos arasasurveli sicocxle? araoficialuri gamokiTxvis Catarebis safuZvelze<br />
gamoikveTa, rom eqimebs Soris dominirebs azri, romlis Tanaxmad, isini valdebuli<br />
arian yovelmxriv gamoiyenon axali samecniero da teqnikuri miRwevebi, magram<br />
borotad ar unda isargeblon amiT. eqims ufleba ara aqvs avadmyofs advili sikvdilis<br />
ufleba waarTvas Tavisi profesiuli mowodebis calmxrivi gagebiT, vinaidan sicocxlis<br />
xelovnuri, TiTqmis ZaliT SenarCuneba xSirad niSnavs ara sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebas,<br />
aramed sikvdilis gaWianurebas. specialur literaturaSi Tvlian, rom<br />
tvinis disocialuri kvdomis SemTxvevaSi reanimators unda hqondes aparatis gamor-<br />
Tvis ufleba, Tu aparatis gareSe, damoukideblad sicocxlis SenarCuneba SeuZlia.<br />
saqarTvelos parlamentma 2005 wlis 5 maiss miiRo kanoni `pacientis uflebebis<br />
Sesaxeb~, romlis 24-e muxli pasiuri evTanaziis uflebas legalurad aRiarebs. ker-<br />
Zod, 24-e muxlSi Cawerilia: `saqarTvelos moqalaqes ufleba aqvs winaswar werilobiT<br />
gamoxatos neba (Tanxmoba an uari) ugono mdgomareobaSi aRmoCenisas an gacnobierebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebis unaris dakargvisas misTvis sareanimacio, sicocxlis SemanarCunebeli<br />
an paliatiuri mkurnalobis Catarebis Sesaxeb, Tu miTiTebuli garemoebebi<br />
gamowveulia ukurnebeli daavadebis terminaluri stadiiT~.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmuli evTanaziis problemis erTi mxarea. gasarkvevia am problemis<br />
meore mxare — rogoria sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> pozicia tkivilis momxsneli nemsis mimarT<br />
(aqtiuri evTanazia). mxedvelobaSia iseTi SemTxveva, roca eqimi avadmyofs aZlevs<br />
wamlis sasikvdilo dozas ara tkivilis gasayuCeblad, aramed sasikvdilo xsnisaTvis,<br />
Tavad avadmyofis an misi axloblebis TxovniT.<br />
aq evTanaziis mowinaaRmdegeebs seriozuli argumentebi aqvT: gamoricxuli araa<br />
Secdoma diagnozSi; is, rac dRes ganukurnebel senad iTvleba, xval SeiZleba gankurnebadi<br />
gaxdes. medicinisaTvis cnobilia SemTxvevebi, roca ganukurneblad miCneuli<br />
avadmyofebi gamojanmrTeldnen; gamoricxuli araa eqimis xelmrudoba; evTanazia SeuTavsebelia<br />
eqimis profesiul da sazogadoebriv funqciasTan; ndobis atmosferos-<br />
169
170<br />
m. lekveiSvili, dazaralebulis Tanxmoba, rogorc marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
gamomricxveli garemoeba<br />
Tan, romelic unda sufevdes eqimsa da pacients Soris da sxva. qarTvel mecnierTa umravlesobis<br />
(maT Soris T. wereTlis) azriT, dazaralebulis TanxmobiT misTvis sicocxlis<br />
mospoba privilegirebul garemoebaSi Cadenil mkvlelobad unda iqnes aRiarebuli.<br />
14 dRes moqmed saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsSi swored am poziciam<br />
pova asaxva.<br />
rac Seexeba kanonmdeblobas dazaralebulis TanxmobiT zianis miyenebis Sesaxeb,<br />
mTel rig sazRvargareTis qveynebSi man samarTlebrivi reglamentacia miiRo. amasTan,<br />
arc erT sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsSi ar arsebobs zogadi norma dazaralebulis TanxmobiT<br />
zianis miyenebisa da misi sisxlissamarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. es sakiTxi<br />
wydeba konkretul SemTxvevasTan mimarTebiT im obieqtis saxesTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
romelsac es ziani adgeba; saxeldobr, sicocxlis mospoba, janmrTelobis dazianeba,<br />
samedicino Carevis ganxorcieleba da a. S.<br />
aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsebSi aseTi Tanxmobis iuridiuli<br />
mniSvneloba sxvadasxvagvarad wydeba. sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsTa umravlesoba sicocxlis<br />
mospobas dazaralebulis TanxmobiT (moTxovniT) ganixilavs, rogorc privilegirebuli<br />
danaSaulis Semadgenlobas da misTvis ufro msubuq sasjels awesebs. magali-<br />
Tad, germaniis sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis 216-e paragrafis mixedviT, `is, vinc sxva adamians<br />
klavs dazaralebulis kategoriuli da daJinebuli Txovnis safuZvelze, mouspos<br />
mas sicocxle, isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT 6 Tvidan 5 wlamde~. 15<br />
avstriis sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis 77-e paragrafis ZaliT: `vinc sxva adamians<br />
klavs misi seriozuli da daJinebuli moTxovniT, isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT 6<br />
Tvidan 5 wlamde~. 16<br />
yofili sabWoTa respublikebis sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsebidan mxolod saqar-<br />
Tvelosa da azerbaijanis sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsebSi arsebobs msxverplis TanxmobiT<br />
mkvlelobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis Semcveli norma. magaliTad, azerbaijanis<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis 135-e muxlSi miTiTebulia, rom sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> pasuxismgebloba<br />
daekisreba im pirs, vinc avadmyofis Txovnis safuZvelze, sikvdilis daCqarebis<br />
mizniT, raime saSualebiT an moqmedebiT an sicocxlis dasacavad xelovnuri<br />
zomebis SewyvetiT daakmayofilebs mis Txovnas.<br />
sazRvargareTis zogierT sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsSi arsebobs `formaluri~<br />
debuleba dazaralebulis TanxmobiT sicocxlis mospobis gamo sasjelis Semsubuqebis<br />
Sesaxeb. magaliTad, espaneTis sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis 143-e muxlis me-4 nawilSi<br />
aRniSnulia: `is vinc sicocxles uspobs, an aqtiurad exmareba sxva adamianisaTvis<br />
sicocxlis mospobas misi daJinebuli, seriozuli da naTlad gamoxatuli TxovniT,<br />
rodesac msxverpli itanjeboda mZime daavadebiT, romelic aSkarad mouswrafavda<br />
mas sicocxles, an miayenebda mudmivad mZime tanjvas, isjeba am muxlis me-2 da me-3<br />
nawilebiT gaTvaliswinebuli erTi an ori safexuriT ufro dabali sasjeliT (me-2 na-<br />
14 wereTeli T., evTanazia, rogorc zneobrivi da samarTlebrivi problema, Jurn. `sabWoTa<br />
samarTali~, 1976, 44.<br />
15<br />
Уголовный Кодекс Федеративной Республики Германии. СПБ, 2003, 524.<br />
16<br />
Уголовный Кодекс Австрии. М., 2001, 144.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
wili iTvaliswinebs Tavisuflebis aRkveTas oridan xuT wlamde, xolo me-3 nawili eqvsidan<br />
aT wlamde TviTmkvlelobaSi daxmarebisaTvis)~.<br />
poloneTis respublikis sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis 150-e muxliT aseve umsubuqdeba<br />
sasjeli pirs dazaralebulis TanxmobiT mkvlelobisas. amasTan kanonSi isic<br />
aris miTiTebuli, rom gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia saerTod Tqvas<br />
uari sasjelis gamoyenebaze. 150-e muxlis 1-li paragrafis Tanaxmad, `vinc idens<br />
mkvlelobas adamianis TxovniT da misdami sibralulis grZnobis zegavleniT, isjeba<br />
Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT 3 Tvidan 5 wlamde~; meore paragrafSi ki miTiTebulia, rom<br />
`gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoiyenos sasjelis sagangebo Semsubuqeba<br />
da uaric ki Tqvas mis daniSvnaze~. 17<br />
aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom yvela zemoCamoTvlil SemTxvevaSi laparakia ara ubralod<br />
mkvlelobaze dazaralebulis TanxmobiT, aramed mis kategoriul, daJinebul,<br />
seriozul da aSkarad gamoxatul Txovnasa Tu moTxovnaze. sibralulis grZnobis safuZvelze<br />
mkvlelobis iniciatori SeiZleba iqnes mxolod dazaralebuli — piri, romelic<br />
itanjeba mZime avadmyofobiT, ganicdis autanel fizikur tkivils.<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom arsebobs ufro radikaluri midgoma dazaralebulis<br />
TanxmobiT zianis miyenebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis mimarT. zogierTi<br />
sazRvargareTis qveynis sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonmdebloba da praqtika, garkveul garemoebaTa<br />
arsebobisas, dasaSvebad miiCnevs pirisaTvis misi TanxmobiT yovelgvari zianis<br />
miyenebas, Tuki piris qmedebaSi ar arsebobs sxva saxis danaSaulebrivi garemoeba.<br />
magaliTad, SvedeTis sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsi (Tavi 24, muxli 7) iTvaliswinebs, rom<br />
`qmedeba Cadenili erTi piris mier meore piris mimarT, ganxorcielebuli am ukanasknelis<br />
TanxmobiT, danaSaulad CaiTvleba mxolod maSin, Tu igi zianis xasiaTis, Zaladobis<br />
an mis mier gamowveuli saSiSroebiT, mizniTa da sxva garemoebaTa gamo, ar SeiZleba<br />
iqnes gamarTlebuli~. 18<br />
sainteresoa holandieli kanonmdeblis pozicia, romelmac piris TanxmobiT mis-<br />
Tvis sicocxlis mospobis Taobaze sxvadasxva saxis pasuxismgebloba daadgina, imis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu vin iyo qmedebis subieqti. aqedan gamomdinare, kerZo piris mier<br />
dazaralebulis TxovniT sicocxlis mospoba mkvlelobis privilegirebul Semadgenlobas<br />
warmoadgens. holandiis sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis 293-e muxlis Tanaxmad,<br />
piri, romelic sicocxles uspobs sxva pirs misi aSkarad gamoxatuli gulwrfeli<br />
Txovnis safuZvelze, isjeba sapyrobileTi ara umetes Tormeti wlisa an mexuTe kategoriis<br />
jarimiT. xolo Tu eqimi uspobs avadmyofs sicocxles, kanonmdebeli mis qmedebas<br />
danaSaulis gamomricxvel garemoebad miiCnevs. holandiis uzenaesma sasamar-<br />
Tlom es norma Semdegnairad ganmarta: `garkveul garemoebaTa arsebobisas eqimis mier<br />
uimedo avadmyofis mokvdineba aucileblobis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamarTlebul<br />
iqnes~. 19<br />
17<br />
Уголовный Кодекс Республики Польша. Мн., 1998, 128.<br />
18<br />
Уголовный Кодекс Швеции. М., 2000, 168.<br />
19<br />
citirebulia Орехов В.В., Необходимая оборона и иные обстоятельства, исключающие<br />
преступность деяния. СПБ, 2003, 163.<br />
171
172<br />
m. lekveiSvili, dazaralebulis Tanxmoba, rogorc marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
gamomricxveli garemoeba<br />
amrigad, rogorc zemoaRniSnulidan vlindeba, dazaralebulis TanxmobiT mis-<br />
Tvis sicocxlis mospobis Taobaze sxvadasxva qveyanaSi legalurad sami sistema arsebobs.<br />
pirvel jgufs Seadgens is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic evTanazias Cveulebriv<br />
mkvlelobad afaseben (magaliTad, inglisi, safrangeTi, ruseTi). meore jgufis qveynebi<br />
evTanazias Semamsubuqebel garemoebad Tvlis da SedarebiT msubuq sasjels awesebs<br />
(magaliTad, germania, avstria, Sveicaria); xolo mesame jgufis qveynebma, faqtobrivad,<br />
moaxdina evTanaziis dekriminalizacia (holandia, peru, urugvai). evTanaziis<br />
momxreTa zemomoyvanili argumentaciis safuZvelze, mizanSewonilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos,<br />
uaxloes momavalSi mainc, yvela saTanado garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, evTanaziis<br />
dekriminalizacia.<br />
rac Seexeba dazaralebulis Tanxmobas misTvis janmrTelobis dazianebaze, maT<br />
Soris samedicino Carevis gziT, es Tanxmoba aseve gamoricxavs qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobas,<br />
Tu igi ar arRvevs sayovelTaod aRiarebul moralur normebs da socialurad<br />
sasargeblo miznis miRwevas emsaxureba.<br />
marTlzomieri samedicino Carevis faqtobrivi safuZveli pacientis janmrTelobis<br />
iseTi mdgomareobaa, romelic ganapirobebs misTvis aucilebeli samedicino daxmarebis<br />
aRmoCenas (magaliTad, diagnostikuri gamokvlevis Catareba); xolo iuridiuli<br />
safuZveli samedicino Carevaze pacientis Tanxmobaa. es sakiTxi gadawyvetilia kanoniT<br />
`pacientis uflebebis Sesaxeb~, romlis Tanaxmadac „samedicino momsaxurebis<br />
gawevis aucilebeli pirobaa pacientis, xolo misi qmeduunarobis an gacnobierebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebis uunarobis SemTxvevaSi, naTesavis an kanonieri warmomadgenlis<br />
informirebuli Tanxmoba. informirebuli Tanxmoba win uZRvis samedicino momsaxurebas~.<br />
amasTan SeiZleba Seiqmnas iseTi situaciac, rodesac samedicino Careva marTlzomierad<br />
CaiTvalos pacientis an misi kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmobis ararsebobis<br />
drosac. magaliTad, rodesac komaSi myof adamians sWirdeba saswrafo operacia dazianebuli<br />
organos mokveTis mizniT da SeuZlebelia mis axloblebTan dakavSireba. aseT<br />
dros eqimis mier samedicino Careva savsebiT gamarTlebulia da igi marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
gamomricxvel garemoebad CaiTvleba. amasTan mniSvnelovania, rom dazaralebulis<br />
Tanxmobis arsebobisas, Tu eqimis qmedeba scildeba miRebuli Tanxmobis farglebs,<br />
samedicino Careva dakargavs marTlzomieri qmedebis xasiaTs.<br />
iuridiul literaturaSi marTlwinaaRmdegobis zekanonur garemoebaTa Soris<br />
moixsenieben dazaralebulis savaraudo Tanxmobasac. faqtobrivad, es iseTi garemoebaa,<br />
rodesac dazaralebuls misTvis zianis miyenebis Taobaze Tumca Tavisi neba ar<br />
daufiqsirebia, vinaidan es SeuZlebli iyo, magram arsebobs dasabuTebuli varaudi,<br />
rom igi am Tanxmobas miscemda. amis dasturad zemomoyvanili magaliTic gamodgeba.<br />
marTlzomieri iqneba dazaralebulis savaraudo Tanxmoba maSinac, Tu, magaliTad,<br />
pirma Tavisi megobris binidan daukiTxavad wamoiRo ZviradRirebuli magnitofoni,<br />
romliTac adrec sargeblobda.<br />
rac Seexeba dazaralebulis TanxmobiT misi janmrTelobisaTvis zianis miyenebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi kanonmdeblobiT pasuxismgeeblobis sakiTxis gadawyvetas, man yvelaze<br />
sruli samarTlebrivi reglamentacia miiRo niu-iorkis Statis sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong>
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
kodeqsSi, romlis 35.10 paragrafSi dadgenilia pirobebi, romlebic amarTleben fizikuri<br />
Zalis gamoyenebis mizanSewonilebas. kerZod, mexuTe punqti adgens: `eqims, romelsac<br />
aqvs saTanado nebarTva an pirs, romelic moqmedebs misi xelmZRvanelobiT, SeuZlia<br />
gonierebis farglebSi gamoiyenos fizikuri Zaladoba mkurnalobis miRebuli<br />
formis gansaxorcieleblad avadmyofis fizikuri an fsiqikuri gamojanmrTelebisaTvis<br />
xelSewyobis mizniT~. amave dros kanonSi daTqmulia is pirobebic, romlis Sesrulebac<br />
savaldebuloa: 1) mkurnaloba unda mimdinareobdes piris TanxmobiT, xolo Tu<br />
igi Tvramet wels miuRweveli an qmeduunaroa, misi mSoblis, meurvis an sxva im piris<br />
TanxmobiT, romelTac evalebaT masze zrunva da zedamxvedelobis ganxorcieleba; 2)<br />
mkurnaloba xorcieldeba sagangebo garemoebaTa arsebobisas, rodesac eqimi gonivrulad<br />
Tvlis, rom ar arsebobs amgvar mkurnalobaze Tanxmobis mimcemi arc erTi piri<br />
da yoveli gonieri da avadmyofis keTilmosurne piri amaze Tanxmobas miscemda. 20<br />
zogierTi qveynis sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonmdebloba qmedebis danaSaulebriobis<br />
gamomricxvel garemoebad miiCnevs dazaralebulis TanxmobiT sxeulis dazianebas,<br />
maT Soris samedicino Carevasac, Tu es ar ewinaaRmdegeba sayovelTaod aRiarebul<br />
zneobriv normebs.<br />
zogierTi qveynis sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonmdebloba qmedebis danaSaulebriobis<br />
gamomricxvel garemoebad miiCnevs dazaralebulis TanxmobiT sxeulis dazianebas,<br />
maT Soris samedicino Carevasac, Tu es ar ewinaaRmdegeba sayovelTaod aRiarebul<br />
zneobriv normebs. magaliTad, germaniis sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis 228-e paragraf-<br />
Si zogadi formiT gaTvaliswinebulia, rom dazaralebulis TanxmobiT sxeulis dazianeba<br />
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba danaSaulad, Tu qmedeba, miuxedavad dazaralebulis<br />
Tanxmobisa, arRvevs moralur zne-Cveulebas. 21<br />
avstriis sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsiT (90-e paragrafis 1-li punqti) ki sxeulis<br />
dazianebis an sxeulis mTlianobis darRvevis muqara ar miiCneva marTlsawinaaRmdegod,<br />
Tu arsebobs dazaralebulis Tanxmoba da Tu es dazianeba an muqara ar ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
sazogadoebaSi aRiarebul zneobriv normebs.<br />
piris TanxmobiT eqimis mier Catarebuli sterilizaciac aseve ar iTvleba mar-<br />
TlsawinaaRmdego qmedebad, Tu igi Cautarda ocdaxuTi wlis asaks miRweul pirs da<br />
Tu aseTi Careva sxva safuZvliTac ar ewinaaRmdegeba sayovelTaod miRebul moralur<br />
normebs (90-e paragrafis me—2 punqti). 22<br />
dazaralebulis TanxmobiT misTvis zianis miyenebis, rogorc marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
gamomricxveli erT-erTi garemoebis, sakiTxis ganxilvisas garduvalia msjeloba<br />
im problemaze, romelic axlavs medicinis did warmatebas organosa da qsovilis erTi<br />
adamianidan meorisaTvis gadanergvis sferoSi. mraval dadebiT SedegTan erTad, medicinis<br />
am miRwevam, Tavis mxriv, Seqmna saSiSroeba socialurad daucveli fenebisa da<br />
bavSvebisaTvis. daiwyo am sferoSi komercializacia, warmoiSva adamianisaTvis sicocxlis<br />
mospobis safrTxe misi janmrTeli organosa da qsovilis mosapoveblad. 1989<br />
20 Уголовное право США, Сборник нормативных актов. М., 1985, 160.<br />
21 Уголовный Кодекс Федеративной Республики Германии. СПБ, 2003, 524.<br />
22 Уголовный Кодекс Австрии. М., 2001, 144.<br />
173
174<br />
m. lekveiSvili, dazaralebulis Tanxmoba, rogorc marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
gamomricxveli garemoeba<br />
wels Catarebul janmrTelobis dacvis msoflio sesiaze gamoTqmuli iyo seriozuli<br />
SeSfoTeba cocxali `donorebis~ organoebiT vaWrobis saSiSroebaze.<br />
transplantaciasTan dakavSirebulma medicinis udidesma miRwevam araerTi samarTlebrivi<br />
problema Seqmna, maT Soris dazaralebulis TanxmobiT misTvis sxeulis<br />
dazianebis miyenebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis Taobaze. miRebuli iyo sxvadasxva saer-<br />
TaSoriso mniSvnelobis samarTlebrivi aqti. saqarTveloSi moqmed kanonebs Soris aRsaniSnavia<br />
1997 wlis kanoni `janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb~. yvela saerTaSoriso normatiul<br />
aqtSi, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos kanonebSi, xazgasmulia, rom cocxali donorisagan<br />
organos amokveTis aucilebeli pirobaa informirebuli, gacxadebuli da<br />
nebelobiTi Tanxmoba organosa Tu qsovilis gadanergvaze.<br />
kanonmdeblobiT aseve SezRudulia im pirTa wre, romelTa TanxmobiTac SeiZleba gadanergil<br />
iqnes misi romelime organo. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT `cocxali donoris<br />
organos gamoyeneba sxva adamianis samkurnalod da/an gadasanergad dasaSvebia mxolod<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu donori da recipienti genetikuri naTesavebi an meuRleebi arian~.<br />
transplantaciaze dazaralebulis Tanxmobisas eqimis qmedebis Tavisebureba ima-<br />
Si vlindeba, rom, sxva SemTxvevebisagan gansxvavebiT, sicocxlis sasworze dadebulia<br />
ara marto avadmyofis, aramed janmrTeli adamianis interesic. cxadia, Tu adgili aqvs<br />
arsebuli kanonmdeblobis darRveviT janmrTeli adamianis interesis Selaxvas, SeuZlebelia<br />
eqimis qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel garemoebad miCneva.<br />
dazaralebulis Tanxmoba misTvis organos amokveTaze, fuladi an sxva materialuri<br />
anazRaurebis miRebis mizniT, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel<br />
garemoebad, Tundac igi recipientis uaRresi siRatakiT iyos gamowveuli. ase-<br />
Ti moqmedeba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos nebayoflobiT aqtad, faqtobrivad, es iZulebis<br />
saxea, vinaidan igi ewinaaRmdegeba zneobis sayovelTaod aRiarebul normebs, aseve sazogadoebisa<br />
da saxelmwifos interess.<br />
dazaralebulis TanxmobiT misi janmrTelobisaTvis zianis miyenebis marTlzomierebis<br />
ganxilvisas ar SeiZleba oriode sityviT mainc ar aRiniSnos sportul saqmianobasTan<br />
dakavSirebul zianze.<br />
cnobilia, rom sportul SejibrebaSi gamoricxuli ar aris sportsmenis mier meore<br />
sportsmenisaTvis sxeulis dazianeba, janmrTelobis Seryeva, TviT sicocxlis mospobac<br />
ki. arcTu iSviaTia, rodesac msoflio sainformacio saagentoebi ityobineba ringze<br />
metoqis dartymiT gamowveuli mokrivis sikvdilis Sesaxeb krivsa da sportis zogierT<br />
e.w. `kontaqtul~ saxeobaSi, aseve gundur SejibrSi.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT iuridiul mecnierebaSi aqtualuria sakiTxi sisxlis samar-<br />
Tlis kanonmdeblobaSi iseTi normis SemoRebis Sesaxeb, romelic gansazRvravs sportsmenisaTvis<br />
miyenebuli zianis marTlzomierebasa Tu marTlwinaaRmdegobas da bolo<br />
SemTxvevaSi sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> pasuxismgeblobis dawesebas.<br />
jer kidev n. tagancevi ilaSqrebda sportis iseT saxeobaTa legalizebis winaaRmdeg,<br />
romelic safrTxes uqmnida sportsmenis sicocxles. 23<br />
23 citirebulia Скворцов А.А., Причинение вреда жизни или здоровью при занятии спортом. М., 2006, 47.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
mecnier-kriminalistTa didi nawili (a. piontkovski, m. Sargorodski, s. borodini,<br />
da sxvebi) Tvlis, rom sportul saqmianobaSi dadgenili wesis dacvisas sportsmenis<br />
sicocxlis an janmrTelobisaTvis zianis miyeneba, Tu sportis es saxeoba kanoniT ar<br />
ikrZaleba, gamoricxavs danaSauls, vinaidan ar arsebobs misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSani<br />
— marTlwinaaRmdegoba.<br />
sxva avtorebi sportul SejibrSi zianis miyenebisaTvis sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> pasuxismgeblobis<br />
ararsebobas ukavSireben dazaralebulis Tanxmobis instituts. maTi<br />
azriT, sportsmenis Tanxmoba sportul SejibrSi monawileobaze gamoricxavs pasuxismgeblobas<br />
im dasaSvebi zianis miyenebisaTvis, romelic damaxasiaTebelia sportis ama<br />
Tu im saxeobisaTvis. sportsmens Segnebuli aqvs mosalodneli safrTxe, magram ara<br />
konkretuli, aramed savaraudo, faqtobrivad, abstraqtuli mavne Sedegis dadgomis<br />
SesaZlebloba. 24<br />
zogierTi mecnieris mosazrebiT, mizanSewonilia sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis<br />
kerZo nawilSi asaxva povos specialurma normam — dadgenili wesis ganzrax darRvevisaTvis<br />
pasuxismgeblobis dawesebis Sesaxeb, Tu am qmedebas Sedegad mohyva janmrTelobis<br />
naklebad mZime an mZime dazianeba. 25 sxvebi ki miiCneven, rom ufro gamarTlebuli<br />
iqneba kodeqsSi Setanil iqnes specialuri norma sportuli Sejibris dros zianis<br />
miyenebis marTlzomierebis pirobebis Sesaxeb, romlis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi es qmedeba<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebel garemoebad CaiTvleba. 26<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis gadatvirTva aseTi saxis normebiT gamarTlebuli<br />
ar unda iyos. miT umetes, rom saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsSi pirdapir<br />
aris aRiarebuli marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli zekanonuri normebi. rac Seexeba<br />
sportuli Sejibrebisas zianis miyenebis Semamsubuqebel garemoebad CaTvlas, es<br />
sakiTxi, faqtobrivad, gadawyvetilia, radganac sasamarTlos yovelTvis aqvs ufleba<br />
ama Tu im danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi moqmedi normis sanqciis farglebSi Seumsubuqos<br />
damnaSaves pasuxismgebloba.<br />
arsebobs kidev erTi mosazreba: calkeuli avtorebi (t. oreSkina, n. kozaevi da<br />
sxvebi) Tvlian, rom sportuli saqmianobis dros sicocxlis an janmrTelobisaTvis<br />
zianis miyenebisas piri imyofeba marTlzomieri riskis pirobebSi, rac gamoricxavs<br />
qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobas.<br />
aRniSnuli mosazreba gamarTlebuli ar unda iyos, vinaidan sportuli saqmianobis<br />
procesSi pirisaTvis sxeulis dazianeba miznad ar isaxavs socialurad sasargeblo<br />
miznis miRwevas. sportul SejibrSi sportsmenisaTvis sasargeblo Sedegis miRwevas<br />
piraduli xasiaTi aqvs. amasTan, sportis calkeul saxeobaSi (magaliTad, krivi)<br />
sxeulis dazianebas TiTqmis savaldebulo xasiaTi aqvs, anu qmedebis Sedegi mosalodnelia.<br />
krivSi moqmedi wesis Tanaxmad, igi kanonier saxes atarebs. sisxlissamar-<br />
Tlebrivi pasuxismgebloba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi dadgeba, Tu dairRveva dadgenili<br />
wesi.<br />
24 Игнатов А.И., Красиков Ю.А., Курс российского уголовного права. Общая часть. т. I, М., 2001,105.<br />
25 iqve, 116.<br />
26 iqve, 426.<br />
175
176<br />
m. lekveiSvili, dazaralebulis Tanxmoba, rogorc marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
gamomricxveli garemoeba<br />
saTanado pirobebis arsebobisas dazaralebulis Tanxmobis marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
gamomricxvel garemoebad aseve unda CaiTvalos Tanxmoba piris kuTvnili qonebisaTvis<br />
zianis miyenebis an ganadgurebis Taobaze. dazaralebulis Tanxmobis ufleba<br />
dafuZnebulia mesakuTris uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis faqtze, kerZod, Tavisi<br />
SexedulebiT qonebis gankargvis uflebaze.<br />
iuridiul literaturaSi erTgvar davas iwvevs sakiTxi kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli<br />
im qonebis dazianebisa Tu ganadgurebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, romelsac gansakuTrebuli<br />
mxatvruli an istoriuli mniSvneloba aqvs (mxatvruli tilo, unikaluri<br />
wigni, iSviaTi musikaluri instrumenti da sxva). zogierTi avtori kategoriulad<br />
uaryofs aseT SemTxvevaSi dazaralebulis TanxmobiT misi qonebis dazianebis an ganadgurebis<br />
marTlzomierebas.<br />
is SezRudva, rac dakavSirebulia zemoaRniSnuli sagnebis dazaralebulis TanxmobiT<br />
dazianebasTan Tu ganadgurebasTan, dasaSvebi unda iyos mxolod im pirobiT,<br />
Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifoSi moqmed kanonmdeblobas. aseTi sagnebis gansakuTrebuli<br />
samarTlebrivi statusis gamo saqarTveloSi parlamentis mier 2007 wlis<br />
8 maiss miRebul kanonSi CamoTvlilia gansakuTrebuli istoriuli, mecnieruli, kulturuli<br />
da erovnuli Rirebulebis mqone saganTa nusxa. imisaTvis, rom dadgindes ama<br />
Tu im nivTisa Tu dokumentis gansakuTrebuli erovnuli Rirebuleba, savaldebuloa<br />
saTanado eqspertis daskvna da mxolod amis Semdeg SesaZloa msjeloba maTi ganadgurebisas<br />
dazaralebulis Tanxmobis marTlzomierebis Sesaxeb.<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom dazaralebulis TanxmobiT qonebis ganadgurebis marTlzomierebis<br />
dasadgenad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba dazaralebulis namdvili nebis<br />
gamomxatvel qcevas. am dros ar unda iqnes gadacilebuli zianis sakmarisobis farglebi,<br />
miyenebuli ziani unda atarebdes mxolod qonebriv xasiaTs.<br />
dasasrul, unda aRiniSnos, rom gamarTlebulia im mecnierTa Sexeduleba, romlebic<br />
kanonmdeblobiT zustad reglamentirebul pirobebSi SesaZleblad miiCneven,<br />
uSualod sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis zogad nawilSi dazaralebulis Tanxmoba aRiaron<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel erT-erT garemoebad.<br />
marTalia, axali qarTuli kanonmdebloba Sesabamisi pirobebis arsebobisas ar<br />
zRudavs analogias da dasaSvebad miiCnevs marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel garemoebaTa<br />
sferoSi zekanonur garemoebaTa gamoyenebas, magram, vinaidan dazaralebulis<br />
Tanxmoba moicavs adamianis qmedebaTa metad farTo speqtrs, ufro mizanSewonili<br />
iqneboda da ufro daixveweboda marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebebi,<br />
Tu kodeqsSi mas damoukidebel normad daemateboda dazaralebulis Tanxmoba.<br />
dazaralebulis Tanxmobis legalizaciis argumentebs Soris yvelaze Rirebulad<br />
unda CaiTvalos Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom vinaidan Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTliT<br />
xdeba adamianis kerZo interesis dacvis Tanmimdevruli gaZliereba, mizanSewonilia<br />
misTvis am sferoSi sul ufro meti uflebis miniWeba, kanonmdebelma unda aRiaros<br />
aseve am uflebaTa Tavisuflad gankargvis SesaZleblobac.
MZIA LEKVEISHVILI ∗<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
CONSENT OF THE VICTIM AS AN ISSUE OF CIRCUMSTANCE PRECLUDING WRONGFULNESS<br />
Summary<br />
Causing damage with the consent of the victim, as an issue of circumstance precluding wrongfulness,<br />
has always been a question of study for the Criminal science, though the positive legislation prefers to<br />
remain silent regarding this issue. At present, as an innovation, the new Criminal Code has foreseen<br />
the supra-norm of circumstance precluding wrongfulness, in which consent of the victim is considered<br />
as well. That is why, the article dedicates special attention to the consideration, assessment and making<br />
up proper conclusions on Georgian as well as foreign legislation with regard to the above-mentioned<br />
problem.<br />
The lawfulness of the issue of taking life with the consent of the victim is still a matter of discussion<br />
and is very closely connected to the ethical problem. The so-called “Euthanasia” program, National<br />
Socialist Germany’s first program of mass murder, discredited the problem of euthanasia, which was<br />
reflected in foreign as well as in Georgian criminal legislation and in the works of scientists.<br />
On the basis of studying all the positive and negative aspects of euthanasia, it is more convincing to<br />
consider the possibility of taking life with the consent of the victim as an act of humanity. This consideration<br />
is somehow confirmed by the fact that Georgian legislator factually recognizes the right to<br />
passive euthanasia. It is advisable to decriminalize the crime committed with the consent of the victim<br />
only in strictly envisaged circumstances.<br />
The issue of possible consent of the victim in supra-legal circumstances of wrongfulness should also<br />
be decided positively.<br />
Outstanding achievements in the field of organ transplantation have caused many criminal and moral<br />
problems. Proceeding from the danger of commercialization of the transplantation of an organ, part of<br />
it or tissue in order to receive financial or other compensation, the consent of the victim cannot be considered<br />
as a circumstance precluding wrongfulness, even if it is caused by the extreme poverty of the<br />
recipient. Such action cannot be regarded as a deliberate act. Practically, it is one of the types of compulsion<br />
and contradicts the well-recognized moral norms.<br />
∗ Candidate of Jurisprudence, Full Professor, TSU, <strong>Faculty</strong> of <strong>Law</strong>.<br />
177
178<br />
m. lekveiSvili, dazaralebulis Tanxmoba, rogorc marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
gamomricxveli garemoeba<br />
It is not justified to recognize the harm done to someone during sporting activities as committed in the<br />
conditions of lawful risk, as such an activity is of personal character and is not aimed at achieving a<br />
socially useful goal.<br />
In case of proper circumstances, the consent of the victim can be considered as a circumstance precluding<br />
wrongfulness if the consent is given in order to cause damage or to destroy his/her own property,<br />
because such a consent is based on the fact of realization of the property owner’s authority.<br />
As for the arguments legalizing the consent of the victim, most valuable is the thesis which says that<br />
as contemporary Criminal Code envisages the protection of private interests of a person providing for<br />
him/her more rights and freedoms, the legislator should also recognize the possibility of free use of the<br />
above-mentioned rights.
SoTa biWia∗<br />
xandazmulobis legitimaciis safuZveli sisxlis samarTalSi<br />
1. Sesavali<br />
sisxlis samarTalSi xandazmulobis legitimacia ganekuTvneba im problemaTa<br />
wres, romliTac qarTveli da ucxoeli mecnierebi naklebad interesdebodnen. sinamdvileSi,<br />
sakiTxi mecnierul gadaWras iTxovs. amas adasturebs mosazrebebi, romlebic<br />
xandazmulobis safuZvlad sxvadasxva garemoebas asaxelebs. amasTan, arc erTi<br />
Teoria ar aris imdenad damajerebeli, rom udavod misaRebi iyos. swored amitom mizanSewonilia<br />
aixsnas, ra garemoebebs efuZneba sisxlis samarTalSi xandazmuloba da<br />
ratom aris misi arseboba aucilebeli. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi xandazmuloba usamar-<br />
Tlo Sedegebis gamomwvev cnebadac ki SeiZleba warmoCindes.<br />
winamdebare statiaSi mokledaa mimoxiluli arsebuli mosazrebebi xandazmulobis<br />
arsebobis gamamarTlebeli safuZvlebis Sesaxeb da maTi kritikuli ganxilvis safuZvelze<br />
Camoyalibebulia xandazmulobis legitimaciis misaRebi, dasabuTebuli safuZvlebi.<br />
arsebuli mecnieruli Teoriebi xandazmulobis gaTvaliswinebas sisxlis samar-<br />
Tlis kodeqsSi sxvadasxva safuZvliT xsnis. amis mixedviT ganasxvaveben materialursamarTlebriv,<br />
procesualur da Sereul Teoriebs, Tumca Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom<br />
xandazmulobis Sesaxeb damajerebeli Teoriis Seqmna kvlav problematuria.<br />
2. xandazmulobis gamarTlebis procesualuri safuZvlebi<br />
mecnierTa erTi nawili xandazmulobis legitimacias procesualur mizezebSi<br />
eZebs. maTi mtkicebiT, droTa ganmavlobaSi mtkicebulebebi ikargeba, ris gamoc SeuZlebeli<br />
xdeba realuri suraTis srulad aRdgena. 1 xandazmulobis orive saxes — pasuxismgeblobisa<br />
da sasjelis gamomricxvel xandazmulobas — procesualur samarTals<br />
miakuTvnebs h. blai. 2 xandazmulobis procesualur bunebaze saubroben i. baumani da<br />
u. veberi. 3 v. spasoviCis azriT, sasamarTlos mier mcdari gadawyvetilebis miRebas<br />
sjobs saqmis ganxilvaze uaris Tqma. 4 unda iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli Teoria ar aris usafuZvlo<br />
im nawilSi, rom is xandazmulobis safuZvlebs mtkicebulebebs ukavSirebs,<br />
∗ <strong>samarTlis</strong> doqtori, Tsu-is iuridiuli fakulteti.<br />
1 Jescheck H.H., Lehrbuch des Strafrechts, Allgemeine Teil, 4. Aufl, Berlin, 1988, 812 f.; Maurach R., Gössel<br />
K.H., Zipf H., Strafrecht Allgemeine Teil 2, 7. Aufl., 1989, № 75/13; Roxin C., Strafrecht Allgemeine Teil I,<br />
München, 1994, № 23/57.<br />
2 Blei H., Starafrecht I, Allgemeine Teil, 18. Aufl., Verlag C. H. Beck, 1983, 420-423.<br />
3 Baumann J., Weber U., Strafrecht, 9. Aufl., Verlag Ernst und Werner Giesing Bielefeld, 1985, §12 I 2, 12 II 2.<br />
4 Спасович В., Учебник уголовного права. т. 1, Санкт-Петербург, 1863, 309.
180<br />
S. biWia, xandazmulobis legitimaciis safuZveli sisxlis samarTalSi<br />
Tumca cdebian xsenebuli avtorebi, rodesac danaSaulis damadasturebel Tu braldebulis<br />
(eWvmitanilis, gansasjelis) mier danaSaulebrivi qmedebis arCadenis damadasturebel<br />
mtkicebulebebze mianiSneben. unda iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli mizezi sisxlis<br />
samarTalSi samoqalaqo samarTlidan pirdapiraa nasesxebi. sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
procesis Tanamedrove etapze es mizezi ar SeiZleba xandazmulobas daedos safuZvlad,<br />
vinaidan danaSaulis damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebis ararsebobas an arasakmarisobas<br />
unda mohyves piris gamarTleba, ra drosac xandazmulobis arsebobas azri<br />
ekargeba. rac Seexeba piris mier danaSaulis arCadenis damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebis<br />
dakargvas, aRniSnuli sakiTxi dRes Teoriulad naklebad aqtualuria, vinaidan,<br />
braldebis mier sakmarisi mtkicebulebebis warmoudgenlobis SemTxvevaSi, piri mainc<br />
unda gamarTldes. es asec rom ar iyos, xandazmulobis dafuZnebas mtkicebulebebis<br />
dakargvaze ewinaaRmdegeba xandazmulobis vadebis gaTvaliswineba danaSaulTa kategoriebis<br />
da ara mtkicebulebaTa xasiaTis mixedviT. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mocemuli<br />
Teoria ver CaiTvleba sruliad misaRebad.<br />
momijnave Sexedulebis mixedviT, xandazmuloba SemoRebulia, raTa moxdes dana-<br />
Saulze saxelmwifo uwyebebis drouli reagirebis uzrunvelyofa. 5 es mosazreba, ra<br />
Tqma unda, misaRebia, Tumca aSkarad arasakmarisia xandazmulobis samarTlebrivi bunebis<br />
asaxsnelad. sxva Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, xandazmuloba gamarTlebulia saproceso<br />
moqmedebebis ekonomiis principiT. 6 marTalia, aRniSnuli mosazrebac misaRebia,<br />
Tumca is ar aris xandazmulobis arsebobis ZiriTadi safuZveli, aramed — ufro misi<br />
moqmedebis Sedegi.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemuli Teoriebi tovebs calmxrivobisa da daukmayofileblobis<br />
STabeWdilebas, procesualur Teoriebs aqvT dadebiTi mxarec: yuradRebis<br />
gadatana mtkicebulebebis ararsebobaze. es debuleba gasaziarebelia da gamosayenebelia<br />
xandazmulobis Sesaxeb TeoriaSi, Tumca, samwuxarod, mecnierebi am azrs sruliad<br />
sxva mimarTulebiT aviTarebdnen, kerZod, mas ukavSirebdnen danaSaulis dadasturebas,<br />
rac ar aris swori. sinamdvileSi, saubari SeiZleba iyos amJamad qmedebis Camdenis<br />
qmedebisadmi RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis damadasturebel mtkicebulebaze,<br />
ris gareSec SeuZlebelia samarTliani, sasjelis miznebis Sesabamisi sasjelis daniSnva.<br />
amas daadasturebs subieqturi Teoriebis ganxilvac. miuxedavad yvelafrisa,<br />
aSkaraa, rom procesualuri elementi ar aris xandazmulobis legitimaciis erTader-<br />
Ti safuZveli. sinamdvileSi, xandazmuloba metad mravalmxriv sawyisebs efuZneba,<br />
rac dRis wesrigSi ayenebs materialuri Teoriebis ganxilvas.<br />
5<br />
Fischer H., Die Strafverfolgungsverjährung im deutschen und schweizerischen Strafgesetzbuch, Basel, 1971,<br />
13.<br />
6<br />
Jakobs G., Strafrecht Allgemeine Teil, 2 Aufl., Berlin, New York, 1991, 10/22 mit Fn 40; Bemmann G., Zur<br />
Frage der nachträglichen Verlängerung der Strafverfolgungsverjährung, JZ, 1965, 333-338; Klug U., Die<br />
Verpflichtung des Rechtsstaats zur Verjährungsverlängerung, JZ, 1965, 149-152.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
3. xandazmulobis gamarTlebis materialuri safuZvlebi<br />
3.1 xandazmulobis gamarTlebis obieqturi safuZveli<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> mecnierebaSi cnobilia Teoriebi, romlebic xandazmulobas<br />
kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong> msgavsad xsnis. 7 samoqalaqo samarTalSi garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
piris mier Tavisi uflebis ganuxorcielebloba arTmevs mas am uflebas. es mosazreba<br />
sisxlis samarTalSi ar SeiZleba gaziarebul iqnes, radgan saxelmwifos sasjelis<br />
daniSvnis ufleba sazogadoebis mier aqvs miniWebuli garkveuli miznis misaRwevad,<br />
Sesabamisi organoebi valdebulni arian, Seasrulon dakisrebuli movaleobebi,<br />
ris gamoc isini, kerZo pirebisgan gansxvavebiT, TviTneburad ver ityvian uars sasjelis<br />
gamoyenebaze. aRniSnul pozicias iziarebs S. cimermanic. 8 amdenad, sakuTari nebiT<br />
raime uflebaze uaris Tqma ver gaxdeba sisxlis samarTalSi xandazmulobis arsebobis<br />
gamarTlebis safuZveli.<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli Teoria germanul mecnierebaSi aris e.w. drois<br />
dauZleveli Zalis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac drois svla arafers indobs, yvelaferi<br />
emorCileba mis Zalas, maT Soris pirisadmi pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba da sasjelis<br />
aRsruleba. 9 es Teoria cdilobs xandazmuloba daafuZnos drois bundovan Zalaze,<br />
romelic gaurkvevelia, saidan modis, ris safuZvelze Cndeba, ra Sedegebis gamowveva<br />
SeuZlia... misi mimzidveloba imiT vlindeba, rom ar saWiroebs xandazmulobis safuZvlis<br />
damatebiT kvleva-Ziebas, radgan yvelaferi SeiZleba martivad drois svlas<br />
mieweros. aRniSnulis gamo es Teoria mecnierul Rirebulebas kargavs. sasjelisa da<br />
pasuxismgeblobisgan gaTavisuflebas, iseve rogorc nebismier sxva movlenas, aqvs<br />
konkretuli mizezi, risi dadgenisgan Tavis Sekaveba upatiebeli mecnieruli Secdomaa.<br />
drois svlis miRma realur movlenebSi mimdinare cvlilebebi imaleba, rasac aRniSnavs<br />
kidec v. sableri. 10 aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, swori miniSnebebis miuxedavad,<br />
zedapirulobis gamo, aRniSnuli Teoriac uaryofil unda iqnes.<br />
p. mSvenieraZe xandazmulobis damafuZnebel Zalad sasjelis mizanSeuwonlobas<br />
asaxelebs. 11 xandazmulobis problemis mogvareba mxolod sasjelis mizanSeuwonlobaze<br />
miTiTebiT SeuZlebelia. aq problema ki ar mTavrdeba, piriqiT, iwyeba, radgan mainc<br />
gaugebari rCeba, Tu ra afuZnebs xandazmulobas. aucilebelia miTiTeba imaze, Tu<br />
ratomaa sasjelis gamoyeneba mizanSeuwoneli.<br />
v. sableris mixedviT, xandazmulobis saxeebs saerTo safuZveli ki ar aqvT, aramed<br />
grZelvadiani xandazmulobis safuZvelia samarTlianoba, xolo moklevadianisa —<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi politika. 12 miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli mosazreba ar SeiZleba<br />
miuReblad CaiTvalos, is ver gascda zedapirulobis im Tvisebas, romelsac<br />
7<br />
Саблер В., О Значении давности в уголовном праве. М., 1872, 117.<br />
8<br />
Zimmerman S., Strafrechtliche Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung und Verjährung, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1997, 48.<br />
9<br />
am Teorias iziareben kiostlini, abegi, Svarce, dambaxi da sxvebi. aRniSnuli Teoriis analizi<br />
ixileT naSromSi: Саблер В., О Значении давности в уголовном праве. М., 1872, 117-122.<br />
10<br />
iqve.<br />
11<br />
Мшвениерадзе П., Институт давности в советском уголовном праве. Тб.: издательство «Сабчота<br />
Cакартвело», 1970, 74-75.<br />
12<br />
Саблер В., О Значении давности в уголовном праве. М., 1872, 150-175.<br />
181
182<br />
S. biWia, xandazmulobis legitimaciis safuZveli sisxlis samarTalSi<br />
TviTon avtori akritikebda sxva TeoriebSi. zogadad samarTlianobis miRwevisaTvis<br />
aris Seqmnili <strong>samarTlis</strong> yvela aucilebeli instituti Tu cneba, magram es maTi arsebobis<br />
konkretul safuZvlebs ar xsnis. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> politikaze,<br />
romliTac xsnis v. sableri moklevadian xandazmulobas. aRniSnulis gamo,<br />
unda iTqvas, rom v. sableris Teoria moklebulia konkretulobas.<br />
sainteresoa blois azri, romlis mixedviTac xandazmuloba axsnilia im faqtiT,<br />
rom sasjelis miznebi ukve miRweulia, an maTi miRweva SeuZlebelia. es mosazreba, er-<br />
Ti SexedviT, TiTqos elementarul WeSmaritebas Seicavs, Tumca, iseve zogadi da bundovania,<br />
rogoric iyo samarTlianobis an drois yovlismomcveli Zalis Teoria. unda<br />
gairkves, ratom aris miznebi ukve miRweuli an maTi miRweva SeuZlebeli, ra cvlilebebi<br />
moxda drois ganmavlobaSi da ras miemarTeba es cvlilebebi, aris Tu ara isini<br />
iseTi mniSvnelobis, rom SeuZlia Secvalos piris statusi, mianiWos mas xelSeuxeblobis<br />
garantia drois gasvlis Semdeg. aRniSnuli sakiTxebis dazustebis gareSe xandazmulobis<br />
problema gadaWrilad ver CaiTvleba.<br />
calke msjelobas imsaxurebs i. listokinis Teoria. is eyrdnoba sasjelis miznis<br />
miRwevis efeqturobis xarisxisa da sasjelis ekonomikuri danaxarjebis Sedarebis safuZvelze<br />
xandazmulobis, rogorc araefeqturi da zaraliani sasjelis gamomricxveli<br />
saSualebis gamarTlebas. es Teoria SeiZleba moinaTlos, rogorc `maqsimaluri<br />
sargeblis ekonomikuri Teoria~. mas safuZvlad udevs danaSaulebrivi qmedebis subieqtis<br />
mier, sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT, momavlis ufro mcire monakveTis winaswar<br />
gaTvaliswineba, ris gamoc drois am monakveTis gasvlis Semdgom danaSaulis prevenciis<br />
miznis miRwevisTvis sasjelis Zvirad Rirebuli RonisZiebis gamoyeneba araefeqturia.<br />
avtoris azriT, sazogadoeba gansazRvravs sasjelis zomas sasjelis miznisa<br />
da sasjelis ekonomikuri danaxarjebis optimaluri balansis mixedviT. 13 es Teoria<br />
eyrdnoba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Cadenisken midrekil adamianTa mier Soreuli momavlis<br />
ganWvretisa da aRniSnulis Sesabamisad moqmedebis uunarobisa da danaSaulebrivi<br />
qmedebis winaswar gaTvlili Sedegebis miRebiT subieqtis danaSaulebrivi moTxovnilebebis<br />
dakmayofilebis debulebas. Tumca sakiTxavia, ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli<br />
imis gamoTvla, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi konkretul subieqts ramdenad<br />
uRirs danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Cadena, ra sargeblis momtania misTvis. amasTan, mocemuli<br />
kriteriumis gamoyeneba rTuli iqneba gaufrTxilebel danaSaulebze, spontanurad<br />
warmoSobil ganzraxviT Cadenil qmedebebze, sadac subieqts winaswar ar uwarmoebia<br />
gaTvla, Tu ra Sedegs miiRebda qmedebisagan. amitom es Sexeduleba miesadageba<br />
danaSaulTa mxolod calkeul saxeebs da ara yvela maTgans. xandazmuloba ki yvela<br />
danaSaulze vrceldeba (arsebuli gamonaklisebi am SemTxvevaSi suraTs ar cvlis). aq<br />
aqtualuria sasjelis miznisa da misi miRwevisTvis gaRebuli danaxarjebis Tanafardobis<br />
problema. sasjelis efeqturoba ki qmedebisgan miRebuli sargeblis ekonomikuri<br />
kriteriumebiT yovelTvis ver gaizomeba. aqedan gamomdinare, es Teoria xandazmulobis<br />
damafuZnebel erTaderT safuZvlad ar gamodgeba.<br />
13 Listokin Y. and Princeton <strong>University</strong>, Efficient Time Bars: A New Rationale for the Existence of Statutes of<br />
Limitations in Criminal <strong>Law</strong>, “The Journal of Legal Studies”, The <strong>University</strong> of Chicago, January, #31, 2002,<br />
99-102.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
mniSvnelovania aseve f. kalveli-adornos Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac xandazmulobis<br />
dafuZnebis sakiTxi gadis saxelwifosa da qmedebis Camdenis interesebis<br />
dabalansebaze. 14 mocemuli debuleba sajaro da kerZo interesebis balansze miuTi-<br />
Tebs da warmoadgens xandazmulobas, rogorc aRniSnuli balansis Sedegs.<br />
xandazmulobis Sesaxeb arsebul SexedulebaTa erTi nawili SeiZleba gaerTiandes<br />
saTauriT `qmedebis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis dakargvis Teoria~. am Teoriis warmomadgenlebi<br />
arian prof. a. trainini, prof. n. durmanovi, 15 i. slucki, a. gercenzoni,<br />
p. fefelovi, romelTa mixedviTac dro did rols asrulebs sazogadoebrivad saSiSi<br />
qmedebebis SefasebaSi. maTi azriT, sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis arseboba damokidebulia<br />
qmedebis Cadenisa da misi Sefasebis droze. 16 e.i. qmedeba misi Cadenis dros warmoadgenda<br />
danaSauls, radgan is iyo sazogadoebrivad saSiSi, xolo drois gasvlis Semdeg<br />
ukve aRar aris danaSauli, radgan man danaSaulis erT-erTi niSani — sazogadoebrivi<br />
saSiSroeba, 17 dakarga.<br />
aRniSnuli Teoria ar SeiZleba marTebulad iqnes miCneuli. kerZod, xandazmulobis<br />
vadis gasvlisas qmedebis dausjeloba ar gamomdinareobs qmedebis sazogadoebrivi<br />
saSiSroebis gaqrobidan. qmedebis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis gaqroba niSnavs misi<br />
danaSaulebrivi xasiaTis ararsebobasac, roca qmedeba ara marto konkretul SemTxvevaSi<br />
rCeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gareSe, aramed, amasTan erTad,<br />
qreba zogadad am tipis qmedebaTa danaSaulebriobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba —<br />
misi sazogadoebrivi saSiSroeba. 18<br />
qmedebis mier sazogadoebrivad saSiSi xasiaTis dakargva qmedebis dekriminalizaciiT<br />
vlindeba. xandazmuloba miuTiTebs ara konkretuli qmedebis sazogadoebrivi<br />
saSiSroebis gaqrobaze, aramed sruliad sxva safuZvelze, rac Semdgomi kvleviT unda<br />
dadgindes.<br />
qmedebis Cadenis Semdeg masSi araviTari obieqturi cvlileba ar SeiZleba moxdes.<br />
erTaderTi cvlileba SeiZleba ganicados ukve Cadenili qmedebisadmi damokidebulebam.<br />
xandazmulobis vadis gasvlis Semdeg qmedeba iuridiulad ganixileba, rogorc<br />
14<br />
Calvelli-Adorno F., Die Verlängerung der Verjährungsfrist für die Strafverfolgung von Verbrechen, die mit<br />
lebenslangem zuchthaus bedroht sind, “Neue Juristische Wochenschrift”, 18. Jahrgang – 1. Halbband, Beck,<br />
München, Berlin und Frankfurt a.M., 1965, 273-276.<br />
15<br />
im SeniSvniT, rom is, aRniSnulTan erTad, xandazmulobis safuZvlad damnaSavis gamosworebasac<br />
miuTiTebs.<br />
16<br />
Траинин А., Уголовное право. Часть Общая. М., 1929, 468, 482; Дурманов Н., Давность и погашение судимости.<br />
М., 1939, 3; imaves imeorebs avtori naSromSi: Дурманов Н., Освобождение от наказания по<br />
советскому праву. М., 1957, 25; Слуцкий И., Обстоятельства, исключающие уголовную ответственность.<br />
Изд. Ленинградского Государственного Университета, Л., 1956, 11; Герцензон А., Уголовное право.<br />
Часть общая. М., 1948, 265; Фефелов П., Критерии установления уголовной наказуемости деяний. журн.<br />
«Советское государство и право», 1970, №11, 105.<br />
17<br />
aqve unda ganimartos, rom 1960 wels miRebul da 1961 wels amoqmedebul saqarTvelos<br />
ssr sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsSi danaSauli ganimarteba, rogorc sazogadoebrivad saSiSi<br />
qmedoba. ix. saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos uwyebebi, 1961, 1, mux. 10. amasTan, unda<br />
aRiniSnos, rom danaSaulis cneba asevea gagebuli ufro adreul sabWoTa sisxlis samara-<br />
Tlis kodeqsebSic.<br />
18<br />
Мшвениерадзе П., Институт давности в советском уголовном праве, изд. «Сабчота Cакартвело», Тб.<br />
1970, 68; Келина С., Теоретические вопросы освобождения от уголовной ответственности. 1974, 200;<br />
Ткачевский Ю., Давность в советском уголовном праве. изд. Московского университета. М., 1978, 7.<br />
183
184<br />
S. biWia, xandazmulobis legitimaciis safuZveli sisxlis samarTalSi<br />
araaqtualuri, is ukve aRar iTvleba mimdinare sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis erTerT<br />
rgolad. amitomac ukve misi dasja ar iqneba sasjelis miznebis miRwevisTvis aucilebeli<br />
RonisZieba da amdenad, warmoiSoba usamarTlobis saSiSroeba. aRniSnuli<br />
xandazmulobis gamarTlebis obieqtur safuZvelze miuTiTebs. marTlac, adamianTa<br />
qmedebebi CarTulia sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi, iwvevs garkveul Sedegebs da<br />
TviTon xdeba sxva movlenaTa mizezi. amasTan, isini gavlenas axdenen miznebis formirebasa<br />
Tu miznebis ganxorcielebis xerxebis SerCevaze. a. drozdovi ambobs: `socialuri<br />
cxovrebis Sinagani gansazRvruloba gamoixateba imaSi, rom is aris sazogadoebis<br />
wevrebs Soris saqmianobaTa gacvla~. 19<br />
rogorc Cans, adamianTa qmedebebs sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis SeqmnaSi mniSvnelovani<br />
adgili uWiravs. qmedeba zegavlenas axdens obieqtur samyaroze. is mizezobrivi<br />
kavSiris ZaliT iwvevs Sedegs, Tumca qmedebis gavlena amiT ar amoiwureba da<br />
is subieqtur sferoSic inacvlebs. es vlindeba adamianis qcevis mizniT determinaciasa<br />
da miznis ganxorcielebis xerxebis SerCeviT. vinaidan adamianis qcevaze, xSir Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, sxvisi magaliTi moqmedebs, amdenad, dausjeli qmedeba sazogadoebis sxva<br />
wevrebis mier danaSaulebrivi qmedebis mastimulirebelia. droTa ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebrivi<br />
urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas axali qmedebebi uwyobs xels. amdenad, zemomoyvanili<br />
msjeloba iZleva imis mtkicebis saSualebas, rom qmedeba da misi Sedegi<br />
gavlenas axdens qmedebis subieqtsa da sazogadoebis sxva wevrebze motivaciis Camoyalibebisa<br />
da qcevis xerxebis SerCevis procesSi. es aris zogadi wesi, magram sainteresoa,<br />
ra xdeba maSin, roca xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi aRniSnuli qmedebis gavlena<br />
obieqturad ar vlindeba? igulisxmeba is SemTxvevebi, roca qmedebis subieqti ar Cadis<br />
axal danaSaulebriv qmedebas; aseve iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca qmedeba ucnobia sazogadoebisaTvis.<br />
amdenad, droTa ganmavlobaSi Zveli qmedebebi kargaven aqtualobas,<br />
isini ukve ar monawileoben sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis CamoyalibebaSi, moxda<br />
maTi istorizacia. es daskvna aqtualuria latentur danaSaulobebTan mimarTebiT,<br />
roca didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ucnobia qmedebis Cadenis faqti.<br />
bunebrivia, Tu qmedebis Sesaxeb araferia cnobili garSemo myofTaTvis, is ver moaxdens<br />
sazogadoebaze fsiqikur gavlenas da Semoifargleba mxolod mizezSedegobrivi<br />
kavSirebis damyarebiT. marTalia, latenturi danaSaulis Sedegma SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad<br />
Secvalos movlenaTa ganviTareba sazogadoebaSi, magram, vinaidan sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
ar aris cnobili im qmedebis danaSaulebrivi xasiaTi, romelmac gamoiwvia mocemuli Sedegi,<br />
amdenad, konkretuli danaSauli ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc zogadi prevenciis<br />
damabrkolebeli garemoeba — axali danaSaulebis wamaxalisebeli an maTi Tavidan<br />
acilebis xelis SemSleli safuZveli. es daskvna ZalaSia im pirobiT, rom latenturma danaSaulma<br />
axali danaSauli ar gamoiwvia. amitom aseT SemTxvevebSi qmedebis dausjelad<br />
datovebis obieqturi safuZveli saxezea da Tu Sesabamisi subieqturi faqtoric iarsebebs,<br />
qmedebis dausjelad datoveba gamarTlebuli iqneba.<br />
danaSaulebrivi qmedeba swored imitom isjeba, rom, man xelyo ra samarTlebrivi<br />
Rirebuleba da gamoiwvia garkveuli Sedegi, is uaryofiT zegavlenas axdens rogorc<br />
19 Дроздов А., Человек и обшественные отношения. Л., 1966, 21.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
qmedebis subieqtze, aseve sazogadoebis sxva wevrebze. amitom sazogadoebaSi wesrigis<br />
damyareba iTxovs sazogadoebis wevrebsa da qmedebis subieqtze iseT zemoqmedebas,<br />
romelic uzrunvelyofs axali danaSaulis Tavidan acilebas. erTi mxriv, qmedebasa<br />
da subieqts Soris, meore mxriv, sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris iqmneba garkveuli kavSiri.<br />
qmedebis dasja ki aqarwylebs am uaryofiT zegavlenas, ris Sedegadac xdeba adamianTa<br />
marTlzomieri qcevis waxaliseba. latenturi danaSaulis pirobebSi droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
axali danaSaulebrivi qmedebis ararsebobis viTarebaSi, es kavSiri ar arsebobs.<br />
qmedeba sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi monawileobs mxolod awmyo droSi. es<br />
imas niSnavs, rom sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi da<br />
axal urTierTobas axali qmedebebi qmnis. latenturi danaSaulebi ki moklebulia SesaZleblobas,<br />
uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos sazogadoebriv urTierTobebze rogorc<br />
awmyo droSi, ise momavalSi, ra Tqma unda, Tu aRniSnuls axali danaSaulebi ar mohyva.<br />
amitom xandazmulobis dafuZnebis sakiTxSi qmedebis adgilis ugulebelyofa Secdoma<br />
iqneboda. Tumca ara danaSaulebrivi qmedebis raime niSani, aramed ukve Cadenili<br />
qmedebis araaqtualoba unda iqnes miCneuli xandazmulobis gamamarTlebel erT-erT<br />
obieqtur safuZvlad. amasTan, ukve Cadenili qmedebis mier aqtualobis dakargva xandazmulobis<br />
arsebobis gamarTlebis mxolod erTi aspeqtia. garda amisa, xandazmulobis<br />
arsebobas sxva aspeqtebic amarTlebs. amitom aucilebelia xandazmulobis gamamarTlebeli<br />
subieqturi faqtorebis kvleva.<br />
3.2 xandazmulobis gamarTlebis subieqturi safuZvlebi<br />
xandazmulobis obieqtur safuZvelze damyarebis mcdelobis paralelurad ganviTarda<br />
xandazmulobis subieqturi Teoriebi. Tumca, am mimarTulebis farglebSi<br />
arsebobs mravalferovneba. am mimdinareobaTagan erTs SeiZleba ewodos `damnaSavis<br />
gamosworebis Teoria~, romlis mixedviT, drois svlasTan erTad, subieqtis mier axali<br />
danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Cadenisgan Tavis Sekaveba aris misi gamosworebis damadasturebeli.<br />
aRniSnuli Teoriis mxardamWerebi arian s. kelina, 20 v. skibicki, 21 m.<br />
smolnikovi, 22 s. zeldovi, c. pozniSevi, 23 n. durmanovi. 24<br />
es Teoria uaryo mravalma mecnierma, romelTa azriT, drois svla ar aris imis garanti,<br />
rom piris cnobierebaSi dadebiTi cvlilebebi mimdinareobs. amas ar adasturebs<br />
isic, rom pirma garkveuli drois manZilze danaSaulebrivi qmedeba ar Caidina. es<br />
SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos ara marto misi gamosworebiT, aramed sxva mizezebiTac, magaliTad,<br />
sasjelis SiSiT, xelsayreli pirobebis ararsebobiT. amdenad, danaSaulebrivi<br />
qmedebis Cadenisgan momavalSi Tavis Sekaveba ar iZleva subieqtis Sinagan samya-<br />
20 Келина С., Теоретические вопросы освобождения от уголовной ответственности. М., 1974, 22-23.<br />
21 Скибицкий В., Освобождение от уголовной ответственности и отбывания наказания. Киев, 1987, 90.<br />
22 Смольников В., Давность в уголовном праве. М., 1973, 20.<br />
23 Зельдов С., Соотношение сроков давности привлечения к уголовной ответственности и погашение<br />
судимости. Журн. «Советская Юстиция», №12, 1967, 8; Познышев С., Учебник уголовного права. М.,<br />
1923, 276.<br />
24 Дурманов Н., Давность и погашение судимости. М., 1939, 3.<br />
185
186<br />
S. biWia, xandazmulobis legitimaciis safuZveli sisxlis samarTalSi<br />
roSi momxdari cvlilebebis suraTs. am pozicias iziareben mitermaieri, k. a. griundleri,<br />
v. sableri. 25<br />
samwuxarod, xandazmulobis sakiTxis kvlevisas saWiro yuradReba ar daeTmo<br />
imas, rom damnaSavis gamosworebisgan gansxvavdeba gamosworebis prezumfcia, romlis<br />
mixedviTac drois gasvla, marTalia, pirdapir ar adasturebs piris gamosworebas,<br />
Tumca iZleva aRniSnulis varaudis safuZvels. es idea wingadadgmuli nabijia, vinaidan<br />
aRiarebs formidan Sinaarsze deduqciuri gadasvlis SeuZleblobas. es debuleba<br />
sworia im mxriv, rom aseTi gadasvla mxolod induqciuri SeiZleba iyos, rac mxolod<br />
varaudis safuZvels qmnis. amasTan, rac meti safuZveli arsebobs varaudisa (mocemul<br />
SemTxvevaSi aseTad aRebulia drois xangrZlivoba), miT ufro sarwmuno xasiaTs iRebs<br />
es varaudi, magram, miuxedavad amisa, is kategoriul mtkicebaSi ver gadaizrdeba. aqve<br />
yuradReba unda gamaxvildes imaze, rom termini `gamosworeba~ araerTgvarovnad gaigeba<br />
da xSirad imaze met mniSvnelobas iZens, rac mas SeiZleba sisxlis samarTalSi<br />
hqondes. ara zogadad gamosworebis, aramed sisxlissamarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani<br />
elementis — normis moTxovnis keTilsindisierad Sesrulebis — varaudi unda afuZnebdes<br />
xandazmulobas.<br />
gamosworebis TeoriasTan axlosaa `bralis gamosyidvisa~ Tu `sasjelis ekvivalenturobis~<br />
Teoria, romlis mixedviTac xandazmulobis safuZvelia damnaSavis sindisis<br />
qenjna. am Teoriis mniSvnelovani debulebaa, rom damnaSavis mier sasjelis SiS-<br />
Si gatarebuli dro realuri sasjelis ekvivalenturia, 26 rac ar aris damajerebeli,<br />
vinaidan piri SeiZleba sasjelis SiSis qveS ar cxovrobdes.<br />
miuxedavad xandazmulobis erTaderT safuZvlad aRniSnuli Teoriis aRiarebis<br />
uaryofisa, is mniSvnelovan progresul marcvals Seicavs. kerZod, misi meSveobiT irkveva,<br />
rom SeiZleba drois garkveuli periodis gasvlis Semdeg sasjeli zedmeti aRmoCndes,<br />
vinaidan misi miznebi mis gareSe SeiZleba iyos miRweuli. aRniSnuli progresuli<br />
marcvali ki gamoyenebul unda iqnes xandazmulobis Tanamedrove Teoriis Semu-<br />
Savebis procesSi.<br />
kidev erTi Teoria, romelsac SeiZleba `fsiqikis cvlilebis~ Teoria ewodos, gulisxmobs,<br />
rom droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianis fsiqikaSi mimdinareobs cvlilebebi, ri-<br />
Tac damnaSavis pirovneba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Cadenis momentSi da garkveuli<br />
drois Semdeg gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, ris gamoc danaSaulisTvis daniSnuli sasjeli<br />
miemarTeba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Camdenis pirovnebas da ara drois gasvlis<br />
Semdeg dasjili piris pirovnebas. 27 amas louri ganasxvavebs gamosworebisgan da uwodebs<br />
RirebulebiTi Sefasebisgan Tavisufal fsiqikur emansipacias. 28<br />
es Teoria hgavs gamosworebis Teorias, ris gamoc msgavsi iqneba misi uaryofis safuZvelic.<br />
kerZod, am Teoriis mixedviT, dro adamianze zemoqmedebs, rac sworia, mag-<br />
25 Саблер В., О Значении давности в уголовном праве. М., 1872, 102.<br />
26 xucurauli i., bekaria C., danaSaulisa da sasjelisaTvis, Tb., 1999, 101-104.<br />
27 Zimmerman S., Strafrechtliche Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung und Verjährung, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1997, 32;<br />
Jescheck H.H., Lehrbuch des Strafrechts, Allgemeine Teil, 4. Aufl., Berlin, 1988, 812; Otto H., Grundkurs<br />
Strafrecht, Allg. Strafrechtslehre, 4. Aufl., Berlin, New York, 1992, 19.<br />
28 Zimmerman S., Strafrechtliche Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung und Verjährung, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1997, 32.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
ram, saeWvoa mtkiceba, rom is moqmedebs adamianis fsiqikaSi mimdinare swored im movlenebze,<br />
romlebmac xeli Seuwyo qmedebis Cadenas. 29 adamianis Sinagan samyaroSi mimdinare<br />
procesebi ucxo TvalisTvis miuwvdomelia. qmedebebidan an qmedebisgan Tavis<br />
Sekavebidan Sinagan samyaroSi konkretuli mimarTulebiT mimdinare cvlilebebze kategoriuli<br />
ukudaskvna SeuZlebelia. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, es Teoriac, winamorbedebTan<br />
SedarebiT, Tumca progresuli, magram mainc arasrulyofili da xarvezebis<br />
Semcvelia. amasTan, qmedebisa da subieqtis urTierTkavSiris gaqroba sayuradRebo<br />
momentia.<br />
sainteresoa holcendorfis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, drois xangrZlivi monakveTis<br />
gasvlis Semdeg Zneldeba da SeuZlebelic ki xdeba bralisa da pasuxismgeblobis<br />
xarisxis dadgena. amis gamo dagvianebuli marTlmsajulebiT sasamarTlos avtoriteti<br />
mxolod zaraldeba. es Teoria swor miniSnebebs akeTebs pirovnebis cvlilebasTan<br />
da droTa ganmavlobaSi pasuxismgeblobis xarisxis gansazRvris SeuZleblobasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, Tumca aRniSnuli Teoriis naklad miCneul unda iqnes, rom<br />
zemoTqmuli ganxilulia bralis dadgenis konteqstSi. sinamdvileSi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
xarisxis gansazRvris SeuZlebloba ukavSirdeba ara bralis dadgenis, aramed amJamad<br />
piris danaSaulisadmi RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis dadgenis SeuZleblobas.<br />
yovelive aRniSnulis safuZvelze, am Teoriis wiaRSi arsebuli metad mniSvnelovani<br />
miniSnebebis miuxedavad, unda gagrZeldes Zieba ufro srulyofili Teoriisa.<br />
amdenad, miuxedavad zemoCamoTvlili Teoriebis naklisa, maTSi aris racionaluri<br />
marcvali, kerZod, isini sworad SeniSnaven, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi piri SeiZleba<br />
gamoswordes, SeiZleba am xnis ganmavlobaSi gancdili tanjva sasjelze ufro mZimec<br />
iyos, subieqtis pirovneba dascildes qmedebas. es aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
xandazmulobis Tanamedrove TeoriaSi im daTqmiT, rom aq saqme ar Seexeba<br />
subieqtSi mimdinare procesebis kategoriul mtkicebas. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
pasuxismgeblobis xarisxis dadgenis SeuZleblobis koncefcia.<br />
germaniaSi Camoyalibda qmedebis, subieqtisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis<br />
Teoria, romelsac `gawonasworebis Teoria~ SeiZleba ewodos. am Teoriis mixedviT,<br />
danaSaulebrivi qmedebis CadeniT piri arRvevs mis da sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis<br />
uflebebs Soris wonasworobas, romlis aRdgenis saSualebac aris sasjeli. magram<br />
imave funqciis Sesruleba SeuZlia dros, vinaidan qmedebis subieqtis momavali qcevebi<br />
ikavebs danaSaulis adgils da axleburad wyvets wonasworobis sakiTxs. amrigad, misi<br />
marTlzomieri qmedebebis Sedegad danaSauli ver gamoxatavs amJamad arsebul wonasworobas,<br />
ris gamoc sasjeli gawonasworebisTvis ukve aucilebeli araa. msgavs pozicias<br />
icavs merkeli, 30 romlis mixedviTac danaSauli droTa ganmavlobaSi kargavs<br />
fsiqikur gavlenas damnaSaveze da sazogadoebaze, ris gamoc danaSauli ukve istoriis<br />
kuTvnileba xdeba. amis gamo sasjeli kargavs obieqts. mciredi interpretaciiT imaves<br />
29 cnobilia, rom danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Cadenas ganapirobebs gareSe da Sinagani<br />
procesebi. amitom Tu adamianma danaSaulebrivi qmedeba ar Caidina, ar SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom es mxolod Sinagani cvlilebebis gamoa. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, aRniSnulis mizezi<br />
iyos gareSe pirobebis ararseboba da Sinagani procesebi ar iyos Secvlili.<br />
30 Zimmerman S., Strafrechtliche Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung und Verjährung, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1997, 34.<br />
187
188<br />
S. biWia, xandazmulobis legitimaciis safuZveli sisxlis samarTalSi<br />
imeoreben bloi da iakobsi. kerZod, dro danaSauls aSorebs sazogadoebrivi urTier-<br />
Tobebisgan ara wonasworobis aRdgenis gamo, aramed danaSaulis gadalaxvis, danaSaulze<br />
amaRlebis gamo. bolo Teoria Zalian hgavs damnaSavis pirovnuli gaumjobesebisa<br />
da fsiqikaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis Teoriebs, vinaidan danaSaulze amaRleba mxolod<br />
drois svliT ki ar xdeba, aramed subieqtis iseTi qmedebebiT, romlebic gamoxatavs<br />
danaSaulis gzidan gadaxvevas da imas, rom danaSauli ukve ar avlens subieqtis<br />
Sinagan samyaros. amitomac mis mimarT SeiZleba im debulebebis gamoyeneba, rac gamosworebis<br />
Teoriis uaryofas iwvevs. rac Seexeba `gawonasworebis Teorias~, is, `danaSaulis<br />
daZlevis TeoriasTan~ erTad, mniSvnelovan dadebiT momentebs Seicavs im gagebiT,<br />
rom qmedeba droTa ganmavlobaSi ar ganixileba sazogadoebriv urTierTobebze<br />
gavlenis momxden movlenad. aRniSnuli debuleba xandazmulobis arsebobis gamar-<br />
Tlebis obieqtur safuZvels qmnis.<br />
saxelmwifo sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT qmedebis subieqtsa da sazogadoebaze<br />
zemoqmedebiT cdilobs aicilos danaSauli Tavidan. amasTan, danaSaulis Sesaxeb<br />
yovelmxrivi informaciis Sekreba aris danaSaulebrivi qmedebis CadenisTvis piris<br />
mzaobis xarisxis dadgenis safuZveli. danaSauli am gagebiT aris pirovnebaSi mimdinare<br />
procesebis simptomi, saidanac SesaZlebelia gakeTdes daskvna danaSaulebrivi qmedebis<br />
Casadenad misi Sinagani mzaobis xarisxze. amasTan, danaSaulidan mis Camdenze<br />
daskvna ar aris zedrouli, drois gareT arsebuli, is mxolod awmyoSi arsebul mdgomareobas<br />
gamoxatavs. dro ki miedineba da Tavis kvals tovebs movlenebze (igulisxmeba,<br />
rom dinamikuri kanonzomierebis safuZvelze, cvlilebebi mimdinareobs), `radgan<br />
danaSauli dakavSirebulia adamianis cxovrebis mxolod gansazRvrul etapTan (momentTan,<br />
periodTan), danaSaulebrivi ar SeiZleba iyos `mTeli pirovneba~ 31 .<br />
adamianis Sinagani samyaros srulyofili identifikacia yovelTvis SeuZlebelia,<br />
vinaidan aRniSnulze daskvna yovelTvis xdeba gare samyaroSi gamovlenili niSnebis<br />
mixedviT, amasTan, es niSnebi yovelTvis erTsa da imave Sinagan procesze ar miuTi-<br />
Tebs. `gana dadgeba odesme Jami, Tundac dinamikuri niSnebiT rom moxerxdes adamianis<br />
Sinagani bunebis gageba? SeiZleba Tu ara moiZebnos is kanonzomiereba, rom yovel<br />
grZnobas, yovel emocias, adamianis Sinagan reaqcias zustad miusadagoT moqmedebis<br />
garegnulad gamovlinebuli elementebi? gadaWriT arafris Tqma ar SeiZleba. es momavlis<br />
saqmea~. 32<br />
marTalia, arsebobs gagebis meTodologia, romelic gamoiyeneba individualuris,<br />
pirovnulis gagebisaTvis, magram gagebis meTodi ver iZleva pirovnebis srulad,<br />
uSecdomod wvdomis garantias.<br />
roca mo<strong>samarTlis</strong> mier qmedebis subieqtis pirovnebaSi mimdinare Sinagani procesebis<br />
wvdomazea saubari, aseT situaciaSi gamoiyeneba `interpretacia~, radgan saqme<br />
sxvis gagebas Seexeba, roca gagebis pirobebi araa sakmarisi, roca moqmedebebSi<br />
srul gamosaxvas gasagebi ver poulobs. am dros adre gagebuli kavSirebi gansazRvruli<br />
albaTobiT mocemul SemTxvevebze gadaitaneba. egzistencialisti iaspersis mi-<br />
31 Хорнабуджели Б., Психологическая сторона вины. Тб., 1981, 10.<br />
32 xaraziSvili b., sicruis fsiqologia, Tb., 1975, 96.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
xedviT, `miuxedavad gasagebi kavSirebis yvela evidentobisa, gagebiT fsiqologiaSi<br />
maT gamoyenebas individuri SemTxvevis mimarT mivyavarT mxolod albaTur Sedegamde~.<br />
33<br />
g. cincaZe miuTiTebs, rom gagebiTi meTodi gulisxmobs mixvedris, analogiiT<br />
daskvnis, intuiciis meTodTa gamoyenebas. 34<br />
aRniSnuli msjelobebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom gansasjelis pirovnebis Sesaxeb<br />
uSecdomo, sruli warmodgenis Seqmna danaSaulis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebidan<br />
didi xnis Semdeg mo<strong>samarTlis</strong>gan moiTxovs gansasjelis cxovrebis srulad Seswavlas,<br />
rac, jer erTi, ra Tqma unda, scildeba rogorc sagamoZiebo organoebis, ise sasamarTlos<br />
funqciebs. meorec, aqedan pirovnebis Sesaxeb Seucdomeli, kategoriuli<br />
daskvnis gakeTeba mainc SeuZlebeli iqneba. es yvelaferi ki adasturebs im debulebis<br />
siswores, rom danaSaulis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebidan didi xnis Semdeg qmedebis<br />
subieqtis pirovnebaSi mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos Seucdomeli<br />
suraTis Seqmna ar SeuZlia, ris gamoc samarTliani pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba SeuZlebeli<br />
xdeba. marTalia, danaSauli utyuarad saWiroebs saTanado reagirebas, radgan<br />
jer erTi, is pirovnebaSi arsebul garkveul problemebze mianiSnebs da meore, mas SeuZlia<br />
procesebis arasasurveli mimarTulebiT ganviTareba rogorc pirovnebaSi, ise<br />
garesamyaroSi, Tumca danaSaulis Semadgenlobis ganxorcielebidan didi xnis Semdeg<br />
reagirebis safuZveli qreba: ar arsebobs zusti monacemi imisa, rom samarTlebrivi<br />
reagireba aucilebelia, radgan obieqturad axali danaSaulis Semadgenloba ar arsebobs,<br />
xolo subieqturad — pirovnebaSi mimdinare samarTlebrivi reaqciis Rirsi procesebis<br />
Sesaxeb kategoriulad arafris Tqma SeiZleba.<br />
qmedebis Cadenis Semdeg garkveuli vadis gasvliT iqmneba saSiSroeba, rom drom<br />
imoqmedos pirovnebaze. am SemTxvevaSi saxeze ori sxvadasxva pirovneba warmodgeba:<br />
erTi, qmedebis Camdeni, meore, is, vinc isjeba, ekisreba pasuxismgebloba. amasTan, danaSauli<br />
am ukanasknelis pirovnebis simptomi ar aris. gamodis, rom isjeba sxva pirovneba.<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi, sainteresoa, rogor unda moxdes sasjelis individualizacia?<br />
misi zomis gansazRvra? aRniSnul kiTxvebze pasuxi SeiZleba iyos Semdegi: es SesaZlebelia<br />
mxolod axali, Secvlili pirovnebis gamokvleviT. SesaZlebelia ki aseTi ram?<br />
rogor unda moxdes Secvlili pirovnebis Seswavla-Sefaseba? ra saSualebebs flobs<br />
samarTaldamcavi Tu marTlmsajulebis organo amisaTvis? amis pasuxad SeiZleba iTqvas<br />
erTaderTi: Secvlili pirovnebis dadgenis utyuari saSualeba, romelic SeiZleba<br />
sasamarTlom warmatebiT gamoiyenos, ar arsebobs. ufro sworad, SeiZleba gamoinaxos<br />
ramdenime gza, Tumca maTgan utyuari informaciis miRebis SesaZlebloba adamianis<br />
pirovnebis amJamindeli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saeWvoa. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
garkveuli mizeziT TvalTmaqcoba, informaciis wyaros araobieqturoba da sxva. saqarTvelos<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT ki, yoveli eWvi braldebulis<br />
sasargeblod wydeba.<br />
aqve unda iTqvas, rom movaleobisadmi piris upasuxismgeblo damokidebuleba<br />
garkveuli qmedebiT vlindeba. qmedeba aris pirovnebisa da garesamyaros gadakveTis<br />
wertili.<br />
33 cincaZe g., gagebis meTodi filosofiaSi da pirovnebis problema, Tb., 1975, 158.<br />
34 iqve, 291.<br />
189
190<br />
S. biWia, xandazmulobis legitimaciis safuZveli sisxlis samarTalSi<br />
azrebi, fiqrebi, erTi mxriv, ar isjeba imitom, rom isini jer ar gamoxatulan obieqturad,<br />
meore mxriv, imitom, rom isini SeiZleba Seicvalos da ar ganxorcieldes. amdenad,<br />
Sinagani procesebis dasrulebuli saxe mxolod qmedebiT vlindeba. es, ra Tqma<br />
unda, ar niSnavs imas, rom qmedebis Semdeg araferi icvleba. piriqiT, qmedebis Semdegac<br />
ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs cvlilebebi, Tumca, samwuxarod, ucnobi mimarTulebiT.<br />
isini ucnobi darCeba manamde, sanam Semdgom obieqtur gamoxatulebas ar povebs.<br />
amitomac qmedeba ar aris calsaxad obieqturi an subieqturi. is subieqturisa da obieqturis<br />
erTobliobaa. amasTan, sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> normisadmi upasuxismgeblo damokidebulebis<br />
damadasturebelia mxolod danaSauli. amdenad, danaSaulis gareSe SeuZlebelia<br />
saubari ucxo Tvalisgan aRniSnuli faruli Sinagani procesis arsebobaze.<br />
Tu qmedebis Cadenis Semdeg pirma ar gaimeora danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, es, marTalia,<br />
ar iZleva imis kategoriuli mtkicebis saSualebas, rom qmedebam ar moaxdina uaryofiTi<br />
gavlena subieqtze, magram ar arsebobs sapirispiros mtkicebis safuZvelic. amasTan, Tu<br />
pirma ar Caidina analogiuri qmedeba, es SesaZlebelia momxdariyo im mizeziT, rom piris<br />
cnobierebaSi moxda Cadenilis uaryofiTi Sefaseba, subieqtma ver miiRo is dadebiTi Sedegi,<br />
rasac moeloda, masSi gaiRviZa sindisma, sinanulma, SiSma da a.S. aseT viTarebaSi qmedeba<br />
ukve ar aris subieqtis pirovnebis simptomi, vinaidan qmedebis Cadenis Semdeg subieqtSi<br />
garkveuli cvlilebebi moxda. vinaidan aRniSnulis uaryofisaTvis sakmarisi obieqturi<br />
monacemebi ar arsebobs, amitom ivaraudeba ukeTesi.<br />
3.3 xandazmulobis gamarTlebis obieqtur-subieqturi safuZvlebi<br />
xandazmulobis arsebobis gamarTlebis materialursamarTlebrivi da procesualuri<br />
Teoriebis naklovanebaSi darwmunebis Semdeg mecnierebma scades orive mimarTulebisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli misaRebi debulebebis Sexameba, maTi gacxrilva uaryofiTi<br />
elementebisgan da iseTi Teoriis SemuSaveba, romelic xandazmulobis gamarTlebis-<br />
Tvis gamosadeg yvela elements Seicavs. am Teoriebs Sereuli Teoriebi ewodeba.<br />
erT-erTi aseTi Teoria Camoayaliba a. loxvickim, 35 romelmac xandazmulobis safuZvlad<br />
aRiara procesis Catarebis sirTule, sazogadoebis mier danaSaulis daviwyeba,<br />
damnaSavis mier gancdili tanjvisa da sasjelis ekvivalentoba, saxelmwifos mier<br />
sasjelis gamoyenebis uflebamosilebaze uaris Tqma da, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi misi<br />
gamouyeneblobis gamo, sasjelis mizanSeuwonloba.<br />
unda iTqvas, rom avtori swor pozicias aviTarebs, rodesac cdilobs Seaxamos<br />
xandazmulobis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis wiaRSi Seqmnili Teoriebi, gaaerTianos maTi procesualuri<br />
da materialuri buneba, magram es Sedegiania mxolod maSin, roca sabolood<br />
saxezea erTiani struqturis mqone, logikurad SeTanxmebuli Teoria. Tu amis nacvlad<br />
ekleqturad dalagebuli mosazrebebi Camoyalibda, mizani miuRwevlad unda CaiTvalos.<br />
amasTan, zemomoyvanili msjelobebidan gamomdinare, aSkaraa, rom mocemuli<br />
Teoria agebulia araswor, dausabuTebel safuZvlebze.<br />
35 aRniSnuli avtoris Sexeduleba ganxilulia naSromSi: Мшвениерадзе П., Институт давности в<br />
советском уголовном праве. Тб., изд. «Сабчота Cакартвело», 1970, 54.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
kidev erTi Sereuli Teoria ganaviTares v. spasoviCma da e. nemirovskim, 36 romel-<br />
Ta mixedviT, danaSauliT gamowveuli sazogadoebrivi aRSfoTeba ukve miwynarda, damnaSave<br />
gamosworda da sazogadoebisTvis saSiSroebas ar qmnis. amasTan, Secdomis daSvebas<br />
sjobs gasamarTlebaze uaris Tqma. am Teoriis Semadgeneli komponentebis kritika<br />
zemoT ukve mocemulia, ris gamoc ar iqneba ganmeorebiT warmodgenili.<br />
Sereuli Teoriis warmomadgenelia n. tagancevic, romlis mixedviTac xandazmulobis<br />
safuZvelia is, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi faqtobrivi garemoebebisa da piris<br />
braleulobis damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebi ikargeba da isic, rom sasjeli araa<br />
aucilebeli. 37 avtori TviTon amCnevs zemomiTiTebuli procesualuri mizezis dausabuTeblobas<br />
sasjelis aRsrulebis gamomricxveli xandazmulobis SemTxvevaSi, ris<br />
gamoc cdilobs mis Sevsebas materialuri elementiT — sasjelis mizanSeuwonlobiT,<br />
Tumca mizanSeuwonlobas is asabuTebs metad bundovani debulebiT — `drois svliT<br />
TavisTavad~. avtori damatebiT ar xsnis, Tu ras gulisxmobs aRniSnul msjelobaSi,<br />
ris gamoc Teoria moklebulia mecnierulobas da igi uaryofil unda iqnes.<br />
i. foinickis azriT, xandazmulobis safuZvelia 1. piris sulieri da Rirebulebi-<br />
Ti cvlilebebis Sedegad sasjelis araaucilebloba, 38 2. mtkicebulebaTa gaqroba<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi, rac SeiZleba gaxdes sasamarTlos mier Secdomis daSvebis safuZveli,<br />
3. saxelmwifos mier qmedebis Sefasebis cvlileba, radgan adre saSiSi xasia-<br />
Tis mqone qmedebebi SeiZleba saxelmwifos SefasebiT naklebad saSiSi gaxdes. aRniSnuli<br />
Teoria ar efuZneba mecnierulad dasabuTebul debulebebs, ris gamoc is miuRebelia.<br />
n. durmanovi 39 amtkicebs, rom xandazmulobis safuZvelia danaSaulis mier sazogadoebrivad<br />
saSiSi xasiaTis dakargva, damnaSavis ukeTesobisken Secvla da mis mier<br />
sazogadoebrivad saSiSi xasiaTis dakargva, sasjelis miznebis miRwevis SeuZlebloba.<br />
es niSnebi araerTxel iqna uaryofili sxvadasxva mecnieris mier.<br />
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom, miuxedavad masSi Semavali debulebebis kritikisa, Tanamedrove<br />
ruseTSic mZlavria es Teoria, rasac x. alikperovis Sexedulebac mowmobs:<br />
is xandazmulobis safuZvlad miiCnevs danaSaulis damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebis<br />
mopovebis gaZnelebas da, amasTan, piris gamosworebis SemTxvevaSi, dasjis mizanSeuwonlobas.<br />
40<br />
d. orlovis TvalsazrisiT, xandazmulobis safuZvlebia droiTi wyveta danaSaulsa<br />
da sasjels Soris, ris gamoc sasjelis miznebis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia; piris<br />
sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis ararseboba, sisxlissamarTlebrivi represiis zomebis<br />
ekonomia, mtkicebulebebis ararseboba, samarTaldamcav organoTa saqmianobis<br />
36<br />
Мшвениерадзе П., Институт давности в советском уголовном праве. Тб., изд. «Сабчота Cакартвело»,<br />
1970, 54, 65.<br />
37<br />
mocemuli Teoriis kritika ix. naSromSi: Мшвениерадзе П., Институт давности в советском<br />
уголовном праве. изд. «Сабчота Cакартвело», Тб.,1970, 57.<br />
38<br />
iqve.<br />
39<br />
Дурманов Н., Давность и погашение судимости. М., 1939, 3; Дурманов Н.,Освобождение от наказания<br />
по советскому праву. М., 1957, 25.<br />
40<br />
Аликперов Х., Освобождение от уголовной ответственности в связи с истечением сроков давности.<br />
Журн. «Законность», №8, 1999,13.<br />
191
192<br />
S. biWia, xandazmulobis legitimaciis safuZveli sisxlis samarTalSi<br />
reglamentaciis arasrulyofileba da Secdomis daSvebis SesaZlebloba. 41 samwuxarod,<br />
d. orlovi eyrdnoba sabWoTa periodis mecnierTa naazrevs da swored iqidan gamohyavs<br />
sasjelis miznebis ganxorcielebis SeuZleblobis koncefcia. aRniSnulis<br />
kritika ki zemoT ukve mocemulia, ris gamoc ganmeorebiT aRar iqneba warmodgenili.<br />
mxolod SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom TviTon debuleba sasjelis miznis miuRwevlobis Sesaxeb<br />
sainteresoa da Semdgom ganvrcobas saWiroebs, Tumca ara im mimarTulebiT, rogorc<br />
es sabWoTa da Tanamedrove rus mecnierTa naSromebSia sxvadasxva interpretaciiT.<br />
amdenad, verc d. orlovma warmoadgina xandazmulobis gamarTlebis misaRebi<br />
Teoria.<br />
xandazmulobis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas ganixilavs i. baumanic. misi azriT, xandazmulobis<br />
arsebobis safuZveli aris marTlwesrigisaTvis miyenebuli zianis aRdgena<br />
drois meSveobiT, ris gamoc sasjeli ar aris aucilebeli; danaSauli — subieqti — sazogadoebis<br />
urTierTmimarTebis daZabulobis kleba. 42 S. cimermanis mixedviT, aq gadamwyvetia<br />
is, rom danaSauli droTa ganmavlobaSi sul ufro kargavs marTlwesrigis<br />
farglebSi samarTlebrivi urTierTobebisa da socialuri kavSirebis Seqmnis Zalas<br />
ise, rom is ukve ver ganixileba rogorc simptomi samarTlebrivi RirebulebisaTvis<br />
safrTxis Semqmneli mdgomareobisa. 43 roca i. baumani saubrobs drois mier zianis<br />
anazRaurebaze, aq unda igulisxmebodes ara miyenebuli materialuri zianis anazRaureba,<br />
aramed danaSaulis mier darRveuli samarTlebrivi normis Zalisa da avtoritetis<br />
aRdgena piris Semdgomi marTlzomieri qmedebebiT. aRniSnul pirobebSi gasaziarebelia<br />
avtoris pozicia, rom kerZo prevencia ar moiTxovs piris dasjas. danaSauli<br />
— subieqti — sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebaSi drois gasvliT gamowveuli daZabulobis<br />
kleba ki sainteresoa mxolod im pirobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom axali danaSauli<br />
ar Cadenila. amasTan, icvleba TviT sazogadoebis damokidebulebac qmedebisa da<br />
subieqtis mimarT. maSasadame, danaSauli — subieqti — sazogadoebis kavSiri xandazmulobis<br />
kuTxiT aqtualuria.<br />
mimoixilavs ra xandazmulobis Sesaxeb Teoriebs, S. cimermani askvnis: `danaSaulebrivi<br />
qmedebis Cadenas mosdevs qmedebis subieqtisa da sazogadoebis mxridan danaSaulis<br />
istoriizaciisa da gadalaxvis procesi, romelic ufro da ufro arTulebs sasjelis<br />
prevenciuli miznis miRwevas da sabolood SeuZlebels xdis mas. ase rom, saxelmwifos<br />
SesaZlebloba, sasjelis saxiT moaxdinos reagireba normis darRvevaze, droiT<br />
aris SezRuduli. swored istorizaciis am subieqtur da obieqtur mizezebSi unda moxdes<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi xandazmulobis legitimaciis safuZvlis Zieba~. 44 avtori<br />
marTebulad amaxvilebs yuradRebas xandazmulobis cnebasTan dakavSirebiT qmedebis,<br />
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebulebis ganxilvis aucileblobaze.<br />
41<br />
Орлов Д., Теоретико-практические проблемы уголовно-правовой давности. Владимир, 2007, 180.<br />
42<br />
Baumann J., Die Strafrechtliche Problematik der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltverbrechen, in: Henkys R., Die<br />
Nationalsozialistischen Gewaltverbrechen, Geschichte und Gericht, Stuttgart, Berlin, 1964, 276.<br />
43<br />
Мшвениерадзе П., Институт давности в советском уголовном праве. изд. «Сабчота Cакартвело», Тб.,<br />
1970, 168.<br />
44<br />
iqve, 56.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
amasTan, gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes xandazmulobis procesualuri mniSvneloba, romlis<br />
rolis daknineba xandazmulobis arsis srulad warmoCenas xels SeuSlis.<br />
t. oCoasa da a. vistriCis SexedulebiT, xandazmulobas afuZnebs sami piroba: `xangrZlivi<br />
drois Semdeg dasja, danaSaulis prevenciis TvalsazrisiT, naklebad efeqturia,<br />
vidre qmedebidan maleve piris dasja imave pirobebSi; xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi<br />
damnaSavis dausjelobis SemTxvevaSi piri aswrebs sxva umarTlobebis Cadenas,<br />
vidre sasjelis Semakavebeli funqcia daiwyebdes moqmedebas; Tu axali Semadgenlobebi<br />
ar iqneba Cadenili, e.i. piri gamosworda da sasjeli prevenciis funqcias ver<br />
Seasrulebs, xolo Tu axali danaSauli iqneba saxeze, maSin ufro iolad da naklebi<br />
danaxarjebiT SesaZlebelia piris dasja axali danaSaulisTvis~ 45 , ris gamoc Zveli<br />
qmedebis gamokvleva saWiro ar aris. am debulebebze xandazmulobis dafuZneba ar iqneba<br />
swori, vinaidan naklebefeqturi dasja sjobs saerTod dausjelobas, sasjelis<br />
miznebis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT. rac Seexeba mesame debulebas, is danaSaulis dausjelad<br />
datovebas iTvaliswinebs, qmedebas samarTlebrivi reagirebis gareSe tovebs,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom arc qmedebis socialuri roli Semcirebula da arc subieqtSi<br />
momxdara wina qmedebebis RirebulebiTi gadafaseba, rac miuRebelia. marTalia, qmedebas<br />
subieqtisgan damoukideblad unda dauwesdes samarTlebrivi reagirebis dro,<br />
Tumca roca wina qmedebam safuZveli daudo Semdgom danaSaulebriv qmedebebs, pirveli<br />
qmedebis daviwyeba ar iqneba marTebuli. es xandazmulobis Semakavebel funqciasac<br />
ugulebelyofs.<br />
a. eidlStaini asaxelebs xandazmulobis gamarTlebis 5 safuZvels: 1. mtkicebulebaTa<br />
sarwmunooba sustdeba; 2. droTa ganmavlobaSi subieqtis gardaqmnis SesaZlebloba<br />
izrdeba, ris gamoc sasjelis aucilebloba mcirdeba (an izrdeba SesaZlebloba,<br />
piri daisajos axali danaSaulisTvis); 3. xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi `sazogadoebis<br />
damsjeli impulsi~ qreba da is SeiZleba Seicvalos sazogadoebis simpaTiiT; 4. sasamarTlo<br />
ganxilvis vadebis Semcireba amcirebs SantaJis SesaZleblobas im pirebis<br />
mxridan, vinc icis Cadenili danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Sesaxeb; 5. xandazmuloba iwvevs<br />
subieqtis damSvidebas misi dasjis SeuZleblobis gamo, misi Semdgomi qmedebebis<br />
usafrTxoebas da stabilurobas. 46 pirvel or niSanze zemoT araerTxel iyo saubari<br />
da aq ganmeorebiT aRar iqneba ganxiluli. rac Seexeba sazogadoebis damokidebulebis<br />
cvlilebas, aRniSnuli garemoeba sayuradReboa, Tumca is damoukideblad ver daafuZnebs<br />
xandazmulobas, aramed sxva obieqtur da subieqtur niSnebs unda emyarebodes.<br />
meoTxe da mexuTe niSnebi erTmaneTTan aris dakavSirebuli da kerZo <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
analogiiTaa sisxlis samarTalSi gadmotanili. es gansakuTrebiT Seexeba bolo debulebas,<br />
Tumca isini sisxlis samarTalSic mniSvneloben, vinaidan axali danaSaulis Tavidan<br />
acilebis (Tundac SantaJis safuZvelze axali danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Cadenis<br />
an danaSaulis dafarvis mizniT moSantaJis mkvlelobis), ukve Cadenili danaSaulebri-<br />
45 Ochoa T., Wistrich A., The Puzzling Purposes of Statutes of Limitation, “Pacific <strong>Law</strong> Journal”, McGeorge<br />
School of <strong>Law</strong>, <strong>University</strong> of the Pacific Spring, № 28, 1997, 493.<br />
46 Adlestein A., Conflict of the criminal statute of limitations with lesser offenses at trial, Journ. “William &<br />
Mary <strong>Law</strong> Review”, FALL, College of William & Mary, 1995, 265.<br />
193
194<br />
S. biWia, xandazmulobis legitimaciis safuZveli sisxlis samarTalSi<br />
vi qmedebis gamovlenis (ara dasjis, aramed kriminalistikuri da kriminologiuri<br />
miznebiT) funqcia akisriaT. amitomac bolo sami debuleba xandazmulobis dafuZnebis,<br />
misi funqcionaluri datvirTvisa da Sedegis gamomxatvelia im pirobiT, rom isini<br />
ar aris sakmarisi xandazmulobis arsis srulyofilad gaazrebisTvis.<br />
marTalia, arsebuli Sereuli Teoriebi ver gamoxatavs xandazmulobis realur<br />
saxes, Tumca maTSi miniSnebulia sakiTxis kvlevis swori mimarTuleba. kerZod, rogorc<br />
k. lakneri SeniSnavs, xandazmulobis cnebaSi gaerTianebulia materialuri da<br />
procesualuri elementebi. 47<br />
amdenad, xandazmulobis gamarTleba misi arsebobis istoriaSi mravali kuTxiT<br />
scades, ris safuZvelzec Seiqmna Sesabamisi Teoriebi, magram arc erTi maTgani srulad<br />
ar gamoxatavs xandazmulobis arss, ris gamoc dgas xandazmulobis dafuZnebis<br />
problema.<br />
4. daskvna<br />
xandazmulobis legitimaciis problema sisxlis samarTalSi sabolood gadawyvetili<br />
ar aris. arsebuli Teoriebis mimoxilvis safuZvelze gamoikveTa xandazmulobis<br />
legitimaciis pirveli mizezi: qmedebis subieqtis pirovnebis, kerZod, qmedebisadmi<br />
subieqtis amJamindeli RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb utyuari mtkicebulebebis<br />
ararseboba. aRniSnuls mosdevs meore mizezi — yovelgvari eWvi subieqtis sasargeblod<br />
wydeba. xandazmulobis es ori sawyisi procesualuri xasiaTisaa, riTac<br />
vlindeba kidec am cnebis procesualuri buneba. Semdgomi argumenti, romelsac xandazmulobis<br />
legitimaciis gamyarebis procesSi gansazRvruli mniSvneloba eniWeba,<br />
esaa drois yovlismomcveli Zala da misi moqmedeba pirovnebaze. aRniSnulTan axlos<br />
dgas, Tumca mainc calke unda gamoiyos pirovnebaSi dadebiTi cvlilebebis SesaZlebloba.<br />
es ukanaskneli imiT gansxvavdeba winamorbedisgan, rom masSi SefasebiTi elementia<br />
moazrebuli. amasTan, isini materialur mizezebs ganekuTvnebian, riTac adastureben<br />
xandazmulobis materialur bunebas. amdenad, xandazmulobis ormagi buneba misi<br />
legitimaciis safuZvlebiTac vlindeba.<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos xandazmulobis legitimaciis obieqturi safuZvelic — qmedebis<br />
mier gavlenis arqona sazogadoebaze, ris Sedegadac is ar ganixileba sazogadoebrivi<br />
urTierTobisaTvis aqtualur movlenad da samarTlebriv reagirebas ar imsaxurebs.<br />
aRniSnulis gamo sazogadoeba tolerantobiT ekideba mas. es xels uwyobs, xangrZlivi<br />
drois Semdeg qmedebis gamomJRavnebiT moxdes sakiTxis kriminologiur-kriminalistikuri<br />
Seswavla-damuSaveba da am gziT — axali danaSaulis Tavidan acileba.<br />
Tumca SesaZlebelia konkretul SemTxvevaSi xandazmulobis mxolod subieqturi safuZveli<br />
iyos warmodgenili da obieqturi safuZveli ar arsebobdes. magaliTad, roca<br />
qmedebis Sesaxeb cnobilia, Tumca ver xerxdeba braldebulis dadgena. aseT viTarebaSi<br />
sajaro interesi uTmobs pirvelobas kerZo interess im gagebiT, rom subieqtu-<br />
47<br />
Lackner K., Strafgesetzbuch mit Erleuterungen, 21. Aufl., Verlag C. H. Beck, München, 1995, 28-29, 507-<br />
526.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
ri safuZvlis arseboba, samarTliani sasjelis daniSvnis SeuZleblobis gamo, sakmarisad<br />
miiCneva xandazmulobis vadis gasvlis Sedegad pasuxismgeblobisgan gasaTavisufleblad.<br />
subieqtur moments gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba sasjelis aRsrulebis<br />
xandazmulobis SemTxvevaSi, roca ara latentur danaSauls, aramed ukve gamovlenil<br />
danaSauls exeba saqme.<br />
amasTan, aris kidev erTi mniSvnelovani safuZveli: vinaidan danaSaulis aRmoCena<br />
saxelmwifo organoebis movaleobaa da qmedebis subieqts ar evaleba bralis aRiarebiT<br />
gamocxadeba, amdenad latenturi danaSauli Sesabamisi organoebis muSaobis arasrulyofilebas<br />
SeiZleba daukavSirdes. amitomac didi xnis Semdeg, sruliad araadekvatur<br />
situaciaSi, daviwyebuli qmedebis safuZvelze subieqtis dasja iqneboda saxelmwifo<br />
organoebis Secdomebis qmedebis subieqtze gadabraleba.<br />
sabolood, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xandazmuloba sisxlis samarTalSi obieqturad<br />
efuZneba latenturi qmedebebis mxridan sazogadoebis wevrebze uaryofiTi gavlenis<br />
imTaviTve ararsebobas, xolo subieqturad — eWvis subieqtis sasargeblod gadawyvetis<br />
principis gavleniT, qmedebisadmi pirovnebis dRevandeli RirebulebiTi damokidebulebis<br />
Sesaxeb utyuari monacemebis ararsebobis safuZvelze, aRniSnuli subieqtis<br />
mier normis moTxovnisadmi keTilsindisieri damokidebulebis varauds, rac pasuxismgeblobisa<br />
da sasjelisagan gaTavisuflebis safuZvelia.<br />
195
SHOTA BITCHIA ∗<br />
196<br />
S. biWia, xandazmulobis legitimaciis safuZveli sisxlis samarTalSi<br />
THE BASIS OF LEGITIMATION OF LIMITATION IN CRIMINAL LAW<br />
Summary<br />
Despite the fact that a number of interesting theories regarding the legitimation of limitation have been<br />
established in Criminal <strong>Law</strong> Science, none of them gives a persuasive argument justifying the limitation,<br />
that is why this problem still remains actual. The main shortcoming of procedure theories is that<br />
the changes going on in an action subject, as well as the influence of the action on the members of society,<br />
are left beyond their attention, though they are rightly focused on the absence of evidences. This<br />
regulation should be used for depicting the changes of values of a person. <strong>Of</strong> material theories action<br />
historization theory is the most important one, however, here we deal with the action which has not<br />
had any influence on society for a long time and not with the loss of this influence. This regulation<br />
should be taken into consideration together with subjective signs. The theory concerning the distance<br />
between the action and subject is also worth noting. Although it is not full, as it is based on the categorical<br />
assertion of the change of a subject together with the regulation on the absence of assertion about<br />
value changes, it gives ground to supposing the change of a subject for the better. It is important to<br />
mention the theory of all-embracing power of time which, despite the fact that it needs to be further<br />
defined and deciphered, emphasises possible changes in a subject. Special attention is paid to the theory<br />
regarding the inexpediency of determining punishment based not on the early established norms,<br />
but on the regulations listed above.<br />
Thus, it can be concluded that limitation is objectively based on the absence of influence on the members<br />
of society for a long time, subjectively – in the conditions of absence of trustworthy data about<br />
current value attitude of a subject, foreseeing the possible changes that may have happened during this<br />
time, supposition of the better – conscientiousness, which makes it inexpedient to impose the responsibility<br />
and execute the punishment.<br />
∗ Doctor of Jurisprudence, TSU, <strong>Faculty</strong> of <strong>Law</strong>.
moris SalikaSvili *<br />
kriminaluri karieris xelSewyobis kriminologiuri analizi<br />
(sazogadoebis roli adamianis kriminalad Camoyalibebis procesSi)<br />
1. Sesavali<br />
sasjeli, rogorc piris mier sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebis darRvevisaTvis reaqciis<br />
forma, danaSaulze saxelmwifo kontrolis meqanizmi da sazogadoebrivi gakicxvis<br />
saSualebaa. Tumca saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mxridan xSirad ar xdeba<br />
imis gacnobiereba, Tu ra Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves maTi fizikuri (Tavisuflebis aRkveTa)<br />
da fsiqologiuri (sazogadoebrivi gakicxva) represiuli `aparatis~ amoqmedebas.<br />
swavlis fsiqologiis kuTxiT, represia (miT ufro arasrulwlovnis mimarT ganxorcielebuli)<br />
aferxebs piris socializacias. 1 (re)socializaciis Seferxeba gardauvalia,<br />
Tu piris mier Cadenili danaSauliT ver iqna misi problema (ris gamoc man danaSauli<br />
Caidina) gadawyvetili, vinaidan damnaSavis mier ar xdeba sasjelis, rogorc<br />
misi ukanono qmedebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli saxelmwifo reaqciis, aqceptireba,<br />
anu damnaSaves (miT ufro mozards) ver auxsnia misi dasjis safuZveli, maSin rodesac<br />
igi mxolod Tavisi socialuri, ekonomikuri an kulturuli problemis mogvarebas<br />
cdilobda. 2<br />
gasagebi rom gaxdes, Tu ra roli SeuZlia Seasrulos saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas<br />
sakuTari represiuli reaqciiT piris kriminaluri karieris CamoyalibebaSi, sakiTxi<br />
ganxilul unda iqnes kriminologiuri Teoriuli safuZvlebis WrilSi.<br />
Teoriebi sinamdvilis azrobrivi konstruqciaa. 3 isini im samyaros Sesaxeb gvawvdian<br />
ganmartebiT informacias, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT. kriminologiuri Teoriebis<br />
saSualebiT mecnierebi cdiloben Cven mier aRqmuli movlenebis dalagebas, Tu<br />
rogor da ratom xdeba esa Tu is movlena. miT ufro kargia Teoria, rac ufri zustad<br />
gamoxatavs igi arsebul sinamdviles. 4<br />
* <strong>samarTlis</strong> doqtori (hamburgi), Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis kriminalistikisa da<br />
kriminologiis institutis kriminologiis centris xelmZRvaneli.<br />
1 Quensel S., Wie wid man kriminell? Verlaufsmodell einer fehlgeschlagenen Interaktion zwischen Deliquenten<br />
und Sanktionen, In: Kritische Justiz, 1970, 377.<br />
2 iqve.<br />
3 Haage H., Theorien der sozialen Kontrolle und des sozialen Lernens in der Kriminologie, Frankfurt am Main,<br />
1995, 13.<br />
4 Niggli M.A., Kriminologishe Theorien und ihre Bedeutung für Kriminologien in Deutschland, der Schweiz und<br />
den USA - Eine empirischer Vergleich In: “Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform”, 1992, 261.
198<br />
m. SalikaSvili, kriminaluri karieris xelSewyobis kriminologiuri analizi<br />
naSromis mizania, kriminologiuri Teoriebis safuZvelze ganmartos sazogadoebisa<br />
da saxelmwifos roli piris, gansakuTrebiT ki mozardis, kriminalad Camoyalibebis<br />
sakiTxSi; Teoriuli safuZvlebis gamoyenebiT ganixilos saqarTveloSi dRes arsebuli<br />
mdgomareoba da warmoadginos misi kriminologiuri analizi, rac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs<br />
xels swori Rirebulebebis damkvidrebas samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi. am mxriv sainteresoa<br />
etiketirebis, anomiisa da `gantevebis vacis~ kriminologiuri Teoriebi.<br />
2. “Labeling Approach” — etiketirebis Teoria<br />
termini “Labeling Approach” warmodgeba inglisuridan: “Label” – aRniSnavs etikets,<br />
etiketirebas, xolo “Approach” — midgomas, daaxloebas. etiketirebis Teoria cnobilia<br />
agreTve „iarliyis mikerebis“ 5 Teoriis saxelwodebiT.<br />
etiketirebis Teoria pirvelad 1938 wels Camoayaliba amerikelma sociologma<br />
frank tanenbaumma. etiketirebis Teoriis klasikuri daxasiaTeba, ramac igi popularuli<br />
gaxada, ekuTvniT aseve amerikel sociologebs — hovard bekersa da edvin lemerts.<br />
bekeris azriT, qmedebebi TavisTavad arc kargia da arc cudi, normaluroba da<br />
deviantoba6 sxva araferia Tu ara socialurad gansazRvruli Tvisebebi. amdenad, deviacia<br />
ufro metad aris ara moqmedebis Tviseba, aramed sxvaTa mier miwerili wesebi da<br />
sanqciebi „kriminalebis“ mimarT. 7<br />
bekeri gamoyofs “Labeling”-is or ganzomilebas, romelsac did mniSvnelobas ani-<br />
Webs danaSaulis definirebisa da misi konstruirebisaTvis. pirveli aris dadgenili<br />
norma. is pirovnebebi, romlebic qcevis wesebsa da normebs qmnian, gansazRvraven, Tu<br />
romeli qmedeba aris normis darRveva da danaSauli. meore aris normis gamoyeneba. is<br />
pirebi, vinc dadgenil normebs iyeneben [magaliTad, samarTaldamcavi organoebis warmomadgenlebi],<br />
yvela qmedebas ar miiCneven danaSaulad da axdenen erTgvar seleqcias<br />
(gamorCeva, gadarCeva). normis gamoyenebis seleqciurobiT xdeba damnaSavis cnebis<br />
Camoyalibeba, romelic gavlenas axdens piris etiketirebaze, 8 — miiCnevs bekeri.<br />
mniSvnelovania, vin axdens piris etiketirebas („iarliyis mikerebas“)?<br />
rogorc wesi, piris „damnaSaved“ etiketireba xorcieldeba socialuri kontrolis<br />
organoebis, Tu maTi warmomadgenlebis mier. es organoebia: policia, sasamar-<br />
Tlo, prokuratura, sagamoZiebo organoebi, media da sxva. am organoebis mier negatiuri<br />
(devianturi) etiketireba gavlenas axdens individis cnobierebaze da warmoSobs<br />
5 kodua e. da sxva (sared. jgufi), socialur da politikur terminTa leqsikoni-cnobari,<br />
Tb., 2004, 102.<br />
6<br />
`deviacia~ im qcevis aRniSvnaa, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebaSi aRiarebul normebs...<br />
[Tumca] SesaZloa, individis esa Tu is qmedeba formalurad ganixilebodes rogorc<br />
devianturi, magram mas mainc ar „miekeros“ deviantis iarliyi, ramdenadac, garemoebis<br />
Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, sazogadoebrivi azri ar aRiarebs normis darRvevas“. ix.<br />
kodua e. da sxva (sared. jgufi), socialur da politikur terminTa leqsikoni-cnobari,<br />
Tb., 2004, 54.<br />
7<br />
Rüther W., Abweichendes Verhalten und labeling approach, Berlin u.a., 1975, 29.<br />
8<br />
Becker H., Outsiders, Studies in the Sociology of Deviance, New York, 1963, 12.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
masSi deviantur identurobas, rac devianturi karierisa da devianturi subkulturebis<br />
ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.<br />
kriminolog kaizeris azriT, damnaSave warmoiqmneba maSin, rodesac moxdeba mis-<br />
Tvis damnaSavis etiketis miniWeba socialuri kontrolis institutebis meSveobiT da<br />
igi sazogadoebis mier aRiarebul iqneba damnaSaved. 9<br />
kriminologiur mecnierebaSi miCneulia, rom TiTqmis yvela mozards arasrulwlovnebis<br />
periodSi, misi biologiuri da fsiqologiuri ganviTarebidan gamomdinare,<br />
erTxel mainc aqvs Cadenili kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedeba an danaSauli. 10 oficialuri<br />
statistikuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, 11 yovel meore arasrulwlovan msjavrdebuls<br />
danaSauli jgufurad aqvs Cadenili. kriminologebis azriT, danaSaulis Cadena xSirad<br />
jgufis mier mozardze ganxorcielebuli zewolis Sedegia. 12<br />
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, damnaSaved SeiZleba iqces nebismieri<br />
piri (mozardi), miuxedavad misi socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa an ganaTlebis<br />
donisa.<br />
piris (mozardis) damnaSaved `gaxdomis~ etapebi Semdegia:<br />
1. pirvelad Cadenili danaSauli; 2. sazogadoebrivi reaqcia, anu sazogadoebis mier<br />
piris damnaSaved etiketireba; 3. a) sazogadoebaSi `damnaSavis~ integrirebis problema;<br />
b) `damnaSavis~ mier misi statusis aRiareba da kriminalad Camoyalibeba; 4. ganmeorebiTi<br />
danaSaulebis Cadena.<br />
qvemoT moyvanili magaliTis13 safuZvelze naTeli gaxdeba, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />
ganxorcieldes mozardis14 (an nebismieri piris) damnaSaved Camoyalibeba sazogadoebis<br />
mxridan misi etiketirebis gamo:<br />
mozardi Tavisi (ekonomikuri) problemis mosagvareblad Caidens danaSauls, romelic<br />
ar gaxdeba cnobili samarTaldamcavi organoebisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, ar moxdeba<br />
misi sanqcionireba (etiketireba). imis miuxedavad, moxda Tu ara mozardis (ekonomikuri)<br />
problemis mogvareba, igi xedavs, rom mis mier Cadenili qmedeba ar dafiqsirda policiis<br />
mier, rac mas gambedaobas matebs da ubiZgebs axali danaSaulis Casadenad. amiT<br />
matulebs imis albaToba, rom mozardis mier Cadenili danaSauli latenturi aRar dar-<br />
Ces da moxdes misi saxelmwifo organoebis mier gamovlena.<br />
9 Kaiser G., Kriminologie: ein Lehrbuch, 3., völlig neubearb. u. erw. Aufl., Heidelberg, 1996, 275.<br />
10 SalikaSvili m., kriminologia, 2010, 37.<br />
11 2009 wlis statistika. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Jurn. „marTlmsajuleba“,<br />
2009, 113.<br />
12 Wetzels P., Enzmann D., Die Bedeutung der Zugehörigkeit zu devianten Cliquen und der Normen<br />
Gleichaltriger für die Erklärung jugendlichen Gewalthandelns, In: “DVJJ-Journal” (“Deutsche Vereinigung für<br />
Jugendgerichte und Jugendgerichtshilfen”), 2/1999, 129; Göppinger H., Kriminologie, 6. vollständig neu<br />
bearbeitete und erweiterte Aufl., München, 2008, 147.<br />
13 Quensel S., Wie wid man kriminell? Verlaufsmodell einer fehlgeschlagenen Interaktion zwischen Deliquenten<br />
und Sanktionen, In: Kritische Justiz, 1970, 381.<br />
14 moyvanil magaliTSi aqcenti gakeTebulia mozardebze, vinaidan isini am periodSi<br />
arastabiluri pirovnulobiT gamoirCevian, Tumca etiketirebis es modeli SesaZlebelia<br />
gavrceldes zrdasrul pirebzec.<br />
199
200<br />
m. SalikaSvili, kriminaluri karieris xelSewyobis kriminologiuri analizi<br />
Tu samarTaldamcavi organoebis mier gamovlenili mozardis mier Cadenili dana-<br />
Sauli saTanado reagirebis gareSe darCeba, mozards ufro meti gambedaoba daeufleba<br />
da saxelmwifo kontrolis organoebs sisusted CauTvlis maT umoqmedobas.<br />
samarTaldamcavi organoebis mxridan saTanado reagirebis SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoeba,<br />
romlisTvisac cnobili gaxdeba Cadenili danaSaulis faqti, „zurgs Seaqcevs~<br />
mozards mis mier ganxorcielebuli kanonsawinaarmdego qmedebis gamo. sanacvlod mozardi<br />
aRiarebas poulobs im pirTa wreSi, romelic danaSaulis Cadenasa da sasjelis<br />
moxdas jildod aRiqvams. mozardi yoveli Semdgomi danaSaulis Cadenisas ufro met<br />
aRiarebas moipovebs misi axali megobrebisgan. yoveli axali danaSaulis Cadena samar-<br />
Taldamcavi organoebis mxridan ufro mkacrad iqneba sanqcionirebuli, vidre amas adgili<br />
hqonda danaSaulis pirvelad gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi. Sedegad, mozardi oficialurad<br />
iqneba damnaSaved gamocxadebuli. ucxo pirTa mier mozardis damnaSaved cnobas<br />
mohyveba mozardis mier sakuTari Tavis `damnaSaved~ aRiareba. xolo misadmi ganxorcielebuli<br />
etiketirebis gamo, mozards SeezRudeba sazogadoebaSi integraciis SesaZlebloba,<br />
rac aseve daabrkolebs misi pirovnebis socialur ganviTarebas. sazogadoebisgan<br />
gariyuli mozardi cdilobs gaamarTlos misTvis miniWebuli damnaSavis „statusi“,<br />
swavlobs danaSaulis Cadenis axal xerxebsa da meTodebs, iyenebs maT problemebis<br />
mosagvareblad. Sedegad mozardi moTavsdeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilas, sadac<br />
moxdeba danaSaulis Cadenis xerxebi da meTodebi kidev ufro ixveweba. cixidan gamosuli<br />
mozardi iTvleba nasamarTlevad, rac, Tavis mxriv, arTulebs mis sazogadoebaSi integracias<br />
(samsaxuris dawyeba, axali megobarTa wris povna).<br />
kriminologiuri TvalsazrisiT, etiketirebis mniSvneloba vlindeba damnaSaved miCneuli<br />
piris mier sakuTari pirovnebis identifikaciis SecvlaSi, kriminalis statusis<br />
aRiarebasa da mis gamarTlebaSi. sazogadoebis mier pirovnebis kriminalad aRiarebis Semdeg<br />
igi cdilobs gaamarTlos sazogadoebis Sexeduleba misi pirovnebis Sesaxeb. 15<br />
etiketirebis Sedegad mozardebs ufro didi problemebi eqmnebaT, vidre zrdasrul<br />
adamianebs. mozardi damnaSaveebis inteligentobis dabal dones etiketirebis<br />
Teoria damnaSavis etiketirebidan wamosul uaryofiT movlenebze dayrdnobiT xsnis,<br />
romelic pirvel rigSi mis swavlaze aisaxeba. magaliTad, policiis mier dakavebul<br />
mozards gacilebiT meti problemebi eqmneba sazogadoebaSi (skolaSi, universitetSi,<br />
sportul gaerTianebaSi, socialur urTierTobebSi) integraciis TvalsazrisiT, rac<br />
piris inteligentobis Sesustebas iwvevs da xels uSlis mis socializacias. 16<br />
kritikis TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmoa is garemoeba, rom: 1. imperiulad naklebad<br />
aris dadgenili, iwvevs Tu ara saxelmwifo kontrolis organoebis mier piris `etiketireba~<br />
mis mier sakuTari identurobis Secvlasa da ganmeorebiTi danaSaulis Cadenas; 2.<br />
danaSaulis Camden pirebs aqvT unari, uaryon sazogadoebrivi etiketireba da CaTvalon,<br />
rom etiketireba sulac ar aris avtomaturi procesi, romelic mas sxva (ganmeorebiT)<br />
danaSaulis Cadenisken ubiZgebs; 3. Tu mosamarTle ityvis `a. aris qurdi~, igi eyrdnoba<br />
realur faqts (romelic mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT aris dadgenili), xolo<br />
piris qurdad gamocxadebas win uZRvis misi danaSaulebrivi qmedeba da pirovnuli safuZvlebi.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, marTebulia daisvas kiTxva: ratom gaxda a. qurdi? 17<br />
15 Göppinger H., Kriminologie, 5. Aufl., München, 1997, 110.<br />
16 Meier B.D., Kriminologie, 3. Aufl., München, 2007, 152.<br />
17 Opp K.D., Die “Alte” und die “Neue” Kriminalsoziologie, Eine kritische Analyse einige Thesen des labeling<br />
approach, In: “ Kriminologisches Journal” (“Krim. J.“) 1, 1972, 40.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
amerikeli kriminologi akersi etiketirebis Teoriis sastiki winaaRmdegi iyo,<br />
romelsac man 1967 wels naSromi miuZRvna. misi TqmiT, etiketirebis Teoriis mkiTxvels<br />
eqmneba STabeWdileba, rom adamianebi sul sakuTar saqmes Cahkirkiteben, garSemo<br />
aravis arafers uSaveben da uceb `bum!~ da Cndeba `cudi sazogadoeba~, romelic mas<br />
daRis damsmel etikets artyams.<br />
bevri mecnieris azriT, etiketirebis Teoria aiZulebs adamians SeiTavsos damna-<br />
Savis roli, TiTqos mas meti arCevani ar hqondes, Tu ara gaamarTlos is, rac mas sazogadoebam<br />
etiketis saxiT `miakra~.<br />
3. `gantevebis vacis~ Teoria<br />
zogadad, „gantevebis vacis“ cneba momdinareobs bibliidan. kerZod, Zveli aRTqmis<br />
meTeqvsmete TavSi saubaria imaze, Tu rogor „datvirTa“ ahronma israelianTa SecdomebiTa<br />
da codvebiT cocxali vaci da gauSva udabnoSi.<br />
Zveli aRTqmis meTeqvsmete Tavis 21-e-22-e paragrafebi konkretulad miuTiTebs:<br />
`21. da daasxnes ahron £elni misni Tavsa mas zeda vacisa mis cocxalisasa da miuTxrnes<br />
mas zeda yovelnive uSjuloebani ZeTa israÀlisaTani, da yovelni sicrueni da yovelni<br />
codvani maTni, da dahkribnes codvani maTni Tavsa mas zeda vacisa cocxalisasa.<br />
22. da ganavlinos igi £eliTa kacisa ganmzadebulisa¡Ta udabnod da moixunes vacman<br />
man mis zeda sicruveni maTni queyanad uvalad, gangzavnos vaci igi udabnod~. 18<br />
kriminologiuri Teoriebi umTavres yuradRebas aqceven damnaSavis pirovnebas da<br />
cdiloben Cadenil danaSaulsa da damnaSaves Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgenas.<br />
`gantevebis vacis~ 19 Teoria ki orientirebulia socialur reaqciaze da damsjeli sazogadoebis<br />
fsiqologiaze. 20 am Teoriis Tanaxmad, sazogadoeba qmnis Tavis damnaSaveebs<br />
da sjis maT sakuTari ukureaqciisaTvis.<br />
„gantevebis vacis“ Teorias safuZvlad udevs zigmund froidis instiqtebis (fsiqoanalitikuri)<br />
Teoria, romlis mixedviT, instiqtebi (Sinagani survilebi (impulsuroba,<br />
aRgznebadoba) da moTxovnilebebi aRzrdis procesSi iTrgunebian (SeiZleba daiTrgunon),<br />
magram isini latenturad (dafarulad) mainc arseboben da Semcvlel siamovnebas<br />
eZeben. amgvar siamovnebas adgili aqvs, roca piri sakuTar qvecnobier braleulobas kriminalze<br />
gadaitans. misTvis kriminalis qvecnobierad dasja sakuTari Tavis dasjaa, saku-<br />
Tari braleulobis moxsnis saSualebaa, 21 anu damsjeli dasjiT dasasjelSi spobs im mavne<br />
18 ix. .<br />
19 „gantevebis vaci“ (“Scapegoating”), aris Tavdasxmis an Tavdacvis forma, rodesac problemebi<br />
da usiamovnebebi sxva iseT adamians an adamianTa jgufs braldeba, romelTac ar<br />
SeuZliaT saTanado winaaRmdegobis gaweva. „gantevebis vacis~ Zebna maSin iwyeba, rodesac<br />
adamianTa romelime jgufi grZnobs xifaTs, magram ar SeuZlia muqaris wyaros mimarT<br />
reagireba. amitom isini sxva, sust an sazogadoebis mier aTvaliswunebul, arapopularul<br />
jgufs iReben samizned. „gantevebis vacis~ Zebnas fsiqologiuri TviTdamkvidrebis<br />
funqciac aqvs, vinaidan Sedegis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi igi badebs sakuTari upiratesobis<br />
grZnobas~. WabaSvili a. (red.), adamianis uflebaTa leqsikoni, Tb., 1999, 22.<br />
20 Göppinger H., Kriminologie, 6. vollständig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Aufl., München, 2008, 129.<br />
21 Schwind H.D., Kriminologie, 17. Aufl., Heidelberg, 2007, 127.<br />
201
202<br />
m. SalikaSvili, kriminaluri karieris xelSewyobis kriminologiuri analizi<br />
Cvevebs (kriminalur saqciels), romelic mas qvecnobierad gaaCnia da amiT igi garkveul<br />
siamovnebas poulobs (Tundac imis gamo, rom masac surda kriminaluri saqcielis Cadena,<br />
magram aRzrda da normebisadmi erTguleba ar aZlevs amis saSualebas).<br />
`gantevebis vacis~ fsiqologiur TeoriaSi igulisxmeba adamianebis Tviseba, saku-<br />
Tari naklovanebebi, sisusteebi, akrZaluli emociebisa da survilebis Seusrulebloba,<br />
romelTa realizaciis unari TviTon ar SeswevT, sxva sagnebze, cxovelebsa da<br />
ucxo adamianebze gadaitanon. aRniSnuls adgili aqvs, rodesac sazogadoebis wevrebs<br />
sakuTari akrZaluli survilebi ucxo adamianebze an damnaSaveebze gadaaqvT. Seusrulebeli<br />
emociebis ucxo pirovnebaze gadatana saSualebas aZlevs maT, sakuTari Tavi<br />
sazogadoebis Rirseul da saukeTeso wevrebad warmoidginon. 22 magaliTad, didi qonebis<br />
survili sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrs gasCenia, Tumca bevri am survils ver axorcielebs<br />
naklebi Semosavlebis gamo. magram Tu gamoCnda vinme, vinc Semosavlebis damalvis,<br />
qurdobis, korufciis gziT SeZlebs didi qonebis dagrovebas, mas sazogadoeba<br />
saTanadod dasjis. am gziT damsjeli, xSirad SeiZleba gauazreblad, sakuTari daukmayofilebeli<br />
survilis gamo sxvis dasjas axdens.<br />
kriminologTa azriT, `gantevebis vacis~ Teorias moqalaqeTa didi umravlesobisTvis,<br />
romlebic oficialurad damnaSaveebi arasdros gamxdaran, erTgvari „fsiqohigienuri“<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs. 23<br />
`gantevebis vacis~ Teoriis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebas sWirdeba damnaSaveebi, raTa<br />
moaxerxos sakuTari kriminaluri survilebis dakmayofileba da am survilebis gamo<br />
sxva piris dasja. damnaSave qceulia „gantevebis vacad“, romelmac sxvaTa gamo unda<br />
agos pasuxi. sazogadoeba damnaSavis dasjiT uaryofs sakuTar rols mis damnaSaved<br />
CamoyalibebaSi da Tavisi braleuloba danaSaulis Camden pirze gadaaqvs. 24 kanonmor-<br />
Cilebi kanondamrRvevTa dasjiT gaucnobiereblad aRweven sakuTari moTxovnilebebis<br />
erTgvar dakmayofilebas, rameTu maT uari Tqves am moTxovnilebebis kriminaluri<br />
gziT dakmayofilebaze. 25<br />
`gantevebis vacis~ Teoriis safuZvlebis gaTvaliswinebiT Cndeba samarTliani SekiTxva:<br />
ramdenad SeuZlia „gantevebis vacis“ fsiqologiis mqone sazogadoebas izrunos<br />
danaSaulis Camdeni pirebis resocializaciaze? anu SeeZleba Tu ara danaSaulis<br />
Camdeni piris resocializacia iseT sazogadoebas, romelic ganwyobilia pirovnebis<br />
dasjisTvis, raTa uaryos piris damnaSaved CamoyalibebaSi sakuTari braleuloba?!<br />
`gantevebis vacis~ Teoriis kritika imiT vlindeba, rom fsiqikis struqturuli<br />
da genetikuri ganviTarebis fsiqoanalitikuri safuZveli moklebulia gamocdilebaze<br />
damyarebuli mecnierebisaTvis saWiro dasabuTebas, 26 anu SeuZlebelia `gantevebis<br />
vacis~ Teoriis empiriuli kvleviT gadamowmeba.<br />
22<br />
Kaiser G., Kriminologie: ein Lehrbuch 3., völlig neubearb. u. erw. Aufl., Heidelberg, 1996, 272.<br />
23<br />
Kury H. (Hrsg.), Ist Straffaelligkeit vermeidbar? Moeglichkeiten der Kriminalpraevention, Bochum, 1982, 389.<br />
24<br />
iqve, 273.<br />
25<br />
Kunz K.L., Kriminologie: Eine Grundlegung. 3. vollst. überarbeitete Aufl., Wien, 2001, 122.<br />
26<br />
Göppinger H., Kriminologie, 6. vollständig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Aufl., München, 2008, 129.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
4. anomiis Teoria<br />
socialuri dezorganizaciis zegavlenaze piris kriminalad Camoyalibebis procesSi<br />
mniSvnelovania anomiis Teoria. `anomia~ berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa da ukanonobas,<br />
kanonisa Tu normebis ararsebobas niSnavs. anomias aseve uwodeben „sazogadoebis<br />
iseT mdgomareobas, romelic xasiaTdeba socialuri urTierTobebis maregulirebeli<br />
normebis SesustebiT, an maT mimarT gulgrili damokidebulebiT“. 27 es cneba pirvelad<br />
gamoiyena gamoCenilma frangma sociologma emil diurkemma.<br />
Tanamedrove socialur mecnierebebSi anomia gamoiyeneba ori masStaburad gansxvavebuli<br />
movlenis aRsaniSnavad — socialuri anomia da subieqturi anomia. „socialuri<br />
anomia gulisxmobs konkretul socialur sistemebSi moraluri Tu samarTlebrivi<br />
normebis araefeqturobas, sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebis kriziss,<br />
kulturuli miznebis ganusazRvrelobas, rac sazogadoebis rRvevasa da socialur<br />
dezorganizacias ganapirobebs. subieqturi anomia gulisxmobs konkretuli individis<br />
mdgomareobas, rodesac igi ver axerxebs sakuTari miznebis gansazRvras da<br />
maT sazogadoebrivi faseulobebisa da struqturebisadmi misadagebas, ris Sedegadac<br />
adamiani aRar iziarebs socialur normebs, mas eufleba socialuri gaucxoebisa da<br />
izolaciis SegrZneba, apaTia, rac gauTvaliswinebel da mZime Sedegebs iwvevs.“ 28<br />
upirvelesad sainteresoa socialuri anomia, anu iseTi mdgomareoba, sadac gansazRvruli<br />
ar aris kulturuli miznebi, rac ganpirobebulia Zveli sazogadoebis<br />
rRveviTa da axali sazogadoebis CamoyalibebiT, moraluri da <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebis<br />
araefeqturobiT socialur sistemebSi, rac aseve qveynis socialuri mdgomareobiT<br />
aris gamowveuli. imisaTvis rom gasagebi gaxdes saqarTveloSi arsebuli socialuri<br />
anomia, saWiroa gairkves, rogori sazogadoebrivi sawyisebidan yalibdeba axali sazogadoeba.<br />
am mxriv sainteresoa iuri levadas gamokiTxva.<br />
anomiis Teoriis kritika imas efuZneba, rom igi axdens damnaSaveTa identifikacias<br />
mxolod sazogadoebis qveda fenebSi, dabal klasSi, radganac arsebuli socialuri miznebisa<br />
da mocemuli miznebis miRwevis legaluri saSualebebis integrireba swored dabali<br />
klasis problemaa. amis gamo ki, mocemuli Teoriis meSveobiT, SeuZlebeli xdeba sazogadoebis<br />
warmatebul fenebSi damnaSveTa identificireba (“White-Collar Crime”). 29<br />
5. arsebuli mdgomareobis analizi Teoriuli safuZvlebiT<br />
etiketirebis, anomiisa da `gantevebis vacis~ kriminologiuri Teoriebis kritika<br />
im TvalsazrisiT, rom SeuZlebelia maTi imperiuli kvlevebiT gadamowmeba, ra Tqma<br />
unda, marTebulia, Tumca aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom garkveuli kriminologiuri Teoriebi,<br />
romelTa imperiuli kvlevebiT gadamowmeba SeuZlebelia, mainc didi gulmodgine-<br />
27 kodua e. da sxva (sared. jgufi), socialur da politikur terminTa leqsikoni-cnobari,<br />
Tb., 2004, 21.<br />
28 Rlonti g. (red.), kriminologia da samarTlebrivi sistema saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2008, 378.<br />
29 iqve, 395.<br />
203
204<br />
m. SalikaSvili, kriminaluri karieris xelSewyobis kriminologiuri analizi<br />
biTa da interesiT gamoiyeneba, rogorc kriminologiis sagnis saswavlo procesisaTvis,<br />
aseve danaSaulis Cadenis mizezebis dadgenisaTvis. amgvari Teoriebis naTeli magaliTia<br />
edvin saTerlendis diferencialuri kavSiris Teoria, romlis dasadastureblad<br />
dRemde ar Catarebula (ver Catarda) empiriuli kvlevebi.<br />
etiketirebis, anomiisa da `gantevebis vacis~ kriminologiuri Teoriebis zemoaRniSnuli<br />
kritikis miuxedavad, unda iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli Teoriebi mniSvnelovania<br />
piris damnaSaved Camoyalibebis sakiTxSi swored sazogadoebis rolis gansazRvrisaTvis,<br />
miT ufro iseTi gardatexisa da Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi saxelmwifosa da<br />
sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis qveynisaTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa. saqarTvelo, qar-<br />
Tuli sazogadoeba, romelic sakuTari sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis ZiebaSia, dgas<br />
didi problemis winaSe, moaxerxos dasavluri civilizaciisa da mravalsaukunovani<br />
kulturuli Rirebulebebis imgvari Serwyma, rom ar dakargos sakuTari (kulturuli)<br />
TviTmyofadoba.<br />
zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze mniSvnelovania etiketirebis, anomiisa da `gantevebis<br />
vacis~ kriminologiuri Teoriebis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi<br />
mdgomareobis ganxilva-analizi.<br />
5.1 iuri levadas sociologiuri gamokiTxva<br />
iuri levadam 1989-1991 wlebSi gamoikiTxa sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebi TiTqmis<br />
yvela erovnebis 2 700 moqalaqe. kiTxvari Sedgeboda 100 kiTxvisagan.<br />
levada sabWoTa sistemis mier Seqmnil “Homo Sovieticus“ axasiaTebs oTxi ZiriTadi<br />
niSniT: 1. misTvis STagonebuli da misgan aRiarebuli warmodgena misi erTaderTobis<br />
Sesaxeb; 2. misi „Svilmamobrivi“ orientacia saxelmwifosadmi; 30 3. misi midrekileba ierarqiulobisadmi;<br />
4. misi imperiuli xasiaTi. 31 imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes levadas<br />
mier CamoTvlili es oTxive niSan-Tviseba, ganxilul unda iqnes mis mier Camoyalibebuli<br />
sabWoTa adamianis generaciebi.<br />
levada gamoyofs sam sabWoTa generacias: 30-ianelebi, 50-ianelebi da 70-ianelebi.<br />
30-ianelebis generacia aris sabWoTa patrioti adamiani, romelmac 50-ian wlebSi Tanamdebobriv<br />
postebs miaRwia. 50-ianelebis generaciam saxelmwifo dapirebebisagan<br />
imedgacrueba ganicada. isini gadauWreli ekonomikuri (pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebis<br />
nakleboba) da politikuri (korufcia) problemebis winaSe aRmoCndnen, xolo 70-ianelebis<br />
generacia mowme gaxda mkveTri gardaqmniTi RonisZiebebisa, rac saxelmwifo<br />
Tu sazogadoebriv konfliqtebs iwvevda. 32<br />
30 igulisxmeba ara moqalaqesa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTTanamSromlobiTi damokidebuleba,<br />
rogorc es miRebulia, aramed sabWoTa adamianis orientacia, saxelmwifo<br />
iyos misi `mama~, ufrosi, mmarTveli.<br />
31 Levada J., Die Sowjetmenschen, Berlin, 1992, 16.<br />
32 Shalikashvili M., “Diebe im Gesetz”: Eine kriminelle Organisation im deutschen Jugendstrafvollzug? Die aus<br />
der ehemaligen UdSSR stammende kriminelle Organisation “Wor v Sakone“ – “Dieb im Gesetz” und ihre<br />
subkulturelle Existenz unter russischsprachigen Gefangenen in einer deutschen Jugendstrafanstalt bei Hamburg,<br />
Berlin, 2009, 109.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
levada Tvlis, rom erTi generaciis mier miRebuli codna da gamocdileba, meore<br />
generacias ver gamoadga da TiToeul generacias axal politikur, ekonomikur da socialur<br />
pirobebTan mouxda Segueba.<br />
levadas azriT, sabWoTa sistemam Seqmna frustrirebuli, gaorebuli, advilad<br />
marTvadi da morCili adamianis fenomeni, romelsac orientacia aqvs dakarguli da<br />
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi uWirs sakuTari Tavis damkvidreba. mas Tavisi mdgomareobis<br />
gamosasworeblad Zalac ar Seswevs. 33<br />
levadas mier Seqmnili `sabWoTa adamianis~ prototipebi jer kidev bevria arsebul<br />
sazogadoebaSi. amasTan, sabWoTa sistemam Seqmna naxevrad kulturuli adamianis<br />
fenomeni, romelic saSiSia qveynis rogorc sazogadoebrivi, aseve politikuri cxovrebisaTvis.<br />
34<br />
xSir SemTxvevebSi dRevandel saqarTveloSi sabWoTa kavSiris msgavsi mdgomareobaa.<br />
magaliTad, Tu sabWoTa kavSiris dros sajaro samsaxuris dawyebisaTvis aucilebeli<br />
iyo rusuli enis codna, dRes aucilebelia inglisuri enis codna. es moTxovna<br />
moqmedebs imis garkvevis miuxedavad, inglisuri enis mcodne pirs SeuZlia Tu ara azrovneba,<br />
aqvs Tu ara mocemuli TanamdebobisaTvis saWiro ganaTleba, Tu samsaxurebrivi<br />
gamocdileba, flobs Tu ara SemecnebiTi da SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis an analitikuri<br />
da racionaluri azrovnebis unars.<br />
sabWoTa adamianis gadmonaSTad unda CaiTvalos aseve is, rom bevr saqarTvelos<br />
moqalaqes (zogadad) orientacia aqvs dakarguli da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi TviTdamkvidreba<br />
uWirs, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi gamoixateba gadawyvetilebis miRebis sir-<br />
TuliT an wlebis ganmavlobaSi umoqmedod yofniT.<br />
5.2 sazogadoebrivi krizisi<br />
me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolosa da 90-ian wlebSi dabadebul adamianTa mSoblebisa<br />
da maswavleblebis didi nawili Zveli (sabWoTa) Rirebulebebis msxvrevisa da<br />
axlis Seqmnis procesis momswrea, rasac Tan daerTo socialur-ekonomikuri krizisi.<br />
yovelivem didi zegavlena iqonia `mSoblebis Taobaze~.<br />
33 Levada J., Die Sowjetmenschen, Berlin, 1992, 31. msgavsi mosazreba sabWoTa adamianis Sesaxeb<br />
aqvs agreTve iungs. misi azriT, 70-ianelebis STamomavlobas, romelic breJnevis dros<br />
gaizarda, saerTod sxva Rirebulebebi gaaCnia, vidre mis winamorbed Taobas(ebs). 70-ianelebSi<br />
saxelmwifosadmi da partiisadmi pativiscemam da maTma sazogadoebrivma aqtivobebma<br />
sakmaod iklo. ix.: Jung L., “Wir habe begonnen umzudenken...“: Michail Gorbatschows Reformkonzept<br />
fuer die UdSSR; Geschichete - Ideologie - Praxis - Perspektiven, Köln, 1987, 51.<br />
34 Huebner P., Die Kultur der Sowjetunion an der Schwelle zur Marktwirtschaft: Schwieriege Ausgangslage und<br />
neue Probleme, In: Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien (BIOst) 29-1991, 14.<br />
naxevrad kulturuli adamiani saxifaToa sazogadoebisTvis, ramdenadac mis mier Seqmnili<br />
sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi ar iqneba gamoyenebadi sxva generaciisaTvis (rogorc es<br />
levadas gamokiTxvam daadastura). naxevrad kulturuli adamianis saxelmwifo xelisuflebaSi<br />
mosvla Seaferxebs saxelmwifo ganviTarebas, vinaidan igi (naxevrad kulturuli<br />
adamiani), sakuTari araprofesionalizmis gamoaSkaravebisa da maRali Tanamdebobrivi<br />
poziciis dakargvis (konkurenciis) SiSiT, arasdros ar moiyvans masze Wkvian adamianebs<br />
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mmarTvelobaSi.<br />
205
206<br />
m. SalikaSvili, kriminaluri karieris xelSewyobis kriminologiuri analizi<br />
swored sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis Camoyalibebis iseT pirobebSi, romelSic<br />
dRes saqarTvelos sazogadoeba (~mSoblebis Taoba~) imyofeba (igulisxmeba iZulebiT<br />
gadaadgilebuli mosaxleoba, umuSevroba, socialuri daucveloba, socialur fenebs<br />
Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba), 35 bevria mis wevrebs Soris frustrirebuli, gaorebuli,<br />
advilad marTvadi da morCili, orientaciadakarguli naxevrad kulturuli adamiani.<br />
problemuria isic, rom gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolosa da 90-ian wlebSi dabadebul<br />
adamianTa umravlesobas, rogorc kvleva adasturebs, aReniSneba orientaciisa<br />
da faseulobaTa sistemis problemebi. kerZod: `mozardebSi TavianTi prioritetebisa da<br />
araprioritetebis Sesabamisad, gamoikveTa swrafva iseT pirovnebad Camoyalibebisaken,<br />
romelsac eqneba ganaTlebuli adamianis cenzi, iqneba daxvewili, zrdilobiani, janmrTeli,<br />
imavdroulad, igi SeiZleba ar gamoirCeodes arc maRali SemecnebiTi aqtivobiTa da<br />
racionalurobiT, misTvis SeiZleba arcTu mniSvnelovani iyos sixalise, siamovneba, magram,<br />
samagierod, misTvis Rirebulia megobrebi da siyvaruli~. 36<br />
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqme Seexeba sazogadoebis socialur kriziss, socialur<br />
dezorganizacias, rac Semdegi mdgomareobis arsebobiTac dasturdeba: 1) saxelmwifosa<br />
da moqalaqes Soris socialuri erTianobis darRveva (ararseboba); 2) socialuri<br />
kontrolis moSla (magaliTad, saskolo da ojaxuri kontrolis Sesusteba);<br />
3) gaqurduli, dangreuli da nagavsayrelad qceuli saxlebi; 4) quCis prostitucia; 5)<br />
quCaSi maTxovrebis raodenobis zrda; 6) sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi alkoholis<br />
daleva; 7) sajarod azartuli TamaSebis gamarTva (SeiZleba iTqvas, rom azartuli<br />
TamaSebis bumia saqarTveloSi); 8) naklebi samoqalaqo aqtiuroba; 9) eTnikuri<br />
xasiaTis problemebi; 10) didi raodenobis ojaxebis siRaribis zRvarze cxovreba<br />
(2005 wlis monacemebiT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis naxevarze meti siRaribis zRvars<br />
qvemoT cxovrobda). 37<br />
hirSis kontrolis Teoriis Tanaxmad, rwmenis (“Belief”) ararseboba normaTa mimarT,<br />
romelic pirs danaSaulis Cadenas ukrZalavs, uadvilebs mas danaSaulis Cadenas,<br />
xolo unormoba (Rirebulebebis arqona) iwvevs piris danaSaulebriobas. 38<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia aseve is garemoeba, rom sazogadoebisgan aRiarebuli miznebi<br />
da Rirebulebebi xSirad sazogadoebrivi krizisis dros zogierTi adamianisaTvis<br />
miuRweveli xdeba arasakmarisi ganaTlebisa da kontaqtebis, dabali socialuri<br />
mdgomareobisa da sxva mizezebis gamo. aseTi `mizanmiuRweveli an/da mizandakarguli~<br />
adamianebi gamabruebeli saSualebebis (alkoholi, narkotiki) miRebiT axdenen sazogadoebrivi<br />
krizisidan warmoSobil sakuTar problemebze `reagirebas~ — sakuTari<br />
problemis daviwyebas. swored (maT Soris) zemoaRniSnuli SeiZleba iyos im araoficialuri<br />
statistikuri monacemebis safuZveli, romlis mixedviTac saqarTveloSi narkotikul<br />
nivTierebaze damokidebuli 250 000 piria. xSiria aseve narkomanebis mxridan<br />
narkotikis mopovebis mizniT danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevebi.<br />
35 izoria l., demokratiis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005, 21-22.<br />
36 gegelaSvili m., jaliaSvili T., bavSvTa da mozardTa qcevis problemebi, saqarTvelos<br />
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi, Tb., 2005, 20.<br />
37 Sead.: Schwind H.D., Kriminologie, 17. Aufl., Heidelberg, 2007, 138.<br />
38 Hirschi T., Causes of Delinquency, Berkeley, 1969, 198.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
5.3 danaSaulis raodenoba da sazogadoebrivi krizisi<br />
`ar arsebobs sazogadoeba danaSaulis gareSe~. 39 e. diurkemis es azri kriminologiaSi<br />
davas ar iwvevs da gulisxmobs, rom danaSauli nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
normaluri movlenaa. yovel sazogadoebaSi arsebobs iseTi saxis qmedebebi,<br />
romlebic didi periodis ganmavlobaSi xels uSlis sazogadoebis wevrTa Tanacxovrebas.<br />
igulisxmeba ekonomikuri xasiaTis danaSaulebi. kriminaluri saqcieli sazogadoebis<br />
wevrebSi deprivaciis grZnobis warmoSobas uwyobs xels, anu sazogadoebis<br />
erTi nawilis mier danaSauli aRiqmeba uaryofiTad. is adamianebi, romlebic danaSauls<br />
uaryofiT movlenad aRiqvamen, arian: 1) damnaSavis msxverplni, an 2) pirebi, romlebic<br />
danaSaulebrivi qmedebebisagan Tavs daucvelad grZnoben, an 3) pirebi, romlebic<br />
arc danaSaulis msxverplni gamxdaran da arc Tavs grZnoben daucvelad, Tumca mainc<br />
miiCneven danaSauls sazogadoebisaTvis arasasurvel movlenad. 40<br />
opis azriT, Tu sazogadoebis didi nawili danaSaulis gamo Sewuxebulia zemoCamoTvlili<br />
sami mizezis safuZvliT, maSin saxezea sazogadoebrivi krizisi 41 da danaSauli<br />
misTvis ukve normalur fenomenad aRar miiCneva.<br />
am mxriv sainteresoa bolo wlebis kriminaluri statistika, romlis mixedviT bolo<br />
sami wlis (2007, 2008, 2009) ganmavlobaSi Sinagan saqmeTa organoebis mier daaxloebiT<br />
136 000-mde danaSauli iqna oficialurad registrirebuli. 42 imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rom samarTaldamcavi organoebis mier araregistrirebuli (latenturi) danaSaulis<br />
raodenoba registrirebuli danaSaulis raodenobas 3-jer an 5-jer aRemateba,<br />
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saqarTveloSi bolo sam weliwadSi daaxloebiT yoveli meore<br />
ojaxi danaSaulebrivi qmedebis msxverpli gamxdara. 43<br />
5.4 sazogadoebrivi krizisis kriminologiuri Sedegebi<br />
zemoaRniSnuli saWiro gaxda imis cxadyofisaTvis, rasac socialuri anomia ewodeba,<br />
anu moraluri Tu samarTlebrivi normebis araefeqturoba da kulturuli miznebis<br />
ganusazRvreloba, rac danaSaulis Cadenis erT-erT safuZvlad unda iqnes miCneuli.<br />
amis dasturia damnaSave pirTa statistikuri monacemebis analizi: 1) msjavrdebulTa<br />
80% umuSevaria, rac saxelmwifosa da moqalaqes Soris socialuri urTierTkavSiris<br />
ararsebobaze metyvelebs; 2) msjavrdebulTa 45% umaRlesi ganaTlebis<br />
39 Durkheim E., Kriminalität als normales Phänomen, In: Sack F., König R. (Hrsg.), Kriminalsoziologie, Frank-<br />
furt am Main, 1968, 3.<br />
40 Opp K.D., Theorie sozialer Krisen: Apathie, Protest und kollektives Handeln, Hamburg, 1978, 11.<br />
41 iqve.<br />
42 statistikuri monacemebi 2010 wlis 10 ianvris mdgomareobiT ix.: .<br />
43 136 000 registrirebuli danaSauli * 3 = ca. 400 000 rogorc dafarul, aseve registrirebul<br />
danaSauls. 4 milioni saq. mosaxle / 4 ojaxis wevrze = 1 milion ojaxs. 400 000<br />
danaSauli / 1 milioni ojaxze = 0,25 ojaxs.<br />
207
208<br />
m. SalikaSvili, kriminaluri karieris xelSewyobis kriminologiuri analizi<br />
mqone piria, rac miuTiTebs maT dezorientaciaze, ramac maT danaSaulis Cadena gadaawyvetina<br />
(aiZula).<br />
socialuri anomia — moqalaqeTa orientaciadakarguloba, kulturuli Rirebulebebis<br />
ganusazRvreloba, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camouyalibebloba — xels uwyobs<br />
moraluri da samarTlebrivi normebis rRvevas, rac danaSaulebriv qmedebebSic<br />
SeiZleba gamoixatos. 44<br />
adamianebi sazogadoebrivi (socialuri) krizisis mimarT individualurad reagireben.<br />
bevrisTvis uaryofiTi qmedebebi misaRebi xdeba, Tu mas dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyveba,<br />
xolo im pirebis mimarT, romlebic xels Seuwyoben dadebiTi Sedegebis dadgomas,<br />
protestis grZnoba ar uCndebaT. 45 magaliTad, Tanamdebobis piri Tavisi saqcieliT<br />
xels uwyobs damnaSaves (advokats) fulis gaTeTrebaSi. fulis gamTeTrebels Tanamdebobis<br />
piris mimarT protestis grZnoba ar uCndeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom am ukanasknelma<br />
kanonis normebi daarRvia.<br />
6. daskvna<br />
daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos: rogorc etiketirebis, aseve `gantevebis vacis~<br />
Teoria naTels fens mxolod im faqts, rom pirovnebebi an pirTa jgufebi sazogadoebis<br />
mier etiketirebulni (gamoyofilni) da „gantevebis vacebad“ arian qceulni, da<br />
rom sazogadoebis amgvari midgoma mas (sazogadoebas) SesaZleblobas aniWebs, uaryos<br />
sakuTari braleuloba maT damnaSaved CamoyalibebaSi. 46 sazogadoeba erTgvarad icilebs<br />
pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari umoqmedobiT an arasaTanado moqmedebiT gamowveul<br />
SedegTan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, sazogadoebis mier damnaSave individisadmi meti yuradRebis,<br />
ndobisa da siyvarulis gamoxatviT SesaZlebeli iqneboda pirovnebis damna-<br />
Saved CamoyalibebaSi xelis SeSla.<br />
rogorc statistikur da latentur danaSaulTa monacemebis analizi cxadyofs,<br />
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawili danaSaulis msxverplia. aRniSnuli gamoiwvia<br />
saqarTveloSi bolo 15-20 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebulma movlenebma: 1991-<br />
1992 wlebis samoqalaqo dapirispirebam, afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis konfliqtebma.<br />
`gantevebis vacis~ Teoriuli analizi da bolo 15-20 wlis kriminaluri movlenebi<br />
miuTiTebs safuZvlian eWvze, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa did nawils, masze ganxorcielebuli<br />
danaSaulebrivi qmedebebidan gamomdinare, damnaSavisadmi gauCndes<br />
`gantevebis vacis~ sindromis ganxorcielebis neba. adamianebis msxverplad gaxdoma<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi iwvevs angariSsworebis (SurisZiebis) survils.<br />
am mxriv sagulisxmoa 2003 wels sasjelis daniSvnisadmi saerTo sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa<br />
damokidebulebis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi Catarebuli gamokiTxva. gamokiTxul<br />
195 mosamarTleTagan 65% Tvlida, rom `sanqcia, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs<br />
Tavisuflebis aRkveTas, ar iTvleba sasjelad saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis~. 47 aR-<br />
44 Haferkamp H., Kriminalität ist Normal, Zur Geselschaftlichen Produktion abweichendes Verhaltens, Stuttgart,<br />
1972, 49; Opp K.D., Theorie sozialer Krisen: Apathie, Protest und kollektives Handeln, Hamburg, 1978, 176.<br />
45 Opp K.D., Theorie sozialer Krisen: Apathie, Protest und kollektives Handeln, Hamburg, 1978, 176.<br />
46 Kaiser G., Kriminologie: ein Lehrbuch. 3., völlig neubearb. u. erw. Aufl.., Heidelberg, 1996, 273.<br />
47 kuri h., kapanaZe x., sasjelaRsruleba da sanqciebi saqarTveloSi — mimoxilva dasavluri<br />
TvalsazrisiT, Jurn. `qarTuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> mimoxilva~, 2-3, 2004, 296.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
niSnuli pirdapir miuTiTebs `gantevebis vacis~ fsiqologiis arsebobaze rogorc mosamarTleebSi,<br />
aseve sazogadoebaSi. Tu mosamarTleTa didi umravlesoba miiCnevs,<br />
rom aucilebelia sanqciis saxiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTis gamoyeneba, vinaidan es sazogadoebis<br />
dakveTaa, maSin SeuZlebelia aseTma sazogadoebam moaxerxos msjavrdebulis<br />
resocializacia-reintegracia.<br />
sainteresoa aseve sazogadoebis socialuri dezorganizaciis sakiTxi. am mxriv<br />
saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs socialur deprivacias (SezRudvas) samuSaos<br />
arqonis, ganaTlebis deficitis, mcire Semosavlisa da zogadad dabali socialurekonomikuri<br />
statusis gamo, 48 rac danaSaulis Cadenis xelSemwyob faqtorebad unda<br />
iqnes miCneuli.<br />
am problemebis gadaWris erTaderT gzad unda CaiTvalos uaxloes momavalSi saqarTveloSi<br />
iseTi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, romelic demokratiul<br />
Rirebulebebze iqneba mimarTuli (gamWvirvaloba, sabazro ekonomika, sajarooba, socialuri<br />
dacvis garantia, azris Tavisufleba, pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis amaRleba).<br />
demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba saxelmwifos, romelmac<br />
xeli unda Seuwyos sazogadoebaSi demokratiaze orientirebuli politikuri kulturis<br />
Camoyalibebasa, da masmedias — sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis kuTxiT. 49<br />
48<br />
Albrecht H.J., Ethnische Minoritäten, Kriminalität, Strafjustiz und Diskriminierung, In: Sozialer Wandel und<br />
Jugendkriminalität, DVJJ (Hrsg.), Bd. 27, Bonn, 1997, 224.<br />
49 izoria l., Tanamedrove saxelmwifo da Tanamedrove administracia, Tb., 2009, 182.<br />
209
210<br />
m. SalikaSvili, kriminaluri karieris xelSewyobis kriminologiuri analizi<br />
MORIS SHALIKASHVILI *<br />
CRIMINAL ANALYSIS OF ASSISTING CRIMINAL CAREER<br />
(The role of society in forming a human as a criminal)<br />
Summary<br />
“There is no society known where a more or less developed criminality is not found under different<br />
forms”. Everyone agrees with this quote of Emile Durkheim. It means that crime is a natural phenomenon<br />
which exists in every society. However, it is important to find out what role society can play in the<br />
formation of a human as a criminal. To make things clear, criminal theories are to be discussed.<br />
By means of elaborating criminal theories, scientists are trying to arrange the events perceived by us<br />
and to explain how and why certain events occur. The better the theory, the more accurately it reflects<br />
the reality.<br />
The goal of the article is to define the role of society in the process of shaping a human as a criminal,<br />
to identify the society undergoing crisis, the society which does not possess solid values, and to clarify<br />
the role the state plays in the process of forming a person as a criminal.<br />
In order to state the role a state, and especially a society, can play with its repressive reaction on the<br />
formation of a person’s criminal career, the question will be discussed on the basis of labelling, anomie<br />
and “scapegoat” criminalological theories.<br />
*<br />
Doctor of <strong>Law</strong>s (Hamburg), Head of the Center of Criminology of the Institute of Criminalities and Criminology,<br />
TSU, <strong>Faculty</strong> of <strong>Law</strong>.
lavrenti maRlakeliZe *<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis mniSvneloba ganzraxi da<br />
gaufrTxileblobiTi deliqtebis dros<br />
(SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi analizi)<br />
1. Sesavali<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> dogmatikaSi marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis problema erTerTi<br />
umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia. misi adgili da funqcia danaSaulis erTian sistemaSi<br />
sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvagvarad ganisazRvreboda. Tavdapirvelad aRniSnuli cneba<br />
uSualod dakavSirebuli iyo ganzraxvis problemasTan da mis Semadgenel erT-erT aucilebel<br />
niSans warmoadgenda. 1 Tumca, ganzraxvis cneba `marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis~<br />
Sinaarssa da mniSvnelobas saTanadod ver xsnida, ris gamoc saWiro gaxda am problemis<br />
gaanalizeba ara ganzraxvasTan mimarTebiT, aramed misgan damoukideblad.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, danaSaulis Sesaxeb arsebuli moZRvrebebi (klasikuri, neoklasikuri<br />
da finaluri) ganzraxvisa da marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis urTierTmimarTebis<br />
sakiTxs gansxvavebulad ganixilavs. aRniSnul TeoriebSi problema dgas rogorc<br />
Tavad marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis Sinaarsobriv mxaresTan, ise mis adgilTan<br />
da mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT. danaSaulis sistemis Tu romel etapze unda gaanalizdes<br />
es sakiTxi, mecnierTa da praqtikos iuristTa Soris wlebis ganmavlobaSi xangrZlivi<br />
diskusiis sagania. 2 iuridiul literaturaSi xSirad ismeba araerTi problemuri<br />
SekiTxva, kerZod, ramdenad SeiZleba, rom qmedebis Camdens sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
umarTloba Seeracxos maSin, roca igi qmedebis akrZalvas ar icnobs? an rogor unda<br />
moxdes piris gakicxva ganzraxi deliqtebis Cadenisas, Tuki mas Tavisi qmedebis<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegoba Secnobili ara aqvs? an kidev, SeiZleba Tu ara marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
Segnebis arsebobis dasabuTeba gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSaulebis ganxorcielebis<br />
dros?<br />
cnobilia, rom sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> mecnierebaSi erTmaneTisgan mijnaven religiur,<br />
CveulebiT da samarTlebriv brals. 3 sakiTxi, Tu riT gansxvavdeba aRniSnuli bralis<br />
cnebebi erTmaneTisgan, jer kidev Riad rCeba. 4 Tumca, problema rom uSualod samarTlebriv<br />
brals ukavSirdeba, es udavoa, vinaidan, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis<br />
*<br />
Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti, asistent-profesori.<br />
1<br />
ix. Kaufmann (Arthur) Arth., Das Unrechtsbewußtsein in der Schuldlehre des Strafrechts, Aalen, 1985, 21.<br />
2<br />
Sead. Spendel G., Das Unrechtsbewußtsein in der Verbrechenssystematik, in Festschrift für Hebert Tröndle,<br />
Berlin, 1989, 89-90.<br />
3<br />
ix. Kaufmann Arth., Das Schuldprinzip, eine strafrechtlich-rechtsphilosopische Untersuchung, Heidelberg,<br />
1961, 128.<br />
4<br />
iqve, aseve, ix. Kaufmann Arth., Das Unrechtsbewußtsein in der Schuldlehre des Strafrechts, Aalen, 1985, 21.
212<br />
l. maRlakeliZe, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis mniSvneloba ganzraxi da<br />
gaufrTxileblobiTi deliqtebis dros<br />
Semowmeba arc meti da arc naklebi istoriulad da logikuradac yovelTvis bralis<br />
etapze xdeba.<br />
qmedebis Camdens sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTloba rom srulad Seeracxos, saWiroa,<br />
man danaSaulebrivi qmedebis arsi da misi akrZaluloba Seicnos. magram gasarkvevia,<br />
Tu ras niSnavs is, rom pirs Tavisi umarTloba Segnebuli unda hqondes? aseT Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, damnaSaves moeTxoveba sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonis konkretuli muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
danaSaulis mxolod dasjadobis codna, Tu sakmarisia, aRniSnul pirs<br />
qmedebis samarTlebrivi akrZaluloba, e. i. qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba zogadad<br />
hqondes Secnobili? an kidev, sakiTxavia, Tu ras gulisxmobs Tavad cneba `marTlwinaaRmdegoba~,<br />
rogor unda iqnes igi gagebuli `marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis~ dros?<br />
yvela zemoT dasmuli legitimuri SekiTxva iuridiul literaturaSi wlebis manZilze<br />
diskusiisa da msjelobis sagans Seadgenda da mas aqtualoba arc Tanamedrove epoqaSi<br />
daukargavs.<br />
gamomdinare aqedan, aRniSnuli naSromis mizania, naTlad warmoaCinos marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
Segnebis garkveuli Taviseburebani da misi praqtikuli da Teoriuli<br />
mniSvneloba piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dasabuTebisTvis rogorc<br />
ganzraxi, ise gaufrTxileblobiTi deliqtebis ganxorcielebis dros, ramac SesaZlebelia<br />
am sakiTxis Sesaxeb qarTuli mecnieruli diskusiis Semdgom ganviTarebas<br />
Seuwyos xeli.<br />
2. marTlwinaaRmdegoba sisxlis samarTalSi<br />
qmedeba mxolod maSin aris dasjadi, roca is marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleulia. 5<br />
es ki imas niSnavs, rom danaSaulis Casadenad saWiroa kumulaciurad samive niSnis —<br />
qmedebis Semadgenlobis, marTlwinaaRmdegobisa da bralis arseboba. marTlwinaaRmdegoba<br />
sistemurad yovelTvis qmedebis Semadgenlobis dadgenis Semdeg mowmdeba.<br />
danaSaulis samniSnovan da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel<br />
garemoebaTa orkvalian sistemas iTvaliswinebs rogorc germanuli, 6 ise saqar-<br />
Tvelos moqmedi sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsi. 7 aRsaniSnavia is, rom termini `marTlwinaaRmdegoba~,<br />
calkeul SemTxvevebSi, warmodgenilia orive qveynis sisxlis samar-<br />
Tlis kanonis zogierT SemadgenlobaSi, magaliTad, saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
5 ix. Bauman J., Weber U., Mitsch W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 11. Aufl., Biefeld, 2003, 300.<br />
6 Sead.: Beling, E., Die Lehre vom Verbrechen, Tübingen, 1906, 7; Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4.<br />
Aufl., München, 2006, 199-211; aseve, ix.: germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi wignSi:<br />
Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofes in Strafsachen (BGHSt) 1, 132; BGHSt 2, 195; BGHSt 9, 375.<br />
7 ix.: Turava M., Straftatsysteme in rechtsvergleichender Sicht unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Shuldbegriffs,<br />
Berlin, 1997, 258; turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc.,<br />
Tb., 2010, 177; gamyreliZe o., brZola samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosaTvis, 1998, 267-284.<br />
o. gamyreliZem me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebis bolos SeimuSava saqarTvelos sisxlis<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis zogadi nawilis alternatiuli proeqti, sadac, germanuli sisxlis<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis analogiurad, warmodgenil iqna aseTi orkvaliani dayofa, rac aisaxa<br />
kidec moqmed sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsSi.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
kodeqsis (SemdgomSi — ssk) 177-e, 178-e muxlebi, aseve, germaniis ssk-is 240-e, 303-e paragrafebi.<br />
Tavad cneba `marTlwinaaRmdegoba~ ki germanul iuridiul literaturaSi XIX saukunis<br />
bolos Camoyalibda. 8 misi Seqmna cnobili germaneli mecnieris k. bindingis sa-<br />
xels ukavSirdeba, romelmac Tavis moZRvrebaSi `normaTa Teoria~ (Die Normen und ihre<br />
rbertretungen) pirvelad Camoayaliba Teoria marTlwinaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb. 9 k. bindingis<br />
moZRvrebis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:<br />
`sisxlis samarTali ar aregulirebs urTierTobebs adamianebs Soris. es urTier-<br />
Tobebi mowesrigebulia <strong>samarTlis</strong> sxva dargebis mier. sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> funqcia amoiwureba<br />
imiT, rom igi uzrunvelyofs normis sawinaaRmdego qmedebis dasjadobas, xolo<br />
qmedebis marTlsawinaaRmdego xasiaTi sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanoniT ar dgindeba~. 10amis Semdeg avtori iqve ganmartavs, rom damnaSave danaSaulis Cadenis dros arRvevs ara sisxlis<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> kanons, aramed normas, romelic sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonis gareT arsebobs.<br />
11 misi azriT, danaSaulis Camdeni piri moqmedebs ara sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonis<br />
winaaRmdeg, aramed mis Sesabamisad. 12 maSasadame, avtoris SexedulebiT, `norma qmnis<br />
marTlsawinaaRmdego, xolo sisxlis samarTalis kanoni — danaSaulebriv qmedebas~. 13<br />
Tavad norma ki, k. bindingis TeoriiT, sajaro samarTals ekuTvnis.<br />
k. bindingis amgvar mosazrebas kidev ufro aviTarebs germaneli mecnieri m. e. maieri.<br />
igi marTlwinaaRmdegobas gansazRvravs rogorc `kulturis normebis~ darRvevas.<br />
14 avtoris azriT, marTlwinaaRmdegoba ar warmoadgens moqmedebis da, masTan er-<br />
Tad, danaSaulis Semadgenlobis elements, `igi ar xorcieldeba arc gare samyaroSi,<br />
arc moqmed Sinagan samyaroSi. marTlwinaaRmdegoba aris msjeloba, SefasebiTi procesi,<br />
is xorcieldeba mo<strong>samarTlis</strong> Sinagan samyaroSi~. 15 m. e. maieric, k. bindingis<br />
msgavsad, normaTa Teorias efuZneba. TviT normas ki, romelsac arRvevs damnaSave da<br />
romlis darRvevac aqcevs mis moqmedebas marTlsawinaaRmdegod, avtori sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
kanonis gareT eZebs. Tumca, am mxriv igi ufro Sors midis, vidre k. bindingi.<br />
kerZod, Tu am ukanasknelisaTvis norma, romelsac arRvevs qmedebis Camdeni piri mainc<br />
pozitiuri <strong>samarTlis</strong> normas Seadgens, m. e. maieris moZRvrebaSi igi ara marto pozitiuri,<br />
aramed dauwereli <strong>samarTlis</strong> normaa. 16avtori calsaxad uTiTebs, rom `mar-<br />
TlsawinaaRmdegoa iseTi qmedeba, romelic saxelmwifos mier aRiarebul kulturis<br />
8<br />
Sead. Günther H. L., Strafrechtswidrigkeit und Strafunrechtsausschluß, Köln, 1983, 9.<br />
9<br />
iqve, 10-11.<br />
10<br />
ix.: Safferling C., Vorsatz und Schuld, Tübingen, 2008, 44; Binding K., Die Normen und ihre Übertretungen,<br />
2. Aufl., Leipzig, 1890, 4.<br />
11<br />
ix. Binding K., Die Normen und ihre Übertretungen, 2. Aufl., Leipzig, 1890, 4.<br />
12<br />
iqve.<br />
13<br />
iqve.<br />
14<br />
ix. Safferling C., Vorsatz und Schuld, Tübingen, 2008, 44.<br />
15<br />
iqve, aseve ix. Mayer M.E., Der Allgemeine Teil des deutschen Strafrechts, Heidelberg, 1915, 9-10.<br />
16<br />
ix.: Mayer M. E., Der Allgemeine Teil des deutschen Strafrechts, Heidelberg, 1915, 179; Safferling C.,<br />
Vorsatz und Schuld, Tübingen, 2008, 44.<br />
213
214<br />
l. maRlakeliZe, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis mniSvneloba ganzraxi da<br />
gaufrTxileblobiTi deliqtebis dros<br />
normebs ar Seesabameba~ 17 . Tavad `kulturis normebs~ ki, romlebsac m. e. maieri safuZvlad<br />
udebs msjelobas marTlwinaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb, avtori Semdegnairad gansazRvravs:<br />
`kultura~ aris `adamianis yovelgvari saqmianoba, mimarTuli bunebis dauflebaze,<br />
adamianTa miswrafebebisa da moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaze~ 18 . igi aRniSnavs,<br />
rom `kulturis normebi warmoiSoba saerTo sazogadoebrivi interesebis niadagze da<br />
warmoadgns akrZalvebsa da brZanebebs, romelTa meSveobiT sazogadoeba moiTxovs misi<br />
interesebisaTvis Sesatyvisi moqmedebis Sesrulebas. 19 isini im masalas warmoadgenen,<br />
saidanac kanonmdebeli qmnis <strong>samarTlis</strong>, kerZod, sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebs.~ 20<br />
maSasadame, rogorc m. e. maieris moZRvrebidan Cans, `marTlwinaaRmdegoba~ avtoris<br />
mier Seqmnil sistemaSi, k. bindingis Teoriisgan mcireodeni gansxvavebiT, ufro<br />
farTod aris gagebuli da igi amjerad ganmartebulia rogorc `kulturis normebisadmi~<br />
winaaRmdegoba. aRniSnuli moZRvrebiT danaSaulis Semadgenloba, e. i. sisxlis<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> kanoni, ar wyvets sakiTxs marTlwinaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb, rac, marTebuli<br />
da misaRebi unda iyos.<br />
k. bindingisa da m. e. maieris moZRvrebebi safuZvlad daedo germanul sisxlis samarTalSi<br />
mTeli rigi Teoriebis Seqmnas. maT hyavdaT bevri mimdevari, romlebmac zemoT<br />
aRniSnuli avtorebis mier gamoTqmuli ZiriTadi debulebani ganaviTares da maTgan<br />
logikuri daskvnebi gaakeTes.<br />
Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi gamoCenili mecnieri h. h. ieSeki Tavis saxelmZRvaneloSi<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb msjelobisas k. bindingis mier Seqmnil Tezas —<br />
`marTlwinaaRmdegoba niSnavs <strong>samarTlis</strong> winaaaRmdegobas~ 21 — iyenebs da mas Semdegnairad<br />
gansazRvravs: 22 kanonmdebeli sazogadoebaSi adgens adamianTa Tanacxovrebis<br />
17<br />
ix.: Mayer M.E., Der Allgemeine Teil des deutschen Strafrechts, Heidelberg, 1915, 180; Safferling C., Vorsatz<br />
und Schuld, Tübingen, 2008, 44.<br />
18<br />
ix. Mayer M. E., Der Allgemeine Teil des deutschen Strafrechts, Heidelberg, 1915, 180.<br />
19<br />
ix.: Safferling C., Vorsatz und Schuld, Tübingen, 2008, 44; Mayer M. E., Der Allgemeine Teil des deutschen<br />
Strafrechts, Heidelberg, 1915, 44. qarTul enaze marTlwinaaRmdegobis sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix.:<br />
wereTeli T., sazogadoebrivi saSiSroeba da marTlwinaaRmdegoba sisxlis samarTalSi,<br />
Tb., 2006, 100-109; wereTeli T., sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> problemebi, IV tomi, Tb., 2010, 31-126.<br />
20<br />
ix.: Mayer M. E., Der Allgemeine Teil des deutschen Strafrechts, Heidelberg, 1915, 49; Safferling C., Vorsatz<br />
und Schuld, Tübingen, 2008, 44.<br />
21<br />
germanulad: Rechtswidrigkeit bedeutet: Widerspruch gegen das Recht.<br />
22<br />
ix. Jescheck H. H., Weigend T., Lehrbuch des Strafrechts, Allgemeiner Teil, 5.Aufl., Berlin, 1996, 233. h. h.<br />
ieSekis msgavsad, aRniSnul Tezas sxva cnobili germaneli mecnierebic iyeneben. am sakiTxTan<br />
dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix.: Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München,<br />
2006, 601; Nagler J., Der Begriff der Rechtswidrigkeit, Festgabe für Reinhard von Frank, Tübingen, 1930, 339;<br />
Heinrich B., Strafrecht-Allgemeiner Teil I, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart, 2010, 118; Haft F., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil,<br />
9. Aufl., München, 2004, 65; Hold von Ferneck F. A., Die Rechtswidrigkeit, Band I, Jena, 1903, 276. am<br />
Sexedulebisgan gansxvavebul pozicias aviTarebs germaneli mecnieri h. l. giunteri, romelic<br />
miiCnevs, rom cneba — sisxlissamarTlebrivi marTlwinaaRmdegoba (die Strafrechtswidrigkeit)<br />
ufro Seesabameba sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> dogmatikas, vidre — marTlwinaaRmdegoba,<br />
vinaidan sisxlis samarTali mxolod dasjadi umarTlobis kriminalizacias axdens. Tumca,<br />
avtori sisxlissamarTlebriv marTlwinaaRmdegobas sabolood mainc qmedebis SemadgenlobasTan<br />
aigivebs, rac, araswori unda iyos. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
dacvisaTvis aucilebel qcevis wesebs, romlebsac <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebi ewodebaT. 23 es<br />
normebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc mavalebeli (magaliTad, ubedurebis SemTxvevaSi, dauxmarebloba,<br />
germaniis ssk §323c), ise amkrZalavi xasiaTis (magaliTad, adamianis ganzrax<br />
mkvleloba §212). 24 Tavad marTlwinaaRmdegobis arsi ki mdgomareobs imaSi, rom<br />
moqmedeba arRvevs <strong>samarTlis</strong> normaSi dadgenili moqmedebis an umoqmedobis valdebulebas.<br />
25 maSasadame, h. h. ieSekis moZRvrebiT, marTlwinaaRmdegoba niSnavs samar-<br />
Tlisadmi winaaRmdegobas, rac gamoixateba <strong>samarTlis</strong> normaSi mocemuli moqmedebis<br />
an umoqmedebis valdebulebis darRvevaSi.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, iuridiul literaturaSi erTmaneTisgan ori saxis marTlwinaaRmdegobas<br />
— formalursa da materialurs — ganasxvaveben. 26sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsSi<br />
gansazRvruli danaSaulis Semadgenlobis ganxorcieleba niSnavs formaluri<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis dadgenas. 27gamomdinare aqedan, qmedebis SemadgenlobaSi gamoxatuli<br />
akrZalvis darRveva an valdebulebis Seusrulebloba warmoadgens formalur<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobas. 28<br />
rac Seexeba materialur marTlwinaaRmdegobas, igi mxolod maSin aris mocemuli,<br />
roca ar arsebobs marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli arc erTi garemoeba29 (mar-<br />
TlwinaaRmdegobis cnebis e. w. negatiuri ganmarteba). maSasadame, roca uproblemod<br />
sruldeba rogorc qmedebis Semadgenloba, ise danaSaulis meore niSani — marTlwinaaRmdegobac,<br />
e. i. roca saxezea sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTloba. 30es ukanaskneli<br />
cneba ki gulisxmobs Tavad marTlsawinaaRmdegod Sefasebul qmedebas, 31 maSasadame,<br />
materialur marTlwinaaRmdegobas. 32 gamomdinare aqedan, danaSaulis ori niSnis — qmedebis<br />
Semadgenlobisa da marTlwinaaRmdegobis — erTobliobaSi ganxorcieleba niS-<br />
ix.: Günther H. L., Strafrechtswidrigkeit und Strafunrechtsausschluß, Köln, 1983, 247; Jescheck H. H., Weigend<br />
T., Lehrbuch des Strafrechts, Allgemeiner Teil, 5.Aufl., Berlin, 1996, pirveli sqolio, 233.<br />
23<br />
ix. Jescheck H. H., Weigend T., Lehrbuch des Strafrechts, Allgemeiner Teil, 5.Aufl., Berlin, 1996, 233.<br />
24<br />
iqve.<br />
25<br />
iqve.<br />
26<br />
iqve. 233-234. qarTul enaze aRniSnuli sakiTxi dawvrilebiT ix. turava m., sisxlis<br />
samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb., 2010, 177.<br />
27<br />
ix.: Jescheck H. H., Weigend T., Lehrbuch des Strafrechts, Allgemeiner Teil, 5.Aufl., Berlin, 1996, 233; Bauman<br />
J., Weber U., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 11. Aufl., Biefeld, 1985, 256-257; turava m., sisxlis<br />
samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb., 2010, 177.<br />
28<br />
ix. Jescheck H. H., Weigend T., Lehrbuch des Strafrechts, Allgemeiner Teil, 5.Aufl., Berlin, 1996, 233.<br />
29<br />
ix. Bauman J., Weber U., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 11. Aufl., Biefeld, 1985, 256. formaluri da materialuri<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis urTierTgamijvnis sakiTxis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT agreTve,<br />
ix. Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 601-605.<br />
30<br />
Sead.: ieSekisa da vaigendis dasax. naSroms, 233; Heinrich B., Strafrecht-Allgemeiner Teil I, 2. Aufl.,<br />
Stuttgart, 2010, 118; Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 601. qarTul<br />
enaze umarTlobis problemis Sesaxeb ix.: turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis<br />
mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb., 2010, 177-179, 275; gamyreliZe o., sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZveli, Tb., 1989, 124-138.<br />
31<br />
ix. ieSekisa da vaigendis dasax. naSromi, 233, agreTve, Sead. Otto H., Personales Unrecht, Schuld<br />
und Strafe, ~Zeitschrift für die gesammte Strafrechtswissenschaft~ (ZStW 87), 1975, 562.<br />
32<br />
ix. Leipziger Kommentar, Strafgestzbuch (StGB), Band I, Berlin, 2007, 783.<br />
215
216<br />
l. maRlakeliZe, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis mniSvneloba ganzraxi da<br />
gaufrTxileblobiTi deliqtebis dros<br />
navs sisxlissamarTlebriv umarTlobas 33 da igi arsebobs mxolod maSin, roca mocemulia<br />
materialuri marTlwinaaRmdegoba. 34<br />
erTgvarad gansxvavebulad wyvets am problemas moZRvreba `qmedebis Semadgenlobis<br />
negatiuri niSnebis~ Sesaxeb, 35 romelic marTlwinaaRmdegobis msgavs dayofas saerTod<br />
ar aRiarebs da mas qmedebis Semadgenlobis Semadgenel nawilad, mis erT-erT<br />
elementad acxadebs. es ki imas niSnavs, rom marTlwinaaRmdegoba aris ara danaSaulis<br />
damoukidebeli (rogorc es mocemulia danaSaulis samsafexuriani sistemis dros),<br />
aramed uSualod qmedebis Semadgenlobis negatiuri niSani. 36<br />
aRniSnuli TeoriiT, qmedebis Semadgenloba Sedgeba ara marto pozitiuri niSnebisgan,<br />
romlebic pirdapir miTiTebulia sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonSi, aramed aseve, negatiuri<br />
niSnebisgan, romlebic, marTalia, SemadgenlobaSi pirdapir miTiTebuli ar<br />
arian, magram masSi `dafarulad~ igulisxmebian. aseTi negatiuri niSnebia marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
gamomricxveli garemoebani. dasaxelebuli niSnebi qmedebis SemadgenlobaSi<br />
moiazrebs negatiurad, e. i. rogorc ararsebulni. 37 yovelive es ki niSnavs imas,<br />
rom aucilebeli mogeriebis an ukiduresi aucileblobis dros unda gamoiricxos ara<br />
marto marTlwinaaRmdegoba, aramed aseve, qmedebis Semadgenlobac, 38 rac, gaumar-<br />
Tleblad unda CaiTvalos. `qmedebis Semadgenlobis negatiuri niSnebis~ Sesaxeb Teoria<br />
statiaSi dawvrilebiT ar gaanalizdeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnul iqneba<br />
mxolod, rom es moZRvreba sruliad samarTlianad iqna gakritikebuli Tanamedrove<br />
iuridiul literaturaSi, ris gamoc man sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> dogmatikaSi Semdgomi<br />
ganviTareba veRar pova. 39<br />
33<br />
ix.: Heinrich B., Strafrecht-Allgemeiner Teil I, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart, 2010, 38-39, 118; Safferling C., Vorsatz<br />
und Schuld, Tübingen, 2008, 216. qarTul samecniero literaturaSi umarTlobis cnebaze ix.:<br />
gamyreliZe o., sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis<br />
dasjadobis safuZveli, Tb., 1989, 124-138; turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis<br />
mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb., 2010, 177-178, 275.<br />
34<br />
ix. Leipziger Kommentar, StGB, Band I, Berlin, 2007, 783.<br />
35<br />
aRniSnuli moZRvrebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.: Kaufmann Arth., Das Unrechtsbewußtsein in der<br />
Schuldlehre des Strafrechts, Aalen, 1985, 66; Kühl K., Stafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 6. Aufl., München, 2008,<br />
109; Hirsch H. J., Die Lehre von den negativen Tatbestandsmerkmalen, Bonn, 1960, 311-344; Schünemann B.,<br />
Greco L., Der Erlaubnistatbestandsirrtum und das Strafrechtssystem, oder: Das Peter-Prinzip in der Strafrechtsdogmatik?<br />
in Goltdammer’s Archiv (GA) 2006, 777-792; Stratenwerth G., Kuhlen L., Strafrecht Allgemeiner<br />
Teil I, Die Straftat, 5. Aufl., Köln, 2004, 186.<br />
36<br />
ix.: Kindhäuser U., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 2. Aufl., Baden-Baden, 2006, 224-225; Rengier R., Strafrecht,<br />
Allgemeiner Teil, München, 2009, 275-276.<br />
37<br />
Sead.: ieSekisa da vaigendis dasax. naSroms, 250; Bauman J., Weber U., Mitsch W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner<br />
Teil, 11. Aufl., Biefeld, 2003, 315-317; Kaufmann (Armin)Arm., Tatbestandseinschränkung und<br />
Rechtfertigung, `Juristenzeitung~ (JZ), 1955, 37; Wessels J., Beulke W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Die Straftat<br />
und ihr Aufbau, 39. Aufl., Heidelberg, 2009, 45-46; Jakobs G., Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 2. Aufl., Berlin ,<br />
1991, 156-158.<br />
38<br />
Sead. Kühl K., Stafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 6. Aufl., München, 2008, 416.<br />
39<br />
ix.: ieSekisa da vaigendis dasax. naSromi, 250; Bauman J., Weber U., Mitsch W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner<br />
Teil, 11. Aufl., Biefeld, 2003, 315-317; Kaufmann Arm., Tatbestandseinschränkung und Rechtfertigung,<br />
`Juristenzeitung~ (JZ), 1955, 37; Wessels J., Beulke W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Die Straftat und ihr<br />
Aufbau, 39. Aufl., Heidelberg, 2009, 45-46; Jakobs G., Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 2. Aufl., Berlin, 1991, 156-
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
rac Seexeba qarTul sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonmdeblobasa da moZRvrebas, romelic<br />
ZiriTadad germanul dogmatikas efuZneba, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
gamomricxvel garemoebaTa orkvaliani sistema uSualod warmodgenilia sisxlis<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis zogad nawilSi, me-8 (`marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli<br />
garemoebebi) da me-9 (`bralis gamomricxveli da Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi) Tavebis<br />
saxiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi dayofa ucxo iyo rogorc Zveli sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsisTvis,<br />
ise qarTuli sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> mecnierebisTvis. 40 sabWouri sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
kodeqsi da dogmatika marTlwinaaRmdegobis cnebis nacvlad iyenebda cnebas<br />
— sazogadoebrivi saSiSroeba. 41 profesori o. gamyreliZe amis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs: `sab-<br />
Wour sisxlis samarTalSi miRebuli iyo, rom marTlwinaaRmdegobas, rogorc formalur<br />
niSans, danaSaulis niSnad aRiarebda egreT wodebuli burJuaziuli samarTali~,<br />
42 ris gamoc mas kategoriulad uaryofda maSindeli sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> mecniereba<br />
da sasamarTlo praqtika. yovelive es ki, avtoris mtkicebiT, ganpirobebuli iyo am<br />
mecnieruli problemis zedmeti politizirebiTa da imdroindeli ideologiiT. 43 gamomdinare<br />
aqedan, `marTlwinaaRmdegoba~ rogorc sabWour, ise Tanamedrove qarTul<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> mecnierebaSi monografiulad saTanadod daumuSavebeli problemaa.<br />
Tumca, zogierTi Tanamedrove qarTveli mecnieri mainc Seecada mis samarTlebriv<br />
interpretacias. magaliTad, m. turava Tavis saxelmZRvaneloSi aRniSnavs, rom<br />
`marTlwinaaRmdegoba~ es aris `piris mier Cadenili qmedebis winaaRmdegoba kulturis<br />
normebisadmi da ara viwrod gagebuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi marTlwinaaRmdegoba~.<br />
maSasadame, m. turava, m. e. maieris msgavsad, marTlwinaaRmdegobas ganmartavs rogorc<br />
kulturis normebisadmi winaaRmdegobas da ara rogorc sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonisadmi<br />
winaaRmdegobas. Tumca, avtori am SemTxvevaSi ar akonkretebs, Tu ra igulisxmeba<br />
`kulturis normebSi~ da rogor unda iqnes igi gagebuli marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
dadgenis dros.<br />
analogiur mosazrebas gamoTqvams aseve o. gamyreliZec, romelic miiCnevs, rom<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegoba niSnavs ara sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebisadmi, aramed mis<br />
farglebs gareT arsebuli zogad-samarTlebrivi normebisadmi qmedebis winaaRmdegobas.<br />
44 aRniSnul princips ki avtori asabuTebs im garemoebiT, rom Tu piri moqmedebs<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebis winaaRmdeg, e. i. igi danaSauls ar Cadis. `qmedebis samarTlebrivi<br />
Sefasebis dros mxedvelobaSia misaRebi am qmedebis Cadenis akrZalva,<br />
romelic sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanons gareTaa. marTlwinaaRmdegoba niSnavs imis dadgenas,<br />
daarRvia Tu ara kacma akrZalva. damnaSave asrulebs sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanons,<br />
anu qmedebis Semadgenlobas da arRvevs normas, akrZalvas, romelic sisxlis samar-<br />
158. qarTul enaze aRniSnuli Teoriis kritikis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. wereTeli T.,<br />
sazogadoebrivi saSiSroeba da marTlwinaaRmdegoba sisxlis samarTalSi, Tb., 2006, 118-<br />
120.<br />
40 ix. turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb., 2010, 177.<br />
41 ix. SavguliZe T., surgulaZe l., sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis gamomricxveli garemoebani<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonmdeblobaSi, 1988.<br />
42 ix. gamyreliZe o., saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis ganmarteba, Tb., 2008, 85-86.<br />
43 iqve.<br />
44 iqve.<br />
217
218<br />
l. maRlakeliZe, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis mniSvneloba ganzraxi da<br />
gaufrTxileblobiTi deliqtebis dros<br />
Tlis kanons gareTaa~, 45 — aRniSnavs avtori. maSasadame, rogorc m. turavas, aseve o.<br />
gamyreliZis moZRvrebaSi marTlwinaaRmdegoba ganmartebulia ara viwrod, rogorc<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi normisadmi winaaRmdegoba, aramed farTod, rogorc samar-<br />
Tlis normebisadmi (igulisxmeba rogorc pozitiuri, ise dauwereli samarTali) winaaRmdegoba,<br />
maTi ugulebelyofa. 46<br />
cnobilia, rom, klasikuri deliqtebisgan gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT sxvagvarad<br />
dgindeba marTlwinaaRmdegoba blanketur SemadgenlobebSi. kerZod, Tuki klasikuri<br />
deliqtis dros xdeba misi negatiurad gansazRvra, blanketur SemadgenlobebSi saWiroa<br />
misi pozitiurad dasabuTeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom saxelmwifos Sesabamisi samar-<br />
Taldamcavi organo unda eyrdnobodes saxelmwifos mier dadgenil im qcevis wess,<br />
romelic qmedebis Camdenma daarRvia. 47aseT SemTxvevaSi, marTlwinaaRmdegobis niSnis<br />
dasabuTeba, gansxvavebiT klasikuri Semadgenlobisgan, xdeba pozitiuri da ara negatiuri<br />
gziT. 48 Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, pasuxismgelobis gamomricxveli garemoebebis<br />
sistema aqac iseve moqmedebs, rogorc klasikur SemadgenlobebSi. 49<br />
klasikur da blanketur Semadgenlobebad deliqtebis dayofas, Tavis mxriv, didi<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba akrZalvaSi Secdomis dros Sesamowmebeli `marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
Segnebis~ Sinaarsobrivi mxaris gasarkvevad. kerZod, Tuki blanketur deliqtebSi, rogorc<br />
zemoT aRiniSna, `marTlwinaaRmdegobis~ dasabuTeba xdeba pozitiurad, maSin amgvar<br />
danaSaulebSi arsebuli `marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis~ farglebSi mocemuli<br />
cneba — `marTlwinaaRmdegobac~ gagebul unda iqnes, aseve, pozitiurad, saxeldobr,<br />
qmedebis winaaRmdegoba ara `kulturis normebis~ an zogadad <strong>samarTlis</strong>admi, aramed<br />
im kanonis konkretuli normisadmi, romlis moTxovna an kidev akrZalvac damnaSavis<br />
mier iqna darRveuli. aRniSnuli problema dawvrilebiT qvemoT iqneba gaanalizebuli,<br />
aqve ki unda aRiniSnos, rom klasikuri deliqtebisgan gansxvavebiT, blanketur danaSaulebSi<br />
SedarebiT sxvagvarad xdeba rogorc Tavad `marTlwinaaRmdegobis~, ise<br />
`umarTlobis Segnebis~ Sinaarsis garkveva.<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobasTan dakavSirebiT xazgasasmelia kidev is garemoeba, rom,<br />
erTiani marTlwesrigis principidan gamomdinare (das Prinzip der Einheit der Rechtsordnung50<br />
), dauSvebelia, sisxlisamarTlebrivad marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba marTlzo-<br />
45<br />
ix. gamyreliZe o., saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis ganmarteba, Tb., 2008, 83-84.<br />
46<br />
am Sexedulebisgan sawinaaRmdego pozicia aqvs g. naWyebias, romelic miiCnevs, rom<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi marTlwinaaRmdegobis uaryofa swori ar aris, Tumca avtori am<br />
debulebas saTanadod ar asabuTebs. ix. naWyebia g., sisxlissamarTlebrivi urTierToba da<br />
danaSaulis cneba, Tb., 2002, 110-115.<br />
47<br />
ix. gamyreliZe o., saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis ganmarteba, Tb., 2008, 84.<br />
48<br />
iqve.<br />
49<br />
iqve.<br />
50<br />
ix. raixis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba wignSi: Die Entscheidungen des Reichsgerichts in<br />
Strafsachen (RGSt) 61, 242, aseve, ix.: germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba wignSi:<br />
Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofes in Strafsachen (BGHSt) 11, 241; Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner<br />
Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 613.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
mierad CaiTvalos samoqalaqo an administraciul samarTalSi. 51 ise rogorc ar SeiZleba,<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> sferoSi marTlsawinaaRmdegod da aramarTlzomierad Sefasdes<br />
iseTi qmedeba, romelic samoqalaqo an administraciuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebis<br />
Tanaxmad, gamonaklisis saxiT, warmoadgens nebadarTul da Sesabamisad, marTlzomier<br />
qmedebas. 52 magram es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom samoqalaqosamarTlebrivad an administraciulsamarTlebrivad<br />
marTlsawinaaRmdego yvela moqmedeba an umoqmedoba<br />
imavdroulad sisxlissamarTlebrivadac aris akrZaluli. 53 magaliTad, mTvral mdgomareobaSi<br />
avtomanqanis marTva, Tu mas ar mohyva mZime Sedegi (adamianis janmrTelobis<br />
an sicocxlis xelyofa), rogorc wesi, saqarTvelos administraciul samarTaldar-<br />
RvevaTa kodeqsis mixedviT, marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebaa, magram igive qmedeba dauSvebelia,<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivadac marTlsawinaaRmdegod CaiTvalos, vinaidan msgavs<br />
Semadgenlobas saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsi saerTod ar iTvaliswinebs.<br />
garda amisa, marTlwinaaRmdegobas, gansxvavebiT umarTlobisgan, ar gaaCnia aseve, xarisxebic,<br />
54 kerZod, miuRebelia misi mZime an msubuq marTlwinaaRmdegobad daxarisxeba,<br />
radgan qmedeba an ewinaaRmdegeba samarTals, an ara. dauSvebelia, rom erTi qmedeba<br />
naklebad ewinaaRmdegebodes samarTals, xolo meore qmedeba metad. 55<br />
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, marTlwinaaRmdegoba SeiZleba gagebul iqnes rogorc<br />
kulturis normebisadmi (kulturis normebSi SesaZlebelia moazrebul iqnes<br />
rogorc pozitiuri, ise dauwereli samarTali) winaaRmdegoba da ara sisxlis samar-<br />
Tlis konkretuli normisadmi winaaRmdegoba, radgan danaSaulis Cadenis dros piri<br />
moqmedebs ara sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonis winaaRmdeg, aramed, piriqiT, asrulebs mas.<br />
gamomdinare aqedan, marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli qmedeba niSnavs imas, rom qmedebis<br />
Camdeni axorcielebs sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis kerZo nawilSi mocemuli konkretuli<br />
Semadgenlobis deskrifciul da normatiul niSnebs erToblivad.<br />
amrigad, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis~<br />
swori gageba Tavad `marTlwinaaRmdegobis~ cnebis Seswavlis gareSe rTuli da mizan-<br />
Seuwonelia, Tumca, Tu rogor unda iqnes es cneba `marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis~<br />
dros gagebuli, am problemis ganxilva statiis momdevno TavSi iqneba warmodgenili.<br />
51 ix.: Krey V., Deutsches Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart, 2008, 149; Wessels J., Beulke<br />
W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Die Straftat und ihr Aufbau, 39. Aufl., Heidelberg, 2009, 99; Heinrich B.,<br />
Strafrecht-Allgemeiner Teil I, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart, 2010, 126-127.<br />
52 Sead.: raixis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas wignSi: Die Entscheidungen des Reichsgerichts in<br />
Strafsachen (RGSt) 61, 242-247; germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas wignSi:<br />
Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofes in Strafsachen (BGHSt) 11, 241; Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner<br />
Teil, Band, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 601; Wessels J., Beulke W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Die Straftat und<br />
ihr Aufbau, 39. Aufl., Heidelberg, 2009, 99.<br />
53 Sead.: Heinrich B., Strafrecht-Allgemeiner Teil I, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart, 2010, 118-119; Haft F., Strafrecht,<br />
Allgemeiner Teil, 9. Aufl., München, 2004, 65; Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl.,<br />
München, 2006, 613-614.<br />
54 ix. Bauman J., Weber U., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 11. Aufl., Biefeld, 1985, 257-258.<br />
55 iqve, aseve, ix.: gamyreliZe o., saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis ganmarteba, Tb.,<br />
2008, 86-70; turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb., 2010,<br />
59.<br />
219
220<br />
l. maRlakeliZe, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis mniSvneloba ganzraxi da<br />
gaufrTxileblobiTi deliqtebis dros<br />
3. marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis arsi<br />
qmedebis Semadgenlobis etapze codnisa da nebelobis, e. i ganzraxvis, arseboba jer<br />
kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom pirs Cadenili sisxlissamarTlebrivi umarTloba nebismier<br />
SemTxvevaSi Seeracxeba. amisTvis saWiroa mas aseve Secnobili hqondes mis mier ganxorcielebuli<br />
qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegobac. 56 iuridiul literaturaSi damnaSavis mier qmedebis<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Secnobas umarTlobis Segnebas uwodeben. 57 igi SesaZlebelia<br />
aseve `marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis~ saxelwodebiTac iqnes moxseniebuli. Tumca, am<br />
cnebebis identurobasTan dakavSirebiT sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> mecnierebaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa.<br />
mecnierTa pirveli jgufis Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, umarTlobis Segneba iyofa<br />
qmedebis Semadgenlobis Segnebad da marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebad, sxvebi mas ganixilaven<br />
am elementTa ganuyofel erTobad, sadac umarTlobis Segneba mTlianad moicavs qmedebis<br />
akrZalvasa da akrZalul qmedebas, xolo danarCen avtorebTan umarTlobis Segneba<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebaa. 58 am sakiTze gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebidan mecnierTa bolo<br />
pozicia ufro misaRebad unda CaiTvalos, 59 vinaidan, sinamdvileSi, orive es termini<br />
erTi da imave Sinaarsis gamomxatvelia. 60<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis SegnebasTan dakavSirebiT germaniis uzenaesma sasamar-<br />
Tlom ganmarta, rom `umarTlobis Segneba arsebobs maSin, roca moqmeds konkretuli<br />
qmedebis SemadgenlobiT moculi specifikuri samarTlebrivi sikeTis dazianeba, rogorc<br />
umarTloba, Secnobili aqvs~ 61 . am gadawyvetilebidan gamomdinare, marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
Segneba ara abstraqtulad, aramed konkretul qmedebis Semadgenlobas-<br />
Tan, konkretul samarTlebrivi sikeTis dazianebasTan mimarTebaSi unda arsebobdes. 62<br />
cnobilia, rom `umarTlobis Segneba~ sistemurad Tanamedrove germanul da qar-<br />
Tul sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> dogmatikaSi ganixileba, rogorc bralis damoukidebeli ni-<br />
Sani. 63 misi dadgena bralis erTian sistemaSi, yovelTvis piris bralunarianobis dasa-<br />
56<br />
Sead. Wessels J., Beulke W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Die Straftat und ihr Aufbau, 39. Aufl., Heidelberg,<br />
2009, 153.<br />
57<br />
iqve.<br />
58<br />
ix. Leipziger Kommentar, StGB, Band I, Berlin, 2007, 783.<br />
59<br />
aRniSnul cnebebs aseve identurad iyeneben germaneli profesorebi: f. hafti, dawvrilebiT<br />
ix. Haft F., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 9. Aufl., München, 2004, 134, h. h. ieSeki, ix. ieSekisa<br />
da vaigendis dasax. naSromi, 452-453, da sxva cnobili avtorebi.<br />
60<br />
Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom `marTlwinaaRmdegoba~ da `umarTloba~ erTi da imave Sinaarsis<br />
matarebeli terminebia.<br />
61<br />
ix. germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba wignSi: Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofes<br />
in Strafsachen (BGHSt) 15, 377, aseve, Sead. Safferling C., Vorsatz und Schuld, Tübingen, 2008,<br />
216.<br />
62<br />
ix. Safferling C., Vorsatz und Schuld, Tübingen, 2008, 216.<br />
63<br />
ix.: Freund G., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 2. Aufl., Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009, 287; Safferling C., Vorsatz<br />
und Schuld, Tübingen, 2008, 213-214; Blei H., Strafrecht, 18. Aufl., München, 1983, 196-199; Wessels J.,<br />
Beulke W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Die Straftat und ihr Aufbau, 39. Aufl., Heidelberg, 2009, 153-154;<br />
germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba wignSi: BGHSt, 2, 194; turava m., sisxlis<br />
samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb, 2010, 74, 127, 229-236; gamyreliZe o.,<br />
saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis ganmarteba, Tb., 2008, 253-254. am Sexedule-
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
buTebis Semdgom xdeba, 64 rac imas niSnavs, rom qmedebis Camdenis Seuracxaobis gamovlenis<br />
Semdeg aRniSnuli niSani Semowmebas ukve aRar saWiroebs. samarTlebrivi Sedegi<br />
ki aseT SemTxvevaSi aris is, rom piri sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis asaks<br />
miuRwevlobis gamo an mTlianad gaTavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisgan, an fsiqikis<br />
droebiTi aSlilobis, an qronikuli fsiqikuri mdgomareobs gamo, mis mimarT gamoyenebul<br />
iqneba samedicino xasiaTis iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi. Tumca, aRniSnul problemas<br />
germaniisa da saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsebi gansxvavebulad wyvets.<br />
kerZod, germaniis ssk-is mixedviT, fsiqikurad daavadebul pirs eniSneba samedicino<br />
xasiaTis iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> procesis farglebSi, 65 xolo saqarTvelos<br />
ssk-is Sesabamisad, piris mimarT, marTalia, gamoiyeneba imave saxis Ronis-<br />
Ziebebi, magram ara sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> procesis farglebSi, 66 aramed specialuri kanonmdeblobiT<br />
dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad.<br />
bralSi piris bralunarianobis Semowmebis Semdeg marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis<br />
ganxilva, upirveles yovlisa, dasabuTebulia im garemoebiT, rom rogorc Seuracxaoba,<br />
ise umarTlobis Segneba ukavSirdeba pirovnebis nebis Tavisuflebas, 67 e. i. mis<br />
unars, Tavisuflad SeZlos marTlsawinaaRmdego da marTlzomieri qmedebis Sefaseba.<br />
nebis Tavisufleba mdgomareobs swored adamianis unarsa da SesaZleblobaSi, gaake-<br />
Tos arCevani moqmedebis ama Tu im SesaZlo variantebidan da imoqmedos am arCevanis<br />
Sesabamisad. Seuracxad pirTa did nawils ki ara mxolod ar Seswevs unari, imoqmedos<br />
sakuTari nebis Sesabamisad, aramed arc nebis Camoyalibebis fsiqologiuri SesaZlebloba<br />
aqvs. 68 amaze miuTiTebs, swored, rogorc germaniis ssk-is me-20 paragrafi (braluunaroba<br />
sulieri daavadebis gamo), ise saqarTvelos ssk-is 34-e muxli (Seuracxaoba<br />
fsiqikuri daavadebis gamo), sadac aRniSnulia, rom Seuracxia is, visac `fsiqikuri<br />
bisgan gansxvavebiT, sxva pozicia aqvs germanel mecnier g. spendels, romelic miiCnevs,<br />
rom umarTlobis Segneba miekuTvneba qmedebis subieqtur Semadgenlobas da, gamomdinare<br />
aqedan, Tavidan aucilebadi Secdomac qmedebis Semadgenlobis gamoricxvas unda iwvevdes,<br />
radgan, misi azriT, akrZalvaSi Secdoma aris Sefasebis obieqti da amitom igi umarTlobas<br />
unda miekuTvnebodes, maSin, roca brali mxolod carieli Sefasebaa, orive erTad ki,<br />
rogorc Sefaseba, ise Sefasebis obieqti, qmnis pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel safuZvlebs.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix.: Spendel G., Das Unrechtsbewußtsein in der Verbrechenssystematik,<br />
in Festschrift für Hebert Tröndle, Berlin, 1989, 89-105; Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner<br />
Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, me-5 sqolio, 929.<br />
64<br />
ix.: Heinrich B., Strafrecht-Allgemeiner Teil I, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart, 2010, 231; turava m., sisxlis samar-<br />
Tali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb, 2010, 74.<br />
65<br />
ix.: Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 96-100; ieSekisa da vaigendis<br />
dasax. naSromi, 83-85.<br />
66<br />
2007 wlis 3 ivlisis saqarTvelos kanonis amoqmedebamde arsebobda sasamarTlos mier<br />
gamosayenebel sanqciaTa orkvaliani sistema: sasjeli danaSaulisTvis, xolo samedicino<br />
xasiTis iZulebiTi RonisZieba fsiqikurad daavadebuli piris mier marTlsawinaaRmdego<br />
qmedebis CadenisTvis. dRevandeli mdgomareobiT ki gauqmebul iqna aseTi orkvaliani<br />
sistema da pirs, romelic fsiqikurad daavadebulia, marTalia, daeniSneba imave saxis<br />
RonisZieba, magram ara sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> procesis farglebSi. dawvrilebiT ix. turava<br />
m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb., 2010, 225-226.<br />
67<br />
ix. Rudolphi H. J., Unrechtsbewusstsein, Verbotsirrtum und Vermeidbarkeit des Verbotsirrtums, Göttingen,<br />
1969, 32-33.<br />
68<br />
Sead. kutalia l. g., brali sisxlis samarTalSi, Tb., 2000, 472.<br />
221
222<br />
l. maRlakeliZe, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis mniSvneloba ganzraxi da<br />
gaufrTxileblobiTi deliqtebis dros<br />
daavadebis gamo ar SeeZlo gaecnobierebina Tavisi qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba~. gamomdinare<br />
aqedan, Tuki piri braluunaroa, e. i. Tu mas ar aqvs moqmedebis kontrolirebis<br />
SesaZlebloba, situaciis adekvaturad aRqmis an situaciis Sesaferisi moqmedebis<br />
arCevis unari, maSin, rogorc wesi, igulisxmeba, rom aRniSnul pirovnebas marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
Segnebac ar gaaCnia. 69 Tumca, miuxedavad amgvari msjelobisa, zemoaRniSnulidan<br />
gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia daisvas ramdenime SekiTxva, kerZod, Tu marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
Segneba da Seuracxadoba ukavSirdeba erTsa da imave problemas — nebis Tavisuflebas,<br />
ra saWiroa erTi da imave sakiTxis (bralunarianobisa da marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
Segnebis) orjer Semowmeba? niSnavs Tu ara piris bralunarianobis dasabuTeba<br />
amave dros marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis dadgenasac? am kiTxvebze pasuxi ki mocemulia<br />
rogorc saqarTvelos, ise germaniis ssk-is Sesabamis muxlebSi, sadac kanonmdebels<br />
cal-calke normebiT aqvs gansazRvruli rogorc Seracxvisunarianobis problema, ise<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis mniSvnelobac. aRniSnulis mixedviT, umarTlobis Segnebulobis<br />
winapirobaa yovelTvis piris bralunarianoba, rac imas niSnavs, rom qmedebis<br />
Camdeni SesaZlebelia iyos bralunariani, magram ar hqondes marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba,<br />
magaliTad, imyofebodes samarTlebrivi Secdomis mdgomareobaSi. swored amitom,<br />
umarTlobis Segneba, marTalia, pirdapir kavSirSia bralunarianobasTan, magram yovel-<br />
Tvis misi Semdgomi ganxilvis etapia sisxlissamarTlebrivi bralis dasadgenad da, saboloo<br />
jamSi, pirisTvis marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis Sesaracxad.<br />
rac Seexeba marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis Sinaarss, masSi, erTi mxriv, pirdapir<br />
ar moiazreba sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebis an ama Tu im qmedebis `dasjadobis~ Segnebuloba,<br />
xolo, meore mxriv, mis dasasabuTeblad arc marto imis Secnobaa sakmarisi, rom<br />
qmedeba mxolod moralurad an socialur-eTikurad aris akrZaluli. 70 yovelive es ki<br />
imas niSnavs, rom `umarTlobis Segneba~, erTi mxriv, ar gulisxmobs qmedebis Semadgenlobis<br />
yvela niSnis samarTlebrivi bunebis zedmiwevniT zust codnas an, sxvagvarad<br />
rom iTqvas, formaluri marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebas. meore mxriv, masSi arc marto<br />
imis Segneba moiazreba, rom Cadenili moqmedeba an umoqmedeba socialurad saSiSia an<br />
eTikurad miuRebelia. 71 vinaidan erTi qveynis <strong>samarTlis</strong> sistemis mier dasjadad Sefasebuli<br />
amoraluri qmedeba SesaZloa, sxva saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobiT arc iyos<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivad gasakicxi. 72 magaliTad, axlo naTesavebs Soris seqsualuri<br />
kavSiri, romelic, Tavis mxriv, amoraluri saqcielia germaniis ssk-is 173-e paragra-<br />
69<br />
Sead. gamyreliZe o., saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis ganmarteba, Tb., 2008, 246-<br />
247.<br />
70<br />
ix.: Haft F., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 9. Aufl., München, 2004, 134; Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner<br />
Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 932-933. `moralur-zneobrivi normebis darRvevis Segnebas<br />
ar SeuZlia, Secvalos umarTlobis Segnebuloba~, _ aRniSnavs germaneli profesori g.<br />
Stratenverti da iqve ganagrZobs, rom isini SesaZloa, calkeul SemTxvevebSi erTmaneTs<br />
arc ki daemTxves. avtoris aRniSnuli mosazreba sruliad argumentirebulia, radgan<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi brali arsebiTad gansxvavdeba rogorc zneobrivi, ise religiuri<br />
bralisagan, amasTan, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom es problema iuridiul literaturaSi<br />
sakmaod sadavo xasiaTisaa da is calke, damoukidebel kvlevas moiTxovs. am sakiTxTan<br />
dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix. Stratenwerth G., Kuhlen L., Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil I, Die Straftat, 5.<br />
Aufl., Köln, 2004, 215.<br />
71<br />
ix. Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil , Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 932-933.<br />
72<br />
ix. Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil , Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 932-933.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
fis mixedviT, dasjad qmedebas warmoadgens. saqarTvelos ssk ki msgavsi Semadgenlobis<br />
danaSauls saerTod ar iTvaliswinebs.<br />
gamomdinare aqedan, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba gulisxmobs damnaSavis mier<br />
mxolod imis gacnobierebas, rom misi qceva konkretuli danaSaulis ganxorcilebis<br />
dros sazogadoebrivi wes-wyobilebiT dadgenil moTxovnebs ewinaaRmdegeba da amitom<br />
aseTi qmedebis Cadena samarTlebrivad akrZalulia. 73 amgvar viTarebaSi, irelevanturad<br />
iTvleba, pirma <strong>samarTlis</strong> Tu romeli dargis (sisxlis, samoqalaqo Tu administraciuli)<br />
mixedviT miiCnia Tavisi qmedeba dauSveblad. 74 aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi<br />
ki, Tavis mxriv, iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom `marTlwinaaRmdegobis SegnebaSi~ mocemuli<br />
cneba — `marTlwinaaRmdegobac~ gagebul iqnes farTod, rogorc kulturis<br />
normebisadmi winaaRmdegoba. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSia<br />
misaRebi mxolod klasikuri deliqtebis dros dasasabuTebeli `marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
Segneba~, romelic gansxvavebulia blanketur danaSaulebSi mocemuli<br />
`marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis~ Sinaarsobrivi mxarisgan. es gansxvaveba ki SemdegSi<br />
mdgomareobs: rogorc cnobilia, sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebi or nawilad — klasikur<br />
da damatebiT, anu blanketur sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> normebad — iyofa. 75 pirvelSi moiazreba<br />
iseTi klasikuri deliqtebi, rogoricaa: mkvleloba, qurdoba, yaCaRoba da a. S.<br />
rac, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs imas, rom maTi Cadena amave dros ewinaaRmdegeba kulturis<br />
normebs. 76 gamomdinare aqedan, klasikuri danaSaulebis ganxorcielebisas, rogorc<br />
danaSaulis meore elementi — `marTlwinaaRmdegoba~, ise bralis erT-erT niSanSi —<br />
`marTlwinaaRmdegobis SegnebaSi~ — mocemuli cneba `marTlwinaRmdegobac~ gagebul<br />
unda iqnes rogorc kulturis normebisadmi winaaRmdegoba da ara rogorc sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
kanonisadmi winaaRmdegoba. 77 am ori sxvadasxva institutis (`marTlwinaaRmdegobisa~<br />
da `marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis~) amgvari interpretacia ki emsaxureba<br />
mxolod im mizans: erTi mxriv, garkveulwilad gaadvildes sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
73<br />
ix.: ieSekisa da vaigendis dasax. naSromi, 453-454; Wessels J., Beulke W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner<br />
Teil, 39. Aufl., Heidelberg, 2009, 153; Küper W., Die dämonische Macht des `Katzenkönigs,, oder: Probleme<br />
des Verbotsirrtums und Putativsnotstandes an den Grenzen strafrechtlicher Begriff, `Juristenzeitun~ (JZ), 1989,<br />
617, 621; Neumann U., Der Verbotsirrtum (§17 StGB) `Juristische Schulung~ (JuS), 1993, 793; Safferling C.,<br />
Vorsatz und Schuld, Tübingen, 2008, 216; Kühl K., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 6. Aufl., München, 2008, 408;<br />
Haft F., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 9. Aufl., München, 2004, 134; Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil,<br />
Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 932; Bauman J., Weber U., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 11. Aufl., Biefeld,<br />
1985, 421.<br />
74<br />
ix.: Bauman J., Weber U., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 11. Aufl., Biefeld, 1985, 421; Otto H., Grundkurs,<br />
Strafrecht, 6. Aufl., Berlin, 2000, 212; ieSekisa da vaigendis dasax. naSromi, 454; germaniis uzenaesi<br />
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba wignSi: BGHSt 11, 263-266.<br />
75<br />
ix. turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb., 2010, 229-<br />
230.<br />
76<br />
iqve, 230.<br />
77<br />
sawinaaRmdego pozicias aviTarebs l. g. kutalia, romelic miiCnevs, rom aseT Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi marTlwinaaRmdegoba gagebul unda iqnes ara rogorc kulturis normebisadmi,<br />
aramed rogorc sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonisadmi winaaRmdegoba, rac araswori unda iyos.<br />
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix. kutalia l. g., brali sisxlis samarTalSi,<br />
Tb., 2000, 576.<br />
223
224<br />
l. maRlakeliZe, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis mniSvneloba ganzraxi da<br />
gaufrTxileblobiTi deliqtebis dros<br />
Secdomis mdgomareobaSi myofi piris pasuxismgeblobis dasabuTeba, xolo, meore<br />
mxriv, aseT SemTxvevaSi daSvebuli Secdomac irelevanturad iqnes miCneuli 78 (klasikur<br />
deliqtebis Cadenis dros kanonis ucodinaroba adamians pasuxismgeblobisgan ar<br />
aTavisuflebs 79 ).<br />
rac Seexeba blanketur deliqtebs, masSi erTgvarad gansxvavebulad xdeba rogorc<br />
Tavad danaSaulis erT-erTi elementis — `marTlwinaaRmdegobis~, ise bralis erT-erTi<br />
niSnis `marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis~ dadgena. kerZod, amgvar deliqtebSi mocemuli<br />
danaSaulis meore elementi — `marTlwinaaRmdegoba~, rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli,<br />
mowmdeba pozitiurad. es ki imas niSnavs, rom saxelmwifos Sesabamisi samarTaldamcavi<br />
organo unda efuZnebodes saxelmwifos mier dadgenil im qcevis wess, romelic qmedebis<br />
Camdenma daarRvia. 80 gamomdinare aqedan, `marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis~ farglebSi<br />
mocemuli cneba — `marTlwinaaRmdegobac~ aseT viTarebaSi dasabuTebul unda iqnes<br />
aseve pozitiurad da ara negatiurad, rogorc es xdeba klasikuri deliqtebis Cadenis<br />
dros. amgvari mosazreba ki argumentirebulia imiT, rom blanketuri normebis darRveviT,<br />
SesaZloa, imavdroulad arc ki irRveodes kulturis normebi, 81 rasac, rogorc wesi,<br />
yovelTvis aqvs adgili klasikuri danaSaulebis Cadenisas. 82<br />
maSasadame, zemoaRniSnuli analizidan gamomdinare, `umarTlobis Segneba~ blanketur<br />
deliqtebSi niSnavs ucilobliv im samarTlebrivi normebis Segnebas, romlebsac<br />
qmedebis Camdeni piri arRvevs, xolo klasikur danaSaulebSi igi gulisxmobs qmedebis<br />
zogadsamarTlebrivi akrZalulobis Secnobas. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, masSi<br />
ar moiazreba danaSaulis Semadgenlobis niSnebis Segneba (formaluri marTlwinaaRmdegoba).<br />
es ki imas niSnavs, rom klasikuri deliqtebis Cadenisas pirs ar moeTxoveba<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> normis Sinaarsis zusti codna, aramed sakmarisia, icodes, rom igi<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> (igulisxmeba rogorc pozitiuri, ise dauwereli samarTali) romelime<br />
normiT dadgenil akrZalvas axorcielebs. 83 amgvar pozicias iziarebs aseve germaniis<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTloc, romelmac erT-erT sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> saqmeze ganmarta, rom<br />
piris umarTlobis Segnebis dasabuTebisTvis sakmarisia, `damnaSaves danaSaulis SemadgenlobiT<br />
moculi specifikuri samarTlebrivi sikeTis dazianeba, rogorc umar-<br />
Tloba, Secnobili hqondes~ 84 .<br />
78<br />
Sead.: Jakobs G., Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 2. Aufl., Berlin, 1991, 544; turava m., sisxlis samar-<br />
Tali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb., 2010, 229-230.<br />
79<br />
ix. Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 928; Wessels J., Beulke W.,<br />
Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 39. Aufl., Heidelberg, 2009, 167; turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi<br />
nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb., 2010, 229-230; gamyreliZe o., saqarTvelos sisxlis<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis ganmarteba, Tb., 2008, 246-247.<br />
80<br />
ix. gamyreliZe o., saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis ganmarteba, Tb., 2008, 85.<br />
81<br />
ix. turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb., 2010, 230.<br />
82<br />
iqve, 229.<br />
83<br />
Sead. Bauman J., Weber U., Mitsch W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 11. Aufl., Biefeld, 2003, 515.<br />
84<br />
ix. germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba wignSi: BGHSt 15, 377, 383, aseve, ix.<br />
Kühl K., Stafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 6. Aufl., München, 2008, 408.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
imave sasamarTlom sxva saqmeze aRniSna: `marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis dadgenis<br />
dros qmedebis dasjadobis codna aucilebeli ar aris~ 85 . maSasadame, gabatonebuli<br />
SexedulebiT, klasikuri deliqtebis Camden pirs ar moeTxoveba, rom mis mier ganxorcilebul<br />
qmedebis dasjadobas icnobdes, aramed sakmarisia, mas amgvari qmedebis akrZaluloba<br />
Secnobili hqondes (e. w. materialuri marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba). 86<br />
4. marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba ganzraxi danaSaulis Cadenis dros<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> dogmatikaSi erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
e. w. aqtualur da e. w. potenciur Segnebas. 87 ganzraxi danaSaulis Cadenis dros<br />
pirs, rogorc wesi, danaSaulis umarTloba, umetes SemTxvevaSi, gacnobierebuli aqvs<br />
(marTlwinaaRmdegobis e. w. aqtualuri Segneba), 88 vinaidan qmedebis Semadgenlobis<br />
codniTa da nebelobiT ganxorcieleba niSnavs aseve imis varauds, rom marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
Segnebac arsebobs. aRniSnuli niSani ki mocemulia, upirveles yovlisa, iseT<br />
deliqtebSi, romlebic momzadebisa da mcdelobis stadiebs gadian. 89<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis aseTi diferenciacia yovelTvis<br />
ar iyo miRebuli germanul iuridiul moZRvrebaSi. magaliTad, e. w. `Tanamimdevruli<br />
(mkacri) ganzraxvis Teoria (strenge Vorsatztheorie)~ 90 ganzraxvis cnebaSi moiazrebs yovelTvis<br />
umarTlobis aqtualur Segnebas, 91 xolo marTlwinaaRmdegobis potenciur<br />
Segnebas igi saerTod ar aRiarebs. 92 es Teoria ganzraxvas axasiaTebs, rogorc faqtobrivi<br />
garemoebebis codnas, nebelobasa da marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebas. gamomdinare<br />
aqedan, ganzraxvis cneba Tavis TavSi moicavs ara marto kognitiur da voluntatiur<br />
elementebs, aramed, aseve, umarTlobis Segnebasac. amasTan, am Teoriis mixedviT, gan-<br />
85<br />
ix. germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba wignSi: BGHSt 45, 97, aseve, ix. Börger<br />
H., Strafvereitelung durch Ausländer – Fall Schneider, `Neue Zeitschrift für Strafrecht~ (NStZ), 2000, 31-32.<br />
86<br />
ix.: ieSekisa da vaigendis dasax. naSromi, 453-54; Safferling C., Vorsatz und Schuld, Tübingen,<br />
2008, 216-17.<br />
87<br />
ix.: Wessels J., Beulke W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Die Straftat und ihr Aufbau, 39. Aufl., Heidelberg,<br />
2009, 153; Kühl K., Stafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 6. Aufl., München, 2008, 336; Schmidhäuser E., Über<br />
Aktualität und Potentialität des Unrechtsbewußtseins, Hellmuth Mayer - Festschrift, Berlin, 1966, 317-338;<br />
Heinrich B., Strafrecht-Allgemeiner Teil I, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart, 2010, 232.<br />
88<br />
ix. germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba wignSi: BGHSt 15, 377, agreTve, ix.:<br />
Heinrich B., Strafrecht-Allgemeiner Teil I, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart, 2010, 232; ieSekisa da vaigendis dasax.<br />
naSromi 455; Schmidhäuser E., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 2. Aufl., Tübingen, 1984, 214.<br />
89<br />
ix. Schmidhäuser E., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 2. Aufl., Tübingen, 1984, 214-215.<br />
90<br />
ix.: Blei H., Strafrecht, 18. Aufl., München, 1983, 197; Schmidhäuser E., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 2.<br />
Aufl., Tübingen, 1984, 220; Schünemann H.W., Verbotsirrtum und faktische Verbotskenntnis, `Neue Juristische<br />
Wochenschrift~ (NJW), 1980, 738. ganzraxvisa da bralis Teoriebis urTierTgamijvnis Sesaxeb<br />
qarTul enaze ix. maRlakeliZe l., samarTlebrivi Secdomisa da marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
etapze daSvebuli Secdomis urTierTgamijvnis sakiTxisaTvis, Jurn. `<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong>~<br />
2, 2009, 94-109.<br />
91<br />
ix.: Schmidhäuser E., Über Aktualität und Potentialität des Unrechtsbewußtseins, Hellmuth Mayer -<br />
Festschrift, Berlin, 1966, 317; Schmidhäuser E., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 2. Aufl., Tübingen, 1984, 214.<br />
92<br />
ix. Schmidhäuser E., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 2. Aufl., Tübingen, 1984, 214.<br />
225
226<br />
l. maRlakeliZe, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis mniSvneloba ganzraxi da<br />
gaufrTxileblobiTi deliqtebis dros<br />
zraxvis adgili danaSaulis erTian sistemaSi aris bralSi. 93Tu ar arsebobs am sami niSnidan<br />
(codna, nebeloba da umarTlobis Segneba) erT-erTi, Sesabamisad, ar arsebobs<br />
ganzraxvac. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSaulisTvis pasuxismgebloba<br />
daekisros Tu ara damnaSaves, unda gadawydes im pirobiT, SeeZlo Tu ara mas Secdomis<br />
Tavidan acileba. 94 maSasadame, ganzraxvis Teoria, nebismieri Secdomis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
iqneba es faqtobrivi, iuridiuli Tu Secdoma marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxvel<br />
faqtobriv garemoebebSi, ganzraxvis mTlian gamoricxvas gulisxmobs. 95<br />
ganzraxvis Teoriis sawinaaRmdegod, e. w. `bralis Teoria (Schuldtheorie)~, romelic<br />
germanul iuridiul literaturaSi gabatonebuli moZRvrebaa, iTvaliswinebs umar-<br />
Tlobis rogorc aqtualur, ise potenciur Segnebas. 96 aRniSnuli Teoriis Tanaxmad,<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis dasasabuTeblad sakmarisia, damnaSaves umarTlobis<br />
ganxorcielebis dros SeeZlos Tavisi qmedebis akrZalulobis Secnoba (marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
e. w. potenciuri Segneba). 97 cnobili germaneli mecnieri e. Smidhoizeri aRniSnavs,<br />
rom `bralis Teoria moiTxovs mxolod qmedebis subieqtis mier qmedebis akrZalvis<br />
Segnebis unars..~. 98 maSasadame, bralis TeoriiT, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba<br />
ganzraxvisgan damoukideblad aris warmodgenili bralis erTian sistemaSi. 99 aRniSnuli<br />
moZRvreba, umetes SemTxvevaSi, gamoiyeneba aseve sasamarTlo praqtikaSic.<br />
sasamarTlos mier Secdomis Tavidan acilebadobis dasabuTeba, rasac xSirad mimarTavs<br />
germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlo, niSnavs, garkveulwilad, damnaSavisTvis mar-<br />
TlwinaaRmdegobis potenciuri Segnebis dadgenas, rac, saboloo jamSi, piris ganzraxi<br />
danaSaulisTvis pasuxisgebaSi micemas gulisxmobs. gaufrTxileblobisTvis pasuxismgebloba<br />
ki bralis TeoriiT, mxolod faqtobrivi Secdomis SemTxvevaSi dgeba,<br />
93<br />
Sead. Welzel H., Das Deutsche Strafrecht, 11. Aufl., Berlin, 1969, 215, romelic, Tavis mxriv,<br />
aviTarebs bralis Teorias.<br />
94<br />
ix. Stratenwerth G., Kuhlen L., Strafrecht Allgemeiner Tei I, 5. Aufl., Köln, 2004, 212-213.<br />
95<br />
ix. germaniis raixis 1871 wlis kodeqsis §59.<br />
96<br />
ix.: Schmidhäuser E., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 2. Aufl., Tübingen, 1984, 215, 220; Bockelmann P., Volk<br />
K., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 4. Aufl., München, 1987, 120; Krey V., Deutsches Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil,<br />
Band I, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart, 2008, 149, 255- 265.<br />
97<br />
ix.: germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba wignSi: BGHSt 21, 18-20; Kaufmann Arth.,<br />
Das Unrechtsbewußtsein in der Schuldlehre des Strafrechts, Aalen, 1985, 143; Kühl K., Stafrecht, Allgemeiner<br />
Teil, 6. Aufl., München, 2008, 336; Wessels J., Beulke W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 39. Aufl., Heidelberg,<br />
2009, 153. aRsaniSnavia, rom erT-erTi pirveli, romelsac ganzraxvisa da marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
Segnebis (potenciuri) erTmaneTisgan urTierTgamijvnis Sesaxeb idea ekuTvnis,<br />
p. merkelia. man 1927 wels Tavis saxelmZRvaneloSi aRniSna, rom ganzraxva da umarTlobis<br />
potenciuri Segneba ganxilul unda iqnes ara rogorc erTiani elementi, aramed<br />
erTmaneTis gverdigverd arsebuli kategoriebi. ganzraxva, avtoris azriT, ekuTvnis<br />
faqtobrivi garemoebebis sferos (Tatsachensphäre), xolo umarTlobis Segneba — Sefasebis<br />
sferos (Wertsphäre), ris Semdegac igi iqve askvnis, rom umarTlobis Secnobadoba, misi SefasebiTobidan<br />
gamomdinare, ganekuTneba brals da ara ganzraxvas. ix. Merkel P., Grundriß des<br />
Strafrechts, Allgemeiner Teil, Berlin, 1927, 92-93, 113, 114-116, 142-144.<br />
98<br />
ix. Schmidhäuser E., Über Aktualität und Potentialität des Unrechtsbewußtseins, Hellmuth Mayer – Festschrift,<br />
Berlin, 1966, 319.<br />
99<br />
ix. Schewe G., Bewußtsein und Vorsatz, Berlin, 1967, 22-23.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
Tuki qmedebis Semadgenlobis etapze ganzraxvis ori elementidan erT-erTi — codna<br />
an nebeloba — ar iqneba Sesrulebuli.<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis aqtualuri da potenciuri Segnebis urTierTgamijvnisas<br />
60-iani wlebis germanul iuridiul litaraturaSi xSirad ismeboda SekiTxva, kerZod,<br />
Tu ramdenad iyo sakmarisi sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dasasabuTeblad<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis potenciuri Segnebis arseboba da xom ar iyo saWiro misi aqtualuri<br />
formiT warmodgena? 100 pasuxi aRniSnul SekiTxvaze mogvianebiT calsaxad germaniis<br />
uzenaesma sasamarTlom gasca, 101 romelmac erT-erT saqmeze saerTod uaryo<br />
ganzraxvis Teoria da upiratesoba bralis Teorias mianiWa. 102 am ukanasknelis mixedviT,<br />
damnaSaves ar moeTxoveba umarTlobis aqtualuri Segnebis arseboba, aramed pasuxismgeblobisTvis<br />
sruliad sakmarisia, dadgindes, rom qmedebis ganxorcielebis<br />
dros pirs SeeZlo hqonoda marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba. swored msgavsi poziciaa<br />
gatarebuli uzenaesi sasamarTlos zemoT aRniSnul gadawyvetilebaSi, sadac xazgasmulia:<br />
`rom Seqmnil viTarebaSi damnaSaves `keTilsindisierad~ emoqmeda, Secdomas ar<br />
dauSvebda~. 103 maSasadame, umarTlobis aqtualuri Segneba yovelTvis dakavSirebulia<br />
qmedebis Semadgenlobis niSnebis SegnebasTan, romelic danaSaulis subieqturi Semadgenlobis<br />
etapze mowmdeba da ganzraxvis dadgenas niSnavs.<br />
rac Seexeba marTlwinaaRmdegobis potenciur Segnebas, igi ukavSirdeba ara qmedebis<br />
Semadgenlobis Segnebulobas, aramed misgan damoukideblad bralis etapze ganagrZobs<br />
arsebobas. mis dasasabuTeblad sruliad sakmarisia, damnaSaves daudgindes<br />
is, rom mas danaSaulis Cadenis dros SeeZlo hqonoda marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba. 104<br />
iuridiul literaturaSi e. w. umarTlobis potenciuri Segnebisgan gansxvaveben<br />
e. w. umarTlobis arapirdapir Segnebas (Bedingtes Unrechtsbewusstsein), romlis dros piri<br />
SesaZleblad uSvebs imas, rom mis mier ganxorcielebuli moqmedeba an umoqmedoba SeiZleba,<br />
samarTlebrivad akrZalul qmedebas warmoadgendes, Tumca, mis dauSvebloba-<br />
Si bolomde darwmunebuli ar iyos. 105 gamomdinare aqedan, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi arsebobs ara aqtualuri an potenciuri, aramed arapirdapiri<br />
100<br />
ix. Schmidhäuser E., Über Aktualität und Potentialität des Unrechtsbewußtseins, Hellmuth Mayer – Festschrift,<br />
Berlin, 1966, 317.<br />
101<br />
ix. germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba wignSi: BGHSt 2, 197.<br />
102v. nauke Tavis naSromSi aRniSnuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs, rom<br />
`saxelmwifos politika, upiratesoba mieniWebina bralis TeoriisaTvis, SesaZlebelia<br />
gamarTlebul iqnes mxolod erTi garemoebiT: ar moxdes dasjadobis Sesusteba da e. w.<br />
`gonieri damnaSavis~ pasuxismgeblobisgan gaTavisufleba~. ix. Naucke W., Staatstheorie und<br />
Verbotsirrtum, Roxin-FS (Festschrift), Berlin, 2001, 503.<br />
103<br />
ix.: germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba wignSi: BGHSt 2, 194-211; Schmidhäuser<br />
E., Über Aktualität und Potentialität des Unrechtsbewußtseins, Hellmuth Mayer - Festschrift, Berlin, 1966, 319;<br />
ieSekisa da vaigendis dasax. naSromi, 414, 458.<br />
104<br />
Sead.: Schmidhäuser E., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 2. Aufl., Tübingen, 1984, 215; Schmidhäuser E., Über<br />
Aktualität und Potentialität des Unrechtsbewußtseins, Hellmuth Mayer - Festschrift, Berlin, 1966, 319-338;<br />
Wessels J., Beulke W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Die Straftat und ihr Aufbau, 39. Aufl., Heidelberg, 2009,<br />
153.<br />
105<br />
Sead.: Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 941; Safferling C., Vorsatz<br />
und Schuld, Tübingen, 2008, 218.<br />
227
228<br />
l. maRlakeliZe, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis mniSvneloba ganzraxi da<br />
gaufrTxileblobiTi deliqtebis dros<br />
formiT. Tumca, sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> dogmatikaSi gabatonebuli SexedulebiT, umar-<br />
Tlobis amgvari Segneba ar miiCneva samarTlebrivi Secdomis arsebobis damadasturebel<br />
argumentad. 106 amave pozicias iziarebs aseve germanuli sasamarTlo praqtikac da<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis arapirdapir Segnebas igi ganixilavs ara samarTlebrivi Secdomis,<br />
aramed damTavrebuli danaSaulis farglebSi, 107 Tu mocemulia, ra Tqma unda, danaSaulis<br />
sistemis sxva elementebic. `visac warmodgena aqvs imis Sesaxeb, rom misi qmedeba<br />
SesaZlebelia marTlsawinaaRmdego iyos da am SesaZleblobas piri nebelobiT<br />
axorcielebs, es niSnavs, rom mas umarTlobis Segnebac aqvs~. 108 aseTi ganmarteba gaake-<br />
Ta germaniis uzenaesma sasamarTlom erT-erT saqmeze marTlwinaaRmdegobis arapirdapiri<br />
Segnebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas.<br />
SedarebiT problemuria umarTlobis Segnebis dadgena im dros, roca qmedebis<br />
Camdenma pirma ori alternatiuli qmedebidan zustad ar icis, Tu romelia akrZaluli<br />
an daSvebuli. magaliTad, mesazRvre darwmunebuli ar aris imaSi, ramdenad SeuZlia,<br />
an valdebulia Tu ara igi esrolos gaqceul damnaSaves sazRvris ukanonod gadakveTis<br />
dros. 109 aseT SemTxvevaSi germaneli mecnieri k. roqsini miiCnevs, rom Tuki<br />
damnaSavem araswori gadawyvetileba miiRo da alternatiuli qmedebidan im qmedebaze<br />
gaakeTa arCevani, romlis ganxorcielebac akrZalulia, maSin igi bralis gamomricxveli<br />
erT-erTi garemoebiT unda gamarTldes, radgan qmedebis Camdens ar SeeZlo, rom<br />
sxvagvarad emoqmeda. 110 amgvari SemTxveva, avtoris azriT, ganxilul unda iqnes rogorc<br />
Tavidan aucilebadi samarTlebrivi Secdoma, rac niSnavs piris sisxlissamar-<br />
Tlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisgan saboloo gaTavisuflebas. 111<br />
qarTul sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> dogmatikaSi marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis rogorc<br />
aqtualuri, ise potenciuri formiT dasabuTeba raime sirTuleebs ar unda ukavSirdebodes.<br />
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom germanuli dogmatikisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTul<br />
sinamdvileSi umarTlobis Segnebis interpretacia, moqmedi sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonmdeblobidan<br />
gamomdinare, mainc gansxvavebulad keTdeba. kerZod, mecnierTa erTi nawili<br />
miiCnevs, rom me-9 muxlSi mocemuli ganzraxvis (romelic samkomponentiania)<br />
pirveli ori komponenti — codna da nebeloba — qmedebis subieqturi Semadgenlobis<br />
etapze unda Semowmdes, xolo mesame komponenti — bralis etapze. 112 mecnierTa meore<br />
106<br />
ix.: Bauman J., Weber U., Mitsch W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 11. Aufl., Biefeld, 2003, 512; Safferling<br />
C., Vorsatz und Schuld, Tübingen, 2008, 218.<br />
107<br />
ix. Bauman J., Weber U., Mitsch W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 11. Aufl., Biefeld, 2003, 512.<br />
108<br />
ix. germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba wignSi: BGHSt 4, 4.<br />
109<br />
ix. Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 941.<br />
110<br />
iqve.<br />
111<br />
iqve.<br />
112m. turava Tavisi naSromis rogorc wina, ise axal gamocemaSi miuTiTebs, rom moqmedi<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsiT, ganzraxva aRar warmoadgens bralis formas, igi, iseve<br />
rogorc gaufrTxilebloba (TviTimedovneba), qmedebis subieqturi Semadgenlobis<br />
niSania. es ki imas niSnavs, rom qmedebis Semadgenlobis dadgenis dros ganzraxva dgindeba<br />
faqtobrivi garemoebebis codnisa da nebelobis saxiT (araboroti ganzraxva), xolo, rac<br />
Seexeba marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebas, romelic aseve ganzraxvis komponentia, bralis<br />
etapze mowmdeba da aq ganzraxva ukve borot ganzraxvad (dolus malus) iqceva. ix. turava m.,<br />
sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb, 2010, 127. `qmedebis
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
nawili ki Tvlis, rom am SemTxvevaSi ganzraxva pirdapir, rogorc es kodeqsis me-9 muxlSia<br />
formulirebuli, ise unda iqnes gagebuli da misi erTianoba ar unda dairRves.<br />
es imas niSnavs, rom ganzraxva da, Sesabamisad, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba ara qmedebis<br />
Semadgenlobis etapze, aramed 36-e muxlidan gamomdinare, mTlianad bralis<br />
sferoSi unda ganixilebodes. 113 m. turavas pozicia warmoadgens am problemisadmi gansxvavebul<br />
midgomas. igi Tavisi wignis me-8 gamocemaSi calsaxad miuTiTebs, rom mar-<br />
TlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba ara ganzraxvis, aramed bralis damoukidebeli niSania da is<br />
ganzraxvisgan mowyvetiT calke ganagrZobs bralis sferoSi arsebobas. 114 am sakiTze<br />
gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebidan ki yvelaze ufro misaRebi m. turavas pozicia unda<br />
iyos. garda amisa, mxardaWeras imsaxurebs aseve avtoris mier SemoTavazebuli Tvalsazrisi<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis viwrod da farTod diferenciaciis Sesaxeb.<br />
amgvari dayofa samarTlebrivi Secdomis problemasa da moCvenebiTi mogeriebis Sem-<br />
Txvevas sxvadasxvagvar Teoriul mniSvnelobas aniWebs, romlebic erTmaneTs mxolod<br />
samarTlebrivi Sedegis TvalsazrisiT emsgavsebian. es ukanaskneli problema statia-<br />
Si dawvrilebiT ar gaanalizdeba 115 , Tumca, aq mxolod is iqneba aRniSnuli, rom ganzraxi<br />
danaSaulis Cadenis dros qarTuli sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> moZRvrebiT, SesaZlebelia<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis dadgena rogorc aqtualuri, ise potenciuri<br />
formiT. 116 aseTi daskvnis gakeTebis safuZvels ki Semdegi Tvalsazrisi iZleva: cnobilia,<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis 108-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebulia pasuxismgebloba<br />
mkvelobisTvis. mkvleloba, Tavis mxriv, klasikuri deliqtebis kategorias ganekuTvneba,<br />
117 vinaidan mkvlelobis marTlwinaaRmdegoba yovelTvis pozitiuri samar-<br />
Tlis `gareT~ arsebobs. 118 saxeldobr, mkvleli aseT SemTxvevaSi arRvevs normas — `ara<br />
kac-hkla~, iseve rogorc qurdobis akrZalva gamoixateba normiT — `ar iparo~. 119 gamomdinare<br />
aqedan, mkvlelobis deliqtSi Sesamowmebeli `marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis~<br />
farglebSi mocemuli cneba — `marTlwinaaRmdegoba~ gagebul unda iqnes rogorc<br />
kulturis normebisadmi winaaRmdegoba. aRniSnuli Sexeduleba ki, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs<br />
imas, rom amgvar danaSaulebSi daSvebulma Secdomam samarTlebriv Sefasebebze gavlena<br />
ar unda moaxdinos. magaliTad, Tu piri ssk-is 108-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis gacnobiereba ganzraxvis ki ara, bralis niSania~, — acxadebs o. gamyreliZe<br />
Tavis wignSi. ix. gamyreliZe o., saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis ganmarteba,<br />
Tb., 2008, 98-99.<br />
113<br />
ix.: naWyebia g., brali, rogorc socialuri filosofiis kategoria, Tb., 2001, 290-291;<br />
kutalia l. g., brali sisxlis samarTalSi, Tb., 2000, 632-645; dvaliZe i., motivisa da miznis<br />
zegavlena danaSaulis kvalifikaciasa da sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobaze, Tb., 2008,<br />
101.<br />
114<br />
ix. turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb, 2010, 127,<br />
229-236.<br />
115<br />
aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix. maRlakeliZe l., samarTlebrivi<br />
Secdomisa da marTlwinaaRmdegobis etapze daSvebuli Secdomis urTierTgamijvnis<br />
sakiTxisaTvis, Jurn. `<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong>~ 2, 2009, 89-109.<br />
116<br />
Sead. turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb, 2010, 147.<br />
117<br />
ix.: gamyreliZe o., saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis ganmarteba, Tb., 2008, 255;<br />
turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb, 2010, 229.<br />
118<br />
Sead. gamyreliZe o., saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis ganmarteba, Tb., 2008, 255.<br />
119 iqve.<br />
229
230<br />
l. maRlakeliZe, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis mniSvneloba ganzraxi da<br />
gaufrTxileblobiTi deliqtebis dros<br />
mkvlelobis umarTlobas ganaxorcielebs da Semdeg samarTaldamcavi organoebis winaSe<br />
Seecdeba imis damtkicebas, rom mas danaSaulis Cadenis dros Secnobili ar hqonda<br />
qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba, aseTi Secdoma mainc irelevanturad CaiTvleba,<br />
radgan, pirovnebas zogadi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, rogorc wesi,<br />
yovelTvis unda hqondes Secnobili im qmedebis akrZaluloba, romelic e. w. `kulturis<br />
normebs~ ewinaaRmdegeba (marTlwinaaRmdegobis potenciuri Segneba). gamomdinare<br />
aqedan, gavrcelebuli gamoTqma — `kanonis acodna ar aTavisuflebs adamians pasuxismgeblobisgan~<br />
— exeba mxolod sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonSi mocemul klasikur<br />
danaSaulebs da ara blanketur deliqtebs. 120 aqedan ki SeiZleba logikurad gakeTdes<br />
daskvna, rom saqarTvelos ssk-is 36-e muxlSi gaTvaliswinebuli Secdoma niSnavs qmedebis<br />
akrZalvis Seugneblobas da ara im sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonis arcodnas, romli-<br />
Tac am akrZalvis darRveva iwvevs pasuxismgeblobas. 121<br />
klasikur deliqtebSi marTlwinaaRmdegobis potenciuri Segnebis arseboba germaniis<br />
uzenaesma sasamarTlom araerTxel daasabuTa gasul saukuneSi ganxorcielebuli<br />
ramdenime gaxmaurebuli danaSaulebrivi qmedebis dros. am mxriv ki, gansakuTrebiT<br />
yuradsaRebia im pirTa sasamarTlo procesebi, romlebic gasamarTlebul iqnen<br />
meore msoflio omis periodSi ebraelTa da sxvaTa winaaRmdeg Cadenil saerTaSoriso<br />
danaSaulebSi (masobrivi mkvlelobebi, deportacia da sxva saxis mZime danaSaulebi)<br />
monawileobisTvis. 122 aRniSnul procesebze braldebulebis mier micemuli Cvenebebi<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rom isini mxolod brZanebebs asrulebdnen da, Sesabamisad, maT ar hqondaT<br />
realurad qmedebis marTlsawinaaRmdego buneba Secnobili, sasamarTlosTvis<br />
irelevanturi aRmoCnda. 123 aseT SemTxvevaSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom e. w. radbruxis<br />
formuliT ixelmZRvanela. 124 germaneli <strong>samarTlis</strong> filosofosis gustav radbruxis<br />
formulis arsi ki isaa, rom <strong>samarTlis</strong> norma SesaZlebelia, ar Sesruldes maSin, rodesac<br />
pozitiuri kanoni usamarTloa, ris gamoc kanonma aseT SemTxvevaSi, rogorc `aramarTalma~<br />
samarTalma, samarTlianobas unda dauTmos adgili. 125 gamomdinare aqedan,<br />
braldebul pirebs, rogorc brZanebis uSualo aRmsruleblebs, deliqtebis ganxorcielebis<br />
dros unda scodnodaT is, rom zepozitiuri <strong>samarTlis</strong> normiT akrZalul<br />
qmedebas Cadiodnen (marTlwinaaRmdegobis potenciuri Segneba), miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
maT Seqmnil viTarebaSi SesaZloa, marTlac ar hqonodaT realurad Secnobili qmedebis<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegoba (marTlwinaaRmdegobis aqtualuri Segnebis ararseboba).<br />
analogiuri gadawyvetileba gamoitana germaniis uzenaesma sasamarTlom im mesazRvreTa<br />
winaaRmdeg, romlebmac mkvlelobebi Caidines germaniis federaciulsa da<br />
120<br />
Sead. turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb, 2010, 231.<br />
121<br />
Sead. gamyreliZe o., saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis ganmarteba, Tb., 2008, 255.<br />
122<br />
Sead.: Forschner S., Die Radbruchsche Formel in den Höchstrichterlichen `Mauerschützenurteilen~,<br />
Tübingen, 2003, 34; Kaufmann Arth., Das Unrechtsbewußtsein in der Schuldlehre des Strafrechts, Aalen, 1985,<br />
214-220.<br />
123<br />
ix. germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi wignSi: BGHSt 2, 34; BGHSt 3, 357.<br />
124<br />
ix. Forschner S., Die Radbruchsche Formel in den Höchstrichterlichen ,,Mauerschützenurteilen~, Tübingen,<br />
2003, 34.<br />
125<br />
ix. Radbruch G., Rechtsphilosophie, 8. Aufl., Stuttgart, 1973, 345.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
demokratiul respublikebs Soris arsebul sazRvarze. 126 or nawilad gayofili germaniis<br />
gaerTianebis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi dadga im pirTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
sakiTxi, romlebic moqalaqeebs sazRvris gadakveTis SemTxvevaSi<br />
cecxls uxsnidnen. 127 sasamarTlo procesebze mklelobebSi braldebuli pirebi TavianT<br />
CvenebebSi Seecadnen daemtkicebinaT is, rom aseTi qmedebebis Cadenisas maT ar SeeZloT<br />
rogorc Tavad uSualo meTauris brZanebebis kanonierebis sakiTxis, ise im kanonis<br />
normebis (germaniis demokratiuli respublikis kanoni sazRvris Sesaxeb) eWqveS<br />
dayeneba, 128 romelTa mixedviT, mesazRvreebs ufleba eZleodaT, moqalaqeebisTvis<br />
cecxli gaexsnaT sazRvris `ukanono~ gadakveTisas. 129 gamomdinare iqidan, rom isini<br />
mxolod TavianT samsaxurebriv movalebas asrulebdnen da fiqrobdnen, rom nebismier<br />
brZanebas upirobod unda damorCilebodnen, braldebuli pirebis damcvelebi Seecadnen<br />
imis dasabuTebas, rom maTi dacvis qveS myof mesazRvreebs aseT SemTxvevaSi ar<br />
SeiZleboda scodnodaT Cadenili qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba. Tumca, sasamarTlom<br />
aRniSnuli argumenti ar gaiziara da amgvari saxis qmedebebi zepozitiuri <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
normebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulebad aRiara 130 (radbruxis formula: `kanonieri<br />
usamarTloba da zekanonuri samarTali~ 131 ).<br />
maSasadame, germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos orive es gadawyvetileba niSnavs imas,<br />
rom klasikur deliqtebSi marTlwinaaRmdegobis aqtualuri Segnebis ararseboba ar<br />
unda iwvevdes samarTlebriv SefasebebSi cvlilebas da Sesabamisad, aseTi saxis Secdoma<br />
irelevanturad unda iqnes miCneuli, vinaidan, amgvar viTarebaSi moqmed pirs<br />
umarTlobis Segneba, rogorc wesi, potecniurad yovelTvis usabuTdeba, marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
aqtualuri Segnebis ararsebobis miuxedavad.<br />
amrigad, zemoT gakeTebuli analizidan gamomdinare, ganzraxi danaSaulis Cadenis<br />
dros saWiroa marTlwinaaRmdegobis aqtualuri an potenciuri Segnebis arseboba<br />
da danaSaulTa nebismieri erTobliobis SemTxvevaSi igi cal-calke mowmdeba. 132 gan-<br />
126<br />
Sead. Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 957-58; Forschner S., Die<br />
Radbruchsche Formel in den Höchstrichterlichen ,,Mauerschützenurteilen~, Tübingen, 2003, 36-7.<br />
127<br />
ix. germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi wignSi: BGHSt 39, 35; BGHSt 39, 190.<br />
128<br />
ix. Forschner S., Die Radbruchsche Formel in den Höchstrichterlichen ,,Mauerschützenurteilen~, Tübingen,<br />
2003, 36-37.<br />
129<br />
Sead. Heinrich B., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil II, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart, 2010, 192.<br />
130<br />
ix.: Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 163; germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetileba wignSi: BGHSt 39, 1. zepozitiuri <strong>samarTlis</strong> upiratesoba<br />
pozitiur samarTalTan mimarTebaSi aseve aRiara germaniis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom.<br />
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix.:germaniis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetilebebi wignSi: Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts (BVerfGE) 3, 232; BVerfGE,<br />
95, 96-114; Heinrich B., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil II, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart, 2010, 191-192.<br />
131<br />
ix.: Radbruch G., Rechtsphilosophie, 8. Aufl., Stuttgart, 1973, 339; Radbruch G., Gesetzliches Unrecht und<br />
übergesetzliches Recht, `Schweizerische Juristen-Zeitung~ (SJZ), 1946, 105; Zippelius R., Juristische Methodenlehre,<br />
10. Aufl., München, 2006, 40, ix. am wignis qarTuli Targmani: cipeliusi r., iuridiuli<br />
meTodebis moZRvreba, me-10 gamoc., miunxeni, 2009, 49. agreTve, ix. xubua g., <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
Teoria, Tb., 2004, 32-39.<br />
132<br />
ix. germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba wignSi: BGHSt 10, 35, aseve, ix.: Wessels<br />
J., Beulke W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 39. Aufl., Heidelberg, 2009, 153; Kühl K., Stafrecht, Allgemeiner<br />
231
232<br />
l. maRlakeliZe, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis mniSvneloba ganzraxi da<br />
gaufrTxileblobiTi deliqtebis dros<br />
zraxi klasikur deliqtebSi mocemuli qmedebis subieqturi Semadgenlobis ganxorcieleba<br />
iZleva imis varaudis safuZvels, rom umarTlobis aqtualuri Segneba arsebobs.<br />
rac Seexeba umarTlobis potenciur Segnebas, misi dasabuTeba mxolod maSin aris aucilebeli,<br />
roca pirs marTlwinaaRmdegobis aqtualuri Segneba ver udgindeba, e. i. ma-<br />
Sin, roca adgili aqvs an samarTlebriv, an kidev marTlwinaaRmdegobis etapze daSvebul<br />
iuridiul Secdomas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis-<br />
Tvis sruliad sakmarisia, qmedebis Camdens dausabuTdes, rom mas danaSaulis Cadenis<br />
dros SeeZlo hqonoda umarTlobis Segneba.<br />
5. marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba gaufrTxileblobiTi<br />
danaSaulis Cadenis dros<br />
iuridiul literaturaSi gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi mar-<br />
TlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis arseboba azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. mecnierTa erT nawils<br />
misi dasabuTeba amgvar viTarebaSi mizanSeuwonlad miaCnia, 133 meore nawili ki mas<br />
mxolod TviTimedovnebis dros uSvebs. 134<br />
ganzraxi danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli, aucilebelia<br />
umarTlobis Segnebis aqtualuri an potenciuri formiT dadgena, magram sakiTxavia,<br />
ramdenad aris igi saWiro gaufrTxileblobiTi deliqtebis ganxorcielebisas?<br />
rogorc cnobilia, gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSaulis Cadenisas, danaSaulis Ti-<br />
Toeuli elementis Semowmeba imave TanmimdevrobiT xdeba, rogorc es mocemulia ganzraxi<br />
deliqtebis dros. 135 Tumca, gaufrTxileblobis SemTxvevaSi, danaSaulis samniSnovani<br />
sistemis pirveli da mesame elementis (qmedebis Semadgenloba da brali) Sinaarsobrivi<br />
mxare, garkveulwilad, gansxvavebulia ganzraxi deliqtis dros mocemuli<br />
am elementebis Sinaarsobrivi mxarisgan. es gansxvaveba ki vlindeba rogorc TviTimedovnebiT,<br />
ise daudevrobiT Cadenili danaSaulebisas. kerZod, Tu ganzraxi deliqtis<br />
SemTxvevaSi bralis etapze mowmdeba bralunarianoba, bralis specialuri niSnebi,<br />
umarTlobis Segneba da a.S., gaufrTxileblobiTi (TviTimedovnebis) danaSaulebis<br />
dros qmedebis Semadgenlobis etapze dgindeba zogadad obieqturi gaufrTxilebloba,<br />
xolo bralSi individualuri gaufrTxilebloba, 136 romelsac win uZRvis braluna-<br />
Teil, 6. Aufl., München, 2008, 337; Haft F., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 9. Aufl., München, 2004, 134-135;<br />
Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 935.<br />
133 Sead.: Schmidhäuser E., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 2. Aufl., Tübingen, 1984, 214; Kaufmann Arth., Das<br />
Unrechtsbewußtsein in der Schuldlehre des Strafrechts, Aalen, 1985, 73-77.<br />
134 ix.: Wessels J., Beulke W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 39. Aufl., Heidelberg, 2009, 264-265, 346; ieSekisa<br />
da vaigendis dasax. naSromi, 593; Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München,<br />
2006, 1102.<br />
135 ix. Safferling C., Vorsatz und Schuld, Tübingen, 2008, 262.<br />
136 Tanamedrove germanul iuridiul literaturaSi gabatonebuli SexedulebiT, gaufrTxilebeli<br />
(rogorc Segnebuli, ise Seugnebeli gaufrTxilebloba) deliqtebis dros ar<br />
arsebobs qmedebis Semadgenlobis diferenciacia obieqtur da subieqtur Semadgenlobebad,<br />
aramed qmedebis Semadgenlobis SigniT arsebobs mxolod obieqturi gaufr-<br />
Txilebloba, rogorc windaxedulobis normis obieqturi darRveva. bralis etapze ki
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
rianobisa da marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis Semowmeba. maSasadame, TviTimedovnebiT<br />
an daudevrobiT Cadenili dasjadi qmedebisas danaSaulis samniSnovani sistemis elementebis<br />
Sinaarsobrivi mxare erTgvarad gansxvavebulia ganzraxi deliqtis samniSnovani<br />
sistemis elementebis Sinaarsobrivi mxarisgan da es gansxvaveba exeba, maT Soris,<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebasac.<br />
cnobilia, rom Segnebuli gaufrTxileblobis dros pirs umeteswilad mis mier<br />
windaxedulobis normebiT akrZaluli qmedeba da marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis dadgomis<br />
SesaZlebloba gacnobierebuli aqvs, Tumca, usafuZvlod imedovnebs am Sedegis<br />
Tavidan acilebas. 137 marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebas ki aseT SemTxvevaSi garkveuli<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba. kerZod, Tuki aRmoCnda, rom damnaSavem qmedebis obieqturi Semadgenlobis<br />
garemoebebi, romlebic mis qmedebas obieqturad windaxedulobis normis<br />
sawinaaRmdegod aqceven, icoda 138 (am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba TviTimedovnebis<br />
dros qmedebis subieqturi Semadgenlobis arseboba), maSin mas bralis etapze SesaZlebelia,<br />
aseve, winadaxedulobis normebiT dadgenili moTxovnebis Segnebulobac dausabuTdes.<br />
magram swored problemuria, Tu ra formiTa da moculobiT unda iqnes<br />
umarTlobis Segneba (aqtualuri Tu potenciuri formiT) aseT viTarebaSi bralis<br />
etapze warmodgenili.<br />
germanul iuridiul literaturaSi gabatonebuli SexedulebiT, gaufrTxileblobis,<br />
da, kerZod, Segnebuli gaufrTxileblobis dasasabuTeblad, sruliad sakmarisia,<br />
qmedebis ganmaxorcielebel pirs gaaCndes e. w. umarTlobis potenciuri Segneba. 139 misi<br />
Semowmeba ki TviTimedovnebisas imave wesiT xdeba, rogorc es mocemulia ganzraxi danaSa-<br />
dgindeba subieqturi gaufrTxilebloba, rogorc windaxedulobis normis darRvevis Tavidan<br />
acilebis individualuri SesaZlebloba. Sead.: Heinrich B., Strafrecht- Allgemeiner Teil II, 2.<br />
Aufl., Stuttgart, 2010, 73-74; Wessels J., Beulke W., Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil, 39. Aufl., Heidelberg, 2009,<br />
346; ieSekisa da vaigendis dasax. naSroms, 596. am Sexedulebisgan gansxvavebuli pozicia<br />
aqvs k. roqsins, romelic miiCnevs, rom rogorc ganzraxvis, ise Segnebuli gaufr-<br />
Txileblobis dros aris SesaZlebeli, arsebobdes qmedebis Semadgenlobis subieqturi<br />
Semadgenloba, vinaidan windaxedulobis normiT akrZaluli qmedebis gacnobiereba da<br />
marTlsawinaaRmdego Sedegis dadgomis SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswineba niSnavs Segnebul<br />
moqmedebas. ix. Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 1089-91. k.<br />
roqsinis msgavsad, TviTimedovnebis dros qmedebis subieqtur Semadgenlobas aRiarebs,<br />
agreTve, f. hafti, ix. Haft F., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 9. Aufl., München, 2004, 170, 262-263; aseve,<br />
qarTveli mecnieri m. turava. dawvrilebiT ix. turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi<br />
nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb., 2010, 162-164.<br />
137 ix. Schönker D., Schröder M., Strafgesetzbuch, Kommentar, 27. Aufl., München , 2006, 322.<br />
138 Sead.: Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 1089-1091; turava m.,<br />
sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb., 2010, 166-167.<br />
139 ix.: Schönker D., Schröder M., Strafgesetzbuch, Kommentar, 27. Aufl., München, 2006, 594; Heinrich B.,<br />
Strafrecht-Allgemeiner Teil II, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart, 2010, 77; Wessels J., Beulke W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil,<br />
39. Aufl., Heidelberg, 2009, 264, 346; Kindhäuser K., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Aufl., Bonn, 2008, 224.<br />
profesori m. turava momxrea, TviTimedovnebis dros bralis etapze ganxilul iqnes aseve<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebac, Tumca, avtori ar akonkretebs, Tu ra daniSnuleba aqvs<br />
mas am SemTxvevaSi, an rogor unda iqnes igi gagebuli Segnebuli gaufrTxileblobis dros.<br />
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT ix. turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva,<br />
me-8 gamoc., Tb., 2010, 164.<br />
233
234<br />
l. maRlakeliZe, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis mniSvneloba ganzraxi da<br />
gaufrTxileblobiTi deliqtebis dros<br />
ulis Cadenis dros samarTlebrivi Secdomis SemTxvevaSi. 140 gamomdinare aqedan, Segnebuli<br />
gaufrTxileblobis viTarebaSi damnaSave, rogorc wesi, iTvaliswinebis qmedebis ganxorcielebis<br />
SesaZleblobas da, Sesabamisad, SeuZlia Tavisi qmedebis akrZlulobis Secnobac.<br />
maSasadame, germanuli dogmatikis mixedviT, damnaSaves TviTimedovnebiT Cadenili<br />
danaSaulis dros Segnebuli unda hqondes, an unda SeeZlos imis Secnoba, rom Tavisi<br />
moqmedebiT an umoqmedobiT windaxedulobis normebi irRveva da amiT igi dadgenil mar-<br />
Tlwesrigs upirispirdeba (e. w. umarTlobis potenciuri Segneba). 141<br />
Segnebuli gaufrTxileblobisas samarTlebrivi Secdomis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tuki es Secdoma Tavidan aucilebadia, cnobili germaneli avtorebi TavianT naSromeb-<br />
Si umarTlobis Segnebis gamoricxvis aucileblobaze miuTiTeben. 142 magaliTad, gaufrTxileblobis<br />
dros samarTlebrivi Secdomis arsebobis dasasabuTeblad germanel<br />
mecniers h. rudolfs Semdegi kazusi mohyavs: `eqim A-s RamiT daureka pacientma, romelic<br />
uecrad avad gaxda, miuxedavad imisa, rom eqimi darwmunebulia, avadmyofis sicocxles<br />
safrTxe ar emuqreba, igi mainc nasvam mdgomareobaSi Tavisi avtomanqaniT<br />
dajda da didi siCqariT pacientis saxlisken gaemarTa, gzaSi SemTxveviT mopirdapire<br />
mxares moZrav avtomanqanas daejaxa, ris Sedegadac ori adamiani daiRupa. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
A-s ubeduri SemTxvevis dadgomis SesaZlebloba gaTvaliswinebuli hqonda, Tumca<br />
sjeroda, rom mis Tavidan acilebas SeZlebda. amasTan, Tuki A-s miaCnda, rom misi moqmedeba<br />
(avtoavaria) SesaZlebelia, gamarTlebuli yofiliyo ukiduresi aucileblobiT,<br />
maSin gamodis, rom eqimis qmedeba samarTlebrivi Secdomis farglebSi unda iqnes ganxiluli,<br />
ramac SesaZloa, germanuli sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanonidan gamomdinare, brali<br />
mTlianad gamoricxos an kidev Seamsubuqos~. 143 maSasadame, aRniSnul magaliTSi avtori<br />
cdilobs marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis praqtikuli mniSvneloba aseve Segnebuli gaufrTxileblobis<br />
arsebobisas daasabuTos.<br />
TviTimedovnebis dros umarTlobis Segnebis aucileblobaze saubrobs aseve germaneli<br />
profesori f. haftic. mas miaCnia, rom gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSaulis Cade-<br />
140 ix. Wessels J., Beulke W., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 39. Aufl., Heidelberg, 2009, 264.<br />
141 Sead. Safferling C., Vorsatz und Schuld, Tübingen, 2008, 262-264.<br />
142 ix.: Herzberg R. D., Die Schuld beim Fahrlässigkeitsdelikt, `Juristische Ausbildung~ (Jura), 1984, 411;<br />
Schönker D., Schröder M., Strafgesetzbuch, Kommentar, 27. Aufl., München, 2006, 320; Roxin C., Strafrecht,<br />
Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 1102; Haft F., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 9. Aufl.,<br />
München, 2004, 262-263.<br />
143 Sead.: Rudolphi H. J., Unrechtsbewusstsein, Verbotsirrtum und Vermeidbarkeit des Verbotsirrtums, Göttingen,<br />
1969, 173; Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 1102-1103.<br />
germanuli sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis me-17 paragrafis mixedviT, romelic samar-<br />
Tlebriv Secdomas eZRvneba, Tavidan aucilebadi samarTlebrivi Secdomis SemTxvevaSi<br />
mTlianad iricxeba marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba da, Sesabamisad, bralic, xolo Secdomis<br />
Tavidan acilebadobis dros piris pasuxismgebloba dgeba ara gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSaulisTvis,<br />
rogorc es mocemulia saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis 36-e<br />
muxlSi, aramed qmedebis Camdens mxolod brali umsubuqdeba da piri, saboloo jamSi,<br />
mainc imave danaSaulis CadenisTvis isjeba, romelic man ganaxorciela. aRniSnul sakiTxs<br />
mieZRvna Cemi statia: ix. maRlakeliZe l., samarTlebrivi Secdomisa da marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
etapze daSvebuli Secdomis urTierTgamijvnis sakiTxisaTvis, Jurn. `<strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
<strong>Jurnali</strong>~ 2, 2009, 89-109.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
nisas bralis dasasabuTeblad umarTlobis Segnebis dadgena iseTive aucilebeli winapirobaa,<br />
rogorc es ganzraxi danaSaulis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi aris saWiro.<br />
144avtori aRniSnavs, rom TviTimedovnebis dros samarTlebrivi Secdomis arseboba<br />
mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, roca damnaSaves, marTalia, windaxedulobis normebis<br />
movaleobis (Sorgfaltspflicht) darRveva gacnobierebuli aqvs (e. i. roca igi asrulebs<br />
gaufrTxileblobis subieqtur Semadgenlobas), magram hgonia, rom es valdebuleba ar<br />
aris samarTlebrivi valdebuleba. 145 amis sailustraciod mas Semdegi kazusi mohyavs:<br />
T-s, romelic nasvam mdgomareobaSi didi siCqariT marTavs avtomanqanas da sxvis janmrTelobasa<br />
da sicocxles gaufrTxileblobiT safrTxes uqmnis (germaniis ssk-is 315e<br />
paragrafis me-3 nawilis me-2 abzaci), miaCnia, rom misi moqmedeba sisxlissamarTlebrivad<br />
ki ar aris dasjadi, aramed mxolod sportuli temperamentis gamovlinebaa. 146<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi, f. hafti Tvlis, rom saxezea samarTlebrivi Secdoma, romelmac SesaZloa,<br />
ganzraxi danaSaulis msgavsad, gamoiwvios gaufrTxileblobis dros mar-<br />
TlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis gamoricxva, ramac, saboloo jamSi, me-17 paragrafidan<br />
(samarTlebrivi Secdoma) gamomdinare, unda migviyvanos an bralis mTlianad uaryofamde,<br />
an kidev mxolod sasjelis Semsubuqebamde. 147<br />
maSasadame, rogorc ganzraxi, ise Segnebuli gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSaulis Cadenis<br />
dros samarTlebrivi Secdomis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, germanel mecnierTa ganmartebiT,<br />
gamoyenebul unda iqnes kodeqsis me-17 paragrafi. 148 aRniSnuli norma ki<br />
ukavSirdeba samarTlebriv Secdomas da misi Sinaarsi amgvaria: `Tu qmedebis Camden<br />
pirs qmedebis Cadenis dros Secnobili ara aqvs umarTloba, aseT SemTxvevaSi igi moqmedebs<br />
arabraleulad, Tuki mas ar SeeZlo am Secdomis acileba. im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu<br />
pirs SeeZlo Secdomis Tavidan acileba, mas, 49-e paragrafis pirveli abcazidan gamomdinare,<br />
SeiZleba sasjeli Seumsubuqdes~. amrigad, akrZalvaSi Secdomis dros, germaniis<br />
ssk-is me-17 paragrafiT, samarTlebrivi Sedegi dgeba e. w. `bralis Teoriis~ (Schuldtheorie)<br />
mixedviT, 149 rac imas niSnavs, rom Tuki samarTlebrivi Secdoma Tavidan acilebadia,<br />
pirs mxolod sasjeli umsubuqdeba, xolo Tu aucilebadia, maSin mTlianad brali<br />
iricxeba da piri pasuxismgeblobisgan Tavisufldeba. gamomdinare aqedan, aRniSnuli<br />
norma SesaZlebelia, Tanabrad iqnes gamoyenebuli rogorc ganzraxi, ise gaufrTxileblobiTi<br />
deliqtis dros daSvebuli samarTlebrivi Secdomis farglebSi. 150<br />
144<br />
ix. Haft F., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 9. Aufl., München, 2004, 263.<br />
145<br />
iqve.<br />
146<br />
iqve.<br />
147<br />
iqve.<br />
148<br />
ix.: Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 1103; Münchener Kommentar,<br />
Strafgesetzbuch, Band I, München, 2003, 697; Haft F., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 9. Aufl., München, 2004,<br />
263.<br />
149<br />
aRniSnul TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT ix. maRlakeliZe l., samarTlebrivi Secdomisa da<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis etapze daSvebuli Secdomis urTierTgamijvnis sakiTxisaTvis,<br />
Jurn. `<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong>~ 2, 2009, 95-97.<br />
150<br />
Sead.: Safferling C., Vorsatz und Schuld, Tübingen, 2008, 262; Münchener Kommentar, Strafgesetzbuch,<br />
Band I, München, 2003, 697.<br />
235
236<br />
l. maRlakeliZe, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis mniSvneloba ganzraxi da<br />
gaufrTxileblobiTi deliqtebis dros<br />
daudevrobisas ki umarTlobis Segneba, germanul iuridiul literaturaSi gabatonebuli<br />
SexedulebiT, 151 saerTod ar aris mocemuli, vinaidan, aseT SemTxvevaSi piri<br />
ar iTvaliswinebis Tavisi qmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas da, Sesabamisad, mas<br />
arc umarTlobis Segneba aqvs. 152<br />
rac Seexeba qarTul kanonmdeblobas, gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili danaSaulis<br />
dros umarTlobis potenciuri Segnebis dasabuTeba, SesaZlebeli unda iyos rogorc<br />
TviTimedovnebiT, 153 ise daudevrobiT ganxorcielebuli deliqtebisas. saxeldobr,<br />
rogorc cnobilia, samarTlebrivi Secdomis problemas eZRvneba saqarTvelos ssk-is<br />
36-e muxli, sadac xazgasmulia, rom `is, vinc ar icis, rom qmedeba, romelsac sCadis,<br />
akrZalulia, ar daisjeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca Secdoma misatevebelia~. iqve<br />
kanonmdebeli ganmartavs, rom `Secdoma misatevebelia, Tu Seqmnil viTarebaSi pirma<br />
ar icoda da arc SeiZleba scodnoda, rom sCadioda akrZalul qmedebas~. germanulisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, qarTuli sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsiT, roca Secdoma misatevebeli<br />
ar aris, pirs SeiZleba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisros mxolod gaufrTxileblobisaTvis.<br />
marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebas ki aseT SemTxvevaSi rogorc<br />
dogmaturi, ise praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs. kerZod, mas Semdeg, rac samarTlebrivi<br />
Secdomisas moxdeba ganzraxi danaSaulidan gaufrTxileblobaze gadasvla, 154 amgvari<br />
Secdomis misateveblobis sakiTxi swored daudevrobiT Cadenil deliqtSi mocemuli<br />
umarTlobis Segnebis farglebSi unda gadawydes, rac imas niSnavs, rom marTlwinaaRmdegobis<br />
potenciuri Segnebis sferoSi saWiroa imis dadgena, epatios Tu ara pirs mis<br />
mier daSvebuli Secdoma. Tuki dadasturda, rom moqmedma ar icoda da arc SeiZleboda<br />
scodnoda, rom sCadioda marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas, maSin mas aseTi saxis Secdoma<br />
mieteveba da igi gaTavisufldeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisgan.<br />
Secdomis miuteveblobis SemTxvevaSi ki qmedebis Camdens pasuxismgebloba gaufrTxileblobisTvis<br />
da, kerZod, daudevrobisTvis daekisreba, Tu mis mier ganxorcielebuli<br />
qmedebis gaufrTxileblobiT Cadena isjeba sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kanoniT.<br />
151<br />
Sead.: Haft F., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 9. Aufl., München, 2004, 263; Roxin C., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner<br />
Teil, Band I, 4. Aufl., München, 2006, 1103; Münchener Kommentar, Strafgesetzbuch, Band I, München, 2003,<br />
697; Jescheck H.,-H., Weigend T., Lehrbuch des Strafrechts, Allgemeiner Teil, 5. Aufl., Berlin, 1996, 593.<br />
152<br />
am Sexedulebisgan gansxvavebuli pozicia aqvs g. arcts, romelic daudevrobis dros<br />
`marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebas~ aRiarebs da amgvar deliqtebSi daSvebuli samarTlebrivi<br />
Secdomis SemTxvevaSi mis gamoricxvaze miuTiTebs. ix. Arzt., G., Zum Verbotsirrtum beim<br />
Fahrlässigkeitsdelikt, `Zeitschrift für die gesammte Strafrechtswissenschaft~ (ZStW 91), 1979, 883-884.<br />
daudevrobis dros umarTlobis Segnebas aRiareben aseve, a. kaufmani, ix. Kaufmann Arm., Das<br />
fahrlässige Delikt, `Zeitschrift für Rechtsvergleichung~ (ZfRV), 1964, 51 da r. d. hercbergi, ix.: Herzberg,<br />
R.,-D., Vorsatzausschließende Rechtsirrtümer, `Juristische Schulung~ (JuS), 2008, 391; Herzberg, R.,-D., Die<br />
Schuld beim Fahrlässigkeitsdelikt, `Juristische Ausbildung~ (Jura), 1984, 412. aseve, Sead. Safferling C.,<br />
Vorsatz und Schuld, Tübingen, 2008, 264;<br />
153<br />
TviTimedovnebisas marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis arsebobas iziarebs agreTve profesori<br />
m. turava. Sead. turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8<br />
gamoc., Tb., 2010, 164.<br />
154<br />
Sead. gamyreliZe o., saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis ganmarteba, Tb., 2008,<br />
255-256.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
zemoaRniSnuli Tvalsazrisis damadasturebel argumentad SesaZlebelia Semdegi<br />
magaliTi iqnes moyvanili: eqimma A-m, romelic aris holandiis moqalaqe, saqarTveloSi<br />
stumrobisas ganukurnebeli seniT daavadebul megobar B-s sicocxle aqtiuri<br />
evTanaziis gziT mouspo. rogorc gamoZiebiT dadginda, A-s am SemTxvevaSi egona, rom,<br />
iseve rogorc holandiaSi, 155 saqarTveloSic aqtiuri evTanazia (saqarTvelos ssk-is<br />
110-e muxli) warmoadgenda marTlzomier qmedebas. maSasadame, kazusidan gamomdinare,<br />
A-m Secdoma dauSva marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebis samarTlebriv<br />
mxaresTan dakavSirebiT. 156 saxeldobr, igi SecdomiT fiqrobda, rom mkvleloba<br />
msxverplis TxovniT ar iyo saqarTveloSi sisxlissamarTlebrivad dasjadi. aseTi saxis<br />
Secdoma ki, Tavis mxriv, ganxilul unda iqnes pirdapiri samarTlebrivi Secdomis<br />
analogiurad saqarTvelos ssk-is 36-e muxliT dadgenili wesiT, 157 rac imas niSnavs,<br />
rom A-s pasuxismgebloba gamoiricxeba ganzraxi danaSaulis CadenisTvis, vinaidan mas<br />
ganzraxi deliqtis ganxorcielebisas marTlwinaaRmdegobis aqtualuri Segneba ar<br />
gaaCnda. gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSaulisTvis pasuxismgebloba aseT dros damokidebulia<br />
imaze, ramdenad misatevebelia amgvari Secdoma. es ukanaskneli sakiTxi ki saWiroa<br />
swored daudevrobiT danaSaulSi mocemuli umarTlobis Segnebis sferoSi gadaiWras.<br />
saxeldobr, Tuki dadasturdeba, rom A-m ar icoda da arc SeiZleboda scodnoda,<br />
rom sCadioda marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas, maSin mas aseTi saxis Secdoma mieteveba<br />
da igi gaTavisufldeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisgan. Secdomis<br />
miuteveblobis SemTxvevaSi eqimi gaufrTxileblobiT da, kerZod, ssk-is 116-e muxlis<br />
pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis daudevrobiT CadenisTvis daisjeba.<br />
6. daskvna<br />
maSasadame, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
dasasabuTeblad `marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis~ dadgena da misi<br />
funqciis garkveva danaSaulis erTian sistemaSi iseTive gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa,<br />
rogorc qmedebis Semadgenlobis subieqturi niSnebis dasabuTeba. statiaSi warmodgenili<br />
TvalsazrisiT, umarTlobis Segneba aris ara ganzraxvis Semadgeneli nawili,<br />
ise rogorc es gagebuli iyo sabWour qarTul sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> mecnierebaSi, aramed<br />
misgan damoukideblad arsebuli niSani, romelic calke, ganzraxvis gareSe arsebobs<br />
bralis etapze.<br />
155 holandiis sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis 293-e paragrafis me-2 punqtiT, aqtiuri evTaniizis<br />
Cadenisas piri im SemTxvevaSi Tavisufldeba sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> pasuxismgeblobisgan,<br />
Tuki qmedeba Cadenilia eqimis mier da isic mxolod garkveuli pirobebis arsebobisas.<br />
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. Grundmann A., Das niederländische Gesetz über die<br />
Prüfung von Lebensbeendigung auf Verlangen und Beihilfe zur Selbsttötung, Aachen, 2004, 85-87.<br />
156 Sead.: Haft F., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner Teil, 9. Aufl., München, 2004, 259; Heinrich B., Strafrecht, Allgemeiner<br />
Teil II, 2. Aufl., Stuttgart, 2010, 138; turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva,<br />
me-8 gamoc., Tb., 2010, 232.<br />
157 ix. turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamoc., Tb., 2010, 232.<br />
237
238<br />
l. maRlakeliZe, marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segnebis mniSvneloba ganzraxi da<br />
gaufrTxileblobiTi deliqtebis dros<br />
Tavad marTlwinaaRmdegobis Segneba ki klasikuri da blanketuri deliqtebis<br />
dros niSnavs qmedebis akrZalulobis Secnobas, e. i. imis Segnebas, rom piris mier Cadenili<br />
marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedeba an umoqmedoba pozitiuri an dauwereli samar-<br />
TliT akrZalulia. misi dadgena aqtualuri an potenciuri formiT saWiroa nebismier<br />
SemTxvevaSi ganzraxi danaSaulis ganxorcielebis dros. Segnebuli gaufrTxileblobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki, mas germanuli dogmatikis mixedviT, Teoriul mniSvnelobasTan er-<br />
Tad, praqtikuli daniSnulebac aqvs. gabatonebuli SexedulebiT TviTimedovnebiT<br />
Cadenili danaSaulis dros mxolod misi `potenciurad~ arsebobaa aucilebeli. rac<br />
Seexeba qarTul dogmatikasa da praqtikas, zemoT warmodgenili analizidan gamomdinare,<br />
saqarTvelos ssk-is farglebSi umarTlobis Segnebis dadgena, SesaZlebeli unda<br />
iyos rogorc Segnebuli, ise Seugnebeli gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSaulebis ganxorcielebis<br />
dros. aseT SemTxvevaSi piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dasabuTebisTvis<br />
sruliad sakmarisia marTlwinaaRmdegobis potenciuri Segnebis dadastureba.
LAVRENTI MAGHLAKELIDZE ∗<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS OF UNLAWFULNESS<br />
WHILE COMMITTING INTENTIONAL OR UNINTENTIONAL (INCONSIDERATE) DELICTS<br />
Summary<br />
The article is dedicated to such an important problem of Criminal <strong>Law</strong> dogmatics as consciousness of<br />
unlawfulness. It is known that the existing doctrines of crime (classical, neo-classical and final) consider<br />
the interaction between intention and consciousness of unlawfulness differently. In the above-mentioned<br />
theories, the problem lies in the content of consciousness of unlawfulness as well as in its place<br />
and importance. Hence, the scientific paper discusses several features of consciousness of unlawfulness<br />
and its practical and theoretical importance for proving a person’s criminal liability in case of<br />
committing intentional or unintentional (inconsiderate) delicts.<br />
The research based on Georgian and foreign legislation as well as legal literature will give an opportunity<br />
to those interested in this problem to better differentiate, dogmatically and practically, the two<br />
completely diverse institutes - intention and consciousness of unlawfulness.<br />
∗ Doctoral Student, Assistant Professor, TSU, <strong>Faculty</strong> of <strong>Law</strong>.<br />
239
aCana jiSkariani *<br />
evropuli samarTali da misi gavlena nacionalur sisxlis<br />
samarTalze<br />
1. Sesavali<br />
evropis samarTali 1 <strong>samarTlis</strong> is mimarTulebaa, romelic evropis farglebSi<br />
miRweuli politikuri da istoriuli kompromisis nayofia. is sakuTari, damoukidebeli<br />
principebiT gavlenas axdens <strong>samarTlis</strong> yvela dargze. 2 am mimarTulebiT bolo<br />
umniSvnelovanesi dokumentia lisabonis xelSekruleba, romelmac garkveuli siaxleebi<br />
Seitana sxvadasxva, maT Soris, sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> sferoSic. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom misi winamorbedi dokumenti, evropis konstituciis proeqti, safrangeTisa da niderlandebis<br />
referendumebze Cavarda da, Sesabamisad, misi miReba verc evrokavSiris<br />
doneze moxerxda. gamomdinare aqedan, lisabonis xelSekruleba aris erTgvarad misi<br />
Semcvleli dokumenti, romelmac, terminologiuri cvlilebisa da garkveuli momentebis<br />
garda, konstituciis proeqtis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi mainc SeinarCuna. kerZod, Tu<br />
Cavardnil proeqtSi saubari iyo evrokavSiris prezidentze, evrokavSiris sagareo<br />
saqmeTa ministrsa da sxva msgavs, zogadad saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebel terminebze,<br />
lisabonis xelSekrulebaSi ukve neitraluri cnebebi iqna Cadebuli, raTa es aqti<br />
am qveynebSi Catarebul referendumebis SedegebTan ar mosuliyo winaaRmdegobaSi.<br />
konstituciis proeqtis Cavardnis erT-erTi mizezi iyo swored evrokavSiris sasargeblod<br />
wevri saxelmwifoebis suverenitetis SezRudvisa da erTiani evropuli federaciis<br />
Seqmnis erTgvari SiSi. 3<br />
es winaaRmdegobebi kargad miuTiTebs evropaSi mimdinare procesebze, sadac, er-<br />
Ti mxriv, saxelmwifoebi cdiloben sakuTari suverenitetis maqsimalurad SenarCunebasa<br />
da TavianTi interesebis dacvas, Tumca, meore mxriv, amis srulad ganxorcieleba<br />
evrokavSiris farglebSi SeuZlebelia, radgan is garkveul Rirebulebebze agebuli<br />
gaerTianebaa, romlis efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis saWiroa kompromisebze wasvla,<br />
rac, Tavis mxriv, ukve konstituciur valdebulebasac ki Seadgens. am valdebulebas,<br />
magaliTad, germaniis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom pirdapir gausva xazi da<br />
germaniis konstituciis 23-e muxlze miuTiTa, romelic exeba germaniis valdebulebas<br />
evrokavSirTan TanamSromlobis sakiTxSi. sasamarTlom Tavis erT-erT gadawvetile-<br />
*<br />
miunxenis ludvig-maqsimilianis saxelobis universitetis saerTaSoriso da evropuli<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kaTedris doqtoranti.<br />
1<br />
winamdebare statiaSi moxseniebul terminSi — `evropis samarTali“— igulisxmeba evropis<br />
samarTali evrokavSiris farglebSi da ara misi ufro vrceli gageba.<br />
2<br />
ix. Herrmann C., Der Vertrag von Lissabon, JURA, 2010, 161.<br />
3<br />
dawvr. ix. Streinz R., Ohler C., Herrmann C., Der Vertrag von Lissabon zur Reform der EU, 2. Aufl.,<br />
München, 2008, 13-16.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
baSi daafiqsira, rom germaniis saxelmwifo valdebulia imoqmedos evropuli samar-<br />
Tlis farglebSi, raTa miRweul iqnes evropuli integraciis miznebi. yvela saxelmwifo<br />
organos saqmianobac am farglebSi unda xorcieldebodes. 4<br />
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani dargi, romelzedac gavlenas axdens evropis/evrokavSiris<br />
samarTali, sisxlis samarTalia, romelic aqamde evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong>aTvis xel-<br />
Seuxebeli instituti iyo, radgan is yvela saxelmwifoSi im istoriuli da kulturuli<br />
ganviTarebis Sedegia, romelic mxolod ama Tu im konkretuli samarTlebrivi sivrcisaTvis<br />
aris damaxasiTebeli. Sesabamisad, Tavidan, rodesac xdeboda sxvadasxva evropuli<br />
aqtis miReba, sisxlis samarTals erTgvarad gverds uvlidnen da iTvleboda,<br />
rom aRniSnuli dargi evrogaerTianebis kompetenciaSi ar moiazreboda. Tumca, dReisaTvis<br />
amaze saubaric zedmetia. klasikuri gagebiT, nacionaluri <strong>samarTlis</strong> dro ukve<br />
wavida. 5 amitom, gamomdinare aqedan, mniSvnelovania imis garkveva da gamokvleva, Tu<br />
ra saxiT axdens evrokavSiris normebi gavlenas wevri saxelmwifoebis sisxlissamar-<br />
Tlebriv sistemebze; ra mimarTebaSi arian isini erTmaneTTan? samarTlebrivi koliziebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, romel normas, nacionalursa Tu evropuls, unda mieniWos upiratesoba?<br />
SezRuduli aris Tu ara adgilobrivi kanonmdebeli da samarTaldamcavi organo<br />
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normebis gamoyenebisas evrokavSiris mier dadgenili<br />
farglebiT da misi gavlena moicavs mxolod materialur, Tu aseve saproceso sisxlis<br />
samarTalsac?<br />
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT etapze myofi<br />
qveynisaTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelo ar aris evrokavSiris<br />
SemadgenlobaSi, uaxloes momavalSi Tundac asocirebuli an msgavsi urTierTobebis<br />
Camoyalibebis SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi urTierTTanamSromlobis farglebSi<br />
aucileblad wamoiWreba is problemebi, romlebic sxva saxelmwifoebma ukve<br />
gadalaxes, an mis winaSe axla dganan. amis kargi magaliTia Sveicaria, romelic, marTalia,<br />
ar aris evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifo, magram am gaerTianebis bevri samarTlebrivi<br />
aqti aRniSnuli qveynis Sida kanonmdeblobaSi iqna gadatanili da savaldebulo<br />
saxiT aRiarebuli. 6<br />
2. evrokavSiris <strong>samarTlis</strong>a da nacionaluri <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
urTierTmimarTeba<br />
evrokavSiris samarTali avtonomiuri samarTlebrivi sistemaa, romelic nacionaluri<br />
sistemebis gverdiT dgas da maT sivrceSi mimdinare cvlilebebze ar aris damokidebuli.<br />
Tavisi gansakuTrebuli statusidan gamomdinare, evrokavSiris samarTals pirdapiri<br />
moqmedebis Zala gaaaCnia, romelic Tundac evrokavSiris moqalaqeebs aniWebs SesaZleblobas,<br />
adgilobrivi sasamarTloebis winaSe davis SemTxvevebSi pirdapir evropul<br />
normebze miuTiTon. aseTi davebi SeiZleba exebodes, magaliTad, saqonlis Tavi-<br />
4<br />
ix. germaniis federaluri sakonst. sasamarTlos gadawyv. — BVerfG, 30.06.09 — gamoqveynebuli<br />
JurnalSi NJW, 2009, 2270.<br />
5<br />
ix. zatcgeri h., evropuli sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> zegavlena ruminul da germanul sisxlis<br />
samarTalze krebulSi: evropuli sisxlis samarTali, red. m. turava, Tb., 2010, 517.<br />
6<br />
dawvr. ix. Satzger H., Welche Veränderungen brächte ein Beitritt der Schweiz zur Europäischen Union für<br />
die Anwendung des schweizerischen Strafrechts? ZStR, 119/2001, 95-112.<br />
241
242<br />
b. jiSkariani, evropuli samarTali da misi gavlena nacionalur sisxlis samarTalze<br />
suflad gadaadgilebas, dasaqmebulTa SeuzRudav mimosvlasa da a.S. 7 evrokavSiris sasamarTlom<br />
erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi Semdegi aRniSna: „..yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,<br />
Cans, rom evrogaerTianeba saerTaSoriso <strong>samarTlis</strong> farglebSi axali samarTlebrivi<br />
wesrigia, romlis subieqtebi ara mxolod saxelmwifoebi, aramed calkeuli<br />
pirebic arian. amitom wevri saxelmwifoebisagan damoukidebeli gaerTianebis samar-<br />
Tali maTTvis adgens rogorc movaleobebs, aseve uflebebsac“. 8<br />
evrokavSiris <strong>samarTlis</strong> wyaroebs yofen or nawilad: uSualod, primerulad moqmedi<br />
samarTali da sekundaruli, anu ZiriTadi wyaroebis safuZvelze gamocemuli meoreuli<br />
aqtebi. primerul samarTals ganekuTvneba xelSekruleba evrokavSiris Sesaxeb<br />
da xelSekruleba evrokavSiris saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb. orive xsenebuli xelSekruleba<br />
lisabonSi iqna xelmowerili da ZalaSia 2009 wlis pirveli dekembridan. rac<br />
Seexeba meoreuli, anu sekundarul aqtebs, esenia: dadgenilebebi, direqtivebi, gadawyvetilebebi<br />
da a.S. 9<br />
aRsaniSnavia is, rom evrokavSiris kompetenciis farglebi SezRudulia TviTon<br />
lisabonis xelSekrulebiT. kerZod, evrokavSiris Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis me-5 I muxli<br />
evrokavSirisa da saxelmwifoebis kompetenciebis erTmaneTisagan gasamijnad iTvaliswinebs<br />
e.w. SezRuduli uflebamosilebis princips, rac niSnavs imas, rom kavSirs<br />
mxolod da mxolod im uflebamosilebis farglebSi SeuZlia imoqmedos, rac mas gadaeca<br />
wevri saxelmwifoebis mier xelSekrulebebis xelmoweris gziT. sxva danarCeni<br />
sferoebi xelSeuxebeli rCeba. amrigad, xelSemkvrelma mxareebma xelSekrulebis saxiT<br />
dasaxes garkveuli miznebi, romelTa gansaxorcieleblad aqtiurad moqmedebs evrokavSiri.<br />
Sedis Tu ara am aqtivobaSi sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebis gamocemac, damokidebulia<br />
yovel konkretul SemTxvevasa da im samarTlebrivi aqtis Sinaarsze,<br />
romlis gadamowmebac isev da isev evropis <strong>samarTlis</strong> principebidan gamomdinare ganxorcieldeba.<br />
am dros xdeba, erTi mxriv, rogorc am principebis, aseve sisxlis samar-<br />
Tlis gansakuTrebuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba. 10<br />
aRniSnul konteqstSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania evrokavSiris dadgenilebebi<br />
da direqtivebi, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi samarTlebrivi aqtebi. dadgenilebebs<br />
pirdapiri moqmedebis Zala aqvs, amitom maT „evropul kanonebsac“ uwodeben, xolo<br />
direqtivebi adgens garkveul mizans, romlis misaRwevadac TiToeulma saxelmwifom<br />
SidasamarTlebrivi aqtebi unda gamosces. saxelmwifoebi valdebulia efeqturad<br />
imoqmedos dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad. 11 miuxedavad imisa, rom direqtivas zogadad<br />
pirdapiri moqmedebis Zala ar gaaCnia, garkveuli winapirobebis arsebobisas es mainc<br />
dasaSvebia. pirdapiri moqmedebisaTvis aucilebeli kriteriumebi evrokavSiris sasa-<br />
7<br />
ix. Satzger H., Welche Veränderungen brächte ein Beitritt der Schweiz zur Europäischen Union für die Anwendung<br />
des schweizerischen Strafrechts? ZStR, 119/2001, 96.<br />
8<br />
ix. evrogaerTianebis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa krebuli, EuGHE C-26/62, “Van<br />
Gend&Loos“, 1961, 1.<br />
9<br />
ix. evrokavSiris saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 288-e muxli; aseve dawvr. Streinz<br />
R., Ohler C., Herrmann C., Der Vertrag von Lissabon zur Reform der EU, 2. Aufl., München, 2008, 76-81.<br />
10<br />
ix. Satzger H., Internationales und Europäisches Strafrecht, 4. Aufl., Baden-Baden, 2010, 98.<br />
11<br />
ix. Hecker B., Europäisches Strafrecht, 2. Aufl., Berlin, 2007, 144-145.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
marTlom Tavis praqtikaSi Semdegi saxiT Camoayaliba: 1. direqtivis gadatana srulyofilad<br />
ar momxdara Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobaSi da amisaTvis dadgenili<br />
vada gasulia da 2. TviTon direqtivis Sinaarsi unda iyos zusti da garkveuli, raTa<br />
misi pirdapiri gamoyeneba gaxdes SesaZlebeli. 12<br />
rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli, evrokavSiris samarTali damoukidebeli samar-<br />
Tlebrivi institutia, romelic calkeuli saxelmwifoebis samarTlebrivi sistemebis<br />
gverdiT dgas; gamomdinare aqedan, Cndeba kiTxva, Tu rogor wydeba samarTlebrivi koliziis<br />
sakiTxi, rodesac erTsa da imave sakiTxs evropuli da nacionaluri normebi<br />
gansxvavebulad aregulirebs? aseT SemTxvevaSi evropuli norma iZens „gamoyenebis<br />
upiratesobis“ uflebas (germ. Anwendungsvorrang), anu nacionaluri samarTali ki ar<br />
kargavs zogadad moqmedebis Zalas, aramed mocemul viTarebaSi is ubralod ar gamoiyeneba<br />
da mas enacvleba evropuli norma. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gamovidoda, rom evrokavSiris<br />
samarTals ufro maRali rangi aqvs, vidre nacionalurs, rac arasworia,<br />
radgan ierarqiuli upiratesoba arc erTs ar gaaCnia. 13<br />
3. nacionaluri sisxlissamarTlebrivi Semadgenlobebis<br />
ganeitraleba (Canacvleba)<br />
evrokavSiris nebismieri wevri saxelmwifos kanonmdebeli, sasamarTloebi Tu<br />
sxva organoebi valdebulia, gaiTvaliswinos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> sferoSi gamoyenebis<br />
upiratesobis instituti. Tu Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi norma ewinaaRmdegeba uSualod<br />
moqmed evropul normas, maSin is ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes. aseTi SemTxveva dgeba,<br />
magaliTad, maSin, rodesac romelime qmedeba evropuli dadgenilebiT an direqtiviT<br />
nebadarTulia, magram adgilobrivi norma krZalavs mas. am dros xdeba adgilobrivi<br />
sissxlissamarTlebrivi Semadgenlobis ganeitraleba. 14<br />
samarTlebrivi kolizia sxvadasxva formebSi SeiZleba iqnes gamoxatuli. erTmaneTisgan<br />
unda gansxvavdes e.w. namdvili da moCvenebiTi koliziebi. namdvil kolizias<br />
maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac evropuli da nacionaluri norma erTsa da imave sakiTxs<br />
sxvadasxvanairad awesrigebs namdvili koliziis dros evrokavSiris samarTlebrivi<br />
aqti unda iyos amomwuravi da aregulirebdes sakiTxs naTlad da yovelgvari alternatiuli<br />
gzebis Riad datovebis gareSe, anu, normidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifos ar<br />
unda rCebodes Tavisufali moqmedebis saSualeba. Tu calkeuli saxelmwifos romelime<br />
samarTlebrivi aqti winaaRmdegobaSi mova ara uSualod moqmed direqtivasTan,<br />
romelic ar Seicavs konkretul miTiTebebs da saxelmwifos rCeba misaRwevi miznis<br />
farglebSi Tavisuflad moqmedebis saSualeba, maSin adgili aqvs ukve moCvenebiT ko-<br />
12 ix. Walzel D., Becker T., Grundzüge der Richtlinienrechtsprechung des EuGH, JURA, 2007, 657.<br />
13 ix. Dannecker G., Das materielle Strafrecht im Spannungsfeld des Rechts der Europäischen Union (Teil II),<br />
JURA, 2006, 173; aseve Schröder C., Europäische Richtlinien und deutsches Strafrecht, Berlin, 2002, 89-91.<br />
14 ix. Hecker B., Europäisches Strafrecht, 2. Aufl., Berlin, 2007, 321-322.<br />
243
244<br />
b. jiSkariani, evropuli samarTali da misi gavlena nacionalur sisxlis samarTalze<br />
lizias da adgilobrivi Semadgenlobis ganeitralebac ar moxdeba. 15 ganeitralebis<br />
instituts Caenacvleba Sida <strong>samarTlis</strong> evrokavSiris <strong>samarTlis</strong> Sesabamisad ganmartebis<br />
instituti, rac statiaSi mogvianebiT iqneba ganxiluli.<br />
Tavis mxriv, namdvili koliziac praqtikaSi sxvadasxva formiT SeiZleba iqnes gamoxatuli,<br />
kerZod, pirdapiri Tu iribi koliziis saxiT. pirdapiria kolizia, rodesac<br />
erTi da igive sakiTxi sxvadasxvanairad regulirdeba. <strong>samarTlis</strong> subieqti am dros<br />
ori sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi realobis winaSe dgas — evropuli da nacionaluri. amis<br />
naTeli magaliTia evrokavSiris sasamarTlos 1977 wlis gadawyvetileba, 16 sadac erTerTi<br />
sadavo sakiTxi Seexeboda imas, Tu ramdenad gamarTlebuli iyo evrogaerTianebis<br />
wevri sxva saxelmwifos moqalaqis sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> pasuxisgebaSi micema germaniaSi<br />
cxovrebis uflebis damadasturebeli sabuTis arqonis gamo, romlis qonis valdebulebas<br />
erT-erTi direqtivac ki iTvaliswinebda. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom direqtivaSi<br />
arsebuli es moTxovna mxolod da mxolod formalobaa da germanuli norma<br />
winaaRmdegobaSi modis evrogaerTianebis farglebSi Tavisufali gadaadgilebis uflebasTan.<br />
Sesabamisad, germanuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi norma am SemTxvevaSi ar unda<br />
yofiliyo gamoyenebuli. 17<br />
rac Seexeba arapirdapir kolizias, igi saxezea maSin, rodesac, marTalia, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
da evropuli samarTlebrivi aqtebi sxvadasxva mizans isaxavs, magram<br />
Sidaerovnuli normis gamoyeneba, saerTo jamSi, uSualod xels uSlis evropuli normis<br />
praqtikul da realur ganxorcielebas. magaliTad, rodesac evropuli miTiTebebis<br />
Sesabamisad gamocemuli nacionaluri sisxlissamarTlebrivi aqti sabolood ver<br />
asrulebs Tavis funqcias. kerZod, romelime Sidaerovnuli kanonmdeblobis sxva<br />
normiT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxavi garemoeba mis moqmedebas<br />
azrs ukargavs. msgavsi koliziis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxis gadawyveta ufro rTulia, vidre<br />
pirdapiri koliziis arsebobisas, amitomac unda moxdes TiToeuli SemTxvevis<br />
cal-calke ganxilva da Sesabamisad gadawyveta. 18<br />
koliziis SemTxvevebi dgeba ara mxolod danaSaulis Semadgenlobebis gansxvavebulad<br />
ganxilvis dros — erTi krZalavs, meore saerTod ar Tvlis darRvevad — aramed<br />
maSinac, rodesac Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi gaTvaliswinebuli sasjeli scdeba<br />
evropuli samarTliT dadgenil farglebs. sasjelis zomis dadgenisas an misi Sefardebisas<br />
dauSvebelia diskriminacia da zomierebis principis darRveva. rodesac<br />
erTi da imave darRvevisaTvis wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe nacionaluri samarTliT<br />
ufro msubuqad isjeba, vidre evrokavSiris sxva wevri qveynis warmomadgeneli, es dauSvebelia,<br />
radgan adgili aqvs evrokavSiris samarTalTan Seusabamo diskriminacias. 19<br />
15<br />
ix. Hecker B., Europäisches Strafrecht, 2. Aufl., Berlin, 2007, 325; aseve Satzger H., Die Europäisierung<br />
des Strafrechts, Köln, 2001, 479-481.<br />
16<br />
ix. evrogaerTianebis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa krebuli, EuGHE C-8/77, “Sagulo“ ,<br />
1977, 1495.<br />
17<br />
dawvr. ix. Satzger H., Die Europäisierung des Strafrechts, Köln, 2001, 492-493.<br />
18<br />
ix. Hecker B., Europäisches Strafrecht, 2. Aufl., Berlin, 2007, 328-329; damatebiT ix. Schröder C.,<br />
Europäische Richtlinien und deutsches Strafrecht, Berlin, 2002, 96-98.<br />
19<br />
ix. Satzger H., Internationales und Europäisches Strafrecht, 4. Aufl., Baden-Baden, 2010, 139.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
marTalia, zogadad sanqciis dadgenis prerogativa calkeuli saxelmwifos uflebaa,<br />
magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom am dros dasaSvebia saerToevropuli principebis daviwyeba.<br />
20 nacionaluri kanonmdeblis mier dadgenili an sasamarTlos mier Sefardebuli<br />
sasjeli ar unda uSlides xels evrokavSiris farglebSi moqmedi ZiriTadi uflebebis<br />
ganxorcielebas. 21 saxelmwifos SeuZlia daadginos sanqcia, magram aucileblad unda<br />
daicvas zomierebis principi. Tu is iseT mkacr sanqcias adgens, rom romelime Ziri-<br />
Tad uflebas, magaliTad, evrokavSirSi Tavisufali gadaadgilebis princips, faqtobrivad,<br />
azri ekargeba, maSin es dauSvebelia. SesaZleblobis farglebSi unda moxdes<br />
sanqciis daweva sasamarTlos mier misaReb donemde, Tu amas uSvebs Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
samarTali, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi aseTi maRali sasjelis Semcveli normis gamoyeneba<br />
saerTod ar SeiZleba. 22<br />
4. nacionaluri normebis evrokavSiris <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
Sesabamisad ganmarteba<br />
evrokavSiris <strong>samarTlis</strong> upiratesoba konkretul SemTxvevebSi niSnavs ara mxolod<br />
imas, rom Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi aqti mocemul SemTxvevaSi ar gamoiyeneba,<br />
aramed imasac, rom nacionaluri samarTali mTlianad evrokavSiris samar-<br />
Tlis Sesabamisad da misi konteqstidan gamomdinare unda iqnes ganmartebuli. 23 ganmartebis<br />
es valdebuleba evrokavSiris sasamarTlom daasabuTa e.w. loalurobis<br />
principiT (germ. LoyalitÄtspflicht), romelic amJamad Cadebulia evrokavSiris Sesaxeb<br />
xelSekrulebis me-4 III muxlSi, sadac xazgasmulia wevri saxelmwifoebis valdebuleba,<br />
xelSekrulebebis miznebidan gamomdinare, iTanamSromlon evrokavSirTan da erTmaneTTan.<br />
maT, erTi mxriv, unda gaataron yvela saWiro RonisZieba da, garda amisa, Tavidan<br />
aicilon yvela iseTi qmedeba, romelmac SesaZloa, ziani miayenos kavSiris miznebis<br />
ganxorcielebas. 24<br />
nacionaluri normebis evropul konteqstSi ganmartebis gziT Semdegi miznebi SeiZleba<br />
iqnes miRweuli:<br />
— konfliqtebis Tavidan acileba nacionalur da evrokavSiris samarTlebriv aqtebs<br />
Soris. rodesac sasamarTlo iyenebs Sidasaxelmwifoebriv aqts, maSin is axdens<br />
20<br />
ix. evrogaerTianebis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa krebuli, EuGHE C-260/80, “Casati“,<br />
1981, 2618.<br />
21<br />
ix. Jens A., Der nationale Strafrechtsanwender unter dem Einfluss des Europäischen Gemeisnchaftsrechts,<br />
Berlin, 2006, 101.<br />
22<br />
ix. Jens A., Der nationale Strafrechtsanwender unter dem Einfluss des Europäischen Gemeisnchaftsrechts,<br />
Berlin, 2006, 133-135; aseve Satzger H., Welche Veränderungen brächte ein Beitritt der Schweiz zur<br />
Europäischen Union für die Anwendung des schweizerischen Strafrechts? ZStR, 119/2001, 95-102.<br />
23<br />
ix. evrogaerTianebis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa krebuli, EuGHE C-14/83, “Colson und<br />
Kamann“, 1984, 1909; aseve Eisele J., Europäisches Strafrecht-Systematik des Rechtsgüterschützes durch die<br />
Mitgliedstaaten, JA, 2000, 998.<br />
24<br />
Seadr. Dannecker G., Das materielle Strafrecht im Spannungsfeld des Rechts der EU (Teil II), JURA, 2006,<br />
175; aseve Ambos K., Internationales Strafrecht, 2. Aufl., München, 2008, 42.<br />
245
246<br />
b. jiSkariani, evropuli samarTali da misi gavlena nacionalur sisxlis samarTalze<br />
mis interpretacias maqsimalurad ise, rom konfliqti evropul daTqmebTan Tavidan<br />
iqnes acilebuli.<br />
— meore mxriv, ganmartebis es gza uzrunvelyofs evrokavSiris miznebis yvela wevr<br />
saxelmwifoSi Tanabrad ganxorcielebas25 da saerTo Rirebulebebis gatarebas. garda<br />
amisa, is mniSvnelovani meqanizmia iseTi arapirdapiri moqmedebis aqtis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv<br />
praqtikaSi dasanergad, rogoricaa direqtiva. amitom, rodesac saubaria evrokavSiris<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> Sesabamisad ganmartebaze, umetesad iyeneben termins `direqtivis<br />
Sesabamisad ganmarteba“, rac, saerTo jamSi, saqmis arss mniSvnelovnad ar cvlis, rac<br />
ganpirobebuli imiT, rom swored umetesad direqtivebis meSveobiT xdeba evrokavSiris<br />
farglebSi <strong>samarTlis</strong> sxvadasxva dargebis harmonizacia da daaxloeba. 26<br />
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ganmartebisas xdeba ara mxolod <strong>samarTlis</strong> romelime konkretuli<br />
nawilebis morgeba evrokavSiris moTxovnebTan, aramed es exeba mTlian sistemas.<br />
es daadastura evrokavSiris sasamarTlomac cnobil saqmeze “Marleasing“,<br />
romelSic xazgasmiT miuTiTa, rom direqtivis Sesabamisi ganmartebis valdebuleba<br />
gulisxmobs ara marto im normebis aseT ganmartebas, romlebic direqtivis erovnul<br />
samarTalSi gadasatanad iqna gamocemuli, aramed yvela sxva danarCen normebsac. 27<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong>aTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania gadawyvetileba saqmeze<br />
“Kolpinghuis Nijmegen“ 28 , romelSic pasuxi gaeca iseT kiTxvebs, rogoricaa: SesaZlebelia<br />
Tu ara direqtivis meSveobiT sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dasabuTeba?<br />
aqvs Tu ara direqtivis nacionalur kanonmdeblobaSi gadatanisaTvis dadgenili<br />
vadis gasvlas mniSvneloba? 29<br />
pirveli kiTxvis SemTxvevaSi gasarkvevi iyo, SeuZlia Tu ara romelime wevr saxelmwifos<br />
Tavisi moqalaqis mimarT dasvas sissxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi<br />
im direqtivis safuZvelze, romelic mas Tavis kanonmdeblobaSi jer ar gadautania,<br />
an es arasrulyofilad ganaxorciela. evrokavSiris sasamarTlom es SesaZlebloba<br />
uaryo da pirvel kiTxvasac, Sesabamisad, uariT gasca pasuxi. misi mTavari argumenti<br />
iyo samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebisa da ukuqceviTi Zalis akrZalvis principebi,<br />
romelTa farglebSic, Tundac ganmartebis dros, nebismierma sasamarTlom unda<br />
imoqmedos. 30 dauSvebelia is, rom saxelmwifom mis mierve arasrulyofilad ganxorcielebuli<br />
implementacia an saerTod umoqmedoba Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenos da moqalaqes<br />
pasuxismgebloba daakisros. 31 magram piriqiT, rodesac saxelmwifo implementaciis<br />
ganuxorcieleblobis an arasrulad ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi garkveul<br />
25<br />
ix. Satzger H., Internationales und Europäisches Strafrecht, 4. Aufl., Baden-Baden, 2010, 141.<br />
26<br />
ix. Hecker B., Europäisches Strafrecht, 2. Aufl., Berlin, 2007, 345.<br />
27<br />
ix. evrogaerTianebis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa krebuli, EuGHE C-106/89, “Marleasing“,<br />
1990, 4159; Seadr. Gröblinghoff S., Die Verpflichtung des deutschen Strafgesetzgebers zum Schutz<br />
der Interessen der Europäischen Gemeinschaften, Heidelberg, 1996, 59.<br />
28<br />
ix. evrogaerTianebis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa krebuli, EuGHE C-80/86, “Kolpinghuis<br />
Nijmegen“, 1987, 3969.<br />
29<br />
ix. Gröblinghoff S., Die Verpflichtung des deutschen Strafgesetzgebers zum Schutz der Interessen der Europäischen<br />
Gemeinschaften, Heidelberg, 1996, 60.<br />
30<br />
ix. Schröder C., Europäische Richtlinien und deutsches Strafrecht, Berlin, 2002, 363.<br />
31<br />
ix. Walzel D., Becker T., Grundzüge der Richtlinienrechtsprechung des EuGH, JURA, 2007, 658.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
sargebels iRebs, magaliTad, gadasaxadebis saxiT da moqalaqe amiT zaraldeba, maSin<br />
dazaralebuls SeuZlia saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg Sesabamis direqtivas daeyrdnos da<br />
igi Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenos. amrigad, saerTo jamSi, gamodis, rom rodesac evropuli<br />
aqti ar iqna Sesabamisad gadatanili Sida kanonmdeblobaSi, misi gamoyeneba<br />
pasuxismgeblobis dasabuTebisaTvis dauSvebelia, xolo pasuxismgeblobisagan gasa-<br />
Tavisufleblad — dasaSvebi. 32 marTalia, araimplementirebuli direqtivis SemTxveva-<br />
Si mis sabolood ZalaSi Sesasvlelad saWiro mxolod erTi safexuria ganvlili (jer<br />
gamocema evrokavSiris doneze, Semdgom ki implementacia calkeul qveynebSi), ris gamoc<br />
mas zogadi saerTo-savaldebulo Zala ar gaaCnia, Tumca es ar exeba TviTon saxelmwifoebs.<br />
maTTvis es ukve mainc ZalaSi Sesuli samarTlebrivi aqtia. 33<br />
SidasamarTlebrivi normebis interpretaciisas TavisTavad saWiroa garkveuli<br />
sazRvrebis dacva, romlebic mocemulia rogorc nacionalur, aseve evrokavSiris samarTalSi.<br />
germaniis sakonstitucio sasamarTlo saxelmwifoebriv da saerToveropul Car-<br />
Coebs yovelTvis cal-calke ganixilavs da miiCnevs, rom isini erTmaneTisgan damoukidebel<br />
winapirobebs qmnian. igi miiCnevs, rom, marTalia, germaniis konstitucia avaldebulebs<br />
germaniis saxelmwifos mWidrod iTanamSromlos sxva saxelmwifoebTan da<br />
gaerTianebebTan evropuli integraciis miznebidan gamomdinare, magram es ar niSnavs,<br />
rom man Tavisive konstituciiT garantirebuli principebi unda daTmos. 34<br />
rodesac saubaria ganmartebisaTvis saWiro nacionalur CarCoebze, paralelis<br />
gavleba SeiZleba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normebis konstituciis Sesabamis ganmartebasTan.<br />
dauSvebelia, rom normis interpretaciisas sasamarTlom kanonmdeblis Tavdapirvel<br />
nebas ignorireba gaukeTos, risTvisac saerTod esa Tu is gansamartavi aqti<br />
iqna gamocemuli. garda amisa, yuradReba unda mieqces TviTon sityvier Sinaarssac. 35<br />
garkveul SemTxvevebSi dasaSvebia sityvieri Sinaarsis Sesabamisi ganmartebis meTodis<br />
gzidan gadaxveva, magram es mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aucilebelia kanonmdeblis<br />
mier Riad datovebuli romelime sakiTxis mogvareba da xarvezis amovseba. 36<br />
mniSvnelovani principia aseve analogiis akrZalva. dauSvebelia sisxlissamar-<br />
Tlebrivi normis romelime iseT sxva SemTxvevaze gadatana da gamoyeneba, romlis daregulireba<br />
kanonmdebels saerTod ar hqonda gaTvaliswinebuli, Tundac es saWiro<br />
iyos direqtiviT dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad. analogiis akrZalva mniSvnelovani Sidakonstituciuri<br />
principia, romelic imavdroulad evrokavSiris <strong>samarTlis</strong> Sesabamisad<br />
ganmartebebis zRvars adgens. es principi Cadebulia germaniis konstituciis<br />
32<br />
ix. Walzel D., Becker T., Grundzüge der Richtlinienrechtsprechung des EuGH, JURA , 2007, 658.<br />
33<br />
ix. Götz V., Europäische Gesetzgebung durch Richtlinien-Zusammenwirken von Gemeinschaft und Staat,<br />
NJW, 1992, 1855.<br />
34<br />
ix. Gröblinghoff S., Die Verpflichtung des deutschen Strafgesetzgebers zum Schutz der Interessen der Europäischen<br />
Gemeinschaften, Heidelberg, 1996, 66; Seadr. Ambos K., Internationales Strafrecht, 2. Aufl.,<br />
München, 2008, 445.<br />
35<br />
ix. Satzger H., Internationales und Europäisches Strafrecht, 4. Aufl., Baden-Baden, 2010, 142; Hugger H.,<br />
Zur strafbarkeitserweiternden richtlinienkonformen Auslegung deutscher Strafvorschriften, NStZ, 1993, 423.<br />
36<br />
ix. Satzger H., Welche Veränderungen brächte ein Beitritt der Schweiz zur Europäischen Union für die<br />
Anwendung des schweizerischen Strafrechts? ZStR, 119/2001, 105.<br />
247
248<br />
b. jiSkariani, evropuli samarTali da misi gavlena nacionalur sisxlis samarTalze<br />
103-e II muxlSi — „pasuxismgeblobaSi micema dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es<br />
kanoniT aris gaTvaliwinebuli...“ 37 dasaSvebi interpretaciis zRvari mTavrdeba iq, sadac<br />
ukve amas analogiis gziT sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dafuZnebas-<br />
Tan an mis gamkacrebasTan mivyavarT. 38 sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, imoqmedos mxolod<br />
da mxolod im farglebSi, risi SesaZleblobasac mas gansamarti normis Sinaarsi<br />
aniWebs. Tu ganmarteba sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba, unda SeirCes is, romelic direqtivis<br />
miznebis Sesrulebas Seuwyobs xels. xolo Tu ganmartebis gziT saerTod ver xdeba<br />
am miznis miRweva, Tundac analogiis akrZalvis principidan gamomdinare, maSin kanonmdebeli<br />
valdebulia, mogvianebiT gamosces evrokavSiris direqtivebis implementaciisaTvis<br />
saWiro SidasamarTlebrivi aqtebi. 39 garda nacionaluri samarTlidan<br />
gamomdinare kriteriumebisa, interpretaciisas gasaTvaliswinebelia zogadi evropuli<br />
principebic. am principebze evrokavSiris sasamarTlom gaamaxvila yuradReba da<br />
gansakuTrebiT gamohyo samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba/garantia da ukuqceviTi moqmedebis<br />
akrZalva. 40 samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis principi niSnavs imas, rom normebi<br />
rac SeiZleba naTlad da gasagebad iyos Camoyalibebuli, raTa moqalaqisaTvis SesaZlebeli<br />
iyos dasjadi qmedebis Secnoba. 41 meore principi ki gulisxmobs kanonis moqmedebis<br />
gavrcelebis akrZalvas im qmedebebze, rac mis gamocemamde iqna Cadenili. 42 zogadad,<br />
es principi dakavSirebulia kanonierebis principTan — nullum crimen, nulla poena<br />
sine lege praevia — da moqmedebs ara mxolod sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong>, aramed administraciulsamarTlebrivi<br />
sanqciebis sferoSic. amave dros xazgasasmelia isic, rom Tu axali<br />
norma amsubuqebs mdgomareobas, maSin TavisTavad moxdeba misi gamoyeneba. 43<br />
ganmartebis evropuli da nacionaluri kriteriumebi da farglebi erTmaneTs<br />
mniSvnelovnad uaxlovdeba da, saerTo jamSi, erTian principebs eyrdnoba. Tundac<br />
bolos ganxiluli ukuqceviTi Zalis akrZalva arc wevri saxelmwifoebis samarTlebrivi<br />
sistemebisaTvis aris ucxo movlena, amitom erTmaneTisagan nacionaluri Tu saerToevropuli<br />
moTxovnebis gamoyofa did sxvaobas ar iZleva. 44 saboloo jamSi, evrokavSiris<br />
interesebis dacva mainc aucilebelia da es, rogorc wesi, calkeuli qveynebis<br />
interesebs ar ewinaaRmdegeba, radgan maT xelSekrulebasTan mierTebiT es valdebuleba<br />
sakuTar Tavze ukve aiRes.<br />
rac Seexeba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normebis evrokavSiris <strong>samarTlis</strong> Sesabamisad<br />
interpretaciis amosaval mizans, es evrokavSiris samarTlebrivi sikeTeebis dacvaa.<br />
37<br />
ix. Hecker B., Europäisches Strafrecht als Antwort auf transnationale Kriminalität? JA, 2002, 728; aseve<br />
Böse M., Strafen und Sanktionen im Europäischen Gemeinschaftsrecht, Köln, 1996, 431.<br />
38<br />
ix. Ambos K., Internationales Strafrecht, 2. Aufl., München, 2008, 445.<br />
39<br />
ix. Hecker B., Europäisches Strafrecht als Antwort auf transnationale Kriminalität? JA, 2002, 728.<br />
40<br />
ix. evrogaerTianebis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa krebuli, EuGHE, C-80/86 “Kolpinghuis<br />
Nijmegen“, 3986, 1987; aseve Streinz R., EUV/EGV, München, 2003, 2196.<br />
41<br />
ix. Gröblinghoff S., Die Verpflichtung des deutschen Strafgesetzgebers zum Schutz der Interessen der Europäischen<br />
Gemeinschaften, Heidelberg, 1996, 65.<br />
42<br />
ix. Streinz R., EUV/EGV, München, 2003, 2196.<br />
43<br />
ix. Böse M., Strafen und Sanktionen im Europäischen Gemeinschaftsrecht, Köln, 1996, 396.<br />
44<br />
ix. Gröblinghoff S., Die Verpflichtung des deutschen Strafgesetzgebers zum Schutz der Interessen der Europäischen<br />
Gemeinschaften, Heidelberg, 1996, 68.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
umniSvnelovanes samarTlebriv sikeTeebs ganekuTvneba finansuri interesebi, sakuTreba,<br />
administraciuli organoebis funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa da a. S. maT dasacavad<br />
ganmartebis meTodis gamoyeneba ar aris saWiro, Tu kanonmdebelma esa Tu is sikeTe<br />
da misi dacva pirdapir gaiTvaliswina sakanonmdeblo doneze. magaliTad, germaniis<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis (SemdgomSi — germaniis ssk) 108e (deputatebis moqrTamva)<br />
paragrafi krZalavs evroparlamentis, germaniis parlamentisa da mxareebis<br />
parlamentebis wevrTa mosyidvas, anu faqtobrivad kanonmdebelma amiT sakuTari da<br />
evropuli interesebi erTmaneTs gauTanabra, amitom am SemTxvevaSi ganmartebis meTodis<br />
gamoyeneba zedmeti xdeba, radgan sakiTxi TavisTavad calsaxadaa mowesrigebuli.<br />
dauSvebelia ganmartebis gamoyeneba iseTi muxlebis mimarT, romlebic kanonmdebelma<br />
pirdapir da araorazrovnad mxolod sakuTari, erovnuli interesebis dasacavad<br />
SemoiRo. rodesac saubaria Tundac teritoriuli xelSeuxeblobis sisxlissamar-<br />
Tlebriv dacvaze — germaniis ssk-is §81 abz. I — ver moxdeba am muxlis ganmartebis<br />
gziT ganvrcoba da gamoyeneba evrokavSiris teritoriebis dasacavad, radgan kanonmdebelma<br />
aq dacvaSi mxolod sakuTari qveynis farglebi igulisxma („vinc ZaladobiT<br />
an muqaris gziT daarRvevs germaniis federaciuli respublikis wyobilebas...“). 45<br />
sxva viTarebaa im deliqtebTan mimarTebiT, romlebic mxolod erovnul interesebze<br />
ar arian orientirebulni da iZlevian moqmedebis saSualebas, iqneba es cru Cvenebis<br />
micemis Semadgenloba, oficialuri dokumetaciis gayalbeba Tu sxva danaSaulebrivi<br />
qmedeba. Tanabrad isjeba rogorc nacionaluri, aseve evrokavSiris sasamar-<br />
Tlos an sxva organos winaSe cru Cvenebis micema, radgan germaniis ssk-is 153-e paragrafi<br />
(yalbi Cvenebis micema) amis saSualebas iZleva. danaSaulis Semadgenlobis gansaxorcieleblad<br />
ar aris aucilebeli winapiroba nacionaluri organos mimarT am qmedebis<br />
Cadena. kanonmdebeli amaze SezRudvas ar awesebs, Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos Tavisuflad<br />
SeuZlia normis evropuli konteqstidan gamomdinare interpretaciis gake-<br />
Teba. es exeba 267-e paragrafis (mowmobis gayalbeba) Semadgenlobasac, radgan mowmobebis<br />
gayalbebisagan dacva emsaxureba saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi urTierToebebis<br />
dacvasac. maSasadame, vinc yalb cnobas waradgens romelime evropuli organos winaSe,<br />
pasuxs agebs germaniis ssk-iT. 46<br />
evrokavSiris mier gamocemuli samarTlebrivi aqtebi mniSvnelobas iZens gaufrTxileblobiT<br />
Cadenili danaSaulebis Semadgenlobis mimarTac. gaufrTxilebloba<br />
sisxlis samarTalSi, rogorc cnobilia, dakavSirebuli aris windaxedulobis normis<br />
darRvevasTan, rodesac is pirma ar gaiTvaliswina. amasTanave, ar aris aucilebeli,<br />
rom pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis safuZvlebi, anu windaxedulebis wesebi, pirdapir<br />
sisxlis samarTalSi iyos gaTvaliswinebuli, an misgan gamomdinareobdes. es wesebi mocemulia<br />
cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebSi, iqneba es, magaliTad, satransporto Tu<br />
mSeneblobis dargebi. aseve, igi SeiZleba momdinareobdes socialuri Tanacxovrebis<br />
wesebisa da Cveulebebisagan, anu im normebidan, romlebic moqmedeben ama Tu im piris<br />
socialuri wris warmomadgenlebisaTvis, an igi am saqmianobis nawilia (sportis, mkurnalobis<br />
da ase Semdeg wesebi). 47<br />
45 ix. Satzger H., Internationales und Europäisches Strafrecht, 4. Auf., Baden-Baden, 2010, 144.<br />
46 dawvr. es da sxva magaliTebi ix. Hecker B., Europäisches Strafrecht, 2. Aufl., Berlin, 2007, 373-379.<br />
47 ix. gamyreliZe o., saqarTvelos sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> kodeqsis ganmarteba, me-2 gamocema,<br />
Tb., 2008, 117; aseve turava m., sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamocema,<br />
Tb., 2010, 157-162.<br />
249
250<br />
b. jiSkariani, evropuli samarTali da misi gavlena nacionalur sisxlis samarTalze<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dadgenisaTvis aucilebelia swored im<br />
wesebis codna, romlebic ama Tu im sferos aregulireben da pirdapir sisxlis samar-<br />
TalSi ar arian gansazRvrulni. amis gareSe xSirad SeuZlebelia imis dasabuTeba, moqmedebda<br />
Tu ara esa Tu is piri gaufrTxileblad. mxolod garegnulad, Cadenili qmedebis<br />
gaanalizebiT SeuZlebelia am sakiTxis garkveva. magaliTad, rodesac ori manqana<br />
gzajvaredins uaxlovdeba, sadac raime sagzao niSani ar dgas, orive mZRolis qmedeba<br />
msgavsia da arafriT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. magram Tu gzajvaredinze moxda<br />
Sejaxeba da sasikvdilo Sedegi dadga, maSin ukve aucilebeli xdeba imis garkveva, Tu<br />
vin imoqmeda gaufrTxileblad. amisaTvis mxolod sisxlis samarTali ar aris sakmarisi.<br />
is sjis zogadad gaufrTxileblobiT damdgar Sedegs, magram swored gaufrTxileblobis<br />
dasadgenad unda moviSvelioT sagzao moZraobis wesebi: vis unda daeTmo<br />
mocemul SemTxvevaSi gza? 48<br />
evrokavSiris mier gamocemuli pirdapiri (dadgenileba) Tu arapirdapiri (direqtiva)<br />
moqmedebis Zalis mqone aqtebi garkveul rols asrulebs zemoT aRweril msgavs<br />
situaciebSi, rodesac aucilebeli xdeba arasisxlissamarTlebrivi, sxva normebis<br />
moSvelieba.<br />
evrogaerTianebis dadgenileba Nr. 561/2006 detalurad adgens avtomanqanebis, iqneba<br />
es satvirTo Tu samgzavro, mZRolebis mier dRis ganmavlobaSi daSvebul marTvis<br />
maqsimalur drosa da Sesvenebebs. es emsaxureba sagzao usafrTxoebis gaumjobesebas,<br />
rac imavdroulad sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizanicaa. Tu romelime<br />
mZRoli daSvebuli 9 saaTis nacvlad dReSi 11 saaTis ganmavlobaSi marTavs manqanas<br />
da ar daicavs dasvenebis dros, Semdgom gzaSi moulodnelad CaeZineba da vinmes Seejaxeba,<br />
dadgeba misi gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili danaSaulis gamo sisxlissamar-<br />
Tlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi. am dros araviTari mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom<br />
mZRoli mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi Tavs kargad grZnobda da daRlili ar iyo, aramed<br />
gadamwyvetia is faqti, rom man dadgenilebaSi mkafiod dadgenili wesebi daarRvia. 49<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisis damadasturebeli magaliTia aseve evrogaerTianebis<br />
1988 wels gamocemuli direqtiva (88/378 EWG) saTamaSoebis usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb.<br />
mocemuli direqtivis danarTSi gansazRvruli aris zogierTi toqsikuri nivTierebis<br />
dasaSvebi done, rac Seesabameba usafrTxoebis moTxovnebs. Tu romelime mwarmoebelma<br />
saTamaSoebi nivTierebebis im SemadgenlobiT gamouSva, romlebic direqtivis<br />
moTxovnebs Seesabamebian, maSin is moqmedebs dasaSvebi riskis farglebSi da ar<br />
agebs pasuxs sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normebidan gamomdinare,<br />
Tundac rom dadges vinmes janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi Sedegi. 50<br />
48<br />
dawvr. ix. Schröder C., Zur Europäisierung der Fahrlässigkeits- und Unterlassungsdelikte, NStZ, 2006,<br />
669.<br />
49<br />
ix. Schröder C., Zur Europäisierung der Fahrlässigkeits- und Unterlassungsdelikte, NStZ, 2006, 671.<br />
50<br />
ix. Satzger H., Welche Veränderungen brächte ein Beitritt der Schweiz zur Europäischen Union für die<br />
Anwendung des schweizerischen Strafrechts? ZStR, 119/2001, 111; aseve Hecker B., Europäisches Strafrecht,<br />
2. Aufl., Berlin, 2007, 379.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
5. „saavario muxruWi“ — evrokavSiris saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb<br />
xelSekrulebis 83-e muxli<br />
evropuli kanonmdeblobis mxridan didi gavlenis moxdena sxvadasxva wevri saxelmwifoebis<br />
samarTlebriv sistemebze, sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> CaTvliT, ar niSnavs imas,<br />
rom am sferoSi garkveuli sazRvrebi ar aris dadgenili. evrokavSirisadmi calkeuli<br />
uflebamosilebebis gadacema ar gulisxmobs misTvis kompetenciebis srulad daTmobasa<br />
da saxelmwifoebis suverenitetis, maTi interesebis uaryofas. amis kargi magali-<br />
Tia evrokavSiris saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 83-e muxli, sadac aRniSnulia<br />
Semdegi: evrokavSiris parlamenti da sabWo uflebamosilia sakanonmdeblo gziT<br />
direqtivebis saxiT gamosces minimaluri standartebi danaSaulebis Semadgenlobebisa<br />
da sasjelebis dadgenis mizniT, gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulebis sferoSi, romlebTan<br />
sabrZolveladac erTiani qmedebebia saWiro da maTi farglebi erTi saxelmwifos<br />
sazRvrebs scdeba. xsenebuli muxli am danaSaulebis CamonaTvalsac Seicavs: terorizmi,<br />
adamianebiT vaWroba, qalebisa da bavSvebis seqsualuri eqsploatacia, narkotikebiT<br />
aralegaluri vaWroba, iaraRiT ukanono vaWroba, korufcia, gadaxdis sa-<br />
Sualebebis gayalbeba, kompiuteruli danaSaulebi da organizebuli danaSauloba. 51<br />
sainteresoa isic, rom lisabonis xelSekruleba imave muxlSi am CamonaTvalis ganvrcobis<br />
saSualebasac iZleva. danaSaulobis ganviTarebis tendenciidan gamomdinare,<br />
sabWos SeuZlia, evroparlamentis TanxmobiT, katalogSi danaSaulis sxva sferoebic<br />
Seitanos. 52<br />
aseT Ria formulirebaSi zogierTi avtori garkveul safrTxes xedavs. kerZod,<br />
danaSaulebis is CamonaTvali, romelic aq aris mocemuli, iZleva imis saSualebas, rom<br />
evrokavSiris kompetencia gavrceldes im sxva qmedebebzec, romlebsac garkveuli<br />
kavSiri aqvT katalogSi arsebul deliqtebTan. Tundac korufciis SemTxvevaSi, es iqneboda,<br />
magaliTad, Tanamdebobis borotad gamoyeneba. avtorTa kritika exeba aseve im<br />
varauds, rom SesaZlebelia, am normaSi arsebuli danaSaulTa CamonaTvali gafarToebul<br />
iqnes, rac kidev ufro met saSualebas miscemda evrokavSirs calkeul saxelmwifoTa<br />
kompetenciaSi SeWrisaTvis. 53 Tumca, aRniSnuli mosazreba ar SeiZleba srulad<br />
gaziarebul iqnes, pirvel rigSi, imitom, rom CamoTvlili danaSaulebi SeuZlebelia,<br />
maTi masStabidan da simZimidan gamomdinare, calkeuli saxelmwifoebis doneze iqnes<br />
Tavidan acilebuli. maT winaaRmdeg efeqturi brZolisaTvis saWiroa zomebis miReba<br />
ara marto TiToeuli saxelmwifos, aramed mTlianad evrokavSiris doneze, ris gamoc<br />
aucilebelia kavSiris farglebSi, erTian evropul safuZvlebze, moxdes amis ganxorcieleba.<br />
aseve gamoTqmuli kritika katalogis gafarToebis SesaZleblobaze ar SeiZleba<br />
iqnes gaziarebuli. vinaidan dReisaTvis danaSaulobis ganviTarebis tempebi Ta-<br />
51<br />
dawvr. am danaSaulobebze ix. Tiedemann K., krebulSi Festschrift für Heike Jung, Müller-<br />
Dietz/Radtke/ Britz/Momsen/Koriath(Hrsg.), Baden-Baden, 2007, 989-1001.<br />
52<br />
Seadr. Zimmermann F., Die Auslegung künftiger EU-Strafrechtskompetenzen, JURA, 2009, 846.<br />
53<br />
ix. mag. Kubiciel M., Das “Lissabon“-Urteil und seine Folgen für das Europäische Strafrecht, GA, 2010,<br />
101-102.<br />
251
252<br />
b. jiSkariani, evropuli samarTali da misi gavlena nacionalur sisxlis samarTalze<br />
visTavad Zalian swrafia da xSirad win uswrebs kanonmdebelis saqmianobas, amitom evrokavSiris<br />
doneze am meqanizmis arseboba aucilebelia, raTa droulad moxdes reagireba<br />
da ar gaxdes damatebiTi biurokratiuli barierebis gadalaxva saWiro, rac procesebis<br />
gaWianurebis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes.<br />
evrokavSiris saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 83-e muxlis me-2 abzaciT,<br />
saxelSekrulebo doneze gaTvaliswinebul iqna aseve e.w. damatebiTi kompetenciis instituti,<br />
rac niSnavs Semdegs: Tu romelime sferoSi harmonizaciis RonisZiebebma Sedegi<br />
ver gamoiRo da evrokavSiris politikis gasatareblad es aucilebelia, dasaSvebia,<br />
mocemul sferoSi minimaluri standartebis dasadgenad gamocemul iqnes direqtivebi<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi Semadgenlobebisa da sasjelebis gansazRvris mizniT.<br />
es sakiTxi lisabonis xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlamde davis sagani iyo, radgan evrokavSiris<br />
sasamarTlo damatebiT kompetencias aRiarebda, kritikosebi ki lisabonamde<br />
arsebuli xelSekrulebebis teqstSi am uflebamosilebis ararsebobaze miuTiTebdnen.<br />
Tumca, dReisaTvis es samarTlebrivi safuZveli ukve arsebobs. 54<br />
83-e muxlis me-3 abzaci exeba wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis mniSvnelovan meqanizms.<br />
mas samecniero literaturaSi „saavario muxruWs“ uwodeben Semdegi mizezidan gamomdinare:<br />
rodesac sabWos wevri romelime saxelmwifo miiCnevs, rom zemoaRwerili gziT<br />
romelime direqtivis gamocema misi Sida sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesrigis ZiriTad aspeqts<br />
daarRvevs, mas SeuZlia direqtivis gamocema dablokos da amiT mis moqmedebas<br />
Tavi aaridos, xolo danarCeni saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac surT misi miReba, mimarTaven<br />
gaZlierebuli urTierTTanamSromlobis gzas, romelic aseve gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
lisabonis xelSekrulebaSi da direqtivac, Sesabamisad, mxolod maT mimarT SeiZens<br />
savaldebulo Zalas. 55<br />
imis garkveva, Tu vis mier unda ganisazRvros, irRveva Tu ara saxelmwifos sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
wyobilebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi, SeiZleba rogorc nacionaluri,<br />
aseve evropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> principebidan gamomdinare moxdes. radgan saqme exeba evropuli<br />
samarTliT SemoRebul saavario muxruWs, misi ganmartebac Sesabamisad evrokavSiris<br />
sasamarTlos mier unda ganxorcieldes, magram, imavdroulad mniSvnelovania<br />
Tavad calkeuli saxelmwifos poziciac. mas Sefasebis gakeTebis arcTu viwro<br />
farglebi unda mieces. Tu am uflebis realizacia evropul sakanonmdeblo process<br />
Zalian Seaferxebs, an kidev saerTod sxva miznebis gamo moxdeba, maSin am procesSi Caereva<br />
evrokavSiris sasamarTlo, raTa Seafasos, moxda Tu ara saxelmwifos mxridan `saavario<br />
muxruWis~ borotad gamoyeneba. 56<br />
rac Seexeba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> ZiriTad aspeqtebs, maTSi<br />
SesaZlebelia moazrebul iqnes sxvadasxva principebi: bralis, kanonierebis, gansazR-<br />
54 ix. Zimmermann F., Die Auslegung künftiger EU-Strafrechtskompetenzen, JURA, 2009, 847.<br />
55 ix. Walter T., Inwieweit erlaubt die Europäische Verfassung ein europäisches Strafgesetz? ZStW, 117/2005,<br />
924; aseve Zimmermann F., Die Auslegung künftiger EU-Strafrechtskompetenzen, JURA, 2009, 848.<br />
56 ix. Satzger H., Internationales und Europäisches Strafrecht, 4. Aufl., Baden-Baden, 2010, 124.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
vrulobis, subsidiurobis da a.S. saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT, am da sxva msgavs principebze<br />
gaakeTon apelireba TavianTi poziciebis dasacavad. 57<br />
sabolood, `saavario muxruWze~ SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is garkveulwilad gamawonasworebeli<br />
meqanizmia evrokavSirisa da wevri saxelmwifoebis kompetenciebs Soris,<br />
romelic xelSekrulebebis Sinaarsze molaparakebebis dros politikuri kompromisis<br />
Sedegad iqna SemoRebuli. Tu ra sixSiriT iqneba is gamoyenebuli evrokavSiris<br />
praqtikaSi da gamoiwvevs Tu ara mniSvnelovan Seferxebebs, amas momavali aCvenebs.<br />
6. evrokavSiri da sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> procesi<br />
6.1 ormxrivi aRiarebis principi<br />
Tavisuflebis, usafrTxoebisa da <strong>samarTlis</strong> erTiani sivrcis Seqmna evrokavSiris<br />
umTavresi amocanaa, romlis ganxorcielebis mniSvnelovan nawils iusticiis sferoSi<br />
TanamSromloba warmoadgens. pirvel rigSi, es gulisxmobs arsebuli samarTlebrivi<br />
dabrkolebebis aRmofxvrasa da koordinaciis gaumjobesebas. swored amis erTerTi<br />
gamovlinebaa urTierTaRiarebis principi, ramac erT saxelmwifoSi miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebis mTeli evrokavSiris teritoriaze aRsrulebis SesaZleblobas unda<br />
Seuwyos xeli. 58<br />
CarCogadawyvetileba evropuli dapatimrebis brZanebis Sesaxeb, romelic safuZvlad<br />
udevs ormxrivi aRiarebis princips, sabWos mier miRebul iqna 2002 wels da ganixileboda<br />
rogorc reaqcia danaSaulobis winaaRmdeg, gansakuTrebiT im pirobebSi,<br />
roca evrokavSiris farglebSi Sengenis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze sazRvrebi gaixsna.<br />
59<br />
evropuli dapatimrebis brZanebis institutis arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: erT<br />
saxelmwifoSi miRebuli gadawyvetileba piris dapatimrebis Sesaxeb aRsrulebul unda<br />
iqnes sxva nebismier evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoSi, sadac aRniSnuli piri imyofeba.<br />
60 aseTi midgomis erT-erTi dasabuTeba is iyo, rom erT saxelmwifoSi miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetileba SesaZleblia Tavisuflad aRsruldes danarCen qveynebSic, radgan evrogaerTianeba<br />
erTiani samarTlebrivi sivrcea. Sesabamisad, ar unda iyos saWiro yo-<br />
57 es principebi CamoTvlili da detalurad ganmartebulia dokumentSi — Manifest zur Europäischen<br />
Kriminalpolitik (manifesti evropuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi politikis Sesaxeb),<br />
romelic SemuSavebul iqna evrokavSiris 10 wevri saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli sisxlis<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> specialistis mier. germanuli versia ix. , [12/2009], 697;<br />
xolo qarTul enaze krebulSi: evropuli sisxlis samarTali, red. m. turava, Tb., 2010, 523-<br />
539.<br />
58 ix. Meyer F., Die Aussagefreiheit und das Prinzip der gegenseitigen Anerkennung, GA, 2007, 15.<br />
59 ix. Rohlff D., Der Europäische Haftbefehl, Frankfurt am Mein, 2003, 1-2.<br />
60 ix. CarCogadawyvetilebis pirveli muxli. teqstis qarTuli versia krebulSi: evropuli<br />
sisxlis samarTali, red. m. turava, Tb., 2010, 346-363.<br />
253
254<br />
b. jiSkariani, evropuli samarTali da misi gavlena nacionalur sisxlis samarTalze<br />
vel calkeul SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetilebebis aRsrulebis saxelmwifoebSi brZanebis<br />
kanonierebis Tavidan gadamowmeba. 61<br />
amasTanave, axali institutis SemoRebiT xdeba im mTeli biurokratiuli procedurebis<br />
Tavidan acileba, rac damaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifoTaSoris eqstradicias-<br />
Tan, dawyebuli adgilobrivi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT da damTavrebuli politikuri<br />
nebiT, rac, Tavis mxriv, mibmulia eqstradiciis mizanSewonilobasTan. dReis<br />
mdgomareobiT evrokavSiris farglebSi es bolo, politikuri komponenti saerTod<br />
amovarda, Tumca erTi moTxovna mainc darCa: piris gadamcem saxelmwifos SeuZlia, gadacemaze<br />
uari ganacxados, Tu misi kanonmdeblobiT is qmedeba ar aris dasjadi, ris<br />
safuZvelzec dapatimrebis brZanebis avtorma saxelmwifom is gamosca. am moTxovnas<br />
ormxrivi aRiarebis principis efeqturi ganxorcielebisaTvis xeli rom ar SeeSala,<br />
CarCogadawyvetilebaSi gansazRvrul iqna danaSaulebis sakmaod vrceli CamonaTvali,<br />
dawyebuli kriminalur gaerTianebaSi monawileobiT da damTavrebuli sabota-<br />
JiT, 62 romelTa mimarTac orive saxelmwifoSi dasjadobis arsebobis moTxovna ar<br />
vrceldeba. 63 brZanebis aRsruleba xdeba yovelgvari gadamowmebis gareSe, magram mocemuli<br />
danaSaulebisaTvis brZanebis gamomcem saxelmwifoSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda<br />
iyos Tavisuflebis aRkveTis an Tavisuflebis SemzRudavi socialuri dacvis iZulebiTi<br />
RonisZiebebis zeda zRvari minimum sami wlis vadiT 64 .<br />
marTalia, evropuli dapatimrebis brZanebis institutis mniSvnelobas eWvqveS<br />
aravin ayenebs, Tumca garkveuli SeniSvnebi mainc gamoiTqva. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia,<br />
rom braldebulis uflebebi SeizRudos brZanebis avtomaturad aRiarebis safuZvelze,<br />
rodesac erT saxelmwifoSi mtkicebulebis amoRebis ufro dabali samar-<br />
Tlebrivi standartebi arsebobs da meoreSi ki, piriqiT, mkacri moTxovnebia. amis miuxedavad,<br />
meore saxelmwifo mainc valdebulia, brZaneba aRasrulos da amiT SesaZlebelia<br />
braldebulis uflebebi dairRves, Tumca, rogorc sworad aRiniSna, es ar aris<br />
mTeli institutis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayenebis safuZveli, 65 miT umetes, rodesac evrokavSiri<br />
warmoadgens erTian samarTlebriv sivrces da Tu saxelmwifo misi wevria,<br />
es ukve TavisTavad gulisxmobs iq maRali samarTlebrivi standartebis arsebobas. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi is saerTod ver gawevriandeboda am gaerTianebaSi.<br />
6.2 ormagi dasjis akrZalva<br />
sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> procesis sferoSi evrokavSiris <strong>samarTlis</strong> zegavlenis meore<br />
umniSvnelovanesi magaliTia ormagi dasjis akrZalvis principi. ucxo saxelmwifoebis<br />
samarTlebrivi gadawyvetilebebis aRiareba jer kidev me-19 saukuneSi daiwyo, Tumca<br />
61 ix. Rohlff D., Der Europäische Haftbefehl, Frankfurt am Mein, 2003, 36.<br />
62 ix. evropuli dapatimrebis brZanebis Sesaxeb CarCogadawyvetilebis me-2 muxlis me-2<br />
abzaci.<br />
63 ix. Satzger H., Internationales und Europäisches Strafrecht, 4. Aufl., Baden-Baden, 2010, 164.<br />
64 ix. evropuli dapatimrebis brZanebis Sesaxeb CarCogadawyvetilebis me-2 muxlis pirveli<br />
abzaci.<br />
65 amaze saubrobs prof. zatcgeri Tavis erT-erT moxsenebaSi, romlis teqstic ix.<br />
krebulSi: evropuli sisxlis samarTali, red. m. turava, Tb., 2010, 510-517.
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
es sakmaod SezRudul farglebSi xdeboda da sayovelTao xasiaTs ar atarebda. 66 dReisaTvis<br />
evrokavSiris farglebSi es problema moxsnilia. pirveli nabijebi am mimar-<br />
TulebiT gadadges safrangeTma da germaniam, romlebmac 1984 wels dades SeTanxmeba<br />
sazRvrebze kontrolis etapobrivi gauqmebis Sesaxeb. 1985 wels SeTanxmebas Seuer-<br />
Tdnen beniluqsis qveynebi (Sengenis SeTanxmeba), romelsac 1990 wels mohyva meore Se-<br />
Tanxmeba (e.w.Sengenis ganxorcielebis SeTanxmeba), romelsac sazRvrebis gaxsnis Sedegad<br />
damdgari usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi unda daeregulirebina. SemdgomSi xelSekrulebis<br />
monawile saxelmwifoTa raodenoba gaizarda da dReisaTvis, garda evrokavSiris<br />
wevri saxelmwifoebis umravlesobisa, asocirebuli saxiT Sveicaria, norvegia da<br />
islandiac Sedian. 67<br />
swored Sengenis meore xelSekrulebis 54-e muxlSi iqna ormagi dasjis akrZalvis<br />
principi gaTvaliswinebuli. misi arsi amgvaria: dauSvebelia erT-erT xelSekrulebis<br />
monawile saxelmwifoSi kanonierad gasamarTlebuli piris mimarT imave danaSaulisaTvis<br />
meore saxelmwifoSi samarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcieleba, Tu ganaCenis gamomtan<br />
saxelmwifoSi dakisrebuli sanqcia ukve aRsrulda, misi aRsruleba mimdinareobs<br />
an es, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normebidan gamomdinare, ukve SeuZlebelia. maSasadame,<br />
ormagi dasjis principis asamoqmedeblad saWiroa Semdegi winapirobebis arseboba: kanonieri<br />
ganaCeni, igive danaSauli da aRsruleba. Tumca mocemuli kriteriumebi am<br />
SemTxvevaSi ufro vrclad ar iqneba ganxiluli. 68<br />
6.3 sisxlis <strong>samarTlis</strong> procesisaTvis mniSvnelovani sxva momentebi<br />
ormxrivi aRiarebisa da ormagi dasjis akrZalvis principebis garda, evrogaerTianebis/evrokavSiris<br />
farglebSi gamocemul iqna sxvadasxva aqtebi, romlebic ama Tu im<br />
procesualur sakiTxebs exebian. esenia: 2001 wlis CarCogadawyvetileba msxverplis<br />
statusis Sesaxeb, 2004 wlis direqtiva msxverplisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb,<br />
2006 wlis CarCodadgenileba konfiskaciis Sesaxeb, gadawvetilebebis ormxrivi aRiarebis<br />
Sesaxeb da a. S.<br />
lisabonis xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebs aseve iseT institutebs, rogoricaa: evropoli<br />
69 , evropuli prokuratura 70 da evropuli iusticiis organo 71 . evropolma xeli unda<br />
Seuwyos sxvadasxva saxelmwifos policiis organoebs Soris TanamSromlobas. evropuli<br />
prokuratura Seiqmneba evrokavSiris finansuri interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul<br />
danaSaulebTan sabrZolvelad, xolo evropuli iusticiis organo uzrunvelyofs koordinaciasa<br />
da informaciis gacvlas sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis organoebs Soris.<br />
66<br />
ix. Jagla S. F., Auf dem Weg zu einem zwischenstaatlichen ne bis in idem im Rahmen der Europäischen<br />
Union, Frankfurt am Mein, 2007, 45.<br />
67<br />
ix. Ambos K., Internationales Strafrecht, 2. Aufl., München, 2008, 473-474.<br />
68<br />
dawvr. ix. jiSkariani b., ormagi dasjis akrZalva (“ne bis in idem“) evrokavSiris farglebSi,<br />
saerTaSoriso <strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong>, Tb., 2009, 216-221.<br />
69<br />
evrokavSiris saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb xelS. mux. 88.<br />
70 iqve, mux. 86.<br />
71 iqve, mux. 85.<br />
255
256<br />
b. jiSkariani, evropuli samarTali da misi gavlena nacionalur sisxlis samarTalze<br />
7. daskvna<br />
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas: sruliad naTelia, rom sisxlis samarTali sxvadasxva<br />
samarTlebrivi gavlenis qveS imyofeba. amis dasturia zemoT aRwerili magali-<br />
Tebi. evrokavSiris farglebSi es gavlena ukve lisabonis xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlamdec<br />
sakmaod didi iyo. xelSekrulebam mxolod SedarebiT ukeTesad da garkveulad<br />
moawesriga calkeuli sakiTxebi, vidre es aqamde xdeboda. cxadia, rom dRes arsebuli<br />
samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba kidev Seicvleba da ganviTardeba, iqneba es sisxlis<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong>a Tu sxva dargebis kuTxiT, 72 amitomac aucilebelia arsebuli gamocdilebis<br />
gaanalizeba da momavlisTvis gaTvaliswineba.<br />
72 ix. Zieschang F., Der Einfluss der Europäischen Union auf das deutsche Strafrecht, krebulSi:<br />
Sieber/Dannecker/Kindhäuser/Vogel/Walter (Hrsg.), Festschrift für Klaus Tiedemann, 2008, 1319.
BACHANA JISHKARIANI ∗<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
EUROPEAN LAW AND ITS INFLUENCE ON<br />
NATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW<br />
Summary<br />
The article considers the influence of European Criminal <strong>Law</strong> on criminal law of European Union<br />
member states. The issue is critical in context of other fields of law as well, though particular controversy<br />
of opinions is observed in regard to criminal law, as criminal law is considered to be an internal<br />
matter of each individual state, but recently adopted norms of the European Union have changed this<br />
reality.<br />
The scholarly paper overviews examples from substantive, as well as procedural criminal law fields.,<br />
Different regulation of the same issue in European and domestic laws generates the conflict of laws.<br />
Consequently the following questions arise - which of them should be granted preference? Is there<br />
any hierarchichal order between them? The research also considers the institute of interpretation in European<br />
law, which is crucial not only with regard to individual norms of states, but also to the whole<br />
domestic legal system.<br />
In addition to the above-mentioned issues, the article considers the novelties introduced by the Lisbon<br />
Treaty (e.g. “emergency brakes“ in criminal law) which are to play an important part within the legal<br />
space of the European Union in the future.<br />
As for the influence on European criminal procedure, it is a significant issue as well and is revealed,<br />
for example, in the European arrest warrant or the prohibition of double penalty institutes discussed in<br />
the presented paper. The European arrest warrant provides for the enforcement of arrest orders, issued<br />
in one of the member states, throughout the whole territory of the Union. As for the prohibition of double<br />
penalty, it has overstepped the borders of individual states and with rare exceptions operates on<br />
the whole territory of the EU.<br />
In addition to a theoretical overview, the article considers some examples from case laws of Germany<br />
and European Union which clearly demonstrate the importance of European <strong>Law</strong>.<br />
∗<br />
LL. M. München, Doctoral Student of the Chair of International <strong>Law</strong> and European Criminal <strong>Law</strong> at<br />
Maximilian-Ludwig Munich <strong>University</strong>.<br />
257
sayuradRebo kvleva saaqcio samarTalSi<br />
recenzia profesor irakli burdulis monografiaze<br />
„saaqcio <strong>samarTlis</strong> safuZvlebi“<br />
2010 wels gamomcemloba „meridianma“ gamosca profesor irakli burdulis sqeltaniani<br />
monografia (502 gv.) „saaqcio <strong>samarTlis</strong> safuZvlebi“, romelSic gamokvleulia<br />
sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> mniSvnelovani nawilis — saaqcio <strong>samarTlis</strong> — aqtualuri<br />
problemebi. naSromSi germanul da qarTul saaqcio samarTalTa SedarebiTi<br />
analizis safuZvelze Seswavlilia saaqcio sazogadoebisa da saaqcio <strong>samarTlis</strong> istoria<br />
(nawili I), saaqcio sazogadoebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi da tipebi (nawilis II),<br />
saaqcio sazogadoebis kapitali da sazogadoebis qoneba (nawili III), aqciis cneba da misi<br />
mniSvneloba saaqcio sazogadoebisTvis (nawili IV), saaqcio sazogadoebis dafuZneba<br />
(nawili V).<br />
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom monografiis yoveli sakiTxi Seswavlilia mravalricxovani<br />
literaturis, rogorc qarTuli, ise ucxoenovani literaturuli wyaroebis,<br />
maT Soris sasamarTlo praqtikis gamoyenebiT, ris gamoc avtoris mier Camoyalibebuli<br />
da warmodgenili debulebebi friad damajerebeli da argumentirebulia.<br />
germanuli da qarTuli saaqcio samarTlebis urTierTSedareba TavisTavad<br />
rTuli saqmea, rameTu qarTuli saaqcio samarTali, germanulisagan gansxvavebiT, jer<br />
kidev ganviTarebis sawyis stadiazea. magram, qarTuli sakorporacio <strong>samarTlis</strong> ganviTarebis<br />
perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT, aucilebelicaa misi Sedareba ganviTarebul<br />
marTlwesrigTan, romlisganac SesaZlebelia mravali normisa Tu institutis<br />
gadmoReba. miT ufro, Tuki es marTlwesrigi qarTuli saaqcio <strong>samarTlis</strong>Tvis misaba-<br />
Zi modelis funqcias asrulebs. aqedan gamomdinare, avtoris arCevani sworia da amaSi<br />
mkiTxvelic rwmundeba, roca igi wignis Semdgom Tavebsa da paragrafebs yuradRebiT<br />
gaecnoba.<br />
qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis metad sainteresoa im istoriuli pirobebis gacnoba,<br />
romelTa wiaRSic daibada Tanamedrove saaqcio sazogadoeba, rogorc msxvili kapitalis<br />
koncentraciis samarTlebrivi forma. rogorc sxva mraval sakiTxSi, saaqcio <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
ganviTarebis saqmeSic dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebi — safrangeTi da<br />
germania — lideris rols asrulebs (gv. 31-71). qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis uaRresad<br />
sainteresoa qarTuli saaqcio <strong>samarTlis</strong> warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis istoria. istoriul<br />
wyaroebze dayrdnobiT naSromSi TvalsaCinod aris naCvenebi saqarTvelos<br />
mier am sferoSi ganvlili gza. ganviTarebuli saaqcio <strong>samarTlis</strong> Camoyalibebas saqarTveloSi,<br />
upirveles yovlisa, ganuviTarebeli sabazro ekonomikis ararseboba uSlida<br />
xels. amitom realurad Tanamedrove saaqcio <strong>samarTlis</strong> Camoyalibebaze saubari<br />
SesaZlebelia mxolod 1994 wlis Semdeg, roca miRebul iqna kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb<br />
(gv. 72-106). unda daveTanxmoT avtors, rom am kanonis bolo cvlilebebiT saaqcio<br />
sazogadoebis germanuli modeli mraval sakiTxSi amerikulis sasargeblod iqna Secvlili,<br />
Tumca orive modelis sinTezis safuZvelze mravali instituti Tanamedrove<br />
standartebis Sesabamisad Camoyalibda qarTul saaqcio samarTalSi (gv. 106).
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
saaqcio sazogadoebis samarTlebrivi bunebis analizisas gamokvleulia iseTi sakiTxebi,<br />
rogoricaa: saaqcio sazogadoebis ormagi buneba, rogorc kapitaluri sazogadoeba<br />
da rogorc korporacia (gv. 110-117); saaqcio sazogadoeba, rogorc samewarmeo<br />
saqmianobis ganxorcielebis forma (gv. 118-122); saaqcio sazogadoebis ekonomikuri<br />
mniSvneloba sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi (gv. 124-126) da a.S. saaqcio sazogadoebaTa<br />
calkeuli tipebis daxasiaTebisas naCvenebia maTi funqciuri Taviseburebebi da<br />
warmoSobis winapirobebi (gv. 126-138). sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom yoveli sakiTxi<br />
gamokvleulia ara formalisturi samarTlebrivi midgomiT, aramed naCvenebia maTi<br />
funqciuri daniSnuleba ekonomikur konteqstSi.<br />
saaqcio sazogadoebis, rogorc kapitaluri sazogadoebis, qvakuTxedi misi kapitali<br />
da qonebaa. istoriulad, saaqcio sazogadoeba Camoyalibda rogorc fasiani qa-<br />
Raldebis — aqciebis — ganTavsebis gziT msxvili kapitalis mozidvis forma. es aspeqti<br />
saaqcio sazogadoebis daxasiaTebisas dResac aqtualuri rCeba. amitomac ar aris Sem-<br />
TxveviTi, rom avtori saaqcio sazogadoebis kapitalis mraval sakiTxs dawvrilebiT<br />
ganixilavs. kerZod, calkea gamoyofili iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa sawesdebo kapitalis<br />
funqciebi (gv. 142-157), sawesdebo kapitalisa da sawarmos qonebis urTierTTanafardoba<br />
(gv. 157-178). sawesdebo kapitalis analizi SeuZlebelia kapitalSi Senatanis<br />
da misi bunebis safuZvliani kvlevis gareSe, rac naSromSi avtoris mier, gansakuTrebiT<br />
Sesatanis obieqtebTan mimarTebaSi, detalurad aris Sesrulebuli (gv. 178-<br />
245). SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom es kvleva naSromis centralur nawils warmoadgens.<br />
dainteresebuli mkiTxveli masSi mraval siaxles aRmoaCens.<br />
avtori kvlevis arCeuli meTodis erTguli rCeba da aqciasac mis istoriul konteqstSi<br />
ikvlevs. am aspeqtSi sayuradReboa mewarmeTa Sesaxeb kanonSi aqciebTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis avtoriseuli analizi (gv. 249-252). aqciis<br />
ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi analizidan Cans, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebs avtori ekonomikuri<br />
aspeqtebis Seswavlas (gv. 259-297). samarTlebrivi praqtikis TvalsazrisiT<br />
friad sainteresoa aqciaTa klasifikacia, romelic avtors gamokvleuli aqvs am klasifikaciis<br />
samarTlebriv SedegebTan kavSiri, gansakuTrebiT aqciaTa gasxvisebis konteqstSi<br />
(gv. 298-326). samarTlebrivi Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas imsaxurebs<br />
aqciaTa klasebi, romlebic avtoris mier dawvrilebiT aris monografiaSi Seswavlili.<br />
problematuri aqciaTa klasebis daxasiaTebisas xdeba aqcionerTa „Tanabari mopyrobis“<br />
principi, romelsac samarTlianad aqvs naSromSi didi yuradReba daTmobili<br />
(gv. 330-331). sayuradReboa privilegirebuli Tu Cveulebrivi aqciebis, aseve sxva korporaciuli<br />
qaRaldebis (arahibriduli fasiani qaRaldebis, kumulaciuri fasiani qa-<br />
Raldebis da a.S.) samarTlebrivi buneba da Taviseburebani (gv. 332-354).<br />
marTalia, aqciis daxasiaTebisas mTavaria misi, rogorc kapitalis mozidvis an<br />
brunvaunarianobis uzrunvelyofis aspeqtis, warmoCena, magram misi srulyofili daxasiaTeba<br />
SeuZlebelia im uflebebis analizis gareSe, romlebic dakavSirebulia aqciasTan.<br />
am aspeqtiT aqcia aqcioneris statusis ganmsazRvreli dokumentia. es sakiTxebic<br />
monografiaSi dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli (gv. 355-383). sayuradReboa avtoris<br />
mier aqcioneris erTgulebis movaleobis calke gamoyofa (gv. 371-372). es qar-<br />
259
260<br />
l. Wanturia, sayuradRebo kvleva saaqcio samarTalSi<br />
Tul saaqcio samarTalSi siaxlea da arRvevs im gabatonebul mosazrebas, TiTqos aqcioneris<br />
erTaderTi movaleoba sawesdebo kapitalSi Sesatanis Setana iyos.<br />
saaqcio <strong>samarTlis</strong> fundamenturi debulebebis kvlevis Semdeg logikurad gadavdivarT<br />
am debulebebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis stadiaze — saaqcio sazogadoebis dafuZnebaze.<br />
naSromi samarTlianad mihyveba am logikas — V nawili eZRvneba saaqcio sazogadoebis<br />
dafuZnebis sakiTxebs. avtori arCeul midgomas aqac ar Ralatobs da qar-<br />
Tul samarTalSi dafuZnebis institutis istoriul evolucias pirvel adgilze ayenebs<br />
(gv. 391-397). Semdeg avtori ixilavs dafuZnebasTan dakavSirebul konkretul sakiTxebs.<br />
Tamamad SeiZleba avtoris Rirsebad Sefasdes is garemoeba, rom mas arc erTi<br />
praqtikisTvis relevanturi sakiTxi ar darCenia yuradRebis gareSe (gv. 398-469).<br />
TvalsaCinoebisTvis aq mxolod ramdenimes gamovyof: „winare sazogadoebis“ samar-<br />
Tlebrivi buneba (gv. 426-427), saproceso uflebaunarianoba (gv. 428-430), warmomadgenlobis<br />
uflebamosileba (gv. 450-451), pasuxismgebloba (gv. 451-458) da a.S.<br />
gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba imis Tqma, rom profesor irakli burdulis monografia<br />
„saaqcio <strong>samarTlis</strong> safuZvlebi“ mniSvnelovani SenaZenia qarTuli iuridiuli mecnierebisTvis.<br />
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom es kvlevis mxolod pirveli tomia. imedia, avtori<br />
kvlevis meTodis erTguli darCeba da meore tomSic saaqcio <strong>samarTlis</strong> darCenil<br />
problemaTa iseTive saintereso kvlevas SemogvTavazebs, rogorc es man pirvel wignSi<br />
gaakeTa.<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> doqtori lado Wanturia<br />
<strong>Tbilisi</strong>, 2010 wlis noemberi
saxelmZRvanelo principebi avtorTaTvis<br />
moTxovnebi statiis avtorTa mimarT<br />
1. avtorTa wre<br />
iuridiuli fakultetis <strong>Jurnali</strong> aqveynebs statiebs iurisprudenciis yvela mimarTulebiT.<br />
gamosaqveyneblad statiisa Tu sxva masalis wardgenis uflebiT sargebloben<br />
Semdegi pirebi:<br />
• Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis profesor-maswavleblebi (maT Soris, mowveuli<br />
pedagogebi);<br />
• iuridiuli fakultetis doqtorantebi;<br />
• <strong>samarTlis</strong> sferoSi moRvawe mecnierebi da praqtikosi iuristebi, iuridiuli<br />
fakultetis profesorTan TanaavtorobiT;<br />
• Tsu-is iuridiuli fakultetis magistraturis kursdamTavrebulebi (romelTa<br />
samagistro naSromma daimsaxura umaRlesi Sefaseba. statia unda iyos samagistro<br />
naSromis nawili);<br />
• sxva avtorebi, romlebic saredaqcio kolegiis davalebiT moamzadeben publikaciebs<br />
calkeul sakiTxebze.<br />
2. statiis moculoba<br />
statiis saorientacio moculoba ar unda aRematebodes 60 000 simbolos;<br />
warmodgenil statias unda axldes reziume, ara umetes erTi gverdisa.<br />
3. Sinaarsobrivi moTxovnebi<br />
• gamosaqveynebel statiaTa Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWeba akademiuri<br />
personalis mier warmodgenil im statiebs, romlebSic iqneba warmoCenili<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> aqtualuri problemebi da SemoTavazebuli maTi gadaWris gzebi;<br />
• praqtikul saqmianobaSi Cabmuli specialistebis mier warmodgenili im statiebis<br />
mecnierul Rirebulebas, romlebic exeba samarTalgamoyenebis praqtikis<br />
analizs, gansazRvravs avtoris mier praqtikuli samarTlebrivi problemebis<br />
identificireba, dasma da dasabuTebuli gadawyveta.<br />
4. gamosaqveyneblad warmodgenis procedura da formati<br />
avtorma statia unda warmoadginos eleqtronuli formatiT, Microsoft Word-is dokumentis<br />
saxiT, da asaxavdes:<br />
a. avtoris vinaobas<br />
b. statiis saxelwodebas
262<br />
saxelmZRvanelo principebi avtorebisaTvis<br />
g. avtoris sakontaqto monacemebsa da eleqtronuli fostis misamarTs<br />
d. statiis gamogzavnis TariRs<br />
statiis qarTuli teqsti Sesrulebuli unda iyos AcadNusx–12 fontiT, ucxoenovani<br />
teqsti — Times New Roman–12 fontiT, sqolio — imave fontebis `10~ zomiT; striqonebi<br />
unda daSordes erTi intervaliT, abzaci gamoiyos erTi Enter-iT da ara TabklaviSiT,<br />
stilebi unda iyos maqsimalurad erTgvarovani da teqstSi ar Caisvas gadatanis<br />
niSnebi; marjvena mxares unda darCes 4 sm siganis mindori. TiToeuli gverdi unda<br />
dainomros gverdis bolos, marjvena mxares.<br />
naSromis struqturulad Camoyalibeba unda moxdes ara marto Sesabamisi TavebisaTvis<br />
numeraciis miniWebiT, aramed gansaxilveli sakiTxebis dasaTaurebiT. statiis<br />
Tavebad, qveTavebad da qveqveTavebad dayofisas gamoyenebul unda iqnes arabuli<br />
ricxvebi. mag.: 1.; 1.1.; 1.1.1. da a.S., calke unda gamoiyos Sesavali da daskvna.<br />
teqsti, ZiriTadad, unda gadmoices III pirSi, avtori sakuTari poziciis dasafiqsireblad<br />
maqsimalurad unda moeridos I pirSi Txrobas.<br />
statias ar daerTvis gamoyenebuli literaturis sia (wyaroebi ganTavsebulia<br />
sqolioebSi).<br />
5. citirebis teqnika da sqolios gaformebis wesi<br />
avtorma sqolioSi unda miuTiTos Tavis mier moyvanili citatebisa da faqtobrivi<br />
garemoebebis wyaro.<br />
sityvis, saxelwodebis, saTauris Semokleba teqstsa da sqolioSi ar daiSveba,<br />
garda sayovelTaod miRebuli Semoklebebisa (mag.: paragrafi — §, weli — w., magaliTad<br />
— mag.., ixile — ix., Seadare —Sead. da a.S.).<br />
Tu statiaSi aris abreviatura, misi gamoyenebis pirvel SemTxvevaSi is unda iyos<br />
gaSifruli, ris Semdegac frCxilebSi mieTiTeba abreviatura, romelic Semdgom iqneba<br />
gamoyenebuli (mag., germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi (SemdgomSi — gks); amave principiT,<br />
xSirad gamoyenebul konvenciaTa, kanonTa Tu sxvaTa saxelwodebebi Semokldeba<br />
sakvanZo sityvis mixedviT, anu misi gamoyenebis pirvel SemTxvevaSi is moxseniebuli<br />
unda iyos srulad da frCxilebSi mieTiTos sakvanZo sityva (mag., adamianis uflebaTa<br />
evropuli konvencia (SemdgomSi — konvencia).<br />
• samarTlebrivi aqtis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia sqolioSi mieTiTos misi sruli<br />
dasaxeleba da wyaro, romelSic is gamoqveynda, agreTve TariRi da gverdi.<br />
• literaturuli wyaroebis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia mieTiTos:<br />
1. wignisTvis — avtoris (avtorebis) gvari, saxelis iniciali, wignis saTauri<br />
(ubrWyalebod), nawilis, nakveTis, tomis nomeri (Tu saWiroa), gamocemis adgili, weli,<br />
gverdi (gv.-s gareSe);<br />
2. krebulis statiisTvis — statiis avtoris (avtorebis) gvari, saxelis iniciali,<br />
statiis saTauri (ubrWyalebod), krebulis saxelwodeba (ubrWyalebod), miTiTebiT,<br />
Tu visi redaqciiT gamodis, nawilis, nakveTis, tomis nomeri (Tu saWiroa), gamocemis<br />
adgili, weli, gverdi (gv.-s gareSe);
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
3. <strong>Jurnali</strong>s (gazeTis) statiisTvis — statiis avtoris (avtorebis) gvari, saxelis<br />
iniciali, statiis saTauri (ubrWyalebod), periodikis saxe SemoklebiT (Jurn.,<br />
gaz.,) saxelwodeba (brWyalebSi), nomeri, weli (Tve, ricxvi), gverdi (gv.-s gareSe);<br />
ucxouri wyaroebis yvela bibliografiuli elementi unda mieTiTos originalis<br />
enaze, an im enaze, romelzec mas ecnoba avtori (Sesabamisi oficialuri Targmanis mi-<br />
TiTebiT).<br />
sqolioSi aucilebelia erTiani sistemis dacva: avtori da naSromis saTauri gamoikveTos<br />
sityvaTa sxvadasxva daxrilobiT (mag., avtori — italikiT, danarCeni informacia<br />
— gamarTulad, aseve italikiT xdeba yvela gamoyenebuli gvaris miTiTeba,<br />
mag., redaqtoris), amave dros, yvela erTeuli (garda gvarisa da saxelis inicialisa)<br />
erTmaneTisagan gamoiyofa mZimiT da sqolios bolos iwereba wertili.<br />
masala, romelic mopovebulia internetis saSualebiT, saWiroebs Sesabamisi internetgverdisa<br />
da bolo ganaxlebis TariRis miTiTebas; statiis SemTxvevaSi unda mieTiTos<br />
avtoris gvari, statiis saTauri, internetgverdi, TariRi. samkuTxed frCxilebSi<br />
() mieTiTeba eleqtronuli misamarTi, kvadratul frCxilebSi ([....]) ki bolo<br />
ganaxlebis TariRi.<br />
4. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosa da sxva qveynebis gadawyvetilebebisaTvis:<br />
Court of Justice<br />
mag: Case 16/62, Van Gend en Loos, [1963] ECR 95.<br />
European Court of Human Rights<br />
mag:. Kostovski v. The Netherlands, [1990] ECHR (Ser. A.), 221.<br />
International Court of Justice<br />
mag.: Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Between Qatar and Bahrain, [1995] ICJ Reports,<br />
6.<br />
saqmeebisa da maTi gadawyvetilebebis saxelwodebebi teqstSi gamoiyeneba qarTulad<br />
(italikiT), srulad ki originalis enaze SeiZleba iqve mieweros, an sqolioSi mie-<br />
TiTos Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: mxare mxaris winaaRmdeg, weli, gamomqveynebeli organo,<br />
gverdi, sasamarTlo.<br />
mag.: didi britaneTis sasamarTloebisTvis: saqme argili argilis winaaRmdeg<br />
(Argyll v. Argyll, [1967] 1Ch 302,324, .332));<br />
aSS-is sasamarTloebisTvis: saqme brauni ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg (Brown v.<br />
Board of Education, 347 US 483 (1954)).<br />
5. erovnuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia oficialuri erovnuli stilis SenarCuneba. erTgvarovani erovnuli<br />
midgomis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi avtorma unda ixelmZRvanelos Semdegi ZiriTadi<br />
wesiT:<br />
saqarTvelos sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis gamoyenebisas unda gamoiyos Sem-<br />
Txvevebi — 1. gadawyvetileba gamoqveynebulia, 2. SesaZlebelia misi gacnoba oficialur<br />
eleqtronul wyaroSi, 3. xelmisawvdomia mxolod sasamarTlo arqivSi — da Camoyalibdes<br />
erTiani midgomebi.<br />
263
264<br />
saxelmZRvanelo principebi avtorebisaTvis<br />
6. saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa dokumentebi<br />
gamoiyeneba im stiliT, romelic gamoyenebulia oficialurad saerTaSoriso organizaciis<br />
mier (ix. oficialuri saitebi).<br />
7. konvenciebi da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi<br />
konvenciebi da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi mieTiTeba, mag.: 1985 Vienna Convention<br />
for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, International Legal Materials, 1985, 1520<br />
saTanadoa miTiTeba, Tu citata Casmulia brWyalebSi da sqolio gaformebulia<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli wesebis mixedviT. perifrazis an calkeuli azris formirebis wyaros<br />
miTiTebisas gamoiyeneba Sesabamisi sityva: `ixile~ an `Seadare~. `Seadare~ maSin<br />
gamoiyeneba, rodesac avtors sWirdeba gansxvavebul azrze miTiTeba.<br />
ZiriTad teqstSi dasaSvebia mxolod naSromis saTaurTan uSualo kavSirSi myofi<br />
an dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad aucilebeli informaciisa Tu analizis miTiTeba. damatebiTi<br />
informacia SesaZlebelia mieTiTos sqolioSi.<br />
ucxouri terminebi da gamoTqmebi unda gadmoices sqolioSi, Tu naSromis uSualo<br />
mizani ar aris terminis warmoSobis dadgena.<br />
qarTuli teqstisTvis unda gamoviyenoT `qveda~ da `zeda~ (`..~.) brWyalebi, ucxoenovani<br />
teqstisTvis — `zeda~ (~..~.) brWyalebi;<br />
citirebuli teqstis bolos sasveni niSnebi — wertili, wertil-mZime, orwertili<br />
an tire mxolod daxuruli brWyalebis Semdeg daismis; kiTxvisa da Zaxilis niSnebi an<br />
mravalwertili daismis brWyalis win, Tu igi ganekuTvneba im sityvas an sityvebs,<br />
romlebic brWyalebSia moqceuli, xolo brWyalis Semdeg, Tu igi brWyalebSi Casmul<br />
sityvebTan erTad mTel winadadebas ganekuTvneba.<br />
rodesac sityvasTan erTdroulad Tavs iyris brWyali, sasveni niSani da sqolios<br />
niSani, unda davicvaT Semdegi Tanmimdevroba: 1. brWyali, 2. sasveni niSani, 3. sqolios<br />
niSani; citirebuli teqstis (anu winadadebis) bolos ki: 1. brWyali, 2. sasveni niSani,<br />
3. sqolios niSani. erTad ar iwereba ori brWyali. frCxilebis SemTxvevaSi ki SeiZleba<br />
maTi gansxvavebuli formebis gamoyeneba;<br />
teqstSi unda gairCes tiresa da defisis daweriloba. defisi aris mokle xazi,<br />
romlis win da Semdeg ar aris intervali, tire ki ufro grZeli xazia da mis win da Semdeg<br />
aucilebelia intervalis dacva;<br />
sqolioSi imave wyaroze miTiTebisas, romelic ukve gamoyenebuli iyo, saWiroa gamoiyos<br />
Semdegi SemTxvevebi:<br />
a. zustad wina sqolioSi miTiTebuli wyaros nacvlad mieTiTeba `iqve~. `iqves~ Semdeg<br />
ki (Tu saWiroa) mieTiTeba gansxvavebuli monacemebi (tomi, weli, gverdi);<br />
b. manamde miTiTebuli, magram ara winamdebare, wyaros gamoyenebisas SesaZlebelia<br />
mieTiTos am wyaros sruli dasaxeleba Sesabamisi gverdiT, an im sqolios nomeri, romliTac<br />
moxda am wyaros bolo miTiTeba Sesabamisi gverdiT (mag. ix. sqolio 15, 20).
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>Jurnali</strong> #1-2, 2010<br />
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